Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
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Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti<br />

<strong>Shota</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> <strong>Literature</strong>

2<br />

Literary Researches<br />

XXXI<br />

2010

literaturuli<br />

Ziebani<br />

XXXI<br />

2010<br />

3

UDC (uak) 821.353.1.09(051.2)<br />

l-681<br />

redaqtori<br />

maka elbaqiZe<br />

saredaqcio kolegia<br />

ivane amirxanaSvili<br />

amiran arabuli<br />

Tamaz vasaZe<br />

mariam karbelaSvili<br />

nona kupreiSvili<br />

Tamar lomiZe<br />

saredaqcio sabWo<br />

manana kvaWantiraZe<br />

helen kuperi (kembriji, sapatio<br />

wevri)<br />

gaga lomiZe<br />

irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare)<br />

revaz siraZe<br />

gaga SurRaia (romi, sapatio wevri)<br />

rusudan ColoyaSvili<br />

rostom CxeiZe<br />

elguja xinTibiZe<br />

pasuxismgebeli mdivani<br />

soso tabucaZe<br />

literaturuli Ziebani, 31, 2010<br />

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi,<br />

merab kostavas q. 5.<br />

telefoni: 99-63-84<br />

faqsi: 99-53-00<br />

E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge<br />

ISSN 0235-3776<br />

4<br />

Editor<br />

Maka Elbakidze<br />

Editorial Board<br />

Ivane Amirkhanashvili<br />

Amiran Arabuli<br />

Tamaz Vasadze<br />

Mariam Karbelashvili<br />

Nona Kupreishvili<br />

Tamar Lomidze<br />

Editorial Council<br />

Manana Kvachantiradze<br />

Helen Cooper (Cambridge, Honorary<br />

member)<br />

Gaga Lomidze<br />

Irma Ratiani (Chairman)<br />

Revaz Siradze<br />

Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Honorary<br />

member)<br />

Rusudan Cholokashvili<br />

Rostom Chkheidze<br />

Elguja Khintibidze<br />

Responsible Editor<br />

Soso Tabutsadze<br />

Literary Researches 31, 2010<br />

Address: 0108, Tbilisi<br />

5, M. Kostava str.<br />

Tel.: 99-63-84<br />

Fax: 99-53-00<br />

E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

sarCevi<br />

Contents<br />

qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Religious <strong>Literature</strong><br />

nana gonjilaSvili<br />

pirveli qarTveli wmindanis<br />

saxeli `sidonia~<br />

goCa kuWuxiZe<br />

besikis Semoqmedebis<br />

aRmosavlur-dasavluri<br />

aspeqtebis<br />

urTierTmimarTebisaTvis<br />

irina javaxaZe<br />

saswaulTa saxeebi `cxovrebaTa~<br />

Janris naTargmn agiografiaSi<br />

qeTevan goderZiSvili<br />

berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ da<br />

aristides dakarguli `apologia~<br />

TamTa grigolia<br />

RvTismSoblis saxe-simboloTa<br />

paralelizmi qarTul<br />

himnografiaSi<br />

revaz siraZe<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelis<br />

istoriisaTvis<br />

mariam karbelaSvili<br />

vefxistyaosnis uadresi<br />

komentari<br />

interteqstobrioba: rusTaveli<br />

da JamTaaRmwereli<br />

Юрий Столяров<br />

Мотивы книжной культуры<br />

в творчестве Шота Руставели<br />

lia kariWaSvili<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~<br />

saxismetyvelebiTi perspeqtivebi<br />

`daviTianSi<br />

Tamar xvedeliani<br />

is diaci... `Tvalad marjve...~<br />

9<br />

29<br />

44<br />

59<br />

72<br />

Nana Gonjilashvili<br />

The First <strong>Georgian</strong> Saint's Name<br />

"Sidonia"<br />

Gocha Kuchukhidze<br />

For the Interrelationship <strong>of</strong> Oriental-<br />

Western Aspects in Besiki's Works<br />

Irina Javakhadze<br />

Miracle Types in Translated Hagiography<br />

<strong>of</strong> the Genre <strong>of</strong> Lives<br />

Ketevan Goderdzishvili<br />

Greek “Barlaam and Ioasaph” and the<br />

Lost “Apology” <strong>of</strong> Aristide<br />

Tamta Grigolia<br />

rusTvelologiuri kvlevani<br />

<strong>Rustaveli</strong> Studies<br />

81<br />

100<br />

116<br />

126<br />

138<br />

Parallelism <strong>of</strong> the Virgin's symbols in<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Hymnography<br />

Revaz Siradze<br />

On the History <strong>of</strong> the Vepkhistqaosani<br />

Reading<br />

Mariam Karbelashvili<br />

The Earliest Comment to the “Knight in<br />

Panther’s Skin”<br />

Intertextuality: <strong>Rustaveli</strong> and<br />

Zhamtaaghmtsereli<br />

Yuri Stoliarov<br />

Book-culture Related Motives in <strong>Shota</strong><br />

<strong>Rustaveli</strong> Creation<br />

Lia Karichashvili<br />

Allusions to Literary Figures <strong>of</strong> ,,The<br />

Knight in the Panther’s Skin’’ in<br />

,,Davitiani’’<br />

Tamar Khvedeliani<br />

That Woman…: “attractive to the eye…”<br />

5

6<br />

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura<br />

XIX Century: Epoch and <strong>Literature</strong><br />

konstantine bregaZe<br />

s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

urTierTmimarTebis ontologia<br />

qarTul realistur mwerlobaSi<br />

(i. WavWavaZis poema `gandegilis~<br />

mixedviT)<br />

venera kavTiaSvili<br />

ilia WavWavaZisa da hainrix haines<br />

Semoqmedebis tipologiisaTvis<br />

juli gaboZe<br />

akakis `xoleras~ Tavgadasavali<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

vasil barnovi<br />

`rusTvelianas~ winaaRmdeg<br />

maia niniZe<br />

realobisa da miTis mxatvruli<br />

interpretacia `baTareka<br />

WinWaraulSi~<br />

(teqstologiuri da<br />

interteqstualuri dakvirvebebi)<br />

inga milorava<br />

mindias miTis mxatvruli<br />

transformacia modernistul<br />

teqstSi<br />

saba metreveli<br />

beladi, rogorc mesia,<br />

qarTul politikur lirikaSi<br />

144<br />

163<br />

akaki wereTeli _ 170<br />

Akaki Tsereteli _ 170<br />

175<br />

XX saukunis mwerloba<br />

XX Century <strong>Literature</strong><br />

183<br />

miTosi. rituali. simbolo<br />

Mythology. Ritual. Symbol<br />

195<br />

204<br />

212<br />

Konstantine Bregadze<br />

Ontology <strong>of</strong> the Relationship between<br />

World and Heaven in the<strong>Georgian</strong><br />

Realistic Writing (according to Ilia<br />

Chavchavadze’s “The Hermit”)<br />

Venera Kavtiashvili<br />

On the Typology <strong>of</strong> Ilia Chavchavadze’s<br />

and Heinrich Heine’s Creativity<br />

Juli Gabodze<br />

Adventure <strong>of</strong> “Kholera” by Akaki<br />

Tsereteli<br />

Merab Ghaghanidze<br />

Vasil Barnovi vs. Rusthveliana<br />

Maia Ninidze<br />

Artistic Interpretation <strong>of</strong> Reality and Myth in<br />

“Batareka Chincharauli”<br />

(Textual and Intertextual analysis)<br />

Inga Milorava<br />

The Artistic Transformatrion <strong>of</strong> Mindia's<br />

Myth in the Modernist Text<br />

Saba Metreveli<br />

The Leader as a Messiah in the <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

Political Lyrics

literaturuli meridianebi<br />

Literary Meridians<br />

maia jaliaSvili<br />

`uZebni Svilis~ poeturi<br />

paradigma<br />

(besik xaranaulis axali<br />

romanis mixedviT)<br />

Tamar barbaqaZe<br />

leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi XXI<br />

saukunis pirveli aTwleulis<br />

presaSi<br />

manana kvataia<br />

grigol robaqiZe italiaSi _<br />

epistoluri aluziebi<br />

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe<br />

`tragikuli xmis~ lirikosis<br />

emigraciamdeli Ziebani<br />

(marina cvetaevas pirveli wignis<br />

100 wlisTavisaTvis)<br />

Tamar kotrikaZe<br />

qristine lavantis<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba da poetika<br />

232<br />

244<br />

poetikuri kvlevani<br />

Poetical Studies<br />

255<br />

265<br />

277<br />

Maia Jaliashvili<br />

Poetic Paradigm <strong>of</strong> Son, Who is<br />

Unsearched<br />

(According to the New Novel by<br />

Besik Kharanauli)<br />

Tamar Barbakadze<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Versification in the Press<br />

<strong>of</strong> the First Decade <strong>of</strong> the 21 st Century<br />

(2000-2009)<br />

Manana Kvataia<br />

Grigol Robakidze in Italy – Epistolary<br />

Allusions<br />

Teimuraz kurdovanidze<br />

Pre-emigratory Search <strong>of</strong> “Tragic Voice”<br />

Lyric Poetess<br />

(To the Centrary <strong>of</strong> Marina Tsvetaeva's<br />

First Book)<br />

Tamar Kotrikadze<br />

Christine Lavant<br />

(World-view and Poetics)<br />

literaturis Teoriis sakiTxebi<br />

Issues <strong>of</strong> Literary Theory<br />

TinaTin biganiSvili<br />

Janris Teoriis<br />

kulturologiuri aspeqti<br />

maia naWyebia<br />

ramdenime SeniSvna<br />

literaturuli barokos Sesaxeb<br />

Tamar SarabiZe<br />

ganaTlebis sakiTxi qarTul<br />

literaturaSi<br />

296<br />

303<br />

309<br />

Tinatin Biganishvili<br />

The Culturological Aspect <strong>of</strong> the Theory<br />

<strong>of</strong> Genre<br />

Maia Nachkebia<br />

Some Notes about Baroque <strong>Literature</strong><br />

Tamar Sharabidze<br />

The Matter <strong>of</strong> Education in <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

<strong>Literature</strong><br />

7

8<br />

konstantine bregaZe<br />

qronotopis dabadeba mxatvruli<br />

teqstis sulidan<br />

qeTevan elaSvili<br />

literatoris portreti anu<br />

esseisturi dafiqreba<br />

`literaturul portretebze~<br />

lado minaSvili<br />

xaTuna gafrindaSvili<br />

`vinc moyvaresa ar eZebs...~<br />

(pirvelad somxur enaze somexi<br />

swavlulis avtorobiT...)<br />

Tamaz vasaZe<br />

Tamaz Cxenkelis xsovnas<br />

darejan menabde<br />

qeTevan niniZe<br />

ada nemsaZe<br />

2009 wlis samecniero<br />

publikaciaTa mimoxilva<br />

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli<br />

literaturis institutis<br />

samecniero publikaciebis stili<br />

recenzia<br />

Review<br />

316<br />

321<br />

324<br />

amagdarni<br />

Honoured<br />

334<br />

Konstantine Bregadze<br />

The Birth <strong>of</strong> Chronotope from the Soul <strong>of</strong><br />

the Literary Text<br />

Ketevan Elashvili<br />

literaturaTmcodneoba<br />

Literary Studies _ 2010<br />

335<br />

axali wignebi<br />

New Books<br />

342<br />

350<br />

The Portrait <strong>of</strong> the Man <strong>of</strong> Litters or<br />

Essayistic Thoughts on "Literary<br />

Portraits"<br />

Lado Minashvili<br />

Khatuna Gaprindashvili<br />

"Who Saeks not a Friend"...<br />

(For the First Time by the Authorship <strong>of</strong><br />

the Armenian Scientist)<br />

Tamaz Vasadze<br />

In Memory <strong>of</strong> Tamaz Chkhenkeli<br />

Darejan Menabde<br />

Qetevan Ninidze<br />

Ada Nemsadze<br />

The Review <strong>of</strong> the Scientific Publications<br />

<strong>of</strong> 2009<br />

Style <strong>of</strong> Academic Publications in <strong>Shota</strong><br />

<strong>Rustaveli</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

<strong>Literature</strong>

qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba<br />

nana gonjilaSvili<br />

pirveli qarTveli wmindanis saxeli `sidonia~<br />

(XVIII-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis ZeglTa nimuSebisa<br />

da samecniero literaturis kvlevis mixedviT)<br />

Jurnal `religiaSi~ (2010, 2, gv. 49-67) daibeWda Cveni naSromi _ kvarTis<br />

mimrqmeli eliozis da da misi saxeli `sidonia~ (sakiTxis kvlevis istoria<br />

wyaroTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT). Zveli qarTuli Txzulebebis ganxilvis<br />

Sedegad rogorc irkveva, ierusalimSi qristes jvarcmaze dasaswrebad mcxe-<br />

Tidan wasul eliozs (zogierT TxzulebaSi longinoz karsnelsac), hyavda<br />

da, romelmac mcxeTaSi Zmis mier Camotanili kvarTi gulSi Caikra da<br />

aResrula; eliozma da kvarTTan erTad damarxa. arc erT Zvel qarTul<br />

wyaroSi, IX saukunidan XVIII saukunis Sua wlebamde (`wm. ninos cxovrebis~<br />

redaqciebSi, nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavSi~, `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

mariam ded<strong>of</strong>lis variantSi, ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasobaSi~, vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvilis `saqarTvelos istoriaSi~, anton I-is `wyobilsityvaobaSi~) da<br />

arc ucxour wyaroebSi (IV-V saukuneebis berZnul wyaroebSi, `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ Zvel somxur TargmanSi, XVII s.-is Zvel rusul wyaroebSi)<br />

eliozis dis saxeli moxsenebuli araa. rogorc Cans, eliozis dis `sidoniad~<br />

saxeldeba Semdgom avtorTa TxzulebebSi unda daiZebnos.<br />

XIX saukneSi Tbilissa da quTaisSi ibeWdeba `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ Semcveli<br />

moTxrobebi. irodion elioziZis, `samÃedros mRudlis~, mier leqsad<br />

Tqmuli `aRwera cxovrebisa wmidisa mociqulTa sworisa ninasi, qarTuÀlTa<br />

ganmanaTlebelisa~ (Tb., 1868 w.) da `cxovreba qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis wm.<br />

ninosi. qarTulidamve mdabiurad gadmoRebuli m. SaraZis _ mier~ (Tb., 1899)<br />

uflis kvarTTan dakavSirebul movlenebs saerTod ar axsenebs, xolo oTx<br />

teqstSi (`dResaswauli uflisa kvarTisa da cxovreba wmidisa ninosi, qar-<br />

TvelT ganmanaTleblisa~, gamomcemlebi: d. lazarevi, iv. araqelovi, Tb.,<br />

1878 w., `mcxeTis soboro da wminda nino qarTvelT ganmanaTlebeli~,<br />

`mwyemsis~ redaqcia, quTaisi, 1887 w., `wmida nina qarTvelT ganmanaTlebeli~,<br />

quTaisi, 1890 w. da `qarTvelT ganmanaTlebeli wminda nina~, quTaisi, 1895 w.)<br />

eliozis da `sidoniad~ iwodeba, rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobili faqti.<br />

sakiTxis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa freskebze asaxuli `wm.<br />

ninos cxovrebis~ epizodebis ganxilva, kerZod, svetis aRmarTva-amaRlebis<br />

kompoziciebze dakvirveba.<br />

daviT garejis mravalmTis udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnos<br />

Crdilo kedlis moxatulobaSi (IX-XII s.s) svetis amaRlebis kompoziciis<br />

qveda nawili, sadac svetis Ziri da kvarTmirqmuli qali unda iyos gamosaxuli,<br />

Zalian dazianebulia da araferi Cans. aseTive viTarebaa anisis<br />

eklesiisa (aigo 1215 wels) da sveticxovlis taZarSi svetis (Semkoba-moxatva<br />

9

1678-1688 wlebs Sua) amave kompoziciis moxatulobaSi, amitom, aRniSnul<br />

kompoziciazec warwera `sidonia~ iyo Tu _ ara, ver vigebT. samTavros monastris<br />

mcire, mayvlovanis eklesiis CrdiloeTis kedlis moxatulobaSic<br />

(XIX s-is dasawyisi) svetis amaRlebis kompoziciaSi warwera araa Sesrulebuli,<br />

arc bodbis monasterSi, dasavleTis mxaris Crdilo burjze gamosaxul<br />

RvTis nebiT saswaulebrivad aRmarTuli sveti-cxovlis kompoziciaSi (XIX<br />

s.) kvarTis mimrqmeli qalis saxeli `sidonia~ araa aRniSnuli, warwera mxolod<br />

wm. ninos gamosaxulebasTan ixilveba.<br />

cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli svetis saswaulia asaxuli sadResaswaulos A-425 miniaturaze<br />

(XVIII s.-is dasawyisi, 1718 w.) da sadResaswauloSi A-152 (1742 wels<br />

moskovSia gadawerili demetre ebitaSvilis mier) miniaturebze warwerebi<br />

araa.<br />

eliozis dis saxeldebis kvlevisaTvis sainteresoa kidev erTi sayurad-<br />

Rebo masala da masTan dakavSirebiT _ erTi detali. T. sayvareliZe werilSi<br />

_ `ra gadagvrCa mcxeTuri jvar-xatebidan~ _ aRniSnavs (sayvareliZe 2001),<br />

rom XVIII s-is dasawyisSi sveticxovlis taZarSi svetTan mironis amosvlis<br />

adgilas datovebuli Riobi sagangebo kariT ixureboda, kerZod, XVIII saukunis<br />

vercxliT moWedili, kaklis xisgan damzadebuli xatiT (daculia saqar-<br />

Tvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi). masze centraluri adgili uWiravs eliozis<br />

dis kvarTmirqmul cxedris kompozicias, romelzec aRmarTulia cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli<br />

sveti. angelozebs upyriaT svetis zeda nawili, xolo marjvniv da<br />

marcxniv wm. ninosa da mirian mefis gamosaxulebebia moTavsebuli saTanado<br />

warwerebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom eliozis das aranairi warwera ar aqvs.<br />

xatis momWedels rom scodnoda misi saxeli, aucileblad amokveTda, radgan<br />

wm. ninosa da mirian mefis gamosaxulebebs Sesabamisi saxelebi aqvT amotvifruli.<br />

amdenad, zemoaRniSnuli adasturebs, rom XVII-XVIII s-Sic qarTul<br />

sinamdvileSi cnobili araa eliozis dis saxeli `sidonia~.<br />

masalis ganxilvidan rogorc Cans, freskebze, miniatiurebsa da xatze<br />

warmodgenil cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli svetis aRmarTva-amaRlebis scenaSi, romelic<br />

TiTqmis ucvleli saxiT gvxvdeba saukuneze meti xnis manZilze, kerZod, XVII-<br />

XVII-XVIII s.s-Si, eliozis dis saxeli `sidonia~ arsad araa aRniSnuli.<br />

s. barnaveli wignSi _ `saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi da sxva gliptikuri<br />

masalebi~ _ Cveni sakvlevaZiebo sakiTxisaTvis Zalze saintereso masalas<br />

ganixilavs da mis detalur analizs iZleva: `XVI-XVII, XVIII saukuneebisaTvis<br />

(kaTalikosTa sabeWdavebze _ n. g.) damaxasiaTebel gamoxatulebas warmoadgens<br />

sveticxovlis legendis siuJeti, saxeldobr, svetis daSveba bazaze<br />

(safiqrebelia es siuJeti iyo sakaTalikoso sabeWdavebze ufro adrec). am<br />

siuJetis mqonea domenti II-is sabeWdavi, besarion kaTalikosis sabeWdavi<br />

(saq. xelovnebis sax. muzeumi, tf. 21 g), (besarionis sabeWdavs warweris adgilas<br />

weli aqvs miTiTebuli 1732 _ n. g.) anton kaTalikosis sabeWdavi (saq.<br />

xelovnebis sax. muzeumi, tf. 21 d). ukanaskneli sabeWdavi uwarweroa, magram<br />

erT-erT sabuTs (xelnaw. inst. 517 Sd) am sabeWdaviT beWdavs 1746 wels<br />

antoni kaTalikosi~ (barnaveli 1965: 142). aRniSnuli sabeWdavi msxliseburi<br />

formisaa, amiT beWdavs anton II-c. es beWedi Cans ufro adrec, nikoloz<br />

kaTalikosis sabuTSi. ufro adreul kaTalikosTa sabuTebSi es sabeWdavi ar<br />

gvxvdeba. aRniSnulis safuZvelze s. barnaveli dasZens: `maSasadame mtkicdeba,<br />

rom es sakaTalikoso sabeWdavi gadadioda erTi kaTalikosis xelidan<br />

meoreSi XVII da XVII saukuneebSi~ (iqve, gv. 125). s. barnavelis aRwerilobiT,<br />

`kaTalikos domenti II-is (XVII s. _ n.g) sabeWdavis qvemo zedapirze gamoxatu-<br />

10

lia `sveti-cxoveli~. mis qvemoT _ miwaSi asvenia sidonia, aqeT-iqiT dganan<br />

wm. nino da meore personaJi, romelic qals hgavs~ (iqve, gv. 138). mecnieri<br />

fiqrobs, rom es angelozi ar unda iyos, radgan frTebi ar uCans; `svetis<br />

zemoT RvTaebis saxea awvdili xelebiT, figurul CarCoSi. igi qmnis svetTan<br />

erTad mesvetis cnobili kompoziciis STabeWdilebas. RvTaebis xelebis zemoT<br />

TiTo mTavruli asoa: R da b (iqve, gv. 138)~. aqve aRniSnulia, rom<br />

`kompoziciis ganier oled, qvemo zedapiris formis Sesabamisad, evleba naxevarwred<br />

asomTavruli warwera: `q: r∼i: ganÃsnaT qynsa~. Ãsnil: iyos: igi: cTa:<br />

Sa~ (romeli ganÃsnaT qveyanasa, Ãsnil iyos igi caTa Sina) (maTe, 16, 19)~ (iqve,<br />

gv. 138). aRniSnul sabeWdavze personaJTa saxelebi araa aRniSnuli da arc _<br />

`sidonia~.<br />

s. barnaveli wignSi _ `qarTuli droSebi~ _ ganixilavs vaxtang VI-is<br />

droSas (inaxeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi, ist. gany. 663): `almis<br />

erT mxareze mocemulia epizodi sveticxovlis aRmarTvis Tqmulebidan:<br />

kompoziciis Sua nawili uWiravs svets, romelic zecidan eSveba. svetis<br />

aqeT-iqidan simetriulad moTavsebulia ori angelozi. erTs marcxnidan,<br />

meores marjvnidan SemouxveviaT svetisTvis xelebi. svetis bazis marcxniv<br />

dgas mirian mefe, erT xelSi skiptra uWiravs. svetis bazis marjvniv wm.<br />

ninoa, svetis zemodan Cans Suqmfeni wris nawili. svetis bazis qvemodan gansazRvrul<br />

manZilze, rac niadagis sisqes unda gamoxatavdes, Cans kvarTi<br />

uflisa. is horizontalurad mdebarea, gaSlili saxiT, frontalurad mocemuli.<br />

mxatvars ganzraxuli hqonda eCvenebina miwaSi dafluli kvarTi, magram<br />

miriani da wm. nino kvarTis qveda kidis doneze dganan~ (barnaveli 1953:<br />

54). s. barnaveli aqve aRniSnavs, rom kvarTi muqi wiTeli ferisaa, xolo qobis<br />

arSia movardisfro zolebiania, Crdilebi Savi feriTaa `Sesudruli~. oleze<br />

marcxena asomTavruli warweraa _ m.{jkj: rjkj: rjfhsb: bub: hjvkb:<br />

b.j (q. xolo koarTi igi romeli iyo). marjvena mxareze: jrthdtk: ptbs :<br />

ufvjmcjdbk: .jdkfl (ukervel zeiT gamoqsovil yovlad). sainteresoa<br />

erTi garemoeba, rom vaxtang VI-is droSaze gamosaxul svetis aRmarTvis<br />

kompoziciaze, qveda nawilSi, mxolod kvarTia gamosaxuli da eliozis da _<br />

ara. Sesabamisad, warweraSic araferia masze Tqmuli. ver vityviT, ratom<br />

araa aq kvarTis mimrqmeli qali warmodgenili; SesaZloa, amgvari kompoziciis<br />

mTavar mizandasaxulebas udidesi siwmindis _ kvarTis _ gamorCeviT Cveneba<br />

warmoadgendes. s. barnaveli aRniSnavs, rom `sveticxovlis aRmarTvis<br />

scena, rogorc viciT vaxtang VI-is droSis gamoxatulebidan, misi sagerbo<br />

gamoxatulebebiani wignebidan, bagrationTa gerbTan iyo dakavSirebuli~<br />

(iqve, gv. 138).<br />

amdenad, XVII-XVIII s.s-is kaTalikosTa sabeWdavebze da vaxtang VI-is<br />

droSaze eliozis dis saxeli ar gvxvdeba, isevev rogorc zemoganxilul<br />

freskebsa da xatze.<br />

sainteresoa, XIX-XX s.-is samecniero literaturaSi, ramdenad cnobili<br />

da miRebulia eliozis dis saxeli `sidonia~. am mimarTebiT SeviswavleT am<br />

epoqis qarTvel da ucxoel mecnier-mkvlevarTa naSromebi, romlebSic qar-<br />

Tlis moqcevis sakiTxebia ganixiluli, warmoCenilia uflis kvarTis istoria<br />

da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. irkveva, rom mecnierTa da mwerlTa<br />

nawili kvarTis mimrqmeli eliozis dis saxels saerTod ar axsenebs (m. brose<br />

_ `saqarTvelos istoria or nawilad, mefeTa da mTavarTa genealogiiT da<br />

xronologiiT~, 1855-1858 _ rusul enaze, s. RoRoberiZem qarTulad Targmna<br />

da gamosca 1895-1900 ww., gamocemuli `qarTlis cxovreba, dasabamiTgan<br />

11

meaTcxramete saukunemdis~, s.-peterburgi, 1849 w.; n. mari _ `uflis kvarTi<br />

somexTa, qarTvelTa da sirielTa wignur legendebSi~, s.-peterburgi, 1900w.,<br />

`istoriuli narkvevi qarTuli eklesiisa uZvelesi droidan~, 1907w.; d. baqraZe<br />

werilSi `mirian mefe da wminda nino~, Tb., 1880 w. da `istoria saqarTvelosi<br />

(uZvelesi droidam me-10 s. aRsasrulamde~, tf.,1889 w.; e. TayaiSvilis<br />

_ `sami istoriuli qronika~, tf., 1890 w.; p. ioseliani _ `qarTuli eklesiis<br />

mokle istoria~, peterburgi, 1843 w.; `qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis<br />

mier didebiT Semosil wmindanTa cxovrebis aRwera~, tf., 1850 w. da `saqar-<br />

Tvelo _ istoriuli mimoxilva~, tf., 1871 w.; s. kakabaZe _ `wm. nino da misi<br />

mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriaSi~, Tb., 1912 w.; `saistorio Ziebani~, Tb.,<br />

1924 w.; `Ziebani qarTvelTa IV-VII saukunis istoriis Sesaxeb~, 1928 w. da werili<br />

_ `qal. armazi _ qal. mcxeTa~; a. xaxanaSvili _ `wyaroebi saqarTveloSi<br />

qristianobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb~, moskovi, 1893 w.; `narkvevebi qarTuli<br />

sityvierebis istoriis mixedviT~, tf., 1897 w.; arqimandriti ambrosi _<br />

`WeliSis varianti `qarTlis moqcevisa~, tf., 1909 w.; kirion II _ `iveriis<br />

kulturuli roli ruseTis istoriaSi~ da `saqarTvelos samociqulo mar-<br />

Tlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis~; ev. nikolaZe _ `saqarTvelos<br />

eklesiis istoria~, quTaisi, 1918 w.; s. baraTaSvili _ `saqarTvelos istoria~,<br />

quTaisi, 1895 w.; m. TamaraSvili _ `qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde~,<br />

romi, 1912 w.; iv. javaxiSvili _ `andria mociqulis da wm. ninos moRvaweoba<br />

saqarTveloSi~, 1900 w.; `Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII<br />

s.s)~, Tb., 1920 w.; `qarTveli eris istoria~, Tb., 1979 w.; i. gogebaSvili _ `bunebis<br />

kari~, Tb., 1912 w.; i. WavWavaZe _ publicisturi werilebi: `wminda ninos<br />

dResaswauli~ da `qarTveli eri da Rvawli wminda ninosi~, a. wereTeli _ _<br />

`qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli mociqulTa swori wmida nino~, Tb., 1906 w.;<br />

episkoposi leonide _ `wm. ninos dReoba da misi mniSvneloba~, tf., 1912w.;<br />

g.baramiZe _ `werilobiTi wyaroebi uflis xelTuqmneli kvarTis Sesaxeb da<br />

turinis mosasxami~) da sxv.<br />

mecnierTa nawili ki eliozis das `sidonias~ uwodebs, rogorc yvelasaTvis<br />

cnobil faqts (m. selezniovi _ `saxelmZRvanelo kavkasiis Sesamecneblad~,<br />

s.-peterburgi, 1847 w.; a. muraviovi _ `saqarTvelo da somxeTi~, s.peterburgi,<br />

1848 w.; m. janaSvili _ `saqarTvelos saeklesio istoria~, Tb.,<br />

1886 w.: `saqarTvelos istoria uZveles droiTgan 985 wl. qr. S.~, Tb., 1906 w.;<br />

T. Jordania _ `qronikebi~, tf., 1892 w.; p. xuroSvilis werili _ `sveticxovlis<br />

taZari~, 1898 w.; a. natroevi wignSi _ `mcxeTa da misi taZari sveticxoveli~,<br />

tf., 1900 w.; z. WiWinaZe wignSi _ `qarTveli ebraelebi saqarTveloSi~,<br />

Tf., 1904; k. kekeliZis werili _ `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s Sedgeniloba,<br />

wyaroebida erovnuli tendenciebi~; t. ruxaZe _ `qarTul-rusuli<br />

literaturis urTierTobis istoriidan (XV-XVIII s.s)~, Tb., 1960 w. da sxv.).<br />

aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba, m. brosem da n. marma ician saxeli `sidonia~,<br />

magram Tavad ar axseneben, imowmeben T. Jordanias sqolios citirebis gziT.<br />

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX-XX s.s-Si<br />

qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnier-mkvlevarni, romlebic saqarTvelos istorias<br />

da qarTlis moqcevis sakiTxebs ganixilaven, uflis kvarTis istorias<br />

warmoaCenen da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze msjeloben, kvarTis mimrqmeli<br />

eliozis dis saxels an saerTod ar axseneben, an `sidonias~ uwodeben,<br />

rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobil faqts. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am periodSi ar dainteresebulan<br />

eliozis dis saxelis `sidonias~ warmoSobis kvleviT, miuxeda-<br />

12

vad imisa, rom yvela mecnieri (rus mecnierTa nawils Tu ar CavTvliT) kargad<br />

icnobs `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ Tu yvela redaqcias ara, nawils _ mainc.<br />

Cven sagangebod Tavis adgilas ar ganvixileT Teimuraz batoniSvilis<br />

Txzuleba _ `istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romel ars<br />

sruliad saqarTvelosa~. TxzulebaSi calke Tavad Setanilia `wm. ninos<br />

cxovreba~, romelic TiTqmis ucvleladaa gadmotanili `qarTlis cxovrebidan~.<br />

magram sainteresoa erTi garemoeba _ Teimuraz batoniSvili Tavisi<br />

`istoriis~ dasawyisSi, rodesac `meaTerTmete~ mefis, aderkis, mefobis periodze<br />

saubrobs, swored iq urTavs Txrobas Semdegi SesavliT:<br />

`oinaTve moswavebisaTvis sruliad bveriis (ese igi sruliad zemoÁsa da<br />

qvemoÁsa saqarTveloÁsa) moqcevisaTÂs kerpT-msaxurebisagan mristes sarwmunoebasa<br />

zeda saqarTvelosa saekklesiosa moTxrobaTagan, Tu romlisa<br />

saxiTa motanil iqmna bveriad qalaqsa mcxeTas kvarTi igi, romelica emosa<br />

ufalsa Cvensa beso mristessa, romelsa zedaca jriaTa ganigdes wili jvarcmis<br />

misisa Jamsa~ (gv. 136). ∗ swored aq aris pirvelad TavCenili eliozis dis<br />

saxeli `sidonia~. Teimuraz batoniSvilma, rogorc Cans, mirianis mefobis<br />

gadmocemisas leonti mrovelis `wm. ninos~ cxovrebis redaqcia (TiTqmis<br />

zedmiwevniT) gadaitana, magram aderkis mefobis aRwerisas uflis kvarTis<br />

istoriasTan dakavSirebuli ambebis iseTi varianti SemogvTavaza, romelic<br />

zemoganxiluli Zveli qarTuli Txzulebebisagan sakmaod gansxvavdeba. masSi<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi daculia, magram Teimurazi maTi gadmocemisas ar<br />

ifargleba aRniSnuliT da sxvadasxva axali pasaJebiT avrcobs Txrobas. aqve<br />

damowmebulia wyaro _ `saRmrToni werilni saqarTveloÁsa ekklesiisani<br />

mouTxroben esreT~ (gv. 136), magram konkretulad romelimes ar asaxelebs.<br />

misi gadmocema sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi bevri siaxlea warmoCenili.<br />

amdenad, dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT teqsts.<br />

ierusalimidan uflis jvarcmaze dasaswrebad mcxeTis ebraelTa mowodebis<br />

Sesaxeb aq sakmaod didi monakveTia warmodgenili, maSin, rodesac `wm.<br />

ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebi ramdenime winadadebiT gadmogvcemen am pasaJs.<br />

mcxeTis ebraelTa ierusalimSi wasvlis Sesaxeb aq vkiTxulobT: `maSin aRer-<br />

Civnes mcxeTas mcxovrebTa jriaTaganni romelTa Tavni iyvnes da winamZRvarni:<br />

tlioz mRvdeli jriaTa vcxeTeli da konginaz mwignobari rarsneli<br />

da warhyves maT sxvanica jriani muneburni da warvides berusalimad~ (gv.<br />

136). aRniSnulidan Cans, rom Teimurazi eliozsa da longinozs winamZRvrebad<br />

moixsenebs, romelTagan erTi mRvdelia, meore _ mwignobari. Teimurazi<br />

pirveli avtoria, vinc eliozis das `sidonias~ uwodebs da rac ufro gasakviria,<br />

eliozis dedis saxelsac imowmebs: `xolo dedaÁ ama tlioz uriisa<br />

sarra da daÁ tliozisa qalwuli sidonia...~ (gv. 136). unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

CvenTvis Tu ucxo ar aris eliozis dis saxeli `sidonia~, sruliad moulodnelia<br />

eliozis dedis saxeli `sarra~, romelic araTu Zvel wyaroebSi, XIX-XX<br />

saukuneTa samecniero literaturaSi (erTis gamoklebiT) ar Segvxvedria,<br />

qarTvelebisTvis igi ucnobia. Teimurazi kidev ufro scildeba `wm. ninos<br />

cxovrebis~ redaqciaTa Txrobas da eliozis dedis _ sarasa da dis _<br />

sidonias, Tavisebur saxe-xasiaTebs xatavs, rom isini saRvTo werilis mcodneni,<br />

RvTismsaxurni da uflis gzaze `simarTliT mavalni~ iyvnen, kiTxulob-<br />

∗ Teimuraz batoniSvili, `istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romel ars sruliad<br />

saqarTveloÁsa~, sanktpeterburgi: gamomcemloba samecn. akad. stamba, 1848. Semdgom-<br />

Si citatebs davimowmebT amave redaqciidan.<br />

13

dnen winaswarmetyvelTa wignebs da ieso qristes saswaulTa aRsrulebis<br />

Setyobis Semdeg, irwmunes ufali, mesia da sityva RvTisa: `... iyvnes mecnier<br />

werilsa, RuTis-msaxurni da yovlisa samarTliTa mavalni gzasa jflisa<br />

Cvenisa beso mristesni, rwmenaT maT, romel TÂT igi ars, romelica sTqves<br />

winaswar-metyvelTa vesia WeSmariti qmerTi da cityva quTisa, momavali<br />

xsnad s<strong>of</strong>lisa cxovrebad da moZiebad warwymendilTa~ (gv. 136). Teimuraz<br />

batoniSvili amiT ar ifargleba da raTa meti damajereblobiT warmoaCinos<br />

eliozis dedisa da dis RvTismosaoba, qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi maTi<br />

daucxromeli swrafva, dasZens: `xolo igini evedrnen qmerTsa mravlisa marxviTa,<br />

moRvawebiTa da locviTa, raTa gamoucxados maT qmerTman, ukueTu<br />

igi ars TÂT vesia mxsneli kacTa, mosruli s<strong>of</strong>lad~ (gv. 136). marTlac,<br />

eCvena maT qriste, `arwmuna vesia y<strong>of</strong>a TÂsi~ da eliozis ojaxis am wevrebmac<br />

RmerTi irwmunes.<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvili, rogorc vxedavT, Zveli wyaroebisTvis ucnob,<br />

axal ambavs gadmogvcems, Tumca wyaros ar asaxelebs. TxzulebaSi gadmocemulia<br />

ierusalimSi mimavali eliozis dedisagan dalocva, dedisa da dis<br />

Txovna _ `ara Tanaziar eqmnnes Seuracxis my<strong>of</strong>elTa mristesTa~ (gv. 137) da<br />

ixilos ufali da misgan ikurTxos. sara da sidonia eliozisgan `raime windis~<br />

Camotanas iTxoven. aqve moyvanilia eliozis dedis rCeva-darigeba Svilisadmi,<br />

rom ufali aris maTi mxsneli, irwmunos misi da `daimarxos~ dedis<br />

mcnebuli. eliozma dedas aRuTqva `mcnebisa misisa aRsruleba~ (gv. 137).<br />

aRniSnuli monakveTi kvlavac warmoaCens Teimurazis Txrobis maneras _<br />

sadac ki teqsti iZleva saSualebas, avtori alamazebs da ganavrcobs<br />

epizodebs. amas Teimurazi ise warmoadgens, rom Txrobis mTavar xazs xSirad<br />

ar scildeba. misi naambobi mkiTxvelzea gaTvlili, mis dasaintereseblad,<br />

misi Tvalsawiers gasafarToveblad aris Sesrulebuli; Txrobisas detalebis<br />

gamokveTa da zedmiwevniTi sizuste WeSmaritebis aRweris principis SeqmnisTvisaa<br />

gamiznuli, TiTqos Tavad y<strong>of</strong>iliyos im ambebis Semswre, personaJTa<br />

dialogebis msmeneli. amgvari meTodis gamoyenebiT igi mkiTxvelsac<br />

movlenebis Tanadamswred aqcevs da ara marto msmenlis, mayureblis rolsac<br />

sTavazobs.<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvili gadmogvcems eliozis ierusalimSi Casvlas,<br />

filipesa da andriasTan Sexvedras, Semdeg ki mociqulTa iesosTan misvlas<br />

maTi survilis sacnobeblad.<br />

aqve Teimurazi miuTiTebs: `sxolio (TumcaTa wmidasa saxarebasa Sina<br />

cxadad werili ars, romel ixilao igini ieso, magram Zali gulis-xmis y<strong>of</strong>isa<br />

asaCinoebs, romel ixiles maT ieso~). rogorc vxedavT, Teimurazi `gulisxmis<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iT~ Wvrets, `asaCinoebs~, rom es ase moxda, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

saxarebaSi es araa aRniSnuli. sqolioSi moyvanilia uflis mimarTva Tavisi<br />

mowafeebisadmi, rasac mosdevs sityvebi: `ese Tqva sikvdilisa da daflvisa<br />

misisaTvis da aRdgomisa da mismier nay<strong>of</strong>isa gamoReba ese igi ars wesirebasa<br />

Sina moyvanaÁ warmarTTaca da maTganca cnoba gzisa WeSmaritebisa da<br />

mravalTagan erTica nay<strong>of</strong>i ese iyo, romelica kvarTisa sauflosa misisa<br />

mier iqmna mizezi pirveli Cven iverielTa, romelnica viyveniT sibnelesa<br />

Sina eSmakisa mier mZlavrebulni, gamogvixsna kerpTa monebisagan da sakuTar<br />

SÂl TÂssa gvyvna wmidiTa naTlis-RebiTa TÂsiTa~ (gv. 137).<br />

Teimurazi, rogorc vxedavT, warmoaCens kvarTis mniSvnelovnebas iverielTaTvis.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi (eliozis mociqulebTan Sexvedris epizodi)<br />

Teimurazi imowmebs wyaros _ `esreT hswers saeklesiosa Cvenisa momTxro-<br />

14

eli da moZRvari...~ (gv. 137). vfiqrobT, aq arsen beris `wm. ninos cxovrebis~<br />

redaqciaze unda iyos saubari, radgan aRniSnuli epizodi (eliozis<br />

filipesa da andria mociqulebTan Sexvedra) mxolod am redaqciaSia daculi<br />

da Sesabamisad _ mis perifrazSi. amasve mowmobs Semdgomi Txroba _ eliozi<br />

da longinozi ar gaxdnen ebraelTa Tanaziarni uflis jvarcmaSi: `[olo<br />

odes Seipyres beso berusalims, SempyrobelTa misTa arca tlioz da arca<br />

konginoz Tana ziar eqmnnes jriaTa; aramed gangebiTa quTisaTa, odes igi<br />

jriani, jvaris-mcmelni qristesni ganiy<strong>of</strong>des samoselsa mristessa, STaagdo<br />

wili TÂsi maT Soris tliozman da xvda mas kvarTi igi besosi (romeli iyo<br />

ukervel zeÁT gamoqsovil yovlad). aRiRo igi sixaruliT tlioz da dascva~<br />

(gv. 138).<br />

Teimurazis monaTxrobSi kvlavac bevri gansxvavebuli pasaJi warmoCindeba,<br />

Tumca igi wyaros aqac zogadad asaxelebs: `ekklesiisa Cvenisa momTxrobelni<br />

kvarTisa sauflosaTvis sweren kvalad~ (gv.138). TxzulebaSi gadmocemulia<br />

jvarcmis dros mcxeTaSi uecrad gardacvlili eliozis dedis<br />

ambavi, romelic, marTlac, didad ar gansxvavdeba Zveli wyaroebisgan: `dedaÁ<br />

eliozisi carra vcxeTas my<strong>of</strong>i ilocvida ra moukleblad da friad<br />

mglovare iyo ugunurebaTa TÂs jriaTasa, vinaÁdgan ara rwmenaT misi. odes<br />

jvarsa SemsWvales jfali Cveni masve Jamsa euwya CvenebiT dedasa tliozisasa<br />

da odes Jamsa mas jvarcmisasa dahkvrides xelTa misTa lusmarsa, xmaÁ lusmarsa<br />

zeda kverisa dakvrisa esma mun carras saRmrToÁTa gangebulebiTa da<br />

myis RaRadhyo ÃmiTa maRliTa da sTqva: `mSvidobiT mefobao jriaTao, rame-<br />

Tu ganarisxeT dRes qmerTi, mosruli xsnad s<strong>of</strong>lisa, iqmeneniT moZRvar<br />

sicruisa da msajul usamarTloebisa, mohkalT marTali ege, cxovrebisa<br />

momniWebeli dasamxobelad da aRfxvrad naTesaobaTa TqvenTa~. daasrula ra<br />

sityvani ese, daeca myisve qveyanasa da mokvda da suli TÂsi ÃelTa uflisaTa<br />

Sevedra~ (gv. 138). am ambis gadmocemis Semdeg Teimurazi kvlavac gansxvavebul<br />

cnobas gvawvdis _ sara iglova sidoniam, romelic eloda Zmas da mesiis<br />

raime niSans, misTvis ZRvnad wamoRebuls: `bxila sakvirvelebaÁ ese daman<br />

tliozisaman cidonia da mswrafl gardacvalebaÁ dedisa TÂsisa, gankrTa sakvirvelebiTa,<br />

iglova mwared da daÁ TÂsi Sesabamierad da moeloda Zmisa<br />

TÂssa sasoebiT, romel moiRebs rasme niSansa vesiassa niWad misTvis~ (gv.<br />

138). Teimurazi am SemTxvevaSic warmosaxviT Txrobas gvTavazobs, aRwers<br />

ise, rogorc SesaZloa rom y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, maSin rodesac `wm. ninos cxovrebis~<br />

uZvelesi redaqciebi mxolod oriod winadadebiT Semoifarglebian. igi<br />

avsebs Txrobas sxvadasxva detaliT, riTac, unda aRiniSnos, Txroba ar mZimdeba.<br />

Tu Zveli teqstebi mkiTxvels utovebs warmosaxvis SesaZleblobas,<br />

Teimurazi am warmosaxvas gaacxadebs da mkiTxvels TiTqos ajaWvebs Txrobas,<br />

amosunTqvis saSualebas ar aZlevs, CaZiravs gadmocemis Sina-arsSi, atyvevebs<br />

mis warmosaxvas.<br />

TxzulebaSi Txroba grZeldeba mcxeTaSi Casuli eliozisa da sidonias<br />

Sexvedris aRweriT da aqac Teimurazi sruliad ucnob ambavs hyveba: `xolo<br />

gzaÁ igi, sada miegeboda sidonia ganvlida saSual samoTxisa (ese igi walkotisa)<br />

mefisa; xolo saSual baRsa mis xidsa mas gamovida ra tlioz SeemTxva<br />

mun wina cidonia da moexvia qedsa missa da etyoda cremliT mizezsa sikudilisa<br />

dedisa maTisasa da hkiTxvida, Tu raÁ moiRo niSani mristesi niWad<br />

missa~ (gv. 139).<br />

rogorc Cans, Teimuraz batoniSvili miuTiTebs im gzas, romelic gaiara<br />

sidoniam ZmasTan Sesaxvedrad da es gza mefis `samoTxe~-walkotze gadioda.<br />

15

safiqrebelia, rom Teimurazma am gzis aRniSvniT, erTgvarad, winaswar<br />

gamokveTa mefis samoTxis mniSvnelovneba, romelzedac Semdgom RvTaebrivi<br />

madli gadmovidoda da saswauli aResruleboda. am mizniT daukavSira man<br />

erTmaneTs kvarTi _ sidonia _ `samoTxe~.<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvili TxzulebaSi kidev erT CanarTs gvTavazobs, ker-<br />

Zod, mas Semdeg rac eliozma uflis kvarTi, romelic hqonda daculi `tavarjuxsa<br />

Sina~, gadasca das da sidoniam mklavebi moxvia da Seitkbo, Zmas ase<br />

mimarTa: `Äi sayvarelo Zmao, kma ars niWi ese Cemda qveynisaca amisTÂs, vina-<br />

ÁTgan saTno iCina jfalman xsna erisa amis Ãelisagan eSmakisa da amiT Ãsnil-<br />

Ta TÂsTa moaniWebs cxovrebasa saukunesa~ (gv. 139). eliozis dis es mimarTva<br />

arcerT sxva Zvel wyaroSi araa moyvanili. Teimurazi am epizodiT kidev<br />

erTxel warmoaCens mcxeTis, meore ierusalimis, momaval didebasa da pativs.<br />

Txroba grZeldeba da kvarTiT xelSi gardacvlili sidonia didi godebiT<br />

daitira eliozma. am epizodsac Teimuraz batoniSvili axali cnobebiT<br />

avsebs, kerZod, eliozs surda uflis kvarTis gamoReba `gulisagan disa<br />

TÂsisa~, magram verc Tavad SeZlo da verc sxvaTa daxmarebiT. eliozs surda,<br />

saxlSi gadaesvenebina gardacvlili dis cxedari. am SemTxvevaSic `eris<br />

simravlem~ `mkvdari~ mcirediTac ki ver daZra adgilidan (esec gansxvavebuli<br />

pasaJia da aq gvaxsendeba wm. ninos cxedris adgilidan verSeZvris epizodi).<br />

es sakvirveleba acnobes ra mefe aderks, manac isurva kvarTis xelT gdeba,<br />

magram _ amaod, yoveli cda uSedegod damTavrda. `wm. ninos cxovrebis~<br />

redaqciaTagan gansxvavebiT, aderki mefesTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnulia, rom<br />

man iesos qveynad mosvla RmrTis gangebad miiCnia da kvarTis sakvirvelebac<br />

mas daukavSira: `beso ars erTi, romelime RmerTTagani da gangebiTa RmerT-<br />

TaTa mosrul ars s<strong>of</strong>lad da sakÂrvelebaÁ ese mismieri ars da vgoneb friad<br />

keTilars ese qveyanisa amas CvenisaTÂs da mefobisaTÂsca Cemisa, romel niWi<br />

ese moivlina adgilsa amas, Soris samoTxisa amis Cemisa~ (gv. 139-140). mefem<br />

gadawyvita, rom daetovebinaT is adgili da dalodebodnen RvTis nebas, mxolod<br />

ramdenime mcveli da eliozi moyvasiTurT datova, raTa euwyebinaT mis-<br />

Tvis, Tu rame moxdeboda. eliozi da misi moyvasni mxurvaled loculobdnen<br />

RvTis mimarT, raTa ufals `windi ese~ (kvarTi), rogorc misi gangebulebis<br />

saxsovari, daecva igi saunjed qarTlis erisaTvis da isini borotisagan<br />

daexsna, `raTa iqmnen esenica monad Senda, aRmsaareblad, moqmed nebisa da<br />

brZanebisa Senisa~ (gv. 140). rogorc vxedavT, Teimurazi cdilobs, mcxeTis<br />

mkvidrT gulsa da gonebaSi ganamzados uflis kvarTis savane, winaswar SeagrZnobinos<br />

qarTvelT uflis kvarTis saswaulebrivi Zala, viTarca momavali<br />

xsnis RvTaebrivi wanamZRvari, qveynisaTvis misi miRebis didi pativi.<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvilis Semdgomi Txroba kvarTTan dakavSirebul saswauls<br />

exeba: eliozisa da mis moyvasTa locvis dasrulebisTanave moxda didi<br />

Zvra, `ganipo adgili igi, sada idva qalwuli igi cidonia kvarTiTurT uflisa<br />

da Seiwynara Soris gulsa TÂssa miwaman da wamsve Sina Tvalisasa dahfara<br />

da Sekra piri miwaman da iqmna egreTve viTarca iyo pirvel, romel arcaRaTu<br />

mciredi sCnda adgilsa mis ganpebulini mciredica brZÂl~ (gv. 140). mefe<br />

aderki, romelsac auwyes momxdari saswauli, mivida da Tavad ixila is adgili,<br />

mcvelni miuCina da brZana, rom `samoTxis~ am adgils aranairi biwiereba<br />

(arc adamiani, arc cxoveli da arc rame `Seginebuli~ nivTi) ar miaxleboda<br />

da Sexeboda.<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvili dasasruls dasZens, rom Semdgomad amisa im adgilas<br />

kviparozis xe aRmocenda, romlis rtoebi da furclebi sneulT kurnav-<br />

16

da, masze Semsxdari daWrili frinvelebi ki simrTeles iRebdnen. uflis<br />

kvarTis Semdgomi saswaulebi, Teimuraz batoniSvilis uwyebiT, sruliad<br />

saqarTvelos moqcevis mauwyebel saeklesio moTxrobebSia moxsenebuli. albaT,<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvili `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~, `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebsa<br />

da nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavs~ gulisxmobs.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom Teimuraz batoniSvilis mier `wm. ninos cxovrebis~<br />

redaqciebis zemomoxmobil gansxvavebul epizodebSi _ gardacvlili sidonias<br />

mkerdidan kvarTis vergamoRebasa da aderki mefis qmedebebSi (romlis<br />

wyarosac igi ar asaxelebs), sayuradReboa erTi garemoeba. aRniSnuli epizodebis<br />

Tanamimdevroba da zogadi sqema aseTia _ eliozis, mefisa da mravalricxovani<br />

eris mier kvarTCakruli sidonias cxedris adgilidan (romelic<br />

mefis samoTxeSi iyo) `ver daZvra~, mefisa da eris mier im adgilis datoveba<br />

da palat-saxlad dabruneba, gulzed kvarTmikruli sidonias cxedarTan<br />

eliozisa da mis moyvasTa darCena, maTi gulmxurvale locva RvTisadmi,<br />

locvis dasrulebisTanave miwis SeZvra da saswauli _ miwis gapoba da<br />

sidonias kvarTiTurT Sig Catana, miwis piris myisve Sekvra da im adgilis<br />

pirvelsave mdgomareobaSi dabruneba _ `iqmna egreTve viTarca iyo pirvel~,<br />

TiTqos araferi momxdara; Semdgom mefisTvis saswaulis uwyeba da misgan im<br />

adgilis xilva, mefis brZaneba _ aravin biwieri Sexeboda im adgils. Tu davakvirdebiT,<br />

advilad SevniSnavT am epizodebis msgavsebas `wm. ninos cxovrebis~<br />

redaqciebSi sveti-cxovlis aRmarTvasTan dakavSirebiT moTxrobil ambebs<br />

Soris; kerZod, eklesiis asagebad mefis samoTxeSi sveti-cxovlis mokve-<br />

Ta, mefisa da eris mcdelobiTa da veranairi `manqanebiTa~ misi `ver-aRmar-<br />

Teba~, mefisa da eris SeSfoTeba, wuxili da palatad-saxlad dabruneba:<br />

`...mefe friad zarganÃdil iqmna da dabrkolda suetisa mis ver aRmarTebasa,<br />

da didiTa mwuxarebiTa aRsavse warvida palatad da gulklebuli igi da misi<br />

eri friad~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1963: f 138). adgilidan `ver SeZrul~<br />

svetTan (eklesiisTvis momzadebuli safuZvlis adgilas) wm. ninosa da Tormet<br />

dedaTa darCena, gulmxurvale locva-vedreba, svetis aRmarTebisaTvis<br />

Semweobis Txovna, wm. ninosa da dedebze movlenili 2 xilva (I xilva miwis<br />

SeZvriTa da mTaTa rRveviT...), maTi dasrulebis Semdeg pirvandeli mdgomareobis<br />

dabruneba _ `da meyseulad dascxres Ãmani igi, da iyo araraÁ~ (iqve, I<br />

xilva, 46, f 139) da `da meyseulad uCino iqmna yoveli igi simravlÀ erisaÁ da<br />

iqmna dayudeba did~ (iqve, II xilva, 46, f 140); naTelmosili Wabukis Cveneba<br />

da svetis saswaulebrivi `aRdgoma~, wm. ninos mier mefisa da erisaTvis saswaulis<br />

xareba, mefis mier aRmarTuli sveti-cxovlis xilva da RvTis dideba,<br />

sveti-cxovlis saswaulebrivi kurnebani, mirian mefis zrunva sveti-cxovlis<br />

siwmindesa da uvneblobaze; sveti-cxovelTan, viTarca RvTis Zalis<br />

gamoxatulebasTan (`viTarca Zalsa RmrTisasa~) dakavSirebiT mirian mefis<br />

anderZi revisadmi: `da Tavi Seni Sehvedre suetsa mas zegardamo didebulsa<br />

da juarsa patiosansa...~ (iqve, , 163); ded<strong>of</strong>ali da `dedani igi mTavarni~ ar<br />

ganeSorebian sveti-cxovelsa da patiosan jvars: `xolo ded<strong>of</strong>ali da sxuani<br />

igi mTavarni dedani arasada ganeSorebodes eklesiasa suetisa mis cxovelisasa<br />

da naTlisasa, rameTu xedvides saswaulTa da kurnebaTa miuTxrobelTa~<br />

(iqve, ,152). Teimuraz batoniSvilis mier aRwerilo movlenebi: eliozis,<br />

`eris simravlisa~ da mefe aderkis mier gardacvlili eliozis disTvis<br />

uflis kvarTis gamoRebis uSedego mcdelobani, Semdgom kvarTmirqmuli qalis<br />

adgilidan SeuZvreloba da masze aRsrulebuli saswauli _ kidev ufro<br />

17

metad usvams xazs `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ zemoaRniSnul movlena-saswaulTa<br />

gamaerTianebel RvTaebriv sulierebas.<br />

Cven ar viciT, Teimuraz batoniSvils konkretulad, saidan moaqvs<br />

eliozis dedisa da dis saxelebi, an `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebidan is<br />

gansxvavebuli epizodebi, erTi SexedviT, zRapruli Txrobis xasiaTs rom<br />

atareben. Teimurazi Tavisi naSromis winasityvaobaSi aRniSnavs: `uZvelesTa<br />

istoriisaTvis CvenTa, e. i. iverielTa moTxrobisaTvis, raica SevuZle povnad<br />

ZvelTa da uZvelesTa Sina gamoZiebaTa sruliad Semovkriben igini da ara<br />

dauteven igini arca erTi: aramed movuTxrobde maT Tvis, romelnica romel-<br />

Taganme momTxrobelTa Sewynarebulca arian~ (gv. 1-2). amasTanave, Teimuraz<br />

batoniSvilis pasuxismgebloba `saqarTvelos istoriis~ mimarT kargadaa<br />

warmoCenili misi werilebidan mari brosesadmi, romelsac hpirdeba, rom<br />

pirvel nawils gaugzavnis, raTa sruli warmodgena SeeqmnaT saqarTvelosa<br />

da misi eris Sesaxeb uZvelesi Jamidan mis dromde. mis erT-erT werilSi<br />

brosesadmi vkiTxulobT: `me didaT mouclelaTa var amisaTvis, rac Sen SemomikveTe,<br />

imasa vswer, Tumca pirvels SemTxveulobaSi SemoklebiT gike-<br />

TebT, magram naxav Sen RvTis mowyalebiT Tu rogori iqmneba. RmerTs erwmune,<br />

CemTvis aseTi Sroma aris ese, rom asamdis sxvadasxvas wignSi gamoveZieb.<br />

am dRiT wignebi garemo mayria da ise vkreb. CemTvis da Cemis saxelis<br />

wodebisaTvis sircxvili ars, egreTve Senc cuds razedme rogor migaRebino<br />

SromaÁ... me mravali materia maqvs amisTvis, romelic, didis gamoZiebiT, ra<br />

me Sen gagican, masukan viwyev Sekreba da aseTi ram unda warmovadgino mag didebuls<br />

sazogadoobaSi (`saazio sazogadoeba~, daarsada parizSi 1821 wels<br />

_ n. g.), rom Seuracxad ar Seiqmnes Cemi Rvawli. aseTi saqme aris cxovrebis<br />

aRwera, rom arc erTs sxvis Ãelovnebas ara hgavs da amazed didi sifrTxile<br />

unda istoriis damwersa... es wigni, RmerTs erwmune, Rame da dRe ÃelSi<br />

miWiravs, Cemis ÃeliTa vwer. ar SeiZleba rom sxvas davawerino, wamixdenen<br />

rogorc rom gaTavdeba, es pirveli Semoklebuli qristesSobas Tvis gasvlamdis<br />

da Tu meores Tvemdis, maSinve gamogigzavni~ (yubaneiSvili 1964: 62).<br />

rogorc werilidan Cans, Teimuraz batoniSvilisaTvis udidesi tvirTi, movaleoba<br />

da pasuxismgeblobaa saqarTvelos istoriis aRwera, romelic sifrTxiles,<br />

sifxizles, keTilsindisierebas moiTxovs, imdenad, rom Teimurazi<br />

mis gadaweras `waxdenis~ SiSiT sxvas ar andobs. zemoaRniSnuli werili imdenad<br />

gulwrfelobiTaa dawerili da masSi imxela moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgebloba,<br />

sindisiereba vlindeba, Znelia ar verwmunoT. Teimurazi naSroms<br />

`istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa~ oci wlis manZilze werda (avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis<br />

gamo garkveuli droiT SeaCera masze muSaoba). sicocxleSi igi ver moeswro<br />

Tavisi naSromis gamocemas (gardaicvala 1846 wels). Tavad Teimurazi<br />

`iveriis istoriaze~ muSaobis procesTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom `asamde<br />

wignSi eZiebda~, `mravali materia hqonda amisaTvis~, `wignebi garemo eyara<br />

da ise krebda~, mas xeli miuwvdeboda bevr wyaroze, SesaZloa, CvenTvis ucnobzec<br />

da iq moiZia manamde ucnobi detalebi. `iveriis istoriis winasityveobis~<br />

SeniSvnaSi igi wers: `Zvels qarTlis cxovrebidam gamowerili, me<br />

TviT gamovwere kaTalikozis antonis Sekrebulis moTxrobaebidan, romelica<br />

mravalTa werilTagan gamoekriba da nebavda Turme istoriisa srulisa<br />

aRwera da aRar dascalda da is gamowerilebi ise uqmad darCa da me uwmindesiiman<br />

kaTalikozman mamis Zmaman Cemman, vinaÁdgan miyvarda me istoria mravali<br />

ram saistorio saqarTveloÁsaTvis gamomawerina Tavis wignebidam.<br />

antoni kaTalikozi, biZa Cemi (e. i. meore antoni _ n. g.) sankt peterburgs<br />

18

Zandeboda welsa 1820 da Semdgoms weliwadebSiaca da maSin gamovwere~ (gv.<br />

177-178). SesaZloa, swored anton II-is `moTxrobaebidam~ aqvs Teimurazs<br />

`gamowerili~ eliozis dedisa da dis saxelebi, sara da sidonia, da sxva cnobebi.<br />

ramdenad sandoa es wyaro, ver vityviT.<br />

g. SaraZe Teimuraz bagrationis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Seswavlis<br />

safuZvelze aRniSnavs: `rogorc Teimuraz bagratinis wignTsacavis katalogSi<br />

gadarCenili cnobebidan Cans, Teimurazis biblioTekas safuZvlad<br />

dasdebia saqarTvelos samefo biblioTekis (ufro zustad, kaxeTis bagrationTa)<br />

wignebi... aseve, etyoba, mravlad hqonia mas misi papis mamis _ Teimuraz<br />

II da papis _ erekle II naqoni wignebi; zogierTi maTganis Sesaxeb `katalogSi~<br />

damowmebulia dokumenturi cnoba~ (SaraZe 1974: 3). g. SaraZe varaudobs, rom<br />

Teimurazs biblioTeka Seuvsia meuRlis, elene amilaxvris, mziTevSi moyolili<br />

wignebiTac da, savaraudod, Tavisi Zmis, daviT batoniSvilis, mdidari<br />

biblioTekis wignebis nawiliT (daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg). Teimurazi<br />

Tavadac iZenda xelnawerebs da Tu romelimes fasis gamo ver yidulobda,<br />

gadaawerinebda xolme. amisaTvis specialurad daqiravebuli gadamwerebi<br />

hyavda. amasTan erTad, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Teimurazi, rogorc<br />

Tavisi naSromis winasityvaobaSi SeniSnavs, wyarod iyenebda `romelnime<br />

zepirica smenilni~, `zRapar sityvaobanica~, radgan yovelive es, misi TqmiT<br />

_ `ara ugulebels vyven aRwerad nivTTa gamravlebisaTvis ambavTa Sina~ (gv.<br />

1-2). marTlac, rogorc uflis kvarTis istoriis Semcveli zemoganxiluli<br />

moTxroba mowmobs, Teimuraz batoniSvili `zepirad smenils~ da `zRapar<br />

sityvaobasac~ xSirad iyenebs, SesaZloa, eliozis dedisa da dis saxelebi amgvari<br />

gziT iyos gaCenilic, danamdvilebiT verafers vityviT. saxeli `sidonias~<br />

wyaros dasadgenad, upirveles yovelisa, aucilebelia Teimuraz batoniSvilis<br />

arqivis sagangebod Seswavla, rac momavali kvleva-Ziebis saqmea.<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, Teimuraz batoniSvilis TxzulebaSi _ `istoria dawyebiTgan<br />

iveriisa...~ _ Tvrameti saukunis manZilze pirvelad vxvdebiT kvar-<br />

Tis mimrqmeli eliozis dis saxels _ `sidonias~. aRniSnuli garemoeba samecniero<br />

literaturaSi dRemde ar iyo fiqsirebuli.<br />

S. mesxia wignSi _ `Teimuraz batoniSvili~ (1982 w.) _ ganixilavs<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvilis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas. mecnieri didad afasebs<br />

Teimurazis SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas, mis mravlismomcvel ganaTlebas,<br />

mecnierul alRosa da keTilsindisierebas, misTvis wyaroebis, qarTuli<br />

Tu ucxouri samecniero literaturisadmi xelmisawvdomobas, amasTanave<br />

ganixilavs, ramdenad sando da WeSmaritebis aRmnusxavia istoriulobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT Teimuraz batoniSvilis Txzuleba. S. mesxia aRniSnavs, rom<br />

Teimurazi pirvelwyaroebisadmi (`qarTlis cxovreba~ da vaxuSti batoniSvilis<br />

`saqarTvelos istoria~) samgvar damokidebulebas iCens: `a) ZiriTadad<br />

endoba maT da ucvlelad mohyavs maTgan adgilebi Tavis `istoriaSi~, b) asworebs<br />

maT sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT da moTxrobas afarToebs, g) akritikebs<br />

zogjer mniSvnelovan, zogjer kidev wvrilman sakiTxebSi~ (mesxia<br />

1982: 36). S. mesxia SeniSnavs, rom Teimurazs `saeWvo sabuTebi moyvanili aqvs<br />

Tavis ZiriTad istoriaSic, romlisTvisac... sicocxlis TiTqmis erTi mesamedi<br />

Seuwiravs~ (iqve, gv. 34). zogjer Teimurazi cvlis wyaroTa monacemebs,<br />

magaliTad, mas miaCnia, rom qarTvelni Targamosisagan warmoSobilni arian,<br />

rac bibliis Teorias ewinaaRmdegeba. iSveliebs ra leonti mrovelisa da<br />

vaxtang VI-is `istoriebs~, odnav SesworebiT mogviTxrobs qarTvelTa genealogias.<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, `ganuyo Targamos queyana da naTe-<br />

19

savi TÂsi rvaTa amaT gmirTa... naxevari da umjobesi qveynisa misisa misca<br />

haoss~, Teimurazi wers: `misca Zesa TÂssa qarTloss Targamos mamaman maTman<br />

sxvani Zeni TÂsni, Zmani qarTlosiani uflebasa da mTavrobasa queSe misisa da<br />

gardaasaxla yovelTa dedawulobiT da eriTurT maTiT adgilad sruliad<br />

iveriisaTa...~ (iqve, gv. 28). S. mesxia SeniSnavs, rom Tu `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

mixedviT Targamosi anawilebs adgilebs Svilebs Soris, Teimurazis mixedviT,<br />

saqarTvelos mTliani teritoria eZleva Targamosisagan qarTloss da<br />

igi anawilebs Tavis Zmebs Soris mas... agreTve ZmaTa Soris `q. cxovrebiT~<br />

`iyo ganmgebel da ufal haos da ese yovelni iyvnes morCil haosisa~.<br />

TeimuraziT: `maT yovelTa zeda ufal da mTavar iyo qarTlos~ an kidev:<br />

`hflobda maT yovelTa zeda qarTlos da Zmani misni morCilni iyvnes missa~.<br />

amgvari SesworebisaTvis Teimurazs cxadia araviTari wyaro ar gaaCnda garda<br />

sakuTari, Cvenis azriT, nacionalisturi mosazrebisa...~ (iqve, gv. 37-38).<br />

S. mesxias TqmiT, Teimurazi xSirad ucvlelad imeorebs wyaroTa Txrobas.<br />

mas, rogorc mecnieri SeniSnavs, sityvasityviT aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebidan~<br />

gadawerili mirianis mefoba da wm. ninos mier qarTvelTa moqceva. Cvenda<br />

gasakvirad, S. mesxia arafers ambobs mefe aderkis mefobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

Teimurazis Txrobas uflis kvarTis zemoganxilul istoriasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

amasTanave, viziarebT S. mesxias azrs imis Taobaze, rom Teimurazi mimarTavs<br />

xolme `ubralo ganvrcobas yovelgvari wyaroebis dasaxelebis gareSe,<br />

mxolod vrclad da mWermetyvelurad moTxrobisaTvis, Sinaarsis<br />

TvalsazrisiT ki ar scildeba qarTlis cxovrebas~ (iqve, gv. 39). da ara marto<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebas~. S. mesxia asabuTebs, rom Teimurazi `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

da vaxuSti batoniSvilis Sromebis garda iyenebda anton kaTalikosis<br />

Canawerebs (romlis Sromadqceva mas ar dascalda) da maTSi moTavsebul<br />

arsen kaTalikosis Sromidan amonawerebs, kerZod ki `wm. ninos cxovrebis~<br />

fragmentebs. amdenad, Teimuraz batoniSvils eliozis dedisa da dis<br />

saxelebi SesaZloa, anton II kaTalikosis Canawerebidan amoeRo.<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvilis Txzulebis ganxilvis Sedegad irkveva, rom<br />

uflis kvarTTan dakavSirebul TxrobaSi igi srulad iyenebs `wm ninos<br />

cxovrebis~ redaqciebs (SesaZloa, yvelas _ ara), nikoloz gulaberisZisa da<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebebs (garkveul SemTxvevebSi, roca Txroba<br />

Seesatyviseba Zvel qarTul wrilobiT wyaroebs, imowmebs kidec zogadi<br />

fraziT _ `moTxrobaTa Sina saeklesioTa~ da `hsweren romelnime momTxrobelni<br />

Cvenisa saqarTveloÁsa ekklesiisani~), amavdroulad, wyaroebis dausaxeleblad,<br />

axal epizodebsa da cnobebs urTavs TxrobaSi (ris saSualebasac<br />

Zveli wyaroebi iZleva) da ganavrcobs aRweril ambebs, albaT, sarwmuno<br />

faqtebis detaluri warmoCenisTvis, kidev ufro meti damajereblobisa da<br />

mkiTxvelTa meti dainteresebisaTvis. marTalia, Teimuraz batoniSviliseuli<br />

yvela cnoba Semdegdroindel mxatvrul Tu samecniero literaturaSi<br />

didad ar warmoCenila (magaliTad, eliozis dedis saxeli _ `sara~, eliozis<br />

dis gardacvalebis Semdgom miwisZvris da napralSi cxedris kvarTianad<br />

STanTqmisa da sxv.), magram eliozis dis saxeli `sidonia~, eliozis, xalxisa<br />

da mefis mowadineba gardacvlili eliozis dis adgilidan verSeZvris uSedego<br />

mcdelobani qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi dRemde mtkicedaa gamjdari da<br />

tradiciul cnobadaa aRiarebuli, Tumc ki TiTqmis aravin icis, rom es<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvilis damsaxurebaa da ara `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ uZvelesi<br />

redaqciebis mowmoba.<br />

20

T. batoniSvilis Txzulebis msgavsad, aseve bolos movitoveT m. sabininis<br />

TxzulebaTa ganxilva. upirveles yovlisa, maTi Seswavla cxadad warmoaCens<br />

m. sabininis mier T. batoniSvilis `iveriis istoriis~ umTavres wyarod<br />

gamoyenebis faqts da masze aRbeWdil did gavlenas. amasTanave, m. sabininis<br />

am naSromebidan da, zogadad, misi naRvawidan, Cveni azriT, sagulisxmo<br />

ram warmoCindeba, rasac qvemoT SevityobT.<br />

m. sabinini wignSi _ `iveriis (qarTuli) eklesia VI saukunis dasasrulamde~<br />

_ saubrobs qarTlSi damkviderebul ebraelebze, maTTvis ierusalimidan<br />

miRebul Setyobinebebze (ukanasknelad _ mowodebaze jvarcmaze dasaswrebad).<br />

m. sabinini gadmogvcems eliozis gamgzavrebas ierusalimSi da am<br />

faqtTan dakavSirebul realiebs: `eliozis deda, saxeliT sara _ mRvdelmTavar<br />

elias STamomavali, sakmaod RvTismorwmune qali, romelic Tavisi<br />

RvTismosavi winaprebis swavlebas mkacrad icavda da romelmac kargad icoda<br />

saRvTo werili, elodeboda mxsnelis mosvlas. man RvTiuri sulis meSveobiT<br />

gaafrTxila Svili, ubiwos sisxlSi ar mieRo monawileoba; `radgan igi~,<br />

_ ambobda is, `warmarTTa imedi da israelis naTelia~. misi (eliozis dedis<br />

_ n. g.) xma da swavleba TiTqos ebrauli Temis saerTo xma iyo, anas werilis<br />

gziT xedavda ra RmerTkacis pirovnebaze kanonisa da winaswarmetyvelTa<br />

aRsrulebas~ (sabinini 1877: 6). teqstidan vigebT, rom eliozi, kaci mxsnelis<br />

rwmenaSi sruly<strong>of</strong>ili da WeSmariti RmerTisadmi msaxurebiT mcxovrebi,<br />

qarTveli ebraelebis mTavari rabinis misiiT da didi amaliT (romelTa<br />

Soris iyvnen qarTveli uJikebi, dRevandeli osebi, _ aRniSnavs m. sabinini)<br />

da qarTvel ebraelTa Soris saxelganTqmuli longinoz karsnelis dacvis<br />

qveS wavida ierusalimSi.<br />

aqve unda aRiSnos, rom m. sabinini am ambebis gadmocemisas sqolioSi<br />

ramdenime ganmartebas akeTebs da Tavis mosazrebebs gamoTqvams. erT-erTi<br />

ganmartebis wyarod Teimuraz batoniSvils asaxelebs, romelic qarTuli<br />

saeklesio istorikosTa gadmocemas emyareba, kerZod, TiTqos eliozi icnobda<br />

filipe mociquls da misi meSveobiT surda iesos xilva. filipes<br />

eliozis survili andriasaTvis ucnobebia, orives ki _ uflisaTvis. aravin<br />

icis, Sexvda Tu ara eliozi ufals, magram ufalma amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

Tavisi mowafeebisadmi gulisSemZvreli sityva warmoTqva. erTi sqolio<br />

longinoz karsnelis pirovnebis Sesaxeb m. sabininis varauds gvamcnobs _<br />

longinozi xom ar iyo jvarcmis dros my<strong>of</strong>i erTi meomarTagani da meomar-<br />

Tagan wilisyris dros mas xom ar ergo kvarTi, romelic Semdgom eliozs<br />

gadasca.<br />

m. sabininis monaTxrobis mixedviT, romelic, misive TqmiT, qarTuli eklesiis<br />

gadmocemas, ufliswuli Teimurazis `istorias~, `qarTlis cxovrebas~,<br />

mcxeTis taZris Zvel svinaqsars da sxva mraval SesaniSnav xelnawerebs<br />

emyareba, `eliozis dam, RvTismoSiSma qalwulma sidoniam, mcxeTaSi ZmasTan<br />

damSvidobebisas, sTxova, moepovebina da misTvis wamoeRo raime kuTvnileba<br />

im pirisa, romelsac gasamarTlebas upirebdnen. uyvarda ra Tavisi da,<br />

eliozma mas sityva misca, rom Txovnas Seusrulebda. da ai qarTvelma ebraelebma<br />

winaswarmetyveluri WvretiT miiRes ra Seufasebeli cis saunje _<br />

wminda kvarTi da cxovrobdnen ra am qalaqSi didi xnis manZilze, TviTmxilveli<br />

mowmeebi iyvnen mxsnelis yvela saswaulisa...~ (sabinini 1877: 8). maT<br />

mcxeTaSi mohqondaT qristes kvarTi da RvTis Svilis mkvdreTiT aRdgomis<br />

sasixarulo cnoba. aq Semodis Txroba eliozis dasTan dakavSirebiT:<br />

`eliozi imave mxleblebTan erTad dabrunda ra mcxeTaSi, mas Tavisi da<br />

21

sidonia, qalwuli, dedis wyalobiT qristes mosvlis morwmune, Seegeba gzaze<br />

or Robes Soris samefo baRisa, romelsac sakmaod didi mTis wyaro Wrida da<br />

rwyavda baRs xidTan. igi (da _ n. g.) sixaruliT mivarda mas da xvevniT da<br />

tiriliT gamoucxada dedis sikvdili, romelic aRsrulda aRdgomis win<br />

paraskevs, dRis eqvs saaTze. saram, romelic sruliad janmrTeli iyo, xsenebuli<br />

dRisa da saaTis periodSi mkerdSi Zlieri dartyma igrZno da gangmiruli,<br />

usulod daeca Semdegi sityvebiT: `mSvidobiT mefobao israelisao,<br />

romelTac sikvdils mieciT Tqveni mxsneli, amieridan Semoqmedisa da<br />

sakuTari RmerTis sisxlSi damnaSave iqnebi; mwuxareba me, romelsac ar me-<br />

Rirsa sikvdili am dromde, raTa am saSinel SemTxvevas (dartymas) avcdenodi<br />

da Rirsi gavxdebodi, menaxa warmarTebze gamocxadebuli naTeli da ebraelTa<br />

mSvidoba. gaigo ra garemoebaTa ucnauri SeTavseba _ uflis sikvdili<br />

da sakuTari dedis sikvdili erTsa da imave dros, eliozi raRac gamouTqmel<br />

gaugebrobaSi Cavarda da ar icoda, msgavsi garemoeba, ras niSnavda.<br />

dedis dakargvis gamo warmoudgenel mwuxarebaSi my<strong>of</strong>i sidonia, kocnida ra<br />

Tavis Zmas, axsenebda Tavis Txovnas. eliozma myisve yuTidan amoiRo sisxliani<br />

uflis kvarTi da misca das, romelic mouTmenlad eloda. RvTismorwmune<br />

da uflis erTgulma netarma sidoniam, xelebSi miiRo ra uflis sisxliani<br />

kvarTi, sixaruliT SesZaxa: `Zvirfaso Zmao, CemTvis da mTeli qveynisaTvis<br />

sakmarisia es saunje; RmerTma ineba es xalxi eSmakisagan daexsna (romlis<br />

niSanas es kvarTi warmoadgens) da igi maT maradiul xsnas Cuqnis~. Semdeg<br />

mouTmenlad Tavis mklavebSi Caikra igi (uflis kvarTi _ n. g.) da usulod<br />

daeca, gangmiruli mxsnelis sikvdilisa da zecis mociqulis sikvdilSi misi<br />

Zmis monawileobis cnobis gamo. axalma moulodnelobam ufro metad dazafra<br />

eliozi; irgvliv my<strong>of</strong>Ta veraviTarma mcdelobam, gamoeglijaT wm. qalwulis<br />

mklavebidan uflis kvarTi, Sedegi ar gamoiRo, _ is TiTqos mis<br />

sxeuls Seezarda~ (sabinini 1877: 9). Semdgom moTxrobilia, rom im adgilas<br />

aderki mefe mivida, misi mcdelobac (kvarTis gamotacebisa) uSedego iyo. man<br />

kvarTmirqmul cxedars dauyena mcvelebi. eliozma keTilmorwmune moxuceb-<br />

Tan erTad daiwyo locva, romlis drosac didi miwisZvra moxda, qalwulis<br />

wminda sxeulis qveS warmoiqmna didi naprali, romelmac samudamod STanTqa<br />

misi cxedari uflis uxrwnel kvarTTan erTad. miwa xelaxla SeerTda da araviTari<br />

kvali ar datova. RvTis gangebam TvalTagan samudamod dafara wm.<br />

kvarTi da amis mowmeni iyvnen eliozi, moxucebi da mefis mcvelebi. meore<br />

dRes aderki cxedris sanaxavad mivida, iq my<strong>of</strong>Tagan Seityo momxdari da<br />

brZana, is adgili wabilwvisagan daecvaT. ramdenime xnis Semdeg wmindanis<br />

saflavze amovida kedari, romelic Semdgom saqarTveloSi qristianobis wyarod<br />

da sawyisad iqca (aq sqolioSi damowmebulia giorgi XIII-is Svilis,<br />

Teimurazis `saqarTvelos istoria~, gv. 131-141). xalxma ar icoda qalwulis<br />

sikvdilis mizezi da eliozi iZulebuli gaxda, moeTxro yvelaferi iesos<br />

Sesaxeb, rac ierusalimSi moxda. xalxma mexsierebaSi Seinaxa eliozis mona-<br />

Txrobi da misgan Seqmna gadmocema, romelsac Taobidan Taobas gadascemda<br />

da romelmac Cvens dromde moaRwia, _ ambobs m. sabinini da dasZens, rom am<br />

gadmocemas aZlierebda saidumlo niSani, romelic kedridan modioda. naTqvamis<br />

dasadastureblad mas II s-is dasawyisis mematianis SeniSvnebi mohyavs,<br />

romlis mixedviT, mcxeTis mefe amazaeli an armazeli (103 qr. w. aR.) xedavda<br />

sxvadasxva saswaulebs, romelic kedarTan xdeboda. man kvarTis Zebna daiwyo,<br />

magram ver miakvlia. amas sxva mefeebic cdilobdnen, _ aRniSnavs m. sabinini.<br />

Semdeg saubaria eklesiis asagebad kedris mokveTaze da masTan dakav-<br />

22

Sirebul movlenebze. sqolioSi m. sabinini SeniSnavs, rom ucnauria da<br />

gaugebari istoriisaTvis, rodis da vis dros amoiRes wm. kvarTi wm. sidonias<br />

saflavidan, vin Seexo eklesiisaTvis wminda nawilebs da rogor mdgomareobaSi<br />

Seinaxa igi mcxeTis taZarSi.<br />

saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom m. sabinini Zalian xSirad, TiTqmis yovelTvis,<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvils eyrdnoba. mxolod zemomoxmobili teqstis<br />

farglebSi igi samjer imowmebs Teimuraz batoniSvilis Txzulebas. m. sabininis<br />

TxrobaSi moxmobili pasaJebi, romlebic yvela wyarosagan gansxvavebulia,<br />

Teimurazis `saqarTvelos istorias~ Tanxvdeba; kerZod, eliozis dedisa<br />

da dis saxelebi, maTi rwmena da didi RvTismoSiSoba, sidonias didi gancdebi<br />

eliozis Camosvlamde da mis Semdeg, ZmasTan Sexvedris adgili,<br />

eliozis didi mwuxareba dedisa da dis gardacvalebis gamo, mefe aderkis<br />

brZaneba sidonias cxedris dacvis Sesaxeb, eliozisa da xanSiSesulTa im<br />

adgilas darCena da locva, sidonias aRsrulebis Semdgom miwisZvris saswauli<br />

da kvarTiani cxedris miwis wiaRSi aseve saswaulebrivi STanTqma. amas-<br />

Tanave m. sabinini erTgvar siaxleebsac gvawvdis (eliozisa da misi dis Sexvedris<br />

adgilisa da drois Sesaxeb) da Taviseburad, odnav asxvaferebs<br />

teqsts. miuxedavad amisa, misTvis uflis kvarTTan dakavSirebuli istoriis<br />

gadmosacemad upirvelesi wyaro Teimuraz batoniSvilis Txzulebaa.<br />

m. sabininis `saqarTvelos samoTxe~ 1882 wels gamoica peterburgSi. wignSi<br />

dabeWdil nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavSi~ yuradReba miiqcia erTma<br />

garemoebam. CvenTvis sayuradRebo TavSi _ `moTxroba abiaTar mRdelisagan<br />

kuarTisaTÂs saufloÁsa, Tu viTar mogueniWa~ _ rodesac moTxrobilia<br />

eliozis dedisa da dis Sesaxeb, winadadeba Semdegnairad ikiTxeba _ `... esua<br />

mas deda tomisagan eli mRudlisa da kualad erTi daÁ (sidonia)~ (sabinini<br />

1882: 76). rogorc vxedavT, m. sabinins teqstis am adgilas, erTgvari ganmartebis<br />

mizniT, frCxilebSi mouTavsebia nikoloz gulaberisZisTvis ucnobi,<br />

magram misi droisaTvis cnobili eliozis dis saxeli `sidonia~. es rom m. sabininis<br />

mier Camatebuli faqtia, amas mowmobs nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavis~<br />

ramdenime xelnaweris safuZvelze dadgenili teqsti (sulava 2008), sadac<br />

imave winadadebasTan saxeli `sidonia~ ar ikiTxeba. amasTanave, m. sabininis<br />

gamocemul am `sakiTxavSi~ eliozis dasTan dakavSirebul TxrobaSi arsad<br />

ar aris pirdapir naxsenebi `sidonia~. amdenad, m. sabininisTvis, rogorc<br />

Cans, cnobilia kvarTis mimrqmeli eliozis dis saxeli `sidonia~, Tumca is<br />

wyaros ar asaxelebs, es wyaro ki danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom `wm.<br />

ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebi araa.<br />

m. sabininis TaosnobiT da misi uSualo monawileobiT 1889 wels Seiqmna<br />

xati `saqarTvelos eklesiis dideba~ (liTografiuli wesiT damzadda laifcigSi,<br />

manamde Tavad da ramdenime piris daxmarebiT gaakeTa Canaxatebi),<br />

romelic qarTvelTaTvis erT-erTi mniSvelovani da Zvirfasi saunjea. xatis<br />

centraluri kompoziciaa gardacvlili eliozis dis kvarTmirqmuli cxedari<br />

da masze aRmarTuli sveti-cxoveli. eliozis dis cxedarTan gakeTebulia<br />

warwera _ `sidonia~.<br />

m. sabinini werilSi _ `axsna suraTisa _ `saqarTvelos wminda marTlmadidebeli<br />

eklesiis dideba~, eliozis dis saxelTan _`sidoniasTan~ _ erTad<br />

asaxelebs eliozis dedis saxels _ `saras~: eliozis ierusalimSi gamgzavrebamde<br />

`damSvidobebisas dedamisma saram daabara ar mieRo monawileoba mesias<br />

gasamarTlebaSi, xolo misi da (erTaderTi) sidonia _ cremlebiT emudareboda,<br />

Camoetana misTvis raime samaxsovro kuTvnili nivTebidan im pirisa,<br />

23

omelis ukanonod gasamarTleba gadawyvites~ (sabinini 1899: 2). aqve aRniSnulia,<br />

rom RvTaebrivi Canafiqris mixedviT, uflis cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli sisxliT<br />

gaJRenTili kvarTi wilad xvdaT eliozis meomrebs, romlebmac igi Tavis<br />

batons gadasces, icodnen ra misi survili da misi dis sidonias Txovna~<br />

(iqve, 2).<br />

m. sabininis werilSi kvlavac grZeldeba Txroba kvarTis Semdgom istoriasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT _ mcxeTaSi dabrunebul eliozs gzaze Seegeba Tavisi<br />

usayvarlesi da, sidonia. m. sabinini akonkretebs maTi Sexvedris adgils: `or<br />

Robes Soris samefo baRisa, romelsac sakmaod didi mTis nakaduli kveTda,<br />

romelic rwyavda baRs xidTan~ (iqve, 2-3). sidoniam Zmas Seaxsena Tavisi Txovna<br />

da eliozmac dauyovnebliv misca gasisxlianebuli ukerveli uflis kvar-<br />

Ti. Semdeg moTxrobilia sidonias aRsasruli, da mefe aderkis daintereseba<br />

kvarTiTa da masTan dakavSirebuli saswauliT, ris gamoc mefem darajebi<br />

dauyena mcvelad gardacvlil qals. im adgilas salocavad eliozi da misi<br />

axloblebi darCnen. RamiT moxda miwisZvra, eliozis dis cxedris qveS gaCnda<br />

didi naprali da gardacvlili qali kvarTTan erTad miwam STanTqa. is<br />

adgili SemoRobes. Semdeg aq amovida kedari. rogorc vxedavT, es epizodic<br />

gansxvavdeba `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebisagan. am gansxvavebebis wyarod<br />

mxolod erTaderTi Txzuleba moipoveba _ Teimuraz batoniSvilis `istoria<br />

dawyebiTgan iveriisa...~.<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, eliozis dis saxels, `sidonias~, ar icnobs Zveli<br />

qarTuli Txzulebebi, Tumca XIX saukuneSi kvarTis mimrqmeli eliozis dis<br />

saxeli TiTqmis yvelganaa damowmebuli. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom eliozis<br />

dedis saxeli `sara~ samecniero literaturaSi TiTqmis arsad gvxvdeba. mxolod<br />

erTi naSromia am saxelis `Semnaxavi~ _ m. sabininis wigni da misive<br />

werili. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teimurazisagan m. sabininma icis eliozis<br />

dedis saxeli `sara~ da `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ teqstebidan eliozis dedis<br />

qristesaTvis aRsrulebis faqti, `saqarTvelos eklesiis didebaSi~ eliozis<br />

dedas ar ganaTavsebs. Cveni azriT, swored am garemoebam ganapiroba is, rom<br />

saqarTveloSi eliozis dedis saxeli ar gavrcelda da damkvidrda (TiTqmis<br />

aravin icis).<br />

Cveni azriT, m. sabininis `saqarTvelos samoTxeSi~ moTavsebul nikoloz<br />

gulaberiZis `sakiTxavSi~ eliozis dis saxelTan frCxilebSi moTavsebulma<br />

`sidoniam~, agreTve `saqarTvelos wminda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis didebaSi~<br />

eliozis dis saxelis aRniSvnam udidesi roli iTamaSa eliozis dis<br />

`sidonias~ saxelis popularizaciasa da damkvidrebaSi. imxanad imdenad mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo am ori saunjis arseboba da sidiade qarTvelebisaTvis, rom<br />

arcaa gasakviri zemoaRniSnuli cnobebis damkvidrebaSi maT gadamwyveti roli<br />

eTamaSaT.<br />

m. sabininis am or qmnilebaze imitom vakeTebT aseT aqcents `sidonias~<br />

saxelis damkvidrebaSi, rom zemodasaxelebul mecnier-mkvlevarTa Soris<br />

TiTze CamosaTvlelia is adamianebi, romelnic eyrdnobian an imowmeben<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvilis Txzulebas. erTi aseTi mecnieri (Tu ar vcdebiT,<br />

erTaderTi) gaxlavT m. janaSvili. mis mier `saqarTvelos istoriaSi~ (1894 w.)<br />

uflis kvarTis miwaSi CanTqmis aRniSvna mihyveba Teimurazis Txzulebas,<br />

sxva naSromSi _ `saqarTvelos istoria uZveles droiTgan 985 wl. qr. S.~ _<br />

wyarod Teimuraz batoniSvilis Txzulebas imowmebs, Txrobasac mis<br />

kvalobaze warmarTavs.<br />

24

saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc cnobilia, aRiarebs gviandel tradicias<br />

da eliozis das saxeliT `sidonia~ moixsenebs. amasTanave uflis kvarTis<br />

mimrqmeli sidonia eklesiis mier qarTvelTa pirvel wmindanadaa miCneuli.<br />

Cveni naSromis sakiTxis SerCevis, wyaroTa daZebna-mopovebis, winare<br />

epoqis samecniero literaturis Seswavlis procesSi mogvianebiT mivakvlieT<br />

e. mamisTvaliSvilis wigns _ `qristes kvarTis istoria~, sadac erTi qve-<br />

Tavi swored eliozis dis saxelis garkvevas eTmoba. unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

Cvens xelT arsebul samecniero literaturaSi, Tu ar vcdebiT, e. mamisTvaliSvilis<br />

mier pirveladaa dasmuli es sakiTxi. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos,<br />

rom am (daaxloebiT, erTfurclian) gamokvlevaSi zogadi daskvnebi Camoyalibebulia,<br />

Tumca umravles SemTxvevaSi wyaroebi ar aris moxmobili (teqstiT<br />

damowmebuli) da mxolod zogadad aRniSnulia kvlevis Sedegebi. albaT<br />

es gamowveulia imiT, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi ar iyo mecnieris umTavresi<br />

Ziebis sagani, radgan wignSi uflis kvarTTan dakavSirebiT bevri sxva problemaa<br />

dasmul-Sefasebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria is, rom aq daisva<br />

eliozis dis saxelis warmoSobis sakiTxi da erTgvari daskvnac gakeTda _<br />

`Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi ar gvamcnoben im qalwulis saxels,<br />

visTanac erTad kvarTi daikrZala. dRes ki, TiTqmis yvelam icis, rom mas<br />

sidonia erqva. ase icodnen ukve XIX saukunidan. darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom XVII saukuneSi misi saxeli cnobili jer ar iyo~ (mamisTvaliSvili<br />

2003: 32). aqve aRniSnulia, rom arc nikoloz gulaberisZem, arc XVII s-is ber-<br />

Zenma ioanikem (ramdenjerme moinaxula sveticxoveli), arc vaxuSti batoniSvilma<br />

ar icodnen eliozis dis saxeli.<br />

e. mamisTvaliSvils, rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvlevisas mxedvelobidan<br />

gamorCa Teimuraz batoniSvilis Txzuleba _ `istoria dawyebiTgan<br />

iveriisa... ~. albaT swored am wyaros gamouyeneblobis Sedegia im kiTxvis<br />

dasma, rasac e. mamisTvaliSvilis aRniSnul narkvevSi vxdebiT: `eliozis<br />

deda y<strong>of</strong>ila `tomisagan elia mRdelisa~. arc erTma qarTulma werilobiTma<br />

wyarom an Txzulebam ar icis eliozis dedis saxeli. mxolod m. sabinini wers,<br />

rom mas sara erqva...~ (mamisTvaliSvili 2003: 26). eliozis dis saxelis istoriis<br />

mokle mimoxilvaSi e. mamisTvaliSvili dasZens: `ramdenadac CemTvis<br />

cnobilia pirvelad mis saxels gvamcnobs XIX saukunis rusi mkvlevari m.<br />

selezniovi. savaraudoa, rom man erTmaneTSi auria I da IV saukuneebis pirovnebebi:<br />

IV saukuneSi moRvawe ebraeli abiaTari mRvdlis asuli, wm. ninos mowafe,<br />

Tanamzraxveli, TanamebrZoli, misi `cxovrebis erT-erTi avtori, erTerTi<br />

pirveli qristianTagani _ sidonia, I saukuneSi kvarTTan erTad dakrZalul<br />

eliozis dad moixsenia~ (iqve, gv. 32). naSromis weris periodSi Cvenc<br />

gagviCnda msgavsi mosazreba, magram ara m. selezniovTan dakavSirebiT; kvleva-Ziebam<br />

sxva Sedegamde migviyvana. T. batoniSvilis mier `sidonias~ saxeldebam<br />

yovelgvari gaugebroba gafanta. m. selezniovsac (misi naSromi gamoqveynda<br />

1847 wels), albaT, Teimurazisgan aqvs aRebuli eliozis dis saxeli.<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvilis Txzuleba misi gardacvalebidan ori wlis Semdeg,<br />

1848 wels, daibeWda. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Tavisi cxovrebis didi<br />

nawili Teimurazma peterburgSi gaatara (iq Cavida 1911 wels; amave wels<br />

imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma Teimurazi wm. anas pirveli xarisxis ordeniT<br />

daajildova), rom 1814 wels igi a. golicinma (ruseTis sinodis ober-prokurori,<br />

bibliuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare) ruseTis bibliuri sazogadoebis<br />

wevrad Caricxa, rom igi 1831 wels `saazio sazogadoebis~ wevria, xolo<br />

1837 wels _ peterburgis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio<br />

25

wevri. amdenad, gasakviri araa, m. selezniovs Teimurazisagan rom scodnoda<br />

eliozis dis saxeli `sidonia~. amgvari varaudi sarwmunod gveCveneba, miT<br />

ufro, rom, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, arc Zvel qarTul da arc rusul wyaroeb-<br />

Si saxeli `sidonia~ ar gvxvdeba.<br />

Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi eliozis dis saxelis `sidonias~ mouxseneblobis<br />

mizezad Cven misi tabuirebis faqtoric vivaraudeT, rasac TxzulebebSi<br />

uflis kvarTis adgilmdebareobis gasaidumloebis warmomaCeneli epizodebis<br />

arseboba gvafiqrebinebs. kerZod, rodesac mefem qvis eklesiis Seneba<br />

daiwyo da Seityo, rom eruSeTsa da mangliss `dautevnes~ siwmindeebi,<br />

Sewuxda, damSvidda maSin, roca mTavarepiskoposisma amcno, rom ebraelebma<br />

mcxeTaSi `dafares~ uflis kvarTi, `da aw Svilni maTni arian, vin uwyis, Tu<br />

adgilica icoden. xolo Jami misi merme ars, odes gamoCndes didebiT queyanasa<br />

zeda... da aRivso sixaruliTa mefe da myis moxadna yovelTa huriaTa<br />

da hkiTxa, Tu: `namdÂlve?~ da maT auares marTali da ara uar-yves. da Tques,<br />

viTarmed: aqeT warvides elioz mcxeTeli da longinoz kaniseli da Talenav<br />

da misael~. da kuarTisa mis Tques wiliT xuedrebaÁ amaTi, xolo adgili igi<br />

uar-yves~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1963: , 87); wm. ninos dvineli `dedaberi~,<br />

niafori mouTxrobs kvarTis mcxeTel ebraelTaTvis wilxvedris ambavs da<br />

kvarTis qarTlSi waRebis faqts: `... da maT wariRes da dahkrZales. da vervin<br />

SemZlebel ars xilvad da verca SeZvra missa, vidremdis ara TÂT ufalsa<br />

undes~ (iqve, , 112); an kidev, eliozis mier kvarTCakruli dis damarxvasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT sidonias monaTxrobSi aRniSnulia: `xolo elioz dahmarxa daÁ<br />

igi TÂsi, da ÃelTa misTa aqunda samoseli igi. da ars adgili igi, romeli<br />

RmerTman icis, da icis dedaman Cemman nino da ara ityÂs, rameTu ara jer-ars<br />

sityuad aw. aramed ese xolo kma-iyavn ninoÁs mowafeTaTÂs da qristÀs morwmuneTa,<br />

rameTu maxlobel ars adgili igi naZusa mas libaniT mosrulsa da<br />

mcxeTas danergulsa~ (iqve, f 129-130); aqve vkiTxulobT: `da aw ese samoseli<br />

iesuÁsi aqa ars uTqumelad vidre Jamadmde missa, rameTu mravalgzis maSroma<br />

dedaman Cemman nino mamisa Cemisa mimarT, raTamca gamovswulile adgili<br />

igi samoslisa mis WeSmaritad, xolo man guliTad ese oden dadva Cuen<br />

Tana: `ars adgili igi wmida samarxoÁ misi, romelsa zeda enani angelozTa da<br />

kacTani ara dadumden galobad RmrTisa mimarT, mas zeda xolo ars adgili<br />

igi, viTarca adgili igi iakobisi kibed xiluli zecad mimarT aRwevnulad<br />

amieriTgan ukunisamde, amen~ (iqve, , 130). amdenad, uflis kvarTis adgilsamy<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

aseTi gasaidumloeba eliozis dis saxelis gasaidumloebis safuZvels<br />

qmnis, romelic ar gamJRavndeboda (kvarTis adgilis gamoaSkaravebis<br />

msgavsad), `vidremdis ara TÂT ufalsa undes~ (iqve, , 112). meore mxriv, amgvari<br />

varaudis sisworeSi daeWvebis safuZveli gagviCina Teimuraz batoniSvilis<br />

mier `sidonias~ dasaxelebam, radgan Tu es saxeli tabuirebuli iyo,<br />

bagrationTa gvaris warmomadgeneli (daviT winaswarmetyvelis Stodan, romelTa<br />

gerbze uflis kvarTia gamosaxuli) am saidumlos ar gaacxadebda.<br />

amasTanave isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom Teimurazma raRac wyarodan icis<br />

es saxeli da albaT _ ara marto Teimurazma; SesaZloa, im epoqaSi damdgaria<br />

`sidonias~ gacxadebis Jami. yovel SemTxvevaSi, XVIII s-is CaTvliT am saxelTan<br />

dakavSirebiT Zveli qarTuli Txzulebebis dumili amgvar fiqrsac wamoWris.<br />

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis mixedviT, albaT gamarTlebulia, rom Cven mier<br />

eliozis dis saxelis warmoSobis istoriis calke sakiTxad gamoy<strong>of</strong>a da<br />

Seswavla moxda. wyaroebis damowmebam da samecniero literaturis monacemebis<br />

safuZvelze misma dawvrilebiTma ganxilvam, garkveulwilad, Tvalna-<br />

26

Teli gaxada eliozis dis saxelTan dakavSirebuli problematika da mis<br />

Sesaxeb arsebuli azris ganviTarebis istoria. rasakvirvelia, Cveni naSromi<br />

naklovanebebisagan dazRveuli araa, SesaZloa, rame wyaro an samecniero<br />

naSromi gamogvrCa, isicaa SesaZlebeli, rom axlo momavalSi gamovlindes<br />

istoriuli dokumenti, romelic naSromSi miRebuli daskvnebis gadaxedvas<br />

moiTxovdes.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

barnaveli 1965: barnaveli s. saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi da sxva gliptikuri<br />

masalebi. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1965.<br />

barnaveli 1953: barnaveli s. qarTuli droSebi. Tbilisi: saq. ssr. mecn.<br />

akademiis gamomcemloba, 1953<br />

mamisTvaliSvili 2003: mamisTvaliSvili e. qristes kvarTis istoria. gori:<br />

goris sax. niversitetis gamomcemloba, 2003<br />

mesxia 1982: mesxia S. Teimuraz batonoSvili. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1982<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1963: `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~. _ Zveli qarTuli<br />

agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. t. I, red. il. abulaZe. Tb.: saq.ssr mecn.<br />

akademiis gamomcemloba, 1963.<br />

sabinini 1882: sabinini m. saqarTvelos samoTxe. `sruli aRweraÁ RuawlTa da<br />

vnebaTa saqarTuÀlos wmidaTa~. Cypb, peterburgi: 1882.<br />

sabinini 1899: sabinini m. axsna suraTisa _ `saqarTvelos wminda<br />

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dideba. sanktpeterburgi: 1899 (rusul enaze).<br />

sabinini 1877: sabinini m. iveriis (qarTuli) eklesia VI saukunis dasasrulamde.<br />

sanktpeterburgi: 1877 (rusul enaze).<br />

sayvareliZe 2001: sayvareliZe T. ra gadagvrCa mcxeTuri jvar-xatebidan.<br />

`saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~, № 4, 2001.<br />

sulava 2008: sulava n. gulaberisZe nikoloz. Txzulebani. gamosacemad<br />

moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo n. sulavam. mcxeTa: 2008.<br />

yubaneiSvili 1964: yubaneiSvili s. Teimuraz bagrationis werilebi akad. m.<br />

brosesadmi. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da<br />

saZieblebi daurTo s. yubaneiSvilma. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1964.<br />

SaraZe 1974: SaraZe g. Teimuraz bagrationi. bibliografi da koleqcioneri.<br />

Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1974.<br />

27

Nana Gonjilashvili<br />

28<br />

The First <strong>Georgian</strong> Saint's Name "Sidonia"<br />

Summary<br />

As a result <strong>of</strong> the study <strong>of</strong> old <strong>Georgian</strong> texts it becomes clear that in the Sinai<br />

manuscript <strong>of</strong> The Life <strong>of</strong> St. Nino (N/Sin-50 – 9 th -10 th cc.), Shatberdi-Chelishi (10 th- 12 th<br />

cc.) redaction, redactions <strong>of</strong> Leonti Mroveli (11 th c.), Arsen the Monk (12 th c.) and an<br />

anonymous author (13 th c.) the person embracing the tunic is the sister <strong>of</strong> Elioz, who is<br />

referred to sometimes as a “woman” or the “dead woman” (after her death). Arsen the<br />

Monk, who extends the text in accordance with metaphrastic translation, pronouncedly<br />

calls Elioz’s sister a “maiden”, adorned with “virtue and piety”. Obviously, her name is<br />

unknown to the authors, as she is not referred to as Sidonia in any <strong>of</strong> these redactions. It<br />

turns out that from the 9 th c. to the middle <strong>of</strong> the 18 th c. the name <strong>of</strong> Elioz’s sister Sidonia is<br />

not mentioned in any <strong>Georgian</strong> source. In stories <strong>of</strong> The Life <strong>of</strong> St. Nino, published in the<br />

19 th c., the sister <strong>of</strong> Elioz is mostly referred to as Sidonia, which is deemed as fact<br />

generally known to all the <strong>Georgian</strong>s.<br />

On the basis <strong>of</strong> the considered material it may be concluded that the name <strong>of</strong> Elioz’s<br />

sister, Sidonia, taking the Lord’s tunic in her arms and folding it to her breast, appears in<br />

the 19 th c, and thus, the further research will continue by the study <strong>of</strong> fiction and scholarly<br />

literature <strong>of</strong> that period.<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> and foreign scientists –investigators in XX-XIX centuries, which consider<br />

issues <strong>of</strong> Kartli act and promote Lord’s tunic history, they mention the name <strong>of</strong> Elioz<br />

sister who embracing the tunic or in generally not mention or they call Sidonia, as the fact<br />

which is known for everyone, but they do not name the source .<br />

In work <strong>of</strong> Teimuraz Batonishvili –“History from the initial Iberia“ eighteen centuries<br />

from the first time we meet the name <strong>of</strong> Elioz sister who embracing the tunic- “Sidonia”<br />

and the name <strong>of</strong> Elioz mother “Sara”. Teimuraz Batonishvili adds new episodes and<br />

information with Lord’s tunic narrated in the related without named <strong>of</strong> sources. The name<br />

<strong>of</strong> Elioz sister “Sidonia” and some <strong>of</strong> it related to the passage in <strong>Georgian</strong>s consciousness<br />

acknowledged as a traditional note .Almost nobody knows that this is the merit <strong>of</strong><br />

Teimuraz Batonishvili and not “The life <strong>of</strong> saint Nino” editions <strong>of</strong> ancient data.<br />

During the rendering narratives <strong>of</strong> M. Sabinini Lord’s tunic based on work <strong>of</strong><br />

Teimuraz Batonishvili. Mark the name <strong>of</strong> Elioz sister ”In <strong>Georgian</strong> Paradise” presented<br />

“In reading” <strong>of</strong> Nikoloz Gulaberidze by M. Sabinini, “Sidonia” the name <strong>of</strong> Elioz sister<br />

which was bracketed, also “In Fame <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> saint orthodox church” played the<br />

greatest role in the popularization and establishment <strong>of</strong> the name “Sidonia” who is<br />

Elioz’s sister.

esikis Semoqmedebis aRmosavlur-dasavluri<br />

aspeqtebis urTiermimarTebisaTvis<br />

goCa kuWuxiZe<br />

erT-erTi umTavresi niSani, rac besarion gabaSvilisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,<br />

es misi mravalmxrivoba, stilis mravalferovnebaa. masTan moCans<br />

aRmosavluri poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsika, metaforebi, Sedarebebi;<br />

amavdroulad, besikis poeziaSi igrZnoba suli romantikuli, daucxromeli<br />

adamianisa, romelic `aRmosavlur CarCoebSi ver Cerdeba~ da axali samyaroebis,<br />

axlis Sesacnobad aris mzad. Tumc, iqneb aRzrdis, iqneb _ garemos<br />

gamo, masSi jer ar xdeba am CarCoebisgan sruly<strong>of</strong>ili gaTavisufleba da,<br />

vTqvaT, romantikosad igi jer ver yalibdeba. besiki erTgvari Sualeduri<br />

rolis ganmasaxierebelia warsulsa da momavals, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs<br />

Soris.<br />

satrfialo leqsebis umetesobaSi moCans romantikuli suli kacisa, romelic<br />

aRmosavluri poeturi tradiciebisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis Sinaganad<br />

ukve mzad aris. zogierT leqsze dakvirveba aSkaras xdis, rom poetisaTvis<br />

aRmosavluri tropebi mxolod erTgvari fandia, romelic leqsSi realuri<br />

garemosa da pirovnebebis gasaidumloebisaTvis aris saWiro. cnobilia,<br />

rom besiki moxerxebulad malavs leqsebSi moxseniebul mSvenier<br />

asulTa vinaobas. `vard-bulbulianis Tema~ amisaTvis mSvenieri saSualeba<br />

gamodga. `vard-bulbulianis TemasTan~ miaxloeba besikisaTvis TviTmizani<br />

ar aris, _ aseTi stilis leqsebSi moCans suli, romelic iSviaTad erToba<br />

sityvaTa TviTmiznuri urTierTgariTmviT. CvenSi Taviseburi, _ namdvili<br />

aRmosavluri poeziisagan gansxvavebuli saxiT Semosuli aRmosavluri<br />

leqsi besikis SemoqmedebaSi nel-nela ukan iwyebs daxevas.<br />

leqsSi `sevdis baRi~ riTmebi da, saerTod, leqsis formaluri mxare<br />

kargad aris mowesrigebuli, magram formaze metad axalgazrda kacis dauokebeli<br />

gzneba da siyvarulisagan tanjva aris TvalSi mosaxvedri;<br />

poetisaTvis sruliad ucxoa zedmetad Senelebuli ritmi, sruli auCqarebloba,<br />

garTobis, erTgvari `sizarmacis~ ganwyobilebac ki:<br />

sevdis baRs Sevel SenaRonebi:<br />

mokrefad msurda vardis konebi.<br />

vardman Semrisxa Tavmomwonebi,<br />

isari mtyorcna dasamonebi.<br />

besikTan erT asuls vardi hqvia, meores — ia, mesames — nargizi. `vardTan~<br />

miaxlebul besiks Zalze mrisxaned eqceva misi ded<strong>of</strong>ali; poeti `vardis~<br />

megobrebs sTxovs daxmarebas: `nazi ia~ sayvedurobs: `Cven dagvTmeo da sxvas<br />

emonebi~; igic uwyreba besiks; `nargizi~ ufro TanaugrZnobs...<br />

al. baramiZis azriT, leqsSi moxseniebuli `ia~, _ es igive yularaRasis<br />

qali _ maiaa, romelsac metsaxelad ias eZaxdnen (besiki 1932: 049). miCneulia,<br />

rom `ia~ erT-erTi satrfo iyo poetisa... Tumc, leqsSi sityvebi: `Cven dagvTme~,<br />

SesaZloa, sulac ar niSnavdes imas, rom Tavis Tavsac besikis satrfod<br />

miiCnevda `ia~, _ ufro iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom, am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc<br />

`ded<strong>of</strong>lis~ megobari, misi mesaidumle, ise laparakobs `ia~. `vardis~<br />

29

garda, sxva qalTanac uZebnia poets siyvaruli da amitom aRar Rebuloben<br />

`baRSi~.<br />

sxva leqsSi (`bulbuli modis mwuxarebiT~) poets urCeven, datovos es<br />

`baRi:<br />

30<br />

bulbulo, gadi am baRidam Senis nebiTa,<br />

Torem krazana Sen dagCagravs yovlis gzebiTa.<br />

Tu pirveli mrCeveli wasvlas urCevs, meores miaCnia, mgosanma patieba<br />

unda sTxovos, Cans, Zalze enamware `krazanas~, Tanac urCeven dasaxmareblad<br />

`nargizs~ mimarTos:<br />

wadi, bulbulo, Sen mebaRes Sehfice sjuli,<br />

krazans evedre, mogiteos danaSauli;<br />

nargisTan kaci gaagzavne: srul hqnan aRTqmuli,<br />

mebaResTanac dagexmaros vardis eniTa.<br />

mesame mrCevlis azriT, Tu `mebaRe~ `wyromiT~ naxa, sjobs, poetma `baRis<br />

karTan~ Tavi moiklas, Semdeg isic urCevs _ `nargizi naxos~...<br />

besikma icis, rom rCevebi veRaras uSvelis (Zalze dramatul sasiyvarulo<br />

intrigebSi Cans gaxlarTuli sasaxlis karze) da sakuTari TavisaTvis<br />

mZime ganaCeni gamoaqvs:<br />

sikvdilo, modi, miibare bulbulis suli:<br />

mebaRem daswyla da dahkoda bulbulis guli!<br />

mkvdari besiki, modi mnaxe, Camidgi suli,<br />

Tu gind miwasac mimabare moyvris eniTa!<br />

xom sevdiania es leqsebi da xom sayovelTaod cnobilia besikis sevda,<br />

magram aq Tbili, siyvaruliT savse iumoric igrZnoba (Rimilis momgvrelia<br />

am idumalebiT mosili, Cans, Zalian didi gavlenis mqone qalbatonis, _<br />

`nargizis~ xsenebac, _ araerTgzis urCeven masTan misvlas, raTa Seabralos<br />

`vards~ besiki). aq Cans axalgazrda kacis dauokebeli Jini, rac iSviaTia<br />

xolme sparsuli poeziiT gatacebuli zogierTi misi winamorbedi qarTveli<br />

poetis SemoqmedebaSi (Tumc, rogorc ukve iTqva, sparsuli motivebiT gatacebul<br />

qarTvel poetebTan aRmosavluri poeziis siyvaruli moCans da ara _<br />

marTla aRmosavluri, _ umSvenieresi leqsis specifika... xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

asea besikTanac. am sakiTxs qvemoT mivubrundebiT), aq moCans suli kacisa,<br />

romelic sityvaTa urTierTgariTmviT ki ar erToba, aramed xalas siyvaruls<br />

aRugznia, mousvenaria da sevdasTan erTad Tbil iumors amJRavnebs.<br />

besikis poezia, misi sevda ar aris egzaltirebuli cremliT, moTqma-godebiT<br />

nazavi, _ sevdis miRma iumori aSkarad igrZnoba mis araerT leqsSi da<br />

moCans suli, romelic Sinaganad mzad aris, rom sparsuli majamebis weras<br />

Tavi daanebos da romantizms mimarTos.<br />

zogierT leqsSi TiTqos Zveli da axali formebi ebrZvis erTmaneTs.<br />

xSirad igrZnoba, rom Zvels TiTqos xarks uxdis poeti, magram axali<br />

suliereba mainc cdilobs gzis gakafvas. amisi magaliTia leqsi _ `ded<strong>of</strong>als<br />

anazed~. leqsi dasawyisSi aRmosavlursa da imdoisaTvis ukve Zveleburi<br />

stilisas gvagonebs:

var ucxo vinme yaribi<br />

ama sityvisa mxmobeli,<br />

ama muxTlisa s<strong>of</strong>lisa<br />

maginebeli, mgmobeli:<br />

mona var misi mudamJam<br />

da misi Semamkobeli, _<br />

igia Cemi xelmwife<br />

da Cemi damadnobeli!<br />

Semdeg s<strong>of</strong>lis mdurvis motivi ukan ixevs da nel-nela axleburi, ufro<br />

gaxalxurebuli, _ qarTul esTetikasTan axlos my<strong>of</strong>i intonaciebi<br />

Semodis:<br />

vfucav, me arvin mixilavs,<br />

rom ars SvenebiT anao!<br />

mTvaresa ezraxeboda:<br />

`Sen ver xar CemisTanao!~<br />

varskvlavni misda samonod<br />

gars udgen TanisTanao!<br />

mxilvelno, damemowmeniT:<br />

kargi y<strong>of</strong>ila ganao?<br />

am str<strong>of</strong>Si riTma, `ana~-ze gakeTebuli aliteracia ukve sruliad araxelovnur<br />

saxes Rebulobs. aq ver vxedavT sxva leqsebSi araerTgzis gamovlenil<br />

simZimes enisa, `maRal Stils~, aRmosavlur frazeologias rom erwymis<br />

xolme. TiTqos qarTuli xalxuri zRapris samyaro Semosula leqsSi,<br />

zRapari `sizmara~ gvaxsendeba, _ sizmara xedavs, Tu rogor wamosdgomian<br />

TavTiT varskvlavebi da TiTqos zeciur wyals apkureben... gulis siRrmidan<br />

modis, bavSvuri sulis mqoned aRqmuli gogonasadmi udidesi siyvaruliT<br />

gamTbari sityvebi igrZnoba... Semdeg es qarTuli xalxuri intonaciebi klebulobs,<br />

isev aRmosavluri frazeologiis moWarbeba iwyeba. magram, am Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi, besiki ufro im evropel poets emsgavseba, romelic romantikuli<br />

TvalTaxedviT uyurebs aRmosavlur leqss da aRmosavlur frazeologias<br />

erTgvari `TamaS-TamaSiT~ mimarTavs:<br />

cnoba mimiRo da guli,<br />

xedviT SemzRuda anaman;<br />

kvlav momkla misman cialman<br />

da welTa mimotanaman;<br />

kokobsa vardsa nargizman<br />

apkura cremli, anama.<br />

da jobs rom ar hyavdes mijnuri,<br />

an moklas amisTanaman!<br />

Semdgom str<strong>of</strong>ebSi ritmi icvleba, matulobs alegoriebi; satrfo Soridan<br />

ucinis, izidavs poets, magram axlos misuls guls ukodavs; erTgvarad<br />

celqobis ganwyobileba Semodis leqsSi.<br />

iagundi mocinarobs:<br />

`margaritno, giaxelTo!~<br />

saTis tbidan isars isvris:<br />

vin gauvlis axlos velTo?<br />

31

32<br />

dalaxvravs da mZimed dahkods,<br />

vels ganabnevs dia xelTo!<br />

da netar, Tavo, gaqvndes gzao!<br />

uvicadi giaxelTo!<br />

Semdeg vxedavT, rom sityvaTa SenacvlebiT leqsis mesame nawilis dasawyisi<br />

meordeba, ritmi icvleba. TiTqos am yaribis gza miaxlebia satrfos:<br />

mimiRo cnoba _<br />

ar ZalmiZms mkoba _<br />

Cemman xelmqmnelma, lamazman aman!<br />

emosa xeli,<br />

iTno saxeli<br />

misman guanman pawawinaman;<br />

alxina guli,<br />

wylul-dadaguli,<br />

wyalobianman misman Sanaman.<br />

da Tqmulia Zvelad,<br />

`vinc iyos xelad,<br />

etrfe da mogklas amisTanaman!<br />

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom anasadmi miZRvnili, sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxvagvari<br />

ganwyobilebiT dawerili leqsebi Semdeg aris gaerTianebuli...<br />

am leqsSi, rogorc vnaxeT, aris aRmosavluri metaforebi da aRmosavluri<br />

leqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsika (`yaribi~, `ama muxTlisa s<strong>of</strong>lisa<br />

mgmobeli~...), aRmosavluri metaforebi (`iagundi~, `margariti~...), magram<br />

zemoTac iTqva, rom besikTan evropeli poetebisaTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi damaxasiaTebeli,<br />

_ aRmosavluri metaforebis gamoyenebis survili ufro igrZnoba,<br />

vidre _ tipiuri aRmosavluri specifikiT werisa...<br />

aRmosavlurobasTan mimarTebaSi sainteresoa besikis cnobili leqsi<br />

`tano tatano~, romelic gadatvirTulia aRmosavluri metaforebiT. am<br />

leqsSi `miwieri mSveniereba antikuri qandakebis sisavsiT feTqavs~ (qarTuli<br />

mwerloba 1984: 52):<br />

tano tatano, gulwamtano, ucxod marebo!<br />

zilfo-kavebo, momklavebo, versakarebo!<br />

warb-wamwam-Tvalno, misaTvalno, Semazarebo!<br />

Zow-lal-bageo, damdageo, sulT wamarebo!<br />

piro mTvareo, momigone, mzisa darebo!<br />

`tano tatano~ zogjer besikiseuli erotikis tipiur gamovlinebad miaCniaT<br />

(besiki 1932: 056)... `aRmosavluri Jinuwyveteli erotika besikis socialur<br />

gznebebs emTxveva~ (besiki 1932: 057)... erTi SexedviT, leqsSi marTlac<br />

Zalian Zlierad vlindeba besikis `aRmosavluroba~. am azrs metaforaTa<br />

siuxvec aZlierebs. saerTod, yuradRebas iqcevs, rom amden metaforasa da<br />

SedarebaSi satrfos pirovneba, misi xasiaTis niSani, oriode sityvaSi gamokrTeba<br />

mxolod, roca besiki mas uwodebs `kekela mardos~, sxvagan ki asulis<br />

pirovnebas, mis suls, saerTod verc vxedavT; amden metaforaSi arc misi konkretuli<br />

garegnoba Cans, _ viciT, rom besiki Zalian lamaz asuls mimarTavs,<br />

romelsac aqvs `tani tatani~, `zilfi kavebi~, `piri mTvare~, magram ufro dazustebulad<br />

ver vxedavT mas. TiTqos sadRac Sors bundovnad ilandeba<br />

umSvenieresi asuli, magram erTi konkretuli asulis garegnobas ki ver vxedavT:

alvao, gesxnes orni norCni mosarxevelni,<br />

mklavni momklavni, TiTni Tlilni mosaxvevelni,<br />

zarifsa welsa daekvirvnes qveyanad mvlelni;<br />

odes gnaxvidi, Sevimatni aTasni welni.<br />

aw damlevian yovlni dReni, ucxod varebo!<br />

am leqsSi igrZnoba, rom aRmosavluri tradiciebis wabaZviT weras<br />

qarTvelTaTvis sakuTari Tavi amouwuravs da didi ganaxlebis dro<br />

moaxloebula.<br />

magram es leqsi popularuli iyo saqarTveloSi da mizezi is aris, rom<br />

udidesi niWierebiTa da STagonebiT aris dawerili, gulis didi siRrmeebidan<br />

modis igi (besikis `poetur metyvelebas uSualo grZnobebi iwvevs~... _<br />

al. baramiZe, _ besiki 1932: 056). aRar icis poetma, vis Seadaros es asuli,<br />

rogor miealersos; uamrav Sedarebasa da metaforas xmarobs, TiTqos uCvenebs,<br />

rom, ra Sedarebasac ar unda mimarTos, es mSveniereba sityviT mainc ver<br />

aRiwereba. `bage mdumriad gialerseb, bageo vardo~... ara da, _ Soridan, warmosaxviT<br />

ealerseba satrfos. TiTqos sadRac, Sors, eniT auwereli silamaze<br />

sufevs, magram verc poeti da verc Cven Tvals ver vawvdenT mas. poeti<br />

ambobs: `TvalTa hsurian xilva Seni~... sargis caiSvilis TqmiT (igi leqss Zveli<br />

qarTuli lirikis Sedevrs uwodebs), am leqsSi `TiTqos erTi amosunTqvi-<br />

Taa miwyobili erTmaneTze Zvirfasi qvebi da moulodneli saxeebi da, rac<br />

mTavaria, miuxedavad ferTa siWarbisa, arsad ar ilaxeba natifi poeturi<br />

qsovili~ (caiSvili 1962: 664). leqsis bolos poeti amasRa RaRadebs:<br />

Senma gonebam mimamsgavsa mileuls mTvares:<br />

sicocxlis nacvlad movinatri sikvdilsa mwares!<br />

modiT, mijnurno, SemibraleT, movleT Cems ares,<br />

mkvdari mijnuri damitireT, damfalT samares!<br />

vaÁ, sicocxleo ukuRmarTo, danacarebo!<br />

da am `aRmosavluri erotikis~ samyaroSi vxedavT, rom TiTqos rusTvelisdroindel<br />

tradiciasac exmaureba besiki maSin, roca gamijnurebul<br />

adamianebs mouxmobs (mijnurma mijnurs unda gaugos).<br />

da, rac ar unda moulodneli mogveCvenos, bolo taepebSi bundovnad,<br />

Zalian bundovnad, is intonaciebic ukve krTis, SemdgomSi baraTaSvilTan<br />

rom gamomJRavnda (`nu davimarxo Cemsa mamulSi~... `Savi yorani gamiTxris<br />

saflavs~...), _ satrfosagan orive dautirebeli, erTi mijnurTagan, meore<br />

Savi yoranis mier gaTxril samarxSi daemarxeba rogorc am qveynidan gaqceuli<br />

ucxo yaribi... da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom besikis es leqsic aRmosavleTidan<br />

dasavleTisaken eZiebs gzas...<br />

am mimarTebiT gavixsenoT besikis erTi leqsi (`vaSa mas dRes~). pirvel<br />

str<strong>of</strong>Si ukve igrZnoba romantizmis sunTqva:<br />

vaSa mas dRes, ros ganmeRo cis kari!<br />

gankvirveba mWvretT sasurvod ismoda!<br />

naTelsa sTovs afroditi ciskari,<br />

elvarobiT topazis taxts ismoda!<br />

33

magram ukve meore str<strong>of</strong>idan isev Zveleburi aRmosavluri suliereba<br />

Semodis leqsSi, TiTqos qarTuli leqsisaTvis arabunebrivi aRmosavluri<br />

majamebi ar aZleven suls zecisaken aRmafrenisa da Tavisuflad ganavardebis<br />

saSualebas:<br />

34<br />

mzed turfaobs SvenebiTa is are,<br />

melnis tbani nargizTagan isare;<br />

satrfosaTvis zro taniTa isare,<br />

kekluc-nazad erxeoda, ismoda.<br />

.........................................................<br />

brolsa da Zows TanxmobiTa agebsa,<br />

vin mcbierobs, ena misTvis agebsa;<br />

nuRar sWmunav — qufrad bindsa agebsa?<br />

qveynisaTvis nelsacxeblad ismoda!<br />

roca mkiTxveli gaecnoba besikis leqss: `anze siT moxval~, dainaxavs,<br />

rom am SemTxvevaSi poets izidavs sityvaTa xelovnuri misadagebiT erTgvari<br />

TamaSi, rac spars<strong>of</strong>iluri tendenciebis mqone zogierT poets xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

axasiaTebda, Tumca, besiki am leqsiT `vefxistyaosnis~ samyarosTan<br />

cdilobs miaxloebas da ar hgavs aRmosavluri majamebis zmaSi garTul poets,<br />

romelic, dinjad damjdara xaliCaze fexmorTxmiT da sityvaTa<br />

`tkbilxmovanebiT~ msmenelis `datkbobas~ cdilobs; _ igi, `aTinas gazrdili~,<br />

TiTqos stumrad swvevia azias:<br />

aTinad brZenTa gazrdili aziad vmgzavrob aresa,<br />

amirbars veyme avTandil amod ra lmobiaresa!<br />

alvisa mSvildi SemSvenda israd aryisa mxmaresa;<br />

arwivs afskasa Sevagen hair m<strong>of</strong>rinva-mkmaresa.<br />

am zmebsa da `anbanTqebebs~ Taviseburi xiblic aqvs, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT<br />

gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.<br />

gavixsenoT besikis erTi leqsi _ `bulbulis Sursa~:<br />

mRimaris piriT wamepare, damidgi maxe,<br />

ase megona, SemrCeboda eg Seni saxe:<br />

anTebuls cecxlsa Sesawvelad xeli Segaxe.<br />

damwvari mainc Semibrale, besiki naxe!<br />

vaÁ Seni brali, Cemo Tavo, Rrubels Saxveli!<br />

TiTqos RvTaeba, zeciuri angelozi uxilavs poets da axla, roca `gaparula~<br />

misgan es RvTaeba, aRarc ki sjera, rom marTla unaxavs igi. `umzeod~<br />

aris darCenili. es str<strong>of</strong>i formalurad sufistur poeziasTan amJRavnebs<br />

siaxloves (formalurad sufisturs waagavs, magaliTad, es striqonebic:<br />

`Tqmulia Zvelad: `vinc iyos xelad, /etrfe da mogklas amisTanaman!~ _ `ded<strong>of</strong>als<br />

anazed~), magram, besiki sufizmisgan Sors dgas da arc mistikosi ar<br />

aris (al. baramiZis aRniSvniT, `besikis poezia ar icnobs mistikas, arc ganyenebul<br />

alegorizmsaa Cveuli~ _ besiki 1932: 054) da, Tu zogjer sufisturi<br />

poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebel striqonebsac vxedavT besikTan, misi poeziis<br />

saerTo konteqstis fonze sruliad cxadi xdeba, rom satrfosTan xorciel<br />

siaxloveze meocnebe poetTan amgvari striqonebi sufisturi Sinaarsisagan<br />

sruliad daclilia. besikTan RvTaeba-cecxlTan miaxloebis saSiSroebaze,

RvTaebriv sulierebaSi pirovnuli `me~-s dakargvis safrTxeze, arasodes ar<br />

aris laparaki. erTianad gamijnurebulma poetma satrfoze SeiZleba Tqvas<br />

`etrfe da mogklas amisTanaman~ da, vfiqrobT, sruliad cxadia, aq sufisturi<br />

winadadeba absoluturad sxva Sinaarss iZens, poeti didi siyvarulis<br />

gamoxatvas sxva veRarafriT axerxebs da satrfos eubneba _ Tu gind,<br />

momkalio...<br />

zogjer miaCniaT, rom besiki erT-erTi winamorbedi da ganmamtkicebelia<br />

`aSuRuri poeziisa~ (i. bagrationi, al. xaxanaSvili, g. gareli, k. kekeliZe, s.<br />

gorgaZe, t. tabiZe, ak. gawerelia, p. muradiani... _ ix. SayulaSvili 1995).<br />

SesaZloa, es asec iyos. magaliTad, sityvebi: `damwvari mainc Semibrale,<br />

besiki naxe~ marTlac muxambazur-aSuRuri intonaciis Semcvels hgavs; SesaZloa,<br />

Tavisdauneburad besikic iyos muxambazuri tradiciebis ganmtkicebis<br />

erT-erTi xelSemwyobi, magram, vfiqrobT, rom TviTon besikisaTvis sruliad<br />

ucxoa tipiuri muxambazuri leqsi. besikTan sityva `damwvari~ odnav gansxvavebul<br />

emocias aRZravs, TiTqos xumrobiT eubneba satrfos _ cecxls<br />

xeli Segaxe, daviwvi da mnaxeo (`anTebuls cecxlsa Sesawvelad xeli Segaxe,<br />

damwvari mainc Semibrale~... sufistur winadadebas Taviseburad gardaqmnis,<br />

_ TiTqosda marTla xelis dawvaze laparakobdes da siyvaruliT dawvis<br />

aSuRuri motivic Zalian sustad JRers mis leqsSi). aSuRur poeziaSi ki<br />

sityva `dawva~ xSiri xmarebis Semdeg besikisebur JReradobas mTlianad kargavs<br />

da muxambazuri kilos warmoSobis SesaniSnav safuZvels qmnis... aSuRur<br />

poeziaSi aseTi sityvebi zogjer banaluri xdeba da vulgarul saxesac<br />

Rebulobs (cxadia, ara _ yovelTvis). besikiseuli im sityvebis xSirad gameorebam,<br />

romlebic cecxlSi dawvasa Tu satrfosadmi Sebralebis Txovnas Seexeba,<br />

SemdgomSi, SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi SeiZina da, vfiqrobT,<br />

amgvarad iqca besiki aSuRuri poeziis aRmocenebis erT-erT winamorbedad<br />

da ganmamtkiceblad (besikis mravalmxrivoba am mimarTebiTac aris saintereso,<br />

igi aSuRuri poeziis konteqstSic ganixileba), SesaZloa, besikisgan<br />

sazomebic gadaiRes aSuRebma, zogier SemTxvevaSi besikTanac gvxvdeba aSu-<br />

Ruri intonacia, magram, vimeorebT, besikisaTvis aSuRuri leqsis specifika<br />

ucxoa. pr<strong>of</strong>. giorgi SayulaSvili aRniSnavs, rom aSuRuri da, saerTod,<br />

aRmosavluri poeziisaTvis umetes SemTxvevaSi niSandoblivia: 1. satrfos<br />

Seucvleloba; 2. metrfesa da satrfos Soris vasaluri damokidebuleba; 3.<br />

satrfos gulcivoba; 4. metrfes Tavdadebuloba; 5. metrfesagan sapasuxo<br />

siyvarulis armoTxovna; 6. satrfos moRalateoba (SayulaSvili 1995);<br />

mkvlevari besikis or leqsze msjelobisas (`sevdis baRs Sevel~, `bulbulis<br />

Sursa~) wers, rom `pirvel leqsSi gadalaxulia aRmosavluri literaturis<br />

mniSvnelovani Teoriuli faqtura _ pirobiTi ganzomileba, gonismieri<br />

Wvreta, irealuri gaazreba satrfialo obieqtisa. trfialis obieqti mravlobiTSia<br />

warmodgenili (alegoriulad vardi, ia, nargizi), rac TavisTavad<br />

xsnis aRmosavluri lirikis kuTvnil pirobiT-irealur gaazrebas~ (SayulaSvili<br />

1984). mkvlevari aq aRmosavluri poeziis ZiriTad tendenciebze laparakobs,<br />

_ amgvari kriteriumebi, cxadia, yvela aRmosavleli poetisaTvis ar<br />

aris miRebuli... giorgi SayulaSvili cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom es ZiriTadi tendenciebi<br />

ar aris damaxasiaTebeli besarion gabaSvilisaTvis. amdenad, vimeorebT,<br />

Tu aSuRurma poeziam besiki Tavis erT-erT winamorbedad gaixada, es<br />

ar niSnavs imas, rom igi aSuR poetad miviCnioT; SeiZleba iTqvas, _ besik<br />

gabaSvili im erTgvar Suamavlad gvesaxeba, romelic qarTuli aSuRuri<br />

poeziis Camoyalibebas ise aZlevs stimuls, rom TviTon ar aris aSuRi...<br />

35

aSuRi ar aris da, saerTod, aRmosavluri poeturi tradiciac, sxva qarTvelTa<br />

msgavsad, rogorc iTqva, mxolod formaa misTvis, rac poetis Semoqmedebas<br />

ufro mravalferovans xdis... am mravalmxriv poetSi ukve Zalumad<br />

igrZnoba swrafva dasavleTisken...<br />

leqsSi `cremlTa isxarni~ (zogierT xelnawerSi _ `isarni~) besiki Tavis<br />

gaZevebaze Civis, samSobloSi darCenil megobrebs ase mimarTavs:<br />

36<br />

ros gvagondebiT, SevRondebiT, lomno yma-Zmano,<br />

Tanzrdilno sworno, ganaSorno, sayvarlad kmano!<br />

va kideganTa, esden TqmaTa glovisa xmano,<br />

atadis kalos, savalalos, sada xarT, Tqmano!<br />

dagvberna qarman dauwynarman, zRvad vifareniT.<br />

marTla gamwarebuli, samSoblodan mimavali poeti TiTqos mefes gamos-<br />

Zaxis, cdilobs auxsnas, rom misi erTgulia, sxva patroni ar unda:<br />

sxvamca patroni, anu droni, verRa davsaxeT,<br />

yaribTa bani, gzis sabani, ekliT SevsCmaxeT!<br />

besiki ver eRirsa ereklesagan Sendobas.<br />

satrfialo leqsebidan Cven kargad vxedavT besikis mousvenarsa da mudam<br />

maZiebar, albaT, Secdomebis Camden, magram _ daudegar suls, am da sxva<br />

leqsebidan igrZnoba, ra gulwrfeli siyvaruliT uyvars mas megobrebi, romlebic<br />

ojaxis gasaxlebis Semdeg axal ojaxad eqcnen, megobrebisadmi iseTi<br />

uangaro siyvaruli igrZnoba am axalgazrda kacis sulSi, rogoric, magali-<br />

Tad, puSkinisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, albaT,<br />

Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, ra saSineli tragedia iqneboda besikisaTvis<br />

samSoblodan gaZeveba, satrfosa Tu megobarTagan ZaliT mocileba... es<br />

mefisa da megobrebisadmi mimarTuli leqsad Seqmnili erTgvari werilia.<br />

amgvari stilisa sxva leqsebic aqvs dawerili besiks...<br />

Tu besikis mravalmxrivobaze gavamxvilebT yuradRebas, leqsebis garda,<br />

cxadia, misi poeziis sxva Janrebzec aucileblad unda visaubroT.<br />

besiks ekuTvnis ori patriotuli poema: `aspinZisaTvis~ da `ruxis brZola~.<br />

poemaSi `aspinZisaTvis~ aspinZasTan osmalebze da lekebze qarTvelTa<br />

gamarjvebis Sesaxeb aris moTxrobili. `ruxis brZolaSi~ aRwerilia samegrelos<br />

samTavroze 1780 wels afxazTa, jiqTa da alanTa Tavdasxmisa da am omSi<br />

kacia dadianisa da mis dasaxmareblad mosuli imerTa mefis — solomon<br />

pirvelis gamarjvebis ambavi.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros (1768-1774 ww) TurqTa da<br />

lekTa winaaRmdeg mefe erekles ruseTis jarTan erTad unda ebrZola.<br />

saqarTveloSi Camosuli iyo samxedro korpusi totlebenis meTaurobiT,<br />

raTa gaerTianebul jars axalcixis safaSosagan qarTvelTaTvis warTmeuli<br />

teritoriebi gaeTavisuflebina. jari awyuris cixes miadga, magram totlebenma<br />

moulodnelad erekle mefe mters marto Seatova. ereklem sakuTari<br />

ZalebiT daamarcxa mteri. poeti mkacr Sefasebas aZlevs totlebenis saqciels,<br />

amasTan, igrZnoba, rom igi orW<strong>of</strong>ul mdgomareobaSia, _ ar icis, marto<br />

totlebeni daadanaSaulos momxdarSi Tu, saerTod, _ ruseTis xelisufleba.<br />

totlebens ki Tavisuflad gvixatavs uRirs kacad:

va, mas dRisa momxsenma viTar vin riT ganvaqiqo?!<br />

cili dasdves mefes rusTa: `CvenTvis keTils ara iqo!~<br />

Rrafi jariT gamobrunda, miT saxeli vera iqo, _<br />

sxva pasuxi arvis misca: `siTac movel, waval iqo!<br />

es str<strong>of</strong>i martivi, xalxuri, sasaubro eniT aris dawerili da odnav<br />

guramiSviliseuli intonaciac igrZnoba masSi.<br />

poeti ase aqebs daviT sardals:<br />

maSin guls dahkar mjiRiTa, miwani SesZren ryeviTa,<br />

cxenman Segatyo SeqSena, Semzada tani nZreviTa;<br />

Tvalni nakvercxlad Segeqmnes, aSeTdi sisxlmoreviTa,<br />

cxvirisa nestvTa mohqroden qarni qveynisa ngreviTa.<br />

aspinZis omSi gamarjvebis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli erekle mefe iyo.<br />

mecnierebaSi SeniSnulia, rom `besikma gverdi auara erekles. man sagangebod<br />

Seamko mxolod sardlis qveloba. besikma daviT sardals miawera aspinZaSi<br />

mopovebuli gamarjveba~ (kekeliZe, baramiZe 1969: 472)... amasTan, unda iTqvas,<br />

rom poeti ereklesac ar iviwyebs, _ aRniSnavs, rom `TviT mefe, qarTvel da<br />

kaxni omis xalisiT xldebodes~, brZanebs, rom omis Semdeg gamarjvebas<br />

`miulocvidnen mefesa~.<br />

`ruxis omSi~ besikTan solomoni mefur sidinjes ar kargavs, Tumca, cxadia,<br />

brZolis dros Sinaganad isic mRelvarebs. mefe loculobs, RvTismSobels<br />

evedreba Semweobas; Semdeg ki `frTovan vefxs~ damsgavsebuli ibrZvis:<br />

mefe mSvidi amas zedan gulisobs da ara laRobs,<br />

gulsa mjiRTa nel ikrvida, yovlTa gulic masTan daRobs,<br />

`RvTismSobelo!~mTqmelobs; TvaliT cremlTa ruebs warmonaRobs,<br />

da vefx-frTovanad gardisaxobs gmirTa gmiri, saRTa-saRobs.<br />

poeti qebiT ixseniebs kacia dadians, giorgi wulukiZes, elizbar<br />

erisTavs...<br />

elizbar erisTavis brZolis suraTs iseTi cocxali da dinamiuri ritmiT<br />

gadmogvcems, riTmulad ise ostaturad aris sityvebi erTmaneTTan misadagebuli,<br />

TiTqos cocxlad vgrZnobT im silaRes, elizbar erisTavs rom<br />

sdevda brZolisas:<br />

avazobdis, gagazobdis,<br />

dahqrolvidis da sTrolvidis;<br />

navardobdis, Savardnobdis,<br />

miwas dascis dahqrolvidis;<br />

anazrobdis, anazdobdis,<br />

ganhkafdis da gansrolvidis;<br />

milaRobdis, Tamamobdis,<br />

ganabnevdis, ganstrolvidis.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom, sargis caiSvilis azriT, `poema aSkarad gadatvirTulia<br />

zedmetad xotbiTi elementebiT da adgils ar tovebs ambis epikuri<br />

TxrobisaTvis~ (caiSvili 1966: 667). `rac Seexeba poemis enas, besiki aq gardametebul<br />

maRalfardovnebasa da RvlarWnil stils misdevs, rac naTelia,<br />

Tundac poemis pirvelive striqonebidanve: `odes ixarebs daviT, suliersa<br />

Cangsa Tana suliTa mRaRadebeli mefe, da ityvis: `_ aw aRmisrulna aR-<br />

37

mTqmelman keTilobaman, viTarmed erTgzis vefuceo wmidasa Cemsa daviTs!~<br />

romlisa Semdgomi, msgavsad sityvisa mis, miecemoda mefobai Seni~.~ mkvlevaris<br />

TqmiT, _ `ruxis omi~ aSkara xarkia poeti-kariskacisa, romelsac, albaT,<br />

dakveTiT Seusrulebia panegirikuli xasiaTis poema~. sargis caiSvili iqve<br />

dasZens: `magram aq aris Zlieri pasaJebic, farTo bataliebi, rac saerTod<br />

exerxeba besiks mis sxva nawarmoebebSic (mag. `aspinZisaTvis~) (iqve).<br />

k. kekeliZisa da al. baramiZis aRniSvniT: `Tavisma imJamindelma sazogadoebrivma<br />

mdgomareobam saSualeba ar misca besiks ruxis brZolaSi amoeki-<br />

Txa samwuxaro istoriuli simarTle, eCvenebina Cveni qveynis daZabunebisa da<br />

erovnuli ubedurebis namdvili socialuri mizezebi~ (kekeliZe, baramiZe<br />

1969: 474). cxadia, es marTlac asea, poets solomonisa da mis TanamebrZolTa<br />

Seqeba aqvs miznad dasaxuli da SinaganxeTqilebis gamo wuxils marTlac ar<br />

gamoxatavs, rogorc amas, magaliTad, daviT guramiSvili akeTebs; magram<br />

solomoni warmodgenilia im mefed, romlis gareSe mSvidoba ver SenarCundeba<br />

da SarvaSiZis TviTnebobac ver ailagmeba; mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi es<br />

mSvidi da vefxviseburad meomari solomoni besikis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

simSvidis garantad da, iqneb, mis, da aramarto mis, potenciur gamaer-<br />

Tianeblad moiazreba... qarTvelTa gaTiSuloba, cxadia, awuxebs poets,<br />

cxadia, igi ocnebobs, rom gaerTiandes danawevrebuli saqarTvelo, _ iqneb,<br />

Zalian cdeba, magram migvaniSnebs, rom solomons Seswevs saamiso Zali,<br />

oRond, politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, amas aSkarad ar gamoxatavs...<br />

poemaSi saqarTvelos danawilebaze marTlac ar aris wuxili gamoxatuli,<br />

magram igrZnoba es wuxili, solomon mefis poziciebidan miniSnebulia<br />

im pirovnebaze, visac qveynis gaerTianebis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samTavroebs<br />

Soris simSvidis SenarCunebis Zali Seswevs... is qarTvelebi, romlebic<br />

TanamoZmeebis winaaRmdeg midian, qrTamis momlodine, qurdulad maval adamianebad<br />

arian warmodgenilni (`aRTqmulni qrTamiT vlidenca RamiT~); moZmeTa<br />

gamyidvelebi arian SarvaSiZis momxreni... isini qurdulad, laCrulad<br />

eparebian TvistomT... erTis mxriv, RamiT qurduli nabijebiT mosiarule<br />

moRalate, meores mxriv, RvTismSoblis mimarT mlocveli, vefxviseburi<br />

ZaliT meomari solomoni, _ marTlac rom STambeWdavi suraTia...<br />

rac Seexeba poemas `rZal-dedamTiliani~, es ar aris mxolod gasarTobi<br />

nawarmoebi, aq ufro ojaxuri tradiciebis damarRvevelni arian satiris<br />

cecxlSi gatarebulni. tradiciaTa gadagvarebas rom dastiris besiki, es im<br />

ironiidanac Cans, rac poemis bolos `vefxistyaosnis~ bolo str<strong>of</strong>is<br />

reminiscenciidan (`dasrulda ese ambavi~) vlindeba. Cans, aq imis Tqma unda<br />

poets, rom, erT dros Tu did raindebsa da maT Rirseul mijnurebze iyo<br />

saWiro poemebis Seqmna, axla uRmerTo ojaxSi mcxovreb anCxl rZaldedamTilze<br />

gaxda saWiro wera:<br />

38<br />

dasrulda ese ambavi tkbilad sasmenli rZlebisa,<br />

dedamTils hyvandis morCili rZali aseTi nebisa;<br />

mas scemdes, saxlsa aqcevdes, iyos gamyreli Zmebisa,<br />

qmars Tavsa sWrides siurcxviT, iyos Semkvreli grZnebisa .<br />

rogorc miCneulia, `rZaldedamTilianis~ Tema xalxuria da es Tema qar-<br />

Tvel mwerlebSi pirvelad besikma Semoitana. `mas unda esargebla xalxuri<br />

masalebiT, Tumca ambavi gangeb Soreul ucxo qveyanaSi gadaaqvs da ucxouri<br />

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis damaxasiaTebel movlenad acxadebs~ (kekeliZe,<br />

baramiZe 1969: 474).

sarkazmsa da Zlier gaRizianebas gamoxatavs besiki mzeWabuk orbelianis<br />

mimarT. mzeWabuk orbeliani, mdivanbegi, dapirispirebuli iyo besikTan, misi<br />

ideuri mowinaaRmdege gaxldaT. mzeWabuk orbelianis obieqtur portrets,<br />

cxadia, es leqsi ver mogvcems, _ aq piradi, subieqturi damokidebuleba<br />

aris gamoxatuli. besikis biografiis calkeuli detalebis kargad dasanaxavad<br />

ki, cxadia, leqsi kargi samsaxuris gamwevia; Tumca, vfiqrobT, es leqsi<br />

didi mxatvruli Rirebulebisa mainc ar aris, masSi cudi, adamianuri Tvisebebis<br />

ganzogadeba ar xdeba, es mxolod da mxolod erTi konkretuli adamianis<br />

gariTmuli lanZRvaa:<br />

`dampalo leSo, TvalxeneSo, gulRadarao~...<br />

`ar-uziano, kuziano, mawunwarao~...<br />

`Senma gaxeTqam, eSxi mohklavsT Senis welisa!~...<br />

`ra kargi ram dabadebulxar! mag pirs: fuao!~<br />

mirian batoniSvils gulwrfelad megobruli toniT mimarTavs. erT leqsSi<br />

kremenCukidan qarTvelTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb qilikiTa da xumrobiT<br />

swers ambebs; es faqtiurad werilia — leqsad gamogzavnili; meore leqsSi<br />

ase swers ufliswuls — qeba mibrZane da ar vici, ra vTqva, Seni Sesaferisio,<br />

mere cotas marTla aqebs, uwodebs ganaTlebuls, `ver gavZel mzeriTa~-o,<br />

locavs da meore str<strong>of</strong>idan ukve osmalebze esaubreba, isev qarTvelTa<br />

ambebs uyveba... esec gariTmuli werilia.<br />

samgloviaro oda _ `samZimari~ levan batoniSvils eZRvneba. erT-erT<br />

xelnawers (B2539) axlavs ganmarteba: `samZimari aris mowerili besarion<br />

gabaevisagan leonis mefis Zisa daviT orbelianTan~ (besiki 1932: 43). igrZnoba,<br />

rom besiki gulwrfelad dauRonebia taxtis Rirseuli memkvidris<br />

sikvdils:<br />

irodi mefobs,<br />

sisxlis maxvils iefobs,<br />

brZaneba mCqefobs,<br />

xma muneburi mkrefobs!<br />

raqel SvilT myefobs,<br />

ZuZu naRvliTa mcqefobs;<br />

quxili mWexobs,<br />

grginva elviTa mgrexobs;<br />

sikvdili mkvexobs,<br />

lomsa mZinares ferxobs.<br />

daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas `solomon mefis epitafiaze~. epitafiis<br />

werac xelewifeboda besiks. gulwrfeli pativiscema igrZnoba mefis<br />

mimarT. epitafias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi kanonebi aqvs, _ masSi imqveynad<br />

wasuli `laparakobs~; cxadia, poets SeuZlia mxolod formalurad `alaparakos<br />

ims<strong>of</strong>lad my<strong>of</strong>i~ da warmoaCinos, rom es poetis naTqvamia (epitafiaSi,<br />

umeteswilad, TiTqmis ar xdeba xolme sxvis rolSi gardasaxva...); magram,<br />

amavdroulad, ise unda gamoxatos imqveynad my<strong>of</strong>isadmi siyvaruli, rom<br />

`sakuTari Tavis gadametebul da araobieqtur maqebrad~ ar gamoiyvanos igi:<br />

adamis ZliTman miwa Tqmisa smenaman<br />

momatyva xmaÁ urCebiTa Svebuli,<br />

momsxla uwyalman samoTxiT daviTisiT<br />

vazi, mwdeveli qriste Cemisda sisxliT.<br />

viTne brZaneba meufisa mefeman.<br />

39

esiki sagaloblebis weris tradiciasac kargad icnobs. mas dawerili<br />

aqvs `wmidis giorgis Sesxma iambikod~. korneli kekeliZes yuradReba miuqcevia<br />

im faqtisaTvis, rom besikTan `gvxvdeba Zveli eklesiuri 12-marcvliani<br />

iambiko, mxolod riTmovani~ (kekeliZe1981: 657). Cans, besikisaTvis riTmas<br />

didi mniSvneloba hqonda da amitom iambiko masTan gansxvavebul saxes iZens.<br />

xalxurisa Tu wmidad literaturuli tradiciis saeklesio tradiciasTan<br />

SerwymiT iqmneba leqsi, romelsac, vfiqrobT, SeiZleboda, axleburi tradiciis<br />

CamoyalibebisaTvis Seewyo xeli... am leqsis enas `maRali Stilis~<br />

gavlena aSkarad etyoba da igrZnoba, Tu ra didi krZalviT arCevs poeti<br />

sityvebs:<br />

40<br />

giorgis mkerdTa aspekalebs lod-deba,<br />

iTnebs urmis Tvals, muSakad iwodeba,<br />

oqro ibrZmedebs, kirs daflviT aqvn zodeba.<br />

poetis mzera maRla, caTa simaRleTaken, aris apyrobili, _ dawmendili,<br />

amaRlebuli, spetaki sulierebiTaa es striqonebi dawerili:<br />

aRakmevs sulsa, aRvals cebis cialsa,<br />

qriste aRmqmeli miiTvalavs trfialsa.<br />

_ umSvenieresi suraTia, _ zeciur cialSi maRldeba uwmidesi suli,<br />

zeciuri surneleba igrZnoba caTa wiaRebSi, macxovari Rebulobs misTvis<br />

wamebul wmidans...<br />

RvTismSoblis qeba (leqss `yovlad wmidis qeba~ hqvia) ufro sada, martivi,<br />

xalxurTan miaxloebuli stiliT aris dawerili, avtori sruli gulwrfelobiT<br />

uZlurad miiCnevs Tavs imisaTvis, rom RvTismSobels Rirseuli<br />

Sesxma miuZRvnas, _ ufro sakuTar codvaTa patiebas evedreba<br />

RvTismSobels:<br />

jerisaebr qeba Seni arvis ZaluZs, RvTisa sZalo,<br />

jerars Sehkrben angelosni, qveyierni kacni, qalo,<br />

jobs, rom giZRvnan kinam-kasni, gundruk-muri da Stans-alo,<br />

jvarcmulisa qristes dedav, codvils mkurne, ded<strong>of</strong>alo!<br />

besiks Seqmili aqvs `nardzed zmebi~, `Wadrakzed zmebi~...<br />

vin ar didsulobs, sulmokled ars yovlgan danaficari,<br />

damkariT pirsa da tkaci miqmeniT, Tu scnaT, vinc ari!<br />

korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, am zmebSi besiks `imdenad gaumeorebia<br />

Teimuraz meoris amave saxelis zmebi, rom zogierTi xelnaweri maT Teimurazs<br />

miawers (kekeliZe1981: 677). Semdeg mkvlevari besikis `anbanTqebanis~<br />

Sesaxeb msjelobs: `aseTi anbanTqebani umTavresad im mxriv warmoadgenen<br />

interess, rom gvaCveneben, ramdenad SeswevdaT maT avtorebs geografiis,<br />

istoria-miTologiis, zoologiisa da botanikis codna~ (kekeliZe1981: 676).<br />

mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom aseTi leqsebi maia gabaSvilis, dimitri orbelianis<br />

wabaZvaa (kekeliZe1981: 676)...<br />

rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, amgvari leqsebi (zmebi da anbanTqebani), mxatvrulobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, marTlac ver aRiqmeba besikis sxva leqsebis doneze<br />

dawerilad da maTSi ufro avtoris erudicia da, aseve, sityvaTa gariT-

mvis, aliteraciis Seqmnis unari vxedavT; Tumca, aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom<br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi `anbanTqebani~, Tavad amgvari Janris specifikidan<br />

gamomdinare, garkveulwilad, mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiTac faseulia.<br />

magaliTad, gavixsenoT leqsi `an alva xar tanadobiT~:<br />

an, alva xar tanadobiT, ban, bulbuls migigavs ena,<br />

gan, gibrwyinavs piris saxe, don, daxatuli xar Sena;<br />

en, elvare badri mTvare, vin, varskvlavs surs Seni brwyena,<br />

zen, zilf-kavo, giSris Tmao, he, haeriT daiwye frena,<br />

Tan, Turani, in, eraniT sicxovliT dagiwvams Sena!<br />

vfiqrobT, amgvarad werisas besiki satrfos agebinebs, rom ise Zlier<br />

aris Seyvarebuli, ra bgerac ar unda SesTavazon qarTuli anbanisa, yovel-<br />

Tvis Tavisuflad SeuZlia aqos satrfo... Cveni SexedulebiT, swored es azria<br />

warmoCenili am leqsSi... amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom, xSirad, aseT<br />

SemTxvevebSi, poetebi leqsis weris teqnikis virtuozuli flobis unaris<br />

Cvenebasac cdilobdnen. aseTi leqsebi rom sworad aRiqvas, mkiTxvelma<br />

Taviseburad, _ erTgvari `sportuli JiniT~ unda Sexedos poets, naxos,<br />

rogori ostatobiT SeuZlia mas sityvebis erTmaneTTan riTmuli misadageba,<br />

aliteraciuli metyveleba... aseTi leqsebis werisas poetebi faqtobrivad<br />

erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen weris teqnikaSi...<br />

besiks qarTul poeziaSi sxva damsaxurebanic miuZRvis. cnobilia, rom man<br />

SemoiRo e. w. 19-marcvliani leqsi. besikis poeziaSi gvxvdeba Caxruxauli<br />

leqsi, rusTveluri, e. w. _ TxuTmetmarcvliani, ToTxmetmarcvliani<br />

(kekeliZe1981: 675)... mas Seuqmnia `baiaTi~, `yifia~, `mustazadi~, `Tejlisi~...<br />

qarTul poeziaSi besikma pirvelma Semoitana 14-marcvliani logaedebi<br />

(ak.gawerelia)... `besikis avtoritetma gansakuTrebiT ganamtkica qarTul<br />

poeziaSi muxambazuri sazomebis gavrceleba~ (caiSvili 1966: 671)... `besikis<br />

poeziam ganuzomeli gavlena moaxdina mis Tanamedrove mwerlobaze da,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas mimbaZvel-epigonTa laSqari gauCnda~ (caiSvili<br />

1966, 671).<br />

besarion gabaSvilis literaturuli memkvidreobidan sainteresoa SemorCenili<br />

fragmenti misi dRiurebidan, romelic sparseTSi mogzaurobisas<br />

dauweria. am dRiurebs mxatvrulobis mizandasaxuloba ara aqvs, magram literaturuli<br />

niWiT aRsavse adamianis sruliad Cveulebrivi naweri mainc avlens<br />

xolme avtorisagan movlenebis mxatvrulad gadmocemis unars. besiki<br />

Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb wers: `da warsulman avgvale raWiT mTani myinvareni<br />

da mived digors [...] da ganvisvene mosdogs. agvisto iyo maSin~ (besiki<br />

1932: 104). sxarti da moqnili frazebiT mogviTxrobs Tavis mogzaurobas<br />

besiki.<br />

literaturuli niWi mis werilebSic Cans, SemorCenilia mzeWabuk<br />

orbelianTan, sulxan orbelianTan, potiomkinTan miwerili werilebi... sainteresoa,<br />

rom besiki mzeWabuks sTxovs — Cem mier `crud sadme Tqmuli~ daiviwye,<br />

`gardasWer vnebani siZulvilisa~-o. am werilebis avtors mxatvruli<br />

teqstis Seqmnis mizani ar hqonia da isini upirvelesad politikis istorias-<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT, besikis pirovnebis ukeT dasanaxavad aris saintereso.<br />

mravalferovani poeziis Semqmneli besarion gabaSvili yovelmxriv imsaxurebs<br />

interess...<br />

udavoa, rom besarion gabaSvilis SemoqmedebisaTvis mravalmxrivobaa<br />

erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSani da am poetis erT romelime, _ miT<br />

41

umetes, _ mxolod aRmosavluri poeziis konteqstSi ganxilva, vfiqrobT, ar<br />

SeiZleba.<br />

besiki qarTuli literaturis istoriis periodTa gzagasayarze cxovrobda,<br />

rac aisaxa kidec mis SemoqmedebaSi. am istoriaSi yovelTvis gamor-<br />

Ceuli adgili eqneba damkvidrebuli am Zalze mravalmxrivsa da niWier<br />

poets, romelTanac aRmosavleTs ukve enacvleba dasavleTi, visTanac warsulis<br />

sunTqvac igrZnoba da momavlis konturebic isaxeba... iSviaTia erT<br />

poetSi aseTi mravalferovneba.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

besiki 1932: besiki. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi,<br />

leqsikoni al. baramiZisa da v. T<strong>of</strong>urias redaqciiT. tf.: federacia, 1932.<br />

besiki 1962: besiki. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: `sabW. mwerali~, 1962.<br />

baramiZe 1940: baramiZe al. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. Tb.:<br />

1940.<br />

gawerelia 1953: gawerelia a. qarTuli klasikuri leqsi. Tb.: 1953.<br />

kalmasoba 1948: ioane batoniSvili. kalmasoba. II. k. kekeliZisa da al. baramiZis<br />

redaqciiT. Tb.: 1948.<br />

kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II. Tb.: 1981.<br />

kekeliZe, baramiZe 1969: kekeliZe k. baramiZe. a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />

istoria. Tb.: 1969.<br />

leoniZe 1949: leoniZe g. Ziebani Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. I.<br />

Tb.: 1949.<br />

maWaraZe 1962: maWaraZe v. besiki diplomatiur sarbielze. Tb.: 1962.<br />

q.s.e.: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. _ besiki (avtorebi s. caiSvili, k.<br />

maWavariani).<br />

q. p. 1975: qarTuli poezia. V. Tb.: 1976.<br />

q. m. 1984: qarTuli mwerloba. leqsikoni-cnobari. I. Tb.: 1984.<br />

caiSvili 1966: caiSvili s. besarion gabaSvili, qarTuli literaturis<br />

istoria. II. Tb.: 1966.<br />

caiSvili 1962: caiSvili s. besiki. Tb.: 1962.<br />

SayulaSvili 1984: SayulaSvili g. besikis ori leqsis gamo. _ saqarTvelos ssr<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis literaturismcodneobis respublikuri sakoordinacio<br />

sabWo. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis istoriis instituti.<br />

samecniero sesia, XIX, 25-27 XII; 1984.<br />

SayulaSvili 1995: SayulaSvili g. besiki da aRmosavluri literaturuli<br />

tradiciebi. samecniero konferencia. Tbilisis damoukidebeli instituti<br />

`ritorika~; 15-16 maisi; 1995.<br />

ZoweniZe 2002: ZoweniZe l. mzeWabuk orbeliani. _ `al. baramiZe, 100~. SoTa<br />

rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis instituti, Tb.: 2002.<br />

42

Gocha Kuchukhidze<br />

For the Interrelationship <strong>of</strong> Oriental-Western Aspects<br />

in Besiki`s Works<br />

Summary<br />

In the article there is shown that the <strong>Georgian</strong> poet Besarion Gabashvili (Besik; 1750-<br />

1891) was close to numerous genres <strong>of</strong> literature.<br />

Besik’s poetry shows love to eastern poetry as well. At the same time, as the author <strong>of</strong><br />

the article considers, in his creative work there are felt the signs <strong>of</strong> romanticism, which<br />

was brought into <strong>Georgian</strong> poetry later.<br />

In the article there is shown that Besik was also close to classical <strong>Georgian</strong> poetry, in<br />

particular, to <strong>Rustaveli</strong>’s “Knight in Panther’s skin”; he also has some hymnography<br />

verses, and one can meet in the poet’s work panegyrics, satire, and some signs <strong>of</strong> other<br />

genres.<br />

In Besik’s poetry most <strong>of</strong>ten is seen a young man <strong>of</strong> romantic spirit, always passionate<br />

and searching new ways in the life.<br />

The author <strong>of</strong> the article shares the opinion that the assumption, according to which<br />

Besik is admitted eastern type poet, is erroneous. Eastern style appears some kind <strong>of</strong><br />

exotics to him – Basik does not follow major specific signs <strong>of</strong> eastern poetry.<br />

43

irina javaxaZe<br />

44<br />

saswaulTa saxeebi `cxovrebaTa~ Janris<br />

naTargmn agiografiaSi<br />

wmindanTa mier saswaulTa qmedeba erT-erTi umTavresi momentia qristianul<br />

literaturaSi. Sesabamisad, saswaulTqmedebaTa aRwerac erT-erTi<br />

farTod gavrcelebuli motivia zogadad agiografiuli Janris literaturaSi.<br />

ramdenadac agiografiul literaturas moeTxoveboda sruli WeSmaritebis<br />

gadmocema, saswaulebic religiuri TvalsazrisiT, iseTive realobas<br />

warmoadgenda, rogorsac konkretul-istoriuli faqtebi. isic unda aRiniSnos,<br />

rom saswaulTmoqmedebaTa `WeSmaritebad~ miCneva xels uwyobda momavalSi<br />

`mxatvruli hiperbolis~, `gamonagonis~ farTod Semotanas mwerloba-<br />

Si (siraZe 1975: 169-170). agiografi avtorebi dabejiTebiT acxadebdnen, rom<br />

saswaulTmoqmedebebi srul WeSmaritebaze dayrdnobiT aRiwereboda, rom<br />

maT monaTxrobSi ar iyo marcvali gamonagonisa, fantaziisa. da Tu arsebobda<br />

nawarmoebebi, rogorc `kostanti-kaxaÁs martvilobis~ avtori miiCnevda,<br />

romlebSic aRwerili istoriebi avtors `arasada exilva, aramed uwyebiTa<br />

sulisaTa wmidisaÁTa aRwera igi, viTarca TualiTxiluli~, r. siraZis Tval-<br />

TaxedviT gamonagoni ambavi (~suli wmidis STagonebuli~) SeiZleba y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />

`TualiTa xilulis msgavsi~ (siraZe 1975: 99), anu gamogonili ambavi, suli<br />

wmindisgan STagonebuli SeiZleba y<strong>of</strong>iliyo TvaliT nanaxis tolfasi. saswauls<br />

ver moaxdens ubralo adamiani, maTi Cadena mxolod wmindanTa xvedria,<br />

radganac sulieri moRvaweebi `wmindanad~ gaxdomamde gadian did mowamebriv<br />

gzas: SemdgomSi `Semdgari wmindanebi~, rogorc cnobilia, bavSvobaSive gamoirCevian<br />

sxvaTagan Tavisi gansakuTrebulobiT, Semdeg adganan sulierebis<br />

gzas, da bolos Tavisi RvawliT, maT Soris saswaulTa qmnadobiTac, aRweven<br />

umaRles mwvervalamde `wmindanobamde~.<br />

imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom saswauli xdeba uflis ZaliT da nebiT da<br />

Sesabamisad, saswaulis Cadenis Semdeg sazogadoeba adidebs ufals. aki aRniSnavs<br />

kidec antoni didi, rom `y<strong>of</strong>aÁ saswaulisaÁ ara Cueni ars, aramed<br />

macxovrisaÁ ars saqmÀ~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 28). da ramdenadac<br />

uflis nebis xorcSesxma miwier samyaroSi xdeba mxolod da mxolod wmindanis<br />

saSualebiT, rac amtkicebs mis zebunebriobas, aqedan gamomdinare wmindani<br />

moiazreba qristes simbolod dedamiwaze. `iovane oqropiris cxovrebaSi~ saswaulis<br />

Cadenis Semdeg iovaneze Semdegs amboben sulieri Zmebi: `ese monaÁ ars<br />

qristesi da suli wmidaÁ damkÂdrebul ars mis Tana, da miscems madlTa kurnebisaTa,<br />

viTar-igi misca mociqulTa~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba 1986: 21).<br />

Cveni statiis mizania `cxovrebaTa~ Janris naTargmn agiografiul TxzulebebSi<br />

saswaulTa aRwera-daxasiaTeba da maTi saTanado tipebis mixedviT<br />

dajgufeba. am saswaulTagan zogi SemTxveva tipuria anu saxarebiseuli _<br />

macxovris, mociqulebisa da pirvelwmindanebis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

(mrevliSvili 2002: 121), xolo zogic, Cveni azriT _ originaluri.

I. saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia xilvebi da RvTaebrivi<br />

gamocxadebebi<br />

1. xilvebi cxadSi:<br />

a) wminda mamebs aqvT Cveneba an uflisagan euwyebaT is adgili, sadac unda<br />

aSendes eklesia. magaliTad, Tevdosi didi, rodesac evedreboda ufals<br />

`raÁTa gamoucxados, Tu nebaÁ misi ars monastrisa SÀnebasa da uCuenos<br />

adgili, romelsa Sehgvandes SÀnebaÁ.<br />

da aRixuna sacecxurni da aRavso igi naÃSiriTa. da naÃSirsa zeda _<br />

sakumeveli. da gamovida quabiT da iloca da Tqua: ufalo RmerTo Cemo...<br />

sadaca nebaÁ Seni iyos SÀnebad monastrisa, mun aRenTen naÃSiri ese, romel<br />

ars sacecxurTa amaT, raÁTa miT vcna nebaÁ Seni... da ganvida da movlo yoveli<br />

adgili udabnoÁsaÁ, romeli sagonebel iyo saSÀnebelad... da viTar araraÁ<br />

ixila, Seiqca quabadve. da viTar mieaxla mas, aRuteva suli sakumevelman man<br />

sacecxurTa maTgan da viTar daxedna, naÃSiri igi nakuercxal qmnul iyo. da<br />

cna wmidaman, rameTu nebaÁ RmrTisaÁ ars, raÁTa mas adgilsa aRaSÀnos~<br />

(cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: 188).<br />

b) xilvaTa jgufSi moiazreba wmindanTa saswaulebrivi gamoCena sazogadoebaSi.<br />

sanimuSod gavixsenoT saba ganwmendilis mefesTan misvlis epizodi,<br />

rodesac `RmerTman madli monisa TÂsisaÁ gamoucxada mefesa... ese viTarca<br />

Sevidoda mRdelTmTavarTa Tana mefisa... ganuxuna RmerTman Tualni mefesa<br />

da ixila msgavsad gÂrgÂnisa Tavsa zeda mis netarisasa naTeli mbrwyinvalÀ,<br />

viTarca mzisTuali~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 109).<br />

`iovane oqropiris cxovrebaSic~ iovanes xucad kurTxevis dros, `tredi<br />

spetaki gardamoÃda zÀT da daadgra Tavsa zeda iovanessa. da viTarca ixiles<br />

ese patreaqman da yovelman erman... ityodes: ...rameTu madli RmrTisaÁ gamocxadebul<br />

ars awve mis zeda~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba 1986: 31). es epizodi<br />

mogvagonebs ieso qristes naTlobis pasaJs saxarebidan (biblia 1989: 1045-<br />

1046).<br />

g) xilvaTa jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT gamocxadeba ara xiluli, aramed<br />

sityvieri formiT. ase, magaliTad, antoni didma, rodesac ganizraxa xorcieli<br />

fufunebis ukugdeba da qonebis glaxakebze darigeba, `Sevida eklesiad<br />

da moemTxÂa mas wmidisa saxarebisa sakiTxavi, da esma uflisagan, viTar-igi<br />

etyÂs mdidarsa mas: ukueTu gnebavs, raÁTa srul iyo, warved da ganyide<br />

yoveli monagebi Seni da ganuyav glaxakTa da moved da Semomideg me da moipoo<br />

safasÀ caTa Sina~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 10).<br />

d) Cveni azriT, xilvaTa jgufs unda mivakuTvnoT saswaulTa iseTi aratipuri<br />

SemTxveva, rogoricaa RvTaebrivi saswaulebrivi Cvenebebi. aseT magaliTs<br />

vawydebiT `saba ganwmendilis cxovrebaSi~: sabam, fsalmunis galobis<br />

dros xevSi, `Sovris samTa eklesiaTa ixila sueti cecxlisaÁ, mdgomarÀ queyanasa<br />

zeda, romlisaÁ Tavi iyo vidre cadmde. hxedvida raÁ ese saSinelsa<br />

mas xilvasa, SiSman Seipyra da sixarulad gardaiqca, rameTu moiÃsena werilisaÁ<br />

viTar-igi eCuena mamaTmTavarsa iakobs... da daadgra adgilsa mas netari<br />

igi vidre ganTiadmde locvasa Sina da aRmovida mier ÃeviT SiSiTa da sixaruliTa<br />

didiTa, sada-igi eCuena mas sueti igi cecxlisaÁ. da pova mun quabi<br />

didi da sakÂrveli, romelsa aqunda saxÀ eklesiisa~ (saba ganwmendilis<br />

cxovreba 1975: 66).<br />

45

e) originalur SemTxvevad gvesaxeba `iovane oqropiris cxovrebaSi~<br />

mocemuli saswaulic. am saswaulis mixedviT or sxvadasxva adamians, am Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi iovanesa da episkopos flabianes, erTdroulad aqvT erTi da igive<br />

xilva-Cveneba erTsa da imave saqmeze: flabianes, locvis dros eCvena `angelozi<br />

RmrTisaÁ da hrqua mas: `iswrafe ganTiad da mived monastrad, romelsa<br />

Sina iy<strong>of</strong>vis rCeuli RmrTisaÁ iovane, Semoiyvane qalaqad da akurTxe igi xucad,<br />

rameTu RmerTman gamoabrwyinva igi... da mis mier ganabrwyinvnes Rmer-<br />

Tman mravalni moslvad mecnierebasa. da aha esera movlinebul var me misa<br />

RmrTisa mier, raÁTa ara urC geqmnes, aramed yos yoveli brZanebaÁ Seni~.<br />

da mesyeulad masve Jamsa daadgra angelozi uflisaÁ iovanes samosliTa<br />

elvariTa, iyo raÁ igi senaksa da ilocvida~, da angelozma miugo iovanes: `me<br />

var angelozi RmrTisaÁ...<br />

Sen warhyev ebiskopozsa flabianes qalaqad Seuorgulebelad da yav yoveli<br />

brZanebaÁ misi, rameTu gamomicxadebia misda saqmÀ Seni. da aha esera<br />

movals mRdelTa Tana waryvanebad Senda qalaqad~ (iovane oqropiris<br />

cxovreba 1986: 28-29).<br />

v) aratipur SemTxvevad gveCveneba agreTve `antoni didis cxovrebaSi~<br />

aRwerili erTi saswauli, romelic mistikur xasiaTs atarebs. am saswaulSi<br />

asaxulia wmindanis cnobieri bunebis mier sakuTari Tavis xilva irealursulier<br />

samyaroSi. SevecdebiT magaliTis moxmobiT warmovaCinoT misi aratipuroba:<br />

antoni, `viTar-igi pursa Wamn, da aRdga odesme da ilocvida cxra<br />

Jams da agrZna Tavisa TÂsisaÁ, rameTu aRitaca gonebiTa, da sakÂrvel ese iyo:<br />

mdgomarÀ xedvida Tavsa TÂssa, viTarca guamsa gareSe ipova, da viTarca ze<br />

haerTa wina-vinme-uZRodes mas. da merme ixilna mwareni da ficxelni haerTa<br />

zeda mdgomareni, da unda dabrkolebaÁ misi, raÁTamca gare-ara-warhÃda maT,<br />

xolo romelni-igi wina-uZRodes mas, Sehrisxnes maT. eseni sityuasa mohÃdides<br />

maT, numca ukue Tanamdeb raÁme iyos maTa, unda maT sityÂsa y<strong>of</strong>aÁ SobiTgan<br />

misiT, ayenebdes antonis winamZRuarni igi da etyodes maT, rameTu SobiTganni<br />

igi ufalman aÃocna, xolo vinaÁTgan monazon iqmna da aRuTqua<br />

RmerTsa, jer-ars sityÂs-y<strong>of</strong>aÁ. maSin Seasmendes da veraÁ amxiles. mieriTgan<br />

Tavisufal iqmna da daubrkolebel gzaÁ TÂsi. da meys ixila Tavi TÂsi<br />

mdgomarÀ da iyo igive antoni... igi mas dResa da Rame yovel sulT-iTqumida<br />

locviT, rameTu ukÂrda, ixila raÁ ese~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 40).<br />

Cvens mier ganxilul naTargmn agiografiul TxzulebebSi mravlad aris<br />

magaliTebi Cveulebrivi, tipuri anu bibliis saswaulebTan mimsgavsebuli<br />

saswaulebisa xilva-CvenebaTa Sesaxeb. sanimuSod moviyvanT ramdenime<br />

maTgans:<br />

`efrem asuris cxovreba~: `eCuena mas xilvaÁ, rameTu vazi aRmoÃda enasa<br />

zeda missa didi da aRorZnda friad, da aRivso misgan yoveli queyanaÁ, da<br />

gamoixunna tevanni uricxuni. da movidodes yovelni mfrinvelni cisani da<br />

Wamdes nay<strong>of</strong>isa misisagan. da ravdenca Wamdes, ufroÁsRa aRmoeceneboda da<br />

gamohqondes tevanni~ (efrem asuris cxovreba 1975: 233).<br />

`antoni didis cxovreba~: saxeSecvlili eSmakebis damarcxebis Semdeg<br />

`ufalman arcaRa esrÀT daiviwya simÃnÀ igi antonisi, aramed Semwe eqmna mas,<br />

aRixilna da ixila sarTuli reca ganRebuli da brwyinvalebaÁ naTlisaÁ<br />

gardamomavali misa...~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 15).<br />

46

2. xilvebi Zilis dros:<br />

wminda mamebs Zilis dros, Rame aqvT xolme xilvebi. maT am CvenebaTa<br />

dros ecxadebaT ufali, angelozebi an kidev romelime wminda mama, romlebic<br />

maT aZleven garkveul davalebas aRsasruleblad. magaliTad, mamasaxliss,<br />

romelmac ar Seismina saba ganwmendilis Txovna ierusalimSi wasvlasa<br />

da martod dayudebis Sesaxeb, Rame gamoecxada ufali da uTxra: `ganuteve<br />

saba, raÁTa mmsaxuros me udabnos. xolo mamasaxlisman mouwoda TÂsagan farulad<br />

da hrqua: `gangiteveb Sen, Svilo, brZanebiTa RmrTisaÁTa, rameTu CuenebiT<br />

meuwya~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 59).<br />

`Tevdosis cxovrebaSi~ ki aRwerilia, Tu rogor gamoecxada wminda<br />

Tevdosi zRvis Relvis dros ZilSi naviT mimaval erT ZmaTagans: `eCuena maT<br />

Zilsa Sina da hrqua maT: nu geSinin, rameTu RmerTsa ubrZanebies ÃsnaÁ Tqueni~<br />

(cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: 194).<br />

a) Cveni azriT, ZilSi xilvaTa jgufs unda mivakuTvnoT aratipuri saswauli<br />

`saba ganwmendilis cxovrebidan~, romelSic aRwerilia, Tu rogor ecxadebaT<br />

ZilSi ramdenime pirovnebas wmindani erTdroulad erTsa da imave davalebaze:<br />

erTma dedakacma, saxelad genarus `orisa ezoÁsaÁ aRuTqua qsovaÁ:<br />

erTi kastelisa monastersa da erTi spileonisa monastersa. da moemzada yoveli<br />

saÃmari, da romelTa dedaTa eTqua mis Tana qsovaÁ, gardaeqces. viTarca<br />

ara movides dedani igi, friad gulsa aklda genaross da iurvoda. eCuena<br />

mas Zilsa Sina netari saba da hrqua: ciskars mouvline dedaTa maT, da moviden<br />

da aRasrulon saqmÀ Seni... da eCuena dedaTaca maT mqsovelTa risxviT<br />

dapkolebisa misTÂs saqmisa. da viTarca ganTena, meyseulad movides sixaruliT<br />

gulsmodgined da uTxrobdes urTierTas Cuenebasa mas~ (saba ganwmendilis<br />

cxovreba 1975: 116).<br />

3. xilvebi gardacvalebis win:<br />

a) wminda mamebs TavianTi aRsasrulis dros aqvT xolme xilvebi. magaliTad,<br />

antoni didma aRsasrulis moaxloebisas `ganirTxna ferÃni TÂsni da,<br />

viTarca megobarTa TÂsTa, xedvida momavalTa angelozTa da maTTÂs mxiaruliTa<br />

piriTa moaklda da SeeZina igi wmidaTa mamaTa~ (antoni didis cxovreba<br />

1975: 52).<br />

b) wminda mamebs aqvT Cveneba-xilvani agreTve sxva mamaTa gardacvalebis<br />

dros. amis naTeli magaliTia antoni didis xilva wminda amonis gardacvalebisas:<br />

mTaze mjdomare antoni didma `ixila haerTa zeda aRmavali vinme da<br />

mravalni vinme, romelni moegebvodes mas. da iyo sixaruli. da viTar ukÂrda<br />

mas da hnatrida da eseviTarsa krebulsa ilocvida uwyebad, vinZi ars ese, da<br />

meyseulad iyo misa ÃmaÁ: ese ars wmidisa amonis suli, romeli-igi jda nitrias<br />

monazoni... xolo romelni iyvnes antonis Tana, xedvides raÁ bersa mas<br />

dakÂrvebulsa, evedrebodes mas, raÁTa uTxras maT. da uTxra, viTarmed: aw<br />

aResrula amon. rameTu iyo misa mecnier, da zedaÁs-zeda movidis misa...<br />

da monazonTa maT, romelTa uTxra antoni sikudili amonisi, daiswaves<br />

dRÀ igi, da aRmovides Zmani nitriiT ocdaaTisa dRisa Semdgomad, gamohki-<br />

Txvides, da esma maTgan, viTarmed mas dResa da mas Jamsa daiZina amon, romelsa<br />

Jamsa suli igi amonisi aRyvanebuli ixilva berman~ (antoni didis<br />

cxovreba 1975: 38-39).<br />

47

48<br />

II. saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia zemoqmedeba adamianebze<br />

1. zogadad agiografiul literaturaSi Zalze gavrcelebulia wminda<br />

mamaTagan urwmunoTa da ukeTurTa saswaulebrivi dasjis epizodebi. Cven<br />

mier ganxilul naTargmn agiografiul literaturaSic sakmao raodenobiT<br />

moipoveba aseTi epizodebi. sanimuSod moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs: qalaqgareT,<br />

eklesiaSi salocavad wasul Tevdosi dids da episkoposebs, gzad<br />

SemoxvdaT monasteri, `romelsa Sina iyvnes monazonni wyeulni, iakobni.<br />

raJams ixiles wmidaÁ igi, iwyes rekad sarekelsa TÂnier Jamisa urcxÂnod da<br />

kicxeviT. da ikiTxa wmidaman man saqmÀ maTi. da raJams uTxres saqmÀ maTi da<br />

sarwmunoebaÁ maTi, aRegzna igi SuriTa da Tqua: kurTxeul ars ufali, rame-<br />

Tu ara daSTes vansa amas Sina qvaÁ qvasa zeda. da Semdgomad mciredTa dReTa<br />

moetevnes vinme kacni dasavaliT kerZo vansa mas zeda da aRiWres yoveli, raÁ<br />

iyo mas Sina, da umravlÀsni monazonni tyued wariyvannes da adgili igi<br />

cecxliTa mowues, da iqmna vani igi saTesav ifqlisa~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa<br />

Tevdosisi 1975: 194).<br />

agreTve, rodesac iovane oqropiris brZanebiT ukeTur ded<strong>of</strong>al<br />

evdoqsias aukrZales eklesiaSi Sesvla, ded<strong>of</strong>lis erT-erT msaxurs `aqunda<br />

ÃelTa misTa laxuari da aRipyra igi, raÁTamca Semusra kari eklesiisaÁ da<br />

munTquesve SehÃma Ãeli da iqmna igi viTarca mkudari... xolo romelsa-igi<br />

xeli SehÃma, Sevida eklesiad... da Tqua: `Semiwyale me, ufalo Cemo, Ä mamao<br />

wmidao, da gankurne Ãeli Cemi, romeli ganÃma ugunurebisa da umecrebisa<br />

Cemisagan da kadnierad moslviTa CemiTa saxlsa zeda RmrTisasa...<br />

xolo iovane gulisÃma-yo suliTa mizezi igi, romliTa SeemTxÂa ese da<br />

kacsa mas hrqua: `mived da daibane Ãeli Seni wyalsa mas, romeli ars arnaksa<br />

Sina eklesiisasa da vesav qristesa... rameTu geyos Sen msgavsad sarwmunoebisa<br />

Senisa~.<br />

`da warvida kaci igi da daibana da ganikurna~ (iovane oqropiris<br />

cxovreba 1986: 93).<br />

xolo `antoni didis cxovrebaSi~, rodesac qristianTa mdevneli sardali,<br />

balakiosi, gaafrTxila antoni didma werilSi, raTa xeli aeRo qristian-<br />

Ta Seviwroebisagan, sardalma yurad ar iRo misi darigeba da piriqiT, muqara<br />

SeuTvala mas. amis Semdgom, ramodenime dReSi `moiwia mis zeda risxvaÁ, rame-<br />

Tu pirvelsa savanesa aleqsandriaÁsasa, romelsa hrqÂan qereu, ganvidoda<br />

igi balakios da nistorios ... da ornive sxdes cxenTa, rameTu iyvnes ornive<br />

balakisni, umSÂdÀs yovelTa, romelni izardebodes misgan. da viTar arRa miwevnul<br />

iyvnes adgilsa mas, iwyes cxenTa maT simRerad, viTarca Cueul iyvnes,<br />

urTierTas da myis umSÂdÀsman man, romelsa zeda jda nistori, kbiliTa gardamoiqua<br />

balakios da daTrguna igi da esrÀT kbiliTa mohSWama barkalsxÂli<br />

misi. da munTquesve wariques qalaqad. da mesamesa dResa mokuda. da yovel-<br />

Tave ukÂrda ese da ityodes, rameTu: romel-igi Tqua antoni, adre aResrula~<br />

(antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 49).<br />

2. agiografiul nawarmoebebSi gavrcelebuli saxe eZleva iseT saswaulebs,<br />

romlebSic aRwerilia wmindanTagan adamianTa gankurneba. magali-<br />

Tad, `efrem asuris cxovrebaSi~ aRweril saswaulSi iyo `erTi uferÃoÁ da<br />

maradis dajdis winaSe karTa eklesiisaTa ... da dResa romelsame movida<br />

wmidaÁ Seslvad eklesiasa da ixila man uferÃoÁ igi da Seewyala da garemo<br />

mixedna yovliT kerZove, da viTar arRaravin ixila, eaxla mas wmidaÁ ese da

hrqua mas: Zmao, ginebasa, raÁTa ganikurno? xolo man hrqua mas: he, ufalo,<br />

rameTu mnebavs, dasdevs Ãeli Seni Cem zeda. hrqua mas netarman: saxeliTa<br />

iesu qristÀsiTa aRdeg da vidode! da meyseulad aRdga da vidoda~ (efrem<br />

asuris cxovreba 1975: 227).<br />

saba ganwmendilma ki gankurna sisxlis dinebiani qali, romelsac veravin<br />

ver ekareboda. `netarsa mas ... Seewyala igi da mivida misa stovasa mas da<br />

hrqua mas: `raÁmca migec Sen, araraÁ maqus, garna raÁ-igi maqus, migce _ Ãeli<br />

ese Cemi, miiRe da daÁdev salmobasa Sensa. da vesav RmerTsa, romelsaca vhmsaxureb,<br />

viTarmed ganikurno. da man viTarca miiRo wmidisa mis Ãeli, daÁdva<br />

igi mis zeda, da munquesve dadga dinebaÁ igi sisxlisaÁ mis, da ganikurna<br />

dedakaci~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 104).<br />

xolo Tevdosi didTan mivida mtirali qali, romelmac SesCivla wminda<br />

mamas, rom `Svili ara damadgrebis. da mravali Svili miSobia, da Sobisa sixarulsa<br />

sikudilisa gemoÁ ewiis xolo. da evedreboda mas, raÁTa ulocos, da<br />

RmerTman ucxovnos mas Svili. da uloca mas wmidaman man da ubrZana, raÁTa<br />

Svili romel Sves, uwodos mas saxelad Tevdosios. da man yo egrÀT. da<br />

ucxovna mas Svili~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: 192-193).<br />

3. agiografiul TxzulebebSi mravlad moipoveba saswaulebi, romlebSic<br />

aRwerilia wminda mamaTa CareviT adamianTagan eSmakTa gaZeveba.<br />

erTxel antoni didi, rodesac sulier Zmebze locvebis wasakiTxad avida<br />

navze `mas xolo martosa myralobaÁ raÁme ficxeli da friad mwarÀ ecemoda,<br />

xolo romelni-igi navsa Sina iyvnes, ityodes, viTarmed: Tevzica liwebuli<br />

ars navsa amas Sina da misgan ars ese myralobaÁ. xolo igi ityoda: sxuaÁ ars<br />

ese yrolaÁ aqa. da viTar igi amas ityoda, Wabuki vinme eSmakeuli iyo da misa<br />

wina Sesrul iyo da damalul navsa Sina. da viTar myis Ãma-yo, Sehrisxna<br />

eSmaksa mas antoni saxeliTa iesu qristÀsiTa, da ganvida misgan, da kaci igi<br />

ganego misgan myis. maSin yovelTa gulisxma-yves, viTarmed eSmakisaÁ iyo<br />

yrolaÁ igi~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 39).<br />

`iovane oqropiris cxovrebaSi~ ki aRwerilia saswauli, romlis mixedviT<br />

brZeni anTemiosi, qristes saxelis gmobisTvis Seipyra eSmakma `da daeca<br />

queyanasa da iSTveboda misgan uwyalod mraval Jam, da uqcevda TualTa da<br />

perooda, vidremdis yovelni SeZrwundes, da mravalni ivltodes da evedrebodes<br />

netarsa iovanes, raÁTa gankurnos igi.<br />

da miugo maT da hrqua: `ukueTu ara hrwmenes, romel-igi gmo qriste<br />

RmerTi, ver miemTxÂos kurnebasa~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba 1986: 12), da<br />

mas Semdeg, rac aRiara anTemiosma qriste, `munTquesve ganikurna da iqmna dawynarebul,<br />

da aRdga ferÃTa TÂsTa zeda~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba 1986: 12).<br />

xolo efrem asurma amxila mwvalebeli monazoni eSmakiseuli ZaliT saswaulTa<br />

moxdenaSi, ramac gamoiwvia monazvnis ganrisxeba. man Seuracxy<strong>of</strong>a<br />

miayena efrems, razec efremma sapasuxod miugo: `ara gaqus Sen ÃelmwifebaÁ<br />

zraxvad dabadebulTa RmrTisaTa.<br />

da meyseulad gamocxadda eSmaki, romeli iyo mas Sina, da daeca queyanasa<br />

zeda, yrida ÃelTa da ferÃTa da scemda Tavsa queyanasa... viTarca ixila<br />

wmidaman efrem eseviTarsa Ruawlsa Sina, Seiwyala igi da mieaxla da aRupyra<br />

Ãeli, da guami misi Zwoda da aRSfoTebul iyo yovliT kerZo. maSin wmidaÁ<br />

Sehrisxna eSmaksa mas, romeli iyo mas Sina, da hrqua mas: saxeliTa iesus<br />

qristÀsiTa... gibrZaneb, raÁTa ganhÃde xatisa RmrTisagan... da meyseulad<br />

ganvida eSmaki misgan~ (efrem asuris cxovreba 1975: 222).<br />

49

wminda mamebi agreTve aZeveben saxeSecvlil eSmakebs Tavisi samy<strong>of</strong>elidan,<br />

rodesac isini cdiloben maT SeSinebas. wmindanebi gaZlierebulni arian<br />

uflis mfarvelobiT. sanimuSod mogvyavs ori magaliTi:<br />

`saba ganwmendilis cxovreba~: `gardaicvala eSmaki msgavsad guelTa da<br />

RriakalTa raÁTamca SeaSina mas.<br />

xolo netari igi mcired raÁme Sezrunda da cna mterisa igi siborotÀ,<br />

meyseulad aRdga da saxÀ juarisaÁ daiwera da ganiSovra misgan SiSi, dga da<br />

ityoda: odes SemiZlo SeSinebad Cemda, maSin gZlo, rameTu Cem Tana ars ufali<br />

RmerTi Cemi, romelman momca Sen zeda ZlevaÁ ... da amas raÁ ityoda, myis<br />

uCino iqmna yovliTurT ZaliT misiT~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 62).<br />

antoni dids ki fsalmunTa galobis dros, `eSmaki igi umzirin da iRrWenn<br />

mis zeda kbilTa, xolo antoni nugeSiniscemul iyo macxovrisagan da uvnebelad<br />

dga misTa maT zakuvaTagan da ferad-feradTa ucnebaTa. da viTar<br />

mRÂZare iyo igi Rame, yovelni mÃecni velisani moutevna, da gamovides yovelni<br />

afTarni maT adgilTani ÃureliT TÂsiT da gare-moadges mas. da dga<br />

igi martoÁ Sovris maTsa. viTar aRamtkmes pirebi maTi da datkebnad aSinebdes,<br />

gulisxma-yo man mterisa igi manqanebaÁ da hrqua yovelTa maT: ukueTu<br />

ÃelmwifebaÁ mogiRebies Cem zeda, ganmzadebul var SesaWmelad Tquenda;<br />

ukueTu eSmakTagan aRZrul xarT, nu sdgaT, aramed warvediT, rameTu monaÁ<br />

var qristÀsi. viTarca ese antoni hrqua maT, ivltodes yovelni, viTarca<br />

tanjviTa sityÂsa misgan~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 34-35).<br />

4. wminda mamebs uflisagan aqvT miniWebuli winaswarmetyvelebisa da<br />

saidumloTa Secnobis unari. magaliTad, Tevdosi didma jer zaris darekva<br />

ubrZanaT eklesiis msaxurebs da Semdeg damwuxrebulma TavisTan ixmo sulieri<br />

Zmebi da mouwodaT: `mamano, ilocevdiT, rameTu vixile RmrTisagan<br />

gamosruli risxvaÁ queyanasa zeda aRmosavaliT kerZo. da Semdgomad equsisa<br />

anu SÂdisa dRisa movida, romelman uTxra, viTarmed antioqiaÁ dairRua<br />

ZrviTa mas Ramesa Sina, romelsa wmidaman man Tqua~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa<br />

Tevdosisi 1975: 195).<br />

wmindanis winaswarmetyvelebis unaris dasturad movixmobT erT-erT<br />

epizods `antoni didis cxovrebidan~: `Se-vinme-vidodes orni Zmani da muaklda<br />

gzasa zeda wyali, erTi igi mokuda, xolo erTi igi iurvoda sikudid da<br />

ver eZlo slvad da idva igica queyanasa zeda da moeloda sikudilsa. xolo<br />

antoni jda raÁ mTasa zeda, mouwoda orTa monazonTa, rameTu iyvnes eseni<br />

mun, aswrafebda da etyoda: wariReT sarwyuliTa wyali da mirbiodeT egÂptiT<br />

kerZo gzasa, rameTu orni movidodes. erTi igi awRa mokuda, xolo erTi<br />

igi iurvis. ukueTu ara iswrafoT, mokudes igica, rameTu ese aw locvasa Sina<br />

meuwya. viTarca warvides monazonni igi, poves erTi igi mdebarÀ da momkudari<br />

igi dahfles, xolo erTsa mas asues wyali ...<br />

xolo antonisi ese iyo sakÂrvel, rameTu mTasa zeda jda da aqunda guli<br />

frTxili, da ufali uCuenebda mas Sorad~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 37-38).<br />

wmindanebs uflisagan gadaecemaT uwyeba-niSani ama Tu im pirovnebaze, an<br />

saqmis warmarTvaze. magaliTad, erT ganmartoebul, dayudebul bers gaukvirdeba,<br />

Tu saidan aRmoCndeba saba ganwmendili mis gamoqvabulSi. razec<br />

netarma sabam upasuxa: `RmerTman, romelman gauwya Sen saxeli Cemi, manve<br />

miCuena me adgili ese~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 69).<br />

da agreTve, rodesac basili didma gagzavna ori diakvani efrem asuris<br />

mosayvanad, `cna wmidaman efrem suliTa wmidiTa. da viTar ixilna igini, rame-<br />

50

Tu ikiTxvides misTÂs~ (efrem asuris cxovreba 1975: 227), efremma arCia iqedan<br />

ganrideba da wasvla.<br />

wminda mamebi winaswar grZnoben agreTve TavianTi sikvdilis moaxloebas,<br />

risTvisac winaswar emzadebian. saba ganwmendilma ixila `aRsrulebaÁ TÂsi<br />

Semdgomad mciredTa dReTa _ da uTxra ese mTavarepiskopossa da evedreboda<br />

mas, raÁTamca ganuteva igi da STavida lavrad da senaksa TÂssa aResrula~<br />

(saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 114).<br />

antoni didsac winaswar euwya uflisagan Tavisi aRsasruli. `da etyoda<br />

yovelTa ZmaTa, viTarmed: amas gety Tquen: ukuanaÁsknelsa xilvasa vhy<strong>of</strong> da<br />

mikÂrs, ukueTu kualad Tavni Cuenni amas s<strong>of</strong>elsa vixilneT, rameTu Jami ars<br />

amierTgan Cemisa ganslvisaÁ ...<br />

viTarca weril ars, gzasa mamaTasa warval, rameTu vxedav me Tavsa Cemsa<br />

wodebulsa uflisa mier~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 50-51).<br />

aseve iwinaswarmetyvela aRsasrulis moaxloeba efrem asurma da iovane<br />

oqropirma. iovanes Rame eCvena gardacvlili wmindani, saxelad basiliskosi,<br />

romelmac auwya wmindans sikvdilis moaxloeba.<br />

5. aris aratipuri saswaulebi, romlebSic saswauli xdeba wmindanis dauswreblad,<br />

anu wminda mamebi axdenen saswauls Tavisi fizikuri ary<strong>of</strong>niT<br />

saswaulTa ganxorcielebis adgilze. es ki mianiSnebs imas, rom wmindani<br />

Tavisi qmedebiT SeuzRudavia drosa da sivrceSi.<br />

sanimuSod SevexebiT ramdenime magaliTs: `Tevdosi didis cxovreba~:<br />

`movida mkali s<strong>of</strong>elsa erTsa. da s<strong>of</strong>lisa mis my<strong>of</strong>Ta CueulebaÁ aqunda<br />

evlogiisa moRebad monastersa missa ucxoTaTÂs da glaxakTa, romelni misa<br />

miivltodian. da movides s<strong>of</strong>lioni igi da Seiwevdes wmidasa mas. da man moiRo<br />

zeTi da locvaÁ warTqua mas zeda da warsca igi erTsa ZmaTagansa, raÁTa<br />

apkuron igi garemo s<strong>of</strong>elsa mas. da daicva igi RmerTman vnebisa misgan<br />

mklisa~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: 193).<br />

am epizodis msgavss vawydebiT `iovane oqropiris cxovrebaSi~, romelSic<br />

aRwerilia, Tu rogor gaatana iovanem xalxs jvari, raTa daesoT im adgilze,<br />

sadac iwva lomi, romelic aSinebda mosaxleobas. marTlac xalxma aRasrula<br />

iovanes danabarebi da meore dRes naxes im adgilze gardacvlili lomi.<br />

xolo `antoni didis cxovrebaSi~ aRwerilia, Tu rogor evedreboda mTaze<br />

my<strong>of</strong> antons arqelaozi kumsi lavdikieli qalwulis gankurnebas. antonma<br />

`locva-yo misTÂs. da kumsman man daiswava dRÀ igi, romelsa dResa locva-yo<br />

misTÂs. da viTar warvida laudikiad, pova qalwuli igi cocxali. da viTar<br />

gamoikiTxvida igi, romelsa dResa dascxra igi uZlurebisagan, warmoiRo<br />

wigni, romelsa Jamsa locvaÁ igi misTÂs daiwera. da viTar esma maTgan, uCuena<br />

manca myis wignsa aRwerili, da yovelTave ukÂrda da gulisxma-yves, rameTu<br />

mas Jamsa gankurna igi ufalman salmobisa misgan, romelsa dResa locva-yo<br />

antoni~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 39).<br />

III. saswaulebi, romlebSic asaxulia wmindanis Caurevlad<br />

uSualod uflisagan movlenili saswaulebi<br />

1. naTargmn agiografiul TxzulebebSi vxvdebiT saswaulebs, romlebSic<br />

aRwerilia uflisagan movlenili risxva stiqiuri ubedurebebis saxiT.<br />

magaliTad, `saba ganwmendilis cxovrebaSi~ `vinaÁTgan ganaZes mTavarepiskoposi<br />

elia, daeÃSa caÁ da ara wÂma xuT wel da uwÂmrobasa Tana moÃda mkali<br />

51

quemgogvari friad, romlisaÁ ara iyo ricxÂ, da moWama yoveli piri queyanisaÁ.<br />

da meoresa welsa Semdgomad moslvisa mis mklisa movida sxuaÁ mkali da<br />

dahfara caÁ da SeWamna yovelni xeni queyanisani. da iyo siymili Zlieri da<br />

sikudili. eseviTari ixiles risxvaÁ mowevnuli, ityodes ierusalemelni,<br />

viTarmed romel-igi iqmna saqmÀ _ mTavarepisoposisa eliaÁs mimarT codvaÁ<br />

ganZebisa misisaÁ _ amisTÂs moÁwia ese yoveli Cuen zeda~ (saba ganwmendilis<br />

cxovreba 1975: 101).<br />

xolo iovane oqropiris qalaqidan gaZevebis Semdeg `cecxli gamoÃda<br />

saydriT, romelsa zeda aqunda CueulebaÁ jdomad, da aRetyina, vidremdis<br />

Seedva jaWuTa da ganvida sarkumliT, raÁTa amxilos xilviTa misiTa mrisxaniTa<br />

krebulsa mas ujerosa. da viTar cecxli igi etyineboda, da mohbera<br />

qarman da Seedva erTsa sikritonsa sameufosa da dawua. da iyo ese pirispir<br />

eklesiasa Soris, raÁTa amxilis yovelTa, romelni aRdges iovanÀs zeda mis<br />

adgilisa kerZoni. xolo eklesiasa maxlobelad ara Seedva cecxli, aramed<br />

maxlobelad sameufosa, raÁTa cnan, viTarmed risxvaÁ ars RmrTisaÁ~ (iovane<br />

oqropiris cxovreba 1986: 115).<br />

2. aris saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia ukeTur adamianebze Tavsdamtydari<br />

RvTaebrivi risxva. erTxel Tevdosi didze `viTar miesma mefesa<br />

simÃniT dgomaÁ misi marTlmadideblobisaTÂs, mowera, raÁTa equsoria yon<br />

adgilisa TÂsisagan. da vidre wignisa mowevnamde moavlina RmerTman risxvaÁ<br />

misi mefesa zeda, da mokla igi~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: 190).<br />

xolo `efrem asuris cxovrebaSi~ aRwerilia, Tu rogor Semoesien sparselebi<br />

qalaq nisibins. da efremma ra `ixilna bevris-bevreulni kacni, aRixilna<br />

Tualni TÂsni RmrTisa mimarT da iTxova misgan, raÁTa miavlinos maT<br />

zeda risxvaÁ, mkali da buzi, raÁTa amaT mÃecTa undoTa mier kma-uyos maTisa<br />

brZolisaTÂs, da gulisxma-yos sabur sparsTa mefeman... Zali RmrTisaÁ.<br />

maSin... moiwia maT zeda Rrubeli da mkali da buzi da daesxa piloTa<br />

zeda, rameTu TmaÁ ara asxs maT. da faqli Sevidis yurTa da cxÂrTa SeuÃdis.<br />

da daesxa buzi igi cxenTa da piloTa da sxuaTaca pirutyuTa: orTa da<br />

aqlemTa... da ver daudges winaSe risxvasa mas, romeli-igi moavlina RmerTman<br />

maT zeda~ (efrem asuris cxovreba 1975: 216).<br />

3. gavrcelebulia agreTve saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia wminda mamebze<br />

uflisagan movlenili mxardaWera, Sewevna sxvadasxva saxiT. ase, magaliTad,<br />

saba ganwmendils surda ucxo monazonTa samy<strong>of</strong>elad senakis SeZena,<br />

romelic Zviri Rirda, sabas ki ar hqonda naxevari drahkanis meti. da `xvalisa<br />

dRisasa aRmoslvamde mzisa ganizraxvida netari igi amisTÂs da ilocvida.<br />

mo-vinme-vida misa ucxoÁ, romelman yovladve ara icoda igi, da mosca mas<br />

assameocdaaTi drahkani. da masve Jamsa warvida kaci igi da arcaRa Tu saxeli<br />

misi uTxra. xolo netarsa mas daukÂrda RmrTisa mier SewevnaÁ igi misi...~<br />

(saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 74).<br />

uflis mxardaWeraze metyvelebs erTi epizodi `iovane oqropiris cxovrebidan~.<br />

wminda mamam ganizraxa pavle mociqulis wignTa ganmartebis dawera.<br />

magram garkveuli drois Semdeg mas gauCnda kiTxva, rom surda Tu ara<br />

ufals aseTi sapasuxismgeblo davaleba Seesrulebina Tavad iovanes. amdenad,<br />

wmindanma SesTxova ufals euwyebina misTvis raime niSniT mxardaWera.<br />

iovanes saTxovari Seismina ufalma da ramdenime dReSi mouvlina mxardaWera<br />

Semdegi saxiT: sulierma Zmam, proklem napralidan ixila, Tu rogor muSaobda<br />

iovane wignze da amave dros ixila, rom `iyo pavle mociquli miyrdnobil<br />

misa zurgiT kerZo Tavadmde iovanÀsa da piri misi yursa Tana marjuenesa<br />

52

iovanessa da hzraxvida mas, xolo xati misi hgvanda xatsa elise winawarmetyuelisasa<br />

da wueri misi iyo srul da vrcel~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba<br />

1986: 53) da rodesac iovanem ikiTxa imis vinaoba, visTanac prokles TqmiT<br />

Turme Rame hqonia saubari, `maSin uTxra prokle saxÀ kacisaÁ mis, romeli<br />

eCuena mas da SemkulebaÁ misi, da viTar iyo piri misi yursa Tana da zraxvida<br />

saidumlod, xolo igi werda. da viTarca esma ese wmidasa mas, friad daukÂrda.<br />

xolo viTar daasrula prokle TxrobaÁ misi, mixedna da ixila xati igi<br />

mociqulisaÁ da hgvanda kacsa mas, romeli eCuena mas. da muÃlni moidrikna<br />

iovanÀsa da hrqua mas da TualiTa uCuenebda xatsa mas: `Semindev me, mamao,<br />

rameTu kaci igi, romeli gzraxvida, hgavs xatsa amas, da me vhgoneb, viTarmed<br />

arsve ege~.<br />

maSin cna iovane brZenman, rameTu RmerTman gamoucxada, viTarmed sTnavs<br />

TargmanebaÁ wignTaÁ maT da moavlina mociquli misi pavle da ubrZana mas,<br />

raÁTa gamouTargmnides wignTa TÂsTa iovanes~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba<br />

1986: 55).<br />

IV. saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia zegavlena<br />

micvalebulTa samyaroze<br />

1. saflavTa da wminda nawilTa saswaulebi:<br />

a) naTargmn agiografiul TxzulebebSi mravlad moipoveba saswaulebi,<br />

romlebSic aRwerilia gardacvlili wmindanis mier saswaulTa moxdena.<br />

kerZod, wminda nawilTa xelis SexebiT avadmy<strong>of</strong>Ta gankurneba da adamianebisagan<br />

eSmakTa gansxma. magaliTad, `iovane oqropiris cxovrebaSi~ iyo `kaci<br />

vinme, romlisa ferÃsa missa guelsa ekbina. da iyo igi mkelobel da maradis<br />

zin eklesias da iTxovn qvelis-saqmarsa. da igica davarda krebulsa mas Tana<br />

da Tayuanis-sca wmidisa mis guamsa. da moiRo naxevi samoslisa misisaÁ da<br />

moixÂa ferÃsa mas missa uZlursa, da ganhmarta ferÃi igi da iqmna cocxal,<br />

viTarca erTi igi... da viTar ixiles ese sakÂrveli mis adgilisa my<strong>of</strong>Ta,<br />

aRitaces TiToeulman samoslisa misisagani mcired-mcired da wariRes igi<br />

evlogiad da sakurneblad sneulTa~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba 1986: 141).<br />

da kidev: `saba ganwmendilis cxovrebaSi~, ori morwmune Zma `dasneuldes<br />

Jamsa oden sTulisasa SemTxueviTa eSmakisaÁTa ficxlad. da ganwirnes igini<br />

sikudid, da iurvodes igini sTuelisaTÂs. maSin moiÃsenes wmidaÁ saba da<br />

ilocvides misa mimarT, da eCuena maT TiToeulsa TÂsisagan da hrqua: `aha<br />

esera vevedre me RmerTsa ganmrTelebisa TquenisaTÂs... aRdegiT da ganvediT<br />

saqmesa Tquensa. xolo eseni munquesve ganZlierdes, aRdges da warvides<br />

saqmesa TÂssa~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 116).<br />

xolo rac Seexeba eSmakTa gansxmas, aq SeiZleba movixmoT pasaJi `Tevdosi<br />

didis cxovrebidan~: erTi aleqsandrieli kaci `daecemoda igi eSmakisagan.<br />

da movida igi adgilsa mas da esvida igi, raÁTa RmerTman gankurnos locviTa<br />

mis wmidisaÁTa. da RmerTman ukunadroa gankurnebaÁ misi, vidre dRedmde<br />

wmidisa mis Sesuenebisa, raÁTa miT pativ-sces wmidasa TÂssa. da raJams gamovida<br />

suli netarisaÁ mis ÃorcTa misTagan, movida vnebuli igi da moekida igi<br />

wmidasa guamsa missa... da Tqua, viTarmed: ara uteo daflvad, vidremdis<br />

RmerTman locviTa misiTa momces gankurnebaÁ... da daaltobda ferÃTa misTa<br />

cremliTa da ityoda: Semiwyale me, wmidao RmrTisao, da aCuene, rameTu Sem-<br />

53

dgomadca ganslvisa Senisa amier s<strong>of</strong>liT arave dascxrebi vedrebad RmrTisa<br />

mimarT maTTÂs... da Seiwira RmerTman mowyaleman sarwmunoebaÁ misi da aCuena<br />

sakÂrvelebaÁ TÂsi Cueulebisaebr da meyseulad dasca igi sulman man arawmidaman,<br />

da iwyo sityuad wmidisa mimarT sityÂTa yuedrebisaÁTa. da myis ganvida<br />

misgan, da ganTavisuflda kaci igi~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975:<br />

196-197).<br />

b) saintereso SemTxvevas warmoadgens wminda nawilebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

iseTi saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia micvalebuli wmindanis cxedris gauxrwnelad<br />

Senaxva, an kidev micvalebuli wmindanis axlos angelozTa galoba.<br />

sanimuSod gavixsenebT or sagulisxmo moments: `saba ganwmendilis cxovrebaSi~<br />

weria, rom `ara mokuda wmidaÁ ese, aramed sZinavs... da RmerTsa saTno-eyo,<br />

viTarca weril ars: sulni marTalTa _ ÃelTa Sina RmrTisaTa, da<br />

ara Seexos maT sikudili, xolo guami misi saflavsa Sina Zes ganurRuevelad<br />

vidre dRendelad dRedmde, dacvul ars~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975:<br />

115).<br />

xolo `iovane oqropiris cxovrebaSi~ aRwerilia, Tu rogor gandevnes da<br />

awames iovanes mimdevari mgalobeli avtropiosi. `da gamoacxada RmerTman<br />

sakÂrveli, raJams mokudeboda igi, mimsgavsebuli mÃsnelsa Cuensa, rameTu<br />

SuvaRames galobaÁ ismoda angelozTaÁ zeda guamsa missa~ (iovane oqropiris<br />

cxovreba 1986: 120).<br />

g) aris saswaulebi, romlebSic gardacvlili wmindanebi sikvdilisagan<br />

gadaarCenen adamianebs da cxovelebs. movixmobT ramdenime pasaJs `saba<br />

ganwmendilis cxovrebidan~: rodesac datvirTuli aqlemi gadavarda kldidan,<br />

aqlemis sarkinozi patroni `RaRadebda da ityoda: locvao wmidisa<br />

sabaÁso, Seewie aqlemsa amas Cemsa... da ixila vinme beri Suenieri, zeda-mjdomarÀ<br />

aqlemsa mas mgorvalsa. da srbiT sxÂT gziT STavida Ãevad aqlemisa<br />

ufali da beri igi aqlemsa mas zeda mjdomarÀ ara pova. xolo aqlemi igi uvnebelad<br />

dacvuli pova~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 117). saba ganwmendilis<br />

suli aseve gadaarCens yrma bavSvs wyalSi danTqmisagan.<br />

2. zogadad agiografiul TxzulebebSi gavrcelebulia wmindanisagan<br />

adamianis an cxovelis mkvdreTiT aRdgena. aseT SemTxvevas vawydebiT `efrem<br />

asuris cxovrebaSi~: erTi mwvalebeli, romelic uflis nebiT da risxviT<br />

gvelis kbenisagan gardaicvala, efremma ixila ra `mkudari igi... miaqcia piri<br />

TÂsi aRmosavaliT da TayuaniscemiT iloca da aRupyra ÃeliTa TÂsiTa<br />

mkudarsa mas da aRadgina igi~ (efrem asuris cxovreba 1975: 225).<br />

3. aris aratipuri saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia gardacvlil wmindanTagan<br />

cocxal adamianebze garkveul movlenaTa winaswarmetyveleba. magaliTad,<br />

iovane oqropirs eCvenebian mociqulebi iovane da petre, romlebic<br />

uwinaswarmetyveleben iovanes devnis gamo evdoqsia ded<strong>of</strong>als, rom<br />

`aRetyinos da aRivsos matliTa cocxalive da geZiebdes Sen, raÁTamca<br />

Seiwyale, da ara gpoos da mokudes sensa mas~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba<br />

1986: 129).<br />

xolo `saba ganwmendilis cxovrebaSi~ erT vercxlis mWedels, romelsac<br />

mopares vercxli, uwinaswarmetyvelebs qristesTvis wamebuli Teodore vercxlis<br />

povnas sabas gansasvenebel adgilze: `aramed aRdeg da mived adgilsa<br />

mas, da hpovneT mun mparavni da vecxli Seni. da me aRvdeg masve Jamsa Sina da<br />

warviyvanen Cem Tana sxuanica. da viTarca mivediT adgilsa mas, romeli miCuena<br />

me wmidaman Teodore, vpoveT egre~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 116).<br />

54

V. saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia zemoqmedeba<br />

materialur samyaroze<br />

1. agiografiul TxzulebebSi moipoveba saswaulebi, romlebSic wmindanTa<br />

Zala aris hiperbolizirebuli. `saba ganwmendilis cxovrebaSi~, rodesac<br />

marTlmadideblobis mowinaaRmdegeebma alya Semoartyes did lavras da<br />

masSi my<strong>of</strong> sulier mamebs, `erTman vinme, Teudolos saxeliT, besi monazoni,<br />

SewyudobilTa maTgani, aman pova niCabi da aRiRo igi da qsenadoqiT gamovida.<br />

xolo mbrZolni igi iyvnes viTar samas oden, da aman martoman yovelni<br />

ganabnivna. xolo uxeTqna aravis... da munquesve RmrTismsaxurTa maT zeda<br />

brZolaÁ igi ganqarda~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 121-122).<br />

`Tevdosis cxovrebaSi~ ki moTxrobilia erTi saswauli, romlis mixedviT<br />

wmindanisagan gatanebuli wminda nawiliT, adamians Seemateba Zala da energia:<br />

TevdosisTan misuli spasalari wminda mamisagan iTxovs samosels, Seimoseba<br />

ZaZis samoseliT viTarca saWurveliT da wava sabrZolvelad. brZolaSi<br />

gamarjvebuli spasalari dabrundeba, Tevdosis Seswiravs madlobas da Tan<br />

uambobs, rom `Jamsa brZolisa SemTxuevisasa Sevimose samoseli igi ZaZisaÁ,<br />

romeli Sen momec nacvalad rkinisa jaWÂsa ... da ganved brZolad mterisa ...<br />

aÃda mtueri didZali srbiTa... mas Jamsa Sina gixile Sen, wmidao mamao, winaSe<br />

Cemsa, miCuenebd raÁ ÃeliTa SeniTa da maswavebd, viTar vyo. da SeniTa zaxebiTa<br />

ganmaZliera me RmerTman, da vaoten mterni igi~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa<br />

Tevdosisi 1975: 194).<br />

2. Zalze gavrcelebulia wminda mamaTagan bunebrivi movlenebis damor-<br />

Cileba da mbrZanebloba maTze. magaliTad, zRva auRelda naviT mimaval<br />

efrem asurs, `da Tumca ara SewevnaÁ RmrTisaÁ da locvaÁ wmidisa efremisi,<br />

navi da-mca-nTqumul iyo, rameTu yoveli samZimari da WurWeli STayares<br />

zRuasa, da ficxlad Relvida zRuaÁ igi...<br />

igi aRdga da Tayuanisca RmerTsa da tiroda da Ãelni TÂsni ganipyrna da<br />

juari daswera zRuasa da Tqua: saxeliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristÀsiTa...<br />

gibrZaneb, raÁTa dascxre da dayudden Relvani Senni. da viTarca Tqua<br />

wmidaman esre, dayudda zRuaÁ da Relvani misni~ (efrem asuris cxovreba<br />

1975: 221).<br />

xolo uwylobis dros Tevdosi dids evedreboden glaxakni wyals, da man<br />

`iloca, da gardamoÃda wÂmaÁ, da nay<strong>of</strong>ier iqmna queyanaÁ~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa<br />

Tevdosisi 1975: 194).<br />

3. aris saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia, Tu rogor icvlian Tvisebebs<br />

wmindanTa zemoqmedebiT bunebrivi da fizikuri movlenebi, stiqionebi. amis<br />

naTeli nimuSia `iovane oqropiris cxovrebaSi~ aRwerili saswauli, romlis<br />

Tanaxmad iovanes gaZevebis gamo uflisagan movlenili risxvis dros `kacni<br />

orTa mTaTa Soris cecxlisaTa iqceodes uvnebelad. xolo cecxli igi,<br />

viTarca gulisÃmieri, frinvida da zRuaÁ egreT Relvooda sarTulTa zeda<br />

mrguliad da ara Seexo saxlTa maT, romelTa Sina idva kimiliaÁ eklesiisaÁ...<br />

da aman eseviTarman cecxlman aravin dawua~ (iovane oqropiris cxovreba<br />

1986: 115-116).<br />

`saba ganwmendilis cxovrebaSi~ ki udabnoSi SeSiT mimavalma sulierma<br />

Zmam, romelsac gzaSi sicxe wamoewia, iloca da daxmareba SesTxova sabas: `da<br />

meyseulad romeli-igi suetiTa RrublisaÁTa agrilobda israÀlsa RmerTi,<br />

amasca egreve saxed Rrubeli cuarisaÁ mosca da daSrita wyurili misi da<br />

55

ganaZliera igi. da Tana-uvidoda mas Rrubeli igi vidre moslvadmde misa<br />

lavrad~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 70).<br />

4. agiografiul TxzulebebSi aRiniSneba iseTi SemTxvevebi, romlebSic<br />

wmindanTa CareviT bunebas icvlian nivTierebebi da sagnebi. ase, magaliTad,<br />

lavris magirosma, rodesac aRmoaCina xuroTaTvis gamzadebuli gogris simware,<br />

mivida saba ganwmendilTan da SesCivla. xolo saba `movida da quabsa mas<br />

daswera niSi juarisaÁ da hrqua magirossa mas: vidode, kurTxeul ars ufali.<br />

dauge tablebsa. da myis datkbna ayiroÁ igi. da Wames yovelTa da ganZRes da<br />

adidebdes RmerTsa~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 88). da kvlav sabam,<br />

gograSi Casxmuli Zmari aqcia Rvinod da Tan gaixsena saxarebiseuli saswauli<br />

qristesgan wylis Rvinod gadaqcevis Sesaxeb.<br />

5. arcTu iSviaTia naTargmn agiografiul TxzulebebSi saswaulebi, romlebSic<br />

wyaros aRmoceneba da sakvebis gamravlebaa aRwerili. ufali iCens<br />

guluxvobas Tavisi sulieri Svilebis mimarT Znelbedobis Jams da ajildoebs<br />

maT wyarosa da sakvebis aRmocenebiT. udabnoSi mimaval antoni dids da<br />

monazvnebs Seawuxebs uwyloba, da amis gamo `dacÂees queyanasa da aqlemica<br />

igi ganuteves warslvad... da berman man viTarca ixilna yovelnive Wirsa Sina,<br />

Sewuxna friad da sulT-iTqumida da warvida maTgan mcired, moidrikna muÃlni;<br />

Ãelni ganipyrna da ilocvida. da meys ismina misi ufalman, da wyaroÁ<br />

aRmoÃda mier adgiliT, sada-igi dga, da ilocvida~ (antoni didis cxovreba<br />

1975: 35).<br />

agreTve domentianosTan da efTvimi didTan erTad udabnoSi mimavali<br />

saba, sicxis da uwylobis gamo davarda miwaze, ris gamoc `bersa Seewyala igi<br />

da ganeSovra maTgan viTar qvis-satyorcebel oden da davarda pirsa zeda<br />

TÂssa, evedreboda RmerTsa da Tqua: ufalo RmerTo, moec wyali adgilsa<br />

amas urwyulsa da ganuqarve Wabuksa amas wyurili.<br />

da Semdgomad locvisa mouwoda da samjer dasca skalidi da aRmoeca<br />

adgilsa mas wyali cxoveli~ (saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 62).<br />

rac Seexeba sakvebis aRmocenebis SemTxvevas, sanimuSod gavixsenebT erT<br />

epizods `Tevdosis cxovrebidan~, romelSic SimSilobis Jams Tevdosis mier<br />

makaris wverisagan gaCenili marcvali `viTarca didi raÁme evlogiaÁ~,<br />

makarma `STaagdo igi saifqlesa adgilsa da dahkrZala kari misi...<br />

da mesamesa dResa mivida amba makari saifqlesa mas adgilsa da pova igi<br />

savsÀ ifqliTa.. da hrqua: akurTxe, mamao, raÁTa ganvaRoT kari adgilisaÁ<br />

amis da vWamoT nay<strong>of</strong>isagan, romeli ara daTesul ars da arca queyanasa<br />

gamouRebia, romeli locviTa SeniTa ikurTxa da ganmravlda erTisa misgan<br />

marculisa, romeli Sen momec~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: 191-192).<br />

6. zogadad agiografiul TxzulebebSi farTod gavrcelebulia wmindanisa<br />

da cxovelTa urTierTobis motivi, romelSic warmoCenilia wmindan-<br />

Tagan cxovelTa moSinaurebisa da morCilebis faqtebi.<br />

cxovelTa da mwerTa damorCilebis SemTxvevas vawydebiT `Tevdosi didis<br />

cxovrebaSi~: `movida odesme queyanasa amas uricx mkali da quemgogvari. da<br />

queyanisa kacni moivltodes wmidisa amis... da movida, sada-igi iyo simravlÀ<br />

mklisaÁ mis. da mun dadga igi da iloca da brZana, raÁTa mohguaron mas mklisa<br />

misgan... da hrqua maT: Tquenca monani xarT Cuenebrve erTisa uflisani, nu<br />

SeexebiT glaxakTa sazrdelsa _ esrÀT gibrZanebs Tquen ufali. maSin yoveli,<br />

romeli iyo mkalTa maTgani gareSe Robesa, dadga, romeli Sina iyo,<br />

iwyo Wamad Tivasa da dautevebda nay<strong>of</strong>sa. da yovelma, romelTa ixiles ese,<br />

daukÂrda~ (cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: 193).<br />

56

aseve `antoni didis cxovrebaSi~ `udabnoÁsa mÃecni mizeziTa mis wylisaÁTa<br />

movidodes da mravalgzis avnebdes Tesulsa mas missa da Sromilsa.<br />

xolo man gancxromiT Seipyra erTi mÃeci da etyoda yovelTa: rad mavnebT<br />

me, rameTu me ara gavneb Tquen; warvediT da saxeliTa iesuÁsiTa nuRara<br />

moeaxlebiT aqa. mieriTgan SeSindes mcnebisa misTÂs da arRara moeaxlnes<br />

adgilsa mas~ (antoni didis cxovreba 1975: 34).<br />

cxovelTa moSinaurebasa da damorCilebaze metyvelebs agreTve `saba<br />

ganwmendilis cxovrebaSi~ aRwerili erTi saswauli, romlis mixedviT gzad<br />

mimaval sabas Sexvda `lomi friad didi da mkelobeli. da Seuvrda mas da<br />

uCuena ferÃi igi, romliTa kelobda. da TualTa wamisy<strong>of</strong>iTa evedreboda<br />

mas, raÁTamca uxila. xolo mamaman Cuenman saba gulisxma-yo mÃecisa mis tkivili<br />

da aRupyra ferÃi misi da CndÀ aRsobili gamohÃada mas. da munquesve<br />

daucxra salmobaÁ. igi lomsa mas da vidoda igi mSÂdobiT. mier JamiTgan ormeocTa<br />

maT dReTa marxvisaTa ukuana Seudga, viTarca monaÁ, Tana-hyvanda~<br />

(saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: 88-89).<br />

amgvarad, warmodgenil naSromSi SeZlebisdagvarad mimovixileT `cxovrebaTa~<br />

Janris naTargmni agiografiuli Txzulebebi, vaCveneT Txzulebebs<br />

Soris arsebuli siuJetur-kompoziciuri paralelebi, agreTve siuJeturkompoziciuri<br />

Sablonebi da bolos, isini davajgufeT saTanado sqemebis<br />

mixedviT.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

antoni didis cxovreba 1975: cxorebaÁ wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa antonisi. mamaTa<br />

cxorebani (britaneTis muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri XI saukunisa). teqsti<br />

gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo vaxtang imnaiSvilma.<br />

Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />

biblia 1989: biblia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. Tb.: saqarTvelos<br />

sapatriarqos gamocema, 1989.<br />

efrem asuris cxovreba 1975: cxorebaÁ da gangebaÁ wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa<br />

udabnoÁsa mTiebisa da monazonTa moZRurisa efremisi. mamaTa cxorebani,<br />

(britaneTis muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri XI saukunisa). teqsti gamosacemad<br />

moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo vaxtang imnaiSvilma. Tb.: Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />

iovane oqropiris cxovreba 1986: `iovane oqropiris cxovrebis~ Zveli qarTuli<br />

Targmani da misi Taviseburebani. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva<br />

da leqsikoni daurTo r. gvaramiam. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1986.<br />

mrevliSvili 2002: mrevliSvili n. grigol noselis `grigol sakvirvelmoqmedis<br />

cxovrebis~ qarTuli versia. sakandidato disertacia, Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

uniersiteti, 2002.<br />

saba ganwmendilis cxovreba 1975: cxorebaÁ netarisa mamisa Cuenisa sabaÁsi.<br />

mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri XI saukunisa). teqsti<br />

gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo vaxtang imnaiSvilma.<br />

Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />

siraZe 1975: siraZe r. Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis<br />

sakiTxebi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />

cxorebaÁ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: cxorebaÁ wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa Tevdosisi.<br />

mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri XI saukunisa). teqsti<br />

gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo vaxtang imnaiSvilma.<br />

Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />

57

Irina Javakhadze<br />

58<br />

Miracle types in Translated Hagiography <strong>of</strong> the Genre <strong>of</strong> Lives<br />

Summary<br />

Miracles, as one <strong>of</strong> the widespread motifs in hagiographic works, are represented with<br />

a wide range in the considered translated hagiographic works <strong>of</strong> the Lives genre. On the<br />

basis <strong>of</strong> their study, they have been classified and arranged according to the following<br />

groups: I. Visions and divine appearances, which unites visions in reality, visions in sleep<br />

and visions at the time <strong>of</strong> death. The subgroup <strong>of</strong> visions in reality further includes<br />

miracles <strong>of</strong> the following type: beholding in a vision <strong>of</strong> the place where a church must be<br />

built, miraculous appearance <strong>of</strong> saints in the public, appearance <strong>of</strong> the Lord to a saint not in<br />

a visible, but in a verbal form, divine miraculous visions, the vision on one and the same<br />

question beheld by two different clergymen simultaneously and finally mystical miracles.<br />

Among visions in sleep, along with widespread miracles, cases <strong>of</strong> the appearance <strong>of</strong> a saint<br />

to several persons in order to entrust them with one and the same assignment also occur.<br />

Holy fathers have a vision before dying, they also behold a vision at the time <strong>of</strong> the repose<br />

<strong>of</strong> other holy fathers. II. The effect on human beings. This group unites facts <strong>of</strong> miraculous<br />

punishment <strong>of</strong> the wicked by saints, healing <strong>of</strong> the sick, casting unclean spirits out <strong>of</strong> men,<br />

facts <strong>of</strong> prophesying and performance <strong>of</strong> miracles by saints in their absence. III. Miracles<br />

sent by the Lord without the participation <strong>of</strong> a saint, which unites natural calamities<br />

happening by the Lord’s will as a punishment, the wrath <strong>of</strong> God befalling wicked people<br />

and the support shown to holy fathers. IV. The effect on the world <strong>of</strong> the dead, including<br />

miracles <strong>of</strong> tombs and holy relics (after saints’ death healing <strong>of</strong> people by touching holy<br />

relics, casting devils out <strong>of</strong> human beings; incorruptibility <strong>of</strong> the body <strong>of</strong> a deceased saint<br />

and rescuing <strong>of</strong> people and animals from death by saints), raising <strong>of</strong> a dead person by the<br />

saint and the prophecy <strong>of</strong> deceased saints about living people. V. The effect on the material<br />

world, which unites cases <strong>of</strong> the hyperbolization <strong>of</strong> the saints’ power, controlling-subduing<br />

<strong>of</strong> elements by saints, changing <strong>of</strong> the nature <strong>of</strong> elements, substances and objects, making a<br />

spring to flow, multiplication <strong>of</strong> food and relationship with the animal kingdom.

erZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ da<br />

aristides dakarguli `apologia~<br />

qeTevan goderZiSvili<br />

berZnul-qarTul literaturul urTierTobaTa kvlevis xangrZliv<br />

procesSi mravali problema wamoWrila. araerT sakiTxs mohfenia naTeli,<br />

zogic dRemde ar aris bolomde garkveuli. maT Sorisaa araerTi Tema, romlis<br />

mniSvneloba scdeba sakuTriv berZnul-bizantiuri da qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

farglebs da gacilebiT didi datvirTvis matarebelia zogadkulturuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT. amgvar Temebs miekuTvneba `varlaamisa da ioasafis<br />

cxovreba~, qarTul mwerlobaSi _ `sibrZne balavarisa~, igive `balavariani~.<br />

Zveli qarTuli literatura ms<strong>of</strong>lio qristianul mwerlobaSi mniSvnelovan<br />

rols asrulebda. es garemoeba ki imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom qar-<br />

Tuli kultura Taviseburi damakavSirebeli xidi iyo aRmosavlur da dasavlur<br />

samyaros Soris. sparsuli da arabuli gziT mosuli aRmosavluri azrovneba<br />

qarTul sinamdvileSi erwymoda did bizantiur kulturas da erovnul<br />

qarTul niadagze originalur gadamuSavebas da gaazrebas poulobda.<br />

aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom bizantiuri mwerlobis gziT, qarTul samyaros<br />

Tavisi wvlili Seutania Sua saukuneebis zogad-qristianuli literaturuli<br />

da sazogadoebriv filos<strong>of</strong>iuri azris ganviTarebaSi. am Tezisis erTerTi<br />

damadasturebeli faqtia Sua saukuneebis Zalze popularuli romani<br />

`varlaam da ioasafi~ (xinTibiZe 1982b : 288).<br />

am nawarmoebis siuJeti aseTia: indoeTis mefe, saxelad abeneri, aris<br />

qristianTa mteri. mas hyavs mxolodSobili vaJi ioasafi. sanam vaJi SeeZineboda,<br />

astrologebma uwinaswarmetyveles mefes, rom misi vaJi gaxdeboda<br />

Zlieri, magram miiRebda axal doqtrinas. amis aRsakveTad, mefem mas gars<br />

Semoartya lamazi msaxurebi, romelTac unda ezrunaT imaze, rom ufliswuls<br />

ar gaego ra aris avadmy<strong>of</strong>oba da sikvdili, ar daenaxa moxucebuli<br />

xalxi, magram ioasafs undoda Tavisufleba. wavida samogzaurod, da rogorc<br />

budas cxovrebaSia, man gzad naxa uamravi gaWirveba, uimedoba. Semdgom<br />

masTan midis varlaami, igi aqristianebs mefis vaJs da kvlav midis udabnoSi.<br />

mefe SvilTan gamarTuli amao saubris Semdeg, gadaswyvets gamarTos sajaro<br />

diskusia. mefis veziri naqori unda daupirispirdes varlaams da unda moaxdinos<br />

qristianuli religiis uary<strong>of</strong>iTi axsna. roca es dRe dadga, mefiswulma<br />

uambo naqors, Tu ra iyo qristianuli mrwamsi, amiTi stimulirebuli<br />

naqori mefisgan darigebulis sawinaaRmdegod qristianobis dasacavad<br />

iwyebs saubars. amis Semdgom, samefoSi yvela gaqristiandeba. mefis vaJi uars<br />

ambobs samefo taxtze da midis udabnoSi balavarTan erTad locvisTvis da<br />

fiqrisTvis.<br />

`varlaam da ioasafi~ gaxlavT hagiografiul-moraluri da dogmatikuri<br />

xasiaTis Txzuleba, romelic warmoadgens budas cxovrebis qristianul<br />

moTxrobad gadmokeTebas (interpretacias), umTavresad aristides `apologiis~<br />

safuZvelze. teqstSi CarTuli `naqoris sityvis~ didi nawili, aristides<br />

`apologiis~ berZnuli originalia. am romanSi gamoyenebulia zogierTi<br />

sxva wyaroc. rogoricaa, magaliTad: `cxovreba da wameba ekaterinesi~,<br />

`tr<strong>of</strong>imesi~, `filipe heraklielisa~ da aRapite konstantinopolelis `samefo<br />

qarta anu tomari~ (VI s) (kekeliZe 1951:473).<br />

59

es nawarmoebi savsea uxvi igavebiT da parabolebiT, romlebic aRmosavleTidan<br />

modis da gvabrunebs antikurobaSi. miCneulia, rom am romanis<br />

siuJeturi qarga, romelmac gauZlo gadamuSavebas Sua saukuneebis TiTqmis<br />

yvela religiis da moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, sawyiss mainc budisturi<br />

da qristianuli Temebis Sexvedris punqtebidan iRebs. swored amitom,<br />

Suasaukuneebis eklesiebi iviwyeben moTxrobis zRaprul Sinaarss da varlaams<br />

da ioasafs ayeneben wmindanebis gverdiT qristianul kalendrebSi. rogorc<br />

Cans, romanis avtori Tavisdauneburad budaizmis qristianul interpretacias<br />

axdenda.<br />

Znelia moiZebnos Sua saukuneebis ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturaSi ufro popularuli<br />

Zegli, vidre `varlaamisa da ioasafis~ `sulTamargebeli istoriaa~.<br />

XIII saukunemde is iTargmna uamrav enaze. aRmosavleTSi is iTargmna: arabulad,<br />

eTiopiurad, somxurad, ebraulad, dasavleTSi misi versiebi mraval<br />

enazea, inglisuris CaTvliT. 1204 wels norvegiis mefem Tavad Targmna<br />

islandiurad (kekeliZe 1951: 262).<br />

mecnierebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia am Zeglis pirveli qristianuli<br />

gadamuSaveba da berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmna, radganac<br />

Txzulebis popularoba mTlianad misi berZnuli redaqciidan unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />

wamosuli. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad ki, qarTuli wyaroebi da Txzulebis<br />

qarTuli versiebi specialistebis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxureben.<br />

sanam mecnierebisaTvis cnobili gaxdeboda qarTuli `sibrZne balavarisa~,<br />

qarTul variants ver iTvaliswinebdnen im grZel gzaze, rac berZnulma<br />

`varlaam da ioasafma~ gaiara indoeTidan xmelTaSua zRvamde. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom iyo ramodenime cnoba, romlis mixedviTac `varlaamisa da<br />

ioasafis cxovreba~ qarTulidan momdinare Canda.<br />

ase rom, bizantinistikis erT-erTi udidesi problemaa berZnuli `varlaam<br />

da ioasafis~ warmoSobisa da misi avtorobis sakiTxi, romelic amavdroulad<br />

qarTuli filologiis erT-erTi umTavresi sakvlevi sakiTxicaa<br />

(xinTibiZe 1982 b:262-772).<br />

2500 welze meti gavida mas Semdeg, rac pirvelad Seiqmna is birTvi, romlidanac<br />

Semdeg qristianul samyaroSi popularuli nawarmoebi `varlaam da<br />

ioasafis cxovreba~ warmoiSva. am xnis ganmavlobaSi xdeba am siuJetis araqristianuli<br />

enebidan qristianulze, erTi araqristianuli Tu qristianuli<br />

enidan meoreze Targmna-gadakeTeba da yoveli Targmanis, gadakeTebisa da<br />

gadawerisas misi agebulebis, Sinaarsis, saTaurisa da avtoris Sesabamisi,<br />

metnaklebi cvalebadoba. XI saukuneSi ki, mas Semdeg rac nawarmoebi evropul<br />

literaturaSi gamoCnda berZnul-laTinuri versiis saxiT, kerZod rac<br />

berZnul xelnawerebSi gaCnda warwera imis maCveneblad, rom is qarTulidan<br />

berZnulad Targmna efTvime aTonelma, mTargmnelTa Tu gadamwerTa umravlesoba<br />

sxvadasxva mizeziT cdilobda Seecvala rogorc nawarmoebis saTauri,<br />

ise misi avtor-mTargmnelis vinaobac (gafrindaSvili 2005: 8).<br />

`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli teqsti beWduri saxiT sakmaod mogvianebiT,<br />

XIX s-Si (1832 w.)gamoica boisonades mier parizSi `Anecdota Graeca~-Si.<br />

am faqtma bizantinistikaSi erTgvari gakvirvebac gamoiwvia. sakvirvelia,<br />

rom es Zegli, romelic odesRac sargeblobda aseTi popularobiT, Tavis<br />

originalur enaze XIX saukunemde ar iyo dabeWdili. am periodSi, Txzulebam<br />

daibruna Tavisi odindeli popularoba, Tumca es interesi amjerad,<br />

mxolod wminda mecnieruli xasiaTisa iyo.<br />

60

erZnuli teqstis pirvelma gamomcemelma i. boisonadem daafuZna Tavisi<br />

gamocema 4 xelnawerze dayrdnobiT da parizis nacionalur biblioTekaSi 16<br />

sxva berZnuli xelnaweris arsebobaze miuTiTa. h.zotenbergmac aseve miuTi-<br />

Ta ramdenime aTeul xelnawerze 1886 wels. xelnawerTa es mozRvaveba izrdeboda<br />

da erT-erT aRnusxvaSi 14 aTeuls miaRwia. `varlaamisa da ioasafis~<br />

berZnul xelnawerTa gamovlineba kvlavac grZeldeba. 1968 wels am<br />

Txzulebis uZvelesi TariRiani berZnuli xelnaweri aRmoaCina fonkiCma,<br />

daTariRebuli 1021 wliT (xinTibiZe 1982 b: 263).<br />

mecnierebma labulem da librextma daasabuTes teqstis aSkarad budisturi<br />

warmoSoba. amave dros dadasturda, rom berZnuli teqsti amJRavnebda<br />

ukiduresad zust msgavsebebs orTodoqsul-qristianul dogmatikasTan.<br />

masSi gamoyenebulia: gr. nazianzelis, basili didis, ioane damaskelis,<br />

aristides doqtrinuli nawerebi da xSir SemTxvevaSi msgavseba ioane damaskelTan<br />

sityvasityviT identurobamde adis (xinTibiZe,1982 b:267).<br />

mecnieruli kvlevis Semdgom etapze, h.zotenbergma, mecnieruli argumentaciiT,<br />

eWvis qveS daayena berZnul xelnawerTa tradiciiT naanderZevi<br />

da `varlaam da ioasafis~ laTinurad mTargmnelis, biliusis, mier, Txzulebis<br />

laTinuri Targmanis SesavalSi gatarebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori VII-VIII saukuneebis didi saeklesio moRvawe<br />

ioane damaskeli iyo. swored aq daisva pirvelad sakiTxi imis Sesxaeb, Tu vin<br />

SeiZleba y<strong>of</strong>iliyo am Txzulebis berZnuli redaqciis avtori.<br />

zotenbergma dauSva, rom Txzulebis avtori iyo VII saukunis sabawmindeli<br />

ucnobi beri ioane. (xinTibiZe 1982 b:265).<br />

am kvlevaSi axali etapi Cndeba 1931 wels, rodesac Jurnal `analeqta bolandianaSi~<br />

(briuseli, parizi), gamoqveynda paul peetersis werili `varlaam<br />

da ioasafis pirveli laTinuri Targmani da misi berZnuli dedani”.<br />

p.peetersi yuradRebas aqcevs `varlaam da ioasafis~ uZveles laTinur Targmans,<br />

romelic 1048 wels iqna Sesrulebuli berZnuli enidan ucnobi laTineli<br />

mTargmnelis mier. mTargmneli iZleva Targmanis mokle istorias da<br />

aRniSnavs, rom berZnulad es Txzuleba Targmna efTvTime aTonelma. asabu-<br />

Tebs, rom amas adgili unda hqonoda X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze. is am azrs<br />

anviTarebs Semdeg masalebze dayrdnobiT:<br />

1. laTinuri cnoba _ XIs-is, romelic wamZRvarebuli aqvs 1048 wlis<br />

laTinur Targmans da albaT is mas berZnuli dednidan gadmohyva. neapolis<br />

nacionaluri biblioTekis XIV saukunis xelnawerSi moTavsebulia `varlaam<br />

da ioasafis~ pirveli laTinuri Targmani, romelsac win uZRvis lema,<br />

romelic warmomdgaria im kategoriis berZnuli lemidan, romelic Txzulebis<br />

mTargmnelad eqvTime aTonels acxadebs. garda am lemisa, Targmans<br />

SesavalSic da dasasrulSic erTvis mTargmnelis anderZi, romelSic berZnuli<br />

`varlaamisa da ioasafis~ Seqmna dakavSirebulia efTvime aTonelis saxelTan.<br />

es xelnaweri pirvelad swored peetersma Seiswavla.<br />

2. aRsaniSnavia XI s-is pirveli naxevris berZnul xelnawerSi arsebuli<br />

lema (daculi veneciis wm. markozis biblioTekaSi). am lemis mixedviT,<br />

`varlaam da ioasafis~ sulismargebeli istoria, eTiopelTa qveynidan wminda<br />

qalaqSi moitana sabas monastris berma ioanem, xolo berZnuli enaze<br />

iberiulidan metafrasireba gaukeTa pativcemulma da saTno kacma efTvimem,<br />

iberad wodebulma. am lemis monacemebs mxars uWers sxva berZnuli xelnaweric.<br />

lemis am variants ewinaaRmdegeba lemis sxva saxeobebi, romelTa<br />

mixedviTac am ambis wminda qalaqSi momtani aris pativcemuli da rCeuli<br />

61

kaci, sabas monastris beri ioane, xolo mis berZnul enaze Targmnaze araferia<br />

naTqvami. lemebis ganxilvisas miiCneven, rom uZvelesia is varianti,<br />

sadac efTvimes Sesaxebac aris saubari, radgan is veneciis xelnaweri, romelSic<br />

eqvTime ixsenieba mTargmnelad, adreulia, XI saukunisaa. lemis pirveli<br />

variantidan naxevris Camocileba, aToneli berZnebis qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTul moqmedebadaa miCneuli. qarTvelTa devnas aTonze ki, mar-<br />

Tlac hqonda adgili XI saukunis meore meoTxedSi. 1975 wels e. xinTibiZem<br />

eWvi Seitana lemis cvlilebis zemoT naCveneb variantSi da gamoTqva azri,<br />

rom uZvelesi lemis am saxeobebidan iyo is, romelSic mxolod ambis momtan<br />

ioaneze iyo saubari, xolo eqvTimes Sesaxeb cnoba misi gardacvalebis Semdgom<br />

(1028 weli) unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo darTuli. es lema aTonis qarTvelebs unda<br />

SeedginaT. es unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo pasuxi im gaafTrebul brZolaze, rac ber-<br />

Znebma wamoiwyes efTvimes mimarT. fonkiCic amave mosazrebas amyarebs, mxolod<br />

lemas XII saukuniT aTariRebs. e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom lemis meore<br />

nawili XI saukuneSia Seqmnili.<br />

3. 1042 w. giorgi aTonelis cnoba, romelic, giorgi mTawmindelis<br />

`ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSia~ CarTuli.<br />

peetersi miiCnevs, rom am romanis berZnuli legendis tradicia swored<br />

XI s-Si iwyeba. 1048 wlis laTinur Targmanamde es romani dasavleTSi jer kidev<br />

ar y<strong>of</strong>ila popularuli. p.peetersi amas faqtebiT asabuTebs. igi miiCnevs,<br />

rom lemebSi pirveladia is, romelSic mTargmnelad eqvTime ixsenieba<br />

da Semdgomia is varianti, sadac ioane damaskelia gamocxadebuli mTargmnelad.<br />

peeterss specialuri gamokvlevebiT daeTanxmnen amerikelebi: r.vulfi,<br />

r.bleiki. aTeuli wlebis manZilze es azri dominirebda bizantinistikaSi<br />

(xinTibiZe 1982 b:266-267).<br />

amis Semdgom samecniero wreebSi axali etapia f.delgeris statiis gamo-<br />

Cena. is icavs ioane damaskelis avtorobas. igi cal-calke ixilavs peetersis<br />

argumentebs, romlebic efTvimes avtorobis sakiTxs uWeren mxars da zotenbergisas,<br />

romelic damasakelis avtorobis Teorias ar eTanxmeba. igi amodis<br />

Txzulebis stilidan, rac misi azriT pirwmindad damaskeliseulia<br />

(xinTibiZe 1982:267-269).<br />

1957 wels d.langis werili `balavarianze~, am nawarmoebis mecnieruli<br />

kvlevis procesSi mniSvnelovani etapia. d. langma mxari dauWira efTvime<br />

aTonelis avtorobas da ganixila `balavarianis~ ori qarTuli redaqciis<br />

warmoSobis sakiTxi. misi azriT, vrceli qarTuli redaqcia `iodasafis<br />

cxovreba~ arabuli araqristianuli teqstis qarTuli originaluri gadaqristianeba.<br />

am ukanasknelis Semoklebaa Tbilisuri redaqcia, qarTuli redaqcia<br />

`sibrZne balavarisa~, romelic aseve IX saukuneSia gadamuSavebuli.<br />

langma inglisur enaze Targmna orive qarTuli redaqcia. anri greguaric<br />

efTvime aTonelis avtorobas uWerda mxars, aseve glenvil daunic<br />

(xinTibiZe 1982 b:268).<br />

XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi qarTvelma mecnierebmac bevri Sroma gaswies am<br />

Txzulebis redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebaTa dasadgenad. 1956 wels<br />

k.kekeliZem dawera narkvevi `balavarianis~ romani qristianul mwerlobaSi~.<br />

k.kekeliZe exeba am romanis sxvadasxva redaqciaTa erTmaneTTan mimarTebas.<br />

k.kekeliZe uSvebda arabuli qristianuli versiis arsebobas da qarTuli<br />

Targmanis misgan momdinareobas. amave wels S.nucubiZis specialuri monografia<br />

qveyndeba. axali hipoTeza Cndeba, rom mokle qarTuli redaqcia aris<br />

ara Targmani, aramed originaluri da dawerilia qarTul enaze VII saukuneSi<br />

62

ioane mosxis mier, romelic mkvlevaris azriT orenovani mweralia. is wers<br />

berZnuladac da qarTuladac.<br />

1957 wels i. abulaZem gamoaqveyna qarTuli mokle da vrceli ierusalimuri<br />

variantebi da mimoixila maTi urTierTmimarTebis problema. Txzulebis<br />

qarTul-berZnuli teqstebis mimarTebas da `varlaam da ioasafis~<br />

lemis Seswavlas vrceli gamokvleva miuZRvna s. yauxCiSvilmac.<br />

60-ian wlebSi delgeris hipoTeza ioane damaskelis avtorobisa, kvlav<br />

aqtualuri xdeba. albaT imitom rom, bizantiuri literaturis saukeTeso<br />

qmnilebis avtorad, damaskelis garda sxva avtori ver warmoedginaT. cnobili<br />

bizantinisti hans beki eTanxmeba ioane damaskelis avtorobas<br />

(xinTibiZe 1982 b:270-271).<br />

qarTvelma mecnierma e. xinTibiZem `varlaam da ioasafis~ sakiTxs uamravi<br />

mecnieruli kvleva miuZRvna. 1976 wels parizSi gamoqveynda e.xinTibiZis<br />

gamokvleva `balavarianis~ qarTuli da berZnuli teqstebis mimarTebis<br />

Taobaze. naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia am Txzulebis arabuli redaqciac.<br />

misi daskvniT, arabuli redaqcia berZnuls ar hgavs, ufro qarTuls emsgavseba.<br />

qarTuli Sualeduri redaqciaa. e. xinTibiZis azriT, berZnul redaqciaSi<br />

ar Cans arc erTi winadadeba, romelic qarTulis gverdis avliT<br />

arabulidan iyos gakeTebuli. sainteresoa d.Jimares monografiac. man arabuli<br />

versia Seadara berZnul da qarTul redaqciebs da qarTuli redaqcia<br />

Sualedur redaqciad miiCnia (xinTibiZe 1976: 16-28).<br />

1991 wels bizantinistTa XVIII saerTaSoriso kongresze moxda prezentacia<br />

`oqsforduli bizantinistikis leqsikonis~ samtomeulisa. am samtomeulis<br />

Seqmna dakavSirebulia cnobili bizantinistis, a.kaJdanis saxelTan.<br />

leqsikonis pirvel tomSi moTavsebulia a.kaJdanis statia bizantiuri romanis<br />

`varlaam da ioasafis` Sesaxeb. aq vkiTxulobT, rom berZnuli `varlaam da<br />

ioasafis~ Seqmnis TariRi da avtoroba azrTa sxvadasxvaobis sagania. mecnieruli<br />

tradicia mxars uWers or saxels: ioane damaskelsa da efTvime<br />

iberiels, romelsac am naSromis Targmna miewereba qarTulidan. kaJdani<br />

miiCnevs, rom arc erTi maTgani ar SeiZleba iyos avtori da naSromi unda<br />

miekuTvnos ucnob ioane sabawmindels da daTariRdes IX saukuniT.<br />

kaJdanis es Tvalsazrisi TiTqmis gameorebaa pirveli mecnieruli Tvalsazrisisa,<br />

romelic zotenbergs miekuTvneba. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom zotenbergi<br />

kaJdanisagan gansxvavebiT miiCnevda, rom es ioane sabawmindeli unda<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo VII saukunis ucnobi beri.<br />

kaJdanma gaiTvaliswina zotenbergis Teoriis winaaRmdeg arsebuli mecnieruli<br />

Tvalsazrisebi da daaskvna, rom Zeglis VII-VIII saukuneebiT daTari-<br />

Rebas teqstobrivi niuansebic ar uWers mxars da ucnobi beri IX saukuneSi<br />

gadmoiyvana.<br />

e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom kaJdanis Tvalsazrisi imiTaa saintereso, rom<br />

gvxveba axali argumentebi, romlebic abaTilebs ioane damaskelis avtorobis<br />

sakiTxs. amasTanave, kaJdani cdilobs teqstSi ipovos iseTi detalebi,<br />

romlebic nawarmoebis Seqmnas efTvimes epoqaSi gamoricxaven.<br />

e. xinTibiZis azriT IX saukunis sabawmindeli beri ar SeiZleba y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />

berZnuli redaqciis avtori (xinTibiZe 2003: 52-62]<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom: erTmaneTTan ar aris Sejerebuli `varlaam<br />

da ioasafis~ yvela berZnuli xelnaweri. ar aris dazustebuli yvela maTganSi<br />

Txzuleba zustad erTi da imave Semadgenlobisaa, Tu gamosay<strong>of</strong>ia redaqciebi<br />

da variantebi. ar aris dadgenili, Tu ra saxis cvlilebebi ganicada<br />

63

teqstma saukuneTa manZilze. dasturdeba, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ erTi<br />

XIs. xelnaweri, romelic moTavsebulia moskovis _y<strong>of</strong>il sinodalur biblioTekaSi,<br />

romelic erT dros aTonis iberTa monastris kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda,<br />

inaxavs minis gamocemasTan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad mokle<br />

teqsts. ar aris dadgenili berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis” teqstualuri<br />

mimarTeba qarTuli `balavarianis~ or redaqciasTan _ mokle Tbilisur<br />

redaqciasTan _ `sibrZne balavarisa~ da vrcel _ ierusalimur redaqciasTan,<br />

romelsac xelnaweris Tanaxmad `iodasafis cxovrebac~ SeiZleba<br />

ewodos. Tumca, sanam qarTul teqstTan mimarTeba gairkveva, jer berZnul<br />

xelnawerTa urTierTmimarTebis garkveva iqneboda ukeTesi, raTa gamovleniliyo<br />

Tavdapirveli da gviandeli variantebi. aseve gasarkvevia arabuli<br />

redaqciis teqsturi mimarTeba qarTul da berZnul teqstebTan. savsebiT<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom arabuli wyarodan modiodes ierusalimuri redaqcia,<br />

aqedan ki Tbilisuri (xinTibiZe 1982 b:280-281).<br />

sainteresoa erTi garemoebac. berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~, rogorc<br />

literaturuli Zegli, IX saukunis sabawmindis literaturul garemocvaSi<br />

ar eteva. sabawmindis kulturuli garemo religiuri SemwynareblobiTa da<br />

literaturuli TanamSromlobiT xasiaTdeba. berZnuli `varlaam da<br />

ioasafi~ ki, gansxvavebiT misi winamorbedi arabuli da qarTuli redaqciebisagan,<br />

aZlierebs polemikur _ dogmatur stils. Zveli _ Semwynarebluri<br />

literaturuli stilidan mas auRia bevri elementi, magram e. xinTibiZe amas<br />

imiT xsnis, rom berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ gadaTargmna da gadamuSavebaa<br />

swored dasaxelebul garemocvaSi Seqmnili qarTuli `iodasafis cxovrebisa~.<br />

magram amas miuRia axali literaturuli forma, romelic swored X<br />

saukunis dasasrulis kvals atarebs. esaa swored is metafrasuli hagiografiuli<br />

stili, romelic aSkarad SeiniSneba romanSi. Cvenamde moRweuli es<br />

Txzuleba aSkarad metafrasuli Zeglia, amas TviT avtoric afiqsirebs. misi<br />

TqmiT, nawarmoebi `arwmuno Canawerebis metafrasirebas~warmoadgens. metafrasuli<br />

stili ki X saukunis 80-iani wlebidan mkvidrdeba bizantiur mwerlobaSi<br />

da isic konstantinopolis literaturul garemocvaSi (xinTibiZe<br />

1975:125-136).<br />

sainteresoa erTi faqtoric. ra iyo is stimuli, rac biZgs miscemda X<br />

saukunis dasasruls, aTonis mTaze, bizantiuri samonastro korporaciis<br />

centrSi, im literaturuli saqmianobis wamowyebas, romelic bizantiuri<br />

literaturis Sedevris, `varlaam da ioasafis~ SeqmniT dagvirgvinda? e.xin-<br />

TibiZe am stimuls ori garemoebiT xsnis. pirveli, es aris qarTvelebis SeWra<br />

aTonis mTis samonastro korporaciis cxovrebaSi, maTi uzado saqmianoba<br />

aTonis qarTul saliteraturo skolaSi X saukunis gasuls, ramac bizantiis<br />

saero da sasuliero wreebis yuradReba miiqcia. es erTis mxriv gamowveuli<br />

iyo qarTveli didgvarovnebis daxmarebiT konstantinopolis samefo karisadmi,<br />

rodesac barda skliarosi ajanyda da meores mxriv, maTi simdidriT,<br />

rac qarTvelTa mier aTonis mTis berZenTa monastrebis uxvad dasaCuqrebaSi<br />

gamoixata. meore garemoeba, sadac qarTvelebs pretenzia aucileblad eqnebodaT<br />

rom Tavi gamoeCinaT, es iyo sulieri da inteleqtualuri sfero.<br />

aTonis monastris damaarseblis wminda ioanesa da misi Svilis, efTvimes<br />

mTavari devizi iyo literaturuli saxis sasuliero moRvaweoba. am literaturuli<br />

skolis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis<br />

axal, konstantinopolis saeklesio praqtikasTan daaxloeba da<br />

dogmatikuri, kanonikuri da liturgikuli wignebis axali redaqciebis<br />

64

Seqmna. es saqme sabawmindaSi iyo dawyebuli, magram gagrZeleba aTonze xdeboda.<br />

am saqmianobaSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom qarTuli saeklesio praqtika<br />

icnobda zogierTi iseTi wmindanis saxels da qarTulad arsebobda iseTi<br />

`wmindanTa~ cxovrebanic da sagaloblebi, romlebic ucnobi iyo berZnuli<br />

eklesiisaTvis da aseTebi pirvel rigSi iyvnen wmindanebi _ varlaam da<br />

ioasafi. da maT saxelebTan dakavSirebuli literaturuli Zeglebi. savaraudoa,<br />

rom es garemoeba qarTvel mwignobrebs miscemda stimuls SeevsoT<br />

berZnuli kalendris es xarvezi da amiT berZenTa winaSe warmoeCinaT rogorc<br />

qarTuli eklesiis praqtikisa da literaturis simdidre, aseve saku-<br />

Tari inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobani.<br />

meore momenti, rac miiCneva stimulad im epoqaSi, rom Seqmniliyo<br />

`varlaam da ioasafi~ aris is, rom romanis fabula savaraudod Zalze popularuli<br />

unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo imdroindel saero da sasuliero wreebSi. aqac e.<br />

xinTibiZis azriT kaJdani cdeba, roca Tvlis, rom aTonis mTaze eqvTime<br />

aTonelis dros es problematika aqtualuri ar iyo. e. xinTibiZis azriT,<br />

sworedac rom X saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, `varlaam da ioasafis~ gadamu-<br />

Savebis dros, bizantiis socialur-politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi<br />

Cans saWiroeba imisa, rom gaCeniliyo es romani (xinTibiZe 2003: 57).<br />

`varlaam da ioasafis~ ZiriTadi idea aris propaganda qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis.<br />

am Txzulebis fabulis safuZvelSi mefis vaJis mier qveynis<br />

qristianiobaze moqceva Zevs. berZnuli versiis avtors aqcenti warmarTobasTan<br />

polemikasa da qristianobis gavrcelebaze gadaaqvs.<br />

e. xinTibiZis azriT, amgvari Txzulebis Seqmna X saukunis 80-iani wlebis<br />

dasasrulisaTvis bizantiis samefo karisa da qristianuli eklesiis interesebis<br />

gadaudebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda. saqme is aris, rom bizantiuri<br />

diplomatiis yvelaze didi problema am droisaTvis iyo moRvaweoba imperiis<br />

Crdiloeli didi da mZvinvare mezoblis _ ruseTis gaqristianebisaTvis.<br />

rogorc bizantiis saistorio wyaroebi miuTiTeben, am diplomatiis mTavari<br />

iaraRi ruseTSi qristianobis gavrceleba iyo.<br />

xangrZlivi perepetiebis Semdgom, imperator basilisa da ruseTis<br />

mTavris, vladimiris, mmarTvelobis dros, es moxerxda. diplomatiuri garigebis<br />

Tanaxmad, vladimirma colad SeirTo imperatoris da, princesa ana da<br />

TviTon ki qristianad moinaTla. amas mohyva ruseTis qristianobaze moqceva.<br />

es iyo 988 Tu 989 weli. amiT daiwyo Zalze xangrZlivi megobroba da ekonomikuri<br />

urTierToba ruseTsa da bizantias Soris. rodis unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />

ufro drouli da popularuli bizantiis samefo karsa da saeklesioo wreebSi<br />

`varlaam da ioasafis sulismargebeli romanis~ mimzidveli fabula _<br />

ambavi gaqristianebuli ufliswulisa, qristianobasa da warmarTobas Soris<br />

dapirispirebis, samyaros qristianul da araqristianul nawilebad gay<strong>of</strong>is,<br />

qristianobis absoluturi triumfis Taobaze: Tu ara swored saukunis<br />

bolo aTaswleulSi _ kievis ruseTis gaqristianebis rogorc uSualod wina<br />

wlebSi, aseve ufro metad momdevno aTwleulSi?!<br />

unda iTqvas isic, rom Zvel rusul mwerlobaSi, yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli<br />

Txzuleba swored `varlaam da ioasafi~ iyo. Cvenamde moRweuli<br />

Zveli rusuli xelnawerebi am Txzulebis daaxloebiT 1000 egzemplaramde<br />

aRwevs (sruli Tu fragmentuli). e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom `varlaam da<br />

ioasafis~ berZnuli Txzuleba, efTvime aTonelis mier `balavarianis~ qar-<br />

Tuli redaqciis Targmanisa da gametafrasebis Sedegad Seqmnili Zegli unda<br />

iyos X saukunis dasasruls, rac misi azriT unda momxdariyo X saukunis<br />

65

ukanasknel aTwleulSi, ruseTis gaqristianebis periodSi (xinTibiZe 1999:<br />

174-177).<br />

unda SevexoT kidev erT mniSvnelovan detalsac, rasac mecnierma e.<br />

xinTibiZem miaqcia saTanado yuradReba. es gaxlavT sityva eTiopia, `varlaam<br />

da ioasafis romanis~ berZnuli versiis lemidan. es gaxlavT lemaSi naxsenebi<br />

erTaderTi geografiuli dasaxeleba. veneciuri xelnaweris lemis mixedviT<br />

(Venet. marc vii-2b), es Txzuleba eTiopiis Sida qveynidan aris motanili. amave<br />

lemis meore varianti, romelsac Cvenamde moRweuli SedarebiT Zveli<br />

xelnawerebi inaxavs, ufro azustebs am dasaxelebas. eTiopia aq indoeTis<br />

qveynadaa gamoyvanili: `sulismargebeli moTxroba motanili eTiopiis Sida<br />

qveynidan, egreT wodebuli indoeTis qveynidan~. es lema ase ikiTxeba 60-ze<br />

met berZnul xelnawerSi, romelTagan 14 ekuTvnis XIV saukunes. sami maTgani<br />

ki delgeris azriT X saukunisaa.<br />

riTi SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom romanis dasawyisSi, romelSic moTxrobilia<br />

indoeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis ambavi, indoeTis identifikacia xdeba<br />

eTiopiasTan, razec araferia naTqvami berZnuli redaqciis gamoCenamde arsebul<br />

qarTul da arabul redaqciebSi. e. xinTibiZe fiqrobs, rom am kiTxvas<br />

SesaZloa vupasuxoT Zvel qarTul bibliur teqstebze dayrdnobiT.<br />

`mociqulTa moRvaweobis~ Sesaxeb VIII TavSi saubaria eTiopiis ded<strong>of</strong>alze<br />

da erT eTiopze. yvela evropul TargmanSi es citata ase JRers. `mociqulTa<br />

moRvaweobis~ Sesaxeb giorgi mTawmindelis XI saukunis qarTul<br />

TargmanSi ki eTiopiis da eTiopis magivrad saubaria indoeTze da indusze.<br />

eTiopia sxva Zvel qarTul TargmanebSic indoeTad xSiradaa Targmnili.<br />

sainteresoa XI saukunis xelnaweriT Cvenamde moRweuli” pateriki”, romelsac<br />

am kuTxiT yuradReba miaqcies bibliuri teqstebis mkvlevarebma. Zvel<br />

qarTul bibliur teqstebSi xSir SemTxvevebSi sityva eTiopia, qarTveli<br />

mTargmnelebis mier gaazrebulia, rogorc miTiTeba zangze, Savkanianze.<br />

antikur wyaroebSi eTiopeli _ Savkanians niSnavda. rogorc dadgenilia,<br />

hindo, ZvelqarTulSi aramarto induss aRniSnavda, aramed Savkanians zogadad.<br />

SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna: identifikacia indoeTisa eTiopiasTan, romelic<br />

damaxasiaTebelia mxolod `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli redaqciisaTvis,<br />

unda modiodes berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorisagan. avtorma<br />

Tavad uwoda indoeTs eTiopia. mis win mdebare masalebSi mas indoeTi<br />

erqva. e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom es identifikacia unda moexdina adamians,<br />

romelic kargad erkveoda berZnul da qarTul bibliur teqstebSi, radganac<br />

berZnuli bibliis eTiopia bibliuri teqstebis qarTul TargmanSi indoeTia.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, am tradiciebze aRzrdil avtors, qarTulidan<br />

indoeTi gadmoaqvs berZnul TargmanSi eTiopiad. am mizeziTac, e. xinTibiZis<br />

azriT `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad efTvime mTawmindeli unda miviCnioT<br />

(xinTibiZe 1982a:70-73).<br />

amrigad, evropeli da qarTveli mecnierebis gamokvlevebze da Sexedulebebze<br />

dayrdnobiT migvaCnia, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli Txzuleba<br />

qarTuli enidan, `balavarianis~ qarTuli redaqciidan Targmna da metafrasireba<br />

gaukeTa efTvime aTonelma X saukunis bolos, aTonis mTis<br />

monasterSi. qarTuli redaqciis wyaroa arabuli araqristianuli redaqcia.<br />

qarTuli vrceli redaqcia, `iodasafis cxovreba~, gaxlavT Sualeduri redaqcia<br />

aRmosavlur araqristianul Txzulebasa da Rrmad dogmatikur _<br />

polemikur, berZnul, `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebas~ Soris.<br />

66

Cven SevexeT am nawarmoebis redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs,<br />

berZnuli versiis avtorobis sakiTxs da a.S. amavdroulad, CvenTvis sainteresoa<br />

is faqti, rom nawarmoebis avtors, berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~<br />

gamoyenebuli aqvs II saukunis berZeni apologetis, aristides `apologia”<br />

TiTqmis sruli saxiT, romelic IV saukunidan moyolebuli berZnul mwerlobaSi<br />

dakargulad iyo miCneuli. rogorc zeviT iTqva, `varlaam da ioasafis<br />

cxovrebaSi~ CarTuli `naqoris sityvis~ didi nawili aristides `apologiis~<br />

berZnuli originalia.<br />

qarTul mecnierebas, zogadad qarTvelologias, aristide ainteresebs<br />

imdenad, ramdenadac, misi saxeliT, Cvenamde moRweulia “apologia”, romel-<br />

Sic avtori akritikebs antikur warmarTobas, maT Soris cecxlTayvanismcemlobas<br />

da am `apologiis~ gamoyenebis aSkara kvali Cans qarTul hagiografiul<br />

ZeglebSi cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan polemikis saSualebad. garda<br />

amisa aRmoCnda, rom dakargulad miCneuli `apologiis~ TiTqmis sruli teqsti<br />

CarTulia `varlaam da ioasafis` berZnul redaqciaSi, romlis avtoradac<br />

gavrcelebuli versiiT eqvTime aToneli miiCneva.<br />

mecnier e. xinTibiZis azriT, `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli versiis<br />

avtoris kvlevis procesSi, sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia `varlaam da ioasaf-<br />

Si~ CarTuli aristides `apologiis~ teqsti. amaod fiqrobda delgeri, rom<br />

aToneli qarTvelebisaTvis gamoricxuli unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo am teqstis xelSi<br />

Cagdeba, radganac igi mTeli berZnuli samyarosaTvis dakargulad Cans ukve<br />

VI saukunidan. e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom es faqti sxvagvar komentars saWiroebs.<br />

Tu berZnul mwerlobaSi aristides “apologiis” teqsti ukve VI s-dan<br />

aRar Cans, moulodnelia, rom igi hqonoda VIII saukunis avtors ioane damaskels.<br />

meore mxriv, aristides `apologia~ Sua saukuneebs ar daukargavT. igi<br />

Semoinaxa aRmosavleTis araberZnulenovanma qristianulma samyarom. dReisaTvis<br />

am Txzulebis sruli teqsti daculia siriul enaze VI s. xelnawerSi,<br />

misi fragmenti _ somxurze. ismis kiTxva: SeeZlo Tu ara efTvime aTonels<br />

aRmosavleTis araberZnulenovani qristianuli samyarodan daebrunebina es<br />

Zegli berZnuli enisaTvis? e. xinTibiZis azriT, SeeZlo. miT umetes rom,<br />

qarTul qristianul literaturaSi aristides `apologiis~ gamoyenebis uwyveti<br />

xazi Cans. qarTul hagiografiul literaturas ki, aTonis saliteraturo<br />

skola udaod iqneboda naziarebi. Tanac, efTvime aToneli aTonis saliteraturo<br />

skolis erT-erTi yvelaze nay<strong>of</strong>ieri moRvawe da mamamTavari iyo.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac gamovlinda efTvime aTonelis damsaxureba berZnuli<br />

mwerlobis winaSe masSi “varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis” Setanis saxiT, saWiro<br />

gaxda axsna sakiTxisa, Tu ra wyaros unda dayrdnoboda efTvime aToneli<br />

aristides `apologiis~ gamoyenebisas da ra periodSi moxda aristides `apologiis~<br />

TiTqmis sruli teqstis Setana `varlaam da ioasafSi~?!<br />

am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli wyaro moxsnili iqna im motiviT, rom berZnul<br />

mwerlobaSi is jer kidev VI saukuneSi daikarga, xolo qarTvel mwerals<br />

`balavariani~ wyarod ver gamoadgeboda, radganac TviTonaa misi Semtani<br />

berZnul samyaroSi. amasTanave mecnier volfs hqonda SeniSnuli, rom qar-<br />

Tuli `balavarianic~ apologias Seicavda `impliciturad~. b.kilanava iziarebs<br />

qarTveli mecnieris, S.nucubiZis mosazrebas am faqtTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

misi azriT, eqvTime aToneli iyenebs qarTul wyaroebs, radgan, berZnulisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, aq iyo sruli kulturuli winapiroba aristides `apologiis~<br />

gasacnobad; bakuris biografiidan moyolebuli, evstaTisa da abibosis<br />

67

`wamebaTa~ da qarTuli `balavarianis~ gavliT, gza berZnuli `balavarianisaken~<br />

midis (kilanava 1990:206).<br />

migvaCnia, rom aristides `apologiis~ CarTva “varlaam da ioasafSi”<br />

gamowveuli iyo sxvadasxva mizezebiT. jer erTi, vfiqrobT, rom berZnuli<br />

Txzulebis avtors, efTvime mTawmindels, unda scodnoda, rom es nawarmoebi<br />

berZnul mwerlobaSi didi xnis manZilze dakarguli iyo. vfiqrob, rom<br />

eqvTimem icoda is faqtic, rom aristides `apologiis~ gamoyenebis uwyveti<br />

kvali Canda VI saukunidan moyolebuli, qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi.<br />

kerZod, aristide arsebobda aRmosavleTSi maSin, rodesac dasavlur mwerlobaSi<br />

misi `apologia~ ukve gamqralia.<br />

eqvTime aToneli, aristides `apologiis~ CarTviT berZnul `varlaam da<br />

ioasafSi~, swored am xarvezs uvsebs bizantiur mwerlobas. meore mniSvnelovani<br />

faqtori. avtori am `apologias~ iyenebs garkveuli miznebisaTvis.<br />

efTvime am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs bizantielTa interesebis dasacavad saer-<br />

TaSoriso asparezze. kerZod, im periodSi, bizantiam moaxerxa ruseTis gaqristianeba,<br />

razec zeviT visaubreT. am faqtis gasamyareblad ki, saWiro iyo<br />

iseTi Txzulebebis arseboba bizantiur mwerlobaSi, romlebic axladgaqristianebuli<br />

ruseTis sarwmunoebriv pozicias gaamyarebda da did StabeWdilebas<br />

moaxdenda. `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnul TxzulebaSi,<br />

romelSic moTxrobilia warmarTuli qveynis gaqristianebis ambavi,<br />

efTvime mTawmindeli ostaturad iyenebs aristides `apologias~, rogorc<br />

warmarTobasTan sapolemiko saSualebas. aristides `apologiis~ meSveobiT,<br />

misi polemikuri debulebebis wyalobiT, romelsac avtori warmosTqvams<br />

naqoris piriT, warmarTuli qveyana xdeba qristiani.<br />

Cveni azriT, efTvime aTonels aristides dakargulad miCneuli `apologia~,<br />

romelSic naCvenebia polemika antikuri warmarTobis winaaRmdeg, sWirdeba,<br />

raTa daasabuTos ruseTis warmarTobidan qristianobaze gadasvla.<br />

yvela zemoT CamoTvlil argumentze dayrdnobiT, vakeTebT Cveneul<br />

daskvnebs. efTvime mTawmindeli, X s. bolos qmnis berZnul `varlaam da<br />

ioasafis cxovrebas~ qarTuli `balavarianis~ Targmnis Sedegad. berZnul<br />

`varlaam da ioasafSi~ eqvTime rTavs aristides dakargulad miCneul `apologias~,<br />

romliTac is sargeblobs qarTuli, an zogadad aRmosavluri qristianuli<br />

wyaroebidan. rogorc iTqva, aristides `apologia~ aRmoCnda aRmosavlur<br />

qristianul mwerlobaSi: siriulSi srulad, xolo somxurSi fragmentebis<br />

saxiT. rogorc Cans, mas icnobdnen qarTveli avtorebic. amitom<br />

araa gasakviri, rom berZnul mwerlobaSi dabrunda qarTulis gziT. rogorc<br />

dReisaTvis damtkicebulad iTvleba, `apologiis~ berZnuli teqsti TiTqmis<br />

sruli saxiT aris CarTuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul romanSi, romlis<br />

uZvelesi xelnawerebi XI saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba. Tu gaviziarebT am<br />

ukanaskneli Txzulebis avtorobis erT yvelaze metad dasabuTebul<br />

versias, rom is Seqmnilia aTonis mTaze moRvawe qarTveli mwerlis wminda<br />

efTvime aTonelis mier `iodasafis cxovrebaze~ anu “varlaam da ioasafis”<br />

qarTul versiaze dayrdnobiT, maSin advilad aixsneba is garemoebac, rom<br />

aristides `apologiis~ adrindel SuasaukuneebSi dakarguli teqsti ber-<br />

Znul mwerlobas SeiZleboda dabruneboda qarTuli, an zogadad aRmosavle-<br />

Tis qristianuli mwerlobidan.<br />

68

miviCnev, rom qarTveli eqvTime mTawmindelis mier `varlaam da ioasafis~<br />

berZnuli Txzulebis avtorobis faqti da mis mier aristides `apologiis~<br />

originalis enaze aRdgenis movlena, qarTvelologiis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

wingadadgmuli nabijia ms<strong>of</strong>lio mecnierebaSi.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

gafrindaSvili 2005: gafrindaSvili n. varlaamisa da ioasafis cxovreba. Tb.:<br />

programa `logosi`, 2005.<br />

kekeliZe 1951: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ostoria. Tb.:1951.<br />

kilanava 1990: kilanava b. qarTuli damwerlobis da mwerlobis saTaveebTan.<br />

evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba da adreqristianuli mwerloba. Tb.:1990.<br />

xinTibiZe 1975: xinTibiZe e. berZnuli varlaam da ioasafi metafrasuli<br />

hagiografiuli Zegli. Tsu `Sromebi~, 162, Tb.: 1975.<br />

xinTibiZe 1976: Khintibidze E. Concerning the Relationship <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong> and Greek<br />

Versions <strong>of</strong> Balaam and Ioasaph. Volume 34. Paris: Supplement to “Revue de kartvelologie”. 1976.<br />

xinTibiZe 1982a: Хинтибидзе Е. Афонская Грузинская Литературная Школа. Тб.: 1982.<br />

xinTibiZe 1982b: xinTibiZe e. qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli<br />

urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tb.: universitetis gamomcemloba, 1982.<br />

xinTibiZe 1999: xinTibiZe e. berZnuli varlaam da ioasafi da ruseTis<br />

gaqristianeba. mesame saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi. Tb.: universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba, 1999.<br />

xinTibiZe 2003: xinTibiZe e. kidev erTi axleburi Tvalsazrisi Sua saukuneebis<br />

evropuli literaturis Sedevris “varlaam da ioasafis” avtorobis sakiTxze.<br />

Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, enisa da literaturis seria,<br />

2003.<br />

Ketevan Goderdzishvili<br />

Greek “Barlaam and Ioasaph” and the Lost “Apology” <strong>of</strong> Aristide<br />

Summary<br />

Number <strong>of</strong> problem appeared in the long-term reserch process <strong>of</strong> Greek-<strong>Georgian</strong><br />

literatural relations. Many <strong>of</strong> these issues were solved, some <strong>of</strong> them havn’t been explaned<br />

till now. Among these topics, there are number <strong>of</strong> issues which importance disjoined<br />

Greek-Byzantian-<strong>Georgian</strong> borders and have more importance in general cultural point <strong>of</strong><br />

view. The topics like these are: “The Life <strong>of</strong> Barlaam and Ioasaph”, in <strong>Georgian</strong> writing- “<br />

The Wisdom <strong>of</strong> Balahvar”, the same “Balavariani”.<br />

The Old <strong>Georgian</strong> literature played an important role in the World Christian Writing.<br />

This momemt was justified by the fact, that <strong>Georgian</strong> culture was the connecting bridge<br />

between Oriental and Western universe. The Oriental thought which was brought through<br />

Persian and Arabian way, in <strong>Georgian</strong> reality was mixed with great Bizantian culture and<br />

in national <strong>Georgian</strong> ground was reproducted and was interpreted originally. By this factor<br />

was motivated the fact, that through Bizantian writing,<strong>Georgian</strong> universe did it’s bit in<br />

development <strong>of</strong> middle centuries general-christian literal and civil philosophic opinion.<br />

69

One <strong>of</strong> the confirmative fact <strong>of</strong> this thesis is the most popular novel <strong>of</strong> the middle centuries<br />

“Barlaam and Ioasaph”.<br />

The plot <strong>of</strong> this story is following: The king <strong>of</strong> India, Abener is the enemy <strong>of</strong> Christian<br />

religion and Christian people. He has the only son- Ioasaph. Before his birth, the<br />

astrologists predicted him, that his son would become strong, but he would receive a new<br />

doctrine. For not being like that, he managed and hired a lot <strong>of</strong> beautiful servants. They<br />

had to look after him for one reason, Prince Ioasaph would be see only beauty, happiness<br />

and not understand what is illness and death and also not to see old people. But Ioasaph<br />

wanted freedom. He asked his father and went for journey. As it is in the “Life <strong>of</strong> Buda”,<br />

he saw a number <strong>of</strong> need and hopeless. After this Christian man, Barlaam, came to him,<br />

christened him and went back to desert. Father King is worried about it. He decided to<br />

celebrate an open discussion in which his Vizier Nachor must be in opposition with<br />

Barlaam and must manage to make a negative interpretation <strong>of</strong> Christianity. Before this<br />

discussion Prince Ioasaph told Nachor about the wisdom <strong>of</strong> Christianity. And during this<br />

discussion, Nachor, stimulated with the wisdom <strong>of</strong> Christianity, what about Ioasaph spoke<br />

with him by the help <strong>of</strong> God, starts his speech vice versa to what king had told him. He<br />

begins to advocate Christianity. After this fact, everybody in kingdom became Christians.<br />

King’s son Ioasaph refuses to be king, denied his title and went to desert for prying and<br />

thinking.<br />

The churches <strong>of</strong> middle centuries have forgotten a fairy content <strong>of</strong> this story and they<br />

placed Barlaam and Ioasaph near with the names <strong>of</strong> martyrs in Christian calendars. The<br />

author <strong>of</strong> this novel unintentionally makes the interpretation <strong>of</strong> the religion <strong>of</strong> Buda in<br />

Christianity way.<br />

One important factor is that, a big part <strong>of</strong> Nachor’s speech is a Greek original <strong>of</strong> the<br />

“Apology” <strong>of</strong> Aristide.<br />

The popularity <strong>of</strong> this novel must be started from the Greek edition <strong>of</strong> this story.<br />

In the process <strong>of</strong> studying the Greek edition <strong>of</strong> this novel, <strong>Georgian</strong> sources and<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> versions <strong>of</strong> this story drop to attention <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> literature specialists. So, a<br />

subject <strong>of</strong> the origin and the author <strong>of</strong> “Barlaam and Ioasaph”, which is a great problem for<br />

Bizantium-researchers, simultaneously, appeared to be the main researching subject for<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> philology.<br />

More then 2500 years passed, since the creation <strong>of</strong> first kernel, from which lately<br />

appeared very popular novel in Christian universe. It is “ The life <strong>of</strong> Barlaam and<br />

Ioasaph”. During this period, this subject was rebuilt and translated from non Christian<br />

languages to Christian languages. During this process <strong>of</strong> translation,there were made some<br />

changes in the plot ,in title and in author <strong>of</strong> the novel. After XI century, after the<br />

appearance <strong>of</strong> this novel in European literature as Greek and latin versions, more<br />

concretely, after the appearamce <strong>of</strong> superscription in Greek manuscripts, which indicated<br />

that this novel was translated from <strong>Georgian</strong> Languagew in Greek, by Eithimius<br />

Mtatsmindeli, a great majority <strong>of</strong> translators and rewrighters for some reasons tried to<br />

change title and the identification <strong>of</strong> author-tranlator.<br />

In our article we discuss chronologically all scientific researches <strong>of</strong> foreign and<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> scientists and their views about the origin <strong>of</strong> Greek “Balaam and Ioasaph” and<br />

about the author <strong>of</strong> this novel.<br />

So, taking in mind the opinions and scientific searches <strong>of</strong> foreign and <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

scolars, we suppose, that the Greek novel “The life <strong>of</strong> Balaam and Ioasaph” was translated<br />

70

from <strong>Georgian</strong> language, from <strong>Georgian</strong> “Balavariani” and mataphrased by Euthimius<br />

Mtatsmindeli at the end <strong>of</strong> X century, in the Mountain <strong>of</strong> Athos. The source <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

edition is Ariabian Chtistian edition. <strong>Georgian</strong> enlarged edition “ The Life <strong>of</strong> Ioasaph” is<br />

considered to be the middle edition between Oriental Nonchristian novel and deeply<br />

dogmated, polemic, Greek, “ Balaam and Ioasaph”.<br />

In our article after the discussion <strong>of</strong> Greek “Balaam and Ioasaph”, we drop our<br />

attention to the “ Apology “ <strong>of</strong> Aristide, whch was considered to be lost after the IV-th<br />

century inGreek writing and literature and appeared again in original Greek language in<br />

Greek novel <strong>of</strong> “Balaam and Ioasaph”.As we already mentioned, “Nachor’s speech” in this<br />

novel is the “Apology” <strong>of</strong> Aristide.<br />

We are interested in “Apology” <strong>of</strong> Aristide, because <strong>of</strong> some reasons. Firstly, this<br />

“Apology” is used in original <strong>Georgian</strong> Hagiography, as a source <strong>of</strong> polemics with<br />

paganism( In this case against fire-worship). Secondly, at this moment this “Apology” had<br />

been already disappeared in original Greek writings. At the same moment this “Apology”<br />

was found in Sirian manuscript which is dated <strong>of</strong> the VI-th century and also fragment <strong>of</strong><br />

this “Apology” was found in Armenian Language.<br />

The fact, that lost “Apology” <strong>of</strong> Aristide was recovered in Greek novel “Balaam and<br />

Ioasaph” which author is considered to be Etimius Mtatsmindeli, is very important for<br />

Kartvelology. By the inclusion <strong>of</strong> this “Apology” in “ Balaam and Ioasaph”, <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

author fils up the gap <strong>of</strong> Greek writing. We can clearly see, that Euthimius used oriental<br />

,may be <strong>Georgian</strong> sources in making Greek novel.<br />

We hope, that inclusion <strong>of</strong> this “Apology” in Greek novel is caused for some reasons.<br />

Firstly, we think that Euthinius could have an information that this “Apology” had been<br />

lost in origilan Greek Language. Also, he knew that Aristide existed in <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

literature, when it was already disappeared in Greek literature. Also clever man, Euthimius<br />

who was very much educated in Christian literature, created this novel in very important<br />

for Bizantium period. It was a period, when the neighbour <strong>of</strong> Bizantium-Russia become<br />

christian and it was a need to create such kind <strong>of</strong> literature work, which would be make<br />

stable Christian faith <strong>of</strong> the Northern neighbour. Euthimius Mtatsmindeli used this<br />

“Apology” in which is shown a picture <strong>of</strong> how a pagan country became Christian to base<br />

Russia’s correct position to become christian.<br />

So, in conclusion we could said, that The “Apology” <strong>of</strong> Aristide, which was<br />

considered to be lost, appeared in Oriental Christian <strong>Literature</strong>: In Syrian completely and<br />

in Armenian in fragments. We know, that <strong>Georgian</strong> authors used greatly the “Apology” <strong>of</strong><br />

Aristide. So I think, that it is not astonishing that the lost “Apology” returned by <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

way. As it is estimated for today, the Greek text <strong>of</strong> “Apology” nearly completely is<br />

included in Greek novel “ Barlaam and Ioasaph”, which oldest manuscripts are dated <strong>of</strong><br />

the beginning <strong>of</strong> XI century. If we realized the mostly spread version <strong>of</strong> Authorship <strong>of</strong> this<br />

novel, that it was created in the mountain <strong>of</strong> Athos, by the <strong>Georgian</strong> writer Euthymius ,<br />

who was working in Athos, on the base <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> version <strong>of</strong> the “ Life <strong>of</strong> Ioasaph”, or<br />

“Barlaam and Ioasaph”.We can easily outline the fact, that the lost text <strong>of</strong> the“Apology”<br />

<strong>of</strong> Aristide in the early middle centuries, must be returned in Greek literature from<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong>, or generally from Oriental Christian literature. This fact is one more victory for<br />

Kartvelology.<br />

71

TamTa grigolia<br />

72<br />

RvTismSoblis saxe-simboloTa paralelizmi<br />

qarTul himnografiaSi<br />

qarTulma himnografiulma literaturam, marTalia, ganviTarebis rTuli<br />

da grZeli gza ganvlo, magram dagvitova rogorc originaluri Semoqmedebis,<br />

aseve naTargmni Zeglebis SesaniSnavi da mravalricxovani nimuSebi.<br />

mdidarma himnografiulma literaturam saukuneebis manZilze mxatvruli<br />

saxeebis sakuTari samyaro Seqmna. homiletikuri Zeglebis maRalmxatvrul<br />

nimuSebTan erTad, man moamzada niadagi saero mwerlobis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

Tavisi ganviTarebis kulminaciur punqtze qarTuli originaluri himnografia<br />

Semdgara X saukunis meore naxevarSi. esaa klasikuri xana qarTuli<br />

himnografiis istoriaSi. X saukuneSi erTmaneTs cvlis qarTvel himnograf-<br />

Ta Taobebi, romlebic originalur sagaloblebs qmnian.<br />

qarTveli himnografebi eyrdnobian sxvadasxva ucxoel Tu qarTvel moRvaweTa<br />

literaturul-esTetikur gamocdilebas, inarCuneben da iyeneben maT<br />

mier SemuSavebul mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebsa da saSualebebs, simboloebs,<br />

alegoriebs, saxeobriv sistemas.<br />

himnografiaSi qebis obieqti aris RmerTi, RvTismSobeli, wmindanebi.<br />

sagalobeli maTi cxovrebisa Tu wamebis epizodebs asaxavs. qebis obieqti<br />

gamorCeulia sulierebiT, zneobrivi samyaroTi, faqizi da saTuTi bunebiT,<br />

arsad Cans garegnuli faqtori.<br />

Cveni interesis sagania X-XII saukuneebis himnografia da, kerZod, RvTismSoblis<br />

mimarT iq gamovlenili saxe-simboloebi; upiratesad, ioane minCxis,<br />

ioane SavTelis, miqael modrekilisa da demetre mefis himnebi.<br />

mariam RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnilma religiurma dResaswaulebma, eklesia-monastrebma,<br />

xatebma, himnebma, locvebma ganapirobes misi kultis Seqmna.<br />

RvTismSoblis Temas himnografiaSi udidesi adgili uWiravs, rasac misadmi<br />

miZRvnil sagalobelTa simravle mowmobs. maT Soris gamoirCeva<br />

`RvTismSoblis daujdomeli~ (`akaTisto~), romelic yvela drosa da yovel<br />

qristianul qveyanaSi RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnil himnografiul Txzuleba-<br />

TaTvis erTgvar magaliTad, modelad iyo miCneuli.<br />

saintereaoa, rogor aris warmodgenili ded<strong>of</strong>lis saxe qarTvel himnografTa<br />

sagaloblebSi, ra aqvT specipikuri da ra saerTo.<br />

himnografebi sxvadasxva saxelebiT amkoben RvTismSobels, magram yvelaze<br />

xSirad mas uwodeben dedas, ded<strong>of</strong>alsa da qalwuls. pirvelad deda<br />

uflisa mas uwoda suliwmidiT ganbrZnobilma elisabedma jer kidev maSin,<br />

roca deda-qalwuli dausabamo yrmas mucliT atarebda: `da vinaÁ Cemda ese,<br />

raÁTa movides deda uflisa Cemisa Cemda.” (luk. 1, 43). wminda mariamis qalwul<br />

dedad y<strong>of</strong>nas bibliuri winaswarmetyveleba gansazRvravs. esaias winaswarmetyveleba<br />

gvamcnobs: `ismineT aw, saxlo daviTiso! nu mciresa Ruawlsa miatyuebT<br />

kacTa, da viTar ufalsa miatyuebT Ruawlsa? amisTvis TviT ufalman<br />

mogces saswauli Tqven: aha, qalwulman muclad-iRos da Svas Ze da<br />

uwodon saxeli misi emmanuil~ (es. 7, 13-14).<br />

RvTismSoblis ded<strong>of</strong>lobis winaswarmetyveleba miniSnebulia 44-e fsalmunSi:<br />

`dadges ded<strong>of</strong>ali marjueniT Sensa samosliTa oqroqsoviliTa Semkul<br />

da Semosil~ (fsalm. 44,10).

minCxi: `qalwulo da dedao qristeso” (xaCiZe 1987: 205).<br />

modrekili: ` gixaroden qalwulo siqadulo; Sen mier dedao...<br />

wylulebani guelisa mierni ganikurnes” (gvaxaria 1978: 2).<br />

dimitri mefe: `RmrTismSobeli da yovlad patiosani,<br />

deda, qalwuli Suenieri SroSani...” (qarT. poezia 1979: 183).<br />

SavTeli: ded<strong>of</strong>alo... dasTaebr gigalobT... otebulTa Sen mier Zali! ”<br />

aseve: `ixsen cxovrebaÁ Cemi, RmrTisa dedao” (qarT. poezia 1979: 192).<br />

ioane SavTelis sagalobelTan dakavSirebiT, revaz siraZem aRniSna:<br />

`Tuki ioane SavTelis `galobanSi~ simbolurad da Tundac reminiscenciebiT<br />

Tamaris saxes davinaxavT, yovelive es daukavSirdeba varZiaSive arsebul<br />

Tamaris freskul gamosaxulebas. maT erTi saerTo idea aerTianebdaT. es iyo<br />

idea mfarvelobis da xsnis~ (siraZe 1992: 102).<br />

uwodeben aseve mananas (demetresTan es saxeli ar Cans _ avt.), mananas<br />

sadgurs, saRmrTo mananas, Sedarebulia mayvlovanTan, mis uwvel cecxlTan.<br />

minCxi: `...viTarca mayualsa Seuwvelsa~ (xaCiZe 1987: 62).<br />

modrekili: `gixaroden qalwulo mariam, Seuwuvelo mayualo,<br />

romeli gixila moseÁ~ (gvaxaria 1978: 541).<br />

ioane SavTeli: `iakob kibed gixila, xolo mose mayulad...~<br />

(qarT. poezia 1979: 199)<br />

minCxTan qalwuli Sedarebulia s<strong>of</strong>lis mcvelTan, amis analogiurad,<br />

miqael modrekili RvTismSobels uwodebs s<strong>of</strong>lis zRudes, caTa bWesa da<br />

kars, rasac safuZvlad iezekielis winaswarmetyveleba udevs (ezek. 44, 1-2).<br />

rogorc iesos ewodeba kari, romliTac Sedian zeciur sasufevelSi _ `me var<br />

kari: Cem mier Tu vinme Sevides, cxovndes~ (ioan. 10,9), aseve winaswarmetyveli<br />

uwodebs karibWes qalwul mariams, romliTac macxovari movida amqveynad,<br />

ris Semdegac, RvTis nebiT, es karibWe daketili darCa, riTac mariamis<br />

maradqalwulobaa miniSnebuli.<br />

minCxi: `...sulTa CuenTa cxovrebisa kari~ (xaCiZe 1987: 328).<br />

`ese ars sasoÁ Cueni, kari cxovrebisa CuenisaÁ, dedaÁ meufisaÁ da<br />

meoxi sulTa CuenTasaÁ” (igive: 219).<br />

modrekili: `s<strong>of</strong>lisa zRudeo da saso yovelTao, bWeo caTao~...<br />

(gvaxaria 1978: 213).<br />

demetre-damiane mas uwodebs axlad ayvavebul venaxs: `Sen xar venaxi,<br />

axlad aRyuavebuli~. es fraza saxarebis sityvebs exmianeba: `me var venaxi da<br />

mamaÁ Cemi moqmed ars~. `aRyvavebuli venaxi” moaswavebs vazis mtevnis gamosvlas,<br />

e.i. macxovris Casaxvasa da Sobas, amitomac am mtevnidan gamosuli<br />

Rvino evqaristiaSi macxovris daTxeul sisxlTan ziarebas gamoxatavs. minCxi<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>als uwodebs `gonier venaxs~. rogorc venaxi iZleva nay<strong>of</strong>s, ise `gamoiRo~<br />

RvTismSobelmac nay<strong>of</strong>i.<br />

minCxTan RvTismSobeli Sedarebulia evasTan, SavTeli mas `evaÁs codvisa<br />

damxsnels~, `evaÁs aRdgomisa~ da `adamis xsnas~ uwodebs, anu misi meoxebiT<br />

xdeba, evasgan moyolebuli, Cveni codvebis gamoxsna da miteveba.<br />

73

74<br />

minCxi: `rameTu saSoÁsagan Senisa<br />

gamogvibrwyinda mxsneli Cueni da macxovari<br />

da Sen xar mizezi xsnis, CuenisaÁ<br />

da cxorebaÁ saukunoi sulTaÁ CuenTaÁ~.<br />

(xaCiZe 1987: 205)<br />

aq TiTqos erTgvari dapirispirebacaa. rodesac vixsenebT evas Secdomebs,<br />

vivsebiT mwuxarebiT, xolo roca wminda ded<strong>of</strong>als vigonebT, miuwvdomeli<br />

sixaruli gveufleba, radgan isaa Cveni xsnisa da saukuno cxovrebis<br />

mizezi.<br />

evam daiviwya Tavisi dambadeblis cneba da moSurnis smeniT `moguatyua<br />

Cuen sikudili~, xolo vinc dagvbada Tavis xatad, manve Segviwyala,<br />

`Sengan xorcTa SesxmiTa pirveli igi wyevaÁ<br />

dedisa Cuenisa evaÁsi Sen mier<br />

muclad-RebiTa kravisa mis RmrTisaÁTa~.<br />

(xaCiZe 1987: 294)<br />

SavTelis mier RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnil samadlobel sagalobels gasdevs<br />

kacobriobis xsnis motivi, romelic esoden gavrcelebulia sasuliero<br />

poeziaSi. amitom uwodebs himnografi RvTismSobels `evaÁs codÂs damÃsnels~,<br />

romelmac qristes SobiT `evas miuzRo vali~, radgan Sva adamis codva-<br />

Ta `aRmxumeli~ macxovari qriste:<br />

`xolo me ÃmiTa qebisaÁTa mimsxuerple<br />

evaÁs codvisa damÃsnelo, raodeni<br />

lmobierebiT aRTques bageTa CemTa~.<br />

(qarT. poezia 1979: 193)<br />

am sagaloblis bolo troparic amave Temas exeba: `adamis Ãxsnao da evaÁs<br />

aRdgomao”, _ mimarTavs himnografi RvTismSobels da misgan Sendobas<br />

moelis, rogorc am sagaloblis `gamomTqumeli”:<br />

`sagalobelTa amaT SesxmaTa mier<br />

adidebs suli Cemi Sengan Sobilsa,<br />

galobs taZari Seni, yovlad uxrwnelo,<br />

adamis Ãxsnao da evaÁs aRdgomao,<br />

niWad mommadle SendobaÁ gamomTqumelsa”.<br />

(qarT. poezia 1979: 194)<br />

am iambikos safuZveli lukas saxarebis is sityvebia, romlebmac himnografiuli<br />

kanonis mecxre galobis Tema ganapirobes: `adidebs suli Cemi<br />

ufalsa, da ganixara sulman Cemman RmrTisa mimarT, macxovrisa Cemisa, rame-<br />

Tu moxedna simdablesa zeda mÃevlisa TÂsasa” (luk. 1, 46-48).<br />

`adamis Ãsnisa da evaÁs aRdgomis”, `evaÁs codvaTa damÃsnelisgan”, RvTismSoblisagan<br />

iSva xorcSesxmuli RmerTi. evas codvas qalwulma uzenaesi<br />

siwminde, ucodveloba daupirispira, evam codva dahbada, RvTismSobelma _<br />

kacobriobis codvaTa mtvirTveli.<br />

sasuliero mwerlobisTvis, kerZod, himnografiisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia<br />

ioane SavTelis sagalobelSi moxmobili RvTismSoblis mier evas codvaTa<br />

gamosyidvis motivi, romlis mixedviT, qalis codva qalma gamoisyida.

RvTismSobeli saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi iwodeba `dasabamad kur-<br />

Txevisa da dasasrulad wyevisa~, radgan misgan, viTarca ubiwosagan, RmerTkacis<br />

Sobam unda daubrunos pirvelsaxe yovel arss. `RvTismSoblisgan<br />

macxovris Soba himnografiaSi aRqmulia sulieri tyveobisagan ganTavisuflebad~<br />

(sulava 2003: 19).<br />

minCxTan ded<strong>of</strong>ali Sedarebulia Semoqmed RmerTTan. es erTgvari dakav-<br />

Sirebaa uflisa da misi moqmedebisa. ufalma Seqmna qveyniereba, RvTismSobelma<br />

ki mogvivlina mxsneli _ ieso. dedaRvTisa gaTanasworebulia samebasTan.<br />

modrekili: `Sen samguamovnad cnobilo, samebao wmidao, arsebiT uxilavo,<br />

erTarsebiT didebulo, yovelni morwmuneni gadidebT~.<br />

(gvaxaria 1978: 9)<br />

saucxood gaaerTiana sameba RvTismSobelSi:<br />

`gvixsen sZalo mamisa maRlisao, mtvirTvelo Zisao da<br />

sadguro sulisa wmidisao” (gvaxaria 1978: 541).<br />

minCxi: `TanaarsebiT swori mamisa da sulisa wmidisaÁ” (xaCiZe 1987: 204).<br />

is movida Cven, warwymedilTa saxsnelad, amitom vadidebT, vakurTxebT da<br />

vaqebT mis saxels.<br />

minCxi: `cxorebad moxued _ Cuen warwymedulTaTvis da sitkboebiT momiZieni<br />

da TviT mimiZeRu munve, romelsa _ igi Sina dagebadeniT” (igive: 204).<br />

miqael modrekilic SesTxovs RvTismSobels sulTa CvenTaTvis vedrebas<br />

Tavisi Zis winaSe: `aw nu damiviwyeb Cuen winaSe Zisa Senisa mosavTa SenTa.<br />

saTno iyav mxsnelo... viTarca kacT moyuare xar, Sen gicnobT qalwulo sasod<br />

da meoxad yovelni morwmuneni RvTisa dedao meox gueyav... mosavTa SenTaTvis<br />

cxovrebad sulTa CuenTaTvis~ (gvaxaria 1978: 541).<br />

dedaRvTisas aseve gavrcelebuli epiTetia `sZali~, `RvTis sZali~.<br />

minCxi: `qerobinTa uaRreso<br />

caTa uvrceleso sZalo RmrTisao~...<br />

`gixaroden sZalo usZloo~ (xaCiZe 1987: 332).<br />

modrekili: `gadidebT Sen, sZalo usZloo...~ (gvaxaria 1978: 10).<br />

SavTeli: `sZalo RmrTisao, SewevniTa SeniTa! aw ganvisueno dRisa<br />

mis wil Wirisa~ (qarT. poezia 1979: 195).<br />

RvTismSoblis simbolod es saxe gvxvdeba `uZveles iadgarSi~ (`sZali~,<br />

`sZali ubiwoÁ~, `sZali zecisaÁ~). sasuliero mwerlobaSi xSirad figurirebs<br />

qriste `zecis siZed~, wminda mariami ki _ `zecisa sZlad~: `gadidebT Sen<br />

zecis siZesa, Sobilsa qalwulisagan~ (metreveli 1980: 184). `zecis sZali”<br />

gulisxmobs sasufevlis sapatio binadars, mis damamSvenebel arsebas.<br />

ioane damaskelis `RvTismSoblis Sobis sakiTxavSi~ vkiTxulobT: `gixaroden,<br />

sZalo, romlisa damwindebel ars suli wmidaÁ, xolo siZe _ ufali<br />

yovelTaÁ, romeli-igi ityvis qebaTa Sina: `yovlad Suenier xar, maxlobelo<br />

Cemo, da biwi ara ars Sen Tana. moved, sZalo, libaniT aqa, moved gundrukovniT~<br />

(Zv. metafrasuli krebuli 1986: 111).<br />

75

ase emsgavsebian erTmaneTs es himnografebi RvTismSoblis poeturi saxis<br />

SeqmnaSi.<br />

amis Semdeg sainteresoa, Tu riT gansxvavdebian isini ded<strong>of</strong>lis saxis<br />

warmodgenisas.<br />

ioane minCxi ded<strong>of</strong>als uwodebs zeciur ierusalims. caTa sasufeveli,<br />

zeciuri qalaqi, zeciur ierusalimadac moixsenieba, rac dasabams ioanes<br />

gamocxdebidan iRebs. `samoTxesa queyanisasa, ierusalÀms zecisasa” (xaCiZe<br />

1987: 235).<br />

76<br />

`viTarmed gxadodeT Sen, mariam,<br />

qalaqad RmrTisad maRlisad,<br />

samoTxed sulierad~ (igive: 224).<br />

minCxTan gvxvdeba qalwulobis aRmniSvneli saxe-simbolo: `dauTesveli<br />

yana~ da `dauTesveli qveyana~.<br />

minCxi: `queynad dauTesvelad, aRmomaceneblad Tavwarsxmulsa ifqlisa<br />

cxovrebisasa~ (igive: 224).<br />

RvTismSobelma gviboZa sinanulis grZnoba, raTa viTxovdeT codvaTa<br />

mitevebas mociqulTa da yovel wmindanTa winaSe, Tumca Cveni ena uZluria<br />

RvTismSoblis madlis aRsawerad:<br />

`daRacaTu gonebTagan CuenTa<br />

ver SesaZlebel ars jerovnad mogonebad<br />

da RirsebiT qebad Senda, qalwulo, wmidaTa uwmideso,<br />

naTelo sulTa CuenTao, mSobelo Semoqmedisa RmrTisao,<br />

aramed... da vdumneT Cuen qebad Senda~ (igive: 294).<br />

minCxTan sagangebod gamosay<strong>of</strong>ia sagalobelTa is nawili, sadac aRwerilia<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>lis sasufevelSi wabrZaneba. ufalma Tavis samy<strong>of</strong>elSi aiyvana<br />

mSobeli deda, ris Semdegac<br />

`monani Senni mglovare varT micvalebasa Sensa,<br />

rameTu dRes gangueSorebi Sen Cuen~.<br />

(xaCiZe 1987: 329)<br />

mSvenieri sikvdiliT daiZina ubiwo ded<strong>of</strong>alma da moxda misi cad ayvana<br />

`da maradis iqebis angelozTa da kacTagan Rirsad,<br />

saukunod ididebis, viTarca dedaÁ, RmrTisaÁ” (igive: 332).<br />

modrekilTan SedarebiT sxva viTarebaa. is ded<strong>of</strong>als uwodebs siwmidis<br />

etls. etli amaRlebis, gandidebis simboloa. rogorc viciT, elia swored<br />

etliT amaRlda RrublebSi. uwodebs myudro navTsayudels. navis pirvelsaxe,<br />

mogexsenebaT, noes kidobania. rogorc am kidobanSi Sefarebulni gadar-<br />

Cnen warRvnas, ise gadavrCebiT uflisa da RvTismSoblis mimdevarni, ise<br />

dagvifaravs Tavisi kalTis qveS ded<strong>of</strong>ali. aseve uwodebs: `s<strong>of</strong>lis zRudes~,<br />

`yovelTa sasos~, `caTa bWes~... aq zRude RvTis safarvels niSnavs, bWe _<br />

samaradiso samy<strong>of</strong>elSi Sesasvlel kars da saso ki _ imeds.<br />

miqael modrekils RvTismSobeli angelozTa uzeSTaesad (umaRlesad)<br />

esaxeba: `uzeSTaes xar qerobinTasa, Rirso, uSuenieres yovelTa samkaulTa,<br />

RmrTismSobelo~ (gvaxaria 1978: 372).

uwodebs aseve `mzisa ubrwyinvale~ cxovrebis mizezs, radgan misi meoxebiT<br />

yoveli morwmune saukuno didebas moipovebs maradiul samy<strong>of</strong>elSi.<br />

miqael modrekilTan RvTismSoblis aseve saintereso saxe-simboloa<br />

`cxovrebisa wyaro dauwyueteli~. bibliurad es saxe Semdegnairad ixsneba:<br />

wyaro, rogorc viciT, Sreba gvalvisagan, amitom Cven unda vecadoT, rom<br />

urwmunoebiT ar `amovaSroT~ CvenSi RvTismSoblis saxeli. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

wyaro maradiul sicocxles niSnavs, RmerTis sikeTis siuxves.<br />

ioane SavTelis sityvebi: `ahronis kuerTxi, takuki da sasanTle, erTbamad<br />

tabla, beselielis uwyebiTi karavi ltolvilisa erisaÁ orkerZ Ãsni-<br />

TurT mogaswavebdes dedasa RmrTisas~, _ mTlianad paralelizmis principze<br />

agebuli troparia, romelSic bibliuri saxeebi mxatvruli funqciiT<br />

datvirTulad gvevlinebian da simbolurad xsnian axali aRTqmis epizodebs.<br />

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ahronis kuerTxad RvTismSoblis moxseniebas himnografiaSi<br />

xangrZlivi tradicia aqvs. RvTismSoblis simbolod mis moazrebas<br />

safuZvlad daedo ricxvTa wignSi moTxrobili epizodi, romlidanac ahronis<br />

RvTisgan gamorCeuloba dasturdeba (ricx. 17, 2-8). ahronis kverTxis ganedleba,<br />

yvavil-foTolTa da nay<strong>of</strong>is gamosxma simbolurad mianiSnebs<br />

RvTismSoblisagan qristes Sobis winaswarmetyvelebas. kverTxis ganedleba<br />

kacobriobis ganaxlebis ideasac gulisxmobs. am winaswarmetyvelebam himnografebs<br />

RvTismSoblis ahronis kverTxad miCnevis safuZveli misca, xolo<br />

kverTxze mosxmuli nay<strong>of</strong>i Zes RvTisas, kacobriobis mxsnelsa da ganmaaxlebels<br />

mianiSnebs.<br />

ioane SavTelis sagaloblis mixedviT, qalwulis mier qristes SobiT<br />

kacobriobisTvis axali gza daisaxa, es aris gza dakarguli cxovrebisaken,<br />

cxovrebis xisken, RvTaebrivi realobisaken, rac iniciacias gulisxmobs, anu<br />

sxeulis, sulisa da samSvinelis kvlav Serwymas, ris Sedegadac maT ubrundebaT<br />

codviT dacemis Sedegad dakarguli pirvelsaxe. axali gza qristes<br />

simboloa, romelic zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis dabrunebis saSualebas aZlevs kacTa<br />

modgmas.<br />

ioane SavTeli sagalobelSi qristes xorcSesxmadobas mianiSnebs, rogorc<br />

RvTismSoblis `niWs~, anu saCuqars: `maSin ara ganmlevel eklis-saxedTa<br />

SewuvadTa ewuvebodes raÁ ÃorcTa niWad Sengan ÃorcSesxmadisa~ (qarTuli<br />

poezia 1979: 197). adamianis dacemis Semdeg codva yvela materialurad arsebulze<br />

gavrcelda, RvTismSoblisagan, viTarca ubiwosagan, RmerTkacis Sobam<br />

unda daubrunos pirvelsaxe yovel arss:<br />

`akurTxevs Sengan Sobilsa, ubiwoo,<br />

meufesa da RmerTsa arsTa qmnulebaÁ,<br />

ityÂs yoveli ganweseba, viTarca<br />

miTa, qebasa missa da aRiarebs<br />

saukuneTa Semoqmedad RmerTkacad”.<br />

(qarT. poezia 1979: 198)<br />

swored amis gamo RvTismSobeli saxvTismetyvelo literaturaSi iwodeba<br />

`dasabamad kurTxevisa da dasasrulad wyevisa”. ded<strong>of</strong>lisagan macxovris<br />

Soba himnografiaSi aRqmulia sulieri tyveobisagan gaTavisuflebad, rasac<br />

ioane SavTeli gamoxatavs rogorc sagalobelSi, aseve akrostiqSi. is RvTismSobels<br />

evedreba sulieri tyveobisgan daxsnas, s<strong>of</strong>lis mRvimeTagan amoyvanas,<br />

raTa ganaxldes suli codvilisa. am mxriv sainteresoa mecxre galobis<br />

erT-erTi tropari, romelic mTlianad simboluradaa gasaazrebeli:<br />

77

78<br />

`uCinoTagan mRÂmeTa s<strong>of</strong>lisaTa<br />

eqsoriobaÁ Cemi aRmoiyvane,<br />

orbeb ganaxldi siWabuke sulisaÁ,<br />

bralTagan miÃsen ZlierTa, didebulo,<br />

inebe y<strong>of</strong>ad Cem Soris, ubiwoo”.<br />

(qarT. poezia 1979: 196)<br />

himnografi qalwuls wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis uCinar mRvimeTa Soris y<strong>of</strong>isagan<br />

ganTavisuflebas SesTxovs. es motivi fsalmunebidan momdinareobs: `miÃsen<br />

me TiÃisagan, raÁTa ara davinTqa, ganveri me moZuleTa CemTagan da siRrmeTagan<br />

wyalTaÁsa. nu damTqaven me morevi wyalTaÁ, nuca STamTqamn me<br />

ufskruli, nuca Seiy<strong>of</strong>n Cemzeda jurRmuli pirsa missa~ (fsalm. 68, 15-16).<br />

samecniero literaturaSi miuTiTeben, rom mRvime, gamoqvabuli amobrunebuli<br />

mTaa, mRvime adamianis sulieri gamocdis adgilia, msgavsad udabnosi.<br />

mTa is adgilia, sadac RmerTma mcnebebi misca mose winaswarmetyvels,<br />

e.i. mTa RmerTTan ziarebis adgilia. mRvime misi sapirispiroa, mRvime codvaTagan<br />

gansawmendeli adgilia. swored amitom adamianis upirvelesi mizani<br />

mRvimidan Tavis daRwevisa da iqidan sulis aRmoyvanisaTvis zrunvaa. aseTi<br />

ram ki mxolod znesrul adamians xelewifeba.<br />

ioane SavTelis sagalobelSi sxvaganac aris sulis xsnaze yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebuli:<br />

`ZnelovanTagan ubadrukebisaTa<br />

ixsen cxorebaÁ Cemi, RmrTisa dedao~.<br />

(qarT. poezia 1979: 198)<br />

wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis mRvimeTagan ganTavisufleba sulieri ganaxlebis mauwyebelia,<br />

rac fsalmunuri motivis mixedviT, `orbeb ganaxlebiTaa~ asaxuli ioane<br />

SavTelTan. orbi ganaxlebis, gaaxalgazrdavebis simboloa qristianul<br />

mwerlobaSi.<br />

ioane SavTeli ded<strong>of</strong>als uwodebs adgilis meufes, uxrwnels, naTels,<br />

aseve moixseniebs kibed, karvad. karavi ganwmendilia zeTis cxebiT. igi Secvales<br />

taZriT mudmivi samefos Seqmnis Semdeg, anu taZris pirvelsaxea. ufali<br />

gamoCnda karvis saxuravs zemoT... mxolod mRvdlebs SeeZloT karavSi Sesvla.<br />

aseve mxolod rwmeniT SevaRwevT uflisa da RvTismSoblis samy<strong>of</strong>elSi.<br />

demetre uwodebs `SroSans~ (mindvris yvavilebia). SroSani gamoxatavs<br />

naTels, siwmindesa da sispetakes. SroSanis simbolo, romelic qristesac<br />

aRniSnavs da RvTismSobelsac, bibliur-evangeluri swavlebidan momdinareobs:<br />

`siZe etyvis sZalsa sulisa TvisisaTvis: me yuavili velisaÁ da SroSani<br />

ReleTaÁ. da viTarca SroSani Soris ekalTa, esreT ars maxlobeli Cemi<br />

asulTa~ (qeb.2, 1-2). maTesa da lukas saxarebaSi maTze naTqvamia: `samoslis-<br />

Tvis rasa zrunavT? ganicadeniT SroSanni velisani; viTar-igi aRorZindis!<br />

ara Sromoben, arca hsTaven. xolo metyviT Tqven, rameTu arcaRa solomon<br />

yovelsa mas didebasa missa Seimosa, viTarca erTi amaTgani~ (maT. 6, 28-30;<br />

luk. 12, 27-28). uwodebs gvirgvinosani mefis mSobels. mefe aris meufe meufeTa,<br />

qriste aris qveynis mefeTa mTavari, yvela mefe modrkeba RmerTisa da<br />

RvTismSoblis winaSe.<br />

demetre-damianesTan aseve RvTismSoblis saxismetyvelebiTi saxelia<br />

`morCi keTili~. RvTismSobeli genealogiiTaa daviT winaswarmetyvelis mor-<br />

Ci, ylorti (an Sto). demetres sityvebi `morCi keTili~ gulisxmobs, rom Zi-

iTve sikeTea masSi da, amasTanave, maradiul bednierebasaa naziarebi _<br />

`edemsaa danerguli~. am striqons, r. siraZis TqmiT, Semdegi gaazrebac axlavs:<br />

`RvTismSobeli qristianul mwerlobaSi upirispirdeba evas, romlis<br />

braliTac pirveli adamiani samoTxes moaklda, xolo RvTismSobeli samoTxis<br />

mkvidri gaxda~ (siraZe 1992: 99). amave azrs ukavSirdeba iambikos III striqonic:<br />

`alva sulneli, samoTxiT gamosruli~.<br />

saerTodac, da qarTul himnografiaSi, Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba Semdegi<br />

gaazreba: RmerTma yvela dedaTa Soris gamoarCia mariami, raTa is gamxdariyo<br />

RvTismSobeli. gankaceba TviT RvTaebis neba iyo da es saswauli RvTismSobels<br />

yvelas winaSe amaRlebs. amitomac werda demetre-damiane: `RmerTman<br />

Segamko, vervin gjobs qebuli~.<br />

dasasrulSi ki RvTismSoblis erTaderTobis motivia mTeli siZlieriT<br />

gamoxatuli: `da TaviT TvisiT mze xar gabrwyinvebuli~ (qarT.poezia 1979:<br />

183). yovladwminda RvTismSoblis erTaderToba gamoxatulia mziT.<br />

mzes ewodeba udidesi mnaTobi. igi naTels hfens keTilebsa da borotebs,<br />

iseve, rogorc RvTismSobeli, mTavaria, vin rogor gamoiyenebs am sinaTlesa<br />

da wyalobas. mzem icis amosvlisa da Casvlis dro, TvalismomWreli sinaTle<br />

aqvs, mzis sxivi sixarulis momgvrelia, dRes mzis amosvlasTan erTad<br />

iwyebdnen.<br />

iambikos dasawyisi da dasasruli erTmaneTs aSinaarsebs. r. siraZis<br />

TqmiT, Tu xar venaxi da xar amavdroulad mzec, es aris warmarTulis desakralizeba<br />

da qristianobis sakralizeba. simbolurad `venaxi~ da `mze~ erTmaneTs<br />

gulisxmobs. saxismetyvelebiT `venaxi~ sisavsis siWarbes moaswavebs.<br />

venaxs am sisavses mze aniWebs, venaxi mziTaa aRvsili, rogorc RvTismSobeli<br />

_ RvTaebriobiT.<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, am himnografebTan dasturdeba RvTismSoblis rogorc<br />

saerTo saxe-simboloebi, aseve gansxvavebuli, specifikuri xat-saxeebi, romlebsac<br />

erTob moxdenilad da mizanmimarTulad iyeneben, raTa saTanadod<br />

Seafason dedaRvTisas Rvawli kacobriobis winaSe da TavianTi Sesxma-vedrebac<br />

ufro saintereso da mravalferovani gaxadon.<br />

amasTanave, RvTismSoblis warmodgena iseTi saxeebiT, romlebic saRvTo<br />

saxelebadac gvxvdeba, yovlismomcvel universaliebTan ziarebas gulisxmobs.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

gvaxaria 1978: gvaxaria v. miqael modrekilis himnebi. Tb.: 1978.<br />

metreveli... 1980: metreveli e., Wankievi c., xevsuriani l. uZvelesi iadgari.<br />

Tb.: 1980.<br />

kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, Tb.: 1980.<br />

leqsikoni... 2004: bibliuri leqsikoni, Tb.: 2004.<br />

siraZe 1992: siraZe r. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.: 1992.<br />

sulava 2003: sulava n. XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli himnografia. Tb.: 2003.<br />

qarTuli... 1979: qarTuli poezia, Tb.: 1979.<br />

Zveli... 1986: Zveli metafrasuli krebulebi Tb.: `mecniereba”, 1986.<br />

xaCiZe 1987: xaCiZe l. ioane minCxis poezia, Tb.: 1987.<br />

xinTibiZe 1969: xinTibiZe e. bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli<br />

urTierTobani. Tb.: 1969<br />

79

Tamta Grigolia<br />

80<br />

Parallelism <strong>of</strong> the Virgin's Face-symbols in <strong>Georgian</strong> Hymnography<br />

Symmary<br />

The subject <strong>of</strong> our research is face-symbols <strong>of</strong> the virgin exposed in medieval<br />

hymnographs and their interrelations.<br />

How is represented the face-symbols <strong>of</strong> queen in hymns <strong>of</strong> Minchkhi, Modrekili,<br />

Mtbevari, David Agmashenebeli, Demetre king and Ioane Shavteli, represented what<br />

specific and common features they have.<br />

In the research process we base ourselves on rich traditions <strong>of</strong> biblival, liturgial and<br />

hymnographic authorship. We take into consideration various scientific literature<br />

connected with face-symbols, “the oldest Iadgar” and the old metaphrastic collection.<br />

There are emphasized the following issues in the work: what literary traditions are<br />

inherited by hymnographs, what is innovative in their creative work, what parallelism is<br />

the virgin’s face-symbols in <strong>Georgian</strong> Hymnographs’ works, what correlation are exposed<br />

in their works with the “oldest Iadgar” and the old metaphrastic collection, particularly<br />

with the “Readings <strong>of</strong> the virgin’s birth”.

usTvelologiuri kvlevani<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelis istoriisaTvis<br />

(masalebi narkvevebisaTvis)<br />

revaz siraZe<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelis istoria iTxovs Semdegi etapebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebas:<br />

I etapi gulisxmobs miTosur (eidetur) saxismetyvelebas (ramdenad Cans<br />

amgvari tipis saxismetyveleba `vefxistyaosanSi~?);<br />

II etapia eikonuri saxismetyvelebis nakadi. es Cans qarTuli agiografiaSiac,<br />

magram sruliad gansakuTrebiT _ `Satberdis krebulSi~ (bibliologia,<br />

qristianuli anTropologia, saxismetyvelebiTi (simboluri) egzegetikis<br />

principebi: efrem mcire da sxva).<br />

III etapi iwyeba saero mwerlobidan, gansakuTrebiT, `vefxistyaosnidan~.<br />

esaa teqstis sakuTriv-mxatvruli SinaarsiT gaazreba da gaazrebani filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

sityvaxmarebisa;<br />

IV etapad gamovy<strong>of</strong>T spars<strong>of</strong>ilur da antispars<strong>of</strong>ilur hermenevtikas<br />

(`marTlis Tqmis~ principebi da sxva);<br />

V etapad gamosay<strong>of</strong>ia `vefxistyaosanSi~ sasuliero da saero saxismetyvelebis<br />

urTierTmimarTeba (anton I, vaxtang VI-is `Targmani~; d. guramiSvili).<br />

VI etapze iwyeba `vefxistyaosnis~ mecnieruli ganmartebani (vaxtang VI,<br />

Teimuraz bagrationi, s. dodaSvili, mari brose) da romantikuli TvalTaxedviT<br />

wakiTxva `vefxistyaosnisa~ (aleqsandre orbeliani);<br />

VII etapze Zlierdeba XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan (i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli,<br />

vaJa-fSavela da sxvani) erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio TvalTaxedvani;<br />

VIII etapi iwyeba XX saukunis dasawyisidan (n. mari, p. ingoroyva, iustine<br />

abulaZe);<br />

IX etapi dgeba XX s-is 20-iani wlebis Semdeg, romelic bevri ramiT dRemde<br />

grZeldeba. esaa `vefxistyaosnis~ problemaTa akademiuri gaazrebani (k.<br />

kekeliZe, a. baramiZe, g. imedaSvili, v. nozaZe, s. caiSvili, n. naTaZe, g.<br />

nadiraZe, e.xinTibiZe, m. gigineiSvili, m. karbelaSvili da sxvani);<br />

X etapad unda CaiTvalos `vefxistyaosnis~ gaazrebani aRmosavluri<br />

renesansis konteqstSi (Salva nucubiZis Teoria), romelmac mravalmxrivi<br />

(dadebiTic da uary<strong>of</strong>iTic) rezonansi hpova.<br />

XI etapad gamovy<strong>of</strong>T `vefxistyaosnis~ gaazrebebs uaxlesi literaturul-esTetikuri<br />

Teoriebisa da cnebaTmetyvelebaTa mixedviT (Tanamedrove<br />

hermenevtika, qronotopis Teoria, pluralizmi, recefciuli esTetika,<br />

postmodernizmi da sxva).<br />

amas yvelas mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis da ara mxolod<br />

`idealuri mkiTxvelisaTvis~ (umberto ekos kvalobaze Tu vityviT),<br />

aramed garkveulwil _ TviT `farTo~ mkiTxvelisTvisac.<br />

81

sadReisod `vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelis istoria arsebiTad TviT teqstis<br />

istoriaa da araoden teqstologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aramed yvela,<br />

swored rom, yvela mniSvnelovani TvalsazrisiT, poemis adaptaciis<br />

TvalsazrisiTac.<br />

sadReisod `vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelis istoria ukavSirdeba sam<br />

sakiTxs:<br />

I. hermenevtikis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi;<br />

II. recefciuli (aRqmis) esTetika;<br />

III. ganwyobis Teoriis sakiTxebi.<br />

teqsti mogvemarTeba, ase vTqvaT, `metalogikiT~ (sxva rom araferi, logikurze<br />

meti siRrmiseuli azriT, xan, logikuri cnobierebisTvis bolomde<br />

miuRweveli SinaarsiT), Cven ki mivemarTebiT mas `sxva enaze~, xSirad emociisaTvis<br />

SeuTavsebeli logikiT. e. i. logikuri ganmarteba iwvevs Sinaarsis<br />

erTi enidan meore `ucxo enaze~ gardaTqmas. albaT, amitomacaa, rom `hermenevtikis~<br />

mravlismomcvel semantikaSi Sedis `Targmanic~, teqstis erTi<br />

enidan meore enaze gadatana (Targmna) (dvorecki 1958: 664).<br />

gagebisa da gaazrebis fenomeni sulis Sesaxeb mecnierebis meTodologiaa<br />

da _ ara mxolod, _ aRniSnavs gadameri (gadameri 1988: 29).igi vrceldebao<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iis, xelovnebis da istoriis sferoebSi (gadameri 1988: 30).<br />

saerTodac da Cveni narkvevebisTvisac, sainteresoa, rom am wignis<br />

pirvelsave nawilSi Sedis didi monakveTi (gadameri 1988: 30): `xelovnebis —<br />

nawarmoebi da misi hermenevtikuli mniSvneloba~, romelsac win uZRvis wina<br />

nawilis qveTavi, sadac gaazrebulia `xelovnebis WeSmariteba~ (gadameri<br />

1988: 126-134; 134-147).<br />

albaT, araa SemTxveviTi, rom hermenevtikis erT-erTi yvelaze didi<br />

sfero xelovnebaa. da esTetikuri hermenevtika sxva sferoebzec axdens<br />

gavlenas, TviT istoriis hermenevtikaze (radgan poeziaSia `sinamdvileze<br />

meti sinamdvile~). garkveuli pirobiTobiT iTqmis, rom poezia sinamdvilis<br />

hermenvtikaa. aseTia `vefxistyaosanic~.<br />

gadamerTan erTad yuradRebulia TamaSis fenomeni, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi<br />

Tavisuflebisa da reglamentirebis urTierTmimarTeba. mgoni, am konteqstSi<br />

unda ganvixiloT f. nicSes moxmobiT daviwyebis raobis gadameriseuli<br />

gaazrebani (gadameri 1988: 57).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ saanalizod yuradsaRebad gvesaxeba gadameris mier<br />

dialogis saxeTa gaazrebanic (gadameri 1988: 281, 291, 422, 423 da sxvani). dialogi<br />

aris ara mxolod adamianTa kontaqtis forma, saubris forma, aramed<br />

azrovnebis wesicaa. esTetikuri hermenevtika aris dialogi arte-faqtTan<br />

da Tan, imavdroulad, Sinagani dialogic.<br />

aseve friad yuradRebulia `horizontis~ cneba. dRes mas xSirad `konteqsti~<br />

cvlis-xolme. `horizonti~ yovelTvis ar unda gulisxmobdes dasaz-<br />

Rvras. piriqiT, horizonti upiratesad usazRvroebasac gulisxmobs.<br />

dRevandeli qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis didad mniSvnelovania<br />

xeli Seuwyos mkiTxvelis Sinagan saazrovno Tavisuflebas, saazrovno<br />

relativizms da pluralizms. am mxriv, yuradsaRebia saerTod `sicocxlis<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iis~ warmomadgenlebi (vilhelm dilaTi, anri bergsoni), magram gansakuTrebiT<br />

f. nicSe (1844-1900). qarTuli azrovnebis nicSeuri hermenevtikis<br />

mniSvnelobas warmoaCens filos<strong>of</strong>iis institutis mier gamocemuli:<br />

krebuli _ `nicSe saqarTveloSi~ (miZRvnili Tamaz buCiZisadmi~. iremaZe:<br />

2007).<br />

82

g. xeoSvili wers:<br />

`nicSes filos<strong>of</strong>iis aTvisebis mxriv dReisaTvis CvenSi arsebuli mdgomareobis<br />

aRsawerad yvelaze ukeT literaturuli hermenevtika SeiZleba<br />

gamodges. literaturuli hermenevtika teqsts ganixilavs rogorc erTgvar<br />

saSualebas social-kulturuli dialogisaTvis. msgavsi midgoma aRiarebs<br />

potenciur mkiTxvelTa mravalricxovani jgufis da teqstis SesaZlo interpretaciaTa<br />

usasrulo simravlis arsebobas~ (iremaZe 2007: 129).<br />

`qarTul sulTan nicSes anaTesavebs gansakuTrebuli siZulvili joguri,<br />

monuri cxovrebisa, masSi gaTqvefili, sakuTar saxes moklebuli adamianisa,<br />

mdore, uSfoTveli arsebobisa, `pawia~ bednierebisa da `pawia~ keTildReobisa~<br />

(buaCiZe 1986a).<br />

amnairi nicSeanuri xedvisTvis axlobeli SeiZleba iyos araerTi renesansuli<br />

niSan-Tvisebani `vefxistyaosnis~ personaJebisa, kerZod, Tundac, silaRe<br />

personaJebisa, zogjer maqsimalurad gamovlenili, roca esTetikuri<br />

TvalTaxedva maRldeba TviT eTikazedac-ki, magaliTad, avTandilis gala-<br />

Reba fatmanTan da Sedegad, WaSnagiris gawirva, rac xSirad sakamaTo xdeba<br />

maqsimalist-esTetikosTa da `sterilizebuli~ moralizmis momxreebisaTvis.<br />

albaT, saintereso iqneba, Tuki am konteqstSi SemovitanT f. nicSes iseT<br />

naSromebs rogoricaa: `sikeTisa da borotebis miRma~ (nicSe 1990: 238-406),<br />

anda _ `moralis genealogia~ (nicSe 1990: 407-525).<br />

aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: nicSem uyuradRebod datova is azri<br />

kantisa, rom `yoveli iracionaluri racionaluris TviTkritikaa, adamianis<br />

gonebis mier sakuTari SesaZleblobebis, sakuTari Tavis kritika~ (TevzaZe<br />

2002: 35). am Cixidan gasvla (ganrideba da ara — amisi gadalaxva) xdeba poeturi<br />

da, saerTod, esTetikuri azrovnebiT (buaCiZe 1986).<br />

yuradsaRebia karl iaspersis Teoria `Sifrebisa~, romelic gadmocemulia<br />

mis wignSi _ `filos<strong>of</strong>iuri rwmena gamocxadebis pirispir~ (iaspersi<br />

1962). es Teoria Zalze srulad ganxilulia aleqsandre TvaraZis wignSi<br />

(TvaraZe 2004).<br />

`Sifria~ yvelaferi, rac Tavisi sakuTari raobis garda, gamoxatavs<br />

kidev sxva raimes.<br />

`Sifrze~ fiqri wamoWris kiTxvas: ratom arsebobs raime da ratom ar<br />

arsebobs araferi? (TvaraZe 2004: 280). cxadia, es kiTxva `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

mkiTxvelebSi aRZravs sxvadasxva pasuxs.<br />

`Sifri transcendenturis enaa~ (204). misi igiveobrivi araa arc `niSani~<br />

da arc `simbolo~, TiTqos, arc `saxe~. magram saWiroa gavixsenoT erTi<br />

terminologiuri tradicia, romelic emyareba y<strong>of</strong>ierebis saxeobriv<br />

koncefcias.<br />

a. TvaraZis wignSi k. iaspersze dayrdnobiT naTqvamia: `Sifrebs vxvdebiT<br />

miTosur, religiur-sakulto, sakralur, literaturisa da xelovnebis qmnilebebSi,<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iaSi~. literaturasa da saxviT xelovnebaso `saaSkaraoze<br />

gamoaqvT Sifrebis yvelaze sufTa da SesaniSnavi ena~ (214) (SevadaroT<br />

haidegeri 1992: 38-82).<br />

n. WavWavaZe wers. `esTetikuri Rirebuleba ariso saxeldobr Rirebuleba<br />

Tavad gamoxatulebisa, esTetikuri obieqtis ~sxeulis~ gamsWvalvisa<br />

misi `sulis naTliT~ (WavWavaZe 1984: 157) (Sdr. siraZe 2000: 270).<br />

rusTavelis cnobiereba ar amoiwureba mxolod logikuri azrovnebiT,<br />

logikuri gansjiT, metadre _ panlogizmiT, gnebavT, logocentrizmiT.<br />

Tumca gasagebia, rom misTvis axlobelia aristoteluri nakadic azrovne-<br />

83

isa da am kuTxiT wakiTxvac sruliad bunebrivia (xinTibiZe 2009: 41-48; 316-<br />

329). Tumca rusTvelisaTvis aseve axlobelia platonuri nakadic azrovnebisa<br />

(iqve: 95-101; 105-114; 474-486; b. bregvaZe da sxva), metadre, platonuraristoteluri<br />

nakadebis e. w. `simfonia~, rac mocemulia neoplatonizmSi.<br />

simboluri egzegetikisaTvis erT-erTi albaT, umTavresi, pirvelsaTave<br />

aris basil didis traqtati _ `Sesaxeb imisa, Tu rogor miiRos sargebeli<br />

axalgazrdobam warmarTuli wignebidan~ (basil kesarieli 1968: 24-650. aq<br />

naCvenebia, rom warmarTuli miTosuri saxeebis desakralizeba moxdes, raTa<br />

isini gaSinaarsdes qristianuli simbolikiT (siraZe 1978: 246).<br />

miTosSi (da zRaprebSiac) ufro alegoriebia, xolo qristianul saxismetyvelebaSi<br />

ki — simboloebi.<br />

`Символизм создал образ мира более строгий в своем удинстве и внутренней<br />

обусловленности, чем это способно были бы сделать естественно научным мышлением<br />

основанное на причастности. Он охватил своими крепкими объятиями и природу и<br />

историю. Он создал в них нерушимый порядок, архитектоническое членение, иерархическую<br />

субординацию. Ибо всякая символичекская связь необходимо предполагает<br />

наличие низшего и высшего: разноценные вещи не могут быть символами друг друга...<br />

Символическое мышление наполняет, представляет представление о каждой вещи<br />

высокой эстетической и этической ценностью. Подумать только о наслаждении, когда<br />

самоцветы источают сияние своей символической значимости, когда белоснежность<br />

розы, отождествляемая с частой деиствитеьностью, представляет собою нечто большее,<br />

нежели поэтическое украшение, ибо выявляет сущность и того и дгугого! Мышление<br />

здесь поистине полифонично... каждый образ звучит гармоническим аккордом символов.<br />

символический подход дает то упоение мысли, ту дорационалическую расплывнчатость<br />

границ идентификации вещей, то содерживание рассудочного мышления, которые<br />

возводят понимание жизни до ето височайщего уровня~ (hoizinga 1988: 225-226).<br />

umberto ekos romani _ `vardis saxeli~ aris sinTezi (Tu — simbioni, iqneb,<br />

sinergia) deteqtivisa, agiografiisa da postmodernizmisa. aseTia es<br />

nawarmoebi da avtori iTxovs aseTive unda iyoso misi mkiTxveli, idealuri<br />

mkiTxveli, romelTan dialogsac epireba avtori (eko 1989: 450), ufro zustad,<br />

dialogs marTavs TviT nawarmoebi da misi idealuri mkiTxveli. `avtori<br />

amas eTiSebao~, _ aRniSnavs u. eko nawarmoebze darTul marginalSi, romelsac<br />

hqvia _ `mkiTxvelis Seqmna~ (eko 1989: 451). teqstiT unda moxdeso `mki-<br />

Txvelis iniciacia~ (eko 1989: 453). marTalia, u. eko teqstis damoukideblobas<br />

moiTxovs, magram Tan svams kiTxvas: `rogor idealur mkiTxvelze vaxdendio<br />

orientirebas me Cems naSromSi?~ da ase pasuxobs: `Tanamoazreze,<br />

cxadiao! masze, vinc mzadaa iTamaSoso Cemi TamaSi~ (iqve: 453). e. i. aq ar Cans,<br />

rom man `Searbila~ bartiseburi maqsimalizmi _ `avtoris gardacvaleba~<br />

(barti 1989: 384-391), sadac malarmes damowmebiT dasZens: `naweri upirovnoao~<br />

(iqve: 385).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelis TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrobT, yuradsaRebia<br />

xorxe borxesis mier don kixotis (personaJis) warmodgena `donkixotis~ (romanis)<br />

mkiTxvelad (borxesi 1984: 212-213). gamodis rom, don kixotma —<br />

mkiTxvelma Seqmna don kixoti _ personaJi. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba es postmodernistuli<br />

maqsimalizmia. magram TviT servantesis romanSia naCvenebi,<br />

rom saraindo romanebis kiTxvam aqcia aznauri kixoto mwuxare saxis raindad.<br />

erTgvarad Soreulad, magram mainc sayuradReboa, rom `vefxistyaosan-<br />

Si~ friad mZlavrobs sparsuli tropika, rac albaT imdroindeli mkiTxvelis,<br />

`visramianisa~ da firdousis mkiTxvelTa zegavleniT unda aixsnas.<br />

84

miSel fuko borxess exmianeba, roca gviCvenebs, rom don kixoti _<br />

personaJi sxvadasxva wignebis mieraa Seqmnilio (fuko 2004: 81-85).<br />

don kixotisaTvis `wigni ufro misi movaleobaa, vidre arsebobis dasturi.<br />

don kixoti dausruleblad unda mimarTavdes wigns rCevisaTvis, raTa<br />

icodes, rogor moiqces da ra Tqvas, an ra niSnebiT gamoavlinos sakuTari<br />

Tavi da sxvebi, raTa daadasturos, rom isic zustad imave bunebisaa, rac<br />

saraindo romanebSia aRwerili~ (fuko 2004: 81). `don kixoti wigniviT<br />

kiTxulobs samyaros~ (fuko 2004: 82).<br />

avTandilic xSirad wignebs mihyveba (`wagikiTxavs, siyvarulsa mociquli<br />

ragvar weren?!~; `Tu bZeni xar, yovli bZenni apireben ama pirsa...~). misi ena<br />

ufro mwigrobrulia, vidre spaspetisa. igi mwignobrulad kiTxulobs zeciur<br />

mnaTobTa raobas, Tumc maTSi Tavis Sinagan gancdebs amoikiTxavs.<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ xSiria gansjiTi Sinaarsis Semcveli `saxeebi~, romlebic<br />

ZiriTadad logikur-racionalur wakiTxvas iTxovs, Tumca maT emociebic<br />

axlavs-xolme, magaliTad: `Tavisisa cnobisagan Cavardebis kaci Wirsa~<br />

(875,4); `ara viqm, codna ras margebs filos<strong>of</strong>osTa brZnobisa! miT viswavlebiT,<br />

mogveces SerTva zesT mwyobTa wyobisa~ (792,3-4). `wagikiTxavs, siyvarulsa<br />

mociqulni ragvar weren? viT ityvian, viT aqeden! can, cnobani<br />

miaferen: `siyvaruli agvamaRlebs~, viT eJvanni amas JReren~ (792,1-3) da<br />

misTanani (metadre, aforizmebSia).<br />

aris Tu ara es mxatvrul-esTetikuri raobani?<br />

xom ar unda ganvixiloT eseni `azris silamazis~ koncefciis kvalobaze?<br />

(siraZe 1987: 166-173).<br />

daismis kiTxva: `vefxistyaosnis~ zemomoyvanili da msgavsi adgilebi<br />

`azris silamazis~ principiT unda Sefasdes, Tu maT SeiZleba mivusadagoT<br />

tropis sxvadasxva terminebi Tu kategoriebi? es kiTxvebi sayuradRebo unda<br />

iyos rusTvelologisaTvis, metadre, saskolo swavlebisas.<br />

aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas mivaqcevT ritorikis Teorias<br />

(dibua... 1986), romelic erTgvari SemaerTebeli xidia literaturuli da<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iuri teqstebis saanalizod.<br />

am wignSi Sedis aseTi terminebi: sineqdoqe, metafora, Sedareba, metonimia,<br />

oqsimoroni da sxvani. eseni moixmareba saerTod azrTawyobis gaazrebisaTvis<br />

rogorc zogadi `metyvelebis figurebi~ (dibua... 1986: 188-225).<br />

hermenevtikis istoriisa da TeoriaTa gaazrebisaTvis saWiro xdeba<br />

gaviTvaliswinoT sami etapi: zogadad gasaTvaliswinebelia antikuri peiodi,<br />

magram gansakuTrebiT, egzegetikis etapebi da Semdeg _ sakuTriv hermenevtika,<br />

romelic, faqtobriv, iwyeba saero mwerlobidan da kerZod, rus-<br />

Tvelologiuri naazrevidan.<br />

qarTuli egzegetikis istoriisaTvis qrestomaTiuli mniSvneloba aqvs k.<br />

kekeliZis `Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriis `Sesabamis Tavs~ _ `egzegetika~<br />

(kekeliZe 1980: 457-466).<br />

egzegetika ZiriTadad bibliur teqtTa ganmartebas gulisxmobs. amas<br />

ZvelqarTuli `Targmani~ (`Targmaneba~) ewodeba (es sityva gadaTargmnasac<br />

aRniSnavda).`Targmani~ ewodeba agreTve bibliuri teqstis martivad gardaTqmas<br />

(kekeliZe 1980: 457).<br />

qarTul mwerlobaSi uZvelesi gardaTqma _ `qarTuli Targumi~, bibliuri<br />

teqstisa CarTulia `evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebaSi~. Seiqmna ~katenebi~.<br />

teqsti iwereboda SuagulSi (`kimeni~), xolo arSiaze sqolio (ganmartebani)<br />

an kol<strong>of</strong>onebi.<br />

85

`uZvelesi, Cvenamde Senaxuli da dRes cnobili saegzetiko Txzulebani<br />

moTavsebulia e. w. `Satberdis krebulSi~ da naTargmnia somxuridan ara ugvianes<br />

mecxre saukunisa~ (kekeliZe 1980: 459). Cven vfiqrobT, rom am krebulis<br />

erT-erTi mTavari mizandasaxulebaa ganmartebani `wm. ninos cxovrebisa~:<br />

anTropologia, mrwamsi, simboloebi da a. S. (siraZe 1992: 13-25); amitomac<br />

swored am krebulSia CarTuli `wm. ninos cxovreba~.<br />

`Satberdis krebuli~ gviCvenebs, Tu rogor konteqstSi kiTxulobdnenxolme<br />

`wm. ninos cxovrebas~.<br />

amasTanave `Satberdis krebulis~ gaTvaliswineba friad sasurvelia<br />

dResac `vefxistyaosnis~ marTebuli wakiTxvisas. moviyvanT ramdenime<br />

magaliTs.<br />

`Satberdis krebuli~ iwyeba gr. noselis TxzulebiT _ `kacisa SesaqmisaTvis~<br />

(`Satberdis krebuli~ 1979: 67-127). rusTveluri adamianTmcodneobisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia qristianuli anTropologiis gaTvaliswineba. cxadia,<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia sxva wyaroebic, magram qristianul anTropologiaze<br />

Seqmnil erT-erTi umTavresi nawarmoebis mniSvneloba am mxriv sruliad<br />

gansakuTrebulia.<br />

amas mosdevs `TualTaÁ~ epifane kvpirelisa (`Satberdis krebuli~ 1979:<br />

127-175). aq ara mxolod ganmartebulia 12 bibliuri Tvali-patiosani, aramed<br />

mocemulia Sesabamisi farTo konteqstebi bibliidan.<br />

fatmani nestanze ambobs:<br />

86<br />

`Sua Zowsa da akiksa Wvris margaliti tyupebi~ .<br />

(`vefxistyaosani~ 1966: 1146,4)<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ simfoniaSi~ akakis adgilas Setanilia `ayiyi~ (simfonia<br />

1956: 31).<br />

n. naTaZe ganmartavs: `Zowi-wiTeli marjani. ayiyo-wiTeli Zvirfasi qva~<br />

(naTaZe 1986: 378).<br />

basil kesarielis `mxecTaTvis saxisa sityuaÁ~ Seicavs cxovelTa (mxec-<br />

Ta) simboloebis ganmartebas (saxismetyvelebiT ganmartebebs). aq `saxismetyvelebiT~<br />

(avtori _ basil kesarieli) simbolurad ganmartebulia<br />

`lomi~ da `lekvi lomisa~ (Satberdis krebuli: 179).<br />

aseve sainteresoa ganmartebani `tredisa~, `irmisa~ da sxvaTa.<br />

TiTqos Soreulad, magram mainc sayuradReboa `vefxistyaosnis~ adamianTmcodneobisaTvis<br />

`Satberdis krebulSi~ Sesuli: ipolite romaelis<br />

`daviTisaTvis da goliadisTvis ganmarteba~ (kr.: 141-249). saqme isaa, rom<br />

k.kekeliZis TeoriiT, `vefxistyaosnis~ gmiri-personaJebis saxeebSi mocemulia<br />

saerTod transformirebuli idealebi `wminda mxedrebisa~ (kekeliZe<br />

1945: 6-12), romelTa pirvelsaxeebia qriste (ara mxolod mSvidobisaTvis<br />

movsulvar, aramed maxviliTaco); miqael mTavarangelozi, mere _ daviT<br />

mefe (winaswarmetyveli da fsalmunmgalobeli), wminda giorgi da sxva wminda<br />

mxedrebi. daviTi goliaTis dammarcxebelia. i. romaelTan es gaazrebulia<br />

gveleSapis damarcxebad. amitom is, rac Tqmulia daviTze, zogjer SeiZleba<br />

simbolurad mivusadagoT tarielis gmirobas.<br />

ufro metad yuradsaRebia ipolite romaelis `TargmanebaÁ qebaÁ qeba-<br />

TaÁ~ (kr.: 249-269). aqaa maRalsulieri siyvarulis qristologiuri gaazrebani.<br />

TviT wminda adamianuri siyvaruli RvTis siyvarulia, siyvarulia<br />

qristesi (`RmerTi siyvaruli ars~). simbolurad esaa `siyvarulis siyvaru-

li~ (`kvla mijnursa mijnuroba uJvardes da gamoscnobdeso~, _ naTqvamia<br />

poemis prologSi~, 11,3). aseTi azria d. guramiSvilis `zubovkaSic~: zubovkeli<br />

qalis siyvaruli qristes siyvaruliao, aseTi siyvaruli mediumia<br />

adamianursa da RvTaebrivs Soris. egevea naTqvami avgustines TxzulebaSi _<br />

`aRsarebani~. rusTaveli ki ambobs: wminda xorcieli siyvaruliT mijnurni<br />

`masve (maRalsulierebas) hbaZaven, Tu odes, ar siZven, SoriT bndebian~. 21.4).<br />

ipolite romaels mohyavs `qeba qebaTaÁs~ sityvebi `umjobes arian Cemda<br />

ZuZuni Senni ufroÁs Rvinisa~ (kr.: 252) da iqve ganmartavs: `ganamxiarulis<br />

Rvinoman guli, esreT saxed ganamxiaruleben mcnebani qristeni~ (252). cxadia,<br />

aseT gaazrebaTa pirdapiri gadmotana `vefxistyaosnisTvis~ TiTqos<br />

araa swori (Tumca amgvars irCevs vaxtang VI Tavis `TargmanebaSi~), magram<br />

amisi mizanSewonili, Tundac siRrmiseuli gaTvaliswineba mainc gvmarTebs.<br />

qarTuli egzegetikisaTvis da, Tundac, Semdegdroindeli hermenevtikisa<br />

da TviT rusTvelologiisaTvis friad sayuradReboa efrem mciris<br />

egzegetikuri leqsikoni (efrem mcire 1968: 83-97). esaa `Teologiuri leqsikoni~.<br />

aq sayuradReboa ara mxolod calkeul sityvaTa simboluri (saxismetyvelebiTi)<br />

ganmartebani, aramed ganmartebaTa meTodologia, principi<br />

ganmartebisa. es gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs Cveulebrivi, leqsikologiuri<br />

ganmartebani da arsebobs saxismetyvelebiTi ganmartebani:<br />

`gesmodin raÁ xelni da ferxni RmrTisani, Tualni da guli, uwyode,<br />

viTarmed amissaca gulisxmu<strong>of</strong>asa saxismetyvelebaÁ uxms da ara ganmartebaÁ~<br />

(efrem mcire 1968: 82).<br />

`adgil RmrTisad odesme caÁ iTqumis, da odesme eklesiaÁ da odesme<br />

qalwuli, da odesme guami kacad-kacadisaÁ, gina yovelive, romelsaca zeda<br />

ganisuenos nebaman RmrTisaman. rameTu amaT yovlTa mier cxad ars, viTarmed<br />

arca erTsa adgilisa mier gare-Secvul ars igi, aramed yovelive mas<br />

mxolosa Seucavs. saxelni ese yovelni sxuebr da sxuebr gulisxma-iy<strong>of</strong>ebian<br />

adgilad RmrTisa: caÁ-simaRlisaTvis RmrTeebisa misisa, rameTu araraÁ<br />

ipoebis sxuaÁ gonebasa kacTasa umaRlesi adgili ufrois caTa~ (efrem mcire<br />

1968: 83).<br />

`vefxistyaosnisTvis~ aqedan bevri ramaa sayuradRebo; magaliTad: etli<br />

(85), naTel (88), ufali ZalTaÁ~ (88), risxva RmrTisa (89), suli (89), saxeli<br />

RmrTisa (90), smena RmrTisa (91), ar-smena misa (91), frTe RmrTisa (91), Sueniereba<br />

RmrTisa (93), ucnaureba misa (94), Zali RmrTisa (94). efrem mcire<br />

dasZens: es sityvebio `RmrTisaTvis xorcielad iTqmuian da sulierad<br />

gulisxma iy<strong>of</strong>iano~ (96).<br />

yvela eseni, da sxva mravalic, cal-calkea Sesaswavli `vefxistyaosan-<br />

Tan~ mimarTebaSi, Tundac iseTi friad iSviaTi ram _ `sicili RmrTisaÁ~ (90).<br />

msgavsi TvalTaxedva SeiZleba amovikiTxoT aikin riCardsis narkvevebSi<br />

_ `ritorikis filos<strong>of</strong>ia~ (metaforis Teoria 1990: 44-67). metafora mxolod<br />

e. w. mxatvruli `xerxi~ ki araa, igia moucilebeli Tviseba azrovnebisa<br />

da enisa, yoveli azri ganrkveulad metaforaao (metaforis Teoria 1990: 47).<br />

gamodis, rom dialogi metaforaTa `gacvlaa~ (metaforis Teoria 1990:17).<br />

metafora realobis gamowvevaa, raTa sagani (xdomileba) iyos ara oden is,<br />

rac aris, aramed kidec sxva ram. yoveli metafora, garkveuli azriT, iracionalobaa<br />

