gamocdili maswavlebeli
gamocdili maswavlebeli
gamocdili maswavlebeli
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<strong>gamocdili</strong><br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
jon safieri<br />
robert goueri<br />
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2010
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: swavlebis unarebis ganviTareba. jon safieri, robert goveri, me-5 gamocema<br />
The Skillful Teacher: Building Your Teaching Skills. Jon Saphier, Robert Gower, 5 th Ed.<br />
es wigni mraval kolejSi pedagogikis Seswavlis standarti gaxda. misi avtorebi novatori da <strong>gamocdili</strong><br />
pedagogebi arian. “<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>” swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis bazis unikaluri sinTezia, sadac<br />
swavlebis strategiebi morgebulia moswavleTa saWiroebebze. wigni erTgvari praqtikuli gzamkvlevia<br />
maswavleblisTvis romlis mizani swavlebis unar-Cvevebis gaRrmavebaa. masSi Teoria da praqtika Serwymulia da<br />
fokusirebulia saklaso oTaxis 18 mniSvnelovan sferoze. Tanamedrove skolebisTvis araferia imaze arsebiTi,<br />
vidre <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tavisi rwmeniTa da SesaZleblobebiT. maswavleblis ostatoba gavlenas axdens aramarto<br />
moswavlis warmatebaze, mis qulebze, aramed moswavlis mier warmatebisa da keTildReobis gancdazec.<br />
wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros programiT - `sauniversiteto<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~ da ilias saxelmwifo universitetis mier. wigni momzadda ilias saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis mier.<br />
pirveli qarTuli gamocema saavtoro ufleba<br />
ISBN 978-9941-9116-6-8<br />
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba<br />
qaquca ColoyaSvilis 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, saqarTvelo<br />
Ilia State University Press<br />
3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave., Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali 5<br />
Tavi 1 Sesavali 13<br />
menejmenti<br />
Tavi 2 yuradReba 23<br />
Tavi 3 tempi 37<br />
Tavi 4 sivrce 53<br />
Tavi 5 dro 67<br />
Tavi 6 rutina 89<br />
Tavi 7 disciplina 105<br />
instruqcia<br />
Tavi 8 sicxade 177<br />
Tavi 9 swavlis principebi 217<br />
Tavi 10 swavlebis modelebi 245<br />
motivacia<br />
Tavi 11 molodinebi 267<br />
Tavi 12 pirovnul urTierTobaTa damyareba 311<br />
Tavi 13 saklaso garemo<br />
saswavlo gegma<br />
Tavi 14 miznebi 359<br />
Tavi 15 swavlis gamocdileba 385<br />
Tavi 16 Sefaseba 415<br />
Tavi 17 saswavlo gegmis Seqmna 495<br />
Tavi 18 saboloo miznebi 501<br />
Tavi 19 farTod gaRebuli WiSkari 511<br />
Tavi 20 maswavleblis Sexedulebebi 525<br />
indeqsi 533<br />
3
Sesavali<br />
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>I<br />
es wigni maswavleblebis dasaxmareblad davwereT. gvsurda maT swavlebis unar-Cvevebis<br />
meti gamocdileba SeeZinaT. Cveni faseulobebi naTelia. Cveni azriT, kargi skolisaTvis mravali<br />
ram aris mniSvnelovani: saswavlo gegma, mSobelTa CarTuloba, sufTa, usafrTxo Senoba.<br />
Tumca umniSvnelovanesi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>a, misi codna, Sexedulebebi da SesaZleblobebi.<br />
yvelaferi, TiTqmis yvelaferi, rasac vakeTebT emsaxureba maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobis<br />
xelSewyobas da saswavlo garemos, romelsac maswavleblebi arsebuli resursebiT<br />
uqmnian moswavleebs.<br />
Cven gvjera, rom maswavleblis unar-Cvevebs SeuZlia Secvalos ara marto moswavlis testirebis<br />
qulebi (ramdenad mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos), aramed miRwevebiT kmayofilebisa<br />
da keTildReobis gancdac. imis Tqma rodi gvsurs, rom unars yvela sxva adamianuri Tvisebis<br />
Secvla SeuZlia; magram darwmunebuli varT, rom maswavleblis saqmianoba moswavleTaTvis<br />
gamocdilebis wyaroa da amitom es saqmianoba ostaturi unda iyos.<br />
swavlebis Cveneuli kvleva wignSi sami ZiriTadi koncefciis mixedviT aris warmodgenili:<br />
sisrule, repertuari da Sesabameba.<br />
1. sisrule miuTiTebs Cven mier swavlebis, rogorc mTlianobis gagebaze. Cven im dRis<br />
dadgomas veswrafiT, rodesac vityviT, `es is sferoebia, risganac swavleba Sedgeba.<br />
Tu es sferoebi gecodineba swavlebis yvela instumenti Cvens xelT iqneba~.<br />
2. repertuari im faqts asaxavs, rom swavlebis nebismieri sferos samarTavad maswavlebels<br />
ramdenime gza aqvs. repertuari is koncefciaa, romelic sxvadasxva situaciebSi<br />
strategiaTa da qcevaTa mravalferovani strategiebis SemuSavebas gvaiZulebs.<br />
3. Sesabameba gvaiZulebs vifiqroT, ra qcevis arCeva iqneba upriani repertuaridan<br />
situaciis, jgufis Tu individualuri moswavlisaTvis.<br />
wignis struqtura am sami ideis garSemo trialebs. swavlebis yoveli axali sferos gansaz-<br />
Rvrisa da aRwerisas, Cven mas SesaZlo alternativaTa WrilSi ganvixilavT. Semdeg Sesabamis<br />
alternativas SevarCevT da vnaxavT, ra viciT am alternativis Sesaxeb.<br />
wignis struqtura swavlebis Sesatyvis Zalze specifikur qcevaTa da situaciaTa simravleze<br />
avageT da, Sesabamisad, is sasargeblo unda iyos rogorc TviTganviTarebis, kadrebis<br />
marTvis, zedamxedvelobis da maswavleblis Sefasebis instrumenti. Teoria uSualod praqtikasTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli. uxvi magaliTebi swavlebis aRwerili qcevis ilustracias emsaxureba.<br />
imedi gvaqvs, rom am gziT mkiTxveli ufro srulad da zustad SeZlebs sakuTari (an sxva<br />
maswavleblis) swavlebis gagebas; da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is SeZlebs sakuTari saqmianobis<br />
kontrols miznis miRwevisa da moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
winasityvaoba me-5 gamocemisaTvis<br />
wina gamocemebis mkiTxvelebi SeamCneven, rom mravali Tavi ganaxlebuli da gavrcobilia,<br />
es gansakuTrebiT exeba Tavebs sicxadisa da molodinis Sesaxeb. damatebulia axali Tavebi<br />
saklaso garemosa da Sefasebis Sesaxeb, rac Cvens profesiul codnaSi maTi mniSvnelobis amsaxvelia.<br />
mimdinare kvleva im Tavebis ganaxlebas edeba safuZvlad, romelTa Sesaxeb Cveneuli codnis<br />
struqtura ar Secvlila, Tumca gaRrmavda. mkiTxveli wignSi iseT monakveTebsac ixilavs,<br />
roca damowmeba 1970-iani wlebiT xdeba. amis mizezi codnis moZveleba an zogierTi Tavis ga-<br />
5
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
naxlebisaTvis Cveni mondomebis nakleboba rodia! es is situaciebia, rodesac codnis mniSvnelovanma<br />
sferoebma dakarga miziduloba da iSviaTad Tu Seiswavleba, Tumca swavlebasa<br />
da swavlaSi mniSvnelovan cvladebad rCeba. erT-erTi magaliTia moswavleTa gamocdilebis<br />
struqtura arCevanisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb (ix. Tavi `swavlis gamocdileba~).<br />
miuxedavad mkvlevarTaTvis yavlgasulobisa, struqturis moswavleebisaTvis morgebis codnas<br />
SeuZlia Tavisi wvlili Seitanos warmatebul swavlaSi.<br />
viciT, rom gamocdil maswavleblebs uzarmazari individualuri praqtikuli codna aqvT<br />
sakuTari sagnis swavlebisa da swavlebis gansxvavebuli saWiroebis bavSvebisadmi misadagebis<br />
Sesaxeb (Edwards 1994). 1 skolebSi Cveni ZiriTadi saqme iyo maswavleblebs, TanamSromlur<br />
garemoSi, erTobliv muSaobaSi davxmarebodiT, Camogveyalibebina jgufebi da gvewarmoebina<br />
erToblivi kvleva. es maswavleblis SesaZleblobis gazrdis gzaa, romelic pirdapir aisaxeba<br />
moswavleTa warmatebebze swavlaSi.<br />
maswavlebelTa individualuri praqtikuli codna skolis gaumjobesebis mZlavri gamouyenebeli<br />
resursia. is droisa da sivrcis uxilav sistematizirebas moiTxovs: magaliTad,<br />
maswavlebelTa yovelTviuri Sekreba konkretul Temaze `gakveTilebis gasaSalaSineblad~. 2<br />
specialistTa jgufi (maswavleblebi) amuSavebs gakveTilis progresul versias, awarmoebs<br />
eqsperiments da urTierTdakvirvebas da saboloo Sedegs warudgens kolegebs. amrigad, yvela<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mogebuli rCeba kolegebis nafiqralisa da warmoebuli aqtiuri eqsperimentebis<br />
Sedegad. amgvari TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli gakveTilebi daxvewili da efeqtiania;<br />
isini maswavlebelTa mowonebas imsaxurebs da yoveli maTganisaTvis misawvdomi xdeba.<br />
avTentur Sefasebaze momuSave maswavlebelTa jgufebi aseve dinamikuri profesiuli saswavlo<br />
gamocdilebis wyaroa, romlis safuZveli maTive individualuri praqtikuli codnaa.<br />
cxadia isic, rom TviT pedagogikaSi sajaro codnis bazis arsebobisa da sirTulis au-<br />
Riareblobis gamo, maswavlebelTa yoveli Taoba iZulebulia Tavidan gamoigonos es codna;<br />
umravlesoba mTeli saqmianobis ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebs aTobiT im mZlavri instrumentisa<br />
da midgomis aRmoCenas, romelsac arsebuli codnis wyalobiT gamoiyenebda. imedi gvaqvs, rom<br />
es wigni arsebuli situaciis gamosworebisaken gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.<br />
swavleba rTuli saqmianobaa, romelic maRali donis azrovnebas, gadawyvetilebis miRebas<br />
da mravali alternativis Camoyalibebas, ganxilvasa da Sefasebas moiTxovs. azrovneba<br />
da gadawyvetilebis miReba maswavleblis rolis ZiriTadi koncefciebia. informirebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, gvWirdeba asarCev alternativaTa (gansakuTrebiT, gamocdil<br />
alternativaTa) sruli nakrebi. gvWirdeba sistematuri profesiuli ganaTleba, romelic<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi Cvens yuradRebas arsebul alternativebs miapyrobs da maTi gamoyenebis<br />
swavlas SegvaZlebinebs. Sedegad Cven SevZlebT gadawyvetilebis miRebas maswavlebliseuli<br />
codnis ori ZiriTadi wyarodan: (1) individualuri da kolegebis praqtikuli codna da (2)<br />
sferoSi dagrovili sajaro pedagogiuri codnis baza. `<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>~ am meore<br />
wyaros – strategiaTa da midgomaTa repertuaris, romelsac sajaro pedagogiuri codnis<br />
baza moicavs – organizebisa da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomobis mcdelobaa.<br />
swavlis mdidari resursebis xelmisawvdomoba swavlis garantias ar gvaZlevs. amitom am<br />
axal gamocemaSi ori axali Tavi daemata maswavlebliseuli swavlis Sesaxeb. me-19 TavSi Camoyalibebulia<br />
optimaluri pirobebi imisaTvis, rom maswavlebelma iswavlos. aq mocemulia<br />
iseTi dilemebi, rogoricaa balansi maswavleblis avtonomiasa da skolis erTobas Soris, administratorTa<br />
liderobasa da maswavlebelTa mesakuTreobis grZnobas Soris. me-20 TavSi<br />
ganxilulia maswavlebelTa is Sexedulebebi, romelic vrceldeba maT samuSaoze, moswav-<br />
1 Edwards, John. `Thinking, Education and Human Potential`. In J. Edwards, ed., Thinking: International Interdisciplinary Perspectives.<br />
Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow, Education, 1994.)<br />
2 Steven, Harold W., and Stigler, James W. The Learning Gap. New York: Summit Books, 1992<br />
6
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>I<br />
leebze da maTive profesiul ganviTarebaze. am Sexedulebebs didi gavlena aqvs winsvlis,<br />
swavlisa da mondomebis maswavlebliseul mzaobaze. zogierTi kolega gvarwmunebda, rom es<br />
Tavi wignis pirvel Tavad gveqcia, radgan is Cveni konstituciis, rwmenTa Cvenive nakrebis<br />
gamoZaxilia. SesaZloa isini marTlebi iyvnen. amjerad mas bolo Tavad davtovebT, radgan is<br />
wignis Sejamebasac emsaxureba. is adasturebs faseulobaTa pirovnuli `kompasebis~ gadamwyvet<br />
rols Cveneuli swavlebis bunebasa da mimarTulebaSi.<br />
7
madlierebis niSnad<br />
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>I<br />
wigni, romelic didi moculobis informaciis sinTezirebas cdilobs, rogorc wesi, mravali<br />
avtorisa da moazrovnis winaSe valSia xolme. yoveli Tavis bolos mocemuli bibliografia<br />
mianiSnebs im individebze, romlebmac gavlena moaxdines Cvens naazrevze.<br />
gansakuTrebiT madlierebi varT bruklinis, kembrijis, karlailis, konkordis da niutonis<br />
(masaCusetsi) ganaTlebis muSakebis, romelTa monawileobam dakvirvebaTa monacemebis<br />
safuZvelze Cvens adreul kvlevaSi wignis struqturis formirebaSi Seitana wvlili. ker-<br />
Zod, jini Calmersma, suzan-jo raselma, suzan stuartma da raisa uaiThedma TavianTi saklaso<br />
oTaxebis karebi gagviRes da swavlebis Sesaxeb mravali mniSvnelovani diskusia Caatares. kim<br />
marSalis detaluri kritika dagvexmara wina gamocemis redaqtirebaSi da ufro gasagebi, Jargonisagan<br />
Tavisufali gaxada Txroba. fasdaudebeli daxmareba gagviwia ronald bartmac.<br />
uzomod madlierebi varT Research for Better Teaching-is gundis kolegebisa da konsultantebis:<br />
luiza tompsonis, meri en haleis, aleqsanrd pletis, paula ruTerfordis, fren prolmanis,<br />
debora ridis, greg qaidris, ken Capmenis, sandra snuperis, marsia buTis da karolina<br />
tripis. maT erTgvarad `gafiltres~ TavianTi olqis skolebis maswavleblebisa da administratorebis<br />
SeniSvnebi da rCevebi. amgvarma ukukavSirma wignis Sinaarsi srulyo da sicxade<br />
Semata. aseve Zalze waadga wigns ramdenime Tavis kritikuli wakiTxva da redaqtireba, romelic<br />
ostaturad Seasrules: pegi maknil makmulenma, luiza tompsonma, fren prolmanma, lin<br />
stuartma, bena kalikma, art kostam da bob garmstonma.<br />
Sida samuSaoebis Sesrulebis process ostaturad uZRvebodnen meri degarmo, evelin<br />
ford-qonorsi, debora ridi da roberta sprengi. meri degarmom uTvalavi dro dauTmo<br />
wignze muSaobis process da erTgvari esTetikuri grZnoba Semata am procesis yovel safexurs.<br />
fasdaudebelia misi Tavdadeba am proeqtisadmi. madloblebi varT axali gamocemis redaqtoris<br />
beverli mileris xarisxianad Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis, aseve jon da qristina<br />
gleidebis wina gamocemebSi redaqtoruli da dizaineruli wvlilisaTvis. didad vafasebT<br />
elizabet parsonis wvlils am gamocemis saxelTa saZieblis SeqmnaSi.<br />
dabolos, gansakuTrebuli madloba gvsurs vuTxraT Cvens colebs da ojaxebs maTi mudmivi<br />
mxardaWerisaTvis da im muSaobis mkacri grafikis gagebisaTvis, romelic swavlebis ganviTarebas<br />
emsaxureboda.<br />
9
avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>I<br />
jon safieri Research for Better Teaching Inc.-is – swavlebis sakiTxebis Semswavleli organizaciis<br />
damfuZnebeli da aRmasrulebeli direqtoria. is zedamxedvelobis, Sefasebis,<br />
kadrebis marTvisa da skolis kulturis sakiTxebSi saqveynod aRiarebuli konsultantia. aTi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi is dawyebiTi klasebisa da sabazo skolis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iyo. aseve gaxldaT<br />
qalaqis didi saskolo sistemis gundis lideri, kadrebis mmarTveli, universitetis leqtori<br />
da axalbeda maswavleblebis zedamxedveli. 1980 wlidan doqtori safieri saskolo olqebSi<br />
swavlebis gaumjobesebis grZelvadiani proeqtebis konsultantia.<br />
bob goveri ganaTlebis magistraturis ganaTlebis profesoria masaCusetsSi, louelis<br />
universitetSi, sadac sadoqtoro programis – `lideroba skolaSi~ - mrCevelia. is sajaro<br />
da kerZo skolebis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, direqtori, msxvili kompiuteruli kompaniis treningis<br />
menejeri da sajaro skolebis konsultanti iyo. amJamad doqtori goveri bostonis saskolo<br />
kadrebis marTvisa da ganviTarebis grZelvadian proeqtebSi monawileobs.<br />
rogor dagvyavs cnobierebis donemde is faqti, rom Tqvenc da mec swavlebis unar-Cvevebs<br />
yoveldRiurad viyenebT? ver gadavcemT imas, rac gacnobierebuli ara gvaqvs, rac intuiciuria.<br />
treningis dros maswavleblebs veubnebodi, `uyureT ras vakeTeb da Semdeg Tavad gaakeTeT~.<br />
aRmovaCine, rom maswavleblebma Cemi yvela mavne Cveva gadaiRes da ugulebelyves is,<br />
rac yvelaze Rirebuli iyo gakveTilze, radgan naTlad ar Camovuyalibe saTqmeli.<br />
madelin hanteri<br />
zedamxedvelobisa da kurikulumis ganviTarebis asociacia<br />
erovnuli konferencia<br />
hiustoni 1977<br />
saqmianobis (praqtikis) gageba TviT saqmianobis erTaderTi umTavresi winapiroba da<br />
profesionalis `xarisxis niSania~.<br />
ronald barti<br />
`swavlebis principi da profesia~<br />
swavlebis profesiis kaliforniis komisiisaTvis momzadebuli naSromi<br />
aprili, 1985<br />
11
1<br />
S e s a v a l i<br />
ra aris unari swavlebaSi?<br />
yvelaferi, rac swavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb gainteresebT<br />
swavlebis parametrebi<br />
wignis struqtura<br />
wignis gamoyeneba
a aris unari swavlebaSi?<br />
mindoda mcodnoda, ras risgan vmijnavdi.<br />
robert frosti `kedlis ageba~<br />
Sesavali<br />
swavleba urTulesi saqmianobaa. Cven, rogorc maswavleblebs, moswavleebsa da swavlebis<br />
mkvlevarebs, gvaSinebs swavlebisa da swavlis amocanis mravlismomcveloba. kargi maswavlebloba<br />
sxva mraval TvisebasTan erTad erTad mzrun velobasac gulisxmobs. kargi<br />
pedagogi daxelovne buli praqtikosia, daxelovnebuli konkretul specifikur saqmianoba-<br />
Si. gamocdileba niSnavs, rom adamians SeuZlia raRac iseTis keTeba, risi danaxvac SeiZleba;<br />
rom sxvadasxva individi sxvadasxva donis unarebs avlens; da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, Se giZlia<br />
iswavlo, rogor gaxde <strong>gamocdili</strong> da ar Sewyvito winsvla.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> <strong>gamocdili</strong> ar ibadeba, is yalibdeba. gamocdil maswavleblebs aqvT unari,<br />
romelsac iyeneben, Cven ki SegviZlia davakvirdeT saklaso oTaxSi maT saqmianobas da vnaxoT<br />
raSi gamoixateba maTi ostatoba. mravali maTgans ar aqvs sakuTari saqmianobis amsaxveli<br />
terminebi an koncefciebi. maT ubralod „ician“, ra gaakeTon da saqmes Zaldautaneblad da<br />
bunebrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas, intuiciiT akeTeben. CvenTvis es Zaldautanebloba aracnobieri,<br />
avtomaturi, e.w. `Sinagani (tacit) codnaa~ (Michael Polanyi, 1966). am saxis codnis nakli<br />
is gaxlavT, rom is mxolod erTeulebs aqvT da ara rogorc<br />
RvTis wyaloba, aramed droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva gziT<br />
SeZenili. maT ar SeuZliaT am codnis gadacema, radgan ar Seu-<br />
ZliaT sakuTari saqmianobis axsna.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> <strong>gamocdili</strong> ar<br />
ibadeba, is yalibdeba.<br />
ra Tqma unda, arseboben adamianebi, romlebic pedagogad<br />
ar dabadebulan, iseve rogorc arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac avtomrbolelobis niWi da<br />
unari dabadebidan ar dahyoliaT, zogierT maTgans veranairi varjiSiT ver SesZen am unars.<br />
Tumca im adamianTa udides umravlesobas, romelic dabadebidan gzis grZnoba ar dahyolia,<br />
SeiZleba avtomrboleloba vaswavloT; SeiZleba kompetenturi gavxadoT da TandaTan gavwafoT<br />
am saqmeSi.<br />
am wignis ZiriTadi Tema pedagogiuri daostateba da am sakiTxisadmi Cveni damoki de bulebaa.<br />
Temis gaSlisas, gvsurs, aRvniSnoT, rom swavlebis Cveneuli koncefcii dan calkeul mniSvnelovan<br />
sakiTxebs rodi ugulebelvyofT. Cven vafasebT TanamgrZnob pe dagogs, romelmac<br />
icis, rogor gaicinos, rogor uyvardes. daxelovneba ar ewinaaRmdegeba moazrovne, emociur<br />
arsebad yofnas. Tumca am wignSi xazs vusvamT kargi maswavleblo bis swored im komponents,<br />
romelsac ostatoba hqvia. kargi swavleba gacilebiT me tia, vidre unari, magram kargi maswavlebloba<br />
ar arsebobs unaris gareSe.<br />
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, Cveni azriT, is adamiania, romelmac kargad uwyis, ra rTul<br />
saqmes aris SeWidebuli, cdilobs gaacnobieros da gaiazros sakuTari saqme. is saqmes imitom<br />
ki ar akeTebs, rom asea miRebuli an molodinis mixedviT swored ase unda gakeTdes da<br />
ara sxvagvarad, aramed imitom, rom nafiqri aqvs da saukeTeso saqmed miaCnia. is arCevans alternativaTa<br />
repertuaridan akeTebs. mas surs ise akontrolos da areguliros swavleba, rom<br />
dadebiTi gavlena hqondes moswavleebze, daiTanxmos isini sakuTari saqmianobis monitoringze,<br />
ukukavSirsa da sxvadasxva saqmianobis mosinjvaze.<br />
gamocdil maswavlebels sjera, rom moswavleebi warmatebas miaRweven. Tu ase ar xdeba,<br />
isini gadasinjaven xolme programebs, saswavlo gegmasa da sakuTar swavlebas da cdiloben<br />
moswavleebs `moargon~.<br />
gamocdil maswavlebels sizustec axasiaTebs: man zustad icis, ra unda aswavlos, ras niS-<br />
15
Tavi 1<br />
navs warmateba da rogor unda daexmaros moswavleebs warmatebis miRwevaSi. Tu arsebuli<br />
gegma ver imuSavebs, is sxva gegmas SeimuSavebs, romelic teqnikurad aseve zusti da gamar-<br />
Tuli iqneba.<br />
dabolos, <strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> `mudam moswavlea~ (Joyce, Clark, Peck, 1981). miuxedavad<br />
Tavdajerebulobisa da kompetenturobisa, jiuti cnobismoyvareobiT mas mudmivi kavSiri<br />
aqvs gare samyarosTan, kvlevebTan, kolegebTan. `ar vici, mag ram mudam vizrdebi, vimdidreb<br />
codnasa da unarebs da vzrdi efeqtianobas~, gveubneba is. <strong>gamocdili</strong> maswavleblis es uSualoba<br />
da samyarosTan kavSiri profesionalizmis mniSvnelovani elementia.<br />
16<br />
amrigad, ra aris swavlebis unarebi da rogor SeiZleba maTi Camoyalibeba?<br />
yvelaferi, rac swavlebis Sesaxeb gainteresebT<br />
aris Tu ara qvemoT mocemuli is sakiTxebi, romelTa codna gsurT?<br />
1. rogor mivaqcio da SevaCero moswavleTa yuradReba amocanaze? (yuradReba)<br />
2. rogor SevinarCuno movlenaTa Tanabari, swrafi ganviTareba? (tempi)<br />
3. rogor gamoviyeno zedmiwevniT efeqtianad saklaso oTaxis sivrce da aveji? (sivrce)<br />
4. rogor davgegmo movlenebi da vareguliro grafiki, rom moswavleebs swavlisTvis<br />
yvelaze nayofieri dro SevurCio? (dro)<br />
5. romeli proceduruli rutinaa mniSvnelovani, rogor miviRo misgan maqsimaluri<br />
sargebeli? (rutina)<br />
6. rogor mivudge Zalze jiut moswavleebs? (disciplina)<br />
7. rogor unda avxsna cxadad? (sicxade)<br />
8. rogor gavxado gakveTilebi ufro mizanmimarTuli da efeqtiani? (swavlis principebi)<br />
9. rogor vaswavlo azrovneba gakveTilebze? (swavlebis modelebi)<br />
10. rogor gavagebino moswavleebs, rom `rasac vakeTebT, mniSvnelovania; rom maT amis<br />
gakeTeba SeuZliaT da, rom sasurvel Sedegamde xels ar Cavaqnevineb~? (molodinebi)<br />
11. rogor davamyaro kargi pirovnuli urTierToba moswavleebTan? (pirovnul ur-<br />
TierTobaTa damyareba)<br />
12. rogor Sevqmna moswavleebisTvis CarTulobis, riskis gawevisa da Tanaziarobis klimati?<br />
(saklaso oTaxis garemo)<br />
13. ra unda vaswavlo da rogor unda Camovayalibo miznebi? (miznebi)<br />
14. rogor unda movergo moswavleTa swavlis sxvadasxva stils? (swavlis gamocdileba)<br />
15. rogor gavigo, ra iswavla moswavlem? (Sefaseba)<br />
16. rogor Sevqmna/mivusadago maqsimalurad efeqtiani saswavlo gegma? (saswavlo gegmis<br />
Seqmna)<br />
17. ra ZiriTadi Sedegis miRweva msurs Cemi moswavleebisgan? (miznebis dazusteba)<br />
Tu am sakiTxebiT xarT dainteresebuli, SesaZloa, swored es wigni gWirdebaT. masSi zemoT<br />
mocemul yovel kiTxvas (romelTac SemdgomSi avtori `sferodac~ moixseniebs. mTargmn. Sen.)<br />
calke Tavi eZRvneba. isini yvela pedagogisTvis sasargebloa ganurCev lad asakisa, sagnisa Tu<br />
klasisa. garkveulwilad, es kiTxvebi gansazRvraven swavlebas, TviT isini aswavlian. es arsebiTi<br />
sakiTxebia, romelsac gaucnobiereblad Tu gacnobierebulad Tavdauzogavad eWidebian<br />
pedagogebi. faqtobrivad, maTi daxmarebiT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ajamebs saklaso oTaxSi moswavleTa<br />
yvela gadawyvetilebas, moqmedebasa da situacias.
Sesavali<br />
arsebobs pedagogiuri saqmianobis sxva mniSvnelovani sferoebic _ efeqtiani muSao ba kolegebTan,<br />
mSoblebTan, politikur Tu profesiul Sekrebebze; Tumca es wignis Tema ar aris.<br />
„<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>“ orientirebulia saklaso oTaxSi interaqtiuri swavlebis unarebze.<br />
rogor vapirebT zemoT CamoTvlil kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas? amisaTvis swavlebis Sesaxeb<br />
arsebul araCveulebrivad mdidar codnas gamoviyenebT, romelic iseve gabneulia cinizmis,<br />
uwesrigobisa da gaurkvevlobis unayofo napirze, rogorc awyobis molodinSi 1000 nawiliani<br />
naxati-Tavsatexi.<br />
arsebuli codnis mixedviT yovel kiTxvaSi nagulisxmevi samuSaosaTvis Tavis garTmevis<br />
mravali gza arsebobs (magaliTad, amocanisTvis yuradRebis miqcevisa da SenarCunebis _ 40ze<br />
meti, swavlebis modelis SerCevis _ 20-ze meti, miznebis SerCevisa da Camoyalibebis _ 5).<br />
es codna am gzaTa arssac gvixsnis. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza mxolod receptebis dasta<br />
an efeqtiani swavlisaTvis saWiro qcevaTa CamonaTvali rodia (Tumca nawilobriv, asecaa).<br />
codnis baza gvaswavlis, ra arCevani gvaqvs TiToeul sferoSi samuSaod, ZiriTad kiTxvebze<br />
pasuxis gasacemad. gvaswavlis, rom efeqtian swavlebas safuZvlad udevs konkretuli moswavleebisTvis,<br />
situaciisa Tu saswavlo gegmisTvis Ses-<br />
abamisi formis arCeva. swavlebaSi warmatebis sawindaria<br />
Sesatyvisi formis moZebna.<br />
sailustraciod aviRoT TavsmoxvevasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli martivi situacia. pedagogi aswavlis patara<br />
jgufs, mas awyvetinebs moswavle (jimi), romelic raRac sakiTxze Seferxda savarjiSos Sesrulebisas.<br />
jimi dasaxmareblad pedagogs mimarTavs. maswavle bels problemis gadaWris ramdenime<br />
gza aqvs imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom jgufis samuSao impulsic SeinarCunos da arc jimi<br />
darCes usaqmod an imedgacruebuli: (1) Tavi aaridos jimis; (2) aniSnos jimis, rom wynarad<br />
ij des, sanam mis dasaxmareb lad saWiro moments ar SearCevs; (3) sxva moswavles sTxovos jimis<br />
daxmareba; (4) aswavlos moswavleebs, rom ar SeiZleba maswavlebels Seawyvetino.<br />
arsebiTad, arc erTi varianti ar aris unaklo. SegviZlia sxvadasxva piroba warmovidginoT,<br />
romelSic TiToeuli varianti yvelaze Sesaferisi iqneba. magaliTad, Tu jimis aklia<br />
Tavdajerebuloba an socialuri unar-Cvevebi, rom daxmarebisTvis sxva moswavles mimarTos,<br />
ukeTesi varianti iqneba, vaniSnoT mas, simSvide SeinarCunos saTanado momentamde. meore mxriv,<br />
Tu jimi zedmetad aris pedagogze damokidebuli, SesaZloa, Tavis arideba saukeTeso varianti<br />
aRmoCndes, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gvjera, rom damatebiTi mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi, is sakuTari<br />
ZalebiT SeZlebs, Tavi gaarTvas problemas. maswavleblis warmateba am situaciaSi damokidebulia<br />
imaze, icis Tu ara man problemis gadaWris arsebuli variantebi da SeuZlia Tu ara konkretul<br />
situacias Sesatyvisi variantis SeurCios.<br />
swored aseve, Tuki swavlebis zemoT CamoTvlil ZiriTad kiTxvebze ramdenime pasuxi arsebobs,<br />
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ecdeba ganuwyvetliv gaamdidros sakuTari repertuari da<br />
konkretul moswavleebs, jgufs, situaciasa Tu saswavlo gegmas Sesat yvisi gza SeurCios. swavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb codnis baza aris moqmedebaTa da aqtivobaTa modelebis repertuari, romelic<br />
xelmisawvdomia nebismieri adamianisaTvis, visac swavla, srulyofa da daxelovneba surs.<br />
wignSi yoveli kiTxvis Sesabami si sferosTvis warmogidgenT Cvens mier SerCeul specifikur<br />
variants Sesaferisi magaliTebiT da SemogTavazebT arsebul codnas Sesatyvisi variantis ar-<br />
Cevis Sesaxeb.<br />
swavlebis parametrebi<br />
swavlebaSi warmatebis sawindaria<br />
Sesatyvisi formis moZebna.<br />
swavlebis am sferoebs Cven „parametrebs“ vuwodebT. „parametri“ teqnikuri sityvaa da mecnierebaSi<br />
niSnavs „ucvlels (mudmivs), romlis mniSvneloba gamoyenebis pirobebis mixedviT<br />
17
Tavi 1<br />
varirebs“. swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, aseTi `mudmivis~ magaliTia yuradRebis SenarCuneba an<br />
molodinTa Setyobineba, cvalebadi ki _ sxvadasxva garemoebaSi samuSaos Sesrulebis gzebi.<br />
Cvens CamonaTvalSi yoveli kiTxva swavlebis erT parametrs warmoadgens; paramet ris<br />
aRniSvnisTvis gamoyenebuli sityva teqstSi kursiviT da frCxilebSi iqneba mocemuli. yoveli<br />
parametri swavlebis Sesaxeb mraval pasuxs da saqmianobis variants moicavs da Tavs uyris<br />
konkretuli sferos farglebSi arsebul repertuars. amasTanave, radgan parametrebis erToblioba<br />
qmnis swavlebas, aucilebelia vicodeT, rogor aris isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.<br />
zogierT parametrTan dakavSirebuli unarebi Zalze specifikuria. am unarebs `aqts~ vuwodebT,<br />
radgan isini warmoadgens qmedebas an komentars, romelTa ganxorcielebas wamebi Tu<br />
sWirdeba. aqti aris swrafi, gamorCeuli qceva, romlis dakvirveba da aRricxva SesaZlebelia.<br />
swavlebis mravali unaris axsna aqtis terminiT SeiZleba, mravlis ki _ klasis menejmentiT:<br />
yuradReba, impulsi, molodini, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba. es parametrebi, romlebic<br />
aqtebisagan Sedgeba 1.1 sqemis qveda nawilSia moTavsebuli.<br />
sxva parametrebi swavlebis iseT unarebs moicavs, romlis myisierad Sesruleba an da naxva<br />
SeuZlebelia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs swavlebis modelis ganxorcielebis SesaZ lebloba, rogoric<br />
aris, magaliTad, hilda Tabas (Hilda Taba) cxrasafexuriani induqciuri modeli. am modelis gamoyenebaSi<br />
daxelovnebuli pedagogi, moswavleebze zemoqmede bis mizniT, xelmZRvanelobs mTel<br />
rig movlenebs da garkveul specifikur principebs iye nebs. saqmianoba gansazRvruli drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi konkretuli paternis Sesabamisad mimdinareobs. paternis mixedviT saqmianobis<br />
Sesruleba unaria. es erTiani, dagegmili paketia, romelic ufro didia, vidre misi Semadgeneli<br />
nawilebis jami. swavlebis gasagebad (da ostatobis repertuaris gasafarToeblad) unda SegveZlos<br />
rogorc calkeuli aqtebis, ise maTi paternebis danaxvac, romlebic azrs mxolod ma-<br />
Sin iZens, roca miznobrivi paketis TvalsazrisiT vafasebT. es gansxvavebuli tipis analizia<br />
da swavlebis gasagebad, orives danaxva unda SegveZlos. 1.1 sqemis Sua rigSi is paramet rebi<br />
davajgufeT, romlebic paternebs warmoadgens.<br />
18<br />
abstraqciebi<br />
paternebi<br />
aqtebi<br />
miznebis<br />
dazusteba<br />
swavlis<br />
gamocdileba<br />
saswavlo gegmis<br />
Seqmna<br />
miznebi Sefaseba<br />
swavlebis<br />
modelebi<br />
saklaso<br />
garemo<br />
sivrce dro rutina<br />
disciplina sicxade swavlis<br />
principebi<br />
yuradReba<br />
tempi molodinebi<br />
pirovnuli<br />
urTierTobis<br />
damyareba<br />
sqema 1.1: profesiuli swavlebis Semadgeneli sami saxis codna<br />
es aris swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis Semadgeneli nawilebis dajgufebis erT-erTi gza.
Sesavali<br />
maswavleblis mier ostaturad Sesrulebuli zogierTi mniSvnelovani saqmianobis danaxva<br />
Zalze rTulia. maT Sorisaa uxilavi gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac maSin vamCnevT, roca klass<br />
vakvirdebiT, iseTi saqmianoba, romelic ganxorcielda an skolamde gakveTilebis dagegmvisas<br />
da skolis Semdeg moswavleTa namuSevrebis Semowmebisas. rogorc wesi, es unarebi moicavs<br />
miznebis SerCevas, swavlebis dagegmvas, saswavlo gegmis organizacias da moswavleTa swavlis<br />
Sefasebas. codnisa da unar-Cvevebis es sfero abstraqciebisgan Sedgeba, romlebzec<br />
uSualo dakvirveba SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini marTaven da akontroleben<br />
yvelafers, rac saklaso oTaxSi xdeba. swavlebis es parametrebi 1.1 sqemis zeda areSia ganlagebuli.<br />
sizuste<br />
sivrce<br />
yuradReba<br />
Sefaseba<br />
pirovnuli<br />
urTierTobis<br />
damyareba<br />
miznebis<br />
dazusteba<br />
saswavlo<br />
gegmis ageba<br />
miznebi<br />
molodinebi<br />
swavlis<br />
principebi<br />
dro<br />
swavlis<br />
gamocdileba<br />
saklaso<br />
garemo<br />
swavlebis<br />
modelebi<br />
rutina<br />
tempi disciplina<br />
ZiriTad warmodgenaTa safuZveli<br />
saswavlo<br />
gegmis ganawileba<br />
motivacia<br />
swavlebis<br />
strategiebi<br />
menejmenti<br />
sqema 1.2: pedagogiuri codnis ruka<br />
swavlebis ZiriTadi parametrebi, SesaZloa, martiv funqciur struqturaSi gaerTiandes.<br />
amrigad, Cven ganvixileT ostaturi swavlebis sami saxis parametri, codnis sami saxe, romelic<br />
gamocdil swavlebaSia gaerTianebuli: aqtebi, paternebi da abstraqciebi. sagulisxmoa,<br />
rom swavlebis gareSe damkvirvebels mxolod swavlebis unarTa am gansxvavebu li saxeebis<br />
danaxva SeuZlia sxvadasxva rakursiT. klasis menejmentis parametrebi metwilad aqtebia.<br />
maT SemCnevas didi Zalisxmeva ar sWirdeba, SegviZlia uSualod ganxorciele bis momentSi davakvirdeT<br />
da aRvricxoT. magaliTad, Zneli ar aris yuradRebis am aqtis gansazRvra: „jon,<br />
19
Tavi 1<br />
vagrZelebT! samuSaos vubrundebiT!“ meore mxriv, paternis msgavs parametrebs dakvirvebisas<br />
saSualo Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. damkvirvebelma garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Tvali<br />
unda adevnos qcevebs, Tavi mouyaros da garkveuli drois Semdeg gansazRvros paterni. abstraqtuli<br />
parametrebis dakvirveba gaazrebuli daskvnebis gamotanis unars moiTxovs ara im<br />
maswavleblisgan, romelic mas axorcielebs, aramed gareSe damkvirveblisgan, romelmac Tavi<br />
unda mouyaros mwir monacemebs da maT safuZvelze da askvnas, ra mizans isaxavs gakveTili. ostaturi<br />
swavlebis gasagebad, aucilebelia codnis am gansxvavebul saxeTa wvdoma da swavlebis<br />
unarTa sxvadasxva rakursis asimilacia.<br />
ostaturi swavlebis parametrebi garda codnis im erTeulTa zomisa (aqtebi, paternebi,<br />
abstraqciebi), romelsac isini moicavs, sxva gziTac, kerZod, funqciebis mixedviTac SeiZleba<br />
dajgufdes. menejmentis parametrebi – yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina da disciplina<br />
swavlebis safuZvelia _ sine qua non (laT. – aucilebeli piroba. mTargmn. Sen.). maT gareSe<br />
swavleba ver ganxorcieldeba. isini kargi swavlebisTvis aucilebeli wanamZRvaria. saswavlo<br />
parametrebi – sicxade, swavlebis modelebi da swavlis principebi – `produqts gvawvdian~;<br />
maTi unar-Cvevebi klasSi interaqtiuri swavlis dros xorcieldeba. motivaciuri parametrebi<br />
– saklaso oTaxis klimati, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba da molodinebi moswavleebs<br />
investiciebis mozidvasa da warmatebuli swavlisTvis saWiro Zalisxmevis gamoyenebaSi exmareba.<br />
saswavlo gegmis parametrebi swavlebis dagegmvisTvis saWiro unarebs moicavs. isini<br />
swavlebis, motivaciisa da me nejmentis safuZvelia da maTze maRla dgas. menejmentis unar-<br />
Cvevebi SesaZlebels xdis swavlebas, saswavlo gegmis agebisa – swavlebis dagegmvas, motivaciisa<br />
_ xels uwyobs swavlebas, xolo TviT swavlebis unar-Cvevebi gvawvdis `produqts~.<br />
mTlianobaSi, es parametrebi swavlebis monaxazs qmnis: swavleba maTi mTlianobaa.<br />
1.2 sqemaze gamosaxulia swavlebis parametrebis funqciuri organizacia. mkiTxveli samkuTxedis<br />
qveS SeniSnavs frazas: „ZiriTad warmodgenaTa safuZveli“. wignis TavSi „molodinebi“,<br />
vasabuTebT am warmodgenaTagan umniSvnelovaness: „yvela moswavles maRal doneze<br />
SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo masalis Seswavla“. Semdeg vasabuTebT, rom konkretul pedagogs es<br />
rwmena swavlebis unar-Cvevebis gamdidrebis stimuls aZlevs.<br />
sxva warmodgenebi moicavs pedagogTa urTierTdamokidebulebis rols moswavleTa samsaxurSi,<br />
kolegiuri qcevis mniSvnelobas skolis mkacr kulturaSi, repertuarze dafuZnebul<br />
profesiul codnas da mudmivi swavlis aucileblobas. am warmodgenebs wignis bolo TavSi<br />
ganvixilavT.<br />
20<br />
wignis struqtura<br />
wignis momdevno Tavi exeba menejmentis parametrebs _ mravali CvenganisTvis umniSvnelovanes<br />
aspeqts, romlebic dagvafiqrebs, ratom avirCieT pedagogoba – kargad swavlebisa<br />
da bavSvebze zrunvis gamo. Semdeg gadavdivarT swavle bis, motivaciis, dabolos, saswavlo<br />
gegmis parametrebze, umniSvnelovanes gadawyvetileba Ta miRebis unarebze imis Sesaxeb, ras<br />
emsaxureba ganaTleba, ra unda vaswavloT da rog or gavigoT, iswavles Tu ara. amrigad, wignis<br />
kiTxvisas, specifikuridan da abstraqtuli dan mivdivarT kompleqsurisken, swavlebis<br />
im nawilebidan, romlebic aqtia, aqtis paternia, im nawilebisken, romlebic swavlebis agebis<br />
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs exeba.<br />
yoveli Tavi gansxvavebul parametrs mimoixilavs. xSirad imis aRweriT viwyebT, ratom<br />
aris parametri mniSvnelovani da rogor ukavSirdeba is swavlebisa da swavlis saerTo suraTs.<br />
Semdeg parametris gasagebad saWiro koncefciebsa da kategoriebs ganvsazRvravT da<br />
siRrmiseulad vecnobiT yovel kategorias meTodTa im repertuaris gasacnobad, romelsac<br />
pedagogi iyenebs konkretul situaciaSi. amas, SeZlebisdagva rad, xSirad magaliTebiT war-
Sesavali<br />
mogidgenT. Semdeg, rogorc wesi, vikvlevT, ra informacia gvaqvs moswavlis, situaciis, saswavlo<br />
gegmis, maswavleblis arCevanis Sesaxeb. yoveli Tavis bolos mocemulia sakontrolo<br />
gverdi parametris sakvanZo koncefciebis siiT da iseTi formatiT, romelic daexmareba maswavlebels<br />
sakuTari repertuarisa da gadawyvetilebebis analizSi. dabolos, xSirad warmodgenilia<br />
sakontrolo kiTxvari, romlis gamo yeneba mkiTxvels gameorebisa da ganmtkicebisTvis<br />
SeuZlia.<br />
savaldebulo ar aris Tavebis Tanamimdevruli wakiTxva, Tumca saerTo angariSiT, sasurvelia.<br />
magaliTad, kargi disciplina pedagogisTvis yuradRebasTan, impulsTan, molodinebsa<br />
da pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebis safuZvelia. Tu rTuli<br />
klasi gyavT da waikiTxavT Tavs „disciplina“, aRmoaCenT menejmentis zemoT CamoTvlil oTx<br />
parametrs, romelTa daxmarebiT SeZlebT rTul moswavle ebTan muSaobas.<br />
wignis gamoyeneba<br />
Cveni mkiTxvelebi arian rogorc pedagogebi, ise maTTan saswavlo procesSi Cabmuli inspeqtorebi,<br />
Semfaseblebi da kadrebis mmarTvelebi. es profesiuli wignia, romelsac, vimedovnebT,<br />
profesionali pedagogi sakuTari muSaobis analizisTvis gamoiyenebs. TviT gamocdil<br />
pedagogebsac ki SeuZliaT Seamowmon sakuTari unarebi yovel parametrSi arsebul<br />
repertuarTan mimarTebaSi da naxon, ra SeiZleba daematos maT gamocdilebas, efeqtianobas<br />
da gansxvavebuli saWiroebebis Sesatyvisobis maTeul unars, romlis winaSec dRes vdgavarT.<br />
Cveni survilia, swavlebaze saubrisas SevqnaT saerTo ena da koncefciaTa sistema, swavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan sakvanZo ideaTa nakrebi, romlis gamoyeneba yvela pedagogs<br />
SeeZleba. Tu erTmaneTis ukeT gagebas SevZlebT, mosalodnelia, rom swavlebis Cveneuli angariSebi<br />
da Sefasebebi ufro sasargeblo gaxdes, konferenciebi _ ufro specifikuri da<br />
produqtiuli, xolo kadrebis ganviTarebis programebi _ ufro konkretuli.<br />
aseve SeiZleba velodoT maswavlebelTa Soris izolaciis da martoobis barierebis Semcirebas,<br />
pedagogTa Ria, urTierTsasargeblo saubrebs swavlebis Sesaxeb samaswavleblosa<br />
da sxva adgilebSi. zogadi profesiuli codnis bazis safuZvelze problemaTa gan xilvas naklebad<br />
eqneba pirovnuli araadekvaturobis (warmodgena, romlis safuZvelia miTi `intuiciuri~<br />
maswavleblis Sesaxeb _ Tu kargi swavleba intuiciuria da Tavs ver varTmevT, e.i.<br />
raRac ise ver aris, rogorc unda iyos) aRiarebis elferi da ufro profesiul problemad<br />
gadaiqceva, romelic codniTa da unarebiT unda gadaiWras.<br />
universitetSi, maswavlebelTa mosamzadebel kursebze, moswavleTa swavlebis procesSi,<br />
sxvadasxva seminarebze aseve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces unarebisa da saerTo<br />
teqnikuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebas. swavlebis teqnikuri gageba ar akninebs humanizmis,<br />
bavSvis ganviTarebisa Tu asakis Sesaferisi Sinaarsis, meTodebisa da masalis Sesaxeb detaluri<br />
codnis mniSvnelobas. kargi iqneboda, dawyebiTi klasebis momavalma maswavlebelma<br />
icodes kuizeneris Zelebi (frangi maTematikosi - jorj kuizeneri -1891-1976) da misi gamoyeneba<br />
wonis Tanrigis swavlebi sas. aseve kargi iqneba, Tu saSualo skolis momaval maswavlebels<br />
ecodineba `amherstis~ seriuli gamocema `amerikuli civilizaciis problemebi~ da<br />
misi gamoyeneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom pedagogTa treningi (da kvalifikaciis amaRleba) ukve<br />
uTmobs yuradRebas am sakiT xebs, pedagogikis, rogorc profesiis ganviTarebaSi, droa, TviT<br />
swavlebasac mivxedoT.<br />
21
Tavi 1<br />
22<br />
literatura<br />
Joyce, B.R., C. Chark and L. Peck. Flexibility in Teaching. New York: Longmans, 1981.<br />
Polanyi M. The Tacit Dimension. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday and Co., 1966.
2<br />
y u r a d R e b a<br />
rogor mivaqcioT da SevaCeroT<br />
moswavleTa yuradReba amocanaze?<br />
Sewyveta<br />
gafrTxileba<br />
Cabma<br />
Tanaziaroba<br />
miRweva
yuradReba<br />
yuradRebis parametri gulisxmobs maswavleblis unars, gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi Car-<br />
Tuli hyavdes moswavleebi amocanaze muSaobaSi, e.i. CarTos isini saswavlo gegmiT<br />
gaTva liswinebul gonivrul aqtivobebSi. (amocanis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli droisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, arasamuSao dro moicavs iseT qcevebs, rogoricaa ganwyoba, momzadeba, xumroba,<br />
lodini, ocneba, socializacia da mravali sxva, romelTa detalebi jer ar gvainteresebs).<br />
saklaso oTaxSi drois aRricxva bevr<br />
mkvlevars uwarmoebia moswavlis mier amoca- moswavleTa CarTva davalebis SesrulebaSi<br />
naze daxarjuli drois dasadgenad, raTa Sem- kurikulumis ganxorcielebis SINE QUA NON-ia.<br />
deg daxarjuli droisa da Sedegebis korelacia<br />
gaerkviaT (mag., Bennett 1978, Rosenshine 1978). gasakviri araa, rom maT myari dadebiTi korelacia<br />
miiRes: rac met dros xarjavs moswavle saswavlo aqtivobebze, miT ufro ecnoba masalas. am<br />
TavSi gamovikvlevT maswavleblis mier yuradRebis parametris farglebSi ganxorcielebul<br />
moqmedebebs, romelTa mizania maqsimalurad gaizardos moswavleTa mier saklaso oTaxSi davalebaze<br />
daxarjuli dro.<br />
mravali mosazrebiT, menejmentis parametrebis jgufidan yuradRebis parametri wamyvan<br />
rols asrulebs. Tu moswavleebi uyuradRebod ekidebian swavlebas, gakveTilis sikarge, sxva<br />
TvalsazrisiT, azrs kargavs. did Tu patara jgufSi an individualur saswavlo procesSi<br />
moswavleTa CarTva davalebis SesrulebaSi swored yuradRebas ukavSirdeba, menejmentic<br />
xom swored es aris. yuradReba swavlebis wina piroba, kurikulumis ganxorcielebis sine qua<br />
non-ia.<br />
yuradRebis aqtebis repertuari<br />
daxelovnebuli pedagogebi garkveul aqtebs iyeneben moswavleTa yuradRebis samarTavad:<br />
Tavidan mis misapyrobad, Semdeg SesanarCuneblad, xelaxla misapyrobad da a.S. es moqmedeba-<br />
Ta mTavari klasia, romelic „yuradRebis“ parametriT moixsenieba. am mTavar klasSi SeiZleba<br />
ganvasxvavoT maswavleblis qcevis xuTi kategoria. Sewyveta (desist), gafrTxileba (alerting),<br />
Cabma (enlisting), Tanaziaroba (acknowledging), miRweva (winning). daxelovnebuli pedagogis mier<br />
moswavleTa amocanis SesrulebaSi Cabmis repertuari moqmedebaTa yvela kategorias moicavs.<br />
Sewyveta (Tavis danebeba)<br />
Sewyvetis aqti Semdegs ityobineba: „CaerTe am saqmeSi“. is makoreqtirebeli da pirdapiria.<br />
is moswavleebs atyobinebs, rom raRac iseTs akeTeben, rasac ar unda akeTebdnen da aniSnebs,<br />
ra unda gaakeTon (daubrundnen saqmes). pedagogis mier Sewyvetis sxvadasxva moqmedebebs Soris<br />
individualuri moqmedebebi imis mixedviT gansxvavdeba makoreqtirebelia Tu pirdapiri.<br />
zogi moqmedeba sxvaze ufro damajereblad da mtkiced arwmunebs moswavles, rom „saqmeSi<br />
25
Tavi 2<br />
unda CaerTos“. qvemoT mocemulia Sewyvetis moqmedebaTa sxvadasxva saxis nusxa yvelaze radikaluridan<br />
yvelaze loialuramde, Sesabamisi magaliTebiT.<br />
26<br />
1. dasja: „kargi, Tu axla amas ver gaakeTeb, SesvenebiT ver isargebleb~.<br />
2. ardaSveba: „foster, gadi saklaso oTaxidan“.<br />
3. muqara: „Sewyvite an gadi saklaso oTaxidan“.<br />
4. uxeSi sarkazmi: „Tavi isev Sin dagrCa, grand?~ 1 msubuqi SeniSvna: „ar SegiZlia, Sewyvito?“<br />
„meoTxeklaseliviT ratom iqcevi?“<br />
5. brZaneba: „axlave daubrundi samuSaos“. „xelebi ukan gqondes, sanam darwmunebuli ar<br />
iqnebi, rom ar apireb vinmes Seexo“.<br />
6. specifikuri verbaluri Sewyveta: pedagogi asaxelebs qcevas, romelic unda Sewyviton<br />
da moswavles Sesaferis Semcvlel qcevas usaxelebs: „jim, Sewyvite kakuni da<br />
Sens nawers daubrundi“.<br />
7. zogadi verbaluri Sewyveta: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> orazrovnad awyvetinebs qcevas: „hari,<br />
morCi“.<br />
8. msubuqi sarkazmi: pedagogi mimarTavs moswavles, romelic eCurCuleba megobar gogonas,<br />
„brendan, moxaruli var, rom axali megobari monaxe“.<br />
9. individualuri Sewyveta: specifikuri an zogadi, magram ise rbilad naTqvami, rom<br />
mxolod is moswavle aqcevs yuardRebas, visac exeba.<br />
10. jgufuri zemoqmedeba: „fred, verc erTi Cvengani ver wava tanvarjiSze, sanam Sen aq<br />
xar“. klaselebi erTvebian: „oh, fred, wamodi ra!“<br />
11. TanatolTa Sejibri: „joni mzadaa, Sen beT?“<br />
12. adgilis Secvla: „jim, gadadi meoTxe magidasTan, geTayva“.<br />
13. „me“-Setyobineba: „klara, mwyins, roca bavSvebs im dros elaparakebi, roca vcdilob,<br />
raRac vaswavlo. ase mgonia, am gakveTilis momzadebisTvis gaweuli mTeli Sroma wyalSi<br />
meyreba“.<br />
14. moqmedeba yuradRebis gaufantavad: mister gleidi midis kenTan, usityvod iRebs<br />
saSlels, romliTac keni TamaSobs, idebs jibeSi, ganagrZobs magidebs Soris siaruls<br />
da diskusias.<br />
15. arCevanis SeTavazeba: mister gleidi xedavs, rom keni saSleliT TamaSobs da wynarad<br />
eubneba: „ken, SegiZlia gadado an momce“.<br />
16. waqezeba: „jil, Caebmebi muSaobaSi? „kargiT, dasxediT da usmineT yuradRebiT“.<br />
17. SeniSvna: „ras unda akeTebde axla Seli?“<br />
18. pirferoba: „Sen metad keTilsindisieri xar saimisod, rom ase gaflango dro“. „daubrundi<br />
samuSaos, Cemo kargo!“<br />
19. signali: zari irekeba, xeli iweva, fortepianos akordi da a.S.; saubris Seuwyvetlad<br />
pedagogi xels maRla swevs, raTa JestiT aRniSnos, `SeCerdi~ im moswavles, romelic<br />
saubris Sewyvetinebas cdilobs, xolo saxis gamometyvelebiT an moZraobiT aniSnebs<br />
„moicade erTi wuTiT da SenTan viqnebi“.<br />
20. pauza da mzera: pedagogi xangrZlivad uyurebs bavSvs.<br />
21. saxelis CarTva: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> saubarSi rTavs (magram ar mimarTavs) moswavlis saxels<br />
yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT: „axla ki, momdevno amocanas – jesi – romelTan Se-<br />
1. miuxedavad Cveni rwmenisa, rom nebismieri moqmedeba konkretuli moswavlisa Tu situaciisaTvis SeiZleba Sesatyvisi iyos,<br />
sarkazmze es ar vrceldeba. vTvliT, rom sarkazmi, sul cota, urTierTobis patara (xolo zogjer, arcTu patara) mkvlelia.<br />
sarkazmsa da iumors Soris zRvris dasadebad lakmusis rolSi Semdeg kiTxvas viyenebT: „nawyeni darCa Tu ara?“ Tu pasuxi<br />
dadebiTia, saqme sarkazmTan gvaqvs, xolo uaryofiTis SemTxvevaSi _ iumorTan.
yuradReba<br />
Widebasac vapirebT, zogierTi msgavsi elementi aqvs – jesi – magram ufro martivia“.<br />
22. daxmarebis SeTavazeba: „Carli, rogor dagexmaro?~ `Carli, gWirdeba daxmareba?~<br />
23. Sexeba: pedagogi moswavles mxarze exeba, rasac SesaZloa axldes (an ara) maswavleblis<br />
aqtivobis Sewyveta da moswavlisaTvis TvalebSi Caxedva.<br />
24. siaxlove: yuradRebagafantul (an yuradRebis gafantvis kandidat) moswavlesTan<br />
axlos dgoma.<br />
gafrTxileba<br />
gamafrTxilebeli moqmedebebi xSirad gamiznulia moswavleTa jgufisTvis da ara individebisTvis.<br />
mas yuradRebis SenarCunebis efeqti aqvs da minimumamde amcirebs yuradRebis<br />
gafantvas. es moqmedeba pirdapir Setyobinebas ar Seicavs; is jgufis yuradRebisa da sifxizlis<br />
SenarCunebas emsaxureba. Sewyvetis moqmedebaTa msgavsad gafrTxilebis moqmedebebic<br />
siZlieris xarisxiT gansxvavdeba. gafrTxilebis aqtebi aqac yvelaze radikaluridan yvelaze<br />
loialuramde aris dalagebuli Sesabamisi magaliTebiT:<br />
1. SiSi: pedagogi amCnevs, rom klass audiokasetis mosmenisas yuradReba efanteba. is<br />
uecrad gamorTavs magnitofons da kiTxulobs: „ratom varaudobT, rom jefersoni<br />
swored amas ganicdida hamiltonis mimarT?<br />
2. moswavlis saxelis gamoyeneba Sesaswavl magaliTSi: „prezidenti jon lini dakavebulia,<br />
rogorc eWvmitanili da braldebuli. vin gaxdeba prezidenti? Cven vfiqrobT,<br />
rom linis dros cxovreba Zneli iyo! axla vice-prezidenti qristian beikeri xdeba<br />
prezidenti. droa, bargi CavalagoT da gadavideT kanadaSi“.<br />
3. pasuxis nawilobriv gameoreba: pedagogi pasuxis dasamTavreblad SekiTxvas sxva moswavles<br />
umeorebs.<br />
4. winaswari gafrTxileba: „sworia, holi, axla Semdegi scade. devid, Seamowme holi<br />
da naxe, sworad gaigo Tu ara“. „axla es Semdegi scade, holi. devidi dagexmareba,<br />
Tu gagiWirdeba“ (orive moqmedeba winaswar afrTxilebs devids, rom SeiZleba mas<br />
mouwios pasuxis gacema. amgvarad SeiZleba erTi kiTxvis dasmiT ori moswavlis yuradRebis<br />
mipyroba.<br />
5. unisoni: „jein, 6X6 aris? sworia. axla ki yvelam erTad – 8X8 aris!“<br />
6. uyurebs erTs, esaubreba meores: pedagogi uyurebs erT moswavles, magram esaubreba<br />
sxva students (grZeldeba Zalian mcire drois ganmavlobaSi).<br />
7. arasruli winadadebebi: `amrigad, rogorc yvelam viciT, winadadebis bolos vsvamT<br />
– . . .“. pedagogma gaSlili xelebi, aweuli warbebi an xelis Jesti gamoiyenos moswavleTa<br />
pasuxis wasaxaliseblad.<br />
8. Tanabari SesaZlebloba: pedagogi rwmundeba, rom yvela gamoZaxebuli Semowmebulia,<br />
xolo moswavleebma gamocdilebiT ician, rom SeiZleba nebismier dros isev gamoiZaxon.<br />
9. arCevanis SemTxveviToba: pedagogi moswavleebs maTi adgilis mixedviT iZaxebs, raTa<br />
maT ver gaTvalon gamoZaxebis Tanamimdevroba. 2 cirkulacia: pedagogi wriulad moZraobs<br />
saklaso oTaxSi.<br />
2 gamokiTxvis SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevroba uaryofiT korelaciaSia dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis skolebis SedegebTan,<br />
magram ara maRali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis skolebis SedegebTan (BBBrophy<br />
& Evertson, 1978). maTi azriT, aseTi<br />
gamokiTxva garkveul mRelvarebas ukavSirdeba, rac SeusabamisobaSia dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis moswavleebTan,<br />
romlebsac SesaZloa, saswavlo garemoSi meti stabiluroba da daxmareba da naklebi gaurkvevloba sWirdebaT.<br />
27
Tavi 2<br />
28<br />
10. lodinis dro: pedagogi akeTebs pauzas da Tu moswavle kiTxvas swrafad ver upasuxebs,<br />
mcire dayovnebis uflebas aZlevs. es moiTxovs nebisyofas, raTa moiTmino<br />
uxerxuli xuTwamiani pauza, romlis ganmavlobaSic moswavlem SeiZleba SeZlos pasuxis<br />
Camoyalibeba ise, rom replikiT an daxmarebiT ar SevawyvetinoT. pauzis dros<br />
danarCeni moswavleebi iZulebuli arian dafiqrdnen kiTxvaze, imis molodiniT, rom<br />
SeiZleba maT mouwioT pasuxis gacema.<br />
11. mxedvelobiTi kontaqti: pedagogi moswavleebTan mxedvelobiT kontaqts amyarebs.<br />
12. yuradRebis vizualuri da smeniTi gafantvisgan Tavisufleba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> saklaso<br />
oTaxs ise awyobs, rom moswavleTa patara jgufebi piriT kuTxisken arian ganlagebuli<br />
an moSorebuli oTaxis ZiriTadi vizualuri arisgan, anda acalkevebs erTmane-<br />
Tisagan saswavlo, samuSao da xmaurian areebs. meore alternativaa, roca pedagogi<br />
mimarTavs klass: „daxuWeT Tvalebi da momismineT“.<br />
Cabma<br />
yuradRebis mipyrobis nabijTa mesame kategorias Cabmas vuwodebT, radgan misi mizania,<br />
nebayoflobiT Caaba calkeuli moswavle an mTeli klasi kurikulumiT gaTvaliswinebul aqtovobebSi.<br />
CarTvis moqmedebebi emsaxureba moswavlis moxibvlas da aRtacebas saswavlo aqtivobiT<br />
da am gziT mis dainteresebas. is moswavlis yuradRebas aqtivobis mimzidvel mxares<br />
miapyrobs. Cabmis aqtebia:<br />
1. xmis Secvla: pedagogi cvlis saubris tons, daZabulobas, simaRles an intonacias,<br />
raTa xazi gausvas ZiriTads da gamoiwvios interesi.<br />
2. Jesti: pedagogi iyenebs xelis an sxeulis moZraobebs, raTa xazi gausvas ZiriTads an<br />
gaaZlieros interesi.<br />
3. cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra: „axla mainteresebs, ram gamoiwvia es?“<br />
4. molodini: „moicadeT, vidre naxavT ra aris yuTSi!“<br />
5. gamowveva: „es ki yovel Tqvengans gaabriyvebs“.<br />
6. moswavlis damxmared warmodgena: „jim, SegiZlia es werilebi ise daiWiro, rom klasma<br />
dainaxos~? (jims yuradReba efanteboda).<br />
7. sayrdenebi: pedagogi iyenebs SinaarsTan dakavSirebul fizikur obieqtebs.<br />
8. personificireba: „axla biWebo da gogonebo, modiT vnaxoT, Tu SevZlebT kibis motyuebas<br />
da zeviT ise avalT, rom man ver gaigos“. „Tu mister N-i karSi swored axla<br />
gamoCndeba, ra xmebi SeiZleba davaxvedroT, rom Tavi Sin igrZnos?“<br />
9. moswavlis fantaziebTan dakavSireba: „milioni dolari rom gqondes, ramdeni asdolariani<br />
kupiura geqneba?“<br />
Tanaziaroba<br />
zogjer moswavlis uyuradRebobis mizezi skolisa da pedagogis ostatobis miRmaa. mas<br />
zogierTi gareSe movlena Trgunavs (an axalisebs). magaliTad:<br />
y diliT, avtobusSi mgzavrobisas, saukeTeso megobarma uari uTxra mis gverdiTdam-<br />
jdariyo.<br />
y mSoblebi cota xnis winaT daSordnen erTmaneTs.<br />
y SuadRisTvis daniSnulia Cempionatis TamaSi, romelSic is monawileobs.
yuradReba<br />
aseT dros ubralod xmamaRla gamoxatviT, rom gesmiT, ra xdeba moswavlis Tavs, SeZlebT<br />
misi yuradRebis `dapyrobas~. Zalze Znelia (da iSviaTi), marTla gaugo vinmes da, ubralod,<br />
gaiziaro misi grZnobebi, Tumca, am gziT marTlac SeiZleba yuradRebis gaZliereba. magali-<br />
Tad: „vici, rom amaRam hokeis TamaSis gamo aRgznebuli xar, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom masSi<br />
Cveni sami kunTmagari biWi monawileobs. magram, gTxov, mag Sexvedraze fiqri cota xniT gadado,<br />
dRevandeli gameoreba Zalze mniSvnelovania~.<br />
Svidi wlis jenifers kiTxvis dros yuradReba efanteba. man mzera ramdenjerme miapyro im<br />
adgils, sadac klasSi Semosvlamde iyo (is ucxouri Tojinebis gamofenas awyobda). pedagogi<br />
umal xvdeba, ra aRelvebs jenifers _ sadilis Semdeg, romelic kiTxvaSi mecadineobas mohyveba,<br />
veRar SeZlebs Tojinebis mowesrigebas (Svidi wlis bavSvs es Zalze Soreul perspeqtivad<br />
eCveneba). amrigad, pedagogi Tanaziarobis moqmedebas axorcielebs: „jenifer, vici,<br />
SenTvis raoden mniSvnelovania yvela Tojinis lamazad morTva. gpirdebi, rom sadilamde Se-<br />
Zleb saqmis dasrulebas, oRond, axla, CvenTan erTad unda waikiTxo, radgan amas Semdeg aRar<br />
mivubrundebiT. gpirdebi, rom moaswreb“. Tojinebis mowesrigeba, mozrdilis azriT, iqneb<br />
umniSvneloa, magram aseTma, TiTqosda trivialurma saqmianobam SeiZleba mTlianad moicvas<br />
bavSvi da dablokos misi CarTva, Tu pedagogi ugulisyurobas gamoiCens.<br />
pedagogi amCnevs, rom meri Sewuxebulia da Tanaziarobis aqts mimarTavs: „meri, geSinia,<br />
rom mosasmen centrSi rigs gamotoveb?“ meri Tavs uqnevs. „nu Cqarob da kargad gaakeTe savarjiSo.<br />
rogorc ki daamTavreb, rigSi Sens adgils daikaveb maSinac ki, Tu registraciis<br />
furcelze xelmoweras gamovtovebT“.<br />
zogjer pedagogi mxolod ekiTxeba: „brenda, ra mogdis? CvenTan ar xar“. Semdgomma mondomebulma<br />
da aqtiurma mosmenam SesaZloa es dablokva an moxsnas an vera. asea Tu ise, maswavleblis<br />
mier moswavlis grZnobebis gacnobierebam, SesaZloa, gantvirTos da aqtivobaSi<br />
Cabma gauadvilos.<br />
miRweva<br />
miRwevis aqtebi Cabmis aqtebs hgavs imiT, rom isinic dadebiTia da gulisxmobs saswavlo<br />
procesisadmi moswavlis yuradRebis miqcevas da ara iZulebas. miuxedavad amisa, miRwevis<br />
aqti Cabmis aqtisgan gansxvavdeba, radgan pirveli moswavlis yuradRebas pedagogze mimar-<br />
Tavs, xolo meore – aqtivobaze. miRwevis aqtebi pedagogis pirovnul Tvisebebs emyareba, romelic<br />
„miRwevis“ mediatorad gvevlineba. pedagogis mier ganxorcielebuli „miRwevis“ aqtebi<br />
moicavs:<br />
1. gamxneveba: mimdinare samuSaos Sesrulebisas, pedagogi moswavles, Cveulebriv, xmis<br />
intonaciiTa da saxis gamometyvelebiT amxnevebs.<br />
2. enTuziazmi: „bob, eg marTlac saintereso Temaa naSromisTvis!“<br />
3. Seqeba: „oh, ra mSvenieri namuSevaria, anji“.<br />
4. iumori (sarkazmis gareSe): pedagogi xumrobs pozitiuri, mxardamWeri maneriT, rac<br />
moswavleTaTvisac saxalisoa.<br />
5. inscenireba: pedagogi Tavad warmoadgens gakveTilTan dakavSirebul masalas, anda<br />
moswavlisgan moiTxovs inscenirebas. alternatiuli versia: pedagogi erTveba rol-<br />
Si da Tundac erT winadadebas warmoTqvams im gmiris eniT, romelTanac Tavs aigivebs:<br />
„kargi, axla momRimar orpirTa kabinetSi mivdivar“ (pedagogma pirveli kabinetis sxdomaze<br />
mimavali axlad arCeuli prezidenti a. linkolni gaiTamaSa, romlis misamar-<br />
TiT yvela moxele fiqrobs, rom masze ukeTesi prezidenti iqneboda da mis Tavidan<br />
mocilebaze ocnebobs).<br />
29
Tavi 2<br />
30<br />
yuradRebis qcevis analizi<br />
moqmedebaTa tipebi am xuTi kategoriidan uwyvet rigad SeiZleba ganlagdes: Zalauflebis<br />
gamoyeneba da Zalauflebis gamouyenebloba an iZuleba da mimzidveloba (sqema 2.1). moqmedebebi<br />
da kategoriebi rigis zeda nawilSi pedagogis avtoritetsa da mbrZaneblur da mtkice<br />
mimarTvas iyenebs. rigis qveda nawilSi ki avtoritetis komponenti sul ufro naklebdominanturia.<br />
amrigad, yuradRebis parametri funqciuri maxasiaTeblebis gaswvriv mniSvnelobiT metnaklebad<br />
uwyvet skalas moicavs. funqciuri maxasiaTeblebi is moqmedebebia, romelTa Sedegad<br />
xdeba saswavlo procesSi moswavlis yuradRebis CarTva, SenarCuneba an xelaxla CarTva.<br />
es is funqciuri orientaciaa, romelic xsnis „Seqebis“, „enTuziazmisa“ da „Jestis“ ufro did<br />
parametrad gaerTianebas. Cven vaRiarebT, rom moswavlis yuradRebis mipyroba (gazrdili<br />
warmodgena sakuTar Tavze? motivacia?) ar aris erTaderTi ram, rac „Seqebasa“ an `enTuziazms“<br />
mohyveba. aseve ar aris erTaderTi funqcia, romelTanac SesaZlebelia am qcevaTa dakavSireba.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, rom funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, es moqmedebebi, sul<br />
cota, logikurad yuradRebis koncentracias axdenen da gvidastureben, rom yuradReba<br />
logikuri da aucilebeli Suamavalia im Sedegebisa, romlebTanac es moqmedebebi asocirdeba<br />
(mag., miRweva, motivacia). amrigad, maTi dakavSireba yuradRebis Sesatyvisi parametris<br />
sazRvrebSi swavlebis gasagebad, kargi saSualebaa.<br />
Cveni varaudiT, pedagogebi yuradRebis rigs xSirad imeoreben da iyeneben swavlebis<br />
procesSi. yuradRebis romel moqmedebas iyenebT? ramdens da romels iyenebT am xuTi kategoriidan?<br />
rogor aisaxeba Tqvens saqmianobaze yuradRebis aqtebis moqmedeba? zogi pedagogi<br />
yuradRebis aqtebis nimuSebis Tavmoyris mizniT kolegebis an skolis xelmZRvanelobis<br />
dakvirvebis obieqti xdeba. Semdeg am Canawerebs iyenebs sakuTari saqmianobis Sesamowmeblad<br />
da sasurveli gamocdilebis dasagroveblad. maswavleblis es Canawerebi an amgvari analizis<br />
Sedegad gamovlenili yuradRebis aqtebis paternebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imis Sesafaseblad,<br />
ramdenad Seesabameba pedagogis mier ganxorcielebuli yuradRebis aqti sasurvel<br />
Sedegs.<br />
Sesabamisoba yuradRebis parametrTan<br />
yuradRebis rigi obieqturi nusxaa da ar SeiZleba msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, romelia<br />
ukeTesi,zeda rigSi Tu qveda rigSi ganlagebuli moqmedebebi. vTvliT, rom yvela moqmedebas<br />
aqvs Tavisi adgili da konkretul konteqstSi yoveli maTgani SeiZleba gamogvadges (Cveni<br />
azriT, erTaderTi gamonaklisia sarkazmi, romelic mudam, sul cota, urTierTobis „patara<br />
mkvlelia“).<br />
<strong>gamocdili</strong> pedagogi am parametris mdidari repertuariT sxvadasxva moswavlis qcevas<br />
sxvadasxvagvarad pasuxobs. qvemoT mocemuli magaliTebi gviCvenebs, ra ostaturad iyenebs<br />
misis T yuradRebis aqtebs calkeuli moswavlis mimarT.<br />
misis T-m icis, rom darili ZalauflebisTvis konfliqtis sababs eZebs da maswavlebels (an<br />
sxva avtoritetul pirs) nebisyofis gamocdas uwyobs. rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Sewyvetis moqmedebaTa<br />
TiTqmis mTel arsenals amowuravs, darili uaresad iqceva. magaliTad, „specifikur<br />
verbalur Sewyvetas“ gamowvevad iRebs, ufro xmamaRla akakunebs fanqars da akvirdeba, rogor<br />
gabrazdeba da ras moimoqmedebs misis T. pedagogma gafrTxilebisa da CarTvis moqmedebaTa<br />
gamoyeneba iswavla. Tu darili zRvars gadadis, pedagogi mtkice moqmedebebiT aCerebs.<br />
Tumca, misis T gaurbis aseT simkacres da darilis yuradRebis mipyrobas `gamowvevis~ aqtiT –<br />
kiTxvis dasmiT, „winaswari gafrTxilebiT~ an „damxmared warmodgeniT“ cdilobs. magaliTad,
avtoriteti<br />
dasja<br />
ardaSveba<br />
muqara<br />
uxeSi sarkazmi<br />
msubuqi SeniSvna<br />
brZaneba<br />
specifikuri verbaluri Sewyveta<br />
zogadi verbaluri Sewyveta<br />
msubuqi sarkazmi<br />
individualuri Sewyveta<br />
jgufuri zemoqmedeba<br />
TanatolTa Sejibri<br />
adgilis Secvla<br />
„me“-Setyobineba<br />
moqmedeba yuradRebis gaufantavad<br />
arCevanis SeTavazeba<br />
waqezeba<br />
SeniSvna<br />
pirferoba<br />
signali<br />
pauza da mzera<br />
saxelis CarTva<br />
daxmarebis SeTavazeba<br />
Sexeba<br />
siaxlove<br />
mimzidveloba<br />
SiSi<br />
moswavlis saxelis gamoyeneba<br />
pasuxis nawilobriv gameoreba<br />
winaswari gafrTxileba<br />
unisoni<br />
uyurebs erTs, esaubreba meores arasruli<br />
winadadebebi<br />
Tanabari SesaZleblobebi<br />
arCevanis SemTxveviToba<br />
cirkulacia<br />
lodinis dro<br />
mxedvelobiTi kontaqti<br />
yuradRebis mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gafantvis Tavisufleba<br />
xmis Secvla<br />
Jesti<br />
cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra<br />
molodini<br />
gamowveva<br />
moswavlis damxmared warmodgena<br />
sayrdenebi<br />
personificireba<br />
moswavlis fantaziebTan dakavSireba<br />
Tanaziaroba<br />
gamxneveba<br />
enTuziazmi<br />
Seqeba<br />
iumori<br />
inscenireba<br />
sqema 2.1: yuradRebis kontiniumi<br />
yuradReba<br />
Sewyveta<br />
CarTva<br />
dainterseba<br />
Tanaziaroba<br />
miRweva<br />
yuradRebis aqtebis es speqtri maswavlebels mdidar repertuars sTavazobs.<br />
31
Tavi 2<br />
am ukanasknel moqmedebas maSin iyenebs, roca darili fanqars akakunebs: „maS ase, iq marTlac<br />
iyo mefeebis oTxi piramida. daril, SegiZlia Semdeg kadrze gadaweva, rom me piramidis<br />
win ganlagebuli sagnebis Cveneba SevZlo“.<br />
meore moswavle marSa, gansxvavebulia. miuxedavad imisa, xSirad is mecadineobaSi ar erTveba,<br />
`Cabmis~ moqmedebebi, rogorc Cans, Zlier stimuls aZlevs. „es TiTqos Cabmisa da miRwevis<br />
aqtebs saTavisod `Targmnis~ _ TiTqos me veubnebi, rom masTan megobroba an masTan<br />
TamaSi msurs. mas interaqtivoba itacebs da Cemze zedmetad koncentrirebuli xdeba“, ase<br />
xsnis mis saqciels <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. vidre pedagogi sxvadasxva gzebsa da SesaZleblobebs eZebs,<br />
raTa daakmayofilos marSas maswavlebelTan siaxlovis es moTxovnileba , is saSualo rangis<br />
Sewyvetis moqmedebebs iyenebs marSas yuradRebis mosapoveblad, rasac warmateba moaqvs.<br />
sxvadasxva moswavle – sxvadasxva saWiroeba – sxvadasxva moqmedeba: <strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
gaazrebulad usadagebs sakuTar moqmedebas moswavleebs.<br />
zogi <strong>gamocdili</strong> pedagogi moswavleTa mimarT moqmedebebis diferencirebas intuiciiT<br />
axdens. isini cnobili arian, rogorc saklaso oTaxis efeqturi menejerebi. SesaZloa, verc<br />
maT da verc maTi saqmianobis Semfaseblebma ver agvixsnan warmatebis mizezi. ubralod, ician,<br />
rom maT „aTianSi moartyes“. SesaZloa, qvecnobieri gamWriaxobis wyalobiT usadageben yuradRebis<br />
gansxvavebul aqtebs konkretul moswavleebs.<br />
alRos miuxedavad, nebismieri CvenganisTvis sasargeblo iqneba moswavleTa uyuradRebobis<br />
paternebis gaazreba da sapasuxo moqmedebaTa nimuSebis morgeba. SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT,<br />
rom Cveni repertuaris nawils ugulebelvyofT, radgan Zalian gagvaRiziana luizam,<br />
SesaZloa, TviT repertuars sWirdeba gamdidreba, an iqneb, ukeT SevarCevdiT moqmedebas, Tu<br />
uyuradRebobis mizezis moZebnas SevecdebodiT. kolegasTan moswavleze (an klasze) saubari<br />
yuradRebis parametrebis qcevaTa rigis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalze sasargeblo saqmianobaa.<br />
32
y u r a d R e b a _ s a v a r j i S o<br />
qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi saSualebas gaZlevT, gaimeoroT da gaixsenoT moswav-<br />
leTa yuradRebis gamowvevis, SenarCunebisa da xelaxali gamowvevisTvis arsebuli<br />
alternativebi.<br />
gansazRvre WeSmaritia (W) Tu mcdaria (m) debuleba da daasabuTe arCevani.<br />
1. yuradRebis moqmedebaTa gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia<br />
„miRwevis“ moqmedebaTa bolos.<br />
2. uxeSi sarkazmi is moqmedebaa, romelsac wignis avtorebi<br />
ar iwoneben.<br />
3. „me“-SetyobinebiT“ moswavleebs vagebinebT, ris gakeTebas<br />
moveliT maTgan.<br />
4. „daxmarebis SeTavazebis“ moqmedebas maSin avirCev,<br />
roca msurs moswavleebi mSvidobianad miubrundnen<br />
davalebis Sesrulebas.<br />
5. gafrTxilebis moqmedebebi, ZiriTadad, moswavlis<br />
yuradRebis SenarCunebis mizniT gamoiyeneba.<br />
yuradRebis zogierTi moqmedeba Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs an orazrovania. testis<br />
es nawili dagexmarebaT maT Soris gansxvavebis dadgenaSi. yovel kiTxvaSi moqmedebaTa<br />
Soris gansxvaveba unda axsnaT.<br />
1. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas _ „pirferobasa“ _ da darwmunebis moqmedebas<br />
_ „Seqebas“ _ Soris?<br />
2. ra gansxvavebaa „Tanabar SesaZleblobasa“ da „arCevanis SemTxveviTobas“ Soris?<br />
orive gafrTxilebis moqmedebaa.<br />
3. ra gansxvavebaa darwmunebis moqmedebas _ „iumorsa“ da Sewyvetis moqmedebas _<br />
„msubuq sarkazms“ Soris?<br />
4. ra gansxvavebaa CarTvis moqmedebas „molodinsa“ da „gamowvevas“ Soris?<br />
5. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas „adgilis Secvlasa“ da „ardaSvebas“ Soris?<br />
6. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas _ „pauza da mzerasa“ da gafrTxilebis moqmedebas<br />
_ „uyurebs erTs, esaubreba meores“ Soris?<br />
7. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas „siaxlovesa“ da gafrTxilebis moqmedebas<br />
„cirkulacias“ Soris?<br />
8. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas _ „saxelis CarTvasa“ da gafrTxilebis moqmedebas<br />
_ „moswavlis saxelis gamoyenebas“ Soris?<br />
9. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebebs „zogad da specifikur verbalur Sewyvetasa“<br />
da „brZanebas“ Soris?<br />
moiyvaneT am moqmedebaTa gamoyenebis magaliTebi.<br />
1. moiyvaneT „moswavlis damxmared warmodgenis“ gamoyenebis magaliTi.<br />
2. klass axal informacias awvdiT. vesi samjer adga Tavisi fanqris gasaTlelad. Tqven<br />
W<br />
W<br />
W<br />
W<br />
W<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
` y u r a d R e b a - s a v a r j i S o<br />
33
34<br />
gadawyviteT, rom mas „me-Setyobineba“ gaugzavnoT. daasabuTeT.<br />
3. moiyvaneT magaliTi, rogor gamoiyenebdiT gakveTilSi „sayrdenebs“ gakveTilis Sinaarsze<br />
moswavleTa yuradRebis misapyrobad.<br />
4. moiyvaneT „winaswari gafrTxilebis“ magaliTi.<br />
5. rogor gamoiyenebdiT „arCevanis SemTxveviTobasa“ da „Tanabar SesaZleblobas“ moswavlis<br />
yuradRebis SesanarCuneblad?<br />
ganixileT situacia da SeusabameT Tqveni pasuxi moswavles, situacias an mizans.<br />
1. saSualo skolis maRal klasebSi maTematikis gansakuTrebiT rTul nawils aswavliT.<br />
kiTxvebs calkeul moswavleebs usvamT da, amasTanave, klasis yuradRebis SenarCuneba<br />
gsurT. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:<br />
lodinis dro xmis Secvla<br />
unisoni cirkulacia<br />
2. gansakuTrebulad mZime saswavlo dRis boloa. moswavleebma kargad imuSaves da dai-<br />
Ralnen. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:<br />
SiSi gamowveva<br />
Tanaziaroba waxaliseba<br />
3. moswavleTaTvis SerCeuli moTxrobebis nakrebidan nawyvetis xmamaRla wasakiTxad<br />
emzadebiT. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:<br />
winaswari gafrTxileba inscenireba<br />
muqara mxedvelobiTi kontaqti<br />
4. gakveTilze Tqvens fanjrebTan sxva klasis moswavleebi TamaSoben. yuradRebis moqmedebaTa<br />
Soris kargi arCevani iqneba:<br />
brZaneba Sexseneba<br />
arasruli winadadebebi yuradRebis gafantvisgan dacva<br />
5. moswavleebi mcire jgufebSi davalebis Sesrulebisas saubrobdnen. Tqven sxva davalebis<br />
dawyebamde mTeli jgufis yuradRebis mobilizacia gsurT. yuradRebis moqmedebis<br />
kargi arCevani iqneba:<br />
xmis Secvla signali<br />
zogadi verbaluri Sewyvetis brZaneba
literatura<br />
yuradReba<br />
Bennett, N. `Recent Research on Teaching: A Dream, a Belief, and a Model.’ Journal of Education 160, no<br />
3 (Aujust 1978).<br />
Brophy, J.E. and C.M. Evertson, Learning From Teaching. Boston: Allyn& Bacon 1978.<br />
Church, John and Joe Hasenstab. Teaching with T.E.A.C.H. Emerson, N.J.: Performance Learning Systems,<br />
1985.<br />
Martin, D.L. „Your Praise Can Smother Learning“. Learning (February 1977); 43–51.<br />
Mckenzie, R. and A.M. Schadler. Effects of Three Practice Modes on Attention, Test Anxiety, &<br />
Achievement in a Classroom Association Learning Task. Paper presented at the American Educational<br />
Regional Association, , Boston, Mass., 1980.<br />
Redl, F., and D. Wineman. Controls from Within. Glancoe III: Free Press, 1952.<br />
Rosenshine B.V. Academic Engaged Time, Content Covered, and Direct Instruction. Joural of Education<br />
160, no 3 (August 1978).<br />
Rowe, M.B. Wait Time and Rewards as Instructional Variables: Their Influence on Language, Logic<br />
and Fate Control. Paper presented at the National Association for Research on Science Teaching,<br />
Chicago, III., April 1972.<br />
Tanner, L. Classroom Discipline. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978.<br />
35
3<br />
tempi<br />
rogor SevinarCunoT movlenaTa<br />
Tanabari, swrafi ganviTareba?<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
gadafarva<br />
Semavseblebi<br />
Careva<br />
gakveTilis moqniloba<br />
Setyobineba<br />
qvedayofa<br />
molodini
tempi<br />
tempis cneba saklaso oTaxSi movlenaTa Tanabar, uwyvet nakads gulisxmobs (Kounin<br />
1970). swavleba uamrav maxes Seicavs tempisTvis, romlis Semcirebisas moswavleTa<br />
koncentracia irRveva. maT yuradReba efantebaT da veRar axerxeben saswavlo aqtivobaSi<br />
Cabmas. dros uqmad atareben, elodebian momzadebas, dawyebas, organizebas. Tu tempi<br />
klebulobs, moswavleebs bezrdebaT, saqmes eZeben, dro ocnebaSi gahyavT an destruqciulad<br />
iqcevian. meore mxriv, Tu tempi SenarCunebulia, moswavleebi Tanabrad da swrafad gadadian<br />
erTi moqmedebidan meoreze. moswavleTa da aRWurvilobis moZraoba Seferxebis, konfliqtis,<br />
kamaTis an xelis kvris da mujlugunis gareSe xdeba. amgvar gakveTilze dakvirvebisas iseTi<br />
gancda gveufleba, rom `saqme midis~. am TavSi ganvixilavT maswavleblis qcevas, romelic<br />
gamiznulia tempis SesanarCuneblad da movlenaTa samarTavad.<br />
zogadad, tempis cnebasTan mravali parametria dakavSirebuli. mag., yuradReba, radgan<br />
misi saSualebiT xdeba moswavleTa interesis aRZvra da swavlaze fokusireba; rutina aumjobesebs<br />
rogorc procedurebis, ise garemos organizebulobas da aCqarebs ganviTarebas;<br />
samuSaos mimarT molodinebi, radgan maswavleblis sijiute da sizuste moswavleebs samuSaos<br />
avtomaturad Sesrulebisa da erTi saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvlisas individualuri<br />
warmatebis miRwevis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
tempis cnebas swavlebis sxva parametrebic moicavs. mag., pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba,<br />
romelic sZlevs moswavleTa winaaRmdegobas da destruqcias da yvelaferi maswavleblis<br />
Canafiqris mixedviT mimdinareobs; sivrce, radgan misi efeqtiani organizeba moswavleebs<br />
saWiro sagnebis moZebnasa da swavlebis procesSi Cabmas uadvilebs da yuradRebis<br />
gafantvas amcirebs; aseTive parametria droc, radgan Sesabamisi ganrigi moswavleebis energiisa<br />
da yuradRebis SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs da arakeTilgonivruli moTxovnebisagan<br />
gvicavs.<br />
metic, SegiZliaT Tvali gadaavloT miznebis, Sefasebisa da swavlis gamocdilebis kurikulumis<br />
parametrebs tempTan dakavSirebul aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi: Seusabamo masala (Zalze<br />
rTuli an zedmetad martivi), masalis arasaTanado miwodeba, rasac Sedegad SeiZleba<br />
moswavleTa Tavgabezreba da imedgacrueba mohyves da dairRves saklaso mecadineobis tempi.<br />
ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom Seusabamo kurikulumsa Tu swavlebas<br />
tempis darRveva SeuZlia. tempis ase farTod gamoyeneba niSnavs mTeli swavlebis erTi<br />
qolgis qveS moqcevas. marTlac, swavlebis nebismier parametrs, qcevis ra pirvelad mizansac<br />
unda iTvaliswinebdes, meoreuli gavlena aqvs tempze. darwmunebuli varT, rom saWiroa swavlebis<br />
im aspeqtebze fokusireba, romlebic, pirvel yovlisa, klasSi tempis SenarCunebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
Cven tempis gansazRvrebis rva ZiriTadi qveparametriT, anu maswavleblis qcevis<br />
saxeebiT SemovifarglebiT, romlis ZiriTadi mizani movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobaa da, romelic<br />
Seusabamo ganxorcielebisa Tu ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi, arRvevs movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobas.<br />
39
Tavi 3<br />
40<br />
tempis kategoriebi<br />
tempis rva kategoria ekleqtur jgufs warmoadgens, romlis punqtebic, iseve rogorc<br />
menejmentis sxva parametrebi, swavlis procesSi moswavlis Cabmisa da misi yuradRebis Senar-<br />
Cunebis saSualebas iZleva. menejmentis sxva parametrebSi, qcevisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic<br />
sxvadasxva misiasTan SeiZleba davakavSiroT, es rva kategoria arc erT sxva parametrs ar<br />
esadageba da imTaviTve orientirebulia tempze. maTi saxelwodebebia: uzrunvelyofa, gadafarva,<br />
Semavseblebi, SeWra, gakveTilis moqniloba, Setyobineba, qvedayofa da molodinebi.<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa niSnavs sivrcisa da masalebis momzadebas saqmianobisTvis. adekvaturi<br />
uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi ver naxavT, rom maswavlebelma jer moswavleebs mouyaros Tavi,<br />
xolo Semdeg ramdenime wuTiT datovos isini karadidan gakveTilisaTvis saWiro masalis gadmosaRebad.<br />
verc imis momswre gaxdebiT, rom moswavleebs aqtivobisaTvis saWiro masalebis<br />
maragi amoewuroT da maswavlebels damatebiTi masalebi sTxovon. maswavlebelma gakveTilis<br />
dawyebamde unda Seamowmos saWiro masalis raodenoba, Tavi mouyaros mas da moamzados<br />
sivrce; aseve unda moimaragos swavlebisaTvis is aucilebeli nivTebi, romlebic, savaraudod,<br />
dRis ganmavlobaSi dasWirdebaT moswavleebs.<br />
uzrunvelyofa, kargi menejmentis msgavsad, TvalSi sacemi maSin xdeba, rodesac TiTqmis<br />
ar arsebobs. aris kargi uzrunvelyofis bevri niSani. mag.: gakveTilisaTvis gankuTvnili audiovizualuri<br />
masala, winaswar momzadebuli cxrilebi an sademonstracio aRWurviloba;<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> informacias dafaze amzadebs da saWiro dros gamoaCens; aseve mzadaa dasarigebeli<br />
savarjiSoebi (handouts). TviT oTaxSi savarjiSoebi, sxvadasxva kompleqti, TamaSebi, audiocentri,<br />
wignebi, samarTavi pulti da xmis misacemi baraTebi, moswavleebisaTvis TvalsaCinod<br />
aris dawyobili; optikuri wamkiTxavi kompiuteris gverdiT devs; iqve bloknotia,<br />
romelSic mocemulia is sami kodi, romlis mixedviTac moswavleebma samuSao unda Seasrulon.<br />
garemos ostatur uzrunvelyofaze maswavlebels cota dro exarjeba, Sedegad ki,<br />
maqsimalurad izrdeba moswavleebze daxarjul dro, da, Sesabamisad, Sedegic.<br />
gadafarva<br />
es termini kouninisagan (Kounin, 1970) visesxeT da miseuli gansazRvreba ganvavrceT: gadafarva<br />
aris ori paraleluri movlenis marTvis unari ise, rom orives erTdroulad mivaqcioT<br />
yuradReba. `marTva~, am SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblis saqmianobis or aspeqts moicavs. pirvelia,<br />
erTdrouli kavSiri yvelaferTan, rac ramdenime jgufSi, adgilas an aqtivobisas xdeba (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
SeiZleba CarTuli iyos erT an or saqmianobaSi an klasSi siarulisas Tvalyurs<br />
adevnebdes ramdenime maTgans); kavSiri niSnavs, rom maswa vlebelma icis aqtivobis buneba, moswavleTa<br />
Sesabamisi qceva da maTi saqmianobis xarisxi. meore aris sirTuleebis gadalaxvaSi<br />
moswavleebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva. sirTuleebi Semde-<br />
`yvelganmyofoba~ aucilebeli pirobaa.<br />
gi mizeziT SeiZleba warmoiqmnas: moswavleebma ver gaiges<br />
miTiTebebi, ar ician, ra gaakeTon Semdeg, ar SeswevT<br />
interpersonaluri uTanxmoebebis mogvarebis unari (mag., masalebis gaziareba, jgufis winsvlisaTvis<br />
saWiro moqmedebebi), awydebian Seusabamod rTul masalas, efantebaT yuradReba<br />
an daamTavres erTi savarjiSo da meoreze gadasasvlelad daxmareba sWirdebaT.<br />
`yvelganmyofobaSi~ (withitness) igulisxmeba, rom maswavlebels `kefazec ki aqvs Tvalebi~,
tempi<br />
xedavs mTel saklaso oTaxs da moswavleebs auwyebs, rom icis, Tu ra xdeba oTaxSi. yvelgan<br />
yofna gadafarvis wina pirobaa (Kounin, 1970) da aucilebelia cudi yofaqcevis umal SesamCnevad<br />
da reagirebis mosaxdenad. amas garda, yvelgan yofna ramdenime erTroulad mimdinare<br />
saswavlo procesis safuZvelia, radgan maswavlebels yvela movlenis mimdinareobasTan kontaqtis<br />
saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
maswavleblebi yvelgan yofnis meoxebiT inarCuneben temps, rodesac saqmianobaSi arsebul<br />
an potenciur dabrkolebas amCneven. qvemoT moyvanilia tempis SenarCunebis ramdenime magaliTi,<br />
roca maswavleblis moqmedeba moswavleebs dabrkolebis gadalaxvaSi an mis Tavidan<br />
acilebaSi exmareba.<br />
moswavles, romelic amTavrebs xelovnebis proeqtze muSaobas, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ekiTxeba: `jim, sad unda dado namuSevari gasaSrobad?~ `sadurglo magidis qveS~,<br />
pasuxobs jimi. `mSvenieria! Semdeg SegiZlia diliT dawyebuli wignis kiTxva ganagrZo~,<br />
ambobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. maswavlebelma xazi gausva, romAsaqmianoba dasrulda<br />
da moswavle axal saqmes unda Seudges.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> SeniSnavs, rom moswavlem Tavi ver gaarTva laboratoriul eqsperiments<br />
da eubneba: `mark, Tu gagiWirda, jeins sTxove daxmareba~.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xedavs, rom bavSvs saRebavi uTavdeba, is JestiT aniSnebs, momiaxlovdio<br />
da axsenebs, rom samuSaos dasrulebisas, qila saRebaviT Seavsos.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xedavs, rom jgufi gadasaxadTan dakavSirebiT senatoris poziciaze<br />
kamaTobs da mimarTavs: `rogor SeZlebT informaciis dazustebas?~ es moswavleTa<br />
konstruqciul qcevaSi CarTvis gzaa.<br />
gadafarvis mizania, rom maswavleblis yvela moqmedebiT SenarCundes jgufisa Tu<br />
calkeuli individebis tempi maSin, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> jgufs punqtuacias aswavlis,<br />
amecadinebs kiTxvaSi, amowmebs moxsenebas laboratoriuli muSaobis Sesaxeb an sxva saqmianobas<br />
eweva. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> marTavs qcevas ise, rom ar adunebs yuradRebas, ar awyvetinebs<br />
da arc erTi wamiT ar Sordeba pirvelad mizans. es gadafarvis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis<br />
saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aqtiurad monawileobs konkretul<br />
saswavlo procesSi.<br />
Semavseblebi<br />
dRis ganmavlobaSi isec xdeba xolme, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mcire xniT (10-15 wuTi) yovndeba<br />
moswavleTa jgufTan, rodesac araferi ar igegmeba. zogjer es mouxerxebel adgilebSi xdeba,<br />
sadac xeli ar miuwvdebaT standartul saklaso resursebze xelmiuwvdom: mag., skolis Semdeg,<br />
bolo avtobusis molodinSi; holSi, kabinetidan (xatvis, musikis) meore cvlis gamosvlis<br />
molodinSi; klasSi, sadac bavSvebma es-es aris daasrules samuSao da sakmarisi dro aRar<br />
rCeba imisTvis, rom sxva samuSao misce sadilis dawyebamde. ras akeTebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aseT<br />
situaciaSi tempis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad?<br />
zogierTi SeiZleba Semogvedvaos kidec, ra unda gaakeTos maswavlebelmao. maTi azriT,<br />
moswavleebi ubralod unda isxdnen da elodnen, maT mocda unda icodnen, radgan aseT SemTxvevebs<br />
Tavidan ver aicileb. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar aris valdebuli moswavleebi mudmivad gaarTos.<br />
asea, vupasuxebdiT Cven. . . saqmis bolomde miyvana namdvilad sasurvelia, Tumca yovelTvis<br />
rodi amarTlebs. imis molodini, rom rTuli klasebis moswavleebi moTminebiT isxdebian da<br />
moicdian, arakeTilgonivrulia da mas Sedegad destruqcia mohyveba xolme. amis Tavidan<br />
41
Tavi 3<br />
asacileblad da ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi klasis Tavmosayrelad, maswavlebelma, Semavsebeli<br />
unda gamoiyenos. ai, ramdenime magaliTi:<br />
42<br />
saaTis araswori Cvenebis gamo <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> pirvelklaselebTan erTad 5 wuTiT<br />
adre midis fizkulturis darbazSi. saklaso oTaxSi dabrunebas azri ar aqvs.<br />
is sTxovs bavSvebs, kedelTanAaxlos dasxdnen da ise SemWidrovdnen, rom yvelam<br />
gaigonos da dainaxos, ras ityvis da gaakeTebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. `sanam velodebiT,<br />
sxva klasi rodis daamTavrebs gakveTils, aswieT xeli, Tu sityva `Tevzis~ riTmas<br />
moifiqrebT~. (is iZaxebs sam bavSvs, romlebic sxvadasxva sityvebs asaxeleben).<br />
`yoCaR! . . .axla moifiqreT sityva, romelic `naTuras~ eriTmeba (is kidev or<br />
moswavles ekiTxeba).<br />
meore magaliTi:<br />
gasaocaria, magram 1-ma da me-4 magidebma 10 wuTiT adre daamTavres geologi uri<br />
eqsperimenti, Seinaxes xelsawyoebi da nawerebi. maswavlebelma icis, rom danar-<br />
Cen moswavleebs maswavlebelTan SekiTxvebi eqnebaT. 1-li da me-4 ma gidebis moswavleTa<br />
drois flangvisa da celqobis Tavidan asacileblad, is swrafad wers<br />
dafaze rva axal sityvas da Tavisufali magidebis moswavleebs 45 wamian ockiTxvian<br />
TamaSs awyebinebs da darCenil moswavleebs ubrundeba.<br />
zogjer, Semavseblebi, zemoT mocemuli magaliTebis msgavsad, uSualod kurikulumis<br />
Sesabamisi rodia. magaliTad, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavlebels SeuZlia bavSvebTan erTad<br />
`gafuWebuli telefoni~ iTamaSos. mexuTeklaselebs maswavlebelma SeiZleba uTxras: `majis<br />
saaTze dauxedavad scadeT gamoicnoT da xelis aweviT maniSnoT erTnaxevari wuTis gasvla~<br />
(TamaSi `drois Semavsebeli~ kargia avtobusSi xmauris ramdenime wuTiT Sesawyvetad). ufrosi<br />
klasebis maswavlebelma, SeiZleba klasTan mimdinare problemebze an saskolo gundebze<br />
saubari daiwyos. es sulac ar aris drois flangva, Tumca, saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT<br />
Semavseblebi, anu iseTebi, romlebsac `carieli~ dro gahyavT da romlebsac damatebiTi<br />
informacia SeaqvT mimdinare kurikulumSi.<br />
Careva<br />
maswavleblis dRe, SesaZloa, swavlebis momentebze aqcentirebul CarevaTa serias<br />
hgavdes. aseTi Careva mravalgvaria: moswavleebi, romelTac davalebis gasworeba surT,<br />
daxmareba, mimarTulebis micema an kamaTis ga nmsjeli<br />
sWirdebaT; zrdasruli stumrebi, kuri-<br />
maswavleblis dRe, SesaZloa, swavlebis<br />
erebi, sajaro misamarTebis gamocxadeba. yoveli<br />
momentebze aqcentirebul CarevaTa<br />
Careva tempis Senelebis potenciuri matarebe-<br />
serias hgavdes.<br />
lia, magram <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ise unda Caerios, rom<br />
minimalurad Seamciros maTi gavlena swavlis<br />
procesSi moswavlis CarTulobaze. arsebobs maswavleblis saqmianobis oTxi ZiriTadi done,<br />
romelic CarevasTan gamklavebis unars aRwers:<br />
1. Carevas tempis darRvevis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
2. Carevas unificirebulad umklavdeba: mag., <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> arasdros ar aZlevs sxva<br />
klasis moswavleebs SekiTxvis dasmis uflebas (anu ar urigdeba aranair Carevas); Camrevebs<br />
daxmarebisTvis TanatolebTan gzavnis: acdevinebs Camrevebs, sanam ar dadgeba<br />
maTi daxmarebis Sesaferisi dro.<br />
3. Carevas sxvadasxvagvarad umklavdeba; <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva sa-<br />
Sualebas iyenebs.
