1 Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
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1 Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti<br />

<strong>Shota</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> <strong>Literature</strong><br />

1

Literary Researches<br />

27<br />

2006<br />

2

literaturuli Ziebani<br />

27<br />

2006<br />

3

edaqtori<br />

maka elbaqiZe<br />

saredaqcio kolegia<br />

ivane amirxanaSvili<br />

amiran arabuli<br />

Tamaz vasaZe<br />

mariam karbelaSvili<br />

nona kupreiSvili<br />

Tamar lomiZe<br />

saredaqcio sabWo<br />

manana kvaWantiraZe<br />

helen kuperi (kembriji, sapatio wevri)<br />

gaga lomiZe<br />

irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare)<br />

revaz siraZe<br />

gaga SurRaia (romi, sapatio wevri)<br />

rusudan ColoyaSvili<br />

rostom CxeiZe<br />

elguja xinTibiZe<br />

pasuxismgebeli mdivani<br />

soso tabucaZe<br />

literaturuli Ziebani, 27, 2006<br />

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi,<br />

merab kostavas q. 5.<br />

telefoni: 99-63-84<br />

faqsi: 99-53-00<br />

E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge<br />

Editor<br />

Maka Elbakidze<br />

Editorial Board<br />

Ivane Amirkhanashvili<br />

Amiran Arabuli<br />

Tamaz Vasadze<br />

Mariam Karbelashvili<br />

Nona Kupreishvili<br />

Tamar Lomidze<br />

Editorial Council<br />

Manana Kvachantiradze<br />

Helen Cooper (Cambridge, Honorary member)<br />

Gaga Lomidze<br />

Irma Ratiani<br />

Revaz Siradze<br />

Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Honorary member)<br />

Rusudan Cholokashvili<br />

Rostom Chkheidze<br />

Elguja Khintibidze<br />

Responsible Editor<br />

Soso Tabutsadze<br />

Literary Researches 27, 2006<br />

Address: 0108, Tbilisi<br />

M. Kostava str. 5<br />

Tel.: 99-63-84<br />

Fax: 99-53-00<br />

E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge<br />

4

Sinaarsi<br />

qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio<br />

mwerloba<br />

mariam karbelaSvili<br />

mefis koncefcia ioane minCxis<br />

sagalobelSi<br />

`ÃsenebaÁ wm. Tevdosi morwmunisaÁ~<br />

(masalebi qarTuli politikuri<br />

azrovnebis istoriisTvis)<br />

goCa kuWuxiZe<br />

armazuli misteriebis detalebi<br />

soso maxaraSvili<br />

bibliuri da literaturuli<br />

paradigmebi basili monazonis<br />

(protoasikritis) `wm. ilarion<br />

qarTvelis cxovrebaSi~<br />

ia grigalaSvili<br />

`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisi<br />

irina javaxaZe<br />

siuJetur-kompoziciuri<br />

Sablonebi iovane damaskelisa da<br />

kozman ierusalimelis da wminda<br />

paxomiosis `cxovrebebSi~<br />

qarTuli sakaro da<br />

saero mwerloba<br />

darejan menabde<br />

`axali qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

hagiografiuli wyaroebi<br />

rusTvelologiuri kvlevani<br />

maka elbaqiZe<br />

`seni me mWirs raca Wirad...~<br />

boris darCia<br />

isev `vefxistyaosnis~ fistikauri<br />

str<strong>of</strong>is Sesaxeb<br />

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura<br />

zurab kiknaZe<br />

`meranis~ genealogia<br />

Tamar SarabiZe<br />

romanuli epizodi<br />

(nikoloz baraTaSvilis mier<br />

naxWevanSi dawerili bolo ori<br />

leqsis Sesaxeb)<br />

8<br />

13<br />

19<br />

24<br />

29<br />

39<br />

49<br />

55<br />

62<br />

71<br />

Contents<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Religious<br />

<strong>Literature</strong><br />

Mariam Karbelashvili<br />

The Conception <strong>of</strong> the King in Ioanne<br />

Minchkhi’s Hymn<br />

Dedicated to Theodosius the Great<br />

(Materials for the History <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Political Thought)<br />

Gocha Kuchukhidze<br />

Details <strong>of</strong> Armazic Mysteries<br />

Soso Makharashvili<br />

Biblical and Literary Paradigms in<br />

Basil the Protoascritos' "The life <strong>of</strong><br />

Saint Hilarion the <strong>Georgian</strong>"<br />

Ia Grigalashvili<br />

The Beginning Of "The Martyrdom<br />

Of the Holy Queen Shushanik"<br />

Irine Javakhadze<br />

Plot and composition patterns in<br />

„Hagiographies“ <strong>of</strong> John Damascene<br />

and Kozman Hierosolymitan and St.<br />

Pachomius<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Courtly and Secular<br />

<strong>Literature</strong><br />

Darejan Menabde<br />

Hagiographic Sources <strong>of</strong> “New<br />

Kartlis Tskhovreba”<br />

<strong>Rustaveli</strong> Studies<br />

Maka Elbakidze<br />

„The Torment, the Great Illness<br />

Which Afflicts Me…“<br />

Boris Darchia<br />

Once More on Phistikauri Strophe in<br />

„Knight in Panther’s Skin“<br />

XIX Century: Epoch and <strong>Literature</strong><br />

Zurab Kiknadze<br />

The Genealogy <strong>of</strong> „Merani“<br />

Tamar Sharabidze<br />

Romanesque Episode<br />

(concerning two last poems written by<br />

Nikoloz Baratashvili in Nakhichevan)<br />

5

XX saukunis mwerloba<br />

zoia cxadaia<br />

lado asaTiani<br />

lali avaliani<br />

poetebi da `winaswarmetyveli~<br />

Tanamedrove literaturuli<br />

procesebi<br />

maia jaliaSvili<br />

sityvis xelovneba qarTuli<br />

modernistuli romanebis<br />

konteqstSi<br />

Tamar paiWaZe<br />

kaleidoskopuri — aRqma Tu<br />

realoba?!<br />

miTosi. rituali. simbolo<br />

rusudan ColoyaSvili<br />

vaxtang kotetiSvili da zRapruli<br />

eposi<br />

rusudan canava<br />

odisevsis erTi niRabi<br />

nestan ratiani<br />

sad cxovrobda kirke<br />

(odisevsis mogzaurobis<br />

marSrutis dadgenisaTvis<br />

homerosis `odiseas~ mixedviT)<br />

inga milorava<br />

miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli<br />

dro da sivrce<br />

poetikuri kvlevani<br />

qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />

klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis<br />

cnebebis Sua saukuneebSi<br />

gadaazrebis zogierTi nimuSi<br />

soso sigua<br />

teqsti: invarianti da struqtura<br />

nona kupreiSvili<br />

poetika rogorc socrealisturi<br />

ritorikis alternativa<br />

literaturuli meridianebi<br />

qeTevan Sengelia<br />

emili dikinsoni _ ucnobi da<br />

maxlobeli<br />

manana kvataia<br />

es skandaluri „adolf hitleri“...<br />

76<br />

80<br />

88<br />

95<br />

101<br />

105<br />

116<br />

121<br />

128<br />

132<br />

140<br />

146<br />

151<br />

XX Century <strong>Literature</strong><br />

Zoia Tskhadaia<br />

Lado Asatiani<br />

Lali Avaliani<br />

The Poets and the "Prophet"<br />

Contemporary Literary<br />

Processes<br />

Maya Jaliashvili<br />

The Art <strong>of</strong> Word in the Context <strong>of</strong><br />

Modern <strong>Georgian</strong> Novels<br />

Tamar Paichadze<br />

Kaleidoscophical Perception or<br />

Reality?<br />

Mythology. Ritual. Symbol<br />

Rusudan Cholokashvili<br />

Vakhtang Kotetishvili and Fairytale<br />

Epos<br />

Rusudan Tsanava<br />

One Mask <strong>of</strong> Odysseus<br />

Nestan Ratiani<br />

Where did Circe Live?<br />

(For identifying the tour <strong>of</strong> Odyssey<br />

Voyage according to Homer<br />

“Odyssey”)<br />

Inga Milorava<br />

The Artistic Time and Space <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Mythopoetic World<br />

Poetical Studies<br />

Ketevan Bezarashvili<br />

Some Patterns <strong>of</strong> Reinterpretation <strong>of</strong><br />

the Concepts <strong>of</strong> Classical Rhetorical<br />

Theories in the Middle Ages<br />

Soso Sigua<br />

Text : Invariant and Structure<br />

Nona Kupreishvili<br />

Poetics as an Alternative for<br />

Socialist Rhetoric<br />

Literary Meridians<br />

Ketevan Shengelia<br />

Emily Dickinson – Unknown and<br />

Familiar<br />

Manana Kvataia<br />

“This Scandalous “Adolf Hitler<br />

6

Tvalsazrisi<br />

giorgi kankava<br />

Cveni, humanitarTa, `korpusis~<br />

mdgomareobis gamo<br />

amagdarni<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

vladimir beneSeviCis sammagi<br />

tragedia<br />

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli<br />

literaturis institutis samecniero<br />

publikaciebis stili<br />

161<br />

170<br />

177<br />

Vision<br />

Giorgi Kankava<br />

Towards the Condition <strong>of</strong> Our,<br />

Humanities' "Corps"<br />

Honoured<br />

Merab Ghaghanidze<br />

The Triple Tragedy <strong>of</strong> Vladimir<br />

Beneševič<br />

Style <strong>of</strong> academic publications in <strong>Shota</strong><br />

<strong>Rustaveli</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

<strong>Literature</strong><br />

7

qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba<br />

mefis koncefcia ioane minCxis sagalobelSi<br />

`ÃsenebaÁ wm. Tevdosi morwmunisaÁ~<br />

(masalebi qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis istoriisTvis)<br />

mariam karbelaSvili<br />

samefo xelisuflebis fenomenis Seswavla dRes mTel ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi istorikosTa<br />

gansakuTrebuli interesis sagania. erT-erTi mTavari problema iseT sakiTxTa kvlevaa,<br />

rogorebicaa Sexedulebebi samefo xelisuflebasa da mis funqciebze, xelisuflebis<br />

sakralurobasa an sxva transcendentur Tvisebebze, xelisuflebis simboluri<br />

gaformebis xasiaTze, mmarTvelobis dasaSveb da dauSvebel formebze da sxva (besmertni<br />

1995: 5-19)<br />

saqarTveloSi am problemis kvleva ivane javaxiSvilma XX saukunis dasawyisidnve<br />

daiwyo, rasac mieZRvna misi naSromi `saqarTvelos mefe da misi uflebis istoria~<br />

(javaxiSvili 1905: 1-90), romelic Semdgom Seudareblad gafarToebuli saxiT Sevida<br />

missave `qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi~ (javaxiSvili 1929: 108-245), rac metyvelebs am<br />

sakiTxis mimarT didi istorikosis gansakuTrebul interess.<br />

amave sakiTxisadmi, rogorc aqtualuri problemisadmi, interesi cxadad gamoCnda<br />

korneli kekeliZis mier 1940 wels Sedgenil proeqtSi `qarTuli sazogadoebrivi<br />

azrovnebis istoria~ (kekeliZe 1974: 244-253), romelSic, faqtiurad, is sakiTxebia<br />

wamoWrili, romelnic dRes ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriografiis yuradRebis centrSi dgas,<br />

magaliTad: `RvTaebrivi wyaro mefis uflebisa~, `legitimizmis principi~, `mefis ideali~<br />

da sxva. miuxedavad imisa, rom umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa farTo speqtris Semcveli es<br />

proeqti ar ganxorcielebula, mas odnavadac ar daukargavs aqtualoba da<br />

meTodologiuri Rirebuleba: korneli kekeliZis Tanaxmad, kvleva ara mxolod sakuTriv<br />

saistorio mwerlobis, aramed sityvakazmuli mwerlobis gaTvaliswinebiTac unda<br />

warmarTuliyo.<br />

XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebidan ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriografiaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

gardatexa moxda: Tuki manamde mTeli yuradReba ekonomikis, sazogadoebis, kulturis<br />

Seswavlaze iyo orientirebuli, axla man politikuri istoriis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.<br />

politikuri istoriis Seswavlis aqtualobis TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmo movlena iyo<br />

istorikos Jak le g<strong>of</strong>is gaxmaurebuli statia STambeWdavi saTauriT `aris Tu ara kvlav<br />

da kvlav politikuri istoria xerxemali istoriisa?~, romelic 1971 wels gamoqveynda.<br />

axali Tematikis SemotaniT istoriul gamokvlevaTa problematika ganaxlda da<br />

gafarTovda: `momavalSi savsebiT ganaxlebuli adamianis Sesaxeb sxva mecnierebebiT<br />

regenerirebul politikur istorias ar SeiZleba hqondes pretenzia avtonomiaze. dRes,<br />

rodesac disciplinaTaSorisi midgoma zeobs, tixrebi erTsa da imave mecnierebaSi<br />

gansakuTrebiT autanelia. liusien fevris sityvebi: ... `ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />

istoria ar arsebobs. arsebobs istoria, rogorc aseTi, mis mTlianobaSi~, marTebulia,<br />

rogorc arasdros. miuxedavad amisa, axali mTliani istoriis modelma unda SeunarCunos<br />

politikur parametrebs is arsebiTi adgili, romelic sazogadoebaSi ukavia<br />

xelisuflebis fenomens, politikuris Tanamedrove epistemologiur ganxorcielebas.<br />

msgavsad Cveni epoqisa, romelic amieridan ara anatomiis, aramed atomis epoqaa,<br />

politikuri istoria `xerxemali~ ki ara, istoriis `birTvia~ (le g<strong>of</strong>i 1924: 190). am<br />

konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa warsulis gaazrebas politikur<br />

aspeqtSi, ris SesaniSnav nimuSs warmoadgens ernst kantoroviCis gamokvleva SuasaukuneTa<br />

politikuri Teologiis sferoSi (kantoriviCi 1957). am fundamentur naSromSi<br />

gaanalizebulia mefisa da samefo xelisuflebis Teoriis sakiTxebi, Seswavlili<br />

umdidresi faqtobrivi masalis safuZvelze.<br />

sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi mefis xelisuflebis raobaze warmodgenis SemuSavebas<br />

udidesi zneobriv-politikuri mniSvneloba eniWeboda. sakiTxi mravalia, magram maTgan,<br />

Cveni Temis interesebidan gamomdinare, gamovy<strong>of</strong>T mefis pirovnebis problemas, rogorc<br />

is iyo gagebuli Sua saukuneebSi: esaa `samefo sameba~, anu mefis sami hipostasi. mefis<br />

8

pirovnebaSi _ `RvTis saxiT Cenil patronSi` _ gaerTianebuli iyo adamiani RvTaebrivi,<br />

adamiani zneobrivi da adamiani politikuri (malinini 1995: 20-21).<br />

politikuri Teologiis konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli, sruliad unikaluri movlenaa<br />

didi qarTveli himnografis ioane minCxis sagalobeli `ÃsenebaÁ RmrTivgÂrgÂnosnisa<br />

mefisa Tevdosi morwmunisaÁ saswaulTa moqmedisaÁ~ (minCxi1946: 330-333), romelSic<br />

Camoyalibebulia koncefcia idealuri mefisa. es, Tavisi arsiT, qristianuli Teoriaa,<br />

romlis mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT qarTuli politikuri Teologiis doneze da isic<br />

unda iTqvas, rom ioane minCxis am Txzulebam, rogorc konkretuli masala mowmobs,<br />

udidesi gavlena iqonia rogorc Semdegdroindel saistorio mwerlobaze, aseve<br />

sityvakazmul literaturaze.<br />

ioane minCxis am SesaniSnav himnSi dasmulia ori ZiriTadi sakiTxi: samefo<br />

xelisuflebis sakralurobisa da mefis pirovnebis zneobriobisa. Tu sakiTxs ufro<br />

farTod SevxedavT, aq moralisa da politikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi ismis:<br />

politika moraluri unda iyos.<br />

korneli kekeliZis gamokvleviT, ioane minCxi X saukunis pirveli naxevris moRvawea;<br />

mkvlevari varaudobs, rom himnSi moxseniebul qarTvel mefeSi afxazTa mefe giorgi<br />

igulisxmeba. Tevdosisadmi miZRvnili himni minCxis sam sxva himnTan erTad Setanilia<br />

miqael modrekilis sagalobelSi, romelic 987-988 wlebSia Sedgenili. k. kekeliZis<br />

daxasiaTebiT `ioanes himnebs axasiaTebs Rrma patriotuli grZnoba..., subieqtivoba,<br />

gulwrfeloba da uaRresi simartive, romelic Sorsaa Cveulebrivi himnografiuli<br />

enawylianobisagan~ (kekeliZe 1951: 150-151). marTlac, rogorc mTis ankara wyaro<br />

mowkrialebs bunebrivad, iseve bunebrivad moedineba qarTuli mxatvruli sityva am<br />

himnografiul SedevrSi.<br />

mcire uwyeba himnis obieqtis Sesaxeb: Tevdosi anu Teodosi pirveli anu Teodosi<br />

didi (379-395 ww) wmindanadaa Seracxuli. istoriuli cnobebiT gracianem igi 379 wlis 19<br />

ianvars avgustusad da imperiis aRmosavleTi provinciebis imperatorad gamoacxada<br />

(viqtori 1997: 48). 380 wels mZimed daavadebuli da sasikvdilod ganwiruli Teodosi<br />

moinaTla da male sruliad gamojanmrTelda (iordane 1997: 139-141). konstantinepolSi<br />

arianel episkoposs dem<strong>of</strong>iles wauyena moTxovna _ an eRiarebina qristes erTarseba mama-<br />

RmerTTan, an daetovebina dedaqalaqi. dem<strong>of</strong>ilesTan erTad konstantinepoli bevrma<br />

arianelma datova. 381 wels Teodosim meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio kreba moiwvia, sadac arianeloba da<br />

sxva mwvaleblobani dagmo, daamtkica nikeis krebis dadgenileba da gamosca rigi<br />

kanonebisa, romliTac erTaderT namdvil rwmenad nikeis mamaTa rwmena gamocxadda.<br />

Teodosim, pirvelma imperatorTa Soris, daiwyo warmarTTa devna da warmarTul taZarTa<br />

ngreva (sokrati 1912: 5: 6-8). `mefe Teodosis taxtze aRsvlis Semdeg marTlmadideblobam<br />

srulebiT gaimarjva da daibruna ariosianTagan warTmeuli ekklesiebi~ (saeklesio<br />

istoria 1908: 35). aRniSnaven imasac, rom 390 wels TesalonikaSi momxdari saxalxo ajanyeba<br />

Teodosim umowyalod CaaxSo, daiRupa 1500-mde moqalaqe, ris gamoc mediolanis<br />

episkoposma ambrosim igi eklesiaSi ar SeuSva, radgan xelebi udanaSauloTa sisxlSi<br />

hqonda gasvrili. pasuxad imperatorma monanies samosiT saxalxod moinania Tavisi codva<br />

(sozomeni 1851: 7: 25). amrigad, Teodosi iyo pirveli imperatori, romelmac<br />

demonstraciulad mouxara Tavi saeklesio meufebis avtoritets.<br />

himnis mizani. ioane minCxi am himnSi qmnis qristiani mefis im ideals, paradigmas,<br />

romlis mibaZvasac unda cdilobdes realurad arsebuli yoveli mefe: `...RmrTis-msaxuro<br />

da mis mier pativcemulo dido mefeo Tevdosi RmerTSemosilo! ... saxe eqmen SemdgomTa maT<br />

mefeTa da romelni gemsgavsnes, iSueben edems Sina Sen Tana!~ (minCxi 1946: 331).<br />

mefe — sakraluri pirovneba. `yovelni xelmwifebasa mas umTavresisasa daemorCilen,<br />

rameTu ara ars xelmwifebaÁ, garna RmrTisagan, da romelni igi arian xelmwifebani,<br />

RmrTisa mier ganwesebul arian~ (romaelTa, 13,1) — pavles epistoles es muxli aris is `qva<br />

sakidur~, romelsac monarqia emyareba. samefo xelisuflebis sakralurobis idea<br />

saxarebiseul moZRvrebas efuZneba, romlis Tanaxmad yoveli xelmwifeba RmrTismieria:<br />

mefis xelisufleba ganixileba, rogorc RvTaebrivi nebis ganxorcieleba. ioane minCxis<br />

himnSi es fuZemdebluri idea SesaniSnavi mxatvrulobiT aris ganxorcielebuli: urvaSi<br />

my<strong>of</strong> ionel xalxs friadi vedrebis Semdeg uflisgan eZleva mefe: `raJams iyo urvasa Sina /<br />

umwyemsovebisa zrunvasa / eri igi samwysoÁ qristÀsi, / maSin movida maTa kaci RmrTisaÁ, /<br />

romeli ityoda: / `evedreniT RmerTsa friad / da mogces Tquen mwyemsi keTili~ (3). ufalma<br />

`Seiwirna locvani maTni / da mosca maT sarwmunoÁ da gonieri / Tevdosi marTali / saTnod<br />

mefed da winamZRolad, / viTarca daviT israÀlTa~ (5). rogorc vxedavT, qristiani mefis<br />

bibliuri paradigma daviT winaswarmetyvelia.<br />

9

mefis legitimacia samebis mier xdeba, aq xazgasmulia brZaneba, siyvaruli, neba:<br />

`rameTu saydarTa sameufoTa / brZanebiTa mamisaÁTa, / siyuaruliTa ZisaÁTa, / sulisa<br />

wmidisa nebiTa / Rirs iqmna dajdomad Tevdosi~ (19).<br />

cxeba. ioane minCxi sagangebod gaxazavs mironcxebis mniSvnelobas mefis<br />

legitimurobisTvis. minCxis himnis Tanaxmad, Tu bibliur daviTs — qristian mefeTa<br />

etalons — winaswarmetyvelma samuelma scxo mironi, Tevdosis scxo suliwmidam, ramac<br />

`gardacvala guli Tevdosisa~ (Sdr. saulis Sesaxeb: `da viTarca garemoiqca da zurgi<br />

Seaqcia viTarca war-oden-vida samovelisagan, gardacvala guli misi RmerTman da<br />

ganaxlda da moiwia yoveli ese saswauli mas zeda mas dReTa Sina~ (1 mefeTa, 10,9); `samuel<br />

winaÁswarmetyuelman / scxo daviT mwyemsobasa Sina, / xolo aw Tevdosi marTalsa /<br />

siglaxakesa Sina sulman wmidaman / scxo gonierebaÁ, / gardacvala guli misi da mefe yo<br />

ionTa zeda~ (6).<br />

gvirgvini. xelisuflebis sakralurobisa da mefis pirovnebis siwmindis niSani<br />

misTvis RmerTis mier samefo gvirgvinis boZebaa. gvirgvins ioane gansakuTrebul<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebs da himnSi am Temas eqvs sxvadasxva str<strong>of</strong>Si ubrundeba aseve<br />

sxvadasxvagvar konteqstSi.<br />

pirvel yovlisa, ioane ganmartavs, Tu ratom eboZa gvirgvini Tevdosis — aq<br />

upirveles adgilze uflis siyvarulia dayenebuli: `Tevdosi / Seudga kualsa<br />

mociqulTasa, / Seiyuara man RmerTi / da RmerTman Seiyuara igi, / gÂrgÂnosan yo da adida~<br />

(12).<br />

es Cveulebrivi gvirgvini ar aris — igi `sameufoÁ saRmrToTa yuavilTagan` aris<br />

Seqmnili da Tevdosim igi Tavisi simdabliT moipova: `gÂrgÂni sameufoÁ saRmrToTa<br />

yuavilTa, / romeli SegiTxzna simdableman Senman, / ver daaWno igi / aRmaRlebaman<br />

Ãorcielman, rameTu ufroÁsad moige / sruli simdableÁ, / Rirso Tevdosi!~ (14).<br />

gvirgvinis Rirsi xdeba is, `romelTa eSinis~ _ es gansakuTrebuli SiSia — amaze cota<br />

qvemoT — mTavari ki isaa, rom moSiSi, mdabali suliT, aRmaRldeba: `aRmaRldebian<br />

mdabalni suliTa, / da romelTa eSinis, / Sengan miiReben gÂrgÂnsa, da esven / Zalsa Sensa<br />

Zliersa / da adideben Zalsa Sensa, qriste!~ (17).<br />

cxadia, Tevdosis gvirgvini srulebiT gansakuTrebulia da, rac mTavaria, es<br />

gvirgvini mas, rogorc WeSmarit mefes, RvTaebrivi ganCinebiT aqvs miRebuli ara adamianis<br />

xeliT, aramed `zeciT movlinebuli mfrinvelis~ meSveobiT. es metad saintereso<br />

warmodgenaa mefis legitimaciaze da aq unda gavixsenoT, rom juanSeris qronikaSic<br />

gvxvdeba analogiuri Sexeduleba: `angelozman uflisaman aRiRo gÂrgÂni da daadga Tavsa<br />

ivbimianossa, WeSmaritsa mefesa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 161). aseTi gvirgvinis Rirsni<br />

xdebian mxolod `mefeni keTilad Ãsenebulni, romelTa daipyres s<strong>of</strong>eli ese da<br />

sasufevelsa ara ganeSornes~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 165). es idea ioanes himnSi unatifesi<br />

gaformebiTaa warmodgenili: `dRes zeciT movlinebulman mfrinvelman / sameufoÁ<br />

gÂrgÂni / Semosa Tavsa Tevdosissa, / da gulisxma yves yovelTa, / viTarmed sTanda igi<br />

RmerTsa maRalsa!~ (18).<br />

himnografs SesaniSnavi mxatvruli gaazrebiT aqvs gvirgvinis Tema damuSavebuli:<br />

keTilmsaxuri, RmerTSemosili mefis gvirgvins amqveyniurs gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

wmindanis gvirgvini enacvleba: `sawuTrosa amas Sina / keTilad pativ gca qristeman / da<br />

mermed saukunod / mogiwoda wmidaTa Tana, / didebiTa da pativiTa gÂrgÂnosan gyo, /<br />

Tevdosi, CuenTÂsca meox gveyav!~ (34).<br />

magram gvirgvins gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs da Tema kvlav grZeldeba ukve<br />

sxva konteqstSi: ioane mis Tanamedrove mefes avedrebs Tevdosis, raTa qristes winaSe misi<br />

meoxi iyos da sasufevelSi `gÂrgÂnosan yos~: `Rirso mefeo, / sanatrelo Tevdosi! /<br />

mogigebs meoxad / mefeÁ Cueni, madidebeli Seni, / da pativ scems dResaswaulsa Sensa! /<br />

iTxove qristÀsgan da SenTanave gÂrgÂnosan yos sasufevelsa!~ (39).<br />

mefis RvTaebrivi ganCinebiT arCevisa da gvirgvinis boZebiT mefis sakraluri<br />

legitimaciis Tema amowurulia. cxadia, pirovneba mxolod maSin SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />

kanonier mefed, rodesac mas gvirgvini uflis nebiT zeciT moevlineba: es koncefcia<br />

xelisuflebis da xelisuflis sakralurobisa myaradaa damkvidrebuli, rac SesaniSnavi<br />

mxatvruli gaazrebiTaa asaxuli ioane minCxis himnSi.<br />

mefe, rogorc moraluri pirovneba. Semdgomi mTavari Tema, romelic himnSia<br />

gaSlili, mefis pirovnebis zneobriobis koncefciaa. minCxis himnis universaluri xasiaTi<br />

idealuri mefis koncefciis SemuSavebaa, riTac Tevdosisadmi miZRvnili himni farTo<br />

rezonass iZens: mxolod moralurad sruly<strong>of</strong>ili pirovneba SeiZleba iyos xelisufali,<br />

igi yvela qristianul saTnoebas unda flobdes.<br />

10

`mwyemsi keTili~. mefe, msgavsad macxovrisa, Tavis qveSevrdomTaTvis unda iyos<br />

`mwyemsi keTili~ (aRsaniSnavia: mefe, rogorc `mama~ qveSevrdomTa, minCxTan ar gvxvdeba).<br />

es Tema minCxis himnSi araerTxel meordeba: `qristeman, Rirso Tevdosi, / mogca mwyemsad<br />

samwysoTa / TÂsTa~ (26; aseve 3), rasac saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs: iq,<br />

sadac xelmwifebs `mwyemsi keTili~, misi `samwysoc~, e. i. qveSevdromni, bednierni arian:<br />

`sada ars mwyesi keTili, / mun mxiarul arn samwysoÁ igi~ (26). es niSnavs, rom `mwyemsi<br />

keTili~ sayovelTao sikeTis sawindaria, xolo mefe unda emsgavsos im saxarebiseul<br />

gonier mnes, romelmac `ganamravla talanti~ uflis boZebuli: igi patronobs uflis mier<br />

Cabarebul ers, aspetakebs zneobrivad da kvlav ufals uZRvnis: `mwyemso keTilo, /<br />

saRmrToTa samwysoTao, / Rirso mefeo, Sen emsgavse mnesa mas goniersa, / da miiRe talanti<br />

uflisa SenisaÁ! / da ganamravle igi / da miuZRvane / mravalwilad / momniWebelsa!~ (36).<br />

qveteqstSi ikiTxeba: iq, sadac mefe zneobrivia, qveSevrdomnic zneobrivni arian, anu: eris<br />

zneobriobis sawindari pirovnulad zneobrivi mefea da eris zneobrioba mefis<br />

upirvelesi sazrunavia.<br />

`SiSi RmrTisa~. ioane minCxi himnis dasawyisSive axsenebs mefis zneobriobis<br />

aucilebel pirobas _ esaa SiSi RmrTisa, umTavresi maxasiaTebeli mefisa, is kriteriumi,<br />

romliTac ganisazRvreba mefis pirovnebis Rirseba. `dasabami sibrZnisa — SiSi uflisa~<br />

(fsalm. 110,10) uflis mcnebaTa ganuxrel aRsrulebas gulisxmobs. amrigad, ioanes himnSi<br />

mTavari aqcenti mainc mefis pirovnul Tvisebebzea aqcentirebuli: rogori unda iyos<br />

mefe, rogorc kerZo adamiani. mcnebaTa dacva upirvelesi pirobaa: `rameTu romelman<br />

yoveli sjuli daimarxos da scTes erTiTa, iqmna igi yovlisave Tanamdeb, `rameTu<br />

romelman-igi Tqua: nu imruSeb, manve Tqua: nu kachklav, xolo ukeTu imruSo da ara kachkla,<br />

iqmen gardamaval sjulisa~ (iakob. 2; 10-11).<br />

`SiSi RmrTisa~, rogorc mefis moralurobis aucilebeli piroba, minCxis<br />

sagalobelSi sxvadasxva variaciiT ramdenjerme meordeba: `SiSi RmrTisaÁ gaqunda<br />

maradis, / netari Tevdosi, / da miT moiZule Sen / yovelive nebaÁ ÃorcTaÁ, / da viTarca<br />

uÃorco iqceodi, / romlisTÂsca sacnaurad / gadida RmerTman!~ (9).<br />

SiSi RmrTisa adamians yovelgvari sxva SiSisgan aTavisuflebs, radgan `suli<br />

RmrTisa Zlierebisa~ icavs mas, rogorc moSiSs: `RmrTisa SiSman uSiS yvnis moSiSni /<br />

gonebaÁ sulTa mimarT / borotTa ukeTurTa / da suli RmrTisa ZlierebisaÁ / daadgrebis<br />

mis Tana, / romeli vidodes ubiwod, / marTal iyo da moSiSi / qristÀsi Rirsi Tevdosi / da<br />

madli misi daadgra mis Tana!~ (13). Tumca aq himnis mxatvrul mxares ver vexebiT, mainc<br />

aRvniSnavT pirveli taepis SesaniSnav aliteracias.<br />

mxolod zneobrivi, RvTis moSiSi mefis qveSevrdomni arian masaviT RvTis moSiSni, da<br />

aq sayuradReboa ioane minCxis mier himnSi gatarebuli idea, rom mxolod moralurad<br />

sufTa, anu RvTis moSiS ers scems `keTilad Ãmasa~ ufali: `uÃmobdes RmerTsa mowyalesa, /<br />

romeli Ãmasa scems keTilad / Ãmasa moSiSTa misTa!~ (23).<br />

am SesaniSnav himnSi, romelic Tavisi zneobriv-politikuri koncefciiT da Temis<br />

gaSliT amouwuravia, minCxi mefis zneobrivi aspeqtis friad metyvel suraTs xatavs<br />

sruliad konkretuli maxasiaTeblebiT, rasac universaluri mniSvneloba aqvs. magram<br />

sakiTxi amiT ar amoiwureba da Seudareblad farToa; Tu mas saxelmwifos Teoriis<br />

konteqstSi ganvixilavT, miviRebT umniSvnelovanes daskvnas: minCxis mier himnSi<br />

gatarebuli koncefciiT saxelmwifo ara represiuli, aramed aRmzrdelobiTi institucia<br />

unda iyos.<br />

saTnoeba. mefis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli saTnoebaa, RvTis winaSe krZaluloba,<br />

simarTle, siwminde: `maradis iqceoden krZalulad, / simarTliT da simdabliT; / da<br />

siwmidiT winaSe RmrTisa, / rameTu hxedven uCinoTa / da cxadTa saqmeTa / Tualni misni,<br />

dafarulni mxedvelni~ (11).<br />

mefis samarTlianoba. mefisTvis wayenebuli erT-erTi moTxovna misi<br />

samarTlianobaa: `viTarca eklesiastÀ iyav Sen sibrZniTa savsÀ, / marTl-gangebiT msajuli,<br />

/ obolTa mwyalobeli, / Semwe dawunebulTaÁ / da msajuli qurivTaÁ!~ (27).<br />

mefis uangaroba. aucilebeli sazomi mefis, rogorc adamianis, zneobriobisa misi<br />

uangarobaa. es Temac aqcentirebulia minCxis himnSi: `yovladve / arasada Seipyra Tavi<br />

TÂsi / Tevdosi / simdidreTa maT gardareulTa~ (16); mefe ar unda waritacos simdidrem:<br />

`ara xvidode / mdidarTa Tana, arca / iqceode uRirsTa Tana, Tevdosi!~ (31).<br />

zneobrivi mefe — qveSevrdomTa keTildReobis garanti. mefis sazrunavia<br />

qveSevrdomTa ara mxolod moraluri simrTele, aramed materialuri keTildReobac. es<br />

Tema himnSi tropuladaa gaformebuli mdinare nilosis mxatvruli gaazrebiT: nilosi<br />

siuxvis metaforaa. mefe _ `RmrTis msaxuri da mis mier pativcemuli~, `RmerTSemosili~,<br />

`RvTis moSiSi~ uflis wyalobiT bunebazec ki mbrZaneblobs da amiT uzrunvelhy<strong>of</strong>s<br />

11

qveSevrdomTa keTildReobas: `dagamorCilna mdinarenica qristeman, / RmerTSemosilo<br />

Tevdosi! / miuwere Sen nilossa / da mouwode, raÁTa morwyos / queyanaÁ wyurieli!~ (22).<br />

rogorc ukve vTqviT, ioane minCxis himnSi cxadad ikveTeba aRZruli Temis aqtualoba<br />

da praqtikuli mizandasaxuleba: himnografi wmindanad Seracxuli mefis uaRresad<br />

STambeWdavi saxis SeqmniT saqarTvelos mefes _ himnografis Tanamedrovesa Tu momavals<br />

— xelisuflis am ideals sTavazobs, rogorc misabaZ nimuSs.<br />

unda iTqvas mTavari: am himniT ioane minCxi gvevlineba, rogorc qarTuli<br />

politikuri Teologiis ara erT-erTi, aramed pirveli SesaniSnavi Teoretikosi, romelic<br />

pirvelma Seqmna mefis, rogorc sakraluri da moraluri pirovnebis ideisa da idealis<br />

Teoria. sagulisxmoa, rom mefis zemoxsenebuli sami hipostasidan — adamiani sakraluri,<br />

moraluri, politikuri — xalxis cnobierebaSi saukuneTa manZilze yvelaze Zlierad<br />

xelisuflis, rogorc moraluri pirovnebis, hipostasi aRibeWda; igi dResac<br />

maqsimalurad aqtualuria.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

besmertni 1995: Бессмертный Ю. Л. Некоторые соображения об изучении феномена власти и концепциях<br />

постмодернизма и микроистории. // Одиссей. Человек в истории. Представления о власти. М.:<br />

1995.<br />

viqtori 1997: Виктор С. Аврелий. О Цезарях. // Римские историки четвертого века. М., 1997.<br />

iordani 1997: Иордан. О происхождении и деяниях готов. СПб., 1997.<br />

kantaroviCi 1957: Kantorowocz Eznst H. The King's Two Bodies. A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology.<br />

Princetin, New Jersey. Princeton University Press, 1957.<br />

kekeliZe 1951: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. t. I, Tb.: 1951.<br />

kekeliZe 1974: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. XIII, Tb.: 1974.<br />

le g<strong>of</strong>i 1994: Жак Ле Гофф. Является ли все же политическая история становым хребтом истории? //<br />

Thesis, 1994, вып. 4.<br />

malinini 1995: Малинин Ю. П. "Королевская троица" во Франции XIV-XV вв. // Одиcсей. Человек в истории.<br />

Представления о власти. М.: 1995.<br />

minCxi 1946: minCxi ioane. ÃsenebaÁ RmrTiv-gÂrgÂnosanisa mefisa Tevdosi morwmunisa<br />

sasawauliTa moqmedisaÁ. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia. I, Sedgenili<br />

solomon yubaneiSvilis mier. Tb.: 1946.<br />

saeklesio... 1908: mokle saekklesio istoria. quTaisi: 1908.<br />

sozomeni 1912: Созомен. Церковная история. СПб, 1851.<br />

sokrati 1912: Сократ. Церковная история. Саратов, 1912.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris<br />

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1955.<br />

javaxiSvili 1905: javaxiSvili i. saqarTvelos mefe da misi uflebis istoria. tf.: 1905.<br />

javaxiSvili 1929: javaxiSvili i. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. wigni meore. nakveTi meore. tf.:<br />

1929.<br />

Mariam Karbelashvili<br />

The Conception <strong>of</strong> the King in Ioanne Minchkhi’s Hymn<br />

Dedicated to Theodosius the Great<br />

(Materials for the History <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> Political Thought)<br />

Summary<br />

The article deals with the analysis <strong>of</strong> some problems <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> political theology reflected in Ioanne<br />

Minchkhi’s (X century) hymn dedicated to the king Theodosius the Great (379-395).<br />

The basis for this research is Ernst Kantorovich’s book “The King’s Two Bodies”. A Study in Medieval<br />

Political Theology”, as well as I. Javakhishvili’s and K. Kekelidze’s works.<br />

Ioanne Minchkhi’s hymn is prominent by its versatility <strong>of</strong> presentation the ideal image <strong>of</strong> Christlike king<br />

and shows a high level <strong>of</strong> early medieval political thought in Georgia.<br />

12

armazuli misteriebis detalebi<br />

goCa kuWuxiZe<br />

armazul dResaswaulSi, romelic, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s mixedviT, mcxeTaSi<br />

Semosulma wmida ninom aRwera, SeiZleba gamomzeurdes qarTvelTa warmarTuli ritualis<br />

araerTi detali: gaisma xma `sayvirisaÁÁ da gamovida eri uricxÂ, viTarca yuavilosanni,<br />

zarni da saSinelni gamovidodes. xolo mefÀ arRasada SeZrul iyo~ (Zeglebi 1964: 118)...<br />

dResaswaulis dasawyisia. mcxeTaSi mosuli qarTvelTa momavali ganmanaTlebeli<br />

zeims adevnebs Tvals. mis monaTxrobSi ritualisadmi ucxoeTidan Camosuli asulisaTvis<br />

bunebrivi interesi igrZnoba; igrZnoba, rom ar icis, Tu rogoria es rituali; mas mefis<br />

naxvac ainteresebs, _ hgonia, rom dResaswaulze pirveli igi gamoCndeba, _ ar icis, rom<br />

mefis gamoCenamde dResaswauls sxva movlenebi uZRvis win (vfiqrobT, teqstis miRma<br />

mimaluli es advilad verSesamCnevi ganwyobilebac, romelic imaze migvaniSnebs, rom<br />

armazianTa dResaswaulis aRwera winaswar m<strong>of</strong>iqrebul, yalb gamonagons ki ara, aramed,<br />

uSualo STabeWdilebas emyareba, mravalTa Soris, erT-erTi damatebiTi argumentia, rac<br />

Zeglis meoTxe saukuniT daTariRebaSi gvexmareba... daTariRebis sakiTxebze ix.: siraZe:<br />

1999, siraZe 1997; siraZe 1998; CxartiSvili 1987; baramiZe 2003).<br />

zeimis dasawyisSi mravalferad Semosili adamianebi gamodian `viTarca<br />

yuavilosanni,~ Semdeg ki sxva adamianebi gamoCndebian, _ `sxuaÁ simravle erTaÁ gamovida<br />

aRuracxeli dedebiTurT da yrmebiT. da mefe arRara SeZrul iyo jereT~, _ gviambobs<br />

Satberduli `wmida ninos cxovreba~.<br />

Satberduli redaqciiT iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos `folorcze~ pirvelad<br />

mefe unda gamoCndes: `da mefe arRara SeZrul iyo jereT. da viTarca gamovidoda, iwyes<br />

sivltolaÁ da mimoridebaÁ iqiT da aqaT gzisagan~ (Zeglebi 1964: 118), _ magram netari<br />

nino Txrobas ase ganagrZobs: `da gamo-sadme-vidoda nana ded<strong>of</strong>ali~.<br />

Cans, zeimi ise warimarTeba, iseTi saritualo inventari gamoiyeneba, rac mefesTan<br />

aris dakavSirebuli, masTan asocirdeba da miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe fizikurad jer ar<br />

gamoCenila, misi my<strong>of</strong>oba mainc igrZnoba... albaT, moritualeTa qmedebac iseTia, rom iq<br />

my<strong>of</strong>Ta yuradRebis arealSi, maT warmosaxvaSi, folorcze jer argamosuli mefe ukve<br />

moeqces...<br />

`folorcze~ pirveli mainc nana ded<strong>of</strong>ali gamodis (mefe iyo kidec da arc iyo<br />

pirveli...)... WeliSuri redaqciiT, ded<strong>of</strong>lis gamosvlis win niSans iZlevian (`Jam-sca<br />

Jamman~) da `folorcze~ nana ded<strong>of</strong>ali modis. rogorc Cans, sasaxlidan Tu sakulto<br />

Senobidan gamodian mefe da ded<strong>of</strong>ali, kultmsaxurebi...<br />

yuradRebas is faqti iqcevs, rom nana ded<strong>of</strong>als wmida nino, ded<strong>of</strong>lis momavali<br />

mkurnali, ver xedavs, mxolod is icis, rom sadRac gaiara ded<strong>of</strong>alma (`gamo-sadme-vidoda<br />

nana ded<strong>of</strong>ali~)... sayuradRebo isic aris, rom irgvliv Sekrebili xalxi am dros mimorbis<br />

da `yoveli kaci~, rogorc Cans, sagangebod maTTvis momzadebul `safarvelsa queSe~<br />

imaleba.<br />

Cans, es y<strong>of</strong>ila rituali, romlis drosac sagangebo safarvels agebdnen, da amgvarad<br />

xdeboda imitom, rom ritualSi monawile xalxs ded<strong>of</strong>lis Sexedvis ufleba ara hqonia...<br />

winaswari niSnis Semdeg, ded<strong>of</strong>lis gasvlis win, xalxi imaleba. nino mociquli albaT<br />

moSorebiT dgas, mas albaT ver xedaven warmarTebi; cxadia, wmida nino winaswar<br />

momzadebul ,,safarvelSi~ ar daimaleba, ded<strong>of</strong>lisagan Tvalis aridebas veravin<br />

mosTxovs mas, magram ninoc ver xedavs kerpebisaken salocavad mimaval ded<strong>of</strong>als...<br />

unda vifiqroT, rom ded<strong>of</strong>ali didZali mxleblebiT aris garSemortymuli, uTuod<br />

taZris msaxurTa mier... qurumTa, taZris msaxurTa Soris Semaluli idumalad Caivlis<br />

xalxis winaSe ded<strong>of</strong>ali... da CvenTvis sruliad aSkara xdeba, rom armazul dResaswaulze<br />

xalxs ded<strong>of</strong>lis Sexedvis nebas ar aZlevdnen; aSkaraa, rom xalxi imaleboda da imasac<br />

cxadad vxedavT, rom am ritualze specialur `safarvels~ agebdnen _ armazobis<br />

dResaswaulze xalxs ded<strong>of</strong>lis Sexedva ekrZaleboda.<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>lis Cavlis Semdeg isev sxva xalxi gamodis ,,folorcze~ da sxvadasxva feris<br />

`samosliTa~ da `furcliT~ amkobs mas: `maSinRa neliadRa gamovida sxuaÁ eri friad. da<br />

Seamkves yoveli foloci bisoniTa da ZoweuliTa da samosliTa TÂTo saxiTa da feradferadiTa<br />

WreliTa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 118).<br />

,,neliad gamosuli~ `sxuaÁ eri~, wynarad momavali axali jgufi, amjerad ukve mefis<br />

Sesagebeblad amkobs `yovel folocs~ (SesaZloa, iq ramdenime `folocia~, romlebic<br />

odnav SemaRlebuli iqneba...); `da iwyo yovelman erman qebaÁ mefisaÁ. maSin gamovida mirian<br />

mefe TualT-SeudgamiTa xilviTa~.<br />

13

qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli Txrobas ase ganagrZobs: `xolo me vhkiTxe huriasa<br />

dedakacsa, Tu raÁ ars? da man mrqua: `RmerTi RmerTTaÁ uwess, romel (ars) armaz<br />

dawyeuli~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119).<br />

mcxeTaSi Camosuli asuli gviambobs: `da warved xilvad mis aramazissa. da aRivsnes<br />

mTani igi droSiTa da eriTa, viTarca yuaviliTa. xolo meve Seuswar cixed armazad da<br />

davdeg maxlobelad kerpisa mis napralsa kldisasa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119).<br />

albaT, aqedan ukeT SeiZleba yovelives danaxva... Semdeg wmida nino kerpebs _<br />

armazs, gacsa da gas aRgviwers.<br />

`mefeTa cxovreba~, romelic `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ eyrdnoba, am epizods ase<br />

gadmogvcems: `gamovida mirian mefe sazareliTa da TualT-SeudgamiTa xilviTa~ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 88)...<br />

rogorc Cans, ded<strong>of</strong>lisagan gansxvavebiT, mefis danaxva SesaZlebelia, magram<br />

aSkaraa isic, rom misi saxe `TualT-Seudgamia~, mefis saxe ar Cans. arsebobs mosazreba, rom<br />

mefes am dros niRabi ukeTia...<br />

radgan netari nino aseT kiTxvas svams: `raÁ ars ese?~, radgan aseT pasuxs Rebulobs:<br />

,,RmerTi RmerTTaÁ uwess, romel (ars) armaz dawyeuli~, _ Cans, qarTvelTa momaqcevlis<br />

TvalTa winaSe ucnauri sanaxaoba gadaSlila ,,TualT-Seudgami~ mefis saxiT da asuls<br />

uxsnian, Tu rad aqvs mefes aseTi Sesaxedaoba _ mas armazi mouwodebs Tavisken, armazis<br />

Tanaarsi unda gaxdes miriani, mas unda miemsgavsos, mirianis individualoba, misi ,,me~<br />

armazs unda Seerwyas... ueWvelia, rom am dResaswaulze armazis niRabi ukeTia mirian<br />

mefes... Cven eWvi ar gvepareba imaSi, rom armazobis dResaswaulze, romelic wmida ninos<br />

unaxavs, ded<strong>of</strong>lis danaxva ekrZaleba xalxs da, Tumc, kerpebisaken mimaval mirian mefes<br />

xedaven, misi saxis danaxvac akrZalulia...<br />

sruliad ueWvelia gvgonia, rom armazobis dResaswaulze mefe da ded<strong>of</strong>ali da,<br />

albaT, araerTi kerpTmsaxuri da amisaTvis Rirsad miCneuli adamiani sulieri<br />

metamorfozisaTvis emzadebian, isini armazis sulier sauflos unda Seerwyan da aseT<br />

dros yuradReba, rogorc maT miaCniaT, dabal miwier sferoebSi mcxovrebma ubirma<br />

adamianebma ar unda daurRvion; isini ganridebulni arian xalxisagan, armazis sulier<br />

sauflos miaxlebulan, mirians armazis niRabi exmareba am miaxlebaSi da ar aris<br />

SeuZlebeli, rom, armazisa ara, magram, metamorfozisaTvis, axal saxeSi SerwymisaTvis<br />

saWiro raime niRabi nana ded<strong>of</strong>alsac ekeTos...<br />

mouwodebs miriansa da nanas armazi Tavis sulier saufloSi... mefemac da<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>almac garkveulwilad unda dakargon sakuTari individualoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

misteriis dros mTeli arsebiT unda Seecadon, rom axal sulierebaSi gardaisaxon...<br />

misteriis Semdeg Semobrundebian miwier samyaroSi, magram maT suls, maT saxes kerpebTan<br />

mimsgavsebis raime niSani mainc unda Seematos... ded<strong>of</strong>ali iqneb armazuli triadis im erTerT<br />

kerps unda Seerwyas, romelic qalur, dambadeblur sawyisTan igivdeba (vfiqrobT,<br />

rom es aris `ga~... am sakiTxebze ix. _ kuWuxiZe 2000: 73-74) da amgvarad oriveni<br />

garkveulwilad unda Seicvalon...<br />

mefe da ded<strong>of</strong>ali axali saxisani unda gaxdnen... Zveli suliereba SeZlebisdagvarad<br />

unda Caklan TavianT sulSi da axali ki dabadon... xalxma arc `momakvdavi~ saxeba ar unda<br />

ixilos mefisa da ded<strong>of</strong>lisa da arc axlis dabadebis uflebas aZleven mas... Zvelis kvdoma<br />

da axlis dabadeba sakraluri procesia da esec aris erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc<br />

misteriaze my<strong>of</strong>i mirianisa da nanas danaxvis ufleba xalxs ara aqvs.<br />

armazobis dResaswaulze mefe-ded<strong>of</strong>ali am samyaros sulierad scildeba,<br />

armazul sulier saufloSi Sesuli ganaxlebuli saxisa xdeba da Secvlili ubrundeba am<br />

samyaros... vfiqrobT, rom armazobis dResaswaulze axal adamianebad gardaqmnis misteria<br />

aResruleba, ueWvelia, _ xalxs mefe-ded<strong>of</strong>lis Sexedvis ufleba ara aqvs.<br />

armazis kerpi, romelsac, Cans, mieaxlnen mefe da ded<strong>of</strong>ali, asea aRwerili: `dga kaci<br />

erTi spilenZisaÁ, da tansa ecua jaWÂ oqroisaÁ, da Tavsa missa edga Cafxuti oqroÁsaÁ da<br />

samÃarni oqroÁsanive da Tualni viTarca frcxili da bivriti, da Ãelsa missa aqunda<br />

Ãrmali, viTarca elvaÁ raÁ brwyinvida da iqceoda Ãelsa Sina missa, reca romelica<br />

Seexebodis, viTarca Tavi TÂsi sikudilad ganwiris~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119); WeliSur<br />

redaqciaSi weria: `Ãelsa missa aqunda Ãrmali lesuli, romeli brwyinvida da iqceoda<br />

Ãelsa Sina~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119); `mefeTa cxovreba~ am suraTs ase gadmogvcems: `ÃelTa<br />

misTa aqunda Ãrmali brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da iqceoda ÃelTa Sina~ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 89).<br />

xalxi SiSiT Sehyurebs armazs, romlis xelSic `brwyinvale~ `Ãrmali~ brunavs,<br />

trialebs (`iqceva~)...<br />

14

ogori unda iyos is `Ãrmali lesuli~, `elvis msgavsi~, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi<br />

`maxÂli~ ewodeba da romelic kerpis xelSi brunavs (xalxs eSinia, rom, Tu dideba daakles<br />

am did kerp armazs, igi `scems~ maT Tavis `maxÂls~; _ qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 89)?<br />

Zneli warmosadgenia Cveulebrivi xmlis formis msgavsi iaraRi, romelic qandakebis<br />

xelSi brunavs... `Ãrmali~ (`maxÂli~), Tuki igi qandakebis xelSi marTla trialebs<br />

(`iqceva~), safiqrebelia, rom, aris maradiuli wrebrunvis gamomxatveli romelime<br />

simbolo... ramdenadac teqstebSi alesil xmalze (maxvilze) aris laparaki, safiqrebeli<br />

xdeba, rom armazis xelSi ara disko, aramed Tanabarzomieri, alesili gverdebis mqone<br />

romeliRac emblema brunavs, es SeiZleba iyos warmarTuli jvari, ufro _ svastika...<br />

teqstSi `Ãrmali~ elvasTan aris mimsgavsebuli... an unda vifiqroT, rom mzis sxivi<br />

irekleba am emblemidan, an is xdeba savaraudo, rom dResaswaulze romeliRac saSualebiT<br />

cecxli elvardeba emblemaze, rom cecxlovan jvarsa Tu svastikas atrialeben<br />

dResaswaulze qurumebi... am SemTxvevaSi saboloo mtkicebisagan Tavs SevikavebT, mxolod<br />

varauds gamovTqvamT... sakiTxs met naTels warmarTul ritualebSi paralelebis moZieba<br />

mogvcems. Tu armazuli triada xeTur kerpebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogorc es akad.<br />

grigol giorgaZem sakmaod damajereblad, dokumentirebulad warmoaCina (giorgaZe<br />

1985), maSin paralelebis Zieba upirvelesad xeTur samyaroSi iqneba saWiro...<br />

xeTur samyaroze msjelobisas, mas Semdeg, rac xeTur da qarTul kerpTa<br />

aRwerilobebSi gr. giorgaZis mier uSualo paralelebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb vsaubrobdiT,<br />

Cven vwerdiT: sainteresoa, _ `kerpebi Ria cis qveS edgaT, rogorc amas garkveul<br />

periodSi xeTebi akeTebdnen, Tu uSualod SenobaSi inaxeboda, rogorc es, xeTebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, `axali samefos~ Seqmnis periodidan xdeboda~ (statiaSi miTiTebuli gvaqvs:<br />

gr. giorgaZe 1985: 151)... `am sakiTxis gadawyvetis Semdeg SeiZleba daaxloebiT mainc<br />

gairkves, konkretulad xeTebis romeli xanis samefosTan iyo dakavSirebuli qarTveluri<br />

tomi... unda zustad dadgindes, _ xom ar aris safiqrebeli, rom armazi, gaci da ga<br />

dResaswaulisas taZridan gareT gamohqondaT xolme~ (kuWuxiZe 2004: 31).<br />

Cven vxedavT, rom wmida nino Soriaxlodan, armazis cixidan, ufro Tu davazustebT,<br />

,,kldis napralidan~ adevnebs Tvals armazobas (,,Seuswar cixed armazad da davdeg<br />

maxlobelad kerpisa mis, napralsa kldisasa~, _ brZanebs wmida nino, _ Zeglebi 1964: 119).<br />

irgvliv Sekrebili uamravi adamiani xedavs am kerpebs... teqstSi naxsenebia ,,zRudeni~,<br />

romlebic ,,qarman sastikman~ [...] Cayarna kldesa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 121)... e.i. moCans es kerpebi.<br />

`moqcevaÁs~ Tanaxmad, mcxeTis dResaswaulisas movardnil qars marto kerpebi ki ara,<br />

`zRudenic~ daungrevia... Cans, es zRudeebi uSualod kerpebs ertymoda gars, romlebic<br />

wvimasa da qars kerpebTan erTad daungrevia... es zRudeebi, marTalia, ara klasikur,<br />

magram erTgvar sataZro Senobad mainc SeiZleba miviCnioT...<br />

SeiZleba Tu ara davuSvaT, rom kerpebi winaswar mihqondaT im adgilas, sadac Semdeg<br />

mefe-ded<strong>of</strong>ali da mTeli xalxi midioda? daatarebdnen maT iqiT-aqeT? vfiqrobT, es<br />

naklebad savaraudoa.<br />

adgili, romelzec kerpebi miriansa da nanas `iwvevdnen~ ritualisas, romlis<br />

maxloblad gaemarTa netari nino, raTa `kldis napralSi~ Sefaruls kerpebi daenaxa<br />

(`warved xilvad mis aramazissa~), am kerpebis mudmivi samy<strong>of</strong>elia... netari ninos<br />

monaTxrobis Tanaxmad, setyva mxolod im adgilas misula, sadac kerpebi idga. TxrobaSi es<br />

erTi adgilia gamokveTili rogorc warmarTTa umTavresi centri, rogorc<br />

gansakuTrebulad uwmiduri... Txrobis konteqsts Tu verwmunebiT, armazis cixis axlos<br />

mdebare es adgili unda moviazroT borotebis mTavar centrad... es SemozRuduli adgili<br />

aris kerpebis mudmivi adgilsamy<strong>of</strong>eli...<br />

setyva da qari angrevs kerpebs da, garda imisa, rom kerpebs yvela xedavs, aqedanac<br />

Cans, rom isini mtkice SenobaSi ki ar inaxeba, amgvari Senobidan ki ar icqireba xalxis<br />

SemaSinebeli armazi, aramed aSkaraa, rom kerpebi naxevrad gaxsnil nagebobaSi arian<br />

daculni `zRudeTa~ mier... wmida nino brZanebs, rom `moiRo setyuaÁ litrisaÁ swori~, _<br />

Cans, es iseTi setyvaa, romelic erTi mxridan Zlierad ecema kerpebs, zRudeebs Soris<br />

gasasvlels poulobs... zemoTqmulic ganamtkicebs mosazrebas, rom, rogorc ukve iTqva,<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi taZris klasikur Senobaze ara, magram iseT nagebobaze SegviZlia<br />

laparaki, romelic mxolod zRudeebisagan Sedgeba, es ar aris daxurul kedlebiani<br />

Senoba. kerpebi mTlianad ar arian daculni. nawilobriv Ria cis qveS imy<strong>of</strong>ebian, oRond<br />

mxolod nawilobriv... qarTuli kerpebi im periodis xeTur salocavebs hgavs, romelTac<br />

Ria cis qveS inaxavdnen xeTebi... magram isic cxadia, rom sataZro nagebobis niSnebic<br />

arsebobs me-4 s-is qarTlSi. safiqrebelia, rom kerpebis genezisi xeTebis uZvelesi<br />

periodis panTeonidan iRebs saTaves, magram SemdgomSi Zvel qarTul salocavebs<br />

cvlileba unda hqondes gancdili... am sakiTxebze ufro sruli pasuxi, xeTuri ritualebis<br />

Sesaxeb SemorCenili cnobebis garda, arqeologiurma monacemebma SeiZleba mogvces...<br />

15

aqve gvinda davZinoT, rom, rogorc adre Sesrulebul naSromSi aRvniSnavdiT, Cveni<br />

azriT, is kerpebi, romlebic mcxeTaSi wmida ninom naxa, TavianTi SinaarsiT qarTulia.<br />

kerpebs Sinaarsi, saxelebi, albaT, garegnuli formis araerTi niuansi, farnavazis dros<br />

aqvs Secvlili... kerpebi, Cans, uZvelesi periodis xeTur samyarosTan kavSirSi Seiqmna,<br />

magram farnavaziseuli reformis dros isini sruliad gansxvavebuli Sinaarsisa gaxda _<br />

farnavazma Seqmna rogorc aRmosavlur (iranulTan), ise berZnul-romaul panTeonTan<br />

mimsgavsebuli, oRond sruliad TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adi qarTuli salocavebi (am sakiTxebze ufro<br />

vrclad vmsjelobT sxva werilSi _ kuWuxiZe 2000: 79). es aris erTgvarad <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

salocavebi. xalxSi amavdroulad cnobilia sxva RvTaebebic, iqneba es kviria Tu mzeqali...<br />

xalxi Tayvans scems `qvaTa da ZelTa, da spilenZsa da rkinasa da rvalsa, gamoberviT<br />

ganWedilsa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 120)... farnavazi aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris<br />

harmoniuli urTierTobis miRwevas cdilobs _ armazs gansxvavebul Sinaarss aZlevs,<br />

magram saxeliT iranul RvTaebas _ ahuramazdas amsgavsebs... es, cxadia, iranis kulturul<br />

samyarosTan urTierTobas garkveulwilad gauadvilebs, SedarebiT advili gaxdeba<br />

urTierToba iranis momxre ZalebTan; udavoa, rom, qarTlSi arsebuli armazianobis<br />

arsebobis miuxedavad, irani mainc cdilobs, rom aq <strong>of</strong>icialuri armazianobis<br />

paralelurad mazdeanobac Zlieri iyos... qristianobis winare periodis qarTlis<br />

kulturaze iranuli zegavlena marTlac SesamCnevia, `es dResac naTlad vlindeba<br />

qarTveli xalxis materialursa da sulier kulturaSi: miTebsa da religiur<br />

warmodgenebSi, enasa da mTel rig wes-CveulebebSi~ (giunaSvili 2006: 25), iranis<br />

kulturul kvals adasturebs lingvisturi monacemebi, Sapur I-is da sasanelTa mTavari<br />

mogvis _ qardiris warwerebi, arqeologiuri masala, mdidari enobrivi monacemebi<br />

(giunaSvili 2006: 25).<br />

`wmida ninos cxovrebis~ epizodi, romelSic kerpTa msxvrevaa aRwerili, garda imisa,<br />

rom qarTuli warmarTobis uZvelesi Sreebis gamomJRavnebis saSualebas iZleva,<br />

kompoziciurad sakmaod kargad aris gamarTuli da erTgvari damoukidebeli novelis<br />

STabeWdilebas tovebs. am SemTxvevaSi, detalebze saubrisas, Cven xsenebuli epizodis<br />

ukve mxatvrul formaze, masTan dakavSirebul niuansebsa da detalebze gvinda<br />

gadmovitanoT sityva, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, amjerad zemodan davxedavT nawarmoebs...<br />

Cven erTi garemoeba unda gaviTvaliswinoT aucileblad _ hagiografma mweralma<br />

SeiZleba mravalgvari forma misces nawarmoebs, ama Tu im epizods... magram Tu mTxrobeli<br />

marTla kargi ostatia, nawarmoebs igi arasodes ar daukargavs bunebrivobas, cocxali,<br />

namdvili suraTebi, realurad momxdari ambavi yovelTvis sagrZnobi iqneba miseul<br />

TxrobaSi (hagiografi zogjer miniSnebebiT gvixatavs ama Tu im gmiris sulSi momxdar<br />

movlenebs...). CvenTvis saintereso epizodi erTi mcire magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor<br />

SeiZleba mweralma imgvarad miiRos nawarmoebis sasurveli forma, rom teqstSi, vityviT<br />

ase, `ar waiSalos is informacia~, romelic momavalSi mkvlevarT axali realiebis moZiebis<br />

saSualebas miscems...<br />

sakmaod efeqturia kerpTa msxvrevis epizodi. Tu epizodis dasawyisSi mozeimeTa xma<br />

ismis, ismis `oÃraÁ saSineli da SesaZrwunebeli erTa uricÃuTa da ÃmaÁ sayÂrTa friadTa~,<br />

Tu wmida ninos winaSe `zarni da saSinelni gamovidodes~, epizodis bolos ukve sul sxva<br />

xmebi moismis: ,,da aha wamis-y<strong>of</strong>iTa Tualisasa dasavleTiT SeiZrnes haerni da qarni<br />

sastikni da Ãma-sces RrubelTa quxiliTa, ÃmiTa sazareliTa da saSineliTa. da aCnda<br />

Rrubeli moswrafe, niSan-saSineli~ (Zeglebi 1964: 121).<br />

axla ukve sul sxva movlenebis mauwyebeli niSnebi Cndeba. dasavleTidan erTbaSad<br />

amovardnili sastiki qari moiwevs da zemodan sazareli da saSineli xmebi gadmodis<br />

quxilisa... adamianTagan atexil xmaurobas zeciuri xmebi axSobs da zeciuri ganwyobileba<br />

batondeba irgvliv... ase ikvreba epizodis dasawyisi da dasasruli...<br />

mTxrobeli sulier movlenebze gvelaparakeba, magram Cven kargad unda<br />

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom misTvis fizikuri movlenebi sulieris gamoxatulebaa, rom<br />

yovelive, rac fizikur samyaroSi xdeba, sulieris gamovlinebaa da, amdenad, roca<br />

mTxrobeli qarTvelTaTvis RmerTis Sewevnaze, am SemTxvevaSi, kerpebis daqcevaze,<br />

gvelaparakeba, miseul TxrobaSi Tavisuflad ixateba am samyaroSi momxdari faqtebi<br />

(hagiografia, Tu ki mas sworad wavikiTxavT, istoriografiisaTvis fasdaudebeli ganZia;<br />

Tavis mxriv, saistorio proza mxatvruli literaturis Cinebul nimuSebad warmogvidgeba<br />

xolme...).<br />

TiTqos mTeli samyaro SeuZravs gamCens, ismis mexTatexis, zeciuri quxilis xmebi...<br />

dasavleTidan uberavs qari, romelsac wamouRia suni `jerkuali simyralisaÁ~ da, garda<br />

imisa, rom aq kerpTmsaxurTa sulierebaSi uwmidurebis warwymedazea laparaki, teqsti<br />

saSualebas gvaZlevs gavarkvioT, rom kerpTmsaxurebisas cecxlsa da sxvadasxva<br />

saritualo zeTs iyenebdnen qarTveli armaziani qurumebi.<br />

16

xalxi amjeradac garbis... jer folorcze ded<strong>of</strong>lisa da mefis Cavlisas daimalnen;<br />

Semdeg SeZrwunebulni Sehyurebdnen maT winaSe aRmarTul, xelSi cecxlovani ,,maxÂlis~<br />

motriale armazs da SiSiT iZaxdnen: `vaÁ, Tu povos raÁ biwi Cem Tana da mces me maxÂli misi,<br />

romlisa eSinis yovelsa queyanasa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119)...<br />

amjerad ki ukve zeciur quxils SeuSinebia qarTveli warmarTebi da garbian yvelani:<br />

`maSin ivltoda yoveli kaci s<strong>of</strong>lad da qalaqad da me vxedevdi egodensa mas zargan-<br />

Ãdilebasa maTsa~, _ brZanebs wmida nino...<br />

Semdeg qarTvelTa mociquli amas ambobs: ,,viTxove maRliT da eca droÁ da SeiWra<br />

yoveli say<strong>of</strong>elTa Sina TÂsTa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 121).<br />

aq mxatvruli Sepirispirebaa _ Tu armazuli dResaswaulis dasawyisisas `Jam-sca<br />

Jamman~ da ,,sivltolaÁ da mimodavlaÁ iyo yovlisa kacisaÁ~, axla warmarTni ded<strong>of</strong>lisa<br />

da mefisagan ki ara, aramed, ukve Tavad dambadeblis risxvisagan imalebian...<br />

da lewavs qari da setyva kerpTa mxareSi yovelives. Zalian dinamiuria kerpTa<br />

msxvrevis aRmweri winadadebebi. zmnaTa ganmeorebani iseT ganwyobilebas qmnis, TiTqos<br />

sityvebi uecrad movardnili setyvis goraxebs damsgavsebulano da Cvens Tvalwin Zalian<br />

cocxlad, xatovnad, naTlad warmodgeba, Tu rogor imtvreva, iqceva, rogor mieqaneba<br />

ufskrulisaken ZvelTaZveli salocavebi: ,,da dalewna kerpni igi, dafqvna da daawulilna,<br />

da daarRÂvna zRudeni igi qarman sastikman da Cayarna kldesa mas, romelsa Tvalni Tquenni<br />

xedvides~ (Zeglebi 1964: 121).<br />

TiTqos etapobrivad vxedavT kerpTa ganagurebis suraTebs da bolos ki saboloo<br />

suraTis daxatva surs didostat aRmwers _ kldeSi Cayris suraTiT TiTqos beWedi esmeba<br />

kerpTa saboloo ganadgurebis istoriis xatvas. aq aSkarad vxedavT im avtors, romelic<br />

mxatvruli literaturis Semoqmedebis sferos Zalian kargad icnobs (Tavad wmida ninoa am<br />

ambis momTxrobi. salome ujarmeli da peroJavr sivnieli ki iweren monaTxrobs... ,,wmida<br />

ninos cxovrebaSi~ sxadasxva mTxrobelis avtoriseuli stili ZiriTadad SenarCunebulia,<br />

monaTxrobTa SeerTebisas igrZnoba redaqtirebis kvali... am sakiTxebze vmsjelobT calke<br />

werilSi _ kuWuxiZe 1999: 139-140).<br />

armazobis grandiozul dResaswaulze masSi monawileTa emociebma kulminacias maSin<br />

miaRwia, roca SeZrwunebulni Sehyurebdnen armazs... `wmida ninos cxovrebaSi~ CarTul am<br />

patara `novelaSi~ Txrobis ganviTareba im epizodSi aRwevs kulminacias, roca wmida nino<br />

tiriliT SesTxovs ufals qarTvelTa gadarCenas, kvanZi arcTu mosalodneli<br />

dasasruliT ixsneba _ wvima da TqeSi, setyva amsxvrevs kerpebs da qarTvelebi<br />

salocavebis gareSe rCebian da meore dRes ki Sewuxebulni eZeben TavianT kerpebs... locva<br />

swadiaT da salocavebi ki aRar aqvT, hagiografiisaTvis arcTu damaxasiaTebeli<br />

erTgvarad tragikuli suraTic ki ixateba TiTqos... magram es yovelive uflis<br />

fericvalebis dRes xdeba, rac imis niSania, rom xalxisa da e. i. mTeli qveynis uflismieri<br />

fericvaleba male moxdeba... tragikul mdgomareobaSi my<strong>of</strong> qarTvelebs male WeSmariti<br />

RvTisadmi, swor gzaze yovlis damyeneblisa da ganmacocxlebelisadmi locvis saSualeba<br />

miecemaT (mefe miriani salocavebis gareSe faqtiurad uRmerTod darCa maSin, roca<br />

TxoTis mTaze my<strong>of</strong>i veRarc Zvel RmerTebze loculobda da jer wmida ninos RmerTic ver<br />

eRiarebina, roca erTxans, macxovris gamocxadebamde, `cocxliv jojoxeTsa Sigan~ iyo<br />

moqceuli... im wuTebSi saerTod uRmerTod aris darCenili miriani; man gaacnobiera, rom<br />

kerpebi veRar gaunaTeben samomavlo gzas. TxoTis mTaze y<strong>of</strong>nisas gadawyvita qristianTa<br />

devnis dawyeba da armazis Tayvaniscemis ganmtkiceba... radgan marTlac Zalian gonieri iyo<br />

mefe, Cans, swrafad gaicnobiera, rom devnasa da kacis kvlas gadarCenisaken ver mihyavs<br />

adamiani, rom Zveli kerpebi veRar gaunaTebdnen rwmenis gzas, ver daadginebdnen<br />

WerSmaritebisaken, ukvdavebisaken aRmaval gzaze... da, radgan misi uRiareblobis gamo,<br />

ukvdavebisaken, mamisaken wamyvani qriste macxovari jer ar iyo masTan misuli, sanam<br />

gamoecxadeboda `sulieri mze~, manamde srul ukuneTSi Cavarda miriani (kuWuxiZe 2000: 89).<br />

am sakiTxze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. mxolod erTs aRvniSnavT _ srul uRmerTobaSi<br />

adamianis moqcevis motivi antikur literaturaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba (ufro _<br />

alegoriuli formiT), me-19 da me-20 ss-is literaturaSi, cxadia, iZebneba igi... miriani<br />

aRiarebs macxovars da am dros misTvis sicocxlisaken ixsneba gza...<br />

kerpebis damsxvreviT daiwyo is movlena, romelic Semdeg TxoTis mTaze gagrZelda<br />

_ mirianisaTvis `Zveli mze~ Caqra da `axalma mzem~ gaunaTa mas da mTel qarTvel ers<br />

sicocxlisa da ukvdavebis gza...<br />

`wmida ninos cxovrebaSi~ kargad ikveTeba kerpebis msxvrevisadmi miZRvnili novelis<br />

msgavsi patara moTxroba, romelic iseTi saxis mxatvruli teqstiT aris mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />

mowodebuli, rom Zvel qarTvelTa religiuri cxovrebis niuansebSi garkvevis saSualeba<br />

eZleodes sruliad sxva periodSi mcxovreb mkvlevars.<br />

17

damowmebani:<br />

baramiZe 2003: baramiZe r. qarTuli mwerlobis saTaveebTan. literaturuli Ziebani. XXIV, Tb.:<br />

2003.<br />

giorgaZe 1985: giorgaZe gr. xeTur-armazuli `triadebi~. Jurnali mnaTobi, № 5, Tb.: 1985.<br />

giunaSvili 2006: giunaSvili e. islamamdeli irani da qristianobamdeli saqarTvelo:<br />

kulturul zegavlenaTa sakiTxebi lingvistur monacemTa Suqze (iranuli<br />

religiuri terminologia qarTulSi). mexuTe saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri<br />

simpoziumis masalebi. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb.:<br />

2006.<br />

kuWuxiZe 1999: kuWuxiZe g. kidev erTxel `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ daTariRebisaTvis.<br />

literaturuli Ziebani. XIX, Tb.: 1999.<br />

kuWuxiZe 2000: kuWuxiZe g. qarTveli armazianebi qristeanuli epoqis zRurblze. Jurnali<br />

religia, № 1-2-3, Tb.: 2000.<br />

kuWuxiZe 2004: kuWuxiZe g. uZvelesi qarTuli teqsti? kreb. klasikuri da Tanamedrove<br />

qarTuli mwerloba, № 7, Tb.: 2004.<br />

siraZe 1989: siraZe r. `ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli mwerlobisa. J. ,,ganTiadi~, № 2,<br />

Tb.: 1989.<br />

siraZe 1997: siraZe r. `wmida ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa. Tb.:1997.<br />

siraZe 1998: siraZe r. `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ saxismetyveleba. Tb.: 1998.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. I, teqsti dadgenili yvela xelnaweris mixedviT<br />

simon yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955.<br />

CxartiSvili 1987: CxartiSvili m. qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis<br />

problemebi. ,,cxoreba wmidisa ninoÁsi~. Tb.: 1987.<br />

Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. dasabeWdad moamzades il.<br />

abulaZem, n. aTanelaSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da<br />

c. jRamaiam ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. I, Tb.: 1964.<br />

Gocha Kuchukhidze<br />

Details <strong>of</strong> Armazic Mysteries<br />

Summary<br />

In the “Life <strong>of</strong> Saint Nino” there is one episode, which is connected with the smash <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> idols:<br />

Armaz, Gats and Ga. Artistic-stylistic analyze shows that this episode in the writing is actually an introductory<br />

small “novel”. It starts with the description <strong>of</strong> horrible and terrifying sound <strong>of</strong> “thunder”, which is the herald <strong>of</strong><br />

the beginning <strong>of</strong> heathenish ritual, how people are running and hiding on a festive occasion, while the king and<br />

the queen are walking toward the idols…At the end <strong>of</strong> the episode frightened people are again running, and<br />

again hiding – for this time they are frightened by the celestial thunder – came running rain, wind and hail by the<br />

will <strong>of</strong> God is destroying <strong>Georgian</strong>’s old sacred images and are preparing people to get the new religion.<br />

This introductory episode in the “Life <strong>of</strong> Saint Nino” is well tied together composedly. The most<br />

interesting is that according to “Saint Nino’s” life, the tale about smashing the idols was narrated by saint Nino<br />

herself and which was written down by two listeners: Salome Ujarmeli (Salome from Ujarma) and Perozhavr<br />

Sivnieli (from Sivnieti)… The text has an effect <strong>of</strong> editorial sign, but if we believe the story the author <strong>of</strong> this<br />

place <strong>of</strong> “life” can be considered saint Nino herself.<br />

The text <strong>of</strong> the “Life <strong>of</strong> Saint Nino” is created so that beyond narrating, with the style languages <strong>of</strong> images<br />

are not only the soul appearances, but also historical details happened in the physical cases. The artistic<br />

specification <strong>of</strong> Hagiographic text always implies such readers, who are able to read the historical realities. The<br />

text <strong>of</strong> the “Life <strong>of</strong> Saint Nino” is interesting as for artistic analyzes, as well as for historical and ethnographical<br />

research point <strong>of</strong> view. While searching it is observed that on the Festive occasion <strong>of</strong> Armaz, people did not had<br />

any right to see the faces <strong>of</strong> the king and the queen, which is connected with the specificity <strong>of</strong> heathenish<br />

mystery; The mystery described in the “Life <strong>of</strong> Saint Nino” implies the soul renovation <strong>of</strong> the person, similar as<br />

“reborn” (there is a talk in the text about the beginning <strong>of</strong> soul renovation, when there is retold the episodes <strong>of</strong><br />

the King Mirian while hunting in the mountain <strong>of</strong> Tkhoti and episodes <strong>of</strong> building the Svetitskhoveli…); In the<br />

work there is consideration that idol Armaz is holding in the hands swastika or equal sided heathenish cross,<br />

which was turned by the priests with some sources… Armaz, Gats and Ga were located not in the classical but in<br />

the half protected building… The research gives us opportunity to share the consideration that mentioned three<br />

idol’s genesis is related to the ancient kingdom <strong>of</strong> Yetis, but afterwards, mainly in the times <strong>of</strong> King Parnavaz’s<br />

religious reforms, they may have undergone the several changes.<br />

In the article there is talk about this and other issues in details.<br />

18

soso maxaraSvili<br />

bibliuri da literaturuli paradigmebi basili monazonis<br />

(protoasikritis) `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebaSi~<br />

basili monazonis `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba~ mesianisturi xasiaTis Zeglia.<br />

qarTveli eris gamorCeulobis idea TxzulebaSi meore planiT, e. w. alegoriuli planiT<br />

aris gadmocemuli. paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis mTeli mxatvruli aqsesuaris<br />

gamoyenebiT, upirveles yovlisa ki, araCveulebrivad SerCeuli bibliuri paralelebiT,<br />

Zveli da axali aRTqmidan damowmebuli citatebiT, hagiografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

myari kompoziciuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul movlenaTa da<br />

moqmedebaTa logikiT _ mkiTxveli bunebrivad xdeba avtoris mxatvruli Canafiqris<br />

Tanamoziare.<br />

ilarionis mSoblebma TavianTi Ze RmerTs miuZRvnes, iseve rogorc pirvelad annam<br />

aRuTqva ufals samoelio (`wmidaÁ ese aRTqumul iyo RmrTisada mSobelTa TÂsTagan,<br />

viTarca pirvel samoel annaÁsgan~), _ gvauwyebs basili da am bibliuri paraleliT<br />

imTaviTve migvaniSnebs wmindanis gansakuTrebulobasa da gamorCeulobaze. gavixsenoT,<br />

rom winaswarmetyvel samoelis (=micemuli RvTisa) msajulobis periodSi daibrunes<br />

ebraelebma filistimelebisagan warTmeuli rjulis kidobani da am RvTisnieri kacis<br />

ZalisxmeviT gandevnes isini TavianTi miwa-wylidan (1 mf. 1-7). sakuTari Svilis uflisadmi<br />

Sewirvisa Tu aRTqmis motivi, cxadia, iwyeba abraamidan, romelmac Tavisi Ze _ isaki<br />

uyoymanod miiyvana RmerTis samsxverploze. Tumca RmerTma daufasa abraams udidesi<br />

RvTismoSiSoba da isakis nacvlad, verZis msxverpli Seiwira. abraamis Camomavloba RvTis<br />

rCeuli eri gaxda. am eris wiaRidan iSva kacobriobis mxsneli _ mesia, anu qriste. wminda<br />

mamebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom isakis msxverplad Sewirva simbolurad moaswavebda ieso<br />

qristes sikvdilsa da aRdgomas. xsenebuli motivi hagiografiaSic imkvidrebs adgils.<br />

magaliTad, giorgi mciris gadmocemiTac, giorgi mTawmidlis RvTismosavma mSoblebma<br />

RmerTs Seswires rogorc pirveli Svili Tekla, ise mesame Svili giorgi, viTarca `verZi<br />

rCeuli RmrTisaÁ~ (yubaneiSvili 1960: 344-346). amgvar pirovnebas, rogorc isaks an<br />

samoels, RmerTis gansakuTrebuli madlmosileba dahyveboda.<br />

amis Semdeg sakvirveli sulac ar aris, rom wm. ilarioni bavSvobidanve iCens<br />

gansakuTrebul siyvaruls da midrekilebas sasuliero wignebisadmi. es cnobili<br />

kompoziciuri Sablonia hagiografiaSi. gasaxseneblad, wm. SuSanikisa da wm. grigol<br />

xanZTelis magaliTebic ikmarebda.<br />

basili protoasikrits xelewifeba personaJis fizikuri da sulieri xatis kalmis<br />

erTi mosmiT Seqmna. magaliTad, rusTaveli episkoposis TvaliT danaxuli wm. ilarioni ase<br />

gamoiyureba: `piri misi yviTeli, sityuaÁ mdabali da samoseli Seuracxi~ (abulaZe 1967:<br />

11); xolo basili makedonelis winaSe warmdgari qarTveli berebis (wm. ilarionis<br />

mowafeebis) saxe ki amgvarad airekleba imperatoris warmosaxvaSi: `ganixara mefeman<br />

sixaruliTa didiTa, ixila raÁ angelozebrivi saxÀ maTi, rameTu iyvnes wmidani igi<br />

moxucebulni dRiTa da mÃcovanni hasakiTa. da SuenierebaÁ igi gareSisa saxisa maTisaÁ<br />

Sinagansa sulisa brwyinvalebasa cxadad aCinebda da Semusvrili igi da mdabali sityuaÁ<br />

maTi simSÂdesa da myudroebasa gonebisa maTisasa gamoaCinebda~ (abulaZe 1967: 31).<br />

nawarmoebis es adgilebi uTuod mogvagonebs wm. grigol xanZTelis giorgi merCuliseul<br />

daxasiaTebas: `xolo iyo xilviTa did, ÃorciTa Txel, hasakiTa srul, yovlad keTil,<br />

sruliad guamiTa mrTel da suliTa ubiwo~ (yubaneiSvili 1960: 134).<br />

sazogadod, `wm. ilarionis cxovrebas~ bevri saerTo aqvs giorgi merCulis<br />

TxzulebasTan: es exeba rogorc zogad kompoziciur sqemas, ise mraval msgavs epizodsa<br />

Tu detals. SesaZlebelia maTi naTesaoba mxolod da mxolod hagi<strong>of</strong>rafiis cxovrebaTa<br />

Janris specifikiT, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli myari literaturuli formebiTa da<br />

CarCoebiT agvexsna. sakiTxi sagangebo Seswavlas moiTxovs. winaswar ki imis Tqma SegviZlia,<br />

rom `wm. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ avtori kargad icnobs basili protoasikritis<br />

nawarmoebs da zogierT SemTxvevaSi iyenebs kidec mas, rogorc hagiografiis erT-erT<br />

saucxoo nimuSs. davimowmebT or pasaJs `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebidan~:<br />

garejis udabnoSi damkvidrebuli wm. ilarionis siwmindisa da Rirsebis ambavi<br />

sruliad qarTls moefina. rusTavelma episkoposma misi monaxuleba da mRvdlad kurTxeva<br />

gadawyvita. wmindanma, romlisTvisac ucxo iyo yovelgvari kacobrivi dideba, Tavidan<br />

uari Sehbeda mas da Seevedra, `raÁTa ganaTavisuflos igi uRlisa misgan mRdelobisa~.<br />

bolos wm. mama veRar SeewinaaRmdega episkoposs, radgan CaTvala, rom misi uari SesaZloa<br />

19

mRvdelT-moZRvris urCobad Seracxuliyo. amitom iZulebiT daTanxmda mis winadadebas da<br />

mRvdlad ekurTxa (abulaZe 1967: 12)... palestinidan qarTlSi dabrunebul wm. ilarions,<br />

romelmac samSobloSi dedaTa da mamaTa monastrebi daarsa, mTavari da mTeli eri<br />

episkoposad dasmas daupirebs. wmindani TavisTvis ityvis: `didebaÁ ese amis s<strong>of</strong>lisaÁ<br />

momatyuebel ars saukunoÁsa mis Seuracxebisa. da amiTca miemsgavsa didsa mas Sjulismdebelsa<br />

moses kualad meored gamoslviTa egviptiT~. amitom gadawyvets cuddidebisagan<br />

ganSorebas da Soreul qveyanaSi wasvlas (abulaZe 1967: 17).<br />

visac erTxel mainc yuradRebiT waukiTxavs giorgi merCulis Txzuleba,<br />

dagveTanxmeba, rom xsenebuli pasaJebi saocrad Tanxvdeba wm. grigol xanZTelis xucad<br />

kurTxevisa da mTavarTa mier misi episkoposad dasmis ganzraxvis epizods. gavixsenoT mama<br />

grigolis sityvebi, mRvdlad kurTxevasTan dakavSirebiT rom warmoTqva: `da aw pativsa<br />

vxedav da patiJisagan meSiniso~. xolo rodesac Seityo episkoposobas upirebdnen da<br />

`ixila Tavi TÂsi Ãorcielad didebasa Sina, friad wuxda guli misi da ganizraxa farulad<br />

sivltolaÁ TÂsiT queyaniT saRrmToÁTa wodebiTa, romelica uZRoda mas mamaT-mTavrisa<br />

abrahamis saxed, da viTarca israÀlni udabnod~ (yubaneiSvili 1960: 134-136). basili<br />

protoasikritica da giorgi merCulec, asketuri cxovrebis apologetebi arian da<br />

sakvirveli sulac araa, rom WeSmariti monazonis adgils `udabnoSi~ xedaven, xolo<br />

episkoposobas `cudad-didebad~ an `Ãorcielad-didebad~ miiCneven. Cven Sors varT im<br />

azrisganac, rom hagiografma grigol xanZTelis mRvdlad kurTxeva Tu misTvis<br />

episkoposobis SeTavazebis istoria basilis Txzulebis mixedviT SeTxza da amgvar<br />

faqtebs wmindanis biografiaSi adgili ar hqonia. ara! ubralod imis Tqma gvinda, rom<br />

xsenebuli epizodi imgvarad aris gadmocemuli, bibliur analogiebze damyarebuli<br />

imgvari konstruqcia aqvs, rom giorgi merCule uTuod kargad icnobs da iyenebs (rogorc<br />

models) `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebas~.<br />

wm. ilarionis garejaSi cxovrebiT, bernadet marten-hisaris azriT, iwyeba misi<br />

cxovrebis aRmosavluri periodi. gaurbis ra didebas, igi midis salocavad palestinaSi.<br />

RvTismSoblis CareviT brundeba saqarTveloSi, sadac didebas moixveWs monasterTa<br />

dafuZnebiT. am periodSi bibliuri citatebi motanilia Zveli aRTqmidan, umTavresad ki<br />

gamosvlaTa wignidan (dolaqiZe 1983: 253), xolo wmindanis ZiriTadi paradigma aris<br />

ebraelTa mamamTavari mose.<br />

`wminda werilSi~ a R m o s a v l e T i garda sakuTriv geografiuli miTiTebisa,<br />

xSirad sakralur-alegoriuli mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. rogorc wesi, es mxare RvTiuri<br />

madlisa da sikeTis momniWebel samy<strong>of</strong>adaa miCneuli (alibegaSvili 1993: 5-12). amgvarive<br />

saxismetyvelebiTi datvirTva aqvs basilis teqstSi wm. ilarionis aRmosavleTSi<br />

dabadebas (`aRmoÃdomas~) da moRvaweobas. metic: wmindanis pirveli didi mogzauroba<br />

aRmosavleTze _ qarTlidan palestinaze gadis, anu xorcieldeba Sesaqmiseuli istoria:<br />

aRmosavleTidan kidev ufro aRmosavleTisaken.<br />

basili protoasikriti wm. ilarionis mier garejis monastris datovebas ori<br />

garemoebiT xsnis: 1. `da hasaksave siWabukisa m o x u c e b u l e b r i suli moipova,<br />

viTarca didman mose, da msajul iqmna Soris sulisa da ÃorcTa~ (Sdr.: `grigol xanZTelis<br />

cxovreba~: `da Sen mogca qristeman keTili m o x u c e b u l e b aÁ gonebisaÁ~, _<br />

mimarTaven mTavarni wm. grigols)... mouÃda wmidasa mas survili ucxoebisaÁ da siZulili<br />

cudad-didebisaÁ~. 2. `da ufroÁs da upirates amissa surviel iyo Tayuanis-cemad wmidaTa<br />

maT da cxovels-my<strong>of</strong>elTa adgilTa, vinaÁ-igi Tavs-ixsna CuenTÂs vnebani ÃorciTa amiT<br />

kacobriviTa, romelni Cuengan miixuna sityuaman RmrTisaman uvnebelman~ (abulaZe 1967:<br />

12-13).<br />

wmindanis wasvla palestinisa da ierusalimis cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli adgilebisa da<br />

siwmindeebis mosanaxuleblad da am gziT RvTaebriv madlTan ziareba gavrcelebuli<br />

motivia hagiografiaSi. Sors rom ar wavideT, magaliTad `kostanti kaxis martvilobac~<br />

SeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina (Sdr.: yubaneiSvili 1960: 75). arc mogzaurobisas wminda<br />

mamaze Tavsdatexili gansacdeli _ yaCaRTa Tu barbarosTa mier masze ganxorcielebuli<br />

Tavdasxma aris ucxo da axali sasuliero literaturaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi wmindani<br />

saswaulis ZaliT sZlevs mters da bolos Tavad momxvdurs uxdeba misgan Sewyalebis<br />

miReba (Sdr.: imnaiSvili 1966: 98-99). sxvaTa Soris, `cxovrebaSi~ aRniSnulia, rom wm.<br />

ilarionze avazakTa Tavdasxma moxda Samis qveyanaSi (siriaSi), sadac barbarosni<br />

cxovrobeno. basilisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia mkiTxvelisaTvis imis miniSneba, rom<br />

palestinis mimdebare teritoriebs araqristianebi akontroleben. konkretuli<br />

istoriuli garemo _ arabul-mahmadianuri samyaro, romelic IX saukuneSi axlo<br />

aRmosavleTsac moicavda, mwerals ar ainteresebs. sazogadod, hagiografi arcaa<br />

valdebuli epoqis politikuri movlenebi Tu istoriuli realiebi asaxos (Sdr.: dolaqiZe<br />

1983: 251). zemoT damowmebul Txzulebis teqstSi ufro sxva ram aris sagulisxmo da<br />

20

mniSvnelovani, rac avtoris koncefcias imTaviTve amJRavnebs. esaa nawarmoebis mTavari<br />

gmiris bibliur mosesTan Sedareba:<br />

mose gaiqca egviptidan madiamis qveyanaSi, arad Caagdo is pativi, romelic eloda<br />

faraonis karze, udabnoSi cxvrebis mwyemsvas mihyo xeli da Tavisi saTno cxovrebiT<br />

miaRwia imas, rom qorebis mTaze RvTis gamocxadebis Rirsi Seiqna _ dainaxa mayvlis buCqi,<br />

romelsac cecxli ekideboda da ar iwvoda. wm. ilarionic miatovebs qarTlsa da garejis<br />

Zmebs (= egvipte da ebraeli eri), uars ambobs ra amqveyniur didebaze (= faraoni),<br />

miemgzavreba palestinaSi (= madiami), udabnoSi mkacr asketur cxovrebas eweva, ris<br />

Sedegadac ixilavs Cvenebas: zeTisxilis mTaze (=qorebis mTa), sadac ieso qriste zecad<br />

amaRlda, RvTismSobeli (= Seuwveli mayvlis buCqi) gamoecxadeba da samSobloSi<br />

dabrunebas ubrZanebs (Sdr.: abulaZe 1967: 12-15).<br />

gavyveT kvlav `cxovrebis~ teqsts: wm. ilarioni `waremarTa queyanad TÂsad da<br />

naTesavTa mimarT TÂsTa zegardamo gulsavse-qmnuli, viTarca pirvelad m o s e , didi<br />

igi sjulis-mdebeli, kualad meored ukuanqceuli egÂptedve gamoyvanebad naTesavTa<br />

dakirTebulTa~ (abulaZe 1967: 15). maSasadame, wmindani, moses msgavsad, kvlav unda<br />

dabrundes qarTlSi (igive egvipteSi), raTa Tavisi eri (igive ebraelebi) gamoixsnas<br />

`uxilavisa mis faraoÁs~ monobisagan. marTlac, mama ilarioni miemgzavreba samSobloSi,<br />

aSenebs iq monastrebs da rogorc `winamZRoli da rjulmdebeli~ ganagebs samonastro<br />

cxovrebas, awesebs tipikons.<br />

basili mesamedac moixmobs Tavis TxzulebaSi moses analogias gamosvlaTa wignidan:<br />

wm. ilarionma, iseve rogorc mosem, `sulni mravalni iÃsnna monebisagan uxilavisa mis<br />

faraoÁsa da ganiyvanna daunTqmelad zRuasa Sina amis s<strong>of</strong>lis(a)sa, vinaÁca mZlavri igi<br />

mdevari mÃedrebiTurT TÂsiT danTqmuli ixila da Zlevisa galobasa Zlevis-momcemelisa<br />

RmrTisa sulieriTa saxiobiTa Seswirvida~ (abulaZe 1967: 17). sagulisxmoa, rom<br />

damowmebul teqsts mosdevs wmindanis `uSores qveyanaSi~ gamgzavrebis ganzraxva. es<br />

`uSoresi qveyana~, rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCndeba, aris berZnul-romauli imperia. ase rom,<br />

nawarmoebSi araorazrovnad miniSnebulia ilarion qarTvelis misiaze _ gamoixsnas<br />

bizantielebi, gadaarCinos codviT damZimebuli dasavleTis samyaro. sazogadod ki, moses<br />

bibliuri paradigma mwerals sWirdeba imisTvis, rom qarTveli eris, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

berebis, RvTisgan gamorCeulobis idea iqadagos (dolaqiZe 1983: 254).<br />

d a s a v l e T i s mxaris saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi<br />

Zalze mkrTalia, Tumca zogierT adgilas, sadac es Cans, mas axlavs uary<strong>of</strong>iTi konteqsti<br />

(alibegaSvili 1993: 12-13). wm. ilarionis mogzaurobac aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken<br />

`cxovrebaSi~ simbolizirebulia, rogorc naTlis gamobrwyineba, RvTaebrivi madlisa da<br />

saTnoebis ganfena sibneleSi. dasavlur periodSi wmindani pirvel winaaRmdegobas<br />

ucxoTSeuwynareblobis saxiT Sexvdeba ulumbos mTaze, sadac berZeni winamZRvari<br />

qarTveli berebis aqedan gandevnas moindomebs... ulumbos monastris mamasaxlisis koWli<br />

naTesavis gankurnebis Semdeg wm. ilarioni aRiarebuli iqna, `viTarca mociquli da mwyemsi<br />

sakvirvelebisa misTÂs~ (abulaZe 1967: 21). Sesabamisad bibliuri citatebi teqstSi<br />

ZiriTadad motanilia `samociqulodan~. am periodSi, rogorc bernadet marten-hisari<br />

aRniSnavs, ilarion qarTveli aRar aris winamZRoli(?) da kanonmdebeli, misi modeli<br />

petre da pavle mociqulebia (dolaqiZe 1983: 255).<br />

marTlac, pavles msgavsad wmindani Tavad moipovebda yovelgvar `Ãorciel saÃmars~<br />

(abulaZe 1967: 21), radgan axsendeboda mociqulis sityvebi: `Ãelni Cemni mmsaxurebdes me~<br />

(saqme 20, 34), anda: `dRe da Rame viqm ÃeliTa CemiTa, raÁTa araraÁ vis daumZimo~ (I Tes. 2,9; II<br />

Tes.3,8). pavles imave epistoleebiTve aris STagonebuli wm. ilarionis sikvdiliswina<br />

saubari mowafeebTan TesalonikSi ZmaTa Soris siyvarulisa da mSvidobiani cxovrebis<br />

Sesaxeb (abulaZe 1967: 28). amave saubris dros igi orgzis moixmobs petre mociqulis<br />

sityvebs: `da aha esera datevebad mic say<strong>of</strong>eli miwisa~ (Sdr.: II petre 1,14) anda: `vidreca<br />

ukuanaÁsknelad aRm<strong>of</strong>SÂnvamde uwyodeT gonierad, rameTu mteri Cueni, viTarca lomi<br />

myÂrali mimovals da eZiebs, raÁTamca STanTqa vinme Cuengani~ (I petre 5,8).<br />

ilarion qarTvelis saocari swrafva romisken _ petresa da pavles samarxis<br />

mosalocad da am gzaze Cadenili saswaulmoqmedebani, mas uTuod aaxloebs amave<br />

mociqulebTan. iseve rogorc pavle gadawyvets jer ierusalimSi wasvlas, xolo Semdeg<br />

romis monaxulebas (saqme 19,21), aseve wmindanic jer konstantinopolSi (`axal<br />

ierusalimSi~) miemarTeba patiosani jvris Tayvansacemad, xolo Semdeg romisken iRebs<br />

gezs. pavle mociqulis msgavsad igi or weliwads dahy<strong>of</strong>s romSi da Tavisi angelozebrivi<br />

cxovrebiT, saRmrTo moqalaqeobiT, saswaulebaTa da kurnebaTa aRsrulebiT uamrav<br />

Tayvanismcemels gaiCens am qalaqSi (Sdr.: saqme 28, 30). venaxis koWli mcvelis gankurneba<br />

wm. ilarionis mier (abulaZe 1967: 22-23) Camohgavs fexebmowyvetili kacis aRdgenas pavles<br />

mier qalaq listraSi (Sdr.: saqme 14, 8-10), iseve rogorc petre mociqulis analogiur<br />

21

saswaulebs. Tavad `cxovrebis~ teqstSi Tesalonikis mTavris mxevlis 4 wlis Svilis<br />

gankurneba wmindanis mier (abulaZe 1967: 24-25) Sedarebulia petresa da ioanes mier taZris<br />

karibWesTan mowyalebis saTxovnelad mjdomi davrdomilis aRdgenasTan (saqme 3, 1-11) da<br />

imave petre mociqulis mier eneas ganrRveulis gankurnebasTan (saqme 9, 31-34). dabolos,<br />

ilarion qarTvelis mier moxdenili kidev erTi saswauli _ dapatimrebuli da jaWviT<br />

ormagad Seborkili Tesalonikeli diakvnis warmarTTa qveynidan mSvidobiani gamosvla<br />

(abulaZe 1967: 26-27) uTuod msgavsia herodes brZanebiT sapyrobileSi Casmuli petres<br />

gamoxsnisa uflis angelozis mier (saqme 12, 6-11).<br />

wm. ilarionis mier aRsrulebuli saswaulebi aranaklebia, vidre mociqulebisa, _<br />

aRniSnavs basili da amgvar avtoriseul komentars gvTavazobs: rodesac wmindanma venaxis<br />

win mjdomare koWlis gankurneba ganizraxa, upirveles yovlisa, iTxova misgan tkbili<br />

nay<strong>of</strong>i, romlis micemac mas Tavad surda; yrmas rodesac kurnavda, pirvelad dedamiss<br />

mosTxova wyali dasalevad, radgan surda, misi SvilisTvis mieca kurnebis wyali; agreTve,<br />

rodesac ulumbos mTaze imy<strong>of</strong>eboda, amnairadve gankurna koWli, romelic evlogias<br />

miarTmevda, radgan misca mas kurnebis evlogia (abulaZe 1967: 25).<br />

jer ebraelTa winamZRol mosesTan, xolo Semdeg petre da pavle mociqulebTan<br />

wmindanis Soreuli kavSiri da Rrma sulieri naTesaoba, romelic `cxovrebis~ teqstSi<br />

etapobrivad viTardeba, saboloo jamSi mimarTulia iqiTken, rom moxdes Txzulebis<br />

personaJis ieso qristesTan mimsgavseba. sxvanairad hagiografiis mTavari gmiris saxe ver<br />

iqneba sruly<strong>of</strong>ili. macxovari ambobs: `iyveniT Tqven srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqueni zecaTaÁ<br />

srul ars~ (maTe, 5, 48). am sisrulisken miiltvis ilarion qarTveli mTeli Tavisi<br />

cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis manZilze, yovelgvar miwiersa da amqveyniur zrunvas<br />

ganridebuli nabij-nabij miiswrafvis RmerTisken.<br />

TesalonikSi, sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebSi wm. ilarioni amJRavnebs macxovarTan<br />

miaxloebis tendencias Tavisi feriscvalebiT, gamosamSvidobebeli saubris SinaarsiT,<br />

ukanaskneli `saidumlo serobiT~. rogorc qriste brundeba mamis didebaSi, wmindanic<br />

daibrunebs Tavis didebas da am gandidebas adgili eqneba konstantinopolSi (dolaqiZe<br />

1983: 255).<br />

dasasruls, unda SevCerdeT wm. ilarionis kidev erT pirvelsaxeze, wm. ninoze,<br />

romelsac ukve qarTuli qristianobis saTaveebTan mivyavarT. basili protoasikriti<br />

uTuod STagonebulia `wm. ninos cxovrebiT~ da `ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis~ erT-erT<br />

ZiriTad models swored xsenebuli Txzuleba warmoadgens. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba,<br />

rom mwerals mudmivad Tvalwin udgas qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis diadi xati, rodesac is<br />

mTavari gmiris saxes Zerwavs. sxvaTa Soris, es faqti imazec metyvelebs, rom `wm. ninos<br />

cxovreba~ gacilebiT adrea Seqmnili, vidre is `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ saxiT<br />

gaformebulia Satberdul da WeliSur redaqciebSi (maxaraSvili 2004: 212-213).<br />

cxadia, SemTxveviTi araa, rom wm. ninos erT-erT arqetipad (ilarion qarTvelis<br />

msgavsad) bibliuri mosea miCneuli. `ucxooba~ warmoadgens maT mdgomareobas... `wminda<br />

ninoc, viTarca mose, movlenili suli iyo, romelsac evaleboda aRedgina codviT<br />

dabnelebuli eri da misTvis miewvdina WeSmariti da marTali sityva RvTisa~ (metreveli<br />

2000: 56-57). amgvaradve SeiZleba wm. ilarionis saxis gaazreba berZnebTan mimarTebaSi. wm.<br />

nino, viTarca qarTlis gamqristianebeli, aRiarebuli unda iqnes qarTvelTa mier,<br />

rogorc uflis nebis aRmsrulebeli da Seracxil iqnes `mociqulTa sworad~. rac Seexeba<br />

wm. ilarions, petresa da pavles msgavsad RvTis madlmosilebiT aRvsili qarTveli beri<br />

Sewynarebuli unda iqnes berZnebis mier da gandidebul iqnes, rogorc `axali mociquli~.<br />

ubralod, aq masStabebi da moRvaweobis arealia sxvadasxva: wm. nino iberiaSi qadagebs<br />

qristes rjuls, igi qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelia (da aqedan gamomdinare mociqulTa<br />

swori), xolo wm. ilarionis mociqulebrivi misia, qarTlis garda, mTel dasavlur<br />

qristianul samyaros moicavs; aq unda Seitanos man WeSmariti RvTis sityva, marTali<br />

sarwmunoeba, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi bizantiis imperiam dakarga.<br />

wm. ilarionis gamgzavreba ierusalimsa da palestinaSi _ es araa oden morwmunis<br />

tradiciuli swrafva wminda adgilebisaken, an Tundac simbolurad aRmosavlur<br />

qristianul samyarosTan erTgvari damSvidobeba. esaa, erTi mxriv, qarTuli eklesiis<br />

pirvelsafuZvelTan dabruneba, meore mxriv, qristianobis wiaRTan, mis ZirTaZirTan<br />

misvla. aq ilarion qarTveli RvTaebriv madls unda eziaros, wmindanis ZalmosilebiT<br />

unda aivsos. iseve rogorc wm. ninom, manac aqedan unda daiwyos misioneruli moRvaweoba.<br />

daucxromel asketur Rvawlsa da Sromas eweoda wm. ilarioni iordaniis udabnoebSi.<br />

aq is `samaradisod xedvasa RmrTis(a)sa SeesakuTra~ da monazvnuri sisrulis mesame<br />

xarisxs miaRwia. amis Semdeg mTeli misi arseba saRvTo misiis molodiniT iyo aRsavse;<br />

ityoda: `mauwye me, ufalo, gzaÁ, romelsaca vidodi, da kualad maswave me, raÁTa vyo nebaÁ<br />

Seni~ (fsalm. 142,8). da aha, masac, iseve rogorc wm. ninos (metafrasuli `cxovrebis~<br />

22

mixedviT), RvTismSobeli gamoecxada da samSobloSi dabruneba auwya: `Ä, ilarion, warved<br />

da moiswrafe saxed Senda, daumzade seri ufalsa da Zesa Cemsa~ (abulaZe 1967: 15). Cvenebis<br />

dros wm. ilarioni TiTqos zeTisxilis mTaze iyo asuli, iq, sadac ieso qriste amaRlda<br />

zecad da mamis RvTaebriv wiaRs daubrunda.<br />

maSasadame, wm. ilarionis xilva winaswarmoswavebiTia da axali gzis dasawyisze<br />

miuTiTebs. es samisionero da samociqulo moRvaweobis gzaa, gandidebisa da RvTaebrivi<br />

amaRlebisaken mimavali.<br />

wm. ilarion brundeba saqarTveloSi. aq misi Zalisxmeva, viTarca axali mociqulisa,<br />

sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis, monastruli cxovrebis damkvidrebis da sulierebis<br />

aRorZinebisaken aris mimarTuli. aqedan ilarion qarTveli miemgzavreba dasavleTSi:<br />

ulumbo, konstantinopoli, romi, Tesaloniki _ ai, wmindanis mier ganvlili marSruti da<br />

misi samoRvaweo adgilebi. bizantiaSi is gvevlineba, rogorc `axali wm. nino~, romelsac<br />

nebismier winaaRmdegobas RvTismSobeli daaZlevinebs. wm. ninos msgavsad igi kurnavs<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>ebsa da xeibarT, axdens sxvadasxva saswaulebs, zogjer mis analogiursac ki<br />

(magaliTad, mTavris mxevlis Zis gankurneba).<br />

sabolood ki, wm. ilarionis kultma igive mniSvneloba unda SeiZinos berZnulromauli<br />

imperiisaTvis, rac wm. ninos hqonda qarTlisaTvis, man igive funqcia unda<br />

Seasrulos basili pirvelisa da misi memkvidreebisaTvis, rac ucxo tyve-qalma ikisra<br />

mirianisa da misi CamomavlebisaTvis; wmindanis neStis saboloo adgilsamy<strong>of</strong>eli _<br />

romanas monasteri unda gaxdes berZenTaTvis marTlmadideblobis dauSreteli wyaro,<br />

maradiuli sulierebis da madlmosilebis, ganaxlebisa da aRorZinebis wmindaTawminda<br />

adgili, anu is, rac iyo qarTvelTaTvis sveticxoveli da bodbis monasteri.<br />

ase aRadgens ilarion qarTvelis mogzauroba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris<br />

Catexil xids, ase akavSirebs uxilavi sulieri ZafebiT ierusalims, konstantinopolsa da<br />

roms, ase aerTianebs da kravs is mTel qristianul samyaros. es gza kulturuli<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lios, oikumenis, gamTlianebisa, basili protoasikritis azriT, qarTlze gadis,<br />

radgan wmindani aRmosavleTSi ki daibada, magram `saTnoebaTa elviTa dasavalisa my<strong>of</strong>ni<br />

gananaTla~ (maxaraSvili 2002: 55-57).<br />

damowmebani:<br />

abulaZe 1967: abulaZe i. (redaqtori). Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. II,<br />

(XI-XV s.s.). Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1967.<br />

alibegaSvili 1993: alibegaSvili g. geografiuli mxareebi bibliaSi. J. literatura da<br />

xelovneba. SoTa rusTavelis sax. qarTuli literaturis institutisa da g.<br />

CubiniSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis Jurnali, № 1, Tb.:<br />

1993.<br />

dolaqiZe 1983: dolaqiZe m. axali naSromi ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. mravalTavi.<br />

k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutis perioduli samecniero organo, XII. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1983.<br />

imnaiSvili 1966: imnaiSvili i. (gamomcemeli). `epifane kviprelis cxovreba~. sakiTxavi wigni<br />

Zvel qarTul enaSi, II. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, №10. Tb.: Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1966.<br />

maxaraSvili 2002: maxaraSvili s. Te<strong>of</strong>ile xucesmonazoni (SemoqmedebiTi por-treti). Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 2002.<br />

maxaraSvili 2004: maxaraSvili s. wm. ninos saxe, rogorc arqetipi wm. ilarion qarTvelisa.<br />

samecniero SromaTa krebuli. Tsu siRnaRis (kaxeTis) filialis yovelwliuri<br />

samecniero organo, V. siRnaRi: 2004.<br />

metreveli 2000: metreveli f. agiografiuli sityva da logosi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~,<br />

2000.<br />

yubaneiSvili 1960: yubaneiSvili s. (redaqtori). Cveni saunje. I, Zveli mwerloba. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1960.<br />

Soso Makharashvili<br />

Biblical and Literary Paradigms in Basil Protoascritos' "The life <strong>of</strong> Saint Hilarion the <strong>Georgian</strong>"<br />

Summary<br />

The research deals with biblical paradigms verified in "The Life <strong>of</strong> St. Ilarion from Georgia". An attempt is<br />

made to find out. literary parallels between the mentioned writing and the other original hagiographic works, reveal<br />

those firm composition motives that are characteristic to the concrete gernre. It is shown that for creating St. Ilarin's<br />

23

image, Mpnk Basil uses sush archetypes as Moses the Prophet from the Old Testament, Disciples peter and paul and<br />

even Jesus Crist and Saint Nino, the Enlightener <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong>s, Moreover, paradigmatic topology (Image<br />

Language) is rather the method for realizing the artistic desing and revealing the religious mission <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

monks in Byzantine Empire to proclaim significance and singularity <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong> nation, than the purport <strong>of</strong> the<br />

author.<br />

`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisi<br />

ia grigalaSvili<br />

hagiografiul TxzulebaTa istoriul-filologiuri analizi sruly<strong>of</strong>ili ar<br />

iqneba, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT maT saRvTismsaxuro xasiaTsac. maTi wakiTxva eklesiaSi<br />

TviTonac ganapirobebda RvTismsaxurebisTvis garkveuli saxis gansazRvras.<br />

eklesiaSi mimdinare RvTismsaxureba zeciur arsebaTa galobas, RvTisadmi maTgan<br />

aRvlenil xotbas emsgavseba. miwieri da zeciuri dro erTiandeba morwmuneTa ziarebisas.<br />

morwmune qristes sisxlTan da xorcTan ziarebisas uflis Tanaziari xdeba. zRvari iSleba<br />

awmyosa da bibliur maradiulobas Soris.<br />

hagiografiul TxzulebaTa kompozicia isea agebuli, rom RvTismsaxurebisTvis<br />

sagulisxmo Temebze gamaxvildes yuradReba. es Temebia: samyaros Seqmna, adamianis<br />

codviTdacema, samoTxidan gandevna, sinanuli, qristes mosvlis Sesaxeb<br />

winaswarmetyveleba, qristes mosvla, jvarcma, aRdgoma, amaRleba, meored mosvlis<br />

molodini.<br />

hagiografiul TxzulebebSi mowamis amqveynad cxovrebis epizodebi Sedarebulia<br />

bibliur rCeul pirTa TavgadasavalTa Sesabamis pasaJebTan. TxzulebaSi ganviTarebuli<br />

movlenebis Sesabamisad wmindani amJRavnebs mamamTavarTaTvis damaxasiaTebel RvTis<br />

erTgulebas, winaswarmetyvelTa mamxileblur paTossa da winaswar ganWvretis unars,<br />

maxarebelTa siyvaruls WeSmariti sityvisadmi, mociqulTa msgavs mzaobas saqadageblad<br />

da wmindanTaTvis Cveul Tavganwirvas. rac mTavaria, Txzulebis mTavari gmiri<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebiT TviT iesos emsgavseba.<br />

iakob xucesis `wmida SuSanikis wameba~ qarTvel mecnierTa mier ganxilulia rogorc<br />

istoriul-literaturuli kuTxiT (ivane javaxiSvili, korneli kekeliZe, nikoloz<br />

janaSia, ilia abulaZe, Sermadin oniani, ivane lolaSvili, beJan kilanava, manana<br />

gigineiSvili, revaz baramiZe da sxv.), aseve saxismetyvelebiTi sakiTxebis wina planze<br />

wamoweviTac (revaz siraZe, firuz metreveli, lali daTaSvili, qeTevan elaSvili da sxv.).<br />

`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ ramdenime redaqcia arsebobs: vrceli, mokle da<br />

svinaqsaruli rogorc qarTul, aseve somxur enaze. amasTan, zogierTi redaqcia ramdenime<br />

variantiTaa warmodgenili.<br />

Cvenamde moRweulia `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciebis or aTeulamde<br />

xelnaweri. yvelaze meti — TerTmeti xelnaweriTaa cnobili qarTuli vrceli redaqcia.<br />

uZvelesi xelnaweri moTavsebulia X s. parxlis mravalTavSi, romelic yvelaze didi<br />

qarTuli xelnaweri wignia. danarCeni xelnawerebi XVIII-XIX saukuneebiT TariRdeba.<br />

qarTuli mokle redaqcia aTonis erT-erT xelnawer krebulSi, cnobil svinaqsarSia<br />

(Ath. 57). igi n. marma aRwera da X s-iT daaTariRa (mari 1900: 47-72).<br />

qarTuli svinaqsaruli `wameba~ ori xelnaweriTaa cnobili 425 (1718 w.) da 220 (1726)<br />

(Zeglebi 1968: 385).<br />

somxuri vrceli redaqciis erT xelnawers miakvlia ilia abulaZem eCmiaZinis erTerT<br />

mravalTavSi. xelnaweri gadawerili unda iyos 1689 wels, xolo meore vrceli<br />

somxuri redaqciis gamocema ganxorcielebula veneciaSi 1853 wels. cnobil istorikossa<br />

da mwerals l. aliSans gadauweria es nusxa da mas gadaucia veneciis xelnawerTa<br />

biblioTekisaTvis.<br />

somxuri mokle martvilobis wignis uTariRo nusxuri xelnaweri arsebula XIX s-Si q.<br />

karinSi. misi piri gadauRia 1847-1852 ww. n. sargisians.<br />

somxuri svinaqsaruli wamebani araerTi nusxiTaa warmodgenili. ilia abulaZem erTerTi<br />

ucnobi redaqcia aRmoaCina erevanSi. es xelnaweri 1296 wlisad iTvleba~ (abulaZe<br />

1938: 04-06). `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ gamocemebze Cven ar SevCerdebiT. yuradRebas<br />

gavamaxvilebT mxolod redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebis zogierT aspeqtze.<br />

24

ilia abulaZis SexedulebiT, somxuri mokle wamebis teqsti met siaxloves amJRavnebs<br />

iakob xucesis nawarmoebTan, rac qarTul vrcel redaqciaze damokidebulebis meti niSnis<br />

gamovleniT dasturdeba. qarTulTan teqstobrivad Semxvedri adgilebia ufro meti,<br />

vidre vrcel somxur martvilobasTan. mokle wameba enobrivad ufro Zvelia, vidre<br />

vrceli. vrceli misi gadamuSavebaa.<br />

ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, rom vrcel somxur wamebas qarTulTan dakavSirebiT<br />

zogadi xasiaTis iseTi Taviseburebani axasiaTebs rogoricaa: 1. TariRis aRuniSvneloba. 2.<br />

geografiuli punqtebis dausaxelebloba. 3. say<strong>of</strong>acxovrebo mxareebisTvis gverdis avla.<br />

4. `warxoca moqmed pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb, iseTi zedmiwevniTi cnobebisa, rogoric sakuTari<br />

saxelebia~ (javaxiSvili 1921: 22). mas magaliTebad sasaxlis episkoposisa da karis xucesis<br />

mouxsenebloba mohyavs. karis xucesi saxeliT arsad ixsenieba gamoqveynebul vrcel da<br />

mokle martvilobaTa wignebSi, magram episkopos afocis saxels ilia abulaZem miagno<br />

eCmiaZinis xelnawer nusxaSi (941). iv. javaxiSvilma qarTuli vrceli wameba dednad, xolo<br />

somxuri mis mermindel gadakeTebad aRiara, rasac daeTanxma ilia abulaZe. misi TqmiT,<br />

roca somxuri martvilobis orive redaqciis wignebs qarTuls vadarebT, pirveli, rac<br />

SeiniSneba, isaa, rom orive qarTulis garkveul nawils uWers mxars, garkveuls ki ara.<br />

mxaris daWera ufro Cans, roca moTxrobis faqtobriv mxares exeba saqme; erTmaneTs ki<br />

maSin scildebian, roca saqme SuSanikis mowameobas exeba. mag.: locva-vedrebas,<br />

moTminebasa da sxv. an roca qarTuliT SuSaniki baasobs, anda roca avtori — iakob xucesi<br />

— sadme Tavis Sesaxeb iZleva cnobebs, an kidev, roca raime suraTi mxatvrul saxeebSia<br />

mocemuli. amaT nacvlad xsenebuli orive teqsti an gavrcobilia xolme, an Sekvecili,<br />

anda sruliad gverds uxvevs aseTebs. avtoris piradoba, romelic agreTve qarTuls<br />

ramdenjerme aqvs aRniSnuli, somxurSi ar Cans. pirveli piriT Txroba qarTulisa<br />

somxurSi mesame piriTaa warmodgenili. mxatvruli adgilebi da aRwerebic qarTulisa<br />

somxurSi an sruliad ar SeiniSneba, anda metad mkrTalia.<br />

somxur mokle wamebas vrcelisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc cnobilia, erTgvari<br />

Sesavali moepoveba, romelSiac SuSanikis genealogiaa gadmocemuli. es Sesavali, rogorc<br />

Tavis droze gamomcemelma aRniSna, Tanmxvdomia mose xorenelis `somxeTis istoriis~ III<br />

wignis 51 da 49 Tavebis erTi nawilisa. egebis es adgili im vrceli wamebis wignsac hqonda,<br />

romlisganac igi SeiZleboda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo gamokrebili. aseTi ram ki kvlav imis maCvenebeli<br />

iqneboda, rom mokle wameba dResdReobiT cnobili vrceli wamebisagan gansxvavebuli<br />

wignidan momdinarea. magram isic SesaZloa, rom mokles mier gamoyenebul vrcel wamebas<br />

ar hqonda aseTi adgili. maSin igi Semmoklebelisa Tu gamomkrebelis naxelavi iqneboda<br />

aRebuli mose xorenelisgan anda SeTxzuli TviT misgan da amdenad wyarod qceulic<br />

mosesaTvis. arc erTs da arc meores ar ewinaaRmdegeba mose xorenelis moRvaweobis<br />

wlebad nagulisxmebi dro. mose IX saukunis I naxevris moRvawed miiCneva. daaxloebiT am<br />

drois unda iyos somxuri wamebis aRniSnuli Zeglic.<br />

ilia abulaZe ar iziarebda n. marisa da iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas,<br />

rom qarTuli mokle redaqcia Targmnilia somxuri mokle teqstidan. qarTuls, ise<br />

rogorc somxursac urTierTTan Sepirispirebisas moepoveba rogorc zedmeti da<br />

danaklisi sityvebi, ise winadadebebic. magaliTad, qarTul TargmanSi sruliad araferia<br />

naTqvami SuSanikis aRsrulebis TariRis Sesaxeb, rac SesaZloa imiT iyos gamowveuli, rom<br />

dedanSi aRniSnuli TariRi qarTulze gadmoyvaniT ar uWerda mxars dasawyisSi<br />

mosaxseneblad gankuTvnil dRes _ 21 agvistos. qarTuli vrceli martvilobis teqstis<br />

saTanado adgilebs somxuri mokle martvilobis teqsti ufro uWers mxars, vidre<br />

qarTuli mokle martvilobis teqsti. qarTuli ramdenadme sxvagvari nusxis mokle wamebis<br />

Targmani Cans, vidre dResdReobiT cnobilia.<br />

erovnul-eklesiuri Tvalsazrisis SesamCnevi gamomJRaveba qarTulTan<br />

dapirispirebiT somxur literaturSi qarTul-somxuri saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg<br />

iwyeba, e. i. VII saukunidan. amitom SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom Tu am dromdis somxurad<br />

SuSanikis wameba iqneboda, igi igive iqneboda, rac qarTuli (ukanasknelis Targmani), yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, didad mainc ar unda gansxvavebuliyo qarTulisagan. misi gadakeTeba da<br />

somxur Tvalsazrisze gawyoba ki amis Semdeg, TandaTanobiT unda momxdariyo<br />

urTierTobis ganviTarebis Sesanamisad. amaze, sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, TviT Semonaxuli<br />

martvilobebis teqstebic migviTiTeben. maTi dapirispirebiTi Seswavlidan naTlad Cans,<br />

rom qarTulisagan daSoreba TandaTan xdeba (abulaZe 1938: 019-045).<br />

mecnieri qarTul-somxuri redaqciebis Sedarebis Semdeg savsebiT swor daskvnamde<br />

mivida: `qarTuli, Tavisi faqtobrivi mxaris zedmiwevniTi sisruliTa da siWarbiT, rac<br />

misi litonobisa anu kimenobis damadasturebelia, adrindelobis niSnebis<br />

matarebelicaa, xolo meore, somxuri, sadac es mxare, piriqiT, Sekvecilia da zogadi<br />

25

StrixebiT Semcvleli zedmiwevnilobisa da imave dros wina planze mowameobrivi qcevis<br />

damyenebelic, mermindelobas gviCvenebs~ (abulaZe 1938: 039) (xazi Cvenia — i. g.).<br />

samecniero literaturaSi araerTxel gaumaxvilebiaT yuradReba iakob xucesis<br />

Txrobis bunebriobaze, rasac, Cveni azriT, adasturebs Txzulebis dasawyisic: `da aw<br />

damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi~. qarTuli<br />

vrceli redaqciis amgvari Sesavali ivane javaxiSvils afiqrebinebda, rom iakobis Sroma<br />

warmoadgens meore nawils, SuSanikis aRsasrulis momTxrobels, xolo pirveli nawili,<br />

romelSic laparaki iqneboda misi bavSvobis Sesaxeb, avtors am SemTxvevaSi gangeb ar<br />

mouyvania (javaxiSvili 1945: 25).<br />

korneli kekeliZe ki werda: `SeiZleba es asec iyos, Tumca agiografiuli mwerlobis<br />

tradicias aseTi danawileba erTi mTliani nawarmoebisa ar sCvevia~ (xazi Cvenia — i. g.)<br />

(kekeliZe 1980: 115). maSasadame, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ubadlo mkvlevari<br />

gamoricxavda `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ teqstis I nawilis arsebobas. korneli kekeliZe<br />

mxolod hipoTezis saxiT gamoTqvamda varauds, rom SesaZloa iakobs dawerili hqonda<br />

raRac istoriuli Sroma, romelSic SuSanikis wamebis Sesaxeb gakvriT iyo laparaki, ise<br />

rogorc gakvriT ixseniebs mas mematiane. vinaidan aseTi gakvriTi moxseneba<br />

RirsSesaniSnavi pirovnebis mowamebrivi aRsasrulisa maSindel eklesiurad moazrovne da<br />

ganwyobil sazogadoebas cnobismoyvareobas uRizianebda, iakobma mere calke sagangebod<br />

an damtkicebiT, rogorc TviTon ambobs, aRwera misi martviloba (kekeliZe 1980: 115).<br />

sityva `damtkicebulad~ niSnavs `WeSmaritad~, `namdvilad~. Cveni azriT, SeiZleba<br />

avtori gulisxmobdes wmindanis Sesaxeb Sekrebili cnobebis dalagebulad, gawyobilad,<br />

saboloo saxiT gadmocemas. amgvari varaudis gamoTqmis saSualebas is garemoeba gvaZlevs,<br />

rom jer kidev III saukuneSi, roca Sewyvetila qristianTa devna, dauwyiaT zrunva, rom<br />

erTad SeekribaT mowameTa, maTi wamebis adgilisa da drois Sesaxeb cnobebi da<br />

aResrulebinaT maTi xsenebani (tipikoni 1910: 306). mravali mowamis Sesaxeb SenarCunebuli<br />

iyo <strong>of</strong>icialuri oqmebi (romlebsac awarmoebdnen prokonsulis mdivnebi an<br />

prokuratura), sadac Sedioda braldeba, dakiTxva, mowameTa Cvenebebi, ganaCeni da<br />

msjavri. Cvenamde SemorCa ramdenime aseTi oqmi. magaliTad, wmida kviprianes Sesaxeb aqti,<br />

†258, xsenebis dRe 31 agvisto; aseve maT mier warmoebuli Ziebisa da sasamarTlos oqmebi, an<br />

kidev TviTmxilvel qristianTa Canawerebi, rimelTac awarmoebdnen uSualod maTi<br />

wamebisas, an maSinve, mowamis aRsrulebis Semdeg. am monacemebs Semdeg ajgufebdnen,<br />

alagebdnen. zogierT eklesiaSi yovelive amas daxvewili, sistematizirebuli saxe miuRia.<br />

IV saukuneSi ki adgilobriv eklesiebs SeuqmniaT TavianT mowameTa Tveni (tipikoni 1910:<br />

307).<br />

rogorc Cans, iakob curtaveli sagangebod krebda, agrovebda masalebs, romlebic<br />

wmida SuSanikis cxoreba-mowameobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. xucesi, rogorc ded<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

sulieri moZRvari da pitiaxSis ojaxTan daaxloebuli piri, ra Tqma unda, winaswar<br />

ganWvretda, Tu ra usiamovnebebis, tanjva-wamebis gadatana mouxdeboda ded<strong>of</strong>als<br />

gamazdeanebuli meuRlisagan. swored amitom, roca varsqenis sparseTidan dabrunebamde<br />