(metaforis Teoria 1990: 12).<br />

oqtavio pasi aRniSnavs: aRmosavluri azrovnebao ar ganicdida SiSs `sxva<br />

raobis~ winaSe, romelic aris da arc aris erTdroulad (pasi 2000: 228).<br />

87

nicSedan modis TviT dRevandel RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, magram<br />

nicSesTan amas axlavs TviTkritika, rom me varo yovelive nihilizmis mizezi,<br />

me var is subieqti, romlis bralia RmerTis mokvdinebao. ai, aseT konteqstSi<br />

faseulia TviTironia.<br />

erTi eprigrama nicSes Txzulebisa aseTia: `mxiaruli mecniereba~ (nicSe<br />

1990: 491): CemTvis sasaciloa yvela xelovani, romelsac TavisTavisTvis ar<br />

dauciniao.<br />

amitomaa, rom mizanSewonilad miviCnieT nicSes zemodasaxelebul Txzulebas<br />

`mxiaruli mecnierebis` nacvlad ewodos _ `sibrZne malaRobeli~<br />

(rac vaxtang VI-seuli saTauria) (siraZe 2008: 57-58).<br />

hermenevtikis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi qarTul samecniero<br />

literaturaSi specialuradaa Seswavlili (hermenevtika 2008: 114-122).<br />

f. Slaiermaxeris principebi jer v. diliaim da mere kidev ufro siRrmiseulad<br />

ganaviTara martin haidegerma (1869-1976) (gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa<br />

_ m. haidegeri, `y<strong>of</strong>iereba da dro~. Tbilisi, 1989).<br />

misTvis mTavaria fenomenis cneba.<br />

`haidegerma fenomeni ganmarta rogorc dafaruloba. es mianiSnebda, rom<br />

dafarulis Sesamecneblad sakmarisi ar aris aRwera, aramed saWiroa safaris<br />

axsna, rac mxolod hermenevtikul interpretacias ZaluZs~ (ratiani 2008: 117).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelisaTvis sruliad gansakuTebuli miSvnelobisaa<br />

m. baxtinis hermenevtikuli Sexedulebani, romelTagan araerTi ram didi<br />

xania iqcevda yuradRebas, Tumca bolo dros aRdga da gacxovelda. bevri<br />

ramaa maTgan ganxiluli axalgamocemul `literaturis TeoriaSi~ (ratiani<br />

i. mixeil baxtinis Teoriuli koncefcia. dialoguri kritika. _ literaturis<br />

Teoria, 2008, gv. 26-56).<br />

saerTodac da, kerZod, `vefxistyaosnis~ hermenevtikisaTvis mravalmxriv<br />

sayuradReboa `recefciuli esTetika~, romelic calke Tavdaa Setanili<br />

zemoxsenebul `literaturis TeoriaSi~ (bregaZe 2008: 185-193).<br />

mgoni, ar unda iyos Zalze Soreuli ram, Tu gavixsenebT, rasac amis<br />

msgavs cnobierebaze ioane petriwi werda. obieqts (`gasagonod~ e. i. imas, rac<br />

Semodis gonebaSi) `gonebaÁ, zed miesxmis martivado~ (petriwi 1937: 7).<br />

haidegeri amas Tvlida cnobierebis wuTieri ganaTebis Sedegad.<br />

recefciul esTetikaSi Sesuli `aRqmis~ fenomenis miCneva pirovnebis<br />

cnobierebis hermenevtikul `ganaTebad~ SeiZleba filos<strong>of</strong>iuri metafora<br />

iyos, magram udaoa, masSi arseboba rogorc ityvian, `WeSmaritebis marcvlisa~.<br />

amitomac sruliad bunebrivia aseTi formulireba: `literaturuli<br />

teqstis realizeba, gacocxleba, mxolod misi aRqmis procesSi aRmqmeli<br />

suZieqtis cnobierebis procesSi xdeba (bgeraZe 2008: 185). es, magaliTad,<br />

`vfxistyaosanSi~, Seexeba wminda mxatvrul saxeebs, filos<strong>of</strong>iur gamonaTqvamebSi<br />

ki silamazis aRqma diskursiuli cnobierebiT, anu safexurebrivad<br />

warimarTeba.<br />

`literaturis TeoriaSi~ Semavali narkvevi _ `postmodernizmi~ (wifuria<br />

2008: 259-291) am mimdinareobis umTavres principebs exeba, romelTagan<br />

calkeuli yuradsaRebia `vefxistyaosnis~ hermenevtikisaTvis, xan pozitiurad,<br />

xanac negaciiT. wamyvania `postmodernistuli mgrZnobeloba~. kidev<br />

ufro mTavaria destruqtivizmi da krizisiT gamowveuli mravali saxis<br />

nihilizmi. xSir SemTxvevaSi TviT arapostmodernistuli TvalsazrisiTac<br />

aseTi nihilizmi ubralod uarsay<strong>of</strong>i ki araa, aramed dasaZlevia, oRond<br />

gaTaviseba-daZleviT.<br />

88

`vefxistyaosnis~ hermenevtiuli analizisaTvis friad mizanSewonilad<br />

gvesaxeba movixmoT d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria da enis Sina<strong>of</strong>rmis koncefciis<br />

problematika (uznaZe 1977; uznaZe 1947), raTa warmovaCinoT qar-<br />

Tuli mwerlobis paradigmuli saxeebi (siraZe 2008: 180-218). am SemTxvevaSi<br />

viyenebT `kulturis lingvisturi paleontolgiis~ daskvnebsac (gamyreliZe<br />

1984a; gamyreliZe 1984b). amasTanave mizanSewonilia movixmoT m. fukos wigni<br />

`sityvebi da sagnebi (humanitarul mecnierebaTaa arqeologia) (fuko 2004).<br />

aRniSnul safuZvelze SemdomSi gaanalizebuli iqneba rusTvelis enobrivi<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lxedva, saero-saraindo Tu aristokratiul-ceremonialuri enobrivi<br />

stili; aris Tu ara diferencireba avtorisa da personaJebis sityvaxmarebas<br />

Soris?<br />

amjerad ki yuradRebas mivaqevT, Tu ra konteqstSi da ra azriTaa<br />

naxsenebi `mkiTxveli~ (`leqsTa mkiTxvelio~. 942,1) an mxatvari (`mas wina<br />

RamiT Zal-edvis mxatvarsa xatva xatisa~. 1465,4; `aqa, mxatvaro, daxate~).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelTa istoriisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia pirovnebis<br />

ganviTarebis peripetiebi (koni 1978: 111-327) da am kuTxiT enobrivi<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvis sakiTxebi (siraZe 2008: 180-218).<br />

`mkiTxvelis fenomenis~ TvalsazrisiT, saWiroa SeZlebisgvarad `vefxistyaosani~<br />

gaviazroT miTosur-folklorul samyarosTan mimarTebiTac.<br />

am sferoSi mravali gamokvleTa arsebobs:<br />

m. Ciqovani 1966; e. virsalaZe, 1968; m. karbelaSvili 1982; m. karbelaSvili<br />

1980.<br />

am da sxva avtorTa mosazrebani ganxilulia Tamar xvedelianis monografiaSi<br />

_ `vefxistyaosnis~ miTosur-folkloruli samyaro~, romelic mravalmxrivaa<br />

gasaTvaliswinebeli `mkiTxvelis fenomenis~ TvalsazrisiTac<br />

(xvedeliani 2001)..<br />

marTalia, miTosuri azrovneba winaqristianul xanaSi Camoyalibda da<br />

mTeli Tavisi raobiT swored im dros mniSvnelobs, magram igi mxolod im<br />

xaniT ar ifargleba da SemdegSiac ganagrZobs arsebobas xan uSualod, xanac<br />

saxismetyvelebiT, warmarTuli Sinaarsis desakralizebiT da qristianuli<br />

sakralizebiT (saamiso principebi mocemulia basili didis specialur<br />

traqtatSi), xan, rogorc ityvian, `paganizebulad~ anu folkloruli TavisuflebiT.<br />

amisi nimuSia `vefxistyaosnis~ cnobili striqonebi: `naxes, mzisa<br />

Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa~. es ukavSirdeba `wminda giorgis cxovrebis~<br />

apokriful versias, oRond ara pirdapir, aramed xalxuri variantis<br />

gamoyenebiT, xalxuri `wakiTxvis~ mixedviT.<br />

CvenTvis erT-erTi amosavalia Semdegi ram:<br />

Cvenis azriT, prologis sityvebi: `ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad na-<br />

Targmanebi... vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi~, romelic exeba poemis fabulis<br />

raobas, niSnavs ara warmoSobiT sparsuls, aramed `gamonagons~ (siraZe 1975:<br />

190-196) `zRapruls~, gnebavT, miTosur ambavs (Sdr. baramiZe 1964: 173).<br />

literaturisa da, saerTod, xelovnebis istoriis mimarT `ganviTareba~<br />

yovlad pirobiTia. aq siaxlenia da ara _ `ganviTareba~ (ukeTesis Seqmna).<br />

yoveli nawarmoebi TavisTavadia da TviTkmari. Tu mainc `ganviTarebas~ vixmarT,<br />

aq mniSvnelovania cnobili moZRvreba `orgvar sibrZneze~. sibrZne vi-<br />

Tardeba da aisaxeba saxismetyvelebaSi (siraZe 2008: 5-22).<br />

teqsts ori ganzomileba aqvs: horizontaluri da vertikaluri. horizontalur<br />

ganzomilebaSi vgulisxmobT teqstis sityvaTa struqturul<br />

89

Tanmimdevrobas, dasawyisidan dasasrulamde, xolo vertikalurSi teqstis<br />

sulier Sinaarss, mis `suls~ anda, sulierebas.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi viTvaliswinebT r. ingardens, magram niSvnelovani daSorebiT.<br />

nawarmoebis organzomilebianoba adre aRuniSnavs herders. r. ingardeni<br />

pirvel ganzomilebaSi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva nawilTa monacvleobas,<br />

meore ganzomilebaSi kavSirs im nawilTa Soris (ingardeni 1962).<br />

teqstis Cveulebriv mdinarebaSi misi amqveyniuri Sinaarsia, xolo missave<br />

siRrmeSi aris sulieri Sinaarsi, romelic jvris vertikals Seesabameba.<br />

amas swvdeba mkiTxvelis zecnobiereba.<br />

jvarsaxovnebas Seicavs calkeuli mxatvruli saxe, nawarmoebi, Semoqmedeba,<br />

epoqa da mTeli istoria literaturisa. arcerTi maTgani ar sruldeba-xolme<br />

TavisTavSi. isini mudmivad gacxoveldeba sul sxvadasxva mkiTxvelSi.<br />

mkiTxveli aniWebs maT jvarsaxovnebas, Tumca jvarsaxovneba maTSi<br />

`obieqturad` aris. es niSnavs, rom uCvenodac wilnayaria sulierebasTan<br />

(siraZe 2000: 199-203).<br />

jvarsaxovneba met-naklebad yovel teqstSia, sulierebis ierarqiulobisda<br />

Sesabamisad, radgan suli yvelganaa. garkveuli azriT, sulia `sicocxle~<br />

da ara marto cocxali organizmisa, aramed nebismieri sagnis Tu movlenisa.<br />

aseTi zogadi azriT, sulia is, riTac xdeba Tavisi raobis SenarCuneba<br />

da Tanac garemocvasTan mimarTebis damyareba, misgan gamijvnac da mas-<br />

Tan Tanaarsebobac (WavWavaZe 1984: 153-157).<br />

RirebulebaTa gadafaseba xdeba, mkiTxveli icvleba, magram masSi raRac<br />

mainc ucvleli rCeba, pirovnulic, erovnulic da religiuri. aseTivea pirad-individualuri<br />

`me~. erTsa da imave mdinareSi ganmeorebiT ver Seval-<br />

To, magram amasTanave swored erTsa da imave mdinareSi SevdivarT mravalgzis.<br />

galaktionic ambobs, rom `yovelive mimdinareobs da amave dros dgas<br />

yoveliveo~. esaa erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nicSeanuri azri<br />

galaktionTan. nicSe Turme mxolod idumali CurCuliT warmoTqvamda amas.<br />

teqstis horizontaluri mdinareba droSi xdeba, sulieri vertikalis<br />

SegrZneba ki myisieri SeiZleba iyos. gaston baSliari werda: `poezia wamieri<br />

metafizikaao. igi wamierebas eZiebs. is qmnis wamierebas... da mxolod vertikalur<br />

droSi Seyovnebuli wuTiT iZens poezia gansakuTrebul energias.<br />

arsebobs wminda poeziis wminda energia da igi ganifineba vertikalurad<br />

formisa da pirovnebis droSi~. `yovel WeSmarit leqsSi aris aramedini dro,<br />

aq dro araa ganzomilebadi, romelsac Cven vuwodebT vertikalurs, raTa is<br />

ganvasxvaoT Cveulebrivi droisgan, romelic mdinarebs horizontalurad,<br />

viTarca mdinare da qari~ (baSliari 1987: 347, 358).<br />

`jvarsaxovneba~, garkveuli pirobiTobiT, saero nawarmoebSiac SeiZleba<br />

davinaxoT, zogadad, sulierebisa da xorcielebis urTierTgadakveTis<br />

azriT.<br />

amitom gvsurs, rom `jvarsaxovneba~ damkvidrdes literaturul-esTetikur<br />

sferoSic sekularizebulad (siraZe 2000: 190-203).<br />

umberto ekos `vardis saxelis~ marginaliebSi erT-erT saTauradaa<br />

`mkiTxvelis Seqmna~ (eko 1989). aq meordeba-xolme aseTi azri: `idealuri<br />

mkiTxvelis formireba~. isaa Tanamedrove pirovneba an garkveuli nawili<br />

sazogadoebisa. momaval mkiTxvels ver gaiTvlis avtori (stendali, piriqiT,<br />

momavali mkiTxvelisagan eloda namdvil dafasebas). mkiTxveli sulmudam<br />

Tavidanve qmnis nawarmoebs da am gziT mkiTxveli qmnis literaturul<br />

epoqasac. `idealuri~ aq niSnavs ideaSi warmosadgens da ara zesruly<strong>of</strong>ils.<br />

90

masTan iwyeba dialogi nawarmoebisa, `avtori ki gamoiricxeba~. es albaT<br />

rolan bartidan momdinare azria. mis statias pirdapir ase hqvia _ `sikvdili<br />

avtorisa~ (barti 1989). aseve sayuradReboa qveTavi _ `wakiTxva~, naSromidan<br />

_ `kritika da WeSmariteba~. `mkiTxvelic~ da `avtoris sikvdilic~<br />

postmodernizmis fundamentarul terminologiaSi Sevida da orive rolan<br />

bartis mier damkvidrebulad iTvleba (Postmodernism. London and New York. 2001;<br />

II. Names ans Terms, P. 221, 347).<br />

1972 wels gamoqvenda gaston buaCiZis vrceli narkvevi _ `miSel fuko<br />

sityvebsa da sagnebs Soris~ (buaCiZe 1972: 196-216), romelSic dawvrilebiTaa<br />

gaanalizebuli miSel fukos wigni _ `sityvebi da sagnebi~.<br />

axla es wigni qarTuladacaa.<br />

m. fukos wigni struqturalisturad iTvleboda, Tumca Semdeg m. fuko<br />

postmodernizmis erT-erT mTavar Teoretikosad miiCneva.<br />

aq mravali sakiTxia, magram amjerad Cven yuradRebas miaqcevs msjelobas<br />

imis Sesaxeb, rom kritikosi Cvens Tvalwin warmoSobs axal samyaroso (gv.<br />

208). es mkiTxveliseuli Semoqmedebaa (e. i. TanaSemoqmedeba) da kidev:<br />

fukosTan don-kixoti gaazrebulia rogorc mkiTxveli, romelic iluziiT<br />

cxovrobs, radganac aRar arsebobs saraindo romanebis is sinamdvile, romlisac<br />

don-kixots amaod sjera (borxesi 1984: 212-213). don-kixoti sityvebSi<br />

xedavs Zvel sinamdviles, romelic aRar arsebobs. ase Sordeba-xolme sagnebs<br />

sityvebi. maT ki mkiTxveli sxvadasxvagvarad aSinaarsebs.<br />

es grZeldeba, roca don-kixoti mkiTxvelia `don kixotisa~, _ ambobs<br />

borxesi (`dafaruli magia `don-kixotisa~). parodia Tanamedrove donkixotur<br />

mkiTxvelze parodiac aRaraa, esaa ufro keTili `filos<strong>of</strong>iuri Rimili~<br />

iluziaTa aucileblobaze (asevea g. doCanaSvilis moTxrobaSi `kaci,<br />

romelsac literatura Zlier uyvarda~).<br />

mkiTxvelis problemas Seexo araerTi avtori da maT Soris Cvenc (siraZe<br />

2008: 5-22). specialuri narkvevi ki am sakiTxs miuZRvnes r. yaralaSvilma<br />

(`wigni da mkiTxveli~. 1970), k. jamburiam (`mkiTxvelo, xom ar mogewyina?~,<br />

`literatura da xelovneba~, 1991, № 2, gv. 95-107) da l. bregaZem (`me vwer,<br />

mkiTxvelo, Seni imediT~ _ almanaxi: `literatura da sxva~, Tsu, 2003, gv 19-<br />

27; i. ratiani. i. WavWavaZe da misi mkiTxveli. — saiubileo krebuli, 2007). aq<br />

recefciuli esTetikis mixedviT ganxilulia mweralTa da literaturaTmcodneTa<br />

hermenevtikuli Sexudulebani `mkiTxvelis~ Sesaxeb.<br />

amjerad `mkiTxvelis fenomenis~ istorias warmovadgenT teqstTa istoriisa<br />

da avtorTa gamonaTqvamebis mixedviT.<br />

`wm. ninos cxovreba~ mravalmxriv icvleboda. Tavdapirveli teqstebis<br />

ZiriTadi nawilebi liturgiuli daniSnulebiT unda iyos Seqmnili, Cvenis<br />

azriT, IV-V ss-Si (Tumca mas win uZRvis istoriuli nawili da, rogorc aRniSnulia,<br />

igic icvleboda). Semdeg, roca `qarTlis cxovreba~ (jer `mefeTa<br />

cxovreba~) iqmneba, `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ teqsti sakiTxavi gaxda istoriis<br />

mkiTxvelTaTvis, Tumca mianiSnebs `cxovreba~ cxonebas gulisxmobso. mere,<br />

metafrastika rom Semovida, kvlav misda Sesabamisad gadaakeTes teqsti<br />

axleburi TvalTaxedviT wakiTxvisaTvis. n. gulaberisZis `sakiTxavSi~ igive<br />

teqsti gardaTqmulia saqarTvelos istoriis ZiriTadi sazrisis warmosa-<br />

Cenad (ZiriTadi sazrisi _ sveticxoveliao).<br />

`abos wamebis~ pirvel TavSi naTqvamia. `sixarul eqmnis WabukTa moTxrobiTa<br />

miT, simxneÁ igi qristeÁs moRuaweTaÁ da siqaduli da mxiarulebaÁ<br />

moxucebulTa xsenebaÁ igi RuawlisaÁ mis martvilisaÁ~ da a. S. (Zeglebi 1963:<br />

91

51). kidev ufro sainteresoa, Tu rogor unda icvlebodes msmeneli, raTa<br />

misi sxeulis `karavSi~ daivanos wminda sityva.friad gansakuTrebulia da,<br />

vityodiT, unikaluric-ki, dasawyisi `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebisa~:<br />

`mizezni arian aRmZvrel sityvisa da sityuaÁ ars mimTxrobel mizezTa,<br />

romlisaTvis pirvel movlenan sagrZnobelTa da miarTvian mimRebelsa, da<br />

mimRebelman miscis ganmkiTxvelsa da ganmkiTxvelman — dammarxvelsa da<br />

esreT gamosaxuli igi miiqcis da daeberis nestusa enisa Tvisisa da gangebulad<br />

oxrin, raÁTa kualad sasmenelTa sxuaTa miscemdeT TviT TanaziarebiTa<br />

smenisaÁTa, romel ars awindeli ese Cueni moqcevaÁ~ (Zeglebi 1963: 191-192).<br />

e. w. mcxeTis fsmalmuns win uZRvis aTanase aleqsandrielis (326-372)<br />

`gamokvlevaÁ Zalisa fsalmuniTaÁsaÁ~. aq ganmartebulia, rom sxvadasxva<br />

bibliuri wigni sxvadasxvagvarad unda vikiTxoTo, zogSi sxvis ambebs<br />

vecnobiT, fsalmuni ki ise unda wavikiTxoT, rogorc Cveni saTqmeli (TiTqos,<br />

RvTis winaSe Cven vambobT amaso) (fsalmuni 1960: 447).<br />

cxadia, es fsalmunur-himnografiul poezias exeba, magram met-naklebad<br />

igive iTqmis saerTod lirikul poeziaze.<br />

eqvTime aToneli Tavisufali Targmanis zusti TargmaniT Secvlas efrem<br />

mcire mkiTxvelTa moTxovnilebiT xsnida: `siCCoebasa Cuenisa naTesavisasa<br />

sZiTa zrdida da mxaliTa, xolo aw, mis mier aRzrdili, mtkicisa sazrdelisa<br />

moqene iqmnao~.<br />

oriode magaliTi `vefxistyaosnidan~.<br />

tarieli da avTandili midian qvabSi asmaTTan, Semdeg avTandili aqedan<br />

unda wavides. isini sevdiT mosilni arian. rusTaveli dasZens:<br />

92<br />

`leqsTa mkiTxvelo, Senimca Tvali cremlisa mRvrelia!<br />

gulman, glax, ra qnas ugulod, Tu guli gulsa elia?!<br />

moSorveba da moyvrisa gayra kacisa mkvlelia,<br />

vinca ar icis, ar esmis, ese dRe ragvar Znelia~. (951)<br />

roca tarieli da avTandili SeiWurvebian, mere naTqvamia:<br />

`aqa, mxatvaro, daxaten ZmaT umtkicesni Zmobilni,<br />

igi mijnurni mnaTobTa, sxvisa vervisgan swrobilni,<br />

orive gmirni moymeni, mamacobisa cnobilni,<br />

ra qajeTs mivlen, gasinjon omi, laxvarTa sobilni~.<br />

(k. WiWinaZis gamocemaSi — 1438).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyvelebis mTavari niSania azrTawyobis esTetizacia.<br />

aq ufro mZlavrobs esTetikuri saxismetyveleba, vidre eikonuri an<br />

eideturi. gamonagoni sxvaganacaa, Tundac, miTosSi, magram iq is realobad<br />

iTvleba, aq ki gamonagonis ararealoba gacnobierebulia, gamonagons misi<br />

esTetikuroba amarTlebs agiografiisadmi dispoziciiT, sadac religiuri<br />

sinamdvilea da `Sinagani xilva~ (farulava 1982). gamonagonze damyarebuli<br />

saxismetyveleba `vefxistyaosanSi~ renesansuli esTetikis niSania.<br />

e. w. aRorZinebis xanaSi (XV-XVIII ss.) `vefxistyaosnis~ orgvari wakiTxva<br />

dominirebda: religiur-qristianuli da saero TvalTaxedva. TiToeuli<br />

amaTgani sxvadasxva saxiT vlindeba: zogad-qristianuli TvalTaxedvani da<br />

religiuri maqsimalizmi. maqsimalizmi vlindeba meores mxrivac: spars<strong>of</strong>iluri<br />

pozicia da `marTlis Tqmis~ principTa mixedviT wakiTxva.

es sakiTxebi yvelaze srulad ganxilulia meri guguSvilis monografiaSi<br />

(guguSvili 1966).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ Tavisufali romantikuli wakiTxvis Sedegia aleqsandre<br />

orbelianis leqsi `rusTaveli~. es leqsi aleqsandre orbelians dauweria<br />

1852 wels, algeTis xeobaSi, wminda samebis mTaze.<br />

leqsi iwyeba ase: `rusTavel!~ _ da esaa imdroindeli arcTu umaRlesi<br />

poeturi gemovnebis gamovlineba, rasac mohyveba Semdegi striqonebi: `yovlis<br />

zeciuri madliT gabrwyinvebulo, da angelozebr wmindad amomsun-<br />

Tqmelo~! amgvari dasawyisi gvkarnaxobs, rom leqsi aRviqvaT religiuri sulierebiTa<br />

da paTetikuri amaRlebulobiT, rac mowodebulia qristianuli<br />

universaliebis gamomxatveli sityvaxmarebiT. aseTi azrovneba ar mieswrafvis<br />

originalobas. `originalobas~ qmnis arCevani saero-gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

arsenalidan, magaliTad, aseTi: ~vin mogitana didsulovnobis rto sasufevlidan~!<br />

es exmianeba demetre-damianes sityvebs: `morCi keTili edems Sina<br />

nerguli, alva sulneli, samoTxiT gamosruli~, anda _ `daviTians~, romel-<br />

Sic Zalze xSiria RvTis gansaxovneba rtoTi (`Srto~). maSasadame, rusTavels<br />

miemarTeba tradiciulad RvTaebasTan dakavSirebuli simbolika (ioane<br />

SavTelis varZiis RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnil `galobanSi~ RvTismSobeli<br />

warmoCenilia imgvari niSnebiT, romlebic gasaidealeblad miaCndaT Tamar<br />

mefis saxeSi). esaa poeturi gza adamianis ganRmrTobisa.<br />

swored amgvarad unda aRviqvaT Semdegi sityvebic: `cTomilTa mogfines<br />

mzis podiri~ (anu Saravandedi); `ca pativsa gcems Rrublis gvirgviniT~ (148e<br />

fsalmunSia: `aqebdiT ufalsa caTagan, aqebdiT mas cani caTani~. msgavsi<br />

saxismetyvelebaa Tamariseul sagalobelSi `casa caTasa~).<br />

aseT fonze sruliad gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens leqsis Semdegi<br />

saxe _ `suli, davnebuli surviliTa~. am sulis mxilvelia rusTveli (igi<br />

misken `momfrinavia~), e. i. masTan ziarebulia. SeiZleba am saxeSi TviT rus-<br />

Tavelis sulic-ki amovicnoT, Tuki leqsis saerTo saxismetyvelebas<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT.<br />

leqsSi rusTavelis warmosadgenad erT-erTi mTavari safuZvelia<br />

avTandilis saxe, ufro zustad, misi romantizebuli saxe (etyoba, egeve iyo<br />

TviT al. orbelianis sakuTari Sinagani ideali). amas gvafiqrebinebs Semdegi<br />

striqonebi: `romels mindorze ilocavdi, romel cTomilTa mogfines mzis<br />

podiri?.. romels mdinares mouTxrobdi Sens gulis wadils?.. ramden gvari<br />

frinvelebi y<strong>of</strong>ilan SenTan mesaubred? is ra tye aris, SengniT molben mxecnadirni<br />

gaafTrebulni?.. iyo sada da vin giTxra: `ager xedav! ca pativs gcems<br />

Rrublis gvirgviniT!~ yovelive es leqsSi Tqmulia rusTavelze.<br />

araa Zneli saerTo momentebi davinaxoT am sityvebsa da imaT Soris, rac<br />

avTandilzea Tqmuli `vefxistyaosanSi~. magaliTad: `Rame ilxendis, dRe<br />

sjidis, elis Caslvasa mzisasa, ra wyali naxis, gardaxdis, uWvretdis Wavlsa<br />

wylisasa, masTana rTvidis nakadsa sisxlisa cremlTa tbisasa~; `ra esmodis<br />

mRera ymisa, smenad mxecni movidian...~; nestanis povniT avTandilis gaxarebis<br />

niSnad `agrgvinda ca, da Rrubelni tirodes brolis cvariTa?~, rasac exmianeba<br />

n. baraTaSvilic (al. orbelianis leqsSi baraTaSviliseburia agreTve<br />

aseTi striqoni: `am dros sigrilis cvaric movida, gulsa mSvebeli~).<br />

Tuki al. orbelianis leqsSi rusTavelis pirvelsaxe avTandilia, amiT<br />

ikveTeba misi rusTvelologiuri koncefcia, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ avTandilis<br />

pirvelsaxe TviT rusTavelia, igia misi alter-ego. esaa romantikuli<br />

koncefcia, romlis umTavresi gamarTleba poetur WeSmaritebaSia. al.<br />

93

orbeliani mravali kiTxviT mimarTavs rusTavels, Tu sad, rogor da rodis<br />

gadagxdao is, rac `vefxistyaosnis~ mixedviT, Tavs gadaxdenia avTandils.<br />

al. orbelianis mier avTandilis mixedviTaa warmodgenili `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

movlenaTa aRmqmeli, ramdenadac poemaSi ZiriTadia tarielis ambebi, romlebsac<br />

igi uyveba avTandils. erTmaneTs erwymian avTandilisa da<br />

rusTavelis saxeebi, viTarca poemis mTavari poeturi subieqtebisa. asea al.<br />

orbelianis mixedviT.<br />

leqsis dasasruls misi mxatvrulobis done mdabldeba, ramdenadac<br />

rusTavelis gandideba da qveteqstSi mocemuli romantikuli patriotizmi<br />

zedmeti paTetikurobiT gamoixateba. erTi ram mainc unda aRiniSnos:<br />

holderlinze naTqvamia, rom mis poeziaSi iSviaTia RvTis xseneba, magram igi<br />

aRvsiliao RvTismosaobiT. al. orbelianis leqsic uSualod RvTaebisadmi<br />

araa mimarTuli, magram mTels leqss saRvTo suliereba msWvalavs. esaa misi<br />

mTlianobis ganmsazRvreli. da aseT fonze rusTavelis fundac usazRvro<br />

gandideba daviT fsalmunTmetyvelze zeaRmatebulobas ar unda gulisxmobdes.<br />

SeiZleboda aseTi maqsimalizmi imiT agvexsna, rom maSin, rogorc s.<br />

dodaSvili aRniSnavda, _ jer kidev bevrs ver Seegno Rirseba sakuTari<br />

literaturuli warsulisa. amasTan dapirispirebam moitana swored maqsimalisturi<br />

Tvalsazrisi. igi daemyara romantikul warmosaxvas. amas Tan axlda<br />

swrafva (`survili~) rusTavelis maRalsulierebis Tanagancdisaken. al.<br />

orbelianisaTvis rusTvelis maRalsuliereba samoTxis mkvidrTaTvis<br />

wilxvdomili Rirsebaa. yvelas da yvelafers amTlianebs `suli, davnebuli<br />

surviliTa~, anu saRvTo swrafva da esaa mTavari (siraZe 1997).<br />

aseTia `vefxistyaosnis~, ufro _ rusTavelis identifikaciis, erTi<br />

sayuradRebo romantikuli gaazreba.<br />

P.S. rusTvelologiuri hermenevitikis egzegetikuri tradiciisaTvis<br />

sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa efrem mciris Teologiuri<br />

leqsikoni, romelSiac SemorCenili xelnawerebiT 100-ze meti ganmartebaa<br />

fsalmunur sityvaxmarebaTa bizantiur patristikaze damyarebiT.<br />

`zogierTi ganmarteba leqsikonSi TviTon efrems SeiZleba ekuTvnodeso~, _<br />

aRniSnavs am teqstis gamomcemeli mzeqala SaniZe (SaniZe 1068: 121).<br />

`adgil RmrTisa odesme caÁ iTqumis da odesme eklesiaÁ da odesme<br />

qalwuli, da odesme gvami kacad-kacadisaÁ, gina Tu yovelive, romelsaca<br />

zeda ganisuenos nebaman RmrTisaman. rameTu amaT yovelTa mier cxad ars,<br />

viTarmed arca erTsa adgilsa mier gare-metyuel ars igi, aramed yovelive<br />

mas mxolosa Seicavs. xolo ese yovelTa sxuebr da sxuebr. gulisxma-iy<strong>of</strong>in<br />

adgilad RmrTisa: caÁ-simaRlisaTvis RmrTeebisa misisa, rameTu araraÁ<br />

epoebis sxuaÁ gonebasa kacTasa umaRlesi adgili ufroÁs caTa. amisaTvisca<br />

casa saydar misa uwodian da queyanasa kuarcxbek. da ese yoveli mopovnebiT<br />

da saxismetyvelebiT, raÁTa gamoaCinos simaRle RmrTeebisa misisaÁ~ (SaniZe<br />

1968: 83).<br />

efrem mciris es leqsikoni gvkarnaxobs, rom nawarmoebSi zogierTi<br />

sityva pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT (`ganmartebiT~) unda gaviazroT, zogierTi<br />

ki `saxismetyvelebiT~ anu simbolurad:<br />

`gesmodin raÁ xelni da ferxni RmrTisani, Tualni da guli, uwyode,<br />

viTarmed amissaca gulisxmis-y<strong>of</strong>asa saxismetyvelebaÁ uxms da ara<br />

ganmartebaÁ~ (SaniZe 1968: 82).<br />

94

marTalia, es yovelive, upirveles yovlisa, fsalmunebs exeba, magram<br />

SeuZlebelia es ar gaeTvaliswinebina mkiTxvels `vefxistyaosnis~ sityvaxmarebaTa<br />

gaazrebisas, pirdapiri Tu saxismetyvelobiT.<br />

kidev ramdenime magaliTi:<br />

`Tqumul RmrTisa arian yovelnive sityuani RmrTiv-sulierTa wignTani~<br />

(SaniZe 1968: 86).<br />

`elva RmrTisa ars mosrwafed movlinebaÁ Zalsa sakvirvelebaTa da<br />

SewevnaTa masTasa, romeli-igi meysa Sina qmniTa ganmanaTlebelca ars da<br />

SemaZrwunebelTa~ (SaniZe 1968: 84).<br />

`wiTel saxel-edebis zogadad brwyinvalebasa mas erT-RmrTeebisasa~<br />

(SaniZe 1968: 88).<br />

Zalze iSviaTia aseTi ganmarteba:<br />

`sicil RmrTisa esreTi gulisxma-iy<strong>of</strong>ebis, viTarmed igi Tavadi sacinel<br />

hy<strong>of</strong>s eSmaksa~ (SaniZe 1968: 90).<br />

`frTe misa arian saTnoebaÁ da sibrZne, gina Tu saqme da xedvaÁ~ (SaniZe<br />

1968: 91). rusTaveli, cxadia, icnobda fsalmunebs (es kargad Cans nestanis<br />

werilidanac: `momcnes frTeni da aRvfrinde...~ es fsalmunis sityvebia).<br />

`Zal RmerTisa ars qriste, RmrTisa Zali da RmrTisa sibrZne~ (SaniZe<br />

1968: 94). (dRevandel rusTvelologiaSic gvxvdeba aseTi ganmarteba poemis<br />

pirveli striqonisa: `romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa~).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ wakiTxvisaTvis, tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi iqneba es Tu<br />

TviT Tanamedrove TvalTaxedva, aucilebelia movixmoT elizbar javeliZis<br />

narkvevi _ `Sua saukuneebis aRmosavluri poeziis tipologiisa da Seswavlis<br />

meTodisaTvis~ (javeliZe 1985: 74-152). es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ sparsuli poetikuri nakadis gaazrebisaTvis, anda<br />

Tundac imis gasagebad, Tu rogor upirispirdeba mas `vefxistyaosani~. aq<br />

garda konkretuli sakiTxebisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia mkiTxvelis istorias-<br />

Tan dakavSirebuli zogadTeoriuli problemebic; esaa: dialogiuri mimar-<br />

Teba teqstTan (baxtini 1974); tradiciuli da Tanamedrove wakiTxvis urTierTmimarTeba<br />

(r. ueleksa da o. uorenze dayrdnobiT. ueleki 1978. javeliZe<br />

1985: 78). avtori _ teqsti _ mkiTxveli (javeliZe 1985| 91) da sxva. saamisod<br />

moxmobilia mravali mkvlevari (s. averincevi, m. baxtini, r. iakobsoni. mravalmxrivaa<br />

gaazrebuli Tamaz WilaZis mosazrebani (WilaZe 1989).<br />

Tamaz vasaZis wigns (vasaZe 2005) SeiZleba vuwodoT `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

Tavisufali wakiTxva, rac umTavresad mkvlevriseuli wakiTxvaa da ara<br />

maincdamainc romelime koncefciis calsaxa dasabuTeba. Tumca mkvlevari<br />

iTvaliswinebs araerT rusTvelologiur naazrevs. aseTi naSromis mixedviT,<br />

rusTvelis mTavari koncefciaa _ esTetikuri TvalTaxedva da TavisTavad<br />

sagulisxmo ram, sxvagan ugulvebely<strong>of</strong>ilia-xolme.<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ Tanamedrove wakiTxvisa da, vityodiT asec _ wakiTxvadi<br />

ganaxlebisaTvis udaod perspeqtiulia maka elbaqiZis naSromi, metadre,<br />

dasavleTevropul mwerlobaTa da, kerZod, saraindo romanebis konteqstSi<br />

(elbaqiZe 2001; elbaqiZe 2006; elbaqiZe 2006; elbaqiZe 2007; elbaqiZe<br />

2009), romelTa mimoxilvas Semdgom warmovadgenT.<br />

95

damowmebani:<br />

baramiZe 1964: baramiZe al. realisturi nakadis Sesaxeb XVII-XVIII saukuneebis<br />

qarTul mwerlobaSi. _ narkvevebi, IV, Tb.: 1964.<br />

barti 1989: Барт Р. Избранные работы. М.: "Прогресс", 1989.<br />

basili kesarieli 1968: Василий Кесарийский. О том, как молодым людям извлечь<br />

пользу из языческих книг. – Пямятники византийской литературы IV-IX вв. М.: 1968.<br />

baSliari 1983: Башляр Г. Новый рационализм. М.: "Прогресс", 1983.<br />

bregaZe 2003: bregaZe l. `mkiTxvelo, me vwer Seni imediT~. almanaxi<br />

`literatura da sxva~. Tb.: Tsu, 2003.<br />

bregaZe 2008: bregaZe l. recefciuli esTetika. _ literaturis Teoria. Tb.:<br />

`literaturis institutis gamomcemloba~, 2008.<br />

borxesi 1984: Борхес Л. Х. Проза разных лет. М.:"Радуга", 1984.<br />

buaCiZe 1972: buaCiZe g. miSel fuko sityvebsa da sagnebs Soris. _<br />

`mimomxilveli~, Tb.: Tsu, 1972.<br />

buaCiZe 1986: buaCiZe T. Tanamedrove burJuaziuli filos<strong>of</strong>iis saTaveebTan.<br />

Tb.: 1986.<br />

buaCiZe 1986a: buaCiZe T. sicocxlis filos<strong>of</strong>ia. Tb.: 1991.<br />

gabaSvili 1956: gabaSvili t. `mimoslva~. el. metrevelis gamocema. Tb.: 1956.<br />

gadameri 1988: Гадамер Х. Г. Истина и метод. Основы философской герменевтики. М.:<br />

"Прогресс", 1988.<br />

gamyreliZe 1984a: Гамкрелидзе Т. В. Вяч. Вс. Иванов. Индоевропейский язык и<br />

индоевропейцы (Реконструкция и историко-типологичкий анализ праязыка и протокультуры).<br />

Ч. I, ТТУ. 1984.<br />

gamyreliZe 1984b: Гамкрелидзе Т. В. Вяч. Вс. Иванов. Индоевропейский язык и<br />

индоевропейцы (Реконструкция и историко-типологичкий анализу праязыка и<br />

протокульеуты). Ч. II, ТТУ. 1984.<br />

guguSvili 1966: guguSvili m. brZola rusTvelis garSemo (XV-XVIII ss.). Tb.:<br />

`mecniereba~, 1966.<br />

dvorecki 1958: Дворецкий С. И. Древнегеческо-русский словарь. I, М.: 1958.<br />

dibua... 1986: Дибуа Ж., Менге Ф., Эделин Ф., Пир Ф., Клинкенберг Ж. М., Принон А.<br />

Общая риторика. М.: "Прогресс", 1986.<br />

eko 1989: Эко У. Имя розы. М.: "Книжная палата", 1989.<br />

elbaqiZe 2001: elbaqiZe m. rusTveluri mijnuroba da kurtuaziuli romani. _<br />

qarTul-sazRvargareTuli literaturuli urTierTobani. krebuli I, Tsu, 2001,<br />

gv. 125-157.<br />

elbaqiZe 2006: elbaqiZe m. lom-vefxis motivis interpretacia Suasaukuneebis<br />

raindul romanebSi. _ humaniteruli fakultetis axalgazrda mecnierfilologTa<br />

Sromebi. X, Tsu, 2006, gv. 72-81.<br />

elbaqiZe 2006: elbaqiZe m. rusTvelologiuri siyvarulis konvenciuri Zirebi.<br />

_ J. `sjani~, 2006, gv. 39-45.<br />

elbaqiZe 2007: elbaqiZe m. vefxistyaosnis poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />

Suasaukuneebis frangul raindul romanTan tipologiur mimarTebaSi, 2007, gv.<br />

5-183.<br />

elbaqiZe 2009: elbaqiZe m. sivrculi diqotomia Suasaukuneebis raindul<br />

romanSi. _ waxnagi (filolgiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli), I, 2009, gv. 103-120.<br />

vasaZe 2005: vasaZe T. `vefxistyaosnis~ mxatvruli Sinaarsis komentarebi,<br />

`universali~, 2005.<br />

efrem mcire 1968: SaniZe m. Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanisa<br />

(teqsti da SeniSvnebi). _ Tsu Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 11<br />

(saiubileo), Tb.: Tsu, 1968.<br />

96

virsalaZe 1968: virsalaZe e. SoTa rusTaveli da qarTuli samijnuro poezia. _<br />

kreb. SoTa rusTaveli (S. rusTavelis sax. qarTuli literaturis instituti).<br />

Tb.: 1968.<br />

TevzaZe 2002: TevzaZe g. XX saukunis filos<strong>of</strong>iis istoria. Tb.: Tsu, 2002.<br />

TvaraZe 2004: TvaraZe aleqsandre. saxelmwifo, adamiani da religia,<br />

(platonis, karl iaspersis da hans kiungis moZRvrebaTa safuZveloze). Tb.:<br />

`logosi~, 2004.<br />

iaspersi 1962: Jaspers K. Der philisiphische Glaube angesichts der Offenbarung. München:<br />

1962.<br />

ingardeni 1962: Ингарден Р. Исследования по эстетике. М.: изд. "Иностранной<br />

литературы", 1962.<br />

iremaZe 2007: nicSe saqarTveloSi (eZRvneba Tamaz buaCiZes). redaqtor-<br />

Semdgeneli Tengiz iremaZe. Tb.: `arxe~, 2007.<br />

karbelaSvili 1980: karbelaSvili m. `vefxistyaosnis~ struqtura da<br />

tipologia. _ saq. mecn. akademiis `moambe~, 97, № 3, Tb.: 1980.<br />

karbelaSvili 1982: karbelaSvili m. `vefxistyaosnis~ siuJutis miTologiuri<br />

Zirebi. _ saq. mecn. akademiis `moambe~, № 105, 3, Tb.: 1982.<br />

karbelaSvili 1986: karbelaSvili m. `vefxistyaosnis kompoziciis sakiTxisaTvis.<br />

_ saq. mecn. akademiis `moambe~, 122, 2, Tb.: 1986.<br />

kekeliZe 1945: kekeliZe k. `wminda mxedari~ Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. _<br />

etiudebi, II, Tb.: Tsu, 1945.<br />

kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb.:<br />

`mecniereba~, 1980.<br />

koni 1978: Кон И. С. Открытие "Я". Издательство политичесской литературы, 1978.<br />

metaforis Teoria 1990: Теория метафоры (Э. Кассирер, Р. Якобсон, А. Ричардс, А.<br />

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naTaZe 1986: SoTa rusTaveli. `vefxistyaosani~. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,<br />

Sesavali, ganmartebani, komentari da bolosityva daurTo n. naTaZem. Tb.:<br />

`ganaTleba~, 1986.<br />

nicSe 1990a: Ницше Ф. Сочинения в двух томах. I, М.: "Мысль", 1990.<br />

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oniani 1966: oniani S. `vefxistyaosnis~ ori str<strong>of</strong>i vani qvabTa monastris erT<br />

warweraSi. J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 3, Tb.: 1966.<br />

orbeliani 1992: orbeliani a. `rusTaveli~. _ qarTuli mwerloba, IX, Tb.:<br />

`nakaduli~, 1992.<br />

pasi 2000: Пас О. Освящение мига. Поэзия. Философская эссеистика. "Симпозиум" (СПб.-<br />

М.), 2000.<br />

petriwi 1937: ioane petriwis Sromebi. t. II, Tb.: Tsu, 1937.<br />

ratiani 2007: ratiani i. ilia da misi mkiTxveli. kr. `ilia WavWavaZe da misi<br />

epoqa~ *(Tezisebi), Tb.: 2007.<br />

ratiani 2008: ratiani i. hermenevtika. _ literaturis Teoria (XX saukunis<br />

ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobani). Tb.: `lit.<br />

institutis gamomcemloba~, 2008.<br />

rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. a. SaniZisa da a. baramiZis<br />

redaqciiT. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1966.<br />

simfonia 1956: `vefxistyaosnis sim<strong>of</strong>nia~. Sedgenili akaki SaniZis<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT. Tb.: Tsu, 1956.<br />

siraZe 1975: siraZe r. Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis<br />

sakiTxebi (Tavi: asaxvis rusTveluri meTodi da `vefxistyaosnis~ fabula). Tb.:<br />

Tsu, 1975.<br />

97

siraZe 1978: siraZe r. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tb.: `xelovneba~,<br />

1978.<br />

siraZe 1987: siraZe r. daviT anhaRTi da `azris silamazis~ problema. _<br />

literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi. Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1987.<br />

siraZe 1992: siraZe r. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba, I, Tb.: Tsu,<br />

1992.<br />

siraZe 1997: siraZe r. `suli davnebuli surviliTa~ (a. orbelianis leqsi<br />

`rusTaveli~). _ krebuli mieZRvna aleqsandre orbelianis xsovnas (I samecniero<br />

konferencia( (aleqsandre orbelianis sazogadoeba). Tb.: `lomisi~, 1997.<br />

siraZe 2000: siraZe r. qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi (Tavi: jvarsaxovneba).<br />

Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2000.<br />

siraZe 2008a: siraZe r. `adamianuri, erTob adamianuri~. _ J. `Cveni mwerloba~,<br />

№ 18(70), 2008.<br />

siraZe 2008b: siraZe r. qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis. _<br />

kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: `inteleqti~, 1984.<br />

siraZe 2008g: siraZe r. istoria `mkiTxvelis fenomenisa~ da saxismetyvelebiTi<br />

periodizacia. _ r. siraZe, kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: inteleqti, 2008.<br />

uznaZe 1947: uznaZe d. enis Sinaforma. _ `fsiqologia~. Tsu, t. IV, 1947.<br />

uznaZe 1977: uznaZe d. ganwyobis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi. _ d. uznaZe.<br />

Sromebi. VII, 1977.<br />

farulava 1982: farulava g. mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul<br />

mwerlobaSi. Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1982.<br />

fsalmunni 1960: fsalmunis Zveli qarTuli redaqciebi X-XII saukuneebis<br />

xelnawerebis mixedviT gamosca mzeqala SaniZem. I teqsti. Tb.: mecn. akad.<br />

gamomTemloba, 1960.<br />

fuko 2004: fuko m. sityvebi da sagnebi (humanitarul mecnierebaTa<br />

arqeologia). Tb.: `diogene~, 2004.<br />

yaralaSvili 1977: yaralaSvili r. wigni da mkiTxveli. Tb.: 1977.<br />

SaniZe 1968: SaniZe m. Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa. _<br />

saiubileo krebuli (Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 11), Tb.: Tsu<br />

gamomcemloba, 1968.<br />

Satberdis krebuli 1979: Satberdis krebuli. X saukunisa, gamosacemad<br />

moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1979.<br />

CanarTi 1948: vefxistyaosnis CanarTi da danarTi str<strong>of</strong>ebi. s. iordaniSvilis<br />

gamocema. Tb.: 1948.<br />

Ciqovani 1966: Ciqovani m. SoTa rusTaveli da qarTuli folklori. kreb.: SoTa<br />

rusTaveli skolaSi. Tb.: 1966.<br />

Zeglebi 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. I (V-X ss.).<br />

dasabeWdad moamzades i. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c.<br />

qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da c. jRamaiam, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da<br />

redaqciiT. Tb.: saq. mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, 1963.<br />

Zeglebi 1967: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. II. Tb.: saq.<br />

mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, 1967.<br />

wifuria 2008: wifuria b. postmodernizmi. _ literaturis Teoria. Tb.:<br />

literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.<br />

WavWavaZe 1984: Чавчавадзе Н. Культура и ценности. Тб.: "Мецниереба", 1984.<br />

xvedeliani 2001: xvedeliani T. vefxistyaosnis miTosur-folkloruli<br />

samyaro. Tb.: 2001.<br />

xinTibiZe 2009: xinTibiZe e. vefxistyaosnis ideur-ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobiTi<br />

samyaro. Tb.: `qarTvelologi~, 2009.<br />

98

javeliZe 1985: javeliZe e. poeziis tipologiisa da Seswavlis meTodisaTvis. _<br />

e. javeliZe, Studiebi. Tb.: 1985.<br />

jamburia 1991: jamburia k. `mkiTxvelo, xom ar mogewyina?!~ _ `literatura da<br />

xelovneba~, № 2, Tb.: 1991.<br />

haidegeri 1992: haidegeri m. dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa (Tavebi: qmnileba<br />

da WeSmariteba; WeSmariteba da xelovneba). germanulidan Targmna giorgi<br />

baramiZem. Tb.: `goni~, 1992.<br />

hoizinga 1988: Хёйзинга Й. Осень Средневековья (Исследование форм жизненого уклада<br />

и форм мышления в XIV и XV веках во Франции и Нидерландах), М.: "Наука", 1988.<br />

Revaz Siradze<br />

On the History <strong>of</strong> the Vepkhistqaosani Reading<br />

Summary<br />

Two kinds <strong>of</strong> reading the poem Vepkhistqaosani were formed from the outset: with<br />

Christian content and Persian content. From the 19 th century the emergence <strong>of</strong> the national<br />

analogies was added to it. The study <strong>of</strong> Christian (Biblical, warrior-saint and chivalry)<br />

content has been deepened since the 20 th century. The post modernist readings have been<br />

added to it since the 21 st century.<br />

In the light <strong>of</strong> modern hermeneutics, not only the so-called “ideal reader” becomes the<br />

object <strong>of</strong> attention but also the controversial or negative views. For this, along with the<br />

west European and Russian scholars the views <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> scholars (R.Karalashvili,<br />

L.Bregadze, K.Jamburia, I.Ratiani, etc) should be taken into account.<br />

We would like to mention D.Uznadze’s “theory <strong>of</strong> set” in order to clarify, whether the<br />

reader’s position is traditional, epochal or dictated by some modern theory. This work is<br />

based on R.Siradze’s paper: “Phenomenon <strong>of</strong> a Reader and Tropological Periodization”<br />

(Sjani, 2008).<br />

99

mariam karbelaSvili<br />

100<br />

vefxistyaosnis uadresi komentari<br />

interteqstobrioba: rusTaveli da JamTaaRmwereli<br />

`moparviT mokal sasiZo~.<br />

vefxistyaosani~, 543,2<br />

`...arian kacis mklvelni miparviTa,<br />

romelTa mulidad uwodian~<br />

`...ara ars naTesavi qarTvelTa<br />

kacis mklveli, da arca sjuli ucT<br />

eseviTarisa saqmisa qmnad~.<br />

JamTaaRmwereli<br />

brZenma berZnebma saocari SorsmWvretelobiT cxra muzis dedad<br />

mnemosine _ mexsierebis qalRmerTi dasaxes. es niSnavs, rom msgavsad<br />

nivTierebis maradisobis kanonisa, arsebobs mexsierebis maradisobis kanonic:<br />

kulturuli mexsierebis maradisobis kanoni interteqstobriobis<br />

safuZvelia.<br />

* * *<br />

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom interteqstobrivi mimarTeba JamTaaRmwerlis<br />

istoriuli qronikisa vefxistyaosanTan eTikur-moraluri problematikis<br />

konteqstSia gadawyvetili: nebismieri mxatvruli nawarmoebi moralur<br />

sawyiss eqvemdebareba. am moraluri kriteriumiT iqna Sefasebuli vefxistyaosnis<br />

mkiTxvel TaobaTa mier poemis erT-erTi sakvanZo kolizia _<br />

tarielis mier mZinare xvarazmSas Svilis `moparviT mokvla~. rogorc rus-<br />

Tvelologiuri mecnierebis istoria mowmobs, dawyebuli vefxistyaosnis<br />

CanarT-danarTiT _ rogorc vefxistyaosnis uadresi komentariT _<br />

mravali saukunis manZilze poemis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa Soris XX<br />

saukunis 30-iani wlebis meore naxevramde ar arsebobs arc erTi, romelic<br />

tarielis am qmedebas gaamarTlebda. niSandoblivia, rom sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

moxda am epizodis tradiciuli Sefasebidan mkveTri gadaxveva da tarielis<br />

qmedebis gamarTlebis mizniT diametrulad sawinaaRmdego interpretaciis<br />

Seqmna, romelic rusTvelologiur mecnierebaSi `tarielis reabilitaciis<br />

Teoriis~ (norakiZe 1966: 149) saxeliT aris cnobili. es antihumanisturi Teoria<br />

Tavisi arsiT sabWoTa epoqis ideologiuri warmonaqmnia da vulgaruli<br />

sociologiis niadagzea aRmocenebuli (karbelaSvili 2010: 277-281).<br />

`tarielis reabilitaciis Teoriis~ Seqmna-Camoyalibeba sruliad konkretul<br />

qronologiur CarCoebSi Tavsdeba: esaa 1936-1938 wlebi (cincaZe 1936:<br />

81-82, 90, 106-108; baramiZe 1938: 85-106).<br />

aucileblad unda iTqvas, rom tarielis mxatvruli saxisadmi miZRvnil<br />

naSromSi al. baramiZe sruli mecnieruli obieqturobiT aRniSnavda:<br />

`...mkvlevarTa mTeli Taobebi mas saZraxis gmirad racxaven, zog SemTxvevaSi<br />

ki saocrad mZime braldebebsac ki uyeneben... mkvlevarni gansakuTrebiT<br />

amcireben tariels nestanis saqmros ambavTan dakavSirebiT~ (baramiZe 1938:<br />

86, 93). amrigad, `saocrad mZime braldebebs~ Soris umTavresia indoeTSi<br />

nestan-darejanis saqmrod miwveuli xvarazmSas Svilis mkvleloba (`aulag-

mav vnebas mkvlelobamde mihyavs~ _ gulaki; `mxecurad klavs udanaSaulo<br />

pirs~ _ iustine abulaZe; `konkurentis miparviT mokvla~, `udanaSaulo<br />

adamianis veraguli mkvleloba~ _ korneli kekeliZe da sxv.).<br />

sabWoTa literaturaTmcodneobis doqtrinerulma sworxazovnebam,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad literaturul nawarmoebTa personaJebi ZiriTadad or<br />

jgufad nawildebian dadebiTi da uary<strong>of</strong>iTi personaJebis saxiT (leqsikoni<br />

1966: 25-26), (terminebi 1974: 273-275), sabWoTa periodis rusTvelologiur<br />

mecnierebazec moaxdina Tavisi msaxvrali gavlena, da, rogorc adre ukve<br />

aRvniSne, `yvelaferia gakeTebuli imisTvis, rom [sabWoTa periodis _ m.k.]<br />

rusTvelologiur mecnierebaSi idealurad miCneul gmirebs araferi hqondeT<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>iTi, da, radgan sxva gza ar arsebobs, uary<strong>of</strong>iTi an Segnebulad<br />

unda miiCqmalos, an dadebiTad unda gamocxaddes da xotba Seesxas. ase moxda<br />

veraguli mkvlelobis gamarTleba `saxelmwifoebrivi interesebiTa~ da<br />

`patriotizmiT~ (evdoSvili 1991: 124). sakiTxisadmi sruliad dogmaturma<br />

midgomam saerTod ver SeniSna SoTa rusTavelis erT-erTi udidesi ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />

mniSvnelobis miRweva da damsaxureba: vefxistyaosnis zogierT personaJTa<br />

_ kerZod, tarielisa da nestan-darejanis _ xasiaTTa ara statikaSi, aramed<br />

sulieri ganviTarebis dinamikaSi asaxva (karbelaSvili 1987: 275; karbelaSvili<br />

1991: 134-136), rasac Sedegad mcdari interpretaciebi da rusTavelis<br />

humanisturi ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis pr<strong>of</strong>anireba mohyva. `tarielis rebilitaciis<br />

Teoria~ ar iqna gaziarebuli rig avtoritetuli mecnierTa mier<br />

(k.kekeliZe, i. javaxiSvili, v. nozaZe da sxv.).<br />

Tumca a. baramiZis xsenebul naSromSi `mkvlevarTa mTel Taobebzea~ _<br />

igulisxmeba XIX s.-XX s-is pirveli mesamedi _ aqcenti gakeTebuli, rogorc<br />

sakiTxis istoriis _ maT Soris vefxistyaosnis CanarT-danarTis, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki poemis cnobili gagrZelebis `xvarazmelTa ambis~ _ Seswavla gviCvenebs<br />

(karbelaSvili 1991: 123), cxadad Cans, rom mravali saukunis winaTac<br />

`xvarazmSas Svilis usisxlod mokvlis sakiTxi da misi moraluri Sefaseba<br />

vefxistyaosnis mkiTxvelTa araerT Taobas aRelvebda!~ (karbelaSvili 1993: 198).<br />

raoden saocaric unda Candes, am moraluri muxtiT niSandebulma<br />

epizodma pirveli gamoxmaureba eqvsi saukunis win hpova, amasTan ara<br />

literaturuli, aramed istoriuli xasiaTis nawarmoebSi _ iseT brwyinvale<br />

qronikaSi, rogoricaa JamTaaRmwerlis Txzuleba, dawerili XIV saukuneSi; am<br />

faqtis Tanaxmad JamTaaRmwereli vefxistyaosnis am epizodis pirvel<br />

komentatorad, xolo Tavad teqsti mis pirvel komentarad unda CaiTvalos.<br />

es arcaa sakvirveli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rogori fxizeli damokidebuleba<br />

aqvs JamTaaRmwerels zneobisa da uzneobis mimarT: pirvelis ilustracia<br />

mis mier moTxrobili cotne dadianisa da dimitri Tavdadebulis<br />

Tavganwirvis, meorisa ki _ Tamaris asulis rusudanis `gansakrTomeli~ ambebia.<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis mimarTeba vefxistyaosnis aRniSnuli epizodisadmi interteqstis<br />

saukeTeso nimuSia. interteqstobriobis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT<br />

Tavisi maRali ganzogadebis xarisxiT amomwuravad mimaCnia m. baxtinis<br />

formula: `teqsti, rogorc Taviseburi monada, romelic aisaxavs mocemuli<br />

azrobrivi sferos (sazRvrebSi) yvela teqsts. yvela azris urTierTkavSiri<br />

(ramdenadac isini realizdebian gamonaTqvamebSi)~ (baxtini 1976: 125). interteqstobriobis<br />

aspeqtSi detalizacias Semdgom mivmarTavT, axla mTavari<br />

sakiTxis dayenebaa.<br />

konkretulad, ra aris is `mocemuli azrobrivi sferos sazRvrebSi arsebuli<br />

teqsti~, romlis arsic JamTaaRmwerlis qronikaSi aisaxa? maqsimalu-<br />

101

ad Tu davkonkretdebiT, es aris mZinare adamianis `moparviT//miparviT<br />

mokvla~ (am iuridiuli terminis Sinaarss Semdeg ganvmartavT), ramac Tavisi<br />

asaxva pirvelad vefxistyaosanSi hpova tarielis mier mZinare xvarazmeli<br />

sasiZos mkvlelobis saxiT, meored ki _ JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis im<br />

monakveTSi, sadac sparseli mulidis mier mZinare CaRata noinis mkvlelobis<br />

istoriuli faqtia aRwerili, romelsac mTlianobaSi `almuTis epizodi~<br />

SeiZleba vuwodoT (q∼c 1959: 208-211).<br />

interteqstobriobis principiT erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli<br />

vefxistyaosnis taepi _ nestan-darejanis mier tarielisTvis micemuli<br />

davaleba:<br />

moparviT mokal sasiZo~ (543,2; varianti: miparviT)<br />

da `almuTis epizodidan~ JamTaaRmwerlis fraza:<br />

`arian kacis mklvelni miparviTa, romelTa mulidad uwodian~ (q∼c 1959: 208).<br />

amrigad, Zveli qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis specifikuri termini moparviT//miparviT<br />

mokvla, romelmac ivane javaxiSvilis yuradReba miipyro, da,<br />

ramdenadac vici, qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi mxolod orjer gvxvdeba,<br />

pirvelad vefxistyaosanSia dafiqsirebuli, meored _JamTaaRmwerlis<br />

qronikaSi.<br />

sakiTxis dayenebisTvis es ori faqti sakmarisia; aq savsebiT Sesaferisia<br />

SesaniSnavi poloneli paradoqsalistis stanislav eJi lecis fraza: `yvelafris<br />

Sesaxeb yvelaferi ukve Tqmulia. sabednierod, yvelaferze ar aris<br />

nafiqri~.<br />

* * *<br />

termini interteqstobrioba SemoiRo i. kristevam 1967 wels, es termini<br />

SemdgomSi postmodernistuli kritikis erT-erT ZiriTad principad iqca.<br />

interteqstobrioba aRniSnavs teqstTa zogad Tvisebas, rac imaSi gamoixateba,<br />

rom maT Soris arsebobs kavSirebi, romelTa meSveobiT teqstebs (an maT<br />

nawilebs) mravali sxvadasxvagvari xerxiT cxadad Tu farulad SeuZliaT<br />

erTmaneTze miTiTeba.<br />

i. kristevam interteqstobriobis koncefcia daaformula m. baxtinis<br />

adrindeli naSromis _ `Sinaarsis, masalisa da formis problema sityvier<br />

xelovnebaSi~ (1924 w.) _ gadaazrebis safuZvelze, sadac m. baxtini literaturis<br />

arsebobis dialeqtikis aRwerisas aRniSnavda, rom garda arsebuli<br />

mxatvruli sinamdvilisa, mas aseve aqvs kavSiri adrindel da Tanamedrove<br />

literaturasTan, romelTanac mudmiv dialogSi imy<strong>of</strong>eba. SemdgomSi Tavisi<br />

debuleba m. baxtinma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: `teqsti, rogorc Taviseburi<br />

monada, romelic aisaxavs mocemuli azrobrivi sferos (sazRvrebSi)<br />

yvela teqsts. yvela azris urTierTkavSiri (ramdenadac isini realizdebian<br />

gamonaTqvamebSi)~ (baxtini 1976: 125): esaa interteqstobriobis safuZveli.<br />

interteqstobriobis Teoriis Camoyalibeba ZiriTadad mxatvruli<br />

literaturis interteqstobriv kavSirTa kvlevis mimdinareobis procesSi<br />

xdeboda, magram sinamdvileSi misi arsebobis sfero Seudareblad farToa:<br />

pirvel yovlisa, igi ganekuTvneba yvela sityvier Janrs da ara mxolod<br />

natif sityvierebas; meorec _ interteqstobrivi kavSiri aseve myardeba<br />

saxviT xelovnebaSi, arqiteqturaSi, musikaSi, TeatrSi, kinematografSi<br />

(metyvel nimuSad xSirad asaxeleben k. tarantinos films `kriminaluri<br />

sakiTxavi~, romelic mTlianad agebulia siuJeturi, Janruli da saxviTi<br />

citatebisgan).<br />

102

interteqstobriobas konkretuli funqciebi aqvs: misi eqspresiuli<br />

funqcia imdenad vlindeba, ramdenadac teqstis avtori interteqstobrivi<br />

miniSnebebiT gvamcnobs piradi kulturul-semiotikuri orientirebis anda<br />

pragmatuli mizandasaxulobis Sesaxeb; citataTa SerCeva anda aluziaTa<br />

xasiaTi TavisTavad avtoris TviTgamosaxvis mniSvnelovani elementia.<br />

interteqstis apelaciuri funqcia imaSi vlindeba, rom mocemuli teqstis<br />

Semadgenlobidan romelime teqstTan gagzavna SeiZleba orientirebuli<br />

iyos sruliad konkretul adresatze, masze, visac SeuZlia gamoicnos<br />

interteqstobrivi miniSneba, idealur SemTxvevaSi ki Seafasos kidec konkretuli<br />

miniSnebis SerCeva da adekvaturad aRiqvas masSi Canergili intencia.<br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi interteqstobrivi miniSneba, faqtobrivad, mimar-<br />

Tvis rols asrulebs, romlis mizania mkiTxveli auditoriis garkveuli<br />

nawilis yuradRebis mipyroba.<br />

interteqsts aqvs fatikuri anu kontaqtis damamyarebeli funqciac: komunikantTa<br />

_ avtorsa da adresats Soris interteqstTa gacvla da maTi<br />

adekvaturi amocnobis unari SesaZleblobas iZleva dadgindes, rogorc minimumi,<br />

maTi semiologiuri anda kulturuli mexsierebis, aseve ideologiur-politikuri<br />

poziciebisa da esTetikuri midrekilebebis erToba.<br />

interteqsts aseve SeuZlia Seasrulos gare samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

gadacemis referentuli funqciac: es imdenad xdeba, ramdenadac gagzavnas<br />

sxva teqstisken mosdevs im informaciis aqtivizacia, romelsac Seicavs<br />

es `gare~ teqsti (preteqsti). aqtivizaciis xarisxis varireba farTo saz-<br />

RvrebSi xdeba: dawyebuli martivi gaxseneba-SexsenebiT, rom am Temaze azri<br />

gamoTqva ama Tu im avtorma, da gangrZobili im yovelives ganxilviT, rac<br />

Semonaxulia mexsierebaSi winamavali teqstis koncefciis, misi gamoxatvis<br />

formis, stilistikis, argumentaciis, misi aRqmiT gamowveuli emociis da a.S.<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

interteqtobriv kavSirTa dadgena grafikuladac gamoixata: g. friges<br />

semiotikur samkuTxedze dayrdnobiT m. rifaterma problemis sakuTari<br />

gaazreba warmoadgina tolgverda samkuTxedis saxiT, sadac fuZeSi kuTxeebTan<br />

ganlagebulia T _ teqsti, T II _ interteqsti, xolo samkuTxedis wveroSi<br />

I _ interpretanta. m. rifateris mosazrebiT `interteqstobrioba ar<br />

funqcionirebs da, maSasadame, ar iRebs teqstobriobas, Tu wanakiTxi T–dan<br />

T II -mde ar gaivlis I-s, anu Tuki teqstis interpretacia interteqstis gavliT<br />

ar warmoadgens interpretantis funqcias~. m. rifateris mixedviT, es gvaZlevs<br />

uflebas vTqvaT, rom teqsti da interteqsti erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli<br />

ar arian, rogorc `donori~ da `mimRebi~, da maTi urTierTmimarTeba<br />

ar daiyvaneba `sesxebisa~ da `gavlenebis~ primitiul warmodgenebamde. interpretantis<br />

wyalobiT xdeba teqstTa azris Sejvaredineba da urTierT<br />

transformacia, romelnic iwyeben urTierTqmedebas.<br />

interteqstobriv kavSirTa yvelaze zogadi klasifikacia frang literaturaTmcodne<br />

Jerar Jenets ekuTvnis, romelmac am sakiTxs miuZRvna wigni<br />

originaluri saTauriT: `palimfsesti~; literatura meore xarisxSi~ (1982).<br />

`palimfsesti~ marTlac marjve metaforaa interteqstobriv mimarTebaTa<br />

gamosaxatad im TvalsazrisiT, rom axali teqstis miRma xerxdeba Zveli, adre<br />

arsebuli teqstis amokiTxva. J. Jenetma teqstTa urTierTqmedebis xuTwevriani<br />

klasifikacia Camoayaliba:<br />

_ interteqstobrioba, sadac erT teqstSi Tanaarsebobs ori an meti<br />

teqsti (citata, aluzia, plagiati da a. S.).<br />

103

_ parateqstobrioba, rogorc teqstis mimarTeba Tavis saTaurTan, epigrafTan,<br />

bolosityvaobasTan;<br />

_ metateqstobrioba, rogorc komentaris Semcveli da xSirad kritikuli<br />

miTiTeba Tavis preteqstze;<br />

_ hiperteqstobrioba, rogorc erTi teqstis mier meoris dacinva da<br />

parodireba;<br />

_ interteqstobrioba, aRqmuli, rogorc teqstTa Janrobrivi kavSiri.<br />

saerTod, interteqsti metateqstis funqciasac asrulebs: mkiTxvelis-<br />

Tvis, romelic teqstis raime fragments Seicnobs, rogorc miniSneba-miTi-<br />

Tebas sxva teqstze, am fragmentis Sesamecneblad aucilebeli xdeba teqstwyarosTan<br />

aqtualuri kavSiris dafiqsireba, e. i. man unda gansazRvros Secnobili<br />

fragmentis aqtualuri kavSiri teqst-wyarosTan, anu gansazRvros<br />

Secnobili fragmentis ganmarteba amosavali teqstis meSveobiT, romelic<br />

mocemuli fragmentis mimarT metateqsturi funqciiT vlindeba.<br />

amrigad, interteqstobrivi kavSiri erTdroulad warmoadgens rogorc<br />

konstruqcias _ `teqsti teqstSi~, aseve konstruqcias _ `teqsti teqstis<br />

Sesaxeb~ (Онлайн Эгциклопедия Кругосвет. http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc./gumanitarnye<br />

nauki/lingvistica/INTERTEKSTUALNOST.html/)<br />

* * *<br />

m. baxtini teqstis filos<strong>of</strong>iuri analizis konteqstSi dialogurobis<br />

umniSvnelovanes sakiTxsac ayenebs: `sxvadasxva pirTa _ romelTac araferi<br />

ician erTmaneTis Sesaxeb _ ori Sepirispirebuli gamonaTqvami, Tundac rom<br />

mxolod odnav exebodes erTsa da imave Temas (azrs), aucileblad erTveba<br />

erTmaneTTan dialogur urTierTobaSi. maTi urTierTSexeba saerTo Temis,<br />

saerTo azris teritoriaze xdeba... dialoguri urTierTmimarTebani warmoadgens<br />

(azrobriv) urTierTobebs metyvelebiT urTierTobaSi, nebismieri<br />

ori gamonaTqvami, Tu maT azrobriv sibrtyeze SevupirispirebT erTmaneTs,<br />

dialogur mimarTebaSi aRmoCndebian~ (baxtini 1976: 136, 239).<br />

m. baxtinis am koncefciis aspeqtSi rusTavelis poema misi Seqmnis dRidan<br />

saukuneTa manZilze qarTvel erTan maradiul dialogur urTierTobaSi<br />

imy<strong>of</strong>eba, rac uiSviaTesi movlenaa ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturis istoriaSi.<br />

* * *<br />

cnobili faqtia, rom `dacemis periodis literaturam (me-13-me-15 sauk.)<br />

TiTqmis arc erTi cnoba ar dagvitova SoTa rusTavelisa da misi `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

Sesaxeb, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi `vefxistyaosnis~ damateba-<br />

Ta ciklebs, romlebic interpolatorTa kalams ekuTvnis~ (ruxaZe 1936: 185);<br />

Cemi mxriv imasac davumateb, rom manamdel, e. w. `dacemis periodamdel~ umdidres<br />

mwerlobaSic _ Tamaris istoriebsa da xotbebSi _ Ria teqstiT<br />

erTi sityviTac ar aris naxsenebi Tamaris epoqis mwerlobis gvirgvini _<br />

vefxistyaosani da misi avtori. unda vaRiaroT, rom metad ucnauri viTarebaa:<br />

ai kidev erTi `ratom~, romelic axsnas da pasuxs moiTxovs. amgvari kiTxvis<br />

dasma miT ufro sabuTiania, rom poemisadmi Rrma interesi, gamoxatuli<br />

CanarT-danarTis saxiT, interpolaciebSi moyvanili realiebis mixedviT<br />

(`ese ambavi narComi maT lomTa morWmiT mgoneTa, galeqsva aklda xvarazmTa...~<br />

_ 1869,1-2; `Zvelni narComni ambavni leqsad vTqven, gaixareniT,<br />

sargiss daurCa uTqmelad~ _ 1870, 2-3; `es ambavi darComoda sargiss leqsTa<br />

Seuwyoblad~ _ 2024,1), lamis XIII saukunidanve dawyebula, rac mowmobs, rom<br />

104

vefxistyaosani imdroindeli qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis friad aqtualuri<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ila.<br />

Tumca Tamaris epoqis saistorio qronikebsa da JamTaaRmwerlis aswlovan<br />

istoriaSi SoTa rusTaveli sruliad ignorirebuli aRmoCnda, Seqmnili<br />

viTarebis konteqstSi SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsendes `rusTvelianas~ avtoris<br />

mier maxvili intuiciiT nagrZnobi da striqonTa Soris saocari gamWriaxobiT<br />

amokiTxuli mtruli damokidebuleba JamTaaRmwerlisa `SoTas~ _ pavle<br />

ingoroyvas varaudiT, vefxistyaosnis avtoris SoTa rusTavelis _ mimarT.<br />

pavle ingoroyvam Tavisi Teoria SoTa rusTavelis Sesaxeb swored JamTaaRmwerlis<br />

Txzulebaze dayrdnobiT SeimuSava, CaTvala ra, rom `JamTaaRmwerlis<br />

TxzulebaSi SoTas Sesaxeb daculia ori `Cveneba~: pirveli _ `hereTisa<br />

erisTavi SoTai, romelsa manisa ferobisaTvis kuprobiT uxmobdes~, da<br />

meore: `ara raTa niWTa da zneTa samamakacoTa mqonebeli SoTa kupari~<br />

(ingoroyva 1926: 213). mkvlevarma sagangebod aRniSna, rom JamTaaRmwereli<br />

vefxistyaosnis avtoris mimarT ver faravs siZulvils, rac, misi azriT,<br />

istorikosis klerikaluri ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic<br />

`...didis siZulviliT moixseniebs me-XIII saukunis dasawyisis saero literaturas~,<br />

`...es istorikosi gansakuTrebuli siZulviliT aris gamsWvaluli<br />

piradad SoTas mimarT~; `erT adgilas JamTa-aRmwereli SoTas Sesaxeb ex<br />

abrupto, sruliad dausabuTeblad ambobs, rom SoTa iyoo _ moklebuli yovelgvar<br />

adamianur Rirsebas~; `...Tu movigonebT JamTaaRmwerlis ms<strong>of</strong>liomxedvelobas<br />

da klerikalur tendencias... SoTa miuRebelia misTvis, rogorc<br />

avtori vefxistyaosnisa~ (ingoroyva 1926: 204, 211, 212).<br />

rac Seexeba `rusTvelianas~ avtoris mier argumentad moxmobil pirvel<br />

`Cvenebas~, didi xania mecnieruladaa dasabuTebuli, rom SoTa rusTaveli da<br />

`hereTis erisTavi SoTai~ erTidaigive piri ar aris (baramiZe 1975: 38-39; iqve<br />

_ saTanado literatura); amas isic unda davumatoT, rom meore `Cveneba~<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis teqstis dadgenisas gamoyenebuli Tormeti xelnaweridan<br />

mxolod erTi redaqciis sam xelnawerSia (q∼c 1959: 195) da glosas<br />

unda warmoadgendes.<br />

magram, miuxedavad amisa, pavle ingoroyvas sagulisxmo migneba zogadi<br />

azriT mainc ZalaSi rCeba, Tumca dazustebas moiTxovs: unda davemowmoT am<br />

SesaniSnav gamWriax mkvlevars, rom JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi marTlac<br />

ikiTxeba `mikerZoebuli siZulvili am istorikosisa SoTasadmi~ (ingoroyva<br />

1926: 112), magram ara mis mier aqcentirebul frazebSi konkretuli saxeldebiT<br />

da Ria teqstiT, aramed anonimurad da qveteqsturad, ris sabuTsac<br />

warmoadgens, erTi mxriv, XIII s-is pirveli naxevris politikuri moRvawis,<br />

rusudanis, daviT meeqvsis da daviT meSvidis Tanamedrovis, mxargrZelTa<br />

sagvareulos warmomadgenlis sargis Tmogvelis _ romlis saxeli vefxistyaosnis<br />

gagrZelebebSic figurirebs _ inteleqtualur SesaZleblobaTa<br />

zeaRmatebuli Sefaseba (`kaci swavluli da filas<strong>of</strong>osi da mravalRone~,<br />

`kaci mecnieri da filos<strong>of</strong>osi da ritori~ (q∼c 1959: 191, 217), xolo meore<br />

mxriv _ TxzulebaSi didi dramatizmiT aRwerili almuTis epizodi (q∼c<br />

1959: 208-211), romelic mTlianad tarielis mier xvarazmSas Svilis `miparviT<br />

mokvlis~ aluzias warmoadgens da mkveTrad polemikuria SoTa rusTvelis<br />

mimarT qristianuli (resp. zogadsakacobrio) zneobis konteqstSi. am<br />

dasabuTebiT JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis es epizodi vefxistyaosnis cnobil<br />

epizodTan interteqstis kategoriaSi unda ganvixiloT.<br />

105

* * *<br />

axla gavixsenoT monRolobisdroindeli friad dramatuli istoriuli<br />

faqti `qarTlis cxovrebisa~, romelic JamTaaRmwerelma WeSmariti novelistis<br />

ostatobiT mogviTxro:<br />

`da esreT ganaCines TaTarTa, da ganiyves saqarTvelo, da warvides brZolad<br />

almuTs, da qarTvelni Tana-waritanes, romelni ganiyvnes orad: naxevarni<br />

erTsa welsa, da naxevarni erTsa welsa iyvian almuTs. rameTu SÂd wel<br />

gangrZelda brZola almuTisi, romelni arian kacis mklvelni miparviTa,<br />

romelTa mulidad uwodian. da maT hbrZodes TaTarni CarmaRan, CaRata,<br />

iosur da biCui mouwyenlad zafxul da zamTar. xolo qarTvelni gany<strong>of</strong>ilni<br />

TÂToeulsa missa weliwadsa xudis da iyvis almuTs, da kualad warvidian<br />

sxuani xvedrsa missa. da esreT SÂdsa wlisa JamTa gangrZelda y<strong>of</strong>a da omi<br />

almuTs.<br />

dResa erTsa warmogzavnes almuTelTa mulidi Ãelovani, movida RamiT<br />

da Semoepara mcvelTa CaRata noinisaTa, Sevida karavsa missa, mZinaresa<br />

dasdva dana gulsa missa da mokla igi, romel veravin cna. da viTar ganTenda,<br />

ixiles karvis mcvelTa, CaRata noini moklul iyo, iwyes tirilad da tyebad<br />

da vaebad; romel ixiles spaTa CaRata noinisaTa, mirbiodes da ixiles maTca,<br />

rome momkudar iyo CaRata, ara uwyodes, visgan moklul iyo.<br />

maSin Tques yovelTa: `vinaTgan qarTvelni didsa Wirsa arian Cuen moal-<br />

Tagan, SuriT qarTvelTa mier moikla~. amas yovelni ucilod daamtkicebdes,<br />

TÂnier CarmaRan noinisa gareSe, rameTu igi ityoda: `daswynardiT, kacno,<br />

rameTu ara ars naTesavi qarTvelTa kacis mklveli, da arca sjuli ucT<br />

eseviTarisa saqmisa qmnad~. xoli igini, aRSfoTebulni, sikudilisaTÂs patronisa<br />

ganZÂnebulni, warmoemarTnes banakisa mimarT qarTvelTasa, rameTu<br />

maxlobelad CaRata noinisasa dabanakebul iyvnes. da viTar momarTes,<br />

gankrTes qarTvelni, da uRonoebasa miecnes, da ara uwyodes, ramca yves.<br />

xolo zogni omisa mimarT ganemzadebodes, da zogni ayenebdes, rameTu friad<br />

mcire iyvnes. maSin grigol surameli, qarTlisa erisTavi, ityoda: `ara ars<br />

Jami brZolisa, rameTu mcire varT. da ukeTu vebrZviT, didiT mciremdis<br />

moguwyueden, da Tu ar vebrZviT, Cuen warCinebulTa oden vgoneb mokudinebad,<br />

da umjobes miCns raTa Cven moviklneT da ara yoveli ese Zali. garna<br />

Sevrdoma RmrTisa jer ars, rameTu aravin ars mÃsneli Cueni, TÂnier ieso<br />

qriste, Ze RmrTisa, da yovladwmida mSobeli misi, maradis qalwuli mariam,<br />

romeli maradis mcveli ars mosavTa Zisa misisaTa da umetes Cuen qristianeTa.<br />

aw yovelTa sam-sami muxli moidrikeT, SevrdomiT yovlad-wmidisa<br />

RmrTismSobelisa mimarT, da romelTa uwyiT, TqÂT Sesxma ese misi: `mowyalebisa<br />

kari gangviRe, kurTxeulo RmrTismSobelo~ da Semdgomi.<br />

viTar aRasrules locva ese, savedrebeli da qeba yovlad-wmidisa<br />

RmrTismSobelisa, da moaxlebul iyvnes barbarozni igi, uwyalod mspolavni<br />

qarTvelTa, maSin gamovida kaci erTi lerwmoaniT, romelsa aqunda laxuari<br />

wudili, SeRebuli sisxliTa, da laxuari igi aRipyra ze, da Zlierad Ãma yo:<br />

`man quStem CaRata~, romel ars eniTa sparsuliTa, `me movkal CaRata~. viTar<br />

ixiles TaTarTa, mietivnes. xolo igi ivltoda lerwmoanTa mimarT, xolo<br />

maT Seudves cecxli lerwamsa, da gamoiyvana cecxlman lerwamTagan kaci igi,<br />

da moiyvanes CarmaRan, iosursa da biCusa winaSe. xolo igini hkiTxvides,<br />

viTar moakudina CaRata noini. da man esreT auwya: `me var mulidi, mulidTa<br />

Soris saCino. maT mulidTa TavadTa momces oqro friadi, raTa Tquengan<br />

vinme movakudino oTxTa magaTgan. warmoved, movkal da davimale~. da igini<br />

106

etyodes: `ra iyo mizezi gamoslvisa Senisa da yivili maRlad sikudili<br />

didisa noinisa, vinaTgan damalul iyav~. da kualad mulidi miugebda. `lerwamTa<br />

imaT uÃSiresTa Seved da davimale; myis movida dedakaci vinme siturfe-aRmatebuli<br />

da mrqua me: `ra ese hqmen, kaco? Sen mohkal kaci da daimale,<br />

da aw mravali suli mokudebis mizezad Senda da igi ubraloni moswydebian~.<br />

da me varqÂ: `ra vhyo, ded<strong>of</strong>alo?~ xolo man mrqua: `aRdeg da Semomideg me;<br />

warved da Tqu, rameTu Sen mohkal kaci igi, da ganarine uricx suli sikudilisagan~.<br />

xolo me mswrafl aRvdeg da Seudeg, sada-igi momiyvana winaSe<br />

Tquensa. viTar Ãma vyav da mixileT, dedakaci igi uCino iqmna, da ara uwyi vina<br />

mosrul iyo, da me ese-ra var winaSe Tquensa~. viTar esma sityua kacisa misgan<br />

TaTarTa, gankÂrdes da kaci igi mulidi ÃrmliTa orad gankueTes, da esreT<br />

iÃsna eri TÂsi yovla-wmidaman RmrTismSobelman da ganarina umsjavrosa<br />

sikudilisagan~ (q∼c 1959: 208-211).<br />

* * *<br />

`esreT iÃsna eri TÂsi yovladwmidaman<br />

RmrTismSobelman~.<br />

JamTaaRmwereli<br />

ara mgonia, genialur berZen tragikosTa genialuri migneba _ finaluri<br />

`RmerTi manqanidan~ _ cnobili y<strong>of</strong>iliyo XIV saukunis qarTveli JamTaaRmwerlisTvis.<br />

Deus ex machina-s es qarTuli varianti mTeli am epizodis WeSmariti<br />

masStabiT aris nakarnaxevi da RvTaebriv epifanias Sesabamisi ideuri<br />

da ideologiuri datvirTva aqvs miniWebuli.<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ es dramatiuli epizodi, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviT<br />

ar momixmia JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebidan; misi qveteqsti kvlevis sakiTxTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, vfiqrob, TavisTavad gasagebia: esaa qarTveli eris istoriulad<br />

damowmebuli Sefaseba im zneobrivi kategoriis sakiTxisa, romelic<br />

vefxistyaosnis CvenTvis saintereso epizodSi daisva.<br />

`erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv Tavmoyvareobas garda Cvens avtors amasTanave<br />

sarwmunoebrivic metad mgrZnobiare aqvs~ _ werda ivane javaxiSvili<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis Sesaxeb (javaxiSvili 1945: 251). metad mniSvnelovani daxasiaTebaa<br />

JamTaaRmwerlisa, romelic qarTveli eris zneobriv kredos exeba.<br />

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, qarTveli istorikosis Canafiqri ufro Rrmaa da<br />

Sorsgamiznuli, vidre erTi istoriuli faqtis aRwera; aq erTmaneTs exlar-<br />

Teba monRolobisdroindeli saqarTvelos Savbedobis tragizmi da zneobrivi<br />

simaRliT aRbeWdili ukvdavi qarTuli erovnuli sulis gamonaTeba<br />

saqarTvelosTvis rTulsa da mZime istoriul periodSi: qarTvelTa mfarveli<br />

RvTismSoblis gamocxadeba ara mxolod `miparviT kacis kvlaSi~ cildawamebul<br />

qarTvelTa laSqris xsnaa, aramed, umTavresad, qristianuli sarwmunoebis<br />

aRmsarebeli qarTveli eris maRali qristianuli zneobis demonstrireba<br />

mulid-sparselTa, da, Tu kargad CavukvirdebiT, yvela `cudrjulTan~<br />

da `crurjulTan~ SepirispirebaSi.<br />

im tragikul situaciaSi, rodesac `mulidi Ãelovanis~ mier Cadenili<br />

muxTali mkvlelobis gamo qarTvelni monRolTa anu `TaTarTa~ ciliswamebis<br />

msxverplni Seiqmnen, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom qarTvelTa<br />

mosarCled, da, maSasadme, qarTvelTa maRali moralur-eTikuri Tvisebebis<br />

maRiareblad monRoli CarmaRan noini gamodis: `daswynardiT, kacno, rameTu<br />

ara ars naTesavi qarTvelTa kacis mklveli da arca sjuli ucT eseviTarisa<br />

107

saqmis qmnad~, xolo umaRlesi moraluri absoluti _ qarTvelTa mfarveli<br />

`siturfe-aRmatebuli~ (esTetikuri momenti, mulidis mier aRqmuli!)<br />

RvTismSoblis saxiT Tavad mkvlels _ mulids gamoecxadeba, rogorc mamxilebeli<br />

da samarTlianobis aRmdgeni RvTaebrivi Zalis apoTeozi. `...da esreT<br />

iÃsna eri TÂsi yovlad-wmidaman RmrTismSobelman~ da `ganarina umsjavrosa<br />

sikudilisagan...~ _ wers JamTaaRmwereli, magram, rac mTavaria, amasTanave<br />

`ganarina~ kacis miparviT kvlis ciliswamebisganac _ RaRadebs qveteqsti.<br />

swored esaa JamTaaRmwerlis mizani da mis TxzulebaSi deus ex machina-s<br />

umTavresi daniSnuleba. cildawamebuli da amis gamo uwyalod `mosaspolad~<br />

ganwirul qarTvelebs ciuri ded<strong>of</strong>ali moevlinebaT mxsnelad da namdvil<br />

mkvlels, `kacis miparviT klvaSi~ daxelovnebul mulids amxels: amiT<br />

braldeba exsneba yvela qarTvels.<br />

magram RvTismSoblis epifaniaSi sxva ramacaa sagulisxmo: esaa mtris<br />

`razmiTa mravalkeciTa~ Zleuli, magram WeSmariti sarwmunoebis mindobiT<br />

zneobrivad gautexeli da RvTaebrivi sasoebiT sulierad uZleveli eris<br />

fsiqologia, romlisTvisac principulad miuRebelia usjuloeba anu<br />

moralis uary<strong>of</strong>a.<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis mier qcevis Sefasebis kriteriumad sayovelTaod aRiarebuli<br />

zogadsakacobrio zneobrivi normebia miRebuli: `muxTlad moklva~<br />

sruliad miuRebeli iyo qristianuli moraliT nasuldgmulebi erovnuli<br />

idealisTvis. qarTveli eris mier am idealebis poziciidan iqna aRqmuli da<br />

Sefasebuli is sakvanZo epizodi, romelic axla Cveni interesisa da ganxilvis<br />

sagans Seadgens: vefxistyaosnis Zvel mkiTxvelTaTvis _ romelnic,<br />

wesisamebr, qristianuli, Sesabamisad ki zogadsakacobrio moraluri kriteriumiT<br />

azrovnebdnen _ gaugebari darCa, ratom mokla am SesaniSnavma,<br />

lom-vefxTa SiSveli xeliT mxocavma tarielma mZinare adamiani veragulad.<br />

qarTveli erisTvis RmerTi, upirveles yovlisa, umaRlesi moraluri<br />

absoluti iyo, JamTaaRmwerlis mier moTxrobili epizodis dasasruli araorazrovani<br />

sicxadiT gvarwmunebs amaSi. qristianuli sarwmunoeba qarTvel-<br />

TaTvis eTikur-moraluri orientiri iyo da es cxadad gamoCnda zemoT<br />

citirebul epizodSic.<br />

amrigad, Cven mier moxmobil epizodSi leqsemebi `qarTveli — mulidi~<br />

orgvari informaciis Semcvelia: pirvelia maTi pirdapiri eTnikuri mniSvneloba;<br />

meore _ tradiciiT ganmtkicebuli konotaciuri _ eTikur-zneobrivi<br />

_ mniSvneloba; JamTaaRmwereli, ra Tqma unda, mTlianad tradiciis<br />

farglebSi azrovnebs.<br />

ase exlarTeba erTmaneTs JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi moraluri, ideologiuri,<br />

politikuri ideebi da rjuliani-urjulo samkvdro-sasicocxlo<br />

WidilSi ejaxeba erTmaneTs, raTa saboloo gamarjveba mxolod erTs<br />

darCes. aq centrSi eTikur-moraluri problematika dgas: polarulobis<br />

kanoni qmnis ori rjulis dapirispirebas moralur-eTikur aspeqtSi da Cven<br />

mier moxmobil magaliTSi sruliad mkafiod ikveTeba opozicia; qarTveli//<br />

qristiani//rjulni//moraluri _ sparseli//mulidi// urjulo//amoraluri.<br />

yuradReba unda movaqcioT erT garemoebas _ rjulTa `SedarebiTi<br />

daxasiaTeba~ TviT JamTaaRmwerels ar ekuTvnis, igi mangu yaens mociqulebma<br />

`miumcnes~ (qveteqsti: sruli obieqturoba!): `...qarTvelni srulad movides,<br />

mefe da erTobilni mTavarni, romelTa aqus sjuli keTili, da tyuilsa<br />

evltian, da mwamlveli arca Tu saxel idebis maT Soris~. da sparsTaTÂs<br />

miumcnes esreT: `arian sparsni cru, moRalate, ficisa ar Semnaxvel, da<br />

108

mravalni ipovebian mwamlvelni da mamaT-maval urcxÂnoT~ (q∼c 1959: 196).<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis mier gadmocemuli eTikur-sarwmunoebrivi daxasiaTeba zneobis<br />

modusis Semcveli, gansakuTrebuli elferis mqone, me vityodi, rus-<br />

Tveluri leqsikiT (Sdr. vefxistyaosani: `kaci cru da moRalate xams<br />

laxvarTa dasaWrelad~ _ 162,4; `kacsa ficni gamoscdian~ _ 748,3) garkveul<br />

semantikur dones qmnis: qarTveli//rjuliani _ sparseli//urjulo; es<br />

istoriuli viTarebiT nakarnaxevi erTgvari konvenciuri enaa, da swored<br />

amiT xasiaTdeba garkveuli epoqis teqsti (istoriuli, sasuliero, saero),<br />

sadac sityvis Cveulebrivi leqsikuri mniSvneloba aris erTgvari forma,<br />

Tavad sityva ki warmoadgens damatebiTi informaciis pirobiT niSans, romelic<br />

Tavis mxriv ufro maRal dones _ semantikur dones Seesabameba.<br />

yovelive amis Semdgom cxadia, Tu ra zneobrivi datvirTva eniWeba<br />

almuTis epizods JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi: am oTx abzacSi kondensirebuli<br />

teqstis mizani garegnulad monRolTa mier almuTs saomrad `Tanawartanil~<br />

qarTvelTa laSqris Tavgadasavlis erTi istoriuli faqtis<br />

moTxrobaa, sinamdvileSi ki mTavaria am epizodis is qveteqsti, romelic<br />

maqsimalurad aris damuxtuli erovnuli ideologiiT da xdeba eTnikuri da<br />

religiuri cnebebis sxva semantikur rigSi _ eTikuri kategoriis terminologiaSi<br />

_ gadanacvleba Tavisi araorazrovani, principuli da konkretuli<br />

poziciiT: erTi mxriv, mulidni//urjuloni//`kacis mkvlelni miparviTa~,<br />

meore mxriv, qarTvelni//rjulierni//`rameTu ara ars naTesavi qarTvelTa<br />

kacis mklveli da arca sjuli ucT eseviTarisa saqmisa qmnad~.<br />

Tuki gavixsenebT pavle ingoroyvas mixvedras, rom JamTaaRmwereli<br />

`gansakuTrebiT siZulviliT aris gamsWvaluli piradad SoTas mimarT~ da<br />

aseve gavixsenebT tarielis mier karavSi mZinare xvarazmeli sasiZos `moparviT<br />

mkvlelobas~, romlis mimarT mulidis mier karavSi mZinare CaRata<br />

noinis mkvleloba srul analogias warmoadgens, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom<br />

JamTaaRmwerelma almuTis mTeli epizodi im mizniT Seitana TxzulebaSi,<br />

raTa, misi gagebiT, dapirispireboda rusTavels qarTvelTa moralis sakiTx-<br />

Si. amis pasuxad risi Tqma SeiZleba? mxolod erTis: rTulia rusTaveli!<br />

* * *<br />

interteqstobriobis TvalsazrisiT am statiaSi aRZruli sakiTxis<br />

azrobriv sferoSi Semodis ori mniSvnelovani mecnieruli xasiaTis teqsti,<br />

romelTagan pirveli sulxan-saba orbelians ekuTvnis da leqsikologiuri<br />

aspeqtisaa, meore ki ivane javaxiSvils da iuriduli aspeqtisaa. am konteqstSi<br />

mTavaria is faqtori, rom orive SemTxvevaSi avtorebisTvis wyaros<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis qronika warmoadgens.<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis zemoT citirebuli teqstis damowmebiT Seitana sulxansaba<br />

orbelianma `sityvis konaSi~ leqsema mulidi da misi ganmarteba: `mulidi<br />

_ parviT kacis mkuleli (qarTlis cxovrebaSi)~.<br />

Zveli qarTuli samarTlis istoriis gamokvlevaSi ivane javaxiSvili<br />

`miparviT kaciskvlasTan~ dakavSirebiT aseve JamTaaRmwerels imowmebs:<br />

`mkvlelobisa, gerSisa da naxSirisaTvis sasjeli gansxvavdeboda imisda gvarad,<br />

Tu ra Tvisebisa iyo es danaSauloba. dawvrilebiTi cnobebi ganzraxviTi,<br />

nebsiTi Tu uneblieTi da sxvanairi borotmoqmedebis Sesaxeb sisxlis<br />

samarTlis pirvel TavSi iyo moTavsebuli... iq mxolod `RalatiT~, motyuilebiT,<br />

`safrxiT~ kaciskvlaze araferia naTqvami. RalatiT kacis kvlisaTvis<br />

terminad X s-mde ixmareboda Casafrebis aRsaniSnavad `mzirad waslvaÁ~<br />

109

(c∼i g∼gl x∼ZTelisaÁ) an `mziry<strong>of</strong>aÁ~ (msajulTa 21,20), zurgidan dacemis<br />

aRsaniSnavad _ `kacisklvaÁ miparviTa~, xolo TviT moqmed pirs ewodeboda<br />

`kacismkuleli moparviTa~ (JamTaaRm.). aqvea mocemuli amgvari mkvlelobis<br />

samarTlebrivi Sefasebac: `RalatiT kacis klvas, viTarca, veragulsa da<br />

ganzrax gangebuls, qarTuli mermindeli samarTali mZime danaSaulad<br />

sTvlida (beqa-aRbuRas wignis bolos darTuli kanoni 117) da ase iyo Zveladac~<br />

(javaxiSvili 1929: 304-305).<br />

vefxistyaosanTan dakavSirebiT uTuod unda aRiniSnos, rom poemaSi Zveli<br />

qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis am specifikuri terminis _ moparviT//<br />

miparviT mokvlis garda meore terminic gvxvdeba _ usisxlod mokvla<br />

(557,4); rogorc gairkva, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT moparviT//miparviT<br />

mokvla da usisxlod mokvla, rogorc iuridiuli terminebi, sinonimebia da<br />

niSnavs farul mkvlelobas _ `sisxlis moparvas~; misi Tanamedrove Sesatyvisia<br />

kileri (Sdr. JamTaaRmwereli: `maT mulidTa TavadTa momces oqro<br />

friadi, raTa Tquengan vinme movakudino oTxTa magaTgan. wamoved, movkal da<br />

davimale~). magram mTavari isaa, rom vefxistyaosanSi aisaxa ara mxolod<br />

gardasul saukuneTa sisxlis samarTlis es specifikuri iuridiuli terminologia,<br />

aramed am terminologiiT gadmocemuli tarielis qmedebis zneobrivi<br />

TvalsazrisiT Sefasebac: esaa Ralatad//RalatiT//moparviT//miparviT//saqme-dedlad//usisxlod//<br />

muxTlad//malviT//Radrad Cadenili mkvleloba<br />

_ aseTia rusTavelis sruliad ukompromiso zneobrivi xasiaTis<br />

verdiqti (dawvrilebiT: karbelaSvili 1993: 183-220), rac vefxistyaosanSi<br />

plakaturi moralizebis ararsebobis gamo Seucnobeli darCa kvalificiuri<br />

mkiTxvelebisTvisac ki (karbelaSvili 2008: 55-72).<br />

* * *<br />

garegnuli simartivis miuxedavad, JamTaaRmwereli rTuli avtoria:<br />

almuTis epizodSi istoriuli faqtis gadmocemis narativis moCvenebiTi<br />

simartivis miRma emociebiT datvirTuli rTuli, kargad agebuli diskursi<br />

ifareba: epizodis konstruqciuli logika ramdenime diskursuli fenisgan<br />

Sedgeba, romelTagan yoveli damokidebulia winamavalze da ganapirobebs<br />

momdevnos: monRolobisdroindeli istoriuli faqti; vefxistyaosnis aluzia<br />

_ faruli dapirispireba rusTavelTan; qarTvelTaTvis cilis dawameba;<br />

qarTvelTa zneobrivi da sarwmunoebrivi Sefaseba dampyroblis mier; moralur-sarwmunoebrivi<br />

antiTeza _ qarTveli//sparseli; warCinebulTa Tavdadeba<br />

laSqrisTvis; RvTaebrivi saswauli: mkvlelis mxileba da qarTvelTa<br />

xsna.<br />

monRolobis droindeli am dramatuli faqtis gadmocemas uniWieresi<br />

istorikosis mier aqvs ara mxolod pirdapiri, sityva-sityviTi mniSvneloba,<br />

aramed araerTi sxvac: JamTaaRmwereli qveteqstebis didostatia _ Sedegad<br />

viRebT istoriisaTvis imanentur narativs, Seqmnils istoriuli faqtisa da<br />

daSifruli aluziebisgan, sadac xdeba Temis pirdapiri teqstiT da qveteqstiT<br />

gaerTianeba diskursSi.<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis stiluri teqnika uzadoa: aq SemTxveviTi ara Tu fraza,<br />

sityvac ki gamoricxulia da am didi Sinagani gancdiT gadmocemul istoriul<br />

ambavs safuZvlad uZevs sqema, romlis mizania mkiTxvelis yuradReba<br />

garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTos: es mizani _ ufro zustad, zemizani _<br />

qristiani qarTveli eris maRali zneobrivi Rirsebis demonstrirebaa.<br />

110

ogorc ukve iTqva, ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTobad CaiTvalos, rom `moparviT<br />

mokvla~ jer vefxistyaosnis teqstSi gvxvdeba, Semdeg ki JamTaaRmwerlis<br />

qronikaSi: JamTaaRmwereli aSkarad polemikuria rusTavelis mimarT.<br />

raime siaxlis _ am SemTxvevaSi rusTvelTan kontradiqciis _ dasasabu-<br />

Teblad aucilebelia am ori teqstis Sepirispireba. interteqstobriobis<br />

Tviseba axali teqstis sworxazovani gagebis `afeTqebaa~, rac bunebrivad moiTxovs<br />

teqsts-wyarosken mibrunebas erTgvari inteleqtualuri anamnezis<br />

mizniT.<br />

interteqstobriobis funqciaTa gaTvaliwinebiT JamTaaRmwerlis polemikuri<br />

mimarTeba rusTavelTan eqspresiulia: igi gviCvenebs JamTaaRmwerlis<br />

damokidebulebas teqst-wyaros mimarT, romelic konteqstis mixedviT<br />

aSkarad odiozuria; amave dros mas apelaciuri funqciac aqvs: JamTaaRmwereli<br />

ara mxolod mis Tanamedrove, aramed im momaval mkiTxvelTsac gulisxmobs,<br />

romelic SeZlebs am interteqstobrivi miniSnebis amocnobas da<br />

avtoris miznis Sesabamisad aRqmas _ es miniSneba faqtobrivad mimarTvaa,<br />

raTa mkiTxvelis yuradReba miipyros; JamTaaRmwerlis qronikis am epizods<br />

fatikuri, e. i. kontaqtis damamyarebeli funqciac aqvs avtorsa da adresats<br />

Soris _ amgvar interteqstobriv kavSirs is mixvdeba, visi kulturulemociuri<br />

mexsiereba inaxavs vefxistyaosnis Sesabamis epizods, sadac<br />

tarielis mier xvarazmSas Svilis `moparviT mokvlaa~ aRwerili; mas aseve<br />

aqvs referentuli funqciac: preteqstSi anu `gare~ teqstSi _ vefxistyaosanSi<br />

_ arsebuli informaciis aqtivizacia; xolo bolos unda aRiniSnos<br />

metateqsturi funqcia: rasakvirvelia, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom adrindel<br />

teqstze miTiTebas mkiTxveli saerTod ver mixvdes, magram, Tuki mixvdeba,<br />

mas aucileblad mouxdeba axali teqstis fragmentis Sesamecneblad<br />

teqst-wyarosTan misi aqtualuri kavSiris dafiqsireba: am SemTxvevaSi<br />

vefxistyaosnis teqsts JamTaaRmwerlis teqstis mimarT metateqsturi<br />

funqcia aqvs.<br />

metateqstis TvalsazrisiT Cven winaSea rogorc konstruqcia `teqsti<br />

teqstSi~, aseve konstruqcia `teqsti teqstis Sesaxeb~. `teqsti teqstSi~<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis qronikaSi realizebulia Semdegi saxiT _ vefxistyaosani:<br />

`moparviT mokal sasiZo~ _ JamTaaRmwereli: `arian kacis mklvelni miparviTa,<br />

romelTa mulidad uwodian~. rac Seexeba konstruqcias `teqsti teqstis<br />

Sesaxeb~, aq erTmaneTTan aris dapirspirebuli vefxistyaosanSi<br />

tarielis mier xvarazmSas Svilis mokvla da JamTaaRmwerlis fraza: `ara ars<br />

naTesavi qarTvelTa kacis mklveli da arca sjuli ucT eseviTarisa saqmisa<br />

qmnad~, sadac qveteqsturad ikiTxeba JamTaaRmwerliseuli Sefaseba tarielis<br />

qmedebisa: `tarieli ar aris qarTveli~, `tarieli ar aris qristiani~.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom es idea realizebulia vefxistyaosnis gagrZelebaSi `xvarazmelTa<br />

ambavi~; romlis prozauli pirvelsaxe JamTaaRmwerlis mier<br />

qebul sargis mxargrZel-Tmogvels miewereba (`es ambavi darComoda sargiss<br />

leqsTa Seuwyoblad~ _ A 2024,1), sadac tarieli mahmadianad aris gamoyvanili<br />

(`uficavs mas mahmadia~ _ A 2014,3).<br />

interteqstobriobis TvalsazrisiT JamTaaRmwerlis qveteqsturi polemika<br />

rusTavelTan m. rifateris samkuTxedis konteqstSi kidev erTi daskvnis<br />

gamotanis saSualebas gvaZlevs. vefxistyaosani, rogorc teqsti (T) da<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis qronika, rogorc interteqsti (T II ) erTmaneTs ar ukavSirdeba,<br />

rogorc `donori~ da `recipienti~, amitom maTi urTierTmimarTeba ar<br />

daiyvaneba raimegvari `sesxebisa~ da `gavlenis~ martiv warmodgenaze. aq<br />

111

interteqstobrioba funqcionirebs, radgan wakiTxva vefxistyaosnidan (T)<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis qronikamde (T II ) gadis interpretaciaze (I), ramdenadac swored<br />

interpretantis meSveobiT xdeba urTierTqmedebaSi CarTul teqstTa<br />

urTierTmimarTebis dadgena.<br />

J. Jenetis klasifikaciis konteqstSi JamTaaRmwerlis `almuTis epizodi~<br />

vefxistyaosnis Sesabamisi epizodis mimarT gvevlineba metateqstad,<br />

ramdenadac igi Seicavs komentars da kritikul miTiTebas Tavis preteqstze<br />

_ konkretulad, tarielis mier xvarazmSas Svilis `moparviT mokvlis~ epizodze<br />

_ rogorc zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT qristianobis maRiarebeli qar-<br />

Tveli erisTvis yovlad miuRebel da Seuwynarebel qmedebaze.<br />

amrigad, rogorc istoria mowmobs, tarielis mier xvarazmSas Svilis<br />

moparviT mokvla jer kidev eqvsi saukunis win y<strong>of</strong>ila moraluri TvalsazrisiT<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>iTad Sefasebuli.<br />

* * *<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ qronikebTan vefxistyaosnis interteqstobrivi<br />

kavSiris konteqstSi aqve unda movixsenioT erTi epizodi `axali qarTlis<br />

cxovrebidan~ (mesame teqsti), sadac XVI saukunis miwuruls momxdari<br />

istoriuli faqtia moTxrobili _ qarTlis mefe svimon pirvelze (1558-1600)<br />

aleqsandre meore kaxT batonis Tavdasxma RamiT, rodesac mefes eZina.<br />

saistorio TxzulebebSi istoriul faqtTa Sefasebis kriteriumad zneobrivi<br />

normebia miRebuli. piruTvneli meistorie Tvals ver daxuWavda<br />

imaze, rom muxTloba da veragulad kacis kvla mxolod mulidTa kompetencias<br />

ar warmoadgenda. am mxriv vefxistyaosnis CvenTvis saintereso epizodTan<br />

dialogurobis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa svimon mefis zneobrivi<br />

kredo _ romelic amave dros meistories kredoc aris _ SeTvlili<br />

aleqsandre kaxT batonisTvis mas Semdeg, rac igi `...warmoemarTa RamiT da<br />

daesxa ugrZnoblad mefesa svimons..., xolo mefeman svimon Semoiyara spani<br />

qarTvelTani da warvida guliTa sruliTa aleqsandresa zeda. da winaTve<br />

waravlina kaci da miumcno esreT: `vinaTgan Sen ikadre esegvari boroti,<br />

romel ara ars wesi mefeTa, da muxTlad damesxi SeugrZnad mZinaresa, da aw<br />

uwyode, rameTu wamosrul var Sen zeda brZolad. da ukeTu xar kaci gamocdili<br />

mamacobasa Sina, damxudi, rameTu umjobes ars omi gamocxadebuli ufroÁs<br />

Ralatad naqmarsa~ (q∼c 1955: 527).<br />

`muxTlad Tavdasxma SeugrZnad mZinaresa~, rogorc amoraluri qmedeba,<br />

sruliad miuRebeli aqti iyo qarTuli tradiciuli zneobisTvis (SeuZlebelia<br />

ar gagvaxsendes tarielis sityvebi, SeTvlili ramaz mefisTvis _ `zeda<br />

ar mogeparebiT~ (388,3) da aq kvlav aisaxa _ sxva istoriul faqtTan<br />

dakavSirebiT da gansxvavebul konteqstSi _ interteqstobrivi mimarTeba<br />

vefxistyaosanTan, rogorc tarielis mier mZinare xvarazmeli sasiZos<br />

mkvlelobis epizodis azrobrivi sferos sazRvrebSi arsebuli teqsti.<br />

saerTod ki unda iTqvas, rom vefxistyaosnis interteqstobrivi da dialoguri<br />

mimarTeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ garkveul qronikebTan aq aRZruli<br />

sakiTxiT ar amoiwureba da mravalmxrivia, saerTod ki vefxistyaosani, dawyebuli<br />

misi Seqmnis dRidan, qarTuli mwerlobis maradiuli interteqstia.<br />

112

* * *<br />

zemoT moviyvane ivane javaxiSvilis friad mniSvnelovani daskvna, rom<br />

JamTaaRmwerels erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi Tavmoyvareoba<br />

metad mgrZnobiane aqvs. rogorc sruliad cxadad Cans, JamTaaRmwerlis-<br />

Tvis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi TviTSegneba ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli<br />

mTlianobaa: qristianuli _ Sesabamisad ki zogadsakacobrio _ moraluri<br />

kriteriumebi misTvis erovnuli zneobis sazomia. rodesac es didi meistorie<br />

wers, rom eri `midrka gzisagan samR∼Tosa~, es niSnavs, rom erma zneobrivi<br />

normebi ugulebelyo. iv. javaxiSvili amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `miscna<br />

RmerTman naTesavni qarTvelTa mosasrvelad∼o~. es iyo uzenaesi gangebis<br />

sasjeli, xolo mizezad, maSasadame, Cvens avtors am SemTxvevaSic mTeli eris<br />

zneobrivi dacema miaCnda~ (javaxiSvili 1945: 253). amitomac aqvs JamTaaRmwerels<br />

aseTi gamZafrebuli damokidebuleba eris zneobis mimarT: misi Rrma<br />

rwmeniT, eris zneobis dacema qveynis dacemis winapirobaa. amis Sesaxeb jer<br />

kidev daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi afrTxilebda qarTvelT, imowmebda ra<br />

esaia winaswarmetyvels: `vai naTesavsa codvils, eri romeli savse ars<br />

usjuloebiTa, ara ars mas Sina sicocxle... amisTvis queyana oxer, qalaqni<br />

cecxliTa momwuar, s<strong>of</strong>elTa TquenTa ucxo Teslni mosWamen da mooxrebul<br />

da daqceul ars erisagan ucxotomTasa~ [esaia 1,4-7] (q∼c 1955: 322). JamTaaRmwerlis<br />

mier sruliad realisturad aris Sefasebuli moralis mniSvneloba<br />

saxelmwifosTvis: es didi mamuliSvili eris zneobriv sijansaReze zrunavda<br />

da amitom ekamaTeboda qveteqsturad rusTavels, romelTanac sinamdvileSi<br />

sakamaTo araferi hqonda...<br />

is ganuzomeli zneobrivi zegavlena, romelic rusTavelis vefxistyaosans<br />

aqvs qarTvel erze, ganapirobebs poemisadmi mecnieruli midgomisa da<br />

interpretaciis mimarT did pasuxismgeblobas. `tarielis reabilitaciis<br />

Teoriis~ Seqmnisas ar y<strong>of</strong>ila gaTvaliswinebuli is Sedegebi, rac am Teorias<br />

SeiZleboda mohyoloda, sinamdvileSi ki konkretuli droisa da viTarebis<br />

pirobebSi am koniunqturuli Teoriis SeqmniT mTel sabWour sistemas aqvs<br />

gamotanili msjavri, rogorc totalitaruls da antihumanurs.<br />

korneli kekeliZem moraluri TvalsazrisiT Seafasa vefxistyaosnis<br />

axleburi mxatvruli interpretacia `tarielis reabilitaciis Teoriis~<br />

konteqstSi da 1959 wels dasva tragikuli kiTxva: `magram unda vikiTxoT:<br />

iziarebda Tu ara rusTaveli princips: mizani amarTlebs saSualebas?~<br />

(kekeliZe 1968: 291). sabWoTa <strong>of</strong>icialurma rusTvelologiam korneli kekeliZis<br />

kiTxva upasuxod datova, Tumca savsebiT cxadia, rom am kiTxvaze<br />

gacemuli nebismieri pasuxi _ dadebiTi Tu uary<strong>of</strong>iTi _ `tarielis reabilitaciis<br />

Teoriis~ ideuri da ideologiuri kraxis mamxilebeli iqneba.<br />

`borotebis imperiad~ wodebul sabWoTa kavSirSi aTwleulTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

moralma iseTi devalvacia-degradacia ganicada, rom mogvianebiT _<br />

1977 wels _ aucilebeli Seiqna masze sazogadoebis yuradRebis gamaxvileba<br />

da sajaro diskusiis dawyeba. niSneulia, rom rusuli Литературная газета-s<br />

furclebze axali sadiskusio rubrika STambeWdavi saTauriT `Homo moralis~:<br />

rogoria igi?~ qarTveli mecnieris avlip zurabaSvilis statiiT gaixsna: am<br />

droisTvis bevri morals da sindiss `moZvelebul~, `dromoWmul~ cnebebad<br />

aRiqvamda. a. zurabaSvilis statia warmoadgens amomwurav pasuxs iseT fundamentur<br />

problemaze, rogoricaa Homo moralis: `Sinagani sindisis xma abstraqcia<br />

ki ar aris, aramed wmindaTa wminda niWi, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />

adamianis cxovreba da moRvaweoba. me didi xania vwer imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

113

cneba homo moralis arafriT Camouvardeba cnebas homo sopiens... me myarad<br />

vdgavar poziciaze, rom moraluri fuZe _ is RerZia, romlis garSemo unda<br />

ibrunos adamianuri moRvaweobis nebismierma gamovlinebam~ (zurabaSvili<br />

1977).<br />

damowmebani:<br />

baramiZe 1936: baramiZe a. tarieli. _ rusTavelis krebuli _ 750. tf.:<br />

saxelgami, 1936.<br />

baxtini 1976: Бахтин М.Проблема текста. Опыт философского анализа. - Вопросы<br />

литературы. № 10. 1976.<br />

evdoSvili 1991: evdoSvili m. (karbelaSvili m.) `ar, uTqmeloba ar varga...~ _<br />

`laSari~, 2, 1991.<br />

zurabaSvili 1977: zurabaSvili a. Homo moralis: каков он? – Литературная газета, 5<br />

ianvari, 1977.<br />

ilini 1989: Ильин И. П. Стилистика интертекстуальности: теоретические аспекты. –<br />

Проблемы современный стилистики. Сборник научно-аналитических трудов. М.: 1989.<br />

ingoroyva 1926: ingoroyva p. Rustveliana. I. vefxis-tyaosnis TariRi. SoTa<br />

rusTavelis vinaoba. tfilisi, 1926.<br />

kekeliZe 1968: kekeliZe k. nadiraZe g. rusTavelis esTetika. _ kekeliZe k.<br />

etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1968.<br />

interneti: Онлайн Эгциклопедия Кругосвет. http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc./gumanitarnye<br />

nauki/ lingvistica/INTERTEKSTUALNOST.html/<br />

karbelaSvili 1987: karbelaSvili m. ori bibliuri paraleli vefxistyaosnis<br />

erTi epizodisaTvis. _ literaturuli Ziebani, 1(XVI), Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1987.<br />

karbelaSvili 1993: karbelaSvili m. vefxistyaosnis `usisxlod~: terminis<br />

iuridiuli da eTikuri aspeqtebi~ _ qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. eZRvneba<br />

gamoCenili mecnierisa da sazogado moRvawis akademikos aleqsandre baramiZis<br />

dabadebis 90-e wlisTavs. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1993.<br />

karbelaSvili 2010: karbelaSvili m. rusTvelologia sabWoTa totalitarizmis<br />

pirobebSi. _ saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia. totalitarizmi da<br />

literaturuli diskursi. me-20 saukunis gamocdileba. masalebi. Tb.: literaturis<br />

institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.<br />

leqsikoni 1966: literaturismcodneobis terminTa mokle leqsikoni.<br />

m.duduCavas saerTo redaqciiT. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1966.<br />

norakiZe 1966: norakiZe v. adamianis idea `vefxistyaosanSi~. Tb.: `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1966.<br />

ruxaZe 1936: ruxaZe tr. aRorZinebis periodis mwerlobis cnobebi SoTa<br />

rusTavelsa da `vefxistyaosanze~. tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

Sromebi, III, tfilisi: 1936.<br />

terminebi 1974: Словарь литературоведческих терминов. Редакторы-составители Л. И.<br />

Тимофев и С. В. Тураев. М.: "Просвещение", 1974.<br />

fateeva 1998: Фатеева Н. А. Типология интертекстульных элементов и межтекстовых<br />

связей в художественном тексте. – Известия РАН. Сер. литературы и языка, № 5, 1998.<br />

q∼c 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris<br />

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I, Tb.: saxelgami, 1955.<br />

q∼c 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris<br />

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.<br />

114

cincaZe 1936: cincaZe p. vefxistyaosnis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba da mxatvruli<br />

konstruqcia. kritikuli etiudi. ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos<br />

filialis gamocema, Tb.: 1936.<br />

javaxiSvili 1929: javaxiSvili iv. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. wigni meore.<br />

nakveTi meore, tf.: 1929.<br />

javaxiSvili 1945: javaxiSvili iv. istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT<br />

da axla. wigni I. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII ss). Tb.: stalinis<br />

sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1945.<br />

Mariam Karbelashvili<br />

The Earliest Comment to “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”<br />

Intertextuality: <strong>Rustaveli</strong> and Zhamtaaghmtsereli<br />

Summary<br />

It is logical that intertextual aspect <strong>of</strong> the historical Chronicles by Zhamtaaghmtsereli<br />

(Chronograph ) relative to “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” is solved in ethical-moral<br />

problematic context: any piece <strong>of</strong> art is subject to moral principle. Generations <strong>of</strong> readers<br />

<strong>of</strong> the poem evaluated by this moral criterion one <strong>of</strong> the key collisions – “stealthy slay” by<br />

Tariel <strong>of</strong> Khvarazmsha’s son when he was sleeping. As the history <strong>of</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong> studies<br />

show, starting from the annex to the poem among opinions about it expressed for many<br />

centuries, up to late thirties <strong>of</strong> the XX century there is no one comment, which would<br />

justify this act committed by Tariel. It is notable that in the soviet period dramatic<br />

deviation from the traditional evaluation <strong>of</strong> this episode took place and for the purpose <strong>of</strong><br />

justification <strong>of</strong> such act by Tariel the absolutely different interpretation was developed,<br />

which is known in <strong>Rustaveli</strong> studies, as “The theory <strong>of</strong> Tariel’s rehabilitation”. This antihuman<br />

theory, with its substance, is the ideological product <strong>of</strong> the soviet regime and is<br />

based on the vulgar sociology. On the whole formulation and formation <strong>of</strong> the “The theory<br />

<strong>of</strong> Tariel’s rehabilitation” took place within exact chronological scopes – 1936-1938.<br />

It turned out that the episode marked with such charge has found its first response six<br />

centuries ago in the work <strong>of</strong> historical nature – in the Chronicles by Zhamtaaghmtsereli<br />

(XIV century), in the episode related to Almuti battles. According to this fact,<br />

Zhamtaaghmtsereli should be regarded as the first commenter <strong>of</strong> this episode the poem and<br />

“Almuti episode” – as its first comment.<br />

The intertextual principle connects the stanza <strong>of</strong> the poem – the task assigned by<br />

Nestan-Darejan to Tariel: “Slay the bridegroom stealthily” (543,2) and the phrase by<br />

Zhamtaaghmtsereli: “There are the people who slay stealthily and they are called Mulids”.<br />

Specific term <strong>of</strong> the ancient <strong>Georgian</strong> law: “to slay stealthily” was mentioned for the<br />

first time in “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” and for the second time – in the Chronicle<br />

by Zhamtaaghmtsereli. With respect <strong>of</strong> intertextual principle, “Almuti episode” is the<br />

meta-text <strong>of</strong> the respective episode, as it contains the comment and critical reference to its<br />

pretext.<br />

115

Юрий Столяров<br />

116<br />

Мотивы книжной культуры<br />

в творчестве Шота Руставели<br />

Одним из проявлений культуры человечества является книжная культура, и<br />

одним из фактов истории является история книжной культуры. В широком смысле<br />

слова «книжная культура» подразумевает все виды и способы фиксирования информации<br />

и оперирования ею. Такое расширительное представление объясняется тем,<br />

что границы понятия «книга» в книговедении пока что весьма расплывчаты. Книгой<br />

допустимо считать любую информацию, знаково зафиксированную на материальном<br />

носителе искусственным способом. Правомерность такого подхода более ста лет<br />

тому назад обосновал П. Отле (Бельгия), в СССР его взгляды разделяли такие известные<br />

книговеды и библиотековеды, как М. Н. Куфаев, Н. В. Русинов, Е. И. Шамурин.<br />

В соответствии с их взглядами книгой считается любой зафиксированный на<br />

материальном носителе знак, будь то собственно книга – рукописная или печатная, –<br />

будь то указ; челобитная; географическая или игральная карта; надпись на чём бы то<br />

ни было и т. п. Когда письменность только зарождалась, она была синкретичной по<br />

своей сути. Отличий между, скажем, коротким отправляемым адресату письмом и<br />

полноценным объёмным произведением поначалу не делалось; и тот, и другой источник<br />

информации, например, в Библии равно называется книгой. В понятие книги<br />

при таком подходе попадают и трёхмерные объекты, поскольку при определении<br />

книги ограничения на мерность отсутствуют. Академик Н. Я. Марр усматривал существование<br />

книги ещё на заре человечества, в первобытном обществе. Согласно<br />

точке зрения Н. Я. Марра понятия «книга» и «письмо» имеют общее происхождение<br />

и назначение (общественную идею) (Марр 1927: 75б, 79б, 81). Истоком книги является<br />

тотемная татуировка первобытных людей, которую он именовал «книгой–<br />

магией».<br />

Нуждается в предварительном разъяснении и понятие истории. Под нею правомерно<br />

понимать хронологический период, начинающийся с появления письменно<br />

зафиксированных сведений об общественно значимых событиях. Карл Ясперс (1883-<br />

1969) в монографии «Смысл и назначение истории» (1991) относил к ней «всё то<br />

время, о котором мы располагаем документальными данными. Когда нас достигает<br />

слово, мы как бы ощущаем почву под ногами. Письменные источники нигде не<br />

датируются ранее 3000 года до н. э., следовательно, история длится около пяти<br />

тысяч лет» (Ясперс 1951: 55-56). Выдающийся философ Юрий Михайлович Лотман<br />

в книге «Внутри мыслящих миров: человек, текст, семиосфера, история», пожалуй,<br />

даже слишком экспрессивно утверждал: «История – один из побочных результатов<br />

письменности» (Лотман 1999: 347). Подразумевается, что исторические сведения не<br />

просто существуют в природе, но что они обнаружены, стали достоянием исследователей,<br />

что они достоверны. Всё, что предшествовало этому периоду, относится к доисторическим<br />

явлениям.<br />

Под книжной культурой будем понимать бытование книги в социуме. Имеется в<br />

виду, с одной стороны, воздействие книги на общество, а с другой, - влияние общества<br />

на формирование и функционирование различных форм книжной культуры.<br />

Содержание понятия «книжная культура» - широкое, оно включает в себя три

составляющих: культуру распространения книги, культуру собственно самой книги<br />

и культуру чтения (Васильев 2004: 90-91). Добавим к этому ещё культуру бережного<br />

обращения с книгой, культуру её сохранения.<br />

Исходя из широкого понимания феномена книги, с одной стороны, и феномена<br />

книжной культуры, с другой стороны, в понятие «книжная культура» на правах части<br />

истории книжной культуры вписываются первоначальные представления о роли<br />

грамотности, письменности, чтения. Сюда же входят и представления о счёте,<br />

поскольку искусство счёта, записи чисел рассматриваются как составная часть истории<br />

грамотности – в данном случае грамотности арифметической.<br />

Обычно понятие книжной (письменной) культуры связывают с наличием сохранившихся<br />

письменных текстов, которые могут служить объектом книговедческого<br />

анализа. Отсчёт истории книжной культуры при этом чаще всего начинают вести со<br />

времени первого дошедшего до нас письменного источника. Однако существует<br />

грандиозный пласт более ранних свидетельств, позволяющих со всей неопровержимостью<br />

утверждать, что грамотность существовала задолго до того момента, который<br />

признаётся как начальная точка отсчёта появления письменности. Их можно<br />

получить из анализа мифологических воззрений различных народов мира, из основных<br />

мировых религий, из фольклора наиболее цивилизованных этносов. Некоторые<br />

из этих истоков книжной культуры в последнее десятилетие стали предметом научного<br />

анализа (Столяров 1999Ж 45-68; 95-100).<br />

Примыкает к ним и героический эпос как сплав отчасти мифологических, отчасти<br />

религиозных представлений, отчасти исторически достоверных событий. У многих<br />

произведений этого рода имеется автор, однако созданное им произведение – не<br />

плод его творческой фантазии, а синтез коллективной памяти народа о своём прошлом,<br />

о своих доблестях и заслугах, представленный в высокохудожественной форме.<br />

Героический эпос более всего ценен отражением ментальности того или иного народа,<br />

его социально ценностных идеалов. Исключительно важен он также сведениями<br />

о тех исторических реалиях, которые сохранились только в исторической памяти<br />

данного этноса – сведениями, которые по разным причинам не могут быть подтверждены<br />

памятниками материальной культуры.<br />

С историко-книжной точки зрения героический эпос предоставляет возможность<br />

ответить на два главных вопроса:<br />

1) существовали ли какие-нибудь и если существовали, то какие именно, проявления<br />

письменной культуры в момент создания данного эпоса, т.е. в максимально<br />

отдалённое историческое время;<br />

2) как относился народ к зафиксированным письменно произведениям человеческого<br />

гения, какие из них были распространены более всего, какое влияние оказывали<br />

на социальную жизнь, отражённую в ткани повествования.<br />

Героический эпос существует у многих народов мира. К наиболее древним относят<br />

шумерский Эпос о Гильгамеше, вавилонский Эпос об Атрахасисе, индийские<br />

«Рамаяну» и «Махабхарату», греческие «Илиаду», «Одиссею», «Теогонию», италийскую<br />

«Энеиду», византийский «Дигенис Акрит», древнегерманский «Песнь о Хильдебранде»,<br />

«Песнь о Нибелунгах», скандинавский «Старшая Эдда», «Младшая Эдда»,<br />

«Сага о Вёльсунгах», «Круг Земной», англосаксонские «Беовульф», «Видсид»,<br />

«Битва при Финнсбурге»,«Битва при Брунанбурге», «Битва при Мэлдоне», «Вальдере»,<br />

французскиe chanson de geste, «Песнь о Роланде», «Песнь о Гильоме Оран-<br />

117

жском», испанскую «Песнь о моём Сиде», ирландские саги уладского цикла, финско-карельскую<br />

«Калевалу», русские былины, «Слово о полку Игореве», персидский<br />

«Шахнаме», киргизский «Манас», узбекский (среднеазиатский) «Алпамыш», армянский<br />

«Давид Сасунский».<br />

Достойное место в этом ряду занимает грузинский эпос «Витязь в тигровой<br />

шкуре». О нём и пойдёт речь в данном случае, без претензии на полный охват<br />

поднятой темы, поскольку её изучение только начинается.<br />

«Витязь в тигровой шкуре» — эпическая поэма, написанная на грузинском<br />

языке Шота Руставели, в конце XII – начале XIII века, вероятнее всего между 1189<br />

— 1212 годами. Из произведений героического эпоса других народов «Витязь в тигровой<br />

шкуре» более всего тяготеет к авторскому произведению, поскольку представляет<br />

собой практически самостоятельное творческое произведение конкретного<br />

автора. Тем не менее с героическим эпосом других народов его роднят многие черты:<br />

отражение народного менталитета и социальных ценностей, узнаваемые, несмотря<br />

на отнесение действия в вымышленную, к тому же, арабскую, страну, реалии<br />

быта, истории, географии, философских идей, морально-нравственных установок и<br />

иные. Почитание этой книги грузинским народом столь велико, что издревле установилась<br />

традиция: дарить девушкам к свадьбе (наряду с шахматами) книгу «Витязь<br />

в тигровой шкуре».<br />

Согласно общепринятому мнению, Средние века принято считать мрачными,<br />

глухими. Возможно, такими они и были – для Западной Европы, Древней Руси, – но<br />

только не для Грузии, которая именно в этот период достигла наивысшего развития<br />

в политическом, экономическом, социальном и культурном отношениях. В это время<br />

страной правили выдающиеся личности: Давид Строитель (1089-1125), Георгий<br />

III (1156-1184) и особенно царица Тамар (1184-1213). Грузия того времени - сильная,<br />

централизованная феодальная держава, игравшая значительную роль в истории<br />

народов Ближнего Востока. Это было время решительного подъема материальных и<br />

духовных сил грузинского народа. Были воздвигнуты монументальные памятников<br />

зодчества, живопись, ювелирное дело, чеканное искусство, художественное ремесло<br />

поражают тонкостью и изяществом. Высокий уровень был достигнут и в области<br />

науки, общественно-политической и философской мысли<br />

Особенно значительные успехи были достигнуты в искусстве слова. Поэма Ш.<br />

Руставели — «Витязь в барсовой шкуре», публиковавшаяся в русских переводах<br />

чаще всего под названием «Витязь в тигровой шкуре», — непревзойденный образец<br />

художественного грузинского слова и шедевр мировой поэзии, закономерный итог,<br />

вершина развития грузинской культуры.<br />

Сначала изложу вкратце суть сюжета. Действие происходит в вымышленной<br />

исламской стране, но в события вовлечены индийские царедворцы. Пожилой царь<br />

Аравии — Ростеван, не имеюший сына-наследника, возводит на престол свою единственную<br />

дочь — Тинатин, которая любит полководца и рыцаря-царедворца Автандила.<br />

Однажды во время охоты царь и Автандил встретились со странным плачущим<br />

витязем, наряд которого состоял из тигровой шкуры. Попытки заговорить с ним<br />

остались тщетными, витязь покалечил и убил многих посланцев царя, а потом<br />

скрылся, не посмев сразиться с самим царём и Автандилом. Царь поручил слугам<br />

искать его в течение года, но никто не смог найти таинственного витязя. Тогда<br />

Тинатин поручила своему возлюбленному во что бы то ни стало привести загадоч-<br />

118

ного чужестранца. Если же он не сможет его найти в течение трёх лет, то должен<br />

вернуться.<br />

После долгих и опасных скитаний Автандил отыскал этого уединившегося в<br />

пустынной пещере витязя по имени Тариэл. Скрепив дружбу клятвой и побратавшись<br />

с Автандилом, Тариэл поведал ему свою скорбную историю: он — великий<br />

царедворец знаменитого индийского царя Фарсадана, терзаемый любовью к солнцеподобной<br />

царевне Нестан-Дареджан. Но Фарсадан задумал выдать её замуж за сына<br />

хорезмийского шаха, который заявлял, что он наследник индийского престола (хотя<br />

им был Тариэл). По наущению Нестан-Дареджан Тариэл убил соперника и готовился<br />

захватить власть. Нестан обвинили в порочной любви к мятежнику и после тяжких<br />

побоев удалили далеко за пределы Индии. Тариэл пустился в поиски, но безрезультатно.<br />

Отчаявшийся витязь уединился, горько оплакивая в пустыне свою жизнь. С<br />

ним в пещере жила и служанка Нестан-Дареджан — Асмат.<br />

Автандил утешал и обнадёживал побратима Тариэла. Сам Автандил вынужден<br />

вернуться на родину, так как трёхлетний срок, после которого его должны были считать<br />

умершим, подходил к концу. Однако он обещал вернуться и помочь Тариэлу.<br />

По возвращении царь Ростеван отказывается снова отпускать военачальника, и<br />

Автандилу приходится уехать против воли царя, чтобы не нарушить клятву, данную<br />

другу. В конце концов он напал на след Нестан-Дареджан – её заключили в неприступную<br />

крепость Каджети. Тариэл и Автандил при содействии третьего побратима<br />

Фридона овладели крепостью, освободили Нестан, и счастливые возвратились в<br />

свои края.<br />

Сюжеты и эпизоды, имеющие отношение к письменной культуре, составляют<br />

большой пласт поэмы. Не владея, к большому сожалению, грузинским языком, я<br />

имею возможность изучить поднятую тему только по переводам поэмы на русский<br />

язык. В поэтическом отношении лучшим (по крайней мере, с моей точки зрения)<br />

является перевод яркого советского поэта Н. А. Заболоцкого (1903 – 1958). Однако в<br />

данном случае важнее фактографическая точность, максимальное приближение к<br />

содержанию оригинала. Директор департамента библиотечных ресурсов Национальной<br />

парламентской библиотеки Грузии Леван Тактакишвили и самый крупный коллекционер<br />

изданий «Витязя в тигровой шкуре», порекомендовал воспользоваться<br />

подстрочным переводом С. Иорданишвили (Руставели 1966: 330). Это я и делаю,<br />

выражая, кстати, большую признательность Л. Тактакишвили за ценный совет.<br />

Но прежде сделаю специальную и очень важную для восприятия последующих<br />

рассуждений и цитат оговорку. Руставели придавал исключительное значение поэзии<br />

как виду словесного искусства, требующего экономии слова, краткого, ясного<br />

и четкого выражения мысли. Согласно поэтике Руставели, стихотворные строки должны<br />

украшаться глубокомысленными, выразительными и музыкальными «сладостными<br />

словами», «сладкозвучным языком». Поэтическое творчество он сравнивает с<br />

богатырским ристалищем, а поэта воспринимает как рыцаря слова. Боевым вооружением<br />

ему служат просвещенный ум, утонченный вкус, высокая поэтическая<br />

техника.<br />

Столь высокая требовательность заставляет с особым вниманием подойти к рассмотрению<br />

тех художественных приёмов, образов и средств, которые использует в<br />

своём творчестве сам Руставели. И здесь нас ожидает замечательная особенность: с<br />

первых же строк в поэме появляется образ средства и материала записи. Во Вступ-<br />

119

лении автор призывает в очередной раз (а значит он делал это и прежде) восхвалить<br />

царицу Тамар, используя в качестве чернил «гишеровое [чёрного цвета] озеро», а в<br />

качестве пера – «трепетный тростник» [4] ∗ . Этот художественный приём используется<br />

и в сказании «Отъезд Автандила к Придону [правителю Мульгазанзара]».<br />

Сказитель призывает планету странствий Отарид (Меркурий):<br />

«Сядь, опиши мои страдания!<br />

Чернилами я дам тебе озёра слёз, пером предлагаю свой исхудалый стан, тонкий,<br />

как волос» [951].<br />

Воображение легко дорисовывает картину: перо – это символ лёгкости, стройности,<br />

изящества, но и слабости, беззащитности. При описании внешности возлюбленной<br />

появляется образ чернил: «Она бросила на меня прекрасный взгляд своих<br />

чернильных глаз» [387]. Аналогичный образ использован в сюжете, когда Фатьма<br />

описывает страдания Нестан-Дареджан:<br />

120<br />

«Когда бы я ни вошла к ней, перед ней стояли озёра слёз;<br />

Чернильную пучину (её глаз) окружали гишеровые копья [чёрные ресницы].<br />

Из чернильных озёр чашами изливались потоки» [1134].<br />

Чернила, как можно из этого заключить Чтобы понять поэтичность этого образа,<br />

надо перенестись в XIII век и понять, что чернила были редкостью, , ассоциировались<br />

с чем–то красивым насыщенностью цвета, редким, благородным и дорогим.<br />

Послание Нестан-Дареджан к возлюбленному содержит схожие, очень сильные<br />

образы:<br />

«Затем она с плачем и рыданиями пишет письмо возлюбленному,<br />

В своих же слезах тушит вспыхнувшее пламя.<br />

Она написала письмо, способное пронзить сердца внимающих,<br />

Разомкнутая роза явила прозрачный хрусталь» [1279].<br />

Письмо начинается сравнением пера как инструмента письма со своим станом.<br />

[1280]. Это заставляет вообразить всю тонкость и изящество стана автора письма.<br />

Далее: чтобы подчеркнуть горечь настроения, говорится о пере, «обмакнутом в<br />

желчь». Идея единения с возлюбленным передаётся через образ бумаги: «Бумагой<br />

служит твоё сердце, слитое с моим» [1280].<br />

Из всех изобразительных средств чаще всего в поэме используются такие<br />

сюжетообразующие единицы, как письма (послания), указы, приказы, распоряжения.<br />

Структурно в поэме 62 сказания. 13 из них (21 %) полностью посвящены письменным<br />

источникам! Кроме того, свидетельства письменной культуры древнего грузинского<br />

народа щедро рассыпаны по всем остальным структурным частям поэмы.<br />

Приведём наиболее характерные эпизоды.<br />

В начальном Сказе о Ростеване, царе арабов, сообщается, что Ростеван разослал<br />

по своей державе приказ, которым назначал правительницей свою дочь Тинатин<br />

[43]. Царица тут же подозвала своего воспитателя и велела принести опечатанную<br />

им казну, чтобы поделиться своим богатством со всем народом [52]. Значит, в те<br />

давние времена имелось представление о печати, её оттиске и функциях. Известно,<br />

что печать как устройство для производства оттисков, известная за несколько тысячелетий<br />

до нашей эры, в середине XV в. стала прародительницей книгопечатания.<br />

∗ Цифры в квадратных скобках отсылают к соответствующим четверостишиям подлинника.

В Сказании «Царь арабов увидел витязя в тигровой шкуре» царь, по совету<br />

дочери, посылает людей повсюду разузнать о незнакомце в тигровой шкуре. Напутствуя<br />

их, он велит: «Шлите письма туда, куда не можете добраться» [114].<br />

Дальше по ходу действия Автандил, уезжая искать возлюбленную Тинатин,<br />

оставляет на своего верного вассала Шермадина все арабские войска и просит,<br />

чтобы владыка не знал про скитанья Автандила. Чтобы царь ничего не заподозрил,<br />

Шермадин должен посылать ему даров побольше и писать ему от имени Автандила<br />

письма в продолжение трёх лет [154]. Он дал Шермадину грамоту, чтобы ему «подчинялась<br />

вся моя знать» [162]. Текст этой грамоты (указа) полностью приводится в<br />

сказе «Письмо Автандила к своим подданным (вассалам)» [163 - 172]. Для большей<br />

убедительности в тексте указа подчёркнуто, что Автандил написал его собственноручно:<br />

«Пишу это послание сам, своей рукой» [164]. Чтобы не было сомнений в<br />

подлинности документа,<br />

«Шермадин, собрав вместе знать и вельмож,<br />

Показал им то послание, сообщил сказанные им слова» [173].<br />

Делаем из этого вывод о высоком уровне письменной культуры первого лица<br />

государства, а также, как минимум, его вассала.<br />

В одном из последующих сказаний Тариэл через служанку Асмат неожиданно<br />

получает любовное письмо от Нестан-Дареджан [368], которое приводится полностью<br />

[369-372], и отвечает на её признание красноречивым ответным письмом [374-<br />

377]. Героя постоянно согревало письмо девушки: «У меня было полное надежды<br />

письмо, оттого я был весел» [384].<br />

После свидания Тариэл заклинает Асмат: « не дай расстаться мне с душой,<br />

гаси вестями пламя, Не прерывай переписки, шли письма – одно вслед за другим.<br />

Если что узнаешь для меня, надеюсь, не скроешь» [391]. В дальнейшем он получал<br />

от неё письма довольно часто, как это видно из текста произведения. Служанка, как<br />

видим, тоже свободно владеет грамотой.<br />

Весь дословный обмен письмами витязя с полюбившей его царицей составляет<br />

значительную часть поэмы. Тариэл писал, созерцая «дивные посланья», по много раз<br />

их перечитывал.<br />

Большую роль играет в поэме и, так сказать, деловая переписка. Началась она с<br />

того, что Тариэл «послал в Хатай гонца с письмом. Я писал: » [380], и далее<br />

приводится полный текст письма с требованием повиноваться [381 –383]. Вскоре он<br />

получает возмущённое ответное письмо от царя хатайцев:<br />

«Я удивился тому, что прочитал в письме, тобой начертанном! <br />

Чтоб не видел я больше писем, написанных тобой!» [393 – 398].<br />

Но это только начало обмена посланиями, переписка продолжается во всё более<br />

экспрессивных выражениях.<br />

Витязь переходит и к действиям, и тут снова появляется источник информации,<br />

возникший задолго до появления письменности, однако имеющий все её признаки:<br />

знаки, символы, запечатлённые на материальном носителе:<br />

«Я поднял царский стяг с черно-красным полотнищем,<br />

Приказал бесчисленным войскам выступать утром » [397]. Поднятие<br />

боевого флага означало поход на неприятеля. Констатируем, что в поэме появляется<br />

121

ещё один вид источника зафиксированной информации – боевое знамя. Затем образ<br />

знамени фигурирует в сюжете о борьбе Автандила с пиратами, чья ладья «с высоко<br />

поднятым флагом» была снабжена тараном с лемешным наконечником для пробивания<br />

кораблей [1025].<br />

Одно из сказаний «Витязя в тигровой шкуре» называется «Послание Тариэла к<br />

царю индов и возвращение с победой». В этом послании витязь извещает Фарсадана,<br />

что вскоре предстанет перед ним с пленённым царём хатайцев Рамазом [456 - 460].<br />

Тем временем он получает новое письмо от Нестан-Дареджан, и оно приводится<br />

полностью[486-489], – так же, как и ответ Тариэла [496-498]. Переписка продолжается,<br />

всё более драматизируясь: письмом возлюбленная отказывается от Тариэла,<br />

которого по ошибке считает вероломным, повинным в том, что с его согласия её<br />

насильно отдают за чужого царевича [546-548 и др.].<br />

Дословно приводится переписка Автандила и витязя Придона. Она тоже<br />

составляет существо содержания поэмы. Из этой части выясняется, что письменные<br />

тексты имели вид свитка: Автандил, «написав это письмо, скрутил его, завязал <br />

отдал его слугам Придона» [1311].<br />

Встречается в поэме такой вид письменного произведения, как завещание. Во<br />

второй свой тайный отъезд Автандил оставляет письменное завещание царю Ростевану<br />

[778]. Его текст составляет предмет отдельного сказания [779-798]. В завещании,<br />

среди прочего, имеются ссылки на труды Платона [780-781] и на писания<br />

апостолов [782-784], из чего можно сделать вывод о высоком уровне просвещённости<br />

героя эпоса. В заключение Автандил заверяет, что завещание написано им<br />

лично, своей рукою [798].<br />

Окончив писать, он «завещание вручил Шермадину», поручив доложить обо<br />

всём царю [799]. Шермадин передал<br />

« завещание, заплакал, жизнь ему казалась мукой. Он доложил:<br />

“Я нашёл это завещание, им написанное, в его опочивальне” » [818-819].<br />

Вельможи, «прочтя завещание долго плакали» [820]. Обязанность комментировать<br />

драматичность ситуации оставим литературоведам. Нам интереснее констатировать<br />

иное: свободное обращение героев с письменным текстом преподносится<br />

в поэме как вполне обыденное, заурядное дело.<br />

Оживлённой перепиской отмечены взаимоотношения Автандила и Фатьмы.<br />

Фатьма<br />

122<br />

« написала чувствительное письмо <br />

Открывающее её любовь и муки,<br />

Трогающее и потрясающее сердца слушателей,<br />

Письмо, которое следовало хранить, а не рвать, как ненужное» [1072].<br />

В сказе «Любовное письмо Фатьмы к Автандилу» текст письма приводится<br />

полностью [1073-1076]. Фатьма-хатун «написала и послала письмо к юноше», но тот<br />

воспринял его довольно прохладно: «читал его так, словно оно было от сестры или<br />

родни» [1077]. Однако он решает воспользоваться чувствами девушки, чтобы прозать<br />

что-нибудь затаённое [1081]. Начинается оживлённая переписка и авантюрные<br />

приключения двух героев, составляющие существенную часть сюжета «Витязя в<br />

тигровой шкуре».<br />

Другую сюжетную линию составляет переписка Фатьмы с Нестан-Дареджан. Ей<br />

отведены в поэме отдельные сказы. Читатель узнаёт здесь о способе передачи писем

– через ловкого волшебника-негра, который невидимо минует многочисленную<br />

стражу и проходит сквозь запертые ворота [1263-1266]. Новый поворот сюжета<br />

усложняет эпистолярную тему. Нестан-Дареджан просит Фатьму написать весточку<br />

Тариэлу и передать ему знак – «лоскут от накидки, им же подаренной». Лоскут должен<br />

не просто напомнить Тариэлу о Нестан-Дареджан, но и наглядно продемонстрировать<br />

её моральное состояние, поскольку накидка цветом «черна, как и моя судьба»<br />

[1276-1278]. Одновременно Нестан-Дареджан сама «с плачем и рыданиями пишет<br />

письмо возлюбленному» [1279]. В её продолжительном письме [1280-1297] возникает<br />

упомянутый выше образ письменных принадлежностей – пера и бумаги [1280],<br />

– по-видимому высоко почитаемый предками нынешних грузин.<br />

Переписка между героями была, надо полагать, столь частой, что они легко<br />

узнавали почерк писавшего. Так, когда Автандил передал Асмат, рабыне Нестан-<br />

Дареджад, «письмо её воспитанницы», «Асмат сразу признала её руку» [1346 –<br />

1347]. Этот момент чрезвычайно показателен в двух отношениях. Во-первых, он<br />

свидетельствует о грамотности женщин. Во-вторых, оказывается, грамотными были<br />

не только представители высших слоёв общества, но и их подчинённые, до рабов<br />

включительно. Один этот штрих позволяет говорить о средневековой Грузии как о<br />

стране с высокой письменной культурой.<br />

Тариэла письмо впечатлило очень сильно:<br />

«Он читал, хотя чтение того письма приводило его в неистовство;<br />

Слёзы скрывали свет, тёмными ему казались дневные лучи» [1336].<br />

После свадьбы Автандила и Тинатин ближайшая подруга последней – Нестан-<br />

Дареджан, – с которой Тинатин должна расстаться, даёт наказ: « Осведомляйся<br />

обо мне, давай знать о себе, со мной беседуй в письмах » [1557]. Надо полагать,<br />

что порядок доставки писем был отработан с достаточной чёткостью.<br />

Распространён по ходу действия на протяжении всей поэмы в поэме и образ<br />

печати – наиболее древнего печатного произведения.<br />

Посещая захваченную в бою тайную пещеру с сокровищами, витязь Тариэл,<br />

Автандил и Асмат обнаруживают среди прочих богатств запечатанный сундук с<br />

надписью: «На нём было написано: “Здесь лежат чудные доспехи, Кольчуги, шлемы,<br />

басрийские мечи, рассекающие алмаз ”» [1354 – 1355]. Приходится сделать<br />

вывод, что грамотными были не только наши герои, но и те, кто заполнял, запечатывал<br />

сундук и делал на нём надпись. Уходя, герои опечатали все сорок сокровищниц<br />

[1359]. В дополнение к примерам, приведённым выше, отметим ещё один эпизод.<br />

После того, как Тариэл помог своему побратиму Придону победить врага и завладеть<br />

большими богатствами, царь Придон своей печатью опечатал эти клади.<br />

Так в небольшом отрывке соединилось сразу несколько образов, имеющих отношение<br />

к письменной культуре, что свидетельствует о её глубоком проникновении в<br />

культуру грузинского народа во времена Средневековья.<br />

Герои «Витязя в тигровой шкуре» в самые тяжёлые жизненные минуты в целях<br />

утешения или избавления от болезни как наивысшему авторитету обращаются к<br />

некой книге, обобщённый образ которой присутствует по всему тексту эпоса. Её<br />

образ появляется на страницах поэмы в Сказе о том, как влюбился Тариэл. Впавший<br />

при виде Асмат в беспамятство, он был спасён чтением священной книги – судя по<br />

контексту, Корана:<br />

123

Мукры [чтецы Корана] и мулимы [мусульманские богословы] обступили меня;<br />

В руках у них была священная книга, все читали её;<br />

Они предполагали, что я одержим бесом [344].<br />

Влюблённые Тариэл и Нестан-Дареджан клянутся друг другу в верности, избрав<br />

символом книгу:<br />

124<br />

«Над книгой клятв я клялся и клялась она.<br />

Ещё крепче она подтвердила свою любовь ко мне » [410].<br />

Другой художественный приём – обобщённый образ книг как символа мудрости.<br />

В ответственные моменты жизни герои ссылаются на изречения из книг как<br />

на наиболее убедительный аргумент. В Сказании «Фатьма рассказывает историю<br />

Нестан-Дареджан» Автандил утешает Фатьму самым сильным аргументом:<br />

«Утешься, и в книге так написано:<br />

Из всех врагов самый страшный – друг, ставший врагом;<br />

Если человек мудр, он не доверится ему сердцем» [1199].<br />

«Беседа Автандила с Шермадином» перед вторым тайным его отъездом начинается<br />

с обращения к чтецу и слушателю, обязанным славить деяния и дружбу<br />

витязей [765].<br />

Заканчивается поэма, как и начинается, объяснением цели её создания – необходимости<br />

письменно «воспеть дела Давида, его мужество и отвагу!» [1585]:<br />

«Пишу я, некий месх, стихотворец под именем Руставели.<br />

Для бога грузин Давида, кому солнце служит путеводителем,<br />

Я изложил в стихах эту повесть для услады того,<br />

Кто наводит страх от Востока до Запада,<br />

Кто сжигает двоедушных и радует преданных ему» [1583-1584].<br />

Таким образом, тема письменного документа, в том числе рукописной книги,<br />

пронизывает всю ткань повествования «Витязя в тигровой шкуре». Она свидетельствует<br />

о высокой книжной культуре средневековой Грузии, о большой роли письменности<br />

в жизни её народа, о большом уважении к письменности как проявлению<br />

человеческого гения. Из произведений героического эпоса других народов по богатству<br />

представления мотивов книжной культуры с «Витязем в тигровой шкуре» может<br />

сравниться разве только «Шахнаме» Фирдоуси.<br />

Хотелось бы надеяться, что сделанные наблюдения убеждают: истоки книжной<br />

культуры коренятся очень глубоко, и их познание способно существенно обогатить<br />

представления о её истинной глубине и богатстве.<br />

ЛИТЕРАТУРА:<br />

Васильев 2004: Васильев В. И. История книжной культуры. Теоретико-методологические<br />

аспекты / В. И.Васильев. – М.: Наука, 2004, стр. 90- 91.<br />

Лотман 1999: Лотман Ю. М. Внутри мыслящих миров: человек, текст, семосфера, история<br />

/ Ю. М. Лотман. – М.: Языки русской культуры, 1999, стр. 347.<br />

Марр 1927: Марр Н. Я. Происхождение терминов «книга» и «письмо» в освещении<br />

яфетической теории / Н. Я. Марр // Книга о книге. Вып. 1. С. 75, Л.: 1927, стр. 79, 81.

Столяров 1999: Столяров Ю. Н. Тема книги в Библии / Ю. Н. Столяров // Книга.<br />

Исследования и материалы.- М.: Терра, 1999.- Сб. 76.- стр. 45-68; Столяров Ю. Н. Тема книги<br />

в Коране / Ю. Н. Столяров // Книга. Исследования и материалы. — М.: Терра, 1999. — Сб. 77. —<br />

стр. 95-110; Столяров Ю. Н. Тема книги в сказочном фольклоре. У истоков книжной культуры<br />

/ Ю. Н. Столяров // Книга. Исследования и материалы. – М.: Наука, 2008. – Сб. 89 / I–II. – стр.<br />

23-35; Столяров Ю. Н. Былины как источник ценных сведений о книжной культуре / Ю. Н.<br />

Столяров // Краеведческий альманах. – 2009. – № 1. – стр. 60-67; Столяров Ю. Н. Загадки о<br />

грамотности, письменности, чтении / Ю. Н. Столяров // Школьная библиотека. – 2009. – № 2.<br />

– стр. 33-38. и др.<br />

Ясперс 1951: Ясперс К. Смысл и назначение истории / К. Ясперс. М.: 1951, стр. 55–56.<br />

Yuri Stoliarov<br />

Book-culture Related Motives in <strong>Shota</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong> Creation<br />

Summary<br />

In the preface <strong>of</strong> the article author gives some explanations <strong>of</strong> those terms and<br />

concepts, which are related to book culture and he proves scientifically that all information,<br />

included in extant writing text analysis is related to book culture. Author marks<br />

correctly that education existed long before the appearance <strong>of</strong> written language and scientific<br />

analysis <strong>of</strong> ancient folk epos and myths can serve as argument for such conclusion.<br />

Author speaks specially about <strong>Georgian</strong> epic poem The Knight in the Panther’s Skin<br />

and poses it next to ancient folk eposes: Sumerian Gilgamesh, Indian Ramayana and<br />

Mahabharata, Greek Iliad and Odyssey, Italian Eneide, but underlines that <strong>Georgian</strong> epos<br />

was written by one author. The fact that the book was given as a dowry (at first as written<br />

text and printed version after) speaks about its popularity among people. Author describes<br />

the social and material background <strong>of</strong> the period when poem was created and marks that it<br />

was the time <strong>of</strong> Queen Tamar and King David the Builder when Georgia as feudal state<br />

reached its age <strong>of</strong> prosperity.<br />

The terms, topics and concepts from the poem are explained according to Russian text<br />

(translator S.Iordanishvili, 1966 Tbilisi). In the preface <strong>of</strong> the work author gives some<br />

examples <strong>of</strong> feature methods and comparisons. For example “agate lake” instead <strong>of</strong> ink,<br />

reed - instead <strong>of</strong> stylus. etc. Many examples can be found in various chapters <strong>of</strong> the poem.<br />

Tinatin demands King Rostevan’s order to grant people with all gold and jewelry. The socalled<br />

“Business correspondence” was very popular at that time, letters were sent in form<br />

<strong>of</strong> roll. Letter writing and will writing was so <strong>of</strong>ten used among the characters <strong>of</strong> the poem,<br />

that they knew each other’s hand writing very well. There are some holy books mentioned<br />

in the poem too; people used to read books in times <strong>of</strong> misery, sorrow, they used to swore<br />

on books in the name <strong>of</strong> devotion, friendship. The book was considered to be an origin and<br />

symbol <strong>of</strong> wisdom. Avtandili is trying to calm down Fatman, telling her such stories are<br />

written in books too.<br />

This article is the first attempt in <strong>Georgian</strong> literary criticism, considering the aspect<br />

from this point <strong>of</strong> view and therefore it will cause an interest among <strong>Georgian</strong> literature<br />

history researchers.<br />

125

lia kariWaSvili<br />

126<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyvelebiTi perspeqtivebi<br />

`daviTianSi~<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ usazRvro popularobam erTgvarad Seaferxa qarTuli<br />

poeturi azrovnebis ganviTareba. igi niWierebis erTgvar sazomad iqca.<br />

kargi poeti iyo is, vinc ukeT mibaZavda rusTavels. `daviTiani~ qarTuli<br />

literaturis istoriaSi `vefxistyaosnis~ saukuneobrivi gavlenis erTgvar<br />

daZlevad ganixileba. mkvlevari sargis caiSvili wignSi `SoTa rusTaveli —<br />

daviT guramiSvili~ wers: `guramiSvili rusTavelis yvelaze Rirseuli<br />

memkvidrea Zvel saqarTveloSi. ukve is konteqsti, romelSic guramiSvili<br />

axsenebs rusTavels, TavisTavad metyvelebs, Tu ra maRal Sefasebas aZlevda<br />

igi Tavis did winamorbeds. ... magram, amave dros swored man yvelaze mZlavri<br />

nabiji gadadga, raTa ganTavisuflebuliyo rusTavelis ganuzomeli gavlenisagan~<br />

(caiSvili 1974: 199). (aRniSnuli garemoeba pirvelad akaki wereTelma<br />

SeniSna (wereTeli 1899: 24) guramiSvilis striqoniT unda iyos STagonebuli<br />

l. kalandaZis xatovani gamonaTqvami `ukvdavi rusTavelis Semdeg bevri<br />

niWieri qarTveli SeeWida qarTul poetur sityvas, magram arsebiTad verc<br />

erTi vefxistyaosnis did Crdils ver gascda, sanam guramiSvilma saWiatos<br />

ar miagno~ (Sdr. `bnelsa vzivar, gevedrebi sasinaTlo amixvrito...~)<br />

(kalandaZe 1960: 3).<br />

axalma saTqmelma axali forma moitana. miuxedavad am ori poeturi<br />

samyaros TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobisa, aSkaraa maT Soris msgavsebani, romelTac garkveulwilad<br />

ukve ganapirobebs Semdegi garemoebani. orive nawarmoebi mravalplaniania<br />

da danteseuli zogadi klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, maTSi oTxi<br />

ZiriTadi Sre gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a: 1. istoriuli; 2. alegoriuli; 3. didaqtikuri da 4.<br />

anagogiuri. TiToeuli es Sre sxvadasxva intensivobiT vlindeba TxzulebebSi.<br />

magaliTad, istoriuli realoba `daviTianSi~ dominanturia da erT—<br />

erT wamyvan Temad ikveTeba (`qarTlis Wiri~), `vefxistyaosanSi~ ki sakvlevia<br />

da amosacnobi. alegorizmi anu igavi `vefxistyaosnisa~ rTulia, `daviTianisa~<br />

_ mizanmimarTulad martivi; didaqtizmi Sefarulia poemaSi, gacxadebulia<br />

`daviTianSi~. anagogiuri (saRvTismetyvelo) plasti `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

uRrmesi Srea, `daviTianSi~ ki ZiriTadi laitmotivi.<br />

naSromSi ZiriTadad yuradReba gamaxvilebulia Semdeg sakiTxebze:<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ alegorizmi; poetTa mier SemoqmedebiTi sagnisa da poeturi<br />

rangis TviTgansazRvra; didaqtizmi da motivacia; ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

problemebi; poeturi semantika.<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~, rogorc alegoriuli Txzulebis `Targmanebas~<br />

vaxtang mefis droidan eyreba safuZveli. daviT guramiSvili iziarebs poemis<br />

pirveli gamomcemlis Tvalsazriss da zustad, lakonurad afasebs<br />

poemas _ igi aris `igavT xe~, romlis fesvebi Rrmad aris damarxuli.<br />

`odesac brZenma ritorman<br />

SoTam rgo igavT xeo da,<br />

fesv Rrma—hyo, Srtoni uCinna,<br />

zed xili moiweoda,<br />

orgzisve nay<strong>of</strong>s miscemda,<br />

visganac moirxeoda~. (4)

`daviTianic~ igavT xea, oRond martivad Sesamecnebeli im mizniT, rom<br />

`ufro advilad aRvlian zed yrmani dasarxevelad~.<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ alegorizmis TvalsazrisiT Zalze sayuradReboa `mijnurobis<br />

Teoria~ prologidan, romelSic pirvelad saRvTo mijnurobazea<br />

saubari: `vTqva mijnuroba pirveli da tomi gvarTa zenaTa~. momdevno str<strong>of</strong>is<br />

bolo taepebi aRiqmeba, rogorc rusTavelis SemoqmedebiTi arCevani:<br />

`vTqvne xelobani qvenani, romelni xorcTa xvdebian,<br />

marT masve hbaZven, Tu oden ar siZven, SoriT bndebian~.<br />

am taepSi gamoCenili baZvis cneba uyuradRebod ar darCenila samecniero<br />

literaturaSi. revaz siraZe wignSi `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ wers:<br />

`aq termini baZva ar SeiZleba sasxvaTaSorisod gavigoT. amqveyniuri siyvarulis<br />

zeciurisadmi baZvas araerTxel exeba ioane petriwi. amgvar siyvarulTanaa<br />

dakavSirebuli rusTveluri sityvaxmarebac. saerTod ki termini<br />

antikurobidan iRebs saTaves, aseT SemTxvevaSi igi marto mimsgavsebas rodi<br />

gulisxmobs, igi gulisxmobs `gansaxovnebasac~, ase rom, amqveyniuri amaRlebuli,<br />

adamianuri siyvaruli SeiZleba zeciurs ganasaxovnebdes~ (siraZe<br />

2008: 113—114).<br />

ismis kiTxva, mainc sad xdeba Semoqmedebis sagnis dasaxeleba: `vTqva mijnuroba<br />

pirveli~ Tu `vTqvne xelobani qvenani~? logikuria, rom axali sakiTxi,<br />

Tanac aseTi mniSvnelovani, daiwyos axali str<strong>of</strong>iT. marTlac, Cveni<br />

dakvirvebiT, sakiTxis warmodgena iwyeba swored axali monakveTiT, axali<br />

diskursiT mijnurobis Taobaze da es aris `vTqva mijnuroba pirveli~. swored<br />

es aris mTavari Canafiqri, mTavari mizani, xolo `vTqvne xelobani qvenani,<br />

romelni xorcTa xvdebian, marT masve hbaZven...~ aris forma, gansaxovneba<br />

am saTqmelisa. isic logikuria, rom gansaxovnebis formaze miniSneba mosdevdes<br />

da uSualod ebmodes sakiTxis Sinaarsobriv warmodgenas (da misi momdevno<br />

iyos III da IV taepebi). aqvea motivaciac, ratom ar SeiZleba pirdapiri<br />

gadmocema, pirdapiri asaxva SemoqmedebiTi sagnisa da ratom unda moiZebnos<br />

gansaxovnebis saTanado forma, am SemTxvevaSi alegoriuli. imitom, rom<br />

saRvTo mijnuroba Znelad saTqmelia, `saWiro gamosagebi enaTa~, `Wkvianni<br />

ver mixvdebian, ena daSvrebis, msmenlisa yurnica davaldebian~. amdenad,<br />

Cveni azriT, marTebuli iqneboda, `mijnurobis Teoria~ ganixilebodes ara<br />

rogorc erTgvari klasifikacia mijnurobis gvarebisa (romlebsac emijneba<br />

siZva da maTi aRreva dauSvebelia, miT ufro, am konteqstSi, romelSic<br />

wminda adamianuri siyvaruli moxmobilia saRvTo siyvarulis miwier imitaciad.<br />

amitomac aris rusTaveli aseTi kategoriuli: `nuvin garevT erTmaneTsa,<br />

gesmis Cemi naubari?~), aramed rogorc erTiani, ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli konteqsti<br />

_ Semoqmedebis Temisa da misi gansaxovnebis formis gacxadeba.<br />

Sairobis Teoriis mixedviT, rusTaveli, rogorc vrceli epopeis Semoqmedi,<br />

bunebrivia, pirveli rangis moSairea. (Tumca garkveul azrTa sxvadasxvaobas<br />

iwvevs meorisa — `meore leqsi cotai, nawili moSaireTa~ _ da mesamis<br />

_ `mesame leqsi kargi ars sanadimod, samRerelad~ _ win ardasaxeleba<br />

pirvelisa, romelic, vfiqrobT, apriorulad igulisxmeba, misi maxasiaTeblebi<br />

ki gabneviT ikiTxeba teqstSi. riT gamoicdeba kargi moSaire? _ `viTa<br />

cxensa Sara grZeli da gamoscdis didi rbeva ...marT agreTve meleqsesa leqsTa<br />

grZelTa Tqma da xeva~, `moSaire ara hqvia, veras ityvis vinca grZelad~’.<br />

daviT guramiSvili, rusTaveli poeturi geniis Tayvanismcemeli (`me rus-<br />

Tvelsa leqss ar vudri, viT margalits Calis Zirsa~), misive kriteriumebiT<br />

127

gansazRvravs sakuTari poeturi ostatobis xarisxs da Tavs meore rangis<br />

moleqseTa kategorias miakuTvnebs.<br />

rusTaveli:<br />

`meore leqsi cotai nawili moSaireTa,<br />

ar ZaluZs srulqmna sityvaTa, gulisa gasagmireTa,<br />

vamsgavse mSvildi bediTi ymawvilTa monadireTa:<br />

didsa ver mohkvlen, xelad aqvs xoca nadirTa mcireTa~. (str. 16)<br />

128<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`me yrmaTa msgavsad momixda<br />

namcvrevT walkotTa mcvrevani,<br />

bzakaliTa da wiwkitiT<br />

monadireTSi revani,<br />

verc xili vpove, nadirTac<br />

Zali ar mqonda revani,<br />

da va SemrCa cudsa meTevzes<br />

ubraloT wyalTa mRvrevani~.<br />

(daviTiani, str. 6)<br />

(bzakali — xis mSvildi, wiwkati _ patara isari)<br />

rusTveluri saxeebi aq gavrcobilia, Tumca aSkaraa reminiscenciebi:<br />

`ymawvilTa~ _ `yrmaTa msgavsad~; `,monadire~; `didsa ver mohkvlen~ —<br />

`nadirTac Zali ar maqvnda revani~ da sxva.<br />

`vefxistyaosani~ aRmzrdelobiTi nawarmoebia. zogadad, XII saukunis<br />

romanis kvleva mivida daskvnamde, rom garegnuli xasiaTis miuxedavad, masSi<br />

aRzrdis problematikaa mTavari. amaze jer kidev vaxtang VI mianiSnebda. es<br />

azri SemdgomSic aqtualuri iyo samecniero literaturaSi. `romani, romelSic<br />

axalgazrda gmirebi moqmedeben, rogorc wesi, aRmzrdelobiTi romania~<br />

(karbelaSvili 2003: 5). miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom poemis mTavari<br />

personaJebi (isini, visi pirovnuli daxvewa—amaRleba siuJetis ganviTarebisda<br />

kvalad xdeba) ar arian idealurni, aramed miiswrafian sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebisken<br />

da Tumca Teoriulad floben sibrZnes, mainc piradi gamocdilebis<br />

mtkivneul gzas gadian gaRrmavebisa da Sinagani ganaxlebisaken.<br />

`daviTiani~ mowodebulia ymawvilTaTvis, maTi aRzrdisa da TviTSemecnebisTvis.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom orive TxzulebaSi warmoCenilia safuZveli da<br />

motivacia (rogorc ufleba) didaqtizmisa. es aris gamocdilebiT dagrovili<br />

codna da garkveuli distancireba problemisgan. orivegan moxmobilia<br />

mkurnalis saxe.<br />

`vefxistyaosani~:<br />

`ra aqimi dasneuldes, razom ginda saqebari,<br />

man sxva ixmos mkurnali da majasica Semtyvebari...<br />

sxvisa sxvaman ukeT icis sasargeblo saubari~. (662)<br />

`daviTiani~:<br />

`ragind brZen iyos mkurnali,<br />

kargad atyobdes majasa,<br />

sxvisas Seityobs, Tavisas<br />

veras gaigebs xvanjasa~. (60)<br />

da sentencia: `sxva sxvisa omsa brZenia~ _ rusTaveli: `me ver virge da<br />

Tqven garge~ _ guramiSvili.

