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gamocdili maswavlebeli gamocdili maswavlebeli

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Tavi 11 298 Sejameba damkvirvebelma (an maswavlebelma, romelic sakuTar Tavs akvirdeba) SeiZleba am parametrSi aRwerili maswavleblis qcevis maformirebeli midgomebidan erT-erTi gamoiyenos: (1) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa Setyobinebis zusti buneba gansxvavebuli davalebebisa da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT pirdapirobis, specifikurobis, ganmeorebadobis, dadebiTobisa da siZlieris TvalsazrisiT da Semdeg am molodineb- Si nagulisxmev standartebs daakvirdes an (2) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa Setyobinebis zusti buneba aTi sferos, rogorc moswavleTa `sxartebad~ da `sustebad~ dayofis Sesaxeb klasis mikerZoebuli azris, indikatorad. marTlac, sasargebloa, yuradRebiT davakvirdeT sakuTar Tavs da SevamowmoT xom ara varT `sxarti-susti~-s maxeSi gabmulebi. amrigad, molodinis parametris qcevis es paternebi im rwmenas unda Seesabamebodes, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo masalis daZleva maRali standartebis Sesatyvisad. Cveni naTqvami `yvela moswavles SeuZlia~ Cveni saqmianobis Tanxvdenili unda iyos. Tu `sxarti-susti~-s crurwmenis daZleva gvsurs, romelic, mecnierTa azriT, yvela moswavlisTvis swavlis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis usamarTlo SezRudvaa, maSin kuperis mier Tavmoyril camet qcevas Tavs avaridebT, zustad gvecodineba yoveli sferos Sesatyvisi molodinebi da vecdebiT, yvela moswavlem saukeTesos standarts miaRwios. moswavleebs Cveneuli molodinebis `aRmatebisTvis~ mraval SesaZleblobas SevuqmniT. saSualo warmatebis mqone skolebSi desegregaciis sami aTwleulis bolos Cveni sazogadoeba SavkanianTa, laTinoamerikelTa da sxva feradkanianTa seriozuli warumateblobis winaSe aRmoCnda. moswavleTaTvis dadebiTi molodinebis gadacema da Cveneuli (SesaZloa sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb maTeuli) stereotipebis rRveva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania (Howard & Hammond, 1985). is, Tu ras gaakeTeben adamianebi, Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli maTive rwmenaSi imis Sesaxeb, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT. ra unda viRonoT Cven, rogorc ganaTlebis mesveurebma, rom moswavleebs, gansakuTrebiT feradkanianebs, sakuTari Tavis rwmena gavuRvivoT? pigmalionis qcevaze uaris Tqma kargi dasawyisia, magram ra aris Semdegi nabiji? mravali avtorisa da mkvlevaris azriT, axali kurikulumi da axali, ufro mkacri, standartebi ar aris sakmarisi. `pirvel yovlisa, eWvgareSea, rom mcireSemosavlian adgilebSi mdebare skolebSi warmatebuli maswavleblis aucilebeli Tavisebureba dadebiTi damokidebulebaa. sityvebis sworad SerCeva ar kmara. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ra aSkara da farul Setyobinebebs iReben moswavleebi maswavleblisagan swavlis maTeuli unarebis Sesaxeb~ (Frick 1987). mcirewlovan bavSvebs miaCniaT, rom warmateba Zalisxmevas mosdevs; arsebiTad, maTTvis Zalisxmeva da unari sinonimebia (Nicholls 1978). magram asakis matebasTan erTad bavSvebi akademiur warmatebas ufro metad bunebriv unars miaweren da ara Zalisxmevas. es maT Caketil wreSi aqcevs, radgan Tu viRac ver swavlobs, ese igi, gonebaClungia. mravali arasaxarbielo moswrebis mqone moswavle sabazo klasebSi Tavs aridebs skolas da wyvets mcdelobas, radgan maT urCevniaT zarmacebad Tvlidnen, da ara gonebaClungebad. rac ufro metad davarwmunebT moswavleebs, rom warmatebis sawindari unari da Zalisxmevaa (da ara iRbali an martivi samuSao), miT ukeTesi Sedegebi eqnebaT feradkanianebs da, faqtobrivad, yvela moswavles. naTqvami, `Tu Seni qula saSualo an saSualoze dabalia, maSin testze sami saaTi unda imuSao~ niSnavs, `swored amdeni muSaoba gWirdeba umaRlesi qulis misaRebad da Sen es SegiZlia~. jef hovardi 1 mravaljer (Howard 1985, 1990, 1995) imeorebs, rom Rrmad fesvgadgmuli 1 Cven valSi varT jef hovardis (efeqtianobis instituti, leqsingtoni, masaCusetsi) winaSe misi novatoruli naSromisTvis, romelSic xazi gausva Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobas moswavlis warmatebis gansazRvrisas. misi mosazrebebi mocemulia momdevno or gverdze.)