Seityo ded<strong>of</strong>lis eklesiis maxlobel senakSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb, moinaxula SuSaniki,<br />

TanaugrZno da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Seamzada kidec mosalodneli gansacdelis dasaTmenad:<br />

`Ruawlsa didsa Seslvad xar, ded<strong>of</strong>alo, ekrZale sarwmunoebasa qristÀssa, nuukue<br />

mterman, viTarca srsvilman, saZovari poos Sen Tana~ (Zeglebi 1963: 13). ded<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

sityvebidan xucesma Seityo, rom wmida SuSaniki mzad iyo tanjvaTa gadasatanad.<br />

Txzulebidan naTlad SeigrZnobs mkiTxveli, ra saocari SiSi gamefebula varsqenis<br />

sapitiaxSoSi: `da varq me sanatrelsa mas xvaSiadad-re: _ viTar gegulebis miTxar me<br />

raÁTa uwyodi da aRvwero SromaÁ Seni~ (Zeglebi 1963: 14). savaraudoa, rom ded<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

gadawyvetilebis uryevobaSi darwmunebul xucess imTaviTve ganuzraxavs Seegrovebina da<br />

Semdeg saTanadodo, gaemarTa wmida SuSanikis mowameobrivi cxovrebis amsaxveli masala.<br />

Txzulebis dasawyisSive avtori gadmoscems varsqenis sparseTSi gamgzavrebisa da<br />

misi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da iqve SeniSnavs: `da colad misa iyo asuli vardanisi, somexTa<br />

spaÁpetisaÁ, romlisaTÂs ese mivwere Tquenda, mamisagan saxeliT vardan, da siyuaruliT<br />

saxeli misi SuSanik...~ (Zeglebi 1963: 11). `romlisaTÂs ese mivwere Tquenda~ SeiZleba ori<br />

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gavigoT: 1. rom am pirovnebis, vardanis asulis gamo dauweria<br />

`ese~, anu es Txzuleba; `Tquenda~, anu TqvenTvis, mrevlisTvis, eklesiaSi wasakiTxad; an 2.<br />

SesaZloa, avtors masalis Sekrebisas epistoleTi miumarTavs im piris an pirebisaTvis,<br />

romlebmac zedmiwevniT zustad icodnen wmida SuSanikis warmomavlobasa da bavSvobasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli detalebic ki. safiqrebelia, rom man miagno swored aseT SetyobinebaSi,<br />

pasuxSi cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom Tavdapirvelad wmindanisaTvis `vardani~ daurqmeviaT,<br />

xolo Semdeg siyvaruliT, m<strong>of</strong>erebiT uwodebiaT misTvis `SuSanik~.<br />

26

Cven viziarebT ediSer WeliZis mier gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss, rom cnoba _ SuSaniki<br />

iyo `moSiSi RmrTisaÁ siyrmiTgan TÂsiT~, imdenad zogadi, imdenad sayovelTao miTiTebaa<br />

nebismier wmindanTan dakavSirebiT, rom saubari iakobis mier SuSanikis yrmobis<br />

sagangebod aRweris Sesaxeb uSedego Cans, radgan yvelaze mokle SetyobinebaSic ki<br />

hagiografs SeeZlo (da SeiZleba iTqvas, evaleboda kidec), xazi gaesva SuSanikis<br />

RvTismoSiSebaze adreuli asakidanve (amgvari xazgasma xSirad iCens Tavs wmindanTa<br />

Sesaxeb daweril yvelaze mokle hagiografiul, Tundac sakuTriv svinaqsarul<br />

sakiTxavebSi) (WeliZe 2005: 45).<br />

iakob xucesi wmida SuSanikis Tanamedrovea, iseve rogorc mrevli, romelsac<br />

uyveboda wmida SuSanikis mowameobrivi Rvawlis Sesaxeb. `vTquT~ niSnavs ara erTi piris<br />

mier Tqmuls, aramed ramdenime adamianisas. maSasadame, wmida SuSanikis aRniSnuli<br />

Tvisebis Sesaxeb sxvebmac icodnen, rac bunebrivia, radgan bavSvoba netar SuSaniks<br />

varsqen pitiaxSis mamis sasaxlis karze gautarebia.<br />

revaz siraZis TvalsazrisiT, `SuSanikis wameba~ TviTon Seicavs cnobebs, romelTa<br />

mixedviT, sruliad cxadia, rom masze adrec unda arsebuliyo sxva Zeglebi qarTuli<br />

qristianuli mwerlobisa. mravalgzis yuradRebuli fraza _ SuSaniki iyoo `moSiSi<br />

RmrTisaÁ, viTarca-igi vTqviT, siyrmiTgan TÂsiT~ _ gulisxmobs raRac sxva nawarmoebs da<br />

ara amave nawarmoebis TiTqosda dakargul Sesavals. Tu ra saxis unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo es<br />

nawarmoebi, romelSic saubari iqneboda bavSvobidanve SuSanikis RvTismoSiSobaze, amis<br />

Sesaxeb sxvadasxva varaudi arsebobs. misi azriT, aq unda igulisxmebodes saflavispira<br />

sakiTxavi anu enkomia — epitafia, romelic unda warmoeTqva SuSanikis dakrZalvisas<br />

iakobs, viTarca mis sulier moZRvars, romelsac marTebda sikvdilisSemdgom wesTa<br />

aRsruleba sasaxlis episkopos afocTan erTad. bunebrivia, rom amgvar enkomiaSi<br />

yuradReba gamaxvilebuliyo SuSanikis bavSvobisdroindel ambebze, romelTa momswre<br />

TviTon iakobi iyo (xazi Cvenia — i. g.). es sakiTxavi daiwereboda SuSanikis kanonizaciamde<br />

(anu wmindanad Seracxvamde), xolo `wameba~ kanonizaciis Semdeg Seiqmneboda.<br />

sakiTxavTa Janrs am droisaTvis ukve garkveuli tradiciebi hqonda, rom araferi<br />

vTqvaT bizantiur mwerlobaze, am mxriv, TviT `SuSanikis wamebis~ cnobebic sayuradReboa.<br />

im dros ukve arsebula qarTuli `samartvileni~ anu mowameTa mosaxsenebeli adgilebi,<br />

romlebic varsqenis mamasac augia. samartvileni ki sadResaswaulo sakiTxavebs<br />

saWiroebdnen~ (siraZe 1997: 4-5).<br />

maSasadame, revaz siraZis TvalsazrisiT, fraza `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen<br />

aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi~ ar iZleva saSualebas gamoiTqvas varaudi<br />

dakarguli Sesavali nawilis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, Cven ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas,<br />

TiTqos xucess ekuTvnodes sxva nawarmoebic, kerZod, enkomia, romelSic yuradReba<br />

gamaxvildeboda wmida SuSanikis bavSvobisdroindel ambebze. enkomia aris qeba, Sesxma,<br />

xotba, romelic warmoiTqmeboda wmindanTa gansadideblad saeklesio dResaswaulebze.<br />

Tundac Seqmniliyo enkomia, masSi ver aisaxeboda wmindanis bavSvobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

ambebi. sasuliero literaturaSi ar arsebobs faqti wmindanis bavSvobis, an bavSvuri<br />

qcevebis amsaxveli epizodebis gadmocemisa. `kolael yrmaTa wamebaSic~ TviTon wamebis<br />

faqtzea avtoris mier yuradReba gamaxvilebuli da ara wmindanTa bavSvobaze, an sxva<br />

ambebze, romlebic maT bavSvur Tavgadasavals asaxavda. saxarebaSi araferia moTxrobili<br />

TviT qristes bavSvobis Sesaxebac. sasuliero literaturis mTavari gmirebi sulieri<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>is sakmaod rTul gzas gadian. bavSvobidanve RvTismoSiSoba erT-erTi Tvisebaa<br />

wmindanebisa. grigol xanZTelis Sesaxeb wers hagiografi, rom `siCCoÁTganve RvinoÁ da<br />

Ãorci ara SeÃda pirsa missa~ (Zeglebi 1963: 249). miuxedavad imisa, rom moculobiT<br />

sakmaod vrceli nawarmoebia, `wmida grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ ar aris moTxrobili<br />

wmida grigolis bavSvobasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi, rac savsebiT bunebrivia.<br />

iakob xucesi icavs da agrZelebs wmindanis mowameobis faqtebTan, aseve mis<br />

gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebeli movlenebis daTariRebis gadmocemis tradicias. igi<br />

zustad uTiTebs varsqenis sparseTSi gamgzavrebis TariRs: `iyo mervesa welsa sparsaTa<br />

mefisasa, karad samefod waremarTa varsqen pitiaxSi~ (Zeglebi 1963: 11). varsqenis qmedebam<br />

gamoiwvia wmida SuSanikis mowameobis rTul gzaze Sedgoma. hagiografi Txzulebis bolos<br />

zustad uTiTebs wmindanis mowameobisa da aRsasrulis TariRebs: `da ars dasabami<br />

tanjvaTa maT wmidisa SuSanikisTaÁ TTuesa apnisisasa, mervesa TTÂsasa da dResa<br />

oTxSabaTsa, da meored guemaÁ misi Semdgomad aRvsebisa zatiksa, dResa oTxSabaTsa, da<br />

kualad tanjvaÁ vardobisa TTuesa aTcxrametsa da aRsrulebaÁ misi TTuesa okdonbersa<br />

aTCvidmetsa saxsenebelsa wmidaTa maT da sanatrelTa mowameTa kozman da damianÀsTa~<br />

(Zeglebi 1963: 28-28). rogorc Cans, im eklesiaSi, romelSic daaweses wmida SuSanikis<br />

xsenebis dRe da sadac iakob xucesi atarebda RvTismsaxurebas, unda arsebuliyo Tveni,<br />

romelSic Seitandnen ganwesebul saxsenebels.<br />

27

`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ teqstSivea daculi cnoba, Tu rogor daukrZalavT<br />

wmindani. `da maSin-Ra episkoposTa maT orTave, ioane da afoc, viTarca ÃarTa mÃneTa<br />

dauRlvilTa zesknelisa mis fasisaTa, yovliT krebuliTurT fsalmuniTa sulieriTa da<br />

kerovniTa aRnTebuliTa da sakumeveliTa sulneliTa aRvixueniT patiosanni Zualni da<br />

gamovixueniT wmidasa mas eklesiasa. da davhkrZaleniT wmidani igi da didebulni da<br />

pativcemulni nawilni wmidisa SuSanikisni ganmzadebulsa mas adgilsa. da mas Ramesa<br />

angelozTa saxed RamÀ igi ganvaTieT da daviTis qnariTa miT yovlad Zliersa RmerTsa da<br />

Zesa missa ufalsa Cuensa iesu qristesa vadidebdiT, romeli yovliTa yovelTa mimarT<br />

SemZlebel ars. da ganamÃnis mamanica da dedanica da TÂsTa maT TÂsi igi Zlierebisa ZlevaÁ<br />

mohmadlis yovelTa, romelni eZieben mas erTiTa guliTa~ (xazi Cvenia — i. g.) (Zeglebi 1963:<br />

28). hagiografis TqmiT, fsalmunTa galobiT daukrZalavT wmida SuSaniki `ganmzadebulsa<br />

mas adgilsa~.<br />

iakob xucesis Txzuleba imTaviTve saRvTismsaxuro daniSnulebisaTvis Seqmnila.<br />

Sermadin onianis TqmiT, `SuSanikis mowameobriv sikvdils didi gavlena mouxdenia<br />

Tanamedroveebze. qarTulma eklesiam is maSinve erovnul wmindanad Seracxa, daawesa misi<br />

saxsenebeli (oniani 1978: 8).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom wmindanis xsenebasTan dakavSirebuli zeimi imarTeboda saerTo<br />

ziarebisas. `RvTismsaxurebisas warmoiTqmeboda wamebuli mowamis Sesaqebi sityva da<br />

kiTxulobdnen mis wamebas~ (tipikoni 1910: 312). mas Semdeg, rac mRvdeli aRasrulebda<br />

RvTismsaxurebas, ikiTxeboda wmindanis mowameobis Sesaxeb mis saflavTan, an mis saxelze<br />

agebul eklesiaSi. srulebiT bunebrivad JRers `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisi _ `da<br />

aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tqven~, anu axla ki `damtkicebulad~, WeSmaritad mogiTxrobT<br />

Tqven wmindanis aRsasrulis Sesaxeb. iakob xucesma, mas Semdeg rac Caatara<br />

RvTismsaxureba imJamindeli yvela wesis dacviT, saTanado sakiTxavebis wakiTxvis Semdeg<br />

mrevls mouTxro wmindanis mowameobis ambavi.<br />

is faqti, rom `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisi `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra<br />

Tquen...~ ar arsebobs somxur redaqciebSi da arc mogviano xanis qarTul svinaqsarul<br />

redaqciebSi, mowmobs, rom Txzuleba V saukuneSia Seqmnili wmindanis Tanamedrove<br />

xucesis mier, romelic savsebiT bunebrivi fraziT iwyebs teqsts imJamindeli<br />

saRvTismsaxuro praqtikis Sesabamisad.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi dasawyisi aqvs `abibos nekreselis wamebasac~: `xolo jerars<br />

mcired Suva SemoviRoT ÃsenebaÁ wmidisa da ubiwoÁsa mRdelTmoZRurisa da mowamisaÁ~<br />

(Zeglebi 1963: 240). `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisSive aRniSnuli `da aw~, anu axla ki,<br />

amJamad da `abibos nekreselis wamebis~ dawyeba sityvebiT `xolo jer-ars~ anu axla ki aris<br />

dro, rom daiwyo mowamis Sesaxeb Txroba, miuTuTebs wmindanis xsenebis Jamis dadgomas<br />

eklesiaSi.<br />

Cveni azriT, `da~ kavSiriT qadagebis dawyeba srulebiT bunebrivia da `wmida<br />

SuSanikis martvilobis~ somxuri vrceli redaqciisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia, oRond<br />

sxvagvari gagrZelebiT: `da iyo Jamsa mefobisa sparsaÁsa pitiaxSi vinme s<strong>of</strong>lisa mis<br />

qarTlisaÁ, romlisa saxeli vazgen, ZÀ aSuSa pitiaxSisaÁ, romeli waremarTa karad<br />

samefod, uvar yo qristeanobaÁ da iqmna sparsTa Sjulisa nebsiT da ara iZulebiT, gina<br />

mZlavrobiT~ (abulaZe 1938: 3).<br />

`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ somxuri vrceli, mokle, svinaqsaruli da qarTuli mokle,<br />

aseve svinaqsaruli redaqciebi uSualod ambis TxrobiT iwyeba, xolo qarTuli vrceli<br />

redaqcia maTTan SedarebiT uZvelesia da bunebrivad asaxavs imJamindeli saRvTismsaxuro<br />

praqtikis elementebsac.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

abulaZe 1938: abulaZe i. iakob curtaveli. martvilobaÁ SuSanikisi. qarTuli da somxuri<br />

teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva, variantebi, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo ilia<br />

abulaZem. tf.: 1938.<br />

kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I, Tb.: 1980.<br />

mari 1900: Марр Н. Агиографические материалы по грузинским рукописям Ивера. Часть первая. Описание<br />

пяти пергаментныхъ рукописей. С.-Петербург: 1900.<br />

oniani 1978: oniani S. iakob xucesis `wamebaÁ wmidisa SuSanikisi~. Tb.: 1978.<br />

siraZe 1997: siraZe r. `wmida ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa. Tb.: 1997.<br />

tipikoni 1910: Толковый Типиконъ. Объяснительное изложенiе Типикона съ историческимъ введенiемъ.<br />

Составилъ Профессор Киевской Духовной Академии Михаил Скабалановичъ. Выпускъ I, Киевъ:<br />

1910.<br />

28

Zeglebi 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni I (V-X ss.). dasabeWdad<br />

moamzades il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c.<br />

Wankievma da c. jRamaiam ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT da redaqciiT. Tb.: 1963.<br />

Zeglebi 1968: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni IV, svinaqsaruli<br />

redaqciebi (XI-XIII ss.). gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo enriko<br />

gabiZaSvilma. Tb.: 1968.<br />

WeliZe 2005: WeliZe e. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio literatura. Zeglebi Targmna, gamosacemad<br />

moamzada da sqolioebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem. I, moskovis wminda giorgis saxelobis<br />

qarTuli eklesia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `axali ivironi~, 2005.<br />

javaxiSvili 1921: javaxiSvili iv. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. Tb.: 1921.<br />

javaxiSvili 1945: javaxiSvili iv. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. meore Sevsebuli<br />

gamocema. Tb.: 1945.<br />

Ia Grigalashvili<br />

The Beginning Of "The Martyrdom Of the Holy Queen Shushanik"<br />

Summary<br />

At the beginning <strong>of</strong> the vast <strong>Georgian</strong> redaction <strong>of</strong> ''The Martyrdom <strong>of</strong> the Holy Queen Shushanik" Jacob<br />

Tsurtaveli declares:"Let me I pray, tell you <strong>of</strong> a surety about the decease <strong>of</strong> the holy and blessed Queen<br />

Shushanik".Some critics considered that the author had described the childhood <strong>of</strong> the Saint Shushanik before he<br />

wrote "The Martyrdom Of The Saint Shushanik".<br />

It is important that hagiographic works had been read in the church.After the matins the priest read the<br />

Martyrdom or the Life <strong>of</strong> the Saint. To my mind the priest Jacob after the matins began to read the story about<br />

the martyrdom <strong>of</strong> the Saint Shushanik.So the work begins with such words:"Let me I pray, tell you <strong>of</strong> a surety<br />

about the decease..."As for the words "Shushanik as I have already said was pious and Godfearing as a<br />

child",we may understand that Jacob as a priest <strong>of</strong>ten talked with the members <strong>of</strong> the parish about the Saint<br />

Shushanik.He was collected the notices about the Saint.He collected written and verbal notices.After that Jacob<br />

Tsurtaveli wrote a true story about the Saint Shushanik.<br />

In the vast redaction <strong>of</strong> "The Martyrdom Of The Holy Queen Shushanik"there are nicely reflected the<br />

elements <strong>of</strong> the oldest <strong>Georgian</strong> liturgy.<br />

siuJetur-kompoziciuri Sablonebi iovane damaskelisa da<br />

kozman ierusalimelis da wminda paxomiosis `cxovrebebSi~<br />

irina javaxaZe<br />

agiografiuli mwerloba sasuliero mwerlobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dargia.<br />

masSi aRwerili wmindanTa cxovreba-martvilobani sazogadoebisaTvis zneobrivi<br />

magaliTis mimcemi iyo, amitomac iqmneboda da iTargmneboda isini sxvadasxva enebze.<br />

Tanamedrove filologia da literaturaTmcodneoba, rusi mecnieris d. lixaCovis azriT,<br />

mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs sxvadasxva qveynis literaturaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi<br />

meTodiT Seswavlasa da kvlevas (lixaCovi 1963: 61), rac TavisTavad xels uwyobs<br />

literaturaTa Soris struqturul, siuJetur-kompoziciur msgavseba-gansxvavebaTa<br />

dadgenas. k. kekeliZec statiaSi `qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli paralelebi~<br />

saubrobs bizantiuri mwerlobis mier jer kidev winametafrasul xanaSi SemuSavebul<br />

garkveul sqemebze, Sablonebze, romlebic Semdgom savaldebulo gaxda bizantiurkulturul<br />

samyarosTan dakavSirebuli yvela xalxis mwerlobaSi (kekeliZe 1945: 99).<br />

Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi fexi moikida originaluri da<br />

naTargmni agiografiuli Txzulebebis Zveli qarTuli teqstebidan maT Tanamedrove<br />

sametyvelo enaze gadmocemam. am muSaobam gamovlineba hpova rogorc saeklesio, ise<br />

samecniero literaturaSi. saeklesio literaturis sferodan Cven magaliTisaTvis<br />

SeiZleba davasaxeloT 2006 wels patriarqis locva-kurTxeviT dekanoz zaqaria maCitaZis<br />

29

mier or wignad gamocemuli `wmidaTa cxovrebani~. krebulis Semdgenlis TvalTaxedviT,<br />

ramdenadac wmindanTa cxovrebani eklesiebSi ikiTxeboda maTi xsenebis dReebSi, rac<br />

TavisTavad moiTxovda kalendarul Tanmimdevrobas, dasaxelebuli krebulic am<br />

principiT iyo Sedgenili. avtoris azriT, `yvela saTnomy<strong>of</strong>eli~ rom gaecno<br />

sazogadoebas, amisTvis saWiro iyo wmindanTa cxovrebis Sedgena-gamokreba, rogorc<br />

Zveli qarTuli teqstebidan maT Tanamedrove sametyvelo enaze gadmocemis, aseve rusuli<br />

svinaqsaruli cxovrebidan Semoklebuli Targmanis saxiT (maCitaZe 2006: 5-6).<br />

rac Seexeba samecniero literaturas, am mxriv SeiZleba dasaxeldes l.<br />

kvirikaSvilis mier gamocemuli oTxtomeuli `bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia~. es<br />

gamocemac miznad isaxavs bizantiuri mwerlobis Tanamedrove qarTul enaze<br />

gadmoTargmnasa da qarTveli mkiTxvelisadmi gacnobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom krebulSi ar<br />

Sesula iseT did moRvaweTa cnobili Txzulebebis aw ukve Zvel qarTulad gamocemuli<br />

Targmanebi, rogorebic arian basili didi, iovane oqropiri, aTanase aleqsandrieli.<br />

wignis avtoris TvalsazrisiT, krebulis Sedgenis dros mTavari iyo Janrobrivi<br />

mravalferovnebis dacva da arcTu ise cnobil ZeglTa saSualebiT epoqis mxatvrul da<br />

zogad socialur-istoriul saidumloTa wvdomis principebis asaxva.<br />

naSromSi miznad visaxavT erTmaneTs SevadaroT siuJetur-kompoziciuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelisa (iovane damaskelis da kozman<br />

ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 19-44) da wminda paxomiosis `cxovrebani~ (wminda paxomiosis<br />

cxovreba 1993: 7-17), romelTa teqstebze muSaobisas vixelmZRvaneleT l. kvirikaSvilis<br />

mier gamocemuli dasaxelebuli qrestomaTiiT (kvirikaSvili 1993).<br />

rac Seexeba iovane damaskels, igi iyo VII-VIII s-is didi religiuri moRvawe. mis kalams<br />

ekuTvnis mravali saRvTismetyvelo Sroma, sagalobeli, mwvaleblobis winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTuli epistole da apologia. iovane damaskelis naSromebs Soris gamorCeuli<br />

adgili uWiravs `codnis wyaros~, romelic sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. cnobilia, rom `iovane<br />

damaskelis cxovreba~ qarTulad iTargmna efrem mciris mier da miuxedavad imisa, rom am<br />

TargmanSi gaerTianebulia `iovane damaskelisa da kozman maiumelis cxovreba~, Targmanis<br />

zedwerilSi kozman maiumeli ar ixsenieba. xolo Tavad l. kvirikaSvili qarTuli teqstis<br />

gamoqveynebisas emyareboda a. papadopulis-keramevsis mier berZnulad gamoqveynebul<br />

`iovanesa da kozmanis cxovrebis~ redaqcias (kvirikaSvili 1993: 18).<br />

xolo rac Seexeba wminda paxomioss, igi aris III saukunis sasuliero moRvawe,<br />

dabadebuli q. TebaidaSi. wminda paxomi antoni didTan, makari da eqvTime didTan erTad<br />

iTvleba meudabnoobisa da samonastro cxovrebis erT-erT damaarseblad egvipteSi.<br />

`wminda paxomiosis cxovrebas~, romlis nawili warmodgenilia `qrestomaTiaSi~, ewodeba<br />

paxomiosis ~pirveli cxovreba~, romelic daSorebulia uadresi hagiografiuli<br />

Txzulebebis sqemas. Tavad krebulis Semdgeneli am teqstze muSaobisas efuZneboda 1932<br />

wels f. alkenis mier gamocemul `Sancti Pachomii Vitae Graecae~-s (kvirikaSvili 1993: 6).<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom ZeglebSi srulad ar aris warmodgenili is aucilebeli<br />

komponentebi, romlisganac Sedgeba esa Tu is agiografiuli nawarmoebi, maTSi ambis<br />

Txroba ufro wyvetilad aris mocemuli, magram es xarvezebi, mkvlevris azriT,<br />

ganpirobebuli unda iyos redaqciuli Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, saidanac Semdeg<br />

iTargmna qarTulad. SeZlebisdagvarad iqneba cda, warmovaCinoT dasaxelebul<br />

nawarmoebebs Soris arsebuli siuJetur-kompoziciuri Taviseburebani, msgavsebagansxvavebani.<br />

1) agiografiuli TxzulebebisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, damaxasiaTebelia<br />

nawarmoebis dasawyisSi an boloSi Txzulebis Seqmnis drois aRniSvna, agreTve wmindanis<br />

aRsasrulis daTariReba. xSirad aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac avtori asaxelebs Tavis<br />

vinaobasac, magram aRniSnul elementebs ver vawydebiT Cven mier warmodgenil<br />

literaturul ZeglebSi, rac, rogorc iTqva, redaqciuli xarvezebiT unda iyos<br />

gamowveuli.<br />

2) avtorTa Tavmdabloba mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens agiografiul<br />

TxzulebebSi. igi erTgvari moridebiT gamoxatavs wmindanis moRvaweobis aRweris<br />

survils, xazs usvams Tavis umweobas am sapasuxismgeblo saqmis wamowyebaSi. `iovane<br />

damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~ agiografi iTxovs Sendobas<br />

wmindanisasgan da Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs mas: `es gadmogeca Cvengan, yovlad<br />

unetareso mamao, ara Rirsebisamebr, aramed SeZlebisdagvarad. xolo Sen zegardmo<br />

mogvxedavde Cven, Tu mravalTa da didTa saswaulTagan SenTa mciredi SevkribeT<br />

gulmodgineTaTvis da rogorc simdidre SemovinaxeT. magram, o, samgzis netaro mamao,<br />

romelic hxedav ara sityvis uZlurebas, aramed Sendami trfobas, Seiwynare Cvengan<br />

gasrulebuli Sroma Seiwynare es mciredi da gazome igi vedrebiT Sendami~ (iovane<br />

damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 44).<br />

30

3) agiografTagan miTiTeba da dasaxeleba im wyaroebisa, romelze dayrdnobiTac<br />

xdeba wmindanis cxovrebis aRwera, gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens agiografiul<br />

nawarmoebebSi. `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebis~ agiografi aRniSnavs, rom `ZvelTa mamaTagan,<br />

karga xans rom axlo urTierToba hqondaT masTan, SevityveT es ambavi, romelsac isini<br />

saRvTo werilis sityvebis Semdeg hyvebodnen xSirad. ver SevZlebdiT, aRgvewera meti wili<br />

imisa, rac movismineT, - amitom nawil-nawil mogiTxrobT~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba<br />

1993: 10).<br />

4) agiografiul TxzulebebSi siyrmeSi wmindanTa gamorCeulobas friad<br />

mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. es gansakuTrebuloba ki aisaxeba maT socialur da erovnul<br />

warmomavlobaze, siyrmiseul midrekilebebze swavlisa da religiisadmi, agreTve sxva<br />

cxovrebiseuli detalebis mimarT. am mxriv SedarebiT mwir informacias vawydebiT iovane<br />

damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelisa da wminda paxomiosis `cxovrebebSi~. magram,<br />

miuxedavad amisa, SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT es damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi:<br />

a) `iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~ TiTqmis srulad aris<br />

warmodgenili wmindanTa erovnuli da socialuri warmomavloba. kozman ierusalimels<br />

`samSoblod eqmna kunZuli kreta, romelzedac iSva~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman<br />

ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 19). iovane damaskelze ki avtori SeniSnavs, rom damaskos<br />

mTavars, mansurs `ufladac saxeldebuls samarcxvinod, hyavda Rirseuli Ze, daaxloebiT<br />

Tormeti wlisa~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 20), anu,<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba iovanes aristokratuli, didgvarovnuli warmomavloba.<br />

xolo wminda paxomiosi `warmoSobiT elini iyo, Tebeli~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba<br />

1993: 7), warmarTul ojaxSi dabadebuli. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom paxomioss devnian<br />

warmarTuli salocavidan, rac iwvevs mSobelTa SeSfoTebas Svilis `urwmunoebis~ gamo.<br />

da mxolod garkveuli periodis Semdeg, rodesac igi gaTvicnobierdeba qristianul<br />

moZRvrebaSi, igi inaTleba. TiTqmis analogiur movlenaTa mimdinareobas vawydebiT<br />

`efrem asuris cxovrebaSic~. efremic ibadeba warmarTul ojaxSi, sadac uxdeba Serkineba<br />

mSoblebis warmarTul ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobasTan, ris gamoc gamoZevebuli iqna ojaxidan.<br />

efrem asuric inaTleba cota mogvianebiT, kerZod, mas Semdeg, rac daewafeba da<br />

Seiswavlis qristianul moZRvrebas (efrem asuris cxovreba 1975: 211-212).<br />

b) wmindanebi gamoirCevian swavlis mimarT gansakuTrebuli midgomiT. am TvisebiT<br />

dajildoebulia agreTve iovane damaskeli. mas `qristes Sesaxeb wminda maxarebelTa<br />

moZRvrebis kiTxva da mosmena didad saamod da sawadinod hqonda. moZRvaric Sin hpova, mas<br />

Semdeg, rac Seevedra Tavis mamas, samarTliani kacisaTvis daemowafebina, ...maswavleblis<br />

swavleba Seiwynara da maswavlebelma — ufro didi qeba, radgan yrmas axarebda mecadineoba<br />

udidesi mowadinebiT, cxebuls swavlis trfialebis zeTiT. ...ase rom, mokle xanSi<br />

yovelmxriv maswavleblis swori Seiqmna. daucxromlad swavlobda saRvTo rjuls dRisiT<br />

da RamiT, fxizlad da bejiTad~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba<br />

1993: 20-21).<br />

g) wmindanebi gamoirCevian, agreTve, siyrmeSi Rrma religiurobiT, RvTis moSiSobiT.,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad iovane damaskeli ar iyo qristiani da am moZRvrebas<br />

uefleboda kozman ierusalimelTan, `RvTaebrivi kozmani mowame iyo sakvirveli iovanes<br />

moSiSobis da mxurvale rwmenis, Seagonebda, aswavlida da unergavda sarwmunoebisaTvis<br />

imas, rac unda moemoqmeda, urCevda — marxva Seenaxa da urwmunoebTan urTierTobisagan<br />

Tavi Seekavebina~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 22).<br />

d) uflisagan siyrmeSi wmindanTa winaswar gamorCeva da xeldasma metyvelebs kidev<br />

erTxel wmindanTa gansakuTrebulobaze da aseTi SemTxvevebi friad gavrcelebulia<br />

agiografiul TxzulebebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc iovane damaskeli da arc wminda<br />

paxomiosi ar iyvnen dabadebidan qristianebi, maT bunebaSi ufalma gamoarCia is Tviseba,<br />

romelsac Semdgom daefuZna qristianuli rwmena. magaliTad, `Caagona RmerTma utkbes<br />

iovanes marTali rwmena. winaswar icnobda mis wminda, saRvTo da sarwmuno bunebas da im<br />

sagaloblebiT RvTismetyvelad gamoaCina, aswavla sityvierad saRvTismetyvelo<br />

saidumloTa wvdoma~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 23).<br />

xolo paxomiosi `SfoTavda masTan my<strong>of</strong>Ta sawuxariT sakacobrio siamtkbilobisaTvis da<br />

guls stkenda sxvagvari uwesrigobac da es RvTis madli iyo, radgan siymawviliTve friad<br />

etrfoda umankoebas~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 8).<br />

5) ucxo aRmsareblobis mqone adamianTa qristianul rwmenaze gadmosvlis,<br />

qristianuli moZRvrebiT moxibvlis faqts vxvdebiT `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebaSi~.<br />

wminda paxomiosis cxovrebis gzis am monakveTs gadian TiTqos evstaTi mcxeTeli da abo<br />

Tbilelic. TxzulebaSi paxomiosi qristianobiT interesdeba mas Semdeg, rac ixilavs<br />

qristian winamZRvarTa Sepyrobas da maTze sxva qristiani moRvaweebisagan daxmarebis<br />

xelis gawodebas. wmindanma `gamoikiTxa amis Taobaze da Seityo, rom qristianebi<br />

31

Semwynarebelni arian ucxosa da yvelas mimarT. da meored euwyeba, ras niSnavs qristiani<br />

da eubneba mas: `kacni arian da qristes saxels atareben, RvTis mxolodSobilis Zisas, da<br />

yovelsave keTils iqman yvelasaTvis misi imediT~.<br />

da esma ra esodeni madlis Sesaxeb, guli aRenTo RvTis SiSiT da sixaruliT. mcvelTa<br />

Soris gadainacvla, cisken ganipyrna xelni salocavad da warTqva: `RmerTo, Semoqmedo<br />

cisa da miwis, Tu moxilviT moixilav Cems modrekilobas, ris mizeziTac ar gicnob Sen,<br />

mxolos da WeSmarit RmerTs, da am wamebisa da dawretisagan damixsni, gmsaxureb surviliT<br />

samaradReod~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 8).<br />

6) wminda mamebs axasiaTebT xorcieli didebis, pativis uary<strong>of</strong>a. isini winaaRmdegni<br />

arian yovelgvari fufunebis, Raribebs urigeben mTel qonebas da TviTon eswrafvian<br />

ganmartoebas sulierebis amaRlebis da gawrTvnis mizniT. iovane damaskelma `mTeli<br />

sacxovrebeli, rac ki ram gaaCnda gardacvlil mansurs, Raribebs gaunawila damaskosa da<br />

mTels mis SemogarenSi ...<br />

simdidre da saxeli uaryo da gaxda mTlad RmerTis metrfe, datova monapovari da,<br />

aRtacebaSi moiyvana ra ierusalimi, rogorc vTqviT, mTeli miseuli simdidre qars<br />

gaatana~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 25). agreTve iovane,<br />

rodesac mixvda, rom `igi cnobilia da elis iq my<strong>of</strong>Tagan garduvalad saxelis dafarva,<br />

amitom daiviwya yoveli, uflis TanadgomiT gamovida monastridan, gaeqca fuW gandidebas<br />

da surda, mxolod RvTisTvis y<strong>of</strong>iliyo cnobili~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman<br />

ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 31).<br />

xolo rac Seexeba wminda paxomioss, `SfoTavda masTan my<strong>of</strong>Ta sawuxariT sakacobrio<br />

siamtkbilobisaTvis da guls stkenda sxvagvari uwesrigobac~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba<br />

1993: 8).<br />

7) agiografiul TxzulebebSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor cxovrebiseul gzas gadis<br />

wmindani uflis siyvarulisaTvis. igi Trgunavs sakuTar TavSi yovelgvar cTunebas da<br />

aris mudmiv sulier RvwaSi. mogvyavs erTi epizodi `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebidan~:<br />

moxuc gandegil palamonisTan erTad dayudebuli wminda paxomiosi `mocaleobiT<br />

iwrTvnebodnen locvad. saqme maTTvis sasityvelis rTva da qsova iyo. SromiT rom<br />

daiRlebodnen, ara Tavdasaxsnelad, aramed glaxakTa gulisTvis ixsenebdnen<br />

samociqulos. mRviZare moxuci Tu naxavda, rom Zili amZimebdaT, orniv gamovidodnen<br />

riyeze, mTis Ziras, da kalaTebiT gadahqondaT qviSa erTi adgilidan meoreze, rom<br />

moeqancaT sxeuli fxizlad locvisaTvis~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 9).<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom wminda moRvaweebi Semosilni arian Raribuli ZaZiT.<br />

magaliTad, paxomioss da mis Zmas iovanes `sabralobelTa da glaxakTa samosi emosaT,<br />

TiTqos manamde ar SeeZloT sxva ramis Cacma-daxurva, vidre am Zvels ar gairecxavdnen. da<br />

mamaÁ Cveni paxomiosi xSirad balnis ZaZas icvamda daglaxakebisaTvis xorcisa~ (wminda<br />

paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 12).<br />

msgavsad aris aRwerili kozman ierusalimelis Semosilobac. nawarmoebis mixedviT,<br />

kozmans `emosa mxolod qitoni da bewviani wamosasxamis naglejebi, rasac atarebda, roca<br />

damaskodan wamovida. ocdasam wels imy<strong>of</strong>ina es qitoni gauxdelad da gamoucvlelad~<br />

(iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 41).<br />

wminda mamebi `cxovrebebSi~ mowameTa msgavsad acxadeben mzady<strong>of</strong>nas mowamebriv<br />

cxovrebaze uflisa da rwmenis erTgulebis niSnad. am mzady<strong>of</strong>naze metyvelebs `wminda<br />

paxomiosis cxovrebaSi~ moxuci gandegilis, palamonis is qmedeba: palamonisi<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis Jams mcirediT ikvebeboda. sulierma Zmebma ki urCies ukeT gaxdomis mizniT<br />

mieRo meti sakvebi. magram, miuxedavad amisa, ukeTesoba ar SeimCneoda, razec wminda mamam<br />

ganacxada: `Tu qristes mowameni aso-aso ikafebodnen, Tu maT Tavebs hkveTdnen, swvavdnen,<br />

xolo isini sikvdilamde Zalas ikrebdnen, rad unda SevukrTe ukninesi amagis debas, ris<br />

movaledac Tavi micvnia? xom dagijereT da vWame Wamadi, romelsac sulis mosaTqmeli<br />

gegonaT: veraferi margo. aha `Ruawlsa didsa Seslvad var~, romelsa Sina ars sruli Sveba,<br />

da ganvikurnebi, vinaTgan Rvawlsa amas viqm ara kacebrivad, aramed RmerTis Sesaferisad~<br />

(wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 11).<br />

xolo iovane damaskeli, rodesac sparseTis mefem, xosrom, Seipyro da dasaja,<br />

`RvTiskaci aseT borotebas umklavdeboda, ar dacemula, aramed madlobas swiravda<br />

sasurvel RmerTs. moTminebiT gadaitana mSvenieri asparezoba~ (iovane damaskelisa da<br />

kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 27).<br />

8) uflisagan wminda mamebs eZlevaT garkveuli davaleba, romelic usaTuod unda<br />

aRsruldes. am sulieri misiis Sesasruleblad ki isini ukve bavSvobaSive arian uflisagan<br />

gamorCeulni. wminda paxomioss sityvierad euwyeba uflisagan: `darCi aq da aage<br />

monasteri, WeSmaritad mravalni movlen SenTan, raTa berad aRikvecnen~ (wminda<br />

32

paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 11), da wminda moRvawec mosavda `sabermonazvno sqimiT~ misken<br />

mimavalT da Rirseulad tvirTulobda jvars.<br />

9) agiografiul TxzulebebSi xSirad vxvdebiT wmindanTa uflis, suliwmindis<br />

winamZRolobiT mgzavrobis SemTxvevebs. magaliTad, iovane damaskelma `ierusalimi<br />

qmnilebebiT daipyro, Tayvani sca wminda saflavs, iqidan suliwmindam uwinamZRvra~<br />

(iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 31), da sparseTs miaRwia.<br />

10) arcTu ise iSviaTobas warmoadgens wminda moRvaweTagan ymawvilTa damowafebis<br />

SemTxvevebi. isini sakuTar Tavze iReben aRsazrdelTa sulier ganaTlebas da aRzrdas.<br />

ase, magaliTad, `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~ damaskos<br />

mTavarma, sakuTari Svilis, iovanes aRzrda-ganaTleba da masze zrunva gadaabara kozman<br />

ierusalimels. kozmanma aiRo agreTve sakuTar Tavze mkvdreTiT aRmdgari yrmis aRzrda,<br />

romelic `SehRaRadebda wmindans, rom mas TavisTan hyoloda, daemowafebina, mfarveloba<br />

gaewia~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 33).<br />

`wminda paxomiosis cxovrebaSic~ moxuc gandegils, palamoniss `RviZl Svilad hyavda<br />

miRebuli paxomiosi~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 12), zrunavda masze da sulierad<br />

awrTobda.<br />

11) droTa ganmavlobaSi wminda mamebi, miuxedavad gandegiluri cxovrebisa, irgvliv<br />

ikreben sulier TanamoazreTa gunds. sulieri saZmos arsebobaze metyvelebs is faqti,<br />

rom wminda paxomiosma wamoiwyo ufro didi monastris Seneba im mizniT, rom `mieRoT ama<br />

s<strong>of</strong>lad maTken momavlebulni~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 12).<br />

eklesiaTa mSeneblobas Cven mier ganxilul nawarmoebebSic eTmoba garkveuli<br />

adgili. magaliTad, kozman ierusalimelma `aaSena taZari am wminda mowamis iovanes<br />

saxelze~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 42).<br />

xolo paxomiosma, mas Semdeg, rac miiRo uflisagan davaleba tabenesad wodebul<br />

adgilas monastris aSenebisa, palamonisTan erTad jer `aaSenes saxlaki, anu saydari<br />

mcire~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 11), xolo palamonisis gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

paxomiosma wamoiwyo ufro didi monastris Seneba.<br />

12) wmindanTa mimarT krZalva da usityvo morCileba axasiaTebT maT sulier Svilebs,<br />

mowafeebs. aseTi morCilebiT gamoirCeva `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis<br />

cxovrebaSi~ kozmanisagan mkvdreTiT aRdgenili giorgi, romelic `Semosa samonazvno<br />

sqimiT da daarqva grigoli, da gaxda igi yoveli iqauri mamis morCili, gulmodgined<br />

emsaxureboda da monurad aRasrulebda yvelafers, rasac ubrZanebdnen~ (iovane<br />

damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 34).<br />

krZalvasa da morCilebas iCens aseve wminda paxomiosi winamZRvris, palamonisis<br />

mimarT.<br />

13) wminda mamaTa erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aris agreTve Tavmdabloba. maT<br />

moRvaweobas laitmotivad gasdevs sakuTari Tavis ganqiqeba, mdabiod warmoCena. amis<br />

naTeli dasturia iovane damaskelis saqcieli, rodesac igi, ukve saxelmoxveWili moRvawe,<br />

Tavis damdablebis mizniT, daemowafeba erT moxucs dawyebiTi ganaTlebis misaRebad.<br />

suraTis naTlad warmoCenisaTvis movixmobT epizods: `moxuci wigns aswavlida mas,<br />

rogorc sTxova, daeTanxma da anbani aswavla. filos<strong>of</strong>osi, romelmac srulad miiRo<br />

elinuri ganaTleba da aRzrdis mwvervals miaRwia, swavlobda damarcvlas da iRebda<br />

dartymebs, nebiT Tavs aCvenebda ra uwignurad da uniWod. gvema siamovnebda, hbaZavda<br />

Tavis mbrZanebels, romelic RmerTi iyo da gankacda da sikvdilamde daimdabla Tavi.<br />

amrigad, am netarsac zRva hqonda sibrZnisa da gulisxmobisa, nebiT gaixada Tavi<br />

uwignuradac, raTa aq sircxviliT datanjuls, kidev ufro ganedidebina da aResrulebina<br />

mbrZaneblis mcneba RmerTTan miaxlebis lodinSi, pirveli iyo da nebiT isurva,<br />

gamxdariyo ukanaskneli, emsaxura da eswavla, nacvlad imisa, rom Tavad eswavlebina da<br />

misTvis emsaxuraT~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 29-30).<br />

kozman ierusalimelmac, rodesac SeamCnia misive dawerili sadResaswaulo kanonis<br />

SecdomiT galoba, moindoma sulier pirebze SeniSvnis micema, oRond, sakuTari vinaobis,<br />

rogorc kanonis SemTxzvelis, gauxmianeblad.<br />

14) wminda mamebs axasiaTebT TavianTi saqmianobisa da adgilsamy<strong>of</strong>elis damalva im<br />

motiviT, rom gaurbian adamianTa amao didebas, magram maTi namoRvawari mainc ar imaleba<br />

da yvelaferi gacxaddeba uflis mier.<br />

iovane damaskeli `sikeTiT cna RmerTma misi gangebisamebr, da urwmuno gvartomTa<br />

mozRvavebam sacnauri gaxada, radgan, uwinac iTqva, ar ZaluZs qalaqs dafarul iyos, roca<br />

Tavze gadmowolili mTis qveS mdebareobs~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis<br />

cxovreba 1993: 19). analogiuri saxarebiseuli sityvebiTve aris gadmocemuli iovane<br />

oqropirisa (aleqsandrieli 1986: 128) da Tevdosi didis `cxovrebebSi~ (cxovrebaÁ wmidisa<br />

Tevdosisi 1975: 186) uflisagan wmindanis Rvawlis gacxadebis Sesaxeb.<br />

33

xolo kozman ierusalimeli `sarwmunoebis sityvas Tesavs da suliwmindis madliT<br />

saswaulebs moimoqmedebs, romlebiTac cnobili xdeba mTel romSi, axlomdebare qveynebsa<br />

da qalaqebSi da gadawyvets, rom iqidanac unda wavides, raki gaurbis adamianTa amao<br />

didebas~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 42).<br />

15) agiografiul TxzulebebSi warmoCenilia, Tu rogor ganiTqvamen saxels<br />

wmindanebi ara marto maTi moRvaweobis arealSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac da Tu<br />

rogor miiswrafian mis sanaxavad mravalni da Txouloben kurTxevas.<br />

magaliTad, iovane damaskelma `moqalaqobiT saxeli gaiTqva qalaqis mkvidrTa,<br />

mTavarTa, mRvdelTmTavarTa da monazonTa Soris. yvelas Tvalwin saswaulad gadaiSala<br />

kacis sikeTe Sesacnobi da TvalsaCino; misken eSurebodnen codnis SesaZenad da TiToeuli<br />

misgan, rogorc dauSreteli wyarodan, sazrdoobda ara wyliT, aramed gulSi eRvrebodaT<br />

sixaruliT cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli sityva da sarwmunoebisaken miiqceodnen. danarCeni xalxi<br />

Sediodnen misi sityvis mosasmenad da sargeblobdnen; gulmodgineni kurTxevis Rirsnic<br />

gaxdnen, zogi kurTxevas da sargeblobas Rebulobda ra, didad naamebi brundeboda Tavis<br />

saxlSi~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 34).<br />

aseve didi pativiT miiRes kozman ierusalimeli sabas lavraSi sulierma Zmebma da<br />

misgan kurTxeva iTxoves.<br />

16) mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens cxovrebaTa Janris agiografiul<br />

TxzulebebSi sasuliero da saero wodebis pirebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis<br />

warmoCineba. sasuliero pirebi didi avtoritetiT sargebloben da pativiT miiRebian<br />

saero pirTa karze. `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSic~ wminda<br />

mamaTa Segonebebs gulisyuriT ismenen xelisufalni.<br />

sasuliero da saero pirTa urTierTobis saintereso SemTxvevas warmoadgens kozman<br />

ierusalimelsa da mefe konstantines Soris momxdari erTi incindenti. rodesac mefe<br />

konstantinemde miaRwia kozman ierusalimelis Rvawlis ambavma, moindoma wminda mamasTan<br />

misvla. eSmakiseulma Zalebma scades mefis Seferxeba, magram wmindanis mimarT didma<br />

rwmenam da ndobam saswaulebrivad gadaarCina mefe sikvdilisagan, ris Semdegac mefem<br />

kidev ufro didi gulisyuriT moismina kozman ierusalimelisagan mis mimarT gamoTqmuli<br />

Segoneba (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 36).<br />

aseTive didi pativi xvda iovane damaskels sparseTis mefis, xosros, karze.<br />

miuxedavad religiuri sxvaobisa, sparseTis mefem `Seiwynara, Seitkbo da xarobda<br />

mosmeniT~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 26).<br />

saero xelisufalni materialuradac exmarebian sasuliero pirebs. magaliTad, mefe<br />

konstantinem kozman ierusalimels `gaatana sakmaod didi sacxovrebeli, rac TvaliT<br />

mnaxvelisTvisac daujerebeli iyo~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis<br />

cxovreba 1993: 41).<br />

17) yuradReba gamaxvilebulia wminda mamaTa gardacvalebis, dakrZalvisa da glovis<br />

ritualze, radganac maT arsebiTi adgili eTmoba agiografiul ZeglebSi. Cven mier<br />

warmodgenil TxzulebebSi gardacvalebis scena ar aris gadmocemuli iseTi sisavsiTa da<br />

detalebis simravliT, rogorsac vxvdebiT, Tundac qarTul agiografiul TxzulebebSi.<br />

magaliTad, maTSi vrclad ar aris warmodgenili wminda mamaTa ziareba sikvdilamde,<br />

agreTve angelozTa dasis mikiTxva wmindanze sasufevelSi wasabrZaneblad da sxva.<br />

kozman ierusalimeli `SeuerTda mamaTa, moZRvarTa da mRvdelTmTavarTa ... da<br />

miicvala caTa karavSi, sxeuli miwas miando da suli RmerTs. yovlad patiosanma<br />

stefanosma, sabas lavris winamZRvarma da misma mowafeebma igalobes dasakrZalavi<br />

sagaloblebi, Tayvani sces da Rirseulad miiRes aiazma im Rirseulis sxeulze xelis<br />

mikarebiT, miasvenes igi saflavTan, rogorc auwya maT jer kidev cocxalma unetaresma.<br />

saflavi mas sakuTari xeliT amoeTxara. krZalviT damarxes~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman<br />

ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 43).<br />

18) avtoris mier wmindanis mimarT xotbis Sesxma da misi moRvaweobis gandideba<br />

agiografiuli Txzulebebis Tanmxlebi momentia. asea gandidebuli kozman ierusalimelis<br />

Rvawlic.<br />

wminda mamaTa cxovreba xom misabaZia yvelasaTvis, aki kozman ierusalimeli Tavadve<br />

aRniSnavs, rom gardasul wmindan moRvaweebze mibaZva aRavsebda mas axali energiiT: `me iq<br />

is gza gavasrule patiosani da wminda xatebisaTvis martvilTa da mamaTa, netari<br />

stefanosis da sxvaTa, gverdiT vdgebodiT, maTs mowamebriv gzas mivyvebodi, rac<br />

ganamtkicebda da Cems Camoyril xelebs xelaxali ZaliT avsebda~ (iovane damaskelisa da<br />

kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 38-39).<br />

19) samecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebulia is Sexeduleba, rom agiografiul<br />

mwerlobaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba wminda mamaTa Sedarebas bibliur<br />

winaprebTan da sxva wminda mamebTan.<br />

34

magaliTad, `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebis~ avtori SeniSnavs, rom paxomiosi<br />

`mravalJam morkinali demonebTan, WeSmaritebisaTvis moRvawe da moaspareze, msgavsad<br />

uwmindesi antonionis, ufals sTxovs Zelis ganfrTxobas, raTa dRedaRam mRviZare<br />

vdevnideo mterTa~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 15).<br />

xolo `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebis~ avtori iovanes<br />

adarebs moses: `meore mose, werda RvTiv mocemul sjulis kanons~(iovane damaskelisa da<br />

kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 26). agiografi agreTve aRniSnavs, rom iovane<br />

`hbaZavda Tavis mbrZanebels, romelic RmerTi iyo da gankacda da sikvdilamde daimdabla<br />

Tavi. amrigad am netarsac zRva hqonda sibrZnisa da gulisxmobisa, nebiT gaixada Tavi<br />

uwignuradac~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 30).<br />

saswaulTqmedebaTa aRwera, rogorc cnobilia, erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli<br />

motivia zogadad agiografiuli Janris literaturaSi. saswaulTmoqmedebaTa simarTleSi<br />

ar SeiZleboda aranairi eWvis Setana, radganac, r. siraZis azriT, ramdenadac<br />

agiografiul literaturas moeTxoveboda sruli WeSmaritebis gadmocema, saswaulebic<br />

religiuri TvalsazrisiT iseTive realobas warmoadgenda, rogorsac konkretulistoriuli<br />

faqtebi (siraZe 1975: 169). miuxedavad imisa, rom saswauli xdeba uflis ZaliT<br />

da nebiT, miwier samyaroSi saswaulTa qmnadobas xorci esxmeba da realizdeba wminda<br />

mamaTa meoxebiT.<br />

Cven mier warmodgenil iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelisa da wminda<br />

paxomiosis `cxovrebebSic~ saswaulTmoqmedebebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT da<br />

SevecdebiT maT aRwera-daxasiaTebas da klasificirebas.<br />

I saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia xilvebi da RvTaebrivi gamocxadebebi<br />

1) xilvebi cxadSi<br />

a) gavrcelebulia xilvaTa is saxeoba, rodesac wminda mamebs ecxadebaT angelozi da<br />

saTanado davalebas aZlevs aRsasruleblad. magaliTad, wminda paxomiosma locvis dros,<br />

`ixila angelozi, movlenili uflisagan, rogorc manoes da mis cols gamoecxada da<br />

samfsonis dabadebis ambavi amcno: `survili RvTisa ars hmsaxurebdes kacTa modgmas da<br />

kvlav Seirigos~. samgzis Tqva es da ganvida~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 15).<br />

xolo iovane damaskelma da misma naTlismcemelma kozman ierusalimelma naTlobis<br />

Semdeg `ixiles wylis avazanSi yrma, romelic asxivebda mzis naTels. man saxeliT uxmo<br />

orives da mimarTa did kozmans sagalobliT: `zRvar daudeblis SemZlebeli da eTerSi<br />

zesTamdinare wyali~, xolo RvTaebriv iovanes miegaloba: `sxeulebrivad saflavSi,<br />

suliT ki geeniaSi, viTarca RmerTi~ ...ase ganucxada, TiTqos cecxlis elvarebis saxed<br />

gaSorda maT da ganusazRvreli keTilxmierebiT aRavso ara mxolod saxli da ezo-yure,<br />

aramed mTeli damasko~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 22-<br />

23).<br />

b) aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gamocxadeba-xilvebi xdeba ara xiluli, aramed<br />

sityvieri formiT. aseTi sityvieri xilva aqvs wminda paxomioss. mas, tabenesed wodebul<br />

udabnoSi locvaSi garTuls, `miswvda xma (xilviT jer arcra sCveneboda): `darCi aq da aage<br />

monasteri; WeSmaritad, mravalni movlen SenTan, raTa berad aRikvecnen~. ese ra esma da<br />

gonebis siwmindiT da sinaTliT ra Seuwona saRvTo werils, mixvda, rom wminda xma iyo~<br />

(wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 11).<br />

g) xilvaTa jgufSi moiazreba RvTaebrivi saswaulebrivi Cvenebebic. sanimuSod<br />

gavixsenoT epizodi `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebidan~: rodesac<br />

iovanem da kozmanma ufals SesTxoves mansuris Sewynareba, `moulodnelad saxlSi naTelma<br />

SemoanaTa SuaRamisas, mzis naTelze ufro brwyinvalem, da gacxadebuli naTlisagan xma<br />

esmaT: `Tqveni vedreba aRxda RmerTamde~; gamoCnda uxilavi da xma moisma WeSmaritad:<br />

`neba moSiSTa da metrfeTa misTa hyos da vedrebisa maTisa Seisminos~. am xilulma naTelma<br />

mTeli saxli gamouTqmeli keTilsurnelebiT aavso, ise rom yvelam miaSura saxls, sadac<br />

iyvnen wmindanebi da iqidan, rogorc samoTxidan, moedinebodnen mZafri surnelebis<br />

nakadni~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 23-24).<br />

2) xilvebi Zilis dros<br />

wminda moRvaweebs Zilis drosac aqvT xolme xilvebi. magaliTad, wminda paxomiosma<br />

naTlobis Semdeg ZilSi naxa Semdegi: `umzerda Tavis Tavs, ciT cvarnasxurebs. da cvari<br />

moagrova marjvena xelSi da iqca nami Taflis goleulad da, davarda Tu ara goleuli<br />

miwaze, gaisma ucxo xma: `gardaqmnili Seican, radgan Senia amieridan~ (wminda paxomiosis<br />

cxovreba 1993: 8).<br />

II. saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia zemoqmedeba adamianebze<br />

1) agiografiul literaturaSi ukeTurTa da urwmunoTa dasjis konkretul<br />

magaliTs vawydebiT `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~. kozman<br />

ierusalimeli, rodesac gaigebs ori mwvaleblis, maqsimesa da florentiosis mier uflisa<br />

35

da mis augad moxseniebas, ganacxadebs: `Tu me qristes mona var WeSmariti da RmerTi<br />

WeSmariti aris qriste, im cecxlma, romlis gancdac miesaja urwmuno Tanamowafes<br />

konstantines nawilobriv moicvas maqsime da florentiosi~. amis Tqmis umal wyvdiadis<br />

msgavsma cecxlma moicva ubadrukni, sacodavad idgnen sibneleSi monastris ezos SuaSi da<br />

iwvodnen cecxlSi; da iwyes vaeba, kbilTa RrWena da yvirili: `Segviwyale, uzenaesi<br />

RmerTis monav~. amis Semdeg Rirseuli kaci Semobrunda da xeliT jvari gamosaxa im<br />

wyvdiadis msgavssa da unaTlo cecxlze da miiwevda es cecxli nela, sanam mTlianad ar<br />

ganeSora im ubadrukebs~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 38-<br />

39), ris Semdegac isini daecnen wminda kozmanis ferxTiT da aRiares danaSauli.<br />

2) aris saswaulebi, rodesac wminda mamebi, uflis TanadgomiT gaZlierebulni, Tavis<br />

samy<strong>of</strong>lidan aZeveben saxeSecvlil eSmakebs, romlebic cdiloben wmindanTa SeSinebas da<br />

cTunebas. magaliTad, SuriT Sepyrobil eSmakiseul Zalebs surdaT wminda paxomiosis<br />

dacema da `pirispir warudgnen. zogjer, roca igi loculobda da muxli unda moeyara,<br />

afiqrebinebdnen, TiTqos mis win Rrmuli iyo, raTa SiSiT muxlis morTxma ver gaebeda. da<br />

Tavad, manqanebisa da mzakvrobis mcdelT rom miuxvdeboda, - rwmeniT aRvsebuli,<br />

daecemoda muxlebze, demonebs arcxvenda da RmerTs akurTxebda~ (wminda paxomiosis<br />

cxovreba 1993: 39-39).<br />

3) wminda mamebi gamorCeulni da dajildoebulni arian winaswarmetyvelebis unariT.<br />

`iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~ vxvdebiT ramdenime saswauls,<br />

romlebSic warmoCenilia kozman ierusalimelisgan dafarulTa Secnobis, intuiciuri<br />

SegrZnebis unari: kozmani daTanxmda amirasTan misvlaze, `radgan winaswarve cna, rarigi<br />

nadavlis xelTgdeba eloda mTavris sasaxleSi~(iovane damaskelisa da kozman<br />

ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 20) iovane damaskelis saxiT.<br />

kozmanma iwinaswarmetyvela, agreTve, eklesiaze mosalodneli gansacdeli da Semdeg<br />

ganucxada patriarqs: `mZvinvare nadirebs, romlebsac eklesiis SeZvra aqvT ganzraxuli,<br />

suliero da wmindao mamao, ver dainaxav, radgan jer ori weli gaivlis, sanam<br />

aResrulebode da ufalTan sasufevels hpovebde~. moxda ise, rogorc Rirseulma kacma<br />

Tqva~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 41).<br />

wmindanebi winaswarmetyveleben agreTve TavianTi gardacvalebis moaxloebas, ris<br />

gamoc winaswar iWeren kidec Tadarigs. ase, magaliTad, kozman ierusalimeli, rodesac<br />

mivida sabas lavraSi da `is adgilebi naxa, mZimed daikvnesa, es ariso Tqva, mravali gvemis<br />

da ganuzomeli <strong>of</strong>lisRvrisagan gansasvenebeli Cemi da aq davmkvidrdebio, da icocxla mas<br />

Semdeg sami Tve. eZeba weraqvi da mere Tavisi xeliT iwyo miwis Txra da sakuTari saflavis<br />

momzadeba~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 42-43).<br />

III. saswaulebi, romlebSic asaxulia wminda mamaTa Caurevlad uflisagan movlenili<br />

sakvirvelebebi<br />

1) saswaulTa gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens ukeTur adamianebze Tavsdamtydari<br />

RvTaebrivi risxva. amis naTeli nimuSia `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis<br />

cxovrebaSi~ xatTmebrZol episkopos evsebiosze Tavsdamtydari risxva. suraTis naTlad<br />

warmoCenisaTvis movixmobT magaliTs: kozman ierusalimelma naxa ra episkoposis<br />

urwmunoeba, mkacrad ganucxada mas: `evsebios, boroti xar da borotive aRsasruliT<br />

daasruleb sicocxles~. sami dRis Semdeg gamovida mRvdelTmTavari uRirsad sanadirod,<br />

monadireebma gaaRviZes Zu daTvi, romelic gaiqca iqiT, sadac evsebiosi idga; cxeni Seeba<br />

mas, fexebi gaukres da daTvs miugdes; daTvma dafliTa mxedari da ase sabraloblad<br />

Sewyda episkoposis sicocxle~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba<br />

1993: 33).<br />

2) arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba saswaulebi, romlebSic warmoCenilia wminda<br />

moRvaweebze uflis mxardaWera, Sewevna Tundac gansacdelis Jams. sanimuSod mogvyavs<br />

pasaJi `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebidan~: wminda paxomioss da mis aRmzrdel moxuc<br />

gandegil palamoniss, rodesac ixilaven damwvar zeTisxilis xes, maTTan misuli erT-erTi<br />

berTagani ampartavnuli zraxvebiT ganucxadebT: `visac swams Tqveni, dadgeso am naxSirze<br />

da warsTqvaso saxarebis locva. man daadga fexi naxSirs da warTqva locva saxarebidan. da<br />

Sewyvita Tu ara eSmakeuli qmedebis Zalad miiCnia Zala RvTisagan daTmobis, ferxT rom ar<br />

avno~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 9-10). es saswauli mogvagonebs `miqaelis wamebaSi~<br />

aRweril saswauls, romlis mixedviT amira mumnis brZanebis Tanaxmad, wminda moRvawe<br />

miqaeli SiSveli fexiT unda damdgariyo gaRvivebul nakverCxalze. `wmindani dadga kidec<br />

da locvis Sedegad mas fexze ara evno ra~ (wameba¡ miqaelisi 1918: 172).<br />

uflis Sewevnaze metyvelebs agreTve epizodi `iovane damaskelisa da kozman<br />

ierusalimelis cxovrebidan~. mas Semdeg, rac iovanes sapyrobileSi mohkveTen xels,<br />

`mowyale RmerTma Tavisi mSobelis, yovlad umanko dedis meoxebiT, rogorc mravlis<br />

metyvelma, locvis umal ganumTela xeli RvawliT da SaravandiT mosils~ (iovane<br />

36

damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 27-28). xolo es SemTxveva ki<br />

gagvaxsenebs `lukianozis martvilobaSi~ asaxul erT saswauls, romlis Tanaxmad,<br />

sapyrobileSi mimaval wamebul lukianozs locvis Semdeg nawameb sxeuls SexebiT<br />

gaumrTelebs angelozi da gamoucxadebs Tanadgomas da mfarvelobas~ (martviloba<br />

lukianozisa 1946: 11).<br />

IV. saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia zegavlena micvalebulTa samyaroze<br />

1) agiografiul TxzulebebSi Zalze gavrcelebulia wmindanTagan micvalebulTa<br />

mkvdreTiT aRdgomis faqtebi. aseT SemTxvevas vawydebiT `iovane damaskelisa da kozman<br />

ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~: kozmanma, rodesac Seeswro gardacvlili Svilis datirebas<br />

qvrivi dedisagan, iloca, `kvnesiT da gloviT daayara cremli, Semdeg Caavlo xeli<br />

micvalebulis xels. da Tqva: ufalma Cemma, ieso qristem, romlis xelT arian<br />

micvalebulni da cocxalni, aRgadginos Sen — da SesZaxa xmamaRla: `uflisa Cvenisa ieso<br />

qristes saxeliT aRdeg, Svilo~. da sityvis umal aRdga micvalebuli~ (iovane damaskelisa<br />

da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 33).<br />

V. saswaulebi, romlebSic asaxulia zegavlena materialur samyaroze<br />

1) aris saswaulebi, romlebSic sulieri moRvaweebi zemoqmedeben bunebriv<br />

movlenebze, isini imorCileben da mbrZanebloben maTze. ase daimorCila zRvaSi gasulma<br />

kozman ierusalimelma qariSxali: `borans, romelzedac iyo Rirsi igi, CaZirva eloda;<br />

magram netari dadga yvelas winaSe salocavad da xmamaRla evedreboda RmerTs ...amas rom<br />

loculobda wmindani, myisve dacxra qariSxali da is erTaderTi xomaldi gadarCa<br />

usafrTxod~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 19).<br />

amrigad, winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenili iyo cda iovane damaskelisa da kozman<br />

ierusalimelisa da wminda paxomiosis `cxovrebaTa~ siuJetur-kompoziciuri<br />

TvalTaxedviT ganxilvisa, Txzulebebs Soris arsebuli siuJetur-kompoziciuri<br />

paralelebis dadgenisa, da bolos ganxiluli masalis saTanado sqemebis mixedviT<br />

dajgufebisa.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: iovane damaskelisa da kozman<br />

ierusalimelis cxovreba. bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia, t. II. kvirikaSvili<br />

l. (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori). Tb.: gamomcemloba `qveli~, 1993.<br />

`iovane oqropiris cxovrebis~... 1986: `iovane oqropiris cxovrebis~ Zveli qarTuli Targmani<br />

da misi Taviseburebani. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni<br />

daurTo r. gvaramiam. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1986.<br />

kekeliZe 1945: kekeliZe k. qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli paralelebi. etiudebi. t. II. Tb.:<br />

saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1945.<br />

kvirikaSvili 1993: kvirikaSvili l. (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori). bizantiuri mwerlobis<br />

qrestomaTia. t. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `qveli~, 1993.<br />

lixaCovi 1963: Лихачев Д. С. Работа, которую необходимо продолжить. Вопросы литературы. № 9, М.:<br />

1963.<br />

martviloba lukianozisi 1946: martviloba lukianozisi. qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi.<br />

nawili pirveli, kimeni. tomi II, korn. kekeliZis redaqtorobiT. tfilisi:<br />

saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1946.<br />

maCitaZe 2006: maCitaZe z. `wmidaTa cxovrebani~ ianvari-ivnisi. wigni pirveli. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2006.<br />

siraZe 1975: siraZe r. Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis sakiTxebi. Tb.:<br />

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />

cxoreba¡ wmidisa efremisi 1975: cxoreba¡ wmidisa efremisi. mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis<br />

muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri XI saukunisa). teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,<br />

gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo vaxtang imnaiSvilma. Tb.: Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />

cxoreba¡ wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: cxoreba¡ wmidisa Tevdosisi. mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis<br />

muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri XI saukunisa). teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,<br />

gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo vaxtang imnaiSvilma. Tb.: Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />

wameba¡ miqaelisi 1918: wamebaÁ miqaelisi. qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi. nawili pirveli,<br />

kimeni. tomi I, korn. kekeliZis redaqtorobiT. tfilisi: saqarT. rk. gz.<br />

sammarTvelos tipo-litografia, 1918.<br />

wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: wminda paxomiosis cxovreba. bizantiuri mwerlobis<br />

qrestomaTia. t. II. kvirikaSvili l. (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori). Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `qveli~, 1993.<br />

37

Irine Javakhadze<br />

Plot and composition patterns in „Hagiographies“ <strong>of</strong> John Damascene and<br />

Kozman Hierosolymitan and St. Pachomius<br />

Summary<br />

The aim <strong>of</strong> the work was to compare „Hagiographies <strong>of</strong> John Damascene and Kozman Hierosolymitan<br />

and St. Pachomius with the purpose <strong>of</strong> establishing plot and composition patterns. As a result <strong>of</strong> the<br />

consideration, the following plot and composition elements characteristic <strong>of</strong> both works became apparent:<br />

humbleness <strong>of</strong> hagiographers and their witnessing <strong>of</strong> the source, on the basis <strong>of</strong> which the description <strong>of</strong> the<br />

saints’ lives takes place, social and national origin <strong>of</strong> the saints, their juvenescent predispositions, selectness by<br />

the god. Also shown is the saints’ repudiation <strong>of</strong> fleshly pleasures, the spiritual mission entrusted to them by the<br />

god and the road <strong>of</strong> the spiritual quest on the whole. An attempt <strong>of</strong> the saint figures to acquire apprentices, rally<br />

spiritually like-minded persons and, in spite <strong>of</strong> humbleness, popularize their activities in the society can be seen<br />

in the works. The ritual <strong>of</strong> the saints’ death, burial and mourning over them as well as praising <strong>of</strong> the saints and<br />

comparison with the biblical ancestors is also presented.<br />

At the same time, the miracles performed by the saints are presented in the work and, as far as possible,<br />

put in order in accordance with a definite scheme.<br />

38

qarTuli sakaro da saero mwerloba<br />

`axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ hagiografiuli wyaroebi<br />

darejan menabde<br />

vaxtang meeqvsis „swavlul kacTa“ komisiam „qarTlis cxovrebis“ teqstze didi da<br />

mravalmxrivi muSaoba Caatara, sasuliero—saeklesio Tematika gazarda da istoriulhagiografiuli<br />

masala ufro srulad warmoaCina, rac saqarTvelos eklesiis wmindanebis<br />

„cxovrebaTa“ mokle teqstebis gamzadebasa da saTanado monakveTebSi CarTvaSi<br />

gamoixateboda. saredaqcio muSaoba vaxtangis Semdegac ar Sewyvetila da karga xans<br />

gagrZelda. momdevno xanis moRvaweni aRar dasjerdnen „swavlul kacTa“ mier SemuSavebul<br />

teqsts, igi ganavrces da Seavses _ xelnawerebSi Seitanes araerTi hagiografiuli<br />

xasiaTis CanarTi.<br />

Tavdapirvelad SevCerdebiT im hagiografiul CanarTebze, romlebic vaxtangis<br />

„swavlul kacTa“ mieraa momzadebuli an „qarTlis cxovrebis“ redaqciis momdevno<br />

periodSia Setanili, xolo Semdeg SevexebiT im hagiografiul teqstebs, romelTa Setana<br />

„axal qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ ratomRac aRar moxerxda (CanarTebi pirobiTadaa<br />

dasaTaurebuli). CanarTebi dalagebuli da ganxiluli gvaqvs qronologiur-Tematuri<br />

principiT. Tu rodis Seitanes esa Tu is CanarTi „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“, es detalurad<br />

aqvs gamokvleuli k. grigolias (grigolia 1954: 215—221; 291—294; 297—299).<br />

1. „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“ (epizodi). leonti mrovelis „mefeTa cxovrebaSi“, iq, sadac<br />

laparakia aderkis mefobaze da moxseniebulia qristes dabadeba da jvarcma, CarTulia<br />

mozrdili nakveTi qristes kvarTis mcxeTaSi motanis Sesaxeb (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 36,<br />

10-19; 37, 1-31).<br />

leonti mrovels mokle cnoba hqonda: „da warvides aqaT elioz mcxeTeli da<br />

longinoz karsneli. da mun daxudes juarcmasa uflisasa da maT moiRes muniT kuarTi<br />

uflisa, elioz mcxeTelman da longinoz karsnelman, viTarca weril ars ese<br />

gancxadebulad moqcevasa qarTlisasa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 36, 20-23).<br />

Cans, es cnoba avtorma sakmarisad miiCnia, magram mkiTxvels „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“<br />

teqstze mainc miuTiTa. „qarTlis cxovrebis“ gviandelma redaqtorebma ki es mokle cnoba<br />

ganavrces, rasakvirvelia, „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ mixedviT. magaliTi:<br />

„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“ CanarTi<br />

„warvida aqaÁT mamis dedis Zma Cemi elios,<br />

kaci moxucebuli. da esua maT dedaÁ<br />

tomisagan eli mRdelisa, da esua erTi xolo<br />

daÁ eliozs. evedreboda dedaÁ Zesa TÂssa<br />

da etyoda: „warved, Svilo, wodebasa<br />

mefisasa da wessa Sjulisasa, xolo romelsa<br />

igini ganizraxven, nu SeerTvin cnobaÁ Seni<br />

mas yoladve, nu, Svilo Cemo, rameTu sityuaÁ<br />

ars winaswarmetyuelTaÁ da igavi brZenTaÁ,<br />

saidumloÁ ars dafaruli huriaTagan, xolo<br />

warmarTTa naTel da cxoreba saukuno“<br />

(Zeglebi 1964: 128, 15—28).<br />

„warvida elioz, kaci moxucebuli. xolo esua<br />

mas deda tomisagan eli mRdlisa, da kualad<br />

erTi da. xolo warmavalsa mas evedreboda deda<br />

Zesa TÂssa, viTarmed: „warved ukue, Svilo<br />

sayuarelo, wodebasa mas meufisasa da wessa<br />

sjulisasa, garna ese xolo, romelsa gamcneb<br />

Sen, daimarxen, nu ukue SeerTÂn cnoba Seni<br />

ganzraxvasa mas maTsa borotsa, da nuca vidreme<br />

eziarebi daTxevasa sisxlisa mis misisasa. nu,<br />

Svilo, Cemo, gevedrebi, nu. rameTu ueWvelad<br />

uwyode, viTarmed igi ars sityua<br />

winaswarmetyuelTa, romelsa pirveliTganve<br />

moeswavebodes“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 36, 13—<br />

19).<br />

rogorc warmodgenili masalidan Cans, „axali qarTlis cxovrebis“ redaqtorebi<br />

xSirad sityvasityviT imeorebdnen „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ Txrobas, zogjer ki<br />

ramdenadme cvlidnen mas (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 37, 1—20, 23—30; Zeglebi 1964: 128, 35—129,<br />

35).<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ amazaeri „qarTlis cxovrebis“ gviandelma<br />

redaqtorebma aderkiT Secvales, radgan leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi qristes cxovreba<br />

aderkis mefobaSi iyo dadebuli. Cans, maT meqanikurad ki ar gadmoiweres „moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁs“ cnobebi, aramed SeuTanxmes da miusadages isini leonti mrovelis Txrobas.<br />

39

aRsaniSnavia, rom, leonti mrovelis msgavsad, redaqtorebmac, — kvarTze saubris<br />

damTavrebisas, _ daasaxeles TavianTi wyaro da gaimeores leontis sityvebi: „viTarca<br />

weril ars ese gancxadebulad moqcevasa qarTlisasa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 37, 31).<br />

2. „petre qarTvelis cxovreba“. leonti mrovelis „mefeTa cxovrebaSi“, _ iq, sadac<br />

mefe varaz—bakuris istoriaa moTxrobili, _ gvxvdeba ori CanarTi petre qarTvelis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

pirveli, SedarebiT mokle, CanarTi mxolod or nusxaSi moipoveba. igi ase iwyeba: „iyo<br />

ese uSvilo, rameTu ara esua Zewuli, da evedrebin RmerTsa marxviTa da mÃurvaled<br />

vedrebiTa, raTa Rirs iqmnes igi micemad Zisa, romlisaca mimTxuevad Rirs iqmna“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 132, 12—14; CanarTi mTlianad _132, 12—133, 29).<br />

meore CanarTi, romelic mraval xelnawerSi gvxvdeba, SedarebiT vrcelia da ase<br />

iwyeba: „xolo amas angelozisa xarebiTa moeniWa Ze, romelsa uwodes murvanos“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 133, 32; CanarTi mTlianad _133,32—135, 20) ∗ .<br />

or xelnawerSi (Sig teqstSi) aris anderZ—minaweri: „wmidao petre, meox eyavn winaSe<br />

RmrTisa batoniSvils vaxtangs meuRliT, ZiT da asuliTurT, romelman mopovnebul yo<br />

cxovreba ese Seni da mciredi aRawerina wignsa amas Sina, aramed sruliad ara aRiwereboda<br />

sididiTa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 135, Sen. 1).<br />

am anderZ—minaweridan Cans, rom „petre qarTvelis cxovreba“ swored vaxtangma<br />

Seatanina „axal qarTlis cxovrebaSi“. safiqrebelia, es iyo CanarTis erT—erTi nimuSi,<br />

romelic TviTon vaxtangis meTvalyureobiT gakeTda, xolo amis kvalobaze danarCenTa<br />

Semzadeba „mecnier kacebs“ ebrZanaT (grigolia 1954: 127, 160, 195, 217).<br />

aRniSnuli minaweri azrTa sxvaobas iwvevs, magram erTi naTelia: anderZSi vaxtangi<br />

ixsenieba ara mefed, aramed batoniSvilad, rac imas niSnavs, rom es Sroma vaxtangis<br />

gamefebamde (janiSinobis dros) unda iyos Sesrulebuli.<br />

SevudaroT aRniSnuli CanarTebi petre qarTvelis cxovrebis aRwerilobas<br />

(„cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa petre qarTvelisaÁ, romeli<br />

iyo Ze qarTvelTa mefisaÁ“) (Zeglebi 1967: 213-263).<br />

„petre qarTvelis cxovreba“ pirveli CanarTi<br />

„iyo mefe igi qarTvelTaÁ marTlmorwmune<br />

RmrTisaÁ, da ara esua mas Svili wuli. amisTÂsca<br />

evedrebin RmerTsa maradis mÃurvaled, raÁTa<br />

moaniWos mas Svili.<br />

erTsa ukue Jamsa movida igi queyaniTgan<br />

TÂsTa qalaqad TÂsad sameufod mcxeTad, da<br />

dauRamda kidesa mdinarisa mis didisasa,<br />

romelsa ewodebis mtkuari. da ineba mefeman mun<br />

gansuenebad mwuxrsa mas. da viTarca iloca,<br />

miwva gansuenebad, rameTu TÂnier locvisa ara<br />

daiZinis. xolo viTarca mierula, warmoudga<br />

mas angelozi uflisaÁ brwyinvale da didebuli,<br />

mosili samosliTa spetakiTa elvared da<br />

brwyinvida piri misi viTarca mzis—Tuali.<br />

xolo mefeman, viTarca ixila angelozi igi,<br />

iqmna SeSinebul friad. hrqua mas angelozman<br />

uflisaman: „nu geSinin, mefe! me var angelozi<br />

uflisaÁ da mimavline Senda uflisa RmrTisa<br />

mier, rameTu Seismines locvani Senni. da aha<br />

miudges coli Seni da giSves Sen Ze, romeli iyos<br />

did da srul winaSe RmrTisa da kacTa, da<br />

mravalni erni RmrTisa moaqcines“.<br />

`da viTarca ganiRÂZa mefeman, iyo suli misi<br />

mxiaruli da adidebda RmerTsa. da Semdgomad<br />

dReTa ravodenTame miudga coli mefisa is da<br />

uSva mas Ze. da ravodenisame Jamisa Semdgomad<br />

naTelsces yrmasa mas saxelsa zeda wmidisa<br />

„iyo ese uSvilo, rameTu ara esua Ze—<br />

wuli, da evedrebin RmerTsa marxviTa da<br />

mÃurvaled vedrebiTa, raTa Rirs iqmnes igi<br />

micemad Zisa, romlisaca mimTxuevad Rirs<br />

iqmna. rameTu Jamsa romelsame momavali<br />

queyanaTagan samefod misda, mcxeTad,<br />

mwuxri daivana kidesa didisa mis<br />

mdinarisasa, romelsa mtkuar ewodebis. da<br />

viTarca aRasrula mwuxrisa locva, raTa<br />

miiZinos, rameTu TÂnier locvisa araodes<br />

iseris, arca miiZinis, amas locvasa Sina<br />

gamouCnda angelozi naTlisa brwyinvale,<br />

romlisa xilvasa SeSinda mefe.<br />

„xolo man rqua: „nu geSinin, mefe, rameTu<br />

Seismes vedrebani Senni winaSe RmrTisa, da<br />

mogeces Ze, romeli iyos did da srul winaSe<br />

RmrTisa da kacTa, da mravalni erni<br />

RmrTisad moaqcivnes“. da viTarca ganiRÂZa<br />

mefeman, mxiaruli suliTa adidebda<br />

RmerTsa. da Semdgomad mciredisa miudga<br />

coli mefisa da uSva mas Ze, da didi<br />

sixaruli yves mefeman, yovliT sameufoT<br />

misiTurT, Jamsa mas Sobisa misisasa da<br />

naTel—sces saxeliTa wmidisa samebisasa, da<br />

uwodes saxelad murvanos“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 132, 12—24; 133, 14—20; Zeglebi<br />

1967: 219, 8—27).<br />

∗ k. grigolias SeniSvniT, am CanarTebis rigi „qarTlis cxovrebis“ ukanasknel gamocemaSi<br />

darRveulia: Tavdapirvelad unda daebeWdaT vrceli redaqcia, xolo mokle _ sqolioSi an sxvagan<br />

unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo warmodgenili (k. grigolia, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ axali gamocemis gamo, „mnaTobi“,<br />

1956, № 4, gv. 188).<br />

40

samebisasa da uwodes mas saxeli murvanos“<br />

(Zeglebi 1967: 216, 11—217, 24).<br />

Zneli SesamCnevi araa, rom damowmebul teqstebSi msgavsebaa, magram pirveli mainc ar<br />

aris meoris wyaro. saqme isaa, rom „axali qarTlis cxovrebis“ pirveli CanarTi ufro<br />

metad emTxveva (sityvasityviT imeorebs) „petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle (B)<br />

redaqcias. maT Soris iseTi zusti, sityvaSeucvleli Tanxvdenilobaa, rom paraleluri<br />

adgilebis damowmeba saWiro araa (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 132, 12—133, 20; Sdr.: Zeglebi<br />

1967: 216, 15—219,20; Zeglebi 1968: 194—196). (sagulisxmoa, rom CanarTSi gvxvdeba ded<strong>of</strong>al<br />

evdukias saxeli, romelic Semounaxavs „petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle redaqcias ∗ ,<br />

xolo vrceli redaqciis Sesatyvis adgilas ar ixsenieba) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133,12;<br />

Sdr.: Zeglebi 1967: 219,6).<br />

„petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle redaqciisa da CanarTis Tanxvdeniloba zustad<br />

(sityvaSeucvlelad, Tanamimdevrulad, faqtebis gamotovebisa Tu Secvlis gareSe)<br />

grZeldeba CanarTis ukanasknel abzacamde, xolo es abzaci gamokrebilia mokle redaqciis<br />

sxvadasxva adgilidan ∗∗ .<br />

„petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle redaqciiTaa davalebuli meore CanarTic. masSi<br />

SekumSulia mokle redaqciis faqtobrivi masala, pirvelwyarodan gamokrebili cnobebi<br />

dalagebuli da mowodebulia qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT. davimowmebT magaliTs:<br />

„petre qarTvelis cxovreba“ meore CanarTi<br />

„Ramesa erTsa... gamovides sameufoÁT<br />

qalaqiT. da aha sueti naTlisaÁ wina uZRoda, da<br />

ÃmaÁ iyo suetiT gamo: „romeli Semomidges me,<br />

ara vidodes bnelsa“. da meyseulad<br />

ganmxiaruldes.<br />

da movides kidesa zRÂsasa, poves navi, da<br />

wiaRÃdes aRmosavleTad da warumarTnes gzasa<br />

TÂssa.<br />

xolo cna raÁ ltolva maTi mefeman Teodosi,<br />

didad Sewuxna da Zieba yo yolgniT. xolo cud<br />

iqmna SromaÁ maTi, rameTu RmerTman dafarna<br />

monani misni.<br />

da viTarca miiwivnes romelsame<br />

qalaqTagansa, Seipyrna igini mTavarman da<br />

Sesxna sapyrobilesa, viTarmed: „monani xarT<br />

ltolvilni“.<br />

xolo mas Ramesa ZrvaÁ iyo saSineli, elvani da<br />

quxilni, vidremdis daecemodesca saxlni<br />

mravalni. daadgra mTavarsa mas kaci vinme<br />

saSineli da uTqmida, viTarmed: „ganuteven<br />

pyrobilni ege, ukueTu ara, amas Rame daqcevad<br />

ars qalaqi ese“ (Zeglebi 1967: 224, 24—226, 19;<br />

243, 8—21. Sdr.: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 135, 3—7).<br />

„winamZRurebiTa uflisaTa ganvles Rame<br />

da warvides. rameTu sueti naTlisa wina<br />

uZRoda maT, viTarca israelTa, da Ãma esmaT<br />

suetiT gamo: „romeli Semomidges me, ara<br />

vidodes bnelsa“ da poves navi da vles<br />

raodenime dReni. xolo qalaqsa erTsa Sina<br />

Sepyrobil iqmnes visganme da Seiyennes<br />

sapyrobilesa. xolo mas Ramesa iqmna Zrva da<br />

mexistexa, da elva friadi. da mTavarsa mas<br />

qalaqisasa daadga kaci vinme, saSinelebiT<br />

etyoda: „ganuteven monani RmrTisani. ukeTu<br />

ara, daiqcevis qalaqi ese“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 134, 11—17).<br />

∗ „qarTlis cxovrebis“ pirveli CanarTi safuZvlad daedo „petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ meore<br />

svinaqsarul redaqcias (Zeglebi 1968: 195—196).<br />

∗∗ ai, es abzacic: „xolo mcireTa JamTa iswava ena berZnuli, da yovelive swavluleba saeklesio da<br />

safilos<strong>of</strong>oso (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133,21—22. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 224,6—9). egreTve warvida raÁ<br />

ierusalÀmd (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 22. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 224, 16—17), saflavsa uflisasa<br />

miiwia, da mun akvecil iqmna monaznebad, da uwodes saxeliT petre (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 22—<br />

23. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 228, 17). iswava ena da swavluleba asurebrivi, vidremdis ukÂrda yovelTa<br />

sifrTxile da simaxÂle gonebisa misisa. xolo dRiTi—dRe palatiT mocemulsa roWiksa glaxakTa<br />

ganuy<strong>of</strong>da (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 23—25. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 224, 17—22), emosa flasi ficxeli<br />

da mqise queSe—kerZo sameufoTa samoseliTa. imarxavn igi or—oriT, sam—samiT da ufrosRa<br />

SÂdeuliT“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 25—27. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 219, 28—32), erTi odnav Secvlili<br />

frazis garda, mTeli abzaci sityvasityviT „petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle redaqciidanaa<br />

gadawerili.<br />

41

ukanaskneli magaliTi gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, radgan misi Sesatyvisi adgili<br />

vrcel redaqciaSi saerTod ar moipoveba. es kidev ufro sarwmunos xdis meore CanarTis<br />

wyarod „petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle redaqciis miCnevas.<br />

damowmebul magaliTebSi Sesadareblad SerCeuli teqstebis sityvier—<br />

frazeologiuri Tanxvdenilobac SeiniSneba. damatebiT aRvniSnavT, rom meore CanarTSi<br />

sxvaganac xSirad SeiniSneba pirvelwyaros gamoyeneba. mokle redaqciidan gadmosula<br />

meore CanarTSi Semdegi gamonaTqvamebi: „angelozisa xarebiTa“, „saSoTganve... wmida iqmna,<br />

viTarca winamorbedi“, „scna mefeman Tevdosi da daudginna mcvelni“, „iswava ena berZuli“,<br />

„Ruawlni da Sromani“, romelTac vrcel redaqciaSi ver vxvdebiT (qarTlis cxovreba 1955:<br />

133, 31; 133, 32; 134, 10—11; 133, 39; 134, 23. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 217, 26; 217, 28—29; 222, 35—223, 2;<br />

224, 7; 228, 21—22). iqidanvea „uwodes murvanos“, „SeerTnen (mierTnen) qarTvelni sparsTa“,<br />

„aRaSennes orni monasterni“, „mRdelad Ãeldasxmuli“, „friad tanjna Ãorcni TÂsni“ da<br />

sxv. (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 31; 133, 35; 134, 20; 134, 29; 135, 10. Sdr.: Zeglebi 1967: 217,<br />

24—25; 218, 8—9; 227, 25—26; 229, 20—21; 257, 21—22).<br />

vfiqrobT, yovelive zemoTqmuli gvaZlevs uflebas davaskvnaT, rom orive CanarTi<br />

„petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle redaqciidan momdinareobs.<br />

CanarTebis avtorebi rom Zveli wyaroTi sargeblobdnen, sakamaTo araa, sxvaTa<br />

Soris, isini asaxelebdnen kidec pirvelwyaroebs, magram arazustad. saxeldobr, pirveli<br />

CanarTis bolos vkiTxulobT: „aravin SemZlebel iyo qebad missa (petresa — d.m.), garna<br />

grigoli dialoRi, patriarqi romisa, romel aRwera qeba misi wignsa Sina TÂssa“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 133, 28—29). meore CanarTSi erTgan „petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ vrceli<br />

redaqciaa damowmebuli („xolo mieniWes mas madlni RmrTisa mier sneulTa kurnebisani,<br />

romeli weril ars srulsa cxovrebasa missa“) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 134, 1—2; Sdr.<br />

Zeglebi 1967: 220, 6—8). xolo bolos aqac grigol papis wigni ixsenieba („xolo amis<br />

netarisa friadi qeba aRewera grigol dialoRossa, wmidasa patriarqsa hromisasa, wignsa<br />

Sina TÂssa“) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 135,18—19; Sdr.: „petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle<br />

redaqciis sityvebi: „xolo mosca mas RmerTman madli saswaulTa qmnisa da kurnebaTa<br />

aRsrulebisa“. Zeglebi 1967: 220,6—8).<br />

agiografiuli wyaro, romelic teqstebis Sejerebisas davimowmeT da romliTac<br />

CanarTebis avtorebi sargeblobdnen, miewereba makari mesxs (XIII s.), xolo misi<br />

redaqtoroba — pavle dekanozs (XV s.) (kekeliZe 1960: 334—336).<br />

grigol papis (VI-VII ss.) dasaxeleba petre qarTvelis biografad gaugebrobis<br />

Sedegia. igi momdinareobs eqvTime aTonelis erTi Targmanidan („dialoRoni“), romelSic<br />

petre iberieli (espaneTis iberiidan) petre qarTveladaa miCneuli (kekeliZe 1960: 203.).<br />

sayuradReboa, rom „qarTlis cxovrebis“ pirvelma CanarTma gavlena moaxdina „petre<br />

qarTvelis cxovrebis“ svinaqsarul redaqciaze. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia,<br />

rom „petre qarTvelis cxovrebis“ svinaqsaruli redaqcia (meore) „qarTlis cxovrebis“<br />

pirveli CanarTis Semoklebas da nawilobriv gadakeTebas warmoadgens (Zeglebi 1968: 194—<br />

195).<br />

3. asurel moRvaweTa „cxovrebis“ wignebi. juanSeris TxzulebaSi mocemulia mokle<br />

cnoba ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis qarTlSi mosvlisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ gviandelma redaqtorebma es cnoba sakmarisad ar miiCnies da axal<br />

nusxebSi araerTi nakveTi CaurTes asurel moRvaweTa „cxovrebis“ wignebidan.<br />

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ xelnawerebis SeswavliT aseTi suraTi gamovlinda: 1.<br />

Tavdapirvelad juanSeris TxzulebaSi daculi iyo mokle cnoba ioane zedaznelisa da<br />

misi mowafeebis Sesaxeb; 2. Semdeg xanaSi xelnawerebSi gaCnda asurel moRvaweTa sia<br />

(„saxelebi wmidaTa mowafeTa: iovane zedazadeneli, daviT garesjeli, stefane xirseli,<br />

ioseb alaverdeli, zenon iyalToeli, antoni martomy<strong>of</strong>eli, ise wilkneli, TaTe<br />

stefanwmideli, Sio mRÂmeli, isidore samTavneli, abibos nekreseli, miqel ulumbeli,<br />

piros breTeli da elia diakoni“) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 208, 2—5); 3. „qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis“ erT—erT xelnawerSi (Q #795) adgili daeTmo „ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis“<br />

erT redaqcias — „cxorebaÁ wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa iovane zedaZnelisaÁ, romeli brZanebiTa<br />

RmrTisaÁTa da winamZRurobiTa sulisa wmidisaÁTa moivlina queyaniT SuamdinariT<br />

queyanad qarTlisad aTormetTa mowafeTa misTa wmidaTa Tana“ (Zeglebi 1964: 191—216); 4.<br />

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ zogierT xelnawerSi damowmebuli siis Semdeg ikiTxeba: „mravalni<br />

sxuanic daemowafnes wmidasa mas mamasa, kacni wmidani da sulierni mamani dahyuneT<br />

JamisaTa. da Semdgomad oTxas ocisa wlisa gamoikiTxa da gamoiZia wmidaman mamaman Cuenman<br />

arseni qarTlisa kaTalikosman; romelime wignTagan aRmovikiTxeT da romelime maTgan<br />

smenil iyo saqmeTagan maTTa. da aRvwereT cxovreba da moqalaqoba wmidaTa maT mamaTa,<br />

sacnobelad Cuen morwmuneTa da sadideblad samebisa wmidisa, aw da maradis, da ukuniTi<br />

ukunisamde, amin“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 208,6—10). amas mosdevs mozrdili CanarTi,<br />

42

omelic Seicavs ioane zedaznelis, daviT garejelis, Sio mRvimelis, ise wilknelisa da<br />

anton marty<strong>of</strong>elis cxovrebis mokle aRwerilobas (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 208,12—<br />

214,24). SevCerdebiT am CanarTze.<br />

marTalia, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ gviandel nusxebSi Setanili asurel moRvaweTa<br />

„cxovrebis“ wignebis Semoklebul—gamokrebili teqstebis avtorebi migviTiTeben<br />

wyaroebze, magram am miTiTebebs konkretuloba akliaT da mxolod maTze dayrdnobiT<br />

sakiTxs ver gadavwyvetT _ maT pirvelwyaroebs, asurel moRvaweTa „cxovrebis“ wignebis<br />

simravlis gamo, ver davadgenT (magaliTad, CanarTSi, romelSic ioane zedaznelzea<br />

saubari, ukanaskneli winadadeba ase ikiTxeba: „xolo Semdgomad micvalebisa mravalni<br />

saswaulni aResrulnes, romelTa sruli cxovreba wmidisa iovanesi mogÂTxrobs“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 209,16—18). daviT garejelis „cxovrebis“ bolos Teimuraziseul<br />

xelnawerSi weria: „saswaulni da Ruawlni misni sruliad srulsa cxovrebasa missa Sina<br />

weril arian“) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 210,12—13). ase rom, aucilebelia teqstebis<br />

Sepirispireba da Semdeg gamotana saTanado daskvnisa.<br />

a) „ioane zedaznelis cxovreba“. ioane zedaznelis Tavgadasavali ramdenime mwerals<br />

aRuweria. cnobilia misi „cxovrebis“ Semdegi redaqciebi: 1. „cxorebaÁ wmidisa mamisa<br />

Cuenisa iovane zedaZnelisaÁ, romeli brZanebiTa RmrTisaÁTa da winamZRurobiTa sulisa<br />

wmidisaÁTa moivlina queyaniT SuamdinariT queyanad qarTlisad aTormetTa mowafeTa<br />

misTa wmidaTa Tana“ (Zeglebi 1964: 191—216); 2. „cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa mamisa<br />

Cuenisa iovane zedaZnelisa da mowafeTa misTaÁ, romelTa gananaTles queyanaÁ ese<br />

CrdiloeTisaÁ“ (Գ ) (Zeglebi 1964: 191—217); 3. „cxorebaÁ wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa ioane<br />

zedaZnelisaÁ, romeli brZanebiTa RmrTisaÁTa da winamZRurobiTa sulisa wmidisaÁTa<br />

moivlina queyaniT SuamdinariT queyanad qarTlisa aTormetTa mowafeTa misTa wmidaTa<br />

Tana“ (Zeglebi 1971: 83—107) da sxv.<br />

imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli redaqciiT sargeblobdnen „qarTlis cxovrebis“<br />

gviandeli redaqtorebi, saWiroa dasaxelebuli sami redaqciisa da „qarTlis cxovrebis“<br />

CanarTis Sepirispireba. davimowmebT zogierT adgils:<br />

„ioane zedaznelis cxovreba“<br />

redaqcia a<br />

redaqcia Գ<br />

„ese netari iovane iyo queyaniT SuamdinariT“ „ese netari mamaÁ Cueni iovane iyo queyaniT<br />

(Zeglebi 1964: 196, 30—31).<br />

SuamdinariT“ (Zeglebi 1964: 196, 30—31).<br />

„ioane zedaznelis cxovreba“<br />

redaqcia a<br />

redaqcia Գ<br />

„ganmravldes Zalni igi, romelni iqmnnes „ganmravldes Zalni da sakÂrvelebani,<br />

misgan RmrTisa mier, kurnebaTa mravalferTa romelTa iqmoda RmrTisa mier mravalferTa<br />

saxeTa senTasa gansxmad eSmakTasa“ (Zeglebi da TiTo—saxeTa senTasa“ (Zeglebi 1964: 197,<br />

1964: 197, 15—18).<br />

14—17).<br />

metafrasuli redaqcia CanarTi<br />

„ese Rirsi... mamaÁ Cueni aRmoecena<br />

queyanisagan Suamdinarisa“ (Zeglebi 1971: 85, 2—<br />

3).<br />

„arcaRa mSobelTa misTa vinaobaÁ da<br />

romelobaÁ saxelisaÁ gÂswavies, Tu vieTni<br />

iyvnes da romelTagan STamomavalni“ (Zeglebi<br />

1971: 85, 12—13).<br />

„madli saswaulqmnisaÁ moeniWa mas RmrTisa<br />

mier... TiTo—saxeTagan senTa Sepyrobilni<br />

kurnebasa mrCobl kerZosa miemTxueodes amis<br />

mier, vinabTgan brmaTa naTeli miemadleboda da<br />

sneulTa simrTele da eSmakisa mier tanjulTa<br />

Tavisufal-qmnaÁ mZlavrebisagan misisa“<br />

(Zeglebi 1971: 87, 8—17).<br />

„iovane iyo queyaniT SuamdinariT“<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 208, 13).<br />

„romlisa mSobelni ara uwyiT“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 208, 13).<br />

„moeniWnes mas RmrTisa mier senTa kurneba,<br />

da eSmakTa oteba, romlisa mier mravalni<br />

saswaulni aResrulebodes" (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 208, 15—16; Zeglebi 1964:<br />

207,16—21; 208,31—40; 214,10—34; Sdr. iqve,<br />

207,16—21; 208,31—38; 214,9—21; 217,3—9;<br />

Zeglebi 1971: 94,2—8; 95,29—31; 100,23—27;<br />

101,24—26; 102,23—103,26; qarTlis cxovreba<br />

1955: 208,22—24; 209,1—3, 6—8, 10—11, 13—14).<br />

warmodgenili masalidan Cans, rom CanarTis avtorebi „ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis“<br />

metafrasuli redaqciiT sargeblobdnen, magram maTTvis arc sxva redaqciebi unda<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo ucnobi.<br />

43

. „Siosa da evagres cxovreba“. Siosa da evagres Tavgadasavali „qarTlis<br />

cxovrebaSi“ SedarebiT ufro sruladaa gadmocemuli. am CanarTis agiografiul<br />

ZeglebTan („cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ Rirsisa mamisa Cuenisa SioÁsi da evagresi“ (Zeglebi<br />

1964: 217-229) da „cxorebaÁ da sakÂrvelebani wmidisa da netarisa SioÁsni“ (Zeglebi 1971:<br />

107-170) Sedarebam aseTi suraTi gamoavlina:<br />

„Siosa da evagres cxovreba“<br />

kimenuri redaqcia metafrasuli redaqcia CanarTi<br />

`Sio... daemkÂdra dasavaliT<br />

kerZo dedaqalaqsa mcxeTas da<br />

pova Ãevi RrmaÁ friad“<br />

(Zeglebi 1964: 217, 36—38).<br />

„ese wmidaÁ da RmerT—<br />

Semosili mamaÁ Sio iyo<br />

queyaniT asureTisaÁT, didiT<br />

miT RmrTis qalaqiT<br />

antioqiaÁT“ (Zeglebi 1971:<br />

108,27—28).<br />

„waremarTa dasavaliT kerZo<br />

mcxeTisaTa kacTagan yovlad<br />

uvalTa maRnarTa da kldeTa<br />

saSinelTa, vlo da ixila Ãevi<br />

raÁme RrmaÁ“ (Zeglebi 1971: 126,<br />

22—24).<br />

„iyo wmida mama Sio<br />

qalaqiT antioqiiT“<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba 1955:<br />

210, 19).<br />

„warvida wmida Sio<br />

dasavliT kerZo mcxeTisa,<br />

marjueniT mdinaresa<br />

mtkuarsa, romelsa hqÂan<br />

mRÂme, RrmaTa ÃevTa<br />

friadTa“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 210,23—25;<br />

Zeglebi 1964: 218,22—27;<br />

219,12—21; 219,36—220,3;<br />

220,15—29; 221,14—19. Sdr.<br />

Zeglebi 1971: 130,14—29;<br />

132,13—16; 134,8—17; 135,13—<br />

18; 138,26—139,13; 144,26—<br />

145,17; 147,19—28; qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 210,26—32;<br />

211,2—6, 8—16.).<br />

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ gviandeli redaqtorebisaTvis TiTqos „Siosa da evagres<br />

cxovrebis“ orive redaqcia unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo cnobili.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom „qarTlis cxovrebis“ zogierT xelnawerSi SeutaniaT kidev erTi<br />

CanarTi (pirobiTi saTauri _ „xaskunTa gandgomileba“), romelic sityvasityviTaa<br />

amoRebuli „Siosa da evagres cxovrebis“ metafrasuli redaqciidan (Zeglebi 1971: 140,27-<br />

141,7. Sdr.: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 214,27-34).<br />

g. „daviT garejelis cxovreba“. daviT garejelis Tavgadasavlis Txrobisas<br />

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ redaqtorebs SeeZloT am moRvawis „cxovrebis“ ramdenime redaqcia<br />

gamoeyenebinaT, kerZod, „cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa daviT<br />

garesjelisaÁ“ (Zeglebi 1964:229-240), `cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa da<br />

RmerTSemosilisa mamisa Cuenisa daviT garejelisaÁ~ (Zeglebi 1971: 170—207) da sxv.<br />

teqstebis SejerebiT garkveuli daskvnis gamotana Znelia, radgan Txrobis<br />

Tanamimdevroba Tu leqsikur—frazeologiuri Tanxvdeniloba saerTo xasiaTisaa da<br />

specifikurs arafers avlens.<br />

„daviT garejelis cxovreba“<br />

(kimenuri redaqcia)<br />

„movides samni iremni,<br />

romelTa ukuana sdevdes<br />

nukrni maTni da warmoudges<br />

winaSe maTsa viTarca cxovarni<br />

damSÂdebulni... xolo man<br />

daswera juari da Seiqmna<br />

xaWod, da Wames da ganZlies...<br />

da mieriTgan mividian iremni<br />

yovelTa dReTa, TÂnier<br />

oTxSabaT—paraskevisa“<br />

(Zeglebi 1964: 231,9—230).<br />

„daviT garejelis cxovreba“<br />

(metafrasuli redaqcia)<br />

„samni iremni nukrTa Tana<br />

maTTa warmodges winaSe maTsa...<br />

brZanebisaebr moZRurisa<br />

mowuelna igini... xolo man,<br />

saufloÁsa juarisa<br />

gamomsaxvelman mis zeda,<br />

meyuseulad axlad yvela<br />

gardaaqcia igi“ (Zeglebi 1971:<br />

181,23—182,6).<br />

„iyo veSapi didi da<br />

sazareli... dResa erTsa... myis<br />

CanarTi<br />

„rameTu samni iremni<br />

nukrosanni movidian da<br />

mowvelian, da xaWosa missa<br />

Wamdian; garna oTxSabaTs<br />

da paraskevs ar movidian“<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba 1955:<br />

209,23—24).<br />

„Semdgomad mciredisa<br />

Jamisa, erTi nukrTagani<br />

44

„da mieteva maT veSapi igi da<br />

Seipyra nukri erTi da STanTqa<br />

igi“ (Zeglebi 1964: 231,30).<br />

moeteva iremTa da mistaca maT<br />

nukri erTi da saWmel TÂsa yo<br />

igi“ (Zeglebi 1971: 183,18—26).<br />

STanTqa veSapman mZÂnvareman“<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba<br />

1955: 209,24—25; Zeglebi<br />

1964: 233,27—30; 234,3—5.<br />

Sdr.: Zeglebi 1971: 188,10—<br />

13; 189,17—19; qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 209,30—31;<br />

210,1).<br />

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ Teimuraziseul xelnawerSi daviTis Tavgadasavlis<br />

gadmocemisa da misi gardacvalebis aRniSvnis Semdeg damatebiT kidev erTi CanarTi<br />

gvxvdeba: „romlisa (daviTis — d.m.) saswaulni da Ruawlni misni sruliad srulsa<br />

cxovrebasa missa Sina weril arian. xolo amis wmidisa mamis daviTis sicocxlesave Sina<br />

movida mama wmida dodo kaxeTiT, da misve mamis wmidisa ganvida mier udabnod da daemkÂdra<br />

mun, da aRaSena monasteri friad didi, romelsa Sina mravalni Ruawlni da Sromani<br />

aRasrulna. romlisa saswaulsa da cxovrebasa da Ruawlsa mogÂTxrobs cxovreba misi. da<br />

amisa Semdgomad suli TÂsi RmerTsa Sevedra, da daisxna wmida guami misi say<strong>of</strong>elsa<br />

TÂssave“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 210, 12—18).<br />

aq yuradRebas iqcevs rogorc miTiTeba daviTis „srul cxovrebaze“, ise cnobebi<br />

dodoze. CanarTis avtoris sityviT, dodos „saswaulsa da cxovrebasa da Ruawlsa<br />

mogÂTxrobs cxoreba misi“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 210,16). „dodos cxovrebas“, rogorc<br />

damoukidebel hagiografiul Txzulebas, Cven ar vicnobT. safiqrebelia, aq igulisxmeba<br />

„daviT garejelis cxovreba“, romelSic moipoveba cnobebi dodos Sesaxeb.<br />

d. „ise wilknelis cxovreba“. CanarTi ise wilknelis Sesaxeb SedarebiT mcire<br />

moculobisaa da oriode sagulisxmo faqts Tu Seicavs, magram rac aris, isic amoRebulia<br />

„Siosa da evagres cxovrebis“ im nawilidan, sadac ise wilknelis Sesaxebaa Txroba.<br />

„Siosa da evagres cxovreba“<br />

(kimenuri redaqcia)<br />

„ese netari ise Seipyra<br />

wmidaman mamaTmTavarman,<br />

kaTalikozman, da akurTxa igi<br />

ebiskopozad saydarsa zeda<br />

wilknisasa. da daRacTu igi ara<br />

Tavs—idebda saqmesa mas da<br />

SevrdomiT iTxovda gantevebasa“<br />

(Zeglebi 1964: 222,1—4).<br />

„Siosa da evagres cxovreba“<br />

(metafrasuli redaqcia)<br />

„wmidaman ioane Rirssa ises...<br />

hrqua: „mamao... gunebavs, raTa<br />

kurTxevaÁ miviRoT Senganca“...<br />

xolo igi, vinaÁTgan<br />

morCilebasa ganswavlul iyo<br />

da aRsavse suliTa wmidiTa,<br />

yovlad ara urC eqmna Rirssa<br />

ioanes“ (Zeglebi 1971: 151).<br />

CanarTi<br />

„mravliTa iZulebiTa<br />

qarTlisa kaTalikosman<br />

akurTxa<br />

mRudelTmTavrad,<br />

saydarsa wmidisa RvTismSoblisasa,<br />

queyanasa<br />

muxranisasa, da s<strong>of</strong>elsa<br />

wilknisasa“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 212,8—10;<br />

Zeglebi 1964: 224,3—19.<br />

Sdr.: Zeglebi 1971:<br />

151,13—152,5; qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 212, 11—18).<br />

e. „anton marty<strong>of</strong>elis cxovreba“. aseTi saxelwodebis Txzuleba Zvel xelnawerebSi<br />

ar gvxvdeba. saerTod, qarTuli mecniereba ar icnobs „anton marty<strong>of</strong>elis cxovrebis“<br />

adrindel redaqcias. mokle redaqcia gvxvdeba „qarTlis cxovrebis“ erT—erT CanarTSi<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 212,23—214,23). am redaqcias vaxtangis komisiis Sedgenilad<br />

miiCnevdnen (kekeliZe 1956: 20,22). es varaudi ar gamarTlda. e. gabiZaSvilma gaarkvia, rom<br />

„anton marty<strong>of</strong>elis cxovreba“, romelic svinaqsarul redaqcias warmoadgens, „qarTlis<br />

cxovrebaSi“ mzamzareuli saxiTaa Setanili liturgikuli krebulidan (Zeglebi 1968: 218—<br />

225).<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, yvela asureli moRvawis „cxovreba“ „qarTlis cxovrebis“<br />

redaqtorebma Zveli teqstebis safuZvelze Seadgines, Tumca ki SeeZloT, aeRoT<br />

mzamzareuli masala da TavianT krebulSi SeetanaT ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis,<br />

daviT garejelis, dodo garejelisa da ise wilknelis svinaqsaruli „cxovrebani“. Cans,<br />

radgan „anton marty<strong>of</strong>elis cxovrebis“ Zveli redaqcia ar arsebobda, komisiam<br />

svinaqsaruli „cxovrebis“ gamoyeneba miiCnia erTaderT gzad da saSualebad.<br />

4. `daviTisa da kostantines wameba“. „qarTlis cxovrebis“ ramdenime gviandel<br />

nusxaSi, juanSeris TxzulebaSi, _ iq, sadac murvan yruzea laparaki, _ gvxvdeba aseTi<br />

CanarTi (vimowmebT nawyvets): „xolo amanve yrum Seipyra da awama daviT da kostantine,<br />

romelTa wamebasa vrcelad mogÂTxrobs cxovreba maTi“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 235, 15-<br />

45

16). xolo iqve arSiaze ikiTxeba: „dasabamiTgan s<strong>of</strong>lisaT equsi aTas oras<br />

ormeocdacxrasa. qristes juarcmiTgan SÂdas ocdaaTsa. mefobasa berZenTasa leon<br />

isavrosa“ (zogierT nusxaSi iqve weria: „wmida daviT da kostantine“) (qarTlis cxovreba<br />

1955: 235, 15-16). rogorc s. yauxCiSvilma miuTiTa, es SeniSvna momdinareobs „daviTisa da<br />

kostantines wamebidan“, sadac weria: „xolo iwamnes... daviT da kostantine dasabamiTganTa<br />

welTa equs aTas oras ormocdacxrasa... mefobasa berZenTa zeda leon isavroÁsa, xatTa<br />

mbrZolisasa“ (Zeglebi 1971: 263, 9—12).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom „qarTlis cxovrebis~ m. janaSviliseul nusxaSi (S #4730) am<br />

CanarTis win ori gverdi Tavisufalia, safiqrebelia, „daviTisa da kostantines<br />

wamebisaTvis“.<br />

zogierT xelnawerSi sxva viTarebaa _ „daviTisa da kostantines wameba“ ufro<br />

sruladaa gamoyenebuli. amasTanave, agiografiuli Txzulebis teqsti danawevrebulia da<br />

sxvadasxva adgilasaa CarTuli. Tavdapirvelad, _ murvan yrus pirveli xsenebisTanave, _<br />

gvxvdeba patara CanarTi (es da sxva CanarTebic, rogorc s. yauxCiSvilma aRniSna, „TiTqmis<br />

sityvasityviT“ imeorebs „daviTisa da kostantines wamebis“ Sesabamis adgilebs) (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 233, Sen. 4; 234, Sen. 1, 2; 235, Sen. 4; 237, Sen. 1—3; 238, Sen. 2; 239, Sen. 1.<br />

grigolia 1954: 165, 218, 296—297). davimowmoT pirvelwyaro da CanarTi:<br />

„daviTisa da kostantines wameba“<br />

„xolo man uRmrToman, raJams aRiRo<br />

mTavrobaÁ sparsTa da arabTaÁ, aRZra yovelive<br />

Tesl—tomi warmarTTaÁ miSuebiTa RmrTisaÁTa<br />

samxilebelad codvaTa CuenTa da ganilaSqra<br />

qristianeTa zeda, ersa amas rCeulsa da<br />

sazepurosa da aRaoÃra da mosra da tyue yo<br />

queyanaÁ saberZneTisaÁ da sasomxiTisaÁ<br />

zRuamde da merme moefina viTarca Rrubeli<br />

bnelisaÁ, simravliTa, viTarca mkali da mumli,<br />

areTa CrdiloÁsaTa da dafara piri queyanisaÁ“<br />

(Zeglebi 1971: 250, 12—19).<br />

CanarTi<br />

„xolo raJams aRiRo mTavroba sparsTa da<br />

arabTa, da aRZra yoveli Tesl—tomi<br />

agarianTa, da ganilaSqra qristianeTa zeda,<br />

da aRaoÃra da mosra, da tyue yo queyana<br />

saberZneTisa da sasomxiTosa vidre<br />

zRuadmde, da moefina, viTarca Rrubeli<br />

bnelisa, simravliTa, viTarca mkali da<br />

mumli, areTa CrdilosaTa, da dafara piri<br />

queyanisa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 233, 16—<br />

234, 2).<br />

Semdeg grZeldeba Txroba juanSeris sityvebiT, romelsac kvlav mosdevs CanarTi<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 234, 8—29. Sdr. Zeglebi 1971: 251, 20—252, 20). mas mihyveba<br />

juanSeriseuli teqsti: „da viTar cna, rameTu mefeni qarTlisani da yovelni naTesavni<br />

maTni warvides egrisad da muniT kualad miicvalnes afxazeTad...“. Teimuraziseul<br />

nusxaSi aris damatebiTi cnoba, romelic agreTve „daviTisa da kostantines wamebidanaa“<br />

amoRebuli (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 234, Sen. 2. Sdr. Zeglebi 1971: 258, 7—10).<br />

xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba kidev erTi CanarTi, romelic agreTve „daviTisa da<br />

kostantines wamebidan“ momdinareobs (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 237, 7—10. Sdr. Zeglebi<br />

1971: 258, 13—17. ix. agreTve qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 238, 12—15; 239, 1—9. Sdr. Zeglebi 1971:<br />

258, 26—259, 2; 259, 9—21).<br />

5. „ioane da eqvTime aTonelebis cxovreba“. „matiane qarTlisas“ cnobebi daviT<br />

kurapalatis mefobisa da misi drois qarTvelTa Sesaxeb „qarTlis cxovrebis“ or<br />

gviandel nusxaSi Sevsebulia giorgi mTawmidelis originaluri hagiografiuli<br />

Txzulebidan amoRebuli TxrobiT, romelic barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg Tornikes<br />

mxedrobis laSqrobas exeba. „qarTlis cxovrebis“ redaqtorebi rom giorgi aTonelis<br />

TxzulebiT sargeblobdnen, es savsebiT naTlad Cans hagiografiuli Zeglisa da „qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis“ Sesabamisi CanarTis SepirispirebiT.<br />

„ioane da eqvTime aTonelebis<br />

cxovreba“<br />

„da mas Jamsa iqmna gandgomilebaÁ, skliarisiaÁ<br />

da ÃmeliT kerZi yoveli daipyra da mefeni da<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>ali Sewyudeulad iyvnes qalaqsa Sina<br />

didiTa WiriTa da iwroebiTa. da amas raÁ Sina<br />

iyvnes, ganizraxes, viTarmed: „Cueni Semwe daviT<br />

kurapalatisagan kide aravin ars“ (Zeglebi 1967:<br />

45, 14—18; Zeglebi 1967: 47, 24—48, 6; 43, 15—44; 4;<br />

48, 7—19. Sdr.: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 273, 5—32).<br />

CanarTi<br />

„rameTu amaT JamTa Sina ganudga mefesa<br />

berZenTasa skliarosi da yoveli ÃmeliT<br />

kerZi daipyra; mefeni da ded<strong>of</strong>ali<br />

Sewyudeul yvna qalaqsa Sina didiTa WiriTa.<br />

amas ra Sina iyvnes, ganizraxes, viTarmed:<br />

Cueni Semwe daviT kurapalatisagan kide<br />

aravin ars“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 273, 2—<br />

5).<br />

46

6. „giorgi aTonelis cxovreba“. „qarTlis cxovrebis“ xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba<br />

zogierTi iseTi CanarTi, romlis safuZveli udavod giorgi mciris Txzulebaa:<br />

„giorgi aTonelis cxovreba“<br />

„amis Semdgomad daemowafa mariam ded<strong>of</strong>ali,<br />

dedaÁ bagrat mefisaÁ, da ikurTxa mis mier<br />

sqemiTa“ (Zeglebi 1967: 136, 1—2).<br />

„amisa Semdgomad viTarca ixila RmrTis—<br />

msaxurman aman mefeman bagrat eseviTari ese<br />

moqalaqobaÁ misi da usxeuloTa msgavsi<br />

cxorebaÁ da zemowerilisaca amisca saswaulisa<br />

xilviTa, yovliTurT iwyla suli misi<br />

siyuaruliTa misiTa da Ronesa eZiebda,<br />

raÁTamca TÂssa mamulsa wariyvana. xolo ars<br />

mamulsa missa warCinebuli samRdelTmoZRuroÁ<br />

saydarTa Soris samefoÁsa misisaTa saydari<br />

WyondidisaÁ, sada — igi mravalTa wmidaTa<br />

martÂlni dausuenebian, da TÂsi saflavi mun<br />

ganemzada, raÁTa, raJams aResrulos, mun<br />

daemarxos“ (Zeglebi 1967: 138, 25—139, 6).<br />

CanarTi<br />

„amisa Semdgomad daemowafa ded<strong>of</strong>ali<br />

mariam, deda bagrat mefisa, da ikurTxa mis<br />

mier sqemiTa (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 303,<br />

18—19).<br />

„amisa Semdgomad, viTarca ixila mefeman<br />

bagrat eseviTari siwmidiT da RirsebiT<br />

moqalaqoba da usxeuloTa msgavsi cxovreba<br />

da saswauli misi, didad Seiyuara, viTarca<br />

angelozi RmrTisa, da Ronesa eZiebda,<br />

raTamca TÂssa mamulsa wariyvana. da misca<br />

mRdelT—moZRuroba Wyondidisa saydarsa,<br />

sada Seqmna bagrat saflavi TÂsi“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 303, 23—26; Zeglebi 1967: 141,<br />

6—10; 143, 19—25. Sdr. qarTlis cxovreba 1955:<br />

307, 18—20; 308, 8—12).<br />

7. dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT Semdegi: Cans, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ gviandel<br />

redaqtorebs krebulSi warmodgenili, _ axali teqstebiT Sevsebuli, _ masala mainc ar<br />

akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebdaT da sxva hagiografiuli Zeglebis Semoklebuli saxiT CarTvac surdaT.<br />

aseTi varaudis safuZvels iZleva „qarTlis cxovrebis“ zogierT xelnawerSi Semonaxuli<br />

ramdenime minaweri.<br />

a) juanSeris TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba cnoba SuSanikis wamebis Sesaxeb. „qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis“ rumianceviseul xelnawerSi, romelic Sevsebul „qarTlis cxovrebis“ nusxaTa<br />

Soris uZvelesia, es adgili ucvlelad gadauweriaT, magram Semdeg redaqcias am sakiTxze<br />

ufro vrceli da konkretuli masalis Setana ganuzraxavs da am mizniT iqve (arSiaze)<br />

miuweria: „aqa wmidis SuSanikis cxoreba unda“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 216, Sen. 1).<br />

aSkaraa, aseTi SeniSvnis azri imaSi mdgomareobda, rom momavalSi es garemoeba<br />

gadamwers gaeTvaliswinebina da SuSanikis Sesaxeb CanarTi teqstSi Seetana. marTlac,<br />

zogierT xelnawerSi, swored am adgilas, Tavisufali gverdebia datovebuli ganzraxuli<br />

CanarTisaTvis da arSiaze miwerilia kidec: „aqa wmidis SuSanikis cxoreba unda“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 216, Sen. 1). ratomRac amis iqiT am CanarTis SemuSavebis saqme ar wasula da<br />

es adgili iqac carieli darCenila (grigolia 1954: 218—219; 130, 142, 151).<br />

b) rogorc Cans, „matiane qarTlisas“ mokle cnoba gobronze, agreTve miTiTeba misi<br />

cxovrebis aRwerilobaze, redaqtorebma sakmarisad ar miiCnies. amas unda mowmobdes<br />

minaweri arSiaze: „wameba wmidisa gobronisi“ da iqve Tavisufali adgilis datoveba,<br />

albaT, „gobronis wamebisaTvis“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 264, Sen. 1, 2).<br />

vaxtang meeqvsis „swavlul kacTa“ komisiis muSaobis processa Tu „qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis“ redaqtirebis momdevno periodSi „axali qarTlis cxovrebis“ krebulSi<br />

Setanili hagiografiuli CanarTebis avtorebma gaicnes winare xanis literatura,<br />

SearCies wyaroebi, Seamokles teqstebi, CasarTavi masala SeuTanxmes da miusadages<br />

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ Txrobas.<br />

„axali qarTlis cxovrebis“ yvela CanarTi cnobili hagiografiuli Txzulebebis<br />

safuZvelzea dawerili. maTi avtorebi zogjer miuTiTeben wyaroebze, magram es<br />

miTiTebebi konkretuli ar aris, gvxvdeba Secdomebic, amitom mxolod maTze dayrdnobiT<br />

sakiTxi ar wydeba; pirvelwyaroebis dadgena mxolod teqstebis SepirispirebiTaa<br />

SesaZlebeli. irkveva, rom qristes kvarTis mcxeTaSi motanis ambavi moTxrobilia<br />

„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ mixedviT, petre qarTvelis Tavgadasavali gadmocemulia „petre<br />

qarTvelis cxovrebis“ mokle (B) redaqciis safuZvelze, cnobebi ioane zedaznelze, Sio<br />

mRvimelze daviT garejelsa da ise wilknelze gamokrebilia asurel moRvaweTa<br />

„cxovrebis“ wignebis sxvadasxva redaqciidan, anton marty<strong>of</strong>elis cxovrebis aRweriloba<br />

mzamzareuli saxiTaa Setanili liturgikuli krebulidan. cnobili aToneli moRvaweebis<br />

saqmianoba warmoCenilia maTi „cxovrebis“ wignebis („ioane da eqvTime aTonelebis<br />

cxovreba“, „giorgi aTonelis cxovreba“) safuZvelze da a.S.<br />

47

damowmebani:<br />

grigolia 1954: grigolia k. axali qarTlis cxovreba. Tb.: `Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1954.<br />

grigolia 1956: grigolia k. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ axali gamocemis gamo. Tb.: Jurnali mnaTobi,<br />

№ 4, 1956.<br />

kekeliZe 1956: kekeliZe k. sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb (kulturul—<br />

istoriuli problema). etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. I,<br />

Tb.: `Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1956.<br />

kekeliZe 1960: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. I 4 , Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1960.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris<br />

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1955.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris<br />

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.<br />

Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. I (V-X ss.). Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1964.<br />

Zeglebi 1967: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. II (XI-XV ss.). Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1967.<br />

Zeglebi 1971: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. III. metafrasuli<br />

redaqciebi (XI-XIII ss.). Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1971.<br />

Zeglebi 1968: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. IV. svinaqsaruli<br />

redaqciebi (XI-XVIII ss.). Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1968.<br />

Darejan Menabde<br />

Hagiographic Sources <strong>of</strong> “New Kartlis Tskhovreba”<br />

Summary<br />

“New Kartlis Tskhovreba” is a collection <strong>of</strong> historical works, which comprises manuscripts <strong>of</strong> the 14 th -<br />

18 th cc. and relates the history <strong>of</strong> this period. The Commission <strong>of</strong> “Erudite Persons” established by King<br />

Vakhtang VI made an extensive and thorough study <strong>of</strong> the text <strong>of</strong> “Kartlis Tskhovreba”, enriched it with<br />

additional religious themes and sought to present the historical and hagiographic material more<br />

comprehensively. The Commission prepared short texts <strong>of</strong> the “Lives” <strong>of</strong> the saints <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong> Church and<br />

inserted them in relevant passages. This work for the revision did not cease after Vakhtang and continued for a<br />

long time. The figures <strong>of</strong> the subsequent period were no longer content with the text <strong>of</strong> the “Erudite Persons”,<br />

and extended and supplemented the manuscripts with numerous hagiographic insertions.<br />

The Commission <strong>of</strong> “Erudite Persons” added to the chronicle one episode from “Moktsevai Kartlisai”<br />

(“The Conversion <strong>of</strong> Kartli”) and two insertions from “The Life <strong>of</strong> the Holy Peter the Iberian”. The insertions<br />

from the books <strong>of</strong> the “Lives” <strong>of</strong> the Syrian Fathers, composed by the redactors <strong>of</strong> “Kartlis Tskhovreba” on the<br />

basis <strong>of</strong> the texts are also identifiable. The later redactions <strong>of</strong> “Kartlis Tskhovreba” include insertions from “The<br />

Martyrdom <strong>of</strong> David and Konstantine”, “The Life <strong>of</strong> Our Fathers John and Euthymius”, and “The Life and Acts<br />

<strong>of</strong> Our Holy and Blessed Father, George the Athonite”. For some reason they were not introduced into the edited<br />

text <strong>of</strong> “Kartlis Tskhovreba”.<br />

The authors <strong>of</strong> the hagiographic insertions <strong>of</strong> the collection “Kartlis Tskhovreba” familiarized with the<br />

literature <strong>of</strong> the preceding period, selected the sources, abridged the texts, and adapted the material to the<br />

narration <strong>of</strong> “Kartlis Tskhovreba”.<br />

All the insertions <strong>of</strong> “New Kartlis Tskhovreba” are based on well-known hagiographic works. Their<br />

authors sometimes indicate the sources, but these references are not specified, some errors also occur, and<br />

therefore, the primary sources can be established only as a result <strong>of</strong> the comparison <strong>of</strong> the texts. It becomes clear<br />

that the story <strong>of</strong> the bringing <strong>of</strong> the Tunic <strong>of</strong> Jesus Chirst to Mtskheta is narrated according to “Moktsevai<br />