TvalsaCinoa `vefxistyaosansa~ da `daviTianSi~ filos<strong>of</strong>iur-Teologiuri<br />

cnebaTmetyvelebis Tanxvedra. aseTia mijnuris cneba, romelsac binaruli<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs _ saero da saRvTismetyvelo. egreTwodebul xelobaTa<br />

katalogSi orive Semoqmedi mas warmogvidgens swored saRvTismetyvelo<br />

SinaarsiT.<br />

rusTaveli:<br />

`muSa miwyiv muSakobdes, meomari gulovnobdes,<br />

kvla mijnursa mijnuroba uyvardes da gamoscnobdes~. ( 11, 3—4)<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`mecxrea — arCenT mwyemsoba,<br />

uqniaT menaxiroba,<br />

da meaTe — mijnurT survili,<br />

trfialTa Senamziroba~. ( 38)<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT qeTevan bezaraSvili wers: ,,Cans, rom rusTavelTan<br />

da guramiSvilTan dasaxelebuli ritorikuli sqema qristianuli mwerlobis<br />

tradiciebs efuZneba. maTTan katalogis bolos dasaxelebuli mijnuroba<br />

(iseve, rogorc katalogis TavSi dasaxelebuli brZnoba), rogorc saRvTo<br />

sibrZnis trfiali, rogorc saRvTo xedva— Teoria, yvelaferze aRmatebuli<br />

Cans~ (bezaraSvili 2005: 26). vfiqrobT, swored es arabuli sityva (mijnuri)<br />

miesadageboda RvTis motrfiales, romlis cnobiereba amaRlebis kvaldakval<br />

scildeboda empiriuli realobis sazRvrebs da pragmatuli poziciidan<br />

Smagad, xelad aRiqmeboda.<br />

sayuradReboa, agreTve sityva `qarTulis~ gamoyeneba orive TxzulebaSi<br />

qristianulis sinonimuri moazrebiT. rusTaveli: `ese ambavi sparsuli, qar-<br />

Tulad naTargmanebi...~ guramiSvili: `Tu ram iyos sxvis rjulisa, momiqcios,<br />

gamiqarTlos~. mocemul taepebSi rusTveliseul `sparsuls~ Seesabameba<br />

guramiSviliseuli `sxvis rjulisa~; xolo `qarTulad naTargmanebs~ — `momiqcios,<br />

gamiqarTlos~. cxadia, rusTaveli `sparsuls~ iyenebs araqristianulis<br />

mniSvnelobiT, xolo `qarTulad Targmaneba~, `moqceva~, `gaqarTleba~<br />

qristianulad gamarTvas, qristianulad moazrebas an interpretacias<br />

niSnavs. ase rom, taepi `ese ambavi sparsuli...~ erTi SexedviT poemis siuJetis<br />

warmomavlobis sakiTxs rom ukavSirdeba, vfiqrobT, realurad poemis alegoriul<br />

xasiaTs mianiSnebs.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ `sparsni~ gamoyenebulia<br />

qristianulis sapirispirod, borot ZalTa alegoriad. wminda ninos da mis<br />

sulier Svilebs aqvT xilva, rodesac qarTlSi fexs ikidebs qristianoba da<br />

mcxeTasa da mis Semogarens toveben wm. ninos locviT otebuli bneli Zalebi.<br />

am konteqstSi sparsTa xsenebas, rasakvirvelia, politikuri aspeqtic axlavs,<br />

magram faqtia, rom alegoriulad swored `sparsni~ moizreba qristes<br />

naTlis opoziciad. `da vidre arRa eyivla qaTamsa, samTave karTa sca zarsa<br />

laSqarman Zlierman da dalewes karni qalaqisani, da aRivso laSqarni<br />

sparsTa laSqriTa da meyseulad Seiqmnes zaris aRsaxdelni zrinvani da<br />

yivilni da klvai erisai, viTarmca sisxli dioda. da aRivso yoveli adgili.<br />

da movida Cuen zeda simravlei zaxilTai da maxvilTai, da dadnes xorcni<br />

Cuenni da ganilia suli Cueni~. am saSinelma sanaxaobam mxolod wminda nino<br />

ver SeakrTo. igi erTgvari ironiiTac ki mimarTavs momxvdurT: `sada arian<br />

mefeni sparsTani xuara da xuan xuara; sabastaniT guSin wamoxvediTa? male<br />

moxvediT. didad same ars laSqari uzomo, vidreme xarT. da Zlierad dah-<br />

129

leweT qalaqi ese. maxvili daeciT qarTa da niavTa. warvediT bnelTa CrdiloisaTa,<br />

mTaTa maT kedarisaTa. aqa movida igi, romelsa Tqven evltodeT~.<br />

da ganZra marjvene Tvisi, daswera xeliTa saxei juarisai, da meyseulad<br />

uCino iqmna yoveli igi simravlei erisai, da iqmna dayudebai did~ (`cxorebai<br />

wmidisa ninoisi~ , gv. 23—24).<br />

TavisTavad identuria Teologiuri cnebaTmetyveleba. `vefxistyaosan-<br />

Si~ RmerTi aris ucnauri, uTqmeli, ufali uflebaTa, mze, mziani Rame....<br />

`daviTianSi~ _ mze, miuwvdomeli, ufali uflebaTa, uzomo, gamouTqmeli.<br />

mziani Rame, sityva, dausabamo, pirveli...<br />

130<br />

rusTaveli:<br />

`he, RmerTo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad“.<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`vidremdis ganaxldeboda Zveli dRe, Rame mziani~.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT orive nawarmoebi mdidar himnografiul tradicias<br />

agrZelebs, agreTve, eyrdnoba areopagitikul swavlebasac. sainteresoa,<br />

rom rogorc sargis caiSvilma SeniSna, daviTianis `mzeTa mze~ sxvagan ar<br />

gvxvdeba. mama RmerTis es alegoriuli saxe-simbolo Tavad guramiSvilis damkvidrebulia,<br />

igi STagonebuli unda iyos xalxuri poeziiT (Sdr. `qalTa mze~).<br />

TxzulebaTa ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriviproblematika moicavs adamianis daniSnulebis,<br />

swavla-ganaTlebis miznis, gangebisa da bedis, istoriuli da<br />

sakraluri drois da sxva sakiTxebs. orivegan mxatvrulad gaazrianda kacobriobis<br />

ganviTarebis umTavresi momentebi, romelTagan gamomdinare, arsebobs<br />

mxolod erTi dro _ awmyo da erTi moqmedeba _ codviT dacema da<br />

xsna adamianisa (auerbaxi).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ mixedviT, adamianis ganswavlis saboloo mizani misi<br />

naTelTan SeerTeba, zeciur samkvidrebelSi davanebaa. amdenad swavla— ganaTlebam<br />

adamiani RmerTs unda miaaxlovos: `miT viswavlebiT, mogveces<br />

SerTva zesT mwyobrTa wyobisa~; guramiSvilis azriTac, ymawvili sakuTari<br />

Tavis, adgilisa da daniSnulebis Sesamecneblad unda swavlobdes. ganaTleba<br />

unda daexmaros mas, gansazRvros Tavisi damokidebuleba—mimarTeba<br />

uzenaesTan. `ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao... vinc Seqmna<br />

Tixa WurWelad, ras uZRvnis xelfasadao....~<br />

gangeba da bedi _ orive Semoqmedi msgavs damokidebulebas amJRavnebs<br />

gangebisa da bedis sakiTxebisadmi. gangeba, RvTis neba, ucvlelia; igi aucileblad<br />

unda aRsruldes da adamians misi morCileba marTebs. `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

personaJebi RvTis morCilebas avlenen yvelaze mZime wuTebSic ki.<br />

nestanis dakargviT zardacemuli tarieli ambobs: `vTqvi, Tu: `RmerTsa veras<br />

vkadreb, raca swaddes, agre vyoca~. rusTaveli: `gangebasa vervin Sescvlis,<br />

ar saqneli ar iqnebis~. `arvis ZaluZs xorcielsa gangebisa gardavlena~.<br />

`daviTianis~ suliskveTeba swored RvTis nebis uzenaesobaa.<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`RmerTi aris TviT xelmwife,<br />

TviT ufali, TviT mWirveli,<br />

aravin yavs moziare,<br />

aqvs mpyrobloba ucilveli.<br />

RvTisgan nivTobs yovli nivTi,<br />

xiluli da uxilveli ...~. (138)

`igi gaxdis wamis y<strong>of</strong>iT erTsa asad, assa erTad~ — rusTavelis am taepis<br />

reminiscenciad migvaCnia guramiSvilis Semdegi striqonebi:<br />

`nu hgoneb, kaci TviT iyos<br />

mdidari ganakeTia,<br />

anu Raribi wamxdari,<br />

vis Coxa tanT gascveTia;<br />

erTis aTasad gamxdeli<br />

bevris mimcemi RmerTia,<br />

visac waarTmevs, eqnebis<br />

aTasiT aRarc erTia~. (277)<br />

bedi ki wuTis<strong>of</strong>liseulia. misi Secvla SesaZlebelia adamianis cxovrebis<br />

wesis, locvisa da mcdelobaTa mixedviT.<br />

rusTaveli: `bedi cdaa, gamarjveba, RmerTsa undes, mo—ca—gxvdebis“.<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`aw bedi, giTxra marTali,<br />

me axla momagondao;<br />

razomca sCxrekdnen sawuTros,<br />

brZenT bedi ar moswondao,<br />

amad: arc lxinsa, arc Wirsa<br />

grZlad bolo ara hqondao.<br />

da bedi mas hqvian, vinc rome<br />

ar mokvda, suliT cxondao~. (65)<br />

bedis amgvari gansazRvrebis wyaro, ra Tqma unda, qristianuli<br />

RvTismetyvelebaa.<br />

sawuTro da saiqio — `vefxistyaosansa~ da `daviTianSi~ msgavsia warmodgena<br />

amqveyniuri da saiqio cxovrebis Sesaxeb. wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli erTgvari<br />

mosamzadebuli etapia saukuno samkvidreblisaTvis, romelic ganisazRvreba<br />

adamianis xorciel saqmeTa mixedviT. rusTaveli:<br />

anda<br />

`pirispir marcxvens, ornive mivalT mas saukunosa~. (797,4)<br />

`RmerTsa Semvedre, nuTu kvla damxsnas s<strong>of</strong>lisa Sromasa,<br />

cecxlsa, wyalsa da miwasa, haerTa Tana Zromasa,<br />

momcnes frTeni da avfrinde, mivxvde mas Cemsa ndomasa,<br />

dRisiT da RamiT vxedvide mzisa elvaTa krTomasa“. (1304)<br />

`daviTiani~, rogorc Rrmad religiuri Txzuleba, qadagebaa saukuno<br />

cxovrebis Sesaxeb.<br />

wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli `borotsa zeda sdga~, bindisferia. rusTaveli:<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`bindisgvaria s<strong>of</strong>eli, ese Tur amad binddebis~. (1094)<br />

`igi mindos s<strong>of</strong>elsa vinca Tavisa mteria“. (1348)<br />

`nu mindobi, sawuTro<br />

mtyuvani ars da upiro,<br />

ar daiWirvis xelSia,<br />

rac unda bWali uWiro,<br />

131

132<br />

dRes rome lxini mogagos,<br />

xval ver mourCe uWiro,<br />

amad sjobs xorci uaryo,<br />

sulsa uloco — uwiro~. (548)<br />

`amad vwunob sawuTrosa,<br />

sul bnelia, rasac elavs~. (561)<br />

msgavsia wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis TemasTan dakavSirebuli sityvawarmoebac:<br />

rusTaveli:<br />

`sawuTro nacvlad gvatirebs, rac oden gagvicinia~. (918, 2)<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`RmerTman Tqven, Zmano cocxalno,<br />

gixsnas yovlisa WiriTa!<br />

gardagiqciosT sicilad,<br />

rasac rom RmerTs SestiriTa~. (13)<br />

`mkvidri mamulis~ cneba `vefxistyaosanSi~, winare da momdevno epoqebis<br />

tradiciaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, binaruli mniSvnelobisaa, poemaSi gvxvdeba<br />

saero da saRvTismetyvelo, pirdapiri da gadataniTi TvalsazrisiT.<br />

Sesabamisad, igi aRniSnavs samSoblos (`Cemia mkvidri mamuli“; `mamuli Tqven<br />

dagrComia“) an samoTxes. am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT ,,mkvidri mamuli“<br />

ikiTxeba avTandilis `anderZis~ erT—erT str<strong>of</strong>Si, romelsac, Cveni azriT,<br />

umarTebulod, zogierTi mkvlevari CanarTad miiCnevs.<br />

`RmerTsa mvedrebdes mravali glaxaki gulmxurvalebi,<br />

damxsnas xorcsa da s<strong>of</strong>elsa, sxvad nuras Sevicvalebi,<br />

kvla cecxli jojoxeTisa numca mwvavs, igi alebi,<br />

momces mkvidrive mamuli, mun Cemi sasurvalebi!“ (812)<br />

SesaZloa, sadavo iyos str<strong>of</strong>Si mocemuli romelime sityvis wakiTxva an<br />

punqtuaciuri gamarTva, magram mTlianobaSi str<strong>of</strong>i Tavisi SinaarsiTa da<br />

mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiT sruliad logikurad Tavsdeba mocemul konteqstSi.<br />

avTandili RmerTs sTxovs, gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi daixsnas<br />

jojoxeTis cecxlisgan da uboZos `mkvidri mamuli“, romelic aq, rogorc<br />

jojoxeTis antinomi, gulisxmobs samoTxes, adamis `mamuls~, RvTis naboZeb<br />

upirveles samkvidros. adamma dakarga samoTxe da TiTqmis im wuTidan adamianis<br />

mizani dakargulis xelaxla mopoveba, samoTxis damkvidrebaa. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom aq avTandili zogadadamianuri poziciidan aRavlens Txovnas,<br />

anu es survili ar aris oden misi pirovnuli, kerZoobiTi saTxovari. es<br />

yvela adamianis sanukvari mizania. amave poziciidan aRiqmeba rostevan mefis<br />

sityvebi: `igivea mxsneli Cemi, vinca miwa gamakaca“. orive SemTxvevaSi personaJi<br />

sakuTar TavSi moiazrebs adams _ pirvelkacs da, amavdroulad, yvela<br />

adamians.<br />

sasuliero mwerlobaSi sasufeveli xSirad moixsenieba zeciuri qalaqis,<br />

zeciuri ierusalimis saxeliT. is aris qristiani sulis upirvelesi samSoblo<br />

da saboloo samkvidrebeli, iseve rogorc qristianis `TÂsi“ upirvelesad<br />

sulieri naTesaobaa. `romelman yos nebaÁ mamisa Cemisa zecaTaÁsa, igi<br />

ars ZmaÁ da daÁ da dedaÁ Cemi“ (m. 12, 50). `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi“<br />

vkiTxulobT: `RvTismsaxurebisa saidumlosa Sina erTi mamuli pativcemul

ars, romel ars samoTxe, pirvelisa mis mamisa Cvenisa say<strong>of</strong>eli, da erTi qalaqi,<br />

romel ars zecisa ierusalemi...da erTi naTesaobaÁ, romel ars TvisebaÁ<br />

RmrTisaÁ~ (giorgi mcire, `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba~, Tavi 2. gv. 66).<br />

sityva `mkvidri~ ,,daviTianSi’’ ukavSirdeba maradiuls, saukuno cxovrebas<br />

da upirispirdeba wuTis<strong>of</strong>els.<br />

anda<br />

`romelic Cndes ufro mkvidrad, mas ebRaujeo,<br />

nu aWmunveb mkvidrs mijnursa, wuTi daRrijeo“.<br />

`saxiT sityva Sveniero, sxio, mzeTa mzis saxeo,<br />

veZebe da Seni msgavsi me aq versada vnaxeo,<br />

geajebi, nu gamwirav, movkvde, Sen kerZ dammarxeo,<br />

jojoxeTSi nu Camagdeb, miwyalobe samoTxeo“. (332)<br />

Tavis cnobil `aRsarebanSi~ netari avgustine mimarTavs ufals: `ufalo<br />

RmerTo Cemo, visac morCilebiTa da simdabliT unda gmsaxurebde, gevedrebi<br />

Cveni meufisa da Cveni wminda, Cveni umwikvlo samSoblos _ zeciuri<br />

ierusalimis gulisTvis ...~ (netari avgustine, `aRsarebani~, 214).<br />

amdenad, WeSmariti qristianis ocneba ,,mkvidri mamulis“ mopovebaa.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom XIX saukunis saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareobidan<br />

gamomdinare, rodesac samSoblo da ufali TiTqmis identur universaliebad,<br />

daunawevrebel mTlianobad moiazreba, samSoblo miwaSi gansveneba<br />

samoTxeSi damkvidrebis tolfasia.<br />

`deda—Svilobam, bevrs ar gTxov,<br />

Sens miwas mimabareo~. (akaki)<br />

vfiqrobT, akakis es striqoni sanukvari `mkvidri mamulis~ reminiscenciaa,<br />

epoqaluri niSniT aRbeWdili _ aq mamulis, samSoblos saero da<br />

saRvTismetyvelo mniSvnelobebma, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTmaneTi gadafara.<br />

manamde ki `mkvidri mamulis“ alegoriul saxeSi samoTxis moazrebiT `vefxistyaosani~<br />

sasuliero mwerlobis tradicias agrZelebs.<br />

istoriuli da sakraluri dro _ `vefxistyaosnis~ dro araerTgvarovania,<br />

ramdenadac Txzuleba mravalplaniania da misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

plasti alegoriulia; alegoria ki poemis saRvTo sazriss faravs da<br />

bibliur-qristianuli TvalTaxedviT ganimarteba. Sesabamisad, masSi moqmedebs<br />

bibliuri dro, esqatologiuri winaswarmetyveleba, radganac poemis<br />

siuJeti faqtobrivad gansruldeba qorwinebebiT, romelTac alegoriul<br />

planSi sakraluri mniSvneloba aqvs. `vefxistyaosans XVI-XVIII saukuneSi<br />

`saero bibliis mniSvneloba mieniWa: Tu jvrisweras eklesia ganagebda, qorwili<br />

ukve vefxistyaosnis sakraluri qronotoposi iyo, rac sruliad adekvaturia<br />

rusTavelis poemis esqatologiisa: vefxistyaosnis sazrisi da<br />

telosi xom qorwilia _ amitomac moixmareboda is `saerod~ da `sacolqmrod~,<br />

magram amave dros am zRaparSi qorwilis sakraluri sazrisic<br />

gamosWvioda, rasac ara oden vaxtang VI grZnobda Tavisi utyuari alRoTi,<br />

aramed is saeklesio pirnic, romlebmac `vefxistyaosnis~ araerTi nusxa<br />

gadagviweres~ ( SaTiriSvili 2002: 5) .<br />

`daviTianSi~ `ramdenime~ droa: istoriuli, realuri, bibliuri da esqatologiuri.<br />

gadmocemulia movlenebi, `uJamo Jamierni, e. i. konkretul<br />

droSi momxdarnic da zedroulnic~ (r. siraZe) TxzulebaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

133

adgili eTmoba istoriul narativs (`qarTlis Wiri~) poemis lirikuli gmiris<br />

awmyos (SemoqmedebiT procesSi), bibliur dros (guramiSvili bibliur<br />

epizodTa mTxrobeli da `monawile~ _ Tanaganmcdeli) da esqatologiur<br />

Jams _ (guramiSvili saukuno cxovrebis, aRdgomis momlodine).<br />

sulieri gzis qronotopi _ baxtinis cneba _ qronotopi _ bunebrivia<br />

fizikur drosa da sivrces gulisxmobs. `vefxistyaosnis~ yvela personaJi<br />

ar mogzaurobs da arc maTi Sinagani ganviTarebis gzaa dinamiuri. am personaJTa<br />

pirovnuli pr<strong>of</strong>ili Tavidanve ikveTeba, rogorc idealuri, ukve dasrulebuli<br />

mocemuloba. aseTia, magaliTad, TinaTini. poemis zogierTi personaJi<br />

ki gadis faTerakebiT aRsavse gzas. amisdakvalad xdeba misi sulieri<br />

gaRrmaveba da TviTSemecneba (nestani). xolo rodesac personaJi ar gadaadgildeba<br />

geografiul sivrceSi, magram sulierad drois garkveul etapebze<br />

gadis garkveul sivrces amaRlebisaken, am gzas pirobiTad vuwodeT sulieri<br />

gzis qronotopi (fatmani). `daviTianSi~ lirikuli gmiris sulieri ganviTarebis<br />

traeqtoria iwyeba saqarTvelodan, Cadis xaroSi (xTonuri sivrce;<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ Seesatyviseba jer zRva, `zRvisa Wipia~, mere qajeTis cixe);<br />

amodis da miiswrafis zesTas<strong>of</strong>lisaken. es gza ar aris sworxazobrivi,<br />

Tumca misi saboloo mizani zeciur naTels ziarebaa. poeti sivrceSi koordinacias<br />

axdens mxatvrul saxeTa moSveliebiT.<br />

134<br />

`qvesknelsa var, vera gxedav, megulvebi cada...~<br />

(zubovka, 13)<br />

(qveskneli es qveyanaa uflis samy<strong>of</strong>elTan mimarTebaSi. Sdr. `zecis zeca~<br />

_ netari avgustine.) poeti geografiuli gadaadgilebiT asaxavs sulier<br />

gadanacvlebas sawuTrodan zesTas<strong>of</strong>elSi:<br />

`sasikvdilod mivswurvilvar, yelSi suli amobolsa,<br />

axaldabas nuRar xaro, meZaxian, amo bolsa...~ (564)<br />

poeturi semantikidan amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT zamTar—zafxulis<br />

antinomiur saxismetyvelebaze, romlis mixedviT, zamTari mwuxarebas<br />

ganasaxovnebs, zafxuli _ sixaruls (amitomac niSandoblivia saxeldeba<br />

`mxiaruli zafxuli~). adamianis gulze zemoqmedebs yovelgvari mZafri<br />

emocia, iqneba is dadebiTi Tu uary<strong>of</strong>iTi.<br />

rusTaveli:<br />

`zamTari vardTa gaaxmobs, furcelni Camoscvivian,<br />

zafxulis mzisa siaxle daswvavs, yinvasa sCivian...<br />

sicxe swvavs, yinva daazrobs, wylulni orjerve stkivian...<br />

agreTve guli kacisa mosagvareblad Znelia,<br />

Wirsa da lxinsa orTsave zeda marT viTa xelia,<br />

miwyiv wyluldebis, sawuTro misi arodes mTelia...~ (1342—1343)<br />

(vfiqrobT, safuZvelmoklebulia, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ zogierTi gamomcemeli<br />

am str<strong>of</strong>ebs interpolaciad miiCnevs.)<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`yinva xorcs mazrobs,<br />

sicxe suls maZrobs...’’<br />

Tbili da civi orive mtkivi,<br />

saiT gaviqce, rom ar waviqce’’. (11—12)

(sainteresoa, rom amave ideis originaluri mxatvruli gaazrebaa XX<br />

saukunis poetis ivane wiklauris leqsi `ram damabera~, romelic mTlianobaSi<br />

pasuxia saTaurad warmodgenili kiTxvisa. pasuxi ki aerTianebs rogorc<br />

mtkivneul, ise sasiamovno mogonebebs.)<br />

sainteresoa poeturi sityvawarmoebis msgavseba TxzulebebSi.<br />

rusTaveli:<br />

`yovlsa misTvis xelovnobdes, mas aqebdes, mas amkobdes,<br />

misgan kide nura unda, misTvis enamusikobdes~. (18,4)<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`razomc ena musikobdes,<br />

brZnad gaqebdes da gamkobdes~. ( 361)<br />

rusTveliseuli SegonebiT `rac ara gwaddes igi hqmen, nu sdev wadilTa<br />

nebasa!~ (880,3) unda iyos STagonebuli `daviTianis~ Semdegi str<strong>of</strong>i:<br />

`ndoma bnels naTlad aCvenebs,<br />

danabrmobs naTlad mxedvelsa;<br />

ndoma mxrdals gaxdis mamacad,<br />

Sebedavs Znels sabedvelsa;<br />

ndoma sxvis swavlas miikravs<br />

egreT, viT cercvi kedelsa!<br />

da ndoma miiyvans mimyolsa<br />

Sesarcxvens, warsawymendelsa~. (67)<br />

saRvTo mijnurobis gadmocema, RvTis saTanado qeba—dideba, uZnelesi<br />

da TiTqmis SeuZlebelia orive SemoqmedisTvis.<br />

rusTaveli:<br />

`mas erTsa mijnurobasa Wkvianni ver mixvdebian,<br />

ena daSvrebis, msmenlisa yurnica davaldebian...~ ( 21,1)<br />

guramiSvili: `...egreTve kaci ritori<br />

razoms amWevrebs enasa,<br />

daSvrebis, viT xams ver aqebs<br />

mas erTsa RmerTsa zenasa~. (137)<br />

poeturi semantikis Tanxvedras xedavs s. caiSvili TxzulebaTa Semdeg<br />

pasaJebSi: tarielisagan gawbilebuli sami Zma avTandils uambobs ucxo<br />

moymesTan Sexvedris Sesaxeb.<br />

`brolman lalsa gareulman, vardni Txelni anatifna<br />

misni mkvaxed moubarni maTraxiTa Segvamwifna!~ (207,4)<br />

guramiSvili:<br />

`xilTa tkbilTa da mwareTa Seityobis gemos naxviT,<br />

Tu vera vsWam xils simkvaxiT, davarbileb, davbeJav qviT~.<br />

rusTveluri sityvaxmarebis nimuSia stiqoni `zubovkidan~: `misman eSxman<br />

dacamlewa, Semimusra Zvali~. Sdr. vefxistyaosnidan: `sixarulman amaCqara,<br />

amaTrTola, da-ca-mlewa~ (627,1).<br />

r. siraZe msjelobs `daviTianSi~ RvTaebis mxatvrul gansaxovnebaze —<br />

`miuwvdomelo naTelo, sad pirad mTvarob, sad mzoba~ _ da aRniSnavs, rom<br />

135

`sad pirad mTvarob~ sakuTriv d. guramiSviliseuli poeturi sityvaxmarebaa,<br />

Tumca igi rusTveluradac ismis (`mze aRar mzeobs CvenTvisa...~), xalxuradac<br />

(`RamiT memTvarianebi~) (siraZe 2005: 9).<br />

`daviTianze~ msjelobisas mkvlevari daviT jiblaZe werda: `zogjer ise<br />

aSkaraa rusTvelis mxatvruli ornamentis gamoyeneba, rom sakmarisia<br />

mxolod ramdenime magaliTis gaxseneba. guramiSvili xmarobs rusTavelis<br />

gamoTqmebs xan ucvlelad, xan ki Secvlilad: `iyo CrdiloeTs xelmwife~,<br />

`mun dabali gamaRldebis~, `razoms ena musikobdes~ `ra vardman...~, `moklea<br />

ese s<strong>of</strong>eli...~ `vefxistyaosani~ rogorRac asuldgmulebs `daviTians~ ara<br />

uSualod leqsis zomiT, rasac guramiSvili xSir SemTxvevaSi Segnebulad<br />

gaurbis, aramed SemoqmedebiTi suliT, SaravandediTa da Sinagani mRelvarebiT~<br />

(jiblaZe 1963: 12—13).<br />

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, daviT guramiSvili rusTavelisa da misi<br />

epoqis poeturi kulturis tradiciaTa gamgrZelebelia. miuxedavad saukuneobrivi<br />

siSorisa, maT Soris Sinagani kavSiri ar gamwydara. guramiSvils ara<br />

mxolod esmis rusTavelis poeturi ena, mxatvruli azrovnebis wesi, aramed<br />

TviTonac azrovnebs am sivrceSi. amitomac SeZlo `vefxistyaosnis~ siRrmiseuli<br />

Semecneba da mis saxe-ideaTa originaluri gaTaviseba-warmoCena. amdenad,<br />

`vefxistyaosani~ da `daviTiani~ efuZneba arsebiTad erTsa da imave amosaval<br />

principebs, romelTa poeturi xorcSesxma moxda gansxvavebuli SemoqmedebiTi<br />

meTodebiTa da formebiT TxzulebaTa Janruli Taviseburebebis<br />

kvalobaze, amitomac gamovlinda ase mkveTrad `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyvelebiTi<br />

perspeqtivebi `daviTianSi~.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

bezaraSvili 2005: bezaraSvili q. `swavla moswavleTas~ problematika, rogorc<br />

`daviTianis~ organuli nawili. _ `daviT guramiSvili — 300“. Tb.: 2005.<br />

guramiSvili 1931: guramiSvili d. daviTiani. V gamocema. al. baramiZis<br />

winasityvaobiT. Tb.: `qarTuli wigni~, Tb.: 1931.<br />

karbelaSvili 2003: karbelaSvili m. vaxtangis Targmani `vefxistyaosnisa~ da<br />

dro. _ rusTvelologia. II , Tb.: 2003.<br />

kusraSvili 2000: kusraSvili r. daviT guramiSvilis ena da leqsika. Tb.: 2000.<br />

kusraSvili 2000: kusraSvili r. daviT guramiSvilis `daviTianis~ simfonialeqsikoni.<br />

Tb.: 2005.<br />

netari avgustine 1995: netari avgustine aRsarebani. laTinuridan Targmna da<br />

SeniSvnebi daurTo baCana bregvaZem. Tb.: `nekeri~, 1995.<br />

siraZe 2005: siraZe r. daviT guramiSvilis saxismetyveleba. _ `daviT<br />

guramiSvili — 300~. Tb.: `zekari~, 2005.<br />

siraZe 2008: siraZe r. kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: `inteleqti~, 2008.<br />

rusTaveli 1951: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. red. al. baramiZe, k. kekeliZe,<br />

al. SaniZe. Tb.: 1951.<br />

qarTuli mwerloba 2008: `cxorebaÁ wmindisa ninoÁsi~. samecn. kreb. `wminda<br />

nino~. I naw. Tb.: 2008.<br />

qarTuli mwerloba 2008: giorgi mcire. giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba. qarTuli<br />

mwerloba. tomi II, Tb.: 1987.<br />

SaTiriSvili 2002: SaTiriSvili z. vefxistyaosnis civilizaciis dasasruli.<br />

`Cveni mwerloba~, 20—26 dek., 2002.<br />

136

caiSvili 1974: caiSvili s. daviT guramiSvili. _ `SoTa rusTaveli — daviT<br />

guramiSvili~. Tb.: 1974.<br />

wiklauri 2001: wiklauri i. `ram damabera~. xalxuri xelovnebis dacvisa da<br />

aRorZinebis centri. Tb.: `azri~, 2001.<br />

jiblaZe 1963: jiblaZe g. tragikuli poeti. _ `kritikuli etiudebi~, № 4, Tb.:<br />

1963.<br />

Lia Karichashvili<br />

Allusions to literary figures <strong>of</strong> ,,The Knight in the Panther’s Skin’’ in ,,Davitiani’’<br />

Summary<br />

In the History <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> <strong>Literature</strong> ,,Davitiani’’ is discussed as a homogeneous<br />

overcoming <strong>of</strong> centuries ’ influence <strong>of</strong> ,,The Knight in Panther’s Skin’’. A new saying<br />

brought a new form. In spite <strong>of</strong> these two wordls originality, it is obvious that there are<br />

typological similarities between them that are already conditioned partially by the<br />

following circumstances: both the works are multi planned and according to the general<br />

qualification <strong>of</strong> like Dante, there are distinguished the four main fields: 1. historical, 2.<br />

allegoric, 3. didactical, 4. anagogic. Each these fields are revealed with the different<br />

intensification <strong>of</strong> the writings. For example, the historical reality in ,,Davitiani’’ is<br />

dominant and one <strong>of</strong> the leading topics (,,Difficulty <strong>of</strong> Kartli’’), but in ,,The Knight in The<br />

Panther’s Skin’’ the historical analogy is to be researched and understood. Allegory or<br />

allegory work <strong>of</strong> ,,The Knight in The Panther’s Skin’’ is complicated and ,,Davitiani’’ is<br />

purposely simpl. Didactism is led secretly in the poem, but it is exposed in ,,Davitiani’’.<br />

Anagogic (theology essence) <strong>of</strong> ,,The Knight in the Panther’s Skin’’ is the deepest field , in<br />

,,Davitiani’’ -- the main light-motived.<br />

In the essay the major attention is devoted to the following issues: allegory,<br />

classification <strong>of</strong> the own creation by poets and determination <strong>of</strong> poetical rank, didactics<br />

and motivation, worldwide ideological problems, poetical semantic.<br />

World ideology challenges include assignment <strong>of</strong> a human, issues <strong>of</strong> fate and destiny,<br />

life and the beyond , historical and grave issues, the artistic treatment <strong>of</strong> which in ,,The<br />

Knight in the Panther’s Skin’’ and ,,Davitiani’’ too is essentially based on the same<br />

principles (that indicates to the creator’s ideology conformity <strong>of</strong> ideas), but their poetical<br />

realization occurred by the different creative methods and forms in the light <strong>of</strong> genre<br />

characteries <strong>of</strong> the works.<br />

137

Tamar xvedeliani<br />

138<br />

is diaci... `Tvalad marjve...~<br />

fatman-xaTuni erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da mravalmxrivi persona-<br />

Jia rusTvelis poemisa. `Tvalad marjve, ar-ymawvili, magram mzmeli, ...mutribTa<br />

da momReralTa moyvaruli, Rvinis msmeli~.<br />

fatman-xaTunis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi araerTgvarovani da<br />

zog SemTxvevaSi urTierTgamomricxavi Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli. amis mizezia,<br />

erTi mxriv, misi cxovrebis wesi da, meore mxriv, is garemo, romelSic<br />

cxovreba uwevs fatmans.<br />

mas mkvlevarTa nawili iseT qalad Tvlis, romlisTvisac ar arsebobs<br />

amaRlebuli siyvarulis cneba, romlisTvisac ucxoa SeubRalavi meuRleobrivi<br />

uReli, romlisTvisac gaugebaria sityvebis `guli erTsa daajeros~<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>ia da xanmokle, wuTieri gatacebebis tyvea.<br />

mkvlevari zviad gamsaxurdia mas miwieri pragmatuli codnis gamoxatulebad<br />

miiCnevda, romelic avTandilis Teoriul codnasTan SerwymiT miznis<br />

miRwevas ganapirobebda (gamsaxurdia 1991: 95). fatmanis Sesaxeb msjeloben,<br />

rogorc afrodita pornaze, romelic sikvdilis dasaZlevad mxsnels ukav-<br />

Sirdeba da amiT `siZva~ misi gadarCenis metafora xdeba. `fatman-xaTunis<br />

arqetipad nay<strong>of</strong>ierebis qalRmerTis stadialuri reinkarnacia afroditepornaa,<br />

romelic elis soters, mxsnels, mxolod maTi kavSiriTaa SesaZlebeli<br />

gadarCena, xsna~ (nakudaSvili 2000: .219). fatmanis ambavi `odiseaSi~<br />

arsebuli e.w. kirkes epizodis literaturul recefciadaa miCneuli<br />

(xinTibiZe 2004: 239). fatmanis saxe gaazrebulia rogorc erTgvari foni<br />

poemis znesrul qalTa ukeT warmosaCenad.<br />

Tu rainduli samyaros Svilebi sulieri simaRleebisken iswrafian, va-<br />

WarTa sazogadoebis wevrebs am simaRleTa Wvretac ki ar xelewifebaT,<br />

radgan amisTvis RvTivsaTno cxovrebaa saWiro, Cadenili codvebis gaazreba<br />

da gulwrfeli monanieba. aseTi adamianebis cxovreba gamudmebuli mcdelobaa,<br />

miemsgavson pirvelxats, vaWarTa samyaroSi ki arasodes fiqroben<br />

RvTiur saTnoebebze, radganac `kverTxi eSmakTa Zirisa~ umaRles faseulobad<br />

qceula, amitom materialurad qveyana Zlieria, `sma, gaxareba, TamaSi,<br />

niadag ars simRerebi...~, `aqa moslviTa gaymdebis, kacica iyo berebi...~, sadac<br />

`glaxa Tve erT gamdidrdebis... da uqonelni weliwdamdis saqonelsa daideben...~,<br />

magram maTSi araa Rrma suliereba, ar aris ndoba, megobroba, zneoba,<br />

urTierTgatana da uangaro siyvaruli.<br />

fatmanis meuRle gulanSaroSi mniSvnelovani figuraa, romelsac `pirvel<br />

marTebs~ naxva vaWarTa mier qalaqSi Semotanili saganZurisa, `yovlisa<br />

uturfesisa~, masve ZaluZs maSinve `aazatos~ fasdaudebeli saCuqris mimZRvneli<br />

da neba misces `viTa swaddeT, dahyidon~.<br />

sovdagarTuxucesi usenis movaleobas, misi qalaqSi ary<strong>of</strong>nis dros,<br />

fatman-xaTuni asrulebs da, rogorc Cans, rigianadac asrulebs. sasiamovno<br />

mosaubre, keTili, guluxvi maspinZelia, `mxiaruli, ar Tu mqisi~. fatmans<br />

stumris miReba da saTanadod dafasebac scodnia, radgan gaazrebuli aqvs,<br />

rom swored maTzea damokidebuli misi ojaxis materialuri keTildReoba,<br />

rac sabolood, mefe meliq-surxavis keTilganwyobis safuZvelia, amitom<br />

ambobs mebaRe: `mas vacnobo moslva Tqveni, wagiyvanos, viTa Tvisi, wina kacsa<br />

mogagebebs...~ rogorc Cans, avTandilis miwveva da aseTi pativiscemiT miReba

erTaderTi gamonaklisi da gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva ara y<strong>of</strong>ila. fatmanxaTuni<br />

mis mosvlamdec gulkeTili da yuradRebiani maspinZlis saxeliT<br />

sargeblobda, rac ganasxvavebs kidec mas vaWarTa samefos mkvidri mosaxleobisgan.<br />

keTili maspinZloba vaWrebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi axasiaTebT, Tu<br />

`sanufqod~ sakadris pativs moelian, uangaro sikeTe maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

araa.<br />

miCneulia, rom avTandilis gacnobam fatmanSi iqamde miZinebuli zneobrivi<br />

Tvisebebi gaacocxla, magram teqsti adasturebs, rom fatmani iqamdec<br />

gansxvavdeboda garSemomy<strong>of</strong>Tagan.<br />

fatmans uyvars stumari; `fatman-xaTuns gaexarnes, gaageba mona aTi, moukazmna<br />

qarvansrani, daayena bargi maTi...~ da vaWarTuxucesis meuRle amiT<br />

piradad iyo dainteresebuli.<br />

eniTuTqmeli pativia! zemoT aRvniSneT, rom Sesaferis miRebaze bevrad<br />

iyo damokidebuli misi ojaxis finansuri mdgomareobac da qveynis materialuri<br />

Zlierebac, magram gadametebuli pativiscema risTvis sWirdeboda?<br />

gulanSaroSi savaWrod Camosuli sovdagrebi xom aseTi pativiT daxvedris<br />

gareSec miarTmevdnen saCuqars imis sanacvlod, rom kmay<strong>of</strong>il `usens~ maT-<br />

Tvis `azatoba~ mieboZebina? magram gonier fatmans kargad moexseneba, rom<br />

adamiani xSirad stumrobs im adgils, sadac sakadrisad xvdebian, amitom<br />

cdilobs gulanSaroSi saqmiani viziti vaWrebs sasiamovnodac daamaxsovros<br />

da amiT maTi momdevno stumrobac uzrunvelyos, amitom avTandilisTvis<br />

(romelic pirvelad ewvia vaWarTa qalaqs) migebebuli msaxurebi ar ikmara da<br />

Tavadac sasaxlis karTan dauxvda, `mxiarulman usalama, sixaruli daiCina~,<br />

SeipatiJa da `umaspinZla metad karga~. sanacvlod avTandilmac miarTva<br />

`ZRveni turfa~, saqmis mcodne vaWarTagan saTanadod SerCeul-dafasebuli<br />

da `brZenTagan ganukiTxveli~.<br />

es epizodi sainteresod warmoaCens fatmanis bunebas. mas, rogorc maspinZels,<br />

rusTveli erTi fraziT acocxlebs: `fatmans misi maspinZloba<br />

uRirs...~ bunebrivia, vaWarTa sazogadoebaSi aRzrdilma qalma `saunje _<br />

Zvirnafasebis~ xilvisTanave igrZno, rom `Rirda~ gadametebuli stumarTmoyvareoba,<br />

poeti mas, rogorc bunebiT keklucs da pranWias, aseve erTi<br />

iumornarevi fraziT gvixasiaTebs: `fatman-xaTuns moslva misi, Se-viTvatyve,<br />

ar ewyina...~, magram TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, rom fatmans mxolod garegnulad<br />

ar xiblavs avTandili. xSirad `erTgan sxdian, ubnobdian saubarsa<br />

ara mqissa~. marTalia, vaWris samosi saTanadod faravda rainds, magram goneba<br />

xom Znelad ifaravs Tavs, Wkviani kaci saubarSi avlens Tavis gonierebas,<br />

miT ufro Tu msmenelic Sesaferisad ganswavluli, yuradRebiani da brZeni<br />

qalia. am xSirma Sexvedrebma (`zogjer uxmis fatman missa, zogjer iyvis<br />

fatmanissa~) da saubrebma garkveulwilad ganapiroba kidec fatman-xaTunis<br />

keTilganwyoba.<br />

mravali saukunis Semdeg sulxan-saba orbeliani sibrZniT gamorCeul<br />

vazirs ase daaxasiaTebs: sityva tkbili unda hqondes, piridan avi sityva ar<br />

unda waicTunos, rac Tqvas, yvela kacs moawonos, magram mTavari mainc isaa,<br />

sityvis Tqmis Jami icodeso. fatmanis sityvatkbiloba da stumrebis `ara<br />

mqisi~ saubriT Seqceva kidev erTxel adasturebs mis gonierebas. nestanisadmi<br />

miwerili ustari aris `...Sesanaxavi, ar cudad dasaxeveli, misTa msmenelTa<br />

gulisa SemZvreli, Semarxeveli...~, amis dasturia misive satrfialo<br />

werili, avTandilisadmi miwerili.<br />

139

da bolos, man icis rodis, sad da ra Tqvas. amaze metyvelebs misi<br />

sityvebi:<br />

140<br />

vTqvi: uJamod ar wesia moyvana da mzisa xmoba,<br />

momyvaneli gaSmagdebis da wauva erTob cnoba,<br />

xmoba unda Jamierad, saajosa yovlsa Txroba,<br />

rad ar vici ama mzisa saubrisa uJamoba.<br />

`xmoba unda Jamierad~ Cven ase gvesmis: `sityvis Tqmis Jami icodes~, an<br />

Tundac usens rogor gaandobs ucxo stumris ambavs: `mive marto, qmarsa<br />

Cemsa velaRobe, velacice...~ da saidumlos gasamJRavneblad yvelaze xelsayreli<br />

dro SearCia. rogorc Cans, marTla icis sityvis Tqmis Jami, Tumc<br />

zogjer Secdomasac uSvebs, magram aqac moeZebneba gamarTleba: diaci xom<br />

swored imas aZlevs guls, vinc sicocxles urCevnia, ra misi bralia, Tu misi<br />

rCeuli Rirseulad ver zidavs mijnurobis tvirTs?<br />

fatman-xaTunis Sexedulebebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba vaWarTa sazogadoebaSi<br />

dadgenil-dakanonebuli normebisagan. aRniSnaven, rom misTvis<br />

erTguleba ucxoa, magram vaWarTa cxovrebis wesi TavisTavad gulisxmobs<br />

Ralatsac, tyuilsac (Tu garemoebam moiTxova), simdidrisken swrafva adamianebs<br />

gaucnobiereblad ubiZgebs sicruisaken. sanam fatmani Tavs vaWarTa<br />

sazogadoebis wevrad miiCnevs, misi cxovrebis wesic analogiuri unda iyos.<br />

Ralatobs meuRles, magram am faqts ar axmaurebs, garegnulad qmris pativiscemas<br />

inarCunebs, raTa usens Rirseba ar Seulaxos, rac, bunebrivia, mis<br />

gavlenas Seasustebs. nestanis ambavsac mxolod WaSnagirs andobs, romelic<br />

hgonia, rom uyvars da saerTo saidumloTi ganamtkicebs maT Soris kavSirs.<br />

Tumc WaSnagiri ar aRmoCnda is adamiani, romelsac SeeZlo qalis saidumlos<br />

Senaxva da amiT Tavis vaJkacobaze Tqva uari, rac mogvianebiT naTlad gamoikveTa.<br />

satrfos RalatiT ganrisxebulma sasaxlis uxmod da samudamod<br />

datovebiT, an orTabrZoliT ki ar scada Selaxuli Rirsebis aRdgena, (miT<br />

ufro, rom marto Tavis imedad ar iyo, Tan axlda mona `xmal-darakiani~), aramed<br />

gakapasebuli qaliviT daifica: `gamiTendebis, gananeb maga moymisa<br />

yolasa~ da Tavisi damcirebis gamo SurisZieba mefes miando.<br />

fatmani bunebiT mzrunveli qalia. erTi mxriv, udardeli, garTobis moyvaruli<br />

da amave dros gaWirvebulis qomagi, mowyale, mzadaa mxarSi amoudges<br />

yvelas, visac misi yuradReba sWirdeba. fatmans uyvars mxiaruleba, magram<br />

ver vxedavT mxiaruls, uyvars drostareba, magram mxolod gunebanacvali da<br />

sevdiani warmogvidgeba, `mutribTa da momReralTa~ qebis nacvlad kaeSnis<br />

moZalebaze laparakobs. `marto davrCi...~, sarkmlidan `vixedvidi, viqarvebdi<br />

kaeSansa~, `umizezod gavxe rasme ugemurad... `_acxadebs xSirad, mowyenili<br />

jdeba sarkmelTan da gahyurebs zRvis sivrces. es miuTiTebs, rom igi<br />

`sxva samwysos ekuTvnis... instinqturad yvelgan daeZebs sakuTari arsebis<br />

Semavsebel saSualebas...~ (bezaraSvili... 2004: 5), magram ar icis rogor ipovos<br />

an rogor icnos, amitom ubrZolvelad mihyveba cxovrebas, iRebs imas,<br />

rasac cxovreba sTavazobs.<br />

wyali miTologiaSi siaxles, ganaxlebas, astrologiurad ki iluzias,<br />

ararealur, ocnebis samyaros ukavSirdeba. amave dros wyali ganasaxierebs<br />

saRmrTo madls, romelic Semodis saaqao y<strong>of</strong>aSi sulieri samyarodan, acocxlebs<br />

da anay<strong>of</strong>ierebs mas (gamsaxurdia 1991: 211). aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

fatmani meocnebe qalad gvevlineba, romelic zRvidan elis siaxles da darwmunebulia,<br />

rom es siaxle mis ocnebas realobad aqcevs. TiTqos grZnobs,

om vaWarTa sazogadoebis wevrobaze mets imsaxurebs da Tavadac qvecnobierad<br />

mieltvis TavisTvis ucxo, amoucnob samyaros. zRvidan mas jer<br />

nestani estumra, Semdeg avTandili da orivesTan fatmanma sulieri siaxlove<br />

igrZno. nestanisaTvis dedaze meti gaxda, tarielisTvis daze utkbesi da,<br />

xolo avTandilisaTvis Seucvleli da sando megobari.<br />

mas TiTqos uyvars WaSnagiri, radgan igi mis `cqaf, uwrfel da mstromel~,<br />

`mWle da Tvalad nas~ usenze aRmatebulia (oden garegnobiT). WaSnagiri<br />

`kekluci~ da `tannakvTiania~ da amiT amoiwureba misi pirovnuli xibli,<br />

rac Seexeba avTandils, igi fatmanSi ufro Rrma grZnobebs aRZravs, rac<br />

urTierTndobas, urTierTgagebas da urTierTpativiscemas gulisxmobs.<br />

misi gamoCenis Semdeg sadRac gauCinarda fiqri martoobaze, sevda, umizezo<br />

dardi. fatmanma TiTqos Seicno adamiani, romlis siaxlove yovelTvis aklda,<br />

amitom misi trfoba ufro idealTan siaxloviT gamowveul grZnobad<br />

unda miviCnioT. grZnobad, romelsac SeuZlia misi sulieri zrda gamoiwvios.<br />

Tamaz WilaZe fatmans `gulanSaroSi samudamod CarCenil sxivs~ uwodebs,<br />

romelic iseve saWiroebs mxsnels, rogorc qajeTis cixis tyve _ nestani,<br />

radgan misTvis gulanSaro iseTive qajeTia, sadac iZulebulia iseve icxovros,<br />

rogorc cxovroben sxvebi, Tumc icis, rom arsebobs ukeTesi qveyana<br />

ukeTesi adamianebiT dasaxlebuli da grZnobs, rom im adamianebTan bevri<br />

aqvs saerTo (WilaZe 1998: 58).<br />

miT ufro, rom fatmani imxanad ukve icnobda nestans, romelsac masSi<br />

keTilSobiluri da maRalzneobrivi Tvisebebi ukve gaRvivebuli hqonda.<br />

`swored `maRlad mxedi~ nestanis gamoCenis Semdeg iwyeba misi Sinagani samyaros<br />

transformacia, mis cnobierebaSi Semodis sruliad axali sulieri<br />

mSveniereba da zneobiTi Rirebuleba~ (galdava 2002-2003: 81).<br />

avTandilTan damokidebulebaSi naTlad gamovlinda fatmanis gamWriaxoba.<br />

rogorc Cans, zRvis gaRmidan mosulma vaWarma masSi Tavidanve aRZra<br />

eWvi da igi dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis obieqtad aqcia.<br />

roca fatmanisgan xmobil avTandils qalma mona Seageba da SeuTvala:<br />

`amas Rame nu moxvalo...~, albaT namdvil vaWars unda egrZno safrTxe da ukan<br />

gabrunebuliyo, avTandils ki `ewyina, ar dabrunda...~ savaraudod, am gabedulebasa<br />

da daumorCileblobas unda gaeRvivebina interesi, romelic maleve<br />

unda gaZlierebuliyo. roca avTandilma WaSnagiris muqariT SeSinebuli<br />

qalis daxmareba gadawyvita: `...kaci momec maswavlelad, winamZRvarad, gzasa<br />

marTlad wamiyvanos, Tvara meSvlad minda arad; ima kacsa vera vxedav<br />

meomrad da Cemad darad...~, arada vaWrebi xom `jabanni, omisaca umecari~<br />

xalxia. avTandilsac araferSi sWirdeboda es orTabrZola. gamarjvebis Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi Tavsac ki ver moiwonebda, radgan saidumlo saidumlodve unda<br />

darCeniliyo.<br />

`Tu mo-viTa-hkla igi yma... beWedi Cemi acvia, mas gvedreb mosatanelad~<br />

sTxova fatmanma da es misi mxridan eWvis dadastureba da avTandilis saboloo<br />

gamocda iyo. risTvis iTxova beWedi? misi naCuqari samkauli rom ar<br />

SeemCniaT mokluli WaSnagiris xelze da maTi urTierToba rom ar gacxadebuliyo?<br />

magram Tu WaSnagirs sicocxleSi `ecva~ misi naCuqari samkauli da<br />

es zedmet kiTxvebs aravis aRuZravda?<br />

vfiqrobT, fatmani darwmunebulia, rom rainduli bunebis adamiani, vaWrisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, arasodes ikadrebs, xeli mohkidos sxvis kuTvnil Zvirfas<br />

nivTs, rameTu Rirseuli WabukisaTvis micvalebulis xelidan beWdis<br />

waZroba mis ZarcvasTan iqneboda asocirebuli.<br />

141

fatmanis eWvi gamarTlda. avTandilma WaSnagiri mokla, `beWdiTurT<br />

TiTi mohkveTa, cxedari `zRvisaken sarkmliT gastyorca~, sazareli ZRveni<br />

ki qals niSnad miarTva sisxlian danasTan erTad. amiT avTandilma Tavisi<br />

rainduli buneba gamoavlina, mteri daamarcxa, beWeds ki ar Sexebia. dae, mas<br />

waeZro TiTidan, vinc samkauls Rirebulebis mixedviT afasebda. amis Semdeg<br />

avTandilis raindobaSi darwmunebulma qalma ukve uSiSrad misca `sabeli<br />

misi yelisa~, masac gaando Tavisi xvaSiadi da amiT saidumlos kidev erTi<br />

moziare gaiCina, Tumca axla ukve mtkiced iyo darwmunebuli, rom raindi qalis<br />

saidumlos arasodes gascemda. rainds `uZRvna mravali kaba, yabaCa, ridebi~<br />

da avTandilmac misTvis Cveuli `saWabuko Seimosa tansa mxnesa~. gulanSaroSi<br />

misi stumroba sruldeboda da dasafar _ dasamalic aRara<br />

hqonda ra. fatmanmac SesaSuri TavSekaveba gamoavlina, roca `Taviswina ga-<br />

Rimebul~ avTandils ar agrZnobina, rom yvelaferi cxadi gamxdariyo mis-<br />

Tvis, `gakvirveba daiCina~, `Semoscinna: `agre sjobso~ da amiT saSualeba misca,<br />

Tavad moeTxro, rasac saWirod CaTvlida.<br />

jer nestanTan, Semdeg avTandilTan Sexvedram fatmani daaaxlova im<br />

samyarosTan, romelsac qvecnobierad yovelTvis mieltvoda.<br />

`fatmanSi uTuod aris saTnoebaTa is marcvali, romelic `lxinebul _<br />

hy<strong>of</strong>s~ mas. fatmani is adamiania, romelmac Seicno nestanis didbunebovneba~<br />

(galdava 2002-2003), gaigo da gainawila avTandilis valdebulebis simZime, es<br />

ki pirovnebisgan garkveul zneobriv simaRles moiTxovs.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

bezaraSvili... 2004: bezaraSvili q., dgvefaZe. fatmanis saxis interpretaciisaTvis.<br />

_ rusTvelologia. III. Tb.: 2004.<br />

galdava 2002-2003: mRvdeli miqael galdava. ramaz mefisa da fatmanis<br />

zneobiTi kaTarzisisaTvis vefxistyaosanSi. _ klasikuri da Tanamedrove<br />

qarTuli mwerloba. № 5-6, 2002-2003.<br />

gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia z. “vefxistyaosnis” saxismetyveleba. Tb.: 1991.<br />

nakudaSvili 2000: nakudaSvili n. arqetipuli motivebi vefxistyaosanSi<br />

(xvarazmeli sasiZosa da fatmanis arqetipisaTvis). _ literaturuli Ziebani. XX,<br />

2000.<br />

WilaZe 1998: WilaZe T. vardis furclobis niSani. 1998.<br />

xinTibiZe 2004: xinTibiZe z. kirke da fatmani. _ literaturuli Ziebani, XXV,<br />

2004.<br />

142

Tamar Khvedeliani<br />

That Woman... “attractive to the eye…”<br />

Summary<br />

There is no scholarly consensus on the character <strong>of</strong> Dame Patman in literature and in<br />

some cases even contradictory views have been expressed. The reason for this is her way<br />

<strong>of</strong> life, on the one hand, and, on the other, the environment in which Patman has to live.<br />

One part <strong>of</strong> the scholars consider that she is a type <strong>of</strong> woman for whom there is no<br />

such thing as a l<strong>of</strong>ty love, the yoke <strong>of</strong> honest matrimony is alien for her, the philosophy <strong>of</strong><br />

the words “the heart should be given only to the special one” means nothing to her and she<br />

is a captive <strong>of</strong> transient, amorous liaisons. The other part <strong>of</strong> the scholars holds that she<br />

expresses earthly pragmatism which in combination with Avtandil’s theoretical knowledge<br />

contributes to the achievement <strong>of</strong> the goal. Some scholars regard Patman archetype as<br />

phased reincarnation <strong>of</strong> the goddess <strong>of</strong> fertility Aphrodite-porn who is waiting for a savior<br />

and with the help <strong>of</strong> this liaison is trying to survive. Besides this, the story <strong>of</strong> Patman is<br />

presented as a literary reception <strong>of</strong> the so-called Kirke episode from the Odyssey and is<br />

designed as a certain background for better manifestation <strong>of</strong> the women’s honor and<br />

dignity in the poem.<br />

The paper makes a survey <strong>of</strong> views existing around the artistic figure <strong>of</strong> Patman and<br />

the image <strong>of</strong> an extremely clever, virtuous, noble woman capable to sacrifice for the sake<br />

<strong>of</strong> a friend who manages to discover Nestan’s true nature, takes the burden <strong>of</strong> Avtandil’s<br />

obligation on herself that requires from a person high standard <strong>of</strong> morality.<br />

143

144<br />

XIX saukune _ epoqa da literatura<br />

konstantine bregaZe<br />

s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis urTierTmimarTebis ontologia<br />

qarTul realistur mwerlobaSi<br />

(i. WavWavaZis poema `gandegilis~ mixedviT)<br />

Sesavali<br />

i. WavWavaZis (1837-1907) mTeli mxatvruli Semoqmedebis fonze poema<br />

`gandegili~ (1883) Taviseburi `marginaluri~ teqstia, igi Taviseburi `amovardnaa~<br />

mTliani SemoqmedebiTi konteqstidan, vinaidan poemis sazrisiseuli<br />

diskursi da poemis teqstSi dasmuli problematika acdenilia socialuri,<br />

nacionalur-patriotuli da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli Tematikis,<br />

ritorikisa da narativis magistralur xazs, romliTac determinebulia<br />

ilias prozauli, lirikuli Tu epikur-lirikuli teqstebis umetesoba (mag.<br />

moTxrobebi _ `mgzavris werilebi~, `oTaraanT qvrivi~, `glaxis naambobi~,<br />

`luarsab TaTqariZe~; leqsebi _ `elegia~, `mesmis, mesmis...~, `gazafxuli~,<br />

`qarTvlis dedas~, `bazaleTis tba~, `Cemo kargo qveyanav...~, `Cemo kalamo...`,<br />

`bednieri eri~, `poeti~, `mas aqeT, raki...~ `qarTvlis deda~ da sxva; poemebi _<br />

`kako yaCaRi~, `aCrdili~, `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli`). amis sapirispirod,<br />

poemaSi asketi berisa da mwyemsi qalis personaJTa konstelaciis fonze<br />

ilias mier intencirebulia anTropologiuri, egzistencialuri da ontologiuri<br />

problematika, anu, wmindad fundamenturi filos<strong>of</strong>iuri problematika,<br />

sadac ilia cdilobs mxatvruli teqstis formatSi gaiazros (da<br />

Sesabamisad, gadaWras) s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis dualizmis maradiuli<br />

problema.<br />

poemaSi uxilavi da xiluli sinamdvilis urTierTmimarTebis problemis<br />

gaazrebisa da gadaWrisas ilia miyveba rusTveliseul xazs, romelic<br />

Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba qarTul kulturaSi ganfenil qristianuli moZRvrebis<br />

fsevdo-dionise areopagiseul (petre iberiseul) interpretacias,<br />

romlis ontologiuri koncefciis mixedviT xilul da uxilav sinamdviles,<br />

transcendenturobasa da empireas Soris imTaviTve moxsnilia dualizmi da<br />

aRiarebulia am ori mocemulobis sinTezi. xolo anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

areopagitikaSi adamiani moiazreba iseT arsad, romelic Tavis<br />

TavSi iTavsebs rogorc xorciel, ise sulier sawyisebs da aviTarebs maT<br />

sinTezss (TvaraZe 1985: 255-286).<br />

qarTul qristianul kulturaSi recifirebul da realizebul am fundamentur<br />

ontologiur da anTropologiur xazs _ petre iberi→merCule→<br />

rusTaveli→ saba→guramiSvili→baraTaSvili _ kvlav iazrebs da anaxlebs<br />

ilia Tavis poemaSi `gandegili~, sadac asketi beris personaJi simbolurad<br />

ganasaxierebs calmxrivad gagebul qristianul moZRvrebas, romlis mixed-

viTac xiluli realoba a priori ganasaxierebs demonur, borot sulier ZalTa<br />

sauflos. Sesabamisad, am asketikuri qristianobisaTvis xiluli realoba<br />

araWeSmaritis sferoa. xolo poemis mwyemsi ∗ qalis personaJi simbolurad<br />

ganasaxierebs qristianuli moZRvrebis areopagitul xazs, romelic xilul<br />

samyarosac aseve RvTis qmnilebad ganixilavs da aviTarebs xiluli da uxilavi<br />

sinamdvilis, Sesabamisad, s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis sinTezis princips,<br />

sadac daZleulia asketikuri qristianobis ontologiuri dualizmi.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare mimaCnia, rom kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

ilias es mxatvruli teqsti unda gaviazroT areopagituli qristianobis<br />

RirebulebaTa xelaxali recefciisa da reanimirebis cdad ilias Tanamedrove<br />

qarTul kulturul sinamdvileSi, romelic mocemuli momentisaTvis<br />

(XIX s. meore naxevari) ukve dacilebuli da acdenili iyo qarTuli qristianuli<br />

kulturis zemoTaRniSnul magistralur xazs.<br />

kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT ilias mier am ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

diskursis ganaxlebis cda imJamindel saqarTveloSi (XIX s. 80-90-iani w.w.),<br />

rodesac saqarTvelo TiTqmis izolirebulia evropuli kulturul-politikuri<br />

sivrcisagan da warmoadgens ruseTis imperiis koloniur danamats,<br />

rodesac saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTareba acdenilia petre iberiseul<br />

da rusTveliseul ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriv xazs, da rodesac saqarTveloSi ukve<br />

marqsizmi da socialisturi ideebi iwyebs gavrcelebas (mesame dasis gamosvla),<br />

am fonze poemaSi dasmuli fundamenturi ontologiuri problematika,<br />

ra Tqma unda, ukve warmoCndeba rogorc `marginaluri~ diskursi.<br />

poema `gandegilis~ teqstSi ganviTarebuli s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

dualizmis problematika aseve sruli amovardna da Seusabamoba iyo im momentisaTvis<br />

arsebuli qarTuli literaturuli procesis konteqstidan,<br />

vinaidan, imJamad, rodesac `gandegili~ gamoqveynda, qarTuli literaturis<br />

narativSi dominirebda socialuri y<strong>of</strong>is amsaxveli Temebi (d. kldiaSvili,<br />

e. ninoSvili, e. gabaSvili, i. evdoSvili, n. lomouri da sxv.) da nel-nela fexs<br />

ikidebda naturalisturi da fsiqologiuri prozisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

tendenciebi (g. wereTeli, S. aragvispireli, W. lomTaTiZe, da sxv.). xolo<br />

aseTi tipis literaturisaTvis a priori ucxo da `miuRebelia~ `gandegilSi~<br />

dasmuli zogadontologiuri problematika.<br />

xolo saqrTvelos socialur-politikur sinamdvileSi win wamoiwevs<br />

marqsistul-materialisturi ideebi, romelic adamians moiazrebs, rogorc<br />

wmindad biologiur arss, romlis egzistenciac ZiriTadad determinebulia<br />

momxmarebluri miswrafebebiT (y<strong>of</strong>iereba gansazRvravs cnobierebas). xolo<br />

ontologiuri TvalsazrisiT marqsizmi win wamoswevs y<strong>of</strong>ierebis monisturmaterialistur<br />

gagebas.<br />

amdenad, arsebul ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriv da kulturologiur konteqstSi<br />

poema `gandegilis~ teqsti TiTqosda aRiqmeba srul anaqronizmad da marginalobad.<br />

magram zogadad qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis istoriis<br />

konteqstSi es teqsti ukve warmoCndeba ara rogorc marginaluri tipis<br />

mxatvruli teqsti, aramed am WrilSi igi aRiqmeba rogorc qarTuli qris-<br />

∗ saerTod mxatvrul da sakralur teqstebSi mwyemsi simbolurad ganasaxierebs RmerTze,<br />

Sesaqmesa da bunebaze misterialuri sibrZnis mflobel personaJs, mas uSualo kavSiri aqvs<br />

RvTaebriv gamocxadebasTan: mag., Zvel aRTqmaSi RmerTi ecxadeba mwyems abraamsa da moses.<br />

swored mwyemsi abelisagan Seiwiravs ufali msxverpls da ara miwaTmoqmedi kaenisagan.<br />

aseve sainteresoa iesos Sobis epizodi axali aRTqmidan, rodesac yrma iesos pirvelebi<br />

swored mwyemsebi scemen Tayvans (mecleri... 2008: 159).<br />

145

tianuli kulturis magistraluri ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi xazis gagrZeleba<br />

_ petre iberi→merCule→rusTaveli→saba→guramiSvili→baraTaSvili.<br />

amitomac, dRes ilias `gandegili~ aRqmul unda iqnas, rogorc am kulturologiuri<br />

magistralis gagrZelebis cda esTetikis sferoSi. Cemi azriT,<br />

dRes am poemas swored amdenad aqvs Rirebuleba da igi momavalSic gamodgeba<br />

rogorc qarTuli kulturis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi orientaciis paradigma.<br />

dRes es teqsti aseve unda gaviazroT, rogorc ilias filos<strong>of</strong>iurms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

mrwamsi, sadac anTropologiuri da ontologiuri<br />

problematika gaazrebulia qarTuli qristianuli ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis<br />

(petre iberi, rusTaveli) tradiciaze dayrdnobiT.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, Tuki dRes sakiTxs davsvamT `gandegilis~ teqstis<br />

Rirebulebisa da aqtualobis Sesaxeb, am TvalsazrisiT aq gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a sami<br />

mniSvnelovani garemoeba, rac swored gansazRvravs am teqstis Rirebulebasa<br />

da aqtualobas, rogorc Tavad ilias mTliani Semoqmedebis, ise zogadad<br />

qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis, da saerTod, ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturis<br />

konteqstSi:<br />

I. `gandegilis~ teqstSi ilia aviTarebs sakuTar qristianul-filos<strong>of</strong>iur<br />

mrwamss;<br />

II. teqstSi mocemulia qarTuli qristianuli kulturis magistarluri<br />

xazis kvlav dadgineba da xelaxali gansazRvra.<br />

III. teqstSi ganviTarebulia zogadontologiuri da anTropologiuri<br />

problematika, romlis konteqstSi ilia gamokveTs adamianis daniSnulebis<br />

egzistencialur problematikas.<br />

amitom, miuxedavad ilias saerTo SemoqmedebiTi da imJamad saqarTveloSi<br />

arsebuli socio-kulturuli da literaturuli procesebis konteqstidan<br />

poema `gandegilis~ TiTqosda `amovardnisa~, es lirikul-epikuri<br />

teqsti dResac saintereso, aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania swored saqarTvelos<br />

zogadi kulturuli konteqstis TvalsazrisiT da igi warmoadgens<br />

mxatvrul teqstSi qarTuli qristianuli kulturis generaluri xazis<br />

(petre iberi→rusTaveli→guramiSvili→baraTaSvili) reanimaciis, kulturuli<br />

identifikaciisa da qarTveli eris samomavlo sulier-kulturuli<br />

orientaciis moxazvis cdas XIX. s. koloniur saqarTveloSi.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, ilias poema dRes ukve warmoCndeba, rogorc qarTul<br />

qristianul kulturaSi adreul etapzeve SemuSavebuli da SuasaukuneebSi<br />

(XII-XIII s.s.) ganviTarebuli ontologiuri da anTropologiuri xedvis ganaxlebisa<br />

da SenarCunebis cdad ilias Tanamedrove sulieri kulturis TvalsazrisiT<br />

dezorientirebul da identifikaciadakargul qarTul sociokulturul<br />

sinamdvileSi.<br />

146<br />

I. `gandegilis~ ontologiuri da anTropologiuri problematika<br />

amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom konceptualurad aramarTebulia ilias<br />

`gandegilis~ hermenevtikisas wmindad religiuri asketikisa da Teologiis<br />

problematikaze fokusireba (kalandariSvili 1982: 46-59; metreveli 1993:<br />

45-57; niniZe 2000: 23-64), ramdenadac sakuTriv am problematikas aRniSnuli<br />

teqstis ZiriTadi siRrmiseuli sazrisi ar Seicavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

poemis mTavari personaJi asketi beria da poemis Sinaarsi mis gandegil<br />

cxovrebasa da misi asketikis gzaze mogviTxrobs.

sinamdvileSi, poemaSi intencirebulia zogadad adamianis y<strong>of</strong>ierebiseuli<br />

da arsebobiseuli filos<strong>of</strong>iuri problematika: ontologiuri, egzistencialuri<br />

da anTropologiuri sakiTxebi iliam SemoqmedebiTi mizandasaxulobidan<br />

gamomdinare gandegili beris asketuri cxovrebisa da misi da<br />

mwyemsi qalis urTierTdamokidebulebis formatSi ganaviTara, sadac TiToeuli<br />

protagonisti simbolurad konkretul ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvas ganasaxierebs da<br />

ara mainca da mainc ama Tu im socialuri, Tu asocialuri statusiT `aR-<br />

Wurvili~ personaJia. xazs vusvam, poemis gmirTa socialuri statusi da poemaSi<br />

asaxuli garemo SemoqmedebiTi mizandasaxulobidan gamomdinare ganvi-<br />

Tarebuli pirobiTi fiqcionaluri fonia, romlis farglebSic gandegili<br />

berisa da mwyemsi qalis personaJTa konstelaciis fonze mocemulia ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvaTa<br />

dapirispireba da fundamenturi filos<strong>of</strong>iuri problematikis, _<br />

kerZod, adamianis arsisa da misi arsebobis raobis problematikis _ mxatvruli<br />

teqstis farglebSi dasmisa da gadaWris cda. 1<br />

amitomac, poemis teqstis interpretaciisas, Tuki gvsurs vwvdeT aRniSnuli<br />

teqstis WeSmarit sazriss, interpretatori unda moeridos teqstis<br />

fsiqologiur an fsiqoanalitikur interpretacias, aseve fsiqologizebasa<br />

da moralizebas, anu personaJTa fsiqologiuri da eTikuri portretebis<br />

gadmocemas, maTi cnobieri, qvecnobieri, Tu aracnobieri qcevis analizs,<br />

ramdenadac es am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli teqstis interpretaciis meoradi<br />

amocanaa, da poemis teqstis ganmartebisas misi pirvelad amocanad dasaxva<br />

teqstis WeSmariti sazrisisagan, Sinagani logosisagan distancirebas<br />

gamoiwvevs.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, asketi beris moRvaweoba da misi daRupva simbolurad<br />

pirvel rigSi swored garkveuli ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvis marcxs ganasaxierebs<br />

(buaCiZe 2005: 604-605; vasaZe 2010: 64-65; jamburia 2002: 181), da ara wmindad<br />

pirovnul, pirad religiur marcxs (ra Tqma unda, amasac, magram, xazs vusvam,<br />

teqstis am doneze interpretacia teqstis mxolod moraluri an fsiqoanalitikuri,<br />

da ara spiritualur-aRyvanebiTi (goniTi) interpretacia iqneboda,<br />

anu, saboloo jamSi miviRebdiT teqstis arasruly<strong>of</strong>il, nawilobriv<br />

interpretacias da miRma darCeboda teqstis WeSmariti sazrisi, kerZod,<br />

adamianis arsisa da misi arsebobis raobis zogadfilos<strong>of</strong>iuri problematika).<br />

poemaSi problematika zogadia, da ara kerZo-pirovnuli, anu, gandegilis<br />

`erTjeradi~ tragedia.<br />

amgvarad, teqstis interpretaciisas erTi calke aRebuli asketi beris<br />

tragikuli istoriis ambavze Tu movaxdenT fokusirebas, es, erTi mxriv,<br />

iqneboda poemis teqstis sazrisis bolomde verwvdoma, xolo meore mxriv,<br />

avtori warmoCndeboda rogorc SemoqmedebiTad araadekvaturi, romelic<br />

mxatvrul teqstSi aviTarebs mocemuli momentisTvis araaqtualur, da<br />

amavdroulad, aramaradiul, `erTjerad~ problematikas.<br />

aseve aramarTebulad mimaCnia, erTi mxriv `gandegilis~ zogadfilos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

problematikisa da, meore mxriv ilias sxva teqstebis erovnul-ganma-<br />

Tavisuflebeli problematikis gaigiveba (mag. `mgzavris werilebi~, an `aCrdili~)<br />

da maT Soris sazrisiseuli da tropuli paralelebis daZebna (mag.<br />

myinvarwveri da Tergi) (abaSiZe 1962: 170-172; baqraZe 1984: 108-113; zandukeli<br />

1976: 333; kotetiSvili 1965: 350; niniZe 2000: 64-85, 92-97). `gandegilis~<br />

teqstSi saerTod araa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli problematika mocemuli<br />

da teqstSi saqarTvelos tragikuli bedis alegoriebis Zieba da poemis<br />

XIX s. saqarTvelos cxovrebis simbolur asaxvad gageba da ganmarteba kon-<br />

147

ceptualurad aramarTebuli da xelovnuria (baqraZe 1984: 108), ramdenadac<br />

Tavad teqstis SigniT msgavsi ram arc erT doneze ar vlindeba _ arc<br />

Sinaarsobriv da arc sazrisiseul doneze. 2<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>osma T. buaCiZem gandegilis ms<strong>of</strong>lxedva da misi ms<strong>of</strong>lgancda<br />

Seafasa rogorc `ubeduri cnobierebis~ produqti (buaCiZe 2005: 597). ras<br />

niSnavs hegeliseuli e. w. `ubeduri cnobiereba~?<br />

es axali forma (e. i. `ubeduri cnobiereba~ _ k. b.), hegelis Tanaxmad,<br />

warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac winaaRmdegoba ara mxolod arsebobs cnobierebaSi,<br />

aramed amave dros gacnobierebulicaa: `ubedurma cnobierebam~ icis,<br />

rom Tavis TavSi or urTierTsawinaaRmdego cnobierebis matarebelia. `ubeduri<br />

cnobiereba~ Tavis SigniT gaorebulia, Tanac es aris gaoreba, romelsac<br />

aklia erTianoba, es aris SiSveli `winaaRmdegoba~.<br />

rogoria konkretulad es gaoreba?<br />

ubeduri cnobiereba, hegelis azriT, Seicavs, erTi mxriv ucvlel cnobierebas,<br />

romelic mimarTulia maradiulisadmi, imqveyniurisadmi, meore<br />

mxriv ki _ cvalebad cnobierebas, romelic dakavebulia `amqveyniuriT~,<br />

cvalebadiT. Tavisi cnobierebis am urTierTsawinaaRmdego moments `ubeduri<br />

cnobiereba~ gansxvavebulad afasebs, gansxvavebul Rirebulebas aniWebs:<br />

ucvlels miiCnevs `arsebiTad~, cvalebads ki `araarsebiTad~. amave dros<br />

ucvlelsa da cvalebads is ganicdis aramarto rogorc savsebiT gansxvavebuli<br />

Rirebulebis mqone movlenebs, aramed agreTve, rogorc erTmaneTis<br />

mimarT savsebiT ucxos: ucvlelsa da cvalebads, amqveyniurs da imqveyniurs<br />

Soris gadaulaxavi ufskrulia. [...] dualisturad gaazrebuli samyaro ar<br />

iZleva imis saSualebas, rom cvalebadsa da ucvlels Soris gaidos xidi. es<br />

ki badebs Rrma ubedurebis gancdas. (buaCiZe 2005: 597, 598). ∗<br />

poemis asketi beris cnobierebaSi swored amgvar SeuTavsebel mocemulobebad<br />

warmoCndeba xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvile: gandegilisaTvis xiluli<br />

sinamdvile, empirea Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare warmoadgens cvalebadis,<br />

warmavalis sferos, xolo misi sulieri swrafvis sagani _ uxilavi<br />

sinamdvile, transcendenturoba _ ucvlelis, maradiulis sferos. es<br />

dapirispireba gandegilisaTvis apriorulia da misi ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvidan gamomdinare<br />

zesTas<strong>of</strong>eli, uxilavi RvTaebrivi sinamdvile mxolod araRvTaebrivi<br />

xiluli sinamdvilis uary<strong>of</strong>iT miiRweva. Sesabamisad, anTropologiuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT transcenedenturobis mopovebisa da umaRlesi sulieri<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebis miRwevis SesaZleblobis winapirobaa adamianSi ontologiurad<br />

mocemuli xorcieli sawyisebis daTrgunva da uary<strong>of</strong>a, xolo egzistencialuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis, am SemTxvevaSi, adamianuri sociumisa<br />

(ojaxi, sazogadoeba) da amqveyniuri cxovrebis uary<strong>of</strong>a:<br />

∗ ilias `gandegilis~ T. buaCiZiseuli interpretacia zogadad mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikis<br />

klasikur nimuSad mimaCnia, es aris brwyinvale magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor unda<br />

moxdes konkretuli mxatvruli teqstis WeSmariti sazrisis maqsimalurad sruly<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

interpretacia da wvdoma. `gandegilis~ T. bauCiZeseuli interpretacia unda mivakuTvnoT<br />

mxatvruli teqstis filos<strong>of</strong>iuri, anu spiritualur-aRyvanebiTi (goniTi) interpretaciis<br />

sferos, rac, Cemi azriT, aris kidec mxatvruli teqstis yvelaze maRali ganzomilebis<br />

interpretacia.<br />

148

odesRac taZars im gauqmebuls<br />

meudabnoe Sehkedlebia;<br />

saiqiosTvis es saaqo<br />

dauTmia da ganSorebia.<br />

ganSorebia viT codvis sadgurs,<br />

viT sameufos borotisasa,<br />

sadac marTali gzas ver auqcevs<br />

gansacdelsa mas eSmakisasa;<br />

sad codva kacsa sdevnis dRe-da-Ram,<br />

viTa mparavi da mtacebeli;<br />

sad, rasac hxadis marTali marTlad,<br />

mas umarTlobad hqmnis codvis xeli;<br />

sad ryvna, wawymeda da Ralatia,<br />

sadac Zma hxarobs sisxlsa Zmisasa,<br />

sad cili, zakva Zulebada hxdis<br />

wminda siyvaruls moyvasisasa.<br />

ganSorebia am wuTis<strong>of</strong>els,<br />

sad yovli niWi macdurebaa,<br />

sad TviT siturfe da saTnoeba<br />

eSmakis maxe da cdunebaa.<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 142-143)<br />

amgvarad, gandegilis cnobiereba xilul sinamdviles, wuTis<strong>of</strong>els, amqveyniurs<br />

a priori borotebisa da warmavlobis, amaoebis, arasruly<strong>of</strong>ilebis<br />

sferod moiazrebs, misi cnobierebisaTvis warmoudgenelia, rom masSi SesaZloa<br />

iyos RvTaebrivi impulsi, RvTaebrivi dvrita; warmoudgenelia, rom<br />

xiluli realoba raRacnairad mainc SeiZleba warmoadgendes RvTaebrivis<br />

emanacias _ anu imas, rom xiluli realobac SeiZleba iyos sulieri<br />

Rirebulebis matarebeli (buaCiZe 2005: 605; vasaZe 2010: 66-67). Tumca, swored<br />

Semdgomi spiritualuri gamocdileba _ bunebis suraTis, Camavali mzis<br />

silamazis xilva _ aRZravs asket berSi sakuTari apriorulobisadmi pirvel<br />

qvecnobier kritikas:<br />

erTxel, saRamos, locviT daRlili,<br />

gadmomdgariyo zRudis karebsa<br />

da dafiqrebiT gadmohyurebda<br />

mwvaniT dafenils mTisa kalTebsa.<br />

mze gadaxrili jer kidev srulad<br />

mTisa gadaRma ar dasuliyo<br />

da mTis wverzed, viT cecxlis borbali,<br />

irgvliv sxivgaSliT anTebuliyo.<br />

cisa laJvardi, viT nakverCxali,<br />

wiTlad da yviTlad mzisgan hRuvoda,<br />

da gamsWvaluli misiT Rrubeli<br />

Sors aTas-ferad sxivebSi hTrToda.<br />

ama ubiwo diadis xilviT<br />

wartyvevnil iqmna ganyenebuli<br />

da viT cxovels xats RvTis didebisas<br />

Sescqerda mzesa gancvifrebuli.<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 145)<br />

149

swored es gancvifrebaa pirveli qvecnobieri skepsisi sakuTari ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

mrwamsis mimarT, ramdenadac poemis am epizodSi gandegili<br />

pirispir aRmoCnda xiliuli realobis sidiadesa da mSvenierebis winaSe:<br />

buneba, _ miuxedavad imisa, rom isic arasruly<strong>of</strong>ilia (“uecrad astyda ram<br />

niav-qari, [...] da myinvaridam viTa veSapi Savi Rrubeli daiZra mZimeT...”), iseve<br />

rogorc wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli, kacTa saaqao cxovreba, _ gandegilis winaSe warmoCnda<br />

swored rogorc RvTis qmnileba, rogorc RvTaebrivis amqveyniuri emanacia,<br />

anu buneba, rogorc RvTaebrivi, ucvleli Rirebulebis matarebeli<br />

mocemuloba.<br />

mwyemsi qalis xorcieli silamazec aseve RvTaebrivis amqveyniur emanaciad<br />

moevlina gandegils:<br />

150<br />

TviT madls trfobisas rom moesurvos<br />

xorcsxmulad vlena odesme qveynad,<br />

ukeTess saxes ver inatrebda<br />

Tavis sicxovlis gamomsaxvelad.<br />

maSinac vin sTqvas, _ vin vis aSvenebs,<br />

madli am saxes, Tu saxe madlsa!..<br />

TviT Suri, mtroba ver upovida<br />

qals mSveniersa verafers naklsa.<br />

...................................................................<br />

vis ar moimxrobs, moinadirebs<br />

yovlad Zlieri mSveniereba!..<br />

Tqmula _ mxecic ki gaafTrebuli<br />

mis win datkbeba da dawynardeba.<br />

da dauwynarda Zals Svenebisas<br />

igi mwirica mwyrali, gulmSrali,<br />

da ucodvelis gulis-tkiviliT<br />

qals SeaCera tyvedqmnili Tvali.<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 148-149)<br />

aq ukve gandegils `ucodveli gulistkivili~ ipyrobs, anu misi cnobierebis<br />

aprioruloba, rac xiluli sinamdvilis calsaxa uary<strong>of</strong>as da uxilavi<br />

sinamdvilisadmi, anu wminda ideisadmi swrafvas gulisxmobs, ukve<br />

gandegilis cnobierebaSi nel-nela warmoqmnis sakuTari dualisturi mrwamsiT<br />

gamowveul tragizms, rac kulminirdeba mis cnobil frazaSi: `xsna yvelgan<br />

aris... xolo gza xsnisa eseTi mergo me... ubedursa...“ (WavWavaZe 2007: 153).<br />

Cemi azriT, gandegilis es fraza ara afeqtSi my<strong>of</strong>is mier gaucnobiereblad<br />

wamosrolili frazaa, aramed igi momdinareobs qvecnobieridan da<br />

vlindeba rogorc xangrZlivi cnobieri fiqrisa da Wvretis Sedegi (epizodiseuli<br />

konteqsti _ mwyemsi qalisa da gandegilis polemika da beris mier<br />

frazis warmoTqmis momenti _ swored am garemoebaze miuTiTebs). aq isic ar<br />

unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, rom ilia, rogorc realisti avtori realizmis<br />

esTetikisa da realisturi mxatvruli teqstebis poetikis principebis<br />

mimdevaria. xolo realisturi mxatvruli teqstebis poetikis erTerTi<br />

umTvaresi maxasiaTebelia personaJis qcevisa da azrovnebis motivirebulobisa<br />

da mizez-Sedegobriobis principi. aqedan gamomdinare, gandegilis<br />

fraza motivirebulia ara mwyemsi qalis erTi SemTxveviTi gamoCeniT mis<br />

mRvimeSi, an Tundac masTan polemikiT, aramed xangrZlivi fiqris Sedegadaa<br />

motivirebuli (gavixsenoT, gandegili ukve mravali weli, Tu aTwleulia<br />

asketobis gzas adgas _ `ar vTvli welTa-svlas~ _ da am RvawlSi my<strong>of</strong>i,

Sesabamisad mudmivi sulieri meditaciebisa da fiqris procesSia, romlis<br />

drosac xandaxan kritikuli da skeptikuri azrebic gamokrTis xolme). sxva<br />

mxriv ulogiko da SemoqmedebiTad araadekvaturi da aramotivirebuli iqneboda,<br />

rom sulierebis iseT simaRleze my<strong>of</strong> asket bers, romlis locvansac<br />

mzis sxivi iWers, ase uceb, ase erTbaSad _ mwyemsi qalis mis senakSi gamoCenisa<br />

da masTan cxare kamaTis Sedegad dangreoda ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi idealebi.<br />

es iqneboda swored realisturi mwerlobis poetikis principebis<br />

ugulvebely<strong>of</strong>a. xolo aseTi SemoqmedebiTi araadekvaturoba ilias, rogorc<br />

wesi, ar axasiaTebs. amgvarad, gandgilis es cnobili fraza misi xangrZlivi<br />

cnobieri Tu qvecnobieri Wvretisa da fiqris Sedegad eqsplicitirebiuli<br />

logikuri frazaa da ara afeqtSi my<strong>of</strong>is gaucnobiereblad wamosrolili<br />

sityva.<br />

fraza `gza xsnisa~ ar unda gaviazroT wmindad eklesiuri da saRvTismetyvelo<br />

gagebiT, rogorc codvebisagan ganwmendis gza, aramed pirvel<br />

rigSi unda gaviazroT filos<strong>of</strong>iuri Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT, rodesac<br />

Semecnebis procesSi Semmecnebeli subieqti cdilobs TviTdadginebas y<strong>of</strong>ierebasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi da sakuTari arsebobis WeSmariti azris mopovebas. am<br />

procesSi ki Semmecnebeli subieqtis Semecnebis gza imTaviTve idealurisa<br />

da realuris, ideisa da empireis, zemiwierisa da miwieris, RvTaebrivisa da<br />

materialuris, amqvevniurisa da imqveyniuris, sulierisa da xorcielis<br />

diqotomiis winaSe aRmoCndeba. Semecnebis procesi am ori dapirispirebuli<br />

sferos dualizmis daZlevis, an ver daZlevis fonze gaivlis, rac Semdgom an<br />

ar warmoSobs, an warmoSobs cnobierebis ubedurebas, anu Semecnebis obieqtis<br />

miuwvdomlobiT gamowveul tragikul gancdas. Tavisi cnobili fraziT<br />

ki gandegili amJRavens swored Semmecnebeli subieqtis mier idealis verwvdomis<br />

tragikul gancdas, Tavisi fraziT gandegili aRiarebs sakuTari<br />

Semecnebis gzis aramarTebulobasa da arasruly<strong>of</strong>ilebas:<br />

`ubedureba yovelTvis naklovanebis gancdaa: ubeduria adamiani, romelsac<br />

aklia raRac misTvis Zvirfasi, Rirebuli. wamocdena _ `me... ubedursa~<br />

_ aSkarad laparakobs imaze, rom mwirs aklia raRac misTvis Rirebuli, rom<br />

mas uaRresad mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebebi darCa daukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebeli~<br />

(buaCiZe 2005: 600).<br />

es daukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebeli moTxovnebi ki upirvelesyovlisa ukavSirdeba aramarTebul<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriv arCevans, araWeSmarit xsnis, anu Semecnebis<br />

gzas. gandegilma Tavis frazaSi swored sakuTari Semecnebis gzisa da ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

arCevanis araWeSmariteba da aramarTebuloba gaacnobiera. ∗<br />

gandegilisa da mwyemsi qalis dialogi gevevlineba swored Semecnebis<br />

ori saxeobis _ dualisturisa da sinTezuris dapirispirebad. gandegilisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, mwyemsi qali aRiarebs, xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvilis,<br />

s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis ara SeuTavseblobis apriorulobas, aramed maTi<br />

sinTezis apriorulobas: e. i. mwyemsi qalis cnobiereba xilul samyaros swored<br />

RvTaebrivi samyaros emanaciad, RvTaebrivi bunebis Semcvelad, RvTis<br />

qmnilebad moazrebs:<br />

∗ Sdr. T. vasaZec swored gandegilis aramarTebul ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriv arCevanze amaxvilebs<br />

yuradRebas: `gandegili ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi tragediaa, tragediaa adamianis, romelsac<br />

mrwamsi daemsxvra~ (vasaZe 2010: 65).<br />

151

152<br />

lamazi iyo am dRis saRamo,<br />

ra-rig hSvenoda mze damavali!<br />

Sevxede Tu ar im mzes, im casa,<br />

gavSterdi, veRar movsxlite Tavli.<br />

RvTis saxesaviT gars Suqmosxmuli<br />

mTis wverzed didi mze brwyinvalebda<br />

da sakvirveli is sanaxavi<br />

TvalTana erTad gulsa mtacebda.<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 149)<br />

Sesabamisad, amqveyniuri cxovreba, xiluli sinamdvile mwyemsi qalisaTvis<br />

borotebis, araWeSmaritebis sfero ki ar aris, aramed RvTaebrivis,<br />

WeSmaritebis sferoa, sadac xilulSi vlindeba RvTabrivi arsi. misTvis xiluli<br />

qveyanac RvTis qmnilebaa:<br />

gana swyins RmerTs, rom kaci Sehxaris<br />

qveyanas, RvTiTve dabadebulsa?<br />

vfiqrobdi: neta maS risTvis morTo<br />

ese lamazad wuTi-s<strong>of</strong>eli?<br />

gana misTvis, rom adamianma<br />

SeaCvenos da aiRos xeli?<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 152-153)<br />

amgvarad, mwyemsi qalisa da gandegili beris dialogSi mocemuli ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

dapirispirebis fonze ilia nel-nela gamokveTs asketi beris<br />

mcdar ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriv pozicias, sadac aSkaraa, rom gandegilis<br />

daRupvis, anu ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi marcxis mizezi ara garegania (mwyemsi<br />

qalis “erTjeradi” gamoCena mwiris mRvimeSi da Semdgom asket berSi mwyemsi<br />

qalis xorcieli silamaziT aRZruli xorcieli vnebebi), aramed Sinagani _<br />

gandegilisave ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi arCevani. gandegili wminda ganyenebuli<br />

ideisadmi dualisturi swrafvis msxverplia, xolo wminda ideisaken, am<br />

SemTxvevaSi sulieri sruly<strong>of</strong>isaken da RvTaebrivi samyaros damkvidrebisaken<br />

es dualisturi swrafva, rogorc wesi, moklebulia xolme zogadeTikur<br />

sayrdens, rac gamoixateba adamianis arsSi umTavresi RvTaebrivi eTosis, um-<br />

Tavresi RvTaebrivi bunebis ukugdebiTa da uary<strong>of</strong>iT, kerZod, universaluri<br />

siyvarulis ukugdebiTa da ignorirebiT. swored siyvarulia is RvTaebrivi<br />

niWi da amavdroulad Semecnebiseuli mdgomareoba, rac subieqts, erTi<br />

mxriv aniWebs RvTaebrivisaken swrafvis moTxovnilebas, xolo, meore mxriv<br />

aRavsebs mas RvTis qmnilebebisadmi _ adamianisadmi, bunebisadmi, saerTod,<br />

xiluli samyarosadmi _ siyvaruliT (buaCiZe 2005: 603-604; vasaZe 2010: 69).<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, ganyenebuli wminda ideisaken swrafvam gandegilSi Cakla<br />

moyvasis universaluri siyvarulis saRvTo niWi. mwyemsi qali masTan dialogSi<br />

swored amaze apelirebs:<br />

nuTu Tvistomi, toli da swori<br />

yvela gulidam amogiRia?<br />

nuTu naRveli, dardi da javri<br />

Tan aravisi wamogiRia,<br />

ar gagondeba arc mama, deda,<br />

an Zma, anu da, an saxli, kari?<br />

nuTu mis-dReSi ara gyolia<br />

mokeTe, gulis Sematkivari?!<br />

rogor moSordi?..<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 153)

aseve mivaqcioT yuradReba, Tu rogor wuxs mwyemsi qali saxlSi marto<br />

darCenili mamis gamo _ `TviTon cxvars maSin rodi vCiodi, me mama-Cemi<br />

mebraleboda, mamis-erTa var, mamas vuyvarvar, vwuxdi rom CemTvis Sewuxdeboda~<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 150).<br />

amgvarad, gandegili sakuTari solifsisturi cnobierebis, solifsisturi<br />

Semecnebis procesisa da sakuTari TavisaTvis dawesebuli monadisebri<br />

mdgomareobis wyalobiT CaZirulia mxolod sakuTari TviTSemecnebis procesSi,<br />

igi mxolod ganyenebuli wminda ideis WvretiTaa Sepyrobili, misi<br />

cnobiereba rCeba mxolod ganyenebuli wminda ideis farglebSi, riTac igi<br />

mowyvetilia empireas, gamocdilebas, sicocxles. xolo amgvari swrafva<br />

wminda ideisaken iwvevs gaucxoebas adamianuri sazogadoebis mimarT, iwvevs<br />

dehumanizacias, ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi ganyenebuli wminda ideisaken<br />

swrafvas gamoclili aqvs universaluri eTikuri sayrdeni _ siyvaruli.<br />

amitomac, ilias Tanaxmad, wminda ideisaken da siyvarulze ardafuZnebuli<br />

sulieri sruly<strong>of</strong>isaken narcisistuli swrafva imTaviTve ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

da moraluri marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli, risi simboluri gamoxatulebacaa<br />

swored gandegilis sikvdili.<br />

amgvarad, gandegilisa da mwyemsi qalis personaJTa konstelaciis fonze,<br />

da saerTod, mTeli poemis teqstis diskursSi ganviTarebulia wmindad ontologiuri<br />

problematika _ subieqtis mimarTeba y<strong>of</strong>ierebisadmi da<br />

subieqtis mier am y<strong>of</strong>ierebaSi TviTdadginebis problema. aq ori ms<strong>of</strong>lxedva<br />

upirispirdeba erTmaneTs: erTi mxriv, dualisturi, romelic uary<strong>of</strong>s<br />

xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvilis sinTezis SesaZleblobas da ukuagdebs<br />

Semecnebis procesSi cdiseulis, empiriulis aucileblobas; meore mxriv,<br />

sinTezuri, romelic aRiarebs xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvilis sinTezisa da<br />

dialeqtikuri mTlianobis aucileblobas. Semecnebisa da cnobierebis pirvel<br />

saxeobas poemaSi ganasaxierebs gandegili beri, xolo meore saxeobas _<br />

mwyemsi qali. mwiris sikvdili ki, erTi mxriv simbolurad ganasaxierebs y<strong>of</strong>ierebis<br />

Semecnebis gandegiliseuli gzis araWeSmaritebasa da arasruly<strong>of</strong>ilebas,<br />

xolo, meore mxriv am gzis avtoris mxridan principul miuReblobasa<br />

da uary<strong>of</strong>as. 3<br />

aq ki cxadi xdeba, rom iliaseuli ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvisaTvis misaRebia samyaros<br />

mTliani modelis dasaxva, romlis farglebSic xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvile<br />

erTmaneTs ki ar upirispirdeba, rogorc SeuTavsebeli mocemulobebi,<br />

aramed isini erTmaneTs avsebs da erT dialeqtikur mTlianobas qmnis. aq ki<br />

ilia miyveba swored im ms<strong>of</strong>laRqmasa Tu ms<strong>of</strong>lgancdas, im kulturfilos<strong>of</strong>iur<br />

magistralur xazs, rasac qarTuli qristianuli kulturis sivrce-<br />

Si saTave daudo fsevdo—dionise areopagelma (petre iberma), da rac sruly<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

saxiT SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ gamovlinda, sadac warmo-<br />

Cenili da gadmocemulia samyaros Semecnebisa da aRqmis sinTezuri gza, rac<br />

xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvilis, s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis ara gaTiSvasa da<br />

dapirispirebas, aramed maT harmoniul mTlianobad moazrebas niSnavs. swored<br />

es iyo qarTuli qristianuli kulturis ideali da ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

fundamenti (TvaraZe 1985: 282; vasaZe 2010: 74; jamburia 2002: 177).<br />

153

154<br />

II. `gandegili~ kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, `gandegili~ dRes aseve sainteresoa wmindad kulturologiuri<br />

TvalsazrisiTac, kerZod, qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis<br />

konteqstSi misi adgilis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc cnobilia, msgavsi<br />

wmindad filos<strong>of</strong>iuri Tematikisa da problematikis mxatvruli teqsti<br />

ilias Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi srul gaugebrobad iqna aRqmuli (baqraZe<br />

1984: 96-97; minaSvili 1995: 320), vinaidan imJamindeli qarTuli kritika da<br />

mkiTxveli sazogadoeba `miCveuli~ iyo ZiriTadad patriotul da socialur<br />

Temebze Seqmnil mxatvrul teqstebs. 4 marTlac, arc imJamindeli qarTuli<br />

kritika da arc mkiTxveli sazogadieba `gandegilSi~ dasmuli fundamenturi<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iuri sakiTxebis aRsaqmelad da gasaazreblad mentalurad mzad ar<br />

iyo, misi interesebi ufro metad `miwieri~ TemebiT Semoifargleboda da<br />

yoveli mxatvruli teqstisagan socialuri Temebis (miwa, glexi, janyi, socialuri<br />

Cagvra, egzekucia) mxatvrul asaxva-gadmocemas moeloda da moiTxovda.<br />

ilias mier `gandegilSi~ mocemuli problematika ki zogadfilos<strong>of</strong>iuria<br />

da ara socialuri. aq sinamdvilisa da samyaros, adamianis arsis mxatvrul<br />

gaazrebas socialur-politikuri da istoriuli konteqsti ki ar<br />

udevs safuZvlad, aramed filos<strong>of</strong>iuri.<br />

rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, y<strong>of</strong>ierebisa da adamianis arsis gaazrebis<br />

sakiTxSi ilia miyveba qarTul kulturaSi SemuSavebul samyaros mTlianobrivi<br />

aRqmis models, romelsac qarTul kulturul sivrceSi fsevdodionise<br />

areopagelma daudo saTave da Semdgom es xazi gaagrZela da umaRles<br />

xarisxSi ganaviTara rusTavelma. kerZod, am ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi koncefciis<br />

mixedviT samyaro aRiqmeba da moiazreba ara rogorc urTierTadapirispirebuli<br />

xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvile, aramed rogorc harmoniuli mTlianoba,<br />

sadac xiluli realoba (empirea) uxilavi saRvTo realobis (transcendenturoba)<br />

emanaciad da RvTaebrivi impulsebis matareblad moiazreba. es<br />

Tezisi poemaSi swored mwyemsi qalis piriTaa gacxadebuli, xolo impliciturad<br />

mTeli poemis teqsts moicavs:<br />

gana swyins RmerTs, rom kaci Sehxaris<br />

qveyanas, RvTiTve dabadebulsa?<br />

vfiqrobdi: neta maS risTvis morTo<br />

ese lamazad wuTi-s<strong>of</strong>eli?<br />

gana misTvis, rom adamianma<br />

SeaCvenos da aiRos xeli?<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 152-153)<br />

aq ilia mwyemsi qalis piriT TiTqos rusTavels exmianeba _ “Cven, kacTa,<br />

mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa”. es SemTxveviTi araa, ramdenadac<br />

samyaros, y<strong>of</strong>ierebis Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT ilia swored rusTveliseul<br />

xazs miyveba. 5<br />

amitomac, gandegilis sikvdiliT iliam simbolurad mianiSna ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvis<br />

im formis _ rogorc asketikuri qristianobis, ise zeidealisturi filos<strong>of</strong>iis<br />

_ gardauval marcxze, romelic y<strong>of</strong>ierebis dualistur Semecnebas<br />

afuZnebs, TiSavs s<strong>of</strong>elsa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>els da maT SeuTavsebel da<br />

imTaviTve dapirispirebul mocemulobebad moiazrebs. amis sapirispirod<br />

iliasaTvis misaRebia da misTvis ideals warmoadgens am ori mocemulobis _<br />

s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis, empireasa da transcendenturobis, xiluli da

uxilavi sinamdvilis, imqveyniurisa da amqveyniuris _ harmonia da sinTezi,<br />

risi SesaZleblobis winapirobac pirvel rigSi cnobierebiseuli nebeloba<br />

da universaluri siyvarulis unaria. aqedan gamomdianre, `gandegilSi~ ilia<br />

swored areopagituli qristianobis ontologiur da anTropologiur tradicias<br />

aviTarebs, misi ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi areopagituli qristianobis<br />

tradicias eyrdnoba.<br />

swored am kulturologiuri monapovris _ areopagituli ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvis<br />

_ kvlav xelaxali moxazvisa da ganaxlebis cdaa mocemuli `gandegilis~<br />

teqstSi, riTac iliam kvlav Seaxsena Tavis Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoebas<br />

qarTuli qristianuli kulturis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi ideali da<br />

amvdroulad garkveuli kulturologiuri orientiric moniSna momavali<br />

Taobebis qarTuli sazogadoebisTvisac. 6<br />

daskvna<br />

1. ilias poema `gandegilSi~ ukufenilia wmindad fundamenturi filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

da kulturologiuri problematika da am WrilSi iliam gadmosca<br />

sakuTari religiur-filos<strong>of</strong>iuri ms<strong>of</strong>lxedva: kerZod, ontologiuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT, poemaSi ilia gvTavazobs xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvilis,<br />

Sesabamisad, transcendenturobisa da empireis, sinTezis princips, romlis<br />

Tanaxmadac xiluli realoba moazrebul da Semecnebul unda iqnas, rogorc<br />

RvTaebrivi samyaros emanacia. aq ki impliciturad vlindeba areopagituli<br />

qristianobis xazi, romelic ilias cnobierad da qvecnobierad SeTvisebuli<br />

aqvs rogorc rusTavelisagan (jamburia 2002: 177), aseve, Cemi azriT,<br />

nikoloz baraTaSvilisaganac.<br />

2. Sesabamisad, zogadanTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT, poemaSi adamiani<br />

moiazreba ara rogorc dapirispirebul sulier da xorciel sawyisTa Semcvel<br />

arsad, rodesac sulieri sruly<strong>of</strong>isa da transcendenturobis wvdomis<br />

procesSi apriorulia adamianis arsSi mocemuli am ori sawyisis SeuTavsebloba<br />

da ukugdebulia adamianis xorcieli buneba, aramed poemaSi adamiani<br />

impliciturad moazrebulia iseT arsad, romelic harmoniulad iTavsebs<br />

sulier da xorciel sawyisebs. gandegilis sikvdiliT simbolurad swored<br />

es ontologiuri da anTropologiuri dualizmia ukugdebuli da miniSnebulia<br />

am dualisturi Tvalsazrisis aramarTebuloba.<br />

3. xolo kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT `gandegilis~ teqstSi qvecnobierad<br />

Tu cnobierad ukufenilia, Tu kidev erTxel gansazRvrulia qarTuli<br />

qristianuli kulturis magistraluri xazi, rac Tavis mxriv areopagituli<br />

qristianobis pirvelsawyisebs (fsevdo-dionise areopageli, rusTaveli)<br />

eyrdnoba: anu, es aris samyaros mTliani modelis dasxva da y<strong>of</strong>ierebis Tavis<br />

mTlianobaSi aRqma da Semecneba, rac niSnavs s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis erT<br />

dialeqtikur mTlianobad moazrebas.<br />

155

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. am TvalsazrisiT CemTvis misaRebia g. qiqoZis miniSneba: `gancalkevebuli adgili<br />

uWiravs ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi mis poemas `gandegils~, romelSiac zogadkacobriuli,<br />

zneobrivi problemaa dasmuli~ (qiqoZe 1947: 137).<br />

aseve, konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT misaRebia l. minaSvilisa da n. Citauris<br />

dakvirvebani:<br />

`...ilia xelovani TandaTan iZireba movlenebSi, igi ufro Rrmad iazrebs adamianis<br />

arsebobis azrs, rogorc misi `gamovlenis garegani, aseve Sinagani mxriT~ (hegeli).<br />

magram poeti axla Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi simwifis xanaSi xelovanis Tavisufali xedviT<br />

Wvrets adamianis mTel Sinagan da garegan sauflos, swored aseTi SemoqmedebiTi<br />

interesebiT avsebuli, Sinaganad gawonasworebuli qmnis Tavis ukvdav `gandegils~<br />

[...]. rogorc aRiniSna, sakuTriv religiuri asketizmis aseTi Tu iseTi Sefaseba araa<br />

ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli amocana, aramed am legendis safuZvelze adamianis arsebobis<br />

azris, misi sazogadoebrivi qmedobis uzogadesi da yoveli droisaTvis metad<br />

mniSvnelovani problema ainteresebs mas. [...] asketis cxovrebis Suqze ilia saerTod<br />

adamianis arsebobis, misi adgilis zogadsayovelTao ideas datrialebs Tavs~<br />

(minaSvili 1995: 330, 331, 342).<br />

`Cveni azriT, ilias `gandegili~ romelime konkretul epoqas, mwerlis sazogadoebrivi<br />

xasiaTis gulistkivils an mis patriotul suliskveTebas ar ukavSirdeba.<br />

masSi ar Cans saqarTvelos cxovrebis alegoriuli asaxva aranairi TvalsazrisiT, poemaSi<br />

ar aris warmodgenili arc aqtiuri da pasiuri cxovrebiseuli poziciis dapirispireba<br />

da arc eris sulieri dacemis suraTia gamovlenili. `gandegili~, iseve,<br />

rogorc ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturaSi arsebuli ramdenime nawarmoebi da maT Soris<br />

iliasave Targmnili germaneli mwerlis g. ebersis romani `rameTu kaci var~, garSemo<br />

utrialebs maradiul `wyevla-krulvian~ sakiTxs, sulisa da xorcis Widils adamianis<br />

sulier samyaroSi. warmogvidgens gandegili beris fsiqologiur portrets am<br />

Widilis procesSi. ilias nawarmoebTa umetesoba xom misi didi erovnuli satkivaris<br />

gamomxatvelia. Cveni azriT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia es erovnuli satkivari `mgzavris<br />

werilebis~, `bednieri eris~, `kacia-adamianis~ da sxvaTa wakiTxvis Semdeg gandegilSi<br />

ar veZioT” (Citauri 2001: 229).<br />

2. miuRebelia ak. baqraZis debuleba, TiTqos gandegili saqarTvelos tragikuli<br />

bedis simboluri asaxva iyos. konceptualurad aramarTebuli da xelovnuria `gandegilis~<br />

teqstis sazrisis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli TematikiT `datvirTva~ da<br />

poema `aCrdilTan~ sazrisiseuli paralelebis daZebna da am ori poemis ideuri gam-<br />

Tlianeba (baqraZe 1984: 108-111):<br />

`gandegilis alegoriuli xasiaTi marjori uordropma SeamCnia da aRniSna, poema<br />

saqarTvelos cxovrebis simboluri asaxvaao. es marTalc asea. [...] iqneb es gandgoma<br />

Tavis Tavis gadarCenas gulisxmobs da ara qveynis xsnas? ase ar aris. aq unda gavixsenoT,<br />

rom gandegili myinvaris beTlemSi cxovrobs. saqme is gaxlavT, rom beTlemi<br />

aris `saxli cxovrebisa, gina siwmindisa~ (saba). myinvarwveri im uzenaesis sacxovrisia,<br />

romlis Tvali darajobs saqarTvelos:<br />

156<br />

da momevlina me kaci didi,<br />

myinvarzed mdgomi moxucebuli;<br />

viTa qveyana _ is iyo mSvidi.<br />

uZravi, uxmo, dafiqrebuli (`aCrdili”).<br />

es didi kaci mimarTvas saqarTvelos _ `marad da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var<br />

SenTana... me varo Seni Tanamdevi, ukvdavi suli~. gandegilma miaSura saqarTvelos ukvdav<br />

suls da mis wiaRSi eZebs rogorc sakuTar, ise qveynis xsnas~ (baqraZe 1984: 108, 111).<br />

rogorc es zemoT ukve aRvniSne, `gandegilis~ problematika wmindad fundamentur<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iur problematikas moicavs, kerZod, adamianis arsisa da misi arsebobis<br />

raobis problematikas, da ara erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel an socialur-say<strong>of</strong>acxovrebo<br />

problematikas.

3. m. niniZe Tavis naSromSi `dacarielebuli beTlemi. wminda ilia marTlis poema<br />

gandegilis Sesaxeb~ (niniZe 2000) poemis interpretaciisas gamoy<strong>of</strong>s or sibrtyes:.<br />

maTi azriT, poemaSi, erTi mxriv, intencirebulia wmindad asketikuri problematika<br />

da am WrilSi gadmocemulia erTi asketi beris tragikuli marcxi asketikis gzaze<br />

(niniZe 2000: 23-64); meore mxriv, poemaSi asketi beris asketuri cxovrebisa da misi<br />

tragikuli aRsasrulis fonze alegoriulad gadmocemulia erovnuli problematika,<br />

kerZod, ilias Tanamedrove saqrTvelos da qarTveli eris dacemuli zneobrivi y<strong>of</strong>a,<br />

romelic moculia amao da warmavali amqveyniuri materialuri Rirebulebebisaken<br />

swrafviT (niniZe 2000: 64-85, 92-97): `amgvari axsna nawarmoebis Sinaarsisa (anu,<br />

`gandegilis~, rogorc wmindad asketikuri da erovnuli problematikis Semcvel<br />

mxatvrul teqstad interpretacia _ k. b.), romelic mraval mecniers filos<strong>of</strong>iur<br />

poemad miaCnia, sruliad ar akninebs mis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. poets araCveulebrivad<br />

aqvs warmoCenili nawarmoebis orive plani _ zedapirulic, erTi beris sulieri<br />

gardatexa, misi tragedia; da igavur-mxatvrulic _ eris sulieri dacemis suraTi,<br />

eris tragedia. orive maTgani ise Rrmad da safuZvlianad aqvs gaazrebuli avtors,<br />

rom berisa da qveynis kerZo saxeebSi amasTanave Cans zogadadamianuri, sakacobrio<br />

problemebic~ (Tumca, mTels naSromSi aqcenti mainc pirvel or planzea gadatanili,<br />

anu `gandegilis~ teqsti gaazrebulia erTi mxriv, rogorc asketi berisa, da meore<br />

mxriv, rogorc saqarTvelos tragedia, xolo mesame plani, anu gandegilis zogadfilos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

sazrisi mainc interpretaciis miRma darCa _ k. b.) (niniZe 2000: 98).<br />

ra Tqma unda, `gandegilis~ teqstis aRniSnul doneebze interpretacia SesaZlebelia,<br />

magram, Cemi azriT, es iqneba teqstis mxolod nawilobrivi da arasruly<strong>of</strong>ili,<br />

da saboloo jamSi konceptualurad gaumarTavi interpretacia. Sevecdebi davasabu-<br />

To Cemi hermenevtikuli pozicia:<br />

I. Tuki `gandegilis” teqstis ZiriTad sazriss mxolod erTi konkretuli asketi<br />

beris tragikuli istoriis doneze gavigebT da ganvmartavT (niniZe 2000: 23-64), maSin<br />

ilia, rogorc realisti avtori warmoCndeba rogorc realizmis poetikis principebisa<br />

da SemoqmedebiTi meTodis ugulebelmy<strong>of</strong>eli Semoqmedi, ramdenadac aq ukve<br />

teqstSi dasmuli problematikis yovelgvari ganzogadebis saSualeba ispoba. cxadia,<br />

pirvel rigSi swored ganzogadebis xarisxis maCvenebliT gamoirCeva realisturi<br />

tipis mxatvruli teqsti, problemis ganzogadebis unaria misi umTavresi Tviseba.<br />

xolo `gandegilis~ interpretacia mxolod erTi persionaJis (asketi beris) tragediis<br />

WrilSi teqstis sazriss ganzogadebis saSualebas uspobs. arada, ilia, rogorc<br />

realisti mwerali da qarTuli realisturi mwerlobis umTavresi warmomadgeneli,<br />

mudmivad avlens Tavis Tavs rogorc SemoqmedebiTad adekvaturi, avtori misi<br />

nebismieri teqsti swored SemoqmedebiTi adekvaturobiT gamoirCeva, igi arasdros<br />

Ralatobs realizmis poetikisa da SemoqmedebiTi meTodis principebs. Sesabamisad,<br />

mis mxatvrul teqstebSi ara ama Tu im persionaJis calke aRebuli problematikaa<br />

mxatvrulad gaazrebuli, aramed zogadad sazogadoebis, qveynisa da eris aqtualuri<br />

problematikaa esTetikurad ganzogadebuli (`luarsab TaTqariZe~, `sarCobelazed~<br />

`oTaraanT qvrivi~, `mgzavris werilebi~, `aCrdili~ da sxv.).<br />

II. xolo, Tuki poemis teqsti iZleva ganzogadebis saSualebas, da es marTlac asea,<br />

maSin warmoiqmneba xolme hermenevtikuli cTomileba, rodesac xSirad xdeba<br />

`gandegilis~ problematikis aprioruli mibma ilias mTliani Semoqmedebis ZiriTad<br />

problematikaze, kerZod, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel problematikaze. Semdgom<br />

swored am WrilSi xdeba `gandegilis~ saxismetyvelebisa da ZiriTadi sazrisis ganmarteba-gageba.<br />

Sesabamisad, gandegili beri warmoCndeba, rogorc eris sulieri<br />

ganaxlebisaTvis moRvawe pirovneba, mwyemsi qali _ rogorc qarTveli eris sulierad<br />

dakninebuli cxovrebis simbolur gansaxiereba, beTlemis mRvime da myinvarwveri _<br />

rogorc saqarTvelos sulierad amaRlebuli heroikuli istoriuli warsulis<br />

simbolo, xolo, yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, gandegili berisa da mwyemsi qalis<br />

urTierToba _ rogorc qarTveli eris Sinagani brZola sulier da xorciel<br />

sawyisebTan. Sesabamisad, gandegilis marcxi asketikis gzaze alegoriulad gaiazreba,<br />

rogorc qarTveli eris zneobrivi dacema, rac gamowveulia qarTvelobis<br />

materialuri Rirebulebebisadmi, wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis sacTurisadmi ltolviT da eris<br />

157

sulieri cxovrebis dakninebiT, razec poemis finali mianiSnebs (niniZe 2000: 64-85, 92-<br />

97).<br />

[unda aRiniSnos, rom poemis finali marTlac Semzaravia: `da iq, sad wmindanT udidebiaT<br />

// RmerTi msjavris da WeSmaritebis, // iq, sad uwiravT uflisa mimarT //<br />

msxverpli qebisa da RaRadebis, // aw Soris nangrevT da natamalTa // marto qariRa<br />

dadis da qSuis, da gamomfrTxali Weqa-quxiliT // mun Sexvewili nadiri Rmuis...~<br />

(WavWavaZe 2007: 159). aq TiTqos nicSeseuli `RmerTis sikvdilia~ poeturi intuiciiT<br />

nagrZnobi da gacxadebuli, rac sruliad Seesabameba XIX saukunis meore naxevris<br />

saqarTvelos sulier y<strong>of</strong>as, ramdenadac qarTveli eris cnobierebasa da qarTveli<br />

eris yoveldRiur y<strong>of</strong>aSi RmerTi marTlac mokvda. SemTxveviTi araa, rom poemis<br />

finalSi intencirebuli es nicSeanuri winaTgrZnoba swored konkretuli istoriuli<br />

kataklizmebiTaa Sepirobebuli, rac, rogorc cnobilia, ganviTarda ilias Tanamedrove<br />

saqarTvelos istoriaSi: ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri<br />

eklesiis gauqmeba, ramac sulieri da erovnuli TvalsazrisiT gamoiwvia<br />

qarTveli eris sulieri da kulturuli dezorientacia, da ramac SemdgomSi didad<br />

Seuwyo xeli saqarTveloSi aTeistur-materialisturi ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis uswrafes<br />

gavrcelebas marqsizmis formiT _ mesame dasis gamosvala.]<br />

TavisTavad, `gandegilis~ teqstis interpretacia pirvel donezec SeiZleba da<br />

meore donezec, magram, Cemi azriT, `gandegilis~ problematika kidev ufro Rrmaa,<br />

vidre es teqstis sazrisis konkretuli personaJis (asketi beris) asketur moRvaweobasa<br />

da poema `aCrdilis~ tipis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel Tematikasa da patriotul<br />

eTosze reducirebaa. `gandegilis~ teqstis sazrisiseuli diskursi pirvel<br />

rigSi wmindad zogadfilos<strong>of</strong>iur problematikazea mimarTuli, sadac amavdroulad<br />

ikveTeba qarTuli qristianuli kulturis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi orientiri da avtoriseuli<br />

religiur-filos<strong>of</strong>iuri mrwamsi. Cemi azriT, `gandegilis~ hermenevtika<br />

swored am mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos (risi cdac aris kidec Cemi satatia), ramdenadac<br />

poemis teqstis ZiriTadi WeSmariti sazrisi swored esaa da ara erTi konkretuli<br />

gandegili beris asketuri gzisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli problematika.<br />

saboloo jamSi poemis teqstis am doneebze interpretacia meoradi amocanaa,<br />

ramdenadac es iqneboda teqstis mxolod fsiqologiur da moralur, an sociologiur<br />

doneze interpretacia, rac interpretaciis process aacdenda teqstis ZiriTad<br />

sazriss, teqstis umTavres zogadfilos<strong>of</strong>iur sazriss, kerZod, adamianisa (subieqti)<br />

da samyaros (obieqti) urTierTmimarTebis ontologiur problematikas, rac qmnis<br />

kidec teqstis ufro siRrmiseul sazriss _ teqstis mesame sibrtyes, rac iZleva<br />

“gandegilis~ teqstis mesame doneze interpretaciis, anu filos<strong>of</strong>iur-aRyvanebiTi<br />

(spiritualuri, gonismieri) interpretaciis saSualebas.<br />

4. kita abaSiZe Tavis `etiudebSi~ detalurad gadmoscems `gandegilze~ ilias<br />

Tanamedrove kritikisa da sazogadoebis reaqciebs:<br />

`sakvirveli bedi gamoiara i. WavWavaZis zemoxsenebulma poemam. kargad maxsovs, rom<br />

quTaisSi am poemis gamo didi miTqma-moTqma iyo. [...] ilias kalamma umtyuna, uazro<br />

Txzuleba dagviwerao, ambobda erTi, aba ra Svilia, gaiZaxoda meore, ilia gviqadagebs,<br />

berad SedeqiT, sawuTro ese sazizRaria da sulis mSvidobas mxolod romelsame<br />

udabnos senakSi moipovebTo. saSinlad swyindaT, avtorma `kacia-adamianisa~ da `kako<br />

yaCaRisam~ aseTi ram rad dagviwerao. amgvari azris dabadeba quTaisis sazogadoebaSi<br />

unda mieweros, udrood daRupuls, niWier kritikoss est. boslevels (mWedliZes). ai,<br />

rasa swerda maSin gansvenebuli est. bosleveli gazeT `Sromis~ meTvramete nomerSi<br />

(1883): `unda SevniSnoT, rom es poema TiTqo axal xanas iwyebs il. WavWavaZis poetur<br />

moRvaweobaSi. am poemidan sCans, rom Cvenma erTma ukeTesma poetTaganma, TiTqo<br />

mianeba Tavi cxovrebisaTvis kiTxvebis gamoxatvas poeziaSi, TiTqo cxovrebasac Seswyra<br />

da mis avsa da kargs gverdi auqcia. amgvar faqts Cvens literaturaSi da cxovrebaSiac<br />

ki aqvs, rasakvirvelia, Tavis gasamarTlebeli sabuTi, magram amas mainc ver<br />

davarqmevT Cveni mwerlobis fexis winwadgmas. piriqiT, Zalian samwuxaro iqneba, Tu<br />

Cvenma niWierma poetebma realur cxovrebas, rogorc erT rasme Wirians Tvali aarides<br />

da gansveneba eZies `gandegilisTana~ poemaSi~ (abaSiZe 1962: 157-158).<br />

158

5. ilias `gandegilSi~ areopagitul qristianobaze dafuZnebuli rusTveliseuli<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvis ukufenaze marTebulad miuTiTes T. vasaZem da k. jamburiam:<br />

`ilias mier asketizmisTvis dapirispirebuli sicocxlismoyvare ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba,<br />

romelsac amqveyniuri sinamdvilis arsad RvTiuri sikeTe da mSveniereba esaxeba,<br />

axlosaa `vefxistyaosnis~ gammsWvalav ms<strong>of</strong>lgagebasTan _ boroteba ararsia, amqveyniuri<br />

samyaros arsi aris sikeTe da mSveniereba, romelic RvTaebrivia Tavisi warmomavlobiT<br />

da bunebiT. [...] rusTvelis poemaSi da optimistur, amqveyniuri silamazis<br />

moyvare da damfasebel nacionalur ms<strong>of</strong>laRqmaSi poulobs ilia WavWavaZe asketizmis<br />

damZlev pozitiur mrwamss~ (vasaZe 2010: 74).<br />

`amTaviTve sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom areopagituli azrovnebis nakadi ilias<br />

mxatvrul samyaroSi Semodis ara uSualod, aramed `vefxistyaosnis~ gziT, romelsac<br />

saerTod Zalzed didi adgili eTmoba mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi. misi publicistikis<br />

Seswavla imis gacxadebis safuZvels iZleva, rom ilia `vefxistyaosnis~ saukeTeso<br />

mcodnea Tavis epoqaSi. [...] mas imdenad aqvs miRebuli da gaTavisebuli rusTveluri<br />

sibrZne, rom Tavisuflad da SemoqmedebiTad iyenebs mas Tavisi mxatvruli samyaros<br />

agebis dros~ (jamburia 2002: 177).<br />

6. aRsaniSnavia, rom areopagituli qristianobis nakadi aseve ukufenilia akakis<br />

poemaSi `Tornike erisTavi~, kerZod, es TvalsaCinoa Tornike erisTavisa da kaTalikosis<br />

dialogSi, sadac kaTalikosis piriTaa gacxadebuli qarTuli qristianuli<br />

kulturis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi ideali:<br />

`magram me mainc msurs Segagono,<br />

rom Semcdaria Seni goneba:<br />

nuTu Sen, marTla, rame ggonia<br />

cariel sityviT RvTisa dideba?<br />

gana Rvawlia xorcielisgan<br />

ama s<strong>of</strong>lisa krZalva-rideba?<br />

da es qveyana mSvenebiT savse,<br />

Semoqmedebis gamomxatveli,<br />

nuTu mitom gvaqvs moniWebuli,<br />

rom Cvenis nebiT aviRoT xeli?<br />

vinca iwunebs TavmoyvarebiT<br />

am miuwvdomel didsa qmnilebas<br />

da uarsa hy<strong>of</strong>s kanoniersa<br />

bunebis yovlgvar moTxovnilebas,<br />

is uarsa hy<strong>of</strong>s TviT Semoqmedsa!<br />

sabarlo aris is da Semcdari,<br />

radgan ar icis, Tu qveynierad<br />

rad mogvevlina Cven macxovari!~<br />

(wereTli 1978: 349-350).<br />

aSkaraa, rom qarTuli qristianuli kulturis magistraluri xazis recefciis<br />

TvalsazrisiT ilia da akaki erT poziciaze idgnen.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

abaSiZe 1962: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis<br />

istoriidan. Tb.: Tsu, 1962.<br />

baqraZe 1984: baqraZe ak. ilia WavWavaZe. Tb.:` nakaduli~, 1984.<br />

buaCiZe 2005: buaCiZe T. ilias `ubeduri~ gandegili da hegelis `ubeduri<br />

cnobiereba~. _ buaCiZe T. filos<strong>of</strong>iuri narkvevebi. t. II, Tb.: Tsu, 2005.<br />

vasaZe 2010: vasaZe T. `yovlad Zlieri mSveniereba~. _ vasaZe T. literatura<br />

WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.<br />

159

zandukeli 1976: zandukeli m. Txzulebani. t. II, axali qarTuli literatura.<br />

Tb.: 1976.<br />

TvaraZe 1985: TvaraZe r. areopageli da rusTaveli (gv. 255-286); _ TvaraZe<br />

r. TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1985.<br />

kalandariSvili 1982: kalandariSvili g. asketizmis problema ilia WavWavaZis<br />

`gandegilSi~. `macne~. enisa da literaturis seria. № 4, Tb.: 1982.<br />

kotetiSvili 1965: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi or wignad. wigni I. axali<br />

qarTuli literaturis istoria (XIX s.). Tb.: 1965.<br />

metreveli 1993: metreveli f. `gandegilis~ problematika. `religia~, № 2, Tb.:<br />

1993.<br />

mecleri... 2008: Metzler Lexikon literarischer Symbole, hg. von G. Butzer, Metzler,<br />

Stuttgart/Weimar, 2008.<br />

minaSvili 1995: minaSvili l. ilia WavWavaZe. cxovreba da SemoqmedebiTi<br />

aspeqtebis daxasiaTeba. Tb.: Tsu, 1995.<br />

niniZe 2000: niniZe m. dacarielebuli beTlemi. wminda ilia marTlis poema<br />

`gandegilis~ Sesaxeb. Tb.: 2000.<br />

qiqoZe 1947: qiqoZe g. qarTuli literaturis istoria (XIX s.). Tb.: 1947.<br />

Citauri 2001: Citauri n. kvlav ilias `gandegilis~ Sesaxeb. literaturuli<br />

Ziebani. XXII. Tb.: 2001.<br />

wereTeli 1978: wereTeli ak. qarTuli poezia. t. 8. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1978.<br />

WavWavaZe 2007: WavWavaZe i. qarTuli mwerloba. t. 11, Tb.: `nakaduli~, 2007.<br />

jamburia 2002: jamburia k. `RmerTi siyvaruli ars~. sjani, 3, Tb.: 2002.<br />

Konstantine Bregadze<br />

160<br />

Ontology <strong>of</strong> the Relationship Between World and Heaven in the<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Realistic Writing (according to Ilia Chavchavadze’s “The Hermit”)<br />

(Summary)<br />

1. Against the whole background <strong>of</strong> I. Chavchavadze’s (1837-1907) poetry, “The<br />

Hermit ”(1883) is set <strong>of</strong>f as a marginal piece, as an ‘abstraction’ from the overall context,<br />

since the conceptual discourse <strong>of</strong> the poem, and the issues posed therein deviate from the<br />

mainstream <strong>of</strong> the national patriotic and liberating content, rhetoric and narrative that serve<br />

as the determining feature for the majority <strong>of</strong> Ilya’s lyric or epic-lyric texts (e.g. the poetic<br />

works “Elegy”, “I hear…”; “Spring”, “Lines to a <strong>Georgian</strong> Mother”, “Bazaleti Lake”, “My<br />

Dear Country …”, “My pen …”, “Happy Nation”, “The Poet”, “Since the time that ...”,<br />

“The Shadow”, “Demetre the Devoted”). Contrary to this, through the character<br />

constellation featuring an ascetic monk and a shepherdess, Ilia addresses anthropological,<br />

existential and ontological issues, i.e. purely fundamental philosophical issues, and from<br />

this perspective attempts to reason (and consequently, derive conclusions) on the everstanding<br />

problem <strong>of</strong> dualism <strong>of</strong> world and heaven in the format <strong>of</strong> a literary text.<br />

2. When conceptualizing the issue <strong>of</strong> relationship between the visible and the<br />

invisible worlds, Ilia follows the Rustvelian line, which on its part is related to the pseudo-<br />

Dionysian (Peter the Iberian’s) interpretation <strong>of</strong> Christian teachings, widely adopted in the<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> culture, whose ontological concept treats the visible and invisible reality, the<br />

transcendental and the empirical, without dualism, admitting to their synthetic nature. As<br />

concerns the anthropological perspective, the Areopagitic studies regard a human as a

eing incorporating in itself bodily as well as spiritual proto-origins and further cultivating<br />

their synthesis.<br />

3. This fundamental ontological and anthropological line adopted and actualized in<br />

the <strong>Georgian</strong> Christian Culture - Peter the Iberian → Giorgi Merchule (George the<br />

Theologian) → <strong>Rustaveli</strong> → Saba → Guramishvili → Baratashvili - is reinterpreted and<br />

refreshed in Ilia Chavchavadze’s poem “The Hermit”, where the ascetic monk personifies<br />

incomplete interpretation <strong>of</strong> the Christian teaching, according to which the visible reality a<br />

priori embodies the domain <strong>of</strong> demonic, evil spirits. Hence, in terms <strong>of</strong> this ascetic<br />

Christianity, the visible reality is the realm <strong>of</strong> the untruthful, while the shepherdess <strong>of</strong> the<br />

poem personifies the Areopagitic line <strong>of</strong> the Christian teaching, which treats the visible<br />

world as a likewise divine creation and develops the principle <strong>of</strong> synthesis <strong>of</strong> the visible<br />

and the invisible, and consequently, <strong>of</strong> world and heaven, where the ontological dualism <strong>of</strong><br />

ascetic Christianity is overcome.<br />

4. In this connection, I believe that this literary text by Ilia Chavchavadze should be<br />

interpreted as an attempt to re-adopt and revive the Areopagitic Christian values in the<br />

writer’s contemporary <strong>Georgian</strong> culture, which, by that time – the second half <strong>of</strong> the 19 th<br />

century – had deviated from the above-mentioned mainline <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong> Christian<br />

culture.<br />

5. From the culturological perspective, Ilia’s attempt to revive this conceptual<br />

discourse in Georgia <strong>of</strong> the 1880s-1890s, when the nation was almost fully isolated from<br />

the European cultural and political environment and was a mere colonial supplement to the<br />

Russian Empire, when the development <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong> culture had deviated from Peter<br />

the Iberian’s and the <strong>Rustaveli</strong>an line <strong>of</strong> world outlook, and when Marxist and socialist<br />

ideas started to spread (the appearance <strong>of</strong> the Third Congregation (“Mesame Dasi”),<br />

against this background, the fundamental ontological ideas posed in the poem were set <strong>of</strong>f<br />

as a marginal discourse.<br />

6. The problem <strong>of</strong> dualism <strong>of</strong> world and heaven developed in “The Hermit” was<br />

likewise fully abstracted and incoherent with the immediate context <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

literary process <strong>of</strong> that period: when “The Hermit” was published, the tendencies typical <strong>of</strong><br />

naturalist and psychological prose and themes featuring social life (G. Tsereteli, E.<br />

Ninoshvili, Sh. Aragvispireli, etc.) were being gradually established in the <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

literary narrative, and for this kind <strong>of</strong> literature the ontological issues challenged in “The<br />

Hermit” were a priori alien and ‘unacceptable’.<br />

7. Meanwhile, the <strong>Georgian</strong> social and political reality was becoming increasingly<br />

gripped by Marxist and materialistic ideas that treated a human as a purely biological<br />

being, whose existence was basically determined by exploitative propensities (‘being<br />

determines consciousness’), while in ontological terms, Marxism foregrounded monistic<br />

and materialistic understanding <strong>of</strong> being.<br />

8. Considering the existing weltanschauung and the cultural context, the text <strong>of</strong> “The<br />

Hermit” may at first sight appear completely anachronistic and marginal. However, in the<br />

overall historical context <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> literature and culture the text will appear not as a<br />

marginal literary piece, but as the continuation <strong>of</strong> the mainstream weltanschauung inherent<br />

with the <strong>Georgian</strong> Christian culture - Peter the Iberian → Merchule → <strong>Rustaveli</strong> → Saba<br />

→ Guramishvili → Baratashvili.<br />

9. Therefore, Ilia’s “The Hermit” is to be perceived as an attempt to continue this<br />

culturological mainline in the field <strong>of</strong> aesthetics. I believe that the poem is significant<br />

161

exactly from this perspective and will serve as an orientative paradigm capable <strong>of</strong> pointing<br />

to the <strong>Georgian</strong> cultural weltanschauung in the future as well.<br />

10. Today this text is also to be perceived as Ilia’s philosophical creed and world<br />

view where anthropological and ontological problems are considered in the light <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Christian weltanschauung (Peter the Iberian, <strong>Rustaveli</strong>).<br />

11. Thus, if we today raise a question on the significance and relevance <strong>of</strong> the “The<br />

Hermit”, two important circumstances should be singled out that determine these two<br />

values <strong>of</strong> the text in the context <strong>of</strong> Ilia’s literary works as well as on a broader scale – the<br />

overall background <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> literature and culture:<br />

a. In the text Ilia unfolds his own Christian-philosophical creed;<br />

b. The text re-determines and re-defines the mainline <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong> Christian<br />

culture.<br />

12. Therefore, although the poem is abstracted from the context <strong>of</strong> Ilia’s literary<br />

works as well as from the social and cultural environment <strong>of</strong> the period, this lyric-epic text<br />

never loses its appeal, relevance and significance exactly in terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> cultural<br />

context, as it appears as an attempt to revive in a literary text the mainline <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

Christian culture (Peter the Iberian, <strong>Rustaveli</strong>), restore the cultural identity and outline the<br />

future spiritual and cultural orientative contours for the <strong>Georgian</strong> nation in the 19 th century<br />

colonial Georgia.<br />

13. Hence, today Ilia’s poem appears as an attempt to revive and preserve the<br />

ontological and anthropological vision formed at an early stage <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> Christian<br />

culture and developed in the Middle Ages (the 12 th -13 th centuries) in Ilia’s contemporary<br />

disoriented <strong>Georgian</strong> socio-cultural environment, which had lost its identity.<br />

162

venera kavTiaSvili<br />

ilia WavWavaZisa da hainrix haines Semoqmedebis<br />

tipologiisaTvis<br />

gasuli ori saukunis manZilze samyaro Zlier `dapataravda~. sakomunikacio<br />

saSualebaTa daxvewam, teqnikurma revoluciebma kulturaTa Soris<br />

dialogebic gaaqtiura. jer kidev goeTe werda: `dRes erovnuli literatura<br />

bevrs verafers ambobs, dRis wesrigSi dgeba ms<strong>of</strong>lio literatura da<br />

yvelas valia, daaCqaros am literaturis meufebis epoqa~ (goeTe 1988: 125).<br />

Tu amas imasac davumatebT, rom me-19 saukunidan antikuri sinTezuri<br />

xelovnebis aRdgenisaken swrafvas (r. vagneri) Cvens epoqaSi erovnul<br />

literaturaTa kvlevebSi interdisciplinaruli da multiinterpretaciuli<br />

meTodebis SemoWrac daemata, gasagebi xdeba, ra perspeqtivebis winaSe<br />

dgeba komparativistuli kvlevebi. magram aqve Tavs iCens gavlenebis winaSe<br />

SiSi, rac literaturis mkvlevarTaTvis yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli interesis<br />

sagans warmoadgenda. Tumca iseT gavlenian (CvenSi ityvian, elitarulio)<br />

kritikoss, rogoric harold blumia, miaCnia, rom `nebismieri leqsis kompoziciaze<br />

gavlena garduvalia, Tumca am dros winamorbedis namuSaveri Zalze<br />

mkveTrad sxvaferdeba~ (abramsi 2004: 238). ilia WavWavaZe ki miiCnevda, rom<br />

xSirad winamavali teqstebi ise Rrmad iWrebian adamianis sulSi, ise gaTavisdebian,<br />

rom garkveuli azri Tu poeturi saxe gulwrfelad sakuTari ggoniao.<br />

igi, rogorc didi eruditi, kargad icnobda Tavis Tanamedrove mecnierebis<br />

miRwevebs, didi interesiT swavlobda ekonomikur da politikur<br />

moZRvrebebs; xelovnebis, literaturis da esTetikis sakiTxebs; safuZvlianad<br />

icnobda pegelis esTetikasa da ipolit tenis xelovnebis filos<strong>of</strong>ias;<br />

volteris, monteskies, Jan-Jak rusos nawerebs; hiugos, valter skotis,<br />

Tomas murisa da Zveli da Tavis Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis metnaklebad<br />

mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebis Semoqmedebas, magram evropuli<br />

literaturis, misi kulturis, misi sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis<br />

safuZvlianad mcodne iliasaTvis sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />

hqonda germaniasa da germanul kulturas, mis literaturas, radganac man<br />

arsebiTi roli Seasrula ilia WavWavaZis myar erovnul niadagze aRmocenebuli<br />

ideur-ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi da esTetikuri mrwamsis Camoyalibebis<br />

saqmeSi. amas Tavisi obieqturi mizezebic aqvs: erTi is, rom ilia WavWavaZem<br />

umaRlesi ganaTleba peterburgSi miiRo (Tu ar CavTvliT imasac, rom ymawvilobisas<br />

hakes pansionSi swavlobda da germaneli kaci Tavis saswavlebelSi<br />

germanuli kulturis propagandasac gaswevda), xolo misi peterburgSi ganswavlis<br />

wlebi daemTxva im periods, roca ruseTis liberalur-Tavadaznaurel<br />

banaksa da revolucioner-demokratebs Soris metad mZafri da gadauwyveteli<br />

winaaRmdegoba warmoiSva. aseT pirobebSi literaturul-publicisturi<br />

saqmianoba, rogorc arasdros, sazogadoebrivi da politikuri<br />

brZolis ferxulSi Caeba, xolo germanuli klasikuri filos<strong>of</strong>ia da literatura<br />

rusuli mowinave azrisa da literaturis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca,<br />

rasac ar SeiZleba, gavlena ar moexdina ruseTSi ganaTlebamiRebul<br />

mweralze da meorec: ocdaaTwliani omebisagan politikurad daqucmacebuli<br />

da ekonomikurad dakninebuli germaniis mdgomareobas, miuxedavad specifikuri<br />

viTarebiT gamowveuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebisa, tipologi-<br />

163

urad esadageboda ucxoelTa gamudmebuli SemosevebiTa da bolos ruseTis<br />

uRelqveS mgminavi saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovreba. swored tipologiuri<br />

msgavsebiT unda aixsnas germaniis savalalo mdgomareobis tragikulad<br />

ganmcdeli holderlinis mier samSoblos mdgomareobis daxasiaTebisa<br />

da ilias mier saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sefasebis analogiuroba:<br />

`me ver warmomidgenia sxva xalxi, romelic ufro dafleTili<br />

(zerrisner) iyos, vidre germanelebia. xelosnebs xedav aq, magram ara adamianebs,<br />

moazrovneebs, magram ara adamianebs, moZRvrebs, magram ara adamianebs,<br />

batonebsa da msaxurebs, axalgazrdebsa da moxucebs, magram ara adamianebs~<br />

(holderlini 1953: 635). ilia ki Tavis gulistkivils ase gamoxatavda: `arian<br />

Tavadni, aznaurni, mRvdelni, vaWarni, glexni, Cinianni da uCinoni — yvelani<br />

arian, magram qarTveli ki arsad aris~ (WavWavaZe : 73).<br />

germanul klasikur literaturasTan ilia WavWavaZis mimarTebaze msjeloba<br />

hainrix haineTi unda daviwyoT, radgan marto Cveni survili ki ar aris<br />

aseTi, aramed ilias mimarTebas goeTesTan da gnebaT lesingTan da SilerTan<br />

is esTetika da ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba gansazRvravda, romelic haines zemoqmedebiT<br />

Camouyalibda mas. es arc aris gasakviri. haines gavlena aSkarad<br />

igrZnoba belinskis, gercenis, CerniSevskis, dobroliubovis, pisarevis,<br />

mixailovis, minaevis da sxvaTa naazrevze, anu im wreze, romelic `sovremenikis~,<br />

`russkoe slovos~ da `kolokolis~ garSemo ikribeboda. am wres ekuTvnodnen<br />

peterburgSi saswavlelad wasuli qarTveli studentebi ilia<br />

WavWavaZis CaTvliT, romlebic, TviT ilias TqmiT, Rameebs aTenebdnen<br />

`sovremenikis~ kiTxvaSi. swored dasaxelebuli organoebi iTvlebodnen<br />

haines naazrevis useriozules popularizatorebad. Znelia daiZebnos saz-<br />

RvargareTeli mwerali, romelsac iseTi ganuzomeli avtoritetiT esargebla<br />

imdroindel ruseTSi, rogoriTac haine sargeblobda. ilia WavWavaZemac<br />

misi Semoqmedeba arsebiTad pirvelad aq gaicno da rogorc Cans, igi zedmiwevniT<br />

icnobda haines mxatvrul Semoqmedebas da publicistur-kritikul<br />

Tu filos<strong>of</strong>iur-esTetikuri xasiaTis nawerebsac. amis dasturia ilias mier<br />

calkeul movlenaTa iseTi analizi da ganzogadeba, rac mas tipologiurad<br />

aaxloebs hainrix hainesTan. orive mwerali sworad warmosaxavda arsebuls.<br />

isini maxvili satiriT, Rrma analiziTa da gamosaxvis araCveulebrivi niWiT<br />

uaryoTdnen imas, rac aferxebda cxovrebas, amcirebda adamianis Rirsebas,<br />

xolo meore mxriv im perspeqtivasac saxavdnen, rasac unda Seecvala Zveli.<br />

amitom iyo, rom maTi mZafri dacinva erTnairad xmianobda literaturasa da<br />

publcistikaSi. gavixsenoT Tundac haines pamfleti graf platenze da<br />

ilias `oriode sityva...~ da `pasuxi...~ (oriveSi enis sakiTxsebisa da siZveliT<br />

gadaWarbebuli gatacebis kritikaa mocemuli); an kidev, haines cnobili<br />

lirikuli Sedevrebi: `Sesxma ludvig mefisa~, `axali aleqsandre~, `amomrCeveli<br />

virebi~, `CineTis imperatori~, `safrTxobela~ da ilias `kacia-adamiani?!~<br />

hainem Tavis publicistur naSromSi `religiisa da filos<strong>of</strong>iis istoriisaTvis<br />

germaniaSi~ pirvelma wamoayena debuleba, rom germaniaSi revoluciis<br />

ideuri wanamZRvrebi ukve Seqmnilia, axla ki droa filos<strong>of</strong>osobidan<br />

moqmedebaze, sityvidan saqmeze gadavideTo. haines es sityvebi rusma revolucioner-demokratebma<br />

aitaces da TavianTi praqtikuli saqmianobis devizad<br />

gaixades. dobroliubovma naTlad gamoxata es ideali, roca ganacxada:<br />

`frazam dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, TviT sazogadoebaSi daibada moTxovnileba<br />

saqmisa~ (dobroliubovi 1972: 74). am sakiTxs man leqsic uZRvna ("Ещё<br />

работы в жизни много", iqve, gv. 434). rac Seexeba ilia WavWavaZes, misi gamosvla<br />

164

SemoqmedebiT asparezze Taviseburi `Sturm und Drang~-is dasawyisi iyo Cveni<br />

imdroindeli cxovrebis pirobebSi. sityvis magier cocxali, praqtikuli<br />

saqmianoba ilias idealsac warmoadgenda. `mgzavris werilebSi~ samSoblosaken<br />

momavali poeti fiqrobs, Tu rogor Sexvdeba Tavis qveyanas, ras etyvis<br />

axals; SeZlebs Tu ara, rom Tavisi sityviT tkivili dauamos da a. S. bolos ki<br />

SeniSnavs: `...magram amas sul sityvebze vlaparakob, saqme ki saqmeSia. Senma<br />

qveyanam saqme rom mogTxovos, maSin rasa iqm? _ vkiTxe Cems Tavs da gavCerdi<br />

kidec. vigrZen, rom am kiTxvam Sewyvita is zemoxsenebuli fiqrebis feradi<br />

grexili~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 14). sxvagan ki ilia gadaWriT acxadebs: `Cveni saqme<br />

saqarTvelos xalxis cxovrebaa. misi gamomjobineba Cveni pirveli da ukanaskneli<br />

survilia~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 129). amitom iyo, rom misi poeturi kredo<br />

Sors idga `wminda xelovnebis~ Teoriisagan, rac ase mkafiod gaamJRavna<br />

Tavis Wabukobisdroindel leqsSi `poeti~:<br />

misTvis ar vmRer, rom vimRero,<br />

viT frinvelma gareganma,<br />

ara marto tkbil xmebisTvis<br />

gamomgzavna qveynad cama.<br />

me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis<br />

miwieri zeciersa,<br />

RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob,<br />

rom warvuZRve wina ersa...<br />

eris wyluli maCndes wylulad,<br />

mewodes mis tanjviT suli,<br />

mis bediT da ubedobiT<br />

damedagos mtkice guli...<br />

es sityvebi gamoZaxilia haines sityvebisa.<br />

Sen RuRuni rodi gmarTebs, rogorc verTers,<br />

sicocxle rom oxvriT lotas Sealia...<br />

_ da simRera maxviliT unda JRerdes,<br />

nu iqnebi uwyinari salamuri,<br />

uSfoTveli sulis nazi idilia;<br />

mamulisa iyav dafi da naRara...<br />

(`tendencia~, Targmani a. gelovanis)<br />

da erTgvari pasuxi erTi mxriv puSkinis leqsze:<br />

xolo, meore mxriv, goeTesi:<br />

Не для житейского волнениая,<br />

Не для корысти, не для битв,<br />

Мы рождены для вдохновенья,<br />

Для звуков сладких и молитв. (`Чернь~)<br />

Ich singe, wie ein Vogel singt,<br />

Der in den Zweigen wohnet<br />

("Wilhelm Meister")<br />

(ise vmReri, rogorc Citi<br />

gareT xis totze rom cxovrobs.)<br />

Tu, ilias azriT, puSkini ganerideba brbos, rogorc `wminda xelovnebis~<br />

qurumi, xolo goeTes moWikWike Citebis laRi xmebi itacebs, hainesa da<br />

iliasaTvis poeti xalxis Svilia, romelic marto `tkbil xmebisTvis~ ar mov-<br />

165

lenia qveyanas; igi eris aRzrdilia, misi winamZRoli, `maxvili da cecxlia~<br />

xalxTa bednierebisaTvis brZolaSi. sainteresoa erTi momentic: orive<br />

poeti xelovnebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb TavianTi mosazrebebis gamoTqmisas<br />

kritikis obieqtad goeTes iyeneben. _ haine miniSnebas akeTebs goeTes<br />

`axalgazrda verTeris vnebanze~ (Sen RuRuni rodi gmarebs, rogorc ver-<br />

Ters), ilia ki mis `vilhelm maisterze~ (ise vmReri, rogorc Citi). poeturi<br />

kredo, romelic aRniSnuli leqsebiT gamoxates, arc hainesa da arc ilias<br />

arasodes SeucvliaT. eris mware y<strong>of</strong>a, fiqri da ocneba, istoriuli qartexilebiT<br />

Sepirobebuli, maTive mware y<strong>of</strong>a, fiqri da gansacdeli iyo.<br />

haines es ideali naTlad warmoCnda mis pirvelsave prozaul TxzulebaSi<br />

`mogzaurobis suraTebi~ (mxedvelobaSi maqvs upiratesad misi pirveli nawili<br />

_ `mogzauroba harcze~), xolo iliasi — aseve mis pirvelsave prozaul<br />

tiloSi _ `mgzavris werilebi~. orive Txzuleba naTeli magaliTia ara<br />

marto mxatvrul prozasa da publicistur diskursTa Soris sazRvrebis<br />

moSlisa, ara marto problemaTa urTierTgadaZaxilisa, aramed teqstualuri<br />

da mxatvruli saxeebis Tanxvdomis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />

Tu haines TxzulebaSi mTeli simZafriTaa warmoCenili mwerlis kritikuli<br />

damokidebuleba imdroindeli usamarTlo cxovrebisadmi da am kritikis<br />

gverdiT naTlad gamosWvivis misi udidesi sulieri tkivili germaniis<br />

daqucmacebulobis gamo, rasac ironiis momarjvebiT warmoaCens avtori:<br />

`vaxSmobis Jams TavSeqcevis moyvaruli var da amitom patriotul kamaTSi<br />

Cavebi. graifsvaldeli im azrisa iyo, rom germania unda daiyos ocdacamet<br />

sadroSod. me ki, piriqiT, vamtkicebdi, rom saWiroa misi ormocdarva olqad<br />

day<strong>of</strong>a, radgan maSin SesaZlebeli iqneba ufro sistematuri saxelmZRvanelos<br />

Sedgena germaniis Sesaxeb~ (haine 1956: 53), ilias qveynis damoukideblobis<br />

dakargviT gamowveuli erovnuli katastr<strong>of</strong>is saSiSroeba ukodavda<br />

guls: `migixvdi Cemo moxevev, ra nestariTa xar naCxvleti: `Cveni Tavi<br />

Cvenadve gveyudneso~ _ Tqvi Sen da me gavigone, magram gavigone Tu ara,<br />

raRac uecarma tkivilma tvinidan gulamde Camirbina, iq gulSi gaiTxara<br />

samare da daimarxa~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 32).<br />

haines gesliani satira mimarTuli iyo filisteruli gonebaClungobisa<br />

da yoyoCuri Sovinizmis winaaRmdeg. igi sastikad akritikebda tevtomanobas,<br />

rogorc adamianis Rirsebis damamcirebel movlenas. tevtomanis tipiuri<br />

saxe warmoaCina man TxzulebaSi, roca aRwera graifsvaldelsa da Sveicarels<br />

Soris gamarTuli kamaTi. graifsvaldels, am, haines sityvebiT rom<br />

vTqvaT, `naturalur sidideSi mocemul briyvs~, Tavi ilia WavWavaZis `rusis<br />

aficeriviT~ ganaTlebul, niWier kacad miaCnia da, Turme, nacionalurgmirul<br />

poemaze muSaobs, romelSic qebaTaqebas umReris hermansa da mis<br />

brZolas romalebTan. haine dascinis ra mas, ironiiT SeniSnavs: `me mas araerTi<br />

sasargeblo rCeva miveci am eposis mosamzadeblad... rom patriotuli<br />

sinatifis momaswavebeli iqneba, Tu igi variussa da mis Tanamemamuleebs gauval<br />

sisuleleebs warmoaTqmevinebs~ (haine 1956: 54). ilia WavWavaZis satira<br />

ki mTeli simZafriT mimarTulia qarafSuta `rusis aficrisaken~, romelsac<br />

qarTveli kacis y<strong>of</strong>na peterburgSi saocar movlenad, xolo peterburgTan<br />

SedarebiT Tbilisi `witian~ qalaqad miaCnia. isic graifsvaldeliviT mwerlobs:<br />

`me mwerali gaxlavarT. gTxovT, rom micnobdeT. egre ki nu miyurebT.<br />

me davamtkice, rom peterburgia mTeli ruseTis guli~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 16).<br />

166

garda imisa, rom am or qmnilebaSi ideaTa erTianobaa, orive mwerali<br />

erTnair ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobas amJRavnebs calkeul pasaJebSic: vTqvaT, dRisa<br />

da Ramis SedarebaSi,- brokenis mTisa da myinvaris asociaciur gaazrebaSi.<br />

dRe da Rame TiTqos simbolurad ganasaxiereben adamianuri cxovrebis<br />

keTilsa da borot sawyisebs. haine gmobs bnel Rames Tavisi sizmrebiTa da<br />

moCvenebebiT. gavixsenoT goslaris sastumroSi gaTeuli Rame, roca `bolos<br />

kari gaiRo da oTaxSi fexakrefiT Semovida gansvenebuli doqtori saul<br />

aSeri. civma Jruantelma damiara tanSi, verxvis foToliviT vkankalebdi da<br />

Tvali ver gamesworebina moCvenebisaTvis~ (haine 1956: 33). an kidev msgavsi<br />

situacia brokenis sastumroSi: `Zalian cudad meZina. koSmaruli zmanebebi<br />

mqonda. yurebSi medga fortepianos partia dantes `jojoxeTidan~ (haine<br />

1956: 57). samagierod, mzis uaRresad did gamanay<strong>of</strong>ierebel Zalas grZnobs<br />

avtori. `rodesac norteni davtove, mze maRla idga da brwyinavda. mas Cem-<br />

Tvis keTili surda da magrad mixurebda Tavs, raTa masSi savsebiT<br />

momwifebuliyo yvela umwifari azri~ (haine 1956: 13). msgavs emociebs iwvevs<br />

mkiTxvelSi ilias msjeloba dRisa da Ramis Sesaxeb `mgzavris werilebSi~.<br />

adgilis SezRudulobis gamo citirebas moveridebi, mimaCnia ra, rom igi<br />

TiTqmis yvelasaTvis cnobilia. mxolod SevniSnav, rom dRisa da Ramis<br />

dapirispireba haines `mogzaurobis suraTebSi~ mxatvrul saxeebSia gaxsnili.<br />

ilia ki, TiTqos daskvnas ukeTebs haines mosazrebebs, mkacri msjelobis<br />

Semdeg dasZens. `ara, wariReT es bneli da mSvidobiani Rame Tavisi ZiliTa da<br />

sizmrebiTa da momeciT me naTeli da mousvenari dRe Tavisi tanjviTa,<br />

wvalebiTa, brZoliTa da vaivaglaxiTa~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 24).<br />

simptomaturia isic, rom TviT mTa raRac erTnair asociaciebs aRuZravs<br />

orive mwerals, raSic naTlad ikveTeba maTi ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi<br />

monaTesaveoba:<br />

haine: _ `mTasac (laparakia brokenis mTaze _ v.k.) aqvs raRac mSvidi, gamgebi,<br />

momTmeni, albaT imitom, rom mas sagnebis ase Sors da ase naTlad Wvreta<br />

SeuZlia da rodesac aseTi mTa axels Tavis bumberazul Tvalebs, SesaZloa,<br />

igi ufro mets xedavs, vidre Cven, masze mcocavi kacunebi... marTalia,<br />

igi motvlepil Tavs zogjer nislis TeTri CaCiT ifaravs, rac filisterul<br />

iers aZlevs mas, magram rogorc zogierT did germanels, masac es wminda<br />

ironiiT emarTeba~ (haine 1956: 47).<br />

ilia: _ `myinvari!.. didebulia, myudro da mSvidobiani, magram civia da<br />

TeTri, ... Ziri Tumca dedamiwaze udga, Tavi ki cas miubjenia, ganzed gamdgara,<br />

miukarebelia. ar miyvars arc magisTana simaRle, arc magisTana ganzed<br />

gadgoma, arc magisTana miukarebloba... myinvari did getes magonebs~<br />

(WavWavaZe 1988: 23).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, haines maRali mTa ironiul gandgomilad esaxeba, ilias<br />

ki — civ da miukareblad da orives `did germanels~ agonebs igi.<br />

rogorc haine germaniaSi, ise ilia WavWavaZe saqarTveloSi Seufaravad<br />

amxelda Tavisi eris nakls, miuTiTebda mis mankier mxareebze. oriveze<br />

erTnairad SeiZleba ganvavrcoT ilias sityvebi: `me yizilbaSoba arc myvarebia<br />

da arc miyvars. me rogorc mesmis, ise vlaparakob da pirdapir veubnebi<br />

kacs. es cudia da es kargia meTqi~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 51). raki haines saaSkaraoze<br />

gamohqonda qveynis cudi mxareebi da kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebda yvelas,<br />

vinc ki ukan eqaCeboda isedac sulTmobrZav mis samSoblos, bevrma mas sam-<br />

Soblos moRalatis `etiketi miakra~ da misi interesebis gamcemad Seracxa.<br />

mas xSirad uxdeboda aseTi adamianebisagan Tavis dacva da axsna-ganmarte-<br />

167

ebis micema, rom `sxvisi kargis qeba da sakuTari cudis Zageba — es kidev ar<br />

niSnavs Ralats~ (haine 1962: 434). satiruli poema `germaniis~ winasityvaoba-<br />

Si, mimarTavda ra `Sav-wiTel-yviTel livrSi~ gamowyobil germanel farisevel<br />

laqiebs, romlebmac mas `pativi dasdes~ da `samSoblos mtrad da frangTa<br />

megobris saxeliT monaTles~, werda. `damSviddiT! Tayvansa da pativsa<br />

vcems Tqvens ferebs, roca isini amas daimsaxureben, roca marto sazeimo<br />

saTamaSoni aRar iqnebian isini. aswieT Sav-wiTel-yviTeli droSa germanuli<br />

azrovnebis simaRlemde, aqcieT igi adamianobis emblemad, maSin Cemi gulidan<br />

saukeTeso sisxls misTvis gaviReb... me frangebis megobari var iseve, rogorc<br />

yvela sxvisa, vinc Wkviani da kargia~ (haine 1962: 434).<br />

iliamac araerTi sayveduri daimsaxura crupatriotTagan, `Cveni eris<br />

WuWys mourideblad gamohfenso~. umal haines zemoT moxmobili sityvebi<br />

gvaxsendeba, roca ilia aseTi adamianebisagan Tavis dasacavad ambobda:<br />

`saqarTveloSi Tu sadme ors an sams uyvars qarTveli, Cven imaTSi ukanaskneli<br />

ara varT. es ki unda vsTqvaT, rom Cven qarTvelSi gviyvars mxolod<br />

misi sikeTe, sicude ki yvelgan sazizRaria, qarTveli iqneba misi meqoni Tu<br />

anglieli~ (WavWavaZe, 1991, 132). an kidev:<br />

168<br />

Cemzed amboben: `is siaves qarTvlisas ambobs,<br />

Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia~.<br />

briyvni amboben, kargi guli ki maSinve scnobs,<br />

am siZulvilSi raodenic siyvarulia.<br />

(`Cemo kalamo~)<br />

mankierebis mxilebaSi hainesaTvis Tu ZiriTadi sabrZolo iaraRi ironia<br />

da sarkazmia, es arc iliasaTvis aris ucxo. 1881 wels ilia `iveria~-Si werda:<br />

`sul gadamaviwyda, rom adamians sityva azrisaTvis ara aqvs miniWebuli,<br />

aramed imisaTvis, rom didma sTqvas: `me Sen gibrZaneb da xma unda gaikmindo~<br />

da pataram miugos: `maqvs pativi mogaxsenoT, rom ena mucelSi Camivarda<br />

brZanebisaebr Tqvenisa~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 77).<br />

iliasaTvis haines Txzulebebi metad maxlobeli rom iyo, es iqedanac<br />

Cans, rom kritikul-publicisturi werilebis werisas xSirad mimarTavda<br />

xolme maT. ase magaliTad: icavda ra Tavisi basri kritikis meTods, `pasuxSi~<br />

ilia haines iSveliebda: `Cems ganxilvas lanZRvas isini daarqmeven, visac ...<br />

marTali sityva, pirdapiri naTqvami ar gaugia Tavis dReSi. aba waikiTxeT<br />

graf platenis leqsebis ganxilva saxelovan heinesi~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 51).<br />

ilia gulisxmobs haines `lukas wylebs~ (`mogzaurobis suraTebidan~),<br />

romelSic poeti ebrZoda leqsis klasikuri formebis motrfiale da xalxuri<br />

formebis ugulvebelmy<strong>of</strong>el platens. haines Sexedulebebi iliasaTvis<br />

misaRebi aRmoCnda, radgan igi, rogorc haine germaniaSi, CvenSi ebrZoda<br />

siZveliT gadaWarbebul gatacebas. rogorc cnobilia, ilias oriode sityva...~<br />

da `pasuxi~ CvenSi iqca axali Taobis sabrZolo programad. amave dros<br />

aRniSnulma literaturul-kritikulma werilebma gamoiwvies iseTive mZafri<br />

literaturuli skandali saqarTveloSi, rogoric ufro adre haines<br />

`lukas wylebma~ germaniaSi.<br />

moxmobili magaliTebi kidev erTi naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom msgavsi<br />

socialur-politikuri viTareba msgavs ideebsa da asociaciebs aRuZravs<br />

SemoqmedT.

ilia pirveli iyo, vinc haines leqsebi qarTulad Targmna. sakiTxs imis<br />

Sesaxeb, icoda Tu ara iliam germanuli ena, adre araerTxel SevexeT ∗ . amjerad<br />

mxolod imas vityviT, rom mas SeeZlo yvela saxis literaturis kiTxva<br />

am enaze. misi Targmanebi originalidan Sesrulebuli Cans. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

sakontrolo Sedareba mainc unda moexdina dedanTan. amis Tqmis saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs is dacilebebi, rac rusul Targmansa da ilias Targmans<br />

Soris arsebobs dedanTan miaxloebis xarjze. rusul SesaZlebel wyarod<br />

aRebuli gvaqvs mixail mixailovis Targmanebi, jer erTi, imitom, rom gavrcelebulia<br />

mosazreba, TiTqos ilia Tavis TargmanTa wyarod mixailoviseul<br />

rusul Targmanebs iyenebda da meorec, maSindel TargmanTa Soris<br />

yvelaze sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad swored mixailoviseuli Targmanebi iTvleboda. garda<br />

amisa, mixailovi Jurnal `sovremenikis~ mier mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaSi<br />

avtoritetad iyo miCneuli ∗∗ da CerniSevskis ojaxTanac daaxloebuli. Tu<br />

mxedvelobaSi miviRebT imasac, rom bevri qarTveli samocianeli da maT<br />

Soris ilia WavWavaZe garda imisa, rom aRniSnuli Jurnalis erTguli mkiTxvelebi<br />

iyvnen, daaxloebulic y<strong>of</strong>ilan CerniSevskis ojaxTan, sruliad<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom piradi nacnobobac hqonodaT m. mixailovTan.<br />

SedarebisaTvis movuxmob adgils haines leqsidan `roca Sevyureb Sensa<br />

Tvalebsa~.<br />

haine: Wenn ich in dein' Auge sehe,<br />

So schwindet all' mein Leid und Wehe.<br />

mixailovi: Когда гляжу тебе в глаза,<br />

Стихает на сердце гроза.<br />

ilia: roca Sevyureb me Sens Tvalebsa,<br />

gminva da texa gulis dumdeba.<br />

rogorc vxedavT `Leid und Wehe~ (sevda, wuxili da tkivili) mixailovs<br />

Targmnili aqvs `гроза~-d, maSin, roca ilias `gminva` da `texa~ zustad Seesatyviseba<br />

original. garda amisa, haine da ilia aTmarcvlian leqss iyeneben da<br />

JReradobiTac maqsimalurad arian daaxloebuli. mixailovi ki rvamarcvliani<br />

leqsiT Targmnis, ris gamo tempic daCqarebulia.<br />

originalTan miaxloebis cdebia mocemuli ilias mier haines meore<br />

leqsis _ `loyiT moepyar Cemsa loyasa~ Targmnisas. leqsis bolo ori striqoni<br />

ase hqonda ilias Targmnili:<br />

gadagexvevi ra oriv xeliT,<br />

movkvdebi tanjviT da netarebiT ∗∗∗ .<br />

es varianti Jurnal krebulSi (krebuli 1871: 118) asea dabeWdili: striqoni<br />

_ `gadagexvevi ra orsav xeliT~ adrindel xelnawerSi (U) № 108 (B) ki<br />

ase: `me magrad movxvev Sens tans ra xeliT~. aq aSkarad Cans Targmanis<br />

∗ ixileT `kalmasoba~, № 15, 2007; wignSi `etiudebi germanul-qarTuli literaturuli<br />

urTierTobidan~, gamomc. `mecniereba~, 1991; gaz. `Tbilisi~, 1987,<br />

∗∗ aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ixileT `sovremeniki~, 1858 w., № 5, gv. 63.<br />

∗∗∗ ilia WavWavaZis akademiuri gamocemis III tomSi, 1988 w., gv. 23, Semdgenlebs swored am<br />

saxiT SeutaniaT leqsis es monakveTi.<br />

169

dedanTan maqsimalurad miaxloebis mcdeloba, radgan haines leqsis aRniSnuli<br />

adgili ase JRers.<br />

170<br />

Und wenn dich mein Arm gewaltig umschliesst –<br />

Sterb ich von Liebessehnen.<br />

ilias `magraT~ Semoutania TargmanSi, rogorc `gewaltig~-is Sesatyvisi,<br />

xolo `mogxvev... xeliT~ `Mein Arm umschliesst~-is zusti Sesatyvisia. Cans, es<br />

varianti ar moewona da krebulSi Secvlili variantiT gamoaqveyna. saerTod,<br />

mTeli leqsi ilias dednis sizustiT uTargmnia da originalis ganwyobilebac<br />

mTlianad SeunarCunebia.<br />

ilias haines mibaZviT dauweria sami leqsi. `meca mqonia kargi mamuli~,<br />

`sixaruli hgavs~ da `vixile satrfo~.<br />

mibaZvasa da gadmokeTebas gasul saukuneSi xSirad mimarTavdnen xolme<br />

Cveni mwerlebi. ai, ras wers ilia WavWavaZe, roca Targmansa da gadmokeTebas<br />

exeba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi `sxvisi cxovreba, xasiaTsa da zne-CeulebaSi gamo-<br />

Tqmuli, naCvenebi unda iyos utyuarad da Seucvlelad~. meore SemTxvevaSi<br />

ki, ilias azriT, `ucxo xati sxvisi cxovrebisa cotad Tu bevrad Cvenis<br />

cxovrebis xatad gardaiqmneba da ramdenadac es gardaqmna didia, imdenad<br />

naSromi kargi da mosawoni... gadmomkeTebels ufro meti sagzali unda, ufro<br />

meti Rone sWiria, ufro meti niWi, vidre mTargmnelsa, gadmomkeTebels is<br />

Ronec unda hqondes, rac mTargmnels da amas garda, TviTmoqmedi Zalic<br />

Semoqmedebisa~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 125).<br />

ilias pirvel mibaZvasac (`meca mqonia kargi mamuli~) cota ram aqvs<br />

saerTo originalTan. igi auRia haines leqsebis ciklidan _ `ucxoeTSi~.<br />

haines es leqsi (`Ich hatte einst ein schönes Vaterland~), miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi<br />

naTlad Cans samSoblodan gandevniT gamowveuli sevda, arsebiTad satrfialo<br />

xasiaTisaa. igi Tavisi SinaarsiT `ucxoeTis~ ciklis pirveli da meore<br />

leqsis gagrZelebaa (TviTon es leqsi mesamea), gamoZaxilia Semdegi<br />

sityvebisa:<br />

Die Liebe, die dahinten blieb,<br />

Sie ruft sich sanft zurück.<br />

(siyvaruli, romelic iq (samSobloSi — v.k.) damrCa,<br />

kvlav mixmobs nazad).<br />

TviTon saanalizo leqsi ki ase JRers.<br />

Ich hatte einst ein shönes Vaterland.<br />

Der Eichenbaum<br />

Wuchs dort so hoch, die Veilchen nickten sanft,<br />

Es war ein Traum.<br />

Das küsste mich auf deutsch, und sprach auf deutsch.<br />

(Man glaubt es kaum<br />

Wie gut es klang) das Wort "Ich liebe dich".<br />

Es war ein Traum.<br />

(erTxel mec mqonda kargi mamuli, ase maRla rom izrdebodnen muxis<br />

xeebi, kdemiT Tavs mikravdnen iebi. es iyo mxolod sizmari. germanulad<br />

mkocnidnen da gemanuladve meubnebodnen (ver warmoidgenT, ra kargad<br />

JRerda) sityvebs: `me Sen miyvarxar~. es iyo mxolod sizmari.

iliam Rrmad Caixeda haines sulSi. am siyvarulis miRma samSoblos gan-<br />

SorebiT gamowveuli didi sevda dainaxa, Sedeg ki Tavis samSoblos Wir-varams<br />

miusadaga da leqsSi erovnuli tragediis ganwyobilebam Seqmna mTavari<br />

paTosi:<br />

meca mqonia kargi mamuli,<br />

Turme scxovrobda iq siyvaruli,<br />

Turme iq hfenda bedi mRimari,<br />

exla kia es marto sizmari.<br />

Turme iqaca brwyinavdnen dReni,<br />

iqac scxovrobdnen erTgulni Zeni,<br />

Turme gaeRoT maSin ciskari,<br />

exla kia es marto sizmari. ∗<br />

rogorc vxedavT, ilias Tavisi STagonebis wyarod gauxdia haines leqsis<br />

pirveli striqoni _ `Ich hatte einst ein shönes Vaterland~ _ `erTxel mec mqonda<br />

kargi mamuli~ da refreni _ `Das war ein Traum~ _ `es iyo sizmari~ da Seuqmnia<br />

Rrmad patriotuli leqsi.<br />

ilia WavWavaZes leqsi _ `siyvaruli hgavs~ mibaZviT wyarod gamouyenebia<br />

haines `lamentaciebis~ epigrafis pirveli str<strong>of</strong>i. didxans gaurkveveli<br />

iyo, romeli avtoris mibaZviT dawera iliam es lqsi. irakli kenWoSvilma<br />

sworad miakvlia, rom igi `haines leqsis mibaZvaa~ (kenWoSvili 1962: 4), xolo,<br />

rac Seexeba imis mtkicebas, TiTqos ilias Tavisi mibaZvis wyarod mixailovis<br />

Targmani gamoeyenebinos, Cven gansxvavebuli mosazreba gvaqvs. SedarebisaTvis<br />

movuxmob haines, mixailovis da ilias variantebs.<br />

haine: Das Glück ist eine leichte Dirne,<br />

Und weilt nicht gern am selben Ort,<br />

Sie streicht das Haar dir von der Stirne<br />

Und küsst dich rasch und flattert fort.<br />

(msubuqi qcevis gogonas hgavs sixaruli, ar uyvars erT adgilze<br />

dayovneba, Sublidan Tma gadagiwevs, swrafad gakocebs da gafrindeba).<br />

mixailovi: Радость – резвая гризетка,<br />

Посидит на месте редко,<br />

Раз-другой поцеловала<br />

И гляди, уж убежала.<br />

ilia: sixaruli hgavs gzis pirad gazrdils,<br />

gavliT mowyvetil surnelsa yvavils,<br />

romelic xelSi didxans ar grCeba,<br />

mcire xans gatkbobs da mere Wkneba.<br />

rogorc am magaliTebidan Cans, mixailovs mTlianad gamotovebuli aqvs<br />

mesame striqoni _ (Sie streicht das Haar dir von der Stirne) `Sublidan Tma gada-<br />

∗ `akakis krebulSi~ (1871, № 4) mocemuli saxiT gamoqveynebuli es leqsi ilias TxzulebaTa<br />

akademiur gamocemaSi odnav Secvlili saxiT aris dabeWdili. kerZod, meore striqonSi<br />

sityva `scxovrobda~ Secvlilia `sufevdaTi~, xolo bolodan meore striqonSi `Turme<br />

gaeRoT~ _ `Ria qoniaTi~. Cans, es leqsi ilias kidev gadaumuSavebia da akademiuri gamocemis<br />

Semdgenlebs gadamuSavebuli xelnaweris varianti gamouyenebiaT.<br />

171

giwevs~, xolo originalis meoTxe striqoni gadanawilebuli aqvs mesame da<br />

meoTxe striqonSi, rac movlenaTa ganviTarebis temps sagrZnoblad aCqarebs.<br />

formiTac, SinaarsiTac da JReradobiTac (ritmiT) mixailovis Targmani sagrZnoblad<br />

gansxvavdeba originalisagan. ilia ki movlenis aRweris mTlianad<br />

hainesebur manerasa da ritms inarCunebs. garda amisa, ilias meoTxe striqoni<br />

`mcire xans gatkbobs da mere Wkneba~ azrobrivad (da ara sityvieri qsoviliT)<br />

mTlianad Seesatyviseba originalis meoTxe striqons _ `swrafad<br />

gakocebs da gafrindeba~, rasac mixailovi or striqons uTmobs. xolo ilias<br />

mesame striqoni _ `romelic xelSi didxans ar grCeba~ _ msjelobis Tu<br />

dayovnebis forma _ srul SesabamisobaSia haines leqsis mesame striqonis _<br />

`Sublidan Tmas gadagiwevs~ _ aseve dayovnebis formasTan, rac mixailovis<br />

TargmanSi sulac gamotovebulia. ase, rom ilia WavWavaZis es mibaZva ver<br />

CaiTvleba mixailoviseuli Targmanis mibaZvad. igi pirdapir dednis mibaZvaa.<br />

rac Seexeba ilia WavWavaZis leqss _ `vixile satrfo~ , _ dRemde poetis<br />

originalur leqsadaa miCneuli da Sesabamisad, calkeul Tu akademiur<br />

gamocemebSi originaluri leqsebis rubrikiT ibeWdeba. arada, Cven didi xnis<br />

win aRvniSneT, rom igi aris haines leqsis `Ich hab im Traum gerweint~-is (`ZilSi<br />

vtirodi~) mibaZva. sanimuSod movuxmobT hainesa da ilias leqsebs da haines<br />

leqsis ioseb baqraZiseul Targmans, ramdenadac igi srul sityvier mimar-<br />

TebaSia originalTan:<br />

172<br />

haine: Ich hab im Traum geweint,<br />

Mir träumte, du lägst im Grab.<br />

Ich wachte auf, und die Träne<br />

Floss noch von der Wange herab.<br />

Ich hab im Traum geweint,<br />

Mir träumt', du verliessest mich.<br />

Ich wachte auf, und weinte<br />

Noch lange bitterlich.<br />

Ich hab im Traum geweint,<br />

Mir träumte, du bleibest mir gut.<br />

Ich wachte auf, und noch immer<br />

Strömt meine Tränenflut.<br />

ioseb baqraZe: ZilSi vstirodi, me damesizmra,<br />

viTom Sen saflavs iyav mdebare.<br />

gamomeRviZa da Tvalebidan<br />

vera Sevwyvite cremli mduRare.<br />

ZilSi vstirodi, me damesizmra,<br />

rom Cemzed guli gagciveboda,<br />

gamomeRviZa da Tvalebidan<br />

didxans mduRare cremli mcvioda.<br />

ZilSi vstirodi, me damesizmra,<br />

rom kvlav erTad varT bediT damtkbari,<br />

gamomeRviZa, mainc Cems Tvalebs<br />

vera Sevswyvite cremli mduRari.

ilia: vixile satrfo, igi cremls Rvrida<br />

beds da siyvaruls moTqmiT dastirda,<br />

mis cremli damWknar vards dascvioda<br />

da mec Sors misgan cremli mcioda.<br />

movida sxva dRe, ganqra mis dardi,<br />

mas xelTa epyra sxva turfa vardi,<br />

im vards trfobiTa is dahRimoda<br />

da me ki mainc cremli mcvioda.<br />

haineca da iliac moxmobil leqsebSi asaxaven lirikuli gmiris sulier<br />

mdgomareobas sayvarel arsebasTan ganSorebisa da Semdeg, kvlav dabrunebis<br />

dros. orive avtors movlena xilvebSi aqvT gadmocemuli (`me damesizmra~ _<br />

haine da `vixile~ _ ilia. aqve aRvniSnav, rom germanuli sityva `Traum~ _<br />

sizmarsac aRniSnravs da xilvasac). str<strong>of</strong>ebis bolos orive avtori iyenebs<br />

erTi da igive refrens _ `cremli mcvioda~. rogorc vxedavT, didi wuxilisa<br />

da didi sixarulis gamo cremlTa cvena orive poets sruliad erTnair<br />

poetur xilvebSi aqvs gadawyvetili. Cemi es mosazreba, romelic 1978 wels<br />

gamovaqveyne (kavTiaSvili 1978: 39-40), gaiziara d. laSqaraZem: `v. kavTiaSvilis<br />

mtkicebisamebr, i. WavWavaZis leqsi _ `vixile satrfo ... warmoadgens<br />

mibaZvas haines leqsisas ... ilias `vixile satfo~ ganwyobilebiT da intonaciiT<br />

ise axlos dgas haines `ZilSi vstirodisTan~, rom igi, ueWvelia, am leqsis<br />

STabeWdilebiT aris nakarnaxevi. am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs is<br />

faqtic, rom `vixile satrfos~ Seqmnis dro (1858 oqtomberi) emTxveva periods,<br />

roca ilia, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo haines<br />

poeziiT. swored am periodSia Targmnili `roca Sevyureb Sensa Tvalebsa~ da<br />

`loyiT moepyar Cemsa loyasa~ (orives Targmani Sesrulebulia 1858 w. dekemberSi);<br />

TiTqmis imave periodSia SeTxzuli orive mibaZvac: `meca mqonia kargi<br />

mamuli~ (1858 w. ianvari) da `sixaruli~ (1859 w. marti)~ (laSqaraZe 1981: 106-<br />

107). vfiqrob, ilias TxzulebaTa octomeulis redaqcias es momenti ar unda<br />

gamorCenoda mxedvelobidan da aRniSnuli leqsi 1987 wels gamocemuli octomeulis<br />

pirvel tomSi ki ar unda SeetanaT, sadac originaluri leqsebia,<br />

aramed mesame tomSi, sadac Targmanebi da mibaZva-gadmokeTebebia dabeWdili.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

abraamsi 2004: abraamsi m. h. literaturisa da kritikis Tanamedrove problemebi.<br />

sjani, № 5, 2004.<br />

goeTe 1988: goeTes saubrebi ekermanTan. baTumi: `sabWoTa aWara~, 1988.<br />

dobroliubovi 1972: Добролюбов Н. Что такое обломовщина. в кн. "Статьи,<br />

стихотворения". М.: 1972.<br />

kenWoSvili 1962: kenWoSvili i. haine da ilia WavWavaZe. gaz. `literaturuli<br />

gazeTi~, № 18, 1962.<br />

kavTiaSvili 1978: kavTiaSvili v. hainrix haine qarTul literaturaSi. Tb.:<br />

`mecniereba~, 1978.<br />

laSqaraZe 1981: laSqaraZe d. germanuli klasikuri literatura i. WavWavaZis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1981.<br />

WavWavaZe 1953-1955: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. Tb.:<br />

`saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~, t, III, 1953; t. V, 1955.<br />

173

WavWavaZe 1988-1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. Tb.:<br />

`mecniereba~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, t, III, 1988; `mecniereba~, t. V, 1991.<br />

haine 1957: haine h. mogzaurobis suraTebi. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1957.<br />

haine 1962: Heine H. Heines Werke in fünf Bänden. Weimar: "Volksverlag", Bd I, 1962.<br />

haine 1871: haines leqsi `loyiT moepyar Cemsa loyasa~; `meca mqonia kargi<br />

mamuli~. `krebuli~, № 3, № 4,1871.<br />

holderlini 1962: Holderlin J. Ch. Sämtliche Werke. "Grosse Stuttgarter Ausgabe", hg. v. F.<br />

Beissner, 1962.<br />

Venera Kavtiashvili<br />

174<br />

On the Typology <strong>of</strong> Ilia Chavchavadze’s and Heinrich Heine’s Creativity<br />

Summary<br />

This paper considers the reasons which might lay (and they did) the foundations for<br />

the formation <strong>of</strong> Ilia Chavchvadze’s ideological and doctrinal outlook germinated on the<br />

solid national ground. For this, we have considered those similarities <strong>of</strong> social and political<br />

background which were characteristic to Germany and Georgia in the first half <strong>of</strong> the 19 th<br />

century, on the one hand, and on the other hand, an impact <strong>of</strong> German literature and<br />

philosophy, first <strong>of</strong> all on Russia where Ilia got his higher education. Then there are shown<br />

and analyzed the similarities <strong>of</strong> Ilia Chavchavadze’s and Heinrich Heine’s thoughts which<br />

is in abundance in fiction and publisistic works <strong>of</strong> these two creators.<br />

While discussing Ilia Chavchavadze’s attitude to German classical literature, it is<br />

reasonable to start with Heinrich Heine because Ilia’s relation to Goethe and even to<br />

Lessing and Schiller predetermined the aesthetics and world perception which had been<br />

formed in him under the influence <strong>of</strong> Heine. This fact is also emphasized in the paper. In<br />

conclusion, it is stated that similar social and political environment gives rise to the<br />

similarity <strong>of</strong> the ideas and problems that typologically makes the writers creating in such<br />

environment closer to each other.

akaki wereTeli _ 170<br />

akakis `xoleras~ Tavgadasavali<br />

juli gaboZe<br />

1892 wlis zafxulSi saqarTveloSi qoleris epidemia gavrcelda. imdroindeli<br />

gazeTebi mudmivad iuwyebodnen amis Sesaxeb. akaki saswrafod garidebia<br />

Tbiliss, saCxereSi `gaqceula~ da iqidan swerda kirile lorTqifani-<br />

Zes: `davemwyveri am cud dros saCxereSi da aRaraferi vici, ra xdeba<br />

qveynierebaze. dros kargaT vatareb, e. i. marto var CemTvis da vswer da<br />

vkiTxulob da Tan saxls vaSeneb nel-nela. avaSeneb-Tqo rom vambob, ese igi<br />

davaqcie da TviTon karavSi var. erTi SemTxveva iyo aq xoleris, jer meti ar<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ila da Tu kidev iqna, oseTSi waval, ase vivli sul ialbuzamdi~<br />

(wereTeli 1963: 56).<br />

imave wlis seqtemberSi quTaisSi daibeWda akaki wereTlis leqsi `xolera~<br />

_ mestviruli Sairebi akakisa tipo-litografia k. n. gamrekelovisa.<br />

wignaki 16 gverdiania, axlavs cenzoris nebarTva Дозволено цензурою. Тифлись,<br />

4 сентюбря. 1892 года, типо-литография И Гамрекелова в Кутаиси. leqsi Tormet Tavadaa<br />

day<strong>of</strong>ili. zogierTi adgili kupiurebiTaa warmodgenili, magaliTad,<br />

meore Tavidan amoRebulia ori striqoni, III Tavidan _ erTi, XI Tavi mTlianadaa<br />

waSlili; XII Tavidan ori striqonia amoRebuli.<br />

quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeumis kirile lorTqifaniZis arqivSi Cven mivakvlieT<br />

`xoleras~ erT nabeWd cals, romlis yvela luwi gverdi damowmebulia<br />

cenzoris mier. sworeba wiTeli melniTaa Sesrulebuli da boloSi axlavs<br />

aseTi warwera: Дозволено цензурою на питидесяти восьми страницах 12 декабря<br />

1892 года. Тифлись Кн. Р. Эристави. aqve SevniSnavT, rom fanqriT gadaSlilia<br />

leqsis gverdebis aRmniSvneli cifrebi da xelaxla fanqriTve gadanomrilia,<br />

Tumca numeracia iwyeba ara oridan, aramed 43-dan da midis 58-mde. nabeWd<br />

cals muzeumSi miniWebuli aqvs № Q972. vidre imis axsnas SevudgebodeT,<br />

Tu ratomaa Teqvsmetgverdian wignakze 58 gverdis dabeWdvis nebarTva<br />

gacemuli, mkiTxvels amTaviTve vauwyebT, rom arsebobs am leqsis ori xelnaweri,<br />

romlebic daculia quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeumis kirile lorTqifaniZis<br />

fondSi: № 971 da № 976. akakis TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulSi miTi-<br />

Tebulia leqsis sami wyaro: nabeWdi `xolera~ (1892 w). da ori xelnaweri<br />

asli: 976 da 971 (wereTeli 1950: 506) TxuTmettomeulis Semdgenlebi weren,<br />

rom leqsis sruly<strong>of</strong>ili saxiT aRdgena SesaZlebeli gaxda `№ 976 xelnaweris<br />

aRmoCenis Semdeg, romelic pirvelad swored dasaxelebul gamocemaSi<br />

daibeWda~ (iqve). Sesabamisad, leqsis ZiriTad wyarodac es xelnaweria miCneuli.<br />

№ 976 xelnaweri sufTad aris gadawerili, saTaurad wamZRvarebuli<br />

aqvs: `xolera. mestviruli Sairebi akakisa~, qvemoT ki miwerilia rusulad: на<br />

мотивах народных песень.<br />

175

krebulis yvela marjvena gverds boloSi axlavs cenzoris xelmowera,<br />

zogan weria с исключением, zogan 4 seqtemberi, bolos axlavs warwera _<br />

cenzori rafiel erisTavi, leqss erTvis akakis xelmowera da grafikuli<br />

niSani, romelsac poeti Cveulebisamebr, dasrulebul nawarmoebs boloSi<br />

urTavda. leqsSi Tavebi cifrebis nacvlad gamy<strong>of</strong>i xazebiTaa gamijnuli.<br />

xelnawerze Tvalis erTi gadavlebac sakmarisia, rom mivxvdeT _ is sacenzuro<br />

komitetSi y<strong>of</strong>ila wardgenili. wiTlad gadaxazulia is adgilebi,<br />

romlebic Semdeg nabeWd variantSi veRar moxvda. Cvenc veTanxmebiT TxuTmettomeulis<br />

Semdgenlebs da vfiqrobT, rom xelwera akakisi araa; kaligrafia<br />

metismetad lamazia, Tumca teqsti akakis waukiTxavs, ramdenime adgili<br />

Tavisi xeliT Causworebia, bolos ki Tavisi xelmoweriTac daudasturebia.<br />

amdenad № 976 aris leqsis avtorizebuli teqsti.<br />

aseve Zalian sagulisxmoa meore xelnaweri № 971, romelic gadawerilia<br />

kirile lorTqifaniZis xeliT; igi zustad imeorebs dedans da sastambodaa<br />

momzadebuli. teqsti sruladaa gadawerili, Tavebic danomrilia da is adgilebi,<br />

romelic № 976 xelnawerSi cenzors wiTeli melniT wauSlia, gadaxazulia<br />

da moniSnulia sityviT `aq~. boloSi axlavs warwera _ akaki _ magram<br />

es aSkarad ar aris akakis xeli.<br />

amrigad, leqsis Seqmnis istoria aseTia: akakim gadawera an gadaawerina<br />

leqsi, waikiTxa, Caaswora da warudgina cenzors (xelnaweri 2173/976), am<br />

ukanasknelma ki amoSala calkeuli adgilebi da mxolod ase misca dabeWdvis<br />

neba, amis Semdeg kirilem srulad gadawera leqsi da gaamzada stambaSi warsadgenad,<br />

Tumca gaiTvaliswina cenzoris SeniSvnebi da gamomcemels mouniSna<br />

isini. (xelnaweri № 2173/971).<br />

1892 wels leqsi daCexili saxiT gamoica.<br />

axla vnaxoT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania Cven mier ukve naxsenebi `xoleras~<br />

№ 972, is nabeWdi cali, romelSic kirile lorTqifaniZis xeliT aRdgenilia<br />

amoSlili str<strong>of</strong>ebi da SevecadoT, gavarkvioT, ratom gasca cenzorma<br />

nebarTva 58 gverdis dabeWdvaze, roca leqsis nabeWdi cali 16-gverdiania.<br />

saqmis viTareba amgvarad warmogvidgeba:<br />

1892 wlis oqtomberSi akakis Seudgenia xelnaweri krebuli `salamuri~<br />

da gadaucia igi k. lorTqifaniZisTvis, romelsac gadauweria krebuli sacenzuro<br />

komitetSi warsadgenad da ganuzraxavs (albaT avtoris surviliT)<br />

masSi sruli saxiT leqsi `xolerac~ Seetana, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT,<br />

1892 wels damaxinjebuli saxiT iyo gamocemuli. gamomcemels aRar gadauweria<br />

leqsi da usargeblia misi nabeWdi egzemplariT, romelSic xeliT aRudgenia<br />

cenzoris mier amoRebuli adgilebi, Semdeg orive erTad gadaunomravs<br />

(`xoleras~ nabeWdi cali 16gverds moicavs, `salamuris~ xelnaweri krebuli<br />

ki 42-s) da am saxiT warudgenia cenzoraSi. `salamuris~ xelnawers Tavfurcelze<br />

axlavs cenzuris nebarTva: `Дозволено цензурою на пятидесяти восьми<br />

страницах с исключением на страницах~ 7,8,9,13,15,18,45 и 53~. `12 декабря 1892 года.<br />

Тифлись Кн. Р. Эристави~ (amis Sesaxeb vrcal ix. wereTeli 2010).<br />

amis Semdeg kirile lorTqifaniZes krebuli qarTvelTa wignis gamomcemeli<br />

amxanagobis Tavmjdomare al. jabadarisaTvis uCvenebia, ris Semdegac<br />

garekanze gaCnda Semdegi warwera: `am rveulSi moTavsebuli ocdaeqvsi leqsis<br />

(garda leqsisa `xolera~) dabeWdvis nebas aZlevs wignis gamomcemeli<br />

qarTvelTa amxanagoba. amxanagobis gamge al. jabadari. 13 dekemberi 1892 w. q.<br />

Tbilisi~.<br />

176

`xoleras~ avtografuli xelnaweris (№ 976)<br />

Tavfurceli. krebuli inaxeba quTaisis<br />

saxelmwifo muzeumSi kirile lorTqifaniZis<br />

fondSi.<br />

`xoleras~ xelnaweris (№ 971) Tavfurceli.<br />

krebuli inaxeba quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeumSi<br />

kirile lorTqifaniZis fondSi.<br />

177

178<br />

`xoleras~ nabeWdis fragmenti (№ 972).<br />

inaxeba quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeumSi<br />

kirile lorTqifaniZis fondSi.<br />

`xoleras~ nabeWdis fragmenti (№ 972).<br />

inaxeba quTaisis axelmwifo muzeumSi<br />

kirile lorTqifaniZis fondSi.

sainteresoa, cenzuris vizis Semdeg ratomRa dasWirda gamomcemels<br />

aleqsandre jabadaris nebarTva? saqmis viTareba amgvari gaxldaT: 1892<br />

wels TbilisSi daarsda qarTvelTa wignis gamomcemeli amxanagoba aleqsandre<br />

jabadaris TavmjdomareobiT. amxanagobis mizani iyo qarTvel mweralTa<br />

rCeuli nawerebis gamocema. maT imave wels xelSekruleba gaaformes ilia<br />

WavWavaZesTan da akaki wereTelTan da ganizraxes maTi Txzulebebis gamocema<br />

aT tomad (1892 wels gamosces ilias ”Txzulebanis” mxolod ori tomi,<br />

1893 wels _ akakis “Txzulebanis” aseve mxolod ori tomi). xelSekrulebis<br />

pirobiT, amxanagobis nebadaurTvelad akaki wereTlis nawerebis gamocema<br />

yvelas ekrZaleboda. bunebrivia, aRniSnul xelSekrulebas icnobda<br />

k.lorTqifaniZec da Tavs valdebulad miiCnevda, ecnobebina gamomcemlobis<br />

gamgisaTvis Tavisi ganzraxva da akakis leqsebis gamocemis nebarTva eTxova.<br />

rogorc Cans, al. jabadarma mizanSewonilad ar miiCnia, rom leqsi `xolera~<br />

kvlav aseTi daCexili saxiT gamoecaT, amitomac urCia gamomcemels krebulidan<br />

misi amoReba.<br />

lorTqifaniZis fondSi daculi `xoleras~ nabeWd calSi 2173/972<br />

kiriles xeliT aRdgenilia cenzoris mier amoSlili str<strong>of</strong>ebi, amdenad es<br />

aris leqsis avtorizebuli wyaro da mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-<br />

Weba. leqsis es axalmikvleuli nasworebi cali ukve Seemateba akakis TxzulebaTa<br />

axal akademiur octomeuls, rogorc avtorizebuli nabeWdi wyaro.<br />

da mainc, ra aris am leqsSi iseTi, rac verc erTxel ver gamoepara<br />

cenzuris maxvil Tvals?<br />

cnobilia, rom akakis saRvTismetyvelo ganaTleba ar miuRia, magram<br />

ojaxsa Tu gimnaziaSi mas zedmiwevniT Seaswavles saRvTo werili. Sesabamisad<br />

misi Semoqmedeba gajerebulia bibliuri citatebiTa da aluziebiT.<br />

ufro metic, akakim poemebic ki uZRvna qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblebs: andria<br />

pirvelwodebulsa (1884 w.) da wminda ninos (1906 w.). garda amisa, missave<br />

kalams ekuTvnis poema `wminda giorgi da wminda ilia~, romlis ori redaqciaa<br />

Semonaxuli (imereTSi gagonili da qarTlSi gagonili).<br />

unda iTqvas, rom akakis SemoqmedebaSi wminda giorgis gansakuTrebuli<br />

adgili aqvs mikuTvnebuli, samas samocdaxuTi dRidan samas samocdasami<br />

wminda giorgisaao, _ ambobs akaki erT publicistur werilSi, leqsSi _<br />

`wminda giorgi da misi razmi~, _ ki wmindani glexkacis mxsnelad da Semwed<br />

gamoiyvana. sainteresoa, rogor aris gaSlili wminda giorgis saxe `xoleraSi~?<br />

leqsSi moxrobilia, rom RmerTi ganrisxda qarTvelebis znedacemulobisa<br />

da gadagvarebis xilviT, amitomac gadawyvita, maTTvis sasjelad<br />

xolera moevlina. amis gamgone wminda giorgi Sewuxda da sTxova Semoqmeds:<br />

nu dasjida missave Seqmnil ers, magram ufali uarze dadga da didi xvewnis<br />

Semdeg mxolod imis neba darTo wmindans, rom Tan gahyoloda xoleras da<br />

marto avismqnelebTan mieSva igi. daimedebul giorgis, rom aseTi adamiani<br />

bevri ar iqneboda qarTvelTa Soris, jer mdidari, gaqsuebuli mebatone Semoxvda,<br />

romelsac samarTalze xeli hqonda aRebuli da sawyal Raribs ar indobda:<br />

`Sexeda wminda giorgim,<br />

gadaaqnia Tavia...<br />

– `es Tavadaznauroba<br />

ra cudi sanaxavia:<br />

179

180<br />

Tavisi kargi dahkarga,<br />

moimko sxvisi avia,<br />

aRar swams Tavis qveyana<br />

da Tavis salocavia!..~<br />

wmindanma daunaneblad dauTmo igi xoleras. Semdeg mas mTvrali da<br />

uqnara glexkaci Semoeyara, romelsac ufalic daviwyeboda da sakuTari<br />

mSier-titveli ojaxic:<br />

`ewyina wminda giorgis,<br />

muxlze daikra xelia!..<br />

sTqva: `mabezRari da loTi<br />

glexkacaT ra saTqmelia?~<br />

wminda giorgim aRarc is Seibrala:<br />

`aRar var amis mosarCle<br />

da kalTis damfarvelia!<br />

amisi binac aq iyos,<br />

sadac xoleris sTvelia!..~<br />

xoleras ver gadaurCnen verc mRvdel-diakvnebi.<br />

es ambavi moTxrobilia leqsis XI TavSi, romelic mTlianad amoiRo cenzuram.<br />

Znelia, dabejiTebiT vamtkicoT, ratom Tqva maT dabeWdvaze uari<br />

rafiel erisTavma _ samRvdeloebis saxels gaufrTxilda, Tu imaze miniSnebas,<br />

rom qarTvel sasuliero pirTa zneobrivi dacema ruseTis dampyroblurma<br />

politikam ganapiroba. vnaxoT es Tavi srulad:<br />

mere sTqva: `axla gavsinjoT<br />

mRvdeli da diakonia!..<br />

Rirsi ar Semxvda sxva wreSi,<br />

iq ki vipovni mgonia~.<br />

(– etyoba, maTi anbavi<br />

caSi ar gaugonia!).<br />

gamoicvala wesebi,<br />

waxden Jamni da dronia...<br />

sadRaa mRvdeli qarTveli?<br />

sxvagvaraT Tavmomwonia!..<br />

wignebis kiTxva eSleba,<br />

arc esmis tibikonia,<br />

daTvuraT bRavis da hfiqrobs,<br />

rom tkbili iadonia!<br />

xats wminda sanTels ar unTebs,<br />

Sig gareuli qonia,<br />

sawyal mrevls gamoulia<br />

dramiT Zali da Ronia,<br />

sxva gza adgia, magram jer<br />

kidev gasavals fonia!..<br />

(am problemas ara erTxel Seexo akaki sxva nawarmoebSic. `dakarguli<br />

qristianoba~, `sneuli~, poema `asi wlis ambavi~, romelic poetis sicocxleSi<br />

ar gamoqveynebula).

olos SeZrwunebuli wmida giorgi mixvdeba, rom veravis gadaarCens,<br />

radgan mTeli eri warwymedila da muxlmoyrili, tiriliT SesTxovs mama<br />

RmerTs, Seundos codvil ers. mis xvewnas ismens macxovari da daamSvidebs<br />

wmindans, rom saqarTvelo ar ganadgurdeba, radgan RvTismSoblis wilxvedria.<br />

leqsi imedianad mTavrdeba:<br />

venacva wminda giorgis,<br />

imis TeTr raSs da Subsao!<br />

mTavari aris mZleTamZle,<br />

vin gaubedavs Cxubsao!<br />

ise gaberavs xoleras,<br />

rogorc tikWoras, rumbsao!<br />

maRliT naTeli adgia<br />

imis brwyinvale Sublsao.<br />

am Sairebis gamomTqmels<br />

swyalobdeT TiTo rubsao.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, leqsis finalSi akaki erTgvari iumoriT mianiSnebs<br />

mkiTxvels, rom leqsSi gadmocemuli ambavi gamogonilia, Tumca misi mizandasaxuleba<br />

isaa, rom Seaxsenos Tanamemamuleebs: yovelgvari gansacdeli,<br />

maT Soris xoleris epidemiac, RvTis risxvaa, codvebis sanacvlod movlenili,<br />

da misi Tavidan acilebac SesaZlebelia, Tuki adamianebi marTal gzas<br />

daadgebian.<br />

akaki agrZelebs Tavisi didi winapris; daviT giramiSvilis poetur xazs,<br />

Tumca mis leqsSi ufro xalxuri motivebi sWarbobs Teologiur da filos<strong>of</strong>iur<br />

gansjas (SemTxveviTi araa, rom leqss qvesaTauradac miwerili aqvs<br />

_ `mestviruli~). msgavsi nimuSebi mravlad SegviZlia davimowmoT akakis<br />

Semoqmedebidan (`Tornike erisTavi~, `naTela~, `vaxtang gorgaslan~ `patara<br />

kaxi~), wmindanTa saxelebisa da Rvawlis mxatvruli xorcSesxmis gziT poeti<br />

qarTvelebs uflis mcnebebs Seaxsenebda da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebda saqarTvelos RvTismSoblisadmi wilxvdomilobas, rogorc didi<br />

imedisa da, imavdroulad, udidesi movaleobis niSans.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

alibegaSvili 1999: alibegaSvili g. wminda ninos gza _ gza RvTiSobelTan<br />

miaxlebisa. _ akakis krebuli. Tb.: akaki wereTlis kabineti Tsu gamomcemloba,<br />

1999.<br />

gaboZe 2009: gaboZe j. akakis `salamuris~ gamocemis istoria. _ akakis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemebi. Tb.: litinstitutis gamomcemloba, 2009.<br />

gaboZe 2010: gaboZe j. istoriuli anaqronizmi da TviTgameoreba (akakis<br />

zogierTi leqsis adgilis gansazRvrisaTvis). sjani, № 11, 2010.<br />

metreveli 2005: metreveli f. liturgiuli cnobierebis gamovlenis zogierTi<br />

aspeqti akakis publicistikasa da pirad werilebSi. _ akakis krebuli, II, akaki<br />

wereTlis kabineti. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2005.<br />

fruiZe 2002: fruiZe n. akakis poema `andria pirvelwodebuli~. Tb.: 2002.<br />

farulava 2005: farulava gr. akaki wereTlis qristologiuri ms<strong>of</strong>lSegrZnebisaTvis.<br />

_ akakis krebuli, II. akaki wereTlis kabineti. Tb.: Tsu<br />

gamomcemloba, 2005.<br />

181

wereTeli 1950: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. II. Tb.: 1950.<br />

wereTeli 1963: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. XV. Tb.: 1963.<br />

wereTeli 2010: wereTeli a. salamuri (dokumenturi gamocema). teqsti<br />

gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo j. gaboZem. Tb.: `inteleq ti~, 2010.<br />

xaCiZe 1999: xaCiZe l. sagalobeli akakisa. _ akakis krebuli. I, akaki wereTlis<br />

kabineti. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1999.<br />

jagodniSvili 2005: jagodniSvili T. erovnul zepirsityvierebasTan akakis<br />

siaxlovis erTi aspeqtisaTvis“. _ akakis krebuli. II, akaki wereTlis kabineti.<br />

Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2005.<br />

Juli Gabodze<br />

182<br />

Adventure <strong>of</strong> “Kholera” by Akaki Tsereteli<br />

Summary<br />

In 1892 Akaki Tsereteli’s verse “Kholera” was published in a small book in Kutaisi.<br />

Censor has extracted a chapter and several strophes from the verse. Kirile Lortqifanidze<br />

tried to publish the same verse in recovered form that same year with Akaki’s collection<br />

“Salamuri”. However , forbidden stophes were censored again. This article contains<br />

interesting facts about the creation and publication <strong>of</strong> this verse.<br />

The verse is based on folk motives. The real events <strong>of</strong> that time, which are revealed in<br />

the verse, are interpreted by author as the harsh punishment designated by God for<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong>s. Author also mentions that in spite <strong>of</strong> their depravity <strong>Georgian</strong>s were rescued<br />

once again by their guardian saint - St. George.<br />

The article contains “Kholera” manuscripts and printed text fragment photocopies.

