gamocdili maswavlebeli
gamocdili maswavlebeli gamocdili maswavlebeli
Tavi 8 momdevno doneze maswavlebeli ubrundeba im moswavles, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba. is SeZlebisdagvarad garkveul dros uTmobs masTan saubars da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, mogvianebiT kvlav ubrundeba mas, raTa Seamowmos Sedegiani iyo Tu ara misi muSaoba. aseTi dabrunebisas, maswavlebelma SeiZleba mimoxilviTi kiTxvebiT an naswavlis sxva konteqstSi gamoyenebis saSualebiT Seamowmos gageba. zogjer gakveTilze maswavlebels ara aqvs gagebis Semowmebisa da xelaxali axsnis dro _ es swavlebis realobaa. am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma TavisTvis unda aRniSnos an Caiweros, konkretulad romeli moswavlisTvisaa bundovani axali koncefcia. Semdeg SeiZleba SeuTanxmdes maT gakveTilebis Semdeg xanmokle Sexvedraze bundovani momentebis gasarkvevad, gadadgas nebismieri sxva nabiji am mimarTulebiT da Seqmnas masalis gagebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi. bolo doneze maswavlebeli moswavleebs maTeuli azrovnebis (ara mxolod fiqrTa Tanamimdevrobisa) aRweras sTxovs: amowmebs, rogor fiqrobs moswavle koncefciisa Tu operaciis Sesaxeb. is cdilobs moswavlis gonebaSi urTierTkavSirTa struqturis, sakiTxis konceptualizaciis gzis gagebas. is svams Semdeg kiTxvebs: `rogor miiRe es pasuxi? rogor udgebi am saxis amocanas? SegiZlia miTxra ra gaakeTe an ra ifiqre amasTan dakavSirebiT? pirvelad ra nabiji gadadgi? ratom? Seni azriT, ras unda niSnavdes es? Seni azriT, ras niSnavs `qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba?~ zogjer SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom erTi SexedviT `mcdari~ pasuxebi sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris mcdari, Tu moswavleTa varaudebsa da logikas gavigebT. moswavlis gonebaSi urTierTkavSirTa struqturis gamoyeneba maswavlebels koncefciis xelaxla axsnis an SekiTxvaTa seriis dasmis saSualebas aZlevs, rac moswavles koncefciis TviTaRmo- Cenas gauadvilebs. moswavleTa azrovnebis wvdomis mniSvnelo- zogjer `mcdari~ pasuxebi sinamdvileSi sulac basTan dakavSirebiT sami avtoris naSromebi ar aris mcdari, Tu moswavleTa varaudebsa da unda aRiniSnos. 1970-ian wlebSi bil halma (Bill logikas gavigebT. Hull) Caatara seminarebis seria _ `bavSvTa azrovneba~, sadac maswavleblebi regularulad ikribebodnen moswavleTa mier monacemTa gadamuSavebis procesis gansaxilvelad. diskusiebi maswavleblebs stimuls aZlevda (da amJamadac aZlevT, radgan Sexvedrebi kvlav grZeldeba), efiqraT bavSvebis azrovnebaze, ecadaT, gaegoT movlenebis xedvisa da problemaTa gadaWris maTeuli gzebi. hiu mehanma (Hugh Mehan 1974) gaaanaliza maswavleblisa da bavSvebis msjeloba da aCvena, rom bavSvebis `Secdomebi~, faqtobrivad, ufrosebis saubris maTeuli interpretaciiT iyo gamowveuli. eleonor dakvorTma (Eleanor Duckworth 1981) maswavleblebTan erTad kvlevaTa seria Caatara mozardTa azrovnebis Seswavlis mizniT, romelSic amosavali wertili iyo maswavleblebis mier sakuTari azrovnebisa da swavlis procesebis Seswavla. 186 Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom `bavSvis gageba~ maswavlebelTa devizi, mizani, Semdgomi muSaobis safuZveli gaxda. es iyo sirTule, romlis winaSec isini sakuTar Tavs ayenebdnen yovel jerze, roca bavSvi gaakeTebda an ityoda iseT rames, rasac myisierad ver xvdebodnen. sxva sityvebiT, maswavleblebi cdilobdnen, epovaT is gza, romelic bavSvis naTqvamisa da moqmedebis axsnis saSualebas miscemda – isini cdilobdnen `bavSvis gagebas~ (Duckworth 1987, gv. 86-87) dakvorTis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mosazreba is gaxlavT, rom misi azriT, piaJes arsebiTi wvlili ganviTarebis miseuli etapebi rodia; is umniSvnelo gavlenas axdens swavlebaze, saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT bavSvis ganviTarebis adgili piaJeseul ierarqiaSi, Tu vaRiarebT konkretuli masalis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas (gansakuTrebiT, roca vacnobierebT swavlebis mniSvnelobas zrdasrulebisTvisac ki). mniSvnelovania da swavlebas arsebiTad uwyobs xels piaJes klinikuri intervius teqnikis gageba, `romelSic zrdasrulis mizania,