Kartlisai”. The story <strong>of</strong> Peter the Iberian is given on the basis <strong>of</strong> the short redaction (B) <strong>of</strong> “The Life <strong>of</strong> the Holy<br />

Peter the Iberian”, the information on St Ioane Zedazneli, St Shio <strong>of</strong> Mghwime, St David <strong>of</strong> Garesja and St Iese<br />

<strong>of</strong> Tsilkani is taken from various redactions <strong>of</strong> the books <strong>of</strong> the “Lives” <strong>of</strong> the Syrian Fathers. The life <strong>of</strong> St<br />

Anton <strong>of</strong> Martqopi is introduced unchanged from a liturgical book. The activities <strong>of</strong> the well-known Athonites<br />

are <strong>of</strong>fered according to their “Lives” (“The Life <strong>of</strong> Our Fathers John and Euthymius”, and “The Life and Acts<br />

<strong>of</strong> Our Holy and Blessed Father, George the Athonite”), etc.<br />

On the basis <strong>of</strong> the study made in the paper, comparison and juxtaposition <strong>of</strong> the redactions <strong>of</strong> texts<br />

brought to light to date, it becomes possible to identify the hagiographic sources <strong>of</strong> “New Kartlis Tskhovreba”.<br />

48

usTvelologiuri kvlevani<br />

`seni me mWirs raca Wirad...~<br />

maka elbaqiZe<br />

im konvenciur motivTa Soris, romlebic ganmsazRvrelia `vefxistyaosnis~ rogorc<br />

struqturuli, ise konceptualuri Taviseburebisa, umTavresia sasiyvarulo tanjva,<br />

romelic moiazreba, rogorc seni, avadmy<strong>of</strong>oba (sulxan-sabas ganmartebiTac `seni~ aris<br />

`sneuleba, senT darTva”). marTalia, vefxistyaosanSi ar gvxvdeba sityva `tanjva~, arc<br />

sityva `wameba~ tanjvis mniSvnelobiT, magram rusTveli iyenebs ara erT cnebas, romlebic<br />

swored samijnuro tanjva-wvalebaze miuTiTeben. esenia: vaeba, vaglaxeba, armeba,<br />

almodeba, axi da oxi, bneda, gasamsaleba, gaSeTeba, dagva, SeWirveba, daRreja, retianoba,<br />

sevda, seni, quSoba, Zrwola, Wiri, Wmunva, javri da a.S.<br />

vefxistyaosnis personaJTagan Tavdapirvelad senze TinaTini saubrobs, rodesac<br />

avTandils siyvaruls umJRavnebs: `seni me mWirs raca Wirad~ (rusTaveli: str. 126), Tumca<br />

siuJetis ganviTarebisas cxadi xdeba, rom siyvarulis seni Tvisebrivadac da gamoxatvis<br />

formebiTac gansxvavdeba adamianis fizikuri sneulebis, anu avadmy<strong>of</strong>obisagan. roca<br />

tarieli nestan-darejanis pirveli danaxvisas dabndeba da mis gansakurnad aqimT uxmoben,<br />

es ukanasknelni gakvirvebas ver faraven avadmy<strong>of</strong>is uCveulo mdgomareobiT _ `ese seni<br />

ragvariao~, _ da sabolood daaskvnian: `samkurnalo ara sWirs ra, sevda rame Semohyria~<br />

(rusTaveli: str. 345). cxadia, aqimebs amgvari daskvna tarielis mdgomareobaze<br />

dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoaqvT _ `zojer Smagad wamoviWri, sityva mcTari wameria~<br />

(rusTaveli: str. 345), romelic ara imdenad fizikur uZlurebas, ramdenadac avadmy<strong>of</strong>is<br />

sulier SeWirvebas asaxavs. saerTod, siyvarulis sens yvela epoqaSi da yvela qveyanaSi<br />

icnobdnen, magram arabul medicinaSi mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba hqonda daTmobili.<br />

arabi eqimebi siyvarulis sens miiCnevdnen mijnurobiT gamowveul avadmy<strong>of</strong>obad, romelic<br />

siSmage-sixeliT, an, Tundac, sikvdiliT mTavrdeboda. erT arabul anTologiaSi<br />

moTxrobilia: metrfe poets ekiTxeba: ra unda iRonos Seyvarebulma mamakacma? poeti<br />

upasuxebs: man unda damalos siyvaruli, sevda daiTminos, iyos Tavmdabali, morCili da<br />

mokrZalebuli. xolo Tu mas siyvarulis daTmena ar ZaluZs, mxolod tanjvaa erTaderTi<br />

sasurveli gza. metrfe: gemorCilebi, magram me mets veRar vicocxleb; acnobe mas, vinc<br />

Cemi guli cecxlis alSi gaxvia, Cemi savalalo Tavgadasavali. me davwvebi misi karis<br />

diresTan da Tavs moviklav. bednieri viqnebi, Tuki aRdgomis dRe erTmaneTs kvlav<br />

Segvyris (Jan humberti 1819: 42).<br />

siyvarulis senis gamoxatulebad miCneuli iyo: dabneda, gulis wasvla, cnobis<br />

dakargva, sulTqma, oxvra, sevda, ferdakarguloba, caxcaxi, krToma, gafiTreba da sxva<br />

amgvari movlena. `visramianSi~ vkiTxulobT: `ra ramin visis piri naxa, viTamca gulsa<br />

utevani isari scemoda, cxenisagan furcelis odnad subuqad CamoiWra. moedva<br />

mijnurobisa cecxli gulsa, dauwva tvini da goneba wauRo... ra cxenisagan CamoiWra,<br />

dabnda da didxan uWkuod idva...~ (visramiani 1962: 44)<br />

tarielic Tavisi gamijnurebis ambis Txrobisas ambobs: `qalsa Sevxeden, laxvari<br />

meca cnobasa da gulsa~ (rusTaveli: str. 344). cxadia, rom tarielis dabneda rogorc<br />

Tavisi Tavgadasavlis Txrobisas, ise nestanis pirveli danaxvisas, ridis kideSi<br />

gamoxveuli mijnuris werilis xilvisas Tu sxv. veladgaWrili raindis Cveuli<br />

mdgomareobaa. msgavs movlenas aRwers ibn hazmi `mtredis yelsabamSi~ _ `siyvarulis<br />

mtanjveli seni adamians guls ufleTs~ (ibn hazmi 2006). amgvaradve aqvs daxasiaTebuli<br />

siyvarulis seni ovidiussac. Tavisi “elegiebis” II wignis IX TavSi poeti mimarTavs<br />

kupidons: `Cems Zvlebze afuWeb isrebs? Sexede, moucvdaT piri, ise damadno trfobam,<br />

mxolod ZvlebiRa davrCi~ (ovidiusi 1987: 97). amasve ambobda andreas kapelani Tavis<br />

`wesTa~ me-15 TavSi: yvela metrfe unda gafiTrdes satfos winaSe; mis anazdeul danaxvaze<br />

guli unda auTrToldes (nozaZe 1975: 182).<br />

siyvaruli, mijnuroba rom sneulebaa, amas aRiarebdnen XI_XII saukunis evropeli<br />

trubadurebic da minezingerebic, romlebmac kritikulad gadaamuSaves ovidiusis<br />

erotikuli poezia da feodalur samoselSi `gamoawyves~ igi. amgvari interteqstualizmi,<br />

udavod, nawilia im fenomenisa, romelsac me-20 saukunis Suaxanebis<br />

literaturismcodneobam fin’Amors uwoda (swored ase saxeldebdnen frangi trubadurebi<br />

49

im siyvaruls, romelsac TavianT simRerebSi ganadidebdnen). unda iTqvas, rom garkveuli<br />

erotizmiT es poeziac aris aRbeWdili, Tumca is iSviaTad iyenebs ovidiusis sardonikul<br />

tons da saleqso striqonebidan frTxilad gamomkrTali seqsualobac, evfemizmis<br />

saburvelSi gaxveuli, iSviaTad aris mkafio da suraTovani. ovidiusis pirobiTobaTagan<br />

trubadurul poezias SemorCa siyvarulis, rogorc yovlismomcveli, adamianis<br />

dammonebeli Zalis gageba (`mivxvdi, sacodav Cems guls Smagi amuri tanjavs/ davnebde?<br />

vebrZolo? brZoliT ufro ar gaRvives cecxli,/ jobs movuxaro Tavi, iqneb damindos<br />

cota~ (ovidiusi 1987: 54). kurtuazuli metfrec unda damSvraliyo Tavisi qalbatonis<br />

samsaxurSi, magram Tu mijnuris keTilganwyobas ver daimsaxurebda, tirilSi, vaebasa da<br />

moTqma-godebaSi unda CaexSo sasowarkveTa. gotfrid fon strasburgeli mijnurobis<br />

damaxasiaTebel niSnad siyvarulTan erTad Wirsac miiCnevda: gamijnurebuli adamiani,<br />

misi azriT, erTdroulad ganicdida sixarulsa da SeWirvebas, tanjva-wamebasa da<br />

netarebas. pier vidali ambobs: mirCevnia davrdomili viyo, avitano Wiri da tanjva, vidre<br />

bedniereba sxvasTan movipovo. imave azrisaa bernar de ventadorneli _ siyvarulma ise<br />

sasiamovnod damWra, rom guli Cemi tkivilSic ki siamovnebas ganicdis; Cemi Wiri imdenad<br />

uCveuloa, rom is yvela sxva sikeTes mirCevnia da raoden am WirT amdeni momxibvleloba<br />

aqvT, imdenad am WirTa Semdeg iqnebian siamovnebani tkbilni (stepltoni 1996: 69-80).<br />

motanil citatebSi striqonebs Soris SeiZleba amovikiTxoT ovidiusis kidev erTi<br />

maqsima: `akrZaluls veswrafiT yvela, uari gviRviZebs survils, roca smas uSli sneuls,<br />

swored maSin gTxovs sasmels~ (ovidiusi 1987: 124).<br />

siyvaruliT dasneulebas mohyveba mijnuris xangrZlivi tanjva, romelic<br />

vefxistyaosanSic, aRmosavlur Tu evropul sasiyvarulo poeziaSic Sesabamisi motivebiT<br />

aris gamoxatuli: a) siSmage, gaxeleba, gagiJeba; b) sisxlis cremlebis Rvra; g) Cauqrobeli<br />

cecxliT (saxmiliT) wva; d) gulis dalaxvra da dawyluleba; e) sikvdilis natvra; v) velad<br />

gaWra.<br />

bunebrivia, unda davsvaT kiTxva _ ra iwvevs mijnuris dasneulebas, Sesabamisad, mis<br />

tanjvas, gaxelebas da gaSmagebas? pasuxi calsaxaa: satrfosTan ganSoreba _ droebiTi an<br />

samudamo. orive SemTxvevaSi tanjva imdenad yovlismomcvelia da gausaZlisi, rom<br />

mijnurs veRar ZaluZs Caketva mowesrigebul, Sem<strong>of</strong>arglul sivrceSi, amitom igi arRvevs<br />

am sivrcis sazRvrebs da siSmagis umaRles wertils mieaxleba. rogorc `visramianis~<br />

qarTuli versiis avtori gvamcnobs: `mijnursa Wirad ese ey<strong>of</strong>is, romel miwyiT Wirsa Sigan<br />

aris da moyvarisa natvrasa. niadag xvaSiadsa gulsa Sigan Senaxva unda, vervis glax<br />

miandobs Tavis gulisa sityvasa... miwyiT ukacursa adgilsa eZebdis da martod dajdis,<br />

tirodes Seusveneblad~ (visramiani: 1962: 277).<br />

arabulenovan samyaroSi Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda legenda yais ibn-almulavaxis<br />

siyvarulze, romelsac `xelobisaTvis~ majnuni uwodes. varaudoben, rom<br />

swored es yaisia prototipi nizamis poema leilisa da majnunis mTavari personaJisa.<br />

yaisis velad gaWra da udabur adgilebSi rbola `sixelis~ umaRlesi safexuria, saidanac<br />

gmiri veRarasodes Semobrundeba daRmavali gziT da sawyis wertils verasodes<br />

daubrundeba (Sdr. gaSmagebuli majnuni Tavis trfobas adarebs gareul frinvels,<br />

romelic basri brWyalebiT daundoblad ufleTs guls). velad gaWra konvencionaluri<br />

motivis saxiT kretien de truas ivenSic gvxvdeba. raindis gaxeleba am romanSi iwyeba mas<br />

Semdeg, rac sityvis gamtex ivens CamoarTmeven meuRlis naCuqar jadosnur beWeds,<br />

Sesabamisad ki, Tavis sayvarelTan dabrunebisa da misi siyvarulis uflebas. ubedurebiT<br />

Tavzardacemul rainds isRa darCenia, uRran tyes Seafaros Tavi, radgan gaSmagebulsa da<br />

sigiJis zRvars miaxlebuls veRar autania kacTa samy<strong>of</strong>eli Tavisi wesrigiT,<br />

momabezrebeli yoveldRiurobiT da mkacrad gansazRvruli etiketiT (Sdr. `ar meamis<br />

kacTa naxva, midaRvidis gulsa daRni~ (rusTaveli: str. 583). gaxelebul rainds<br />

erTaderTi mizani amoZravebs _ rac SeiZleba swrafad ganeSoros im samyaros, romelic<br />

mas sworupovar da uZlevel raindad icnobda, da Tavdaviwyeba ukacriel adgilebSi<br />

povos... da mirbis gaxelebuli iveni uRrani tyisken, gzadagza kargavs cnobierebas da,<br />

masTan erTad, wyvets ukanasknel damakavSirebel Zafs Tavis warsulTan, arturis<br />

brwyinvale samefo karTan, meuRlesTan, Sesabamisad, im idiliur y<strong>of</strong>asTan, romliTac<br />

aqamde iyo garemoculi. SeSlili, adamianis ierdakarguli raindi daexeteba tye-RreSi,<br />

umi nanadireviT iklavs SimSils da SiSvel-titveli dasaZineblad notio miwaze miegdeba.<br />

gaxelebuli ivenis mxatvruli saxe, gansakuTrebiT misi portretuli Strixebi, sakmao<br />

msgavsebas amJRavnebs, erTi mxriv, nizamis majnunTan, meore mxriv, rusTvelis tarielTan.<br />

Tumca qvemoT vnaxavT, rom am avtorTa midgoma erTi da imave motivisadmi sakmaod<br />

gansxvavebulia, rac aRniSnuli konvenciis specifikur interpretaciaSi iCens Tavs.<br />

50

gmiris gaxelebasa da velad gaWras vefxistyaosanSi sxva funqcia eniWeba,<br />

Sesabamisad, am motivis `Semotanac~ gansxvavebul drosa (igulisxmeba literaturuli<br />

dro) da situaciaSi xdeba.<br />

ivenis gaxeleba iwyeba maSinve, rogorc ki igi dakargavs satrfos siyvarulsa da misi<br />

meuRleobis uflebas. tarielsac, ivenis msgavsad, `guls gauqvavebs~ da `gonebas<br />

gauSmagebs~ nestanis dakargva, magram es jer kidev ar aris is gaxeleba, romelsac mohyveba<br />

raindis `gaWra~ da `velTa rbola~. miuxedavad Tavs datexili ubedurebisa, tariels<br />

ZaluZs Tavis arsebaSi gamefebuli mtanjveli emociebis daTrgunva, mobilizeba Sinagani<br />

Zalebisa da savali gzis siZneleTa warbSeuxrelad atana:<br />

gulsa vuTxar, nu mohkvdebi, aras gargebs cudi wola,<br />

gijobs gaWra Zebnad misad, gavardna da velTa rbola.<br />

(rusTaveli: str. 577)<br />

am gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan erTad tarieli `ficxlad Seekazmeba~ da as samoci<br />

meomris TanxlebiT gaeSureba dakarguli satrfos saZebrad _ gadalaxavs zRvasa Tu<br />

xmeleTs, moivlis qveynierebis oTxsav kides, magram amaod. raindi mainc jiutad<br />

ganagrZobs dakarguli satrfos Zebnas da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac kidev erTxel uSedegod<br />

moivlis `yovlsa pirsa qveyanisa~, sasowarkveTili datovebs `kacrielTa Tems~, gaiWreba<br />

velad da vefxis tyaviT Semosili ukacriel gamoqvabulSi daidebs binas (`mas aqaT vaxlvar<br />

nadirTa, Tavsa maTebrve mxsenebi~ (rusTaveli: str. 648).<br />

aRniSnuli motivi mxolod erTi, umniSvnelo rgoli rodia siuJetur jaWvSi.<br />

gaxelebuli, velad gaWrili raindis TemiT iwyeba romanSi moqmedebis ganviTareba,<br />

romelic TandaTanobiT ivseba axali StrixebiT da niuansebiT da mxolod konfliqtis<br />

ganmuxtvis Sedegad amoiwureba. sakmarisia, tarielma dainaxos nestanis ridis kideSi<br />

gaxveuli misive `wigni~, rom moulodneli bednierebiT `ucnobod qmnilSi~ kvlav<br />

gaiRviZos dakargulma imedma da sicocxlisa da moqmedebis stimuli mieces.<br />

amieridan tariels miznis misaRwevad kvlav Tavisi gulovnebisa da mklavis Zalis<br />

imedi aqvs. dayovneba misTvis sikvdilis tolfasia, amitom sixele da siSmage droebiT ukan<br />

ixevs da adgils `gonebas~, civ gansjas uTmobs _ `merme tariel ambavsa hkiTxavs, aRara<br />

bndeboda~ (rusTaveli: 1339). `momcinari da mxiaruli~, igi mzad aris rTuli, faTerakebiT<br />

aRsavse mogzaurobis dasawyebad (Sdr. avTandilis dabrunebamde tarieli `feriTa<br />

mkrTali~, `cecxlnadebari~ da `ucnobo qmnilia~).<br />

yovelive zemoTqmuli rodi niSnavs, rom qajeTs gamgzavrebuli tarieli aRarc<br />

xelia da aRarc Smagi. misi, rogorc mijnuris sixele mxolod da mxolod satrfos povnis<br />

Semdeg dasruldeba. siSmage droebiT `gonebis~ kalapotSi eqceva, iseve rogorc uwin,<br />

nestanis dakargvis Setyobis Jams. sagrZnobladaa Sesustebuli velad gaWris motivic,<br />

vinaidan sivrce, romlis farglebSic amieridan moqmedebs vefxistyaosani raindi, kvlav<br />

SemosazRvruli da `wriuli~ xdeba. Zmadnaficebis TanxlebiT tarieli miiswrafvis<br />

qajeTis cixisken, raTa nestanis gaTavisuflebasTan erTad daibrunos dakarguli<br />

siyvaruli da sulis mSvidoba.<br />

qajeTidan gamarjvebiT Semoqceuli raindi kvlav `mZleTa mZle~ da mterTa `mosrviT<br />

mspobeli~ xdeba. mas Semdeg, rac igi Seeyreba satrfos, misi sixele da siSmage sabolood<br />

iTrguneba, Sesabamisad, romanSic aRar arsebobs gaxelebisa da velad gaWris motivis<br />

saWiroeba. rogorc sworad aRniSnavs nodar naTaZe, tarielis sixeleSi konvencias<br />

fsiqologiuri motivaciis xazi Crdilavs, romelic am romanSi ZiriTadia (naTaZe 1966:<br />

135).<br />

gaxelebisa da velad gaWris motivs ivenSi sxvagvari ganfeniloba da kompoziciuri<br />

datvirTva aqvs, vidre vefxistyaosanSi. marTalia, gmiris gaxeleba satrfos dakargvis<br />

momentidanve iwyeba, magram sruldeba gacilebiT adre, vidre igi samudamod<br />

daibrunebdes mijnurs. `gaxeleba~, `siSmage~ aq Sewyvetilia `xelovnurad~, jadosnuri<br />

Zalis CareviT (feria morganas saswaulmoqmedi balzamis daxmarebiT), rac kurtuazuli<br />

tradiciis gavleniT SeiZleba avxsnaT (jadosnuri Zalebi erT-erTi mTavari funqciuri<br />

kategoriaa (xelis SemSleli/xelis Semwyobi) e.w. faTerakis epizodebSi). siyvarulis<br />

ritualizeba (iveni iZulebulia, mdumared aitanos satrfos sayvedurebi da arc ki<br />

cdilobs Tavis marTlebas), fantastikuri elementebis siWarbe (jadosnuri beWedi,<br />

saswaulmoqmedi balzami) da rainduli kodeqsisadmi morCilebis aucilebloba (iveni ver<br />

dabrundeba meuRlesTan, vidre ar aRasrulebs Tavis raindul vals, misi keTilganwyobis<br />

xelaxla mosapoveblad monawileobas ar miiRebs turnirebsa da orTabrZolebSi)<br />

gansxvavebuli niuansiT warmogviCens am motivs da ganasxvavebs mas tarielis siSmagesixelisgan.<br />

51

sasiyvarulo tanjvas, sens, romelic “kacrielTa TemTagan” gansvliT, anu velad<br />

gaWriT kulminacias aRwevs, Tan sdevs sikvdilis natvra, romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

marTlac letaluri dasasruli aqvs. cnobilia, rom sufist poetebs siyvarulis Sedegad<br />

sikvdili bednierebad miaCndaT (Sdr. `kupidon, aRar Rirs trfoba, ganmSordi mag Seni<br />

mSvildiT, / sikvdilis meti ukve aRaraferi minda!~ ovidiusi 1987: 90). rogorc erTi arabi<br />

poeti werda: siyvarulSi mosveneba aris daRliloba, misi dasawyisi aris sneuleba, misi<br />

dasasruli aris sikvdili. magram CemTvis ki siyvarulis gamo sikvdili aris sicocxle. is,<br />

vinc kvdeba Tavisi siyvarulisgan, ar SeuZlia siyvarulSi icxovros. es aris siyvaruli<br />

RmerTis mimarT da sikvdili RmerTisTvis... (nozaZe 1975: 187). arabul poeziaSi siyvaruli<br />

Sedarebulia gaxurebul naRverdalTan, boboqar cecxlTan, gaxurebul rkinasTan,<br />

maxesTan, romelSic ebmeba sabralo msxverpli. Tanac siyvaruli adamians moulodnelad<br />

ewveva, aTas satanjvelSi agdebs, xSirad ki siSmagemdec mihyavs (filStinski 1977: 163).<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes centraluri arabeTis beduinur<br />

tomebSi Casaxuli poezia, romelsac uzras tomis analogiiT uzriuli poeziis saxeliT<br />

vicnobT. zogierTi mkvlevari amgvar trfobas frangi trubadurebis fin’Amor-is (wmida<br />

siyvaruli) beduinur variantsac uwodebda (filStinski 1977: 159). am tomis poetebi<br />

Txzavdnen leqsebs sabediswero, TiTqmis mistikuri siyvarulis Sesaxeb, romelsac<br />

mohqonda tanjva da misgan gaTavisufleba mxolod sikvdiliT Tu iyo SesaZlebeli.<br />

Sesabamisad, uzriuli lirika gaJRenTili iyo fatalizmiT, dausrulebeli sevdiT,<br />

ganwirulebiT. yvela poets hyavda mxolod erTaderTi trfobis obieqti, idealuri qali.<br />

igi cdilobda gaTavisuflebuliyo seqsualuri instinqtebis tyveobidan, Tavisi<br />

grZnobisTvis zeSTagonebis Zala mieniWebina da idealad daesaxa (filStinski 1977: 201-<br />

215). vinaidan es sabediswero grZnoba poets alahisgan hqonda miniWebuli, SeuZlebeli iyo<br />

misgan Tavis daRweva. sayovelTaod cnobilia erT-erTi poet-beduinis gamonaTqvami _ `me<br />

vekuTvni im toms, romlis mamakacebic Seiyvareben Tu ara, kvdebian~. cxadia, es poeti<br />

uzras toms gulisxmobda. am tomis mamakacebs, Sesabamisad ki poetebs, swamdaT, rom<br />

siyvaruli iyo ara mxolod yovlismomcveli grZnoba, aramed TviT sicocxlec (Sdr. nizami<br />

ganjeli _ sicocxlis silamaze sakuTari Tavis msxverplad mitanaSia, rodesac metrfes<br />

warmoudgenlad miaCnia mijnurisgan gancalkevebiT cxovreba. siyvaruli arc vnebaa, arc<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>oba, aramed adamianis arsebobis sazrisi (rafili 1947: 65). igive Tvalsazrisi<br />

SeiZleba amovikiTxoT XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe provanseli trubaduris,<br />

aqvitaniis hercogis, giiom IX-is sityvebSi: `siyvaruls moaqvs sikvdili da axalgazrdoba~<br />

(stepltoni 1996: 75); `tristanisa da izoldas~ gotfrid strasburgeliseul versiaSi:<br />

`izoldav, Cemo nandauro izoldav, Cemo megobaro, Sena xar Cemi sikvdili, Sena xar Cemi<br />

sicocxle~ (wigni tristanisa da izoldasi 1984: 42) da vefxistyaosanSi: `Cemi lxinia<br />

sikvdili, gayra xorcTa da sulisa~ (rusTaveli: 271).<br />

evropeli medievistebi miuTiTeben, rom Suasaukuneebis rainduli romanis faTeraki<br />

an avantiura, romelic romanis siuJetis mTavar RerZad moiazreba, imTaviTve gulisxmobs<br />

Tavganwirvas, tanjva-wamebas, WirTa Tmenas (rasac ovidiusi tormentums uwodebs, xolo<br />

andreas kapelani _ kotidiana tormentas), romelic, erTi mxriv, siyvarulisTvis<br />

sicocxlis msxverplad mitanas gulisxmobs, meore mxriv, pirovnebis moraluri<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>is, misi sulieri harmonizaciis procesis damagvirgvinebelia. xangrZlivi,<br />

momqancveli mogzauroba da yovel nabijze Casafrebuli sikvdilis SegrZneba Sinaganad<br />

gardaqmnis kretien de truas `erekisa da enidas~ personaJs ereks, sakuTar Tavs<br />

apovninebs, kriziss gadaalaxvinebs. Sesabamisad, raindis coli, enidac, sabolood<br />

darwmundeba, rom misi meuRlis siyvaruli eWvmiutaneli da WeSmaritia. TiTqmis igive<br />

azria Cadebuli avTandilis sityvebSi: `sdevs mijnursa faTeraki, sawuTrosa daanavlebs,<br />

mijnuroba saWiroa, miT sikvdilTan migvaaxlebs~ (rusTaveli: str. 904), romlebic naTlad<br />

gviCvenebs, rom mijnuroba Wiris momtania, siZneleTa da dabrkolebaTa Semqmnelia, rom<br />

mijnurobas moaqvs mwuxareba, sevda da sikvdilTan gvaaxloebs (gavixsenoT tarielis<br />

sityvebi: “Cemi lxinia sikvdili, gayra xorcTa da sulisa” (rusTaveli: 374) an “visramianis”<br />

erT-erTi Segoneba: “mijnursa tirili gamoacxadebs da avad mouxdebis. cxadsa mijnursa<br />

dia faTeraki sdevs” (visramiani 1962: 305). Tumca, imavdroulad, mijnuroba saukeTeso<br />

gzaa sakuTari Tavis Sesamecneblad, mtanjvel emociebTan gasamklaveblad, nebisy<strong>of</strong>is<br />

gasaZliereblad (am TvalsazrisiT Zalze sayuradReboa tarielisadmi mimarTuli nestandarejanis<br />

sityvebi: `bediTi bneda, sikvdili, ra mijnuroba ggonia? sjobs, sayvarelsa<br />

uCveno saqmeni sagmironia!~ (rusTaveli: str. 370). Tu mijnurobas faTeraki sdevs, es<br />

faTeraki da misi Tanamdevi Wiri gamocdaa SeyvarebulisaTvis. Tu sawuTro mijnurs<br />

daanaRvlebs, sabolood lxenasac aZlevs. swored amis damtkicebas cdilobs gaxelebuli<br />

tarielisTvis avTandili, Tumca, TinaTinTan ganSorebuli, TviTonac araerTgzis<br />

`mimarTis danasa~. amgvarad, sikvdili avTandilisTvis aris survili Tavisi Rrma<br />

52

grZnobebisa da mtanjveli emociebis gamosaxatavad, rasac masSi TinaTinis mier<br />

`danerguli~ siyvaruli iwvevs. tarielis msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSi sikvdili masac lxinad<br />

warmoudgenia (satrfosTan ganSoreba, romelic aravin icis, sadamde gastans, misTvisac<br />

iseve gausaZlisia, rogorc tarielisTvis), radgan siyvaruls sikvdilTan ziari sazRvari<br />

aqvs, magram es sikvdili avTandilisTvis mainc ar aris misaRebi, Tavis mokvla rainds<br />

satanisebur survilad miaCnia, amitom is guls ubrZanebs, daTmeo (nozaZe 1975: 191).<br />

siyvaruliT gamowveuli senis mkurnali SeiZleba iyos satrfo. (Tumca bevri<br />

fiqrobs, rom siyvarulis tkivili ganukurnavia, anda misi mkurnali SeiZleba iyos<br />

mxolod sikvdili). Tu kurtuazuli romanis metrfe qalbatonis keTilganwyobas ver<br />

miiRebs, igi mxolod sikvdilSi povebs Svebas (tristani). am SemTxvevaSi misi malamo<br />

sikvdilia, radgan sxva wamali, sxva malamo, sxva aqimi misTa wylulTa mosarCenad ar<br />

arsebobs. (SemTxveviTi araa, rom vefxistyaosanSi ismis kiTxva: `raa wamali misisa<br />

wylulisa gankurnebisa...~ rusTaveli: str. 692). ovidiusis kvalobaze, evropeli<br />

trubadurebi da minezingerebi dabejiTebiT acxadeben, rom mijnuris gankurneba TviT<br />

siyvarulis RmerTs, amursac ar ZaluZs. meore mxriv, `Tu mijnurs siyvarulis seni _ Wiri<br />

_ awuxebs, meore mijnurma, ZiriTadad misma megobarma, pirvelis Wiri unda gaiziaros da<br />

mtanjveli emociebi daaTrguninos~ _ `kvla mijnursa mijnurisa Wiri uCndes Wirad<br />

didad~ (nozaZe 1975: 227-228), vinaidan siyvarulisgan gaxelebul adamians dakarguli aqvs<br />

rogorc `civi gansjis~, ise sakuTari emociebis saTanadod warmarTvis unari, Sesabamisad,<br />

siyvarulis senTan gamklaveba mas sxva aqimis gareSe ar ZaluZs:<br />

ra aqimi dasneuldes, razom ginda saqebari,<br />

man sxva uxmos mkurnali da majasisa Semtyvebari,<br />

mas uambos, raca sWirdes seni, cecxlTa momdebari,<br />

sxvisa sxvaman ukeT icis sasargeblo saubari (rusTaveli: str. 653).<br />

Tuki siyvarulis `Wiri~ tanjvisa da vnebis momtania, adamianma an unda daiTminos is,<br />

an unda ebrZolos. swored aq mJRavndeba adamianis nebisy<strong>of</strong>is, misi sulieri simtkicis<br />

Rirebuleba. avTandili acxadebs: `xams, Tu kaci ar Seudrkes, Wirs miuxdes mamacurad~<br />

(rusTaveli: str. 152), e.i. Wirs aqvs Tavisi dialeqtika _ is yovelTvis ar iarsebebs,<br />

aramed icvleba lxiniT, Wiri ar SeiZleba maradiulad arsebobdes, igi lxinma unda<br />

dasZlios. amitomac aris saWiro mamakacis gulovnoba, `Wirsa Sigan gamagreba~. amgvarad,<br />

vefxistyaosanSi Wiris filos<strong>of</strong>ia optimisturia. adamiani ar unda Seudrkes Wirs da unda<br />

SeebrZolos mas. es aris pirovnebis sruly<strong>of</strong>is gza (nozaZe 1975: 229).<br />

kretien de trua gveubneba: Cemi Wiri yvela Wirisgan gansxvavdeba; Cemi Wiri aris is,<br />

romelic me msurs; me ver vxedav, raze viCivlo, radgan Cemi Wiri TviT Cemi nebisgan<br />

momdinareobs; es aris Cemi nebeloba, romelic Wirad gadameqca: magram CemTvis<br />

sasixaruloa mnebavdes da ase sasiamod vitanjo. es sityvebi, cxadia, siyvaruls exeba.<br />

siyvaruli aq warmodgenilia Wirad, sneulebad, romelic adamians siamovnebas aniWebs;<br />

siyvaruli aq aris seni, romelic tkivilebs iwvevs da siyvarulis tkivili aris sasiamovno,<br />

salxino. da amas Seyvarebuli Tavisi nebelobiT hqmnis; nebelobas siyvarulis tkivilis<br />

gancdebi izidavs da ara siyvarulis ganxorcieleba (nozaZe 1975: 230). me-13 saukunis<br />

Suaxanebis frangi poeti giraut rikieric miuTiTebda, rom siyvaruli seriozuli aqtia,<br />

romelsac uTuod tanjvac axlavs. magram tanjviT gamowveul sevdas, romelic ar aris<br />

samudamo, uTuod gaawonasworebs dadebiTi Sedegi, vTqvaT, poeturi STagoneba<br />

(SiSmariovi 1965: 207).<br />

vefxistyaosanSi ki siyvarulis tkivili, tanjva, wameba, cecxli, dagva, bneda,<br />

dabneda miuRweveli siyvarulis Sedegia da ara nebelobisa. vefxistyaosanSi aravis surs<br />

Tavisi nebiT siyvarulis gamo daitanjos, aravis surs Tavisi Tavi gvemos, awamos, piriqiT,<br />

aq TiToeuli gmiris neba gamoixateba siyvarulis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi da Tu<br />

siyvaruli senia, misgan gankurnebas, am senisgan Tavis daRwevas yvela cdilobs (nozaZe<br />

1975: 230):<br />

aras gargebs SeWirveba, rom sWmunvide, ra gergebis!<br />

ar Tu ici, ugangebod ara kaci ar mokvdebis?<br />

mzisa SuqTa momlodine vardi sam dRes ar daWnebis.<br />

bedi cdaa, gamarjveba, RmerTsa undes, mo-ca-gxvdebis .<br />

(rusTaveli: str. 893)<br />

rogorc vxedavT, sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi Wiris daTmena, rogorc<br />

vefxistyaosanSi, ise aRmosavlur Tu kurtuazul poeziaSi erTnairad savaldebulod<br />

aris miCneuli, magram Tu aRmosavlur lirikaSi an trubadurTa poeziaSi Wiri umravles<br />

53

SemTxvevaSi poeturi samkaulis funqciiT gvevlineba (mogvianebiT es daZleuli iqneba<br />

frangul raindul romanSi), vefxistyaosanisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Wiris damarcxeba,<br />

misi lxinad Secvla, sicocxlis gamarjveba. rusTvelTan sasiyvarulo tanjva da<br />

mijnurobiT mogvrili sixaruli mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli erTmaneTTan da gamijnulad<br />

araa warmodgenili. aqcenti aq gadatanilia ara tanjvis siZlieresa da kvdomaze (Sdr.<br />

`tristani da izolda~, `visramiani~, `leili da mejnuni~ da a.S), aramed am mtanjvel<br />

emociaTa daZlevasa da maTi flobis unarze, rasac sabolood mivyavarT pirovnebis<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>asa da uzenaesi idealis amqveynadve wvdomamde.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

gotfrid strasburgeli 1976: Готфрид Страссбургский. Тристан, Легенда о Тристане и Изольде.<br />

Издание подготовил А. Д. Михайлов. Литературные памятники АН СССР. Москва:<br />

издательство «Наука», 1976.<br />

visramiani 1962: visramiani. teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTes a.<br />

gvaxariam da m. Toduam. Tb.: gamomcemloba `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.<br />

ibn hazmi: Ibn Hazm. The Ring <strong>of</strong> the Dove. A Threatise on the Art and Practice <strong>of</strong> Arab Love. Translated by A.J.<br />

Arberry (on-lain wigni) (gamomc. Luzac and Company, LTD, London, W.C.1, ganTavsebulia<br />

5 agvistodan, 2006); mis.: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hazm/dove/index.htm.<br />

naTaZe 1966: naTaZe n. rusTveluri mijnuroba da renesansi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1966.<br />

nozaZe 1975: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis mijnurTmetyveleba. parizi: 1975.<br />

ovidiusi 1987: publius ovidius nazoni. trfobani. laTinuridan Targmna, Sesavali werili,<br />

SeniSvnebi da saxelTa saZiebeli daurTo manana RaribaSvilma. Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1987.<br />

rafili 1947: Рафили М. Низами Ганджеви и его творчество. Баку: 1947.<br />

rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani. saredaqcio kolegia: irakli abaSiZe,<br />

aleqsandre baramiZe, pavle ingoroyva, akaki SaniZe, giorgi wereTeli. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.<br />

stepltoni 1996: Stapleton M.L. Harmful Eloquence. Ovid’s Amores from Antiquity to Shakespeare. The<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Michigan Press, 1996.<br />

trua 1980: Кретьен де Труа. Эрек и Энида. Клижес. Литературные памятники АН СССР. Москва:<br />

издательство «Наука», 1980.<br />

trua 1974: Кретьен де Труа. Ивейн, или рыцарь со львом. Библиотека всемирной литературы. Серия I,<br />

Москва: издательство «Художественная литература», 1974.<br />

filStinski 1977: Фильштинский И. Арабская литература в средние века. Словесное искусство арабов в<br />

древности и раннем средневековье. Москва: издательство «Наука», 1977.<br />

SiSmariovi 1965: Шишмарев В. К истории любовных теории романского средневековья. Избранные статьи в<br />

2-х томах. том I , Москва-Ленинград: издательство «Наука», 1965.<br />

wigni tristanisa da izoldasi 1984: wigni tristanisa da izoldasi. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`nakaduli~, 1984.<br />

humberti 1819: Jean Humbert. Anthologie Arabe. Paris, 1819.<br />

Maka Elbakidze<br />

„The Torment, the Great Illness Which Afflicts Me…“<br />

Summary<br />

The subject <strong>of</strong> our present interest is only one conventional motif <strong>of</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong>’s poem – love (amorous)<br />

suffering, which is interpreted as a disease. It is clear, that the individual details <strong>of</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong>’s conception <strong>of</strong> love<br />

bear a clear imprint <strong>of</strong> oriental culture (the most obvious example <strong>of</strong> this is the reference to the main characters<br />

as mijnur, an Arabic word denoting one maddened by love). We can tell the same about the motif cited above.<br />

The suffering <strong>of</strong> a mijnur (the man in love) is expressed by the secondary motifs, such as: to be maddened by<br />

love; shedding tears <strong>of</strong> blood; burning and flaming with an inextinguishable flame <strong>of</strong> love; to be wounded in the<br />

heart; dreaming <strong>of</strong> death; ranging. Each <strong>of</strong> these motifs is <strong>of</strong>ten used in oriental love poetry and epic as well as<br />

in the encyclopedic work about the love, such as Ibn Hazm’s The Dove’s Necklace.<br />

Most <strong>of</strong> these motifs we can observe in European chivalry romances, particularly, in Chrétien de Troyes’<br />

Arthurian romances. Quite possible, that they made their path to Provence by the influence <strong>of</strong> Oriental (Arabic)<br />

culture. As a definite concept courtly love developed in the midst <strong>of</strong> troubadour love poetry. Thereafter it<br />

„moved“ to the north <strong>of</strong> France and was taken over almost unchanged by the French trouvers, who converted<br />

54

this traditional concept <strong>of</strong> love into the theoretical background <strong>of</strong> their chivalry romances. Love Suffering (as<br />

Love Disease) is one <strong>of</strong> the main motifs <strong>of</strong> this model (although some troubadours describe love as suffering but<br />

not a disease) which bears not only oriental, but also Ovidian influence (first <strong>of</strong> all we mean Ovid’s Ars amatoria<br />

and Amores).<br />

It must be said, that the conventional motifs, which are typical for oriental as well as for European love<br />

poetry, have a function only <strong>of</strong> given formulas in <strong>Rustaveli</strong>’s poem and after the literary conversion have<br />

absolutely different interpretation.<br />

The motifs <strong>of</strong> suffering and a joy, which love gives to the man are not separated in <strong>Rustaveli</strong>’s poem, on<br />

the contrary, they are strongly bounded together. <strong>Rustaveli</strong> makes an accent not on the strength and intensity <strong>of</strong><br />

suffering (as in Tristan & Yseult, Visramiani (Vis O Ramin), Leyli and Majnun), but he shows the way how to<br />

overcome agonizing emotions and how to possess them, how to achieve perfection and innermost ideals.<br />

isev `vefxistyaosnis~ fistikauri str<strong>of</strong>is Sesaxeb<br />

boris darCia<br />

cnobilia, rom `vefxistyaosani~ Tavidan bolomde, CanarT-danarTebianad, 16marcvlovani<br />

SairiTaa dawerili. erTaderTi gamonaklisia 771-e str<strong>of</strong>i, romelic rig<br />

xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSi 20-marcvlovani sazomiT, _ fistikauriTaa Sesrulebuli.<br />

Tumca nusxaTa umravlesobaSi da aqedan ramdenime gamocemaSi is 16-marcvlovani<br />

SairiTacaa warmodgenili, magram ufro 20-marcvlovani saxiTaa gavrcelebuli. pirvel<br />

saiubileo (1937) da misgan momdinare (1951, 1957 ww.) gamocemebSi amgvaradaa dabeWdili:<br />

Sekra wiTeli asi aTasi pirad mzeman da tanad saroman,<br />

samasi Tavi stavra-atlasi uxvman, niadag miumcTaroman,<br />

samoci Tvali lal-iagundi ferad marT viTa miumxvdaroman,<br />

kaci gagzavna vazirisasa, ese yvelai misTvis aro man.<br />

1966 wels gamovaqveyneT gamokvleva `fistikauri str<strong>of</strong>i vefxistyaosanSi~<br />

(rusTveli: 368_390), romelSic Cveni daskvnebi ase CamovayalibeT:<br />

1. 771_e str<strong>of</strong>i Tavidan fistikauris formiT Seiqmna da zogierT xelnawerSi<br />

Sairis saxiT Semdeg gadakeTda.<br />

2. a) am str<strong>of</strong>is avTentikuri teqsti unda veZioT im xelnawerebSi, romlebic<br />

fistikauris sazomiT warmogvidgenen mas.<br />

b) miuRebelia 1937 wlis saiubileo da misgan momdinare gamocemaTa mesame taepis<br />

meore naxevris wakiTxva: `... ferad m a r T v i T a m i u m x v d a r o m a n ~.<br />

mis nacvlad unda iyos: `... ferad ar maTgan sauaro,_man~, rac niSnavs: man,<br />

avTandilma, iseTi samoci Tvali lal_iagundi gaugzavna vazirs, rom feriT maTgan<br />

(misgan, vazirisagan) ar sauaro (uari rom ar iTqmeboda, iseTi) iyo.<br />

3. wamoyenebuli sabuTebi sakmarisi ar aris ganxiluli str<strong>of</strong>is CanarTobis<br />

dasamtkiceblad (gv. 390).<br />

am naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg ramdenime sagangebo gamokvleva daibeWda,<br />

romlebSic grZeldeba kamaTi saZiebeli str<strong>of</strong>is ZiriTad sakiTxebze da kvlavac<br />

urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebania gamoTqmuli.<br />

rima fircxalaiSvili ganixilavs or sakiTxs: Tavidan rogori sazomiT Seiqmna es<br />

str<strong>of</strong>i da ra saxisa iyo mesame striqoni (fircxalaiSvili 1973: 3_15).<br />

isic aRniSnavs, rom am `str<strong>of</strong>is yalbad miCnevis safuZveli mis<br />

gansxvavebul sazomsa da damaxinjebul teqstSia saZiebeli. magram<br />

rusTvelologiis dRevandel doneze aRniSnuli str<strong>of</strong>is r u s T v e l u r o b a S i e W v i s<br />

S e t a n a g a m a r T l e b u l i a r i q n e b o d a~ (fircxalaiSvili 1973: 8).<br />

misi azriT, `a r c i s a a g a m o r i c x u l i , rom Sairis str<strong>of</strong>i im saxiT, rogorsac<br />

Cven dRes vicnobT, marTlac ocmarcvlovanis gadakeTebas warmoadgendes,<br />

55

magram Tavis mxriv ocmarcvlovanis amosavali y<strong>of</strong>iliyo avTentikuri, SairiT gamarTuli<br />

str<strong>of</strong>i~ (fircxalaiSvili 1973: 12).<br />

avtori gvTavazobs mis mier dadgenil teqsts, romelic SairiTaa gawyobili da erT<br />

romelime xelnawers an redaqciul jgufs ki ar asaxavs, aramed sxvadasxva striqonSi<br />

sxvadasxva nusxas eyrdnoba. misi sityvebiT, `e r T a d e r T i gza taepis Sinaarsisa da<br />

mxatvruli formis marTebulad warmodgenisa missave leqsikis safuZvelze,<br />

konieqturebis gareSe, SeiZleba iyos m x o l o d S e r w y m a s x v a d a s x v a<br />

variantuli monacemebisa~ (fircxalaiSvili 1973: 12).<br />

r. fircxalaiSvili pirvel striqons amgvarad beWdavs: `wiTeli asi aTasi pir-mzeman,<br />

tanad saroman~, romelic ufro mihyveba JT-s. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, am nusxebSi<br />

striqoni ase iwyeba: `asi aTasi w i T e l i ~. `w i T e l i asi aTasi~ arc erT xelnawerSi ar<br />

moipoveba.<br />

meore striqonia: `samasi stavra-atlasi uxvman da miumcTaroman~, romelsac iZleva<br />

sami nusxa _ EEIZ.<br />

mesame striqoni: `samoci lal-iagundi ar maTman miumxvdaroman, _~. aq, garda bolo<br />

sityvisa, gameorebulia A'-is wakiTxva. bolo sityva (`miumxvdaroman~) gvaqvs FGF'L'Q'<br />

xelnawerebSi.<br />

bolo striqoni `kaci gagzavna vazirTan, es yvela misTvis aro man~ aris EFHIKOYZQ'<br />

nusxebSi.<br />

sityvas ar gavagrZelebT imaze, rom aq erTmaneTisgan garCeuli araa nusxaTa<br />

redaqciuloba, ramdenad sandoa esa Tu is redaqcia an xelnaweri, rogor sxvadasxvagvarad<br />

amokleben isini striqonebs, rodesac dednis kvali Cans da a. S. gadaWriT vityviT: am<br />

str<strong>of</strong>is variantebic gviCvenebs da teqstologiur mecnierebaSi miRebuli wesiTac<br />

avTentikuri teqstis amgvari `SerwymiT~ dadgena yovlad gaumarTlebelia.<br />

saZiebel str<strong>of</strong>s CanarTad miiCnevs magali Todua da misTvisac mizezi<br />

gansxvavebuli sazomia. is ase msjelobs: `arafriTaa damtkicebuli es str<strong>of</strong>i rusTvels<br />

ekuTvnodes. is CanarTi Cans. 'yvelaze metad mainc isaa damaeWvebeli, rom mTeli poema<br />

SairiTaa gawyobili, aTas Svidasamde Sairis str<strong>of</strong>Si raRa erTi sxva sazomiT gawyobil<br />

str<strong>of</strong>s gaurevda avtori. aseTi aRreva ar SeiniSneba im drois arc arabul, arc sparsul,<br />

arc qarTul poeziaSi. vfiqrobT, es str<strong>of</strong>i viRacam miawera romeliRac nusxis aSiaze,<br />

xolo gadamwerma rusTvelis striqonad miiCnia da teqstSi Seitana~ (Todua 1975: 106-107).<br />

avtors mxedvelobidan rCeba, rom aRrevis SemTxveva gvaqvs CaxruxaZis `TamarianSi~.<br />

Cvensa da r. fircxalaiSvilis naSromebs gamoexmaura aleqsi WinWarauli da friad<br />

sayuradRebo azrebi gamoTqva (WinWarauli 1982: 38_50).<br />

man ar gaiziara Cveni konieqtura. misi azriT, Sedareba `.. ar maTman sauaroman~<br />

dedniseulia, oRond ararusTveliseuli, mTeli str<strong>of</strong>i CanarTia, sadavo teqsti ki<br />

niSnavs: `avTandili ferad ar maTi (lal-iagundis)sauaro, anu (saxis) feriT lal-iagundis<br />

msgavsi~ aris (WinWarauli 1982: 43). al. WinWaraulsac es dabali Rirsebis Sedarebad<br />

miaCnia da mas imiT xsnis, rom str<strong>of</strong>i mimbaZvelis CanarTia. is ase msjelobs:<br />

`interpolatori aq vefxistyaosnis teqsts baZavs, rusTvelis maneras baZavs _ igi<br />

Sedarebis rusTvelur xerxs mimarTavs, xerxs, roca ra-jgufis sagani hgavs an ara hgavs<br />

adamians. ai, aseTi Sedarebis ramdenime nimuSi vefxistyaosnidan:<br />

asmaTi nestanis motacebis ambavs uambobs tariels da dasZens:<br />

avTandili eubneba tariels:<br />

avTandilzea naTqvami:<br />

asmaTi ambobs tarielis Sesaxeb:<br />

`ese vnaxe da ar movkve, ara mgavs arca sipia~ (584.4).<br />

`aw gamomgzavna, romelsa ver mze hgavs, ver eTeria~ (291.4).<br />

`vis badaxSi ara hgvandes da lerwami tanad ezros,<br />

igi sadme gaRaribdes, samy<strong>of</strong>Tagan iabezros~ (178.3).<br />

`aw zafrania, vis winas ver vardi hgvandis, ver ia~ (855.3).<br />

56

fatmani ase axasiaTebs nestans:<br />

`mzesa siturfiT ey<strong>of</strong>is, iyos misiTa gvaniTa~ (1131.4).<br />

TanmimdevrobiT rom mivhyveT: sipi asmaTiviT magari ar aris, mze da eTeri TinaTins<br />

vera hgavs, badaxSi avTandils ara hgavs, lerwami avTandilis tani (zro) aris, vardi da ia<br />

nestans ver hgavda, mze Tu nestans daemsgavseba, ey<strong>of</strong>a siturfed.<br />

aseve iqceva interpolatori, roca ambobs: `avTandili misgan gagzavnili laliagundis<br />

sauaro, (ferad) misgan dasawunebeli ar iyoo, anu lal-iagundis feri<br />

avTandilis (saxis) fers hgavdao~ (iqve).<br />

es striqoni amave SinaarsiT esmis ivane gigineiSvilsac. `vefxistyaosnis~ akademiuri<br />

teqstis damdgeni komisiis 1977 wlis 24 ivnisis oqmSi vkiTxulobT: `i. gigineiSvili: mesame<br />

taepis meore naxevari rig xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSi ase ikiTxeba: f e r a d a r<br />

m a T m a n s a u a r o m a n . es unda iyos pirvandeli wakiTxva. taepis azria: samoci Tvali<br />

lal-iagundi Sekra avTandilma, ferad maTze (lal-iagundebze) uaresad (uared)<br />

armisaCnevma~ (oqmebi1978: 184.).<br />

unda vaRiaroT, xatyvis es msgavseba da erToba marTlac niSandoblivi Cans da amis<br />

mixedviT teqstis gageba, romelsac al. WinWarauli da i. gigineiSvili gvTavazoben, bevrad<br />

ufro misaRebia, vidre Cveni, axalgazrdobisdroindeli, konieqtura. oRond am<br />

SinaarsiTac misi dabali mxatvruli done CanarTobis ucilobeli niSani ar unda iyos. Tu<br />

amgvari azrovneba da xatva, rogorc al. WinWarauli wers, `rusTvelis manera~, `Sedarebis<br />

rusTveluri xerxia~, romelic poemaSi arc ise gavrcelebuli da TvalSi sacemia, rom is<br />

misabaZi gamxdariyo, iqneb es gamorCeuli, Taviseburi xelwera piruku maCvenebelia da mis<br />

organulobaze migvaniSnebdes?!<br />

garda am striqonisa, al. WinWarauli str<strong>of</strong>is CanarTobis maCveneblad asaxelebs im<br />

garemoebas, rom masSi naxmaria iseTi sityvebi da formebi, romlebic `vefxistyaosanSi~<br />

sxvagan ar gvxvdeba. esenia: 1. `Tavi~ c a l i s mniSvnelobiT, 2. kompoziti `stavra-atlasi~,<br />

3. sityva `miumcdarebeli~, 4. `Tvali~,`Tavis~ msgavsad, c a l i s mniSvnelobiT, 5.<br />

kompoziti `lal-iagundi~, 6. `vazirisasa~ _ gavrcobili naTesaobiTi, 7.`ese yvelai~<br />

zedmetia, 8. `aro~ g a g z a v n i s mniSvnelobiT.<br />

Salva Rlontma aRricxa is sityvebi (saxelebi, zmnebi, udetrebi), romlebic<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ erTxelaa gamoyenebuli da miiRo or svetad awyobili 54-ze meti<br />

nabeWdi gverdi (Rlonti 1961: 174_228).<br />

ase rom, sakiTxisadmi midgoma, TiTqos mxatvrul TxzulebaSi sityvis an romelime<br />

formis erTxel xmareba mis dedniseulobas saeWvos xdides, ZirSive mcdari da<br />

miuRebelia.<br />

ufro metic, am meTodis nakli da uvargisoba calkeul SemTxvevebSi pirdapir da<br />

naTlad Cans. al. WinWarauli Tavad miuTiTebs, `vefxistyaosanSi~`stavra~ da `atlasi~,<br />

`lali~ da `iagundi~ gverdi-gverd ikiTxeba:<br />

`xaraja dasdves, SehkveTes drahkani asjer asia,<br />

kvla xatauri aTasi, sxva s t a v r a , sxva a t l a s i a ~ (471. 1_2).<br />

`mun idvis gori larisa, s t a v r i s a da a t l a s i s a ~ (1438).<br />

`samiaTassa ahkides margaliti da Tvalebi,<br />

Tvali yvelai daTlili, i a g u n d i da l a l e b i ~ (1426. 2_3).<br />

nawil xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSia:<br />

`qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga i a g u n d i s a l a l i s a ~ (329.2).<br />

CvenTvis gaugebaria, roca poeti sityvebs gverdigverd asaxelebs, raa imaSi<br />

moulodneli da saCoTiro, rom man isini kompozitebis saxiTac moixsenios! gana amave<br />

principiT araa Sedgenili kompoziti:<br />

`vefxisa tyavi acvia, cudad uCs s t a v r a - n a x l e b i ~ (690.3).<br />

stavra, atlasi da naxli, samive, Zvirfasi qsovilebis saxeobaa.<br />

57

al. WinWarauli `lalisa~ da `iagundis~ Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb wers: poemaSi<br />

`yovelTvis iagundi uswrebs lals~ (WinWarauli 1982: 45) da zemore moyvanil nimuSebTan<br />

erTad asaxelebs 282.4-e striqons:<br />

`qarvad Seqmnes i a g u n d n i maTni, Tuca l a l a d Rirdes~.<br />

saerTod, da, kerZod, `vefxistyaosanSi~, am Zvirfas Tvlebs raime iseTi Taviseburi<br />

niSani ar moepoveba, rom maT TanamimdevrobiT xmarebas gansazRvravdes. zemore<br />

striqonebSi (1426. 2-3 da 329. 2) `lali~ meore adgilas imitom aris, rom igi sariTmo<br />

sityvaa, xolo 282 .4-e striqonSi misi adgili winadadebis Sinaarsma ganapiroba.<br />

Semdegi niSani: garda imisa, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ `Tavi~ c a l i s mniSvnelobiT<br />

sxvagan ar dasturdeba, al. WinWarauls str<strong>of</strong>is CanarTobis maCveneblad am sityvis am<br />

SinaarsiT xmarebac esaxeba, radgan mis arsebobaSi eWvi Seaqvs. `Zveli qarTulis<br />

leqsikonebSi _ wers igi, _ Tavi-s aseTi mniSvneloba (materiis, qsovilis raodenobis<br />

gansasazRvrad) ara Cans. axal qarTulSi qsovilis gorgals _ T<strong>of</strong>-s eZaxian~ (WinWarauli<br />

1982: 44). sinamdvileSi, es sityva am gagebiT SoTa rusTvelamde arsebobda. XI saukunis<br />

istorikosebis juanSeris (Tu leonti mrovelis) saistorio TxzulebaSi `Tavi~ sazomis<br />

gagebiT swored stavras miemarTeba: `da ganvides my<strong>of</strong>ni qalaqisani, miwevnulni<br />

sikudilad, da misces madli vaxtangs, da misces ZRueni aTasi litra oqro da xuTasi<br />

T a v i stavra, da ganvida eri igi mSvidobiT savaWrosaTvis da saxmarisa~ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1955: 170, 16). mkvlevris sapasuxod isic unda vTqvaT, rom es magaliTi<br />

aRniSnulia daviT CubinaSvilis `qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi~ (CubinaSvili 1984: 539).<br />

al. WinWarauli mTel str<strong>of</strong>s iwunebs imis gamoc, rom `Tvali~ esmis rogorc sazomi<br />

erTeuli. `sadavo konteqstSi _ wers igi, _ Tvali isea gamoyenebuli lal-iagundis<br />

mimarT, rogorc Tavi stavra-atlasis mimarT wina striqonSi _ igi TiTqos calis<br />

Semcvlelad gvevlineba. Tvali-s aseTi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis sxva SemTxveva<br />

vefxistyaosanma ar icis, lal-iagundic Tvalia da samoci Tvali Tvali uxeiro<br />

tavtologiaa~ (WinWarauli 1982: 44_45).<br />

diax, `Tvali~ aris zogadi saxeli Zvirfasi qvebisa. rogorc `qarTuli enis<br />

ganmartebiT leqsikonSia~ aRniSnuli, `briliantis Tvali igivea, rac b r i l i a n t i ,<br />

Zvirfasi Tvali, patiosani (keTilSobili) Tvali igivea, rac T v a l i (qegl 1955: 391).<br />

asevea `vefxistyaosanSic~. amitomaa masSi erTad naxmari `Tval-margaliti~, rac<br />

niSnavs margalitis patiosan qvas:<br />

`Seve saWurWles, romelsa fasi ar daedeboda,<br />

T v a l - m a r g a l i t i aviRe, rac oden ameReboda~ (1177. 1-2).<br />

`T v a l - m a r g a l i t i Raribi uZRvna oqrosa gobiTa~ (1385. 4).<br />

sxvagan, rogorc `margalitis~ gverdiT, aseve `iagundisa~ da `lalis~ gverdiTac<br />

ikiTxeba `Tvali~ zogadi mniSvnelobiT:<br />

`mokrifes jori, aqlemi, raca vin poves malebi,<br />

samiaTassa ahkides m a r g a l i t i da T v a l e b i ,<br />

T v a l i yvelai daTlili, i a g u n d i da l a l e b i ,<br />

igi mze Sesves kubosa, ars maTgan ganakrZalebi~ (1426).<br />

es niSnavs: sazidrebze ahkides margaliti da (sxva Zvirfasi) T v l e b i , daTlili<br />

(Zvirfasi) T v l e b i , (maT Soris), i a g u n d i da l a l e b i .<br />

ratom ar SeiZleba, tavtologiad ki ara, amgvarad gavigoT saZiebeli striqonic:<br />

avTandilma vazirs gaugzavna samoci (patiosani) T v a l i, (maT Soris) i a g u n d i da<br />

l a l e b i ? winadadebaSi es azri gamova, Tu `Tvalis~ Semdeg davwerT mZimes an tires.<br />

al. WinWarauli sakvlevi str<strong>of</strong>is rusTvelurobas uary<strong>of</strong>s imiTac, rom masSi<br />

ikiTxeba naTesaobiTi brunvis gavrcobili forma _ `vazirisasa~. misi azriT, `roca<br />

nanaTesaobiTi micemiTiT vinmesTan vinmes saxlSi misvlis gamoxatva unda, rusTveli<br />

naTesaobiTis gauvrcobel formas xmarobs~ (WinWarauli 1982: 45). nimuSad asaxelebs:<br />

`mivlen srasa f r i d o n i s s a ~ (990. 1), `ra f a t m a n i s s a Sevida...~ (1118. 1). misi<br />

daskvniT, `sakuTar saxelebSi aseTi forma Zveli qarTulis normaa~. `poemaSi erTaderTi<br />

SemTxvevaa, _ ganagrZobs avtori, _ roca sakuTar saxelTan gavrcobili naTesaobiTi<br />

58

dasturdeba: `gardaxdes f r i d o n i s a s a , sra naxes mosawonebi (1461. 1)~, magram mas es<br />

str<strong>of</strong>ic sandod ar miaCnia. wers: `TviTon am str<strong>of</strong>is (...) rusTveliseulobac CvenTvis<br />

saeWvoa~ (WinWarauli 1982: 45).<br />

sinamdvileSi es ase martivad ar aris. umetes, Zvel da SedarebiT sando xelnawerebSi<br />

da aqedan gamocemebSi dawunebuli forma aris 951-e str<strong>of</strong>is win arsebul saTaurSi:<br />

`waslva avTandilisagan f r i d o n i s a s a ~. xelnawerTa meore nawilSi aris gauvrcobeli<br />

forma `fridonisas~ da arsad `fridonissa~.<br />

969-e str<strong>of</strong>is win mdebare saTaurSi _ `avTandilisagan f r i d o n i s a s mislva~ _<br />

oriode nusxaSia `fridonisasa~, danarCenebSi _ `fridonisas~ da arc erTxel _<br />

`fridonissa~. samagierod, 1374-e str<strong>of</strong>is wina saTaurSi am sityvis gavrcobil brunvis<br />

formas mxars uWers xelnawerTa da gamocemaTa absoluturi umravlesoba: `tarielisa da<br />

avTandilisagan waslva f r i d o n i s a s a ~. im oriode gamonaklis nusxaSi gvaqvs<br />

gauvrcobeli brunva `fridonisas~ da sul ara _ `fridonissa~.<br />

1428-e str<strong>of</strong>is wina saTaurSi`tarielisagan zRvaTa m e f i s a s mislva~ xelnawerTa<br />

umravlesobaSi gauvrcobeli formaa _ `mefisas~, nawil xelnawerebSi _ `mefisasa~, arc<br />

erTSi _ `mefissa~.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, s a T a u r e b S i , romlebic, leqsisgan gansxvavebiT, marcvalTa<br />

raodenobiTa da ritmiT SezRuduli araa, xelnawerebi ufro icaven -sasa, -sas da ara -issa<br />

formebs.<br />

s t r o f e b S i aseTi viTarebaa:<br />

990-e str<strong>of</strong>is pirvel striqonSi _ `cxenTa Sesxdes, gaemarTnes, f r i d o n i s s a<br />

mivlen srasa~ _ fridonisas warmogvidgens sami redaqciuli jgufis nusxebi.<br />

igivea Semdeg str<strong>of</strong>ebSic:<br />

`ra f a t m a n i s s a Sevida lomi, mze, moyme wyliani~ (1118. 1).<br />

`wam-erT mihxda f a t m a n i s s a , dRe iara ar mravali~ (1311. 2).<br />

orivegan aRniSnul redaqciul jgufebSia `fatmanisas~.<br />

aRarafers vambobT 1080. 2-e str<strong>of</strong>ze, radgan CvenTvis saintereso sityva sariTmoa:<br />

`zogjer uxmis fatman missa, zogjer iyvis f a t m a n i s s a ~.<br />

rac Seexeba 1462-e str<strong>of</strong>s, _ `gardaxdes da f r i d o n i s s a , sra naxes mosawonebi~<br />

_ romlis avTentikurobaSi al. WinWarauls eWvi Seaqvs, xsenebuli sami redaqciuli<br />

jgufis nusxebi aRniSnul sityvas `fridonisasa~ formiT warmogvidgens.<br />

ase rom, Tavisuflad SeiZleba vifiqroT, samive forma -issa, -sas da -sasa<br />

rusTveliseulia.<br />

CvenTvis gaugebaria, roca `vefxistyaosanSi~ gvaqvs sityva `miumcTareblad~ (70. 4),<br />

rac niSnavs S e u c d o m l a d , u S e c d o m o d , ratom gamoricxavs amave Sinaarsis<br />

`miumcdaroman~ (S e u c d o m e l m a ) formis dedniseulobas? an ratomaa `uxvi~ da<br />

`SeucTomeli~ iseTi `ucnauri~ da `Sori Sori epiTetebi~, rom str<strong>of</strong>is rusTvelurobas<br />

gamoricxavdes?<br />

erTi sityviT, arc al. WinWaraulis moxmobili sabuTebia ise wyalgauvali, rom<br />

saZiebeli fistikauri str<strong>of</strong>is ararusTvelurobas uciloblad amtkicebdes!<br />

al. WinWarauls gamoexmaura murman TavdiSvili da am str<strong>of</strong>is CanarTobaze misi<br />

Tvalsazrisi gadaWriT uaryo (TavdiSvili 1991: 60_73).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi interpolatori Tavis vinaobasa da nasaqms<br />

srulebiTac ar malavs, Cvenc ase vfiqrobdiT da axlac migvaCnia, gansxvavebuli metris<br />

Taobaze m. TavdiSvilis msjeloba am SemTxvevaSi samarTliania: `swored interpolatori<br />

ver moimarjvebda gansxvavebul, ararusTvelur ocmarcvlian sazoms, ra aris, advilad<br />

SeniSnaven CanarTis ararusTvelurobaso. vfiqrob, amdeni goniereba ki unda SevarCinoT<br />

interpolators~ (TavdiSvili 1991: 62).<br />

mkvlevris azriT, organuli erTianoba sufevs saZiebelsa da mis wina da momdevno<br />

xuT str<strong>of</strong>s Soris. esenia: 741-e (`kvla pir-mze etyvis vazirsa...~), 742 (`vazirman uTxra<br />

siciliT...~), 743 (`Tavman misman, munve momklavs ..~), 764 (`qrTamsa sTxovs da amxanagobs...~)<br />

da 772-e (`SesTvala, Tu: raca gmarTebs. .~). aqedan gamomdinare, avtori Sors mimaval<br />

daskvnebs akeTebs. `Tu al. WinWaraulis mosazrebas gaviziarebT, _ wers igi, _ maSin unda<br />

gamovemSvidoboT karis eqvs str<strong>of</strong>s. es eqvsi str<strong>of</strong>i avTandilis vezirTan vizitis<br />

59

sakvanZo sakiTxebs exeba. amitom, Tu am eqvs str<strong>of</strong>s SeveleviT, maSin mTlianad am Tavs<br />

unda SevelioT, radgan imsxvreva misi kompozicia: avTandili imitom ipareba arabeTidan,<br />

rom mefem ar gauSva; rom ar gauSva, es aRniSnul karSia naCvenebi. amitom, Tu am Tavs<br />

SeveleviT, maSin avTandili rostans ar unda gaeparos, xolo, Tu ar unda gaeparos, maSin<br />

anderZic aRar unda daiweros. xolo uanderZo vefxistyaosani vefxistaosani aRaraa!~<br />

(TavdiSvili 1991: 67).<br />

es Sexeduleba uTuod gadaWarbebulia. gamokvlevaSi gviweria da aq unda<br />

gavimeoroT: `ar iqneba marTebuli vamtkicoT, rom is, 771-e str<strong>of</strong>i, konteqstisaTvis<br />

aucilebeliao... Tavisuflad SeiZleboda mocemuli epizodi 770-e str<strong>of</strong>iT, vaziris<br />

maspinZlobiT, dasrulebuliyo. rom ar vicnobdeT 771_772-e str<strong>of</strong>ebs, maTze<br />

moTxovnileba, an raime naklulobis SegrZneba srulebiTac ar gveqneboda. magram, amasTan<br />

erTad, arc is iqneboda samarTliani, ar aRiniSnos, rom dasaxelebuli str<strong>of</strong>ebi aramcTu<br />

ar Seesabameba konteqsts an zedmeti Cans, aramed erTgvarad avsebs da amdidrebs epizodis<br />

Sinaarss~.<br />

sarwmunod ar gvesaxeba agreTve poemaSi gansxvavebuli metris gaCenis<br />

mkvlevriseuli axsna: `... rusTvelma mSvenivrad icis adamianis fsiqikis uCveulo Tviseba.<br />

avtori grZnobs, rom, rakiRa manam uamravjer afrqvia oqro-vercxli da Tval-govari<br />

aqeT-iqiT, am xerxiT (ese igi, ricxvisa da cifris dasaxelebiT) saocari siuxvis gancdas<br />

mkiTxvels veRar aRuZravda. axla saWiro gaxda raRaca sxva, ufro efeqturi,<br />

araordinaluri, moulodneli xerxi, rac warmoudgeneli, saamJamod saWiro<br />

gansakuTrebeli siuxvis gancdas gamoiwvevda. da aseTi xerxi _ gansakuTrebuli siuxvis<br />

STabeWdilebis Semqmneli xerxi avtorma ipova ara hiperbolis, ara metaforis, ara<br />

ricxvis gadideba-gazrdis sferoSi, aramed striqonis sazomis, metris gadidebagafarToebis<br />

saxiT~ (xazgasma avtorisaa _ b. d.) (TavdiSvili 1991: 69-70).<br />

da bolos: Cvens saZiebel str<strong>of</strong>s sagangebo naSromi uZRvna agreTve akaki xinTibiZem<br />

(xinTibiZe 2000: 81_94.). mas sabolood Tavisi Sexeduleba ase aqvs Camoyalibebuli:<br />

`sadavo str<strong>of</strong>i rusTveliseul teqstSi Sairis saxiT unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, misi 20-marcvlian<br />

fistikaurad gadakeTeba ciciSvilTa sagvareulo simReris hangis meSveobiT unda<br />

momxdariyo da es gadakeTebuli teqsti `vefxistyaosanSi~ nanuCa ciciSvils unda Seetana~<br />

(xinTibiZe 2000: 94).<br />

pirdapir unda vTqvaT, es aris avtoris iseTi varaudi, romlis raime<br />

damadasturebeli niSani ar arsebobs da verc mas mohyavs, ise rogorc yovlad TviTneburi<br />

da miuRebelia misi gancxadeba: `Tu mokle sazomis gagrZeleba Cveulebrivi ram aris,<br />

grZelis damokleba rTulia da, TiTqmis, SeuZlebeli~ (xinTibiZe 2000: 87). Sors rom ar<br />

wavideT, Cven mier moyvanil variantebSi TvalnaTlivadaa naCvenebi, Tu sxvadasxva<br />

redaqciis nusxebSi fistikauris 20-marcvlovani striqonebi rogor sxvadasxvagvaradaa<br />

damoklebuli 16-marcvlian str<strong>of</strong>ad.<br />

r. fircxalaiSvilis msgavsad, batoni akakic yovlad usafuZvlod, teqstologiis<br />

anbanuri WeSmaritebis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>iT iZleva sadavo str<strong>of</strong>is Tavdapirvel saxes:<br />

pirvel striqonSi upiratesobas aZlevs JT_s variants: `asi aTasi wiTeli pir-mzeman,<br />

tanad saroman~, meoreSi _ AA'-s: `samasi stavra-atlasi uxvman da miumcdaroman~, mesameSi<br />

_ G-s: `samoci lal-iagundi ferad marT miumxdaroman~, meoTxeSi _ arc erT nusxas:<br />

`ZRvnad gaugzavna vazirsa _ ese 'velai aro man~. sityvebi `ZRvnad gaugzavna~ piradad misi<br />

gamogonilia.<br />

arasworia a. xinTibiZis cnoba, TiTqos `z o g i e r T x e l n a w e r s a da gamocemaSi es<br />

str<strong>of</strong>i saerTod a r g v x v d e b a ~ (xinTibiZe 2000: 83). gamokvlevaSi aRniSnuli gvaqvs,<br />

`rom es str<strong>of</strong>i yvela unaklo xelnawerSi moipoveba~ (rusTveli 1966: 388).<br />

`unaklo~ miRebuli terminologiiT niSnavs d a u z i a n e b e l s .<br />

am naSromSi aris sxva calkeuli uzustobanic, magram maTze sityvas aRar<br />

gavagrZelebT. mTavari da miuRebeli ukve vaCveneT.<br />

Cveni daskvnebia: 1. swori Cans mosazreba, rom mesame striqonSi dedniseuli wakiTxva<br />

unda iyos: `ferad ar maTman sauaroman~.<br />

2. arc aq moxmobilili masalebi gviCvenebs imas, rom a) ganxiluli str<strong>of</strong>i CanarTad<br />

vcnoT da arc imas, b) TiTqos Tavidan igi Sairis formiT Seiqmna.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

TavdiSvili 1991: TavdiSvili m. vefxistyaosnis dafantuli str<strong>of</strong>ebi. Tb.: 1991.<br />

60

Todua 1975: qilila da damana. sparsulidan Targmnili vaxtang meeqvsisa da sulxan-saba<br />

orbelianis mier. teqsti daadgina da leqsikoni daurTo magali Toduam. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `merani~, 1975.<br />

oqmebi 1978: vefxistyaosnis akademiuri teqstis damdgen komisiaSi [oqmebi]. macne (els), № 4,<br />

Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,1978.<br />

rusTveli 1966: SoTa rusTveli. saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1966.<br />

fircxalaiSvili 1973: fircxalaiSvili r. oriode SeniSvna vefxistyaosnis axali<br />

gamocemisaTvis. kreb.: Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa da rusTvelologiis sakiTxebi.<br />

V, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1973.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. I. s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`saxelgami~, 1955.<br />

qegl 1955: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tb.: saq. ssr mec. akad. gam-ba, 1955.<br />

Rlonti 1961: Rlonti S. vefxistyaosnis mxatvruli enis specifikurobis problema. soxumi:<br />

`afxazeTis saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~, 1961.<br />

CubinaSvili 1984: CubinaSvili d. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni. sastambod moamzada da<br />

winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1984.<br />

WinWarauli 1982: WinWarauli a. vefxistyaosnis enisa da teqstis sakiTxebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`ganaTleba~, 1982.<br />

xinTibiZe 2000: xinTibiZe a. versifikaciuli narkvevebi. Tb.: 2000.<br />

Boris Darchia<br />

Once More on Phistikauri Strophe in „Knight in Panther’s Skin“<br />

Summary<br />

The article proves that the only phistikauri strophe in „Knight in Panther’s Skin“ (not including inner<br />

syllables it contains 20 syllables) was created in the form and it had been changed into 16-syllable verse later in<br />

some manuscripts. The arguments existing today are not sufficient to consider that the strophe is a later<br />

interpolation in the poem.<br />

61

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura<br />

`meranis~ genealogia<br />

zurab kiknaZe<br />

roca nikoloz baraTaSvilze vfiqrobT, skolis gakveTilebidan gamoyolili Teza<br />

amotivtivdeba xolme cnobierebaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac poeti ver poulobda adgils<br />

Tavis TanamedroveobaSi, gaucxoebuli iyo im sazogadoebis mimarT, romelsac dabadebiT<br />

ekuTvnoda. amas amxels misi poezia, magram misi yoveldRiuri y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovreba<br />

sawinaaRmdegos gveubneba. poetis cxovrebis niri sxvagvarad ixateba mis TanamedroveTa<br />

arcTu mdidar da mravalferovan mogonebebSi: mxiaruli, oxunji, momlxeni, sazogadoebis<br />

guli, naTesavTa da axlobelTa moyvaruli da Tavadac maTgan Seyvarebuli... arc erTi<br />

qorwili, RamisTeva, sazogadoebrivi TavSeyra ar iqneboda Tbilisis sazogadoebaSi,<br />

sadac is ar y<strong>of</strong>iliyo mTavar momlxenad; didebuli gvarisSvili, unaklod flobda lxinis<br />

saidumlos _ moswrebuli molaparake, oxunji, mocekvave, meCongure, meTare, kartis<br />

gatacebiT moTamaSe... saRamo ar gaivlida, rom sam-oTx ojaxs ar swveoda stumrad da<br />

Worebi ar mietan-moetana, Tumca pirad werilebSi Tavad kicxavda Tbilisel Worikana<br />

mandilosnebs (Worebi Worebad, magram mas SeeZlo Sesanaxavad Rirsi saidumlos Senaxvac:<br />

`xom ici, _ vkiTxulobT erT werilSi megobari qalisadmi, _ Sevinaxav saidumlod~)<br />

[werili XV]; Tavsac ki abezrebda xangrZlivi stumrobiT, xandaxan `maspinZeli Sin ar<br />

brZandebao~, _ mouxsenebiaT misTvis msaxurebs. sazogadoebis gareSe, uyuradRebod,<br />

CrdilSi, mas cxovreba ver warmoedgina. naxCevanSi samsaxurad ganwesebuli, Tbilisis<br />

sazogadoebas moSorebuli erT kerZo werilSi moTqvams, sami Tvea aqa var da yvelas<br />

ZaRliviT davaviwydio. arc erTi sityva raime konfliqtze sazogadoebasTan, an<br />

ampartavnuli zemodan yureba an zekacuri gulgriloba moyvasisadmi, rogorc<br />

romantikul epoqaSi sCveodaT (Tundac gavixsenoT puSkinis evgeni onegini an griboedovis<br />

Cacki); misi arc erTi saqcieli ar mowmobs mis gulCaxveulobaze, ms<strong>of</strong>lio sevdaze, suliT<br />

oblobaze, Sinagan auxsnel SfoTze, riTac gasenilia (gamsWvalulia) misi poezia. da kvlav<br />

paradoqsia, rom pirad werilebSi mas sastiki ganaCeni gamoaqvs im Tbilisis<br />

sazogadoebisTvis, romlis suli da guli Tavad iyo, romlis gareSec, SesaZloa, sunTqvac<br />

ar SeeZlo: `tfilisi isev is qalaqia, usargeblo gonebisa da gulisaTvis~, _ wers igi<br />

Tavis biZas da megobars, poet grigol orbelians (werili V).<br />

roca TanamedroveobasTan poetis SeuTavseblobaze laparakobda, skolas<br />

mxedvelobaSi hqonda da sruliad samarTlianadac poetis ara empiriuli, y<strong>of</strong>iTi, aramed<br />

misi poeziis metafizikuri arsis gamomxatveli pirovneba, romelic yvelasaTvis ucnobi<br />

darCa im xanmokle drois manZilze, roca is maT Soris, rogorc stumari, cxovrobda da<br />

mimodioda. is maT Soris iyo, magram maT ar ekuTvnoda. sisxliT da xorciT maTi iyo,<br />

magram sulierad sxva drois (an maradadamianuri drois) Svili iyo, sxva epoqis tkivilebs<br />

da eWvebs pasuxobda. aTaswlovani samefos da misi dinastiis kolafsis `meore dRes~<br />

Seqmnil sicarieleSi, romelic axali epoqis winaTgrZnobiT ivseboda, _ auxsneli<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio sevda aqtualuri ar iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ucxo iyo inteleqtualuri da<br />

patriotuli elitisTvis, romelic 1932 wels gamJRavnebul SeTqmulebaSi iyo Cabmuli.<br />

XIX saukunis I naxevari didi gardatexis xanaa, roca Zveli moubruneblad<br />

dakargulia, mis adgilze, figuralurad rom vTqvaT, mxolodRa naxanZrali Cans. axla<br />

yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba: axali mmarTveloba (saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiaSia), axali<br />

adamianebi, axali arCevani, axali loialoba, axali ena... qarTveloba ferflidan unda<br />

aRmdgariyo. da Tu Cven retrospeqtulad gavxedavT XIX saukunes, davinaxavT, rom<br />

marTlac axali saqarTvelos Seneba swored am periodidan iwyeba, Tumca 1832 wlis<br />

SeTqmulebis Cavardnam, arcTu mZime represiebma mcire xniT Seaferxa axali kulturis<br />

fexis adgma da pirveli nabijebi. nikoloz baraTaSvilic Tavis megobrebTan erTad iRvwis<br />

literaturis gadasayvanad axal liandagze. biZisadmi miweril werilSi igi wers:<br />

`literatura Cveni, RvTiT, dRe da dRe Soulobs axalTa moyvareTa. mravalni ymawvilni<br />

kacni, moclilni samsaxuriTgan, myudroebaSi da martoobaSi, Seewevian mameuls enas,<br />

raodenica ZaluZT. ese sazogado suli bunebiTis enis trfialebisa ymawvilT kacT Soris<br />

aRmoaCens, rom qarTvelT ara sZinavT gonebiT!~ (werili V). Tu ra mwiri iyo<br />

inteleqtualuri niadagi iqidanac Cans, rom am droisaTvis qarTuli beWduri wigni oras<br />

erTeulsac ar moiTvlida, amasTan, maTi absoluturi umravlesoba saeklesio xasiaTis<br />

iyo. axali xanis dasawyisi, rogorc wesi, imediania, da misi mesveurnic optimizmiT arian<br />

62

xolme aRvsilni. magram axlis dawyebis xaliss da imedianobas ar pasuxobs baraTaSvilis<br />

poeturi qmnilebebi. im 36 leqsidan, 1 poemidan da 18 kerZo werilidan, romlebic Cven<br />

dagvrCa baraTaSvilisgan, umravlesoba aSkarad amovardnilia epoqis konteqstidan. imave<br />

werils, sadac poeti biZas axarebs literaturis axalgazrda moyvareTa gamoCenas, igi<br />

urTavs Tavis saprogramo leqss `vpove taZari~, romelic gulgatexilobis, eWvebisa da<br />

uimedobis qrestomaTiuli nimuSia. Tan urTavs sityvebs: `Seni azri CemTvis marad<br />

sasiamovnoa~. literaturis istoriisTvis ucnobia poetis biZis, Tavadve poetis, azri ara<br />

mxolod am leqsze, aramed mis poeziaze sazogadod. poeti biZa dumda Tavisi udrood<br />

daRupuli diswulis poeziaze.<br />

am cxovrebiseul faqtebs bunebrivad mivyavarT im azramde, rom qarTuli<br />

literaturis istoriaSi am adgilas didi wyvetilia, rom baraTaSvilis poeziis ganxilva<br />

da gaazreba Zneli warmosadgenia im epoqaSi, roca mas hyavda Tavisi axloblebi,<br />

megobrebi, naTesavebi, romlebic mas, rogorc empiriul adamians, gulwrfelad uyvarda<br />

da Tavadac uyvardaT, magram Tu SeeZlo am siyvaruls gamoecno misi pirovnebis saidumlo,<br />

romelic Cadebuli iyo mis poeziaSi? niSandoblivia, rom ar aris Semonaxuli<br />

korespondenciis is meore nawili, romelic mis adresatebs ekuTvniT. korespondencia<br />

calmxrivia. ar viciT, Seicavdnen Tu ara isini misi leqsebis ramenair Sefasebas. im xanis<br />

Rirseul adamianebs, maT Soris dimitri yifians, misi skolis megobars, romelTanac<br />

erTad ymawvilobaSi literaturul aqtivobas eweoda, arsad _ arc sagangebod<br />

mogonebebSi, arc gakvriT, arc pirad saubrebSi, sityva ar dascdenia Tavisi siyrmis<br />

megobris Semoqmedebaze. raRa vTqvaT mis Zvirfas debze, romelTac saukunis<br />

dasasrulamde miatanes _ sruli dumili maTgan misi poeziis Sesaxeb. is, rogorc poeti,<br />

maTTvisac (naTesavebs epatiebaT. aseTia maTi xvedri!) sruliad SeumCneveli darCa da es<br />

kanonzomieria _ misi poezia arafers eubneboda maT. araCveulebriv niWs ki xedavdnen<br />

masSi, zogadad, did momavals uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, momavals _ Semoqmedebis<br />

asparezze, Tu saxelmwifo samsaxurSi? simptomaturia erTi werili, romelsac misi<br />

skolis megobari levan meliqiSvili wers grigol orbelians. am werilSi, romelic<br />

rusulad aris dawerili, SegveZlo, rogorc literaturaSia aRniSnuli, poetisadmi<br />

siyvarulis niSnad migveCnia, magram is misi Semoqmedebisadmi erTgvari gulgrilobis<br />

niSanic aris. poetis sikvdilidan ramdenime xnis Semdeg misi megobrebi Sekrebilan wm.<br />

ninos dResaswaulze, maT Soris imy<strong>of</strong>eboda imxanad ganTqmuli momRerali Tavadi yaflan<br />

orbeliani (poetis axlo naTesavi), romlisTvisac uTxoviaT emRera simRera poetis leqsis<br />

`sulo borotos~ sityvebze. magram aRmoCnda, rom leqsi aravis axsovda da xelnaweric<br />

aravis hqonia. am ambiT Sewuxebulebs gadauwyvetiaT SeegrovebinaT fuli misi leqsebis<br />

dasabeWdad, raTa exsnaT isini daviwyebisgan. wignis gayidviT mopovebuli fuliT daedgaT<br />

misTvis Zegli. mcireodeni Tanxa ki Segrovebula (mxolod aTasi maneTi vercxliT), magram<br />

arc xelnawerebad gafantuli leqsebi dabeWdila wignad da arc poetis Zegli dadgmula.<br />

qarTuli mwerlobis Semdgomma svlam XIX s-is mTels sigrZeze cxadyo, rom<br />

baraTaSvilis poeturi Temebi am saukunisTvis, roca axali qarTuli literatura da,<br />

sazogadod, axali kultura iqmneboda, arcTu organuli iyo. am aRorZinebis xanam,<br />

romelic aseve gardamavali iyo Zvelsa da axals Soris, ver SeiTvisa egsistencialuri<br />

problemebi, romlebic msWvalavda baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas, ufro: jer mis pirovnebas,<br />

mere Semoqmedebas. rogorc ucxo iyo is XIX s-is I naxevris sazogadoebisTvis, iseTive ucxo<br />

darCa mTeli XIX s-is sivrceze. patriotul XIX s-s ar scaloda arc ms<strong>of</strong>lio Tu<br />

pirovnuli sevdisTvis, arc eksistencialuri problematikisTvis, romliTac aSkarad<br />

datvirTuli iyo seren kirkegoris Tanamedrove qarTveli poeti.<br />

aseTi viTarebaa: baraTaSvilis poeziis paTosi ucxoa XVIII saukunisTvis, kidev ufro<br />

ucxo gamodga igi XIX s-is mentalitetisTvis. sadRaa misi adgili? ram warmoSva igi qveynis<br />

istoriis am miyruebul aTwleulSi? Tu yoveli kultura nivTieri Tu sityvieri, rogorc<br />

k. kapaneli wers erTgan, adamianisa da garemos organotropiuli urTierTobis Sedegia,<br />

sad aris is garemo, romelTan urTierTSexlam baraTaSvilis empiriul `meSi~<br />

metafizikuri `me~ dabada?<br />

es garemo qarTuli istoriuli cxovrebaa mis mTlianobaSi, ramac istoriis manZilze<br />

Seqmna garkveuli stereotipebi, romlebic, literaturul motivebad gardaqmnilni,<br />

sruliad spontanurad amotivtivdebian ama Tu im epoqaSi.<br />

mcire eqskursi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.<br />

erT-erTi motivi, romelic msWvalavs XIX s-mdel qarTul poezias, es aris<br />

samSoblodan gadaxvewa, romelsac mravalgvari gamoxatulebebi aqvs jer y<strong>of</strong>aSi da mere<br />

literaturaSi; anu sanam is literaturis faqti gaxdeboda, anu literaturul motivad<br />

gadaiqceoda, mZime y<strong>of</strong>iTi faqti iyo. mas ver ascda verc baraTaSvilis poezia, ufro<br />

metic, `meranSi~ man miiRo ukiduresi da piruku gamoxatuleba qveynidan nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiTi<br />

63

gaqcevis saxiT. pirvelad am motivma (Tumca is literaturul motivze metia da sxva<br />

saxels imsaxurebs) Tavi XII s-Si iCina. misi matarebeli avTandilia, rusTvelis poemis<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ gmiri.<br />

gavixsenoT poemis fabula, igi klasikurad martivi da gamWvirvalea.<br />

arabeTSi, saidanac iwyeba poema, istoria dasasrulisken midis. Txroba iwyeba<br />

koronaciiT _ moxuci mefe taxtsa da gvirgvins gadascems Tavis asuls, qalwul TinaTins;<br />

TinaTinis koronacias, mkiTxvelis winaTgrZnobiT, unda moyves qorwili _ misi da misi<br />

satrfos, avTandilis SeuRleba, rac rogorc poemis, ise istoriis dasasrulis niSani<br />

iqneba. magram poemis eqspoziciaSi damasrulebeli, esqatologiuri qorwili<br />

gadadebulia. arabeTis sazRvarSi, romelic edemis amqveyniur xats ganasaxierebs,<br />

moulodnelad SemoiWreba ucxo moyme, romlis gamoCena imas moaswavebs, rom arsebobs<br />

qveyana, sadac raRac mouwesrigebelia, sadac arabeTisgan gansxvavebiT, ioane<br />

RvTismetyvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `yoveli s<strong>of</strong>eli borotsa zeda dgas~ (1 ioan. 5:19).<br />

da ai, axladgamefebuli satrfos davalebiT avTandili tovebs edemisTvis gamzadebul<br />

arabeTs, Tavis samSoblos, da TiTqos qveynis gareT im ucxo moymis saZebrad miemarTeba.<br />

marTalia, misi, rogorc raindis, gasvla qveynidan satrfos davalebiT xdeba _ da am<br />

davalebis aRsruleba misTvis sanukvari mizani unda iyos, rasac emateba ukve misTvis<br />

cnobili `ucxo moymis~ gasaWiri, romlis saxsneladac is miemarTeba _ mainc es gasvla<br />

iseve mtkivneulia, rogorc adamisTvis edemidan gandevna iyo mtkivneuli, metic:<br />

katastr<strong>of</strong>uli. avTandilis pirovnul gancdaSi edemi, qveyana da satrfo gaigivebulia<br />

erTmaneTTan. mis sityvebSi edems moSorebuli, gandevnili adamis godeba ismis:<br />

va, s<strong>of</strong>elo, ra Sigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa,<br />

yovli Seni mondobili niadagmca Cemebr tirsa!<br />

sad waiyvan sadaursa, sad aufxvri sadiT Zirsa,<br />

magra RmerTi ar gawiravs kacsa, Sengan ganawirsa.<br />

am striqonebSi kacobriobis winapari, poemis gmiri da misi avtori unisonSi godeben<br />

_ maT erTi satkivari aqvT: samiveni moSorebulini da mowyvetilni arian: adami<br />

pirvelqmnil samoTxes, poemis gmiri arabeTis samoTxes, poemis avtori Tavis qveyanas<br />

(sayovelTao azriT, Tumca dokumenturad es ar Cans, rusTaveli devnili iyo Tavisi<br />

qveynidan).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ es glova qveynidan (samSoblodan) gadaxvewis, misgan Sorsmy<strong>of</strong>obis<br />

gamo, romelsac arqetipad adamis glova aqvs, Tavad Seiqna arqetipi momavali<br />

TaobebisTvis, romelTa cxovrebaSi XVIII s-dan Semodis emigraciis, qveynidan nebsiT Tu<br />

uneblieT an iZulebiT gadaxvewis gamocdileba, romelic literaturaSi garkveul Janrs<br />

amkvidrebs `sawuTros samduravis~ saxiT. samSoblo _ edemi, ucxo qveyana _ sawuTro, am<br />

ukanasknel sityvis im mniSvnelobiT, romelic berZnulma kosmosma SeiZina saxarebaSi<br />

(qristianul ms<strong>of</strong>lgancdaSi). emigracia, rogorc politikuri faqti, romlis saxeliT<br />

ruseTSi gadaxvewili mefe-poetebi laparakoben TavianT poeziaSi, _ rusTavelma TiTqos<br />

providenciulad am mdurvis gamosaTqmeli ena Seuqmna maT, _ eksistencialur<br />

ganzomilebas iZens. aq mTavari damnaSave _ kacobriobis mteri s<strong>of</strong>elia (berZn. kosmos),<br />

romelic mis sinonimTan (sawuTro) erTad rusTavelis poemaSi RmerT-sityvis Semdeg<br />

yvelaze xSirad ixsenieba, rogorc wesi, uary<strong>of</strong>iT konteqstSi.<br />

`s<strong>of</strong>lis mdurvis~ Tema da leqsika SeiZleba literaturuli gziT gadasuliyo<br />

baraTaSvilis lirikaSi, magram aq mainc mTavaria ara imdenad literaturuli, ramdenadac<br />

sulieri substrati, romelic saukunovan tradicias daxvda am adamianSi. am sulier<br />

substrats daemyno tradiciuli motivi da ixara masze.<br />

XVIII s-is `sawuTros mdurvis~ poetebs Soris gamovarCevT daviT guramiSvils. daviT<br />

guramiSvilis axalgazrdobis wlebi daemTxva qveynis SinaaSlilobis mZime periods, risi<br />

msxverplic xdeba igi. qveyanaSi daTareSoben CrdiloeTkavkasieli bandebi, awiokeben<br />

qveyanas, arbeven mosaxleobas, arTmeven ukanasknel sarCos; mosaxleoba tyeebsa da mTebSi<br />

ixizneba, ramac mTlianad moSala meurneoba _ Sewyda xvna-Tesva, daba-s<strong>of</strong>lebi<br />

gadaSenda... upatronod darCenili qveyana ucxo tomebis saTareSo Seiqna. axalgazrda<br />

kaci, warCinebuli gvaris STamomavali, romelic ojaxis Sesaqmnelad emzadeba, SedarebiT<br />

dacul mxareSi _ simamris (coleuris) s<strong>of</strong>elSi _ afarebs Tavs, magram swored aqedan<br />

moitaces lekebma da mravali xani xaroSi hyavT datyvevebuli. es gansacdeli misTvis<br />

meore dabadebis, aw ukve poetad Sobis impulsi aRmoCnda. xaros (ormos, mRvimis, saflavis)<br />

qristianuli simbolika (*) sruliad spontanurad `amuSavda~ mis cnobierebaSi. xaroSi,<br />

rogorc saflavSi, Cagdebuli momavali poeti Tavs sammagad mowyvetilad grZnobs: is<br />

moSorebulia mSobliur qveyanas, rogorc erTi misi Svili; is moSorebulia saqristianos,<br />

64

ogorc qristiani; da, bolos, is moSorebulia samoTxes, rogorc adami _ da am dros<br />

masSi iRviZebs codvili, edemidan gandevnili adamis saxe. idumal xmaSi, romelic mas<br />

Caesma xaroSi my<strong>of</strong>s da mouwoda dauyonebliv datovos tyveobis adgili, man<br />

RvTismSobeli Seicno. xmam gamoafxizla igi Zilisgan, xmam ixsna igi, gzaze daayena da<br />

samSvidoboze gaiyvana. es samSvidobo qristianTa qveyanaa, sadac mas xvdebian puriT,<br />

romelic mis gzaze artosis mniSvnelobas iZens.<br />

amieridan igi samyaros, Tavis mSobliur qveyanas, mis istorias, mis awmyos da, bolos,<br />

sakuTar Tavs, Tavis Tavgadasavals, ganixilavs da ganmartavs sub specie christianitatis. poetiegzegetis<br />

gzaze yvelaferi providenciulia, yvela movlenaSi sazrisia, rasac amocnoba<br />

esaWiroeba. misi bevri leqsi mkiTxvels amosacnobad iwvevs da maT erTgvari Janruli<br />

kuTvnilebis niSnad amicana (amocana) uzis qvesaTaurad.<br />

guramiSvilis `daviTianSi~ grZeldeba Sua saukuneebi Tavisi Zlieri<br />

providencializmiT, Tumca realurad poeti sruliad gansxvavebul droSi cxovrobs.<br />

klasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis suli, romliTac sunTqavda maSindeli dasavleTi da,<br />

kerZod, is qveyanac, sadac is dasaxlda sabolood, ar uwyobda xels amgvar ms<strong>of</strong>lgancdas,<br />

arc qristianul istorios<strong>of</strong>ias da arc pirovnuli momentis wamowevas am istoriaSi.<br />

`daviTianSi~ Cven vxedavT, rogor aris gadaWdobili erTmaneTTan qveynisa da adamianis<br />

pirovnuli bedi, ufro metic, adamianis, rogorc qmnilebis, bedi: `daviTianSi~ gaismis<br />

godeba ara mxolod Tavis qveyanas mowyvetili adamianisa, aramed edemidan gandevnili<br />

adamisac.<br />

ai, misi moTqma, sadac gaismis edemidan gandevnili adamis xma:<br />

mamao, Tavsa mfaravi, dagedga kargi karavi,<br />

ganiari da maRali, xelTgan miukaravi,<br />

Sig viyav, gareT gamagde, paRuri amamkar avi,<br />

miT cremli Cemi zRvad iqca, TvalTagan nawanwkaravi.<br />

(daviTiani: 7, str. 16)<br />

es teqsti gveubneba, rom samive momenti Tavs ikrebs erTi konkretuli adamianis<br />

pirovnebaSi. guramiSvili albaT pirveli iyo qarTul mwerlobaSi, romelmac sakuTari<br />

cxovreba egzegesis sagnad gaixada.<br />

Zveli saqarTvelo dasrulda XVIII saukunis damlevs da esec SesaniSnavia: Tu odesme<br />

sadme saukunis dasasruli qveynis dasasruls damTxvevia, es CvenSi moxda _ Cveni<br />

istoriuli Segneba aris amis momswre da dRemde cxovlad atyvia Cvens cnobierebas.<br />

dasrulda Zveli, `viTa sizmari Ramisa~ da yvelaferi Tavidan unda dawyebuliyo da daiwyo<br />

kidec. am dasawyiss ekuTvnis da TiTqos arc ekuTvnis nikoloz baraTaSvilis poezia da,<br />

rac mniSvnelovania, misi pirovnebac.<br />

iseT ufskruls biologiur Sobasa da eksistencialur Sobas Soris, rogoric<br />

baraTaSvilis fenomenSi SeiniSneba, verc erT qarTvel SemoqmedTan ver davadasturebT,<br />

da verc im ufskruls istoriul realobasa da metafizikur sinamdviles Soris,<br />

romelTac is paradoqsulad Tanabari simZafriT ganicdida. Cans didi kontrasti mis erT<br />

werilSi (zaqaria orbelianis mimarT, werili X) aRweril mxiarul drostarebaTa da misi<br />

damweris `Cveulebriv mowyinebas~ Soris. paradoqsuli is aris, rom am sayovelTao<br />

mxiarulebaSi ibadeba misi `mowyineba~ da suliT obloba. da rac ufro mZafria mxiaruleba<br />

da `siameni ama s<strong>of</strong>lisa~, miT ufro ivseba misi suli sicalieriT. `Наполнили мне душу<br />

ужасною пустотою~. `sazareli sicaliere~ da sicalieriT avseba!<br />

sad movuZebnoT adgili am ucnauri oqsimoronis avtors, poets, romelmac SeTxza<br />

Tavisi poezia, rogorc sulis sityvieri anabeWdi, am cnebebiT _ `xvedri~, `sinidisis xma~,<br />

`Cumi naRveli~, `gulis saidumlo~, `Tavisufali fiqri~, `sawyauli aRuvsebeli~, `zrunva~,<br />

`usagno y<strong>of</strong>a~, `suliT obloba~ da sxvani? kirkegoris Tanamedrove scildeba<br />

romantizmis CarCoebs, mis bundovanebas, egzaltacias. `ase gulcivad jer gancda ara<br />

mqonia. aseTi Tavisufali fiqri maqvs da aseTi mtkice guli...~- wers is da grZnobs, rom<br />

`usasyidlo (mousyidveli) msajulia~, upirvelesad sakuTari Tavisa. esTeturisa da<br />

eTiuris (danieli filos<strong>of</strong>osis kategoriebiT Tu vityviT) safexurebi enacvleba mis<br />

xanmokle cxovrebaSi da, sabolood, religiurSi gadadis (`SemoRameba mTawmindaze~). mas<br />

gaazrebuli hqonda `непостижимость цели нашего назначения~, Tumca mouwodebda sxvas da<br />

Tavis Tavsac `углубись в себя~ (werili X).<br />

sad mivuCinoT adgili poets, romlis sityvebs `rad aqvs guls ese Cumi naRveli",<br />

romlebic exmianeba sxva xanis da gansxvavebuli tipis da kulturis adamianis, verlenis,<br />

sityvebs: Quelle est cette langueure / Qui penetre mon coeur?... Ce deuil est sans raison. ... C'est bien le pire<br />

peine / De ne savoir pourquoi"... eksistencialuri naRveli, mowyena, romelic arafriT<br />

65

amqveyniuriT ar aris ganpirobebuli, araviTari konkretuli, garkveuli mizeziT. am<br />

umizezobas mTeli sicxadiT, sastiki, ulmobelobamde misuli `gulcivobiT~ acnobierebs<br />

igi. rogor daSorda is ara mxolod rusTavels da guramiSvils, aramed Tavis garemocvas,<br />

Tanamedroveobas, Tavis megobrebs! romel mxares da romel xanas ekuTvnis igi?<br />

moyolebuli gilgameSidan, yoveli xana badebs adamianis y<strong>of</strong>nis problemebs da arasodes<br />

am problemebiT datvirTuli adamiani ar ekuTvnis srulad Tavis Tanamedroveobas - is<br />

yovelTvis gaugebrobis yru kedels awydeba. is yvelgan `suliT oblobisTvis~ aris<br />

ganwiruli. aseTni mudam Tavidan iwyeben da isic iwyebs eWvebiT, magram mis dawyebuls<br />

veravin agrZelebs. amao iyo misi imedi, rom `gza uvali, Cemgan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc<br />

darCeba~. yvela gza individualur-pirovnulia, yvelasaTvis sakuTriv gasaTelgasavleli.<br />

magram Tu `merani~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos vinmes savalis prolegomenad, Tu vinmesTvis<br />

SeeZlo gaekvlia gza, es `daviTianis~ avtoria, romelmac Tavis Tavze ganicada is, risi<br />

gamoxatva `meranis~ avtorma scada. aq varRvevT qronologias: dro ukuqceulia:<br />

Sesrulebul aqts `daviTianSi~ mosdevs misi winaTgrZnoba `meranSi~. `merani~<br />

retrospeqtulad aSuqebs gamoqceuli tyvis gzas. `gaqceva~ orives bedisweraa, Sinagani<br />

xma da gaqceva. `nu gZinavs~, CasZaxis xma xaroSi Cagdebul tyves da gamosaval gzas<br />

uCvenebs: `adeo! raRaT maicadeo? / Tu ara iq, viT iqnas, rac rom daiqadeo?~ (daviTiani:<br />

wigni a. 370) masac CasZaxis xma: `ras xvrinav, rasa fSvinao! aq ras uwev-xar saZilod...~<br />

(daviTiani: wigni a. 398) `nu gZinavso~, eubneba xma baraTaSvils, da is pasuxobs: `me ar<br />

mZinavs, magram kaci minda, rom am patara Rre-kldes gamiyvanos, da davdge gaSlils<br />

adgilas~ (werili IX, gr. orbelianisadmi).<br />

gamoRviZeba, xaro, `klde-Rre~, `gaSlili adgili~, `iq~, sadac unda aRsruldes<br />

danaqadi, da `kaci~, romelic CaaxSobs boroti sulis xmas, da gaiyvans adamians<br />

sifarToveSi, rogorc Tavad poeti ambobs, `savse da vrcel s<strong>of</strong>elSi~ _ es yvelaferi<br />

aaxlovebs am ors, romelTac Soris xiluli misasvlelebi epoqaluri nangrevebiT aris<br />

Caxergili. magram isini cnoben erTmaneTs, xelsac uwvdian, dafarul dinebaSi, rogorc s.<br />

frankiseul metalogiuri y<strong>of</strong>ierebis wiaRSi, sadac empiriuli Cveuli Tanamimdevruli<br />

dineba droisa gauqmebulia, urTierToben isini.<br />

miCneulia, rom `merani~ poetis Semoqmedebis mwvervalia, es leqsi misi pasportia,<br />

misi poeturi pirovnebis identobis niSani. imasac amboben, rom masSi<br />

nawinaswarmetyvelebia misi aRsasruli ucxoobaSi, misi mamulidan Sors, rogorc<br />

sinamdvileSi moxda. magram is heroikuli gaqceva sinamdvilidan, romlis paToss Seadgens<br />

`merani~, realobaSi banalurad aRsrulda: miyruebul provinciaSi, marTlac<br />

moSorebulma Tavis Zvirfas naTesav-megobrebs, rogorc Cinovnikma dalia suli. sad iyo<br />

merani, sad iyo mxedari? sad iyo bedisweris sazRvris gadalaxva?<br />

mainc rogor warmoiSva `merani~? ra iyo sababi, Torem is Signidan mTeli misi<br />

xanmokle sicocxlis manZilze mzaddeboda?<br />

guramiSvilis aRsarebiT poezias realuri gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad. motaceba,<br />

xaroSi jdoma, gaTavisufleba _ es yvelaferi moxda mis cxovrebaSi. jer cxovrebiseuli<br />

faqtebi unda arsebobdes, rom mere maTi simboluri gaazreba moxdes. jer cocxali<br />

abraami unda arsebobdes, rom misgan `rwmenis mamis~ simbolo warmoiSvas.<br />

baraTaSvilis cxovreba mwiria faqtebiT. ara Tu mwiri, mis cxovrebaSi araferi<br />

xdeba. riT iyo avsebuli misi yoveldRiuroba? _ misvla-mosvla, drostareba, qeifebi,<br />

arc maincdamainc Tavdaviwyebuli da aSvebuli, zomieri bohema, Worebis smena da mitanmotana<br />

usaqmuri mandilosnebis gasarTobad (rac TviTironiis saganic ki xdeba),<br />

usargeblo y<strong>of</strong>a, araviTari mZafri gamocdileba, an uCveulo gansacdeli, romelic<br />

gardaqmnida mis cxovrebas, rasac eloda... poeti ki, rogorc bevri axalgazrda, samxedro<br />

karieraze ocnebobda, ris ganxorcielebaSi banalurma fizikurma naklma _ koWlobam<br />

SeuSala xeli. sruli xelmocarva. aseve banaluri faqti _ uary<strong>of</strong>ili siyvaruli,<br />

romelic mTelma sazogadoebam icoda, iyo mis gamocdilebaSi, ramac ramdenime leqsSi<br />

iCina Tavi imave Zveli tradiciuli motivis _ miundobeli s<strong>of</strong>lis mdurvis saxiT. es iyo<br />

da es.<br />

da ai, am rutinul cxovrebaSi, romelsac eweva Tbilisis sazogadoeba da Tavadac<br />

CaTreulia masSi, xdeba ambavi, arcTu uCveulo qveynis istoriaSi, aramed sruliad<br />

kanonzomieri, Tumca man uCveulod SeaSfoTa mTeli sazogadoeba. Samilis kacebma<br />

moitaces ilia orbeliani, daRestnis brZolebis monawile, poetis biZa, Tumca misi<br />

Tanatoli da klasis amxanagi (1817-1853), da rva Tve hyavdaT tyveobaSi.<br />

grigol orbelianisadmi miweril werilSi vkiTxulobT: `zogjer amisTana<br />

SemTxvevac kargia kacis sicocxleSi. es aris, rom iqneba Cven dagvigviandes ilias naxva,<br />

66

Tvarem imas am tyveobiT ara uSavs ra~ (werili VI). da kidev daurTavs komentaris msgavsad:<br />

`xo ici, tyveoba da sikvdili Cvens dedakacebs erTi hgoniaT, metadre lekis tyveoba~.<br />

erTgan henrik ibseni wers: rom yoveli misi naweri umWidroesad iyo dakavSirebuli<br />

gancdilTan, Tundac es misi piradi gansacdeli ar y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. ase moxda baraTaSvilis<br />

SemTxvevaSi. `zogjer amisTana SemTxvevac kargia kacis sicocxleSio~, ambobs is da imave<br />

werilSi sruliad amxels Tavis grZnobebs, romlebic misi Tanatolis tyveobaSi y<strong>of</strong>nam<br />

gamoiwvia, Tumca Tavad bolomde ar iyo garkveuli Tavis grZnobebSi: ~ilikos daWera rom<br />

Sevityve, swore giTxra, Zalian Sevwuxdi, ase, rom sami dRe gabruebuli viyav aTasis sxva<br />

ucnauris fiqrebiT da surviliT da rom ekiTxaT ki CemTvis, me ar vicodi, ra mindoda.<br />

bolos mesame dRes es leqsebi davwere da TiTqos aman raRac Sveba momcao...~<br />

es leqsebi, romlebzec is laparakobs, `merania~, poetma ilias nacvlad rom dawera,<br />

`ai, ras fiqrobs poeti ilikos magivrad~ (es fraza rusulad aris dawerili: `Вот что поэт<br />

думает за Илико~), anu tyved Cavardnili ilikos gansacdeli impulsi gaxda imisaTvis, raTa<br />

gamoTqmuliyo is, rac didi xnis manZilze iswrafoda gamosaTqmelad.<br />

vidre `meranze~ vityodeT rames, gavecnoT ilia orbelianis mogonebas Tavisi<br />

tyveobis Sesaxeb, romelic man mTavarmarTebel voroncovis davalebiT dawera, rogorc<br />

<strong>of</strong>icris namsaxurobis dokumenti. magram misi naweris Rirebuleba <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

dokumentis Rirebulebaze metia. mis nawerSi Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs ramdenime adgili,<br />

romlebic erTgvarad exmaureba daviT guramiSvilis gamocdilebas, romelic win uswrebs<br />

mas erTi saukuniT mainc. magram aq dro daZleulia, es saerTo sayovelTao gamocdilebaa,<br />

romelic daaxloebiT erTi da imave cnebebiT gamoiTqmis.<br />

`... ase vcxovrobdiT am xaroSi, mzis Suqs danatrebulebi. CvenTvis arc dila iyo da<br />

arc saRamo, mxolod molis xmaze vigebdiT, rom gaTenda, axali dRe iwyeboda, didis<br />

yuradRebiT viTvlidiT dReebs, rom ar gamogvparvoda aRdgomis dRe, es iyo 19 aprils.<br />

mueZini marTlmorwmuneebs mouwodebda dilis namazisaTvis. Cven erTmaneTi gavaRviZeT.<br />

gulmxurvaled viloceT, vigalobeT `qriste aRdga~ da naRvlianad gadavexvieT<br />

erTmaneTs. es brwyinvale dRe Cven gavatareT mogonebebSi... xaros sibnele da mZafri haeri<br />

suls gvixuTavda, suls gviklavda~ (ilia orbeliani 1991: 46-47. mogoneba rusulad aris<br />

dawerili).<br />

es aris prozauli varianti imisa, rac Tavisi tyveobis leqsebSi aRbeWda daviT<br />

guramiSvilma.<br />

axalgazrda (25 wlis) <strong>of</strong>icris ilia orbelianis am mogonebaSi sagulisxmoa<br />

paralelizmi xaros sibnelesa da molis xmas Soris. Tumca wyvdiadi da urjuloTa qveyana<br />

datyvevebuli ilia orbelianisaTvis wmidawylis empiriuli faqtia. magram am realiebSi<br />

Cven metis danaxva SegviZlia, vidre mis ganmcdels da teqstis avtors. am bnelSi<br />

erTaderTi droJamuli orientiri mueZinis xmaa _ anu isini ara ubralod mtris, aramed<br />

urjuloTa qveyanaSi imy<strong>of</strong>ebian da es xma bunebrivi xmaa im adgilze, sadac imy<strong>of</strong>ebian.<br />

magram aris uxilavi, TiTqos Tandayolili ritmi, romelic Zlevs am ucxo da mtrul xmas.<br />

ufro sworad, es xma emsaxureba missave sawinaaRmdego realobas: mis gareSe aireoda<br />

qristianuli kalendris dReTa saTvalavi da xaroSi my<strong>of</strong>T aRdgomis dRe daekargebodaT.<br />

am urjulo droJamis dinebaSi aris garRveva da es Zala, romelic sCadis am mxsnel<br />

garRvevas, qristiani adamianis cnobierebaSia Cadebuli. roca vkiTxulobT frazas `ase<br />

vcxovrobdiT im xaroSi, mzis Suqs danatrebulni~, es `mzis Suqi~ imaze met mniSvnelobas<br />

iZens Cvens aRqmaSi, vidre misi avtori akisrebs mas.<br />

vambob `Cvens aRqmaSi~, radgan Cveni aRqma gamdidrebulia guramiSvilis<br />

gamocdilebiT, romelic man tyveobaSi swored xaroSi jdomis da iqidan gaqcevisas gzaSi<br />

gadaitana. Tumca fiqroben, rom tyve, momavali poeti, arc mjdara xaroSi, ramdenadac<br />

Tavisi wignis istoriul nawilSi, sadac Tavisi qveynisa da Tavisi Znelbedobis ambavs yveba,<br />

ar ambobs, rom lekebs is mainc da mainc xaroSi hyavdaT gamomwyvdeuli bibliuri<br />

iosebiviT. magram xaro lekTa tyveobis aucilebeli Tanmdevi realiaa: xaroSi ijda ilia<br />

orbeliani, brwyinvale Tavadi, da xaroSive ijda ubralo glexis biWi, romelic erT<br />

xalxur leqsSi moTqvams:<br />

me lekebma damiWires, TasmiT Semkres magra xelTa,<br />

wamiyvanes tyveTa, mtanjes, cremliT vCivi maRla RmerTTan,<br />

gadmiyvanes anwuxSiga, raja belads Camabares,<br />

Sig Camagdes xaroSiga, zed didi qva damafares,<br />

arca hqonda cas naTeli, arc Suqebi mze da mTvares...<br />

es xalxuri leqsi iseTive dokumenturi Rirebulebisaa, rogorc ilia orbelianis<br />

`mogoneba~. am leqsSic, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, `cis naTeli~, `Suqebi mzisa da<br />

67

mTvarisa~, igive `xaro~, mxolod fizikuri realobebia da maT ukan sxva zegrZnobadsimboluri<br />

mniSvnelobebi ar igulisxmeba. mzis Suqi mxolod aTbobs, mTvaris Suqs<br />

mxolod realur gzis ganaTeba SeuZlia tyveobidan gamoqceulisTvis. ilia orbeliani ase<br />

igonebs Tavisi gaqcevis erT epizods:<br />

`kvlav saSinelma setyvam wamouSina. Tumca setyvam didxans ar gastana, magram<br />

didad damasusta da gamaciva. mzem gamoanaTa Tu ara, iqve ferdobze wamovweqi, rom<br />

gavmTbariyavi...~<br />

an: `erT gamoqvabuls wavawydi, Sevedi SigniT da wamovweqi ZalRonis mosakrebad...~.<br />

arc xaro, arc mze, arc gamoqvabulia mis gamocdilebaSi imaze meti, rasac isini<br />

realurad warmoadgenen.<br />

igive gansacdeli gaiara imave asakis guramiSvilma _ igive jdoma bnelSi (Tundac<br />

xaroSi), igive haeri, igive umzeoba Tu mzis gamonaTeba, igive gaqceva, setyva gzaSi,<br />

gamoqvabuli Tavis Sesafareblad... (daviTiani: 101, str. 407-409).<br />

ilia orbelianma am gamocdilebis Sedegad y<strong>of</strong>iTi dokumenti datova im<br />

`mogonebis~ saxiT. guramiSvilma mTeli es gamocdileba zemoT CamoTvlil fizikuri<br />

samyaros (sinamdvilis) realiebiTurT sulieri gamocdilebis dokumentad aqcia. xaro _<br />

misi siRrme guramiSvilis poetur monaTxrobSi misi gamocdileba-gansacdelis Sinagani<br />

mxaris analogiuria. xaroSi mjdomisTvis mTlianad icvleba TvalTaxedva, mzeris<br />

mimarTuleba. mzera introspeqtuli xdeba: yoveli sagani, yoveli movlena fizikur<br />

samyaroSi, mTeli materialuri sinamdvile, niSnis Zalas da simbolur ganzomilebas iZens.<br />

xaroSi my<strong>of</strong>isTvis misi sibnele sulier sibneled, fizikuri mze sulier mzed, romelsac<br />

mxolod siTbo ar moaqvs, gardaiqmneba. xaro — tyveobis adgili da misi simbolo, xaro _<br />

dacemisa da codvis adgili da maTi simbolo, xaro _ sikvdilis adgili, xaro _<br />

gamocxadebis adgili (rogorc gandegilTa da asketTa cxovrebidan aris cnobili), xaro<br />

_ ganaxlebis (Zveli kacis sikvdilisa da axali kacis dabadebis) adgili. guramiSvilis<br />

poeziam es yvelaferi erT fokusSi moaqcia. sabolood, xaro is adgilia, saidanac mxsneli<br />

gamosvla unda ganxorcieldes. anu Tavdaxsna tyveobidan, Tavdaxsna, codvisgan,<br />

SesaZloa, daumsaxurebeli sasjelisgan, sikvdilisgan da a.S., yovelive imisgan, rasac<br />

adamians es s<strong>of</strong>eli umzadebs.<br />

axalgazrda <strong>of</strong>icrisTvisac ar y<strong>of</strong>ila ubralo xifaTi yvelaferi is, rac mas<br />

Samilis tyveobaSi gadaxda. garkveul ganzogadebas iZens es gansacdeli, iseT fiqrebs<br />

aRuZravs, romelTac Cveulebriv y<strong>of</strong>iTi, Tundac, samxedro-savele gamocdileba ver<br />

aRZravda. amgvari gansacdeli erTgvarad aCqarebs pirovnebis gardaqmnas, rogorc Tomas<br />

mani wers `jadosnur mTaSi~, rom sikvdilisa da sneulebis (rogorc misi winkaris), yvela<br />

Semzaravi Tavgadasavali, rac ki Tavis gmirs, ubralo rigiT adamians, romelsac ocnebebSi<br />

garTuli inteleqtuali ironiulad inJiners eZaxda, SeamTxvia, mxolod da mxolod<br />

pedagogiuri saSualebaa, riTac miiRweva uzarmazari Zalis `aqtivizacia~, Cveulebrivi<br />

adamianis amaRleba misi Tavdapirveli donidan. imgvar nawarmoebebs, sadac adamianis,<br />

rogorc cdispiris, sulier-inteleqtualuri Zalebis es aqtivizacia xdeba, mwerali<br />

`iniciaciur Txzulebebs~ uwodebs. magram aq mTavari is aris, rom vidre mwerlobaSi<br />

moxvdebodes, `aqtivizacia~ jer cxovrebaSi xdeba, rogorc adamianis realuri<br />

gamocdileba. Tavis `mogonebaSi~ axalgazrda <strong>of</strong>iceri, romelic erTganzomilebian<br />

realobaSi arsebobisTvis iyo ganwiruli, amgvarad afasebs am Tavis gansacdels, rac<br />

uTuod amaRlebs mas `Tavdapirveli donidan~. is wers:<br />

`araerTxel vuxmobdi sikvdils, rogorc ukanaskneli xsnis sayudels,<br />

keTilismy<strong>of</strong>els. is, rac maSin gadavitane, yovelgvar xorciel da sulier tanjvas<br />

aRemateba. magram RmerTi mowyalea, man uwyis sazRvari Cveni tanjvisa, romelsac maRliT<br />

mogvivlens xolme, uwyis Cveni uRlis simZime, romlis iqiT Cven mets ver vitvirTavT da,<br />

ai, axlac gadmogvxeda...~.<br />

axalgazrda <strong>of</strong>iceri, brwyinvale Tavadi erTgvarad mzad aRmoCnda am gansacdelis<br />

misaRebad. baraTaSvilis werilSi, romliTac is Tavis biZas ilia orbelianis datyvevebis<br />

ambavs amcnobs, mohyavs sityvebi, romlebic datyvevebuls uTqvams SamilisTvis: `Samil!<br />

rogor ekadreba Sens saxels magisTana uwyaloeba [mis Tvalwin Samilma oc ymawvils,<br />

romelic <strong>of</strong>icers axlda, Tavebi daayrevina, z.k.]! Tu ginda magiT SeaSino vinme, vin unda<br />

SeaSino? yvelani sikvdilis Svilebi varT. WeSmaritad, axla mec sikvdili mirCevnia Sens<br />

xelSi y<strong>of</strong>nas~.<br />

davubrundeT isev baraTaSvils, romelsac bedma ar arguna, rom amgvari gansacdeli<br />

gadaetana _ Tavi mainc gamoecada. misi cxovreba metismetad mwiria met-naklebad<br />

SemZravi xdomilebebiT. orad ori SemTxveva aris dadasturebuli mis xanmokle<br />

cxovrebaSi, romelTac albaT Tavisi wvlili unda SeetanaT mis ms<strong>of</strong>lgancdaSi: erTi _<br />

misi dakoWleba, meore _ gauziarebeli siyvaruli. am ukanasknelma stimuli misca mis<br />

68

`egsistencialur~ leqsebs (gaamZafra masSi oblobis, pirovnuli unikalurobis (**) da, am<br />

mizeziT, miusafrobis qveSecneuli Tandayolili gancda). pirvelma ki gza gadauketa<br />

samxedro karierisken, rac bolomde misTvis saocnebo sagani iyo (Tumca misi wris<br />

axalgazrdisTvis es Cveulebrivi kurikulumi unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo). SesaZlebelia, is zedmetad<br />

afasebda samxedro karieris mniSvnelobas Tavisi momavlisTvis, masSi ufro mets xedavda,<br />

vidre mis garSemo warmoedginaT, Tundac mis biZas da megobars, grigol orbelians,<br />

warmatebul <strong>of</strong>icers, romelsac emudareboda, gaeyvana am gzaze. ai, ras wers mas:<br />

`me Sinagani xma miwevs saukeTesos xvedrisaken, guli meubneba, rom Sen ara xar<br />

axlandelis mdgomareobisaTvis dabadebulio! nu gZinavso! (swored amas CasZaxoda xma<br />

xaroSi Cagdebul guramiSvils, z.k.) me ara mZinavs, magram kaci minda, rom am patara Rrekldes<br />

gamiyvanos, da davdge gaSlils adgils. oh, ra Tavisuflad amovisunTqav maSin, ra<br />

xelmwifurad gardavxedav Cems asparezsa!~ (werili IX).<br />

es `saukeTeso xvedri~, es `gaSlili adgili~, es `Tavisufali amosunTqva~, es misi<br />

`asparezi~ _ es yvelaferi, romelic mis ocnebaSi totalurad upirispirdeba<br />

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis `Rre-kldes~, saidanac ymawvili kaci Tavis daRwevas cdilobs,<br />

sruliad banalurad ukavSirdeba daRestnis diviziis ufrosis renemkampfis saxels. `Cemi<br />

fiqri mandeT moqris. ecade, roma renenkamfTan damaniSvnino. xom am pirobiT waxvel, rom<br />

es mogexdina CemTvis. vici, dagaviwyda, magram ara, ar dagviwyebia. es im sneulebis bralia,<br />

romlis gamoc qarTveli Tavisians ar gamoadgeba...~ _ wers biZas imave werilSi (IX) ganjaSi<br />

usaxelo sikvdilamde ori wliT adre (1843). qarTvelTa es `sneuleba~ mas imeds<br />

akargvinebs, rom odesme gaarRvevs am rutinas (`Rre-kldes~), es uimedoba Cans am werilSi.<br />

erTi wlis Semdeg uimedoba amgvarad gamoixata zaqaria orbelianisadmi miweril werilSi:<br />

`aTasi rom viCanCaloT, isev saqarTveloSi unda davabolovoT Cveni cxovreba...~ (werili<br />

X).<br />

da mainc am `CanCalisgan~ TavdaRwevis uimedo molodinSi, am mudmiv xelmocarvaSi,<br />

raRac unda momxdariyo iseTi, rac Seqmnida mas warmosaxviTi eksodusis gmirad. anu Cven<br />

vambobT, rom is SemTxveva, romelic arcTu uCveulo iyo qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis, ufro<br />

metic, paradigmatuli iyo qarTlis istoriaSi, saxeldobr, ilia orbelianis tyveoba,<br />

ramac didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia Tbilisis sazogadoebaSi, aRmoCnda impulsi, romelmac<br />

gamoiyvana misi essistencia am rutinidan da usazRvroebaSi gaiyvana. misi siyrmis<br />

megobris gansacdelma, romelic man sakuTar gansacdelad miiRo, Seaqmnevina mas `merani~<br />