XX saukunis mwerloba<br />

vasil barnovi `rusTvelianas~ winaaRmdeg<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

1929 wlis ivlisis miwuruls vasil barnovi amTavrebs romans `Tamar<br />

mrwemi~, romelic pirvelad xuTi wlis Semdeg, 1934 wels, gamoqveyndeba<br />

avtorisul krebulSi `ferad-feradi~.<br />

nawarmoebis moqmedeba gaSlilia mongolTa batonobis droindel saqar-<br />

TveloSi, me-13 saukunis SuaxanebSi, jer umefobis Jams da Semdgom im wlebSi,<br />

rodesac ori qarTuli samefo taxti upyriaT mefeTa laSasa da rusudanis<br />

Zeebs _ daviT ulusa da daviT narins. romanis erTi epizoduri personaJia<br />

qarTveli warCinebuli SoTa kupri, romelic teqstis pirvelsave gverdze<br />

Cndeba. swored mas elian saTaTbirod sargis Tmogvelis karze, sadac imJamad<br />

stumrad imy<strong>of</strong>eba ambako beric. saidumlo TaTbirze saqarTveloSi mefobis<br />

aRdgenisa da, Sesabamisad, mefis mowvevis sakiTxi unda gadawydes.<br />

`_ sacaa SoTac Semova, kupri~ (barnovi 1963b: 36), ambobs ambakos<br />

daxvedrisas sargisi. male igi mova kidec:<br />

`_ batoni SoTa mobrZandeba, _ moaxsena msaxurma.<br />

_ kupri, biWo?<br />

_ diaR.<br />

Seegeba Tmogveli stumars. maRali kaci xmel-xmeli, Savad Semwvari. beri<br />

nacnobi gamodga SoTasic: mis sasaxleSi ecxovra ramdensame xans~ (barnovi<br />

1963b: 38).<br />

roca beri ambako Tanamosaubreebs xvarazmeTSi Tavisi y<strong>of</strong>nis StabeWdilebebs<br />

gauziarebs, ragvari mogzaurobac TavisTavad metad saxifaTo unda<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, SoTa kupri gaocebas ver damalavs mowesis simamacis gamo:<br />

`_ me magdens ver vitvirTebdi, _ warsTqva SoTam.<br />

_ ufro metic gitvirTniaT, batono! brZolaSi ramdenjer SegixedniaT<br />

sikvdilisaTvis TvalebSi.<br />

_ eg sxvaa, bero: Cemi movaleobaa eg~ (barnovi 1963b: 38).<br />

marTlac, SoTa kupris sabrZolo gamocdilebaca da Seupovrobac sul<br />

male mJRavndeba mis msjelobaSic mongolTa Sesaxeb:<br />

`_ Znelia magisTana xalxis Segubeba. mTlad gawyvetac vera xerxdeba:<br />

mklavi iRleba maTis xocviT, xmali Clungdeba.<br />

_ marTalsa brZaneb, batono SoTa!~ (barnovi 1963b: 40).<br />

Semdgom SoTa kupri aRmoCndeba cxra qarTvel didebulTa Soris,<br />

tfiliss mowveul im sabWos Sekrebaze (barnovi 1963b: 43), romelsac sargis<br />

Tmogveli waruZRveba da sadac qveynis warCinebulni daviT ulus mefed<br />

aRsaydrebas gadawyveten.<br />

sabolood, am didgvarovnis saxeli kidev erTxel _ da ukanasknelad _<br />

gaielvebs, roca taxtis memkvidre, ufliswuli giorgi, daviT ulus Ze, gonebaSi<br />

Tvals gadaavlebs, Tu vis rCevas miendoboda igi, imJamad ukve gardac-<br />

183

vlili sargis Tmogvelis mosaklisebis Semdeg: `SoTa kupri... vuyvarvarT<br />

wrfelad, magram... vin Seedreba exla aq sargiss?!~ (barnovi 1963b: 85).<br />

metjer romanis saboloo, gamoqveynebul versiaSi es personaJi aRarsad<br />

gamoCndeba.<br />

magram barnovis `Tamar mrwemi~, mwerlis sxva nawarmoebTa darad, ramdenime<br />

versiiTaa Semonaxuli. avtoriseul krebulSi moTavsebuli teqstis<br />

garda, arqivSi daculia Txzulebis kidev oTxi xelnaweri varianti.<br />

gamoqveynebuli versiisagan gansxvavebiT, gamouqveynebel versiebSi<br />

SoTa kupri gakrTeba kidev orjer: erTxel, roca igi, sxva didebulTa Soris,<br />

daviT ulus egebeba (versia C _ barnovi 1963b: 367; versia E _ barnovi 1963b:<br />

442), xolo meorejer, roca avagis mier egarslanis damcrobas SoTa kupri ase<br />

Seafasebs: `_ ara iyo gvari misi, _ warmoTqva kuprma~ (versia D _ barnovi<br />

1963b: 375; an: ~_ ...ara iyo gvari misi, _ warmoTqva SoTa kuprma~ _ versia E<br />

_ barnovi 1963b: 449). sxvaTa Soris, teqstis saboloo, gamoqveynebul versiaSic<br />

es fraza SenarCunebulia, oRond misi warmomTqmeli saxeldebuli<br />

aRaraa.<br />

da kidev, erTi detali: maSin, roca romanis dasawyisSi sargisis msaxuri<br />

gamoacxadebs, rom mobrZanebula SoTa, batonis SekiTxvaze, `kupri, biWo?~,<br />

mauwyebeli gawyvetilad, daumTavreblad upasuxebs (rakiRa SoTa, rogorc<br />

Cans, am dros ukve darbazSi Semoabijebs), `diaR, Savgr...~ (versia C, D _<br />

barnovi 1963b: 356; anda: `diaR, Savgremani~ _ versia E _ barnovi 1963b: 435;<br />

amasTanave, igive versia E SoTas garegnobas amatebs erT epiTets: `mxarbeWiani~<br />

_ barnovi 1963b: 435).<br />

rogorc `Tamar mrwemis~ akademiuri gamocemis komentarebSivea aRniSnuli<br />

(SeniSvnebis avtoria levan WrelaSvili), nawarmoebs safuZvlad udevs<br />

cnobebi `qarTlis cxovrebidan~: `Tamar mrwemi _ ulu daviTis asuli. igi<br />

moxsenebulia qarTlis cxovrebaSi. v. barnovs ubralo istoriuli cnobidan<br />

romani Seuqmnia~ (barnovi 1963b: 493).<br />

marTlac, romanis teqstis pirveli gacnobisTanave cxadi xdeba, rom<br />

Txzulebis werisas mwerali farTod dahyrdnobia im cnobebs, romelic me-14<br />

saukunis TvalsaCino istoriul wyaroSi, _ egreT wodebul `JamTaaRmwerlobaSi~,<br />

anu `aswlovan matianeSi~, _ moipoveba (TavisTavad es matiane, Cveulebriv,<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ klasikur krebulSia CarTuli). swored am SesaniSnavi<br />

istoriuli qronikis Tanaxmad, mongolTa batonobis droindeli<br />

saqarTvelos erTi gamoCenili warCinebulia hereTis erisTavi _ SoTa kupari.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ ukanaskneli xanis gamocemaTagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, im gamocemaSi, romliTac uTuod sargeblobda vasil barnovi,<br />

_ mariamiseuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ eqvTime TayaiSviliseul publikaciaSi<br />

(1906), _ sami SemTxvevidan orgzis igi moxseniebulia rogorc `kupri SoTa~<br />

an `SoTa kupri~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1906: 634, 641) 2 , ese igi swored ise,<br />

rogorc mas romanSi ewodeba.<br />

Tavad `JamTaaRmwerloba~ 3 am SoTas oTxjer moixseniebs da igi yvela am<br />

SemTxvevaSi naxsenebia qarTvel warCinebulTa CamonaTvalSi.<br />

pirvelad SoTas saxeli gamoCndeba, _ da, amave dros, misi zedwodebac<br />

ganimarteba, _ roca, mefe rusudanis gadawyvetilebiT, dampyrobelTa<br />

winaSe despanebs gagzavnian: “waravlines mociqulad TaTarTa SanSe, da avag<br />

da varam da hereTis erisTavi SoTaÁ, romelsa manisi ferobisaTÂs kuprobiT<br />

uÃmobdes” (qarTlis cxovreba 2008: 550);<br />

184

meored, roca rusudani sakuTar Zes samefo taxtis dasakaveblad agzavnis,<br />

xolo mefe-qalsa da mis vaJs Seegebebian qarTveli warCinebulni: `winamiegebnes<br />

SanSe, avag da egarslan, romeli TaTarTa didad pativiTa Seewynara,<br />

araraTa niWTa da zneTa samamakacoTa mqonebeli, SoTa kupari, gageli<br />

varam, qarTlis erisTavi surameli grigol, samcxis spasalari da meWur-<br />

WleTuxucesi yuaryuare cixisjuareli, Torelni, Tmoguelni...~ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 2008: 553);<br />

mesamed, koxtasTavis SeTqmulTa CamoTvlisas: `amaT SfoTTa Sekrbes yovelni<br />

mTavarni saqarTvelosani koxtasTavsa, imerni da amerni: egarslan,<br />

cotne dadiani, varam gageli, yuaryuare, kupari SoTa, TorRai, [...] sargis<br />

Tmogueli~ (qarTlis cxovreba 2008: 566);<br />

meoTxed da sabolood, tyveobidan daxsnil daviT laSas Zes damxvedrTa<br />

Soris: `miegebnes yovelni warCinebulni saqarTvelosani: SanSe da Ze misi<br />

zaqaria amirspasalari, [...] yuaryuare jayeli, surameli grigol, qarTlis<br />

erisTavi, orbelni, gamrekeli, SoTa kupari, da yovelni mTavarni~ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 2008: 569).<br />

ra Tqma unda, vasil barnovi swored am istoriul wyaros efuZneba, roca<br />

Tavisi prozauli qmnilebis personaJad warmoaCens SoTa kuprs rogorc im<br />

drois RirsSesaniSnav qarTvel didebuls. bunebrivia, rom igi romanSic<br />

didgvarovanTa imave wreSi Cndeba, romelsac sargis Tmogveli ekuTvnis.<br />

magram isic aRsaniSnavia, _ rac, Cveulebriv, axasiaTebs barnovis samwerlo<br />

muSaobis meTods, _ rom, marTalia, mwerali nawarmoebis personaJad aqcevs<br />

istoriul pirovnebas, magram uSualod matianiseul movlenebs mainc ar<br />

iyenebs prozaul Txrobad gardasaTqmelad: `Tamar mrwemSi~ SoTa kupris<br />

konkretuli gamoCena Tu moxsenieba arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar Seesabameba<br />

`JamTaaRmwerlobaSi~ mis gamoCenasa Tu moxseniebas (Tundac im epizodSi,<br />

sadac matianis furclebidan dasesxeba yvelaze metad iyo mosalodneli, _<br />

daviT ulus daxvedrisas, _ romanis saboloo versiaSi mwerali, istorikosisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, saerTod, ar CamoTvlis damxvdurebs da amitom sulac<br />

aRar axsenebs SoTas, Tumca Txzulebis adreul versiebSi igi dasaxelebuli<br />

iyo). romaniseuli jer saubari sargisis karze _ Tavad maspinZlis, ambako<br />

berisa da SoTa kupris monawileobiT, xolo Semdgom qarTvel warCinebulTa<br />

TaTbiri saqarTvelos momavali mefis mosaZebnad, dasabruneblad da aRsasaydreblad,<br />

_ rogorc erTi, ise meore epizodi, _ saistorio wyaroSi ver<br />

povebs dasayrdens.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom TviT Tamaris, daviT ulus asulis, Sesaxeb romanSi<br />

moTxrobili ambavic gansxvavdeba istorikosis mier gadmocemuli mefis<br />

qalis faTerakebisagan, mainc, `Tamar mrwemis~ mTeli Sinaarsis gacnoba eWvs<br />

ar tovebs, rom swored `JamTaaRmwerloba~ warmoadgenda mwerlis istoriul<br />

pirvelwyaros, magram rac Seexeba, kerZod, romanis erT personaJad SoTa<br />

kupris warmodgenas, safiqrebelia, rom barnovs Tavisi nawarmoebis m<strong>of</strong>iqreba-Camoyalibebis<br />

procesSi es saxeli oden matianis cnobebSi ar eqneboda<br />

amokiTxuli: metad savaraudoa, rom es saxeli _ da sxva CamoTvlil didebulTa<br />

saxelebze metad _ mas sxva garemoebaSic eqneboda gagonili.<br />

saqme isaa, rom, roca mwerali Tavis romans werda, 1929 wels, ukve gamoqveynebuli<br />

_ da farTod gaxmaurebuli _ iyo pavle ingoroyvas naSromi<br />

`rusTveliana~, romelic wignad 1926 wels gamoica, magram manamde, jer kidev<br />

1922 wels, oTxi moxsenebis saxiT gaecno msmenelebs. mkvlevarma am Temaze<br />

Tavisi pirveli sajaro moxseneba _ `SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosnis Tari-<br />

185

Ri da poetis vinaoba~ _ waikiTxa saqarTvelos axali mwerlobis kavSiris<br />

sajaro sxdomaze, 1922 wlis 3 ivniss, Semdgomi moxseneba ki _ `rad ewodeba<br />

SoTa rusTavels manis sefe da kupari~ _ iqve, imave wlis 4 ivliss (ix.<br />

ingoroyva 1926: 379; imedaSvili 1941: 129-130; imedaSvili 1957: 378; ingoroyva<br />

1963: 9), xolo maTi mimoxilva maleve gamoqveynda presaSi, maT Soris, gazeT<br />

`baxtrionSi~ (1922, № 1, 2). aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu gazeT `baxtrionis~ 1922<br />

wlis 1-l, me-2 da, agreTve, me-4 nomrebSi dabeWdili iyo angariSi ingoroyvaseuli<br />

Teoriis Sesaxeb SoTa rusTvelisa da SoTa kuparis igiveobis gamo,<br />

imave wels imave gazeTSi barnovi aqveynebs moTxrobas `Rimi damRupi~ (me-5<br />

nomeri), statiebsa Tu mogonebebs vaJa-fSavelas (me-6 nomeri), besikisa (me-9<br />

nomeri) da ilia WavWvaZis (me-10 nomeri) Sesaxeb da, agreTve, moTxrobas<br />

`saro metyveli~ (me-14 nomeri).<br />

ramdenime wlis Semdeg pavle ingoroyvas rusTvelologiuri koncefciis<br />

calke wignad _ `rusTvelianad~ _ gamocemas mZafri diskusia mohyveba, ker-<br />

Zod, 1927 wlis `mnaTobis~ furclebzec: jer iq ibeWdeba korneli kekeliZis<br />

gamoxmaureba (me-2 nomeri), Semdgom _ masze pavle ingoroyvas gapaeqreba<br />

(me-3-4 nomeri), momdevnod _ isev korneli kekeliZis iribi pasuxi (me-5-6<br />

nomeri), Semdgom, sargis kakabaZis calke kritikuli Sefasebac (me-11-12 nomeri).<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am JurnalSi daaxloebiT imave xanebSi vasil<br />

barnovic aqveynebda Tavis nawarmoebebs (moTxroba `dedis xeli~ gamoqveynda<br />

`mnaTobis” 1929 wlis me-5 nomerSi; mcire romani `wodebuli~ _ imave wlis me-<br />

7 nomerSi; moTxroba `qali kaxeli~ _ 1932 wlis me-6 nomerSi; esei galaktion<br />

tabiZis Sesaxeb _ 1933 wlis me-5 nomerSi).<br />

magram, albaT, imis ufro safuZvlian dadasturebad, rom vasil barnovs<br />

yuradRebis miRma ar darCenia pavle ingoroyvas “rusTveliana” da rom,<br />

ukidures SemTxevaSi, igi am gamokvlevas meore xelidan mainc icnobda, Jurnal<br />

`qarTuli mwerlobis” 1926 wlis me-6-7 nomeri gamodgeba, sadac, erTi<br />

mxriv, dabeWdilia vasil barnovis moTxroba `margalitis cremlebi~, xolo,<br />

meore mxriv, sergi gorgaZis oTxgverdiani gamoxmaureba `samagaliTo naSromi:<br />

pavle ingoroyvas axali naSromis gamo~ (RirsSesaniSnavia isic, rom prozaikoss<br />

guldagul daumuSavebia Jurnalis es nomeri da Tavisi moTxrobis<br />

saJurnalo teqsti mas sagangebod Causworebia _ ix. barnovi 1963a: 523).<br />

zemore Tqmulisagan damoukidebladac, _ icnobda Tu ara, savaraudod,<br />

mwerali ingoroyvaseul Teorias wignad gamocemamde an wignad gamocemis<br />

Semdeg, Tundac masze gamoxmaurebaTa wyalobiT, _ mainc upriani iqneba<br />

kidev erTxel aRiniSnos myari qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba, rom vasil<br />

barnovis `Tamar mrwemi~ 1929 welsaa dawerili, xolo pavle ingoroyvas<br />

`rusTveliana~ ki 1926 wels gamoqveynda. im faqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba<br />

ki, rom, barnovi, inteleqtualur, wignier mweralTa wyebas miekuTvneba,<br />

albaT, zedmetia...<br />

pavle ingoroyvas wignis ZiriTadi muxti (romelic Tavis dros ar iyo<br />

moklebuli farTo sensaciurobas!) iyo gaigiveba `vefxistyaosnis~ avtorisa,<br />

SoTa rusTvelisa, me-13 saukunis qarTvel saxelmwifo moRvawesTan _<br />

hereTis erisTav SoTa kuprTan (Tu kuparTan), ris damtkicebasac `rusTvelianas~<br />

mravali furceli daeTmo. amave dros, es istoriuli pirovneba da,<br />

Sesabamisad, poeti cxaddeboda maniqeuri moZRvrebis mimdevrad da, kidev<br />

meti, am religiuri dajgufebis adgilobriv meTaurad imdroindel<br />

saqarTveloSi.<br />

mkvlevris mTavari daskvnebi amgvari iyo 4 :<br />

186

`hereTis erisTavi SoTa, hereTis bagrationTa STamomavali, aris igive<br />

SoTa rusTveli, avtori genialuri qarTuli poemisa~ (ingoroyva 1926: 148);<br />

“SoTa, hereTis bagrationi (1169-1245), cnobili istoriuli moRvawe me-XII<br />

saukunis damlevisa da me-XIII saukunis pirveli naxevrisa, _ aris igive SoTa<br />

rusTveli, vefxis-tyaosnis avtori. [...] igi y<strong>of</strong>ila maniqeveli, meTauri manis<br />

ordenisa~ (ingoroyva 1926: 201); `SoTa iyo `manis feri~, araqristianuli<br />

ordenis meTauri; amis gamo ewodeba mas `kupari~ _ sarwmunoebidan gandgomili~<br />

(ingoroyva 1926: 215) 5 .<br />

amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom “Tamar mrwemis” gulisyuriT gacnoba eWvs ar<br />

tovebs, rom mwerlisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCenila mkvlevris<br />

koncefcia.<br />

uwinares yovlisa, SoTas zedwodebis ara marto ingoroyvaseuli Sinaarsi,<br />

aramed Tavad formac ki ar gaiziara mweralma. Tu `rusTvelianas~ avtori<br />

yvela SemTxvevaSi SoTas mxolod `kuparad~ moixseniebs, `Tamar mrwemis~<br />

avtorisaTvis qarTveli didebuli mxolod da mxolod `kupria~ (ix. zemore). 6<br />

Tu `kupari~, ingoroyvas SexedulebiT, `sarwmunoebidan gandgomils~<br />

gamoxatavda (ingoroyva 1926: 214; Sdr. ingoroyva 1963: 125), xolo `manisa<br />

feroba~ `manis religiuri ordenis meTaurs~ mianiSnebda (ingoroyva 1926:<br />

213), romanSi amgvari interpretaciis Crdilic ar SeimCneva. mwerlisaTvis,<br />

rogorc Cans, ufro misaRebi iyo korneli kekeliZis 1927 wels gamoTqmuli<br />

Tvalsazrisi, rom `JamTaaRmwerlis bundovani adgilis wakiTxva ise, rogorc<br />

mas kiTxulobs ingoroyva, saeWvoa; ufro misaRebi da gasagebia farsadan<br />

gorgijaniZis, vaxtangis komisiisa da Teimuraz batoniSvilis Sexeduleba,<br />

romliTac aRiniSnul adgilas laparakia SoTas melnisa kupris msgavs<br />

siSaveze da ara maniqevelobasa da urwmunoebaze~ (kekeliZe 1963: 228; kekeli-<br />

Ze 1971: 34). marTlac, barnovi sagangebo yuradRebas amaxvilebs, rom hereTis<br />

erisTavi SoTa kupri ferad Savia: `Savad Semwvari~ (barnovi 1963b: 38), xolo<br />

romanis adreul versiebSi ukiduresi xazgasmiT ganmartavs, rom `kupri~<br />

swored `Savgremans~ niSnavs (`_ kupri, biWo?~, `_ diaR, Savgremani~: versia E<br />

_ barnovi 1963b, 435; `diaR, Savgr...~: versia C, D _ barnovi 1963b: 356) 7 .<br />

amas garda, ingoroyvas TeoriisaTvis metismetad mniSvnelovania, rom,<br />

raki SoTa sarwmunoebridan, anu qristianobidan gandgomili y<strong>of</strong>ila, amis<br />

gamo saRmrTismetyvelo xedviT ganmsWvaluli JamTaaRmwerels axasiaTebs<br />

`mtruli damokidebuleba SoTas mimarT~, rom `es istorikosi gansakuTrebulis<br />

siZulviliT aris gamsWvaluli piradad SoTas mimarT” da `sruliad<br />

dausabuTeblad ambobs, rom SoTa iyoo _ moklebuli yovelgvar adamianur<br />

Rirsebas~ (ingoroyva 1926: 211). saqme isaa, rom mkvlevris TvalsazrisiT,<br />

swored am TvalsaCino qarTvel didebuls miemarTeba sityvebi, romelic win<br />

uswrebs SoTa kuparis dasaxelebas: `araraTa niWTa da zneTa samamakacoTa<br />

mqonebeli~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1906: 605; Sdr. qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 192;<br />

JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 75; qarTlis cxovreba 2008: 553). ingoroyvaseuli ganmartebiT,<br />

es fraza niSnavs Semdegs: `araviTari adamianuri Rirsebisa da<br />

zneobis ara mqonebeli~, `moklebuli yovelgvar adamianur Rirsebasa da<br />

zneobas~ (ingoroyva 1926: 214) 8 .<br />

`Tamar mrwemSi~ ki, Tundac fermkrTalad, magram mainc metad mkafiod<br />

Cans, rom SoTa Rirseuli da gamorCeuli adamiania: gonieri, yuradsaRebi,<br />

samarTliani, sando da, uwinares yovlisa, uSiSari. `brZolaSi ramdenjer SegixedniaT<br />

sikvdilisaTvis TvalebSi~ (barnovi 1963b: 38), _ mimarTavs mas<br />

ambako beri. mwerali sruliad ugulebely<strong>of</strong>s, arc ki ixsenebs istorikosi-<br />

187

seul im uary<strong>of</strong>iT daxasiaTebas 9 , romelic pavle ingoroyvam am warCinebuls<br />

miakuTvna da rasac mkvlevarma Taviseburi _ konfesiuri _ axsna mouZebna.<br />

magram vasil barnovi araTu ar iziarebs `rusTvelianas~ avtoris amgvar<br />

Sexedulebas, aramed, rogorc Cans, imasac ki ar miiCnevs, rom mematianis es<br />

saaugo sityvebi, saerTod, SoTas miemarTeba. marTlac, es fraza saistorio<br />

teqstis iseT adgilasaa moTavsebuli, advili saTqmeli araa, Tu vis ganekuTvneba<br />

is: am daxasiaTebis winamorbed avags Tu am sityvaTa momdevno<br />

SoTas (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mariamiseuli variantis TayaiSviliseul gamocemaSi,<br />

romelsac ingoroyvac da barnovic eyrdnobodnen, teqsti amgvaradaa<br />

dabeWdili: `wina: miegebnes: SanSa: avag: romeli: TaTarTa: didad: pativiTa:<br />

Seewynara: ara: raTa: niWTa: da: zneTa: samamakacoTa: mqonebeli: SoTa kupari:<br />

Toreli: varam qarTlis erisTavi~ _ qarTlis cxovreba 1906: 605). rogorc<br />

Cans, romanists gamWriaxma mzeram, Zveli teqstebis mkiTxvelis myarma<br />

gamocdilebam da, SesaZloa, mwerluri wvdomis unarmac ukarnaxa, rom es<br />

sityvebi ar exeboda SoTas. magram, amave dros, Wirda maTi mikuTvneba _<br />

Tundac teqstis logikidan gamomdinare (_ `romeli TaTarTa didad pativiTa<br />

Seewynara, araraTa niWTa da zneTa samamakacoTa mqonebeli~!) _ avagisaTvis,<br />

romlis mimarTac istorikosi, zogadad, keTilganwyobili iyo da,<br />

saerTodac, Tanamedroveni mas dadebiTad axasiaTebdnen (Sdr. kakabaZe 1966:<br />

281). Tumca vasil barnovis eWvi xelnawerTa wakiTxvis mimarT moulodnelad<br />

daadastura ukanaskneli xanis arqeografiul-teqstologiurma kvlevam:<br />

`JamTaaRmwerlobis~ Seswavlam farsadan gorgijaniZis saistorio teqstTan<br />

mimarTebaSi sandod daamtkica, rom matianiseuli es sastiki daxasiaTeba<br />

sruliadac ar Seexeba arc SoTas da arc avags, aramed egarslans (ix. kiknaZe<br />

1982: 105-117; JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 224-225) 10 , Tumca manamdec, teqstis tradiciuli<br />

redaqciiTac, mainc metad saTuo iyo, _ stiluradac da Sinaarsobrivadac,<br />

_ rom es sityvebi miemarTeboda SoTas, xolo raki ufro metad<br />

sagulebeli iyo, rom es daxasiaTeba exeboda ara SoTa kupars, aramed imas,<br />

vinc mis win imy<strong>of</strong>eboda CamonaTvalSi, `Tamar mrwemis~ avtorma Tavis<br />

nawarmoebSi swored avagi warmoaCina sruliad uRirs _ da romanis adreul<br />

versiebSi SoTas mier gakicxul _ adamianad.<br />

magram, rac yvelaze arsebiTia, vasil barnovs me-13 saukunis qarTveli<br />

warCinebuli SoTa kupri (Tu kupari) sruliad ar warmoedgina arc rusTavis<br />

patronad da arc “vefxistyaosnis” Semqmnelad, rogoradac igi `rusTvelianas~<br />

avtors miaCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom varaudi SoTa kuprisa da SoTa<br />

rusTvelis gaigivebis gamo ingoroyvaze adrec gamoiTqva, _ batoniSvilis<br />

Teimurazisa da mari felisite broses mier, _ warmoudgenelia, rom am<br />

wyaroTa Sesaxeb barnovs rame scodnoda 11 . amdenad, roca mwerali ar iziarebda<br />

ori SoTas gaigivebis Tvalsazriss, amiT igi, ra Tqma unda, cxadad<br />

upirispirdeboda im dros metad gaxmaurebul `rusTvelianas~.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, `Tamar mrwemis~ adreul versiebSi SoTa kupris mier Calaparakebuli<br />

augi avagis mimarT (`ara iyo gvari misi~ _ barnovi 1963b: 375,<br />

449), romelic anonimurad warmoiTqmeba romanis saboloo versiaSi (barnovi<br />

1963b: 54), sagangebod warmoadgens gavrcelebuli xalxuri gamoTqvamis, andazis<br />

nawyvets da arafriT mianiSnebs, rom misi mTqmeli an poeti-Semoqmedia,<br />

an, miT umetes, `vefxistyaosnis~ avtori.<br />

gansxvavebiT SoTa kuprisagan, romanis msvlelobisas ramdenjerme gansakuTrebuli<br />

yuradReba miepyroba sargis Tmogvelis mwignobrobas, mis mWidro<br />

kavSirs mwerlobasTan: pirveli gamoCenisTanave, romanis pirvelsave<br />

188

gverdze, sargiss gverdiT didi rveuli udevs, romelsac igi stumrad<br />

mowveul moweses warudgens da romelic `visramiani~ aRmoCndeba, _ ambako<br />

beri mas `Tqvens visramians~ uwodebs, xolo Tavad sargisi `Cems wigns~<br />

(barnovi 1963b: 36); masTan saubrisas yeenmac ki icis Tmogveli didebulis<br />

mwignobrobis ambavi: `_ arc dagSvendeba did mwignobars daSnis Rereba~<br />

(barnovi 1963b: 51; versia E: `arc SehSvenis did mwignobars da sibrZnis moyvaruls<br />

xmalis Rireba~ _ barnovi 1963b: 445); romanis adreul versiaSi<br />

sargisis mwignobruli garja kidev ufro TvalnaTlivadaa daxatuli: `gverdiT<br />

sparsuli wigni edva gardaSlili, win muTaqazed rveuli da sawer-kalami<br />

ewyo. Tu muSaobda beris mosvlis win~ (versia E _ barnovi 1963b: 434); romanis,<br />

aseve, erT adreul versiaSi sargiss pirdapir ewodeba `kaci mecnieri<br />

da ritori~ (versia D _ barnovi 1963b: 360); yuradsaRebia, rom SoTa kupri,<br />

Cans, Soria am swrafvaTagan: simSvenierisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb sargisis<br />

saubari ambako berTan umal Sewydeba, rogorc ki darbazSi hereTis erisTavi<br />

Semoabijebs (barnovi 1963b: 37-38).<br />

saTuo ar unda iyos, rom `Tamar mrwemis~ saboloo, gamoqveynebuli<br />

versia aranairad ar iziarebs SoTa kuprisa da SoTa rusTvelis igiveobis<br />

ingoroyvaseul Tvalsazriss da romanisti Tavis am uary<strong>of</strong>iT pozicias<br />

metad cxadad gamoxatavs, Tumca metad sayuradReboa, rom Tu vasil barnovi<br />

romanis saboloo versiaSi mtkiced uary<strong>of</strong>s SoTa kupris rusTvelobas,<br />

romanis adrindel, gamouqveynebel versiebSi aseve mkafiod asaxula, Tu<br />

rogor WoWmanobs mwerali am sakiTxis gamo. iq, sadac gamocemul versiaSi<br />

weria: `sacaa, SoTac, Semova, kupri~ (barnovi 1963b: 36), xelnawerTa monacemebi<br />

meryevia, _ B versiis Tanaxmad, SoTa pirdapir saxeldebulia rusTvelad:<br />

`sacaa, SoTac Semova, rusTaveli~ (barnovi 1963b: 354); D versiis mixedviT,<br />

romanists jer dauweria: `sacaa, SoTac Semova, rusTavis baton-patroni~,<br />

Semdeg mwerals jer `sacaa~ gadauxazavs, xolo Semdeg `rusTavis batonpatroni~<br />

wauSlia da zemoT miuweria: `rusTaveli~ (barnovi 1963b: 354); E<br />

versiaSi ki es fraza amgvaria: `sacaa, SoTac mobrZandeba, rusTavis Tavadi~<br />

(barnovi 1963b: 433).<br />

variantebis es monacemebi yovelgvar eWvs aqarwylebs, iyo Tu ara<br />

cnobili “Tamar mrwemis” avtorisaTvis Teoria SoTa kuprisa da SoTa<br />

rusTvelis igiveobis Sesaxeb, magram, amave dros, xelnawerTa gansxvavebuli<br />

wakiTxvani moulodnelad adasturebs, rom barnovi, rogorc Cans, romanze<br />

muSaobis Tavdapirvel etapze _ karga xans _ iziarebda am Tvalsazriss,<br />

magram sabolood mis mimarT mkveTrad uary<strong>of</strong>iTad ganewyo. Znelia iTqvas,<br />

ram Seacvlevina mwerals Tavisi adrindeli damokidebuleba: SesaZloa,<br />

Tavad mis mierve pirvelwyaroTa dakvirvebulma kiTxvam, SesaZloa, pavle<br />

ingoroyvas Teoriis mkacrma kritikam, gansakuTrebiT, korneli kekeliZis,<br />

barnovis y<strong>of</strong>ili seminarieli kolegis, mxriv, anda iqneb saegebio saubrebma<br />

axalgazrda mkvlevar solomon iordaniSvilTan, barnovis y<strong>of</strong>il seminariel<br />

mowafesTan, romelmac Semdgom sagangebo naSromi moamzada SoTa<br />

kupris Sesaxeb, _ `JamTaaRmwerlis erTi cnobis Sesaxeb (`SoTa kupri~)~ 12 , _<br />

sadac man kategoriulad gamoricxa ara marto SoTa kuprisa da SoTa<br />

rusTvelis igiveoba, aramed rusTvelis vinaobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela is<br />

Tvalsazrisi, rac `rusTvelianaSi~ `JamTaaRmwerlobis~ cnobaTa safuZvelze<br />

iyo ganviTarebuli.<br />

sabolood, es Sexeduleba _ rom hereTis erisTavi SoTa kupari aramc da<br />

aramc araa `vefxistyaosnis~ avtori _ myarad ganmtkicda rusTvelis mkle-<br />

189

varTa Soris (ix. rusTvelologiis saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis:<br />

`mongolebis droindeli moRvawe, hereTis erisTavi SoTa kupri<br />

ver iqneba poeti SoTa rusTveli im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom igi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila<br />

rusTavis mflobeli (da, maSasadame, rusTveli)~ _ baramiZe 1975: 39).<br />

`rusTvelianas~ pirvel mkiTxvelTa da SemfasebelTa Soris, rogorc<br />

Cans, vasil barnovi erTi imaTgani iyo, vinc ar gaiziara SoTa rusTvelis vinaobis<br />

pavle ingoroyvaseuli amocnoba, rac mklevars `sabolood gadaWrilad~<br />

(ingoroyva 1926: 380) miaCnda. mwerlis am uary<strong>of</strong>iTi gamoxmaurebis<br />

naTeli dasturia romani `Tamar mrwemi~.<br />

magram, zogadad, rusTvelis vinaobisa da, kerZod, `rusTvelianaSi~ warmodgenili<br />

Teoriis mimarT vasil barnovis Camoyalibebuli damokidebulebis<br />

sabolood dasadastureblad, mainc upriani iqneba Tvalis gadavleba im<br />

masalisaTvis, romelic `Tamar mrwemis~ teqsts miRma arsebobs.<br />

`rusTvelianas~ gamocemisa da `Tamar mrwemis~ daweris Semdeg, 1930 wlis<br />

miwuruls (saSobaod _ 25 dekembers) romanisti amTavrebs Tavis axal da<br />

ukanasknel romans `pirimze~, romelic Tamar mefes eZRvneba.<br />

giorgi mesamis mier Tavisi qalis, Tamaris, TanaaRsaydrebis didebuli<br />

zeimisas epizodurad gamoCndeba Wabuki SoTa, sadac igi, axalgazrda<br />

mgosani, CaxruxaZis, mefis sasaxlis pirveli mgosnis, Semdeg wardgeba (ix.<br />

barnovi 1963b: 141-142). Tavis xotbas, _ msubuqad saxecvlil `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

pirvel str<strong>of</strong>ebs (romelic romanSi TiTqosda `uZvelesi etratidanaa~<br />

damowmebuli), _ aRelvebuli, fermkrTali Wabuki mefe-qalis winaSe warmo-<br />

Tqvams. gamefebuli Tamari mas, leqsis damTavrebisas vaSas grialis gamo<br />

SewiTlebuls, oqros kalams uZRvnis, ris Semdegac `is oqros kalami qudzed<br />

gaimagra mgosanma. aRarc mohSorda samkauli mis naTel Sublsa~ (barnovi<br />

1963b: 142).<br />

Znelad warmosadgenia, _ maSin, roca `Tamar mrwemisa~ da `pirimzis~<br />

damTavrebis TariRebs erTmaneTisagan mxolod weliwadnaxevari aSorebs, _<br />

rom es is SoTaa, romelsac Savgremanobis gamo `kupri~ ewoda da romelic am<br />

gamefebidan 66 wlis Semdeg (Tamaris TanaaRsaydreba _ 1179, daviT ulus<br />

saqarTveloSi Camoyvana _ 1245) momxdurTan brZolaSi CarTvas sakuTar<br />

movaleobad miiCnevs (`Cemi movaleobaa eg~ _ barnovi 1963b: 38). sxvaTa<br />

Soris, `Tamar mrwemSi~ SoTa kupris gansakuTrebuli xnovaneba an, saerTod,<br />

moweuli asaki arsad aRiniSneba, _ misi garegnobis Sesaxeb oden naTqvamia:<br />

`maRali kaci xmel-xmeli, Savad Semwvari~ (barnovi 1963b: 38; versia E: `maRalmaRali<br />

kaci, mxarbeWiani, Savad Semwvari~ _ barnovi 1963b: 435), rac im xanad<br />

_ mefeTa laSasa da rusudanis gardacvalebis Semdgom _ SoTas moxucebulobaze<br />

arasgziT ar metyvelebs (Sdr. `rusTveliana~: `SoTas marTlac did<br />

moxucebamdi miuRwevia; igi cocxali iyo Tamaris Svilebis laSas da<br />

rusudanis mefobis dros~ _ ingoroyva 1926: 322).<br />

sxvaTa Soris, `pirimzeSi~ sagangebod aRiniSneba CaxruxaZis mgosnoba,<br />

romelsac `didi mgosani da sityvis xelovani~ ewodeba (barnovi 1963b: 150),<br />

iseve, rogorc `Tamar mrwemSi~ uyuradRebod ar rCeba sargis Tmogvelis<br />

moRvaweobis samwerlo waxnagi, ris sawinaaRmdegodac SoTa kupris rame<br />

kavSiri mwignobrobasTan romanis furclebze arc ki ilandeba.<br />

dabolos, vasil barnovis arqivSi daculia mis sicocxleSi gamouqveynebeli<br />

esei `SoTa rusTveli da misi `vefxistyaosani~ (barnovi 1964: 160-167),<br />

romelic pirvelad, avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1938 wels, Jurnal `mna-<br />

TobSi~ daibeWda (1-li nomeri). mwerlis akademiuri aTtomeulis gamomce-<br />

190

melTa mier teqsti amgvaradaa daTariRebuli: `[1924 wlis Semdeg]~ (barnovi<br />

1964: 167), ris gamo Znelia, ganisazRvros ara marto is, Tu rodisaa es teqsti<br />

dawerili _ `Tamar mrwemis~ Canafiqramde, misi Seqmnisas Tu misi damTavrebis<br />

Semdeg, aramed isic, icnobda Tu ara am dros romanisti `rusTvelianas~,<br />

romelic 1926 wels gamoica, Tumca pavle ingoroyvas Sexedulebebi<br />

SoTa rusTvelis vinaobis Sesaxeb presaSi ukve 1922 wlidan gacxadda. yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, barnovis es teqsti naTlad adasturebs, rom mwerali mTlianad<br />

upirispirdeba am gaxmaurebuli gamokvlevis gamWol koncefcias. jer erTi,<br />

ingoroyvasagan gansxvavebiT, mwerali wers, rom `sCans, rom SoTa iyo daba<br />

rusTavidan, romelic mdebareobs mesxeTSi~ (barnovi 1964: 160), riTac gamoiricxeba<br />

SoTas hereTis erisTavoba; meore, rom “SoTas gvari ar viciT.<br />

rusTveli fsevdonimia~ (barnovi 1964: 160); mesame, rom mwerali arc SoTas,<br />

Zes `arTavazos Zisa~ (barnovi 1964: 161) 13 da arc rusudanis mefobis droindel<br />

`ereTis erisTav SoTas, romelsa siSavisaTvis kuprobiT uxmobdnen~, ar<br />

miiCnevs SoTa rusTvelad. am uary<strong>of</strong>is erTi damatebiTi sabuTi misTvis<br />

isicaa, rom `arc SoTa arTavazos ze, arc SoTa-kupri ritorebad ar ixseniebian,<br />

rogorc Tmogveli~ (barnovi 1964: 161). sxvaTa Soris, moyvanili magaliTi<br />

kidev erTxel naTely<strong>of</strong>s, Tu ratom aRiniSneba ase mkafiod `Tamar<br />

mrwemSi~ Tmogvelis samwignobro saqmianoba.<br />

rac Seexeba mwerlis mier eseiSi moyvanil JamTaaRmwerliseul citatebs<br />

(Tu kvazicitatebs), _ oTxive im monakveTs, sadac SoTa kupri moixsenieba, _<br />

isini, faqtobriv, mematianis sityvebis gardaTqmas warmoadgens. barnovis<br />

mier damowmebul frazaSi arc ki Cans rame miniSneba `manisa ferobis~ Sesaxeb,<br />

xolo `kuproba~ mwerlisaTvis oden siSaves niSnavs: `siSavisaTvis kuprobiT<br />

uxmobdnen~ (barnovi 1964: 161). sxvaTa Soris, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ vaxtangisSemdgomi<br />

xelnawerebis am wakiTxvas (janaSviliseuli, rumianceviseuli<br />

da sxva nusxebi _ ix. qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 192; JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 75;<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 2008: 550; Sdr. iordaniSvili 1953: 39), Cans, mwerali an<br />

uSualod icnobda, an 1849 wlis broseseuli gamocemiT, anda _ meore<br />

xelidan (SesaZloa, piradad imave solomon iordaniSvilisaganac, romelic<br />

vrclad msjelobs xelnaweriseuli am variantis Sesaxeb Tavis gamokvlevaSi<br />

SoTa kupris gamo). rogorc Cans, barnovma swored es wakiTxva _ da es gageba<br />

_ daudo safuZvlad `Tamar mrwemiseuli~ SoTa kupris garegnul portretsac,<br />

rasac sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa Semdgomi xanis daskvnebic eTanxmeba 14 .<br />

amdenad, albaT, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom vasil barnovi icnobs pavle<br />

ingoroyvas wigns, magram sruliad ugulebely<strong>of</strong>s mas, _ igi ise wers `Tamar<br />

mrwems~, TiTqos `rusTveliana~ arc arsebobdes.<br />

daskvna SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi: mweralma vasil barnovma ar irwmuna<br />

mkvlevar pavle ingoroyvas Tvalsazrisi SoTa rusTvelis vinaobis Sesaxeb,<br />

magram Tavi aarida am sakiTxis gamo sagangebo msjelobas. `rusTvelianas~<br />

avtori gansakuTrebul mxardaWeras yovelTvis, Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, mwerlebis wreSi eZebda, _ SemTxveviTi arc is iyo, rom man<br />

Tavisi koncefcia pirvelad swored mweralTa Sekrebaze waradgina. magram<br />

saqme ise warimarTa, rom `Ziebani SoTas biografiis aRdgenisaTvis~<br />

(ingoroyva 1926: 243), faqtobrivad, aravin aRiara. ingoroyvaseuli Sexedulebani<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ Semqmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb ar gaiziara rusTvelis<br />

arc erTma mkvlevarma, da arc mweralma vasil barnovma.<br />

191

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. romanis akademiuri gamocema moTavsebulia mwerlis TxzulebaTa aTtomeulis 9e<br />

tomSi (barnovi 1963b: 36-103), sadac nawarmoebis saboloo teqsts daerTvis<br />

winare versiaTa variantuli wakiTxvebis amomwuravi nakrebi (barnovi 1963b: 354-<br />

492). teqstebi damowmebulia swored am wyarodan.<br />

2. sxvaTa Soris, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ da, Sesabamisad, `JamTaaRmwerlobis~ simon<br />

yauxCiSviliseuli gamocemis (1959) Tanaxmad, SoTas zedwodebis aRniSvnisas kidev<br />

ufro meti meryeoba mJRavndeba xelnawerTa wakiTxvebSi: kupari/kupri/kupro/<br />

kuprai/kupraÁ/koprai (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 195, 215, 219; Tumca es variantuli<br />

sxvaobani ar asaxula arc `JamTaaRmwerlobisa~ da arc mTliani `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ bolo akademiur gamocemebSi _ JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 78, 97, 101;<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 2008: 553, 566, 569).<br />

3. teqstebi damowmebulia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ bolo akademiuri gamocemis<br />

mixedviT (qarTlis cxovreba 2008).<br />

4. `rusTvelianas~ teqsti, bunebrivia, damowmebulia im pirveli gamocemis mixedviT<br />

(ingoroyva 1926), romelic, savaraudoa, xelT hqonoda vasil barnovs.<br />

5. Tumca Tvalsazrisi `ordenis meTaurobis~ Sesaxeb `rusTvelianas~ meore gamocemaSi<br />

ukugdebulia (ingoroyva 1963: 126).<br />

6. sayuradReboa, rom swored es forma _ `kupri~ _ miaCnda marTebulad am<br />

sakiTxis sagangebo mkvlevars solomon iordaniSvils (iordaniSvili 1953: 38-40).<br />

7. Sdr. solomon iordaniSvili: `amgvarad, qarTlis cxovrebaTa am ori redaqciis<br />

xsenebuli analogiuri adgilebis SedarebiT irkveva mxolod erTi ram: aq moxsenebulia<br />

vinme SoTa, romelsac siSavisaTvis metsaxelad kupri hrqmevia~<br />

(iordaniSvili 1953: 40); aleqsandre baramiZe: `aSkaraa, rom mongolebisdroindel<br />

moRvawe SoTa erisTavs siSavis gamo Serqmeuli hqonia zedwodeba kupri~ (baramiZe<br />

1964: 430; baramiZe 1975: 196).<br />

8. Sdr. sargis kakabaZe: `hereTis erisTavs SoTa kuprs JamTa aRmwereli axasiaTebs,<br />

rom is iyoo `araraTa niWTa da zneTa samamakacoTa mqone”, e. i. ara Tu yovlad<br />

uniWo, aramed mamaTmavlobiTac daavadebuli~ (kakabaZe 1966: 281).<br />

9. solomon iordaniSvilis dakvirvebiT, es fraza, saerTod, ar Cndeba zogierT<br />

gviandel xelnawerSi (iordaniSvili 1953: 40).<br />

10. `aswlovan matianeSi~ miRebuli es wakiTxva gaziarebulia teqstis uaxles<br />

gamocemaSic (qarTlis cxovreba 2008: 553).<br />

11. Teimuraz batoniSvili am Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams 1843 wels daweril `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

komentarebSi, romelic xelnawerad inaxeboda da mxolod 1960 wels<br />

daibeWda (Teimurazi 1960: 291), xolo mari broses frangulenovani minaweri<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ miseuli xelnaweris arSiaze mxolod 1959 wels gamoqveynda<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 192). Zneli saTqmelia, erTmaneTTan mWidro samecniero<br />

urTierTobaSi my<strong>of</strong> am or mkvlevarTagan romels ekuTvnis pirveloba igiveobis<br />

am varaudis warmoSobisas, miT umetes, Teimurazi sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom<br />

cnobas rusudanisdroindeli warCinebulis SoTa kupris (Tu kuparis) Sesaxeb igi<br />

farsadan gorgijaniZis saistorio Txzulebidan imowmebs _ da ara JamTaaRmwerlobidan!<br />

_ da Tanac es wyaro sul cota xniT adre aRmoCenila mis TvalsawierSi<br />

(`garna aw axlad vpoveT ra moTxroba saqarTveloÁsa aRwerili farsadan<br />

gorgijaniZisa~). rac Seexeba broses, igi Tavis SeniSvnas miawers `JamTaaRmwerlobis~<br />

teqsts, _ kerZod, im monakveTTan, sadac pirveladaa naxsenebi SoTa:<br />

mecniers eWvi uCndeba (`rusTaveli~ _ frCxilebSi da kiTxvis niSniT!), rom es<br />

warCinebuli, SesaZloa, SoTa rusTveli iyos (`es unda iyos Cveni poeti~). advili<br />

araa ganisazRvros, rodisaa miwerili es SeniSvna, radgan Tavad `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

broseseuli xelnaweri sxvadasxvagvarad TariRdeba: an 1839 wliT (qar-<br />

Tlis cxovreba 1955: 051-052), an 1843 wliT (qarTlis cxovreba 2008: 23), ris gamoc,<br />

albaT, Sesabamisad, _ am an momdevno wlebiT, _ unda daTariRdes broseseuli<br />

minaweric. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ueWvelia, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ 1841 wlis sanqtpeterburguli<br />

gamocemis winasityvaobaSi frangi mklevari poemis avtoris Sesa-<br />

192

xeb amgvarad msjelobda: `magra `qarTlis cxovrebebSi~ misi saxeli sruliad<br />

arsad moixseneba~ (ms<strong>of</strong>lio literatura 1976: 62; Sdr. rusTvelologiuri<br />

literatura 1979: 77). rogorc Cans, broses mxolod amis Semdeg miugnia SoTa<br />

kuparisaTvis `JamTaaRmwerlobaSi~, xolo Teimurazs _ gorgijaniZis istoriaSi.<br />

broses monapovris TariRi ganusazRvrelia, xolo Teimuraziseuli komentarebi,<br />

rogorc iTqva, 1843 wels daiwera. sxvaTa Soris, `rusTvelianaSi~ damowmebulia<br />

Teimuraziseuli Sexeduleba, rom SoTa rusTveli hereTis rusTavis mmarTveli<br />

iyo (ingoroyva 1926: 163), magram araferia naTqvami, rom swavluli batoniSvili<br />

SoTa kupars SoTa rusTvelad miiCnevda (ix., agreTve, ingoroyva 1926: 783). amdenad,<br />

didad savaraudoa, rom ori SoTas igiveobis Teorias barnovi mTlianad<br />

pavle ingoroyvas miakuTvnebda (Sdr. Teimurazis Tvalsazrisi, citirebuli da damowmebuli<br />

korneli kekeliZis mier 1927 wels _ kekeliZe 1963: 227; kekeliZe 1971: 33).<br />

12. solomon iordaniSvilma Tavisi naSromi moxsenebad waikiTxa rusTvelis saxelobis<br />

institutSi 1935 wlis 1 aprils (ix. iordaniSvili 1953: 29), xolo Semdgom<br />

is samgzis gamoqveynda: jer Tbilisis universitetis SromebSi (iordaniSvili<br />

1936: 167-181); Semdgom avtoris sicocxleSi momzadebul krebulSi (iordaniSvili<br />

1953: 29-55); bolos _ mkvlevris gardacvalebis Semdgom gamoqveynebul<br />

nakrebSi (iordaniSvili 1966: 19-45).<br />

13. es istoriuli pirovneba _ SoTa, Ze arTavaCos Zisa (ix. qarTlis cxovreba 2008:<br />

395), imjerad `SoTa arTavaCes Zis~ saxelwodebiT, gamoCndeba Tamaris mowinaaRmdege<br />

amboxebulTa Soris `pirimzeSi~ (barnovi 1964: 175-176), rac srulebiT gamoricxavs<br />

mis igiveobas SoTa rusTvelTan, romelic romanis calke personaJia<br />

(barnovi 1964: 150). Tumca imJamad gamoTqmuli iyo Tvalsazrisic _ mose janaSvilis<br />

naSromSi `Tamar mefis mexotbeni~ _ am SoTasa da SoTa rusTvelis igiveobis<br />

Sesaxeb (gazeTi `tribuna~, 1923, 466-e nomeri; ix. imedaSvili 1957: 389; baramiZe<br />

1975: 48).<br />

14. ix. zemore, SeniSvna 7.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

baramiZe 1964: baramiZe a. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. IV, Tb.:<br />

`mecniereba~, 1964.<br />

baramiZe 1975: baramiZe a. SoTa rusTveli. Tb.: Tbil. un-tis gam-ba, 1975.<br />

barnovi 1963a: barnovi v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. tomi VIII, Tb.:<br />

`literatura da xelovneba~, 1963.<br />

barnovi 1963b: barnovi v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. tomi IX, Tb.:<br />

`literatura da xelovneba~, 1963.<br />

barnovi 1964: barnovi v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. tomi X, Tb.:<br />

`literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.<br />

Teimurazi 1960: Teimuraz bagrationi. ganmarteba poema vefxistyaosnisa.<br />

gaioz imedaSvilis redaqciiT, gamokvleviTa da saZieblebiT. Tb.: saq. mecn. akad.<br />

gam-ba, 1960.<br />

imedaSvili 1941: imedaSvili g. rusTvelologia: istoriul-kritikuli<br />

mimoxilva. Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1941.<br />

imedaSvili 1957: imedaSvili g. rusTvelologiuri literatura: 1712-1956<br />

wlebi. Tb.: saq. mecn. akad. gam-ba, 1957.<br />

ingoroyva 1926: ingoroyva p. Rusthveliana, I: vefxis-tyaosnis TariRi; SoTa<br />

rusTvelis vinaoba. tf.: `saxelgami~, 1926.<br />

ingoroyva 1963: ingoroyva p. TxzulebaTa krebuli: Svid tomad. t. I, Tb.:<br />

`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1963.<br />

iordaniSvili 1936: iordaniSvili s. `JamTaaRmwerlis erTi cnobis Sesaxeb<br />

(`SoTa kupri~)~. tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, III, 1936.<br />

iordaniSvili 1953: iordaniSvili s. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis<br />

istoriidan. Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1953.<br />

193

iordaniSvili 1966: iordaniSvili s. narkvevebi. Tb.: `literatura da<br />

xelovneba~, 1964.<br />

kakabaZe 1966: kakabaZe s. SoTa rusTaveli da misi vefxistyaosani. Tb.:<br />

`ganaTleba~, 1966.<br />

kekeliZe 1963: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.<br />

IX, Tb.: saq. mecn. akad. gam-ba, 1963.<br />

kekeliZe 1971: kekeliZe k. rusTvelologiuri narkvevebi. krebuli Seadgina da<br />

gamosacemad moamzada solomon yubaneiSvilma. Tb.: `merani~, 1971.<br />

kiknaZe 1982: kiknaZe r. saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi. I,<br />

Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1982.<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio literatura 1976: rusTveli ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturaSi. I, Tb.: Tsu gamba,<br />

1976.<br />

JamTaaRmwereli 1987: JamTaaRmwereli. aswlovani matiane. teqsti gamosacemad<br />

moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da SeniSvnebi daurTo revaz kiknaZem. Tb.:<br />

`mecniereba~, 1987.<br />

rusTvelologiuri literatura 1979: rusTvelologiuri rCeuli literatura.<br />

I, Seadgina, gamosacemad moamzada, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da komentarebi<br />

daurTo ioseb megreliZem. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1979.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1906: qarTlis cxovreba: mariam ded<strong>of</strong>lis varianti.<br />

gamocemuli eqvTime TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT. tf.: qarTvelTa Soris werakiTxvis<br />

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamocema, 1906.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. tomi I, teqsti dadgenili yvela<br />

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1955.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. tomi II, teqsti dadgenili yvela<br />

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 2008: qarTlis cxovreba. Tb.: `meridiani~; artanuji, 2008.<br />

Merab Ghaghanidze<br />

194<br />

Vasil Barnovi vs. Rusthveliana<br />

Summary<br />

One <strong>of</strong> the charecters <strong>of</strong> the novel by Vasil Barnovi (1856-1934) “Tamar Mtsiri” (the<br />

text <strong>of</strong> the novel was written in 1929, but was published at the first time in 1934) is <strong>Shota</strong><br />

Kupri – <strong>Georgian</strong> nobleman <strong>of</strong> 13 th century, a prominent and public figure <strong>of</strong> the period <strong>of</strong><br />

Mongolian conquest <strong>of</strong> Georgia. <strong>Shota</strong> Kupri is shown or told about him for some several<br />

times during the action <strong>of</strong> the narrative.<br />

The monographical work by Pavle Ingorokva “Rusthveliana” was published in 1926,<br />

but the main conseption <strong>of</strong> the book was familiarized with the members <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

intellectul circles earlier, from 1922, by means <strong>of</strong> the public lectures arranged by the<br />

researcher, especially in the Palace <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> Writeres. In his lectures and then in his<br />

book Ingorokva identifies the <strong>Georgian</strong> nobleman <strong>Shota</strong> Kupri with the <strong>Georgian</strong> poet <strong>of</strong><br />

12 th and 13 th centuries <strong>Shota</strong> Rustveli, an author <strong>of</strong> “Vepkhistkaosani”.<br />

Despite the fact that Barnovi writes his novel as if he does not know anything about<br />

“Rusthveliana” or Ingorokva’s conception at all, it is evident that he is acquaint with the<br />

book, and moreover, the writer ambiguously polemizes with the central conception <strong>of</strong><br />

“Rusthveliana” – he controverts the theory <strong>of</strong> the identification <strong>of</strong> these two persons: <strong>Shota</strong><br />

Kupri and <strong>Shota</strong> Rustveli.

miTosi. rituali. simbolo<br />

realobisa da miTis mxatvruli interpretacia<br />

`baTareka WinWaraulSi~<br />

(teqstologiuri da interteqstualuri dakvirvebebi)<br />

maia niniZe<br />

cnobilia, rom guram rCeuliSvilis `baTareka WinWaraulis~ Seqmnis<br />

SemoqmedebiTi impulsi gaxda 1959 wlis agvistoSi mwerlis megobris,<br />

moqandake gogi oCiauris ori monaTxrobi (rCeuliSvili 2004: 384,385). erTi<br />

exeboda kentavris skulpturas, romelsac is im periodSi aqandakebda, meore<br />

ki _ patara xevsuri gogonas TviTmkvlelobas (gogona Turme TamaSSi gaer-<br />

To da dedisTvis samkalSi saWmlis waReba daaviwyda. mamam amisTvis usayvedura<br />

da man ise mZimed ganicada es, rom Tavi CamoixrCo). mwerali dainteresebula,<br />

ra erqva gogonas mamas. gogi oCiaurs ar axsovda da upasuxia,<br />

`vTqvaT, baTarekao~. miTi da realoba _ kentavris saxe, saxeli baTareka da<br />

gogonas TviTmkvleloba daukavSirda mwerlis imdroindel fiqrebs cxovrebasa<br />

da Semoqmedebaze da mokle xanSi araCveulebriv moTxrobad iqca. am<br />

SemoqmedebiTi procesis mematianeebi guram rCeuliSvilis avtografebia,<br />

magram ramdenadac zemoxsenebuli Tema mis ufro adreul nawarmoebebSic<br />

aisaxa, vidre xelnawerebs ganvixilavdeT da teqsts sinqronul WrilSi (mo-<br />

Txrobis sibrtyeze) gavaanalizebdeT, sainteresod migvaCnia mcire diaqroniuli<br />

eqskursic.<br />

cxovreba da xelovneba: guram rCeuliSvili mudmivad eZebda pasuxebs<br />

maradiul kiTxvebze da am Ziebis process paralelurad uziarebda mkiTxvels.<br />

moTxrobaSi `yvelaze Zalian es bolo suraTi momwonda~ (1957) naCvenebia<br />

xelovanis gaoreba cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas Soris. mas ver gadauwyvetia,<br />

romeli ufro mniSvnelovania misTvis. erT wuTs erTi enatreba,<br />

cota xnis Semdeg ki — meore. mZafri cxovrebiseuli gancda uceb aRviZebs<br />

masSi Semoqmeds, Semoqmedeba ki isev aRZravs cxovrebiseul gancdas: `axla<br />

oriveni Sors iyvnen, naxati akademiaSi ido, leila s<strong>of</strong>elSi... sicocxle<br />

mainc sul sxvaa. uzomod mominda isev leila... isev wamovida axali kompozicia,<br />

leila isev idga suraTis kuTxeSi. `sakmarisia aseTi Zlieri gancda, rom<br />

axali naxatis idea momivides. ara, movklav xatvaSi leilas. Tumca, axla<br />

mirCevnia leila iyos aq da moklas xatva...~ (rCeuliSvili 2002: 188) am Sinagani<br />

monologis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelovani verc cxovrebiseuli<br />

bednierebis da verc Semoqmedebis gareSe ver Zlebs, orives eswrafvis,<br />

magram orive erTdroulad ver Tavsdeba mis bunebaSi.<br />

momdevno wels dawyebul moTxrobaSi `irina da me~, romelic mweralma<br />

1959 wlis Semodgomaze daasrula, protagonisti _ axalgazrda mwerali<br />

gurami klavs sayvarel qal irinas da Tavis qmedebas xsnis imiT, rom mis<br />

bunebaSi Semoqmedebis survilis mZlavri nakadis SemoWram igi uneblied<br />

CaiTria Tavis uflebebSi, gaaxvia `xelovnebis rkinisebur principebSi~ da<br />

195

wamouyena axali moTxovnebi. guramma Semoqmedebis Tvalsawieridan dauwyo<br />

yureba cxovrebas da misi yoveli moTxovnileba mkrexelobad moeCvena.<br />

Semoqmedebam masSi siyvarulis SeTavsebac ki ver SeZlo. igi sazRvravda mis<br />

grZnobas `maRali azris mxatvruli gadmocemis~ araswori gagebiT~. lirikuli<br />

gmiri am mdgomareobas adrindeli `drostarebis~ gagrZelebas uwodebs<br />

da Tavis gadawyvetilebas _ ukvdavyos mis mier mokluli qali xelovnebis<br />

meSveobiT, Tavadve dascinis: `oo, rogor momnatrebia Cemi oTaxi... iq sxvanairia<br />

yvelaferi, iqidan supermeni ibereba, mizidavs, nuTu cota xnis win me<br />

Tavis daxrCobaze vifiqre, a?! midi, icocxle, icxovre, were, gamoisyide.<br />

daxrCoba?? ara, jer Sen unda irinas Zegli augo... me mas unda Zegli avugo,<br />

mxolod misTvisve vrCebi cocxali! sibrazis amoxeTqvasaviT imarTeba Cemi<br />

sxeuli Tavisi Tavis winaaRmdeg: guram! iyavi mkvleli, oRond nu iqnebi<br />

matyuara! mxolod sakuTari vnebisTvis, SenTvis, SenTvis unda icxovro Sen,<br />

da ara gaqvs araviTari ufleba, sxvas daabralo es sicocxle; Sen unda iyo,<br />

sanam rame gancdaa, sanam aris rame, saerTod, rasac xedav, grZnob da<br />

gadmoscem~ (rCeuliSvili 2004: 227, 228).<br />

`baTareka WinWaraulSic~ grZeldeba mwerlis fiqri xelovnebisa da<br />

cxovrebis urTierTmimarTebaze da aqac ikveTeba didi Sinagani winaaRmdegoba.<br />

mudam sisxlis saqmeebSi Cabmuli da CaburZgnulxasiaTiani xevsurebi<br />

saocrad SemoqmedebiTebi arian. `aq poezia ganukiTxavad batonobs prozaze,<br />

poezia Tavisi `ulogiko~ vnebebiTa da gamoxatvis Seudarebeli dramatuli<br />

simSvenieriT. SemTxvaviTi ar aris, rom aq folklori, awyobili xevsuruli<br />

leqsiT, Tavisi Rirsebis SegrZnebiT, klasikur simaRlemde adis. yvela<br />

xevsuri, rogorc wesi, poetia; yvelaze kargs ki imaTgan is dawers, romelic<br />

sxvaze metad da RirsebiT itanjeba, vermiRweulis vnebiT Sepyrobili,<br />

leqsis Tqmamde~(rCeuliSvili 2004: 185, 186). bunebiT faqiz adamianTa amgvari<br />

gaorebis mizezi, rogorc Cans, cxovrebaa. maT uxeS qcevas ganapirobebs<br />

`rjulze umtkicesi~ Cveuleba, romelsac damorCilebuli hyavs maTi<br />

mgrZnobeloba. kerp-agresiuli xasiaTi ipyrobs da inadirebs yvelafers,<br />

risi fizikuri wvdomac SeiZleba, magram ver `eweva~ suls. am miuwvdomlobis<br />

Rrma gancdam SesaZloa pirovnebaSi gardatexa gamoiwvios da apovninos is<br />

gza, riTac yvelafris wvdoma SeiZleba, anu xelovneba.<br />

am Tematur rkalSi Semodis moTxrobaSi kentavris miTi. monadires, romelsac<br />

akrZaluli hqonda irmis mokvla da mainc moiwadina, uceb mSvildis<br />

`mosazidad moxrili mklavi gauSeSda, aeyara ZarRvebi wyrTasa da mxars Sua,<br />

arfis simebiviT gaeba da daeWima. tani cxens Seezarda, rom ar SeCerebuliyo<br />

misi Weneba nadiris saZebnelad da meti simwuxare mieyenebina nadirobis<br />

unars moklebulisaTvis; mxolod saisre marjvena xeli darCa Tavis nebaze<br />

moZravi; Camohkravda am xels simebad qceul ZarRvebs da mReroda, radgan<br />

araferi SeeZlo nadirobisa da im vnebis gamoxatvis garda, romelsac masze<br />

mogonebiT simebs aTqmevinebda~ (rCeuliSvili 2004: 189, 190).<br />

miTosuri interteqsti: miTologiur saxeeebs, maTi mravalferovnebis,<br />

xatovanebisa da tevadobis gamo, aTaswleulebis manZilze ubrundebian mwerlebi.<br />

gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda miTosuri aluziebi XX saukunis literaturaSi.<br />

kentavris Sesaxeb berZnuli miTis interteqstze 1963 wels amerikuli modernizmis<br />

TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis, jon apdaikis cnobili romani `kentavri~<br />

Seiqmna. igi mogviTxrobs ganuxorcieleblad Caklul miswrafebebze, sulieri<br />

da moraluri Rirebulebebis dakninebasa da uxeS, uRmerTo garemoSi,<br />

socialuri qcevis stereotipebis gavleniT, adamianis mier sakuTari saxisa<br />

196

da cxovrebis arsis dakargvaze. rogorc vxedavT, amerikul romans arsebiTi<br />

saerTo aqvs `baTareka WinWaraulTan~, magram nawarmoebis filos<strong>of</strong>iuri plastis<br />

Sesaqmnelad da personaJis Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobis warmosaCenad am<br />

gaorebuli miTosuri arsebis (naxevrad cxeni da naxevrad kaci) buneba guram<br />

rCeuliSvilma apdaikamde oTxi wliT adre gamoiyena, nafiqri ki amaze kidev ufro<br />

adre hqonda, rasac adasturebs sxvadasxva moTxrobebisa da daumTavrebeli<br />

Txzulebebis calkeuli epizodebi (ix. cxenisa da kacis erTianobis SegrZnebis<br />

Sesaxeb marine rCeuliSvilis komentarebi (rCeuliSvili 2004: 385).<br />

cxenkacebis _ kentavrebis Sesaxeb araerTi berZnuli miTi arsebobs.<br />

isini ufro xSirad asocirdebian instinqtebis tyveobasTan, s<strong>of</strong>lur velurobasTan,<br />

siuxeSesTan, mrisxanebasTan, nadirobasTan, Trobasa da ZaladobasTan<br />

(arist<strong>of</strong>anes gadmocemiT, Zvel berZnulSi sityva `kentavrikos” anu kentavrulad<br />

`siuxeSis” aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda), magram arseboben sxvagvari<br />

kentavrebic, magaliTad herakles, iazonis, aqilevsis, Tezevsisa da eskulapis<br />

aRmzrdeli, keTilsindisieri da gonieri qironi, romelic momaval gmirebs<br />

mSvildosnobis garda liraze dakvrasac aswavlida (homerosi 1990) `baTareka<br />

WinWaraulSi~ kentavrad qceuli monadiris mklavi, romelzedac is ukravs,<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, ara lirasTan, aramed arfasTan aris Sedarebuli, magram<br />

piTagoras filos<strong>of</strong>iuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, arfac da lirac simbolurad<br />

ganasaxierebs samyaros harmonias, xids, casa da dedamiwas Soris.<br />

(enciklopedia)<br />

kentavrTan dakavSirebuli zustad iseTi miTologema, rogoric guram<br />

rCeuliSvils aqvs gamoyenebuli moTxrobaSi, arsad ar gvxvdeba, magram calkeuli<br />

detalebis msgavseba mJRavndeba sxva berZnul miTebTan da qarTul<br />

folklorTanac. irmis daWris an mokvlis gamo nadirobis qalRemRTis mrisxaneba<br />

araerT berZnul miTSi gvxvdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom rCeuliSvilis<br />

moTxrobis adreul versiaSi monadire ara mxolod umiznebda, klavda kidevac<br />

akrZalul irems: `..mTel Rames sdia ugonod da diliT mokla. gatexa piri~.<br />

heraklem kerineis mTebSi daWra da daatyveva artemides oqrosrqiani<br />

iremi da qalRmerTis risxvas mxolod imiT gadarCa, rom es ara Tavisi nebiT,<br />

aramed evrisTenes davalebiT gaakeTa (berZnuli miTologia).<br />

keosis velze binadrobda nimfebisTvis miZRvnili umSvenieresi iremi,<br />

romelTanac megobrobda mefiswuli kviparosi. erTxel, rodesac iremi foTlovanSi<br />

emaleboda mzis mxurvalebas, kviparosma ver icno Tavisi megobari<br />

da SubiT gangmira. am gamousworebeli Secdomis gamo Wabukma apolons<br />

sTxova maradiuli glova daewesebia misTvis da marTlac, igi cremlmdinare<br />

xed iqca (elinuri miTebi 1938).<br />

aqteonis miTSi vxvdebiT artemides risxviT adamianis irmad qcevas. finikielTa<br />

mefis SviliSvili, aqteoni saukeTeso monadire iyo. erTxel, kiTeronis<br />

tyeSi nadirobisas igi gadaeyara qalRmerTi artemides mosasvenebel<br />

walkots da naxa SiSveli qalmerTi, ris gamoc misi risxva daimsaxura. ukan<br />

dabrunebul aqteons Tavze irmis rqebi amoezarda, kiseri daugrZelda, xelebi<br />

fexebad eqca, Cliqebi gaezarda, mTeli sxeuli balniT daefara da<br />

irmad iqca. Wabuki Tavis ZaRlebs Cveulebrivi iremi egonaT da daglijes<br />

(ovidiusi 1977: 206).<br />

kidev erTi berZnuli miTis mixedviT, artemidem misi irmis mokvlis gamo<br />

agamemnons qariSxali mouvlina da mikenis mefem am risxvisgan Tavis dasaRwevad<br />

qalRmerTs Tavisi qaliSvilis, ifigenias msxverplad Sewirva aRuTqva.<br />

197

artemidam samsxverploze miyvanili ifigenias nacvlad iremi Seawirina, agamemnonis<br />

qaliSvili ki Tavis qurumad aqcia (SCeglovi 2006).<br />

irmis sakralizebuli saxe da misi mokvliT gmiris bedisweris ukuRma<br />

datrialeba xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul folklorSic. legendis erT-erTi<br />

variantis mixedviT amiranma mokla iremi, romlis rqebic cas swvdeboda da<br />

roca aRmoaCina, rom mas Sublze jvari hqonda gamosaxuli, mixvda, rom es<br />

danaSauli misTvis sabediswero gaxdeboda: `mivida, bevri itira, ro jvari<br />

naxa rqasao~ (Ciqovani 1981, 21).<br />

irmis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli, sakraluri cxovelis saxe qarTul<br />

werilobiT wyaroebsa da zepir gadmocemebSi kidev bevrgan gvxvdeba: mefe<br />

farnavazi daWrilma iremma miiyvana ganZTan, mefe mirians irmebze nadirobisas<br />

daubnelda mze, ramac `ninos RmerTis~ aRiarebamde miiyvana, vaxtang<br />

gorgaslis mier Tbilisis daarsebis Sesaxeb arsebuli legendis erT-erTi<br />

Zveli redaqciiT gogirdovan wyalSi ganikurna mis mier daWrili ara xoxobi,<br />

aramed iremi. irmis saxe idumali da sakraluri mniSvnelobiT gadadis mxatvrul<br />

prozaSic. ilia WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~ irmis monadirebis epizodiT<br />

iwyeba, Semdeg ki xdeba am faqtis ganzogadeba da dakavSireba adamianis<br />

codvil bunebasTan. `oTaraanT qvrivSi~ gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli da<br />

Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva aqvs Tevdores mier irmis cocxlad `monadirebas~.<br />

guram rCeuliSvili `baTareka WinWaraulSi~ TiTqos krebs da erTmaneT-<br />

Tan akavSirebs sxvadasxva miTologemaTa elementebs: kentavris uxeS xasiaTs,<br />

qironis musikalur SesaZleblobebs; irmis sakralurobas, masze nadirobis<br />

akrZalvas, irmis mokvlisTvis adamianis gadaqcevas sxva arsebad (irmad,<br />

kviparosad) da qalwulisa da irmis, rogorc msxverplis urTierTCanacvlebas<br />

(mamis mier irmis mokvlis gamo unda dasjiliyo ifigenia, magram Semdeg<br />

isev iremi Seiwira mis nacvlad). savaraudod, im mizniT, rom xevsurul<br />

konteqstSi bunebrivad Casvas berZnuli miTosuri elementebi, mwerali sagangebod<br />

ar axsenebs sityva kentavrs, aseve cxovelTa mfarvelad ixseniebs<br />

ara artemides, aramed oCopintres (arabunebrivi iqneboda, rom xevsur gogonas<br />

berZnul miTologiaze fiqriT daeZina yovel saRamos), magram am interteqstebis<br />

wyaroze igi iribad mainc migvaniSnebs: `naxevrad dangreul<br />

Satils vinc naxavs, egoneba, rom berZenma RmerTebma olimpos mitovebis<br />

Semdeg aq gadmoinacvles, am polisSi...~<br />

sxvadasxva simbolologiuri ganmartebebiT iremi mzis, sulis, WeSmaritebis<br />

Ziebis da saidumlosTan ziarebis simboloa. wminda werilis komentatorebi<br />

RvTis maZiebel suls xedaven daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmuniseul<br />

mwyurvale iremSic (41: 2). vfiqrobT, rom es mniSvneloba kargad esadageba<br />

guram rCeuliSvilis moTxrobaSi arsebul miTosur interteqstsac.<br />

monadires akrZaluli aqvs iremze _ sulze nadiroba, kentavrs ki misi _ sulis<br />

wvdoma SeuZlia musikiT. vfiqrob, rom rCeuliSvilis mxatvruli interpretaciiT<br />

monadire Cveulebrivi adamiania, romelsac cxovrebaze pirdapiri<br />

zemoqmedeba SeuZlia (aaSenos, daangrios, moklas, gankurnos), magram<br />

`sulis moxelTeba~ _ ara, kentavri ki aris adamiani-xelovani, romelic<br />

suls swvdeba ara isriT da SubiT, aramed bgeriT, feriT da mxatvruli sityviT<br />

(mas SeuZlia ganacdevinos _ gaaxaros, aatiros, sibraluli an sinanuli<br />

aRuZras).<br />

mwerali ver Secvlis imas, rac cxovrebaSi misgan damoukideblad xdeba,<br />

magram mas SeuZlia, rom momxdaris gancdaSi da am gancdiliT sulier<br />

amaRlebaSi daexmaros mkiTxvels. misTvis mTavari is aris, Tu ras igrZnobs<br />

198

`CaburZgnulxasiaTiani~ cocxali `baTareka~ am moTxrobis wakiTxvisas, isev<br />

Cawixlavs sakuTari gulis siRrmeSi mimalul sifaqizes da jiutad Seecdeba,<br />

rom yvelaferi, sulic ki, ZaliT daimorCilos, Tu gaiRviZebs da mixvdeba,<br />

rom arafers, arcerT saqmes dedamiwis zurgze fasi ara aqvs siyvarulis gareSe.<br />

pavle mociqulis TqmiT: `enaTa-Ra Tu kacTasa da angelozTasa<br />

vityodi, xolo siyuaruli ara maqundes, viqmen me, viTarca rvali, romeli<br />

oxrin, gina winwilani, romelni xmobed. da maqundes RaTu winaiswarmetyuelebai<br />

da uwyodi yoveli saidumloi da yoveli mecnierebai, maqundes RaTu<br />

yovelive sarwmunoebai, vidre mTaTaca cvalebadmde da siyuaruli Tu ara<br />

maqundes, arave rai var. Se-RaTu-vaWamo yoveli monagebi Cemi da mivscne<br />

xorcni Cemni dasawuvelad da siyuaruli ara maqundes, araraive sargebel<br />

ars Cemda~ (1 korinT. 13, 1-3).<br />

modernistuli literaturis cnobili mkvlevari viki mehefi jeims joisis<br />

`ulises~ analizisas wers, rom gmiris marcxi SesaZloa mkiTxvelis gamococxlebis<br />

sawindari gaxdes: `teqstis msgavsad, mkiTxveli (furcelia), magram esaa<br />

mTvlemare, Sevsebuli, Sesworebadi furceli, romelsac sxvebis gaRviZebis unari<br />

Seswevs. mkiTxvelis axali cxovreba maSin ibadeba, rodesac mas jvarze akraven<br />

sxva mkiTxvelebi an teqsti, an kidev — damarcxebuli (da ara warmatebuli) gmiri<br />

(mehefi 2008).<br />

baTareka da monadire: moTxrobaSi SeiniSneba paralelebi baTarekasa da<br />

legendiseul monadires Soris: `aRukveTa mas (monadires) nadiri...~ || `ver<br />

egueba... zamTris umoqmedobas~ (baTareka); `arafris keTeba ar SeeZlo monadires<br />

garda nadiris xocvisa~ | `Zlivs mieCvia ojaxs baTareka WinWarauli~;<br />

`dadis axla (monadire), eZebs fsits, niamors, jixvs... sakmarisia Tvali mohkras<br />

Wiuxis boloSi, rom isini gaqrnen... Camoxma vaJi, gautyda sxeuli~ ||<br />

`Tavisuflad dadian Wiuxebidan qveviT daweuli jixvebi. gminavs baTarek...~;<br />

`mouvida isev nadiri (monadires), aevso xorci, auyvavda suli, amRerda misi<br />

buneba~ || `...CaTba saxlSi (baTareka), TiTqos daiRala da moewona saqalo<br />

saqme~; `arcerTi wamiT ar aviwydeboda (monadires), rom ar unda moekla<br />

xariremi~ || `ar datova arcerTi kuTxe auqoTebel daulagebeli da zemo<br />

koSkSi avida mesame dRes~; `sxivebi qedis gaswvriv gawvnen da daabrmaves<br />

Tavisi simSvenieriT monadire~ || `mzias... quTuToebi ufro gaubrwyinda mamis<br />

danaxvaze. guli moulba baTarekas da Tvalebma argamosamJRavneblad<br />

ufro avad daiwyes yureba~; `mTis datexil xerxemalze xeobidan avardnil<br />

xarirems gamoudga (monadire), mTeli Rame sdia gonebagaSavebulma da diliT<br />

miewia~ || `asulis Tvalebis moSorebam Tavisi magnituri wrisgan gauSva is<br />

(baTareka) da... brazis gadmonTxevis saSualeba misca~.<br />

oCopintres mier dasjil monadires da zamTris gamo saxlSi Caketil<br />

baTarekas orTaves saSinlad awuxebs is, rom ver akeTeben Cveul saqmes. Sewyalebis<br />

Semdeg nadirTmfarveli samoqmedo areals SeuzRudavs monadires<br />

da baTarekac iZulebiT gadaerTveba saxlis saqmeze, magram bolos erTs mzis<br />

sxivis, meores ki mzias gabrwyinebuli Tvalebis danaxvaze axsendebaT, rom<br />

aris raRac, maT saqmeze ufro mSvenieri, magram maTTvis miuwvdomeli da<br />

dabrmavebulebi cdiloben am miuRwevlis ZaliT moxelTebas.<br />

sxvagvari xdeba cxenkacad qceuli monadire. mas nadiris mxolod devnaRa<br />

SeuZlia, magram ara monadireba, ris gamoc vermiRweulis vneba kidev<br />

ufro uZlierdeba, magram mas axla sxva iaraRi aqvs — arfad qceuli mklavi<br />

da simRera. misi tanjva mTavrdeba `amoTqmiT~, magram maSinve axldeba axali<br />

sityvebis, ferebisa da bgerebis adevnebiT.<br />

199

mze da mzia: moTxrobaSi mzias gamoCenis win ase gvamzadebs avtori: `aRar<br />

arian qedebis ZirSi nazi iebi, aRar ikrifeba qedze Sefenili SavSala xili...~<br />

mzia am gayinul garemoSi amosuli martosuli yvavilia — lamazi da faqizi.<br />

is aris aRsavse erTaderTi grZnobiT, romelsac `ver arqmevs saxels”, albaT<br />

imitom, rom saxels arqmeven sagnebs da movlenebs erTmaneTisgan gansasaxvaveblad,<br />

mzias ki erTaderTi grZnoba hqonda, is erT did siyvarulad aRiqvamda<br />

mTel samyaros da erTi didi siyvaruliT uyvarda irgvliv yvelaferi. mzia ar<br />

aris fsiqologiurad Camoyalibebuli portreti. igi saxe ideaa, romelic<br />

gvexmareba mTavari personaJis — baTarekas rTuli xasiaTis gaxsnaSi. ra Tqma<br />

unda, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom moTxrobis saTauria `baTareka WinWarauli~<br />

da ara `mzia~, an raime sxva. mzia aris mze — siTbo da sinaTle. is aris siyvaruli<br />

da sifaqize, romelic Cakla Tavis TavSi baTarekam. amitomac mzia, romelic<br />

kibis safexurebsac ki siyvaruliT aRavsebs, ver albobs mamis guls.<br />

baTarekas sayveduri mziasadmi `s<strong>of</strong>lis~ TvalTaxedviT logikuria,<br />

radgan ablabudebi realuria, magram arsebobs ufro maRali, zeadamianuri<br />

logikac, romlisTvisac gulis siTbo ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre gamoyvanili<br />

tyavi, garCeuli sisxlis saqmeebi da Camowmendili Weri. es logika<br />

misawvdomia mxolod imaTTvis vinc es `ukeTesi nawili gamoirCia~ (luka 10,<br />

42). mzia am logikiT aris marTali. igi yvelaze Zvirfas Tesls _ siyvaruls<br />

Tesavs da misi Tvalebi imdenad aris savse am grZnobiT, rom ablabudebs verc<br />

ki amCnevs.<br />

mzia sruliad gansxvavdeba usiyvarulo movaleobebiT Sekruli im sazogadoebisagan,<br />

romelic mas gars akravs. `TiTqos ar icnobs mzia s<strong>of</strong>lis mcxovreblebs,<br />

Tavisi ded-mamac ki ar icis rogoria...~ samyaroSi, romelsac igi xedavs, yvelaferi<br />

erTmaneTSia areuli: `kacebi, koSkebi, saqoneli, SuRli da TviTon”. kacebi am<br />

sazogadoebis dominanturi Zalaa, koSkebi, maTi mosawyeni cxovrebis asparezi,<br />

saqoneli _ sisxlis gamosasyidi, SuRli ki — cxovrebis wesi. mzia TiTqos gaurbis<br />

am yvelafers da cdilobs Tavi Seafaros uzarmazar cxvris qurqs.<br />

baTarekasa da mzias saxeebi pirvelad gaCnda daumTavrebel romanSi saTauriT<br />

`saidan movdivar, saiT mivdivar, ra minda~. masSi gvxvdeba remdenime moTxrobis,<br />

`baTareka WinWarauli~, `naTela~ da `devebis cekva~ elementebi. avtografis<br />

pirvelsave abzacSi romanis mTavari personaJis, avtoris alter egos _<br />

Tbilisidan xevsureTs Casuli 25 wlis guramis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `...aRgznebuli<br />

idga mTis wverze. qvevidan amodiodnen rZisferi nislebi... faravdnen yvelafers,<br />

mxolod mis garSemo Wauxis dakidebuli ferdebi idgnen SiSveli, Savi... is<br />

magrad gaexvia TeTr cxvris qurqSi da gairinda... janRi moedo aqamde SiSvel<br />

qedebsac... netari usurviloba daeufla yvelafers... gauqra yovelgvari ndoma...<br />

daekarga yovelgvari SegrZnebebi, garda amqveyniuri, Tu zedmetad miwieri<br />

netarebisa...~ es imdenad sufTa gancdaa, rom avtori mas dedis ZuZus dawafebuli<br />

Cvilis gancxromas adarebs.<br />

mwvervalze mdgomi, cxvris qurqSi gaxveuli es ymawvili, jer Sav-TeTri ferebis,<br />

Semdeg ki Savis sruli batonobis fonze iseve gamoiyureba, rogorc<br />

baTarekas asuli mzia: `dausrulebliv devs Tovli... zis koSkis zemoTa muxlSi<br />

qurqebis SuaSi Camjdari mzia... viwro sarkmlidan iyureba dRe, roca fifqebi<br />

Canan, Rame, roca Tovlic ki Savdeba... simartovisagan gansakuTrebiT kargad<br />

grZnobs mzias sxeuli, rom is unakloa, am SegrZnebis mudmivi Tanxleba, sxvisi<br />

y<strong>of</strong>nis usurvilobis zRvramde, kargsa xdis mas... mxolod uzarmazari cxvris<br />

qurqi, romelSiac is gaxveula, ealerseba mis sxeuls...~ daumTavrebeli moTxrobis<br />

siuJetis mixedviT, xevsureTSi Casuli gurami SemTxveviT unda Sexvedroda<br />

200

mzias. Savi avtografebidan moTxrobis saboloo versiamde momxdari uamravi<br />

cvlilebis miuxedavad, calkeuli konkretuli saxeebis SenarCuneba da gadatana<br />

teqstis saboloo variantSi, maT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze unda migvaniSnebdes.<br />

Savi garemos fonze TeTri cxvris qurqi erT-erTi aseTi detalia. es is<br />

mikrosamyaroa, romelic vnebebs acxrobs da usurvilobis netareba moaqvs.<br />

daumTavrebeli romanis erT monakveTSi pirdapir aris Tqmuli: `didi cxvris<br />

qurqi, romelSiac magra gaxveula gurami, icavs mas gare samyaros zedmeti SegrZnebisgan<br />

da sasiamovno harmoniasa qmnis~. am ori epizodis Sedareba sxva mxrivac<br />

aris saintereso. maTi msgavseba migvaniSnebs, rom mzias saxeSi mweralma sakuTari<br />

gancdebic ganasxeula, magram Tu gurams male kvlav uCndeba miuwvdomlisken<br />

swrafvis Jini, mzia mudmivad im qurqSi rCeba. igi Tavis survilebs verc sityvad<br />

da verc saqmed ver aqcevs, mxolod `matylSi Carguli tuCebiT asunTqebs tyavsabans~.<br />

marTalia, mzias samyaro bolomde TviTkmari ar aris, is elodeba raRacas<br />

Tu viRacas, magram ara cvlilebas, aramed gagrZelebas, gavrcobas. elodeba<br />

misnairs (aseTi Sexvedra misnairTan xdeba `naTelaSi~), radgan raime ucxos,<br />

magaliTad, garemomcveli Suris, mtrobis, mrisxanebis Tundac mcire doziT<br />

miRebis SemTxvevaSi, mzia ukve aRar iqneba is, vinc aris — `Seurevneli~ siyvaruli.<br />

kerp-agresiuli garemo yvelgan SeRwevas cdilobs. amitom mzia marTlac dgeba<br />

sulieri `aradqcevis~ saSiSroebis winaSe, risi alternativac xdeba misi<br />

fizikuri sikvdili.<br />

mzias gansxvaveba misi garemomcveli samyarosagan naTlad Cans Tavisi saxelebisadmi<br />

damokidebulebaSic. `mzia~ moswons albaT imitom, rom igi mzes,<br />

siTbosa da naTels ukavSirdeba da am yvelafers is realurad grZnobs sakuTar<br />

TavSi, `Tamari~ mTielTaTvis saficari, Rirseuli da saTanadod dafasebuli mefe-qalis<br />

saxelia, danarCeni ori _ `sandua da buba~ ki aris im y<strong>of</strong>is anareklebi,<br />

romelic gars akravs mzias da amitomac ejavreba. `isini pataras momaval qmrian<br />

jafaze uyvebian qveSecneulad~, aRniSnavs avtori da Tu moTxrobas Tvals<br />

gadavavlebT, davinaxavT, ra jafa da ra damokidebulebebia is, rac ganizidavs da<br />

aSinebs mzias. mxolod movaleobiT, usiyvarulod gakeTebuli saqme, uazro, sastiki<br />

wesebi, cxoveluri instinqtebi. Satileli kacebi: `itaceben saqonels, iReben<br />

sisxls, texen davas da TviTon avalianeben sxvebs... wivisa da vnebis suniT<br />

ivseba mTeli s<strong>of</strong>eli, bolavs, Jins iklavs, iRvivebs, araysa xdis, ludsa svams da<br />

Rreobs...~<br />

mwerlis dis, marine rCeuliSvilis komentarebidan vigebT, rom saxeli `mzia~<br />

ukavSirdeba guram rCeuliSvilis pirvel siyvaruls (rCeuliSvili 2004 199),<br />

magram, ramdenadac moTxrobaSi xdeba baTarekas asulis oTxi saxelis konceptualuri<br />

dapirispireba, vfiqrobT, rom am _ piraduli motiviT gakeTebul _<br />

arCevanSi mwerali ganzogadebul interpretaciasac debs. mzias saxe ukavSirdeba<br />

mzes, naTels. misi msgavsia moTxroba `naTelas~ mTavari gmiri, romelsac mzias<br />

nacvlad hqvia msgavsi konceptis Semcveli saxeli `naTela~. Cveni azriT, savsebiT<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom ara mxolod `mzia~, `naTelac~ ki im realur pirovnebas ukav-<br />

Sirdebodes, visSiac mwerali xedavda sulieri naTlis gansaxovnebas, magram<br />

mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania am saxelTa semantikuri raobac.<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mzia ar warmoadgens fsiqologiur saxe-xasiaTs.<br />

amitomac ar aris masSi araviTari gaoreba. ase rom ar iyos, moTxrobaSi, sadac<br />

kvanZis gaxsna mzias TviTmkvlelobas ukavSirdeba, is mainc iqneboda naCvenebi, Tu<br />

ra ganicada man am sabediswero nabijis gadadgmamde. gmiris fsiqologiuri portretis<br />

xatvisas aqcentebi gancdebze ufro keTdeba, vidre qmedebaze, aq ki erTi<br />

sityvac ar aris naTqvami amis Sesaxeb.<br />

201

niSandoblivia isic, rom baTarekas asulma `gamqrali Suacecxlis jaWvze<br />

CamoixrCo Tavi~. qarTuli tradiciiT keriaze danTebuli, Suacecxli, iseve,<br />

rogorc dedaboZze gamosaxuli borjRali, mzis simbolo iyo da imaze mianiSnebda,<br />

rom sanam iq cecxli enTo, ojaxs mze da sikeTe ar moakldeboda.<br />

baTarekas ojaxSi mzis simbolo _ Suacecxli da mzia erTad `gaqra~. yovelive<br />

es gvafiqrebinebs, rom simboluria ara mxolod mzias saxe, aramed<br />

TviTmkvlelobis faqtic, rogorc siuJeturi detali.<br />

namdvili, xorcSesxmuli, fsiqologiuri saxe-xasiaTi am moTxrobaSi<br />

baTarekaa. avtors kargad aqvs danaxuli mis gaorebuli buneba. Sinaganad<br />

uxeS Tanas<strong>of</strong>lelebs sakuTari sastiki y<strong>of</strong>a problemebs ar uqmnis. igi tanjavs<br />

mxolod baTarekas, romelic bunebiT mgrZnobiarea, magram garemosTan<br />

Seguebam, s<strong>of</strong>lis wesis miyolam Cakla masSi yovelgvari sifaqize da dautova<br />

mxolod movaleobis grZnoba. movaleobis grZnoba, romelic saeWvo zneobriv<br />

kanonebze iyo agebuli. baTarekas gaorebuli bunebis Sesaxeb avtori<br />

pirdapir ambobs: `bunebiT nazi, avazakiviT uJmuri iyo xasiaTiTa da qceviT<br />

baTarek~. mzia ki Tavad siyvarulia, romelic gauxeSebul garemoSi TavisiT<br />

kvdeba. Cveni azriT, umarTebulo iqneba am personaJis saxis fsiqoanalizi an<br />

misi qmedebis moraluri gansja. qristianuli swavlebiT TviTmkvleloba<br />

momakvdinebeli codvaa, magram dauSvebelia nawarmoebis mxatvruli plastis<br />

sityvasityviTi gageba da masze dayrdnobiT raime daskvnebis gakeTeba.<br />

vfiqrob, rom guram rCeuliSvilis es moTxroba kentavris liris msgavsad<br />

ufro Sors mwvdomia, vidre monadiris isari. igi xvdeba mkiTxvelis guls<br />

da ar SeiZleba, rom masSi sinanulis grZnoba da siyvarulis naperwkali ar<br />

gaaCinos.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

berZnuli miTologia: Греческая мифология, greekroman.ru/leg/ hercules.htm<br />

elinuri miTebi 1938: `elinuri miTebi~, naw. I, Tb.: 1938.<br />

enciklopedia: Энциклопедия знаков и символов, sigils.ru/symbols/ arfa.html<br />

mehefi 2008: mehefi v . `jeims joisis kiTxvisas~. Targmna Tamar lomiZem. `arili~, 12<br />

oqtomberi, 2008.<br />

ovidiusi 1977: Публий Овидий Назон. Метаморфозы. книга III. Перевод с<br />

латинского С.В. Шервинского. М.: "Художественная литература", 1977.<br />

rCeuliSvili g. 2002: rCeuliSvili g. Txzulebebi eqvs tomad. t. 2, 2002.<br />

rCeuliSvili g. 2004: rCeuliSvili g. Txzulebebi eqvs tomad. t. 3, 2004.<br />

qarTuli folklori 1981: qarTuli folklori. X. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1981.<br />

SCeglovi 2006: Г.В. Щеглов, В. Арчер. Мифологический словарь (Ифигения), Астрель,<br />

2006.<br />

Ciqovani 1981: Ciqovani m. amiranis Tqmulebis poeturi Canawerebi. qarTuli<br />

folklori, X. Tb.: 1981.<br />

homerosi 1990: homerosi,.`iliada~. XI, 832 ZvelberZnulidan Targmna roman<br />

miminoSvilma. Tb.: 1990.<br />

202

Maia Ninidze<br />

Artistic Interpretation <strong>of</strong> Reality and Myth in “Batareka Chincharauli”<br />

(Textual and Intertextual analysis)<br />

Summary<br />

Guram Rcheulishvili’s “Batareka Chincharauli” was inspired by a real fact – a Khevsurian<br />

girl’s suicide. The tragic case was told to the writer by his friend Gogi Ochiauri who was a<br />

sculptor and was carving a monument <strong>of</strong> a centaur at that time. Two images - one <strong>of</strong> a coarse<br />

father whose insult made his daughter kill herself and the other <strong>of</strong> a centaur, mythical hybrid<br />

creature with contradictory, rude nature, penetrated the writer’s thoughts about art and life and<br />

gave birth to this wonderful story. There are quite vivid parallels between Batareka and the<br />

mythical hunter who shoot the forbidden deer and was turned into a half-horse, as well as between<br />

his daughter and the sun.<br />

Batareka’s character is very lively and realistic while Mzia is more schematic and symbolic.<br />

Mzia (“Mze” in <strong>Georgian</strong> means “the sun”) is full <strong>of</strong> positive spirit and love. She represents the<br />

virtues that were killed by Batareka in himself. Therefore we consider that Mzia’s suicide is a plot<br />

metaphor and not a conventional plot detail. The story tells us how a person, plunged in seemingly<br />

important daily pursuits and relationship routines kills in himself the most important – Love. It<br />

should be noted that Guram Rcheulishvili used the intertext <strong>of</strong> the centaur myth four years earlier<br />

than John Updike in his famous novel “The Centaur”.<br />

203

inga milorava<br />

204<br />

mindias miTis mxatvruli transformacia<br />

modernistul teqstSi<br />

`mindias rkalis~ modernistuli prozis gaazreba aucilebelia miTis<br />

koncefciis Camosayalibeblad. am rkalSi moqceuli moTxrobebi SeiZleba<br />

or qvejgufad davyoT: pirvel jgufSi gaerTianebulia moTxrobebi, romel-<br />

Ta gmirebic bunebasTan TanxmierebiTa da TanaziarobiT ensgavsebian mindias,<br />

avlenen mindias arqetipTan myar Sinagan kavSirs, magram mainc mwerlis<br />

mier Seqmnili axali miTis struqturis Sesabamisad viTardebian da moqmedeben<br />

(leo qiaCeli, `jadosani~, `stefane“; basil meliqiSvili, `Turmani~,<br />

`geliyari~, `gvelebis tba~). meore jgufSi moqceul nawarmoebebSi xdeba ukve<br />

uSualod mindias miTis axleburi literaturuli gaazreba da mxatvruli<br />

transformacia. am jgufSi gaerTianebulia grigol robaqiZis drama da<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdias `xogais mindia~. `xogais mindia~ `tabusTan~ er-<br />

Tad miTis namdvili apologiaa qarTul literaturaSi.<br />

mindias miTs grigol robaqiZe Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, radgan<br />

masSi moqnil saxeebSi gardasaxuli Semecnebisa da siyvarulis ideebis<br />

TvalismomWrel elvarebas xedavda. misi azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom `gvelismWameli~<br />

sxvaa da `lamara~ki sul sxva, `Tauri~ mainc erTia da es erTaderTi<br />

safuZveli amave dros qarTveli xalxis zepirovnuli Semoqmedebis<br />

mwvervalicaa. is, rogorc Cans, erT `me~-ze bevrad aRmatebul da mainc TiTqmis<br />

idealamde asul da uklebliv SenarCunebul isev ,,me’’-s, oRond `zeme~-s<br />

xedavda. misi azriT, mindia aris arsi, romelSic xorcieldeba ormagi universaluri<br />

idea: siyvaruli qmnis Semecnebas (pavle mociquli) — da Semecneba<br />

ki warmoSobs siyvaruls (leonardo da vinCi).<br />

arsebobs xogais mindias miTis sami literaturuli varianti: vaJafSavelas<br />

`gvelismWameli~, grigol robaqiZis `lamara~ da konstantine<br />

gamsaxurdias `xogais mindia~. grigol robaqiZem da konstantine gamsaxurdiam<br />

xalxuri versiebi gamoiyenes. maTi nawarmoebebi zepirsityvierebis<br />

prozauli Tu poeturi variantebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa Seqmnili, magram XX sis<br />

orive mwerlis modernistuli mxatvruli qsovili ZiriTadad mainc<br />

vaJaseuli miTis kosmiur aRqmasTan miaxloebis da ziarebis survils amJravnebs.<br />

amasTan, TiToeuli maTgani sruliad originalurad gaiazrebs mindias<br />

saxes. vaJa-fSavelas `gvelismWamels~ aseTi sqema udevs safuZvlad: mindia<br />

Wams gvelis xorcs da Seicnobs miRmur samyaros, zerealobas, romelic<br />

Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis miuRwevelia. amavdroulad igi TiTqos ar swydeba<br />

arc realobas, asrulebs Tavis miwier movaleobebs, erTveba adamianuri<br />

y<strong>of</strong>is ferxulSi, magram aSkarad Cans, rom mindia ar aris Cveulebrivi adamiani.<br />

igi arsebobs ori samyaros: miwierisa da miRmuris, cxadisa da zmanebis,<br />

realurisa da irealuris mijnaze da cdilobs Searigos es ori samyaro. zmanebisa<br />

da cxadis sazRvarze dgas aramyari, TiTqos mudmivi qariSxlebisgan<br />

Setortmanebuli mTeli modernistuli mxatvruli sivrce, romlisTvisac<br />

realobaze maRla sadRac, miRma, idealebis sivrceSi an iqneb sulac saku-<br />

Tari sulis ufskrulebSi moTavsebuli (subieqtivizmi), praqtikulad Seucnobeli<br />

zesinamdvile dgas. esaa misi filos<strong>of</strong>iuri safuZveli da mxatvrul<br />

saxeebsa da sistemebSi swored am ideebis emanacia xdeba, ukve `damZimebuli~,

Sevsebuli da garTulebulic ki sityvieri qsovilis Cveuli Tu sruliad<br />

moulodneli samkaulebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, am teqstSi vaJa-fSavela Zalian<br />

uaxlovdeba modernistul azrovnebas da usafuZvlod sulac ar Cans misi<br />

pirvel modernistad definicia. Tumca vaJas mindia mainc ar y<strong>of</strong>s erTmaneTisgan<br />

am or Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul samyaros, mainc cdilobs raRac<br />

saerTo upovnos, isev SeakavSiros, axsnas dafaruli da rigiTi adamianisTvis<br />

sruliad gaugebari, Tavisi saocari SesaZleblobis wyalobiT, Sesamecneebeli,<br />

Sesabamisad, misaRebad da ufro maRal safexurze ki ukve siyvarulis<br />

warmomSobad aqcios. magram is ganwirulia, marcxdeba, harmonia qreba da mindiac<br />

TviTmkvlelobiT xazs usvams darRveuli Sinagani mTlianobis pirobebSi<br />

mikrokosmosis, anu erTi ganumeorebeli da gansakuTrebuli individis<br />

farglebSi samyaros arsebobis SeuZleblobas.<br />

grigol robaqiZis `lamaraSi~ mindia ukve Camoyalibebuli zekacia, misani,<br />

faruli codnis gacnobierebulad mflobeli. aseTi monoliTuri saxiT<br />

erTveba igi nawarmoebSi aRweril movlenebSi. erTi SexedviT y<strong>of</strong>iTi konfliqti<br />

Tavisi arsiT filos<strong>of</strong>iuria da kosmiur simaRlemde adis, rac ormagad<br />

amZafrebs nawarmoebis tragikul JReradobas. macduri qalis — lamaras<br />

trfobas mosdevs ZmasTn qiSpi, Sekruli, monoliTuri fizikur-sulieri<br />

substanciis rRveva, anu `mes~, `egos~ gaZliereba da manamde garesamyaros-<br />

Tvis mTlianad gaxsnili zemZlavri adamianis kerZoobis rkalSi Caketva.<br />

swored zogadis, amaRlebulis, erTianis kerZo `med~ CaSla-dangreva akargvinebs<br />

mindias zeadamianur codnas, romlis dabrunebac mxolod kerZoobis<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>iT da TavganwirviTaa SesaZlebeli. `Tauris~, sayovelTaos da masTan<br />

Serwymuli da paradoqsulad srulad SenarCunebuli individualizmis<br />

CamoqveiTeba sazrisisgan daclil viwro kerZoobamde sulier jujobad<br />

aRiqmeba da masTan codnas adgili aRar rCeba, imdenad ivseba pirTamde<br />

umniSvnelo, magram damangrevlad mZafri vnebebiT. mxolod TviTSewirviT<br />

ganiwmindeba mindia, daibrunebs Sinagan mTlianobas da kavSirs zerealobas-<br />

Tan, isev moipovebs zebunebriv niWs, unars da sulier Zalas. vaJa-fSavelasa<br />

da grigol robaqiZis Canafiqrebs Soris msgavseba da gansxvaveba sqemebis,<br />

grafikuli monaxazebis donezec Cans, magram umTavresi sxvaoba farul<br />

SreSi _ miTis ganwyobilebis gadmocemaSia mimaluli.<br />

grigol robaqiZem aqcenti misteriaze gaakeTa. mas ainteresebs ara imdenad<br />

movlenis bolomde amocnoba da misi arsis wvdomiT zusti definiciebisa<br />

SemuSaveba, aramed idumalebis atmosferos, mistiuri ganwyobilebis, arqauli<br />

realobis surnelis gadmocema. xdeba miTis ritualuri mxaris gamokveTa<br />

da misteriaSi TanadaTanobiT gadazrda. gri<br />

gol robaqiZes ar eguleba sxva drama ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturaSi, romelic<br />

`lamarasaviT~ misteriaSi gadadiodes. TviTonac aRniSnavda, rom `lamara~<br />

erTaderTi dramaa, romelic TiTqmis SeumCnevlad gadaiqca misteriad.<br />

`lamara~ ara marto codnisa da siyvarulis, aramed sikvdil-sicocxlis, sikvdilisa<br />

da siyvarulis misteriis mxatvruli xorcSesxmacaa. aq kidev er-<br />

Txel gamovlinda sikvdilisa da siyvarulis, erosisa da Tanatosis Sinagan<br />

erTianobis modernistuli Tvalsazrisi: `cxovreba jojoxeTuri manqanaa<br />

maradisobis frTebiT ufskrulisaken rom mieqaneba; am frTebis gaSlisa da<br />

Sekvecis dros eSmaki da angelozi kocnian erTmaneTs, siyvaruli sikvdili<br />

ormagobaa maradiuli~ (kapaneli 1989: 175). grigol robaqiZis dramaSi<br />

gvxvdeba pasaJi, romelic basil meliqiSvilmac gamoiyena ,,gvelebis tbaSi’’.<br />

aqac mwerals Semohyavs vaJa, rogorc uSualod moqmedi piri. rogorc Cans,<br />

205

vaJa-fSavelas miTiur samyarosTan Sinagani kavSiris gamoxatvis survilma da<br />

TviT am samyaros Tvisobriobam ganapiroba mweralTa mier gadadgmuli es<br />

sarisko nabiji, vinaidan xSirad amgvari `SemoWra~ gemovnebis TvalsazrisiTac<br />

moikoWlebs da arc teqstis azrobriv da gamomsaxvelobiT velebs<br />

matebs raimebs. Tumca postmodernistuli epoqisTvis aseTi xerxebi ukve<br />

aRar aris ucxo da mas ara marto literatura, xelovnebis bevri sxva dargic<br />

xSirad iyenebs da zogjer arcTu warumateblad.<br />

grigol robaqiZe ki ase xsnis Tavis mxatvrul qsovilSi vaJas CarTvas:<br />

`vsaxavdi mindias, Tvalwin medga misi momRerali: vaJa. gavbede cda: mgosani<br />

`lamaraSi~ misnis Tanamedroved Semeyvana. rogor, istoriuli pirovneba —<br />

Tanamedrove zeistoriulis, miTiurisa? avtori — gverdiT misi gmirisa/ ra<br />

sakvirvelia, es Seusabamoba vicodi, garna vicodi isic, rom vaJa miTiur<br />

sivrceSi iyo moqceuli, miTosi misTvis dediSobila iyo~ (robaqiZe 1984: 107).<br />

XX s-is modernistuli azrovnebisTvis miTis da vaJas Tanmdevi emociuri<br />

velebi TiTqmis Tanxvedrilia, amiT aixsneba miTis wiaRSi vaJas bunebrivad<br />

warmodgena da gamosaxva. vaJa-fSavelasTvis miTi marTlac organuli<br />

garemoa. igi imdenad Serwymulia miTologiur realobasTan, rom Znelic<br />

aRaraa misi ukve am zerealobis SigniT warmodgena. modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis,<br />

romelic mudmivad realurisa da irealuris zRvarze meryeobs,<br />

ufro iolia aseTi iracionaluri xatis sinamdviled aRqma da miReba, Tanac<br />

es mxatvruli sinamdvilea da misi damajerebloba ukve sityviT mxatvris<br />

ostatobazea damokidebuli. amgvari erTianoba vaJas mxatvruli samyaros<br />

fesvebs _ zepirsityvierebas ukavSirdeba. vaJa-fSavelaseuli mindia eyrdnoba<br />

mindias miTosur arqetips, romelsac v. kotetiSvili gaRmerTebis<br />

gzaze Semdgar, miTologiuri nisliT damZimebul da gandidebul saxed aRiqvamda.<br />

mweralma mindias reliefuri portretis Seqmnisas mravali axali<br />

Strixi daumata miTiuri Tqmulebebidan aRebul xatovan, magram mainc grafikuli<br />

monaxazis safexurze darCenil siluets. vaJa upiratesobax aniWebs<br />

im xalxur versias, romlis mixedviTac mindia gvelis xorcs SeWams (da ara<br />

meore variants, romelSic gvelis sisxls alokavs). igi wers: `gvelis mWamelis~<br />

araki, rac me gavigone da razec avaSene mTeli poema, Semdegia: xevsuri<br />

mindia Cauvardeba tyved qajebs; maT Soris cxovrebam ise daaRona mindia,<br />

Tavis mosakvlelad gvelis xorci sWama, romliTac qajebi ikvebebodnen,<br />

gvelis Wamam sul sxva nay<strong>of</strong>i gamoiRo: mindia brZen kacad gadaiqca; misi<br />

sibrZne xalxuri TqmulebebiT sCans mcenareebis cnobaSi, Tu romeli ra<br />

satkivris wamalia, radgan yvela mcenare Tavad iZaxis, ris wamalic aris da<br />

mindiamac am mcenareTa ena kargad icis~ (vaJa-fSavela 1987: 75).<br />

grigol robaqiZis dramaSi gveli yurebs ulokavs mindias da ase aniWebs<br />

misnobis unars:<br />

206<br />

`ZilSi viRac yurebs milokavda,<br />

nelTbili iyo lokva sisxlis,<br />

raRacas CamCurCulebda<br />

tkbili iyo CurCuli,<br />

gamomeRviZa — gvel iyo:<br />

wiTeli, rqanayari, jagarayrili...~.<br />

(robaqiZe 1926: 145)<br />

aseTi xalxuri varianti ar arsebobs, samagierod cnobilia berZnuli<br />

miTi melampusis Sesaxeb, romelsac Zilis dros gvelebi mxrebze Seacocdnen

da eniT yurebi gamouwmindes. amis Semdeg mas ukve frinvelTa ena esmoda da<br />

momavalsac winaswarmetyvelebda. gvelebis saxeebma, bunebasTan warmoudgenlad<br />

mWidro, arqaulze aRmatebulma, zedroulma kavSirma, mistiurma saburvelma<br />

da miniSnebebma saidumlo iniciaciebsa da ritualebze, aseve<br />

melampusis saxem, romelic dionises kultis damfuZneblad iTvleba, Tavis-<br />

Tavad unda migviyvanos dionisemde (cxadaZe 1997: 43). dionoses mniSvneloba<br />

ki modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis Zalze didia. modernistul teqstebSi igi<br />

mravalgzis gaielvebs, rogorc arqetipi, miniSneba, metafora. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

zogadad miTisadmi modernistuli teqstis damokidebulebaa mniSvnelovani.<br />

romelime erTi, konkretuli, magaliTad, mindias miTis mxatvrul teqstSi<br />

transformirebisas mwerali ar Semoifargleba am erTi rkaliTa da arqetipiT<br />

da mas Seurevs sxva, Tundac dionises samyaros, Tu Sinagan kavSirsa da<br />

mcireoden SesaZleblobas mainc dainaxavs amisaTvis. xazgasasmelia, rom es<br />

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu Serevis bunebrivi, dadasturebuli safuZveli<br />

arsebobs. xelovnurad araferi xdeba da amitom sinTezi TvalisTvis<br />

TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, samagierod kidev ufro amdidrebs ama Tu im miTis<br />

universalur, magram miTis wesisamebr mwir sivrces da mas individualuri<br />

Semoqmedebis Sedegad mravalplanian da mravalsaxovan qsovilad gadaqcevis<br />

saSualebas aZlevs, ris Semdegac, SeiZleba iTqvas, ibadeba axali, SesaZloa<br />

zogjer raRaciT gamaRizianebeli, magram damoukidebeli struqturis mqone<br />

mxatvruli sinamdvile.<br />

mindias miTs eyrdnoba da misi mxatvruli transformaciis Sedegia<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdias `xogais mindia~. akaki baqraZe wers, rom moTxrobaSi<br />

`ori siuJeturi ambavia: erTi _ mondias tyveobisa qistebTan, meore _<br />

mindias mogzaurobisa gugulebis qveyanaSi. pirveli saTavgadasavlo TqmulebaTa<br />

Janrs ekuTvnis, meore _ miTologiur-filos<strong>of</strong>iurs. isini erTmaneTs<br />

acseben da erTad qmnian moTxrobis azrobriv Sinaarss~ (baqraZe 2004:<br />

284). aq nawilobriv gamoyenebulia is mxatvruli xerxi, romelic sxva nawarmoebebSic<br />

_ demna Sengelaias `guram baramandiasa~ da niko lorTqifaniZis<br />

`keriasaTvis~ _ Cans: realur qsovilSi miTiuri an zRapruli elementis<br />

SemotaniT ganisazRvreba teqstis mTeli struqtura, Sinaarsi, ganmartebulia<br />

movlenaTa arsi, mxatvrul saxeTa mizandasaxuloba da moqmedebis Semdgomi<br />

perspeqtiva (`guram baramandiaSi~ am rols arulebs emuxvaris legenda,<br />

xolo moTxrobaSi `keriasaTvis~ _ keriis qvis zRapari).<br />

aseTi dinamiuri xerxis gamoyenebisas ukve TvalnaTliv Cans miTisa da<br />

realobis SemaerTebel `miTis xazze~ moqceuli gmiris Sinagani gaoreba, ori<br />

samyaros mijnaze gaxevebuli zemZlavri pirovnebis tanjva da sulieri<br />

tkivilebi. `xogais mindiaSi~ swored CarTul, e. w. `gugulebis planSi~ xdeba<br />

mindias gamisneba. konstantine gamsaxurdia misdevs gvelis xorcis Wamis<br />

xalxur da vaJa-fSavelaseul versiebs: `moxarSes gugulebma TeTri gvelebi,<br />

aWames mindias da daaZines. meore diliT naxa mindiam rom iRlia gamobuStoda.<br />

gaWres gugulebma da sami oya tili gamoyares iqidan.<br />

mzes Tvali Seaswro, caze amomavals, eucnaura cac da myarica. mxarmarjvniv<br />

gaixeda xogais mindiam, arsad sCanda arc natamali, win gaixeda xogais<br />

Zem da win edga eSmakis sxeuli.<br />

idga, iRimeboda nadirTa mwyemsi, Txisebr wvers isresda frCxilebiT.<br />

SeekiTxa oCopintre, Tavs rogor grZnobT, xogais mindiav?<br />

207

aqasmde Zlivs avdiodi mTebze, gadavevlebodi axla Tund roSkis mwvervals,<br />

qistebs Zlivs veweodi aqamdis, axla xarjixvebs mivewevio fexdafex~<br />

(gamsaxurdia 1980: 426).<br />

gvelis xorcis WamiT bunebis enis Secnoba farTodaa asaxuli sxvadasxva<br />

qveynis folklorSi. zRaprebisa da xalxuri Tqmulebebis personaJebi kalasikuri<br />

miTebis simaRles Znelad aRweven, gind xasiaTis siRrmiT, gind maT<br />

irgvliv datrialebuli movlenebis simZafriT an mxatvruli saxeebis filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

ganzogadebis SesaZleblobiT, magram axal mxatvrul realobad<br />

transformirebuli miTis qsovilSi `Canergvisas~ isini damatebiT azrobriv<br />

da mxatvrul datvirTvas da Rirebulebas iZenen da nawarmoebis ZiriTadi<br />

saTqmelis srulad gamoxatvas uwyoben xels. am Tvalsazriss iziarebs mwerali.<br />

man Semoiyvana kidev erTi folkloruli personaJi _ oCopintre. amgvari<br />

fantastikuri saxeebiT aRwevs mwerali Sesabamis efeqts, qmnis mistiurobis,<br />

nawarmoebis mxatvruli sivrcis sruli iluzorulobis gancdas<br />

mkveTrad gamoxatuli moqmedebebis dinamiur fonze da es paradoqsamde<br />

misuli idumali realoba iZens mxatvrul damajereblobas. msgavsi movlena<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdias `tabuSic~ gvxvdeba.<br />

`xogais mindiaSi~ konstantine gamsaxurdiam mindiaze arsebuli yvela<br />

zepirsityvierebiTi da literaturuli varianti gaiTvaliswina. gamoiyena<br />

Tqmuleba `nadirTpatronze~ da bibiliur simboloebsac mimmarTa (mag.,<br />

TeTri kravis epizodi). man moTxroba sam mTavar wertilze aago: mindias<br />

gamisneba gvelis xorcis WamiT; qalis sabediswero roli da ori samyaros<br />

Serigebis SeuZleblobis gamo gmiris daRupva. grigol robaqiZis `lamaraSi~<br />

qali macduri, gveli, sulieri harmoniis msxvrevis mizezia. mindias pirovnebis<br />

mTlianoba da sulier ZalTa Tvisobrioba da xarisxi masTan qaliT<br />

gamoicdeba. vaJas `gvelismWamelSi~ mindias ojaxi aiZulebs `mglureb~ moiqces.<br />

aqac, ufro sustad, magram mainc qalis (colis) sabediswero motivi Cans.<br />

rac Seexeba koinstantine gamsaxurdias `xogais mindias~, qali — qistebis<br />

mzisferi asuli xadiSaT —aseve sabediswero rols asrulebs, magram igi ar<br />

aris macduri, anu Segnebulad, gaazrebulad mzakvrulad moqmed destruqciul<br />

Zalad ar warmosdgeba. xadiSaTi Tavisdauneburad xdeba mindias da-<br />

Rupvis mizezi, radgan igi, rogorc siyvarulis abstraqtuli cnebis ukve<br />

gansxeulebuli yvela konkretuli saxe, Tavis wil msxverpls moiTxovs siyvarulisa<br />

da Semecnebis, siyvarulisa da sikvdilis maradiul erTianobaSi.<br />

xadiSaTis sikvdili mindias TviTmkvlelobis impulsi xdeba. man dakarga<br />

pirvelqmnili simSvide, zebunebrivi Zalis momniWebeli codnis madli. misi<br />

xelebi jixvisa da xadiSaTis sisxlSia gasvrili da es maSin, roca manamde<br />

nebismieri sulieris xma, kvnesa da tkivili esmoda. mindiam ver Seariga ori<br />

samyaro, ver aRadgina harmonia. igi, rogorc gansxvavebuli, araordinaluri<br />

pirovneba miuRebelia erTgvarovani masisaTvis da brbosac Cveuli sisastikiT<br />

gamoaqvs ganaCeni: an unda emsgavsos maT, an unda moikveTos. xorcielebis<br />

usaxurma mZime talRam mindias xelebi umanko sisxliT gasvara. man<br />

dakarga sakuTari Tavi da TiTqmis SvebiTac ki mieaxla siyvarulis wiaRidan<br />

amozrdil mxsnel sikvdils. konstantine gamsaxurdiam, grigol robaqiZisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT (`lamaraSi~ mindia Tavs swiravs), gaiTvaliswina vaJaseuli<br />

`Tavismokvlis~ versia. mindias sikvdili moTxrobaSi kosmiur elfers iZens<br />

da apokalifsis asociacias aRZravs: `saT<strong>of</strong>esken ukuiqca xogais mindia.<br />

ukan miixeda. Tvali mohkra Tu ara sakuTar lands, satevari gaiZro da marcxena<br />

ZuZus qvemoT daica vadamdis. asiode wlis Semdegac mRerian xevsurebi<br />

208

xogais mindias leqss da igi iseve iwyeba, rogorc unda gaTavdes Cems mier<br />

naTxrobi:<br />

`mze wiTldeboda, wyreboda,<br />

xogais mindi kvdeboda,<br />

Camodioda varskvlavi,<br />

mTvare ukuRma dgeboda~.<br />

sisxlnasvami mze oqros obobasaviT wamosjdomoda myinvarwveris Tavze,<br />

xolo mTvare, RamenaTevi, mTvare mruSi laqebiT ise datvifruliyo, rogorc<br />

xevsuruli spilenZis fari~ (gamsaxurdia 1980: 457). TavisTavad nebismieri<br />

adamianis sikvdili erTi samyaros dasasruls niSnavs, radgan is ganumeorebelia<br />

da masTan erTad gaqreba yvelaferi is da iseTi, rogoric mxolod<br />

masSi da mis gamo arsebobda. da miT umetes roca kvdeba aRmatebuli<br />

Zalis, codnis, zerealobasTan yvelaze ufro miaxloebuli personaJi da es<br />

tragikuli movlena aisaxeba modernistuli azrovnebis mier erTiorad mniSvnelobagazrdili<br />

da dafasebuli individualobis pirobebSi, gasagebia, rom<br />

mindias dasasruli TiTqmis samyaros dasasrulad gardaisaxa, rasac xels<br />

uwyobs modernistuli moTxrobisaTvis niSneuli stili. mTlianobaSi ki<br />

sabolood moqmedebasa da movlenebze ufro mniSvnelovani ram gadmodis<br />

wina planze _ ibadeba idumali, aramiwieri codnis, siyvarulis, WeSmaritebis<br />

eniT auwereli sinaTlis _ miTis uSualo SegrZneba.<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdias `xogais mindia~ yovelTvis qarTvel mkvlevar-<br />

Ta yuradRebis centrSi iyo moqceuli (d. benaSvili, d. TevzaZe, s. sigua, ak.<br />

baqraZe, n. mamacaSvili da sxv.). arcaa gasakviri, radgan es moTxroba SeiZleba<br />

CaiTvalos miTis yvelaze ufro `sufTa~ JReradobis mqone literaturul<br />

variantad. `xogais mindia~ miTis mxatvruli transformaciis umaRlesi<br />

safexuria. Tu ra mniSvneloba hqonda konstantine gamsaxurdiasTvis miTs,<br />

miTosuri samyaros originalurad gaazrebasa da mxatvrul xorcSesxmas,<br />

naTlad gamoCnda moTxrobaSi `tabu~. `tabus~ mTeli Sidasivrce miTis suli-<br />

Taa gamsWvaluli. masSi gamovlinda modernistuli moTxrobis miTis koncefciis<br />

TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi niSan-Tviseba: a) miTis arseboba ara marto<br />

Sinaarsobriv, aramed gamomsaxvelobiT doneze. igi vlindeba miTis qsovilis<br />

melodiurobaSi (ritmuli proza, ZiriTadi Temis lirikuli variaciebi, Selocvebis<br />

monotonuri melodia, xvaramzes sabediswero gamijnurebis<br />

mgrgvinavi Tema); ferTa gamaSi (wiTuri SavCoxiani ucnobi, Savi morieli);<br />

sivrceze miTiuri saxeebis ganlagebis da moZraobis dinamikaSi (xvaramzesa<br />

da `ucxos~ rokva); peizaJis arqaulobaSi, iluzorulobasa da mistiurobaSi<br />

(s<strong>of</strong>lis sanaxebi, oreulTa Sexvedra, sasaflaos suraTi); b) mwerlis mier<br />

ukve arsebuli elementebis SerCevisa da Sexamebis safuZvelze axali miTis<br />

SeqmnaSi, romelSic did rols TamaSobs gamonagoni; g) qmedebis TandaTanobiT<br />

gadazrda misteriaSi (moTxroba mTavrdeba morielis milursmvis sakraluri<br />

aqtiT); d) xasiaTebis arqetipulobaSi; e) realur planSi (mTxrobelis<br />

nadiroba) miTopoeturi planis (naWyvedis legenda) SemoWrasa da misi<br />

meSveobiT nawarmoebis koncefciis warmoCenaSi.<br />

swored `tabuSi~, uSualod msjelobis doneze, gamovlinda miTis udidesi<br />

mniSvneloba modernistuli mwerlobisaTvis. is erT-erTi qmediTi saSualebaa,<br />

romlis meSveobiTac gamoisaxeba modernistuli azrovnebis filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

safuZveli: xiluli samyaros miRma absoluturi ideis arseboba,<br />

adamianis meryeoba cxadisa da zmanebis mijnaze. amasTan miTi upirvelesi<br />

SemoqmedebiTi impulsi, mwerlis aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis piro-<br />

209

a, erTgvari gamarTleba xdeba. umiTod y<strong>of</strong>na mwerlisTvis niSnavs umZimes<br />

sulier da SemoqmedebiT kriziss:<br />

`...da Tqven iciT ra Znelia poetisaTvis krizisi? krizisi Cveni sulis<br />

gam<strong>of</strong>xizlebaa zmanebisa da miTis jadosgan.<br />

krizisi?<br />

umiTod y<strong>of</strong>naa.<br />

CvenTvis: ary<strong>of</strong>naa.<br />

dadixar am qveynad zedmeti kaciviT. gazarmacdebi. melnis suni SegZagdeba.<br />

rogorc nabaxusevze Rvino kaxuri da TviTve gikvirs, rom odesRac<br />

suli gedga miTebis mTxzveli da adamianebis sityviT daeleqtroneba SegeZlo~<br />

(gamsaxurdia 1959: 92). mxolod miTTan mibruneba dasZlevs kriziss.<br />

is, rasac konstantine gamsaxurdia miTis Sesaxeb ambobs `tabuSi~, SeiZleba<br />

gavrceldes mTel XX s-is I naxevris qarTuli prozis da kerZod, moTxrobis,<br />

miTopoetur seqtorze da epigrafadac waemZRvaros miTis mxatvrul<br />

transformaciaze daweril nebismier naSroms. aq miTi mTeli arsebiT, mZafradaa<br />

nagrZnobi da moqnilad, naTlad gadmocemuli:<br />

`... pirvelTaganve iyo miTi. am qveynad yovelive miTiT Seiqmna, rac ki ram<br />

Seiqmna. miTi win uswrebda adamianis y<strong>of</strong>nas.<br />

miTi iyo upirvelesi ganzraxva RmerTkacisa da xelovnebisa. da roca<br />

yovelive ararad iqmneba, darCeba albaT: miTi~ ( gamsaxurdia 1959: 92).<br />

modernistulma azrovnebam marTlac srulad gamoiyena miTis SesaZleblobani,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki misi meSveobiT drois daZlevis an gardaqmnis<br />

SesaZlebloba: `miTebis gacocxlebiT pr<strong>of</strong>anuli qronologiuri droidan<br />

gadixar da Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul droSi Sedixar~ (eliade 1992: 105).<br />

miTi afarToebs Tvalsawiers, radgan `miTiT gadmocemuli ambavi ezoteruli<br />

xasiaTis codnas Seicavs~ (eliade 1992: 105). Sesabamisad, miTis mxatvruli<br />

transformaciisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba rogorc esTetikur mxares, ise<br />

mis SemecnebiT Rirebulebasac. aqedan aucileblad aRiZvris rwmenis saki-<br />

Txic: `miTosuri warmosaxvis Zala mudam gilisxmobs rwmenis aqts. Tavisi<br />

sagnis realobis rwmenis gareSe miToss gamoecleboda sakuTari niadagi~<br />

(kasiresi 1983: 105). yvela am aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmna neomiTologiuri<br />

kultura: `neomiTologiuri kultura dasabamiTve warmoadgenda maRal<br />

inteleqtualizebul movlenas, romelic mimarTulia avtorefleqsiisa da<br />

TviTaRwerisaken. aq filos<strong>of</strong>ia, mecniereba da xelovneba iswrafvian sinTezisaken<br />

da moqmedeben erTmaneTze gacilebiT Zlierad, vidre kulturis<br />

ganviTarebis wina etapebze. azrovnebis miTologiuri struqturebis elementebi<br />

aRweven filos<strong>of</strong>iaSi (nicSe, vl. soloviovi, egzistencialistebi),<br />

fsiqologiaSi (froidi, iungi). meore mxriv, miTze orientirebuli xelovneba<br />

(simbolistebi, eqspresionistebi) ixreba filos<strong>of</strong>iuri da mecnieruli<br />

ganzogadebisaken, rac xSirad xazgasmulia epoqis samecniero koncefciebSi<br />

(iungis moZRvrebis gavlena joisisa da 20-30-iai wlebis `neomiTologiuri<br />

xelovnebis sxva warmomadgenlebze)~ (ms<strong>of</strong>lio... 1992: 62). neomiTologiuri<br />

kulturis wiaRSi udgas fesvebi qarTul modernistul prozasac, romelmac<br />

rogorc vrcel tiloebSi, ise SedarebiT momcro nawarmoebebSi safuZvlianad<br />

daamuSva miTi, mocemul SemTxvevaSi amis naTeli magaliTia mindias<br />

miTi, mianiWa mas esTetikuri fenomenis statusi, aSkara gaxada Tundac sruliad<br />

axal mxatvrul realobad gardaqmnili miTis SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba<br />

da ganixila miTi, rogorc Semoqmedebis maradiuli impulsi, rwmena da xsovna<br />

imaze, rac ar y<strong>of</strong>ila, magram mainc iyo.<br />

210

damowmebani:<br />

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe ak. miTologiuri engadi. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli.<br />

t.II, Tb.: 2004.<br />

gamsaxurdia 1959: gamsaxurdia k. Txzulebani. t. II, Tb.: 1980.<br />

gamsaxurdia 1980: gamsaxurdia k. Txzulebani. t. VI, Tb.: 1980.<br />

eliade 1992: eliade m. miTis aspeqtebi. `iveria~, № 1, 1992.<br />

vaJa-fSavela 1987: vaJa-fSavela. kritika b. ip. varTagavasi. Txzulebani. Tb.:<br />

1987.<br />

kapaneli 1989: kapaneli k. suli da idea. _ kapaneli k. filos<strong>of</strong>iuri Sromebi.<br />

Tb.: 1989.<br />

kasiresi 1983: kasiresi e. ra aris adamiani. Tb.: 1983.<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio... 1992: Мифы народов мира. т . II, М.: 1992.<br />

robaqiZe 1926: robaqiZe gr. lamara dramrbi. tf.: 1926.<br />

robaqiZe 1984: robaqiZe gr. lamara (mokle biografia). krebuli. miunxeni: 1984.<br />

cxadaZe 1997: cxadaZe e. grigol robaqiZis dramaTa warmarTuli samyaro. Tb.:<br />

1997.<br />

Inga Milorava<br />

The Artistic Transformatrion <strong>of</strong> Mindia's Myth in the Modernist Texst<br />

Summary<br />

The modernistic thinking puts forward the philosophical–aesthetical signifiscanse <strong>of</strong><br />

the myth and turns it into yhe foundation <strong>of</strong> the hole artistic system <strong>of</strong> the work <strong>of</strong> art.<br />

When the enternal world <strong>of</strong> the modernistic text is mythopoetical, we can see perfectly and<br />

clearly expressed synthesis <strong>of</strong> reality and space such a text has “a double nature”. There<br />

are connected the sensation <strong>of</strong> existance beyond the borders <strong>of</strong> the time and space and<br />

signs <strong>of</strong> absolutely concrete time and space – the visible images <strong>of</strong> narrative’s time and<br />

space.<br />

We can piak out some steps <strong>of</strong> transformation <strong>of</strong> Mindia’s Myth in modernistic texts:<br />

- There is given only the senssation <strong>of</strong> the myth in the text. There is reconstructed the<br />

emotional image <strong>of</strong> Mindia, as the main personage <strong>of</strong> the story. In this version. in such a<br />

case the artistic time is a time <strong>of</strong> first creation;<br />

- Mindia and the other mythological images - as the insertions, which explain and<br />

give some colour to the narrative;<br />

- The Mindia’s myth as an main stream and the plot <strong>of</strong> the hole work. Also it<br />

becomes a subject for aesthetical and philosophical discussions.<br />

There are analyzed the dramatic works and stories <strong>of</strong> the famous georgian writers<br />

Vaja-pshavela,K. Gamsaxurdia and Gr. Robackidze, also the folklore versions <strong>of</strong> the<br />

legend in this article. There is given the philosophical and aesthetical aspects <strong>of</strong> the Myth<br />

<strong>of</strong> Mindia in this article too. We can see, that this myth has a great influence on the<br />

structure <strong>of</strong> the modernistic text, in wich the myth gets a new indepedent life.<br />

211

saba metreveli<br />

212<br />

beladi, rogorc mesia, qarTul politikur<br />

lirikaSi<br />

`sabWoTa kavSiri kacobriobis ubrwyinvalesi idealebis ganxorcielebuli<br />

triumfia. arc erT xalxs dedamiwaze jer ar axsovs iseTi bedniereba,<br />

rogoric mopovebuli aqvs sabWoTa xalxs. arc erT xalxs ar axsovs iseTi<br />

diadi beladebi, rogoric lenini da stalinia. es namdvili xalxuri beladebi,<br />

xalxis mier didebis SaravandediT Semosili, sabWoTa patriotizmis<br />

udidesi STagonebis wyaroa~ (sulava 1940: 116-117). es sityvebi, SesaZloa,<br />

epigrafadac gamogveyenebina, radgan masSi Zalian kargad Cans maxinji sab-<br />

WoTa komunizmisa da totalitarizmis Tavbrudamxvevi isteriuli siyalbe<br />

Tu TvalTmaqcoba, gaamarTlo da gaaidealo is, rac sinamdvileSi iyo dro<br />

gaiafebuli sicocxlisa, bneli da saSiSi, epoqa _ uRmerTobisa. `mkvdarni<br />

arian yvela RmerTebi: aw visurvoT, raTa zekacma icocxlos~, _ ganacxada<br />

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi fridrix nicSem da zekacobis msurvelT mimar-<br />

Ta: `RmerTi Tqveni udidesi safrTxe iyo~. RirebulebaTa totaluri gadafasebis<br />

epoqaSi uRmerTo adamianebma komunisturi da faSisturi mimarTulebis<br />

axali religia Seqmnes (kvataia 2010: 402). Cven sabWoTa komunizmze<br />

vsaubrobT!<br />

roca RmerTi ar aris, yvelaferi daSvebulia, amitom kacobriobis am<br />

`ubrwyinvalesi idealebis ganxorcielebul triumfSi~, sabWoTa kavSirSi,<br />

fexqveS gaiTela yvelaze didi Rirebuleba _ adamiani, daiTrguna azri, fiqri,<br />

aikrZala ocneba da siyvaruli, rwmena da Tavisufleba... totalitarizmis<br />

msxverpli gaxda milionobiT udanaSulo adamiani, sruli jojoxeTi<br />

damyarda sabWoeTSi. m. kvataia wers: `v. nozaZis SefasebiT, eklesiis msgavsad,<br />

marqsizm-leninizmic ukompromisod ibrZoda sakuTari dogmebis dasadgenad,<br />

gadaxrebis winaaRmdeg, rasac mravali adamianis sicocxle Seewira.<br />

werilSi, romelsac `komunisturi esxatologia~ hqvia, Semzaravi statistikaa<br />

motanili. nozaZis informaciiT, ruseTis axalma revoluciam imsxverpla<br />

75 milioni adamiani. aqedan 5.600.000 iyo mrewveli, memamule, vaWari, 17 milioni<br />

glexi, 1933-37 wlebSi partiul `ganwmendas~ Seewira 798.072 komunisti.<br />

axal marqsistul-leninur religias viqtor nozaZe komunistur esxatologias<br />

uwodebs da ase ganmartavs: es aris swavla (dogma) ukanasknel nivTTa,<br />

movlenaTa (es-xatos) Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad, dadgeba dro, rodesac sayovelTao<br />

bedniereba damyardeba _ komunisturi miTosi, romelsac, mecnieris<br />

TqmiT, ganxorcieleba ar ewera. misive ganmartebiT, amgvari esxatologiis<br />

safuZveli Zveli rusuli Sexedulebaa, romlis mixedviT, rusi xalxi unda<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo `mesia~, anu `cxebuli~, romelic am qveyanad dakargul samoTxes<br />

aRadgens. es religiuri mesianizmi rusul imperializmSi gadaizarda~<br />

(kvataia 2010: 402).<br />

sabWoeTSi ebrZodnen qristianul religias, zogadad, rwmenas: `marTlmadidebloba<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba proletariatis sworad gagebul interesebs~, _<br />

ambobda stalini (stalini religiisa... 1933: 10). aseTma propagandam sasuliero<br />

wodebis likvidaciis aucilebloba gansazRvra: `partias ar SeuZlia iyos<br />

neitraluri religiur crurwmenaTa gamtareblebis mimarT, romelic<br />

swamlavs mSromeli masebis Segnebas. davTrguneT Tu ara reaqciuli sam-

Rvdeloeba?- diax, davTrguneT, oRond ubedureba imaSia, rom igi jer kidev<br />

savsebiT ar aris likvidirebuli (stalini religiisa... 1933: 14). religia<br />

xalxis mteria, samagierod, bedniereba komunizmSia, ar unda gwamdes RvTisa,<br />

magram unda gjerodes marqsizm-leninizmisa, romelic gvaswavlis, rom<br />

religia istoriulad warmavali movlenaa, rom misi arseboba maradiuli ar<br />

aris. marqsi ambobs: `religia es aris Cagruli qmnilebis amooxvra, usulgulo<br />

samyaros suli, usulgulo udroobis suli. igi xalxis opiumia~ (fedoseevi<br />

1940: 24). xalxi masaa, romelic unda daajero, rom ar aris RmerTi, garda<br />

beladisa. `marqsi aris gapirovnebuli RmerTi.. karl marqss hyavs Tavisi<br />

mociquli lenini~ (v. nozaZe: `komunisturi esxatologia~). amgvarive mociqulebad<br />

Tu RvTaebiTa Tanasworad Seiracxnen sicocxleSive miTologiuri<br />

SaravandediT mosili sxva liderebi. sabWoTa kavSirSi iqmneboda leniniada,<br />

staliniada da... (a. baqraZe); germaniasa da italiaSi xotba-didebiT ixseniebdnen<br />

hitlers, musolinis.. (kvataia 2010: 402).<br />

antihumanuri da antibunebrivi bolSevikuri sistema mixvda, rom religiisgan<br />

ase ucbad da ase erTbaSad mowyvetil xalxs dasWirdeboda fsevdoreligiuri,<br />

amitom saRvTo werilis, bibliis nacvlad mogvevlina dogmaturi<br />

marqsizmi. binZuri sabWouri ideologiis mesveurebs Segnebuli hqondaT,<br />

rom damorCileba, moTviniereba, damoneba mkacri doqtriniT miiRweoda,<br />

amitom SemuSavda, daixvewa marqsizm-leninizmis, dialeqtikuri materializmis<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>ia, religiis xarisxSi aiyvanes igi da aqcies `zogadkacobriul<br />

movlenad~. ra formiT, rogor unda gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli dogmaturi<br />

marqsizmis qadageba da damkvidreba? _ aq erTmniSvnelovnad Caanacvles<br />

eklesia partiiT, RmerTi _ beladiT, da, sabolood, miviReT identuri<br />

struqtura saeklesio ierarqiisa _ komunisturi religia.<br />

qristians swams da uyvars samyaros Semoqmedi — RmerTi, totalitarizmis<br />

epoqaSi RmerTi aris beladi;<br />

eklesiis umaRlesi sasuliero piri aris patriarqi (kaTalikosi), partiaSi<br />

_ centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivani;<br />

patriarqi RvTis mociqulia, beladis mociqulia centraluri komitetis<br />

generaluri mdivani;<br />

eklesiis umaRlesi organoa wminda sinodi, partiisa _ politbiuro;<br />

sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi Sedian eparqiebi TavianTi mRvdelmTavrebiT,<br />

partiaSi _ adgilkomebi, saqalaqo komitetis mdivnebi;<br />

eklesia aris saxli RvTisa, gumbaTze gamosaxuli jvari migvaniSnebs, rom<br />

aq idideba jvarculi macxovari; kompartias aqvs Tavisi gamorCeuli Senoba _<br />

jvris nacvlad namglisa da uros gamosaxulebiT.<br />

eklesia saubrobs da qadagebs yovladwminda samebis saxeliT (saxeliTa<br />

mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa); komunistebi saubroben da gvmoZRvraven<br />

partiis, marqsis, leninisa da stalinis saxeliT, saubari, msjeloba,<br />

wigni, gamokvleva Tu werili, rogorc aucilebloba, maTi xsenebiT unda<br />

dawyebuliyo;<br />

kacobriobis mxsnelis, macxovris xati yvela eklesiaSia, beladis suraTi _<br />

yvela partiul da arapartiul dawesebulebaSi;<br />

mkerdze jvari aris niSani qristianobisa; jer oqtombrelis, mere<br />

pionerisa da, bolos, komkavSirelis niSani beladis gamosaxulebiT aucilebeli<br />

gzaa partiis rigebisaken sabWoTa adamianisaTvis. politikuri lirikis<br />

erT `SedevrSi~ vkiTxulobT:<br />

213

214<br />

`qveynis gaCenis dRea pirveli,<br />

Tu yvelaferi mxolod mesizmra!<br />

momces bileTi komkavSirelis,<br />

bileTi Cemi gadarCenisa~<br />

(qarTuli poeturi 1970: 26)<br />

naTlobis Semdeg qristians eZleva naTlobis mowmoba — misi meored Sobis,<br />

sulieri ganaxlebis dokumenti; kompartiis wevrobis wiTelydiani wignaki<br />

dasturia amqveyniuri warmatebisa;<br />

qristianisTvis aucilebelia saRvTo rjulis swavleba; sabWoTa adamianisTvis<br />

_ marqsizm-leninizmis kursi;<br />

gamorCeuli sauflo dResaswaulia qristes Soba da aRdgoma, sabWoeTSi<br />

zar-zeimiT aRiniSneba beladis dabadebisa da gardacvalebis dReebi;<br />

saeklesio dResaswaulebi izeimeba litaniobiT, eklesiis irgvliv xatebiT,<br />

droSebiTa da galobiT svliT. stalini ambobs: `dResaswauli aqvT xucebsac<br />

da am dResaswaulebis dros isini xotbas asxamen arsebul wesebs,<br />

sadac maSvralni siRatakeSi iRupebian, muqTaxorebi ki fufunebaSi arian<br />

Caflulni. Tavisi dResaswauli unda hqondes muSebsac da am dResaswaulis<br />

dros maT unda gamoacxadon sayovelTao Tavisufleba, yvela adamianis sayovelTao<br />

Tanasworoba, es dResaswauli aris 1 maisis dResaswauli~ (fedoseevi<br />

1940: 35). sabWoeTSi ewyoba aRlumebi beladis portretebiT, gerbiT, droSi-<br />

Ta da almiT, galobis nacvlad gaismis marSebi da himni;<br />

eklesias aqvs wminda nivTebi, wm. WurWeli: barZim-feSxumi, laxvari,<br />

varskvlavi, dafarnebi, embazi, takuki, odiki... komunizmi aidealebs namgals,<br />

CaquCqs, kombains, traqtors... `ax, traqtoro, me Sens gamWeds, venacvale<br />

yelSiao~ an:<br />

`vin moigona traqtori<br />

vin iyo imis Wkvisao,<br />

rkina aawyo erTurTze<br />

magari foladisao.<br />

samoci cxenis Zala aqvs,<br />

rogorc mindvrebsa mkisao,<br />

kombainebic daxSirda,<br />

gamlewavia Znisao~.<br />

(stalini... 1949: 49)<br />

qristianoba qadagebs saxarebas, qristes moZRvrebas; komunisti _<br />

marqsizm-leninizms;<br />

qrsitianisTvis mTavaria sulieri feriscvaleba, rogorc dasawyisi axali<br />

cxovrebisa; sabWoTa adamiani zeimobs gasabWoebis dRes _ axali<br />

cxovrebisa da qveynis dasabams;<br />

wminda qalaqia ierusalimi _ qristes cxovrebis mowame da meistorie,<br />

moskovi _ kremli, rogorc umalResi instancia da absoluturi WeSmariteba;<br />

mSromelTa imedi da nugeSi kremlSi zis, mas ekuTvnis yvela warmateba da<br />

sixaruli. poeti amayobs, rom moskovi da kremli imedia mTeli planetisa,<br />

rom komunizmis akvani dairwa Cvens samSobloSi (qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 120):<br />

`magram is mainc sxva ari,<br />

marad sinaTles Cveuli _<br />

Cvenis kacobis Suquri<br />

kremli da mavzoleumi~.<br />

(did stalins 1949: 55)

an `kremli dgas, rogorc erTguli grdemli, sadac sWeds folads didi<br />

mWedeli~ (belads... 1939: 97); `ilxine, Cemo samSoblov, Seni mze kremliT<br />

anTia~ (leninis saxe... 1957: 9); `sxvagan qris Cemi goneba, kremlsa evleba<br />

Tavzeda~ (lenini da stalini... 1939: 130); `maS, avamReroT Conguri... da gamarjveba<br />

waviRoT moskovSi simReriTao~ _ mRerian erT xalxur simReraSi,<br />

radgan am gamarjvebas iq, moskovSi, beladi miegebeba; poeti ki ase gamoxatavs<br />

sakuTar gancdebs:<br />

`dido moskovo, xalxTa imedo,<br />

xsnas Sengan elis mTeli samyaro!<br />

mSvidobasTan gaqvs marad kavSiri,<br />

Sen, komunizmis sinaTlis wyarov!~<br />

(mnaTobi 1953: 23)<br />

qristianuli ikonografiis mixedviT, xatis centrSia wmindani, komunisturi<br />

ikonografia aseTia: portretebi beladebis xatisebri gamosaxulebi-<br />

Taa, msxvil planSi. lenini _ meloti, halstuxiT, TeTri perangiTa da pijakiT<br />

an gandidebuli poziT _ oratori, maRla, aweuli xeliT, fexi ukan;<br />

stalini _ ulvaSiT, ukangadaweuli TmebiT, CibuxiT, dabali SubliT; Zalze<br />

gavrcelebuli triada _ marqsi, engelsi da lenini;<br />

arsebobs wmindanTa Tayvaniscemis saeklesio tradicia, momlocvelebi<br />

Cadian da mieaxlebian maTs wminda nawilebs, leninis neSti mavzoleumSia, ar<br />

wydeba adamianTa rigebi mavzoleumis win darsa Tu avdarSi beladis uxrwneli<br />

neStis Tayvansacemad:<br />

`lenin, Sens Tvalebs Cven ar daavmarxavT,<br />

lenin, Sens Subze miwas ar davyriT~.<br />

(leninis saxe... 1957: 14)<br />

an `de Seinaxos kacobriobam<br />

Seni sxeuli rogorc mumia.<br />

gaivlis Jami mtvreviT, xmauriT,<br />

sul sxvanairi mova cxovreba,<br />

mova sxva xalxi da siyvaruliT<br />

Sens ukvdav saxes eamboreba (iqve: 122)<br />

an `wevs lenini, Sublze Suqi hfenia,<br />

aRar umZims marmarilos sarqveli~<br />

(did stalins... 1949: 122)<br />

eklesia sasoebiT inaxavs wmindanTa nawilebs, garda imisa, rom gvyavs uxrwneli<br />

wmindanebi. politikur lirikaSi Seqebulia beladis Cibuxi, leninis<br />

qudi. mag., poets moskovSi unaxavs frangebis mier gamogzavanili leninis<br />

qudi:<br />

`aq didxans vCerdebi...<br />

am Zvirfas saCuqars<br />

mtrisagan faravda mzrunveli xeli.<br />

irxeva sarkmlidan lamazi aryis xe,<br />

aryis xe, ase rom uyvada lenins~.<br />

(qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 41)<br />

215

morwmune uflis madlobelia mowyalebisaTvis, kompartias unda umadlode,<br />

isaa mzrunveli, mfarveli da mowyale;<br />

religiis erT-erTi saidumloa aRsareba, codvaTagan ganwmenda moZRvris<br />

winaSe, partiaSi ki _ TviTkritika. unda aRiaro danaSauli, Secdoma,<br />

mankiereba _ kompartiis winaSe;<br />

saero dawesebulebebSi mowyobilia salocavi kuTxeebi, sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

arsebobda leninis kuTxe an wiTeli kuTxe;<br />

eklesias hyavs didi wmindanebi, mowameebi, Rirsi da netari mama-dedani,<br />

kompartias ki _ revoluciur siwmindes Sewirulebi, socialisturi Sromis<br />

gmirebi, wiTeli droSis ordenosnebi...<br />

216<br />

an<br />

`xalxo, dideba maTs Zaxilebs gamaRviZebels,<br />

gana vinc mokvda, yvela gvtovebs, yvela mkvdaria?!<br />

Cvengan ganuyrel wulukiZes marad dideba!<br />

igi darCeba Zlevamosil proletariats!~<br />

(qarTuli leqsebi... 1937: 50)<br />

`aRarc metexi mdumarebs, _<br />

tyvia vaJkacis mkvleli...<br />

lado cixeSi kvdeboda,<br />

gulSi ekida ali,<br />

ca binddeboda, cxreboda,<br />

exuWeboda Tvali,<br />

da mkerdze gadafenoda<br />

leninis `naperwkali~.<br />

(qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 113-114)<br />

qristianisTvis samoTxe dgeba gardacvalebis Semdeg, sabWoTa ideologia<br />

gvarwmunebs, rom samoTxe, anu komunizmi, cocxalTaTvis damyardeba<br />

dedamiwaze;<br />

arsebobs qristianuli eTika da komunisturi zneoba;<br />

qristianul mwerlobas hqonda agiografiuli Janri, romelic eklesiis<br />

mier wmindanad SeracxilTa cxovrebas, kanonizebulTa Rvawls asaxavda saRvTismetyvelo<br />

da istoriul-saeklesio aspeqtebiT. agiografiaSi wmindani<br />

sicocxles msxverplad gaiRebda umaRlesi idealebisa da principebis er-<br />

TgulebisTvis, qristes siyvarulisTvis an mTeli cxovreba TavdadebiT,<br />

erTgulad emsaxureboda qristianul idealebs.<br />

komunistur literaturas aqvs agiografiuli Janri _ komunistur<br />

agiografias ekuTvnis leniniada, staliniada, ZerJinskiada (gansakuTrebiT<br />

kinoSi), xruSCoviada, breJneviada... komunisti `wmindanic~ isevea udrekeli,<br />

uSiSari, ucdomeli, rwmenisTvis Tavdadebuli da gautexeli, erTguli,<br />

yovelgvari tanjva-wamebis gadamtani, rogorc qristiani wmindani. rogorc<br />

qristesTvis sikvdili iyo udidesi bedniereba da netareba, aseve marqsizmleninizmisTvis<br />

sikvdili udidesi bedniereba da netareba~ (baqraZe 1990: 96).<br />

yvelaze mTavari da saTayvano `dadebiTi gmirebi~ sabWoTa kulturis<br />

sivrceSi iyvnen, rasakvirvelia, lenini da stalini. leninis sikvdilma biZgi<br />

misca maTi cxovrebis literaturul diskursSi Seyvanas, rac, pirvel<br />

yovlisa, poeziaSi Camoyalibda, vinaidan poeturi Janri ufro aadvilebda<br />

maT TiTqmis miTiur saxeebad warmodgenas (kiziria 2010: 378).<br />

dasawyisisaTvis Tvali gavadevnoT, rogor iqmneba beladis saxe qarTul<br />

folklorsa da poeziaSi, rogor iqceva beladi mesiad politikur lirikaSi.

zogadad, leninianas ubiZga stalinma. qarTul poetur leninianaSi vki-<br />

TxulobT: `sabWoTa xalxi yuradRebiT swavlobs i. b. stalinis rCevas:<br />

`gaxsovdeT, giyvardeT, SeiswavleT iliCi, Cveni maswavlebeli, Cveni<br />

beladi!<br />

ebrZoleT mtrebs, Sinaur da gareSe mtrebs da sZlieT isini<br />

iliCiseburad!<br />

aSeneT axali cxovreba, axali y<strong>of</strong>a, axali kultura iliCiseburad!<br />

arasodes ar sTqvaT uari mciredze muSaobaSi, vinaidan mciredisagan<br />

Sendeba didi _ es aris iliCis erT-erTi didmniSvnelovani anderZi~<br />

(qarTveli poeturi... 1970: 171).<br />

rogorc miCneulia, qarTul leninianas saTave g. tabiZem daudo leqsiT<br />

`gemi dalandi~, pirveli prozauli qmnileba ekuTvnis d. suliaSvils, romelmac<br />

1917 wels dabeWda `Sveicariidan saqarTvelomde~ (emigrantis STabeWdilebebi),<br />

dramaturgiaSi pirveli seriozuli nawarmoebi S. dadianis<br />

`naperwkalia~, Tumca ufro adre daibeWda s. wereTlis inscenireba erT<br />

suraTad `lenini aRar gvyavs~-1924 w. da d. CarxiSvilis `lenini barikadebze~<br />