tempi<br />
4. Carevaze reaqcias usadagebs moswavlis Taviseburebebs an konkretul situacias:<br />
mag., maswavlebelma icis, rom jeins aramyari koncentraciis unari aqvs da CamrevisTvis<br />
Tundac dagvianebulad gacemuli pasuxi, mas yuradRebas moudunebs (SesaZloa<br />
jeins samuSaoze misabruneblad 15 wuTic ki dasWirdes). zogjer maswavlebels Camrevis<br />
TaviseburebebTan uxdeba morgeba _ Carlis TanaklaselTan agzavnis daxmarebisaTvis,<br />
radgan misi imedi aqvs, jons ki aniSnebs, rom daxmarebisaTvis maswavlebels<br />
daelodos, radgan icis, rom mas klaselisTvis daxmarebis Txovna ar SeuZlia. (Sesa-<br />
Zloa, mogvianebiT romelime bavSvs sTxovos jonis daxmareba). mokled, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ergeba moswavles an moswavleTa jgufs (Camrevsac da imasac, visac Camrevi xels uSlis).<br />
5. zogjer <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> situaciaze morgebas ufro cdilobs, vidre moswavleze. mag.,<br />
verbaluri TamaSi-varjiSis dros <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> SeiZleba saerTod ar Caerios, rom<br />
TamaSis tempi ar daarRvios.<br />
iseve, rogorc sxva yvelaferi, rasac am wignSi ganvixilavT, Carevac gvaxsenebs, rom rac<br />
ufro ukeTesad movargebT Cven reaqciebs moswavleebsa Tu situacias, miT ufro warmatebulebi<br />
viqnebiT.<br />
gakveTilis moqniloba<br />
rogor iqceva <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, rodesac gakveTilebi an dagegmili savarjiSoebi jerovnad<br />
ver xorcieldeba? rogor akontrolebs igi temps? unda ganvasxvaoT maswavleblis saqmianobis<br />
oTxi done:<br />
1. yvela SemTxvevaSi agrZelebs gakveTils.<br />
2. anebebs Tavs gakveTils da sxva rameze erTveba.<br />
3. mizans inarCunebs da cdilobs sxvagvarad aswavlos: cvlis gakveTilis formats.<br />
4. axal formats jgufis saWiroebebs usadagebs da/an mas individebis Taviseburebebs<br />
argebs<br />
gTavazobT bolo punqtis magaliTs. moswavleTa jgufi fizikuri varjiSis Semdeg energiiT<br />
aris damuxtuli. maT uWirT abreviaturebis damoukideblad gaSifvra. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
grZnobs amas, dafaze bades xatavs, romelSic abreviaturebs aTavsebs da bavSvebs `koncentraciis”<br />
modificirebul variants aTamaSebs, raSic isini aqtiurad erTvebian. maswavlebelma<br />
gakveTils moswavleebis imwuTieri saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT axali formati moargo.<br />
tempi imiT SenarCunda, rom moswavleebs energiis produqtiulad daxarjvis saSualeba<br />
miecaT.<br />
Setyobineba<br />
tempi SeiZleba dairRves, Tu moswavleebi tranziciisTvis ar arian momzadebulebi (Arlin<br />
1979): Tu maT swrafad awyvetineben erT saqmianobas garkveuli damakmayofilebeli daskvnis<br />
miuRwevlad da meores awyebineben. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac moswavleebi aqtiurad<br />
arian Cabmuli saqmianobaSi, rogorc es xSirad SemoqmedebiTi wvis dros xdeba xolme. isini<br />
gvewinaaRmdegebian, radgan saqmianobiT gatacebulebs gaCerebas vaiZulebT, iseve, rogorc<br />
Rrmad mZinare ewinaaRmdegeba uxeSad gaRviZebas.<br />
maswavleblebi grZnoben da arbileben am gadasvlas imiT, rom moswavleebs, momzadebis<br />
mizniT, winaswar atyobineben momavali tranziciis Sesaxeb. winaswari Setyobinebis SemTxveva-<br />
43
Tavi 3<br />
Sic ki, zogierT moswavles uWirs Tavisi aqtiurobis iZulebiT Sewyveta. `kidev erTi raRac~...<br />
`damamTavrebineT am gverdis xatva~... (skola ar aris erTaderTi adgili, sadac SeiZleba<br />
amgvari situacia Segvxvdes). maswavlebelma, SeiZleba, ubralod miiyvanos moswavleebi am<br />
wertilamde: ”me 5 wuTis win gagafrTxileT, rom mzad yofiliyaviT. axla ki droa~; an Seu-<br />
Zlia ama Tu im bavSvis winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad sxvadasxva xerxi gamoiyenos. konkretul<br />
saqmianobaze saWiro drois amowurvis Semdeg maswavlebelTa oTxgvar moqmedebas gamovyofT:<br />
44<br />
1. sxva gza ar aris: `laissez-faire~ (nebas rTavs moswavles TviTon moagvaros saqme) an aradamajereblad<br />
arwmunebs bavSvebs.<br />
2. erTi gza: yovelTvis zemoqmedebs bavSvebze.<br />
3. sxvadasxva viTarebaSi sxvadasxva xarisxis enTuziazmiT zemoqmedebs.<br />
4. sxvadasxva moswavleze, misi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs.<br />
mag., <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> eubneba jenis: `sanam samamde daviTvli, wigni Seinaxe da<br />
karisken wadi~. maswavlebelma icis, rom jeni cdis mis Tanamimdevrulobas dominanturi<br />
Zalis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. noes ki, maswavlebelma SeiZleba ramdenime zedmeti<br />
wuTi dauTmos da mSvidad daexmaros nivTebis dalagebaSi, radgan kmayofilia<br />
misi dilandeli muSaobiT da surs dadebiTi ganwyoba SeunarCunos.<br />
qvedayofa<br />
moswavleTa jgufebi erTi saqmianobidan meoreze an saqmianobis farglebSi sxvadasxva<br />
fazaze gadasvlis dros saklaso oTaxSi siarulisas (mwkrivSi dgebian, iReben paltoebs,<br />
midian biblioTekaSi, iReben mikroskopebs, arigeben furclebs) xSirad ferxdebian. amgvari<br />
`sacobi~ ukmayofilebas, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, drois uqmad gacdenas iwvevs. qvedayofa (anu<br />
fragmentacia, rogorc kunini uwodebs) niSnavs Seferxebis am drois winaswar ganWvretas da<br />
misi Tavidan acilebis mizniT moqmedebas – klasis mcire jgufebad (individebad, wyvilebad,<br />
magidebad, gundebad, im bavSvebad, visac sportuli fexsacmeli acvia) dayofas. amasobaSi,<br />
moZravi rigis gareT mdgomi bavSvebi dakavebulebi arian davalebis dasrulebiT, masalis<br />
SenaxviT, an tranziciis sxva aspeqtebiT (magaliTad, SemavseblebiT).<br />
zogierTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> qvedayofas saswavlo programis mimdinare sakiTxebis ganmtkicebisTvis<br />
iyenebs. mag., avtobusis gaCerebaze mdgom moswavleebs gamravlebis tabulaSi an<br />
sityvebis marTlweraSi avarjiSebs. swori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi wasvlis nebas aZlevs. . . `ai,<br />
Seni bileTi~, ambobs am dros <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.<br />
am saxis qvedayofa gansakuTrebiT dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebTan aris warmatebuli.<br />
ufrosklaselebs, romelTac TavianTi ZalebiT SeuZliaT Tavi gaarTvan areul situacias,<br />
ubralod TavianT nebaze miuSveben xolme. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmatebulad miviCnioT<br />
maswavleblis qceva, rodesac igi moswavleebisgan moiTxovs, sxvebsac gadaawodon masala an<br />
yvela moswavlisTvis xelmisawvdom adgilas Seinaxon; saqmianobaTa iseT Tanamimdevrobasa<br />
da/an temps irCevs, rom moswavleTaAmcire jgufebs bunebrivad sxvadasxva dros dasWirdeT<br />
masala. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iTvaliswinebs da Tavs aridebs saqmianobaTa gegmis Tanamimdevruli<br />
bunebiT warmoqmnil `sacobebs~.<br />
molodini<br />
ganvixiloT aseTi SemTxveva: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> winaswar atyobinebs klass, rom qveda sarTulze<br />
sasule sakravebis kvintetis koncertze Casasvlelad moemzadon. `mejavreba koncertebi~,<br />
ambobs JorJeta. erTi wuTis Semdeg zogi bavSvi nivTebs alagebs. ori wuTis Semdeg ramden-
tempi<br />
ime bavSvi karebTan ikribeba. JorJeta aravis<br />
uyurebs da gabutuli Cans. `JorJeta Caxval<br />
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> problemas moelis<br />
darbazSi da naxav, aris Tu ara CvenTvis adg- da misi Tavidan acilebis mizniT moqmedebs.<br />
ilebi?!~ sTxovs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. JorJeta midis.<br />
klasi swrafad mwkrivdeba karTan da maswavlebelTan erTad qveviT Cadis. isini Sua gzaze<br />
xvdebian JorJetas, romelic maswavlebels auwyebs, rom adgilebi aris da klass yovelgvari<br />
protestis gareSe uerTdeba da maTTan erTad Sedis darbazSi.<br />
<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aseT situacias yoveldRe awydeba. is moelis problemas, anu<br />
SemTxvevas, romelmac SeiZleba tempi Seanelos da yvelafers akeTebs misi Tavidan acilebisTvis.<br />
zrunavs imisTvis, rom moswavleebi cdunebas ar ahyvnen, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris<br />
mqoneT ki Cixisgan Tavis daRwevis saSualebas ise aZlevs, rom maT damcirebulad ar<br />
igrZnon Tavi, mosalodnel sirTuleebs SeZlebisdagvarad warmoqmnisTanave agvarebs. qvemoT<br />
gTavazobT ramdenime situacias, romelTa dadebiTi Sedegebi maswavleblis mier molodinis<br />
gamoyenebam ganapiroba.<br />
klasSi moswavleebTan Sexvedramde, saklaso oTaxis dalagebisas, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moelis,<br />
rom zogierTi bavSvi dalagebas sxvebze adre daamTavrebs da umiznod darCeba. (Sexvedra ar<br />
daiwyeba, sanam yvela ar mogrovdeba). igive SeiZleba moxdes ufros klasebSi, rodesac moswavleebi<br />
zaris darekvamde Sedian saklaso oTaxSi yvelanairi wvrilmaniT xelSi. gakveTilis<br />
dawyebis win nivTebi mTel oTaxSia mimofantuli. orive SemTxvevaSi, Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
winaswar ganWvrets mosalodnels, is Sekrebis adgilze unda mivides da raime sainteresoTi<br />
(gamocanebiT, zogadi saubriT, TamaSiT, TavsatexiT, dafaze sainteresos weriT) Seaqcios<br />
bavSvebi. Tavis nebaze miSvebuli zogierTi klasi iWidavebs, ikamaTebs an tempis darRvevis<br />
sxva xerxs mimarTavs. Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> klasis potencials gamoicnobs, is amgvar periodebs<br />
ganWvrets da maT saintereso saqmianobas SesTvazebs.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xvdeba, rom moswavleTa mcire jgufs geometriaSi axali masalis asaTviseblad<br />
misi daxmareba da dro dasWirdeba, amitom, imgvarad warmarTavs saqmianobas, rom am<br />
dros danarCenma moswavleebma is davaleba Seasrulon, romelsac damoukideblad arTmeven<br />
Tavs proceduris/miTiTebebisa da Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT. sxvagvarad, man SeiZleba veRar<br />
SeZlos yvela moswavlis mimarT yuradRebisa da daxmarebis moTxovnis dakmayofileba. Sedegad<br />
moswavleebi SeiZleba usaqmod aRmoCndnen da tempi Semcirdes. viTarebis Sesabamisad,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> klasis didi nawilis (rasac isini advilad gaarTmeven Tavs) mimarT zemoxsenebul<br />
gamocdilebas iSveliebs da axali cnebis 10 wuTiani ganxilvi sTvis oTxi moswavle<br />
gamohyavs dafasTan.<br />
molodinis unaris dakvirveba rTulia, aseve Znelia maswavlebelma sakuTar saqmianobaSi<br />
SeamCnios am unaris gamoyeneba, radgan es spontanurad da intuiciiT ufro xdeba, vidre<br />
dagegmilad. is <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romelic sirTules awydeba molodinTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
moigebs, Tu gonebaSi winaswar warmoidgens dagegmil dRes. gansakuTrebiT ki, Tu kolegas<br />
gaumxels da tempTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadaWraSi daixmars. erTad maT SeiZleba gamoavlinon<br />
potenciuri xelis SemSleli winaaRmdegobebi da garkveuli nabijebi gadadgan<br />
maTi Tavidan acilebisTvis.<br />
mkiTxveli SeiZleba daibnes Semavseblebisa da molodinis garCevisas. isini, marTlac<br />
urTierTdakavSirebuli cnebebia. molodini gonebis Tvisebaa, romelic afrTxilebs maswavlebels,<br />
rom konkretul dros Semavseblis gareSe klasSi problemebi gaCndeba. magram Semavsebeli<br />
molodinze mimaniSnebeli erTi konkretuli reaqciaa. molodini gacilebiT ufro<br />
farTo kategoriaa, vidre Semavseblebi. es azrovnebis stilia, Cveulebriv spontanuri da<br />
xSirad nagulisxmevi, romelic gveubneba: `Tu amas ar gavakeTeb, SeiZleba tempi Seneldes~. es<br />
`amas~ Semavseblis garda bevri ram SeiZleba iyos. mag., pirvelklaselebTan damSvidobebamde<br />
maswavlebels maTi nawili Tixis saxelosnoSi mihyavs, nawili ki sxva kabinetebSi. ase imitom<br />
45
Tavi 3<br />
iqceva, rom icis, Tixaze muSaoba yvelaze popularuli da yvelasTvis sasurveli saqmianobaa.<br />
is moelis, rom Tu TixiT saqmianobas ar moagvarebs da bavSvebi guls ar ijereben, sxva<br />
saqmianobaze gadarTvas ver moaxerxeben. amgvarad, Tanamimdevroba, romliTac is gegmavs aqtivobis<br />
punqtebs, asaxavs miseul molodins, ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tu jer Tixas `ar mixedavs~.<br />
ganzogadebulad, molodini gonebis Tvisebaa, romelic am TavSi aRwerili yvela situaciisTvis<br />
aris damaxasiaTebeli (Careva, Semavseblebi, Setyobineba, gakveTilis moqniloba,<br />
gadafarva, uzrunvelyofa da qvedayofa). am Tvisebis mqone <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> zemoxsenebuli<br />
Svidi situaciis garda mas bevr sxva faqiz situaciaSi iyenebs. ase rom, amgvari situaciebis<br />
aRwerisaTvis maTi momcveli zogadi kategoria gvWirdeba.<br />
46<br />
tempis mimoxilva<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, tempis parametri dakavSirebulia maswavleblis im qcevebTan, romelTa<br />
Tavdapirveli mizani gakveTilis mimdinareobis SenarCunebaa. am rva qveparametris farglebSi<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mTel rig saqmianobebs axorcielebs, romelTa mizania klasSi tempis<br />
SenarCuneba. rac ufro ostaturad arCevs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> tempis miseuli repertuaridan<br />
moswavleTa saWiroebebis, Taviseburebebisa da situaciis Sesatyvis saqmianobas, miT ufro<br />
umtkivneulo da warmatebulia erTi saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvla da miT ufro ukeT aris<br />
SenarCunebuli tempi.
t e m p i - S e j a m e b a<br />
gaixseneT klasi, romelsac bolo dros aswavlidiT an akvirdebodiT. 1, 2, 3,<br />
6, 7 da 8 punqtebi SemoxazeT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu: qceva saWiro dros ganxorcielda<br />
(diax); ar ganxorcielda, Tumca saWiro iyo (ara); ar miesadaga (a/m).<br />
me-4 da me-5 punqtebSi SemoxazeT dakvirvebadi qceva.<br />
1. uzrunvelyofa: amzadebs sivrcesa da masalas. a/m a r a<br />
diax<br />
2. gadafarva: Tvalyurs adevnebs ramdenime saqmianobas<br />
da moswavleebs dabrkolebaTa gadalaxvaSi exmareba. a/m ara<br />
diax<br />
3. Semavseblebi: konstruqciulad<br />
iyenebs lodinis xanmokle periodebs. a/m ara<br />
diax<br />
4. Careva:<br />
tempis darRveva<br />
Tavs arTmevs erTnairi meTodiT<br />
Tavs arTmevs sxvadasxva meTodiT<br />
5. gakveTilis moqniloba:<br />
aiZulebs gaagrZelon<br />
usadagebs reaqcias<br />
a/m<br />
wyvets da sxvaze erTveba<br />
cvlis formats<br />
usadagebs axal formats<br />
a/m<br />
6. Setyobineba: winaswar atyobinebs erTi<br />
saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvlis Sesaxeb. a/m ara<br />
diax<br />
7. qvedayofa: moZrav jgufs ufro mcire jgufebad yofs. a/m a r a<br />
diax<br />
8. molodini: moelis da gverds uvlis tempis winaRobebs. a/m a r a<br />
diax<br />
t e m p i - S e j a m e b a<br />
47
t e m p i - s a v a r j i S o<br />
1. Tqveni sityvebiT SeajameT tempis parametri.<br />
2. miusadageT yoveli qveparametri im punqts, romelsac yvelaze ukeT esadageba.<br />
a. uzrunvelyofa a. `sxva gza scadeT~<br />
b. gadafarva b. yuradRebis gadatana Seferxebis dros<br />
g. Semavseblebi g. fizikuri `sacobebi~<br />
d. Careva d. ori jgufis erTdrouli marTva<br />
e. gakveTilis moqniloba e. `saimoni ambobs. . .~<br />
v. Setyobineba v. erTi saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvlis molodini<br />
z. qvedayofa z. inventaris winaswar momzadeba<br />
z. molodini z. rTuli momentebis molodini<br />
3. aRwereT magaliTebi:<br />
uzrunvelyofis:<br />
Semavseblebis:<br />
SeWrasTan gamklavebis:<br />
4. aRwereT qvedayofis gzebi moswavleTa Semdegi saqmianobebis dros.<br />
iReben masalebs magididan:<br />
arigeben furclebs:<br />
5. ra agvacilebs Tavidan tempis dakargvas, rodesac ramdenime mcire jgufi muSaobs<br />
saklaso oTaxis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi?<br />
6. daasruleT maswavleblis savaraudo komentari gadafarvis qvemoT mocemul<br />
situaciebSi.<br />
a. oTaxis meore boloSi mjdom moswavles davalebis Sesruleba gauWirda.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs:<br />
b. moswavlem sxvebze adre daasrula testi marTlweraSi. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs:<br />
7. romeli qveparametris ilustracias axdens es scenebi?<br />
a. moswavleebi brundebian sportuli darbazidan TiTo-TiTod an or-orad<br />
t e m p i - s a v a r j i S o<br />
49
50<br />
an ramdenime erTdroulad. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> saklaso oTaxSia, mas xelSi<br />
ramdenime axali sagani ukavia da saklaso oTaxSi dabrunebul moswavleebs<br />
ekiTxeba, risTvis SeiZleba maTi gamoyeneba.<br />
magaliTi warmoadgens:<br />
b. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs, `biWebo da gogonebo, xuT wuTSi sasadilod wavalT.<br />
aalag eT magidebi da moamzadeT wignebi karadaSi Sesanaxad.<br />
magaliTi warmoadgens:<br />
g. moswavleTa jgufs aSkarad mobezrda gramatikis gakveTili. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>,<br />
Txrobas wyvets, Cerdeba da moswavleebs umzers. Semdeg sTxovs, dafasTan<br />
gamovidnen da gaiTamaSon metyvelebis nawilebi da isaubron, `rogor iqcevian~<br />
metyvelebis es nawilebi winadadebaSi.<br />
magaliTi warmoadgens:<br />
8. rogor aris tempi dakavSirebuli yuradRebis parametrTan?
literatura:<br />
Arlin,M. “Teacer Transitions Can Disrupt Time Flow in Classrooms.” American Educational Research<br />
Journal (Winter 1979): 42-56.<br />
Doyle, W. “Making Managerial Decisions in Classrooms.” In Classroom Management, 78th Yearbook of the Na-<br />
tempi<br />
tional Society for the Study of Education, Daniel L. Duke (ed.) Chicago: Universuty of Chicago Press, 1979,<br />
75-115.<br />
Kounin, J. Discipline and Classroom Management. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970.<br />
Pierson, C., and J. Mansuggi, Creating & Using Learning Games. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks,<br />
1975.<br />
51
4<br />
sivrce<br />
rogor gamoviyenoT<br />
zedmiwevniT efeqtianad<br />
saklaso oTaxis sivrce da aveji?<br />
sivrcis morgeba swavlisaTvis<br />
sakuTreba da privatuloba<br />
sivrcis gamoyenebis rekomendaciebi
arqiteqtorebs, interieris dekoratorebs<br />
da garemos dacvis specialistebs swamT,<br />
rom adamianebis gansxvavebul funqcionirebas<br />
sivrceSi sagnebis ganlageba (da TviT sivrce)<br />
sivrce<br />
sivrceSi sagnebis ganlageba ganapirobebs<br />
adamianis funqcionirebas.<br />
ganapirobebs. isini Tavs imiT irCenen, rom adamianebs efeqtiani funqcionirebisTvis fizikuri<br />
garemos saukeTeso gamoyenebas aswavlian. Cven maTi xedva imave _ komfortisa da<br />
produqtiulobis mizniT ganaTlebaSi unda gamoviyenoT.<br />
am TavSi, romelic swavlebis sivrcobriv parametrs eZRvneba, ganvixilavT, rogor unda<br />
gamoiyenos maswavlebelma saklaso oTaxisa da skolis sivrce. warmogidgenT or msgavss<br />
Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rogor unda gamoiyenos maswavlebelma sivrce. man aveji, masala da<br />
sivrce gakveTilis miznidan gamomdi nare unda ganalagos. ra miznebs isaxavs gakveTili? rogori<br />
saswavlo garemo sWirdeba am miznebis ganxorcielebas? rogor Seuwyobs xels sivrcis<br />
gamoyeneba gakveTils? savaraudoa, rom gakveTilis miznebis da formis cvlilebasTan erTad<br />
Seicvleba farTobis ganawilebac. maswavlebels bevrnairad SeuZlia sivrcis gamoyeneba, rac<br />
racionalurad unda pasuxobdes swavlebis aqtiur formebs.<br />
sivrcisadmi damokidebulebis meore gza orientirebulia ara mis mravalferovan gamoyenebaze,<br />
aramed moswavleTa konkretul mudmiv sivrcesTan dakavSirebul interesebze: sakuTrebasa<br />
da privatulobaze. moswavleTa saWiroebebi gansxvavebulia da maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia garkveuli nabijebi gadadgas individualur moTxovnebze mosargebad. Cven sivrces<br />
zemoT dasaxelebuli ori TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT.<br />
sivrcis morgeba swavlebisaTvis<br />
maswavleblebisa da skolis xelmZRvanelis Sexvedra sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobs xolme.<br />
zogi xelmZRvaneli Tavis magidasTan zis da ise esaubreba maswavleblebs, zogi Tavisi<br />
magidis gverdiT dgams maswavleblis skams, zogs magida kuTxeSi udgas piriT kedlisaken da<br />
maswavlebelTan TaTbiris dros skams miabrunebs xolme, zogi patara magidis garSemo atarebs<br />
Sexvedras.<br />
xelmZRvaneli Sexvedris TiToeuli formiT sxvadasxva Setyobinebas awvdis maswavleblebs<br />
da fizikur garemos sasurveli urTierTobis klimatisaTvis iyenebs. swored aseve, maswavleblis<br />
mier saklaso oTaxis sivrcis gamoyeneba metyvelebs moswavlis miseul warmodgenaze<br />
da swavlebis sasurvel formaze. jakob getcelsma (citirebulia Lewis 1979) oTxi<br />
amgvari warmodgena saklaso oTaxis sivrcis oTx gansxvavebul models daukavSira:<br />
1. carieli moswavlis~ imijs is marTkuTxa oTaxs ukavSirebs: `aseTi dizainis saklaso<br />
oTaxSi, romelic standartuli iyo 1900-ian wlebSi da dResac gavrcelebulia, maswavleblis<br />
funqciaa moswavleTa `codniT avseba~. Sesabamisad, saklaso oTaxSi merxebi<br />
mwyobr rigebad dgas, mimarTulia oTaxis wina nawilisken, codnis wyaros, anu mas-<br />
55
Tavi 4<br />
56<br />
wavleblisa da misi magidisken.<br />
2. getcelsi `aqtiuri moswavlis~ imijs ukavSirebs kvadratul oTaxs: `amgvar oTaxSi<br />
aveji moZravia, anturaJi icvleba, maswavleblis magida moswavleTa magidebis gverdiT<br />
idgmeba da moswavle mTavari figura xdeba~.<br />
3. mesame modelia `socialuri moswavle~ da wriuli oTaxi: `swavlebis procesi interpersonaluri<br />
moqmedebebiTa da reaqciebiT mimdinareobs~. swored aseT formas iyenebs<br />
dRes warmatebuli saganmanaTleblo programebis umravlesoba. erT-erT komerciul<br />
saganmanaTleblo programaSi is `magiur wredac~ ki moixsenieba. bavSvebi<br />
ecnobian sakuTar da sxvebis gancdebs, urTierTobis doneebsa da Sedegebs.<br />
4. bolo modelia `stimulis maZiebeli moswavle~ da Ria saklaso oTaxi, sadac `saklaso<br />
oTaxi, holi da skolis tradiciuli aveji saswavlo centrebiT, saerTo avejiT, personaluri<br />
saswavlo sivrciTa da saerTo areebiT aris Canacvlebuli. moswavle ganixileba,<br />
rogorc problemis aRmomCeni da stimulis maZiebeli arseba~.<br />
rasakvirvelia, yvelaferi moswavleebzea damokidebuli, romlebic sxvadasxva rols asruleben:<br />
arian informaciis kargi `mimRebebi~, maswavleblis mier dagegmili davalebis aqtiuri<br />
Semswavlelebi, saklaso diskusiaSi aqtiurad Cabmulebi, sakuTari aqtivobis `Semqmnelebi~<br />
(`stimulis maZiebeli~ moswavle) da a.S. upiratesi arc erTi zemoxsenebuli fizikuri<br />
garemo ar aris; isini, ubralod, erTmaneTissivrcis<br />
modelebi xels uwyoben swavlis<br />
gan gansxvavdebian da sxvadasxva mizans emsax-<br />
sxvadasxva formas.<br />
urebian. maswavleblis mier saklaso oTaxis<br />
sivrcis mravalgvar mowyobasa da gamoyenebas<br />
vakvirdebiT ara mxolod mravalferovnebis, aramed sivrcis modelebis TvalsazrisiTac,<br />
romlebic xels uwyoben konkretuli gakveTilis miznis Sesatyvis swavlis sxvadasxva formas.<br />
maswavlebels sxvadasxva miznis misaRwevad SeuZlia sakmaod xSirad cvalos saswavlo<br />
sivrce. saSualo skolis maswavlebels zemoxsenebuli oTxi modelis Sesabamisad, oTxi Tanamimdevruli<br />
periodi aqvs. cvlileba advilad da swrafad xdeba, radgan moswavleebi icnoben<br />
swavlebis ZiriTad formats da merxebsa da magidebs ramdenime wuTSi, Cveulebriv, Sesvenebaze<br />
awyoben. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, garkveul dros uTmobs am formatebis<br />
axsnas da moswavleebTan erTad cvlis garemos, rom Semdeg bavSvebma damoukideblad SeZlon<br />
oTaxis mowyoba.<br />
erTxel, mowmeni gavxdiT imisa, rogor daiwyo erT-erTma klasma (ufrosklaselebma) mecadineoba<br />
mwkrivebad dawyobili magidebiT. maT rusuli moTxrobebis citireba da prezentacia<br />
evalebodaT. umcrosklaselebma ki swrafad daajgufes magidebi eqvs-eqvsad `sakomiteto samuSaosTvis~.<br />
es kooperaciuli gunduri samuSao iyo, romlis mizani amerikel dramaturgTa<br />
sxvadasxva nawarmoebis analizis dagegmvasa da momzadebas moiTxovda. maswavlebelma oTaxSi<br />
Semosvlisas acnoba moswavleebs gakveTilis formatis Sesaxeb da pirvelad Semosul ramdenime<br />
moswavles sTxova `komitetisTvis~ magidebis momzadeba. mesame klasis moswavleebi<br />
maswavleblis signalis mixedviT dasxdnen oTaxis mTel perimetrze farTo wreSi dawyobil<br />
magidebTan da moemzadnen diskusiisTvis, romelic mezobeli skolis dawyebiTi klasis bavSvebisTvis<br />
saskolo saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis proeqts exeboda. isini proeqtis ganrigTan dakavSirebiT<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebasa da gegmis SemuSavebas apirebdnen. erT-erT klass momavali<br />
saxelmZRvanelos savarjiSoTa nimuSebi unda Seesrulebina da gaeanalizebina. maTi<br />
magidebi ise iyo ganlagebuli, rom moswavleebi maswavlebels uyurebdnen.<br />
merxebis zogierTi bazisuri wyoba xels uwyobs gakveTilis amgvar dinamikurobas. magali-<br />
Tad, `batoni morisis mexuTeklaselebi oTaxis perimetris gaswvriv moTavsebul individualur<br />
magidebTan isxdnen [meore SesaZlo variantia, kedels uyurebdnen]. oTaxis centrSi<br />
darCenil patara adgils, ZiriTadad, formaluri gakveTilisa da mcire jgufebis aqtivo
sivrce<br />
bisTvis iyenebdnen” (Winne and Marx 1982, p.496). sivrcis amgvari dizaini moswavleebs ufro<br />
meti privatulobiT uzrunvelyofs da individualuri muSaobis dros vizualuri stimuli<br />
yuradRebas ar ufantavs. erToblivi muSaobisas, isini TavianT magidebs abruneben da, ai, ukve<br />
wreSi arian... igive SeiZleba iTqvas mTliani jgufis instruqtirebazec. maT SeuZliaT SuaSi<br />
moTavsebul magidebTan imuSaon mcire jgufebad, maswavlebelTan erTad an kooperaciul<br />
jgufebad.<br />
sivrcis Sefaseba saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT misi racionaluri gamoyeneba. gaazrebulad<br />
davalageT Tu ara sagnebi im saxis instruqtirebisTvis, romlisTvisac moswavleebs<br />
vamzadebT? Tu Cveni pasuxi dadebiTia, Semdegi kiTxva iqneba: vcvliT Tu ara dizains swavlebis<br />
stilis cvlilebis Sesabamisad? amgvarad, maswavleblis mier saklaso oTaxis gamoyeneba<br />
SeiZleba erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili debulebis mixedviT klasificirdes:<br />
y sivrceze ar zemoqmedebs: mas ucvlelad iRebs (meurvis, wina periodis maswavle-<br />
blebis mier damkvidrebuli tradiciisamebr);<br />
y sivrces tradiciuli dizainis mixedviT awyobs da Tanamimdevrulad da tradiciulad<br />
yovelgvari variaciis gareSe iyenebs.<br />
y sivrces periodulad sacdelad cvlis, yovelgvari racionaluri safuZvlis gareSe,<br />
mxolod mravalferovnebisTvis.<br />
y inarCunebs sivrcis mudmivobas, Tumca saswavlo procesis Sesabamisad.<br />
y sivrces sxvadasxva dros dinamikurad, gansxvavebuli saswavlo miznebisaTvis iyenebs<br />
programis miznebis Sesabamisad.<br />
sivrcis mocemuli dizainis dros, saswavlo masalis adgilmdebareoba swavlis miznisTvis<br />
xelSemwyobi SeiZleba iyos. Cveulebriv, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavleblebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
zrunaven xolme imisaTvis, rom nivTebs adgili SeurCion.<br />
sakuTreba da privatuloba<br />
luisi (Lewis 1979) saklaso oTaxSi an skolaSi moswavlisTvis gankuTvnili sivrcis sakiTxze<br />
saubrobs. is Semdeg sias gvTavazobs:<br />
magida albaT, yvelaze faseuli da daculi sivrcea. zedmetad tradi<br />
ciul klasSi is, SesaZloa, bavSvis erTaderTi personaluri ad<br />
gili iyos. ufro Ria klasebSi ki SeiZleba saziaro iyos an avejis<br />
nawilad aRarc ganixilebodes.<br />
karada xSirad saziaroa. gulisxmobs mosaxerxebel sivrces.<br />
specialuri adgili musikis, xelovnebis kabinetSi da biblioTekaSi Tu klasSi dgi lebi<br />
moniSnulia, maSin garkveuli xarisxis sakuTrebis gancda Cndeba.<br />
skami xSirad individebi Tu jgufebi individualur saku Trebad miiCneven.<br />
robert someri (Robert Sommer 1969) aRniSnavs: ad a mi anebs,<br />
romlebic did dros atareben sajaro adgilebSi (yovelkvireul<br />
konferenciaze, matarebelSi da a.S.), rogorc wesi TavianTi Cveuli<br />
adgilebi aqvT xolme, rac saerTo qonebaze sakuTre bis uflebis<br />
gancdas ayalibebs. maTi fizikuri aryo fnisSemTxvevaSic ki, maT<br />
uflebas konkretul sivr ce ze mezoblebi adastureben.<br />
biWebis da gogonebis erTmniSvnelovnad bavSvis sivrcea. es aris privatuli TavSesa<br />
saabazano fari cremlebis, gabrazebis, Cxubis, saidumlos gandobis, Secdo mis<br />
daSvebis da ocnebis dros. zogierT skolaSi is axali ambebis cen-<br />
57
Tavi 4<br />
58<br />
tri xdeba xolme moswavleTa sakomunikacio qselisTvis. zogierT<br />
saSualo skolashi is SeiZleba moswavleTa jdufis sakuTreba gaxdes<br />
an SesaZloa skolis administracian daketos.<br />
saTamaSo moedani bavSvebis saerTo kuTvnileba, maTTvis RirsSesaniSNavi sivrcea, Tu<br />
gaiTvaliswinebT Sesvenebisas gatarebul SedarebiT SezRudul<br />
dros.<br />
holi bevr skolaSi saerTo sakuTreba, e.w. `saxalso moedania” sakuTrebis<br />
gancda mis mimarT zustad imis msgavsia, adamians mis saxlTan mdebare<br />
Cixis an quCis mimarT aqvs.<br />
saklaso oTaxi aris yvela SesaZlo gancdis farToasparezi. zogierTi saklaso<br />
oTaxis an misi romelime nawilis mimarT bavSvebs xSirad sakuTrebis<br />
grZnoba uCndebaT xolme. sxva oTaxebSi ki, SesaZloa, mxolod<br />
dafis mimarT hqondeT sakuTrebis gancda.<br />
skolis Senoba sakuTrebis gancda masSi gatarebuli wlebis kvalobaze izrdeba.<br />
intensivobis variacia SeiZleba damokidebu li iy os skolis filosofiaze,<br />
Senobis zomaze da sasko lo iv obaSi bavSvebis Cabmulobis<br />
xarisxze (Lewis 1979, p.130).*<br />
sakuTari adgili aris ara Calis kalaTa an safosto yuTi, aramed samuSao adgili, romelic<br />
mudmivad moswavlisaa. bevr maTgans sivrceSi `sakuTari adgilis~ povnis mZafri moTxovnileba<br />
aqvs. erT-erTi praqtikosi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelkvira uwevda konsultaciebs<br />
skolas msgavsi `sakuTari~ sivrcis gareSe da Tavs mudmivad arakomfortulad grZnobda.<br />
umcros Tu ufrosklaselebi klasSi yovelTvis erTi da imave adgilis dakavebas cdiloben.<br />
es maTi `adgili” xdeba. kolejis studentebi da zrdasruli adamianebic aseve iqcevian.<br />
sivrcis ganawilebis dagegmvisas, maswavlebelma aucileblad unda gauwios angariSi sivrcis<br />
mimarT moswavlis moTxovnilebas _ misTvis konkretuli sivrcis adekvaturad SerCevas.<br />
yoveli individis survilebi da privatulobis moTxovnileba gansxvavebulia.<br />
privatuli sivrce zRudavs mxedvelobis gafantvasa da xmaurs. amgvari adgilia wingTsacavis<br />
kabina an yvelaze metad privatuli, individualuri praqtikisTvis gamoyenebuli<br />
oTaxi. bevri moswavle mxolod moigebs, Tu<br />
masalis adgilmdebareobam SeiZleba saswavlo amgvari adgili eqneba. <strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
miznebis ganxorcielebas Seuwyos xeli.<br />
xvdeba, vin arian aseTi moswavleebi da sivrces<br />
maTi saWiroebis mixedviT anawilebs. saklaso<br />
oTaxis da skolis sxva damxmare saTavsoebis (biblioTekas, mediacentrebs) Tvalierebisas,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sakuTar Tavs ekiTxeba: eqnebaT Tu ara Sesaferisi privatuli adgili aseT moswavleebs?<br />
sivrcis gamoyenebis rekomendaciebi<br />
saskolo sivrcis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb literatura metad mwiria, gamokvlevebi _ kidev<br />
ufro naklebi. erT dros Cven mier Catarebulma interviuTa seriam Semdegi aTi rekomendaciis<br />
SemuSavebis saSualeba mogvca. es ar aris e.w. mecnierulad dasabuTebuli codna, es ubralod,<br />
tradiciuli sibrZnea, romelic, sivrcis TvalsazrisiT, klasis Semowmebasa da daskvnis gamotanaSi<br />
dagvexmareba. amasTan, iseT sakiTxebs gvaxsenebs, romlebic ar unda dagvaviwydes.<br />
1. saswavlo masala iseT adgilze unda SevinaxoT, rom bavSvma advilad dainaxos, aiRos<br />
* ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT wignidan Yamamoto, K.,ed.,Children in Time and Space.(New York: Teachers College Press,1977 by Teachers<br />
College, Columbia University. yvela ufleba daculia.) gv. 128-169.
da Semdeg isev adgilze dados.<br />
sivrce<br />
2. Tavi aarideT `mkvdar~ adgils, umizno sivrces, romelic SeiZleba moswavleebma<br />
daufiqrebeli da akrZaluli saqmianobisTvis gamoiyenon.<br />
3. zogierT viTarebaSi, usafrTxoebisa da kontrolis mizniT, SesaZloa, upriani iyos<br />
farTobis ise gamoyeneba, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yvelafers xedavdes. (es moTxovna Sei-<br />
Zleba Seuferebeli aRmoCndes sxva situaciebSi, rodesac miznad ndobis mopovebas,<br />
privatulobasa da damoukideblobis miRwevas visaxavT).<br />
4. vertikaluri sivrce (kedlebi, Tejirebi, karadebi da gadasaadgilebeli kabinetis<br />
karebi) racionalurad unda iyos gamoyenebuli, mag., gamofenis, saswavlo centrebisa<br />
Tu masalis Sesanaxad. kedelze dakidebulma an Werze Camokidebulma xelovnebis<br />
nimuSebma an farTobis mravaldonianma gamoyenebam (mag., antresoli an sxva konstruqciebi)<br />
SeiZleba gaadidos oTaxis sivrce.<br />
5. kedlidan 90 gradusiT diagonalze moTavsebul Tejirebs SeuZliaT moswavleebis<br />
moqmedebisa da xedvis aris saintereso da winaswar dagegmili mimarTulebiT<br />
warmarTva.<br />
6. klasSi gamovyoT sagamofeno adgilebi, sadac SeiZleba gamovfinoT da davaTvalieroT<br />
moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegebi.<br />
7. SeZlebisdagvarad daaSoreT oTaxis aqtiuri moqmedebisa da fiqrisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />
adgilebi, raTaAminimumamde SeamciroT yuradRebis gafantva.<br />
8. yuradRebis gafantvisa da xelis SeSlis Tavidan asacileblad aqtivobis momijnave<br />
areebi daaSoriSoreT da SemosazRvreT.<br />
9. moswavleTa gadaadgilebis dros, areulobis Tavidan asacileblad gaakeTeT gasasvlelebi,<br />
romlebic oTaxis funqciur nawilebs erTmaneTTan daakavSireben.<br />
10. gamouyenebeli aveji energias STanTqavs. amitom, Tu moswavleTa raodenoba skamebis<br />
raodenobaze naklebia, nu miscemT maT saSualebas mTel klasSi gafanton isini, xolo<br />
Tqvensa da maT Soris sivrceSi skami Cadgan. SeamcireT zedmeti skamebis raodenoba,<br />
an oTaxis ukana nawilSi daalageT skamebi ise, rom moswavleebs kontaqti hqondeT<br />
TqvenTan da erTmaneTTan.<br />
amgvarad, sivrcisa da saklaso oTaxis Sesaxeb literaturis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom<br />
saWiroa misi gaazrebuli gamoyeneba. SegviZlia Cveni saswavlo sivrce ufro mimzidveli,<br />
efeqtiani da dinamikuri gavxadoT; mokled, SegviZlia sivrce swavlebis xelSewyobis mizniT<br />
vakontroloT da vcvaloT.<br />
59
sivrce - Sejameba<br />
aRniSneT is debuleba, romelic Tqvens saklaso oTaxSi sivrcis gamoyenebis<br />
aspeqtebs asaxavs. a/m aRniSnavs `ar miesadageba~.<br />
1. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli aRwers saklaso oTaxis organizacias:<br />
maswavleblis zemoqmedebis gareSe<br />
tradiciuli<br />
eqsperimentulad varirebadi<br />
erTgvarovani, magram swavlebis procesisTvis xelSemwyobi<br />
dinamikuri, swavlebis process misadagebuli<br />
2. sakuTrebis gancda da privatuloba Tu aris<br />
uzrunvelyofili? a/m ara diax<br />
3. aris Tu ara privatuli sivrce xelmisawvdomi im<br />
moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac is sWirdebaT? a/m ara diax<br />
4. iyenebT Tu ara qvemoT CamoTvlil parametrebs?<br />
• TvalsaCino da xelmisawvdomi maragi a/m ara diax<br />
• arc erTi `mkvdari~ adgili a/m ara diax<br />
• maswavleblisTvis arc erTi uxilavi adgili a/m ara diax<br />
• vertikaluri sivrcis gamoyeneba a/m ara diax<br />
• diagonaluri Tejirebi a/m ara diax<br />
• sagamofeno adgili a/m ara diax<br />
• aqtiuri adgilis mSvidi adgilisgan gamoyofa a/m ara diax<br />
• areebs Soris sazRvrebi a/m ara diax<br />
• Tavisufali gasasvlelebi a/m ara diax<br />
• gamouyenebeli avejis efeqtis minimumamde<br />
Semcireba a/m ara diax<br />
s i v r c e - S e j a m e b a<br />
61
sivrce - savarjiSo<br />
am aqtivobis mizania, dagexmaroT sivrcis ise mowyobaSi, rom Tqveni miznebisa da<br />
maTi miRwevisaTvis dagegmili aqtivobebis Sesatyvisi gaxdes. waikiTxeT yoveli situacia<br />
da aRwereT an daxazeT, rogor moawyobdiT oTaxs da daasabuTeT. SesaZloa, erTi<br />
gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi oTaxis ramdenimejer gadawyoba dagWirdeT.<br />
1. saSualo skolaSi maTematikas aswavliT da miznad isaxavT, rom moswavleebma<br />
warmatebiT SeZlon erTniSna da orniSna gantolebebis amoxsna. 50 wuTian<br />
gakveTilze maT unda Seamowmon saSinao davaleba, moisminon axali masalis axsna<br />
da daiwyon varjiSi axali masalis Sesatyvisi saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad.<br />
am dros Tqven saklaso oTaxSi moZraobT da daxmarebas uwevT maT, visac<br />
sWirdeba.<br />
2. meoreklaselebs aswavliT. gyavT 24 moswavle. gsurT, rom diliT 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Tqvenma moswavleebma: (a) erTad daiwyon dRe; (b) oTxkacian jgufebad<br />
mimoixilon masala da ivarjiSon; (g) imuSaon axal davalebaze megobrebTad er-<br />
Tad; (d) mTelma jgufma miiRos instruqcia; (e) davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg<br />
varjiSisaTvis saswavlo centrebs miakiTxon.<br />
3. me-7 da me-8 klaselebs sabunebismetyvelo sagnebs aswavliT. gaqvT didi oTaxi,<br />
romlis ori mesamedi stacionarul laboratoriul magidebs ukavia. darCenil<br />
mesamedze ganlagebulia moswavleTa gadasaadgilebeli magidebi da dafebi.<br />
laboratoriuli magidebi da gadasaadgilebeli merxebi 24 moswavlisTvis<br />
gaqvT. dRes laboratoriuli samuSao unda CaataroT gajerebul xsnarebze.<br />
gsurT, rom SeamowmoT saSinao davaleba, moasmeninoT mokle mimoxilva gajerebul<br />
xsnarebze, laboratoriuli samuSaos mizansa da mimarTulebaze da imu-<br />
Saon oTxkacian laboratoriul jgufebad da dagegmon xvalindeli davalebis<br />
Sesruleba.<br />
s i v r c e - s a v a r j i S o<br />
63
64<br />
4. amerikis istorias 30 moswavles aswavliT. saklaso oTaxSi eqvsi magidaa. TiToeul<br />
magidasTan 5 skami dgas. oTaxi sakmaod didia imisaTvis, rom kedelTan miswioT<br />
magidebi da skamebi sxva konfiguraciiT daawyoT. am kviris 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Semdegi saqmianobebi gaqvT dagegmili: 1 dRe: leqcia da diskusia; 2 dRe: moswavleebTan<br />
individualuri Sexvedrebis Catareba semestruli kvleviTi namuSevrebis<br />
Taobaze, sanam klasis danarCeni nawili Tematur jgufebad iyofa bibliografiaze,<br />
gegmaze, ideebsa da problemebze samuSaod; 3 dRe: TiToeuli Tematuri jgufis<br />
moxseneba, pirvel dRes Catarebuli leqciisa da masalebis mimoxilva da sakvanZo<br />
sakiTxebis Semowmeba; 4 dRe: 20-wuTiani videoCveneba, TiToeuli moswavlis mier<br />
videos centraluri Temis xuTwinadadebiani Sefaseba, samkacian jgufebad muSaoba<br />
Sefasebaze SeTanxmebis misaRwevad; 5 dRe: testireba. daxazeT xuTive dRisTvis<br />
oTaxis konfiguracia, romelic yoveldRiuri aqtivobis/aqtivobaTa Sesatyvisi<br />
iqneba.<br />
1 dRe 2 dRe<br />
3 dRe 4 dRe<br />
5 dRe<br />
5. meoTxeklaselebs aswavliT. wels 28 moswavle gyavT, Tumca oTaxSi komfortulad<br />
mxolod 26 eteva. gasul wels kooperaciuli swavlebis meTodi danergeT<br />
da welsac gsurT gagrZeleba, risTvisac moswavleTa 2, 3 da 4-kacian kooperaciuli<br />
jgufebad dayofa aris saWiro. xSirad gsurT moswavleTa codnis Semowmeba.<br />
oTaxSi xuTi kompiuteri gaqvT da, Cveulebriv, oTx saswavlo centrs awyobT<br />
xolme individualuri praqtikisTvis. mTeli jgufis instruqtireba gsurT, rasac<br />
mcire jgufebSi varjiSi mohyveba. Tqven merxebs Soris ivliT da daexmarebiT.<br />
daxazeT oTaxis mowyobis ramdenime varianti Tqvens moTxovnebze mosargebad. Tu<br />
fiqrobT, rom oTaxis konfiguracia yvela miznis Sesatyvisi ver iqneba, axseniT<br />
mizezi.
literatura:<br />
Abramson,P. Schools for Early Childhood. New York: Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1970.<br />
sivrce<br />
Gross,R., and J. Murphy, Educational Change and Architectural Consequences. New York:<br />
Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1968.<br />
Kohn, J., The Early Learning Center. New York: Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1970.<br />
Kritchevsky, S., E. Prescott, and I. Walling. Physical Space.Washington, D.C.: NAEYC, 1969.<br />
Lewis, B. V. ”Time and Space in Schools. ”In Children in Time and Space, K.Yamamato (ed.), New<br />
York: Teachers College Press, 1977, 128-169.<br />
Marshall, K. Opening Your Class with Learning Stations. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks,<br />
1976.<br />
School Review. Learning Environments Whole Issue 82, no.4 (August 1974).<br />
Winne, P. H., and R. W. Marx, ”Students and Teachers View of Thinking Process For Classroom<br />
Learning.” Elementary School Journal ( May 1982): 496.<br />
Zefferblatt,S.M., “Architecture and Human Behavior: Toward Increased Understanding of a<br />
Functional Relationship.“ Educational Technology, (August 1972): 54-57.<br />
65
5<br />
dro<br />
rogor davgegmoT movlenebi da<br />
vareguliro cxrili, rom<br />
moswavleebs swavlisTvis<br />
yvelaze nayofieri dro<br />
SevurCioT?<br />
ganawileba<br />
dro swavlisaTvis<br />
dro instruqtirebisaTvis<br />
pirveli da bolo wuTebi<br />
tempi da ritmi
dro sicocxlis valutaa da maswavleblebi dReSi daaxloebiT eqvsi saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
marTaven TavianTi moswavleebis sicocxlis banks _ es Zalze mniSvnelovani<br />
Tanamdebobaa. isini banks `Tavisufali arCevanis’’ drosac ki xelmZRvaneloben, sadac<br />
SesaZlo variantebi maswavleblis mier aris SeTavazebuli da nebadarTuli.<br />
imas, TUu rodis ras akeTeben moswavleebi, ra TanamimdevrobiT da ra drois ganmavlobaSi,<br />
ZiriTadad <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> akontrolebs; uaxlesi kvlevebidan viciT, rom drois kargad gakontrolebas<br />
didi gavlena aqvs moswav-<br />
leTa swavlaze. aq igulisxmeba is droc,<br />
romelsac moswavleebi saklaso oTaxis<br />
gareT sxva iseT adgilebSi atareben,<br />
rogoricaa kafeteria. skolis mier Se-<br />
Tavazebul yovel garemoSi moswavleebis mier gatarebuli droisa da misi xarisxis gakontroleba<br />
fakultetis wevrebis movaleobaa. es Tavi Seexeba imas, Tu SeZlebisdagvarad rogor<br />
unda vmarToT gaazrebulad is, rom moswavleebma dro gamoiyenon kargad swavlis mizniT.<br />
TavSi codnis am sferos mzardi baza gamoyenebulia, imisaTvis, rom Cveni moswavleebisTvis<br />
drois ukeTesi menejerebi gavxdeT.<br />
moswavleTa drois marTvis sakiTxebi Tavmoyrilia ganawilebis, efeqtianobisa da tempis<br />
irgvliv.<br />
ganawileba<br />
moswavleebis mier drois gamoyenebis Taobaze kvlevis zedapirulma ganxilvam SeiZleba<br />
adamians aTqmevinos: `aba, kidev ra aris axali?~ aSkaraa, rom Tu moswavleebi met dros dauTmoben<br />
maTematikas da nakleb dros gaatareben fuWad, maTematikas ukeTesad iswavlian! magram<br />
yoveli CvenganisaTvis raRac axali da gasaocari aRmoCndeba xolme, Tu zust monacemebs vnaxavT<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu sinamdvileSi rogor atareben moswavleebi sagakveTilo dros. 1970-ian<br />
wlebSi davalebebze daxarjuli drois kvlevam mogvca 5.1 sqemaze warmodgenili ufro daxvewili<br />
da damajerebeli koncefciebis seria.<br />
dro<br />
dro sicocxlis valutaa da maswavleblebi TavianTi<br />
moswavleebis sicocxlis banks marTaven.<br />
`skolaSi gatarebuli drois~ wriT dawyebuli sqemis yoveli wre moicavs da aerTianebs<br />
Sida wreebs.<br />
¤ skolaSi gatarebul dros axsna ar sWirdeba.<br />
¤ swavlisTvis ganawilebuli dro niSnavs mocemul saganSi saswavlo samuSaosaTvis<br />
gankuTvnil dros.<br />
69
Tavi 5<br />
70<br />
¤ moswavleTa CarTulobis dro aris is wuTebi, rodesac moswavleebi namdvilad muSao-<br />
¤ akademiuri swavlis dro aris is dro, rodesac moswavleebi zrunaven warmatebis maRa-<br />
¤ interaqtiuri instruqtireba aris uSualod maswavlebelTan instruqtirebisas (in-<br />
skolaSi gatarebuli dro<br />
swavlisTvis ganawilebuli dro<br />
moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis dro<br />
akademiuri<br />
swavlis dro<br />
interaqtiuri<br />
instruqtireba<br />
(maRali<br />
warmatebis dro)<br />
(muSaobis dro)<br />
(saswavlo sagnebisTvis<br />
gamoyofili dro)<br />
sqema 5.1: davalebisTvis daxarjuli drois kvleva<br />
am diagramaze yoveli koncefcia moicavs da aerTianebs qvedas da mis SigniT mdebares.<br />
ben an eswrebian swavlebas da ar ocneboben, flangaven dros an wesrigdebian.<br />
li maCveneblisTvis. warmatebis maRali maCvenebeli gansxvavdeba moswavleTa CarTulobis<br />
droisagan da CarTulobis drois qvejgufia.<br />
dividualurad, mcire jgufSi, an mTel klasTan erTad) gatarebuli dro. is marto<br />
gatarebuli drois sapirispiroa, rodesac moswavle individualurad asrulebs samuSaos,<br />
muSaobs proeqtze an muSaobs jgufTan erTad, romelsac uSualo interaqcia<br />
ar aqvs instruqtorTan.<br />
skolaSi gatarebuli droidan nawili sagnebis swavlebas eTmoba.Kkvlevam skolebis Sedarebisas,<br />
skolaSi gatarebul droebs Soris mcire gansxvaveba aRmoaCina, samagierod Zalian<br />
didi gansxvavebaa swavlisTvis ganawilebuli drois TvalsazrisiT rogorc skolebs, aseve<br />
klasebs Soris. magaliTad, kaldvelisa da sxvaTa (Caldwell da sxvebi 1982) citirebisas, diSo<br />
(Dishaw) wers:<br />
uSualod mexuTe klasis maTematikisaTvis gamoyofili dro 18-dan 80 wuTamde<br />
meryeobda; mexuTe klasSi kiTxvisaTvis gamoyofili dro _ 51-dan 195 wuTamde.
drois ganawileba aseve SeiZleba icvlebodes konkretuli klasis farglebSic;<br />
magaliTad, erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad (Dishaw 1977) erTi mexuTe klaseli moswavle<br />
yoveldRe maTematikisTvis 39, xolo meore 75 wuTs xarjavda. realurad<br />
gamoyofili drois es gansxvavebebi gviCvenebs, rom zogierT moswavles sxvebTan<br />
SedarebiT SeiZleba konkretuli saswavlo masalis swavlis orjer, samjer an<br />
oTxjer meti SesaZlebloba hqondes.<br />
sxvadasxva sagnisaTvis gamoyofili dro unda asaxavdes skolis farglebSi garkveul konsensuss<br />
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra sagnebia mniSvnelovani da prioritetuli, radgan aseTi<br />
sagnebi mravladaa. samarTliania Tu ara, rom dawyebiTi skolis konkretuli maswavleblis<br />
niWierebisa da miswrafebebis gamo misi klasi kiTxvisa da weris saukeTeso programas gadis,<br />
magram praqtikulad sxvas arafers? erT-erTi saWiroeba, romelsac drois parametri win wamoswevs<br />
is aris, rom moswavleTa saskolo gamocdileba grZelvadiani perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT<br />
ganvixiloT. saskolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi romel sagans ra dro xmardeba? aris drois<br />
aseT xarjvaSi garkveuli Tanamimdevruloba da logika? Tu ara, maSin Cven realurad ver<br />
vakontrolebT im ganaTlebas, romelsac gadavcemT. Tu ara, maSin Cven isic ki ar viciT, ras<br />
gadavcemT.<br />
maSin, roca aseTma farTo variaciulobam SeiZleba saSualo skolaSi drois ganawilebis<br />
analizisas ar iCinos Tavi, savaraudoa, rom Tavs iCens Semdeg kategoriasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
saSualod swavlisaTvis gamoyofili drois 75%-is ganmavlobaSi arian moswavleebi Car-<br />
Tulebi arian an eswrebian swavlebas. aq aseve Zalze farToa moswavleTa CarTulobis drois<br />
diapazoni _ 50-dan 90 procentamde (Fisher da sxvebi, 1978). swored moswavleTa CarTulobisa<br />
da ganawilebuli drois procentuli maCvenebelia mniSvnelovani da ara wuTebis absoluturi<br />
raodenoba.<br />
`ramdenime kvlevis mixedviT CarTulobis maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnadaa dakav-<br />
Sirebuli moswavleTa miRwevebTan (Anderson 1975; Fisher da sxvebi, 1978). ase rom,<br />
gansxvavebebi CarTulobis maCveneblebSi winaswar gansazRvravs moswavlis miRwevas<br />
da xsnis miRwevaSi gansxvavebebis sam mexuTeds (Bloom 1974). sTolingzisa<br />
da kasko vicis monacemebis (Rim & Coller 1978) xelaxalma analizma aCvena, rom<br />
klasebi, sadac meti dro eTmoboda kiTxvasa Tu maTematikas, rogorc wesi, met<br />
miRwevebs aCvenebdnen am sagnebSi. Tumca,Mmoswavlis miRweva yovelTvis uSualod<br />
CarTulobis drois mixedviT rodi icvleba. zogierTi klasisa da sagnisTvis moswavlis<br />
miRwevasa da CarTulobis dros Soris kavSiri Tanabrdeboda, xolo Semdeg<br />
uaryofiTi xdeboda, roca CarTulobis dro ufro didi iyo, vidre konkretuli<br />
sidide~ (Caldwell da sxvebi, 1982).<br />
zemoxsenebuls azri aqvs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom zogierTi moswavle axal masalas<br />
Zalian swrafad iTvisebs. maTTvis CarTulobis drois nawili SeiZleba nacnob masalaSi<br />
varjiSs moxmardes.<br />
swavlebisTvis gamoyofili drois daaxloebiT 25 procenti, uciloblad menejmentis<br />
amocanebsa (furclebis miReba, xelsawyoebis momzadeba) da moswavleTa yuradRebis mobilizacias<br />
xmardeba. saklaso oTaxis saukeTeso menejerebic ki, am maCveneblis mxolod 5 procentiT<br />
Semcirebas axerxeben, isic maSin, Tu yuradRebis mobilizaciisTvis nakleb dros daxarjaven.<br />
amrigad, 75%-iani CarTuloba karg maCveneblad iTvleba. Tu maCvenebeli daqveiTebas<br />
iwyebs, maswavlebelma CarTulobis gasazrdelad menejmentis strategia unda gadasinjos.<br />
Cven aseve gvWirdeba maswavleblis CarTulobis donis gadasinjva. gamoyofili drois ramdeni<br />
procentia <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dakavebuli moswavleebiT, masalebis momzadebis, namuSevrebis<br />
gasworebis an menejmentis sxva amocanebis gamoklebiT? kvlevis mixedviT es procentuli<br />
dro<br />
71
Tavi 5<br />
maCvenebeli maRali unda iyos (Stallings 1980). saSualo skolis maswavlebelTa kvleviT dasturdeba,<br />
rom CarTulobis saSualo maCvenebeli 73 procentia. moswavleebTan (gansakuTrebiT<br />
dabali moswrebis moswavleebTan) interaqciis ufro dabali maCveneblis mqone maswavlebel-<br />
Ta klasebi miRwevis mniSvnelovnad mcire zrdiT (an aranairi zrdiT) gamoirCeoda. es asea<br />
maSinac ki, Tu moswavleebi drois umetes nawils davalebis Sesrulebas axmaren. sTolingsi<br />
(1980) xsnis, rom:<br />
72<br />
moswavleebi asruleben davalebas, magram <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar aswavlis. im klasebSi,<br />
sadac ar iyo zrda, moswavleebi drois 28%-s weriTi davalebebis SesrulebisTvis<br />
iyenebdnen, 22%-s _ Cumad kiTxvisTvis, xolo <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> menejmentis<br />
sakiTxebs drois 27%-ze mets axmarda.<br />
dabolos, moswavleebs warmatebis maRali maCvenebeli CarTulobis drois mxolod<br />
nawilSi aqvT. am dros literaturaSi `akademiuri swavlis dro~ (ratom ar SeiZleba `didi<br />
warmatebis dro~ vuwodoT?) da rogorc aqamde, misi xangrZlivoba, klasebis mixedviT varirebs<br />
_ magaliTad, ZiriTadi unarebis wvrTnaze saSualod dabali moswrebis klasebSi dReSi<br />
16, xolo saSualod maRali moswrebis klasSi dReSi 111 wuTamde. sxvaTa Soris, saSualod<br />
maRali da dabali moswavleTa SesaZleblobis doneze ar miuTiTebs. is ukavSirdeba maswavleblis<br />
mier moswavleebisaTvis akademiuri<br />
swavlebisTvis gamoyofili drois daaxloebiT swavlisTvis meti drois `gamonaxvis~ unars.<br />
25 procenti, uciloblad menejmentis amocanebsa saSualoze maRali donis maswavleblebi `sada<br />
moswavleTa yuradRebis mobilizacias xmardeba.<br />
Sualo klasebisaTvis orjer da kidev ufro<br />
met dros akademiur swavlaze, xolo dabali<br />
moswrebis klasebisaTvis eqvsjer da kidev ufro met dros~ uzrunvelyofen (Caldwell da sxvebi,<br />
1982). es gamaognebeli cifrebi gvaiZulebs yuradRebiT davakvirdeT, rogor iyeneben<br />
moswavleebi saskolo dros, radgan maRali warmatebis dro da miRweva mWidro korelaciaSia<br />
da monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom maswavleblebs, romlebic TavianTi drois gamoyenebas swavloben,<br />
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi SeaqvT moswavleTa ukeT swavlaSi (Stallings 1980).<br />
Cven xuT mexuTe klasSi moswavleTa drois gamoyenebas vikvlevdiT engelisagan (Engel<br />
1977) adaptirebuli teqnikiT. is klass xuTwuTiani intervalebiT akvirdeboda da yovel moswavleze<br />
Canawers akeTebda. CanawerSi aRniSnuli iyo, ras akeTebda moswavle da amasTanave<br />
yuradRebisa da CarTulobis ra maCvenebli hqonda. am monacemebiT yoveli moswavlisaTvis<br />
feradi Zeluri grafiki gakeTda, sadac ferebi aRniSnavda dRis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva saswavlo<br />
aqtivobebze daxarjul dros. ferad Zelze Savi jvari uyuradRebobisa da CaurTvelobis<br />
xarisxs aRniSnavda. yvela Zelis gaerTianebam erT grafikze, maswavlebels arsebiTi<br />
monacemebi misca rogorc calkeul moswavleze, ise mTeli klasis modelze. erT-erTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
drois did nawils uTmobda klasis menejments _ furclebis darigebas, dagegmvas,<br />
gakveTilidan gakveTilze gadasvlisTvis mzadebas, meores moswavleTa CarTulobis dabali<br />
done hqonda mcire jgufebSi _ wynari, mokrZalebuli, magram mudmivi da muSaobisTvis xelis<br />
SemSleli _ usagno saubrebis gamo hqonda. mesamem aRmoaCina, rom misi moswavleebi sakmaod<br />
xSirad iyvnen CarTuli individualur davalebebsa da proeqtebSi da dRis ganmavlobaSi mxolod<br />
5 wuTiT iRebdnen maswavleblis pirdapir instruqciebs. yvela maswavlebelma monacem-<br />
Ta naxvis Semdeg garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana efeqtianobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. es cvlilebebi<br />
moicavda tempisadmi met yuradRebas, sivrcis axleburad mowyobas, instruqtirebis<br />
drois axleburad dagegmvas da moswavleTa qcevisadmi maTi molodinebis garkvevas.A imis Tqma<br />
gvsurs, rom maswavleblebma manamde ver SeZles realobis danaxva, vidre calkeuli moswavleebisa<br />
da mTeli klasis Sesaxeb obieqturi monacemebis pirispir ar aRmoCndnen. monacemebis<br />
saSualebiT maT efeqtianobis amaRlebas miaRwies. akademiuri swavlis dro da interaqtiur<br />
instruqtirebaze moswavleTa mier daxarjuli dro SeiZleba yvelasTvis naTeli iyos, magram<br />
sakuTari klasis Sesaxeb konkretuli monacemebi axali prioritetebis aRmoCenis saSualebas<br />
mogvcems.