_ misi cxovrebis tragizmis gamomxatveli leqsi (***). tyveobidan gaqceva wuTis<strong>of</strong>lidan<br />

metafizikuri gaqcevis simbolo Seiqna. avtori TiTqmis ar gvitovebs hermenevtikisTvis<br />

adgils _ is yvelafers ambobs im sityvebiT, romelic biZisadmi miweril werilSi Tqva am<br />

leqsis Sesaxeb or enaze, jer rusulad Вот что поэт думает за Илико (`ai ras fiqrobs poeti<br />

ilikos magivrad~), mere qarTulad (mogvyavs meored): `ar vici, es leqsebi rigor<br />

mogewoneba. aq bevri cremli, tyuili da marTali, dainTxa amis wakiTxvaze, rasakvirvelia,<br />

imitom, rom amas ambobs ilia tyveobaSi, da ara me. _ ilias daWera rom Sevityve, swore<br />

giTxra, Zalian Sevwuxdi, ase rom sami dRe gabruebuli viyav aTasis sxva da sxva ucnauris<br />

fiqrebiT da surviliT da rom ekiTxaT ki CemTvis, mec ar vicodi, ra mindoda. bolos<br />

mesame dRes es leqsebi davswere da TiTqos aman raRac Sveba momcao. vcdilob, rom ilikos<br />

rogorme mivawodo, vici, gulSi Caicinebs da ar iqneba, miT ara enugeSos ra~ (werili VI).<br />

am werilSi ori frazaa, romelic Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs: isini mkafiod da<br />

araorazrovnad, SesaZloa, simwriTac, gamoxatavs poetis uimedobas, rom vinme Tavis wreSi<br />

da, maSasadame, mis mamulSi da mTel qveyanaSi gaugebs mas. am leqsiT xom man Tavisi<br />

ukanaskneli sityva Tqva, sadac misi oblobisa da miusafrobis yvela aspeqti gamoiTqva. `aq<br />

bevri cremli, tyuili da marTali, dainTxa amis wakiTxvaze, rasakvirvelia, imitom, rom<br />

amas ambobs ilia tyveobaSi, da ara me~, wers is. da mere isev: `vici, gulSi Caicinebs da ar<br />

iqneba, miT ara enugeSos ra~.<br />

`amas ambobs ilia tyveobaSi da ara me~ _ aravin mis maxlobelTa, Tundac gulis<br />

mesaidumleTa Soris, ar ifiqrebs, rom amas poeti ambobs da ara ilia. es ucnauri<br />

konspiraciaa. arc ilia ifiqrebs, rom leqsi `merani~, romelic sanugeSod gaegzavna mas,<br />

avtoris dafarulis ukanaskneli am<strong>of</strong>rqvevaa. is `gulSi Caicinebs~. ar miiRebs<br />

seriozulad iq naTqvams. miecema tyves nugeSi misi wakiTxvisas? poeti fiqrobs, rom<br />

miecema nugeSi, rogorc mas mieca nugeSi da Sveba misi dawerisas. nugeSi nugeSad _<br />

tyveobaSi miRebuli yoveli werili nugeSia, magram `merani~ imis sapirispiros ambobs,<br />

rasac ucxo qveyanaSi datyvevebuli ilia unda ocnebobdes: ilia mamulisken da<br />

axloblebisken moiswrafis (ara mxolod es daRestnis tyve, aramed mTeli gadaxvewili<br />

saqarTvelo), mernis mxedari ki, piriqiT, mamulidan garbis. tyveobidan ilias empiriul<br />

gaqcevas aq enacvleba egsistencialuri gaqceva rutinuli, Tundac mSobliuri<br />

sazogadoebidan.<br />

69

es aris `meranis~ Tavisebureba, misi gansakuTrebuloba qarTuli literaturis<br />

istoriaSi. igi uprecedentoa da, amdenad, aratradiciuli, Tundac, aistoriuli, Tumca<br />

ase ugzo-ukvlod gaWril poets erTaderTi imedi hqonda, rom misi gaWra mamulidan,<br />

romelic ar iyo misi, rogorc poetis da adamianis, namdvili samSoblo, mis moZmeebs (anu<br />

masaviT suliT obolT) gzas gaukafavda, misi merani maTac moemsaxureboda, igi maTi<br />

bedisweris mZlevel huned (imave mernad. leqsSi `merani~ zRapruli mernis sinonimad<br />

naxmaria es gaurkveveli warmoSobis sityva) gadaiqceoda. magram Tu gadavxedavT momdevno<br />

xanis qarTul literaturas, iq ver vixilavT mernis floqvebis kvals, verc `gzas, misgan<br />

Telils~, igi wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis Sambma dafara: rogorc iTqva, am s<strong>of</strong>lis zrunvaSi Caflul XIX<br />

saukunes ar ecala amgvari gaWrebisTvis... s<strong>of</strong>elSi darCenis da misTvis zrunvis<br />

perspeqtiva Tavad man dasaxa erT adreul programulad miCneul leqsSi `fiqrni mtkvris<br />

piras~ (1837). Tumca ufro adre, poeturi Semoqmedebis dasawyisSi (1833-1836), poeti<br />

imediani esqatologiisken ixreboda: empiriuli bindi, romelic mas sulier oblobaSi<br />

Svebas gvrida, dauRamebeli mziani dRis gaTenebis imeds iZleoda (`SemoRameba<br />

mTawmindaze~).<br />

magram, sabolood, poetma gaWriT daasrula am wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSi umizno `CanCali~ (misi<br />

sityvaa) da bolo mouRo rutinuli wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis tyveobis perspeqtivas. es gaWra, es<br />

sazRvris gadalaxva Zalauneburad gvaxedebs qristianuli tradiciisken, romelic<br />

klasikuri sicxadiT gamoixata erTi agiografiuli teqstis im pasaJSi, sadac wmidani<br />

tovebs am nivTier samyaros da gadadis Tavisi, rogorc qristianis, WeSmarit samSobloSi.<br />

iq vkiTxulobT: `...ganTavisuflebul iqna sakrvelTagan xorcTasa... xolo siri (suli, z.k.)<br />

aRfrinda, dauteva egvipte, romel ars cxorebaÁ ese nivTieri da wiaR-vlo ara Tu zRvaÁ<br />

igi mewamuli, aramed Savi ese da wyvdiadi zRuaÁ amis sawuTroÁsaÁ, Sevida qveyanasa mas<br />

aRTqumisasa, romel ars zecaTa ierusalimi... (Zeglebi 1967: 194). wmidani brundeba zeciur<br />

ierusalimSi, RvTis qalaqSi, magram sad midis Cveni poeti anu misi suli, romelmac TiTqos<br />

daaRwia Tavi wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis (anu bedisweris) sakvrelebs. igi gaeqca bedis sazRvrebs, raTa<br />

udaburebasa da araraobaSi moxvedriliyo? Tumca es kanonzomieria: erTi wliT adre<br />

daweril leqsSi `vpove taZari~ (1841) is wuxs napovni taZris gauCinarebaze _ `ganqra<br />

taZari da udabno Cemda mdumarebs~ _ anu rwmenis dakargvaze an mis SeuZleblobaze<br />

sekularul XIX saukuneSi, romelic, es-es aris, iwyeba.<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

* SeniSvnebi yvelgan miTiTebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: baraTaSvili 1968.<br />

** im aremareSi, sadac guramiSvilis winaprebi cxovrobdnen, asketur moRvaweobas eweoda<br />

asureli (sirieli) beri Sio, romelmac askezis aseTi gza airCia: Cavida Rrma da viwro xaroSi da iq<br />

damkvidrda, rom miwaSi damarxul-daTesili marcvaliviT aRorZinebuls mRvimis sibneleSi sulieri<br />

naTeli exila. am xaros dResac uCveneben SiomRvimis monasterSi, sadac poets, rogorc Tavad ambobs<br />

erT leqsSi, sagvareulo samarxi hqonda:<br />

wminda ione kaxeTs zedaZens<br />

saswaulobiT qvitkirs cremls adens.<br />

qarTls wminda Sio mRvimes Zvlebs avlens _<br />

orniv Svrebian saswauls amdens.<br />

am or monasters maqvnda alagi,<br />

sasaflao da ZvalTSesalagi...<br />

[daviTiani, 304]<br />

*** Tavisi ganumeorebeli eksistencialuri statusis gadmosacemad poets, garda sityvisa<br />

oboli (`didi xania oboli var~, werili VII maiko orbelianisadmi), moxmobili aqvs arabuli<br />

warmoSobis mdidari niuansis mqone sityva-cneba Raribi/yaribi, romelic Cveulebriv moxetiales da<br />

ucxos, uTvistomos niSnavs, magram masTan sulier datvirTvas iZens: `moigonebdeT yarib mgosansac~<br />

(`bedi qarTlisa~), `Semibraleb Sensa yaribsa Zmasa~ (werili III maiko orbelianisadmi). am sityvis gamo<br />

unda iTqvas, rom klasikur enaSi igi oblis sinonimia unikalobis da erTaderTobis azriT: `Raribi<br />

margaliti~, `(Zvirfasi) Tvalni, Raribad qebulni~ (rusTveli) `viT margaliti oboli~ (kvlav<br />

rusTveli).<br />

**** ilia orbelianisa da baraTaSvilis sabediswerod urTierToba poetis sikvdilis<br />

Semdegac gagrZelda: swored ilias mouxda daedo qva poetis oboli saflavisTvis ganjaSi, sadac igi<br />

misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mazris ufrosad dainiSna. Tavad ilia orbeliani 1853 wels ruseT-<br />

TurqeTis omSi daiRupa.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.<br />

70

daviTiani 1931: guramiSvili d. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti, gamokvleva, leqsikoni al.<br />

baramiZisa da s. iordaniSvilis redaqciiT. tf.: `qarTuli wigni~, 1931.<br />

ilia orbeliani 1991: rva Tve Samilis tyveobaSi. Tb.: 1991.<br />

Zeglebi 1967: Zveli qarTli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. II, Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1967.<br />

Zurab Kiknadze<br />

The Genealogy <strong>of</strong> „Merani“<br />

Summary<br />

It is known that the stimulus for the creating <strong>of</strong> „Merani“ was the ordinary fact – the captivity <strong>of</strong> poet's<br />

close relative and friend Ilia Orbeliani in Dagestan. The poem was writen as if its author were Ilia („Look, what<br />

thinks the poet instead <strong>of</strong> Iliko“). The fictive hero <strong>of</strong> „Merani“, the captive <strong>of</strong>ficer, speaks about the freedom,<br />

„overstepping <strong>of</strong> border <strong>of</strong> Fate“, which are existential categories, the signs <strong>of</strong> the inner experience, as the whole<br />

language <strong>of</strong> the poem, they have only formal relation with the passions and experience <strong>of</strong> an ordinary man as<br />

was the Dagestan captive. The captivity and escaping (or liberating) from it which could be experience <strong>of</strong> any<br />

warrior echos in the imagination <strong>of</strong> the poet to his real aspirations: the poet feels himself as a captive and alien in<br />

the native country and society and tries to break the fetters which ties him up. This is the theme <strong>of</strong> „Merani“ and<br />

the same theme is elaborated openly or in hidden form in the letters to his close friends. This experience,<br />

especially, sitting in the pit, could change the mentality <strong>of</strong> the captive <strong>of</strong>ficer, but he continues to be the same<br />

what he was. Another captive, the habitant <strong>of</strong> the pit, in 18 th century, was made a poet through this very<br />

experience. It was David Guramishvili. But his name and course <strong>of</strong> life still unkown at that time for author <strong>of</strong><br />

„Merani“ and for <strong>Georgian</strong> society at all.<br />

romanuli epizodi<br />

Tamar SarabiZe<br />

(nikoloz baraTaSvilis mier naxWevanSi dawerili bolo ori leqsis Sesaxeb)<br />

werilis saTauri ganapiroba sasuliero mwerlobaSi gaCenilma e.w. `romanulma<br />

epizodebma~, romelTa gadmocema mwerlis mizans ar warmoadgenda, magram hagiografiaSi<br />

es epizodebi mainc gaCnda sxvadasxva mizezis gamo; ZiriTadad _ wmindanis avtoritetis<br />

warmosaCenad. e.i. `romanuli epizodebi~ namdvilad momxdari, cxovrebiseuli,<br />

satrfialo, ambebia, nawarmoebSi araTviTmiznurad gaCenilni. isini Zalian mokled da<br />

mSralad asaxaven im faqtebs, romelTa miRma didi vnebaTaRelva imaleba. Cven es saxeli<br />

vuwodeT aseve cxovrebiseul, kerZod, satrfialo epizodebs, romelTa gaxmaureba<br />

mwerals an ar surda, an arc ucdia, magram SemTxveviT gaJRerebulma an mSralad naTqvamma<br />

frazam ambis miRma gancda, Relva, vneba da dardi dagvanaxa. amjerad `romanuli epizodi~<br />

baraTaSvilis naxWevanidan gamogzavnil werilsa da poetis bolodroindel, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, ukanasknel, or leqsSi davinaxeT.<br />

oTxi Tve _ 1844 wlis noembris bolodan 1845 wlis martis dasasrulamde _<br />

nikoloz baraTaSvilma ucxoeTSi, naxWevanis mazraSi, gaatara. es iyo samSoblodan<br />

pirveli moSoreba, ganpirobebuli ojaxis rCenis mizniT. baraTaSvili, erTi SexedviT<br />

mxiaruli, cota cinikuric da drostarebis moyvare, ojaxisTvisac iseTive<br />

Tavdadebulia, rogorc siyvarulisTvis. arapoeturi seriozulobiT eZebs saxelmwifo<br />

samsaxurs, Tanaxmaa TiTqmis yvelaferze, radgan saxlSi uimedobiT loginad Cavardnili,<br />

dambladacemuli mama hyavs, dardiT Sepyrobili, arc Tu ise moxucebuli, sul 50 wlisa,<br />

da siRatakeSi my<strong>of</strong>i ojaxis wevrebi, ukidures gaWirvebaSi Cavardnilni. naxWevanis<br />

mazris mmarTvelad levan meliqiSvili iniSneba. nacnob-megobrebi exmarebian,<br />

Suamdgomloben baraTaSvilis ojaxs da nikolozsac mazris mmarTvelis moadgiled<br />

`uSveben~, `viTomda uSveben~, sinamdvileSi miyruebul provinciaSi tyuilad amsaxures<br />

oTxi Tve, autanel pirobebSi, gausaZlis garemoSi, da roca levan meliqiSvili<br />

71

naxWevanidan wamovida, gairkva, rom nikoloz baraTaSvili am Tanamdebobaze arc ki<br />

dauniSnavT. igi ukan gamoiwvies TbilisSi. Zalze Seuracxmy<strong>of</strong>elia!..<br />

Zneli iqneboda samSoblodan, Tbilisidan, nacnob-megobrebisagan moSoreba. `sami<br />

Tvea aqa var da ZaRlad aravin maxsena~, _ axloblebis uyuradRebobas ganicdis poeti da<br />

Civis maiko orbelianTan, _ `eh! magis dardsac gauZleb! aRarc me mcalian visTvisme; axla<br />

me Cemi Tavi xelmwifobas da sazogadoobas SevsZRven, sul xom ymawviloba ar iqneba, dro<br />

aris rigianis samsaxurisa, Tqvenc gey<strong>of</strong>aT buzebis xocva...~; seriozuli miznebi aqvs,<br />

muSaoba swadia, magram mainc xinjad aqvs gulSi _ `rogorc erT qals ubrZanebia, ... aq<br />

mogvwyindnen da gavyareTo!~ erT qals vinRa Civis, is akvirvebs, rom manana orbeliani<br />

mokiTxvasac ar uTvlis. mizezi naTelia _ `axla Cven viRas movagondebiT, viRac ori tlu<br />

biWi gdia naxeCevanSi. _ axla ca axalia, qveyana axalia da modaSi oTxmocis wlis kacebi<br />

arian~ (baraTaSvili 1968: 194). Zneli amosacnobia, ras gulisxmobs am bolo frazaSi,<br />

magram guli ki swydeba, rom yuradRebas aRar aqceven.<br />

aseTi wvalebiT gatarebuli dReebi naxWevanSi da daufasebeli Sroma... daufasebeli<br />

im `xelmwifobisa da sazogadoobisgan~, romelTaTvisac Tavis `SeZRvna~ hqonda<br />

gadawyvetili... TiTqos arc aris gasakviri, radgan bedi arc maSin swyalobda, arc manamde<br />

da arc mas Semdeg; samagierod ki, samagierod yovelTvis, da maT Soris _ naxWevanSic, mis<br />

mxareze y<strong>of</strong>ila muza; Tumca, samwuxarod, baraTaSvilis bolodroindeli leqsebi,<br />

naxWevansa da ganjaSi dawerili, ar Semonaxula; isini arc erT xelnawer krebulSi (maiko<br />

orbelianis, ekaterine WavWavaZis, Tavad baraTaSvilis, grigol orbelianis) ar aris<br />

Sesuli. TiTqmis yvela daikarga, garda orisa. erTia `damqrola qarman sastikman~<br />

(avtografi SenarCunda, radgan igi baraTaSvils maiko orbelianisaTvis gaugzavnia<br />

werilTan erTad 1845 wlis 9 Tebervals) da meore _ ufro adre dawerili, isic naxWevanSi<br />

amave wlis 10 ianvars _ `madli Sens gamCens~ (leqsis avtografi ar Semonaxula; igi ilia<br />

WavWavaZem gamoaqveyna `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ _ 1863 w. 2).<br />

orive leqsSi figurirebs satrfo, erTSi ki _ satrfos dakargviT gamowveuli<br />

ubedoba; ubedobisa ar gvikvirs, ubralod gvainteresebs, amjeradac hyavs Tu ara<br />

lirikul satrfos adresati, ramdenad Zlieria poetis grZnoba misdami da gansxvavdeba<br />

Tu ara mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT es leqsebi adreuli satrfialo nimuSebisagan. leqsis<br />

_ `madli Sens gamCens...~ _ mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, satrfo lamazi, wynari, SavTvaleba<br />

qalia da Znelad Tu miesadageba poetis mudmiv muzas, cisferTvala ekaterine WavWavaZes,<br />

romelic am dros didi xnis gaTxovilia (1839 w), darRveulia agreTve maTi megobrobac,<br />

romelic ekaterines gaTxovebis Semdgom aRdga da ramdenime xans grZeldeboda (1840-1841<br />

ww). satrfos mSvenier, `cisa feris~ Tvalebs leqsSi Savi Tvalebi cvlis, amaRlebul<br />

ganwyobas ki, baraTaSvilis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, _ mdabiuri da `rogorRac fiqrSi<br />

mosuli~. leqsi Tavisi sazomiT (16-marcvliani dabali SairiT, `me var da Cemi nabadis... ~<br />

xmazed Tqmuli) da xalxuri leqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli intonaciiT sagrZnoblad<br />

gansxvavdeba ekaterine WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili, daxvewili, cota filos<strong>of</strong>iuri, ufro<br />

metic _ arqaistuli, maRali stilis metyvelebisagan. poetis adresati an sxva aris, an _<br />

aravin. Tu arsebobs es sxva da iqauria, naxWevaneli, maSin kidev ufro mkveTri xdeba<br />

miniSneba ucxoeTSi, satrfos qveyanaSi, droebiT my<strong>of</strong>i mgzavrisa:<br />

yaribi vinme movsulvar, s<strong>of</strong>lisa muSa sawyali,<br />

amxanagad myavs nabadi, Zmobilad _ basri xanjali.<br />

(baraTaSvili 1968 : 134)<br />

naxWevanidan maiko orbelianTan gamogzavnil werilebSi gamokrTis erTi iqauri<br />

qalis saxe, magram mxolod da mxolod gamokrTis da ufro metis Tqmis saSualebas ar<br />

gvaZlevs. poeti mis Sesaxeb wers: `axla naxeCevanSi erTi axali leqsia, Tvrametis wlis<br />

qalis naTqvami, romelsac saxelad gonCa-begum hqvian; xanis qalia, Zalian lamazi da<br />

mariliania; bevrSi warmogidgenT orlovis cols. sacodavi damwvaria Tavis qmrisagan da<br />

axla imasTan aRar aris da cdilobs rom gauSos; sawyali Tormetis wlisa y<strong>of</strong>ila, rom<br />

Zalad gauTxovebiaT. _ amaTi ambavi rom icodeT, erTi kargi romania, _ am leqsSi Tavis<br />

Tavs stiris; erTs adgilas ambobs: Cemo mSveniero baxCao, minda movide, vimusaibo Sens<br />

SadrevanTan, Sens yvavilebTan, magram meSinian, rom Cemi qmari iq ar iyoso. _ am leqss<br />

davawerineb da Tavis TargmaniT gamogigzavniT. mgonia saTaram es xma unda icodes, kargi<br />

xma aris~ (baraTaSvili 1968 : 194). saTara cnobili iraneli momRerali y<strong>of</strong>ila,<br />

aRmosavleTis hangebis didostati. nikos Zalian uyvarda musika da did pativs scemda<br />

saTaras xelovnebas; misi dis _ barbare veziriSvilis _ TqmiT, sadac ki wavidoda, saTara<br />

yvelgan Tan dahyavda Turme.<br />

72

werilis mesame gverdis arSiaze miwerilia levan meliqiSvilis xeliT: `tato dRe da<br />

Rame ixveweba, Tu RmerTi gwams gaaSvebine qmario, me, rogorc damjdari kaci, ara vSvrebi~<br />

(baraTaSvili 1968 : 194). mazris ufrosis es minaweri gonCa-begums exeba. Cans, nikoloz<br />

baraTaSvilis daintereseba am qalbatoniT sakmaod seriozulia da, Tundac warwera<br />

saxumaro y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, poetis damokidebuleba scildeba xanis `lamazi da mariliani~<br />

asulis poeziiT gamowveul xibls.<br />

amgvaradve unda aReqva baraTaSvilis werili maiko orbeliansac da Tumca misi<br />

pasuxi tatosadmi aRar aris SemorCenili (baraTaSvilis arqivi misi sikvdilis Semdeg,<br />

sanam poetis deda da ilia orbeliani Cavidodnen ganjaSi, ganadgurda; 1844-1845 wlebis<br />

nawarmoebebica da werilebic _ grigol orbelianis, ekaterinesi, maiko orbelianis da<br />

sxvaTa _ gaibna da daikarga); baraTaSvilis Semdegi werilidan, romelic kvlav<br />

naxWevanidan aris gamogzavnili, vigebT, rom maiko dainteresebula am ambiT da gonCabegumi<br />

Tavisi Zmobilis satrfod Tu ara, gatacebad mainc miuCnevia. swored amis<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>as cdilobs baraTaSvili, rodesac wers: `sayvarelo dao, maiko! didad vwuxvar,<br />

rom ver gamoican Cveni moqmedeba. me kidec Sevarige col-qmario~ (baraTaSvili 1968 : 195).<br />

1844 wlis 10 ianvridan _ ilia WavWavaZis mier leqsis, `madli Sens gamCens~, daweris<br />

TariRad miCneuli droidan _ amave wlis 9 Tebervlamde _ maiko orbelianis werilze<br />

miTiTebul TariRamde _ erTi Tvec ar aris gasuli da mkveTrad icvleba poetis<br />

ganwyoba; kvlav saxezea uimedoba, satrfos dakargviT gamowveuli; aRar Cans silaRe,<br />

romelsac lamazi qalis xilva iwvevs. marTalia, gancda im tragizms ver aRwevs, rom poeti<br />

`ueno msxverplad~ (`miyvars Tvalebi mibnedilebi~, 1942 w.) miviCnioT, magram vfiqrobT,<br />

xelaxali imedgacruebis kvali leqsSi namdvilad SeigrZnoba.<br />

Zneli saTqmelia, hqonda Tu ara baraTaSvils grZnoba gonCa-begumisadmi da<br />

miuZRvna Tu ara mas `madli Sens gamCens, lamazo~, magram erTi ki cxadia, naxWevanSi<br />

daweril meore leqsSi _ `damqrola qarman sastikman~, romelic imave sazomiT aris<br />

Sesrulebuli, romliTac erTi TviT adre dawerili `madli Sens gamCens~, kvlav Cndeba<br />

didi simZimili da uimedobis gancda. sastiki qari poets sicocxlis damatkbobel yvavils<br />

waarTmevs, ciuri cvariT danamuls, mis adgils ki `uJamo dro~ cremliT Secvlis:<br />

damqrola qarman sastikman, Tan warmitana yvavili,<br />

macxovlebeli sicocxlis, sunnelebiTa aRvsili!<br />

igi niadag ciurTa cvarTagan iyo namili;<br />

drom uJamurman aw cremliT Sesvara misi saxeli!<br />

(baraTaSvili 1968 : 135)<br />

leqsi Tavisi ganwyobiTa da ms<strong>of</strong>lxedviT gvaxsenebs baraTaSvilisave nawarmoebs _<br />

`vpove taZari~, dawerils 1841 wels, roca poets sabolood gadaewura ekaterine<br />

WavWavaZisagan sapasuxo siyvarulis imedi. baraTaSvili arc aq Ralatobs Tavis mier wina<br />

wlebSi ukve Camoyalibebul, SeiZleba iTqvas, dakanonebul xedvas siyvarulis<br />

RvTaebriobis Sesaxeb da am grZnobas amjeradac `ciuri cvariT~ danamuls warmogvidgens,<br />

iseTive enobrivi faqturiT, rogoriTac sxva leqsebia dawerili, lirikosis<br />

mwignobruli eniT. baraTaSvilis stilSi poetis mxolod zogierTi leqsi ar `jdeba~ _<br />

erT-erTi maTgania `madli Sens gamCens~ _ rasac folkloris gavleniT xsnian (ar<br />

gamovricxavT cxovrebiseul siaxlesac, rac gavlenas axdens leqsis ganwyobazec da<br />

sazomzec; xolo, roca siaxle qreba, poetic Tavisive Cveul stilSi eqceva). amas ver<br />

vityviT meore leqsze _ `damqrola qarman sastikman...~ _ romelic iseTive sazomiTaa<br />

dawerili, rogoriTac _ `madli Sens gamCens~, magram poetis sxva leqsTa stilisgan<br />

verafriT ganasxvaveb. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas poeturi metyvelebis mxriv aCnevia<br />

qarTuli himnografiis, zogadad _ Zveli qarTuli literaturis, didi gavlena. es<br />

gavlena Zalze TvalsaCinoa bolo leqsSic.<br />

`drom uJamurman aw cremliT Sesvara misi saxeli!~ (baraTaSvili 1968 : 135) _ am<br />

str<strong>of</strong>ma SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsenos cnobili nawyveti, RvTisadmi mimarTva<br />

`vefxistyaosnidan~:<br />

... he mzeo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad,<br />

erTarsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad.<br />

(rusTaveli 1966 : 826)<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ `uJamo JamSi~ anu `udroo droSi~ Tuki RmerTi igulisxmeba da es<br />

cxadze cxadia RvTis saxelTa ganmartebis katafatikur-ap<strong>of</strong>atikuri meTodis<br />

safuZvelze, baraTaSvilis sityvebSic _ `drom uJamurman~ _ ufali xom ar unda<br />

73

davinaxoT?! romeli ufro sworia _ avi dro (rogorc Cven tradiciulad gvesmis) cvlis<br />

siyvarulis adgils cremliT, Tu _ RmerTi?<br />

baraTaSvilis `Cemi locvis~ mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, poeti swored ufals<br />

evedreba `vnebis qarTagan dacvas~ da `myudroebis sadgurs~. e.i. RmerTi gansazRvravs<br />

adamianis beds da ara _ dro. RmerTi ki `uJamo Jamia~ anu `uJamuri dro~. ise rom,<br />

SesaZlebelia baraTaSvilis sityvebSi _ `drom uJamurman~ _ qarTuli, tradiciuli,<br />

qristianuli ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, RvTis saxelTa gadmocemis<br />

saukunovani gza davinaxoT. fsevdo-dionise areopagelis moZRvreba arc<br />

romantikosebisaTvis y<strong>of</strong>ila ucxo, radgan igi mudmivad aisaxeboda tradiciul<br />

mxatvrul azrovnebaSi; magram ar unda dagvaviwydes erTi ramac _ RvTisa da s<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

dualizmis arseboba, rac ase TvalsaCinoa orive poetTan. rusTavelTan sawuTro<br />

upirispirdeba uJamos, s<strong>of</strong>eli _ RmerTs; RmerTi mfarvelobs s<strong>of</strong>lisgan ganawirs:<br />

va, s<strong>of</strong>elo, raSigan xar, ras gvabrunveb, ra zne gWirsa!...<br />

magra RmerTi ar gaswiravs kacsa, Sengan ganawirsa.<br />

(rusTaveli 1966 : 940)<br />

unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom sawuTro da s<strong>of</strong>eli iseve, rogorc ca, Jami da bedi,<br />

rusTavelTan dasaZlevia, gangeba ki _ vera. gangeba RvTis nebaa: `gangebasa vervin<br />

Sescvlis, ar-saqmneli ar iqnebis~(rusTaveli 1966 : 188), `ugangebod veras mizmen~<br />

(rusTaveli 1966: 1027), `gangebaa ar davrCebi, laxvaria CemTvis mzani~ (rusTaveli 1966:<br />

1027), `arvis Zal-uc xorcielsa gangebisa gardavlena~ (rusTaveli 1966 : 786).<br />

baraTaSvilTanac Cndeba sawuTro da bediswera (Savi yorani xom avi bedis<br />

personifikaciaa); poeti ki arasodes uSindeba maT:<br />

mwuxri gulisa _ sevda gulisa _ nugeSsa amas Sengan miiRebs,<br />

rom gaTendeba dila mziani da yovels bindsa is gananaTlebs.<br />

(baraTaSvili 1968 : 89)<br />

Cven winaSe kidev erTxel ismeba kiTxva: ras unda niSnavdes `drom uJamurman~ _ av<br />

beds, romlis personifikacia Savi yorania, Tu gangebas, RvTis nebas?<br />

Cveni azriT, avi bedis saxe leqsSi sastiki qaria, `uJamur dros~ ki gangebis<br />

mniSvneloba eniWeba; Tanac ar dagvaviwydes, rom bedis daZleva `vefxistyaosanSi~<br />

realurad warmoCndeba, baraTaSvilTan ki mxolod bedTan brZola da misi gadalaxvis<br />

imedi Cans; gangeba da `mxvedri~ ki Tumca gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, magram maT Soris<br />

mkveTri zRvari ar ikveTeba. swored es garemoeba gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom poetis<br />

sityvebSi _ `drom uJamurman~ _ RmerTi da gangeba davinaxoT. realuradac ubedoba<br />

baraTaSvils gangebad gadaeqca.<br />

igive SeiZleba vTqvaT gonCa-begumzec. samwuxaroa, ubedobaa, rom misi leqsis araTu<br />

mxolod baraTaSviliseuli Targmani, maiko orbelianisadmi dapirebuli, aRar arsebobs<br />

(SesaZlebelia, rom misi Targmna verc moaswro baraTaSvilma, imdenad mokle droSi<br />

datova naxWevani), aramed poeti qalis saxelic ki gamqralia da mas aravin icnobs TviT<br />

naxWevanSic; aravin icnobs qals, romlis SemoqmedebiT qarTvelTa `pirveli~ poeti<br />

dainteresda da Targmani ineba. Cvenamde ki mxolod yvavilis `danaWknobma~ furclebma<br />

moaRwia, romlebmac mainc dagvatkbo, radgan es yvelaferi baraTaSvilis `moZulebul~<br />

sicocxles exeba:<br />

awca Tu sadme vixilav miss furcels, missa danaWknobs,<br />

moZulebuli sicocxle myisve kvaladca damatkbobs.<br />

magram mswrafladve gaxSirdnen mwareni Wirni gulisa,<br />

ra fiqrTa warmoudgebaT dakargva sixarulisa.<br />

(baraTaSvili 1968 : 135)<br />

maiko orbelianisadmi miweril werilSi `SemTxveviT~ (Tu saguldagulod)<br />

gaJRerebulma ramdenime winadadebam da poetis orma ukanasknelma leqsma saSualeba<br />

mogvca gonCa-begumze, 18 wlis niWier poet qalze gvesaubra, xanis `lamaz da marilian~<br />

asulze; misi saxeli `avma drom~ gaaqro, magram bolomde mainc ver mospo; `gangebam~ is<br />

qarTveli poetis, didi poetis, grZnobebsa da fiqrebSi Semogvinaxa.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

74

araTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. dabadebis 150 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.<br />

rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. SoTa rusTavelis dabadebis 800<br />

wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.<br />

Tamar Sharabidze<br />

Romanesque Episode<br />

(concerning two last poems written by Nikoloz Baratashvili in Nakhichevan)<br />

Summary<br />

The title <strong>of</strong> this letter – “Romanesque Episode” – is conditioned by episodes occasionally appeared in the<br />

religious literature as the result <strong>of</strong> description <strong>of</strong> a certain fact and having the same title, transferring <strong>of</strong> which<br />

was not proposed by writer. Under this title we understand the reality developed in the fiction and in particular –<br />

love episodes, which could be caused by a concrete fact and real feeling.<br />

Two last years <strong>of</strong> Nikoloz Baratashvili’s life and particularly the period spent in Nakhichevan from<br />

November 1844 to March 1845 are described in this letter and two poems created in this period are analyzed<br />

here. Our purpose is to compare these two poems – “The Strong Wind Blew At Me” and “God Bless Your<br />

Parent”- with poems <strong>of</strong> the previous period and to establish whether they correspond to Baratashvili’s stylistic<br />

peculiarity and the writer’s whole creature.<br />

Analyzing the poems we see that the poem “God Bless Your Parent” differs from other Baratashvili’s love<br />

poems and from the high-style lexicology typical for the poet by its intonation distinctive for folk poetry, which,<br />

from our point <strong>of</strong> view, should indicate to the fact that the addressee <strong>of</strong> his love poetry has changed. The letter is<br />

certain attempt to establish this addressee who as we think is Goncha –Begumi – the daughter <strong>of</strong> Nakhicheveni<br />

Khan.<br />

Baratashvili writes about this woman to his friend – Maiko Orbeliani in his letter sent from Nakhichevan.<br />

From this letter we find out that Goncha-Begumi was 12 years old, when she was forced to marry. She was 18<br />

years old when she decided to divorce from her husband; Baratashvili was also very interested in her divorce. He<br />

asked his friend – the governor <strong>of</strong> Mazra – to allow this divorce. Goncha-Begumi wrote poems, which were very<br />

popular and <strong>of</strong>ten sung in Nakhichevan. Baratashvili also liked these poems and promised his friend – Maiko<br />

Orbeliani – to translate them and to send them to her. Along with the letter the poet sent to Maiko his new poem<br />

“The Strong Wind Blew At Me”. It is written in the same style <strong>of</strong> Baratashvili’s other poems. Influence <strong>of</strong> the<br />

ancient <strong>Georgian</strong> literature is evident in this poem.<br />

And in particular, we think the last line <strong>of</strong> the poem – “Hard time covered her name with tears” – is<br />

connected with appeal to the God in the “Knight in the Panther’s Skin”, where the God is shown as “the sunny<br />

night” and “perpetuity”. Using cataphatical and apophatical method for explanation <strong>of</strong> God’s name, we think it<br />

to be reasonable to understand also Baratashvili’s words “perpetuity” as the God and not as the hard time, as we<br />

traditionally understand. We think that the doctrine <strong>of</strong> Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite was not strange for<br />

romanticists too, because <strong>of</strong> the fact that it finds expression in the traditional poetical thinking.<br />

The dualism <strong>of</strong> God and world existing in the “Knight in the Panther’s Skin” is evident in this line <strong>of</strong> the<br />

poem, where the moment is opposed to the perpetuity, the world – to the God and the God protects the world’s<br />

sacrifice. The moment and the perpetuity as well as the sky and the fortune are surmountable but the destine is<br />

not. The destine in Baratashvili’s poem can be understood in two ways: personification <strong>of</strong> the bad fortune can be<br />

the black raven and the destine, which is the will <strong>of</strong> God. Surmounting <strong>of</strong> the fortune is divine prediction. The<br />

bad fortune is presented in the poem as strong wind and the “perpetuity” has the meaning <strong>of</strong> destine.<br />

75

XX saukunis mwerloba<br />

lado asaTiani<br />

zoia cxadaia<br />

lado asaTians Tavis ubis wignakSi Cauweria: `ra iqneboda tolstoisa da goeTes xnis<br />

baironi, puSkini, baraTaSvili an lermontovi~... (asaTiani 1988: 122). Tavadac adre<br />

wasulTa xvedri gaiziara. gasaocari iyo am Taobis bediswera. omSi daiRupnen: mirza<br />

gelovani, vladimer ubilava, giorgi nafetvariZe, severian isiani, aleqsandre sajaia<br />

svaneTSi, megobarTan — revaz margianTan _ stumrad my<strong>of</strong>i moulodnelad gardaicvala<br />

filtvebis anTebiT. ase erTmaneTis miyolebiT dakarga qarTulma poeziam `oqrobiWebi~,<br />

rogorc galaktioni moixseniebda maT sicocxleSive. es iyo ganwirulobis niSniT<br />

aRbeWdili Taoba. amaze ityvis gulistkiviliT maTive Tanatoli, mwerali lado avaliani:<br />

`mainc sakvirvelia is bedi da ubedoba, rac Cvens Taobas dahyva. samwerlo asparezze<br />

gamosuli axali Taobis sami meoTxedi rom 22-25 wlis asakSi ganadgurebuliyos, meore<br />

amgvari SemTxveva qarTul mwerlobas ar axsovs~ (avaliani 1972: 3). am Taobam axali<br />

sicocxle Semoitana qarTul leqsSi, romelic qancgawyvetili iyo naZaladevi<br />

ritorikisagan. maTi lirikuli teqstebi iyo Cinebuli Senakadi im didebuli poeziisa,<br />

romelic, winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, mainc Seiqmna 30-ian wlebSi.<br />

pirveli leqsi lado asaTianma quTaisSi gamoaqveyna (1935), TanamSromlobda<br />

gazeTebSi: `literaturuli gazeTi~, `axalgazrda komunisti~, `muSa~, `norCi lenineli~;<br />

JurnalebSi: `mnaTobi~, `oqtombreli~, `pioneri~ da sxv. 1938 wlidan sacxovreblad<br />

TbilisSi gadmovida. aq moeyara Tavi niWier axalgazrda Taobas (a. sajaia, r. margiani, l.<br />

asaTiani, m. gelovani, g. kalandaZe, a. Sengelia, k. ximSiaSvili, g. jabuSanuri, n. agiaSvili).<br />

1939 wels ladom leqsi gamoaqveyna JurnalSi `Cveni Taoba~. amas mohyva sxva leqsebi<br />

momdevno nomrebSi. amieridan Tbilisi iqca misi poetur-moqalaqeobrivi siyvarulis<br />

simbolur centrad, romelic, cnobierad Tu impulsurad, avsebda mas SemoqmedebiTi<br />

energiiT. pirveli mniSvnelovani werili, romelic mis Semoqmedebaze daiwera, simon<br />

Ciqovans ekuTvnoda. `moamagis xeliT da keTili guliT gaxldaT dawerili, mtrul<br />

kritikas erTxel da samudamod gzas uWrida da mzis sinaTleze frTxilad gamohyavda<br />

poeti~ (lebaniZe 1986: 9), _ werda murman lebaniZe.<br />

lado asaTiani ar ekuTvnoda `qarTuli sabWoTa literaturokratiis birTvs~<br />

(andriaZe 2004: 43). samSoblos Tema, misTvis esoden gamorCeuli, ar ganzogadebula `diadi<br />

samSoblos~ Temad. iyo erTi paradoqsic: 30-iani wlebis miwurulidan aRar ikrZaleboda<br />

patriotuli, istoriuli Tematika. moaxlovebuli omis saSiSroebam ganapiroba<br />

nacionaluri narativis `daSveba~ (samSoblo, rogorc didi samSoblos nawili, z. c.), rac<br />

poetebma qarTuli poeziis sasikeTod gamoiyenes: saqarTvelos sadideblad bevri Sedevri<br />

Seqmnes, romelTa Soris lado asaTianis lirikul teqstebs gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />

uWiravs (Tumca, isic gvaxsovs, lado asaTianis lirikuli krebuli `winaprebi~ am<br />

saxelwodebam rom imsxverpla _ ra dros winaprebiao... _ esec paradoqsebis qveynis<br />

stili iyo). saintereso daskvnas akeTebs amasTan dakavSirebiT bela wifuria:<br />

`nacionaluri narativis kulturis sivrce sakmaod vrcelia da moicavs ramdenime<br />

aTwleulis qarTul kulturas, nacional-realisturi reorientaciis gziT am sivrcis<br />

moniSvna sruliad mizanmimarTulad jer kidev 20-iani wlebis bolodan daiwyes qarTvelma<br />

simbolistebma. 40-iani wlebisaTvis, lado asaTianis Tu ioseb noneSvilis poeziaSi, ukve<br />

naTeli niSnebi gvaqvs am kulturisa~ (wifuria 2005: 18).<br />

lado asaTianis nacionalur narativs, mis amaRlebulobas gansazRvravs gulwrfeli,<br />

imanenturi paTosi, Rrmad gancdili. amitomac da amdenad aris sagrZnobi da gauxunari<br />

misi emociebis auTenturoba, `wrfeli guli~, rogorc Tavad ityoda. `Cemi qveynis<br />

oqroyanav~, `Cemi samSoblo~, `rusTavelis prospeqti~, `ar vici ase ram Semayvara~,<br />

`saqarTvelo iyo maTi saocnebo saxeli~, `leCxumuri Semodgomis suraTebi~, `sumbuli~ da<br />

sxva, _ es is leqsebia, romlebSic ganfenilia Wabuki lados poeturi suli, misi uSurveli<br />

damokidebuleba samSoblosadmi.<br />

lado asaTianis Semoqmedebis bolo wlebi (1940-1943) umZimesi iyo mTeli qarTveli<br />

erisaTvis da Tavad poetisTvis. `vici, Cemi cxovreba xanmokle iqneba~ (asaTiani 1988: 127),<br />

_ werda igi. qarTul poeziaSi man Semoqmedis Tavisufali samyaro gaaxmiana, aras<br />

dagidevdaT `socialur dakveTas~ da koniunqturas. im wlebis momabezrebel leqs-<br />

76

qronikebis simravleSi l. asaTianis poezias sxva ganzomileba aqvs: `ar mexarbeba<br />

pindarosis bedi, odebs tiranebisa da cnobil didkacTa dakveTiTa da garigebuli fasiT<br />

rom werda, sazizRaria daqiravebuli poeti. saxarebas qarTuli sityvisTvis ufro<br />

vkiTxulob, `netar iyvnen glaxakni~ _ Cemi saqme ar aris. cxovreba warmarTiviT unda<br />

giyvardes~ (asaTiani 1988: 124). am patara CanawerebSic kargad Cans l. asaTianis pirovnuli<br />

da poeturi suli: daucxromeli siWabuke, sicocxlis gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli,<br />

aRtaceba amqveyniuri y<strong>of</strong>iT, silamaziT, awmyoTi Tu warsuliT. misi leqsebi gvaZleven<br />

safuZvels, vifiqroT: l. asaTians saukunec rom ecocxla, Wabukuri gzneba da sicocxlis<br />

trfiali ar ganeldeboda mis poeziaSi. ra iyo sicocxlisadmi aseTi damokidebulebis<br />

mizezi? iqneb, Tavad misi Sina samyaro, adamianuri buneba, genetikurad Tandayolili,<br />

istoriuli mexsierebidan gadmocemuli, romlis sawyisi, vin icis, winaparTa romeli<br />

Taobidan modioda... an, iqneb, moaxloebuli, gardauvali sikvdilis SiSma gaaxelina<br />

farTod Tvalebi da ufro aRmatebulad daanaxa materialuri samyaros mSveniereba.<br />

`rusTavelis prospeqtze xetiali nu momiSalos RmerTmao~, _ rusTavelis prospeqti am<br />

mSvenierebis centri iyo, saidanac ganumeorebeli xibliT moCanda bardnala, abasTumani,<br />

qarTlis mindvrebi...<br />

miuxedavad gardauvali sabediswero ganaCenisa, romelsac realoba umzadebda,<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iereba misTvis absurdamde ar dasula, ar gaucxoebula misgan, mTeli arsiT SeignrZnobda<br />

sicocxliT moniWebuli bednierebis mciredsac, TiTqos bolomde Seecnos<br />

samyaros idumaleba. misi poeturi Tvalsawieri moixelTebda ara qaosiT damZimebul<br />

samyaroseul xilvebs, aramed saocar mSvenierebas, silamazes, simSvides, romelsac<br />

mxolod sicocxlis wyurvilis amaRlebuloba arRvevda. sicocxlisadmi misi aseTi<br />

damokidebuleba, romantikuli aRma-frena atavisturia, sulismieri, ukurnebeli. amis<br />

saukeTeso gamovlenaa `salaRobo~, teqsti, romelSic ikiTxeba samSobloze, sicocxleze,<br />

warsulze, awmyoze anTebuli adamiani, pirovneba, poeti... teqsti, sadac droTa kavSiri<br />

urRvevia da mTavari awmyoa, romelSic wamisy<strong>of</strong>ac sakmarisia am kavSiris<br />

gasamTlianeblad.<br />

l. asaTianma RmerTi siyvarulisa da mSvenierebisa TiTqos aq ixila, miwaze... ase<br />

daijera man, ase iwama; amaSi iyo albaT misi adamianuri bednierebac. sxva, rogor unda<br />

aixsnas is faqti, rom gadasaxlebaSi my<strong>of</strong>i dedisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi, uaRres tragizmsa<br />

da tkivils Caenacvleba aRmavali ganwyoba, mSvenierisaken swrafva. realurad<br />

moaxloebuli sikvdilis miniSneba, es ufro zogadi ganwyobileba gaxldaT (Sdr. vaJafSavelas<br />

_ `ra gulma unda gauZlos, am mTebis gulis Zgerasa?!). am leqsSi l. asaTiani<br />

bunebrivi uSualobiT gadadis erTi ganwyobidan meoreze da uaRresad dramatizebul<br />

poetur efeqts qmnis. igi TiTqos sunTqvaSekrulia ori realobiT: pirveli — Sinagani<br />

tragizmi (represirebuli deda da Seryeuli janmrTeloba) da meore — garesamyaros<br />

mSveniereba, sicocxlis arsis mSveniereba, ganWvretili axalgazrda kacis TvalTaxedviT.<br />

`Tavs zeviT Zala ar ariso~, _ xatovani naTqvamia qarTulSi. l. asaTiani Tavs zeviT<br />

Zalas poulobs im konkretuli drois ulmobel arealSic ki:<br />

saqarTveloSi roca kvdebodnen,<br />

ufro da ufro wuxdnen amaze;<br />

eh, wuTiT mainc dabrundebodes<br />

Cveni bavSvoba da silamaze!..<br />

radgan sicocxle ase navardobs,<br />

sikvdilis yvela kari darazeT<br />

da im bednier dRes gaumarjos,<br />

roca Cven gavCndiT am qveyanaze.<br />

(saqarTveloSi)<br />

sicocxlis upirvelesi daniSnuleba misTvis mainc mamuli iyo. `ra qarTveli xar da<br />

ra Wabuki, Tu mamuls Tavi ar anacvale?! es awvalebda cotne dadians, mec qarTveli var da<br />

es mawvalebs~ (`Tqven geubnebiT, Zmebo mgosnebo~).<br />

amave wels Seqmna l. asaTianma sami brwyinvale leqsi: `qarTlis gzaze~, `krwanisis<br />

yayaCoebi~ da `yayaCo~. uCveulo xibli mianiWa man am umSvenieres yvavils. yayaCos<br />

metaforebiT axali silamaze Semoitana qarTul poeziaSi:<br />

hei, Tqven, aragvelebo, gaumaZRarno omiTa-<br />

Tqvens saflavebTan mosvla da muxlis modreka mominda.<br />

SavCoxiano vaJkaco, Wriloba xom ar Segxsnia?!<br />

es sisxli aris, Tu marTla yayaCoebis cecxlia?!<br />

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />

77

Tu arc yayaCos cecxlia da arc axali iara,<br />

ma es beberi krwanisi ra Zalam aabdRiala?!<br />

hei, Tqven, aragvelebo, gaumaZRarno omiTa,<br />

Tqvens saflavebTan mosvla da muxlis modreka mominda.<br />

(krwanisis yayaCoebi)<br />

aq erTmaneTs avseben yayaCoebiT m<strong>of</strong>enili mindvris Tvalwarmtaci foni da poetis<br />

warmosaxvaSi gacocxlebuli didebul winaparTa saxeebi. `yayaCos cecxli~ misTvis<br />

vaJkacuri Wrilobis, ukvdavebis, sicocxlis da sikeTis simboloa<br />

hei, Zmobilo, Sexede, ramdeni yayaCo gaSlila!..<br />

rac ufliscixes gamovcdiT, ufro da ufro gaxSirda,<br />

mindvrebs, gorakebs, ferdobebs efineba da edeba,<br />

gzaSi yayaCos Sexvedra sikeTed dagvebedeba.<br />

sul axalgazrda viqnebiT, guli ar dagviberdeba!..<br />

lado asaTianis yayaCoebis cecxli da xibli axal-axali konteqstiT da<br />

saxismetyvelebiT gagrZelda qarTul lirikaSi (a. kalandaZe, m. lebaniZe, m. maWavariani).<br />

l. asaTiani — sicocxlis trfiali, poeturi ganwyobiT enaTesaveba t. tabiZes da g.<br />

leoniZes (amaze miuTiTebda guram asaTiani), magram, sadac didi siyvarulia, iq tkivili da<br />

cremlic aris. poeti Tavis Zvirfas adresats, romelic male samudamod marto darCeba,<br />

momavlis gzas daulocavs:<br />

nu moisurveb sxva qveynis aminds,<br />

giyvardes mxolod Seni mamuli<br />

da Tu tirilis dagidges Jami,<br />

monaxe Cangi da salamuri!<br />

iyavi mudam ase warmtaci,<br />

ar Searcxvino Seni mandili,<br />

gaxsoveds mudam Seni vaJkaci<br />

bnel ukuneTSi gadavardnili!<br />

(anderZi)<br />

`bardnala~ (1940) leqsi fuZesa da fesvebze, mamulis pirvelqmnil grZnobaze,<br />

xatovnad warmoaCens lirikuli gmiris cnobierebaSi danaSrev STabeWdilebebs. teqsts<br />

refrenad gasdevs `ra kargi iyo bardnala~... erTmaneTs cvlian s<strong>of</strong>luri peizaJi da<br />

naturmorti: `afTari zamTari an gazafxuli — piriqiT~... `s<strong>of</strong>eli larCvali da mewisqvile<br />

damxrCvali~. dro, rogorc miwieri y<strong>of</strong>is sisastike, mwvave danakargis gancdas aRZravs<br />

poetSi:<br />

eh, ra iqneba xelaxla<br />

daiwyebodes Tavidan,<br />

rac drois denam Selaxa,<br />

rac drosTan erTad wavida!<br />

ra kargi iyo bardnala,<br />

rogori saTayvanebi.<br />

es 1940 welia. l. asaTianis deda gadasaxlebaSia da _ jer kidev cocxali, dardis da<br />

wuxilis xmamaRali uflebac akrZalulia. leqsi am SemTxvevaSi Seudarebeli saSualebaa,<br />

sruliad martivi poeturi fraza, SefarviT, saukunis tkivils daitevs:<br />

Sen, mamaCemo, rad dardob,<br />

ram dagisvela Tvalebi?<br />

an Sen sada xar, dedilo,<br />

rom leqsi gamabedvino?!<br />

rad ar Wixvinebs veeba<br />

lafSa, lagamis mkvnetavi?<br />

hei, bavSvobis dReebo,<br />

dabrundebodeT netavi!<br />

(bardnala)<br />

78

`rom leqsi Svelis yovelgvar tkivils da leqsi TviTon tkivili ari~, amas Tavadac<br />

aRniSnavs lado asaTiani (`vaJa-fSavelas naambobi~ 1940). sikvdil-sicocxlis sazrisi<br />

TandaTan gamZafrda poetis lirikaSi; filos<strong>of</strong>iuri gaazreba poetur warmosaxvebSia<br />

gamotarebuli: xan `Savi SiSiT~ im mdumare lodebTan, romlebTanac male Tavad ipovis<br />

gansasveebels (`sasaflao~, 1941); xan Tavis oda-saxlSi papis Zvel taxtze, `vidre<br />

sikvdilis Wvali gulze damesobodes~ (`vidre sikvdili~, 1941). aseTive ganwyobilebiTaa<br />

Seqmnili: `rogor ar minda, Zliero seno~ (1941), `abasTumani~ (1941), `sarwyuli~ (1941) da<br />

sxv. l. asaTianis poeturi ganwyobilebebis umTavresi msazRveli am viTarebaSi aris<br />

miwieri y<strong>of</strong>a da bediswera:<br />

axla xom mxedav? vina var, ra var —<br />

ukanaskneli pirvandels vgavar.<br />

mzes da sinaTles gamoveqeci,<br />

miwa viyav da miwad viqeci.<br />

(ucnobi poetis rveulidan)<br />

poetma TiTqos Tavadve daxura bedisweris wigni. ase, gardauval sikvdilTan omSi<br />

iyo CarTuli sruliad axalgazrda poeti, roca meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omi daiwyo. erTxans<br />

Tavadac iyo jarSi, magram, avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis gamo, maleve daabrunes. 1939 wlis 5 noembers<br />

werili gaugzavna nika agiaSvils rostovidan: `nikalai! rostovSi varT, irgvliv Tovlia<br />

da yinva saSineli.<br />

ar viciT, sad mivdivarT, me avad var, sicxe maqvs 37,5. ufro uaresad viyavi gzaze,<br />

eqimic ki gamoiZaxes CemTvis maxaCyalidan. araferia, gavuZleb~ (asaTiani 1988: 143).<br />

omis Tematikas l. asaTiani Taviseburad Seexmiana — ara paTetikuri mowodebebiT,<br />

aramed tradiciuli, gulSi gamotarebuli, ZarRviani qarTuli leqsiT — winaparTa<br />

vaJkacobaze, gmirobaze _ `cxra Zma xerxeuliZe~ (1943), `aspinZa~ (1942), `basianis brZola~<br />

(1942) da sxv. sikvdilamde cota xniT adre, 1943 wels, aris dawerili lado asaTianis<br />

`qarTuli ena~, deda-enis sadidebeli leqsi:<br />

saqarTvelos mTebSi gagaCina zenam,<br />

siyvarulis, leqsis, sadRegrZelos enav!<br />

moimRera dRemdis uZvelesma tomma<br />

Slegi CanCqerebis napralebze xltoma,<br />

myinvarebis RvTiur brwyinvalebiT dnoba,<br />

jagnarebSi irmis jogis navardoba...<br />

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />

saqarTvelos mTebSi gagaCina zenam,<br />

xmaTa xaverdebis da RmerTebis enav!<br />

swored es poeturi silaRe da jiutad SenarCunebuli SemoqmedebiTi gulwrfeloba<br />

ar apaties kompartiis ideologebma. es iyo mTavari mizezi misi pirveli wignis<br />

ganadgurebisa. yvelaferi ki iqidan daiwyo, rom 1942 wlis miwuruls (10.11-12.XII),<br />

saqarTvelos kp ck-is dadgenilebis Sesabamisad mweralTa gamgeobis plenumma imsjela<br />

literaturul-mxatvruli produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis Sesaxeb (momxsenebeli i.<br />

abaSiZe). plenumma gamoyo saredaqcio komisia, romelsac evaleboda gamomcemlobis mier<br />

warmodgenil yovel ganxilul nawarmoebze werilobiTi daskvnis wardgena misi gamocemis<br />

mizanSewonilobis Taobaze. saboloo gadawvetilebas prezidiumi iRebda. am saredaqcio<br />

komisiaSi Sediodnen: l. qiaCeli (Tavmjdomare), a. gawerelia, g. leoniZe, b. JRenti, g.<br />

qiqoZe, a. quTaTeli, d. Sengelaia; komisiis mdivnoba daevala klavdia devdarians. 1943<br />

wels, lados sikvdilamde cota xniT adre, am komisiam (iZulebis wesiT uTuod) ganixila<br />

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerlis~ mier gamogzavili lado asaTianis leqsebis krebul<br />

`winaprebis~ dabeWdvis Sesaxeb saredaqcio komisiis daskvna~ da daadgina _ `uary<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

iqnes saredaqcio komisiis daskvna lado asaTianis leqsebis wignis gamocemis Sesaxeb: wigni<br />

ar gamoices~ (kverenCxilaZe 1997: 181). (prezidiumma Tavi Seikava agreTve lado avalianis<br />

novelebis gamocemaze). am dadgenilebis Tanaxmad lado asaTianis wigni `winaprebis~ mTeli<br />

tiraJi daWres (garda saavtoro calebisa). sul male, 23 ivniss lado gardaicvala... aq<br />

SeiZleba gavixsenoT marina cvetaevas mSvenieri naTqvami Tavis `warumatebel~ lirikaze:<br />

`Моим стихам, как драгоценным винам, настанет свой черед~... (cvetaeva 1990: 52). lados<br />

`damnaSave~ leqsebsac male daudga Tavisi Jami. 1944 wels wigni xelaxla gamoica, Zalian<br />

male — qronikisaTvis, Zalian gvian — ladosaTvis... `Sen roca am wigns xelSi aiReb,<br />

cocxalTa Soris me ar viqnebi~-o — Tqva da aRsrulda.<br />

79

damowmebani:<br />

avaliani 1972: avaliani l. aleqsandre sajaia. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, №13, Tb.: 1972.<br />

andriaZe 2004: andriaZe d. revoluciis weriTi proeqti. kriteriumi №11-12, Tb.: 2004.<br />

asaTiani 1988: asaTiani l. rCeuli. gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb.: 1988.<br />

kverenCxilaZe 1997: kverenCxilaZe r. saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiri — 1917-1990. Jurnali<br />

mnaTobi, №11, 12, Tb.: 1997.<br />

lebaniZe 1988: lebaniZe m. lado asaTiani. lado asaTianis rCeuli leqsebis winasityvaoba. Tb.:<br />

1988.<br />

cvetaeva 1990: Цветаева М. Моим стихам. Избранное. М.: изд. Просвещение, 1990.<br />

wifuria 2005: wifuria b. kulturuli identoba XX saukunis saqarTveloSi. Jurnali kritika,<br />

№ 1, Tb.: 2005.<br />

Zoia Tskhadaia<br />

Lado Asatiani<br />

Summary<br />

The period <strong>of</strong> Lado Asatiani’s creative work was the hardest both for the <strong>Georgian</strong> People and the poet<br />

himself (The – <strong>of</strong> the 30-ies, the Second World War); He voiced a creator’s free world in <strong>Georgian</strong> poetry; he<br />

never abode to social commissions and the political situation. Among verses-chronicles abound in those years<br />

Lado asatiani’s poetry acquired a different dimension. National narration was given more room in his lyrical<br />

texts. This being conditioned by the fact that due to the impending was patriotism, historical themes (native land<br />

as a part <strong>of</strong> the greater Soviet motherland) was no more a banned subject. That was superbly exploited by our<br />

poets, especially by Lado Asatiani. His National narrative is determined by immanent pathos, authenticity <strong>of</strong><br />

deeply felt emotions – “sincere heart”.<br />

In spite <strong>of</strong> the imminent fatal verdict being stored for him by the reality Lado Asatiani never look life as<br />

absurd but fully appreciated every tiny but <strong>of</strong> joy replaced by upbeat nodes. His poetic vision embraces beauty<br />

and charm <strong>of</strong> this world and not gloomy pictures cast by chaos. This kind <strong>of</strong> attitude towards life is atavistic,<br />

innate. Through his lyrical lines we see a man, personality, poet passionately keen on his native land, past,<br />

present, life… the lines where nothing is lost through the mists <strong>of</strong> time but still it is present which is the master<br />

having the power to use even a split <strong>of</strong> a second to restore the continuity.<br />

poetebi da `winaswarmetyveli~<br />

zogi ram cisferyanwelebsa da grigol robaqiZeze<br />

lali avaliani<br />

XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis miwuruls cisferyanwelTa reabilitacia maTi<br />

Txzulebebis gamocemiT dasrulda (ra Tqma unda, mkacri cenzuruli kupiurebiT),<br />

`cisferi ordenis~ aRiarebuli maestrosa da ufrosi megobris grigol robaqiZis saxeli<br />

80-iani wlebis meore naxevramde kvlav tabudadebuli iyo. aseTma viTarebam ganapiroba<br />

xarvezi, rac amJamadac sacnauria. grigol robaqiZisa da cisferyanwelTa SemoqmedebiTi<br />

da pirovnuli urTierTmimarTebis amomwuravi, safuZvliani da mravalmxrivi kvleva<br />

dRemde ar ganxorcielebula, Tumca 10-20-iani wlebis presaSic da axal naSromebSic bevri<br />

ram aris gabneuli da mosaZiebeli.<br />

monografiuli narkvevi, romelic cisferyanwelTa da grigol robaqiZis<br />

urTierTobis mraval aspeqts warmoaCens, ase mesaxeba: robaqiZis saleqcio moRvaweobis<br />

mentaluri zegavlena cisferyanwelebze, _ imxanad, damwyeb poetebsa da gimnazielebze;<br />

misi TanamSromloba paolo iaSvilis `oqros verZsa~ (1913 w.) da `cisfer yanwebSi~ (1916 w.);<br />

reaqcia cisferyanwelTa gaxmaurebul, zogjer skandalur sajaro gamosvlebze (1916<br />

wlidan) da maT poetur inovaciebze; mimarTeba saqarTvelos aneqsiasa (1921 w.) da 1924<br />

wlis SeTqmulebasTan; `cisferi ordenis~ periodikaSi (1916-1924 ww.) gamoqveynebuli<br />

80

mxatvruli da Teoriuli produqcia; monawileoba 1926 wels nikolo miwiSvilis `qarTul<br />

mwerlobaSi~ wamowyebul diskusiaSi _ `fiqrebi saqarTveloze~; emigraciis dasawyisi da<br />

`faSisti~ robaqiZis ZaldatanebiTi SeCveneba Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ (1935 w.) cisferyanwelTa<br />

mier; cisferyanweli poetebis gaxseneba mis bolodroindel nawerebSi (memuaruli,<br />

eseisturi, epistoluri memkvidreobis gaTvaliswinebiT).<br />

is `TeTri laqa~, romelic 10-20-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobas dRemde amouvsebel<br />

sicarieled damCnevia, mniSvnelovanwilad ukavSirdeba grigol robaqiZis xelovnurad<br />

mokveTas, rasac saTave daedo 1935 wels, mweralTa kavSiridan garicxviT. mis gareSe<br />

SeuZlebelia `cisferi ordenis~ sruly<strong>of</strong>ili jgufuri portretis warmosaxva; meores<br />

mxriT, maestrosadmi miZRvnili cisferyanwel poetTa leqsebi, werilebi Tu eseebi,<br />

romelTac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT `grigol robaqiZis apologia~, Tundac<br />

gazviadebulad, magram mainc migvaniSnebs mis adgils XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul<br />

kulturul arealSi.<br />

axla mxolod frTxil varauds Tu gamovTqvamT imis Taobaze, _ rodis daaxlovdnen<br />

grigol robaqiZe da cisferyanwelebi; cxadia, misi SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisi (1901<br />

wlidan qarTul presaSi aqveynebda arcTu gamorCeul statiebsa da leqsebs) momavali<br />

cisferyanwelebisaTvis sruliad SeumCneveli darCeboda Tundac im ubralo mizezis gamo,<br />

rom paolo iaSvili (d. 1892 w.), tician tabiZe (d. 1895 w.) da valerian gafrindaSvili (d.<br />

1888 w.) maSin mcirewlovanni iyvnen.<br />

grigol robaqiZem myisieri popularoba 1908 da, gansakuTrebiT, 1909-1911 wlebidan<br />

moixveWa, _ intensiuri saleqcio moRvaweobiT. misi pirveli da Zalze efeqturi gamoCena<br />

qarTul sinamdvileSi ilia WavWavaZes daukavSirda: 1908 wels evropidan droebiT<br />

dabrunebulma, imJamad studentma robaqiZem Seufaravad ganacxada, _ ilias veragulma<br />

mkvlelobam maiZula mimetovebina parizi da samSobloSi davbrunebuliyavio.<br />

am wlebSi unda Semdgariyo imxanad quTaiseli gimnazielebis (romelnic, mkacri<br />

akrZalvis miuxedavad, qandaraze mokalaTebulni, farulad eswrebodnen sajaro<br />

saRamoebsa Tu speqtaklebs) Tundac Soreuli nacnoboba grigol robaqiZesTan.<br />

XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisi erTgvari tixari<br />

aRmoCnda, romelmac erTmaneTisagan daaSoriSora XIX da XX saukune. saukunis damdegi,<br />

zogadad, pirobiTi cnebaa da misgan arc unda movelodeT myisier Tvisebriv cvlilebebs<br />

literaturaSi; Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, rom siaxlis molodini TiTqos atmosferoSi<br />

TimTimebda. mTeli ms<strong>of</strong>lios xelovanebma (da, RvTis madliT, am mxriv arc qarTvelebi<br />

iyvnen gamonaklisni), gumaniT `igznes~ diadi da SemaZrwunebeli, jer arnaxuli<br />

kataklizmebiTa da tolupovari miRwevebiT dayursuli saukunis dadgoma, rac<br />

SemoqmedebiT siaxleTa mZafr moTxovnilebas badebda.<br />

yovelive es kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli dasavluri orientaciis iseT did<br />

moazrovneebs, rogorebic iyvnen kita abaSiZe da arCil jorjaZe. swored maTi Tanamosagre<br />

aRmoCnda grigol robaqiZe, am, aw ukve didebuli triadis umrwemesi wevri. grigol<br />

robaqiZe rom unikaluri movlena gaxldaT Cvens sinamdvileSi, amaze jer kidev 1909 wels<br />

miuTiTa arCil jorjaZem: `...adamiani niWiT dajildoebuli, ... amasTan imgvari tipisa,<br />

romelic dRemde gamoucnobeli rCeba qarTvel sazogadoebisaTvis, gamoucnobeli<br />

mistikuri filos<strong>of</strong>iis wyalobiT, romelsac aRiarebs igi da romelic Cveni<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis sruliad axal da dRemde TiTqmis ucnob ideur movlenad CaiTvleba~<br />

(jorjaZe 1909).<br />

swored leqciebSi warmoCnda pirvelad misi TavisTavadi, RvTiT boZebuli niWiereba,<br />

farTo Tvalsawieri da ganswavluloba, improvizaciis SesaSuri unari da polemistis<br />

alRo, mWevrmetyveleba da novatoruli suliskveTeba.<br />

misi auditoria, TbilisSic da quTaisSic, rCeuli qarTuli sazogadoeba iyo: akaki da<br />

daviT kldiaSvili, kita abaSiZe da niko lorTqifaniZe, telemak gurieli, dimitri uznaZe,<br />

ivane gomarTeli... axalgazrdebs, upirvelesad, `modernizmis qadageba~ xiblavda:<br />

`grigol robaqiZis aqafebuli sityva, aRmafreni fantazia, TvalismomWreli saxeebi<br />

Zvirfasi mogonebaa Cveni axalgazrdobisa, pirvelad iman Segvaxeda iohanaanis moWril<br />

Tavs, pirvelad iman mogvasmenina nicSes mwvalebeli sityva~, _ werda mogvianebiT tician<br />

tabiZe (tabiZe 1916: 22). sacnauria, rom leqcias nicSeze cxel kvalze, anu 1911 welsve<br />

aRtacebiT gamoexmaura akaki wereTelic.<br />

yvela Taobis poets Tanabrad efoneboda guls grigol robaqiZis mcdeloba _<br />

ganexila qarTuli mwerloba ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturis konteqstSi. imTaviTve gamoikveTa<br />

misi ganuxreli, mtkice erovnuli mrwamsic, riTac aSkarad gaemijna kosmopolitizmsac da<br />

internacionalur radikalizmsac.<br />

akaki baqraZis marTebuli mosazrebiT, mTavari da arsebiTi is iyo, rom axalma Taobam<br />

igi literaturul reformatorad aRiara (baqraZe 1999: 39).<br />

81

araordinaluri da mimzidveli gaxldaT grigol robaqiZis mier `sakuTari Tavis<br />

Seqmnis~ mcdelobac (Sdr. evropul `dendizms~ an amerikul fenomens _ `Self made man~).<br />

svireli xelmokle medaviTnis mravalSviliani ojaxis Svilma, mizanswrafulma da<br />

mSromelma, ucxoeTSi ganswavlis rTuli da narekliani gza ganvlo; ucxoeTSi<br />

mravalwliani yaribobis merec, samSoblosa Tu emigraciaSi, igi `ara marto Tavis<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobasa da ms<strong>of</strong>lxats ayalibebda, aramed Tavis garegnobasac~ (baqraZe 1999:<br />

13).<br />

erTaderTi, rasac ver umklavdeboda grigol robaqiZe, misi martosuloba iyo.<br />

albaT amitomac aqvs pirovnuli, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiTac didi mniSvneloba mis<br />

megobrobas cisferyanwelebTan.<br />

Tu verwmunebiT grigol robaqiZis maradiuli kerpis nicSes sityvebs _ `sabolood,<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rasac adamiani sakuTari arsidan tovebs, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara<br />

Tavisive biografia~, _ upriani iqneba, sagangebo yuradReba mivaqcioT ara mxolod<br />

SemoqmedebiT, aramed pirovnul urTierTmimarTebas cisferyanwelebTan, pirvel rigSi ki<br />

— paolo iaSvilTan.<br />

safiqrebelia, rom maTi daaxloveba `oqros verZSi~ TanamSromlobiT daiwyo.<br />

Jurnali im droisaTvis udavod gamorCeuli iyo. jer kidev gimnazielma,<br />

arasrulwlovanma paolom (igi besarion jaianis saxels amoefara) moaxerxa mowinave<br />

Jurnalis gamocema, gaaerTiana saukeTeso avtorebi (grigol robaqiZe, galaktioni,<br />

tician tabiZe, ioseb griSaSvili, sandro SanSiaSvili, aleqsandre abaSeli, leo qiaCeli,<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdia, niko lorTqifaniZe, Salva dadiani, sergo kldiaSvili da sxv.).<br />

1913 wels ∗ , Jurnalis mzadebis periodSi, paolo Tbilisis gazeT `TemSi~ aqveynebs<br />

`werils redaqciis mimarT~ da qarTvel mwerlebs TanamSromlobas sTxovs: `redaqcia<br />

mimarTavs monawileobis misaRebad Semdeg pirT: vaJa-fSavelas, kita abaSiZes, grigol<br />

robaqiZes, i. evdoSvils, ia ekalaZes, v. gunias, Salva dadians, k. mayaSvils, i. griSaSvils, a.<br />

abaSels, SiukaSvils, leo qiaCels, WumbaZes, n. lorTqifaniZes, d. kasraZes, barnovs, g.<br />

quCiSvils, Turdospirels, axospirels, n. CxikvaZes, i. mWedliSvils, j. jorjikias, g. da t.<br />

tabiZeebs, k. abaSiZispirels, dia Cianels da sxva~ (iaSvili 1913). uaRresad metyveli<br />

dokumentia! cnobilia agreTve paolos ori piradi werili vaJa-fSavelasadmi, _<br />

JurnalSi monawileobis TxovniT (am nusxaSi TiTqmis mTeli imJamindeli qarTuli<br />

mwerloba Tavsdeba da bunebrvad Cndeba ritorikuli kiTxva _ ratom ver vxvdebiT akaki<br />

wereTlis saxels? pasuxi ki, savaraudod, aseTia. paolom ver Sebeda saqarTvelos<br />

ugvirgvino mefes... niSandoblivia, rom nusxis pirvel sameulSi, vaJa-fSavelasa da kita<br />

abaSiZis Semdeg, grigol robaqiZis saxeli Cndeba, rac ueWvelad moaswavebs axalgazrda<br />

redaqtoris gansakuTrebul pietets am ukanasknelisadmi.<br />

`oqros verZSi~ gamoqveynebul grigol robaqiZis statiaSi `baraTebi `oqros verZs~<br />

avtori Jurnals gadaWarbebul Sefasebas ar aZlevda, TumcaRa, qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

imJamindeli siduxWiris pirobebSi mainc Rirssacnob movlenad miiCnevda. statia imiTac<br />

aris saintereso, rom masSi pirvelad gaiJRera saqarTvelos renesansis ideam, ramac<br />

SemdegSi safuZvliani ganviTareba pova cnobil werilSi `qarTuli renesansi~<br />

(robaqiZe 1917).<br />

Tamar barbaqaZem yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom qarTuli versifikaciis<br />

zogadad da, kerZod, Tanamedrove leqswyobis xelovnebiT grigol robaqiZis sagangebo<br />

daintereseba pirvelad swored zemoxsenebul statiaSi warmoCnda (barbaqaZe 2003: 34).<br />

`arc mgonia aseTi verZisaTvis iazonma moacuros Tavisi gemi kolxeTis napirs,<br />

magram masSi aris iseTi raRac, xeluxlebeli, gamouTqmeli, romelic siamovnebas hgvris<br />

xelovnebis moyvaruls: es aris yvavilovani siymawvile, romlis laRad nakveT Sublze jer<br />

kidev ar gaurbenia Wknobis fiqris frTas~ (robaqiZe 1913: 35) — piruTvnelad SeniSnavda<br />

grigol robaqiZe.<br />

SeuZlebelia, gaucnobierebeli y<strong>of</strong>iliyo `oqros verZis~ saxelwodebis damTxveva<br />

milioner riabuSiniskis dafinansebul, rusi simbolistebis mdidrul JurnalTan `Золотое<br />

Руно~ (1906-1909 ww.). mibaZvis uwinares, amaSi ufro kolxidis mkvidrTa mier<br />

`samarTlianobis aRdgenis~ Tu rayifobis qveSecneul survils vxedavT. JurnalSi<br />

moTavsebuli leonid andreevis, igor severianinis, vilie de lil a'danis TxzulebaTa<br />

Targmanebi, cnobebi d'anuncios, valeri briusovis, konstantine balmontis, iurgis<br />

baltruSaitisis da e. w. axali poeziis sxva warmomadgenlebze gvafiqrebinebs, rom `oqros<br />

verZi~ sulac ar iyo provinciuli TviTSemoqmedebis nimuSi. cxadia, grigol robaqiZe<br />

∗ p. iaSvilis krebulis (`saiubileo-saarqivo gamocema or wignad~, wigni pirveli, Tb., 2004 w.)<br />

`SeniSvnebsa da komentarebSi~ miTiTebulia 1914 w., rac uTuod koreqturuli Secdoma unda iyos.<br />

82

mxolod erT-erTi avtori iyo Jurnalisa; naklebsavaraudoa, rom saredaqcio<br />

saqmianobaSi Careuliyo: paolos organizatoruli niWi jer kidev 1911 wlidan iyo<br />

cnobili, roca gimnaziis Jurnali `Стрелы Колхиды~ gamosca.<br />

SemdegSi grigol robaqiZisa da momavali cisferyanwelebis gzebi droebiT gaiyara:<br />

grigol robaqiZe kvlav sazRvargareT gaemgzavra, paolo iaSvilma weliwadnaxevari<br />

parizSi dahyo (1913-1914 ww.) luvrTan arsebul xelovnebis institutSi xatvis<br />

Sesaswavlad; peterburgsa da moskovSi iyvnen valerian gafrindaSvili, tician tabiZe,<br />

Salva afxaiZe, sandro cirekiZe... maTi urTierTTanamSromlobis axal da umniSvnelovanes<br />

etaps safuZveli 1916 wels, `cisferi ordenis~ daarsebisTanave Caeyara (jgufis Taobaze<br />

dawvrilebiT ix. Cemi werili `cisferyanwelebi~, `literaturuli Ziebani~, XXV, Tb., 2004<br />

w.).<br />

`cisferi yanwebis~ pirveli nomris gamosvlisTanave (1916 wlis 28 Tebervali),<br />

rogorc Cans, sazogadoebis erTma nawilma mtkivneulad aRiqva galaktionis, niko<br />

lorTqifaniZis, ioseb griSaSvilisa da grigol robaqiZis monawileoba axalgazrduli<br />

epataJiT Sepyrobil da `mexis gavardnis~ efeqtis mosurne almanaxSi. `cisferi yanwebi~<br />

paolo iaSvilis deklaraciiT, `pirvelTqmiT~ iwyeboda, poeziis gany<strong>of</strong>ileba — grigol<br />

robaqiZis leqsiT `sirenas simRera~. dRes Cvens yuradRebas ufro miZRvna `T-d kita<br />

abaSiZes~ da wiTeli saRebaviT gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili riTma ipyrobs, vidre TviT leqsi. sityvam<br />

moitana da barem aqve vityvi, rom kita abaSiZe robaqiZisTvisac da paolosTvisac suliT<br />

xorcamde aristokrati iyo (es Sexeduleba ramdenadme ewinaaRmdegeba gvarovnuli da<br />

sulieri aristokratizmis opoziciur wyvilad gaazrebas): `Вся эстетическая Грузия в<br />

продолжении последних пяти месяцев была обращена взорами к больному Кита Абашидзе, смерть<br />

которого вызвала такой глухой болезненый стон в наших сердцах. Это был маркиз, влюблённый в Мюссе<br />

и Уайльда, у которого рядом с обширным томом "теории федерализма" всегда таилась маленькая<br />

книжечка Николая Бараташвили. ... Ушёл от нас человек в трёх лицах: князь, эстет и социалист~<br />

(Яшвили 1917).<br />

didmniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom grigol robaqiZes am droisaTvis udidesi<br />

popularoba hqonda mopovebuli saleqcio da literaturul-kritikuli moRvaweobiT,<br />

uCveulo filos<strong>of</strong>iuri esTetikuri naazreviT (ufro naklebad, _ leqsebiT); Tanac is<br />

mainc sxva Taobis kaci iyo da cisferyanwelebTan ufro ostat-Segirdis damokidebuleba<br />

akavSirebda, vidre Tanamosagrisa.<br />

tician tabiZem vrcel werilSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ sruliad araorazrovnad<br />

gamoacxada simbolizmis `movlena~ saqarTveloSi da simbolizmis upirveles<br />

mesaZirkvled grigol robaqiZe dasaxa: `simbolizmi CvenSi Semoitana grigol robaqiZem.<br />

robaqiZeze ar gamarTlda saerTo debuleba, rom yovel novators win eRobeba<br />

gaugebrobis galavani. mas arafrad dajdomia Zvel RirebulebaTa gadafasebis kadniereba,<br />

axal ZiebaTa feierverkebis gasrola... safiqreli iyo, radgan sxvagan aseTi aRelveba<br />

gamoiwvia simbolizmma, CvenSic monaxavdnen fiCxebs inkviziciis cecxlis dasanTebad,<br />

magram grigol robaqiZes uTxres Tavis dasturi arCil jorjaZem da kita abaSiZem. am ori<br />

pirovnebiT iwureba qarTuli esTetikuri kultura grigol robaqiZemdis~... (tabiZe 1916)<br />

ticianis aSkarad gazviadebul mosazrebaTa sawinaaRmdegod unda iTqvas, rom<br />

`gaugebrobis galavani~ grigol robaqiZis winaSec aRimarTa; Tumca, cxadia, mometebul<br />

guliswyrobas misdami ar amJRavnebdnen, misi saxelovani moRvaweobisa da Tundac asakis<br />

gamo. Tavis mxriv, grigolic aSkarad erideboda sazogadoebis gaRizianebas: ar<br />

monawileobda jgufis skandalur sajaro gamosvlebSi 1916 wlis aprilsa da martSi; man<br />

ganze gandgoma arCia, Tumc, rom moewadinebina kidec, gauWirdeboda cisferyanwelTa<br />

`gafrenebis~ moTokva.<br />

grigol robaqiZes araviTari `zewola~ ar mouxdenia arc paoloze (romlis<br />

`pirvelTqma~ maestrosaTvis egzom saZulveli futurizmis manifestebisagan didad aris<br />

davalebuli), arc ticianze (misi `cisferi yanwebiT~ xom robaqiZis aSkara apologiaa); igi<br />

ar Careula redaqtoris saqmianobaSic. imdroindeli gaavebuli da wregadasuli kritikis<br />

samizne paolo iaSvili gaxldaT: `pirvelTqmis~, saprogramo leqsis (`paolo iaSvils<br />

momewyina yviTeli dante~...) da darianuli leqsebis gamo.<br />

viTarebas naTels hfens ori publikacia, romelTac Tbilisisa da quTaisis<br />

imdroindel presaSi mivakvlie.<br />

umjobesi iqneba TviT robaqiZis imJamindel gancxadebas verwmunoT: `am dReebSi<br />

quTaisSi gaimarTeba Cemi leqcia `cisferi yanwebis~ Sesaxeb. bevrsa hgonia, TiTqos me<br />

marto `damcvelis~ rolSi gamovdiode. es moklebulia simarTles. marTalia, me piradad<br />

`cisferi yanwebi~ mniSvnelovan movlenad mimaCnia Cvens literaturaSi, _ magram isic<br />

marTalia, rom am almanaxis SedgenisaTvis saerTo redaqcia ar y<strong>of</strong>ila gamarTuli (yoveli<br />

monawile iq mxolod Tavis nawarmoebis pasuxismgebelia), _ da amisTvis iq gamoTqmuli<br />

83

principebi CemTvis savaldebulo ar aris da arc romelime mxatvruli nawarmoebia iq<br />

moTavsebuli CemTvis usaTuod mosawoni. zogi principi misaRebia, zogi ara, _ zogi<br />

nawarmoebi mosawonia, zogi — ara. swored amis gasarkvevad vapireb leqciis wakiTxvas<br />

quTaisSi, saca `cisferi yanwebis~ garSemo aseTi sazari atmosfero Seiqna. movaleca var,<br />

rogorc almanaxis monawile, sajarod vTqva Cemi sityva~ (robaqiZe 1916).<br />

leqciis Taobaze daibeWda jafar-faSas (niko jafariZis) sakmaod susxiani statia<br />

`baton grigol robaqiZis leqcia~: `b-ni robaqiZe am bolo dros Tavisive nebiT<br />

awvrilmanebs da amdablebs Tavis Tavs.<br />

raSi vxedavT Cven grigol robaqiZis Tavis damcirebas?.. Tundac imaSi, ramac aiZula<br />

igi waekiTxa leqcia `cisferi yanwebis~ Sesaxeb.<br />

am almanaxis garSemo atexili usiamovno atmosferos Sesamsubuqeblad grigol<br />

robaqiZe, rogorc erTi monawile krebulisa, iZulebuli gaxda sajaro leqciiT<br />

Tavdasacveli sityviT miemarTa quTaisis sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />

ras miaRwia Tavis leqciaSi grigol robaqiZem? `cisferi yanwebis~ Rirebulebis<br />

Sesaxeb hoc brZana da arac.<br />

... sust mxares, samwuxarod b-i robaqiZis niWierma enametyvelebamac veraferi<br />

SesZina. sazogadod es adgili leqciisa metad Zneli gamodga avtorisaTvis da ise susti,<br />

rogorc am adgilze iyo grigol robaqiZe, Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom jer igi aravis<br />

axsovs.<br />

... paolo iaSvilis manifestSi grigol robaqiZe mxolod ymawvilur gatacebis<br />

nay<strong>of</strong>sa xedavs. darianis leqsebSi niWier avtors eZebs, xolo TviT leqsebis Sesaxeb<br />

acxadebs, zomierebis sazRvargadaWarbebulad mimaCniao.<br />

...leqtori windaxedulad cdilobda msmenelTa Soris ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis temperamenti<br />

ar gamoewvia.<br />

...grigol robaqiZe ambobda, rodesac `cisferi yanwebi~ Tavis movaleobas veRar<br />

Seasrulebs, Cven TviTon davamsxvrevT maTo~... (jafar- faSa 1916).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, grigol robaqiZis leqciis angariSic zedmiwevniT miesadageba misi<br />

zemoxsenebuli werilis suliskveTebas.<br />

robaqiZe ki ar ganudga cisferyanwelebs, Tavis gadasarCenad (es mas ar<br />

esaWiroeboda) ki ar gawira isini, man sazogadoebas amcno Seqmnili viTareba, Cemi azriT,<br />

sifrTxiliT, magram miukerZoeblad. `cisferi ordenis~ wregadasuli epataJi da<br />

ragindara gziT Tavis damkvidreba, pirdapir unda iTqvas, paolos dauokebeli<br />

temperamentisa da parizidan gamoyolili meamboxe sulis, rogorc SemdegSi kolau<br />

nadiraZe ityoda, `esTet-buntarobis~ gamovlena iyo; mas, ra Tqma unda, Wabuki<br />

cisferyanwelebic amoudgnen mxarSi.<br />

grigol robaqiZe sruliadac ar iziarebda warsulis uary<strong>of</strong>is paToss, zogjer<br />

aSkara mkrexelobasTan rom iyo wilnayari; igi, rogorc Cans, mainc sxva literaturul<br />

Taobas miekuTvneboda; cxovrebaSic robaqiZe ufro gawonasworebuli, TavSekavebuli,<br />

Zlieri individualizmiT aRbeWdili, Tundac `narcisuli~ pirovneba gaxldaT. misi<br />

yaidisa da temperamentis kacs cisferyanwelTa skandalur jgufur gamosvlebSi<br />

monawileoba verafers SesZenda.<br />

amitomac gadga ganze anu erTgvari distancia moniSna, Torem ideuri mrCevlisa Tu<br />

keTilmosurne kritikosis funqcias yovelTvis asrulebda.<br />

dRevandeli gagebiT, grigol robaqiZe ufro `sapatio Tavmjdomare~ gaxldaT<br />

`cisferi ordenisa~ da ara lideri, an, miT umetes, _ rigiTi wevri.<br />

zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, roca jgufis `sakralur~ 13 wevrs Soris robaqiZes<br />

upirveles adgils miuCendnen xolme, igi protests ar gamoxatavda.<br />

1922 wels paolo iaSvili `cisferi ordenis~ aT wevrs asaxelebda, sia grigol<br />

robaqiZiT iwyeboda (iaSvili 1922); tician tabiZis TqmiT, jgufSi 13 wevri iyo (13 asureli<br />

mamis analogiiT), nusxas kvlav robaqiZe edga saTaveSi (tabiZe 1924).<br />

cxadia, cisferyanwelebs eamayebodaT maestros Tanadgoma; Tavis mxriT, robaqiZec<br />

tols ar udebda maT megobrobasa da siyvarulSi: `viyav yanwelebTan mxolod rogorc<br />

megobari, ufrosi damxmare da wamxalisebelio~, _ dawers xandazmuli mwerali<br />

mogvianebiT.<br />

cxadia, grigol robaqiZis fenomeni sxvebzedac Zalumad zemoqmedebda. nona<br />

kupreiSvilma miakvlia vaxtang kotetiSvilis werilis _ `1922 wlis qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

mimoxilva~ _ daubeWdav fragments, romelic robaqiZes exeba. Rirssacnobia misi<br />

komentari: `robaqiZe avtors qarTuli kulturis axali stilis Semqmnelad miaCnia anu<br />

imgvar Semoqmedad, romelsac ZaluZs danergos, ganavrcos da sxvebisaTvis gadamdebad<br />

gaiazros mxatvruli aRqmisa da Semecnebis aqamde ucnobi formebi.<br />

84

`...briusovma erT leqsSi balmonts mimarTa: `Мы пророки, ты поэт~, _ vkiTxulobT<br />

werilSi, — `viRac unda arsebobdes, rom gr. robaqiZes mimarTos briusovis msgavsad. igi<br />

marTlac rom Tavis poetur wreSi winaswarmetyvelia. igi iZleva parolebs. igi abrunebs<br />

poeziis kompass~... (kupreiSvili 2003:64-65). vaxtang kotetiSvilis werili 1923 wliT<br />

TariRdeba, CvendaTavad SevniSnavT, rom robaqiZe marto Tavis poetur wreSi rodi iyo<br />

winaswarmetyveli, dRemde TiTqmis Seuswavlelia misi prozisa da dramaturgiis<br />

zegavlena 20-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaze.<br />

`modernizmis qadagi~, `winaswarmetyveli~, `mTawmideli~, `uwmindesi~, `unetaresi~ _<br />

amgvarad amkobdnen maestros cisferyanwelebi, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom galaktionis<br />

sarwmuno mosazrebiT, robaqiZes jgufis saxelwodebis SerCevaSic ki ar miuRia<br />

monawileoba. galaktionis sityvebs (miuxedavad misTvis Cveuli ironiisa) namdvilad<br />

daejereba: igi `cisferi yanwebis~ I nomerSic TanamSromlobda, Tumca maleve ganudga maT;<br />

sabolood davSordiT erTmaneTs me, gafrindaSvili da iaSvilio, _ werda igi olia<br />

okujavas.<br />

`galaktionis da cisferyanwelTa urTierTobas exeba bela wifuria werilSi<br />

`galaktioni da cisferyanwelebi~ (`galaktionologia~, I, Tb., 2002 w., gv. 60-78).<br />

galaktionis arqivSi gamovlenili es unikaluri fragmenti gamoqveynda 1995 wels:<br />

`eZebdnen iseT saxels, romelic unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo 1) sruliad axali mimarTulebis<br />

gamomxatveli, 2) erovnuli koloritis matarebeli da 3) romelic gamodgeboda jgufis<br />

saxelwodebisTvisac. paolom sTqva `cisferi yanwebi~ da gaitana kidec, vinaidan mis mets<br />

fuli aravis hqonda almanaxis gamosacemad. amgvarad daibada jgufi `yanwebis~<br />

saxelwodebiT. rogorc maxsovs, sxva saxelwodeba ar y<strong>of</strong>ila wamoyenebuli. `cisferi~<br />

romantiulia, `yanwebi~ _ ormagad. jer rogorc TviT sagani da anbanTa rigiT — y. w. _<br />

erovnuliao, ambobdnen~ (tabiZe 1995).<br />

ostat-SegirdTa wesisamebr, robaqiZesa da axalgazrda poetTa Soris arc wvrilmani<br />

ganxeTqileba iyo ucxo. marTlac, paolosaTvis bevri ram mxolod `TamaSi~ iyo, mas SeeZlo<br />

TveobiT ar mihkareboda sawer magidas, SeeZlo gadahyoloda nairgvar mistifikaciebs,<br />

gadaxvewiliyo samogzaurod, sanadirod, sanadimod; artistuli, emociuri ticianisaTvis<br />

sruliadac ar iyo saTakilo dadaizmTan Tu futurizmTan kavSiri.<br />

yvelaze `orTodoqs-simbolistad~ aRiarebuli valerian gafrindaSvilis mrwamsi<br />

ufro misaRebi iyo robaqiZisaTvis, swored mas mimarTavda maestro `samediatorod~. amis<br />

dasturia misi uaRresad saintereso, 1919 wliT daTariRebuli kerZo werili quTaisSi<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i valerianisadmi; magram aq mcire retro-eqskursi dagvWirdeba: 1917 wlidan<br />

TbilisSi revoluciasa da samoqalaqo oms ganridebulma bevrma rusma avangardistma<br />

moiyara Tavi. maT Soris iyo aleqsei kruCionixi, usaCinoesi futuristi da `zaumuri~ enis<br />

fuZemdebelTagani. igi jer `futuristebis sindikatSi~ Sevida, ilia zdaneviCTan, kolau<br />

CerniavskisTan, lado gudiaSvilTan da kirile zdaneviCTan erTad, xolo 1918 wlis<br />

TebervalSi ilia zdaneviCTan da igor terentievTan erTad futurizmis `axali~ saxeoba<br />

_ jgufi `41 0 ~-is _ Seqmna.<br />

qarTveli da rusi avangardisti poetebi da mxatvrebi mSvidobianad<br />

Tanaarsebobdnen, monawileobdnen erTurTis saRamoebsa da beWdviT organoebSi,<br />

ikribebodnen xan `fantastiCeski kabaCokSi~, xanac cisferyanwelTa kafe `qimerionSi~<br />

(orive maTgani rusTavelis prospeqtze mdebareobda).<br />

maT erTobliv saRamos exeba robaqiZis werili valerian gafrindaSvilisadmi:<br />

`Zvirfaso valerian!<br />

ivnisis Svids aq saRamo gaimarTa Sesaxeb mxatvrobis. ilaparakes: kakabaZem,<br />

sudeikinma, ticianma, me. ticianis sityva CemTvis moulodneli iyo: jer erTi, TiTqos mas<br />

daaswres futurizmis deklaracia (aseTi iyo STabeWdileba) — ganacxada man: futurizmis<br />

namdvili deklaracia am scenidan male moxdeba Cveni jgufis mier. garda amisa, iyo aseTi<br />

xazi saxelebis: pikasso da skriabini, mallarme da kruConixi... da sxva...<br />

me avReldi saSinlad: umTavresad imis gamo, rom Tema Cemi iyo sasicocxlo (_<br />

CemTvis mainc), vilaparake kubizmis Sesaxeb: rogorc Tanamedrove ritmi kosmosis daSlis<br />

aTvisebisa. miviRe igi imdenaT, ramdenaTac igi gamarTlebulia sulis tragediiT da<br />

esTetiuri kaTarzisiT. gareSe amisa: igi mxolod demonologiaa. kruConixi davaxasiaTe<br />

rogorc `скоморох вшивого бесёнка~ da vamxile misi SemoqmedebiTi araraoba — (mallarmes<br />

gverdiT mas ra unda?!)... Cemi sityva albaT daibeWdeba.<br />

Semdeg: ticiani gamomelaparaka:<br />

man miTxra: rogorc `Cven~ gveCveneba `sio~ da sxva amgvari banalobad, ase eCveneba<br />

albaT kruConixs banalobad balmonti da sxvao... da mec amas vgrZnob sworado.<br />

me SevekiTxe: iqneba odesme qveyanaze iseTi ram, romelic Semdeg banalobad aravis<br />

moeCvenos?<br />

85

man momigo: ara.<br />

me kidev: maS ms<strong>of</strong>lios miReba SeuZlebelia?<br />

ticiani: diax, SeuZlebelia...<br />

me: aqedan daskvna?<br />

ticiani: Tavis mokvla...<br />

man isic gadmomca, rom Tqven uari giTqvamT sonetis weraze da paolos utiria, rom<br />

poezia ukanasknelad daeWvebia...<br />

me ar minda aq yvelaferi vTqva...<br />

me minda mxolod Tqveni da paolos azri gavigo.<br />

Tqven kargad iciT Cemi azri: poezia araritmuli sityvaa da ms<strong>of</strong>lios metafizikuri<br />

amowurva. es daskvna bevrs rames Txoulobs winaswar. me mwams, rom ms<strong>of</strong>lio RvTis qmnadia<br />

da xelovani misi TanaSemoqmedi. es ar aris figuruli Tqma. Tu es miRebuli iqna, mTeli<br />

demonologia ticianis uary<strong>of</strong>il unda iqnas...<br />

Tqven iciT, rom me TqvenTan var rogorc Zma da Semoqmedi. Zalze vgrZnob Tqveni<br />

(samis) siyvaruls. xolo, SesaZloa Tqven (paolo da Tqven) ise fiqrobdeT, rogorc<br />

ticiani da marTlac gadawyvetili gqondesT axali `gamosvla~.<br />

unda icodeT, rom am SemTxvevaSi ver gamogyvebiT. siyvaruli namdvili — sastikia. me<br />

ar SemiZlia Tavis Tavis Ralati. TqvenTvisac ufro kargi iqneba: ufro Tavisuflad<br />

imoqmedebT.<br />

nu gaikvirvebT, rom `ase~ gwerT: miuxedavad ticianis `impressionizmisa~, misma<br />

sityvebma damafiqres.<br />

es baraTi waukiTxeT paolos...<br />

veli pasuxs: orivesagan...<br />

Tqveni erTguli gr. robaqiZe.<br />

misamarTi: Tbilisi, cxneTis q. 4, bina 1.<br />

P.S. aucilebelia Tqveni da paolos aq Camosvla erTi kviriT mainc~ (robaqiZe 1988).<br />

veras vityvi imis Taobaze, Tu ra Sedegi mohyva grigol robaqiZis Txovnas: SeiZleba<br />

vivaraudo, rom maestros SeSfoTeba uTuod valeriansa da paolosac `gadaedo~<br />

(grigolis ganawyeneba maTTvis warmoudgeneli iyo), maT saswrafod acnobes amis Taobaze<br />

tician tabiZes... ase iyo Tu ise, araviTari erToblivi `futuristuri deklaracia~,<br />

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, cisferyanwelebs ar gamouqveynebiaT. tician tabiZis<br />

moulodneli gamosvla futurizmis deklaraciis `muqariT~ albaT ufro rus<br />

futuristebTan metoqeobis grZnobiT Tu aixsneba. tician tabiZe didad afasebda<br />

(Rirsebisamebr) kruCionixs. rusi poetis mimarT azri mas arc 1920 wels (anu<br />

konfliqtidan 1 wlis Semdeg) Seucvlia, radgan sandro cirekiZis Jurnal `SvildosanSi~<br />

werda: yvela politikur revolucias win uswrebda revoluciuri gardatexebi poeziaSi.<br />

amis saukeTeso magaliTia kruCionixi, romlis zaumurma Tezisma `дыр-бул-щыл~-ma —<br />

gauswro revolucias ruseTSio (tabiZe 1920).<br />

paradoqsuli azrebiT da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse werilSi `dadaizmi da `cisferi<br />

yanwebi~ tician tabiZe aRwerda Tbilisis kafe `imedSi~ gamarTul rusi futuristebis<br />

saRamos. Cans, swored am saRamoze 1919 wlis 7 ivniss momxdarma incindentma gaagulisa<br />

grigol robaqiZe.<br />

`saRamo moawyves rusma futuristebma ilia zdaneviCma, a. kruCionixma da<br />

terentievma. es saRamo iyo futuristebis mxatvrobis. umTavresad aq warmodgenili iyo<br />

meore zdaneviCi (igulisxmeba ilias Zma kirile zdaneviCi — l. a.) da lado gudiaSvili.<br />

moxsenebas kiTxulobda `futuristuli sityvis iezuiti~ kruCionixi. rodesac tfilisis<br />

akademiis wurbelebma ijeres guli (maxsovs iyvnen maTematikis doqtori xarazovi da s.<br />

gorodecki), roca futuristebis fronti moixsna da a. kruCionixi Cxaoda, rogorc<br />

mogdebuli kata, sityva aiRo grigol robaqiZem. es iyo qariSxlis movardna (albaT es Rame<br />

daamaxsovrda al. kruCionixs, roca grigol robaqiZes daarqva `специалист по апокалипсису и<br />

безумию~)...<br />

...am apokalipsisis orkestridan ramdenime fraza davimaxsovre. aq iyo laparaki<br />

nicSes instinqtebis anarqiaze, edgar pos miwis qvesknelis gaJrJolebaze, geologiur<br />

katastr<strong>of</strong>ebze... daskvna aseTi iyo: futuristebi gamarTlebuli arian cxovrebiT. Tqven<br />

amtkicebT, rom isini Segnebulad jambazoben: magram kargi: Tu saukeTeso axalgazrdoba<br />

safrangeTis, ruseTis, saqarTvelosi da SeiZleba mTeli qveynisac Segnebulad jambazobs,<br />

miT uaresi TviTon qveynisTviso.<br />

...im Rames grigol robaqiZem gaxsna Tavisi maska. am Rames is ar iyo mTawmindeli,<br />

RvawliT Semosili, masSi dasZlia poetis ukiduresobam~... (tabiZe 1923).<br />

ueWvelia, rom samiode wlis Semdeg, tician tabiZe sul sxvagvarad warmogviCens<br />

kruCionixisa da robaqiZis `duels~: upiratesobas igi, ra Tqma unda, maestros aniWebs.<br />

86

am incindentma, rogorc Cans, veraferi daaklo maT guliTad, wrfel siyvarulsa da<br />

pativiscemaze dafuZnebul urTierTobas... win kidev didi gza iyo, magram `modernizmis<br />

qadagi~ grigol robaqiZe cisferyanwelTa maradiul kerpad darCa.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

barbaqaZe 2003: barbaqaZe T. grigol robaqiZe da `poeziis akademia~. krebuli: TeTr siamayes<br />

vaqandakeb Seni didebiT. Tb.: 2003.<br />

baqraZe 1999: baqraZe a. kardu anu grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Rvawli. Tb.: 1999.<br />

iaSvili 1913: iaSvili p. werili redaqciis mimarT. gaz. `Temi~, №170, Tb.: 1913.<br />

iaSvili 1917: Яшвили П. Литературное кольцо Грузии 1917 г. gaz. "Республика", № 40, Тб.: 1917.<br />

iaSvili 1922: iaSvili p. yanwelebi 1942 welSi. gaz. `barikadi~, № 5, 1922.<br />

iaSvili 2004: iaSvili p. saiubileo-saarqivo gamocema or wignad. wigni pirveli, Tb.: 2004.<br />

kupreiSvili 2003: kupreiSvili n. literaturuli medalioni — grigol robaqiZe. krebulSi:<br />

TeTr siamayes vaqandakeb Seni didebiT. Tb.: 2003.<br />

robaqiZe 1913: robaqiZe gr. baraTebi `oqros verZs~. Jurn. `oqros veZi~, № 3, Tb.: 1913.<br />

robaqiZe 1916: robaqiZe gr. aucilebeli ganmarteba. gaz, `saxalxo furceli~, № 541, Tb.: 1916.<br />

robaqiZe 1917: robaqiZe gr. qarTuli renesansi. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, № 257, Tb.: 1917.<br />

robaqiZe 1988: robaqiZe gr. ori baraTi megobars. gaz. `Tbilisi~, № 219, Tb.: 1988.<br />

tabiZe 1995: tabiZe g. usaTauro. gaz. `poeziis dRe~, № 15, Tb.: 1995.<br />

tabiZe 1916: tabiZe t. cisferi yanwebiT. Jurn. `cisferi yanwebi~, № 1-2, Tb.: 1916.<br />

tabiZe 1920: tabiZe t. daisruli sebastiane. Jurn. Svildosani, quTaisi, 1920.<br />

tabiZe 1923: tabiZe t. dadizmi da cisferi yanwebi. Jurn. meocnebe niamorebi, tfilisi.:<br />

dekemberi, 1923.<br />

jafar faSa 1916: jafar faSa (niko jafariZe). baton grigol robaqiZis leqcia. gaz. `samSoblo~,<br />

№ 330, 7 aprili, Tb.: 1916.<br />

jorjaZe 1909: jorjaZe a. poeziis samflobeloSi. g. robaqiZis leqciis gamo. gaz. `droeba~,<br />

№ 239, Tb.: 1909. ganmeorebiT daistamba krebulebSi: Txzulebani arCil jorjaZisa.<br />

wigni III, tf.: 1911; werilebi, Semdgeneli akaki baqraZe, Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,<br />

1989.<br />

Lali Avaliani<br />

The Poets and the "Prophet"<br />

Summary<br />

The article researches mutual relationship between Grigol Robakidze and "Tsisperkantselebi" in 1909-<br />

1924: mental influence <strong>of</strong> the lecturer Robakidze on the young poets; his participation in their magazines "Okros<br />

Verdzi" and "Tsisperi Kansebi" with great sympathy and interest.<br />

Based the press publications and private letters <strong>of</strong> that time, one can find some minor differences in<br />

opinion among them, but this never influenced their mutual respest and love. Robakidze always remained the<br />

idol <strong>of</strong> "Tsisperkantselebi".<br />

87

Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi<br />

sityvis xelovneba qarTuli modernistuli romanebis<br />

konteqstSi<br />

maia jaliaSvili<br />

qarTul modernistul romanebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca sityvas,<br />

aqcentirda misi mravalSrianoba Tu mravalmniSvnelovneba. sityvas damoukidebeli<br />

substanciuri mniSvneloba mieniWa, iqca ara mxolod garkveuli azris, aramed ferisa da<br />

musikis gamomxatvelad. qarTvelma modernistebma romani aqcies wminda mxatvrulesTetikur<br />

Rirebulebad, amitomac gamoxatvis formas mieniWa udidesi mniSvneloba.<br />

grigol robaqiZe werda: `sityva TiTqos iWers sagans Tu movlenas, roca igi erqmeva<br />

mas: `atyvevebs~, aqedan ~mWevrmetyvel~, xolo datyveveba aq Zaladobas ki ar moaswavebs,<br />

aramed ganay<strong>of</strong>ierebas~. misi azriT, `rqmevac~ amgvari agebulebisaa. `enis qvedenaSi<br />

cnaurdeba pirvelad `logos~ _ da niSnavs igi xom `sityvasTan~ erTad `gonsac~. mwerlis<br />

azriT, aristoteleseuli debuleba igiveobisa A=A-s, sabolood ver xsnis movlenas.<br />

`kaci~ aris kaci, magram mis bunebaSi Tanve mziuricaa, muxuric, qvauric _ da ai romelime<br />

saxsarSi Tavis y<strong>of</strong>isa igi `edareba~: mzes, muxas, qvas. robaqiZes magaliTad moaqvs axali<br />

drois azrovnebaSi fesvgamdgari axali igiveoba. aq A=A-s, magram aqve B-c aris. frangebi<br />

amas uwodeben `correspondanse~. qarTulSi am cnebis gamosaTqmelad moipoveba sityvebi:<br />

Sesityveba, Sexameba, Sefereba, Sefardeba, SeTanxmeba. amrigad, saganni da movlenani erTi<br />

meores exmaurebian da eTanxmebian. yoveli sagani Tu movlena amsaxveli sarkea meore<br />

sagnis Tu movlenisTvis, ena amzeurebs am saidumlos~ (robaqiZe 1991: 249).<br />

`gvelis perangSi~ sityvisadmi swored amgvari damokidebulebaa gamJRavnebuli. am<br />

romanSi qarTuli ena xSirad amzeurebs saidumlos saganTa da movlenaTa urTierTasaxviT.<br />

grigol robaqiZis werilebSi ara erTi saintereso da originaluri dakvirvebaa sityvaTa<br />

etimologiaze. ai, rogor xsnis igi sityva `xelmwifeSi~ gamJRavnebul saidumlos: `ras<br />

niSnavs mwife xeli? oqros xanaSi mmarTveli igulveboda mdidrad da uxvad _ ras niSnavs<br />

`mwife xeli~ Tu ara simdidresa da siuxves? oqros xanis mmarTveli iyo Zlieri da marjve<br />

_ ras niSnavs `mwife xeli~, Tu ara siZlieresa da marjs? mixeil wereTlis azriT, mwife<br />

niSnavs `miwvdomasac~. maSasadame, mwife xeliT nagulisxmevia `mwdomelic~. e.i. is, vinc<br />

wvdeba mas, raic sxvisTvis `miuwvdomelia~. `oqros xanaSi mmarTveli mefec iyo da<br />

mRvdelic. qarTuli gagebiT, es asec unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, radgan, rogorc iTqva, `floba~<br />

gamovlinebulia `uflisagan~. mflobeli, maSasadame, `mRvdelicaa~. imave mkvlevaris<br />

mignebaSi sityva `mRvdeli~ warmosdgeba sityvisagan 'Rudva~, rac `wvas~ niSnavs. mRvdeli,<br />

anu mwveli. igulisxmeba wva ara marto garegani: wva Sesawirav cxovelisa, aramed<br />

Sinaganic: wva wadiliT RvTiuris misaRebad. mflobeli _ rogorc mefe da mRvdeli erT<br />

pirovnebaSi kurTxevad iTvleboda~ (robaqiZe 1991: 261).<br />

rogorc nebismier mwerals, qarTvel modernistebsac axasiaTebT gansakuTrebuli<br />

siyvaruli zogierTi formisadmi. magaliTad, grigol robaqiZisTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />

erTgvari `hae~ _ metoba, ra Tqma unda, am terminis ara tradiciuli gagebiT. igi `h~-s<br />

iyenebs sityvaSi: dah. `momikvda oTxi Zma da sami dah~ (robaqiZe, 1995). amgvarad, erTgvari<br />

siZvelis elferi edeba sityvas da mis intimurobas gamohkveTs. `qalma sTxova Tavis dahs<br />

amorZalTa ded<strong>of</strong>als _ ar gaeyidnaT ucxoelni~ (robaqiZe 1989). asevea sityva<br />

`hellenur~ _ nacvlad elinurisa an antikuri berZnulisa. `hellenur sark<strong>of</strong>agTan<br />

sikvdili TiTqo TamaSia da sicocxle~ (robaqiZe 1989,:102), `irahSanda~ _ am sityvaSi `h~<br />

qalis saxels siRrmes matebs da erTgvar saidumlo elfers adebs. aseve, xSirad aormagebs<br />

`l~ asosac. magaliTad, `allan~.<br />

`gvelis perangSi~ yuradRebas iqcevs zmnis modalobac. mwerali xSirad irCevs<br />

imgvar kilos, rac gaocebas, daeWvebas gulisxmobs da Soreul sagnebsa Tu movlenebs<br />

erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da, imavdroulad, kidec acalkevebs.<br />

`da yvelgan `mama~<br />

romlis saxeli cecxlis nalebiT sdaRavs tvins.<br />

aseTi cxeli nalebi Timuris gavardnils cxens Tu hqonda~ (robaqiZe 1989). aq<br />

SeiZleboda sityva `Tu~ ar y<strong>of</strong>iliyo da TiTqos araferi Seicvleboda, magram am `Tum~<br />

erTgvarad Seanela msgavsebis `gaqvaveba~ da moZraobaSi warmogvidgina. aqve yuradRebas<br />

88

iqcevs mocemuli brunvis zedmeti `s~-c. unda iyos `gavardnil cxens~, magram amgvari<br />

licenciebiT sityvas eniWeba striqonisTvis sasurveli JReradoba. amgvari gramatikuli<br />

Secdomebi Tu darRvevebi sxvaganac gvxvdeba. magaliTad, subieqtis mesame piris<br />

mravlobiTi ricxvis ase gamoyeneba: `gaxelden~ (nacvlad `gaxeldnen~), `gadacvivden~,<br />

`daamsxvrien~ (nacvlad, `gadacvivdnen, daamsxvries~) da sxva.<br />

vamexTan pirveli Sexvedrisas ase aRwers mwerali arCibaldis gancdas:<br />

`salami.<br />

arCibald uRimis. pirvelad gaxsnil Subls moavlebs Tvals TiTqo uCveuli xazi<br />

dainaxa. arCibalds Crdili gadauars. wyenis _ Tu...~ (robaqiZe 1989). aq es `Tu~ sami<br />

wertiliT gamoxatuli Tavisi gaurkvevlobiT avlens ara mwerlis `daeWvebulobas~, rom<br />

ver miuxvda personaJs gulisTqmas, aramed TviT personaJisve gaognebas, romelsac ver<br />

gaurkvevia Tavisi grZnobis arsi. ase ostaturad ixateba sityvebis saSualebiT sulis<br />

uRrmesi moZraobani. sazogadod, damaxasiaTebelia amgvari daeWvebuloba, xan sami<br />

wertiliT, xan kiTxvis niSniT, ufro xSirad ki kiTxva-Zaxilis niSnis gamoyenebiT.<br />

mwerali ase gadmogvcems vamexisa da arCibaldis saubars:<br />

`midian qalaqis gareT. dumili.<br />

_ `sairme~ sad mdebareobs saqarTveloSi?!<br />

fersaTis mTebis kalTebze...<br />

_ fersaTis mTebis...<br />

(xo araferi gaxsenebia?!)~<br />

mwerali ar wers, rom gmirs raRac gaaxsenda an TiTqos raRac unda gaexsenebina.<br />

pirdapir CaerTveba TviTon da Tavisi amgvari `my<strong>of</strong>obiT~ dialogs erTgvari<br />

`gaSualebiT~, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiliT warmogviCens.<br />

imave dialogs ase agrZelebs:<br />

`_ imereTsa da samegrelos gadascqeris...<br />

_ imereTsa da samegrelos...<br />

(xom ar axsovs bavSvis cqera seridan?!~) (robaqiZe 1989).<br />

gmiris gancdis gamosaxvaSi amgvari daeWvebuloba avlens mwerlis did krZalvasa da<br />

ndobas gmirisadmi. personaJi cocxalia, namdvilia, rogorc TviTon mwerali da<br />

mkiTxveli, amitomac mwerali eWvobs, sworad miuxvda Tu ara mas, gaigo Tu ara misi azri,<br />

ganzraxva, an ra imaleba misi sityvebisa Tu mzeris miRma.<br />

aseTi magaliTebi romanSi xSiria da amgvarad igi mwerlis stilis damaxasiaTeblad<br />

iqceva.<br />

robaqiZe wers: `gaqvaveba cremlebiT~. aq `moZravis~ (cremlebi) da `uZravis~ (qva)<br />

amgvari Serwyma saocari siRrmiT xatavs gmiris sulier ganwyobilebas. aq erTdroulad<br />

ixateba garegani da Sinagani. garegani gaqvaveba amxels Sinagan did mRelvarebas, rac<br />

Rawvebze momdinare cremlebiT mJRavndeba.<br />

`gaqvaveba cremlebiT.<br />

_ es raRaa?!<br />

sargis iRebs patara boxCas.<br />

gaxsnis Sig: miwis natexi.<br />

gakvirveba.<br />

_saqarTvelodan gadaxvewilebs Tan mihqondaT misi miwa.<br />

sargis garbis areuli.<br />

arCibaldis qviTins ra daanelebs~ (robaqiZe 1989: 95). es patara epizodi Zvirfasi<br />

TvaliviT brwyinavs teqstSi. igi dasrulebuli miniaturaa. qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis<br />

Zalze nacnobi Tema, `erTi SexedviT `Zveleburi~ damuSavebiT, moulodneli, ucnauri<br />

zemoqmedebis Zalas iZens. aq yoveli sityva cocxlobs, moZraobs TiTqos damoukideblad.<br />

moaqvs raRac iseTi Sinaarsi, rac ar gamoiTqmis da mxolod cremlsa da qviTinSi<br />

mJRavndeba.<br />

petriZis sikvdilisas mwerali wers: `Tvalebi scildebian cocxlebs _ iq my<strong>of</strong>T.<br />

Tvalebi udabnoSi imzirebian. udabnoSi nakverCxlebia.<br />

nakverCxalT cremlebi sdiT~ (robaqiZe 1989: 106).<br />

aq xdeba erTi sagnidan meoreze gadanacvleba, TiTqos Tvals mivadevnebT sulis<br />

gardasxeulebas maradisobaSi, imavdroulad, sulis tkivils amqveyniurTan ganSorebis<br />

gamo. Tvalebi imzirebian udabnoSi. mere Tvalebi ukve udabnoSi anTebuli nakverCxlebia,<br />

swored am nakverCxlebs sdiT cremlebi. cecxlisa da wylis _ am ori<br />

urTiergamomricxveli movlenis Tanay<strong>of</strong>na sikvdilis idumalebas warmoaCens.<br />

kldeebSi qaravnis svlas amgvarad xatavs grigol robaqiZe:<br />

`dzin. dzin. dzin. dzin. dzin.<br />

don. don. don. don. don.<br />

89

gaaun. gaun. gaun. gaun. gaun~.<br />

5-jer (da ara 4-jer an sxva nebismierjer) gameoreba am sityvebisa qmnis aqlemebis<br />

neli svlis ritms. TiTqos Cagvesmis kidec maTi mZime, ritmuli nabijebis xma, Tanve<br />

zarebis JRarun-wkriali. aqve wers: `aqlemebi rbilsa da asevdil fexebs moTenTil lajiT<br />

zarebis wkaruns ayoleben~ (robaqiZe 1989: 116). es epiTetebi: `moTenTili~, `rbili~,<br />

`asevdili~ mkiTxvels SeagrZnobinebs aqlemTa utyv sevdas.<br />

`aq: ritmia. simZime ra SuaSia?!~ (robaqiZe 1989: 117). Tavisi am moulodneli CarTviT<br />

ki mwerali kontrasts qmnis daRlilobasTan. marTalia, aqlemebi grZeli gziT daiRalnen,<br />

magram maTi siarulis ritmi msubuqia, radgan maTi gauTavebeli svla TiTqos miwaze ki<br />

aRar mimdinareobs, aramed haerSi. mwerali aqlemTa qaravans xatavs rogorc erT sxeuls<br />

da wers: `Zroba sxeulis: mediduri _ mzexiluli _ mzenakravi _ mravalnacadi~. mijriT<br />

miwyobili es epiTetebi erTmaneTs aZliereben da mkiTxvelsac uRrmaveben<br />

STabeWdilebas. roca arCibaldi matasis umzers, grigol robaqiZe wers: `modis qarTuli<br />

miwa: misi mkerdebiT _ misi xnulebiT _ misi ZuZuebiT _ misi jejilebiT~ (robaqiZe 1989:<br />

297). `nebas Svildavs~ _ aseTi sityvaTSeTanxmebiT ukeTesad ixateba sulieri<br />

mdgomareoba gmirisa.<br />

romanSi xandaxan gvxvdeba aliteraciac:<br />

`Caqneul bages sevda gasCenia. sevdas ironia wamocmia.<br />

Caqceuli mkerdi kidev ufro Caqceula. qSinavs CafuSuli saberveliviT~ (robaqiZe<br />

1989: 104).<br />

yovel mwerals aqvs Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli leqsika, gamorCeulad sayvareli<br />

sityvebi. grigol robaqiZes uyvars sityva `luSi~ da xSirad iyenebs mas. `yana ufens mas<br />

siluSes da mze ayris mas mewamuls~ (robaqiZe 1989: 92). am magaliTSi yuradRebas iqcevs<br />

nacvalsaxeli `mas~, romelic orjer meordeba, rac xazs usvams qalisadmi yanisa da mzis<br />

Tanabar `aRtacebul~ damokidebulebas. TiTqos mTeli kosmosi `fexqveS efineba~<br />

xramisken gavardnil qalwuls. gramatikulad uadgilo `mas~ amgvarad iZens esTetikur<br />

Rirebulebas. `Tvalebi _ Tvalebi. undobi talRa da xvliki luSi~. da sxva. aseve uyvars<br />

mwerals sityva `alerdi~. `tans getmasneba sveli alerdi~ (robaqiZe 1989: 93). alerdi<br />

sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, nedli Tivaa. `atevrili~: `da atevrili sxeulmziani~ (robaqiZe<br />

1989: 93). tevridan warmoqmnili atevrili qalis sxeulis mSvenebas mTeli sisavsiT<br />

warmogviCens. mwerali xSirad qmnis kompozitebs: `tanxurvali~, `sxeulmziani~,<br />

`cxelwviviani~. robaqiZes aseve uyvars sityva `gasudruli~. `gasudruli mtevani~<br />

(robaqiZe 1989:94). `olga gasudrulia~ (robaqiZe 1989: 103). ~iranis taSiri gasudrulia:<br />

pani Tu ibadeba~ (robaqiZe 1989: 110).<br />

stefan malarme werda: `me vambob: yvavili! da ai, daviwyebis siRrmidan, sadac Cemi<br />

xmis bgerebi aZeveben yoveli konkretuli yvavilis siluets, aRmocendeba raRac sruliad<br />

gasxvavebuli CemTvis cnobili yvavilebisgan, rogorc musikaSi Cndeba yvavilis<br />

momajadoebeli idea, romelsac ver vipoviT verc erT namdvil TaigulSi... leqsi,<br />

romelic gadaadnobs sityvebs axal, mTlian sityvad, sityva-Selocvad, iwvevs sakvirvel<br />

SegrZnebas _ TiTqos aseTi, TavisTavad sakmaod ubralo enobrivi fenomeni manamde<br />

arasdros gvsmenia da TviT amgvari sityviT aRniSnuli sagnis gaxsenebis procesic<br />

uCveulo atmosferoSi mimdinareobs~ (malarme 1997: 7).<br />

mwerali xSirad iyenebs `¡~-s formian sityvebs: `taba taba¡~, `ma¡a~, `sa¡righi~<br />

(nacvlad sargisisa. ase uwodebs momakvdav sargiss misi satrfo irahSanda da amgvarad<br />

edeba ubralo saxels erTgvari romantikuli elferi) (robaqiZe 1989: 106).<br />

momakvdavi petriZis bolo wuTebs ase aRwers mwerali: `xelebi _ Zvlebi qalis<br />

Tmebisken iweven.<br />

_ irahSanda.. irahSanda..<br />

_ sairighi..<br />

_ eloieloi lamah sabaqTani..<br />

_ saairighi!<br />

sargis aRaras ityvis~ (robaqiZe 1989: 109).<br />

momakvdavis bolo sityvebi ise JRers, TiTqos ucxo ena_sxva ena. ebraulad CarTuli<br />

jvarze gakruli iesos sityvebi ufro aZlierebs momakvdavis bolo amosunTqvisa da<br />

RvTisTvis sulis mibarebis gancdas.<br />

grigol robaqiZe xSirad iyenebs sityvebs: `mzera~, `cecxli~. am sityvebiT TiTqos<br />

sicocxlesac moixelTebs. xom werda kidec am sityvebze: `mze aris sicocxlis Tesli.<br />

qarTveli enis mkvlevari mixeil wereTeli gvamcnevs, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />

qarTulSi fesvs: `cx~ _ misi azriT, `mucelis~ pirvandeli forma iyo `mucxeli~. mTavari<br />

aq `cx~ aris, rogorc sityvaSi `sicocxle~ _ Sesatyvisi rusulSi `Jivot _ Jizna~,<br />

germanulSi `leib _ leiben~. Tu es asea, maSin `sicocxle~ da `cecxli~ sityvieri tyupebi<br />

90

y<strong>of</strong>ilan. rogor gaixarebda herakles efeseli, scodnoda mas, rom romeliRac enaSi<br />

`sicocxle~ naazrevia, viTar `cecxli~, swamda xom mas, rom samyaros ZiriTadi Tauri<br />

cecxlia~ (robaqiZe 1991: 255).<br />

grigol robaqiZe uCveulo alRoTi grZnobda qarTuli enis uSinaganes siRrmeebs da<br />

zedapirze natifi da daxvewili ostatobiT `amowerda~. `londaTi~ aRtacebuli valerian<br />

gafrindaSvili werda: `qarTuli ena am piesaSi iZleva sakvirvel intonaciebs da, amave<br />

dros, monumentaluria, rogorc qandakeba. aravis ar unaxavs iseTi sityvebi gaxelebuli<br />

mzisTvis, rogorc `londas~ avtors. aq dausrulebeli orgiastobaa enis. aRmosavleTis<br />

mze yviris `londaSi~ begemotis xmiT da sityvebi _ TiTqos avadmy<strong>of</strong>ni _ c<strong>of</strong>ianebiviT<br />

igrixebian da gviyefen, rogorc avzniani sulebi. avtori sruliad daeufla qarTul enas<br />

da sityvebis urdo emorCileba mas, Tumca es urdo mrisxaned Sehyurebs Tavis batons.<br />

saWiroa magari ZarRvebi, rom gauZlo am sityvebis grigals da simfonias~ (gafrindaSvili<br />

1990: 566).<br />

TviTon grigol robaqiZe erTgan SeniSnavda, rom didad iyo davalebuli bodlerisa<br />

da rembosgan da, sazogadod, frangi poetebisgan, romelTac musika samyaros mxatvruli<br />

gardasaxvis umTavres `teqnikur instrumentad~ warmoadgines.<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdia `dionisos RimilSi~ sityvaTqmnadobis sakiTxs udides<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebda. gansakuTrebiT ki, poetur prozas. `gasuli saukunis mwerlebma<br />

gaaRaribes, gascviTes, gaaRatakes xelxvaviani ena qarTuli~, _ werda igi, _ leqsika<br />

daiSrita, uadgilo barbarizmebiT gaivso, sintaqsi Seiryvna da daviwyebas mieca<br />

darbaisluri da Warbi qarTuli prozis mravalnacadi tradicia. uTuod saWiro iyo<br />

erTgvari anabazis da mec Segnebulad ukan davixie. leqsikuri masalis mxriv me savsebiT<br />

Segnebulad, uxvad davesesxe `visramianis~ mTargmnels, sabas, Cvens did hagiografebs da<br />

mTargmnelebs. aqve unda aRvniSno, d. guramiSvilis Semdeg arc erT qarTvel mwerals ar<br />

mohgonebia uZlieresi qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis monapovris jerovnad gamoyeneba.<br />

me SemovuSvi axal qarTulSi mravali gadasuli sityva. samagierod, aseve uxvad vasxure<br />

Cems leqsikas xevsurulidan, imerulidan, qarTl-kaxuridan da megrul-gurul<br />

enakavebidan nasesxebi sityvebi~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 386).<br />

`ZiriTadi xelovneba literaturaa, xolo umSvenieresi da umdidresi Suamavali _<br />

sityva, _ werda o. uaildi (uaildi 1982: 120).<br />

bianka eubneba savarsamiZes: `saocari xalxi xarT, Tqven, poetebi, Tumca umetesad<br />

garyvnili, mainc suliT mgloviareni, lamazi sityvisTvis berad Semdgari raindebi.<br />

TqvenisTana xalxi codvaa am wyeul saukuneSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 98).<br />

oskar uaildi fiqrobda, rom `masala, romelsac mxatvari an moqandake iyenebs,<br />

Zalze mwiria sityvier masalasTan SedarebiT. sityvebi violasa da barbiTis xmebiviT<br />

tkbilad JReren. iseTive mdidari da cincxali ferebi aqvT, rogoriTac gvxiblavs<br />

veneciuri da espanuri tiloebi, aranakleb mtkice da gamokveTili formebi, vidre imas,<br />

rac marmarilosa Tu brinjaoSi warmogvidgeba. garda amisa, sityvebs aqvT fiqri, vneba,<br />

STagoneba da yovelive es mxolod sityvis kuTvnilebaa~ (uaildi 1982: 35).<br />

xSirad sityvas sWirdeba foni _ Sinagani Tu garegani _ misi siRrmis<br />

Sesamecneblad. swored amgvari siRrmiT warmoudga aTasgzis gagonili `amaoeba amaoTa~<br />

savarsamiZes, roca albanos sasaflaoze, sanaxevrod daxavsebul lodze amoikiTxa.<br />

`sityva xom gamosrolili tyviasaviT brmaa da daundobeli. xSirad aTasobiT gadagirbens<br />

Tavze zuzuniT. Seni sulis sarkmelTan daiwyebs farfats, magram mainc ver mogwvdeba.<br />

xanac moulodnelad dageZgereba da ukurnebeli gesliT dagkodavs~ (gamsaxurdia1992:<br />

186).<br />

saxelSi idumal igulisxmeba adamiani, amitom aris, rom jenetis saxelis xsenebac ki<br />

sixaruliT aRavsebs savarsamiZes. `da me gimnazieliviT Seyvarebuli var mis saxelze.<br />

bloknotebze, ubis wignakebSi, cariel qaRaldze, yvelgan mis saxels vawer. minda, mudam<br />

misi saxeli mesmodes~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 71).<br />

grigol robaqiZe udides yuradRebas aqcevda saxelebis `metyvelebas~. igi werda:<br />

`saxeli: TiTqo totemi meomar klasis.<br />

saxeli, romelSic fatumia dagrovili~.<br />

es saxelia '`lenin~ (robaqiZe 1989: 184).<br />

`gvelis perangSi~ sityva `mamas~ gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. gmiri TviTon<br />

sityvas ganicdis. `saxeli cecxlis nalebiT sdaRavs tvins~ (robaqiZe 1989: 96).<br />

galaktioni werda, rom sityvas azrisagan dmoukidebeli silamaze da fasi hqonda,<br />