molodinebi amerikuli paradigma `inteleqti → miRweva~ mcdari da imavdroulad Cveni skolebis wamyvani principia. mas eTanxmeba arc meti arc naklebi, loran rezniki (Lauren Resnick), qveynis masStabiT Sefasebis erovnuli standartebis Seqmnis proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: ra kavSiria unarsa da Zalisxmevas Soris? am saukunis dasawyisSi ganaTlebis sistema im varaudze avageT, rom unari swavlaSi pirvelxarisxovania da is mniSvnelovanwilad memkvidreobiTia. sistema orientirebuli iyo SerCevaze, bunebiT dajildoebulebis naklebad dajildoebulebisgan garCevaze da maTi talantis Sesatyvisi programebiT uzrunvelyofaze. sxva periodebSi, ufro metad ki `didi sazogadoebis~ reformebis dros makompensirebeli principis mixedviT vmuSaobdiT, vamtkicebdiT, rom individisa Tu institutis mier gaweul gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas dabali unaris daZleva SeeZlo. mesame Sesa- Zleblobas, rom Zalisxmeva marTlac qmnis unars, rom moswavleebi SeiZleba sxartebi gaxdnen sworad SerCeul saswavlo davalebebze Tavdauzogavi muSaobis Sedegad, arasdros seriozulad ar uyurebdnen amerikaSi an metic, nebismier evropul sazogadoebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es mTavari saganmanaTleblo daSvebaa konfucis tradiciebis mqone sazogadoebebSi. 2 [unariT SezRudul amgvar SexedulebaSi] moswavleebi ar cdiloben dabali molodinebis barieris garRvevas, radgan isini TavianTi maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis msgavsad iziareben azrs, rom unari umTavresia da maT saTanado unari ara aqvT. gasakviri ar aris, rom maTi moswreba kvlav arasaxarbielo rCeba. im bavSvebs, romelTac momTxovni, rTuli, azrovnebaze agebuli kurikulumiT ar aswavlian, cudi Sedegebi aqvT azrovnebisa Tu problemaTa gadaWraze agebul testebze muSaobisas, rac adasturebs Cvens Tavdapirvel eWvs, rom maT ara aqvT amgvari azrovnebis niWi. sistema TviTmtkicebadia, sadac SeniRbuli varaudebi ganuwyvetliv marTldeba TviT am varaudebze dafuZnebuli gamocdilebis SedegebiT. saWiro ar aris am gziT gavagrZeloT siaruli. unari skolebis organizebis erTaderTi safuZveli rodia. saganmanaTleblo institutebi SesaZlebelia aigos alternatiul daSvebaze, rom Zalisxmeva faqtobrivad qmnis unars. Cveni saganmanaTleblo sistema SesaZlebelia ZiriTadad Zalisxmevis xelSewyobaze aigos (Resnick 1995). am avtorTa naSromebis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom swored maswavleblis Rrma rwmena, rom yvela moswavles namdvilad SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo samuSaos Sesruleba maRali standartebis Se- arsebiTad Zalisxmeva qmnis unars. sabamisad, aris gadamwyveti yvela moswavlisTvis maRali dadebiTi molodinebis matarebeli Setyobinebebis gadacemisas. miuxedavad Cveni genetikuri memkvidreobisa, Cven yvela daujereblad rTul analitikur amocanas varTmevT Tavs _ sami wlis asakSi metyvelebas viwyebT, Semdeg yvelas sakmarisad gviWris goneba saswavlo davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad _ es efeqtiani Zalisxmevis Sedegia. aq sakvanZo sityva efeqtiania. mxolod meti Zalisxmeva warmatebis garantia ar gaxlavT. 2 am ganzogadebidan gamonaklisi SesaZloa alfred bine, 1908 wels Semecnebaze dafuZnebuli pirveli IQ testis Semqmnelia, romelmac Tqva, rom: `inteleqti mgrZnobiarea ganviTarebis mimarT; varjiSiTa da wvrTniT, gansakuTrebiT ki, swavlebi sa- Tanado meTodebiT SegviZlia gavzardoT bavSvis yuradReba, mexsiereba, azrovneba – davexmaroT gaxdes ufro Wkviani, vidre iyo~. inteleqti ar aris myari, ucvleli, an platonuri, SezRuduli arsi. inteleqti `wvrTnadia~ (educable). is `gonebrivi or- Topediis~ momxre iyo, romelic bavSvebs ukeT dakvirvebas, mosmenas, damaxsovrebasa da msjelobas aswavlis; isini Tavdajerebulobas, konkurenciis unars, simtkices, warmatebis miRwevis survilsa da yvela im saukeTeso gancdas iZenen, romelic Tan sdevs qmedebas; maT gansakuTrebiT nebisyofis ufro intensiuri gamovlena unda vaswavloT; nebisyofa nebismieri ganaTlebis gasaRebia.) 299

Tavi 11<br />

298<br />

Sejameba<br />

damkvirvebelma (an maswavlebelma, romelic sakuTar Tavs akvirdeba) SeiZleba am<br />

parametrSi aRwerili maswavleblis qcevis maformirebeli midgomebidan erT-erTi gamoiyenos:<br />