lainhardti da sxvebi (Leinhardt da sxvebi 1981) aseT komentars akeTeben: `maswavleblebi<br />
fxizlad unda iyvnen warumatebeli bavSvebis mimarT. maSin, roca davalebaSi CaurTvelad<br />
gatarebuli drois saSualo maCvenebeli 15% iyo, zogierTi moswavlisaTvis is 30%-s aRemateboda.<br />
maSin, roca maswavleblis mier instruqtirebis (kiTxvaSi) saSualo dro dReSi 16 wuTi<br />
iyo, imave klasis farglebSi is dReSi 14-dan 35 wuTamde meryeobda. maSin, roca Cumad kiTxvaSi<br />
gatarebuli saSualo dro dReSi 14 wuTi iyo, zogierTi moswavle arc erTi wuTi ar kiTxulobda<br />
Cumad. sabednierod, maswavleblebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovnad Secvalon warumatebel<br />
moswavleTa gamocdileba da saqmianoba ise, rom ucvleli datovon yvelaferi warmatebulebisTvis~.<br />
Tumca, pirvel yovlisa, maswavlebelma unda gaigos, vin arian es moswavleebi<br />
da rogor ikargeba dro.<br />
swavlis dro<br />
benjamin blumis (Benjamin Bloom) naSromma `ostaturi swavla~ Cveni codnis baza drois Sesaxeb<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani koncefciiT _ swavlis droiT _ gaamdidra. am koncefciis<br />
mixedviT, moswavleebs SeuZliaT iswavlon nebismieri ram, Tu maT codnisa da unar-Cvevebis<br />
Sesabamisi wina piroba da swavlisTvis adekvaturi dro aqvT. swavlisTvis adekvaturi dro<br />
rodi niSnavs maTTvis masalis micemas da lodins, sanam aiTviseben; es niSnavs axali masalis<br />
analizs, zust mimdinare Sefasebas da konkretuli Temebis ganmeorebiT swavlebas im moswavleebisTvis,<br />
visac sWirdeba da ara mxolod maTTvis.<br />
`ostaturi swavlis~ mixedviT, dro moswavleebTan erTad pasuxs maswavlebelsac sTxovs.<br />
cudi swavlisTvis mxolod moswavleebs ver davadanaSaulebT. Cven unda SevamowmoT saku-<br />
Tari mizandasaxuloba da davrwmundeT, rom moswavleebs axali masalis Sesatyvis `porciebs~<br />
vTavazobT; magaliTad, ar unda avuxsnaT saxelmZRvanelos meore Tavi, Tu pirveli Tavi jer<br />
ar amouwuravT.<br />
`ostaturi swavla~ instruqciis individualizebis formaa, magram individualizeba aq<br />
ufro mets niSnavs, vidre sakuTar temps, vidre programuli masalis gavlas. es niSnavs porciebad<br />
dayofili instruqciis naTel da gasageb Tanamimdevrobas da am porciebis miwodebis<br />
gzebis arCevans. pirvel yovlisa ki niSnavs moswavleTa codnis monitorings da ostatobis<br />
kriteriumis miRwevamde ardanebebas.<br />
dabolos, es niSnavs xelaxali swavlebis dagegmvasa 1 da imavdroulad Temis gavrcobisaken<br />
mimarTul aqtivobebs im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic pirvel jerze `Caswvdnen~. amgvari<br />
`ormagi wre’’ menejmentisa da dagegmvis sirTuleebs asaxavs, romelic mZime Sromaa ramdenime<br />
movlenis erTdoeulad marTvas miuCveveli maswavleblisaTvis. es swavlebis parametrTa<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis kargi magaliTicaa. swavlis drois mokle mimoxilvam migvabruna<br />
tempis, sivrcis, miznebis, saswavlo gamocdilebisa da saklaso oTaxis klimatis parametrebTan.<br />
instruqtirebis dro<br />
mecnierTAa sakvlevi kidev erTi sferoa is, Tu ra raodenobis interaqtiur instruqtirebas<br />
iReben moswavleebi, rac gulisxmobs maswavlebelTan erTad masalaze muSaobisas<br />
aqtiurad gatarebul dros da ara damoukideblad muSaobas, weriT davalebebs<br />
an Cumad kiTxvas. interaqtiur instruqtirebasTan dakavSirebiT kvlevam gviCvena, rom<br />
1 xelaxali swavlebis sistemisa da misi (rogorc faseuli movlenisa da ara romelime moswavlis siClungis dada sturebis)<br />
saWiroebis Sesaxeb detaluri msjeloba ix. me-13 TavSi.)<br />
dro<br />
73
Tavi 5<br />
misi meti `raodenoba~ ukeTesi Sedegis wina pirobaa (Stallings & Kaskowitz 1974). saqme martivadaa:<br />
aRmoCena, rom rodesac maswavleblebi (da ara moswa vlis sagakveTilo drois<br />
didi nawilis momcveli samuSao rveulebi da sxva damoukidebeli davalebebi) aswavlian,<br />
savaraudod, moswavleebi swavloben, arc ise gasakviria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maswavleblis<br />
ukukavSiris, Sedegebis codnis, xelmZRvanelobis xarisxisa da zemoT ganxiluli<br />
swavlis sxva principebis mniSvnelobas. am aRmoCenam zogierTi miiyvana iqamde, rom mxari dau-<br />
Wira (Rosenshine 1981) mTeli klasis pirdapiri instruqtirebis modelis, rogorc swavlebis<br />
yvelaze efeqtian formas, rac namdvilad gaugebaria. gamokvlevis mixedviT interaqtiuri<br />
instruqtirebis wili mniSvnelovania, magram `pirdapiri instruqtirebis modeli misi miRwevis<br />
mxolod erTi gzaa da mxolod unarebis swavlebisTvis gamodgeba. me-10 TavSi ganxiluli<br />
swavlebis yvela modeli uzrunvelyofs interaqtiuri swavlebis dros. TanatolTa<br />
swavlebas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos interaqtiuri swavlebis dro. mniSvnelovani interaqtiuri<br />
instruqtirebis atributebi, Cveni azriT, moicavs gasageb axsnas, myisier ukukavSirs, Sedegebis<br />
codnas da Sesatyvis xelmZRvanelobas.<br />
amas garda, garkveuli saxis swavlisTvis pirdapiri instruqtirebis modeli erTaderTi<br />
an saukeTeso gza ar gaxlavT, magaliTad, moswavleebisTvis adgilmdebareobis swavlebisas<br />
(ix. me-10 TavSi `sakanonmdeblo modeli~), mec-<br />
rodesac maswavleblebi aswavlian, savaraunieruli<br />
meTodis swavlebisas (ix. me-10 TavSi<br />
`aRmoCenis modeli~). amrigad, mkiTxvelebs<br />
dod, moswavleebi swavloben.<br />
vurCevT, rom perspeqtivaSi hqondeT pirdapiri<br />
swavlebis Tanamedrove popularoba.<br />
pirdapiri swavleba efeqtiania unar-Cvevebis swavlebisas da is interaqtiuri instruqtirebis<br />
drois did nawils moicavs. Tumca unar-Cvevebis garda sxva zRva masalac arsebobs da uamravi<br />
sxva modelic, romelic interaqtiur swavlebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
axla ki vkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs, swavlebis gamoyenebuli modelis miuxedavad sakmarisi<br />
uSualo kontaqti gvaqvs Tu ara moswavleebTan. aq didi riskis qveSaa individualizebuli<br />
programebi. maTi cudad organizebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebma, aqtiurobisa da CarTulobis<br />
miuxedavad, SeiZleba dReSi mxolod ramdenime wuTiT moaxerxon maswavlebelTan urTierToba,<br />
rac ar aris sakmarisi. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma moswavleebs meti jgufuri<br />
samuSao unda Seasrulebinos an ise marTos individualuri muSaoba, rom moswavleebi meti<br />
ukukavSiriTa da xelmZRvanelobiT uzrunvelyos.<br />
maswavlebelTan gatarebuli ramdeni droa sakmarisi? rozenSaini (1981) askvnis: `amJamad,<br />
saklaso cxovrebis udavo faqtia, rom moswavleebs damoukideblad muSaobisTvis TavianTi<br />
drois 60-dan 75%-mde sWirdebaT. SeiZleba Tu ara am procentuli maCveneblis Semcireba, an<br />
swavlebis ise organizeba, rom moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaobisas ufro CarTuli iyvnen,<br />
momavali kvlevis sakvanZo sakiTxebia~. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tu moswavle akademiuri<br />
drois 25-40% pirdapir aris CarTuli maswavlebelTan, kargi maCvenebelia. eWvgareSea,<br />
rom mravali klasis maCveneblebi Zalian Sors dgas am cifrebisagan.<br />
Cven isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom interaqtiurma instruqtirebam SeiZleba moicvas an ar<br />
moicvas kargi pirdapiri swavlebis atributebi. lainhardtma da sxvebma (1981) sanimuSo<br />
klasebSi aRmoaCines, rom kiTxvaSi maswavleblis instruqciis 16 wuTidan 14 `zogad instruqciaze~<br />
(prezentacia da miTiTebebis micema) modioda. danarCeni 2 wuTidan moswavleebi 1 wuTs<br />
maswavleblis TandaswrebiT davalebis Sesrulebaze xarjavdnen, xolo 1 wuTs kiTxvis swori<br />
elementebis modelirebis axsnaze. amrigad, pirdapiri swavlebis drosac ki, SesaZlebelia,<br />
rom moswavleebma miiRon mcire pirdapiri ukukavSiri da axsna-ganmarteba.<br />
ra udevs safuZvlad sxvadasxva klasSi CarTulobis drois, didi warmatebebis droisa da<br />
interaqtiuri swavlebis drois gansxvavebebs? ras akeTeben saSualoze maRali donis maswavleblebi<br />
iseTs, rasac ar akeTeben sxvebi?<br />
74
unari menejmentis parametris (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce,) didi nawilia. kouninis (evertsonamde<br />
da brofamde) kvlevebi moswavlis miRwevas maswavleblis am unarebs ukavSirebs.<br />
isini cdiloben gazardon moswavlis CarTulobis dro, xolo menejmentsa da disciplinaze<br />
naklebi dro daxarjon. amrigad, uSualod swavlisTvis daTmobili drois gazrdiT testebSi<br />
ukeTes Sedegebs unda velodoT. Tumca, sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom kargi menejerobis<br />
miuxedavad, `auTvisebeli drois arseboba, rogorc Cans, gardauvalia. saSualod kiTxvisa da<br />
maTematikisaTvis gamoyofili droidan moswavleebi saaTSi daaxloebiT 16 wuTi CarTulebi<br />
ar arian; samma maRali donis maswavlebelma es raodenoba 12 wuTamde Seamcira. saSualo da<br />
maRali donis maswavlebelTa klasebSi moswavleebi rvidan cxra wuTamde gakveTilebsa Soris<br />
Sualedebsa da lodinSi xarjavdnen. ase rom, gansxvaveba akademiuri CarTulobis yvelaze<br />
maRali maCveneblis (meti wuTis) mqone da da saSualo maswavleblebs Soris saaTSi daaxloebiT<br />
oTxi auTvisebeli wuTi iyo. didwilad Aam gansxvavebis mizezi iyo is, rom maRali donis<br />
maswavleblebi davalebis gareSe gatarebul dros saaTSi daaxloebiT oTx wuTamde amcirebdnen~<br />
(Rosenshine 1981). magram maRali donis maswavleblebi TviT sagansac met dros uTmobdnen.<br />
amrigad, menejmentis unarebis garda akademiurad CarTuli drois sxvadasxvaobis<br />
mizezebis sias SegviZlia erTi mizezic davumatoT: drois ganawilebis prioritetebi mkafiod<br />
unda iyos gamokveTili da maT frTxilad movekidoT.<br />
didi warmatebis droSi gansxvavebebis mizezebs SeiZleba mivakvlioT davalebaTa SesatyvisobaSi,<br />
maswavleblis diagnostikur gamWriaxobaSi, damoukidebeli davalebis micemamde<br />
instruqciisa da miTiTebebis adekvaturobaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, amis mizezia maswavleblis<br />
Semdegi unarebi: axsnis sicxade,<br />
saswavlo gamocdilebis struqturireba da is, rac gakveTilis pirvel da bolo wuTebSi<br />
miznebis morgeba individebisa da jgufebi-<br />
xdeba, moswavles yvelaze ukeT amaxsovrdeba.<br />
saTvis. Tumca am mizezebis dadgena didad ver<br />
dagvexmareba, Tu dros parametrad ganvixilavT<br />
da gvainteresebs, konkretulad ra unarebia saWiro misi warmatebiT marTvisTvis. aqamde<br />
vambobdiT, rom drois kargi menejmenti sxva parametrebis kargad marTvas ukavSirdeba.<br />
metwilad es asecaa. Tu moswavleebi davalebas asruleben, produqtiulebi da warmatebulebi<br />
arian, es drois kargad marTvaze metia; es warmatebuli swavlebaa. farTo masStabiT moswavlis<br />
drois kargad gamoyeneba kargad swavlebis kriteriumia, igi Sedegia yvelafrisa, rasac<br />
kargi ganaTleba gulisxmobs. Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime unari, romelic, udavod, TviT<br />
drois efeqtiani menejmentis nawilia. modiT, drois parametris is aspeqtebi ganvixiloT,<br />
romlebic mas maswavleblis unarTa sferoSi TavisTavads xdis.<br />
pirveli da bolo wuTebi<br />
Tanamimdevrobad wodebul swavlis principSi aRvniSneT, rom gakveTilis pirveli da bolo<br />
wuTebi moswavles yvelaze ukeT amaxsovrdeba. amitom maswavlebelma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
drois swored am or monakveTs unda miaqcios. aq nagulisxmebia drois mokle monakveTebi,<br />
daaxloebiT, 5 wuTi. rogor unda gamoiyenos maswavlebelma es wuTebi?<br />
pirvel yovlisa, es wuTebi ubralod ar unda gaflangos. Tuki SesaZlebelia, ar unda moaxmaroT<br />
organizebasa da menejments _ namuSevrebis Tavmoyras, avejis dalagebas, bavSvebis<br />
adgilebze dasmas, dagvianebulTa lodins. ar daamTavroT gakveTili duned damoukideblad<br />
momuSave moswavleebiT, romlebic saSinao davalebis Sesrulebas iwyeben, alageben an saubroben.<br />
dawyebuli samuSao gakveTilis bolo 5 wuTamde 5 wuTiT adre daamTavreT da es dro<br />
moswavleebTan urTierTobisTvis gamoiyeneT: mouxmeT maT da sTxoveT, yuradReba gaamaxvilon<br />
Catarebuli gakveTilis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. daavaleT, mimoixilon, Seajamon, an<br />
raime mniSvnelovan saqmianobaSi CaerTon am bolo wuTebis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
dro<br />
75
Tavi 5<br />
tempis kargi unaris mqone maswavlebels yvelaze ukeT SeuZlia pirveli wuTebis upiratesobiT<br />
sargebloba. is <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romelic moswavleebTan erTad regularulad ajamebs<br />
gakveTils, ufro bolo wuTebis upiratesobas gamoiyenebs. Tumca Sejameba bolo wuTebis<br />
kargad gamoyenebis erTaderTi gza ar aris. swori gamoyenebis sxva magaliTebia: davalebis<br />
yuradRebiT micema, moswavleTa dayeneba saintereso dilemis winaSe (`dasasruli daboloebis<br />
gareSe~), moswavleTa individualuri CarTva sakamaTo sakiTxebSi da sxv. mTavaria, rom<br />
pirveli da bolo wuTebi ki ar gavflangoT aramed gamoviyenoT, saintereso da mizanmimar-<br />
Tuli gavxadoT.<br />
76<br />
tempi da ritmi<br />
`morgeba~ mniSvnelovani sakiTxia yovel parametrTan mimarTebaSi. Cven wamovayeneT mosazreba,<br />
romlis mixedviT parametri Seicavs repertuars da maswavleblis ostatoba gamoisaxeba<br />
imiT, rom SeuZlia sxvadasxva variantebi moargos individebs, jgufsa da kurikulus. es<br />
tempsa da dagegmvasac exeba. erTi da igive tempi yvela klasSi ver gamogvadgeba. karolin<br />
evertsonma (Carolyn Evertson 1982) aRmoaCina, rom maswavleblis mier SerCeuli aqtivobebis<br />
tempi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda da Zlieri da susti jgufebis Sesatyvisi iyo. dabali<br />
moswrebis moswavleebs monawileobaSi CarTvisa da misi mitovebis aSkara tendencia aqvT, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maSin, rodesac samuSaos Sesrulebisas, sxedan. zogi maTgani saerTod uars ambobs<br />
monawileobaze. evertsoni aRwers da komentars akeTebs maRali donis maswavleblis or<br />
klasze, raTa aCvenos sxvadasxva tempis moqmedeba sust moswavleebze.* viwyebT `b~ maswavlebliT:<br />
(maswavlebelma es-esaa dafaze dawera davaleba, romelic magidebTan msxdomma<br />
moswavleebma unda Searsulon). `me wigni ar maqvs!~ ambobs meri. `Sexede im<br />
Taroebs~, upasuxebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> da uCvenebs. `isini Cveni araa~, uarobs meri.<br />
`zogierTi Cvenia~, amSvidebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. meri wigns iRebs. Ciko xels iwevs da<br />
ambobs: `me daxmareba mWirdeba~. daaxloebiT xuTi moswavle maSinve iwyebs davalebis<br />
Sesrulebas. (gakveTils 12 moswavle eswreba). danarCenebi saubroben,<br />
iweven xels an midian maswavleblis magidasTan. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> rendis uxmobs:<br />
`modi, rendi~. mas leric mihyveba. `leri, daanebe Tavi~, sTxovs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.<br />
leri maswavleblis magidasTan dgeba. Ciko isev iwevs xels. `Ciko, ra gWirdeba?~<br />
ekiTxeba <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. `daxmareba~, upasuxebs Ciko. `kargi, erT wuTs moicade~,<br />
sTxovs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.Lleri maswavleblis magidasTan jdeba da saubrisas uyurebs.<br />
Ciko yviris: `masw., damexmarebiT?~ `diax, Ciko, magram aq modi~, sTxovs<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. `auh, metismetad Sors xarT~. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yuradRebas ar aqcevs<br />
da isic maswavleblis magidasTan midis. (am droisTvis maswavleblis magidasTan<br />
xuTi moswavlea.)<br />
situaciis aRwera sakmaod arsebiTad gviCvenebs im sirTules, romelic SeiZleba susti<br />
klasis moswavleebs hqondeT aqtivobis dawyebasa da masSi warmatebiT monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
erT momentSi maswavleblis magidasTan xuTi moswavle iyo da maTi umravlesoba<br />
daxmarebas elodeboda. (am merxebTan Sesasrulebeli aqtivobis ganmavlobaSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>,<br />
saboloo angariSSi, Tavis magidasTan cxra moswavles daexmara). amdeni moswavlis erTmaneT-<br />
Tan aseTi siaxlove xSirad problemebisa da usaqcielobis mizezi xdeboda, razec <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
iZulebuli iyo, epasuxa.<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Evertson, C. `Differences in Instractional Activities in Higher- and Lower Achieving Junior High English<br />
and Math Classes.` Elementary School Journal 82/4 (1982): 329-350. © 1982 University of Chicago Press. yvela ufleba daculia.
es dialogi davalebaze cud orientaciasac asaxavs, rac, rogorc wesi, susti klasisTvis<br />
aris damaxasiaTebeli. Cikos saqcieli tipobrivia bevri neli moswavlisTvis. is seriozulad<br />
ar ekideboda akademiur aqtivobas, ar hqonda saswavlo amocanaze muSaobis dawyebis survili<br />
da monawileobis interesi. davalebaze erTi moswavlis cudi orientacia SeiZleba sxvebis<br />
usaqcielobis mizezi gaxdes, raSic Tavad davrwmundebiT:<br />
maSin, roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> merisTan muSaobas cdilobs, meri Cikosgan iRebs magaliTs<br />
da maswavlebels aRizianebs. is xels stacebs furclebis asakinZs. `oh, oh,<br />
modi aq, meri”, xmamaRla ambobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. mogvianebiT meri Tavis furcels<br />
maswavlebels gamostacebs, WmuWnis da eubneba: `Tqven Cems furcelze dawereT.<br />
Tqven ar unda daweroT Cems furcelze~ da jdeba. am dros bili lerisTan TamaSsa<br />
da saubars agrZelebs. `bili, modi aq!~ mkacrad ambobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. `swored<br />
amas ambobs maswi da es misTvisacaa~, xmamaRla ambobs leri. Semdeg bili Tavis<br />
merxs ayiravebs, leri ki mReris: `waiyvane, waiyvane, waiyvane Seni merxi naviviT~.<br />
rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> amden moswavles cal-calke aqcevs yuradRebas, is ver SeZlebs klasis<br />
efeqtian monitorings, xolo moswavleebs kidev ufro uWirT maswavleblis yuradRebis<br />
mipyroba.<br />
`qalbatono, me usasrulod ver davicdi~, yviris xelaweuli Ciko. `erTi wuTiT~,<br />
pasuxobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. `qalbatono!~ yviris marki xmamaRla. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yuradRebas<br />
ar aqcevs mas da meris daxmarebas agrZelebs. Semdeg is midis pemTan,<br />
romelsac didi xania xeli aweuli aqvs. `me daxmareba mWirdeba~, yviris am dros<br />
erTi gogona wina merxidan. mas xeli aweuli aqvs, magram mainc yviris. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
Sexedavs mas da eubneba: `kargi, erT wuTSi mand viqnebi~.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom moswavleebidan ori ubralod ki ar yviris, maT xelebic aweuli aqvT.<br />
maT ician, rom ubralod xelis aweva iseTi efeqturi signali ar aris, rogorc yvirili. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
am garemoebaSi Tanamimdevrulad ar iTxovda (arsebiTad, saerTod ar iTxovda),<br />
rom daecvaT wesi da ar eyviraT.<br />
`romeli saaTia?~ yviris Ciko. bili pasuxobs. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> arc erTs ar aqcevs<br />
yuradRebas. bili da Ciko iseT epiTetebs cvlian, rogoricaa `yeyeCi~. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>,<br />
romelic wina merxTan mjdom gogonas exmareba, yuradRebas ar aqcevs<br />
maT. Semdeg biWebs Sexedavs da ekiTxeba: `Ciko, kidev gWirdeba raimes gakeTeba?~<br />
`ara~, upasuxebs Ciko. `maSin, wynarad iyavi~, ambobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.<br />
ZiriTadi konfliqti sust klasebSi maswavleblis or moTxovnas Soris arsebobda: moswavleebis<br />
daxmarebasa da Seusabamo, Semawuxebeli qcevis kontrols Soris. am magaliTSi<br />
maswavlebels ar undoda Seewyvita informaciis miwodeba win mjdomi gogonebisTvis, Tumca,<br />
sabolood, mainc iZulebuli gaxda ase moqceuliyo, roca davalebaSi CaurTvel moswavleTa<br />
usaqcielobis safrTxe Seiqmna.<br />
`v~ maswavleblis susti klasis SedarebiT maRali miRweva ki, ufro zedmiwevniTi ganxilvisken<br />
gvibiZgebs. man mniSvnelovnad meti dro dauTmo samuSaos Sesworebasa da ganxilvas<br />
(13.7 wuTi) da masalis prezentacias _ leqcias an damoukidebeli samuSaos gacnobas (14.4<br />
wuTi). mniSvnelovnad ufro naklebi dro bolo damoukidebel aqtivobas (22.5 wuTi), vidre es<br />
zogadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo susti klasebisTvis. garda amisa, gansxvavebulad iyo struqturirebuli<br />
leqcia an damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesavali faza, intervalebSi ki xSirad gamoyenebuli<br />
iyo ori an meti Zalian xanmokle, Zalian fokusirebuli damoukidebeli aqtivoba.<br />
am klasSi leqcia an saboloo jdomiTi aqtivobis gacnoba Cveulebisamebr Semdegi modeliT<br />
mimdinareobda:<br />
dro<br />
77
Tavi 5<br />
78<br />
`v~ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> midis dafasTan, sadac weria 25 cifri da iwyebs pirvelis damrgvalebas.<br />
es samuSao moswavleebs furcelze unda gaakeTebinos. `minda, pirveli<br />
xuTi Tqven gaakeToT~, ambobs is. cifrebi mocemulia xuT svetad. `roca<br />
daasrulebT, pastebi daawyveT~, agrZelebs is. moswavleebi cifrebs weren, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ki klasSi dadis. daaxloebiT 6 wuTis Semdeg klass aCerebs da devids<br />
pasuxebs ekiTxeba. devidi warbebs Wmuxnis da ambobs, rom ar gaukeTebia. `vis<br />
SeuZlia daxmareba?~ _ kiTxulobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. `me~, ambobs roberti. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
Semdeg svetebze gadadis, xolo bolos `a~ svetze, romelic uaxloes<br />
aseulamde unda damrgvaldes. bolo svetze muSaobisas kermiti yviris: `saSinao<br />
davalebac gveqneba?~ `erT wuTSi mogcemT davalebas~, eubneba <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.<br />
`Tu am yvelafers gavakeTebT, davalebis mosacemad dro aRar dagvrCeba~, ambobs<br />
kermiti. `yvelafris gakeTebas ar vapirebT~, upasuxebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. Semdeg dafasTan<br />
midis, moswavleebs mimarTavs da meore svetis mimoxilvas iwyebs. is jeks<br />
pirvelis damrgvalebaSi daxmarebas sTxovs, romelmac TQva, rom Sedegi ver miiRo.<br />
`me, ubralod, daxmareba gTxove~, eubneba <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. jeki davalebis<br />
Sesrulebas cdilobs. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> exmareba. (gakveTilis bolomde darCenilia<br />
daaxloebiT 10 wuTi, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> damoukidebel davalebas aZlevs.)<br />
Semdegi epizodi leqciis an diskusiis kidev erTi magaliTia, romelSic CarTulia mokle<br />
damoukidebeli samuSaoebi.<br />
[<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>] ambobs, rom aTwiladebis Sekrebaze isaubreben. arsebiTad, mTeli<br />
ricxvebis Sekrebisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> pirvel amocanas<br />
jons axsnevinebs. `miTxari, ra davwero~, eubneba mas. joni umatebs sams<br />
da ors da ambobs, rom xuTia. Semdeg umatebs eqvss da cxras da ambobs, rom TxuTmetia;<br />
wers xuTs da imaxsovrebs erTs. `sad vwerT am erTians? aq?~ ekiTxeba<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. `ara, erTiani dawereT rvis maRla~, karnaxobs joni. Semdeg rvas<br />
umatebs da iRebs cxras. maswavlebels eubneba, rom aTwiladi cxrasa da xuTs Soris<br />
daweros. `Zalian kargi!~ ambobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dasrulebisas. Semdeg iwyebs<br />
aTwiladebis gasameorebeli kiTxvebis dasmas. is svams kiTxvebs da axsenebs moswavleebs:<br />
`aswieT xeli da miTxariT, romel adgilzea aTwiladi~. meore magaliTis<br />
gasakeTeblad dafasTan greisis iZaxebs, romelic uars ambobs da amitom<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> eduards mimarTavs. eduardi amocanas xsnis da kiTxulobs, `miTxariT,<br />
ra aris mcdari~. `ho, modi vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba mivxvdeT?~ eubneba<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. moswavleebi yvirian, rom SemowmebisTvis gayofa SeuZliaT. 9:28<br />
saaTze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dafaze mesame magaliTs wers. klass avalebs, rom davaleba<br />
TavianT furclebze Seasrulon, unda gaagrZelon da mesame nomeric gaakeTon<br />
da darwmundnen, sworad gaakeTeben Tu ara. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> klasSi siaruls iwyebs<br />
da amowmebs, sworad xsnian Tu ara moswavleebi amocanas. oTaxSi Cumi saubaria,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> isev dadis. 9:41 saaTze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs: `modiT, vnaxoT~. (is<br />
dafaze xsnis amocanas, Semdeg kidev erT amocanas aZlevs damoukidebeli samuSaosTvis,<br />
isev dadis da amowmebs).<br />
`v~ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sust klasebSi damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebas Tavs arTmevs leqciaSi<br />
xanmokle segmentebad damoukidebel samuSaoTa (an am samuSaos gacnobis) CarTviT,<br />
gakveTilis mimdinareobis SenarCunebisTvis pasuxismgeblobas ki drois mokle periodeb-<br />
Si moswavleebTan erTad inawilebs. gakveTilis am formatis upiratesobebi Zalze aSkaraa:<br />
pirvel yovlisa, xangrZliv aqtivobasTan SedarebiT xanmokle damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebisas,<br />
moswavleebi metad iqnebian orientirebuli davalebaze. leqciaSi CarTuli damoukidebeli<br />
samuSaoebi saleqcio gakveTilis mTlianobis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva,<br />
rac Tavis mxriv, damoukidebel samuSaos Seuwyobs xels. meore: leqciaSi CarTuli es xan-
mokle damoukidebeli aqtivobebi maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs ufro swrafad uzrunvelyos<br />
informaciis miReba, vidre xangrZlivi damoukidebeli aqtivobebis dros. mas SeuZlia<br />
moaxdinos leqciis ganmavlobaSi axsna-ganmartebebis saWiroebisamebr modificireba ise,<br />
rom ar Sewyvitos xangrZlivi damoukidebeli aqtivoba, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme sust<br />
klasebSi.<br />
amrigad, `v~ maswavleblis susti klasi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba `b~ maswavleblis susti<br />
klasisagan. `b~ maswavlebels bevrad ufro xangrZlivi damoukidebeli samuSaoebi da ufro<br />
xanmokle Semowmebisa da saleqcio aqtivobebi hqonda, ramac SesaZloa gaurTula saqmianoba,<br />
radgan damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesruleba xSirad problema xdeba sust klasSi. `v~ maswavlebelma<br />
minimumamde Seamcira es problema Tavis sust klasSi imiT, rom Seamcira damoukidebeli<br />
samuSaos xangrZlivoba, ramac xeli Seuwyo misi moswavleebis ufro maRal orientacias<br />
davalebaze. Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom grZeli, xangrZlivi damoukidebeli samuSaoebi araefeqtiania,<br />
arTulebs menejmentis problemebs da minimumamde amcirebs sust klasebSi davalebaze<br />
orientacias.<br />
bevr maswavlebels rogorc Zlieri, ise susti klasebi hyavs. SeuZliaT Tu ara maT zemoT<br />
xsenebuli `v~ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>viT Secvalon situacia da gansxvavebuli tempiT uxelmZRvanelon<br />
sxvadasxva klass? swored amas vgulisxmobT am nawilis saTaurad gamotanil `tempsa da ritmSi~.<br />
SegviZlia vnaxoT, rogor axerxebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> drois struqturirebas calkeuli individebisTvis,<br />
rogorc es `v~ maswavlebelma gaakeTa mTeli klasisTvis. aseTi cvalebadobis<br />
mizezebi udavod scildeba globalur sityvas `SesaZlebloba~. evertsonis kvlevaSi `Sesa-<br />
Zlebloba~ gamosaSveb gamocdebze warmatebas niSnavda. gansxvaveba Zlier da sust klasebs<br />
Soris gvqonda. sisustisa da siZlieris mravali mizezi arsebobs garda memkvidreobiT Sesa-<br />
Zleblobisa, rac niWierebas gulisxmobs. Zalian unarianma, magram impulsurma an gonebagafantulma<br />
moswavleebma SeiZleba ukeT iswavlon, roca maTi tempi kargad fokusirebuli xanmokle<br />
aqtivobebiT regulirdeba. <strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> amgvari garemos Seqmnas cdilobs<br />
maTTvis, visac es sWirdeba, klasis danarCeni nawili ki am dros gansxvavebuli tempiT muSaobs.<br />
Cven unda SegveZlos ganvsazRvroT, rogor marTavs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> temps da qvemoT<br />
CamoTvlilidan romel models Seesabameba:<br />
y tempis aranairi modeli<br />
y stabiluri rutina<br />
y saswavli momentebis variantebi<br />
y kurikulumis prioritetebis cvlilebis moqniloba<br />
y individebsa da jgufebze morgeba<br />
dro<br />
79
d r o - S e j a m e b a<br />
1. Seesabameba Tu ara yovel saganze gamoyofili dro<br />
maswavleblisa da skolis prioritetebs? diax ara<br />
2. aris Tu ara moswavlis CarTulobis dro akademiuri<br />
swavlisaTvis gamoyofili drois 75%-ze meti? diax ara<br />
3. maswavleblis urTierToba moswavleebTan gamoyofili<br />
akademiuri drois 75%-ia Tu meti (im sagakveTilo<br />
droisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic saorganizacio da<br />
menejmentis sakiTxebs xmardeba _ furclebis<br />
gasworeba, masalebis momzadeba)? diax ara<br />
4. aqvT Tu ara moswavleebs sakmarisi dro, saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, xelaxali swavlebis sistemisTvis? diax ara<br />
5. Seesatyviseba Tu ara maRali warmatebis dro moswavleebis<br />
damoukidebel muSaobas? diax ara<br />
6. aqvs Tu ara yovel moswavles maswavlebelTan interaqtiuri<br />
instruqtirebis sakmarisi dro? diax ara<br />
7. nayofierad gamoiyeneba Tu ara pirveli da bolo<br />
wuTebi? diax ara<br />
8. dagegmva da tempi gviCvenebs:<br />
• tempis aranair models diax ara<br />
• stabilur rutinas diax ara<br />
• saswavlo momentebis variantebs diax ara<br />
• kurikulumis prioritetebis cvlilebis moqnilobas diax ara<br />
• individebsa da jgufebze morgebas diax ara<br />
d r o - S e j a m e b a<br />
81
82<br />
s k o l a S i d r o i s g a n m s a z R v r e -<br />
l i k o n c e f c i e b i s m i m o x i l v a<br />
mokled gansazRvreT Semdegi koncefciebi:<br />
1 swavlisTvis gamoyofili dro<br />
2. moswavlis CarTulobis dro<br />
3. akademiuri swavlis dro<br />
4. interaqtiuli instruqtireba
d r o - s a v a r j i S o<br />
SeamowmeT, rogor gaigeT skolaSi drois menejmentTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli kvleva.<br />
dawereT `W~ - WeSmariti, xolo `m~ mcdari debulebebis win.<br />
1. moswavleTa umralesobas SeuZlia iswavlos nebismieri ram, Tu maT aqvT<br />
codnis wina piroba, unari da sakmarisi dro.<br />
2. im drois raodenoba, romelsac moswavleebi xarjaven mniSvnelovan da<br />
sworad SerCeul davalebebze, mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli miRwevasTan.<br />
3. akademiuri swavlisTvis gamoyofili drois daaxloebiT 25 procenti,<br />
rogorc Cans, saorganizacio da menejmentis sakiTxebs xmardeba.<br />
4. roca maswavleblebi uSualod muSaoben moswavleebTan (masalebis momzadebis,<br />
nawerebis gasworebis an menejmentis sakiTxebis garda), izrdeba<br />
moswavleTa miRwevebi.<br />
5. maswavleblebs, romlebic swavloben gamoyenebul dros, SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani<br />
cvlilebis moxdena da moswavleTa swavlis gaumjobeseba.<br />
6. roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> <strong>gamocdili</strong>a menejmentis parametrebSi (yuradReba,<br />
tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina), moswavleTa miRwevebi izrdeba, radgan naklebi<br />
dro ikargeba menejmentsa da disciplinaze.<br />
7. rogorc wesi, gakveTilis pirveli da bolo wuTebi yvelaze ukeT<br />
amaxsovrdebaT moswavleebs.<br />
8. gakveTilis iseTi tempis SerCeva, rom sust moswavleebs fokusirebul<br />
aqtivobaTa mokle periodebi hqondeT, SeiZleba am moswavleebisTvis Sesatyvisi<br />
ritmi iyos, gansakuTrebiT heterogeniul klasebSi.<br />
9. `maRali warmatebis dros~ moswavleTa miRwevebi matulobs.<br />
d r o - s a v a r j i S o<br />
83
84<br />
d r o s T a n d a k a v S i r e b u l i p r o b l e m e b i<br />
droze gavlenas axdens swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli codnis bazis mravali sfero _<br />
tempi, rutina, molodini, disciplina, sicxade, yuradReba, sivrce da a. S. maswavlebels<br />
met produqtiuli dro misces an arsebulis nawili waarTvas. qvemoT moyvanili<br />
aqtivobis mizania, aCvenos kavSiri swavlebis sxva parametrebsa da problemebs Soris,<br />
romlebic Tavs iCens sawyis etapze drois dakargvis an arasakmarisi drois saxiT.<br />
dawereT, ra SeiZleba gaakeTos maswavlebelma qvemoT mocemul situaciebSi, raTa<br />
ufro efeqtianad gamoiyenos dro.<br />
1. gakveTilis dasawyisSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xuT wuTs xarjavs imisaTvis, rom Seamowmos<br />
daswreba, esaubros, im moswavleebs, romlebic ar eswrebodnen wina dRes da dafaze<br />
daweros miznebi da gegma.<br />
2. periodis bolos <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> 5 wuTs andomebs saSinao davalebis micemas, namuSevrebis<br />
Segrovebas da imas, rom moswavleebma gaasworon TavianTi skamebi.<br />
3. yoveldRiurad maTematikis gakveTilze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xarjavs 15-20 wuTs imaze,<br />
rom sxvadasxva moswavles dafaze awerinebs TiTo amocanas da klasis danarCen<br />
nawils uxsnis maT amoxsnas.<br />
4. yoveldRiurad klasSi instruqciis drois nawili ixarjeba moswavleebze,<br />
romelTac ara aqvT saweri kalami, daaviwydaT wigni an ar Seasrules saSinao davaleba.<br />
5. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> testisaTvis mimoxilvas mTeli klsisaTvis atarebs moswavleebis<br />
gamoZaxebiT individualurad kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad. am aqtivobas testamde<br />
sWirdeba mTeli dRe.<br />
6. bunebismetyvelebis 50-wuTian gakveTilze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aCvenebs 30-wuTian videofilms<br />
vulkanebze. moswavleebi upasuxeben kiTxvebs mTlian jgufur ganxilvaSi<br />
15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi videofilmis Semdeg, bolo 5 wuTs ki xarjaven dafidan<br />
saSinao davalebis gadmoweraze.<br />
7. baRis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gakveTilis drois 10 wuTs xarjavs imaSi, rom Tavis moswavleebs<br />
exmareba qurTukebis SekvraSi, qudebis daxurvaSi da SesvenebisTvis fexsacmelebis<br />
CacmaSi.<br />
8. meSvide klasis cocxal mecnierebaTa salaboratorio samuSaosaTvis mosamzadeblad<br />
moswavleebi midian oTaxis wina nawilSi, raTa eqsperimentisaTvis saWiro
gamxsneli, saWreli iaraRebi, nimuSebi da rveulebi aiRon. 8 wuTis Semdeg yvela<br />
moswavles isev dasWirda masalebi.<br />
9. inglisuris gakveTilze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yovel moswavles 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi esaubreba,<br />
klasis danarCeni nawili ki damoukidebel samuSaos asrulebs. am process<br />
ori gakveTili sWirdeba.<br />
10. gansakuTrebuli ganaTlebis moswavleebisTvis gankuTvnil saswavlo centrSi<br />
maswa vlebels 5 moswavle hyavs. yvela maTgans aqvs ganaTlebis gansxvavebuli individualuri<br />
gegma. moswavleebTan individualurad muSaobisas, mas xSirad awyvetinebs<br />
danarCeni oTxi, romlebic damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebas da<br />
problemebis gadalaxvas cdiloben.<br />
11. fizkulturis gakveTilze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xSirad kargavs 35-wuTiani periodis 5<br />
wuTs klasis dagvianebis gamo.<br />
12. moswavleebis mcire jgufTan muSaobisas, mexuTe klasis maswavlebels xSirad<br />
uSlian xels is moswavleebi, romlebic damoukidebel samuSaos sxvebze adre am-<br />
Tavreben.<br />
13. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> diliT mexuTeklaselTa ramdenime literaturul jgufs xvdeba. mas<br />
problemebi aqvs klasidan klasSi gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT da xSirad kargavs<br />
dros.<br />
14. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xSirad iwyebs gakveTils imiT, rom or-or moswavles adarebinebs sa-<br />
Sinao davalebis pasuxebs. is moswavleebi, romlebic ar eswrebodnen, an ar aqvT<br />
motanili saSinao davaleba, usaqmod arian. Tu momuSave wyvilSi maT mesame wevrad<br />
Casvams, savaraudod, zogierTi maTgani xels SeuSlis.<br />
15. susti moswavleebis am jgufs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dRis bolos xvdeba. isini daRlilebi<br />
Canan da maswavleblis mier dagegmil miTiTebebsa da saleqcio formatze ar reagireben.<br />
16. gundis gakveTilis pirveli wuTebi, roca moswavleebi alageben da awyoben TavianT<br />
instrumentebs, ikargeba. maswavleblis SeniSvnis pasuxad moswavleebi esaubrebian<br />
erTmaneTs an erTobian instrumentebiT.<br />
17. meeqvse klasSi xelovnebis maswavlebels xSirad awyvetineben is moswavleebi, rom-<br />
85
86<br />
lebsac sxva klasebisTvis masalebis wasaRebad gzavnian. garda amisa, mas yoveldRiurad,<br />
xSirad sxvadasxva klasSi, xuTi gakveTili aqvs. yoveli gakveTilis win<br />
is dros kargavs, roca masalebsa da gakveTilis gegmaze cdilobs. rogor SeiZleba<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis drois maqsimumamde gazrda?<br />
18. am skolis maswavleblebi samidan ori dRis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri 50-wuTiani<br />
gakveTilebidan 80-wuTian gakveTilebze gadadian. maT aRelvebT, ras gaakeTeben<br />
moswavleTa dasakaveblad 80 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da ras moimoqmedeben, Tu moswavle<br />
2-3 dRe gaacdens.<br />
19. saSualo skola moswavleTa sustebad, saSualoebad da Zlierebad dajgufebidan<br />
yvela saganSi heterogeniulr dajgufebaze gadadis. maswavleblebs afiqrebT is,<br />
Tu, ramdenad SeZleben yvela moswavlis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebas.<br />
20. aTletur gundebSi moTamaSe moswavleebi TamaSze misasvlelad xSirad acdenen<br />
bolo gakveTils. maswavleblebi wuxan imis gamo, rom es moswavleebi SeiZleba<br />
CamorCnen danarCen moswavleebs.
literatura:<br />
Anderson, L. W. “Student Involvement in Learning and School Achievement.” California Journal of Educational<br />
Research 26 (March 1975): 53-62.<br />
Bloom, B. S. “Time and Learning.” American Psychologist 29 (September 1974): 682-688.<br />
Caldwell, J. H., W. G. Huitt, and A. O. Graeber, “Time Spent in Learning.” The Elementary School Journal 82/5<br />
(1982): 371-480.<br />
Dishaw, M. “Descriptions of Allocated Time to Content Areas for the A-B Period.” Beginning Teacher Evalua-<br />
tion Study Technical Note Series, Technical Note IV-2a. San Francisco: Far West Laboratory for Educational<br />
Research and Development, 1977.<br />
Engel, B. S. Informal Evaluation. Grand Forks, N.D.: University of North Dakota Press, 1977.<br />
Evertson, C. “Differences in Instructional Activities in High and Low Achieving Junior High School Classes.”<br />
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, Mass.,<br />
April 1980.<br />
Evertson, C. “Differences in Instructional Activities in Higher- and Lower-Achieving Junior High English and<br />
Math Classes.” Elementary School Journal 82/4 (1982): 329-350.<br />
Fisher, C. W. et al. Teaching Behaviors, Academic Learning Time and Student Achievement: Final Report on<br />
Phase IH-B, Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study. San Francisco: Far West Regional Laboratory, 1978.<br />
Hillerich, R. L. “That’s Teaching Spelling???” Educational Leadership (May 1982): 615-517.<br />
Karweit, N., and R. E. Slavin, “Measurement and Modelings Choices in Studies of Time and Learning.” Educational<br />
Research Journal 18/2 (Summer 1981): 157-172.<br />
Leinhardt, G., N. Zigmond, and W. M. Corley. “Reading Instruction and Its Effects.” American Educational<br />
Research Journal 18/3 (Fall 1981): 343-361.<br />
Powell, M., and M. Dishaw, “A Realistic Picture of Reading Instructional Time.” Reading Research Quarterly<br />
(1981).<br />
Rim, E., and A. Coller. Ln Search of Nonlinear Process-Product Functions in Existing Schooling Effects Data: A<br />
Reanalysis of the First-Grade Reading and Mathematics Data from the Stallings and Kaskowitz Follow<br />
Through Study. Philadelphia: Research for Better Schools, Inc., 1982.<br />
Rosenshine, B. V. “How Time is Spent in Elementary Classrooms.” Journal of Classroom Interaction 17/1 (Winter<br />
1981): 16-25.<br />
Stallings, J. A. “Allocated Academic Learning Time Revisited, or Beyond Time on Task.” Educational Researcher<br />
9/11 (December 1980).<br />
Stallings, J. A., and D. H. Kaskowitz. “FollowThrough Classroom Observation j Evaluation, 1972-1973.” Menlo<br />
Park, Calif.n: Stanford Research Institute, 1974.<br />
dro<br />
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6<br />
rutina<br />
romeli proceduruli rutinaa<br />
mniSvnelovani, rogor miviRoT misgan<br />
maqsimaluri sargebeli?<br />
gasagebi komunikacia da standartebi<br />
rogor SevusabamoT rutina miznebs
utina<br />
ra iqneboda yoveldRiuri cxovreba iseTi rutinis gareSe, rogoricaa adgoma da<br />
dRisaTvis momzadeba; saxlsa da samsaxurSi mniSvnelovani nivTebis povna da daxarisxeb;<br />
garkveuli ganmeorebiTi saqmeebis keTeba? sityvaSi `rutina~ vgulisxmobT<br />
nebismier ganmeorebiT movlenas an situacias, romlisTvisac, SesaZloa, arsebobdes Cveuli<br />
procedura.<br />
cxadia, rom rutina mniSvnelovania Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. yvelas gvaqvs asobiT<br />
rutinuli saqme, romelsac meqanikurad, gaucnobiereblad vasrulebT; es saqmeebi erTmaneTzea<br />
`akinZuli~, avtomaturad sruldeba da ufro gaazrebuli da saintereso proeqtebisaTvis<br />
gviTavisuflebs dros. igive iTqmis rutinis rolze klasis cxovrebis organizebaSi.<br />
kargi rutina mniSvnelovania warmatebuli saklaso cxovrebisaTvis. roca rutina cudad aris<br />
dagegmili, mas dezorganizacia, arasaxarbielo tempi da xSirad disciplinis problemebi mohyveba.<br />
saklaso oTaxis rutina efeqtiani da gasagebi unda iyos. moswavleebma unda icodnen rutinis<br />
arsi da misi Sesruleba. winamdebare TavSi am or cnebasa da im mosazrebas SevexebiT,<br />
rom rutinas SeuZlia swavlebis xelSewyoba. rutina Tavad SeiZleba gaxdes saswavlo gegma<br />
misi konkretuli miznebisa da masSi moqceuli codnis wyalobiT.<br />
rutinis parametri klasis rutinis mraval saxeobas moicavs. zogierTi meurneobas ukavSirdeba<br />
(mag., daswreba, lanCisa da rZis xarjebis daTvla, maragis SeZena da/an movla, fexsacmelebisa<br />
da pijakebis movla, dasufTaveba, wasaxemseblis ganawileba). zogi rutina klasis<br />
biznesis marTvas ukavSirdeba (mag., gancxadebis<br />
gakeTeba, xmauris donis kontroli, oTaxidan<br />
gasvla, rigis dacva da rigSi mdgomTa raodenobis<br />
zRvrebi, gakveTilis pirvel 10 wuTSi Sesas-<br />
rulebeli saqmianoba, skamebis, makratlebis, saweri kalmebisa da sxva sagnebis mowesrigeba).<br />
zogi rutina ki SromiTs wes-Cveulebebsa da SromiTs procedurebs ukavSirdeba (mag., jdomis<br />
wesi, sityvebis marTlweris swavla, laboratoriis danadgarebis, dafis gamoyenebis procedurebi,<br />
wignze moxsenebisTvis formis SerCeva, maswavleblis mier cxrilisa da movlenaTa<br />
kalendris Semowmeba, roca moswavleebi amzadeben zepir moxsenebas an semestrul naSroms).<br />
yvela am rutinis ostaturad Sesruleba klasis organizebisa da marTvis mniSvnelovani sa-<br />
Sualebaa.<br />
gasagebi komunikacia da standartebi<br />
rutinas SeuZlia swavlebis xelSewyoba masSi<br />
moqceuli codnis wyalobiT.<br />
rutina rom maqsimalurad sargebliani iyos saWiroa maswavlebelma gasagebad asxnas misi<br />
arsi. rutinis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT dasmuli SekiTxvebi, pirvel rigSi, molodins exeba:<br />
kargad ician Tu ara moswavleebma, ras moelian maTgan procedurebisa da rutinis TvalsazrisiT?<br />
ician Tu ara, ra unda gaakeTon? rutinis gasagebad axsna moicavs Semdeg<br />
91
Tavi 6<br />
aspeqtebs:<br />
92<br />
¤ pirdapiri: moswavleTa yuradRebis mipyroba uSualod ru ti naze.<br />
¤ specifikuri: axsnilia yvela mniSvnelovani detali.<br />
¤ ganmeorebiTi: imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom moswavleebma aiTvi ses.<br />
¤ gadacemulia dadebiTi molodiniT: `Tqven amas SeZlebT~ miniSnebiT.<br />
¤ modelirebuli.<br />
¤ daJinebuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom mudmivad (gonierebis farglebSi) mivmarTavT rutinas,<br />
sanam moswavleebi daostatdebian.<br />
¤ Tanmimdevruli: gansakuTrebiT im TvalsazrisiT, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> reagirebs, roca<br />
rutinis mimarT molodini ar marTldeba.<br />
molodinis parametris Sesaxeb gamoyenebuli msjeloba rutinis ZiriTadi standartebis<br />
marTebulobisa da maTi individebisa Tu jgufebis Sesatyvisobis Sesamowmebladac<br />
gamogvadgeba. amitom, molodinis standartebis msgavsad, rutinis standartebi SeiZleba qvemoT<br />
moyvanili skalis mixedviT ganvixiloT (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Tavi `molodini~):<br />
¤ ar arsebobs arc erTi.<br />
¤ ramdenime Tanamimdevruli standarti gamoiyeneba.<br />
¤ dabali: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> imaze naklebs iTxovs moswavleebisagan, vidre maT SeuZliaT.<br />
¤ Zalze maRali: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> metismetad bevrs iTxovs moswavleebisagan.<br />
¤ saSualo: standartebi Sesaferisia moswavleTa umravlesobisaTvis.<br />
¤ STamagonebel-bundovani: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> axdens moswavleTa motivirebas, magram maTi<br />
qcevis standartebi bundovania.<br />
¤ maRali, magram keTilgonivruli: standartebi Zalze maRalia, magram moswavleebs ZaluZT<br />
maTi miRweva.<br />
akademiuri samuSaos msgavsad, maswavleblisa da moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom rutinis<br />
standartebi Seesabamebodes yoveli individisa da jgufis saWiroebebs. (ix. me-11 Tavi<br />
standartebis morgebis sxvadasxva doneebis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis.)<br />
am sakiTxebis amowurvis Semdeg, ukve mzad varT axal Temaze gadasasvlelad. kerZod, ra<br />
aris TviT rutina? ratom aris is aseTi da rogor SeiZleba misgan maqsimaluri sargeblis<br />
miReba?<br />
rogor SevusabamoT rutina miznebs<br />
saklaso oTaxis rutinis xasiaTi ganisazRvreba maswavleblis mier uaris TqmiT, molaparakebiT<br />
an pirdapir. SeiZleba gamovyoT maswavleblis mier rutinis gamoyenebis Svidi done:<br />
1. araviTari tradiciebi an procedurebi Sesabamisi movlenebisaTvis: maswavleblis myisieri<br />
reaqciebi.<br />
2. daugegmavad Sesrulebuli ramdenime tradicia.<br />
3. stabiluri rutina yvelaze Sesaferisi movlenebisaTvis, Cveulebriv, wvrTnis safuZvelze.<br />
4. stabiluri da maRalefeqtiani rutina yvela Sesaferisi movlenisaTvis.<br />
5. cvalebadi rutina: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cvlis, cdis, iyenebs alternatiul formebs.<br />
6. rutina morgebulia jgufze.
7. rutina Seesabameba individebis xasiaTs da dakavSirebulia maTs miznebTan.<br />
rutina<br />
es skala moicavs pasuxebis speqtrs kiTxvaze: ratom aris Cveni rutina swored aseTi? rutina<br />
SeiZleba efeqtianad da qmediTad emsaxurebodes zogad mizans _ SesZinos moswavleebs<br />
usafrTxoebis grZnoba garkveuli ganmeorebadi movlenebis winaswar gansazRvrisas. SeiZleba<br />
gansazRvros ufro specifikuri miznebi jgufebis an mTeli klasisTvis, rogoricaa moswavleebis<br />
mier wakiTxuli wignebis rutinulad Setana JurnalSi, raTa maT garkveuli pasuxismgebloba<br />
CamouyalibdeT Canawerebis warmoebis formaze da monawileoba miiRon wakiTxuli<br />
wignebis saerTo anbanuri saZieblis SeqmnaSi; jgufebisTvis oTaxis nawilis dasufTavebis<br />
davaleba, jgufuri pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibebis mizniT, Sromis ganawilebis mogvareba<br />
da im individebTan urTierToba, romlebic uars amboben samuSaos sakuTari wilis Sesrulebaze.<br />
Mmaswavlebelma SeZleba Seiqmnas an moargos rutina konkretuli individebis miznebs. magaliTad,<br />
dawyebiT klasSi timma SeiZleba yoveli dRe ramdenime skamis CamoRebiT daiwyos da<br />
Semdeg xeze an Tixaze muSaobas Seudges, rasac motoruli datvirTva eqneba. ufro maRal klas-<br />
Si, roca moswavleebma rutinulad unda Seamowmon SeniSvnebis dafa dilis davalebebTan an<br />
wina samuSaos SedegebTan dakavSirebiT, klaras SeiZleba individualurad `misalmeba~, SeniSvnebis<br />
dafasTan `eskorti~, an am informaciis Semcveli sakuTari saqaRalde sWirdebodes.<br />
meaTeklasel margarets SeiZleba yuradRebis koncentraciis mizniT yoveli damoukidebeli<br />
mecadineobis Semdeg, Sedegebis Sesaxeb Canaweris warmoeba movTxovoT. marvins, organizebulobisa<br />
da gakveTilze droulad misvlis Cvevis gamomuSavebis mizniT, SeiZleba gakveTilis<br />
win jgufuri muSaobisaTvis avejis dalageba vTxovoT.<br />
proceduruli rutinis es magaliTi sxvadasxva mizans isaxavs. zogierTi Rirebul mizans<br />
_ efeqtianobas _ emsaxureba. zogi impulss ukavSirdeba; aq swored aseTi efeqtianoba igulisxmeba<br />
_ movlenebis efeqtiani dineba dayovnebis gareSe. gTavazobT erTi aseTi rutinis<br />
magaliTs:<br />
dasrulebul samuSaos vdeb Taroze `Semosulebi~; is rveulebi, romlebsac Semowmeba<br />
sWirdeba, pirvel gverdze rCeba gadaSlili. es moxsnis problemas `ra unda vuyo am rveulebs?~<br />
zogi rutina gamiznulia kognituri swavlis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad. magaliTad, akademiur<br />
swavlaze orientirebuli rutina:<br />
sityvaTa banki da sityvaTa saqaRalde moicavs im sityvebs, romelTa marTlwerac<br />
moswavleebs uZneldebaT. moswavle poulobs sityvis swor marTlweras, wers<br />
mas patara furcelze da amagrebs sityvaTa bankis kedelze dakidebul ocdaeqvsjibian<br />
(anbanis yoveli asosaTvis) nakrebSi. furclebi mogvianebiT sityvaTa<br />
mudmiv saqaRaldeSi lagdeba, marTlweraSi Semdgomi davalebis Sesasruleblad.<br />
rutinaTa mesame jgufi gviCvenebs, ra damatebiTi sargebeli SeiZleba mogvces rutinam<br />
misi gonivruli da mizanmimarTuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. aseTi rutina aaSkaravebs imas,<br />
rasac bevri `SeniRbul saswavlo gegmas~ uwodebs:<br />
arapirdapiri pirovnuli da socialuri<br />
daswavla, romelsac moswavleebi ubralod<br />
konkretul gakveTilze daswrebiT axorcie-<br />
rutiniT SeiZleba damatebiTi sargebeli _<br />
`SeniRbuli saswavlo gegma~ miviRoT.<br />
leben. `pirovnuli swavla~ gulisxmobs sakuTari Tavis an zogierTi unaris Sesaxeb raRacis<br />
gagebas, rac ufro xasiaTis Camoyalibebis da ara unar-Cvevis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
SeiZleba aRvweroT. `socialuri swavla~ migvaniSnebs moswavleebis mier sxva adamianebis,<br />
jgufebis, an xalxis (TanamSromloba, gaziareba) Sesaxeb raRacis gagebas. aseTi rutinis magaliTia:<br />
93
Tavi 6<br />
94<br />
me pirvel moswavles viZaxeb wasakiTxad, is, Tavis mxriv, momdevno mkiTxvels iZaxebs.<br />
am gziT erTveba moswavleTa ufro didi procentuli raodenoba da wamoi-<br />
Wreba samarTlianobisa (biWebma mxolod biWebi ar unda gamoiZaxon) da kiTxvis<br />
diferencialuri unarebis gaazrebis sakiTxebi.<br />
Cveni azriT, maswavleblebs SeZlebisdagvarad gaazrebuli da gansazRvruli unda hqondeT<br />
TavianTi `SeniRbuli~ saswavlo gegma, raSic maT swored es parametri daexmarebaT. survilis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblebi SeZleben, rom maTeuli rutina mravali miznis samsaxurSi<br />
Caayenon.
u t i n a - S e j a m e b a<br />
1. gadaxedeT rutinis komunikaciis Tqvens mier gamoyenebul aspeqtebs. SegiZliaT<br />
Tu ara iseTi SemTxvevis gaxseneba, romelic gaamyarebs Tqvens naTqvams an qmedebas.<br />
_ pirdapiri<br />
_ specifikuri<br />
_ ganmeorebiTi<br />
_ dadebiTi molodiniT<br />
_ modelirebuli<br />
_ daJinebuli<br />
_ Tanamimdevruli<br />
2. SemoxazeT erTi Sesabamisi. standartebi, romlebsac rutina moicavs aris:<br />
arc erTi<br />
ramdenime Tanamimdevruli<br />
dabali<br />
metismetad maRali<br />
saSualo<br />
STamagonebel-bundovani<br />
3. Sesatyvisoba: SemoxazeT Sesrulebis Sesatyvisi done.<br />
araviTari rutina<br />
ramdenime daugegmavi rutina<br />
stabiluri rutina<br />
maRali, magram misaRebi<br />
stabiluri da maRalefeqtiani rutina<br />
cvalebadi rutina, alternativebi<br />
jgufis Sesatyvisi rutina<br />
individebis Sesatyvisi rutina<br />
r u t i n a - S e j a m e b a<br />
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u t i n a - s a v a r j i S o<br />
maswavleblis repertuarSi arsebuli miznobrivi rutinis mravalferovnebis<br />
sailustraciod mocemulia magaliTebi. daaxarisxeT yoveli rutina im zogadi<br />
miznis mixedviT, romelsac, Tqveni azriT, is emsaxureba: tempi; akademiuri;<br />
pirovnuli da socialuri swavla. savarjiSo dagexmarebaT ganimtkicoT is<br />
miznebi, romelic SesaZloa sxvadasxva rutinas edos safuZvlad.<br />
dDaxarisxebis Semdeg, dafiqrdiT Tqvens mier gamoyenebul rutinaze. tempTan<br />
dakavSirebul ra rutinas iyenebT? romelia dakavSirebuli kognitur swavlebasTan?<br />
romeli uwyobs xels konkretul pirovnul an socialur swavlas? arsebobs<br />
Tu ara rutinis ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebis sxva saSualeba?<br />
qvemoT gTavazobT maswavleblis mier mowodebul ramdenime realur rutinas.<br />
(zogierT maTganze komentari frCxilebSi gavakeTeT). daaxarisxeT isini Semdegi<br />
kategoriebis mixedviT:<br />
¤ tempi<br />
¤ akademiuri<br />
¤ pirovnuli an socialuri swavleba (SemoklebiT ps)<br />
arCevanis gasaadvileblad hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs rutinis arsisa da daniSnulebis<br />
Sesaxeb. Tqveni azriT, am sami kategoriidan es mizani romels ufro<br />
Seesabameba. SeiZleba zogierTi or kategoriasac Seesabamebodes. saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, gadaxedeT teqstSi gamoyenebul magaliTebs. pasuxebi mocemulia<br />
am nawilis boloSi.<br />
1. `damatebiTi qula damatebiT namuSevarze: Tu moswavle adre daamTavrebs<br />
maTematikis an kiTxvis davalebas, maqvs damatebiTi `saxaliso~ davalebebi, romelic<br />
Cvens mier naswavli koncefciis ganmtkicebas an ganvrcobas emsaxureba.<br />
davalebebis nakrebs im moswavles vaZlev, romelmac pirvelma daasrula. Semdeg<br />
sxva moswavleebs veubnebi, rom damatebiTi davalebebis miReba am pirveli<br />
moswavlisgan SeuZliaT, rac garkveul damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs<br />
pirvel moswavles da maTavisuflebs sxva jgufisTvis damatebiTi davalebebis<br />
micemisgan~.<br />
2. `roca sadme mivdivarT, win mimaval moswavles vTxov karis daWeras, romelic<br />
yvelas gaatarebs da rigis bolos dgeba. amiT gamovricxav pirvelobisTvis<br />
`brZolas~, radgan vinc pirveli iyo, bolo aRmoCndeba. xSirad arc meoreobisTvis<br />
`ibrZvian~, radgan, Cveulebriv, ramdenime karebSi gavdivarT xolme~.<br />
3. `yoveli Tvis dasawyisSi moswavleebs axal fanqars vaZlevT. gamonaklisis<br />
garda, maT axali Semdeg Tvemde aRar eZlevaT (unda iTxovon an saxlidan moitanon).<br />
amiT Tavidan vicilebT fanqrebis daudevrad dayras~.<br />
4. `moTxrobaTa saqaRaldeebi Seicavs moswavleTa namuSevrebis meoreul monaxazebs.<br />
yvela moswavles aqvs saSualeba gadaikiTxos Zveli naweri, SeamCnios<br />
winsvla da ubralod siamovneba miiRos sakuTari namuSevriT. aseve sasargebloa<br />
es saqaRaldeebi konferenciebisTvis~.<br />
5. `CemTan, rogorc specialistTan, mosul yovel moswavles aqvs saqaRalde,<br />
romelSic inaxavs dasrulebul an dasamTavrebel namuSevrebs. es saqaRaldeebi<br />
inaxeba rZis plastikur yuTSi TiToeuli jgufisaTvis muxis etiketis gamyofe-<br />
r u t i n a - s a v a r j i S o<br />
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biT. gakveTilis win moswavleebi iReben masalebs yuTidan. saqaRaldeebTan er-<br />
Tad SeiZleba SevinaxoT sia, romelSic miTiTebulia wakiTxuli wignebi, gamoyenebuli<br />
masalebi, gakveTilebis cxrili da sxva saWiro informacia~.<br />
6. `yovel paraskevs diliT, vjdebi moswavlesTan, romelsac winaswar virCev [savaraudod,<br />
yovel kvira sxvadasxvasTan]. Cven erTad vakeTebT [klasis] yovelkvireuli<br />
gazeTis samuSao variantis monaxazs. me vTavazob statiis monaxazs,<br />
xolo moswavle gamarTavs teqsts. Semdeg gadawers mas originalze. es moswavlisaTvis<br />
weraSi dadebiT gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs. aris patara teqnikuri<br />
riski da ukukavSiri xels uwyobs weris sxva saxeebs~.<br />
7. `es aseve uzrunvelyofs xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi periodul individualur<br />
muSaobas yovel moswavlesTan. akademiuri/saxaliso aqtivoba ki iZleva<br />
moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris urTierTobis damyarebis saSualebas, rac<br />
mniSvnelovania kargad swavlebisTvis. is saklaso oTaxSi mcire sazogadoebis<br />
Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobasac gvaZlevs; statiebi SeiZleba Seexebodes uSualod<br />
klass, mis wevrebs, maT mierve Seqmnil nivTebs, wina kviras gadamxdar ambebs.<br />
Aamrigad, gazeTi klasis garkveul istorias qmnis da SeiZleba wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
iqmnebodes. Yyvela mouTmenlad elodeba mis gamosvlas _ is xom maT<br />
Sesaxebaa!”<br />
8. `kidev erTi xerxi, romelic moswavleebs maTematikaSi dafaze muSaobisas exmareba.<br />
maTematikis dauxazav furclebze muSaobisas, muSaobis dawyebamde,<br />
vuxsni qaRaldis dakecvas. ase iqmneba ujrebi amocanebisTvis, rac furclis<br />
organizebaSi exmareba. es aris aseve gakveTili kvadratSi ayvanaSi~.<br />
9. `zogierTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> amtkicebs, rom maTematikaSi muSaoba mxolod did<br />
ujrebian qaRaldze SeiZleba, romelic moswavleebs svetebis organizebasa da<br />
sworad ganlagebaSi exmareba. Semdeg isini amcireben ujrebis zomas da TandaTanobiT<br />
amcireben ujrebiani qaRaldis gamoyenebas. isini moiTxoven, rom<br />
moswavleebma swor xazze da organizebulad imuSaon.”<br />
10. `dafaze grZelvadiani davalebebis gakvra Sesabamisi vadebiT, rac moswavleebisgan<br />
Tavisufal dros am davalebebze muSaobas moiTxovs, maT davalebis Sesrulebisas<br />
sakuTari drois organizebaze pasuxismgeblobas aswavlis. davalebaTa<br />
nusxis xSirad gadamowmeba maT mocemul droSi `Catevas~ aswavlis~.<br />
11. `es rutina miznad isaxavs, rom moswavleebmaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEBMAEEEEEEBMAEEEEE iswavlon EEEETavianTi drois marTva<br />
_ proeqtebis dagegmva Semadgenel nawilebad da davalebebis dayofa<br />
drois periodebis mixedviT, raTa maT SeZlon micemul droSi Cateva. SesaZloa<br />
bavSvebma Tavidan ver SeZlon drois marTva da amitom procedurebma unda uzrunvelyos<br />
swavleba an Sesatyvisi strategiebi. strategiis pirveli nawili<br />
aris vadiani davalebis micema, rac moswavles warmatebis miRwevis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs da aseve aswavlis Rirseul damarcxebas. maswavlebelma SeiZleba dasvas<br />
kiTxvebi: `rogor/ra iswavleT am gamocdilebiT? SeZlebT Tu ara da rogor moagvarebT<br />
momavalSi msgavs problemas?~ individebisTvis am kiTxvebis dasasmelad<br />
unda momzaddes pirobebi. zogierTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> drodadro amowmebs,<br />
ra warmatebebs miaRwies moswavleebma grZelvadiani davalebis SesrulebaSi.<br />
maT SeiZleba Semoinaxon garkveuli Tavisufali dro an gakveTilis dro, yovel<br />
moswavlesTan Sesaxvedrad da winsvlaze sasaubrod. es mokle Semowmebebi,<br />
rogorc iTqva, emsaxureba informaciis miRebas mimdinare muSaobis Sesaxeb da<br />
zogierTi zarmaci moswavlis motivirebas muSaobis dasawyebad. amave dros es<br />
SeiZleba iyos kerZo swavlebis, axsnis an direqtivebis xelaxali micemis Ses-
aZlebloba. drois marTvisa da organizebis swavlebisas Cndeba kiTxva: Tqveneuli<br />
procedurebis ra aspeqti exmareba moswavleebs swavlaSi, garda imisa,<br />
rom maT akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas ubralod grZelvadian davalebebis SesrulebisTvis?]<br />
12. `kviraSi samjer klass aqvs Cumad kiTxvis dro. isini survilisamebr kiTxuloben<br />
wignebs, statiebs da sxva masalebs. periodis bolos im dRes wakiTxuli masalis<br />
saTauri da TariRi SeaqvT nusxaSi, romelic maT saqaRaldeSi inaxeba. me<br />
bavSvebs vawarmoebineb am Canawers da vagroveb furclebs, daaxloebiT, TveSi<br />
erTxel. es mexmareba maT arCevanze dakvirvebaSi. Tavad bavSvebs ki, vfiqrob,<br />
wakiTxulis raodenobis gacnobierebaSi exmareba. zogierTisTvis es namdvili<br />
stimulia!~<br />
13. `nusxaSi `dRevandeli samuSaoebi~ CamoTvlilia yoveldRiuri samuSaoebi [didi<br />
plakati, moswavleebis saxelebi da gvarebi, samuSaos saxeebi Tavfurcelze.<br />
moswavleebs SeuZliaT naxon TavianTi saxelisa da gvaris gaswavriv maTTvis<br />
gankuTvnili davalebebi]. es cxrili yoveldRiuri davalebebis individualizaciis<br />
saSualebaa. moswavleebs yoveldRiurad Sesasrulebeli saqmianobisTvis<br />
pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. isini aRniSnaven davalebebs maTi dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg, rac maT TviTkontrolis unars uviTarebs~.<br />
14. `xSirad Zalze efeqtiania ramdenime moswavlisTvis klasSi individualuri<br />
muSaoba, cxrilis Sedgena. moswavles es cxrili mudam Tan aqvs da aRniSnavs<br />
imas, rac Sesruldeba. maswavlebelTan molaparakebis Semdeg moswavles aseve<br />
Seaqvs is aqtivobebi, romelTa keTebac gansakuTrebiT uyvars. cxrili SeiZleba<br />
moicavdes erTi dRidan erT kviramde periods.”<br />
15. `roca moswavleebs gakveTilze gamovarCev xolme raime gansakuTrebulis gasakeTeblad,<br />
magaliTad, ritmul instrumentze dasakravad, xSirad vcvli ar-<br />
Cevanis rutinas. monawileTa gansazRvrisTvis: (1) rigidan nomrebis mixedviT<br />
viZaxeb; (2) viwyeb klasis siis Tavidan an bolodan; (3) romlebmac ukve daukres,<br />
vTxov miscen instrumenti `wynar~ moswavles, romelsac jer ar daukravs.”<br />
16. `yovelkvireuli dasufTaveba. paraskevs, SuadRisas, moswavleebs saklaso<br />
oTaxis garkveuli nawilis dasufTavebas an mowesrigebas vavaleb. monacvleobiT<br />
vaZlev samuSaos, zogjer SeiZleba arc davavalo da am SemTxvevaSi isini<br />
TavianT merxebs an rveulebs asworeben. Sedegad sufTa, dalagebul saklaso<br />
oTaxs da TanamSromlobas viRebT~.<br />
17. `mieciT moswavleebs axali sityvebis swavlis sami variantidan erT-erTis ar-<br />
Cevani: baraTebi, sityvis dawera samjer Tavisi mniSvnelobiT an `gadasaxedi<br />
furclis~ Seqmna Tavisi mniSvnelobiT sityvis saswavlad da warmosaTqmelad.<br />
es exmareba moswavleebs, iswavlon damaxsovrebis alternatiuli gzebi da imedia,<br />
aRmoaCenen maTTvis ufro efeqtians”.<br />
18. `xSirad vamzadeb TvalsaCinoebebs drois organizebisTvis, roca moswavleebi<br />
modian da emzadebian gakveTilisTvis. slaidi SeiZleba Seicavdes testebs unarebis<br />
gasaxseneblad, miTiTebebs aqtivobisTvis, romelSic SeiZleba CarTuli<br />
iyos specialuri furclis momzadeba (e.i. mindvrebi, danomrva, a.S.) momavali<br />
samuSaosaTvis, sityvebis sia, romelic unda gadaiweron rveulebSi, an miTiTebebi<br />
specifikuri jgufuri samuSaosTvis. slaidis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi vu-<br />
TiTeb dros, roca zednadebi gamoirTveba. Mmoswavleebma ician, rom maTgan<br />
moveli slaidze miTiTebuli samuSaos dasrulebas am droisTvis.<br />
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19. aRmovaCine, rom es teqnika xels uwyobs gakveTilze droulad mosvlas, uzrunvelyofs<br />
moswavleTa yuradRebis koncentracias, xolo me saSualebas maZlevs<br />
mivxedo rutinul sakiTxebs ise, rom moswavleebi ar gaerTon saubarSi an sxva<br />
saqmianobiT da daviwyo gakveTili~.<br />
20. `Cems magidaze maqvs dekoratiuli Tunuqis kolofi warweriT `SeniSvnebi saxlidan~.<br />
bavSvebma kolofSi unda Cadon saxlidan wamoRebuli SeniSvnebi. es sa-<br />
Sualebas maZlevs, ar Sevwyvito saqmianoba yovel jerze, roca bavSvi SeniSvnis<br />
furcliT modis, xolo bavSvebs saSualeba aqvT damoukideblad Cadon SeniSvna<br />
yuTSi, Tu me dakavebuli var.”<br />
21. `zogierTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> klasSic iyenebs msgavs saSualebas maSin, roca moswavleebisTvis<br />
Znelia maswavleblis yuradRebis mipyroba an roca piradi Setyobineba<br />
aqvT, romlis dawera ufro eadvilebaT, vidre Tqma. am SemTxvevaSic<br />
maswavlebels unda axsovdes, rom periodulad Caixedos SeniSvnebis kolofSi.<br />
aseTi praqtikis regularulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebs ar eqnebaT<br />
dabrkoleba maswavlebelTan urTierTobisas.”<br />
22. `xelovnebis oTxTvalas yovelTvis feradi fanqrebis, pastebisa da markerebis<br />
naxevari raodenoba `moaqvs~. aqtivobis mizani ganawileba da ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobaa.~<br />
23. `Cven sagangebod `viwvevT~ deficits, rom moswavleebs masTan gamklaveba vaswavloT.<br />
aseTi deficiti maswavleblisganac moiTxovs kargi Suamavlobis unars.<br />
aq upriania aqtiuri mosmena _ glaseriseuli midgoma `ris gakeTebas apireb<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT~ (ix. Tavi `disciplina~.<br />
24. `roca erTi an ori moswavle samuSaos dasrulebis stadiaSia (es aris marTvadi,<br />
proeqtze orientirebuli klasi), xdeba axali gakveTilis gacnoba [yvelasaTvis;<br />
savaraudod <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iTxovs yvelas yuradRebas da acnobs axal<br />
proeqts]. axali masalebi magidazea ise, rom moswavleebs SeuZliaT axali proeqtis<br />
dawyeba damoukideblad, roca Zvelis dasrulebis Semdeg. dasrulebuli<br />
produqtebi ideba karadaSi. Semdeg im bavSvebs, romelTac daasrules,<br />
dasrulebuli proeqtis momdevno logikur nabijs vuCveneb (gamdidreba).<br />
vTavazob arCevans, daiwyon axali proeqti an erTi nabijiT win waiwion axlaxans<br />
dasrulebul proeqtSi. aTidan cxra SemTxvevaSi isini sakmaod motivirebulebi<br />
arian, rom gaagrZelon Zveli proeqti~.<br />
25. `proeqtze an laboratoriul samuSaoze orientirebul kursebze procedura<br />
klass aerTianebs, maSinac ki, roca moswavleebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli<br />
tempiT muSaoben da maswavlebels saSualeba aqvs damatebiTi masala SesTavazos<br />
maT, visac sWirdeba da amcirebs gakveTilidan gakveTilze gardamavali periodisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel areulobas.”<br />
26. `samuSao furclebs klasSi ori konkretuli moswavle arigebs. amiT Tavidan<br />
vicilebT darigebisTvis drois dakargvas~. [SesaZloa es ori adamiani wreSi<br />
maswavleblis sapirispiro mxares ijdes erTmaneTis gverdiT da furclebis<br />
gadacema erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT daiwyon.”<br />
27. `davalebebi isea dagegmili, rom moswavleebs erTmaneTis daxmarebis saSualebac<br />
aqvT da imavdroulad individualuri pasuxic moeTxovebaT. es xels uwyobs<br />
moswavleebs, iswavlon erTmaneTisagan da kanoniers xdis axdens klasSi<br />
Tanatolebis saubars, xdis ra mas samuSaosTan aris dakavSirebuli~.<br />
28. `erToblivi swavlis sakiTxi, davalebaTa da samuSao garemos produqtiulad
struqturireba ganxilulia me-15 TavSi.”<br />
29. `instrumentebi `musikamobilSi~ saamwyobo saxanZro brigadis stilSi rigdeba,<br />
raTa yovel moswavles hqondes instrumenti. instrumentebis moZraobis dros<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia darCes klasis wina nawilSi da ar dakargos tempi~.<br />
30. `es yovel moswavles garkveul rolsac aniWebs, Tumca, albaT, saWiroa varji-<br />
Si, gansakuTrebiT umcrosklaselebTan, raTa bavSvma, romelsac dauvardeba<br />
instrumenti, ar gamoiwvios `sacobi.”<br />
31. `moswavleebs sworad moaqvT gakveTilze wignebi `wignebis cxrilis~ mixedviT.<br />
mizani aris wignis daviwyebis gamo Tavis marTlebis Tavidan acileba”.<br />
32. `wignebis es cxrili SeiZleba gaikras karze an sxva TvalsaCino adgilas, rom<br />
moswavleebma dainaxon Semdegi gakveTilisTvis saWiro wignebi.”<br />
33. `daCqarebis motivaciisa da imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom moswavleebma daasrulon<br />
gameorebis, aqtivobebi weriTi proeqtebisTvis gancxadebebis an saklaso<br />
dafa dayaviT (damcavi an feradi lentiT) CarCoebis iseT seriad, rom saCveneblad<br />
gamoifinos moswavlis saboloo proeqti moswavlis saxelisa da gvaris<br />
miTiTebiT. samuSaos daamTavrebisa da Semowmebis Semdeg moswavleebs ufleba<br />
aqvT, gamofinon namuSevari maT pirad CarCoSi. es marTlac kargi ideaa! moswavleebs<br />
Zalian surT CarCoebis Sevseba~.<br />
34. `ori gogona an biWi monacvleobiT aris pasuxismgebeli diliT daswrebis aRricxvaze.<br />
es aviTarebs pasuxismgeblobasa da TanamSromlobas, me ki diliT moswavleebTan<br />
araoficialuri saubris saSualebas maZlevs da SemiZlia gavigo<br />
moswavlis cxovrebaSi bolo periodSi momxdari mniSvnelovani faqti~.<br />
35. `aq mniSvnelovania maswavleblis mizani: saswavlo dRis pirveli 5-10 wuTi ar<br />
dauTmos menejerul sakiTxebs da SeZlos individualuri kontaqtis damyareba<br />
moswavlesTan. am kontaqtis mizani SeiZleba iyos urTierTobis damyareba,<br />
informaciis miReba an yuradRebis momTxovni moswavlis `winaswar~ dakmayofileba,<br />
rom mogvianebiT aRar dasWirdes yuradRebis mipyroba da ar Seaferxos<br />
klasis ritmi.”<br />
36. `kviraSi an or kviraSi erTxel vatareb latareas da samuSaos vunawileb Cems moswavleebs.<br />
arCevanis mTeli procesi dakavSirebulia ariTmetikasTan, SansTan,<br />
arCevanTan, kiTxvasTan da a.S.”<br />
37. `skolis an mSoblebisTvis gamarTuli musikaluri warmodgenisas sruldeba<br />
Semdegi wesebi: (1) monawileebi midian erTi saaTiT adre da ikribebian erT<br />
oTaxSi makiaJisa da kostiumis bolo StrixebisTvis; (2) warmodgenamde auditoriaSi<br />
uSveben mxolod scenis menejers, ganaTebisa da scenis specialistebs;<br />
(3) roca yvela mzadaa, rolSi Sesasvlelad mRerian simRerebs warmodgenidan,<br />
iwyeben solo simRerebs, magram ar amTavreben; (4) warmodgenis dros yvela, vinc<br />
araa scenaze im wuTas, rCeba oTaxSi da ara scenis ukan an derefanSi; (5) yvela<br />
cdilobs iyos wynarad da ar ixmauros; (6) yvela mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli<br />
pasuxismgebelia sakuTari mxardamWeris gamo; (7) yoveli moswavle pasuxismgebelia<br />
sakuTar kostumze warmodgenis dawyebamde, misi damTavrebis Semdeg da<br />
mis Semdeg.”<br />
38. am kriteriumebis Sesruleba maqsimalurad kargi warmodgenis garantiaa~.<br />
39. `nebismieri statia adgilobrivi gazeTebidan, romelmac SeiZleba daainteresos<br />
moswavleebi an Seicavs maT saxelebsa da gvarebs, ikvreba gancxadebebis<br />
101
102<br />
dafaze. me aseve vakrav lanCis yovelkvireul menius, bavSvebisTvis saintereso<br />
sxvadasxva karikaturas, suraTs an leqss. bavSvebsac SeuZliaT moitanon samagrebi<br />
gasakvrelad. bavSvebs eamayebaT TavianTi saxelebisa da gvarebis danaxva<br />
dabeWdili saxiT. aqve SeiZleba gamovakraT maTi namuSevrebic~.<br />
40. [bolo fraza _ `gamovakraT maTi namuSevrebic~ _ am proceduras kognitur<br />
kategorias aniWebs. Tumca es yvelaferi SeiZleba saklaso oTaxSi sazogadoebis<br />
Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiTac ganvixiloT. dafa karTan kidia, mas xSirad<br />
xedaven da is saubris Temaa maSin, roca moswavleebi dgebian rigSi an ubralod<br />
Semodian oTaxSi. is erTgvari saubris stimulatoria. es wamoWris zogadad<br />
gamofenis sakiTxs da gvibiZgebs, miviRoT misgan maqsimaluri sargebeli, garda<br />
unar-Cvevebis ganmtkicebisa da mimzidvelobisa.”<br />
41. `roca moswavleebi CarTuli arian sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi, vsargeblob momentiT,<br />
swrafad gadavxedav oTaxs da viniSnav [furcelze] sad da visTanaa TiToeuli<br />
bavSvi. amiT konkretul informacias viReb bavSvebis mier masalebisa da<br />
megobrebis arCevis Sesaxeb. SemiZlia davinaxo, rogor formirdeba aqtivobis<br />
modelebi. es aseve miRviZebs konstruqciuli winadadebebis alRos da zogad<br />
aqtivobaSi da/an bavSvebTan gansxvavebuli koncefciis Setanis survils~.<br />
42. `SeniSvnebis Casawerad da Canawerebis sawarmoeblad klasis doneebis mixedviT,<br />
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT epizodebis rveulebi. am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebels ar<br />
uwevs drois Semonaxva dRis bolos, raTa dajdes da Caiweros sxvadasxva epizodebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli SeniSvnebi yovel moswavleze. mimdinare TariRi ewereba<br />
sias rveulSi da rCeba gadaSlili karadis, Taros an magidis Tavze. maswavleblebi<br />
weren sityvebs an frazebs moswavleebis saxelebisa da gvarebis gaswvriv.<br />
SeniSvnebi SeiZleba exebodes aqtivobebs, saqciels, unarebis saWiroebebs<br />
an TiTqmis nebismieri saxis qmedebas. Tu guSindeli dRis siis ukana mxare<br />
gamoiyeneba dRevandeli dRis gegmebis Casawerad an dasablokad, rveulis funqcia<br />
SeiZleba gaormagdes da gaxdes gegmebis wignic. SeniSvnebma moswavleTa<br />
saxelebisa da gvarebis gaswvriv SeiZleba maswavlebels konkretul moswavlesTan<br />
dagegmili saqmianoba Seaxsenos. isini TariRebis mixedviT moswavlis<br />
warmatebis mimdinare da Semajamebel Canawersac Seicavs. es aris monacemTa<br />
mdidari baza, romlis miRebac Znelia nebismieri sxva gziT da Zalian sasargebloa<br />
Sexvedrebis dros.”<br />
43. `Tu oTxi wyvilis an sxvagvar cekvaSi CarTulia sapirispiro sqesis partniori,<br />
vuxsni, rom: (1) biWebs TiToeul kvadratSi pirveli, meore, mesame da meoTxe adgilis<br />
Sevsebas vTxov; (2) Semdeg nomrebis mixedviT viZaxeb gogonebs da vTxov<br />
konkretul kvadratSi dadgomas im biWTan, romelsac aqvs Sesabamisi cifri; (3)<br />
yoveli cekvis Semdeg gogonebi gadadian sxva kvadratSi, magram inarCuneben<br />
imave cifris pozicias; (4) aravis aqvs ufleba gaakeTos Seuracxmyofeli komentarebi<br />
Tavisi an sxvisi partnioris Sesaxeb; (5) aravis vaZaleb cekvas; (6) moswavleebs,<br />
romlebic ar monawileoben, varwmuneb, rom SeuZliaT Semdeg gamovidnen<br />
da Tavad Seqmnan axali kvadrati an airCion partniori im wyvilidan, romelmac<br />
ukve icekva. es procedurebi xels uwyobs erTmaneTisTvis angariSis gawevas,<br />
gansakuTrebiT iseT situaciaSi, roca pirvelad cota uxerxulad grZnoben<br />
Tavs sapirispiro sqesTan siaxlovis gamo~.
1: tempi da akademiuri<br />
2: tempi<br />
3: ps<br />
4: akademiuri swavleba<br />
5: tempi<br />
6: ps da akademiuri swavleba<br />
7: akademiuri swavleba<br />
8: ps<br />
9: akademiuri swavleba<br />
10: ps<br />
11: tempi<br />
12: ps<br />
13: akademiuri swavleba<br />
14: tempi<br />
15: tempi<br />
16: ps<br />
17: tempi<br />
18: tempi<br />
19: ps<br />
20: tempi<br />
21: tempi<br />
22: akademiuri swavleba da ps<br />
23: ps da tempi<br />
24: akademiuri swavleba<br />
25: tempi<br />
26: akademiuri swavleba da ps<br />
27: tempi<br />
28: ps da tempi<br />
k i T x v a r i s p a s u x e b i<br />
103
Tavi 6<br />
104<br />
literatura:<br />
Randolph, N., and W. Howe. Self-Enhancing Education. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford Press, 1966.<br />
Taylor, J. Organizing the Open Classroom – A Teachers’ Guide to the Integrated Day. New York: Schocken<br />
Books, 1972.<br />
gansakuTrebuli SeniSvna<br />
Cven vafasebT im maswavlebelTa wvlils, romelTac gamoiCines keTili neba da<br />
gagviziares mosazreba zogierTi maTeuli rutinis Sesaxeb: nedain biSopi, stiv boberi,<br />
pegi baulbai, jef levini, en lindsei, barbara lifStadti, beti miurei, devid<br />
negrini, loren robinsi, seli springeri, jin Stameli, bil teiti, alan tikocki da<br />
jo volSi.