`rogorc Zvirfas qvebs, yelsaxvev margalitebs, an beWdebs... vinc icis fasi, igi<br />

aRtacebulia mSvenier sityvebiT. aris sityvebi _ almasebi, iagundebi, lalebi, arian<br />

sityvebi, romlebic brwyinaven fosforiviT~ (tabiZe 1986: 246].<br />

91

van gogi erT werilSi SeniSnavs: `gana azris, sityviT gamoTqma iseTive saintereso,<br />

iseTive Zneli ar aris, rogorc ferebiT gadmocema? arsebobs feris, arsebobs xazis<br />

xelovneba, magram sityvis xelovneba masze naklebi arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila da arc iqneba~ (van<br />

gogi 1981: 290).<br />

erTi sareklamo sityva `pertinaqs~ `dionisos RimilSi~ warmoaCens civilizebul<br />

y<strong>of</strong>aSi gaucxoebuli adamianis sulier tkivils. es sityva itevs uamrav uazro xmas,<br />

WuWyian quCebs, maTxovrebs, meZavebs, kafeebs, adamianTa gacveTil, usulgulo<br />

urTierTobebs, erTi sityviT, yvelafers, rasac qalaqSi SeiZleba Sexvdes adamiani.<br />

berlinis erT-erT quCaSi, tyviebis wvimaSi moxvedrili savarsamiZe yvelgan<br />

sikvdilis qrolvas xedavs da uceb mis yuradRebas miipyrobs wiTeli reklama _<br />

`pertinaqs~ _ romelic yvelafers nTqavs _ adamianebs, sikvdils, sicocxles, qalaqs da<br />

TiTqos mTel samyarosac. daRlil savarsamiZes TiTqos sdevnis es wiTeli plakati. uazro<br />

`pertinaqs~ _ bgeraTa imgvari Serwymisaa, rom misi JReradoba eklebiviT Cxvlets, an<br />

najaxiviT esoba gulze. es reklama gadainacvlebs fizikuri sivrcidan savarsamiZis<br />

sulier samyaroSic da Signeuls ufleTs. miwis zedac da miwis qveSac _ yvelgan<br />

`pertinaqsia~. savarsamiZe cdilobs, Tavi daaRwios, wavides `mousavleTisken, qaosisken~,<br />

sadac `kedlebze, vitrinebze da afiSebis boZebze ar aweria uazro, absurduli, nervebis<br />

amSleli: pertinaqs, pertinaqs, pertinaqs~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 262).<br />

`sazogadod, Zvelad icodnen sityvis damorCilebac da patronobac, magram<br />

meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneSi qarTul sityvas rixi ekargeba~, _ werda v.<br />

kotetiSvili. (kotetiSvili 1986: 295). misi azriTve, arsebobs `Taviseburi qveyana _<br />

sityvis. ucnauria igi. metad nazi moCans, magram, amave dros, saSineli despotia mefobs. aq<br />

ise wmindad inaxaven modgmas, rom ucxos, agreTve Taviss, magram gonjs, ar ikareben. ara Tu<br />

mwerlobaSi, sasaubro enaSic ki sityvis SemrCevi da mcodne cnobas imsaxurebs.<br />

mwerlobaSi ki sityva _ patrici aris. igi gorozi TvalebiT gadascqeris garemos da<br />

ufrTxildeba sakuTar ampartavnobas, ucxo sityva iq mxolod tvirTmzidvelis rols<br />

asrulebs~ (kotetiSvili 1986: 294).<br />

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sityvisadmi gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas amJRavnebda<br />

H2S04-is jgufi. misi wevrebi sityvis sruliad axal arqiteqtonikas qmnidnen. m. abulaZe<br />

`sityvis katastr<strong>of</strong>as~ ukavSirebda teqnikur progress. misi azriT, ara mxolod sityvas,<br />

aramed bgerasac SeeZlo movlenis gamoxatva, rom moZraobis simravle amcirebda maTi<br />

gamosaxatavi sityvebis raodenobas. futuristebi werdnen `sityvis krizisze~ da<br />

cdilobdnen sityvis `gaTavisuflebas~ Sinaarsisagan (e.w. zaumi). S. alxaziSvili werda,<br />

radgan sityva jer xma aris, mere Sinaarsi, CemTvis sityva `<strong>of</strong>li~ ufro lamazia, vidre<br />

`vardio~. isini fiqrobdnen sityvis `qimiur daSlaze~, e.w. ~lingvoteqnikasa~ da '`sityvis<br />

montaJze~, romelsac `roSvas~ uwodebdnen (aqedan, poeti iyo `roSari~). isini qadagebdnen<br />

`bgeraTa fiziologias~, sityvebi `esmodaT~, rogorc mxolod xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa<br />

harmoniebi. d. Sengelaia werilSi `taqtilizmi~ (gaz. `drouli~) werda, rom sityvas iseve<br />

unda vexebodeT da vgrZnobdeT, rogorc skams, logins, kedels. taqtilizmi _ Sexebaa.<br />

(taqtilizms unda Seecvala rusuli `zaumi~). misi azriT, `sityva iSleba formulad~.<br />

Txzaven termin `optioakustikas~, e. i. xedviT bgeras da sxva.<br />

joisi werda: `saxelebi, romelTac vxvdebiT Cvens enaze arsebul literaturaSi,<br />

gadmogvecema, rogorc wminda saxelebi, ara imitom, rom qarafSutulad miviRoT, aramed<br />

raTa windawinve pativiscemiT ganvimsWvaloT maTdami. isini gzas gviCveneben enis<br />

gzajvaredinze, icaven enas gadagvarebisgan, sworad mimarTaven mas mTavar gzaze.<br />

afarToeben da aumjobeseben win mimavals, magram yovelTvis mTavar gzaze rCebian, Tumca<br />

bevri gverdiTi ganStoeba am gzisa yovelmxriv miemarTeba~ (joisi 1989: 385).<br />

qarTul enaze Seyvarebuli savarsamiZe erTgan mis qebasac warmoTqvams: `ena<br />

qarTuli _ myinvariviT gulzviadi, ena qarTuli _ zRvasaviT ulevi, ena qarTuli _<br />

TasmasaviT moqnili, ena qarTuli _ RmerTebis ena, xandaxan mainc momadgebian pirze<br />

marCbivi sityvebi. dasaklav mozveriviT vxixineb da vwyevli im dRes, roca sizmars<br />

gadayolilma Wabukurma ocnebam me ucxoeTSi gadamityua.<br />

ena qarTuli _ RmerTebis ena! roca misi genia Sublze mkocnis, maSin orlesuli<br />

maxvili ielvebs Cems pirSi, da ase mgonia, me TviTon var gamouTqmelis warmomTqmeli<br />

RmerTi. da mebadeba axali Tema: unda davwero meorejer qebai didebulisa qarTulisa<br />

enisai~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 349).<br />

d. Sengelaia werda: `axla sityvebi Cemi nacnobi megobrebi arian, zogi Cemi<br />

sayvarelia, zogi ucxo ded<strong>of</strong>ali. zogi sityva CemTan erTad wveba loginSi, nebier<br />

bavSviviT mklavze Tavs damadebs da mieZineba. me miyvars sityvebi, rogorc kriJangs oqro<br />

da fuli... me Zlier miyvars sityvebiT cxovreba~. Winkas roca alaparakebs mwerali<br />

`sanavardoSi~, imgvar leqsikas urCevs, imgvar sintaqss, mkiTxveli daueWveblad ijerebs,<br />

92

om es, marTlac, Winkaa, radgan, marTalia, adamianis enaze laparakobs,magram imgvarad,<br />

rom mxolod mas axasiaTebs. `guSin saxlis aivanze kata gamomekida. Zlivs avaswari buxris<br />

Tavze. iq, Tavanze, bevri nigozia, xaxvi da bia! me da Cemi coli, yapuzuna, Tavs viqcevT,<br />

nigvzebs vTamaSobT da imaze vayolebT guls!..axla isic avadaa!...meloginea Cemi yapuzuna!<br />

mas ori patara Svili SeeZina: qia da koko! jer Wipic ar SexmobiaT mucelze da isini ise<br />

Sesaqcevni arian. Zalian vemduri Cems cols, nametania, qalo!...axlos ar mikarebs da sul<br />

marto var.xandaxan larZayinebze Camokidebul Ramurebs viWer da ise sacodavi arian is<br />

ubedurni, wripineben umweod!.. da ase vcxovrob CemTvis!..~ (Sengelaia 1983: 19).<br />

demna Sengelaias leqsikaSic gvxvdeba iseTi sityvebi, romlebic aRar gamoiyenebian<br />

saliteraturo metyvelebaSi. aseTia, magaliTad, `gaisnata~. `bayayi gaisnata da ucdis<br />

mgzavrs, rom isic daRupos Waobis uZiro lorwoSi~ (Sengelaia 1983: 21). `boRazi~_<br />

`orpiris boRazSi gemi akivldeboda~ (Sengelaia 1983: 25) da sxva.<br />

demna Sengelaia aRwers, Tu rogor enatrebaT yaramansa da cicinos qalaqSi wasuli<br />

Svili. am monatrebas ki aseTi dialogiT amxels:<br />

`gaxsovs, Tolige, rava uyvarda zamTris Rameebi? _ ambobs cicino.<br />

_ maxsovs!...upasuxebs yaraman da Tavs mwared iqnevs.<br />

_ gaxsovs, rava uyvarda cxenze jdoma? misi Wirime...<br />

_ maxsovs!<br />

gaxsovs, rava eSinoda Secxadebis?..<br />

_ maxsovs! _ upasuxebs yaraman odnav SemkrTali.<br />

_ gaxsovs, ra naRvliani gamoxedva icoda.<br />

_ kmara, Se qalo!... _ daiZaxebs igi odnav xmamaRla, SeSfoTebuli fexze wamoiWreba,<br />

Sublze kankaliT xels gadaisvams da midis nela, welgaRunuli karebisken~ (Sengelaia<br />

1983: 24). jer monotonuri `gaxsovs?~ ise gaiweleba, TiTqos dasasruli arc uCans, rogorc<br />

Svilis monatrebas, mere uceb moikveTeba `kmara, Se qalo!~ magram es mokveTa ki ar anelebs,<br />

aramed ufro amZafrebs Svilis molodinis udides tkivils.<br />

s. kirkegori erTgan ironiulad SeniSnavda: `Cemi cxovreba sruliad uazroa. roca<br />

vixseneb ganvlil wlebs, uneblieT survili miCndeba, Cemi sityva Sevadaro germanul<br />

sityvas `Schnur~, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnavs rogorc zonars, ise rZals. isRa<br />

darCa, rom kidev aqlemi da cocxic aReniSna~ (kirkegori 1991: 15).<br />

sityvaTa saidumloebas xSirad igzneben xolme mweralni.<br />

Tomas mani erTgan zolas `nanaze~ dakvirvebisas SeniSnavs: saidan modis es saxeli? es<br />

aris uZvelesi bgerebi, kacobriobis uadresi, grZnobismieri butbuti. nana, es babiloneli<br />

iStaris metsaxelia~ (mani 1995: 7).<br />

savarsamiZe `visramianis~ kiTxvisas darwmunda, rom `erosi marTlac, sityvaSi<br />

ibadeba~ da rom~ arian sityvebi, romelnic manam ar moZveldebian, vidre mze am qveynidan<br />

ar wasula~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 99).<br />

qarTul modernistul romanebSi xSirad gvxvdeba erTi da imave sityvaTa Tu saxeTa<br />

gameoreba. amgvarad xdeba msmenlis dapyroba, TiTqos gaTangva. `udabno! udabno! didi<br />

qalaqis quCaa Cemi udabno! udabnoSi moxetiale landi. udabno! udabno!~ (gamsaxurdia<br />

1992: 67).<br />

`ena da azrovneba erTmaneTSi ganuy<strong>of</strong>ladaa gadaxlarTuli da urTierTze<br />

zemoqmedebs. sityvebs Tan axlavs sakuTari istoria da asociaciebi, rac am sityvebiT<br />

moubarTaTvis mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs maT sazriss, miT umetes, rom sityvis<br />

mniSvnelobas adamiani ufro aracnobierad SeigrZnobs, vidre inteleqtis meSveobiT<br />

swvdeba~ (gaTri 1983: 22).<br />

demna Sengelaias erTxel guram asaTianTan saubarSi uTqvams: `ibsenSi<br />

gansakuTrebiT mxiblavda is, rac norvegiuli, eposidan modis. ra hqvia, biWo, im qals? ho,<br />

solveig, solveig! ra mSvenieria! me mgoni swored es iyo Cemi siyvarulis mizezi~ (asaTiani<br />

1977: 59).<br />

`sanavardoSi~ `sagangebo yuradReba eqceva xalxur poezias, gamocanebs da<br />

Selocvebs, romlebSic ara mxolod calkeuli sityvebi, aramed mTeli taepebia gaugebari<br />

da mxolod fonetikiT, JReradobiT erTiandeba, Tumca gamoyenebiTi funqcia ki aqvT<br />

dakisrebuli. mag. devisa da qajis Selocva:<br />

edenieiTa RaiRe SamaTe,<br />

edenia iavi egramane,<br />

egresim iosi erivane,<br />

da iona iosave.<br />

93

Cans, aseTi metyveleba uZveles droSi SemoiRes qurumebma, raTa ucxo da gaugebar<br />

sityvebs hqonodaT magiuri zemoqmedeba. sityvebis nislSi imaleboda umaRlesi sikeTe,<br />

romlis STagonebiT hkurnavdnen avadmy<strong>of</strong>s~ (sigua 1991: 240).<br />

o. uaildi fiqrobda, rom mxolod da mxolod sityvebs SeswevdaT unari, saTuTad<br />

gamoeZerwaT da daexvewaT sruliad Camouyalibebeli grZnobebi. `swored maTSi aris<br />

raRac saidumlo musika, barbiTisa da violas haerovani xmebiviT tkbili. mxolod ubralo<br />

sityvebi! da gana aris ram amqveynad sityvis fasi da masze ufro realuri!~ (uaildi 1982:<br />

33).<br />

k. gamsaxurdiam `dionisos Rimils~ leqsikoni daurTo, radgan igi bevr iseT<br />

sityvas iyenebs, rac sruliad ucxo iyo an daviwyebuli hqonda qarTvel mkiTxvels.<br />

daviwyebul sityvaTa Soris bevri iseTia, uromlisodac gaRaribdeba qarTuli leqsika.<br />

`aminaSati~, `avli~, ~avrexi~ (gvarad unay<strong>of</strong>o vazi), davaneba, `gaqarCxuli~ (gaTvaluli),<br />

`uSqari~ (milioni), `harile~ (bewveuli) da sxva mravali.<br />

sityvis xelovneba umTavresi da umniSvnelovanesia qarTveli modernistebisTvis<br />

da qarTul modernistul romanSic upirvelesad swored sityvis SerCevas, mis<br />

ostaturad, originalurad gamoyenebas mieqca udidesi yuradReba.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

asaTiani 1977: asaTiani g. sami saRamo demna SengelaiasTan. wignSi: kritikuli dialogebi,<br />

werilebi, portretebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1977.<br />

gaTri 1983: gaTri u. berZeni filos<strong>of</strong>osebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1983.<br />

gamsaxurdia 1992: gamsaxurdia k. dionisos Rimili. Txz. 20 tomad. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`didostati~, 1992.<br />

gafrindaSvili 1990: gafrindaSvili v. leqsebi, Targmanebi, eseebi, werilebi. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `merani~, 1990.<br />

gogi 1981: gogi v. werilebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1981.<br />

kirkegori 1991: kirkegori s. esTetikurisa da eTikuris wonasworoba. kreb. `lari~, Tb.: 1991.<br />

kotetiSvili 1986: kotetiSvili v. aziisken. wignSi: `96 esse~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1986.<br />

malarme 1997: malarme s. simbolizmis Sesaxeb. gaz. `arili~, 27 marti, Tb.: 1997.<br />

mani 1995: mani T. rihard vagneri. Tb.: gamomcemloba `lomisi~, 1995.<br />

robaqiZe 1989: robaqiZe gr. `gvelis perangi~; `falestra~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1989.<br />

robaqiZe 1991: robaqiZe gr. saqarTvelos saTaveni. J. `literatura da xelovneba~, 2, Tb.: 1991.<br />

sigua 1991: sigua s. martvili da alamdari. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1991.<br />

tabiZe 1986: tabiZe g. Zvirfasi saflavebi. wignSi: `96 esse~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1986.<br />

uaildi 1982: uaildi o. dorian greis portreti . Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1982.<br />

Sengelaia 1983: Sengelaia d. sanavardo. rC. Txzulebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1983.<br />

joisi 1989: joisi j. `eseebi~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1989.<br />

Maya Jaliashvili<br />

The Art <strong>of</strong> Word in the Context <strong>of</strong> Modern <strong>Georgian</strong> Novels<br />

Summary<br />

The aspects <strong>of</strong> word`s art <strong>of</strong> modern <strong>Georgian</strong> novels in the article is shown and is analyzed variation on<br />

this theme.<br />

According to the novels by Grigol Robakidze`s "Snake`s skin", Konstantine Gamsakhurdia`s "Smile <strong>of</strong><br />

Dionisious" and Demna Shengelaia`s "Sanavardo" is investigated what ways and methods <strong>Georgian</strong> writers use<br />

to express their feelings. <strong>Georgian</strong> modern writers gave a special attention to the word.<br />

The polysemantic and multilayer <strong>of</strong> the word was accented in their novels. The word was given<br />

independent and substance meanings. The word become not only certain idea, but the expression <strong>of</strong> colour and<br />

music too.<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> modernists made a novel as a pure artistic-aesthetical value. Because <strong>of</strong> that the way <strong>of</strong><br />

expressing was given a great meaning. Its For all the writers, <strong>Georgian</strong> modernists are fond <strong>of</strong> some forms <strong>of</strong> the<br />

words. Sometimes they remember the forgotten words and use them in new context. These writers revival the<br />

mystic, secret, deep assence <strong>of</strong> word.<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> modernists transformed words as a symbols, to express the variation <strong>of</strong> reality, its<br />

mythological, religious levels.<br />

The vocabulary <strong>of</strong> modernists is rich with new word-combinations and creation <strong>of</strong> words, strange<br />

colouring and melodious sounding.<br />

94

Modernists felt not only the music and colour <strong>of</strong> the word, but the smell as well, and tried to make the<br />

readers feel the same.<br />

In the <strong>Georgian</strong> modernists novel, the primary attention was paid to pick out the correct word, and to use<br />

it in the right way and on the right place.<br />

kaleidoskopuri — aRqma Tu realoba?!<br />

Tamar paiWaZe<br />

arsebobs cargvalis meore naxevari,<br />

romelic albaT ufro mousvenaria.<br />

umberto eko<br />

axla sxva droa... dro, faseulobaTa gadafasebisa, alternativaTa speqtric bevrad<br />

farToa. vgulisxmobT sulieri da moraluri imperativebis kaleidoskopuri Wvretis<br />

xanas, romelic CvenSi TandaTan ufro TvalSisacemi xdeba. arCeviTobis principi Cvens<br />

Tanamedroves araerTi realobisa da faqtis winaSe ayenebs: subkulturaTa simravle,<br />

gemovnebis ierarqizacia, maTSi Seqmnili trendi — moduri da aqtualuri tendenciebi,<br />

xelovnebis gasagnebis aSkarad TvalSisacemi procesi, kulturul—eTikuri kategoriebis<br />

mozaikuri da dinamiuri gaazreba _ bolo wlebis literaturuli procesebis ZiriTad<br />

niSnebad iqca.<br />

Tanamedrove ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi arsebuli literaturuli mimarTulebani bolo wlebSi<br />

meyseuli reaqciiT gamoCnda qarTul mwerlobaSic, ramac sul ramdenime wlis winaT<br />

eleqtroqselSi mokle CarTvismagvari reaqcia gamoiwvia ara marto qarTvel mkiTxvelSi,<br />

aramed qarTvel SemoqmedTa SinsamyaroSic. am procesma arcTu umtkivneulod Caiara,<br />

magram literaturuli qaosis dawmenda yvelaze piruTvnelma redaqtorebma _ drom da<br />

mkiTxvelma _ maleve moaxerxes da qarTul SemoqmedebiT sivrceSi friad mniSvnelovani<br />

novaciebic gamoaSkaravda da axali saxelebic gamoCnda.<br />

qarTveli mkiTxveli kvlavac tradiciulad momTxovni aRmoCnda. axalma Taobam<br />

axali saxelebic gamokveTa da literaturuli siaxleebisadmi yuradReba Tu<br />

literaturul faseulobebze saubari kvlav cxovrebiseul realobad moiazreba.<br />

TanamedroveTaTvis iseve iqca joisis da kafkas erTgvar alternativad harold blumis,<br />

xulio kortasaris, xaruki murokamis, milorad paviCisa da paulio koelios<br />

SemoqmedebiTi diskursebi, rogorc felinisa da antonionis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriv<br />

substituciad almadovarisa da kiSlevskis kinonovaciebi, an Tundac Sanelisa da<br />

valentinis avangardistul gradaciad vivian vestvudisa da iuSi iamamotos „feSen<br />

koleqciebi“. ase rom, tradiciul qarTul sufras naCvevma qarTvelma qaTmis filesa da<br />

ananasis kompoziciac daagemovna da suSi da Jasminis Caic siamovnebiT miirTva.<br />

swored am fonze CvenSic gamoikveTa ramdenime axali saxeli. kulturologiis<br />

sxvadasxva sferoSi mimdinare procesebSi TaobaTa amgvari cvlis warmatebul magaliTebs<br />

dRevandel qarTul realobaSic vxvdebiT, ris warmosaxvis mcdelobasac amjerad<br />

ramdenime prozauli teqstis zogad magaliTze ganvaxorcielebT, ikveTeba ra<br />

Tanamedrove gmiris _ personis raoba da adgili dRevandel kaleidoskopur mxatvrul<br />

samyaroSi, amiT avtoriseul ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobriv poziciasac moesinjeba niadagi.<br />

sad aris adamiani? ra adgili aqvs mas Cvens realobaSi? ra aris adamianTa<br />

urTierTobis safuZveli da sazomi? sad aris adamianis miwisa da cis samani, anu rodis<br />

maRldeba misi suli missave msgavs individebze da xdeba ki es saerTod dRevandel mZime da<br />

naturalistur garemoSi?!<br />

***<br />

am kiTxvis pasuxi erTi SexedviT iqneb verc vipovoT im mxatvrul teqstSi, romelsac<br />

avtori XXI saukunis romans yovelgvari mikibv—mokibvis gareSe uwodebs da Tan<br />

antiromanadac asaxelebs. Cvenc ase movuxmoT: zaza burWulaZis antiromani „mineraluri<br />

95

jazi“, SemoqmedebiTi klimaqsis nay<strong>of</strong>i, mkiTxvelis Tavsatexad, mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />

safiqrelad, mkiTxvelTan erTad samoqmedod, mkiTxvelisken mimarTuli didi kiTxvis<br />

niSnis amosacnobad Seqmnili wigni. rogorc Cans, SemoqmedebiT krizisi Tu klimaqsi<br />

avtoris fantazias gam<strong>of</strong>itavs da radgan siuJetis gagrZelebas veRar axerxebs,<br />

mkiTxvelis gatyuebas da drois mogebas cdilobs „sxvadasxva saubriT“. mkiTxvelic<br />

elodeba „fabulis dabrunebas“, swored ase, metateqstebiT, interteqstualuri<br />

interpretaciebiT, ironiul—alegoriuli varirebiT avtori eTamaSeba molodiniT<br />

aRsavse mkiTxvels da isic bolo gverdamde erTgulad elodeba.... am teqstis imTaviTve<br />

antiromanad gamocxadeba avtors araerTi SemoqmedebiTi movaleobisagan aTavisuflebs.<br />

gaxsnili xelebiTa da gaxsnili gonebiT TamaSi ki bunebrivia bevrad ufro advilicaa,<br />

azartulic da saxalisoc swored amgvari ganwyobilebiT, rom yvelaferi Zalian ubralod<br />

da advilad da amasTanave garkveuli kanonzomieri gadajaWvulobiT“ ganxorcielda,<br />

iwyebs avtori „siuJetis gaxsnas“. Tumca es fsevdoSTabeWdileba an iluziaa, mkiTxvelic<br />

mxolod unda miyves (da ar Seyves) nawarmoebSi datrialebul vnebebs da emocia sakuTari<br />

fantaziisaTvis Semoinaxos, radgan mTavari saTqmelic, fiqric, iluziac, moqmedebac da<br />

fantaziac misi Sesaqmnelia. antiromani ki „Tavisas mierekeba“. erTi personaJi, meore,<br />

mesame, maTi urTierTmiaxleba Tu urTierTgamosvla es _ esaa samyaroseuli mTlianobis<br />

analogiur gancdasac ki dabadebs da uceb... avtori zurgs aqcevs narCev personaJs: jer<br />

gamomZiebel, peto Samugias, mere pepo oCigavas, naTelmxilvels, tambovel daTvs da isev<br />

da isev mkiTxvels mimarTavs; moqmedi subieqtis arsis, daniSnulebisa da definiciis<br />

gansazRvra mkiTxvelis saqme y<strong>of</strong>ila, mimarTvisa da gansjis obieqtic, cxadia, mkiTxvelia.<br />

amdenad, subieqtisa da obieqtis erTarsoba, mkiTxvelis cnebaSi gaerTianebaa am romanis<br />

erTaderTi da ucvleli mizani. avtorisagan Sua romanSi mitovebuli personaJebi mxolod<br />

komponentebia avtorisaTvis miznis misaRwevad, mTavari gmiri ki, romelzec amdens edava<br />

avtori Tavis mkiTxvels da ramdenime kandidatic daasaxela, arc erTi ar aRmoCnda.<br />

mTavari gmiri dausaxelebeli, magram realurad arsebulia, is Tavad avtoria, zaza<br />

burWulaZe, mkiTxvelisaTvis „de faqtod“ nawarmoebis gasrulebisas gacnobierebuli,<br />

romelsac mkiTxveli arasodes aviwydeba, sul mas esaubreba, sul mas eTamaSeba, azrsac<br />

ekiTxeba da sakuTari Canafiqris dasrulebis pativsac mas andobs.<br />

amdenad, avtori yvelaze Tavisufalia Tavisufal adamianTa Soris. misTvis Sorsaa<br />

literaturuli narcisizmi da oqropiroba, misi da misi mkiTxvelis fantazia sivrceebsac<br />

gaWris da amavdroulad erT patara nabijsac gadadgams — yvelaze idumal da Savbnel<br />

realobasac kompiuteris Rilakze TiTis erTi daWeriT gamoaaSkaravebs _ `satanis veb<br />

gverdi~ _ ase advilad da ubralod.<br />

amdeni msjeloba da mieTmoeTi isev erT kiTxvamde midis _ sad aris adamianis adgili<br />

am mineralur samyaroSi? ra azrs udebs sakuTar qmedebebs adamiani absolutze da<br />

metafizikur principebze dayrdnobis gareSe, is, vinc uary<strong>of</strong>s universalur da<br />

kategoriul imperativebs? iqneb sworea urwmunoTa stereotipuli pasuxi: „sxva CvenSia?<br />

da es „sxvaoba“ maTi Sexedulebebis aqsiomad miRebis pretenziasac Seicavs? „dRes sabazro<br />

ekonomikis junglebSi sxvas arafers aqvs isrerigad didi gasavali, viT bilwsityvaobas,<br />

metadre mxatvrul literaturaSi, metic, erTaderTi, rac ki acocxlebs dRemde am<br />

gadasaSenebel dargs mxolod bilwsityvaobaa da pornoepizodebis detaluri aRwera, rom<br />

ara ubodiSo da uSveri sityvebiT Jangloroba, gind daijereT, gind ara literatura,<br />

rogorc dargi male amowuravs TavisTavs, iseve rogorc sqolaqtika“ (burWulaZe 2003: 85)<br />

msgavs gancxadebebs uapelaciobisa da TavzexelaRebulobasTan erTad, mwvave<br />

groteskul—ironiuli fonic gaaCnia. mudmiv faseulobaTa rRvevis mcdeloba<br />

sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis, mtkivneulad da uary<strong>of</strong>iTadac aRiqmeba (ZiriTadad<br />

damsaxurebulad). Tumca am „Seuvali“ da ambiciuri Segonebebis Semdeg im namdvil<br />

WeSmaritebasac veziarebiT, roca pirovnebis Tavisuflebis idea rwmenisa da zneobriv<br />

arCevanTan aris asocirebuli, radgan „es uflTan misasvleli gzaa mZime da narekliani<br />

Torem eSmakTan misvlas ra unda...“ (burWulaZe 2003: 185).<br />

***<br />

...Turme ispahanis bulbulebi imqveynadac dafrinaven da aq datovebuli adamiani<br />

iqac SeiZleba Segxvdes, Tuki misi monatreba da siyvaruli miwidan caSi gamogyolia. _<br />

amgvari gancdiT toveben mkiTxvels „ispahanis bulbulebis“ gmirebi da avtori nestan<br />

kvinikaZe. SeuZlebelia am gmirTa istoriis erTi amosunTqvis gareSe gacnoba da am<br />

mSvenier literaturul qmnilebaze ardafiqreba, romelic TiTqmis erTi kalmis mosmiT<br />

dawerili patara ambavia mTel saqarTveloze, Cveni qalaqis bolo aTwleulis istoriaze,<br />

TaobaTa y<strong>of</strong>asa da bedze. es ambebi da istoriebi ki furclidan furcelze saocari<br />

96

eqspresiulobiT gadadis da sabolood isic cxaddeba, rom es yovelive ambebi ki ara.<br />

ambavia — erTi Taobis erTi xalxis, erTi istoria, irealuri impulsebiT gajerebuli.<br />

hipirteqstuli Txrobis maneriT, literaturuli aluziebiT, kaleidoskopuri<br />

STabeWdilebiT (formiTac) ixsneba gmirTa Sinasamyaro da sxvadasxva adamianebis y<strong>of</strong>a.<br />

tata, nataSa, astamuri, nika... mkiTxvelisaTvis Tavdapirvelad TiTqos favoriti gmiric<br />

gamosarkvevia, sizmareuli CvenebebiviT, „Dream“–is (sizmrebis fabrikis) msgavsad<br />

enacvlebian isini erTmaneTs, kinokadrebiviT Caivlis maTi yoveldRiuroba, yovel<br />

maTgans Tavisi jvari aqvs, sixaruli Tu fiqri, magram wre ikvreba da Cndeba, rom es<br />

adamianebi erTmaneTisTvis yvelaze axloblebi y<strong>of</strong>ilan, maTi sulebi — erTmaneTze<br />

gadajaWvulni. am gmirebs erTi warsuli akavSirebT — TavianTi qalaqi da erTi mTavari<br />

emocia — siyvaruli, mudmivad erTmaneTs daeZeben da TiTqos „erTmaneTSi gadadian“,<br />

yoveli maTgani calke gmiricaa da erTi gmiric, radgan isini arian adamianebi, romelTac<br />

erTmaneTi uyvarT.<br />

personaJis Sinagani gaoreba garesamyaros gaorebul aRqmaSic _ vlindeba ori<br />

qalaqis y<strong>of</strong>a (Tbilisi da amsterdami), ori siyvarulis istoria (astamuri da nataSa, nika<br />

da tata) _ Tumca es gaoreba gmirTa pirovnul bediswerasTanacaa wilnayari: astamuri,<br />

rogorc irkveva, sinamdvileSi favrizia — Tavisive tyupiscali, TviT astamuri ki<br />

bavSvobaSive gamxdara Zmis msxverpli „favrizma xeli mkra, SemTxveviT, ar undoda ... me<br />

gadmovvardi da...“ — mxrebis aCeCviT ambobs igi. cocxali romeli Zma darCa, veravin mixvda:<br />

„me ar vici romeli var favrizi — romelic mokvda, Tu astamuri — romelic gadarCa“,<br />

Semdeg ori qali tata _ bavSvobis siyvaruli _ da nataSa, romelic misi erTaderTi<br />

megobari da Tanamoazrea didi martoobis xanaSi; swored aq, amsterdamSi, cdilobs<br />

gadaemalos Tavis ganvlil cxovrebas astamuri, romelic erTi xelis mosmiT datovebs<br />

TbilisSi axloblebs, megobrebs, zurgs aqcevs mogonebebs ... Turme siyvarulsac da<br />

nataSasTan erTad gaeqceva yovelives. „arc Tavs moviklav da arc vinmes movakvlevinebo“,<br />

_ es iyo erTaderTi ganmarteba wasvlis win. amsterdamSi TiTqos yvelaferi ise moewyo,<br />

rogorc undoda: myudro bina, saintereso saqme, axali nacnobebi, nostalgiiT,<br />

gajerebuli melodramatuli Sexvedrebi qarTvel emigrantebTan. am yovelives<br />

simboluri rekvizitia „qoTan boll-i“ da mezoblis binis fanjaraSi CarTuli<br />

televizori _ drois gayvanisa da garTobis eqskluziuri gamogoneba, mokled, mSvidi<br />

cxovreba. aq Soreuli eqos ukanaskneli ganmeorebisaviT Tu moaRwevda Tbilisuri ambebi;<br />

oTos orive werili Tbilisidan TiTo wlis dagvianebiT miiRo astamurma, TiTqos gakvriT,<br />

ramdenime frazaSia naTqvami, rom TbilisSi „isev daZabulobaa“, „CveniT ver vwyvetT,<br />

rasac gadagvawyvetineben egre iqneba“, „xalxi mokle droSi daberda da yvela<br />

daTrgunulia“, „sxva qalaqi gaiCiTa“, saqarTveloSi omia, adamianebi iRupebian, maT<br />

Sorisaa fotografi gogonas — Teklas _ sikvdilis orsityviani istoriac; magram<br />

astamurisaTvis es Soreuli ambebia, igi Tavis pr<strong>of</strong>esiul saqmianobas bolomde miscemia.<br />

ornitologia saintereso saqmea da bevr drosac moiTxovs. cxenismagvari hiparonebis da<br />

xuTmetriani siraqlemebis Seswavla iSviaTi saqmea da astamuric oTos werilis wakiTxvis<br />

Semdeg Savi yanCebis gadafrenis sanaxavad ungreTSi midis. Tumca gaucxoebis mZime<br />

SegrZneba drodadro mainc axsenebs Tavs astamurs, gonebis fskerze daleqili emociebi<br />

xandaxan mainc amotivtivdebian, zogjer sruliad SemTxveviTac: Tundac maSin, rodesac<br />

tatas avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis ambavs Seityoben astamuri da nataSa (rogorc Cans, orivesaTvis<br />

Zvirfasi adamianis), romlis arsebobasac aqamde ar umJRavnebdnen erTmaneTs.<br />

tatasTan Sexvedris Semdeg TiTqos yvelaferi Tavis adgilas dgeba, gmirebis y<strong>of</strong>a<br />

TiTqos realobas ubrundeba: megobroba, siyvaruli, sasowarkveTa, Ralati, ltolva da<br />

ganSoreba... da yvelaferi uceb sruldeba. im dReebis erTaderT faqtad mxolod<br />

peterburgSi gadaRebuli da miviwyebuli ucnauri fotosuraTi rCeba ucxo gamvlelTa<br />

Tvalsaseirod. am droidan astamuris SinasamyaroSi TiTqos kidev erTxel iwyeba<br />

„faseulobaTa gadalageba“, tatas frazebi zogjer Tbilisur realobasac agrZnobinebs<br />

da amiT mis „gamoRviZebasac“ cdilobs. „bulbulebi marto kavkasiaSi galoben?“ _<br />

ekiTxeba tata astamurs. nataSasTvisac cxadi xdeba, rom astamurTan cxovreba<br />

iluzoruli realobaa, qimeraa, miraJia da sinamdvilec aqve iwyeba, fotogmirebi<br />

erTmaneTs Sordebian. astamurisa da tatasaTvis mravalwlian siSores grZnobebi ar<br />

gaunavlebia, nataSam ki iqneb SemdgomSi ufro gaacnobieros im saocari mizidulobis<br />

mizezi, romelic mas amsterdamSi SemTxveviT gacnobili nikasadmi gaaCnda, romelic<br />

Tavdapirvelad romanSi astamuris antipodis imijiT warmodgeba. mxatvari, romelic<br />

Citebis xmaze ustvens da Tavisi Tanagmirebis msgavsad (iqneb ufro metadac)<br />

gaucxoebulia sakuTar samyaroSi; aqac gaqceva — amsterdamidan TbilisSi da Tbilisidan —<br />

niu-iorkSi. nikuSa sayvarel adamianebs meyseulad ekargeba: jer nataSas da Semdeg tatas,<br />

orive SemTxvevaSi maSin, roca orivesTvis axlobeli xdeba — friad saintereso da ucnauri<br />

97

persona. nikuSasac da astamursac erTi mxriv erTi da igive axlobeli Tu sayvareli<br />

adamiani hyavT — nataSa da tata, romlebic erTnairi enTuziazmiTa da moTminebiT<br />

eguebian Zvirfasi adamianis ucnaur Taviseburebebs... gansakuTrebuli simZafriT es<br />

emociebi tatas pirovnebaze aisaxeba. misi tkivilamde misuli siyvaruli Tu siyvarulis<br />

arCevani TiTqos cxovrebiseuli bedisweris winapirobaa; yvelaze didi msxverpli tatam<br />

gaiRo. gmirebi mZimed, nel—nela, magram mainc realobas ubrundebian da yovelive tatas<br />

zogjer Zalauneburi Zalisxmevis Sedegia. am procesSi xan uSualod, xan ki arapirdapir<br />

sxva gmirebic monawileoben: oTo, aCiko, Jan stovei, gia, tatas mSoblebi da mkiTxvelic —<br />

am procesebis uSualo mowme _ acnobierebs, rom es oTxi personaJi amavdroulad<br />

erTmaneTSi mTliandeba, TiTqos erT adamianSi moiazreba, iseve rogorc „erTimeoris<br />

Tavisi sxva“ _ es adamiani Taobis saxea, romelic Tavisi Taobis istorias, tkivils,<br />

sixaruls da Tvisebebs daatarebs. amitomac droTa nawyvetebSi avtoris montaJuri<br />

Txroba pirvelidan mesame pirSi gadadis simboluri miniSnebebiT, literaturuli<br />

aluziebiTa da interteqstualuri diskursebiT gajerebuli.<br />

...da sad aris saSveli? saiT midian gmirebi? nuTu sakuTar TavTan da<br />

garSemomy<strong>of</strong>Tagan gaucxoebulni, isini sxvadasxva fizikur da sulier ganzomilebebSi<br />

ikargebian?! magram adamianebi erTi Zveli SegonebasaviT mTebisebr Seuxvedrelni ar<br />

rCebian; Tuki yoveli qaosi wesrigisa da sistematurobis potencias Seicavs, yvela<br />

tkivili momavali simSvidis nirvanaa (da piriqiTac), an yvela Sexvedra ganSorebis<br />

winapiroba, ganSorebani ki gonebasa da Sinasamyaros qvecnobierSi kvlav SexvedrisTvis<br />

amzadeben. iluziebi horizonts iqiT ikargebian da Sinadabrunebuli astamuric TiTqos<br />

gulgrilad ismens oTos sityvebs: „Cven aq viyaviT, astamur da magra fexebze gvekida Seni<br />

bulbulebis gadafrena. _ yvelani viyaviT poetebi, Zmao, magram gayinul tramvaiSi raRac<br />

veRar vigrZeniT amis aucilebloba. ZaRlebi, Cvenive ZaRlebi gavyareT gareT, ici rato? —<br />

veRar vaWmevdiT. Sen ras ambob, Savi yanCebis gadafrena rom ar genaxa... maSin ki ara, axla<br />

unda gaiqce?“... Tumca Segonebani WeSmaritebasTan moaxloebis mxolod dasawyisia,<br />

dasasruli ki wnoris gzaze frinvelebis gadafrena, naiz bebos saocari gandobili ambavi,<br />

da s<strong>of</strong>lis jadosnuri Ramea. gmirebi realobas ubrundebian, tatac Seicnobs namdvil<br />

astamurs da nataSac. „saganTa dublikacia“ dasasruls uaxlovdeba da CvenebaTa miRma<br />

iqneb saSvelic cnobierdeba. ... Tumca sikvdil—sicocxlis cargvalis mudmivi trialis<br />

darad, vin icis, ra elis gmiris dadgenil Tu mopovebul WeSmaritebas?!<br />

***<br />

kaleidoskopuri realoba sruliad gansxvavebul WrilSi ikveTeba santa—esperansas<br />

kunZulze datrialebul istoriebSi. amTaviTve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aka morCilaZis<br />

„santa esperansa“ Cvens literaturaSi mimdinare postmodernistuli tendenciebis<br />

„saspensad“ unda aRviqvaT. „zanduki xetialisa“, rogorc avtori acxadebs, warmoadgens<br />

Sav zRvis patara kunZulis cxovrebis ambavs, romelic man iq y<strong>of</strong>nis ramdenime Tvis<br />

ganmavlobaSi Seityo, Semdeg ki santaesperansuli emociebi da STabeWdilebebi dRiurebis<br />

msgavsad patara rveulebSi „gaateqsta“, amis Semdeg ki sruliad originaluri da<br />

saintereso formiT „gaaromana“.<br />

pirveli emocia da xazgasmac swored albaT am romanis formidan unda daviwyoT.<br />

vizualuri da mxatvruli formiTac mogzauris dRiuri, romelic santeqsperansuli<br />

qaRaldis TamaSis, intis, principzea Seqmnili, Tavidanve mkiTxvelisaTvis garkveul<br />

intrigas da interess Seicavs. oTx ferSi Semdgari istoriebi sul ufro mZafrad<br />

iyolieben mkiTxvels da „TamaSic wesebic“ furclidan furcelSi cnobierdeba. meores,<br />

rac aseve gansakuTrebuli emociasa da datvirTvis matarebelia, warmoadgens romanis<br />

„safirmo niSnebi“ simRera da TamaSi, santa esperansas kunZulis sakuTreba, romelTa<br />

istoriebic aqaur Zvel Tqmulebebsa da foliantebSi Semonaxula. da mesamec —<br />

kunZulelebi — personaJebi, romelTa „y<strong>of</strong>nisa da wverTvanis“ aRwera mwerlisagan<br />

gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarisa da Zalisxmevis flobaze metyvelebs.<br />

albaT, yvelaze stereotipuli gancxadeba isaa, rom santa esperansas cxovreba da<br />

istoria aris erTi makrosamyaros modeli Tu ara, erTi patara qveynis mikromodeli mainc,<br />

magram faqtia da cxadia, rom iqaur ambebs saqarTvelos ambebs Tu ar vuwodebT, qarTul<br />

ambebad mainc aucileblad unda movuxmoT. patara kunZulebze rvaas welze metia erTad<br />

cxovroben iovanelebi, jinovlebi da sungalelebi, kunZulTa centrSi santasitiSi<br />

ioanelTa monasteri, kaTolikeTa kaTedrali da mahmedis meCeTi TavTavis mrevls<br />

mwyemsavs. aq turistebisa da mogzaurebisaTvis mimzidveli adgilebi: saTamaSo, saxlebi,<br />

duqnebi, kafeebi, plaJebi, sastumroebi da bunebaa, aqaurebic wynari, mSvidi da xalisiani<br />

xalxia...<br />

98

Tumca, sul axlaxans kunZulze didi vnebaTaRelvani datrialebula, omebic atexila<br />

da dawmendil—dalagebuli yoveldRiurobac sadRac gamqrala, yovelive ki ara mxolod<br />

Zalauflebisa da borotebis, aramed Turme siyvarulis saxeliTac momxdara.<br />

magram fsevdosaqmea erTxel moyolili (umetes kargad moyolili) ambis adaptireba,<br />

vinc ar icnobs santaesperansas teqsts, mxolod am striqonebiT, bunebrivia, ver<br />

gavucxadebT mis Rirsebebs.<br />

mTavari saTqmeli isaa, rom dasawyisSive mkiTxvelTan TamaSis uflebaaRebuli<br />

avtori mis winaSe gansakuTrebuli ostatobiT gadaSlis romanis ramdenime personaJis<br />

Tavgadasavals, salomeasa da sandro dela kostas, daTasa da kesanes siyvarulis ambavs,<br />

agaTia ded<strong>of</strong>lisa da mis winaparTa, kaia visramianisa da mis mogvareTa, xetias, martiasa<br />

da sxva sungalelTa, arCis, lukas, lamur mosiarules, maTalos, farnas, nikas<br />

santaesperansuli istoriebi bolo wlebis qarTuli realobis „rikoSetul suraTebs“<br />

warmoadgens. romanis mTlianobaSi gaazreba gmirebis iluziuri da mSvidi garemodan<br />

realur garemoSi dabrunebasTan aris kavSirSi.<br />

ufrosi visramianebisa da xetais provocirebulma areulobam kunZulis cxovreba<br />

erTbaSad saSinel qaosSi gaxvia: amas ara mxolod adamianTa fizikuri msxverpli, aramed<br />

sulier RirebulebaTa da tradiciaTa msxvreva, adamianTa gaucxoeba mohyveba. gmirebi ara<br />

mxolod mkiTxvelisagan, aramed upirvelesad sakuTar TavTan xdebian Secnobilni. bu<br />

visramiani saqarTveloSi mifrinavs, daTac tovebs kunZuls, sandro de la kosta<br />

TviTmkvlelobiT amTavrebs sicocxles, arCis tyvedy<strong>of</strong>na sungalelTaTvis<br />

sabediswerod dasruldeba, xolo salome, vis cxovrebasa da bediswerazec yvelaze mZimed<br />

aisaxa yovelive, am sityvebs eubneba Tbilisidan Camosul daqiravebul meomrebs: „me<br />

zRaprebs maswavlidnen. me meubnebodnen, rom zRvis iqiT iyo Cemi namdvili samSoblo,<br />

sadac yvelaferi yvaoda, sadac mefe iyo. sinamdvileSi Tqven y<strong>of</strong>ilxarT... me qarTli<br />

sxvanairi megona, sxvanairad miyvebodnen Tu iq yvela Tqvennairia, maSin ar vici...“<br />

gasruldeba erTmaneTSi gadajaWvuli Tu gadasuli es saocari istoriebi adamianTa<br />

cxovrebisa da mkiTxveli erTi ganwyobilebiT rCeba: iqneb marTla aris saqarTvelos<br />

amgvari mcire modeli an iqneb kidev darCa saTqmeli imaze, Tu ra daemarTaT gmirebs, Tu,<br />

rogorc avtori ambobs, ambebis gaazreba, damateba Tu dasruleba mkiTxvelsac SeuZlia?!<br />

***<br />

faqtia, gmiris eTika Tu moraluri imperativi postmodernistul garemoSi isev da<br />

isev maradiul Rirebulebebs efuZneba. RmerTi, adamiani, siyvaruli kvlav „homo<br />

sapiensis“ gadarCenis sawyisad rCeba. „sicocxle mainc unda gvwamdes da sicocxlis<br />

dapireba mainc SegveZlos axalgazrebisTvis, romlebic xSirad tyuvdebian, ama Tu im<br />

kulturiT, Tavisuflebis saxeliT yovelgvari gamocdilebisaken rom epatiJeba maT da<br />

bolos es eqsperimentebi xSirad marcxiT Tavdeba. Cveni epoqa savsea borotebis yvelaze<br />

Semzaravi gamovlinebebiT, romlis mixedviT movlenebi TiTqmis TavisTavad cxaddeba, rac<br />

ara mxolod borotebis gamovlinebas niRbavs, aramed im SegrZnebebsac anavlebs, rom<br />

zneobrivi cxovreba brZola, Serkineba da SemarTebaa da simSvide mxolod gadalaxuli<br />

tanjvis fasad miiRweva“. _ am sityvebs XX saukunis bolos (1996 wels) wers kardinali<br />

karlo maria martineli.<br />

daskvnebis gamotana iqneb arc Rirdes. ara erTi avtoriseuli azrisaTvis komentari<br />

isedac zedmeti iyo, „gmirebi brundebian“ da ambebi maT sulier metamorfozebsa da<br />

kaTarzisebze namdvili mwerlisagan moyolili, boTlSi Cadebuli da Semdeg zRvaSi<br />

gadagdebuli saTqmeliviTaa, romelic sxva saTqmelTa Soris did, Sav da aRelvebul<br />

zRvaSi momavalma mkiTxvelma aucileblad unda ipovos. ipovis kidec!...<br />

damowmebani:<br />

burWulaZe 2002: burWulaZe z. mineraluri jazi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `logos-presi~, 2003.<br />

kvinikaZe 2003: kvinikaZe n. ispahanis bulbulebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `arete~, 2003.<br />

morCilaZe 2004: morCilaZe a. santa esperansa. Tb.: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2004.<br />

saubrebi 2002: saubrebi. Jurn. `liberali~, 1955-1996 (romi), Tb.: 2002.<br />

Tamar Paichadze<br />

Kaleidoscopical Perception or Reality?<br />

Summary<br />

99

Existed modern direction in the world literature has recently appeared in <strong>Georgian</strong> literature as well. This<br />

process didn’t pass without leaving damages, but the mass was cleared away by the best editors: the time and the<br />

readers; and great and important innovations appeared as well as new faces<br />

…And where is the human being? What place does it take in our reality? The fact is that ethic <strong>of</strong> hero, or<br />

his moral imperatives are based on the eternal values <strong>of</strong> the former modern environment. God, human being and<br />

love still remain the foundation stone to save the “Homo sapience”. The heros come back again and stories about<br />

their metamorphose and catharsis since it has been written, looks like a full bottle thrown away in the stormy and<br />

huge sea where the reader will find it by all means.<br />

100

miTosi. rituali. simbolo<br />

vaxtang kotetiSvili da zRapruli eposi<br />

rusudan ColoyaSvili<br />

vaxtang kotetiSvilis folkloristul memkvidreobas, romelic Tavis droze<br />

mravali siaxlis Semcveli iyo da did perspeqtivebs usaxavda mecnierebas, dReisaTvisac<br />

ar daukargavs Tavisi fasi da mniSvneloba.<br />

Cvens interess Seadgens v. kotetiSvilis mier zRaparTan, mis calkeul saxesimboloebTan<br />

dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mimoxilva. qarTul zRaprebs<br />

mecnieri umaRles Sefasebas aZlevda: `qarTuli folkloris qveyanaSi bevri iseTi Sedevri<br />

gveguleba, romelic daamSvenebda udidesi ostatebis Semoqmedebas~, _ werda is da<br />

umniSvnelovanes Zeglebad miaCnda: `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~, romelSic `gilgameSis~<br />

anarekls xedavda; aseve _ `asfurcela~, `eTeri~ da mravali sxva~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 235),<br />

romelTac Targmnida kidec. rogorc v. kotetiSvilis biografi nana kotetiSvili<br />

aRniSnavs, mecnieris pirad arqivSi daculia mis mier Sesrulebuli qarTuli zRaprebis<br />

ormocamde nimuSis rusuli Targmani. esenia rogorc jadosnuri, aseve cxovelTa da<br />

novelisturi zRaprebi (kotetiSvili 2006b: 37). samwuxarod, ar SemorCenila gamosacemad<br />

momzadebuli zRaprebis qarTuli krebuli Tavisi gamokvlevebiT arc misi naSromi<br />

`qarTuli ornamentis mimarTeba xalxur zRaparTan~, romlis Taobazec `eqskursebSi~<br />

werda: `amJamad vmuSaob Temaze: qarTuli ornamenti qarTul zRaparTan dakavSirebiT da<br />

amTaviTve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bevri ram irkveva friad SesaniSnavi da moulodnelic~<br />

(kotetiSvili 1961: 368).<br />

amdenad, specialurad zRaparTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili v. kotetiSvilis arc erTi<br />

naSromi ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, mecnieris mier Sedgenil `folkloris kursis<br />

programaSi~, mis werilebSi: `qarTuli poeturi folkloris sakiTxebi~, `pirvely<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

warmodgenebi~, `eposisa da lirikis warmoSoba~, `sagazafxulo dReobebi saqarTveloSi~,<br />

`legendis warmoSoba~, `xalxuri `ambavi tarielisas~ Teatraluri Sesruleba<br />

sagazafxulo ceremonialTan dakavSirebiT~, `il. WavWavaZe da xalxuri Semoqmedeba~, `ak.<br />

wereTlis Semoqmedeba da folklori~ da misi `xalxuri poeziis~ `eqskursebSi~<br />

(kotetiSvili 2006a) kargad Cans mkvlevris damokidebuleba am uZvelesi Janris mimarT.<br />

Tumca, rasakvirvelia, dakargulia is siRrme da diapazoni, riTac iqneboda gajerebuli<br />

specialurad zRapruli eposisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebi.<br />

v. kotetiSvils folkloruli kursis programaSi zRaparTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi<br />

sakiTxebi hqonda Setanili: `maTi danawileba; maTi kavSiri sagmiro simRerebTan;<br />

cxovelTa eposi; zneobrivi zRaprebi; zRapruli saocrebani: cxra da Tormet Taviani<br />

devebi, nacarqeqia, gvel-vaJi, asfurcela, natvris beWedi, raSebi; saswaulmoqmedi<br />

maTraxi, bewvis xidi, kudianebi, Winkebi, rokapebi, majlajunebi, saswaulmoqmedi perangi,<br />

mze-qala da mze-varda, mzeTunaxavi~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 52).<br />

mas Semdeg rac v. i. propisa da a. i. nikiforovis Sromebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom<br />

zRapari saerTaSoriso movlenaa msgavsi fabuliTa da morfologiuri xaziT, v.<br />

kotetiSvils enaneboda erovnul zRaparTa mravalferovnebis ignorireba da miuTiTebda,<br />

rom `es erTgvaroba zerele aris da sqematuri. sakmarisia erTi romelime fabulis<br />

variantTa SedarebiTi ganxilva, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes is kerZo da individualuri, rac<br />

zogjer ise mniSvnelovani aris xolme pirveli SexedviT `auxsnel~ movlenaTa azris<br />

dasadgenad~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 65). Tumca drom gviCvena, rom v. propiseul struqturul<br />

Ziebebs safrTxe ar Seuqmnia zRapris Semdgomi yovelmxrivi SeswavlisaTvis.<br />

zRaparTa tipologiis sakiTxebze msjelobisas ki aRniSnavda, rom xSirad zRapari<br />

aklimatizacias ganicdis, roca egueba axal pirobebs, Tumca Tvlida, rom sruliad<br />

damoukidebladac iqmneba msgavsi tipis zRaprebi ((kotetiSvili 2006a: 180).<br />

mecnieri miTosuri da sawesCveulebo poeziis calkeuli motivebisa Tu saxesimboloTa<br />

komentirebisas iSveliebda saTanado masalas jadosnuri zRaprebidan, ris<br />

safuZvelzec met damajereblobas iZenda mis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi. jadosnuri<br />

zRapris gaTvaliswinebiT ganxilul sakiTxTa raodenoba, zRaprebidan damowmebul<br />

citataTa siuxve naTlad metyvelebs, raoden Rrmad flobda da rogor afasebda is<br />

zRaprul eposs, rac am Janrze seriozuli muSaobis Sedegi iyo. xalxur sawesCveulebo<br />

leqsTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli Sefasebebi ki SeiZleba piriqiTac iqnes gamoyenebuli, e. i.<br />

101

poeziis calkeul pasaJebze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi zRapris Sesaswavladac gamodgeba.<br />

amdenad, zRapris, kerZod, jadosnuri zRapris Sesaswavlad aucilebelia v. kotetiSvilis<br />

folkloristuli Sromebis gaTvaliswineba.<br />

mecnieris mier gaSuqebul masalaTa safuZvelze dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

sawesCveulebo poeziisa da jadosnuri zRapris saxe-simboloebs genetikuri Zirebi<br />

saerTo aqvT. yovelive es Semdgomma kvlevamac daadastura. e. i. naTeli gaxda, rom<br />

rogorc sawesCveulebo poeziis, aseve jadosnuri zRapris dafarul sakiTxTa<br />

gaSifvrisaTvis aucilebelia orives monacemTa gaTvaliswineba. e. i. maTi genetikuri<br />

Zirebi urTierTmimarTebaSi unda Seiswavlebodes. Sesabamisad, v. kotetiSvilis mier<br />

sawesCveulebo poeziis uZvelesi fesvebis Ziebisas Catarebuli muSaobis Sedegebi<br />

jadosnuri zRapris calkeuli motivebis SeswavlisaTvisac misaRebia. Cven aq SevecdebiT,<br />

warmovaCinoT jadosnuri zRapris is sakiTxebi, romelTac sruliad marTebulad aSuqebs<br />

is `xalxuri poeziis~ `eqskursebSi~. esenia: xaris miTosuri saxe, mTvarisa da mzis<br />

RvTaebebi; wyalSi gasvlis simboluri mniSvneloba; Tavi, rogorc sakulto movlena; nekis<br />

beWdis funqcia; qcevadobis (metamorfozis) motivi; cxenis kulti rogorc CvenSi, aseve<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio miTologiaSi. agreTve ganxilulia: sicocxlis sulis CitTan Setoleba;<br />

WianWvelis funqcia; tyeSi gadagdebuli bavSvis gamzrdeli cxoveli xalxur leqsTan _<br />

`batoniSvil giorgisa irmis ZuZu uwovia~ _ mimarTebaSi; brolis koSki; orbunebovani<br />

gmiris _ qala-biWas saxe da RvTaebisadmi mimarTviT nawarmoebis dawyeba.<br />

xis kultTan dakavSirebiT saubrisas v. kotetiSvili ixilavs didZal masalas da<br />

aRniSnavs, rom mravali xalxi ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurze xes winaprad Tvlida<br />

da miuTiTebs, rom araerTi zRapari adasturebs adamianTa xisagan warmoSobas. mecniers<br />

zRaparSi aqvs dafiqsirebuli, rom xes Tayvans scemdnen jer rogorc RvTaebas, Semdeg ki,<br />

rogorc RvTaebaTa simbolos. muxa bevrjer aris damowmebuli zRaprebSi wyalTan,<br />

nay<strong>of</strong>ierebis ZalasTan kavSirSi.<br />

`iam ra uTxra vardsa, vardma ra uTxra iasa~ (razikaSvili 1951: 51) _ am zRapris<br />

mixedviT v. kotetiSvili askvnis, rom aq araviTar mcenareebze ar aris saubari da iac da<br />

vardic qvesknelTan arian dakavSirebulni. uSvebs, rom `SeiZleba aq pirdapir qvesknelTa<br />

RvTaebebis saxelebi ismodeso~. v. kotetiSvili ias qvesknelT ded<strong>of</strong>lis saxelTan da<br />

vards _ qvesknelT mefis saxelTan akavSirebs. mecnieris am mosazrebas dRes iziarebs<br />

sawesCveulebo poeziis mkvlevari m. giorgaZe da aRniSnavs, rom `bunebis nay<strong>of</strong>ierebis<br />

Zalebi Tavisi arsiT kataxTonuri bunebisani arian _ qvesknelTan dakavSirebulni.<br />

mokvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi RvTaebis epifaniis niSnebi ki gazafxulze swored<br />

pirveli yvavilebis aRmocenebaa~ (giorgaZe 1993: 88). ias qalRvTaebad Tvlis rusudan<br />

canavac, romelic am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixilavs megrul sawesCveulebo leqss `o, io,<br />

qomorTio?~ (`o, io, moxvedi?~) (canava 2002: 93), romelSic gamoxatulia ios molodini da<br />

misi mosvliT gamowveuli sixaruli. r. canava `ios~ afiqsirebs qarTul Sromis<br />

simRerebSic refrenis saxiT da miuTiTebs, rom `io~ berZnulad niSnavs ias da is heras<br />

yvavilia. agreTve, ixsenebs, rom qarTul miTosSi ia didi dedis nanas yvavilad iTvleboda.<br />

v. kotetiSvili nay<strong>of</strong>ierebis RvTaebasTan akavSirebs, agreTve, fetvs da, marTlac,<br />

Semdgomma kvlevam uCvena, rom Cvens zRaprebSi marcvleuls nay<strong>of</strong>ierebis momniWebeli<br />

Zala miewereboda (ColoyaSvili 2004: 135), magaliTad, zRaparSi `melias eSmakoba~<br />

(razikaSvili 1951: 54-55) fetvi gamorCeul funqcias asrulebs:<br />

fetvi gavyide mamlada,<br />

mamali erkemalada,<br />

erkemalai — xarada,<br />

xarai — lamaz qalada.<br />

rusul folklorSic fetvTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi saweso xasiaTisaa _<br />

saqorwilo. `qarTuli poeturi folkloris leqciebis kursSi~ v. kotetiSvili<br />

pirvely<strong>of</strong>il warmodgenebze msjelobisas, agreTve, iSveliebs calkeul motivebs<br />

jadosnuri zRaprebidan, magaliTad, sulis gancalkevebis unars, sizmars, metamorfozas.<br />

rogorc qarTuli, aseve sxva xalxTa zRaprebidan moiZiebs magaliTebs, romlebSic<br />

cocxali arsebis sxeulidan gamosuli suli ganicdis metamorfozas: `...Tu Svels<br />

daiWeren, imaSi kurdReli ziso, kurdRelSi yuTia da yuTSi sami Citia. erTi _ suli, erTi<br />

_ jani da erTic gonio. rodesac isini daixocebian, maSin me movkvdebio~ (razikaSvili<br />

1909: 126). sulTan dakavSirebiT msjelobisas mkvlevari iziarebs vundtis mosazrebas,<br />

romlis mixedviTac ara marto Tmisa da frCxilebis saxiT warmoedginaT sulis gamozrda<br />

da gamosvla sxeulidan, aramed yovelive imiT, rac sxeuls tovebs da amdenad, Sardi,<br />

eqskrementebi, nerwyvi yvela xalxis crurwmeniT did rols asrulebdnen, rogorc<br />

102

jadosnuri saSualebani (kotetiSvili 2006a: 78). amis sabuTebi qarTul zRaprebSi<br />

mravladaa.<br />

sagulisxmoa cxovrebis anu sicocxlis CitTan Setoleba. mkvlevari suls zogjer<br />

zRaprebSi mZivTan, krialosanTan akavSirebs (kotetiSvili 2006a: 81). aqve mecnieri<br />

amaxvilebs yuradRebas crumorwmuneobaSi mifurTxebis, dasunTqvis, Sebervis magiur<br />

mniSvnelobaze da magaliTebi moaqvs jadosnuri zRaprebidan, roca Sebervis saSualebiT<br />

saswauli xdeba _ mTa oqrod iqceva, mkvdari cocxldeba, avsulebi qrebian da sxva<br />

(kotetiSvili 2006a: 78). sulis gardasaxvasTan akavSirebs is qcevadobis motivs, romelsac<br />

mkvlevari jadosnuri zRapris dasayrdenad, zRapris fantastikis RerZad Tvlida yvela<br />

xalxis zRaprebSi (kotetiSvili 2006a: 82).<br />

`vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia~ _ am leqsTan dakavSirebiT v. kotetiSvili gamoTqvamda<br />

saintereso mosazrebas, rom adamianis sagnad gardasaxvis SesaZlebloba im droisaa, roca<br />

gaigivebuli iyo adamianisa da sagnis sicocxle da aRniSnavda, rom igiveoba SemdgomSi<br />

Sedarebam Secvalao.<br />

v. kotetiSvilis marTebuli mosazrebiT, `usagno fantazia ar arsebobs. arc<br />

legenda, arc zRapari da arc sxva raime saxe Semoqmedebisa ar da ver warmoiSoboda<br />

sruliad garkveuli realobis gareSe. yovelgvari fantastikis Ziri realoba aris.<br />

fantastika ki iq iwyeba, sadac realiebi kargaven TavianT pirdapir funqcias~<br />

(kotetiSvili 2006a: 185).<br />

mecnieri, agreTve, yuradRebas amaxvilebs jadosnuri zRaprisaTvis niSandobliv<br />

erT motivze _ momakvdavis gankurnebisTvis adamianis gulis SeWmis saWiroebaze,<br />

romelic sakmaod aris gavrcelebuli am JanrSi da misi Soreuli xma esmis TuSur leqsSi<br />

`menacvale~:<br />

dedav, dedav, dedSvilobas,<br />

sikvdil mixmobs menacvale.<br />

rac Seexeba zRapars _ `modi, vnaxoT venaxi~ _ misma kvlevam v. kotetiSvili<br />

gasaTvalisawinebel daskvnamde miiyvana, romlis mixedviTac es leqsi adre Seicavda<br />

Tqmulebas, dRes ki misi fragmentia SemorCenili. arsebobs gadmocema, romlis<br />

mixedviTac RmerTma kacs venaxi misca, borotma sulma `salamma Txa gaaCina da SeuSva am<br />

kacis venaxSi. maSin kacs RmerTma isari misca, romliTac kacma Txa mokla. eSmakma moavlina<br />

Jangi da isari SeaWmevina da a. S.~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 112).<br />

garda amisa, mkvlevari Tvlis, rom es nawarmoebi `iseTive rigis movlenaa, rogorc<br />

Zveli berZnuli dramebi, sadac erTi aqtiori prologs ambobs, sxvebi moqmedebas<br />

asruleben. an espaneTis xalxurma Teatrma rom icoda: erTs evaleboda Txroba, moqmedi<br />

pirebi ki gamodiodnen Tav-Tavis adgilas da simReris Sinaarss JestebiT ambobdnen~<br />

(kotetiSvili 2006a: 112).<br />

v. kotetiSvili udarebda ra zRapris sqemas `vefxistyaosnisas~, iziarebda k.<br />

balmontis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas da Tvlida, rom `poetis intuiciiT balmontma<br />

miagno im saTaves, saidanac es grandiozuli poema unda wamosuliyoo~ (kotetiSvili 2006a:<br />

207). igulisxmeba jadosnuri zRapari `vefxistyaosnis~ prototipad. aqve miuTiTebda,<br />

rom ara marto nawarmoebis fabula, aramed motivTa mTeli wyebac xalxur `tarielianSi~,<br />

msgavsad `vefxistyaosnisa~, `zRaprisTvis tipiuria: wyalSi gadagdeba, sami gmiris mier<br />

Zebna da mzeTunaxavis gamoxsna, qajebis mier motaceba da sxv.~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 208).<br />

aseve sruliad samarTlianad miaCnda, rom zRapris saerTaSoriso sqema `daedo safuZvlad<br />

`iliada~-`odiseas~ epizodebs, `gilgameSians~, `oqros verZis~ TqmulebaTa variaciebs,<br />

`promeTes~ cikls, `herosa da leandaris~ variaciebs da sxva mravals~ (kotetiSvili 2006a:<br />

208).<br />

leqs `Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ ganxilvisas mkvlevari yuradRebas amaxvilebs sam<br />

sakiTxze. esenia: Tavfaravani, dolabi, wiTeli movis perangi. is aRniSnavs, rom rogorc<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio miTologiaSi, CvenSic `Tavs~ gansazRvruli mniSvneloba hqonia da rom garkveul<br />

sakulto movlenas warmoadgenda. amis niSnebs xedavda Cvens zRaprebSic da daZebnili aqvs<br />

saTanado magaliTebi. mag.: zRaparSi `lurjasi~ cxenma qals uTxra: damkali, Cemi `Tavi<br />

Suaze dade, dadeq zed da Tqvi: RmerTo da Cemi lurjas sialalmarTlev, iseTi saydari<br />

dadgi, rogoric Cemi lurjas amags Seeferebodeso... Tqma da asruleba erTi iyo~<br />

(razikaSvili 1951: 193).<br />

zRapar `sakvirvelisaSi~saflavidan erTi Tavis goxa amovarda da vaJs gamoudga,<br />

mosZaxis: `Tu mamaSens sakvirveli unda, cxrakliturSi rom raSi ubia, is mogceso. _ ai, is<br />

wyeuli, cocxali iyo, Cemi mteri iyo, mokvda, iseva mtrobso~ (razikaSvili 1951: 94).<br />

agreTve, miuTiTebs, rom Cvens zRaprebSi SerCenilia saxelebi: Tavbera, Tavzara,<br />

103

Tavankara, TavRora da sxva. yuradRebas amaxvilebs aqve devebis Tavebze, romelTac<br />

sWrian da isev amodian; an Tavi tans miekareba da cocxldeba da sxva. amdenad,<br />

damafiqrebelia v. kotetiSvilis mosazreba, roca Tvlis, rom `TavfaravnelSic~ aseTsave<br />

momentTan gvaqvs saqme da rom Wabukis Tavi sakralur movlenad aris gadaqceuli<br />

(kotetiSvili 1961: 333-335).<br />

dolabi _ wisqvilis qvac Cvens zRaprebSi mravaljer aqvs dafiqsirebuli mecniers<br />

da uZveles rwmenebTan akavSirebs. magaliTad, qarTul zRaparSi `berdaTuna~: `Sexvdnen<br />

erT kacs, romelsac zurgze ekida wisqvilis qvebi da erTi qvis saydari~. zRaparSi<br />

`dalaRana~ gmirma devs dauSina sami wisqvilis qva; bebers naZvis xe TiTistarad aqvs,<br />

wisqvilis qva ki — kviristavad. zRaparSi `deda da Svili~ `devis deda ijda banze,<br />

WandariviT tari eWira xelSi da zed dolabi xqonda kviristavad... mivida dedabris Svili,<br />

moavlo xeli dolabs, esrola am bebers da kbilebi Seamtvria~ (razikaSvili 1951: 122).<br />

mkvlevari wiTeli movis perangTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTebs, rom wiTeli feri<br />

Wabukis sikvdilTan aris dakavSirebuli. Cvens zRaprebSic wiTeli sikvdilisa da<br />

gansacdelis feri, an qvesknelis feriao, aRniSnavs v. kotetiSvili, rac kargad Cans mis<br />

mier SerCeuli magaliTebidan: zRaparSi `vaSla~ `gauvso Wiqa wyliT da uTxra: sanam es<br />

wyali WiqaSi fers ar icvlis, cocxali miguleT, gawiTldeba da mkvdari varo~; zRaparSi<br />

`iadonisa da bulbulisa~: `wiTelze rom Semjdariyo kaci, ufro qveviT (qvesknelSi)<br />

wamovidoda~ (razikaSvili 1951: 21).<br />

v. kotetiSvili mnaTobTan akavSirebs oqros fersa da Zvirfas Tvlebs (brols,<br />

margalits). leqs `qali xvaramzesTan~ dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom es miTosi odesRac<br />

vrceli iqneboda, ris sabuTsac Cveni zRaprebi iZleva, rogorebicaa `mze-xaTunisa~,<br />

`lurjasi~ da sxva, sadac xvaramzes tyupis calebi advilad sacnobni arian. `Cavida qali<br />

salaroSi, moirTo vaJurad mSvenivrad, Seikeca Tmebi, daixura qudi da daiWira maTraxi...<br />

moaxta qali lurjas, gadahkra maTraxi da gafrinda lurja~ (razikaSvili 1951: 191).<br />

leqsSic xvaramze `TmebSekvecilia~, radgan Semdeg naTqvamia _ `CamoiSalna Tmania~. es<br />

leqsi udidesi miTosia mzis amosvlisa, _ aRniSnavs mecnieri da dasZens, rom xvaramze<br />

amomavali mzea.<br />

v. kotetiSvils xalxuri poeziis zogierTi sakiTxis ganxilvisas paralelebi ar<br />

mouxmia zRapruli eposidan, magram maTi gaTvaliswineba zRaparTmcodneobaSi<br />

aucilebelia. esenia: RamiT manaTobeli qalis saxis mTvaresTan dakavSireba, cocxali<br />

tyuili da sawesCveulebo leqsebi, sadac qmris sikvdilis gagebisTanave qali sxvas<br />

misdevs.<br />

es Ziebebi mkvlevars Catarebuli aqvs evropuli xalxuri sityvierebis masalebisa<br />

(miTosi, poezia, zRapruli eposi) da XX saukunis pirveli mesamedis evropuli<br />

folkloristikis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac kidev ufro zrdis am gamokvlevaTa Rirebulebas.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

giorgaZe 1993: giorgaZe m. qarTuli xalxuri kalendaruli poezia. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`mecniereba~, 1993.<br />

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1961.<br />

kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi. II, Tb.: gamomceloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

1967.<br />

kotetiSvili 2006a: kotetiSvili v. folkloruli Ziebani. Tb.: gamomceloba `merani~, 2006.<br />

kotetiSvili 2006b: kotetiSvili v. vaxtang kotetiSvili — qarTli xalxuri sityvierebis<br />

mecnieruli kvlevis fuZemdebeli. wignSi _ kotetiSvili v. folkloruli<br />

Ziebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 2006.<br />

razikaSvili 1951: razikaSvili T. (Semdgeneli). qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. Tb:. gamomcemloba<br />

`sablitgami~, 1951.<br />

ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis kvali xalxur zRaprul<br />

eposSi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004.<br />

canava 2004: canava r. miToritualuri modelebis genezisisa da formirebis sakiTxisaTvis.<br />

ACADEMIA 4, 2004.<br />

Rusudan Cholokashvili<br />

Vakhtang Kotetishvili and Fairytale Epos<br />

Summary<br />

104

Folk-loristic heritage <strong>of</strong> V. Kotetishvili is still valuable and important. V. Kotetishvili valued<br />

highly <strong>Georgian</strong> fairy-tales and he had prepared collected tales with his researches for publishment. He<br />

even translated them into Russian. But neither collected tales nor translations reached us. Nevertheless,<br />

in his folkloristic articles his position in connection with a tale and its separate items is well seen.<br />

From this standpoint “Excurses” <strong>of</strong> his “Folk Poetry” are especially interesting – considerations<br />

expressed while discussing ritual poetry are important for understanding image – symbols <strong>of</strong> the fairytale<br />

epos. For example, even today the following observations <strong>of</strong> V. Kotetishvili should be taken into<br />

account: about mythological image <strong>of</strong> a bull, deities <strong>of</strong> the moon and the sun, the coults <strong>of</strong> wood, a<br />

horse, a violet and a rose, motives <strong>of</strong> metamorphosis, dream, soul separation, etc.<br />

V. Kotetishvili has carried out these investigations with regard for European folk-lore (myth,<br />

poetry, fairytale epos) and European folkloristic <strong>of</strong> the thirties <strong>of</strong> XX century, which increases the value<br />

<strong>of</strong> these investigations.<br />

odisevsis erTi niRabi<br />

rusudan canava<br />

homerosis odisevsi cnobilia, rogorc maxvilgonieri, crupentela da<br />

enamoswrebuli adamiani. am personaJSi Tavi moiyara triksteris, Tavgadasavlis<br />

maZieblisa da sxva folkloruli tipebis Tvisebebma; amavdroulad, odisevsi iTvleba<br />

mxatvruli saxeebis (gmirebisa da antigmirebis) `mSoblad~ klasikuri epoqidan dRemde.<br />

misi ukvdavebis mizezi martivia _ odisevsi aris folkloris wiaRidan amosuli personaJi<br />

uamravi niRbiT. es niRbebi, erTi mxriv, mas dramis saTaveebTan akavSireben (rac<br />

xalxurobis kidev erTi dasturia), meore mxriv, varirebisa da mravalferovnebis Zalian<br />

farTo speqtrs qmnian.<br />

rogorc aRvniSne, odisevsi xSirad cruobs. misi tyuilebi SeiZleba raRac principiT<br />

davajgufoT kidec: odisevsi cruobs Tavisi Tavisa da megobrebis gadasarCenad<br />

(magaliTad, polifemesTan). cruobs sifrTxilis mizniT (magaliTad, feakebTan).<br />

axla ganvixiloT odisevsis erTi sicrue, romelic, Cemi azriT, gansxvavdeba sxva<br />

tyuilebisagan. iTakaze dabrunebuli odisevsi samjer yveba Tavis fsevdoTavgadasavals,<br />

samjerve igi ambobs, rom kretelia. ganvixiloT es epizodebi:<br />

I ambavi:<br />

feakebma odisevsi kunZul sqeriidan iTakaze miiyvanes TavianTi uswrafesi xomaldiT<br />

da mSobliuri kunZulis napirze datoves. gamoRviZebul laertids gamoecxada qalRmerTi<br />

aTena mwyemsis ieriT (XIII, 222). Sin dabrunebuli gmiri pirvelad swored aTena-mwyemss<br />

uyveba Tavis ambavs: XIII, 256-286 (30 taepi). odisevsis “Tavgadasavali” sqematurad ase<br />

warmogvidgeba:<br />

1. iTakis saxeli gamigonia Cems kretazec _ zRvis gaRma rom didi kunZulia. axla ki<br />

me Tavad movedi iTakaze (256-7).<br />

2. Tan bevri simdidre wamoviRe, amdenive Sin davutove Svilebs (258).<br />

3. me iqidan (kretidan) gamoviqeci; adamiani movkali _ idomenevsis Ze fexmardi<br />

orsiloqosi 1 (259-261).<br />

4. (orsiloqoss) surda CemTvis waeglija troaSi moxveWili ganZi (262), romlis<br />

mosapovebladac mravali gansacdeli avitane (263-4).<br />

5. me ar mindoda mamamisis (idomenevsis) xelqveiToba troas omis dros, amitom sxva<br />

razmi Sevkribe (265-6).<br />

6. Cems erTgul amxanagebTan erTad Cavusafrdi orsiloqoss da SubiT movkali (262-<br />

3).<br />

1 v. meris ganmartebiT, saxeli orsiloqosi fiqtiuria. xolo `fexmardi~ aqilevsis mudmivi epiTeti.<br />

homerosi 1961, komentari XIII, 259-e taepisTvis. aq da SemdgomSi `odiseas~ teqsti damowmebulia am<br />

gamocemidan.<br />

105

7. bneli Rame iyo da veravin gvnaxavda, farulad movkali, magram mainc, mkvlelobis<br />

Semdeg kvalis dasafarad finikielTa xomalds mivaSure, maT ZRvenic mivarTvi, raTa<br />

pilosSi an elisSi _ epeelebis ganTqmul da RvTaebriv mxareSi waveyvane (269-275).<br />

8. maT (finikiel mezRvaurebs) Cemi motyueba ar surdaT. bolos talRebma aq<br />

gamogvriyes. vaxSmis Tavic ar gvqonda (276-280). daqanculs Zili momekida. finikielebs<br />

Cemi ganZi gadmoutvirTavT, Cems gverdiT qviSaze dauwyviaT, Tavad ki gamgzavrebulan<br />

sidonSi. ase davrCi marto, gulmokluli (282-286).<br />

II ambavi<br />

meored odisevsi Tavis gamogonil ambavs uyveba meRore evmeoss mis qoxSi<br />

stumrobisas: XIV, 199-359. am epizods 160 taepi eTmoba:<br />

1. igi (mTxrobeli) 1 kretelia. mamamisi mdidari kaci iyo deda ki mona qali, amitom<br />

ukanono Svilad iTvleboda. mamis sikvdilis Semdeg Zmebma mcire memkvidreoba argunes,<br />

magram mdidari qali SeirTo da SeZlebuli kaci gaxda (199-215).<br />

2. man daiwyo metis da metis moxveWa mekobreobiT (215-234). Sroma ar uyvarda, hyavda<br />

TanamoazreTa razmi da Zarcvavda sxva qveynebs _ 9-jer dalaSqra ucxo qveynebi (230).<br />

kretelTa Soris didad pativcemuli iyo (234).<br />

3. troas omSi igi idomenevsTan erTad ibrZoda: me da idomenevss mogvandes<br />

kretelTa xomaldebis winamZRoloba (237-239) uari ar miTqvams. 9 weli vibrZodiT. omis<br />

damTavrebis Semdeg meaTe wels Sin dabrunebulebi RmerTma zRvaSi dafanta. igi<br />

(mTxrobeli) dabrunda da erTi Tve iyo col-SvilTan (244-245).<br />

4. man (mTxrobelma) isev mekobreoba daiwyo. egviptisken wavida 9 gemiT (246-286).<br />

egvipteSi Casulma megzurebma TareSi daiwyes. damxvdurebma isini daamarcxes _ bevri<br />

daxoces, zogi monad gaixades. man egviptelTa mbrZanebels mimarTa _ muxlebze moexvia<br />

da patieba sTxova. mefes Seebrala da Sin waiyvana. aq igi (mTxrobeli) 7 weli iyo.<br />

5. merve wels erTma finikielma cbierma kacma (romelmac bevri daRupa) igi daiyolia<br />

da finikiaSi waiyvana. iq erTi weli iyo (287-294).<br />

6. Semdeg finikielma kacma libiaSi wayolaze daiyolia, sadac misi (mTxrobelis)<br />

gayidva surda (295-299). gzaSi qariSxali amovarda, zevsma xomaldi daRupa (300-310). igi<br />

(mTxrobeli) gadarCa zevsis nebiT _ gemis anZas CaeWida (311-312).<br />

7. cxradRiani curvis Semdeg TesprotelTa mxareSi gairiya (315-320). iq mefe<br />

feidonma miiRo stumrad.<br />

swored feidonma uambo odisevsze: odisevsi feidonis stumari y<strong>of</strong>ila. amis<br />

dasturad mefem odisevsis uamravi ganZi aCvena, aT modgmas ey<strong>of</strong>ao es ganZi (322-326).<br />

Tavad odisevsi ki dodoneSi wasuliyo, raTa wminda muxisagan Seetyo zevsis neba _<br />

gancxadebulad dabrunebuliyo iTakaSi, Tu farulad (328-330). odisevss gemic mzad<br />

hyavda da megzurebic samSobloSi dasabruneblad. mefe feidonma me ufro adre<br />

gamomiSvao, _ ambobs mTxrobeli (334).<br />

8. gemi, romelsac mTxrobeli gayva, dulixionSi midioda (335). feidonma sTxova<br />

mezRvaurebs, stumari mefe akastosTan mieyvanaT. mezRvaurebma ki igi (mTxrobeli) monad<br />

aqcies (340), gaxades samosi da ZonZebi Caacves, gakoWes da gembanze daagdes (341-344).<br />

9. wuxel maTi gemi iTakas miadga (344), mezRvaurebi napirze gadavidnen da vaxSmobas<br />

Seudgnen. igi (mTxrobeli) RmerTebma gaaTavisufles borkilebisagan (348), curviT<br />

gaaRwia napiramde (351). buCqebSi daimala; eZebes, ver ipoves, bolos wavidnen (352-356).<br />

RmerTebma ixsnes gansacdelisagan (357).<br />

10. axla SenTan var, rogorc Cans, sicocxle mewerao (359).<br />

III ambavi<br />

mesamed odisevsi Tavis Tavgadasavals uyveba penelopes XIX, 166-204; 38 taepi:<br />

1. vxedav, rom Cemi warmoSobis ambis gageba gsurs (166-7). mogiyvebi, Tumca es me<br />

sevdas gamiZlierebs. ase mosdis yvelas, vinc sayvarel ojaxs didi xniT daSorebia da,<br />

CemsaviT ganadgurebuli, adamianebs Soris daexeteba, maT ojaxebs stumrobs Tavad<br />

usaxlkaro (168-170).<br />

2. Rvinisfer zRvaSia kunZuli kreta _ mSvenieri, mdidari, wyliT garSemortymuli,<br />

xalxmravali (172-3). kunZulelebi 90 did qalaqSi cxovroben (174); erTmaneTSia Sereuli<br />

sxvadasxva ena _ aqavelebisa (175), eteokretelebisa kidonelebisa, pelasgebisa,<br />

romlebic sami tomisgan Semdgar dorielebs miekuTvnebian (176-7). dedaqalaqia knososi,<br />

romelSic mefobda minosi _ Cemi papa.<br />

minosi iyo mSobeli didi devkalionisa (180), romelsac SeeZina idomenevsi da me (181).<br />

1 am epizodSi odisevsi mogonil saxelsac ar irqmevs. mas saxels arc evmeosi ekiTxeba, amitom ufro<br />

marTebulad miviCnie II ambavSi odisevsi movixsenio, rogorc mTxrobeli.<br />

106

3. idomenevsma, Cemma saxelovanma Zmam, mrgvalcxviriani xomaldiT gacura Soreul<br />

troaSi atridTan erTad (181-183).<br />

me mqvia aiToni (183), idomenevsis Semdeg gavCndi; igi ufrosia da ZalauflebiT<br />

aRmatebuli (184).<br />

4. odisevsi kretaze vnaxe da saCuqaric vuZRveni (185). igi kretaze qariSxalma<br />

gamoriya (186); troasken mimavals malais koncxTan avdarma mouswro (187), iZulebuli<br />

gaxda amisionSi Sesuliyo, eileTes gamoqvabulTan (188-9).<br />

5. odisevsi qalaqSi idomenevsTan movida, ambobda, rom misi stumari iyo (190); did<br />

pativs scemda idomenevss, magram man 10-11 dRiT gaaswro troaSi (192-3).<br />

6. odisevsi mefis magivrad me vistumre sasaxleSi; xelgaSlilad vumaspinZle (193-5).<br />

xalxisgan Segrovili Cveni mdidruli maragidan odisevssa da mis megzurebs puriT,<br />

cecxlisferi RviniT, xorciT vapurebdiT. 12 dRe dayves aq aqavelebma (199); zRvaSi<br />

gasvlis saSualebas ar aZlevda boreasi, romelic daimonma gaaSmaga (200-2003). me-13 dRes<br />

qariSxali Cadga da iTakelebi zRvaSi gavidnen (203).<br />

7. `aiTonma~ ase mravali sicrue simarTlis msgavsad warmoaCina (203-4). [Iske<br />

yeuvdea polla; levgwn ejtuvmoisin oJmoi`a: (203).<br />

rodesac odisevsi-aiToni penelopes uyveboda odisevsis kretaze stumrobis ambavs,<br />

qali cxare cremliT tiroda (204-209). tiriliT guli rom ijera, ambis mTxrobels hkiTxa:<br />

Tu Cemi qmari marTla iyo SenTan, miTxari, rogori tanisamosi ecvao (218). aiTonma ase<br />

upasuxa: marTalia, bevri dro gavida, 20 weliwadi, (222), magram maxsovs, mewamuli<br />

wamosasxami emosa, oqros ori sabeliT; balTaze gamosaxuli iyo ZaRli, romelsac wina<br />

fexebi nukrze edga (226-228); ecva saocrad sifrifana mbzinavi perangi (232-234). amis<br />

mosmenaze penelope ufro atirda (249), marTlad eniSna `ucxos~ naTqvami (250) da uTxra:<br />

aqamde mxolod mebralebodi, axla megobrad mimaCnixar Cems saxlSio (254-5).<br />

odisevsi-aiToni ganagrZobs ambis Txrobas, igi penelopes eubneba:<br />

8. miTxres, rom odisevsi TesprotTa mdidar qveyanaSi Cavida (270-1); Tan moaqvs<br />

uricxvi ganZi, sxvadasxva xalxSi Segrovili (272-3).<br />

9. misi gemi da megobrebi zRvaSi dainTqnen (274) 1 . Trinakiis kunZulze misulebs<br />

zevsi da heliosi ganurisxdaT (275-6), radgan, gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, mezRvaurebma<br />

heliosis xarebi dakles (276-7).<br />

10. Tavad odisevsi feakebis qveyanas miadga (278-9) 2 . feakebma igi daasaCuqres, magram<br />

odisevsma gadawyvita meti qveyana Semoevlo da ganZi eSova; mas xom simdidris moxveWaSi<br />

toli ara hyavs. (283-4).<br />

11. es ambavi (e. i. rac odisevss kretaze y<strong>of</strong>nis Semdeg gadaxda Tavs) me TesprotelTa<br />

mefe feidonma miambo (287) Tan Semomfica, rom odisevss gemic mzad hyavs da<br />

Tanamgzavrebic, rom Sin dabrundes (288-290).<br />

12. feidonma me ufro adre gamomiSva pirvelive gemiT, romelic dulixionSi 3<br />

midioda (291-2), odisevsis ganZic maCvena, romelic aT modgmas ey<strong>of</strong>a (293-5). mefem miTxra,<br />

odisevsi dodoneSi gaemgzavra, raTa Seityos zevsis neba _ rogor ajobebs dabruneba<br />

_aSkarad Tu saidumlod (296-299).<br />

13. odisevsi cocxalia da male mova _ Zveli mTvaris Casvlisas da axlis gamoCenisas<br />

(307) 4 .<br />

`kreteli~ stumris ambavs evmeosic uambobs jer telemaqoss (XVI, 62-67) 5 , Semdeg<br />

penelopes (XVII, 523-547) 6 .<br />

1 odisevsi-ucxo pirvelad amxels megzurTa daRupvis ambavs.<br />

2 aq odisevsma gamotova kalifsosTan y<strong>of</strong>nis epizodi _ yvelaze xangrZlivi periodi (7 weli).<br />

3 dulixionis adgilmdebareoba daudgenelia. `odiseas~ mixedviT, es kunZuli iTakis maxlobladaa.<br />

4 am SemTxvevaSi axali mTvaris amosvla gulisxmobs _`odisevsi dabrundeba xval~. `odiseas~ XXI,<br />

258, XX, 276-8-is mixedviT, swored am dRes (anu, xval) unda gamarTuliyo apolonisadmi miZRvnili<br />

zeimi, romlisTvisac Tvis pirveli dRe iyo gankuTvnili. ix. homerosi 1961, XIX, 198-is komentari.<br />

antikur literaturaSi cnobili xerxia SurisZieba romelime RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil<br />

dResaswaulze. magaliTad, oreste egisToss heras dResaswaulze klavs (ix. evripides troas<br />

ciklis tragediebi). amgvari SurisZieba msxverplSewirvad aRiqmeboda (ix. canava 2005:175).<br />

5 evmeosis monaTxrobi: igi (ucxoeli) kretidanaa. rogorc ambobs, bevri xalxi da qveyana moixila da<br />

imogzaura _ ase dauwesa bedma. amJamad Tesprotebis xomaldidan borot xalxs gamoeqca da Cems<br />

qoxSi movida (XVI, 62-67).<br />

6 evmeosi penelopesTan aqebs stumars _ kargi mTxrobeliao, kretidan aris, minosis modgmiso (523-<br />

4). didi tanjva gadautania. ase Tqva, odisevsi axlos aris _TesprotTa mxareSi_ Sin dabrunebas<br />

apirebs didi ganZiTo (525-7).<br />

107

`odiseaSi~ odisevsis kretul warmomavlobas da kretasTan dakavSirebul istoriebs<br />

230-ze meti taepi eZRvneba. es ki sakmaod vrceli monakveTia, jamSi _ erTi simReris<br />

TiTqmis naxevari.<br />

upirveles yovlisa, gamovyoT yvelaze arsebiTi, rac samive ambavSi gansakuTrebiTaa<br />

xazgasmuli _ odisevsi kretelia da idomenevsTan Zalian daaxloebuli (an Zmaa, an<br />

uaxloesi TanamebrZoli).<br />

odisevsis mier kretelobis daCemebas samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad xsnian<br />

imiT, rom kreta yvelasTvis cnobili kunZuli iyo. kreta Tavisi mdebareobiT, simdidriT,<br />

mniSvnelobiT popularuli gaxldaT ara mxolod berZenTa Soris, aramed mTel<br />

mediteranul sivrceSi. ase rom, mkvlevarTa azriT, odisevsis fsevdoTavgadasavalSi Cans<br />

patara kunZulis, iTakis, mefis survili, ufro did da saxelganTqmul kunZuls<br />

daukavSiros Tavi. cnobilia isic, rom kretelebi gaqnili matyuarebi iyvnen 1 . magram<br />

poemebis teqstebis konstruirebis homerosiseul principebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, Zneli<br />

dasajerebelia, rom mas amdeni taepi daeTmo odisevsis erT-erTi morigi (yvelaze<br />

uwyinari) tyuilis gadmocemisaTvis.<br />

Cemi azriT, es sami ambavi warmogvidgens fiqcias, romelic odisevsis aracnobiersa<br />

da gulisgulSi Senaxul ocnebas ukavSirdeba. saqme is aris, rom odisevsma 20 wlis winaT<br />

iTakidan gemebiT waiyvana rCeuli vaJkacebi troas omSi. troadan odisevsi marto<br />

dabrunda 10 wlis xetialis Semdeg. es Zalian awuxebs Tavad odisevss (amisi<br />

damadasturebeli informacia teqstSi uxvadaa. axla amaze ar SevCerdebi). SinmousvlelTa<br />

axloblebic ver patioben winamZRols warumatebel sabrZolo eqspedicias (am sakiTxsac<br />

ar gavavrcob). saqme is aris, rom marTalia, aseulobiT aqaveli mebrZoli, maT Soris<br />

cnobili gmirebic daecnen troaSi, magram, ase iyo Tu ise, bolos da bolos garkveuli<br />

nawili meTaurTan erTad Tu umeTaurod, mainc dabrunda Sin: mirmidonelebi _ aqilevsis<br />

gareSe, magram neoptolemosTan, aqilevsis ZesTan, erTad; argoselebi _ agamemnonTan<br />

erTad (Tumca Sin agamemnoni veragulad mokles); lakedemonelebi 7 wlis xetialisa da<br />

tanjvis Semdeg dabrundnen menelaosTan da elenesTan erTad. piloselma nestorma<br />

sayvareli Ze dakarga omSi. daiRupnen gmiri aiaqsebi. erTaderTi winamZRoli, romelmac<br />

minimaluri danakargiT daabruna Tavisi xalxi, iyo kreteli idomenevsi. swored amitomac<br />

kretel idomenevss ukavSirdeba odisevsis yvelaze sanukvari ocneba. ras ar miscemda<br />

odisevsi, rom Sin Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad dabrunebuliyo. amitomac iTakaze<br />

fexSedgmuls, nebsiT Tu uneburad, aekviata survili warmatebul winamZRolTan Tavis<br />

misadagebisa. Cemi azriT, es fiqcia gansxvavdeba odisevsis sxva tyuilebisagan; kretelad<br />

Tavis warmodgena misi gansakuTrebuli niRabia, romliTac homerosis gmiri axleburad<br />

warmogvidgeba. odisevsis es Tviseba Tu Strixi (niRabi), SeiZleba iTqvas, saintereso<br />

modelad iqca Semdgomi epoqebis mwerlebisaTvis 2 .<br />

axla ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis detalebi:<br />

idomenevsi miTosuri warmodgeniT, minosis SviliSvili iyo. igi meTaurobda 80<br />

xomalds, romlebzec Seikribnen mebrZolebi kretis eqvsi qalaqidan (homerosi 2002, II, 645-<br />

652; apolodorosi 1972, III, 13. am avtorTan ufro mcire raodenobaa dasaxelebuli).<br />

`iliadaSi~ idomenevsi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCa xomaldebTan brZolisas (homerosi 2002,<br />

XIII, 210-539). igi monawileobda patroklosis dakrZalvisas gamarTul TamaSebSi.<br />

idomenevsi sxva berZen gmirebTan erTad ijda im xis cxenSi, romelmac troa daRupa. am<br />

gmiris Semdgom bedze sxvadasxva versiebia: erTi gadmocemiT, idomenevsi Tavis xalxTan<br />

erTad mSvidobianad dabrunda kretaze da bednierad ganagrZo mefoba. meore versiiT, Sin<br />

ki dabrunda, magram kretaze rTuli viTareba dauxvda da sabolood igi kunZulidan<br />

gaaZeves 3 .<br />

1 teqstSi ar aris miTiTebuli, ramdenad icis odisevsma kretelebis am Tvisebis Sesaxeb, magram mis<br />

`moTxrobebSi~ amis sapirispiros dasabuTebis survili Cans. yovel SemTxvevaSi, logikurad,<br />

odisevsi arafriT ar daibralebda kretelobas imitom, rom isini matyuarebi arian. piriqiT, mas<br />

surs, rom daujeron.<br />

2 sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, jeims joisis `ulisec~ sakmarisia. am romanSi yvelaferi warmosaxvebis,<br />

aluziebis, niRbebis TamaSs efuZneba. romanis mTavari gmirebi ar arian isini, vinc arian, an ar<br />

surT iyvnen iseTebi, rogorebic arian, an periodulad erTvebian `warmodgenaSi~ da TamaSoben im<br />

rols, romlis TamaSic surT. m. horkhaimerisa da T. adornos azriT: `odisea~ aris `evropuli<br />

civilizaciis sabazo teqsti~ (horkhaimeri ...1972:46).<br />

3 Cemi azriT, idomenevsis gaZevebis versiac Zalian sayuradReboa: igi, erTi mxriv, agamemnonis<br />

Tavgadasavals esadageba, meore mxriv, odisevsisas, amitom mokled warmovadgen am personaJTan<br />

dakavSirebul versiebs: idomenevsi elenes erT-erTi saqmroTagani iyo da gansakuTrebuli<br />

silamaziT gamoirCeoda. rodesac berZenTa gaerTianebuli laSqari kunZul avlisze Seikriba,<br />

kretidan movidnen elCebi da Tqves: idomenevsi troas dasalaSqrad 100 gems waiyvanda im pirobiT,<br />

108

homerosis `odisea~ erTaderTi wyaroa, romlis mixedviT, idomenevsi kretaze<br />

mebrZolebTan erTad dabrunda da bednierad ganagrZo mefoba. samecniero literaturaSi<br />

ar Cans, iyo Tu ara es versia homerosamde. sxva avtorebTan daculi cnobebi idomenevsis<br />

beds sxvagvarad warmogvidgenen. axla ki isev mTavars mivubrundeT _ Txzulebis<br />

struqturis agebisas mwerals ar SeuZlia miTis urTierTsapirispiro versiebs<br />

daeyrdnos. avtori irCevs imas, rac mis mTavar konceptualur mimarTulebas esadageba.<br />

epikuri Txzulebebis saerTo struqturuli kanonzomierebebis Seswavlam mkafiod<br />

gamoavlina, rom mwerali miTosur versiaTagan irCevs imas, rac misi koncefciisa da<br />

esTetikisTvisaa misaRebi. Tu aseTi versia ar arsebobs, poeti Tavad qmnis mas.<br />

idomenevsis SemTxvevaSi homerosi TviTon gvaZlevs konkretul ganmartebas, da Cemi<br />

azriT, miniSnebasac: brZeni nestori masTan stumrad misul telemaqoss uambobs imas, rac<br />

icis, kerZod, vin rogor dabrunda samSobloSi. igi ambobs:<br />

pavnta~ d j jIdomeneu;~ Krhvthn<br />

eijshvgag j eJtaivrou~,<br />

oi{ fuvgon ejk polevmou, povnto~ dev oiJ ou[ tin j ajphuvra ( homerosi<br />

1961. III, 191-2).<br />

(idomenevsma TanamebrZolebi, romlebic oms gadaurCnen, zRviT mSvidobiT miiyvana<br />

kretaze).<br />

Cemi azriT, swored aq, nestoris monaTxrobSi (III simRera), Zevs gasaRebi odisevsis<br />

iluziisa (XIII, XIV, XIX simRerebi). nestori telemaqoss jer imas uyveba, rac Tavisi TvaliT<br />

naxa, mere imas, rac Seityo sxva berZeni gmirebis dabrunebaze. sayuradReboa isic, rom am<br />

ambavs yveba nestori _ yvelaze sarwmuno informatori _ romlis sityvas<br />

gansakuTrebuli Zala da mniSvneloba hqonda (gavixsenoT nestoris funqcia `iliadaSi~).<br />

nestori idomenevsis warmatebiT dabrunebas Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad troas omis<br />

gmirebis `dabrunebaTa~ konteqstSi warmoadgens: mirmidonelebi dabrundnen aqilevsis<br />

vaJTan erTad, cocxalia filoqtetesi (visTan erTad dabrunda igi, ar Cans), agamemnonis<br />

sazareli ambavi ki Tqvenamdec movidodao (homerosi 1961, III, 185-200).<br />

axla ganvixiloT odisevsis mier moTxrobili samive ambavi da maTi<br />

urTierTSesabamisoba.<br />

I ambavi: odisevsma gaiRviZa da ver icno mSobliuri kunZuli. aTenam iTaka nisliT<br />

Sebura, rom droze adre aravis enaxa Sin dabrunebuli gmiri (XIII, 190-196). laertidi<br />

zrunavs feakebis mier naCuqar ganZeulze, man saTiTaod gadaTvala yvela samfexa da qvabi<br />

(XIII, 215-219). aTena mas cxvris (Txebis) mwyemsis ieriT warudga (ejpibwvtori mhvlwvn,<br />

222) da detalurad aRuwera kunZuli (XIII, 237-249). es namdvilad iTakaa! magram odisevsi<br />

ubralo mwyemsis winaSe iwyebs tyuilis xlarTvas: oujd o{ g j ajlhqeva ei\pe,<br />

pavlin d j o{ ge lavzeto mu`qon (XIII, 254);. sityvasityviT es taepi ase iTargmneba:<br />

(man) simarTle ar Tqva, sxva mimarTulebiT waiyvana ambavio. v. meris komentaris mixedviT,<br />

(odisevsma) Semoatriala Tavisi moTxroba sxva mimarTulebiT ajlhqeva-s sapirispirod 1 .<br />

teqstis Semdeg taepSi vkiTxulobT: aijei; ejni; sthvqessi novon polukerdeva<br />

nwmw`n ( XIII, 255) _ gulSi eSmakobas ganizraxavdao.<br />

rodesac aTena-mwyemsma moismina odisevsis gamogonili istoria (anu ambavi I),<br />

loyaze mousva mas xeli, lamaz qalad gardaisaxa da uTxra: mzakvari da cbieri unda iyos,<br />

vinc moisurvebs Sen aRgematos eSmakobiT, es RmerTsac gauWirdeba (kai; eij qeo;~<br />

ajntiavseie XIII, 292). Semdgom aTena xumrobanarevi kiloTi ganagrZobs: (scevtlie,<br />

Tu agamemnoni mas gauy<strong>of</strong>da Zalauflebas (zogi versiiT, es piroba miiRes. zogi versiiT _ ara.<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, `iliadaSi~ amaze aranairi miniSneba ar gvxvdeba. aq idomenevsi mxolod Tavisi<br />

armiis winamZRolia da sxvebiviT emorCileba agamemnons). idomenevsma TanaSemwed airCia merioni,<br />

molosis Ze, romelic, minosis erT-erT ukanono Svilad iTvleboda. cnobilia isic, rom<br />

idomenevsis farze gamosaxuli iyo mwyemsi, rogorc niSani imisa, rom igi heliosis modgmas<br />

ekuTvnoda; mis muzarads ki amkobda taxis eSvebi.<br />

apolodorosis mixedviT, idomenevsis saxlSi aRzrdilma levkosma acduna da sayvarlad<br />

gaixada meda _ idomenevsis meuRle. (Seadare: agamemnoni — klitemnestra _ egisTosis istoria).<br />

mogvianebiT levkosma sasaxlidan gandevna medac da idomenevsis asulic, romlebic taZarSi<br />

daxoca. amis Semdeg levkosma gadaibira 10 qalaqi da Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdo. amasobaSi troadan<br />

kretisken momavali idomenevsi qariSxalSi moyva. igi Sehpirda poseidons, rom msxverplad<br />

Seswiravda pirvel Semxvedrs. es Semxvedri aRmoCnda misi vaJi (an asuli). rodesac idomenevsi<br />

msxverplSewirvisTvis emzadeboda, qveyanas epidemia daatyda da msxverplSewirva gadades. (sxva<br />

versiiT, RmerTebma ar miiRes misi Sewiruli msxverpli; an idomenevsma msxverpli ar Seswira).<br />

levkosma dro ixelTa idomenevsis gasaZeveblad. igi kalambriaSi gaemgzavra da iq dasaxlda.<br />

(apolodorosi 1972: III, 3,1;VI, 9-10. vergiliusi 1913, III, 121 400. higinusi 2000, 81. pavsaniasi 1996, V.<br />

25,5.). cimermani 1980.<br />

1 homerosi 1961, XIII, 254-is komentari.<br />

109

poikilomh`ta, dovlwn a\t j XIII, 293) _ jiuto, cbiergonebiano, eSmakobebs arc<br />

mSobliur miwaze dabrunebuli eSvebi (XIII, 293-4). Tumca _ ambobs aTena _ tyuilebis Tqma<br />

bavSvobidanve giyvardao: lhvxein ajpatavwn muvqwn te klopivwn oi{ toi<br />

pedovqen fivloi eijsivn (XIII, 294-5). ajpatavw niSnavs `vatyueb~, `SecdomaSi<br />

Semyavs~. e. i. aTena xazs usvams odisevsis erT-erT arsebiT Tvisebas _ matyuarobas. Tanac<br />

aqve dasZens, rom es mas sulac ar aRizianebs, piriqiT, `me da Sen erTmaneTis msgavsni varT<br />

eSmakuri CanafiqrebiT. Sen mokvdavTa Soris xar saukeTeso sxvadasxva rCevebiTa da<br />

gamomgoneblobiT, me ki RmerTebs Soris~ ( eijdovte~ a[mfw kevrde j 296-7). ejpei;<br />

su; mevn ejssi brotw`n o]c j a[risto~ aJpavntwn boulh/` kai; muvqoisin,<br />

ejgw; d j ejn pa`si qeoi`si mhvti te klevomai kai; kevrdesin: (XIII, 297-9). kargad<br />

Cans, rom aTena odisevsis matyuarobas (rac mas bavSvobidanve axasiaTebs) ar miiCnevs cud<br />

Tvisebad (celqobad uTvlis), ufro metic, es aJpatavw `gamomgoneblobisa~ da<br />

`sxvadasxva saukeTeso rCevebis micemis~ azrobliv datvirTvas iZens. faqtobrivad, am<br />

dialogSi Cans, ratom uyvars aTenas odisevsi gamorCeulad (sxva gmirebze metad) _ isini<br />

erTmaneTis msgavsni arian. aqve aTena amunaTebs odisevss _ ratom ver micani me, Seni Semwe<br />

da keTilismy<strong>of</strong>eli?! gana me ar ganvawyve feakelTa gulebi Sendami siyvaruliTo (XIII, 300-<br />

303). am `lirikuli~ gadaxvevis Semdgom qalRmerTi saqmeze gadadis da odisevss uxsnis,<br />

rogor unda moiqces Semdgom: me movedi, raTa SenTan erTad yvelaferi Wkvianurad<br />

movifiqro: sad Seinaxo feakelTa boZebuli ganZi; agreTve gauwyo, ra bedi gardagiwyvite<br />

Sens samefoSi (XIII, 304-7). aTena, faqtobrivad, iwonebs odisevsis mier damoukideblad<br />

miRebul gadawyvetilebas, rom mSobliur kunZulze dabrundes rogorc ucxo _ ar<br />

gaamJRavnos Tavisi vinaoba. amas ori mizani aqvs: erTi: gamoarkvios, vin aris erTguli da<br />

vin _ moRalate; meore: maqsimalurad daiTminos damcireba (ajlla; siwph/` pavscein<br />

a[lgea polla; XIII, 309-310); raTa gamarTlebuli iqnas misi momavali SurisZieba.<br />

rac Seexeba fiqcias, romelic odisevsma SeTxza _ kreteli varo _ amaze aTena<br />

arafers ambobs. ambis (mu`qo~) mogoneba da mogonili ambis qveteqsti Tavad odisevsis<br />

prerogativaa, raSic qalRmerTi ar ereva.<br />

I ambis mizania, ucnob mwyemss auxsnas, rogor da ratom moxvda igi iTakaze; rom ganZi<br />

misi kuTvnilebaa (man moipova sisxliTa da <strong>of</strong>liT). am ganZs aravis dauTmobs, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom martoa. igi TviT idomenevsis fexmard Zes ar Seepua da Tavi ar daaCagvrina.<br />

finikielebmac ki ar axles xeli mis ganZs. rogorc vxedavT, am epizodis mTavari<br />

laitmotivia _ ganZi. wvrilfexa saqonlis mwyemsze didi gavlena unda moexdina imas, rom<br />

maT patara kunZuls SemTxveviT moadga didebuli, troas omSi monawile gmiri,<br />

sayovelTaod cnobili kunZulidan. Tumca ki odisevsi amaod gaisarja. es mwyemsi<br />

sinamdvileSi aTena aRmoCnda. ase rom, I ambis moTxrobiT odisevsi amaod daSvra.<br />

II ambis Txrobisas odisevsi cvlis laitmotivs (ganZi saimedodaa dabinavebuli. mas<br />

safrTxe ar emuqreba). I ambidan ucvlelad gadmodis is, rom igi kretelia da idomenevsTan<br />

daaxloebuli piri. sayuradReboa isic, rom meore ambavs igi yveba evmeosis qoxSi, cecxlis<br />

piras; odisevsma ukve zustad icis, rom samSobloSia da isic icis, rogor unda moiqces<br />

(aTenam misca rCeva-darigebebi). ase rom, II ambavi raRaciT cecxlis piras SeTxzul<br />

zRapars mogvagonebs, raRaciT personaJis Sinagan meditaciasa da gaorebas<br />

warmogvidgens.<br />

axla erTmaneTs SevadaroT iTakeli odisevsi da kreteli `stumari~:<br />

iTakeli<br />

kreteli<br />

1. kanonieri Svilia<br />

2. mxolodSobilia 1<br />

3. Tavisi wris coli hyavs.<br />

4. uyvars Tavisi samSoblo, ojaxi. ar uyvars<br />

omi.<br />

5. mefea, `xalxis mwyemsi~<br />

6. iTakelTa flotis erTaderTi<br />

1. ukanono Svilia<br />

2. hyavs Zmebi<br />

3. coli aRemateba warmoSobiTa da<br />

simdidriT.<br />

4. omisken miuwevs guli.<br />

5. mekobrea (9-jer dalaSqra sxvadasxva<br />

qveyana. kretaze simdidriT moixveWa<br />

saxeli.<br />

6. Zalauflebas iy<strong>of</strong>s idomenevsTan 1 .<br />

1 odisevsis sagvareulos damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba is aris, rom mamakacebs TiTo vaJi hyavT:<br />

laertesi arkesilaosis erTaderTi vaJi iyo, laertess mxolod odisevsi hyavda, odisevss ki<br />

telemaqosi: w|de ga;r hJmetevrhn geneh;n mouvnwse kronivwn (XVI, 117 da Semd.) aseTia<br />

miTis epikuri versia. sxva versiiT, odisevss kirkesganac SeeZina vaJi, magram amas homerosi ar<br />

adasturebs.<br />

110

winamZRolia.<br />

7. troadan jer ar dabrunebula.<br />

8. 7 weli dayo kalifsosTan k. ogigiaze.<br />

9. 1 weli gaatara kirkesTan k. aiaiaze.<br />

10. feakebTan ismens demdokosisgan troasa<br />

da odsevsis ambavs.<br />

7. troadan dabrunda. 1 Tve dayo Sin da isev<br />

mekobreoba daiwyo.<br />

8. mekobreobisas egvipteSi daatyveves da iq 7<br />

weli dayo.<br />

9. finikiaSi kinaRam gayides. iq 1 weli iyo.<br />

10. Tesprotelebisgan igebs odisevsis<br />

ambavs.<br />

ε<br />

kreteli stumari arc Tavad ambobs Tavis saxels, arc aravin ekiTxeba. mas<br />

moixsenieben, rogorc `xevno~ (ucxo, ucxoeli, yaribi). `kreteli~ odisevsis msgavs<br />

personaJebs noumenebs (no-man) uwodeben 2 .<br />

am ambavSi bevri ram aris sayuradRebo: xazgasmulia, rom kretel noumens<br />

gansakuTrebul pativs scemdnen simdidris gamo. mamamisic RmerTiviT pativcemuli iyo<br />

simdidrisa da Svilebis siqvelis wyalobiT:<br />

o{~ tovt j ejjni; Krhvtessi<br />

qeo;~ w{~ tiveto dhvmw/<br />

ο[lbw/ te plouvtw/ te kai; uiJavsi kudalivmoisin (XIV, 205-6).<br />

amave epizodSi sayuradReboa, rom noumens (kretel stumars, anu faqtobriv<br />

odisevss) ar surda troas omSi wasvla, magram mas ar hqonda sxva gza: oujdev ti mh`co~<br />

h\en ajnhvnasqai, caleph; d j e[ce dhvmou fh`mi~ (XIV, 238 -239) 3 . cnobilia isic,<br />

rom arc iTakel odisevss undoda troas omSi wasvla. maTi survili msgavsia, motivacia _<br />

gansxvavebuli.<br />

Zmebma noumens, rogorc ukanonos, mcire wili argunes mamiseuli qonebidan (XIV, 210).<br />

imdroindeli kanonebis mixedviT, mas arc hqonda qonebis moTxovnis ufleba. yvelaferi,<br />

rac miiRo, iTvleboda Zmebis saCuqrad.<br />

noumenma sxva xelismaZieblebs ajoba. mdidari coli Tavisi siqveliTa da<br />

moxerxebulobiT moipova:<br />

hjgagovmhn de; gunai`ka poluklhvrwn ajnqrwvpwn<br />

ei{nek j ejmh`~ ajreth`~, ejpei; oujk ajp<strong>of</strong>wvlio~ h\a (XIV, 211-2).<br />

Zalian sainteresoa noumenis TviTdaxasiaTeba:<br />

ajlλj j e]mph~ kalavmhn gev s j ojivomai eijsorovwnta<br />

gignwvskein: h\ gavr me duvh e]cei h]liqa pollhv (XIV, 214-5).<br />

(axla gamoviyurebi, rogorc Calis Rero, romlis mixedviTac, vimedovneb, Sen<br />

Semicnob, Tumca ki bevri ubedurebis gadamtani foTolgacvenili var 4 ).<br />

aresma da aTenam noumens simamacesTan erTad omebis siyvaruli, mebrZoli suli<br />

(rJhxhnorivhn) Caunerges (XIV, 216-7). omSi Seupovars ar uyvarda mindorSi Sroma da<br />

mSvidi cxovreba (XIV, 222-3).<br />

iTakeli odisevsi kargi mebrZoli da monadirea (movigonoT, taxze nadiroba, ris<br />

Semdegac igi e.w. `niSniani~ gmiri gaxda. iremze nadiroba k. aiaiaze. orTabrZolebis<br />

epizodebis damowmeba ki gacilebiT metis SeiZleba), magram, miuxedavad amisa, `iliadasac~<br />

da `odiseasac~ laitmotivad gasdevs azri, rom odisevss omi ar uyvars, mas surs omis<br />

swrafad dasruleba, Sin dabruneba da yvelafers akeTebs am miznis misaRwevad.<br />

troaSi wasvlamde noumeni mekobreobda. man cxrajer dalaSqra sxva qveynebi; mokle<br />

xanSi gamdidrda da gaZlierda, pativiscema moipova kretelTa Soris (XIV, 233-4).<br />

1<br />

`kretel~ odisevss, rogorc ukanonos, ar mianiWes sruli uflebebi. igi mxolod or xomalds<br />

miuZRvis ilionSi; anu igi meorea.<br />

2<br />

rodesac odisevsi Tavis amxanagebTan erTad polifemosis mRvimeSi aRmoCnda, kiklopma mas saxeli<br />

hkiTxa. odisevsma uTxra, aravin mqviao (Ou\ti~ ejmoiv g j o[noma: IX, 366). sakuTar saxelad<br />

warmodgenili Ou\ti~ inglisurad Targmnes, rogorc No-man mogvianebiT es sityva literaturul<br />

kritikaSi garkveuli mxatvruli tipis aRmniSvnel terminad iqca.<br />

3<br />

teqstis komentatori _ v. meri am da momdevno taepebis analizisas askvnis, rom mas (noumens) gza ar<br />

hqonda, win aRdgomoda kretelTa mowodebas, xalxis kategoriul moTxovnas, rac mis survils ar<br />

Seesabameboda. kretelebs undodaT, rom mas _ ukanono Svils _ winamZRoloba gaeyo<br />

idomenevsTan, qveynis kanonier mmarTvelTan. teqstSi ar aris gamokveTili: saerTod ar surda<br />

noumens omSi wasvla, Tu imitom, rom idomenevsis daqvemdebarebaSi unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo.<br />

4<br />

teqstis komentatoris azriT, am berZnulma frazam dasabami misca laTinur frTian gamoTqmas ex<br />

stipula cognoscere (Calis ReroTi gamocnoba, Secnoba). ix. homerosi 1961, XIV, 214-is komentari. Cven<br />

SegviZlia paralelisaTvis movixmoT mZime viTarebaSi Cavardnili tarielis sityvebi, romelic<br />

avTandils eubneba: `aw maSindlisa Cemisa saxe var oden Crdilisa~ (333).<br />

111

simdidreze am ambavSic aris yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. saerTod, simdidris, qonebis Tema<br />

`odiseaSi~ Zalian aqtualuria.<br />

rodesac troas omi daiwyo, kretelebma me da saxelganTqmuli idomenevsi agvirCies<br />

ilionSi gasamgzavreblado (XIV, 237-8), _ ambobs noumeni.<br />

Txroba namdvili ambavs rom daemsgavsos, odisevsi erTmaneTs usadagebs mis mier<br />

realurad gancdilsa da gamogonils. magaliTad, noumenis Svidwliani y<strong>of</strong>na egvipteSi<br />

esadageba odisevsis y<strong>of</strong>nas kunZul ogigiaze qalRmerT kalifsosTan; xolo erTwliani<br />

y<strong>of</strong>na finikielebTan _ qalRmerT kirkesTan aiaiaze stumrobis analogiaa. am<br />

literaturul xerxs SeiZleba vuwodoT fiqciis fiqcia. ra Tqma unda, aq pirveli fiqcia<br />

(anu odisevsis “realuri” Tavgadasavali 1 ) aRebulia, rogorc namdvili ambavi. masTan<br />

mimarTebiT II fiqcia gamonagonis funqcias iZens, magram gmiri am sicrues `fuTavs~ da<br />

cdilobs simarTlis ieri misces. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, iTakeli odisevsi ramdenime<br />

punqtiT radikalurad gansxvavdeba noumenisagan: warmomavlobiT, ojaxiT, saqmianobiT,<br />

funqciiT troas omSi. aseTi gansxvavebuli `biografiis~ SeTxzva sxvadasxvagvarad<br />

SeiZleba aixsnas. erT-erTi axsna SeiZleba isic iyos, rom rom odisevss aseTadac<br />

warmoudgenia Tavi, mis mier aRwerili tipi odisevsis erT-erTi niRabia. am niRbis miRma ki<br />

yvelaze arsebiTi `idomenevsad y<strong>of</strong>nis~ (warmatebul `kretelad y<strong>of</strong>nis~) survilia,<br />

romelic, (rogorc ukve vTqvi) homerosis versiiT, Tavadac dabrunda da xalxic daabruna.<br />

es iluziebi qmnis teqstis sxva struqturas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uxilav, magram mtkice<br />

`bades qsovs~. es bade, tradiciuli teqstis sxva sibrtyes qmnis, romelic fantaziis<br />

unaris mqone mkiTxvelisTvisaa gamiznuli. swored amgvari miniSnebebi, narTaulebi,<br />

warmosaxvebi miuTiTeben adamianis bunebis sirTulesa da mravalmxrivobaze. yvela didi<br />

mwerali cdilobs mkiTxveli Tavisi gmirebis fiqrebisa da ocnebebis labirinTSi<br />

Seiyvanos. rac ufro mravalsaxiania personaJi, miT ufro sainteresoa. am labirinTidan<br />

mkiTxveli gmirebTan erTad gamodis TanagancdiTa da axali gamocdilebiT aRWurvili. Tu<br />

es ase moxda, avtoris mizani miRweulia (swored es iyo antikuri esTetikis principi).<br />

noumenis Tavgadasavlis simarTleSi meRore evmeoss eWvi ar Sehparvia, kidec<br />

aaRelva ucxoelis ubedobam, magram ar daujera, rom odisevsi cocxalia da male<br />

dabrundeba. evmeosi mimarTavs `sacodav ucxoels~ (deile; xeivnwn 361): odisevsze ki<br />

upativcemulod Tqvi, ar mjera, raSi dagWirda tyuilubralod Cemi motyueba? (XIV, 363-5).<br />

I ambisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic odisevsma aTena-mwyemss uambo (da rogorc gairkva,<br />

fuWad) II ambavi orad iy<strong>of</strong>a: noumenis Tavgadasavali evmeoss sjera, odisevsisa _ ara.<br />

meRores Tavisi argumentebi aqvs (XIV, 366-385). igi ambobs, rom ukve aRar midis<br />

penelopesTan, romelic yovelTvis uxmobda xolme, rodesac romelime ucxoeli<br />

Semoexeteboda kunZulze. ded<strong>of</strong>ali da Sinaurebi, stumars garsSemojarulni, mosuls<br />

kiTxvebs ayridnen, raTa rame SeetyoT (XIV, 373-377). evmeosi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg ver<br />

itans fuW gamokiTxvebs, rac iTakaze movida erTi etolieli, romelic Sinidan sasjels<br />

gamoeqca (adamiani mokla). etolielma evmeoss aseTi ram uambo: odisevsi kretaze<br />

idomenevsis sasaxleSi vnaxeo. igi Tavisi gemebis SekeTebiT iyo dakavebuli. odisevsma<br />

miTxra zafxulSi an Semodgomaze iTakaSi viqnebiT me da Cemi amxanagebi, eniT auwereli<br />

qonebiT vbrundebiTo (kai; favt j ejleuvsesqai h[ ej~Eqevro~ h[ ej~ ojpwvrhn,<br />

polla; crhvmat j a[gonta, su;n ajntiqevoi~ eJtavroisi XIV, 384-5). evmeoss es<br />

bolo imedic gaucruvda, amitom stumars eubneba, nu matyuebo (mhvte tiv moi<br />

yeuvdessi 387), am sicruis gamo ufro met pativiscemas Cemgan nu eli. me zevss vekrZalvi<br />

_ stumarTa mfarvels (XIV, 386-9). evmeosis azriT, odisevsze amdeni tyuilis xlarTvis<br />

mizezi isaa, rom misi cxedari aravis unaxavs, amitom kargi iqneba, gamoCndes Tundac erTi<br />

TviTmxilveli, romelic ityvis, rom gardacvlili laertidi naxa; maSin yvelaferi cxadi<br />

gaxdeba 2 .<br />

me vfiqrob, Zalian sayuradReboa Tavad odisevsis Tvalsazrisi tyuilze.<br />

imedgadawurul evmeoss odisevsi-noumeni eubneba: geficebi, odisevsi male dabrundebao<br />

( ajll j ejgw; oujk au]tw~ muqhvsomai, ajlla; su;n o{rkw/, wJ~ nei`tai jOduseuv~: 1 samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom kikonebis qveynidan odisevsi irealur<br />

samyaroSi, sxva sknelSi gadadis. amaze ix. segali 1962:17-36. vidal-nake 2001. edvardsi 1993:27-77.<br />

`odiseaSi~ sammagi fiqcia gvaqvs: I miTi _odisevsis troadan dabrunebis ambavi; II. odisevsi<br />

irealur samyaroSi; III. odisevs-noumenis iluzia _ misi savaraudo Tavgadasavali, romelSic<br />

gadaxlarTulia sasurveli da realuri. amgvari fantasmagoria nebismieri adamianisTvis (miT<br />

umetes, mwerlisTvis) fabulaTa dauSretel wyarod SeiZleba iqces.<br />

2 miuxedavad imisa, rom evmeoss odisevsi cocxali aRar hgonia, stumris pativsacemad gamarTuli<br />

vaxSmis win msxverplSewirvisas, samsxverplo xorcis naWeri cecxlSi Caagdo da RmerTebs<br />

SesTxova, odisevsi Sin daebrunebinaT (XIV, 422-424).<br />

112

XIV,151-2). Semdeg odisevsi-noumeni dasZens: hadesis karibWeze metad mZuls yvela<br />

matyuara, romelic siRaribis gamo cruobs (ejcqro;~ gavr moi kei`no~ oJmw`~<br />

jAivdao puvlh/si givgnetai, o{~ penivh/ ei[kwn ajpathvlia bavzei XIV,156-7). e.<br />

i. odisevsisTvis miuRebelia sicrue gamorCenis molodinis gamo. rogorc Cans, mas aqvs<br />

sicruis Tqmis Tavisi koncefcia. miT umetes, misTvis warmoudgenelia tyuilad daficeba.<br />

odisevss surs, rom meRore daarwmunos _ar vcruobo da sanaZleosac udebs (XIV, 391-400).<br />

III ambavi penelopesTvisaa gankuTvnili, amitom aq odisevsi sxva fiqcias mimarTavs<br />

(igi arc imas aqcevs yuradRebas, rom meRore evmeosma SeiZleba ufro detalurad uambos<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>als ucxoelis ambavi da tyuilSi gamoiWiron 1 ). am moTxrobaSi odisevsi<br />

gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas kunZul kretis sidiadesa da simdidreze. am diadi<br />

kunZulis RvTaebrivi mefe minosi 2 misi papaa, idomenevsi ki RviZli Zma. me aiToni mqviao, _<br />

ambobs odisevsi. Ai[qwn-is (XIX, 183) erT-erTi mniSvnelobaa `wiTeli, alisferi,<br />

cecxlovani wiTeli~ 3 . sxvadasxva wyaroebis mixedviT, odisevsi wiTuri y<strong>of</strong>ila 4 . ase rom,<br />

aq odisevsi fizikur maxasiaTebels `irqmevs~ saxelad. saxeli aiToni odisevsis erT-erTi<br />

niRabia. III ambavi-fiqciis mizania: a) penelopes Tavi moawonos didebuli warmomavlobiT. b)<br />

daarwmunos, rom odisevsi cocxalia da male mova. wina ambisgan gansxvavebiT, aiToni<br />

Tavad warmodgeba odisevsis maspinZlad k. kretaze. igi aRuwers penelopes odisevsis<br />

Cacmulobis detalebs da amiT ded<strong>of</strong>lis srul ndobas moipovebs. erTaderTi, vinc<br />

yvelaze metad irwmuna odisevsi-ucxos monayoli, penelope iyo (aTenam gaaqilika,<br />

evmeosma ar daujera, penelopes ki guli autokda, Tumca ambis meore nawili _ odisevsi<br />

male dabrundebao _ arc man daijera).<br />

odisevsi-ucxo penelopes saqmroebsac `umxels~ Tavis vinaobsa, oRond maT ar<br />

eubneba, saidanaa. erT dros mdidari kaci mekobreebs davukavSirdi. maTi wyalobiT<br />

egvipteSi aRmovCndi, sadac damatyveves da monad mimyides kviprosels; axla iqidan<br />

movdivaro (XVII, 415-444).<br />

odisevsma veravin daarwmuna, magram raRac imedi mainc Causaxa. es imedi Zalian<br />

myifea, magram mainc imedia. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom noumenma raRac TvalsazrisiT mizans<br />

miaRwia.<br />

antikuri epoqis literaturis Teoretikosebma Camoayalibes kriteriumebi _<br />

rogori teqsti SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvrul nawarmoebad. am koncefciis<br />

formulirebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aristoteles `poetika~ da `ritorika~,<br />

platonis `saxelmwifos~ III wigni da ramdenime Tavi `kanonebidan~, strabonis `geografiis~<br />