(1) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa Setyobinebis zusti buneba gansxvavebuli<br />

davalebebisa da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT pirdapirobis, specifikurobis,<br />

ganmeorebadobis, dadebiTobisa da siZlieris TvalsazrisiT da Semdeg am molodineb-<br />

Si nagulisxmev standartebs daakvirdes an (2) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa<br />

Setyobinebis zusti buneba aTi sferos, rogorc moswavleTa `sxartebad~ da `sustebad~ dayofis<br />

Sesaxeb klasis mikerZoebuli azris, indikatorad. marTlac, sasargebloa, yuradRebiT<br />

davakvirdeT sakuTar Tavs da SevamowmoT xom ara varT `sxarti-susti~-s maxeSi gabmulebi.<br />

amrigad, molodinis parametris qcevis es paternebi im rwmenas unda Seesabamebodes,<br />

rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo masalis daZleva maRali standartebis Sesatyvisad.<br />

Cveni naTqvami `yvela moswavles SeuZlia~ Cveni saqmianobis Tanxvdenili unda iyos.<br />

Tu `sxarti-susti~-s crurwmenis daZleva gvsurs, romelic, mecnierTa azriT, yvela moswavlisTvis<br />

swavlis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis usamarTlo SezRudvaa, maSin kuperis mier Tavmoyril<br />

camet qcevas Tavs avaridebT, zustad gvecodineba yoveli sferos Sesatyvisi molodinebi<br />

da vecdebiT, yvela moswavlem saukeTesos standarts miaRwios. moswavleebs Cveneuli<br />

molodinebis `aRmatebisTvis~ mraval SesaZleblobas SevuqmniT.<br />

saSualo warmatebis mqone skolebSi desegregaciis sami aTwleulis bolos Cveni sazogadoeba<br />

SavkanianTa, laTinoamerikelTa da sxva feradkanianTa seriozuli warumateblobis<br />

winaSe aRmoCnda. moswavleTaTvis dadebiTi molodinebis gadacema da Cveneuli (SesaZloa sakuTari<br />

Tavis Sesaxeb maTeuli) stereotipebis rRveva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania (Howard<br />

& Hammond, 1985). is, Tu ras gaakeTeben adamianebi, Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli maTive rwmenaSi<br />

imis Sesaxeb, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT. ra unda viRonoT Cven, rogorc ganaTlebis mesveurebma,<br />

rom moswavleebs, gansakuTrebiT feradkanianebs, sakuTari Tavis rwmena gavuRvivoT? pigmalionis<br />

qcevaze uaris Tqma kargi dasawyisia, magram ra aris Semdegi nabiji?<br />

mravali avtorisa da mkvlevaris azriT, axali kurikulumi da axali, ufro mkacri, standartebi<br />

ar aris sakmarisi. `pirvel yovlisa, eWvgareSea, rom mcireSemosavlian adgilebSi<br />

mdebare skolebSi warmatebuli maswavleblis aucilebeli Tavisebureba dadebiTi damokidebulebaa.<br />

sityvebis sworad SerCeva ar kmara. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ra aSkara da<br />

farul Setyobinebebs iReben moswavleebi maswavleblisagan swavlis maTeuli unarebis Sesaxeb~<br />

(Frick 1987).<br />

mcirewlovan bavSvebs miaCniaT, rom warmateba Zalisxmevas mosdevs; arsebiTad, maTTvis<br />

Zalisxmeva da unari sinonimebia (Nicholls 1978). magram asakis matebasTan erTad bavSvebi akademiur<br />

warmatebas ufro metad bunebriv unars miaweren da ara Zalisxmevas. es maT Caketil<br />

wreSi aqcevs, radgan Tu viRac ver swavlobs, ese igi, gonebaClungia. mravali arasaxarbielo<br />

moswrebis mqone moswavle sabazo klasebSi Tavs aridebs skolas da wyvets mcdelobas, radgan<br />

maT urCevniaT zarmacebad Tvlidnen, da ara gonebaClungebad. rac ufro metad davarwmunebT<br />

moswavleebs, rom warmatebis sawindari unari da Zalisxmevaa (da ara iRbali an martivi samuSao),<br />

miT ukeTesi Sedegebi eqnebaT feradkanianebs da, faqtobrivad, yvela moswavles.<br />

naTqvami, `Tu Seni qula saSualo an saSualoze dabalia, maSin testze sami saaTi unda imuSao~<br />

niSnavs, `swored amdeni muSaoba gWirdeba umaRlesi qulis misaRebad da Sen es SegiZlia~.<br />

jef hovardi 1 mravaljer (Howard 1985, 1990, 1995) imeorebs, rom Rrmad fesvgadgmuli<br />

1 Cven valSi varT jef hovardis (efeqtianobis instituti, leqsingtoni, masaCusetsi) winaSe misi novatoruli naSromisTvis,<br />

romelSic xazi gausva Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobas moswavlis warmatebis gansazRvrisas. misi mosazrebebi mocemulia momdevno<br />

or gverdze.)

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