_ 1930 w. ufro dawvrilebiT ix. (qarTuli mxatvruli 1971: 93-133).<br />

rac Seexeba staliniadis bums, amis Sesaxeb poeti i. abaSiZe igonebs, rom<br />

1933 wlidan mweralTa kavSirSi partiis warmomadgenlebs ganucxadebiaT,<br />

rom ukve dadga dro da aucilebloba beladze werisa, `am sityvebma mwerlebze<br />

ise imoqmeda, rogorc amnistiam... swored amis Semdeg gaixsna namdvili<br />

literaturuli maraToni vin vis~ (abaSiZe 2003: 32), i. abaSiZe imowmebs<br />

T.natroSvils, romlis azriTac, rusul poeziaSi stalinianas saTave b.<br />

pasternakma daudo (amis Sesaxeb ix. cxadaia 2009: 126-127).<br />

qarTul politikur lirikaSi qristianul mwerlobaSi miRebuli saxesimboloebiT<br />

iqmneba da yalibdeba beladis, rogorc mesiis saxe da Cven mier<br />

moxmobil magaliTebs sagangebo komentari ar dasWirdeba amis naTelsay<strong>of</strong>ad:<br />

beladi mze: xalxur leqsebSi lenins xSirad mzes adareben, `gulwrfelad<br />

gjera leninis ukvdaveba mzesTan SedarebiT:<br />

`Sen marto dRisiT gvinaTeb<br />

is ki RamiTac mze ari~.<br />

(benaSvili 1939: 11)<br />

erT leqsSi leninis dabadeba Sedarebulia caze brwyinvale varskvlavebis<br />

gamoCenasTan... mnaTobi eZebs gmirs (lenins _ s. m.), romelic daixsnis<br />

xalxs... am ZebnaSi Tvals mohkravs Tovlian mTebSi erT qoxs, qoxSi sZinavs<br />

yrmas (iqve: 10). aq gagvaxsendeba bagaSi mwolare qriste da motyinare varskvlavs<br />

gamoyolili mogvebi.<br />

varskvlavi da mze xSiradaa moxmobili leninis ukvdavebis<br />

gamosaxatavad:<br />

erT leqsSi mzes mimarTaven:<br />

`mzis Casvlas ugavs sikvdili;<br />

cas moswyda erTi varskvlavi,<br />

mnaTobi mTeli qveynisa~.<br />

`ver davijereb Tqven orSi<br />

lenini uwin mokvdesa~.<br />

(benaSvili 1939: 36, 43, 47)<br />

217

mze aris stalinic, radgan isic beladia, amitom qristianuli simbolikis<br />

gamoyeneba Tanabrad nawildeba beladze, sul erTia, lenini iqneba is Tu<br />

stalini, erTi meores Caenacvleba, rogorc poeti ityoda:<br />

218<br />

`qveyanam icis,<br />

mtermac ki icis,<br />

rom dRes lenini<br />

stalini aris~.<br />

(qarTuli leqsebi... 1937: 138)<br />

an `rodesac vxedavT, vigonebT lenins<br />

da gulSi Seni fici enTeba~.<br />

(stalins 1944: 31)<br />

amitomac xSirad SexvdebiT stalinisadmi miZRvnil krebulebSi leqsebs<br />

leninze da piriqiT. erT xalxur leqsSi vkiTxulobT stalinze:<br />

`dido belado, mzisebr dagvnaTi Tavzeda,<br />

rogorc mze macocxlebeli _ erTi xar qveyanazeda~.<br />

(lenini da stalini... 1939: 131)<br />

lenini mzis momtania, sinaTlis fuZemdebeli, momtani sinaTlisa, mis<br />

sityvebs aRar mokvdeba, rogorc sinaTle mzisao~ (leninis saxe 1957: 9). amave<br />

wignis avtori wers: `lenini, beladi — mze — sayvareli... poetur emociur<br />

sityvaSi didi leninis saxe gaxsnilia, rogorc masebis sayvareli da maxlobeli<br />

beladisa, axali qveynis fuZemdeblisa, mzis amomyvanisa~ (iqve, 12).<br />

1934 w. mixeil Ciqovans qobuleTSi Cauweria leqsi leninze: `ori mze~,<br />

rogorc ki lenini gardaicvala, mzem tirili daiwyoo.<br />

stalinic mzea, mTvarec, erTi sityviT, mnaTobi:<br />

`gzas Sen gvinaTeb, belad,<br />

mTvare xar Cveni mnaTobi,<br />

Sen ze xar sxivTa mfinari,<br />

mSromeli xalxis gamTbobi~.<br />

(stalini... 1949: 51)<br />

meore leqsis avtori ufro Sors midis:<br />

`stalin, ms<strong>of</strong>lios mnaTobo,<br />

mzeTa-mzev, cazed maRalo~ (iqve: 56).<br />

stalinis Rimili, gamoxedva aseT astrologiur xatebs iwvevs:<br />

`mzis mosvlas gigavs Rimili,<br />

gamoxedva gaqvs mTvarisa,<br />

gvinaTebs Ramis wyvdiadsac<br />

Suqi wamwamTa jarisa~ (iqve: 79).<br />

dasasrul, beladebis mzismetyveleba xalxur poeziaSi ase dagvirgvinda:<br />

`caze mTvare amosula, varskvlavebi bevriao, Cvens qveyanas anaTeben<br />

stalini da beriao~ (iqve: 108).

xalxuri poeziidan beladi _ mze, mzeTa-mze, vaskvlavi, mnaTobi... SeiWra<br />

qarTul sabWoTa poeziaSic:<br />

`dideba marad Sens saxels,<br />

Sens saxels marad dideba,<br />

mze Sengan danaTebuli,<br />

arasdros dagvebindeba~.<br />

(did stalins 1949: 33)<br />

`sinaTle CemTvis gaxda lenini da TviT lenini sinaTled iqca~ (leninis<br />

saxe 1968: 21).<br />

akakis natvra erTma poetma ase daukavSira stalins:<br />

`aRdga, ayvavda saqarTvelo gadanaTeli,<br />

mivida gmiri, rom eZaxda Seni naRara —<br />

misi saxeli stalinia, mzeebr naTeli~ (iqve: 51).<br />

komunizmi, kremli da stalini asea gamTlianebuli am leqsSi:<br />

`Cveni mze komunizmia,<br />

mzeSi kremli dgas saliviT _<br />

da migviZRveba mzisaken<br />

Tavad mze — didi stalini!~ (iqve: 57).<br />

erTi poeti did belads, gamirTagmirs, suliT Zliers, ase mimarTavs:<br />

`Cauqrobelo brwyinvalebav<br />

mfrqvevo sinaTlis~ (iqve: 75)<br />

an: `Cveni mzec, Cveni varskvlavic stalin, Sena xar!~; (iqve: 125)<br />

an: `Cveni mze aris stalini~ (iqve: 140)<br />

es magaliTebi zRvaSi wveTia imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor daukavSirda<br />

beladi mzes, varskvlavs, mTvares, sinaTles, mnaTobs... rogor eZebda da wvalobda<br />

poezia, rac SeiZleba meti, amaRlebuli, diadi eTqva da daefiqsirebina;<br />

mzeze, Seqmnilze aRmatebulad da ukvdavad warmoeCina beladi. aseTi<br />

iyo damTrgunveli totalitaruli epoqis ironiaSereuli suliskveTeba.<br />

beladi mama: `mSromelTa mamam, leninma, piri gasinja xmlisa~ (lenini da<br />

stalini 1939: 92); `da iRimeba Cems kargs qalaqSi yvela qalaqis keTili mama~<br />

(qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 64); `hqvia beladi, kidev? _ mama da kidev? _<br />

brZeni~ (iqve: 66); `man momirCina Cemi wuxili, Cem simRerebSi gamovlenili, mis<br />

furclebidan SublSuWmuxvnili mesaubreba mama lenini~ (iqve: 68).<br />

stalinic mamaa:<br />

`stalino, dido belado,<br />

mSromeli xalxis mamao~.<br />

(stalini... 1949: 19)<br />

an `stalino, dido belado,<br />

Sen giwodeben mamasa~ (iqve: 40).<br />

219

`scocxlobdes didxans stalini, xalxTa mama da beladi~ (did stalins<br />

1949: 15); `mzed da Svebad aq beladi daibada, xalxTa mama~ (iqve: 88).<br />

beladi — mxsneli, kacobriobis gadamrCeneli: `stalin — ms<strong>of</strong>lios<br />

gadamrCenelo, stalin — poetis yvela leqsSia~ (did stalins 1949: 72);<br />

`dedaqalaqi sunTqvaa Cveni, ...mxsnelsa da imeds iq sZinavs lenins~ (stalins<br />

1944: 67); leninis saxe warmoadgenda simbolos mxsnelisas da qveynis sike-<br />

Tisas. igi mkurnalis xeliT exeboda Svilis cxedarTan momakvdav dedas g.<br />

kaWaxiZis leqsSi `lenini~ (qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 45). o. WeliZe baladaSi<br />

`sworupovari mkurnali~ lenins warmogvidgens rogorc xalxisTvis Tavdadebuls,<br />

mzrunvels, gulisxmiers, ubralos, maxlobelsa da Seudrekel<br />

gulTamxilvels~ _ wers erTi kritikosi (qarTuli poeturi 1970: 37-38). r.<br />

WiWinaZe, romelic ssrk-is umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis aqtebis gamoqveynebis<br />

gany<strong>of</strong>ilebis qarTuli seqtoris ufrosad kremlSi muSaobda, igonebs,<br />

rom mas evaleboda saqarTvelodan Semosul saCivrebze reagireba: `aTasi<br />

juris mamaZaRli gvwerda werilebs. saocari ambebi xdeboda. zogs isev<br />

sjeroda, lenini cocxaliao da werda: axali mTavrobis araferi mjera, Sen<br />

unda gviSveloo!~ (WiWinaZe 2010: 125).<br />

dideba RmerTs, kacobriobis imedsa da nugeSs, mowyalesa da yovlis-<br />

SemZles _ es cnobili qristianuli damokidebulebaa uzenaesis mimarT,<br />

politikur lirikaSi ki vkiTxulobT:<br />

220<br />

`lenins dideba! misi naTeli Tavs dagvtrialebs~.<br />

(lenini da stalini 1939: 69)<br />

an `dideba marad Sens saxels,<br />

Sens saxels marad dideba~ (did stalins 1949: 33).<br />

`stalinur xanas vumReriT,<br />

simRera ar mogvwyindeba,<br />

dideba Tavisufrebas!<br />

sayvarel stalins dideba!~ (iqve: 179).<br />

erT leqsSi saukuneTa gadaZaxilidan, daviTisa da Tamaris epoqidan<br />

gaismis:<br />

`TiTqos vxedavde varZiis Txrilebs,<br />

Tamaris koSkebs, daviTis gelaTs,<br />

TiTqos vismende maT daZaxilebs:<br />

dideba belads!~ (iqve: 66).<br />

erTi leqsis mixedviT, TviT rusTavelic ki stalins adidebs:<br />

`sxva Sens garda vin iqneba<br />

dido stalin! Seni qeba<br />

TviTon mziur SoTas uTqvams~.<br />

(belads 1939: 14)<br />

beladi aris gzis maCvenebeli, swor gzaze damyenebeli, romelic<br />

migviZRvis maradisobisken, komunizmis diadi ideisken:

an<br />

`igi mdumare gzas gvinaTebs sxivTa alebiT,<br />

Cven mas SevscqeriT siyvaruliT da mokrZalebiT~.<br />

(leninis saxe 1957: 117)<br />

`siTbo gvzrdida, Cven stalinis siTbo gvzrdida<br />

samSoblois ayvavebul droSi,<br />

arasodes gadavsulvarT swori gzidan,<br />

mivdiodiT win, stalinis droSiT~ (did stalins 1949: 82);<br />

an `Cveni droSa xar, miibrZvi da kalTebs miaSrialeb,<br />

Tu gzas gadavcdiT, dagvitev, Zaxils ar dagvigvianeb~<br />

(lenini da stalini 1939: 65).<br />

beladi mowyale da yovlisSemZle: belads mimarTaven ise, rogorc<br />

yovlisSemZle da mowyale RmerTs, roca gagiWirdeba misi saxeli axsene da<br />

geSveleba:<br />

`saxeli igi... axsene mxolod _ da gvalvaSi dauSvebs wvima,<br />

axsene mxolod — gzas dagiTmobs mZafri qarbuqi,<br />

axsene mxolod — da gaTbebi, rodesac gciva~.<br />

(qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 34)<br />

an `gfaravda marad cadawvdenili<br />

didi leninis frTalaRi droSa~<br />

(leninis saxe... 1968: 26)<br />

stalinis gardacvalebis dReebSi poeti x. vardoSvili werda:<br />

`munjs misca ena, brmas aunTo Tvali naTeliT<br />

da moupova Cagrul monas ufleba kacis,<br />

daimorCila TviT buneba sastiki, mkacri,<br />

gadaanaTa zeca, bneliT gadanaTeli~.<br />

(mnaTobi 1953: 42)<br />

lenini yvelas icnobda. marTalia, saqarTveloSi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila, magram<br />

skolis moxuci daraji poets eubneba:<br />

an<br />

`is me micnobda, mas geficebi,<br />

Cemi cxovreba zepir icoda,<br />

wiTel droSidan, Zmuri RimiliT,<br />

xeli saSvelad gamomiwoda~ (iqve: 20).<br />

`stalinis sulis Wirime,<br />

iman mogviwyo xelia~.<br />

(stalini qarTul... 1949: 152)<br />

beladisgan gamoiTxoven locva-kurTxevasac ki:<br />

`win gviZRvis Seni saxeli<br />

venaxSi, baRSi, kaloze,<br />

kvlavac aRmanTe sagmirod<br />

da siyvaruliT damloce~.<br />

(did stalins 1949: 40)<br />

221

222<br />

an `gviSvele, stalin, Cvenc gviSvele, Cvenc dagvexmare,<br />

Tvali milula da tkbil natvras exuteboda...<br />

stalinis saxe mas nugeSad exateboda~.<br />

(qarTuli leqsebi... 1937: 40)<br />

beladi zecisa da miwis mbrZanebelia, planetas ki siyvarulis Zlevamosili<br />

ZaliT ganagebs:<br />

`am uzarmazars, vrcel samyaros, ucxod anagebs<br />

mTlad daeufla misi arsi, ocneba laRi,<br />

zRaprul wigniviT gadaSala man cis wiaRi...<br />

dRes miwis sferos siyvarulis ZaliT ganagebs~ (iqve: 49).<br />

beladi SeuZlebels SeZlebs, axal cxovrebas, gazafxuls moiyvans:<br />

`Sen Segviqmen gazafxuli da naTeli ganTiadi,<br />

mze gveleSaps gamostace, xalxs samSoblo daubrune~ (iqve: 80).<br />

amitomaa, rom samyarom feri icvala, leninis (an stalinis) Rvawlma<br />

planetas, dedamiwas RerZis garSemo brunvac ki Seucvala:<br />

`mas Semdeg miwac brunavs sxvagvarad,<br />

leninis xelis mimarTulebiT~.<br />

(qarTuli poeturi 1970: 56)<br />

axali welTaRricxva qristes Sobidan iwyeba, magram `me welTaRricxvas<br />

daviwyebdi im didi dRidan, roca amqveynad daibada brZeni lenini~ (iqve: 65).<br />

1917 wlis revolucia dauviwyaria, radgan `iqidan modis qveynis naTeli<br />

da mec cxovrebas iqidan viwyeb~ (qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 19).<br />

didi siwmindea beladis azrebi, tomebSi rom gabneula. Tu qristiani<br />

biblias miiCnevs wminda wignad, sabWoeTSi beladTa tomebia siwminde:<br />

an<br />

`vakisken, institutisken miiCqarian tolebi,<br />

Tan miaqvT didi leninis Suqdafrqveuli tomebi~ (iqve: 18).<br />

`me erTi wigni maqvs saxsovrad,<br />

sangarSi maCuqes igi,<br />

naTeli azrebiT naqsovi<br />

stalinis ukvdavi wigni.<br />

brZolaSi, roca mters Sevebi,<br />

ros tyvia daqroda irgvliv,<br />

Tan mqonda vaJkacis mSveleli<br />

ukvdavi simarTlis wigni~.<br />

(stalins 1944: 64)<br />

beladi ukvdavi: yvelaferi beladis ukvdavebaze metyvelebs. leninze<br />

leqsebis didi nawili exeba misi sikvdilis ambavs, radgan igi yvelaze mwvaved<br />

ganicada mSromelma xalxma, erTi xalxuri leqsis avtori mimarTavs bunebas,<br />

iwvevs mas, raTa SeuerTdes adamianTa glovas. bunebac TiTqos Seismens kacis<br />

xmas:

`civma dahbera niavma, furceli Camohyarao,<br />

tyeSi xeebma gaiges, totebi daixarao,<br />

mTaSi gaiges frinvelTa, galoba aikrZalao~.<br />

(lenini da stalini 1939: 9)<br />

amis gamo gaismis sayovelTao godeba: `mogvikvda Cveni imedi; Tavisuflebis<br />

momgoni veRar dajdeba skamzeo~. xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi uaRresad<br />

gavrcelebuli xerxia gardacvlili leninis aCrdilis gamowveva da<br />

masTan, rogorc cocxal adamianTan guliTadi saubari. lenins uamboben Cveni<br />

qveynis mSromelebi, rom yoveli kuTxiT gaismis tkbili simReris wkriali<br />

(leninis saxe 1957: 22-23). sainteresoa isic, rom qarTveli poeti a. maSaSvili<br />

leninis gardacvalebas kacobriobis glovad acxadebs:<br />

`Sen CamogvSordi, belado lenin,<br />

da qveyanaze oblad dagvtove~.<br />

leqsSi `lenini~ g. leoniZe mxatvruli damajereblobiT xatavs leninis<br />

ukvdavebis ideas:<br />

`Tu gZinavs, RviZavs Sens saxels,<br />

ufxizles qariSxlisasa,<br />

Tu gZinavs, RviZavs Sens saqmes,<br />

umxness, moqneul xmalisa~.<br />

leninis ukvdavebas aseT poetur ferebSi xatavs S. niSnianiZe:<br />

`ms<strong>of</strong>lios gulSi ganisvenebs ms<strong>of</strong>lios guli,<br />

igi wavida TaobebSi, rogorc simarTle,<br />

rogorc legenda buxrispir Tqmuli.<br />

baRebSi, gzebze, moednebze Cven vxedavT lenins,<br />

xels varTmevT lenins da vmaRldebiT diadi rwmeniT~.<br />

(qarTuli poeturi 1970: 72)<br />

`aseve dResac: Cven Soris vxedavT _ ... kacobriobis ukvdav Svils,<br />

lenins~ (iqve: 93); leninma daamarcxa sikvdili (Sdr. qristem gaimarjva sikvdilze),<br />

igi amaRlda, viTarca mokaSkaSe mze da mis mier naCvenebi gziT<br />

midian saxelmwifoebi: xalxic arasdros daijerebs leninis sikvdils, radgan<br />

yovelTvis moigonebs mis dabadebas~ (iqve: 72-73).<br />

poeti alio adamia patara leqsSi kargad axerxebs gadmoces sikvdilTan<br />

gamarjvebuli lenini, romelic darCa xalxis gulSi maradiul ukvdavebad:<br />

`mere sikvdili gauCinarda, leninTan darCa maradisoba~ (iqve: 42).<br />

an `es rodi iyo gardasuli civi mumia, Cems Tvalwin iwva ukvdaveba~ (iqve: 31).<br />

`rogorc grigali quxda lenini, mas ukvdaveba dauZmobilda~ (iqve: 20).<br />

lenini ar momkvdara, xalxis gulSi CaiZira: `simarTlisaTvis momkvdari,<br />

xalxi ara Cans mkvdarada~ (leninis saxe... 1957: 33).<br />

milionobiT adamiani mTel ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi leninze ambobs:<br />

`lenini cocxlobda, lenini cocxalia, lenini icocxlebs~! (iqve: 28).<br />

223

ukvdavia stalinic, gansakuTrebiT mwvaved igrZnoboda es 1953 wlis<br />

martis susxian dReebSi: `is ar mokvdeba, CvenTan aris, CvenTan darCeba,<br />

rogorc sicocxle, siamaye da gamarjveba~ (mnaTobi 1953: 31) an:<br />

224<br />

`stalin! damarcxda uRvTo sikvdili,<br />

ver Seasrula ganzraxva avi,<br />

is Sens kubosTan dgas fermixdili,<br />

man Sens winaSe daxara Tavi~ (iqve: 74).<br />

am isteriis fonze stalini moixsenieba, rogorc mzekaci, gmiri, mama<br />

kacTa da xalxTa, brZeni WaRara, SromiT daRlili, axla rom miiZina da sxva:<br />

`Zekaci iyav, mzed gardicvale,<br />

isev CvenTan xar, gana waxveli!<br />

aw mzis magier Sen ibrwyinvaleb,<br />

aw mzes daerqvas Seni saxeli~ (iqve: 46).<br />

beladis ukvdaveba sainteresod aisaxa kinematografSic, g. gvaxaria<br />

mogviTxrobs: `ioseb stalinis gardacvalebam sxvebTan erTad sabWoTa kinematografistebic<br />

aaforiaqa. 6 marts, gaTenebisas, sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa<br />

sabWos Tavmjdomarem giorgi malenkovma kinoreJisorebi kremlSi<br />

daibara, raTa erTad gadaewyvitaT, vin gadaiRebda stalinis dakrZalvis<br />

kadrebs. Tumca, rogorc mogvianebiT gamoirkva, es iyo formaluri Sexvedra,<br />

radgan kinematografistebma winaswar icodnen: stalinTan damSvidobebis<br />

gadaRebas beladis sayvarel reJisors mixeil Wiaurels daavalebdnen.<br />

bedis ironiiT, Wiaurels pirvelad mieca saSualeba firze aRebeWda beladi...<br />

oRond mxolod beladis cxedari. ar aris gamoricxuli, am sagangebo<br />

TaTbirze WiaurelisTvis `mieTiTebinaT~ Tu rogor unda warmoCndes ekranze<br />

stalinis mkvdari sxeuli. Tumca, vin vin da Wiaurelma yvelaze kargad<br />

icoda `ukvdavebis saxis~ Seqmna. filmSi unda SenarCunebuliyo balansi mwuxarebasa<br />

da imeds Soris, mayurebeli ar unda dabneuliyo. igi unda daerwmunebinaT,<br />

rom beladis gardacvalebam kidev ufro metad gaaerTiana progresuli<br />

kacobrioba, mSromeli xalxi. amave Sexvedraze damtkicda xelovnebisa<br />

da literaturis gamoCenil moRvaweTa teqstebi, romelic stalinis<br />

dakrZalvis, ufro sworad, mavzoleumSi misi cxedris gadasvenebis dRes unda<br />

waekiTxaT. gavixsenoT es teqstebi:<br />

dimitri SostakoviCi: `stalinis epoqis adamianebma kvlavac unda vicxovroT<br />

da vimuSaoT `stalinis kompasis~ mixedviT... misi sityvebi `wereT<br />

simarTle!~ kvlav unda darCes gzamkvlevad xelovnebis moRvaweTa armiisTvis~;<br />

sergei smirnovi: `xalxis nakadi mis kubosTan Cerdeba... mwuxarebis Jams<br />

Cveni sayvareli saxis nakvTebs vumzerT da vxedavT cocxal stalins,<br />

vgrZnobT mis cecxlovan gamoxedvas~;<br />

aleqsei surkovi: `1953 wlis am yinvian dRes ubedureba SeemTxva sabWoTa<br />

xalxs, progresul kacobriobas... ulmobelma sikvdilma gaaCera guli, romlis<br />

feTqvas aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi usmenda milionobiT adamiani<br />

Cvens planetaze~;<br />

evgeni dolmatovski: `svetebian sasaxleSi miZinebuli beladis danaxvis-<br />

Tanave pirvelad atirda Cemi qaliSvili. ver vaimedeb Cems gogonas: igi xom<br />

naadrevad daoblda~.

naTelia, rom stalinis dakrZalva unda dadgmuliyo egreT wodebuli<br />

`optimisturi tragediis~ JanrSi da aseve gamoxatuliyo mixeil Wiaurelis<br />

dokumentur filmSi, romelsac `diadi gamoTxoveba~ daarqves. stalinTan<br />

gamosamSvidobeblad martis im civ dReebSi, marTlac, Zalian bevri xalxi<br />

movida, e.i. dakrZalvas TviTmxilvelebi hyavda, amitom dokumentur filmSi<br />

mixeil Wiaureli axals verafers moigonebda, ver dadgamda. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

suraTSi Sevida yvela is atributi, romelic Tan axlda stalinTan<br />

gamomSvidobebis im sam dRes: maRal potstamentze dasvenebuli wiTeli kubo,<br />

yvavilebis gvirgvinebi, warwerebiT - `beladi, maswavlebeli, megobari,<br />

mama~. malenkovi, beria, molotovi _ sapatio yaraulSi. teqsti aucileblad<br />

sakavSiro radios diqtors, iuri levitans, unda waekiTxa, swored im adamians,<br />

romelic aqamde mosaxleobas umaRlesi mTavarsardlis brZanebebs acnobda<br />

da amitom stalinis xmis asociacias badebda msmenelSi. levitanis xma<br />

imis iluzias qmnida, rom ioseb besarionis Ze aq Tavis sicocxles emSvidobeba.<br />

igi mxolod `maradiulma Zilma moicva~... es winadadeba yvelaze xSirad<br />

ismoda stalinTan gamomSvidobebis dReebSi~ (gvaxaria 2003:).<br />

beladi aris mTiT movardnili CanCqeri, vefxvi sali kldis, arwivi maRal<br />

mTisao, qor-Savardeni, xalxTa genia, gmirobis gamomgonebeli, foladi<br />

daugrexeli, kaci marTali yelamdi, grigali didi xmebisa, yvela Cagrulisa<br />

da mSromelis gulwrfeli megobari, s<strong>of</strong>lad skolebis gamxsneli, proletarebis<br />

winamZRoli, mebrZoli Seudarebi, xalxis maswavlebeli, ubralo da<br />

Tavmdabali, rwmena Cveni Tavisuflebisa, `saxeli igi — sicocxle rom uwoda<br />

xalxma, nugeSi muSis _ okeanis gamoRma, gaRma~, Cveni sicocxlis Tavi da<br />

bolo, brZenTa brZeni, xalxTa imedi da nugeSi, `legenda buxrispir Tqmuli~,<br />

uudiadesi, uusayvarlesi (g. ZnelaZe), Tavisulebas Sewiruli, bunebis sruly<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

pirmSo, mTeli ms<strong>of</strong>lios saunje, tkbilSromis mamamTavari, mSromeli<br />

xalxis gamTbobi, amiran-gmiris damxsneli, bazaleTis tbaSi darweul<br />

akvanSi mwolare, sindisi da samarTali, epoqis sveti, aRmaSenebeli, ukvdavi<br />

saqmiT istoriis damamSvenebeli, kaci maradi, sibrZnisa da sinaTlis dauSreteli<br />

zRva... da uamravi msgavsi Tu gansxvavebuli wregadasauli xotba beladisa<br />

xalxur sityvierebasa Tu mwerlobaSi, zogadad, qarTul politikur<br />

lirikaSi.<br />

g. leoniZis poemas `stalini, bavSvoba da yrmoba~ epigrafad wamZRvarebuli<br />

aqvs s<strong>of</strong>okles sityvebi: `aq hflobs titani cecxlis mimtani, _<br />

RmerTi promeTe~, gr. robaqiZe `stalinis horoskopSi~ ahrimans (sparsul<br />

miTologiaSi borotebis umaRlesi RvTaeba) adarebs kacobriobis belads. am<br />

miTologizebas aSkarad Tavad stalinma misca dasabami, igi ambobda: `vfiqrob,<br />

rom bolSeviki mogvagonebs berZnuli miTologiis gmirs, anTeoss... maT<br />

yvela Sansi aqvT imisa, rom uZlevelni darCnen. amaSia gasaRebi bolSevikuri<br />

xelmZRvanelobis uZlevelobisa~ (lenini da stalini... 1939: 8). `stalinisadmi<br />

miZRvnil leqsebSi, ra Tqma unda, pirvelad aris saxotbo lirika, ganmadidebeli,<br />

mere _ miTologizireba (baqraZe 2009). aseTi tendencia, zogadad,<br />

damaxasiaTebelia totalitaruli reJimisaTvis, marTebulad SeniSnavs<br />

d. kiziria: `meoce saukunis totalitaruli reJimis mqone qveynebis kulturul<br />

diskursebs axasiaTebda miTologiuri azrovnebisa da ritualebis<br />

kultivireba, simbolikis imgvari sistemis Seqmna, romelic Teleologiuri<br />

mniSvnelobebiT itvirTeboda~ (kiziria 2010: 377).<br />

sxvaTa Soris, miTologizeba axasiaTebs am periodis kinematografsac, g.<br />

gvaxaria wers: m. Wiaurelis filmSi `fici~ aris epizodi, romelsac dasav-<br />

225

lelma kinomcodneebma `istoriT kurTxeva~ daarqves. moqmedeba xdeba leninis<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg. stalini marto midis daTovlil baRSi, gorakze, sadac<br />

igi ukanasknelad Sexvda gardacvlil belads, jdeba skamze da esmis gardacvlili<br />

leninis xma, ris Semdegac zecisken aRapyrobs mzeras. naZvis totebidan<br />

kadrSi iWreba mzis sxivi, romelic axali beladis Subls efineba.<br />

Suqi zemodan ecema. stalini bibliur moses emsgavseba (gvaxaria 2003:), ase<br />

Seiqmna kinoSi miTologiuri asociaciebi stalinze.<br />

politikur lirikaSi beladi miTologiuri gmiria, yovelive gmirulis<br />

sawyisia:<br />

226<br />

`beladi Cveni lenini, gmirobis gamomgonia~.<br />

(lenini da stalini 1939: 89);<br />

an `belado, Seni saxeli<br />

did samSoblozec didia,<br />

uzarmazari ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />

Sen mxrebze agikidia~.<br />

(stalini qarTul... 1949: 87)<br />

ufro Sors midis am striqonebis mTqmeli:<br />

`dido stalin, Seni saxe<br />

kremlis caze davinaxe~ (iqve: 151);<br />

an `dido belado, gmirTa-gmiro, suliT Zliero,<br />

sibrZniT, simtkiciT Segedreba gmiri romeli~.<br />

(did stalins 1949: 75)<br />

erTi poeti ase mimarTavs `kacobriobis mxsnels~:<br />

`mze gveleSaps gamostace,<br />

xalxs samSoblo daubrune~ (iqve: 80).<br />

an `amiran-gmiris damxsneli, stalin, Sen xar!<br />

bazaleTSi rom arwies, stalin, Sen xar~ (iqve: 125),<br />

an `rogor ar vaxseno saxeli misi<br />

vinc Sexsna zecas meSvide kari~ (iqve: 138).<br />

leninisa da stalinis gverdiT politikur lirikaSi gamoikveTa sxvaTa<br />

saxeebic:<br />

`lenin-stalinis saqmisTvis Tavdadebulo beria,<br />

sakacobriod darCeba Seni waRvawi bevria~.<br />

(lenini da stalini... 1939: 103)<br />

an `saqarTvelos winamZRoli<br />

lavrenti gvyavs beria,<br />

yvelaferSi win mivdivarT,<br />

Sromis droSa Cvenia~.<br />

(stalini qarTul... 1949: 124)

an<br />

an<br />

`Cven verafers ver dagvaklebs<br />

mefe, xani, faSa,<br />

gaumarjos Cvens did stalins,<br />

Cvens berias — vaSa!~ (iqve: 142),<br />

`scocxlobdes Seni erTguli,<br />

molotovi da beria~ (iqve: 61),<br />

`Sens suraTs wmindad vinaxavT,<br />

veras dagvaklebs mteria,<br />

icocxle, didxans gecocxlos<br />

gverdSi rom gidgas beria~ (iqve: 88).<br />

aqa-iq gamokrTeba orjonikiZis saxelic:<br />

`brZolobda qveynis saSvelad,<br />

Cven Tavi gvanacvalao~ (iqve: 122).<br />

sruliad SesaZlebeli iyo mowinave revolucionerebis xseneba, radgan:<br />

`leninis droSis erTgulni,<br />

stalinis gamowvrTnilebi,<br />

komunizmisken mivdivarT<br />

Tavisufloebis Svilebi~.<br />

(did stalins 1949: 179)<br />

magaliTebi, romlebic Cven moviyvaneT, mxolod mcire nawilia imis<br />

warmosaCenad, rom beladi aris mesia, mxsneli, xorcSesxmuli RmerTi uRmer-<br />

To sazogadoebaSi. ase qmnida qarTuli politikuri lirika yovlisSemZle<br />

beladis saxes, axdenda mis miTologizebas. Zalian Znelia imis Tqma, rom<br />

aRviraxsnil xotbaSi, romelic, saerTod, damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri epoqis<br />

politikuri lirikisaTvis, yvela imas werda, rasac grZnobda da ganicdida,<br />

Tumca iseTebic iyvnen, marTla rom swamdaT da jerodaT beladisa! ras<br />

izam, aseTia masis fsiqologia, Tumca am gadasaxedidan komunistur agiografias<br />

aqvs parodiuli paTosi, es udavoa! rogorc akaki baqraZe werda:<br />

`qristianuli agiografosi rwmeniT werda, komunisti agiografosi — dafaruli<br />

ironiiT~ (baqraZe 1990: 96).<br />

absurdul-parodiulia komentarebi staliniana-leninianas rom gahyveba<br />

Tan, magaliTad, aseTi:<br />

`qaliSvilma satrfos frontze wasvlis win xelmandili Semoaxvia vaJs<br />

yelze da daabara:<br />

Tu daece brZolis velze, dagelios dReni,<br />

mters cocxali ar danebde! _ ase ambobs lenin.<br />

...roca igi gmirulad daeca brZolis velze, moagonda satrfos<br />

saxsovari:<br />

`Camoixsna xlmandili, Senaxuli lxeniT<br />

da zed sisxliT daawera erTi sityva — lenin!~<br />

(qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 144)<br />

227

am periodis gamocemebSi aseT anomaliebsac waawydebiT:<br />

`kapitalisturi qveynebis damonebul xalxTaTvis stalini aris imedi,<br />

uZleveli droSa, naTlis sveti, romelic win miuZRvis maT saboloo ganTavisuflebisaken~<br />

(qarTuli leqsebi... 1937: 5).<br />

an `xalxi Tavis bednierebas umadlis leninis sibrZnes, misi saqmisa da<br />

sityvis simarTles~ (leninis saxe 1957: 10).<br />

erTi kritikosi werda: `lenini aris mtkice da uSiSari, ubralo da Tavmdabali<br />

adamiani, xalxis maswavlebeli da guliTadi megobari... iliCi Semqmneli<br />

ukvdavebisa, mivyavarT aRTqmul qveynisken Suqs misi CiraRdnebisas~<br />

(iqve: 30).<br />

an `lenini mxolod adamianebisTvis, maTi sikeTisa da bednierebisTvis<br />

gaCnda amqveynad~ (qarTuli poeturi... 1970: 44).<br />

aseTive Sefasebebia stalinis mimarTac, moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:<br />

`sosos Tavmdablobis damaxasiaTebelia is umniSvnelo garemoeba, rom,<br />

Tumca yvela mowafeze ufro mcodne iyo, Tavis tol-amxanagebSi ar eZebda<br />

pirvelobas... mecadineoba srulebiT ar uSlida xels bavSvurad ecelqa.<br />

xSirad SeiZleboda dagenaxaT derefanSi, rom soso mihqris Tavisi megobris<br />

Zurgze Seskupebuli da gaiZaxis: foladi var, foladi var! es fsevdonimi<br />

(stalini), romliTac mTeli qveynis muSebi da Cagrulni icnoben soso<br />

juRaSvils, albaT, im Soreul wlebSi gaCnda, bavSvuri celqobis dros~<br />

(luarsamiZe 1931: 3-4); `stalini erTaderTia, rogorc umaRlesi tipis saxelmwifo<br />

moRvawe da, amave dros, umZlavresi Teoretikosi da publicisti~<br />

(sulava 1940: 12-13); `piradi `me~ misTvis ar arsebobda, saerTo saqmes mTeli<br />

Tavisi arsebiT gamoexmaureboda~ (kapanaZe 1945: 37). niSandoblivia beladze<br />

gamocemul wignebis esTetikac, maTi: `poligrafia bunebrivia, gansakuTrebulia.<br />

saTauri aucileblad gansxvavebuli SriftiT da feriT gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili;<br />

umetesad, wiTlad. Temebic SeuzRudavia; weren stalinis pirovnebaze,<br />

stalinis saxlze _ gorSi, stalinis wignze, xaliCazec, romelzec misi saxe<br />

iqargeba... cdiloben, sxvadasxva rakursi monaxon. vfiqrob, erT-erTi faqtori<br />

im uzarmazari `informaciis~ SeTavazebaa mkiTxvelisaTvis, romelsac<br />

igi `udavod~ ainteresebda. iqneboda es personaJis bavSvoba, yrmoba, ymawvilkacoba,<br />

Tandayolili Tviseba (gnebavT, vneba daarqviT) sxvaTa, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki, ucnobebis daxmarebisa (niSnianiZe 2010: 392).<br />

is xalxi, is adamianebi... romelTaTvisac lenini da stalini aris kacobriobis,<br />

Cagrul xalxTa mxneli, masaa, upirovno, pirovnebadakarguli, er-<br />

TmaneTTan gaTanabrebul adamianTa erToblioba, mas sWirdeba beladi, rogorc<br />

mesia, mxsneli, imedi momavlisa. im bnelsa da daundobel epoqaSi es<br />

masa araa mxolod agresiuli isteriiT Sepyrobili adamianebis erToblioba,<br />

is mozeimea, amitomac bevri ram, gansakuTrebiT folklorSi, guliTaa naTqvami,<br />

qarTvelebis did nawils, marTlac, ase swamda da ase uyvarda, amis<br />

anarekls SexvdebiT dResac da es aravisTvisaa axali. rac Seexeba rCeul<br />

sazogadoebas, pirobiTad elitas, maTs arsebobas totalitarizmi ar<br />

dauSvebda, magram politikuri lirikis bevri avtori mainc iZulebuli iyo<br />

istoriul-politikuri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT ase ewera da ase efiqra,<br />

amitomaa es poezia parodia diqtatoruli sistemis, fsevdo gmirebisa da<br />

iluzoruli bednierebisa. (xSir SemTxvevaSi sagangebod ar mivuTiTeT<br />

leqsis avtori, imitom ki ara, rom raimes daaklebs maTs saxels, ubralod,<br />

Cven gvainteresebs Tavad movlena da ara saxelebi imis dasazusteblad, vin<br />

ras da rogor werda! im Savbneli epoqis verc erTi poeti verc erT taeps ver<br />

228

dabeWdavda, partiasa da beladze rom ar daewera rame, amitom aranair braldebad<br />

ar SeiZleba JRerdes am paTosis poeturi striqonebi galaktionidan<br />

moyolebuli XX saukunis bolo meoTxedamde, vis ra da rogor swamda es sxva<br />

saqmea. am faqtebis gamo literatori ar SeiZleba iqces saxelmwifo<br />

bralmdeblad).<br />

miuxedvad mozeime masis aseTi aRtkinebisa, bneleTis mociqulebis aseT<br />

xarisxSi warmodgenisa, mTeli es maskaradi borotebas, Zaladobas, usamar-<br />

Tlobas efuZneba. 1957 wels gamocemul qarTul leniniaSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Tqmulebis mixedviT, leninma sikvdilis win<br />

madlier xalxs mouyara Tavi da anderZi dautova, mSobliurad daariga: Tu<br />

vinmem rame gabedos, dRe daubneleT Savia!~ (leninis saxe 1957: 22).<br />

22 wlis stalini TviTmpyrobelobasTan brZolaSi daRupuli muSebis<br />

saxsovrad ambobs. `qeba-dideba Tqven, simarTlisaTvis daRupulno! qebadideba<br />

Tqven, romelTac Tavi daimSveneT eklis gvirgvinebiT da sikvdilis<br />

Jams mTrTolvare, gafiTrebuli tuCebiT CagvCurCulebdiT: Suri iZieT<br />

sisxliT!~ (sulava 1940: 18). am ideologiis gamoZaxilia xalxur poeziaSi<br />

aRfrTovaneba imis gamo, rom gaanadgures, mospes, daxvrites, CamoaxrCes<br />

Rirseba, adamiani da sulieroba. dRes es frazebi romlebic kargad JRers,<br />

rogorc braldeba am Sav-bneli epoqisa:<br />

`brZaneba gamosuliyo, brZaneba leninisa:<br />

mospeT Tavadi, mdidari, lukma gaxadeT xmlisa~.<br />

(lenini da stalini 1939: 93)<br />

aRarsad ari Zveli dro:<br />

gziri, xati da Rvdelia~ (iqve: 52).<br />

an `ras miqvia eklesia, ras miqvia wirva,<br />

gaumarjos Cven koleqtivs, mZime industrias!~ (iqve: 142).<br />

aseTi sisxliani iyo `sabWoTa kavSiri _ kacobriobis ubrwyinvalesi idealebis<br />

ganxorcielebuli triumfi~, is `nanatri, netari dro~, dResac rom<br />

mistirian beladis SuqiT sxivmosilebi, Tumca esec Cveni realobaa, istoriis<br />

avbediTi furceli.<br />

damowmebani<br />

abaSiZe 2003: abaSiZe i. zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan. Tb.: `inteleqti~, 2003.<br />

baqraZe 1990:baqraZe a. mwerlobis moTviniereba. Tb.: `sarangi~, 1990.<br />

baraxovi 1976: Барахов В. С. Искусство литературного портрета. Горький о В. И. Ленине,<br />

Л. Н. Толстом, А. П. Чехове. М.: 1976.<br />

baqraZe 2009: baqraZe a. staliniada. `arili~, № 13, 2009.<br />

belads 1939: belads qarTveli mwerlebi. Tb.: `federacia~, 1939.<br />

gvaxaria 2003: gvaxaria g. gadacema radio `Tavisuflebaze~. ganTavsebulia 03.<br />

03. 2003. misamarTi: http://www.tavisupleba.org/content/article/1526884.html<br />

did stalins 1949: did stalins. Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1949.<br />

kapanaZe 1945: kapanaZe p. beladis bavSvoba da yrmoba (mogoneba). Tb.:<br />

sablitgami, 1945.<br />

229

kvataia 2010: kvataia m. beladTa konceptebi qarTul emigrantul teqstebSi.<br />

saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis `totalitarizmi da literaturuli<br />

diskursi~ (me-20 saukunis gamocdileba) masalebi. Tb.: literaturis institutis<br />

gamomcemloba, 2010.<br />

kiziria 2010: kiziria d. tirani, rogorc mesia (giorgi leoniZis poema `stalinis<br />

bavSvoba da yrmoba~). saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis `totalitarizmi<br />

da literaturuli diskursi~ (me-20 saukunis gamocdileba) masalebi. Tb.:<br />

literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.<br />

lenini da stalini 1939: lenini da stalini qarTul poetur folklorSi.<br />

redaqcia da winasityvaoba d. benaSvilisa. Tb.: ` federacia~, 1939.<br />

leninis saxe 1957: leninis saxe qarTul xalxur poeziaSi. samxaraZe g. Tb.:<br />

saqarTvelos ssr-is politikuri da mecnieruli codnis gamavrcelebeli<br />

sazogadoeba, 1957.<br />

leninis saxe 1968: leninis saxe qarTul sabWoTa literaturaSi. kiknaZe l. Tb.:<br />

sazogadoeba `codna~, 1968;<br />

luarsamiZe 1931: luarsamiZe v. stalini (mozrdilTaTvis). II gamocema. Tb.:<br />

saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1931.<br />

mnaTobi 1953: Jurnali `mnaTobi~, № 3, Tb.: 1953:<br />

niSnianiZe 2010: niSnianiZe r. wina-mZRvaridan _ beladamde. saerTaSoriso<br />

samecniero konferenciis `totalitarizmi da literaturuli diskursi~ (me-20<br />

saukunis gamocdileba) masalebi. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba,<br />

2010.<br />

padlubnova 2006: Подлубнова Ю. Коммунистическая агиография в советской<br />

литературе 1920-1940-х гг. ganTavsebulia 17.05.06. misamarTi: http://www.netslova.ru/<br />

podlubnova/comm.html.sulava 1940: sulava al. literaturuli werilebi. Tb.:<br />

litgamomcemloba, 1940.<br />

sulava 1957: sulava al. werilebi. Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1957.<br />

stalini... 1949: stalini qarTul xalxur poeziaSi. Tb.: saxelmwifo<br />

gamomcemloba, 1949.<br />

stalins 1944: stalins. leqsTa krebuli. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1944.<br />

fedoseevi 1940: fedoseevi p. stalini religiisa da masTan brZolis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tb.: saqarTvelos mukis centraluri sabWos gamocema, 1940.<br />

qarTuli leqsebi... 1937: qarTuli leqsebi da simRerebi stalinze. Tb.: `zaria<br />

vostoka~, 1937.<br />

qarTuli mxatvruli... 1971: qarTuli mxatvruli literaturis leniniana.<br />

gozaliSvili S. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1971.<br />

qarTuli poeturi... 1970: qarTuli poeturi leniniana. samxaraZe g. Tb.:<br />

`merani~, 1970.<br />

stalini religiisa 1933: stalini religiisa da masTan brZolis Sesaxeb.<br />

Sedgenili s. yubaneiSvilis mier. Tb.: saqarTvelos mukis centraluri sabWos<br />

gamocema, 1933.<br />

cxadaia 2009: cxadaia z. poetis werilebi, sityvebi, mogonebebi. `literaturuli<br />

Ziebani,~ XXX, Tb.: 2009.<br />

WiWinaZe 2010: WiWinaZe r. gulis qisai nadebi. Tb.: `nekeri~, 2020.<br />

230

Saba Metreveli<br />

The Leader as a Messiah in the <strong>Georgian</strong> Political Lyrics<br />

Summary<br />

There were created praises and prayers to the Leader. There was not a single <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

writer who purposefully or not, did not write and glorify the caring Party and its Leader,<br />

despite the fact weather they believed in him or not, whatever they wrote revealed<br />

principles <strong>of</strong> Communistic ideology in prose and drama, fidelity to those principles,<br />

boundless appraisal and love <strong>of</strong> the Leader, worship <strong>of</strong> the Soviets. These and other<br />

aspects are to be looked for, revealed and thought over in the creative works <strong>of</strong><br />

L.Metreveli, S.Talakvadze, K.Lortkipanidze, I.Lisashvili, B.Chkheidze, P.Chkhikvadze,<br />

J.Khoperia, R.Korkia, G. Natroshvili, M. Mikadze, Ts. Mestiashvili and others, generally<br />

in <strong>Georgian</strong> Leniniada and Staliniada.<br />

First parallels between Lenin and Christ were made in post revolutionary rhetoric, and<br />

in 1918 attack to the Leader made them see in the Leader a man <strong>of</strong> “tolerance”, like St<br />

Boris and St.Gleb and St Andrei Bogoliubski. In Georgia Gori became covered with<br />

mystics, it became something like Bethlehem, childhood and youth <strong>of</strong> the Leader was<br />

represented with thousands <strong>of</strong> legend (G. Leonidze, K. Gamsaxurdia, D.Shengelaia, etc).<br />

There was thoroughly worked out an image <strong>of</strong> a passionate, devoted to people, thinking<br />

about their wellbeing and freedom revolutionary and fighter for freedom, a general model<br />

<strong>of</strong> a positive hero.<br />

231

maia jaliaSvili<br />

232<br />

poetikuri kvlevani<br />

`uZebni Svilis~ poeturi paradigma<br />

besik xaranaulis romanis `samoci jorze amxedrebuli raindi<br />

anu wigni hiperbolebisa da metaforebisa~ mixedviT<br />

`Cvens sinamdvileSi arsebobs iseTi uxilavi ganzomileba, sadac erTaderTi<br />

da ganuwyveteli procesi mimdinareobs: mama Svils eZebs: Svili mamas,<br />

mkvdari cocxals da warsuli awmyos. mimdinareobs ganuwyveteli ritualuri<br />

dialogi cisa da miwisa, sikvdilisa da sicocxlisa da uZebni Svili ki<br />

yvelas aviwydeba.<br />

am ganzomilebaSi Cveni sulebi cxovroben da hRvrian <strong>of</strong>ls ganuwyvetel<br />

ZiebaSi.<br />

ikiTxavT: _ rodis xdeba es?<br />

gipasuxebT: _ roca uneburad Tavs moikiTxavT, roca uneburad Tavi<br />

gaviwydebaT, roca ar iciT, ras fiqrobdiT, roca ggoniaT, rom dabneuli<br />

xarT, roca raimes moulodnelad miaCerdebiT da ar iciT, ratom...~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 426), _ wers besik xaranauli axal romanSi `samoci jorze<br />

amxedrebuli raindi anu wigni hiperbolebisa da metaforebisa~, romelSic<br />

es Tema _ Ziebisa _ centraluria.<br />

mwerlisTvis mTavaria, rom ar Sewydes `ritualuri dialogi cisa da<br />

miwisa~, rac gulisxmobs adamianis (eris) harmoniul arsebobas drosa da<br />

sivrceSi. am dialogis Sewyveta adamians (ers) Suaze gaxleCs da daRupavs. es<br />

dialogi aucilebelia, raTa dro iyos erTiani, Torem Tu `droTa kavSiri<br />

dairRveva~, maSin adamiani (eri) Tavgzaabneuli atomiviT daikargeba.<br />

`aba, gaixedeT, yoveli arsi qveyanaze gana Tavisi namdvili gvar-saxelis<br />

saZebrad ar aris gareT gamosuli?! da mec, yvela suleluri mizeziTac ki<br />

Cems Tavs ar veZeb?!<br />

_ dediTa var?<br />

_ mamiT?<br />

_ qariT var moRebuli?<br />

_ Tu hiperbolaTi da metaforiT~? (xaranauli 2010: 51).<br />

amgvari kiTxvebiT avtori gaaRwevs materialuri y<strong>of</strong>is sazRvrebidan da<br />

gadadis poeziaSi, romelSic igi, sworedac rom, `qariT aris moRebuli~ an<br />

`hiperboliT da metaforiT~. poeturi niWia misi mSobeli, niWi, romelmac is<br />

imad Seqmna, rac Tu vinc aris — konkretul dro-sivrces sxeulebrivad mijaWvuli,<br />

magram sulierad maradiulobasTan wilnayari. `qariT moReba~ xalxuri<br />

poeziis xatia, igi, upirvelesad, gamorCeuls gulisxmobs, romlis mama<br />

`realurad~ ar arsebobs. es SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes saxarebaSi dawerils:<br />

`ara sisxlTagan, arca nebiTa ÃorcTaÁTa, arca nebiTa mamakacisaÁTa, aramed

RmrTisagan iSvnes~ (ioane, 1, 13), (axali aRTqma 1991: 177). qari SeiZleba suliwmindis<br />

simbolodac gaviazroT, `romeli yovelgan ars da yovelives aRavsebs<br />

madliT~ (`mrwamsi~). ioanes saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT; `sulsa vidreca<br />

unebn, qrin, da ÃmaÁ misi gesmis, aramed ara ici, vinaჲ movals da vidre vals.<br />

esreT ars yoveli Sobili sulisagan~ (ioane 3, 8), (axali aRTqma 1991: 180).<br />

mwerali amis Taobaze Tavis dakvirvebas ase azogadebs: `yvela gmiri<br />

oblobiTaa amozrdili. yvela ambobs _ arc ise dakarguli varo, magram<br />

danamdvilebiT aravin icis Tavisi vinaoba~ (xaranauli 2010: 405).<br />

Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom `qaria saqarTvelo~ (leqsi `sad arian Svilebi,<br />

Svilebi sad arian~), maSin qariT `moReba~, rogorc saqarTvelos Sviloba,<br />

ise unda gaviazroT.<br />

am wignis mTavari gmiri poetia, romelic sakuTari sicocxlis sazriss<br />

ZiebaSi xedavs. igi zRapris gmiriviT gadis `Sinidan~ da daexeteba usasrulo<br />

dro-sivrceSi mamis, bavSvobis, siyvarulis, sinaTlis, adamianobis... mosaZebnad,<br />

Zveli faseulobebis gasaxseneblad Tu axlis aRmosaCenad. es Zieba dausrulebelia<br />

sicocxlesaviT, radgan am Ziebis procesSi is gadaiqceva simbolod.<br />

ase rom, TviTon Zieba, rogorc romanis xerxemali, ganapirobebs<br />

teqstis kompoziciur fragmentulobas da azrobriv siRrmeebs, mis filos<strong>of</strong>iur-religiur<br />

Seferilobas. TviTon Zieba ki `iwereba~ wignad, romelic<br />

igive poeziaa da misi striqonebi arasodes Sewydeba, radgan is mTavari<br />

wignis _ `samyaros wignis~ nawilia.<br />

romanSi `Svilic~ da `mamac~ mravalmniSvnelovani cnebebia. Svili gulisxmobs<br />

konkretul dro-sivrceSi mcxovreb adamiansac, vTqvaT, TviTon<br />

mTxrobels, zogadad, qarTvels da, imave dros, nebismier adamiansac. mamac<br />

_ xorcieli mSobelic aris, eTnosic, ufalic, zogadad _ kacobriobac,<br />

poeziac. ase rom, es mravalmniSvnelovneba romanSi qmnis erTmaneTze wafenil<br />

Sreebs, romelTa konteqstSi es Tema sxvadasxvanairad gaiazreba. SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, es romani palimfsesturia. mwerali Txrobisas gadainacvlebs<br />

siRrmisken da `kiTxulobs~ TiTqmis `gadaSlil~, e.i. daviwyebul teqstebs.<br />

romani jvarsaxovanicaa, rogorc rezo siraZem araCveulebrivad SeniSna:<br />

`jvarsaxovneba met-naklebad yovel teqstSia, sulierebis ierarqiulobisda<br />

Sesabamisad~. `teqstis horizontaluri mdinareba droSi xdeba, sulieri<br />

vertikalis SegrZneba ki myisieri SeiZleba iyos. gaston baSliari werda: `poezia<br />

wamieri metafizikaao. igi wamierebas eZebs, is qmnis wamierebas.. da mxolod<br />

vertikalur droSi Seyovnebuli wamiT iZens poezia gansakuTrebul<br />

energias. arsebobs wminda poeziis wminda energia da igi ganifineba vertikalurad<br />

formisa da pirovnebis droSi~ (siraZe 2008: 8). amgvari `energiiTa~<br />

damuxtuli es romani. horizontalur WrilSi avtoris `xorcieli~ Tavgadasavali<br />

warmoCndeba, vertikalurSi ki _ sulieri am orives gadakveTis wertili<br />

ki mwerlis gulia, mwerlisa, romelic, rogorc pol valeri wers, `Tavisive<br />

fiqrebis jvarzea gakruli~.<br />

besik xaranaulis axal romanSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, swored `ritualuri<br />

dialogia cisa da miwisa~, raTa uZebni Svili moZebnos mamam. es ki SeiZleba<br />

moxdes mxolod `wignSi~, romelsac amjerad besik xaranauli Txzavs, raTa<br />

sakuTari Tavi jer TviTon ipovos, da, amgvarad, gaxdes `xiluli~ uflis-<br />

Tvis. mweralma erT interviuSi aRniSna: `me sanam cocxali var, ar Sevwyvet<br />

brZolas imisaTvis, rom gavigo, vina var, saidan movdivar... adamians aqvs<br />

ufleba ecados, meti araferi SeuZlia~ (xaranauli 2010g: 1).<br />

233

Tavis povna ki, upirvelesad, gulisxmobs sakuTari Tavis, rogorc eris<br />

`saxis~ gacnobierebas.<br />

`Cemi wigni realobis asaxva araa~, _ afrTxilebs mwerali mkiTxvels da<br />

gulwrfelad gaumxels: imdeni vikiTxe hiperbolebisa da metaforebis<br />

poezia, andrezebi da Txel-Txeli broSurebi da narkvevebi maT cxovrebaze,<br />

rom avad gavxdi. asakmac xeli Semiwyo: sinamdvile veRar makvirvebda. am<br />

wignebma ki sarkiT momitanes warsuli...~ (xaranauli 2010: 427). am sarkeSi<br />

dainaxa man sakuTari Tavi, rogorc uZebni Svili. da radgan `dro ise kargad<br />

araferSi ar inaxeba, rogorc wignSi~ (xaranauli 2010: 427), TviTonac wigni<br />

dawera. `Tu samyaro wignia, adamianic mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia~ (xaranauli<br />

2010: 429). igi sakuTar Tavs, rogorc wigns, ise kiTxulobs, raTa Semdgom es<br />

gaxdes safuZveli `samyaros wignis~ Semecnebisa. mwerali am romans `cxovrebaSi<br />

Sesatyuebel wigns~ uwodebs, xolo cxovreba gaiazreba, rogorc realobaze<br />

aRmatebuli, warmosaxvaSi gamravalferovnebuli da gamdidrebuli.<br />

didi gza gaiara mweralma, rom sakuTari Tavi aReqva, rogorc `uZebni~.<br />

erT interviuSi aRniSnavs: `am bolo wignis gamo gavmecnierdi kidec, imdeni<br />

ram wavikiTxeo~ (xaranauli 2010b: 2). aq `gamecniereba~ ironias gulisxmobs<br />

sakuTari Tavis mimarT, magram Tanve miniSnebasac raRac mniSvnelovanze. ase<br />

`gamecnierda~ erT mSvenier dRes vaJa-fSavelas gvelismWameli mindia da<br />

Seicno sicocxlis arsi.<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, mraval mniSvnelovan saxeTagan romanSi gamorCeulia<br />

`uZebni Svilis~ poeturi paradigma. Tu gavixsenebT imas, rom yoveli sityva<br />

`poeturi nawarmoebia~ (borxesi 2010: 23), es sintagma `uZebni Svili~ umaRlesi<br />

rangis poeziad warmoCndeba _ gamoTqmis originalurobiT, xatovanebiT,<br />

simbolurobiT, filos<strong>of</strong>iuri siRrmiT. poetis mier daweril am `enciklopediur<br />

romanSi~, romelic `poeziisa da prozis pirSesayarzea~, mwerali<br />

qarTvelTa eTnosis Zirebs Cxreks da aanalizebs.<br />

ram aqcia bibliuri `uZRebi Svili~ `uZebnad~?<br />

uZRebi Svilis paradigma xelovnebaSi da, konkretulad literaturaSi,<br />

Zalian mravalferovnad aris warmoCenili, qarTul literaturaSi amis<br />

saukeTeso magaliTi guram doCanaSvilis `samoseli pirvelia~. misi mTavari<br />

gmiri, domeniko, bolos da bolos, brundeba mamis saxlSi, radgan aseTia<br />

`RvTaebrivi kanonzomiereba~.<br />

besik xaranaulis uZebni Svili exmianeba bibliur paradigmas da, ra Tqma<br />

unda, imeorebs nacnob gzas, magram aq siaxlea, uZRebi (Ze Secdomili) uZebnad<br />

iqceva.<br />

es uZebni Svili mwerlis alter egoa, mwerlisa, romelic qarTvelTa eTnosis<br />

konkretul saxed warmoCndeba romanSi. is jer uZRebia, radgan `daviwyebuli~<br />

aqvs `fesvebi~, magram iwyebs gaxsenebas, gaazrebas, Semecnebas da,<br />

amgvarad, daadgeba gzas Sinisaken, magram aq axali dabrkoleba Cndeba, mas<br />

aRar elis `mama~. is dakargulia, Tanac, nagavsayrelze.<br />

`RmerTs uyvars ganwiruli, magram ar uyvars, vinc ganwirulebas egueba.<br />

RmerTma sakuTari gamocdilebiT icis, rom: roca Svili mamas edaveba, mama<br />

Wabukdeba, agreTve icis, cudi Svili _ sayvarelia~ (xaranauli 2010: 135).<br />

uxsovari droidan Tvalmiuwvdomel mermisamde gaSlil dro-sivrceSi<br />

mogzaurobs besik xaranauli da nanax-gancdils-wakiTxul-warmodgenil<br />

STabeWdilebebs saocari gznebiTa da vnebiT gadmogvcems.<br />

igi uamrav `med~ daSlili warmogvidgeba da moxetiale zeistoriulsa<br />

Tu droul sanaxebSi _ qarTveli kacis kulturaSi; zepirsa Tu dawerilSi,<br />

234

zRapar-miTebSi, legendebSi, andrezebSi, wes-CveulebebSi, tradiciebsa da<br />

warmodgenebSi. mwerali cdilobs yovelives, realursa da warmosaxuls, miswvdes<br />

da moixilos. amis saSualebas mas sityva aZlevs _ metaforebsa da hiperbolebSi<br />

gacocxlebuli. amitom misi stili am romanSi xatovania, simboluri.<br />

es aris poetis dawerili poeturi romani `poeziiisa da prozis<br />

pirSesayarze~.<br />

mTeli wigni mkiTxvelTan dialogia, oRond ara Sefaruli, aramed jiquri<br />

da pirdapiri. da vis igulvebs weriT damaSvrali avtori mkiTxvelad?<br />

yvelas _ poetsac da `mxvnel-mTesvelsac~, visac simamace Seswevs sityvas-<br />

Tan pirispir dgomisa, misTvis TvalebSi Caxedvisa, `azris aReb-micemobisa~<br />

(ilia).<br />

wignis saxelwodeba erTgvari saidumloa, romelic mkiTxvels amocnobisken<br />

ubiZgebs: `samoci jorze amxedrebuli raindi anu wigni hiperbolebisa<br />

da metaforebisa~. es `anu~ erTgvar sazRvars avlebs am or nawilian saTaur-<br />

Si. igi Tavidanve mianiSnebs, rom saTauris pirveli nawili parodiulia, raindi<br />

da jori casa da dedamiwasaviT Seuferebelia, ricxvi samoci ki wignis<br />

kiTxvisas `amoixsneba~. saTauris meore nawili mkiTxvelis gzamkvlevia _ aq<br />

yvelaferi hiperbolebisa da metaforebis saSualebiT iqneba warmoCenili,<br />

ufro zustad, TviT hiperbolebi da metaforebi iqnebian mTavari `gmirebi~,<br />

xan mTxrobelni, xan monawileni. ra Tqma unda, besik xaranaulisTvisac yvelaze<br />

mTavari hiperbola, an metafora TviT samyaroa, cxovreba da adamiania.<br />

TiToeuli ki uamravi hiperbolisa Tu metaforis mravalferovani `nazavia~.<br />

ioanes saxarebis dasawyisi: `pirveliTgan iyo sityva da sityva igi iyo<br />

RmerTi~ adamianis mier aRqmuli hiperbolacaa da metaforac, radgan bolomde<br />

ver swvdeba da ver Seimecnebs RvTis arss.<br />

Ziebis suliTaa wigni Tavidan bolomde gamsWvaluli. wignis gadaSlisas<br />

mkiTxveli jer sarCevs xvdeba, romelic ulamazesi, saidumloebiT moculi<br />

WiSkariviTaa, zed amotvifruli ornamentebiTa da niSnebiT. `simRera saTaurebisa~<br />

_ amgvaradaa SemoTavazebuli saTaurTa CamonaTvali, romelic poeziaa<br />

da mkiTxvels winaswar ganawyobs wasakiTxad, cnobismoyvareobas uRviZebs<br />

da molodins umZafrebs. cisferyanweli sandro cirekiZe werda: `qmediTi<br />

saTauri Tanabaria TviTon wignis da TavisTavad warmoadgens esTetikur<br />

Rirebulebas~ (cirekiZe 2010: 158). am wignSi swored amgvari saTaurebia,<br />

Tanac originalurad SemoTavazebuli. aq aris metaforuli, simboluri sa-<br />

Taurebi, agreTve, saTaurebi _ sentenciebi: magaliTad: `hiperbolebis winaSe<br />

civilizacia parodirdeba~, `rac ki arsebobs, analogis ZaliT arsebobs~,<br />

`sazRvari namcecebisTvisac sazRvaria~, `yvela dro sisxliani iyo~,<br />

`zneoba qariSxaliviT mrisxanea~, `win warsulia~, `adamianebma sityva daam-<br />

Zimes~, `genias ukvirs, rom cxovreba sxvebs ekuTvnis~, `yoveli sityva _ naTqvami<br />

_ aris mokleba wyvdiadisa~, `poeti moxucia~ da sxva.<br />

wigni eqvsi simRerisgan Sedgeba da TiToeulSi bevri patara ambavia. yovel<br />

simReras Tavisi saxelwodeba aqvs, lamazi da originaluri. esenia: 1.<br />

`simRera pirveli _ dawerili uJmuris melniT da xanac muSk-ambr-surnelovaniTa~,<br />

2. `simRera meore _ leqsikonisa, 3. `simRera mesame _ almasis mTebisa,<br />

anu kavkasiuri saga besarion gabuurisa~, 4. `simRera meoTxe _ ori xandajmulisa~,<br />

5. `simRera mexuTe _ uZebni Svilisa~, 6. `simRera meeqvse _ avtorisa,<br />

anu cxovrebaSi Sesatyuebeli wigni~.<br />

amgvari kompozicia nostalgiaa uZvelesi wignebisa _ gilgameSiani,<br />

iliada da odisea, simRera nibelungebze. SeiZleba am `simRerebiT~ mwerali<br />

235

mianiSnebs im drozec, rodesac sityva ar iwereboda da mxolod warmoiTqmoda,<br />

an imRereboda da ase gadaecemoda Taobebs.<br />

sarCevis gacnoba sakmarisia imisTvis, rom Tvalwin warmogidges Janrulad<br />

ekleqtikuri nawarmoebi, romelSic Zieba mravalmxriv aris gantotvili.<br />

avtori erTgvarad azustebs, rodesac, satitulo furclis Sida mxares<br />

mokrZalebulad miawers _ eTn<strong>of</strong>iliuri romanio. Tumca es minaweri mkiTxvels<br />

wignis gasaRebadac SeiZleba gamoadges. mTavari ZarRvi, marTlac esaa,<br />

Zieba da moxilva sakuTari eris, eTnosis fesvebisa. am wignSi TiTqos TviT<br />

qarTuli eTnosi gviambobs sakuTar Tavgadasavals. aq aris gadaZaxili ilias<br />

`ukvdav sulTan~, poema `aCrdilSi~ rom esaubreba avtors eris awmyoze, warsulsa<br />

da momavalze. am TvalsazrisiT, grigol robaqiZesac exmianeba:<br />

`wvdiT cocxal fesvebs saqarTveloisa: mis genialur enas, mis universalur<br />

miToss, mis heroul Tavgadasavals, mis xalas stils sicocxlisa, wvdiT am<br />

fesvebs da fesvebi arwivis frTebad agesxmiT, da am gziT moipovebT Tavisuflebas~<br />

(robaqiZe 2009: 319). es fesvebi besik xaranauls, upirvelesad,<br />

fSav xevsurTa folklorSi eguleba, romelsac `RmerTTan nawiliani~ xalxi<br />

qmnida (xaranauli 2010: 37).<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs wignis epigrafi:<br />

`ymaTad nabrZanebi aqvs:<br />

_ momixvidodeTo!<br />

_ ratom ar mouxvalT?!~<br />

pirveli, rasac gaifiqrebs mkiTxveli, es aris is, rom am sityvebSi<br />

simbolurad RvTisa da kacobriobis urTierToba irekleba. RmerTdakargul<br />

adamianebs aRar esmiT mSoblis Zaxili, mwerali ki, rogorc `RmerTTan molaparake~,<br />

masTan axlos my<strong>of</strong>i, `Suakaci~_ fxizlad Tvals adevnebs da marad<br />

Seaxsenebs, rom unda `mouvidnen~. magram es ara marto mama-RmerTis,<br />

aramed sakuTari `eTnosis Zaxilicaa~ (xaranauli 2010: 430). Zvelad ki, sanam<br />

wgnebis daweras daiwyebdnen, adamianebi `sakuTari eTnosis ambavs wignebSi ki<br />

ar eZebdnen, TavSi efurclebodaT~ (xaranauli 2010: 431).<br />

`uZebni~ _ araCveulebrivi sisavsiT gamoxatavs tragedias cxovrebaSi<br />

dakarguli adamianisas, romelic RmerTmac miatova da upatronod darCenili<br />

dasaRupavadaa ganwiruli, mas aravin, TviT RmerTic aRar eZebs, rogorc<br />

dakargul cxvars. is araaraobaa, usaxelo da uarsebo. es sintagma `uZebni<br />

Svili~ Tanamedrove kacobriobis sulieri avadobis zust diagnozad<br />

warmogvidgeba.<br />

igi aris `civilizaciisagan gandevnili kulturis Svili~ (xaranauli<br />

2010: 433). rogorc misive personaJi Sio, romelic fiqrobda, rom `wignebi<br />

unda dafrinavdnen~ da ixateba fantasmagoriuli suraTi: fanjridan wignebi<br />

Tavdaxsnili frinvelebiviT mifrinaven, magram `nagavsayarze iyo finiSi~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 434).<br />

mamis Ziebis gzaze poeti upirvelesad miemgzavreba `bavSvobaSi~, `oqros<br />

xanaSi~ (novalisi), raTa axsnas `dakargvis~ mizezebi da garemoebani.<br />

mTavari bavSvobis erTi Zvirfasi mogonebaa: rogor SeaSina mTxrobeli<br />

samocma, jorze amxedrebulma, gasayidi cocxebiT datvirTulma, raindma.<br />

ra iyo mwerlisTvis bavSvoba: `o, ra laRi da Tamami viyavi. vgrZnobdi sivrces,<br />

romelSic unda gavzrdiliyavi. yoveli bavSvi xom mravalia, erTi ar<br />

aris, mere Sedenis xolme cxovreba, erTs miakuTvnebs da erTi xdeba~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 429). swored maSin daikarga, `bavSvobaSi~ da `nagavsayaris<br />

qveyanaSi~ aRmoCnda tyved. bavSvoba mTxrobelisTvis samoTxea, xolo dido-<br />

236

a _ tyveoba, Tanac nagavsayrelze, romelic cxovrebis simboloa. misi azriT,<br />

civilizaciam qveyniereba nagavsayrelad aqcia. es exmianeba Jan<br />

bodriaris Tvalsazriss: `yvelaze uaresi is ki ar aris, rom Cvens irgvliv<br />

sul nagavia, aramed is, rom Tavad Cvenc am nagvad viqeciT. mTeli bunebrivi<br />

garemo narCenebad iqca, anu gamousadegar, usargeblo substanciad, romelsac,<br />

rogorc gvams, ver viSorebT~... `Tavad istoria aRmoCnda sakuTar sanagveze<br />

gadagdebuli, sadac Tavs iyrian ara mxolod Cvens mier ganvlili, aramed<br />

mimdinare movlenebic~ (bodriari 2010: 1).<br />

unda gavixsenoT, rom cxovreba rogorc nagavsayreli, warmoCenilia<br />

zura mesxis romanSi `spazmebi~, romelSic mTavari gmiris cxovrebis `damaxinjeba~<br />

gamoiwvia TavSi moxvedrilma nagvis parkma: ~me maqvs spazmebi. xuTi<br />

wlis rom viyavi, maSin damewyo. maSin daviwye nagvis danaxva da mTeli sidampleebis~<br />

(mesxi 2009: 1).<br />

wignSi Ziebis gzaze Cndeba skefsisic: `Tavis eTnoss dauwyebs Zebnas... da<br />

sadRa aris!~ (xaranauli 2010: 409). es exmianeba oTar WilaZis roman `godors~,<br />

romelSic italiidan Camosul elCs saqarTvelo Tavis adgilas aRar<br />

xvdeba.<br />

`nagavsayrelze~ poets `hiperbola da metafora~ gamouCndebian mxsnelebad<br />

da waiyvanen sicocxlis sxvadasxva Sris mosaxilviled, rogorc dantes<br />

miuZRoda vergiliusi. swored `hiperbola da metafora~ warmoCndebian avtoris<br />

namdvil `mSoblebad~ axal romanSi. ase poeturad ixateba qarTvelTa<br />

eTnosi. swored am eTnosis Svilia igi, magram fesvebs mowyvetili, dakarguli<br />

da mSobelTa monatruli, maT maZieblad qceuli.<br />

mkiTxvelic avtorTan erTad imogzaurebs `Semecnebis~ gzebze da `aRmoaCens~:<br />

`sul naqsovia samyaro. dedamiwa abreSumia~ (xaranauli 2010: 46).<br />

nagavsayreli ara mxolod Tanamedroveobis, aramed, rogorc aRvniSneT,<br />

`didobis~ simbolodac SeiZleba gaviazroT, bavSvobis samoTxes upirispirdeba<br />

didoba, rogorc nagavsayreli, amitomac ocnebobs mwerali sakuTar<br />

TavTan, rogorc bavSvTan, Sexvedraze. sxvaTa Soris, amis Sesaxeb saubrobs<br />

erT interviuSi: `erTi suraTi gadamiRo dedaCemma, yelze abreSumis bantiT,<br />

mis mere vexvewebi yvelas es banti momitanon, traqtors mogitanen, magram im<br />

bants veravin mogitans. minda rom is viyo, imas ver davSordebi, dedaCems,<br />

Cems bavSvobas, imis iqiT nabiji ar minda~ (xaranauli 2010g: 1).<br />

radgan `Ziebaa~, uamravi kiTxvacaa, magaliTad, amgvari:<br />

`ratomaa samyaro uTvalavjer ufro mxatvruli,<br />

vidre poetis mier dawerili racginda wigni?~ (xaranauli 2010: 43).<br />

da pasuxic amav wignSia:<br />

`RmerTma mxatvruloba miusaja samyaros, _<br />

rom ar daSliliyo,<br />

rom RmerTma ixmara poeturi sizuste,<br />

rom RmerTma poeziiT gazoma da awona yvelaferi~ (xaranauli 2010: 43).<br />

amitomac misi Semecneba mxolod poeziiT SeiZleba:<br />

`dasabamidan,<br />

sadac ar unda moxvedriliyo adamiani _<br />

zesknelSi Tu qvesknelSi,<br />

zRaparSi Tu andrezSi<br />

an, Tund mTvareze daedga fexi,<br />

yvelaferi, nanaxica da gancdilic,<br />

poeziis eniT gamohqonda~ (xaranauli 2010: 42).<br />

237

TviTonac ase iqceva da samyaros Seqmnis ambavs ase iwyebs:<br />

`dasabamidan iyo hiperbola da metafora. isini iyvnen RmerTis sityvaSi,<br />

rogorc saisreSi.<br />

radgan RmerTi saxe ki ar iyo, aramed _ sityva.<br />

da hiperbola da metafora _ RmerTis sityvaSi,<br />

rogorc saisreSi.<br />

da styorcna RmerTma erTi isari da aRniSna SeuZlebeli<br />

da uwoda mas hiperbola.<br />

meore isriT man aRniSna SesaZlebeli,<br />

da uwoda mas metafora<br />

da uwoda maT ca da miwa.<br />

daasaxla isini erTad,<br />

dauwesa urTierTswrafva<br />

da dauTqva erTmaneTis Seusabamoba... (xaranauli 2010: 41).<br />

es aris besik xaranaulis `patara aRmoCena haeriviT aucilebeli~ misi<br />

axali wignisTvis. es aris miseuli interpretacia `Sesaqmisa~, radgan misTvis<br />

`samyaroc sityvakazmuli usasrulobaa~, romlis gamoTargmaneba yvelaze<br />

ukeTesad poezias SeuZlia. mas sjera, samyaros dangreva iseve SeuZlebelia,<br />

rogorc gilgameSis, homerosis, rusTavelis, dantesa da Seqspiris striqonebisa~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 42). kidev ra aerTianebs samyarosa da poezias?<br />

`orive miuRwevelia~. `samyaro, broweulis nay<strong>of</strong>iviT rom damwifda, mere<br />

ganimarcvla~ (xaranauli 2010: 43).<br />

es `ganmarcvla~ aRwerilia bibliaSi, romelic imdenia, ramdenic mkiTxveli<br />

(borxesi 2010: 22).<br />

legendebis, andrezebis (`andrezi namdvil as, ambavi _ magonil! _ araa<br />

sakvirvel~) (xaranauli 2010: 169). kiTxvam, da saerTod, eTnosis warsulSi<br />

mogzaurobam mwerals Seacnobina sakuTari eris `arsi~, imas, rasac aqamde<br />

poeziaSi idumlad, Seucnoblad ganicdida da gadmoscemda, axla saxeli<br />

daarqva, Tumca Cveulebrivad mainc ver SeZlo `mogzaurobisas~ nanaxi StabeWdilebebis<br />

gadmocema da metaforebad da hiperbolebad aRiqva yovelive:<br />

suliernica da usulonic, adamianebica da maT mier Seqmnili ambebic. `Cven<br />

adamianebi aRar varT, Cven varT personaJebi~ (xaranauli 2010: 409).<br />

istoriis gariJraJze, roca qveyniereba iyo bavSvi, yvelafers siwmindis<br />

Saravandedi exvia, maSin angelozebi adamianebs elaparakebodnen.<br />

mwerali xatavs swored saqarTvelos `bavSvobas~, roca iqmneboda miTebi<br />

da legendebi, andrezebi, folklori. wignSi amitomac didi adgili eTmoba<br />

xalxur gadmocemebs, mwerali xan dialeqtiTac hyveba ama Tu im istorias,<br />

raTa musika da surneli SeunarCunos monaTxrobs. aq Cans aRtaceba vaJa<br />

fSavelas eTnografiuli CanawerebiT, mwerali akaki SaniZesac xSirad<br />

moixmobs, radgan misTvis maT mier daweril eTnografiul masalaSia<br />

qarTvelis `bavSvoba~, yvelaze mniSvnelovani da grZeli xana sicocxlisa. aq<br />

postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel xerxs iyenebs mwrali da am andrezebs<br />

vrcel citatebad CarTavs. es iseTi STambeWdavi ambebia, mraval mkiTxvels,<br />

Tu Txzvis niWi miumadlebia ufals, SeiZleba STagonebis wyarodac eqces.<br />

radgan mTxrobeli Tavs miiCnevs `uZebn Svilad~, nagavsayrelze gariyulad,<br />

amitom TavdasaRwevad, RvTis dasanaxavad wers im fesvebze, romlebic<br />

asazrdoeben, konkretulad, qarTvelobas, da zogadad, adamianurobas.<br />

Tomas mani adamianurobas wminda graals uwodebda da Tavisi romanis, `ja-<br />

238

dosnuri mTis~, personaJi hans kastorpi miaCnda mis erT-erT maZiebel raindad<br />

(mani 2008: 95). amgvar raindad SeiZleba miviCnioT am wignis mTxrobelic.<br />

uZebn Svilad TviT saqarTveloc SeiZleba gaviazroT. ratom unda<br />

moZebnos mamam `uZebni~ Svili _ saqarTvelo? ra Rirsia `mamis uarmy<strong>of</strong>eli~<br />

da `nagavsayrels~ Seguebuli?<br />

Tu ratom aris Rirsi, rom moiZebnos, amis Sesaxebaa romani. qarTuli eTnosi<br />

Rirsia gadarCenisa, imitom, rom misi namdvili saxea folklori, romelSic<br />

maTi suli irekleba. TviTonac am eTnosis nawilia da amitomac imis<br />

dasturad, ra `SeuZlia~ qarTvels, Txzavs am romans:<br />

`didi xania minda Severwya Cems eTnoss, Cems xalxs, radgan adamiani verc<br />

maT gareSe gadadgam nabijs sakuTari Tavisken.<br />

`sxva gmiroba~ ginda!<br />

erTi SexedviT, ra cotaa es ~sxva gmiroba~:<br />

_ erTi wigni da erTi saqcieli~ (xaranauli 2010: 100).<br />

avtori STamomavalia kavkasionis mTebSi mosaxle tomebisa, `romelTa<br />

cixe-saxlebi Tu cixe-s<strong>of</strong>lebi Soridan cidan Camococebulebsa hgavda~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 55.) da vin iyvnen es tomebi? `erTxelac rom vaxseno, maSinve<br />

gaiRviZebs saSineli urCxuli _ istoria da mec SemWams da imaTac-CemSi~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 55). amitomac arqmevs maT metaforebsa da hiperbolebs:<br />

`mTebze da kldeebze gaZvalda amaT saxeebi~ (xaranauli 2010: 56). es xalxi<br />

sipripilebze (`mwvervalebidan afcqvnili kldis sipebi~) werda Turme Tavis<br />

Tavgadasavals. sul 60 firfita unaxavT. erTze _ morige RmerTis daxazuli<br />

s<strong>of</strong>el-labirinTis gegmaa, `aq SemoTavazebulia idea iseTi mega-s<strong>of</strong>lisa,<br />

romelic erTdroulad qveyanac iqneboda, s<strong>of</strong>elic da qalaqic, warsulic,<br />

awmyoc, momavalic~ (xaranauli 2010: 59). danarCen ormocdacxrametze _<br />

sagmiro, samonadireo, sastumarmaspinZlo da sxva wes-adaTebi ewera. `hiperbolebisa<br />

da metaforebis qveyana bueras foToliviTaa Cam<strong>of</strong>arebuli saqar-<br />

Tveloze: iqidan ugrilebs da ifaravs bars samiv mxriv~ (389). aqedan iyo<br />

metaforeli poeti foTolaanT mercxala (xaranauli 2010: 391).<br />

avtori warmosaxviT Cahyveba uSoresi drois bilikebs, raTa xelaxla<br />

SeigrZnos kavkasiis, `enebis mTis~, xmebi da surneli. aq yvelaze ukeT Cans:<br />

`mTvare wiwilebiviT gamouZRveba varskvlavebs, romlebic sul raRacas<br />

ikenkebian miwaze mosaxle kacis TvalebSi~ (xaranauli 2010: 49). aqac iyo<br />

`kacobriobis dasawyisi~.<br />

kavkasiis mTebSi Seiqmna zepiri gadmocema, `andrezi~, romelic `ukvdavi<br />

wyaliviT uwyvetlad moedineba samyaros Seqmnisdroindeli myinvarebidan<br />

da araviTar cvlilebebs ar eqvemdebareba~ (xaranauli 2010: 53).<br />

mwerali saocari vnebiT da gatacebiT aRwers, rogori iyo uZvelesi<br />

saxli, Caumqrali keriiT, rogor izrdebdnen `kai ymebi~, fSav-xevsurebi da<br />

Zmani maTni, igive hiperbolebi da metaforebi, rogori Rirseulebi iyvnen,<br />

rogor uyvardaT, rogor ibrZodnen. mwerali, rogorc aRvniSneT, uxvad<br />

iyenebs eTnografiul masalas.<br />

eTnosis motrfialeTagan avtori gamoarCevs ymawvil-metafora vaJafSavelas,<br />

romelic gazeT `moambeSi~ aqveynebda hiperbolebisadmi miZRvnil<br />

korespondenciebs. mere dawera `sami genialuri poema, romlebSic aRwerilia<br />

tanjuli idealizmi hiperbolisa da misi Seusabamooba metafiorul sinamdvilesTan~.<br />

avtori vaJas miiCnevs orsaxovan mTis Svilad; ukidures realistad<br />

da ukidures idealistad (xaranauli 2010: 164). romanSi CarTulia sxvadasxva<br />

`teqsti~, romlebSic Cans ZvelTa sixaruli da gasaWiri. magaliTad,<br />

239

`Wiris wyena~-micvalebulis datireba, saocari feradovnebiTa da emociurobiT<br />

gadmocemuli: `Sen oRond codvas nu Caiden da sikvdili _ edemia~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 67).<br />

`vin iyvnen isini, vidre Cemis wyalobiT hiperbolad da metaforad Seiracxebodnen?~<br />

_ kiTxulobs mwerali da mkiTxvels araCveulebrivi xatovanebiT<br />

uyveba saqarTvelos mTebSi mcxovreb tomTa ambebs. gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas amaxvilebs omaze, Tu rogor Seerwya aq erTmaneTs warmarTuli<br />

warmodgenebi da qristianoba. mwerali detalurad aRwers, rogori iyo xatis<br />

nageboba, rogor tardeboda sxvadasxva rituali. sainteresoa misi dakvirveba<br />

xucesis damwyalobnebis teqstze, romelSic `mama Cvenos ~ kvals<br />

amoicnobs (xaranauli 2010: 75).<br />

romanSi ramdenjerme CarTulia `saeposo masala~ _ `jvar-xatis gam-<br />

ZRoebze da xevisberebze~, `tyveebiT vaWrobaze~, `gmirze da mis aCrdilze~,<br />

`xatis maamurebze~.... romlebSic moTxrobilia sxvadasxva ambavi: `ai, aseTebi<br />

iyvnen: erTmaneTs saxels ecilebodnen~ (xaranauli 2010: 88).<br />

mwerlisTvis mTavari sinamdvile ki ara, `jvarcmuli ocneba da adamianis<br />

metafizikuri amboxia~ (xaranauli 2010: 93). TavSi, romelsac `sinamdvlis<br />

winaaRmdeg~ hqvia, poeturad gamokveTilia, ra arCevanis winaSe daayena qar-<br />

Tveli mwerali kulturaTa gzajvaredinze cxovrebam: `vidre kalams xelSi<br />

daiWerdi, am sivrceebSi ukve arsebobda poezia da proza, romlebsac TavianTi<br />

kulturebis saxelebi erqvaT _aRmosavluri da dasavluri.<br />

Sen arc erT am sivrceSi ar dabadebulxar, Seni adgili iq aris, Seni<br />

adgili armosavleTisa da dasavleTis kulturebis pirSesayarzea _ aRmosavlur-dasavluri<br />

leqsisa da romanis pirSesayarze.<br />

amitomac gauZel orTav sivrcidan momdinare tkbil xmaTa cdunebas,<br />

gaxsovdes upirvelesi mesityvis anderZi, romelmac kargad icoda am orive<br />

Janrs Soris Tavisi adgili:<br />

_ nu miacivdebi erT romelime Janrs,<br />

Seni adgili am Janrebis pirSesayarzea~ (xaranauli 2010: 93).<br />

aq aris gamoZaxili XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi gamokveTili disputisa imis<br />

Taobaze, Tu saiTken unda aeRo gezi axal qarTul kulturas: aziisken Tu<br />

evropisken. orive Tvalsazriss hyavda momxreni, aziisken `dabrunebas~ ar-<br />

Cevdnen vaxtang kotetiSvili, valerian gunia da sxv., xolo evropisken _<br />

valerian gafrindaSvili, konstantine gamsaxurdia, tician tabiZe da sxv.,<br />

Tumca, am diskusiaSi gamoikveTa mTavari _ evropuli da dasavluri kulturis<br />

sinTezi. jer kidev 1917 wels werda grigol robaqiZe: `qarTuli nadimiT<br />

vixdiT aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis qorwils, _ da nadimi igi mTavari<br />

hangia Cveni nabeWdi sityvisa~ (`qarTvel mwerlebs~). `saqarTvelo saidumlo<br />

uReltexilia aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis: Cven viwviT aRmosavleTis<br />

fiqrmoreuli SuadRiT, roca mzis ReleTa marmaSSi pani ibadeba mZimed<br />

mTvlemare; Cven verTviT dasavleTis saSiSar sicxades, saca TvalRia fantasmagoriebSi<br />

`Zeoba~ ikveTeba Zlevamosili. Cven gvafiqrebs egviptis sfinqsi<br />

da gvancvifrebs parizis qimera~ (`qarTvel mwerlebs~) `Cven gvwams... SeduReba<br />

dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis kulturisa~ (Salva afxaiZe, `qarTuli<br />

poeziis perspeqtivebi~, 1919).<br />

romanSi gamokveTilia kavkasionis yinulovan mTebs mikruli kuTxis<br />

Svilebis buneba. maT ar swamdaT sinamdvile, amitomac Seqmnes Seudarebeli<br />

folklori. aq `yvelaferi, rasac miwaze ver moereoda adamiani, rom ar dakarguliyo,<br />

caSi ainacvlebda, anu zRaparSi~ (xaranauli 2010: 96).<br />

240

mwerali gviyveba, rom es `tomebi, anu hiperbolebi da metaforebi...<br />

fxovelebis saerTo saxeliT gvecnobian istoriaSi~ (xaranauli 2010: 104). aq<br />

yvelasa da yvelafers Tavisi saxeli erqva da mwerali CamoTvlis maT ise,<br />

rom gagondeba giorgi leoniZis `muxladi, bedauri... sityva~. mkiTxvelis<br />

Tvalwin gadaiSleba bunebasTan da uxilav samyarosTan harmoniulad Serwymuli<br />

adamianebis cxovreba. `casac rom ar vekidoT adamianebi da iq ZromiT<br />

ar vsumbuqdebodeT, Cvens simZimes dedamiwa ras gauZlebda!~ (xaranauli<br />

2010: 112).<br />

romanSi warmoCenilia, XIX saukunidan rogor daiwyes `hiperbolebis<br />

Cauxedav wignSi~ cxviris Cay<strong>of</strong>a aTasi juris mwerlebma, mogzaurebma, eTnografebma,<br />

geologebma. `warsuli maSin mokvdeba, roca mas ar iTamaSeben<br />

awmyoSi~ (130. am `TamaSisTvis~ avtori romanSi CarTavs a. zisermanis, a.rades,<br />

rafiel erisTavis, a. grenis,, v. potos Canawerebs.<br />

mTis `hiperbolebsa da metaforebs kaxeTis bari kvebavda~ (xaranauli<br />

2010: 141) da iyo harmonia mTasa da bars Soris.<br />

mwerali gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs `qariSxaliviT mrisxane<br />

zneobaze~, romelic am adamianebs awrTobda.<br />

warsuli mwerlisTvis `wmindaTawmindaa~, amitomac aseTi sifrTxiliT<br />

miuyveba mis bilikebs da mkiTxvelsac daatarebs: acnobs istoriamdel Tu<br />

istoriis Semdgom periodSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa materialursa da sulier<br />

cxovrebas, maT miswrafebebs, ocnebebs. is warsuli ar asvenebs mas: `aRgvbeWde,<br />

gamogvaCineo!~ (xaranauli 2010: 15).<br />

radgan hiperbolebs TavianTi ambebi ara daweril, aramed dauwerel andrezebSi<br />

aqvT `xatisa da jvris bolomde gauSifrav enaze gamxelili, an leqsad<br />

naTqvami~ (xaranauli 2010: 163), am leqsebisa da andrezebis labirinTebSi<br />

amogzaurebs mwerali mkiTxvels.<br />

`Tma-yviTeli ruseTis imperiam~ am xalxs Tavisi daRi daamCnia. romanSi<br />

warmoCenilia `hiperbolebis gmiruli brZola TavisuflebisTvis. `namdvil<br />

cixed iqca cxovreba~ (xaranauli 2010: 174).<br />

sakuTari Tavis povnisa da Semecnebis gzaze mniSvnelovania mTis `leqsikonTan~<br />

ziareba. mwerlis azriT: `mecniereba imitom gaCnda qveynad, rom<br />

mwerlobam gaqurdos~ (xaranauli 2010: 205). es SeiZleba `Citis codvad~ Candes,<br />

amitomac meore Tavi romanisa `simRera meore-leqsikonisa~ warmoaCens<br />

qarTuli enis simdidres. aq calkeul sityvis xatovan ganmartebasTan erTad<br />

(sityvebi folklorisaa), CarTulia sxvadasxva ambavic, romlebic am sityvebis<br />

samyaroSi Sehyavs mkiTxveli. es aris Tavbrudamxvevi mogzauroba `winwarsulisken~<br />

`uncruaT lekos Zis Sedgenil leqsikonSi~.<br />

kidev erTi personaJia romanSi qarTuli sityvis Semnaxveli _ besarion<br />

gabuuri, romelsac eZRvneba mesame Tavi: `simRera mesame- almasis mTebisa<br />

anu kavkasiuri saga besarion gabuurisa~ (avtori uxvad iyenebs sxvadasxva<br />

masalas, maT Soris, wignisas: `besarion gabuuri — "xevsuruli masalebi",<br />

akaki SaniZis redaqciiT).<br />

besik xaranaulis dawerili wigni TviTonvea, romelSic bevr `sakvirvelebas~<br />

ixilavs mkiTxveli, maT Soris, gaecnoba `Citis skintlze aSenebuli<br />

qalaqis~ ambebs. jer sityvaa da mere sxva yvelaferi, amitomac, rom gamar-<br />

Tlebuliyo naTqvami: `Citis skintlze qalaqi aSendebao~. mwerali, rogorc<br />

TviTon wers, Zalian `gemrielad~ Txzavs yoveli qveynis, maT Soris, iqneb<br />

saqarTvelos `Sobis~ parodirebul `ambavsac~.<br />

241

mwerlisTvis mTavaria, rom kacs axsovdes `vin aris, sidam mosula, sad<br />

aris, wava sadao~ (guramiSvili), amitomac miiCnevs, dRes axali ambebi ki ar<br />

unda iyos mTavari, aramed dedamiwis Tavs gadaxdenili katastr<strong>of</strong>ebis, omebis,<br />

misi ekologiuri mdgomareobis.... Sexseneba.<br />

`yovelwamier garemoSi cxovrobs kaci da iqidan mgzavrobs~(xaranauli<br />

2010: 396).<br />

`yvelaferTan unda mixvide, rogorc pirvelad~ (xaranauli 2010: 400).<br />

`Cven rom samyaroSi SeveSviT, suyvelgan gzas da biliks davtovebdiT~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 40).<br />

wignis pirveli simRera _ `dawerili uJmuris melniT da xanac muSkambr-surnelovaniTa~<br />

sentenciiT iwyeba: `imisTvisaa adamiani, rom iswavlos,<br />

gana rom icodes~ (xaranauli 2010: 9). es, erTi SexedviT, paradoqsuli azria,<br />

magram dafiqrebisTanave daveTanxmebiT mwerals. marTlac, swavla dausrulebeli<br />

procesia, sicocxlea TviTon, codna ki dasrulebaa, raRacis sabolood<br />

Secnoba, e.i. sikvdili, amitomac aris adamiani mudam mSier-mwyurvali<br />

SecnobisaTvis. sokratec amitom ambobda: `me is vici, rom araferi vici~.<br />

samyaros idumaleba, sibnele miT ufro Rrmavdeboda, rac mets Seicnobda. am<br />

wignSi mwerlis kalami xan uJmurSia Cawobili da xan surnelovan muSk-ambrSi.<br />

surneli maSin asdis kalams, roca Zvel qarTvelebze wers, maT znesa da<br />

adaTebze, Tanamedroveobaze werisas ki es surneli sadRac qreba.<br />

mTeli wigni `swavlaa~, mwerali striqons joxiviT moimarjvebs da gaibilikebs<br />

warmosaxvis samyaroSi. warmosaxvaSi eguleba mwerals adamianis<br />

daRupvisa da gadarCenis gzac.<br />

mwerals gmirobad miaCnia adamianebSi cxovreba, magram verc uadamianebod<br />

y<strong>of</strong>na warmoudgenia. amitomac ibadeba paTetika: `RmerTo, nu momaSoreb<br />

me adamianobas, RmerTo ixseni Cemi adamianoba~. mwerali bibliur mcnebaTa<br />

dacvis Zalas sTxovs ufals, oRond erTi ramis damatebiT: `rom sityvas~ gaufrTxildes,<br />

radgan `sityvaSi viqnebi da sityva macocxlebs~. aq sityva<br />

ufalia upirvelesad.<br />

mTeli romani `uZebni Svilis~ fiqrTa nakadebia, erTmaneTs rom iwveven,<br />

Sesabamisad, mwerali sxvadasxva mxriv gantotavs Tavis saTqmels: `dedamiwis<br />

sarke misi istoriaa, magram dedamiwa sarkeSi ar ixedeba~ (xaranauli 2010: 15).<br />

es Zieba warmoCndeba, rogorc TamaSi. `yvelaze didi ganwmenda TamaSia~<br />

(xaranauli 2010: 406). `xelovani imTaviTve moraluri ki ara, aramed — esTetikuri<br />

arsebaa. rom misi arsiseuli instinqti TamaSia da ara sikeTe, diax,<br />

rom is mTeli naivurobiT aZlevs Tavs uflebas, moralis sakiTxTa dasmiTa<br />

da misi antinomiebiT dialeqtikurad iTamaSos mxolod~ (mani 2010b: 1). TamaSi<br />

am romansac ironiul elfers hmatebs da xSirad badebs, Tundac, amgvar<br />

paradoqss: `iseTi dawere, rom aravin ar waikiTxos~ (xaranauli 2010: 482). es<br />

gvaxsenebs aseve `moTamaSe~ fridrix nicSesac, romelmac Tavis wigns `ese<br />

ityoda zaratustra~ miawera: `wigni yvelasTvis da aravisTvis~.<br />

sakuTari Tavis Ziebas unda asuldgmulebdes rwmena, rom `Sens xalxs da<br />

Sens enas undixar, adamiani erTenovania~ (xaranauli 2010: 465).<br />

xangrZlivi Ziebis erTi Sedegi romanSi asea gamJRavnebuli: `vgrZnob,<br />

rom orive var _ hiperbolac da metaforac~ (409), ase rom, poeziaa misTvis<br />

erTaderTi realoba, romelSic igi Tavs poulobs. Tumca es pirobiTi `Sedegia~,<br />

radgan `hiperbolaca~ da `metaforac~ kvlavac Seucnobel siRrmeebs<br />

amxelen.<br />

242

damowmebani:<br />

axali aRTqma 1991: axali aRTqma. bibliis Targmnis instituti. stokholmi: 1991.<br />

bodriari 2010: bodriari J. qalaqi da siZulvili. http://lib.ge/body_text.php?319.<br />

borxesi 2010: borxesi x.. `Cveni mwerloba~, № 20, 2010.<br />

mani 2008: Tomas mani. winaTqma `jadosnuri mTisa~. `qarTuli sityva~, №.2, Tb.:<br />

2008.<br />

mani 2010b: Tomas mani. xelovani da sazogadoeba. http://burusi.wordpress.com/2010/<br />

10/02/ thomas-mann-7/<br />

mesxi 2009: mesxi z. http://zigota.wordpress.com/2009/05/17<br />

robaqiZe 2009: robaqiZe gr. mimarTva qarTvel xalxs. _ qarTveli mwerlebi<br />

skolaSi. Tb.: `saqarTvelos macne~, 2009.<br />

siraZe 2008: siraZe r. kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: `inteleqti~, 2008.<br />

xaranauli 2010: xaranauli b. samoci jorze amxedrebuli raindi anu wigni<br />

hiperbolebisa da metaforebisa. Tb.: `sezani~, 2010.<br />

xaranauli 2010b: xaranauli b. interviu besik xaranaulTan. `besik xaranaulis<br />

jorze amxedrebuli raindebi da momavlis mkiTxveli~. http://arili2.blogspot.com/<br />

2010/08/ blog-post_5345.html<br />

xaranauli 2010g: xaranauli b. `mTvrali miwismzomeli~. interviu besik xaranaulTan.<br />

`cxeli Sokoladi~, literatura, 25 ianvari, http://shokoladi.ge/node/ 3071?<br />

page=2, 2010.<br />

cirekiZe 2010: cirekiZe s. `saTauri poeziaSi~. _ `raindTa landebi~. quTaisi:<br />

2010.<br />

Maia Jaliashvili<br />

Poetry Paradigm <strong>of</strong> Son, Who is Unsearched<br />

(According to the New Novel by Besik Kharanauli)<br />

Summary<br />

According to the Novel by Besik Kharanauli `Sixty Knight or Book <strong>of</strong> Hyperboles<br />

and Metaphors~.<br />

The main character <strong>of</strong> The novel is himself a poet, who's sense <strong>of</strong> life is to seek. He<br />

is like the hero <strong>of</strong> the tale who goes from home to poetic infinite time and space to find the<br />

father, love, childhood, happiness, kindness, beauty, humanity. He goes, on the one hand,<br />

to find the old values and, on the other hand, in order to find new ideals. By the help <strong>of</strong> this<br />

search he understands, that his roots are in the richest folklore <strong>of</strong> his people. That is why<br />

the novel is full <strong>of</strong> samples <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> folklore.<br />

According to the author, there are invisible dimension, where is being the only<br />

continuous process: father looking for son, son - father, dead looking for live and live _<br />

dead, past looking for the present and vice versa. Thus, being the ritual dialogue between<br />

the sky and the ground, death and life, but everyone forgets the son, which no one is<br />

looking for. Our souls that live in this dimension always looking for the lost beauty. When<br />

does this search begin? When you suddenly recognized that you are the man, who is<br />

unsearched, you are lost. When you suddenly start search yourself. This Symbolically<br />

expresses the fact that people are alienated from each other and lonely.<br />

Novel described mystical dialogue between the sky and land, this connection will<br />

never have to maintain. This means, that person (the nation) must harmonious existence<br />

in the space and time.<br />

243

Tamar barbaqaZe<br />

244<br />

leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi XXI saukunis<br />

pirveli aTwleulis presaSi ∗<br />

b) ZvelqarTuli leqsi da `vefxistyaosnis~ leqswyoba<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esor levan menabdis dabadebidan 75-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi<br />

`Zveli qarTuli literaturis problemebi~ daibeWda ak. xinTibiZis<br />

werili: `qarTuli saero leqsis genezisisaTvis~. avtori Tezisurad ayalibebs<br />

qarTuli leqsis istoriis ZiriTad safexurebs da aRniSnavs, rom uZvelesi<br />

saero poeziis Zirebis kvlevisaTvis Zvirfas masalas iZleva Cvens agiografiul<br />

mwerlobaSi CarTuli leqsiTi citatebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad,<br />

Targmnilia ocmarcvliani leqsiT, sadac mTlianad gamoricxulia xalxuri<br />

metrikis gavlena, ise, rogorc, sasuliero leqsisa. am mxriv sayuradReboa,<br />

rom ak. xinTibiZe iziarebs sim. yauxCiSvilisa da ap. silagaZis mosazrebebs.<br />

pirveli qarTuli riTma: ufali-Seuvali, ak. xinTibiZis azriT, rogorc<br />

evfoniurad, aseve semantikurad, maRalxarisxovania. am leqsiTi citatebis<br />

Semdeg qarTuli saero poeziis mniSvnelovani SenaZenia atenis sionis kedlis<br />

warwerebi (IX s.) da `daviT aRmaSeneblis epitafia~ (xinTibiZe 2002: 86).<br />

2002-2003 wlebis mijnaze, TiTqmis xuTi wlis Semdeg, SeiZleba Tamamad<br />

iTqvas, pirvelad Sefasda safuZvlianad cnobili arabistisa da versifikaciis<br />

mkvlevaris, apolon silagaZis 1997 wels gamocemuli naSromi: `Zveli<br />

qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~ (Tsu,<br />

1997) Teimuraz doiaSvilis werilSi: `hipoTezidan Teoriamde~. ap. silagaZis<br />

wigni pavle ingoroyvas xsovnas eZRvneba. pavle ingoroyvas hipoTeza, romlis<br />

Tanaxmad, `qristianuli mwerlobis ganviTarebamde didi xniT adre qar-<br />

Tul enaze arsebobda Zlieri tradiciebis mqone warmarTuli saero literatura,<br />

am wignSi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli, logikur-fsiqologiurad<br />

argumentirebuli Teoriis saxes iRebs~ (doiaSvili 2002: 2).<br />

Teimuraz doiaSvili kidev erTxel Seaxsenebs Tavis recenziaSi qarTvel<br />

mkiTxvels saero poeziis pavle ingoroyvaseul klasifikacias da mis safuZvelze<br />

ganxiluli qarTuli himnografiis saxeebs: 1. e. w. prozaul formebs; 2.<br />

str<strong>of</strong>ul leqss da 3. iambikos.<br />

gansakuTrebiT faseulad migvaCnia: 1) T. doiaSvilis mier sarecenzio<br />

wignSi aqcentirebuli daskvna: `sasuliero teqstebSi SemCneuli sazomebi<br />

Canasaxi ki araa, aramed paralelurad moqmedi erovnuli leqswyobis kvali~;<br />

2) mkvlevris mier sagangebo yuradRebis mipyroba naTargmn prozaSi CarTul<br />

leqsiT nimuSebze; 3) apolon silagaZis mier msjelobaSi Semotanili cnebis:<br />

literaturuli kanonis SemzRudavi normis Taobaze: sasuliero mwerloba,<br />

ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba iambikos, magram specifikur SemTxvevebSi, Tu arasasuliero<br />

SinaarsTan uxdeba kontaqti, sxva versifikaciuli formis gamoyenebis<br />

ufleba aqvs; 4) apolon silagaZis koncefciis ganmtkiceba: erTi saleqso<br />

striqonis citirebis tradiciuli xerxis momarjvebiT daiZebnos III-IV-V saukuneebis<br />

ZeglebSi leqsis nimuSebi; 5) T. doiaSvili mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs<br />

∗ werili II. I werili ix. `literaturuli Ziebani~, 2009, XXX, gv. 206-215.

ap. silagaZis mier fistikauris aRiarebas qarTuli leqswyobis amosaval<br />

safexurad (doiaSvili 2002: 2) ganxilvisas.<br />

fistikauris Taobaze sainteresod msjelobs T. doiaSvili apolon<br />

silagaZis wignis: `qarTuli literaturis istoria, rogorc sistema da<br />

literaturuli normebis sakiTxi~ (Tbilisi, 2000) ganxilvisas.<br />

T. doiaSvili recenziis dasawyisSive aRniSnavs, rom `ap. silagaZe kvlavac<br />

erTgulia umTavresi postulatisa, rom literaturis istoria aris sistema<br />

anu mTlianoba~, xolo sarecenzio wignSi kvlevis uSualo obieqtia<br />

sakuTriv literaturuli normebis (skolebis, stilebis)) problema.<br />

recenzenti maxvilgonivrulad miiCnevs ap. silagaZis mier gamoTqmul<br />

mosazrebas, am debulebis gansamtkiceblad, `vefxistyaosnis~ e. w. fistikauri<br />

str<strong>of</strong>is momarjvebis Taobaze: poemaSi am erTaderTi, gansxvavebuli<br />

str<strong>of</strong>is SetaniT rusTaveli imdroindeli qarTuli metruli repertuaris<br />

srul realizebas axdens.<br />

recenzenti damajereblad upasuxebs Tavissave kiTxvas: ra niadagze unda<br />

Camoyalibebuliyo aseTi norma? da aCvenebs, rom Zvel qarTul poeziaSi<br />

cxadad ikveTeba versifikaciuli dapirispireba normebis farglebSi _ es<br />

norma ki iTvaliswinebs Zveli qarTuli sazomebis aRiarebas da axali, araqarTuli<br />

warmoSobis sazomis uary<strong>of</strong>as, kerZod, iambikos ignorirebas saero<br />

poeziaSi. Semdgom saukuneebSi es norma moqmedebs; amis dasturia besikis<br />

poezia da gr. orbelianis erTaderTi, iambikos formiT dawerili `Cemi epitafia~.<br />

daviT aRmaSeneblis epitafia ki ap. silagaZis wignSi inovaciis nimu-<br />

Sad ganixileba _ epitafia Sairis formaSi.<br />

T. doiaSvili sarecenzio wignis avtors sagulisxmo faqts uziarebs Tavisi<br />

debulebis gansamtkiceblad: nik. baraTaSvilis `vardi da ia~ da `nargizi<br />

da yayaCo~ iambikos metriT aris dawerili, SegonebiT _ zneobrivi<br />

Sinaarsisaa da `xmarebis SezRudul areSi~ eqceva (doiaSvili 2003: 98-99).<br />

veTanxmebiT T. doiaSvils, rom sasuliero da saero poezia erTiani<br />

sistemis Semadgeneli elementebia.<br />

recenzenti marTebulad aRniSnavs, agreTve, ap. silagaZis naSromSi<br />

rusTveluri formis inovaciis Taobaze CaxruxaulTan mimarTebisas.<br />

apolon silagaZis gamokvlevebi qarTuli leqsis bunebisa da Zveli qar-<br />

Tuli leqsis Taobaze gansakuTrebiT gaRrmavda XXI saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi.<br />

amis dasturia cnobili qarTveli aRmosavleTmcodnis, arabistisa da<br />

leqsmcodnis naSromebi, romlebic man leqsmcodneobis samecniero sesiebze<br />

warmoadgina SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutSi 2008-2010<br />

wlebSi da, Sesabamisad, daibeWda kidec axaldaarsebul kr. `leqsmcodneoba-<br />

Si~ (I-2008, II-2009): `qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi~ da `ioanezosimes<br />

akrostiqis versifikaciuli struqtura~.<br />

ioane-zosimes cnobili akrostiqis axal interpretacias gvTavazobs<br />

mkvlevari niko maris (1909), p. beraZisa (1943) da p. ingoroyvas mosazrebebis<br />

(1954) Semdeg. kerZod, ioane-zosimes `anderZi~ warmodgenilia mwyobri versifikaciuli<br />

struqturiT: ornawliani: ori, agebulebiT identuri nawilisgan<br />

Semdgari struqtura. mkvlevari sruliad samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom X<br />

saukuneSi 4+4 striqonis arsebobis faqti saintereso masalas iZleva qar-<br />

Tuli leqswyobis diaqroniis analizisaTvis.<br />

gundni igi zecisani 4/4<br />

Sen, wmindasa 4<br />

ganwyobiTni... 4<br />

245

sagulisxmoa, rom am teqstis simetriul ornawilianobas: a) zogad<br />

simetrias, damyarebuls ori nawilis funqciur identurobaze da b) konkretul<br />

simetrias _ 1997 wels ar aRiarebda arc apolon silagaZe (`mocemuli<br />

teqsti ZiriTadad agebulia orwevrebze (4+4), mwyobri organizaciis<br />

gareSe~). amjerad ki cnobili leqsmcodne gadasinjavs Tavis Tormeti wlis<br />

winandel Sexedulebas da mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT azustebs, rom<br />

ioane-zosimes `anderZis~ ornawiliani struqtura Seicavs sam-sam str<strong>of</strong>s<br />

(`muxls~), romelTagan I-II 6-striqoniania, xolo yoveli mesame _ 7-striqoniania;<br />

Svidive striqoni ki erTi da imave agebulebisaa: 4+4.<br />

ap. silagaZis azriT, ioane-zosimes `anderZi iadgarisas~ forma unikaluria.<br />

garda amisa, X saukuneSi am formis (pirvel yovlisa, 4+4 striqonis<br />

mqone) arsebobis faqti saintereso masalas iZleva qarTuli leqswyobis<br />

diaqroniis analizisaTvis (silagaZe 2009: 143).<br />

`literaturul ZiebanSi~ (XXIII, XXIV, 2002, 2003) gamoqveynda T. doiaSvilis<br />

gamokvleva: `qarTuli leqsi XVII saukuneSi~. naSromis SesavalSi mkvlevari<br />

afiqsirebs Tavis pozicias, rom qarTuli leqsis istoria rusTavelis<br />

Semdeg sagangebo versifikaciul Seswavlas iTxovs, aqve moxazulia am didi<br />

samuSaos ZiriTadi aspeqtebi.<br />

amjerad ki TviTon iwyebs mecnieri am Sromatevadi saqmis aRsrulebas,<br />

rodesac Teimuraz I TxzulebaTa metrul-ritmuli struqturisa da riTmis<br />

analizs gvTavazobs.<br />

Teimuraz doiaSvilis winaswari daskvna: Teimuraz I mtkiced dgas qar-<br />

Tuli klasikuri poeziis magistralur gzaze da uryevad axorcielebs rus-<br />

Tveluri leqsis tradiciebs, eyrdnoba poetis TxzulebaTa metrul-ritmuli<br />

struqturis skrupulozur statistikur kvlevas: SairiT Sesrulebulia<br />

Teimuraz I 1175 str<strong>of</strong>i, versifikaciuli gadaxvevebi ki minimaluria _<br />

0,34%.<br />

T. doiaSvili yuradRebas miapyrobs: 1) poetebs, romlebic ver arRveven<br />

Teimuraz I leqsis metrul wesrigs; 2) sazomTa Serevas aramarto naxevartaepebSi,<br />

rac mTlianad aryevs str<strong>of</strong>ul-metrul struqturas; es faqti ki<br />

mkvlevars avaraudebinebs, rom es aris qarTuli klasikuri leqsis dekadansis<br />

pirveli gamovlena: 30 Sairis garda, mecnierma Teimuraz I poeziaSi<br />

aRnusxa 33 ocmarcvliani str<strong>of</strong>i, romelTagan mxolod xuTia fistikauri,<br />

danarCeni _ SavTeluri; 4) Teimuraz I SemoqmedebaSi aris erTi verlibri:<br />

`Tamaris saxe daviT garejas~, romlis mxolod pirveli str<strong>of</strong>ia dabali<br />

SairiT Sesrulebuli; 5) miuxedavad ak. gawerelias kategoriuli gancxadebisa,<br />

rom anJambemani anu gadatana qarTul poeziaSi XIX s.-mde ar gvxvdeba,<br />

mkvlevari Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi afiqsirebs gadatanis faqts:<br />

246<br />

mefeman taxti, gvirgvini, droSa, naRara, qorebiT,<br />

moaRebina yoveli: _ Tqva Wirni maqvso ocnebiT.<br />

Tumca aqve mianiSnebs avtori, rom gadatana aq gacnobierebuli xerxi, albaT,<br />

ar aris, magram metruli pauza rom Seryeulia, amis aRniSvna aucilebelia.<br />

Teimuraz pirvelis riTmaze msjelobisas mecnieri sagangebod ikvlevs<br />

riTmis evfonias da afiqsirebs pirvel konsonansur riTmas XVII s. 20-ian<br />

wlebSi: naTeli _ SemonaTvali.<br />

savsebiT gasaziarebelia Teimuraz doiaSvilis daskvna, rom versifikaciuli<br />

gadaxvevebi Teimuraz pirvelis poeziaSi mxolod gamonaklisebia,<br />

rogorc metrikis, ise riTmis sferoSi. aRorZinebis xanis poeti rusTvelis

xazis erTgulia leqswyobis TvalsazrisiT (doiaSvili 2002: 456). gamokvlevis<br />

II nawili, romelic arCil mefis versifikacias eZRvneba, `literaturuli<br />

Ziebanis~ XXIV krebulSi daibWda, 2003 wels: `arCili sainteresod moazrovnea,<br />

magram naklebad Rirebulia, rogorc poeti, Tumca misi poeziis metrul-ritmul<br />

struqturasa da riTmaSi SeiniSneba zogi ram iseTi, rac yuradRebas<br />

imsaxurebs~ (doiaSvili 2003: 348), _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari, romelic<br />

sagangebod akvirdeba arCilis ZiriTad metrs _ Sairs da SedarebiT naklebi<br />

sixSiriT arsebul sazoms mis poeziaSi _ ocmarcvleds. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT<br />

sagulisxmoa T. doiaSvilis mier arCilis riTmiansa da metrulad<br />

mowesrigebul TxzulebaTa fonze erTi aTtaepiani, usaTauro leqsis `Tana<br />

warhxed...~ miCneva verlibrad da arCilis poeziaSi anJambemanis 30-mde Sem-<br />

Txvevis aRnusxva. mniSvnelovania gamokvlevis daskvna: `arCilis poeziaSi<br />

sruliad aSkaraa leqsis formis iseTi arsebiTi komponentebis dekadansi,<br />

rogoric aris metrul-ritmuli struqtura da riTma. Zalian iolia, es movlena<br />

arCilis, rogorc poetis, niWis ukmarisobiT avxsnaT, magram xom ar<br />

dgas formisadmi amgvari damokidebulebis miRma garkveuli pozicia!..~<br />

(doiaSvili 2003: 354).<br />

2003 wels kr. `sjanSi~ (IV) daibeWda akaki xinTibiZis gamokvleva `besikis<br />

riTma~. mkvlevris azriT, besikis saleqso formaTa mravalferovnebis (70)<br />

ZiriTad wyaros gariTmvis sistemaTa mravalsaxovneba (22) warmoadgens;<br />

rusTvelis Semdeg ki, ak. xinTibiZis azriT, galaktionamde riTmiT ise aravis<br />

gauocebia mkiTxveli, rogorc besiks. ak. xinTibiZe axasiaTebs besikis ara-<br />

Tanabarmarcvlian, konsonansur, mravalmarcvlian, omonimur, SeTavsebul,<br />

redifian riTmebs, agreTve, riTmis meSveobiT Seqmnil ramdenime axal sazoms:<br />

ormuxlian aTmarcvleds SidariTmiT, romlis erTaderTi SemTxveva XI<br />

saukuneSi borenas sagalobelSi gvxvdeba. `daemxo Zali, pirvel sisxliTa<br />

mTvrali~ (xinTibiZe 2003: 109). borenas sagalobelsa da besikis `samZimars~<br />

ak. xinTibiZem sagangebo werilic uZRvna gaz. `Cvens mwerlobaSi~ da miiCnia,<br />

rom besiki sagangebod unda dainteresebuliyo borena ded<strong>of</strong>lis xuTstriqoniani,<br />

mSvenieri sagalobliT, romlis pirvelive riTma: miuzRe vali _<br />

mxevali _ besikis `samZimaris~ pirvelive str<strong>of</strong>Sive iCens Tavs: mTenebad _<br />

samoTxed nebad; Tumca es faqti sruliadac ar afiqrebinebs leqsis gamocdil<br />

mkvlevars, borenas sagalobeli rom ar arsebuliyo, `samZimari~ ar<br />

daiwereboda! daiwereboda, magram sxvagvari struqturiT, _ daaskvnis ak.<br />

xinTibiZe da Cvenc viziarebT am mosazrebas.<br />

levan bregaZe kr. `leqsmcodneobaSi~ (I) qarTuli leqsis istoriisaTvis<br />

metad sayuradRebo masalas acnobs mkiTxvels: igi saubrobs rostom erisTavis<br />

ori galeqsili epistoles Taobaze.<br />

ortaepediT Sesrulebuli galeqsili epistole, zmaTa meSveobiT gadmocemuli<br />

qveteqstiTa da 15-marcvliani sazomis iSviaTi saxeobiT (4/4/2/5)<br />

unikalurad aris miCneuli mkvlevris mier da am azrs uTuod gaiziarebs<br />

mkiTxvelic.<br />

meore epistole 16-marcvliani SairiT aris dawerili, magram gamoirCeva<br />

e. w. Tematuri riTmebiT, rac poeziisaTvis Zalian faseulia. unda dave-<br />

TanxmoT avtors, rom XVIII s. bolos Sesrulebuli, rostom raWis erisTavis<br />

galeqsili satiruli epistoleebi mniSvnelovania ara marto qarTuli leqsis,<br />

aramed qarTuli literaturis istoriis mkvlevarTaTvisac (bregaZe<br />

2008: 111).<br />

247

venera kavTiaSvilis werilSi `germanuli knitelversi da hegzametri~<br />

saubaria germanul poeziaSi am ori saleqso formis ganviTarebis istoriaze<br />

da hegzametris meSveobiT germanul enaze herman budenzigis mier `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

Targmanis Taobaze: `sainteresoa, rom budenzigi pirvel-or taeps<br />

Targmnis 16-marcvliani sazomiT, rac, erTi mxriv, emTxveva rusTavelis 16marcvlian<br />

sazoms, magram, amave dros, vinaidan orive taepSi gvaqvs TiTo<br />

grZeli bgera _ Arabien, herrvieler da es `ie~ erT bgerad ki warmoiTqmis, magram<br />

ori bgeris grZliobas `ii~-s uaxlovdeba, amdenad, SeiZleba me-17 marcvlis<br />

warmoTqmis periodad iqnas aRqmuli... Tu daqtiluri hegzametriT budenzigi,<br />

erTgvarad, dabali Sairis asociacias qmnis, qoreuli terfebis mijriT<br />

warmodgeniT ritms aCerebs da maRali Sairis asociaciur SegrZnebas iwvevs~<br />

(kavTiaSvili 2008: 156-157).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, XXI saukunis I aTwleulis periodikaSi sagangebo adgili<br />

daeTmo ZvelqarTuli leqsis sakiTxebs da, `vefxistyaosnis~ fistikauri<br />

str<strong>of</strong>is Sefasebis fonze, versifikaciul dapirispirebas saleqso formaTa<br />

Soris normebis farglebSi; kvlav aqtualuria `vefxistyaosnis~ germanul<br />

enaze Targmnisas Sesaferisi metris SerCevis sakiTxi.<br />

248<br />

g) galaktionis leqsi<br />

galatikonis leqswyobis Seswavlis axali aspeqtebi XXI saukunis pirvel<br />

aTwleulSi gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis<br />

institutSi 2002 wels galaktionis kvlevis centris SeqmniT, romelsac<br />

cnobili leqsmcodne, galaktionologi Teimuraz doiaSvili xelmZRvanelobs.<br />

2002-2010 wlebSi am centrma dastamba `galaktionologiis~ 5 krebuli<br />

(I — 2002; II _ 2003; III _ 2004; IV. _ 2008; V _ 2010); TiToeuli maTganSi<br />

galaktionis leqswyobis sakiTxebs mieZRvna ramdenime werili; magaliTad: T.<br />

barbaqaZis `galaktionis `mgzavris werilebi~ (I, 144-151); T. doiaSvilis<br />

`artistuli yvavilebis~ prologi (erTi hipoTezis istoria)~ (II, 41-62); akaki<br />

xinTibiZis, `akademiuri gamocemis gamo~ (II, 376-377); T. doiaSvilis `frTebi<br />

da diadema~ (III, gv. 45-81); r. beriZis `siciliana~ (III, 175-189); misive `Sen zRvis<br />

pirad (erTi leqsis retrospeqtuli analizi)~ (V, 292-303) da sxv.<br />

CamoTvlilTagan sagangebod SevCerdebiT qarTuli leqsis cnobili<br />

mkvlevris, aw gardacvlil r. beriZis werilebze, romlebic galaktionis<br />

myari saleqso formebis poetikis kvlevas eZRvneba. kerZod, mecnieri<br />

ikvlevs galaktionis cnobili leqsis `Sen zRvis pirad midiodi, meri~<br />

versifikaciul `Tavgadasavals~, romelic r. beriZes ase warmoedgina:<br />

1. siciliana _ `Sen zRvis pirad~, Tavdapirveli saTauriT `meri~;<br />

2. pantumi _ xelnaweriseuli Seusabamo saTauriT `rondo uboloo~;<br />

3. mrCobledis pirvelsaxe;<br />

4. mrCobledi savaraudo;<br />

5. mrCobledi _ `Sen zRvis pirad~ (bolo gamoqveynebuli redaqcia) sruliad<br />

gasaziarebelia roland beriZis Tvalsazrisi galaktionze, rogorc<br />

evropuli myari saleqso formebis poetikis ubadlo mcodneze. `man, leqsis<br />

uebro didostatma, uSecdomod icoda evropuli warmomavlobis myar saleqso<br />

formaTa asaval-dasavali da maTi Tvisebrivi niSnebi, sulerTia, soneti<br />

iqneboda Tu trioleti, vilaneli Tu tercina, rondeli Tu rondo, egreT

wodebuli `franguli balada~ Tu oqtava da misTanani. igive iTqmis sicilianazec...~<br />

(beriZe 2004: 179).<br />

2003 wels ak. xinTibiZem gamosca wigni: `galaktioni: 15 leqsi da erTi<br />

poema~, romelSic ganxilulia galaktionis 15 leqsi da poema `mSvidobis wigni~.<br />

akaki xinTibiZis mier ganxiluli 15 leqsidan mkvlevris Sefasebas amjerad<br />

ori Sedevris Taobaze: `mival, gadavkocni~ da `dadga agvisto~ gadmogcemT:<br />

es leqsebi mecniers erTi principiT dauaxloebia erTmaneTisaTvis:<br />

`sityvaTa silaburi gawonasworebis~ principiT: str<strong>of</strong>is Semxvedri, urTierTgariTmuli<br />

striqonebi (I-III, II-IV) sityvaTa silaburi SedgenilobiT ur-<br />

TierTidenturia: `mival, gadavkocnis~ metruli sqema heterosilaburia: 2/4<br />

da 2/3. es sazomi qarTul poeziaSi galaktionis Semotanilia da, miuxedavad<br />

misi musikalobisa, mxolod erTaderTi leqsiT aris SemorCenili.<br />

Tu `mival, gadavkocni~ mkvlevarma samive str<strong>of</strong>is urTierTmimarTebaSi<br />

ganixila, `dadga agvisto~ pirvelive str<strong>of</strong>i iqcevs yuradRebas:<br />

dadga agvisto. ca rideuli<br />

daisicxeba isev dil-diliT,<br />

qalaqs edeba mze TviTeuli<br />

yayaCoebiT, tuxtiT, pilpiliT.<br />

mkvlevari eZebs poetis mier am str<strong>of</strong>is danarCeni leqsisgan gamijvnis,<br />

disharmoniis saidumlos da poulobs kidec: galaktioni iswrafvis simetriisa<br />

da wonasworobisaken.<br />

XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleulis dasasruls galaktionis leqsis mkvlevarTaTvis<br />

gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo werilebi gamoaqveyna kr. `leqsmcodneoaSi~<br />

(I, II) irine meliqiSvilma.<br />

i. meliqiSvilis werilSi `galaktionis bgerwera. leqsis `qari hqris...~<br />

bgerweriTi struqturisaTvis~ saubaria galaktionis cnobier, gaazrebul<br />

damokidebulebaze enis bgerweriT potenciasTan: `galaktionma TiToeuli<br />

bgeris sazrisi icoda da amas poeturi xelovnebis safuZvlad miiCnevda... mas<br />

SeumCneveli ar rCeba bgeris sinesTezuri aRqmis SesaZleblobebi...<br />

galaktioni sruliad cnobierad iziarebda Tanamedrove Teorias bgeriTi<br />

simbolizmis Sesaxeb, TviTon ikvlevda qarTuli enis SesaZleblobebs da<br />

SemoqmedebiTad iyenebda maT~ (meliqiSvili 2008: 115-116). mkvlevris azriT,<br />

galaktionis yoveli poeturi Sedevri enis ormagi danawevrebis virtuozuli<br />

flobis Sedegia; galaktionis bgerweraSi gamoiyeneba rogorc fonemuri,<br />

ise diferencialur niSanTa bgerwera. i. meliqiSvili leqss `qari hqris...~<br />

aanalizebs TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa ganlagebis kanonzomierebiT. sagulisxmoa<br />

avtoris dakvirveba Sesityvebis `...rkalad xris~ Taobaze: rkalad moxra<br />

bgerweriTac aris gadmocemuli: rk da xr erTmaneTTan sarkisebur mimar-<br />

TebaSi arian diferencialur niSanTa doneze: nunismieri-ukananunismieri<br />

< > ukananunismieri-nunismieri: kompleqsebis sarkiseburi asaxviT bgerweri-<br />

Tad CaRunuli rkalis saxe aris miRweuli. mkvlevarma sagangebod Seiswavla<br />

galaktionis ramdenime leqsis xmovnuri statistikuri struqtura da aRmoCnda,<br />

rom saSualo sigrZis leqsi standartul statistikur struqturas<br />

inarCunebs. asea saanalizo leqsSic. `saocaria, magram faqtia, rom xmovanTa<br />

mimarTebebis TvalsazrisiT jvars viRebT... xmovanTa bgerweriTi logika<br />

aseTia: Zieba _ pasuxis miRebis mcdeloba _ kvlavac simartoveSi, izolaciaSi<br />

darCena, magram mainc simaRlesTan ZafiviT wvrili, faqizi kavSiri~<br />

(meliqiSvili 2008: 122-123).<br />

249

sagulisxmod migvaCnia mkvlevriseuli aluzia saanalizo leqsisa ioanes<br />

saxarebis mesame TavSi, nikodemosis Ramiseul saubarSi macxovarTan, sadac<br />

xmianobs sityvebi: `suli, sadac nebavs, qris~, an: `qari, sadac nebavs, qris~; i.<br />

meliqiSvili fiqrobs, rom `qari hqris~ galaktionis mistikuri mimarTulebis<br />

qmnilebebs unda miekuTvnos.<br />

kr. `leqsmcodneobaSi~ (II) daibeWda irine meliqiSvilis aseve sagulisxmo<br />

gamokvleva `palindromi galaktionTan~. avtori galaktionis, rogorc `poeti-geometris~<br />

Temas aviTarebs, ganixilavs mis `teqnikur savarjiSoebs~ da<br />

misi e.w. nawilobrivi palindromebis Seswavlas uZRvnis Tavis statias.<br />

mkvlevris azriT, es ar aris mxolod teqnikuri savarjiSoebi da am formas<br />

galaktionis poeziaSi didi Sinagani datvirTva aqvs. irine meliqiSvilis azriT,<br />

galaktionTan palindromi gaTiSulis gamTlianebis, nawilobrivis<br />

srulqmnis, zenasa da qvenas dakavSirebis funqciiT itvirTeba. xmovniTi<br />

arekvlis nimuSia danaxuli avtoris mier `me da RameSi~: e...a < > a...e, aseve<br />

sarkisebuli asaxvaa: zRvam... aRzarda. palindromulia aseve saTauri:<br />

silaJvarde, anu vardi silaSi, leqsSi `droSebi Cqara~ palindromulia<br />

konsonanturad: droSebi da SeerTdiT. mkvlevari daaskvnis: `palindromi<br />

kongruentuli anu sarkisebuli mimarTebis erTi saxeobaa... poeti, romelic<br />

aseT did yuradRebas uTmobda palindroms, rogorc saleqso xerxs, ar unda<br />

dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebuliyo mxolod savarjiSoebis ekvilibristikiT da es xerxi<br />

Tavis SemoqmedebaSi unda gamoeyenebina (meliqiSvili 2009: 113).<br />

T. barbaqaZis gamokvleva `riTmebis sasaxle (galaktionis`ucnauri<br />

sasaxle~) eZRvneba `artistuli yvavilebis~ 66-e leqss, romelic uCveuloa<br />

omonimuri da konsonansuri riTmebis originaluri konstruqciiT<br />

(barbaqaZe 2007: 33).<br />

galaktionis monorimis Seswavlis cdas warmoadgens T. barbaqaZis gamokvleva<br />

`galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~), romelic eyrdnoba<br />

galaktionis TxzulebaTa uaxlesi gamocemis (gamomcemloba `literaturis<br />

matiane~, 2005) II da V tomebs, sadac, Sesabamisad, 15 da 18 monorimia. avtoris<br />

azriT, `ieri~ da `ferad-feradi~ erTmaneTs enaTesaveba da Tu `feradferadis~<br />

TariRi eWvs ar iwvevs, namdvilad 1938 wels aris dawerili, `ieri~<br />

1928-1938 wlebiT unda daTariRdes~ (barbaqaZe 2008: 111).<br />

galaktionis cnobili leqsis `cxovreba Cemi uankares Rvinis feria~<br />

ucnob sonetur variantze msjelobs T. barbaqaZe. igi fiqrobs, rom am<br />

sonetis I tercetSi galaktioni swored sakuTar Tavs moixseniebs `ucnobad~<br />

(barbaqaZe 2009: 95).<br />

galaktion tabiZis saxeobrivi azrovnebis cnobili mkvlevris, galaktionologiis<br />

gany<strong>of</strong>ilebis gamgis, pr<strong>of</strong>esor Teimuraz doiaSvilis sayurad-<br />

Rebo gamokvleva `galaktion tabiZis `istoriuli~ balada da misi interteqstualuri<br />

areali~ literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebisadmi<br />

miZRvnili II saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebSi daibeWda. kerZod, mecnieri<br />

ganixilavs galaktionis baladas `Tasi~, romelic poetis sicocxleSi ar<br />

gamoqveynebula. igi pirvelad poetis akademiuri Tormettomeulis VIII tom-<br />

Si daibeWda 1970 wels. mkvlevari am baladas jer akakis dramatul poemasTan<br />

`Tamar cbierTan~ akavSirebs, xolo Semdeg briusovis erotikul baladebsa<br />

da puSkinis `egviptur RameebTan~, agreTve, goeTes `Tules mefesTan~.<br />

T.doiaSvilis hipoTeza aseTia: galaktionis `Tasi~ puSkinis `egvipturi<br />

Rameebis~ kleopatras ambis dasrulebis Taviseburi cdaa! puSkinis daumTavrebeli<br />

nawarmoebis `qarTuli gagrZeleba~ (doiaSvili 2009: 196-217).<br />

250

d) XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTveli poetebis leqswyoba<br />

XXI s. pirveli aTwleuli gansakuTrebiT xvavrieli aRmoCnda axali da<br />

uaxlesi qarTuli leqsis versifikaciuli Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. upirveles<br />

yovlisa, unda aRvniSnoT akaki xinTibiZis fundamenturi gamokvleva<br />

`qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria~ (Tsu gamomcemloba, 2009), sadac sagangebo<br />

Tavebi eZRvneba romantikosTa riTmas, romantikosebidan galaktionamde<br />

qarTuli riTmis Tavgadasavals, galaktionis riTmas da lado asaTianis<br />

riTmas (gv. 247-298).<br />

nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsis versifikaciuli parametrebis Seswavlas<br />

warmatebiT agrZeleben XXI saukunis damdegs akaki xinTibiZe da Tamar<br />

lomiZe. akaki xinTibiZis werili `nikoloz baraTaSvilis metrika~ lado<br />

asaTianiseuli SefasebiT iwyeba, romliTac man baraTaSvilis leqsi gansaz-<br />

Rvra: `Seni striqoni saakaZis xmaliviT basri~. am `basri striqonebiT~ dawerili<br />

leqsebis umravlesoba, ak. xinTibiZis dakvirvebiT, 5/4/5 _ uSidariTmo<br />

besikuri sazomiT aris dawerili (13 leqsi), 5/5 _ rva leqssa da poemaSi<br />

gvxvdeba, 53/53 _ Svid leqsSi, 4/43 _ xuT leqsSi, 4/34 _ sam leqsSi, 55/55 _<br />

sam leqsSi da a. S. `sazomTa ricxvi rom TxzulebaTa ricxvs Warbobs, mis<br />

gamoa, rom zogierTi leqsi da poema ori sazomiT aris dawerili. aseTebia:<br />

`merani~, `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~, `Cems varskvlavs~, `suli oboli~,<br />

`Cvili~, `miyvars Tvalebi~, `qTevan~, `bedi qarTlisa~ (xinTibiZe 2005: 90).<br />

baraTaSvilis metrikas gmorCeulad miiCnevs mkvlavari imis gamoc, rom igi<br />

Seicavs heterosilabur (araTanabarzomier) sazoms, rac axla qarTul<br />

metrikaSi, romelic aqamde izosilabizmis princips eyrdnoboda. imis miuxedavad,<br />

rom baraTaSvils axali sazomi ar Semoutania, maTi mravalricxovnebiT,<br />

kanonzomieri monacvleobiT, da heterosilaburobiT, baraTaSvilis<br />

mcire moculobis poezia metrikiTac sainteresoa.<br />

nikoloz baraTaSvilis riTmas eZRvneba Tamar lomiZis werili, romelic<br />

qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi sruliad Seuswavlel problemas, paronimul<br />

atraqcias, ukavSirebs baraTaSvilis leqss. paronimuli atraqcia<br />

leqsSi gulisxmobs tradiciuli, zusti riTmis Canacvlebas arazusti, araidenturi<br />

riTmiT. mkvlevari am movlenis Teoriul axsnasac gvTavazobs da<br />

mis konkretul analizsac warmogvidgens nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsis<br />

safuZvelze.<br />

Tamar lomiZis werili `paronimuli atraqcia nikoloz baraTaSvilis<br />

mxatvrul enaSi~ Sesulia literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebisadmi<br />

miZRvnili II saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebSi.<br />

T. lomiZis azriT, paronimuli atraqciis sistemuri gamoyeneba, arazusti<br />

riTmis msgavsad, nik. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi, aixsneba enobrivi niSnebis<br />

konvenciur mniSvnelobaTa destruqciiT, teqstis semantikis gaorebiT,<br />

`dialogurobiT~, rac uSualo kavSirSia baraTaSvilis poeziis iseT TaviseburebebTan,<br />

rogorebicaa. lirikuli gmiris `mes~ gaorebuli struqtura,<br />

erTi da imave movlenis ori, urTierTsapirispiro daxasiaTeba da gansxvavebul<br />

TvalsazrisTa Tanabaruflebianoba erTsa da imave teqstSi (lomiZe 2009: 453).<br />

`aliteracia da paronimuli atraqcia~, _ asea dasaTaurebuli Tamar<br />

lomiZis statia, romelic kr. `leqsmcodneobaSi~ gamoqveynda 2009 wels. nik.<br />

baraTaSvilis poeturi teqstebis analizis Sedegad mkvlevarma gamoavlina<br />

gansazRvruli kanonzomierebani da daaskvna, rom poets Semoaqvs axali<br />

teqsti teqstSi, axali semantika Zvel semantikaSi da am gziT migvaniSnebs<br />

251

samyaros krizisze; poeti ormag qmedebas axorcielebs _ uary<strong>of</strong>s tradiciul<br />

formebs, magram ar auqmebs maT, aramed maTsave farglebSi moqmedebs,<br />

cvlis maT da irCevs axal gramatikas, romelic ara imdenad mowesrigebulia,<br />

ramdenadac _ mouwesrigebeli (lomiZe 2009: 105).<br />

XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleuli qarTuli leqsmcodneobis istoriisaTvis<br />

saintereso iqneba im axali Taobis mkvlevarebiTac, romlebic swored am<br />

dros Seematnen erovnuli leqwyobis SemswavlelTa rigebs. maT Soris<br />

uTuod aRsaniSnavia Sorena qurTiSvili, romelmac 2002 wels daicva sakvalifikacio<br />

naSromi: `XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis qarTuli metrika~, amave<br />

wels daibeWda misi gamokvleva: `paolo iaSvilis leqswyoba~. S. qurTiSvili<br />

yuradRebas amaxvilebs simbolistur esTetikaze, romlis Tanaxmad, poeturi<br />

sityva irealuri samyaros Semecnebis gasaRebad unda iqces; amitomac kanonzomieria<br />

is faqti, rom sxva `cisferyanwelebTan~ erTad, paolo iaSvili<br />

sagangebod eZiebda metrikas, ritmul-intonaciur fonze (qurTiSvili 2002:<br />

39). `cisferyanwelebis~ metrikas werili miuZRvna T. barbaqaZem, romelmac<br />

sagangebod Seiswavla: valerian gafrindaSvilis, tician tabiZis, paolo<br />

iaSvilis metruli repertuari (barbaqaZe 2006: 85-97).<br />

rogorc am statiis winaTqmaSi aRvniSneT, 2008-2009 wlebSi gamovida krebulebi:<br />

`leqsmcodneoba~ I, II, romlebic, Sesabamisad, mieZRvna: ana kalanda-<br />

Zesa da lado asaTians. ana kalandaZis leqswyobis sakiTxebs ikvleven krebulis<br />

avtorebi: akaki xinTibiZe, T. barbaqaZe, S. afridoniZe, m. jiqia, m. gelaSvili,<br />

q. enuqiZe, T. beriZe, xolo lado asaTianis leqsis metrikisa da riTmis<br />

problemebs mieZRvnas II krebulSi: ak. xinTibiZis, l. bregaZis, i. gadilias,<br />

T.barbaqaZis, q. enuqiZis, T. woworias, n.sozaSvilis, n. cxedianis, m. jiqias da<br />

sxv. werilebi.<br />

samyaros ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriv krizissa da totalitarizmTan akavSirebs<br />

qarTul poeziaSi verlibris Semosvlasa da damkvidrebas nino darbaiseli<br />

(darbaiseli 2009: 351-361).<br />

`sjanSi~ daibeWda, agreTve, nino darbaiselis gamokvleva: `zviad<br />

gamsaxurdia _ amerikuli literaturis mkvlevari da mTargmneli~. statiaSi<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias mier Targmnili amerikeli poetebis (uolt uitmeni,<br />

veiCel lindzi, edgar li mastersi, ezra paundi da sxv.) leqsebi versifikaciuli<br />

TvalsazrisiTac aris Sefasebuli.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

barbaqaZe 2006: barbaqaZe T. `cisferyanwelebis~ metrika. sjani, 6, Tb.: 2006.<br />

barbaqaZe 2007: barbaqaZe T. riTmebis sasaxle (galaktionis `ucnauri<br />

sasaxle~). _ kr. I saerTaSorsio simpoziumi, literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove<br />

problemebi (masalebi). Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2007.<br />

barbaqaZe 2008: barbaqaZe T. galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~).<br />

sjani, 9. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.<br />

barbaqaZe 2009: barbaqaZe T. galaktionis cnobili leqsis ucnobi soneturi<br />

varianti. sjani, 10. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009.<br />

beriZe 2004: beriZe r. siciliana. _ galaktionologia. III. qarTuli literaturis<br />

instituti, Tb.: 2004.<br />

bregaZe 2008: bregaZe l. rostom erisTavis ori galeqsili epistole. _<br />

leqsmcodneoba, I. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.<br />

252

darbaiseli 2009: darbaiseli n. zviad gamsaxurdia _ amerikuli literaturis<br />

mkvlevari da mTargmneli. sjani, 10, Tb.: literaturis institutis<br />

gamomcemloba, 2009.<br />

darbaiseli 2010: darbaiseli n. Tavisufali leqsi. _ totalitarizmi da<br />

literaturuli diskursi. me-20 s. gamocdileba (masalebi). Tb.: literaturis<br />

institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.<br />

doiaSvili 2002-2003: doiaSvili T. qarTuli leqsi XVII saukuneSi (Teimuraz I,<br />

arCili). _ literaturuli Ziebani, XXIII, XXVII, Tb.: 2002.<br />

doiaSvili 2002: doiaSvili T. hipoTezidan Teoriamde. gaz. `~axali epoqa. Cveni<br />

mwerloba~, 27 dekemberi, 2002 _ 9 ianvari, 2002.<br />

doiaSvili 2003: doiaSvili T.sistema-procesi-norma. _ sjani, IV. Tb.: 2003.<br />

doiaSvili 2009: doiaSvili T. galaktion tabiZis `istoriuli~ balada da misi<br />

interteqstualuri analizi. _ II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi,<br />

literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi (masalebi). naw. I. Tb.:<br />

literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009.<br />

kavTiaSvili 2008: kavTiaSvili v. germanuli knitelversi da hegzametri. _<br />

leqsmcodneoba, I. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.<br />

lomiZe 2009: lomiZe T. paronimuli atraqcia nikoloz baraTaSvilis mxatvrul<br />

enaSi. _ literaturaTmcodneobis II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi (masalebi), II. Tb.:<br />

literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009.<br />

lomiZe 2009: lomiZe T. aliteracia da paronimuli atraqcia. _<br />

leqsmcodneoba, II. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009.<br />

meliqiSvili 2008: meliqiSvili i. galaktionis bgerwera. _ leqsmcodneoba, I.<br />

Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.<br />

meliqiSvili 2009: meliqiSvili i.palindromi galaktionTan. _<br />

leqsmcodneoba, II. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009.<br />

qurTiSvili 2002: qurTiSvili S. paolo iaSvilis leqswyoba. J. `kriteriumi~, 5,<br />

Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2002.<br />

xinTibiZe 2002: xinTibiZe ak. qarTuli saero leqsis genezisisaTvis. _ Zveli<br />

qarTuli mwerlobis problemebi. Tb.: Tsu, 2002.<br />

xinTibiZe 2003: xinTibiZe ak. besikis riTma. _ sjani, IV. Tb.: 2003.<br />

xinTibiZe 2006: xinTibiZe ak. nikoloz baraTaSvilis metrika. _ sjani, 6, Tb.:<br />

2006.<br />

Tamar Barbakadze<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Versification in the Press<br />

<strong>of</strong> the First Decade <strong>of</strong> the 21 st Century (2000-2009)<br />

Summary<br />

This paper deals with the research <strong>of</strong> the issues concerning <strong>Georgian</strong> versification in<br />

the press <strong>of</strong> the first decade <strong>of</strong> the 21 st century. The first part <strong>of</strong> this paper has been<br />

published in the “Literary Studies”, vol. XXX, (2009). This time we make analysis <strong>of</strong>: a)<br />

the periodicals; b)old <strong>Georgian</strong> verse and versification <strong>of</strong> the Vepkhistqaosani; c)<br />

Galaktion’s verse, d) versification <strong>of</strong> the 19 th -20 th century <strong>Georgian</strong> poets.<br />

Among the researchers <strong>of</strong> the old <strong>Georgian</strong> verse special place is occupied by Akaki<br />

Khintibidze whose paper “On the Genesis <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> National Verse” presents an<br />

253

analysis <strong>of</strong> the quotations written in verse which are inserted into hagiographical writings<br />

and inscriptions in verse on the walls <strong>of</strong> the church Ateni Sioni.<br />

The paper also considers T.Doiashvili’s views concerning Apolon Silagadze’s theory<br />

which represents theoretical conclusion <strong>of</strong> Paolo Ingorokva’s hypothesis. The reviewer<br />

considers to be particularly valuable Apolon Silagadze’s opinion on fistikauri as the<br />

earliest stage <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> versification. By the same reason Teimuraz Doiashvili explains<br />

the necessity <strong>of</strong> fistikauri - the twenty-syllable stanza in the poem Vepkhistqaosani.<br />

Old <strong>Georgian</strong> poetry clearly reveals versification conflict within the norms– this<br />

norm envisages the recognition <strong>of</strong> the old <strong>Georgian</strong> metre and rejection <strong>of</strong> the new<br />

metres <strong>of</strong> non-<strong>Georgian</strong> origin, namely, the ignorance <strong>of</strong> iambicon in the national poetry.<br />

This paper also deals with Teimuraz Doiashvili’s work: “<strong>Georgian</strong> Verse in the 17 th<br />

Century” (Teimuraz Doiashvili)”.<br />

In the first decade <strong>of</strong> the 21 st century the researchers into an old <strong>Georgian</strong> verse:<br />

A.Khintibidze, Levan Bregadze devoted their papers to Besiki’s rhythm and Rostom<br />

Eristavi’s epistles written in verse. Venera Kavtiashvili’s paper “German Knittel Verse<br />

and Hexameter” deals with the translation <strong>of</strong> the poem Vepkhistqaosani into German<br />

language with the help <strong>of</strong> hexameter by Hermann Buddensieg.<br />

Against the background <strong>of</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong> the fistikauri stanza <strong>of</strong> the Vepkhistqaosani,<br />

the question <strong>of</strong> choosing suitable metre while translating the poem into German seems to<br />

be <strong>of</strong> topical importance.<br />

The third subchapter <strong>of</strong> the paper is devoted to the research into Galaktion’s verse in<br />

the first decade <strong>of</strong> the 21 st century. The papers devoted to the versification by<br />

T.Doiashvili, A.Khintibidze, T.Barbakadze, R.Beridze presented in the collection<br />

“Galaktionology” I-V, have been considered.<br />

In the collective work “Versification” (I, II, 2008-2009) <strong>of</strong> particular attention are<br />

the letters on Galaktioni’s verse written by Irina Melikishvili. She applied completely<br />

new method to Galaktion’s euphony “Kari Hkris” (Sweeping Wind) and achieved<br />

significant result.<br />

Galaktion’s rhythm on the example <strong>of</strong> one verse (“A Strange Palace”) and<br />

Galaktion’s monorim are studied by T.Barbakadze and Galaktion’s ballad “Tasi” (“The<br />

Cup”), and its intertextual analysis are <strong>of</strong>fered by Teimuraz Doiashvili.<br />

The fourth subchapter <strong>of</strong> the paper deals with the letters published in the collective<br />

work “Versification” (2008, 2009) devoted to the versification <strong>of</strong> Nikoloz Baratashvili,<br />

Paolo Iashvili, Ana Kalandadze, Lado Asatiani, etc. Nini Darbaiseli’s letters on vers libre<br />

and peculiarities <strong>of</strong> versification <strong>of</strong> the American poets translated by Zviad<br />

Gamsakhurdia are also considered.<br />

254

literaturuli meridianebi<br />

manana kvataia<br />

grigol robaqiZe italiaSi _ epistoluri aluziebi<br />

yoveli ucnobi teqstis, wyaros Tu dokumentis gamovlena axal Strixs<br />

matebs mweralsa da mis Semoqmedebas. es gansakuTrebiT grigol robaqiZeze<br />

iTqmis, miT ufro, Tu mikvleuli masalebi misi emigraciaSi cxovrebis<br />

periods asaxavs.<br />

jer kidev idumalebiTaa moculi wlebi, roca germaniaSi iZulebiT emigrirebuli<br />

qarTveli mwerali wers da aqveynebs hitlerisa da musolinisadmi<br />

miZRvnil skandalur Txzulebebs. am periodis naklebad cnobil detalebs<br />

azustebs gr. robaqiZis 1938-1939 wlebiT daTariRebuli piradi werilebi,<br />

romelTa adresatia cnobili rusi moazrovne, mwerali da mecnieri<br />

viaCeslav ivanovi (1866-1949).<br />

am baraTebis dednebi daculia romSi, viaCeslav ivanovis arqivSi. isini<br />

pirvelad peterburgelma mkvlevarma tatiana nikolskaiam saTanado komentarebiT<br />

gamoaqveyna (nikolskaia 2002). am publikaciis qseroasli mogvawoda<br />

mimdinare wlis ivlisSi italiidan saqarTveloSi mivlinebiT Camosulma<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esorma andrei SiSkinma, romelic romSi moRvaweobs da iq viaCeslav<br />

ivanovis Semswavlel centrs xelmZRvanelobs. misi saqarTveloSi vizitis<br />

mizani iyo, Cvens siZveleTsacavebSi daeZebna viaC. ivanovis baraTebi gr.<br />

robaqiZisadmi. amave dros, mkvlevars qarTveli mwerlis arqivis bedic<br />

ainteresebda. a. SiSkinis informaciiT, grigol robaqiZis zemoxsenebuli<br />

werilebi uaxloes xanSi ganTavsebuli iqneba viaCeslav ivanovis saitze, romelic<br />

misma centrma moamzada (ix. interneti: ivanov).<br />

imdroindeli rusuli azrovnebis metrs qarTveli mwerali Rrma pativiscemiT<br />

epyroboda: viaC. ivanovi misTvis udidesi avtoriteti gaxldaT. gr.<br />

robaqiZe, `pirveli mociquli simbolizmisa, sityvierad qadagebda modernizmis<br />

saxarebas~ (t. tabiZe). amave dros, is piradad icnobda rusuli simbolizmis<br />

winamZRolebs: viaCeslav ivanovs da balmonts, andrei belisa da<br />

mereJkovskis (nikolskaia 1991: 117).<br />

tatiana nikolskaias dakvirvebiT, gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi viaC.<br />

ivanovis mier wamoyenebulma ideebma robaqiZe ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze<br />

STaagona. am gatacebis piki 1910-iani wlebis Sua xanebze modis, rodesac<br />

qarTul presaSi mwerlis mravali statia daibeWda, romlebic ase Tu ise<br />

dakavSirebuli iyo simbolistur problematikasTan da, pirvel rigSi, antikuri<br />

miTis simbolistur ganmartebasTan. `am statiebSi qarTveli kritikosi<br />

Rrma piitetiT moixseniebs saxels viaC. ivanovisas, romlis nawerebSi uCveulod<br />

Rrmadaa nagrZnobi elinuri miTologia, mocemulia `elinuri miTis<br />

poeturi filos<strong>of</strong>iuri aRqma~ (nikolskaia 2002: 173).<br />

peterburgeli mkvlevari viaC. ivanovis gavlenas gr. robaqiZis originalur<br />

SemoqmedebaSic xedavs. mis leqss `kocons~ (1916) kritika ivanovis `mena-<br />

255

das~ adarebda. am ideebiTaa nasazrdoebi dramebi `londa~ (1919) da `jvari<br />

vazisa~ (1923), romlebic TbilisSi warmatebiT daudgams k. marjaniSvils.<br />

rusi moazrovnis gavlena 1920-1930-ian wlebSi daweril robaqiZis romanebsa<br />

da eseebSicaa.<br />

m. xomerikis azriT, `gvelis perangSi~ asaxuli dionises misteriis gagebaSi<br />

ivanovis “dionise da winaredionisoba”ufro gvexmareba, vidre Tavad<br />

nicSes naSromi. mkvlevari moixseniebs viaC. ivanovis mier damowmebul orfikul<br />

Sexedulebas gvelsa da xars Soris mistikur kavSirze, romlis<br />

Tanaxmad, xari cocxalTa samyaroSi iqceva gvelad miwisqveSa samyaroSi. “am<br />

TvalsazrisiT, mravlismTqmelia `gvelis perangSi~ CarTuli cezar borjias<br />

epizodi, romelSic xari, gvelis msgavsad, reinkarnaciis simboloa”<br />

(xomeriki 2010: 23).<br />

gr. robaqiZis piradi werilebi viaC. ivanovisadmi naTlad aCvenebs<br />

qarTveli mwerlis guliTad damokidebulebas misadmi: `eWvi nu SegeparebaT<br />

Cems siyvarulSi Tqvendami.. im mcirericxovanTa Soris, romelTac me samyaros<br />

saidumloebebs maziares, erT-erT pirvel adgils Tqveni saxeli ikavebs.<br />

amas Cemi wignebi mowmobs~, _ wers robaqiZe ivanovs 1938 wlis 6 ivniss. sxva,<br />

1939 wlis 14 aprils daweril baraTSi is aRiarebs: `Tqvenma sasiamovno striqonebma<br />

me didi sixaruli momitana~. imave wlis 1 ianvris werilSi mwerali<br />

auwyebs viaC. ivanovs: `romanSi `graalis mcvelni~ Tqven Tqveni sibrZnis<br />

nakvalevs naxavT~. sainteresoa erTi detali gr. robaqiZis 1939 wlis 14 aprilis<br />

epistoledan: `vmuSaob axal wignze `Atlantischer Traum~. masSi Tqven Tqvens<br />

genialur winaswarWvretaTa kvals naxavT: am SemTxvevaSi me mxedvelobaSi<br />

maqvs Terror antiquus~ (aq saubaria robaqiZis dRemde miukvlevel Txzulebaze<br />

`atlanturi zmaneba~).<br />

viaCeslav ivanovi aRtacebuli iyo italiiT. jer kidev 1892 wlidan,<br />

roca man maradiuli qalaqi pirvelad ixila, is am qveyanas da mis dedaqalaq<br />

roms axal samSoblod Tvlida. poeti rusul enaze Targmnida dantes,<br />

petrarkas, antikur avtorebs, qmnida originalur leqsebs italiaze. 1924<br />

wels man moaxerxa, ojaxTan erTad am qveyanaSi emigraciaSi wasuliyo. viaC.<br />

ivanovis ucxoeTSi y<strong>of</strong>nis 43 wlidan daaxloebiT 30 weli italiaze modis<br />

(ix. interneti: russinitalia). 1938 wlis ivlisSi is romSi grigol robaqiZes<br />

Sexvedria, rac zemoxsenebuli baraTebidanac irkveva.<br />

aqamde Cven Zalze mwiri informacia gvqonda qarTveli mwerlis italiaSi<br />

mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. xsenebuli epistoluri masala am vizitis naklebad<br />

cnobil detalebs gvacnobs.<br />

nikolaus zombartis mogonebiT, `adolf hitleris~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg<br />

gr. robaqiZes daavales, wigni daewera musolinize da am mizniT is<br />

italiaSi miuwveviaT. `robaqiZes romSi audiencia gaumarTes. omis dros kvireebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda kaprize, italiis mTavrobis xarjze. aq man<br />

dawera musolinize wigni~ (kakabaZe 1992: 227).<br />

italiaSi grigol robaqiZis imdroindeli viziti misi viaC. ivanovisadmi<br />

gagzavnili werilebiTac dasturdeba, Tumca aq erTi detalic zustdeba:<br />

rogorc Cans, qarTveli mwerali kaprize meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omamde, 1938 wlis<br />

zafxulSi imy<strong>of</strong>eboda da, savaraudod, `musolinize~ muSaobda. am wignis<br />

furclebs italiaSi da, kerZod, kaprize mwerlis mogzaurobis uSualo<br />

STabeWdilebebic aRubeWdavs.<br />

robaqiZis xuTi epistole viaCeslav ivanovisadmi saintereso cnobebs<br />

gvawvdis, Tu rodis da romel adgilebSi umogzauria italiaSi Casul qar-<br />

256

Tvel mwerals, rogori iyo am dros misi Sinagani ganwyoba, zustdeba misi<br />

saqmianobis detalebi.<br />

pirveli baraTi florenciaSia dawerili da 1938 wlis 6 ivnisiT TariRdeba.<br />

masSi gr. robaqiZe viaC. ivanovs axsenebs 1910 wels peterburgSi, Tavridis<br />

24-Si maT Sexvedras (t. nikolskaias komentariT, es jer kidev 1907<br />

wels unda momxdariyo, rasac adasturebs robaqiZis erTi adreuli baraTi,<br />

romlis Stempelze 1907 wlis 8 dekemberia dafiqsirebuli. peterburgSi<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i axalgazrda mwerali viaC. ivanovs daxmarebas Txovs nicSes erT-erTi<br />

frazis TargmnaSi).<br />

1938 wels italiaSi Casul robaqiZes mouwadinebia, romSi kvlav moenaxulebina<br />

viaC. ivanovi, misi romauli misamarTi ki germaneli poetis _ fromelisagan<br />

Seutyvia. rogorc Cans, qarTveli mwerlis baraTis miRebis Semdeg<br />

viaCeslav ivanovsac gamouTqvams masTan Sexvedris survili da mas weriliT<br />

Sexmianebia. amas gr. robaqiZis meore epistole gvauwyebs: is ukve mouTmenlad<br />

elodeba maestrosTan Sexvedras. es nanatri momentic damdgara: am or,<br />

sulierad monaTesave pirovnebas erTmaneTi romSi, 1938 wlis ivlisSi uxilavT,<br />

rasac robaqiZeze waruSleli STabeWdileba mouxdenia (es misi 1939<br />

wlis 27 ianvriT daTariRebuli werilidanac ikveTeba). irkveva, rom am<br />

Sexvedras eswreboda viaC. ivanovis megobari qali a.o. Sori.<br />

amave epistoleebidan vigebT, rom robaqiZis vizitis Semdeg italiaSi<br />

gamgzavrebula misi meule nina fialkina, romelic orjer Sexvedria viaC.<br />

ivanovs. Tavad gr. robaqiZec isev apirebda italiaSi gamgzavrebas 1939 wlis<br />

agvistoSi Tu Semodgomaze da winaswar tkbeboda viaC. ivanovTan momavali<br />

Sexvedris siamovnebiT, raTa masTan erTxel kidev “piTagoreulad” esaubra.<br />

Cans, meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis xanZarma mas es gegmebi CauSala.<br />

zemoxsenebuli piradi werilebis monacemebiT Cven SevecadeT, italiaSi<br />

gr. robaqiis imdroindeli vizitis detalebi SeZlebisdagvarad dagvedgina.<br />

1938 wlis 6 ivnisiT daTariRebul werilSi gr. robaqiZe viaC. ivanovs auwyebs:<br />

`erTi kviris win florenciaSi Camovedi~. e.i. mwerali italiis am qalaqs 1938<br />

wlis maisis bolos swvevia. iqve vkiTxulobT: `aq kidev erT kviras davrCebi,<br />

Semdeg kunZul Capri-ze mivdivar~. e.i. florenciaSi robaqiZe 1938 wlis<br />

ivnisis Sua ricxvebamde unda darCeniliyo, Semdeg ki kunZul kapris swveoda.<br />

imave werilSi kidev erTi detali zustdeba: `ukana gzaze — daaxloebiT<br />

ivlisis meore naxevris dasawyisSi _ romSi gavCerdebi da, Tu inebebT, SegxvdebiT~.<br />

am fragmentis Tanaxmad, kaprize mwerali erT Tveze met xans unda<br />

darCeniliyo. 1938 wlis 21 ivniss viaC. ivanovisadmi gamogzavnili Semdegi<br />

baraTi ukve kaprizea dawerili (Capri, Villa Floridiana).<br />

gr. robaqiZe viaC. ivanovs Sexvedria romSi, 1938 wlis ivlisSi, rasac 1939<br />

wlis 17 ianvars misi berlinidan romSi gagzavnili baraTic gvauwyebs: `Cemi<br />

Sexvedra TqvenTan romSi gasuli wlis ivlisSi Cems mexsierebaSi uqrob alad<br />

darCeba~, _ wers robaqiZe ivanovs.<br />

rogorc zemoxsenebuli epistoluri masala mowmobs, gr. robaqiZe italiaSi<br />

TiTqmis ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi _ 1938 wlis maisis bolodan ivlisis<br />

dasasrulamde darCenila. Cans, mwerali am periodSi `musolinize~ muSaobda,<br />

Tumca zemoxsenebul baraTebSi amaze araferia naTqvami. is paralelurad<br />

`atlantur zmanebasac~ werda.<br />

irkveva, rom italiaSi mogzaurobas gr. robaqiZeze waruSleli STabeWdileba<br />

mouxdenia da es qveyana kvlav uxmobda mwerals (SemorCenilia fotosuraTi,<br />

romelzec kaprize, zRvis piras my<strong>of</strong>i robaqiZea dafiqsirebuli).<br />

257

1939 wlis 14 apriliT daTariRebul weriliT is auwyebda viaC. ivanovs: `ar<br />

gamovricxav SesaZleblobas, rom Semodgomaze isev vixilav italias~. 1939<br />

wlis 8 ivnisis epistoleSi mwerali kidev ufro azustebs: `agvistoSi albaT<br />

romSi viqnebi~.<br />

gr. robaqiZis italiaSi mogzaurobis uSualo STabeWdilebebi naTlad<br />

irekleba `musolinis~ mraval adgilas, romlebic, Cveni fiqriT, mwerlis am<br />

voiaJis erTgvari mxatvruli dRiurebicaa, qveynis ulamazesi adgilebis<br />

mSvenierebiT STagonebuli.<br />

imdroindel gancdaTa da SegrZnebaTa anarekli unda ikveTebodes Txzulebis<br />

dasawyisSive, sadac kunZul kaprize saharis udabnodan mqrolavi qaris<br />

zemoqmedebaa gadmocemuli: `ai, ukve ramdenime dRea, am adgilebSi saSineli<br />

qari qris, fonetikurad esoden STambeWdavi saxeli rom SeurqmeviaT:<br />

siroko. sqeli Jangisferi nisli, _ saharis gavarvarebuli xaxis es bedovlaTi<br />

pirmSo, nel-nela edeba kunZulis SiSveli qarafebis okro-bokro kal-<br />

Tebs, nestian haerSi nisli Zvirfasi, warmavali kosmiuri mtveriviT efineba<br />

midamos.. TviT foTlebic ki ocnebebSi CaZirulan da ise uCveulod TrTian,<br />

TiTqos zed mJava moupkurebiaT~ (robaqiZe 2010: 5). am viTarebaSi mwerlis<br />

gancdebic pirquSdeba: `usaxuri Cans Taursamyaros cincxali sxivisgan<br />

ganZarcvuli kunZuli. qari sunTqvas aZnelebs~ (iqve, gv. 6).<br />

saocrad cocxlad da xelSesaxebad warmogvidgens mwerali legendarul<br />

mRvimes kunZul kaprize. am striqonebsac misi imwamieri gancdebi aRubeWdavT.<br />

virtualur samyaroSi avtorTan erTad Cvenc vmogzaurobT da mis<br />

nakvalevs uxilavad mivyvebiT: `homerosis Crdilis TanxlebiT Sevdivar<br />

mRvimeSi. Zlevamosili kldis napralebidan amomarTul niSas mRvime erT<br />

mTlian daxurul, mfSvinav sivrced uqcevia. talanis ukana kedelze mijrili<br />

naxevarwriuli scenaa. mis SuagulSi soliseburi formis CaRrmaveba.<br />

erT-erT patara RrmulSi wvimis dros wylis wvrili Wavli Cawanwkarebs _<br />

Zalumi wyaros ornati uxsovari droidan. mRvimeSi jerac naxavT baTqaSSi<br />

myarad Camjdari niJarebisa da marjnis inkrustaciebs. kurTxeul siCumes<br />

irgvliv zRvis Sari-Suri erTvis, nel-nela udardelad rom uCinardeba~<br />

(robaqiZe 2010: 9-10).<br />

mwerali-mogzauri kapris mRvimeSi agrZelebs gzas da es voiaJi masSi<br />

axal asociaciebsa da refleqsiebs iwvevs: `ramden telerul qariSxals gamoivlida<br />

kunZuli, vidre mRvimis amJamindeli uzado saxe Seiqmneboda! gaxsendeba<br />

aq napovni uzarmazari ZuZumwovara cxovelis gaqvavebuli kbili: kapri<br />

xom uZveles droebaSi xmeleTs uerTdeboda! ase ggonia, mRvimes jer isev<br />

asdiso vulkanuri gogirdis suni. Sinagani mzera im sxivad gadaiqceva, sagnebs<br />

sibneleSi rom ganWolavs. mere es mzera albaT im Taurxatebsac ixilavs,<br />

nacarSi gaxveuli naRverdaliviT rom gayuCebulan~ (iqve. gv. 11).<br />

mwerlis Semdgomi refleqsiebi mRvimis saxelis etimologias ukavSirdeba:<br />

`xalxi mRvimes `matromanias~ eZaxis da `dedas~ gulisxmobs. swavlulebi<br />

ki mas `miTromaniad~ moixsenieben da gulisxmoben miTras.. es saxelebi er-<br />

TmaneTs ar gamoricxavs, didi deda mSobelia mzis Zisa. ase mgonia, Magna<br />

Mater-is mRvime is kurTxeuli adgilia, sadac mzeWabuki miTra iSva~ (iqve, gv.<br />

12). robaqiZes surs, smeniT Cawvdes mRvimis idumalebas. aq is did simbolos<br />

xedavs: `mze aq Tavis maradiul dabadebas zeimobs. mze anay<strong>of</strong>ierebs dedamiwas.<br />

mze logosia, dedamiwa ki _ materia~ (iqve, gv. 14-15).<br />

`musolinis~ teqsts mwerlis imdroindeli marinistuli STabeWdilebebi<br />

cxovlad aRubeWdavs: `qarafis TaRSi gavyureb sivrceSi gawolil, Cumad<br />

258

modgafune zRvas. mSvidi talRebis silurje aramiwierad bzinavs mokaSkaSe<br />

mzis naTelSi. zRvis zedapiris mwvane CrdilSi amotivtivdeba RvTismSoblis<br />

mSvenieri, keTilSobili saxis ovali, _ oqrosa da eTerSi gamokveTili~<br />

(robaqiZe 2010: 17).<br />

Txzulebis zogierTi adgilis kiTxvisas imis SegrZneba gaqvs, rom avtors<br />

iqve, zRvis piras CauniSnavs sakuTari gancdebi da emociebi: “marina<br />

pikolas siaxloves, tirenis zRvis mariliT damZimebul talRebze Tavs ise<br />

grZnob, TiTqos naoWebdayril, moSariSure abreSumze iwve, mSvidad micurav<br />

ameTvistosferi wylis zedapirze: talRa talRze gadadis. drodadro ki<br />

zRva gansakuTrebiT mSvidia, da ase ggonia, uzarmazari foToli TaxTaxebso<br />

garindul haerSi. aq mTeli cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>elobiT SeigrZnob ferebs~ (iqve, gv. 53).<br />

virtulurad vadevnebT Tvals avtoris Semdgom gzas, TiTqos misi<br />

piradi dRiuris momdevno gverdebs vecnobodeT: `cota xnis Semdeg napirze<br />

brundebi, _ yurSi ukve Cagesmis mzis bubuni. qva sinaTlisken miiltvis.<br />

niCbebis dartymas mxiarulad exmianebian modgafune talRebi da kaSkaSi<br />

gaudiT. ai, iq, mzes momwvano-oqrosferi xvliki mificxebia, es-esaa rom<br />

gamomZvrala kldis napralidan. misi Zalumad mfeTqavi guli gagrZnobinebs<br />

mzis simxurvales~ (iqve, gv. .54).<br />

avtoris subieqturi gancdebi TiTqmis naturalisturad gadmoucia<br />

`musolinis~ sxva fragmentsac: “marcxena fexis wvivze moskitis kbenas da<br />

saSinel qavils vgrZnob.. nakbenze gaxurebul riyis qvas videb; qva isrutavs<br />

mwvave tkivils. mze Cem sisxlis mimoqcevaSi SemoiWreba da mec misi nadavli<br />

vxdebi~ (iqve).<br />

mSvenieri mixveul-moxveuli gzebiT mwerali sul zeviT-zeviT adis.<br />

zRvispira peizaJebi mis mzeras kidev ufro atyvevebs: `ai, aq, Crdili wred<br />

Semovlebia xes. sul ufro da ufro acxunebs mze. aqa-iq uzarmazari, utyvi<br />

kaqtusebi moCans.. erT-erT mosaxvevSi vCerdebi da zantad msunTqavi zRvis<br />

zedapirs gavcqeri, romelic sivrceSi cisfrad gawolila da SariSuri<br />

gaudis.. mere siCume niJarebis Srialad gadaiqceva; iodis suniT gaJRenTil<br />

haerSi naperwklebs tkaca-tkuci gaudis.. tanZlieri vazis daSaltuli<br />

svetnaris danaxvaze gaxsendeba, rom aq, sadRac usier CrdilSi, mzis<br />

sxivebiT mTvrali baxusi unda Tvlemdes~ (iqve).<br />

male Cvenc realurad SevigrZnobT, Tu rogor Camowveba ulamazesi daisi<br />

zRvaze. mSvenier wamebs dadarajebuli mwerali maT maradiul sicocxles<br />

aniWebs: `nel-nela inavleba dRe, _ gajerebuli sinaTlis wyaros sisavsiT.<br />

mze ukve solaros zurgs efareba da mTa zRvis zedapirs aRmosavleTiT<br />

uzarmazar Crdils hfens, TandaTanobiT rom farTovdeba da farTovdeba.<br />

talRebi mimoaqceven iribi mzis sxivebs, wylis moCrdiluli sivrcis are ki<br />

isev da isev izrdeba. zedapirze cimcimebs nazi qoba, sinaTlis sxivebs rom<br />

Semovlebia gars. talRebi xarbad nTqaven sxivebs da Tavad iqcevian<br />

sinaTled~ (iqve, gv. 56).<br />

aq ukve zRvari iSleba avtorsa da garemos Soris. robaqiZe sakuTar Tavsac<br />

ukve sxvagvarad aRiqvams: `me TiTqmis vuCinardebi sinaTlis am misteriaSi;<br />

uecrad iseTi grZnoba meufleba, TiTqos viRac sxva viyo. vin var me?..<br />

nuTu Cven Cvenive Tavis ukanasknel gamocanas warmovadgenT?~ (iqve, gv. 58).<br />

tirenis zRvis mSvenieri Semogareni mwerlis refleqsiebsac amwvavebs. is<br />

amjerad maradiul problematikas uRrmavdeba: `fiqrebSi viZirebi. axla<br />

ukve warmovidgen, ra gzas gadis adamiani RmerTisken; es igive gzaa, oRond<br />

piriqiT: pirovnulidan zepirovnulisaken mimavali.. adamiani sakuTari<br />

259

Tavis msxverplSewirvas axdens, anu, msxverplad moaqvs is, rac uyvars~ (iqve,<br />

64-65), _ daaskvnis bolos.<br />

kaprize mwerlis vizitis mizani oden mSvenieri adgilebiT tkboba rodia.<br />

aq is legendaruli atlantidis nakvalevs eZebs: `axla, rodesac aq vzivar da<br />

vfiqrob, rom es adgili erT dros xmeleTs uerTdeboda da CaZiruli<br />

tirenis nawili iyo, ase mgonia, atlantididan momaval sios CavisunTqavmeTqi~<br />

(robaqiZe 2010: 57).<br />

male es wamic dgeba: `tirenis zRvis sanapiroze, mzis gamWvirvale nislSi<br />

uCveulod cimcimebs macocxlebeli eTeri: TiTqos Cumi sio miaqrolebso<br />

CaZiruli kunZulis ukanasknel sunTqvas~.<br />

`musolinis~ furclebze romis ramdenime adgilis mxatvruli aRwerasac<br />

vxvdebiT. via del imperos quCas gr. robaqiZe bunebisa da adamianuri geniis<br />

saocar qmnilebas uwodebs. “aq ciuri sfero livliviT ise erwymis sivrces,<br />

rogorc arsad amqveynad.. warsuli aq kvlavac ganagrZobs sicocxles~<br />

(robaqiZe 2010: 79). vfiqrobT, gancdis uSualoba am striqonebSic aSkaraa.<br />

originalurad gaiazrebs mwerali romis simbolikas: `arwivi da mgeli —<br />

daWimuli mSvildis es ori lari, _ romSi Tavad bedisweram amotvifra. isini<br />

romis istoriaSi yvelafers mudmivad momnusxvels xdian~ (iqve, 86).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, viaCeslav ivanovis msgavsad, grigol robaqiZec aRtacebuli<br />

gaxldaT italiiT, misi bunebiT, istoriiT, simboluri misiiT. am<br />

qveyanaSi misi vizitis detalebi ki zemoxsenebul epistoleTa aluziebma<br />

gvamcno. vimedovnebT, msgavsi masala momavalSic gamovlindeba.<br />

amas garda, viaCeslav ivanovisadmi gagzavnil pirad werilebs Semounaxavs<br />

gr. robaqiZis TviTSefaseba misi iseTi wignebisa, rogorebicaa: `demoni<br />

da miTosi~, `graalis mcvelni~, CvenTvis jerjerobiT ucnobi `atlanturi<br />

zmaneba”. sayuradReboa erTi fraza 1939 wlis 1 ianvris werilidan: `am<br />

Tveebis manZilze bevri ram gadavitane~. mwerali konkretul ambebze saubars<br />

erideba. vfiqrobT, aq misi piradi cxovrebis sirTuleebTan erTad is umZimesi<br />

gancdebic unda igulisxmebodes, romlebsac masSi gamoiwvevda saqar-<br />

TveloSi im dros datrialebuli sikvdilis kalo, romelmac uamrav sxva<br />

udanaSaulo adamianTan erTad qarTveli mwerlebi, robaqiZis uaxloesi megobrebic<br />

Seiwira. es ikveTeba kornelius bergmanis pirad werilSi viaCeslav<br />

ivanovisadmi, romelic t. nikolskaiam gr. robaqiZis zemoxsenebul werileb-<br />

Tan erTad dabeWda: `TqvenTan Sexvedram robaqiZes mZlavri SemoqmedebiTi<br />

impulsi misca. is afrqvevs ideebs da savsea Sinagani gancdebiT. konkretuli<br />

gonebrivi samuSaos wyalobiT rTuli da mtkivneuli gancdebi Semodgomisa,<br />

roca saqarTveloSi man Tavisi megobrebi dakarga, nel-nela ukan ixevs da<br />

yuCdeba~. rogorc am fragmentidan irkveva, viaC. ivanovTan robaqiZis Sexvedra<br />

qarTveli mwerlisaTvis axali ideebisa da didi nugeSis wyaroc<br />

gamxdara.<br />

Cven rusuli enidan vTargmneT grigol robaqiZis eqvsive piradi werili.<br />

ZiriTad wyarod t. nikolskaias dasaxelebuli publikacia gamoviyeneT.<br />

260

grigol robaqiZis piradi werilebi viaCeslav ivanovisadmi<br />

1<br />

6.12.07.<br />

Rrmad pativcemulo viaCeslav ivanoviC,<br />

statias vwer da aucilebelia, citata movitano nicSedan, magram verafriT<br />

gadmovitane Semdegi gamoTqma: Wie in einem gleichnibartigen Traumbilde.<br />

vecade, is amgvarad meTargmna: zmanebiseuli xatis msgavsad. an kidev:<br />

simbolosebr zmanebad. magram vgrZnob, rom ase araa. xom ar inebebdiT,<br />

mamcnoT, rogor gadmovce es gamoTqma.<br />

Tu SeiZleba TqvenTan Semovla da rodis?<br />

2<br />

Tqveni pativismcemeli g.t. robaqiZe.<br />

novi pereulok. 3, b.5.<br />

6.6. 1939.<br />

Firenze via Palestro Pensione Reborata (?).<br />

Zvirfaso viaCeslav ivanoviC,<br />

SesaZloa, Tqven me gaxsovarT. gagicaniT peterburgSi, TqvenTan, Tavridis<br />

24-Si, Tu mexsiereba ar mRalatobs, 1910 wels. me ramdenjerme SegxvdiT<br />

religiur-filos<strong>of</strong>iuri sazogadoebis Sekrebebze. Semdeg iyo omi, revolucia.<br />

1921 wels Tqvengan werili miviRe baqodan. ori-sami wlis Semdeg Sevityve,<br />

rom Tqven datoveT ssrk.<br />

me SevZeli gamomeRwia organizebuli `satanokratiis~ qveynidan 1931<br />

wlis martSi. mas Semdeg vcxovrob germaniaSi, romelmac me, rogorc mwerali,<br />

uzomod guliTadad mimiRo _ (me jer qarTulad vwer, Semdeg ki germanul<br />

enaze vTargmni, mxolod `Dämon und Mythos~ pirdapir germanulad davwere).<br />

germaniaSi gavicani f. stepuni, romelmac Tqvenze mauwya. Sevityve, rom italiaSi<br />

sruliad ganmartoebiT cxovrobT. germanul enaze wavikiTxe Tqveni<br />

SesaniSnavi wigni dostoevskize, romelsac rekomendacias vuwev yvelas<br />

winaSe.<br />

me florenciaSi erTi kviris ukan Camovedi. iq am dReebSi gavicani axalgazrda<br />

germaneli poeti Frommel, romelmac Tqveni misamarTi mauwya. da ai,<br />

vsargeblob SemTxveviT da gwerT: me aq kidev erT kviras davrCebi, Semdeg<br />

kunZul Capri-ze mivdivar. ukan dabrunebisas _ daaxloebiT ivlisis meore<br />

naxevris dasawyisSi _ me romSi gavCerdebi da, Tu TqvenTvis xelsayreli<br />

iqneba, gixilavT.<br />

gigzavniT Cemi wignebis prospeqts: Tu moisurvebT, Tqven dauyovnebliv<br />

miiRebT mas _ me mxolod Cems gamomcemels unda mivwero. amas garda, sxva<br />

gamomcemlobebSic gamovida Cemi wignebi, romelTagan erTi italiurad<br />

iTargmna saTauriT: `Le trecce di Medea~ (Casa Editore “Sperling und Kupfer”, Milano).<br />

gisurvebT yovelive naTels!<br />

guliTadad Tqveni grigori tites Ze robaqiZe.<br />

261

262<br />

3<br />

21. 6. 1958.<br />

viaCeslav ivanoviC,<br />

didi madloba Tqveni sapasuxo werilisaTvis. vxarob TqvenTan momavali<br />

Sexvedris gamo. me ukve mivwere Cems gamomcemels da imedi maqvs, is male<br />

gamogigzavniT Cems wigns `Dämon und Mythos~. es wigni me davwere, rogorc<br />

`werilebi~ _ uxilavi Zmisadmi.<br />

gisurveb yovelive naTels!<br />

guliTadad Tqveni grigori robaqiZe.<br />

misamarTi: Grigol Robakidze, Capri, Villa Floridiana.<br />

4<br />

27. 1. 1939.<br />

Zvirfaso viaCeslav ivanoviC,<br />

Cemi Sexvedra TqvenTan romSi gasuli wlis ivlisSi Cems cxovrebaSi<br />

uqrob alad darCeba. me saubarma ise gamitaca, rom damaviwyda kidec mekiTxa<br />

saxeli da mamis saxeli Tqveni megobari qalisa, Tqvens simSvides ase mzrunvelad<br />

rom ufrTxildeboda. guliTadi salami mas. Tqven albaT ukve miiReT<br />

Cemi wigni `Die Hütter des Grals~. masSi Tqveni sibrZnis nakvalevsac naxavT. Cemi<br />

meuRle elena rusia (da, Sesabamisad, arieli), dabadebidan fialkina,<br />

Reichschriftumskamer-is wevri. is arielia, apirebs italiis monaxulebas. aqaur<br />

italiur sakonsuloSi, roca is anketis furclebs avsebda, kiTxvaze: ra<br />

SeiZleba misces mas Referenz-ma _ Tqveni saxelic moixsenia. vimedovneb, rom<br />

amis sawinaaRmdego araferi geqnebaT. Tu Tqven SegekiTxebian, SegiZliaT<br />

upasuxoT, rom Tqven me micnobT da Cems cnobebs endobiT. _ am Tveebis<br />

manZilze bevri ram gadavitane. amaze sxva dros. gisurvebT yovelive naTels.<br />

Tqveni grigori robaqiZe.<br />

safosto Ria baraTia. mis wina mxares misamarTia:<br />

Grigol Robakidze. Berlin. W.50, Nahodstr.9.<br />

5<br />

14. 4. 1939.<br />

Berlin. W. 50. Nahodstr.9.<br />

Zvirfaso viaCeslav ivanoviC,<br />

Tqvenma sasiamovno striqonebma didi sixaruli momitana. gmadlobT.<br />

vimedovneb, Paeschke (germaneli poeti — m.k.) mogewonaT, cota `Seupovaria~,<br />

mtkice (ZiebaTa sferoSi) _ da es axalgazrdobis gamoa. Cemi coli am<br />

dReebSi italiaSi moemgzavreba. is Tqven moginaxulebT da ruseTis mcire<br />

nawils CamogitanT. is oriolidanaa. me vmuSaob axal wignze `Atlantischer<br />

Traum”. masSi Tqven Tqvens genialur winaswarWvretaTa nakvalevs naxavT: am

SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi maqvs Terror antiquus. amocana, romelic Cems Tavs<br />

davusaxe, gansakuTrebiT rTulia. me msurs warmovaCino Cveni dReebis<br />

adamiani, romelic sulierad _ da, SesaZloa, rasasTan mimarTebaSic, _<br />

atlantebis STamomavalia. warmateba misurveT _ ise, Sinaganad, usityvod.<br />

araa gamoricxuli, rom Semodgomaze kvlav movinaxuleb italias. cxadia,<br />

rasakvirvelia, igulisxmeba _ maSin Tqven SegxvdebiT. CemTvis aucilebelia,<br />

gesaubroT mraval arsebiT saganze.<br />

gisurvebT wynar, naTel dReebs. Tqveni Grigol Robakidze.<br />

guliTadi mokiTxva Tqvens megobar qals.<br />

6<br />

8. 6. 1939.<br />

Zvirfaso viaCeslav ivanoviC,<br />

gwerT ienidan, sadac stumrad var Cems gamomcemelTan Diederichs-Tan. Cemi<br />

coli ukve dabrunda italiidan. samwuxarod, cudma amindma mas xeli<br />

SeuSala, bolomde damTvraliyo am kurTxeuli qveynis saTaveebiT.. mis<br />

xsovnaSi waruSlelad darCeba ori Sexvedra TqvenTan. is moxiblulia Tqveni<br />

pirovnebiT, rogorc rusi da rogorc adamiani. Paeschke ki mxolod Tqvenze<br />

laparakobs.. Cemma colma gadmomca Tqveni sityvebi: dae, g. t. (grigol tites<br />

Ze — m.k.) nu gadamiyvarebs. aman cremlebamde SemZra. eWvi nu SegeparebaT Cems<br />

Tqvendami siyvarulSi. viaCeslav ivanoviC, me bolomde erTguli var maTi,<br />

visTanac Sexvedra CemSi am grZnobas badebs. ar aris ganSoreba, ese igi,<br />

sikvdilic ar arsebobs. im mcirericxovan adamianTa Soris, romlebmac me<br />

samyaros saidumloebebs maziares, erT-erTi pirveli adgili Tqvens saxels<br />

uWiravs. amas Cemi wignebic mowmobs.. vfiqrob, rom adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa,<br />

romelic `gadmogdebulia~ samyaroSi, viTarca SemoqmedebiTi proeqti.<br />

man raRac punqtSi ori nakadi unda ganaxorcielos _ Tqveni gansazRvrebiT<br />

_ es roiaa. RvTaebrivi da araRvTaebrivi. adamiani unda gaxdes zepirovnulis<br />

pirovnuli xati. _ da amaSia azri samsxverplo gzisa RmerTisa adamianisaken,<br />

iseve, rogorc ukan, aseve, samsxverplo gza adamianisa RmerTisaken.<br />

am amocanas yvela erTnairad ver xsnis, da amitom yvela araa erTnairad<br />

ukvdavi gonebiT kosmiurad da ara metafizikurad. amaSi me Rrmad var darwmunebuli.<br />

aqedan: rogori sixaruli unda ewvios adamians, roca is uecrad<br />

xvdeba vinmes, romelSic es ori nakadi _ misi ZaliTa da monacemebiT ukiduresad<br />

bolomde amoxsnilia. amaze dawvrilebiT _ piradad. romSi albaT<br />

agvistoSi viqnebi. winaswar vtkbebi TqvenTan saubris sixaruliT _<br />

`piTagoreulad~.<br />

gisurvebT yovelive naTels! Tqveni Grigol Robakidze.<br />

P.S. guliTadi salami Tqvens megobar qals. vici, rom TqvenTvis Znelia<br />

werilebze pasuxis gacema. amitom pasuxs ar veli. mxolod erTi Txovna maqvs<br />

TqvenTan: Rrma ganWvretis wuTebSi xandaxan Cemzec ifiqreT.<br />

263

damowmebani:<br />

kakabaZe 1992: kakabaZe n. grigol robaqiZis germanuli portreti. `literatura<br />

da xelovneba~, 1992, № 5-6.<br />

nikolskaia 2002: nikolskaia t. grigol robaqiZe da viaCeslav ivanovi. _<br />

rusul-italiuri arqivi II. Semdgenlebi: daniela rici da andrei SiSkini.<br />

salerno: 2002 (rusul enaze).<br />

nikolskaia 1991: nikolskaia t. saqarTvelos dionise. rusuli enidan Targmna<br />

merab kostavam. `mnaTobi~, 1991, № 6.<br />

robaqiZe 2010: robaqiZe gr. musolini. germanuli endan Targmna da komentarebi<br />

daurTo nana gogolaSvilma. Tb.: `artanuji~, 2010.<br />

xomeriki 2010: xomeriki m. `gvelis perangis~ kodi. Tb.: `universali~, 2010.<br />

interneti ivanov: www.v.-ivanov.it.<br />

interneti russinitalia: www.russinitalia.it.<br />

Manana Kvataia<br />

264<br />

Grigol Robakidze in Italy – Epistolary Allusions<br />

Summary<br />

Each revealed unknown text, source or document adds a new trait to the portrait <strong>of</strong><br />

Grigol Robakidze as a person and creator. Moreover, these materials reflect the life <strong>of</strong><br />

Grigol Robakidze in exile. The less known details from Robakidze’s biography in the<br />

period between the years 1938 and 1939 are specified from the personal letters written by<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> writer to the known Russian thinker Vyacheslav Ivanov the originals <strong>of</strong> which<br />

are kept in Rome, in V.Ivanov’s archive. They were first published by T.Nikolskaya. The<br />

xerox copies <strong>of</strong> these letters were kindly provided to us by Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Andrei Shishkin, the<br />

director <strong>of</strong> the Centre d'études Vjatcheslav Ivanov (Rome). In this paper, the unknown<br />

epistolary allusions are analyzed and the details <strong>of</strong> G.Robakidze’s biography and<br />

creativity are specified. Here we also deal with the relations between Robakidze and<br />

Ivanov, the nuances <strong>of</strong> their meeting in Italy. On the basis <strong>of</strong> the aforesaid, personal letters<br />

and analysis <strong>of</strong> the writer’s creations, the details <strong>of</strong> Robakidze’s journey to Italy in 1938<br />

have been restored. According to the epistolary material G.Robakdze stayed in Italy almost<br />

for two months – from the end <strong>of</strong> May 1938 till the end <strong>of</strong> July. At that time he worked at<br />

his essay “Mussolini”, though in the mentioned letters there is no mentioning <strong>of</strong> this fact. It<br />

appears that in parallel with this the writer worked at “Atlantic Dream” (Atlantischer<br />

Traum) the text <strong>of</strong> which has been unknown till present. The <strong>Georgian</strong> translation <strong>of</strong> the<br />

letters written by Robakidze to V.Ivanov in Russian language is attached to the paper.