1 rodesac penelopem meRores hkiTxa, vin aris es kacio, evmeosma upasuxa: kargi mTxrobelia,<br />

kretidan aris, minosis modgmisa, didi tanjva gadautania. ase ambobs: odisevsi axlosaa,<br />

TesprotelTa mxareSi, Sin didi ganZiT apirebso dabrunebas (XVII, 523-7). aq Cans, rom evmeosi<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>als eubneba yvelaze mniSvnelovan informacias stumris monayolidan. meRore aseve mokled<br />

uxasiaTebs stumars telemaqossac: igi kretidanaa; rogorc ambobs, bevri xalxi da qveyana moixila<br />

_ ase dauwesa bedma. axlaxan gamoiqca TesprotTa xomaldidan, Cvens qoxSi movida. axla Sen<br />

mixedeo (XVI, 62-7).<br />

2 sayuradReboa erTi detali: `iliadis~ mixedviT kretis epiTetia `asqalaqiani~ (eJkatovmpoli~<br />

homerosi 2002:,649), asevea vergiliusis `eneidaSic~ (Centum urbes habibant magnas . vergiliusi:<br />

1913: III,106). noumenis gadmocemiT ki kreta 90-qalaqiania (ejnnhvkonta). es SeiZleba imaze<br />

miuTiTebdes, rom noumenma ar icis namdvili viTareba, Tumca igi detalurad axasiaTebs kretis<br />

mosaxleobas (XIX,174-6). aqve komentatori aRniSnavs minosTan dakavSirebuli terminis Targmanis<br />

sirTules: ejnnevwro~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes (ise, rogorc `odiseas~ X, 19-Si) “srul simwifes”<br />

zrdasrulobas; magram Tu sityvasityviT vTargmniT, `cxra wels~ aRniSnavs. am sityvis dakavSireba<br />

basivleu~-sTan da ojaristhv~-sTan komentators amgvari wakiTxvis saSualebas aZlevs: “cxra<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi asocirebuli (dakavSirebuli) iyo zevsTan~. platonis `minosis~<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT es adgili ase SeiZleba gavigoT: minosi yovel cxra weliwadSi rCevebs iRebda<br />

zevsisgan (saidumlo gamoqvabulSi) ix. homerosi 1961, XIX, 178-is ganmarteba.<br />

3 dvorecki 1958. lidel-skoti 1968.<br />

4 odisevsis Tmis ferTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi pasaJi teqstidan: saqmroebis daxocvis<br />

Semdgom odisevsma ganibana, Caicva; aTenam silamaziT gaabrwyina, simaRle Sehmata (XXIII, 153-8) da<br />

kovma~, uJakinqivnw/ a[nqei oJmoiva~ (XXIII, 158). am frazas ornairad Targmnian: Tma<br />

hiakinTosis furceliviT dauxuWuWao; an Tma hiakinTosis yvavilisferi gauxadao. ix. homerosi<br />

1961, XXIII, 158-is komentari. ufro miRebulia meore versia. amas aZlierebs Teokritosis fraza:<br />

mevlan e[nti kai; aJ grapta; uJavkinqo~ _ Savi hiakinTosis feri (10.28). e.i. odisevss<br />

hiakinTosis feri Tma hqonda. hiakinTosi, anu sumbuli mravalferovani yvavilia, xarobs<br />

xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi (igi SeiZleba iyos melnisferi, wiTeli, Savi da a.S.) minerali hiacinti<br />

gamWvirvale wiTeli, an vardisfer-Zowisferia. (ix. enciklopedia 1981). `odiseas~ teqstis<br />

komentatori ixreba iqiTken, rom aq Savi feri igulisxmeba, magram, Cemi azriT, amisi dabejiTebiT<br />

mtkicebis safuZvels teqsti ar iZleva.<br />

113

pirveli ori wigni, lukianosis `rogor unda daiweros istoria~, kvintilianusis<br />

`oratoris aRzrda~ da sxva. am da sxva avtorebis mosazrebebi reziumirebulia dionise<br />

Trakielis TxzulebaTa sqolioebSi, sadac weria: `poets amSvenebs 4 niSani (Tviseba):<br />

saleqso sazomi (to; mevtron), gamonagoni (oJ mu`qo~), Txroba (hJ iJstoriva) da<br />

sityvieri gamoxatvis saSualeba (hJ levxi~);; nawarmoebi, romelsac CamoTvlilTagan<br />

romelime aklia, ar iqneba poeturi Txzuleba, Tundac leqsadac iyos dawerili~ 1 .<br />

kvintilianusi `oratoris aRzrdaSi~ wers: poezia aris TvalTmaqcoba<br />

(TiTlibazoba) (ostentatio); misi mizania siamovneba (voluptas); siamovneba miiRweva<br />

gamonagoniT (fingendo), gamonagoni ki Sedgeba sicruisa (falsa) da daujereblisagan<br />

(incredibilis) (X, I, 28). i. Stalis dakvirvebiT, aristotelesa da kvintilianusis<br />

Tvalsazrisebi gamonagonis Sesaxeb erTmaneTis msgavsia rogorc esTetikuri koncefciis,<br />

ise leqsikis doneze 2 . gamonagonis funqciasa da mniSvnelobaze Zalian bevri daiwera<br />

antikurobaSic da mas Semdegac. sicruis (fiqciis) fenomens dRes kompleqsurad<br />

swavloben literatorebi, fsiqologebi, filos<strong>of</strong>osebi. axla am sakiTxs ar ganvavrcob,<br />

isev aristoteles mivubrundebi. CemTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aristoteles<br />

azri gamonagonze: “nawili gamonagonebisa (oiJ mu`qoi) martivia, nawili _ CaxlarTuli,<br />

radgan Tavad ambebi, romelTa mibaZvasac warmoadgenen es gamonagonebi, aseTebi<br />

(martivebi an CaxlarTulebi. r.c.) arian~ (aristotele 2005, 1452a 12-14) 3 . sakvlev<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa ara imdenad aristoteles msjeloba, ratom aris<br />

aucilebeli gamonagoni (miTi), raTa “Sedges” mxatvruli nawarmoebi, aramed misi<br />

Tvalsazrisi TviT gamonagonis (miTis) arssa da am gamonagonTa sxvadasxvaobaze.<br />

aristotele erTmaneTs upirispirebs terminebs dunatav (SesaZlebeli) da eijkovta<br />

(mosalodneli, dasajerebeli). igi wers, rom gamonagoni (miTi) SeiZleba iyos rogorc<br />

`SesaZlebeli mosalodneli~, ise `SesaZlebeli aucilebeli~; upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT<br />

`SesaZlebel mosalodnels~ (ta; dunata; kata; eijkov~, 1460a 26-27). ndobas iwvevs<br />

(piqanov~) SesaZlebeli (dunatav), magram mxolod iseTi SesaZlebeli (ambavi r.c.),<br />

romelic dasturdeba cxovrebaSi (anu, romelic odesRac moxda, an xdeba; araferi ar<br />

uSlis xels, rom aseTi ram garkveul viTarebaSi moxdes). swored `piqanov~ aris is<br />

simarTlismagvari, rasac SeiZleba vendoT ara konkretulad, aramed zogadad,<br />

cxovrebiseuli SesaZleblobis gadasaxedidan.<br />

am msjelobidan gamomdinare, ufro TvalsaCinoa, rom homerosi, miTSi (gamonagonSi)<br />

rTavs sxva gamonagonebs (fiqciebs), romlebic erwymian mTavar epikur Txrobas, rogorc<br />

damoukidebeli ambebi. am fiqciebs, Tavis mxriv, ganmsazRvreli funqcia ekisrebaT<br />

personaJis xasiaTis (carakthvr) warmoCenisas, radganac isini saSualebas gvaZleven,<br />

CavwvdeT gmiris yvelaze sanukvar (gaumJRavnebel) gancdebs.<br />

zemoT warmodgenili sami fiqcia ZiriTadad ganxilulia teqsturi informaciis<br />

Sejerebis doneze. Zalian sainteresoa lingvisturi mxarec. avtori marjved unacvlebs<br />

TxrobiT, kavSirebiT da natvriT kiloebs; svams ritorikul SekiTxvebs, iyenebs frTian<br />

gamoTqmebs. aseve sayuradReboa erTi da imave ambis Txrobisas gamoyenebuli<br />

literaturuli xerxebi _ ambis gavrcoba da reducireba. am xerxebis gamoyenebiT gmiri<br />

aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs. ase rom, es fiqciebi, garda imisa, rom odisevsis ocnebas asaxaven,<br />

avtoris mxatvruli ostatobis WeSmariti nimuSebia.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

apolodorosi 1972: Аполлодор. Мифологическая библиотека. Издание подготовил В. Г. Борухович.<br />

Ленинград: „Наука“, 1972.<br />

aristotele 2005: Aristotle. Poetics. Edited and Translated by St. Halliwell. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London:<br />

Harvard University Press, 2005.<br />

dvorecki 1975: Дворецкий И. Х. Древнегреческо-русский словарь. В двух томах. Москва: “Госизд”, 1975.<br />

dilsi: Diels H.25, A, 25.ACA (Ancient Commentartors on Aristotle). Berlin:Reiner 1882-1909.<br />

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/hums/philosophy/aca/cag-guide.pdf<br />

edvardsi 1993: Edwards A. T. Homer’s Ethical Geography: Country and City in the Odyssey. In: American<br />

Philological Journal 123, 1993:27-77.<br />

1 dilsi: 25.<br />

2 Stali 1975:46.<br />

3 aristotele 2005.<br />

114

enciklopedia 1981: Советский энциклопедический словарь. Москва: “Советская энциклопедия“, 1981.<br />

vergiliusi 1913: Vergilius, Aeneis. Ed. O. Gu>thling. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1913.<br />

vidal-nake 2001: Видаль-Наке П. Чёрный охотник. Формы Мышления и формы общества в греческом<br />

мире. Перевод с французского. Москва : “Ладомир”, 2001.<br />

lidel-skoti 1968: Liddel H. G., Scott R., Jones H. St., McKenzie R. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, 1968.<br />

pavsaniasi 1996: Павсаний. Описание Эллады. В двух томах. Перевод с древнегреческого С. П. Кондратьева.<br />

Санкт-Петербург : “Алетея “,1996.<br />

segali 1962: Segal Ch. P. The Phaeacians and the Symbolism <strong>of</strong> Odysseus’ Return: Arion, 1962.<br />

Stali 1975: Шталь И. В. Гомеровский эпос. Москва: “Высшая школа”, 1975.<br />

canava 2005: canava r. miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlobaSi da qarTuli<br />

literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi. Tb.: “logosi” 2005.<br />

cimermani 1980: Zimmerman J. E. Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Classical Mythology. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.<br />

homerosi 1961: Homer. Odyssey. Vol. I-II. With Introduction, Notes, ets. W.W. Merry. Oxford: At the<br />

Clarendon Press, 1961.<br />

homerosi 2002: Homerus. Ilias. Ed. M. L. West. Stuttgart, Leipzig. Vol. I 1998. Vol. II 2002.<br />

homerosi 1982: Гомер. Одиссея. Перевод с древнегреческого В. Жуковcкого. Москва: “Московский<br />

работник“, 1982.<br />

higinusi 2000: Гигин. Мифы. Перевод с латинского Д. О. Торшилова. Санкт-Петербург: “Алетея”, 2000.<br />

homerosi 1979: homerosi. odisea. ZvelberZnulidan Targmna p. beraZem. Tb.: `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo”, 1979.<br />

horkhaimeri . . . 1972: M. Horkheimer and Th. Adorno. Dialectic <strong>of</strong> Enlightment. Transl. John Cummings. New<br />

York: Herder and Herder, 1972.<br />

Rusudan Tsanava<br />

One Mask <strong>of</strong> Odysseus<br />

Summary<br />

Homer’s Odysseus is a convergence <strong>of</strong> characteristics <strong>of</strong> well-known folklore types <strong>of</strong> Trickster and<br />

adventurer. At the same time it is considered as a “parent” <strong>of</strong> fictional characters (heroes and antiheroes) since<br />

classical epoch till nowadays. The reason <strong>of</strong> immortality <strong>of</strong> this hero is simple – Odysseus is a character rooted<br />

deep in Folklore with various masks.<br />

This article discusses (at the level <strong>of</strong> text analyses) one <strong>of</strong> the falsehoods (lies) <strong>of</strong> Odysseus, that takes<br />

great enough part in the poem – more than 230 lines and includes 3 songs: XIII (199-359), XIX (166-204). The<br />

point is that after 10 year <strong>of</strong> wondering returned on Ithaca - Odysseus hides his name and tells everyone that he<br />

is from Crete, brother or brother-in arms <strong>of</strong> Crete Idomeneusus. On the bases <strong>of</strong> text’s detailed analyses I<br />

observed that Odysseus claims that he was from Crete not for the reason that Crete is the most famous island (as<br />

accepted in scientific literature), but because the fact that Idomeneusus was the only from the military leaders<br />

gone to Troy who managed to return back the most compatriots to their motherlands. Despite that in Odyssey<br />

Odysseus failure expedition is not highlighted it’s still obvious from the text, on the one hand, Odysseus sorrow<br />

about lost <strong>of</strong> his compatriots and on the other hand, Ithacans anger caused by lost <strong>of</strong> their relatives. Hence,<br />

comparison <strong>of</strong> himself with successful leader – Idomeneusus <strong>of</strong> Crete unveils Odysseus very essential aspect <strong>of</strong><br />

character. This is an illusion that is in its turn one <strong>of</strong> the most interesting masks <strong>of</strong> Laertid and is related to a<br />

hero’s unconsciousness. Accordingly, Odysseus’ this lie differs from other ones, which he used to tell in various<br />

places and for various reasons. Fictions (allusions, imaginations) create the other structure <strong>of</strong> the text, and<br />

penetrating in it is only available for emotional and imaginative readers. Returned as no man a hero <strong>of</strong> Troy is<br />

bifurcated, tortured and nameless. The essential reason <strong>of</strong> his “sufferings” is that he returned home alone. That’s<br />

why he, in his imagination, considers himself successful.<br />

The poem’s textual analyses and summing up approaches <strong>of</strong> thetoricians <strong>of</strong> Antique epoch literature lets<br />

us conclude that Homer skillfully manages to put other fictions in fiction (myth) that confluence together<br />

organically with myth telling. These fictions in its turn have defined function <strong>of</strong> unclosing a character <strong>of</strong> a hero.<br />

They give us possibility to unveil even the most implicit emotions and feelings.<br />

Various readers see different masks <strong>of</strong> Odysseus: some see one or two, others - several, and the others<br />

even see many... For some readers he is just a simple avantiurist, for others he is a flexible man who can think <strong>of</strong><br />

way out anytime, but a few are who can imagine crying Odysseus (and he cries frequently), who doesn’t know<br />

how to return to his island and hides his feelings even from himself.<br />

115

sad cxovrobda kirke<br />

(odisevsis mogzaurobis marSrutis dadgenisaTvis<br />

homerosis `odiseas~ mixedviT)<br />

nestan ratiani<br />

odisevsis xetialis marSruti mecnierebaSi dRemde davis sagans warmoadgens. troas,<br />

kikonebisa da iTakis garda yvela sxva punqti TiTqmis irealuri samyaroa. qarTveli<br />

mkiTxvelisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qalRmerTi kirkes kunZulis, aiaies<br />

lokalizaciis sakiTxi. mecnierTa nawili am kunZuls xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi aTavsebs,<br />

meore nawilisTvis ki, homerosis sityvebze dayrdnobiT [`aiaiasTan migvabrunes talRebma<br />

zRvisa. sad ciskris macne eoss aqvs bina da sad aris aRmosavali, sacekvao heliosisa...~<br />

(homerosi 1979: 12.2-4)], kirkes jadosnuri samflobelo aRmosavleTSia. Tumca am sakiTxze<br />

msjelobisas arc poeturi pirobiToba unda daviviwyoT. Cemi azriT (aqve aRvniSnav, rom<br />

piradad me viziareb meore jgufis mecnierTa mosazrebas), arcTu ise didi mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs geografiuli punqtis realur lokalizebas. ufro mniSvnelovania imis dadgena,<br />

SeiZleba Tu ara sxva niSniT _ geografiul punqtSi arsebuli tradiciebiT, wes-<br />

CveulebebiT _ kunZulis dakavSireba legendarul aiasTan da, Sesabamisad, kolxeTTan. am<br />

statiis farglebSi Sevecdebi swored am kuTxiT ganvixilo odisevsis stumroba kirkes<br />

sambrZanebloSi. magram Tavdapirvelad minda, yuradReba mravlismxilvevli odisevsis<br />

xasiaTis erT Tvisebaze SevaCero. homerosi xasiaTebis gamosaxvis ostatia da es Tavis<br />

droze aristotelemac SeniSna: `mcire Sesavlis Semdeg maSinve Semohyavs kaci an qali an<br />

romelime sxva xasiaTi da aravin xasiaTis gareSe. aramed mxolod mqone xasiaTisa~<br />

(aristotele 1968: 24). xasiaTis Tviseba, romelic odisevss aSkarad gamoarCevs aris mis<br />

mier mimndobi adamianebis, arc meti da arc naklebi, motyuebis unari. odisevsi atyuebs<br />

msmenels, atyuebs amxanagebs... zogi amas `moxerxebulobas~ daarqmevs, magram, Tuki<br />

guldasmiT wavikiTxavT teqsts, SevniSnavT, rom odisevsi maSinac ityueba, rodesac mas es<br />

araferSi sWirdeba. garda amisa, teqstis wakiTxvis dros yuradRebas is garemoebac<br />

iqcevs, rom troadan wamosul odisevss da mis mxleblebs arcerT dasaxlebul punqtSi (aq<br />

ar vTvli skilasa da qaribdiss, sirenebis kunZuls, radgan am punqtebs xomaldi mxolod<br />

Cauvlis da arc kimerielTa mxares, radgan iq odisevsi oden micvalebulTa sulebTan<br />

kavSiris dasamyareblad miemarTeba) arafers erCian. piriqiT, Tavad odisevsia mtrulad<br />

da agresiulad ganwyobili am adgilTa binadrebis mimarT. sainteresoa, rom saxeli<br />

odisevsi ukavSirdeba berZnul zmnas, romelic `mrisxanebas~, `siZulvils~ aRniSnavs<br />

(homerosi 1958-1961: 19. 409).<br />

ai, im adgilebis CamonaTvali, sadac gaCerda odisevsis xomaldi: 1) kikonebis qalaqi<br />

ismari: am qalaqs iTakelebi umowyalod anadgureben; 2) lot<strong>of</strong>agebis mxare: lot<strong>of</strong>agebi<br />

Taviseburi stumarTmoyvareobiT xvdebian mosulT; 3) kiklopebis kunZuli: eulad<br />

mcxovrebi zRvis RmerTis, poseidonis vaJi kiklopi polifeme arafers dauSavebda<br />

mogzaurebs, droze rom daetovebinaT maT mierve darbeuli gamoqvabuli; 4) eolosis<br />

kunZuli: eolosi mTeli Tve guluxvad maspinZlobs stumrebs; 5) aiaie: qalRmerTi kirkec<br />

bolos da bolos Tanxmdeba odisevss gaxdes keTilganwyobili da erTi wlis manZilze<br />

Seudarebel xelgaSlilobas iCens; 6) Trinakia: heliosis kunZulze, Tumc kategoriulad<br />

gafrTxilebulni arian, odisevsis amxanagebi mainc aCanageben mzis RmerTis naxirs; 7)<br />

ogigia: nimfa kalifso Svidi weliwadi Seifarebs odisevss da ra aris imaSi dasaZraxi, Tuki<br />

odisevsis coloba swadia? 8) sqeria: naosnobaSi daxelovnebuli feakebi araTu Tavad<br />

ikisreben odisevsis iTakaze gacilebas, aramed stumrebis moyvare maspinZlebic<br />

aRmoCndebian.<br />

ai, am msvlelobaSi konteqstidan amovardnilia lamosel lestrigonTa<br />

arastumarTmoyvare daxvedra, eolosis kunZulze meored misuli odisevsis armiReba da<br />

gawbilebul mogzaurTa ukan gabruneba. ra mizezi aqvs amas? pasuxs isev teqstis<br />

guldasmiT wakiTxva iZleva, pasuxi im epizodSi imaleba, romelic odisevsis stumrobas<br />

kirkes kunZulze aRwers.<br />

Tavdapirvelad eolosis kunZulze odisevsi da misi amxanagebi mTel Tves darCebian.<br />

RmerTebisgan dafasebuli eolosi keTil maspinZlobas uwevs troadan momaval daRalul<br />

stumrebs. es kunZuli xifaTiani odisevsisTvis SeCerebis meoTxe punqtia. erTi Tvis Tavze<br />

116

dasvenebuli mgzavrebi isev gzas daadgebian, eolosi ki odisevss gudas usaxsovrebs. am<br />

vercxlis ZafiT amokeril gudaSi damabrkolebeli qarebia Camwyvdeuli. ∗ cxra dRe<br />

dauRalavad darajobs odisevsi gudas, cxra dRe ar iZinebs gmiri samSoblos napirebis<br />

male danaxvis surviliT Sepyrobili, meaTe dRes ki daRlil-daqanculi moiceleba da ise<br />

Rrmad CaeZineba, rom megobrebi gudas gaxsnian, iqidan ki gamZvinvarebuli qarebi<br />

am<strong>of</strong>rindebian da iTakas miaxloebul xomalds isev ukan, eolosis kunZulisken gaitacebs<br />

zRva. ramdeni dRea xomaldi zRvaSi, avtori ar gveubneba, magram, Tuki eolosis<br />

kunZulidan iTakamde curvas, karg amindSi aTi dRe dasWirdeboda, ukana gzas iTakidan<br />

eolosos kunZulamde meti dro ar unda dasWirveboda. piriqiT, Tuki qarebic iTakidan<br />

devnidnen xomalds, es dro Semcirdeboda kidec, e. i. ukan mgzavrobis dro oridan aT<br />

dRemde meryeobs. ∗∗ kunZulze gadasul odisevss eolosi ganrisxebuli dauxvdeba da im<br />

sababiT, rom cxadi gaxda odisevsis mimarT RmerTebis siZulvili, mosulebs ukan<br />

gauSvebs. gawbilebuli mogzaurebi isev xomaldebs ubrundebian da eqvs dRes<br />

umisamarTod micuraven. meSvide dRes ki lestrigonebs miadgebian. teqstidan sruliad<br />

gaugebaria, ratom, magram lestrigoni antifatosi erT mgzavrs daiTrevs da gemosac<br />

gausinjavs. danarCeni mogzaurebi ki sirbiliT Tavs uSvelian. TumcaRa viciT, rom<br />

gadarCa mxolod is, vinc aaRwia odisevsis xomaldze, danarCenebi ki lestrigonTa<br />

daSenil veeberTela qvebs Seewirebian. ai, amis Semdeg xomaldi CaaRwevs kirkes kunZuls.<br />

manZili lestrigonTa qveynidan kirkes samy<strong>of</strong>elamde arcTu ise didia, iq Casvla or<br />

dReSic SeiZleba. magram arafriT ar SeiZleba, dasWirdes cxra dReze meti dro, radgan<br />

vimeoreb, rom yvelaze grZeli manZili ogigiidan sqeriamde (xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi<br />

xetialis SemTxvevaSi) odisevsma martom, amxanagebis gareSe, Tvramet dReSi dafara, xolo<br />

aseve grZeli manZilis _ kikonebis mxaredan lot<strong>of</strong>agebamde — gadacurvas cxra dRe<br />

dasWirda.<br />

aiaies kunZulze gadasulebi sam dRes napirTan axlos Seyovndebian, meoTxe dRes ki<br />

odisevsi gadarCenil amxanagebs or jgufad gay<strong>of</strong>s da kenWisyriT gadawydeba, rom<br />

kunZulis dasazverad unda wavides ocdaori kaci evriloqosis meTaurobiT. razmi imave<br />

dRes miadgeba kirkes sacxovrebels. moxerxebuli evriloqosi gareT darCeba, misi<br />

megobrebi ki, kirkes jadoqrobis wyalobiT, Rorebad iqcevian. evriloqosi isev ukan,<br />

xomaldTan brundeba, iq, sadac darCenili amxanagebi arian. teqstidan Cans, rom mas kirkes<br />

jadoqroba ar daunaxavs (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 250-260), magram mogvianebiT mainc cils<br />

daswamebs kirkes, rom mas (sc. kirkes) aqvs unari, adamianebi Rorebad, morCil mglebad da<br />

lomebad aqcios (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 430-433).<br />

ase viTardeboda movlenebi. Tuki odisevsis monaTxrobs vendobiT, keTilad<br />

ganwyobili eolosi boroti da daundobeli xdeba, lestrigonni umizezod daundobelni<br />

xdebian, kirke veragi jadoqrobiT mosulebs mxecebad aqcevs. magram me gTavazobT,<br />

gavixsenoT odisevsis xasiaTis Tviseba. rogorc dasawyisSive aRvniSne, igi matyuaraa.<br />

amitom saWirod mimaCnia teqstis saguldagulo analizi da odisevsis `tyuilebSi<br />

gamoWera~, amasTanave imis dadgena, raSi sWirdeboda odisevss es tyuilebi. amisTvis ki<br />

pirvel yovlisa teqsts unda CamovaSoroT is adgilebi, romlebic jadosnur elementebs<br />

Seicavs, e. i. eolosis mier qarebgamomwyvdeuli gudis Cuqeba da kirkes mier kverTxis<br />

erTi dakvriT odisevsis amxanagTa Rorebad gadaqceva (Tanac gavixsenoT, rom am faqtebs<br />

mowme ara hyavs). Cemi varaudi aseTia: meore epizodSi arafer SuaSia kirkes jadoqruli<br />

maqinaciebi. odisevsis megobrebi Rorebad ar gadaqceulan! isini avad arian, raRac niSniT<br />

Rorebsac ki gvanan. im avadmy<strong>of</strong>obas, romelic maT Seyria, epidemiuri parotiti (ybayura)<br />

hqvia.<br />

ai, ras vkiTxulobT, wignSi “daicaviT bavSvebi infeqciuri daavadebebisgan”<br />

(soboleva 1965: 160-161) ybayuras Sesaxeb:<br />

∗ sruliad ucnauria, rom odisevsi megobrebs ar umxels, Tu ra aris gudaSi. es miT ufroa ucnauri,<br />

rom Tavad megobrebi odisevss brmad endobian — mihyvebian yvelgan, Tundac hadesisa da<br />

persefones samy<strong>of</strong>elSi, marTalia, cremlebis RvriTa da Rawvebis xokviT, magram mainc mihyvebian;<br />

gindac kiklopis gamoqvabulSi rCebian, rodesac gadasarevad grZnoben, rom maT iq darCena kargs<br />

arafers uqadis. megobrebi Tvals xuWaven gajiutebuli odisevsis qedmaRlur sityvebze da<br />

dayabuldebian winamZRols.<br />

∗∗ sainteresoa, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki pirveli jgufis mecnierTa pozicias gaviziarebT,<br />

romlebic odisevsis mogzaurobis marSruts xmelTaSua zRvaSi moiazrebs, davinaxavT, rom ufro<br />

Sor manZilebs odisevsi imave dros, anu aT dRes, andomebs. mag. Trinakiidan ogigiamde odisevsi<br />

aT dReSi Cadis, xolo ogigiidan sqeriamde, rac samjer ufro grZeli manZilia, TvrametSi.<br />

117

`diliT patara vasias gansakuTrebiT ar undoda adre adgoma... magram uecrad mas<br />

gaaxsenda, rom maswavlebeli moswavleebs dahpirda, waukiTxavda erTi patara biWunas<br />

Sesaxeb, romelic xelmarjve iyo. vasia wamoxta sawolidan... mesame gakveTilis bolos<br />

vasias Seamcivna... Sesvenebaze masTan serioJam da lusiam moirbines, Sexedes Tanaklasels<br />

da daiZaxes:<br />

_ ra gWirs, vasia? saxe erT mxares raRacnairad dagisivda.<br />

iqve axlos mdgomma kostiam gaicina da dasZina:<br />

_ goWs daemsgavse!<br />

am dros maswavlebelma yuri mokra bavSvebis laparaks, mivida maTTan, saswrafod<br />

xeli Cahkida vasias da eqimis kabinetSi waiyvana. eqimma bavSvi yuradRebiT SeaTvaliera da<br />

SeniSna:<br />

_ arcaa gasakviri, megobrebma rom goWunas Segadares, Sen xom ybayura Segeyara<br />

(rusul enaze ybayura aris `свинка~)~.<br />

rodis da sad SeeyaraT odisevsis amxanagebs es daavadeba? Cemi azriT, da am azris<br />

warmoTqmisas vcdilob, gamovide mxolod da mxolod teqstidan, es unda momxdariyo<br />

eolosis kunZulze iTakelebis pirveli stumrobisas. Tanac is piri, romelsac pirvels<br />

Sexvda saxadi, Tavad odisevsi iyo. mogexsenebaT, rom parotitis mimdinareobas aqvs e. w.<br />

faruli periodi, romelic 18-20 dRes grZeldeba. Tuki isev teqsts mivubrundebiT da<br />

axla ukve eWvis TvaliT SevxedavT odisevsis monaTxrobs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom eolosisgan<br />

gamgzavrebis meaTe dRes odisevss temperaturam auwia da avadmy<strong>of</strong>oba gamouvlinda. misi<br />

TqmiT, igi ise sustadaa, rom megobrebi gudas gaxsnian da xomalds dasaRupavad<br />

gaswiraven. imis nacvlad, rom odisevsi ganrisxdes, urCi amxanagebi dasajos an datuqsos<br />

mainc, igi Seiburveba da xomaldis fskerze gaitruneba (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 50-53). aq<br />

ikiTxeba odisevsis winaaRmdeg mowyobili SeTqmulebis niSnebi, mxolod am SeTqmulebas<br />

ara SuriT dabrmavebuli amxanagebi gegmaven, ∗ aramed SeSinebuli mgzavrebi, romelTac<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>is xomaldidan moSoreba aqvT ganzraxuli da raRac mizeziT maT es ganzraxva<br />

CaeSalaT. ratom ver unda ganexorcielebinaT mgzavrebs dagegmili? SesaZloa, amis axsna<br />

SemdegSi mdgomareobdes: mgzavrTagan zogierTi ukve Tavadac grZnobda sisustes da<br />

SeSinda, masac igive xvedri ar rgeboda.<br />

amis Semdeg xomaldi isev eolosis kunZuls miadgeba. Tuki Cemi varaudi simarTles<br />

Seesabameba, maSin am dros odisevss ukve daavadebis xiluli mwvave periodi aqvs (e. i.<br />

rodesac SeSupeba Zlieria, savaraudod, meoredan meaTe dRemde), magram temperatura<br />

daregulirebuli (mesame dRe). teqstis wakiTxvis amgvar SemTxvevaSi, ukve advili<br />

asaxsneli xdeba eolosis gaoceba da SekiTxva, rogor moxvedi, Serisxuli RmerTebisagan?<br />

(homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 63) eolosi xom imiT aris gaocebuli (teqstSi aris zmna `Tambeo~,<br />

rac gaocebas, gancvifrebas, SiSisagan gaognebas, ucnaurad SeTvalierebas aRniSnavs), rom<br />

marTla Zlivs cnobs saxeSecvlil dasiebul odisevss. aq ori variantia daavadebasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi:<br />

1) am mxareSi daavadeba cnobilia da saxadi eolosis SviliSvilebs SeyriaT. maT<br />

Sesaxeb teqsti arafers gveubneba, Tumca viciT, rom eolosis eqvsi vaJiSvili endogamiur<br />

qorwinebaSia Tavis eqvs dasTan. albaT, maT Svilebic hyavT, oRondac es da sxva bavSvi Tu<br />

bavSvebi homeross da saerTod antikur literaturas ar ainteresebs. Sesabamisad<br />

sasaxleSi karantinia gamocxadebuli da amitomac iq dabrunebul stumrebs aRar<br />

SeuSveben;<br />

2) am mxareSi daavadeba aqamde ucnobi iyo (iseve rogorc iTakelebisaTvis) da<br />

saxeSecvlili odisevsis danaxvisTanave yvelaferi odisevss braldeba. bunebrivia, rom<br />

eolosi odisevss RmerTebis mier Serisxuls uwodebs (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 73).<br />

mimaCnia, rom meore varianti ufro marTebulia. kunZulze daavadeba mZvinvarebs da,<br />

ra Tqma unda, aqac, iseve rogorc TiTqmis yvela Zvel xalxTan, daavadebis gamomwvevad<br />

RmerTebis ganrisxeba miiCneoda. saqme isaa, rom arc pirveli da miT umetes arc meore<br />

stumrobisas odisevsi ar umxels manamde stumarTmoyvare eoloss, rom mas zRvis RmerTi<br />

poseidoni hyavs gadamterebuli. eolosi ki xvdeba, rom gmirze ukvdavebi arian<br />

gabrazebulebi, odisevsi amas ise gvawvdis, TiTqos eolosi RmerTebis ganrisxebas<br />

ukavSirebs maT xelisSeSlas, xomaldebi ar Cavidnen samSobloSi. magram isev aRvniSnavT,<br />

rom esaa odisevsiseuli mcdeloba, ganmartos momxdari da Tavidan aicilos sakuTari<br />

pasuxismgebloba. diax, poseidoni masze ganrisxebulia, magram igi Tavad troas<br />

damangreveli gmiri aris da ar SeiZleba, vinmem igi sustad da dauZlurebulad aRiqvas.<br />

amis Semdeg iTakelebi lamoss, lestrigoniul qalaqs miadgebian. am drois manZilze<br />

(Svidi dRe) odisevss daavadeba bolomde ar gadauvidoda, Tumca saxe SedarebiT<br />

∗ id. 10. 34-46 yovel SemTxvevaSi odisevsi cdilobs, rom ase dagvixatos es ambavi.<br />

118

Cauwynardeboda (SeSupeba meaTe dRes qreba, magram zogjer ramdenime kvirasac<br />

grZeldeba), xolo saxadi sxvebs gamouvlindeboda. aqac aRvniSnavT, rom mxolod im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Cems varauds epidemiuri parotitis Taobaze marTebulad miviCnevT,<br />

maSin advili asaxsnelia, rogor dafrTxebodnen lestrigonni dasnebovnebuli<br />

iTakelebis danaxvaze. SesaZloa, antifatosis mier erTi mxleblis mokvla da SeWmac imis<br />

niSania, rom kunZulelebma ar ician, maT adamianebi Semosevian Tu mxecebi. gadarCenilebi<br />

xomaldiT gadacuraven da kirkes kunZuls miadgebian. teqstidan Cans, rom odisevsi ise<br />

momjobinda, rom mas nadirobac ki SeuZlia. magram, rogorc vTqviT, meoTxe dRes<br />

mgzavrebis nawili kunZulis dasazverad gaemarTeba. SesaZloa, jgufebi gaiyo principiT:<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>obaSeyrilni _ janmrTelni. evriloqosi, romelic dasazverad wasul jgufs<br />

udgas saTaveSi, ukan brundeba. vin abralebs kirkes jadoqrobas da adamianebis Rorebad<br />

gadaqcevas? visi piriT vigebT am ambavs? ra Tqma unda, matyuara odisevsi uambobs am<br />

yvelafers feakebis samefo ojaxs da Tanac ise, rom Tavisi danaSauli damalos. am<br />

Txrobisas odisevsi bevr sxva ramesac malavs, rac mas arasaxarbielo kuTxiT warmoaCens.<br />

magram Txrobisas Tavad ixlarTeba tyuilebSi da evriloqoss aTqmevinebs imas, rac mas ar<br />

unaxavs, Tavdapirvelad ar mouyolia, anu kirkes mier adamianebis Rorebad gadaqcevis<br />

unars. odisevsis aseTi tyuilebi erTi mosmeniT (am ambavs xom feakebi ismenen) Zneli<br />

amosacnobia. arada, rom ar icruos, odisevss ar SeuZlia, ∗ radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, man<br />

Tu aRiara, rom is iyo daavadebis pirvelwyaro, maSin misi reitingic daecema,<br />

feakebisTvisac naTeli gaxdeba, rom RmerTebisgan Serisxulia da, SesaZloa, daxmarebac<br />

gadaifiqron. odisevsisTvis ki mniSvnelovania, rom feakebi darwmundnen mis rCeulobaSi<br />

da xeli gaumarTon.<br />

davubrundeT isev aiaies kunZul;s. ra Tqma unda, kirkes didad ar gaexardeboda<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>i stumrebis danaxva da miReba. amitomac, maT sakmaod uxeSi formiT izolirebas<br />

gaukeTebda, izolirebuli adgili ki, albaT, Sinauri cxovelebis sadgomi iqneboda. am<br />

SemTxvevaSic ki kirke aranairad araa avi da boroti. evriloqosis dabrunebisTanave<br />

odisevsi kirkes sasaxlisaken gaemarTeba. rogorc Cans, evriloqosma ambavi moitana, rom<br />

amxanagebi, cudad Tu kargad, magram WerqveS arian.<br />

kirkes sasaxlisken mimaval gzaze odisevss hermesi Sexvdeba, romelic jadosnur<br />

balax mols aZlevs. Tuki aqac teqsts jadosnurobis moments CamovaSorebT, saintereso<br />

dialogidan vigebT, rom kirkes mamakacuri Zalis warTmevis unari aqvs. gavixsenoT, rom<br />

parotiti zogjer garTulebas iwvevs mamakacis saTesle jirkvalze da gasagebi gaxdeba,<br />

ra aSinebs odisevss _ kirke ki ar waarTmevs mas potencias, aramed TviTon eWvobs,<br />

SerCenili aqvs Tu ara mas potencia.<br />

Tumca teqstis amgvari wakiTxvis garda, aris meore gzac. kirke, garda imisa, rom<br />

RvTaebaa, mamidacaa. da es `mamidoba~ mis naTesaur kavSirs ki ara, aramed mis funqcias<br />

asaxavs. kirke aris e. w. avadmy<strong>of</strong>obebis gamavrcelebeli batonebis mamida.<br />

Cemi varaudiT, homerosi eyrdnoba raRac wyaros, romelSic daculi iyo informacia<br />

kolxuri qalRvTaebis Sesaxeb. es qalRvTaeba zRvidan mosuli batonebis mamidacaa. ∗<br />

batonebis stumrobas, rac avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis gavrcelebis niSania, xSir SemTxvevaSi mebodiSe<br />

qali mkurnalobs. homerosTan am informaciebis erTmaneTze “dadeba” xdeba. swored<br />

amitom aRvniSne dasawyisSi, rom CemTvis didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sad cxovrobs kirke,<br />

kolxeTSi Tu italiaSi (tirseniaSi). mTavaria is, rom igi zustad asaxavs Zvel warmarTul<br />

warmodgenebs am daavadebis mkurnalobis Taobaze.<br />

∗<br />

sainteresoa, rom odisevsi `genetikuri~ matyuaracaa. misi didi babuaa avtolikosi, romelic erTerTi<br />

olimpielis, hermesis Zea. hermesi aris is RmerTi, romelic akvnidan qurdi da matyuaraa (n.<br />

tonia 1998: 76-80). misgan gadaeca vaJiSvils tyuilebis Tqmis niWi da qurdobis siyvaruli.<br />

avtolikosis qaliSvil antikleas sisifosisgan Caesaxa odisevsis mama laertesi. sisifosic<br />

aranaklebad cnobili matyuaraa. man erTaderTma SeZlo sikvdilis daundobeli RmerTis<br />

Tanatosis, pirquSi miwisqveSeTis mbrZanebeli hadesisa da misi samarTliani meuRlis persefones<br />

motyueba. ai, aseTia matyuara odisevsis warmomavloba:<br />

avtolikosi hermesi<br />

↓ ↓<br />

antiklea da sisifosi<br />

↓<br />

laertesi<br />

↓<br />

odisevsi<br />

∗<br />

NB odisevsis SemTxvevaSi zRvidan mosuli batonebi poseidonis mrisxanebiTaa gamowveuli.<br />

poseidoni ki zRvis RmerTia.<br />

119

a evaleba da vin aris batonebis mamida? saqarTveloSi dRemdea SemorCenili<br />

Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac, zogierTi daavadeba gaiazreba rogorc “batonebis<br />

stumroba”. batonebi aris didi, patara da keTili. parotiti, anu ybayura, patara<br />

batonebis rigs ganekuTvneba da maT mobrZanebas saTanado daxvedrac unda. garda imisa,<br />

rom batonebi zRvidan modian da maT TavianTi qveyanac aqvT, am qveyanaSi mamida<br />

mbrZanebelic hyavT. Sesabamisad, adamianebTan stumrad mosul batonebsac Tavs evleba,<br />

ealerseba, uvlis e. w. mamida anu mebodiSe qali. batonebis stumrobisas ar SeiZleba,<br />

saxlSi iyos mwuxareba, savaldebuloa maTTvis tablis gaSla, alersi, m<strong>of</strong>ereba, simRera,<br />

feradi qsovilebiT avadmy<strong>of</strong>is loginis morTva, yvavilebiT oTaxis Semkoba.<br />

Tuki kirke kolxuri warmarTuli panTeonis batonebis qalRvTaebaa, maSin gasagebi<br />

xdeba ara marto odisevsis SiSi, raime garTuleba ar darCes avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis moxdis Semdeg,<br />

aramed isic, rogor iqceva kirke mkurnalad, rogor SeiTavsebs igi mebodiSe qalis<br />

funqcias. ras moimoqmedebs kirke oTx msaxurTan erTad mas Semdeg, rac odisevsi mas<br />

xmliT daemuqreba? 1) taxts moageben koxta mewamul fardags (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 351);<br />

2) gaSlian vercxlis tablebs (id. 10. 354); 3) gaawyoben oqros kalaTebiT (id. 10. 355); 4)<br />

Camoasxamen tkbil Rvinos (id. 10. 356); 5) Semouwyoben oqros sasmisebs (id. 10. 357); 6)<br />

odisevss frTxilad abanaveben, dazelen, lamazad Semosaven (id. 10. 361-368); 7) saukeTeso<br />

saWmliT umaspinZldebian (id. 10. 370-372); 8) kirke `Rorebadqceul~ amxanagebs malamos<br />

usmevs (id. 10. 392) da maTac imave wesiT uvlis (id. 10. 450-452); 9) krZalavs tirilsa da<br />

godebas (id. 10. 456), yvelas mxiarulebisken mouwodebs (id. 10. 465). aiaieze mgzavrebi erT<br />

weliwads rCebian da aq gatarebuli uklebliv yvela dRe lxinisaa.<br />

rodis toveben iTakelebi kunZuls? dRes miCneulia, rom epidemiuri parotitis<br />

xangrZlivoba 21 dRemdea, CvenTvis ucnobia, iTvlida Tu ara Zveladac gamojanmrTelebis<br />

periodi sam kviras. magram Tuki vivaraudebT, rom odisevsis danarCenma janmrTelma<br />

amxanagebmac moixades es saxadi (cal-calke Tu ara jgufebad mainc), maSin gasagebi xdeba,<br />

ratom darCnen ase didxans mgzavrebi kunZulze. kirke maT aranairad ar abrkolebda.<br />

piriqiT, maSinve gauSva, rogorc ki iTakelebma gamgzavreba moiTxoves.<br />

daskvna aseTia: miuxedavad imisa, rom kirkes samflobelos sazRvrebi dRemde<br />

kamaTis sagans warmoadgens, homerosis `odiseas~ teqstSi aRwerilia da daculi iseTi<br />

epizodebi, romlebic miuTiTebs kirkes kolxur warmomavlobaze. es dasturdeba kirkes<br />

mamidobis funqciiT. igi aris e. w. avadmy<strong>of</strong>obebis gamomwvevi batonebis mamida. homerosi<br />

ramdenimejer aRniSnavs, rom mgzavrebi ver xvdebian am (sc. kirkes) personaJis WeSmarit<br />

saxes, maT uWirT misi bunebis amocnoba, ar uwyian igi ukvdavi RmerTia Tu mokvdavi qali.<br />

saqme isaa, rom qarTul masalaze dayrdnobiT, mamida aris qalRmerTic, romelic<br />

batonebis qveyanaSi saxlobs da imorCilebs avadmy<strong>of</strong>obebs da mamida aris is mokvdavi<br />

qalic, romlis misiac avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis mkurnalobaa. Tuki CavTvliT, rom odisevss hyavda<br />

realuri prototipi da man imogzaura istoriul mxareebSi, maSin mas, SesaZloa, marTlac<br />

Sexvedroda aseTi mkurnali batonebis mamida, an adgilze gascnoboda sxvadasxva mxareSi<br />

gavrcelebul tradiciebsa da wes-Cveulebebs, adgilobriv panTeons, ris Sedegadac<br />

teqstSi Cndeba kolxuri qalRvTaeba, romelic kirkes saxeliT moixsenieba. kirke araa<br />

negatiuri RvTaeba, arc jadoqrul maqinaciebs mimarTavs. Rorebadqceuli odisevsis<br />

mxleblebi mxolod da mxolod avadmy<strong>of</strong>obaSeyrili, kerZod, parotitiani adamianebi<br />

arian, romlebic avadmy<strong>of</strong>obis gamo Rorebs damsgavsebian. batonebis mamida kirke<br />

mkurnalobs mogzaurebs. am ambis Sesaxeb Cven vigebT odisevsis piridan, romelic cnobili<br />

`genetikuri~ matyuaraa. misi interpretaciiT aris, rom kirke Tavdapirvelad avismqnel<br />

qalRmerTad moiazreba, xolo Semdeg transformirdeba stumarTmoyvare RvTaebad.<br />

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac odisevss `vamxelT tyuilebSi~, teqstSi moTxrobil bevr manamde<br />

ucnaur faqts Tavisi axsna gamoeZebneba.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

aristotele 1968: Aristoteles Poetica, ed. R. Kassel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.<br />

bardaveliZe 1957: bardaveliZe v. qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi sarwmunoeba da saweso grafikuli<br />

xelovneba. Tb.: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1957.<br />

berZnuli miTebis samyaro 1998: berZnuli miTebis samyaro, didi zeciuri RmerTebi. Txroba n.<br />

toniasi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `logosi~, 1998.<br />

ebelingi 1885: Ebeling H. Lexicon Homericum. Leipzig: in edibus B. G. Teubneri, 1885.<br />

erqomaiSvili 2002: erqomaiSvili m. kirkes miTi da misi interpretacia antikur literaturaSi.<br />

Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2002.<br />

roSeri 1884-1937: Roscher W. H. Ausfuhrliches Lexicon der Griechischen und Romischen Mythologie. Leipzig,<br />

1884-1937.<br />

120

soboleva 1965: Соболева В. Д. Берегите детей от инфекционных заболеваний. Москва: медицина, 1965.<br />

homerosi 1884: Homer, Odyssey, with introduction, notes, etc. by W. W. Merry, Oxford, 1958-1961.<br />

homerosi 1979: homerosi. odisea. Targmani p. beriZisa. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1979. aseve am gamocemisTvis dawerili r. gordezianis<br />

winasityvaoba.<br />

Nestan Ratiani<br />

Where did Circe Live?<br />

(For identifying the tour <strong>of</strong> Odyssey Voyage according to<br />

Homer “Odyssey”)<br />

Summary<br />

In spite <strong>of</strong> the fact that the borders <strong>of</strong> Circe’s domain has been the subject <strong>of</strong> discussion till today in the<br />

text <strong>of</strong> Homer’s “Odyssey” such episodes have been described and preserved which indicate to the Colcheti<br />

origin <strong>of</strong> Circe. By my supposition this is first <strong>of</strong> all approved by the function <strong>of</strong> father’s sister <strong>of</strong> Circe. She is<br />

an aunt <strong>of</strong> “Masters” (Batonebi) causing the so called diseases.<br />

Homer notes several times that the travelers do not meet a real image <strong>of</strong> this personage (sc. Circe), it is<br />

difficult for them to find out her nature, they do not know whether she is an immortal Goddess or mortal woman.<br />

The case is that on the basis <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong> material the aunt (father’s sister) is a Goddess as well who lives in<br />

the country <strong>of</strong> “misters” and makes the diseases to obey her and the aunt is that mortal woman as well whose<br />

mission is to heal the diseases. If we admit that Odyssey was a real person and he has traveled to the historical<br />

places, than it might be that he had really met such an aunt –the healer <strong>of</strong> the (Batonebi) “Masters-disease), or he<br />

was acquainted on place with the traditions and ceremonies spread out in various places, local pantheon as a<br />

result <strong>of</strong> which in the text there appears a Colchian Goddess who is mentioned under the name <strong>of</strong> Circe.<br />

Circe is not a negative Goddess, neither does she apply to the magic machinations. After, when we have<br />

liberated the magic elements from the text <strong>of</strong> “Odyssey” and in particular the episode <strong>of</strong> Odyssey’s visit to<br />

Circe, we can suppose that the guides transformed into pigs are only diseased, particularly the parotitic people<br />

who because <strong>of</strong> diseased resemble the pigs. The aunt <strong>of</strong> “Batonebi” (infectious disease) treats the travelers. We<br />

are informed about this from the words <strong>of</strong> Odyssey which is a well-known “genetic” fraud. It is by his<br />

interpretation that Kirke has been considered as a villain Goddess and than is transformed into a hospitable<br />

Goddess. Only than when we have “catch Odyssey in false” many strange facts known before have found their<br />

explanation.<br />

miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli dro da sivrce<br />

inga milorava<br />

modernistulma azrovnebam win wamoswia miTis filos<strong>of</strong>iur-esTetikuri<br />

mniSvneloba da garkveul SemTxvevaSi nawarmoebis mTeli mxatvruli sistemis safuZvlad<br />

aqcia. miTi _ is, rac TavisTavad drois miRma dgas, iZleva movlenis pirvelsawyisis<br />

moZiebis, wvdomis, mxatvruli xorcSesxmis procesis analizisas ki, imgvari ganzogadebis<br />

saSualebas, rac empiriuli ganWvretis sazRvrebs scildeba. miTosur arqetipebze<br />

agebuli an Zlieri miTosuri planis nawarmoebis zedapiruli, `gareSris~ movlenebis<br />

aRqmisas, romelTac ukve garkveuli dro-sivrculi CarCoebi gaaCniaT, gamudmebiT<br />

igrZnoba kavSiri miRmur, zmanebismier, idumal samyarosTan. miTis emanacia xdeba<br />

mxatvrul saxeebSi, poetur xilvebsa da aluziebSi. miTopoeturi mxatvruli samyaro,<br />

mxatvruli qsovili rTuli da mravalplaniania. modernistuli proza naTlad warmoaCens<br />

121

Tuli amocanis amoxsnis erT-erT gzas: saxeldebul, xorcSesxmul, garkveuli<br />

mxatvruli dro-sivrculi parametrebis mqone, realuri anu `cxadismieri~ faqtebiT<br />

Sevsebul, magram uaRresad poetur teqstSi gamosaxos miRmuri, `zmanebismieri~ realoba,<br />

gamosaxos miTi _ absoluturi sinamdvile, romelic droisa da sivrcis gareT arsebobs,<br />

romelic `ar momxdara~, magram mainc iyo.<br />

Selingi miTiur sinamdviles metafizikur my<strong>of</strong>ads uwodebda. igi erTdroulad<br />

kidec arsebobda, arsebobs da iarsebebs, rogorc kosmiuri saidumlo (ivanovi 1994: 78).<br />

dro-sivrcis gareT arseboba, absoluturoba, miTosur saxeTa Zireuloba da<br />

erTjeradoba (masze agebuli yvela saxe da movlena mxolod variaciaa) miTs aaxlovebs<br />

transcendenturTan, ideaTa samyarosTan. miTi, adamianisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi,<br />

iolad aRsaqmeli da gasagebi saxeebiT, niSnebiT ideebis arekvlis pirveli da yvelaze<br />

maRali safexuria, romlis Semdegac iwyeba auracxel anarekl-ganStoebebad daSla, nelnela<br />

Cndeba realuri droisa da sivrcis niSnebi da samyaroc TandaTanobiT `irgebs~<br />

CarCoebsa da sazRvrebs.<br />

modernistul teqstebSi mocemuli zmanebisa da cxadis sinTezi zustad da naTlad<br />

aisaxeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca nawarmoebis Sidasamyaro miTopoeturia. mxatvruli drosivrcis<br />

TvalsazrisiT amgvari qsovili `orbunebovania~. masSi Tanaarsebobs miTis<br />

zedroulobisa da zesivrculobis SegrZneba da sruliad konkretuli dro-sivrculi<br />

niSnebi _ `ambis~ mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis xiluli gamovlinebebi.<br />

modernistuli azrovnebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania miwierisa da miRmuris,<br />

cxadisa da zmanebis, sikvdil-sicocxlis problemis esTetikuri gadawyveta, dro-sivrcis<br />

sazRvebis jer dadgena, Semdeg ki raime saSualebiT — meditacia, mxatvruli warmosaxva,<br />

poeturi mgrZnobelobis gaaqtiveba da a. S. _ gadalaxva. droisa da sivrcis miRma arsebul<br />

idumal zerealobas upirveles yovlisa qarTuli modernistuli romani gamosaxavs. Salva<br />

CiCua wignSi `romanis Tanamedroveba~ aRniSnavs: `... `sanavardo~ da masTan erTad<br />

`dionisos Rimili~, `TeTri sayelo~ pirvel rigSi eqsperimentuli romanebi iyo, romelTa<br />

avtorebi gamZafrebuli ZiebiT miemarTebodnen samyaros aTvisebis axali gzebis<br />

mosapoveblad, mxatvruli saxis agebis axali xerxebis, axali stilis aRmosaCenad. xandaxan<br />

avtori demonstraciulad, cdis saxiT, sagangebod warmoaCenda kompoziciis manamde<br />

ucnob an gamouyenebel saSualebebs. zogjer es aRiqmeba rogorc artistizmis<br />

demonstracia, magram sabolood modernistuli, eqsperimentaluri romani marTlac<br />

aRwevs sivrcis da drois daZlevis manamde ucnob saSualebebs~ (CiCua 1988: 182). magram<br />

daZleulia mxolod realuri dro-sivrcis farglebi. rCeba miTis myari Sinagani dro.<br />

miTis Sinagani, Caketili, avtonomiuri dro aRiqmeba, rogorc `didi xnis winaT gasuli~,<br />

amJamadac `mimdinare~ da momavalSic. nawarmoebis miTopoetur samyaroSi miTis SegrZneba<br />

erwymis mxatvrulad transformirebuli dro-sivrcis aRqmas. miTopoeturi teqstis<br />

mxatvruli dro-sivrcis Taviseburebani damokidebulia masSi miTis funqcionirebis<br />

xarisxze.<br />

sagnebisa da movlenebis arsi miTSi, legendaSi, zRaparSi maT geneziss ukavSirdeba.<br />

`Cven viciT, rom aseTi Sexedulebebis fesvebi mdebareobs sawyisisa da principis<br />

miTologiur gaigivebaSi, droul da mizez-Sedegobriv TanamimdevrobaSi...~ (meletinski<br />

1976: 172). miTiur droSi eyreba safuZveli realur movlenebsa da saxeebs, romlebic miTimizezis<br />

pirdapir Sedegebad gardaisaxebian mxatvrul nawarmoebSi. miTis amgvar<br />

funqciaSi Cans leibnicis da kantis mier Camoyalibebuli drois mizezobrivi<br />

interpretaciis niSnebi. miTologiuri dro ar aris arc abstraqtuli warsuli an<br />

realurad ganvlili dro, aramed gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone myari da mudmivi<br />

samyaro, sadac xdeba `Seqmna~ da `pirveli nabijis~ gadadma. igi absoluturad<br />

Tavisufalia, metafizikuria da udroobis elements Seicavs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi,<br />

udroobis aqcentirebiT SeiZleba miRma samyarosgan gamy<strong>of</strong>i mijnis daZleva,<br />

modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis niSandoblivi zmanebisa da cxadis, miRmuri da realuri<br />

samyaros erTdroulad da bunebrivad Tanaarsebobis ganwyobilebis Seqmna. Semoqmedma<br />

konkretuli droisa da konkretuli sivrcis gareT unda warmoadginos is, rac miTis<br />

siRrmeSi xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi eniWeba miTosur arqetipze agebul mxatvrul nawarmoebs<br />

ganzogadebuli saxe da mxolod amgvarad, dro-sivrcis farglebs miRma warmodgenis<br />

Semdeg iwyeba ukuprocesi _ miTisTvis garkveuli koloritis, emociuri atmosferos<br />

Semqmnelis, xasiaTebis struqturis safuZvelis, siuJeturi peripetiebis gamSlelisa da<br />

alegoriuli Sinaarsis gadmomcemis funqciis miniWeba (baqraZe 2004: 328). miTis<br />

modernistul nawarmoebSi gardasaxva axali Tvisobriobis warmoqmnis tolfasia.<br />

transformacia calkeuli sawyisi miTosuri sqemebis da sayrdeni arqetipebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>iT<br />

iwyeba.<br />

122

XX s-is I naxevris qarTul prozaSi miTTan, miTis mxatvrul gaazrebasTan upirveles<br />

yovlisa grigol robaqiZis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, demna Sengelaias saxelebi<br />

asocirdeba. miTologiuri elementebi gvxvdeba leo qiaCelisa da niko lorTqifaniZis<br />

SemoqmedebaSic. Zlieria miTologiuri nakadi basil meliqiSvilis mxatvrul naazrevSic.<br />

miTis mxatvrul teqstSi ganzaveba da mxatvrul saxeebSi transformacia sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad<br />

modernistuli romanis struqturaSi xdeba. XX s-is mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis froidis<br />

da nicSes gavleniT mniSvnelovani gaxda dionises da oidiposis rkalebis miTebi (k.<br />

gamsaxurdia, `dionisos Rimili~; `mTvaris motaceba~, `qalis saxe~. gr. robaqiZe, `gvelis<br />

perangi~), agreTve qarTuli miTologiuri masala (k. gamsaxurdia, `mTvaris motaceba~. d.<br />

Sengelaia, `sanavardo~). miTi Tavis adgils ikavebs romanis mravalplanian, vrcel<br />

samyaroSi, Tumca, miuxedavad didi mniSvnelobisa, mainc erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />

sxva SemTxvevaSi, moTxrobaSi, novelasa Tu miniaturaSi, miTTan gansxvavebuli mimarTebaa<br />

asaxuli. miTi ikavebs mTavari sayrdeni sibrtyis adgils, masze `dafenilia~ mxolod erTi,<br />

e. w. `faqtobrivi~, dro-sivrculi lokalis mqone, oRond miTiur arqetipebze<br />

dafuZnebuli Sre. aqve xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom ermaneTisgan gansxvavdeba sayrdeni<br />

sibrtye, mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ miTi da mxatvruli qsovilis ideur-mxatvruli<br />

xerxemali, romlis garSemoc amozrdilia es mxatvruli qsovili Tavisi saxeebiT,<br />

xasiaTebiT, movlenebiT, ferebiT, bgerebiT, SidaplanebiT, ganStoebebiT da a. S. Tu<br />

warmosaxvaSi nawarmoebis ganikveTs gavacocxlebT, TvalnaTliv davinaxavT, rom isini<br />

sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi arian moTavsebuli, magram rogorc paraleluri samyaroebi<br />

Tanaarseboben da garkveul momentSi Tavisuflad gadadian erTmaneTSi. miTi _ sayrdeni<br />

sibrtye SeiZleba vertikalurad gadakveTos nawarmoebis ideur-mxatvrulma,<br />

problemurma xerxemalma. demna Sengelaias `guram baramandiaSi~ miTs kveTs xerxemali _<br />

samSoblosTan da sakuTar TavTan gaucxoeba da am gadakveTis wertilSi warmoCdeba<br />

nawarmoebis koncefcia. grigol robaqiZis `engadSi~ miTs _ sayrden sibrtyes kveTs<br />

xerxemali _ darRveuli mTlianobis aRdgenis gza da am gadakveTis adgilis irgvliv<br />

iqmneba sakraluri veli, mxatvrulad transformirebuli zerealoba, miTopoeturi drosivrce.<br />

sxva SemTxvevaSi miTi — sayrdeni sibrtye da problemuri xerxemali SeiZleba<br />

mTlianad daemTxves erTmaneTs. aseTi struqturaa mocemuli konstantine gamsaxurdias<br />

`xogais mindiasa~ da `tabuSi~.<br />

SeiZleba gamovyoT miTis transformaciis ramdenime safexuri.<br />

pirveli safexuri gulisxmobs nawarmoebSi mxolod miTis SegrZnebis, miTi Tanmxlebi<br />

emociis, miTis `surnelis~, ganwyobilebis rekonstruqcias. am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs<br />

miTis Sinagani `zedro~ da igi mudmivad aRiqmeba rogorc pirvelqmnadobis,<br />

pirvelsawyisTa dro. am tipis mxatvrul qsovilSi ar gamoisaxeba romelime konkretuli<br />

miTi. samagierod iqmneba miTis SegrZneba, ganwyobileba, miTopoeturi nisliani samyaro<br />

(nislovani ferwera, puantilizmi), idumalebis gancda. gamosaxvis amgvar meqanizms<br />

safuZvlad udevs poeturi mgrZnobelobis gaaqtiveba. miTis transformaciis pirvel<br />

safexurze SeiZleba vigulisxmoT niko lorTqifaniZisa da basil meliqiSvilis<br />

nawarmoebebi, gr. robaqiZis `engadi~.<br />

Semdegi safexuria miTi da miTosuri saxeebi, rogorc nawarmoebis mxatvrul<br />

qsovilSi CarTuli mxatvruli elementebi, romlebic ganmartaven da Tavisebur<br />

kolorits sZenen ambavs (d. Sengelaia, `mordu~; `guram baramandia~).<br />

da bolos miTi, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis siuJeturi da saxeobrivi<br />

safuZveli. aseTia, magaliTad, k. gamsaxurdias `xogais mindia~ da `tabu~.<br />

amjerad SevexoT mxolod pirvel safexurze moqmedi gamosaxvis meqanizmis<br />

saSualebiT agebuli miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli dro-sivrcis ZiriTad<br />

Taviseburebebs.<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobebis miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli dro-sivrce<br />

pirvelqmnadobis da pirvelsagnebis dro-sivrcea. masSi mniSvnelovania `pirvelis~,<br />

gmiris, zeadamianis, zmanebisa da cxadis mijnaze gamokveTil bundovan, iluzorul<br />

sivrceSi pirveli nabijis gadamdgmelis funqcia. am gmirs, zeadamians _ realuri<br />

adamianis, xolo mis garSemo (an mis SigniT) ganfenil sivrcesa da dros _ konkretuli<br />

dro-sivrculi niSnebi gaaCniaT. mxatvrul qsovilSi `ganzavebuli~, SegrZnebebis doneze<br />

mowodebuli miTi Zlevs empiriul dro-sivrces, magram ar uSlis xels konkretuli<br />

qronologiuri CarCoebis gareSe mowodebuli `warsulis~ realurobis STabeWdilebis<br />

Seqmnas. miTi, zRapari, legenda, Tqmuleba mogviTxrobs ara marto RmerTebsa da<br />

RmerTkacebze, aramed iseT gmirebzec, romelTac istoriuli prototipebi hyavT<br />

(meletinski 1976: 172).<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis miTopoetur samyaroSi aqcenti zeadamianis naxevrad miTiur,<br />

naxevrad zRaprul, magram sruliad konkretuli miznebisa da qmedebis motivaciis mqone<br />

123

mxatvrul saxezea gadatanili. legendis formiT daweril moTxrobebSi, romlebic qveynis<br />

warsuls asaxavs, epikur-pirobiTi dro-sivrce da miTis zedrouloba paralelurad<br />

arsebobs. realuri movlenebidan areklil ambavs Tan sdevs miTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

`iyo~ da `arc iyo~ an `iyo~, `xdeba~ da imavdroulad `moxdeba~-s (Tanac mudmivad)<br />

SegrZneba. `warsuli~ miTs erwymis. RmerTebi, gmirebi, romlebic am miTopoetur<br />

`warsulSi~ moqmedeben, vasil barnovis am tipis personaJTa msgavsad, renesansuli<br />

azrovnebis niSniTac arian aRbeWdilni. isini moiazrebian rogorc sxvadasxva kulturaTa<br />

Serigebisa da Tanaarsebobis mijnaze Sobili mSvenieri, harmoniuli adamianebi, romelTa<br />

Sinagan samyaroSi Tanaarsebobs miTis zerealoba, antikuri Tavisufleba, qristianuli<br />

rwmena da erovnuli grZnoba. aseT gmirzea damokidebuli nawarmoebis arqiteqtonika. igi<br />

gansazRvravs epikur-pirobiTi da miTologiuri Sreebis Tanxvedrasa da Serevis xarisxs.<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, miTopoeturi samyaro upiratesad pirvelsagnebis da<br />

pirvelqmnadobis samyaroa. warmoiqmneba axali mxatvruli sinamdvile, romelSic<br />

sakraluri ganirCeva pr<strong>of</strong>anulisagan, amorfuloba — formaTqmnadobisagan. `ukeTes~<br />

droSi, romelic win uswrebs istoriuls an dgas mis gareT, iqmneba mSveniereba. niko<br />

lorTqifaniZe `veneras pirvel nabijebSi~ mSvenierebis Seqmnis procesis ferwerul<br />

suraTSi aRviZebs miTis SegrZnebas. igi Slis drois sazRvrebs da erTmaneTTan aerTebs<br />

Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul Sidaplanebs: mTxrobelis _ lirikuli gmiris realur plans<br />

da qalRmerTis dabadebis miTopoetur suraTs. aq ar Cans miTi, magram ferweruli laqebis<br />

ganlagebiT, xazebis plastikiT iqmneba silamazis pirvelqmnis mistiuri gancda, romelic<br />

aRZravs am qmedebis mudmivad ganmeorebadobis, zedroulobis SegrZnebas. samyaros wiaRSi<br />

axal cnebaTa gamoy<strong>of</strong>a, misi danawevreba da dajgufeba TavisTavad gulisxmobs qaosis<br />

nel-nela daTrgunvas, wesrigis damyarebas (mocemul SemTxvevaSi veneras dabadebam erT<br />

rkalSi moaqcia da moawesriga cnebebi: silamaze, mSveniereba, siyvaruli). miTopoeturi<br />

samyarosTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs wesrigs. `rogorc ZvelberZnuli, aseve bizantiuri<br />

kulturisaTvis sivrcesa da droSi samyaros y<strong>of</strong>ierebis Sesaxeb warmodgena, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, ukavSirdeba wesrigis ideas~ (averincevi 1977: 84). niko lorTqifaniZis<br />

legendismier mxatvrul sinamdvileSi adamianebi cxovroben mowesrigebul zedroul<br />

samyaroSi, sadac jer kidev ar SeWrila istoriuli drois nakadi, magram rogorc ki<br />

miTologiuri plani `Seivso~ realuri droiT, daimsxvra naTeli kerpi _ `RmerTi mokvda<br />

kacTa gulSi~. erTaderTi idealuri garemo zedrouli samyaroa. miTologiuri da epikurpirobiTi<br />

Sreebis sinTezi warmoqmnis iseT mxatvrul qsovils, sadac bgeris, feris, xazTa<br />

plastikis, Suq-Crdilis TamaSis meSveobiT ikveTeba miTopoeturi axali sinamdvile,<br />

romelSic mTavari roli eniWeba miTis qveteqstSi arsebobas, miTis SegrZnebas. `amaySi~,<br />

`mamulis sulSi~, `es iyo ZvelaTsa~ da `qeduxrelnSi~ niko lorTqifaniZe gadmoscems<br />

miTis SegrZnebas, ganwyobilebas. miTologiur planSi ikveTeba zeadamianis saxe da epikurpirobiT<br />

dros meti pirobiToba eniWeba. miTopoeturi mxatvruli qsovili nawarmoebis<br />

ideur-mxatvruli, problemuri xerxemlis naTlad warmoCenis pirobas qmnis da amasTan<br />

sayrdeni sibrtyis _ miTisa da problemuri xerxemlis irgvliv `amozrdili~ yvela Sre,<br />

saxe, ganStoeba, plani erTnairi ZaliT iwyebs funqcionirebas.<br />

pirvel nabijs, `pirvelis~ zeadamianis arsebobas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba basil<br />

meliqiSvilis SemoqmedebaSic. isic ar eyrdnoba konkretul miTs, aramed cdilobs mis<br />

mier SeTxzul ambavs mianiWos miTis elferi, aRZras miTis gancda. `TurmanSi~ moqmedeba<br />

realurisa da irealuris, zmanebisa da cxadis mijnaze iSleba, Turmani _ zeadamiani,<br />

`pirveli~ asrulebs mTavari musikaluri Temis rols, romelic variaciebad meordeba da<br />

mTel poetur samyaros moefineba. moTxrobis mxatvruli qsovilis miTiur SegrZnebaTa<br />

saburvelSi gaxveva da amgvarad gaSla gavlenas axdens ara marto saxeTa sistemaze, aramed<br />

mTlianad nawarmoebis musikalur arqiteqtonikaze da stiluri Taviseburebebis<br />

gamovlenis farTo areals qmnis. levi-strosis Tanaxmad, miTosuri da musikaluri<br />

struqturebi msgavsia, miTi ki enasa da musikas Soris dgas (meletinski 1970: 169). `fr.<br />

Slegelma wamoayena da siRrmis fsiqologiam ganaviTara idea, rom miTologia<br />

gamomdinareobs ara imdenad samyaros Secnobidan, ramdenadac sulis siRrmidan,<br />

fsiqikidan. xolo ena da miTosi ganuyrelia. amrigad, musika, miTosi, ena da fsiqika erT<br />

xazze eqceva~ (sigua 1989: 145). musika, bgera miTosuri safuZvlis mqone nawarmoebSi<br />

fsiqikur process aaqtiurebs, enis gamomsaxvelobiT funqcias aZlierebs da miTis<br />

SegrZnebas, zedroulobis gancdas iwvevs. basil meliqiSvilis moTxrobebSi `Turmani~,<br />

`geliyari~, `gvelebis tba~, `mokveTili TiTi~ siuJeturi dro-sivrcis miRma, gamokveTili<br />

sivrculi modelebisgan TiTqmis damoukideblad arsebobs miTi, misi ganwyobileba.<br />

modelebs _ `gza~, `mwvervali~, `mTa~ (`Turmani~, `mokveTili TiTi~), `tba~ (`gvelebis tba~)<br />

Sesabamisi drouli segmantebi `efineba~, magram am TavisTavad mainc bundovani drosivrculi<br />

lokalebis miRma bgeris, melodiis, poeturi mgrZnrobelobis gamaxvilebis<br />

124

meSveobiT gamoisaxeba ufro mniSvnelovani zerealoba, metafizikuri sinamdvile, miTi —<br />

mocemuli mxolod SegrZnebebis doneze.<br />

Turmani aris `pirveli~, igi dgams pirvel nabijs. igi miTiur gmirTa msgavsad<br />

mxsneli, axlis momtania (promeTe — cecxli, Turmani — wminda marcvali). nawarmoebis<br />

mxatvruli samyaro miTiuri, iracionaluri, mistiuri, zmanebismieri poeturi saxeebiTa<br />

da gancdebiTaa savse. mwerali cdilobs daZabul, wyvetil, ucnaurad agebul frazebSi<br />

aaJReros kosmiuri musika, miTis bgera gadmosces. aqedan momdinareobs misi stilis<br />

arqaulobac. folklorTan da miTosTan ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi kavSiri<br />

vlindeba xalxur poetur metyvelebasTan enobriv-stilur msgavsebaSi. am doneze<br />

melodia qmnis Sesabamis ganwyobilebas, Slis droul sazRvrebs, `gandevnis~ istoriuli<br />

drois narCenebs. mwerlis warmosaxvaSi ibadeba axali melodia, romelic Tavis mxriv<br />

acocxlebs Zvel baladasac. `mokveTil TiTs~ ori konkretuli sayrdeni aqvs _ xalxuri<br />

Tqmulebebi: `jarjis balada~ da `mokveTili TiTis ambavi~. xalxuri baladis striqonebi<br />

moTxrobis TiToeul Tavs epigrafebada aqvs wamZRvarebuli. poetur striqonebs,<br />

melodiur frazebs igi iyenebs rogorc musikalur ideas, mTavar Temas, romelic<br />

safuZvlad edeba miTopoeturi samyaros mravalxmianobas. am musikas aranairi sazRvari<br />

ara aqvs, is JRers yvelgan da yovelTvis. ZiriTadi Tema iSleba, variaciebad itoteba<br />

mxatvrul teqstSi, iqmneba axali ambavi, romlis safuZvelSic konkretuli miTis (mindias<br />

miTi) _ baladis (jarjis balada) da Tqmulebebis (mokveTili TiTis ambavi) elementebi da<br />

maTi Tanmdevi SegrZnebani Zevs. ritmis, Sinagani musikalobis, variaciebad gaSlili<br />

melodiuri Zafebis uwyveti wyebis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba moTxrobis mxatvruli samyaro<br />

Tavis zedroul da zesivrcul metafizikur pirvelwyaroebs.<br />

grigol robaqiZis `engadSi~ gmiris gza miedineba baridan mTisken, sakraluri<br />

centris _ mwvervalisken, sadac is daibrunebs sakuTar Tavs, saxels, Sinagan harmonias.<br />

`es gza erTi mTliani xelovnuri qmnilebaa, 2000 kilometrze harmoniulad gaSlili _<br />

aqaa misi upiratesoba, yoveli nakveTi misi landSaftisa gulisxmieri elementia<br />

kompoziciurad sastikad daculi mTelisa~ (robaqiZe 1994: 189). `gzis~ aRmasvlas baridan<br />

mTisken, calkeuli elementebidan mTelisken, realuri samyarodan ufro mniSvnelovani,<br />

zerealuri, nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovilSi miTopoeturad gamosaxuri pirvelsawyisis,<br />

sakraluri centris, ideaTa mwvervalisa da wyarosaken safexurebrivi forma aqvs. aq Tavis<br />

rols TamaSobs bgera, feri, mistika, fsiqikuri procesebis gamwvaveba, erotikuli da<br />

poeturi gancdebi lagdeba am safexurebze, TandaTanobiT gviCvenebs darRveuli Sinagani<br />

mTlianobis aRdgenis process, da, rac mocemul SemTxvevaSia mniSvnelovani, qmnis<br />

zedroulobis, maradiulobis, miTis gancdas.<br />

jer aris dumili. gzis dasawyisSi `irgvliv mdumareba sufevs. Cvenc vdumT~<br />

(robaqiZe 1994: 191). dumilSi unda moxdes samyaroSi Cakargul, danawevrebul elementTa<br />

nebis daZabva, TviTCaRrmaveba da momzadeba erTiani, harmoniuli mTelis Sesaqmnelad.<br />

`gzaze~ TandaTan matulobs SiSi idumalis, maradiulis, amouxsnelis winaSe. igrZnoba,<br />

rom axlovdeba adamianisTvis Znelad misaRwevi, maradiuli samyaro, romlis Secnoba<br />

SeuZlebelia, magram SeiZleba misi SegrZneba. swored SegrZnebaTa gadmocemaze akeTebs<br />

aqcents mwerali: `SiSma imata. xolo myisve vigrZeniT ucxo ram: TiTqo klde xomaldi<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyos udidi da mZlavi; sizmareuli migvaqanebda igi usazRvroebaSi cis rZeTeTri<br />

SoreTis mimarT. iyo erTi wuTi: megona Sevexe maradisobis samoselsa~ (robaqiZe 1994: 191).<br />

am safexurebriv sistemaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba fers, rogorc zmanebismieri,<br />

miTiuri surnelis mqone samyaros suraTis Seqmnis erT-erT saSualebas. aqve kidev erTxel<br />

vimeorebT, rom gr. robaqiZis es moTxroba ganekuTvneba miTis mxatvruli<br />

transformaciis im safexurs, romelzec miTopoetur samyaroSi cocxldeba ara<br />

konkretuli miTi an misi elementi, aramed mxolod miTis SegrZneba. feri miTopoeturi<br />

sivrcis gacocxlebisa da Sesabamisi gancdis aRZvris erT-erTi saSualebaa. rac ufro<br />

uaxlovdeba gmiri `gzis~ sivrculi modelis dasasruls _ sakralur centrs, `mwvervals~,<br />

siTeTre da nislovaneba adgils uTmobs gamokvTil xazebs da fers (dasaxelebuls Tu<br />

asociaciurs). figurebi mkveTrad da zustadaa moxazuli. Tavidan tye odnav mwvandeba,<br />

Semdeg ki matulobs mTebis, mcenareebis, qvebis feradovani laqebi. realuri samyaro<br />

nisliani da uferuli iyo, svla, pirvelqmnili, zerealuri, TiTqmis zmanebismieri<br />

sivrcisaken ki simkveTris da feradovnebis matebiTaa gamoxatuli. rac ufro uaxlovdeba<br />

adamiani im adgils — karibWes, romelic gadaiyvans mas cxadidan zmanebaSi, romelic axlos<br />

dgas im pirvelqmnil sinamdvilesTan, romlis anareklicaa yovelive xiluli da sadac<br />

warsuli, awmyo da momavali erTdroulad arsebobs — miT ufro mSvenieri da feradovani<br />

xdeba garemo. miTopoeturi samyaro ferTa harmoniaSi warmosdgeba, rogorc calkeuli<br />

elementebis bunebrivi da Tanazomieri SexamebiT miRebuli mTeli. `am samyaroSi<br />

cxovroben naSierni homerisa~ (robaqiZe 1994: 194). xevsurTa poezia aZlierebs<br />

125

garemomcvelis arqaulobis SegrZnebas. poetur xilvebSi irekleba adamianebis erTianoba.<br />

am erTianobas `gzaze~ damdgari adamiani intuiciiT grZnobs da axsnas istoriasa da<br />

miTosur arqetipebSi eZebs. SairSi igi xedavs samyaros sayrdens, safuZvels: `sityvebi aq<br />

y<strong>of</strong>is fesvebia TviTon, maT jer kidev ar daukargavs surneli pirvelqmnilisa~ (robaqiZe<br />

1994: 194). poeturi eniTa da pirvelqmnili bgerebis meSveobiT aRZruli miTis SegrZnebis<br />

TanxlebiT gaivlis gmiri gamTlianebis Semdeg safexurebs _ Zmadnaficobas da<br />

sworfrobas _ ris Semdegac warmosdgeba rogorc mTliani, savse, daunawevrebi `me~.<br />

valiauris `gza~ zustad asaxavs mwerlisTvis niSneul movlenaTa gaazrebis gzas _<br />

moZebnos movlenis analogi jer istoriuli drois nakadSi, Semdeg ki misi miTosuri<br />

arqetipi. man herodotesTan miagno sworfrobis msgavs qmedebas, TiTqos axsna kidec<br />

`ucxosTan~ SeerTebiT da misi gaTavisebiT, magram Semdeg Tavadve dainaxa gansxvaveba<br />

xevsurul adaTsa da afroditesTvis siyvarulis Sewirvis wess Soris.<br />

igi xvdeba, rom unda miagnos ufro Soreul, SesaZloa drois miRma arsebul<br />

pirvelsaxes, romelic safuZvlad udevs movlenas da romlisaganc mxolod SegrZnebaRaa<br />

darCenili da poulobs kidec mas: `ucxo atmosfero iSleboda Cems irgvliv. yoveli<br />

xevsuri cocxlobda aq sicocxliT mTelisa. pirovnuli Tauri, tomisgan gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili,<br />

ubrundeboda Tavis bnel saSos. calkeuloba hqreboda. gvaruli Rvioda. modgmis magari<br />

sisxldeniT ayvanilni, monadireni fiziuri wevrebi iyvnen mxolod erT uxilavi mTelisa.<br />

calkeulTa uTvalav qvedafenebSi _ vgonebdi ase _ unda xatuliyo uTuod cocxali saxe<br />

mTelisa: tomis. Cavukvirdi sityvas `xati~. ra aris es, Tu ara Sinagani yalibi<br />

xeluxlebeli mTelisa? salocavs `xati~ hqvia, sadac erTi xatic ki baris gagebiT ar<br />

moipoveba. maS `xati~ suraTi ki ar y<strong>of</strong>ila, aramed Sina-saxe~ (robaqiZe 1994: 203). `xati~<br />

aris is, risi daSlac aRar SeiZleba da romelic nawarmoebis miTopoetur sivrceze<br />

gakvalul `gzaze~ gamTlianebuli adamianis SegrZnebebSi cocxldeba.<br />

mocemul SemTxvevaSi ganvixileT mxolod ramdenime yvelaze naTeli magaliTi,<br />

romlebic modernistul nawarmoebSi miTis transformaciis pirvel safexurs<br />

gulisxmobs. am procesis sruli suraTis warmodgena ramdenime modelis analiziT<br />

SeuZlebelia, magram mocemuli magaliTebidanac ki Cans, rom nawarmoebis Sidasamyaros<br />

miTopoeturobas da miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis Taviseburebebs<br />

ganapirobebs miTi, romelic faqtobrivad pirdapir da uSualod ar aris mowodebuli,<br />

magram arsbeobs misi SegrZneba. es SegrZneba gansazRvravs sivrcis agebulebas, drois<br />

aRqmas, movlenaTa arss, saxeobriv sistemas, stilur Taviseburebebs. miTis SegrZnebis<br />

nawarmoebSi gacocxlebis gzebi da saSualebebi rTuli da mravalferovania. miTopoeturi<br />

teqstis mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis agebis principi mxolod erT-erTi Semadgeneli<br />

nawilia am meqanizmisa, romlis moqmedebac, miuxedavad masSi asaxuli modernistuli<br />

azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi niSnebisa, ZiriTadad mainc mwerlis<br />

individualur xedvasa da mxatvrul ostatobazea damokidebuli.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

averincevi 1977: Аверинцев С. С. Поэтика древневизантииской литературы. М.: изд. „Просвещение“, 1977.<br />

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe ak. Txzulebani. II, Tb.: gamomcemlobebi `nekeri~, `lomisi~, 2004.<br />

ivanovi 1994: Иванов В. И. Родное и Вселенское. М.: изд. „Просвещение“, 1994.<br />

meletinski 1970: Мелетинский Е. М. Клод Леви-Стросс и струкрурная типология мифа. ж. Вопросы<br />

литературы, VII, М.: 1970.<br />

meletinski 1977: Мелетинский Е. М. Поэтика мифа. М.: изд. „Просвещение“, 1977.<br />

robaqiZe 1994: robaqiZe gr. Txzulebani. seria `Serisxulni~. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,<br />

1994.<br />

sigua 1989: sigua s. konstantine gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura. Tb.: 1989.<br />

CiCua 1988: CiCua S. romanis Tanamedroveoba. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1988.<br />

Inga Milorava<br />

The Artistic Time and Space <strong>of</strong> the Mythopoetic World<br />

Summary<br />

The modernist thinking puts forward the phylosophical – aesthetical significance <strong>of</strong> the Myth and turns it<br />

into the foundation <strong>of</strong> the whole artistic system <strong>of</strong> the work <strong>of</strong> art. When the internal world <strong>of</strong> the modernistic<br />

text is mythopoetical we can see perfectly and clearly expressed synthesis <strong>of</strong> reality and imagination. In the<br />

context <strong>of</strong> the artistic time and space such a text has “a double nature”. There are connected the sensation <strong>of</strong><br />

126

existence beyond the borders <strong>of</strong> the time and space and the signs <strong>of</strong> absolutely concrete time and space- the<br />

visible images <strong>of</strong> the narrative’s time and space.<br />

We can pick out some steps <strong>of</strong> the transformation <strong>of</strong> the myth in modernistic prose: 1) There is given only<br />

the sensation <strong>of</strong> the myth in the work <strong>of</strong> art. There is reconstructed the emotion and attitude <strong>of</strong> the myth. In such<br />

a case the artistic time is a time <strong>of</strong> the first creation. These texts don’t express the concrete myth. The expression<br />

lean on the active poetic sensation; 2) The myth and the mythological images – as the insertions, which explain<br />

and give some colour to the narrative (D. Shengelaia, “Mordu”, “Guram Barramandia”); 3) Myth – as an image<br />

and the plot <strong>of</strong> the work <strong>of</strong> art (K. Gamsakhurdia, “Hogais Mindia”, “Tabu”).<br />

There are analyzed the peculiarities <strong>of</strong> the mythopoetic world’s artistic time and space on the first step <strong>of</strong><br />

imagination in this article. The artistic time and space <strong>of</strong> Nicko Lordckipanidze’s stories are the time and space<br />

<strong>of</strong> first creation and the first things. There is very important the function <strong>of</strong> “first man” and the hero on this step.<br />

Such functions are given in Basili Melickishvili’s story “Turmani”. There is a very important model <strong>of</strong> “the<br />

way” in this story. The sensation <strong>of</strong> myth is given by the poetic language and sounds.<br />

In Gr. Robackidze’s story “Engadi” the space model “the way” is connected with sacral centre – “the<br />

peack”, where the destroyed identity and unity can be restored. On this way we can see the myth-animated and<br />

became refined. Myth is given in sensations and the sensation <strong>of</strong> the myth in the world <strong>of</strong> the work <strong>of</strong> art has a<br />

great influence on the structure <strong>of</strong> the mythopoetical text and on its artistic time and space.<br />

127

poetikuri kvlevani<br />

qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />

klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis cnebebis Sua saukuneebSi gadaazrebis<br />

zogierTi nimuSi<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebi da gamokvlevebi Sua saukuneebis ritorikis TeoriaSi<br />

ZiriTadad dasavleT evropis laTinurenovan samyaros exeba (Minnis, Scott, Wallace 1988;<br />

Minnis, Johnson 2005; Curtius 1953). bizantiuri ritorikis Teoria naklebad an TiTqmis ar aris<br />

Seswavlili samecniero literaturaSi (gamonaklisia: Kustas 1973). magram irkveva, rom Sua<br />

saukuneebis berZeni da qarTveli avtorebi SesaniSnavad iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni<br />

klasikuri da bizantiuri ritorikis TeoriaTa sakiTxebSi. isini kargad icnobdnen mag.,<br />

baZvis, stilTa doneebis, mSvenierebisa da sxv. cnebebs da Sesabamisad axdendnen maT<br />

gadaazrebas (bezaraSvili 2004: 147-155; 158-259; 530-587). winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli<br />

magaliTebi kidev erTxel warmoaCens bizantieli da qarTveli mwignobrebis, basili<br />

minimusisa (X s.) da efrem mciris (XI s.) mier 1 ritorikis Teoriebis karg codnas da<br />

gaazrebas, kerZod, cxady<strong>of</strong>s maT mier aristoteles moZRvrebis recefcias Txzulebis<br />

kompoziciis Sesaxeb. qvemoT am Teoriis sami sakiTxi Sedarebulia imave problemebTan Sua<br />

saukuneebis ritorikaSi. esenia ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri agebulebis<br />

mSveniereba, prologisa da epilogis darTvis xelovneba:<br />

1) aristotele saubrobs ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri struqturis<br />

mSvenierebaze (to; ga;r kalo;n ejn megevqei kai; tavxei ejstivn. Arist. Poet. 7, 1450 b<br />

9). aq igulisxmeba winasityva da bolosityva, anu Sesavali da dasasruli (Rhet. III, 13-14, 1414<br />

b - 1416 a). ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciis klasikuri Teoria da am kompoziciis<br />

mSveniereba kargad aris Seswavlili samecniero literaturaSi 2 .<br />

2) aristotele agreTve ganmartavs, rom safleito musikaluri preludia<br />

(proauvlion) da poeziis dasawyisi striqonebi (provlogo") imave funqcas asrulebs,<br />

rasac sadResaswaulo sityvis Sesavali (prooivmion). (To; me;n ou\n prooivmiovn<br />

ejstin ajrch; lovgou, o}per ejn poihvsei provlogo" kai; ejn aujlhvsei<br />

proauvlion. Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1414 b 5).<br />

3) aristoteles mixedviT, epilogi yovelTvis ar aris saWiro ritorikuli sityvis<br />

yvela saxeobisaTvis, mag., roca igi aris mokle, anda roca misi Tema advili<br />

dasamaxsovrebelia (oJ ejpivlogo" [sc. tw'n ajpodeiktikw'n] …. e[ti oujde;<br />

dikanikou' pantov", oi|on eja;n mikro;" oJ lovgo", h] to; pra'gma<br />

eujmnhmovneuton. Arist. Rhet. III, 13, 1414 b 1).<br />

ganvixlavT am Sexedulebebs X-XI saukuneebis dasaxelebuli avtorebis SromebSi<br />

warmodgenil Teoriul mosazrebebTan SedarebiT, sadac klasikuri Sexedulebebi<br />

gadaazrebulia.<br />

1) grigol RvTismetyvelis homiliebze darTul basili minimusis komentarebSi<br />

(iseve rogorc maT efrem mciriseul TargmanebSi) ganxilulia ritorikuli sityvis<br />

winasityviTa da bolosityviT, anu prologiTa da epilogiT (i.e. exordium, peroratio; prologium,<br />

1 basili minimusis komentarebis berZnuli teqsti damowmebulia r. kantarelasa da T. Smidtis<br />

gamocemebis mixedviT (Cantarella 1926; Schmidt 2001), agreTve gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis mixedviT<br />

(cod. Vat. Gr. 437, s.X; cod. Paris. Coisl. 240, s.XI; cod. Paris. Cois. 52, s. XI). basili minimusis komentarebis<br />

efrem mciriseuli Targmani yvelgan damowmebulia T. oTxmezuris mier gamosaqveyneblad<br />

momzadebuli teqstidan. komentarTa numeracia gakeTebulia efrem mciriseuli qarTuli<br />

Targmanebis mixedviT T. oTxmezuris mier. basili minimusis berZnul teqstTa xelnawerebi,<br />

romelTa umetesi nawili gamouqveynebelia, Segrovebulia pr<strong>of</strong>. iustin moseis mier da inaxeba<br />

luvenis kaTolikuri universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakultetTan arsebul grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelis kabinetSi.<br />

2 Sesavali da daskvna (prooimivon, ejpivlogo"), rogorc ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri<br />

konstruqciis nawilebi, ganxilulia klasikuri ritorikis TeoriebSi (Martin 1974: 55, 147). epilogis<br />

tradiciuli ganmartebisaTvis, rogorc homiliis Tematikis Semajamebeli nawilisaTvis, ix.<br />

aristotele (Arist. Rhet. III, 19, 1419b) (Männlein-Robert 2003: 778-788).<br />

128

epilogus) Semkobis sakiTxi da amgvari Semkoba ritorikuli xelovnebisa da mSvenierebis<br />

nimuSad aris dasaxelebuli. sayuradReboa, rom qristianuli epoqis avtorTa nawerebSic<br />

sityvis Semkoba SesavliTa da dasasruliT miCneulia ritorikuli xelovnebis wesad. es<br />

cnebebi miRebuli iyo berZen avtorTa nawerebSi arsitoteledan moyolebuli da farTod<br />

iyo gavrceleuli elinistur periodSi, gvian antikurobaSi da Sua saukuneebSi. mag.,<br />

grigol RvTismetyvelis homiliebze darTul basili minimusis komentarebSi `litonoba~<br />

(=litovn) ewodeba swored xelovanebis (tevcnh-s) gareSe Txzvas, kerZod, Sesavlis<br />

gareSe Txzulebis Seqmnas. basili minimusi saubrobs homiliis iseTi ritorikuli<br />

ornamentebiT Semkobaze, rogoricaa Sesavali da ritmuli perioduli kolonebi 1 . basili<br />

minimusis mixedviT, homiliis SesavliT SemkobiT da am Sesavlis formis sruly<strong>of</strong>iT<br />

acilebulia simartive, litonoba, `uÃelovnoba~ (aJplw'" ­ `litonad~) 2 .<br />

Sesabamisad, unda vigulisxmoT epilogis gareSe Txzvac. basili minimusi saubrobs<br />

homiliis locviTi daboloebis, anu epilogis (ejpivlogo" _ `boloÁ~) tradiciuli<br />

ritorikuli formis Sesaxeb qristianul literaturaSi. epilogiT Txzulebis daboloeba<br />

ritorikul ostatobas miekuTvneba (tevcnai, o{roi rJhtorikoiv ­ `Ãelovnebani<br />

metyuelTani~) 3 .<br />

2) basili minimusi aseve saubrobs Txzulebis uSesavlod agebis Sesaxeb, rac grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelma qristianuli homiliis ritorikul wesad gadaaqcia, roca pirdapir<br />

TxrobiT daiwyo makabelTadmi miZRvnili homilia 4 an SesxmiTi galobis saxiT _ Sobis<br />

homilia 5 . basili minimusis warmodgenili ganmarteba ZiriTadad efuZneba aristoteles<br />

1 ix. berZnuli teqsti da misi efrem mciriseuli Targmani: Ou|to" oJ lovgo" pavsai" tai'"<br />

tecnikai'" ajparaleivptw" ejgkekallwvpistai meqovdoi": ajqrei' ga;r ejn<br />

prooimivoi" eujqevw", o{sai" ajretai'" plhvqei, th'/ ejx ejpembolh'" peribolh'/,<br />

th'/ ejx aijtiva" kataskeuh'/, th'/ te makrokwliva/ ... `yovelTave ÃelovnebiTa<br />

RonisZiebiTa unaklulod Semkobil ars awindeli ese sityuaÁ ... rameTu ganicade myis dasabamsave<br />

sityÂsasa raodeniTa SuenierebiTa Semkobil ars Sesavalovnad SemosilobiTa, mizezovnad<br />

SenawevrebiTa grZelSenadgamobasave Tana~ (Or. 43, com. prooemium. Cantarella 1926: 21 28-31; cod. Iber. Jer. 15,<br />

s. XII, f. 22r); kavllo", kataskeuhv, kallwpivzesqai miekuTvneba sityvis garegnul xorciel<br />

ornamentul Rirsebebs (ajretai; levxew"). (Martin 1974: 339, 340, 342; 252. Ernesti 1962: s.v.<br />

kallwpivzesqai).<br />

2 ix. basili minimusis teqsti da misi efrem mciriseuli Targmani: Televsa" to; th'" o{lh"<br />

uJpoqevsew" prooivmion, oujc aJplw'" eij" to; gevno", ajlla; meta; tino"<br />

prooimiakh'" ejnnoiva" eijsbavllei. `srul-yo yovelive winadawyebaÁ Sesavalisa mizezTaÁ<br />

da amieriTgan ara litonad, aramed winaSesavalovanadve iwyebs naTesavTaTÂs didisa basilisTa<br />

sityuad~ (Or. 43, com. 15. Cantarella 1926: 231; cod. Iber. Jer. 15, f. 23v).<br />

3 ix. basili minimusis komentari: a) to; e[scaton mevro" tou' o{lou lovgou ou|tov" ejstin<br />

oJ keklhmevno" ejpivlogo", eujch'" tuvpon ejpevcwn, wJ" aiJ tevcnai<br />

qesipivzousin. b) ejntau'qa to; teleutai'on tw'n kefalaivwn oJ ejpivlogo" tuvpon<br />

e[cwn eujch'", wJ" qesmoi; kai; o{roi paradhlou'si rJhtorikoiv. `ese ars boloÁ<br />

sakiTxavisaÁ amis, romelsa locvis saxe zeda-ac, viTarca Ãelovnebani metyuelTani ganaCineben~<br />

(Or. 43, com. 216. Cantarella 1926: 3215-19; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, s. XII-XIII, f. 69v).<br />

4 basili minimusis da misi mTargmnelis, efrem mciris mixedviT, `makabelTa sityvis~ uSesavlod<br />

dawyebis litonad da SemTxveviTad miCneva moCvenebiTia. amgvari meTodi ritorikis axali,<br />

qristianuli xelovnebis damaxasiaTebel niSnad aris warmodgenili: oJ ga;r wJ" e[tucen oi\on<br />

te tosou'ton ajxivwma levgein kai; gravfein ... kai; ouj aujto; tou'to dia; tou'<br />

zhthtikou' kai; hjnivxato morivou protivqei" aujto; th'" luvsew" tw'n<br />

zhtoumevnwn deiknu;" dia; th'" ajnaskeuh'" tw'n ejnantiologoumevnwn ajxivou"<br />

ejgkwmivwn. `raÁme makabelni?~ rameTu ara saeWu ars] add. litonad da viTar damTxueviT raÁsme<br />

TqumaÁ esodenisa Rirsebisa kacisa mier ... myis saZiebliT marculiT iwyo da aRÃsnasa wina-moaqcia<br />

saZiebeli da aCuena igi Rirs Sesxmisa...~ (Or. 15, com. 1. codd. Paris.Coisl. Fr. 240, s. XI, f. 187r; cod. Iber.,<br />

Tbilis. A 109, f. 220r).<br />

5 qristeSobis homiliis komentarSi basili minimusi ritorikuli Sesavlis Semcvlelad Tvlis<br />

homiliis galobiT dawyebas, udidesi qristianuli dResaswauliT gamowveuli mometebuli<br />

sitkboebisa da sixarulis gamo. amdenad aq, piriqiT, axali tipis dasawyisi axali, qristianuli<br />

ritorikis Rirsebad aris dasaxelebuli: eijkovtw" kai; prooimivwn tavxin ei[lhfe<br />

tau'ta, procoreuvonto" kai; proskirtw'nto" kai; oi|on proanakrouomevnou tou'<br />

Patro;" th'/ th'" hJdonh'" te kai; eujfrosuvnh" uJperbolh'/. samarTlad nacvalad<br />

winaSesavalisa moipova aqa didman aman moZRuarTa Soris winamZnobelobaÁ da winaaRmRerelobaÁ,<br />

viTarmca gardamatebulisa sitkboebisa da sixarulisa winamcemel iyo ebnisa" (Or. 38, com.<br />

prooemium. Cantarella 1926: 5 22-25; Schmidt 2001: 10-11; cod. Iber. Jer. 15, f. 10v). basili minimusis<br />

warmodgenili ganmarteba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba aristoteles ganmartebas, rom musikaluri<br />

129

ganmartebas, rom musikaluri preludia (proauvlion) sadResaswaulo sityvis Sesavals<br />

(prooivmion) hgavs (Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1414 b 5). am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ritorikis<br />

Teoriis sakiTxTan, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo ritorikuli sityvis axali saxeobisaTvis,<br />

Tumca am SemTxvevaSic igi dasabams iRebs klasikosi Teoretikosis traqtatidan, magram<br />

interpretirebulia axal sulier konteqstSi.<br />

3) ritorikis klasikuri da bizantiuri Teoriebis mSvenierebis kategoriis<br />

codnasTan erTad Txzulebis kompoziciuri nawilebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis aTvisebas<br />

efrem mciris mier cxady<strong>of</strong>s misi kidev erTi kol<strong>of</strong>oni, romelsac igi urTavs imperator<br />

iulianes ganmaqiqebel meore sityvas (Or. 5). kol<strong>of</strong>oni exeba homiliis epilogis sakiTxs:<br />

`xolo ubolood datevebisaTÂs nuvis usrulica hgonies (= Or. 5), rameTu berZulad esreT<br />

ars Tqumuli wmidisa, ara litonad, arca sxuaTa aRmwerelTaebr, aramed, viTar-igi<br />

aTormet arian Ãelovnebani berZenTa swavlulebisani da TiToeuli aRmwereli miT saxiTa<br />

aRmwerelobs, raÁca Ãelovneba eswavos aTormetTa maTgan (=aq igi CamoTvlis 12<br />

zogadsaganmanaTleblo sagans) ... aramed wmida ese da didi RmrTismetyueli, viTarca amiT<br />

yovliTa sruliad swavluli, yovliTave amiT Seamkobs TqumulTa TÂsTa. amisTÂs sxÂsa<br />

Ãelovnebisa ars daboloeba da sxÂsa _ ara daboloeba. vinaÁca me, vinaÁTgan oqsinoÁ ara<br />

maqunda saolavad skamarangisa, flasiTa ver davolevdi. aramed Sedarebulad berZulisa,<br />

uboloo ubolood da daboloebuli daboloebulad miTargmnia...~ (bregaZe 1988: 171-172) 1 .<br />

aRniSnuli sakiTxavi (Or. 5) `ubolood~, e.i. epilogis gareSea berZnulSi da<br />

Sesabamisad, qarTul TargmanSic. meore mxriv, efrems berZnuli dednis erTgulebis gamo<br />

daboloebuli, anu epilogiani (sxva sakiTxavebi) aseve epilogianad uTargmnia. efremi<br />

xsnis, rom amgvari xerxi uepilogobisa ar aris sxva mweralTaebr `litonad TqumiT~<br />

gamowveuli, aramed samecniero da ritorikuli xelovanebiT, e.i. ritorikuli<br />

ostatobiT, aris Seqmnili, romelSiac kargad iyo ganswavluli grigol RvTismetyveli.<br />

igi swored rom am swavlulebiT amkobda Tavis Sromebs _ `TqumulTa TÂsTa~ 2 . amdenad, es<br />

movlena uepilogobisa SemTxveviTi ki ar aris, aramed kanonzomieria. efremis<br />

ganmartebiT, sakiTxavis daboloeba _ epilogis darTva sxva xelovnebaa da<br />

dauboloebloba ki sul sxva xelovnebisaganaa, radgan epilogi, romelic Txzulebis<br />

kompoziciis Semadgeneli nawilia, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes homiliis samkaulad.<br />

aq efremi, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes ritorikuli sityvis agebis da misi mSvenierebis<br />

klasikur Teorias (aristoteles ritorikidan da poetikidan). rogorc ukve iTqva,<br />

aristoteles mixedviT, epilogi ar aris yovelTvis aucilebeli yvela saxis sityvisaTvis,<br />

mag., roca igi moklea anda roca sityvis sagani advili dasamaxsovrebelia (Arist. Rhet. III, 13,<br />

1414 b 1). marTlac, grigolis ganmaqiqebeli sityvis sagani 3 ioli iyo dasamaxsovreblad,<br />

radgan ganqiqeba grZeldeboda mTeli homiliis manZilze da, Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebuli<br />

mokle daboloeba aRar saWiroebda raime damatebas.<br />

imperator iulianes ganmaqiqebeli meore sityvis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli<br />

problema ganxilulia samecniero literaturaSi; aRniSnulia, rom epilogis darTvis<br />

nacvlad grigol RvTismetyveli amTavrebs ganmaqiqebel homilias (lovgo"<br />

sthliteutikov") iulianesadmi mamarTuli ironiuli sityvebiT (maWavariani 2002: 90-92;<br />

bezaraSvili 2004: 573-576). igi ambobs, rom es sityva aris maradiuli Zegli iulianesaTvis<br />

am frazis uary<strong>of</strong>iTi mniSvnelobiT (Or. 5, c. 42. PG 35, 720A). aseTi daboloeba aRar<br />

saWiroebs Semajamebel daskvniT epilogs.<br />

efremma icis ritorikis bizantiuri Teoriebis es Tavisebureba _ kompoziciuri<br />

agebuleba. Tumca amave dros, rogorc iTqva, igi aRniSnavs, rom ubolooba ar aris<br />

preludia (proauvlion) emsgavseba epidiqtikuri sityvis Sesavals (prooivmion. Arist. Rhet. III,<br />

14, 1414 b 5).<br />

1 Cod. Iber. A 292, a. 1800, f. 215v. es kol<strong>of</strong>oni da masSi dasaxelebuli zogadsaganmanaTleblo sagnebi<br />

ganxilulia samecniero literaturaSi (Rapava, Coulie 1991: 121-124). igive kol<strong>of</strong>oni grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelis zogierT uepilogo sakiTxavze efTvime aTonelis mier darTul epilogebTan<br />

mimarTebiT aseve ganxiluli iyo samecniero literaturaSi (Kourtsikidze 2000: 429-437).<br />

2 aseve afasebs miqael fselosi grigol RvTismetyvelis xelovnebas da ostatobas. misi Txzulebebi<br />

yovelgvari mecnierebis (ejpisthvmh) da xelovanebis tevcnh) codnas Seicaven (Mayer 1911:<br />

14 254-273; bezaraSvili 1996: 146).<br />

3 ganmaqiqebeli homiliis klasikuri warmomavloba (yovgo", yektikov"), rogorc epideiqtikuri<br />

Janris saxeoba (gevno" ejpideiktikov" - genus demonstrativum), e.w. negatiuri enkomia<br />

(ejgkwvmion), romelic iqca qristianul ganqiqebad, e.w. lovgo" sthlieutikov", ganxilulia<br />

samecniero literaturaSi (Menander Rhetor 1981; Hunger 1978: 120-122. Payr 1962: 332-343. Guignet 1911:<br />

76-77. maWavariani 2002: 92).<br />

130

litonoba da sworedac rom xelovnebaa. am SemTxvevaSi efremis Teoriuli wyaro<br />

uepilogobis ostatobasTan dakavSirebiT unda exmaurebodes rogorc ritorikis zemoT<br />

naxseneb aristoteleseul klasikur Teorias (Arist. Rhet. III, 13, 1414 b 1), ise qristianul<br />

Teorias da esTetikas (ix. basili minimusis ganxiluli komentarebi). klasikur Teorias<br />

rom SevadaroT, Sesavali iTvleba ritorikuli sityvis Semkobilebis mSvenebad (kovsmou<br />

cavri"), roca misi ararseboba sityvas aZlevs saxeldaxelod warmoTqmulis saxes 1 .<br />

efrem mcire kol<strong>of</strong>onSi Tavs imarTlebs, rom ritorikis xelovneba Zvirfasia da<br />

fufunebaa, rasac igi TavisiT ver miwvdeboda da Tavad epilogs ver daurTavda: abreSumis<br />

qsovili (oqsino) ar mqonda mosasxamis (skamarangis) Sesakerad da ubralo ZaZiT (flasiT)<br />

xom ara Sevkeravdio. mosasxams an CarCos, rogorc gare samkauls, ritorikis TeoriebSi<br />

swored ritorikul xelovnebas uwodeben, romliTac unda moapirkeTon Rrma Sinaarsi 2 .<br />

marTalia, aq uSualod mSvenierebis cneba ar aris naxsenebi, magram vnaxeT, rom efremi<br />

kompoziciis xelovnebis mSvenierebis Sesabamis problemas exeba, rac Seswavlilia<br />

aristoteles ritorikasa da poetikaSi da basili minimusis komentarebSi. amave dros igi<br />

ritorikis Zvirfas samkaulebs asaxelebs, romelTa Soris kompoziciis xelovnebac Sedis.<br />

Seswavlilia, rom efremi am kol<strong>of</strong>onSi mSvenierebis cnebis aspeqtebsac ixilavs<br />

(bezaraSvili 2004: 573-576). aSkaraa, rom efremi exeba ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri<br />

struqturis cnebasac, kerZod, xan epilogis darTvas, xan ki homiliis daskvnis gareSe<br />

dasrulebas ritorikis Teoriebis mixedviT.<br />

amgvarad, cxadi xdeba, rom efremi SesaniSnavad icnobs ritorikis klasikur da<br />

bizantiur Teoriebs da maTi meTodologiis gaTvaliswinebiT Targmnis grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelis Txzulebebs qarTulad da qmnis Tavis kol<strong>of</strong>onebs literaturul-<br />

Teoriuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. zemoT gaanalizebuli magaliTebi safuZvels umagrebs<br />

mosazrebas, rom efremi dainteresebuli iyo ritorikis TeoriebiT Tavisi moRvaweobis<br />

adreuli periodidanve (roca Targmna Or. 5) 3 . es imas niSnavs, rom bizantiaSi mimdinare<br />

saazrovno procesebze efremma Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisidanve elin<strong>of</strong>iluri<br />

kulturuli orientacia aiRo, maSin roca misi mTargmnelobiTi meTodi mxolod TandaTan<br />

xdeboda elin<strong>of</strong>iluri. maSasadame, klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis cnebebi efrem<br />

mcirisTvisac, iseve, rogorc misi winamorbedi basili minimusisTvis, kargad iyo cnobili<br />

da gaTavisebuli.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

bezaraSvili 1996: bezaraSvili q. miqael fselosis traqtati saRvTismetyvelo stilis Sesaxeb<br />

(gamokvleva, Targmani, komentarebi). bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia. III, Tb.:<br />

1996.<br />

bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`mecniereba~, 2004.<br />

bregaZe 1988: bregaZe T. grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa Semcvel qarTul xelnawerTa<br />

aRweriloba. Tb.: gamomcemloba "mecniereba", 1988.<br />

Cantarella 1926: Cantarella R. Basilio Minimo. II, in Byzantinishce Zeitschrift, 26, 1926, p. 1-34.<br />

Curtius 1953: Curtius. European <strong>Literature</strong> and the Latin Middle Ages. Translated from the German by W.R. Trask.<br />

London: Routledge and Regan Paul, LTD, 1953.<br />

Ernesti 1962: Jo. Ch. Th. Ernesti. Lexicon Technologiae Graecorum Rhetoricae. Leipzig: 1795 / Darmstadt, 1962:<br />

Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung.<br />

Guignet 1911: Guignet M. St. Grégoire de Nazianze et la rhétorique. Paris: 1911, p. 76-77.<br />

Hunger 1978: Hunger H. Die hochsprachliche pr<strong>of</strong>ane Literatur der Byzantiner. Bd. I, Münich: C.H. Beck'sche<br />

Verlagsbuchhandlund, 1978, S. 120-122.<br />

Kourtsikidze 2000: Kourtsikidze T. La composition du manuscrit Iviron 68 et le colophon d' Ephrem Mtsiré, dans Le<br />

Muséon. t. 113, 2000, p. 429-437.<br />

Kustas 1973: Kustas G.L. Studies in Byzantine Rhetoric (Analekta Blatadon, 17). Thessaloniki: Patriarchikon Idruma<br />

Paterikon Meleton, 1973.<br />

1<br />

gorgias leontielis eleelebisadmi mimarTuli saxotbo sityva (enkomia) dasaxelebulia<br />

saxeldaxelo sityvis nimuSad (Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1415b12-1416a1).<br />

2<br />

Sdr. miqael fselosic grigolis Rrma saRvTismetyvelo azris garegnul Semosvas da Semkobas<br />

ritorikuli samkaulebiT uwodebs saxarebiseuli Zvirfasi margalitis (maT. 13, 45-46) movarayebas<br />

oqroTi da mis Casmas patiosani qvebiT mopirkeTebul CarCoSi (Mayer 1911: 585-90). 3 grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTulad Targmanis qronologiis Sesaxeb ix. bezaraSvili<br />

2004: 413.<br />

131

maWavariani 2002: maWavariani m. efrem mciris damokidebuleba `gareSe~ sibrZnisadmi grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelis imperator ivlianesadmi miZRvnili meore ganmaqiqebeli sityvis<br />

(or.5) mixedviT. literaturuli Ziebani. XXIII, Tb.: 2002.<br />

Männlein-Robert 2003: Männlein-Robert I. Peroratio, in Historishces Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, herausgegeben von<br />

Gert Ueding. Bd. 6, Tübingen: 2003, col. 778-788.<br />

Martin 1974: Martin J. Antike Rhetorik. Technik und Methode. München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlund,<br />

1974.<br />

Mayer 1911: Mayer A. Psellos' Rede über den rhetorischen Character des Gregorios von Nazianz, in Byzantinische<br />

Zeitschrift. 20, 1911, S. 48-60.<br />

Menander Rhetor 1981: Menander Rhetor, Peri; ejpideiktikw'n. I, edited with translation and commentary by D.A.<br />

Russel, N.G. Wilson, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.<br />

Minnis, Scott, Wallace 1988: Minnis, A.J., Scott, A.B., Wallace, D. Medieval Literary Theory and Criticism. c.<br />

11000-c. 1375, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.<br />

Minnis, Johnson 2005: The Cambridge History <strong>of</strong> Literary Criticism. vol. 2, Middle Ages, edited by Minnis, A.,<br />

Johnson, I., Cambridge: University Press, 2005.<br />

Payr 1962: Payr Th. Enkomion, in Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum. Bd. V, Stuttgart: 1962, S. 332-343.<br />

Rapava, Coulie 1991: Rapava M., B. Coulie. Les Colophons d' Ephrem Mtsire et les traductions Géorgiennes de<br />

Gregoire de Nazianze, dans Le Muséon. Revue d' Etudes Orientales. t.104, fasc.1-2, 1991, p. 121-124.<br />

Schmidt 2001: Basilii Minimi in Gregorii Nazianzeni orationem XXXVIII commentarii. ed. a Th. Schmidt, in Corpus<br />

Christianorum, Series Graeca, 46. Corpus Nazianzenum, 13, Turnhout-Leuven: Brepols Publishers,<br />

University Press, 2001.<br />

Ketevan Bezarashvili<br />

Some Patterns <strong>of</strong> Reinterpretation <strong>of</strong> the Concepts <strong>of</strong> Classical Rhetorical Theories in<br />

the Middle Ages<br />

Summary<br />

The problems <strong>of</strong> acquiring the concepts <strong>of</strong> classical rhetorical theories in Byzantine and <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

literature are studied in the present article. The commentaries <strong>of</strong> Basilius Minimus (the 10th century) and the<br />

colophon <strong>of</strong> renowned <strong>Georgian</strong> writer <strong>of</strong> the 11th century, the founder <strong>of</strong> hellenophile trend in <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

literature _ Ephrem Mtsire, are analyzed. Basilius Minimus's and Ephrem Mtsire's concept <strong>of</strong> compositional<br />

construction <strong>of</strong> rhetorical speech is based on Aristotle's theory. The literary-theoretical opinions <strong>of</strong> the writers <strong>of</strong><br />

Byzantium and Christian East are not thoroughly studied in modern scholarly literature. The study <strong>of</strong> this<br />

problem is important for revealing the Medieval approach to rhetorical theories, namely, to the concept <strong>of</strong><br />

compositional parts <strong>of</strong> speech. The analysis <strong>of</strong> the problem makes it evident that Basilius Minimus and Ephrem<br />

Mtsire were well-acquainted with classical theories <strong>of</strong> rhetoric, and they re-interpreted the theory <strong>of</strong><br />

compositional construction according to the demands <strong>of</strong> new, Christian rhetoric.<br />

teqsti: invarianti da struqtura<br />

(wignidan _ `mxatvruli azrovneba: genezisi da struqtura~)<br />

1. teqstis modelirebis saxe<br />

soso sigua<br />

teqsti — leqsi, poema Tu romani — avtorisagan avtonomiuri erTeulia, magram X<br />

avtoris teqstebi yovelTvis qmnian aSkara Tu farul naTesaur suraTs, xolo avtorTa<br />

teqstebis konglomeracia _ literaturis imperias, sadac sufevs mkacri xarisxobrivi<br />

ierarqia, sadac ebrZvian sustebs ZlierTa gadasarCenad.<br />

a) teqstis aRqma<br />

132

teqstis rogorc warmoqmna, ise aRqma emyareba erTsa da imave fsiqo-nervul,<br />

intuiciur da inteleqtualur faqtorebs.<br />

erT mxares aris avtori-subieqti, meore mxares — mkiTxveli-obieqti. mkiTxveli<br />

teqsts ver Secvlis, magram Tavisi fsiqo-nervuli samyarosa da inteleqtualuri<br />

interesebis Sesabamisad eqmneba iluzia, rom swored ase unda miviRoT da gaviziaroT X<br />

teqsti, rac aris interpretaciis erTi varianti.<br />

amdenad Seicavs yoveli aRqma Tanamdev da gardauval cdomilebebs, magram igi aseve<br />

Seicavs genetikurad gansazRvrul esTetikur elementebs, rac kulturam saerTo bazisad<br />

aqcia.<br />

teqsti iqmneba sxvisaTvis da iWreba sxvis cnobierebaSi, Seaqvs Tavisi impulsebi da<br />

koreqtivic. mkiTxvelic analogiurad iqceva (mag., muSa, glexi, inteligenti — musikosi,<br />

mecnieri, mwerali — realisti Tu avangardisti, lirikosi Tu romanisti) anu teqsti mudam<br />

da yvelas mier gansxvavebulad realizdeba, aSkaravdeba iseTi tendenciebi, emociurazrobrivi<br />

signalebi, razec avtors arc ufiqria. imitom, rom teqsti aviTarebs Cvens<br />

arsebaSi pasiurad mocemul an Camqral SemoqmedebiT kerebs.<br />

mkiTxveli-mkvlevari am instinqturi da intuiciuri warmosaxvebis<br />

inteleqtualizebas axdens cvalebad dro-sivrceSi, rac aseve mudmivad cvlis avtorisa<br />

da teqstis mniSvnelobas.<br />

dro da sivrce teqsts uwyobs mudmiv gamocdas.<br />

amitom icvleba myari teqstis gaazrebis variantebi. magram Tu struqturidan<br />

wamosuli signalebi ar daeufla Cvens fsiqo-nervul sistemas da gonebas, asociaciebi<br />

aRar warmoiqmneba da teqsts aRar eyoleba realizatori, warmosaxviTi TanaSemoqmedi.<br />

igi darCeba mxolod avtoris kuTvnilebad.<br />

b) teqsti da meTodi<br />

calkeuli teqstebis analizs, miRebul Sedegebs emyareba rogorc X avtoris<br />

Semoqmedebis, ise saliteraturo procesisa da literaturis istoriis axsna da gaazreba,<br />

periodebisa da mimarTulebebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a, genetikuri da tipologiuri kavSirebis<br />

Cveneba.<br />

magram roca vikvlevT gardasul process, erTmaneTisagan ganiy<strong>of</strong>a movlenaTa<br />

istoria da RirebulebaTa istoria. filologiuri meTodi, romelic CvenSi damkvidrda n.<br />

maris meoxebiT, swored movlenebsa da faqtebs, teqstis arsis garegan mxares ikvlevda,<br />

rac saWiroa da aucilebeli, magram ara gadamwyveti: igi ar ukavSirdeba sulierebas,<br />

mxatvrul azrovnebas, Rirebulebis cnebas.<br />

am tendencias prioritets aniWebdnen komunistebi, aigivebdnen filologsa da<br />

literators.<br />

axalma drom wamoswia mxatvruli teqstis specifikis axsnis, gagebisa da gaazrebis<br />

problema, am problemis dasaZlevi sxvadasxva meTodebi, mag., fsiqoanalizi, `axali<br />

kritika~, rusuli formalizmi, struqturalizmi (1), radgan yoveli kvlevis safuZveli<br />

aris Teoriuli Tvalsazrisi.<br />

magram erTia zogadTeoriuli msjeloba, meore _ konkretuli teqstis an<br />

Semoqmedebis analizi, ra drosac efeqturia esa Tu is meTodi: mag.: fsiqoanalizi _ ak.<br />

wereTlis `gamzrdelis~ asaxsnelad; al. yazbegis cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebisaTvis; m.<br />

javaxiSvilis Txzvis meqanizmisa da calkeuli teqstebisaTvis; fsiqoanalizi da<br />

miTologiuri kritika _ k. gamsaxurdias prozisaTvis; teqstualur-semiotikuri _<br />

avangardistuli teqstebisaTvis (mag.: o. CxeiZis, o. WilaZis, g. doCanaSvilis prozis<br />

Sesaswavlad); impresionistul-sugestiuri kritika _ modernizmisaTvis; marqsistulsociologiuri<br />

kritika _ eg. ninoSvilis prozisaTvis; marqsistul-fsiqologiuri<br />

kritika W. lomTaTiZis prozisaTvis.<br />

yvela meTods erTi mizani aqvs, magram vin romels aiTvisebs an Seqmnis _ es<br />

damokidebulia mraval faqtorze. ufro sworad — meTodi Tavad gvpoulobs, romelic<br />

aris Cveni temperamentis, fsiqikis, cnobierebis Sesatyvisi (mag., erTi mxriv —<br />

impresionizmi da simbolizmi, meore mxriv _ socialisturi realizmi g. tabiZis poeziaSi).<br />

mag., g. baSliaris mixedviT, mxatvruli azrovnebis specifikas qmnis oTxi elementis<br />

_ cecxlis, miwis, haerisa da wylis kombinacia, romelime maTganis primati, rac aris<br />

temperamentis tipebis simbolur-metaforuli diferencireba (xovanskaia 1980:53-56).<br />

xolo temperamenti, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba sxeulis agebulebas, nervul da endokrinul<br />

sistemebs (Sdr — ori poeti: g. leoniZe da t. graneli, rogorc miwisa da zecis, cecxlisa<br />

da wylis antinomia).<br />

133

praqtika cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom yvelaze efeqturia, roca teqstisa da Semoqmedebis kvlevis<br />

procesSi erTdeba sami meTodi:<br />

1. fsiqoanalizi, romelic gadadis miTologias, anTropologiasa da genetikaSi;<br />

2. struqturalizmi, romliTac gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a ZiriTadi saazrovno modelebi,<br />

arqetipebi da invariantebi;<br />

3. esseizmi, romliTac SenarCundeba esTetikuri suli, mkvlevari ar mowydeba<br />

teqstsa da mkiTxvels.<br />

amitom am erTianobas SeiZleba ewodos integraluri kritika, romelic axleburad<br />

dagvanaxebs qarTuli literaturis problemebs, struqturas, avtorebs, personaJebs<br />

(Sdr. _ arn. Ciqobava enaTmecnierebas miiCnevda integralur mecnierebad).<br />

g) teqsti da sulis arqaika<br />

fsiqoanalizis gamoyeneba ar gulisxmobs z. froidis, k. g. iungis, a. adleris an e.<br />

fromis SexedulebaTa kopirebas, aramed — am meTodis arsis Sefardebas literaturis<br />

procesTan da SemoqmedebasTan, Tavisufal aTvisebas.<br />

fsiqoanalitikosebs literatura ainteresebdaT fsiqologiisaTvis, TavianTi<br />

Teoriebis sailustracio masalad da amas Tavadac aRniSnavdnen.<br />

Cven fsiqoanalizi gvainteresebs literaturisaTvis, Txzvis meqanizmis, teqstis<br />

warmoSobis dasadgenad, avtorisa da personaJebis fsiqika-cnobierebis asaxsnelad Tu<br />

rogor gardaisaxeba fsiqobiografia, cnobier-aracnobieri literaturad, leqsad Tu<br />

romanad.<br />

amgvari CaZieba aRmoaCens miToss, radgan igi adamianis winare cnobieri done da<br />

arqauli ritualebis sityvieri gaformebaa (n. frai). xolo anTropologiisa da<br />

paleontologiis monacemebi saWiroa imdenad, ramdenadac literaturaSi mTavaria<br />

adamiani, avtori da personaJebi, maTi mamoZravebeli, sasicocxlo Zalebi.<br />

am problematikis dalageba (mag., kultura da nevrozebis faqtori, progresi da<br />

konfliqti mama-Svils Soris, mama da Zalaufleba, sizmari, misi simboloebi da Txzvis<br />

meqanizmi, deda da dedasamSoblo, libido da nicSeanuri Zalauflebis nebis<br />

modifikaciebi, SiSi da personaJis fsiqika, personaJi, rogorc aracnobieris figura,<br />

instinqtebi da arqetipebi _ froidi 1998), misTvis sistemuri saxis miniWeba xdeba masalis<br />

struqturizebiT (r. bartis mixedviT, struqtura aris qsovili, obobas qseli), rasac<br />

fsiqoanalizze orientirebuli struqturalistebi sxvadasxvagvarad da nairgvari<br />

terminologiiT ganmartaven.<br />

magram Cven unda veridoT ultras da vecadoT tradiciebTan misadagebas, radgan<br />

yvelaze adre Zveldeba ultrasiaxle. xolo tradiciebis niadagi myari sayrdenia,<br />

saidanac amodis sicocxlis mwvane xe.<br />

tradiciebis mudmivi modernizeba _ es aris ganviTarebis procesi, rac gamovlinda<br />

fsiqoanalizis saxiTac.<br />

teqstis struqturis konkretul sakiTxs, romelic mTelis nawilia, sWirdeba<br />

vrceli da detaluri kvleva, raTa davadginoT ZiriTadi arsi, romlis gamoyeneba sxvasac<br />

SeeZleba. xolo zogad process (mag., romantizms, simbolizms an romelime periodis<br />

literaturas) _ mokled warmodgena, raTa asociaciuri ZiebiT, paralelebiTa da<br />

aluziebiT am invariantul erTeulTa Soris vipovoT uxilavi kavSirebi da ase<br />

gamovitanoT emociebis nisleulidan logikuri sistema.<br />

am sistemis safuZveli aris arqaika, sulis siRrmeSi daZiruli, farulad Semonaxuli,<br />

miTebis TvalebiT mzirali, Zlier gamRizianebels rom gamoaqvs samzeoze.<br />

es Zlieri gamRizianebeli SeiZleba iyos _ erosi, Zalauflebis neba, fsiqonevrozebi,<br />

fizikuri sneuleba, romelTa meSveobiT xelovani axdens sulier ZalTa<br />

maqsimalur koncentrirebas. es ki niSnavs uZveles, arqaul vnebaTa, impulsTa, swrafvaTa<br />

aRdgenasa da gamotanas simbolur saxeebad, romelTa ganlagebas awesrigebs cnobieris<br />

kontroli.<br />

arqaul-miTosuri modelebi ki vlindeba rogorc myari mocemulobis gaSliT, ise<br />

misdami mimsgavsebiT, rogorc emociuri afeTqebiT, ise logikuri konstruqciiT:<br />

personaJTa totemuri xatebis, arqetipebisa da simbolikuri hipostasebis povniTa Tu<br />