7<br />
disciplina<br />
rogor mivudgeT Zalze jiut<br />
moswavleebs?<br />
mizezebi<br />
molodinebi da Sedegebi<br />
moswavleTaTvis kontrolisa da<br />
pasuismgeblobis dakisreba<br />
disciplinis eqvsi modeli<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
reaqcia araswor saqcielze
I nawiliM<br />
Sesavali da mimoxilva<br />
disciplina<br />
,,ra unda gavakeToT imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma imuSaon, dro ar flangon da xeli ar<br />
SegviSalon?~ es disciplinis parametris yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia da bevr <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
did energias xarjavs mis gadasaWrelad; zogi sulac Tavs anebebs swavlebas, roca aRmoaCens,<br />
rom Tavs ver arTmevs disciplinis sakiTxebs. udavoa, rom kargi disciplina kargi<br />
ganaTlebis wina pirobaa; mTeli Cveni codna unda gamoviyenoT, rom udisciplinobis gamo<br />
maswavleblisa da moswavlis energiis fuW xarjvas bolo movuRoT. codnac gvaqvs da unaric<br />
Segvwevs, rom es sakiTxi movagvaroT da im sakiTxze gadavideT, romelic ufro metad ainteresebs<br />
maswavlebelTa umravlesobas: ,,rogor CamovayaliboT moswavleebSi TviTdisciplina da<br />
pasuxismgebloba?~<br />
am TavSi orive sakiTxs ganvixilavT, Tumca pirveliT daviwyebT. Tu moswavleebi uyuradRebod<br />
arian da xels gviSlian, amis mizezi qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erTi an ramdenime<br />
SeiZleba iyos:<br />
1. cudi zogadi menejmenti (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina, pirovnuli ur-<br />
TierTobis damyareba);<br />
2. Seusabamo samuSao _ metismetad Zneli, metismetad advili an moswavleTa swavlis<br />
stilisaTvis Seusabamo (miznebi, swavlis gamocdileba);<br />
3. mosawyeni swavleba (swavlis gamocdileba);<br />
4. damabneveli swavleba (sicxade);<br />
5. bundovani molodinebi da Sedegebi (molodini);<br />
6. moswavlis mier umweobis SegrZneba;<br />
7. fizikuri mizezebi;<br />
8. mosalodneli qcevis Sesrulebis arcodna;<br />
9. RirebulebaTa konfliqti;<br />
10. moswavleTa Tanamdevi mZime emociuri tvirTi (mag., sxva adamiani arwmunebs, rom ver<br />
miaRwevs warmatebas).<br />
sqema 7.1 warmogvidgens am mizezebsa da zogierT indikators. modiT, swrafad gadavxedoT<br />
10 mizezs, xolo ramdenime ufro mniSvnelovani detalurad ganvixiloT.<br />
107
Tavi 7<br />
pirveli oTxi mizezi dakavSirebulia sxva iseT parametrebTan, romelTagan zogierTi ukve<br />
ganvixileT. klasis menejmentis ZiriTadi parametrebis (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina,<br />
pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba) ugulebelyofas Sedegad disciplinis problemebi<br />
mohyveba. es is parametrebia, romelTac pirvel rigSi unda mivaqcioT yuradReba klasSi disciplinis<br />
problemebis gaCenisas, radgan usaqmod darCenili bavSvebi yovelTvis pouloben<br />
energiisa da SemoqmedebiTobis gamovlenis formebs da advili SesaZlebelia, es formebi miuRebeli<br />
aRmoCndes. (xangrZlivi mowyenilobis dros celqoba, albaT, gonebrivi sijansaRisa<br />
da fizikuri sicocxlisunarianobis niSania normalur bavSvebSi). amrigad, sivrcis, drois,<br />
tempisa da pirovnuli urTierTobis Camoyalibebis kompetenturi marTva kargi saqcielis<br />
wina pirobas qmnis. da piriqiT, maTi umarTaoba gonebagafantulobis, fragmentaciis, usaqmurobisa<br />
da guliswyromis pirobaa.<br />
am parametrebis kargad marTvis SemTxvevaSic ki, darwmunebuli unda viyoT, rom samu-<br />
Sao bavSvebis Sesatyvisia (miznebi). metismetad Zneli an metismetad advili samuSao imedgacruebis<br />
an mowyenilobis _ xelSemSleli qcevis wina pirobas safrTxes qmnis.<br />
saklaso garemo SeiZleba calkeuli moswavlisaTvis Seusabamo iyos da misma mcire cvlilebam<br />
SeiZleba Seamciros an aRmofxvras maTi problemebi. yvelaze aSkara cvladi klasSi<br />
struqturis xarisxia (Colarruso 1972). kargad struqturirebuli garemo moswavleebs nakleb<br />
arCevans utovebs imis Taobaze, ra aqtivoba Seasrulon, rodis, visTan da romel oTaxSi. cudad<br />
struqturirebul garemoSi (romelic, yvelafris miuxedavad, SeiZleba kargad dagegmili<br />
da organizebuli iyos) moswavleTa meti moZraoba da meti moqnilobaa im TvalsazrisiT,<br />
vin ras akeTebs da rodis. farTo arCevanis gamo moswavleebi ufro metad ageben pasuxs pirad<br />
ganrigze. amis msgavsad, moswavleebs smeniTi da mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis xarisxis kontrolic<br />
SeuZliaT. ,,maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi~ tomas gordons (Thomas Gordon<br />
1974) garemos modificirebis sxva gzebic aqvs warmodgenili (kategoriebSi `gamdidreba~, `ga-<br />
Raribeba~, `SezRudva~, `gazrda~, `gadawyoba~, `gaadvileba~ da `sistematizacia~). moswavleTa<br />
qcevis gaumjobesebis gzebis Ziebisas, unda gadavxedoT Cvens mier maTTvis Seqmnili garemos<br />
Sesabamisobasac. saWiroa, davfiqrdeT, xom ar uwyobs (SeSlis nacvlad) es garemo xels<br />
problemebs. garemos Secvlis mizani misi imgvarad mowyobaa, rom gaviTvaliswinoT bavSvebis<br />
sisusteebi da xeli SevuSaloT usaqcielobas.<br />
dabolos, zogierT klasSi gakveTilis erTi da imave formatis an aqtivobaTa struqturebis<br />
(zedmeti swavleba, zedmeti davalebebi) yoveldRiuri gamoyenebac SeiZleba gaxdes<br />
mowyenilobisa da arasasurveli qcevis mizezi. sirTuleebi kargi zogadi menejmentisa da<br />
misaRebi sirTulis swavlebis SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba iyos.<br />
108
fizikuri<br />
mizezebi<br />
moswavlis<br />
mier umweobis<br />
gancda<br />
bundovani<br />
molodinebi<br />
da Sedegebi<br />
damabneveli<br />
swavleba<br />
(sicxade)<br />
mosawyeni<br />
aqtivobebi<br />
cudi tempi Seusabamo<br />
samuSao (miznebi)<br />
mizezi SesamCnevi<br />
Sedegi<br />
mZime emociuri<br />
tvirTi<br />
(mag., dabali<br />
TviTSefaseba)<br />
mosalodneli<br />
saqcielis<br />
Sesrulebis<br />
arcodna<br />
RirebulebaTa<br />
konfliqti<br />
droisa da<br />
sivrcis cudi<br />
menejmenti<br />
cudad<br />
Camoyalibebuli<br />
pirovnuli<br />
urTierToba<br />
carieli<br />
gamoxedva,<br />
dumili,<br />
uamravi<br />
SekiTxva<br />
drois<br />
flangva<br />
avtoritarizmi<br />
fuWad<br />
gatarebuli<br />
dro,<br />
dayovneba<br />
araTanamimdevruloba<br />
igiveoba<br />
mudmivad xelis<br />
SemSleli<br />
moswavle<br />
xSiri dasja<br />
xelis SeSla,<br />
celqoba,<br />
adekvaturi<br />
daxmarebis<br />
ararseboba<br />
gaugebroba,<br />
konfliqtebi<br />
maswavlebelsa da<br />
moswavles Soris<br />
eSmakuri<br />
SekiTxvebi,<br />
SeniSvnebi,<br />
uyuradReboba,Secbuneba,yvirili<br />
mowyenili<br />
moswavlis<br />
gancda<br />
gulgatexili<br />
mousvenari<br />
dabneuli<br />
damarcxebuli,<br />
warumatebeli<br />
gabrazebuli an<br />
ganmartoebuli<br />
usamarTlobis<br />
gancda<br />
ganawyeneba<br />
daZabuloba<br />
an sibraze<br />
damunjebuli,<br />
gulgatexili<br />
an mowyenili<br />
gonebagafantuli<br />
disciplina<br />
sqema 7.1: araswori qcevis mizezebi<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom pirveli oTxi mizezi dakavSirebulia wina TavebSi ganxilul sxva parametrebTan<br />
109
Tavi 7<br />
ufro seriozuli da ufro xSiri mizezia bundovani molodinebi da Sedegebi; maswavlebelsa<br />
da moswavleebs Soris SeiZleba mkafiod ar iyos gansazRvruli urTierTgagebis rTuli<br />
qseli. TiTqmis yvela maswavlebels, romelsac disciplinis problemebi aqvs (da ara ubralod<br />
erTi jiuti moswavle hyavs) daxmareba sWirdeba. meore nawilSi detalurad ganvixilavT am<br />
qselis Camoyalibebis ZiriTad gzebs.<br />
skolebi, rogorc institutebi armias, cixesa da saavadmyofos hgavs, radgan iq moswavleebi<br />
mudam umweod grZnoben Tavs. xSirad skola ewinaaRmdegeba ZiriTad adamianur moTxovnilebas,<br />
akontrolos sakuTari bed-iRbali, radgan umniSvnelo (zogjer ki araviTar) adgils<br />
utovebs iniciativas, gadawyvetilebis miRebasa da liderobas. pasiurebisaTvis am uflebis<br />
warTmeva diskomforts ar iwvevs, Tumca bavSvebis umravlesobaSi ukan daxevis survils aCens.<br />
Tu Zalauflebas `ostaturad~ gamoviyenebT, aseTi moswavleebis gakontrolebasac Sev-<br />
ZlebT, magram imavdroulad skolasac SevaZulebT da swavlasac. es ki Tavisufali skolis<br />
umaRlesi mizani ar gaxlavT; swavla xSirad rTuli saqmea, is sxvebis mier micemuli davalebebis<br />
Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rac, bunebrivia,<br />
yovelTvis saxaliso ar aris. maswavleb-<br />
skolebi, rogorc institutebi armias, cixesa<br />
els maRali akademiuri standartebis erTi<br />
da saavadmyofos hgavs, radgan iq moswavleebi<br />
iotis daTmobis gareSec SeuZlia klasis ise<br />
mudam umweod grZnoben Tavs.<br />
struqturireba, rom moswavleebma mimdinare<br />
movlenebis garkveuli Tanamflobeloba<br />
da Tanakontroli igrZnon. Tu moswavleebSi umweobis SegrZnebas yuradRebiT ganvixilavT,<br />
vnaxavT, rom mis dasaZlevad gadadgmuli yoveli nabiji qcevis menejmentis sakiTxebsac<br />
gvigvarebs, radgan bavSvebis energias swori gziT warvmarTavT. am Tavis III nawilSi warmogidgenT,<br />
rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels amis gakeTeba.<br />
zogjer, erTi SexedviT uyuradRebo moswavleebs ubralod smenis problemebi aqvT<br />
xolme. isini miTiTebebs imitom ki ar asruleben, rom ocneboben, an maswavleblis gabrazeba<br />
surT, aramed, ubralod SecdomiT igeben sakvanZo sityvebs. iseTi `uyuradRebo~ moswavleebic<br />
viciT, romelTac smenis defeqtis diagnozi dawyebiT skolaSi swavlidan 2,5 wlis Semdeg<br />
dausves da maTi qcevis modifikaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovan strategiebze didi dro da energia<br />
daixarja. amrigad, ubralod darwmunebulebi unda viyoT, rom bavSvebis usaqcielobasa<br />
da sijiutes fizikuri mizezebi ar udevs safuZvlad. es mizezebia: mxedveloba, organuli<br />
hiperaqtivoba, farisebri jirkvlis problemebi da sxv.<br />
bavSvebs skolaSi manerebTan erTad sxvagan naswavli kognituri unar-Cvevebic moaqvT.<br />
sirbilis gareSe mwkrivSi CadgomasTan, miTiTebebis mosmenasTan, xazis gaswvriv faqizad<br />
werasTan an nivTebis mowesrigebasa da alagebasTan dakavSirebiT Cveni molodinebi SeiZleba<br />
ubralod imitom ar marTldeba, rom bavSvebma ar ician, rogor gaakeTon es yvelaferi! faqtia,<br />
rom zogierTma skolamdelma konkretul situaciaSi ar icis, ratom unda iaros da ar<br />
unda irbinos (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT ar ician winaswar rogor gansazRvron Sedegebi,<br />
akontrolon impulsebi an dagegmon fizikuri moZraobebi). isic faqtia, rom zogierTma mozardma<br />
ubralod ar icis, rogor daaxarisxos nivTebi, raTa daaCqaros alageba, kidev ufro<br />
naklebad icis am dros droisa da moZraobebis dagegmva. aseT SemTxvevebSi qcevis nabij-nabij<br />
swavleba xelis SemSleli saqcielis aRmofxvris saSualebaa. fuWia moswavleTa motivirebis<br />
mcdeloba, gaakeTon iseTi ram, risi instrumentebic ara aqvT. Cveni vfiqrobT, rom maswavlebels<br />
SeiZleba ubralod gamorCes es detalebi. mas SeiZleba arasodes mouvides TavSi azrad,<br />
rom TandaTan gamkacrebuli muqarisa da dasjis saTave, ubralod, ucodinarobaa. maswavleblebs<br />
vurCevT, rom kargad Seiswavlon moswavleebi. xSirad maswavleblebi iseT unarebs<br />
varaudoben, romlebic ar aris moswavleTa qcevis repertuarSi. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa sasurveli<br />
qcevis `Setana~ moswavleTa repertuarSi. amrigad, qcevis problemebis mqone klas-<br />
Tan an individTan urTierTobisas, pirvel yovlisa, pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas: `ician Tu ara<br />
110
maT, rogor gaakeTon is, ris gakeTebasac vTxovT?~<br />
disciplina<br />
rezistentuli saqcielis safuZveli SesaZloa maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs Soris kulturuli<br />
gansxvavebebi iyos. es mizezi, iSviaTobis miuxedavad, realuria da unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
im klasebSi, sadac moswavleTa saojaxo cxovrebas mZlavri eTnikuri fesvebi aqvs<br />
gadgmuli sxva kulturaSi.<br />
zemoxsenebul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mcdelobis miuxedavad, yvelaze rTuli is gaxlavT,<br />
rom SesaZloa ramdenime moswavle uars ambobdes swavlaze da, ama Tu im mizeziT,<br />
skolaSi ar asrulebdes Tavis funqcias. isini SeiZleba iyvnen pasiurebi da arakontaqturebi,<br />
iqceodnen uxeSad da araTanamimdevrulad. am Tavis bolo nawilSi swored am problemur umciresobas<br />
ganvixilavT. rezistentul moswavleebTan urTierTobis sul mcire eqvsi ZiriTadi<br />
strategia arsebobs, romlebic, sworad misadagebis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiania. Cveni mizania<br />
CavwvdeT maT arss, gavigoT, rogor unda gamoviyenoT da mivusadagoT es strategiebi konkretul<br />
bavSvs. Tqven mogecemaT saSualeba, gaifarTovoT rezistentul moswavleebTan urTier-<br />
TobisaTvis saWiro codna; SegiZliaT aiTvisoT repertuari, romelsac gamoiyenebT rogorc<br />
resurss. Tqven mogeTxovebaT, yuradRebiT SeiswavloT moswavleebi da gaxdeT praqtikosi<br />
diagnostikosi, raTa sworad SearCioT reaqcia Tqveni repertuaridan. strategiebis moswavleebze<br />
morgebis utyuari formulebi ar arsebobs, magram arc eqsperimentsa da mcdelobaze<br />
brmad damokidebuli varT. mdidari informacia gvaqvs konkretul bavSvTan muSaobis Taviseburebebze,<br />
magram es codna rom Tqvens moswavleebTan gamoiyenoT, bevri unda imuSaoT. Cven<br />
eqvsive strategias ganvixilavT da vnaxavT, rogor SeiZleba maTi morgeba calkeul moswavleze.<br />
es strategiebia: qcevis modifikacia, TviTanalizis wvrTna, pirovnuli gavlena, logikuri<br />
Sedegebi, realobiT Terapia da maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna. yovel strategias<br />
hyavs Tavisi inteleqtualuri `mSobeli~, centraluri figura, romelmac Tavi mouyara da<br />
vrclad dawera mis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia (garda qcevis modifikaciisa, romelsac imdeni<br />
mSobeli, deida, mamida, bicola, biZa da deidaSvil-mamidaSvili da biZaSvili hyavs, rom<br />
erTis gamorCeva Znelia). yoveli strategia mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. TiToeul maTgans aqvs<br />
maswavleblisTvis nabijebis konkretuli seria da xelis SemSleli moswavleebis saqcielze<br />
reaqciis xerxi.<br />
Cveni azriT, eqvsive strategia kargia sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi _ arc erTi ar aris<br />
arsebiTad ukeTesi romelime sxvaze. metic, gvaqvs safuZveli virwmunoT, rom SegviZlia eqvsidan<br />
Sesatyvisi arCevanis gakeTeba, gansakuTrebulad rezistentuli moswavleebisTvis misi<br />
morgeba eqsperimentebis gareSe. IV nawilSi, pirvel yovlisa, eqvsive strategiis bunebas gavaanalizebT,<br />
xolo Semdeg detalurad davamuSavebT TiToeulis komponentebs da Semdgomi<br />
SeswavlisaTvis saWiro literaturul wyaroebs mogawvdiT. dabolos, logikurad davasabuTebT<br />
konkretuli moswavlisaTvis strategiis arCevis principebs.<br />
axla ufro Rrmad SeviswavliT araswori qcevis 10 mizezidan ramdenimes. am Tavis II<br />
nawilSi ganxilulia, Tu rogor Camoyalibda molodinebisa da Sedegebis efeqtiani sistema.<br />
III nawilSi ganxilulia, rogor unda ganvuviTaroT moswavleebs saklaso cxovrebaSi Tanakontrolisa<br />
da Tanagavlenis gancda da Sedegad, bavSvebis skolaSi, rogorc sazogadoebaSi<br />
monawileobis wvlilis gazrdiT, SevamciroT disciplinis problemebi. IV nawilSi aRwerilia<br />
disciplinis eqvsi modeli ukiduresad rezistentuli moswavleebisaTvis da maTi sworad Se-<br />
Tanawyobis konkretuli SemTxvevebi.<br />
111
Tavi 7<br />
112<br />
II nawili<br />
molodinebisa da Sedegebis sistema<br />
wesebi da maTi Sesabamisi qcevis Sedegebi sakmarisad mkafio da konkretulia Tu ara CemTvis<br />
da Cemi moswavleebisaTvis?<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis wina piroba is aris, rom moswavleebs naTeli da araorazrovani<br />
warmodgena hqondeT imaze, Tu rogor saqciels moelian maTgan. am informaciis gadasacemad<br />
uamravi gza arsebobs: pirdapir Tqma, cxrilis gakeTeba, moulodnelad problemis wamoWra<br />
an klasis Sexvedris dros wesebze SeTanxmeba. xandaxan molodini sistemis saxiT oficialur<br />
wesebad da saboloo formiT ar aris Camoyalibebuli, magram mas maswavleblis reaqciis<br />
mixedviT Tanamimdevrulad ecnobian moswavleebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTaTvis<br />
molodinis arsi naTeli da konkretuli unda iyos, raTa Tavidan aviciloT gaugebroba (an<br />
kamaTi). SesaZloa, gancxadeba `Cumi kiTxvis droa~ ar kmarodes da klass siCumis ganmarteba<br />
dasWirdes. siCume sruli siCumea, Tu CurCuli an wynari saubari? SeuZliaT moswavleebs am<br />
gansxvavebaTa danaxva da qcevis kontroli? Tu `siCume~ sinamdvileSi `wynars~ niSnavs, maSin,<br />
albaT, mas `siCume~ ar unda vuwodoT da, piriqiT. ras niSnavs gakveTilze droulad misvla?<br />
ara umetes ori wuTiT dagvianebas, zaris dros oTaxSi yofnas, ubralod adgilze yofnas Tu<br />
adgilze gakveTilisTvis mzadyofnas? sad aris gavlebuli es sazRvrebi ufro naklebmniSvnelovania,<br />
vidre maTi mkafiod Camoyalibeba. ar unda arsebobdes eWvi imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
rodis dairRva wesi.<br />
mendleri da kurvini (Mendler & Curwin 1983) aRweren wesebis dadgenaSi moswavleTa CarTvis<br />
(e.w. `socialur kontraqtis~) mravalmxriv strategias, rac wesis raobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
nebismier eWvs ebrZvis. maswavleblis mier savaldebulod misaRebi wesebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg,<br />
moswavleebi mcire jgufebad muSaoben qcevis am wesebis Sedegebis ganxilvaze. (magali-<br />
Tad, `wesi: maswavlebelma unda gamoiZaxos moswavle saxeliT. wesis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi: a)<br />
maswavlebels axseneben wess, b) <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ixdis bodiSs~. `wesi: maswavlebelma individualurad<br />
unda gaasworos moswavleTa namuSevrebi. wesis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
moswavleebs waukiTxavs or Tavs im wignidan, romelsac amJamad kiTxulobs~). mendleri da<br />
kurvini ganmartaven:<br />
yvela wessa da mis Sedegs ganixilavs klasi, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos maTi raobis<br />
swori gageba. rolebis Sesruleba xSirad sasargeblo strategiaa wesisa da Sedegis<br />
zusti mniSvnelobis sailustraciod. magaliTad, zogierT moswavles surs, rom<br />
maswavlebelma ar iyviros. maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania, isaubros ufro da<br />
ufro xmamaRla, sanam miiRweva SeTanxmeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris yvirili<br />
(Mendler and Curwin 1983, gv. 73).<br />
Semdeg mimdinareobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis saguldagulo procesi, romlis drosac<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> da moswavleebi wyveten, SeTavazebuli wesebidan da Sedegebidan romeli<br />
Seva kontraqtSi. (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. mendleri da kurvini, gv. 73-74) dabolos,<br />
moswavleebi abareben gamocdas kontraqtis codnaSi. klasSi privilegiis mopoveba testirebaSi<br />
100 quliT xdeba! socialuri kontraqtis es axleburi procedura ramdenime mizans emsaxureba:<br />
pirveli, moswavleTa mier wesebis SemuSaveba sasargebloa maTi Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT;<br />
meore, kontraqtis codnis Sesamowmebeli testi da misi Sedegebis kavSiri klasSi<br />
privilegiis mopovebasTan, xazs usvams kontraqtisa da wesebis mniSvnelobas.<br />
gadavcemT Tu ara dadebiT molodins?<br />
saWiroa molodini gavimeoroT, Tanac xSirad. aRmoCnda rom, zogierTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, gansakuTrebiT<br />
saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, xSirad umeorebs da axsenebs moswavleebs molodins,
disciplina<br />
riTac Tavidan icilebs arasasurvel qcevas. magaliTad, `axla kabinetSi mivdivarT. Tqveni<br />
azriT, ra gvelodeba iq? ra unda gavakeToT? ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT Cvens qcevaSi?~ an:<br />
`kargiT, axla mzad varT sportul darbazSi wasasvlelad. raze vfiqrobT, roca darbazSi<br />
varT? ratom?~<br />
dadebiTi molodinis damokidebuleba maswavlebelma SeiZleba Yim sityvebiT gaamyaros,<br />
romliTac moswavles mimarTavs. aseT pozitiur molodins ori aspeqti aqvs. pirvelSi SeniRbulia<br />
kiTxva, `ratom unda gaakeToT es aucileblad~, romelsac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> pirdapir ar<br />
ambobs, magram gadascems JestebiTa da damokidebulebiT. dadebiTi molodinis meore aspeqti<br />
ki aris gamxneveba, rwmena, `vici, rom amis gakeTeba SegiZliaT~, rac, xSirad, ufro specifikuri<br />
saqcielis an kiTxvebis dadebiT debulebebTan (`ar dagaviwydeT xelis aweva~) asocirdeba<br />
da ara pirdapir akrZalvasTan (`SewyviteT wamoZaxeba!~).<br />
dadebiTi molodinis gadacemis kidev erTi gza aris Tavdajerebuloba Sesatyvisi qcevis<br />
moTxovnisas. Tavdajerebulobis efeqtisaTvis li kanteri (Lee Canter) gvirCevs: yuradRebis<br />
oTxi moZraobis Sejerebas, rogoric aris TvaliT kontaqti, xelis Jesti, moswavlis saxelis<br />
warmoTqma da Sexeba:<br />
maswavlebelma SeamCnia, rom stivi uxeSad hkravda xels mwkrivSi mis gverdiT mdgom<br />
bavSvebs. is stivTan mivida, TvalebSi Caxeda, mxarze xeli daado da uTxra: `stiv, xe-<br />
lebi gaaCere~ (da aCvena sasurveli mdgomareoba) (Canter 1977, gv. 75)*<br />
Tu moswavleebi Tavis marTlebiT an sxva TavSesaqcevi moZraobebiT SegvekamaTebian, kanteri<br />
gvirCevs `gafuWebuli patefonis~ teqnikas:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: `siu, minda, rom xeli aswio da daicado, sanam gamogiZaxeben~. (survilis<br />
debuleba)<br />
siu: `ase arc erTi moswavle ar akeTebs~.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: `amas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. minda, rom Sen xeli aswio~. (gafuWebuli patefoni)<br />
siu: `Tqven me arasodes miZaxebT~.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: `amas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. me minda, rom Sen xeli aswio~. (gafuWebuli patefoni)<br />
siu: `kargiT, avwev~.<br />
am dialogSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ubralod imeorebda (gafuWebuli patefoni) imas, rasac bavSvisgan<br />
moiTxovda da sius pasuxebis gamo gzidan ar gadauxvevia. maswavlebelma SeinarCuna<br />
bavSvTan urTierTobis kontroli.<br />
gafuWebuli patefonis gamoyenebis dros, pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa gansazRvroT, ra<br />
gsurT moswavlisgan (`minda, sium aswios xeli~. es xdeba Tqveni survilisa da Tqveni urTierTobis<br />
arsis gamoxatva. SegiZliaT Tqveni survilis debulebas win waumZRvaroT: `amas<br />
mniSvneloba ar aqvs, magram me minda, rom Sen aswio xeli~, an `mesmis, magram minda, rom Sen aswio<br />
xeli~.) mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra manipulaciur pasuxs warmoadgens moswavle, Tu Tqven<br />
survilis debulebiT upasuxebT _ `mniSvneloba ara aqvs, minda, rom Sen~, an `mesmis, magram<br />
minda, rom Sen~ _ riTac Tqveni debuleba ufro efeqturi gaxdeba (Canter, gv. 79-80).*<br />
es teqnika SeiZleba saocrad efeqtiani iyos, gansakuTrebiT swavlis verbaluri stilis<br />
mqone moswavleebTan. Tumca, misi gamoyenebisas unda gaxsovdeT, ra SedegisTvis (SedegTa<br />
jaWvisTvis) unda iyoT mzad, arasasurveli saqcielis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi. amis gareSe<br />
Tavdajerebuloba usafuZvlo iqneba. metic, molodinis samjer gameorebis Semdeg, umjobesia,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mzad iyos Sedegis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Canter, L. (with M. Canter). Assertive Discipline. Santa Monica, Calif.: Canter and Associates, 1977).<br />
113
Tavi 7<br />
114<br />
Sedegebi ufro logikuria Tu damsjeli?<br />
rudolf dreikurss (Rudolph Dreikurs) esmoda, rom dasja gaRizianebas, gabrazebas iwvevs,<br />
maSin, roca logikuri Sedegebi moswavleebs socialuri wesrigis realobas aswavlis. nebismieri<br />
dasja arasasurveli stimulia (mag., gawkepvla an asjer gadawera frazisa `qaRalds iatakze<br />
ar davagdeb~), romelic gamiznulia am saqcielis gameorebis aRsakveTad. savaraudod,<br />
moswavle konkretul saqciels aRar gaimeorebs, radgan `dapirebuli~ usiamovno ram SeiZleba<br />
kvlavac daemarTos. meore mxriv, logikuri Sedegebi isea dakavSirebuli qcevasTan, rom<br />
moswavle darRvevisaTvis samarTlianad damsaxurebul sasjels grZnobs. Tu is arRvevs wess,<br />
romlis mixedviTac ar SeiZleba sxvisi saSinao davalebis gadawera, logikuri Sedegia, rom<br />
mas davalebis xelaxla Sesruleba mouwevs meTvalyureobiT (da ara skolis Semdeg darCena,<br />
rogorc sasjeli). Tu is anagvianebs iataks, logikuri Sedegia misi dasufTavebis moTxovna<br />
Sesvenebis dros (da ara asjer gadawera frazisa `ar davanagvianeb~). Tu is vinmes awyeninebs<br />
uxeSi SeniSvniT, logikuri Sedegi iqneba am vinmesTvis raime sasiamovnos gakeTebis moTxovna<br />
(da ara skolis Semdeg darCena da skamze jdoma). (meti informacia logikur Sedegebze moce-<br />
muli iqneba am Tavis im nawilSi, romelic eZRvneba dreikursis models.) 1<br />
SedegTa diapazoni gvaqvs Tu erTi mkacri<br />
pasuxi yvela usaqcielobaze?<br />
Tu yovel wesTan erTi avtomaturi Sedegia mibmuli, SeiZleba kuTxeSi mimwyvdeuli aRmoCndeT,<br />
radgan yvela wesisTvis mxolod erTi Sedegi mcdari midgomaa. mendleri da kurvini<br />
gviamboben erT maswavlebelze, romelic Seusrulebeli samuSaosTvis Sedegad gakveTilebis<br />
Semdeg darCenasa da mis dasrulebas iyenebs. erT dRes misi saukeTeso moswavle ambobs: `vwuxvar,<br />
qalbatono martin, magram mamaCemi wuxel Zalian cudad iyo. bavSvis movla me momiwia da<br />
dro ar mqonda saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad~. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dilemis winaSea, civi da<br />
mkacri iyos (`vwuxvar, magram Sen mainc unda darCe gakveTilebis Semdeg~), Tu Tavi daanebos<br />
da bavSvebs aswavlos, rom Seusrulebeli samuSao SeiZleba `sapatio~ mizeziT gamarTldes. am<br />
problemas Tavidan aicilebda, Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yoveli wesisaTvis Sesatyvis Sedegs airCevda<br />
SedegTa diapazonidan. Seusrulebeli samuSaosTvis SedegTa diapazoni SeiZleba iyos:<br />
Sexseneba;<br />
gafrTxileba;<br />
samuSaos Cabareba imave dRes gakveTilebis bolomde;<br />
gakveTilebis Semdeg darCena mis dasasruleblad;<br />
molaparakeba maswavlebels, moswavlesa da mSobels Soris gegmis Sesadgenad.<br />
alternativaTa am diapazoniT, qalbatoni martini mSvidad SeZlebda Seexsenebina<br />
suzanisTvis, rom saSinao davaleba droze unda Sesruldes, Semdeg ekiTxa mamamisis<br />
mdgomareoba da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi is mimarTavda winaswar Camoyalibebuli<br />
1 sainteresoa imis gadaxedva, rogor gamoiyeneba `gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba~ logikuri Sedegebis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
zogjer gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba SeiZleba marTlac iyos logikuri, roca moswavles ar Seusrulebia samuSao. magram<br />
aseve SesaZlebelia gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba iyos sasjeli da `ukuSedegiani~, roca, vTqvaT, merxze daweris an maswavlebelTan<br />
Selaparakebis Sedegad gamoiyeneba.)
disciplina<br />
Sedegebidan erT-erTs da arc suzanTan iqneboda mkacri. is moswavle ki, romelmac<br />
erT TveSi eqvsjer daagviana, SeiZleba gakveTilebis Semdeg datovos da samuSao<br />
daasrulebinos (Mendler and Curwin 1983, gv. 119).<br />
saWiro araa samarTlianoba yovelTvis Tanabari iyos.<br />
varT Tu ara Sedegebis gamocxadebisas mtkice, Tanamimdevruli,<br />
swrafi, realuri da mivaniSnebT Tu ara moswavlis arCevanze?<br />
molodinis acdenisas, maswavlebelma yovel jerze Tanamimdevrulad unda gamoxatos<br />
reaqcia (es `reaqciis erTnairad gamoxatvas~ ki ar niSnavs, aramed `reaqciis gamoxatvas yovel<br />
jerze~). es ar niSnavs dasjas. reaqcia SeiZleba iyos nebismieri ram dawyebuli SexsenebiT<br />
da damTavrebuli SedegebiT; raRac unda moxdes; maswavlebelma raRac unda gaakeTos; sxva<br />
SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi _ gansakuTrebiT rezistentulni _ arad Caagdeben molodins (an<br />
daibnevian). zogadad, darRvevis ignorireba ar SeiZleba. (zogjer maswavlebelma SeiZleba<br />
arad Caagdos konkretuli saqcieli, roca is umniSvneloa da yuradRebis gamaxvileba mas<br />
ubralod gaaZlierebs, an Seafasos is `ekonomiurad~ da<br />
mokled). misi zogadi misiaa, moswavleebs Seatyobinos,<br />
maswavleblebi mtkiceni unda iyvnen.<br />
rom molodini namdvilad misi molodinia da swored<br />
amas gulisxmobs. isini iReben am Setyobinebas, roca<br />
moswavleebi maqsimalurad scdian maT.<br />
darwmundebian, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maTgan konkretul qcevas<br />
moiTxovs _ mtkiced da Tanamimdevrulad akeTebs raRacas<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT. molodinebis komunikaciis dros `akeTebs raRacas amasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT~ xSirad yvelaze mniSvnelovan atributad moixsenieba (Rogers 1972; Canter 1977; Mendler<br />
and Curwin 1983) da Cveulebriv, qcevisTvis Sedegis morgebas niSnavs. ubralo SeniSvna da sayveduri<br />
im qmedebis gareSe, romelic scildeba sityvebs, rogorc wesi, gzavnis Setyobinebas,<br />
rom molodini sustia.<br />
maswavleblebi unda iyvnen mtkiceni molodinis gancxadebisas da Tanamimdevrulad imoqmedon.<br />
calkeuli moswavleebi da zogjer mTeli klasi maqsimalurad scdian maswavleblebs<br />
simtkicesTan mimarTebaSi. maswavlebelma xeli ar unda Caiqnios, Tundac arasasurveli<br />
saqcieli specifikuri molodinis Tanamimdevruli gancxadebis miuxedavad gagrZeldes. zogierTi<br />
Zalian rTuli moswavle mxolod imitom iqceva cudad, rom Seamowmos marTla zrunavs<br />
Tu ara <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> masze. Tu reaqciebi araswor saqcielze gonivruli, Sesabamisi da samar-<br />
Tliania, simtkice gamarjvebas izeimebs.<br />
li kanteri (1977) gviambobs Zalze agresiul mesameklasel karlze, romelic gamudmebiT<br />
ayenebs sityvier da fizikurad Seuracxyofas sxva bavSvebs. ramdenjerme man klaselebs fulic<br />
gamosZala! bavSvis mSoblebTan, skolis direqtorTan da maswavleblebTan Sexvedraze<br />
xeli moewera kontraqts, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom karli gairicxeba skolidan, Tu is bavSvebs<br />
daemuqreba, Seaginebs, gamosZalavs fuls an fizikurad gauswordeba. mSoblebi Tanxmdebian<br />
pirobebis Sesrulebaze.<br />
meore dRes saklaso oTaxisaken mimavali karli sxva moswavles SeekamaTa da uxeSad<br />
hkra xeli. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maSinve mivida karlTan da ubralod uTxra: `Sen xeli hkari<br />
sols da amitom saxlSi wasvla airCie!~ maswavlebelma direqtors mimarTa, romelmac<br />
karlis dedas daureka Svilis wasayvanad. karli saxlSi waiyvanes, sadac saskolo<br />
dRis darCenili nawili Tavis oTaxSi gaatara da is samuSao daasrula, romelic<br />
skolaSi unda gaekeTebina.<br />
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Tavi 7<br />
116<br />
meore dRes marTlweris davalebis Sesrulebisas, roca erT-erTma moswavlem karls<br />
samuSaos gadaweraze uari uTxra, karli gabrazda. is Tanaklasels cemiT daemuqra.<br />
maswavlebelma karli isev saxlSi gagzavna, sadac darCenili dRe Tavis oTaxSi<br />
gaatara. momdevno ori dRe karli kargad iqceoda. mesame dRes Tavisufali arCevanis<br />
dros maswavlebelma SeamCnia, rom is gabrazebuli aginebda da uyviroda gogonas,<br />
romelmac saTamaSo asawyobi naxati ar aTxova, radgan TviTon TamaSobda. maswavlebelma<br />
isev mSvidad acnoba karls misive usaqcielobis Sesaxeb da isic, rom cudi<br />
saqcieliT man saxlSi wasvla airCia. karli pirvelad daRonda, daiwyo tirili imis<br />
gamo, rom ar undoda saxlSi wasvla. maswavlebelma isev mSvidad uTxra, rom `Tavad<br />
gaakeTa arCevani~ da saxlSi unda wasuliyo.<br />
rogorc ityvian, mesame da samarTalio _ maswavleblis Seupovrobam, moswavle daarwmuna,<br />
rom mis cud saqciels ar moiTmendnen. amgvarad, karlma airCia sakuTari Tavis<br />
kontroli da sxva moswavleebTan kargad moqceva.<br />
am TavSi es, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania. Sedegebis gatareba, roca saqcieli grZeldeba,<br />
mizandasaxulobasa da simtkices moiTxovs. am simtkicis gareSe moswavleebi ar daijereben,<br />
rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> seriozulad ekideba sakuTar molodins. kanteris azriT, wlis dasawyisSi<br />
SemuSavebuli gegmebis Sesrulebas (im varaudiT, rom gyavT moswavle, romelsac aseTi mkacri<br />
gegma sWirdeba) yuradRebiT daakvirdeba mTeli klasi da darwmundeba, rom rasac ambobT, imas<br />
akeTebT. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi araTanamimdevruloba da SemuSavebuli gegmis ugulebelyofa<br />
disciplinis problemebis xSiri mizezia.<br />
bavSvebma SeiZleba ar idardon, Tu gakveTilebis Semdeg erTxel datovebT, xandaxan<br />
skolaSi ar miuSvebT an iSviaTad kuTxeSi daayenebT. magram cotaa iseTi moswavle,<br />
romelic ar inaRvlebs Tu ecodineba, rom, cudi saqcielis arCevis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
gakveTilebis Semdeg darCena yoveldRe (Tundac mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi) mouwevs;<br />
romelic ar inaRvlebs, Tu ecodineba, rom cudad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi skolaSi<br />
ar miuSveben, Tundac es skolaSi ardaSvebis sam dRes niSnavdes; romelic ar inaRvlebs,<br />
Tu ecodineba, rom cudi saqcielis gamo kuTxeSi daayeneben yovel jerze, Tundac<br />
dReSi xuTjer.<br />
amrigad, Tu TqvenTvis es namdvilad mniSvnelovania, bavSvebisTvisac namdvilad<br />
mniSvnelovani iqneba. Tu mzad xarT gamoiyenoT nebismieri saWiro da Sesaferisi sa-<br />
Sualeba bavSvebze gavlenis mosaxdenad da araswori saqcielis aRmosafxvrelad, isini<br />
igrZnoben Tqvens mizandasaxulobas da izruneben im Sedegebis Tavidan acilebi-<br />
sTvis, romelTa winaSec mudam aRmoCndebian, Tu arasworad moqcevas airCeven (Canter<br />
1977, gv. 109-110).<br />
Cven SegviZlia mivaRwioT TiTqmis nebismier saqciels, romlis miRwevac namdvilad gvsurs,<br />
Tu mizandasaxulebi viqnebiT, radgan Cven Zalaufleba gvaqvs.<br />
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tu gamudmebiT vaxorcielebT Sedegebs, saqcieli ueWvelad<br />
Seicvleba? pirveli, SesaZlebelia Sedegi Tanamimdevrulad da gamudmebiT ganvaxorcieloT<br />
da aranairi Sedegi ar gvqondes. es maSin xdeba, roca Sedegs sakmarisi gavlena ar aqvs an rogorRac<br />
jildod iqceva bavSvisTvis. igive SeiZleba moxdes, Tu saqcieli gamowveulia fizikuri<br />
mizeziT, ucodinrobiT an RirebulebaTa konfliqtiT. meore, kanteriseul scenarSi<br />
Sedegis ganxorcieleba bevradaa dakavSirebuli mis warmatebasTan. maswavlebelma moswavle<br />
ar daadanaSaula, ar gaakritika an ar daamcira; is mSvidad (magram swrafad) mivida masTan,<br />
miuTiTa saqcielze (`Sen xeli hkari sols~) da ganaxorciela Sedegi (`Sen airCie saxlSi wasvla~).<br />
man aRniSna, rom saxlSi wasvla iyo bavSvis arCevani am SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan man winaswar<br />
icoda, rom solisaTvis xelis kvras es Sedegi mohyveboda. amrigad, maswavleblis reaqcia<br />
brazi ki ar aris, aramed faqtebze damyarebuli simSvide. aseTi reagireba ufro advilia,
disciplina<br />
roca zustad ici, ris gakeTebas apireb. amis codna (da ara bavSvis mier umweobis SegrZneba,<br />
romelic Tqvens kontrols scildeba) maswavlebels TavdajerebulobasTan erTad simSvides<br />
aniWebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, saRi gansjis saSualebas aZlevs. ase rom, SedegebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
simtkicec SeiZleba warumatebeli iyos, Tu Sedegi sworad ar xorcieldeba.<br />
kanteris scenarSi aRwerili konkretuli teqnika SeiZleba Zalian efeqturi iyos _ moswavlis<br />
sistematuri `CamoSoreba~ gansakuTrebiT xelis SemSleli da jiuti saqcielis<br />
aRmosafxvrelad. seimur sarasoni (Seymour Sarason) aRwers `CamoSorebis~ kidev erT Zlier<br />
teqnikas, romelic warmatebulia mSoblebisa da kontraqtebis gareSe. is emyareba meore<br />
maswavlebelTan TanamSromlobas, romlis oTaxSic igzavneba bavSvi `CamoSorebis~ mizniT.<br />
maspinZel maswavlebels aqvs specialuri adgili, sadac moswavle arasaxaliso samuSaos asrulebs.<br />
detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. sarasoni (1971), gv. 136-139.<br />
vamCnevT da vajildoebT Tu ara pasuxismgeblur saqciels<br />
efeqtianad?<br />
dadebiT Sedegebze msjelobis gareSe Sedegebis ganxilva sruli ar iqneboda _ rogori<br />
reaqcia gvaqvs im moswavleebis mimarT, romlebic Cvens molodinebs amarTleben. iseTi situacia<br />
unda Seiqmnas, rom karg saqciels jildo ar sWirdebodes; is mosalodneli, norma unda<br />
iyos; mis SenarCunebas dajildoebis sistema ar unda sWirdebodes. Tumca, konkretul, disciplinis<br />
problemebis mqone klasebSi dajildoebis martivma sistemam SeiZleba dadebiTi roli<br />
Seasrulos (saubari mxolod dawyebiT klasebze rodia).<br />
dajildoebis martivi sistemebi, rogoricaa kanteriseuli SuSis burTulebi qilaSi 2 da<br />
mravali sxva, romlebic aRwerilia CLAIM-Si (ix. IV nawili), moswavleTa dadebiTi qcevis aRiarebis<br />
mizniT Seiqmna. mendlerisa da kurvinis (1983) midgoma, ZiriTadad, socialur Seqebas<br />
(moswavlis mimarT individualurad gamoxatul) amyareba, romlis mixedviT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT Sedegebs mSvidad da individualurad acnobs moswavles. ase<br />
rom, roca is konkretuli moswavlisken raRacis saTqmelad ixreba, danarCenebma ar ician, ras<br />
etyvis: `amxanagTan saubari ori gafrTxilebis miuxedavad gaagrZele, amitom gakveTilebis<br />
Semdeg darCena da am saqcielis Tavidan asacileblad gegmis SemuSaveba mogviwevs~ Tu `samuSaoze<br />
iyavi koncentrirebuli da ori soneti dawere. swored amas vuwodeb produqtiulobas!~<br />
saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi sakmaris drosa da energias vxarjavT Tu<br />
ara molodinis Camosayalibeblad?<br />
Cveni nacnobi dawyebiTi klasebis erT-erTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> seqtembris pirveli ori kviris<br />
ganmavlobaSi moswavleebs Sromis, xatvisa da sxva araZiriTad gakveTilebze ar uSvebs, raTa<br />
maT kargad Seiswavlon maswavleblis molodinebi, CamouyalibdeT rutina da daiwyon klasis,<br />
rogorc erTobis Seqmna. araZiriTad gakveTilebze uaris Tqma SeiZleba ar iyos saWiro,<br />
molodinze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ki namdvilad saWiroa. es periodi (ori kvira) sasargebloa<br />
moswavleTa swavlebisa da wvrTnis TvalsazrisiT. wvrTnisTvis saWiroa varjiSi; Tu<br />
sportuli darbazidan klasamde gzaSi moswavleebi xmauroben da sxvebs xels uSlian, Segvi-<br />
Zlia vTqvaT: `vxedav, derefanSi siarulis wesebis saswavlad meti varjiSi gvWirdeba~. da<br />
marTlac gaviyvanoT moswavleebi `gasavarjiSeblad~. es qmedeba iqneba ara damsjeli, aramed<br />
2 li kanteri (1977, gv. 140) emxroba SuSis burTulebis Cayras qilaSi jildos saxiT. burTulis Cavardnis xma gamoiyeneba,<br />
rogorc yvelasTvis gasagoni imwamieri signali, rom isini sworad iqcevian. qilis gavsebis Semdeg klasi iRebs raime winaswar<br />
gansazRvrul jildos, rogoricaa wveuleba an damatebiTi Sesveneba.)<br />
117
Tavi 7<br />
logikuri Sedegi. (mendleri da kurvini (1983) saubroben skolaze, sadac tardeba klasgareSe<br />
gakveTili kafeteriaSi moqcevaze, varjiSisa da gamocdis CaTvliT im bavSvebisTvis, romlebic<br />
lanCze cudad iqceodnen. gamocdis warmatebiT Casabareblad moswavleebma 100 procenti<br />
unda moagrovon.)<br />
118<br />
gvaqvs Tu ara sakmarisad maRali molodini miuxedavad bavSvebis<br />
warsulisa?<br />
maswavlebels moswavleebis gakontroleba Seusabamo molodinebis SemTxvevaSic ki Seu-<br />
Zlia mxolod ZalauflebiTa da SiSiT. Tumca, kontrolis arseboba arafers gveubneba maswavleblis<br />
molodinis Sesatyvisobaze. qcevis am standartebis gansjas bundovan, magram<br />
mniSvnelovan sferomde mivyavarT. Tu moswavleebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi Seusabamoa,<br />
disciplinis problemebis axsnas didi dro dasWirdeba. Cven SegviZlia maswavleblis standartebisTvis<br />
Semdegi aRmavali skala SevqmnaT:<br />
¤ ar arsebobs cxadi molodini: garkveulwilad, laissez-faire (frang. Caurevloba. mTargmn.<br />
Sen.) damokidebuleba.<br />
¤ ramdenime Tanamimdevruli cxadi molodini.<br />
¤ dabal molodinTa erTgvari nakrebi: anu moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis mimarT metismetad<br />
advili, damTmobi, aramomTxovni, asakisa da Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
¤ molodinTa erTgvari nakrebi, romelic miuReblad maRalia an asaks (an sxva mxriv) ar<br />
Seesabameba.<br />
¤ erTgvari da saSualo molodinebi.<br />
¤ erTgvari da maRali molodinebi: momTxovni, magram mainc gonivruli.<br />
Cven SegviZlia vcadoT am skalaze sakuTari adgilis moZebna, Tumca standartebis erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani aspeqti mainc gansaxilveli gvrCeba. Tu sakuTar molodinebze, rogorc standartebze<br />
zogadi warmodgena gveqneba, SevZlebT mis miRmac gavixedoT da vikiTxoT, rogor<br />
vaxdenT am standartebis diferencirebas jgufebisa da individebis mixedviT. ganisazRvra<br />
maswavlebelTa saqmianobis oTxi calkeuli da logikuri done, imis mixedviT, rogor iyeneben<br />
isini TavianT standartebs sxvadasxva moswavlis mimarT. es doneebi SegviZlia Semdegi debulebebiT<br />
warmovadginoT:<br />
1. yvelasaTvis erTnairi molodini maqvs.<br />
2. sxvadasxva bavSvisTvis gansxvavebuli molodini maqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom zogierTisgan<br />
ufro metad moveli cud saqcielsa da nakleb TviTkontrols. es SeiZleba<br />
niSnavdes (an ar niSnavdes), rom ufro tolerantuli var, mesmis an viReb maT am araswor<br />
saqciels; magram mainc ar viTxov maTgan im standartebis Sesrulebas, romelTac<br />
sxvebisgan viTxov da moveli.<br />
3. sxvadasxva macdunebel an sxva maRali riskis situaciaSi qcevis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
calkeuli bavSvis SesaZleblobebis mimarT gansxvavebuli molodini maqvs. vici maTi<br />
sisusteebi da safrTxis Semcveli situaciebi. aseT situaciaTa gansazRvras winaswar<br />
vcdilob.<br />
4. maRali riskis Semcvel, rTul situaciaSi bavSvebis qcevis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi<br />
kargad mesmis da maTTvis garkveul cvlilebebsa da daTmobebs viTvaliswineb,<br />
Tumca Cemi Tavdapirveli molodini maTi saqcielis mimarT iseTive maRali<br />
rCeba, rogorc sxva bavSvebis mimarT da amas Riad vucxadeb. me maTTan erTad vibrZvi<br />
maRali standartebisTvis. maTi cudi saqcieli ar mikvirs da, raRac gagebiT, dro-
disciplina<br />
dadro `moveli~ kidec mas; Tumca cud saqciels ar viReb da aqtiurad vmuSaob mis<br />
Sesacvlelad.<br />
sakuTari saqmianobis analizisa da klasSi saqcielis kontrolis mcdelobisas, sasargeblo<br />
iqneba am oTxi debulebis gadaxedva. mesame da meoTxe mkveTrad gansxvavdeba pirveli<br />
orisgan; isini maswavleblis gansxvavebul saqcielSi vlindeba da mkveTri gavlena aqvs zogad<br />
disciplinaze.<br />
gansxvaveba imaSia, maswavleblis azriT ras gaakeTebs moswavle (maT SeiZleba `cvalebadi<br />
molodinebi~ hqondeT) da ra unda maswavlebels, rom moswavlem gaakeTos an miaRwios (maT<br />
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli `standartebi~ hqondeT).<br />
yovel wels sul mcire erT an or saukeTeso maswavlebelTan vmuSaobT, niWier da mzrunvel<br />
adamianebTan, romelTa efeqtianoba mcirdeba molodinebis mimarT maTi araTanamimdevrulobis<br />
gamo. isini ar arian darwmunebuli imaSi, ramdenad gonivrulia bavSvebis mimarT<br />
maTi molodini ufro pasuxismgebluri da yuradRebiani saqcielisken gakveTilze. isini xedaven<br />
ukontrolo, ojaxuri da sxva problemebis mqone moswavleTa upasuxismgeblo, `giJur~<br />
saqciels da grZnoben, rom daTmobebze unda wavidnen. amgvarad, isini arasaTanadod afaseben<br />
bavSvebis SesaZleblobebs da maTi saqcielis miznebs. vin Tqva, rom pirvelklaselebs ar<br />
SeuZliaT wreSi wynarad jdoma da erTmaneTis mosmena 15 wuTian Sekrebaze? vin Tqva, rom<br />
mecxreklaselebs ar SeuZliaT iswavlon TviTorganizebul samuSao jgufebSi muSaoba proeqtis<br />
dasagegmad da gansaxorcieleblad?<br />
magaliTebma dagvarwmuna, rom sakmarisi Zalisxmevis, simtkicis, mizandasaxulobisa da<br />
rwmenis (rom es Tqveni moswavleebisaTvis swori saqcielia, romlis miRwevac maT SeuZliaT<br />
da gsurT aswavloT is unar-Cvevebi, rac SeiZleba im konkretul doneze samuSaod dasWirdeT)<br />
pirobebSi sasurveli saqcielis miRweva SesaZlebelia. (ra Tqma unda, Tqveni `survili~<br />
SeiZleba aragonivruli iyos da asaks ar Seesabamebodes. am SemTxvevaSi imas miiRebT, rasac<br />
imsaxurebT!) es mosazreba WeSmaritia zogierT rTul moswavlesTan mimarTebaSic _ miuxedavad<br />
maTze daxarjuli gacilebiT meti energiisa, Cvens saqmianobas SeiZleba garkveuli koreqtireba<br />
sWirdebodes, rasac mniSvnelovnad meti dro unda movaxmaroT. saWiroze naklebi<br />
samsaxuri samsaxuri ar aris.<br />
Tu naTeli warmodgena gaqvT imaze, ra gsurT da ras moeliT moswavleebisagan, Tu es<br />
molodini maTTvisac naTelia, Tu molodini ar gamarTlebs Sesabamisi Sedegebi gaqvT `ratom~<br />
kiTxvaze ganmartebebiT da SeZlebisdagvarad, bevri sikeTe da racionaluroba, Tqven<br />
sasurvel Sedegs miaRwevT; es auxdeneli ocneba ar gaxlavT. magram, pirvel yovlisa, amis<br />
gakeTeba unda gadawyvitoT.<br />
III nawili<br />
TviTdisciplinisa da pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibeba<br />
vuyalibebT Tu ara bavSvebs klasis cxovrebaSi kontrolis, gavlenis,<br />
pasuxismgeblobisa da Zalauflebis namdvil da kanonier gancdas?<br />
am Tavis SesavalSi vamtkicebdiT, rom maswavlebels SeuZlia klasis imgvarad struqturireba,<br />
rom moswavleebma momxdarze garkveuli Tanaziaroba da kontroli igrZnon da amis<br />
safuZvelze Semcirdes disciplinis problemebi. Tumca, unda gvaxsovdes, rom es ver Secvlis<br />
mkafio molodinsa da Sedegebs. isini upirvelesia. Cven vicnobT damwyeb maswavlebels,<br />
romelsac gonebaSi arasdros ar dauxarisxebia molodinebi da Sedegebi, magram swavlis indi-<br />
119
Tavi 7<br />
vidualizebuli sakontraqto sistemiT Tavi gaarTva swavlebas. moswavleebma mxari aubes da<br />
is energia, romelic maswavlebelTan brZolaSi unda daxarjuliyo saswavlo miznebis Tanxvedras<br />
moxmarda. Tumca is weli mainc rTuli iyo. molodini wlis dasawyisSive rom Camoyalibebuliyo,<br />
misi sakontraqto sistema am konkretul klass swor gzaze daayenebda.<br />
klasis cxovrebaSi moswavleTaTvis Tanamflobelobis grZnobis Camoyalibebis sami SesaniSnavi<br />
midgoma aseTia: molaparakeba mendlerisa da kurvinis `socialur kontraqtze~, swavlis<br />
principis gamoyeneba, romelsac `miznis dasaxva~ hqvia (ix. me-9 Tavi) da swavlebis xuTi<br />
kooperaciuli modelidan erT-erTis gamoyeneba (ix. me-15 Tavi).<br />
sicxadis parametris kursis Seswavlis dros inglisuris erT-erTma maswavlebelma gaacnobiera,<br />
rom mis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi TamaSs _ `mixvdi ras gulisxmobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>~<br />
_ hgavda. meore dRes es aRmoCena Tavis moswavleebs gauziara da hkiTxa, Tanaxma iyvnen Tu<br />
ara eTanamSromlaT da aseTi kiTxvebis Tavidan acilebis gegma SeemuSavebinaT. diskusiaze<br />
gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis safuZvelze isini aseT proceduraze SeTanxmdnen: Tu moswavleebi<br />
mixvdebian, rom aseTi SekiTxva dausves, SeuZliaT pirdapir miuTiTon maswavlebels da sTxovon<br />
SekiTxvis xelaxla Camoyalibeba; Tu moswavle ver gascems pasuxs SekiTxvaze, SeuZlia<br />
igive SekiTxva Tanaklasels dausvas; <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> klass dausvams Semajamebel SekiTxvebs<br />
saSinao davalebis teqstTan dakavSirebiT da Tu romelime moswavle ver dascems pasuxs an<br />
arasworad upasuxebs, imave SekiTxvas sxva moswavles usvams. Tu zedized sami moswavle ver<br />
upasuxebs, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xvdeba, rom SekiTxva arasworad iyo dasmuli da xelaxla ayalibebs<br />
mas. dabali moswrebis moswavleebisaTvis am aqtivobis saboloo Sedegi gakveTilze ufro<br />
aqtiuri monawileoba da akademiuri warmatebebis zrda iyo. Tumca, Cveni azriT, am konkretul<br />
klasSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gacilebiT met muSaobas eweoda. upirveles yovlisa, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
samarTlianobasa da bunebriobas amJRavnebda (pirovnuli urTierTobis Camoyalibeba)<br />
imis aRiarebiT, rom SeiZleboda is yofiliyo moswavleTaTvis Seqmnili problemis mizezi da<br />
problemebis mogvarebas Riad cdilobda. meore, es teqnika moswavleebs azris gamoTqmis sa-<br />
Sualebas aZlevda klasSi TamaSis wesebis gansazRvrisa da movlenebis gakontrolebis dros.<br />
meore <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, saSinao davalebis kargad Sesasruleblis mizniT moswavleTa motivaciis<br />
amaRlebas cdilobda. mas praqtikaSi hqonda moswavleTaTvis saxlSi sakiTxavi masalis<br />
mixedviT agebuli yoveldRiuri testebi mieca. erT dRes maswavlebelma gamoucxada, rom Tu<br />
oTxjer zedized 100 qulas miiRebdnen, Tavisufal 100 qulas moipovebdnen, romlis `daxarjvasac~<br />
nebismieri momavali testirebisas TavianTi survilisamebr SeZlebdnen. aRmoCnda,<br />
rom moswavleTa (maT Soris warmatebulTa) Zalisxmeva saSinao davalebisa da testebis SesrulebisTvis<br />
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Cveni azriT, am teqnikis siZliere is iyo, rom moswavleebs<br />
garkveuli kontrolis, kerZod, mopovebuli qulebis gamoyenebis, uflebas aZlevda.<br />
maTi neba iyo moipovebdnen Tu ara qulebs da mopovebis SemTxvevaSi rogor `daxarjavdnen~.<br />
(warmatebuli moswavleebisaTvis ki es teqnika erTgvari sadazRvevo polisi iyo momavali<br />
warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi.)<br />
es teqnika sxva maswavleblebmac gadaiRes, magram ugulebelyves oTxjer zedized 100<br />
qulis miRebis moTxovna; ubralod, oTxi 100 qulis miReba gvaZlevs 100 qulas bonusad. am<br />
maswavlebelTa martivma eqsperimentma gvafiqrebina, rom klasis cxovrebaSi yovelTvis Sei-<br />
Zleba movZebnoT moswavleTaTvis meti kanonieri kontrolis miniWebis gzebi.<br />
120<br />
sworad vayalibebT Tu ara saklaso sazogadoebas (erTmaneTis Sesaxeb<br />
codna, erTmaneTis dafaseba da erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba)?<br />
uiliam glaseris saklaso Sexvedrebi (Glasser 1969), jin stenfordis aqtivobaTa wre `efeqtiani<br />
klasebis Camoyalibeba~ (Stanford 1977), urTierTobis Camoyalibebis aqtivobebi (Wilt &
disciplina<br />
Watson 1978), kooperaciuli swavla (Dishon & O’Leary 1984) specifikuri (magram ara martivi)<br />
strategiebia klasSi iseTi kavSirisa da harmoniis dasamyareblad, romelic Tavidan agvacilebs<br />
disciplinis problemebs.<br />
disciplinaze zrunvis gareSec, oTxive naSromi TavisTavad Rirebulia, magram roca urTierTobebi<br />
klasis wevrebs Soris daZabulia an ganxeTqilebisken midis (an orive), am strategiebs<br />
SeuZliaT daZabulobis Semcireba da erTmaneTTan brZolisaTvis gamiznuli energiis<br />
produqtiulad gamoyeneba.<br />
strategiebis aRweramde, mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom strategiis gacnoba (iseve,<br />
rogorc `swavlebis modelis~ SemTxvevaSi) sakmarisi rodia misi warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />
es arc yuradRebis aqtebia da arc sicxadis, romelTa gagebac da mosinjvac advilia.<br />
isini ufro rTuli modelebia da maTi warmatebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania maT miRma arsebuli<br />
rwmenisa da suliskveTebis gacnobiereba. amrigad, adamianma unda (1) daxarjos dro strategiebis<br />
swavlaze; (2) surdes maTze muSaobis gagrZeleba sawyisi mcdelobebis fonze; da (3)<br />
albaT, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, ar imuSaos damoukideblad (martom). gWirdebaT kolega,<br />
romelic TqvensaviT gamoscdis am strategiebs, raTa masTan gadaamowmoT, ukukavSiri gqondeT<br />
da erTad gadaWraT problemebi. aseve fasdaudebeli iqneba mwvrTneli an strategiis<br />
mcodne adgilobrivi kadri. orive erTad – kidev ufro ukeTesi.<br />
bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi saklaso Sexvedrebis praqtika sakuTar klasebTanac gamoviyeneT<br />
da rogorc kadrebis marTvis specialistebi, sxvebsac vexmarebodiT, rom saklaso Sexvedrebi<br />
saklaso cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani gamxdariyo. TiTqmis ar Segvxvedria sxva<br />
ufro sasargeblo praqtika klasSi erTobis zogadi gancdis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT da<br />
iseT problemebTan sabrZolvelad, rogoricaa ciliswameba, bulingi da `kutokebi~.<br />
wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~ uiliam glaseri detalurad aRwers `saklaso Sexvedrebis~<br />
Catarebas. is wers: `ar Semxvedria bavSvi, romelsac ar SeuZlia fiqri da garkveul doneze<br />
skolis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gavagebinebT, rom vafasebT mis<br />
wvlils~ (gv 97). es Sexeduleba umTavresia maswavleblisTvis, romelsac surs, rom klasis<br />
Sexvedrebi Sedegiani iyos, radgan gansjis gareSe moswavleTa wvlilis aRiareba, saklaso<br />
Sexvedrebis gaZRolis ZiriTadi unaria. Sexvedrebis saSualebiT moswavleebi swavloben rogorc<br />
monawileobas, aRiarebasa da dafasebas, ise raRac realuris nawilad yofnas. klasis<br />
krebebs regularulad (sul mcire yovelkvireulad da umjobesia kviraSi ramdenjerme) atareben<br />
wreSi mWidrod msxdomi moswavleebi da <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gansjis gareSe<br />
moswavleebTan erTad ganixilavs maTTvis mniSvnelovan da aqtualur sakiTxebs. SexvedraTa<br />
sami saxeoba arsebobs: Tavisufali (droSi SeuzRudavi) Sexvedrebi, Sexvedrebi socialuri<br />
problemebis gadaWris mizniT da saganmanaTleblo-diagnostikuri Sexvedrebi.<br />
Tavisufal Sexvedraze gansaxilveli Tema maswavlebels an moswavles Semoaqvs. maswavleblis<br />
erT-erTi rolia sakiTxis garSemo moswavleTaTvis saintereso sakiTxebze yuradRebis<br />
gasamaxvilebeli SekiTxvebis Camoyalibeba. erT-erTi Sexvedris dros, roca moswavleebma<br />
disneilendze saubris survili gamoTqves, maswavlebelma ikiTxa: `isurvebdiT disneilend-<br />
Si wasvlas?~ TiTqmis yvela moswavlem dadebiTad upasuxa. `warmoidgineT, rom viRacam disneilendis<br />
ori bileTi momca da miTxra, rom isini Cemi ori moswavlisTvis mimeca. vis unda<br />
mivce bileTebi?~ Ria Temebis fokusirebul diskusiebad gadaqcevis garda, maswavleblebi<br />
iyeneben aqtiuri mosmenisa da Sejamebis unar-Cvevebs.<br />
Tavisufali Sexvedrebi moswavleebs Tanaziarobis gancdas uyalibebs da safuZvels uyris<br />
saswavlo saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovan investiciebsa da ufro rTul sferos _ socialuri<br />
problemebis gadaWras. glaseris wignis me-10, me-11 da me-12 Tavebi kargi saxelmZRvaneloa<br />
am Sexvedrebis Sesaswavlad da Casatareblad, ase rom, aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. Tumca,<br />
gvsurs SemogTavazoT socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT Catarebuli erT-erTi<br />
121
Tavi 7<br />
Sekrebis detaluri aRwera, rom naTeli warmodgena SegiqmnaT, Tu rogor SeiZleba klasis<br />
Sekrebis gamoyeneba xelis SemSleli qcevis mqone bavSvis `gadmosabireblad~.<br />
122<br />
meore Sexvedris Tema maiki iyo. fizikurad Warbwoniani biWi arc ise sufTad icvamda,<br />
Tma Tvalebs ufaravda, xma ki Zalian maRali da arasasiamovno hqonda. mis yvela maisurs<br />
nakbenis, dagrexvisa da daReWvis gamo naxvretebi hqonda. misi yureba namdvilad<br />
ar iyo sasiamovno! maikma ganacxada, rom ar uyvarda klasi, radganac klaselebs ar<br />
uyvardaT is. kiTxvaze, misi azriT, ratom ar uyvardaT, Tqva, amis mizezi Cemi simsuqneao.<br />
bavSvebi kategoriulad ar daeTanxmnen da Tqves, rom simsuqne arafer Sua-<br />
Si iyo. maiks mizezis gageba surda. mas SesaZlebloba misces, azri im bavSvebisTvis<br />
ekiTxa, romlebic auxsnidnen, ra iyo masSi usiamovno. erTis azriT, amis mizezi misi<br />
sasacilo qudebi iyo, pilotis Cafxutis msgavsi, romelic wina dRes exura. (sxvaTa<br />
Soris, maiks es qudi aRar dauxuravs.) meoris azriT, is CafarTxunebul tanisamoss<br />
icvamda. martinis azriT, maiki iseT raRacebs ambobda, rac adamianebs guls stkenda.<br />
magaliTad, roca martini evropidan dabrunda da klaselebs saCuqrebad Camotanili<br />
ramdenime Zvirfasi nivTi aCvena, maikma ganacxada, rom es nivTebi sulac ar aris parizidan<br />
Camotanili da martinma adgilobriv maRaziaSi iyida. martins es naTqvami ewyina.<br />
devidma Tqva, rom roca is klaselebs nivTebs unawilebda, maikma msgavsi Seuracxmyofeli<br />
SeniSvnebi wamoroSa. (sxvaTa Soris, maiki am `senisagan~ jer kidev ar<br />
gankurnebula.) jonma, romelic bevrad ufro introspeqtuli da gamWriaxi gaxda,<br />
Tqva, rom amis mizezi maikis sasacilo saxe da adamianebTan saubrisas Werisken mimar-<br />
Tuli zizRiani mzera iyo. swored aseTi saxe hqonda maiks jonis azris mosmenisas,<br />
ris gamoc jonma daamata: `xedav, maik, axlac swored ase akeTeb da verc ki xvdebi~.<br />
maiks hkiTxes, misi azriT, vinme Tu cdilobda kargad mohqceoda. maikma upasuxa, rom<br />
ase mxolod alisa iqceoda, romelic mas moswonda. yvelam CaixiTxiTa. alisam Tqva,<br />
rom mas ar enaRvleboda, Tu vinme dascinebda, mas moswonda maiki da ar rcxvenoda<br />
masTan megobroba. mas moswonda maikTan yofna. jgufma isaubra sul mcire erTi megobris<br />
yolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. sxvebma aRmoaCines, rom sinamdvileSi aravin<br />
cdilobda maikisTvis xeli Seewyo, rom misi megobari gamxdariyo. momavali kviridan<br />
yoveli maTgani Seecdeboda raime iseTi gaekeTebina, rom maikTan megobrobis survili<br />
gamoexata. maT marTlac daiwyes am survilis gamomJRavneba, Tumca maleve<br />
daiviwyes da isev TavianTi gulgriloba aCvenes. miuxedavad amisa, maikis mimarT uxamsobas<br />
aRar iCendnen, rac ukve cvlileba iyo. alisa agrZelebda maikTan megobrobas,<br />
xolo bavSvebma Sewyvites misi dacinva amasTan dakavSirebiT. harietma, romelic erTerTi<br />
maTgani iyo, vinc alisas dascinoda, bodiSi mouxada klasis Sexvedraze. man<br />
gaixsena, rom erTxel mas iseT bavSvTan megobrobis gamo dascines, romelsac sxva<br />
megobrebi ar hyavda da mas gambedaoba dasWirda, rom megobroba gaegrZelebina. man<br />
aRiara, rom miuxedavad maSindeli wyenisa, daiviwya da Tavadac cudad moeqca alisas.<br />
Tqva, rom swuxda da namdvilad SeeZlo gageba, Tu ras grZnobda alisa. am semestrSi<br />
maiki Zalian Seicvala. man swavlasa da garegnobaze zrunva daiwyo, ufro wynarad<br />
saubrobs, metad akontrolebs sakuTar Tavs, ufro samarTlianad TamaSobs ezoSi,<br />
sxvebs ukeT ewyoba da ufro meti megobari hyavs (Glasser 1968, gv. 152-153)*<br />
am nawyvetis wakiTxvam maswavleblebi SeaSina. zogierTs is Wrilobis gaxsnis tolfasad<br />
moeCvena, zogs ki iseTi procesis dasawyisad, romelic SeiZleba ukontrolo gaxdes. Cvens<br />
msmenel or maswavlebels, romelTac rTuli klasebi hyavdaT, eqvsi Tve dasWirdaT gambedaobis<br />
mosakrebad da sakuTar klasebSi msgavsi praqtikis dasanergad. samagierod, axla saklaso<br />
krebebs TavianTi karieris erT-erT umniSvnelovanes miRwevad miiCneven. moxarulebi varT,<br />
rom gambedaoba moikrifes da usafrTxo Temebis gaZRolis unar-Cvevebic daxvewes. isini<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Glasser, W. Schools Without Failure, New York: Harper and Row, 1968. © 1968 Harper Collins Publishers,<br />
Inc. yvela ufleba daculia.)
disciplina<br />
klasSi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis jin stenfordiseul mraval strategiasac iyenebdnen<br />
(rasac mokled aRvwerT). saqme is aris, rom aseTi sakiTxebi wamlavs, tkivils ayenebs da<br />
asustebs im moswavleTa energiasac, romelTac ar exebaT; ostaturi xelmZRvanelobiT am<br />
sakiTxebze Ria msjelobam SeiZleba arsebiTi cvlilebebi moaxdinos klasis klimatze. arc<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> glaseris nawyvetidan da arc isini, visTanac Cven vmuSaobdiT, specialurad<br />
ar momzadebulan ganxilvaTa teqnikaSi. isini Cveulebrivi maswavleblebi iyvnen, romelTac<br />
gambedaoba da Tavdadeba gamoiCines da klasSi mtkice sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT<br />
moswavleTa daxmareba scades. maT icodnen, rom akademiuri winsvlisaken ZalisxmevaSic<br />
did dividendebs debdnen.<br />
gvsurs ramdenime SeniSvna gagiziaroT glaseris naSromidan nawyvetTan dakavSirebiT:<br />
1) iseTi fraza, rogoricaa `mas SesaZlebloba misces, azri im bavSvebisTvis ekiTxa,<br />
romlebic...~ niRbavs lideri maswavleblis ZiriTad gadawyvetilebebs. sinamdvileSi, maswavlebelma<br />
gadawyvita, rom maikisaTvis sasargeblo iqneboda konkretuli magaliTebis<br />
mosmena imis Taobaze, Tu ratom iwvevda misi saqcieli sxvebSi antipaTias. metic, maswavlebelma<br />
gadawyvita, rom maiki metad CaerTveboda (da misTvis ufro usafrTxo iqneboda),<br />
Tu Tavad gamoiZaxebda bavSvebs. 2) fraza _ `maiks hkiTxes, misi azriT, vinme Tu cdilobda,<br />
kargad mohqceoda~ _ maswavlebliseulia, roca man igrZno, rom diskusiis Semobrunebisa<br />
da dadebiTze yuradRebis gamaxvilebisTvis Sesabamisi momenti dadga. 3) fraza `jgufma<br />
isaubra sul mcire erTi megobris yolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb~. maswavlebelma ramdenime<br />
sakvanZo kiTxva dasva, raTa diskusia am gziT waeyvana. es TavisTavad ar momxdara. (pirveli<br />
ori magaliTi, gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa efeqtian komunikaciaSi pasiuri xmis macduri<br />
bunebis sailustraciod.)<br />
aseTi sakvanZo momentebisa da SesaZleblobebis amocnobis unari socialuri problemis<br />
gadaWris mizniT, klasis Sekrebebis Catarebis unar-CvevebSi Sedis. misi swavla pirvelive<br />
dRes SeuZlebelia, Tumca misi daufleba maswavlebelTa umravlesobas ZaluZs. amrigad,<br />
regularulad gamarTuli saklaso Sexvedrebi umniSvnelovanesia warmatebuli swavlisTvis<br />
klimatis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
saSualo skolaSi inglisuris swavlebisas jin stenfordi amave daskvnamde mivida da<br />
SeimuSava aqtivobaTa seria erT weliwadSi klasis erTobis Camoyalibebis mizniT. naSromSi<br />
`efeqtiani klasebis Camoyalibeba~ (1975) is aqtivobaTa organizacias asakobrivi principis<br />
mixedviT axdens. erTmaneTis dafasebamde da Tanaziarobamde moswavleebs erTmaneTis Sesaxeb<br />
garkveuli informacia unda hqondeT, ase rom, I etapi orientaciaa. II etapis aqtivobebi<br />
uSualod jgufuri pasuxismgeblobis (sxvebis Secnobis swavlebiT), gulisxmierebis (rac<br />
gulisxmobs kargi mosmenis unar-Cvevebs), kooperaciuli unar-Cvevebis, SeTanxmebiT gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebisa da socialuri problemis gadaWrisTvis saWiro unar-CvevaTa normebs<br />
aviTarebs. III etapi konfliqtisTvis Tavis garTmevas exeba; IV etapi _ produqtiulobas;<br />
xolo V etapi _ Sejamebas, rac gulisxmobs saswavlo wlis dasasruls, jgufis cxovrebis<br />
dasasrulsa da amasTan dakavSirebiT adamianTa gancdebs. yovelive es integrirebulia saswavlo<br />
programasTan da aqcenti keTdeba weraze.<br />
kooperaciuli swavlis ramdenime konkretuli modeli SemuSavda, romlebic imgvarad<br />
axdenen akademiuri amocanebis struqturirebas, rom moswavleebs urTierTkavSiris,<br />
urTierTgagebisa da klasis erTobis gancda uyalibdebaT. (sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs myari<br />
safuZveli vifiqroT, rom isini Tanabrad efeqturia akademiuri swavlisaTvisac. mravali<br />
mkvlevari _ slavini, jonsoni da jonsoni da Sarami _ amtkicebs, rom isini ukeTesic kia.)<br />
swavlis kooperaciuli modelis mixedviT moswavleebi, rogorc wesi, jgufebad muSaoben.<br />
skolaSi mimdinare `jgufuri~ muSaobis umravles formaTagan gansxvavebiT aqtivoba isea<br />
struqturirebuli, rom davalebis dasruleba an jildo (an orive) damokidebulia yvelas<br />
monawileobaze. jgufebi arc zanti moswavleebis gamo isjebian da arc `saukeTesoTa~ gamo<br />
jildovdebian. diSonsa da o’lears (Dishon & O’Leary 1984) SesaniSnavad aqvT Sejamebuli am<br />
123
Tavi 7<br />
teqnikebis ganxorcieleba. kooperaciuli modelebis damatebiTi nimuSebi aRwerilia TavSi<br />
`swavlis gamocdileba~.<br />
disciplinis parametris am nawilis mizania erTmaneTs daukavSiros kargi disciplina,<br />
ufro konkretulad ki, xelSemSleli da rezistentuli qcevis ararseboba da klasSi erTobis<br />
gancdis Camoyalibeba. Cveni azriT, erTobis Seqmna TavisTavad Rirebulia; magram ver<br />
uarvyofT misi, rogorc disciplinis problemebis Tavidan acilebis instrumentis rolsac.<br />
imavdroulad, is araCveulebrivi resursia iseTi garemos Sesaqmnelad, romelic xels<br />
uwyobs akademiuri swavlis maRal donesac.<br />
axla ki droa, davubrundeT yvelaze rezistentul moswavleebs, jgufs, romelic bolosTvis<br />
SemovinaxeT, jgufs, romelic agrZelebs winaaRmdegobis gawevasa da xelis SeSlas cxadi<br />
molodinebisa da Sedegebis gacnobisa da Cveni Tavdauzogavi mcdelobis miuxedavad, SevqmnaT<br />
Tanaziaroba da CamovayaliboT saklaso erToba. eseni yvelaze rTuli bavSvebi arian,<br />
romelTac yovel diliT mZime emociuri tvirTi moaqvT da TavianT saWiroebebs standartuli<br />
sazomebis sawinaaRmdego xelis SemSleli<br />
qceviT gamoxataven. sabednierod, isini bevrni<br />
saklaso erTobis Camoyalibeba mZlavri preven<br />
ar arian. Tavdapirvelad, am kategoriaSi moxveciuli<br />
Zalaa disciplinis problemebis winaaRdril<br />
moswavleTa umravlesobas molodinebsa<br />
mdeg.<br />
da SedegebTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblisagan<br />
ubralod meti sicxade, darwmuneba da simtkice<br />
sWirdeba. Tu axla aseT moswavleze fiqrobT, garwmunebT, rom Tqven namdvilad gadalaxeT<br />
standartuli sazomebis sazRvari. dRes Cveulebrivi movlenaa klasSi, sul mcire, erTi aseTi<br />
moswavle; swored es erTi axerxebs mTeli klasis yuradRebis gafantvas da gvanatrebinebs<br />
saswavlo wlis dasrulebas. Semdegi nawilSi ganxilulia aseT moswavleebTan urTierTobis<br />
eqvsi modeli.<br />
124<br />
IV nawili<br />
disciplinis eqvsi modeli<br />
am nawilSi mocemulia disciplinis eqvsi modelis funqcionireba da eqvsi strategiis<br />
mokle aRwera.<br />
qcevis modifikacia Zalze mowesrigebuli midgomaa, romelic efuZneba varauds, rom<br />
konkretuli adamianis garemosa da jildos analiziTa da kontroliT SeiZleba araproduqtiuli<br />
qcevis aRmofxvra da produqtiuliT Canacvleba. qcevis modifikacia sistematurad:<br />
(1) `CamoarTmevs~ jildoebs araproduqtiuli saqcielisaTvis; (2) gansazRvravs substitutsa<br />
da ufro produqtiul qcevas; (3) am axal qcevebs moswavlesTan erTad detalurad aanalizebs;<br />
da (4) iwyebs maT dajildoebas ganrigis mixedviT, romelic dasawyisSi Tanamimdevruli<br />
da xSiria, TandaTanobiT ki cvalebadi da ufro dabali sixSiris.<br />
TviTanalizis swavleba moswavleebs sakuTari signalebis wakiTxvas aswavlis im mizniT,<br />
rom gaacnobieron sakuTari brazi, SiSi, imedgacrueba an sxva nebismieri emocia, romelsac<br />
Sedegad afeTqeba an sxva araproduqtiuli qceva mohyveba. moswavleebs SeuZliaT iswavlon<br />
sakuTari Tavis marTvis strategiaTa nakrebi, romelTa amuSaveba rTul situaciebSi sxvisi<br />
daxmarebiT, xolo Semdeg damoukidebladac SeeZlebaT. dasawyisSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aqtiuri,<br />
verbaluri mxardamWeris rols asrulebs, romelic sistemaSi moswavlis avtonomiis mopovebis<br />
kvalobaze TandaTan mcirdeba.<br />
pirovnuli gavlena maswavleblisa da moswavlis myar urTierTobebs efuZneba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
konkretuli specifikuri saSualebebiT Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs am urTierTobis Camo
disciplina<br />
sayalibeblad. is Tavis moswavleebs uambobs, Tu rogor cxovrobs da ra warmatebebs aRwevs<br />
skolis gareT, raTa maTi pativiscema moipovos, rogorc erTgvarad saintereso da mniSvnelovanma<br />
pirovnebam, saklaso oTaxs miRma arsebuli samyaros wevrma. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> am urTierTobas<br />
bankSi arsebuli fulis msgavsad iyenebs da sakmao simkacres iCens xelis SemSleli<br />
moswavleebis mimarT. is ise gamoxatavs wyenasa da nerviulobas, rom kontrols ar kargavs da<br />
swrafad da gadaWriT iyenebs xelis SemSleli saqcielis Sedegebs.<br />
logikuri Sedegebi (xelSemSleli qcevis) maswavleblis afeqtis dabal donesa da SemoqmedebiT<br />
azrovnebas emyareba, raTa moswavleebma ara mxolod sasjeli, aramed TavinT qcevas-<br />
Tan logikurad dakavSirebuli Sedegebic gaacnobieron. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aanalizebs moswavlis<br />
motivacias, romelsac misive dasaxmareblad _ TviTSecnobisTvis iyenebs. moswavleebi socialuri<br />
wesrigis realobas Sesabamisi logikuri SedegebiT swavloben da ara moralis Sesaxeb<br />
leqciebiT. demokratiul azrovnebaze mZlavri orientaciis gziT klasi Tavdauzogavad<br />
cdilobs Caswvdes socialuri SeTanxmebis arss.<br />
realobiT Terapiis saSualebiT moswavleebi sakuTar qcevas acnobiereben da aRiareben.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar gansjis, Tumca mudam CarTulia da moswavleebs afasebinebs, ra gaakeTes<br />
sakuTari ZiriTadi saWiroebebisTvis. moswavleebi alternativebsa da sakuTari moqmedebis<br />
kursze valdebulebis aRebas swavloben. acnobiereben sakuTar qcevasa da am qcevis sxvebTan<br />
urTierTobaze gavlenas. es strategia maswavleblis CarTulobas, Tanamimdevrul daxmarebasa<br />
da simtkices efuZneba. es aris pasuxismgeblobisa da sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebis ganviTarebis<br />
strategia im adamianis daxmarebiT, romelsac konkretuli moswavlisadmi rwmena<br />
ar daukargavs.<br />
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi maswavleblebi da moswavleebi arkveven, sinamdvileSi<br />
vis aqvs problema, iyeneben Sesabamis unar-Cvevebs da ormxrivi problemis SemTxvevaSi<br />
problemis udanakargod gadaWrisTvis Tanamimdevrul moqmedebaTa gzas iyeneben. es gulisxmobs<br />
rogorc maswavleblis, ise moswavlis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. moswavlis realuri<br />
moTxovnebis, zogjer ki realuri problemis gasarkvevad saWiroa `aqtiuri mosmenisa~ da `me-<br />
Setyobinebis~ gagzavnis kargi unar-Cveva, raTa moswavleebs sakuTari moTxovnebi gavagebinoT.<br />
aseve aucilebelia urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi, ris safuZvelzec problemis gadaWris<br />
procesis kvalobaze ormxrivi pativiscema izrdeba.<br />
am strategiaTa ganxorcieleba arc ise rTulia, magram TiToeuls kargad Seswavla da<br />
varjiSi sWirdeba, radgan maswavleblis mier gadadgmuli nabijebis mixedviT isini mkveTrad<br />
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. es qmedebebi da unar-Cvevebi, albaT, mkiTxvelTa umravlesobis<br />
repertuarSi arsebobs da odesRac gamogiyenebiaT kidec. dro maTi Tanamimdevrobisa da gamoyenebis<br />
Seswavlas sWirdeba; da gverwmuneT, Citi brdRvnad Rirs.<br />
aravin ifiqros, rom am Tavis darCenili nawilis ubralod wakiTxviT adamiani konkretuli<br />
strategiis ganxorcielebas SeZlebs. am gafrTxilebis mizania, Tavidan aviciloT strategiis<br />
ucodinarobiT gamowveuli marcxi da aravis vaTqmevinoT: `oh, es CemTvis ar gamodgeba!~<br />
strategia nebismieri adamianisTvis Sedegiania, Tu viciT misi gamoyeneba da Sesatyvis<br />
dros viyenebT. rogor da rodis unda gamoviyenoT strategia, ai, amis codna gvWirdeba. Sesabamisobis<br />
ara mxolod am Tavis, aramed TviT swavlebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da rTuli<br />
sakiTxia. am eqvsi strategiis Sesabamisobaze arsebuli informaciis ganxilvamde, saWirod<br />
vTvliT, TiToeulis ufro detalur ganxilvas, raTa mkiTxvels Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb ufro<br />
meti konteqsti SevTavazoT. amrigad, yovel strategiaze eqvs qveTavs SemogTavazebT, Semdeg<br />
ki saboloo da umniSvnelovanes V nawilze _ Sesabamisobaze gadavalT im moswavleTa mokle<br />
daxasiaTebiT, romelTaTvisac Sesaferisia mocemuli strategia.<br />
Semdegi eqvsi qveTavis mizania zemoxsenebuli eqvsi strategiis ufro naTeli da sruli<br />
125
Tavi 7<br />
aRwera da maTi gansxvavebisa da moqmedebis TaviseburebaTa Cveneba. misi wakiTxvis Semdeg<br />
dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia gadaxedos volfgangisa da glikmanis SesaniSnav naSroms<br />
`disciplinis problemebis gadaWra~ (Wolfgang & Glickman 1980), sadac mTliani Tavebi eZRvneba<br />
eqvsidan oTx models, strategiis moqmedebis scenarebis ganxilviT. garda amisa, mkiTxvels<br />
SeuZlia gaecnos Tavis bolos mocemuli literaturisac, raTa ufro zedmiwevniT daiwyos<br />
unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba. (SesaZloa zogierTma mkiTxvelma jer me-5 nawilis wakiTxva moisurvos<br />
da Semdeg daubrundes eqvsi calkeuli strategiis Sesaxeb qveTavs.)<br />
modiT, eqvsi strategiis ganxilva yvelaze struqturirebulis, qcevis modifikaciiT,<br />
daviwyoT. mas maswavleblebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT kargad konstruirebuli `SefuTviT~,<br />
e.w. `klasisa da aRzrdis menejmentiT _ kdam~-iT warmogidgenT. am da sxva strategiaTa<br />
analizisTvis gamoviyenebT struqturas, romelic joisisa da veilis (Joyce & Weil 1972) mier<br />
swavlebis modelis analizisas gamoyenebuli kategoriebis modificirebasa da ganvrcobas<br />
axdens. es kategoriebia: (1) gansazRvrebebi; (2) varaudebi; (3) Rirebulebebi; (4) miznebi; (5)<br />
mizezebi; (6) principebi (an nabijebi); (7) maswavleblis reaqciis principebi; (8) mxardaWeris<br />
sistema; (9) socialuri sistema; (10) efeqtebi; (11) Sedegebi.<br />
126<br />
qcevis modifikacia kdam-is gamoyenebiT<br />
disciplina, rogorc qcevis gamomuSaveba<br />
qcevis modifikaciis principebs mravali adamiani iyenebs klasis menejmentSi. azrovnebis<br />
am skolis nimuSad Cven kdam-i avirCieT, ukvdavi wigni CEMREL-isagan, romelic specialurad<br />
maswavleblebisTvis daiwera am principebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. yvela vinc<br />
klasSi qcevis modifikacias emxroba, SeiZleba kdam-is zogierT Rirebulebas, varaudsa da<br />
mizans ar iziarebdes. amas dasawyisSive vityviT, am skolis mxardamWerebisTvis gaugebrobis<br />
Tavidan acilebis mizniT. Semdeg gavaanalizebT konkretul gamoyenebiT sistemaSi qcevis<br />
modifikaciis principebis erT konkretul interpretacias. kdam-i qcevis modifikaciis Sesaxeb<br />
dawerili mravali naSromisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is ufro srulyofili `modelia~,<br />
an rogorc maswavleblebisgan gvsmenia, `is ufro praqtikulia~, anu `is kargi Teoriaa~.<br />
gansazRvrebebi<br />
Semdegi gansazRvrebebi aRebulia kdam-Si arsebuli terminebis mixedviT da SesaZloa ar<br />
emTxveodes qcevis modifikaciis Sesaxeb sxva literaturaSi (ix. gansakuTrebiT modelireba)<br />
imave terminTa gansazRvrebebs.<br />
1. ganmtkiceba: nebismieri ram, rac mocemuli qcevis sixSires zrdis.<br />
2. sasjeli: nebismieri ram, rac mocemuli qcevis sixSires amcirebs.<br />
3. reJimi: ganmtkicebis kavSiri gamoxatul qcevasTan droSi. uwyveti ganmtkiceba aris<br />
yovel jerze sasurveli qcevis ganmtkiceba. wyvetili ganmtkiceba aris daugegmavad<br />
sasurveli saqcielis ganmtkiceba.<br />
4. Caqroba: qcevis aRmofxvra, rogorc wesi, ganmtkicebis aRmofxvris gziT, xandaxan<br />
sasjelTan SewyvilebiT (uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba, usiamovno Sedegebi).<br />
5. pasuxis safasuri: jarimebi, Cveulebisamebr Jetonebis (simboluri jildoebis) an<br />
sxva saxis jildoebis CamorTmeviT gamoixateba.<br />
6. baza: mocemuli qcevis sixSiris Sesaxeb Canaweri droSi SerCeviTi ganmtkicebis da/an<br />
Caqrobis procedurebis dawyebamde.
disciplina<br />
7. Semobruneba: qcevis aRdgena mis sabaziso doneze, an masTan axlos, roca wydeba Ser-<br />
CeviTi ganmtkicebis reJimi.<br />
8. Camoyalibeba: qcevis TandaTanobiTi cvlileba, romelic miiRweva sasurvel qcevas-<br />
Tan Tanamimdevruli miaxloebis ganmtkicebiT.<br />
9. miniSneba: saWiro qaragmebi an miniSnebebi, raTa subieqtma SeZlos sasurveli reaqcia<br />
Sesabamisi stimulis pirobebSi.<br />
10. samizne qceva: sasurveli qceva, romelic qcevis modifikaciis principebis gamoyenebiT<br />
miiRweva.<br />
11. pirobiToba: moswavlis reaqcia an qceva, romelic saWiroa ganmtkicebis Seqmnis an<br />
mopovebisTvis; samuSao, romelsac anazRaureben.<br />
12. waSla: erTi ganmamtkiceblis TandaTanobiTi aRmofxvra da misi Canacvleba sxva ganmamtkicebliT,<br />
rogorc saqcielis SemanarCunebliT.<br />
13. modelireba: sxvaTa qcevis imitacia, romelic qmnis ganmtkicebas am sxvebisaTvis.<br />
mravali termini qcevis modifikaciidan aq ubralod imitom ar aris gansazRvruli, rom<br />
isini kdam-is leqsikonSi ar Sedis (mag: operantuli ganpirobeba, stimulis ganzogadeba, moyirWeba).<br />
varaudebi<br />
1. yvela qceva naswavlia.<br />
2. maswavlebels ar SeuZlia saklaso oTaxs miRma moswavlis problemebis gamklaveba<br />
(mag.: saxlis garemoSi).<br />
3. Tu uweso saqcieli arsebobs da grZeldeba, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>a pasuxismgebeli.<br />
Rirebulebebi<br />
qmediToba da efeqtianoba<br />
miznebi<br />
1. ukanono qcevis sixSire Semcirdeba da mas Caenacvleba kanonieri qceva.<br />
2. miiRweva yoveli moswavlisTvis SesaZlebeli maqsimaluri akademiuri progresi.<br />
principebi<br />
jildoebis sistematuri analizi da ganmtkicebis Teoriis sistematuri gamoyeneba moswavleTa<br />
qcevaSi, uzrunvelyofs swavlaSi maqsimaluri progresisTvis aucilebel garemos.<br />
yvela qcevas, miuRebelsac ki, Tavisi sazRauri aqvs. Tu maswavlebels SeuZlia sazRauris<br />
gansazRvra, arasasurveli qceva aRmoifxvreba. Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> jildos akontrolebs da<br />
sasurveli (kanonieri) saqcielisaTvis imetebs, swored kanonieri saqcieli gamyardeba.<br />
araswori saqcielis Semcireba gzas uxsnis efeqtian swavlas. saswavlo amocanebSi ganmtkicebis<br />
amave principebis gamoyenebiT SevZlebT calkeul moswavleTa efeqtian motivacias.<br />
nabijebi<br />
1. miuTiTeT samizne qcevaze – qcevaze, romelic gsurT, rom ganxorcieldes.<br />
2. aRniSneT gadaxra samizne qcevidan.<br />
3. sistematurad gaakeTeT sabazo normidan gadaxrebis Sefaseba drois garkveul periodebSi<br />
(xSirad kvirebSi).<br />
4. gaaanalizeT, ra aris ganmtkiceba gadaxrisaTvis, ra jildos iRebs bavSvi.<br />
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Tavi 7<br />
128<br />
5. gansazRvreT potenciuri ganmamtkiceblebi, romelTa micemac maswavlebels Seu-<br />
Zlia samizne qcevisTvis.<br />
6. SearCieT ganmamtkicebeli, romelic savaraudod, bavSvs moewoneba.<br />
7. SeqmeniT bavSvisTvis ganmtkicebis progresia da Tanamimdevroba: ganmtkicebis<br />
miseuli reJimi, miuxedavad imisa, gamoyenebuli iqneba Tu ara qcevis Camoyalibeba,<br />
qcevis cvlilebis specifikuri zrda, romelic Camoyalibebis gamoyenebis SemTxveva-<br />
Si ganmtkicdeba.<br />
8. acnobeT moswavles samizne qceva.<br />
9. SeimuSaveT meTodi qcevis sixSiris aRsaniSnad da Casawerad.<br />
10. gamoiyeneT ganmtkiceba.<br />
11. CaiwereT qcevebi.<br />
maswavleblis reaqciis principebi<br />
1. ganmtkiceba myisieri unda iyos.<br />
2. uwyveti ganmtkicebis reJimiT dawyebuli ganmtkiceba unda gaxdes wyvetili, raTa<br />
samizne saqcieli Caqrobis mimarT mtkiced rezistentuli gaxdes.<br />
3. arasasurveli qcevis aRmosafxvrelad gamoiyeneT ignorireba, jarimebi, ganmtkicebaze<br />
periodulad uaris Tqma da ubralo usiamovno sasjeli.<br />
4. Tqveni programis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, xelaxla SeafaseT Tqveni ganmamtkiceblebi,<br />
raTa darwmundeT maTs qmediTobaSi da kidev erTxel gaaanalizeT, ra<br />
jildos iRebda (iRebs) moswavle arasasurveli (normidan gadaxrili) qcevisTvis.<br />
SesaZlebelia ZaRlis Tavi iq iyos damarxuli.<br />
5. daukavSireT socialuri ganmamtkiceblebi sxva kategoriis ganmamtkiceblebs (sakvebi,<br />
aqtivoba, materialuri).<br />
6. SeecadeT SeasustoT socialuri ganmamtkiceblebi.<br />
kdam-i emxroba Sexedulebas, rom saswavlo aqtivobebis (mag., kiTxvis) Sesrulebis Sedegad<br />
kmayofileba ver gaizrdeba, sanam es aqtivoba bavSvis reaqciaTa repertuaris nawili ar gaxdeba.<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu moswavlem kiTxva ar icis, arc is ecodineba, rom kiTxva<br />
SeiZleba saxaliso iyos. amrigad, qcevis modifikacia, SeiZleba erTgvar gardamaval teqnikad<br />
ganvixiloT, romlis saSualebiTac bavSvis garkveul donemde miyvanis Semdeg, arsebul ganmamtkiceblebs<br />
ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba.<br />
socialuri qcevis sferos msgavsad moswavlem SeiZleba ar icodes rogor miiqcios yuradReba<br />
socialurad misaRebi gzebiT. qcevis modifikacias SeuZlia misi miyvana saqmianobis im<br />
donemde, sadac is pirvelad naxavs, rom interaqciis sxva formebic uzrunvelyofs sasurvel<br />
yuradRebas. Tu misaRebi socialuri qceva ubralod ar aris naswavl qceviT repertuarSi,<br />
moswavle verc ki mixvdeba, rom is SeiZleba ganmamtkicebeli iyos.<br />
ase rom kdam-Si Cadebuli strategiuli mizania, TandaTan mospos materialuri, sakvebi da<br />
aqtivobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi da gaaZlieros socialuri da Tandayolili ganmamtkiceblebi.<br />
mxardaWeris sistema<br />
1. arCeul kategoriebSi unda arsebobdes Sesatyvisi ganmamtkiceblebi (e.i. aqtivobis,<br />
materialur, sakveb an socialur kategoriebSi).<br />
2. ganmamtkiceblis `moqmedebisTanave~ xelmisawvdomi unda iyos dro da personali dakvirvebis<br />
Casatareblad, monacemebis Casawerad da bazebis Sesaqmnelad.