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe<br />

`tragikuli xmis~ lirikosis emigraciamdeli Ziebani<br />

(marina cvetaevas pirveli wignis 100 wlisTavisaTvis)<br />

lirikos poets qmnis sami umTavresi Semadgeneli: Txzvis bunebrivi niWi,<br />

pirovnuli xasiaTi, romelic uciloblad aisaxeba nawerSi da misi cxovrebis<br />

droisa da sivrcis Tanamdevi bedi. marina cvetaevasTan mimarTebaSi es sami<br />

komponenti sruli ZalisxmeviT aris gamovlenili da, vfiqrobT, swored<br />

maTma erTobliobam Camoayaliba marina cvetaevas, XX saukunis didi rusi<br />

poetis, fenomeni. marina cvetaevas ioseb brodskim `tragikuli xmis~ poeti<br />

uwoda da amiT unikalur sinamdvileze migvaniSna. lirikosebs, tradiciulad,<br />

iSviaTad ZaluZT tragikulis simaRlemde asvla. amaSia misi uCveulobis<br />

magaliTic.<br />

niWiereba marinas genetikurad mosdgamda: mamamisi, filologi da xelovnebaTmcodne,<br />

moskovis universitetis pr<strong>of</strong>esori iyo. manve daaarsa<br />

moskovis natifi xelovnebis muzeumi (axla puSkinis saxelobisa). deda _<br />

gamorCeuli niWis pianisti, rubinSteinis mowafe, poeziiTa da xelovnebiT<br />

gatacebuli qalbatoni.<br />

marinas xasiaTi da individualoba adreul asakSi dastyobia. amitom<br />

gaCenila dedis gamoTqma: marina `aT saxedarze jiutiao~. marinas dedis<br />

xasiaTi gamohyolia. `...marinaSi maria aleqsandrovnam Zalian adre Seicno<br />

sakuTari Tavi, Tavisi romantizmi, faruli vnebianoba. man SvilSi aRmoaCina<br />

is naklovanebebi, rac talants axlavs, dainaxa Tavisi Rirsebac da naklic,<br />

da kidev misic... deda cdilobda moeTvinierebina da daexvewa Svilis xasiaTi...<br />

marinasTan brZolaSi deda ibrZoda SvilisTvis, Tan gulis siRrmeSi<br />

amayobda, rom ver moaxerxebda masze gamarjvebas!..~ _ ixsenebs ariadna<br />

efroni, marina cvetaevas ufrosi qaliSvili (efroni 1989: 29).<br />

sakuTari SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmena marinas adreul asakSive Zlierad<br />

gamohxatvia. man icoda im dros romeli poeti rogor werda, SeeZlo sinamdvilis<br />

logikuri da obieqturi gansja da kidev gverdidan danaxva Tavisi<br />

unarisa. 1914 wels marina dRiurSi Cawers: `Seuryevlad mwams Cemi leqsebisa~.<br />

rwmena sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi Zalisa da, rac mTavaria, momavlis<br />

ganWvretisa, jer kidev 1913 wels gamoxata poetma:<br />

Cems leqsebs, ise adre dawerilT,<br />

ros ar vicodi, viyav mgosani,<br />

ze amoxeTqilT Sadrevnis Wavlad,<br />

cad molivliveT, viTa frTosanni,<br />

eSmakunebad Semovardnilebs<br />

gundrukiT savse naTel taZarSi,<br />

leqsebs sikvdils Tu siymawvileze,<br />

uinteresod SeyrilT RadarSi,<br />

maRaziebis mtverSi gabneulT<br />

(ar Sehxebia aravin wamiT!),<br />

Cems leqsebs, rogorc Zvirfas Rvinoebs,<br />

xval daudgebaT Tavisi Jami. ∗<br />

∗ statiaSi damowmebuli leqsebis Targmani Sesrulebulia Cven mier (qurdovaniZe 2006).<br />

265

marina adre darCa dedis gareSe, magram rogorc mogvianebiT Tavad ityvis,<br />

dedam moaswro masze `safuZvelCamyreli zegavlenis~ moxdena. Svils<br />

Seayvara `musika, buneba, leqsebi...~ poeturi bunebis mqone mgrZnobiare bav-<br />

SvSi, Cans, am periodidan iCina martoobisagan gaqcevis mcdeloba, romlebic<br />

realobaSi imedgacruebuli dabrunebiT sruldeboda. gangebis nebiT, saku-<br />

Tari Tavis es uSedego Ziebebi poetis am qveynidan gasvlamde ar dasrulebula.<br />

Tavad marinac mogvianebiT Tavis `srul martoobas~ bedis wyevlad<br />

aRiarebs.<br />

isev marinas xasiaTi vlindeba imaSi, rom Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi miatova<br />

moskovis kerZo gimnaziis merve klasi da gaemgzavra parizSi, sorbonis universitetSi,<br />

sadac moismina Zveli franguli literaturis mokle kursi. am<br />

periodisaTvis marina cvetaeva ukve poetad grZnobs Tavs, wers rusul,<br />

frangul da germanul enebze, ibeWdeba kidec. pirveli poeturi krebuli<br />

`saRamos albomi~ ojaxisgan malulad 1910 wels gamosca. mis debiuts gamoexmaurnen<br />

cnobili rusi simbolistebi.<br />

valeri briusovma SeniSna poetis udavo niWiereba, yuradReba SeaCera<br />

realur y<strong>of</strong>asTan mis siaxloveze, moewona misi miswrafeba, Tvali gaesworebina<br />

yoveldRiurobis, namdvili cxovrebisTvis, Tan urCia wvrilmanebze ar<br />

gaeflanga niWi (briusovi 1912: 197-198).<br />

nikalai gumiliovma dainaxa marinas bunebrivi niWi, Sinagani originaloba.<br />

`bevri siaxlea am wignSi, _ werda igi, _ uCveuloa Tamami (zogjer zedmeti)<br />

intimuroba; axalia Temebi, magaliTad, bavSvuri trfialeba; axalia<br />

cxovrebis wvrilmanebiT uSualo, gauazrebeli tkboba...~ am leqsebSi instinqturad<br />

napovnia poeziis yvela umTavresi kanoni, ase rom, es wigni ara<br />

marto ymawvilqalur aRiarebaTa, aramed mSvenieri leqsebis sasiamovno<br />

wignicaa (gumiliovi 1923: 113-114).<br />

maqsimilian voloSinma leqsiT aRniSna marina cvetaevas debiuti. poeti<br />

gakvirvebiT kiTxulobda: vin daajildova axalgazrda qali aseTi naTeli<br />

ferebiT, sityvaTa sizustiT, ymawviluri alersidan gazafxulis<br />

axalmTvarobis sizmrebamde _ yovelives gadmocemis siTamamiT (cvetaeva<br />

1990: 8).<br />

simbolisturi poeziis metrebis gamoxmaureba, da, rac mTavaria, aRiareba,<br />

rom maTi, modernistuli muzis msaxurTa, miswrafebebis sapirispirod,<br />

marina cvetaeva realuri samyaros Sesaxeb sainteresod wers da dedamiwaze<br />

dgas, ukve gamarjveba iyo. miT umetes, im periodSi, roca mTeli rusuli<br />

poezia jer kidev mravalganStoebiani simbolisturi ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobiT<br />

iyo moculi.<br />

am konteqstSi aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom arc marina cvetaevas<br />

poetad Camoyalibebis gza iyo sworxazovani. marTalia, xanmokle, magram mainc<br />

Ziebis procesSi icvlebodnen kumirebi, Tumca ki ukvalod ara. axalgazrdis<br />

cnobiereba swrafad yalibdeboda. cvetaevas mcodneebi gansakuTrebiT<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>en Tavisi eqspresiulobiT cnobil esTet poetesa grafinia de<br />

noailsa da mxatvar maria baSkircevas, Tumca imasac miuTiTeben, rom arc<br />

poeti qalis leqsebi da arc mxatvris intimuri dRiurebi ar miiCneoda ma-<br />

Ral literaturad (orlovi, 1990: 9). marina ki, rogorc irkveva, kiTxulobda<br />

bevrs da sxvadasxva xasiaTis wigns. am periodSic marina isev gatacebulia<br />

al. puSkiniTa (misi `boSebi~ pirvelad Svidi wlisam waikiTxa) da m. lermontovis<br />

leqsebiT, uyvars germaneli romantikosebi, gansakuTrebiT goeTe da<br />

haine, aseve baironi.<br />

266

Teqvsmeti wlis poetis sakuTar xmaze amRerebiTa da namdvili adamianuri<br />

grZnobebis Seufarav poetur formaSi gacxadebiT marina cvetaevam sazogadoebis<br />

yuradReba miiqcia, magram aRiarebis misaRwevad kidev bevri unda<br />

eSroma, rasac didi siamovnebiT akeTebda.<br />

1912 wels marina cvetaeva misTvis esoden sasurvel sergei efronze<br />

gaTxovda. maT Turme kokteblis sanapiroze naxes erTmaneTi. `...sergeis gansacvifrebeli<br />

didi nacrisferi Tvalebi naxevar saxes ufaravda da marinam<br />

maTSi rom Caixeda, yvelaferi winaswar ganWvrita. CauTqva: Tu sardions<br />

ipovis da maCuqebs, colad gavyvebi! vaJma vardisferi, Signidan ganaTebuli<br />

mozrdili qva, rasakvirvelia, maSinve ipova xeliscecebiT, radgan ver<br />

swyvetda Tvals marinas mwvane Tvalebs da sardioni xelSi Caudo...~ (efroni<br />

1989: 30).<br />

es iyo erTi naxviT Seyvareba. sergei marinas maradiuli siyvaruli iyo.<br />

igi iqca marinas lirikis erT-erT mTavar Temad, radgan maTi uRrublo<br />

siyvaruli arc ise xangrZlivi gamodga. wuxilis xma ukve 1914 wlis ivnisSi<br />

gaisma. leqsSi `Я с вызовом ношу его кольцо!~ marina Tavis ganwyobilebas qmris<br />

portretis xatvis saSualebiT gadmogvcems: mdumare piri, daRma damavali<br />

tuCebiTa da mwuxared moWmuxnili warbebiT, Txeli tani, rogorc susti rto<br />

da umSvenieresi, magram usargeblo Tvalebi _ ori ufskruli. aseT mdgomareobaSic<br />

marinasaTvis umTavresia leqsis gmiris Rirsebis rwmena. poeti<br />

xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom mowyenil vaJs saxe im raindisa aqvs, visac ar eSinia<br />

sikvdilisa, SeuZlia sabediswero Jams daweros leqsi da mere jvars ecvas.<br />

es poetis idealia. biografebis cnobiT, es leqsi col-qmars Soris xanmokle<br />

ganxeTqilebis gamoZaxilia, magram marina maRldeba am banalur mizezze da<br />

mZafr dramatul suraTs qmnis, axerxebs mkiTxvels SeagrZnobinos gancdis<br />

simZime. am periodSi marina cvetaevas es ukve SeeZlo.<br />

es erTi niuansia, romelmac adreul leqsSi gaielva. ioseb brodskim<br />

marina cvetaevas mTeli Semoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT ori fundamenturi<br />

daskvniT gaxsna misi poeziis buneba: pirveli, marina sinamdviles tragikulad<br />

aRiqvamda da es tragizmi konkretulma rTulma epoqam an poetis biografiam<br />

ki ar ganapiroba, aramed is marinas Sinagani mdgomareobis gamoxatuleba<br />

iyo. aman marina bolomde Seurigebeli datova samyaroSi gamefebuli<br />

wesrigis mimarT. da meore, rac ukve stilistikis sakiTxia. cvetaevasTvis<br />

mudam mTavari iyo bgera, iseTi gulwrfeli bgera, rogoric mxolod tkivilnarevi<br />

yviriliT gamoixateba. misi xmis Tviseba is iyo, rom metyvelebas<br />

yovelTvis iwyebda maRali registris zRvarze oqtavis im bolodan, romlis<br />

Semdeg mxolod daRmarTi, anda, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, plato unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo.<br />

Tumca mis xmas imdenad tragikuli tembri hqonda, rom nebismieri xangrZlivobis<br />

JReradobis drosac uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>da zeasvlis SegrZnebas<br />

(brodski 1997: 27,29,63).<br />

marina cvetaevas mgrZnobiare naturas mudam Tan axlavda sulieri<br />

mRelvareba, rasac xSirad poeti tragikulobamde amZafrebda:<br />

ar vfiqrob, ar vCivi, ar vdardob,<br />

ar mZinavs.<br />

mze, mTvare, zRva da xomaldebi<br />

ar mxiblavs.<br />

ver vgrZnob, am kedlebSi ra buRi<br />

dgas cxeli.<br />

baRSi ki elavs mwvane feri.<br />

267

268<br />

saCuqars, nanatrs da sasurvels,<br />

ar veli.<br />

ar maxalisebs dila, arca<br />

tramvais srbola.<br />

veRar SevigrZnob dRes, ver avdev<br />

drois qrolas.<br />

var sacekvaod dakidebuli<br />

CaWril bagirze.<br />

me var aCrdili sxvisi Crdilis<br />

da bnel mTvareTa mTvareuli<br />

ucxo napirze.<br />

marina cvetaeva ganwyobilebis Seqmnisa da misi mkiTxvelisaTvis sacnaurad<br />

qmnis didostatia. poetis grZnobaTa bunebidan gamomdinare, es ganwyobileba<br />

maJoruli TiTqmis ar aris:<br />

fxizelo Ramev, Savo, viT guga.<br />

rogorac guga, mSTanTqmelo naTlis _<br />

me Sen miyvarxar!<br />

Sen, simReraTa dambadebelo dido dedao,<br />

vis xelT gipyria sadaveebi oTxi qarisa,<br />

xma momamadle, Segasxa qeba:<br />

roca Sen gixmob,<br />

roca mogiZRvni qebaTa qebas,<br />

sxva arara var, Tu ar niJara,<br />

sad okeane jer ar mdumarebs.<br />

Ramev!<br />

mravaljer momixilavs<br />

adamianTa gugebis siRrme!...<br />

damferfle, Ramev!<br />

Savo mzev _ Ramev!<br />

cvetaeva arasodes erideboda grZnobaTa Tavisuflad gamoxatvas. igi<br />

saerTod mZafrad aRiqvamda movlenebs da Tu Seufaravad arqmevda saxelebs<br />

sagnebs, es imitom xdeboda, rom, rogorc Tanamedroveebi ambobdnen, masSi<br />

`Seupovari sisxli~ Cqefda. Turme, marinas TviTgamoxatvis Tavisufleba da<br />

zogjer Cacmis stilic Soks hgvrida adamianebs. amis magaliTi bevria, maT<br />

Soris, poetis dis, anastasias, saqmrosadmi miZRvnili cnobili leqsi<br />

`momwons, rom CemiT ara xarT avad~, `mcnebebs ar vicav, ara vmdgarvar arc<br />

ziarebad~, osip mandelStamisadmi miZRvnili `saidana gaqvs Sen es sinaze?~ da<br />

kidev mravali sxva.<br />

mcnebebs ar vicav, ara vmdgarvar arc ziarebad.<br />

ver veRirsebi, udavoa, xsenebas lmobiT.<br />

codvilad vrCebi, isev vcodav, rogorc vcodavdi,<br />

vnebaTaRelviT, RvTiT boZebul xuTive grZnobiT.<br />

Tanamzraxvelno! megobarno! Cemno moZRvarno:<br />

Tqvenc rom CemsaviT codvilni xarT, aravis uTqvams?<br />

Rrubelno, xeno, qal-vaJno da caze varskvlavno,<br />

erTad warvudgeT samsjavroze pasuxad ufals.

marinas aseTi Tavisufleba miT ufro TvalSisacemi iyo ukve aRiarebuli<br />

poetis, ana axmatovas, kdemamosilebis, gancdaTa gamoxatvis mSvidi maneris<br />

fonze, magram poeziiT gatacebulni marinas mSvenier qmnilebebs mainc ver<br />

uvlidnen gverds. bunebrivia, WeSmariti poeziis mravali damfasebeli xvdeboda,<br />

rom saqme gvqonda ori uniWieresi poeti-qalbatonis temperamentTa<br />

gansxvavebulobasTan.<br />

poetis nacnobebis monaTxrobis garda, leqsebidanac aSkarad ikveTeba,<br />

rom marina cvetaeva arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila pepelasaviT nazad m<strong>of</strong>arfate, bumbuliviT<br />

msubuqi mesityve. igi lirikosia, magram mReris ara koloraturuli<br />

sopranoTi, aramed misi gulidan amodis farTo dipazonis dramatuli<br />

sopranos xma. misi leqsidan mZafr emocias iRebs mkiTxveli da ZneladRa<br />

Tavisufldeba misgan. imavdroulad, roca Zlier siyvarulze (vgoneb, nel-<br />

Tbili misTvis yvelaferi miuRebeli iyo) wers, marinaSi mgrZnobiare, rbili<br />

da mosiyvarule qali iRviZebs, misi leqsebi ivseba ufaqizesi lirizmiT (`Я<br />

страница твоему перу...~ , `Как правая и левая рука...~ da sxv.)<br />

marjvena xeli viT axloa marcxena xelTan,<br />

ise axloa suli Cemi Sens sulis bWesTan.<br />

da ros vnetarebT siaxloviT bednierebi,<br />

erTobasa vgrZnobT marjvena da marcxena frTebis.<br />

magram grigali movardeba da ori guli<br />

marjvniv da marcxniv gaiy<strong>of</strong>a didi ufskruliT.<br />

marina cvetaevas poeziaSi ver SexvdebiT erTferovnebiT daRdasmul<br />

leqsebs. amis mizezi upirvelesad aris poetis TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adi niWi, Semdeg<br />

piradi cxovrebis mouwesrigebloba, dauwynarebeli sulieri mRelvareba da<br />

amasTan is sazogadoebrivi ambebi, romlebic nebsiT Tu uneblied Tavs exvia<br />

ruseTs da, maSasadame, marina cvetaevas ojaxsac: poetis qmari TeTrgvardielTa<br />

rigebSi aRmoCnda da omma ojaxs Camoacila. marina qmris werilebs ar<br />

iRebda, magram esmoda, sikvdilis rogor gzebze atarebdnen maT wiTeli mowinaaRmdegeebi...<br />

marto darCenilma ukiduresad gaWirvebulma marinam Tav-<br />

SesafarSi miabara qaliSvilebi (umcrosi, irina, uWmelobisgan dauZlurebuli<br />

iqve gardaicvala). am viTarebaSic, TviTmxilvelebis mowmobiT, marinas<br />

xsna Tavdauzogav SromaSi iyo. miuxedavad yvela sirTulisa, marina<br />

cvetaevas sulis siZliere mraval leqsSia gamJRavnebuli. am mxriv uTuod<br />

imsaxurebs yuradRebas usaTauro ` Я тебя отвоюю у всех земель, у всех небес...~<br />

sayuradReboa aseve leqsi `Кто создан из камня, кто создан из глины~:<br />

zogi moziles yviTeli TixiT,<br />

sxva ki qvisagan aris naTali,<br />

me vercxlad vbrwyinav, mzisken mavali,<br />

mqvia marina, momwons Ralati,<br />

zRvis qafad movel, var warmavali.<br />

vinc Tixisagan aris nazeli,<br />

vinc gaCenila xorcTa WidiliT,<br />

elis saflavi cremliT, tiriliT.<br />

_ me zRvis embazSi gamnaTles rwmeniT<br />

da qrolva Cemi mTavrdeba msxvreviT.<br />

269

270<br />

Cems Tavnebobas ar aqvs borkili,<br />

gulebs umal kveTs da kedlebs aqcevs.<br />

Cems Tavqarian lokonebs xedav?<br />

me miwierad ra ZaliT maqcev?<br />

Tqveni granitis muxlebi mamsxvrevs,<br />

magram aRmadgens yoveli talRa!<br />

maS gaumarjos talRis aqoCvras,<br />

da mxiarul qafs, aziduls maRla.<br />

poetisaTvis sruliad gausaZlis periodSi uamravi leqsi mieZRvna qmars.<br />

am monologebSi (maTSi uciloblad igrZnoba dialogis adresati) sxvadasxva<br />

Temaa xmamaRali fiqris sagani. igi aRiarebs: `... didi simware mohyva mzi-<br />

TevSi// Tqveni RimiliT Cems gadacdenas~. amis miuxedavad, ucvlelia marinas<br />

siyvarulis siZliere, mdgomareobasTan Seugueblobis dramatuli simZafre,<br />

sulis wuxili da sicocxlismoyvare martoxela qalis sindisis qenjnaze<br />

miniSneba. angeloziviT raindi TeTri ZegliviT adgas mis mfeTqav guls:<br />

Tavisufali frenisTvis naSobs<br />

meklituliviT midgaxar mcveli.<br />

Sen xar mzveravi CemTa RameTa<br />

cismare dilas zarTa mrekveli...<br />

elena aizenSteinis dakvirvebiT, leqsebSi mkafiod ikveTeba cvetaevas<br />

cxovrebasTan Seusabamoba (amaze i. brodskic miuTiTebs). marinas ar SeuZlia<br />

sxvebiviT uxarodes. misi amqveynad y<strong>of</strong>na hgavs cxovrebis TamaSs, rolis<br />

Sesrulebas da yvela misi `celqoba~ qvisebr uimedoa, radgan is poetia,<br />

qandakebaa, romelic cxovrebisTvis ki ar aris mowodebuli, aramed leqsTa<br />

TxzvisaTvis (aizenStaini 2000: 15).<br />

didi siyvaruli didi tkivilis Tanamgzavria, magram am mdgomareobis<br />

daZlevaSi poets exmareboda sergei efronis aRiareba, romelic erTma<br />

werilma Semoinaxa: `Cveni Sexvedra udidesi saswauli iyo... mTeli Cveni gan-<br />

Sorebis manZilze _ yoveli dRe, yoveli saaTi _ Tqven CemTan iyaviT, CemSi<br />

iyaviT..~ (qurdovaniZe 2008: 225). amis codnas simSvide moaqvs, magram cxovreba<br />

mainc Tavisas moiTxovs. leqsSi `Пригвождена~ poeti gvarwmunebs, rom<br />

bedniereba misTvis wamieri sinamdvile, ufro ki warmosaxuli, efemeruli<br />

realoba iyo, romelTanac miaxloebas moaxerxebda Tu ara, igi umal<br />

qreboda:<br />

Zveli slavuri zneobis ZaliT<br />

samarcxvino boZs var milursmuli:<br />

Sublze daRi maqvs, mkerds miwovs gveli.<br />

me ki vamtkiceb: wminda maqvs guli!<br />

CemSi simSvide aris morwmunis,<br />

romelic elis did ziarebas.<br />

ra davaSave, me xom xelgawvdiT<br />

daveZeb mxolod bednierebas...<br />

marina cvetaevas bunebisaTvis martooba mtanjveli realobaa. mas sZuls<br />

es mdgomareoba. leqsSi ` Мой путь не лежит мимо дома - твоего~ poeti aRiarebs:

`...kvali mebneva // gansakuTrebiT gazafxulobiT // da mainc, vwvalob,<br />

vwrialeb xalxSi, // rogorac ZaRli mTvarian RamiT...~<br />

martoobas ukavSirdeba poetis mier mravalgzis damuSavebuli Ramisa da<br />

uZilobis Temebi. Tavisi winamorbedi simbolistebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

marina cvetaeva mistikurad ar Wvrets Rameul samyaros, ar aidealebs sibneles<br />

da ar gamoTqvams Ramis ukuneTSi SeRwevis survils. poets megobroba<br />

ki ar unda RamesTan, aramed misgan Tavdaxsna, sulis mosaTqmelad vinmesTan<br />

dalaparakeba: `vSfoTav, mZuls uxmo, usulo saxli~, _ ambobs igi da ukanmouxedavad<br />

garbis quCaSi, raTa iq moZebnos ganaTebuli fanjrebi, romelTa<br />

iqiT SesaZlebel sicocxlesa da sixaruls Wvrets da roca poulobs, uxaria.<br />

Tavad ki mxolod Civili SeuZlia: `simSvide gonebam Cemma versad da verafriT<br />

hpova~. vfiqrobT, swored am aRiarebaSi ikiTxeba safuZveli poetis pirovnuli<br />

tragizmisa, romelic mis SemoqmedebaSic Zlierad gamJRavnda.<br />

marinas arc mosveneba moswons, radgan misi buneba sazogadod ver egueba<br />

modunebas, umoqmedobas.<br />

marina cvetaevas poeziaSi aqtiuri, moZravi, daumonavi suli mefobs.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, sworad SeniSna v. orlovma, rom cvetaevasTan siyvaruli<br />

`sabediswero orTabrZolas~ hgavs. davamatebT, rom marina cvetaevas siyvaruli<br />

am brZolis yvela safexurs gadis. poetisTvis siyvaruli yovelTvis<br />

dapirispirebaa da, rogorc wesi, ganxeTqilebiT mTavrdeba. isev v. orlovis<br />

TqmiT, misi satrfialo lirika, mTlianad poeziis msgavsad, xmamaRalia,<br />

farTomasStabiania, hiperbolizebulia, dauokebelia.<br />

marina cvetaevas grZnobaTa bunebas kargad warmoaCens misi erTi leqsis<br />

fragmenti, romelSic poeti dakargul satrfos ucxadebs Tavis nebas: sadac<br />

gind iyo _ mainc gipovi // da simwris gzebiT Tan wamogiyvan. // zRvaTa<br />

ufskrulebs guls amovuReb // da mis fskeridan ze amogiyvan. // cotac<br />

moica! me yvelgana var: // ciskaric var da ganZic miwis qveS, // me purica var<br />

da amosunTqvac. // var da viqnebi da tuCebs Sensas,// rogorc RmerTi suls,<br />

davisakuTreb...<br />

yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom `vercxlis saukunis~ poeziam gansakuTrebuli<br />

wvlili Seitana rusuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi. am dros moRvaweobdnen<br />

poeziis kaSkaSa varskvlavebi da ar aris gasakviri, rom erTmaneTis<br />

mimarT paeqrobis grZnoba gasCenodaT. kritikosebi SeniSnaven, rom moskoveli<br />

poetebi farulad Tu xilulad dapirispirebulni iyvnen `parnaselebTan~<br />

(saakianci 1981: 9). es, bunebrivia, ar niSnavda erTmaneTis poeturi niWis<br />

daufaseblobas. marina kargad icnobda da moxibluli iyo ana axmatovas<br />

poeturi xmiT da Tavisi aRfrTovaneba misdami miZRvnil ciklSi (12 leqsi)<br />

gamoxata. TanamedroveTagan eTayvaneboda aleqsandre blokis poetur da<br />

pirovnul Rirsebebs da Tumca piradad ar icnobda (orjer Sexvda, magram<br />

moerida gasacnobad misvla), 16 leqsi miuZRvna. afasebda osip mandelStamis<br />

da sergei eseninis niWs, moswonda da megobrobda boris pasternaksa da ilia<br />

erenburgTan. marina boris pasternaks Tanamedroveobis saukeTeso poetad<br />

Tvlida, romelmac axali forma ki ar Seqmna, aramed warmoaCina poeziis arsi,<br />

rac axal formasac gulisxmobda. marinas aseve gamorCeuli damokidebuleba<br />

hqonda rainer maria rilkesa da mis poeziasTan.<br />

ilia erenburgi wers: marina cvetaevaSi Serwymuli iyo Zvelmoduri<br />

Tavazianoba da meamboxeoba, harmoniis mimarT mowiweba da sulieri ryevebisadmi<br />

midrekileba, ukiduresi siamaye da usazRvro ubraloeba. misi<br />

271

cxovreba gonebis gamobrwyinebaTa da SecdomaTa gorgali iyo (erenburgi<br />

1956: 711).<br />

marTebulad aris SeniSnuli, rom marina cvetaevas, poetisa da adamianis,<br />

sicocxlis vnebiT Sepyrobili suli dapirispirebulia miwier y<strong>of</strong>iTobasTan.<br />

igi SedarebiT srulad miwieris zRvars miRma gamoixateba da amas<br />

ukvdaveba hqvia. samanis gadalaxvis da mis iqiT gasvlis swrafva, faqtobrivad,<br />

Tan sdevs da aerTianebs poetis mTel Semoqmedebas (zubova 1987: 5).<br />

simbolisti poetebi did interess iCendnen wignur-romantikuli warmomavlobis<br />

Temebisadmi. isini amuSavebdnen miTologiur da literaturul<br />

siuJetebs da axali interpretaciiT warmoadgendnen gardasul cxovrebas.<br />

es interesi marina cvetaevasTanac SeiniSneba. man daamuSava don-Juanisa da<br />

fsiqes Temebi, gasaocari mxatvruli ZaliT gaaTanamedrova orfeosisa da<br />

fedras istoriebi, Tavisi damokidebuleba gamoxata skviTebisa da <strong>of</strong>eliahamletis,<br />

Tezevsisa da ariadnas ambebis mimarT. Zveli istoriebis gadamu-<br />

Savebisas marina cvetaeva warmoCndeba, rogorc brwyinvale mesityve, azris<br />

sxartad da xatovnad gamoTqmis didostati. ai, hamletis problema, danaxuli<br />

<strong>of</strong>elias TvaliT:<br />

272<br />

ufliswulo hamlet!<br />

kmara Wiani sabados qeqva...<br />

egeb gijobdeT uyuroT vardebs.<br />

ifiqreT masze, visac cxovrebis<br />

kuTvnili Jami amoswurvia<br />

da Zlivs abJutebs boloRa sanTlebs...<br />

viT Caswvdebian ubiwoebi<br />

biwierebas ugono vnebis?<br />

ufro mZimea codva fedrasi,<br />

Tumc umRerian umankoebic.<br />

da umRereben! Tqven ki, uRonov,<br />

kvlav iavsityveT CxakuniT Zvlebis.<br />

ufliswulo hamlet!<br />

aalebuli sisxlisa gansja,<br />

umwikvlos saiT xelewifebis?..<br />

marina cvetaevam mraval Zvel siuJetTa Soris axali sicocxle da Jreradoba<br />

SesZina fedras miTs. poetma Tavisi grZnobebis Tanxvedra `aRmoaCina~<br />

fedras gancdebTan. piesis garda, marinam Seqmna ornawiliani leqsi, romelSic<br />

tragikuli simZafriT aris nagrZnobi sayvareli kacisagan uary<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

qalis sxeulisa da sulis tkivili.<br />

miTur-literaturuli Temebis safuZvelze axali nawarmoebis Seqmna,<br />

advili misaxvedria, rom Tavad poetis tkivilis gamoxatvas isaxavda miznad.<br />

leqsebis gacnobisas mkiTxveli grZnobs gacocxlebuli qalebis _ evridikes,<br />

hertrudas, fedrasadmi poetis solidarobas. sabolood ki, aSkaraa,<br />

rom marina Tavisi sayvareli adamianebis mimarT gamZafrebul (zogjer uary<strong>of</strong>il)<br />

siyvarulze moTqvams.<br />

rogorc Tavad marina ambobda, SemoqmedebaSi simaRle miiRweoda maSin,<br />

roca poeti Zlierad iyo damokidebuli mignebis wyurvilze da mignebis Semdgom<br />

saWiroebisamebr iyenebda mas. Tavad amas Tavdauzogavi SromiT aRwevda.<br />

rogorc ariadna ixsenebs, dedamisi yovel dRe dilidan SuadRemde Tavis

oTaxSi iketeboda, Tan Sehqonda ganuyreli papirosi da tolCiT yava da eTi-<br />

Seboda amqveyniur samyaros, misTvis socialurad yovlad mouwyobels, rogorc<br />

samSobloSi, ise sazRvargareT.<br />

meCveneba, rom cvetaevas cxovreba da poezia erTi gabmuli wuxilia,<br />

xangrZlivi amokvnesaa SigadaSig Sesveneba-amosunTqvebiT. rTulia Caswvde<br />

am isedac Znelad aRsaqmeli lirikis (gansakuTrebiT 20-iani wlebis Semdeg)<br />

siRrmeebs, Tu ar gaiTvaliswineb poetis grZnobaTa bunebas, mis winaaRmdegobriv<br />

xasiaTs, imas, rom gamudmebuli Sinagani daZabulobis pirobebSi<br />

Zlieri adamianisTvisac ki ra mZime WrilobebiT mTavrdeboda ocnebebisTvis<br />

Tavis mindobis Semdeg realobasTan dajaxeba.<br />

vzivar uSuqod, upurod, uwylod.<br />

RmerTi gansacdels imad migzavnis,<br />

fiqrobs cocxali Tan wamiyvanos<br />

zeciur samy<strong>of</strong>s, sanacvlod tanjvis.<br />

vzi. xmeli puris ara maqvs qerqic...<br />

perspeqtiva arcTu naTlad warmosadgeni momavlisa poetisTvis dam-<br />

Trgunvelia. marinas monologebSi gacxadebuli xmamaRali fiqrebi, rogorc<br />

wesi, dialogs gulisxmobs. igi saubrobs masTan, vinc gverdiT ar hyavs, unda<br />

hyavdes ki. mwuxare fiqrebi axvevia Tavs poets da surs ganWvritos xvalindeli<br />

dRe:<br />

o, Raribulo kerav Cemo! gaciebulo!<br />

vera, verafers Segadareb, mamiseulo!...<br />

dRe ukve dacxra. o, karo Cemo, Carazulo,<br />

hoi, Rameo, uZilov da usiyvarulov...<br />

o, macodina, rom civi zamTris didTovlobaSic<br />

Cemi borcvi isev iqneba yvavilobaSi.<br />

ocnebebi Znelad usruldeboda marinas, an asrulebuli natvra ar iyo<br />

xolme srulqmnili. ojaxma sazRvargareT SeZlo SeerTeba, nanatri vaJic<br />

gauCndaT, magram `bedi mdevari~ axla sxva mxridan axsenebda Tavs. 1933 wels<br />

moweril kerZo werilSi poeti ityobineba: siRatake, romelSic me vcxovrob,<br />

yovlad warmoudgenelia. araviTari saxsari ar gamaCnia, garda werisa. qmari<br />

avad aris da ver muSaobs. qaliSvili qudebis qsoviT Soulobs dReSi xuT<br />

franks, rac oTx kacs unda gveyos (8 wlis biWi myavs, giorgi). vcxovrobT, e.i.<br />

ubralod SimSilisagan nel-nela gvxdeba suli...<br />

isic unda gavixsenoT, rom am dros leqsebs presaSi dasabeWdad Zalian<br />

iSviaTad iRebdnen da marina iZulebuli iyo prozauli nawarmoebebi ewera.<br />

am periodSi, iZulebiTi prozaikosobis xans, marina cvetaevam Seqmna Zalze<br />

saintereso memuaruli, literaturul-kritikuli, epistolaruli memkvidreoba,<br />

maT Soris dRiurebi, romlebSic zogjer gacilebiT metis amokiTxva<br />

SeiZleba, vidre mxatvrul nawarmoebSi.<br />

araerTgzis iyo SeniSnuli, rom marina cvetaevas leqsi aravisSi agereva.<br />

am Tvalsazrisis warmoqmnas Tavad poeti uwyobda xels, radgan miiCnevda,<br />

rom leqsi poetis `sulis wyobas~ hfenda naTels. marinas umTavresi maxasiaTebeli<br />

gamoxatul grZnobaTa simZafrea, rac SerCeuli leqsikis paralelurad<br />

miiRweva gadmosacem ambavTan misadagebuli ganwyobilebis aqcentirebiT.<br />

marina yoveli leqsisTvis sagangebo atmosferos qmnis, romelic misi<br />

273

gancdis Tanaxmieria da raki Tavis grZnobas poetur formaSi axvevs, misTvis<br />

samudamo sicocxlis miniWebac uadvildeba. amis dasturia poetis gancdis<br />

simZafris adekvaturad aRqma erTi saukunis Semdegac.<br />

marina cvetaeva gamudmebiT eZiebda formebs. amitom daugrovda mravalgvari<br />

formis leqsebi. maT Soris gvxvdeba mokle, sxarti frazebiT<br />

agebuli qmnilebebi. isini sxvadsxva Temaze dawerili miniaturebia, romleb-<br />

Sic cvetaevaseuli azri da virtuozuli teqnika srul harmoniaSia<br />

erTmaneTTan.<br />

274<br />

me var furceli Seni kalmisTvis,<br />

yvelafers vitan, vrCebi ubiwod,<br />

Seni dovlaTis me var damcveli<br />

da dagibruneb ukan uTuod.<br />

me var s<strong>of</strong>eli da miwa Savi.<br />

Sen CemTvis _ sxivi, sinedle wvimis,<br />

Sena xar RmerTi, meufe Cemi,<br />

me _ miwa Savi. imedi mivis.<br />

marina cvetaeva, rogorc pirovneba, maqsimalisti iyo. mas hqonda Tavisi<br />

pozicia da faseulobebi. amave dros emociurad iyo datvirTuli, rac leqsebSi<br />

mTeli sisruliT aisaxeboda. poeti werisas eqspresiul metyvelebas<br />

aniWebda upiratesobas. mas erTgan uTqvams `vwer mxolod smeniTo~. es<br />

gamonaTqvami ixsneba meoriT: SemoqmedebiTi wvis procesi aris `cdunebis~<br />

Jami, roca auxsneli Zala gmarTavs. marinas pirovnuli bunebis gamoxatulebaa<br />

misi poeturi azrovnebis procesis eqspresiuloba, zeaRmavali ritmi,<br />

elviseburi tempi. Cans, aseTi ritmis gavlenam aTqmevina andrei belis:<br />

cvetaevas `daumarcxebeli ritmio~.<br />

bunebrivia, yvela leqsi ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos aseTi ritmisa. sxva<br />

nawarmoebebi azris sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad gadmosacemad SedarebiT mSvid ritms<br />

saWiroebdnen. sadeklamaciod ki igi (STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad) eqspresiuli<br />

ritmis leqsebs irCevda. ilia erenburgi ixsenebs, rom marina<br />

`leqsis kiTxvisas waimRerebda, taeps ki sxapasxupiT amTavrebda~ (erenburgi<br />

1923:73).<br />

erTgan marina cvetaevas uRiarebia, rom gulgrili iyo xilvadi leqsebisadmi.<br />

am gancxadebis sawinaaRmdegod unda SevniSnoT, rom mis poeziaSi<br />

xiluli, advilad dasanaxi xasiaTebi an suraTebi bevrgan gvxvdeba. ar SeiZleba<br />

misi leqsis eqspresiulobam ar dabados saxe-xasiaTTa xiluloba, amis<br />

gareSe Seqmnas saWiro efeqti. ufro metic, rogorc SeniSna i. puxnaCovma,<br />

marina cvetaevas xiluli xasiaTebi dinamiuria Tavisi bunebiT da emsgavseba<br />

kinematografiuls (puxnaCovi 1981: 54). naTqvamis simarTleSi advilad<br />

davrwmundebiT:<br />

veRar davexsen saSinel sizmrebs:<br />

modian wiTeli oTxTvalebi...<br />

maT ukan mosdeven Cveni qveynis<br />

qedmodrekili vaJiSvilebi.<br />

yrmas, oqrosTmians, zecisken sweven<br />

mware godebiT dedakacebi.

did karibWesTan veeba taZris<br />

alisfer droSas daafrialebs<br />

xeibari TiTebwaWrili, Tan,<br />

viTa nadiri, ise Rrialebs.<br />

ufexo kacis yavarjenze ki<br />

wiTeli tilo burburiT iwvis...<br />

aq vwyvetT leqsis citirebas, radgan, vfiqrobT, suraTi naTelia, ufro<br />

ki imitom, rom gagaxsenoT marina cvetaevas leqsze robert roJdestvenskis<br />

gamonaTqvami: cvetaevas yovel leqss, zomis, riTmisa da xasiaTebis garda,<br />

TiTqos sisxlis mimoqcevis sakuTari unikaluri sistema gaaCnia, romelic<br />

uceb raRac warmoudgeneli gziT uerTdeba Tqvens sisxlis mimoqcevis<br />

sistemas. roca leqsis citacias axdenT, Tqven cocxal organizms kveTT da<br />

Tavadve gtkivaT... gana swored tkiviliT _ warmoudgeneli, araadamianuri<br />

tkiviliT ar aris savse es leqsebi. tkiviliTa da ZaliT.<br />

marina cvetaevas ekuTvnis gamonaTqvami: me ar mjera iseTi leqsebisa,<br />

romlebic wyaliviT moedinebian. momwons, roca leqsi `iglijeba~. aseTi<br />

`daglejili~ leqsi bevria mis SemoqmedebaSi da, vfiqrobT, es marto formis<br />

ganaxlebis mcdeloba ki ara, upirvelesad misi sulieri mdgomareobisTvis<br />

Sesatyvisi Temis damuSavebisas misive mRelvare sulis leqsSi gadmosvlaa.<br />

es marinas unaria, es misi grZnobaTa bunebis gamoxatulebaa. fizikur planSi<br />

es procesi marinas leqsSi cnaurdeba frazis wyvetilobiT, pauzebiT,<br />

ucnauri ritmis SemotaniTa da misi ganzrax aRreviT, asonansuri riTmebiTa<br />

da intonaciaTa mravalferovnebiT (am maxasiaTeblebis gamo misi leqsi sxva<br />

enaze gadatanisas did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs).<br />

marina cvetaevas winaaRmegobrivi xasiaTi mis mraval gamonaTqvamSi Cans.<br />

poetis TeatriT gataceba misdami gulgrilobiT damTavrda. mogvianebiT<br />

Tavad ganacxadebs xmamaRla: `Tayvans ar vcem Teatrs, ar miviswrafi Teatrisken,<br />

angariSs ar vuwev Teatrs~. es, Cans, cxel gulzea naTqvami, Torem,<br />

rogorc lev ozerovi SeniSnavs, sinamdvileSi cvetaevasTvis Teatri y<strong>of</strong>ierebis<br />

metaforaa... misi azrovnebisa da TviTgamoxatvis, samyarosTan urTierTobis<br />

dramatizmiT aRbeWdili saSualebaa. mas ar axasiaTebs statika da<br />

idiliuroba... marinas dawerili piesebi da mTlianad poezia _ poetis dialogi<br />

_ udidesi WmunviT aRsavse dramaturgiuli masalaa (ozerovi 1991: 8).<br />

1921 wels ilia erenburgma praRaSi miakvlia sergei efrons. 1922 wels<br />

marina cvetaeva qaliSvilTan erTad emigraciaSi gaemgzavra sergeisTan.<br />

sxvadasxva dros is cxovrobda germaniaSi, CexeTSi, safrangeTSi. poetma<br />

ucxoeTSi y<strong>of</strong>nis 17 wlis manZilze didi memkvidreoba Seqmna.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

aizenSteini 2000: Айзенштейн Е. Построен на созвучьях мир... СПб., журн. `Нева~,<br />

`Летный сад~, 2000.<br />

briusovi 1912: Брюсов В. Далекие и близкие. Статьи и заметки о русских поэтах от<br />

Тютчева до наших дней. М.: Гиз, 1912.<br />

brodski 1997: Бродский о Цветаевой. М.: Независимая газета, 1997.<br />

gumiliovi 1923: Гумилев Н. Письма о русской поэзии. Пг.: `Мысль~, 1923.<br />

erenburgi 1923: Эренбург И. Портреты русских поэтов. М.: `Первина~, 1923.<br />

275

erenburgi 1956: Эренбург И. Поэзия Марины Цветаевой. – Литературная Москва, сб. II,<br />

М.: `Советский писатель ~,1956.<br />

efroni 1989: Эфрон А. О Марине Цветаевой. М.: `Советский писатель ~, 1989.<br />

zubova 1987: Зубова Л. Потенциальные свойства языка в поэтической речи Марины<br />

Цветаевой. Л., ЛГУ, 1987.<br />

ozerovi 1991: Озеров Л. Марина Цветаева об искусстве. М.: `Искусство~, 1991.<br />

orlovi 1990: Орлов В. Марина Цветаева. Судьба. Характер. Поэзия. Марина Цветаева.<br />

Избранное. М.: `Просвещение~,1990.<br />

puxnaCovi 1981: Пухначев Ю. Пространство Цветаевой. – в кн. Число и мысль. М.:<br />

`Знание~, 1981.<br />

saakianci 1981: Саакянц А. Марина Цветаева. – Марина Цветаева. Стихотворения, поэмы.<br />

М.: `Правда~, 1981.<br />

qurdovaniZe 2006: marina cvetaeva. uZiloba. Targmani Teimuraz qurdovaniZisa.<br />

`erovnuli mwerloba~, Tb.: 2006.<br />

qurdovaniZe 2008: `bedis saqanelaze~. rusuli leqsi, moTxroba, esse. anTologia<br />

Seadgina da Targmna Teimuraz qurdovaniZem. Tb.: `mwerlis gazeTi~, 2008.<br />

cvetaeva 1990: Марина Цветаева. Избранное. Составление, комментарии Л. А Беловой.<br />

М.: `Просвещение~, 1990.<br />

Teimuraz kurdovanidze<br />

276<br />

Pre-emigratory Search <strong>of</strong> “Tragic Voice” Lyric Poetess<br />

(To the Centrary <strong>of</strong> Marina Tsvetaeva's First Book)<br />

Work is dedicated to the study <strong>of</strong> Marina Tsvetaeva's pre-emigratory creative search.<br />

Autor describes world preception <strong>of</strong> lyric poetess, her aspiration for entering <strong>of</strong><br />

realistic stream into the abstract themes <strong>of</strong> symbolistic period <strong>of</strong> russian poetry, for<br />

discussion <strong>of</strong> humane relations, for vital problems, for advance <strong>of</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> emotions<br />

in person’s life.<br />

As J. Brodsky called her, M. Tsvetaeva was poetess <strong>of</strong> “Tragic voice”. In her creation<br />

she expressed implacability to that order, which was established in real life. Relating about<br />

her life and emotional expresses, poetess helps us to feel flow <strong>of</strong> social life <strong>of</strong> that time,<br />

contradictions which predominate in her country.<br />

M. Tsvetaevas manner to put into words her ocon thoughts is barefaced. Everything<br />

human is for her natural and admissible. Subjects <strong>of</strong> her verses, her sentimetts and<br />

sharpness <strong>of</strong> her senses (which is her personal sign), demanded creation <strong>of</strong> new poetical<br />

style, which she realized suc-cessfully. Her poetry is orientated on the sound, on<br />

expressive increasing rhythm, on splintering <strong>of</strong> phrase, on pauses. Jt is why reader is<br />

carried fall to thinking and has a sensation <strong>of</strong> true poetry charm. Sentiments <strong>of</strong> M.<br />

Tsvetaeva’s poetry are so humane ang so natural that they remain sensible even to-day<br />

after hundred years.

qristine lavantis<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba da poetika<br />

Tamar kotrikaZe<br />

XX saukunis avstrieli poeti qristine lavanti (1915-1973) uaRresad<br />

sainteresoa ara mxolod rogorc Semoqmedi, aramed, rogorc pirovneba.<br />

lavntis SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatuli misi ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba da poetika, Cveni<br />

azriT, ganuy<strong>of</strong>elia misi biografiisagan, romelic man SemoqmedebiTad gardaqmna<br />

da piradi miTosis rangSi aiyvana, amitomac poetis Semoqmedeba da biografia<br />

unda ganvixiloT mTlianobaSi, rogorc qristine lavantis samyaro.<br />

cxadia, yoveli lirikosis biografia ganuy<strong>of</strong>elia misi poeziisagan, magram<br />

lavantis SemTxvevaSi es kavSiri, albaT, gansakuTrebulad intensiuria.<br />

am Semoqmedis biografia Cven gvesaxeba im centrad Tu im gzajvaredinad,<br />

sadac erTurTs xvdeba da gadakveTs misi samyaros gansxvavebuli ganzomilebebi.<br />

am ganzomilebebs Soris pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT epoqalurnacionaluri<br />

ganzomileba, romelic lavants XX saukunis pirveli naxevris<br />

zogadad evropuli, ufro viwrod ki _ avstriuli kulturisa da esTetikis<br />

planSi warmogvidgens. Semdeg modis is ori `kulturul-religiuri~ plasti,<br />

romelic lavantis Semoqmedebis Tematika ganapirobebs: esaa qristianuli da<br />

warmarTul-magiuri ganzomilebebi, romlebic erTimeoresTan mudmiv dapirispirebasa<br />

da WidilSi imy<strong>of</strong>ebian. dabolos, davasaxelebT im ganzomilebas,<br />

romelic ukavSirebs lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>laRqmas XX saukunis dasawyisis<br />

evropul filos<strong>of</strong>iur azrovnebas (vgulisxmobT `sicocxlis filos<strong>of</strong>iasa~<br />

da egzistencializms). es ganzomileba pirdapir kavSirSia epoqalur-nacionalurTan.<br />

amgvarad isaxeba jvris formis sistema, veli, romlis saxiTac<br />

SeiZleba dainaxoT qristine lavantis samyaro:<br />

qristianuli<br />

ganzomileba<br />

↓<br />

epoqalur-nacionaluri ganz. →biografia ←egzistencializmis ganz.<br />

↑<br />

warmarTul-magiuri<br />

ganzomileba<br />

mTel am vels msWvalavs miTosi, rogorc TiToeuli am ganzomilebis<br />

ganmapirobebeli tonaloba Tu elferi. am sityvas im mniSvnelobas vaniWebT,<br />

romelsac gulisxmobs dmitri mereJkovski, rodesac wers: `unda gavaerTianoT<br />

maradiulisa da amwuTieris mniSvnelobebi, unda SevZloT, ar SeuracxvyoT<br />

warmavali, mokvdavi, da, amave dros, ganvWvritoT masSi da mis miRma<br />

ukvdavi, waruvali~ (mereJkovski 1901: 35). Cveni azriT, swored miTosia is<br />

gasaRebi, is gza, romliTac unda mivudgeT qristine lavantis samyaros.<br />

zogadad `kulturis miTizacia~ (Jerebini 2004: 4) swored is procesia,<br />

romelic XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze daiwyo dasavlur azrovnebaSi (am azrisaa<br />

aleqsei Jerebini, avtori wignisa `vertikaluri xazi. avstriuli filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

proza rusul perspeqtivaSi~). swored avstriulobas eniWeba gadamwyveti<br />

mniSvneloba lavantis Semoqmedebis wvdomisaTvis. es momenti gan-<br />

277

sazRvravs misi samyaros epoqalur-nacionalur ganzomilebas: marTalia,<br />

lavanti XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi moRvaweobda, magram is Sors iyo Tavisi<br />

Tanamedrove avangarduli literaturuli tendenciebisagan, mas bevrad<br />

meti ram akavSirebs swored saukuneTa mijnis iseT avstriel SemoqmedebTan,<br />

rogorebicaa r. m. rilke da georg Traqli. lavantis Semoqmedeba da ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba<br />

mravali gagebiT maTi mxatvruli samyaros uSualo gagrZelebas<br />

warmoadgens.<br />

Tanamedroveobas, rogorc horizontalur xazs, aleqsei Jerebinis azriT,<br />

hkveTs vertikaluri xazi, romelic, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs mTeli<br />

istoriuli drois siRrmes, xolo meore mxriv _ RvTiur anu transcendentul<br />

sinamdviles, rogorc samyaros siRrmes, romelic adamianur sinamdviles<br />

msWvalavs. vertikalis am orive gagebis umZafresi SegrZneba swored<br />

saukuneTa mijnaze Semodis dasavlur azrovnebaSi, is enacvleba wina<br />

saukuneebis `horizontul~ azrovnebas, romlis zedapirulobamac Tavis<br />

mwvervals miaRwia XIX saukuneSi. germaneli mkvlevari, ulrih fiuleborni,<br />

erTmaneTs adarebs da upirispirebs avstriul da germanul Tanamedrove<br />

literaturas: `avstriuli modernizmi, rogorc `y<strong>of</strong>ierebis literatura~<br />

(Literatur des Ist) upirispirdeba germanul `subieqtis literaturas~ (Literatur<br />

des Ich) (Jerebini 2004: 7), romelic `Crdilogermanuli protestantizimidan~<br />

aRmocenda, maSin, roca avstriul azrovnebas fesvebi udgas `avstriuli<br />

kaTolikuri barokos TviTmy<strong>of</strong>ad tradiciaSi~, romlis ayvavebis xanac swored<br />

saukuneTa mijnaze mTel evropaSi Seqmnil `individualizmis kriziss~<br />

(Jerebini 2004: 8) daemTxva. `amdenad, y<strong>of</strong>ierebis literaturis~ birTvad<br />

gvevlineba transcendenturi idealizmis impersonalisturi gadafaseba da<br />

mtkiceba iseTi zepirovnuli sferos arsebobisa, yovel calkeul adamians<br />

rom asazrdoebs~ (Jerebini 2004: 8). poet hugo fon h<strong>of</strong>mansTalis TqmiT,<br />

avstriuli modernizmis wiaRSi `konservatuli revolucia~ (Jerebini 2004:<br />

9) xdeba. a. Jerebini am gamoTqmas Semdegnairad xsnis: `es gonis metafizikuri<br />

revoluciaa, romelic miznad isaxavs istoriaSi danawevrebuli samyaroseuli<br />

erTianobis aRdgenas da sekularizirebuli pirovnebis Cabmas RvTiuradamianur<br />

kavSirSi~ (Jerebini 2004: 9).<br />

xsenebuli vertikali imTaviTve TvalSi gvecema qristine lavantis azrovnebaSi:<br />

religia, rwmena, samyaros transcendentul, miRmier ganzomilebasTan<br />

kavSiri mTel mis Semoqmedebas msWvalavs. Cven mier moxazul mis samyarosac<br />

religiuri vertikali hkveTs. lavanti swored `konservatuli revoluciis~<br />

gagebiT axdens axal kavSirs samyaros transcendentul siRrmes-<br />

Tan da amas im ori kulturul-religiuri sferos saSualebiT axdens, romlebic<br />

miseuli vertikalis polusebs warmoadgenen: 1) pirveli swored is<br />

qristianuli tradiciaa, Tavisi barokaluri paTosiT, `avstriuli vertikalis~<br />

mTavar maxasiaTeblad rom movixsenieT; 2) meore _ is xalxuri magiurmistiuri<br />

tradicia, romelic evropis xalxebis uZvelesi warmarTuli kultebidan<br />

iRebs saTaves. orive es tradicia lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobaSi ormxrivad<br />

Semodis: erTi mxriv, is arasodes daSorebia Tavis mSobliur s<strong>of</strong>lur<br />

garemos, romelSic eklesiuri dogmebi da xalxuri gadmocemebi er-<br />

TurTis gverdiT Tanaarsebobdnen da man isini uSualod bavSvobidan<br />

gaiTavisa; meore mxriv ki es TviTnaswavli poeti gulmodgine mkiTxveli iyo<br />

da Sinidan gausvlelad miiRo sakmaod didi codna rogorc religiurfilos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

sakiTxebis, ise Tanamedrove okultur moZRvrebaTa Sesaxebac.<br />

religiuroba lavantTan ganuy<strong>of</strong>ladaa gadaxlarTuli mxatvrul<br />

278

SemoqmedebiTobasTan, maT Soris zRvaris gavleba SeuZlebelia. es momenti,<br />

Cvenis azriT, aseve, saTaves iRebs zogadad saukuneTa mijnaze mimdinare<br />

procesSi, rodesac `kulturuli azrovneba evklideseuli raciosa da socialuri<br />

istoriis sibrtyidan gadmoerTo istoriis miRma arsebuli religiuri<br />

miTosis araevklideseul sivrceSi~ (Jerebini 2004: 3). es swored horizontalidan<br />

vertikalisaken gadasvlaa. am cvlilebas ukavSirdeba, Jerebinis<br />

TqmiT, `mecnierebas, filos<strong>of</strong>iasa da poezias Soris sazRvrebis gadasinjva~<br />

(Jerebini 2004: 4). Tuki wina saukuneebSi dominantur rols mecniereba<br />

asrulebda, amieridan es adgili poeziam daikava.<br />

avstriis imperiam pirvel ms<strong>of</strong>lio omamde `centraluri evropis ideologiuri<br />

da politikuri konsolidaciis misia~ itvirTa (Jerebini 2004: 6),<br />

rasac ukavSirdeba avstriuli kulturis multieTnikuri xasiaTi, misi gansakuTrebuli<br />

siRrme da TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adoba. multieTnikuroba is niSania, romelic,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, ormagad axasiaTebs lavants rogorc avstriels da<br />

rogorc avstriis samxreTi provinciis, karintiis miwis mkvidrs. karintiaSi<br />

erTmaneTs xvdeba germanulenovani, slavuri da italiuri enobriv-kulturuli<br />

sferoebi, rac Zalze TvalsaCinod ikveTeba am avtoris SemoqmedebaSi,<br />

miT ufro, rom mas mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi ar miutovebia Tavisi<br />

mSobliuri kuTxe da lokaluri koloriti Zalze TvoTmy<strong>of</strong>adad aiTvisa<br />

rogorc Tavis lirikaSi, ise prozaSic.<br />

biografiuli momentebis ara mxolod Tematizacia, aramed miTizaciac,<br />

is mTavari maxasiaTebelia, romelic qristine lavants sxva poetebisagan<br />

gamoarCevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am moments met-naklebad yvela lirikosis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi aqvs adgili, lavantTan is iRebs daJinebul, akviatebul xasiaTs.<br />

Tavis leqsebSi is arasodes emijneba sakuTari yoveldRiuri y<strong>of</strong>is<br />

iseT detalebs, rogoricaa siRaribe, avadmy<strong>of</strong>oba, aramed, piriqiT, aqcevs<br />

maT mxatvrul suraTebad, aniWebs Tavisi `piradi miTosis~ simboloTa<br />

mniSvnelobas.<br />

qristine lavanti maRaroelis Rarib wvrilSvilian ojaxSi daibada. misi<br />

cxovreba umZimesi avadmy<strong>of</strong>obiT daiwyo, romelmac daRi daasva qalis garegnobas<br />

da, maSasadame, mis bedsac. amas mohyva qorwineba masze ocda-<br />

Tormeti wliT ufros mamakacze, romelTanac Sinaganad araferi akavSirebda,<br />

martosuloba da gausaZlisi siRaribe, Semdeg _ siyvarulis xanmokle,<br />

magram Zalze mZafri gancda: misi urTierToba uniWieres mxatvarTan, verner<br />

bergTan, didxans ver gagrZelda, radgan mamakacma arCevani gaakeTa siyvarulsa<br />

da im movaleobas Soris, sakuTari ojaxis winaSe rom ekisra. es piradi<br />

tragedia lavantis cxovrebis emociur da SemoqmedebiT mwvervalad iqca.<br />

prozauli teqstebis weras lavanti adreuli asakidan iwyebs, leqsebisas<br />

ki _ mxolod ocdaaTi wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac r. m. rilkes lirikas ecnoba.<br />

cnobilia misi gamonaTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom rilkes leqsebs wakiTxvis<br />

Semdeg masSi `TiTqos Wa gaTxares, vwerdi da vwerdio~. Sinagan martosulobas<br />

periodulad enacvleba megobroba Tu mimowera SemoqmedebiT adamianebTan;<br />

TandaTan misi poezia aRiarebas hpovebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi<br />

materialuri mdgomareobac umjobesdeba; magram sicocxlis bolo wlebSi<br />

lavanti ganicdis srul SemoqmedebiT unay<strong>of</strong>obasa da im mZime fsiqologiuri<br />

depresiebis gamZafrebas, romlebic drodadro mTeli sicocxlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi tanjavda.<br />

279

ai, qristine lavantis cxovrebiseuli gzis Zalze mokle sqematuri daxasiaTeba.<br />

is SeiZleba sam etapad davyoT da davaxasiaToT rogorc mZime aRmasvla<br />

emociur-SemoqmedebiTi mwvervalisaken da aranakleb mZime daRmasvla.<br />

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania is udidesi emociuri muxti, romelic<br />

Tan sdevs qristine lavantis urTierTobas ara mxolod satrfosTan, aramed<br />

axlo megobrebTanac. adamianTan sulieri siaxlove misTvis mudam religiur<br />

gancdas uaxlovdeboda, metic, igivdeboda kidec masTan. rogorc Cans, amis<br />

mizezi is `religiuri vertikalia~, mTel mis Sinagan samyaros rom msWvalavs.<br />

amasTan, am Semoqmedis ms<strong>of</strong>laRqma, SeiZleba iTqvas, konfliqturobazea<br />

agebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom masTan gamudmebiT xdeba polarul sawyisTa<br />

urTierTdapirispireba. aseTi polaruli wyvilebia `me _ samyaro~, `me _<br />

masa~. es _ erTi mxriv, xolo meore mxriv, sruly<strong>of</strong>ili adamianuri urTierTobisas<br />

lavanti mudam gaurbis sakuTar `me~-s da sayvarel adamianSi<br />

ganzavebas, Tavis Sefarebas cdilobs. am movlenis mizezi, Cvenis azriT,<br />

oria: pirvel rigSi, _ kvlavac is `religiuri vertikali~, romelic mTel<br />

avstriul azovnebas impersonalizmisaken ubiZgebs, is swrafva transcendentuli,<br />

zepirovnuli sinamdvilisaken, romelic mas germanuli subieqtivizmisagan<br />

ganasxvavebs. meore mizezi ukavSirdeba lavantis samyaros im<br />

ganzomilebas, Tanamedrove dasavluri filos<strong>of</strong>iidan rom gamomdinareobs:<br />

kerZod im did mniSvnelobas, romelsac karl iaspersi aniWebs `egzistenciur<br />

komunikacias~. amaze ufro dawvrilebiT maSin SevCerdebiT, rodesac am<br />

ganzomilebaze gveqneba saubari.<br />

lavantis lirika ar gamoirCeva axali, originaluri formebiT. adreul<br />

periodSi masSi TvalSi gvecema rainer maria rilkes gavlena. Tumca Zalian<br />

male, ukve meore lirikul krebulSi lavanti warmogvidgeba rogorc absoluturad<br />

TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adi poeti. ritmisa da metrikis mxriv misi Semoqmedeba<br />

sakmaod mravalferovania: misi leqsebis daaxlovebiT naxevari riTmiania,<br />

maT Soris mravali Zalze melodiuria, bevri ki gangeb daZabuli, texili,<br />

TiTqos aca-baca ritmiT xasiaTdeba. gansakuTrebulad TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adia maTi<br />

leqsikuri mxare: lavants Semoaqvs Zalze saintereso neologizmebi, axal<br />

Sinaarss sZens arqaul an dialeqtidan nasesxeb sityvebs, qmnis kompozitebis<br />

Zalze mravalferovan kombinaciebs. misi leqsebi zRaprul-fantastikuri da<br />

siurrealisturi suraTebiTaa savse, riTac isini georg Traqlis xilviseul<br />

lirikas emsgavseba.<br />

marTalia, lavanti pirvel rigSi mainc Tavisi leqsebiT aris saintereso,<br />

magram misi proza, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi teqsti, aseve imsaxurebs<br />

yuradRebas. misi moTxrobebis nawili avtobiografiulia, siuJeturad da<br />

stilisturad xSirad naivur-primitivistulia. prozaSi lavanti TiTqos<br />

Tavis provinciul garemocvasTan mimarTebaSi daTmobaze midis, aq is, ase<br />

vTqvaT, ufro konservatiulia, misi mrwamsi ufro axlosaa eklesiur dogmebTan,<br />

vidre leqsebSi. SeiZleba es faqti imiTac avxsnaT, rom prozaze mu-<br />

Saobisas lavanti naklebad scildeba Tavis yoveldRiur y<strong>of</strong>as, is am dros<br />

gacnobierebulad moqmedebs. misi leqsebis weris procesi ki sruliad sapirispirod<br />

mimdinareobs: Tavad poetis TqmiT, is mTlianad gaucnobierebelia,<br />

Tumca amas bolomde ver virwmunebT (misi xelnawerebi gviCvenebs, Tu<br />

ra guldasmiT da sruliad gamiznulad muSaobda lavanti ama Tu im pwkaris<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>aze, rogor irCevda ukeTes variants...). ase Tu ise, leqsebSi bevrad<br />

ufro metad monawileobs avtoris arsebis Rrma, iracionaluri mxareebi,<br />

maTSi sxva, idumali, miTosuri samyaroa asaxuli. umetesi moTxobebis moqme-<br />

280

deba lavantisTvis kargad cnobil provinciul garemoSi viTardeba, isini<br />

Zalze mkafiod, xSirad kritikulad da avtorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebulad<br />

natifi ironiiT gvicocxlebs meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omamde arsebul<br />

im socialur garemos, romelic dRes ukve realurad aRar arsebobs.<br />

lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis mTavari konfliqti (qristianoba _ warmarToba,<br />

erTeuli _ masa) saukeTesodaa warmoCenili moTxrobaSi `Das<br />

Wechselbälgchen~ (Cven misi saTauri vTargmneT rogorc `majlajuna~), Tumca<br />

es xdeba Sefarulad, qveteqsturi niuansebiT, romlebic malul da Zalze<br />

mware ironias Seicavs. sainteresoa aseve is teqstebi, sadac lavanti literaturuli<br />

zRapris Janrs mimarTavs. aseTia moTxroba-zRapari `Baruscha~,<br />

romelsac Tavad avtori uaxloes megobrebTan saubarSi Tavis yvelaze sayvarel<br />

nawarmoebad asaxelebda. masSi asaxuli fantastikuri qalaqi, romel-<br />

Sic qristianuli da aRmosavluri kulturis elementebia Serwymuli, pirqu-<br />

Si realobisagan gaqcevis erTgvari mcdelobaa.<br />

am werilSi lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobaze msjelobas ZiriTadad misi<br />

lirikis safuZvelze SevecdebiT.<br />

qristine lavantis samyaros `religiuri vertikalis~ zeda polusad Cven<br />

qristianoba davasaxeleT. amis safuZveli mogvca iman, rom misi leqsebisaTvis<br />

erTi Tvalis SevlebisTanave vamCnevT religiuri cnebebis, simboloebisa<br />

da motivebis simravles, ris gamoc xSiria mcdelobebi imisa, rom es<br />

leqsebi sasuliero lirikis Janrs miekuTvnos (magaliTad, ix. iordani 1995:<br />

81-83). magram es mxolod Zalze zedapiruli Sefaseba SeiZleba iyos. sinamdvileSi<br />

lavanti pasiurad da brmad ki ar agrZelebs religiur tradicias,<br />

aramed, _ rogorc Tanamedrove avstriuli literaturis WeSmariti warmomadgeneli,<br />

_ sworedac rom `konservatiul revolucias~ axdens, axal<br />

kavSirs amyarebs adamiansa da samyaros Soris. misi religiuri ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba<br />

TiTqmis mudam kanonikur qristianobasTan ulmobel polemikaSi<br />

iCens Tavs. is Tavisi piradi gamocdilebis tragizmiT gviCvenebs, rom qristianoba<br />

krizisSia, xSirad swored dasavluri barokaluri qristianobisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli gadapranWuli simboloebis transformaciiT, maTTvis<br />

axali, groteskuli da yalbi elferis miniWebiT dagvanaxvebs am kriziss. aq<br />

garkveulwilad ikveTeba martosuli poetis protesti, mimarTuli im provinciuli<br />

eklesiuri garemos winaaRmdeg, romelSic is Tavs gariyulad da<br />

gakicxulad grZnobda.<br />

lavantis lirikis wiaRSi samyaro mudam uflis qmnilebad gvevlineba,<br />

magram is arasodes aris gamsWvaluli im harmoniuli wesrigiT, romelsac<br />

orTodoqsuli eklesiuri rwmena gulisxmobs: piriqiT, esaa samyaro, romel-<br />

Sic SemoiWra raRac bneli, `gareskneliseuli~ Zalebi; samyaro, romelic<br />

gaxleCili da gaukuRmarTebulia raRac kosmiuri usamarTlobiT. poetis piradi<br />

tragedia gadaxlarTulia epoqalur katastr<strong>of</strong>asTan, romelmac Searyia<br />

zogadad Tanamedrove adamianis TviTSegneba da ms<strong>of</strong>laRqma: vgulisxmobT<br />

azrovnebis, rwmenis, kulturis im kriziss, rac gamoiwvia wina saukuneebis<br />

teqnikurma da mecnierulma progresma, nicSeanulma amboxma qristianobis<br />

patriarqaluri normebs winaaRmdeg da froidiseulma fsiqoanalizma.<br />

swored am katastr<strong>of</strong>is winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli is `konservatiuli<br />

revolucia~, romelic avstriulma modernistulma Semoqmedebam ganaxorciela<br />

da romlis uSualo gagrZelebas vxvdebiT lavantTan. Tanamedrove<br />

adamianis es katastr<strong>of</strong>uli gaxleCiloba, miusafroba, martosuloba<br />

qristine lavantma, rogorc Semoqmedma da rogorc adamianma, Tavis pirad<br />

281

tragediad aRiqva. is mas ise mwvaved ganicdida, TiTqos es katastr<strong>of</strong>a<br />

mxolod mas daatyda Tavs, da, amave dros, am katastr<strong>of</strong>is SegrZnebiTaa<br />

ganmsWvaluli misTvis mTeli samyaroc. amitomac `religiuri vertikali~<br />

kveTs misi samyaros centralur, biografiul ganzomilebas, aq iSleba<br />

zRvari piradsa da samyaroseuls Soris. poeti Tvlis, rom mas usamarTlod<br />

waerTva misi kuTvnili bedi, `misi wili naTeli~ (leqsi `Wo ist mein Anteil, Herr,<br />

an Licht?..~) (lavanti 1978: 53), magram amasTanave mas es gancda gadaaqvs mTel<br />

samyaroze, rogorc uflis qmnilebaze, _ isic masTan erTadaa `daCagruli~.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare araerT mkvlevars aRuniSnavs lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis<br />

msgavseba gnostikosTa dualistur moZRvrebasTan, romlis mixedvi-<br />

Tac Semoqmedi gulgrilad ganerida samyaros da misi marTva raRac ucxo<br />

ukeTur Zalas _ `antiRmerTs~ _ `Gegengott~ (lavanti 1959: 93) miando (amas-<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT ix. klingeri 1975: 85). saukeTesod es ms<strong>of</strong>laRqma Cans leqsSi<br />

`Es regnet voller Zuversicht...“ (`TavdajerebiT, xSir-xSir wveTebad...~). (aq da<br />

Semdgomi citirebisas gamoyenebuli gvaqvs qristine lavantis leqsebis<br />

vasil guleuris Targmanebi):<br />

Es regnet voller Zuversicht<br />

wohl schon den neunten Tag,<br />

die Mittagszeit hat kein Gesicht,<br />

nur noch den Stundenschlag.<br />

Die Sonne hängt vielleicht verkauft<br />

in einer andern Welt,<br />

wo sie sich wild die Strahlen rauft<br />

und ihre Stirn zerschellt...<br />

...Wer ist an diesem Unglück schuld?<br />

Ich sag den Namen nicht.<br />

Schon halbertränkt, doch voll Geduld<br />

blühn die Vergißmeinnicht (lavanti 1956: 20)<br />

282<br />

TavdajerebiT, xSir-xSir wveTebad<br />

wvims, mgoni, ukve dRe aris mecxre,<br />

SuadRe TvalSi ver ixedeba,<br />

mxolod saaTis Camokvras SeZlebs.<br />

mze, SesaZloa, gayides ukve,<br />

sxva samyaroSi hkidia axla,<br />

sxivebs iCeCavs, gadiyris ukan<br />

da gaSmagebiT Subls zecas axlis...<br />

...am Wir-varamSi vis uZRvis brali?<br />

saxels ar vityvi — viRac mesames.<br />

ukve naxevrad wyalSi damxrCvali,<br />

magram momTmeni, hyvavis kesane.<br />

aq mTeli samyaro TiTqos raRac sneulebam Seipyro: warRvnasaviT wvima,<br />

usasooba, kesanes yvavilebi, rogorc erTaderTi miniSneba dakargul siyvarulze,<br />

romelic lirikul `me~-s iseve mohpares, rogorc samyaros qurdulad<br />

waarTves _ gauyides _ mze: vin aris yovelive amaSi damnaSave? RmerTi,<br />

satrfo, romelmac qali miatova, Tu viRac sxva, _ viRac mesame, romlis<br />

saxelis xsenebac ki sazarelia?<br />

qriste-RmerTi da satrfo lavantis lirikaSi mudam erTad arian dawyvilebulni,<br />

ufro xSirad ki _ erTmaneTTan gaigivebulni: orivesagan mitovebulad<br />

Tvlis Tavs da xSirad uxeS samduravs an mware damcinav ironiasac<br />

ar iSurebs RvTisadmi mimarTvisas, ris gamoc misma megobarma, literatorma<br />

da mecenatma ludvig fon fikerma mis leqsebs `mkrexeluri locvebic~ ki<br />

uwoda. zogjer is sakuTar Tavs (lirikul `me~-s) aigivebs jvarcmul<br />

macxovarTan an mowamesTan, magram `kaTolikuri zeca Tavisi tradiciuli<br />

maSveli razmiT _ angelozebiTa da wmindanebiT _ zurgs aqcevs mas da mis<br />

saSvelad ar modis~ (klingeri 1975: 85).<br />

amis umZafres nimuSad gvevlineba leqsi `Kreuzzertretung! – Eine Hündin<br />

heult...~, romlis pirveli da sakvanZo sityva ormag mniSvnelobas atarebs: is

xerxemlis gadamtvrevas/gasresas niSnavs, magram, radgan `Kreuz~ jvaricaa, is<br />

jvris gaTelvasac/damsxvrevasac gulisxmobs. simbolurad, aq saubaria imaze,<br />

rom lirikul gmirs umowyalo ZaladobiT arTmeven da unadgureben rwmenas.<br />

lavantis samyaro Cven imTaviTve warmovidgineT jvris saxiT, romelzec<br />

simboluradaa gakruli poetis Sinagani `me~. jvris gasresa, rwmenis gaTelva<br />

misTvis im kosmiur-piraduli katastr<strong>of</strong>is nawilia, romliTac mTeli misi<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobaa ganmsWvaluli. amave dros, lirikuli `me~ absoluturad<br />

martoa am katastr<strong>of</strong>is pirispir, martoa samyarosTan konfliqtSi.<br />

aq qristianuli Tematika gangeb itvirTeba Tavis sapirispiro, negatiuri<br />

SinaarsiT: `Zukna ZaRlad~ moxseniebuli lirikuli gmiri Caenacvleba jvarcmul<br />

macxovars `borcvze~, sadac misi dasja unda ganxorcieldes. misi<br />

`damsjeli~ TviT `ufalia~, oRondac is Tavad ar eswreba sasjelis aRsrulebas,<br />

TiTqos Tavisi msxverplisken gaxedvasac ki ukadrisobs (rac kidev<br />

erTxel xazs usvams imas, rom lavantis samyaro RvTisgan mitovebuli samyaroa,<br />

romelsac misi `Semcvleli~ marTavs):<br />

...und der Herr – er ließ sich stellvertreten –<br />

sitzt versponnen bei den ganz Vertrauten.<br />

Auch die Toten durften nicht herauf!<br />

Vater, Mutter, _ keines war am Hügel,<br />

und die Sonne hat sich bloß verfinstert<br />

in zwei aufgebrochnen Augensternen...<br />

... Der Kadaver – da ihn niemand barg –<br />

kraft der Schande ist er auferstanden,<br />

um sich selbst in das Gewölb zu schleppen,<br />

wo Gottvater wie ein Werwolf haust.<br />

...da ufali — is moadgilem Sescvala _<br />

zis fiqrSi wasuli Tavis uaxloes<br />

[garemocvasTan].<br />

mkvrebsac ar darTes neba amosuliyvnen!<br />

mama, deda, _ arc erTi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila<br />

borcvze,<br />

xolo mze dabnelda mxolod<br />

or damsxvreul varskvlav-TvalSi...<br />

...gvami _ rakiRa is aravin damarxa _<br />

[mxolod] sircxvilis gamo aRsdga<br />

mkveTiT,<br />

raTa Tavad walaslasebuliyo im<br />

TaRebqveS,<br />

sadac mama-RmerTi maqciasaviT<br />

dabudebula. (pwkaredi Cveni)<br />

rogorc vTqviT, jvarcmis scena amotrialebuli, gaukuRmarTebulia:<br />

golgoTaze jvris aRmarTvas aq jvris damsxvreva cvlis, mzis sinaTle<br />

mxolod lirikuli gmiris TvalebSi bneldeba, axloblebi ar/ver eswrebian<br />

mis tanjvas da arc aravin apatiosnebs mis gvams. mis aRdgomasac pozitiuris<br />

nacvlad samarcxvino da sazareli elferi aqvs, sazarelia `maqcia mgelTan~<br />

Sedarebuli `mama-RmerTic~, romelTanac, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, mainc<br />

midis mkvdreTiT aRmdgari.<br />

yvelaze mokle da zusti formuliT lavantis religiur TviTSegnebas<br />

da, amasTanave, misi Semoqmedebis arss, gamoxatavs Tomas bernhardi lavantis<br />

leqsebis Tavis mier Sedgenili anTologiis xuTstriqonian anotaciaSi:<br />

`qristine lavanti [...] Tavis qristianul, kaTolikur rwmenaSi ganadgurebuli<br />

da motyueuli adamiania (`...in ihrem christlich-katholischen Glauben zerstört und<br />

verraten...~)... es aris yvela keTili sulisagan borotad mitovebuli adamianis<br />

aRsareba, romelic didi poeziis saxiT mogvevlina...~ (lavanti 1988: 91).<br />

lavanti, marTalia, mTeli Tavisi arsiT uerTdeba da ganagrZobs im<br />

`avstriul religiur vertikals~, romelzedac dasawyisSi gvqonda saubari,<br />

magram is, amave dros, usasrulod martoa mis Tavs datexili katastr<strong>of</strong>is<br />

winaSe, religiurobas is isev da isev Tavisi piradi tragediis prizmaSi ata-<br />

283

ebs da sayvedurobs samyaros transcendentul ganzomilebas misi usamar-<br />

Tlod ugulebely<strong>of</strong>isaTvis.<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom yvelgan, sadac ki lavantTan qristianuli simboloebi<br />

da motivebi gvxvdeba, samyaros suraTi mudam Semzarav, tragikul<br />

ferebSia daxatuli, lirikul `me~-sa da samyaros Soris harmoniuli urTierTkavSiri<br />

SeuZlebelia.<br />

simSvidis, Serigebis, simyudrovis, xsnis SegrZnebebi mxolod meore kulturul<br />

tradiciasTan mimarTebaSia SesaZlebeli. lavantiseuli `religiuri<br />

vertikalis~ qveda polusis, miTosul-maguri ganzomilebis, wvdoma mkvlevarisagan<br />

vrceli eTnografiuli masalis codnas moiTxovs. SemTxveviTi rodia,<br />

rom lavantis praqtikulad yvela mkvlevaris samagido wignad iqca mravaltomiani<br />

enciklopedia `Lexikon des deutschen Abeglaubens~ (`germanuli xalxuri<br />

rwmenis leqsikoni~).<br />

am ganzomilebaze saubrisas pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is lokaluri<br />

koloriti, romelic enobriv donezec iCens Tavs: Zalze xSirad<br />

lavanti iyenebs leqsebSi karintiuli dialeqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sityvebsa<br />

da gamoTqmebs (aRsaniSnavia, rom is mTeli sicocxlis manZilze dialeqtze<br />

metyvelebda, literaturul germanuls ki mxolod werisas mimar-<br />

Tavda). is xSirad moixseniebs leqsebSi ama Tu im mcenaris, cxovelis an sxva<br />

fenomenis lokalur (an arqaul) dasaxelebas, riTac Semoaqvs mTeli is<br />

Sinaarsi, romelsac adgilobrivi xalxuri medicina Tu magia aniWebs am fenomens.<br />

lavantis poetikis am sferos, rogorc vTqviT, meore wyaroc asazrdoebs,<br />

_ es poetis mier wakiTxuli da gaTavisebuli literaturaa: germanel<br />

mistikosTa _ maister ekhartisa da iakob biomes Txzulebani, tibeturi<br />

micvalebulTa wigni, bhagavdatgita da sxva. Zalze saintereso variaciebiT<br />

gvxvdeba lavantTan zRapruli motivebi. maTi kvlevisas SeiZleba<br />

vixelmZRvaneloT iseTi `gamxatvrulebuli~ wyaroTi, rogoricaa Zmebi grimebis<br />

germanuli zRaprebis krebuli da maT mierve gamocemuli germanuli<br />

Tqmulebebi, Tumca am zRaprebsa da Tqmulebebs ueWvelad moeZebnebaT paralelebi<br />

karintiul folklorSic.<br />

Zalze mniSvnelovania aseve is momenti, romelic avstriuli kulturis<br />

multieTnikurobidan gamomdinareobs. karintia avstriis samxreT sazRvar-<br />

Tan mdebareobs da slovenias esazRvreba, amitom aq gansakuTrebulad Tval-<br />

Sisacemia paralelebi slavur enobriv da kulturul plastebTan.<br />

warmarTul-miTosuri samyaro _ dedis, deda-miwis sauflo _ lirikuli<br />

gmiris erTaderTi da mZlavri TavSesafaria. is ewinaaRmdegeba amqveyniur,<br />

yovelRiur realobas da mas poeti gansakuTrebul saxelsac arqmevs:<br />

`Aber-Welt~ _ `anti-samyaro~, miRmieri, magiuri samyaro (windebuli `ber~<br />

dRevandel germanulSi gvxvdeba mxolod sityvaSi `berglauben~ _ `crurwmena~,<br />

Tumca is `crus~ ki ara, `sxvagvars~, `polaruls~ niSnavs). Tuki qristianuli<br />

zeca gulgrili da gayinulia, _ qvesknelidan, miwidan, amodis Tbili<br />

da mZlavri sxivebi, mTel bunebas rom acocxlebs. animisturi ZalebiT gamsWvalul<br />

am samyaroSi yoveli lodi Tu kenWi, yoveli cxoveli Tu mcenare<br />

adamianTan uintimures kavSirSia da mzadaa mxarSi amoudges gaWirvebisas. am<br />

gancdas saukeTesod gadmogvcems lavantis sicocxleSi gamocemuli ukanaskneli<br />

lirikuli krebulis ukanaskneli leqsi:<br />

284

Seit heute, aber für immer,<br />

weiß ich: Die Erde ist wirklich warm –;<br />

ich gebe der Nessel den Brand zurück<br />

und dem Igel die Stacheln.<br />

Seit heute ist alles mein Schutzpatron<br />

und die ganze Welt eine Weidenwiege,<br />

darin uns der Windstoß zusammenschaukelt<br />

und unsren Atem verknotet (lavanti 1962: 94).<br />

dReidan, magram samaradJamod,<br />

vici: marTlac rom Tbilia miwa —<br />

WinWars vubruneb msusxav bususebs<br />

da zRarbs sakuTar wamaxul eklebs.<br />

dReidan yvela Cemi Semwea,<br />

samyaro mohgavs tirifis akvans,<br />

sadac dagvarwevs qari orives<br />

da gadaxlarTavs Cvens sunTqvas erTad.<br />

leqsSi `Sind das wohl Menschen?..“ (`amaT vuwodebT adamianebs?..~) lirikuli<br />

`me~, romelic miRmieri samyarodan mosul ucxo arsebad grZnobs Tavs,<br />

adamianebisagan Sors, kvlav `sayvarel miwaSi, Sin, bolqvebTan~ dabrunebas<br />

natrobs: „...ehe man heimging in die liebe Erde,/ heim zu den Zwiebelchen“ (lavanti<br />

1956: 84).<br />

qristine lavantis megobari, poeti ingeborg Toifenbaxi mis poezias<br />

`lirikad qceul naturfilos<strong>of</strong>ias~ uwodebs da amasTan, ixsenebs, rom mas<br />

zebunebrivi movlenebis aRqmis niWi hqonda (Toifenbaxi 1989: 177). SesaZloa,<br />

lavanti marTlac grZnobda samyaros siRrmidan wamosul iseT impulsebs,<br />

rasac Cveni xuTi grZnobiT ver aRviqvamT. mxatvruli saxea es, Tu, nawilobiv<br />

mainc, realobis asaxva, _ Zneli saTqmelia, magram lavantis lirikuli `me~<br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi misani qalis, kudianis, jadoqris nakTebs iZens, an _<br />

mTel rig leqsebSi _ aseTi lirikuli saxe calke gamoy<strong>of</strong>ilad gvxvdeba,<br />

xolo lirikuli `me~ mis mimarT daqvemdebarebul, pasiur mdgomareobaSia<br />

(Cvenis azriT, aseT SemTxvevebSi saqme `me~-s danawevrebasTan gvaqvs: TviT<br />

susti pasiuri `me~ da Zlevamosili jadoqari qali poetis alter ego-ebad<br />

gvevlinebian).<br />

am kuTxiT lavantis lirikuli `me~ garkveulwilad uaxlovdeba misnis/<br />

mkiTxavis im tips, romelsac warmogvidgens anTropologi viqtor Terneri.<br />

es mecnieri afrikis primitiul xalxTa magaliTze ikvlevs tradiciuli<br />

sazogadoebis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobas. aseT sazogadoebas is gansazRvravs terminiT<br />

`komunitas~ da aRniSnavs, rom masTan mimarTebaSi mkiTxavebi `marginalur<br />

adamianebad~ gvevlinebian: `marginaluroba SeiZleba aRmoCndes komunitasis<br />

sapirispiro mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad, is SeiZleba<br />

antistruqturulobasac niSnavdes _ yvelas winaaRmdeg mimarTul brZolas.<br />

mkiTxavTa marginaluroba ganpirobebulia maTi fiziologiuri an fsiqologiuri<br />

aranormalurobiT anda maTi mikuTvnebulobiT sazogadoebis mdabio<br />

fenebis an autsaiderebisaTvis~ (Terneri 1983: 23). viktor Terneris azriT,<br />

mkiTxavebs swored imitom ekiTxebian rCevas, rom isini sazogadoebas garedan<br />

uyureben da movlenebis obieqturad Sefaseba ZaluZT. lavanti mudam<br />

mtkivneulad ganicdida Tavis gansxvavebulobas, gariyulobas s<strong>of</strong>lisa da<br />

mrevlis konservatuli wridan. mas eWviT uyurebdnen da ucxod Tvlinen misi<br />

fizikuri sisustis gamo, romelic saSualebas ar aZlevda, sxvebiviT eSroma,<br />

da misi gaugebari poeturi Semoqmedebis gamo. Tavisi es negatiuri mdgomareoba<br />

poetma SemoqmedebiTad gardasaxa grZneulobis pozitiur unarad,<br />

romelic mas TiTqosda Cveulebrivi adamianuri unarebis sanacvlod mieniWa.<br />

TviT misi Semoqmedeba xSirad aseTi misnuri unaris simboloTi iniRbeba. v.<br />

Terneri SeniSnavs, rom mkiTxavTa saqmianobisaTvis `paranoidaluri stilia~<br />

(Terneri 1983: 24) damaxasiaTebeli. es imas niSnavs, rom maT evalebaT, gamoavlinon<br />

ama Tu im ubedurebis gamomwvevi zebunebrivi Zala Tu adamiani.<br />

285

lavantic Tavisi uiRblobisa da samyaroseuli wesrigis globaluri gaukuRmarTebis<br />

mizezebs eZebs, ganuwyvetliv adamaSaulebs amaSi uzenaes Zalebs da<br />

sayvedurobs maT. misi stili Zalze xSirad konfliqturia, marTlac<br />

`antistruqturuli~, is ebrZvis da upirispirdeba samyaroSi gabatonebul<br />

usamarTlobas.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom am leqsebis lirikuli gmiri<br />

ukeTuri jadoqruli ZaliTaa aRWurvili, zogadad maTi lirikuli subieqtisaTvis<br />

absoluturad ucxoa boroteba Tavisi `sufTa~, demonuri saxiT,<br />

tkboba sakuTari ukeTurobiT. Tumca is xSirad luciferuli amboxiT gamoxatavs<br />

Tavis wyenasa da boRmas, magram misi cvalebadi guneba-ganwyobis meore<br />

polusi mainc ufro axloa misTvis: esaa simSvide, Tviniereba da siyvaruli,<br />

rasac mTeli sicocxlis manZilze eswrafvis.<br />

es ori religiuri ganzomileba, ori plasti, _ qristianuli da warmarTul-miTosuri<br />

_ erTurTTan mudmiv WidilSi imy<strong>of</strong>ebian, erTurTis<br />

`gandevnas~ da gadafarvas cdiloben da, amave dros, orive poetis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis<br />

ganuyrel nawilad gvevlineba. maTi urTierTgadafarva Tu<br />

urTierTgadakveTa TiTqmis yovelTvis erTi mxatvruli saxis, erTi simbolos<br />

wiaRSi xdeba, ris Sedegadac lavanti minimaluri raodenobis suraT-xatebis<br />

gamoyenebiT usasrulo kombinaciebs qmnis. miseuli simboloebi mravalSriani,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, sinTezuria.<br />

aseTi kombinaciebis gradaciul jaWvad gvevlineba, magaliTad, bavSvis,<br />

Svilis Tema, romelsac lavanti kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba, radgan Svilis<br />

aryola misi cxovrebis udidesi tragediaa. bavSvis saxe Semdeg transformacias<br />

ganicdis: is yrma iesos uaxlovdeba, Sewirul kravTanacaa Sedarebuli,<br />

Semdeg (es movlenebi bundovania, rogorc sizmarSi) lirikuli gmiri mas kargavs,<br />

eZebs, Semdeg poulobs sul sxva saxiT, an Svilis nacvlad poulobs sxva<br />

arsebas, romelic xan cxoveluri, mxecuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba, xan gvevlineba<br />

miTologiur personaJad, `Wechselbalg~-ad, patara Winkad, romelsac,<br />

evropuli xalxuri rwmenis Tanaxmad, Winkebi adamians misi Svilis sanacvlod<br />

mougdeben xolme. dedis, lirikuli gmiris usasooba imdenad didia, rom is<br />

sazarel patara Winkasac ki siyvaruliT ikravs gulSi da acxadebs, namdvil<br />

bavSvs mirCevniao. zustad aseTi gradacia _ qristianuli simbolikidan warmarTul-folklorul<br />

motivamde _ gvaqvs leqsSi `Was zeigst du mir dein Muttermal?..~<br />

(lavanti 1959: 35) (`ratom maCveneb dediseul niSans sxeulze?..~), sadac<br />

mkveTradaa gamoxatuli `mamisa~ da `dedis~ (zecisa da miwis, qristianobisa<br />

da warmarTobis) dapirispireba. leqsis lirikuli `me~ Civis: `Mein<br />

Kindlein ward als Lamm geschoren...~ (`Cemi patara gaparses kravad...~), Semdeg ki<br />

axlad napovni, miwis naCuqari SviliT inugeSebs Tavs: `Das Bälgchen Erde ist mir<br />

mehr,/ ich hol es durch die Nesseln her/ und laß mich gern verbrennen...~ (`miwis naSobi me<br />

metad miyvars, mas WinWrebidan rom amoviyvan, sixarulisgan davisusxebi...~).<br />

am ori sawyisis urTierTdapirispireba xdeba zogjer konkretuli istoriuli<br />

situaciis gamoyenebiT. es situaciaa Sua saukuneebis dasavluri eklesiis<br />

mier kudianis gasamarTleba da dasja. oRondac, cxadia, es situaciac<br />

lavanTan transformirebuli saxiT gvaqvs:<br />

286

Gerädert von deiner Sonne,<br />

gerädert von deinem Mond<br />

und in die Scherben der Sterne geschleudert –<br />

was willst du, daß ich bekenne?<br />

Mein Bräutigam war ohne Pferdehuf,<br />

wir haben uns niemals über die Erde,<br />

über das Tal aller Tränen erhoben,<br />

nie deine Gewitter besprochen.<br />

Wenn ich das könnte, w<strong>of</strong>ür du mich quälst,<br />

hätt’ ich den Schwund meiner Zuflucht verhindert<br />

und wäre gewiß nie ins Räderwerk<br />

deiner Verfolgung gefallen... (lavanti 1956: 86)<br />

gakrulma Seni mzis borbalze,<br />

gakrulma mag mTvaris borbalze<br />

da varskvlavebis namsxvrvebSi<br />

gadasrolilma _<br />

aRsarebaSi ra gsurs, rom giTxra?<br />

Cems saqmros fexze ar hqonia cxenis<br />

Cliqebi,<br />

Cven arasodes miwidan ar<br />

avmaRlebulvarT,<br />

dabla, cremlebis xeobidan,<br />

arc qariSxlebTan arasodes gvisaubria.<br />

is rom SemeZlos, me ris gamoc ase mawameb,<br />

SevaCerebdi qrobas Cemi TavSesafaris<br />

da arasgziT ar moveqceodi<br />

Sengan mogzavnil madevarTa borblebis<br />

qvemoT...<br />

mze (da mTvarec) aq moxseniebulia rogorc borbali, rac Zvel evropul<br />

warmarTul simbolikas ukavSirdeba, magram es borbali mama-RmerTs ekuTvnis<br />

(rac mxolod am leqsidan ki ara, lavantis lirikis mTliani konteqstidanac<br />

gamomdinareobs) da swored am borbalze awamebs is lirikul<br />

gmirs, romelic amiT ukve aramxolod Sua saukuneebis kudians (Tanac, rogorc<br />

Cans, usamarTlod dadanaSaulebuls), aramed pirveli saukuneebis<br />

qristian mowamesac emsgavseba. amiT RmerTi mxecur, mwvaleblur, ukeTur<br />

niSnebs iRebs, rac kidev ufro xazs usvams imas, rac ukve vTqviT: es raRac<br />

`sxva RmerTia~, `anti-RmerTi~...<br />

rodesac lavantis simboloebis wvdomas vcdilobT, garkveulwilad<br />

SeiZleba daveyrdnoT karl gustav iungis moZRvrebas arqetipebis Sesaxeb,<br />

Tumca aseT dros didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs. mudam unda gvaxsovdes, rom<br />

leqsebi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nay<strong>of</strong>ia, rom maTSi qvecnobieri da cnobieri<br />

Tanabrad monawileobs da isini ar SeiZleba gavutoloT Cveulebrivi<br />

adamianis nevrozul fantaziebs Tu sizmrebs. magram ueWvelia, rom lavantis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi did rols TamaSobs miTosuri azrovneba, romelic iungis<br />

`koleqtiur aracnobierTanaa~ axlos, amitom marTebulad migvaCnia, ukve<br />

xsenebuli bavSvis/Svilis Tema lavantTan bavSvis iungiseul arqetips<br />

davukavSiroT, dedis/qalis/misnis saxe ki _ dedis arqetips da ase Semdeg.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, am ori ganzomilebis urTierTWidili orive maTganis<br />

transformacias iwvevs usasrulo variaciebiT. maSasadame, lavanti ubrundeba<br />

qristianul tradicias da Tavisi SemoqmedebiT gardaqmnis mas, magram,<br />

Tavis Tanamemamule SemoqmedTagan gansxvavebiT, is iSveliebs meore religiur<br />

ganzomilebas, warmarTobas, romelSic TiTqos ufro `Sin~ grZnobs<br />

Tavs, raTa daZlios, moigerios is tragikuli gancda, romelic misTvis<br />

qristianobis kriziss ukavSirdeba. am ori ganzomilebis sinTezi, _ ara<br />

erTurTSi aRreva da ganzaveba, aramed mudmivi Sexla da urTierTgadafarva,<br />

_ swored es gvevlneba lavantTan samyaros siRrmesTan makavSirebel im<br />

`religiuri vertikalad~, romelmac SeiZleba xsna moitanos.<br />

poetis samyaros meoTxe ganzomileba, romelic Tanamedrove filos<strong>of</strong>ias,<br />

kerZod ki egzistencializms ukavSirdeba, uSualod da mWidrodaa<br />

gadaxlarTuli lavantis biografiasTan da, amave dros, im epoqasTan,<br />

romelic mis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobas asazrdovebs. gansxvavebiT `religiuri ver-<br />

287

tikalisagan~, romelic maxviliviT seravs lavantis samyaros Suaguls,<br />

poets es ganzomileba gacnobierebulad ar Semoaqvs Tavisi lirikis qsovilSi:<br />

igi im horizontalis erT-erT poluss warmoadgens, romelic<br />

lavants, ase vTqvaT, TavisTavad aqvs mocemuli.<br />

raTa ganvmatroT Cveni azri da CavwvdeT imas, Tu ramdenad axlosaa<br />

egzistenciuri filos<strong>of</strong>iis arsi lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobasTan, Tvali<br />

gadavavloT imas, Tu rogor axasiaTebs filos<strong>of</strong>iis am mimarTulebas germaneli<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>osi oto fridrih bolnovi Tavis vrcel naSromSi `egzistenciuri<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>ia~.<br />

lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba garkveulwilad uaxloveba egzistenciuri<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iis saTaves, `sicocxlis filos<strong>of</strong>ias~, romlis warmomadgenelia<br />

fridrih nicSe da, ramdenadme, sioren kirkegori. es ukanaskneli ganasxvavebs<br />

moazovnis or urTierTgamomricxav tips: egzistencialist moazrovnes<br />

is uwodebs `my<strong>of</strong>ad (seiender) an subieqtur moazrovnes~, mis sapirispirod ki<br />

asaxelebs meore, `abstraqtul an sistematur~ tips, romlis zust nimuSadac<br />

hegels miiCnevs.<br />

bolnovi wers: `abstraqtuli moazrovne wminda azris sferoSi imy<strong>of</strong>eba<br />

da aRar aqcevs yuradRebas Tavisi y<strong>of</strong>ierebis moTxovnilebebsa da winapirobebs.<br />

mis sapirispirod my<strong>of</strong>adi moazrovnis azrovneba mTlianad ganpirobebulia<br />

misi cxovrebis amocanebiTa da siZneleebiT, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,<br />

azrovneba misTvis TviTmizans ar warmoadgens, igi y<strong>of</strong>ierebis samsaxurSia<br />

Cayenebuli” (bolnovi 1999: 30).<br />

Tuki SeiZleba sityva `moazrovne~ `SemoqmediT~ SevcvaloT, _ amis<br />

ufleba ki Tundac imitom gvaqvs, rom, rogorc vTqviT, filos<strong>of</strong>iis wamyvani<br />

funqcia saukuneTa mijnidan moyolebuli poeziam itvirTa da imitomac, rom<br />

rainer maria rilke, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina lavantze, swored<br />

egzistenciuri filos<strong>of</strong>iis erT-erT warmomadgenlad iTvleba literaturis<br />

sferoSi, _ maSasadame, Tuki SevcvliT `moazrovnes~ `SemoqmediT~, maSin<br />

gansazRvra `my<strong>of</strong>adi Semoqmedi~ zustad gamoxatavs lavantis pirovnebas.<br />

mas araerTxel uTqvams werilebsa Tu saubrebSi, rom sruliad gaucnobiereblad,<br />

aragamiznulad wers, rom veranair interpretacias ver miscems<br />

sakuTar leqsebs, romlebic TavianTi siucxoviT aSinebs kidec, rom Semoqmedeba<br />

misTvis TviTmizani ki ara, Tavdaviwyebis mcdelobaa; misi erT-erTi<br />

gamonaTqvami nacnobisadmi, gerhard deesenisami, miwerili werilidan aforizmadac<br />

ki iqca, is misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamocemul pirvel krebuls<br />

waumZRvares saTaurad: `leqsebis wera saerTod saSinlad meuxerxuleba. es<br />

urcxvobad meCveneba[...], janmrTeli rom viyo, eqvsi Svili rom myavdes da<br />

maTTvis muSaoba SemeZlos, _ ai, es iqneboda cxovreba! Cemi Semoqmedeba ki<br />

sxva araferia, Tu ara dasaxiCnebuli cxovreba, sulis winaSe miutevebeli<br />

codva...~ (lavanti 1978: 234).<br />

cxadia, es Zalze calsaxa naTqvamia. SeiZleba moviyvanoT araerTi mowmoba<br />

imisa, rom lavantisTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu ra<br />

gamoxmaureba eqneboda mis teqstebs, magram lavantis `piradi miTosis~<br />

fonze is mainc simarTles Seesabameba: lavanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris<br />

`abstraqtuli~, ganyenebuli Semoqmedi: is arasodes emijneba Tavis yoveldRiur<br />

y<strong>of</strong>asa da pirad gancdebs. swored amitom TamaSobs misi cxovrebiseuli<br />

detalebi mTeli misi poetikis ganmapirobebel rols, misi fizikuri<br />

Tu sulieri tkivilebidan gamomdinareobs misi mravali poeturi simbolo.<br />

288

lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis winaaRmdegobrioba (dapirispireba qristianul<br />

rwmenasa da warmarTul tradicias Soris) Seesabameba im winaaRmdegobas,<br />

romelic `sicocxlis filos<strong>of</strong>iasa~ da egzistenciur filos<strong>of</strong>ias Soris<br />

arsebobs. `sicocxlis filos<strong>of</strong>iis~ arss samyaros yovlismomcveli,<br />

TiTqmis panTeisturi, erTianoba warmoadgens. mis sapirispirod egzistencializmi<br />

sakuTar TavSi Caketili, adamianis uRrmesi birTvisaken mimarTuli<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvaa, esaa Sebruneba obieqturi sinamdvilidan viwro subieqtivizmisaken;<br />

samyaros mTlianuri xedvisagan `rCeba mxolod arsebobis SiSveli<br />

raoba~ (bolnovi 1999: 33).<br />

orive es ganwyoba paradoqsulad axlobelia qristine lavantisTis, is<br />

maT Soris meryeobs da, Tumca raodenobrivad masTan subieqturi, sakuTar<br />

TavSi Caketili `me~-s leqsebi Warbobs, SeuZlebelia gadaWriT mtkiceba, Tu<br />

romeli ganwyobaa misTvis zogadad wamyvani da gadamwyveti: maT Tanabari<br />

Zala da mniSvneloba aqvT.<br />

viwro subieqtivizmis CarCoebSi moqceuli egzistenciuri azrovneba<br />

adamians Camoacilebs yvelafers, rac uSualod misi arsis `uRrmes, uidumales<br />

birTvs~ (bolnovi 1999: 37) ar warmoadgens. adamiani gaucxoebulia<br />

aramxolod sakuTari samSoblos, sazogadoebis, materialuri qonebisagan,<br />

aramed sakuTari sxeulisganac ki, romelic, `Tavis sisusteebsa da tkivileb-<br />

Tan erTad misTvis gareSe sferod iqceva. adamianSi arsebobs misi arsis<br />

iseTi birTvi, romelsac veranairad ver Seexeba TviT misi sxeulis mier<br />

gancdili raime danaklisic ki~ (bolnovi 1999: 37). lavantisTvis es mdgomareoba<br />

Zalze axloa, Tumca masTan verasodes vilaparakebT erTian bir-<br />

Tvze. Tuki arsebobs aseTi ram, _ iqneb is SeiZleba lirikul `me~-sTan gavaigivoT,<br />

_ maSin is mudam ambivalenturia. amas Seesabameba k. iaspersis gamonaTqvami:<br />

`me verasodes vityvi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmovadgen,<br />

me ar var raRac droSi gangrZobadi arsi~ (bolnovi 1999: 45). xSirad<br />

lavantis lirikuli `me~ ramdenime an uricxv arsad nawevrdeba. araerT<br />

leqsSi lirikuli subieqti mTlianad emijneba gare samyaros, is Tavisi<br />

sxeulis sapyrobileSia momwyveuli, sxeuli misTvis samyaros modelad<br />

iqceva, xerxemali _ am samyaros RerZia da a. S. misi koncentrirebuloba sakuTar<br />

fizikur tkivilebze gadametebul, egoistur akviatebadac ki SeiZleba<br />

mogveCvenos, magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac subieqti sakuTar sxeulsac,<br />

sakuTar tkivilebsac ki emijneba. asea leqsSi `Ganz erblinden will ich,<br />

lieber Herr...~ (lavanti 1956: 17) (`msurs wamerTvas Tvalis Cini, RmerTo...~),<br />

sadac is qristianuli TvinierebiT aRiarebs: `Keine [Not] war im Grunde je mein<br />

eigen,/ seit ich flüchtig diesen Leib betrat...“ (`es tkivili arc y<strong>of</strong>ila Cemi, naCqarevad<br />

am sxeuls rom Sevel...~). es hgavs budas cnobil gamonaTqvams: `es araa Cemi, es<br />

ar var me, es araa Cemi TviTarsi...~ (bolnovi 1999: 42).<br />

`transcendirebisaken~ is swrafva, romelic Zalze Zlieria lavantTan,<br />

uaxloveba imas, rasac gulisxmobs m. haidegeri. misi sityvebiT, esaa `ara<br />

transcendentul saganTan urTierTSexeba, aramed Tvisobrivad jerac ganusazRveli<br />

forma, romelSic adamianuri y<strong>of</strong>iereba sakuTar farglebs gare-<br />

Taa miswrafuli~ (bolnovi 1999: 49). lavantisTvis ucxo ar aris msgavsi<br />

mdgomareoba: swored amas ukavSirdeba misi danawevrebuli lirikuli `me~, _<br />

sakuTari `birTvis~ sxva arsze gadatana, rogorc es kudianisa da misi<br />

msxverplis SemTxvevaSi SevniSneT. albaT amave fenomens unda movakuTvnoT<br />

is SemTxvevebi, roca lirikuli subieqti axdens sakuTari grZnobebis Tu<br />

sulieri mdgomareobebis personificirebas, riTac sakuTari arsis nawils<br />

289

sxva subieqtad warmogviCens. amis magaliTebia leqsebi: `Mein Schlaf ist ins<br />

Wasser gegangen...~ (`Tavi daixrCo Cemma Zilma wylis dinebaSi...~, lavanti 1956:<br />

89), `Die Angst ist in mir aufgestanden...~ (`SiSi wamodga CemSi anazdad...~, lavanti<br />

1956: 52) da sxv. magram lavantTan gvaqvs kidev sxvagvari `transcendireba~,<br />

romelic sxvadasxva parafsiqologiur Tu religiur praqtikebs ukavSirdeba:<br />

sakuTari (mZinare Tu transSi my<strong>of</strong>i) sxeulis droebiT mitoveba da<br />

sulis Tu aCrdilis saxiT gadaadgileba. es procesi lavants Tavis prozaul<br />

teqstSi, `yayaCoskabian mzeTunaxavSi~, aqvs aRwerili (lavanti 2002: 45-46).<br />

mas vxvdebiT aseve mis leqsSi `Mein Schatten kann über Wasser gehen...“ (`Cems<br />

Crdils wyalze SeuZlia gavla...~ lavanti 1959: 50).<br />

...Mein Schatten geht selbständig wandern,<br />

auch <strong>of</strong>t in der Nacht aus dem untersten Traum,<br />

mich hängt er dann so wie ein Pferd an den Baum<br />

des Schlafes und läßt mir kein Futter...<br />

290<br />

...Cemi Crdili gzas gahyeba, gaswevs<br />

sizmrebidan xSirad martomarto,<br />

me ki mtovebs usakvebod am dros<br />

da rogorc cxens, Zilis xeze mabams...<br />

ukve aRvniSneT, rom lavantisTvis, iseve, rogorc egzistencializmis<br />

warmomadgenelTaTvis, damaxasiaTebelia mudmivi dapirispireba ori sawyisisa:<br />

`me~ da `samyaro~. `egzistenciuri moZraoba SesaZlebelia mxolod da<br />

mxolod im sinamdvilesTan dapirispirebisas, romelic mudam winaaRmdegobas<br />

uwevs mas~ (bolnovi 1999: 56). `samyaroSi y<strong>of</strong>na~ (`das In-der-Welt-sein~) (bolnovi<br />

1999: 56) rogorc egzistencializmisTvis, ise lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvisaTvis,<br />

niSnavs momwyvdeulobas mtrul, ucxo garemoSi, romelic damangrevlad<br />

moqmedebs subieqtze. am mdgomareobidan xsna SesaZlebeli iqneboda<br />

`sicocxlis dionisur SegrZnebaSi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis adamianisa da<br />

samyaros dakarguli erTobis aRdgenas~ (bolnovi 1999: 58). magram es gza<br />

egzistencializmisTvis moWrilia: misTvis adamians `samyaro jer arnaxuli<br />

saSiSroebiTa da siucxoviT, muqariTa da safrTxiT warudgeba, isini mas Tavs<br />

esxmis da mas gamudmebiT maTgan Tavis dacva uwevs~ (bolnovi 1999: 59).<br />

lavantisTvis Trobis, Tavdaviwyebis dionisuri, nicSeseuli gancda droebiT<br />

gamosavals warmoadgens, Tanac ara figuralurad, aramed sruliad<br />

konkretulad: im narkotikuli nivTierebebis saxiT, romelTac is adreve<br />

daeCvia da romlebiTac autanel fizikur tkivilebs iyuCebda. mis poeziaSi<br />

es momenti yayaCos simbolikiT Semodis, magram mas arasodes mosdevs<br />

gaxsnilobisa da Tavisuflebis pozitiuri SegrZneba, lavanti wuTiTac ki ar<br />

iviwyebs, rom es Tavdaviwyeba da Sveba sinamdvileSi Tavis motyuebaa da did<br />

codvad miiCnevs am Tavis Cvevas. yayaCo misTvis braleuli luciferis<br />

yvavilia. ix. leqsi `Zerkau die Sonne, friß den Lorbeerzweig...~ (lavanti 1956: 68);<br />

`daReWe mze da gadasansle axali mTvaris...~ (lavanti 2002: 24). is darwmunebulia,<br />

rom wesiT yovelvari gayuCebis gareSe, qristianuli TvinierebiT<br />

unda moeTmina yvela tkivili, rac ki bedma arguna, Tumca amis gamo<br />

sindisis qejna masTan mainc ar aRwevs iseT damangrevel, yovlismomcvel<br />

masStabs, rogorc georg TraqlTan. samyarosTan erTobis is SegrZneba, romelic<br />

`sicocxlis filos<strong>of</strong>iisTvisaa~ damaxasiaTebeli, lavants mxolod<br />

maSin ewveva xolme, roca is Tavisufalia yovelgvari maTrobela saSualebis<br />

gavlenisagan da sakuTari sulieri ZalebiT amyarebs kavSirs bunebasa da<br />

adamianebTan.<br />

`me _ samyaros~ polarulobas uaxlovdeba egzistencializmSi meore<br />

msgavsi wyvili: `me _ masa~. masa is uRimRamo `adamianuri garemocvaa~, ro-

melic samyaros qmnis. masTan urTierTobas, romelsac k. iaspersi `y<strong>of</strong>iT<br />

urTierTobas~ (bolnovi 1999: 75) uwodebs, siyalbis meti araferi moaqvs.<br />

`samyaro uferuldeba egzistenciuri gamocdilebis SiSvel velamde, romelsac<br />

moswydeba da ganerideba egzistenciuri moZraoba~, `samyaro azrs<br />

moklebul fonad iqceva~ (bolnovi 1999: 75). magram martosuloba mainc ver<br />

iqneba egzistenciuri arsebobis saboloo mdgomareoba. am fonze mxolod<br />

erTeulebs Sorisaa SesaZlebeli WeSmariti, `egzistenciuri komunikacia~ da<br />

swored isaa egzistenciuri arsebobis namdvili da mTliani realizacia.<br />

`mxolod meore subieqtis TandaswrebiT absoluturad gaxsnil egzistenciur<br />

komunikaciaSi xdeba subieqti sakuTari TavisTvisac gaxsnili da am<br />

gaxsnilobaSi aRwevs is Tavis namdvil egzistenciur arss~ (bolnovi 1999: 77).<br />

lavanti zustad aseT sulier izolaciaSi cxovrobda. masasTan, adamianur<br />

garemocvasTan, anu provinciul mrevlTan urTierToba misTvis mudam<br />

farisevlur siyalbesTan Sexebas niSnavda. magram man gamoscada `egzistenciuri<br />

komunikaciac~ Tavis satrfosTan da ramdenime megobarTan. amaze misi<br />

vrceli, jer bolomde gamouqveynebeli epistolaruli memkvidreoba mowmobs.<br />

meuRlesTan mas mxolod `y<strong>of</strong>iTi komunikacia~ hqonda.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom sruly<strong>of</strong>ili, bolomde gaxsnili urTierTobisas<br />

lavanti mudam `recipienti~ iyo, meore subieqtisgan ki `donorobas~ moiTxovda,<br />

anu is eZebda Zlier, samyaroSi myarad damkvidrebul adamianebs,<br />

romlebic, misi molodinisamebr, Tavis sulier Zalebs masac uwiladebdnen<br />

da samyaroSi arsebobas SeaZlebinebdnen. literator ludvig fon fikers<br />

lavanti swers: `vidre RmerTamde mivaRwev, Suamavlad adamiani mesaWiroeba~<br />

(lavanti 1978: 224). ingeborg Toifenbaxs is werilebSi Zalze xSirad<br />

mimarTavs, rogorc `mfarvel angelozs~. misi eqimi da megobari oto skrinci<br />

ixsenebs, `me misTvis moTqmis kedeli viyavio~. rogorc vxedavT, egzistenciuri<br />

komuniacia lavantisTvis mudam religiur gancdas uaxlovdeboda.<br />

rasac RvTisgan ver Rebulobda, is surda adamianebisagan mieRo. aseTi<br />

komunikacia misTvis `transcendirebis~, sakuTari Tavis mitovebisa da sxva<br />

arsebaSi, sxva subieqtSi ganzavebis Tundac wuTier gancdas niSnavda. amitom<br />

calsaxad ver vityviT, rom es iyo `egzistenciuri komunikacia~ iaspersiseuli<br />

gagebiT, _ anu iseTi urTierToba, roca subieqti meoresTan urTierTSexebisas<br />

poulobs Tavis namdvil siRrmiseul arss, _ ara: lavanti,<br />

piriqiT, mudam gaurboda sakuTar arss da sxva pirovnebaSi afarebda Tavs.<br />

magram, SesaZloa, swored amiT is axorcielebda kidec Tavis WeSmarit, TavdaviwyebiT<br />

mosiyvarule qalur bunebas, romlis realizebac ver moaxerxa<br />

rogorc meuRlem da rogorc dedam.<br />

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom religiuri gancda satrfosTan mimarTebaSi<br />

yvelaze ufro mZafria. rogorc vTqviT, satrfos saxe mis leqsebSi mudam<br />

macxovris saxesTanaa Sewyvilebuli, uaxlovdeba axali aRTqmis igavebSi<br />

moxseniebul `siZes~/`ufals~. verner bergTan urTierToba poetisTvis mxolod<br />

siyvaruli ki ara, _ uRrmesi adamianuri, marTlac `egzistenciuri~<br />

siaxlove da misi sicocxlis emociuri mwvervali iyo: namdvili sruly<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

kavSiri aramxolod ori adamianisa, aramed _ maT sulebSi _ uflis mTeli<br />

qmnilebisa. maT srul sulier erTobas gamoxatavs saocrad lamazi, mokle,<br />

daxvewili formiT Sesrulebuli leqsi:<br />

291

292<br />

Du bist mein Herr,<br />

denn der Hauch des Herrn<br />

atmet dich her.<br />

Ich bin bei dir<br />

im Gewächs und Getier,<br />

auch im Stern.<br />

Du bist kein Du,<br />

denn die Türe fiel zu<br />

in dir hinter mir (lavanti 1978: 189).<br />

ufali xar Cemi,<br />

moxval uflis sunTqviT<br />

da Cems gverdiT rCebi.<br />

me SenTan var orad<br />

faunad da florad,<br />

da varskvlavis SuqSic.<br />

Sen — Sen ar xar ukve,<br />

SenSi Cems zurgs ukan<br />

kari moixura.<br />

amgvar kavSirSi `Cabmulobis absoluturi Riaoba riskTanaa dakavSirebuli~,<br />

radgan `yoveldRiuri arsebobis sibrtyeSi yovelive egzistenciuri<br />

sasacilod gamoiyureba[...] amitom egzistenciur komunikaciaSi Cabmulobas<br />

mudam emuqreba is, rom subieqts ar aRiareben, ver gaugeben, ama Tu im ucxo<br />

mizniT gamoiyeneben da dascineben, ramac SeiZleba sabolood uari aTqmevinos<br />

amgvar komunikaciaze da kvlav sakuTar TavTan daabrunos~ (bolnovi<br />

1999: 77). swored es bedi ewia lavantis am urTierTobas. cxovrebam moiTxova<br />

am ori adamianis daSoreba da lavantisTvis sikvdilis tolfasi aRmoCnda<br />

kvlav sakuTari sulis jojoxeTSi dabruneba. mniSvnelovani isic aris, rom<br />

lavantis, rogorc lirikosis bedisweraSi swored es ganSoreba _ da ara<br />

xanmokle bedniereba _ iqca SemoqmedebiT mwvervalad. Cvens mier moyvanili<br />

leqsi faqtiurad erTaderTia, sadac im erTobis sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebaa asaxuli<br />

(isic mxolod misi sikvdilis Semdeg gamoqveynda). Tavisi leqsebis umetesoba<br />

man swored ganSorebis Semdeg dawera, misi pirveli mniSvnelovani krebulic<br />

am leqsebiT dakompleqtda da, avtoris TqmiT, swored verner bergs<br />

mieZRna. krebulis saTauri, `glaxis fiala~ (`Die Bettleschale~), aseve mitovebulobis<br />

Temas gamokveTs: lirikuli `me~ martosul glaxakad warmogvidgeba.<br />

swored amitom Warbobs lavantTan sasowarkveTili, Savbneli tonaloba,<br />

Tumca, vimeorebT, is mainc ar aris erTaderTi da Tavisi JReradobiT ver<br />

axSobs pozitiur momentebs, Tumca isini raodenobivad, SesaZloa, Camor-<br />

Cebian mas. egzistenciuri sisavsisa da Riaobis gancda mudam `calkeuli<br />

mciredi wuTebiTaa Sem<strong>of</strong>argluli. maTi `SekveTa~ SeuZlebelia, isini adamians<br />

saCuqrad eZleva~ (bolnovi 1999: 78). `egzistenciuri arseboba yovel<br />

wuTs Tavidan unda iqnas miRweuli~ (bolnovi 1999: 79). swored ase, Znelad,<br />

yovel jerze xelaxla, aRwevs lavanti suly<strong>of</strong>il kavSirs rogorc samyaros-<br />

Tan, ise adamianebTan.<br />

lavantis cxovreba (da misi lirikis samyaro) Zalze axlosaa iaspersiseul<br />

`zRvrul situaciasTan~, usasrulod gangrZobilTan. amgvari situaciebidan<br />

umniSvnelovanesia sikvdili. lavanti arasodes grZnobs Tavs dacul,<br />

mSvid, yoveldRiur garemoebebSi, is TiTqos usasrulod gagrZelebuli tanjvis<br />

mdgomareobaSi cxovrobs da araerT leqsSi natrobs kidec sikvdils,<br />

rogorc xsnasa da gamosavals. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mas araferi aqvs<br />

dasakargi am arsebobaSi. amitom, cxadia, ar aris gasakviri, rom misi poezia<br />

mTlianobaSi, tragizmiTaa gajerebuli.<br />

raTa oriod sityviT SevajamoT lavantis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis mimarTeba<br />

egzistenciur filos<strong>of</strong>iasTan, unda aRvniSnoT, rom masac, rogorc sxva<br />

kulturul `masalas~, Cveni poeti gardasaxavs da sakuTari xedvis unikalur<br />

TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobas aniWebs. misTvis Zalze axlosaa `sicocxlis filos<strong>of</strong>iac~,

Tumca mTlianad arc mas emTxveva samyaroze misi Sexedulebebi. lavantis<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba, albaT, am or filos<strong>of</strong>iur mimdinareobas Soris raRac<br />

Sualedur adgilas unda ganvaTavsoT. egzistenciuri azrovnebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

lavanti arasodes wyvets RvTiur sinamdvilesTan Tundac konfliqtur<br />

urTierTobas.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, lavantis Semoqmedebisa da msolmxedvelobis siRrmiseuli<br />

da yovlismomcveli kvleva jer kidev momavlis saqmea. es mxolod mas<br />

Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rac gamoicema lavantis yvela teqsti da misi<br />

biografiac maqsimalurad srulad iqneba damuSavebuli. Tumca, imis safuZvelzec,<br />

rac mis Sesaxeb dResdReobiT viciT, ukve SeiZleba vecadoT CawvdeT,<br />

Tu ras warmoadgenda qristine lavanti rogorc adamiani da rogorc<br />

Semoqmedi.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

bolnovi 1999: Больнов О. Ф. Философия экзистенциализма. Санкт-Петербург: 1999.<br />

Terneri 1983: Тэрнер В. Символ и ритуал. М.: «Наука», 1983.<br />

Toifenbaxi 1989: Teufenbach I. Christine Lavant – „Gerufen nach dem Fluß“. Zeugnis einer<br />

Freundschaft. Ammann Verlag, 1989.<br />

iordani 1995: Jordan L. Zur literaturgeschichtlichen Situierung Christine Lavants zwischen<br />

geistlicher Dichtung und moderner Lyrik. In: Die Bilderschrift Christine Lavants. Hg. v. Arno<br />

Russegger und Johann Strutz. Otto-Müller-Verlag Salzburg, 1995.<br />

klingeri 1975: Klinger K. Der Rosenkranz der Flüche. In: Literatur und Kritik.<br />

Österreichische Monatsschrift, 10/1975.<br />

lavanti 1956: Lavant, Christine: Die Bettlerschale. Gedichte. Otto-Müller-Verlag Salzburg,<br />

1956.<br />

lavanti 1959: Lavant Ch. Die Spindel im Mond. Gedichte. Otto-Müller-Verlag Salzburg,<br />

1959.<br />

lavanti 1962: Lavant, Christine: Der Pfauenschrei. Gedichte, Otto-Müller-Verlag Salzburg,<br />

1962.<br />

lavanti 1978: Lavant Ch. Kunst wie meine ist nur verstümmeltes Leben. Nachgelassene und<br />

verstreut veröffentlichte Gedichte – Prosa – Briefe. Hg. v. Armin Wigotschnig und Johann Strutz.<br />

Otto-Müller-Verlag Salzburg: 1978.<br />

lavanti 1988: Lavant Ch. Gedichte, hg. v. Thomas Bernhardt. Frankfurt am Main: 1988.<br />

lavanti 2002: lavanti qr. leqsebi da moTxrobebi, Tb.: `kavkasiuri saxli~, 2002.<br />

mereJkovski 1901: Дмитрий Мережковский: Христос и Антихрист в русской<br />

литературе. Лев Толстой и Достоевский. СПб, «Мир искусства», 1901.<br />

Jerebini 2004: Жеребин А. Вертикальная линия. Философская проза Австрии в<br />

Русской перспективе. Санкт-Петербург: 2004.<br />

293

Tamar Kotrikadze<br />

294<br />

Christine Lavant<br />

(World-view and Poetics)<br />

Summary<br />

Our intention is to research in this article the works <strong>of</strong> the 20 th century Austrian author<br />

– Christine Lavant (1915-1973). Lavantology is a new branch <strong>of</strong> Germanist research in<br />

Austria as well in the whole world: Christine Lavant’s literary heritage hasn’t been<br />

published completely and its reception has been yet only fragmentary. Neither in Christine<br />

Lavant’s native country nor elsewhere her work is yet researched completely, in<br />

connection with her personality and her world-view, it has not yet been regarded as<br />

globally as we take it for necessary.<br />

Christine Lavant’s world-view and poetics that has been expressed in her works, are,<br />

in our opinion, inseparable from her biography, which she has creatively transformed to a<br />

personal Myth. That’s why her work and her biography must be considered as a whole: as<br />

Christine Lavant’s poetic world (<strong>of</strong> course, biography plays an important part in any<br />

poet’s work, but in the case <strong>of</strong> Christine Lavant, who lived in distinctive cultural<br />

atmosphere and socially hard conditions and had a tragic life, this connection is, in our<br />

opinion, particularly intensive).<br />

We consider the biography <strong>of</strong> this author as a crossroad, where various dimensions <strong>of</strong><br />

her poetic world meet and cross each other. As first must be mentioned the epochal as well<br />

as national dimension: it presents Christine Lavant in the perspective <strong>of</strong> the 20 th century<br />

Austrian culture and aesthetics. Austrian national phenomenon receives maximal<br />

importance because <strong>of</strong> the location on the edge <strong>of</strong> West and East Europe and the<br />

multiethnic variety.<br />

As next we must mention the two “cultural and religious” stratums that impact the<br />

thematic <strong>of</strong> Lavant’s works: these are the religious and the pagan and magical<br />

dimensions, which permanently confront each other and create the religious vertical that<br />

goes through the whole world <strong>of</strong> Christine Lavant. The first is presented by the<br />

characteristic Austrian catholic tradition with its barockal pathos, the second is the folk<br />

tradition <strong>of</strong> sorcery and mystic that take root in the old pagan cults <strong>of</strong> European peoples.<br />

Lavant is part <strong>of</strong> both <strong>of</strong> these traditions, on the one hand, naturally and unconsciously, as<br />

a member <strong>of</strong> a provincial society, on the other hand, intellectually, as a passionate reader<br />

and autodidact. She uses permanently various religious motives and also, in her texts we<br />

meet on every step thematized fairy tale or mythological images. At the same time, we<br />

notice in her works the influence <strong>of</strong> certain philosophical, occult and esoteric literature.<br />

These various and mutually exclusive influences are the factors creating the originality <strong>of</strong><br />

Lavant’s religious world-view which is expressed by an immediate dramatic dialogconflict<br />

with God.<br />

Last, we must mention the dimension that connects Chistine Lavant with the<br />

European philosophic thinking <strong>of</strong> the beginning <strong>of</strong> the 20 th century (we mean, above all,<br />

existentialism). This dimension is directly connected with the epochal/national one and, on<br />

the other hand, is very closely connected with Lavant’s personal biography. This poet<br />

experienced the ideological crisis <strong>of</strong> the 20 th century Europe as acutely as if it were he<br />

personal tragedy; with her popular quotation “My creative work is nothing but a crippled

life” she has expressed that the common everyday life didn’t exist for her, that she<br />

permanently lived “on the edge”, in a state <strong>of</strong> “existential” being.<br />

So, we can consider Christine Lavant’s poetic world as a system which has the form<br />

<strong>of</strong> a cross, as a multidimensional field:<br />

religious dimension<br />

↓<br />

epochal-national dimension → biography ← dimension <strong>of</strong> existentialism<br />

↑<br />

pagan-magical dimensions<br />

This field is not a simple compilation <strong>of</strong> various dimensions: each <strong>of</strong> the mentioned<br />

elements is an organic part <strong>of</strong> a unique personal and creative phenomenon. The<br />

relationship between these elements certainly cause permanent inner struggle and<br />

fragmentation on the personal level as well as on the creative one. The cross form <strong>of</strong> the<br />

field shown by us also indicates the tragic that penetrates Christine Lavant’s personal<br />

myth.<br />

Taking the aforementioned view <strong>of</strong> Christine Lavant’s poetic world as a starting<br />

point for the planned research and basing on this view and on the results <strong>of</strong> earlier research<br />

mirrored in the secondary literature we try to study the complete works <strong>of</strong> this author (her<br />

lyric, prose and private letters).<br />

295

296<br />

literaturis Teoriis sakiTxebi<br />

TinaTin biganiSvili<br />

Janris Teoriis kulturologiuri aspeqti<br />

Tanamedrove samecniero kvlevebis erT-erTi atributia sakiTxisadmi<br />

interdisciplinaruli midgoma. Janris Teoriis kulturologiuri aspeqti<br />

swored xsenebuli tendenciis Sedegia. is sxvagvarad ase SegviZlia ganvmartoT<br />

_ es aris Janris sinqronuli da diaqronuli modelebis kulturologiuri<br />

paradigmis, kulturologiuri mudmivas (konstantas) povnis<br />

mcdeloba.<br />

holistur TeoriaSi warmodgenil sinqronul da diaqronul rakursebs,<br />

maT urTierTmimarTebas kulturologiuri konstanta Seesabameba. am<br />

ukanasknels, Tavis mxriv, im modelis funqcia aqvs, romelsac fesvebi<br />

kulturis qmnadobaSi aqvs gadgmuli.<br />

aqve unda ganvmartoT, rom Janris Teoriis kulturologiuri aspeqti ar<br />

aris holisturi Teoriis Sevsebis survili. Cveni azriT, Janris holisturi<br />

Teoria imdenad zustad asaxavs Janris kategoriis ganmsazRvrel or Ziri-<br />

Tad fenomens, rom gavrcobas srulebiT ar saWiroebs. Cvens samecniero<br />

statiaSi warmodgenilia Janris Teoriisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma<br />

da vcdilobT, gamoviyenoT is siaxleebi da novatoruli tendenciebi,<br />

rasac kulturologia gvTavazobs.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis y<strong>of</strong>is yoveli<br />

elementis mimarT kulturis istoriuli aRmocenebisa da etapobrivi ganviTarebis<br />

paradigmis dominanturi funqciis idea mxolod kulturologiis<br />

eqskluzivi ar aris. es damaxasiaTebelia aseve literaturaTmcodneobis-<br />

Tvis, xelovnebaTmcodneobisTvis, filos<strong>of</strong>iisa da fsiqologiisTvis, agreTve<br />

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargTa Semswavleli mecnierebebisTvis, Tumca<br />

xsenebuli ideis sistematizacia da misi arsebiTi mxareebis warmoCena<br />

kulturologiis prerogativaa.<br />

Janris qmnadoba kulturis qmnadobis korelatia, imdenad ramdenadac<br />

xelovneba kulturis sxva elementTa Soris alternatiul y<strong>of</strong>as ∗ yvelaze<br />

ukeT asaxavs. kulturis qmnadoba, misi ganviTareba da xelaxla qmnadoba<br />

aris dominanturi modeli, romelic paradigmul funqcias atarebs adamianis<br />

sazogadoebrivi, civilizebuli arsebobis yoveli elementis warmo-<br />

Sobis, ganviTarebisa da ganaxlebis, kvlav warmoSobis mimarT.<br />

Janris holisturi Teoriis korelatia is kulturologiuri Teoriebi,<br />

romlebic kulturis qmnadobisa da formirebis models sinqronuli da<br />

diaqronuli dominantebis urTierTmimarTebiT, urTierTkveTiTa da urTierTswrafviT<br />

warmoaCenen. Tumca Cveni kvlevis obieqti ar aris mxolod<br />

∗<br />

kulturas bunebis mimarT alternatiul y<strong>of</strong>as uwodeben kulturologebi iohan hoizinga<br />

da l. frobeniusi.

amgvari korelatebis aRmoCena. erT-erTi maTgani Janris holistur TeoriaSicaa<br />

dasaxelebuli ∗ _ arqimedes spirali (ratiani 2009:58). Cveni mizania<br />

Janris holisturi Teoriis korelaturi kulturologiuri Teoriebis ganxilva<br />

da Semdeg imis dasabuTeba, rom Janris qmnadobis, ganviTarebisa da<br />

xelaxla qmnadobis umTavresi principi, iseve rogorc kulturis nebismieri<br />

elementisa, damokidebulia Tavad kulturis qmnadobis paradigmaze, romelic,<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganmsazRvreli, dominanturi, centraluri<br />

modelis funqcias asrulebs civilizaciis ∗∗ nebismieri produqtis, maT<br />

Soris Janris formirebis mimarT. Sedegad, Janris holisturi Teoriis zust<br />

argumentacias kulturologiuri modelic Seemateba.<br />

Janris Teoriis kulturologiuri aspeqti erTi SexedviT SeiZleba<br />

Janris qmnadobisa da literaturuli teqstis formirebis procesSi eqstraliteraturuli<br />

procesebis dominantur funqciad warmoCenis mcdelobad<br />

miviCnioT, diaqronuli Teoriis erT-erT transformaciad CavTvaloT,<br />

magram kulturologiuri aspeqtis arsebiTi mxare swored es aris. kulturis<br />

qmnadobis paradigma dominanturi modelis funqcias asrulebs rogorc<br />

eqstraliteraturuli, aseve Sidaliteraturuli procesebis mimarT da<br />

maTi urTierTmimarTebis erTian pirvelformas (ganmsazRvrel nimuSs)<br />

warmoadgens.<br />

holistur TeoriaSi, Cveni azriT, sakiTxi swored amgvaradaa dasmuli.<br />

eqstraliteraturul da Sidaliteraturul procesebs Soris dominanturi<br />

funqciiT mxolod erT-erTis gamomijvna, Janris sinqronul da diaqronul<br />

rakursebs Soris Janris ganmsazRvreli funqciiT mxolod erT-erTis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a<br />

mudmivi winaaRmdegobisa da ambivalenturi argumentaciisTvisaa ganwiruli.<br />

holistur TeoriaSi swored Janris sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakursebis<br />

urTierTmimarTebisa da urTierTkveTis principia warmodgenili.<br />

Janris Teoriis kulturologiuri aspeqti am erTiani modelis, urTierTkveTis<br />

principis paradigmas gulisxmobs, romelic kulturis qmnadobasa da<br />

kulturologiur TeoriebSi unda veZeboT, radgan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,<br />

Cven im mkvlevarTa ricxvs mivekuTvnebiT, romelTac kulturis, civilizebuli<br />

adamianis arsebobis nebismieri formisa da elementis qmnadobis,<br />

ganviTarebisa da xelaxla qmnadobis mimarT dominantur modelad Tavad<br />

kulturis qmnadoba, ganviTareba da xelaxla qmnadoba miaCnia. Sesabamisad,<br />

dominanturi modelis funqcia ar unda agverios eqstraliteraturuli<br />

procesebis dominanturi funqciiT warmoCenis mcdelobasa da diaqronul<br />

TeoriebSi (baxtini, lotmani), aramed es paradigma pirvelformis, Tu SeiZleba<br />

ase iTqvas, pirveli gamocdilebis, precedentis funqcias atarebs im<br />

urTierTswrafvisa da urTierTkveTis principis mimarT, romelic Janris<br />

sinqronul da diaqronul rakursebs axasiaTebs. saubaria holisturi Teoriis<br />

organzomilebiani mudmivas adreul, droSi winmswreb, literaturis<br />

warmoqmnamdel korelatze, romelic kulturis warmoSobaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT.<br />

es damatebiTi ganmarteba, erTgvari dazusteba saWirod swored<br />

∗ igive SeiZleba iTqvas platonis terminebze: monada da apeironi.<br />

∗∗ kulturisa da civilizaciis, rogorc gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis terminebis Sesaxeb<br />

arsebuli kulturologiuri Teoriebi CvenTvis cnobilia, magram am SemTxvevaSi Cven am<br />

cnebebs bevrad zogadi mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT da am mxriv, maTi identuri SinaarsiT<br />

gamoyeneba Secdomad ar migvaCnia.<br />

297

amitom miviCnieT, radgan Janris kulturologiuri aspeqti zedapirulad<br />

diaqronul Teorias waagavs.<br />

kulturis qmnadobis arsebiT niSnebs Soris kulturologTa umetesoba<br />

erT mTavar maxasiaTebels gamoy<strong>of</strong>s. es aris y<strong>of</strong>is (samyaros, bunebis,<br />

realobis) gacnobiereba, romelic umetesad idealizebul saxes iRebs da<br />

miTebiTa da kultivirebuli SexedulebebiT vlindeba.<br />

kultivireba (rituali) da miTi, rogorc kulturis sawyisi ganxiluli<br />

gvaqvs iohan hoizingas, osvald Spengleris da l. ioninis fundamenturi<br />

naSromebis mixedviT.<br />

iohan hoizinga wers: `miTosis meSveobiT uadresi adamiani cdilobs<br />

miwieri axnas da nivTebi RvTaebrivSi daafuZnos... ase agebs (adamiani _ T.b.)<br />

bunebis samyaros gverdiT meore SeTxzul samyaros~ (hoizinga 2000:15).<br />

imaves amtkicebs osvald Spengleric: `kulturis gaRvivebasTan erTad<br />

maRali sulieri formebic aRmocendeba. am SemTxvevaSi RvTis gancda arsebiT<br />

gansazRvrulobas iZens, rogorc miTebSi, struqturebsa da ideebSi<br />

mZlavri gamoxatvis maZiebeli raoba. am gancdiT gamococxlebuli cnobiereba<br />

RvTis gagebas (raobas _ T.b.) qmnis. pirvelisgan (RvTis gancdisgan _<br />

T.b.) bunebis SegrZneba gamomdinareobs, xolo meorisgan (RvTis gageba, arsi<br />

_ T.b.) _ bunebis Semecneba~ (Spengleri 1998: 589).<br />

miTebisa da kultebis qmnadoba ar aris mxolod arqauli epoqebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli, aramed nebismieri axali kultura swored Sesabamisi miTisa<br />

da kultis aRmocenebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amasTan kavSirSi l. ionini<br />

Tavis vrcel naSromSi _ `kulturis sociologia~ losevis azrs imowmebs,<br />

rom niutonis meqanika nihilizmis Tanamedrove miTologias efuZneba (ionini<br />

1994:159).<br />

osvald Spengleri miTis, rogorc kulturis safuZvlis Tanamedrove<br />

epoqebSi qmnadobis Sesaxeb wers: `kulturis _ antikuris, arabulis, dasavluris<br />

— adreul etapze Cven winaSe aRmocendeba miTi: statikuri, magiuri<br />

da dinamikuri stilis~ (Spengleri 1998: 601).<br />

kulturis dominanturi miTis ganmsazRvreli funqcia kulturis sxvadasxva<br />

formebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis mimarT osvald Spengleris<br />

TeoriaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia da Spenglers is sxvadasxva aspeqtiT<br />

aqvs ganxiluli. avtori saubrobs sami tipis kulturul `sulze~, romelic<br />

kulturis centraluri miTis, centraluri ms<strong>of</strong>laRqmis sinonimia da kulturis<br />

Sida procesebis warmmarTvelia. amas garda, kulturis ganmsazRvreli<br />

miTi Tavs nebismier epoqaSi imkvidrebs. miTis qmnadoba ar aris mxolod<br />

arqauli epoqis prerogativa. Spengleris azriT, nebismieri kultura Tavis<br />

damkvidrebas warsuli epoqis miTis namsxvrevebze axali miTis aRmocenebiT<br />

iwyebs:<br />

`is, rom miTebi, RmerTebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi pirvely<strong>of</strong>ili adamianis<br />

arsia da is, rom kulturis sulis ganviTarebasTan erTad miTis qmnadobis<br />

Zala qveiTdeba _ mecnieruli crurwmenaa. sinamdvileSi Cven saqme<br />

gvaqvs sruliad sapirispiro viTarebasTan. miTologiis istoria dRemde gauxsneli<br />

Tema rom ar y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, didi xnis win aRmoaCendnen, rom sayovel-<br />

Taod gavrcelebuli miTologiuri produqtiuloba sinamdvileSi calkeuli<br />

epoqebiTaa Sem<strong>of</strong>argluli. da bolos, mixvdebodnen, rom sulis mo-<br />

Txovnileba, raTa sakuTari samyaro erTgvarovani xatebiT, simboloebiTa<br />

da niSnebiT aavsos, swored yoveli didi kulturis aRmocenebis adreul<br />

etaps miekuTvneba... miTologiuri formebis zustad imdeni samyaro gvaqvs,<br />

298

amdeni kulturac da arqiteqturac mogvepoveba... mxolod amgvari axsna<br />

SeiZleba movuZebnoT religiur-intuitiuri qmnilebebis im simravles, romelTac<br />

germaneli imperatorebis sami epoqa Seavses. swored am periodSi<br />

aRmocenda fausturi miTologia~ (Spengleri 1998: 596).<br />

Sesabamisad, Spengleri cdilobs saxeli daarqvas sxvadasxva epoqebis-<br />

Tvis, kulturaTaTvis damaxasiaTebel dominantur miTologiur formebs...<br />

is gvTavazobs sami ZiriTadi miTologiuri samyaros saxelwodebas: apolonuri,<br />

magiuri da fausturi miTebi:<br />

`bunebis (y<strong>of</strong>is _ T.b.) Semecnebis formebi, rogorc simboloebi, rogorc<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>laRqmis Sinaarsebi im grZnobidan gamomdinareobs, romelic, am<br />

mxriv, damaxasiaTebelia mxolod gansazRvruli sulisTvis (kulturis sulisTvis<br />

_ T.b.). es SeiZleba iyos apolonuri, magiuri an fausturi suli~<br />

(Spengleri 1998: 630).<br />

maSasadame, dominanturi miTi gansazRvravs im formebs, romlebic, Sedegad,<br />

kulturis qmnadobas edeba safuZvlad. da rac mTavaria, rogorc Spengleri<br />

aRniSnavs, am process adgili aqvs ama Tu im kulturis aRmocenebis<br />

sawyis etapze.<br />

kulturis dominanturi miTis ganmsazRvreli funqcia literaturuli<br />

formebis CamoyalibebasTan kavSirSi ganxiluli aqvs nestan sulavas Tavis<br />

samecniero gamokvlevaSi `vefxistyaosani _ metafora, simbolo, aluzia,<br />

enigma~. nestan sulava terminebs _ remiTologizacia da demiTologizacia<br />

literaturuli nawarmoebis analizis dros iyenebs teqstis Sida Sreebis,<br />

sxvadasxva epoqebis literaturul-kulturuli memkvidreobis gavleniT<br />

warmoqmnili teqstsSida fenebis axsnisa da ganmartebis mizniT:<br />

`nestan-darejanis saxeSi mamis moRalate asulis miTologema iCens Tavs.<br />

gavixsenoT berZnuli miTosis personaJebi ariadne da medea, romelTa gareSe<br />

Tezevsi da iasoni mizans ver miaRwevdnen. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT<br />

saintereso aietisa da medeas, danaosisa da misi erTi asulis miTologemaa.<br />

es ZvelTaZveli modeli Tavs iCens qarTul miTosSic, kerZod, amiranis miT-<br />

Si, agreTve, rusTvelamdel qarTul literaturul nawarmoebSi `amirandarejaniani~.<br />

`,vefxistyaosani~ am miTologemas da literaturul tradiciebs<br />

areklavs. rom ara nestan-darejani, tarieli ver an ar gauwevda winaaRmdegobas<br />

farsadans. magram es xsenebuli miTologemisa Tu literaturuli<br />

tradiciis pirdapiri gamoZaxili ar aris. nestan-darejani iZulebuli gaxda,<br />

swored is moemoqmeda, rac mas pirovnulobas SeunarCunebda. SoTa<br />

rusTaveli iSviaTi feradovnebiT Zerwavs Tavisi mTavari personaJis fsiqologiur<br />

portrets. amitom am niSnebis mixedviT poemaSi vxedavT, erTi<br />

mxriv, remiTologizacias, meore mxriv _ demiTologizacias. vfiqrob, remiTologizacia<br />

iyo protestis gamoxatva, raTa qristianuli sibrZne aRor-<br />

Zinebuliyo. amitomac iyo demiTologizacia mosalodneli, raTa miTisgan<br />

ganZarcvuliyvnen personaJTa saxeebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

gmirTa momavali cxovreba maRal zneobriv-eTikur normebsa da sistemas<br />

unda damyareboda~ (sulava 2009: 94).<br />

Sesabamisad, Cveni TemisTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovani unda iyos remiTologizaciisa<br />

da demiTologizaciis, rogorc gardauvali Sidaliteraturuli<br />

da aseve literaturis gareT, kulturis farglebSi mimdinare mudmivi<br />

procesis literaturaTmcodneobiTi analizi, radgan remiTologizaciisa<br />

da demiTologizaciis cnebebi nawilia im ZiriTadi kulturologiuri tendenciebisa,<br />

romelTac Cven deidealizaciasa da reidealizacias vuwodebT<br />

299

da romelnic, Tavis mxriv, paradigmis funqcias asruleben Sidaliteraturuli<br />

remiTologizaciisa da demiTologizaciis procesebis mimarT.<br />

iohan hoizingas TeoriaSi kulturis qmnadobis safuZvlad miTisa da<br />

kultis aRmocenebis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT:<br />

`miTossa da kultSi ki saTaves iRebs kulturuli cxovrebis udidesi<br />

mamoZravebeli Zalebi: samarTali da wesrigi, vaWroba, rewva, xelosnoba da<br />

xelovneba, poezia, sibrZne da mecniereba~ (hoizinga 2000: 15).<br />

es migneba saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT azri, rom kulturis qmnadobas<br />

win uswrebs deidealizaciis procesi, romelic sxvagvarad demiTologizebiT<br />

da dekultivirebiT vlindeba. dekultivirebis, rogorc kulturis<br />

axali paradigmis, axali miTisa da axali kultis aRmocenebis winapirobis<br />

Sesaxeb osvald Spengleri wers:<br />

`Tuki es gviani, damamTavrebeli fenomeni CvenSi religiuri momentis<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>as aRniSnavs, maSin yovel civilizaciaSi mas sxvadasxvagvari struqtura<br />

aqvs. ar arsebobs religiuroba, romelsac ar Seesabameba mxolod mis-<br />

Tvis gankuTvnili, mis sapirispirod mimarTuli winaaRmdegoba. arsebobs<br />

antikuri, arabuli, dasavluri aTeizmi, romlebic SinaarsiT sruliad gansxvavdebian<br />

erTmaneTisgan. nicSem erT-erTi maTganis formulireba uzrunvelyo,<br />

kerZod, dinamikuri aTeizmis _ erTgvarad post factum _ sityvebiT:<br />

`RmerTi mokvda~. antikuri epoqis filos<strong>of</strong>osi statikur-evklidur aTeizms<br />

ase gansazRvravda: `RmerTebi mokvdnen~. pirveli aRniSnavs usasrulo sivrcis<br />

daclas RvTaebriobisgan, meore — usasrulo saganTa raodenobis<br />

daclas RvTaebriobisgan~ (Spengleri 1998: 617,618).<br />

dekultivirebisa da demiTologizebis, rogorc kulturis krizisisa da<br />

axali kulturis aRmocenebis Tanmdevi deidealizebisa da, Sesabamisad,<br />

reidealizebis procesis amsaxvel kulturologiur analizs vxvdebiT l.<br />

ioninis TeoriaSic. is imowmebs amerikeli mecnieris T. kunis vrcel naSroms<br />

`samecniero revoluciis struqtura~, romlis interpretirebisas amtkicebs,<br />

rom nebismieri mecnierebis ganviTarebis yoveli etapi paradigmul<br />

Teoriebs ukavSirdeba, romlebic ganmsazRvreli, mTavari modelis funqcias<br />

asruleben manam, vidre dgeba `eqstraordinaluri gamokvlevis~<br />

(ionini 1994: 162) periodi, roca Zveli paradigma axliT icvleba. am process<br />

sabolood kuni `samecniero revolucias~ arqmevs (ionini 1994: 162).<br />

swored aqedan gamomdinare, kuni daaskvnis, rom nebismieri idealizebuli<br />

paradigma Tavisi gamovlinebiT da SedegebiT uTanabrdeba rituals, rogorc<br />

gamyarebuli forma (ionini 1994: 163) da Sesabamisad, dekultivireba,<br />

rogorc deidealizebis gardauvali atributi iwvevs axali paradigmis _<br />

axali miTis, axali simbolos, axali kultis (ritualis) aRmocenebas _ kultivirebas.<br />

Sedegad, miTi da kulti gamsWvalavs kulturis sawyiss da aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, kulturis nebismier elements, maT Soris _ mecnierebasac.<br />

kulturis yoveli elementi dekultivirebuli da demiTologizebuli<br />

formebis Sedegia. iohan hoizinga wers, rom pirvely<strong>of</strong>il sazogadoebaSi<br />

aSkaraa y<strong>of</strong>is yoveli elementis Serwyma ritualTan, Semdgom ki misi gamodiferencirebis<br />

procesi (hoizinga 2000: 64). dekultivireba da demiTologizeba<br />

sabolood deidealizebas edeba safuZvlad. es ukanaskneli iwvevs,<br />

erTi mxriv, arsebulis destruqcias (sinqronuli Wrilis swrafvas diaqronulisken),<br />

meore mxriv, axlis konstruirebis, gamyarebis, ritualizebis<br />

(ionini, kuni) aucileblobas (diaqronuli Wrilis swrafvas sinqronulisken),<br />

rac aseve reidealizebisa da reproducirebis gardauvalobas iwvevs.<br />

300

swored reidealizeba aris is procesi, romelic marad moZravi da moqmedi<br />

paradigmis arsebobas uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s.<br />

kulturis qmnadobis, ganviTarebis, krizisisa da xelaxla qmnadobis<br />

sqema amgvari mocemulobisaa:<br />

kulti _ miTi _ (idealizeba)kultura _ dekultivireba-demiTologizeba<br />

_ krizisi(deidealizeba) _ kulti(rekultivireba) _ miTi(remiTologizeba)<br />

_ kultura (reidealizeba).<br />

ai es aris ZiriTadi modeli, romelsac ori arsebiTi niSani aqvs: 1.<br />

idealizeba; 2. deidealizeba. reidealizeba am orcvladiani formulidan<br />

orives SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT. idealizeba Tavisi arsiT yovelTvis moicavs<br />

reidealizebas, rac uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s mudmivad ganmeorebadi formebis (ideebis,<br />

Sinaarsebis, simboloebis da a.S.) restruqturizebad funqcias. es ki<br />

maT mudmivad sinqronuli aspeqtiT arsebobis saSualebas aZlevs. deidealizeba,<br />

Tavis mxriv, aris mizezi imisa, rom mudmivi elementebis sapirispiro,<br />

maTTan winaaRmdegobaSi qmnadi formebi (Sinaarsebi, ideebi, simboloebi,<br />

struqturebi da a.S.) diaqronul aspeqts iZenen, rogorc cvlilebis, deidealizebis<br />

(imavdroulad reidealizebis) niSnebi.<br />

es aris Janris holisturi Teoriis korelaturi kulturologiuri<br />

Teoria, romlis mixedviTac mocemulia ara marto Janris, aramed nebismieri<br />

cnobieri da y<strong>of</strong>iTi kategoriis (T. kuni, l. ionini, o. Spengleri, i. hoizinga)<br />

qmnadobis, ganviTarebisa da xelaxla qmnadobis zogadi modeli, rogorc<br />

Tavad kulturis formirebis fenomeni, ganmsazRvreli paradigma, romelic<br />

idealizebisa da deidealizebis orcvladiani formuliT gamoixateba.<br />

Janris holistur Teorias kulturologiuri aspeqti siaxlis TvalsazrisiT<br />

verafers sZens, magram sakiTxisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma,<br />

vfiqrob, urigo ar unda iyos da kulturologiuri korelatis saSualebiT<br />

literaturaTmcodneobiTi Teoriis interpretacia, albaT, ar aris<br />

interess moklebuli.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

ionini 1994: ionini l. kulturis sociologia. m.: 1994.<br />

ratiani 2009: ratiani i. Janris Teoria. Tb.: 2009.<br />

sulava 2009: sulava n. `vefxistyaosani~ _ metafora, simbolo, aluzia, enigma.<br />

Tb.: 2009.<br />

Spengleri 1998: Spengleri o. evropis daisi. forma da sinamdvile. minski: 1998.<br />

hoizinga 2000: hoizinga i. `Homo Ludens~. Tb.: 2000.<br />

301

Tinatin Biganishvili<br />

302<br />

The Culturological Aspect <strong>of</strong> the Theory <strong>of</strong> Genre<br />

Summary<br />

The culturological aspect <strong>of</strong> the theory <strong>of</strong> genre is the correlatical culturological<br />

model <strong>of</strong> the principle <strong>of</strong> aspiration and crossing between the synchronical and<br />

diachronical lines <strong>of</strong> genre. On the other hand, we prove that the culturological model has<br />

the function <strong>of</strong> the paradigmus for the holistical theory <strong>of</strong> genre, as well as for any cultural<br />

forms. As it is the central form and main instance.<br />

The article presents several correlative culturological theorys <strong>of</strong> the holistical theory<br />

<strong>of</strong> genre. They are:<br />

1. O. Shpengler – the theory <strong>of</strong> three central mythes, which are the myth <strong>of</strong> Apolon,<br />

the myth <strong>of</strong> magic and the myth <strong>of</strong> Faustus.<br />

2. L. Ionin and T. Kuhn – the theory <strong>of</strong> ,,science revolution”. It based on the theory<br />

<strong>of</strong> paradigmatical conceptions.<br />

3. I. Hoizinga – ,,Homo Ludens”. It presents general forms, which are myth and cult.<br />

They are central forms for any other cultural forms. Also it presents the theory <strong>of</strong><br />

demythologism and decultivism.<br />

Along with the questions <strong>of</strong> the culturological aspect <strong>of</strong> the theory <strong>of</strong> genre considered<br />

the holistical theory <strong>of</strong> genre by Irma Ratiani and conception <strong>of</strong> remythologism and<br />

demythologism by Nestan Sulava, which based on analyse <strong>of</strong> ,,The Knight in the Panther’s<br />

Skin”.<br />

The article presents the difference <strong>of</strong> the culturological aspect <strong>of</strong> the theory <strong>of</strong> genre to<br />

the other diachronical theorys, as we don’t mean to represent the main function <strong>of</strong><br />

extraliterary processes.We prove it by the principle <strong>of</strong> aspiration and crossing between the<br />

synchronical and diachronical lines <strong>of</strong> genre. We present the correlatical culturological<br />

model <strong>of</strong> this principle. As it is the main paradigmus for the holistical theory <strong>of</strong> genre.<br />

The article also presents the comparative method and it is culturological version <strong>of</strong> the<br />

literary-theoretical ideas. So this material is studied with comparative method.<br />

The general terms <strong>of</strong> the culturological aspect <strong>of</strong> the theory <strong>of</strong> genre are reidealism<br />

and deidealism, which are culturological versions <strong>of</strong> the literary-theoretical terms <strong>of</strong><br />

remythologism and demythologism. We also present the scheme <strong>of</strong> the development <strong>of</strong><br />

culture, which is the principle <strong>of</strong> changing and crossing between reidealism and<br />

deidealism.

amdenime SeniSvna literaturuli<br />

barokos Sesaxeb<br />

maia naWyebia<br />

`arsebobs evropuli barokos civilizacia<br />

da erovnuli, individualuri kulturebi.<br />

TviToeul maTgans misTavis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

ritmi gaaCnia; aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom komparativizmi<br />

ganuyrelad aris dakavSirebuli<br />

aRqmis SeswavlasTan”.<br />

didie sulie<br />

literaturuli barokos kvlevebi XX saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi daiwyo.<br />

calkeuli erovnuli barokos kvlevas Tavisi istoria aqvs, zogjer igi<br />

Zalian mSfoTvarea da mas didi kamaTebic hxlebia.<br />

***<br />

am zafxuls bratislavidan Camomitanes wigni, romelic Zalian mainteresebda<br />

da romelmac damidastura, rom is meTodi, romelic me intuiciurad<br />

SevarCie, gamarTlebulia. es wignia iozef vaSicas `Cexuri literaturuli<br />

baroko~ (vaSica: 1936), romelic 1936 wels gamoica da romelsac dRemde ar<br />

daukargavs aqtualoba.<br />

Tavisi klasikurad aRiarebuli wignSi avtori wers: `Cexuri literaturuli<br />

baroko~ daibada slovakuri barokos Zeglebis calkeuli gamocemebis<br />

momzadebebisas, igi Sedgeba rigi monografiebisagan (wignSi Semavali am monografiebis<br />

saTaurebia: poezia, asketika, homiletika. zogierTi qvesaTauri:<br />

`gamonaTeba sibnelidan~, `Cexuri barokouli poeziis Sesaxeb~, `simRera<br />

adamianis ukanasknel saqmeTa Sesaxeb~ da sxv. _ m. n.) Cexuri literaturuli<br />

barokos mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis umdidresi memkvidreobidanac<br />

TiTqmis araferi ar aris gamocemuli, pirvel rigSi saqme exeba damokidebulebas<br />

am periodis literaturisadmi, rogorc raRac ufro nakleb<br />

Rirebulisadmi, romelic aqamde an nawilobriv miviwyebuli an ucnobi iyo~.<br />

mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom swored imis gamo, rom am wignis werisas, anu XX<br />

saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, es didi masala jer kidev Seuswavleli iyo, man mimar-<br />

Ta meTods, romelic koncentrirebulia gamorCeul movlenebze da amas igi<br />

ufro warmatebulad miiCnevs, vidre zogad msjelobebs, romlebic fragmentul<br />

codnas eyrdnoba. igi iqve SeniSnavs imasac, rom is faqti, rom igi<br />

mxolod kaTolikur barokos exeba, gamiznulad ar momxdara da imiT aris<br />

gamowveuli, rom Cexuri literaturuli barokos swored es elementi ufro<br />

SemorCa mexsierebas da amave dros is gansazRvravs mTeli epoqis saxes da<br />

masSi axali drois ganviTarebis winapirobac Zevs. Cexuri enisTvis es iyo<br />

ganviTarebis da momwifebis xana, romlis nay<strong>of</strong>ic memkvidreobad iqca. mas<br />

Semdeg Cexuri barokos kvlevebi ar Sewyvetila da daemyara ra Teoriul<br />

safuZvels, Cexuri literaturuli baroko Cexuri literaturis istoriis<br />

erT-erT periodad gaformda.<br />

303

***<br />

literaturaSi barokos gamovlinebis TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa<br />

franguli baroko, misi kvlevis istoria metad mSfoTvarea da mas cxare<br />

kamaTebic axlda. es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom safrangeTSi XVII saukune<br />

klasicizmTan asocirdeba. franguli barokos kvlevaSi fuZemdebluri sityva<br />

Tqva Jan rusem wignSi `barokos epoqis literatura safrangeTSi~ (Jan<br />

ruse: 1953), brwyinvalea aseve mis mier Sedgenili `franguli barokos anTologia~,<br />

sadac poezia klasificirebulia barokosTvis tipiuri Temebis<br />

mixedviT da romelsac avtoris SesaniSnavi winasityvaoba uZRvis. literaturuli<br />

barokos da kerZod franguli literaturuli barokos kvlevis-<br />

Tvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania violflinis naSromebi xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi,<br />

romelmac renesanisa da barokos mxatvrobis Sedarebis safuZvelze<br />

gamoyo renesansuli da barokouli wyvilebi, ramac sruliad axali suli<br />

STabera saerTod barokos da kerZod literaturuli barokos kvlevebs.<br />

frangul barokos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes etaps warmoadgens 1960-iani<br />

wlebis e. w. `montabanis seminarebi~, romelic am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli<br />

cxare kamaTebis oqmebsac Seicavs.<br />

barokos kvlevis sakiTxi safrangeTSi dResac aqtualuria da mis aseT<br />

statuss, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, isic ganapirobebs, rom safrangeTma XVII<br />

saukuneSi barokos garda kidev erTi mimdinaroeba _ klasicizmi _ warmoSva,<br />

romelmac garkveuli drois manZilze sruliad daCrdila franguli<br />

barokos mniSvneloba.<br />

sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom barokos pirveli gamoyeneba, rogorc<br />

literaturuli terminisa, gvian XIX da adre XX saukuneSi farTod emTxveva<br />

literaturuli gemovnebis Secvles, ramac inglisSi gamoiwvia ganaxlebuli<br />

interesi XVII saukunis poeziis mimarT, espaneTSi gongoras, kevedosa da<br />

kalderonis gadaazreba, xolo safrangeTSi, cota mogvianebiT, `petrarkizmis~<br />

poetebis faqtiurad xelaxla aRmoCena. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada XVII<br />

saukunis dekadansis gansakuTrebiT saxasiaTo avtorebis ganxilva ara rogorc<br />

neoklasikosi avtorebisa, aramed rogorc maTi, vinc barokos stils<br />

warmoadgenda, romelic istoriulad SeiWra renesanssa da neoklasicizms<br />

Soris.<br />

saerTod, barokos literaturaze gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad maSin daiwyo<br />

saubari, rodesac xelaxla `aRmoaCines~ XVII saukunis mTeli rigi avtorebi. ∗<br />

XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi amgvari xelaxali Seswavlis sagnad iqcnen<br />

gvian XVI da XVII saukuneTa iseTi mwerlebi, rogorebic arian miltoni,<br />

monteni, korneli, bekoni da siranoc ki. maTi Semoqmedeba gaSuqebuli iqna<br />

barokos koncefciis Suqze (varnki 1992).<br />

∗ sxvaTa Soris, ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno erTi faqti, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi uSualod ar<br />

aris dakavSirebuli winamdebare statiis problematikasTan: Sarl bodlers Tavisi<br />