TxzviT, realobis romantikul-heroikuli aRqmiT, saganTa da suraTTa, impulsTa da<br />

ltolvaTa simbolur-alegoriuli xatviT (sigua 2002-2005).<br />

134

zeSTagoneba da emociebSi daZirva atavisturi ukuqcevaa, pirveladi Tavisuflebis<br />

gancdis aRdgena da Zlieri sixaruli, rac uZvelesi struqturebis saxiT stiqiurad<br />

vlindeba, rogorc sizmari.<br />

gancdebis saufloSi, romelic iseTive varvaraa, rogorc miwis guli, poeti Cadis<br />

enis modulaciiT. es aris winaparTa ena, ara guSin SemoWrili leqsika, romliTac daiwyo<br />

cnobierebis gaRviZebisa da aRqma-gancdis procesi. amave gzas gaivlis prozaikosi<br />

personaJTa cxovrebis siuJeturi peripetiebiT.<br />

is, rac arqaulia, amave dros aris mSobliuri. magram, cxadia, ar aris aucilebeli,<br />

STagonebiT atavisturi ukuqceva gamovlindes arqaul-miTosur modelebad. amas akeTeben<br />

is avtorebi, romlebic acnobiereben SemoqmedebiT process (mag., j. joisi, T. mani, k.<br />

gamsaxurdia, gr. robaqiZe).<br />

fsiqoanalizi siRrmiseuli, pirovnebis faruli da idumali samyaros kvlevaa,<br />

romelSic kodur niSnebad CarCa preistoria da gvixdeba maTi rekonstruqcia (p. giro).<br />

struqturalizmic aracnobieris kvlevaa, magram imisi, rac enad gaformda da azrad<br />

gamovlinda. erTgan mTavaria fsiqika (suli), meoregan — goni. orive maTgani ki erTdeba<br />

teqstis labirinTis saxiT, romelSic gardaisaxa avtori.<br />

struqturalizmis Serwyma fsiqoanalizTan araerTma literatorma scada, ramac<br />

warmoSva struqturul-genetikuri meTodi, radgan xelovneba aris sulieri cxovrebis<br />

simboluri ena (e. kasireri).<br />

TviT semiotikosebic ki mimarTaven fsiqoanalizis ideebs. mag., r. bartisaTvis<br />

semiologiis safuZvelze erTmaneTs uerTdeba marqsizmi da fsiqoanalizi (marqsi,<br />

froidi, sosiuri, iakobsoni_barti 1989); i. kristevas azriT, semiotika froidis gareSe<br />

ver amoxsnis SemoqmedebiT process (rJevskaia 1989: 93). aseve mouxmobs igi k. marqssa da ed.<br />

huserls.<br />

d) arqetipi da invarianti<br />

rogorc mendeleevis elementTa tabula Seicavs 92 bunebriv nivTierebas, romelTa<br />

kombinacia qmnis materialur samyaros, rogorc genetikuri kodi aZlevs dasabams saxeobis<br />

mkacrad dacul, magram individTa usasrulo variaciebs, rogorc Sedgeba qarTuli anbani<br />

33 aso-bgerisagan, magram maTgan warmoiSva aseul aTasobiT sityva, ise mxatvruli<br />

azrovnebis ZiriTadi erTeulebis (romelTac pirobiTad invariantebs vuwodebT) ricxvi<br />

SezRudulia da gansazRvruli, magram fantazirebiT, emociuri biZgebiT, asociaciuri<br />

kavSirebiT ganiSleba variantebad anu individualur struqturad (Sdr. _ k.<br />

gamsaxurdias personaJTa genetikuri struqtura da 4 invarianti, 4 totemi, arqetipi da<br />

simbolikuri pipostasebi; jadosnuri zRapris siuJetur-kompoziciuri struqturis 7<br />

invarianti da 31 funqcia v. propis mixedviT).<br />

am simravleTa ricxvi usasruloa da ganusazRvreli, rogorc saWadrako<br />

kombinaciebi. magram invariantebis indeqsireba darCeba statistikur aRricxvad Tu maTSi<br />

ar davinaxeT sistemuri wesrigi, rogorc es gamoavlina avtorma enad gasulierebuli<br />

sagnebiTa da ltolvebiT, roca myarad ucvleli erTeulebi warmosaxvis ZaliT pirobiT<br />

sinamdviled gantota:<br />

invarianti → varianti.<br />

personaJs, romelsac realur adamianad aRiqvams mkiTxveli, Cvenc ise vikvlevT,<br />

rogorc realur adamians — Tavisi fsiqikiTa da cnobierebiT, nacionalobiTa da<br />

genetikiT, temperamentiTa da vnebebiT, xasiaTiTa da sneulebiT. xolo personaJTa masa<br />

avtoris pirovnebis, misi cnobier-aracnobieris variantuli figurebia, rogorc sarkeSi<br />

areklili sinamdvilis landebi:<br />

realoba → avtori → teqsti.<br />

ra gansxvavebaa invariantsa da arqetips Soris, xom ar aris es ori termini<br />

sinonimuri cneba, Tumca erTi maTematikis sferos gankuTvneba, meore _ fsiqologiisas?<br />

arqetipi uZvelesi fsiqikuri mocemulobaa, avtorisa da personaJis bunebis<br />

ganmsazRvreli faqtori, rogorc genetikuri kodi _ realuri da warmosaxuli, cnobieri<br />

da aracnobieri.<br />

arqetipi aris `arqauli gadmonaSTi~, `pirvely<strong>of</strong>ili saxe~, instinqtebis simboluri<br />

gamovlena (iungi 1991:97-128; iungi 1995: 52-61). dionise Tu apoloni, oidiposi Tu mose<br />

aris am instinqtebis anTroponimizeba, simbolur-metaforuli saxeldeba.<br />

invariantic ucvleli sididea, oRond ara usaTuod fsiqikuri. igi aris mxatvrul<br />

specifikad formirebuli individualuri niSnebi, teqstebSi rom periodulad meordeba<br />

da axal-axal variaciebad Slis struqturas (Sdr. _ miTologebis miTema, fonologebis<br />

fonema).<br />

135

Tu Tema an idea zogadia da specifikur saxes iRebs X avtorTan, invarianti<br />

individualuri bunebis _ cnobier-aracnobieris pirveladi xatia, romelic iseve<br />

mudmivia da ucvleli, rogorc TiTis anabeWdi an sisxlis jgufi.<br />

igi TvalisaTvis uxilavi, farulad arsebuli da moqmedi, bedisweris msgavsi niSania,<br />

romelsac sWirdeba povna da gamovlena.<br />

invarianti gviCvenebs, Tu rogoria avtoris cnobierebaSi siuJetTa an personaJTa,<br />

mxatvrul saxeTa an ideaTa pirveladi birTvi da ra saxiT ganiSleba teqstsa da teqstTa<br />

simravleSi:<br />

invarianti → struqturuli modeli → struqtura (varianti).<br />

amitom X saxeli an termini zogjer SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc arqetipi, ise<br />

invarianti: arqetipi, rogorc fsiqologiur-qaraqterologiuri cneba, invarianti _<br />

poetikur-esTetikuri. orive maTgani ki avsebs da amkveTrebs Cvens warmodgenas<br />

teqstebze, personaJebze, teqstebad gardasaxul avtoris mxatvrul azrovnebaze (mag.,<br />

mamis kulti da TviTmkvleloba l. qiaCelTan, dedis kulti da mama-Svilis konfliqti,<br />

zekacis modeli k. gamsaxurdiasTan, zekacis modeli gr. robaqiZesTan, omi da gmiri<br />

homerosTan, al. yazbegTan, vaJa-fSavelasTan, k. gamsaxurdiasTan, daRupvis winaTgrZnoba<br />

galaktionTan da ticianTan, tragediebis restavracia m. javaxiSvilTan, tragikuli<br />

bavSvobis restavracia n. dumbaZesTan, gmiris Zieba S. niSnianiZesTan, zeca da sikvdili t.<br />

granelTan, sneuleba da misi modifikaciebi T. manTan, k. gamsaxurdiasTan, d.<br />

SengelaiasTan).<br />

analogiur sakiTxebs yovelTvis ikvlevdnen (mag., Tema, idea, motivi), magram<br />

aucilebelia Zireuli erTeulebis _ invariantuli maxasiaTeblebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>asTan erTad<br />

maT Soris arsebuli kavSirebis dadgena, rac aris biologiurisa da fsiqikuris,<br />

instinqtebisa da arqetipebis, enisa da warmosaxvis teqstualuri sinTezis gadatana<br />

cnebaTa enaze, raTa horizontaluri kvleva Secvalos siRrmiseulma wvdomam.<br />

yoveli teqsti avtoris gansazRvruli drois azrovnebis fiqsirebaa, rac mudmivad<br />

icvleba, magram rCeba individualuri niSnebi cnobierebaSi, romelTac aRvadgenT da<br />

gamovy<strong>of</strong>T teqstebisa da msgavsi epizodebis erTmaneTze wafeniT (sigua 2005).<br />

am xerxiT vpoulobT rogorc invariants, ise arqetips (mag., maradqaluris modeli<br />

da kleopatras xati al. blokTan, yivCaRi da vefxvi g. leoniZesTan), avtoris Tu<br />

personaJTa cnobierebis rukas. am xerxiT SevZlebT avtoris mxatvruli azrovnebis<br />

amoxsnas, cnobierebis sayrden pirvelad erTeulTa variaciebis warmodgenas, rac drois<br />

konteqstSi vlindeba rogorc axal-axali struqtura, radgan literatura aris vnebebis,<br />

instinqtebis, impulsebis, swrafvebis aRZvris, mowesrigebisa da sityvad marTvis unari,<br />

esTetikur-poetikuri sistemiT struqturizeba da inteleqtualizeba, biologiuris<br />

humanizeba.<br />

ase mivdivarT invariantidan invariantuli sistemisaken, avtoris Semoqmedebis<br />

struqturidan literaturuli procesis struqturisaken, riTac aigeba mxatvruli<br />

azrovnebis istoriis modeli.<br />

literaturis istoria ki, rogorc iTqva, emyareba teqstisa da Semoqmedebis kvlevis<br />

Sedegebs, am SedegTa dakavSirebas, riTac yalibdeba mTliani sistema, rac ar iqneba<br />

filologiur gamokvlevaTa qronologiuri krebuli, sadac Tanmimdevrulad gadmoicema<br />

sqematuri biografia, teqstebis Sinaarsi, avtoris ideuri pozicia da Sexeduleba<br />

literaturis daniSnulebaze.<br />

2. esseizmi kritikul teqstSi<br />

struqturul-genetikuri meTodi aRmoCndeba Teoriuli manifesti Tu konkretuli<br />

kvlevis Jams ar gaiSala esseizmis safuZvelze: sxvagvarad es igive iqneba, SeviswavloT<br />

niadagi da vardis fesvebi, magram vardis surneli da feri ar gvainteresebdes.<br />

esseizmi, garda imisa, rom azrovnebis Tavisufali da integrirebadi modelia,<br />

gulisxmobs esTetizmsac, mwerlur alRos, sityvis grZnobas, azrisa da emociis sinTezs:<br />

g. qiqoZe: `Tu grigol orbeliani did bavSvad darCa sikvdilamde, misi diswuli<br />

nikoloz baraTaSvili naoWebiani SubliT daibada~ (qiqoZe 1958: 102).<br />

k. gamsaxurdia: `evropis moTenTil, dekadentur, Zveli kulturiT datvirTul<br />

poeziasTan SedarebiT, uitmanis simRera amerikis vrcel pampasebidan movardnili<br />

veluris Zaxilia~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 415).<br />

am TvalsazrisiT saukuneTa manZilze sanimuSod rCebian platoni da nicSe,<br />

mweralTagan _ Tomas mani, elioti da pol valeri.<br />

136

unda gvaxsovdes, rom literaturis mecnierebas mZlavr impulss, axal ideebsa da<br />

meTodebs awvdidnen ara pr<strong>of</strong>esionali literatorebi, aramed — filos<strong>of</strong>osebi,<br />

fsiqologebi, politikosebi da mwerlebi.<br />

magram isic cxadia, rom verc erTi stili, meTodi an mimarTuleba ver iqneba<br />

warmatebis garanti;<br />

verc erudicia da pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmi;<br />

verc kultura da gemovneba.<br />

yvelafers wyvets talanti _ Seqmnis unari. meTodi, iseve, rogorc sxva danarCeni,<br />

mxolod xels uwyobs niWis gamovlenasa da ganviTarebas, roca Seesabameba pirovnebis<br />

fsiqikas, temperaments, cnobierebas.<br />

igive iTqmis struqturul-genetikur meTodsa (romelsac zogi gansxvavebuli<br />

mniSvnelobiT iyenebs, mag., goldmani 1987: 335-348) da esseizmze, maT mimdevrebsa da<br />

uarmy<strong>of</strong>elebze.<br />

amjerad gvainteresebs ara esses istoria an Janri, aramed — esseizmi, rogorc erTerTi<br />

saazrovno nakadi, rogorc mravali semantikuri plastis asociaciuri aRmomCeni da<br />

gamaerTianebeli, roca igi stilidan meTodSi gadadis.<br />

a) esse da esseizmi<br />

esse da esseizmi sxvadasxva cnebebia, iseve rogorc Wavlis cimcimi da zRvis guguni<br />

(Sdr. _ ak. gawerelias `lerwami da gobeleni~ da m. kveselavas `fausturi paradigmebi~, p.<br />

valeris `sulis krizisi~ da T. manis `nicSes filos<strong>of</strong>ia Cveni gamocdilebis Suqze~).<br />

esse aris Janri, xolo esseizmi — aRqmisa da azrovnebis forma, rogorc poezia,<br />

semiotika Tu publicistika.<br />

zogjer es ori cneba erTmaneTs emTxveva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca avtori aris<br />

mwerali (mag., k. gamsaxurdias `axali evropa~, v. javaxaZis `ucnobi~).<br />

montenidan dRevandelobamde esses ori sawyisi aqvs _ mxatvruli da mecnieruli,<br />

saxeobrivi da cnebiTi, intuiciuri da racionaluri. igi aris STabeWdilebaTa fiqsireba<br />

da noveliseburi gadmocema. esseisti wamoswevs Tavis `mes~, msjelobs analogiebiTa da<br />

paralelebiT, romlebic trialeben sagnis garSemo; metaforebiTa da SedarebebiT,<br />

romelTa meSveobiT gadaanawilebs Tavis dakvirvebebsa da sxvaTa mier mopovebul<br />

informacias.<br />

amdenad ar ainteresebs lingvisturi Tu filologiuri sizuste, mTelis detalebad<br />

daSla, detalebis logikuri rekonstruqcia.<br />

lingvistis an fizikosis naSromSi mTavaria daskvnebi, esseistur teqstSi —<br />

daskvnebisaken mimavali procesi.<br />

Tu avtors ar gaaCnia mxatvruli aRqmisa da Txzvis, esTeturi metyvelebis unari —<br />

esseisti ver iqneba, radgan esseistis mizania arsis emociuri wvdoma, risTvisac ar kmara<br />

logikuri sistema.<br />

esseisti ar gvimtkicebs, aramed — gvarwmunebs, zemoqmedebs fsiqikis aracnobier<br />

sferoze da aseTi sugestiuri xerxiT imorCilebs mkiTxvelis gulisyurs, rac iwyeba<br />

metaforuli saTauridanve (Sdr. _ g. buaCiZis `bodleris civi mze~, p. giros `malarmes<br />

laJvardi~, r. bartis `ainStainis tvini~, m. kveselavas `sixarulis danaSuli~, `SuaRamis<br />

sicxade~ da a. S.).<br />

esseisti axdens balansirebas terminebsa da saxeebs Soris.<br />

Tu Tanafardoba dairRva, maSin sagrZnobi iqneba, rom terminologiurma stilma<br />

literaturas, teqsts dagvacila, abstraqtul sferoSi gadagviyvana. Tu saxeobrivi<br />

metyveleba gabatonda, es niSnavs poeziis Tu beletristikis perifrazs (mag., T. WilaZis<br />

`vardis furclobis niSani~).<br />

amitom aris aucilebeli esTetizmi, esTeturi sulis gamovlena da dacva. esTetizmi<br />

ki artistuli inteleqtualizmia, masalis musikaluri, xedviTi da WvretiTi aRqma da<br />

gadanawileba, azris asociaciuri Zieba da gadmocema, romelTa meSveobiT xorcieldeba<br />

sugestia.<br />

teqstis sawyisi xom aracnobieris siRrmidan modis, romlis bolomde Secnoba<br />

SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia mxolod miaxloeba da miaxloebiTi fantazireba (Sdr. _<br />

mRvimis simbolika platonTan).<br />

Cveulebriv, esses weren modernistebi da avangardistebi.<br />

mas mudam hyavs mkiTxveli, xolo mecnieris logikuri gamokvleva, romelic<br />

eswrafvis axali azris damkvidrebas, male Zveldeba da daviwyebas eZleva, iqceva im<br />

niadagad, romelic aRmoacenebs axal hortenziebs.<br />

137

informaciis siWarbe, msjelobis sirTule, terminologiuri stili da sqolioebiT<br />

operireba zemoqmedebs mxolod gonebaze, cnobieris siRrmeSi ar Cadis, ver reagirebs<br />

aracnobieris sferoze (gansxvavebiT esTeturi da artistuli sityvisagan), ver aRZravs,<br />

ver aviTarebs farul impulsebs, mimqral SemoqmedebiT unars.<br />

ase izRudeba misi gavrcelebisa da gavlenis areali.<br />

realistebi arCeven publicistikas, radgan maT ufro sazogadoebriv-y<strong>of</strong>iTi da<br />

socialur-politikuri problemebi aRelvebT (mag., i. WavWavaZe, m. javaxiSvili,<br />

kritikosTagan _ ak. baqraZe).<br />

esseisturi azrovneba, iseve rogorc esse, moicavs cnobierebis mraval sferos _<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>ias, fsiqologias, istorias, miTologias, politikas, ekonomikas, literaturas.<br />

igi aris aradiferencirebuli, integraluri xedva da amdenad zogs miTis Txzvis<br />

gagrZelebad miaCnia (epSteini 1987: 129-136).<br />

am TvalsazrisiT gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a impresionistuli esseizmi (qarTul sinamdvileSi _ g.<br />

qiqoZe, k. gamsaxurdia, t. tabiZe, v gafrindaSvili, a. gawerelia, T. WilaZe, g. asaTiani, t.<br />

Wanturia, o. paWkoria, r. miSvelaZe...) da analitikuri esseizmi (qarTul sinamdvileSi — gr.<br />

robaqiZe, k. kapaneli, m. kveselava, T. Cxenkeli, g. buaCiZe, g. gaCeCilaZe, v. javaxaZe, r.<br />

CxeiZe...).<br />

esseizmi eyrdnoba konkretuli codnis sferos (mag., mxatvroba, literatura,<br />

egzistencializmi, fsiqoanalizi), romelSic axdens sxvadasxva masalis integrirebas,<br />

poulobs maT Soris kavSirebs, adre rom ver warmogvedgina.<br />

avtori zemodan damzers faqtebs da ase poulobs fesvebs.<br />

analizisa da detalizebis process drodadro enacvleba sinTezireba, sagnisa da<br />

movlenis mTliani aRqma, rac Semecnebis axal safexurze gadasvlaa. mas ki isev analizi da<br />

detalizeba mohyveba.<br />

yoveli didi moazrovne, pirvel yovlisa, didia sinTezuri xedvis unariT. igi<br />

aerTianebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT wasuli kvlevis Sedegebs. maT cal-calke yuradReba<br />

arc eqceva, magram axali konfiguracia uCveulo saxes iRebs da uCveulo xdeba Tavad<br />

sinTetikosic (mag., fr. nicSe, z. froidi, a. bergsoni, o. Spengleri, J. p. sartri).<br />

impresionistul esseSi, romlis pirveli qarTuli nimuSebi ekuTvnis g. qiqoZes,<br />

informaciis kaskadi gadmoicema STabeWdilebaTa esTeturi gaformebiT: arsis<br />

arteziuli wvdoma ar aris mizani (Sdr. _ p. valeri).<br />

sapirispiroa teqstis struqturul-genetikuri wakiTxva, romelic ierTebs<br />

fsiqoanalizs (mag., g. baSliari), magram xanac uary<strong>of</strong>s, cvlis anTropos<strong>of</strong>iiT (mag., z.<br />

gamsaxurdias `vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba~).<br />

zogjer analitikur esseizmsa da inteleqtualur prozas Soris zRvari iSleba. mag.,<br />

T. manis romanebisa da moTxrobebis mTeli rigi pasaJebi esseisturia (`jadosnuri mTa~,<br />

`iosebi da Zmani misni~, `lote vaimarSi~, `doqtori faustusi~, `yalTaband feliqs krulis<br />

aRsareba~), rasac Tavad avtoric SeniSnavda.<br />

T. mani sakuTriv essebSic TiTqos prozis teqsts agrZelebda, oRond siuJeturi<br />

qargisa da moqmedebis gareSe. aqac warmmarTvelia azris dinamika, inteleqtualuri<br />

dramatizmi, Cveulebrivi faqtis uCveulo aspeqtSi warmodgena.<br />

esseistur azrovnebas efuZneba a. Sopenhauerisa da fr. nicSes filos<strong>of</strong>ia, z.<br />

froidis kompleqsebisa da k. g. iungis arqetipebis Teoriebi, a. bergsonis intuitivizmi da<br />

o. Spengleris ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriis morfologia.<br />

igive iTqmis J. p. sartrze, a. kamiuze, T. s. eliotze, h. markuzeze, XX saukunis<br />

araerT mweralsa da literatorze. magram mas uary<strong>of</strong>en lingvistikaze<br />

orientirebuli struqturalistebi, romelTac gaafetiSes axali terminologiuri<br />

stili da ase Seecadnen irracionaluris racionalizebas (mag., r. iakobsoni, r. barti,<br />

`tel kelis~ jgufis wevrebi — m. fuko, J. derida, i. kristeva, J. lakani).<br />

droTa manZilze icvleba esseisturi azrovnebac da essec, iseve rogorc<br />

literatura, literaturis yoveli Janri. magram aris erTi ucvleli tendencia: esse<br />

da esseisturi azrovneba xdeba ufro zusti da racionaluri.<br />

amitom struqturul-genetikuri kvleva Tu azrobriv simtkicesa da sisrules<br />

aniWebs esseistur stils, Tavisi mxriv — esseisturi stili xels uwyobs am meTodiT<br />

kvlevis gaSlas.<br />

b) lingvisturi aneqsia<br />

esseizmis sapirispirod literaturismcodneobaSi karga xania Sevida zusti<br />

meTodebi, romelTa saTavea struqturuli lingvistika, xolo struqturul<br />

138

lingvistikasa da xelovnebis maTematikur modelirebas mZlavri impulsi misca n. vineris<br />

`kibernetikam ~ (1948) da k. Senonis informaciis Teoriam.<br />

ganadamianebis paTosi exmianeboda futuristebis ocnebas (mag., s. markusis<br />

`maTematikuri poetika~, i. gutCinis `Semoqmedebis kibernetikuli modelebi~).<br />

roca viyenebT struqturul-teqstualuri Tu struqturul-semiotikuri kvlevis<br />

meTods, magram gamovricxavT fsiqoanalizsa da esseizms, maSin lingvisturi terminebiT<br />

vcdilobT abstraqtul niSanTa sistemis dadgenas, romelsac kavSiri ara aqvs mxatvrul<br />

azrovnebasTan, esTetikasTan, sulier RirebulebebTan.<br />

teqstis aracnobieris kvlevas enacvleba enis aracnobieris kvleva, ikargeba<br />

adamiani, Semoqmedebis individualoba.<br />

ena, rogorc niSanTa sistema da ena, rogorc esTetikur-poetikuri sistema,<br />

sxvadasxva kategoriebia da erTi meoriT ver aixsneba (Sdr., r. iakobsoni: `poetika<br />

SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc lingvistikis Semadgeneli nawili~ _ iakobsoni 1975: 194).<br />

safuZveli maT erTi aqvT, magram enis organizebis arsi cvlis masalasa da<br />

warmodgenebs. erTgan mTavaria komunikacia, meoregan komunikacia iqceva eqspresiad,<br />

racionalurSi aRdgeba biologiuri Zalebi, sisxli, seqsi da miwa anu adamiani da garemo.<br />

amitom aris erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli gramatika da poetika,<br />

sintaqsi da tropi, komunikacia da eqspresia.<br />

literaturismcodneobis lingvisturi aneqsia qmnis racionaluri kvlevis mxolod<br />

iluzias, teqsts cvlis metateqsti, mxatvrul realobas _ gamogonili problematika,<br />

pirovnebas _ ena, literaturul figurebs _ lingvisturi kavSirebi, rac sabolood<br />

azrovnebas aqcevs sqolastikad, sulisa da gonisaTvis usargeblo msjelobad (Sdr. _ r.<br />

bartis azriT, literaturul-semiotikuri kvlevis mizania metyvelebis teqstualuri<br />

organizeba, diskursebi da ara nawarmoebis tipebi).<br />

qreba esTetikuri gancda da esTetikuri kriteriumi: aseTi meTodiT Sedevrisa da<br />

xalturis kvleva erTnair Sedegs iZleva. Tavad mkvlevari ki mowyvetilia literaturis<br />

process da moklebulia mxatvruli aRqmisa da gaazrebis survils (Sdr. i. kristeva:<br />

`semiotikisaTvis literatura, rogorc esTetikuri obieqti, ar arsebobs~ _ xovanskaia<br />

1980: 106).<br />

aseTi kvlevis meTodi aris avangardizmis paraleli mecnierebaSi, romelic uary<strong>of</strong>s<br />

romantizmsa da esTetizms. magram literators sosiurze metad sWirdeba humboldti,<br />

romelsac ena xalxis sulier energiad miaCnda (humboldti 1977: 349).<br />

meore ukiduresobaa, roca mxatvruli azrovnebis kvlevas vcvliT<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis ZiebiT, azris dominantobiTa da grZnobis ignorirebiT, rac dResac<br />

gansakuTrebiT popularulia rusTvelologiaSi. xolo adre mTeli sabWoTa<br />

literaturismcodneobisaTvis prioritetuli mimarTuleba iyo.<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis gamo leqss an romans aravin kiTxulobs.<br />

literaturaSi mTavaria is, rac itacebs inteleqtuali esTetis gulisyurs, rac<br />

qmnis teqstis Rirebulebas, sulier gancdaTa samyaros, silamazesa da mSvenierebas,<br />

romelTa simboluri gamotana da mowesrigebaa personaJi Tu siuJeti, ritmi Tu metafora,<br />

Txroba Tu xatva.<br />

sulier gancdaTa samyaro, romlis qvefenaa biologiuri instinqtebi da impulsebi<br />

da romlebic aTaswleulTa kulturuli gamocdilebiT arqetipebad da invariantebad<br />

STaibeWdnen Cvens fsiqikasa da cnobierebaSi, STagonebiTa da fantazirebiT, specifikuri<br />

sistemiT axali drois struqturul saxed warmodgeba.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

barti 1989: Барт Р. Избранные работы (Семиотика. Поэтика). М.: 1989.<br />

gamsaxurdia 1963: gamsaxurdia k. rvatomeuli. t. VI, Tb.: 1963.<br />

gei 1974: Гей Н. Знак и образ. krebulSi: Контекст — 1973. М.: 1974.<br />

goldmani 1987: Гольдман Л. Структурно-генетический метод в истории литературы. krebulSi:<br />

Зарубежная эстетика и теория литературы XIX-XX в.в. Трактаты, статьи, эссе. М.: 1987.<br />

humboldti 1985: Гумбольдт В. Язык и философия культуры. М.: 1985.<br />

epSteini 1987: Эпштейн М. Законы свободного жанра (Эссеистика и эссеизм в культуре нового времени).<br />

Вопросы литературы, 7, 1987.<br />

veimani 1975: Вейман Р. Итория литературы и мифология, М.: 1975.<br />

iakobsoni 1975: Якобсон Р. Лингвистика и поэтика, krebulSi: Структурализм: „За“ и „Против“. М.: 1975.<br />

iungi 1991: Юнг К. Г. Архетип и символ. М.: 1991.<br />

iungi 1995: iungi k. g. analizuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. sizmrebi. Tb.: 1995.<br />

139

literaturis Teoria 2006: XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da<br />

mimdinareobebi. Tb.: 2006.<br />

rJevskaia 1977: Ржевская Н. О семиотических исследованиях в современном французском<br />

литературоведении. wignSi: Семиотика и художественное творчество. М.: 1977.<br />

sigua 2001: sigua s. martvili da alamdari. II, konstantine gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura.<br />

Tb.: 2001.<br />

sigua 2005: orfeosi. Semoqmedi da sulis arqaika. Tb.: 2005.<br />

sigua 2005: sigua s. teqstis struqtura da miTi. gaz. `mwerlis gazeTi~, 16-31 marti, 2005. misive:<br />

arqetipebi da invariantuli sistema. gaz. `mwerlis gazeTi~, 1-15 aprili.<br />

froidi 1999: Фрейд З. Я и Оно. М.-Харьков: 1999.<br />

qiqoZe 1958: qiqoZe g. etiudebi da portretebi. Tb.: 1958.<br />

xovanskaia 1980: Хованская З. Анализ литературного произведения в современной французской филологии.<br />

М.: 1980.<br />

Современное... 1969: Современное литературоведение США. М.: 1969.<br />

Бессазнательное... 1978: Бессазнательное. Природа, функции, методы исследования. II, Сон. Клиника.<br />

Творчество, Тб.: 1978.<br />

Soso Sigua<br />

Text : Invariant and Structure<br />

Summary<br />

<strong>Literature</strong> Studies use numerous methods <strong>of</strong> text and literary work research.<br />

It is most efficient when three <strong>of</strong> them are combined:<br />

1. Psychoanalysis, which transfers into Mythology, Anthropology and Genetics;<br />

2. Structuralism, which expresses analytical models, archetypes and invariants.<br />

3. Essays, which maintain the aesthetical conception <strong>of</strong> the text, scholar stays with the text and<br />

reader.<br />

We may call this integrity integral criticism, which demonstrates problems <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Georgian</strong> literature ,<br />

structure, authors and personages in a new way.<br />

Usage <strong>of</strong> psychoanalysis does not intend copying thinking <strong>of</strong> Z.Preuid, K.G. Yung, A. Adler or E.Phrom,<br />

but comparison <strong>of</strong> this method to the process and art <strong>of</strong> literature.<br />

By highlighting the archetypes, invariants and structural models we research not only structure and<br />

genesis <strong>of</strong> the text, but specifics <strong>of</strong> authors thinking both conscious and unconscious layers.<br />

On the basis <strong>of</strong> essays information is divided so that research stays in the field <strong>of</strong> literature and does not<br />

transform into periphrasis or becomes surrogate <strong>of</strong> another discipline.<br />

Structural-textual and structural-semiotic research, when psychoanalysis, essays and aesthetics are<br />

excluded, goes beyond the text into rooms <strong>of</strong> abstractism where the quality border is deleted.<br />

nona kupreiSvili<br />

poetika rogorc socrealisturi ritorikis alternativa<br />

stalinuri epoqis ritorika, romliTac Tavis droze sabWoTa mmarTvelobiTi<br />

instituciebi gaformda, <strong>of</strong>iciozis mier sruli da saboloo gamarjvebis garantad<br />

aRiqmeboda. ganixilavdnen ra enas koleqtiuri identobis umniSvnelovanes<br />

maxasiaTeblad, `yvelasTvis gasageb niSanTa da simboloTa sistemad~, mis mimarT<br />

gansakuTrebuli kontrolis politikas axorcielebdnen. axali sabWoTa nacionaluri<br />

identobisTvis aucilebeli iyo imgvari naratuloba, teqstis imgvari sityvieri<br />

organizacia, romelic mkiTxvels koleqtivis aqtiur, depersonalizirebul wevrad<br />

aqcevda. sociolingvistur fenomenad qceuli ena sabWoeTis politikursa da lingvistur<br />

landSaftSi imTaviTve ara geografiulad, aramed konceptualurad Canergili,<br />

garkveuli drois manZilze `ideuri miTisqmnadobis formad~ ganixileboda. Tumca mas<br />

Semdeg, rac destalinizaciisa da masTan erTad socializmis ideis diskreditaciis<br />

140

procesi daiwyo (1953 wlidan, gansakuTrebiT ki XX yrilobis Semdeg) enaze zewola da<br />

masTan erTad, socrealisturi ritorikis qmediTunarianobisaTvis brZolis taqtikis<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>a kvlav aqtualuri xdeba. `totalitarizmis ena~ Tavis pozicias arc inerciis<br />

anu e. w. `daTboba-gardaqmnis~ wlebSi Tmobs. 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba<br />

faruli Tu aSkara, orive SemTxvevaSi ki ukompromiso enobrivi brZola, romelic, erTi<br />

mxriv, sabWoTa sazogadoebis diqotomiurobas warmoaCens, meore mxriv ki, xelovnebisa da<br />

sicocxlis (realobis) urTiermimarTebis saerTo maxasiaTeblis uqonlobiTaa<br />

gamowveuli, anu iqmneba ori sxvadasxva ganzomilebani diskursis, gansxvavebuli leqsikis<br />

Tanaarsebobis motivacia, rac <strong>of</strong>iciozis lingvisturi zewolis dasasrulis dasawyiss<br />

moaswavebs. sabWoTa imperiisaTvis ki sabediswero swored enis sferoSi gancdili marcxi<br />

aRmoCnda.<br />

destalinizaciis pirvelive etapze, XX yrilobisa da pirovnebis kultTan<br />

dakavSirebuli ryevebis Sedegad, gansakuTrebTi ki 1956 wlis sisxliani martis Semdeg,<br />

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis ukiduresma gaorebam SesaZlebeli gaxada ritorikis<br />

Semdgomi biurokratizaciis procesisaTvis erTgvarad marTvadi xasiaTis miniWeba. is,<br />

rac iwereboda Jurnal-gazeTebSi, gaismoda gamudmebiT CarTuli radiomimRebebidan<br />

TandaTan araadekvatur, gaugebar, xSirad absurdul diskursad, amasTan, socrealizmis,<br />

rogorc erTaderT SemoqmedebiT meTodze dafuZnebuli ritorikis mier sivrcis<br />

uzurpirebis strategad aRiqmeboda. `cocxali ena~ ki, romelsac lokaluri pozicia ekava<br />

da romliskenac mweralTa da kritikosTa axali Taoba ixreboda, sakuTari legitimaciis<br />

molodinSi iyo.<br />

Tumca molodinis cneba pirobiTi xdeba, rodesac ecnobi da aanalizeb im<br />

mcdelobebs, romlebic qarTul mxatvrulsa da kritikul refleqsiaSi ara marto<br />

sayovelTaod cnobili Jurnal `ciskris~ mier (1957 w.), aramed mis miRmac, arsebuli<br />

kulturuli politikis Sesacvlelad ganxorcielda. dRes 50-60-iani wlebis mijnaze<br />

Seqmnili viTareba SesaZloa davaxasiaToT, rogorc zogadad xelovnebis sxvadasxva<br />

sferodan sociologizmis gandevnis procesi, ufro sworad am procesis Semadgeneli<br />

nawili. maSin ki igi umetesad politikuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri, kritikuli<br />

diskursis urTierTgamijvnis tendenciad iqna aRqmuli, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Seuqcevadi<br />

swored Tvisebrivi siaxleebis Ziebam gaxada.<br />

50-60-iani wlebis mijnaze aqtualizirdeba socrealizmTan dakavSirebuli arCevanis<br />

problema: `miiRo igi Tu ar miiRo, ebrZolo Tu daicva, ganaviTaro Tu uaryo~. es sakmaod<br />

macduri arCevani gamodga, vinaidan mTelma kulturulma Taobam (xruSCovidan<br />

gorbaCovamde) socrealizmis esTetikis eqspluatireba SesaZleblad da, rac mTavaria,<br />

nay<strong>of</strong>ierad miiCnia. im gadasaxedidan arc e. w. adamianuri saxis mqone socializmkomunizmi<br />

Canda uperspeqtivo. Zlieri sadamsjelo-sacenzuro manqanis funqcionirebis<br />

pirobebSi SemoqmedTa mcire nawili mainc wavida socrealizmis esTetikis safuZvlian<br />

gadasinjvaze, Tumca konkretulad ra saxe unda mieRo mosalodnel dekonstruirebas,<br />

cxadia, bolomde cota vinmem Tu icoda. mTavari isaa, rom moxda aSkara poziciuri<br />

gadaadgileba literaturisa — kritikuli realizmisa da modernizmisaken (SesaZloa,<br />

postmodernizmisaken, rogorc es l. bregaZem warmoaCina (bregaZe 2005), kritikisa _<br />

ideologiis danamatidan uSualod literaturisaken.<br />

kulturuli semiotikis TvalsazrisiT, ssrk niSanTa simravliT gamorCeuli<br />

qveyanaa, sadac swored destalinizaciis pirvelive etapze miuRebeli xdeba ara marto<br />

yalbi an arapragmatuli faqtebi, moqmedebebi Tu saqmeebi, aramed is indeqsirebuli<br />

teqstebi anu uSinaarso Sablonuri gamonaTqvamebic, romlebic referenciasa da<br />

sagnobriv ekvivalents arian moklebulni (lev rubinSteinis azriT, erT-erT yrilobaze<br />

xruSCovis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba komunizmis aSenebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebam<br />

ganxorcielebul realobad aRiqva. arc aravin eloda, rom igi realurad aSendeboda,<br />

aravin aravis ar sayvedurobda sityvisa da saqmis gamijvnas. ruseTisaTvis, rogorc<br />

konceptualuri xelovnebis qveynisaTvis, es sruliad bunebrivi gancda iyo) (rubinSteini<br />

1994). amitom gamijvna sabWourisa arasabWourisagan (50-70-ian wlebSi sazogadoebis<br />

wevrTa erTi nawili sabWourobis niSniT ecnoboda erTmaneTs. r. TvaraZe igonebs:<br />

`axalgazrdis Sesaxeb, romelTanac megobrobis survili gagviCndeboda, vikiTxavdiT:<br />

antia, anti?~) (TvaraZe 2005) kulturuli determinizmis funqcias iZens da axali talRis<br />

SemoqmedT ara mxolod sabWouri, aramed konkretulad socrealisturi ritorikis<br />

SeZlebisdagvarad ignoraciisaken ubiZgebs.<br />

rodesac vsaubrobT poetikaze, rogorc socrealisturi ritorikis alternativaze,<br />

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara mxolod an ara imdenad normatiuli poetika, aramed zogadad<br />

poeturi azrovneba, mxatvruli da emociuri zemoqmedebis cxadlivi kanonebi, romlebic<br />

literaturas araliteraturisagan Seucdomlad ganasxvavebs.<br />

141

simon Ciqovanis redaqtorobis wlebSi (1955-60 wlebi) Jurnal `mnaTobis~ garSemo<br />

Seqmnili atmosferos guram asaTianiseuli an sargis caiSviliseuli daxasiaTeba (aq<br />

saubari iyo `xelovnebis Sinagan arsze~..., miuRebeli iyo `yovelgvari zerele<br />

stereotipuli wyalwyala frazebi~, `simon Ciqovani axalgazrdobas aswavlida<br />

literaturuli azrovnebis maRal kulturas~, fasdeboda `azris ara marto siRrme,<br />

aramed simaxvilec~, `mTel Taobaze igrZnoboda miseuli azrovnebis wesis gavlena~ da a. S.)<br />

cxady<strong>of</strong>s Tavsmoxveuli da diskreditirebuli literaturuli politikidan<br />

komprensatorulze gadasvlis tendencias, rasac rogorc kulturuli tradiciis wyvetis<br />

reanimireba, ise XX s. I naxevris evropuli xelovnebis reformaciis SedegTa<br />

inkorporireba unda moexdina. nodar CxeiZe, filipe beriZe, guram kankava, guram asaTiani,<br />

giorgi margvelaSvili, revaz TvaraZe, giorgi gaCeCilaZe, irakli kenWoSvili (mogvianebiT<br />

maT sxva saxelebic Seemateba) kritikosTa is axali talRaa, romelsac ar surs Tvalis<br />

daxuWva arc kritikis diqtatze da arc am diqtatis literaturaze zemoqmedebis<br />

xarisxze. igi arc esTetikuri gancdebis damalvas eswrafvis. literaturuli nawarmoebis<br />

analizis arsebul sistemaSi cvlilebis Setana kritikosTa interesebis gezTa Secvlas<br />

isaxavs miznad. frTxili msjelobebi literaturuli saxisa da ideis, Sinaarsisa da<br />

formis, riTmisa da ritmis, tendenciisa da tendenciurobisa da a. S. garSemo<br />

literaturis partiulobis leninuri principisa da socialisturi realizmis<br />

literaturis daZlevis niSniT imarTeba. faqtiurad, yovelive es im enobriv warsulSi<br />

dabrunebis winapirobaa, romelSic socrealizmamdeli ritorikuli sistemebi<br />

arsebobdnen da sadac mxatvruli ostatoba mwerlobis arsebobis xelSeuxebeli norma<br />

iyo.<br />

partiul-literaturul bosebs, rogorc cnobilia, panikurad eSinodaT mxatvruli<br />

faseulobebis damkvidrebuli normebis gadafasebisa. amitomac rkinis fardis<br />

gaxsnisTanave, destalinizaciis pirvelive etapze mxatvruli ostatobisaken mowodebis<br />

aqtualizeba moaxdines, rac socrealizmis esTetikasTan SemoqmedTa yvela Taobis<br />

Seguebis morigi mcdeloba iyo. Tumca e. w. `ciskramdel~ periodSi am mowodebas,<br />

magaliTad, oTar CxeiZe realuri problemebis aqcentirebis mizniT gamoiyenebs. 1955 wels<br />

mis mier Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ dabeWdili werili sakmaod Tamamia. masSi sqematuri<br />

literaturis ayvavebis xanisa da, gansakuTrebiT, nomenklaturuli kritikis dasasrulia<br />

nawinaswarmetyvelevi: `...amaoa didaqtikuri werilebi TviTdarwmunebuli,<br />

TviTdamSvidebuli kritikosebisa, literatura mainc Tavisi gziT midis da ufro<br />

Zlevamosili iqneba~ (CxeiZe 1955). sagulisxmoa, rom werilis avtors optimizmis<br />

safuZvels lirikis, rogorc poeturi Janris, Tavis uflebebSi aRdgenac aZlevs.<br />

siyvarulis maradiuli Tema, romelsac sxva tabuirebul TemebTan erTad, axali Taobis<br />

poetebi mimarTaven, literaturis meqanizirebisa da depersonalizirebis winaaRmdegaa<br />

mimarTuli. igi, Tu mamardaSvilis termins gamoviyenebT, mwerlobas `lingvisturi<br />

dabeCavebisagan~ ixsnis (frang JurnalistTan, ani epelbuanTan saubarSi mamardaSvili<br />

acxadebs: `totalitarizmi, upirveles yovlisa, lingvisturi dabeCavebaa~) (mamardaSvili<br />

1992). swored ara kliSirebuli, aramed cocxali sametyvelo enis, mSrali, gamomfitavi<br />

ideis nacvlad mwerlobaSi ganusazRvreli, winaswar daugegmavi sicocxlis fragmentebis<br />

Semotanas lamobs axalgazrda prozaikosi guram rCeuliSvili. sruliad usafuZvlo da<br />

imavdroulad ulogiko (garSemo xom daxSuli sabWouri sivrcea) survili ara marto<br />

Teoriulad gaiazros Tavisuflebis cneba, aramed `icxovros~ `Tavisufleba~, guram<br />

rCeuliSvils erTgvar `ideologiur safrTxobelad~ (t. Wanturia) aqcevs. mwerlis<br />

ganzraxvaTa seriozulobas, sxva simptomebTan erTad, 1956 wlis sisxliani martis<br />

movlenebTan dakavSirebiT dRiurSi gakeTebuli es Canaweric mowmobs: `ra ampartavani<br />

varT erTi muWa Tavisuflebismoyvare eri, romelmac ar icis, sad aris Tavisufleba~<br />

(rCeuliSvili 2002: 332). 50-iani wlebis dasasruls, mwerlis brZola `cenzuris kedlisa~<br />

da `Semoqmedis Tavisuflebis damTrgunveli Caketili sivrcis gasarRvevad~ ganwirulia,<br />

radgan `daTbobasTan dakavSirebul imedTa~ did nawils ganxorcieleba ar uweria. guram<br />

rCeuliSvilis Teoriuli xasiaTis Canawerebi ki, saxelwodebiT `Cemi pirveli<br />

literaturuli Sexedulebebi~ arsebuli kritikuli refleqsiisadmi sruli ukmarisobis<br />

grZnobiTaa gamowveuli, namdvili SemoqmedebiTi "self-made"-is ∗ nimuSia da nodar CxeiZis,<br />

guram asaTianisa Tu revaz TvaraZis werilebTan erTad kritikuli da politikuri<br />

diskursis urTierTgamijvnis xelSesaxeb nimuSad unda miviCnioT.<br />

sabWoTa literaturuli velis monoliTurobis rRveva qarTul mwerlobaSi,<br />

faqtiurad, ufro adrec ki iwyeba, vidre ruseTSi. igi socrealistur ritorikasTan<br />

gaucxoebis, politikuri da literaturuli diskursis erTmaneTisagan gamocalkevebis,<br />

∗ self-made - (ing.) adamiani, vinc Tavisi Tavi Seqmna.<br />

142

poetikis sakiTxTa aqcentirebis, informaciuli vakuumis miuxedavad, xelmisawvdom<br />

dasavlur literaturul-filos<strong>of</strong>iur da esTetikur novaciaTa aTvisebis, kritikis<br />

literaturuli procesisaken Semobrunebis niSniT ganviTarda. is, rac rusul kulturaSi<br />

`daTbobis~ periodadaa miCneuli (oTar CxeiZis azriT, `daTboba~ sulac araqarTuli<br />

movlnaa) (CxeiZe 2006: 37) qarTuli cnobierebis seriozuli ryevis etapad iqca, ramac<br />

CvenSive `mkvdari drois aRdgenis~, `droisa da cxovrebis xangrZlivi uqonlobis~ Semdeg,<br />

droSi, istoriaSi dabrunebis imedi Casaxa. es imedi ki, pirvel rigSi, sityvasTan, rogorc<br />

maradiulobis aqtTan, aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli.<br />

bolSevizmis masobrivi recefciis analizma harvardis universitetis pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />

devid brandenbergeri miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom omisSemdgomi sabWoTa masobrivi<br />

kultura istoriis rusocentrul gaazrebas daefuZna formuliT: `sabWoTa xelisufleba<br />

_ es rusi xalxis istorias plus omis miTia~ (branderbergeri 2002). rusocentrizmi<br />

sabWouri identurobis RerZad iqca. amitomac momdevno aTwleulebSi sabWoTa<br />

sazogadoebis formireba rusuli sazogadoebis formirebad unda gaviazroT, xolo<br />

sovetizaciis procesi — rusifikaciad da asimilaciad. pr<strong>of</strong>. d. brandenbergeris<br />

daskvnebis gaTaliswineba myar argumentacias sZens swored am procesis gadamwyvet<br />

stadiaSi (50-60-iani wlebis mijna) qarTul kritikul azrovnebaSi warmoCenil e. w.<br />

warsulTan mibrunebis ciklur models (kvaWantiraZe 2002), romelic, awmyos uqonlobis<br />

pirobebSi `warsulis gavliT momavlisaken~ (o. WilaZe) moZraobis proecirebas<br />

warmoadgens. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs g. asaTianis ese `I dialogi vrceli remarkebiT~ (1957 w.),<br />

romelsac CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT kritikosma nugzar muzaSvilma miaqcia yuradReba.<br />

ruseTidan samSoblosken momavali ganaTlebuli qarTveli axalgazrda, romelic<br />

saerTaSoriso vagonis kupeSi ucnaur Tanamemamulesa da TanamgzavrTan qarTuli<br />

kulturis, gansakuTrebiT ki namdvili literaturuli kritikis, saerTo jamSi ki<br />

imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi normebisa da damoukidebeli refleqsiis Sesaxeb saubrobs.<br />

cxadia, aq `mgzavris werilebSi~ warmodgenili `gzisa~ da `mgzavris~ miTologemaa<br />

gamoyenebuli, iseve rogorc `codnisa da mokeTis saZieblad~ (kankava 2005) wasuli<br />

qarTvelis mxatvruli saxe, romelic warsulis gamocdilebas, am SemTxvevaSi XIX s. 60ianelTa<br />

ganmanaTleblur suls eyrdnoba da qarTul pr<strong>of</strong>esiul kritikaSi moRvaweobiT<br />

raRac Zalze mniSvnelovanis Secvlas apirebs, anu dabrunebis motivacia TiTqmis igivea,<br />

rac iliasTan. sxva sakiTxia, rogoria TviT es qarTveli, hgavs Tu ara igi `mgzavris<br />

werilebis~ `rusultalavarian~ cnobierebiT ki aSkarad qarTvel gmirs, Tu aq seriozul,<br />

drois niSniT aRbeWdil cvlilebasTan gvaqvs saqme. n. muzaSvilis azriT, iliaseuli<br />

mgzavri Sinaganad mTliani, gaubzaravi pirovnebaa, maSin, rodesac guram asaTianis<br />

mgzavri or personaJad, or urTierTdapirispirebul poziciad, emociur da racionalur<br />

diskursad gaxleCila. imave n. muzaSvilis dakvirvebiT, es dialogi `mgzavris werilebis~<br />

Tanamedrove, XX saukunis variantia da miuxedavad imisa, rom g. asaTians<br />

postmodernizmTan Sexeba ar hqonda, SesaZloa es ucnauri ese `ilia WavWavaZis<br />

qrestomaTiuli teqstis xelaxla gadaweris cdad miviCnioT~ (muzaSvili 2004).<br />

maSasadame, Tavisufali refleqsiisken swrafva droSi socrealisturi ritorikis<br />

poziciebis dasustebas emTxveva, ris Sedegadac qarTul-mxatvrul kritikul<br />

azrovnebaSi, XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, Cndeba warsul-momavlis kulturuli mexsierebis<br />

sinTezirebis axali tendencia, rogorc `zedsarTaviani realizmis~ uperspeqtivobis<br />

gamoxatuleba. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavad problemis sirTule da is safrTxeebi,<br />

romelic Tan axlavs mgzavrobas, saxelwodebiT `gamoRviZeba~, bolomde<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli ar Cans, rac destalinizaciis stadialuri periodisaTvis sruliad<br />

bunebrivia.<br />

aRniSnul periodSi ramdenadme gansxvavebul midgomas avlens rusuli kritikuli<br />

refleqsia andrei siniavskis gaxmaurebuli weriliT `Что такое социалистический реализм~<br />

(aseve 1957 weli), romelsac samarTlianad miiCneven rusul kulturaSi axali esTetikuri<br />

koncefciis winamorbedad. am werilSi ar xdeba asi wlis win aprobirebuli modelis<br />

gamoyeneba, arc momavlis ZalmosilebiT aRbeWdili warsulisken mzeris mipyroba, arc<br />

kritikuli azrovnebis nacionaluri Taviseburebebis daZlevis aucileblobaze saubari<br />

SeiniSneba. metic, werilis avtori TviT socrealizmis esTetikis dagmobas ar cdilobs.<br />

igi mas ubralod mkvdar, samuzeumo eqsponatad qceul esTetikad warmogvidgens. axdens<br />

ra am movlenis dro-sivrcul, formalur Tu Sinaarsobriv dasazRvras, erTgvar CarCoSi<br />

moqcevas, avtori gadis am movlenidan, raTa sxvas misi gareSe TvaliT Sefasebis saSualeba<br />

misces (genisi 1992). icis Tu ara a. siniavskim, rom amgvari esTetikuri reziumirebis<br />

Semdeg, amasTanave, faqtiurad, funqciadakarguli socrealisturi ritorikis fonze,<br />

socrealisturi esTetikis axliT Canacvleba unda moxdes. icis da arc icis, radgan jer<br />

kidev xorcSeusxmelia misive abraam terci da arc rusuli `socartis~ mieraa<br />

143

ganxorcielebuli `socrealisturi idealis rekonstruirebisa da amiT misi logikur<br />

dasasrulamde miyvanis~ mxatvruli praqtika, romelic socrealizmis modernistuli<br />

koncefciebis srul uary<strong>of</strong>as efuZneba.<br />

1957 welsve g. asaTiani werilSi `axali poetikis saTaveebTan~ ukve Zalze<br />

gamokveTilad ayenebs `qarTuli poeziis, misi mxatvruli Sinaarsisa da formis, misi<br />

ganviTarebisa da momavali perspeqtivebis~ sakiTxs. werilis avtori uTuod STagonebulia<br />

qarTuli modernizmiTa da rusuli formalizmis Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenelTa (m.<br />

baxtini, v. Sklovski, i. tinianovi, r. iakobsoni) naSromebiT, romelTa republikacia<br />

swored 50-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan iwyeba. ostatobisa da formis sakiTxTa aqtualizeba<br />

gamowveulia ara marto gr. robaqiZis, k. gamsaxurdias Tu galaktionis, hemingueisa da<br />

remarkis SemoqmedebiT, aramed eliotisa da sartris kritikuli refleqsiiTac.<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani am konteqstSi qarTuli poeturi xelovnebis, qarTuli<br />

mxatvruli azrovnebis genezisis sakiTxis dasma iyo, romelsac memkvidreobiTobis axali<br />

xazis gamomuSavebis funqcia daekisra. g. asaTiani am werilSi imaze mets ambobs<br />

`cisferyanwelTa~ Sesaxeb, vidre amis uflebas reabilitaciis pirvel wlebSi<br />

socrealizmis adepti besarion JRenti iZleoda. `droa, erTxel da samudamod iqnas<br />

aRiarebuli, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTul poeziaSi moxda namdvili gadatrialeba,<br />

romlis Sedegadac igi ayvanil iqna ganviTarebis axal safexurze... magram Cvens kritikul<br />

azrovnebaSi es garemoeba ar aris bolomde gaTvaliswinebuli da, miT umetes,<br />

dazustebuli. Cvens poetebs, da pirvel rigSi, axalgazrdebs mouwodeben weron ise,<br />

rogorc maTi papis papebi, TiTqos qarTul poetur xelovnebaSi araferi Secvliliyos...~<br />

(asaTiani 2003: 505) _ wers g. asaTiani da misi es mowodeba mTeli Taobis sulier<br />

orientirad iqceva. Tumca Tu qronologiur sizustes gamovekidebiT, qarTuli lirikis<br />

Sesaxeb drois imave monakveTSi axali kriteriumebi gamoiyena axalgazrda kritikosma<br />

guram kankavam, romelmac 1956 wels gamocemul mixeil qvliviZis poetur krebuls<br />

kritikuli analizi miuZRvna. werilSi prioritetuli leqsis Sinagan formaSi momxdar<br />

cvlilebaTa aRniSvna da axali tipis Semoqmedis warmoCenaa da ara mSrali doqtrinebis<br />

gariTmviT gamowveuli fsevdosixaruli, rac e. w. `siebiani werilebis~ (k. gamsaxurdia)<br />

avtorebs axasiaTebdaT.<br />

socrealisturi ritorikis poetikiT Canacvlebis procesSi literaturul kritikas<br />

mniSvnelovani funqcia hqonda dakisrebuli. pirvel rigSi, unda momxdariyo<br />

dekonstruireba refleqsirebis im yavlgasuli sqemisa, romelic d. weredianma ase<br />

daaxasiaTa: `Camoiwereboda xolme vrceli da trafaretuli nusxa, Tu ras da rodis<br />

umReroda `gulgaxsnili~ Semoqmedi. pirveli punqti _ Sesamabamisi citatebi, meore<br />

punqti _ Sesabamisi citatebi, boloSi ramdenime SeniSvna. arsad arc erTi sityva mis<br />

individualur Tvisebebze, mis SemoqmedebiT saxeze, mis adgilze Tanamedrove poeziaSi...~<br />

(werediani 2006). <strong>of</strong>iciozur kritikaSi, marTlac, ar arsebobda iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli analizi, obieqturi gansja, `saTqmelis mniSvneloba~, `azrisa da sityvis<br />

disciplina~, `SefasebaTa saerTo mniSvneloba~. aRreul kriteriumTa sistemaSi ki<br />

kritikas, rogorc mwerlobis yvelaze mowyvlad Janrs, sakuTari uflebebi swored<br />

`poeturi xelovnebisadmi maRali pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli momTxovnelobis gaZlierebiT~, poetikis<br />

Sida da gare problematikaSi CaRrmavebiT unda moexdina. ramdenad SeZlebda Jandarmad<br />

namy<strong>of</strong>i kritika rekonceptualizebas, momavali warmoaCenda.<br />

jemal qarCxaZis azriT, stiluri Ziebebi, romelic totalitarizmis dauZinebel<br />

mters _ individualobas avlenda, cxadia, kritikis mier, imTaviTve adekvaturad ver<br />

iqneboda aRqmuli. kritikasTan SedarebiT mwerlobas garkveuli upiratesoba gaaCnda, es<br />

iyo misi igavuroba, romelic misive gadarCenis safuZvels qmnida. maSin, rodesac `kritika<br />

Tavisi arsiT swored igavuri idumalebis gaSifrvaa da gancdaTa samefos<br />

racionalizaciaa. amitomac swored mas hqonda gacilebiT magrad Sekruli xel-fexi...<br />

kritikas yvelaferi Tavidan hqonda dasawyebi, vinaidan gamrudebuli literaturuli<br />

epoqa gaesworebina da amRvreuli faseulobebi daewminda. swored kritikam unda<br />

aRadginos literaturuli epoqa, rogorc miwisZvrisgan waqceuli qalaqi... man unda<br />

daiviwyos Zveli Cvevebi, roca wakiTxva ki ar sWirdeboda da gadakiTxviT<br />

kmay<strong>of</strong>ildeboda. axla gadakiTxva aRar ikmarebs~ (qarCxaZe 1991). Zneli misaxvedri ar<br />

aris, rom am sityvebiT urTulesi 90-iani wlebis anu morigi gardamavali xanis epoqaa<br />

daxasiaTebuli, magram maTSi sruli obieqturobiTaa warmoCenili is problemebic,<br />

romelic 50-60-iani wlebis qarTuli kritikis winaSe idga.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

asaTiani 2003: asaTiani g. Txzulebani oTx tomad. t. II, Tb.: 2003.<br />

144

anderbergeri 2002: Branderberger D. National bolshevism. Stalinist mass kulture and the farmation <strong>of</strong> modern<br />

Russian National Identity (1936-1955). 2002.<br />

bregaZe 2005: bregaZe l. postsabWouri kulturis sivrce da literaturuli procesi. Jurnali<br />

kritika, № 1, Tb.: 2005.<br />

genisi... 1992: Генис А. Андрей Синявский: эстетика архаического постмодернизма. НЛО, № 7, 1994.<br />

TvaraZe 2003-2004: mogonebaTa wigni. Tb.: 2003-2004.<br />

kankava 1957: kankava guram. mixeil qvliviZis lirika. Jurnali mnaTobi, № 1, Tb.: 1957.<br />

kankava 2005: kankava giorgi. qarTvelis mgzavroba codnisa da mokeTis saZieblad — umoklesi<br />

gza Sinisaken. sjani, № 6, Tb.: 2005.<br />

kvaWantiraZe 2002: kvaWantiraZe m. literaturuli werilebi. Tb.: 2002.<br />

mamardaSvili 1992: mamardaSvili m. CaxSuli fiqri (saubrebi ani epelbuanTan). Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `Celmi~, 1992.<br />

muzaSvili 2004: muzaSvili n. Cven da isini. ori mgzavroba ruseTidan saqarTveloSi. Tb.: 2004.<br />

rCeuliSvili 2002: rCeuliSvili g. Txzulebani xuT tomad. t. I, komentarebi, Tb.: 2002.<br />

qarCxaZe 1991: qarCxaZe j. dialogi mweralTan (j. qarCxaZes esaubreba kritikosi r. CxeiZe).<br />

Jurnali kritika, № 1, Tb.: 1991.<br />

CxeiZe 1955: CxeiZe o. maRalmxatvruli ostatobisaTvis. mnaTobi, № 1, Tb.: 1955.<br />

CxeiZe 2005: CxeiZe o. gzasayarze. socrealizmi da globrealizmi. Jurnali Cveni mwerloba, Tb.:<br />

2006.<br />

Nona Kupreishvili<br />

Poetics as an Alternative for Socialist Rhetoric<br />

Summary<br />

The 50s <strong>of</strong> XXth. centuare is regarded as a stage <strong>of</strong> desalinization. This period is taken to be a serious<br />

probation for the <strong>Georgian</strong> critical reflection. Rhetorics that <strong>of</strong> Stalin’s period forming the Soviet administrative<br />

institutions becomes deprived <strong>of</strong> its power to finally become `the language <strong>of</strong> totalitarism” in its turn impeding<br />

the evolution <strong>of</strong> artistic thought.<br />

It is remarkable that the latter becomes an alternative for the Soviet realistic Rhetoric many during these<br />

years to be operating as a living language, free from any cliché, depicting adequately artistic target goals, in<br />

other words becoming Poetics.<br />

A new generation <strong>of</strong> critics decides to give a blind eye to neither the critics’ dictate upon the literature. At<br />

the beginning <strong>of</strong> the 50s until “The Tsiskari” was issued, Simon Chikovani establishes pre-requisites novelties<br />

and their realization via issuing “The Mnatobi” next to a group <strong>of</strong> writers and critics associated around his<br />

person.<br />

Otar Chkheidze could be justifying instanced as a pro<strong>of</strong> to this thesis. The dealt with the Soviet criticism<br />

aesthetics in a discrete way, making it some what disguised though clear enough to perceive this aesthetics as<br />

mechanized and emasculated.<br />

Observations and findings by two scholars like D. Branderbers from Harward University and Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />

M. Mamardashvili were used to indicate about mass reception <strong>of</strong> Bolshevism in general and to reveal basic<br />

features <strong>of</strong> the stage. The word at hand has crystallized the character <strong>of</strong> the soviet mass culture history to be<br />

immanently Russian, Russian-cent red. It also explains the reasons, taking place in the processes <strong>of</strong> sovietization<br />

, transforming into assimilation.<br />

Within this context, the search <strong>of</strong> a group <strong>of</strong> “Tsiskari” authors to somehow rescue belle-art is deemed as<br />

logical since their search is directed into “cultural past” “the past style” as well as into innovations, stemming<br />

from the Western reformation the latter fluctuating between Modernism and Past-Modernism.<br />

145

literaturuli meridianebi<br />

emili dikinsoni _ ucnobi da maxlobeli<br />

(ramdenime Strixi poetis cxovrebidan da Semoqmedebidan)<br />

qeTevan Sengelia<br />

`sicocxlis mTeli sixaruli SemoqmedebaSia. qmnide, niSnavs mokla sikvdili~<br />

(rolani 1989: 307). qmnide, ueWvelia da aravisTvis aris ucxo, rom niSnavs azrovnebde;<br />

sxvaze metad gtkiodes da gesmodes am wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis wvrilman sazrunavTa amaoeba. qmnide,<br />

niSnavs itanjebode qveynisa da moyvasTa tkivilis, daCoqebuli da gaTelili<br />

gulisxmierebis gamo. qmnide, niSnavs ocnebasa da realobas Soris, mexsierebaSi garindul<br />

fiqrs bavSviviT zrdide, romelic sulidan yvelaze mniSvnelovan naperwkals isesxebs da<br />

mere cecxliviT ainTeba. qmnide, niSnavs iwvode.<br />

mwerlis kalamma itvirTa sulisa da gonebis moZraobis, dasaSvebi da daSvebuli<br />

realobis asaxva mxatvruli metyvelebis saSualebiT. poezia da mSveniereba `identur~<br />

cnebebadac ki aris miCneuli xelovnebis moyvarulTaTvis. sanam romelime mwerlis sulSi<br />

Caxedvas vecdebiT da misi Semoqmedebis mxatvrul-esTetikur an ideur mxares SevexebiT,<br />

gavixsenoT, rom literaturaTmcodneoba mowodebulia Tanamedroveobis poziciidan<br />

Seafasos Tavisi kvlevis obieqti; isic cnobilia, rom am Sefasebisas, bevri ram,<br />

sazogadoebrivi gemovnebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da calkeul kritikosTa mier,<br />

individualur da obieqtur motivTa nairsaxovnebiT aris ganpirobebuli. Tanamedrove<br />

literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis, mkvlevaris mier nawarmoebis subieqturi aRqma da<br />

Tanagancda Semoqmedis emociebisa, albaT, ufro sainteresoc unda iyos, vidre<br />

`dakanonebuli~ Sexedulebebi. is, rac namdvilad faseulia, marad Tanamedrovea;<br />

amitomac, WeSmariti poezia yovelTvis tovebs xelaxali wakiTxvisa da gaazrebisaTvis<br />

mzaobis survils.<br />

emili dikinsons, sul ramdenime poetTan erTad (edgar po, uolt uitmeni,<br />

longfelo...) mniSvnelovani `misia~ daekisra amerikuli mxatvruli azrovnebisa da<br />

gemovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. daibada 1830 wels, qalaq amherstSi, masaCusetsis StatSi. aqve<br />

icxovra da gardaicvala 1886 wels. xelmouwerel nekrologSi poets ucnobma<br />

`margalitis niJaraSi gamomwyvdeuli cecxlovani suli uwoda.~ es metafrazisi imitom<br />

mogvagonda, rom am sityvebis avtori, poetis, erTi SexedviT, `umoZrao y<strong>of</strong>is~ miRma<br />

energiiT da emociebiT savse, aforiaqebul sicocxles xedavs. amis dasturi ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />

literaturisTvis emili dikinsonis gardacvalebis Semdeg gaxda sacnobi. sagulisxmoa is<br />

mniSvnelovani faqti, rom Tavisi ganmartoebuli cxovrebis wesis gamo, rogorc<br />

miCneulia, poets araviTari saerTo ar hqonia mimdinare literaturul procesebTan;<br />

ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom verc erTma literaturulma mimdinareobam ver<br />

moaxdina zegavlena mis poeziaSi leqsikur- formobriv Taviseburebasa da fsiqologiuranalitikur,<br />

brZnul azrovnebaze. dikinsonis SemoqmedebaSi ar asaxula arc im periodSi<br />

arsebuli mniSvnelovani istoriuli Tu politikuri y<strong>of</strong>is sakiTxebi. poeti sakuTari<br />

Tavisa da samyaros SecnobiT aris dakavebuli. misi Semoqmedeba filos<strong>of</strong>iuri da<br />

metafizikuri variaciebia; novatoria poeziaSi da nawilobriv winaswarmetyvelic. buneba,<br />

RmerTi, sikvdili da siyvaruli misTvis yvelaze saintereso movlenebi da ZiriTadi<br />

Temebia.<br />

me dro ar my<strong>of</strong>nis siZulvilisTvis,<br />

radgan sikvdili, vici, anazdad<br />

momaSTobs sadRac da maSin mtrobas,<br />

veRar movaswreb mTel qveyanasTan.<br />

arc siyvarulis dro my<strong>of</strong>nis, magram<br />

raki niadag unda Sromobde,<br />

me siyvarulis yvelaze mcire<br />

garjac CamiTrevs, albaT, bolomde. (dikinsoni 2005: 65)<br />

TargmanSi yuradReba ar eqceva poetis damokidebulebas sasveni niSnebis mimarT.<br />

emili dikinsoni tires iyenebs mZimisa da zogjer wertilis nacvladac ki. misi leqsebi<br />

146

usaTauroa; didi asoTi wers striqonis pirvel da yvela im sityvas, romelsac, poetis<br />

azriT, mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba. amgvari xerxiT aris mis SemoqmedebaSi xazgasmuli<br />

intonaciuri maxvilic da arsic; vxvdebiT retardaciasac. dikinsoni atarebs enobriv<br />

eqsperimentebs, arRvevs sityvaTa SeTanxmebis wess. erT-erTi mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT,<br />

riTmebsac ugulisyurod epyroba. xan pirvel sam striqons saukeTesod riTmavs da<br />

danarCens yuradRebas ar aqcevs, xan sagangebod iyenebs cud riTmebs. `man ugulvebelyo<br />

zusti riTma, imitom ki ara, rom ezareboda Sroma da fiqri, aramed imitom, rom zusti<br />

riTmebi, misi azriT, Semoqmedis Sinagani samyaros konservatulobas adasturebdnen. is<br />

zust riTmebs `prozas~ uwodebda da kargad gariTmul leqsebs _ riTmebis monebs~<br />

(uailderi). mkvlevrisa da dikinsonis azri bevri xelovnebis moyvarulisaTvis SeiZleba<br />

miuRebelic aRmoCndes, magram poeti mxolod sakuTari Semoqmedebis samreklodan<br />

gvesaubreba da iq, namdvilad, Tavad ukeT icis ra urCevnia.<br />

emili dikinsonis poezia tragikuli adamianis mier dawerili striqonebia. is mTel<br />

samyaros ekuTvnis. masSi aisaxeba sulismieri katastr<strong>of</strong>ebi, simartovis SiSi, adamianTa<br />

Soris gaugebrobis Sedegad gaCenili saSineli sevda. iqneb, swored amgvarma tkivilebma<br />

aiZula poeti uari eTqva adamianebTan urTierTobaze da mxolod mimoweris saSualebiT<br />

dakavSireboda maT. erT-erTi literatori da gamomcemeli, romelTanac xangrZlivi<br />

mimowera hqonda, higinsonia. emili swored mis azrebs aniWebda upiratesobas Tavisi<br />

Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. redaqtors ar eyo gambedaoba da, albaT, arc niWi, bolomde<br />

gamoecno megobris talanti da mis xelT arsebuli leqsebi avtoris sicocxleSi<br />

eRiarebina an daebeWda. `Semacbunebeli iyo misi stili _ raRac TamaSis msgavsi _<br />

yoveldRiurobisa da maradiulobis erT sibrtyeze dayeneba... mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />

moulodneli Sedarebebis gamoyeneba, axali, mkiTxvelisaTvis uCveulo sistema mxatvruli<br />

saxeebisa... sruliad moulodneli, Seudarebeli metaforebi da epiTetebi (magaliTad,<br />

banqos gamSleli RmerTi, anda satrfos wasvla, aRwerili rogorc maTematikuri<br />

moqmedeba _ gamokleba), arazusti riTmebi...~(kobaiZe 2005: 11). emili dikinsonma, roca<br />

mokrZalebuli kiTxviT mimarTa redaqtors _ cocxlobda Tu ara misi poezia _<br />

sapasuxod, marTlweris Sesaxeb mis mier gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebi miiRo. poeti mainc<br />

guliTad mimoweras agrZelebda higinsonTan da werilebSi arsad Canda misi gulistkivili<br />

daubeWdavi leqsebis gamo; miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba aseT mgrZnobiare,<br />

mokrZalebuli, martosuli da Rrma gancdebis mqone pirovnebis ganwyobilebaze amas<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>iTi gavlena ar moexdina. cnobilia is faqtic, rom poets mimowera hqonda samuel<br />

boulzTan. man gamoaqveyna literaturuli werili, romelSic moixsenia `martoxela qalis<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>uri poezia~. dikinsonma es mZimd ganicada; Tumca, arc masTan Seuwyvetia<br />

urTierToba. Tu vinmes gamoucdia ramxela sixarulia, roca geguleba adamiani, visac<br />

guls gadauSli da endobi, advilad mixvdeba ra mtkivneuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes misgan<br />

moyenebuli amgvari Wriloba. aman SeiZleba suli mogiwamlos da sasowarkveTamde<br />

migiyvanos.<br />

poets ganuxorcielebeli da uiRblo siyvarulis tkivilebic ar mohklebia. misi<br />

Semoqmedebis STagonebis erT-erTi wyaro moZRvari uodsvorTi iyo. masTan ganSorebac (is<br />

samuSaos gamo san-franciskoSi gadavida sacxovreblad) da am pirovnebis gardacvalebac<br />

emTxveva im wlebs, roca emilim sabolood gamoiketa Tavisi saxlis kari da mTlianad<br />

Semoqmedebas uZRvna darCenili sicocxle.<br />

ra pataraa kubo,<br />

samefo mtkice sazRvrebiT,<br />

samoTxis moqalaqeni<br />

am siviwroves ar grZnoben.<br />

...........................................<br />

da Tu erTaderT megobars<br />

andob pawia mRvimes _<br />

nu eli sulis simSvides _<br />

da nurc siaxlis imeds. (dikinsoni 1981: 25)<br />

qali, romlis poeziac yvelaze xSirad sikvdilsa da siyvaruls dastrialebda, ra<br />

gasakviria, rom advilad ver gadaitanda, Tundac `warmosaxviTi~, miuwvdomeli adamianis<br />

dakargvas. mkvlevarTa da emili dikinsonis TanamedroveTa azriT, isini orjer Tu samjer<br />

Sexvedrian erTmaneTs; mxolod mimowera asuldgmulebda poetis STagonebas. vfiqrob,<br />

amgvari faqti da gansakuTrebiT `amgvar~ SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovan daskvnas ver<br />

gagvakeTebinebs grZnobaTa simZafrisa da siZlieris Sesaxeb. aq mTavaria pirovnuli<br />

faqtori. mTavaria, rogor pirovnebas uyvarda an, Tundac, egona, rom uyvarda, eg<br />

147

sulerTia. iqneb, roca adamianisgan xelSesaxebs verafers Rebulob, verc Tavad exebi, arc<br />

eli, rom odesme yvelaferi `kargad~ iqneba da mainc giyvars, esaa swored siyvaruli... vin<br />

icis?! yvelaze didi adamianuri dResaswauli sasicocxlo energiaa da is qaRaldze<br />

dawerili baraTebiT gasuldgmulebs Tu aT memkvidres SegZens, ra mniSvneloba aqvs emili<br />

dikinsonis msgavsi emociuri, moazrovne da gonieri pirovnebisTvis. poetis tragedia,<br />

raRa Tqma unda, aisaxa mis SemoqmedebaSic. 1861 wels an Semdgom Seqmnili leqsebi<br />

gansakuTrebuli tragizmiT gamoirCeva. am TariRidan iwyeba misTvis SemoqmedebiTi<br />

aRmavlobis periodic. mis poeziaSi sWarbobs sityvebi: `golgoTa~, `dasaflavebis dRe~,<br />

`sibnele~. poeti sityvas `did tragedias~ uwodebs. is fiqrobs, rom `sikvdilsa da<br />

sicocxles, am udides gigantebs sZinavT, xolo wvrilfexa ambebi ki, brma SemTxvevebis<br />

imedad warmarTaven yvelafers.~<br />

emili dikinsoni uZlieresi xasiaTisa da ufaqizesi grZnobebis pirovnebaa. ver aitana<br />

amdeni Wriloba misma gulma; xasiaTma ki misca SesaZlebloba, TeTri xelTaTmani<br />

`gadaegdo~ mTeli qveynisTvis da duelSi gamoiwvia igi; mainc veRaravin daWrida... iseT<br />

safarvelSi gaexvia, iseTi fari aifara, romlis gakveTac sicocxlis bolomde veravin<br />

SeZlo.<br />

1862 wlis Semdeg poeti mamiseuli kar-midamodan TiTqmis aRar gamodioda. is xSirad<br />

tkbileuliT savse kalaTs CamouSvebda xolme bavSvebisaTvis Tavisi saxlis fanjridan<br />

ise, rom mxolod xelebi mouCanda. mis saxes ki veravin xedavda. mosul stumarsac sxva<br />

oTaxidan esaubreboda. mudam TeTri samosi ecva. gaerida am realobas da Tavad icavda<br />

sakuTar sulier samyaros, qveynad gamefebuli uxeSobisgan.<br />

ucxo TvalisaTvis iyo garemos garidebuli, Caketili adamiani. adgilobrivi<br />

mcxovreblebi `eqscentriul qalsac~ ki uwodebdnen. sicocxleSi bevri uRirsi ram<br />

usafuZvlod daswames, magram mis gulSi dagubebuli cecxli dResac aTbobs mkiTxvels da<br />

Svenis istorias. gasaWiris dros misi poezia gvagrZnobinebs, rom ar varT martoni, rom<br />

SeiZleba tkivils gauZlo ise, rom moTqma aravis esmodes; miuxedavad mZime nerviuli<br />

daavadebisa, ar eSinoda sikvdilis, radgan sicocxleSive daamarcxa is. amitom saubrobs<br />

ase Tavisuflad ukvdavebazec:<br />

radgan me sikvdils ver davucdidi _<br />

TviTon meloda auCqareblad.<br />

CemTan SeCerda — etlSi CavsxediT<br />

mxolod Cven orni da ukvdaveba.<br />

nela wavediT _ is ar Cqarobda<br />

da meqceoda ise TavaziT,<br />

rom yvela saqme da usaqmoba<br />

misi gulisTvis ganze gadavde _ (dikinsoni 2005: 37)<br />

emili dikinsonis Semoqmedeba dRemde gvavsebs im energiiT, rac aucilebelia<br />

moazrovne adamianis sulisaTvis; magram ra dautova qveyanas im kacma, romelic mis<br />

gverdiT m<strong>of</strong>usfuse da yoveldRiuri y<strong>of</strong>iT garTuli, dafasebuli da misaRebi iyo<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis?!<br />

`sityva `aqtivoba~ sakmaod orazrovania. Tanamedroves gagebiT, sityva `aqtivoba~<br />

Cveulebriv gulisxmobs qmedebas, romelic garkveuli energiis daxarjvis gziT iwvevs<br />

cvlilebas arsebul garemoSi. amdenad, adamiani aqtiurad iTvleba, Tuki igi dakavebulia<br />

bunebiT, eufleba medicinas, muSaobs konveierze, amzadebs magidebs an misdevs sports.<br />

TiToeul am aqtivobas saerTo aqvs is, rom yvela isini mimarTulia garegani mzaobisaken;<br />

magram ratomRac aravin iTvaliswinebs aqtivobis motivs. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT<br />

adamiani, romelsac safrTxisa da simartovis Zlieri gancda aiZulebs Seusvenebliv<br />

imuSaos; an, adamiani, romelsac amoZravebs pativmoyvareoba Tu fulis siyvaruli. yvela<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, pirovneba vnebis monaa da misi `aqtivoba~ sinamdvileSi `pasiurobaa,~<br />

radgan igi iZulebulia ase moiqces, igi msxverplia da ara `aqtiori.~ meores mxriv,<br />

adamiani, romelic mSvidad zis, Wvrets, romelsac araviTari sxva mizani ar gaaCnia, garda<br />

sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebisa da misi samyarosTan erTobis gacnobierebisa _ `pasiuradaa~<br />

miCneuli, radgan igi arafers `akeTebs,~ sinamdvileSi koncentrirebuli meditaciis,<br />

Wvretis amgvari mdgomareoba, umaRlesi donis aqtivobaa. es aris sulis aqtivoba,<br />

romelic mxolod Sinagani Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis pirobebSi miiRweva~<br />

(fromi 1991: 273). xSirad swored ase moazrovne pirovnebebi sZenen samyaros<br />

gansakuTrebul xibls. maTi fiqrebi am samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobis rTul<br />

process Serwymia. maTi TiTqos SeumCneveli cxovrebis wesi, sulieri Zala, amqveyniur<br />

148

wvrilmanebze amaRleba, gansakuTrebuli wminda energetikiT gamoirCeva da sasicocxlo<br />

mniSvnelobis aris; miT ufro, Tu amgvari pirovneba xelovania. yvelaze sainteresoa, rom<br />

TviT xelovanTa Sorisac Zalian cota moiZebneba, vinc uari Tqva an uars ityoda<br />

amqveyniur didebaze, aseTi gamorCeuli pirovneba da poeti swored emili dikinsoni iyo,<br />

romelmac moipova Sinagani Tavisufleba, garemosTan `urTierToba~ Sewyvita,<br />

ganmartovda, Caicva TeTri samosi da Tavadve icoda, rom amayad SeeZlo miemarTa mTeli<br />

samyarosTvis:<br />

am baraTs Sen gwer, samyarov — Tumca<br />

cnobilTa Soris ar gegulebi _<br />

gagiziareb, rac ki bunebam<br />

gamando mwyazar didebulebiT _<br />

uxilav xelebs miuva ambad _<br />

mobarebuli ubralo sityva<br />

da misi trfoba Tu gangicdia _<br />

Sen — Cemeburo, gamigeb, albaT. (dikinsoni 2005: 25)<br />

poeti erT_erT werilSi wers: `Tu dideba miweria, sul erTia, versad gaveqcevi, Tu<br />

ara _ da, nadirobaSi grZel dRes uqmad davaRameb da sakuTari maZebaric ki<br />

amiTvalwunebs. mijobs usaxelo davrCe~-o (inwkirveli 1981: 76).<br />

emili dikinsonis poeziaze roca vsaubrobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT misi<br />

damokidebuleba zeciuri samyaros mimarT. poeti miiCnevs, rom RmerTTan ar usaubria,<br />

magram `naTlad xedavs mis gza-kvals.~<br />

gvianRa iyo kacisTvis ukve<br />

da RvTicTvis mainc kvlav iyo adre,<br />

roca Seqmnis dros gagvwires uceb<br />

da CvenTvis mxolod locvebi daTmes. (dikinsoni 2005: 63)<br />

mis poeziaSi xSirad aris moxseniebuli RmerTi. is xan `cnobili mRvdelia~, xan<br />

`Zveli mezobeli~ da xan `bankiri~ (albaT meunjes gulisxmobs am SemTxvevaSi avtori).<br />

gvxvdebian wmindanebi, serafimebi, angelozebi... uflis amgvari, uCveulo epiTetebiT<br />

moxsenieba sruliadac ar gulisxmobs avtoris aTeistobas; es mxolod poeturi<br />

gabedulebaa. emili dikinsonis cxovrebac da Semoqmedebac mxolod imis dasturia, rom<br />

aRiarebda zeciur samyaros. Tavad morwmuneTa ojaxSi gaizarda. poetis mama mkacrad<br />

icavda yvela im Cveulebas, romelic puritanelTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. emili ar<br />

ewinaaRmdegeboda winaprebis rwmenas da cxovrebis wess, Tumca saeklesio dogmebis mimarT<br />

protestis grZnoba namdvilad gaaCnda. is xSirad saqmianobda ojaxSi. iyo mowesrigrbuli<br />

da Sromismoyvare adamiani. rogorc Cans, misi y<strong>of</strong>a da sulSi anTebuli cecxli sruliad<br />

gansxvavebul `kalapotSi~ miedineboda; garda amisa, ar trialebda im sazogadoebaSi, vis<br />

gverdiTac saintereso iqneboda misTvis amqveyniuri y<strong>of</strong>a. poetis nerviul daavadebas<br />

biZgi, SesaZloa, amanac misca, Tumca mis fsiqikas mainc veraferi daaklo. emili dikinsonma<br />

sakuTari samyaro Seqmna. amas poetis sulieri tanjva da ganmartoeba dasWirda.<br />

mokrZalebul cxovrebis wess da midrekilebas `uCinari y<strong>of</strong>isken~ misi morwmuneobrivi<br />

mrwamsic aZlierebda. es Tema originalurad warmoadgina kidec SemoqmedebaSi:<br />

mravalspeqtriani fantaziebiT, mdidari azrovnebiT da eqstaziT. `radgan gare samyaro<br />

xelidan usxlteba poets, dikinsoni ubrundeba Tavis erTaderT realobas _ Sinagan<br />

samyaros; cikli im leqsebisa, sadac ganxorcielebulia adamianuri emociebis ori polusi<br />

_ eqstazi da sasowarkveTa, bevrad mniSvnelovani da mravalmxrivia mis SemoqmedebaSi,<br />

vidre SedarebiT gawonasworebuli frazebiT gadmocemuli striqonebi~ (dikinsoni<br />

Энциклопедия `Кругосвет~). eqstazi da sasowarkveTa ganuy<strong>of</strong>elia dausrulebeli<br />

molodinis gancdisagan, rasac emili dikinsonis poeziaSi Semoaqvs sxva Tema _ imedi<br />

adamianis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb da sabolood, amgvari meditaciebiT aRwevs SemoqmedebiT<br />

mwvervalebs:<br />

miicvalao _ iseTze miTxres _<br />

mSvidad SeviZlebT sikvdils me da Sen_<br />

Tu gaixseneb _ vis ucxovria _<br />

ver daeWvdebi ukvdavebaSi. (dikinsoni 1981: 31)<br />

149

emili dikinsonis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze saubris dros gverds ver avuvliT<br />

TeTri da wiTeli ferebis kategorias. TeTr fers misTvis yovelTvis pozitiuri<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs. wiTeli ki xan pozitiur, xan negatiur movlenebs ukavSirdeba. poeti<br />

ferTa zusti an gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT axerxebs misTvis sasurveli mxatvruli saxe<br />

Seqmnas. fsiqologebis ganmartebiTac TeTri sisufTavis, sulieri siwmindis, problemaTa<br />

mogvarebis, dasawyisisa da cxovrebaSi siaxlis gancdis aRmniSvneli feria.<br />

poetisaTvis `TeTri frTebi~ aRmafrenas gamoxatavs, `Tovli TmaSi~ _ WaRaras,<br />

TeTri samosi, `TeTri qudi~ da `TeTri kaba~ _ xelovanTa an rCeulTa simbolod aqvs<br />

miCneuli. garda amisa, es misTvis simSvidis da imedis maniSnebelia. emili dikinsonis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi am fers filos<strong>of</strong>iuri datvirTvac aqvs _ `gardacvlili imoseba TeTr<br />

saburvelSi.~ sikvdilTan poetebi yovelTvis Sav an muq fers ufro axseneben, aq ki piriqiT<br />

aris, albaT imitom, rom emili dikinsonisaTvis sikvdili arasdros iyo saSiSi: `me<br />

meSinodes! visi? _ sikvdilis?/ TviTon vin aris?~(dikinsoni 2005: 99) _ kiTxulobs<br />

avtori da amave leqsSi gvpasuxobs, rom sikvdilze metad mamamisis karis msaxuris eSinoda,<br />

yvelaze metad ki _ sicocxlis. ase rom, radgan poetis waromodgenaSi sikvdili<br />

sicocxlesTan SedarebiT zeciur, ufro amaRlebul mdgomareobaSi y<strong>of</strong>nas gulisxmobs,<br />

amitomac asocirebulia avtorisTvis naTel ferTan.<br />

wiTeli feri poetisaTvis naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre TeTri, magram sxva<br />

ferebTan SedarebiT, mainc meti Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva eniWeba. wiTeli feri leqsebSi<br />

xan siyvaruls aRniSnavs, xan ojaxis keras, xan saxls, xan jojoxeTsa da xan xanZars...<br />

sasicocxlo Zalas, Semodgomas... rogorc Cans, wiTeli feris mimarT meryevi,<br />

araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba hqonda avtors:<br />

me rom movkvdebi, gulwiTelebi<br />

Tuki dabrundnen kidev,<br />

daugde finCxa Cems samaxsovrod<br />

maTgan yvelaze wiTels. (dikinsoni 2005: 81)<br />

emili dikinsonis kubo, misi anderZis Tanaxmad, centralur gzaze ar CautarebiaT.<br />

patara baRis gavliT miitanes sasaflaomde. gangebam talanti da simartove arguna.<br />

poetma usayvedurod miiRo is. `tragedia didi pirovnebebis privilegiaao~, _ werda<br />

hegeli.<br />

daibada advokatis ojaxSi, hyavda da-Zma, swavlobda kolejSi da seminariaSi.<br />

axalgazrdobaSi yovelTvis moxdenilad ecva da Tmaze an kabaze mudam yvavilebi ekeTa.<br />

datova 1800-ze meti leqsi. Targmnilia sxvadasxva enaze. iyo momcro tanis da hqonda didi<br />

Tvalebi. is ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani movlenaa.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

vebsteri 1995: vebsteris literaturis leqsikoni. springfildi: meriam, 1995.<br />

dikinsoni 1981: dikinsoni emili, leqsebi. baTumi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa aWara~, 1981.<br />

(dikinsoni 1981 a: 25), (dikinsoni 1981 b: 31).<br />

dikinsoni 2005: dikinsoni emili, rCeuli lirika. Tb.: gamomcemloba `diogene~ 2005. (dikinsoni<br />

2005 a: 65), (dikinsoni 2005 b:37), (dikinsoni 2005 g: 25), (dikinsoni 2005 d: 63), (dikinsoni<br />

2005 e: 99), (dikinsoni 2005 v: 81).<br />

inwkirveli 1981: inwkirveli d. emili dikinsoni. baTumi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa aWara, 1981.<br />

kobaiZe 2005: kobaiZe m. emili dikinsoni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2005.<br />

rolani 1989: gelovani a. sibrZnis simfonia. Tb.: gamomcemloba: `xelovneba~, 1989.<br />

uailderi: uailderi torntoni: emili dikinsoni. htp://www.lib.ru/poeziaq/dikinson/shit.<br />

fromi 1991: fromi e. siyvarulis xelovneba. J. `literatura da xelovneba~, № 2, Tb.: 1991.<br />

Энциклопедия: `Кругосвет~ 2006, http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/89/1008942.<br />

Ketevan Shengelia<br />

Emily Dickinson – Unknown and Familiar<br />

Summary<br />

Certain aspects from life and creative work <strong>of</strong> brilliant poet Emily Dickinson are presented in this work.<br />

She together with several poets (Edgar Poe, Walt Whitman, Longfellow…) played an important role in<br />

formation <strong>of</strong> American artistic thinking.<br />

150

She was born in 1880 in Amherst in the State <strong>of</strong> Massachusetts; she lived here and died in1886. None <strong>of</strong><br />

the literary movements had influence on the peculiar form <strong>of</strong> the verse and on author’s psychological and<br />

analytical thinking in her poetry.<br />

An important historical or political questions <strong>of</strong> life existed in that period were not reflected in her<br />

creative work. Emily Dickinson was engaged in getting to know her own emotions and universe. Her creative<br />

work consists <strong>of</strong> philosophical and metaphysical variations. She is an innovator and partially prophet in the<br />

poetry. God, nature, death and love these are those principal themes which interested her really.<br />

Meditative thinking, human misfortunes caused by disappointment, fear <strong>of</strong> loneliness, terrible sadness<br />

created as a result <strong>of</strong> misunderstanding between humans are outlined basically in her poetry. Perhaps such pains<br />

forced the poet to refrain herself from communicating with people.<br />

Since 1862 Emily had never left paternal country estate and dedicated the rest <strong>of</strong> her life to creative work.<br />

Emily Dickinson has unaccustomed and easy manner <strong>of</strong> writing. She tampered freely with syntax and<br />

liked to place a familiar word in an extraordinary context. She uses dash instead <strong>of</strong> full stop and comma. She<br />

writes with a capital letter first line <strong>of</strong> the strophe and all those words which have special semantic meaning.<br />

While discussing the poet meaning <strong>of</strong> white and red colors cannot be passed over. White is always a<br />

positive color. She used to walk in white clothes herself. Red designates sometimes positive sometimes negative<br />

phenomenon in her creative work. White color is considered to be symbol <strong>of</strong> art. For her white color expresses<br />

hope, tranquility and also inspiration. Hope about immortality <strong>of</strong> man’s soul nourishes Dickinson’s poetry.<br />

That’s why in her imagination even decease is connected with white color. Poet’s attitude towards divine<br />

kingdom is very important. God is mentioned with strange epithets. Saints, angels, seraphim are found in her<br />

work.<br />

Emily Dickinson was not afraid <strong>of</strong> death because she defeated it till she was alive.<br />

es skandaluri „adolf hitleri“...<br />

manana kvataia<br />

dRes yvelasaTvis misawvdomi gaxda mravali wlis manZilze tabudadebuli<br />

Txzuleba, grigol robaqiZis `adolf hitleri, erTi ucxoeli poetis mier danaxuli”,<br />

romelic mweralma, misive miTiTebiT, 1938 wels dawera da 1939 wels germaniaSi<br />

gamoaqveyna (TviT wignze gamocemis TariRi aRniSnuli araa). mkiTxvelma is qarTul enazec<br />

ixila: misi S. SamanaZiseuli Targmani 1995 wels daibeWda, 2006 wels ki sakuTari Targmani<br />

d. fanjikiZem gamosca. amis miuxedavad, `adolf hitleris” mecnieruli Sefaseba dRemde<br />

ar momxdara.<br />

winamdebare naSromi miznad ar isaxavs am Txzulebis dadebiT Tu uary<strong>of</strong>iT<br />

konteqstSi warmodgenas. amjerad Cveni interesis sagania gr. robaqiZis skandaluri da<br />

araordinaruli Tanamedrovis, meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris ms<strong>of</strong>lios bediswerad<br />

qceuli germaneli fiureris mwerliseuli portreti, rac, vfiqrobT, dResac faseuli da<br />

aqtualuria, miT umetes, rom hitleris rTul fenomens intensiurad swavloben. misi<br />

pirovnebiT grigol robaqiZis dainteresebac ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi. msgavsi<br />

SemoqmedebiTi stilisa da maneris mwerali, bunebrivia, gverds ver auvlida usazRvro<br />

gavlenisa da Zalauflebis mqone aRzevebuli fiureris Sefasebas, rac sruliad ar unda<br />

niSnavdes robaqiZis `hitlerianelobas” (amas misive ganmartebac miuTiTebs: 1941-1945<br />

wlebSi gestapo mas mudmivad meTvalyureobda). rogorc mwerlis Tanamedroveni, ise<br />

mkvlevrebi, erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom gr. robaqiZe hitlers piradad arasodes Sexvedria,<br />

`arc im uTvalav mitingsa da krebas daswrebia, romelzec fiureri gamodioda” (baqraZe<br />

2004: 177).<br />

`adolf hitlerma” grigol robaqiZes droebiT warmatebasTan erTad mravali<br />

usiamovneba moutana, Tumca Txzulebis teqstis gacnoba mowmobs, rom masSi mwerali<br />

zomierebis dacvasac cdilobs: faSizmis an Tavad hitleris brma panegirikosad ar<br />

gvevlineba (mTavari gmiris aSkara panegirikuli epiTetebic ki arsad gvxvdeba), saTqmels<br />

xSirad metaforuli, miTologiuri Tu filos<strong>of</strong>iuri wiaRsvlebiT niRbavs. misi mTavari<br />

mizani am udavod gamorCeuli pirovnebis qarizmis, misi Sinagani, mistikuri saxis kvleva<br />

da gamomzeurebaa. ufro metic, survilisa da SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, dakvirvebuli<br />

mkiTxveli TxzulebaSi gmiris pirovnebidan momdinare im `safrTxeebsac” SeniSnavs, rac,<br />

151

Segnebulad Tu qvecnobierad, mweralma striqonebs Soris igulisxma (amas is mogvianebiT<br />

Tavis `ganmartebaSic” miuTiTebs).<br />

cnobilia, rom gamoCenili Tanamedroveebis mxatvrul xatebs grigol robaqiZe<br />

saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis periodSic qmnida. 1919 wels TbilisSi rusul enaze wignad<br />

gamocemula misi `portretebi”. esseebis krebuli `demoni da miTosi” (iena, 1935 w.)<br />

stalinis, nefertitisa da greta garbos Seudarebel pirovnul daxasiaTebas gvTavazobs.<br />

nicSes, rasputinisa da sxvaTa esseisturi portretebi ucxoeTSi, mwerlis arqivSi<br />

SemorCenil TxzulebebSi y<strong>of</strong>ila warmodgenili. TanamedroveTa gamorCeuli saxeebi<br />

gamoZerwa mweralma romanebSic... gr. robaqiZis germanuli garemocvisaTvis misi<br />

SemoqmedebiTi ostatoba cnobili gaxldaT da, dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, Tumca ar<br />

gamovricxavT, rom `adolf hitleris”, iseve, rogorc Semdgom `musolinis”, Seqmna 1938-<br />

1939 wlebSi mas germaniis dainteresebulma wreebma daukveTes. amas n. kakabaZis werilSi<br />

dafiqsirebuli cnobac gvafiqrebinebs. mis naSromSi `grigol robaqiZis germanuli<br />

portreti” motanilia nawyveti nikolaus zombartis mogonebaTa wignidan (germanias<br />

TavSefarebuli robaqiZe n. zombartis mSoblebis literaturuli salonis xSiri stumari<br />

gaxldaT da wignis avtori bavSvobisas piradad icnobda mwerals): `grigolis am wigns<br />

moulodneli, CvenTvis ki arasasurveli warmateba hqonda. giobelsma es wigni Seitana<br />

partiis mier rekomendebul wignTa siaSi. gaiyida wignis asi-aTasobiT egzemplari.<br />

gavigeT, rom giobelsma `ucxo mwerali” propagandis saministroSi miiwvia da axla<br />

robaqiZe aRtacebuli darCa iozef giobelsis didi TvalebiT. ufro metic, man miiRo<br />

davaleba msgavsi wigni musolinizec daewera, rac man Seasrula kidec. robaqiZes romSi<br />

audiencia gaumarTes, omis dros kvireebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda kaprize, italiis<br />

mTavrobis xarjze. aq man dawera musolinize wigni... es wignic Sevida partiis<br />

bibliografiaSi. robaqiZe amiT welSi gaimarTa” (kakabaZe 1992: 227). imave n. zombartis<br />

miTiTebiT, `hitlerSi grigol robaqiZe rusi bolSevik-komunistebisagan damonebuli<br />

saqarTvelos hipoTetur ganmaTavisuflebels xedavda” (baqraZe 2004: 168).<br />

damafiqrebelia Txzulebis daweris TariRi: 1938 weli. es hitleris pirovnuli<br />

zeobis weli gaxldaT. dokumenturi masalis gacnoba cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom imdroindeli<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lios garkveuli nawili aRfrTovanebuli iyo germaneli fiureris moulodneli<br />

elviseburi warmatebebiT, pirovnuli niWiT, siZlieriTa da ukompromisobiT. marTlac,<br />

hitlerma da misma momxreebma `eqvsi wlis batonobis manZilze (1933-1939) versalis Semdegi<br />

periodis `germanuli araraoba” uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcies... 1933 wels maT TiTqmis<br />

araviTari SeiaraReba ar hqondaT... 1939 wels ki mTeli evropa Seazanzara germanuli<br />

iaraRis Zalam” (kveselava 1991: 152). Cemberlens imave periodSi uTqvams: amgvari<br />

nebisy<strong>of</strong>isa da Zlieri sulis adamiani inglissac sWirdebao. metic, amerikul Jurnal<br />

`taimss”, TiTqosda sabediswero winaswarmetyvelebiT, 1939 wlis 2 ianvars germaneli<br />

fiureri dausaxelebia 1938 `wlis adamianad”, romelic damdeg, 1939 wels, iseT raimes<br />

gaakeTebda, rac kacobriobas didxans emaxsovreboda (“wlis adamianis” sapatio wodeba<br />

manamde mxolod Teodor ruzveltsa da mahaTma gandis miuRiaT) (rozanovi 1991: 21). am<br />

Sefasebebis avtorebs, iseve rogorc mTel kacobriobas, jer kidev ver amoexsnaT adolf<br />

hitleris sfinqsisebri gamocana. vfiqrobT, esses dawerisas gr. robaqiZe imdroindeli<br />

sayovelTao panegiristuli talRiTac unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo STagonebuli.<br />

sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba: 1938-1939 wlebSi adolf hitlerma<br />

Tavdapirveli ganzraxva, aRmosavleTze galaSqreba, taqtikuri mosazrebiT, droebiT<br />

gadaavada da, Tavdausxmelobis dadebuli pirobis miuxedavad, jer dasavleT evropis<br />

qveynebs Seutia (aq gvinda gavixsenoT misi sityvebi: `saxelmwifos interesebi<br />

molaparakebebze maRla dgas”...). cbierma da gamWriaxma fiurerma amave periodSi ssrk-sTan<br />

urTierTobebis droebiTi daTbobis politika gaiTamaSa. SesaZloa, amasac emTxveoda<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa moqalaqis, gr. robaqiZisaTvis fiurerze wignis daweris SeTavazeba.<br />

amgvari Txzuleba hitleris imijisaTvis momgebiani iqneboda. isic mniSvnelovani iyo,<br />

rom gr. robaqiZe ioseb stalinis opozicioneri Tanamemamule gaxldaT da manamde misi<br />

SesaniSnavi esseisturi portretic Seqmna. a. baqraZis azriT, `grigol robaqiZisaTvis...<br />

lenini, stalini, hitleri, musolini ufro miTologiuri personaJebi iyvnen, vidre me-20<br />

saukunis realuri adamianebi” (baqraZe 2004: 178).<br />

grigol robaqiZis `adolf hitleris” analizi mraval sirTules ukavSirdeba. ver<br />

vityviT, rom is mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia. Cveni dakvirvebiT, Txzuleba<br />

esseisturi maneriTaa dawerili da misi kvlevisa da aRqmisas am Janris Taviseburebac unda<br />

gaviTvaliswinoT. `introspeqciis gziT — zogadad adamianis Semecnebisaken” - es aris<br />

yoveli esseisturi nawarmoebis principi” (xelaia 1986: 352). xolo misi maxasiaTeblebi<br />

aseTia: `miuxedavad garegnuli fragmentulobisa, esse Sinaganad Sekrulia, mTliani....<br />

esses stiluri Taviseburebani _ fragmentuloba, araTanmimdevruloba,<br />

152

arakategoriuloba, albaTuri xasiaTi, paradoqsuloba, subieqtivizmi, mozaikuroba,<br />

gansjis silaRe, Tavisufleba da sxva da sxva mWidro kavSirSia mis TviTSemecnebiT<br />

bunebasTan” (xelaia, 1986: 350). Cans, esses Janri gr. robaqiZes hitleris pirovnebis<br />

gaazrebis SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebasac aniWebda, aRqmis subieqtivizmi ki Txzulebis<br />

saTaurSive igulisxmeba, Tumca, bunebrivia, amgvari gabeduleba im dros da im viTarebaSi<br />

ufskrulis piras siarulis tolfasic gaxldaT.<br />

1944 wlis 20 oqtombers raixsfiurerisa da raixsministris hainrix himlerisadmi<br />

miweril vrcel werilSi gr. robaqiZe `adolf hitleris” Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: es ariso `ara<br />

Cveulebrivi biografiuli portreti, ufro metad, arsis xati, nord-germanul sivrceSi<br />

danaxuli... es narkvevi moxseniebulia vermaxtis Jurnal `zoldatenbrifeSi”,<br />

rekomendebul wignTa Soris da Tanac rogorc erTaderTi naSromi fiurerze. bolo<br />

gamocemam miaRwia 79-112 aTass” ( baqraZe 2004: 159).<br />

meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis Semdgom wlebSi `adolf hitlerma” gr. robaqiZes mravali<br />

dabrkoleba Seuqmna. dRes es skandaluri Txzuleba germaneli fiureris imdroindeli<br />

qarizmis axsnis cdad, misi iracionaluri, misticizmiT aRbeWdili idumali fenomenis<br />

robaqiZiseul adreul interpretaciad unda ganvixiloT. rogori iyo is, didebis zenitSi<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i adolf hitleri, misi Tanamedrovis, imJamad germaniaSi mcxovrebi modernisti<br />

mwerlis, grigol robaqiZis TvalTaxedviT? ras uqadda kacobriobas erTi SexedviT Amor<br />

fati-iT STagonebuli axladmovlenili beladi? vin iyo is: RvTis rCeuli Tu uflismier<br />

sasjelad movlenili boroti genia, gmiri Tu kacobriobis bediT brmad moTamaSe<br />

TavzexelaRebuli avanturisti? vfiqrobT, am maradiuli kiTxvebis saidumlos<br />

istoriuli faqtebis analizTan erTad TviT adolf hitleris pirovnebis gaazrebac<br />

gvaziarebs da maT robaqiZiseul pasuxebs yvelaze ukeT Tavad Txzuleba gvTavazobs,<br />

Tumca WeSmariti azris amokiTxva, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, xSirad teqstis striqonebs<br />

Sorisaa SesaZlebeli. cnobil emigrants, mixeil wereTels, robaqiZis 70 wlis iubileze<br />

mwerlisaTvis uTqvams: Seni wignebi mkiTxvelTa masebisaTvis ar aris dawerili, arc<br />

saSualo donis, aramed `aristos”-mkiTxvelisaTvis suliTa da guliT. amgvari `aristos”mkiTxveli<br />

ki albaT jer kidev maSin gr. robaqiZis `adolf hitleris” zemoxsenebul<br />

`safrTxeTa” TvalsazrisiT gaazrebasac SeZlebda.<br />

avtoris swrafva mouxelTeblis, idumalis wvdomisaken esseisturi qmnilebis kidev<br />

erTi Taviseburebaa. Cveni dakvirvebiT, vrceli esses, `adolf hitleris”, robaqiZiseuli<br />

ZiriTadi veqtori swored misi mTavari gmiris mravalucnobiani fenomenis amoxsnisaken<br />

gaxlavT mimarTuli. amasTan, misi mxatvruli Tu azrobrivi interpretacia metad<br />

individualuri da originaluria. mivyveT Txzulebis teqsts (naSromSi `adolf<br />

hitleris” analizisas misi Cven mier Sesrulebuli qarTuli TargmaniT vsargeblobT):<br />

grigol robaqiZis pirveli STabeWdileba Amor fati-is niSniT aRbeWdil germanel<br />

fiurerze mis xelT arsebuli uamravi fotosuraTidan momdinareobs, romelTac hitleri<br />

sruliad gansxvavebulad aRubeWdavT. `ggonia, misi Sinagani mzera obieqtivs gaurbis:<br />

sacnauri niSani Soreuli Cvenebisa”, SeniSnavs mwerali. amjerad dakvirvebisaTvis mas ori<br />

foto SeurCevia: 1. oTxmoci wlis hindenburgTan erTad gadaRebuli, sadac aSkaraa<br />

kontrasti: mxcovani mxedarTmTavari idumalebis gareSe, kldis lodiviT dgas,<br />

mokrZalebiT xelebgadajvaredinebuli hitleris mzera ki sakuTari Taviskenaa<br />

mimarTuli. gr. robaqiZe fiureris ganyenebuli, Soreuli idumalebis axsnas cdilobs:<br />

`SesaZloa, misi saxe Sinagan sulier Zalebs ise gamudmebiT intensiurad gamoasxivebs, rom<br />

mouridebeli kamerac ki uZluria, calkeul izolirebul wams is gamosaxulebisaTvis<br />

daiWiros”. idumali Tavs ar gvaCvenebs, magram `Rirs imad, rom es SevigrZnoT”, _ uTiTebs<br />

bolos.<br />

avtori yuradRebiT akvirdeba meore fotosuraTs, romelzec adolf hitleri<br />

londonSi germaniis maSindel elCTan fon ribentropTan inglisTan sazavo molaparakebis<br />

Semdegaa gadaRebuli: `ribentropi sixarulisagan brwyinavs, Tumca sxivi fiureris<br />

Sinagani sinaTlidan modis”. aqedan mwerliseuli daskvna: “misi saxe idumalad<br />

xelSesaxebad ixsneba sxvaSi, visTanac is wamierad saubrobs.”<br />

sruli STabeWdilebis miRebisaTvis gr. robaqiZe kinoqronikebsac mimarTavs,<br />

saidanac mas general-feldmarSal geringis qorwilis kadrebi SeurCevia. aq hitleri<br />

axlos dgas yvelasTan, gansakuTrebiT, saqorwino wyvilTan: `da mainc: igi amavdroulad<br />

sxva adgilas my<strong>of</strong>i Cans, is miudgomelia. gaqvs SegrZneba, TiTqos dResaswaulze<br />

gadamTieli gamoCeniliyos, romelsac mainc umalve yvelas ndoba daumsaxurebia”.<br />

Txzulebis mixedviT, gr. robaqiZesac ucdia, hitleris fenomenis idumaleba<br />

Seemecnebina `SemoqmedebiTad STagonebul sulier sibrtyeze, sadac warmosaxviTi<br />

TiTqmis realurs esazRvreba”, magram amaod: `vercerTi mxatvari ver daiCemebs, rom<br />

amomwuravad warmoaCens mis Sinagan xats, viTarca portrets”, SeniSnavs igi da aq albaT<br />

153

sruliad gulwrfelia. robaqiZis azriT, SesaZloa, amisaTvis xis graviura gamodgeboda,<br />

magram is ver warmoadgenda adolf hitleris muqcisfer, da mainc naTel Tvalebs,<br />

sakuTar TavSi mis sulier samyaros rom malaveno. `am Tvalebis mkacri mzeris winaSe yvela<br />

siyalbe da sicrue SeZrwunebuli unda gaqres” — aseTia STabeWdileba. iqve ramdenime<br />

StrixiT hitleris moZraobis maneracaa daxasiaTebuli (romelic aseve TvalSisacemia):<br />

“zogjer igi kibeze Camodis, boloSi amayad Cerdeba, Tavs maRla swevs, gascqeris SoreTs,<br />

sagnebs iqiT, TiTqos geSiT raRac SeniSnao. mere Tavs xris, Tumca gzas energiuli<br />

nabijebiT mkacrad, mtkiced agrZelebs. xelebis qneva mis mtkice svlas TiTqos frTebs<br />

asxams... aq yoveli misi moZraoba plastikurad dasrulebuli Cans.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, ramdenime arsebiTi, eqspresiuli monaxaziT gr. robaqiZem esseSi<br />

adolf hitleris garegnuli silueti gamokveTa, sakmaod bundovani, Tanac idumali. da<br />

mainc: es Strixebi gmiris pirovnebas bolomde ver xsnis. aq mwerlis interesi Zlierdeba:<br />

mainc sadaa idumalebis gasaRebi, iqneb mis xmaSi, kinoqronikebsa da audioCanawerebs rom<br />

SemounaxavT? es yvelasagan gamorCeuli, mtkice, nerviuli, saocrad gadamdebi, mxolod<br />

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli xma (`xma idumali”, rogorc gr. robaqiZe uwodebs), milionobiT<br />

adamians rom atyvevebda da imorCilebda. STambeWdavad gadmoscems avtori am xmiT<br />

gamowveuli masobriv eqstazs: `misi gamoCena mudam erTjeradad ganicdeba. aTasebi<br />

uSualod mas ucdidnen da milionebi radiotranslaciiT mis gamosvlas elodebodnen.<br />

talRa talRaze mgznebared mogoravs da STagoneba aTrobs. sxeulebrivad grZnob: is<br />

modis, igi ukve axlosaa. yovel bgeraze momlodineTa sinaTliT aRvsili fesvebi irxeva.<br />

talRebi msgavsad izrdebian... naRveli da xafangi erTdroulad. axla fiureri aqaa. mis<br />

gamosvlas Stormuli grigali Semourbens: `hail, hail, hail!” TiTqmis brmad<br />

egzaltirebul masas mwerali farTod gadaWimul galeSil zRvas adarebs, romelic nelnela<br />

cxreba da simSvidis wamic dgeba. `mxolod gulebi Zgeren mZlavrad, gznebiT,<br />

momlodined. aq gaismis Rrma, mkveTri da alersiani xma: da ismis sunTqvisSemkvreli<br />

sityvebi: `germanelo mamakacebo da qalebo!”...<br />

am sabediswero xmas milionobiT adamianTan erTad mweralic ayuradebs, drodadro<br />

sityvebs ver arCevs, Tumca esmis misi Sinagani ena da, sakuTar TavSi mzeraCabrunebuli,<br />

realobas ubrundeba. ulmobeli sinamdvile ki aseTia: `gam<strong>of</strong>itul dedamiwaze ori<br />

milioni gardacvlili wevs, Svidnaxevari milioni isev sisxlisagan iwriteba. iaraRisagan<br />

izniqeba didi germanuli armia. mZime, umTvaro RameSi siCume gabatonebula,<br />

araamqveyniuri”. am avismomaswavebel mdumarebaSi `uecrad Soridan gaismis xma, savse<br />

vaebiT, da Tanac, gabeduli sicocxlisunarianobiT _ xom araa es mkvdreTiT aRmdgari,<br />

miTad qceuli jariskacebis xma?” _ kiTxulobs mwerali. is akvirdeba germanelTa<br />

sayovelTao ganwyobas: `TiToeuli Tavisi sulis siRrmeSi SeigrZnobs, TiTqos Tavad is<br />

laparakobdes”. hitleris mRelvare diqcia gadamdebad zemoqmedebs, `drodadro ikargeba<br />

SegrZneba, TiTqos saqme kvlav cocxali adamianis xmas exebodes. WeSmaritad, aq<br />

azrobrivad germanuli `me” cxaddeba.” gr. robaqiZe dafiqrebuli kiTxulobs: `es xma<br />

metaforulad unda gavigoT?”<br />

Txzulebis gmiris xelSesaxebi, arsebiTi Strixebis eqspresiuli gaazrebiT mwerali<br />

rwmundeba, rom adolf hitleris idumaleba logikas, analizs, gansjas ar eqvemdebareba,<br />

is ufro Rrmaa, iracionaluria (gavixsenoT nicSeseuli gageba: zekacze mTlianad<br />

iracionaluri Zalebi unda batonobdes) da misi pirovnebis gaxsnisaTvis is amjerad<br />

metaforul, miTologiur Tu filos<strong>of</strong>iur paralelebs mimarTavs, upirvelesad ki<br />

goeTes Taurmcenaris (mcenaris miTiuri realobis) fenomens, romlis robaqiZiseuli<br />

interpretacia aseTia: `yoveli mcenare mxolod drois erT monakveTSia xiluli: an<br />

ylortSi, an yvavilSi, an mwifobisas. Tumca is sakuTar TavSi atarebs SesaZleblobas, misi<br />

yoveli nawilidan mTeli mcenare gamoCndes, ase sWvrets mas mTlianobaSi mzisdari goeTes<br />

Tvali, win: ylortidan yvavilamde, ukan: yvavilidan ylortamde. amJamad Cven winaSe<br />

materialur-aramaterialurad Tavad Taurmcenare aRimarTeba”. is ki mcenaris yovel<br />

fazaSi Tvlems, `Tumca zrdaSi, mainc erTjeradad mTlianad. SeiZleboda gveTqva, esaa:<br />

mcenaris miTiuri realoba. is srulfasovan eqvivalents xalxis y<strong>of</strong>ierebis xatSi<br />

poulobs. amgvarad SeiZleboda xalxis Taurelementze gvelaparaka”. gr. robaqiZis<br />

miTiTebiT, xalxis Taurelementi (aq: germanelobis miTiuri realoba) yvelaze Rrmad<br />

swored adolf hitlers aqvs gaTavisebuli. Tumca damafiqrebelia, mwerlis gaazrebiT,<br />

ra unda iyos es `miTiuri realoba”? aq im TvisebaTa erToblioba xom ar igulisxmeboda,<br />

romlis gamo jer kidev goeTem sakuTar ers kacobriobis `saSineli samsjavros” winaSe<br />

wardgoma uwinaswarmetyvela? anda es `realoba” germanelobis demonizmTan idumali<br />

wilnayarobis gamovlena xom ar gaxldaT, Tomas mans ase rom aSfoTebda?.. nuTu<br />

`germanelobis miTiuri realobis” amgvari gaazreba momzadebul mkiTxvels hitleris<br />

pirovnebidan momdinare zemoxsenebul `safrTxeebs” ar Seaxsenebda?<br />

154

Taurelementis paradigmis ufro naTlad ganmartebisaTvis mwerali mSobliuri<br />

qarTuli enis paralels moiSveliebs. esaa `mziuri Tvalis” metafora. kiTxvaze: `ra<br />

mosdis mwifobis Jams yurZnis mtevans?” qarTveli glexi pasuxobs: `Tvali Cadis mtevanSi”<br />

(Tvali=mze). amas axali kiTxva-pasuxi mosdevs: `Tvali mziuri xom ar aris — mze xom<br />

verasodes dainaxavs? bunebrivia, vera. maS, saidan icis es saidumlo? pasuxi: es codna mis<br />

enaSia mocemuli, sadac `mzes” da `mzeras” erTi da igive Ziri aqvs. magram vin dainaxa es?<br />

jer erTi, mze rom kosmiuri Tvali iyos, mwerlis TqmiT, am mnaTobze cota raimes ambobs<br />

da Semdeg: es Tvali mtevanSi Cadis, raTa is daamwifos”. kiTxvaze: `vin Seqmna es saocari<br />

xati?” _ pasuxi robaqiZiseulia: `albaT, vinme usaxelom, romlis Tvalsazrisi Semdgom<br />

gadaeca”. es individi konkretuli adamiani araa, radgan “yoveli individi Tavis enas ukve<br />

Taurxatidan Seqmnilad iRebs”. avtori ufro Rrma ganzogadebisaken midis: yvela drois<br />

adamianSi `raRac mocemulia, rac masSi CanasaxSive dadgenilia da ganuwyvetliv<br />

cocxlobs” da is enis mediumSi mJRavndeba, rogorc samyaros xatis (suraTis) kerZo<br />

Semqmneli Zala. es Taurfenomenia. mas xalxi dacemis Tu romelime netari eqstazis Jams<br />

SeigrZnobs. `es SegrZneba zogjer fesvebSi ise midis, rom erTi madliT mosili pirovneba<br />

sakuTar Tavs xalxis identurad aRiqvams. Sinagani msxverpliseuli TavganwirviT is<br />

Semdeg brbos `me”-Si gadaizrdeba”.<br />

am metaforis naTelsay<strong>of</strong>ad grigol robaqiZe paganinis violinosac ixsenebs,<br />

romelic im musikalur talRebs inaxavs, genialuri mevioline odesRac misgan rom<br />

aJRerebda. amas Tu axerxebs xe, Tundac transcendenturad, `adamians, romelic sakuTar<br />

Tavs srulad xalxs uZRvnis, SeuZlia uari Tqvas wminda saxalxo elementebis sakuTar<br />

TavSi miRebasa da Senaxvaze?” kiTxulobs mwerali. `hitleris fenomeni aqaa, sxvagvarad<br />

arsad”, _ dasZens igi.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, Txzulebis mixedviT, adolf hitleri germaneli xalxis<br />

Taurelementis (miTiuri realobis) gamomxatvelia, ris xorcSesxmasac mwerali amjerad<br />

erT istoriul momentSi ganWvrets: 1919 wels germaniaSi diqtatura damyarda, germanelma<br />

xalxma TiTqos Tavisi istoria SeaCera — es monakveTi varskvlavisebur gaelvebas hgavda.<br />

eri safrTxis winaSe konsolidirebulia. yoveli germaneli `axla sakuTar TavSi mxolod<br />

erTs SeigrZnobs: rom is germanelia. masSi SigniT Rrmad Wriloba ixsneba, xalxis arseboba<br />

safrTxeSia. mTel qveyanas erTiani talRa gadauvlis: tkivilis talRa... igi msgavsad<br />

gadadis kacidan kacze, TiTqos eZebs erTs, romelic misi tkivilis gaxmovanebas marto<br />

SeZlebda”. es talRa poulobs rCeuls, Wabuk adolf hitlers, romelic misi mimRebi da<br />

gamomxatvelia. amis dasturad gr. robaqiZes eCveneba 1914 wels omis gamocxadebis<br />

mitingis fotosuraTi, sadac masis SuagulSi sruliad ucnobi axalgazrda moCans,<br />

dafiqrebuli, daZabuli, Amor fati ki masze mZlevel gambedaobad aRbeWdila. “is aq<br />

Seupovrad dgas: sruli mzady<strong>of</strong>na. igia, romelSic erTeulma talRam Tavisi Segnebuli<br />

burji monaxa. am wams germanuli samyaro axal gardatexas Seudga. istoriam mogvianebiT<br />

gaamJRavna usaxelos saxeli: adolf hitleri”. aq striqonTa Soris mwerliseuli eWvic<br />

gamokrTeba: pirvel ms<strong>of</strong>lio omSi germanelTa marcxis tkiviliT axalgazrdobaSive<br />

SeZruli adolf hitleri wlebis Semdeg ms<strong>of</strong>lios ulmobel SurismaZieblad xom ar<br />

moevlineboda? (am “safrTxis” fesvebi aRniSnul fotozec Cans).<br />

imave fotosuraTidan avtorisaTvis ikveTeba adolf hitleris umTavresi<br />

pirovnuli Strixi: TavganwirvisaTvis mzaoba. swored mis daxasiaTebas eZRvneba qveTavi<br />

`Amor fati”. `is msxverpluri Sinagani TavganwirviT aRsavsea”, _ SeniSnavs mwerali da<br />

swored msxverpls grZnobs hitleris xmaSi, romelic zogjer mgrZnobiare, zogjer<br />

damuqrebuli, zogjer gamamxnevebeli da naTelia. Tavganwirvis gambedaoba ki ioli ar<br />

gaxlavT, “es gardatexis mxneobaa: genia cecxlisa”, _ vkiTxulobT TxzulebaSi. amis<br />

naTely<strong>of</strong>isaTvis gr. robaqiZe ixsenebs saocar Tqmulebas: vinc erT Zvel xes cecxls<br />

waukidebda, is ukanasknel (meored mosvlis) saidumlos ixilavda, oRond Tavad<br />

aucileblad daiRupeboda. didi interesis miuxedavad, xis dawva veravis gaubedavs, garda<br />

erTi kacisa, magram masac, mtanjveli saidumloTi anTebuls, es ramdenjerme ucdia,<br />

Tumca amaod, xelebi ar damorCilebia. bolos, misi Zilisas, misgan damoukideblad, xes<br />

lerwmis naperwklisagan cecxli mainc gasCenia, magram, imis miuxedavad, rom TviT kacs<br />

safrTxe ukve aRar emuqreboda, is, Tavzardacemuli, instinqturad, mainc cecxlis<br />

Casaqrobad mivardnila: mas ar eyo gambedaoba, ukanaskneli Jamis saidumlos, e. i.<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ierebis saidumlos ziareboda. `am gambedaobis gareSe ki ar arsebobs an wvdoma<br />

idumalisa, an istoriuli gmiroba”, _ Tvlis gr. robaqiZe da dasZens: luTeri an nicSe am<br />

xes daufiqreblad gadaswvavdnen, `napoleonis didebuli mzera mudam am cecxlidan<br />

gamodioda~, iseve, rogorc sxva adamianebisa, romlebic TavianT xalxSi amaRldnen. `yvela<br />

isini cecxlis geniidan gamovidnen”. robaqiZis dakvirvebiT, amgvari gambedaobiT<br />

xasiaTdeba musolini, `Tavisi arsebis ukanasknel ujredamde sruliad uCveulodaa<br />

155

gaazrebuli am gambedaobiT Sepyrobili adolf hitleri”. am fragmentis gacnobis Semdeg<br />

kvlav kiTxva Cndeba: gana ar iyo mosalodneli, rom TviT sakuTari sicocxlis<br />

uarmy<strong>of</strong>eli amgvari gambedaoba ukontrolo TavzexelaRebulobaSic gadazrdiliyo?<br />

nuTu aqac hitleris pirovnebidan momdinare kidev erTi `safrTxe” ar imaleboda?<br />

am yovliswamlekavi gambedaobis magaliTad mwerals mohyavs gamaognebeli SemTxveva<br />

oto ditrixis wignidan `hitlerTan erTad ZalauflebaSi”: mZvinvare qariSxlisa da<br />

uamindobis miuxedavad, 1932 wels adolf hitlers TviTmfrinaviT miunxenSi, mitingze<br />

gamgzavreba ar gadaudia. is sruliadad mSvidad iyo maSinac, roca grigalSi frenisas misi<br />

yvela Tanmxlebi piri SiSisagan kankalebda. `da mainc: grZnoba daculobisa CvenSi stiqiis<br />

am Semotevisas. fiureris absoluturi simSvide yvela Cvengans gadaedeba”, _ werda am<br />

ambis TviTmxilveli ditrixi.<br />

gr. robaqiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba hitleris gambedaobis gadamdebi zemoqmedeba:<br />

`igi ar krTeba, xedavs ra saSinelebas. diax, naTelia: igi mas sZlevs. is sakuTar TavSi<br />

Tavisi qveynis mTel majiscemas flobs. brma bedisweras aTvinierebs”. saidan iRebs saTaves<br />

hitleriseuli bedisweris momTvinierebeli gambedaoba, roca bediswerac ki mis<br />

Sesaxvedrad modis? (Zlier pirovnebas xom Sinagani Widilis gadalaxva ZaluZs, es mis<br />

arsebaSic Rrmadaa Canergili). am kiTxvaze pasuxs mwerali 1937 wels germaniaSi gamocemul<br />

missave romanSi eZebs. “`graalis mcvelni”-s vrceli fragmenti adamis codviT dacemis<br />

problemas eZRvneba. romanis gmiri Tavadi giorgi fiqrobs: “dacemamde adam kadmoni<br />

RmerTisagan uSualod (damoukideblad) cxovrobda. dacemis Semdeg man RmerTi Tavis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod my<strong>of</strong>ad aRmoaCina. man sagnebs Signidan gareT Sexeda, axla isini aRiqva,<br />

rogorc obieqtebi”. aq gaCnda kiTxva: rogor SemiZlia Sevicno raime, rac me Tavad ara var?<br />

swored dacemis Semdeg SeiZina adamma calke `me” (`TviToba”, Sonderselbst), miiRo codna<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ierebaze: `axla is metad aRar aris Tavad y<strong>of</strong>iereba”. samagierod, mwerlis azriT, amis<br />

Sedegad kacobriobam dakarga ganuy<strong>of</strong>loba, romelsac swored cxoveli flobs. misi<br />

dakvirvebiT, saidumlo swored esaa: amitom aRmerTebdnen cxovelebs, amitom gvjabnian<br />

isini ZaliT. magram “cxovels ara aqvs “me”, niSani RvTaebrivisa: is `me”-s gareSea. Tumca mas<br />

sakuTar TavSi RvTaebrivi y<strong>of</strong>ierebis mTlianoba Semounaxavs. cxoveli garesamyaros<br />

sinaTlis zRvasaviT iRebs: is obieqtebs ver xedavs. `Tu Tvals gadaaSorebs sinaTlis<br />

zRvas, rogorc obieqtis sapirispiros, misi mzeris Zala umalve daimsxvreva. es dacemis<br />

erTi saxe iqneboda. cxovelebis aRqmis samyaro misi zemoqmedebis samyaros Tanxvedria”, _<br />