socialuri sistema<br />
disciplina<br />
1. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aris ganmamtkiceblis ganmsazRvravi, avtori, `mmarTveli~ da `Camqrobi~.<br />
2. Zalaufleba: is erTmniSvnelovnad maswavleblis xelSia.<br />
3. normebi: dgindeba maswavleblis mier, ecnobeba moswavleebs; mtkicdeba normebisadmi<br />
Sesatyvisoba.<br />
efeqtebi<br />
1. qcevis medifikaciis kdam-iseuli interpretaciis pirdapiri efeqti unda iyos<br />
moswavleebis mier im samizne qcevis miRweva, romelsac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> SearCevs.<br />
mcirdeba klasis masStabiT qcevis normidan gadaxra; maqsimaluri xdeba swavlis<br />
dro. swavla efeqturad da nayofierad mimdinareobs.<br />
2. pasiuri moswavlisaTvis, romelic SemuSavebul ganmamtkicebelze SemuSavebuli<br />
gziT reagirebas aris miCveuli, unda gakeTdes SefarviTi efeqtebi. gare orientacia,<br />
rogor wesi, ,,jildos’’ mentalitets aviTarebs, Tumca, ,,kdam-i’’ cdilobs am<br />
tendenciis CaxSobas socialuri da Tandayolili ganmamtkiceblis CaqrobiT.<br />
sxvebma qcevis sistematuri menejmentis garemoSi cxovrebis SemoqmedebiTobasa da iniciativaze<br />
gavlenis sakiTxi wamoWres.<br />
TviTanalizi<br />
disciplina, rogorc TviTkontroli<br />
TviTanalizis models ramdenime forma aqvs, romlebic am nawilSi iqneba warmodgenili.<br />
eqimebi, maswavleblebi da mSoblebi am strategiebs warmatebiT iyeneben yvela asakis bavSvebTan<br />
da kontrolis problemebis mqone mozrdilTa problemebis mosagvareblad. Sinagani<br />
metyvelebis gziT TviTstimulirebuli relaqsaciis wvrTnisa da TviTkontrolis mniSvnelobis<br />
gagebiT SeiZleba bolos da bolos gavacnobieroT, rom sakuTar TavTan mosaubre<br />
adamianebi sulac ar arian giJebi!<br />
varaudebi<br />
1. moswavleebma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieron sakuTari qcevis tipi, simwvave an sixSire.<br />
2. moswavleebma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieron, an arasworad gaacnobieron sakuTari<br />
grZnobebi, Sinagani mdgomareoba.<br />
Rirebulebebi<br />
es modeli afasebs moswavleTa fsiqikur janmrTelobas. mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebi<br />
swavloben TavianT grZnobebsa da qmedebebs maTTan gamklavebis mizniT; amgvarad isini TviTcodnis<br />
simptomebis _ impulsurobis, afeTqebis, ganmartoebisa da sxva eqscentruli qcevis<br />
_ winaswar gansazRvrasa da gakontrolebas swavloben.<br />
miznebi<br />
am modelis mizania moswavleebs aswavlos sakuTari signalebis wakiTxva da Tavis garTmevis<br />
strategiebis CarTva maSin, roca signalebi mianiSneben, rom isini sadacaa `afeTqdebian~<br />
an gamoiyeneben maTTvis damaxasiaTebel sxva romelime disfunqciur models.<br />
129
Tavi 7<br />
130<br />
principebi<br />
Sinagani me-sgan izolirebul moswavleebs daxmareba sWirdebaT imis gacnobierebaSi, Tu<br />
ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi maTi qmedebebi. impulsurma mozardma SeiZleba verc gaiazros,<br />
rom fexze wamoxta, magididan wigni gadmoagdo, karisken gaqcevisas or bavSvs daejaxa<br />
da molbertis gadaadgilebisas naxats daabija. gaucnobiereblad man mxolod is icis, rom<br />
`wasvlis droa~. ufrosklaselma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieros, rom ufro da ufro ucruvdeba<br />
imedi, roca ar iwveven instruqciul jgufSi, rom TiTebs nerviulad aTamaSebs da muStebs<br />
ZarRvebis dabervamde kumSavs. orive moswavles sWirdeba am situaciaTa cnoba da sakuTari<br />
fiqrebisa da grZnobebis Sinagani miniSnebebis wakiTxva. moqmedebis dawyebamde maT unda<br />
icodnen, rom es feTqebadi situaciebia da rom maT Tavs raRac xdeba. es modeli pirdapir<br />
mianiSnebs moswavleebs, romelia maTTvis gamomwvevi situaciebi, xolo Semdeg situaciis<br />
ganviTarebis kvaldakval aswavlis sakuTari reaqciebis gacnobierebas. am reaqciebis, rogorc<br />
problemis miniSnebebis wakiTxvis Seswavlis Semdeg maT unda icodnen, rogor moiqcnen.<br />
TviTanalizis strategiebi maT mraval teqnikas sTavazobs, romlebic SeuZliaT iswavlon,<br />
ivarjiSon da Semdeg gamoiyenon stresis dros dasamSvideblad, TviTkontrolisa da skolaSi<br />
efeqtiani funqcionirebis gasagrZeleblad. es strategiebia: (1) qcevis ubralod daTvla an<br />
mis mixedviT grafikis ageba; (2) relaqsacia; (3) TviTwvrTna Sinagani metyvelebiT (kognituri<br />
qcevis modifikacia).<br />
nabijebi<br />
ubralod daTvla<br />
ana-maria klasSi yovelTvis yviris da sxvebs awyvetinebs. es misi impulsurobaa da <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
gadawyvets gamoiyenos ubralo daTvla, raTa xazi gausvas am qcevas da miapyros<br />
ana-marias yuradReba. erT dRes gakveTilebis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs: `ana-maria, ici,<br />
rom xels ar iwev da Zalian bevrs yviri? es xelsac miSlis da usamarTlobaa im moswavleebis<br />
mimarT, visac saubari surs~. `vwuxvar! gavCerdebi, gpirdebiT!~ (aseTi dialogi adrec gamar-<br />
Tula). `namdvilad Tanaxma xar amaze vimuSaoT? minda, dagexmaro. rogor fiqrob, ramdenjer<br />
wamoiyvireb xolme?~ `ar vici – SeiZleba, xuTjer?~ (wamoyvirebis raodenoba 25-mdea.)<br />
`kargi, xval vnaxoT. majaze webovan Tasmas gavikeTeb da yovel wamoyvirebas masze aRvniSnav,<br />
SeniSvnis an gakveTilis Sewyvetis gareSe, magram Sen dainaxav da mixvdebi ras niSnavs. kargi?~<br />
`kargiT!~.<br />
es teqnika SeiZleba Zalze efeqtiani iyos Cveulebrivi an impulsuri gamaRizianebeli<br />
qcevis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT, roca yuradRebis miqcevisa da impulsurobis garda ufro<br />
seriozuli aspeqtebi ar aris `CaTreuli~. imis danaxva, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> lentze niSans<br />
akeTebs, moswavles mizans – wamoZaxilis Semcirebas _ axsenebs. `ui~, ambobs ana-maria, roca<br />
kidev erTi niSnis dasmas xedavs. sakmaod male is wamoZaxebamde niSnis winaswar ganWvretas<br />
swavlobs da wamoZaxilis Sekavebas iwyebs. Semdeg maswavlebelsa da ana-marias SeuZliaT<br />
Seajamon wamoZaxilebi da meore dRes miznad am jamis Semcireba daisaxon. erTi kvira SeiZleba<br />
savsebiT sakmarisi iyos TviTSekavebis swavlisTvis, rac ana-marias wamoZaxebis gasakontroleblad<br />
sWirdeba.<br />
am teqnikiTa da specifikuri Tvlisa da saqcielis Sesaxeb Canawerebis warmoebis sxva<br />
formebiT moswavleebi ukeT igeben sakuTar qmedebas da maswavleblisa da moswavlis miznad<br />
aqceven arasasurveli qcevis Semcirebas. daTvla moswavleebisTvis aris informacia maTi<br />
winsvlis Sesaxeb; is unda iyos swrafi, sruli da xSiri (Van Houton). teqnikis warmatebisTvis<br />
moswavleebi mis mosinjvaze Tanaxma unda iyvnen. xandaxan mawavlebeli qcevis daTvliT
disciplina<br />
moswavleebs monacemTa winaSe ayenebs. araswori qcevis `raodenobis~ gamo gakvirvebis Soki<br />
SeiZleba maTi motivirebis safuZveli gaxdes. maswavlebels SeuZlia am teqnikis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc mTeli klasis masStabiT, ise individualurad. mizania klasis mier wamoZaxilebisa<br />
da sxva araswori qcevis saerTo raodenobis Semcireba.<br />
relaqsacia<br />
bruno-goldenma (Bruno-Golden 1976) da koepenma (Koeppen 1974) maswavleblebisTvis (da ara<br />
marto maTTvis) Seqmnes savarjiSoTa nakrebi moswavleTa kunTebis mzardi relaqsaciisTvis.<br />
masSi Sedis moswavleTa mier komfortuli mdgomareobis miReba da sistematuri TanamimdevrobiT<br />
kunTebis sxvadasxva jgufis monacvleobiT daWimva da moduneba. es nebismieri maswavleblisTvis<br />
kargi teqnikaa. vis ar unatria raRac momentSi raime mowyobiloba hiperaqtiuri<br />
klasis dasawynareblad?<br />
Tumca, zogierTi moswavlisTvis dasvenebis codna SeiZleba stresis daZlevis strategia<br />
iyos. maswavlebels SeuZlia individualurad an mcire jgufebs aswavlos es teqnika da<br />
TandaTanobiT Seamciros wvrTna, roca moswavle TviTinstruqtaJs SeZlebs maswavleblis<br />
minimaluri xelmZRvanelobiT. SeiZleba im donis miRwevac, roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mxolod mianiSnebs<br />
dawyebas da moswavle damoukideblad Seasrulebs varjiSs: `robi, Senc da mec vamCnevT,<br />
rom am dReebSi Tavs Zlivs akontroleb, xom marTalia? ici, iseTi raRac minda gaswavlo, rac<br />
dagexmareba. Tanaxma xar?~<br />
wvrTnasTan erTad maswavlebelma da moswavlem rTuli situaciebi unda ganixilon, scadon<br />
im garemos da pirobebis winaswar gansazRvra da ganWvreta, romlebic moswavlis afeTqebis<br />
mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. maT aseve sWirdebaT moswavlis Sinagan gancdebsa da im aSkara simptomebze<br />
saubari, romelTa SemCnevac orives SeuZlia, roca moswavlis daZabuloba izrdeba.<br />
maswavlebels im moswavleebTan erTad, romlebic ar icnoben sakuTar `me~-s da Zalze uWirT<br />
Sinagan grZnobebze saubari, SeiZleba ukeT gamouvides mizanze, movlenis SesamCnev Tvisebebze<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba: `es Cveulebrivi ambavia mcire jgufebSi. Tqven muStebs kravT da<br />
TiTebi giTeTrdebaT~. saboloo mizania, rom kontrolis dakargvamde moswavleebma sakuTari<br />
signalebis wakiTxva da Tavis garTmevis meqnizmis amuSaveba SeZlon. am gzaze maT SeiZleba<br />
maswavleblis daxmareba dasWirdeT miniSnebaTa amosacnobad. SeiZleba moswavleebma koduri<br />
sityva Seqmnan an <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Caerios da mianiSnos volfgangiseuli (Wolfgang 1977) erT-erTi<br />
saSualebiT imisda mixedviT, ramdenad Semawuxebeli xdeba qceva da rogor akontrolebs moswavle<br />
sakuTar Tavs:<br />
¤ siaxlove – yureba;<br />
¤ `vxedav, rogor TandaTan kargav kontrols~.<br />
¤ `kontroli gekargeba. dagexmarebi~.<br />
¤ fizikuri Careva – moswavlis qmedebis sityviT gamoxatva – moswavlis Sekaveba: `saSualebas<br />
ar mogcem, rame itkino an sxvebs atkino~. (umcrosklaselebisTvis).<br />
naklebad problemuri bavSvebisTvis SeiZleba Tavis garTmevis mizniT relaqsaciaze ufro<br />
martivi strategiebi CavrToT. moswavleebs SeuZliaT gaiseirnon derefanSi dasamSvideblad<br />
an oTaxis gancalkevebul kuTxeSi dasxdnen. orive strategiaSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> da moswavleebi<br />
Tanamzraxvelebi arian. mxolod maT unda icodnen miniSnebaTa sistema da Tavis garTmevis<br />
strategiebi. moswavleebisaTvis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> is adamiania, romelic TavSekavebulobis swavlaSi<br />
exmareba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cdilobs minimumamde Seamciros Tavisi aqtiuri roli, romelic<br />
saWiroa moswavlis qmediTobis SesanarCuneblad. saWiro mxardaWeras sTavazobs, magram cdilobs<br />
moswavleTa masze damokidebulebis Semcirebas.<br />
131
Tavi 7<br />
aseTma strategiebma, SesaZloa, didi daxmareba gauwios feTqebad mozardebs, romlebic<br />
ar icnoben sakuTar grZnobebs, Tumca SeiZleba damatebiTi Terapiac dasWirdeT.<br />
132<br />
TviTinstruqtaJi Sinagani metyvelebis saSualebiT<br />
(kognituri qcevis modifikacia)<br />
TviTinstruqtaJis dros moswavleebs aswavlian Sinagani metyvelebis gamoyenebas rTul<br />
situaciebSi sakuTar TavTan saubris mizniT, rTulSi, radgan isini ibrZvian impulsebis Sesakaveblad,<br />
kontrolis SesanarCuneblad da alternatiuli strategiebis gamosayeneblad.<br />
moswavlisTvis Sinagani dialogis Secvlis swavlebas `warmmarTveli gavlena eqneba imaze: (a)<br />
ras aqcevs yuradRebas individi garemoSi; (b) rogor afasebs sxvadasxva mastimulirebel movlenas;<br />
(g) ras miawers sakuTar saqciels; da (d) miseul molodinze, ramdenad SeuZlia stresul<br />
movlenasTan gamklaveba~ (Meichenbaum 1977, gv. 206).<br />
erTi aseTi midgoma xmamaRla fiqris teqnikaa. maixenbaumi aRwers beSisa da kempis (Bash<br />
& Camp) mier Catarebul programas, romelSic Tormeti agresiuli meoreklaseli biWi iyo<br />
CarTuli mcire jgufebSi:<br />
programa daiwyo TamaSiT ,,mimbaZveli’’, romelic bavSvs sakuTari TavisTvis Semdegi<br />
oTxi ZiriTadi kiTxvis dasmas aswavlida: ra aris Cemi problema? rogoria Cemi geg-<br />
ma? viyeneb Tu ara mas? rogor viyeneb? Semdeg Semoitanes palkesisa (Palkes) da sxvaTa<br />
msgavsi miniSnebaTa baraTebi, raTa bavSvisTvis miecaT TviTverbalizaciis signali.<br />
kursis ganmavlobaSi kogniturad momTxovni davalebebi Surisa da spivakiseuli<br />
(Shure & Spivak) stilis interpersonaluri davalebebiT icvleboda. kempisa da sxvaTa<br />
kvlevis pirveli Sedegebi sakmaod imedis momcemi iyo. Sedegebi klasis masStabiT ganzogadda.<br />
`ifiqre xmamaRla~ programis Sedegebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens<br />
kempis aRmoCeniT, rom agresiuli da normaluri biWebis verbaluri instrumentebi<br />
sxvadasxva davalebis Sesrulebis dros msgavsi iyo, magram agresiuli biWebi ver iyenebdnen<br />
fiqrisa da problemis gadaWris gzebis dagegmvis SesaZleblobebs. beSi da<br />
kempi weren:<br />
,,maSinac ki, roca TamaSis wesebi pirveli stimulirebuli reaqciis dablokvas<br />
iTxovs, agresiul bavSvebs ufro uWirT Sekaveba (mag.: `saimoni ambobs~ TamaSis dros).<br />
maTi bunebrivi midrekileba swrafi reaqciaa, magram Tu specialurad uTiTeben, rom<br />
reaqciamde sajarod moaxdinon verbalizeba, maT, SeiZleba, normalurebze ufro<br />
swrafad Seikavon~.<br />
TviTinstruqtaJis programam `ifiqre xmamaRla~ warmatebiT aswavla aseTi TviTver-<br />
balizaciis unar-Cvevebi (Meichenbaum 1977, gv. 42)*<br />
TviTinstruqtaJis am strategiaTa swavlebisas, saWiroa moswavleebTan individualuri an<br />
mcire jgufebSi muSaoba. swavleba iwyeba moswavlisaTvis rTuli situaciis ganxilviT, magaliTad,<br />
saklaso oTaxidan oTaxSi gadasvliT, sadac amocanaa mwkrivad dgoma da sasadiloSi<br />
wasasvlelad momzadeba. am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvwereT moswavle, romelic fexze xteboda,<br />
wigns magididan agdebda, daejaxa or bavSvs karisaken gaqcevis dros da molbertis gadaadgilebisas<br />
naxats daabija. Sinagani dialogi, romelic gvsurs, rom moswavlem sakuTar TavTan<br />
gamarTos, savaraudod aseTi SeiZleba iyos:<br />
*ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Meichenbaum, D. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.)
problemis gansazRvra `vnaxoT, ra aris Cemi amocana! mwkrivTan<br />
yuradRebis fokusireba<br />
imaze, Tu ra unda gavakeTo<br />
misvla ise, rom aravis davejaxo~.<br />
,,ra unda gavakeTo iq misasvlelad? daviwyo<br />
nela siaruli – viyuro, sad mivdivar~.<br />
`sworia! metismetad swrafad ara~.<br />
TviTSefaseba, monitoringi `yuradReba miaqcie molbertis fexs~. ,,xom<br />
ar waiqca? kargad momyveba~.<br />
TviTganmtkiceba `vaSa! gamomivida!~<br />
disciplina<br />
rogor unda vaswavloT moswavles amis gakeTeba? TandaTanobiT. Tavdapirvelad <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
Tavad asrulebs moZraobebs, ayurebinebs moswavles da xmamaRla axdens zemoT moyvanili<br />
dialogis verbalizacias. Semdeg moswavles moZraobebis gameorebas sTxovs da Tan kvlav<br />
dialogis xmamaRla verbalizacias axdens. Tanamimdevroba Semdegi eqvsi fazis mixedviT mimdinareobs:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
1. xmamaRali TviTinstruqtaJi,<br />
asrulebs moZraobebs<br />
uyurebs<br />
moswavle<br />
2. xmamaRali TviTinstruqtaJi asrulebs moZraobebs<br />
3. CurCulebs instruqciebs xmamaRali TviTinstruqtaJi, asrulebs<br />
moZraobebs<br />
4. mxolod tuCebs amoZravebs CurCulebs TviTinstruqtaJs,<br />
asrulebs moZraobebs<br />
5. uyurebs mxolod tuCebs amoZravebs, asrulebs<br />
moZraobebs<br />
6. uyurebs Sinagani saubari TviTinstruqtaJisTvis;<br />
asrulebs moZraobebs<br />
am strategiis sxvadasxva saxeliT (mag: `stresze acra~) cnobili saxesxvaobebi, ufrosklaselebTan<br />
da mozrdilebTanac gamoiyeneba, Tumca principebi igive rCeba. moswavleebs aswavlian<br />
maTTvis stresuli situaciis amocnobas, raTa maT erT-erTi strategiiT (relaqsaciiT,<br />
TviTinstruqtirebiT) Tavis garTmeva SeZlon. maT stresis maTeuli signalebis<br />
amocnobasac aswavlian, raTa moumzadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeZlon ufskrulis piras yofnis<br />
gansazRvra da spontanurad gamoiyenon erT-erTi strategia.<br />
socialuri sistema<br />
am modelSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> damxmarea. saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba Tavis<br />
garTmevis strategiebis gamoyenebis Taobaze moswavlis xelSia, miuxedavad imisa, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ndobiT aRWurvili Tanamzraxvelia da misi saqmea moswavlisaTvis kontrolis dakargvis<br />
miniSnebis gagzavna.<br />
133
Tavi 7<br />
134<br />
maswavleblis reaqciis principebi<br />
roca moswavle kargavs kontrols, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> saWiro (da ara zedmeti) doziT Caereva;<br />
saboloo mizania, moswavleTa TviTkontrolis unaris Camoyalibeba. aq lozungia sifxizle,<br />
miniSneba da minimaluri reaqcia usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
mxardaWeris sistema<br />
sagakveTilo drois garda maswavleblebs sWirdebaT dro da moswavleebTan urTierTobis<br />
kerZo garemos Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. saWiroa, maswavlebelma winaswar gansazRvros zogierTi<br />
rTuli situacia da masze moswavlesTan erTad imuSaos.<br />
efeqtebi<br />
am modelis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba amcirebs afeTqebebsa da xelis SemSlel konfliqtebs<br />
impulsuri da umarTavi moswavleebisTvis. aseve uyalibebs maT Tavdajerebulobasa<br />
da miRwevis SegrZnebas. Sedegad ki, maTTvis sxva moswavleebTan ufro nayofieri urTierTobis<br />
kari iReba, romlebic maT, albaT, ar CaTvlian `giJebad~, ar gabrazdebian da ar<br />
umtroben.<br />
monaTesave models `problemis interpersonaluri kognituri gadawyveta~ ewodeba. es<br />
modeli mozardebs aswavlis azrovnebas _ `alternativa-Sedegebi~. is, ZiriTadad, gamiznulia<br />
umcrosklaselebisTvis da maT problemis gadaWris iseT strategiebs aswavlis, romlebiTac<br />
Cxubis, kinklaobis da konfliqtebis Zalismieri mogvarebis Canacvleba SeuZliaT. Surisa da<br />
spivakis (1978) naSromidan es nawyveti amis dadasturebaa. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> avalebs bavSvebs maTi<br />
moqmedebebisa da am moqmedebaTa Sedegebis ganxilvas, Semdeg ki maTi moTxovnebis Sesatyvis<br />
alternatiul moqmedebebs asrulebinebs.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: doroTi, am amocanebze Sen muSaobdi?<br />
bavSvi: braienic muSaobda.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: Sen da braieni erTad muSaobdiT? (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> agrovebs situaciis<br />
faqtebs).<br />
bavSvi: diax.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: braienis mimarT samarTliani iqneba, rom Tavad akrifos, xolo Sens<br />
mimarT, rom ar akrifo?<br />
bavSvi ara.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: Sens mimarT samarTliani iqneba, rom Sen akrifo da ara braienma?<br />
bavSvi: ara.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: ra iqneba samarTliani? (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cdilobs problema orive<br />
bavSvis TvalsazrisiT daanaxos.)<br />
bavSvi: braieni ar mexmareba.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: SegiZlia raime moifiqro, rom braieni mogexmaros amocanebis akrefaSi?<br />
(cdilobs bavSvs problemis gadaWris gza moafiqrebinos).
avSvi: SemeZlo meTxova misTvis.<br />
disciplina<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: es erT-erTi azria. ra SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi moxdes? (maswavlebe-<br />
(<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
mizez-Sedegobriv azrovnebas marTavs).<br />
bavSvi: is ar damexmareboda.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: es SeiZleba moxdes. kidev ra SeiZleba gaakeTo misi uaris SemTxvevaSi?<br />
bavSvi: davartyam.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: SeiZleba daartya. maSin ra SeiZleba moxdes?<br />
bavSvi: viCxubebT.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: SeiZleba iCxuboT. SegiZlia mesame, gansxvavebuli idea moifiqro?<br />
bavSvi: Tqven uTxariT mas.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: me SemiZlia vuTxra, magram ras izam maSin, roca me aq ar viqnebi?<br />
(<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> isev cdilobs bavSvi problemis gadaWris gzaze<br />
daafiqros.)<br />
bavSvi: SemiZlia vuTxra, rom masTan aRar viTamaSeb.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: es kargi azria?<br />
bavSvi: diax.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: ratom?<br />
bavSvi: imitom, rom damexmareba.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: SeiZleba. naxe, ra SeiZleba gaakeTo, rom dagexmaros. (Suri da spivaki<br />
1978, gv. 146-147)*<br />
zemoT motanil dialogs avtorebi ase ajameben:<br />
1. daadgineT bavSviseuli Sexeduleba problemaze ise, rom ar daadanaSauloT magaliTad:<br />
`ra moxda?~ `ra gaakeTa an giTxra?~ `ratom moiqca ase?~ `rogor ginda rom<br />
moiqces?~ `saidan ici, rom amas ar gaakeTebs?~<br />
2. saqmianad daadgineT misi moqmedebis mizezi. `ratom uwode regveni?~ `ratom moginda<br />
pirvels dagertya?~<br />
3. ecadeT, bavSvi daafiqroT imaze, Tu ras grZnobda (grZnobs) da, misi azriT, sxvebi<br />
ras grZnobdnen (an SeiZleba grZnoben). magaliTad, SegiZliaT hkiTxoT: `ras fiqrob,<br />
ra igrZno man, roca ase moeqeci?~ `Sen ra igrZeni, roca man es gaakeTa?~<br />
4. dasviT kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba adamianma daadginos, ras fiqrobs an ras grZnobs sxva<br />
bavSvi. `rogor gaarkvev, moswons Tu ara mas Seni azri?~ `rogor mixvdebi is bednieria<br />
Tu ara?~<br />
5. sTxoveT bavSvs, gamoxatos sakuTari mosazreba problemis gadaWris gzasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT. `ras gaakeTeb imisaTvis, rom man amis gakeTebis (raRaca gqondes, masTan iTamaSo,<br />
aRar dagartyas) ufleba mogces?~<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Shure, Myrna, and George Spivack. Problem-Solving Techniques in Childrearing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,<br />
1978. (c) 1978 Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publishers. yvela ufleba daculia.)<br />
135
Tavi 7<br />
136<br />
6. sTxoveT bavSvs ifiqros imaze, ra SeiZleba moxdes Semdeg. `Tu Sen ase moiqcevi, ra<br />
SeiZleba gaakeTos an Tqvas Senma dam?~ `Tu Sen isev Seawuxeb, ra SeiZleba moxdes?~<br />
7. ecadeT, moswavlem Seafasos sakuTari idea Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT. `dartyma kargi<br />
azria Tu ara?~ `vaWroba kargi azria Tu ara?~<br />
8. waaxaliseT moswavle, dafiqrdes problemis mogvarebis gansxvavebul gzaze. `Segi-<br />
Zlia moifiqro gansxvavebuli gza, rom man dagiTmos, roca Seni jeri iqneba (ufleba<br />
mogces maTTan iTamaSo)?~ `Tu axla TamaSi ar ginda, SegiZlia moifiqro, risi gakeTeba<br />
gagaxalisebda?~ (Shure & Spivack 1978, gv. 157, 229-230)<br />
bavSvebis pasuxebi gviCvenebs, rom isini sakuTari da ara ufrosis mier SeTavazebuli an<br />
moTxovnili ideis mixedviT ufro imoqmedeben. miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvebs xandaxan marTlac<br />
sWirdebaT ufrosis rCeva, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom roca bavSvi problemis gadaWris<br />
sasurvel gzas ipovnis, is misi azrovnebisa da moqmedebebis bunebrivi kavSiris safuZvelze<br />
spontanuri motivaciiT moqmedebaze gadadis. Tu misi idea warumatebelia, is fiqrs agrZelebs<br />
da impulsur da imedgacruebul moqmedebamde SeiZleba mogvarebis sxva gzac mosinjos.<br />
is problemis gadaWrisaken mimarTul azrovnebas swavlobs.<br />
pirovnuli gavlena<br />
pirovnuli pativiscemis gziT damyarebuli disciplina<br />
pirovnuli gavlenis modelSi, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mWidro urTierTobas amyarebs moswavleebTan<br />
da mas gonivruli saqcielisaTvis moswavleTa motivaciis mizniT iyenebs. is cdilobs<br />
gazardos sakuTari pirovnuli mniSvneloba moswavleebisTvis da maT pativiscemas, dafasebasa<br />
da siaxloves qcevis Sesacvlelad iyenebs. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> siyvarulsa da Tavdadebas am-<br />
JRavnebs; moswavleebi grZnoben, rom maTi urTierToba sayvarel maswavlebelTan ormxrivia.<br />
SesaZloa, mravali mkiTxvelisTvis es nacnobi WeSmaritebaa, magram am modelis yuradRebiT<br />
wakiTxva mraval siaxles gagacnobT.<br />
varaudebi<br />
moswavleebi ufro motivirebuli arian, rom kargad moiqcnen da imuSaon, Tu maT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
uyvarT da afaseben.<br />
Rirebulebebi<br />
am modelSi mniSvnelovania moswavlis warmodgena sakuTar Tavze da klasSi wesrigi. maT-<br />
Tvis mniSvnelovan mozrdilTan urTierToba moswavleebs Tavdajerebulobas uviTarebs.<br />
modelSi asaxulia valdebuleba klasSi wesrigisa da xelis SeSlis dros mtkice nabijebis<br />
gadadgmisTvis.<br />
miznebi<br />
modelis upirvelesi mizania maswavlebelsa da rezistentul moswavleebs Soris urTierTobis<br />
damyareba, raTa am ukanasknelebze gaizardos maswavleblis piradi gavlena. meore<br />
mizania qcevisadmi mkafio molodinis Camoyalibeba da araswori saqcielisTvis swrafi da<br />
Tanamimdevruli Sedegebi.<br />
principebi<br />
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierToba sabanko angariSs hgavs: misi wyalobiT moswav-
disciplina<br />
le Tavs ufro komfortulad, usafrTxod da daculad grZnobs. mas investirebis da zrdis,<br />
usafrTxo bazidan muSaobis, keTilganwyobis gamoxatvisa da siaxlis mosinjvis saSualeba<br />
aqvs. saWiroebis dros ki es urTierToba dasayrdenia rogorc maswavleblisTvis, ise moswavlisTvis.<br />
kargi urTierToba mosawon da pativsacem maswavlebelTan moswavleTa motivirebas<br />
axdens da isini ufro bejiT muSaobasa da ukeT moqcevas cdiloben. aseTi maswavleblis<br />
sayveduric mravlis mTqmelia! am modelSi maswavleblebi wyenis gamoxatvisas ar kargaven<br />
kontrols da ar yvirian, Tumca gabrazebas, imedgacruebas, gulgatexilobas amJRavneben. es<br />
ki moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovania, Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> misTvis avtoritetia. moswavleebi Tavs<br />
arideben upasuxismgeblo saqciels, roca maswavlebelTan urTierToba maTTvis mniSvnelovania.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> am urTierTobas borotad ar iyenebs _ ar imuqreba an dasjis dros siaxloveze<br />
uars ar ambobs. sayvedurisa Tu sxva usiamovno SemTxvevebis (klasidan gaZeveba) Sem-<br />
deg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cdilobs, uaxloesi xelsayreli<br />
SemTxveva gamoiyenos, sxva konteqstSi aRadginos<br />
moswavlesTan urTierToba. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> siyvarulis dakargvis muqaras ar iyenebs<br />
rogorc xelkets, es urTierToba moswavlis<br />
xelis SemSleli saqcielis jansaRi Semakaveblis funqcias asrulebs. survili, gonivruli<br />
moqceviT vasiamovnoT CvenTvis mniSvnelovan adamianebs, marTlac jansaRia. es ar gaxlavT<br />
moraluri msjelobis yvelaze progresuli forma, Tumca martosuli da dabneuli moswavlisTvis<br />
SeiZleba gansazRvruli win gadadgmuli nabiji iyos.<br />
am urTierTobis wyalobiT moswavleebs SeuZliaT Tavdajerebulobis mopoveba, ufro<br />
muyaiTi mcdeloba da meti warmatebis miRweva. maswavlebelTan stabiluri urTierTobis<br />
`sangridan~ maT SeuZliaT keTilganwyobis gamomJRavneba da kontrolirebul garemoSi (mag.,<br />
kooperaciul proeqtebSi) sxva moswavleebTan urTierTobis damyareba, riTac afarToeben<br />
warmatebuli urTierTobis wres da Tavs ufro Rirebulad grZnoben. roca isini sxvebTan<br />
urTierTobaSi warmatebas aRweven, Sesatyvisi qceviT am urTierTobis SenarCunebis SesaZlebloba<br />
da survili izrdeba.<br />
nabijebi<br />
1. pozitiuri, megobruli, individualuri interaqciis momentebis ZiebiTa da xelsayreli<br />
SemTxvevis gamoyenebiT daamyareT megobruli urTierToba calkeul moswavleebTan,<br />
romlis mizani siaxlove da Ria komunikaciaa.<br />
a) gakveTilebamde ramdenime wuTiT;<br />
b) ramdenime wuTiT gakveTilebis Semdeg;<br />
g) xandaxan moswavlesTan erTad sadilobiT;<br />
d) skolis Semodgomi proeqtebiT.<br />
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierToba<br />
sabanko angariSs hgavs.<br />
2. gamoiyeneT ,,aqtiuri mosmena’’ da pirovnuli urTierTobis Camoyalibebis parametrSi<br />
detalurad axsnili sxva qceva.<br />
3. gauziareT moswavleebs saintereso informacia Tqvens Sesaxeb: mogzauroba, gamocdileba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, nebismieri miRweva an codna (rogoricaa instrumentze dakvra<br />
an raime xeloba), rac maT Tqvenze ara gazviadebul, aramed realur warmodgenas<br />
Seuqmnis. rogorc wesi, moyolis nacvlad ukeTesia TviT am unarebis Cveneba.<br />
4. ecadeT, moswavleebs usafrTxo da struqturirebuli urTierTobebi hqondeT. magaliTad,<br />
aswavleT umcrosklasels raime TamaSi da Semdeg waaxaliseT, rom saswavlo<br />
dRis pirveli aTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi (rogorc wesi, yvelaze rTuli periodi)<br />
es TamaSi or sxva moswavles aswavlos. ufrosklaselebs daarigebineT masalebi an<br />
sTxoveT jgufur proeqtSi gankuTvnili funqciis Sesruleba.<br />
5. rezistentul moswavleebs individualuri interaqciis dros, zustad auxseniT<br />
Tqveni molodini (ix. molodinis parametri). Sexedulebisamebr, SeqmeniT qcevis kon-<br />
137
Tavi 7<br />
138<br />
traqtebi da SedegTa grafiki, rom daexmaroT maTs saWiroebebze fokusirebasa da<br />
winsvlis Sesaxeb informaciis uzrunvelyofaSi.<br />
6. roca moswavle xels giSliT, swarafad moaxdineT reagireba SedegebiT (romelSic<br />
xSirad CarTuli iqneba gaZeveba an sxva saxis izolireba).<br />
7. moswavles yovelTvis mogvianebiT, mSvidad, magram garkveuli emociiT elaparakeT.<br />
gaaanalizebineT, ra Secdoma dauSva da risi gakeTebaa saWiro.<br />
8. eZebeT pozitiuri saubrisTvis uaxloesi xelsayreli SemTxveva rezistentul moswavlesTan<br />
usiamovno epizodis Semdeg. magaliTad, gamogadgebaT fraza _ `ra mSvenieri<br />
namuSevaria, jim~ – gansakuTrebiT, Tu Zalian mkacri iyaviT mis mimarT. mizania<br />
komunikaciis aRdgena da imis damtkiceba, rom Tqveni urTierToba jer kidev cocxalia.<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ar moxdes gadaWarbeba _ moswavle ar mixvdes, rom<br />
jildo (mag.: skolis Semdgomi proeqti) yvelaze seriozul xelis SeSlas mohyveba.<br />
TavSekavebulad gaagrZeleT urTierTobis aRdgena, zustad im zomiT, rac Tavidan<br />
gasaxsnelad da gasamxneveblad aris saWiro.<br />
9. gqondeT xSiri da uSualo kontaqti mSoblebTan, raTa SeZlebisdagvarad uzrunvelyoT<br />
maTi CarTuloba.<br />
maswavleblis reaqciis principebi<br />
1. aqtiuri mosmena urTierTobis Camoyalibebis dros.<br />
2. dauTmeT, raTa ipovoT an SeqmnaT xelsayreli SemTxvevebi urTierTobis Camosayalibeblad.<br />
3. gamoamJRavneT nerviuloba disciplinis damyarebis dros.<br />
4. iyaviT ufro mSvidi da ufro analitikuri moswavleebTan ganxilvebis dros.<br />
5. TavSekavebulad aRadgineT urTierToba yvelaze rTuli epizodebis Semdeg.<br />
mxardaWeris sistema<br />
am modelis mixedviT urTierTobis Camosayalibeblad maswavlebels moswavleebTan sakmaod<br />
axlo da xSiri kontaqti sWirdeba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> unda iyos Tanamimdevruli SedegebTan<br />
da Semdgom urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi. modularuli reJimiT limitirebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
skolam unda gaiTvaliswinos klasis ufro Caketili garemo, an sul mcire maswavlebelTa<br />
ufro iSviaTi cvla am moswavlisTvis. maswavlebels winaswar unda hqondes gansazRvruli<br />
SedegTa nakrebi moswavlisTvis (da albaT Sedegebic, Tu pirovnuli gavlenis es strategia<br />
Sewyvilebulia qcevis kontraqtTan). amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro iyos sxva maswavleblebTan<br />
da skolis administratorTan TanamSromloba da SeTanxmeba (Semdeg nawilSi ixileT seimur<br />
sarasonis Sedegebis forma). imis Tqma gvsurs, rom sruli mzadyofna gqondeT. icodeT, ris<br />
gakeTebas apirebT, roca moswavlis saqcieli dasaSveb zRvars scildeba da metismetad xelis<br />
SemSleli xdeba swavlebis gasagrZeleblad. rogorc wesi, es gaZevebis garkveuli formaa<br />
damSvidebis oTaxSi an sxva adgilas, magram unda icodeT, sad.<br />
socialuri sistema<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> avtoritetia, romelic qcevis normebs awesebs. zogadad, moswavleebi Sei-<br />
Zleba CarTuli iyvnen wesebis SeqmnaSi. magram maSinac ki, roca demokratia klasis cxovrebis<br />
nawili da qcevis normebis gansazRvris saSualebaa, pirovnuli gavlenis mizani ar aris, iyos<br />
demokratiuli modeli. Tu moswavles es modeli sWirdeba, demokratia mis `avadmyofobas~<br />
ver gankurnavs.<br />
efeqtebi<br />
pirdapiri: devianturi qceva mcirdeba.
disciplina<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi: 1. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> uzrunvelyofs zrunvisa da pa su xi smgeblobis<br />
rolis models, romelTanac moswavle iwyebs mijaWvas.<br />
2. moswavle iwyebs sxva moswavleebTan dadebiTi urTierTobis<br />
Camoyalibebas.<br />
am modelze saubris dasrulebamde gvsurs masze misadagebuli erTi ufro specifikuri<br />
strategiis CarTva: seimur sarasonisa da misi kolegebis mier SemuSavebuli izolirebis<br />
(CaurTvelobis) uCveulo, kargad mofiqrebuli da maRalefeqtiani forma xelis SemSleli<br />
moswavleebisTvis. is Setanilia wignSi, romelic Sors dgas disciplinisagan: `skolis kultura<br />
da cvlilebaTa sirTule~ (Sarason 1971). es aris xelis SeSlaze pasuxis gacemis forma,<br />
romlis gamoyenebis Sesaferisi SemTxveva SeiZleba Zalze advilad ipovoT da romelic logikuri<br />
Sedegebis models Seesabameba.<br />
sarasonis strategia guldasmiT SemuSavebuli nabijebis Tanamimdevrobaa mtruli<br />
daumorCileblobis dramatuli aRkveTis Tavidan asacileblad. misi arsia ori maswavleblis<br />
dawyvileba da daumorCilebeli moswavlis gadayvana erTi maswavleblis oTaxidan meorisaSi.<br />
izolirebis warmateba damokidebulia personalis momzadebaze, maT dawyvilebaze da skolis<br />
direqtoris mxardaWeraze.<br />
izolirebuli moswavle maspinZeli maswavleblis oTaxSi saaTnaxevari rCeba, jdeba sul<br />
bolo magidasTan da akldeba maspinZeli klasis aqtivobebSi nebismieri formiT monawileobasa<br />
da moswavleebTan interaqcias. Tu moswavle (dasaSvebia meore klasamde bavSvebisTvis)<br />
uars ambobs oTaxidan gasvlaze, maswavleblebis wyvils is gareT gahyavs. ufrosklaselebs,<br />
romlebic uars amboben klasidan gasvlaze, eubnebian, rom mSoblebs daurekaven, Tu ar wavlen.<br />
sarasoni wers, rom arasodes Seswrebia, rom bavSvi SewinaaRmdegeboda am zemoqmedebas<br />
an izolirebul bavSvs maspinZeli klasisTvis mcire problema mainc Seeqmnas.<br />
sarasoni strategiis efeqtianobas Tavxeduri saqcielis myisieri aRmofxvrisa da im saz-<br />
Rvrebis xazgasmis unars miawers, romlis farglebs moswavle ar unda gascdes.<br />
procedura erTdroulad unda SevitanoT klasSi, ara rogorc dasjis, aramed moswavle-<br />
TaTvis imis damaxsovrebis saSualeba, rom daicvan wesebi, romlebic maT saSualebas aZlevs<br />
siamovneba miiRon swavliT. `bavSvebs ramdenjerme unda avuxsnaT, rom imis gamo ki ar vaZevebT,<br />
rom arasasurvelia an ar gviyvars, aramed imitom, rom saklaso oTaxis im wesebze dafiqrebis<br />
dro da saSualeba mivceT, romelic daarRvia~ (Sarason 1971, gv. 137).<br />
maswavlebelma xelSemSlel moswavles erTi individualuri gafrTxileba unda misces,<br />
romelic arasasurvel (da mis Camnacvlebel) qcevas gausvams xazs, Tu izolirebis Tavidan<br />
acileba surs. amave dros, man unda scados auxsnas, riT gamoixateba klasisTvis xelis<br />
SeSla. moswavlis izolirebis SemTxvevaSi, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> bavSvis TandaswrebiT mTels klass<br />
ganumartavs am nabijis aucileblobas.<br />
saklaso oTaxSi dabrunebis Semdeg, maswavlebelma klasTan erTad unda mimoixilos situacia,<br />
Sesabamisi wesebis SemoRebis mizezebi, izolirebuli bavSvis alternatiuli qceva da Tu<br />
SesaZlebelia, mokled ganixilos, rogor SeuZlia klass momavalSi misi daxmareba.<br />
gakveTilebis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mokled unda gaesaubros izolirebul bavSvs da auxsnas,<br />
rogor daexmareba izolireba klasis wesebis damaxsovrebaSi. sarasoni xazs usvams am<br />
gasaubrebis mniSvnelobas da aRniSnavs, rom TviTon `izolirebis Sesaxeb bavSvi iRebs gadawyvetilebas<br />
da ara <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>~ (Sarason 1971, gv. 138).<br />
sarasonma es strategia meoTxeklaselebTan gamoiyena. Cveni azriT misi warmatebiT gamoyeneba<br />
maRal klasebSic SeiZleba.<br />
gTavazobT am strategiis ZiriTadi punqtebis Sejamebas:<br />
139
Tavi 7<br />
140<br />
1. gacnoba<br />
a) gaacaniT mTel klass izolirebis arsi Tavisi mizezebiTa da SedegebiT.<br />
b) gaxsovdeT im wesebis Sesruleba, romlebic moswavleebs swavliT siamovnebis mi-<br />
Rebis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
2. ganxorcieleba<br />
a) mieciT erTi individualuri gafrTxileba qcevis dakonkretebiT.<br />
b) sajarod axseniT bavSvis izolirebis mizezi.<br />
g) bavSvi nebayoflobiT an, Tu aucilebelia, ZaliT gaaZeveT, an daurekeT mSobels.<br />
d) izolirebuli gyavdeT saaTnaxevris ganmavlobaSi.<br />
e) bavSvi ar monawileobs maspinZeli klasis aqtivobebSi.<br />
v) situacia klasTan ganixileT. yuradReba miaqcieT Semdeg sakiTxebs:<br />
_ izolirebuli bavSvis SesaZlo alternatiul qcevas.<br />
_ wesis mizezebs.<br />
_ wesebis SesrulebaSi daxmarebis gzebs.<br />
3. gakveTilebis Semdeg gasaubreba<br />
a) motivi aris daxmareba da ara Sercxvena.<br />
b) maswavlebels imedi aqvs, rom gafrTxileba momavlisTvisac sakmarisi iqneba.<br />
g) <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xsnis, rom swored moswavle wyvets Tavisi qceviT izolirebas.<br />
d) gamoxateT siyvaruli da pativiscema.<br />
rudolf dreikursis logikuri Sedegebi<br />
disciplina, rogorc socialuri kontraqti<br />
rudolf dreikursi cdilobs aRmofxvras mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis mier Zalauflebis<br />
avtoritaruli gamoyeneba, romelsac demokratiul saukuneSi axalgazrdebisa da<br />
mozrdilebis urTierTobisTvis miuReblad miiCnevs. is adleris fsiqologiisa da axali<br />
teqnikis kombinirebas axdens araswor saqcielze reaqciisaTvis da mas `logikur Sedegebs~<br />
uwodebs. logikuri SedegebiT reagireba disciplinas Camoacilebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis<br />
ZalauflebisaTvis brZoliT gamowveul RvarZlianobas, ris Sedegadac ormxrivi pativiscema<br />
gaizrdeba.<br />
gansazRvrebebi<br />
1. bunebrivi Sedegi: bavSvis qcevis aversiuli Sedegi, romelic TavisTavad, bunebrivad,<br />
adamianis Zalisxmevis gareSe Cndeba (mag.: skamze qanaobis Sedegad bolos da bolos<br />
bavSvi ecema).<br />
2. logikuri Sedegi: bavSvis qceviT Seqmnili aversiuli Sedegi, romelic logikurad<br />
ukavSirdeba am qcevas.<br />
varaudebi<br />
1. Tanasworoba erTaderTi bazisia, romelic disciplinis problemebis gadaWras Segva-<br />
Zlebinebs.<br />
2. mikuTvnebuloba adamianis fundamenturi saWiroebaa da Tavi rom Rirebulad igrZnos,<br />
jgufSi da jgufTan erTad funqcionirebisTvis iswrafvis.<br />
3. yvela saqcieli miznobrivia. damoukidebeli xelmZRvanelobis mizania bavSvis qcevis<br />
motivireba.
miznebi<br />
gamoiyeneT es Rirebulebebi bavSvebTan urTierTobisas, raTa:<br />
disciplina<br />
1. bolo moeRos `aSkara oms~, romelsac dreikursi kanondamrRvevebsa da sazogadoebas,<br />
ajanyebul axalgazrdebs, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs Soris xedavs.<br />
2. gamoyenebul iqnes adleris pirveli socialuri kanoni – Tanasworobis kanoni,<br />
socialuri cxovrebis logika, romelic `yvela adamianis Tanasworad aRiarebas<br />
moiTxovs~ (Dreikurs & Grey 1968, gv. 8).<br />
3. uzrunvelyofili iyos is gzebi, romliTac moswavle Tavisufal garemoSi Sesatyvis<br />
funqcionirebas SeZlebs (`Sesatyvisi~ am SemTxvevaSi `pasuxismgeblurs~ niSnavs da<br />
ara `nebadarTuls~).<br />
4. aRmoifxvras disciplinis avtokratiuli meTodebi.<br />
5. aRmoifxvras saSualo amerikeli bavSvis autaneli saqcieli, romelic `eCxubeba Tavis<br />
da-Zmebs, uars ambobs nivTebis alagebaze, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebaze da saojaxo<br />
saqmeebSi daxmarebaze~ (Dreikurs & Grey 1968, gv. 10).<br />
6. xeli Seewyos bavSvebsa da mozrdilebs Soris urTierTpativiscemaze agebul urTierTobebs.<br />
principebi<br />
mizans SeiZleba mivaRwioT, Tu moswavleTa saqcielis mizezebs CavwvdebiT da uars vityviT<br />
urTierTobis avtokratiul meTodebze. Cveni reaqcia maT qcevaze TvalnaTliv unda<br />
aCvenebdes socialuri wesrigis realobas maTive qmedebebze pasuxismgeblobis (da logikuri<br />
Sedegebis) dakisrebis saSualebiT. roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>/mSobeli araswor saqcielze reaqcias<br />
socialuri realobis am sistemis mixedviT amJRavnebs, moswavleebi aRar brazdebian,<br />
ar janydebian arc iTrgunebian, radgan mozrdilTa reaqcia pirovnuli avtoritetidan aRar<br />
momdinareobs.<br />
metic, roca calkeuli moswavlisTvis umarTebulo saqcielis mizezebi naTelia, Segvi-<br />
Zlia misi (moswavlis) moTxovnebis Sesatyvis moqmedebaTa pozitiur biliks gavyveT. amrigad,<br />
demokratiul Teoriasa da moqmedebis pozitiur programebze agebuli axleburi reaqcia<br />
araswor saqcielze, romelic regularulad araswori qcevis mqone bavSvis moTxovnebs Seesabameba,<br />
dreikursis Sexedulebis ori mxarea.<br />
klasSi adgilis povnisTvis saWiro qcevis<br />
Sesaxeb koncefciebs moswavleebi swavlis<br />
gziT aviTareben. maTi azriT, aseTi koncefciebi<br />
SeiZleba iyos TanamSromloba an yuradRebis<br />
centrSi yofna. nebismieri araswori<br />
saqcielis miRma SeiZleba imwuTieri miznebi<br />
aRmovaCinoT. yvela araswori qceva imis Sede-<br />
yvela araswori qceva imis Sedegia, rom<br />
daTrgunuli moswavles mcdari varaudi aqvs<br />
sakuTari adgilis povnisa da statusis mopovebis<br />
Taobaze.<br />
gia, rom daTrgunul moswavles mcdari varaudi aqvs sakuTari adgilis povnisa da statusis<br />
mopovebis Taobaze. (ix. glaseris Sexeduleba deviantur qcevaze, rogorc cud arCevanze).<br />
logikuri Sedegebi moswavleze STabeWdilebas axdens realobis moTxovnebiT da ara<br />
ufrosis ZalauflebiT. erTmaneTTan, rogorc TanasworebTan, urTierTobis princips Sedegad<br />
ormxriv pativiscemaze agebuli urTierToba mohyveba. moswavleebi Cveni Tanasworebi<br />
xdebian ara ZalauflebiT an sxeulis sididiT, aramed gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad<br />
miRebis uflebiTa da SesaZleblobiT. maSin, roca dasja pirovnuli avtoritetis Zalauflebis<br />
maCvenebelia, logikuri Sedegebi, rogorc socialuri wesrigis realobis asaxva, obieqtur<br />
(upirovno) doneze moqmedebs. dasjis qveteqstia: `Sen cudi xar~, logikuri Sedegebis<br />
ki _ `Seni saqcieli am Sedegs moitans~. ar xdeba `Seni~, rogorc pirovnebis, gankiTxva.<br />
141
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142<br />
sintaqsi<br />
1. detalurad daakvirdiT moswavlis saqciels.<br />
2. frTxilad gamoxateT sakuTari reaqcia moswavlis qcevaze.<br />
Tu Tqveni reaqcia aris:<br />
gaRizianeba<br />
daSineba<br />
gulistkena<br />
umweoba<br />
moswavlis mizani SeiZleba iyos:<br />
yuradRebis mipyroba<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
SurisZieba<br />
araadekvaturobis gamovlineba<br />
3. uzrunvelyaviT moswavle `makoreqtirebeli ukukavSiriT~. moswavles aCerebT, SeniSvnas<br />
aZlevT da akvirdebiT mis reaqcias. Tu is Cerdeba, qcevis mizani SeiZleba<br />
ubralod yuradRebis mipyrobis mcdeloba iyos. Tu araswori qceva izrdeba, misi mizani<br />
SeiZleba SurisZieba iyos.<br />
4. konfliqtidan garkveuli periodis (damSvidebis) Semdeg, am oTxi kiTxvidan erTis an<br />
ramdenimes TanamimdevrobiT dasmiT moswavlis winaSe oTxi mizani dasaxeT.<br />
`iqneb Cemi yuradRebis mipyroba gsurs?~ (yuradRebis mipyroba).<br />
a) `iqneb ginda maCveno, rom SegiZlia gaakeTo is, risi gakeTebac ginda da veravin<br />
SegaCerebs?~ (Zalaufleba).<br />
b) ,,iqneb ginda, rom me da klaselebs guli gvatkino, rom bari-barSi viyoT?~ (SurisZieba).<br />
g) `iqneb martooba gsurs?~ (araadekvaturoba).<br />
5. yuradReba miaqcieT amocnobis refleqss, anu am oTxi SekiTxvidan romels eTanxmeba<br />
moswavle verbalurad an sxeulis eniT.<br />
6. moswavlis miznis mixedviT gamoiyeneT Sesabamisi makoreqtirebeli procedurebi 7.2<br />
sqemis Sesabamisad.<br />
gaaanalizeT mizezi<br />
gaaaqtiureT amocnobis refleqsi makoreqtirebeli ukukavSiri<br />
`Semobruneba~ logikuri Sedegi demokratiuli jgufis<br />
zewola<br />
arCevani sakuTari recepti araviTari arCevani<br />
pozitiuri negatiuri myisieri siurprizi<br />
sqema 7.2: logikuri Sedegis tipebi<br />
moyirWeba<br />
dreikursi ar aRwers logikuri Sedegis qvekategoriebs, magram isini miRebulia miseuli magaliTebis ganxilvis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
logikuri Sedegis gamoyenebisas SearCieT Sesabamisi tipi. 7.2 sqemaze naCvenebia logikuri<br />
Sedegis ramdenime tipi, romelTaganac unda gakeTdes arCevani.<br />
logikuri Sedegis arCevanis tipis mixedviT moswavles SeuZlia Tavi aaridos logikur<br />
Sedegs, Tu sakuTari qcevis Secvlas airCevs. pozitiuri arCevani Tomas gordonis `prob-
disciplina<br />
lemis qonas~ hgavs (ix. Semdegi qveTavi `maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna~). Tu moswavles<br />
gaWianurebuli Cacmisa da sauzmis gamo skolaSi agviandeba, Tqven mas ubralod sakuTari<br />
problemis mogvarebis saSualebas aZlevT. Tqven SegiZliaT moswavles miseul arCevanze<br />
miuTiToT, magram mieciT Sedegis marTvaze pozitiuri kontrolis saSualeba. mozrdili am<br />
SemTxvevaSi umoqmedoa.<br />
negatiur arCevanSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>/mSobeli aRniSnavs, arasaTanado qcevis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ra logikuri Sedegi daugrovdeba moswavles. davalebuli samuSaos Seusruleblobas is mohyveba,<br />
rom mis dasamTavreblad darCena mouwevs. davalebis mogvianebiT Sesrulebis valdebuleba<br />
misi droulad Seusruleblobis logikuri Sedegia. ai, rogor xdeba es: skolis Semdeg<br />
darCena dasjad ar miiCneva, es ubralod im adamianebs exeba, vinc ar asrulebs Tavis samuSaos.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>c rCeba Tavisi samuSaos dasasruleblad. es `socialuri realobaa~. aseTi<br />
logikuri Sedegi aq uaryofiT arCevanad miiCneva, radgan moswavlis winaSea arCevani: `Tu<br />
X-s gaakeTeb maSin Y moxdeba~. Y ki bavSvisTvis aversiuli Sedegia.<br />
logikuri Sedegis forma sakuTari recepti moswavlisTvis misive qcevis `dabrunebas~<br />
niSnavs. awyvetinebT mas, vinc gawyvetinebT; gausaZlisad uwesrigo garemos uqmniT daudevar<br />
moswavles. faqtobrivad, cdilobT moswavles sarkeSi daanaxvoT sakuTari qceva. am teqnikis<br />
gamoyenebisas aucilebelia zomieri iumori da racionaluri sazRvrebi da ara SurisZieba.<br />
araviTari arCevanis logikuri Sedegebis dros araswor saqciels maSinve mohyveba<br />
Sedegi. dreikursis TqmiT, es qcevasa da Sedegs Soris im logikuri kavSiriT gansxvavdeba,<br />
romelic maswavlebelma moswavlis gonebaSi mainc unda daamyaros. (TiTqos, dreikursisTvis<br />
gansxvaveba sasjelsa da araviTari arCevanis logikur Sedegebs Soris sinamdvileSi arc<br />
ise didia, magram es erTgvari fandia _ davarwmunoT moswavle logikuri kavSiris arsebobaSi,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, sinamdvileSi arsebobs Tu ara igi da, amgvarad, ufrosi realurad arc<br />
axorcielebs dasjas.) araviTari arCevanis logikuri Sedegebi SeiZleba iyos ubralod<br />
myisieri (mag., ori moCxubari bavSvis gayvana beisbolis TamaSidan dasasveneblad) an siurprizi,<br />
romelic Seicavs siaxlisa da originalurobis garkveul elements (mag., maswavlebels<br />
hyavs qvebis msrolelebi saTamaSo moedanze, romlebic erT adgilze agroveben napovn qvebs.<br />
Semdeg ki am qvebs moednis gareT miwaze ayrevinebs, saTamaSo moednis usafrTxoebis mizniT).<br />
zogjer maswavleblis reaqciis mizani moswavlis Sercxvenaa. magaliTad, erT dilas meSvideklasels,<br />
romelic gamudmebiT gamaRizianeblad akakunebs fanqars, fanqris nacvlad <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
pastels aZlevs da eubneba: `raki fanqris sworad gamoyeneba ar SegiZlia, amiT wera<br />
mogiwevs~.<br />
moyirWeba dreikursisaTvis igivea, rac qcevis modifikacia CvenTvis. SeasrulebineT<br />
moswavles araswori qceva manam, sanam ar mobezrdeba. nerwyviT damrgvalebuli qaRaldis<br />
burTulebis msrolels mTeli dila asrolineT isini yuTSi; moxetiale mTeli dRe atareT<br />
oTaxSi.<br />
dreikursis bolo naSromSi vkiTxulobT, rom logikuri Sedegebi yvelaze sasargebloa<br />
pirveli miznis _ yuradRebis mipyrobis _ dros. Zalauflebis an SurisZiebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
logikurma Sedegebma SeiZleba ukuSedegi moitanos da amitom ar unda gamoviyenoT. bunebrivi<br />
Sedegebis gamoyeneba nebismier dros upriania, garda meoTxe miznis – araadekvaturobis SegrZnebis<br />
dros.<br />
maswavleblis reaqciis principebi<br />
1. gadaamowmeT Sedegis logikuri kavSiri araswor qcevasTan.<br />
2. waradgineT Sedegi uemociod, rogorc sacialuri wesrigis realobis gamoxatuleba,<br />
da ara rogorc pirovnuli Zalaufleba.<br />
3. nu gansjiT qcevas an moswavles.<br />
143
Tavi 7<br />
144<br />
4. iyaviT keTili da megobruli; arasodes imoqmedoT gabrazebulma.<br />
5. iyaviT mtkice. araviTari arCevanis logikur SedegSi marTlac ar aris araviTari<br />
arCevani. moswavlem `es~ airCia da `es~ unda ganxorcieldes. ar gadaifiqroT; ar<br />
danebdeT; ar gadauxvioT Tqvens mier gamocxadebul proceduras.<br />
6. imoqmedeT; ar ilaparakoT. zedmeti saubari (muqara, gafrTxileba, axsna-ganmarteba,<br />
darwmuneba) kargi disciplinis marcxia.<br />
7. inerviuleT awmyoze da ara warsulze. araswor saqcielze maswavlebliseul TvalsazrisSi<br />
ar unda iyos `codvis~ elementi an warsulSi Cadenili danaSaulisTvis SurisZebis<br />
raime elementi.<br />
8. arasodes CaebaT moswavlesTan ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi. Tqven yovelTvis<br />
damarcxdebiT. nebis araviTari Sejibri. (`ar gavakeTeb~. `gaakeTeb, jimi preston, da<br />
axlave!~) ubralod uari TqviT aseT konfliqtSi CarTvaze. gverdi auareT mas.<br />
pozitiuri programa:<br />
brZolaze uaris Tqmisas gaigeT konfliqtis mizezi. roca Tqveni diagnoziT mizezi `Zalauflebis<br />
Cvenebisa da damtkicebis moTxovnilebaa~, eZebeT xelsayreli SemTxvevebi, rom<br />
bavSvma miRweuliT iamayos. ecadeT Zalauflebis gamoxatvis es moTxovnileba dadebiTad<br />
warmarToT. Tu mizezi yuradRebis moTxovnilebaa, eZebeT xelsayreli SemTxvevebi bavSvis<br />
miRwevaTa Sesaqebad da ugulebelyaviT yuradRebis miqcevis mizniT ganxorcielebuli devianturi<br />
qceva. Tu araswori qcevis mizezi savaraudo unarSezRudulobaa, gaamxneveT bavSvi;<br />
daexmareT warmatebis miRwevaSi; daakisreT pasuxismgebloba, frTxilad SerCeuli, magram sajarod<br />
SesamCnevi. Tu mizezi SurisZiebaa, maSin grZeli gzisTvis gamZleobas mouxmeT. agrZnobineT<br />
moswavles, rom giyvarT. dreikursi saubrobs jgufur ganxilvaze da am konteqstSi<br />
miRebaze.<br />
popularul da arapopularul, gaxsnil da<br />
imoqmedeT; ar ilaparakoT. zedmeti saubari<br />
Caketil moswavleebze monacemebis Sesagrove-<br />
kargi disciplinis marcxia.<br />
blad gamoiyeneT sociogramebi, gveubneba is.<br />
gamoiyeneT es monacemebi klasSi adgilebis ganawilebisa<br />
da dajgufebebis dros, raTa izolirebulebma socializaciis axali unar-Cvevebi<br />
SeiZinon, xolo vinc erTmaneTs eTavseba, erTad dasvaT.<br />
kviraSi erTxel regularulad CaatareT problemebis saklaso ganxilva. waaxaliseT moswavleebi,<br />
iswavlon mosmena, erTmaneTis gageba da daxmareba.<br />
pozitiur programas aqvs oTxi ZiriTadi sayrdeni, romelTagan TiToeuli dreikursis<br />
mier aRwerili araswori qcevis oTxi mizezidan erT-erTs Seesabameba. magram araswor<br />
saqcielze pirdapiri reaqciisgan gansxvavebiT pozitiuri programa maswavleblis reaqciis<br />
zogadi principebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic tradiciuli wesiT unda gamoviyenoT da ara<br />
specifikuri qmedebebis dros. araswori saqcielis mizezebis Sesaxeb saubrisas dreikursi<br />
kidev erT gzas aRniSnavs _ oTxi mizezis miCnevas moswavlis miznebad. am SemTxvevaSi pozitiuri<br />
programa araswori qcevis gverdis avliT eZebs moswavlis miznebTan Sesatyvisobis gzebs.<br />
waxaliseba am pozitiur programaSi oTxi mizezidan sam SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba. dreikursis<br />
mTeli wigni am sakiTxs eZRvneba.<br />
mxardaWeris sistema<br />
amtkiceben, rom dreikursis modeli yvelaze warmatebulia dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebTan.<br />
mogvianebiT mozardobis asakTan erTad am oTx ZiriTad mizezs ufro rTuli da Sorsmimavali<br />
motivebi emateba.
disciplina<br />
logikuri Sedegis ganxorcielebisTvis maswavlebelma unda gamoiCinos simtkice da zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, axleburi da originaluri azrovnebis unari (logikuri Sedegis siurprizis<br />
tipi). logikuri Sedegis tipebis _ araviTari arCevani, myisieri _ gasatareblad,<br />
maswavlebels is Tavdajerebuloba da swrafi reaqcia sWirdeba, romelic wlebis da gamocdilebis<br />
safuZvelze dagrovil reaqciaTa farTo repertuars moaqvs. winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-<br />
Si, axalbeda maswavlebelma unda SeZlos swrafi fiqri, im situaciaSi reaqciis principebis<br />
gamoyeneba da araswori saqcielisaTvis logikuri Sedegis SemuSaveba.<br />
maswavlebelma unda `gamorTos~ Tavisi ego, SeinarCunos miukerZoebloba, rac mas bavSvebTan<br />
ZalauflebisTvis konfliqtis (kidev erTi sirTule, gansakuTrebiT axalbeda maswavleblisTvis,<br />
romelic Zalauneburad, garkveul doneze, did dros uTmobs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis<br />
gamomJRavnebas) Tavidan acilebis saSualebas aZlevs. maswavleblis mier<br />
egosadmi es miukerZoebloba moswavles uflebas miscems, sakuTari problema arCevanis<br />
pozitiur kategoriaSi marTos. metic, cudi yofaqcevis moswavlis darwmuneba, rom is gviyvars,<br />
arasayvareli bavSvis siyvaruls niSnavs, rac yvelaze Tavdajerebul, Tbil da Tanaziar<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia.<br />
dreikursis meTodi araswori qcevis daZlevisas, moswavleebTan mtkice, mSvid, usayveduro<br />
saubars, araswor saqcielze jgufis Sexedulebis gamoxatvasa da struqturirebis teqnikas<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
SeiZleba movifiqroT konkretuli SedegebisaTvis saWiro sivrce da dro. (iqneba Tu ara<br />
vinme gakveTilebis Semdeg, rom meTvalyureoba gauwios samuSaos dasrulebas? qaRaldis<br />
burTulebis yuTSi srola metismetad xelSemSleli da xmauriani xom ar iqneba sxva moswavleebisTvis?)<br />
socialuri sistema<br />
maswavleblis, rogorc avtokratis roli, am modelis samizanea. CamosviT maswavlebli<br />
Zalauflebis kvarcxlbekidan, ambobs dreikursi; ar daikavoT wesebis Semqmnelisa da gamtareblis<br />
pozicia. da mainc, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mis sistemaSi wesebis gamtarebelia; ubralod, wesebi<br />
ganixileba ara rogorc maswavleblidan, aramed saganTa bunebidan, socialuri realobidan<br />
gamomdinare. swored <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> igonebs araswori saqcielisaTvis logikur Sedegs<br />
da swored is uzrunvelyofs logikuri Sedegis gamoyenebas. Tu Sedegi damoukidebelia, is<br />
`bunebrivi~ Sedegia. logikuri Sedegebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa adamianis Careva.<br />
wesebis Seqmna ufro demokratiulia. moswavleebi CarTuli arian konstituciur proces-<br />
Si.<br />
magram, roca yvelaferi naTqvami da gakeTebulia, logikuri Sedegebis sistemaSi maswavlebels<br />
aqvs Zalaufleba da Riad iyenebs mas. Zalauflebis aseTi gamoyeneba SeniRbuli da<br />
Sesustebulia; sxva SemTxvevaSi warmoqmnili aRSfoTeba Semcirebulia imiT, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
Tavs aridebs ZalauflebisTvis aSkara brZolas, miukerZoebeli damokidebulebiT niRbavs<br />
Sedegs da logikiT ukavSirebs mas (Sedegs umarTebulo qcevas). saqme is rodia, rom Zalaufleba<br />
SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT gamoiyeneba, mcdaria TviT fiqri, rom sistema gvaridebs<br />
Zalauflebis gamoyenebas. logikuri Sedegebi maswavleblebsa da bavSvebs Zalauflebisadmi<br />
damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. is cdilobs, rom Zalaufleba socialur realobas<br />
daukavSiros da ara pirovnul konfrontacias; magram is ar amcirebs an ar aRmofxvris<br />
mis gamoyenebas.<br />
dreikursis bolo naSromSi (perl kaselTan TanaavtorobiT, `disciplina ucremlebod~,<br />
1974) damatebiTi SeniSvnaa logikuri Sedegebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac zemoxsenebul<br />
daskvnebs srulyofs. am wignSi logikuri Sedegebis gamoyeneba daSvebulia mxolod<br />
pirveli miznis – yuradRebis mipyrobisTvis, maSin roca wina naSromebSi aseTi SezRudva ar<br />
145
Tavi 7<br />
iyo. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar iyenebs logikur Sedegebs, roca moswavlis mizania Zalaufleba, SurisZieba<br />
an araadekvaturobis gamoxatva. vfiqrobT, rom es dreikursis adrindeli Sexedulebebis<br />
cvlilebaa. erTi SexedviT, es axali pozicia dreikursis models Zalauflebaze naklebad,<br />
xolo waxalisebasa da sociometriuli monacemebis gamoyenebaze metad damokidebuls<br />
xdis. am axal wignSi aris Tavi, romelic skolis situaciaSi konkurenciis arasaxarbielo<br />
Sedegebs exeba, rac dreikursisaTvis axali Temaa. aseve calke Tavi eZRvneba demokratiuli<br />
saklaso diskusiebis Catarebas, rac avtorisTvis Zveli Temaa. uiliam glaseris ramdenime<br />
citata gvafiqrebinebs, rom am aqcentis safuZveli SeiZleba veZeboT glaseris wignSi `skola<br />
marcxis gareSe~ (1968), sadac konkurenciis Temaze iseTive argumentebia, romelsac dreikursi<br />
iyenebs da sadac klasis Sekreba ufro detaluradaa ganxiluli.<br />
146<br />
efeqtebi<br />
pirdapiri: mcirdeba devianturi qceva.<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi: maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs erTmaneTTan ZalauflebisTvis<br />
brZolis barieris gare Se urTierToba SeuZliaT. viTardeba ur TierTpativiscema<br />
da savaraudoa, rom demokratiuli gamocdileba<br />
klasis cxovrebis nawili, ufro ganuyofeli nawili gaxdes. moswavleebs<br />
ufro realisturi Sexeduleba uyalibdebaT samyaroze<br />
da ukeT igeben TanamSromlobis socialur Rirebulebas.<br />
axla, modiT, gadavxedoT saklaso oTaxis disciplinis models, sadac Tavidan aris acilebuli<br />
maswavleblis mier sanqciebis gatareba. daviwyebT adamianiT, romelmac, rogorc Cans,<br />
dreikursze misi cxovrebis bolos moaxdina gavlena. es gaxlavT uiliam glaseri.<br />
uiliam glaseris `realobiT Terapia~<br />
da `skola marcxis gareSe~<br />
disciplina, rogorc CarTuloba<br />
uiliam glasers `realobiT Terapiis~ principebi nabijebis (sintaqsis) seriebSi gadaaqvs,<br />
rom maswavleblebma araswor saqcielze reaqciisTvis gamoiyenon. am nabijebis gamoyenebiT<br />
maT SeuZliaT moswavleebs sakuTar qcevaze da mis Secvlaze pasuxismgebloba akisrebinon,<br />
im SemTxvevaSi Tu es qceva maTive Rirsebas laxavs an pativs ar scems sxvebis uflebebs. amis<br />
Sedegia urTierTpativiscemis, mzrunvelobisa da problemis kooperaciuli gadaWrisaTvis<br />
xelsayreli skolis klimati.<br />
gansazRvrebebi<br />
glaseri Tavis ZiriTad gansazRvrebebs `realobiT TerapiaSi~ (1965) ayalibebs. zogierTi<br />
gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~ (1968), magram mniSvnelobebi<br />
igive rCeba. rT `realobiT Terapiis~ abreviaturaa, xolo smg wignisa `skola marcxis<br />
gareSe~.<br />
1. pativiscema: sakuTari Tavis pativiscema, sakuTari Rirsebis gr Z noba. (smg)<br />
2. sakuTari Tavis Rirseba: sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis mimarT Ri rsebis grZnoba; ganc-<br />
da, rom adamiani aris Rirebuli pirovneba. (rT da smg)<br />
3. naTesaoba: sxva adamianebTan kavSiri an mzrunveli CarTuloba. (rT)<br />
4. CarTuloba: urTierToba pirovnebasTan an pirovnebebTan, viszec zrunavT da vinc<br />
Tqvenze zrunaven. (rT da smg)
5. siyvaruli: CarTuloba. (smg)<br />
disciplina<br />
6. pasuxismgebloba: sakuTari moTxovnilebebis ise dakmayofilebis unari, rom sxvebs<br />
ar wavarTvaT maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis unari. pasuxismgeblobis mqone<br />
adamiani akeTebs imas, rac aniWebs sakuTari Rirsebis gancdas da gancdas, rom Rirebulia<br />
sxvebisTvis. (rT)<br />
7. realisturi: moqmedebas SeiZleba ewodos realisturi mxolod maSin, roca misi<br />
Soreuli da myisieri Sedegebi gaTvaliswinebuli, awon-dawonili da Sedarebulia.<br />
(rT)<br />
8. identoba: mdgomareoba, romelic aris Sedegi da miiRweva, roca adamiani grZnobs<br />
siyvarulsa da sakuTar Tavi Rirsebas. smg-Si glaseri sakuTari Tavis Rirsebas miawers<br />
skolaSi sakuTar codnasa da SesaZleblobebSi Tavdajerebulobas. siyvaruli<br />
skolis konteqstSi niSnavs socialur pasuxismgeblobas, urTierTzrunvas, urTierTdaxmarebas.<br />
siyvaruli miCneulia, rogorc martosulobisa da warumateblobis<br />
gancdis opoziti da aRmomfxvreli. (smg)<br />
9. warmateba: Camoyalibebuli identoba; mdgomareoba, roca dakmayofilebulia adamianis<br />
dakavSirebulobisa da pativiscemis (an CarTulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis)<br />
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi. (smg)<br />
10. marcxi: mdgomareoba, roca daukmayofilebelia adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi.<br />
glaseris modelis gasagebad arsebiTia davimaxsovroT sityvebis _ CarTuloba, pasuxismgebloba,<br />
realisturi, warmateba da marcxi – miseuli gansazRvrebebis sruli<br />
da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba.<br />
varaudebi<br />
1. yvela adamianis ZiriTadi adamianuri moTxovnilebebia:<br />
a) dakavSirebuloba (CarTuloba)<br />
b) pativiscema (sakuTari Tavis Rirseba)<br />
2. yvela adamiani pasuxismgebelia sakuTar qmedebebze.<br />
3. yvela adamians aqvs gonivrulad moqmedebis unari, miuxedavad codnisa, warsuli gamocdilebisa<br />
an amJamindeli garemosi.<br />
4. qcevis Secvla gamoiwvevs damokidebulebis Secvlas.<br />
5. skolis pirveli xuTi weli gadamWrelia pasuxismgeblobis ganviTarebisa da<br />
warmatebis miRwevis unaris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
Rirebulebebi<br />
1. erTmaneTze zrunva, siyvaruli.<br />
2. sakuTari problemebis gadaWris mcdelobis gambedaoba.<br />
3. swavlaSi azrovneba gazepirebis winaaRmdeg.<br />
4. relevanturoba im sakiTxebisa, romelTa winaSec dganan bavSvebi cxovrebaSi da romlebic<br />
Setanilia saswavlo programis SinaarsSi.<br />
miznebi<br />
1. individebis mier piradi warmatebis miRweva (rac gansazRvrulia rogorc ori ZiriTadi<br />
moTxovnilebis _ CarTulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis _ dakmayofileba).<br />
2. socialuri klimatis miRweva, romelic gamoxatavs urTierTpativiscemas, zrunvasa<br />
da problemis racionalur, patiosan, kooperaciul gadawyvetas.<br />
3. skolebSi siyvarulis gamoxatvis struqturireba; misTvis formis Seqmna da misi<br />
147
Tavi 7<br />
148<br />
gamoxatvis institucionalizacia. misi qceva miznis aRiarebul nawilad da saskolo<br />
cxovrebis aqtivobaSi Setana.<br />
principebi<br />
warmateba, rogorc zemoT ganvsazRvreT, modis realisturobis (rogorc ukve ganvsaz-<br />
RvreT), pasuxismgeblobisa (rogorc ukve ganisazRvra) da samarTlianobis (rac niSnavs aRiarebuli<br />
moraluri standartebis mixedviT moqmedebas) gancdiT.<br />
es SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: CarTulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis grZnobis<br />
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba dakmayofildes sakuTari qmedebebis grZelvadiani Sedegebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvaTa moTxovnilebebis Tanmxvedri moqmedebiT, da zneobrivi standartebis<br />
mixedviT moqmedebiT.<br />
am saxis warmatebis misaRwevad, aTvlis wertilad CarTuloba gvWirdeba; cxovrebaSi<br />
`vinme mniSvnelovani~ gvWirdeba, viszec vizrunebT da vinc siyvaruls dagvibrunebs. aseT<br />
pirobebSi SegviZlia uari vTqvaT siamovnebis principze agebul moqmedebaze, anu myisier<br />
kmayofilebaze. Tumca, mxolod CarTuloba sakmarisi rodia. kidev raRac gvWirdeba saku-<br />
Tari Tavis Rirsebis grZnobis gasaZliereblad. sakuTari mniSvnelobis gancda mxolod maSin<br />
gveufleba, roca qcevis damakmayofilebel standarts vinarCunebT.<br />
damakmayofilebeli qcevis SesanarCuneblad TviTSefaseba unda ganviviTaroT; Cveni qceva<br />
unda ganvixiloT da ganvsajoT, pasuxismgebluria Tu ara (Seesabameba Tu ara Cvens orive<br />
moTxovnilebas) da arTmevs Tu ara sxvebs maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
devianturi qceva ararealisturi da upasuxismgebloa. is gviCvenebs, rom bavSvma araswori<br />
arCevani gaakeTa sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis gzis Taobaze. mas ar SeuZlia<br />
ukeTesi arCevanis gakeTeba, Tu CarTuli ar iqneba maTTan, visac es SeuZlia.<br />
disciplina, anu is, rasac is adamianebi gvaZleven, visac vuyvarvarT, ararealistur da<br />
upasuxismgeblo saqcielze migviTiTebs da gvexmareba gavxdeT realistebi da pasuxismgeblianebi.<br />
nabijebi<br />
1. `daumegobrdiT~, eubneba glaseri maswavlebels. `gaxdiT CarTulni~, eubneba Terapevts.<br />
`daamyareT urTierToba siyvarulis ormxrivi rwmeniTa da gamoxatviT~, eubneba<br />
is orives<br />
2. cudad moqcevisas moswavles hkiTxeT: `ras akeTeb?~ es aris qcevis realobis danaxva,<br />
identificireba da verbalizacia. zogierTi moswavlisaTvis es realuri nabijia,<br />
roca qcevas ver acnobierebs da verc damoukideblad svams kiTxvas am qcevis Sesaxeb.<br />
3. hkiTxeT: `es gexmareba?~ SeafaseT. gansajeT saqcieli. am kiTxvaSi SeniRbulia azri,<br />
rom saqcieli ar exmareba bavSvs ori ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaSi. magram<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aSkarad ar saubrobs am ori moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb. is ubralod<br />
kiTxviT cdilobs saqcielis Sefasebas: `es gexmareba?~<br />
meore da mesame kiTxvebiT SeiZleba ar mivmarToT moswavleebs, Tu CarTuloba ar arsebobs<br />
da maT ar ician, rom araviTari sasjeli ar iqneba.<br />
4. ar dasajoT.<br />
5. SeadgineT gegma. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sTxovs moswavles, Seadginos gegma qcevis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad, an qcevis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi masTan gasamklaveblad. kargia,<br />
TuU<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> SesTavazebs rCevas (ix. Tomas gordonis sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba).
gegma moswavlisaTvis realuri unda iyos, rom misi Sesruleba SeZlos.<br />
disciplina<br />
6. daadebineT moswavles piroba, rom gegmas ganaxorcielebs. piroba SeiZleba iyos zepiri<br />
an werilobiTi.<br />
7. araviTari Tavis marTleba da kiTxvaze `rodis daasruleb?~ pasuxis lodini. miuRebelia<br />
Tavis gamarTleba pirobis Seusruleblobis gamo. miuxedavad dasjis ararsebobisa,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> asrulebinebs moswavles danapirebs, xolo Tu moswavle ar<br />
asrulebs pirobas, sTxovs gadaafasos gegma, Seqmnas axali an ganaaxlos dapireba.<br />
SeiZleba saWiro iyos procesis ramdenjerme gameoreba. CarTuli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
Tanaxmaa, mravaljer gaimeoros. yovelTvis aris molodini da rwmena, rom moswavle<br />
bolos da bolos gaamarTlebs. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mudam moelis. Tumca, is arasodes patiobs,<br />
ar Tmobs da cdilobs moswavleebs dapireba Seasrulebinos.<br />
8. klasis Sexvedrebi araswor qcevasTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblis reaqciaTa sistemis<br />
regularuli nawilia (aseve aucilebeli CarTulobis damyarebis formati).<br />
klasis Sexvedrebis detaluri ganxilva SegiZliaT ixiloT momdeno qveTavSi _ maswavleblis<br />
reaqciis principebi.<br />
maswavleblis reaqciis principebi<br />
1. miuTiTeT situaciis, qcevis realobaze.<br />
2. arasodes SeurigdeT upasuxismgeblobas.<br />
3. yuradReba gaamaxvileT awmyoze da ara warsulze.<br />
4. ar gamoiyenoT sasjeli, sarkazmi, dacinva. sarkazmi da dacinva bolos uRebs siyvaruls,<br />
siaxloves, urTierTobas, CarTulobas.<br />
5. ar aaridoT Tavi pirvel pirSi saubars. nacvlad frazebisa `Cven unda~, an `Sen unda~,<br />
TqviT `me minda, rom Sen~.<br />
6. ar unda moxdes garemoTi manipulireba, raTa moswavle ar daitanjos Tavisi qcevis<br />
gonivruli SedegebiT.<br />
7. klasis problemebi klasis Sekrebebze moagvareT.<br />
arsebobs klasis Sekrebebis sami saxe: socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT, Tavisufali<br />
(droSi SeuzRudavi), da saganmanaTleblo-diagnostikuri. socialuri problemis gadaWris<br />
mizniT Sekreba gamoiyeneba jgufis an individis problemis gadasaWrelad. es iseTi<br />
Sekrebaa, romelic araswor qcevaze reaqciis sintaqss Seesatyviseba. Tavisufali Sexvedrebi<br />
bavSvebis cxovrebis saintereso da aqtualur sakiTxebs ganixilavs. garda imisa, rom am<br />
Sexvedrebze yuradReba maxvildeba moswavleebisTvis aqtualur sakiTxebze, is xels uwyobs<br />
maswavlebelsa da moswavles da TviT moswavleebs Soris CarTulobis damyarebasac. saganmanaTleblo-diagnostikuri<br />
Sexvedrebi gamoiyeneba imis dasadgenad, ramdenad kargad esmiT<br />
moswavleebs saswavlo programis aspeqtebi momavali nabijebis dasagegmad.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> garkveuli principebis Sesabamisad marTavs socialuri problemis<br />
gadaWrisTvis gamiznuli Sexvedras:<br />
a) diskusiis sagani problemis gadawyvetaa da ara damnaSavis Zieba an dasja.<br />
b) <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> miukerZoebelia Tavis komentarebSi, Tumca, igives moswavleebisgan<br />
ar unda velodeT (TanatolebTan ukukavSiris gamocdileba bavSvis upa suxi s m geblo<br />
qcevis erT-erTi `gonivruli Sedegia~.)<br />
g) g. CaatareT Sekrebebi viwro wreSi.<br />
d) d. Sekrebebi xanmokle unda iyos.<br />
e) e. metismetad bevrs nu ilaparakebT mxolod erT problemur moswavleze (sami<br />
diskusia klasis CxubisTavze metismetia).<br />
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v) v. klasis SekrebaTa umravlesoba ori kategoriis mixedviT (Ria dasasruliT da<br />
saganmanaTleblo-diagnostikuri) CaatareT.<br />
z) z. klasis Sekrebebi standartuli saswavlo programis SeZlebisdagvarad ukeT<br />
swavlebisaTvis gamoiyeneT.<br />
mxardaWeris sistema<br />
1. heterogenuli, sakuTar klasze agebuli gakveTilebi. klasma, rogorc socialurma<br />
erTeulma, dRis umetesi nawili erTad unda gaataros, raTa ganviTardes erTmaneT-<br />
Tan da maswavleblebTan CarTulobis SegrZneba.<br />
2. araviTari `ABCDF~ tipis Sefaseba. (araviTari `warumateblis~ iarliyi).<br />
3. saswavlo programa orientirebuli unda iyos `azrovnebaze~, raTa...<br />
4. saswavlo programa moswavleTa cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis relevanturi unda iyos.<br />
5. warmateba kiTxvaSi. glaseri am miRwevas imdenad Tvlis skolasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
socialuri molodinis nawilad da, faqtobrivad, imdenad saWirod miiCnevs skolaSi<br />
warmatebis SegrZnebebis miRwevisTvis, rom mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces<br />
saswavlo programis Seqmnisas. amisaTvis is klasis dayofasac ki gvTavazobs<br />
kiTxvis gakveTilze.<br />
6. albaT, umniSvnelovanesia, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iyos is adamiani, romelsac endomeba TviT-<br />
Sewirva da TviTinvestireba Tavis moswavleebTan `CarTulobis~ misaRwevad.<br />
socialuri sistema<br />
1. aradamsjeli.<br />
2. moswavleebi monawileoben wesebis SeqmnaSi.<br />
3. rwmena da mcdeloba. maswavleblis mudmivi survili, rom Tavidan daiwyos im moswavlesTan<br />
erTad, romelmac ver Seasrula piroba, gamoxatavs rwmenasa da ndobas<br />
moswavlisadmi, rom is warmatebas miaRwevs. (aseve gamoxatavs maswavleblis CarTulobis<br />
siRrmes.)<br />
4. maswavleblis roli aris pasuxismgeblobis modeli.<br />
5. maswavlebels aqvs keTilganwyobili despotis rolic, ara damsjelis, aramed wesebis<br />
gamtareblisa da damcvelis da bavSvebisTvis dadebuli pirobis Sesrulebis meTvalyurisa.<br />
6. gonivruli wesebi. moswavleebis monawileoba konstituciur procesSi mimarTulia<br />
wesebis gonivrulobaze. Tumca glaseri acnobierebs da iwonebs im faqts, rom<br />
ufrosebi asruleben im principebis ZiriTadi wyaros rols, saidanac modis wesebi.<br />
es aris praqtikuli realoba. glaseris debuleba, rom wesebi `unda iyos gonivruli~,<br />
maswavleblebisa da administratorebis misamarTiT aris naTqvami, radgan maT unda<br />
hqondeT mTavari saTqmeli. (glaseri samerhileli ar aris. [samerhili (Summerhill) er-er- Toblivi swavlebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili pedocentristuli skola qveyanaSi,<br />
romelic sufolkis sagrafoSi mdebareobs. mTargmn. Sen.]<br />
7. moswavleebi pasuxs ageben sakuTar qcevaze da yovelTvis Tavisufali arian qcevis<br />
arCevanSi. maTi pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba ara mxolod TviT maTze, an maswavlebelze,<br />
aramed, yvela sxva moswavlezec.<br />
efeqtebi<br />
pirdapiri: Riad xdeba muSaoba socialur problemebze, orientacia keTdeba<br />
mogvarebaze da ara dadanaSaulebaze.