`borotebis yvavilebisTvis~ epigafad aqvs wamZRvarebuli franguli barokos TvalsaCino<br />

warmomadgenlis striqonebi. swored am dros daiwyo nel-nela XVII saukunis literaturisadmi<br />

interesis gamoRviZeba, rac barokosa da simbolizmis organul kavSirze<br />

miuTiTebs.<br />

304

***<br />

1999 wels cnobili franguli literaturaTmcodneobiTi Jurnalis _<br />

Litteratures Classiques _ mTeli nomeri evropuli barokos sakiTxebs mieZRvna.<br />

kamaTi barokos Sesaxeb<br />

Jurnali iwyeba didie sulies statiiT `kamaTi barokos Seasxeb~, sadac<br />

igi ganixilavs Jan rous statias da axdens mis citirebas: `periodizaciis<br />

Sedgena SeuZlebelia da azrs aris moklebuli. gana SesaZlebelia drois<br />

boboqari dineba mdore dinebiT SevcvaloT? an promeTe prokrustes sarecelSi<br />

CavatioT?~. istoriuli periodizaciidan esTetikur periodizaciaze<br />

gadasvla mxolod Tu gaamZafrebs reduqcionizmis kritikas. cnobilia, rom<br />

araferia iseTi xelovnuri, rogorc esTetikuri kategoria, romelic sistematiurad,<br />

yovelgvari niuansis gareSe TiToeul nawarmoebs garkveul<br />

mimdinareobas miakuTvnebs, ise, rom angariSs ar uwevs erovnul mravalferovnebas,<br />

uwyvetobis ucilobel svlas, individualur reaqciebsa da evoluciebs~.<br />

d. sulie wers: `naSromi inteleqtualuri Tavmdablobis jer<br />

arnaxuli nimuSiT iwyeba: `barokos cneba misaRebia garkveul zRvramde, igi<br />

moxerxebuli samuSao instrumentia imisaTvis, rom gaacnos Cveulebriv sazogadoebas<br />

mgrZnobelobis forma da xedva XVI saukunis bolo wlebidan<br />

momdevno saukunis Suawlebamde~. xolo g. diubua Tavisi statiis daskvniT<br />

nawilSi ambobs: `baroko polusia ZalTa sarbielze, misi meore polusi klasicizmia,<br />

romelic mis adgils ikavebs... aqvea moyvanili k. pomonis sityvebi:<br />

`periodizacia emsaxureba movlenebis (faqtebis) fiqris sagnad qcevas~.<br />

rogorc d. sulie aRniSnavs, Tumc XX saukunis dasasruls garkveuli<br />

Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba SeimCneva 60-iani wlebis debatebis mimarT,<br />

barokoze msjelobas mainc kamaTis forma aqvs. araferi gakeTebula SeTanxmebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, Tu ar CavTvliT cnebis dasabuTebis aRiarebas. yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, safrangeTSi aRar uary<strong>of</strong>en mis aucileblobas lansonis<br />

msgavsad.<br />

avtori zogadad ganixilavs barokos safrangeTis magaliTze da aRniSnavs,<br />

rom safrangeTis xelisufleba cdilobda aeridebina ucxoeTidan,<br />

pirvel rigSi italiidan, Semdgom espaneTidan Semosuli xelovneba, misi<br />

modeli da prestiJuloba. riSeliesa da Semdgom ludoviko XIV-s didi<br />

survili hqondaT wertili dasmoda frangebis dauokebel ltolvis ucxouri,<br />

Semotanili modelebis mimarT (`pleadis~ manifesti da misi moRvaweoba<br />

_ m.n.). maT surdaT daemkvidrebinaT iseTi tendencia, romlis mixedviTac<br />

evropas unda mieRo da eRiarebina franguli principi, risi magaliTebicaa<br />

restavraciis epoqis inglisi da burbonebis espaneTi. unda iTqvas, rom maT<br />

warmatebiT ganaxorcieles es saqme, magram pirvel warmatebas TviT safrangeTSi<br />

hqonda adgili, sadac ludoviko meToTxmeteseuli modeli momdevno<br />

saukuneSi `kargi gemovnebis~ maparalizebel, xolo Semdgom `masterilizebel~<br />

paradigmad iqca.<br />

kamaTi barokos mniSvnelobisa da misi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb mxolod safrangeTisaTvis<br />

ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. evropaSi yoveli erovnuli civilizacia<br />

awydeboda imis aucileblobas, rom mieRo, moeSorebina Tu Segueboda<br />

barokos kulturis principebsa da formebs, romlebic yovelTvis gansxvavebuli<br />

Tvisobriobis matarebelni iyvnen da raSic mniSvnelovan rols<br />

asrulebda iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa religiis istoria, damoukideblo-<br />

305

is politikuri neba da tradiciuli monarqistuli xelisuflebis siZliere.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa tapies naSromi, kerZod,<br />

misi `baroko da klasicizmi~: igi garkveuli saxis cnobaria.<br />

didie sulie aRniSnavs, rom gansakuTrebuli, erovnuli problematikiT<br />

Sem<strong>of</strong>argluli barokos nebismieri gansazRvreba SesaZloa arasakmarisi da<br />

arasrulfasovani iyos. amitom, aqedan gamomdinare wers igi: `gvsurs mniSvnelovani<br />

adgili davuTmoT erovnul Taviseburebebs. arsebobs evropuli<br />

barokos civilizacia da erovnuli, individualuri kulturebi. TviToeul<br />

maTgans TavisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ritmi gaaCnia; TavisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

formis mixedviT miiRo am civilizaciis mniSvnelovani Tvisebebi da<br />

Taviseburad gamoavlina isini. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom komparativizmi<br />

ganuxrelad aris dakavSirebuli aRqmis SeswavlasTan~ (xazi Cemia _ m. n.).<br />

barokos zusti interpretacia mxatvrul literaturaSi evropuli mas-<br />

StabiT uSualod ukavSirdeba ara mxolod XVII saukunis am kulturul movlenas,<br />

aramed misi xelaxal aRmoCenis uaxles istorias sxvadasxva qveynebSi.<br />

t.s. eliotidan moyolebuli Zalze seriozulad ganixileba `metafizikosi~<br />

poetebis Tavgadasavali. Tu CavTvliT, rom barokos literatura<br />

evropulia, ∗ misi aRqma istoriasTan ganuyrel kavSirSi unda ganixilebodes.<br />

xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, Jurnal `<strong>Literature</strong> classique~-is im nomeris Sedgena,<br />

romelic barokos sakiTxebs exeba redaqtorma komparatists miando, raTa<br />

mxolod safrangeTis magaliTebiT ar Sem<strong>of</strong>argluliyo da Tanabrad ganexila<br />

evropis sxva literaturebic. Tavad sulie Jurnalis am nomris xarvezebzec<br />

saubrobs, romlebic samomavlod mxedvelobaSia misaRebi: `unda<br />

gamogveqveynebina statia holandiuri literaturis Sesaxeb. saerTod droa<br />

adgili davuTmoT im avtorebs, romelTac mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT<br />

evropuli Teatris istoriaSi... samwuxarod, am periodis specialistTan<br />

TanamSromloba ver moxerxda. erT-erTi moxseneba unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo centraluri<br />

evropis qveynebis barokos Sesaxeb, magram misma ungrelma avtorma<br />

jiutad dumili amjobina. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom Tumc problematika da<br />

orientirebi mTlianobaSi gansazRvruli iyo Jurnalis redaqciis mier, Tvi-<br />

Toeuli avtori Tavisufali iyo Tavis arCevansa da mosazrebebSi. iseTi sadao<br />

da aqtualuri sakiTxis ganxilvisas, rogoricaa baroko, aranairi dogma<br />

ar unda iyos apriotuli. kiTxvebi barokosTan dakavSirebiT unda daisvas,<br />

magram masze, rogorc civilizaciis movlenaze kamaTis ganaxleba dauSvebelia<br />

da swored es iyo miRebuli erT-erT sawyis principad (sulie: 1999).<br />

***<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, evropul literaturaSi barokos kvleva gansakuTrebiT<br />

aqtiurad 30-40 wlebSi daiwyo da igi garkveul problemebTanac iyo<br />

dakavSirebuli (viperi 1990: 147-158). ar aris gasakviri, rom am dros CvenTan<br />

jer arc aris saubari qarTul literaturul barokoze, rogorc aseTze,<br />

magram aRniSnvis Rirsia is faqti, rom pirveli Tu ara, erT-erTi pirveli<br />

xseneba barokosi dakavSirebulia Salva nucubiZis saxelTan, Tumc igi ar<br />

∗ barokos sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia euxenio d’orsis ufro liriuli, vidre<br />

seriozuli naSromi, romelic iseT monacemebs Seicavs, romelic kidev erTi maxis<br />

Semcvelia mTliani (erTiani) barokos mimdevrebisTvis: (mas miaCnia, rom baroko mudmivi<br />

movlenaa da igi periodulad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxiT; igi aziur<br />

barokozec saubrobs. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT `aziuri baroko~ _ ukve Tavad es termini Seicavs<br />

urTierTgamomricxav cnebebs _ m.n.<br />

306

exeba qarTuli barokos Temas. igi wers: `Шавтели был не создателем дактилического<br />

стиха. Его хвалили не за самый стих, как таковой, а за его декоративность,<br />

конечно, не в стиле барокко, отличала его от пройденной стадий церковной книжности<br />

и приближала его новым веяниям~ (nucubiZe 1958: 129).<br />

1972 wels gazeT `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynda giorgi<br />

gaCeCilaZis uaRresad saintereso werili `barokos problema da qarTuli<br />

literaturaTmcodneobis amocanebi~ (g. gaCeCilaZe: 1972). werilSi saubaria<br />

barokos, rogorc literaturul-mxatvruli movlenis sakiTxebze da am<br />

konteqstSia ganxiluli e.w. aRorZinebis xanis qarTuli literaturis zogierTi<br />

momenti. avtorma wamoayena Sesabamisi periodis qarTul lteraturaSi<br />

barokosa da manieizmis arsebobis sakiTxebi. am werils gamoexmaura<br />

irakli kenWoSvili statiiT `qarTuli avTenturi barokos Seasxeb~ (ciskari,<br />

1973) da ZiriTadad gaiziara mkvlevaris mosazrebebi da aRniSna msgavs<br />

kvlevaTa aucilebloba. samwuxarod, Semdgom wlebis manZilze ukve aRaraferi<br />

gamoqveynebula am mimarTulebiT. ZiriTadad barokosTan dakavSirebiT<br />

guramiSvli ixsenieboda. 90-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda irakli kenWoSvilis ramdenime<br />

mniSvnelovani statia, sadac qarTuli literaturis periodizacias-<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT barokoze iyo saubari (kenWoSvilis 1989, 2000). samwuxaroa,<br />

rom wlebis manZilze barokos sakiTxisadmi qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi<br />

metad skeptikuri damokidebuleba iyo, xSirad mikerZoebuli da dausabuTebeli,<br />

zogierTi aseTi replika ubralod kritikas ver uZlebs. sagulisxmo<br />

da misasalmebelia 2008 wlis `sjanSi~ gamoqveynebuli l. grigolaSvilis<br />

statia, sadac aRniSnulia am mimarTulebiT kvlevis aucilebloba<br />

(grigolaSvili 2008). gamovida pirveli wigni qarTul barokoze (m. naWyebia:<br />

2009), sadac mis Sesaxeb recenziaSi naTqvamia: `faqtia, rom barokos stili<br />

arsebobs literaturaSi... miuxedavad amisa, literaturaTmcodneobaSi jer<br />

kidev ar Cans mzaoba imisa, rom es aRiarebul sinamdviled iqnes miCneuli”<br />

(amirxanaSvili 2010).<br />

***<br />

CexeTisa da safrangeTis magaliTebze Cans, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania<br />

kvlevebis warmoeba am mimarTulebiT, xolo yovel siaxles axlavs mecnieruli<br />

kamaTebi da es bunebrivi da sasargebloa progresis misaRwevad am<br />

dargSi.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

amirxanaSvili 2010: amirxanSvili i. kidev erTi nabiji. `Cveni mwerloba~, № 20<br />

(124), 2010.<br />

gaCeCilaZe 1972: gaZezilaZe g. `barokos problema da qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobis<br />

amocanebi~. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, № 21-22, 1972.<br />

grigolaSvili 2008: grigolaSvili l. kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis. sjani, 9.2008,<br />

varnki 1992: Warnke F. The Baroque from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe in<br />

Comparative Literary History as Discourse, Bern: 1992.<br />

vaSica 1936: Vašica J. České literarní baroko. 1936.<br />

viperi 1990: Виппер Ю. Б. О разновидностьях стиля барроко в западноевропейских<br />

литературах XVII века // Творческие судьбы и история. М.: 1990.<br />

307

kenWoSvili 1973: kenWoSvili i. qarTuli avTenturi barokos gamo. `ciskari~,<br />

№9, 1973.<br />

kenWoSvili 1989: kenWoSvili i. renesansuli megaperiodisaTvis. gaz. `literaturuli<br />

saqarTvelo~, № 8 (2684), 1989.<br />

kenWoSvili 2000: kenWoSvili i. gardamavali periodi: XII-XVIII saukuneebi. gaz.<br />

`kalmasoba~, № 2 (39), 2000.<br />

naWyebia 2009: qarTuli barokos sakiTxebi. Tb.: `merani~, 2009.<br />

nucubiZe 1958: Ш. Нуцубидзе, Творчество Руставели, Тб., 1958, стр. 129<br />

ruse 1953: La Littérature de l'âge baroque en France. Circé et le Paon, Paris: José Corti, 1953.<br />

seminarebi 1963: Journées internationales d'étude du Baroque, Montauban, France. 1963-1968.<br />

sulie 1999: Didier Soulier Le Baroque en question(s). Litteratures Classiques, # 36, 1999.<br />

Maia Nachkebia<br />

308<br />

Some Notes about Baroque <strong>Literature</strong><br />

Summary<br />

The author notes that the researches <strong>of</strong> Baroque <strong>Literature</strong> began in the thirtieth <strong>of</strong> the<br />

20 th century, and the researches <strong>of</strong> several national baroques have their own histories,<br />

sometimes very impetuous and accompanied with great discussions.<br />

In the article there are examined the difficulties, connected with the studies <strong>of</strong> Czech<br />

and French Baroque <strong>Literature</strong>. There are noted the works, which played particular role in<br />

the researches <strong>of</strong> the Baroque <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>of</strong> one or another country. A special attention is<br />

paid to the methods and approaches, necessity <strong>of</strong> comparative studies in this branch and<br />

the importance <strong>of</strong> individual manifestation <strong>of</strong> a national Baroque <strong>Literature</strong> in the issue <strong>of</strong><br />

the study <strong>of</strong> baroque in general.<br />

In the article the author examines the history <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> Baroque <strong>Literature</strong> and<br />

shows the importance <strong>of</strong> researches in this direction. As every novelty is accompanied with<br />

scientific discussions, the author considers that scientific discussions and debates about<br />

this topic, comparatively new theme in <strong>Georgian</strong> literary criticism are significant.

ganaTlebis sakiTxi qarTul literaturaSi<br />

Tamar SarabiZe<br />

qarTuli sityva `ganaTleba~ modis sityvidan `naTeli~, rac asaxulia<br />

kidec mis fuZeSi. amitom sxvadasxva epoqis qarTul literaturaSi ganaTleba<br />

dakavSirebulia personaJis sulier amaRlebasTan. qarTul hagiografiaSi,<br />

kerZod, Cvenamde moRweul pirvel qarTul nawarmoebSi `SuSanik<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>lis wameba~ wamebuli ded<strong>of</strong>lis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `ganabrwyina da<br />

ganaSuena yoveli igi cixe sulieriTa miT qnariTa~ (Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />

qrestomaTia 1946: 40); SuSanik ded<strong>of</strong>alma Tavisi galobiT mTeli cixe<br />

gaanaTa da gaamSveniera. hagiografiul mwerlobaSi wmindanis `ganaTleba~<br />

(dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT) gamoixateba sityvebiT _ `swavla~ da `codna~.<br />

sxva agiografiul nawarmoebSi `abos wameba~ vkiTxulobT, rom wmindani, romelic<br />

erovnebiT arabi iyo, `swavlul iyo mwignobrobiTa sarkinozTaiTa~.<br />

saqarTveloSi Camosuli abo swavlobs saRmrTo wignebs _ Zvelsa da axal<br />

rjuls, `maSin iwyo zedmiwevnad da swavlad ...~ (Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />

qrestomaTia 1946: 61), anu man daiwyo swavla da Secnoba qristianuli<br />

rjulisa. am nawarmoebSi sakmaod naTlad aris asaxuli, rom `ganaTleba~<br />

codna ar aris, is aris Secnoba qristianuli moZRvrebisa da amis safuZvelze<br />

sxvaTaTvis WeSmaritebis qadageba-Cveneba. rodesac afxazeTis (dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos, sadac qristianoba ar idga safrTxis qveS) mTavari sTxovs<br />

abos, gadaifiqros qarTlSi (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, romelic arabebis<br />

mier aris dapyrobili) dabruneba, wmindani mas saxarebis sityvebiT pasuxobs:<br />

`aravin aanTebs sanTels da dadgams mas WurWlis qveS, aramed maRal<br />

sasanTleze dadgamen, raTa yvelas unaTebdes~ (maTe 5, 15). naTeli qristes<br />

simboloa, xolo yoveli qristianis misiaa naTliT gasxivosneba (ganaTeba)<br />

sakuTari arsebisa da am RvTaebrivi naTliT bnelis ganqarveba (gaqroba),<br />

sxvebisTvis sulieri cxovrebis gzis gakvalva, rasac wmindanebi TandaTanobiT<br />

aRweven; maT Soris aboc.<br />

igive motivi TvalsaCinoa sxva qarTul hagiografiul nawarmoebebSic.<br />

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ viciT, rom grigoli Zalian ganaTlebuli<br />

adamiania, flobs rogorc sasuliero literaturas, aseve filos<strong>of</strong>ias da<br />

ucxo enebs, magram es jer sakmarisi ar aris, rom misi misia Sesruldes _ is<br />

uqrobeli sanTeliviT unda gamobrwyindes da maRal sasanTleze mdgomma<br />

gaanaTos urwmunobiT Cabnelebuli qarTli. naTlis gamosxivebas gmiri<br />

realuradac aRwevs. nawarmoebis erT-erT TavSi, sadac wmindanis cxovrebis<br />

bolo dReebia aRwerili, naCvenebia, Tu rogor anaTeben TavianTi Rvawlis<br />

gamo wminda mamebi _ grigoli da misi mowafe zenoni da rogor naTdeba<br />

maTgan gamomavali mcxunvare mziT mTeli saxli.<br />

qristianulma azrovnebam da qarTulma agiografiulma literaturam<br />

safuZveli daudo termini ganaTlebis Semdgomdroindel gagebas, anu iseTi<br />

codnis miRebas, romelic adamians sulierad amaRlebs, rac qristianuli<br />

rwmenis gareSe SeuZlebelia.<br />

Semdgom periodSi, Sua saukuneebis qarTul literaturaSi, kerZod,<br />

SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ `ganaTleba~ (ganaTeba) ukavSirdeba gmiris<br />

fizikuri da sulieri mSvenierebis erTobliobas. mzesaviT anaTeben<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ personaJebi da gananaTleben mTel samyarosac. isini idealurebi<br />

arian da warmoadgenen fizikuri silamazis, gonebrivi sibrZnisa da<br />

309

sulieri simaRlis sinTezs; magram am epoqaSic swavla dakavSirebulia<br />

adamianis sulier amaRlebasTan da mis gare Tavis arsobriv mniSvnelobas<br />

kargavs _ sibrZnis SeZena mxolod imisTvisaa saWiro, rom adamiani Tavisi<br />

qceviT samyaros uzenaes wesrigs Seerwyas:<br />

310<br />

`miT viswavlebiT, mogveces SerTva zesT mwyobrTa wyobisa~ (798).<br />

aRorZinebis xanis mwerali da leqsikografi sulxan-saba orbeliani ganaTlebas<br />

monaTvlas, qristianul naTelRebas ukavSirebs (`leqsikoni qar-<br />

Tuli~/ orbeliani 1991: 569), xolo Tavis didaqtikuri xasiaTis nawarmoebSi<br />

`sibrZne-sicruisa~ asaxavs axalgazrdis ara mxolod ganswavlas, aramed mis<br />

praqtikul momzadebas cxovrebisaTvis, masSi keTili sawyisis gaRvivebis<br />

process.<br />

aRorZinebis xanis kidev erTi didi mwerali, poeti daviT guramiSvili<br />

Tavis leqsTa krebulSi `daviTiani~ ayalibebs swavlis umTavres da Tanac<br />

erTaderT mniSvnelobas: ymawvili unda swavlobdes Tavis Sesacnobad. Tavis<br />

Secnoba ki mdgomareobs SemdegSi: man unda gamoarkvios _ vin aris, risTvis<br />

mosula am qveynad da rogor uxdis RmerTs Tavisi sicocxlis safasurs,<br />

vals; anu guramiSvilis azriT, swavlis daniSnuleba ganaTlebaa, sulieri<br />

simaRlis, rwmenis Semecneba.<br />

XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi TiTqos urTierTgamomricxavi movlenebi<br />

SeiniSneba: aRmosavlur samyarosTan CamoSoreba da erTmorwmune ruseTTan<br />

kavSiri, rasac rwmenis ganmtkiceba unda mohyoloda, magram moxda piriqiT,<br />

aneqsiam da imperialisturma reJimma yvelaze metad rwmenaze imoqmeda:<br />

gauqmda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia, aikrZala qarTul enaze wirvalocva,<br />

qarTveli mRvdelTmsaxurebi gaiwvies saqarTvelodan, TeTrad SeRebes<br />

eklesia-monastrebis freskebi da a.S. es aris sul mcire CamonaTvali<br />

imperialisturi ruseTis agresiuli politikisa. swored am periodSi qar-<br />

Tvel moRvaweTa mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca rwmenis sakiTxs,<br />

rac, ra Tqma unda, swavla-ganaTlebis Teoriul principebzec aisaxa da<br />

mxatvrul literaturaSic iCina Tavi.<br />

XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarda<br />

literaturuli mimarTuleba romantizmi. qarTvel romantikosTa<br />

SemoqmedebaSi umTavresi sakiTxia adamianis daniSnulebisa da amqveyniuri<br />

valis sakiTxi, rasac qarTveli geniosi poeti nikoloz baraTaSvili adamianis<br />

sulier ganaTlebas ukavSirebs. dadardianebuli bunebis wiaRSi eZiebs<br />

gansvenebas da ivseba imediT:<br />

`rom gaTendeba dila mziani da yovels bindsa is gananaTlebs~.<br />

(`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~ / baraTaSvili 1968: 89).<br />

igive nikoloz baraTaSvili `ganaTlebas~ sasikeTo swavladac moiazrebs<br />

da rodesac afasebs saqarTvelos mefis _ erekle II-is Rvawls leqsSi<br />

`saflavi mefisa iraklisa~, mis mier ruseTisaken aRebuli politikuri orientaciis<br />

erT-erT Rirsebad Tvlis ganaTlebis karis gaxsnas, radgan qar-<br />

Tveli mamuliSvilebi ruseTSi miemgzavrebian da iqidan ganaTlebulni<br />

brundebian samSobloSi. baraTaSvils ar aviwydeba, rom ruseTi imperialisturi<br />

qveyanaa, saqarTvelo ki mis mier aneqsirebuli, magram Tvlis, rom<br />

sulieri simaRliT CrdiloeTis yinulis dadnobac SeiZleba:

`maTi cxoveli, trfialebiT aRsavse suli<br />

udnobs yinulsa CrdiloeTsa, gancecxlebuli~.<br />

(`saflavi mefisa iraklisa~ / baraTaSvili 1968: 123).<br />

poetis mier gamoyenebuli leqsika, kerZod ki sityva `cxoveli~, Zvel<br />

qarTul enaSi sulierad cocxals anu morwmunes niSnavs, rac naTeli magaliTia<br />

imisa, rom poeti swavlebasa da rwmenas erTad moiazrebs.<br />

XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi swavla da ganaTleba kvlav ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs<br />

qarTveli eris sulieri mamis ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi. ilia<br />

adamianis ganswavlas samSoblos winaSe mosaxdel valad miiCnevs (leqsi<br />

`yvarlis mTebs~) _ qarTvelma unda iswavlos da Tavisi codniT samSoblos<br />

gamoadges. mxolod amgvari misia SeiZleba iyos ganaTlebis daniSnuleba.<br />

Tavis prozaul TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ mwerali afasebs ruseTSi<br />

gatarebul oTx weliwads, romelic man swavla-ganaTlebis SeZenas moaxmara<br />

da ambobs, rom es oTxi weliwadi `bewvis xidia sinaTlesa da sibneles Soris<br />

gadebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 12); es is oTxi weliwadia, romelsac yurZnis<br />

gamoRebac SeuZlia da ZaRlyurZenasic (`mgzavris werilebi~). e.i. mwerlis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, swavla yvela SemTxvevaSi rodi gamoiRebs nay<strong>of</strong>s; is unda<br />

iyos gza sinaTlisaken (anu rwmenisken), rom WeSmarit ganaTlebad iqces,<br />

nay<strong>of</strong>is gamomRebelad. ganaTleba, romelic nay<strong>of</strong>s ar iRebs, tyuilad<br />

dakarguli droa, amitom mwerlis mizani naTelia da mTel mis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

Cans. es aris `arafrobis~ daZleva da `naTeli kvalis~ datoveba (`bevri<br />

vitanje~ / WavWavaZe 1987: 69). `naTeli kvalis datoveba sakmaod Znelia. amisaTvis<br />

mosamzadebeli periodia saWiro, winamorbedia saWiro, romelic<br />

aRzrdis gmirs. aseT winamorbedad ilia qarTvel dedas miiCnevs, romlis<br />

valia Svilis qristianul cnebebze aRzrda (`qarTvlis dedas~/WavWavaZe<br />

1987: 67). rwmenisa da adamianis sulieri amaRlebis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />

naTeli kvalis datoveba. ilia ukompromisoa swavlis procesisadmi; Tvlis,<br />

rom araviTarma sxva procesma ar unda SeuSalos mas xeli. rodesac peterburgSi<br />

swavlebis periodSi qarTvelma studentebma kiTxviT mimarTes ilias,<br />

daeWiraT Tu ara mxari kvirposeli xalxis brZolisTvis damoukideblobis<br />

mosapoveblad, iliam faqtiurad maT uari uTxra: mouwona solidarobis<br />

grZnoba daCagruli xalxisadmi, magram dasZina, rom es solidaroba gamoiwvevda<br />

qarTveli studentebis universitetidan garicxvas da isini veRar<br />

SeZlebdnen TavianTi valis moxdas samSoblos winaSe, rac swavla-ganaTlebis<br />

miRebaSi gamoixateboda.<br />

qarTuli kultura yovelTvis momarTuli iyo TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis SenarCunebisaken,<br />

amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom nebismieri zogadsakacobrio<br />

problema qarTvelisaTvis samSoblos keTildReobis gareSe ar moiazreba. es<br />

gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad vlindeba ilia WavWavaZis Tanamedrove meore didi<br />

mwerlis _ akaki wereTlis _ SemoqmedebaSi. misTvis `ganaTlebac~ samSoblos<br />

ukavSirdeba. akakis cnobili leqsia `ganTiadi~, sadac aRwerilia sam-<br />

SoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli gmiris ukvdaveba. gmiroba poetisaTvis SemoqmedebiTi<br />

procesis is ZiriTadi safuZvelia, romelic poets dauviwyar grZnobismier<br />

sityvebs warmoaTqmevinebs; xolo leqsis saTauri `ganTiadi~ _<br />

migvaniSnebs imaze, rom swored amgvar mamuliSvilTa RvawliT dgeba qveynis<br />

ganTiadi, RvTis madli gadmodis qveyanaze, xolo am yvelafris Segneba Tavad<br />

poetis `ganaTlebis~ safuZveli xdeba, RvTiuri WeSmaritebis Secnobisa<br />

da poeturi procesis aRsrulebis.<br />

311

samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba akakis SemoqmedebaSi ar moiazreba kuTxur,<br />

egoistur siyvarulad mxolod Tavisi qveynisadmi. samSoblosadmi RvawliT<br />

adamiani mTeli ms<strong>of</strong>liosaTvis zrunavs _ es idea mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli<br />

akakis leqsSi `xatis win~, romlis erTi taepic dRes saqarTvelos<br />

himnis nawilia:<br />

312<br />

`Cemi xatia samSoblo,<br />

saxate _ mTeli qveyana<br />

da rom viwvode, vdnebode,<br />

ar SemiZlia mec, gana?!~<br />

(`xatis win~/ wereTeli 1988: 410)<br />

am leqsSi poeti adamianis movaleobas sanTlis magaliTze ayalibebs da<br />

gveubneba, rom sanTeli adamianis xorcia, sicocxle _ patruqi da Tanac _<br />

mokle, sanTlis Suqi ki Wkua-gonebis gamonaSuqia, anu RvTaebrivi sibrZnis<br />

gonebaSi damkvidreba. es igivea, rac Semecneba. ase ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs<br />

sibrZne da rwmena akakis SemoqmedebaSi da ganaTlebis arsad yalibdeba.<br />

ar SeiZleba ar SevCerdeT XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis moRvaweze da<br />

sagangebod ar gavaanalizoT vaJa-fSavelas naazrevi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

vaJasaTvis naTeli poetur process ukavSirdeba, romelic agreTve<br />

RvTaebrivi sibrZnis Semecnebad unda aRviqvaT:<br />

`gaCndeba siTRac naTeli,<br />

guls Camidgeba svetada,<br />

zRvavdeba mwyobri fiqrebi,<br />

qaRaldze dasabRertada~.<br />

(`ros vufiqrdebi Tavis Tavs~/ vaJa-fSavela 1964: 67)<br />

vaJa-fSavelasaTvis ganaTlebuli `naTliT Semosils~ niSnavs. `naTliT<br />

Semosva~ mxolod da mxolod sulier amaRlebasTan da aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

poetur procesTanac aris dakavSirebuli. roca poeti scildeba WeSmaritebis<br />

gzas da codvebs Cadis, sikeTis naTeli mis sulSi sibneled gardaisaxeba<br />

da misi niWi RvTis kurTxevis gareSe rCeba, amitomac devnis Semoqmedipoeti<br />

Savbnel fiqrebs am sityvebiT:<br />

`Tqven CemTan xeli ara gaqvT,<br />

Semosili var naTeliT~.<br />

(`Sors Cemgan, Savo fiqrebo~ / vaJa-fSavela 1964 : 64)<br />

`Savi fiqri~ zogadad y<strong>of</strong>ierebas ukavSirdeba, xolo vaJas SemoqmedebaSi<br />

mas codvis mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc vxedavT, sinaTle-sibnelis dapirispireba<br />

am SemTxvevaSic qristianuli simbolikiT aris nasazrdoebi.<br />

miuxedavad qarTuli mwerlobis didi mcdelobisa, XX saukuneSi sityva<br />

`ganTlebas~ scildeba Tavisi Tavdapirveli, arsobrivi mniSvneloba da igi<br />

mxolod codnis aRmniSvnel terminad rCeba. `ganaTlebis miReba~ utoldeba<br />

`codnis miRebas~ da akldeba is sasikeTo funqcia, romelic sulier amaRlebasTan<br />

aris dakavSirebuli, RvTaebrivis Semecnebas gulisxmobs da ara mxolod<br />

codnas.<br />

XX saukunis iseTi gamoCenili mwerali, rogoricaa mixeil javaxiSvili,<br />

kidev erTxel Seecada eCvenebina qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis Tundac didi,<br />

kolosaluri, enciklopediuri codnis umaqnisoba, Tu mas ar axlavs rwmena<br />

da Tavis romanSi `jayos xiznebi~ Teimuraz xevisTavis saxiT daxata naka-

cari, anu y<strong>of</strong>ili kaci, romelic saocrad ganaTlebulia, magram urwmuno.<br />

mweralma gviCvena, rom, miuxedavad Tavisi Rirsebebisa, Teimurazi yovlad<br />

gamousadegari pirovnebaa rogorc qveynisTvis, aseve ojaxisTvis da sakuTari<br />

TavisTvisac ki.<br />

msgavsi problema ixateba konstantine gamsaxurdiasa da grigol robaqi-<br />

Zis SemoqmedebaSic swavla-ganaTleba miRebuli, magram mSobliur fesvebsa<br />

da rwmenas dacilebuli gmirebis Cvenebisas, xolo giorgi leoniZes es procesi<br />

_ erovnuli niadagis rRveva da aqedan gamomdinare, urwmunoba _<br />

pirovnebebidan mTel saqarTveloze gadmoaqvs da gveubneba, rom sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo mecamete saukunis saqarTvelos identuria, aoxrebuli `mon-<br />

RolTa~ Semosevebisagan, rac iwvevs `ganaTlebis~ (arsobrivi mniSvnelobiT)<br />

daxSobas, magram bolomde gaqrobas ki vera:<br />

`da qarTli gankvarTuli,<br />

napralebSi, mRvimeebSi<br />

Caiyenebs naTels~.<br />

(`mecamete saukune~/ leoniZe 1989 : 72)<br />

Tu ra datvirTva aqvs sityvas `gankvarTuli~, es qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />

sakamaTo aRar unda iyos.<br />

kidev mravali magaliTis moyvana SegviZlia qarTuli mwerlobidan. samwuxaro<br />

Sedegi ki aseTia: droTa ganmavlobaSi `ganaTlebas~ scildeba Tavisi<br />

arsobrivi mniSvneloba da mxolod codnis aRmniSvneli sityva xdeba sasaubro<br />

enaSi, literatura ki inarCunebs am sityvis arsobriv mniSvnelobas. saukuneebis<br />

gamocdileba da mweralTa mcdeloba _ pirdapir Tu SefarviT<br />

Tvali agvixilos da Segvacnobinos adamianis WeSmariti daniSnuleba da misia,<br />

xelwamosakravi ar unda iyos. dRes ms<strong>of</strong>lios ganaTlebis sistemebi<br />

umetesad mimarTulia mxolod swavlebaze, codnis gacemaze da naklebi yuradReba<br />

eqceva moswavlisa Tu studentis sulier aRzrdas. marTalia, umaRles<br />

saswavleblebSi sagangebod iswavleba sagani _ pedagogika, magram am<br />

sagnis swavleba ZiriTadad mimarTulia iqiTken, Tu rogor unda aswavlos,<br />

SeaTvisebinos masala momavalma pedagogma moswavles, ra xerxebi da Ronis-<br />

Ziebebi gamoiyenos da ara im mimarTulebiT, Tu rogor unda moixmaros man<br />

Tavisi ganaTleba. Tu sentimentalur gadaxvevad ar CameTvleba, minda magaliTad<br />

movitano piradi arqividan Cemi winapris _ giorgi daraxveliZis berlinidan<br />

mowerili werili, romelSiac is mouTxrobs dedas, rogor SeurCies<br />

qarTvelma studentebma pr<strong>of</strong>esia universitetSi Casabareblad imisda mixedviT,<br />

Tu risi specialisti esaWiroeboda im periodSi yvelaze metad<br />

saqarTvelos, ra gamoadgeboda qveyanas da ara piradad mas. ase zrunavda<br />

qarTveli axalgazrdoba saqarTvelos momavalze. axla sxva droa, axalgazrdas<br />

umaRles saswavlebelTa da pr<strong>of</strong>esiaTa farTo arCevani aqvs, magram es<br />

arCevani sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis zrunvaa, rasac veranairad SevzRudavT,<br />

magram, vfiqrobT, aucilebelia axalgazrdis sulieri aRzrdac, raSic<br />

didi roli ojaxs, skolas, zogadad ki ganaTlebis sistemis `midgomas~ unda<br />

mieniWos. umaRles saswavleblebSi ki es midgoma literaturis istoriis<br />

swavlebiT unda gamoixatos ara mxolod humanitaruli fakultetis specialur<br />

mimarTulebaze, aramed zogadad yvelasaTvis, nebismieri fakultetis<br />

studentebisTvis. literaturis swavlebiT axalgazrda swvdeba Tavisi kulturis<br />

fenebs da Semdeg ukve Tavad acnobierebs, Tu risTvis eufleba specialobas,<br />

raSi gamoadgeba is qveynierebas, ra miznisken unda warmarTos man<br />

Tavisi codna.<br />

313

damowmebani:<br />

baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. dabadebis 150 wlisTavisadmi<br />

miZRvnili. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1968.<br />

vaJa-fSavela 1964: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. II.<br />

Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1964.<br />

leoniZe 1989: leoniZe g. saukunis poetebi. Tb.: `merani~, 1989.<br />

orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.-s. `qarTuli leqsikoni~. t. I. Tb.: `merani~, 1991.<br />

rusTaveli 1974: rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1974.<br />

qrestomaTia 1946: Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia. Sedgenili<br />

solomon yubaneiSvilis mier. Tb.: stalinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1946.<br />

wereTeli 1988: wereTeli a. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. I. Tb.: `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1988.<br />

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. I. Tb.:<br />

`mecniereba~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987.<br />

WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. II. Tb.:<br />

`mecniereba~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1988.<br />

Tamar Sharabidze<br />

314<br />

The Matter <strong>of</strong> Education in <strong>Georgian</strong> literature<br />

Summary<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> word “education” comes from the word “light”, which is in its base. Because<br />

in different time <strong>Georgian</strong> literature the education connected to spiritual rise <strong>of</strong> personage;<br />

but erudite <strong>of</strong> hero expressed with words - “study” and “ knowledge”. This is special<br />

visualize in <strong>Georgian</strong> hagiography. Christian mentality and <strong>Georgian</strong> hagiography<br />

literature based term <strong>of</strong> education for subsequent understanding, so receiving such kind <strong>of</strong><br />

education, which rise the human spiritual and which is impossible without Christian<br />

belief.<br />

In <strong>Georgian</strong> literature <strong>of</strong> the middle centuries, especially in “ the Knight <strong>of</strong> Panther’s<br />

Skin” (“Vepkhistkaosani”) <strong>of</strong> <strong>Shota</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong> , which considers in Georgia as beginning <strong>of</strong><br />

the Renaissance, “education” (light) connects totality <strong>of</strong> hero physical and spiritual<br />

prettiness, but in this epoch the prescript <strong>of</strong> study is spiritual rise <strong>of</strong> human - To take<br />

wisdom it is necessary only for, that human with his behavior connect to the world’s<br />

supreme order.<br />

In <strong>Georgian</strong> writing <strong>of</strong> epoch Renaissance study and education with the same direction<br />

connected to each other - The destination <strong>of</strong> study is education, knowledge <strong>of</strong> spiritual<br />

rise, belief.<br />

At the end <strong>of</strong> XVII century and at the beginning <strong>of</strong> XIX century in Georgia developed<br />

literary direction Romanticism. In <strong>Georgian</strong> romantics creative work the main matter is<br />

destination <strong>of</strong> human and matter <strong>of</strong> terrestrial incumbency, <strong>Georgian</strong> romantics this<br />

connect to spiritual education <strong>of</strong> human; at the same time “education” consider as beneficent<br />

studying and they consider one <strong>of</strong> dignity <strong>of</strong> political orientation <strong>of</strong> Russia is “open<br />

door” <strong>of</strong> education.

At the 60 years <strong>of</strong> XIX century studying and education also connected to each other<br />

with the same way - <strong>Georgian</strong> must study and with its knowledge pursuit to motherland .<br />

Such kind <strong>of</strong> mission <strong>of</strong> studying may be the basis <strong>of</strong> education.<br />

Besides <strong>of</strong> large attempt <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> write, at the XIX century the word <strong>of</strong><br />

“education” diverges its primary, main point meaning and it stays only the term <strong>of</strong> knowledge.<br />

“Take education” equals to “take knowledge” and diminishes this beneficent function,<br />

which is connected to spiritual rise, it betokens divine <strong>of</strong> cognition and not only<br />

knowledge. The experience <strong>of</strong> centuries and attempt <strong>of</strong> writers is – opposite or steal to<br />

open eye and get to know true destination <strong>of</strong> human and mission - it must not be<br />

unimportant. Today world’s education systems mostly directed only on study, give<br />

knowledge and there is little attention on spiritual educate <strong>of</strong> pupil and student. This<br />

educate must realize with studying <strong>of</strong> history literature. With the help <strong>of</strong> literature the<br />

young knows its deep layers <strong>of</strong> culture and then just acknowledges itself for what he<br />

posses the speciality, wherein he will pursuit to the world , for what purpose he must direct<br />

his knowledge.<br />

315

konstantine bregaZe<br />

316<br />

recenzia<br />

qronotopis dabadeba mxatvruli teqstis sulidan<br />

irma ratiani, teqsti da qronotopi, Tb.,<br />

Tsu gamomcemloba, 2010. 351 gv.<br />

im droidan moyolebuli, rac mixail baxtinma litmcodneobaSi Semoitana<br />

qronotopis cneba (ix. misi `Формы времени и хронотопа в романе~, 1938), ∗<br />

litmcodneobaSi aqtualuri gaxda mxatvruli teqstis dro-sivrcul ganzomilebaTa<br />

Taviseburebebis kvleva, rogorc Tavad teqstebis Janruli kuTvnilebis,<br />

ise maTi poetikis TaviseburebaTa gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT.<br />

Tumca, ara marto poetikisa da Janris, aramed Tavad mxatvruli teqstis<br />

ZiriTadi sazrisis interpretaciis TvalsazrisiTac mniSvnelovania mxatvruli<br />

teqstis qronotopis gansazRvra, gansakuTrebiT modernistuli<br />

mxatvruli teqstebis hermenevtikisas, ramdenadac, mag. modernistul romanebSi<br />

principulad destruirebulia istoriuli, empiriuli, e. w. obieqturi<br />

dro-sivrce; xolo amis sapirispirod aq mocemulia sakuTriv teqstis, mxolod<br />

teqstiseuli dro da sivrce, anu ontoteqstualoba (Ontotextualität)<br />

(g.margvelaSvili), e. w. subieqturi dro-sivrce, romelsac analogi ara aqvs<br />

empiriul dro-sivrceSi da ontologiurad upirispirdeba kidec am ukanasknels.<br />

yovelive amis paradigmatuli nimuSebia T. manis `jadosnuri mTa~, j.<br />

joisis `ulise~, h. heses `tramalis mgeli~, r. muzilis `uTvisebo kaci~, h.<br />

broxis `virgiliusis sikvdili~ da sxv.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, am teqstebis sazrisis marTebuli interpretaciisas<br />

principulad mniSvnelovani da gadamwyvetia maTSi mocemuli qronotopuli<br />

sibrtyis swori gaazreba, mag. imis, rom es romanebi e. w. centriskenuli<br />

romanebia, rac a priori gulisxmobs imas, rom aseTi tipis mxatvrul teqstebSi<br />

moqmedebis `adgili~ da `dro~ empiriuli sinamdvile ki aRar ar aris, aramed<br />

araempiriuli, mag. cnobierebiseuli an sulismieri sinamdvile. xolo msgavsi<br />

teqstebis interpretaciisas maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli qronotopuli<br />

Taviseburebebis winaswar gansazRvra da amiT garkveuli winarecodnis<br />

(Vorurteil) (h.-g. gadameri) SemuSaveba, Semdgom xels uwyobs Tavad teqstis sazrisis<br />

marTebul hermenevtikas.<br />

∗ Tumca Tavis mxriv baxtiniseuli mxatvruli teqstis, am SemTxvevaSi, romanis Janris<br />

mxatvruli teqstis qronotopis koncefcia cnobili germaneli neokantianeli filos<strong>of</strong>osis,<br />

e. kasireris naSroms eyrdnoba, ix. misi `simbolur formaTa filos<strong>of</strong>ia~ (“Philosophie<br />

der symbolischen Formen”) (1923-29), kerZod, am naSromis meore tomi _ `miTosuri azrovneba~<br />

(“Das mythische Denken”), sadac kasireri miTosuri dro-sivrcis paradigmas swored empiriuli<br />

dro-sivrcis paradigmas upirispirebs da misgan mijnavs (Metzler Literatur Lexikon, S.<br />

123; Metzler Philosophen Lexikon, S. 132).

swored msgavsi, konceptualurad gamarTuli midgomiTa da meTodologiiT<br />

gamoirCeva i. ratianis monografia “teqsti da qronotopi”, sadac<br />

avtori antiutopiur romansa da realistur teqstebSi mocemuli qronotopis<br />

TaviseburebaTa dadgenisas aRniSnuli teqstebis mxolod Janrisa da<br />

poetikis specifikis gansazRvras ki ar isaxavs miznad, aramed am teqstebis<br />

sazrisis winaswar dadginebasac. i. ratianis naSromi `teqsti da qronotopi~<br />

pirveli cdaa qarTul litmcodneobiT sivrceSi uaxlesi litmcodneobiTi<br />

miRwevebis bazaze monografiulad Seswavlil iqnas sxvadasxva literaturuli<br />

mimarTulebebis _ am SemTxvevaSi, realizmisa da modernizmis _<br />

mxatvruli teqstebis qronotopis Taviseburebani qronotopuli Teoriis<br />

(m. baxtini), komparativistuli meTodisa da liminalobis Teoriis (a. van<br />

genepi) WrilSi.<br />

monografiis pirveli nawili `qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis~ miznad isaxavs antiutopiuri<br />

romanis, kerZod, esqatologiuri antiutopiuri romanis qronotopis TaviseburebaTa<br />

gansazRvras, ris safuZvelzec avtori gadmoscems am Janris<br />

SigniT Seqmnili mxatvruli teqstebis sazrisiseuli diskursis hermenevtikasac.<br />

aq mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, Tu ras gulisxmobs avtori esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopiis cnebis qveS, da ra ganasxvavebs mas imave fantastikuri,<br />

Tu mecnieruli antiutopiisagan (aqve unda SevniSno, rom formulireba<br />

esqatologiuri antiutopia Tavad avtoriseuli mignebaa, rac, Cemi azriT,<br />

zustad Seesabameba am JanrSi Seqmnili mxatvruli teqstebis sazrisiseul<br />

diskurss):<br />

`esqatologizmi, romelic gansazRvravs antiutopiis am specifikuri<br />

saxeobis struqturas, vfiqrobT, imTaviTve miuTiTebs mwerlis siRrmiseul<br />

mimarTebas qronotopul modelebTan. esqatologiuri antiutopiis centraluri<br />

problema aris ara mxolod groteskuli protesti arsebuli reJimis<br />

mimarT, aramed `idealuri wesrigis~, `koleqtiuri~ paTosisa da `masobrivi~<br />

ideologiis wiaRSi Cakarguli pirovnebis gamoRviZeba, individualuri `me~-s<br />

sabediswero janyi realobis winaaRmdeg, arsebul dro-sivrcul garemosTan<br />

misi sruli SeuTavseblobisa da sxva alternatiuli dro-sivrculi ganfenilobisaken<br />

ltolvis demonstrireba. esqatologiur antiutopiaSi aqcentirebulia<br />

rogorc antiutopiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli motivebi da<br />

Strixebi, ise droisa da sivrcis globaluri gaazrebis tendencia, anu aRiniSneba<br />

socialur-istoriuli antiutopizmis gadatana apokaliptikur sibrtyeze<br />

da qronotopis zneobrivi funqciis gaRrmaveba~ (gv. 107-108).<br />

amgvarad, esqatologiuri antiutopia pirvel rigSi tendirebs `alternatiuli<br />

dro-sivrculi ganfenilobisaken~: anu, aseTi tipis mxatvrul teqstSi<br />

iqmneba empiriuli, istoriuli dro-sivrcisadmi dapirispirebuli cnobierebis<br />

farglebSi SemuSavebuli pirobiTi dro-sivrculi kategoriebi,<br />

anu, is `wminda~ ganzomileba, sadac protagonisti sakuTari subieqtivizmis<br />

egzistenciis `mistikur~ gadatanasa da istoriuli epoqis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />

`ganmanaTlebluri~ da ideologizebuli, da amdenad, Tavsmoxveuli<br />

yalbi RirebulebaTa sistemisagan Tavis daRwevas eswrafvis. Sesabamisad, aq<br />

protagonisti zRvrulobis, mijniseuli poziciis dakavebisa da kirkegoriseuli<br />

naxtomis (`Sprung~) gakeTebisaken iswrafvis. aq ki xorcieldeba<br />

`wminda~ qronotopis, anu protagonistis cnobierebis farglebSi SemuSavebuli<br />

mxatvruli qronotopis dafuZneba, romelic Tavisi arsiT zedrouli<br />

da zesivrculi bunebisaa.<br />

317

aqedan gamomdinare, esqatologiuri antiutopiis Janris mxatvruli teqstebi<br />

`bunebrivad~ CaerTvebian liminaluri Teoriis perspeqtividan interpretaciis<br />

procesSi, ramdenadac Tavad antiutipiuri romanebis qronotopi<br />

imTaviTve Sualedurobis, zRvrulobisa Tu sazRvris gadalaxvisaken<br />

tendirebs:<br />

`amrigad, liminaruli faza warmoadgens Sualedur, gardamaval, ambivalentur,<br />

`arc aqeT, arc iqiT~ kondicias, romlis wiaRSic individi emijneba<br />

normatiul konteqsts da, transformaciis gziT, awarmoebs opoziciurad<br />

sapirispiro samyaros. Sesabamisad, liminaruli faza specialuri, erTgavarad<br />

sakraluri dro-sivrculi zonis datvirTvas iZens. `mistikuri mogzaurobis~,<br />

`tranzitulobis~, `idumali gadaadgilebis~ procesi sikvdilisa<br />

da dabadebis, dacemisa da aRzevebis simbolikas efuZneba. Rites de passage, anu<br />

gadanacvlebis rituali warmoadgens gadanacvlebas arsebobis erTi modelidan<br />

meoreSi. liminaruli dro, iseve rogorc liminaruli sivrce, asaxavs,<br />

erTi mxriv, mowesrigebuli, qronologiuri sistemidan individis gamomijvnis<br />

urTules process, meore mxriv, ki _ mis gamTlianebas alternatiul,<br />

antiqronologiur, antitemporalur sistemaSi~ (gv. 118-119).<br />

monografiaSi avtoris mier vl. nabokovis romanebi `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~<br />

da `Bend Sinister~, xolo, meore mxriv, m. javaxiSvilis romani `jayos<br />

xiznebi~ swored esqatologiurobisa da liminalobis kategoriebis gaTvaliswinebis<br />

safuZvelzea gaanalizebuli kvlevs komparativistuli meTodis<br />

WrilSi. aq avtori gamokveTs am teqstebis genetikur erTianobas, rac am<br />

SemTxvevaSi, erTi mxriv, sazrisiseuli diskursis erTianobas gulisxmobs,<br />

xolo, meore mxriv, qronotopuli modelebis urTierTmsgavsebas. aqedan<br />

gamomdianre, am teqstebis saerTo Janris, anu, esqatologiuri romanebis<br />

Janris mxatvrul teqstebad determinebisa da gaazrebis SesaZlebloba swored<br />

aRniSnuli teqstebis qronotopuli paradigmisa da erTiani sazrisiseuli<br />

genetikis Tanxvedraa, rac sruliad marTebulad daasabuTa avtorma<br />

Tavis naSromSi, rasac Cvenc viziarebT da veTanxmebiT. kerZod, avtorma<br />

kvlevis komparativistuli meTodis bazaze marTebulad gamoyo da daadgina<br />

nabokovisa da javaxiSvilis aRniSnul romanebSi mocemuli Semdegi saerTo<br />

qronotopuli modelebi, da aqedan gamomdinare, erTiani sazrisiseuli<br />

diskursi:<br />

`1. erTi mxriv, arsebobs pirobiTad realuri dro da sivrce, anu obieqturi<br />

dro da sivrce, romelSic cxovrobs individi, da romelic emorCileba<br />

gazomvisa da moZraobis obieqtur kanonebs; meore mxriv, arsebobs `Sinagani~<br />

dro da sivrce, anu dro da sivrce, romelsac gamoimuSavebs subieqti, da<br />

romelic gamoxatavs subieqtis Tavisufal nebas;<br />

2. droisa da sivrcis am ori formidan Rirebulia subieqtis mier<br />

gamomuSavebuli dro da sivrce, rogorc realuri parametrebis faseuli<br />

alternativa;<br />

3. realuri, obieqturi dro xasiaTdeba ganwilulobiTa da TanamimdevrobiT,<br />

subieqturi dro ki ganuwilvel xangrZlivobas warmoadgens, `warsulisa~<br />

da `awmyos~ rTul integracias subieqtis cnobierebis doneze;<br />

4. Tu `momavali~ realuri drois kanonzomieri Tvisebaa, subieqturi<br />

parametrebis konteqstSi igi iluzorul xasiaTs iZens;<br />

5. realurad medini dro aRiqmeba, rogorc sasruli `xronosi~, romelic<br />

gardauvalad unda damTavrdes, subieqturad gamomuSavebuli dro tranzi-<br />

318

tuli etlis funqcias asrulebs, romelic aTavisuflebs subieqts drois<br />

CarCoebidan da zedroul maradisobaSi gadahyavs igi;<br />

6. mTavari gmiri mudmivad miiswrafvis faseuli sazRvrisaken, romelic<br />

mijnavs miwier, drois diqtatiT marTul samyaros sulieri, droisagan Tavisufali<br />

samyarosagan, romelic transformaciis gziT miiRweva;<br />

7. gza zedrouli da zesivrculi samyarosken TviTSemecnebaze, SiSze,<br />

sevdaze, monaniebaze, sikvdilsa da aRdgomaze Zevs~ (gv. 108-109).<br />

swored msgavsi saerTo qronotopuli modelebi da e. w. obieqturi<br />

qronotopisadmi antagonizmi udevs safuZvlad rogorc vl. nabokovis<br />

romanebs, ise m. javaxiSvilis roman `jayos xiznebs~, rac SemdgomSi qmnis<br />

konceptualur safuZvels imisa, rom es romanebi moazrebul iqnas saerTo<br />

Janris, kerZod, esqatologiuri romanis Janris mxatvrul teqstebad. Cemi<br />

azriT, monografiaSi es intencia avtoris mier sruli damajereblobiTaa<br />

ganxorcielebuli.<br />

* * *<br />

naSromis meore nawili `qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi (xuTi<br />

Txzulebis analizi)~ eZRvneba realisturi teqstebis qronotopis Taviseburebebis<br />

gansazRvras i. WavWavaZis Semdegi prozauli teqstebis magaliTze _<br />

`mgzavris werilebi~, `oTaraanT qvrivi~, `luarsab TaTqariZe~, `sarCobelazed~,<br />

`glaxis naambobi~, sadac qarTul litmcodneobiT sivrceSi pirvelad<br />

ganxorcielda ilias prozauli teqstebis axali litmcodneobiTi meTodologiis,<br />

kerZod, qronotopuli Teoriis bazaze analizi.<br />

rodesac realisturi teqstebis mxatvruli qronotopis analizze midgeba<br />

saqme, aq imTaviTve ikveTeba erTi garemoeba: kerZod, realisturi<br />

teqstis qronotipis Tavisebureba determinebulia Tavad realisti avtoris<br />

`absolutisturi~ poziciiT, vinaidan igi teqstis SigniT Tavis Tavs afuZnebs<br />

rogorc yovlismcodne, anu y<strong>of</strong>ierebaze `absoluturi codnis~ pretenziis<br />

mqone instancias. realisti avtoris am `TviTneburi~ TviTgansaz-<br />

Rvrulobidan gamomdinare ki sruliad bunebrivia, rom realisturi teqstis<br />

qronotopi zedmiwevniT unda miesadagos realurad aRqmad, anu empiriul<br />

dro-sivrces:<br />

`avtoriseul dro-sivrces, anu qronotops, realisti-mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

dro-sivrcis globaluri, masStaburi aRqmis regulireba ekisreba.<br />

avtoriseuli qronotopi gansazRvravs mxatvrul nawarmoebSi lokalizebuli<br />

dro-sivrcis realur dro-sivrcesTan korelaciis xarisxs~ (gv. 187).<br />

Sesabamisad, realisturi teqstebis qronotopisa da obieqturi drosivrcis<br />

`korelaciis xarisxi~ gulisxmobs swored am ori mocemulobis pirobiT<br />

`absolutur~ Tanxvedras (`regulirebas~), ramac Semdgom mkiTxveliseul<br />

qronotopSi unda aRZras, erTi mxriv, obieqturi dro-sivrcis, xolo,<br />

meore mxriv, realisturi teqstis qronotopis urTierTidentur, urTierT-<br />

Tanmxvedr mocemulobebad gancda da aRqma:<br />

`qarTul realistur literaturaSi avtoriseul dro-sivrces sruliad<br />

aSkarad daekisra maregulirebeli funqcia. Txrobis procesis regulirebiT<br />

igi awesrigebs realur dro-sivrcesa da mxatvrul dro-sivrces Soris<br />

arsebul mimarTebas, mxolod im saxiT, romelic misaRebi da gasagebia konkretuli<br />

avtoris ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobisaTvis (davamatebdi, Tavad mkiTxveliseuli<br />

qronotopisaTvis _ k. b.). dro-sivrcis globaluri aRqmis procesis<br />

amgvar variants warmogvidgens i. WavWavaZis mxatvruli proza~ (gv. 188).<br />

319

aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad marTebuli da misaRebia monografiis avtoris<br />

Semdegi debuleba, romlis mixedviTac realisturi teqstis obieqturi<br />

qronotopi imTaviTve avtoris “realisturi” ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobiTa, da<br />

Sesabamisad, sakuTari teqstis mimarT Tavad realisti avtoris TviTabsolutizebuli<br />

poziciiTaa winaswar gansazRvruli:<br />

`me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan qarTuli realisturi mwerlobis TvalsaCino<br />

warmomadgenlebis SemoqmedebaSi prioritetulad SeiniSneba socialerovnuli,<br />

eTikuri da filos<strong>of</strong>iuri xasiaTis problematikis mZlavri aRmavloba.<br />

literaturuli nawarmoebis yvela struqturuli rgoli mimarTulia<br />

am globaluri problemebis gaazrebisaken. Sesabamisad, transformirdeba<br />

mxatvruli qronotopi da misi struqturul funqciuri simZlavre<br />

safuZvlad edeba realisturi literaturis specifikas. realizmis epoqaSi<br />

aRmocenebuli mxatvruli qronotopi Tavisufldeba romantizmisaTvis<br />

niSandoblivi simbolur-mistikuri datvirTvisagan. realistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

qronotopi ar Semoifargleba mxolod personaJebis an avtoris<br />

azrobriv-emociuri metamorfozebis gadmocemis funqciiT _ igi pirdapir<br />

korelaciaSia realur sinamdvileSi mimdinare urTules procesebTan, anu<br />

istoriul da socio-kulturul konteqstTan. Sigaxedvis poziciis paralelurad<br />

aqtiurdeba garexedvis pozicia~ (gv.185).<br />

amgvarad, monografiis avtoris mier aq zustadaa gansazRvruli realisturi<br />

teqstis qronotopis is uarsebiTesi maxasiaTebeli, rac teqstiseuli<br />

da empiriuli qronotopebis zedmiwevniT srul Tanxvedras gulisxmobs, rasac<br />

safuZvlad, erTi mxriv, Tavad avtoriseuli ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba da mis<br />

mier `dro-sivrcis globaluri aRqma~ udevs, xolo, meore mxriv, zogadkulturuli<br />

konteqsti.<br />

Tavis mxriv ki realisturi teqstis personaJTa percepciuli qronotopi<br />

determinebuli da ganfenilia mxolod da mxolod realisturi teqstis<br />

obieqturi qronotopis farglebSi, gansxvavebiT modernistuli mxatvruli<br />

teqstebis personaJTa percefciuli qronotopisagan, romelic subieqturobisa<br />

da percefciulobis xarisxiT bevrad aRemateba realisturi prozis<br />

personaJiseul qronotops, ramdenadac modernistuli teqstebis personaJ-<br />

Ta subieqturi qronotopi umetes SemTxvevaSi imTaviTve empiriuli zRvrulobis<br />

gadalaxviskenaa mimarTuli, maSin, rodesac realisturi teqstis<br />

personaJis subieqtur-percefciuli qronotopi realisturi teqstis SigniT<br />

mocemuli obieqturi qronotopis, Sesabamisad, empiriuli realobis<br />

qronotopis farglebSi rCeba.<br />

i. ratianis naSromis _ `teqsti da qronotopi~ _ saxiT qarTul litmcodneobiT<br />

sivrceSi gaCnda pirveli monografia, sadac panoramulad Seswavlili<br />

da gamokvleulia sxva da sxva literaturuli mimdinareobisa da<br />

literaturuli Janris _ erTi mxriv, realisturi, xolo, meore mxriv, antiutopiuri<br />

romanis Janris mxatvruli teqstebis dro-sivrculi Taviseburebani<br />

qronotopuli Teoriis bazaze, rac, xazs vusvam, qarTul litmcodneobiT<br />

sivrceSi aqamde ar ganxorcielebula. vfiqrob, i. ratianis monografia<br />

aRniSnul sivrceSi etablirdeba Tavisebur gzamkvlev da saorientacio<br />

naSromad, Tavisebur standartul samecniero gamokvlevad (Standartwerk), romelsac<br />

aucileblad unda daefuZnos sxva da sxva Janris, epoqisa da literaturuli<br />

mimdinareobis mxatvrul teqstTa qronotopis Semdgomi kvlevebi.<br />

320

qeTevan elaSvili<br />

literatoris portreti anu esseisturi dafiqreba<br />

`literaturul portretebze~<br />

mwerlobas drois aTvlis sakuTari sistema gaaCnia da es mijna, xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi, ar Tanxvdeba saukunis damdegs; miT ufro axal aTaswleulSi<br />

Sesvlisas, sruliad icvleba nebismieri eris SemecnebiTi diapazoni, TumcaRa<br />

es ar unda aRviqvaT bunebrivi eTnokulturuli ritmidan amovardnad<br />

da eris es `sulieri gzaabneuloba~ ar unda gavaigivoT Cvens daSretil<br />

SemoqmedebiT paTosTan. amgvar viTarebaSi, rogorc arasdros, Cven gvesa-<br />

Wiroeba sakuTari mwerlobidan araTu ganapireba, aramed qarTul mwerlobasTan<br />

kvlav dabruneba, _ Cveni mwerlebis `magiur sityvaTa~ SemoqmedebiTi<br />

wvdoma da ara martooden maTi saxelebiT zedapiruli tkboba...<br />

albaT, XXI saukunis dadgomidan simboluri cxra weli mainc unda<br />

gasuliyo, rom zaza abzianiZes qarTuli poeziis erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi<br />

albomi Seeqmna _ friad metyveli literaturuli ilustraciebiT. esaa misi<br />

axali wigni _ `literaturuli portretebi~ (gamocemuli saskolo biblioTekis<br />

seriiT, gamomcemloba `bakmis~ mier _ 2009 wels), romelic Tavad<br />

poeturi suliskveTebis literatoris erTgvar avtoportretsac ki<br />

warmoadgens.<br />

zaza abzianiZis wignis xelSi aRebisTanave mkiTxveli qarTuli poeziis<br />

samsaukunovani Tvalsawieris winaSe aRmoCndeba sakmaod vrceli da masStaburi<br />

winaTqmiT; rac, Tavis mxriv, Cveni poeziis mxatvrul-filos<strong>of</strong>iur<br />

`gankiTxvasac ki~ warmoadgens (saxeldebas vaxden viqtor nozaZiseuli analogiis<br />

inerciiT...). mxolod amgvari ganzogadebuli gansjiTa da imavdroulad<br />

qarTuli sityvis Sinagan poetur biZgebSi TanCayolili pirovnebis<br />

Rrma tkiviliT SeiZleboda am esseisturi biografiebis Seqmna _ `literaturuli<br />

portretebisa~ Tu `literaturuli eskizebis~ TanawyobiT (`eskizebiT~<br />

_ ZiriTadad friad uCveulo formatSi Sesrulebuli winaTqmaa...).<br />

swored winaTqmaSivea gacxadebuli samsaukunovan (XVIII, XIX, XX) arealSi<br />

moqceuli qarTuli poeziis `grgvinva-griali~ Tu Sinagani Cumi biZgebi...<br />

rac Seexeba portretebs, isini TiTqosda kalmis erTi mosmiTa da erTi amosunTqviTaa<br />

Sesrulebuli, ris emociur iluziasac Tavad avtoris uCveulod<br />

daxvewili literaturuli gemovneba Tu poeziasTan metad `intimuri<br />

ganapirebis~ unari badebs. amasTanave, zaza abzianiZe TiToeul portrets<br />

absoluturad sxvadasxva `sityvieri saRebaviT~ xatavs da iTvaliswinebs im<br />

erTaderT WeSmaritebas, rom poeturi amoTqma sulis ferTametyvelebaa,<br />

oRond am `metyveli cisartyelis~ Tundac wamieri dafiqsireba es mTeli<br />

xelovnebaa. swored amgvari, _ iSviaTi xelweriT, qarTuli sityvis Sinagani<br />

xmovanebis SegrZnebiT, zustad mignebuli intonaciiTa da emociaTa ucdomeli<br />

fokusirebiTaa Sesrulebuli es portretebi.<br />

vfiqrob, rom dadga dro davakmay<strong>of</strong>ilo mkiTxvelTa cnobiswadili da<br />

zaza abzianiZis `literaturul albomSi~ maTTan erTad moviZio CvenTvis<br />

esoden Zvirfasi saxelebi:<br />

daviT guramiSvilis portreti `bedis qcevis~ paradoqsebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa<br />

Seqmnili da bunebrivia, igrZnoba `iSviaTi pirmSos~ uCveulod<br />

RvTaebrivi wonasworobac;<br />

321

esikic aseve `iSviaTad mimzidveli poeturi xmiTa~ da `biografiis<br />

idumalebis mravalwertiliT~ gvnusxavs;<br />

Cveni romantikosebis SemTxvevaSi ki (aleqsandre WavWavaZe, grigol<br />

orbeliani, vaxtang orbeliani da nikoloz baraTaSvili) mTeli STambeWdaoba<br />

maT daxvewil warmomavlobasa da Rrma erudiciaSia saZiebeli. da<br />

amitomac, zaza abzianiZe saocari mowiwebiTa da erTgvari delikaturobiT<br />

gvixatavs maT _ TumcaRa iTvaliswinebs romantikosTa `keTilSobilur simartivesac~.<br />

oRond garkveuli rbili tendenciurobac SeimCneva nikoloz<br />

baraTaSvilis portretis `restavraciisas~. aki wers kidec amis Sesaxeb<br />

Tavad avtori: _ `rusTavelis kvaldakval, nikoloz baraTaSvilma qarTul<br />

poezias daubruna Tavisuflebisaken swrafvis universaluri simbolo da<br />

amiT ganagrZo is ukvdavi tradicia, romlis saTavec tarielis velad gaWraSi<br />

da cxenze amxedrebuli avTandilis laR simReraSi Caisaxa~ (abzianiZe<br />

2009: 34). da kvlav avtoriseuli emocia da sruliad bunebrivad, _ sakuTari<br />

`poeturi amoTqmiT~ dasmuli saboloo Strixi am portretze:<br />

322<br />

`es werilebze damCneuli cremlis wveTebi,<br />

es poetebi — yvelaferSi metismetebi,<br />

es usasrulo wyenani<br />

da gulis Zgerani;<br />

`mirbis, mimafrens ugzo-ukvlod Cemi merani~.<br />

(abzianiZe 2009:162)<br />

raRa Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli gamomsaxvelobiTa da `sulieri sidarbaisliTaa~<br />

warmodgenili CvenTvis Zvirfasi is portretebi (igulisxmeba ilia,<br />

akaki da vaJa), romelTa y<strong>of</strong>na-ary<strong>of</strong>nam gansazRvra `epoqaluri vakuumis~<br />

dadgoma Tu `XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis karis mixurva~; anda, sulac<br />

siymawvilis droindeli impulsiT nasazrdoebi, rafiel erisTavis samSoblos<br />

siyvaruliT gamTbari `gamorCeuli da dasamaxsovrebeli nakvTi~... da<br />

Sio mRvimelis gulwrfeli da bavSvurad saTuTi mzera _ zedmiwevniT dafiqsirebuli<br />

mis portretSi.<br />

XX saukunem ki qrestomaTiul portretebSi sagrZnobi cvlilebebi<br />

Seitana, _ `adamianis sulis ufaqizesi moZraobis poetur sityvaSi asaxvis~<br />

tendenciebi dasaxa da `spilos Zvlis koSkSi~ gamoketil xelovanTa` STambeWdavi<br />

saxeebi gamoZerwa... amaTgan erT-erTi upirvelesi da sulSi Camwvdomi<br />

galaktionis portretia — sulis tkivilamde misuli ukiduresi martosulobiTa<br />

da momnusxavi sidiadiT. imav sagvartomo xidan ganStoebuli<br />

kidev erTi SemoqmedebiTi ZarRvia tician tabiZe, _ renesansuli momxibvlelobiTa<br />

da warmosadegobiT. qarTuli xasiaTis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli<br />

Strixi mkveTrad gamoxatuli artistizmia, rogorc gaumJRavnebeli sabediswero<br />

tragizmisa da sasowarkveTis erTgvari niRabi. amitomac, am Strixis<br />

gareSe sruliad dabindulia ukiduresad `cremliani sulisa~ da sikvdilis<br />

lands adevnebuli poetis portreti. terenti granelis gancdaTa proecireba,<br />

mxolod da mxolod, imqveyniur usasrulobasa da idumalebaSia saZiebeli,<br />

saidanac saxeTa gamokveTa did virtuozobas moiTxovda avtorisagan.<br />

literaturul portretTa Tanawyobisas ukiduresad tragikul intonacias<br />

enacvleba cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli dramatizmi da giorgi leoniZis portreti<br />

ukve qarTvel Torosan raindTa mxne sulierebiTaa Sesrulebuli; bedisweris<br />

ucnauri fericvalebis niSanwyalia SenarCunebuli niko samadaSvilis<br />

saxis Seqmnisas da Cvenc ar gviZneldeba `buRalter niko samadaSvilSi~ `poet

niko samadaSvilis amocnoba~; `Wabukebad darCenil~ poetTa portretebi ki<br />

sxvagvarad metyvel da romantiul elferSia gadawyvetili: lado<br />

asaTianTan sikvdilis gandevnis `poeturi imitacia~ boboqari Sinagani muxtiTa<br />

da gaSmagebuli sisaTuTiTaa warmodgenili; mirza gelovanTan ki es, _<br />

rainduli paTosis brZolis velze realizebisa da imavdroulad usaxelod<br />

gauCinarebis gancdaTa janyia; magram yvelaze didi delikaturobiTa da<br />

saocari sifaqiziT avtori qmnis poeti qalis _ ana kalandaZis portrets. es<br />

Strixi, Tavad misi Tandayolili mamakacuri sulierebis fenomenia da amitomac,<br />

zaza abzianiZe mSvenierebis sityvier wvdomas anas `sulSi idumalad<br />

Cabrunebuli mzeriTa~ da Sinaganad gamomkrTali sxiviT aRwevs.<br />

me SeZlebisdagvarad Sevecade gamomekveTa ramdenad STambeWdavi da<br />

emociurad damuxtulia es portretebi. fenomeni am xelwerisa avtoris<br />

`poeturi Tvalis~ garda, mis `literaturul genetikaSicaa~ saZiebeli, ris<br />

simbolur miniSnebebsac am wignis pirvelsave furclebze vawydebiT. da<br />

kidev erTi...<br />

zaza abzianiZem poetur TviTrealizebis saocrad STambeWdav formas<br />

miagno; leqs-naxatebi anu `busunsulebi~ da zRapar-naxatebi anu literaturuli<br />

zRaprebi (`wiTelkuda~). misi es iSviaTi niWi sakuTari naazrevis ilustraciebis<br />

qargaSi moqcevis, aseve ucdomladaa warmodgenili `sityvier<br />

ilustraciebSi~ anu mis `literaturul portretebSi~. aq avtori mxolod<br />

imgvar portretebs gvTavazobs, sadac grZnobis natifoba iSviaTi bunebriobiTa<br />

da siRrmiT iWreba CvenSi. portretist-Semoqmeds amis misaRwevad<br />

ki yovelTvis `bewvis xidze~ uxdeba gavla, raTa Tavadve ar moinusxos<br />

`portretTa~ Sesrulebisas da qarTuli poeziis TviTdinebam ar gaitacos<br />

umisamarTod...<br />

magram zaza abzianiZe `literaturuli portretebis~ Seqmnisas, araTu<br />

inarCunebs sakuTari xelwerasa da intonacias, aramed mkiTxvelic Zaldautaneblad<br />

Sehyavs am uCveulo sivrceSi da uqmnis saocar sulier<br />

komforts.<br />

Tavad zaza abzianiZec, rogorc literatori, merwmuneT, am paTosiT<br />

cxovrobs.<br />

323

lado minaSvili, xaTuna gafrindaSvili<br />

324<br />

`vinc moyvaresa ar eZebs...~<br />

(pirvelad somxur enaze somexi swavlulis avtorobiT...)<br />

amas winaT erevnis saxelmwifo universitetidan ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi humanitarul mecnierebaTa<br />

fakultetze Zalze sayuradRebo, sasiamovno amanaTi miviReT: cnobili<br />

somexi mecnieri, mwerali da mTargmneli pr<strong>of</strong>esori hraCik bairamiani Tavis<br />

aRmzrdel axali qarTuli literaturis istoriis kaTedras (amJamad qar-<br />

Tuli literaturis institutis axali qarTuli literaturis mimarTuleba)<br />

erTgvar angariSs abarebda — saCuqrad ugzavnida Tavis wigns `qarTuli<br />

literatura~, V-XIX ss., saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblebis humanitaruli<br />

fakultetebis studentebisaTvis, wigni I, 2007 weli.<br />

batoni hraCik bairamiani gansakuTrebiT CvenTvis qarTvelebisaTvis,<br />

Zalian saintereso biografiis kaci brZandeba. erevnis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakultetis students (sparsuli enisa da<br />

literaturis specialobiT) gauCnda didi wyurvili, Seeswavla qarTuli ena<br />

da safuZvlianad ziareboda qarTul mwerlobas da sazogadod kulturas.<br />

1967 wels studentTa gacvlis wesiT igi gamogzavnes Tsu-Si, sadac ori weli<br />

gulmodgined eufleboda qarTul enas. erevnis universitetis sruli kursis<br />

dasrulebis Semdeg ki yvelaferi ase gadawyda — hraCik bairamiani<br />

Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis axali<br />

qarTuli literaturis istoriis kaTedris aspiranti gaxda — xelmZRvanelad<br />

daeniSna pr<strong>of</strong>. solomon xuciSvili.<br />

somexi Wabuki rac ufro uRrmavdeboda xangrZlivi istoriis mqone mdidar<br />

da mravalferovan qarTul mwerlobas, miT ufro izidavda igi, Tavisi<br />

arCevanis sisworeSic metad rwmundeboda. ase gaacnobiera man Tavisi misiac<br />

_ Camdgariyo ori uZvelesi eris literaturul-kulturuli urTierTobis<br />

samsaxurSi. aspirantis uaxlesi samuSao sfero ase dakonkretda — man gamowulviT<br />

Seiswavla XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebis Tbilisis<br />

somxuri periodika, ramac misca uxvi masala, ewarmoebina kvleva-ZiebiTi<br />

samuSaoebi somxur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobis xaziT. 1975 wels<br />

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli<br />

literaturis institutSi Sedga hraCik bairamianis sakandidato disertaciis<br />

dacva Temaze `qarTuli literatura somxur kritikaSi (1846-1916)~.<br />

<strong>of</strong>icialurma oponentebma maRali Sefaseba misces mis naSroms. imave wels<br />

hraCik bairamianma muSaoba daiwyo erevnis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />

armenologiis problemur laboratoriaSi mecnier-TanamSromlad.<br />

batonma hraCik bairamianma guliT Seiyvara Tavisi xalxis `erT bed qveS~<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i qarTveli xalxis kultura, mwerloba, mihyva gulis Sinagan xmas da<br />

Tavisi mecnierul-literaturuli saqmianobac mtkiced daukavSira somxeT-<br />

Si qarTuli literaturis Seswavlisa da popularizaciis saqmes, qarTulsomxuri<br />

literaturul-kulturuli urTierTobis Rrmad Seswavlas. mis<br />

gulmodgine, saintereso muSaobas male mohyva sayuradRebo Sedegebic, 1983<br />

wels erevnis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobam dastamba hraCik<br />

bairamianis wigni `axali qarTuli literaturis istoriis narkvevebi~, damxmare<br />

saxelmZRvanelo filologiis fakultetis studentebisaTvis da<br />

qarTuli literaturiT dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. hraCik

airamianis mecnier-xelmZRvanelis pr<strong>of</strong>. s. xuciSvilis SefasebiT, `am wigniT<br />

safuZveli Caeyara axali qarTuli literaturis mecnierul kvleva-<br />

Ziebas somxeTSi”.<br />

1983 welsve erevnis universitetis gamomcemlobam dabeWda hraCik<br />

bairamianis mier Sedgenili `qarTuli poeziis” soliduri krebuli — anTologia.<br />

krebulSi Sevida qarTuli poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi dawyebuli XII<br />

saukunidan vidre meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebamde. krebuli isea Sedgenili,<br />

rom somex mkiTxvels garkveuli warmodgena eqmneba qarTuli poeziis ganvi-<br />

Tarebis xangrZliv saintereso gzaze. krebuls boloSi erTvis qarTvel poetTa<br />

mokle biografiuli cnobebi. qarTvel avtorTa Targmanebi Sesrulebulia<br />

cnobili somexi poetebisa da mTargmnelebis mier.<br />

1986 wels erevnis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobam dastamba h.<br />

bairamianis mier Sedgenili krebuli `somexi mwerlebi qarTuli literaturis<br />

Sesaxeb~. krebulSi Tavi moiyara somex mweralTa leqsebma, sityvebma,<br />

narkvevebma, miZRvnilma qarTuli mwerlobisadmi.<br />

krebuls win uZRvis saqmis codniT da siyvaruliT dawerili winasityvaoba<br />

hr. bairamianisa; avtori aRniSnavs, rom qarTul-somxuri literaturuli<br />

urTierTobani am ori xalxis bevri saerTo interesis, maTi megobrobis dasturia.<br />

somexi mecnieris gulwrfeli aRiarebiT, `bevr somex poets saqarTvelos,<br />

qarTuli kulturis siyvarulma somxuri poeziis Sedevrebi Seaqmnevina~.<br />

saerTod es wigni mniSvnelovan faqtobriv masalas Seicavs. aqve moTavsebulia<br />

bevri saintereso fotosuraTi. unda iTqvas, rom am wignSi bevri ram<br />

aris qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvisac ucnobi da sayuradRebo.<br />

Sinaganma mwerlurma monacemebma, qarTuli enis safuZvlianma codnam<br />

hraCik bairamians SesaZlebloba misca xeli moekida mxatvruli Targmanis<br />

metad seriozuli, rTuli da saWiro saqmisaTvis, gaegrZelebina Cvens droSi<br />

somxeTSi is didi mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba, rasac XIX saukunis somexma<br />

mwerlebma Cauyares safuZveli.<br />

ZiriTadad hraCik bairamiani mogvevlina rogorc Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />

prozis nimuSebis mTargmneli. misi specialistTa mier aRiarebuli maRalmxatvruli<br />

TargmanebiT gaicno somexma mkiTxvelma bevri qarTveli saxelovani<br />

prozaikosis, maT Soris s. kldiaSvilis, n. dumbaZis, g. fanjikiZis,<br />

l.mrelaSvilis, r. inaniSvilis, o. ioselianis, T. WilaZis, g. gegeSiZis,<br />

j.qarCxaZis, r. miSvelaZis da sxvaTa Txzulebebi.<br />

somxur enaze Targmnil qarTvel avtorTa simravle da mravalferovneba<br />

mowmobs Tu ra nay<strong>of</strong>ieri da ra fasdaudebelia hraCik bairamianis mTargmnelobiTi<br />

saqmianoba.<br />

1981 wlidan batoni hraCik bairamiani armenelogiis problemur laboratoriaSi<br />

xelmZRvanelobda qarTul-somxur filologiis jgufs.<br />

xolo 2007 wels am didi da nay<strong>of</strong>ieri muSaobis safuZvelze moxda didad<br />

mniSvnelovani da CvenTvis sasixarulo faqti _ erevnis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />

hraCik bairamianis iniciativiT dafuZnda qarTvelologiis centri.<br />

erTi sityviT, didi da Rrma safuZvlebi arsebobda imisaTvis, rom 2007<br />

welsve baton hraCiks pirvelad somxur sinamdvileSi Seeqmna saxelmZRvanelo<br />

qarTul literaturaSi umaRlesi saswavleblebis humanitarul fakultetebis<br />

studentebisaTvis.<br />

rogorc dasawyisSive iTqva, Cven xelTa gvaqvs saxelmZRvanelos pirveli<br />

tomi, romelic moicavs V-XIX ss-is qarTul literaturas. II tomi, romelic<br />

usaTuod daiwereba, daeTmoba XX saukunis qarTul mwerlobas.<br />

325

marTalia, avtori saxelmZRanelos mokrZalebiT `qarTul literaturas~<br />

arqmevs, sinamdvileSi wigni, romelic 320 gverds Seicavs warmoadgens V-<br />

XIX saukuneebis qarTuli literaturis istorias; aq avtori kompaqturad<br />

gvacnobs qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis ZiriTad etapebs da yvela<br />

ZiriTad mwerals.<br />

rogorc avtori wignis winasityvaobaSi gvauwyebs, somxur enaze qarTuli<br />

literaturis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna da gamoqveyneba drois mo-<br />

Txovnaa. erevnis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fakultetze,<br />

somxeTis pedagogiuri saswavleblebis saTanado fakultetebze iswavleba<br />

qarTuli literatura. somexi axalgazrdoba did interess iCens mezobeli<br />

qveynis kulturisa da kerZod literaturis mimarT.<br />

somxur enaze ki dRemde ar arsebobda arc Targmnili da arc originaluri<br />

saxelmZRvanelo. swored am didi xarvezis Sevsebas isaxavs miznad<br />

hraCik bairamianis wigni; vis xelewifeboda somxeTSi xeli moekida am Zneli<br />

da sapatio saqmisaTvis, Tu ara mas, baton hraCiks. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />

rom garda mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebisa da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobisa wignis<br />

SeqmnaSi avtors xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom igi kvleva-ZiebiTi da mTargmnelobiTi<br />

saqmianobis paralelurad dakavebuli iyo saleqcio muSaobiT,<br />

_ kiTxulobda leqciebs swored Sesabamis disciplinaSi.<br />

wignSi literaturuli procesebi da avtorebi warmodgenilia qronologiuri<br />

principiT ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebis CvenebiT.<br />

wignSi gasagebi mizezebis gamo qarTveli avtorebis TxzulebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

somexi mkiTxvelisTvis garkveuli warmodgenis Seqmnis mizniT avtori<br />

aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs vrceli monakveTebis Sinaarsis gadmocemas,<br />

rac am SemTxvevaSi wignis Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos.<br />

wignis mosawon siaxled unda aRviqvaT isic, rom avtors saWirod<br />

daunaxavs qarTuli mwerlobis udides warmomadgenlebze SoTa rusTavelze,<br />

ilia WavWavaZeze, akaki wereTelze, vaJa-fSavelaze da a.S. mogvawodos calke<br />

Tavebi somxur enaze maTi Txzulebebis Targmnis, somex avtorTa mier maTi<br />

Semoqmedebis Sefasebis istorias rom gviTvaliswineben. amgvari masalis<br />

Semotana saxelmZRvaneloSi wignisadmi interess zrdis da, bunebrivia, ara<br />

marto somexi mkiTxvelisas.<br />

wignis SesavalSi avtori sanam uSualod literaturis istoriis sakiTxebis<br />

ganxilvas Seudgebodes, saWirod Tvlis students miawodos cnobebi<br />

qarTveli xalxisa da qarTuli enis Sesaxeb. es sakiTxi mokled, saqmis codniT<br />

da mosawoni sifrTxiliT aris gadmocemuli, saTanadodaa miTiTebuli<br />

qarTuli enis simdidireze. arc isaa daviwyebuli, rom Zveli qarTulis,<br />

dialeqtebis da mwignobrobis enis kavSiri ise organulia, Tanamedrove<br />

qarTuli enis mcodne `yovelgvari specialur momzadebis gareSe kiTxulobs<br />

da gebulons V-XVIII saukuneebis Txzulebebs~.<br />

avtori exeba qarTuli damwerlobis sakiTxs, miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli<br />

anbani ms<strong>of</strong>lios 14 anbanidan erT-erTia, Zalian didi sifrTxiliT exeba<br />

avtori qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis sakiTxs. am SemTxvevaSi, misda sasaxelod<br />

unda iTqvas, rom erTi wuTiT ar tovebs obieqturobis grZnoba —<br />

Tanmimdevrulad gvacnobs leonti mrovelis cnobas, akad. ivane javaxiSvilis,<br />

akad. k. kekeliZis mosazrebebs. bunebrivia, igi asaxelebs somxuri wyaroebis<br />

cnobasac, qarTuli anbanis somxuridan momdinareobis Sesaxeb, magram<br />

iqve miuTiTebs, rom `qarTveli mkvlevarebi anbanis Sesaxeb somxuri<br />

wyaroebis cnobebs legendad an Semdgom danamatad Tvlian~.<br />

326

Cvenis mxriv davZendiT, TavisTavad imis aRniSvna, rom qarTuli anbani<br />

erT-erTia ms<strong>of</strong>lios 14 anbanidan, ukve niSnavs misi originalurobis da ara<br />

somxuri anbanidan warmomavlobis aRiarebas.<br />

saxelmZRvaneloSi saTanadodaa miTiTebuli qristianuli sarwmunoebis<br />

did rolze saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi. `qristianulma ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobam<br />

gansazRvra qarTuli kulturis buneba da Sinaarsi~ _ aRniSnavs avtori.<br />

`sakuTari anbanisa da damwerlobis Seqmnis Semdeg gaizarda qarTuli enis<br />

mxatvrul-gamomsaxveloba, qarTulma enam itvirTa mSobliuri enis wminda<br />

misia, gaxda eklesiis, saxelmwifosa da kulturis ena, fari da maxvili<br />

qarTveli xalxis arsebobis dasacavad, udidesi roli Seasrula qveynis<br />

kulturuli, politikuri da istoriuli ganviTarebis saqmeSi~. aqve miTiTebulia<br />

qarTuli enis ganviTarebis safexurebze, qarTuli damwerlobis<br />

uZveles nimuSebze.<br />

Semdeg wignis avtori Cerdeba ganaTlebis sakiTxze Zvel saqarTveloSi,<br />

dasaxelebulia gelaTis da iyalTos akademiebi da miTiTebulia did saganmanaTleblo<br />

centrebSi gaSlili mecnierul da kulturul muSaobaze. avtoris<br />

sayuradRebo daskvniT, `am kvleviT centrebSi dawerili da Targmnili<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iuri, istoriuli da literaturuli Txzulebebi mowmoben, rom<br />

maT avtorebs miRebuli hqondaT saocari ganaTleba, icodnen mravali ena,<br />

mWidro kavSirebi hqondaT sxvadasxva qveynebis udides moazrovneebTan~.<br />

qarTuli sityvierebis istoriis daxasiaTebas avtori zepirsityvierebis<br />

mokle mimoxilviT iwyebs, romlis `saTave saukuneebis siRrmes aRwevs~. gaxazulia<br />

qarTuli folkloris Janrobrivi da Sinaarsoblivi mravalferovneba,<br />

isic aRniSnulia, rom qarTuli folkloris Temebi da motivebi `dauSreteli<br />

wyaro iyo qarTveli mwerlebisa da poetebisaTvi~. avtori folklorul<br />

nimuSTagan mokled axasiaTebs `amiraniansa” da `eTerians~.<br />

saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg<br />

qveyanaSi safuZveli eyreba qristianuli mwerlobis ganviTarebas. iwyeba<br />

didi mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi eqceva<br />

bibliuri wignebis gadmoTargmna. iTargmneba wminda mamaTa cxovrebani,<br />

martvilobani, samecniero naSromebi.<br />

avtori qarTuli literaturis daxasiaTebas iwyebs V-X saukuneebis<br />

literaturiT. saxelmZRvanelos avtori SedarebiT farTod warmoadgens<br />

mowamebrivi xasiaTis Zeglebis ganxilvas. mosawonia avtoris sifrTxile da<br />

sifaqize. igi `SuSanikis wamebas~ gansazRvravs ara rogorc Zveli qarTuli<br />

mwerlobis upirveles Zegls, aramed rogorc sparsTa batonobis droindel<br />

uZveles nawarmoebs. avtori aseve sifrTxiles iCens Zeglis originalurobis<br />

gansazRvrisas. bunebrivia avtorma angariSi unda gauwios imas, rom wigni<br />

somxeTSi iwereba da icema da uxerxulobas Tavs Semdegnairad aRwevs, igi<br />

ambobs, rom `Zegli arsebobs somxur mwerlobaSic, da rom dResdReobiT<br />

somexma da qarTvelma specialistebma amasTan dakavSirebiT saerTo daskvnis<br />

gamotana ver SeZles~; verafers vityviT, naTqvami realobas asaxavs.<br />

aqve mivuTiTebT erT dasanan uzustobas, wignSi aRniSnulia, rom Cvenamde<br />

moRweulia `SuSanikis wamebis~ qarTuli teqsti XVIII saukunis xelnaweriT.<br />

sinamdvileSi, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, `wamebis~ teqsti daculia<br />

X saukunis xelnawerSi, parxalis mravalTavSi. momdevno gamocemaSi<br />

es uzustoba unda gaswordes. miTiTebulia, rom SuSaniki Seracxulia wmindanad<br />

qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis mier. dawesebulia misi moxseniebis dRe.<br />

327

sparselTa batonobisdroindel TxzulebaTagan mokle-mokled ganxilulia<br />

`evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~, `abibos nekreselis wameba~ da<br />

`raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~.<br />

643-45 wlebSi sparsTa batonoba arabobam Secvala, marzpani ki amiram.<br />

arabTa batonobis droidan sagangebod ganxilulia wignSi `abo tfilelis<br />

wameba~. saubaria Txzulebis Sedgenilobaze, mis mxatvrul Rirsebebze, gadmocemulia<br />

misi mokle Sinaarsi. amas Semdeg mohyveba daviT da konstantines,<br />

mefe arCilis, miqel gobronis martvilobebi. avtoris marTebuli daskvniT,<br />

Txzulebebi maTSi daculi qarTlis politikuri, saeklesio da kulturuli<br />

cxovrebis amsaxveli cnobebiT ara marto wminda literaturul, aramed<br />

istoriul-SemecnebiT Rirebulebasac iZenen.<br />

martvilobaTa mimoxilvis Semdeg mokled aris aRniSnuli, rom X<br />

saukunidan Cndeba `cxorebis~ Janris Txzulebebi. CamoTvlilia es Txzulebebi,<br />

kerZod `wminda ninos cxoreba~, serapion zarzmelis, grigol<br />

xanZTelis, ioanesa da eqvTimes, giorgi mTawmindelis cxorebebi. aqac SeniSvnis<br />

saxiT unda iTqvas, rom `wminda ninos cxoreba~ Seqmnilia meaTe saukunemde<br />

gacilebiT adre. Cvenamde Zeglma moRwia IX saukunis xelnaweriT, igi<br />

daculia Satberdul krebulSi. saxelmZRvanelos momdevno gamocemaSi es<br />

uzustobac unda gaswordes.<br />

wignSi ufro didi adgili eTmoba XI-XIII saukuneebis literaturis daxasiaTebas.<br />

aRniSnulia, rom es monakveTi qarTuli mwerlobisa `oqros xanis~<br />

mwerlobadaa miCneuli, am droidan Cvenamde moaRwiao, _ aRniSnavs avtori,<br />

xuTma Zeglma _ `amirandarejanianma~, `visramianma~, `Tamarianma~, `abdulmesianma~<br />

da `vefxistyaosanma~.<br />

wignSi warmodgenilia CamoTvlil TxzulebaTa Sinaarsoblivi mxare da<br />

mokle-mokle ganxilva. `Tamariani~ da `abdulmesiani~ ganixileba, rogorc<br />

saxotbo poeziis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi.<br />

wignis didi nawili (gv. 35-60) SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosnis” ganxilvas<br />

eTmoba. avtoris sityvebiT, `qarTveli xalxis sulieri ganviTarebis<br />

umaRlesi gamoxatuleba iyo da rCeba SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~,<br />

romelic aseve warmoadgens ms<strong>of</strong>lios mxatvruli sityvis faseulobas~.<br />

Tavdapirvelad saxelmZRvanelos avtori Cerdeba didi poetis biografiul<br />

cnobebze, am cnobebis simwireze, nacadia Cvenamde am cnobebis mouRwevlobis<br />

mizezebis axsna. am mxriv aSkarad gadaWarbebulia eklesiis, sasuliero<br />

pirTa reaqciuli rolis wamoweva, imis aRniSvna, rom `Sua saukuneebis<br />

gonebadabnelebulma sasuliero pirebma avtori gamoacxades eretikosad,<br />

mexsierebidan misi sayovelTaod daviwyebis mizniT wyaroebidan amoSales<br />

misi saxeli, xolo poemis xelnawerebi dawves an mdinare mtkvarSi gadayares~.<br />

wignSi aRniSnulia, rom saxeli SoTa XVIII saukunidan gaCnda qarTul<br />

sinamdvileSi, rac simarTles ar Seesabameba. Tavi rom davaneboT jvris<br />

monastris freskaze dadasturebul saxels _ SoTa (freska ki XIIIs. Seqmnili)<br />

_ literaturaSi Teimuraz pirveli axsenebs poemis avtorad SoTa<br />

rusTvels; Teimurazi ki XVII s. I naxevarSi cxovrobda.<br />

hraCik bairamianis sityvebiT, `ramdenadac bundovania poetis biografia,<br />

imdenad naTelia misi, rogorc poetis sidiade~. saxelmZRvanelos avtori<br />

savsebiT marTebul mosazrebas aviTarebs poemis siuJetis warmomavlobas-<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT; isic `vefxistyaosnis~ prologis taeps `ese ambavi sparsuli~...<br />

literaturuli mniSvnelobiT xsnis. misi azriT, `vefxistyaosani~<br />

marTlac ,,XII saukunis qarTuli sinamdvilis mxatvruli gamoZaxilia. masSi<br />

328

areklilia am qveynis socialur-politikuri viTareba. aSkaraa, rom poemis<br />

ambebi trialebs giorgi III-is samefos irgvliv. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom poemis gmirebi ar arian qarTvelebi, qarTvel mecnierTa erTsulovani<br />

aRiarebiT, `maT mkerdSi qarTuli guli feTqavs~.<br />

saxelmZRvanelos avtori vrclad Cerdeba poemis siuJetze, axasiaTebs<br />

poemis personaJebs. misi daskvniT, `mxatvruli sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebiTa da zogadsakacobrio<br />

SinaarsiT poema didi Rirebulebisaa~; maRali moraluri principebis<br />

mxatvruli qadagebiT poema upirispirdeba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi<br />

msgavs Tematikaze Seqmnil Txzulebebs.<br />

`vefxistyaosani~ qarTul sinamdvileSi rCeba dauZlevel simaRled. bevrma<br />

scada misi gagrZeleba, magram isini darCnen mimbaZvelebis rolSi.<br />

saukuneebis manZilze `vefxistyaosani~ iyo zneobis sazomi saqarTveloSi,<br />

rogorc wminda relikvias, wigns qalebs mziTevSi atandnen.<br />

kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmZRvanelos es nawili `vefxistyaosanze~<br />

dawerilia didi aRtkinebiT, STagonebiT. igi usaTuod Seuqmnis saTanado<br />

warmodgenas somex axalgazrdobas genialuri qarTveli poetis Sesaxeb.<br />

sainteresoa wignis is nawili, sadac batoni hraCik bairamiani `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

somxur sinamdvileSi gadasvlis sakiTxs exeba. misi sityvebiT,<br />

garkveuli wvlili miuZRviT somex gadamwerlebs `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis<br />

dacvisa da gamravlebis saqmeSi. (bunebrivia, saqme exeba gaqarTvelebul<br />

somxebs). kerZod igi asaxelebs saqarTvelos respublikis xelnawerTa erovnuli<br />

centris xelnawers 757-s, gadawerils 1671 wels aRmuranT baRdasaris<br />

Zis gasparis mier, Tumca ver vityviT, rom igi uZvelesi iyos, rogorc amas<br />

avtori fiqrobs. `vefxistyaosnis~ uZvelesi TariRiani xelnaweri 1646 welsaa<br />

Sesrulebuli.<br />

avtori gvacnobs poemis somxurad Targmnis istorias.<br />

avtoris azriT, rusTvelologiaSi garkveuli wvlili aqvT Setanili<br />

somex literaturismcodneebs al. Sirvanzades, hovh. Tumanians, araqel<br />

babaxanians, av. isaakians, ioseb orbels, leon meliqseT-begs, gurgen sevaks<br />

da a. S. Zalze STambeWdavia wignSi motanili somxeTis didi poetis av. isaakianis<br />

sityvebi: `SoTa rusTaveli aris ms<strong>of</strong>lios im saocnebo geniosebidan<br />

erT-erTi, romelTa SemoqmedebaSi grovdeba da kristaldeba kacobriobis<br />

saukeTeso survilebi, ocnebebi, idealebi da romlebSiac kacobrioba aRwevs<br />

Tavis sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebas~.<br />

hraCik bairamianis TqmiT, `rusTavelis genia gaxda bevri somexi poetis<br />

STagonebis wyaro~.<br />

avtoris daskvniT, `somxur sinamdvileSi rusTvelologias aqvs tradiciebi<br />

da monapovari, romelze dayrdnobiTac sruldeba axal-axali Targmanebi,<br />

iwereba statiebi da gamokvlevebi~.<br />

XIII saukunis Sua wlebidan iwyeba saqarTvelos, saerTod amierkavkasiis<br />

cxovrebaSi umZimesi saukuneebi. am droidan, vidre XVI saukunis bolomde saqarTveloSi<br />

praqtikulad SeCerda mwerlobis, kulturisa da mecnierebis ganvi-<br />

Tareba. am droidan ar SemorCenila raime mniSvnelovani literaturuli Zegli.<br />

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis bolo monakveTia XVII-XVIII saukuneebi; es aris<br />

e.w. `aRorZinebis xana~. am dros SeiniSneba erTgvari politikuri, ekonomikuri<br />

da kulturuli aRmavloba. saqarTveloSi ganaxlebas iwyebs mTargmnelobiTi<br />

saqmianoba. iTargmneba `Sah-name~, `iosebzilixaniani~, `leilmajnuniani~,<br />

aRmosavleTSi ganTqmuli igav-arakTa krebuli `qilila da damana~ da sxva.<br />

329

wignis am monakveTSi avtori cal-calke ganixilavs Teimuraz I-is,<br />

arCilis, sulxan-saba orbelianis, vaxtang VI-is, daviT guramiSvilis, besikis<br />

da sxvaTa cxovreba-moRvaweobas da maT literaturul memkvidreobas.<br />

saTanadodaa miTiTebuli sulxan-sabas ganuzomel rolze qarTuli prozis<br />

ganviTarebis saqmeSi. avtori imasac sagangebod uTvaliswinebs studentebs,<br />

rom qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT didia damsaxureba<br />

Teimuraz I-is, arCilis, vaxtang VI-is, magram rusTavelis Semdeg yvelaze<br />

didi poeti Zvel saqarTveloSi mainc daviT guramiSvilia, rom misiT iwyeba<br />

Tvisobrivad axali etapi qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis grZel gzaze.<br />

savsebiT gasagebi mizezebiT, avtori calke exeba `saqarTvelos mefis<br />

sazandaris~ saiaTnovas poezias. xazgasmulia saiaTnovas roli qalaquri<br />

aSuRuri poeziis ganviTarebis saqmeSi, saiaTnovam Tavisi qarTul enaze dawerili<br />

leqsebiT (rogorc viciT, igi werda qarTulad, somxurad da Turqulad)<br />

daimkvidra Tavisi mokrZalebuli adgili qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi.<br />

saxelmZRvanelos didi nawili, or-mesamedze meti (gv. 100-320), eTmoba<br />

XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis ganxilvas.<br />

Tavdapirvelad avtori mokled mimoixilavs XIX s. 20-30-iani wlebis politikur<br />

viTarebas, kulturas, SedarebiT farTod ganixilavs literaturuli<br />

mimarTulebebis sakiTxs qarTul sinamdvileSi. warmoaCens qarTuli<br />

romantizmis rig Taviseburebebs; xazgasmulia qarTuli romantizmis patriotuli<br />

suliskveTeba, saerTod erovnuli Sinaarsi.<br />

qarTuli romantizmis warmomadgenelTagan aq avtori yuradRebas aCerebs<br />

romantizmis sam sayrden poetze _ aleqsandre WavWavaZeze, grigol<br />

orbelianze da nikoloz baraTaSvilze. ganxilulia maTi cxovreba da poezia,<br />

miTiTebulia maT adgilze qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebaSi. msjelobaa<br />

n. baraTaSvilis poeziis filos<strong>of</strong>iur xasiaTze. mis zogadsakacobrio Sinaarsze.<br />

sayovelTaod cnobilia, Tu ra maRali Sefaseba misca somxeTis didma<br />

poetma avetik isaakianma baraTaSvilis poezias, kerZod man isic Tqva, rom<br />

Cemi abu-al-maari n. baraTaSvilis meranis nakvalevs mihyvebao. am suliskveTebiTaa<br />

dawerili hraCik bairamianis narkvevic n.baraTaSvilze.<br />

avtori romantikosTa Semdeg ganixilavs 40-50-iani wlebis qarTul<br />

mwerlobas. warmoaCens im politikur-kulturul atmosferos, romelmac<br />

qarTul sinamdvileSi TandaTanobiT romantizmidan realizmze gadasvla<br />

gansazRvra. Semdeg ganxilulia g. erisTavis, z. antonovis, d. WonqaZis da l.<br />

ardazianis Txzulebebi.<br />

wignSi didi adgili eTmoba 60-70-ian wlebisa da ara marto am drois,<br />

aramed mTeli XIX saukunis yvelaze mZlavri figuris, qarTvelTa sulieri<br />

winamZRolis ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebis, Rvawlis da Semoqmedebis ganxilvas<br />

(gv. 187-217).<br />

saxelmZRvanelos avtoris TqmiT `umniSvnelovanesia qarTveli xalxis<br />

winamZRolisa da erovnuli-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis medroSis ilia<br />

WavWavaZis istoriuli misia~.<br />

ilias biografiaze msjelobisas wignis avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />

ilias dedis tomobriv warmomavlobaze _ ilias deda somexi iyoo, somexi<br />

aznauris Svilio _ aRniSnavs igi. unda SevniSnoT, rom ilias deda magdan<br />

(mariami) qristefore beburiSvilis qaliSvili gaxldaT. beburiSvilebi<br />

vaCnaZeTa gvaridan gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili gvaria. saqarTvelos istoriam ar icis faqti<br />

beburiSvilTa (vaCnaZeTa) gasomxebisa. Cveni istoriis bedukuRmarTobis<br />

gamo XIX saukuneSi mefis ruseTis politika qarTvelebs, rogorc Tavisuf-<br />

330

lebis moyvare urCi eris warmomadgenlebs, yovelnairad zRudavda. Tbilis-<br />

Si Camosvlis, aq damkvidrebis, samsaxuris Sovnis ufleba warTmeuli hqondaT<br />

qarTvelebs. qarTvelTa nawili iZulebuli xdeboda mieRo somxuri<br />

sarwmunoeba _ grigorianeloba da ase damkvidrebuliyo TbilisSi, radgan<br />

swored somxuri elementis gaZlierebas uwyobdnen saqarTvelos dedaqalaq-<br />

Si xels xelisufalni. ilias dedis arc Tu Soreuli winaprebic, rogorc<br />

Cans, ase aRmoCndnen TbilisSi. grigolma da magdanam, bunebrivia jvari<br />

qarTul eklesiaSi daiweres, magdanam marTlmadidebloba miiRo da mariamad<br />

iwoda. marTalia, axla amas ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba ilias Rvawlis,<br />

misi pirovnebis da misi Semoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis, magram gaugebroba<br />

droze gaswordes, sjobia. aq verafers vusayvedurebT somex avtors,<br />

radganac, samwuxarod am mxriv zogjer qarTveli avtorebic uSveben Secdomas.<br />

hraCik bairamiani gaxazavs ilias moRvaweobis mravalmxriobas. savsebiT<br />

marTebulad miuTiTebs imaze, rom ilias pozicia erovnulia Tavisi SinaarsiT,<br />

misi didi da mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba erovnul Tvalsazriss emyareba.<br />

miuxedavad uzarmazari Rvawlisa sulieri cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela<br />

sferoSi, `ilia WavWavaZe upirveles yovlisa mainc mweralia~, man Seqmna<br />

`didi originalobiT aRbeWdili~ moTxrobebi, poemebi, dramebi, leqsebi.<br />

iliam imTaviTve miznad daisaxa brZola erovnuli Cagvrisa da usamarTlobis<br />

winaaRmdeg da Tavisi arCeuli gzisTvis arasodes uRalatnia _ askvnis avtori.<br />

ilias Sesaxeb narkvevs saxelmZRvaneloSi asrulebs sayuradRebo nawili<br />

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria ilias beWdvis istoria somxurad, rogor miiRes da<br />

Seafases ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba, misi Rvawli somexma mwerlebma, kritikosebma,<br />

literaturismcodneebma.<br />

avtori sagangebod wamowevs win ilias damsaxurebas somexTa uflebebis,<br />

maTi Rirsebis dacvis saqmeSi.<br />

somxuri presa da sazogadoebrivi azri imTaviTve yuradRebiT adevnebda<br />

Tvals didi mwerlis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis yvela etaps, mis sazogadoebriv-politikur,<br />

literaturul da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas. Targmnida<br />

mis mxatvrul da publicistur nawerebs.<br />

bunebrivia, saxelmZRvanelos avtori gverds ver auvlida ilias brwyinvale<br />

naSroms `somexTa mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi~, romelic, rogorc Cans,<br />

jer isev da isev mwvaved aRiqmeba TviT iseTi SeuzRudveli avtoris mierac,<br />

rogoric brZandeba batoni hraCik bairamiani, da TviT mis mierac ki ver<br />

xerxdeba am naSromis obieqturi TvaliT danaxva.<br />

ilia WavWavaZis gardacvalebidan moyolebuli Cvens dromde somxeTSi<br />

sistematiurad qveyndeboda mwerlis Txzulebebi, TxzulebaTa calkeuli<br />

krebulebi, qveyndeboda mwerlis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb statiebi, romlebSiac<br />

`saukeTesod aisaxa qarTveli xalxis ideuri winamZRolis da didi erovnuli<br />

mwerlis moqalaqeobrivi da adamianuri saxe~.<br />

wignis momdevno Tavi eTmoba akaki wereTlis cxovrebis, Rvawlisa da<br />

Semoqmedebis daxasiaTebas. rusTavelis Semdeg qarTuli poeziis yvelaze<br />

didi warmomadgeneli akaki wereTelia, _ ambobs wignis avtori. akakis<br />

poeziis Zala mis xalxur poeziasTan wilnayarobaSiao. poeti xalxis wiaRSi<br />

gaizarda da Tavisi mZlavri poeziiT xalxsve daubrundao, _ marTebulad<br />

ambobs wignis avtori. akaki wereTelma Tavisi niWisa da sulieri simdidris<br />

wyalobiT yvelaze metad, vidre misma winaparma poetebma, an momdevno Taobis<br />

warmomadgenlebma, gaafarTova erovnuli lirikis sferoebi.<br />

331

hraCik bairamiani kompaqturad warmogvidgens akaki wereTlis cxovrebisa<br />

da moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanes faqtebs, gviCvenebs mis rols axali qar-<br />

Tuli samwerlo enis damkvidrebis, qarTuli Jurnalistikis, publicistikis,<br />

qarTuli Teatris, sazogadod xelovnebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.<br />

akakis poezia Tavisi xalxis sulTan yvelaze axlosaa misuli, amitomaco,<br />

_ wers wignis avtori, _ mTeli misi poezia qarTveli xalxis ocnebebisa da<br />

miswrafebebis naTlad gamomxatvelia. akakis Semoqmedeba gamoirCeva didi<br />

siRrmiT, saocari sisadaviT, ubraloebiT, emociurobiT. igi mudam nergavda<br />

xalxSi naTel, optimistur suliskveTebas.<br />

wignSi calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili akaki wereTlisa da gabriel<br />

sundukincis megobrobas, maT urTierTTanamSromlobas, pativiscemas. avtori<br />

imarjvebs ioseb griSaSvilis sityvebs _ akakis da gabrielis megobroba<br />

unda Sefasdes, rogorc `ori xalxis SemaerTebeli xidi~.<br />

wignSi saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili mesame samocianelis giorgi<br />

wereTlis cxovrebisa da Rvawlis warmoCenas, ganxilulia misi nawarmoebebi.<br />

amas moyveba 80-iani wlebis literaturis daxasiaTeba. pirvel yovlisa,<br />

warmodgenilia aleqsandre yazbegis cxovreba da misi nawarmoebebis mokle<br />

mimoxilva.<br />

vrclad ganixilavs saxelmZRvanelos avtori vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebas<br />

da mis memkvidreobas.<br />

avtoris TqmiT, vaJa-fSavela axali da saintereso movlena iyo qarTul<br />

mwerlobaSi. TiTqos Zneli iyo imis warmodgena, rom qarTveli sazogadoeba<br />

gaocdeboda kidev erTi poetis gamoCeniT, romelic swored am dros<br />

gamovida samwerlo asparezze, rodesac mTeli eris guli da goneba ilia<br />

WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis msgavs geniosebs hqonda dapyrobili, rodesac<br />

sruliad saqarTvelos kulti SoTa rusTaveli iyo, rodesac TiTqmis yvela<br />

qarTvelma zepirad icoda daviT guramiSvilis, al. WavWavaZis, n.<br />

baraTaSvilis STambeWdavi leqsebi.<br />

vaJa-fSavelam qarTuli poezia gaamdidra axali motivebiT. man bevri ram<br />

gaakeTa mSobliuri poeziis CarCoebis gasafarToeblad, mxatvruli donis<br />

asamaRleblad, aCvena, Tu raoden amouwuravia qarTuli enis SesaZleblobebi.<br />

vaJas pirovnuli cxovrebis gadmocemis, misi udidesi poeturi memkvidreobis<br />

daxasiaTebis Semdeg wignis avtori calke Tavs uTmobs somxur<br />

presaSi vaJas Txzulebebis beWdvis mokle istorias, sagangebod gaxazavs<br />

somexi sazogadoebis mier vaJas Semoqmedebis maRal Sefasebas; hraCik<br />

bairamianis mtkicebiT, `qarTveli mkiTxvelis Semdeg yvelaze meti interesi<br />

didi poetis cxovrebis, misi memkvidreobis mimarT somexma sazogadoebam<br />

gamoiCina, romelic jerovnad afasebda da xels uwyobda misi Semoqmedebis<br />

popularizacias~.<br />

saxelmZRvanelo sruldeba egnate ninoSvilis, vasil barnovisa da daviT<br />

kldiaSvilis cxovrebisa da Rvawlis, maTi Txzulebebis ganxilviT.<br />

wignSi dabeWdilia qarTvel mweralTa portretebi, rac xels uwyobs axalgazrdobis,<br />

saerTod mkiTxvelis mier maT vizualurad cxovlad warmodgenas.<br />

hraCik bairamiani jerovnad miuzRavs yvela mwerals, uSurvelad amkobs<br />

maT epiTetebiT. somex axalagzrdobas es wigni ndobiT, simpatiiT ganawyobs<br />

mezobeli xalxis, misi mdidari literaturis mimarT. saxelmZRvanelo axalgazrdas<br />

aziarebs qarTul literaturas, bevrs gauRvivebs interess qarTuli<br />

kulturis, qarTl-somxuri literaturuli urTierTobebis Rrmad SeswavlisaTvis,<br />

rom momavalSi isinic gverdSi amoudgnen amagdar mecniers.<br />

332

wignis avtorma kargad icis, rom ndoba, pativiscema, siyvaruli rogorc<br />

calkeul adamianebs, ise xalxebs Soris miiRweva urTierTis obieqturi<br />

istoriis, literaturis, kulturis safuZvliani gacnobisa da Seswavlis<br />

gziT. am azriT iyo STagonebuli igi maSin, roca iwyebda moRvaweobas, amis<br />

naTeli dasturia misi es wignic.<br />

saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarss, mis paToss SesaniSnavad erwymis kargad m<strong>of</strong>iqrebuli<br />

wignis garekani: lurji cis fonze TeTri Rrublebis nafleTebi<br />

TandaTand criatdebian, rac imis niSania, rom male mTlianad gadaiwmindeba<br />

da sabolood gamoidarebs. gamosadareblad gamzadebul cas amSvenebs SoTa<br />

rusTavelis ukvdavi aforizmebi qarTul da somxur enebze, romlebic<br />

araCveulebrivad gamoxataven qarTveli kacis saTqmels:<br />

1. `sicrue da orpiroba avnebs xorcsa, merme sulsa~.<br />

2. `vin moyvaresa ar eZebs, igi Tavisa mteria~.<br />

3. `rasaca gascem, Senia, ras ara, dakargulia~.<br />

4. `borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~.<br />

amaze ukeT, TvalsaCinod SeuZlebelia mezobel xalxs gadauSalo qarTuli<br />

suli da guli, romelic iwvevs mas saTanamSromlod, saurTierTod.<br />

am CanafiqrSic SesaniSnavad Cans saxelmZRvanelos avtoris baton hraCik<br />

bairamianis, sazogadod erevnis universitetis, misi gamomcemlobis keTil-<br />

Sobiluri miznebi da survilebi. araferi gveTqmis mowonebisa da madlierebis<br />

gamoxatvis meti.<br />

sityvam moitana da aqve sagangebod unda aRiniSnos: batoni hraCikis didi<br />

Rvawlis damfasebelni, pativismcemelni saqarTveloSi vgrZnobT da madlierebiT<br />

vivsebiT im didi mxardaWeris, xelis Sewyobis gamo, rasac erevnis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis xelmZRvaneloba, universitetis gamomcemloba<br />

qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis mimarT iCenen. vgrZnobT, rogor<br />

udganan mxarSi SesaniSnav mecniers, pedagogs da moqalaqes baton hraCik<br />

bairamians Tavis CanafiqrTa ganxorcielebis gzaze.<br />

swored aseTi uSurveli, keTilSobiluri midgoma, swored aseTi danaxva,<br />

aRiareba, gnebavT siyvaruli mezobeli xalxis literaturis, kulturis,<br />

aseTi saqmeebi, Rwva aris mtkice safuZveli or xalxs Soris WeSmariti<br />

samegobro urTierTobisa, ramac sabolood, Cveni orive qveynis siZliere<br />

unda ganamtkicos.<br />

wignis avtori imeds gamoTqvams, rom momavalSi kidev ufro ukeTesi<br />

saxelmZRvanelo daiwereba. bunebrivia, es ase iqneba, Tavad avtori izrunebs<br />

am saxelmZRvanelos gaRrmaveba-gafarToebisaTvis Semdeg gamocemebSi.<br />

axla ki mTavari isaa, rom moZme somxeTSi Seiqmna aseTi wigni, mTavaria,<br />

rom drois moTxovnam daayena aseTi saWiroeba, rom pirvel wigns usaTuod<br />

unda moyves meore wigni, sadac somexi mkiTxvelis winaSe meoce saukunis<br />

didi qarTuli mwerloba gadaixsnis Tavis suls. albaT momavalSi batoni<br />

hraCiki da misi mowafeebi izruneben qarTveli mkvlevarebis saxelmZRvaneloebis,<br />

an TvalsaCino qarTveli avtorebis calkeuli naSromis somxurad<br />

gadaTargmnaze, rom somex mkiTxvels saSualeba mieces gaecnos saqarTvelo-<br />

Si literaturis kvlevis dones. albaT aseT samuSaozec eRireba dafiqreba.<br />

SemoqmedebiTi energiiT savse batoni hraCik bairamiani kidev bevr<br />

samomavlo amocanas, samuSaos dagegmavs.<br />

ase rom, win Zalian saintereso perspeqtivebi SeiZleba gadaiSalos<br />

erevnis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTvelologiis centrSi.<br />

333

Tamaz vasaZe<br />

334<br />

amagdarni<br />

Tamaz Cxenkelis xsovnas<br />

cxovreba Tamaz Cxenkelis garSemo,<br />

sabWouric da postsabWouric, yovelTvis<br />

savse iyo imiT, rac adamians amdablebs,<br />

Rirsebas ukninebs, sulierad apartaxebs,<br />

auSnoebs. amgvar cxovrebas Tamaz Cxenkeli<br />

upirispirebda adamianuri da nacionaluri<br />

Rirsebis Seuval grZnobas, Semecnebis<br />

da mSvenierebis kults, SemoqmedebiTi<br />

energiis daZabvas.<br />

erTxel, `vefxistyaosanze~ saubrisas<br />

Tamaz Cxenkelma aRtaceba gamoxata tarielis<br />

frazis gamo, romelsac igi ambobs<br />

qajeTis aRebis win, roca mis megobrebs surT TviTon itvirTon am saqmis<br />

siZnele da ara tarielma. `ese me damsvris~ _ amayad acxadebs tarieli.<br />

vfiqrob, es fraza zustad esadageba Tamaz Cxenkelis eTikur mrwamss, mis<br />

swrafvas yovelive imisgan garidebisken, rac adamians Rirsebis SelaxviT<br />

emuqreba.<br />

amave dros es fraza Tamaz Cxenkelis esTetikur midrekilebebs da stilis<br />

bunebas Seesatyviseba _ misTvis damaxasiaTebeli simkveTre, mokveTiloba,<br />

moxdeniloba da eqspresiuloba, energiuloba is Tvisebebia, romlebic<br />

gamoarCevs Tamaz Cxenkelis nawers: literaturul eses da portrets,<br />

gamokvlevas Tu Targmans.<br />

Tamaz Cxenkelis moqnil analitikur gonebas, gaunelebel inteleqtualur<br />

cnobiswadils, daxvewil kulturas amdidrebda da ganumeorebel<br />

pirovnul elfers sZenda TvalsaCinod gamoxatuli mZafri mgrZnobeloba;<br />

upirvelesad igi aniWebda SesaZleblobas, mkafiod daenaxa faseulobebi (Tu<br />

antifaseulobebi), ganesazRvra maTi rangi da arsi. am adamianis daucxromeli<br />

emociuroba cxovrebiseul da mxatvrul movlenaTa permanentuli Sefasebis<br />

da Secnobis faqiz instruments warmoadgenda. misi inteleqtualuri<br />

Ziebebi mudam vnebiani iyo, mudam Zlieri SemoqmedebiTi gatacebis impulsebiT<br />

ikvebeboda. es gansakuTrebulad momxiblavs xdida mis naazrevs da stils.<br />

mkvidri patriotizmi, romelic Tamaz Cxenkelis ms<strong>of</strong>lgancdis gamokve-<br />

Tili Tviseba iyo, emyareboda qarTuli kulturis maRali Rirebulebis<br />

gaazrebul rwmenas, sakacobrio kulturis unikalur nawilad mis aRqmas.<br />

Tamaz Cxenkelis literaturul SemoqmedebaSi TvalTaxedvis erovnuli da<br />

universaluri rakursebi bunebrivad da harmoniulad SeuTavsdeba erTmaneTs.<br />

amgvari sinTezuri TvalTaxedva Zalian gvWirdeba dRes da kidev ufro<br />

dagvWirdeba momavalSi.

literaturaTmcodneoba<br />

darejan menabde<br />

qeTi niniZe<br />

ada nemsaZe<br />

2009 wlis samecniero publikaciaTa mimoxilva<br />

2009 weli Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT<br />

siuxviTa da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda _ SromaTa krebulebi,<br />

saiubileo da perioduli gamocemebi, samecniero simpoziumebisa da konferenciebis<br />

masalebi, monografiebi, calkeuli statiebi, publikaciebi<br />

arasruli CamonaTvalia im samecniero kvlevebisa, romlebic am wels<br />

gamoqveynda.<br />

sulxan-saba orbelianis dabadebidan 350 wlisTavTan (2008) dakavSirebiT<br />

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutSi gaimarTa samecniero<br />

konferencia `sulxan-saba orbeliani da qarTuli evropeizmi~, gamoica moxsenebaTa<br />

Tezisebi da masalebi. saiubileo RonisZiebebis damagvirgvinebeli<br />

akordi iyo institutis gamomcemlobaSive 2009 wels dabeWdili krebuli<br />

`sulxan-saba orbeliani _ 350~. krebulis mizandasaxuloba da mecnieruli<br />

koncefcia warmodgenilia redaqtoris, i. ratianis, winaTqmaSi `sulxan-saba<br />

orbeliani Tanamedrove recefciebis WrilSi~: `qarTuli literaturaTmcodeneoba,<br />

iseve, rogorc yoveli sxva progresirebadi dargi mecnierebisa,<br />

iTxovs axali xedvebis danergvas, kvlevis horizontebis gafarToebas, konceptualur<br />

da struqturul inovaciebs, raTa mkiTxvel sazogadoebas Ses-<br />

Tavazos qarTuli literaturis istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani movlenebisa<br />

da personaJebis Tanamedrove recefcia~.<br />

krebulSi warmodgenili gamokvlevebi aris dadastureba imisa, rom sad-<br />

Reisod Zalian mniSvnelovania, sulxan-sabas Semoqmedeba ganxilul iqnes ara<br />

mxolod istoriul, aramed Tanamedrove da interkulturul konteqstSi. am<br />

sakiTxebs exeba z. firaliSvilis `saba da qarTuli kosmosi~ da g. gaCeCilaZis<br />

`renesansi da baroko (wanamZRvrebi `vefxistyaosnisa~ da `sibrZne sicruisas~<br />

SedarebiTi analizisaTvis)~. s.-s. orbelianis literaturuli memkvidreobis<br />

axleburad wakiTxvisa da gaazrebis niSniTaa aRbeWdili l. bregaZis<br />

`tradiciuli fabula _ axali Sinaarsi~, T. doiaSvilis `sulxan-sabas<br />

`dialogebi~, m. RaRaniZis `samoTxis karis~ teqstis istoria: wyaroebi, redaqciebi,<br />

konfesiuri poziciebi~, m. xarbedias `20 mokle mogoneba. `mogzauroba<br />

evropaSi~ _ teqstis arqeologiis mcdeloba~, r. CxeiZis `sibrZne<br />

sicruisa~ da `TeTri daTvi~ (sulxan-sabas arakTa postmodernistuli versiebi)~.<br />

leqsikologiur sakiTxebs eZRvneba T. bolqvaZis `sulxan-sabas leqsikonis<br />

semiozisi~ da l. bakuraZis `arTroni da misi erTi funqcia sabas<br />

leqsikonis mixedviT~. sulxan-sabas TxzulebaTa ucxour Targmanebsa da<br />

gamokvlevebs exeba d. menabde werilSi `sulxan-saba orbeliani ucxour enebze~.<br />

krebuls erTvis rCeuli anotirebuli bibliografia (Semdgenlebi: i.<br />

amirxanaSvili, S. kvantaliani, l. ruxaZe, q. Sengelia, z. cxadaia; mecnier-<br />

335

konsultanti i. amirxanaSvili) da pirTa saZiebeli. krebuli gamoirCeva SesaniSnavi<br />

dizainiT (mxatvari n. sumbaZe).<br />

2009 welsve gamoqveynda II saerTaSoriso simpoziumis farglebSi Catarebuli<br />

Tematuri samecniero konferenciis _ `sulxan-saba orbeliani da qar-<br />

Tuli evropeizmi. literatura, kultura, cnobiereba~ _ masalebi. wignSi<br />

Sesulia n. bepievis, T. bolqvaZis, S. bostanaSvilis, l. bregaZis, g. gaCeCilaZis,<br />

q. elaSvilis, v. kiknaZis, g. kuWuxiZis, m. macaberiZis, d. menabdis,<br />

n.mrevliSvilis, i. nacvliSvilis, m. papaSvilis, n. popiaSvilis, n. ratianis,<br />

m.turaSvilis, T. qurdovaniZis, m. RaRaniZis, m. Rlontis, e. CikvaiZis, l. wereTlis,<br />

d. WumburiZis, m. jaliaSvilis, o. janeliZis statiebi, romlebSic<br />

sulxan-sabas SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba mravali aspeqtiTaa ganxiluli.<br />

daibeWda agreTve II saerTaSoriso simpoziumis _ `literaturaTmcodneobis<br />

Tanamedrove problemebi~ _ masalebis krebuli, romelSic Sesulia<br />

n.mrevliSvilis, i. nacvliSvilis, e. CikvaiZis, s. maxaraSvilis, l. xaCiZis,<br />

T.oTxmezuris, l. wereTlis, d. menabdis moxsenebaTa teqstebi.<br />

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutma daiwyo gamocema<br />

axali seriisa _ `literaturis institutis gzamkvlevi~. seriis I wigni<br />

`wminda ninos cxovreba da qarTlis moqceva~ eZRvneba sruliad saqarTvelos<br />

kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is aRsaydrebis 30-e<br />

wlisTavs. wignis koncefcia da mizandasaxuloba kargad Cans misi redaqtoris,<br />

aw gansvenebuli mecnieris, s. maxaraSvilis, winaTqmaSi: `dRes, XXI saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi, albaT, dadga dro, Sejamdes qarTvel mkvlevarTa araerTi<br />

Taobis mier gaweuli Sroma, maTi mecnieruli miRwevebi, daisaxos axali<br />

gzebi, axali perspeqtivebi. am mizniT literaturis instituti iwyebs axali<br />

samecniero seriis _ `gzamkvlevis~ gamocemas. am seriiT momzaddeba da<br />

gamoqveyndeba Tematuri samecniero krebulebi, romlebSic ganixileba qar-<br />

Tuli mwerlobis kardinaluri problemebi~. seriis gamocemis mizania ama Tu<br />

im literaturuli Zeglis teqstis dabeWdva, sruli bibliografiis Sedgena,<br />

sakiTxis istoriis mimoxilva da sxv. pirvel krebulSi gamoqveynebulia<br />

naSromebi: q. manias `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Seswavlis istoria~, m. kobiaSvilis<br />

`wm. andria saqarTveloSi~, i. grigalaSvilis `qarTuli samociqulo<br />

eklesiis warmoSobis istoriisaTvis~, g. kuWuxiZis `wmida nino da qarTlis<br />

moqceva~, g. alibegaSvilisa da n. Jvanias `ucxouri masalebi saqarTvelos<br />

moqcevaze~, n. gonjilaSvilis `ninos cxovrebis~ erTi paradigmuli saxe<br />

(kerp-RvTaeba armazis gansaxovneba)~, i. nacvliSvilis `mirian mefis `wignianderZi~,<br />

s. maxaraSvilis `wm. nino, jvari vazisa da saqarTvelos RvTismSoblisadmi<br />

wilxvdomilobis sakiTxisaTvis~, e. CikvaiZis `n. gulaberisZis<br />

`sveticxovlis sakiTxavi~ da wminda ninos cxovreba~, d. menabdis `moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁ~ ucxour enebze~, q. niniZis `wminda ninos himnografiuli xati~.<br />

naSromSi bevri siaxlea, didi adgili eTmoba istoriis aqtualizacias, rogorc<br />

Tanamedrove kulturul-samecniero kvlevebis erT-erT mTavar tendencias.<br />

krebuls erTvis `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ bibliografia (Semdgenlebi:<br />

d. menabde, q. mania). gamocemas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens isic,<br />

rom masSi ori sinuri xelnaweris mixedviT qveyndeba `wmida ninos cxovrebis~<br />

ori redaqcia (mokle da vrceli), romelic gamosacemad moamzada da SeniSvnebi<br />

daurTo z. aleqsiZem. wignSi CarTulia feradi sailustracio masala.<br />

tradiciulad, `literaturuli Ziebani~ did adgils uTmobs Zveli<br />

qarTuli literaturis problematikas. bolo XXX nomeri ixsneba l. xaCiZis<br />

naSromiT `arsen iyalToelis axlad aRmoCenili Targmani~, romelSic<br />

336

Seswavlilia Teodore studielis himnografiuli kanonis arsen iyalToeliseuli<br />

Targmani. l. ruxaZe statiaSi `sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

problema da V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (qronotopis sakiTxi<br />

da s<strong>of</strong>lis paradigma `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~)~ gvTavazobs<br />

sayuradRebo dakvirvebebs sakiTxis garSemo. l. osefaSvilisa da s.-f.<br />

metrevelis naSromis `sveti-cxovelis, viTarca xis gamosaxulebani~ mizania<br />

sveticxovliseuli ori siwmindis _ gragnilisa da svetis _ moxatulobaSi<br />

samoTxisa da sicocxlis xis ideis gamovlena. aqvea gamoqveynebuli g.<br />

SurRaias `wminda basilevsi. konstantine didi ierusalimur saRvTismsaxurebo<br />

tradiciaSi~. naSromi Sedgeba ori Tavisa da daskvnebisagan, axlavs<br />

mdidari samecniero aparati: sqemebi, tabulebi, SeniSvnebi da damowmebani.<br />

`polemikis~ rubrikiT gamoqveynebulia g. kuWuxiZis `isev arCiliseuli<br />

`masas~ Sesaxeb~, romelic gagrZelebaa polemikisa mkvlevar x. zariZesTan.<br />

2009 wels gamovida Jurnal `sjanis~ X nomeri, romelSic Zveli qarTuli<br />

mwerlobis sakiTxebze ori sayuradRebo naSromia gamoqveynebuli:<br />

i.amirxanaSvilis `agiografiis ena (Teoriuli SeniSvnebi)~ (avtori agrZelebs<br />

Tavis bolodroindel kvlevebs qarTuli agiografiis kardinalur<br />

sakiTxebze) da e. kalandariSvilis `bibliis ganmartebis meTodebi~ (exeba<br />

saRvTo werilis teqstis ganmartebis meTodebs Soris gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovans _ bibliis alegoriul interpretacias).<br />

wlis saintereso gamocemaa filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli `waxnagi~<br />

(№1), romelSic ramdenime statiaa Sesuli Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

sakiTxebze: m. rafavas `ioane mTavaraisZe, Savi mTis qarTveli moRvawe~ _<br />

avtoris mizania, Seavsos Savi mTis mwignobruli keris XI saukunis II naxevris<br />

istoria; T. oTxmezuris `efrem mcire da `berZulad saswavleli~ sityvebi~<br />

_ exeba elin<strong>of</strong>iluri Targmanebis erT-erT maxasiaTebels, berZnulidan<br />

naTargmn teqstSi uTargmnelad gadmosul sityvebs; q. bezaraSvilis `ritorikisa<br />

da filos<strong>of</strong>iis urTierTmimarTebis literaturul-Teoriuli aspeqti<br />

qarTvel elin<strong>of</strong>ilTa naazrevSi~ _ sakiTxi Seswavlilia efrem mcirisa<br />

da ioane petriwis TxzulebaTa safuZvelze; l. xaCiZis `qarTuli himnografiis<br />

aqamde ucnobi nimuSi `kapraSiulni~ _ teqstis publikacia; d. menabdis<br />

mier Sedgenili bibliografia _ `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `ninos cxovreba~<br />

ucxour enebze~; e. koWlamazaSvilis `giorgi mTawmindelis `Tvenis~ gamocemisaTvis~<br />

_ recenzia l. jRamaias mier Sedgenil wignze.<br />

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebze 2009 wels gamoica ramdenime mniSvnelovani<br />

wigni: l. xaCiZis `efrem mciris himnografiuli memkvidreobis<br />

Sesaxeb~, e. CikvaiZis `miqael modrekilis naTlisRebis sagalobeli~, m. naWyebias<br />

`qarTuli barokos sakiTxebi~, b. ColoyaSvilis `sidonias winaswarmetyveleba~,<br />

q. elaSvilis `sityviT Troba~. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos<br />

e.xinTibiZis monografia `vefxistyaosnis ideur-ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobiTi samyaro~,<br />

romelSic `warmodgenilia vefxistyaosnis konkretuli sakvanZo mxatvruli<br />

saxeebis, Teologiur-filos<strong>of</strong>iuri debulebebis da ideur-Tematuri<br />

motivebis kvleva~.<br />

krebulSi `qristianobis kvlevebi~ gamoqveynebulia n. gonjilaSvilis<br />

`sveti-cxovlis aRmarTvis saxismetyvelebisaTvis~ (№ 2), l. xaCiZis `X saukunis<br />

bizantiur-qarTuli himnografiuli tradiciebis Sesaxeb~ (№ 3). axalcixis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebul `gulanSi~<br />

daibeWda n. sulavas statiebi: `samoslis simboluri funqciisaTvis himnografiaSi~<br />

(№ 2) da `arsi da daniSnuleba~ (№ 3). Jurnal `religiaSi~ gamoqvey-<br />

337

nda g. kuWuxiZis naSromebi: `hagiografiis mxatvruli samyaros specifikisaTvis~<br />

(№ 3) da `saxarebis erTi leqsikuri erTeulis ganmartebisaTvis~ (№<br />

4). JurnalSi `Cveni mwerloba~ gamoqveynda T. natroSvilis `oriode striqoniT<br />

moxveWili ukvdaveba~ (№ 13) _ exeba istoriuli realobis asaxvas<br />

arCil bagrationis poeziaSi da r. siraZis `maradi sulieri awmyo~ (№ 26) _<br />

eZRvneba giorgi mTawmindelis dabadebis 1000 wlisTavs.<br />

samecniero-meTodur JurnalSi `qarTuli sityva~ (№1-2) gamoqveynebulia<br />

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutSi Catarebuli IX<br />

klasis qarTuli enisa da literaturis alternatiuli saxelmZRvanelobis<br />

ganxilvis amsaxveli masala da dabeWdilia momxsenebelTa (n. mrevliSvili, i.<br />

nacvliSvili, e. CikvaiZe, d. menabde, g. kuWuxiZe) teqstebi.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli literaturaturaTmcodneobis winaSe,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, dgas principuli mniSvnelobis gamowveva — qarTuli<br />

literaturis periodizaciis problema. mas Semdeg, rac gamovlinda axleburi<br />

midgomebi da gamoikveTa sxvadasxva Sexeduleba, araerTi samecniero<br />

publikacia mieZRvna aRniSnul sakiTxs. am gamowvevas exmianeba i. evgeniZis<br />

`axali qarTuli literaturis~ saTaveebis problemisTvis (Tbilisis sasuliero<br />

akademiis samecniero Sromebi, I) da z. SaTiriSvilis (`semiotika~, № 6)<br />

naSromebi. i. evgeniZis azriT, axali qarTuli literatura unda aviTvaloT<br />

im periodidan, roca qarTul mwerlobaSi evropuli kulturis gavlenebi<br />

SeiniSneba, anu daviT guramiSvilis lirikidan.<br />

dResdReobiT aqtualuria ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc moazrovnisa da<br />

samoqalaqo moRvawis im Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelTac sabWo-<br />

Ta periodis literaturul kritikaSi tabu hqonda dadebuli. civilizaciis<br />

iliaseuli gagebis Sesaxeb wers T. nucubiZe werilSi `civilizaciisa da<br />

progresis gageba ilia WavWavaZis kritikul naazrevSi~ (`literaturuli<br />

Ziebani~, XXX). statiis avtori msjelobs saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis subcivilizaciur<br />

kuTvnilebaze i. WavWavaZis koncefciis mixedviT. igi, aseve, exeba<br />

progresis iliaseul gagebas. aqvea n. Citauris `ormagi swavla~. mkvlevari<br />

exeba codnisa da rwmenis SeTavsebis problemas, rac, mwerlis azriT, me-19<br />

saukunis politikasa da ekonomikaSi qmnida garkveul konfliqts. statiis<br />

avtori ilias pozicias ganixilavs misi nawarmoebebis gmirebis eTosidan da<br />

ritorikidan gamomdinare da aRniSnavs, rom mecniereba da rwmena ilia<br />

WavWavaZis naazrevSi ar warmoadgens SeuTavsebel polusebs.<br />

samocianelTa, rogorc evropuli liberaluri da e.w. `mamebis~ Sexedulebebis,<br />

ritorikisa da narativebis kolizias, aseve ruseTis imperiis<br />

literaturuli politikis sakiTxebs exeba q. niniZis wigni `militaristuli<br />

narativis morfologia. literaturuli politikis sakiTxebi~. naSromSi<br />

gamoyenebulia habitusisa da velis cnebebi literaturuli teqstebis da<br />

maTi gavrcelebis bazrebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas. agreTve, mkvlevari<br />

aanalizebs kavkasiisa da kavkasielis literaturul refleqsiebs.<br />

me-19 saukunis qarTuli literaturis ZiriTadi problemebis analizia<br />

l. minaSvilis `literaturuli narkvevebi~. wignSi dasmulia iseTi aqcentebi,<br />

romlebic magistraluria me-19 saukunis qarTuli literaturis gagebis-<br />

Tvis. mecnieri exeba Semdeg sakiTxebs: i. WavWavaZis lirikis paTosi, ilia da<br />

`vefxistyaosani~, iliasa da gr. orbelianis urTierTdamokidebulebis<br />

problema, a. wereTlis nawarmoebis SemoqmedebiTi istoria da sxv.<br />

me-19 saukunis mweralTa Semoqmedebis analizs didi adgili eTmoba T.<br />

vasaZis wignSi `literatura WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi~. masSi ganxilulia nawar-<br />

338

moebebis rogorc konceptualuri, aseve esTetikuri mxareebi, romlebic<br />

mkvlevars ganuy<strong>of</strong>el mTlianobad aqvs warmodgenili. T. vasaZis analizis<br />

erT-erTi meTodia interteqstualoba, ramdenadac is qarTul literaturas<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturis konteqstSi warmoadgens.<br />

vaJa-fSavelasa da i. WavWavaZis mxatvruli teqstebis simbolologiuri<br />

analizia q. elaSvilis `sityviT Troba~. mkvlevari ganixilavs process, rogor<br />

gardaiqmneba arqetipuli simbolo literaturul simbolod, aseve misi<br />

kvlevis fokusSi eqceva droisa da ricxvTa simboluri Rirebuleba.<br />

XIX saukunis literaturis Sesaxeb ramdenime statiaa II saerTaSoriso<br />

simpoziumis masalebSi `literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi~.<br />

vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebas aanalizebs t. maxauri publikaciaSi `samonadireo<br />

miTosis kvali vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi~. bunebis Temas exeba<br />

T.SarabiZis `bunebis, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis mniSvnelovani komponentis,<br />

funqcia vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi~. wminda mxedris paradigmebze<br />

saubrobs e. vardoSvili statiaSi `wminda mxedris sakiTxisaTvis XIX saukunis<br />

poeziaSi~.<br />

Tbilisis sax. universitetis `qristianuli kvlevebis~ krebulSi moTavsebulia<br />

T. SarabiZis `literaturul-rwmeniTi orientaciis sakiTxi grigol<br />

orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi~, romelSic gr. orbelianis Semoqmedeba mimoxilulia<br />

qristianuli moralis WrilSi. qristianuli eTikisa da romantizmis<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iidan gamomdinare, mkvlevari midis daskvnamde, rom gr. orbelianis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi qristianuli plasti mniSvnelovani safuZvelia.<br />

Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba<br />

mwerlis ara mxolod teqstis, aramed misi biografiis Sesaxeb msjelobas.<br />

TavianT publikaciebSi n. baraTaSvilisa da vaJa-fSavelas biografias<br />

exebian m. kakabaZe _ `nikoloz baraTaSvili. biografia~ (`literaturuli<br />

Ziebani~, XXX) da i. evgeniZe _ `vaJa-fSavelas biografiis erTi sakiTxi~ (`waxnagi~,<br />

I). am TvalsazrisiT ki gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs<br />

S.ratianis biografiuli narkvevi `filadelfos kiknaZe~ da z. abzianiZis<br />

`literaturuli portretebi~. z. abzianiZe me-19 saukunis qarTveli mwerlebis<br />

Sesaxeb mkiTxvels awvdis imgvar dokumentur faqtebs, rac farTo<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis dRemde ucnobia.<br />

2009 weli mniSvnelovani iyo Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebis<br />

mecnieruli kvlevis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv gamorCeulia `literaturuli<br />

Ziebani~, romelic ramdenime saintereso statias gvTavazobs. m. jaliaSvili<br />

werilSi `naratorisa da personaJis teqstebis urTierTmimarTeba~ gamoy<strong>of</strong>s<br />

j. qarCxaZis `zebulonis~ sam ZiriTad narativs: SurisZiebis, siyvarulisa<br />

da sikvdilis narativebs. isini, Tavis mxriv, kidev iy<strong>of</strong>a ufro mcire<br />

narativebad (codvis, ucxos SemoWris, samSoblos dacvis da a. S.). romanis<br />

struqturaze dakvirvebisas mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom igi wriuli struqturisaa.<br />

i. miloravas `zekacis~ saxis interpretacia modernistul teqstSi~<br />

warmoaCens nicSes `zekacis~ gaazrebas v. barnovis, l. qiaCelis, k. gamsaxurdias,<br />

d. Sengelaias, m. javaxiSvilis moTxrobebSi. avtori mis or saxesxvaobas<br />

gamokveTs: samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli, sikeTiT, SemoqmedebiTa da siyvaruliT<br />

RmerTamde amaRlebuli da agresiuli, sabolood miusafrad, martod<br />

darCenili adamiani. grigol robaqiZis 1919 wels rusul enaze gamocemuli<br />

krebulis `portretebis~ mokle analizs warmoadgens m. kvataias<br />

`grigol robaqiZis `portretTa~ kaleidoskopidan~. mkvlevari safuZvlianad<br />

gascnobia krebuls da werilSi sainteresod gadmogvcems, Tu rogori<br />

339

damokidebuleba aqvs gr. robaqiZes zemoxsenebul oTx pirovnebasTan. `portretebis~<br />

analizs erTvis Tavad m. kvataias mier Targmnili erT-erTi ese<br />

`lermontovis niRabi~. amave krebulSia n. kutivaZis statia Sio aragvispirelis<br />

roman `gabzaruli gulis~ Sesaxeb. mkvlevris azriT, mweralma am<br />

romanSi zRapruli elementebis gamoyenebiT saqarTvelos istoriuli mtris<br />

alegoriuli saxe Seqmna.<br />

ori saintereso gamokvleva aqvs qarTuli kritikis Sesaxeb n. kupreiSvils.<br />

`qarTuli kritika recefciuli esTetikis saTaveebTan~ (`sjani~, 10)<br />

Tavis droze miCumaTebuli kritikosis r. yaralaSvilis `reabilitaciis~<br />

cdaa. esaa kritikosi, romlis poziciis siswore daadastura drom, _ SeniSnavs<br />

n. kupreiSvili. meore werili `enobrivi orientaciidan kulturis orientaciamde~<br />

(`semiotika~, № 6) exeba axalgazrda enaTmecnieris a. TayaiSvilis<br />

mier gaCaRebul polemikas Targmanis enis Sesaxeb.<br />

sami mimoxilviTi xasiaTis statia da erTi recenziaa Jurnal `waxnagSi~.<br />

r. dauSvilis `qarTvel mweralTa saiubileo TariRebis aRniSvna emigraciaSi~<br />

XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi daarsebul<br />

kulturul organizaciebsa da cnobili qarTveli mwerlebis saiubileo<br />

saRamoebze mogviTxrobs. a. kalandaZis poetur debiuts ixsenebs k. loria<br />

(`ana kalandaZe: `ar Seval taZrad, uwminduri sadac Sevida~). o. CxeiZis prozis<br />

Teoriul da mxatvrul aspeqtebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas r. niSnianiZe<br />

(`oTar CxeiZis Rvawli~), xolo b. wifurias `antiutipiuri realoba da<br />

antiutopiuri romani~ i. ratianis wignis `qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi~<br />

(2005) recenziaa, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom gadadgmulia kidev erTi nabiji<br />

qarTuli kulturis antitotalitaruli gamocdilebis kvlevaSi.<br />

kvlav saintereso da mravalferovan masalas gvTavazobs almanaxi<br />

`kritika~. mas xsnis m. kvaWantiraZis werili `me Zalian mainteresebs, rogor<br />

gamoiyureba Tqvens TvalSi Cemi samyaro~, romelic o. WilaZis gardacvalebis<br />

gamo ibeWdeba. amave nomerSi Jurnalis SekiTxvebs XX saukunis qarTuli<br />

poeziis Sesaxeb pasuxoben d. werediani, T. doiaSvili da l. avaliani.<br />

dRevandeli Jurnalistikis problemebsa da mwerlis mediateqstis<br />

politikur konteqsts ganixilavs m. SamiliSvili. literaturuli Jurnalis<br />

politikas exeba n. kupreiSvilis `gindaTuara~, romelSic `cxeli Sokoladis~<br />

literaturul damatebaSi gamarTuli erTi polemikis analizs<br />

gvTavazobs kritikosi. t. Wanturias inovaciuri poeziis Sefasebas warmoadgens<br />

z. gogias werili `droSi acdenili sivrce~. `marbenali kacis~ konceptis<br />

arss uRrmavdeba i. milorava. amave nomerSi sami saintereso poetis, e.<br />

onianis, r. geTiaSvilisa da m. sariSvilis, poetur samyaroebs gvacnoben n.<br />

darbaiseli (`gardauvali siyvaruli qalebis wyevliT~), m. jaliaSvili (`me<br />

vwer sCeuli sidinjiT da nacnobi kodiT~) da S. kvantaliani (`miwaze<br />

daumagrebeli samyaro~).<br />

`kritika~ saerTaSoriso konferenciis _ totalitarizmi da literaturuli<br />

diskursi _ farglebSi gamarTul mrgvali magidis (Temaze `mwerlobis<br />

moTviniereba~) Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs. diskusiaSi monawile mecnierebi<br />

msjelobdnen mxatvruli teqstis struqturaze totalitaruli reJimis<br />

pirobebSi. kamaTis Sejamebisas mrgvali magidis wamyvanma qalbatonma m.<br />

kvaWantiraZem aRniSna: totalitarizmis pirobebSi eris erovnuli Rirebulebebis<br />

erTaderTi gadamrCeni mwerloba iyo da XX saukunis mwerlobam<br />

Rirseulad Seasrula es misia.<br />

340

XX saukunis literaturis kvlevisaTvis Zalze produqtiuli aRmoCnda<br />

saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia _ totalitarizmi da literaturuli<br />

diskursi: z. gogia da m. kvataia beladis koncepts CauRrmavdnen sab-<br />

Wour Tu emigrantul teqstebSi; z. gamsaxurdias `meamboxe~ poeziaze isaubra<br />

l. TibilaSvilma, p. kakabaZis mier Seqmnili medrovis tipis warmoCena<br />

scades m. kakabaZem, g. lomiZem da z. cxadaiam; postsabWoTa qarTul narativSi<br />

travmuli mexsierebis analizi SemogvTavaza m. kvaWantiraZem o. Wila-<br />

Zis `avelumis~ mixedviT; gamoikveTa ramdenime saintereso totalitaruli<br />

modeli: pirovnebis _ `konkia~ (i. milorava), saxelmwifoebrivi _ kamora<br />

(m.niniZe), gr. robaqiZis `Cakluli sulis~ modeli (m. jaliaSvili); ori urTierTgansxvavebuli<br />

modeli _ centridanuli (anu imperiuli) da lokaluri<br />

(anu nacionaluri) warmoaCina b. wifuriam; konferenciaze warmodgenil<br />

moxsenebaTa mravalferovnebaze metyvelebs totalitarizmis konteqstSi<br />

masmediisa da pirdapiri komunikaciis teqstebis funqciis warmoCenac<br />

(m.SamiliSvili, m. wereTeli).<br />

am wels saintereso masalebs gvTavazobs semiotikis kvlevis centris<br />

Jurnali `semiotika~. ilias moTxrobis `sarCobelazed~ da g. gegeSiZis `SurisZiebis~<br />

fsiqo-socialuri aspeqtebia naCvenebi m. kvaWantiraZis werilSi<br />

`ori Zmis~ koncepti. interteqstualobis fsiqo-socialuri aspeqtebi~ (№ 5).<br />

aqvea a. nemsaZis `limonis simbolika oTar WilaZis romanebSi~, romelSic<br />

avtori o. WilaZis mxatvrul samyaroSi limonis simbolur mniSvnelobebs<br />

uRrmavdeba.<br />

mecnieruli kvlevis siRrmiT gamoirCeva literaturis institutis inglisurenovani<br />

eleqtronuli Jurnali `litinfo~, romelSic moTavsebulia<br />

n. baqraZis `poetis roli da poeturi Tanaxmieroba novalisisa da grigol<br />

robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi~, m. kvataias `dasavlur-aRmosavluri paradigma da<br />

grigol robaqiZe~, a. imnaiSvilis `postmodernizmis dasawyisi qarTuli<br />

kulturis sivrceSi~ da m. jaliaSvilis `absurdis esTetika Tanamedrove<br />

qarTul romanSi (z. TvaraZis `sityvebi~)~.<br />

saintereso statiebs gvTavazoben arasamecniero pr<strong>of</strong>ilis Jurnalebi:<br />

`literatura _ cxeli Sokoladi~, `Cveni mwerloba~, `qarTuli mwerloba~<br />

da `literaturuli palitra~. isini cdiloben, mkiTxvels SeZlebisdagvarad<br />

sruli warmodgena Seuqmnan Tanamedrove literaturul procesze.<br />

bolos, oriode sityviT SevexebiT 2009 wels dabeWdil monografiebsa da<br />

krebulebs. esenia: a. nemsaZis `identifikaciis problema oTar WilaZis<br />

romanebSi~; i. miloravas `alublisferi fardis miRma~; q. Sengelias `cecxli<br />

da mdinare~; m. jaliaSvilis `Sexvedra wignSi~; s. metrevelis `msaxiobis<br />

sityvaTmetyveleba~; uaRresad mniSvnelovania ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis<br />

saministros mier gamocemuli damxmare saxelmZRvanelo maswavlebelTaTvis<br />

(V tomi), romelic XX saukunis literaturas exeba.<br />

341

342<br />

axali wignebi<br />

wminda ninos cxovreba da qarTlis moqceva<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009<br />

krebuli pirveli wignia literaturis institutis gzamkvlevis seriisa. misi<br />

Semdgenlebis mizani iyo, warmoeCinaT qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis cxovrebamoRvaweobis<br />

umTavresi aspeqtebi, gadmoecaT qarTlis gaqristianebis peripetiebi,<br />

garkveulwilad SeevsoT da SeejamebinaT Cvens mecnierebaSi am kuTxiT<br />

warmoebuli Ziebebi; amave dros, SeZlebisdagvarad gamoeTqvaT axali mosazrebani,<br />

wamoeWraT problemuri sakiTxebi, daesaxaT maTi gadaWris gzebi da<br />

saSualebebi. krebuli uTuod asaxavs qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobis ganvi-<br />

Tarebis dRevandel dones. is iqneba erTgvari gzamkvlevi rogorc specialistebisTvis,<br />

ise am TemiT dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoebisTvis.<br />

zaza abzianiZe<br />

literaturuli portretebi (qarTuli poeziis sami saukune)<br />

Tbilisi, `bakmi~, 2009<br />

wignis saTauridan da miznidan gamomdinare, mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tvali miadevnos<br />

qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis samsaukunovan monakveTs _ daviT<br />

guramiSvilidan ana kalandaZemde _ da qarTuli leqsis didostatTa literaturuli<br />

portretebis fonze warmodgena Seiqmnas im epoqaTaTvis niSandobliv<br />

istoriul-politikur Tu mxatvrul-esTetikur tendenciebze, romelTa wiaR-<br />

Sic maTi Semoqmedeba Camoyalibda da ganviTarda.<br />

konstantine bregaZe<br />

literaturuli da enis filos<strong>of</strong>iuri narkvevebi<br />

Tbilisi, `meridiani~, 2009<br />

wignSi Tavmoyrilia qarTul da ucxour samecniero JurnalebSi sxvadasxva<br />

dros gamoqveynebuli statiebi novalisze, goeTeze, v. fon humboltze... wigni<br />

gankuTvnilia studentebis, magistrantebis, specialistebisa da germanuli<br />

romantizmisa da enis filos<strong>of</strong>iis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

irma ratiani<br />

teqsti da qronotopi<br />

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

wignSi gamokvleulia Tanamedrove literaturis Teoriis iseTi mniSvnelovani<br />

problema, rogoricaa teqstisa da qronotopis konceptualuri da<br />

meTodologiuri urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. naSromSi gansazRvrulia rogorc<br />

literaturis Teoriisa da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis specialistebis,<br />

ise literaturis problemebiT, kerZod, ilia WavWavaZis, mixeil<br />

javaxiSvilisa da vladimir nabokovis SemoqmedebiT dainteresebuli farTo<br />

mkiTxvelisaTvis.<br />

Tamaz vasaZe<br />

literatura WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

arc rusTvelamde da arc rusTvelis Semdgom qarTul literaturaSi arsad<br />

ise mkafiod ar gacxadebula WeSmaritebis Ziebis Tu misi xelaxla aRmoCenis<br />

survili, rogorc daviTianSi. Sesabamisad, Tamaz vasaZis wigni literatura<br />

WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi swored daviT guramiSviliT iwyeba da mis mierve gavlebul<br />

kvals mihyveba _ baraTaSvili, ilia, akaki, vaJa, daviT kldiaSvili, vasil<br />

barnovi, niko lorTqifaniZe, mixeil javaxiSvili, leo qiaCeli, geronti qiqoZe,<br />

grigol robaqiZe, giorgi leoniZe, tician tabiZe, guram rCeuliSvili, besik<br />

xaranauli, jemal qarCxaZe... es aris arasruli CamonaTvali im avtorebisa, Sesabamisad<br />

ki problemebisa, romelTac am wignis furclebze SevxvdebiT. gansxvavebulia<br />

epoqebi, am mwerlebis SemoqmedebiTi meTodi Tu stili, magram yvela<br />

maTgans aerTianebs samyarosadmi aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba, rac,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, swored WeSmaritebis Ziebasa da misi amocnobisaken miswrafebas<br />

gulisxmobs.<br />

xalxuri poeziis anTologia<br />

Sedgenili zurab kiknaZisa da tristan maxauris mier<br />

Tbilisi, `memkvidreoba~, 2010<br />

winamdebare krebulis Semdgenelni ecadnen, rom masSi asaxuliyo qarTuli<br />

sityvieri folkloris Janrobrivi mravalferovneba, raTa mkiTxvels Seqmnoda<br />

met-naklebad sruli warmodgena xalxuri Semoqmedebis am sferoze. amdenad,<br />

krebuli anTologiis xasiaTs atarebs. anTologiis masalis mniSvnelovani nawi-<br />

343

li Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloristikis kaTedris arqividan<br />

aris SerCeuli. mkiTxveli aq Sexvdeba xalxuri poeziis bevr axlad gamovlenil<br />

nimuSs, bevrsac sayovelTaod cnobili Zeglebis arqividan gamomzeurebul gansxvavebul<br />

oreulebs. garda zemoxsenebuli klasikuri gamocemebisa, anTologiis<br />

wyaroa ivane xornaulis, elene virsalaZis, aleqsi oCiauris, Tedo uTurgaiZis,<br />

juanSer sonRulaSvilis, irakli gogolauris, giorgi xorguaSvilis,<br />

nanuli azikuris saavtoro krebulebi. amrigad, winamdebare anTologia, romelsac<br />

safuZvlad udevs ori aTeuli wlis winaT gamocemuli qarTuli xalxuri<br />

poezia, mniSvnelovnad aris gamdidrebuli sxvadasxva wyaroebidan mopovebuli<br />

masaliT.<br />

344<br />

adrian marino<br />

komparativizmi da literaturis Teoria<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

winamdebare wigni aris gagrZeleba adrian marinos naSromisa `etiambli, anu<br />

mebrZoli komparativizmi~ (parizi, 1982) da misi mizania aRniSnuli disciplinis<br />

mier gaTelili Zveli, pozitivisturi, `akademiuri~ gzebis mitoveba, misi Semobruneba<br />

`Teoriuli~ da amasTanave `mebrZoli~ mimarTulebiT literaturis Teoriisken;<br />

literaturuli komparativizmis CarTva Cveni epoqis ideologiur<br />

sinamdvileSi.<br />

wigni gamoica safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros, saqarTveloSi<br />

safrangeTis saelCosa da Tbilisis aleqsandre diumas saxelobis franguli<br />

kulturis centris xelSewyobiT, merab mamardaSvilis saxelobis sagamomcemlo<br />

programis farglebSi.<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

Zveli da axali saqarTvelos mijnaze<br />

literaturuli portretebi XVIII-XIX saukuneebis<br />

saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli<br />

cxovrebis albomidan<br />

Tbilisi, `memkvidreoba~, 2010<br />

wignis mizania eskizurad Sesrulebuli calkeuli literaturuli portretebiT<br />

warmoaCinos, rogor mTavrdeboda Zveli saqarTvelo, roca ruseTi jer<br />

kidev kavkasions gadaRma idga,, da rogor iwyeboda axali, roca ruseTis jaris<br />

daundobloba yvela qarTul kuTxes ukve sakuTar Tavze gamoecada. Sesabamisad,<br />

wignis Canafiqria axlos iqnen danaxulni qarTveli mefeebi da batoniSvilebi,<br />

samRvdeloni da saeroni, mwignobarni da poetebi, amboxebulni da damor-<br />

Cilebulni, isini, romelTa Tvalsawieri _ nebsiT Tu uneblieT _ saqarTvelos<br />

dapyrobamde Tu saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg TiTqmis srulad moecva CrdiloeTis<br />

cials.

Tamar barbaqaZe<br />

lirikis Janrebi<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

naSromi eTmoba lirikis umTavres Janrebs: odas, himnsa da elegias. ganxilulia<br />

lirikuli ciklis ganviTarebis etapebi, lirikuli gmirisa da avtoris<br />

urTierTmimarTebis problema; gaanalizebulia samecniero novaciebi lirikis<br />

sferoSi.<br />

saba metreveli<br />

wminda asurel mamaTa `wameba~- `cxovrebani~<br />

Tbilisi, `nekeri~, 2010<br />

wignSi Tavmoyrilia mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva dros gamoTqmuli mosazrebani<br />

wmida asurel mamaTa raodenobis, qarTlSi mosvlis droisa da miznis, maTi<br />

aRmsareblobisa da warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, ganxilulia asurel mamaTa `wameba~-<br />

`cxovrebanis~ redaqciebi da protoredaqciebi, sagangebodaa gamokrebili maTi<br />

Rvawli da damsaxureba, maTs saxelTan dakavSirebuli eklesia-monastrebis daarsebis<br />

istoria, agreTve Seswavlilia Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis<br />

Zeglebis I tomSi gamoqveynebuli wm. asurel mamaTa teqstebis ikonografiuli<br />

saxismetyveleba.<br />

levan bregaZe<br />

mogzauroba `kaukaziSe postis~ furclebze<br />

Tbilisi, `artanuji~, 2010<br />

wignSi warmodgenilia gazeT `kaukaziSe postis~ furclebze kavkasiis, metadre<br />

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli masalebis mimoxilva, raTa mkiTxvels<br />

naTeli warmodgena Seeqmnas, Tu rogor aisaxa kavkasiel germanel kolonistTa<br />

periodul organoSi qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, saqarTvelos<br />

kultura da istoria, kavkasiis xalxTa literatura. wignSi pirvelad aris gamowvlilviT<br />

gaanalizebuli artur laistis publicisturi da mTargmnelobiTi<br />

moRvaweoba, agreTve ramdenime sxva avtoris sayuradRebo kavkasiologiuri naSromebi,<br />

romlebic uTuod gaamdidrebs mkiTxvelis warmodgenas im periodis qar-<br />

Tul-germanuli literaturul-kulturuli urTierTobebis xasiaTsa da Taviseburebebze,<br />

rodesac CvenSi germanuli dasaxlebebi arsebobda.<br />

345

346<br />

Tamar nucubiZe<br />

werilebi literaturisa da kulturis Sesaxeb<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

wignSi Tavmoyrilia qarTul samecniero JurnalebSi sxvadasxva dros<br />

gamoqveynebuli statiebi qarTvel (nikoloz baraTaSvili, akaki wereTeli, ilia<br />

WavWavaZe, ivane maCabeli) da ucxoel (baironi, Seli, miltoni, Seqspiri)<br />

mweralTa Sesaxeb. wignis vrceli monakveTi eTmoba Salva nucubiZis, rogorc<br />

mecnierisa da pirovnebis portrets.<br />

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe<br />

zepirsityvieri vaJa-fSavelas prozaSi<br />

Tbilisi, `mwignobari~, 2010<br />

wignSi Seswavlilia vaJa-fSavelas mimarTeba folklorTan. vaJas moTxrobebSi<br />

daZebnilia mTis zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi, romlebic safuZvlad dasdebia<br />

didi mwerlis originalur Txzulebebs. naCvenebia maTi gardaqmnis xarisxi<br />

da funqcia mwerlis naazrevSi.<br />

akaki wereTeli<br />

TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 20 tomad<br />

tomi I<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa akademiuri octomeulis I tomSi Sesulia 1856-<br />

1880 wlebSi dawerili leqsebi. gamocemas erTvis teqstebis redaqciebi da<br />

Sejerebuli variantebi, axlavs samecniero aparati, rac mkiTxvels gauadvilebs<br />

wigniT sargeblobas da saSualebas miscems, amomwuravi informacia miiRos ama<br />

Tu im nawarmoebis Seqmnis istoriis, teqstTan dakavSirebul istoriul-literaturul<br />

Tu sxva sakiTxTa garSemo.

akaki wereTeli. ucnobi publicistika<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

winamdebare krebulSi warmodgenilia SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis<br />

institutis mecnier-teqstologebis mier bolo aTwleulebis manZilze<br />

gamovlenili akaki wereTlis publicisturi werilebi, romlebic aqamde ucnobi<br />

iyo farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis. teqstebi aRWurvilia Sesabamisi<br />

samecniero aparatiT, komentarebiTa da saZieblebiT. krebuli momzadda da daibeWda<br />

saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros finansuri<br />

mxardaWeriT.<br />

akaki wereTeli<br />

salamuri (dokumenturi gamocema)<br />

teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva<br />

daurTo julieta gaboZem<br />

Tbilisi, `universali~, 2010<br />

akaki wereTlis leqsebis krebuli `salamuri~ _ sasimRero leqsebi akakisa”<br />

gamoica quTaisSi 1893 wels kirile lorTqifaniZis mier. am patara wignakSi 26<br />

leqsia Tavmoyrili. gamocema mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom masSi pirvelad gamoqveynda<br />

akakis poeturi Sedevri `ganTiadi~. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi Semor-<br />

Cenili iyo wignis mxolod ori egzemplari (erTi inaxeba saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />

biblioTekis wignis palatis sacavSi, meore _ ioseb griSaSvilis biblioTekamuzeumSi).<br />

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutma miznad daisaxa<br />

krebulis dokumenturi gamocema, raTa is xelmisawvdomi gamxdariyo rogorc<br />

specialistebis, aseve farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. wigns erTvis gamokvleva `salamurisa~<br />

da `ganTiadis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb, xelnaweri krebulis Tavfurceli da<br />

`ganTiadis~ avtografebi.<br />

sjani, 11_ Jurnali literaturis Teoriasa da<br />

SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobaSi<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

Jurnali `sjani~ 10 wlisaa! daarsebis dRidan Jurnali Tanmimdevrulad<br />

mihyveba erTxel ukve arCeul gzas _ warmoaCinos literaturuli procesebi<br />

(rogorc qarTuli, ise dasavluri) interdisciplinarul da interkulturul<br />

WrilSi; Sesabamisad ki gaarRvios sabWoTa ideologizebuli literaturaTmcodneobis<br />

CarCoebi da gezi aiRos mravalferovani, dinamikuri, Tanamedrove<br />

filologiuri kvlevebisken. Jurnalis saiubileo nomerSi tradiciul rubrikebSi<br />

(literaturis Teoriis problemebi, poetikuri praqtikebi, literaturaT-<br />

347

mcodneobis qrestomaTia, leqsmcodneoba, filologiuri Ziebani, interpretacia,<br />

kritikuli diskursi, Targmanis Teoria, folkloristika _ Tanamedrove<br />

kvlevebi, kulturis paradigmebi, gamoxmaureba. recenzia) _ warmodgenili masala<br />

gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT warmoaCens literaturul-Teoriuli azrovnebis<br />

sxvadasxva sakiTxs. akaki wereTlis 170 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT qveyndeba<br />

juli gaboZis statia istoriuli anaqronizmi da TviTgameoreba. rubrikiT<br />

memoria Jurnali pativs miagebs gamoCenili mecnieris, sargis caiSvilis xsovnas.<br />

348<br />

galaktionologia, V<br />

redaqtori Teimuraz doiaSvili<br />

Tbilisi, 2010<br />

krebulis axal mexuTe nomerSi mkiTxveli gaecnoba poetis ucnob Tu<br />

naklebad cnobil leqsebsa da Canawerebs ubis wignakebidan, rostom CxeiZis<br />

vrcel naSroms `TvalRia saflavebi~. `artistuli yvavilebis~ problematikas<br />

eZRvneba akaki baqraZis, levan bregaZis, nino darbaiselisa da Teimuraz<br />

doiaSvilis gamokvlevebi. rubrikaSi `konteqsti~ irakli kenWoSvili da<br />

kostantine bregaZe aSuqeben romantizmis tradiciasTan poetis mimarTebas.<br />

galaktionologiis istoria warmodgenilia republikaciiT akaki gawerelias<br />

werilisa `galaktion tabiZis lirika~ (1938). leqss `ukanaskneli matarebeli~<br />

eZRvneba daviT weredianis esse da gizo zarnaZis mogoneba. rubrikaSi `kritikuli<br />

diskursi~ Teimuraz doiaSvili ganixilavs inesa merabiSvilis wigns<br />

`galaktionis enigmebi~. totalitaristuli reJimisadmi galaktionis mimarTebas<br />

ikvleven Tamaz vasaZe da bela wifuria. rubrikaSi `Essay~ mkiTxveli gaecnoba<br />

vaxtang javaxaZis, ivane amirxanaSvilisa da parmen margvelaSvilis statiebs.<br />

galaktionis lirikaSi bavSvis mxatvruli koncepti gaSuqebulia emzar<br />

kvitaiSvilis werilSi. roland beriZis leqsmcodneobiTi gamokvleva warmoaCens<br />

dasavluri myari saleqso formebis poetiseul transformacias. iaponeli<br />

mkvlevari hirotake maeda Tavis werilSi gvacnobs iaponur enaze galaktionis<br />

lirikis pirvel, miseul Targmansac. galaktionis poetur enaSi simbolistur<br />

sityvaTwarmoebas exeba naTia sixaruliZis gamokvleva.erTi leqsis teqstologiuri<br />

istoriaa juli gaboZis werilSi. rubrikaSi `wignebi galaktionze~ levan<br />

bregaZe, Tedo iaSvili da naTia sixaruliZe ganixilaven akaki xinTibiZis, nodar<br />

tabiZisa da zeinab sarias wignebs. `gamoxmaurebani, Tvalsazrisi da informacia~<br />

_ Seicavs guram barnovis, vaxtang rodonaiasa da mamuka Selegias statiebs.<br />

galaktionis cxovrebis epizods mkiTxveli gaecnoba elguja berZeniSvilis<br />

moTxrobaSi. poetis Tavgadasavals acocxlebs lidia megreliZis mogonebebi,<br />

nana kobalaZis vrceli komentarebiT.<br />

wignis dasasruls, tradiciisamebr, rubrikebSi `dReebi brunavs` da `mogonebaTa<br />

Tovis~ warmodgenilia vrceli Tu mcire mogonebani, romlis avtorebic<br />

arian: lado asaTiani, lado gudiaSvili, niko kecxoveli, korneli sanaZe, Tamaz<br />

Cxenkeli, Sermadin oniani, gulbaT toraZe, nana dimitriadi da sxvani.

kritika, 5<br />

Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010<br />

almanaxi `kritikis~ mizans warmoadgens mimdinare literaturuli procesebis<br />

fonze literaturuli gemovnebis, Sexedulebebis, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis<br />

cvalebadobis suraTis warmoCena; literaturis mimarTebis asaxva sazogadoebrivi<br />

azrisa da maskulturis gziT Semosul stereotipebTan; kritikuli diskursis,<br />

rogorc SemecnebiT-enobrivi moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanesi sferos<br />

gafarToebisa da ganviTarebisTvis xelis Sewyoba. am mizans emsaxureba almanaxis<br />

ukve tradiciadqceuli rubrikebi _ rezonansi, axali veqtorebi, xelovneba,<br />

Jurnalistika, Essey, tixris aRebis Semdeg, saukunis gadaZaxilebi, oRond me-5<br />

nomris Taviseburebaa is, rom yvela dasaxelebul rubrikaSi warmodgenili<br />

masala (Sesabamisad almanaxis aRniSnuli nomeri) oTar WilaZis Semoqmedebas<br />

eZRvneba.<br />

waxnagi, 2<br />

filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli<br />

Tbilisi, `memkvidreoba~, 2010<br />

sixaruliT gvinda SevniSnoT, rom filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeulis<br />

`waxnagis~ pirvelma gamoSvebam filologiuri Tu, zogadad, humanitaruli wreebis<br />

keTilganwyobili yuradReba miipyro. amjerad mkiTxvelTa winaSea `waxnagis~<br />

meore gamoSveba, romelSic kvlav warmodgenilia ara marto uaxlesi, aramed<br />

saukeTeso, mniSvnelovani da perspeqtiuli Sedegebi im Ziebebisa, romlebic<br />

CvenTan teqstis kvlevaTa sferoSi xorcieldeba. isev grZeldeba weliwdeulis<br />

is zogadi mimarTuleba, rac adreve iyo gancxadebuli: aranairad ar izRudeba<br />

arc sakvlevi masala da arc kvlevis mizanswrafva da meTodi. meore gamoSvebaSic<br />

adgili eTmoba rogorc aqamde ucnob Tu ukvlev masalas, ise nacnobi Tu<br />

nakvlevi masalis axali TvalsazrisiT danaxvasa da Seswavlas.<br />

349

350<br />

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis<br />

samecniero publikaciebis stili<br />

1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi,<br />

romlebic moicavs Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtualur<br />

Temebsa da problemebs, mniSvnelovan gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel<br />

Sedegebs.<br />

2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, CD<br />

diskze) da Tan axldes:<br />

Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari,<br />

statusi da sakontaqto koordinatebi;<br />

anotacia qarTul da inglisur enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi).<br />

3. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes<br />

boloSi.<br />

4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da<br />

aranakleb xuTi gverdisa.<br />

5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze<br />

Semdegnairad:<br />

a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi);<br />

b) naSromis teqsti;<br />

g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa);<br />

d) anotacia;<br />

e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm;<br />

v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti — Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1;<br />

6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli<br />

citirebisa da miTiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list).<br />

misi moTxovnebia:<br />

a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a brWyalebiT (` ~).<br />

citirebis dasasruls, mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic<br />

aRniSnulia citirebuli teqstis avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis<br />

weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi.<br />

magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi).<br />

b) saleqso str<strong>of</strong>is (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili<br />

citata gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma<br />

mcirdeba erTi intervaliT (mag.: Tu teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11,<br />

maSin citatis zoma iqneba Lit.Nusx 10).<br />

g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da<br />

`axali wignebi~, sadac Sriftis zomebia:<br />

ZiriTadi teqsti _ Lit.Nusx 10,<br />

ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9.<br />

7. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis<br />

mixedviT, anbanuri rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix.<br />

danarTis cxrili).<br />

8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis<br />

bolos anotaciis win;<br />

b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba<br />

gverdis bolos, sqolioSi.<br />

9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul<br />

stilsa da marTlweraze.<br />

10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts.

11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis,<br />

redaqcia daukavSirdeba dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs.<br />

12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis<br />

eZleva ukve dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba<br />

dabrunebuli, redaqcia uflebas itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris<br />

vizis gareSe.<br />

nimuSi:<br />

cxrili<br />

monacemis tipi<br />

citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi<br />

Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva<br />

da imis dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli<br />

antagonistebi rodi arian. isini ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs,<br />

meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba sulac ar niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari<br />

nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa nusxas) Sedgenas,<br />

aramed — imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben da funqcionireben<br />

analogiis mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis” mimarTebebi. amgvarad,<br />

unda gamoaSkaravdes metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998: 37). ratom<br />

SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom,<br />

aRniSnavs mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc<br />

praqtikaSi, metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs Zalze<br />

arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba, imdenad arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da<br />

roli, sxva semantikur mimarTebebTan SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia.<br />

wigni,<br />

erTi avtori<br />

Book, one authors<br />

wigni,<br />

ori, an meti<br />

avtori<br />

damowmebuli literaturis nusxis (damowmebani-s)<br />

forma<br />

indeqsis mixedviT<br />

Bibliography Form<br />

abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is qarTuli<br />

literaturis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba<br />

`merani~, 1970.<br />

vaisi 1962: Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H. Lawrence.<br />

Seattle: University <strong>of</strong> Washington Press, 1962.<br />

kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli<br />

literaturis istoria. Tbilisi:<br />

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975.<br />

naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTulrusuli<br />

literaturuli urTierTobis<br />

istoriidan. quTaisi: gamomcemloba<br />

`ganTiadi~, 1994.<br />

351

Book, two authors hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange. Victorian<br />

Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge: Harvard University<br />

Press, 1959.<br />

yovelTviuri<br />

Jurnalis an sxva<br />

tipis perioduli<br />

gamocemis statia<br />

Article in a journal or<br />

magazine published<br />

monthly<br />

wigni, avtoris<br />

gareSe<br />

Book, no author given<br />

dawesebuleba,<br />

asociacia da<br />

misTanani,<br />

avtoris<br />

poziciiT<br />

Institution,<br />

association, or the<br />

like, as "author"<br />

redaqtori, an<br />

kompilatori,<br />

avtoris<br />

poziciiT<br />

Editor or compiler as<br />

"author"<br />

eleqtronuli<br />

dokumenti<br />

internetidan<br />

Electronic document:<br />

From Internet<br />

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aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo<br />

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institutis Jurnali, 1, 1992.<br />

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sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da<br />

marTva. baTumi: gamomcemloba `aWara~, 1989.<br />

cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women's Resource<br />

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amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia.<br />

organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo cnobari da<br />

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amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995.<br />

amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook <strong>of</strong><br />

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Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.<br />

duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis<br />

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mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City <strong>of</strong> Bits: Space, Place, and the<br />

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Internet.

enciklopedia,<br />

leqsikoni<br />

Encyclopedia,<br />

Dictionary<br />

interviu<br />

(gamouqveynebeli)<br />

saavtoro<br />

xelnaweri<br />

Interview<br />

(unpublished) by<br />

writer <strong>of</strong> paper<br />

sagazeTo statia<br />

Newspaper article<br />

yovelkvireuli<br />

Jurnalis statia<br />

Article in a magazine<br />

publis hed weekly<br />

(or <strong>of</strong> general interest)<br />

Tezisebi, an<br />

sadisertacio<br />

naSromis<br />

daskvnebi<br />

(debulebebi)<br />

Thesis or dissertation<br />

vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni.<br />

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niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis pr<strong>of</strong>ili~,<br />

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naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni<br />

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filipsi 1962: filipsi, o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis<br />

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*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT)<br />

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353

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