SeniSnavs mwerali. warmosaxvis uunarobas cxoveli sagnis uSualo SexebiT cvlis, `is<br />

obieqtSi iWreba. aqedan, misi saSineli magia. Tavisi SiSveli martooden gamoCeniT veluri<br />

cxoveli cvlis atmosferos, romelic mis irgvlivaa. amgvarad, cxoveli RvTaebrivad<br />

mTliania, y<strong>of</strong>ierebaSi Sualeduri sivrcis gareSe”. grigol robaqiZis miTiTebiT, adam<br />

kadmoni erTdroulad cxovelic iyo da adamianic _ ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli _ RvTaebis wiaRSi. axla<br />

ki adamiani naRvlobs Tavis dakargul naxevarze _ cxovelze.<br />

aq isev Cndeba kiTxvebi: SemTxveviTia fiurerisadmi miZRvnil TxzulebaSi<br />

cxoveliseul saSinel magiaze saubari? an ras unda niSnavdes fragmenti: `Tavisi SiSveli<br />

martooden gamoCeniT cxoveli cvlis atmosferos, romelic mis irgvlivaa... is obieqtSi<br />

iWreba”? xom araa es Segnebuli Tu qvecnobieri paraleli reaqciasTan, masaSi hitleris<br />

gamoCena rom iwvevda da xom ar imaleboda aq misi pirovnebidan momdinare kidev erTi<br />

`safrTxe”: fiureris cxoveliseuli veluri ukontroloba da yovlisgamanadgurebeli<br />

Zliereba? sityvebi: `adamiani naRvlobs Tavis dakargul naxevarze _ cxovelze” _ xom ar<br />

gaxlavT aseve faruli miniSneba aRzevebuli beladis pirovnebaSi cxoveliseuli sawyisis<br />

primatze? cnobilia, rom hitlers aRafrTovanebda Spengleris mier warmodgenili<br />

germanelis “marad meomruli tipi adamiani-mtacebeli cxovelisa” (kveselava 1991: 366).<br />

metic, is sakuTar Tavs mgels adarebda. faSisturi elita mas am zedmetsaxeliT<br />

moixseniebda, rac fiurers Zalze moswonda. mTavari Stabebis saxelwodebadac mas `mglis<br />

bunagi” da `veluri mgeli” SeurCevia. “hitleris fenomenis” mkvlevari rudolf augStaini<br />

miuTiTebs: `hitleri idga zRvarze, sadac adamiani gadaiqceva agresiul vefxvad, velur<br />

mglad” (rozanovi 1991: 18). da kidev: gana damafiqrebeli araa robaqiZiseuli fraza:<br />

`cxovels ara aqvs “me”, niSani RvTaebrivisa”...<br />

adolf hitleris fenomenis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblis analizs<br />

eZRvneba Txzulebis qveTavi, romelsac Kairos hqvia. mwerlis ganmartebiT, `pirovnebas,<br />

romelic mTeli arsebiT xalxis bedisweras emorCileba, TandaTan saCuqrad eZleva<br />

wyaloba y<strong>of</strong>ierebisa, Zveli berZnebi `Kairos”-s rom uwodebdnen (`ese igi qmedebisas swori<br />

momentis danaxvis (gartymis) unari”, _ ganmartavs gr. robaqiZe). rac viwroa monakveTi,<br />

miT Zlieria Kairos. is cxovelis SiSveli intuiciis msgavsia. mwerlis azriT, am<br />

TvalsazrisiT qemal aTaTurqis cxovrebis gza fantastikurs esazRvreba. TiTqmis<br />

yovelTvis sabediswero situaciaSi, sadac 90:10 mis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, is<br />

156

moulodnelad swor moments iWers da `saxifaTo zonaSi gamaogneblad beds Tavis<br />

sasargeblod gadaRunavs”. abisiniis omidan gamomdinare, amasve xedavs robaqiZe<br />

musolinis pirovnebaSi. `gansakuTrebiT mravlad flobs am unars adolf hitleri”, _<br />

SeniSnavs mwerali (vfiqrobT, fiureris pirovnebidan momdinare `safrTxe” Txzulebis am<br />

monakveTSic aSkarad ikiTxeba). amis gamoxatulebad Tvlis gr. robaqiZe hitleris<br />

ramdenime swraf, elvisebur warmatebas 1920-1938 wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT gamoy<strong>of</strong>s mis<br />

gamosvlas sportis sasaxleSi (weli miTiTebuli araa). `yovel sityvaSi igrZnoboda, mas<br />

omis Tavidan acileba surda. erTi molekula finjanze da Weqa-quxili umalve ganmuxtuli<br />

Cans. kacobrioba SiSiT da locviT qvavdeba.” rogorc vxedavT, mwerali realuri<br />

mdgomareobiT Sinaganad SeSfoTebuli gaxldaT. is gansakuTrebul imedebs amyarebda<br />

evropis oTxi wamyvani saxelmwifos meTauris: hitleris, musolinis, Cemberlenis, daladis<br />

Sexvedraze _ `da mSvidoba da ms<strong>of</strong>lio gadarCenilia”, _ fiqrobs is. misi azriT, 99%-iT<br />

SesaZlebeli iyo, ganxeTqileba ar momxdariyo, `fiureris SemTxvevaSi es sxvagvarad<br />

moxda”, _ dasZens Semdeg. aq igulisxmeba 1938 wlis 30 seqtembris Sexvedra miunxenSi,<br />

hitleris `yavisfer sasaxleSi”, germaniis, inglisis, safrangeTis, italiis umaRlesi<br />

pirebi rom eswrebodnen. maTi xeldasmiT hitlers xsenebul qveynebze Tavdausxmelobis<br />

pirobis sanacvlod Cexoslovakiis erTi nawili germaniisaTvis SemouerTebia (Tumca es<br />

piroba maleve daurRvevia). miunxenis Sexvedra SemdgomSi politikuri axlomxedvelobis,<br />

gamyidvelobisa da veragobis simbolodac miiCnies. CerCils is ase Seufasebia: `ingliss<br />

arCevani unda gaekeTebina omsa da sircxvils Soris. misma ministrebma sircxvili airCies,<br />

raTa Semdeg omi mieRoT” (rozanovi 1991: 33).<br />

hitleris pirovnuli idumalebis analizisaTvis robaqiZe `Cem brZolasac”<br />

mimarTavs da fiureris kidev erT gamorCeul Tvisebas gamoy<strong>of</strong>s: `yovel adamians gverdiT<br />

mrCeveli hyavs, magram saboloo gadawyvetilebas kaci Tavad iRebs”. mwerali germanul<br />

sityvas Allein (marto) ase Slis: All (samyaro), Eins (erTi) da kiTxulobs: es erTis<br />

samyarosTan y<strong>of</strong>nas xom ar niSnavs? pasuxi aseTia: `samyarosTan erTi rom iyo, yvelafers<br />

zurgi unda Seaqcio” (adolf hitleris es Tviseba misi usazRvro voluntarizmis<br />

`safrTxesac” xom ar malavda?).<br />

germaniis winaSe pasuxismgebloba fiurers Tavadve ukisria: `diax, is<br />

gadawyvetilebis winaSe dgas, _ wers robaqiZe, _ All-Ein, sadac All (samyaro) misi xalxis<br />

Taurmdgens niSnavs. Cans, gadawyvetilebas igi pirveli iRebs, Tu is martod y<strong>of</strong>nis Jams am<br />

TaurmdgeniT aRivseba”. Sesabamisad, Txzulebis Semdegi Tavi swored Taurmdgenis<br />

(Urheber) paradigmis ganmartebas eZRvneba: `idumalebiT aRvsilia raRac (Etwas), rac<br />

Cndeba, viTarca xalxis Taurmdgeni. es Taurmdgenia pirvelgamCeni: magram ara TaobaTa an<br />

modgmaTa Tanmimdevrobis gagebiT”. igi zebiologiuri arsebaa, rac yovel CvenganSi<br />

cocxlobs. `is Sinagani sulieri arsebis xmidan momdinareobs”, _ ganmartavs mwerali da<br />

dasZens: zepirovnulobis miuxedavad, is mainc konkretul pirovnebad gvevlineba.<br />

paraleli isev saqarTvelos realobidanaa moxmobili: robaqiZis miTiTebiT,<br />

qarTveli xalxis Taurmdgenis, kardhus=qarTlosis saflavi mcxeTaSia, TbilisTan axlos,<br />

da is yovel wels daitireba. `Taurmdgenis geniis gareSe xalxi metad ar aris xalxi.<br />

piriqiT, adamianTa grovaa, magram arasodes arseba”, _ miuTiTebs mwerali. mas didi xnis<br />

win gamqrali langobardebi axsendeba, Tumca xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi xSirad SexvdebiTo<br />

adamians maTi rassiuli niSnebiT. aqve kavkasiis mcirericxovani xalxis _ udebis<br />

magaliTicaa moxmobili, maTgan mxolod sami s<strong>of</strong>elia SemorCenili da `maTi moridebuli<br />

siCume metafizikur sikvdils emsgavsebao”, _ sevdianad daaskvnis avtori. mas swams, rom<br />

naTelmxilvelis unariT dajildoebuli Semoqmedni erTi adamianis saxeSi xSirad<br />

Sesabamis rassiul xats ganWvreten. ucnobi mxatvris mier Seqmnili uta fon naumburgis<br />

saxe robaqiZes germanelebis Taurdedakacad (Crdilouri evas Taurxatad) esaxeba.<br />

grigol robaqiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba Taurmdgensa da calkeuls (individs)<br />

Soris asrebuli dramatizmiT aRsavse mudmivi daZabuloba, romelsac, misi azriT,<br />

gansakuTrebiT naTlad Semoqmedi adamiani grZnobs. sayuradReboa robaqiZis postulati:<br />

Taurmdgens ziarebuli adamiani orgvaria _ an ms<strong>of</strong>lios gamaerTianebeli, an ms<strong>of</strong>lios<br />

gamanadgurebeli (mwerlis rwmeniT, vinc ver daZlevs Sinagan brZolas TaursawyisTan, is<br />

mospobisTvisaa ganwiruli). vfiqrobT, mravlismTqmelia aseve avtoriseuli daskvna: `aq<br />

vpoulob adolf hitleris fenomenis sayrden (centralur) wertils” (nuTu `safrTxe”<br />

aqac aSkara araa?).<br />

mwerali iziarebs frangi alfons de Satobrianis mosazrebas, romelmac hitlers<br />

axali adamiani uwoda, yovel axal adamians axali ms<strong>of</strong>lxatic moaqvs. robaqiZis<br />

miTiTebiT, hitleris ms<strong>of</strong>lxati ase aRiniSneba: `xalxis sasicocxlo energia, misi rassiT<br />

ganpirobebuli”. am mimarTebiT mwerlis msjeloba ukve rassis (=jiSis) ganmartebas<br />

eZRvneba. `adrindeli kulturebi, romlebic y<strong>of</strong>ierebaSi sakraluris dacvas<br />

157

cdilobdnen, am ideiT daavadebulni arian”, _ vkiTxulobT TxzulebaSi. magaliTi kvlav<br />

qarTuli sinamdvilidanaa: Tu qarTvels vinmes Seuracxy<strong>of</strong>a surs, wyevlis: `Seni jiSi<br />

amovardao” (naTelia, rom “rassis” nacisturi da robaqiZiseuli gaazreba erTmaneTs ar<br />

emTxveoda). mwerali sinanuliT SeniSnavs: “Cven droSi Taurcodna rassis siwmindeze<br />

ukvalodaa gamqrali.” aq damowmebulia baron iulius evolas Sexeduleba: `kulturebi da<br />

rassebi ara sisxlis meSveobiT aixsnebian, aramed sisxlis siZveliT” (es is iulius evolaa,<br />

romlis Sesaxeb umberto eko miuTiTebs: `termini `faSizmi” yvelafers ergeba... daumateT<br />

kelturi miTologiis kulti da graalis misticizmi (absoluturad ucxo <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />

faSizmisaTvis) da faSizmis erT-erT yvelaze pativsacem gurus, evolas, miiRebT” (eko<br />

2005: 182).<br />

sisxlis fenomenze msjelobas eZRvneba `adolf hitleris” qveTavi `saidumlo<br />

kanoni”, romlis mixedviT, `yvela drois aRmoCenebi sisxlis _ am `sruliad<br />

gansakuTrebuli wvenis” _ Sesaxebaa. es erTisadmi msxverplSewirvis ritualiT xerxdeba,<br />

pirvelRvTaebriv energias Zalas rom matebs. amgvarad, is gansakuTrebul Tvisebas aRwevs,<br />

rac, rogorc unari, kosmiurSi Carevad aRiniSneba”. es unari ki Semdgom memkvidreobiT<br />

STamomavlobaze gadadis: `eTerismagvari faqizi sxeuliT, romelic sakuTar TavSi sulis<br />

gamocdilebas anabeWdiviT inaxavs”. mwerali miuTiTebs, rom amas emyareba<br />

pirvelkeTilSobilebis fenomeni, aseve, sisxlis jiSis, mkacri azri. Tumca, misive<br />

mosazrebiT, mxolod jiSi sakmarisi araa, adamians `meore dabadebac” sWirdeba (msgavs<br />

Sexedulebas gr. robaqiZe imeorebs sicocxlis miwuruls daweril esseSi `qarTuli genia,<br />

rokviT ganfenili”). `sisxli da suli aq erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben. sisxlSi suli<br />

formirebisaTvis ganviTarebul plazmas eZebs, sisxls ki msgavsadve enatreba suli, viT<br />

SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena”. Tumca keTilSobileba gadagvarebasac eqvemdebareba, sicruis<br />

Tu sxva codvaTa gamo. mwerali amasac sisxlis saidumlod Tvlis da dasZens: es kanoni ara<br />

mxolod individs, aramed rassebs, xalxebs, kulturebs exeba.<br />

grigol robaqiZe Segnebulad aridebs Tavs adolf hitleris qristianobisadmi<br />

damokidebulebis ganxilvas, Tumca miwieri Zalebis rwmenasTan mimarTebaze mainc<br />

saubrobs. misi Tanadrouli qristianobis kriziss is swored miwieri Zalebis<br />

ugulvebely<strong>of</strong>as ukavSirebs. amis gareSe rwmena mxolod aRiarebad rCebao. am debulebis<br />

ganmartebisaTvis mwerali isev imowmebs Tavisive gmiris, graalis mcvelis, giorgis<br />

sityvebs: “rwmena metia, vidre aRiareba. me Sevicnob sagans, amgvarad is CemTvis obieqtad<br />

darCeba. mwams raime, is me metad aRar mipirispirdeba. SeyvarebulisaTvis mijnuri<br />

sapirispiro araa: is misTvis ganumeorebeli saxea, romelSic sakuTar Tavs poulobs”<br />

(iqneb am sityvebiT avtori Sefarulad WeSmarit rwmenasTan dabrunebis aucileblobasac<br />

qadagebda?).<br />

esses ZiriTad postulatebs gr. robaqiZe erTgvarad ajamebs Semdegi fraziT:<br />

`adolf hitleri qmnadobis (Werden) samyaroSi dgas _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi, germanelebis<br />

xalxad CamoyalibebaSi _ viTarca miwieri Zalebis biZgis mimcemi. amasTan, is istoriuli<br />

qmedebis mniSvnelobiT usazRvrodaa gamorCeuli”. magaliTisaTvis mwerali `Cem<br />

brZolaSi” frangebis misamarTiT gamoTqmul avtoriseul Sefasebas ixsenebs, romelsac<br />

germania-safrangeTis molaparakeba Seuferxebia. frangebs hitlerisaTvis `Cem brZolaSi”<br />

maTTvis uxerxuli adgilis Sesworeba uTxoviaT, razec fiurers uari ganucxadebia:<br />

`koreqturas Cems sagareo politikaSi vatareb... me istoriis did wignSi koreqtura ar<br />

Semaqvs”. es pasuxi ucxoelebs Zalze moswonebiaT. gr. robaqiZis daskvna ki aseTia: `ase<br />

Tqma SeuZlia adamians, romelsac istoria qmnis, magram is (istoria) ar wers”.<br />

samSoblos cnebasTan adolf hitleris mimarTebas eZRvneba nawarmoebis qveTavi<br />

`mzis sasmeli”, sadac CarTulia ambavi me-18 saukunis bolos samegrelodan TurqeTSi<br />

monebad gayidul ori Wabukisa, egviptis pirmidebTan sxvaTa omSi rom daasrules<br />

sicocxle. `samSoblo _ es misi cecxlovani gvirgvinia”, _ paTetikurad wers fiurerze<br />

gr. robaqiZe da, SesaZloa, aq misi emocia gulwrfelia. paTetika igrZnoba mwerliseul<br />

SefasebaSi, sadac hitleri samSoblos gansaxierebadaa warmodgenili, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />

xalxzec aisaxa. misi Tanamedrove germanelebis fiurerisadmi damokidebulebis<br />

gadmosacemad gr. robaqiZes gamouyenebia georg Sotis wigni `saxalxo wigni hitlerze”,<br />

saidanac SerCeul magaliTebSi ikveTeba imdroindeli germaniis mosaxleobis usazRvro<br />

fanatizmi da rwmena axladmovlenili beladisadmi, msubuq ironiasac rom iwvevs: irkveva,<br />

or axalgazrda mamakacs erTmaneTisaTvis uneblied erTnairi saCuqari _ hitleris<br />

suraTi uCuqebia; germanel qals botanikosisagan specialurad Seutyvia da gauxarebia im<br />

vardis jiSi, yovelwliurad 20 aprils (fiureris dabadebis dRes) rom ifurCqneboda da a.<br />

S. aqve TviT mwerlis piradi STabeWdilebacaa gadmocemuli: berlinidan ienaSi<br />

matarebliT mgzavrobisas, is, TbilisSi megobris sikvdiliT damwuxrebuli, fiureris<br />

suraTiT rogor unugeSebia patara gogonas, dedas rom axlda.<br />

158

gr. robaqiZe im did sulier zegavlenazec Cerdeba, adolf hitleri germanel<br />

xalxze rom axdenda. `is xalxis energias formas aZlevs; amiT misi pirovnuli arsi<br />

gviaxlovdeba. amas sakuTar TavSi Tavadac Rrmad SeigrZnobs”. mwerals gavlenis<br />

ormxrivobac ar aviwydeba: `man sami wlis manZilze germanel xalxs Zala misca...<br />

germanelma xalxma, Tavis mxriv, mas misca Zala. man eri rwmenaSi ganamtkica. is imedovnebs,<br />

rom axla eri mas ganamtkicebs rwmenaSi”.<br />

simboluri xasiaTisaa Txzulebis bolo Tavi `iggdrazilis wyaro ifnis marjvniv”,<br />

romelSic fiureris moRvaweobaa Sefasebuli: `adolf hitlerma didi germania Seqmna; is<br />

misi suverenuli damfuZnebelia. misi istoriuli saqme jer kidev araa damTavrebuli.<br />

istoria mis saxels ukve miTiurad sWedavs”. aq grigol robaqiZes axsendeba Crdilouri<br />

miTi iggdrazilis, cxen iggis, maradmwvane ifanze, saidanac cvari talerSi eSveba (xe<br />

saocrad yvavis, wyaroebi CuxCuxeben, iqve ori gedi cxovrobs, xis kenweroSi ki irmebi<br />

Sekrebilan). am ifans, ms<strong>of</strong>lio xes, Tavad ms<strong>of</strong>lios rom ganasaxierebs, mwerali simbolur<br />

datvirTvas aniWebs: misgan istoriulad modian didi germaniis Semqmnelebi. `es xe adolf<br />

hitleris sagvareulo xecaa”, _ wers robaqiZe, `misi dinebis Zala momdinareobs wyarodan,<br />

romelic ms<strong>of</strong>lio ifans asazrdoebs”. ase idiliurad mTavrdeba SemdgoSi skandalurad<br />

qceuli Txzuleba `adolf hitleri”, romlis avtori 1938 wels albaT bolomde verc<br />

gaiazrebda, rom aRzevebuli germaneli fiureri oden `didi germaniis” SeqmniT ar<br />

dakmay<strong>of</strong>ildeboda da misi samxedro avanturis masStabebi male mTel ms<strong>of</strong>lios<br />

gadaswvdeboda... hitleris `miTiuri saxe” ki TandaTan gamoikveTa: ms<strong>of</strong>lios av<br />

bediswerad moevlina kaci, romlis sayvareli fraza y<strong>of</strong>ila: `umaRlesi boroteba<br />

umaRlesi sikeTis gamovlenacaa” da, romelic, nicSes msgavsad, WeSmaritebas `sikeTisa da<br />

borotebis miRma” eZebda” (kveselava 1991: 155). WeSmariteba ki misTvis `idealuri<br />

nacional-socialisturi ms<strong>of</strong>lios” Seqmnis idea gaxldaT, romelsac, bunebrivia,<br />

ganxorcieleba ar ewera.<br />

samwuxarod, jerjerobiT ar viciT, rogor afasebda grigol robaqiZe hitleris<br />

pirovnebas 1938-1939 wlebis Semdgom periodSi. ucxoeTSi dacul, 1947 wliT daTariRebul<br />

`Cems aRsarebaSi” mwerals `adolf hitleris” Sesaxeb ganucxadebia: qarTul enaSi `cdasa”<br />

da `Secdomas” erTi da igive Ziri aqvso (es cnoba germanel mkvlevars T. hoizermans<br />

ekuTvnis). vfiqrobT, aq ori momenti ikveTeba: 1. robaqiZe `adolf hitlers” `cdad”<br />

(essed), 2. hitleris pirovnebis imdroindel miseul gaazrebas ki Secdomad Tvlida. Tumca<br />

unda gavixsenoT misi gamonaTqvamic: `vinc ar cdeba, igi Semoqmedi araa” (`yazbegis<br />

sakiTxi”).<br />

`adolf hitlers” win uZRvis epigrafi: `odes sakuTar Tavs vuRrmavdebi, vxedav<br />

wminda mTas, miriadobiT mamakaci kvlav CemTanaa da vval uSiSrad” es bhagavat-gitas<br />

sityvebia, romlebic, mwerlis TqmiT, hitlers kargad axasiaTebs. mTaze asvla<br />

WeSmaritebis mwvervalze asvlis simboloa, rac meditacias, sulier amaRlebasa da<br />

ganwmendis ideasac gulisxmobs. `mwvervalis, mTis, mistikur Sinaarss ganapirobebs<br />

swored is, rom igia miwisa da cis SeerTebis adgili, am ori samyaros urTierTkavSirisa da,<br />

imave dros, urTierTdapirispirebis gansxeuleba” (reviSvili 1998: 153). nicSeseulia<br />

fraza: `mwvervali da ufskruli erTad iqmna”. Cans, 1938-1939 wlebSi didebis mwvervalze<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i adolf hitleri swored am mijnaze idga da, warmatebebiT dabrmavebuli, ver<br />

Wvretda mis momlodine uzarmazar ufskruls, romelmac is da misi garemocva maT<br />

hipertr<strong>of</strong>irebul ideebTan erTad ramdenime weliwadSi STanTqa. samwuxarod, damxobilma<br />

beladma 50 milioni adamianis sicocxlec Tan Caitana.<br />

grigol robaqiZis `adolf hitleri, erTi ucxoeli poetis mier danaxuli” swored<br />

am gzagasayarze mdgomi germaneli fiureris iracionalur Sinagan xats warmoadgens,<br />

romelic gaxlavT `arsis xati, nord-germanul sivrceSi danaxuli” da ara realuri<br />

pirovneba, Tavisi qmedebebiT, SecdomebiT, dadebiTi Tu uary<strong>of</strong>iTi mxareebiT. am `arsis<br />

xatidan” momavali “safrTxeebis” amokiTxvas momzadebuli mkiTxveli oden striqonebs<br />

Soris Tu SeZlebda.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t. 2. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri”, `lomisi”, 2004.<br />

eko 2005: eko u. maradiuli faSizmi. J. literatura da sxva. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2005.<br />

kakabaZe 1992: kakabaZe n. grigol robaqiZis germanuli portreti. J. literatura da xelovneba,<br />

№ 5-6, Tb.: 1992.<br />

kveselava 1991: kveselava m. asergasis dRe, w. 2. Tb.: kooperatiuli firma `didostati”, 1991.<br />

reviSvili 1998: reviSvili m. mTis simbolika da basil meliqiSvilis proza. kreb. mieZRvna<br />

aleqsandre orbelianis xsovnas. meore samecniero konferencia. Tb.: `lomisi”, 1998.<br />

159

ozanovi 1991: rozanovi g.l. stalini. hitleri. 1939-1941 wlebis sabWoTa kavSirisa da<br />

germaniis diplomatiur urTierTobaTa dokumenturi narkvevi. moskovi: gamomcemloba<br />

`misl”, 1991 (rusul enaze).<br />

xelaia 1986: xelaia m. qarTuli literaturuli esse. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani”, 1986.<br />

Manana Kvataia<br />

“This Scandalous “Adolf Hitler<br />

Summary<br />

The work is dedicated to Grigol Robakidze’s writing “Adolf Hitler, Seen by the One Poreign Foet”, which<br />

has been forbidden for many years and under his directions, written by the emigrated writer in 1938 and<br />

published in 1939 in Germany. Along with the temporary success this writing brought to the author a lot <strong>of</strong><br />

troubles.<br />

Presented work is not aimed to appraise this writing in a positive or negative context. Author’s subject <strong>of</strong><br />

interest is the essayistic portrait <strong>of</strong> the German fiurer, which became the fate <strong>of</strong> the twentieth century, created by<br />

G. Robakidze that from his point <strong>of</strong> view is valuable and actual nowadays. Besides, the complex phenomenon <strong>of</strong><br />

Hitler is intensively studied. Thus G. Robakidze’s interest in Hitler’s personality is not accidental. It is natural<br />

that the writer <strong>of</strong> such creative style and manner couldn’t escape from appraisal <strong>of</strong> person which had indefinite<br />

influence and power. And this was not considered at all as “Hitlerianizm”.<br />

Also is important the date, the story was written: 1938 year which was at the same time the year <strong>of</strong> Adolf<br />

Hitler’s elevation (In 1938 the “Times” nominated Hitler as “The Man <strong>of</strong> the Year”). Seemingly, by that time<br />

oncoming danger hadn’t been realized by the world. It’s possible that G. Robakidze somehow joined general<br />

panegyristic wave, motivating to create this writing. Though it isn’t excepted that long essay “Adolf Hitler” had<br />

been ordered by the concerned circles <strong>of</strong> that period <strong>of</strong> Germany, who knew perfectly well creative mastership <strong>of</strong><br />

constrainedly emigrated <strong>Georgian</strong> writer.<br />

Today G. Robakidze’s “Adolf Hitler” must be examined as the endeavour to reveal the secret <strong>of</strong> the<br />

German fiurer’s charisma <strong>of</strong> that time and the author’s early interpretation <strong>of</strong> his irrational mystic phenomenon.<br />

What kind <strong>of</strong> person was Hitler in the heyday <strong>of</strong> fame? Who was he: the person chosen by the Lord or the evil<br />

genius whose aim was to punish mankind, the hero or the swashbuckling adventurer? Along with the historic<br />

facts, the clue <strong>of</strong> this secret is in Hitler’s personality, and the answers to these global questions are also <strong>of</strong>fered in<br />

Robakidze’s writing. For definite reasons, veritable conception may be found among the lines.<br />

160

Tvalsazrisi<br />

Cveni, humanitarTa, `korpusis~ mdgomareobis gamo<br />

giorgi kankava<br />

es statia 2005 wlis saliteraturaTmcodneo produqciis sainstituto<br />

yovelwliuri mimoxilvis Sedegia. viyavi ra momxsenebeli axali qarTuli literaturis<br />

gany<strong>of</strong>ilebis mxridan, institutis maSindelma direqciam faqtiurad sajarod damavala<br />

mec gamomeTqva Tvalsazrisi manana yifianis statiaze `vaJa fSavelas religiuri<br />

mrwamsisaTvis~ (`literaturuli Ziebani~, 2005), radgan statiam araerTmniSvnelovani<br />

rezonansi da vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia. Tavad Jurnalis redaqcia specialuri minaweriT<br />

sajarod gaemijna gamoTqmul mosazrebebs da Sefasebebs vaJasTan mimarTebaSi. aseve<br />

kolegam, mariam niniZem SeniSna, rom me mmarTebda 2005 wels gamocemul mis wignze da ara<br />

mxolod saJurnalo statiaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. am statiis daweriT vasruleb<br />

orive mTxovneli mxaris survils da madlobas vuxdi maT am davalebisTvis, radgan CemTvis<br />

piradad is aRmoCnda saintereso da mniSvnelovani gamocdilebis momtani. mimaCnia, rom am<br />

kerZo SemTxvevebis miRma davinaxe Cvenive sadReiso mdgomareoba _ humanitaruli<br />

mecnierebisa, rasac piruTvnelad gavuziareb kolegebs da farTo sazogadoebas.<br />

raTa mkiTxveli ar daibnes, imasac SevniSnav, rom marTalia es statia maleve daiwera,<br />

mxolod axla qveyndeba da me angariSi gavuwie im cvlilebebs, romlebsac adgili hqonda<br />

Cvens garSemo.<br />

aseve muSaobis procesSi CemTvis mosaxerxebeli aRmoCnda m. yifianis statiis<br />

citireba wignidan da ara Jurnalidan.<br />

I<br />

m. yifianis statiaze werisas me ar Seval vaJas mimarT aq gamoTqmul `SefasebebTan~<br />

polemikaSi, rac, martivad rom vTqvaT, gamowveulia imiT, rom avtori ar dgas saTanado<br />

codnis simaRleze. samagierod, statiis avtors Tavisi ara erTi oponenti kolegisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, zustad esmis `aluda qeTelauris~ SeuTavsebloba qristianul-saeklesio<br />

dogmatikis siwmindis dacvasTan mimarTebaSi. m. yifians Tavisi es pozicia<br />

Tanmimdevrulad rom gaetarebina, ar miiCnevda vaJasave leqss `fSavelis simRera~<br />

`sarwmunoebrivi kategoriebiT moazrovned~ (yifiani 2006: 22): `qveynisgan SaCvenebulma<br />

bina davkargo caSia~; qristianul-saeklesiod Tanmimdevruli, uzado azrTa wyoba,<br />

gnebavT marTlmadidebluri, gnebavT kaTolikuri, amgvarad ar azrovnebs, radgan vin sad<br />

moxvdeba sikvdilis Semdeg, amas `qveyana~ ar ganagebs, romelic upiratesad `sacduria~,<br />

`eSmakisaa~. samagierod es axlos dgas TergdaleulobasTan, sadac qveynis samsaxuri<br />

umTavresi mcnebaa! gavixsenoT gabros damrigeblis, idealuri moZRvris, mRvdlis<br />

sityvebi: `roca mze amodis, maSin varskvlavebi aRar Canano~. sakmarisia xazi gavusvaT im<br />

garemoebas, rom Cveni realisturi literaturis am erT fuZemdeblur teqstSi RvTis<br />

qristianuli simbolo — mzea gamoyenebuli, magram amave dros sekularizebulia —<br />

religiuri Sinaarsi Canacvlebulia saeroTi — eris, qveynis samsaxuris uzenaesobis<br />

motiviT.<br />

statiis avtoris ZiriTadi ideebi, saqmes wynarad, uadgilo vnebaTaRelvis gareSe<br />

rom SevxedoT, am pasaJSia Tavmoyrili: `vaJas religiur mrwamsze am sxvadasxva<br />

mimarTulebebis wignebis kiTxvam Rrma kvali daamCnia. tradiciuli marTlmadidebluri<br />

azrovneba ekumenisturma Secvala. humanisturma ideebma Zala gamoacala poetis<br />

sarwmunoebriv SemarTebas da WeSmaritebis Semecnebis kalapotidan amoagdo. poema<br />

`aluda qeTelauri~ amis aSkara dasturia. aludasa da berdias SerkinebaSi namdvili<br />

sarwmunoebrivi davaa~ (yifiani 2006: 24).<br />

Cven srulad veTanxmebiT avtors, rom aludas pozicia — sityviTac da saqmiTac, aris<br />

qristianobis erTi mTavari dogmatis — naTlobis uary<strong>of</strong>a (yifiani 2006: 24), rac<br />

eklesiisave azrTa wyobis mixedviT pirdapir safrTxes uqmnis `sulis cxonebas~.<br />

m. yifiani aqtiurad upirispirebs berdias saxes aludasas, rogorc eklesiurad<br />

misaRebs. ar iyvnen marTalni is kolegebi, vinc uTiTebdnen, rom am konfliqtis<br />

`sarwmunoebriv davad~ warmodgena ara marTlazomieria, radgan sakuTriv kuratis<br />

Sewirvac araeklesiuri wesiao. kuratis Sewirva mxolod realisturi detalia poemisa,<br />

161

mxatvruli damajereblobisTvis gaRebuli aucilebeli `xarkia~, magram TviT mxatvruli<br />

CanafiqriT, konkretulad am epizodSi, berdia sworedac rom Tanmimdevrulia<br />

qristianuli dogmatikis dacvaSi, radgan aludasTan dapirispirebaSi mkafiod icavs<br />

naTlobis kavSirs sulis cxonebasTan. faqtiurad, m. yifians sasurvelad miaCnia, rom<br />

berdia y<strong>of</strong>iliyo poemis centraluri personaJi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misTvis swored isaa<br />

erTaderTi namdvili gmiri poemaSi: `is suliskveTeba, riTac igi icavs sarwmunoebas,<br />

morwmune adamianisTvis absoluturad misaRebi da mxardasaWeria. berdias saxe<br />

mxatvrulad Zalzed Zlieria~ (yifiani 2006: 26). xolo `eSmakiseuli ideiT Sepyrobili~<br />

aluda Turme sulierad mokvda. yovel arCevans aqvs Tavisi obieqturi Sedegi. samecniero<br />

eqsperimentis saxiT warmovidginoT, rom azrTa im wyobam, romlis demonstrirebas axdens<br />

gaanalizebuli statia, `gaimarjva~ da Tanmimdevrulad gatarda cxovrebaSi. ra Sedegi<br />

eqneba amas vaJas poemisaTvis `aluda qeTelauri~ da imaTTvis, visac es poema gviRirs? Tu<br />

statiis avtoris mier poemis namdvil gmirad aRiarebul berdias vaqcevdiT poemis<br />

centralur personaJad `aluda qeTelauris~ nacvlad, miviRebdiT poemas `berdia~,<br />

uzados qristianul-saeklesio dogmatikasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

magram Cvenma da zogadad qristianuli samyaros literaturis istoriam icis msgavsi<br />

xasiaTis literaturis arseboba _ esaa qristianuli Suasaukuneebis saeklesio<br />

literatura, uzado missave dogmatikasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

swored agiografiuli literaturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli centralur<br />

konfliqtad wamoweva `sarwmunoebrivi davisa~ da wmindanis mier tanjvis miRebis da<br />

TavSewirvis Temebisa qristianul-saeklesio rwmenis siwmindis xely<strong>of</strong>is mcdelobasTan<br />

dapirispirebaSi. acnobierebda amas statiis avtori Tu ara, naTelia, rom mas swored es<br />

centraluri motivi, konfliqti eklesiurad marTlzomieri Suasaukuneebis<br />

literaturisa magaliTad edga Tvalwin poemis Sefasebisas. magram, amave dros, aranairi<br />

kritikuli, kulturologiuri samecniero refleqsiis kvali ar Cans statiaSi im<br />

garemoebis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad gamarTlebulia axali drois saero literatura<br />

Seafaso V-X saukuneebis saeklesio Txzulebis normebiT da standartebiT. es m. yifianisve<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esiis upirvelesi moTxovnaa. man Tavisi statia miitana samecniero JurnalSi (SeeZlo<br />

sxvagan daebeWda) da Tanmimdevruloba moiTxovda, Tundac daesva es problema.<br />

statiaSi gamovlenil azrTa wyobis cxovrebaSi Tanmimdevrulad gatarebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi Cven vkargavT poemas `aluda qeTelauri~ V-X saukunis Cvenive agiografiuli<br />

literaturis yaidis Txzulebis SeZenis sanacvlod. aseTia amgvari `moTxovnis~ ueWveli<br />

fasi, magram davarqmevdiT ki Cven, visac es poema gviyvars, msgavs moTxovnas `sulis<br />

cxonebasTan~ saerTos mqoned?<br />

gavafarTovoT Zebnis diapazoni da kvlav miTmarToT `glaxis naambobs~, romelSic<br />

idealuri personaJi, mRvdeli, moZRvravs Tavis mowafes: `xom unda movkvde dResa Tu<br />

xvale, is ara sjobia RvTisa da... getyvi exla ki, kacis samsaxurSi (mRvdeli gawiTlda)<br />

amomivides suli!.. aq saxeli mainc dagrCeba da iq sikeTe wagiZRveba, `sjobs saxelisa<br />

moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~, Cemo kargo! saxelis moxveWa kidev, sxvam rac unda sTqvas,<br />

cxonebaa sulisa~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 171). amaze mkafiod humanisturi motivis gamoTqma<br />

`sulis cxonebasTan~ mimarTebaSi `oqros xanis~ humanisturi paTosis Sig CarTviT Zneli<br />

warmosadgenia. kacis samsaxuri gaTanabrebulia RvTis samsaxurTan da sulis cxonebis<br />

safuZvelia, rogorc vaJas aRniSnul leqsSi. amrigad, eklesiuri sulis cxonebis msgavsi<br />

interpretacia damaxasiaTebelia axali qarTuli literaturisaTvis: esec moviSoroT?!<br />

kulturis da saeklesio marTlzomierebis rTuli damokidebuleba cnobilia.<br />

savaranolas qadagebis zegavleniT botiCelim sakuTari xeliT sakuTarive tiloebi dawva,<br />

xolo gogolma _ msgavsi ganwyobilebebis moZalebiT `mkvdari sulebis~ meore nawili.<br />

Cvens SemTxvevaSic iqneba mosaxleobis iseTi nawili, romelic am moTxovnas normalurad<br />

CaTvlis, magram ueWvelad gamoCndeba mosaxleobis meore nawili, romelic am danakargs ar<br />

Seurigdeba. maSin ra vqnaT, daviyoT orad mosaxleobis is nawili, vinc mxolod Wama-smas<br />

ar aris gadayolili da samoqalaqo omi gavmarToT? nu gaacinebT mters Cvenzedao, _<br />

mogvmarTavs winapris Txovnac da gonieri Segonebac; Tumca araerTxel ki gavmxdarvarT<br />

CvenSi msgavsi Sida dapirispirebis mowmeni mkafio politikuri elferiTac! roca<br />

sazogadoebrivi mSvidoba ase advilad iwireba dapirispirebisTvis, Cvens amRvreul wyalSi<br />

Tevzs yovelTvis sxvebi iWeren.<br />

zemoxsenebul saliteraturo `vnebaTaRelvaSi~ miniaturulad asaxulia msgavsi<br />

mRvrie dapirispirebani sazogadoebriv asparezze imave TvisebebiT: Camcxrali konfliqti<br />

xelaxla Rvivdeba imave mkvdari wertilidan, TiTqos pirvelad xdebodes; amgvarad<br />

process `daWkvianebis~, WeSmaritebis mSobiarobis, codnis, gamocdilebis dagrovebisa<br />

araferi scxia. swored amiTaa simptomaturi da saintereso `vnebaTaRelva~, romelic am<br />

statiam gamoiwvia. Tavad statia dawerilia literaturaTmcodneobis, kulturologiis<br />

162

ZiriTadi principebis ucodinarobiT. magram is rom igi savnebaTaRelvo gaxda samecniero<br />

wreebSi, saintereso da sayuradRebo daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas maZlevs Cvenive,<br />

humanitaruli mecnierebis, mecnierTa korpusis sadReiso viTarebis Sesaxeb.<br />

saqme is aris, rom sakiTxi CvenSi humanisturi kulturis akvnis, `oqros xanis~<br />

sakulturo da politikuri miRwevebis analizi srulfasovnad aqvT gakeTebuli n. naTaZes<br />

(naTaZe 1974) da iv. javaxiSvils (javaxiSvili 1983). aq ZiriTad samecniero da<br />

kulturologiur principad gamoyenebulia sekularizaciis istoriuli movlenis<br />

dasaxeleba `oqros xanis~ ZiriTadi miRwevebis maformirebel faqtorad; msgavs process<br />

Semdgom hqonda adgili dasavleT evropis XIV-XV gvian SuasaukuneebSi (es gaarkvia<br />

hoizingam) da, cxadia, gacilebiT srulad amas adgili hqonda XIV-XVI saukuneebis<br />

italiuri renesansis xanaSi, romelic axal dros udebs safuZvels dasavleT evropaSi. am<br />

principebis gadmosaxedidan mecnierebis mxridan statiasTan sadavo araferia. es<br />

ukanaskneli Tavs Tavad `ayenebs~ mecnierebis miRma, roca humanitaruli mecnierebis<br />

fuZemdebluri principebis ignorirebas eweva nacvlad maTi kritikulad gaazrebisa,<br />

xolo martivi ignorireba samecniero xerxebs ar miekuTvneba. garda amisa, Tvalsazrisi,<br />

rom aluda arRvevs eklesiur dogmatikas da amitom isjeba, ukve gamoTqmulia qarTul<br />

litmcodneobaSi (kiknaZe 1978: 159) da statiis avtors marTebda misi damowmeba. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, statia ar akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs fuZemdeblur samecniero kriteriumebs, normebs da<br />

araTu `vnebaTaRelvas~ samecniero wreebSi, samecniero JurnalSi dabeWdvas ar<br />

imsaxurebda, radgan sxva pr<strong>of</strong>ilisaa; arc samecniero (kritikis, literaturis istoriis,<br />

zogad kulturologiuri sakiTxebi) interesebis matarebelia da arc misi anbanuri<br />

meTodebis gamomyenebeli. magram faqtia, rom erTsac hqonda adgili da meoresac. es<br />

metyvelebs, rom Tavad am `diskusiasac~ metad susti kavSiri hqonia am fuZemdeblur<br />

principebTan sakuTarive disciplinisa. marTlac, Tu vinme mova da gvetyvis, rom 2X2=5,<br />

CavebmebiT masTan `diskusiaSi~, gaxdeba igi `vnebaTaRelvis~ sababi? ara, cxadia, radgan<br />

2X2=4 aris anbanuri WeSmariteba, romelsac viyenebT yoveldRiurobaSi. Sesabamisad,<br />

aseTive organulobiT rom gvqonoda Sesisxlxorcebuli Cvenive mecnierebis sadReiso<br />

codnis donis ganmapirobebeli miRwevebi, cxadia, vnebaTaRelvis sagnad aRniSnuli statia<br />

ar iqceoda. metic, igi ar daibeWdeboda samecniero JurnalSi, rogorc Cvenive<br />

humanitaruli mecnierebis sadReiso ganviTarebasTan SesatyvisobaSi army<strong>of</strong>i.<br />

sekularizaciis Tema faqizi Temaa. Cven mxolod utyuarad gavadevneT Tvali, Tu ra<br />

Sedegebi mohyveboda statiaSi gamoTqmul azrTa wyobis ganxorcielebas, ra Sedegebi<br />

mohyveboda erovnuli kulturisTvis. zogadad, Tu ar moiZebna gamamTelebeli xidi<br />

mxareebisa, Tu ar moxerxda xSirad dacinvis, cinikuri damokidebulebebis Canacvleba<br />

principuli diskusiiT, ver veRirsebiT samoqalaqo mSvidobas da Tevzs Cvens wyalSi<br />

sxvebs davaWerinebT.<br />

dialogis warmarTva SesaZlebelia mxolod swor principebze, romlis gamomuSaveba<br />

pirdapiri valia humanitaruli mecnierebisa farTo sazogadoebriobis winaSe. risTvisaa<br />

mecniereba, imisTvis, rogorc es esmiT sabWouri xanis cnobil komediaSi `udiplomo<br />

sasiZo~ Tu rogorc es esmis axali drois filos<strong>of</strong>iis erT damwyebs _ `codna _ Zalaa~?<br />

aRwerili viTarebidan gamomdinare, saWirod mimaCnia am sakiTxis istorias mivubrunde<br />

CvenSi.<br />

istoriulad pirveli teqsti, romelic mecnierebis da xelovnebis (realizmi)<br />

praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis, funqciis sakiTxs specialurad arkvevs, Cveni<br />

`saqarTvelom moambezed~ aris da 60-ianebis, Tergdaleulobis, saprogramo,<br />

saxelmZRvanelo dokumentia. movusminoT avtors: `ra aaxlebs, ra scvlis _ da Tu<br />

cxovreba janmrTelia — ras mihyavs wina? codnas, mecnierebasa, romelnic TviTve<br />

cxovrebis nay<strong>of</strong>nia~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 41). imowmebs `ra Cveni droebis filos<strong>of</strong>oss~, avtori<br />

agrZelebs: `am ... Zlier marTal SedarebaSi mSvenivrad aris gamoTqmuli damokidebuleba<br />

cxovrebisa cnobierebazed da mecnierebazed. Cven SevecdebiT ufro gadavaadviloT am<br />

damokidebulebis gageba~... `Cveni survili iyo, rom gveCvenebina ara maTi (mecnierebis da<br />

xelovnebis — g. k.) sruli arsebiTi viTareba, ... aramed marto maTi daniSnuleba, e. i. rom<br />

igini, .... arian mxolod RonisZiebani, romelic gviSvelian cxovrebis sibnelidan<br />

sinaTleSi gamoyvanas~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 48).<br />

aq sxva araferia `axali~, Tu ara qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis mier<br />

istoriulad axali drois damwyebi amayi suliskveTebis aTviseba _ `codna _ Zalaa~.<br />

Turme, is xalxi, vinc `zrdas~, `winsvlas~ anu progress ar eqvemdebareba, `miCanCalebs<br />

samarisken~. zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare, faqtia, rom TviT samecniero korpusi<br />

vavlenT sust kavSirs Cvenive pr<strong>of</strong>esiis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis ganmmartavi<br />

istoriuli teqstis sakvanZo ideebTan, zogad suliskveTebasTan. magliTad, arcTu<br />

iSviaTad vismendi aseT gamonaTqvamebsac Cvensave wreebSi: es Semogdebuli, mavne Temaa,<br />

163

amaze weris dro axla ar aris da a. S. am logikiT `kacia-adamianis~, `pasuxis~ daweris dro<br />

jer ar damdgara! da vis evaleba sazogadoebisTvis misive problemebis gaTvalsaCinoeba<br />

da gankurnebis `RonisZiebebis~ dasaxva, Tu ara Cven, `humanitarebs~? SesaZloa sityvas<br />

yuri SevaCvieT, magram `human~ adamians niSnavs da ra mdgomareobaSia qarTveli adamiani,<br />

misi cxovreba?!<br />

2005 wlis produqciis ganmxilvel sainstituto sxdomaze l. bregaZem sagangebod<br />

SeniSna kolegebis mier erTmaneTis naSromTa citirebis dabal kulturaze, rac<br />

samecniero procesis wamaxalisebeli faqtori sulac ar aris. sadac ukanono miTviseba<br />

xdeba produqciisa, iq Sromis nay<strong>of</strong>iereba, motivacia ecema, eTikur moments Tavi rom<br />

davaneboT. rogorc wesi, feodalur yaidaze vizomavT nakveTs (TiTqos sabostne iyos),<br />

vdgamT safrTxobelas da zed vefarebiT. da Tu CvenSi, humanitar mecnierTa korpusSia<br />

msgavsi viTareba, ra unda vTqvaT farTo sazogadoebaze, adamianebze, visac vWvretT<br />

xolme institutis (Tu universitetis) fanjrebidan? Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi Sida<br />

dapirispirebani, `vnebaTaRelvani~ sxvadasxva sajaro sferoSi erT adgils tkepnis, xolo<br />

Cveni cxovreba `miCanCalebs~, radgan procesi `daWkvianebas~ ar eqvemdebareba.<br />

ucxoeTSi `gulisa da tvinis asamoZraveblad~ wasuli mgzavris `axali saTqmeli~ da<br />

moxeves Zveli `gulistkivili~ Cans jer ar moxvedria erTmaneTs saTanadod. gavixseneb<br />

bolo xans momxdar movlenebTan dakavSirebul Civilebs, rom dagvSales, dagvasoroses,<br />

qarTuli suli Cakles da a. S. Tu gvSlian, gverevian ise Cvenive uunarobiT sazogadoebis<br />

realur problemebs SevewioT kompetenciis Sesatyvisad! xalxi Tavis monagar `wlis<br />

mosavals~ swored amisTvis gviwiladebs da ara imitom, rom sasiqadulo mecnieris CaCze<br />

mTxvevis SesaZlebloba mieces. batonymoba gadavarda da damoukidebel saxelmwifos<br />

vaSenebT. da Tu SeveweodiT, farTo sazogadoebriobas mecniereba fufunebaSi (diplomSi)<br />

aRar aereoda da dagvicavda kbilebiT, rogorc misive cxovrebis sibnelidan sinaTleSi<br />

gamomyvani Zalis, `RonisZiebebis~, kompetenciis mqone Rirebul socialur fenas!<br />

gulSi mjiRs rom virtyamT keTili survilebis anabarad, ras viTxovT, `mteri~ iyos<br />

`moyvare~? 2X2 iyo 4 da 5 erTdroulad? amgvari azrTa wyobiT vis gaumarjvnia? msgavsi<br />

usasooba moyvares acdunebs Segvylapos. RmerTma daifaros, qarTul suls ufro unariani<br />

damcvelebi daelios!<br />

statiis garSemo warmoqmnilma vnebaTaRelvam gamoavlina Cveni, humanitarTa<br />

korpusis, saxifaTo viTareba: metad sustad varT dakavSirebulni humanitaruli<br />

mecnierebis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis ganmmartav istoriul, saprogramo teqstebTan,<br />

aseve misi sadReiso ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrav qarTulive mecnierebis miRwevebTan da<br />

zogad samecniero fuZemdeblur principebTan. Sedegad iqmneba TviT samecniero<br />

korpusisTvis, mecnierebis perspeqtivisTvis sabediswero viTareba: misi susti kavSiri<br />

farTo sazogadoebasTan, romelsac ar esmis mkafiod, Tu ra aris mecnierebis<br />

mniSvneloba, funqcia misive cxovrebisTvis.<br />

II<br />

2005 wels m. niniZis wigni `mxatvrul saxeTa sistema da religiuri diskursi<br />

`oTaraanT qvrivSi~ hgavs m. yifianis statias ZiriTadi suliskveTebiT. misTvis<br />

legitimuria mxolod eklesiur-marTlmadideblur azrTa wyoba. amasTan erTad, aris<br />

arsebiTi gansxvavebac. Tumca m. yifiani samecniero pretenzias cxadad arc afiqsirebs<br />

statiaSi, igi swored kiTxulobs axali drois teqstis SeuTavseblobas saeklesio<br />

azrovnebis marTlzomierebasTan; m. niniZes aqvs obieqturi, samecniero,<br />

saxismetyvelebiTi kvlevis pretenzia, romelmac calsaxad da mkafiod unda gvamcnos<br />

Txzulebis avtoris pozicia, Txzulebis `gasaSinjavi wertili~ (niniZe 2005: 3; 5). amasTan<br />

wignis avtori axalive drois teqsts ganixilavs, rogorc es Seesabameba agiografiul,<br />

zogadad, V-X saukuneebis saeklesio literaturas _ uzados marTlmadideblursaeklesio<br />

swavlebis normebTan mimarTebaSi. misi azriT, zogadad ilias SemoqmedebaSi da,<br />

kerZod, `oTaranT qvrivSi~ mTavaria religiuri diskursi marTlmadidebluri<br />

qristianobisa da ara erovnuli da socialuri problematika (niniZe 2005: 5). amasTan<br />

aranairi kritikuli refleqsia teqstis Tavisi warmoqmnis istoriuli garemodan ufro<br />

adrindel periodSi `gadanergvaze~ wignSi ara Cans; STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom<br />

literaturis istoriis TviT am problemis cnobierebac ara aqvs avtors. aseve sityviTac<br />

ver vnaxavT ilialogiis tradiciul cnebebs — Tergdaleuloba, realizmi, erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

moZraoba da sxva. SeiZleba samecniero tradicia tyuis, magram<br />

swored samecniero pretenziis qonis gamo m. niniZes marTebda amisi dasabuTeba da<br />

sakuTari Tvalsazrisis mis `nangrevebze~ Seneba.<br />

164

Tumca SevniSnav, rom Tavisebur gamoxmaurebas am Temaze aqvs adgili wignSi. avtors<br />

ar moswonebia Cemi TanaavtorobiT gamocemuli wignis statiebis Tematika (niniZe 2005:<br />

111-112). pasuxad SemiZlia mxolod vurCio m. niniZes, kidev erTxel waikiTxos es statiebi,<br />

radgan Cemi brali ar aris, Tu mas `axali drois miRwevebis aTviseba~ venaxis axleburad<br />

gaSeneba hgonia; me iq mkafiod miweria, ra Sinaarss vdeb (da ara marto me!) am cnebaSi. aqve<br />

avtori zogadi Sesavalis saxiT wers: `sul ufro xSirdeba literaturuli nawarmoebebis<br />

kvleva sxvadasxva aspeqtebiT, magaliTad, socialur-politikuriT~-o. ramdenadac<br />

maxsovs, am `aspeqtebiT~ ilias ikvlevdnen ilialogiis damfuZnebelni — k. abaSiZe, n.<br />

nikolaZe, arC. jorjaZe, p. ingoroyva... da Tu sworad maxsovs, ra SuaSia `sul ufro<br />

xSirdebao~, roca sul ufro xSirdeba ilias agiografad warmomdgeni Sromebi! ra saWiroa<br />

anbanuri faqtebis yiraze dayeneba?! an iqneb avtors alalad hgonia, rom ilialogia misi<br />

SromebiT iwyeba?<br />

magram iqneb sakuTriv moTxrobis saxismetyvelebiTi analizi marTlac gvaZlevs<br />

saSualebas misi `gasaSinjavi wertili~ m. niniZiseulad ganvmartoT? moviyvanoT m.<br />

niniZiseuli gamonaTqvamebi amis Taobaze: `rac yvelaze mTavaria, qristianuli<br />

Rirebulebebis gadasaxedidan aris danaxuli, rogorc gmirTa saxeebi da maTi codvamadli,<br />

ise moTxrobis mTavari problema _ adamianTa gulebSi gabatonebuli ampartavneba,<br />

gulgriloba, urTierTgaucxoveba da usiyvaruloba. amao moZRvrebaTa ganmsWvaluli am<br />

senTagan Tavis daRwevis gzac _ cremliani sinanuli~ (niniZe 2005: 100). igives wers avtori<br />

sxvaganac (gv.: 4; 78).<br />

amrigad, `sinanulis cremlis~ saxe, m. niniZis mixedviT, gamoavlens avtoris<br />

pozicias, Txzulebis `gasaSinjav wertilis~ ZiriTad saTqmels anu es saxe y<strong>of</strong>ila<br />

Txzulebis mxatvrul saxeTa sistemis ZiriTadi metafora, simbolo. magram saqme is aris,<br />

rom aseT saxes fizikurad ver movZebniT teqstSi, xolo rogorc wesi, teqstis simbolos<br />

funqcias ramdenimegzis ganmeorebuli xati asrulebs xolme. samagierod, XX TavSi<br />

`dasawyisi ganTiadisa~ gvaqvs `cremliani codnis~ saxe. XX Tavis am saxis da niniZiseuli<br />

`sinanulis cremlis~ saxis Sepirispirebis safuZvels Tavad wignis avtoris sityvebi<br />

gvaZlevs: `gvariSvilobis cxra klitiT daketili amgvari gulebis gaTavisufleba da<br />

ganwmenda SeuZlia sinanulis cremls, romelic `gabevrdeba, mdinare wylad iqceva da<br />

mTels tivs moitans, rom... Catexili xidi gaamTelos~ (niniZe 2005: 78). saqme is aris, rom<br />

exlaxan citirebul XX TavSi es funqcia iliam pirdapir daakisra `cremliani codnis~,<br />

`cremliani codnis Tu codniani cremlis~ saxes, da ra uflebiT ereva m. niniZe<br />

originalur teqstSi amgvarad upirobod, yovelgvari refleqsiis gareSe rom cvlis<br />

teqstiseul xats sxva xatiT da amaze agebs `saxismetyvelebiT~, `obieqtur~, `kritikul~<br />

analizebs! es sxva araferia, Tu ara samecniero samuSaos gamomricxveli originaluri<br />

teqstis falsifikacia sasurveli Tvalsazrisis misTvis xelovnurad miweris mizniT!<br />

magram iqneb mainc SesaZlebelia teqstiseuli `cremliani codnis~ saxis<br />

interpretireba qristianuli saeklesio mcnebis gamomxatveli sinanulis cremlis<br />

niniZiseuli xatiT TviT teqstis avTenturobis, sakuTari bunebis daurRvevlad?<br />

XX Tavs _ `dasawyisi ganTiadisa~ _ aqvs kaTarzisis momtani `cremliani codnis~<br />

Setyobinebis funqcia: `maS, sTqvi Tumca tkiviliT sWri, magram amebiT hkerav kidec,<br />

sTqvi!~ `sTqvis!~-is orjer ganmeorebis, `tkivilis~ da `amebis~ dapirispirebis<br />

stilisturi figurebiT xazi esmeva, rom saqme gvaqvs dramatul codnasTan Cveni<br />

saWiroboroto viTarebisa da misi morCenis Sesaxeb. am viTarebas emsxverpla zneobiT<br />

sruli personaJi. Tu pasaJis dasawyisSi TviTSemecnebis tkiviliT SeZruli keso tiris<br />

(`kesom tirili daiwyo~), misi finaluri `cremliani codna~ `sixarulis~ momtania (`da-<br />

Zmani erTmaneTs sixaruliT gadaexvivnen~). faqtiurad tragikuli ambavi imisTvisaa<br />

moTxrobili, raTa arCils am codnis formulirebis da CvenTvis Setyobinebis safuZveli<br />

mieces. moTxrobaSi amis unari marto mas aqvs, radgan rogorc Tergis wyalis<br />

gemogasinjuls erTaderTs aqvs `wignis~ codna, is `durbindi~, romelic glexobas ara<br />

aqvs.<br />

analizi aCvenebs, rom am pasaJSi, kesos atirebidan cremliani codnis<br />

formulirebamde cremlis saxe Tavisi variaciebiT (tirili, davitanje, tkivili...)<br />

mkacrad, calsaxad CarTulia sityva `codnis~ da masTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelobaTa<br />

velSi. kerZod, igi ganicdis metamorfozas kesos fizikuri cremlidan `cremliani<br />

codnis~ XX Tavis da mTlianad saxeTa sistemis simbolomde.<br />

marTlac, imis mere, rac vxedavT kesos TviTSemecnebis cremlebs, vigebT, rom<br />

`cremli ar aris ubralo wyali: cremli zogjer faria, da drozed xmarebuli fari igiv<br />

xmaliao, viRacas uTqvams~. am `viRacad~ iliac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu mivmarTavT mis 80ianebisve<br />

saprogramo `Sinaur mimoxilvas~ (dasawyisi uarmy<strong>of</strong>elis..., 1881, aprili). aq<br />

`far-xmali~ `mTeli evropis gamocdilebis da mecnierebis~ metaforaa. misi `moxmareba~<br />

165

Turme aucilebeli y<strong>of</strong>ila Cveni dacemuli erovnuli vinaobis aRsadgenad<br />

(ganmeorebulia orjer!). uamisod `erT bijsac win ver wavdgamT~ zemoT aRniSnul<br />

`moedanzed~-o. faqtia, `far-xmalis~ axali drois mecnierebis da gamocdilebis<br />

metaforad xmareba erovnul problematikasTan mimarTebaSi damaxasiaTebelia ilias 80iani<br />

wlebis saazrovno sistemisTvis.<br />

gavagrZeloT pasaJis kiTxva da davrwmundebiT, rom aq gvaqvs erTmaneTTan<br />

dakavSirebul saxeTa rigi — `vitirebdi~, `davitanje~, `tkiviliT~, `ukan~, `bnela~, `Ramea~,<br />

`xidia Catexili~. mas Rirebulebrivadac da Sinaarsobrivadac upirispirdeba `cremlian<br />

codnasTan~, romelic `ukanas swvavs da hbugavs~, dakavSirebuli saxeebi: `win~, Sveba<br />

(`ameba~), `nami~, `mdinare wyali~ (Tergi maxsendeba, _ g.k.), `Suqi~, `dasawyisi ganTiadisa~,<br />

`Catexili xidi gaamTelos~ da saboloo optimizmis da `sixarulis~ scena da-Zmis<br />

monawileobiT. Txroba agebulia kesos mier am codnis aTvisebis etapebis warmodgenaze:<br />

sibnelidan Suqamde, tkivilidan, tanjvidan Svebamde, sixarulamde, optimizmamde.<br />

arCilis sityvebis _ `eg minda rom yvelam dvainaxoT, eg minda rom vicodeT. Sen exla<br />

hxedav, Sen exla ici~ _ ganmeorebis stilisturi figuriT gawyobili ritorikulobis<br />

funqciaa mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi `xedvis~ da `codnis~ igiveobriv mniSvnelobaTa<br />

aqtualizeba da dakavSireba. gavixsenoT, rom ZvelberZnebma nebismier Sexedulebisgan<br />

gansxvavebul sistematizirebul, dasabuTebul samecniero codnas, `Teoria~ anu `xedva~<br />

Searqves. es fraza, iseve rogorc kesos momdevno dramatuli SekiTxva `arCil win raRaa,<br />

win?~ _ amzadebs mkiTxvels Cvens saWirboroto viTarebis Sesaxeb `Teoriis~ _<br />

`cremliani codnis~ TxrobaSi (mxatvrulad damajereblad)~ SemoyvanisTvis. Sedegad,<br />

pasaJis finalur nawilSi ritorikulad maRal tonSi mxatvrulad damajereblad<br />

gvamcnoben saWirboroto viTarebis gadamlaxav — momavalTan (`win~), optimizmTan,<br />

sixarulTan, `ganTiadis dasawyisTan~ Cvens damakavSirebel codnas.<br />

gavixsenoT, rom `saqarTvelos moambezed~ msgavsi metaforebiT ganmartavs `axali<br />

droebis~ mecnierebis da xelovnebis (romelsac ekuTvnis `oTaraanT qvrivic~) praqtikulsazogadoebriv<br />

funqcias: Turme, eseni Cveni cxovrebis sibnelidan sinaTleSi gamomyvani<br />

RonisZiebania. 80-ianebis meore naxevris `oTaraanT qvrivis~ saxeTa sistemis mixedviTac,<br />

Cveni cxovrebis `bnelidan~ `SuqSi~, Ramidan ganTiadSi, tirilidan, tanjvidan sixarulSi,<br />

dromoWmul warsulidan momavalSi gadayvanisTvis `cremliani codna~ aucilebeli `farxmali~<br />

anu `RonisZieba~ y<strong>of</strong>ila.<br />

TviT saWirboroto problema Cvens awmyoSi dromoWmuli Zvelis gadmonaSTebis<br />

arsebobaa. es ilias Tanadrouli progresistuli sociologiis ZiriTadi motivebia<br />

(kankava 2003). gansxvavebiT 60-iani wlebis dasawyisisa, roca, `kacia-adamianis~ mixedviT,<br />

`gamocvlili drois~ niSnebis _ `wignis~, `skolis~, `batonymobis gauqmebis~ aTviseba iyo<br />

aucilebeli CvenTvis, 80-ianebis meore naxevarSi `wigni~ anu mecniereba aTvisebuli Cans<br />

TergdaleulTa mecadineobiT; magram mainc is calke darCenila, Cveni namdvili<br />

problemebi ki calke _ anu RonisZiebad, `far-xmlad~ mainc ar qceula da esaa arCilis<br />

TviTmonaniebis mizezi. Sedegad vkargavT batonymobis gauqmebis Semdegdroindeli<br />

`demokratiuli warmoSobis~ axal Taobas erovnuli, sazogadoebrivi muSakobisTvis. aq<br />

naTlad Cans im dramatuli movlenebis kvali, romelic iqca ilias 80-ianebis iseTi<br />

statiebis Temad, rogoricaa `Tergdaleulebi da axali Taoba~, `axali dasis molodinSi~,<br />

`sandalas wignis gamo~, `bulvaris akademia~ da sxva.<br />

`oTaraanT qvrivSi~ ilia ayenebs axal problemas (sakiTxs). esaa dromoWmuli<br />

(`Zveli~, `bneli~, `ukan~) Suasaukuneebis wodebrivi mowyobis erovnuli niSniT<br />

gaerTianebuli erTobiT Canacvlebis moTxovna. es arsebiTi niSania axali drois<br />

nacionaluri konstituciuri saxelmwifoebriobisa. swored amis safuZvelzea yvela<br />

Tanabari kanonis winaSe: erovnuli ideis msaxurebis winaSe. arsebiTad yovelTvis ase iyo,<br />

magram istoriulma gamocdilebam aCvena, rom `ideis msaxureba~ genetikur-biologiuri<br />

(`sisxliT~) gziT ar gadadis, aramed pirovnuli poziciaa. ase, tradiciulad Cveni<br />

saxelmwifoebriobis sayrdenma elitam _ Tavadaznaurobam, axal droSi erovnul ideas<br />

wodebrivi gamorCeuloba, egoizmi anacvala (magaliTad, es paTosi gamWvirvaled ikiTxeba<br />

gr. orbelianis Civilian werilebSi), riTac ara marto qveyanas, sakuTar Tavsac gamoutana<br />

ganaCeni. istoriul asparezze `gamorCeuloba~ azrovnebis masStabis siviwroves,<br />

SezRudulobas, egoizms, `sigoimis~ kompleqss ver itans. `kacia-adamianis~ patroni ver<br />

ityvis, rom amaze aravis gaufrTxilebia. amdenad, `maRalma wodebam~ axal droSi Tavadve<br />

gamoacala safuZveli Tavis `simaRles~, Sesabamisad, mis mier codnis privatizebasac.<br />

arsebiTad am erTaderT gansxvavebas xedavs avtori glexobasa da arCils Soris _ rom<br />

meores pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT wigni, durbindi ara aqvs, es ki SeZenili da ara bunebiTi<br />

(`sisxl-xorcis qviTkiri~) gansxvavebaa, gamosworebadi qveynis sasikeTod sayovelTao<br />

ganaTlebis sistemiT. amas gvicxadebs xidis gamTelebis momTxovni cremliani codna.<br />

166

kidev erTi arsebiTi moTxovnaa, `wigni~ TviTmiznad ki ar gavxadoT _ es uunaro<br />

`mwignobrobaa~, mwignobaris `ptyeli enaa~, `diplomia~, aramed gamoviyenoT misive bunebis<br />

Sesatyvisad — Cveni saWiroebis `RonisZiebad~, `far-xmalad~.<br />

analizma cxadyo: XX optimisturi centraluri Tavi ritorikuli figurebiT,<br />

maRali toniT, TviT Tavisi mxatvrul saxeTa sistemis ZiriTadi kontrastulobis<br />

principiT emsaxureba dasabuTebuli, samecniero humanistaruli codnis praqtikuli<br />

funqciis (`ukan~, `sibnele~, `Rame~, `xidCatexiloba~ _ `win~, `Suqi~, `dasawyisi<br />

ganTiadisa~, `xidgamTelebuloba~) da fsiqologiuri zegavlenis (tirili, tanjva,<br />

tkivili _ ameba, sixaruli) motivTa mxatvrulad organulad aTvisebis, `Cvenebis~<br />

amocanas. msgavsi precedenti qarTul literaturaSi me ar meguleba Tu iliasve<br />

Txzulebebs ar vigulisxmeb. esaa axali drois humanisturi motivi Tavisi wminda saxiT.<br />

cremlis saxe mkacrad da calsaxad transformacias ganicdis sityva `codnasTan~ da<br />

masTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobebis velSi. gadamwyvetia, rom swored am tendenciis<br />

Tanmimdevrulad gatarebasTanaa pirdapir dakavSirebuli pasaJis mxatvruli<br />

damajerebloba da miseuli esTetikuri STabeWdilebis ragvaroba, xarisxi, organuloba<br />

da a. S. misi centraluri metaforaa `cremliani codnis~ saxe (`cremliani codna~,<br />

`cremliani codna Tu codniani cremli~) calsaxad da mkacrad CarTuli, dasabuTebuli<br />

codnis konteqstSi, da ara `rwmenisaSi~. kerZod, esaa axali drois dasabuTebadi<br />

samecniero humanitaruli codna (sociologia, istoriis filos<strong>of</strong>ia) TviT Tavisi<br />

warmoSobis istoriuli pirobebiT dapirispirebuli qristianuli Suasaukuneebis<br />

eklesiur swavlebasTan, rogorc `sqolastikurTan~, dogmaturTan, radgan es ukanaskneli<br />

rwmenis upiratesobas aRiarebda da amkvidrebda dasabuTebul codnasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

avtori am codnas, `mTeli evropis gamocdilebas da mecnierebas~ iyenebs erovnuli<br />

saWirborotobis gasworebis `far-xmalad~.<br />

subieqturad, rogorc ar unda gvsurdes, ra keTili survilebic ar unda<br />

gvamoZravebdes, qristianul-saeklesio mcnebis aRmniSvneli `sinanulis cremlis~ saxis<br />

gaigiveba an misiT `Canacvleba~ moTxrobiseuli `cremliani codnis~ saxisa, moTxrobis<br />

namdvili suliskveTebis xely<strong>of</strong>is gareSe SeuZlebelia! sinanulis cremlis saxe<br />

xelovnurad miwerilia TxzulebisTvis da ucxoa teqstisTvis. igi subieqtivizmis<br />

gamovlenaa da obieqturi kvlevisadmi avtoris mier deklarirebuli erTguleba mxolod<br />

deklarirebulia _ `sityva~ `saqmed~ ar iqca. yvela wakiTxva subieqturia, magram<br />

mecniereba mxolod iwyeba aqedan da ara mTavrdeba! teqstTan maqsimaluri siaxlovis<br />

dacva da mcdar-WeSmariti wakiTxvebis garCeva Cveni mecnierebis rTulad misaRwevi,<br />

magram anbanuri WeSmaritebania, principebia.<br />

da bolos, Tumca `oTaraanT qvrivis~ analizTan amas pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs,<br />

ilialogiaSi zogad orientirebisTvis Temaze Tu ra aris `mTavari Temebi~, `diskursi~<br />

ilias saazrovno sistemaSi sasargebloa movusminoT iliasve. esaa `studenti~ ilias<br />

`pasuxiseuli~ Sefaseba barbare jorjaZis erTi statiisa `saxeliT~ `ramdenime azri<br />

axlandel mdgomareobazed~: `...am saxelma ar mogatyuoT, Cveno mkiTxvelno. cudi maRazini<br />

mag-gvari warwerilobiT Seityuebs xolme msyidvelTa. mag statiis saxels rom daujeros<br />

kacma, ifiqrebs: an politikur mdgomareobazed iqneba ramdenime azri, an ekonomikur<br />

mdgomareobazed, an kidev ganaTlebazed. ara, batono, mag statiaSi kneina brZanebs,<br />

marxvebs ar inaxaveno~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 24).<br />

amrigad, m. yifiani xedavs Seusabamobas Cveni axali literaturis teqstisa<br />

eklesiurad azrovnebis siwmindesTan mimarTebaSi da amis safuZvelze uary<strong>of</strong>s mas. es misi<br />

da mis azrTa wyobis mimdevarTa arCevania. m. niniZe aseve erTgulia am azrTa wyobis<br />

xelSeuxeblobisa, magram misTvis axali qarTuli literaturac `udidesi saunjea~ (niniZe<br />

2005: 3) da `gamosavals~ Zebnis imgvarad, rogorc Cvenma analizma warmoaCina.<br />

marTalia, Cven SeiZleba moviZioT `oTaraanT qvrivSi~ zogadsakaciobio motivebi<br />

martoobisa, gaucxovebisa, usiyvarulobisa da samecniero eTika gvavaldebulebs<br />

SegveniSna, rom es Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmuli aqvs k. abaSiZes. aseve qristianuli miTis<br />

(swored miTis, radgan saxarebiseuli motivebi aq mxolod saSualebaa, saliteraturo<br />

avtoritetuli sqemaa zemoT xsenebuli, mzis saxis darad `glaxis naambobSi~,<br />

sekularizebulia) motivebic saxezea bolos wina TavSi; magram saqme is aris, rom es<br />

zogadsakaciobrio motivebi ar qmnis teqstis mxatvrul damajereblobas, aramed rac<br />

zemoT movikvlieT — erovnuli problematikis da axali droebis codnisa. mxatvruli<br />

damajerebloba aris teqstis namdvili viTarebis gamxsneli mTavari gasaRebi. amitomacaa,<br />

rom saliteraturo gemovnebis, intuiciis gareSe ar arsebobs literaturaTmcodnis<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esia.<br />

ilias danatovars ki ar sWirdeba `galamazeba~, `gadarCena~ an<br />

`gazogadadamianureba~, Cven gvWirdeba misi adekvaturi wakiTxva.<br />

167

CemTvis mTavari gamocdileba `davalebis~ Sesrulebisas aRmoCnda humanitaruli<br />

mecnierebis saWirboroto viTarebis suraTis `danaxva~, aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni,<br />

humanitarTa korpusisac, rasac piruTvnelad vuziareb kolegebs da maqvs maTi<br />

mxardaWeris imedic. igi gamoixateba susti kavSiriT Cvenive pr<strong>of</strong>esiis prqatikuli<br />

mniSvnelobis ganmmartav istoriuli teqstebis suliskveTebasTan, ise sadReiso<br />

samecniero donis ganmsazRvrav miRwevebTan, principebTan Cvenive mecnierebisa farTo<br />

interdisciplinarulobis konteqstSi. aseve, arc Tu iSviaTad teqstis subieqturi<br />

wakiTxva ar ganirCeva `subieqtivizmisgan~ literaturaTmcodneobaSi, rac mecnierebasTan<br />

SeuTavsebelia. es gamoavlens mTavars, rom gvyavs `gaTiTokacebuli~ samecniero korpusi,<br />

magram ara gvaqvs samecniero sazogadoebrioba, samecniero procesi; Sesabamisad dabalia<br />

samecniero eTikis done kolegebis mier urTierTvaldebulebebis SesrulebaSi. da rac<br />

pirdapir sabedisweroa CvenTvis, magram kanonzomieria, sustia kavSiri farTo<br />

sazogadoebriobasTan, romelsac ara aqvs cnobiereba Cveni pr<strong>of</strong>esiis misTvis<br />

saWiroebisa. es niSnavs, rom vidre viTareba ar gaswordeba, SimSilisTvis viqnebiT<br />

ganwirulni.<br />

viTarebis gasworebaSi ki Cven unda viaqtiuroT Cvenive iaraRiT, codniT, im<br />

`durbindiT~, romelic marto Cven gvaqvs. piradad me vTavazob kolegebs gadaudebel<br />

RonisZiebad, romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos samecniero sazogadoebriobis Camoyalibebis<br />

procesis aqtivizirebas araerTjeradi RonisZiebebiT (institucionalizacia), Zalisxmeva<br />

mivmarToT samecniero eTosis, mecnieris ufleba-movaleobebis aTvisebaze mecnierTa<br />

korpusis mier. amis gareSe adgili ar eqneba codnis dagrovebis samecniero process,<br />

Sesabamisad, arc sazogadoebriobasTan organul kavSirs da Cvenive fizikuri da<br />

damoukidebeli arsebobis stabiluri garantiebis Seqmnas. aseve, aucilebelia da<br />

gadaudebeli kolegebis samecniero cocxali kontaqtebis gaxSireba da `xalxSi~<br />

(mgzavriviT) gasvla. es CvenTvis aranakleb saWiroa, vidre `xalxisTvis~ (moxevesTvis).<br />

imedi maqvs kolegebs, direqcias, administraciul organoebs gveqneba qmediTi<br />

SesaZlebloba uwyveti kontaqtisa qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis mdgomareobasa da<br />

perspeqtivebze. mecnierebis gareSe aralegitimuria arseboba pirvelisac, meorisac da<br />

mesamisac. Tu gnebavT, swored esaa `TviTTmarTveloba~ da `liberalizmi~ da igi ueWvelad<br />

gamosadegia erovnuli kulturisTvis, misi efeqturad marTvisa da perspeqtivebisaTvis.<br />

aranairi winaaRmdegoba aq `liberalursa~ da `erovnuls~ Soris ar aris. piriqiT, igi am<br />

SemTxvevaSi `RonisZiebaa~, `far-xmalia~ Cveni cxovrebis sibnelidan sinaTleSi<br />

gamoyvanisa!~ swored mis gareT ikidebs fexs TaTqariZeebis batonymoba. is `mogeba~ mainc<br />

gveqneba yovelTvis, rom veRar SevZlebT TaTqariZiseulad winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvis<br />

uunarobaze mibmul ubedurebaSi marto sxvebi vadanaSauloT, ris gamoc Cveni<br />

`bedniereba~ yovelTvis `darRveulia~.<br />

istoriul samarTlianobasTan da samecniero WeSmaritebasTan srul SesatyvisobaSi<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i simboluri aqti iqneba Tu aRniSnuli Tematika Tavisi mniSvnelobis Sesatyvisad<br />

warmodgeba swored ilias mkvlelobis saiubileo welTan dakavSirebul konferenciaze,<br />

romlis Catarebis survili aqvs institutis direqcias.<br />

III<br />

damowmebani:<br />

kankava 2003: kankava g. ilias `mgzavris werilebi~ da h. baklis `civilizaciis istoria<br />

inglisSi~. Jurnali sjani, IV, Tb.: 2003.<br />

kiknaZe 1978: kiknaZe gr. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.: `Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1978.<br />

naTaZe 1974: naTaZe n. droTa mijnaze. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1974.<br />

niniZe 2005: niniZe m. mxatvrul saxeTa sistema da religiuri di skursi `oTaraanT qvrivSi~. Tb.:<br />

2005.<br />

yifiani 2006: yifiani m. qarTuli sulierebis gzaze. literaturuli Ziebani, XXVI, Tb.: 2006.<br />

WavWavaZe 1941: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. II, Tb.: `saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~, 1941.<br />

WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1988.<br />

javaxiSvili 1983: javaxiSvili iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. II, Tb.: 1983.<br />

168

Giorgi Kankava<br />

Towards the Condition <strong>of</strong> Our, Humanities' "Corps"<br />

Summary<br />

The analysis <strong>of</strong> two articles gave to me the possibility to converse about the contemporary circumstances<br />

<strong>of</strong> humanitarians and the humanities.<br />

In one case into the region <strong>of</strong> my attention together with the article <strong>of</strong> M.Kipiani appeared the fact <strong>of</strong> its<br />

resonance. Analysis leads to the conclusion that the connection between us and zeal <strong>of</strong> historical texts<br />

determining the practical value <strong>of</strong> our pr<strong>of</strong>ession is weak. So is for principles and achievements determining<br />

contemporary level <strong>of</strong> development <strong>of</strong> our pr<strong>of</strong>ession (in wide interdisciplinary context). This circumstance<br />

determines weak connection with public at large that is crucial for perspective <strong>of</strong> humanitarian corps and<br />

science.<br />

The second, during analyses <strong>of</strong> the article <strong>of</strong> M.Ninidze I try to separate from each other subjective<br />

reading <strong>of</strong> a text and incompatible with science subjectivism.<br />

In the third part I propose to colleagues in the frame <strong>of</strong> collaboration with administrative bodies as a mean<br />

<strong>of</strong> resolution <strong>of</strong> the problem an adoption <strong>of</strong> norms <strong>of</strong> “Scientific Ethos” on the level <strong>of</strong> institutional and<br />

individual responsibility.<br />

169

amagdarni<br />

vladimir beneSeviCis sammagi tragedia<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

TiTqmis orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi batonobda saqarTveloze ruseTi, TiTqmis orasi<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi Sedioda saqarTvelo ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi: iyo es jer caristuli<br />

imperia, Tu Semdgom _ komunisturi sabWoTa kavSiri. Tu indoeTis britanuli<br />

mmarTvelobis xanaSi warmoiSva da gaifurCqna inglisuri indologiuri skola, romelsac<br />

arc am batonobis dasrulebis Semdeg Seuwyvetia nay<strong>of</strong>ieri saqmianoba, Tu britanelTa<br />

mxriv induri enebis swavla da Seswavla uCveulo arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila, rusTagan aravis<br />

ucdia qarTvelebTan qarTulad laparaki, _ gindac farTo da gindac viwro gagebiT.<br />

farTo gagebiT am movlenis analizi politikuri istoriisa da politologiis, iseve<br />

rogorc mentalobis istoriis kvlevis sferoa, viwro gagebiT ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

garkveuli xnis manZilze sanqtpeterburgSi (komunistur xanaSi _ leningradSi) da<br />

moskovSi arsebobda garkveuli centrebi, sadac qarTul enasa da kulturas swavlobdnen<br />

(isic ufro metad _ carizmis xanaSi), mainc, iqauri swavlulebi ZiriTadad isev<br />

qarTvelebi iyvnen (Tundac daviT CubinaSvili, Tundac aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, Tundac<br />

niko mari, anda maTi mowafeebi, _ Tu ar CavTvliT erTaderT gamonakliss: ruseTis<br />

akademiis wevrs, frang mari felisite broses). erTi xelis TiTebic ar dasWirdeba im rus<br />

mkvlevarTa CamoTvlas, romelTac qarTulic uswavliaT da, sxva dargebTan erTad,<br />

qarTuli ena da kulturac ukvleviaT.<br />

erTi maTgani, _ mecnieri, romelmac sakuTar kvlevaTaTvis qarTuli enis Seswavla<br />

da qarTul wyaroTa monacemebis gaTvaliswineba aucileblad miiCnia, _ vladimir<br />

beneSeviCia (1874_1938): bizantinisti, istorikosi, saeklesio samarTlis mcodne,<br />

arqeografi. misi ramdenime qarTvelologiuri gamokvleva mniSvnelovani monapovaria<br />

konkretuli akademiuri dargebis mkvlevarTaTvis. maT Soris gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a ori naSromi,<br />

romelTagan erTi ukavSirdeba oTxTavi saxarebis X saukunis qarTuli Targmanebis<br />

kvleva-gamocemas (oTxTavi 1909-1911), xolo meore ToTxmettitulovani nomokanonis anu<br />

`didi sjuliskanonis” qarTuli versiis Seswavlas (beneSeviCi 1916). beneSeviCis saxelis<br />

povnac advilad SeiZleba qarTul samecniero wyaroebSi 1 .<br />

magram qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis, studentisa Tu mecnierisaTvis, romelic<br />

vladimir beneSeviCis saxels xvdeboda qarTuli kulturis mkvlevarTa Soris,<br />

umTavresad ucnobi iyo ara marto misi vinaoba, misi samecniero portreti, aramed misi<br />

niSneulad tragikuli bedic, _ bedi mecnierisa, romelic istoriis qartexils Seewira,<br />

rac uTuod gulismomkvleli danakargi iyo pirovnulad da mecnierulad, magram, amave<br />

dros, danakargi Tundac qarTvelologiisaTvis, romelsac gamoaklda ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />

masStabis, ms<strong>of</strong>lio aRiarebis imgvari mecnieri, vinc qarTul enasac flobda da qarTul<br />

masalasac ara marto icnobda, aramed pr<strong>of</strong>esiulad ikvlevda kidec.<br />

***<br />

1874 wlis 9 agvistos ruseTis imperiis vilnos (vilniusis) guberniaSi, qalaq<br />

druiaSi, dabadebuli vladimir beneSeviCi garusebuli belorusi (rogor Cans, polonuri<br />

warmoSobisa) sasamarTlo moxelis Svili da mRvdlis SviliSvili iyo. vilnos gimnaziis<br />

damTavrebis Semdeg igi studentad Cairicxa sanqtpeterburgis universitetis iuridiul<br />

fakultetze, romelsac 1897 wels pirveli xarisxis diplomiT amTavrebs. mas imave<br />

universitetSi, saeklesio samarTlis kaTedraze toveben sapr<strong>of</strong>esorod mosamzadeblad,<br />

magram sagangebo saleqcio kursebs sazRvargareT ismens: haidelbergis, laifcigis,<br />

berlinis universitetebSi (maT Soris adolf fon harnakis, kuno fiSerisa da vilhelm<br />

vundtis klasebSi). SemdgomSi igi guldagul daamuSavebs berZnul da slavur, agreTve<br />

aRmosavlur qristianul xelnawerTa koleqciebs sauniversiteto da samonastro<br />

biblioTekebSi sanqtpeterburgSi, moskovSi, venaSi, miunxenSi, parizSi, veneciaSi, romSi,<br />

konstantinopolSi, aTenSi, patmosze, aTonze, sinis mTaze, kairoSi, mcire aziaSi,<br />

1 ix. Tundac (kekeliZe 1980: passim); (didi sjuliskanoni 1975: Sesavali) an qarTuli oTxTavis<br />

sxvadasxva akademiur gamocemaTa winaTqmani.<br />

170

palestinaSi. bizantiuri samarTlis teqstebis gasacnobad da amomwuravi suraTis<br />

Sesaqmnelad beneSeviCma evropis 49 biblioTekis fondebi Seiswavla, rac manamde aravis<br />

gaukeTebia. misi ganswavlisa da saqmianobisaTvis gadamwyvetad xelisSemwyobi iyo, rom igi<br />

Tavisuflad flobda TxuTmet enas: rusuls, germanuls, franguls, inglisurs,<br />

italiurs, polonurs, Cexurs, bulgaruls, serbuls, Zvel berZnuls, axal berZnuls,<br />

laTinurs, Zvel qarTuls, Zvel somxurs, siriuls. faqtobriv, man sakuTari TvaliT naxa<br />

da akademiurad gamoikvlia samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis yvela bizantiur-aRmosavluri<br />

wyaro, aRwera da gadmowera didZali pirveladi masala aRmosavlurqristianuli samyaros<br />

saeklesio samarTlis mTliani suraTis Sesaqmnelad.<br />

misi samagistro disertacia iyo “ToTxmettitulovani kanonikuri krebuli VII<br />

saukunis meore meoTxedidan 883 wlamde. berZnul-aRmosavluri eklesiis samarTlis<br />

wyaroTa uZvelesi istoriisaTvis” (Канонический сборник XIV титулов со второй четверти VII<br />

века до 883 года. К древнейшей истории источников права греко-восточной церкви), romelic<br />

beneSeviCma 1905 wels daicva, xolo sadoqtoro naSromi, romlis dacvis Semdgom, 1914<br />

wels, mas saeklesio samarTlis doqtoroba mieniWa _ `ormocdaaTtitulovani sinagoga<br />

da ioane sqolastikosis sxva iuridiuli krebulebi” (Синагога в 50 титулов и другие<br />

юридические сборники Иоанна Схоластика). misi samagistro da sadoqtoro naSromebi graf<br />

uvarovis premiiT dajildovda.<br />

1905 wlidan vladimir beneSeviCi santqpeterburgis universitetis privatdocentia,<br />

1909 wlidan _ eqstraordinaruli pr<strong>of</strong>esori, xolo 1911 wlidan _ ordinaruli<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esori. sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebSi samsaxurTan erTad, xanmokle droiT (1906-<br />

1909 ww.) igi sanqtpeterburgis sasuliero akademiis pr<strong>of</strong>esoricaa. Tumca imis gamo, rom<br />

misi meuRle, amata-ludmila (1888-1967) 1 , _ saxelganTqmuli elinistis, pr<strong>of</strong>esor fadei<br />

zelinskis ufrosi qaliSvili, _ kaTolike iyo, da Tan imis gamoc, rom beneSeviCi<br />

bizantiisa da ruseTis saeklesio istorias aswavlida Tavdapirveli wyaroebisa da<br />

sabuTebis da ara caristuli sinodis an misi oberprokuroris dadgenilebaTa mixedviT,<br />

mas male daatovebines pr<strong>of</strong>esoroba moskovis sasuliero akademiasa da samxedroiuridiul<br />

akademiaSi. misi sityvebiT, mas miutevebel Secdomad CauTvales, rom igi<br />

cdilobda, gaeTavisuflebina bizantiur-aRmosavluri samyaros saeklesio istoria<br />

`Zveli reJimis miraJebisa da fetiSebisagan”.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom vladimir beneSeviCi, niko marTan erTad, Jurnal `Христианский<br />

Восток”-is, _ qristianuli aRmosavleTis, maT Soris, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis<br />

Semswavleli sagangebo perioduli gamocemis, _ damfuZnebeli da saredaqcio sabWos<br />

wevri iyo.<br />

beneSeviCis damsaxurebani aRiares ucxoeTSic: igi iyo aTenis universitetis<br />

samarTlis sapatio doqtori (1912), iyo strasburgis (1914), bavariisa (1927) da prusiis<br />

(1929) akademiebis wevri 2 .<br />

1917 wlis gazafxulze ruseTis mefis gadadgomisa da carizmis damxobis Semdeg,<br />

roca ruseTis eklesiam axali gzebis Zieba _ monarqiisagan (aRararsebuli monarqiisagan!)<br />

damoukidebeli nabijebis gadadgma daiwyo, rac aRmosavluri eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli<br />

(uSedegod damTavrebuli!) mcdeloba iyo aTaswlovani bizantiuri modelis _<br />

`saxelmwifo-eklesiis simfoniis” _ Sesacvlelad, beneSeviCs ruseTis mTavrobis<br />

mindobilobiT sagangebo saeklesio davalebis Sesruleba mouxda. saqme is iyo, rom im<br />

dReebSi saeklesio cxovrebis suraTi mkveTrad Seicvala saqarTveloSic: imperatoris<br />

mier samefo taxtze <strong>of</strong>icialuri uarisTqmidan aTi dRis Semdeg qarTvelma<br />

samRvdeloebam gamoacxada ruseTis eklesiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosos gauqmeba da,<br />

Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisa da sakaTolikoso mmarTvelobis<br />

aRdgena, rasac ruseTis politikur da saeklesio xelmZRvanelobaSi xanmokle<br />

dabneuloba mohyva. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad tfiliss droebiTma mTavrobam maSin swored<br />

vladimir beneSeviCi moavlina. jer peterburgSi molaparakebebsa da konsultaciebs<br />

marTavs pr<strong>of</strong>esorebTan zurab avaliSvilsa da ivane javaxiSvilTan, tfilisSi Camosvlis<br />

Semdeg ki _ dekanozebTan korneli kekeliZesa da nikita TalakvaZesTan (rogorc<br />

cnobilia, ruseTis imJamindeli xelisuflebis pozicia amgvari iyo: saqarTvelos<br />

qarTveli mrevlisaTvis aRdgeniliyo saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso _ centriT mcxeTaSi,<br />

xolo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi ruseTis eklesiis mrevlisaTvis, saegzarqosos safuZvelze,<br />

Seqmniliyo tfilisis samitropolito _ centriT tfilisSi). magram politikurma<br />

1 misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb ix. (volfcuni 1997: 178-184). amata zelinskaia-beneSeviCs, umcros dasTan<br />

erTad, dauweria mogonebani mamis Sesaxeb, `Cveni mama fadei francis Ze zelinski”, romelic aqamde<br />

ar gamoqveynebula.<br />

2 beneSeviCis naSromebis sruli nusxa ix. (granstremi 1973: 235-243).<br />

171

movlenebma, pirvel yovlisa, oqtombris bolSevikurma gadatrialebam, saTuo gaxada,<br />

saerTod, eklesiis momavali arseboba sabWoTa saxelmwifod (`sovdepiad”) saxeSecvlili<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ili imperiis teritoriaze. beneSeviCis saeklesio misia saqarTveloSi uSedego<br />

aRmoCnda, saqarTvelo-ruseTis saeklesio urTierTobebi ki, rogorc cnobilia, sakmao<br />

drois Semdeg, stalinis uSualo CareviT, mxolod 1944 wels mogvarda 1 .<br />

saqarTvelos sakaTolikosos samarTlebriv sakiTxebs beneSeviCi male CamoSorda,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom igi monawileobda sruliad ruseTis 1917-1918 ww. saeklesio krebaSi,<br />

sadac avtokefaliis gamomcxadebel qarTvel mRvdelmTavrebs ganxeTqileba<br />

braldebodaT, xolo saqarTvelos ukanaskneli rusi egzarqosi, saqarTvelodan<br />

gaZevebuli platon roJdestvenski, tfilisisa da baqos mitropolitis tituliT iyo<br />

warmodgenili (sxvaTa Soris, igi, romelic arakanonikurad miiCnevda saqarTvelos<br />

eklesiis avtokefaliis TviTgamocxadebas, SemdgomSi, 20-30-ian wlebSi, sikvdilamde,<br />

CrdiloeT amerikis arakanonikur rusul mitropolias edga saTaveSi). beneSeviCi<br />

aqtiurad CaerTo saeklesio ganaxlebis saqmeSi: krebis msvlelobaSi igi mdivnis TanaSemwe<br />

da krebis `Zeglisweris” pasuxismgebeli redaqtori iyo. eklesiis istorikosTaTvis<br />

kargadaa cnobili, rom krebisa da mis monawileTa dasasruli tragikuli aRmoCnda...<br />

Semdgom ki iwyeba pr<strong>of</strong>esor vladimir beneSeviCis devnaTa da patimrobaTa<br />

aTwleulebi, rac sabolood leningradis cixeSi misi daxvretiT damTavrda.<br />

pirvelad igi 1922 wels daapatimres petrogradis mitropolitis, beniaminis, saqmis<br />

gamo (romelic bolSevikebma daxvrites, xolo komunizmis dacemis Semdgom ruseTis<br />

sapatriarqom wmidanad Seracxa), saeklesio qonebis gadamalvis braldebiT, magram<br />

naxevari wlis patimrobis Semdeg igi gaamarTles da gaaTavisufles, Tumca imjerad mas<br />

petrogradis universitetis pr<strong>of</strong>esoroba mainc daatovebines.<br />

imave 1922 wels beneSeviCi aqveynebs `mwuxare matianes” _ samoqalaqo omisa Tu<br />

bolSevikuri teroris Sedegad daRupul rus humanitar mecnierTa sias.<br />

ori wlis Semdgom, 1924 wels, igi kvlav daapatimres, magram didxans arc am<br />

patimrobam gastana, _ poloneTis prezidentis piradi Carevis Sedegad, igi isev tovebs<br />

cixis kedlebs da xanmokled varSavas miemgzavreba, magram 1925 wels isev leningradSi<br />

brundeba da leningradis sajaro biblioTekis direqtoris, niko maris, miwveviT<br />

wignTsacavis fotolaboratorias xelmZRvanelobs. imave wels mas sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespodentad irCeven, xolo 1928 wels mas akademikosad<br />

wamoayeneben, magram misi kandidatura ver gava, radgan arCevnebamde sul cota xniT adre<br />

“leningradskaia pravdaSi” daibeWdeba statia, sadac `kolega” istorikosebi mis<br />

mecnierul kvlevas “rogorc sazogadoebrivad, ise kulturul-y<strong>of</strong>iTad usargeblod”<br />

miiCneven.<br />

1927 wlis zafxulSi igi samecniero mivlinebiT isev evropaSi aRmoCndeba _<br />

germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, italiaSi. mas sagangebo audiencias umarTavs romis papi, pius XI,<br />

xolo ierusalemis patriarqi uflis saflavis ordeniT ajildoebs, magram, bevrisaTvis<br />

moulodnelad, pr<strong>of</strong>esori sabWoTa kavSirSi brundeba. ar aris mTlad garkveuli arc misi<br />

evropuli Sexvedrebis misamarTebi da arc maTi mizandasaxuleba, arc bolSevikur<br />

ruseTSi beneSeviCis dabrunebis motivi, magram cota xnis Semdeg, 1928 wels, igi mesamed<br />

aRmoCndeba sapatimroSi da amjerad mas bralad vatikanis `agentoba” edeba. Tavad misi<br />

sityvebiT, mas danaSaulad CauTvales “muSaoba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis<br />

gasaerTianeblad romTan”. am braldebis safuZvelze mas sami wliT patimroba miusajes da<br />

solovkis sakoncentracio banakSi gadaasaxles. kidev erTxel gamomJRavnda, Tu vis<br />

afrTxobda, Tu ras uqmnida safrTxes eklesiis erTianoba: adre _ ruseTis imperiis<br />

interesebs, Semdgom _ bolSevikuri mTavrobis ms<strong>of</strong>lio batonobis gegmebs. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi `marTlmadideblobis, TviTmpyrobelobis, xalxurobis” ideologiis<br />

mqadagebel caristul xelisuflebas kvaldakval mihyveboda internacionaluri<br />

komunizmisa da “proletariatis diqtaturis“ ideologiiT aRWurvili xelisufleba,<br />

Tundac pirveli maTgani ruseTis eklesias uWerda mxars, meore ki mis ganadgurebas<br />

cdilobda.<br />

1930 wels solovkize gadasaxlebuli pr<strong>of</strong>esori isev daapatimres da leningradSi<br />

gadmoisroles. maSinve daapatimres misi meuRle da Zma, liTonebis institutis<br />

direqtori, dmitri beneSeviCi. Tavad mas daxvretiT emuqrebodnen, xangrZlivad<br />

amy<strong>of</strong>ebdnen karcerSi, awamebdnen, afrTxilebdnen, rom masTan erTad misi ojaxis<br />

wevrebsac gaanadgurebdnen. am garemoebebSi gamomZiebelma misi gatexva SeZlo da man<br />

`aRiara”, rom igi romis papTan molaparakebebis Sedegad daTanxmda, _ sxva rus<br />

1 am periodis movlenebi dawvrilebiT ix. (vardosaniZe 2001), kerZod, beneSeviCis monawileobis<br />

Sersaxeb (vardosaniZe 2001: 17-18).<br />

172

akademikosebTan erTad kaTolikobis miRebisa da romis eklesiasTan uniis damyarebis<br />

Semdeg, _ monawileoba mieRo SeTqmulebaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, xolo misi<br />

damxobis Semdeg ki akademikos sergei platonovis mTavrobaSi aRmsareblobaTa ministri<br />

gamxdariyo. mas amjerad xuTi wlis patimroba miusajes (mis meuRlesac _ 5 weli),<br />

romelsac beneSeviCi komiSi, uxta-peCoris sakoncentracio banakSi ixdida. ver gaWra verc<br />

nansenis, verc ainStainis, verc vernadskis Suamdgomlobam. bolos leninis y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

TanamSromlis, vladimir bonC-brueviCis (sxvaTa Soris, mebrZoli aTeisturi broSurebis<br />

avtorisa da Semdgom religiisa da aTeizmis muzeumis direqtoris), TxovniT, igi vadaze<br />

adre gaaTavisufles 1933 wels.<br />

magram Sindabrunebul mecniers Tavzardamcemi suraTi eloda: mas ganadgurebuli<br />

daxvda mTeli misi samecniero arqivi. aTwleulebis manZilze mTel ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi<br />

Segrovebuli sabuTebi, xelnawerTa aRwerilobani, gadmonusxvani, aslebi, ori aTasze<br />

meti fotopiri, gamosacemad mosamzadebeli Tu gamzadebuli naSromebi _ yvelaferi es<br />

Cekistebma saidumlo, daSifrul, sajaSuSo cnobebad miiCies da nacartutad aqcies.<br />

Semdgom dapatimrebamde, 1937 wlamde, igi leningradis sajaro biblioTekis mTavar<br />

biblioTekarad muSaobs da bizantiis istorias aswavlis leningradis universitetSi.<br />

1937 wels bavariis mecnierebaTa akademia miunxenSi beWdavs beneSeviCis monografias<br />

`ioane sqolastikosis 50 titulovani sinagoga” (Joannis Scholastici synagoga L titulorum ceteraque<br />

ejusdem opera iuridica. T. 1. Munchen, 1937). imxanad (da SemdgomSic, TiTqmis komunizmis<br />

daisamde) sabWoTa mecniers Tu mwerals kategoriulad ekrZaleboda sazRvargareT<br />

nebismieri Sinaarsis teqstis unebarTvod gamoqveyneba (iseve, rogorc ucxoelebTan<br />

nebismieri unebarTvo kontaqti). nacionalistur-socialistur germaniaSi wignis<br />

gamocema, Tanac sabWoTa istoriis yvelaze sastik da sisxlian wels, bolSevikurma<br />

xelisuflebam, ra Tqma unda, Tavnebobad da gamowvevad miiCnia: gazeT `izvestiaSi”<br />

qveyndeba mcire SeniSvna, sadac mecniers samSoblos Ralati braldeba. beneSeviCi<br />

saswrafod wers monanie werils, rom mas `uxeSi politikuri Secdoma” mouvida. igi tovebs<br />

an mas daatovebines universitetic da biblioTekac. magram sinanuli (da arc CrdilSi<br />

gadgoma) iq da imJamad arad fasobda! seqtemberSi pr<strong>of</strong>esoris binis damarbeveli Cxreka<br />

misi orive vaJis dapatimrebiT mTavrdeba, oqtomberSi sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa<br />

akademia wamoWris am organizaciidan misi garicxvis sakiTxs, 27 noembers beneSeviCs<br />

apatimreben. amjerad mas bralad edeba, rom poloneTis dazvervas gadascemda monacemebs<br />

wiTeli armiis samxedro nawilebis, samxedro qarxnebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomiuri<br />

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. dapatimrebidan ori Tvis Tavze, 1938 wlis 27 ianvars, igi,<br />

Sinsaxkomis kolegiis 1938 wlis 17 ianvris gadawvetilebis safuZvelze, leningradis<br />

cixeSi daxvrites. sul male daxvrites misi Zma dmitri da misi ori vaJiSvili: 27 wlis<br />

tyupebi _ georgi da dmitri.<br />

sikvdilis Semdgom beneSeviCi sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiidan garicxes.<br />

ramdenadac absurduli iyo gardacvlili mecnieris am dawesebulebis wevrTa siidan<br />

amoSla, imdenadve absurduli Cans misi aRdgena akademiis wevr-korespodentad misi<br />

politikuri reabilitaciis Semdeg, 1958 wels 1 .<br />

***<br />

vladimir beneSeviCma samecniero tragedia ganicada. magram es iyo gare tragediac<br />

da Sida tragediac. misi naSromebis nusxa, simarTle rom iTqvas, metad mwiria: Tu<br />

miudgomlad ganvsjiT, ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi aRiarebuli mecnieris bibliografiaSi, faqtobriv,<br />

samagistro-sadoqtoro naSromebis Semdeg mniSvnelovani da fundamenturi veRaraferi<br />

moiZeveba. saqme isaa, rom mis am or sadisertacio naSroms, imas, rac mas ukve<br />

axalgazrdobaSive hqonda Seswavlili, SemdgomSi didad arc araferi Sehmatebia, da ara<br />

mxolod kvlevis gafarToebis an gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT; ganuxorcielebeli darCa<br />

misi cxovrebiseuli mizani _ dokumenturad, amomwuravad, sistemurad Seeswavla<br />

bizantiisa da bizantiuri samyaros saeklesio samarTali. ra Tqma unda, uTuod<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia gare mizezebi: im garemoSi, im qveyanasa da im droSi, romelSic man<br />

ukanaskneli oci weli icxovra, misi kvlevis sagani araTu aravis sWirdeboda, aramed<br />

sazianodac ki Canda saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mis mier<br />

didi garjiTa da jafiT Segrovebuli teqstebis Seswavla-gamoqveyneba mis samSobloSi,<br />

ruseTSi, SeuZlebeli gaxda... gare mizezi iyo isic, rom pr<strong>of</strong>esoris samecniero arqivi,<br />

1 vladimir beneSeviCis cxovrebis, gansakuTrebiT misi bolo wlebis Sesaxeb ix. (medvedevi 1994: 27-<br />

28); (medvedevi 1995: 337-388); (enciklopedia 2002: 619-621).<br />

173

mravlwliani kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad mopovebuli masala, is, ris safuZvelzec naSromTa<br />

vrceli wyebis Sesaqmnelad beneSeviCi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze emzadeboda, Cekistur<br />

Zaladobas emsxverpla. magram misi mecnieruli naklebnay<strong>of</strong>iereba ara marto gare<br />

viTarebaTa mobrunebiT, istoriuli texilebisa da JamTa rRvevis tragizmiT iyo<br />

ganpirobebuli, _ gasaTvaliswinebelia Sida mizezebic: man TavisTavadac, wlebis<br />

manZilze, ver SeZlo Tavmoyrili masalis gadarCeva, dalageba, gawyoba, im Canafiqris<br />

ganxorcieleba, rac mas bizantiuri, an, rogorc Tavad moixseniebda, berZnulaRmosavluri<br />

saeklesio samarTlis sistematizebad warmoedgina. yvelaze kargad swored<br />

mas moexseneboda _ mravalenovani wyaroebis amomwuravi da Seudarebeli codnis<br />

wyalobiT _ aRmosavluri saeklesio samarTlis mouwesrigeblobac, nomokanonis<br />

winaaRmdegobanic, kanonikuri SeuTavseblobanic, saero da saeklesio kanonebis<br />

urTierTaRrevac, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos uflebamosilebaTa CarCoebis<br />

ganusazRvrelobac, isic, rom mTeli bizantiuri samyarosaTvis, iseve rogorc bizantiis<br />

memkvidreTaTvis, ueWveli da sayovelTao ukanaskneli kanonikuri gadawyvetilebani 787<br />

wliT TariRdeba (roca konstantinopolSi erTiani eklesiis VII ms<strong>of</strong>lio kreba Catarda),<br />

xolo rac Seexeba adgilobriv saeklesio sakrebuloTa gviandel kanonmdeblobas, maTi<br />

muxlebis erTmaneTTan Sejerebisas aWrili suraTi ixateboda. aSkara xdeboda, rom<br />

beneSeviCis samecniero Canafiqri _ berZnul-aRmosavluri saeklesio samarTlis erTiani<br />

panoramis daxatva myar wyaroTmcodneobiT safuZvelze _ ganuxorcielebeli rCeboda.<br />

sicocxlis miwuruls beneSeviCma Tavisi samecniero tragediis garRveva gadawyvita, _<br />

SesaZloa, uimedobis Jesti iyo nacistur germaniaSi sabWoTa pr<strong>of</strong>esoris mier wignis<br />

gamoqveyneba, magram mecnieris am bolo mcdelobas katastr<strong>of</strong>a mohyva: evropaSi<br />

germanulad im wignis gamoqveyneba, romelic isev ar scildeboda misi sadoqtoro<br />

naSromis Temas, cxovrebiseulad tragikulad damTavrda misTvisac da misi<br />

ojaxisaTvisac...<br />

vladimir beneSeviCma saeklesio tragedia ganicada. magram es iyo gare tragediac da<br />

Sida tragediac. bunebrivia, tkivili eklesiis gamo oden misi pirovnuli gancda ar iyo, is<br />

sazogado movlena iyo, Tumca, rogorc eklesiis erTgul Svils, mas ar SeeZlo piradad ar<br />

ganecada, rac saeklesio cxovrebaSi xdeboda: Tundac carizmis xanaSi, da kidev ufro<br />

mZafrad, _ swored mZafrad tragikulad, _ aTeisturi bolSevizmis batonobisas. roca<br />

beneSeviCi sicocxles amTavrebda, ruseTSi eklesia, faqtobrivad, ganadgurebuli iyo<br />

(sxva Tu araferi, meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis dawyebamde ruseTis teritoriaze cocxali iyo da<br />

patimrobaSi ar imy<strong>of</strong>eboda eklesiis mxolod oTxi mRvdelmTavari). marTalia,<br />

jerjerobiT ganuxorcielebeli iyo komunisturi dapireba-daqadneba, rom 1937 wlis 1<br />

maisis Semdgom sityva `RmerTi” aRar warmoiTqmeboda sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze,<br />

magram saeklesio cxovrebis gacocxleba TiTqos ukve SeuZlebeli Canda: samRvdeloeba<br />

daxvretili da dapatimrebuli iyo, eklesia-monastrebi _ dangreuli da gauqmebuli,<br />

morwmune eri _ Semcirebuli, damcirebuli da daSinebuli... magram eklesiis rRvevis am<br />

gare mizezebs garda, saeklesio samarTlis pr<strong>of</strong>esori Sida mizezebsac xedavda: man<br />

kargad icoda caristul-sinoduri sarwmunoebrivi mmarTvelobis mankierebani, romelTa<br />

gankurnvis mcdelobani imperiis dacemisTanave daiwyo Sidasaeklesio sivrceSi, magram<br />

eklesiis ganaxlebis mcdeloba _ 1917-1918 ww. sruliad ruseTis saeklesio krebis<br />

swrafvani _ uSedegod damTavrda: Cafiqrebuli reforma ver ganxorcielda, da ara<br />

mxolod imitom, rom krebis monawileTa udidesi nawili an daxvretili, an dapatimrebuli,<br />

an eqsoriaqmnili aRmoCnda, aramed imitomac, rom eklesiis erTianobisa da erTi meTauris<br />

uyolobis pirobebSi sruliad moiSala eklesiis kanonikuri wyoba, daiwyo SfoTi,<br />

cilobani, gandgomani, ganxeTqilebani, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad Cekistebis kabinetebSi<br />

igegmeboda (magaliTad, cnobilia faqti: 20-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi petrogradSi<br />

samRvdeloeba Seikriba imis gasarkvevad, Tu vin iyo maTi episkoposi, Tumca Tavyriloba<br />

ise daiSala, rom ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi, _ Zebnis, Ziebisa da survilis miuxedavad,<br />

_ maT sakuTari mRvdelmTavris vinaobis garkveva da misi moZebna mainc ver SeZles!).<br />

eklesiis TiTqosda kanonier da kanonikur meTaurobas xelT igdebs Sinsaxkomis<br />

mxardaWeriT aRWurvili egreT wodebuli uwmidesi sinodi, romlis saTaveSi aRmoCndeba<br />

caristul xanaSi rasputinis “proteJe”, imJamad ki sabWoTa xelisuflebis mexotbe,<br />

mitropoliti sergi stragorodski (jer sapatriarqo taxtis mosaydris<br />

TviTgamocxadebuli moadgile, male _ TviTgamocxadebuli mosaydre, Semdgom ki, 1943-<br />

1944 ww., stalinis mier “xeldasxmuli” moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqi). rogorc<br />

Cans, swored maSin da am pirobebSi mimarTavs mzeras romisaken vladimir beneSeviCi da am<br />

arCevansa da gadawyvetilebaSi igi marto ar iyo (erT xans, sazRvars iqiTac, dekanoz sergi<br />

bulgakovs, saxelganTqmul moZRvarsa da RmrTismetyvels, miaCnda, rom rusuli<br />

revoluciis teleologiuri daniSnuleba swored moskovis eklesiuri gaerTianeba iyo<br />

174

omTan). magram eklesiis ganaxlebis mcdeloba katastr<strong>of</strong>iT dasrulda, Tundac imitom,<br />

rom ruseTis eklesiam ruseTis miwaze imJamad faqtobriv Sewyvita arseboba, Tundac<br />

imitom, rom uSedegod dasrulda eklesiis gaerTianebis yvela mcdeloba. beneSeviCis<br />

sikvdilidan xuTi wlis Semdeg ki, II ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis pirobebSi, arsebobas iwyebs moskovis<br />

sapatriarqos stalinuri modeli da struqtura.<br />

vladimir beneSeviCma piradi tragedia ganicada. magram es iyo gare tragediac da<br />

Sida tragediac. komunistur saxelmwifoSi myarad Camoyalibebuli reJimi aravis<br />

utovebda daeWvebis saSualebas: sabWoTa kavSirSi cxovreba yvela misi moqalaqisaTvis<br />

umZimesi gansacdeli iyo, aRsavse yovelwuTieri sasikvdilo safrTxiT, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

_ bolSevizmis pirveli aTwleulebis manZilze. Tumca es tragediis gare mxare iyo. saqme<br />

isaa, rom maSin, roca ruseTis inteleqtualuri da saxelovno fenis umTavresma nawilma<br />

emigracias Seafara Tavi, beneSeviCma sakuTar qveyanaSi darCena arCia, sadac bolSevikuri<br />

sisxliani terori mZvinvarebda. uamrav TanamemamuleTagan gansxvavebiT, mas ramdenjerme<br />

mieca samSobloSi daubruneblobis saSualeba, riTac man arc erTxel ar isargebla,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom romelime evropul qveyanaSi mas daubrkoleblad SeeZlo<br />

akademiuri saqmianobis gagrZeleba (rac saxelganTqmul mecniers ramdenjerme<br />

guliTadad SesTavazes kidec). magram man erTxel da sabolood gaakeTa SeueWvebeli<br />

arCevani da dasaRupad gawira ara marto sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari saqme, aramed Zmac da<br />

Svilebic. SesaZloa, igi akademiur-sauniversiteto tradiciis gadarCenas da SenarCunebas<br />

cdilobda, magram amis nebas sabWoTa universiteti _ gansakuTrebiT 20-30-ian wlebSi _<br />

aranairad ar iZleoda; SesaZloa, mas sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi ubralod, uCumrad<br />

cxovreba surda da nacnob xelnawerebSi Cveuli kirkiti sakmaris kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas aniWebda,<br />

_ igi erTxans mxolod sabiblioTeko fotolaboratorias xelmZRvanelobda, romelic<br />

xelnawerTa fotopirebs amzadebda. mas arafriT gauwevia winaaRmdegoba bolSevikuri<br />

ZaladobisaTvis _ arc y<strong>of</strong>aSi, arc ideologiaSi (an ki vis ucdia im wlebSi bolSevikebTan<br />

dapirispireba?!), Tumca vladimir beneSeviCi mainc ar gahyolia Tavisi Zveli megobris,<br />

niko maris, gzas: arc bolSevikuri partiis wevri gamxdara, arc namdvil da ueWvel<br />

marqsistad gamoucxadebia sakuTari Tavi, arc mecniereba Cauyenebenia saxelisuflebo<br />

ideologiis samsaxurSi. mas, albaT, mSvidi saojaxo cxovreba swadda. 1918 wlis<br />

SimSilobisa da senianobisas rva wlis pirmSos, nikitas, damkargav mamas, SesaZloa,<br />

sakuTari ori vaJis _ georgisa da dmitris _ gadarCenis sawindrad maTi uxifaTo<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>esia da teqnikuri moxeleoba miaCnda, magram pr<strong>of</strong>esoris cxovrebis miwuruls, 27<br />

wlis tyupi Zmebi ded-mamis Tvalwin daapatimres da sasikvdilod ganwirulTa rigebs<br />

gauyenes. bolSevikur xelisuflebasTan morigebis gzaTa Zieba uSedego aRmoCnda,<br />

gamosavlis povna _ SeuZlebeli... Znelia iTqvas, sicocxlis miwuruls ramdenad nanobda<br />

beneSeviCi sakuTar arCevans, magram misTvis aSkara iqneboda, rom bolSevikur qveyanaSi<br />

cxovrebis misi tragikuli mcdeloba katastr<strong>of</strong>iT damTavrda...<br />

ojaxidan cocxali mxolod amata darCa. fadei zelinskis qaliSvili da vladimir<br />

beneSeviCis meuRle imjerad aRar daupatimrebiaT, _ SesaZloa, mas “belomorkanalis”<br />

sakoncentracio banakSi manamde gatarebuli oTxi weli (1930-34 ww.) akmares... qmris, orive<br />

vaJisa da mazlis daxvretis Semdeg igi poliklinikaSi jer registratorad msaxurobda,<br />

Semdeg _ biblioTekarad, sul bolos ki laTinurs aswavlida pediatriis institutSi.<br />

leningradis blokadis gamovlis Semdeg igi martoobaSi amTavrebda xangrZliv<br />

sicocxles. momswreni igonebdnen, Tu XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSic ki rogor ijda umcros<br />

kolegaTa Soris amata fadeevna zelinskaia-beneSeviCi da rogor mouTxrobda maT mamisa<br />

da meuRlis warsuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da es saubrebi maT dResaswaulad miaCndaT, Tumca<br />

gaxsenebuli suraTebi iseTi Soreuli, iseTi fermkrTali Canda, rom msmenelebs, albaT,<br />

imis dajerebac ki uWirdaT, Tuki vinmem imdroindeli qariSxlidan cocxlad gamoRweva da<br />

uwyebis motana SeZlo...<br />

damowmebani:<br />

beneSeviCi 1916: Бенешевич В. Н. Грузинский великий Номоканон по спискам Тифлисского Церковного<br />

музея. Христианский Восток, Т. 5, вып. 2. 1916.<br />

granstremi 1973: Гранстрем Е. Э. Владимир Николаевич Бенешевич: (К 100-летию со дня рождения).<br />

Византийский Временник, Т. 35, 1973.<br />

didi sjuliskanoni 1975: didi sjuliskanoni. gamosacemad moamzades enriko gabiZaSvilma (da<br />

sxv.). Tb: mecniereba, 1975.<br />

enciklopedia 2002: Герд Л. А., Щапов Я. Н., В. Н. Бенешевич. Православная Энциклопедия. Том IV,<br />

М.: Православная Энциклопедия, 2002.<br />

175

vardosaniZe 2001: vardosaniZe s. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-<br />

1952 wlebSi. Tb.: mecniereba, 2001.<br />

volfcuni 1997: Вольфцун Л. Amata mea. Звезда, № 4, 1997.<br />

kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. tomi I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1980.<br />

medvedevi 1994: Медведев И. П. Неожиданный Бенешевич: Заметки по материалам архива ученого.<br />

Византийский Временник, Т. 55, 1994.<br />

medvedevi 1995: Медведев И. П. В. Н. Бенешевич: судьба ученого, судьба архива. Архивы русских<br />

византинистов в Санкт-Петербурге. СПб., 1995.<br />

oTxTavi 1909-1911: Четвероевангелие в древнем грузинском переводе по рукописям 913 и 995 гг.<br />

Вып. 1-2 [saxarebaÁ oTxTavi orTa ÃelnawerTagan Sig da SJe welTaTa, gamosca<br />

vladimire beneSeviCman, nakveTi a (saxarebaÁ maTÀs TavisaÁ), nakveTi b (saxarebaÁ<br />

markozis TavisaÁ)]. СПб., 1909-1911.<br />

Merab Ghaghanidze<br />

The Triple Tragedy <strong>of</strong> Vladimir Beneševič<br />

Summary<br />

The article attempts to show the life and the academic activities <strong>of</strong> Vladimir Beneševič (1874-1938), the<br />

Russian pr<strong>of</strong>essor, one <strong>of</strong> the prominent scholars in the field <strong>of</strong> medieval canon law <strong>of</strong> the Eastern Christendom.<br />

Beside <strong>of</strong> Byzantine, Armenian, Slavonic, Russian sources, he also studied the ecclesiastical canonical texts <strong>of</strong><br />

medieval Georgia. As victims <strong>of</strong> the communist persecution he and the members <strong>of</strong> his family were shot. There<br />

is given the tree dimensions <strong>of</strong> the tragedy <strong>of</strong> Beneševič: academic, ecclesiastical, personal.<br />

176

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis<br />

samecniero publikaciebis stili<br />

1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moicavs<br />

Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtualur Temebsa da problemebs, mniSvnelovan<br />

gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel Sedegebs.<br />

2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, disketze _ floppy A:) da<br />

Tan axldes:<br />

Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari, statusi da<br />

sakontaqto koordinatebi;<br />

anotacia qarTul enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi).<br />

3. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes boloSi.<br />

4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da aranakleb xuTi<br />

gverdisa.<br />

5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze Semdegnairad:<br />

a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi);<br />

b) naSromis teqsti;<br />

g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa);<br />

d) anotacia;<br />

e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm;<br />

v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti – Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1;<br />

6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli citirebisa da<br />

miTiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list).<br />

misi moTxovnebia:<br />

a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a brWyalebiT (` ~). citirebis dasasruls,<br />

mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic aRniSnulia citirebuli teqstis<br />

avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi.<br />

magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi).<br />

b) saleqso str<strong>of</strong>is (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili citata gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a<br />

teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi intervaliT (mag.: Tu<br />

teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba Lit.Nusx 10).<br />

g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da `axali wignebi~,<br />

sadac Sriftis zomebia:<br />

ZiriTadi teqsti Lit.Nusx 10,<br />

ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9.<br />

7. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis mixedviT, anbanuri<br />

rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix. danarTis cxrili).<br />

8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis bolos anotaciis<br />

win;<br />

b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba gverdis bolos,<br />

sqolioSi.<br />

9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul stilsa da<br />

marTlweraze.<br />

10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts.<br />

11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis, redaqcia daukavSirdeba<br />

dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs.<br />

12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis eZleva ukve<br />

dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia uflebas<br />

itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris vizis gareSe.<br />

177

nimuSi:<br />

cxrili<br />

monacemis<br />

tipi<br />

citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi<br />

Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva da imis<br />

dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi rodi arian.<br />

isini ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs, meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba sulac<br />

ar niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa<br />

nusxas) Sedgenas, aramed – imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben da<br />

funqcionireben analogiis mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis” mimarTebebi.<br />

amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998: 37). ratom<br />

SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom, aRniSnavs<br />

mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc praqtikaSi,<br />

metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs Zalze arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba,<br />

imdenad arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva semantikur mimarTebebTan<br />

SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia.<br />

wigni,<br />

erTi avtori<br />

Book, one authors<br />

wigni,<br />

ori, an meti<br />

avtori<br />

Book, two authors<br />

yovelTviuri<br />

Jurnalis an<br />

sxva tipis<br />

perioduli<br />

gamocemis statia<br />

Article in a journal or<br />

magazine published<br />

monthly<br />

damowmebuli literaturis nusxis (damowmebani-s) forma indeqsis<br />

mixedviT<br />

Bibliography Form<br />

abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970.<br />

vaisi 1962: Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H. Lawrence. Seattle: University <strong>of</strong><br />

Washington Press, 1962.<br />

kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />

istoria. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975.<br />

naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTul-rusuli<br />

literaturuli urTierTobis istoriidan. quTaisi:<br />

gamomcemloba `ganTiadi~, 1994.<br />

hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange. Victorian Poetry and Poetics.<br />

Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.<br />

aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo misia saqarTvelos<br />

samociqulo eklesiis TvalTaxedviT. J. iveria. qarTulevropuli<br />

institutis Jurnali, 1, 1992.<br />

someri 1988: Sommer, Robert. The Personality <strong>of</strong> Vegetables: Botanical Metaphors for Human<br />

Characteristics. Journal <strong>of</strong> Personality 56, no. 4 (December) 1988.<br />

178

wigni, avtoris<br />

gareSe<br />

Book, no author<br />

given<br />

dawesebuleba,<br />

asociacia da<br />

misTanani,<br />

avtoris<br />

poziciiT<br />

Institution,<br />

association, or the<br />

like, as "author"<br />

redaqtori, an<br />

kompilatori,<br />

avtoris<br />

poziciiT<br />

Editor or compiler as<br />

"author"<br />

eleqtronuli<br />

dokumenti<br />

internetidan<br />

Electronic document:<br />

From Internet<br />

enciklopedia,<br />

leqsikoni<br />

Encyclopedia,<br />

Dictionary<br />

interviu<br />

(gamouqveynebeli)<br />

saavtoro<br />

xelnaweri<br />

Interview<br />

(unpublished) by<br />

writer <strong>of</strong> paper<br />

sagazeTo statia<br />

Newspaper article<br />

yovelkvireuli<br />

Jurnalis statia<br />

Article in a magazine<br />

publis<br />

sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da marTva. baTumi:<br />

gamomcemloba `aWara~, 1989.<br />

cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women's Resource Book. New York:<br />

McGraw-Hill, 1976.<br />

amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia. organizaciis<br />

saxelmZRvanelo cnobari da 1995/1996 wlis wevrTa cnobari.<br />

Cikago: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995.<br />

amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook <strong>of</strong> Organization and<br />

1995/1996 Membership Directory. Chicago: American Library Association,<br />

1995.<br />

duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis Teoriis mcire<br />

leqsikoni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975.<br />

hendersoni 1950: Henderson, J.N.D. (editor). The World's Religions. London: Inter-Varsity<br />

Fellowship, 1950.<br />

mitCeli 1995: mitCeli, uiliam j. bitebis qalaqi: sivrce, adgili da<br />

sainformacio nakadi [on-lain wigni] (kembriji: gamomc.: MIT<br />

Press, 1995, ganTavsebulia 29 seqtembridan, 1995); mis.: http://wwwmitpress.mit.edu:80/<br />

City_<strong>of</strong>_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.<br />

mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City <strong>of</strong> Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn [book on- line].<br />

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995; available from<br />

http://www-mitpress. mit.edu:80/City_<strong>of</strong>_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html;<br />

Internet.<br />

vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni. springfildi:<br />

MA: G. и C. Merriam, 1961<br />

vebsteri 1961: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: MA: G. & C. Merriam,<br />

1961.<br />

morganisi 1996: morganisi, nensi d. interviu avtorTan, 16 ivlisi 1996, fol<br />

riviera, masaCusetsi, Canaweri<br />

morganisi 1996: Morganis, Nancy D. Interview by author, 16 July 1996, Fall River, MA. Tape<br />

recording.<br />

niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis pr<strong>of</strong>ili~, gaz. niu iork<br />

taimsi, 21 ianvari 1990, Can. III, gv. 5.<br />

niu iork taimsi 1990: "Pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> Marriott Corp." New York Times, 21 January 1990, sec. III,<br />

p. 5.<br />

naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni da ms<strong>of</strong>lios<br />

cnobebi, 10-17 seqtemberi, 1990.<br />

naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland's Feud in the Family. U.S. News and World Report, 10-17<br />

September, 1990.<br />

179

hed weekly (or <strong>of</strong><br />

general interest)<br />

Tezisebi, an<br />

sadisertacio<br />

naSromis<br />

daskvnebi<br />

(debulebebi)<br />

Thesis or dissertation<br />

filipsi 1962: filipsi, o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis zepur<br />

sazogadoebaze. sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti,<br />

1962.<br />

filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence <strong>of</strong> Ovid on Lucan's Bellum Civile. Ph.D. diss.,<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Chicago, 1962.<br />

*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT) an<br />

erTi da igive naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba anbanuri rigiT.<br />

magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87).<br />

180

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