disciplina<br />
saswavlo programaSi xazi esmeba relevanturobas (Sesabamisobas).<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi: maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs da TviT moswavleebs Soris siTbo da<br />
siyvaruli izrdeba.<br />
viTardeba erTmaneTis moTxovnilebebisa da uflebebis mimarT pativiscema.<br />
moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisa da pa su xi sm geblobis<br />
ganviTarebasTan erTad viTardeba empaTia.<br />
Semdegi modeli, Tomas gordonis `maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna~ (mew) misive wignis<br />
`mSobelTa efeqtianobis wvrTnis~ principebzea agebuli da gamoiyeneba skolebisaTvis<br />
rogorc kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursi mTeli qveynis masStabiT.<br />
Tomas gordonis `maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna~<br />
disciplina, rogorc komunikacia<br />
mew modelSi gordoni komunikaciis unar-Cvevebis swavlebiT cdilobs im konfliqtebisa<br />
da gaugebrobebis aRmofxvras, romlebic auareseben maswavleblisa da moswavleebis urTierTobebs.<br />
mew-is komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs Zalauflebis<br />
alternativas sTavazoben moTxovnilebaTa konfliqtis gadaWrisas. maswavlebels aRar<br />
sWirdeba moswavlis moTxovnilebaTa xarjze gamarjveba (I meTodi) an, piriqiT, moswavles<br />
– maswavleblis xarjze (II meTodi). III meTodi _ `yaimiT~ (no-lose), romelic mewSi iswavleba,<br />
moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs moTxovnilebaTa Tanxvedris saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
gansazRvrebebi<br />
1. aqtiuri mosmena: mosaubris SeniSvnaSi emociuri Sinaarsis (daSifruli Setyobinebis)<br />
daWera da mosaubrisadmi emociuri gamoxmaureba.<br />
2. `me~-Setyobineba: sxvisi qcevis miukerZoebeli aRwera, am qcevis xelSesaxebi gavlenis<br />
danaxva da qceviT gamowveuli emociebis gadmocema. nebismieri TanamimdevrobiT<br />
dalagebuli am sami elementisagan Sedgeba `me~-Setyobineba.<br />
3. qmedebis Secvla: `me~-Setyobinebis gagzavnis Semdeg aqtiur mosmenaze gadasvla.<br />
varaudebi<br />
4. roca adamians viRebT, mas cvlilebisa da zrdis saSualebas vaZlevT. Tu adamiani<br />
grZnobs, rom is `kargia~ rogorc pirovneba, miRebulia iseTad, rogoric aris, is<br />
mgrZnobiare xdeba sakuTari qcevis cvlilebis mimarT. garda cvlilebis xelSewyobisa<br />
miReba misTvis sine qua non-ia. rodesac adamiani grZnobs miuReblobas cvlilebis<br />
agentisagan, is winaaRmdegobas uwevs cvlilebas. aq aSkaraa, rom gordoni maslousa<br />
da rojerss eyrdnoba.<br />
5. gordonis sistemas mxedvelobaSi fsiqikurad SedarebiT jansaRi bavSvebi hyavs; is<br />
emociurad agznebuli bavSvebisaTvis ar aris Seqmnili.<br />
6. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>ca da moswavlec afasebs maT Soris arsebul urTierTobas. sistema<br />
mxolod maSin gamoiyeneba, roca maswavlebels `sjera urTierTobis~, afasebs da<br />
nerviulobs masze. (gasakviri araa, rom gordoni da glaseri amJamad erTad atareben<br />
treiningebs.) adamiani ar iqneba motivirebuli, gaiaros aqtiuri mosmenisa da sxva<br />
nabijebi sintaqsSi, Tu mas ar anaRvlebs meore mxare.<br />
7. moswavleebs SeuZliaT ikisron pasuxismgebloba da gadaWran sakuTari problemebi.<br />
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Rirebulebebi<br />
gordoni komunikaciaSi gulwrfelobasa da pirdapirobas afasebs. pirdapirobas sakuTari<br />
da sxvebis moTxovnilebebis aRiarebasa da pativiscemaSi; miukerZoebel komunikacias, rogorc<br />
adamianis miRebis gamoxatvas; mniSvnelovani urTierTobebis pativiscemas, roca adamianebi<br />
erTmaneTze zrunvisas, erTmaneTis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas cdiloben. da<br />
bolos, is afasebs qcevas, romelic xels uwyobs sxvebis pirovnul zrdas. es Rirebulebebi<br />
pirdapiraa gadatanili gordoniseul miznebSi.<br />
miznebi<br />
1. moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris iseTi urTierToba CamoayalibeT, romlis Sedegad<br />
swavleba ufro efeqtiani gaxdeba.<br />
2. akisrebineT moswavleebs pasuxismgebloba TavianTi saqcielisTvis.<br />
3. gazardeT uproblemoDare (ix. qvemoT principebi) da amgvarad gazardeT dro swavleba-swavlisTvis.<br />
principebi<br />
maswavleblisaTvis moswavlis nebismieri saqcieli an misaRebia an miuRebeli. qvemoT<br />
mocemuli `marTkuTxedi~ gviCvenebs qcevis am samyaros. yvelaferi gadamkveTi xazis zemoT<br />
misaRebia, xolo xazis qvemoT _ miuRebeli. xazis mdebareoba (da Sesabamisad areTa zoma)<br />
icvleba pirovnebasTan erTad da pirovnebis SigniT drois, ganwyobis, pirobebis da garemos<br />
mixedviT. klaselTan gadaCurCuleba maswavleblisaTvis SeiZleba erT dRes misaRebi iyos,<br />
xolo meore dRes miuRebeli, rac damokidebulia mis cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva faqtorebze (mag.:<br />
skolis direqtorma es-esaa usayvedura).<br />
misaRebi<br />
miuRebeli<br />
moswavlis qcevis samyaros danaxvis kidev erTi gzaa `problemis mesakuTris~ gansazRvra.<br />
moswavlis qceva an maswavlebels uqmnis problemas, an moswavles (xandaxan orives), an aravis<br />
(mag., maTematikur amocanebze muSaoba, an fanqris gaTla misaRebi formiT). am uproblemo<br />
ares swavleba-swavlis are ewodeba.
moswavles aqvs<br />
problem<br />
swavleba-<br />
swavlis are<br />
maswavlebels<br />
aqvs problema<br />
disciplina<br />
araswori qcevis (qceva problemis areSi) mizezia moswavlisa da maswavleblis Seusabamo<br />
moTxovnilebebi. am moTxovnilebaTa gansazRvrisa da dakmayofilebis nacvlad maswavleblebi<br />
xSirad Zalauflebas iyeneben, rasac Sedegad moswavleebTan urTierTobis gauareseba<br />
mohyveba; cudi urTierToba komunikacias amwvavebs da iqmneba Caketili wre. komunikaciis<br />
unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba maswavleblisa da moswavlis moTxovnilebebis identificirebisa da<br />
dakmayofilebisaTvis Zalauflebis gamouyeneblad araswori saqcielis Semcirebis gordoniseuli<br />
strategiaa.<br />
Nnabijebi<br />
1. gansazRvreT, arsebobs Tu ara problema.<br />
2. gansazRvreT, visia problema. amis Tqma ufro advilia, vidre gakeTeba. maswavlebels<br />
mxolod maSin aqvs problema, Tu mas xelSesaxebi gavlena aqvs masze. Cven (mozrdilebs,<br />
mSoblebs, maswavleblebs) xSirad iseTi problema `gvaqvs~ da masze pasuxismgeblobasac<br />
vkisrulobT, romelic realurad Cveni ar aris. magaliTad, marji diliT<br />
zozinobs da sauzmis dawyebas agvianebs. dedas, romelic mudam nerviulobs, rom<br />
droze miiyvanos skolaSi, arafris Tavi aRar aqvs im droisTvis, roca marji skolis<br />
avtobusSi adis. visia es problema? dedam is Tavisad aqcia. magram sinamdvileSi vis<br />
aqvs problema? marjis. deda yovelTvis marjis nacvlad agvarebs problemas. Tu marjis<br />
saSualebas miscems, Tavisi problema Tavadve hqondes, maSin gogonas Sedegebis<br />
mogvareba mouwevs (fexiT wasvla skolaSi, dagvianeba, dacda, sanam mama wava samsaxurSi<br />
da gaiyolebs da isev dagvianeba). Tu virCevT, rom vikisroT pasuxismgebloba im<br />
problemaze, romelic sinamdvileSi Cveni araa, aman SeiZleba garkveuli xelSesaxebi<br />
Sedegebi mogvitanos (mag., deda aSkarad nervebmoSlilia). magram Tu problemas mis<br />
namdvil mflobels davutovebT, Sedegebsac mxolod mflobeli iwvnevs.<br />
3. Tu meore klasis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yovel saRamos saRebavis Ria qilebs saxuravebs<br />
afarebs da moswavleTa upasuxismgeblobis gamo burtyunebs, visi problemaa saRebavis<br />
qilebi? Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> saSualebas miscems bavSvebs, sakuTar Tavs Tavad<br />
mixedon, saRebavis qilebi TavRia datovon da meore dRes qilaSi Camxmari saRebaviT<br />
`daxaton~, visi iqneba problema?<br />
Tu bavSvebi produqtiulad, magram xmauriT muSaoben im saklaso oTaxSi, romelic<br />
direqtoris kabinetis gverdiT mdebareobs da maswavlebels eSinia, rom skolis di-<br />
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reqtors mcdari warmodgena Seeqmneba masze da cud Sefasebas miscems, visi problemaa<br />
es?<br />
aqtiuri mosmena. aqtiuri mosmena, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Sinaarsis emociuri<br />
mosmenaa daSifruli Setyobinebis gasagebad da am emociis dabruneba mosaubrisaTvis.<br />
(magaliTad, gogonas mier mamisaTvis dasmuli kiTxvis _ `mama, yvelaze metad<br />
ras afaseb gogonaSi?~ _ namdvili Sinaarsi aqtiuri mosmeniT mamam ase unda<br />
`gadaTargmnos~ `ainteresebs, ra unda gaakeTos, rom biWebs moewonos.~) aqtiuri<br />
mosmena problemis saTavemde misvlas cdilobs, romelic SeiZleba emociaTa ramdenime<br />
wyebis qveS imalebodes da Tavdapirvelad misi mxolod zeda nawili Candes.<br />
aqtiuri mosmenisas mosaubris SeniSvnebidan faqtebs, mniSvnelobasa da emociur<br />
Sinaarss vigebT. Cven miCveuli varT faqtebisa da mniSvnelobis mosmenas, magram ar<br />
varT miCveuli maT miRma mniSvnelovani emociuri Sinaarsis wvdomas. Tu Cven sqemaze<br />
problemis areSi varT, swored es daSifruli emocia SeiZleba iyos problemis<br />
mizezi, romelic daukmayofilebel moTxovnilebas asaxavs. Tu moswavliseul problemas<br />
vagvarebT, `aqtiuri mosmeniT~ SeiZleba mas sakuTari problemis mogvarebisaken<br />
gzis gakvlevaSi davexmaroT.<br />
3a. maswavlebels ekuTvnis problema. gamoiyeneba `me~-Setyobinebebi. magaliTad:<br />
vTqvaT, moswavleTa xmauri maswavleblisTvis Zalze Zneli asatania da ar Seesatyviseba<br />
swavlisTvis xelsayreli xmauris miseul warmodgenas, Tumca moswavleebs<br />
xmauri xels ar uSlis. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gzavnis zemoT aRwerili elementebis matarebel<br />
`me~-Setyobinebas (miukerZoebeli, qcevis aRmweri, masze gavlenisa da aRZruli<br />
emociebis aRmweri). `xmauri am oTaxSi Tavs matkiebs!~ (aRwera_efeqti.) `simSvide da<br />
siwynare menatreba.~ (gancda.)<br />
4. qmedebis Secvla. `me~-Setyobinebam SeiZleba Tavadve moagvaros problema. Tu moswavleebi<br />
pativs scemen maswavlebels da kargi urTierToba aqvT masTan, SeiZleba<br />
sakuTari qcevis Secvlis motivaciac hqondeT. magram Tu maT daukmayofilebeli<br />
moTxovnileba aqvT, maSin Cvens winaSe moTxovnilebaTa konfliqti Cndeba. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis gansazRvris mizniT, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> `me~-Setyobinebis<br />
gagzavnis Semdeg aqtiur mosmenaze unda gadaerTos. garkveuli drois Semdeg,<br />
man SeiZleba Tavidan Camoayalibos `me~-Setyobineba. Tu problema aqvs rogorc<br />
maswavlebels, ise moswavleebs, SeiZleba saWiro iyos III meTodis gamoyeneba.<br />
5. III meTodi. I meTodi maswavleblis Zalauflebaa: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> imarjvebs, moswavleebi<br />
marcxdebian. II meTodi bavSvebis Zalauflebaa: moswavleebi imarjveben, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
marcxdeba. III meTodi yaimiT mogvarebaa, romelic Semdegi nabijebisgan Sedgeba:<br />
a) gansazRvreT problema moTxovnilebebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
b) moswavleebi da <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> erTad fiqroben problemis gadaWris gzebze.<br />
g) isini erTad afaseben gadaWris gzebs.<br />
d) isini erTad irCeven erT misaReb gadawyvetilebas.<br />
e) isini gansazRvraven, rogor da rodis ganaxorcielon miRebuli gadawyvetileba.<br />
v) isini mogvianebiT niSnaven Sexvedris TariRs gadaWris gzis xelaxla Sesafaseblad.<br />
III meTodi mxolod maSin gamoiyeneba, Tu is winaswar aris axsnili moswavleebisTvis.<br />
6. garemos modificireba. aq <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iCens garemos gamdidrebis, gaRaribebis,<br />
SezRudvis, gadidebis, xelaxla mowyobis, gamartivebis, sistematizebis an dagegmvis<br />
iniciativas, magram ara moswavleTa xarjze (ise, rom isini ar iyvnen damarcxebuli).
socialuri sistema<br />
disciplina<br />
moswavleebica da <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>c moTxovnilebebis mqone individebi arian, romelTac pativi<br />
unda vceT da davakmayofiloT. visic unda iyos problema, iCens iniciativas, rom `me~-<br />
Setyobineba gagzavnos im pirovnebasTan an pirovnebebTan, romelTa qcevas xelSesaxebi gavlena<br />
aqvs. Tu moswavleebi sakmarisad daxelovnebuli ar arian `me~-Setyobinebis gagzavnaSi,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gulisyuriT cdilobs maTi moTxovnilebebis gagebas da amisTvis aqtiur mosmenas<br />
iyenebs. moTxovnilebaTa konfliqti III meTodis modificirebuli molaparakebis teqnikiT<br />
gvardeba an <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iCens garemos ise modificirebis iniciativas, rom qceva sqemaze<br />
asaxul uproblemo areSi gadavides. gadawyvetilebebze molaparakeba mxolod moTxovnilebaTa<br />
konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs. uproblemo areSi moqmedebisas, maswavlebels<br />
araferi uSlis xels iniciativis gamoCenasa da swavlebis sxva modelebze agebuli instruqciuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.<br />
maswavleblis reaqciis principebi<br />
uproblemo areSi maswavlebels sasurveli reaqciis gamoxatva SeuZlia. misaRebia TviT<br />
binZuri Tormetic 3 ki! magram problema gvaqvs, sintaqsi konkretul nabijebs gvTavazobs,<br />
dawyebuli problemisa da misi mflobelis gansazRvridan. yovel nabijs safuZvlad udevs<br />
ormxrivi pativiscema da sxvisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis survili.<br />
maswavleblis reaqciis principebia TanagrZnoba, gancalkevebuloba, xelSewyoba, saku-<br />
Tari Tavis pativiscema da molaparakeba.<br />
¤ TanagrZnoba gamoixateba aqtiuri mosmeniT.<br />
¤ gancalkevebuloba niSnavs sxvebisTvis sakuTari problemis `mixedvis~ saSualebis<br />
micemas. Cveni Tavi ar unda gavaigivoT sxvebis problemasTan, arc sxvis magivrad vikisroT<br />
pasuxismgebloba _ adamianebs sakuTar problemaze pasuxismgeblobis saSualeba<br />
unda mivceT.<br />
¤ xelSewyoba niSnavs, rom gancalkevebulobiT adamiani sxvebs problemis gadaWris saku-<br />
Tari gzis povnaSi exmareba; xels uwyobs maT winsvlas.<br />
¤ sakuTari Tavis pativiscema aq niSnavs sakuTari Tavis dacvas, sakuTari moTxovnilebebis<br />
aRiarebas da ara damalvas, maT gacxadebas, maTi dakmayofilebis Riad mcdelobas<br />
da imavdroulad sxvebis daxmarebasac.<br />
¤ molaparakeba safuZvlad udevs III meTodiT problemis gadaWras. mas moTxovnilebaTa<br />
konfliqtis dros viyenebT.<br />
mxardaWeris sistema<br />
1. aqtiuri mosmena msmenelisgan moiTxovs:<br />
a) moswavlis SesaZleblobebis rwmenas, rom is gadaWris sakuTar problemas.<br />
b) sxvisi emociebis gulwrfel miRebas.<br />
g) emociaTa warmavlobis gagebas. (frazis _ `mZulxar!~ _ mTqmels SeiZleba marTla<br />
sZuls im wuTas, magram, albaT, xuTi wuTis Semdeg ukve aRar.)<br />
d) moswavlis daxmarebis namdvil survils.<br />
e) gancalkevebulobas _ unars, fsiqologiurad gamoacalkevo sakuTari Tavi sxvisi<br />
problemisgan, gaigivebisgan da sxvis nacvlad pasuxismgeblobis kisrebisgan, magram<br />
imavdroulad daexmaro.<br />
3 KrCevis micema, brZaneba, TanagrZnoba, damuqreba, moralis wakiTxva, leqciis wakiTxva, gankiTxva, dacinva, gaanalizeba, dakiTxva,<br />
CixSi mimwyvdeva da Seqeba.)<br />
155
Tavi 7<br />
156<br />
v) imis gagebas, rom moswavleebi iSviaTad gviziareben realur problemas, romelic<br />
SeiZleba emociaTa wyebis qveS imalebodes.<br />
z) sxvebis privatulobis pativiscemas, romelTac SeiZleba ar undodeT TqvenTvis<br />
garkveuli emociebis gamxela, an roca undaT, mxolod TqvenTvis undaT.<br />
T) dros _ sakmaris dros procesis gasavlelad (romelic ver geqnebaT derefanSi 30<br />
bavSviT garSemortymuls an sasadilosken mimavals.)<br />
2. me~-Setyobineba gamgzavnisagan moiTxovs:<br />
a) gulwrfelobas emociebis gamoxatvisas.<br />
b) risks: bolos da bolos, grZnobas sxvas umxelT.<br />
3. `me~-Setyobinebidan aqtiur mosmenaze dabrunebas egos warmatebuli kontroli<br />
sWirdeba. `me~-SetyobinebiT gamoxatuli sakuTari moTxovnilebiT, Tqven uceb sxva<br />
pirovnebis moTxovnilebaze gadarTva da misi aqtiurad mosmena giwevT. (Cveni azriT,<br />
es gordonis sistemaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da arasaTanadod Sefasebuli aspeqtia.)<br />
4. III meTodi moiTxovs, rom:<br />
a) moswavleebs esmodeT misi arsi.<br />
b) moswavleebs sjerodeT, rom Zalisxmevas ar daiSurebT da Zalauflebas ar<br />
gamoiyenebT.<br />
g) gqondeT dro yvela safexuris gasavlelad.<br />
rogorc xedavT, mxardaWeris sistemis elementebi maswavleblis damokidebulebasa<br />
da rwmenas ukavSirdeba da ara fizikur mxardaWeras. maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnis<br />
warmatebisTvis is garkveuli tipis pirovneba unda iyos, garkveuli gagebiTa da rwmeniT da<br />
hqondes mocemul situaciaSi sistemis ganxorcielebis dro. amgvarad, mTlianad ,,winaTgrZnobis’’<br />
kategoriis nawilad SegviZlia mxardaWeris am elementebis klasificireba.<br />
efqtebi<br />
pirdapiri: sistemis pirdapiri efeqtebi, gordonis mixedviT, aris is, rom ,,maswavleblebs<br />
uyvarT bavSvebi da bavSvebs uyvarT maswavleblebi’’ –<br />
anu, ukeTesi urTierTobebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, komunikaciis gaumjobesebuli<br />
unar-Cvevebis Sedegia. amgvarad, `marTkuTxedSi~ (ix.<br />
principebi) uproblemo are farTovdeba da meti dro rCeba swavleba-swavlisTvis.<br />
swavleba ufro efeqtiani xdeba.<br />
sainteresoa, rom am humanisturi midgomis Sedegi dakavSirebulia<br />
ufro efeqtian swavlebasTan, magram gordons `efeqtianobis~ gansakuTrebuli<br />
gageba aqvs.<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi: Tu gavixsenebT, rom is iSveliebs maslousa da rojerss da<br />
yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT mis komentarebs aqtiuri mosmenisa da<br />
sxva meTodebis upiratesobaze, aSkara gaxdeba, rom gordonisa-<br />
Tvis `efeqtianoba~ pirovnuli zrdis xelSewyobas niSnavs; swored<br />
es xdis adamians `efeqtians~. mew-is komunikaciis axali unar-<br />
Cvevebi maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobas aumjobesebs,<br />
rac naTlad vlindeba swavlis garemos saxecvlilebaSi, romelic<br />
aRsavsea siTboTi, pasuxismgeblobiT, urTierTpativiscemiTa da<br />
mimReblobiT. swavlis axali garemo xels uwyobs pirovnul zrdas<br />
da imavdroulad – akademiur swavlas.
disciplina<br />
sxva aRmzrdelobiTi efeqtebia moswavleTa mier aqtiuri mosmenis, `me~-<br />
Setyobinebisa da III meTodis teqnikis modelireba.<br />
mewis komunikaciis unarCvevebi<br />
maswavleblisa da moswavlis gaumjobesebuli urTierTobebi<br />
mimRebi garemo<br />
pirovnuli zrda da akademiuri winsvla<br />
V nawili<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
dreikursis erT-erTi debuleba yovelTvis mniSvnelovnad gveCveneboda: `yvela qceva<br />
miznobrivia~. Tu misi oTxi `mizani~ (yuradReba, Zalaufleba, umweoba, SurisZieba) mTlianad<br />
ar moicavs araswori qcevis miRma arsebul motivebs, erTi ram arsebiTia – adamianebi yovlTvis<br />
garkveuli mizniT moqmedeben. maT SeiZleba gacnobierebuli ar hqondeT mizani, magram<br />
is yovelTvis arsebobs. SegviZlia vaRiaroT, rom moswavlis araswori saqcielis yvela zemoxsenebuli<br />
paternis miRma aris moTxovnilebebi, gancdili fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi,<br />
romelTa dakmayofilebasac moswavle konkretuli qceviT cdilobs. amis aRiarebiT sentimentaluri,<br />
metismetad `gamgebi~ an damTmobi rodi gavxdebiT; ubralod, `mivxvdebiT, sinamdvileSi<br />
ris miRebas cdilobs moswavle konkretuli qceviT da gavigebT, rogori reaqcia unda<br />
gvqondes~. moswavle SeiZleba cdilobdes daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas,<br />
kerZod:<br />
usafrTxoeba `sakmarisi ndoba maqvs. sul mcire minimaluri<br />
usafrTxoeba. vici ra moxdeba Semdeg~.<br />
sakuTari Tavis kontroli `me SemiZlia sakuTari Tavis kontroli. ar meSinia, rom<br />
guls vzatken sakuTar Tavs an sxvebs~.<br />
siyvaruli `viRac CemTvis mniSvnelovani Cemze zrunavs~.<br />
CarTuloba ,,me miRebuli var am jgufSi~.<br />
kontroli, rogorc Zalaufleba sakuTar bed-iRbals garkveulwilad vakontroleb~.<br />
sakuTari Tavis pativiscema `me Rirseuli pirovneba var~.<br />
aRiareba `adamianebi afaseben imas, rac gavakeTe, vinc var~.<br />
TviTaqtualizacia `me vaxden sakuTari potencialis realizebas~.<br />
gaxsovdeT, rom araswor qcevaTa umravlesobis kvals SeiZleba da ukmayofilebel fsiqologiur<br />
moTxovnilebamde ar mivyavdeT. Se iZleba bavSvebi wamoZaxiliT, baraTebis gadawodebiT<br />
157
Tavi 7<br />
an sxva araswori qc eviT, ubralod scdidnen maswavlebels. isini cdiloben gaigon, ra m dens<br />
apatieben (mouTmenen). Tumca, axla TiTo-orola metismetad re zistentul moswavleze vsaubrobT,<br />
romlebic gamudmebiT arasworad iqc evian miuxedavad molodinisa da menejmentis sxva<br />
parametrebis saS ualebiT swori mopyrobisa.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi, yvelaze fundamenturidan dawyebuli,<br />
TanamimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. Cven vaviTarebT hipoTezas (ix. striqonebis gaswvriv<br />
Canawerebi), rom moswavlis qcevis mamoZravebel fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebsa da reaqciis<br />
yvelaze swor strategiebs Soris kavSiri arsebobs:<br />
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba amoZravebs rezi-<br />
stentul moswavleebs<br />
TviTaqtualizacia<br />
aRiareba<br />
158<br />
reaqciis strategiebi<br />
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna<br />
sakuTari Tavis pativiscema realobiT Terapia<br />
kontroli logikuri Sedegebi<br />
CarTuloba pirovnuli zegavlena<br />
siyvaruli TviTSecnobis wvrTna<br />
usafrTxoeba/ndoba qcevis modifikacia<br />
es eqvsi strategia aRmavali wesiT aris dalagebuli _ yvelaze dablidan yvelaze maRlisaken,<br />
dawyebuli im strategiiT, romelic moswavlisgan nakleb simwifesa da kompetencias<br />
moiTxovs da damTavrebuli imiT, romelic yvelaze mets moiTxovs. mimdevrobis qveda nawilSi<br />
`myofi~ daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebis mqone moswavleebi emociurad naklebmomwifebulni<br />
Canan da am rigis qveda nawilSi arsebuli strategiebi (qcevis modifikacia, TviTSecnobis<br />
wvrTna) sWirdebaT. maT, visac iseTi moTxovnilebebi amoZravebT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kontroli,<br />
ufro momwifebuli strategiebi (logikuri Sedegebi, realobiT Terapia) miesadagebaT.<br />
drois xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi konkretul moswavlesTan mimdevrobis qveda<br />
nawilidan zeda nawilSi asvla unda vcadoT _ unda daviwyoT moswavlis mimdinare moTxovnilebebis<br />
Sesatyvisi strategiebiT da davexmaroT pirovnul zrdasa da ufro rTul strategiebze<br />
gadasvlaSi. am gziT moswavleebi gazrdili TviTdisciplinisken migvyavs maSinac ki, Tu maT-<br />
Tvis TviT am disciplinis `gakeTeba~ (qcevis modifikacia) gviwevs. maTi fsiqikuri sijansa-<br />
Risa da emociuri momwifebulobis zrda ubralod paralelurad ki ar mimdinareobs, aramed<br />
xeli ewyoba, rom Cveni unariT droTa ganmavlobaSi movaxdinoT strategiebis koreqtireba.<br />
geTanxmebiT, rom seriozuli moTxovnaa maswavleblisaTvis, daiswavlos da praqtikaSi sworad<br />
gamoiyenos disciplinis eqvsi sxvadasxva strategia. kolejSi amas ar aswavlian. Tumca qcevis<br />
gasagebad am sqemis gamoyenebasa da reaqciebis morgebas eqspertoba ar sWirdeba. faqtia,<br />
rom klasSi moswavleebi gvyavs da saidanRac unda daviwyoT. sxvadasxva strategiis gacnobasa<br />
da mosinjvas dro da varjiSi sWirdeba da ukeT mimdinareobs, sul mcire, ori maswavleblis<br />
erTdrouli muSaobisas. magram maTi swavla savsebiT SesaZlebelia da did samsaxurs gauwevs<br />
im moswavleebs, visac cxovrebaSi skolisa da maswavleblis garda sxva stabiluri dasayrdeni<br />
ar egulebaT. magram, modiT, ukan davbrundeT. rogor miviReT fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa<br />
zemoxsenebuli CamonaTvali?
fiziologiuri<br />
daculoba<br />
da usafrTxoeba<br />
sazogadoebis<br />
wevroba<br />
pativiscema,<br />
aRiareba<br />
disciplina<br />
TviTaqtualizacia<br />
bevrma avtorma, rogoricaa maslou (Maslow 1962), Tavis naSromSi Seitana garkveulwilad<br />
universaluri, yvela adamianisTvis saerTo fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa cneba. zogierTi<br />
avtori maT ierarqiulad alagebs:<br />
`ierarqiulad~ maslousaTvis niSnavs, rom dabali moTxovnilebebis (mag.: fiziologiuri)<br />
dakmayofileba yvelaze arsebiTia. magaliTad, Tu gSia, sazogadoebis aRiarebaze didad ar<br />
dardob. fiziologiuri da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg sazogadoebis<br />
wevrobis moTxovnileba iwevs wina planze. adamiani am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas<br />
cdilobs, rac safuZvlad edeba mis mraval qcevas. Tumca, imave adamians pativiscemisa da aRiarebis<br />
moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ar amoZravebdes; yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis wevrobis<br />
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebamde, is ar iqneboda qcevis miRma arsebuli dominanturi Zala.<br />
maslou da sxvebi ar miiCneven am moTxovnilebebs evoluciur nabijebad, romlebsac erTxel<br />
gadalaxvis Semdeg xelaxla damuSaveba aRar sWirdeba. arsebuli garemoebebis Sesabamisad,<br />
adamiani kibeze adis da Cadis: samsaxuris dakargvisas kibeze ori-sami safexuriT qvemoT<br />
CamovdivarT da moqmedebas daculobisa da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare viwyebT.<br />
igive ram SeiZleba moxdes moswavlis mSoblebis gayris SemTxvevaSic.<br />
7.3 sqemaze warmodgenilia avtorTa mier aRwerili ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri mo Tx ovnilebebi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli avtori moTxovnilebaTa aRniSvnisaTvis gansxvavebul<br />
terminebs iyenebs da moTxovnilebaTa sxvadasxva raodenobas gamoyofs, arsebiTi damTxvevaa,<br />
rom isini yvelgan rva ZiriTad moTxovnilebamde daiyvaneba.<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom CamonaTvalSi Setanilia eriqsonis rva fsiqologiuri stadiac,<br />
an fsiqologiuri krizisi. eriqsoni evolucionistia, is ar ganixilavs am krizisebs rogorc<br />
stadiebs, romlebic unda gadailaxos skalaze momdevno safexurebis gasavlelad. rogorc<br />
wesi, erTxel gadalaxuli krizisebi ar meordeba, Tumca, adamiani (da bavSvi) SeiZleba gadaulaxavi<br />
krizisis gamo skalis dabal doneze Seferxdes, rac xels SeuSlis maT winsvlas jansaRi<br />
emociuri ganviTarebis Semdgomi stadiebisken. aq marTebulia eriqsonis nebismieri kavSiri<br />
erTi stadiis warmatebul marTvasa da fsiqologiur moTxovnilebas Soris. rogorc Cans,<br />
paralelebi arsebobs, rasac eriqsoni xedavs – magaliTad, krizisis dros `iniciativa an danaSaulis<br />
grZnoba~ – da rasac Sutci kontrolis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebad<br />
miiCnevs.<br />
es avtorebi ramdenime mkafio Setyobinebas gvigzavnian: (1) adamianebs garkveuli saerTo<br />
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi aqvT; (2) moTxovnilebebi dakavSirebulia standartulad<br />
(SeiZleba ierarqiulad); (3) moTxovnilebebi amoZravebs qcevas. roca ZiriTadi moTxovnileba<br />
ar kmayofildeba, is im dakvirvebadi qcevis motivirebas axdens da misi axsnis saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs.<br />
159
Tavi 7<br />
160<br />
maslou dreikursi Sutci glaseri eriqsoni Sejameba<br />
TviTaqtualizacia<br />
erTianoba an<br />
sasowarkveTileba;<br />
aRiareba<br />
generatiuloba an<br />
unayofoba;<br />
siaxlove an izolacia;<br />
identoba an identobis<br />
miuRwevloba<br />
TviTaqtualizacia<br />
TviTSefaseba<br />
kontroli pativiscema gulmodgineba da<br />
arasrulfasovneba<br />
iniciativa an danaSaulis<br />
grZnoba<br />
(umweoba)/<br />
kompetenturoba<br />
pativiscema,<br />
aRiareba<br />
kontroli<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
CarTuloba<br />
CarTuloba<br />
dakavSirebuloba<br />
siyvaruli<br />
yuradReba<br />
siyvaruli<br />
sazogadoebis<br />
wevroba<br />
avtonomia da sircxvili TviTkontroli<br />
ndoba da undobloba daculoba/<br />
usafrTxoeba/ndoba<br />
daculoba/<br />
usafrTxoeba/ndoba<br />
sqema 7.3: ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi
disciplina<br />
rogor SegviZlia gamoviyenoT es mosazrebebi, rom rezistentul moswavleebs SevusabamoT<br />
eqvsi strategia? ra kavSiria maswavleblis mier arCeul strategiasa da moswavlis qcevis<br />
mamoZravebel moTxovnilebas Soris?<br />
am kiTxvebze sapasuxod ramdenime instruqcias gTavazobT, magram Semdegi gafrTxileba<br />
aucilebelia. Cven ar varT fsiqologebi da ar vcdilobT maswavleblebi vaqcioT fsiqologebad.<br />
gvsurs, maT moswavlis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebis gansazRvra da `mkurnalobis~<br />
dawyeba vaswavloT. sakiTxi Zalze bundovania. TviT fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistebi<br />
diagnozs metismetad naCqarevad svamen. danamdvilebiT ver gvecodineba, ra xdeba sxva adamianis<br />
TavSi da ra aris misi qcevis mizezi; magram SegviZlia gvjerodes, rom arsebobs mizani, maSinac<br />
ki, Tu is CvenTvis (da maTTvis) bundovania. ar arsebobs Sesatyvisi reaqciis strategiis<br />
arCevis sxva gza garda imisa, rom vcadoT logikurad SevusabamoT moswavlis savaraudo moTxovnileba<br />
Sesatyvis strategias. ar dasvaT diagnozi; mosinjeT, magram ecadeT gamoiyenoT<br />
qceva moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb miniSnebebisTvis da daukavSiroT is strategiebs. es ukeTesi<br />
iqneba, vidre yvela moswavlesTan erTi da igive strategiis gamoyeneba (TiTqos disciplinis<br />
meTodi iyos), vidre strategiebis SemTxveviTi, ekleqtikuri cvla.<br />
eqvsi tipobrivi daxasiaTeba<br />
qcevis modifikacia strategiebidan yvelaze kontrolirebadia; erTi ram, rac danamdvilebiT<br />
viciT mis Sesaxeb is aris, rom namdvilad qmediTia. misi kargad warmarTvis SemTxveva-<br />
Si moswavles, ufrosklaselsac ki, nebismier saqmianobas SeasrulebinebT. ratom SeiZleba<br />
maswavlebels aseTi xarisxis kontroli surdes? erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos sasowarkveTa:<br />
klasi (an moswavle) iseTi xelis SemSlelia, rom sxva gza ar aris! iqneb moswavleebs ubralod<br />
ar aqvT qcevis repertuarSi sworad funqcionirebisTvis saWiro qceva: ar ician rogor aiRon<br />
da Seinaxon nivTebi, rogor gaakeTon davalebebi TanamimdevrobiT; rogor daasrulon davaleba<br />
droulad; rogor moagvaron kamaTi muStebis gareSe. qcevis modifikacia moswavleebs<br />
qcevis mosinjvisa (rasac damoukideblad arasodes gaakeTebdnen) da moqmedebis sxva gzebis<br />
aRmoCenis saSualebas aZlevs. daucvelobisa da mRelvarebis ukiduresi Sinagani mdgomareobis<br />
mqone moswavleebs SegviZlia qcevis modifikaciis programis struqturis gamoyenebiT<br />
davexmaroT yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaSi. arsebiTad, Cven mxars vuWerT<br />
maT sisustisa da dabneulobis momentebSi. am pirobebSi qcevis modifikacia kontrolis nacvlad<br />
mxardamWerisa da damcvelis funqcias asrulebs. is aCerebs negatiur qcevas, romelic<br />
zians ayenebs moswavlis urTierTobas sxvebTan da umyarebs sakuTar sicudeze warmodgenas.<br />
is moswavlisTvis maSveli rgolia, sanam sakuTari Tavis kontrols SeZlebs da Cveni mizanic<br />
xom es gaxlavT _ TviTkontroli, TviTdisciplina.<br />
Cven yovelTvis vcdilobT, rom moswavleebs moTxovnilebaTa CamonaTvalis zeda safexurisken,<br />
ufro srulyofili strategiebisaken `gadaadgilebaSi~ mivexmaroT, radgan adamiani,<br />
romelic realobiT Terapiis midgomas pasuxobs, emociurad ufro momwifebulia, vidre is,<br />
romelsac gamudmebiT sWirdeba qcevis modifikacia. nebismier konkretul saswavlo wels,<br />
SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom jimisTan muSaobas piradi gavleniT iwyebT, magram wlis bolosTvis<br />
realobiT Terapiaze gadadixarT. strategiebs Soris mravali kavSiri da gadasvla SesaZlebelia,<br />
magram <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yovelTvis cdilobs moswavlesTan erTad CamonaTvalis zeda<br />
safexurze asvlas. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi sajaro skolaSi Cven mowmeni viyaviT, rogor<br />
SeZles gamocdilma maswavleblebma, rom moswavle pirvel da meore klasSi qcevis modifikaciidan<br />
mexuTe klasisaTvis mew-mde ganviTarebuliyo. moswavlis aseT seriozul pirovnul<br />
zrdas maswavleblis kontrolis garda sxva faqtorebmac unda Seuwyos xeli, magram gvjera,<br />
161
Tavi 7<br />
rom Tanamoazre maswavlebelTa gundis gareSe, romlebic erTad gegmavdnen moswavlis daxmarebas,<br />
araferi moxdeboda.<br />
TviTSecnobis strategiebi Sesaferisia myife emociuri mdgomareobis moswavleebisTvisac.<br />
am moswavleebma SeiZleba icodnen gansxvaveba produqtiul da araproduqtiul qcevas<br />
Soris, magram ar SeeZloT sakuTari Tavis kontroli. maTi temperamenti xSirad kontrols ar<br />
eqvemdebareba; maT ar sjeraT sakuTari Tavis da uWirT damegobreba. isini SeiZleba ganmartovdnen,<br />
bevri dro gaataron xatvaSi, kiTxvaSi an romelime obieqtur aqtivobaSi. Tu mecnierebis<br />
an xelovnebisaken midrekileba aqvT, SeiZleba Seqmnan zRapruli proeqtebi da faqtobrivad,<br />
mxolod am proeqtebiT daamyaron zedapiruli urTierToba sxvebTan. maT sZulT<br />
sakuTar grZnobebze saubari, faqtobrivad, arc SeuZliaT, eSiniaT da daZalebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeiZleba uari Tqvan. maT mier sakuTar Tavze saubari ukavSirdeba movlenebsa, nivTebs, da<br />
ara adamianebs an SegrZnebebs. mcire asakis bavSvebisTvis am mdgomareobaSi zedgamoWrilia<br />
volfgangisa (Wolfgang 1977) da ledermanis (Lederman 1969) strategiebi, mozardebisTvis ki<br />
maixenbaumis (Meichenbaum) TviTinstruqciuli strategiebi ufro Sesatyvisia, Tumca, maTi<br />
zogierTi forma dawyebiT klaselebsac gamoadgebaT (mag.: `kus teqnika~).<br />
moswavleebi, romlebic ergebian pirovnuli gavlenis models, CvenSi xSirad siyvarulisa<br />
da siZulvilis grZnobebs warmoSoben. maT aqvT mosawoni, momxiblavi, sayvareli Tvisebebic<br />
ki. erT wuTSi giCndebaT survili, gulSi CaikraT isini, meore wuTSi ki _ kedels mianarcxoT.<br />
individualuri urTierTobis dros isini araCveulebrivebi arian; jgufSi ki SeuZliaT CxubisTavebi,<br />
wamqezeblebi, poziorebi iyvnen. gasakviria, magram isini xSirad wynarebi arian<br />
did jgufebSi, sadac aris meti TviTmmarTveloba, magram gamousworeblebi patara jgufebSi,<br />
sadac socialuri daZabuloba TviTdamkvidrebis gamo Zalze didia. diliT klasSi Semosvlisas,<br />
maT SeiZleba iaron oTaxSi, Seamowmon moswavleTa saqmianoba, gadavidnen nivTidan niv-<br />
Tze da ver ipovon adgili. maT namdvilad aqvT im siyvarulisa da CarTulobis moTxovnileba,<br />
romelic akliaT cxovrebaSi. dilaobiT, aseTi `seirnobis~ dros, isini sakuTar adgils eZeben,<br />
surT gaigon, sad SeuZliaT CarTva da kargad arc ki ician, rogor daamyaron urTier-<br />
Toba. reputaciisa da sxva moswavleebTan urTierTobebis gamo, uWirT arastruqturirebul<br />
situaciebSi adgilis povna. maT enatrebaT megobrebi, sxva moswavleebTan da maswavlebelTan<br />
siaxlove, magram maTi qceva antagonizms iwvevs. pirovnuli gavlenis modelis struqtura,<br />
moTxovnebi, siTbo da urTierTobis Camoyalibeba maT cxovrebis rTuli periodis gadalaxvaSi<br />
exmareba.<br />
ufro mcire asakis bavSvebTan maswavlebelma SeiZleba qcevis modifikacia gamoiyenos maT<br />
mier sakuTari yvelaze xelis SemSleli qcevis ukeT Sesacnobad da gasakontroleblad.<br />
xandaxan iseT moswavleebs vxvdebiT, romlebic `aras~ amboben, gvewinaaRmdegebian da Riad<br />
gviwveven TavianTi qceviT. es moswavleebi SeiZleba logikuri Sedegebis modelis kandidatebi<br />
iyvnen. isini uars amboben samuSaos Sesrulebaze an mas mxolod survilis SemTxvevaSi asruleben.<br />
isini eZeben Zalauflebis konfliqtebs ufrosebTan, faqtobrivad, iwveven maT. ra<br />
Tqma unda, iseTi moswavleebic gvxvdebian, romlebic xSirad, Tumca ara ganzrax, erTvebian<br />
kamaTSi TanatolebTan da maswavleblebTan; im moswavleebis mier ufrosebis gamowvevisa<br />
da maTTan kamaTis dawyeba, romlebzec vsaubrobT, rogorc wesi, `Cemeburad keTebas~ ukav-<br />
Sirdeba. aseTi moswavleebi SeiZleba sxvebTan TamaSis dros xSirad tiranebi, CxubisTavebi<br />
iyvnen, daundoblad hkran xeli sxva moswavleebs da maswavlebelsac. maT qcevas kontrolis<br />
fsiqologiuri moTxovnileba amoZravebs. rogorc dreikursi ityoda, maTi azriT, samyaroSi<br />
adgilis damkvidrebis erTaderTi gza Zalauflebis Cveneba, sxvebis gakontrolebaa. swored<br />
ase unda moiqcnen, rom pativsacemi da Rirseuli adamianebi gaxdnen sxvis TvalSi. es mcdari<br />
rwmena, maTi qceva unda Seicvalos, unda Seicvalos nebismieri gziT, garda droebiTisa.<br />
162
disciplina<br />
dreikursis meTodi Tavs aridebs Zalauflebis konfliqtebs da cdilobs socialuri wesrigis<br />
realoba logikuri Sedegebis gamoyenebiT aswavlos. es Sedegebi aris ara maswavleblis<br />
mier Tavsmoxveuli Zalaufleba, aramed samyaros realoba. ase rom, moswavleebi ver gabrazdebian<br />
maswavlebelze, ver daubrundebian TavianT Zvel araproduqtiul `Zalauflebis TamaSs~.<br />
isini qcevis ganxilvas maTTvis Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT iwyeben _ gana imitom, rom<br />
ufrosebi `ar maZleven uflebas~, aramed qceva araTavsebadia socialur wesrigTan. maT warmodgena<br />
uyalibdebaT socialuri kontraqtis Sesaxeb. maT iseT mdgomareobaSi vayenebT, rom<br />
dainaxon, raoden saWiroa sakuTari qceva sazogadoebis, klasis funqcionirebisTvis. TviT<br />
jgufi ki klasis Sekrebebze am mesijis gasaZliereblad gamoiyeneba, rasac glaseris realobiT<br />
Terapiamde da klasis Sekrebis modelamde mivyavarT, sadac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania<br />
da daxvewili jgufis rolis gamoyeneba.<br />
realobiT Terapiis kandidatebi upasuxismgeblo moswavleebi arian, romelTac yovelTvis<br />
aviwydebaT wignebi, agviandebaT, ar asruleben samuSaos, acdenen daniSnul Sexvedrebsa<br />
da ar asruleben valdebulebebs, adanaSauleben sxvebs da ver acnobiereben, an ar aRiareben<br />
konfliqtSi TavianT rols. es moswavleebi SeiZleba Zalze xelis SemSlelad iqceodnen _<br />
gadmoyaron sxvebis wignebi, daartyan derefanSi moswavleebs, gadaayiraon skamebi. Tumca,<br />
yuradRebis maZieblis msgavsad, maT es qmedebebi winaswar dagegmili an ganzraxuli ara aqvT.<br />
rogorc Cans, isini ubralod aseT mdgomareobaSi vardebian. isini emociur mawanwalebs hgvanan,<br />
romlebic advilad ebmebian cud saqmeebsa da kampaniaSi. kiTxvaze, ratom daejaxnen moswavles,<br />
savaraudod, `ar vici~-s pasuxoben da mxrebs iCeCaven. sasjelisa da SeniSvnis Semdeg,<br />
isini ar kamaToben, ar Tmoben da ar icvlebian.<br />
realobiT TerapiaSi moswavleebs agebineben maTi saqcielis Sedegebs sxva adamianebTan maTi<br />
urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT. es ufro pirovnuli Tvlasazrisia, vidre dreikursis modeli,<br />
sadac swavlebis mizania: `es qceva araqmediTia samyaroSi~. glaseris swavlebis arsia: `is araqmediTia<br />
CemTvis, ra gavakeTo amasTan dakavSirebiT?~ es kiTxva simwifis skalis zeda nawilis<br />
eqvs models Seesatyviseba, radganac saqcielis danaxvis, Sefasebisa da Secvlis pasuxismgebloba<br />
akisria moswavles, Tumca, maswavleblis CarTva aucilebelia, raTa xeli Seuwyos moswavleTa<br />
yovel safexurze gadasvlas. glasers, romelic didad ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas<br />
araswori saqcielis mizezebze, uyvars `aq da axla~ mogvareba. misi azriT, Seusabamo qcevis<br />
mqone mraval adamians, SeuZlia gadawyvitos, rom ar moiqces Seusabamod. maT aqvT saamiso<br />
Sinagani kontroli, maT SeuZliaT gaiaron realobiT Terapiis safexurebi da gadawyviton,<br />
rom Rirs amis gakeTeba, oRond maT gverdSi unda hyavdeT iseTi CarTuli adamiani, romelic<br />
maTTan erTad gaivlis am gzas da xels ar Caiqnevs maTze. amrigad, glaseri SeiZleba ixrebodes<br />
realobiT Terapiis misadagebisaken im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic skalis sakmaod dabal<br />
dones Seesatyvisebian.<br />
klasis Sekrebebi `CarTulobis~ gancdas uRrmavebs maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs. es Sexvedrebi<br />
moswavleebs im adgiliT uzrunvelyofs, sadac erTmaneTTan gulaxdilad saubars SeZleben.<br />
rezistentuli moswavleebi igeben sxvebis azrs maT Sesaxeb, sxvebs ki problemis gadamWrel<br />
garemoSi am azris gaziarebis saSualeba eZlevaT.<br />
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnis (mew) kargi kandidati is aRSfoTebuli moswavlea,<br />
romelic skolaSi gatarebul dros patimrobis vadasaviT ixdis, xan meamboxea, xan brZeni, magram,<br />
rogorc wesi, qmediTi. mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao SeiZleba iyos damakmayofilebeli<br />
an cudi. es moswavleebi, albaT, grZnoben, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maT TiTqmis arasodes usmens, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ki, albaT, Tvlis, rom moswavleebs ar esmiT da pativs ar scemen zogadad skolas. maswavlebelsa<br />
da moswavles Soris cudi komunikaciaa da orive xvdeba, rom maTi moTxovnilebebi<br />
ar Tanxvdeba. miuxedavad iSviaTi Ria konfliqtisa, orive ukmayofiloa klasSi urTierTobiT.<br />
163
Tavi 7<br />
rogorc wesi, aseT moswavles mzardi mtruli ganwyoba aqvs da mzad aris es ganwyoba<br />
yvela maswavleblis mimarT gamoamJRavnos, Tu isini sxvagvarad ar daamtkiceben sakuTar<br />
SesaZleblobebs. sxva moswavleebTan urTierTobebi xSirad damakmayofilebelia. moswavle<br />
ufrosebTan iwyebs im mosazrebis ganzogadebas, rom `maTi (ufrosebis) mTeli saqmianoba<br />
brZanebebis gacemaa, imis Tqma, ra gavakeTo. isini arasodes ismenen~. amitom moswavle wyvets<br />
Setyobinebebis gagzavnas sakuTari ukmayofilebis Sesaxeb.<br />
mew-i SeiZleba problemis mqone moswavlisTvis iyos gamiznuli, roca <strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
aqtiuri mosmeniT mas problemis gadaWris sakuTari gzis povnaSi exmareba.<br />
mew-i sxva modelis msgavsad konkretul fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebs rodi pasuxobs.<br />
is yvelaze maRali donis modelia, radgan moswavlisagan Tanaziarobas an, sul mcire, maswavleblis<br />
`me~-Setyobinebis gagebas da imis survils moiTxovs, rom problema `yaimiT~ an<br />
(`gamarjvebuli-gamarjvebuli~) molaparakebiT mogvardes. TviT III meTodiT problemis mogvareba<br />
moiTxovs orive mxaris mier mosmenisa da SetyobinebaTa gagzavnis unar-Cvevebs, rac<br />
gansakuTrebiT problemur moswavleebs uWirT. gordoni Tvlis, rom mew-i ar aris Seqmnili<br />
problemuri moswavleebisTvis. Tumca, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom aqtiuri mosmena da `me~-<br />
Setyobinebebi TavisTavad arsebiTi unar-Cvevebia maSinac ki, roca mew-is mTlian models ar<br />
viyenebT. aqtiuri mosmena Zalian sasargebloa, TiTqmis aucilebeli, TviTanalizis modelSi,<br />
xolo `me~-Setyobinebebi mSvenivrad avsebs pirovnuli gavlenis models. aqtiuri mosmena ki,<br />
ra Tqma unda, ZiriTadi unar-Cvevaa moswavlis aRSfoTebis ganmuxtvisaTvis.<br />
amrigad, am eqvsi strategiidan TiToeuli moswavlis konkretul tips Seesatyviseba. Cven<br />
eqvsives tipobrivi daxasiaTeba SemogTavazeT, rogorc zogadi instruqcia maTi morgebisTvis<br />
da SevexeT fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebs. strategiis arCevisas maswavlebelma TviT<br />
moswavlis qceviT unda daiwyos. unda Caiweros ra qceva, rodis, visTan erTad, ramdenjer da<br />
sad moxda. Tumca, mxolod qcevisa da garemoebebis aRricxva ar kmara. mniSvnelovania, rogor<br />
ganxorcielda qceva (rogor aRwers damkvirvebeli), radgan es motivis gagebis saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs: Carlim gavlisas SemTxveviT gadmoyara wignebi Tu ara (realobiT Terapiis kandidati)?<br />
merxebs Soris gavlisas, Tavxeduri mzeriT gamiznulad gadmoyara wignebi Tu ara (logikuri<br />
Sedegebis kandidati)? am saqcieliT mTeli dilis dagubebuli sibraze xom ar gamoxata<br />
(mew-is kandidati)? iqneb impulsurad daejaxa Tavisi magidisken gaqceuli (TviTanalizis<br />
kandidati)? kidev ra qceviT davaxasiaTebdiT Carlis? Carlis daxasiaTebisas SeiZleba davadginoT<br />
misi amJamindeli `me~ da ufro naTlad davinaxoT savaraudo strategia, romelic<br />
mas warmatebiT funqcionirebasa da emociur zrdaSi daexmareba.<br />
sainteresoa, rogor icvleba maswavleblis roli sxvadasxva modelSi (ix. sqema 7.4). mew-Si<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavlis Tanasworad miiCneva: orives TavianTi moTxovnilebebi da uflebebi<br />
aqvT da orive monawileobs problemis yaimiT mogvarebis gzebis ZiebaSi, romelSic orives<br />
Sexeduleba iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. realobiT TerapiaSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Terapevtis funqcias<br />
asrulebs; miuxedavad imisa, rom CarTulia da exmareba moswavles, isini Tanasworni aRar<br />
arian: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> damxmarea, romelsac regularulad da pirdapir Camohyavs moswavle<br />
dedamiwaze da mas faqtebis winaSe ayenebs. logikur SedegebSi kidev ufro meti gaucxoebaa,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sazogadoebas warmoadgens. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romelic pirovnul gavlenas iyenebs,<br />
moswavleebisTvis avtoriteti xdeba. TviTanalizis wvrTnaSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mwvrTnelad da<br />
sistemebis Semqmnelad gvevlineba. misi roli didad ar gansxvavdeba qcevis modifikaciaSi<br />
rolisagan, sadac is sistemaTa Semqmnelis garda manqanis operatoricaa.<br />
164<br />
CamonaTvalis qveda nawilSi moswavlis roli mcirdeba, xolo maswavleblis xelmZRvan-
disciplina<br />
eloba, pasuxismgebloba, kontroli da statusi izrdeba. CamonaTvalis zeda nawilSi ki maswavleblis<br />
mniSvneloba mcirdeba, xolo moswavlisa _ izrdeba, rogorc srulad funqcionirebadi,<br />
socialurad gaTviTcnobierebuli pirovnebisa, romelsac cxovrebasTan warmatebiT<br />
gamklaveba SeuZlia. sxvadasxva modelSi maswavleblisa da moswavlis rolebis gagebiT, Cven<br />
modelTa urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmaveba da ganviTarebaSi maTi mniSvnelobis<br />
xazgasma SegviZlia. es Tvalsazrisi ubralod gveubneba: xeli mohkideT moswavleebs iq, sadac<br />
arian da daexmareT maT pirovnul zrdaSi.<br />
qcevis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
aRSfoTeba<br />
upasuxismgebloba<br />
daumorCilebloba da yuradRebis<br />
Zieba<br />
martooba da yuradRebis<br />
Zieba<br />
impulsuroba<br />
ucodinroba an kontrolis<br />
nakleboba<br />
modeli<br />
mew-i<br />
realobiT Terapia<br />
logikuri Sedegebi<br />
pirovnuli<br />
gavlena<br />
TviTanalizi<br />
qcevis modifikacia<br />
maswavleblis roli<br />
Tanaswori adamiani<br />
Terapevti<br />
sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli<br />
mniSvnelovani sxva<br />
mwvrTneli da Tanamzraxveli<br />
sistemis operatori<br />
sqema 7.4: maswavleblis rolis cvlileba sxvadasxva modelSi.<br />
CamonaTvalis zeda nawilSi moswavlis roli izrdeba, xolo maswavleblis xelmZRvaneloba, statusi da<br />
kontroli mcirdeba.<br />
isrebi 7.4 sqemaze zogierT saerTo tendencias aRniSnavs, romlis SemCneva SesaZlebelia,<br />
roca moswavle sul ufro da ufro rTul strategiebs pasuxobs. qcevis modifikacias Seu-<br />
Zleba moswavles im kontrolis mopovebaSi daexmaros (sakmarisad daamSvidos), rom TviTanalizis<br />
wvrTnaze gadavides, an im maswavleblis Sesatyvisi gaxdes, romelic pirovnul gavlenas<br />
iyenebs. pirovnuli gavlena da logikuri Sedegebi SeiZleba erTgvari tramplini iyos<br />
realobiT Terapiisa da saklaso SekrebebisaTvis. aucilebeli an swori ar gaxlavT eqvsive<br />
strategiis gavla nebismier erT moswavlesTan. konkretuli moswavlisTvis pirovnuli gavlenis<br />
Semdeg yvelaze bunebrivi nabiji SeiZleba realobiT Terapia iyos. konkretul dros<br />
moswavles SeiZleba ar sWirdebodes <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moqmedi, rogorc misi cnobieri me da<br />
pirdapir sakuTari qcevis Sefasebaze gadasvla SeZlos.<br />
165
Tavi 7<br />
166<br />
axali qcevis Canacvleba da swavleba<br />
Sedegebi<br />
qcevis alternativebze<br />
Sedegebze, impulsis<br />
qcevis modifikacia<br />
samizne qcevis gansazRvra<br />
bavSvisaTvis Tqma/miznis dasaxva<br />
SemoqmedebiTi da relevanturi<br />
logikuri Sedegebi<br />
araviTari `brZola~<br />
socialuri wesrigis realoba da<br />
maswavlebelTa dawyvileba<br />
sazRvrebi<br />
kontrolze fiqris<br />
swavleba<br />
ganmamtkiceblis Semcireba.<br />
daTvla<br />
miaxloebis ganmtkiceba<br />
progresis aRniSvna bavSvTan<br />
gafrTxilebebi<br />
gaTavisufleba<br />
klasis darwmuneba<br />
ara dasja<br />
(dreikursi)<br />
(sarasoni)<br />
(Suri da spivaki)<br />
(bakholti da sxvebi)<br />
TviTanalizi<br />
(qcevis kognituri modifikacia)<br />
pasuxismgeblobis aReba<br />
(realobiT Terapia)<br />
problemis gadaWra<br />
(mew-i)<br />
pirovnuli gavlena<br />
dakvirveba<br />
`vxedav, Tavs veRar<br />
akontroleb~.<br />
`Tavs veRar akontroleb. me<br />
bavSvebisTvis TavianTi<br />
Setyobinebebis aSkarad<br />
danaxvis,<br />
sxvaTa Setyobinebebis<br />
yuradRebiT mosmenisa da<br />
dagexmarebi~.<br />
Careva/sakuTari qmedebis<br />
ras akeTeb?<br />
es gexmareba?<br />
(ras apireb amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT?)<br />
CarTuloba<br />
iumori, araviTari Tavis<br />
gamarTleba, simtkice;<br />
sakuTari Tavis rogorc<br />
Rirseulis da sxvebTan<br />
dakavSirebulis danaxva<br />
problemis gadaWris gzebze<br />
molaparakebis swavleba.<br />
aRwera<br />
Sekaveba<br />
bavSvebisTvis sakuTari<br />
signalebis wakiTxvis,<br />
maTi qmedebebisa da grZnobebis<br />
aqtiuri mosmena<br />
`me~-Setyobinebebi<br />
qmedebis gadarTva<br />
III meTodi<br />
gacnobierebis swavleba<br />
pirovnul urTierTobis<br />
Camoyalibeba<br />
mniSvnelovani sxvis naTeli<br />
molodini<br />
pirdapiri<br />
konkretuli<br />
ganmeorebiTi<br />
pozitiuri molodini `amis<br />
gakeTeba SegiZlia~<br />
daJineba<br />
Tanamimdevruli reaqciebi<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba<br />
maswavleblis Zlieri gavlena<br />
(maixenbaumi)<br />
(volfgangi)<br />
(glaseri)<br />
(gordoni)<br />
(haimesi)<br />
(voleni da voleni)<br />
sqema 7.5: rezistentuli moswavlis qcevaze reaqciaTa eqvsi jgufi
VI nawili<br />
reaqcia akrZalul qcevaze<br />
disciplina<br />
qcevaze reaqciisTvis saWiroa am qcevis danaxva (an gagoneba, an `misi grZnoba~) an nebismieri<br />
sxva gziT misi aRqma. kaunini (Kaunin) gvTavazobs termins `yvelganmyofoba~ (withitness)<br />
gansakuTrebiT daxelovnebuli maswavleblebis misamarTiT: isini TiTqos imasac xedaven,<br />
rac maT zurgs ukan xdeba (TiTqos Tvalebi kefazec aqvT) da ara marto ician, rodis iqcevian<br />
moswavleebi arasworad, aramed garkveul nabijebsac dgamen imisTvis, rom moswavleebma<br />
Seityon, rom maT ician. `qalbaton dulisTan araferi gagiva!~<br />
qcevis aRqmis Semdeg Cndeba kiTxva: rogori reaqcia aqvs maswavlebels? Cven reaqciaTa<br />
oTx dones gamovyofT:<br />
¤ araviTari yvelganmyofoba (araviTari reaqcia).<br />
¤ reaqciis erTi saerTo modeli.<br />
¤ reaqciis erTze meti saerTo modeli (variaciuloba); sxvadasxva modeli (strategia)<br />
sxvadasxva dros.<br />
¤ calkeuli moswavlis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT SerCeuli (Sesatyvisi) reaqciis<br />
modelebi.<br />
calkeul moswavleTaTvis Sesatyvis mravalferovan modelebs Soris ganirCeva situaciisa<br />
da jgufisTvis Sesatyvisi modelebic.<br />
Cven vicnobT maswavlebels, romelic klasSi disciplinis erT ZiriTad models iyenebs:<br />
pirdapiri Sewyveta da logikuri Sedegebi. Tumca, saTamaSo moedanze bavSvebis Cxubisas<br />
(roca pirdapir safrTxes ar uqmnian mas an misi klasis molodins), is sxva models iyenebs. es<br />
glaseris modelia. sxva viTarebaSi, roca ar xdeba cxadi molodinis aSkara dapirispireba, is<br />
im meTodebs gamoiyenebs, romlebic mis Zalauflebas ar emyareba (mag.: kafeteriaSi bavSvebis<br />
kamaTis dros da sxv.).<br />
amrigad, Tu Cveni yuradRebis centri mxolod saklaso oTaxia, maSin es <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mxolod<br />
erT meTods iyenebs. mTeli skolis garemos TvalsazrisiT is mravalferovan modelebs<br />
iyenebs. Tu yuradRebas mxolod saTamaSo moedanze gavamaxvilebT, SeiZleba davinaxoT Zalauflebis<br />
`moZraoba~ garkveul akrZalul saqcielze reaqciisas (mag.: zozini karebSi gasasvlelad<br />
mwkrivSi Cadgomis dros), xolo CxubSi Carevisas glaseris modeli. ase rom, Cvens<br />
winaSea `akrZaluli qcevis~ qveklasebad dayofa: (a) qceva, romelic SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc<br />
maswavleblis Semowmeba _ bavSvebi cdiloben gaigon, `gauvaT~ Tu ara; da (b) qceva, romelic<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>s Semowmebaze ar aris mimarTuli (Cxubi, araswori qceva sasadiloSi, sxva maswavleblis<br />
klasSi).<br />
sakmaod variaciulia <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, Tu nebismier garemoSi moqmedebis mxolod erTi gza<br />
aqvs, magram gansxvavebulad moqmedebs konkretul garemoSi, magram ar hgavs im maswavleblis<br />
moqmedebas, romelic orive garemoSi axdens mravalferovnebis demonstrirebas. amrigad,<br />
`akrZalul qcevaze reaqcia~ ase SegviZlia SevajamoT:<br />
¤ araviTari yvelganmyofoba.<br />
¤ yvelganmyofoba da pasuxis erTi modeli.<br />
¤ sul mcire erTi modeli mainc or sxvadasxva garemoSi an ► erTze meti modeli yovel<br />
garemoSi.<br />
¤ bavSvebis Sesatyvisi modelebi.<br />
pozitiuri programa<br />
167
Tavi 7<br />
msjelobisas gamovtoveT disciplinis pozitiuri mxaris nebismieri detaluri ganxilva,<br />
iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa TviTdisciplina, rac `yovelives mizania~; moswavleTa Soris er-<br />
Tobisa da pativiscemis Camoyalibeba gaazrebuli aqtivobebiT; moswavleTaTvis, rogorc<br />
jgufis wevrebisaTvis, kooperaciuli da efeqtiani muSaobis swavleba; erTmaneTis mosmenis<br />
swavleba; saintereso da relevanturi saswavlo programis Sedgena; saklaso cxovrebis gademokratiuleba,<br />
raTa moswavleebs hqondeT mniSvnelovani wvlili da saTqmeli wesrigisa da<br />
zrdilobis sakiTxebSi erTmaneTTan da maswavlebelTan urTierTobisas. am sakiTxebs ufro<br />
detalurad me-13 TavSi ganvixilavT.<br />
Tavis bolos naxavT zogierTi Cveni moswavlis daxasiaTebas. gvsurs, waikiTxoT da gansajoT,<br />
Tqveni azriT, disciplinis eqvsi modelidan romeli iqneboda Sesatyvisi. rogor daasabuTebT<br />
Tqvens arCevans? (es savarjiSo gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa, roca kolegebTan erTad<br />
sruldeba.)<br />
168
d i s c i p l i n i s p r o b l e m e b i s g a g e b a :<br />
2 1 k i T x v a<br />
1. samuSao metismetad Znelia Tu metismetad advili?<br />
2. karg pirovnul urTierTobas vamyareb Tu ara moswavleebTan?<br />
3. gakveTilebze karg temps vinarCuneb Tu ara?<br />
4. kargad vmarTav Tu ara drosa da sivrces?<br />
5. yuradRebis Sesatyvis nabijebs mivmarTav Tu ara da rogori tempiT?<br />
6. abnevs Tu ara Cemi instruqcia zogierT moswavles?<br />
7. vcvli Tu ara instruqciis formatsa da masalebs, rom moswavleebs ar mobez-<br />
rdeT?<br />
8. wesebi da Sedegebi naTeli da konkretulia Tu ara CemTvis da Cemi moswavlee-<br />
bisTvis?<br />
9. Cems mier molodinis Setyobineba aris Tu ara:<br />
¤ pirdapiri<br />
¤ konkretuli<br />
¤ ganmeorebiTi<br />
¤ pozitiuri molodinis maCvenebeli (rogorc `Sen SegiZlia~, aseve `Sen gaakeTeb~)<br />
10. Sedegebi logikuri ufroa Tu damsjeli?<br />
11. SedegTa mTeli speqtri maqvs Tu erTi reaqcia yoveli usaqcielobisTvis?<br />
12. aris Tu ara Sedegebi:<br />
¤ Tanamimdevruli da mtkice<br />
¤ swrafi<br />
¤ uemocio<br />
¤ moswavlis arCevanis maCvenebeli<br />
13. sakmaris drosa da Zalisxmevas vaxmar Tu ara saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi yovelive<br />
zemoxsenebuls?<br />
14. sakmarisad maRali molodini maqvs Tu ara qcevis mimarT, miuxedavad moswavlis mo<br />
nacemebisa?<br />
15. uarvyof Tu ara Tavis gamarTlebas?<br />
16. vuyalibeb Tu ara moswavleebs klasis cxovrebaSi kontrolis, gavlenis, pasu xi -<br />
smgebl obis, Zalauflebis realur da legitimur gancdas?<br />
17. gonivrul qcevas efeqtianad vaRiareb da vajildoeb Tu ara?<br />
18. cxadad vayalibeb Tu ara klasSi erTobas (erTmaneTis Sesaxeb codna, erTmaneTis<br />
dafaseba, erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba?)<br />
19. aqvs Tu ara qcevas fizikuri mizezebi (smenis/mxedvelobis dakargva, organuli<br />
hi pe raqtiuroba)?<br />
20. qcevis miRma dgas Tu ara maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris (an moswavleebs<br />
Soris) RirebulebaTa an kulturaTa konfliqti?<br />
d i s c i p l i n a - S e j a m e b a<br />
169
Tavi 7<br />
170<br />
21. ician Tu ara moswavleebma, rogor gaakeTon is, rasac maTgan moveli?<br />
dagegmva metismetad rezistentuli moswavleebisaTvis<br />
1. sakmarisi obieqturi monacemebi Sevagrove Tu ara moswavlis qcevis Sesaxeb?<br />
2. gavacani Tu ara is klass damatebiTi informaciisa da SekiTxvebis misaRebad?<br />
3. kargad ganvsazRvreT Tu ara `fsiqologiuri moTxovnileba~?<br />
4. SevarCieT Tu ara reaqciis Sesatyvisi modeli?<br />
5. SevimuSaveT Tu ara koordinirebuli gegma am moswavlis yvela maswavleblisTvis?<br />
6. CavrTeT Tu ara gegmaSi moswavlis ojaxi?<br />
7. uzrunvelvyaviT Tu ara gegmis perioduli gadaxedva da modifikacia?
s a v a r j i S o<br />
yoveli moswavlis daxasiaTebisTvis disciplinis eqvsi modelidan romeli iqne-<br />
boda Sesatyvisi? dawereT modeli daxasiaTebis gverdiT mindorze.<br />
jimi<br />
jimi TiTqos sicocxlis zRvarzea. is araprognozirebadia. xan kraviviT iqceva<br />
da lamazi Taflisferi TvalebiT giyurebs. Caxuteba uyvars, siTbosa da siyvaruls<br />
pasuxobs. samuSaos garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi asrulebs, zogjer sakmao gatacebiTac.<br />
ufro xSirad cotas (an arafers) akeTebs da oTaxSi dadis.<br />
sxva bavSvebs nivTebs stacebs, xels hkravs da yviris, CxubisTavia. klasis Sekrebebze<br />
an instruqciul jgufebSi SeiZleba gamyivani xmiT iyviros; erTad simReris<br />
dros is pirveli gadadis yvirilze da uazro kivilze. pasiuri uZraobis, gabrazebis,<br />
warumateblobisa da daumorCilebeli sigiJis (nivTebis srola, arev-dareva) iSviaTi<br />
periodebi Rrma Sinagan mowyenilobaze metyvelebs.<br />
jimi eqvsi wlisaa da mxolod deda hyavs, romelic naSuadRevs, saxlSi dabrunebisas,<br />
yovelTvis rodia Sin. jimim winaswar ar icis, daxvdeba Tu ara deda saxlSi. jimis<br />
gasaRebi aqvs da Tavis xuTi wlis dasTan erTad saxlSi fexiT midis. mosiyvarule,<br />
magram arastabiluri da problemuri deda hyavs.<br />
did Tu mcire jgufebSi, klasis Sekrebaze Tu instruqciis dros, jimi xSirad<br />
sakuTar Tavs veRar akontrolebs – yviris, kivis, axlo mdgom bavSvebs xels hkravs<br />
an Cqmets. xSirad icinis da es Tavmowonebis erTgvar formas hgavs. is swrafad reagirebs<br />
maswavleblis SeniSvnaze. SeniSvnis dros misi gamometyveleba araswori<br />
saqcielis aRiarebas gamoxatavs, magram Semdeg isev Tavidan iwyebs. mas xSirad ayeneben<br />
oTaxis kuTxeSi an derefanSi.<br />
bevr samuSaos ar asrulebs, xanmokle yuradReba aqvs, magram gonieria. pasuxobs<br />
siTbosa da Caxutebas, eZebs ufrosis kalTas. bevrs darbis oTaxSi, itacebs nivTebs,<br />
Cxubobs, ejaxeba. derefanSi gayvanisas SeiZleba sakmaod xangrZlivad gulamoskvniT<br />
da gulwrfelad iqviTinos. mtkivneuli mowyenilobisa da tirilis periodebi misTvis<br />
ucxo ar aris. xSirad aSkara mizezis gareSe atirdeba xolme.<br />
arasdros viciT, rogor Semova oTaxSi. magram, pirveli ramdenime wuTi, rogorc<br />
wesi, mTeli dRis ganwyobas gansazRvravs. xSiria aseTi scena: jimi dgas karebTan, ar<br />
Semodis, daJinebiT iyureba aqeT-iqiT, amowmebs ra xdeba, icavs Tavis sivrces, mis<br />
ukan karSi mdgom bavSvs, romelic Semosvlas lamobs muStiTa da gabrazebiT pasuxobs.<br />
mcire drois ganmavlobaSi irindeba, mowyenili da uZravia; sxva dros ki SeiZleba<br />
ambis Txrobasa an aqtivobaSi CaerTos. sxva bavSvebTan TanamSromloba SeuZlia,<br />
magram xSirad Cxubze gadadis, Tu saqme gayofas, realur an warmosaxviT kritikul<br />
SeniSvnebs ukavSirdeba. advilad kargavs kontrols.<br />
Tu sasadiloSi wasvlis win dalagebasa da mwkrivSi Cadgomas mosTxovT, nivTebs<br />
maTi kuTvnili adgilisken gadayris (an ubralod arad CagagdebT) da karisken gaiqceva,<br />
rasac Sedegad dajaxeba da Cxubi mosdevs. sirbili misTvis erTaderTi reaqciaa<br />
maswavleblis mier erTi adgilidan meoreze gadaadgilebis moTxovnisas.<br />
zogjer arc gainZreva, TiTqos arc ki esmis da mTlianad CarTulia kuburebis<br />
d i s c i p l i n a - s a v a r j i S o<br />
171
awyobasa Tu Tixaze muSaobaSi. sruli CarTulobis es periodebi gacilebiT naklebia,<br />
vidre masalebis gafuWebis periodebi: Tixis magidasTan patara burTulebis gakeTeba<br />
da axlo-maxlo bavSvebisTvis srola an didi kubi buldozerad warmodgena da sxva<br />
bavSvis mier agebuli saxlis dangreva.<br />
rogorc Cans, mas mxolod fizikuri SezRudva da Caxuteba awynarebs, rac zogjer 5-10<br />
wuTs grZeldeba.<br />
172<br />
keni<br />
keni mecxreklaselia, Tumca, ufro pataras hgavs. mas mudam problemebi axvevia Tavs,<br />
klasSi iSviaTadaa. wina kviras megobarTan xumrobiT Widaobisas, skolis direqtoris<br />
kabinetis fanjris qveS gazafxulis yvavilebis kvali gaafuWa.<br />
calke, maswavleblebi mas `velur virs~ eZaxian. is, TiTqos, mocemuli wuTiT cxovrobs<br />
da fesvebi arc saxlSi aqvs da arc skolaSi. sxvebs misi CarTva nebismieri saxis<br />
mavneblobaSi SeuZliaT (da xSirad asec xdeba xolme) _ qurdobaSi, vandalizmSi (axali<br />
sportuli darbazis kedlebze saRebaviT uxamsobebis dawera); Tavad iSviaTad mouva<br />
TavSi msgavsi mavnebloba.<br />
rogorc Cans, keni Sinagani marTvis sistemiT ar moqmedebs _ `umarTavi raketaa~; ar<br />
aqvs aranairi mizani, araferi, risTvisac ibrZvis, araferi, risi miRebac skolidan surs.<br />
Tavze xelaRebuli xumara mSiSara kacad iqceva da aSkarad ukan ixevs Tu daiWeren da<br />
namoqmedaris winaSe daayeneben. direqtoris moadgilis SeniSvnaze bevrs ar laparakobs,<br />
mxrebs iCeCavs, Zalian daTrgunulad da martosulad gamoiyureba. is iRebs sasjels,<br />
Tumca amas araviTari Sedegi ar moaqvs. is gpirdebaT, magram arafrad agdebs dapirebas.<br />
fredi<br />
fredi TiTqos sakuTar sxeuls ver akontrolebs, tlanqi da uxeSia, kidurebi usulosaviT<br />
aqvs Camokiduli. TiTqos, nebismier wuTs SeiZleba daejaxos raimes da verc<br />
mixvdes.<br />
11 wlis kvalobaze maRalia da maRali xma aqvs.<br />
sasadiloSi, rogorc wesi, bolo Sedis. qanaobiT dadis, aqeT-iqiT yurebisas Tavs<br />
TiTqmis 360 gradusiT atrialebs. laparakobs Zalian xmamaRla, veluriviT. Tavis magidasTan<br />
miWyletilma SeiZleba uxeSad mimarTos gverdze mjdoms: `ei, Se dorbliano, gamatare!~<br />
ramdenime wuTis Semdeg SeiZleba giJiviT gaicinos, moitacos saWmeli an isrolos<br />
da metismetad energiuli, ukontrolo qceva gamoavlinos. sasadilo iseve, rogorc sxva<br />
xalxmravali adgilebi, masze zestimulirebas axdens.<br />
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, fredi hiperaqtiuri ar aris. faqtobrivad, klasSi is<br />
yvelaze xSirad aris Tavidan bolomde samuSaoSi CarTuli _ es misi sakuTari samuSaoa<br />
da ara maswavleblis mier davalebuli. mas uyvars fantastikuri manqanebis xatva, nebismieri<br />
mecnieruli informaciis kiTxva da nebismier xelsayrel momentSi saklaso aqtivobaSi<br />
monawileobas wyvets da mTlianad gadaerTveba xolme.<br />
jgufuri instruqciisa da mcire jgufSi muSaobisas yviris, aTasgvar xriks mimarTavs<br />
yuradRebis centrSi yofnisTvis da xSirad suleliviT iqceva. Tu gancalkevdeba, malulad<br />
xatavs an swavlobs imas, rac ainteresebs.<br />
is SeiZleba Zalian gabrazdes sxva moswavleebze da tkivilic ki miayenos muStis
dartymiT an xelis kvriT. is kargavs moTminebas, feTqebadia da ver akontrolebs saku-<br />
Tar Tavs.<br />
mas ar surs Tavis grZnobebze saubari, sakuTar TavTan CaRrmaveba. is nivTebze saubrobs.<br />
man bevri icis zogierTi mecnieruli da teqnikuri Temis Sesaxeb da uyvars ufrosebisTvis<br />
am codnis gamJRavneba. pataraobisas is dinozavrebis erT-erTi fanatikosi da<br />
ganswavluli eqsperti iyo. zogadad misi goneba kargad iTvisebs faqtebsa da zogad<br />
informacias, magram koncentraciis nakleboba, rogorc Cans, xels uSlis im kavSirebis<br />
damyarebasa da koncefciebis ganviTarebaSi, rasac aseTi ganviTarebuli metyvelebis<br />
mqone biWisagan SeiZleba movelodeT.<br />
unar-Cvevebze agebuli iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebisas, rogoricaa imis gansazRvra,<br />
iqneba Tu ara sityva leqsikonis mocemul gverdze an qveSmiweriT gayofisTvis algoriTmis<br />
swavla, mas moTmineba Ralatobs da SeiZleba furclebi daxios, Tu pasuxs pirvelive<br />
mcdelobisas ver iRebs. kiTxvebs ar svams da ganmeorebiT axsnis dasrulebamde SeSinebuli<br />
cdilobs ukve naswavlis gamoyenebas. masalis gagebis SemTxvevaSi fredis SeuZlia<br />
codnis kompetenturad ganzogadeba axal situaciebze. Tumca, samuSaos Sesrulebisas<br />
Cqarobs da uSvebs bevr Secdomas.<br />
arc erTi namdvili megobari ar hyavs, magram erTveba sxva bavSvebTan iseT aqtivobeb-<br />
Si, rogoricaa gareT cixe-simagris aSeneba. organizebul TamaSebSi TiTqmis ar erTveba.<br />
TamaSma mas TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba unda misces – iTamaSos sakuTari roli, yuradReba<br />
mimarTos, vTqvaT, cixe-simagreze. am dros misi saubari cixe-simagres an mxatvrul fantazias<br />
Seexeba, rasac bavSvebi cixe-simagris aSenebisas aviTareben xolme: `ei, Sexede am<br />
magar sasrialos [romelic man es-esaa gaakeTa]. isini am kedelze gadmofrenas SeZleben~.<br />
saubrisas is iSviaTad uyurebs sxva bavSvs.<br />
173
Tavi 7<br />
174<br />
literatura:<br />
Adler, A. The Problem Child. New York: G. B. Putnam & Sons, 1963.<br />
Aronson, E. The Jigsaw Classroom. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1978.<br />
Buckholt, D. R., D. E. Berritor, H. Sloane, G. M. Della-Piana, K. S. Rogers, and I. F. Coor. CLAIM—Classroom<br />
and Instructional Management Program. New York: Walker Publishing Co., 1975.<br />
Canter, L. (withM. Canter). Assertive Discipline. Santa Monica, Calif.: Canter and Associates, 1977.<br />
Colarusso, C. Diagnostic Educational Grouping: Strategies for Teaching. Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Public<br />
Schools, 1972.<br />
Dishon, D., and P. W. O'Leary. A Guidebook for Cooperative Learning. Holmes Beach, Fla.: Learning Publica-<br />
tions, Inc., 1984.<br />
Dreikurs, R. Psychology in the Classroom. New York: Harper and Row, 1957.<br />
Dreikurs, R., and P. Cassel. Discipline Without Tears. New York: Hawthorne Books, 1974.<br />
Dreikurs, R., and L. A. Grey. A New Approach to Classroom Discipline: Logical Consequences. New York: Harper<br />
and Row, 1968.<br />
Erikson, E. H. Childhood and Society. 2d ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.<br />
Ginott, Dr. H. Between Parent and Child. New York: Macmillan, 1965.<br />
Glasser, W. Reality Therapy. New York: Harper and Row, 1965.<br />
-------. Schools Without Failure. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.<br />
Gordon, T. Parent Effectiveness Training. New York: Peter Wyden, 1970.<br />
-------. Teacher Effectiveness Training. New York: Peter Wyden, 1974.<br />
Hersey, P., and H. Blanchard. The Family Game. Reading, Mass.: Addision-Wesley, 1978.<br />
House, E. R., and S. D. Lapan. Survival in the Classroom. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.<br />
Hymes, L. Jr. Behavior and Misbehavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1955.<br />
Johnson, D. W., and R. T.Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1975, 1987.<br />
Jones, F. H. Positive Classroom Discipline. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.<br />
Joyce, Bruce, and Marsha Weil. Models of Teaching. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.<br />
Lederman, J. Anger in the Rocking Chair. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.<br />
Martin, G., andj. Pear. Behavior Modification. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978.<br />
Maslow, A. Toward a Psychology of Being. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1962.<br />
Meichenbaum, D. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.<br />
Mendler, A. N., and R. L. Curwin. TakingCharge in the Classroom. Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing Co., 1983.<br />
Pierson, C. Resolving Classroom Conflict. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks, 1974.<br />
Rogers, D. M. Classroom Discipline: An Idea Handbook for Elementary School Teachers. New York: Center for<br />
Applied Research in Education, 1972.