sicxade SeZlebisdagvarad meti gaigos konkretul sakiTxze moswavlis Sexedulebis Sesaxeb~ (Duckworth 1981, gv. 14). garda amisa: bavSvTan saubris kvalobaze, miseuli aRqmis wvdomis mizniT, `am procesSi~ TviT bavSviseuli aRqma izrdeba. Tanamosaubris mier bavSvis azrovnebis gagebis mizniT dasmuli kiTxvebi TviT bavSvsac met fiqrs avaldebulebs. ras gulisxmob? rogor gaakeTe es? namdvilad ver vxvdebi; SegiZlia, sxvagvarad amixsna? SegiZlia, magaliTi momiyvano? rogor gamoiangariSe? Tanamosaubres es kiTxvebi meore adamianis gagebis saSualebas aZlevs. yovel jerze is mosaubris fiqrebSi erTveba da win adgmevinebs nabijs (Duckworth 1987, gv. 96-97)* (damatebiTi informaciisTvis imis Taobaze, rogor SeiZleba gavaRrmaoT moswavleTa gageba imiT, rom davafiqroT sakuTar azrovnebaze, ixileT am Tavis Semajamebeli nawili.) axsnis meqanizmebi Semowmeba da dabneulobis mogvareba arsebiTia sicxadisTvis, Tumca arsebobs masTan dakavSirebuli sxva saSualebebic, magaliTad, maswavleblis axsnis meqanizmTa repertuari, romelic mas axsnis dros exmareba. es meqanizmebi moicavs: analogiebs, mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis xazgasmas, azrobriv xatebs, fizikur modelebs, media/teqnologiebs, cxrilebisa an dafis gamoyenebas, ufro srul an ufro zust axsnas, xmamaRla fiqris modelirebas, ubralo miniSnebebis gamoyenebas, Tanamimdevruli minimaluri miniSnebebisa da grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis gamoyenebas. am terminTa umravlesobis mniSvneloba naTelia, mxolod ramdenimes sWirdeba axsna. azrobrivi xati axsnis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da yvelaze ugulebelyofili meqanizmi azrobrivi xatebia. azrobrivi xatebi sakuTar TavSi suraTebis Seqmnas niSnavs; maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT, moswavleebs warmatebiT SeuZliaT am suraTebis gamoyeneba: ¤ fizikuri mdgomareobis, movlenebis an procesebis gasagebad; ¤ koncefciebis analogiebisTvis; ¤ ganwyobis, scenis an konteqstis Sesaqmnelad; ¤ informaciis an urTierTobaTa formis ukeT dasamaxsovreblad. azrobrivi xatebi didi xania gamoiyeneba sportSi fizikuri varjiSis dasaxvewad (Whisler & Marzano 1988). mkiTxvels SeiZleba axsovs dvaiT sTouni 1980 wlis olimpiur asparezobaSi gadaxtomis dros: TvaldaxuWuli qviSiT savse yuTSi mdgomi, neli rweviT is sakuTar Tavs xedavda _ gzaze garboda da Zelze xteboda; an artur eSi 1975 wels uimbldonSi finaluri matCis dros, rogor ijda TvaldaxuWuli kortis Secvlisas da sakuTar Tavs xedavda – Tavis Cawodebas mihyveboda badesTan axlos da ixreboda sapasuxo dartymisTvis. am da bevr sxva magaliTSi sportsmenebi gonebaSi gadian repeticias, raTa moaxdinon gonebis fokusireba, koncentrireba, gavarjiSeba da fizikuri winsvla. skolaSi azrobrivi xatebis gamoyeneba saswavlo masalaze yuradRebis fokusirebis, mniSvnelobis cxadad axsnis da tvinis mxedvelobiTi da marjvena arxebis gaaqtiurebisa da, saboloo angariSiT, warmatebuli swavlisTvis SeiZleba. * gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. Duckworth, E. `The Having of Wonderful Ideas` and Other Essays on Teaching and Learning. New York: Teachers College Press, 1987, gv. 83-97.) 187
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Tavi 8<br />
momdevno doneze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ubrundeba im moswavles, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba.<br />
is SeZlebisdagvarad garkveul dros uTmobs masTan saubars da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,<br />
mogvianebiT kvlav ubrundeba mas, raTa Seamowmos Sedegiani iyo Tu ara misi muSaoba. aseTi<br />
dabrunebisas, maswavlebelma SeiZleba mimoxilviTi kiTxvebiT an naswavlis sxva konteqstSi<br />
gamoyenebis saSualebiT Seamowmos gageba. zogjer gakveTilze maswavlebels ara aqvs gagebis<br />