Sarason, S. The Culture of Schools and the Problem of Change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1971.<br />
disciplina<br />
Sharam, S. "Cooperation Learning in Small Groups." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 241-272.<br />
Schutz, W. J. Expanding Human Awareness. New York: Grove Press, 1967.<br />
Shure, Myrna. I Can Problem Solve. (ICPS): An Interpersonal Cognitive Problem-Solving Program. Champaign,<br />
111." Research Press, 1992.<br />
--------. Raising a Thinking Child. (Audiotape). New York: Pocket Books, 1996.<br />
--------. Raising a Thinking Child Workbook. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.<br />
Shure, M. B., and G. Spivack. Problem Solving Techniques in Childrearing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.<br />
Slavin, R. E. "Cooperative Learning." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 315-342.<br />
Stanford, Gene. Developing Effective Classroom Groups. N.Y.: Hart, 1977.<br />
Swap, S. "Disturbing Classroom Behaviors: A Developmental and Ecological View." Exceptional Children (No-<br />
vember 1974): 163-172.<br />
Van Houton, R. Learning Through Feedback. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1980.<br />
Wallen, C. J., and L. Wallen. Effective Classroom Management. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.<br />
Wilt, J., and B. Watson. Relationship Building Activities. Waco, Texas: Educational Products Division, WORD,<br />
1978.<br />
Wolfgang, C. Helping Aggressive and Passive Pre-Schoolers Through Play. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Mer-<br />
rill, 1977.<br />
Wolfgang, C, and C. Glickman. Solving Discipline Problems. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1980.<br />
Wood, Samellyn, Roger Bishop, and Davene Cohen. Parenting: Four Patterns of Child Rearing. New York: Hart<br />
Publishing Co., 1978.<br />
doqtor barbara bruno-goldenis mier Tavmoyrili damatebiTi literatura<br />
relaqsaciis swavlebis Sesaxeb<br />
Bernstein, D., and T. Borkovec. Progressive Relaxation Training: A Manual for the Helping Professions. Cham-<br />
paign, 111.: Research Press, 1973.<br />
Bruno-Golden, Barbara. "Progressive Relaxation Training for Children: A Guide for Parents and Children."<br />
Special Children AASE/Box 168, Fryeburg, Maine (Fall 1974) and (Summer/Fall 1975).<br />
Jacobson, J. E. Teaching and Learning New Methods for Old Arts. Chicago, 111.: National Foundation for Progres-<br />
sive Relaxation, 55 East Washington St., 1973.<br />
Koeppen, A. "Relaxation Training for Children." Elementary School Guidance and Counseling (October 1974):<br />
14-20.<br />
Northfield, W. "How to Relax" The Psychologist Magazine Ltd. Denington Estate, Wellingborough, Northamp-<br />
tonshire, England, 1973.<br />
Commercially prepared cassettes for home training programs in adult relaxation skill development are available<br />
through Bio Monitoring Applications, Inc., Suite 1506, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY. 10016.<br />
175
8<br />
sicxade<br />
rogor unda avxsnaT cxadad?<br />
kognituri empaTia<br />
`didi suraTi~
sicxade<br />
sicxade cvladi sididea, romelsac vrceli kvleva sWirdeba. is mravaljer Seitanes<br />
sakvlev sakiTxebSi, maT Soris, rozenSainis `did cxraSic~ ki, korelaciur kvlevebSi<br />
standartizebuli testirebisas moswavleTa winsvlasTan dakavSirebuli cxra cvladi<br />
(Rosenshine & Furst 1973). sirTule is iyo, rom ar vicodiT `sicxadis~ mniSvneloba (ix.<br />
Hiller da sxvebi 1969, Belgard da sxvebi 1971, da Martin 1979 sicxadis gansazRvrebis mcdelobisTvis).<br />
maswavleblebiseuli hipoTezebi sicxadis Sesaxeb sakmaris informacias ver gvawvdis.<br />
ratom xdeba, rom zog adamians sxvebze ukeT gamosdis axsna? ras akeTeben isini axsnisas<br />
meti sicxadis misaRwevad?<br />
ganvixiloT epizodi: 2 2 X2 3 =? magaliTi klasSi bevrma SecdomiT amoxsna. `mravalma Tqvenganma<br />
2-ebi gadaamravla da 2 2 X2 3 =4 5 miiRo, rac arasworia. pasuxi 2 5 -ia.~, ambobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.<br />
is Slis `4 5 ~-s da mis adgilze `2 5 ~-s wers. `2 ar icvleba~, amatebs is da Semdeg magaliTze gadadis.<br />
maswavlebelma magaliTi amowura, magram ar axsna. es epizodi ufro imiT aris mniSvnelovani,<br />
rac maswavlebels gamorCa, vidre imiT, rac gaakeTa. maswavlebels ar Seumowmebia,<br />
gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma aseTi magaliTebis amoxsnis wesi (N a XN b =N a+b ). mas ar Seumowmebia,<br />
gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma wesis muSaobis principi. mas ar auxsnia magaliTis amoxsnis<br />
procesi: man ubralod mcdar da swor pasuxebze miuTiTa. mniSvnelovania, rom mas ar ucdia<br />
moswavleTa CarTva, raTa darwmunebuliyo, vin gaigo da vin _ vera. magaliTad, mas ar Seumowmebia,<br />
SeeZlo Tu ara romelime moswavles msgavsi magaliTis amoxsna. am epizodSi sicxade<br />
Zalze mwiria maswavleblisa Tu misi moswavleebisTvis.<br />
qceva, romelsac sicxadis parametrSi SevexebiT, safuZvlad udevs cxadi instruqciis<br />
miwodebis process. situaciebi, romelTac SevexebiT, moicavs axali masalis warmodgenas,<br />
koncefciebis axsnas, mimarTulebebis micemas an axsnas, arsebuli codnis gaaqtiurebas, Zveli<br />
masalis Tavidan axsnas, moswavleTa dabneulobis mizezebis garkvevas, swavlis procesSi<br />
kavSirebis damyarebas. winamdebare TavSi am procesebTan dakavSirebul repertuars gadavxedavT.<br />
1. kognituri empaTia<br />
SesaZloa am parametris da zogadad kargi swavlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is, rac wlis<br />
saukeTeso maswavlebelma meri klarkma Tqva 1981 wlis interviuSi: `unda icodeT, ra aris<br />
Tqveni moswavleebis TavebSi, saklaso oTaxSi motanili informaciis, grZnobebisa da miznebis<br />
CaTvliT~. 1 es migvaniSnebs, rom sicxadeSi CarTulia garkveuli kognituri empaTia (iseve<br />
1 Parsons, C. `Grading Teachers for Quality~. The Christian Science Monitor (October 28, 1981): B6.<br />
179
Tavi 8<br />
rogorc emociuri empaTia). 2 es maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs icodes, rodis ver igeben<br />
moswavleebi da Semdeg yuradReba gaamaxvilos masalis im nawilze, romelic ar esmiT.<br />
ori sxvadasxva unar-Cvevaa imis gansazRvra, rodis ver igeben moswavleebi da ra ar esmiT.<br />
`vergagebis~ drois gansazRvra gulisxmobs, rom maswavlebels swavlebis dros aqvs Semowmebis<br />
saSualebebi, xolo imis gansazRvra, ra ar esmiT moswavleebs, gulisxmobs, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
axdes konkretuli `vergagebuli~ punqtis (punqtebis) identificirebas da xelaxla<br />
xsnis. raki sicxadis TvalsazrisiT orive unar-Cveva mniSvnelovania, saWiroa cal-calke ganvixiloT,<br />
rogor asruleben maswavleblebi TiToeuls.<br />
180<br />
gagebis Semowmeba<br />
Cven viyenebT sityvas `Semowmeba~, raTa aRvweroT, rodis cdilobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> imis<br />
gansazRvras, dabneulebi arian Tu ara moswavleebi. Semowmebisas <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> reagirebs<br />
klasze, cdilobs gaigos moswavleebisgan sasurveli informacia dabneulobis arsebobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. rogor avlens <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dabneulobas? Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT maTi<br />
saqmianobis (qmedebis) oTxi done, romelTac ase davasaTaurebdiT:<br />
1. agrZelebs<br />
2. kiTxulobs sxeulis enas<br />
3. svams Sesamowmebel SekiTxvebs<br />
4. gansazRvravs dones<br />
moqmedebis es oTxi done urTierTs ar gamoricxavs; maswavlebelma SeiZleba ramdenime<br />
maTgani sxvadasxva dros erTsa da imave gakveTilze gamoiyenos.<br />
pirvel doneze maswavlebelma, SeiZleba, ubralod, upasuxod datovos moswavleTa dabneuloba.<br />
is ubralod iviwyebs moswavleTa dabneulobas da agrZelebs axsnas; an ver afasebs<br />
dabneulobis `masStabs~ da ver aZlevs davalebis Sesasruleblad saWiro miTiTebebs. Seumowmebloba<br />
da gagrZeleba SeiZleba zogjer gamarTlebuli iyos naswavli masalis swrafi<br />
mimoxilvisas, Tu manamde maswavlebelma amomwuravad Seamowma da axla misi mizania mxolod<br />
mniSvnelovani terminebis an koncefciebis xazgasma. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki, raki Semowmebas<br />
cota dro sWirdeba, gonivruli iqneboda misi gamoyeneba.<br />
meore doneze maswavlebelma gageba SeiZleba moswavleTa dabneulobis mimaniSnebeli<br />
sxeulis enis wakiTxviT (mag., poziT, saxis gamometyvelebiT) Seamowmos. aseTi miniSnebebis<br />
SemCnevisas, is aCerebs swavlebas. Tumca, vergagebis garegnul niSnebze dayrdnoba arc ise<br />
saimedoa. moswavleebma vergagebis miuxedavad SeiZleba sulac ar gamoamJRavnon es miniSnebebi.<br />
magaliTad, swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa azrovnebis kvlevisas, pitersoni da svingi<br />
(Peterson & Swing 1982) aRweren, rogor Seiyvanes SecdomaSi moswavleebma damkvirveblebi,<br />
romelTa azriT, isini yuradRebiT usmendnen gakveTils:<br />
melisas pasuxebi stimulirebuli gaxsenebis interviuze mis uyuradRebobas avlenda<br />
[Tumca, damkvirveblebma misi saqcielis mixedviT gansajes, rom is yuradRebiT<br />
iyo] da Canda, rom drois umetes nawils pasuxis da savaraudo warumateblobis<br />
gamo nerviulobaSi atarebda. magaliTad, kiTxvaze, ras fiqrobda pirveli<br />
videokasetis naxvis Semdeg, melisam upasuxa: `...vinaidan is-is iyo nerviulobas<br />
viwyebdi, vfiqrobdi, rom SeiZleboda ar mcodnoda, rogor gamekeTebina raRacee-<br />
2 moswavleTa grZnobebisa da miznebis codna aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania da mas kvlav ganvixilavT saklaso oTaxis klimatTan da<br />
pirovnuli urTierTobis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebul TavebSi.
i~. meore nawilis naxvis Semdeg man Tqva: `vfiqrobdi, rom kriss ufro uadvildeboda,<br />
radgan ufrosklaseli iyo~. mesame nawilis naxvis Semdeg melisam upasuxa:<br />
`iciT, ZiriTadad imaze vfiqrobdi, razec Cven manamde visaubreT _ Tavs visulelebdi~.<br />
bolos, meoTxe nawilis naxvis Semdeg man Tqva: `iciT, es SeiZleba uadgiloa,<br />
magram yaisnaRiT naqsovebis Sesaxeb Sexvedraze vfiqrobdi, radgan mindoda<br />
moqsova momeswro~ (gv. 485).*<br />
sicxade<br />
mesame doneze maswavlebelma moswavleTa zogadi gageba SeiZleba ufro pirdapir, perioduli<br />
SekiTxvebiT Seamowmos. mas ainteresebs igeben Tu ara moswavleebi instruqcias. es<br />
SeiZleba exebodes Sinaarsis, procedurebis an miTiTebebis zogad gagebas. aq upriani iqneba,<br />
moswavleTa mier gagebis Sesamowmeblad, gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvaTa gamoyenebis ganxilva.<br />
gaxsenebis mizniT dasmuli kiTxvebi moiTxovs warmodgenili masalidan uSualod faqtebze<br />
dafuZnebul pasuxebs. magaliTad, kiTxvaze _ `rogoria samkuTxedis farTobis gamosaTvleli<br />
formula?~ _ sapasuxod moswavleebs sWirdebaT uSualod formulis gaxseneba:<br />
fuZisa da simaRlis namravlis naxevari. meore mxriv, wvdomis Semowmebaze mimarTul kiTxvebs<br />
pasuxi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaeces, Tu moswavleebs namdvilad esmiT gakveTilis<br />
koncefciebi an operaciebi. magaliTad, `ras raze gaamravlebdiT am samkuTxedis farTobis<br />
gamosaTvlelad [samkuTxedisa, romelzec miTiTebulia gverdebis zomebi]?~ pasuxi moiTxovs<br />
rogorc formulis gaxsenebas, ise imis codnas, rogor unda gamoyenon formula konkretuli<br />
samkuTxedisTvis.<br />
wvdomis SekiTxvebs moswavleebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gascemen pasuxebs, Tu Sesamowmebeli<br />
Sinaarsi esmiT. gTavazobT kidev erT magaliTs: `ratom ver iqneba am gverdze mocemuli<br />
sityva `xarbad?~ _ kiTxulobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> im gverdis Sesaxeb, sadac indeqsi (leqsikonis<br />
gverdis zeda nawilSi mindorze miTiTebuli sityva, romelic migvaniSnebs, ra sityviT<br />
mTavrdeba mocemuli gverdi. mTargm. Sen.) aris sityvebi `nadiroba~ da `borcvi~. moswavleebi<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben, Tu maT esmiT, rogor zRudavs<br />
indeqsi sityvaTa diapazons leqsikonis konkretul gverdze.<br />
aq ar Semogvaqvs blumis taqsonomia da arc maswavleblis mier dasmuli sxvadasxva donis<br />
kiTxvebiT stimulirebuli azrovnebis doneebs ganvixilavT. (Tumca, es TavisTavad mniSvnelovani<br />
Temaa da me-15 TavSi SevexebiT.) Semowmebisas, zogjer, vfiqrobT, rom moswavleTa<br />
wvdomas vamowmebT, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, mxolod imas vamowmebT, axsovT Tu ara sakvanZo sityvebi.<br />
amis magaliTs am Tavis bolos warmogidgenT.<br />
gagebis Semowmebis meoTxe done medelin hanTeris mier `donis gansazRvrisTvis~ monaTlul<br />
kiTxvebs moicavs. donis gansazRvra damaxasiaTebelia swavlebisTvis, Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>:<br />
¤ xSirad amowmebs, igeben Tu ara moswavleebi<br />
¤ akvirdeba erTdroulad bevrs<br />
¤ amowmebs erTsa da imave Temisa da koncefciis codnas<br />
¤ amowmebs swavlebis procesSi.<br />
hanTeri da misi kolegebi moswavleebs signalebis _ cerebi maRla, cerebi dabla, cerebi<br />
erT mxares _ gamoyenebas aswavlian, raTa maswavlebels periodulad Seatyobinon, ramdenad<br />
kargad igeben. gagebis donis gansazRvris uamravi sxva formac arsebobs, magaliTad, maswavleblebi<br />
moswavleebs sTxoven, `Tavi daiqnion~ an erTdroulad upasuxon dasmul kiTxvas.<br />
orive gziT SeiZleba zogadi warmodgena Segveqmnas imaze, ramdeni moswavle upasuxebs da ram-<br />
* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. Peterson, P., and S. Swing. `Beyond Time on Task: Students’ Reports of Their Thought Processes During<br />
Classroom Instruction. `Elementary School Journal 82, no. 5 (1982): 481-491. © 1982 University of Chicago Press. yvela ufleba daculia.<br />
181
Tavi 8<br />
denad gaazrebuli iqneba maTi pasuxi.<br />
es signalebi moiTxovs moswavliseul TviTSefasebas gageba-vergagebis Taobaze, Tumca<br />
isini SesaZloa realobas ar asaxavdes. donis Semowmebis ufro ganviTarebuli forma yoveli<br />
moswavlisgan uSualod SinaarsTan dakavSirebul pasuxs moiTxovs. magaliTad, trigonomertiis<br />
gakveTilze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs: `pasuxisTvis aswieT baraTi cifriT 1, 2, 3, an 4, rom<br />
miCvenoT romel kvadrantSi damTavrdeba kuTxe~. inglisuris gakveTilze moswavleebs aqvT<br />
baraTebi, romlebzec weria `w~ (winadadeba), `f~ (winadadebis fragmenti) da `g~ (gagrZeleba)<br />
da moswavleebs sTxovs Sebamisi baraTis Cvenebas savarjiSos Sesrulebisas.<br />
donis Semowmebis zemoT motanil formebSi gamoyenebulia moswavleTa mier signalebis<br />
gagzavna xelebiT, baraTebiT an sxva meqanizmebiT, Tumca donis Semowmeba signalebis gareSec<br />
SeiZleba. zogierTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gakveTilze moswavleebs erTkiTxvian testebs aZlevs,<br />
weris dros magidebs Soris dadis, raTa maTi muSaoba dainaxos. amgvarad daxarjuli ramdenime<br />
wuTi zust informacias gvaZlevs moswavleebis mier masalis gagebis Taobaze. 8.1 sqema<br />
gviCvenebs kavSirs donis Semowmebis signalian da usignalo formebs Soris.<br />
done kargad aris gansazRvruli, Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mudmivad iRebs informacias yovel moswavleze<br />
an maT umravlesobaze. gagebis Sesaxeb am informacias axasiaTebs sixSire da sifar-<br />
Tove. maswavlebels SeuZlia am informaciis miReba moswavleTa umravlesobisTvis kiTxvebis<br />
dasmiT.<br />
TviTSefaseba<br />
• cerebi maRla<br />
• xelebi Tavze Tu...<br />
• gadabrunebuli niSani<br />
• wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane<br />
sasignalo baraTebi<br />
182<br />
signalebi<br />
donis Semowmeba<br />
Sinaarsis pirdapiri<br />
Semowmeba<br />
• TiTebi aCveneben maTematikuri<br />
moqmedebis niSans<br />
• punqtuaciis swori niSnebi haerSi<br />
• TiTebiT haerSi xataven f [farTobi],<br />
p [perimetri], an o [orive], gaaCnia ra<br />
sityvas moiTxovs amocana<br />
signalebis gareSe<br />
• erTkiTxviani testi<br />
• erTdrouli pasuxi<br />
• mravali SekiTxva<br />
• pasuxebis grafis<br />
verbaluri Sevseba<br />
• mokle weriTi davaleba<br />
• grifelis dafebi<br />
qema 8.1: donis gansazRvra<br />
donis gansazRvra moicavs oTxive atributs.<br />
donis gansazRvra niSnavs SekiTxvebis dasmas da pasuxebis mosmenas (1) xSirad (2) mravali<br />
moswavlisgan (3) erTsa da imave Temaze an koncefciaze (4) swavlebis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
donis gansazRvris kiTxvebi gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvebTan Semdegnairad aris dakav-<br />
Sirebuli: SegviZlia donis gansazRvra _ moswavleTa xSiri da farTo Semowmeba _ gaxsenebis<br />
an wvdomis, an orive doneze. gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvebis dasma, erTmniSvnelovnad donis<br />
Semowmebas ar niSnavs. isini urTierTgadamfaravia, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, urTierTmomcveli<br />
nakrebi ar iyos (sqema 8.2).<br />
rogor SeiZleba davsvaT gaxsenebisa da wvdomis dasadgeni kiTxva da ganvsazRvroT done?
sicxade<br />
maswavlebelma SeiZleba wvdomis dasadgeni SekiTxvebi dausvas calkeul moswavles, swori<br />
pasuxis SemTxvevaSi sxva moswavles mimarTos kiTxviT, ise, rom ar daadginos, danarCenebma<br />
gaiges Tu ara (xSiri modeli zepiri gamokiTxvis gakveTilebze).<br />
wvdoma<br />
gaxseneba<br />
donis<br />
gansazRvra<br />
sqema 8.2: donis gansazRvra/gaxseneba/wvdoma<br />
es aqtivobebi urTierTgadamfaravi, Tumca SesaZlebelia urTierTmomcveli<br />
nakrebi ar iyos.<br />
SeiZleba vikiTxoT: `donis gansazRvra yoveli gakveTilis mudmivi Tavisebureba unda iyos<br />
Tu ara?~ araa aucilebeli. es SeiZleba uadgilo iyos diskusiis dros, sadac yalibdeba kamaTis<br />
mimarTuleba an konceptualur cvlilebaTa gakveTilze, roca moswavleebi maTTvis<br />
`mSobliuri~ mosazrebebisgan gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs ecnobian, dakvirvebis safuZvelze<br />
axal Teoriebs qmnian da amowmeben. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic ganmsazRvreli iqneba, surs Tu ara<br />
maswavlebels moswavleTa donis Semowmeba. am dros miRebuli informacia maswavleblisTvis<br />
sasargeblo iqneba, radgan ecodineba, vin gaigo da vin vera da misi gakveTili mgzavrebs sadgurSi<br />
ar datovebs.<br />
dabneulobisa da mcdari koncefciebis gansazRvra<br />
karikaturaze gamosaxulia patara biWi, romelic Tavdayira dgas abazanis sasworze. misi<br />
megobari skalas amowmebs da eubneba: `Seni Tavi Seni fexebiviT 43 girvanqas iwonis~.<br />
am karikaturis msgavsad, swavlebis dros moswavleebi mraval mcdar koncefcias pouloben,<br />
romlebic myaria da xels uSlis swavlebas, Tu ar gvecodineba maTi arseboba da ar<br />
vecdebiT maT uaryofas. dabneulobisa da mcdari koncefciebis gansazRvris sami formidan<br />
erT-erTi niSnavs mcdari koncefciis amocnobas, win wamowevas da `gasworebas~. sxvagvarad,<br />
mcdari koncefciebi daamaxinjeben moswavleebis mier masalis gagebas (Eaton, Anderson, &<br />
Smith 1984).<br />
ganaTlebis muSakTa mier Catarebul kvlevaTa seriam (mag.: Eaton da sxvebi 1984; Eylon &<br />
Linn 1988) samyaros Sesaxeb moswavleTa mravali mcdari koncefcia gamoavlina: magaliTad,<br />
`haeri aris carieli sivrce~, `Cemi Tvalebi uSualo aRqmiT xedavs~ (areklili gamosaxulebis<br />
miRebis nacvlad). Tu swavlebis procesSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar ecdeba am mcdari koncefciebis<br />
183
Tavi 8<br />
gamovlenas, win wamowevasa da swori koncefciebiT Secvlas, moswavleebi maT mier naswavl informacias<br />
Seusatyviseben. amis Sedegad maT gonebaSi Seqmnili `rukebi~, SesaZloa, logikurad<br />
myari Candes, magram isini mcdaria da serio-<br />
moswavleTa goneba ar aris `carieli dafa~. maT zul dabrkolebas uqmnis swavlas. es SeiZleba,<br />
gonebaSi arsebul informacias didi gavlena<br />
erTi SexedviT, Zalze mkafio swavlebis drosac<br />
moxdes moswavleTa mcdari koncefciebis<br />
aqvs swavlebaze.<br />
gauTvaliswineblobis gamo. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom kvleva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa<br />
koncefciebis kuTxiT Catarda, safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom imave problemasTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme sxva disciplinebSic. Cven, rogorc maswavleblebma, ubralod, unda vicodeT, rom moswavleTa<br />
goneba ar aris `carieli dafa~. maT gonebaSi arsebul informacias didi gavlena<br />
aqvs swavlebaze. Tavis am nawilSi _ `moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba~ _ ramdenime<br />
meqanizms gavecnobiT, romelTa gamoyeneba maswavlebels moswavleTa mcdari koncefciebis<br />
gansazRvrisTvis SeuZlia.<br />
184<br />
moswavleTa gavrcelebuli mcdari<br />
koncefciebis winawar ganWvreta<br />
_ `yvela mdinare CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken<br />
miedineba~ _<br />
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, Tqven Se g iZliaT<br />
dro ar dazogoT, Riad daupirispirdeT mc dar<br />
koncefcias da xazi gausvaT swor Sexedulebas.<br />
amisTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT ganmartebiTi<br />
meqanizmebis farTo speqtri.<br />
winaswar ganWvreta, rom masala Zneli<br />
saswavli iqneba<br />
da uxvi ganmartebiTi meqanizmebisa da xSiri<br />
Semowmebis gamoyeneba.<br />
xvedriTi wonis koncefciis demonstraciis<br />
Semdeg Svriis ori WiqiT, romelTagan erTi<br />
damtvreulia, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xazavs dafaze<br />
da ambobs: `marcxena xeli aswieT, Tu pirveli<br />
diagrama ufro zustia da marjvena _ Tu<br />
meore diagramaa ufro zustia. Tina, axseni<br />
Seni arCevani. kargi, yvelam rveulebSi orisami<br />
winadadebiT gansazRvreT xvedriTi wona<br />
da moiyvaneT raRacis simkvrivis magaliTi<br />
sxva raRacasTan SedarebiT~.<br />
im momentis SemCneva, roca moswavleebma SeiZleba ver gaigon<br />
an SeiZleba sxvagvarad gaigon nanaxi an mosmenili.<br />
`moicade, Tod. yuradRebiT, xedavT ra moxda? man gonebaSi<br />
erTdroulad ori nabiji gadadga. pirvelad man...~<br />
sqema 8.3: dabneulobis ganWvretis sami forma<br />
dabneulobis gansaWvretad maswavlebels nabijebis am repertuaris gamoyeneba SeuZlia.<br />
dabneulobis ganWvretis meore formaSi (ix. sqema 8.3), dabneulobisa da araswori aRqmis<br />
savaraudo adgilebis ganWvretisTvis, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iyenebs moswavleebisa da masalis<br />
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb codnas, radgan masala rTulia da mosalodnelia misi araswori aRqma. aq
sicxade<br />
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara moswavleTa gonebaSi arsebuli mcdari koncefciebi, aramed masalis<br />
sirTule, risTvisac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Zal-Rones ar iSurebs da cdilobs, maqsimalurad naTeli<br />
gaxados masala da Tavidan aicilos bundovaneba an araswori aRqma. magaliTad, fizikaSi Tavisufali<br />
vardnis axsnis dros <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iTvaliswinebs, rom moswavleTaTvis es termini<br />
SeiZleba asocirdebodes saganTan, romelic dedamiwaze mizidulobis Zalis gamo ecema; Tumca,<br />
`Tavisufali vardna~ centraluri sxeulis garSemo orbitaze sxeulis Tavisufal moZraobas<br />
niSnavs, magaliTad, mTvaris moZraoba dedamiwis garSemo. termini mianiSnebs `garSemo<br />
vardnaze~ _ kosmosSi sxeulTa wriul moZraobas orbitaze. maswavlebels SeuZlia ganWvritos,<br />
savaraudod rodis SeiZleba gauWirdeT moswavleebs gageba da Sesabamisi dro daxarjos<br />
masalis axsnaze.<br />
zogjer <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> axsnis procesSi sazRvravs mosalodnel gaugebrobas da preverenciul<br />
nabijs dgams. moswavle dafasTan sworad xsnis algebrul gantolebas, magram terminebiT<br />
ise swrafad manipulirebs, rom SeiZleba sxva moswavleebma `fexi ver auwyon~. dabneulobis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> awyvetinebs moswavles da klass mimarTavs: `naxeT,<br />
aq ras akeTebs: is erTdroulad or nabijs dgams _ amravlebs da kvadratul fesvs iRebs.<br />
kargi, ganagrZe, Tod~. maswavlebelma moqmedeba sxvebis sasargeblod Seanela da Todis gonebaSi<br />
gadadgmuli ori nabiji gaacalkeva, radgan ganWvrita, rom SeiZleba sxvebs ver gaegoT.<br />
dabneulobis ganWvreta xSirad erT-erTi yvelaze uxilavi da rTulia, radgan moswavleebi,<br />
faqtobrivad, verc ki aswreben dabnevas: maswavleblebi erTi nabijiT uswreben da Tavidan<br />
icileben gaugebrobis safrTxes. swored amave mizeziT, es nabiji axsnis maRali donis<br />
sicxades uzrunvelyofs.<br />
rogor SeiZleba Seamowmos maswavlebelma, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma masala? maT Seu-<br />
ZliaT moswavleTa gonebaSi `SeRweva~. moswavleTa gonebaSi `SeRwevis~ es unari mTeli am<br />
parametris safuZvelia. sicxadis parametris TvalsazrisiT daxelovnebulma maswavlebelma<br />
icis, ra `xdeba~ moswavleTa TavebSi da amis garkvevis saSualebaTa farTo repertuari aqvs.<br />
maT moswavleTa azrovnebis wvdomis erTgvari kognituri empaTia _ moswavleTa adgilze<br />
sakuTari Tavis warmodgenis unari _ axasiaTebT da is mTlianad marTavs maT saqmianobas.<br />
dabneulobasTan gamklaveba<br />
moswavleTa dabneulobis SemCnevisas maswavleblis valia, dabneulobis mizezebis garkveva<br />
da Sesabamisad, xelaxali axsna, rasac `dabneulobasTan gamklavebas~ vuwodebT.<br />
roca moswavleebi gvatyobineben (an <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aRmoaCens), rom raRac gaugebaria, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
cdilobs xelaxla axsnas an naTeli mohfinos informaciis konkretul nawils. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi swavlebis xuT sxvadasxva dones gamoyofen:<br />
1. araviTari reaqcia;<br />
2. xelaxla xsnis;<br />
3. adgens dabneulobis moments konkretuli kiTxvebiT;<br />
4. daJinebiT adgens, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma da ubrundeba axsnils;<br />
5. moswavles axsnevinebs maTeul gagebas.<br />
pirvel doneze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar reagirebs dabneulobaze. meore doneze is, ubralod, xelaxla<br />
axsnas iwyebs. es axsna SeiZleba pirvel axsnaze ufro neli da/an ufro detaluri iyos.<br />
Semdeg doneze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs konkretul kiTxvebs usvams, raTa zustad daadginos<br />
maTTvis gaugebari adgilebi. Semdeg racionalurad tovebs moswavleTaTvis gasageb monakveTebs<br />
da gaugebris xelaxal axsnaze gadadis.<br />
185
Tavi 8<br />
momdevno doneze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ubrundeba im moswavles, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba.<br />
is SeZlebisdagvarad garkveul dros uTmobs masTan saubars da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,<br />
mogvianebiT kvlav ubrundeba mas, raTa Seamowmos Sedegiani iyo Tu ara misi muSaoba. aseTi<br />
dabrunebisas, maswavlebelma SeiZleba mimoxilviTi kiTxvebiT an naswavlis sxva konteqstSi<br />
gamoyenebis saSualebiT Seamowmos gageba. zogjer gakveTilze maswavlebels ara aqvs gagebis<br />
Semowmebisa da xelaxali axsnis dro _ es swavlebis realobaa. am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma<br />
TavisTvis unda aRniSnos an Caiweros, konkretulad romeli moswavlisTvisaa bundovani axali<br />
koncefcia. Semdeg SeiZleba SeuTanxmdes maT gakveTilebis Semdeg xanmokle Sexvedraze<br />
bundovani momentebis gasarkvevad, gadadgas nebismieri sxva nabiji am mimarTulebiT da Seqmnas<br />
masalis gagebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi.<br />
bolo doneze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs maTeuli azrovnebis (ara mxolod fiqrTa Tanamimdevrobisa)<br />
aRweras sTxovs: amowmebs, rogor fiqrobs moswavle koncefciisa Tu operaciis<br />
Sesaxeb. is cdilobs moswavlis gonebaSi urTierTkavSirTa struqturis, sakiTxis konceptualizaciis<br />
gzis gagebas. is svams Semdeg kiTxvebs: `rogor miiRe es pasuxi? rogor udgebi<br />
am saxis amocanas? SegiZlia miTxra ra gaakeTe an ra ifiqre amasTan dakavSirebiT? pirvelad<br />
ra nabiji gadadgi? ratom? Seni azriT, ras unda niSnavdes es? Seni azriT, ras niSnavs `qalaqis<br />
TviTmmarTveloba?~ zogjer SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom erTi SexedviT `mcdari~ pasuxebi<br />
sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris mcdari, Tu moswavleTa varaudebsa da logikas gavigebT. moswavlis<br />
gonebaSi urTierTkavSirTa struqturis gamoyeneba maswavlebels koncefciis xelaxla<br />
axsnis an SekiTxvaTa seriis dasmis saSualebas aZlevs, rac moswavles koncefciis TviTaRmo-<br />
Cenas gauadvilebs.<br />
moswavleTa azrovnebis wvdomis mniSvnelo-<br />
zogjer `mcdari~ pasuxebi sinamdvileSi sulac basTan dakavSirebiT sami avtoris naSromebi<br />
ar aris mcdari, Tu moswavleTa varaudebsa da unda aRiniSnos. 1970-ian wlebSi bil halma (Bill<br />
logikas gavigebT.<br />
Hull) Caatara seminarebis seria _ `bavSvTa azrovneba~,<br />
sadac maswavleblebi regularulad<br />
ikribebodnen moswavleTa mier monacemTa gadamuSavebis procesis gansaxilvelad. diskusiebi<br />
maswavleblebs stimuls aZlevda (da amJamadac aZlevT, radgan Sexvedrebi kvlav grZeldeba),<br />
efiqraT bavSvebis azrovnebaze, ecadaT, gaegoT movlenebis xedvisa da problemaTa gadaWris<br />
maTeuli gzebi. hiu mehanma (Hugh Mehan 1974) gaaanaliza maswavleblisa da bavSvebis msjeloba<br />
da aCvena, rom bavSvebis `Secdomebi~, faqtobrivad, ufrosebis saubris maTeuli interpretaciiT<br />
iyo gamowveuli. eleonor dakvorTma (Eleanor Duckworth 1981) maswavleblebTan<br />
erTad kvlevaTa seria Caatara mozardTa azrovnebis Seswavlis mizniT, romelSic amosavali<br />
wertili iyo maswavleblebis mier sakuTari azrovnebisa da swavlis procesebis Seswavla.<br />
186<br />
Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom<br />
`bavSvis gageba~ maswavlebelTa devizi, mizani, Semdgomi muSaobis safuZveli gaxda.<br />
es iyo sirTule, romlis winaSec isini sakuTar Tavs ayenebdnen yovel jerze,<br />
roca bavSvi gaakeTebda an ityoda iseT rames, rasac myisierad ver xvdebodnen.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, maswavleblebi cdilobdnen, epovaT is gza, romelic bavSvis<br />
naTqvamisa da moqmedebis axsnis saSualebas miscemda – isini cdilobdnen `bavSvis<br />
gagebas~ (Duckworth 1987, gv. 86-87)<br />
dakvorTis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mosazreba is gaxlavT, rom misi azriT, piaJes arsebiTi<br />
wvlili ganviTarebis miseuli etapebi rodia; is umniSvnelo gavlenas axdens swavlebaze, saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT bavSvis ganviTarebis adgili piaJeseul ierarqiaSi, Tu vaRiarebT<br />
konkretuli masalis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas (gansakuTrebiT, roca vacnobierebT<br />
swavlebis mniSvnelobas zrdasrulebisTvisac ki). mniSvnelovania da swavlebas arsebiTad<br />
uwyobs xels piaJes klinikuri intervius teqnikis gageba, `romelSic zrdasrulis mizania,
sicxade<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad meti gaigos konkretul sakiTxze moswavlis Sexedulebis Sesaxeb~ (Duckworth<br />
1981, gv. 14). garda amisa:<br />
bavSvTan saubris kvalobaze, miseuli aRqmis wvdomis mizniT, `am procesSi~ TviT<br />
bavSviseuli aRqma izrdeba. Tanamosaubris mier bavSvis azrovnebis gagebis<br />
mizniT dasmuli kiTxvebi TviT bavSvsac met fiqrs avaldebulebs. ras gulisxmob?<br />
rogor gaakeTe es? namdvilad ver vxvdebi; SegiZlia, sxvagvarad amixsna? SegiZlia,<br />
magaliTi momiyvano? rogor gamoiangariSe? Tanamosaubres es kiTxvebi<br />
meore adamianis gagebis saSualebas aZlevs. yovel jerze is mosaubris fiqrebSi<br />
erTveba da win adgmevinebs nabijs (Duckworth 1987, gv. 96-97)*<br />
(damatebiTi informaciisTvis imis Taobaze, rogor SeiZleba gavaRrmaoT moswavleTa gageba<br />
imiT, rom davafiqroT sakuTar azrovnebaze, ixileT am Tavis Semajamebeli nawili.)<br />
axsnis meqanizmebi<br />
Semowmeba da dabneulobis mogvareba arsebiTia sicxadisTvis, Tumca arsebobs masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sxva saSualebebic, magaliTad, maswavleblis axsnis meqanizmTa repertuari, romelic<br />
mas axsnis dros exmareba. es meqanizmebi moicavs: analogiebs, mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis<br />
xazgasmas, azrobriv xatebs, fizikur modelebs, media/teqnologiebs, cxrilebisa an dafis<br />
gamoyenebas, ufro srul an ufro zust axsnas, xmamaRla fiqris modelirebas, ubralo miniSnebebis<br />
gamoyenebas, Tanamimdevruli minimaluri miniSnebebisa da grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis<br />
gamoyenebas. am terminTa umravlesobis mniSvneloba naTelia, mxolod ramdenimes<br />
sWirdeba axsna.<br />
azrobrivi xati<br />
axsnis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da yvelaze ugulebelyofili meqanizmi azrobrivi<br />
xatebia. azrobrivi xatebi sakuTar TavSi suraTebis Seqmnas niSnavs; maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT,<br />
moswavleebs warmatebiT SeuZliaT am suraTebis gamoyeneba:<br />
¤ fizikuri mdgomareobis, movlenebis an procesebis gasagebad;<br />
¤ koncefciebis analogiebisTvis;<br />
¤ ganwyobis, scenis an konteqstis Sesaqmnelad;<br />
¤ informaciis an urTierTobaTa formis ukeT dasamaxsovreblad.<br />
azrobrivi xatebi didi xania gamoiyeneba sportSi fizikuri varjiSis dasaxvewad (Whisler<br />
& Marzano 1988). mkiTxvels SeiZleba axsovs dvaiT sTouni 1980 wlis olimpiur asparezobaSi<br />
gadaxtomis dros: TvaldaxuWuli qviSiT savse yuTSi mdgomi, neli rweviT is sakuTar Tavs<br />
xedavda _ gzaze garboda da Zelze xteboda; an artur eSi 1975 wels uimbldonSi finaluri<br />
matCis dros, rogor ijda TvaldaxuWuli kortis Secvlisas da sakuTar Tavs xedavda – Tavis<br />
Cawodebas mihyveboda badesTan axlos da ixreboda sapasuxo dartymisTvis. am da bevr sxva<br />
magaliTSi sportsmenebi gonebaSi gadian repeticias, raTa moaxdinon gonebis fokusireba,<br />
koncentrireba, gavarjiSeba da fizikuri winsvla. skolaSi azrobrivi xatebis gamoyeneba saswavlo<br />
masalaze yuradRebis fokusirebis, mniSvnelobis cxadad axsnis da tvinis mxedvelobiTi<br />
da marjvena arxebis gaaqtiurebisa da, saboloo angariSiT, warmatebuli swavlisTvis<br />
SeiZleba.<br />
* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. Duckworth, E. `The Having of Wonderful Ideas` and Other Essays on Teaching and Learning. New York:<br />
Teachers College Press, 1987, gv. 83-97.)<br />
187
Tavi 8<br />
Teslis parkis moZraobis warmodgeniT, romelic deda mcenares gasaRiveblad Sordeba,<br />
SegviZlia mexsierebaSi davxatoT da kargad davimaxsovroT Teslis migraciis safexurebi da<br />
meqanizmebi. atomSi warmosaxviTi mogzaurobiT SegviZlia birTvisa da eleqtronis orbitebis<br />
TvisebaTa ilustrireba da axali koncefciebis mtkiced damaxsovreba, iseve rogorc<br />
warmosaxviT mogzaurobas SeuZlia nacnob saTamaSo moedanze `perimetris~ koncefciis ganmtkiceba.<br />
plimoTSi Sesvlamde `meiflauerSi~ arsebuli pirobebis warmosadgenad warmosaxvis<br />
gamoyeneba moswavleebisTvis ufro cocxalsa da realurs gaxdis koloniaTa daarsebis<br />
Seswavlas. warmosaxvis gamoyeneba imisTvis, rom dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebs davanaxvoT<br />
sakuTari Tavi Sesvenebis Semdeg saklaso oTaxisa da TavianTi magidebisaken wynarad mimavali,<br />
arsebiTad gaaumjobesebs klasidan klasSi maTi gadasvlis dros qcevas. marTul warmosaxvas<br />
mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba aqvs saswavlo programis yvela sferoSi.<br />
qvemoT mocemuli miTiTebebi sasargebloa im maswavleblebisTvis, romlebic moswavleebTan<br />
warmosaxviT savarjiSoebs gegmaven:<br />
188<br />
1. winaswar moamzadeT moTxroba. warmosaxvis aRZvrisTvis masSi sakmarisi aRwera da<br />
detali CarTeT, Tavi aarideT Seusabamo detalebs, romlebic yuradRebas gadaatanineben<br />
mTavari xatidan da dagegmeT pauzebi.<br />
2. moamzadeT moswavleebi. komfortulad dasviT isini adgilebze. acnobeT, sad waiyvans<br />
maT warmosaxva – magaliTad, `Cven misisipze tiviT mogzaurobas vapirebT~.<br />
3. daazusteT mizani. ra mizans emsaxureba warmosaxva? gauziareT moswavleebs (mag.: `es<br />
dagexmarebaT gaigoT, hak fini ratom...~).<br />
4. saubrisas gaakeTeT strategiuli pauzebi. mieciT dro xatebis Camosayalibeblad.<br />
5. gadaamuSaveT informacia moswavleebTan erTad. ra dainaxes an gaiges? ra gaiges warmosaxvis<br />
saSualebiT?<br />
bevr maswavlebels moswons warmosaxvis Tanxleba musikiT, magaliTad, kitaros an vivaldis<br />
kompoziciebiT.<br />
maswavlebelma unda icodes, rom nebismier klasSi SeiZleba iyos erTi-ori moswavle, romlebsac<br />
susti vizualuri mexsiereba aqvT da ar SeuZliaT advilad warmosaxva. amis gamo warmosaxvis<br />
gamoyenebas Tavi ar unda avaridoT; am moswavleebs, SesaZlebelia, varjiSiT ganvuviTaroT<br />
warmosaxva. warmosaxvis simwiris gamo arc moswavlem da arc maswavlebelma Tavi ar<br />
unda daidanaSaulos. amave dros isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom konkretuli masalis swavlebisas<br />
mxolod warmosaxvas ar unda daveyrdnoT.<br />
warmosaxvis warmatebuli programebis aRwera (Pressley 1976; Escondid School District 1979)<br />
xSirad moicavs moswavleTa mier warmosaxuli suraTebis Sesaxeb saubarsa da gaziarebas: `ras<br />
xedav?~ `miTxari Sens mier warmodgenili suraTis Sesaxeb~, `kidev ras xedav?~ mkvlevarebma<br />
(damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. McNeill 1984) daadastures moswavleTa winsvla wvdomis,<br />
damaxsovrebisa da amgvarad naswavli masalidan daskvnis gamotanis unaris TvalsazrisiT.<br />
xmamaRla fiqris modelireba<br />
es teqnika zedgamoWrilia im maswavleblisTvis, romelsac rolebis TamaSi moswons. rodesac<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleTa xmamaRla azrovnebis modelirebas axdens, is maT azrovnebas<br />
nabij-nabij mihyveba, Tavs maT adgilze warmoidgens, maT rols TamaSobs. ibneva, Secdomebs<br />
uSvebs, Tavadve asworebs Secdomebs da gzadagza sakuTar Tavs amowmebs. xmamaRla azrovnebis<br />
modelirebis gamoyeneba upriania nebismieri mravalnabijiani operaciis Sesrulebisas, romelic<br />
problemis gadawyvetas moicavs. xmamaRla azrovnebiT, maswavlebels saSualeba aqvs,<br />
mianiSnos moswavleebs savaraudo sirTuleebi, raTa Tavi gaarTvan rTul monakveTebs da Se-<br />
Zlon swori nabijebis modelireba. xmamaRla (nawilobriv) azrovnebis modelirebis nimuSi
amocanisTvis _ 7,301 gayofili 45-ze _ ase warmogvidgeba:<br />
`modi, vnaxoT! unda gavigo ramdeni 45-ia 7,301-Si. 45 moTavsdeba 7-Si?... ara, 73-<br />
Si, ramdenjer? 2-jer. ara, 2-jer 45 aris 90; 1-jer eteva. 1-jer 45 aris 45. 73-s<br />
minus 45... 7-dan visexoT 1, 13-5=8. 6-s gamovakloT 4 aris 2... 26. axla Camovitan ...<br />
nuls. 45 ramdenjer moTavsdeba 260-Si. ramdeni iqneba?~<br />
sicxade<br />
xmamaRla azrovnebis modelirebas <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> axorcielebs klasis winaSe. es sakuTar<br />
TavTan dialogia. bet deivi (Beth Davey 1983) gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba am teqnikis gamoyeneba<br />
moswavleTaTvis wvdomis mravalferovani<br />
strategiebis saswavleblad. magaliTad, teqstSi<br />
ucnobi sityva gxvdebaT: `ho, ras niSnavs<br />
es sityva?... modi, winadadebas wavikiTxav...<br />
mainc gaugebaria. iqneb kidev wavikiTxo, rom<br />
gavigo... ara, mainc gaugebaria. modi, iqneb misi<br />
romelime nawiliT mivxvde?~ amgvarad, maswav-<br />
lebels SeuZlia instruqciaTa nakrebis gamoyeneba _ waikiTxeT xelaxla; gaagrZeleT kiTxva<br />
da miubrundiT, rom SeamowmoT, konteqsti iZleva Tu ara miniSnebas; moZebneT sityvis nacnobi<br />
nawilebi – fuZeebi, prefiqsebi da sufiqsebi. modelirebis daskvniT nawilSi mniSvnelovania<br />
moswavleTa gamokiTxva imis Taobaze, rac naxes an moismines; garantia imisa, rom moswavleebi<br />
gaigeben an SeamCneven mainc strategiasa da mis gamoyenebas mxolod imitom, rom sakuTari<br />
TvaliT naxes, ar arsebobs.<br />
xmamaRla fiqris modelireba axsnis erT-erTi yvelaze SeumCneveli da mZlavri instrumentia.<br />
is gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa nebismieri saxis problemis gadaWris an safexurebrivi<br />
proceduris swavlebisTvis. misi ZiriTadi atributebia:<br />
¤ Sinagani dialogis gareganad gadaqceva;<br />
¤ sakuTari TavisTvis kiTxvebis dasma;<br />
¤ alternativebis awon-dawonva da kriteriumebis gamoyeneba asarCevad;<br />
¤ mcdari dasawyisi da TviTSesworeba;<br />
¤ Seupovroba;<br />
¤ Sejameba<br />
miniSnebebi da Tanamimdevruli minimaluri miniSnebebi<br />
mcire jgufebSi an individualuri swavlebisas, xSirad vnaxavT, rogor ostaturad iyenebs<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> uxmo, TiTiT miniSnebas, rogorc sityvis atributze an problemis nawilze<br />
moswavlis yuradRebis mipyrobis martiv miniSnebas. aq mniSvnelovania minimaluri miniSneba<br />
– swored imdeni, ramdenic sakmarisia saWiro momentze yuradRebis misaqcevad da ara imdenis,<br />
rom Secdomis gaanalizebis SesaZlebloba wavarTvaT. magaliTad, Tu moswavle `cot~-s (bavSvis<br />
sawoli) kiTxulobs rogorc `cat~-s (kata), maswavleblis uxmod miTiTeba `o~-ze `cot~-Si minimaluri<br />
miniSnebaa. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maswavleblis yoveli momdevno miniSnebebi sul<br />
ufro da ufro minimaluria da ase grZeldeba, sanam moswavle mixvdeba. Semdegi nabiji iqneboda<br />
sityvis bgerebad warmoTqma da `o~-s xazgasma sityva `c – o – t~-Si – magram ara misi Tqma.<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba<br />
garantia imisa, rom moswavleebi gaigeben an<br />
SeamCneven mainc strategiasa da mis gamoyenebas<br />
mxolod imitom, rom sakuTari TvaliT naxes,<br />
ar arsebobs.<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba aris `furcelze ise dalagebuli sityvebi, rom maT warmoadginon<br />
sityvaTa Soris kavSirebis individiseuli gageba~ (Clark 1990). es diagramebia,<br />
magram konkretuli saxis diagramebi, romlebic suraTebis nacvlad sityvebs Seicaven,<br />
diagramis forma ki konkretuli saxis organizaciul struqturas an azrovnebis models<br />
189
Tavi 8<br />
190<br />
warmoadgens, romelic SeiZleba ganzogaddes: mizezi da Sedegi, nawili da mTeli, Sedareba<br />
da kontrasti, aRwera, problema da gadaWra.<br />
klarkis gansazRvrebas Tu ganvavrcobT, grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba aris diagrama<br />
sityvebiT, romlis formas gansazRvravs sityvaTa urTierTkavSiri. es forma warmoadgens<br />
konkretuli saxis azrovnebas da SesaZlebelia misi ganzogadeba, raTa gamoyenebul iqnas am<br />
saxis azrovnebiT organizebuli sxva SinaarsisTvis.<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba mZlavri instrumentia ara mxolod ideebisa da maTi kav-<br />
Sirebis asaxsnelad, aramed moswavleTa mier naswavlis SejamebisTvisac. is moswavleebs exmareba<br />
imaSi, rom<br />
¤ dainaxon koncefciebisa da elementebis urTierTkavSiri;<br />
¤ moaxerxon informaciis logikur struqturad organizeba;<br />
¤ yuradReba gaamaxvilon mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze;<br />
¤ gamoiyenon vizualuri swavlis upiratesoba da gaaaqtiuron tvinis marjvena naxevarsfero.<br />
roca moswavleebma ician grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis gamoyeneba informaciis Casawerad<br />
an Sesajameblad, isini aqtiuri mkiTxvelebi da msmenelebi xdebian.<br />
uamrav termins SevxvdebiT specifikur grafikul aqtivobasTan dakavSirebiT: gonebrivi<br />
ruka, moTxrobis ruka, semantikuri ruka, qseli, cnebis ruka, azrovnebis ruka, jgufi. zogierTi<br />
maTgani (gonebrivi ruka, jgufi, semantikuri ruka) mozRvavebul ideaTa Casawerad<br />
gamoiyeneba da moswavleebs kvlevis dawyebamde sakuTari mosazrebebis organizebasa da Caweras<br />
uadvilebs. sxvebi (moTxrobis ruka) gamoiyeneba literaturis kiTxvisas, rom moswavleebma<br />
vizualuri formiT Caweron siuJetis xazi da gmiris pirovnuli ganviTareba. sxvebi ki<br />
(cnebis ruka, termini, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba mecnierebasa da sazogadoebriv kvleveb-<br />
Si) gamoiyeneba vizualuri formiT cnebebsa da faqtebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis Casawerad<br />
da TviT cnebis mTavari da meorexarisxovani atributebis gamosaxatad (Bulgren 1991).<br />
agraruli<br />
ekonomika kapitalizmi<br />
aSS<br />
1776<br />
monoba demokratia<br />
aSS<br />
1996<br />
sqema 8.4: wriuli grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba<br />
sqema adaptirebulia devid haierlis `ormagi buStis~ dizainidan.<br />
samrewvelo<br />
da<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
ekonomika<br />
sayovelTao<br />
saarCevno<br />
ufleba
sicxade<br />
cnebis ruka (Archer 1990) da azrovnebis ruka (Hyerle 1990) grafikuli aqtivobebis formebia,<br />
sadac masalis warmodgenisTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis forma (mag.: Sedareba da<br />
kontrasti) miuTiTebs diagramis konkretuli formis gamoyenebaze, magaliTad, matrica an<br />
haierlis `ormagi buSti~. magaliTad, Tu teqstSi Sedarebulia amerikis cxovreba 1776 wels<br />
da dRes, `1776~ erT wreSi CavsvamT, xolo `dRes~ _ meoreSi (ix. sqema 8.4). am or wres Soris<br />
wreebi da maT Soris kavSirebi Seicavs orive periodisTvis saerTo elementebs, magaliTad,<br />
kapitalizmi da mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma. marcxniv, mxolod `1776~-Tan dakavSirebul<br />
wreebSi, im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebia, romlebic dRes ar gvxvdeba _<br />
ekonomikis agraruli baza da monobis miReba. marjvniv wresTan `dRes~ dakavSirebul wreebSi<br />
dRevandeli sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebia _ samrewvelo da momsaxurebis<br />
ekonomika da sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba. masalis organizebis avtoriseuli forma gvkarnaxobs<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis romeli forma iqneba upriani mis warmosadgenad.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyeneba saklaso diskusiis<br />
Casawerad da gasacnobi informaciis organizebisTvis. is moswavleebs cnebis gaazrebasa da<br />
informaciis aTvisebaSi exmareba. Cveni mizania grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis formaTa<br />
swavleba TviT moswavleebisTvis, raTa, sabolood, maT SeZlon misi damoukideblad gamoyeneba.<br />
am miznis miRwevis pirobebSi, maswavlebelma SeiZleba aseTi davaleba misces Tavis moswavleebs:<br />
`CaiwereT SeniSvnebi sakiTxav masalasTan dakavSirebiT da SearCieT grafikuli<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobis, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze Sesatyvisi forma~. amiT moswavleebs vTxovT<br />
ara marto aqtiur mkiTxvelebad yofnas, aramed informaciis organizebisTvis gamoyenebuli<br />
azrovnebis formis analizsac (ix. sqema 8.5).<br />
aRwera aRnawili/mTeliwera<br />
klasifikacia<br />
Tema/qveTema<br />
sqema 8.5: grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis oTxi sasargeblo forma<br />
cnebis gasagebad da informaciis asaTviseblad, moswavleebs Sesabamisi aqtivobis arCeva SeuZliaT.<br />
kiTxvis sferoSi kvlevis tradiciam (magaliTisaTvis ix.: McGee & Richgels 1986; Heimlich &<br />
Pittelman 1986; Armbruster, Anderson & Ostertag 1989) gviCvena, rom grafikuli aqtivobebi xels<br />
uwyoben gagebas, Tu maT kargi swavlebis damatebad viyenebT. moswavleebi igeben, rom mTeli<br />
teqsti dawerilia azrovnebis konkretuli struqturis mixedviT, romelsac aqvs Sesabamisi<br />
191
Tavi 8<br />
grafikuli forma da is SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mis warmosadgenad.<br />
grafikul winmswrebi aqtivobebis daxmarebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavleebi damoukideblobisaken<br />
waiyvanos, aswavlos aqtiuri azrovneba da kiTxva. es SeiZleba moxdes ma-<br />
Sin, Tu xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi winmswrebi aqtivobebs qvemoT mocemuli TanamimdevrobiT<br />
da TandaTanobiT SemovitanT:<br />
192<br />
1 faza: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> akeTebs prezentacias an uZRveba diskusias da diskusiis<br />
mimdinareobas iwers grafikul aqtivobaSi.<br />
2 faza: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> irCevs diskusiis mimdinareobis formas da akeTebs<br />
ZiriTad da qveCanawerebs. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gansazRvravs winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobis gamoyenebul formas da asaxelebs mis mier warmodgenil<br />
azrovnebis saxes.<br />
3 faza: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> irCevs formas, akeTebs ZiriTad Canawerebs, danar-<br />
Cens ki moswavleebs avsebinebs.<br />
4 faza: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> irCevs grafikuli aqtivobis formas, xolo moswavleebi<br />
akeTeben yvela Canawers.<br />
5 faza: moswavleebi irCeven formas da akeTeben Canawerebs.<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi Zalian popularulia im maswavleblebSi, romlebic<br />
dainteresebuli arian azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis swavlebiT, radgan azrovnebis formis<br />
gansazRvra da dasaxeleba Sesaswavli masalis organizaciis miRma avtomaturad xdeba, roca<br />
adamiani mzad aris am instrumentis gamosayeneblad. dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebic ki<br />
ufro naTlad igeben masalas, Tu is grafikuli aqtivobebis saSualebiT aris warmodgenili.<br />
axsnis instrumentebis am nawilis bolos erTi gafrTxileba gvsurs. axsnis instrumentebi,<br />
TavisTavad, mZlavri meqanizmia, magram isini unda movargoT Sinaarss, situacias da moswavleebs.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, gaumarTlebelia `rac meti, miT ukeTesi~.<br />
axsnis sakuTari (an sxvaze dakvirvebisaTvis) instrumentebis gamoyenebis gasaanalizeblad,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, ubralod, daTvalos, romel da ramden instruments iyenebs<br />
informaciis axsnisa da dazustebisTvis. Tumca, yoveli calkeuli gakveTilis lozungi aris<br />
Sesaferisoba da ara raodenoba. ver vityviT, rom am meqanizmebidan erTi meores sjobs; magram<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom masalis prezentaciis mravalferovneba mWidrod ukavSirdeba<br />
gakveTilis efeqtianobas. gakveTilze ramdenime meqanizmis gamoyeneba udavod uzrunvelyofs<br />
mravalferovnebas. saRi azri gvkarnaxobs, rom am instrumentTa repertuaris gamoyenebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia moswavleTa yuradRebis SenarCuneba da swavlis maTeul stilSi CarTva.<br />
metyveleba<br />
kidev erTi sfero, romelsac gasagebi komunikacia moicavs, aris maswavleblis metyveleba.<br />
is unda Seesabamebodes diqciis, warmoTqmis, gadmocemis, gramatikis, sintaqsis da Sesabamisi<br />
sityvebis SerCevis (leqsikoni) minimalur kriteriumebs, raTa moswavleebs esmodeT maswavleblis<br />
naTqvami. smitma da lendma (Smith & Land 1981) gaaanalizes efeqtian da araefeqtian<br />
maswavlebelTa metyvelebis modelebi. maTi iseve, rogorc sxvaTa kvlevebi, adastureben im<br />
uaryofiT gavlenas moswavleTa miRwevebze, rac maswavleblis mier metyvelebaSi `bundovani<br />
terminebisa~ da `labirinTebis~ gamoyenebas mosdevs. qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime magaliTi,<br />
romlebzec isini weren.<br />
bundovani terminebi (kursivi):
maTematikis am gakveTilma SeiZleba saSualeba mogceT, cota ufro meti gaigoT<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rasac Cven, Cveulebisamebr, ricxviT modelebs vuwodebT. SesaZlebelia,<br />
albaT, gakveTilis mTavar ideaze gadasvlamde, gadaxedoT ramdenime naswavl<br />
cnebas. faqtobrivad, pirveli cneba, romelsac Tqven unda gadaxedoT, aris<br />
dadebiTi mTeli ricxvebi. rogorc iciT, dadebiTi mTeli ricxvi aris nebismieri<br />
ricxvi, romelic metia nulze.<br />
labirinTebi (kursivi):<br />
maTematikis es gakveTili saS... gagagebinebT ricxvs, uh, ricxviT modelebs. sanam<br />
Cven gadavalT gakveTilis mTavar ideaze, Tqven unda gadaxedoT oTx cneb... oTx<br />
winapirobiT cnebas. pirveli idea, anu, uh, cneba, romelsac Tqven unda gadaxedoT,<br />
aris dadebiTi mTeli ricxvebi. dadebiTi ricxvi... mTeli ricxvi aris nebismieri<br />
mTeli ricxvi, uh, ricxvi, romelic metia nulze.<br />
kategoria magaliTebi<br />
terminTa bundovanebiskategoriebi<br />
1. bundovani miTiTeba pirobebi, sxva, rogorRac, sadRac, romeliRac adgilas, ram<br />
2. miaxloeba Sesaxeb, TiTqmis, daaxloebiT, sakmaod, miaxloebiT, raRac,<br />
umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, TiTqmis, sakmaod [bevri], raRac, -viT<br />
3. `SecdomaSi Seyvana~ da<br />
gasworeba<br />
sicxade<br />
faqtobrivad, da ase Semdeg, mainc, rogorc nebismiers SeuZlia<br />
dainaxos, rogorc iciT, ZiriTadad, aSkarad, mokled, ZiriTadad,<br />
faqtobrivad, sxva sityvebiT, naTlad, ra Tqma unda, ase vTqvaT,<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, simarTle rom vTqvaT, Tqven iciT, Tqven xedavT<br />
4. Secdomis aRiareba ukacravad, vwuxvar, me vfiqrob, ara var darwmunebuli<br />
5. ganusazRvreli<br />
kvalifikacia<br />
nakrebi, wyvili, ramdenime, mcire, mravali, bevri, sxvadasxva<br />
6. mravalferovneba aspeqti (aspeqtebi), saxeoba (saxeobebi), tipi (tipebi)<br />
7. uaryofili<br />
gamaZliereblebi<br />
yvela ara, bevri ara, Zalian ara<br />
8. SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba aris, SeiZleba, SesaZloa, Cans<br />
9. albaToba xSirad, zogadad, sazogadod, Cveulebriv, albaT, xandaxan,<br />
Cveulebisamebr<br />
sqema 8.6: terminTa bundovanebis kategoriebi*<br />
smitisa da lendisagan (1981) aRebuli es kategoriebi eyrdnoba hilersa da sxvebs (1968).<br />
labirinTebi aris araswori metyveleba an Seferxeba, zedmeti, uwesrigo sityvebi. bundovani<br />
terminebi mravalgvar formas iRebs (ix. sqema 8.6). hileri da sxvebi (1968) amtkiceben,<br />
rom `bundovanebasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca mosaubre gvawvdis iseT informacias, romelic ar<br />
axsovs, an sinamdvileSi arasodes icoda~ (Smith & Land 1981). msgavsi ram maSinac SeiZleba mox-<br />
* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. `Low-Inference Verbal Behavuiors Related to Teacher Clarity` by L. R. Smith and M. L. Land, published by<br />
the Journal of Classroom Interaction, 1981, 17/1, 37-42.)<br />
193
Tavi 8<br />
des, roca maswavlebels ar surs pasuxi agos informaciis sisworeze da piradi usafrTxoebis<br />
mizniT abundovnebs saTqmels, an metismetad mondomebulia, rom moswavleTa ideebis gamziareblad<br />
da damxmared Candes da ara informaciis mimwodeblad. yovelive amis Sedegi ki<br />
meryevi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>a, romelic uamrav bundovan termins iyenebs.<br />
misaRebi metyvelebis miRma arsebobs is, rac arc ise aSkaraa. SegviZlia ganvasxvaoT maswavleblebi,<br />
romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad saubroben sxvadasxva moswavlesTan da, SesaZloa,<br />
saubris maneras konkretuli SemTxvevis mixedviTac cvlian. mokled, maT mravalferovani metyveleba<br />
aqvT. gansxvaveba SeimCneva gamoyenebul leqsikonSi, aqcentSi, slengis gamoyeneba-<br />
Si, metyvelebis intonaciaSi, siswrafesa da ritmSi, oficialurobaSi an araoficialurobaSi<br />
(Joos 1967). Cven gvainteresebs, SeuZlia Tu ara maswavlebels moswavleebTan maT enaze saubari<br />
cxadi axsnisa da ganmartebisaTvis Sesatyvisi enobrivi formebiT, konkretuli interaqciis<br />
Sesatyvisi efeqtiani formiT.<br />
im maswavleblis qcevis gaanalizebisas, romelic metyvelebis stils konkretul drosa da<br />
moswavles usadagebs, damkvirvebels `mravalferovnebasTan~ erTad metyvelebis garkveuli<br />
miukerZoeblobac SeuZlia SeamCnios. amas garda, metyvelebis konkretuli manera mocemul<br />
momentSi SerCeulia, morgebulia jgufis an individis raime Taviseburebas.<br />
194<br />
araorazrovneba<br />
araorazrovneba niSnavs mkafio komunikacias da ar unda gamogvrCes:<br />
¤ miniSnebaTa gansazRvra;<br />
¤ SekiTxvaTa fokusi;<br />
¤ aucilebeli nabijebi mimarTulebis micemisas;<br />
¤ miniSnebebis mniSvneloba;<br />
¤ aqtivobaTa miznebi.<br />
am xuTi kriteriumis mixedviT SegviZlia SevafasoT moqmedebis araorazrovneba. isic<br />
gavixsenoT, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yovelTvis rodi aswavlis axsniT. man SeiZleba aswavlos induqciurad,<br />
sokrateseuli meTodiT an mravali sxva gziT. magram roca saqme uSualod axsniT<br />
qcevas exeba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu moswavlem ver gaigo, aucileblad unda gavixsenoT araorazrovneba.<br />
miniSnebebis gansazRvra<br />
efeqtiani miniSneba exmareba moswavleebs masalis swavlisTvis saWiro kavSirebis damyarebasa<br />
da azrovnebis saWiro formebis gamoyenebaSi. isini ar toveben logikur sicarieleebs.<br />
orazrovani <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> varaudobs (samwuxarod, xSirad mcdarad), rom moswavleebi SeZleben<br />
misi miniSnebebis wakiTxvas an ganzraxvis gamocnobas. aseTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xSirad damna-<br />
Savea TamaSis _ `gamoicani, ras vfiqrob~ an `gamoicani, ratom vakeTebT amas~ _ gamo, romelic<br />
swavlebisas araviTar mizans ar emsaxureba da, piriqiT, aSinebs da abnevs moswavleebs.<br />
zusti miniSnebebis saSualebiT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> patara xidebs debs moswavleebisTvis, rom maT<br />
dainaxon kavSiri miniSnebebsa da maTi gamoyenebis gzebs Soris. ai, zusti miniSnebis magaliTi:<br />
`Sezneqilis~ gansazRvrebamde, batonma orma ikiTxa: `sad sZinavT daTvebs?~ is<br />
fiqrobda, rom moswavleebi Seqmnidnen gamoqvabulis xats, rac maT daexmareboda<br />
gansazRvrebis damaxsovrebaSi. orive moswavlem SeamCnia es ucnauri SekiTxva<br />
da mixvda, rom mas sityvis ganmartebis instrumentis roli unda eTamaSa. Tumca,<br />
verc erTi ver mixvda, rom es instrumenti xati iyo (Winne & Marx 1982, gv. 510).
sicxade<br />
am SemTxvevaSi batoni oris idea urigo ar iyo; ubralod misi miniSneba imdenad orazrovani<br />
iyo, rom moswavleebma ver SeZles misi gamoyeneba. mas surda, gamoqvabulis gamosaxuleba<br />
moswavleebisTvis vizualuri mnemonika (xerxTa erToblioba, romlis mizania gaaadvilos<br />
didi moculobis informaciis, faqtebis damaxsovreba, ZiriTadad, asociaciis kanonebs<br />
emyareba. mTargmn. Sen.) yofiliyo: roca gamoqvabulis win vdgavarT, misi sivrce Sezneqili<br />
Cans. swored aseve Cans Sezneqili zedapiric.<br />
SekiTxvaTa fokusi<br />
xandaxan SekiTxvaTa fokusi orazrovania da <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs `gamoicani ras<br />
vfiqrob~-s `TamaSis~ sxva variants sTavazobs. zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi b-ni oris SekiTxvaze<br />
_ `sad cxovroben daTvebi?~ _ ramdenime kargi pasuxi arsebobs, magram swori pasuxebis<br />
simravlidan maswavlebels mxolod erTis mosmena surs. ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: laTinuri<br />
enis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavles savarjiSos SekiTxvas akiTxebs. `ra saxis SekiTxvaa es?~ ekiTxeba<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. moswavle ar pasuxobs. arc sxva moswavleebi iCenen iniciativas da Cans, arc maT<br />
ician. sinamdvileSi maswavlebels Semdegi ram ainteresebs: `guSindeli savarjiSos mixedviT<br />
SekiTxvebis eqvsi formidan _ `quid~, `cur~, `quis~, `quem~, `ubi~, an `quo~ – es romeli formaa?~<br />
is varaudobs (Tumca mcdarad), rom moswavle xvdeba SekiTxvas. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ver aanalizebs,<br />
rom fraza _ `ra tipis~ _ moswavlisTvis miniSnebis rols ar asrulebs, raTa man guSindeli<br />
savarjiSodan kiTxvebis eqvsi forma gaixsenos da erT-erTi airCios. moswavlisaTvis SesaZlo<br />
pasuxTa samyaro eqvsiT ki ar SemoisazRvreba, ukideganoa da amitomac ibneva.<br />
epizodi grZeldeba: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> miuTiTebs moswavles, miubrundes guSindel savarjiSos<br />
da waikiTxos pirveli punqti. moswavle asrulebs. `kargi, waikiTxe Semdegi punqti~, daRlili<br />
xmiT ambobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. moswavle asrulebs. es meore punqti damabneveli SekiTxvebis magaliTia.<br />
moswavle amTavrebs mis wakiTxvas. pauza. `aba?~ Tvalebi ufarTovdeba maswavlebels.<br />
`oh~, ambobs moswavle da maswavleblis kiTxvaze pasuxs gansazRvravs, rogorc `quid~ SekiTxvas.<br />
am dabneulobas Tavidan aicilebda <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> orazrovani rom ar yofiliyo im gonebrivi<br />
operaciis mimarT, romelsac moswavlisagan iTxovda: `jimi, fraziT _ `ra saxis~ _<br />
vgulisxmob kiTxvebis im eqvs formas, romlebic guSin ganvixileT. Seamowme pasuxi im informaciis<br />
mixedviT, romelic axlaxans waikiTxe. yvelam gadaamowmeT, naxeT, eTanxmebiT Tu ara~<br />
(moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobisTvis gadadgmuli nabiji.)<br />
zemoT moyvanili epizodi kargi magaliTia TamaSisa `gamoicani, ras vfiqrob~. amis sapirispirod,<br />
araorazrovani <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs pirdapir aCvenebs, rogor daexmareba maT<br />
swavlis miznis miRwevaSi is, rasac amJamad an momavalSi gaakeTeben.<br />
swavlebis dros araorazrovnebis ZiebiT, Cven naTel nabijebs veZebT, romlebic moswavleebs<br />
saSualebas miscems, mixvdnen, ratom ismeba SekiTxvebi da rogor ukavSirdeba mimar-<br />
Tulebebi an magaliTebi saswavlo amocanebs. `is mudam iseT kiTxvebs gvisvams, romlebzec ver<br />
vpasuxobT~ – ase afaseben moswavleebi orazrovan maswavlebels. isini ver pasuxoben SekiTxvebs,<br />
radgan <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ver sazRvravs `ankesis gadagdebis~ adgils. ganvixiloT es epizodi:<br />
`rogoria kargi naweri?~ kiTxulobs qalbatoni jounsi da varaudobs, rom dafaze ixilavs<br />
atributebis im specifikur sias, romelic gonebaSi aqvs. magram es `miamituri~ SekiTxvaa,<br />
radgan moswavleebi gascemen yvela savaraudo pasuxs, romelic ar moergeba gakveTilis gegmas.<br />
albaT, kargi iqneboda, maswavlebels Seegrovebina es pasuxebi, ganexila da Semdeg Seedarebina<br />
im siisTvis, romelic gonebaSi aqvs. `ara, es is araa, rasac veli~, ambobs is pasuxad<br />
da sakuTari siis Sedgenisas (es aris misi gakveTilis mizani) ugulebelyofs bevri moswavlis<br />
karg pasuxs. misi kiTxva `Tqveni azriT, rogoria kargi naweri?~ ki ar gaxlavT, aramed – `Cemi<br />
azriT, rogoria kargi naweri?~ anu `waikiTxeT, ras vfiqrob~.<br />
195
Tavi 8<br />
araorazrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi martivi maxea SekiTxvebis dasma seriebad.<br />
gudi da brofi (Good & Brophy 1978) grosieris citirebisas, aRweren maswavlebels, romelic<br />
1812 wlis omis ganxilvis dros erT grZel kiTxvas svams: `ratom wavediT omSi? rogor<br />
igrZnobdiT Tavs vaWari rom yofiliyaviT?<br />
araorazrovneba xidebis serias agebs miznebsa<br />
da individualur aqtivobebs da TviT aqtivobebs<br />
Soris.<br />
196<br />
ra ziani moutana Cvens vaWrobas napoleonis<br />
omma?~ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cdilobs, ganmartos<br />
pirveli SekiTxva da moswavleTa azrovneba<br />
omis ekonomikur mizezze mimarTos. am mcdelobisas<br />
is, faqtobrivad, abnevs maT.<br />
SekiTxvaTa seria cdunebaa, radgan vsvamT kiTxvas da pasuxad srul siCumes viRebT. gvinda,<br />
rom mivaniSnoT da meore SekiTxvas vamatebT, romlis mizania moswavleebi Cveneuli fokusisken<br />
waiyvanos. amis nacvlad ki moswavleTa fiqris jaWvs jer vubiZgebT da Semdeg srul<br />
gaugebrobaSi mivatovebT xolme.<br />
aucilebeli nabijebi mimarTulebebis micemisas<br />
maswavlebelma SeiZleba miuTiTos moswavleebs, rom daiwyon davalebis Sesruleba, magram<br />
gamorCes mimarTulebis micemisTvis aucilebeli nabijebi. es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca arasworad<br />
vvaraudobT, rom moswavleebs esmiT konkretuli davalebis Sesasruleblad aucilebeli<br />
wesebi. `daiyaviT 4-5 kacian jgufebad da am novelisTvis imdeni dasasruli moifiqreT,<br />
ramdenic SegiZliaT~, mimarTa maswavlebelma moswavleebs da ugulebelyo mieTiTebina, r om<br />
yovel jgufs aerCia Camweri, amitomac yvelam erTad daiwyo azris gamoTqma.<br />
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: `gaasworeT es winadadebebi da gadadiT Semdeg davalebaze~. zogierTma<br />
moswavlem `gaasworeT~ gaigo rogorc xazi gadausviT da gadaawereT araswor sityvebs<br />
swori sityvebi (rac maswavlebels mxedvelobaSi hqonda). sxvebma xelaxla gadaweres mTliani<br />
winadadebebi SesworebebiT, rasac oTxjer meti dro dasWirda. amis gamo maT ar darCaT dro<br />
meore davalebis Sesasruleblad.<br />
amrigad, moswavleebs, ubralod, srulad unda vuTxraT, ras vgulisxmobT miTiTebebSi da<br />
ar vivaraudoT, rom nabijebi TavisTavad iqneba naTeli.<br />
miniSnebebis mniSvneloba<br />
xandaxan maswavleblebi cnobil adamianebs, mosazrebebs, movlenebs, an naSromebs iSvelieben<br />
im mizniT, rom kidev ufro cxadi gaxadon swavleba; samagierod moswavleebma SeiZleba<br />
arc ki icodnen maswavleblis mier moxseniebuli wyaroebi da ukeT gagebis nacvlad daibnen.<br />
faqtobrivad, swavlebis efeqtianoba SeiZleba Semcirdes kidec, radgan moswavleebi fiqroben<br />
naxseneb adamianze, movlenaze, mosazrebaze, maT mniSvnelobaze da mxedvelobidan rCebaT<br />
is mTavari, risTvisac maswavlebelma isini moiSvelia.<br />
`jeims miCeneris `havais~ wakiTxvisas, SeiZleba Tavi sizifesaviT igrZnoT, rac aSkara<br />
xdeba 25-e TavSi~. es winadadeba arafers ar niSnavs moswavlisTvis, Tu man ar icis, rom sizife<br />
iyo boroti berZeni mefe, romelsac wyevlis mixedviT, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
uzarmazari qva hadesis mTaze unda aetana, iqidan dagorebuli qva isev unda aetana da a.S.<br />
Sesabamisad, `Tavi sizifesaviT igrZnoT~ niSnavs konkretuli saqmis dasrulebasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT uimedobis gancdas.<br />
araorazrovneba am SemTxvevaSi saidumloTi moculi miniSnebis gaubraloebas ki ar niSnavs,<br />
aramed gvaZlevs gasaRebs, rom SeZlebisdagvarad efeqtianad avuxsnaT moswavleebs.