Semowmebisa da xelaxali axsnis dro _ es swavlebis realobaa. am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma<br />
TavisTvis unda aRniSnos an Caiweros, konkretulad romeli moswavlisTvisaa bundovani axali<br />
koncefcia. Semdeg SeiZleba SeuTanxmdes maT gakveTilebis Semdeg xanmokle Sexvedraze<br />
bundovani momentebis gasarkvevad, gadadgas nebismieri sxva nabiji am mimarTulebiT da Seqmnas<br />
masalis gagebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi.<br />
bolo doneze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs maTeuli azrovnebis (ara mxolod fiqrTa Tanamimdevrobisa)<br />
aRweras sTxovs: amowmebs, rogor fiqrobs moswavle koncefciisa Tu operaciis<br />
Sesaxeb. is cdilobs moswavlis gonebaSi urTierTkavSirTa struqturis, sakiTxis konceptualizaciis<br />
gzis gagebas. is svams Semdeg kiTxvebs: `rogor miiRe es pasuxi? rogor udgebi<br />
am saxis amocanas? SegiZlia miTxra ra gaakeTe an ra ifiqre amasTan dakavSirebiT? pirvelad<br />
ra nabiji gadadgi? ratom? Seni azriT, ras unda niSnavdes es? Seni azriT, ras niSnavs `qalaqis<br />
TviTmmarTveloba?~ zogjer SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom erTi SexedviT `mcdari~ pasuxebi<br />
sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris mcdari, Tu moswavleTa varaudebsa da logikas gavigebT. moswavlis<br />
gonebaSi urTierTkavSirTa struqturis gamoyeneba maswavlebels koncefciis xelaxla<br />
axsnis an SekiTxvaTa seriis dasmis saSualebas aZlevs, rac moswavles koncefciis TviTaRmo-<br />
Cenas gauadvilebs.<br />
moswavleTa azrovnebis wvdomis mniSvnelo-<br />
zogjer `mcdari~ pasuxebi sinamdvileSi sulac basTan dakavSirebiT sami avtoris naSromebi<br />
ar aris mcdari, Tu moswavleTa varaudebsa da unda aRiniSnos. 1970-ian wlebSi bil halma (Bill<br />
logikas gavigebT.<br />
Hull) Caatara seminarebis seria _ `bavSvTa azrovneba~,<br />
sadac maswavleblebi regularulad<br />
ikribebodnen moswavleTa mier monacemTa gadamuSavebis procesis gansaxilvelad. diskusiebi<br />
maswavleblebs stimuls aZlevda (da amJamadac aZlevT, radgan Sexvedrebi kvlav grZeldeba),<br />
efiqraT bavSvebis azrovnebaze, ecadaT, gaegoT movlenebis xedvisa da problemaTa gadaWris<br />
maTeuli gzebi. hiu mehanma (Hugh Mehan 1974) gaaanaliza maswavleblisa da bavSvebis msjeloba<br />
da aCvena, rom bavSvebis `Secdomebi~, faqtobrivad, ufrosebis saubris maTeuli interpretaciiT<br />
iyo gamowveuli. eleonor dakvorTma (Eleanor Duckworth 1981) maswavleblebTan<br />
erTad kvlevaTa seria Caatara mozardTa azrovnebis Seswavlis mizniT, romelSic amosavali<br />
wertili iyo maswavleblebis mier sakuTari azrovnebisa da swavlis procesebis Seswavla.<br />
186<br />
Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom<br />
`bavSvis gageba~ maswavlebelTa devizi, mizani, Semdgomi muSaobis safuZveli gaxda.<br />
es iyo sirTule, romlis winaSec isini sakuTar Tavs ayenebdnen yovel jerze,<br />
roca bavSvi gaakeTebda an ityoda iseT rames, rasac myisierad ver xvdebodnen.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, maswavleblebi cdilobdnen, epovaT is gza, romelic bavSvis<br />
naTqvamisa da moqmedebis axsnis saSualebas miscemda – isini cdilobdnen `bavSvis<br />
gagebas~ (Duckworth 1987, gv. 86-87)<br />
dakvorTis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mosazreba is gaxlavT, rom misi azriT, piaJes arsebiTi<br />
wvlili ganviTarebis miseuli etapebi rodia; is umniSvnelo gavlenas axdens swavlebaze, saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT bavSvis ganviTarebis adgili piaJeseul ierarqiaSi, Tu vaRiarebT<br />
konkretuli masalis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas (gansakuTrebiT, roca vacnobierebT<br />
swavlebis mniSvnelobas zrdasrulebisTvisac ki). mniSvnelovania da swavlebas arsebiTad<br />
uwyobs xels piaJes klinikuri intervius teqnikis gageba, `romelSic zrdasrulis mizania,
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