aqtivobaTa miznebi<br />
sicxade<br />
gasakviria, magram moswavleebs xSirad warmodgenac ki ara aqvT im aqtivobaTa miznebze,<br />
romelTa Sesrulebasac sTxoven da verc aqtivobasa da instruqcias Soris amyareben kav-<br />
Sirs (Tasker 1981). araorazrovnebis es forma ubralod moiTxovs, avuxsnaT moswavleebs, ratom<br />
viTxovT maTgan konkretul aqtivobas. ufro konkretulad ki niSnavs, avuxsnaT, rogor<br />
daexmareba aqtivoba maT swavlaSi an davalebis SesrulebaSi. `am eqsperimentis mizania imis<br />
Cveneba, ramdenad Znelia erTdroulad monacemTa Segrovebac da informaciis Cawerac. swavlis<br />
gareSe amas ver gaakeTebT. ase rom, yvela mecnieris msgavsad, vapirebT sakiTxavi masalis<br />
`eqstrapolirebas~ (konkretuli sferosTvis (periodisTvis) damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli<br />
cnebebis (movlenebis) gavrcoba sxva sferoze. mTargmn. Sen.). gaxsovT es termini am TavSi<br />
ganxiluli grafikebidan?~<br />
pirveli<br />
aqtivoba<br />
mizani<br />
meore<br />
aqtivoba<br />
sqema 8.7: ara orazrovneba miznis miRwevisas<br />
yovelma aqtivobam urTierTkavSiris xidi unda gados aqtivobis zogad mizanTan.<br />
mesame<br />
aqtivoba<br />
kidev erTi magaliTi: `winadadebaTa gaerTianebis Sesaxeb am savarjiSos imitom vasrulebT,<br />
rom imave teqnikis gamoyenebiT Tqvens mier Seqmnili saTavgadasavlo moTxrobebi<br />
ufro saintereso gaxadoT~.<br />
8.7 sqemaze asaxuli araorazrovnebis nabijebi xidebis serias agebs miznebsa da indicidualur<br />
aqtivobebs da TviT aqtivobebs Soris.<br />
zogjer es nabiji moswavleebs uCvenebs, rogor esadageba mimdinare aqtivoba im gamocdilebaTa<br />
modelebs, romlebic hqondaT an momavalSi eqnebaT. `am informaciis ganTavsebas<br />
biblioTekis kompiuterul cnobarSi imitom gTxovT, rom ganiviTaroT siswrafe da sizuste.<br />
momaval TveSi kvleviT moxsenebebze muSaobisas xSirad mogiwevT am monacemTa bazis gamoyeneba<br />
da umeteswilad me gverdiT ar geyolebiT, rom dagexmaroT. Tqven unda SegeZloT misi<br />
damoukideblad gamoyeneba sasurveli wignebis sapovnelad~.<br />
aseTi ganmartebebis gareSe bevri moswavle davalebebs meqanikurad asrulebs, minimaluri<br />
yuradRebiTa da ZalisxmeviT; imitom asruleben, rom `samuSaoa~ da valdebulebi arian Seasrulon<br />
samuSao. magram samuSaos Sesrulebas Sedegad gageba ar mohyveba. mkiTxvelebma, rom-<br />
197
Tavi 8<br />
lebsac umuSaviaT swavlis stilze da SeuswavliaT bernis makkartis (Bernice McCarthy 1981) da<br />
entoni gregorkis (Anthony Gregorc 1979) saintereso naSromi, ician, rom `pirveli kvadrantis~<br />
(kvadranti – wris meoTxedi. mTargmn. Sen.) moswavleebs gansakuTrebiT sWirdebaT am kavSirebis<br />
gageba. 3<br />
Cven maswavleblis is nabijebi ganvixileT, romelTa saSualebiTac moswavleebi xedaven,<br />
rogor aris dakavSirebuli mimdinare aqtivobebi an davalebebi maT miznebTan. es marTlac<br />
aris araorazrovnebis, sicxadis erT-erTi forma. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad moswavleebma<br />
miznebi unda icodnen; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, aqtivobas ver daakavSireben. sanam ganvixilavdeT<br />
ramdenad kargad da xSirad vacnobT moswavleebs aqtivobaTa miznebs, unda vikiTxoT,<br />
vacnobT Tu ara TviT swavlis miznebs. am sakiTxs daeTmoba Semdegi nawili _ `didi suraTi~.<br />
198<br />
II. `didi suraTi~<br />
sicxadis qcevaTa bolo jgufi Tavs iyris Cvens mier `did suraTad~ monaTluli misiis<br />
garSemo; is Sedgeba im qcevebisgan, romelic moswavleebs mimdinare informaciis an operaciaTa<br />
mniSvnelobis ufro did struqturasTan dakavSirebaSi exmareba. maswavleblis es qceva<br />
SeiZleba ganvixiloT martivi – yofna/aryofna, diax/ara – gziT. ai, es qcevebi:<br />
¤ moswavleTaTvis marSrutis micema, Sesasrulebel aqtivobaTa CamonaTvali;<br />
¤ moswavleebs vacnobT, ra ecodinebaT an ris gakeTebas SeZleben dagegmili instruqciis<br />
Semdeg (mizani);<br />
¤ moswavleTa mimdinare codnis gaaqtiureba axali cnebis an saswavlo programis sakiTxis<br />
Sesaxeb;<br />
¤ kavSirebis damyareba, romelic uCvenebs Zvelisa da axlis msgavsebas, informaciis integrireba<br />
wina samuSaos an wina codnis konteqstSi - `vaCvenoT moswavleebs, rom is,<br />
ris Sesaxebac vesaubrebiT da rac maT ukve ician, erTmaneTs hgavs~ (Friedrich, Galvin, and<br />
Book 1976, gv. 78)<br />
_ gakveTilis farglebSi akeTebs gadasvlebs mosazrebidan mosazrebaze;<br />
_ miuTiTebs aqtivobis, tempis, donis Secvlas;<br />
_ mianiSnebs momaval mosazrebebze.<br />
¤ Sejameba<br />
vfiqrobT, rom am qcevebma SeiZleba arsebiTi roli Seasrulos swavlebis momaval mecnierebaSi,<br />
swavlebis Sedegebis amxsnel kanonTa momaval nakrebSi. mimdinare kvleva gviCvenebs<br />
maTsa da swavlaSi warmatebas Soris korelacias; magram Cven jer ver davamtkicebT mizez-<br />
Sedegobriv kavSirs. Tumca, erTi ram danamdvilebiT viciT: am qcevaTa ganxorcielebis<br />
uamravi gza arsebobs, romlis repertuari praqtikosma maswavleblebma SeimuSaves. swored<br />
maT davesesxeT qvemoT mocemuli repertuaris aRwerisas. ase, rom mcdeloba, Tavi movuyaroT<br />
Cveni saqmis, swavlebis profesiuli codnis bazas, erTmniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli<br />
maswavleblebisa da mkvlevarebis uwyvet TanamSromlobaze.<br />
3 makkartim swavlis stilis Sesaxeb ramdenime mniSvnelovani Teoretikosis mosazreba gaaerTiana modelSi, romelic moswavleebs<br />
oTx ZiriTad jgufad yofs. isini vizualur seqtorul diagramaze oTx kvadrantad arian warmodgenili. erT-erTi, pirveli<br />
kvadrantis moswavleebisaTvis (romlebsac aseve ewodebaT `novatori moswavleebi~) gansakuTrebiT saWiroa swavlis mizezis<br />
codna. saWiroa maswavlebelma am moswavleebs kargad auxsnas pasuxi kiTxvaze `ratom?~)
moswavleebisTvis marSrutis micema<br />
sicxade<br />
marSruti aris aqtivobis kursis an garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi mosalodneli nabijebis<br />
CamonaTvali an monaxazi. marSruti hgavs dRis wesrigs an sagzao rukas. is mianiSnebs<br />
moqmedebaTa adgilsa da Tanamimdevrobas. magaliTad, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs: `dilas daviwyebT<br />
saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT, Semdeg axali Tavis masalas ganvixilavT, mere ki jgufurad<br />
vimuSavebT Tqvens proeqtebze~. moswavleebisTvis es codna sasargebloa. isini gonebrivad<br />
mihyvebian dasaxul Tanamimdevrobas da ician, ras unda moelodnen. swavlis TanamimdevrobiTi<br />
stilis mqone moswavleebisTvis gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa swavlis `marSrutis~ TvalsaCino<br />
adgilze gamofena.<br />
moswavleebs vacnobT, ra ecodinebaT an ris gakeTebas SeZleben<br />
(mizani)<br />
moswavleTaTvis dasaxul aqtivobaTa marSrutisa da samuSaos miznis gacnoba erTi da igive<br />
ar aris. marSrutis micemaSi cudi araferia; saqme is aris, rom marSruti ar aris mizani. arc<br />
zusti miTiTebebis micema da procedurebis aRweraa igive, rac miznis Camoyalibeba (zusti<br />
miTiTebebis micema da procedurebis aRwera ganxilulia me-15 Tavis nawilSi `saswavlo gamocdilebis<br />
struqturireba~). <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>s mier miznis CamoyalibebiT moswavleebi igeben,<br />
ris gakeTebas SeZleben isini instruqtirebis dasrulebis Semdeg: `dRes viswavliT, rogor<br />
gadavitanoT furcelze is, rasac zepirad meubnebodiT maTematikis gakveTilze, kerZod is,<br />
rom gvaqvs mTelis naxevari, meoTxedi an sami meoTxedi. iciT, arsebobs gansakuTrebuli saSualeba<br />
aseTi ricxvebis dasawerad da dRevandeli mecadineobis Semdeg Tqven es gecodinebaT<br />
da SeZlebT codnis gamoyenebas~.<br />
maswavlebelTa umravlesobas naswavli aqvs qcevis miznebis wardgena-gacnoba. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom miznebis wardgenis leqsika mizans emsaxureba, aucilebeli ar aris misi mudmivad<br />
gamoyeneba. zogierTi mizani SeiZleba arc ki iyos detaluri qcevis mizani. qvemoT mocemuli<br />
qcevis miznis magaliTi rva wlis bavSvebisTvis gasagebi eniT aris Camoyalibebuli (SevaqoT es<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> `saTanado~ metyvelebisTvis), magram aseve kargi samsaxuri SeiZleba gagviwios<br />
sxva enobrivma modelebmac, magaliTad: `am filmis naxva gvikarnaxebs, ra SeiZleba gavigoT<br />
hemingueis, rogorc adamianis pirovnul Tvisebebze~. amrigad, moswavleebi orientirebuli<br />
arian imaze, Tu ra ecodinebaT gakveTilis bolos. aseTi debulebebi ayalibeben `did suraTs~,<br />
radgan gvTavazoben yovlismomcvel orientacias momdevno aqtivobebis Taobaze, gvTavazoben<br />
CarCos, romelic moswavleebs momdevno aqtivobaTa gagebaSi exmareba.<br />
moswavleTaTvis miznebis gacnobis dasrulebamde unda ganvixiloT masTan dakavSirebuli,<br />
magram damoukidebeli sakiTxi: moswavleTaTvis miznis axsna, anu gavceT pasuxi maT kiTxvaze<br />
- `ra Cemi saqmea?~ miznebis gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebma SeiZleba zustad gaigon, ra gvsurs<br />
icodnen maT vietnamis omis Sesaxeb gakveTilis bolos. maT SeiZleba ubralod umniSvnelod<br />
CaTvalon amis codna. zogierTi moswavlisTvis swavlis miznis sargeblianobisa an relevanturobis<br />
codna, arsebiTad cvlis maT mier gaweul Zalisxmevas. `pirveli kvadrantis moswavleebis~<br />
Sesaxeb makkarti (1987) wers:<br />
yvela moswavles swavlis motivi sWirdeba. racionaluri moswavlisTvis `ratom?~<br />
kiTxvaze pasuxi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa. TiTqos martivi WeSmaritebaa,<br />
rom moswavleebs motivi sWirdebaT, magram am motivs iSviaTad vaZlevT maT.<br />
maswavleblebis varaudiT, moswavleebma ician, rom aucilebelia imis codna, rasac<br />
maT aswavlian. pedagogTa azriT, es motivi savsebiT sakmarisia da moswav-<br />
199
Tavi 8<br />
200<br />
leebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba eqspertebis azri swavlis Sesaxeb. sinamdvile-<br />
Si ase ar aris. moswavleebs sakuTari motivi sWirdebaT... nebismieri swavleba an<br />
treiningi survilis gaCeniT unda daviwyoT. TviT zrdasrulTa swavlebisasac<br />
ki, roca saqme pirovnuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis miznis mqone, Zalze<br />
motivirebul moswavleebTan gvaqvs, maswavlebelma unda auxsnas maT programis<br />
mniSvneloba. maswavlebelma dro unda dauTmos imaze saubars, risi gakeTebis<br />
imedi aqvs da ratom. motivireba imdenad martivi da fundamenturi ram gaxlavT,<br />
rom mxolod unda gagvikvirdes, Tu vinme mas ar iyenebs (McCarthy 1987, gv. 92, 94)*<br />
amrigad, zogierTi moswavlisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani (xolo yvelasTvis sasargeblo)<br />
iqneboda maswavlebliseuli motivis gageba, ratom unda iswavlon vietnamis omisa<br />
da masSi SeerTebuli Statebis monawileobis Sesaxeb: `vietnamis omi CvenTvis mniSvnelovania,<br />
radgan am omsa da sxva istoriul omebs mravali saerTo mizezi hqonda. Tu aSS sxva omSi<br />
Caebmeba, mosalodnelia, rom mraval Tqvengans SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samsaxurisTvis da sabrZolvelad<br />
gamoiZaxeben. amitom TqvenTvis, rogorc moqalaqeebisTvis, arsebiTia, SeZloT<br />
mimdinare movlenebisa da mTavrobis liderTa gadawyvetilebebis gaanalizeba. rogorc moqalaqeebs,<br />
SegiZliaT gaazrebuli arCevani gaakeToT im liderebisTvis xmis micemis dros,<br />
romlebic TqvenTvis sasurvel politikas uWeren mxars. dRevandeli swavla momavalSi imis<br />
gadawyvetaSi dagexmarebaT, risTvis unda vibrZoloT Cven, rogorc qveyanam da erT mSvenier<br />
dRes es ueWvelad Tqveni arCevani iqneba~.<br />
aseve naTlad SeiZleba moswavleebs davusabuToT sxva sakiTxebis swavlis mniSvnelobac:<br />
miTis, rogorc literaturuli Janris swavla; an vulkanuri, danaleqi da metamorfuli warmoSobis<br />
mTebis identificireba maTi atributebiT.<br />
swavlis mizezebis yoveldRiuri aRniSvna aucilebeli ar aris. rogorc wesi, gakveTils<br />
moswavleebi, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erTi safexuriT maRla ahyavs. albaT,<br />
miznebisa da mizezebis aRniSvna axali Tavebis an Temebis swavlis dawyebamde iqneba upriani.<br />
moswavleebisTvis swavlis mizezebis gacnoba, SesaZloa, sasargeblo varjiSi iyos TviT<br />
maswavleblisTvisac. Tu konkretuli sakiTxis swavlis mizezis axsna ar SegviZlia, iqneb es<br />
sakiTxi arc unda vaswavloT.<br />
cnebis Sesaxeb moswavleTa codnis gaaqtiureba<br />
swavlaze moqmedi erTaderTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria is, rac moswavlem ukve<br />
icis. daadgineT maTi codna da Sesabamisad aswavleT.<br />
devid ozibeli, `ganaTlebis fsiqologia: kognituri Sexeduleba~<br />
cnebis an Temis Sesaxeb moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiurebis xerxebi maT ara marto<br />
momavali saqmianobisTvis ganawyobs, aramed `Carli braunis saxifaTo sindromsac~ uSlis<br />
xels:<br />
gaixseneT, rogor iqceva Carli brauni xelSi axali wignis aRebisas. wignis naxvamde,<br />
is furclebs iTvlis. 625 gverdi. `me verasodes viswavli amas!~ is kiTxvis<br />
dawyebamdea damarcxebuli, sakuTar Tavs imis gaanalizebis Sanssac ki ar aZlevs,<br />
rom mas ar mouwevs yvelafris swavla. yvelaferi axali rodia, mas ukve garkveu-<br />
* gamoyenebulia specialuri nebarTviT. The 4MAT System: Teaching To Learning Styles With Right/Left Mode Techniques by Bernice<br />
McCarthy, (c) 1980, 1987 by Excel, Inc. Excel, Inc.-is specialuri werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe dauSvebelia Semodgomi gamoyeneba.<br />
mas, visac mTliani naSromis wakiTxva surs gamomcemels unda daukavSirdes: Excel, Inc., 200 West Station Street, Barrington,<br />
III. 60010, 1-800-822-4MAT an 1-708-382-7272
li codna aqvs. is sakuTar Tavs saSualebas ar aZlevs, gaigos, rom bevri ram, rac<br />
unda iswavlos, ukve icis (McNeill 1984, gv. 34)*<br />
sicxade<br />
upirveles yovlisa, moswavleebs unda davusvaT kiTxva: `ra iciT X-is Sesaxeb?~ da CaviweroT<br />
(an Tavad Caiweron individualurad) pasuxebi. cnebisa Tu Temis Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmavebis<br />
kvalobaze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> unda daubrundes am Canawerebs da gansazRvros, ra miamates<br />
moswavleebma arsebul codnas. zogjer moswavleebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom axali masala<br />
`Zvel qurqSia gamowyobili~; zogjer ki uaryofilia maTi Zveli warmodgenebis nawili. nebismier<br />
SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli Temis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis gacnobiereba, axali informaciis<br />
Casaweri rukis SeqmnaSi miexmareba. swored ase emsaxureba <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sagnis/ebis<br />
Sesaxeb `didi suraTis~ Seqmnas.<br />
uTvalavi xerxi SemuSavda arsebuli codnis gasaaqtiureblad. erT-erTi maTgani semantikuri<br />
rukis Sedgenaa, rasac maknili (1984) ase aRwers:<br />
pirvel yovlisa, moswavleebs hkiTxeT, ra gaifiqres sityva X-is gagonebisas (X<br />
aris is Tema, romlis Sesaxebac maT unda waikiTxon). sasurvelia, Tavisufali<br />
asociacia. moswavleTa mier SemoTavazebuli asociaciebi dawereT dafaze. ecadeT,<br />
asociaciebi kategoriebad dayoT.<br />
magaliTad, sityva `fulze~ pasuxebi SeiZleba Semdeg kategoriebad daiyos:<br />
fulis gamoyeneba, fulis formebi, fulis erTeulebi, fulis Sovnis gzebi da<br />
sxva. daexmareT moswavleebs kategoriebad dajgufebaSi da Semdeg sTxoveT am<br />
dajgufebaTa wakiTxva, raTa meti gaigon X-is Sesaxeb. kargi iqneba, wavaxalisoT<br />
moswavleebi, dasvan SekiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, risi gageba surT X-is Sesaxeb teqstidan.<br />
dajgufebis wakiTxvis Semdeg klass yuradReba gadaaqvs kategoriaTa nakrebze<br />
da X-Tan dakavSirebul Tavdapirvel (wakiTxvamdel) SekiTxvebze. am dros<br />
moswavleebi wakiTxulis safuZvelze axal mosazrebebs amateben, asworeben da<br />
avseben pirvelad rukas (McNeill 1984, gv. 10).<br />
makniliseuli semantikuri rukis Sedgenis savarjiSos aRwera SerCeuli teqstis wakiTxvamde<br />
xdeba. Tumca rukis Sedgena aseve warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT eqsperimentis Catarebamde,<br />
filmis naxvamde an stumarTan gasaubrebamde. saqme is aris, rom maswavleblebi<br />
amzadeben moswavleebs axali informaciis misaRebad am ukanasknelTa gonebaSi arsebuli<br />
rukebis (an `sqemis~, rogorc mkvlevarebi uwodeben) gamoxmobiT, anu Temis Sesaxeb maTeuli<br />
warmodgenis gaxsenebiT. Sedegad, moswavleebi ufro aqtiuri msmenelebi, mayureblebi da<br />
mkiTxvelebi xdebian.<br />
praqtikosebisa da mkvlevarebis mier SemuSavebuli xerxebi, romelTa gamoyeneba TiTqmis<br />
yvela sagnis swavlebisas SeiZleba, e. w. `sityvebis mimofantva~ an `vmv~-ia (inglisuri<br />
sityvebis Know – Want to Know – Learned (KWL) qarTuli Targmanis – vici – minda vicode –<br />
viswavle (vmv) abreviatura. mTargmn. Sen.). maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo Sedegia is, rom<br />
moswavleebi kogniturad aqtiurni xdebian axali informaciis mimarT.<br />
`sityvebis mimofantvis~ dros (Hammond 1985) <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> statiidan, moTxrobidan an<br />
teqstidan 10-dan 20-mde sakvanZo sityvas an termins iRebs da wers (`mimofantavs~) cxrilis<br />
an dafis nebismier adgilas teqstis saTauris qveS. teqstis wakiTxvamde, moswavleebs sTxovs,<br />
imuSaon jgufebad da gonebrivi ieriSis gamoyenebiT Caiweron (an Caiweros jgufis `Camwerma~)<br />
Semdegi miTiTebis pasuxebi: `moifiqreT winadadebebi, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, asaxavs am<br />
sakvanZo sityvebsa da terminebs da teqstis saTaurs Soris kavSirs~. es xerxi uzrunvelyofs<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobas, maRali donis azrovnebas, fokusirebul kiTxvas da ukeT wvdomas.<br />
* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. McNeill, J. D. Reading Comprehension: New Directions for Classroom Practice. Glenview, III.: Scott, Foresman<br />
and Company, 1984. © 1984 Harper Collins College Publishers. yvela ufleba daculia.<br />
201
Tavi 8<br />
`vmv~-s varianti, romelic Cven mogvwons, did jgufad momuSave moswavleebs TemasTan dakavSirebul<br />
stimuls (rogoricaa wignis garekanis gaformeba da saTauri) acnobs da sTxovs,<br />
xmamaRla gauziaron erTmaneTs TavianTi reaqciebi. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sTxovs moswavleebs, SeniSvnebi<br />
samidan erT-erT svetSi Caweron: vici, vfiqrob, rom vici da minda vicode. cxrilis Seqmnis<br />
dros ar xdeba ganxilva an kiTvebze pasuxis gacema. es savarjiSo, `sityvebis mimofantvis~<br />
msgavsad, uzrunvelyofs aqtiur monawileobas, avlens moswavleTa mier cnebebis arsebul<br />
codnas da qmnis pirobebs imisTvis, rom maT Tavad Seadginon kiTxvis grafiki.<br />
kargi iqneba, Tu am cxrilebs teqstis wakiTxvis (Seswavlis) Semdegac mivubrundebiT.<br />
`vici~-s kategoriaSi moxvedrili zogierTi SeniSvna SeiZleba mcdari aRmoCndes; zogierTi<br />
`vfiqrob, rom vici~ _ dadasturdes an ara; magram `minda, rom vicode~-s arc erTi SeniSvna<br />
upasuxod ar unda darCes.<br />
202<br />
akavSirebs<br />
aCvenebs moswavleTa Zveli da axali codnis msgavsebas<br />
sasargebloa, roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aCvenebs axali masalis msgavsebas wina samuSaosTan an<br />
moswavleTa arsebul codnasTan, `axdens imis demonstrirebas, rogor hgavs bevri ram, razec<br />
saubrobs, imas, rac moswavleebma ukve ician’’ (Freidrich 1976). gTavazobT ramdenime magaliTs:<br />
[komentarebi mrgval frCxilebSi aris moswavlis reaqciebi.] `roca gamravlebaze<br />
pirvelad vmuSaobdiT, viswavleT, rom is dakavSirebuli iyo SekrebasTan<br />
– rogor?~ kiTxulobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> (gaimeora Sekreba.) `sworia! anu ras niSnavs?~<br />
(gamravleba hgavs erTi da imave ricxvis mimatebas imdenjer, ramdenzec<br />
mas amravleb.) `kargi, Zalian kargi. gayofis operacia, romelzec dRes vmuSaobdiT,<br />
marTlac Zalian hgavs gamravlebas, Tumca, is mokle gziT ki ar amatebs<br />
ricxvebs, aramed?~ (aklebs.) `sworia! yvela xedavs? jimi?~ [SegiZliaT aRniSnoT<br />
`diax~ pasuxi am maswavleblis `Semowmebis unaris~ grafaSi!] `SegiZliaT axsnaT<br />
Tqveni sityvebiT, rogor hgavs gayofa gamravlebas?~ [aRniSneT `diax~ `Sesamowmebeli<br />
SekiTxvisTvis~!] (is aris gamravlebis sapirispiro.) `sainteresodaa naTqvami;<br />
vfiqrob, gesmiT. marji, Seni azriT, ras gulisxmobs jimi `sapirispiroSi~?<br />
[aRniSneT `diax~ pasuxi `Sesamowmebeli SekiTxvisTvis~!]<br />
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi qimiis Sesavali kursidan.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: `amrigad, Cven davamtkiceT, rom es sarCilavi naTura ufro<br />
magrad wvavs, vidre pirdapiri propanis sanTura. gaxsovT, ra gavakeTeT Cven am<br />
wlis dasawyisSi, roca natriumqloridi sasinj milSi gavacxeleT?~ (is aalda.)<br />
`rogor avxseniT es movlena?~ (natriumqloridis gacxelebam gamodevna Jangbadi<br />
da Jangbadma ufro swrafad da mxurvaled dawva cxeli nakverCxali.) `sworia! da<br />
sarCilavi naTurac amas hgavs. Cven gvaqvs es ori rezervuari~. [<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ganagrZobs<br />
saubars da aCvenebs, rogor urevs SemaduRebeli manqana or gazs, acetilensa<br />
da Jangbads da rom damatebiTi Jangbadis arseboba Zalian zrdis Sida<br />
wvis temperaturebs].<br />
Zvelisa da axlis integracia informaciebs Soris gonebriv kavSirebs amyarebs ise, rom<br />
Segnebulad inarCunebs mTeli mzardi jaWvis gamosaxulebas mxedvelobis areSi. axali informaciis<br />
Seswavlisas, moswavleebi mTlian jaWvs xedaven, romelic axla erTi rgoliT ufro<br />
grZelia. rgolisa da jaWvis analogia SeiZleba ar gamodges sxvagvarad dakavSirebuli farTo<br />
moculobis informaciisTvis, magaliTad, rogoricaa interneti, magram sicxade imave mizans
sicxade<br />
emsaxureba _ daukavSiros axali codna arsebuli codnis ufro did suraTs (Ausubel 1968;<br />
Gagne 1974).<br />
jenis balgreni (Janis Bulgren) da misi kolegebi kanzasis universitetTan arsebuli `swavlaSi<br />
unarSezRudulobis kvleviTi intitutidan~ iyeneben ganmamtkicebel cxrilebs, raTa<br />
vizualuri da zusti gziT aCvenon axal da Zvel koncefciebs Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi.<br />
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili aris grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba – am SemTxvevaSi, specifikuri<br />
miznis – axali da Zveli (ukve naswavli) informaciebis Sesadareblad da Sesapirispireblad<br />
(sqema 8.8). maTi gamoyenebis fazebi grafikuli aqtivobebis gamoyenebis msgavsia.<br />
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili<br />
nacnobi informacia axali informacia<br />
Qarxana ujredi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
msgavsi saerTo<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
Menejmenti akontrolebs aqtivobebs birTvi<br />
Robe/usafrTxoebis<br />
sistema<br />
aregulirebs Sesvlasa da<br />
gamosvlas<br />
ujredis garsi<br />
Eleqtrosadguri awarmoebs energias mitoqondria<br />
Sejameba: ujredi aris struqtura, romelSic birTvi akontrolebs aqtivobebs,<br />
xolo mitoqondria awarmoebs energias.<br />
sqema 8.8: ganmamtkicebeli cxrili<br />
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili aris specifikuri miznis grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba, romelic<br />
gamoiyeneba axali da Zveli informaciis Sesadareblad da Sesapirispireblad.<br />
amgvar integrirebasa da `moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiurebas~ Soris Semdegi gansxvavebaa:<br />
`gaaqtiureba~ momlodinea; is ekranze moswavleTa gonebaSi ukve arsebul cnebebs<br />
alagebs; maTi goneba mzadyofnaSia da elis axals Sesadareblad da Sesapirispireblad. maT<br />
gonebaSi arsebuli codna SeiZleba zusti an arazusti, sruli an arasruli iyos. misi win<br />
wamowevis mizania gaaqtiureba da sabazo wertilis moniSvna axali codnis gamosacdelad. maT<br />
SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs hkiTxon: rasac qimiaSi vswavlobT, aris Tu ara is, risi swavlac gvindoda?<br />
mizani _ `Zvelsa da axal codnas Soris msgavsebis Cveneba~, xolo, meore mxriv, `ukan yurebaa~.<br />
maswavlebels surs, moswavleebma dainaxon, rom axali masala, sinamdvileSi, arc imdenad<br />
axali an gansxvavebulia (an Zneli), Seesatyviseba imas, rac maT ukve ician, maT gonebaSi ukve<br />
arsebobs axali codnis Sesabamisi struqtura an kontiniumi.<br />
203
Tavi 8<br />
204<br />
akeTebs gadasvlebs mosazrebidan mosazrebaze<br />
es aris mokle gadasvlebi gakveTilis farglebSi, romelic hgavs diqtoris mier ganxorcielebul<br />
gadasvlebs da yvelaze xSirad pirdapiri instruqciis dros gamoiyeneba. (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ver akeTebs gadasvlebs informaciis porciebs Soris, Tu Tavad ar uZRveba saswavlo<br />
aqtivobas.) sicxadis TvalsazrisiT, misi nabijebi aris verbaluri maCveneblebi, romelic moswavles<br />
saswavlo rukis mixedviT `moZraobaSi~ exmareba, magaliTad: `kargi, es amocana Cvengan<br />
gamravlebas moiTxovda. axla, modiT, Semdeg amocanaze gadavideT da vnaxoT, msgavsia Tu<br />
ara~.<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT gansxvavebas zemoT motanil SeniSvnasa da maswavleblis am naTqvams<br />
Soris: `kargi, modiT, Semdeg amocanaze gadavideT~. moswavleebi am naTqvams erTi adgilidan<br />
meoreze gadahyavs, magram gadasvlas ar uzrunvelyofs. sicxadis pirobebSi gardamavali<br />
nabiji moiTxovs Sesrulebuli da mosalodneli (momavali) samuSaoebis dakavSirebas.<br />
is integraciis msgavsad gonebriv kavSirebs uzrunvelyofs, magram moswavlis warsuli gamocdilebis,<br />
sxva saganTan an drosTan dakavSirebis nacvlad, es aris kavSiri imasTan, rac<br />
konkretulad gakveTilamde iyo.<br />
ai, TvalsaCino magaliTi: `ai, ase amravlebs komerciuli sabanko sistema fuls, romelic<br />
Setanilia mimdinare angariSebze da qmnis axal fuls. axali fulis Seqmnis kidev erTi gza<br />
aris samomxmareblo krediti. modiT, vnaxoT, rogor emateba yvela es plastikuri sakredito<br />
baraTi sabanko sistemas kidev ufro meti fulis Sesaqmnelad~.<br />
miuTiTebs aqtivobis, tempis an donis Secvlas<br />
es martivi gancxadebebia kognituri samuSaos bunebis cvlilebisaTvis moswavleTa momzadebis<br />
mizniT.<br />
aqtivobis Secvla: `ai amis gakeTebas vapirebT dRes laboratoriuli muSaobis SedegebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. axla modiT, Semdegi Tavi vnaxoT, rom warmodgena<br />
Segveqmnas axal masalaze~.<br />
tempis Secvla: `axla tempis Secvla mogviwevs, ase rom, moemzadeT cota meti aqtiurobisTvis!~<br />
donis Secvla: `axla imave operaciebiT, or-safexurianis nacvlad, sam-safexurian<br />
amocanebze gadavdivarT~.<br />
mianiSnebs samomavlo gegmebze<br />
ganixileT maswavleblis es ori gancxadeba:<br />
`iciT, wyalbadisa da qloris mJavas ori molekula gantolebis am mxares ver<br />
geqnebaT, radgan toloba ar gamogivaT. axla amaze ar unda inerviuloT, magram<br />
male gavigebT, rom qimiur gantolebebSi toloba unda iyos. rodesac tolobaze<br />
visaubrebT, CavatarebT eqsperimentebs sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebis proporciebze,<br />
romlebic mTlianad ixarjeba qimiur reaqciaSi~.<br />
`Tu fiqrobT, rom laura mxolod saxlSi Sromobda muyaiTad da dedas saojaxo<br />
saqmeSi exmareboda, daicadeT, sanam ar gaigebT, rogor miexmara is mamas Tibvis<br />
dros. (`eg ras niSnavs?~ kiTxulobs moswavle.) es aris Tivis mosavlis aReba, romelic<br />
maSinac da axlac fermis cxovrebis Zalian mniSvnelovani nawilia. Tibvas<br />
ramdenime Tavis Semdeg ganvixilavT da vfiqrob, is Tavi mogewonebaT~.<br />
miniSnebis am magaliTebSi aRebulia axali termini an idea da Seqmnilia warmodgena mis
sicxade<br />
Sesaxeb. amgvari warmodgenis Seqmna miznad imas isaxavs, rom axali termini an idea nacnobi<br />
gaxados moswavlisTvis. `ah, maxsovs, amis Sesaxeb Cven gasul kviras visaubreT~, SeiZleba<br />
gaifiqros moswavlem da daiwyos warmodgenebis morgeba sakuTar kognitur CarCoze. miniSnebam,<br />
romelic xSirad daugegmavia, SeiZleba Tavi iCinos, rogorc swavlebis xelsayrelma<br />
SesaZleblobam. magaliTad, meore nawyvetSi moswavleebma SeniSnes, rogor bejiTad muSaobs<br />
laura saxlSi, ramac maswavlebels gaaxsena, rogor miexmara laura mamas Tibvis dros, rasac<br />
mohyva Tibvis Sesaxeb misi komentari.<br />
maswavleblis mier gakveTilis damTavreba momavali samuSaos prognoziT moswavleebisTvis<br />
garkveuli saxis miniSnebaa, Tumca Cven am nabijs kognitur gadasvlad miviCnevT. gansxvaveba<br />
is aris, rom kognituri gadasvla pirdapir kavSirebs amyarebs ramdenime wuTis win<br />
dasrulebul da ramdenime wuTis Semdeg mosalodnel aqtivobebs Soris, maSinac ki, roca<br />
momdevno `ramdenime wuTi~ mxolod meore dRes dadgeba. miniSneba inteleqtualur `sagzao<br />
niSnebs~ svams iseT adgilebSi, romlebic gzad xvdebaT moswavleebs, magram, SeiZleba, mokle<br />
periodSi ar ganixilon.<br />
Sejameba<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yovelTvis Tavad ar ajamebs; xandaxan am funqciis Sesrulebas moswavles<br />
sTxovs. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, vin asrulebs am funqcias; Tu vinme gakveTilis bolos detalurad<br />
mouyris Tavs yvelafers yvelas dasanaxad da gasagonad, maSasadame, gakveTili Sejamda<br />
da am maswavlebels sicxadis am meaTe punqtSic `diax~ pasuxi SeiZleba davuweroT. 4<br />
roca moswavleebi Tavad ajameben da yvela maTgani erTdroulad aris CarTuli, damatebiT<br />
ori Zlieri faqtoric unda gaviTvaliswinoT. pirvelia `aqtiur monawileobad~ wodebuli<br />
swavlis principi (ix. me-9 Tavi), xolo meore is, rom moswavleebi kogniturad aqtiurebi<br />
xdebian masalasTan mimarTebiT; isini axdenen personalurad miRebuli informaciisa da cnebebis<br />
reorganizacias, raTa SeZlon sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema. moswavleTaTvis Sejamebis<br />
Txovna TavisTavad imis Txovnas niSnavs, rom sakuTari sityvebiT gadmogvcen naswavli. (es,<br />
aseve, niSnavs maTeuli Sejamebis Semowmebas, sizustisa da sisrulis TvalsazrisiT.) Txovna<br />
`gadmoeciT Tqveni sityvebiT~ arsebiTia, radgan is moswavleebs aiZulebs, Tavad Secvalon,<br />
gadaawyon da moawesrigon informacia. isini axal masalas ubralod maTi gonebis biblioTekis<br />
Taroze debis saSualebas `ar aZleven~. maT unda `aiRon~ axali masalis `ulufebi~ da Tavi<br />
mouyaron; da swored es aqti amtkicebs naswavls.<br />
Sejamebis mravali gza arsebobs ise, rom yvela moswavle CaerTos. erT-erTia `swavlis Jurnalis~<br />
warmoeba (Pradl & Mayher 1985).<br />
rogorc wesi, yoveli mniSvnelovani monakveTis bolo xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
moswavleebi akeTeben SeniSvnebs da pasuxoben Semdegi saxis SekiTxvebs:<br />
ra viswavle dRes? ra iyo gaugebari?<br />
ra momewona, ra ar momewona, ras mivaRwie dRes?<br />
ra viswavle diskusiidan an gakveTilidan?<br />
ramdenad nayofierad vimuSave klasSi? (sanders 1985)<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia sityvieri Sejamebac sTxovos Sesatyvis momentebSi wyvilebad momuSave<br />
moswavleebs gakveTilis bolos an gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi. meri bad roum (Mary Budd<br />
Rowe) gviCvena, rom damaxsovrebis unari izrdeba, roca yoveli 10-wuTiani instruqciis Semdeg,<br />
mcire jgufebSi moswavleebs eZlevaT 2 wuTi Sesajameblad da erTmaneTisaTvis asaxsne-<br />
4 Tu moswavleebs vTxovT teqstis Sedgenas gakveTilis mTavar sakiTxebze, isini kargad CaerTvebian Sejamebis procesSi.<br />
205
Tavi 8<br />
lad. es `10-2~ wesi moswavleebs iseTive SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rogorsac masalis `sakuTari<br />
sityvebiT~ gaaqtiureba. Tobini (Tobin 1985) aRniSnavs: `[am teqnikis] Sedegebi Seesabameba Cvens<br />
mosazrebas, rom moswavleebs sWirdebaT dro gakveTilis Sinaarsis gadasamuSaveblad iseT<br />
informaciulad datvirTul sagnebSi, rogoricaa mecniereba.“<br />
Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi SeiZleba specifikuri iyos da nebismier Sinaarss moergos: `Cvens<br />
msjelobaze dayrdnobiT, CamouTvaleT Tqvens partniors samoqalaqo omis ZiriTadi mizezebi.<br />
Semdeg sTxoveT, man CamogiTvaloT mizezebi~. Tu klasi SeTanxmdeba samoqalaqo omis<br />
mizezebis Sesaxeb, saxeze gveqneba informaciis Sejameba. (Tu klasi ver miaRwevs SeTanxmebas,<br />
wyvilebisaTvis aseTi davalebis micema Sejamebaze meti iqneba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu maT<br />
sakuTari Sexedulebebis dasabuTebas vTxovT.) garda amisa, maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs<br />
sTxovos, werilobiT Seajamon saxelmZRvanelos Tavis yoveli mniSvnelovani nawili.<br />
kiTxvis aseT periodul Sewyvetasa da Sejamebas, Sedegad mohyveba monacemTa aqtiuri kognituri<br />
gadamuSaveba; moswavleebs uwevT Sinaarsis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema da dawera _<br />
es ki ukeT swavlas niSnavs! kvlevebma damajereblad gviCvena, rom moswavleebi ukeT wvdebian<br />
teqsts (ara mxolod moTxrobis) (mag.: D’Angelo 1983), roca Tanamimdevrulad asruleben<br />
amgvar Sejamebas. bevrma mecnierma SemogvTavaza kiTxvis procesSi werilobiTi Sejamebis<br />
swavlebis sasargeblo modelebi (Hahn & Gardner 1985).<br />
am TavSi aRvwereT maswavleblis moswavleebisadmi kognituri empaTiis samgvari qceva:<br />
`gansazRvravs dabneulobasa da mcdar koncefciebs~, `amowmebs~ (imis gasarkvevad, rodis kargaven<br />
moswavleebi mniSvnelobis Zafs) da `umklavdeba dabneulobas“ (arkvevs dabneulobis<br />
moments da umklavdeba). Cven SevZeliT gagverCia am qcevaTa ramdenime Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli<br />
forma. Semdeg ganvixileT, axsnis ramden da romel meqanizmebs iyenebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>,<br />
misi metyvelebis modelebi da araorazrovani qceva. dabolos, aRvwereT maswavleblis xuTi<br />
nabiji, romliTac is moswavleebs `didi suraTis~ gaazrebaSi exmareba: marSrutis dasaxva;<br />
miznebis gacnoba; moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba; dakavSireba (oTxi saxis). yoveli<br />
maTgani sicxadis parametris funqciuri aspeqtia.<br />
Cven es-esaa SevajameT Tavi. swored es gaxlavT `didi suraTis~ bolo nabiji _ Sejameba.<br />
SegiZliaT Tqvenc SeajamoT, ra iswavleT axali am Tavidan?<br />
206<br />
Semdeg gverdebze ixilavT tests, romelic saSualebas mogcemT damoukideblad an kole-<br />
gasTan erTad gadaxedoT sicxadis parametrs.
s i c x a d e - S e j a m e b a<br />
daakvirdiT Tqveni an kolegis swavlebas da SeafaseT qvemoT CamonaTvalis mixed-<br />
viT. yoveli qceva an Sesrulebis done SeZlebisdagvarad daadastureT magaliTiT.<br />
kognituri empaTia<br />
1. gansazRvravs dabneulobasa da mcdar koncefciebs<br />
2. axsniTi meqanizmebi:<br />
cxrilebi an dafa<br />
analogiebi<br />
media/teqnologiebi<br />
xmamaRla fiqris<br />
modelireba<br />
3. metyveleba<br />
miuRebeli<br />
misaRebi<br />
mravalferovani<br />
ufro srulyofilad<br />
Camoyalibeba<br />
fizikuri modelebi<br />
Tanamimdevruli minimaluri<br />
miniSnebebi<br />
mniSvnelovani informaciis<br />
xazgasma<br />
jgufs morgebuli<br />
4. araorazrovneba. naTlad zustad gadacema:<br />
individs morgebuli<br />
azrobrivi xatebi<br />
martivi miniSnebebi<br />
diagramebi<br />
grafikuli<br />
aqtivobebi<br />
miniSnebaTa gansazRvra aucilebeli nabijebi mimarTulebis micemisas<br />
miniSnebaTa mniSvneloba aqtivobaTa miznebi<br />
SekiTxvaTa fokusi<br />
5. Semowmeba:<br />
ar aqcevs yuradRebas<br />
kiTxulobs sxeulis enas<br />
svams Sesamowmebel SekiTxvebs<br />
6. moswavleTa dabneulobasTan gamklaveba<br />
ar reagirebs<br />
`didi suraTi~<br />
xelaxla xsnis<br />
gaxseneba<br />
wvdoma<br />
gansazRvravs dones<br />
signaliT signalis gareSe<br />
agrZelebs axsnas da ukan ubrundeba<br />
sazRvravs dabneulobis moments konkretuli SekiTxvebiT<br />
7. __ aZlevs marSruts<br />
sTxovs moswavles sakuTari fiqrebis axsnas<br />
8. __ acnobebs moswavleebs, ra ecodinebaT an ris gakeTebas SeZleben<br />
¤ swavlis mizani<br />
¤ ratom aris es mniSvnelovani<br />
9. __ aaqtiurebs moswavleTa arsebul codnas<br />
10. __ akavSirebs<br />
s i c x a d e - S e j a m e b a<br />
207
208<br />
¤ aCvenebs Zvel da axal codnas Soris msgavsebas<br />
¤ akeTebs gadasvlebs mosazrebebs Soris<br />
¤ miuTiTebs aqtivobis, tempis an donis Secvlas<br />
¤ akeTebs miniSnebebs<br />
11. __ ajamebs
s i c x a d e - s a v a r j i S o<br />
waikiTxeT gakveTilis nawyvetebi. mindorze mianiSneT sicxadis mizniT gadadg-<br />
muli nabiji, romelic warmodgenilia yovel epizodSi Tu citataSi.<br />
1. moswavlem ver upasuxa verc erT SekiTxvas mcenaris sicocxlis kategoriebze<br />
agebul biologiis testSi. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gakveTilamde esaubreba mas: `mari,<br />
SegiZlia amixsna, ra gaige angiospermebs, gimnospermebsa da sxva saxeobebs Soris<br />
kavSiris Sesaxeb im CamonaTvalidan, romelzec am kviraSi vimuSaveT~.<br />
2. fizkulturis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> frenburTis klass (15 wuTi klasSi): `Cven vivarjiSeT<br />
srolasa da dartymaSi, raTa ukeT migveRo Cawodeba da ar SegvSineboda<br />
burTis. am varjiSiT dartymebze koncentrirebas vapirebT, rac realuri<br />
TamaSisTvis mogamzadebT, roca ukana rigma xSirad winisken unda daartyas<br />
imis nacvlad, rom scados dartyma mTel gzaze zemodan gadasagdebad~.<br />
3. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: `drois am monakveTSi pirvelad geqnebaT<br />
Tqvens sakiTxav Jurnalebze muSaobis SesaZlebloba; Semdeg sxva problemebze<br />
vimuSavebT, risTvisac yuradRebiT wakiTxva dagvWirdeba. bolos ki SesaZlebloba<br />
geqnebaT, daweroT yuradRebiT kiTxvis Tqveneuli problemis Sesaxeb~.<br />
4. qimiis laboratoriaSi moswavle atarebs eqsperiments nivTierebebis siTxeSi<br />
gaxsnaze. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> uaxlovdeba da ekiTxeba: `nawilobrivaa gaxsnili Tu<br />
mTlianad?“: `nawilobriv~, pasuxobs moswavle. `anu, eg ras niSnavs?~ kvlav<br />
ekiTxeba <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.<br />
5. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: SeerTebul StatebSi `didi depresiis~ periodis<br />
Seswavlamde, modiT, gavixsenoT yvelaferi, rac (1) viciT am periodis<br />
Sesaxeb, rac (2) vfiqrobT, rom viciT da (3) risi codnac gvsurs. scadeT,<br />
gansazRvroT am samidan romel kategorias miekuTvneba Cems mier mowodebuli<br />
informacia~.<br />
6. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: `aswieT xeli, roca dafaze daweril amocanas<br />
amoxsniT~. (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> merxebs Soris dadis da moswavleTa muSaobas akvirdeba.)<br />
7. moswavle warbSekruli dahyurebs samuSaos. `raime Tavsatexia?~ ekiTxeba mas-<br />
Tan misuli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.<br />
8. `ase rom, qalbatonma vordma Tavisi ori Savkaniani megobari metros matarebliT<br />
gaamgzavra. es ar iyo metro misisipidan kanadamde. es iyo raRac sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli~.<br />
9. sityva `upiratesobis~ gansazRvrebis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass:<br />
`amrigad, es iyo mokled, am sityvis mniSvneloba. literaturaSi aqamde bevrjer<br />
ar Segvxvedria es sityva, magram poetebze saubrisas vaxsenebT. ase rom,<br />
yuradRebiT iyaviT am terminTan dakavSirebiT; Cven mas davubrundebiT~.<br />
10. nergis qoTanTan mdgomi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: ,,Cvens nergebs imitom<br />
vzomavdiT, rom sabolood klasis saSualo gamogveyvana. dRevandeli maTematikis<br />
savarjiSo amaSi dagvexmareba, radgan saSualos miRebas viswavliT~.<br />
11. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: `amrigad, `amerikis revoluciaSi~ iyo gadamwyveti<br />
momenti. ra TariRi iyo es?~ (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xeliT dafisken miuTiTebs,<br />
sadac weria es TariRi.) (ar ismens moswavleTa pasuxebs.) `devidma es-esaa gipasuxaT~.<br />
(araviTari reaqcia.) `SexedeT dafas!~. (moswavleebi pasuxoben.)<br />
12. moswavle odnav dabneulia maTematikis amocanaSi moqmedebaTa simravliT.<br />
s i c x a d e - s a v a r j i S o<br />
209
210<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> jdeba masTan, rom ramdenime amocana erTad gaakeTon: `me es amocana<br />
ase amovxseni; vnaxoT, Senc Tu ase gaakeTe. amocanaSi naTqvamia: `sarecxi<br />
saSualebis 10 savse yuTi iwonis 100 girvanqas. calke sarecxi saSualeba iwonis<br />
90 girvanqas. ramdens iwonis TiToeuli yuTi?~ kargi. es aris sarecxi sa-<br />
Sualebis gareSe...…ra SeiZleba gamovTvalo aq... mmm... Tu mTlianad iwonis 100<br />
girvanqas da calke sarecxi saSualeba aris 90 girvanqa... mmm... me SemiZlia 100-s<br />
gamovaklo 90 da miviRo yuTebis mTliani wona. kargi, es iqneba 10. axla... ras<br />
gvekiTxeba amocana? TiToeuli yuTis wonas. kargi, Tu 10 aris yuTebis mTliani<br />
wona da aris 10 yuTi... me SemiZlia 10 gavyo 10-ze. miviReb 1-s. ase rom, es aris...<br />
erTi yuTi iwonis erT girvanqas~.<br />
13. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: `am gakveTilze bevr amocanaze vimuSaveT da<br />
sxvadasxva gza viswavleT maT amosaxsnelad. modiT, erTad SevadginoT sia<br />
problemis gadaWris yvela im strategiisa, romlebic, Cveni azriT, efeqtiani<br />
iyo~.<br />
14. moswavlem SecdomiT amoxsna maTematikis amocana saSinao davalebis furcelze.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> masTan erTad muSaobs: `modi, vnaxoT, sad SegeSala. ramdeni<br />
kubi daiTvale?~ (`eqvsi~.) `kargi. ramdeni gverdi aqvs yovel kubs?~ (`eqvsi...<br />
oh!~) Sen gverdebis ra raodenoba gewera?~ (`sami~.) `ase rom, aq SegeSala.<br />
daimaxsovre, kubs eqvsi gverdi aqvs, eqvs kubs ki, eqvsjer eqvsi, anu 36 gverdi<br />
eqneba. xedav, sad SegeSala?~<br />
15. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: `gaxsovT, roca Cven davadgineT prezidentebis<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebi, yovelma Tqvenganma erTi prezidenti airCia<br />
am kategoriebis mixedviT Sesafaseblad? iciT, dRes msgavsi ramis gakeTebas<br />
vapirebT _ davadgenT kanonmdeblobis Sesafasebel kriteriumebs da maTze<br />
dayrdnobiT Tqven SeafasebT konkretul kanonproeqts~.<br />
16. algebris saSiano davalebaSi moswavle gamravlebis nacvlad gamudmebiT<br />
yofda. gakveTilis dawyebamde maswavlebelma moswavlesTan erTad gadaxeda<br />
samuSaos, Tumca Canda, rom moswavle ukve mixvda Tavis Secdomas. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom is gakveTili algebris sxva koncefciaze unda agebuliyo, maswavlebelma<br />
orjer gamoiZaxa es moswavle, roca saqme gamravlebas exeboda.<br />
Semdeg or punqtSi warmodgenilia sicxadis TvalsazrisiT SecdomaTa magaliTe-<br />
bi:<br />
17. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: `wasakiTxad gaZlevT igav-araks da masTan<br />
dakavSirebiT samuSaos. raRac gamotovebulia igav-arakSi; Tqveni azriT, ra<br />
aris gamotovebuli?~ (`dialogi?~) `ara. igav-arakis raRac elementi, romelic<br />
yovelTvis aris masSi~. (`garemo?~) `ara~. (`siuJeti?~) `ara~. (`morali?~) `mar-<br />
Talia. Tqven mogiwevT moralis Camoyalibeba~.<br />
18. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimarTavs klass: `minda vnaxo, marTla gesmiT Tu ara fotosin-<br />
Tezi. ra ewodeba mcenaris nivTierebas, rac mas mwvane fers aZlevs?~ (`qlorofili~.)<br />
`kargi. ras niSnavs prefiqsi `foto~?~ (`sinaTles~.) `kargia. ra<br />
sWirdeba mcenares gasazrdelad?~ (`naxSirorJangi~.) `araCveulebrivia! Tqven<br />
namdvilad gesmiT. modi gavagrZeloT~
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Eylon, B., and M. C. Linn, "Learning and Instruction: An Examination of Four Research Perspectives in<br />
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1987.<br />
Fortune, J. C, N. L. Gage, and R. E. Shute. "The Generality of the Ability to Explain." Paper presented<br />
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Friedrich, G. W., K. M. Galvin, and C. L. Book. Growing Together: Classroom Communication. Columbus,<br />
Ohio: Charles Merrill, 1976.<br />
Gage, N. L. "Exploration of Teachers' Effectiveness in Explaining." Tech. Report No. 4. Stanford: Stanford<br />
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Gagne, R. M. The Essentials of Learning for Instruction. Hinsdale, 111.: Dryden Press, 1974.<br />
Galyean, Beverly-Colleene." Guided Imagery in the Curriculum." Educational Leadership (March<br />
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215
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216<br />
gansakuTrebuli SeniSvna<br />
madlobas vuxdiT hal menlis (Hal Manley) konkord-karlislis regionuli umaRlesi saswavleblis<br />
TanamSromels da riCard depes (Richard Deppe) karlislis sajaro skolis Tanam-<br />
Sromels sicxadis parametrTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebis mopovebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis.
9<br />
swavlis principebi<br />
rogor vaxerxebT, rom gakveTilebi ufro<br />
mizanmimarTuli da nayofieri gavxadoT?
swavlis principebi<br />
am TavSi aRwerilia `Zalauflebis ocdaoTxi patara nakrebi~, romelTagan TiToeuli<br />
imdenad TviTkmaria, rom SeiZleba damoukidebelad gamoviyenoT. nebismieri maswavleblis<br />
repertuaris Sevseba yoveli maTganiT aucileblad gazrdis moswavleTa swavlis<br />
xarisxsa da simtkices. xmamaRali ganacxadia? SeiZleba, magram ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
utyuari.<br />
ras niSnavs TqvenTvis Semdegi gvarebi: pavlovi, Torndaiki, hali, votsoni, gaTri, maureri,<br />
spensi, tolmani, skineri? dRes maT saxelebs iSviaTad gaigonebT, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom isini swavlas universaluri kanonebisa da principebis mqone mniSvnelovan fenomenad<br />
miiCnevdnen. mravali principi swored am mec-<br />
nierebma aRmoaCines. kvleva 1885 wlidan (Ebbinghaus)<br />
iwyeba da is ganaTlebaSi praqtikuli<br />
rekomendaciebis yvelaze myari, mdidari da<br />
STambeWdavi bazaa. `rogor vaswavloT~ kiTxvis<br />
pasuxad es principebi erTian Teorias an<br />
Zalauflebis ocdaoTxi patara nakrebi, romlebic<br />
aucileblad gazrdis moswavleTa swavlis<br />
xarisxsa da simtkices.<br />
midgomas ar gvTavazobs. pasuxi Tanamedrove mimdevrebma SemogvTavazes (Bruner, Ausubel,<br />
Piaget). yoveli principi swavlis efeqturobaSi wvlilis TvalsazrisiT aris ganxiluli da<br />
mimofantulia literaturaSi rogorc mravali Zvirfasi qva, romelic mpovnels elodeba.<br />
bevr maTgans 1970-ian wlebSi mouyares Tavi madlen hanTerma (Madeline Hunter) da misma kolegebma<br />
da maswavleblisTvis xelmisawvdomi forma misces (`vaswavloT ufro meti, ufro<br />
swrafad~ maswavleblisTvis gankuTvnili, misi erT-erTi wignis saTauria). magram ratomRac,<br />
es principebi maswavlebelTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebisa an kolejis maswavlebelTa<br />
ganaTlebis nawili ver gaxda.<br />
am Tavis kiTxvisas, swavlebis zogierT Tqveneul princips amoicnobT. Cven davadgineT,<br />
rom maswavlebelTa umravlesoba regularulad mxolod eqvs an Svid maTgans iyenebs sakuTar<br />
intuiciaze dayrdnobiT, ise, rom principis saxelwodeba arc ki icis. zogi ufro mets iyenebs,<br />
zogi _ ufro naklebs. Cven iseTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gvWirdeba, romelic yvela princips iyenebs.<br />
amrigad, am TavSi yvelasTvis iqneba raRac axali.<br />
Cven SevZeliT literaturaSi arsebuli principebidan ocdaoTxis identificireba (principebis<br />
sasargeblo Sejamebisa da gavrcobisaTvis ix. iseTi wyaroebi, rogoricaa Hilgard and<br />
Bower 1966; Bugelski 1971; and Hudgins 1977). maTi SeswavliTa da axali principebis gamosayeneblad<br />
xelsayreli SemTxvevebis ZiebiT, SegiZliaT gaamdidroT sakuTari repertuari da ufro<br />
nayofieri gaxadoT swavleba.<br />
219
Tavi 9<br />
mogvianebiT, Cven swavlebis sxvadasxva models da mis gamoyenebas SeviswavliT, aseve ganvsazRvravT<br />
maT gansxvavebul miznebsa da Teoriul safuZvels. modelebze saubrisas swavlebas<br />
iseve ganvixilavT, rogorc dramaturgi – scenars. Cven mTliani gakveTilis dizains, Tanamimdevrobas<br />
da konkretuli saxis swavlebis mizniT calkeuli maswavleblis mier gadadgmul<br />
nabijebs SeviswavliT. am SemTxvevaSi calkeul principebs ar SevexebiT, Tumca maTi arseboba<br />
da mniSvneloba mudam gvemaxsovreba.<br />
220<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
rac ufro Sinaarsiani da relevanturia moswavleTaTvis davaleba an informacia, miT<br />
ufro advilad swavloben. maswavleblebi, romlebic am principiT xelmZRvaneloben, swavlebas<br />
moswavlis pirad gamocdilebas, cxovre-<br />
rac ufro Sinaarsiani da relevanturia moswavbas ukavSireben da axal Sinaarss moswavlisTleTaTvis<br />
davaleba an informacia, miT ufro vis nacnob struqturas aZleven. erT-erTma<br />
advilad swavloben.<br />
maswavlebelma, romelic am princips iyenebs,<br />
Semdegi magaliTi mogviyvana: `mizani qronologiasa<br />
da istorias Soris gansxvavebebis<br />
dadgenaa. me ornawilian davalebas vqmni. pirvel dRes moswavleebs aqtivobaTa drois skalis<br />
warmoebas vTxov. meore dRes pirveli dRis istoriis daweras da, SeZlebisdagvarad, mizez-<br />
Sedegobrivi kavSiris Cvenebas~. es davaleba naTlad warmoaCens gansxvavebas qronologiasa<br />
da istorias Soris moswavleTaTvis pirovnuli mniSvnelobis mqone konteqstis – maTi erTi<br />
dRis aqtivobaTa – saSualebiT.<br />
garemos msgavseba<br />
garemos (qmedebebis, SegrZnebebis, formatebis, rutinebis) msgavseba moswavlis mier `Sesasrulebeli<br />
samuSaos nakrebis~ safuZvelia. es imas niSnavs, rom rodesac garemos garkveuli<br />
Tvisebebi, regularulad asocirdeba swavlis konkretul tipTan an periodTan, romlis drosac<br />
mosalodnelia yuradRebis an samuSaos konkretuli tipi, moswavleTa azrovneba gakveTilis<br />
an aqtivobis konkretuli tipis Sesabamisad `gadaewyoba~.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia swavlis garkveuli formebisTvis regularulad gmoiyenos msgavsi<br />
formatebi (garemos misces garkveuli sivrcis, droisa da rutinis Tvisebebi), raTa<br />
moswavleebSi Seqmnas molodini konkretuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad. magaliTad, bunebismetyvelebis<br />
maswavlebels laboratoriaSi samuSaod xalaTebi aqvs yvela moswavlisTvis.<br />
gakveTilis dawyebamde moswavleebi xalaTebs icvamen. laboratoriuli xalaTi garkveuli<br />
miniSnebaa, rom isini mecnierebad unda `gadaiqcnen~. 1<br />
Ggarda amisa, SesaZloa maswavlebelma aqtivobis saSualebiT Seamzados moswavleebi<br />
gakveTilisaTvis. magaliTad, vTqvaT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> apirebs gegmis Sedgena aswavlos, rac moswavleebisgan<br />
sakuTari mosazrebebis Tematur dajgufebas moiTxovs. maswavlebels SeuZlia<br />
klasi Seamzados TamaSiT, saxelwodebiT `gamoicani Cemi kategoria~. is dafaze terminebis<br />
CamonaTvals Semdegi wesiT wers: `diax~ sityvis qveS dadebiT magaliTebs, xolo `ara~-s qveS<br />
– uaryofiTs. moswavleebma unda gamoicnon kategoria, romelsac `diax~-is magaliTebi miekuTvneba<br />
(`samxreTi Statebi~).<br />
1 madloba brus olivers (Bruce Oliver) virjiniis fearfeqsis sagrafodan am ideisTvis.
Ddiax ara<br />
misisipi niu iorki<br />
virjinia vaiomingi<br />
jorjia kalifornia<br />
kentuki aiova<br />
florida arizona<br />
swavlis principebi<br />
TamaSis dasrulebis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs: `azrovnebis im tips, romelic axla<br />
gamoviyeneT dRevandeli aqtivobis Sesasruleblad mivmarTavT. moamzadeT Tqveni SeniSvnebis<br />
baraTebi da…. . .~<br />
dug raseli (Doug Russell 1980) aRniSnavs, rom es aqtivoba SesaniSnavi stimulia moswavleebisTvis<br />
(ix. me-3 TavSi tempis parametri) – isini myisierad erTvebian. amave dros dagvianebuli<br />
moswavleebic mSvidad emzadebian gakveTilisTvis da dro optimaluri gamoiyeneba.<br />
kontaqti<br />
`pirveli STabeWdileba waruSlelia~ _ kontaqtis principis amsaxvelia.MerTmaneTTan axlos<br />
myofi movlenebi, obieqtebi, moqmedebebi da emociebi ufro advilad da myarad asocirdeba<br />
moswavlis gonebaSi. Znelia pirveli asociaciis daviwyeba, magaliTad, Tu pirvel Sexvedraze<br />
mari-anas `mari-lus~ dauZaxeb, aRmoaCen, rom yovel Sexvedraze ase eZaxi. igive xdeba<br />
aTeulebis Sekrebisas – jer aTeulebs kreb da Semdeg erTeulebs. Znelia am Cvevis moSla.<br />
moswavleebs ar unda mivceT Secdomebisa da araswori asociaciebis Camoyalibebis saSualeba.<br />
Tu isini arasworad akeTeben sqolioebs pirvel jerze, es mcdari formati mogvianebiT<br />
xels SeuSlis swori formatis daswavlas. (oci wlis Semdegac ki, erT-erTi cnobili avtori<br />
isev ibneva sqolioSi mocemuli elementebis Tanamimdevrobis gamo, radgan misi mexsierebidan<br />
bolomde ar waSlila mcdari modeli, romlis gameorebis saSualebac mas saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesrulebis dros misces, yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe). es principi ZiriTadad sagnebis/<br />
movlenebis wyvilTan asocirebul mexsierebasa da procedurul swavlas ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa<br />
axali sityvebis an algoriTmebis daswavla da kiTxvebs, romelic maRali donis azrovnebas<br />
moiTxovs. swavlis procesSi, maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos moswavleTa savaraudo<br />
Secdomebi da Tavidan aicilos isini swori pasuxis SeTavazebiTac ki manam, sanam<br />
moswavle SecdomiT upasuxebs (da amgvarad daiswavlis mcdar asociacias, romlis daviwyebac<br />
mogvianebiT mouwevs).Mmaswavlebelma ar unda dauSvas, rom moswavleebma dawyvilebuli kav-<br />
Siris saswavlo situacia mcdari pasuxiT daimaxsovron; bolo pasuxi swori unda iyos.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aseve fxizlad unda iyos potenciuri uaryofiTi emociuri asociaciebis<br />
mimarT, romlebic SeiZleba moswavleebs CamouyalibdeT. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebi ardadagebis<br />
Semdeg uaryofiTi emociebiT damZimebulni brundebian, maswavleblis mier SeTavazebuli<br />
axali Tema maTSi uaryofiT asociaciebs gamoiwvevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels SeuSlis<br />
swavlas. aseT dros poeziaze saubaric uadgilo iqneba. kargi iqneba, Tu konkretuli Temis<br />
SeTavazebamde <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mokle aqtivobas waumZRvarebs, romelic dadebiT ganwyobas aR-<br />
Zravs moswavleebSi.<br />
221
Tavi 9<br />
222<br />
monaTesave damabnevlebi<br />
`monaTesave damabnevlebis~ gacnobamde uzrunvelyaviT swavlis Sesatyvisi Sesavali. maswavleblebi,<br />
romlebic am principiT xelmZRvaneloben, frTxiloben, rom ar daabnion an ar<br />
Seasuston naswavli erTeulebi, magaliTad, aso-bgera `Z“ iseTi axali erTeulis SetaniT,<br />
rogoricaa `x“, radgan SesaZloa moswavleebs es ori aso-bgera erTmaneTSi aerioT. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebelma unda axsnas aso-bgera `S“, Semdeg romelime sxva<br />
aso-bgera/ebi da imavdroulad gaimeoros `Z“. roca darwmundeba, rom moswavleebma `Z“ safuZvlianad<br />
daiswavles, axsnis axal aso-bgera `x“-s. amrigad, man ar unda mosTxovos moswavleebs<br />
umniSvnelo gansxvavebebis moZebna or monaTesave erTeuls Soris, vidre ar axsnis iseT<br />
masalas, sadac ufro mkveTrad iqneba gamijnuli gansxvavebuli erTeulebi. maswavlebels<br />
mxolod maSin SeuZlia mosTxovos moswavles monaTesave erTeulebis gansxvaveba, rodesac<br />
Sinaarsobrivi wyvilis, sul mcire, erTi erTeuli mainc iqneba saTanadod gagebuli (yuradReba<br />
miaqcieT, rom saxelmZRvaneloebSi, samwuxarod, xSirad erTdroulad aris mocemuli<br />
monaTesave damabnevlebi. magaliTad, dedamiwis brunva RerZis da mzis garSemo an amindiTa da<br />
eroziiT momxdari cvlilebebi bunebaSi).<br />
analogiurad, wesebis daswavlamde ar unda gavacnoT wesidan gamonaklisebis magaliTebi.<br />
acnobierebs ra am princips, sabazo skolis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> wers:<br />
konstitucia nebismier sabazo skolaSi socialur mecnierebaTa saswavlo programis<br />
ZiriTadi nawilia. swavleba xSirad moicavs `uflebaTa Sesaxeb bilis~<br />
ganmartebebs, konkretuli situaciebis ganxilviT. magaliTad, Temis `sityvis<br />
Tavisufleba~ Seswavlisas ganixileba iseTi situacia, rogoricaa xalxiT<br />
gadaWedil TeatrSi yvirili, `cecxli!~. sanam <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sTxovs moswavleebs<br />
realisturad ganasxvaon `sityvis Tavisuflebis~ misaRebi da miuRebeli formebi,<br />
is darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom maT ician ZiriTadi koncefciebi, saproceso<br />
kanonis CaTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi isini ufro rTuli situaciis ganxilvasac Se-<br />
Zleben.<br />
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofa<br />
maswavleblebi, romlebic am principiT xelmZRvaneloben, Sesaswavli masalis mniSvnelomniSvnelovan,<br />
ucvlel maxasiaTeblebs an erTeulebs gamoyofen da axarisxeben. axali koncefciis<br />
ganmartebisas isini mis arsebiT Tvisebebsa Tu maxasiaTeblebs gamoyofen. magaliTad, `ra<br />
aris mdinaris estuaris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?~ pasuxi: deltiseburi an maraos forma;<br />
mdinaris fskeri; momlaSo wyali (nawilobriv mlaSe, nawilobriv mtknari) da naleqi fskerze.<br />
am oTxidan nebismieri erTi elementis gareSe moswavleebs ver SeeqmnebaT warmodgena mis<br />
mniSvnelobaze.<br />
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: rodesac moswavleebs miTis daweras vaswavliT, kargi iqneba, Tu<br />
qvemoT mocemul CamonaTvals SevTavazebT:<br />
¤ gmirebi<br />
¤ magia<br />
¤ bunebrivi fenomenis arsis axsna<br />
es `miTis~ ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebia. zemoCamoTvlilTagan nebismieri erTi<br />
aspeqtis gareSe miTi aRar gveqneba. arsebobs maxasiaTebelTa nusxis Sedgenis mravali saSualeba.<br />
magaliTad, SeiZleba moswavleebs ramdenime gansxvavebuli miTis wakiTxva daavaloT<br />
da Semdeg saerTo aspeqtebze imsjeloT. miTis ukeT gagebis mizniT, SegiZliaT SesTavazoT
swavlis principebi<br />
Sesabamisi literatura an pirdapir auxsnaT miTis maxasiaTeblebi magaliTebis moSveliebiT.<br />
instruqciis formas mniSvneloba ar aqvs, mTavari Sedegia.<br />
arsebobs amave principis gamoyenebis kidev erTi gza – monaTesave koncefciebi. magali-<br />
Tad, `ybedobisa~ da `Txrobis~ Sedarebisas <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maxasiaTebelTa or paralelur<br />
CamonaTvals asexelebs da adarebs. es CamonaTvali, SesaZloa, identuri iyos garda erTi punqtisa:<br />
`ganzraxvisa~. ganzraxva (adamianisTvis saWiro informaciis miwodebis nacvlad misi<br />
unayofo saubriT Sewuxeba) kritikuli maxasiaTebelia, romelic ,,ybedobas~ `Txrobisgan~<br />
ganasxvavebs.<br />
Cven mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofis ori odnav gansxvavebuli magaliTi ganvixileT:<br />
(1) koncefciis realuri arsis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTeblebis CamoTvla (magaliTad,<br />
`miTi~) da (2) msgavsi koncefciebis maxasiaTebelTa CamonaTvalis Sedareba, raTa erTmane-<br />
Tisgan gamovyoT samizne (`ybedoba~) da monaTesave (`Txroba~) koncefciebis ganmasxvavebeli<br />
Taviseburebebi. mesame gza obieqtis mravali SesaZlo Taviseburebidan im mniSvnelovanis<br />
moZiebaSi dagvexmareba, romelic mas sxvebisagan gamoarCevs. magaliTad, mravali ZuZumwovari<br />
balniani da cocxladmSobia. miuxedavad imisa, rom, SesaZloa, zog ZuZumwovars es Taviseburebebi<br />
ar hqondes, ZuZus woveba ZuZumwovarTa saerTo maxasiaTebelia.<br />
arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofis zemoCamoTvlili samive gza mniSvnelovania swavlis<br />
xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
maswavleblis mier mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis xasgasma ar niSnavs mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis<br />
gamoyofas. xazgasma – xazgasmaa! garkveuli aspeqtebi SesaZloa mniSvnelovani iyos,<br />
magram ara kritikuli. magaliTad, `am TavSi am oTxi aspeqtis codna umniSvnelovanesia~ an<br />
`samoqalaqo omamde momxdari am sami movlenis codna SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovania~.<br />
xazgasmiT, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mizanmimarTulad cdilobs mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze moswavleTa<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, magram es radikalurad gansxvavdeba koncefciis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis<br />
gansazRvrisagan.<br />
ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebis Ziebisas, maswavlebelma<br />
SeiZleba ganviTarebuli qveynebis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi gamoyos: magaliTad,<br />
meqanizebuli xvna-Tesva da mosavlis aReba, sabazro ganawilebis efeqtiani sistema,<br />
gzatkecilebis infrastruqtura da satransporto qseli. magram maxasiaTebelTa am CamonaTvalis<br />
dafaze an teqstSi warmodgena arasakmarisia. maswavlebelma zustad unda Camoayalibos<br />
kritikuli maxasiaTeblebis nusxa, gaamaxvilos moswavleTa yuradReba maTze (an Tavad<br />
moswavleebi CarTos maxasiaTeblebis moZiebis procesSi), xolo Semdeg moswavleebma Tavad<br />
unda SeZlon maxasiaTeblebis misadageba konkretuli qveynisTvis. mogvianebiT, rodesac moswavleebi<br />
nebismieri qveynis Seswavlisas, kritikuli maxasiaTeblebis analizis safuZvelze,<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynis ganviTarebadi qveynisgan gansxvavebas SeZleben, gvecodineba, rom<br />
codnis transferi moxda.<br />
swavleba transferisTvis (konteqstidan konteqstSi)<br />
maswavleblebi, romlebic am princips mimarTaven, davalebaTa an amocanebis iseT serias<br />
qmnian, sadac unar-Cvevebis (codnis) gamoyeneba gansxvavebulia uSualo saswavlo garemosgan.<br />
qvemoT motanilia transferisTvis swavlebis kargi magaliTi. cnebebis `faqti~ (`is,<br />
rac myisieri SegrZnebebiT dasturdeba an rasac Sesabamisi sferos eqspertTa umravlesoba<br />
eTanxmeba~) da `mosazreba~ (`rwmena; gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa mxardaWera~) gamijvnis Semdeg<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs magaliTebis daxarisxebas sTxovs. magaliTad, `meris sviteri<br />
acvia~ da `meri yvelaze momxibvlavi gogonaa klasSi~. magaliTebi TandaTan rTuldeba (`zogi-<br />
223
Tavi 9<br />
erTs reinkarnaciis sjera~) da bolos moswavleebs magaliTebis damoukideblad dasaxelebas<br />
sTxoven. Semdeg maT sagazeTo statiis moZiebas (axali konteqsti) da faqtebisa da mosazrebebis<br />
gaanalizebas sTxoven. sabolood, moswavleebs miniSnebebs sTavazoben codnisa da unar-Cvevebis<br />
im garemoSi transferisTvis, sadac ar evalebaT faqtisa da mosazrebis gamijvna. 2<br />
zogjer transferisTvis damatebiTi zrunva saWiro ar aris; is TavisTavad xdeba. magaliTad,<br />
Tu moswavleebi gamoklebis Seswavlisas sesxebis fenomens kargad Seiswavlian, isini<br />
am codnas avtomaturad gamoiyeneben imave saRamos supermarketSi klasis wveulebisTvis<br />
produqtebis SeZenisas. magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac codnis transferi spontanurad ar<br />
xdeba da saWiroa xelovnurad SevqmnaT mastimulirebel movlenaTa seria. am jaWvis daskvniTi<br />
movlenaa moswavleebis mier axal konteqstSi codnis damoukideblad ganxorcielebuli<br />
transferi. swored es arTulebs am principis gagebas. Cven moswavleebi wylis napiramde<br />
migvyavs da Tu transferi realurad moxda, isini wyalSi Tavad unda Caxtnen.<br />
magaliTad, qalbatoni qreini, 12-14 wlis moswavleebs gmirebis daxasiaTebas aswavlis.<br />
isini moTxrobis personaJebis dialogebsa da qcevebze dakvirvebiT maTi xasiaTis gagebas<br />
cdiloben. misi mizania moswavleebma iswavlon, rogor anviTarebs avtori mkiTxvelis warmosaxvas<br />
da aRqmas personaJebis dialogebiTa da qmedebiT. qalbaton qreinis surs, rom moswavleebma<br />
daxasiaTebis gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic SeZlon, anu SeZlon adamianebis<br />
`gamocnoba~, maT dialogebsa da qcevebze dakvirvebiT gansazRvron maTi grZnobebi da azrebi.<br />
mas surs, moswavleebma SeZlon daxasiaTebis unaris, rogorc literaturuli xerxis transferi<br />
adamianebis gagebis mizniT. moTxrobis gaanalizebis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs<br />
sayvareli telegadacemis yurebas avalebs; maT personaJis xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli dialogi<br />
an qmedeba unda aRweron. mogvianebiT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mezoblebsa Tu ojaxis wevrebze dakvirvebis<br />
Sedegebis warmodgenas sTxovs.Aamgvarad, is cdilobs moswavleebma akademiur konteqstSi<br />
gaanalizebuli daxasiaTebis gamoyeneba TandaTan realur cxovrebaSi gadaitanon.<br />
Tu moswavle mxatvruli gmiris mimarT avtoriseuli mikerZoebis wvdomas SeZlebs da am<br />
codnas aramxatvruli literaturisa Tu sagazeTo statiis kiTxvis drosac gamoiyenebs,<br />
transferi miRweulia. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> am saxis transfers davalebebis Sesatyvisi TanamimdevrobiT<br />
da naswavlis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis waxalisebiT aRwevs (Brown 1989; Fogarty, Perkins,<br />
and Barell 1991). xSirad es principi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, `garemoSi gamoyenebis~ principSi<br />
erevaT, romlis mixedviT abstraqtul garemoSi naswavli unari myisierad unda gamoiyenon<br />
realur garemoSi.<br />
224<br />
garemoSi gamoyeneba (unar-Cvevidan garemoSi)<br />
moswavleebma axali qcevebi an unar-Cvevebi axal garemoSi iseve unda gadaitanon, rogorc<br />
realur cxovrebaSi gadaaqvT: magaliTad, marTlweris codnis transferi karnaxiT werisas<br />
da mosmenis unaris transferi klasis realuri diskusiebis da konfliqtis mogvarebisas.<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom orive magaliTSi<br />
moswavleebma axali qcevebi an unarCvevebi sityva `transferia~ gamoyenebuli. `garemoaxal<br />
garemoSi iseve unda gadaitanon, rogorc Si gamoyeneba~ is principia, romelic trans-<br />
realur cxovrebaSi gadaaqvT.<br />
feris albaTobas zrdis. zogisTvis garemoSi<br />
gamoyeneba transferisTvis swavlebis nawilia.<br />
garemoSi gamoyeneba erTjeradi aqtivobaa,<br />
romelic moswavleebs unar-Cvevebis realuri cxovrebis konteqstSi gamoyenebas aiZulebs,<br />
magaliTad politikuri kandidatebis argumentebSi alogikurobis amocnoba. magram trans-<br />
2 magaliTi agebulia Madeline Hunter-is wignze Teach for Transfer (1971).
swavlis principebi<br />
feris swavlebisaTvis saWiroa unar-Cvevis daSoreba abstraqtuli, akademiuri konteqstidan<br />
winaswar organizebul aqtivobaTa seriebiT.<br />
sicxade<br />
fiqroben, rom swavlis gamocdilebis sicxade, xalisi, energia, siaxle an mimzidveloba<br />
yuradRebis meqanizmebis saSualebiT axali masalis ufro siRrmiseul aRqmas ganapirobebs.<br />
am principiT vxelmZRvanelobT, Tu swavlebisas moswavleebSi emociis (gakvirveba, moxibvla)<br />
aRZvras vcdilobT, rac maT qcevazec aisaxeba (gafarToebuli Tvalebi, gaRebuli piri, xangrZlivi<br />
mzera, uCveulo umoZraoba). sakuTari ideis ukeT warmoCenisTvis erT-erTma avtorma<br />
maswavlebelTa jgufs e.w. `ideebis CanTa~ - patara SefuTuli saCuqrebis seriad warmodgenili<br />
swavlis principebi gaacno. amiT man xazi gausva imas, Tu raoden TviTkmari, Zvirfasi,<br />
damoukidebeli da mniSvnelovania TiToeuli principi.<br />
Aaqtiuri monawileoba<br />
es principi swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa aqtivobas (kiTxva-pasuxi, diskusiebi) gulisxmobs.<br />
pasiuroba da mxolod mosmena am princips gamoricxavs. yvela moswavlis aqtiuri<br />
monawileoba mxolod fizikur moZraobebs an sxva manipuliaciebs ar gulisxmobs. is SesaZloa<br />
moicavdes werilobiT monawileobas, rodesac yoveli moswavle pasuxobs dasmul kiTxvas; an<br />
verbaluri monawileoba iyos imgvarad organizebuli, rom ramdenime moswavles erTdroulad<br />
SeeZlos saubari (wyvilebSi an jgufebSi sakamaTo sakiTxze SeTanxmebis miRweva).<br />
moswavleTa msgavsi CarTulobis mravali teqnika arsebobs. magaliTad, atomis birTvis<br />
struqturis, atomis raodenobasa da mis masas Soris sxvaobis axsnis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ambobs: `modiT, atomis raodenobasa da masas Soris gansxvaveba Tqvens megobars auxseniT~. am<br />
principis mcodne maswavleblebi mas nebismier xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven.<br />
emociis xasiaTi<br />
emociis xasiaTi swavlebis xarisxis pirdapirproporciulia. am principis mixedviT swavlis<br />
siRrme da siswrafe swavlis dros aRZruli emociis (dadebiTis Tu uaryofiTis) proporciulia.<br />
Tumca, garkveul zRvramde. erTi mxriv, rac ufro sasiamovnoa swavla, miT ufro<br />
efeqtiania, Tumca raRac momentSi siamovneba upiratesi xdeba da, SeiZleba, swavla Caanacvlos.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, dgeba klebadi ukugebis momenti. moswavleebze gaZlierebuli zrunva<br />
(`individualurad SegamowmebT garkveul dros~) swavlas xels uwyobs, magram garkveul momentamde.<br />
gadaWarbebuli zrunva mRelvarebaSi gadadis, rac abrkolebs da xels uSlis swavlas.<br />
dgeba klebadi ukugebis momenti.<br />
maswavleblebi am princips Semdegnairad iyeneben: cdiloben swavlis gamocdileba ufro<br />
sasiamovno (magram ara hedonisturi) gaxadon da/an gazardon zrunvis done (`am kviraSi gavlil<br />
masalaze testi gveqneba~), magram ar vardebian ukiduresobaSi. ukiduresobis an klebadi<br />
ukugebis wertilis Sesafaseblad wesebs ver moviSveliebT, radgan ukiduresobis gamosavlenad,<br />
damkvirvebels mouwevs maswavleblis mier dadebiTi an uaryofiTi emociebis gamomwvevi<br />
qmedebebis aRnusxva da moswavleTa reaqciebis subieqturi Sefaseba.<br />
225
Tavi 9<br />
`seqtembers 30 dRe aqvs~.<br />
226<br />
mnemonika<br />
am principis mixedviT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> axali masalis ukeT<br />
dauflebis mizniT moswavleebs Sualeduri instrumentebis (warmosaxva,<br />
anagrama, aliteracia) gamoyenebas sTavazobs. magaliTad:<br />
Desert (udabno) – erTi `S~, martod marto udabnoSi.<br />
Dessert (deserti) – bevris WamiT gasuqdebi.<br />
arsebobs mravali mnemonikuri instrumenti da maTi efeqtianobis Semafasebeli kvleva.<br />
magaliTad, erT-erTi sakmaod efeqtiani instrumentia, e.w. sakvanZo sityvis teqnika, romelic<br />
axali sityvebisa da axali terminebis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba. axali terminis Sesaswavlad<br />
moswavleebs iseTi sakvanZo (mmaniSnebeli) sityvis swavlas sTxoven, romelsac msgavsi JReradoba<br />
aqvs (mag.: `purse~ (safule) da `persuade~ (darwmuneba); „he’s a date~ (is Seyvarebulia) da<br />
`hesitate~ (yoymani). Semdeg moswavleebs im naxatis (ubralo monaxazis) Sinaarsis damaxsovrebas<br />
sTxoven, romelic sakvanZo sityvas Seicavs da garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba axal cnebas.<br />
levinma (Levin 1982) da sxvebma axal sityvasTan `persuade~ (darwmuneba) dakavSirebuli naxati<br />
uCvenes. maRaziaSi myofi qali meores safuleze miuTiTebs da ambobs: `oh, marta, Sen unda<br />
iyido es safule (purse)!~ `mgoni damarwmune (persuade) amaSi~, pasuxobs marta. naxatis qvemoT<br />
weria: `persuade (purse) (darwmuneba (safule)): roca vinmes raimes gakeTebaze daiyolieb~.<br />
am naxatebSi erT-erTi personaJis naTqvami sakvanZo sityvas Seicavs, meorisa _ axal termins.<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi am teqnikiT axali sityvebis Seswavlis efeqturobis Sesaxeb Zalze<br />
pozitiuri da erTmniSvnelovania (Levin 1993).<br />
gTavazobT mnemonikuri sakvanZo sityvebis gamoyenebis nimuSebs:<br />
1. gaixseneT axali sityvis msgavsi JReradobis an ritmis mqone sityva. swored is iqneba<br />
sakvanZo (mimaniSnebeli) sityva.<br />
2. SeqmeniT naxati, sadac sakvanZo da axali sityvebi moqmedebaSi an obieqtebad iqneba<br />
mocemuli.<br />
3. furcelze warmoadgineT or personaJs Soris dialogi, sadac erTi sakvanZo, xolo<br />
meore axal sityvas iyenebs.<br />
4. dialogi imdenad daxveweT, rom dialogis konteqstma da naxatma axali sityvis mniSvneloba<br />
axsnas.<br />
MMTanamimdevroba da ukusvla<br />
Cveulebriv, masalis pirveli da bolo nawilebis Seswavla yvelaze advilia, xolo Sua<br />
nawilis – yvelaze rTuli. swavlis xelSewyoba SeiZleba masalis bolo nawilidan dawyebiT an<br />
masalis mcire nawilebad dayofiT. swavlis am principis gamoyeneba dazepirebis, maTematikisa<br />
da marTlweris savarjiSoebSi SeiZleba. maswavlebels SeuZlia masalis Tanamimdevroba daar-<br />
Rvios da jer rTuli nawilis swavla SesTavazos; SesaZlebelia TviT rTuli nawili daiyos<br />
mcire nawilebad da maT meti yuradReba daeTmos; sxvadasxva saSualebiT (muqi Srifti, sxvadasxva<br />
feri, xazgasma) gamokveTos teqstis rTuli erTeulebi. saSualo skolis laTinuri<br />
enis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> wers:<br />
moswavleebma kviraSi aTi axali laTinuri sityva unda iswavlon. (1) isini<br />
gakveTilis dawyebamde xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi umowmeben erTmaneTs sityvebis<br />
codnas. (2) Semdeg damoukideblad swavloben im sityvebs, romelic ar axsovdaT.
swavlis principebi<br />
(3) axal sityvebs Tavisi mniSvnelobebiT rveulSi weren. im sityvebs, romelic<br />
ar axsovdaT siis pirvel da bolo adgilze weren, xolo kargad naswavls – siis<br />
SuaSi. pasuxebs xels afareben da TviTSemowmebis mizniT sityvebs ramdenimejer<br />
imeoreben. am proceduras yoveldRe imeoreben. savarjiSos Sesrulebaze<br />
jamSi 10 wuTi gvexarjeba, am dros me warmatebiT viyeneb gakveTilis dawyebamde<br />
calkeul moswavleebTan sasaubrod.<br />
Tanamimdevrobis am principisa da masalis pirveli da bolo nawilebis mniSvnelobis mixedviT<br />
SesaZlebelia sagakveTilo drois gadanawilebac. gakveTilis (dRis an semestris) dasawyisSi<br />
da bolos ganviTarebuli movlenebi moswavleebs yvelaze advilad amaxsovrdebaT; Sesabamisad,<br />
drois es monakveTebi maqsimalurad sasargeblod unda gamoviyenoT (ix. Tavi 5).<br />
Sedegebis codna<br />
Sedegebi konkretulad da droulad unda vacnoboT. maswavleblebi, romlebic am princips<br />
mimarTaven, moswavleebs savarjiSos dasrulebisTanave sTavazoben detalur ukukavSirs.<br />
principis mixedviT, rac ufro CarTulia moswavle masalaSi, miT optimaluria swori Sedegebis<br />
makoreqtirebeli gavlena da maqsimaluri efeqtis momtania srulyofili da konkretuli<br />
ukukavSiri. (me-12 TavSi `pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba~ vasabuTebT im azrs, rom<br />
srulyofili ukukavSiri moswavleebis pativiscemis formaa, misi saSualebiT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
amJRavnebs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania Sesrulebuli davalebis detaluri ganxilva.)<br />
gTavazobT Sedegebis codnis or magaliTs:<br />
samrewvelo revoluciis Sedegad gamowveul socialur cvlilebebTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli davalebis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebma sakuTari pasuxebi swor<br />
pasuxebs Seadares. Tavad Seaswores Secdomebi da ganmartebebisTvis maswavlebels<br />
mimarTes.<br />
moswavleebi sakuTar pasuxebs wignSi mocemul pasuxebs adareben, damoukideblad<br />
asworeben da yovel Secdomas ganmartaven.<br />
moswavleebis mier testirebis Sedegebis codna am princips ar asaxavs. isini yovel<br />
gakveTilze ecnobian sakuTar Sedegebs, amaSi gansakuTrebuli araferia. gansakuTrebuli<br />
(da swavlis xelSemwyobi) konkretuli, srulfasovani da drouli ukukavSiria. Sedegebs kompiuteruli<br />
TamaSic dauyovnebliv gviCvenebs, Tumca ar gvTavazobs Sedegebis gaumjobesebis<br />
gzebs.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Sedegebis codnis princips maSin iyenebs, Tu davalebis dasrulebisTanave<br />
ukukavSirTan erTad moswavleebs TviTSemowmebis an sul mcire, daSvebuli Secdomis gamosworebis<br />
saSualebebs sTavazobs (Butler and Winne 1995).<br />
ganmtkiceba<br />
qcevis ganmamtkicebeli SeiZleba iyos nebismieri ram, dawyebuli tkbileuliT da jetoniT<br />
(samaxsovro jildo), damTavrebuli maswavlebliseuli aRiarebiT `Tavi ar dagizogavs, ar<br />
danebdi da arss mainc Caswvdi“. aqcenti verbalur ganmtkicebaze gvaqvs gakeTebuli, radgan<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom am saxis ganmtkicebaze zRva literatura arsebobs da is maswavlebel-<br />
Ta leqsikis tradiciuli nawilia, iSviaTia misi ostaturad gamoyeneba. am mZlavri stimulis<br />
gamoyenebis mravali saSualeba arsebobs. pedagogiuri codnis bazis mixedviT verbaluri ganmtkiceba<br />
zusti, Sesatyvisi da, saWiroebisamebr, uwyveti an wyvetili unda iyos.<br />
227
Tavi 9<br />
zustia verbaluri ganmtkiceba, Tu is zedmiwevniT asaxavs, konkretulad ra Seasrula moswavlem<br />
kargad. sjobs vTqvaT, `dRes ar Cqarobdi da Secdoma TiTqmis ar dagiSvia~, vidre<br />
ubralod aRvniSnoT, `kargi namuSevaria~. moswavle davalebis sizustes mSvidad muSaobas<br />
daukavSirebs da swored is (mSvidi muSaoba) ganmtkicdeba. Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs, `amocanebis<br />
amoxsna daasrule, aalage Seni nivTebi Cemi Sexsenebis gareSe da daiwye wera. araCveulebrivia!~,<br />
moswavlem icis, ras exeba sityva `araCveulebrivi~.<br />
Sesatyvisi ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovania, radgan mas moswavlis survili ganapirobebs.<br />
mesame piris TandaswrebiT Seqebam moswavle SeiZleba Seacbunos. Tu meeqvseklasel aTlet<br />
moswavles kaligrafias SevuqebT, mas megobrebis dacinvis SiSi Seacbunebs; ukeTesi iqneba Tu<br />
vetyviT, `jon, Sen Cveni erT-erTi saukeTeso moTamaSe xar da vfiqrob, motoruli koordinacia<br />
iseTive kargi gaqvs, rogorc koordinacia mindorze~ (Hunter 1977). Tu davfiqrdebiT,<br />
mivxvdebiT, ratom ver gvaZlevs sasurvel Sedegebs Seqebisa da ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb is kvlevebi,<br />
romlebic mxedvelobaSi iRebs qcevis sixSires da moswavlis miRwevebTan korelacias<br />
eZebs. sasurvel Sedegs mxolod ganmtkicebis Sesatyvisi gamoyenebiT viRebT.<br />
ganmtkicebis mesame mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa misi reJimi. b. f. skinerma aRmoaCina, rom<br />
operantuli ganpirobebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli qceva ufro myari da xangrZlivia, Tu mas<br />
gamovlenisTanave ganvamtkicebT. magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania ganmtkicebebs Soris<br />
intervalis TandaTanobiT zrda. cxrilSi es grafili daaxloebiT ase aisaxeba:<br />
228<br />
ganmamtkiceblis SeTavazeba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />
qcevis ganxorcieleba x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x<br />
qcevis Camosayalibeblad ganmtkicebis wyvetili reJimis gamoyeneba ufro metad qcevis<br />
modifikaciis sistematur gegmas Seesabameba, romelic maswavlebelma SeiZleba xelis awevis<br />
qcevis ganmtkicebis da wamoZaxebis qcevis Sesustebis, an gakveTilze dagvianebis qcevis Sesustebis<br />
da droulad misvlis qcevis ganmtkicebis mizniT gamoiyenos.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevarebi erTxmad aRiareben Sinagani ganmtkicebis dadebiT<br />
efeqtebs, wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs cxare debatebi garegani ganmamtkiceblebis<br />
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. pol Cansma (Paul Chance 1992) es sakiTxi momavlis WrilSi ganixila da<br />
aRniSna, rom garegani ganmamtkiceblis gamoyeneba araTu misaRebi (ar amcirebs moswavleTa<br />
motivacias ganmamtkiceblis gareSe Seasrulon aqtivoba), aramed aucilebelia. misi azriT,<br />
garegani ganmamtkiceblebia maswavleblis Rimili, Seqeba, milocva, sityvebi `gmadlob~ an<br />
`marTalia~, xelis CamorTmeva, Caxuteba, mxarze xelis dadeba, taSi, warmatebis sertifikatis<br />
gadacema da sxva qcevebi, romlebsac `dadebiTi Sedegi aqvs moswavlis qcevaze~. gareganma<br />
jildom SesaZloa Seamciros qcevaSi (mag., kiTxvaSi) moswavlis CarTvis stimuli, Tu<br />
am ukanasknels mxolod monawileobas movTxovT da ara Sedegs (kargad wakiTxvas). magram Tu<br />
jildo warmatebis proporciulia, anu moswavles kargi saqmianobis an miznebis miRwevisTvis<br />
gadaecema, garkveuli drois Semdeg, jildos gauqmebis Semdegac ki, mas CarTulobaze<br />
uaryofiTi gavlena ar eqneba. udavoa, rom warmatebis proporciul jildos aqtivobisadmi<br />
interesis gaZliereba SeuZlia.<br />
Sinagani jildo moswavlis mier kargad Sesrulebuli saqmianobiT ganpirobebul siamovnebas<br />
gulisxmobs, magaliTad, Tu is imdenad kargad kiTxulobs, rom siamovnebas iRebs kargi<br />
moTxrobis wakiTxviT. `miuxedavad Sinagani jildos mniSvnelobisa, is arasakmarisi pirobaa<br />
efeqtiani swavlisTvis~ (Chance 1992, gv. 206), Tu mxolod mas daveyrdnobiT.<br />
xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi<br />
ra zomiT sWirdebaT moswavleebs xelmZRvaneloba davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad?<br />
axali davalebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebs metad sWirdebaT gzis gakvalva, Tumca Semdgom,
swavlis principebi<br />
saqmianobis dauflebis kvalobaze xelmZRvanelobis `moculoba~ mcirdeba. swavlis es principi<br />
maswavleblis mier sxvadasxva moswavlisTvis sxvadasxva `moculobis~ xelmZRvanelobis<br />
SeTavazebaSi ki ar vlindeba, aramed erTi da imave moswavlis an moswavleTa jgufisTvis<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi (axali masalis dauflebis siadvilis kvalobaze) gaweuli xelmZRvanelobis<br />
`moculobaSi~. amis SemCneva xanmokle dakvirvebis safuZvelze zogjer rTulia. maswavlebelma<br />
SesaZloa axali unari gaacnos klass da myisierad SesTavazos xelmZRvaneloba am<br />
unaris dauflebaSi. magaliTad, mTeli klasisTvis masalis gacnobis Semdeg imuSaos mxolod<br />
erT jgufTan, xolo danarCenebs (visac maswavleblis daxmareba ar sWirdebaT) daavalos damoukideblad<br />
varjiSi, an auxsnas masala mTel klass da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, individualurad<br />
daexmaros moswavleebs. es ukanaskneli drois TvalsazrisiT ufro efeqtiania, Tu<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> warmatebiT gaarTmevs Tavs (maswavleblis mier dasaxuli miznis miRweva iseTi<br />
mniSvnelovani araa, rogorc mis mier situaciis jansaRi Sefaseba _ ra masalas sWirdeba<br />
ufro intensiuri an individualuri axsna, raTa moswavlem codnis miznobrivad gamoyeneba<br />
SeZlos).<br />
rTuli davalebebis dayofa ufro martiv nawilebad<br />
am princips maSin vawydebiT, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iseTi masalis axsnas cdilobs, romelic<br />
moswavleebma ver daZlies. davaleba iyofa ufro patara nawilebad da yuradReba maxvildeba<br />
yovel nawilze. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebma amocanis piroba ver gaiges, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
gamoTvlebis dawyebamde mTavari kiTxvis Camoyalibebas an konceptualizaciis mizniT<br />
amocanis dasuraTebas sTxovs. es principi vlindeba davalebis analizSi da uzrunvelyofs<br />
amocanis daswavlis Tanamimdevrul wina pirobebs.<br />
varjiSi<br />
moswavleebi bevri unda vavarjiSoT axali unaris an operaciis swavlis dawyebisas (xSiri,<br />
drois mokle intervalebSi Catarebuli varjiSi), xolo Semdeg drois intervalebi gavzardoT.<br />
axali informaciis mniSvnelovani erTeulebi unda gavameorebinoT yovel jerze, rom<br />
moswavle masalis konkretuli nawilis daswavlaSi darwmundes. daswavlis Semdeg codnis ganmtkicebisTvis<br />
masalis 2-3-jer gameoreba (Warbswavla) aris saWiro. fizikuri da motoruli<br />
unarebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac varjiSi daxelovnebis pirobaa (meti ukeTess niSnavs), akademiur<br />
unarebis xangrZlivi varjiSi swrafad aRwevs klebadi ukugebis (mobezrebis) wertils.<br />
tabulebis an cxrilebis Seswavlisas yoveli elementi sxvebisgan damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone erTeulia. Sesabamisad, yovel jerze, ukve naswavl erTeulTa jgufSi, mxolod<br />
erTi an ori axali erTeulis Setana SeiZleba (Tumca, garkveuli masala, magaliTad aTze<br />
gamravlebis tabula jgufdeba, rogorc erTi mniSvnelobis erTeuli.) moswavleebisTvis iseTi<br />
rTuli saqmianobis swavlebisas, rogoricaa moTxrobis analizi, saWiroa misi nawilebad<br />
dayofa. magaliTad, Tavidan vavalebT garemos aRweras, Semdeg siuJetis aRweras da a.S. musikaluri<br />
nawarmoebis rTuli nawilis swavlebisas, unda moxdes ara erTi gverdis an erTi monakveTis<br />
(simciris gamo mas, SesaZloa, ar hqondes mniSvneloba), aramed melodiis damuSaveba.<br />
praqtikuli samuSaoebi xanmokle (2-5 da ara 20 wuTiani) da xSiri (dReSi da ara kviraSi orjer)<br />
unda iyos. es mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba moswavleTa damoukideblad muSaobis CvenTvis<br />
nacnobi ganrigisgan.<br />
Jurnalistikis kursze Tu maswavlebels surs moswavleebi axali ambebis weraSi avarjiSos,<br />
statiis umniSvnelovanesi informaciis amsaxveli pirveli winadadeba an abzaci, mniS-<br />
229
Tavi 9<br />
vnelovani erTeulia. amrigad, mTliani statiis daweramde, moswavleebs swored am pirveli<br />
winadadebis an abzacis dawera unda vaswavloT.<br />
230<br />
miznis dasaxva<br />
am principis mizania, moswavleebs miznis dasaxva vaswavloT. moswavlis CarTva saswavlo<br />
miznebis dasaxvaSi xels uwyobs swavlas. am debulebis siswore kvlevis SedegebiTac dasturdeba<br />
(Schunk and Gaa 1981). miznis dasaxvaSi moswavleTa monawileoba (moswavlis, maswavleblis<br />
an erToblivi ZalebiT) zrdis maTi miRwevis motivacias da TviTSefasebis (TviTregulirebis)<br />
unars.<br />
moswavlis mier miznis dasaxva TavisTavad ar xdeba, Tumca, es ar exeba maRali motivaciis<br />
mqone moswavleebs. maswavlebelma xeli<br />
moswavlis CarTva saswavlo miznebis dasaxvaSi unda Seuwyos am process, Camoawerinos mis-<br />
xels uwyobs swavlas.<br />
aRwevi miznebis an periodulad (axali Temis<br />
an proeqtebis dawyebamde) Sexvdes calkeul<br />
moswavleebs. es SeiZleba sakmaod xanmokle<br />
Sexvedrebi iyos, magram mTavaria, dasaxuli miznebis Camoiweros da mogvianebiT moswavleebs<br />
maTi miRwevis Sefaseba vTxovoT.<br />
moswavlis mier miznis dasaxvas gaumjobesebul Sedegebamde avtomaturad ver mivyavarT.<br />
saWiroa efeqtiani miznebis garkveuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba; mizani unda iyos<br />
konkretuli, rTuli, magram swrafad misaRwevi.<br />
calkeuli miznebi iseT elementebs Seicavs, romelic SeiZleba gavzomoT, daviTvaloT an<br />
miRwevis kriteriumad miviRoT. `maqsimalurad Sevecdebi~ am SemTxvevaSi ar gamogvadgeba;<br />
xolo `viswavli marTlweris oc urTules wess~ zustad gansazRvravs mas.<br />
rac ufro rTulia mizani, miT met Zalisxmevas gamoiCens moswavle. miznebis dasaxvaSi<br />
xelmZRvanelobisas <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> unda daexmaros moswavleebs, gamijnon advili da ararealisturi<br />
miznebi.<br />
dabolos, moklevadiani miznebi ukeTesia, vidre grZelvadiani. es ar niSnavs, rom grZelvadiani<br />
miznebi aRar davsaxoT, ubralod isini moklevadian gegmebad an qvemiznebad unda<br />
davyoT da moqmedebaTa Sesatyvisi gegma mivusadagoT, rom moswavlem efeqtianad SeZlos maTi<br />
miRweva (`dayavi da ibatone~). swavlis an samuSaos Sesrulebis miznebis warmatebiT miRwevas<br />
specifikuri unar-Cvevebi da gansazRvruli vadebi (ramdenime dRe da ara kvira an Tve) ganapirobebs.<br />
am principis gavrcelebuli da araswori interpretacia aseTia, moswavle Tavad irCevs, ra<br />
iswavlos (anu Sinaarss), rac, sinamdvileSi, ar xdeba. xSirad (da, rogorc wesi, ufro produqtiulad)<br />
isini vadebTan, raodenobasa da xarisxTan dakavSirebul miznebs saxaven. vadebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli miznis magaliTia, roca moswavle konkretuli raodenobis davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
konkretul vadas gansazRvravs:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: glen, Seni azriT, am davalebebis ra nawils Seasruleb momdevno<br />
naxevar saaTSi?<br />
gleni: vfiqrob, mTel gverds.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: marTla? marTla fiqrob, rom daZlev am raodenobas?<br />
gleni: diax.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: kargi. maCvene, roca daasruleb.
gTavazobT raodenobis miznis magaliTs:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: brenda, ramden wyaros gamoiyeneb kvlevisTvis?<br />
brenda: daaxloebiT eqvss.<br />
swavlis principebi<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: kargi. Tu Sen fiqrob, rom sakmarisia, furcelze Camomiwere.<br />
kvlevis Sesrulebis tempi gansazRvruli ar aris, moswavlem mxolod naSromis dasrulebis<br />
vada icis. brenda TviTon sazRvravs samuSaos moculobas. amgvaradve SeiZleba davusaxoT<br />
mizani klasgareSe sakiTxavi wignebis raodenobis, damatebiT savarjiSoebis an saswavli masalis<br />
mimarTac.<br />
xarisxTan dakavSirebuli miznebi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, radgan am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi<br />
Sesasrulebeli samuSaos xarisxs gansazRvraven. isini TviTon iReben gadawyvetilebas<br />
imis Sesaxeb, samuSaos ra aspeqtze sWirdebaT yuradRebis gamaxvileba da meti muSaoba.<br />
maswavlebelma maT SeiZleba am aspeqtebis axsnac (maT Soris, werilobiTic) daavalos:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: jim, ra mizani gaqvs xarisxis TvalsazrisiT am naSromze muSaobisas?<br />
jimi: marTlwerisa da punqtuaciis gaumjobesebaze varjiSs vapireb.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: Sen, Tara?<br />
Tara: Cemi mizania, naklebad gamoviyeno gacveTili sityvebi.<br />
miznebis dasaxvasTan erTad maswavleblebi moswavleebs davalebebsac aZleven. isini<br />
moswavleebs vadebTan, xarisxTan da raodenobasTan dakavSirebuli pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobebis<br />
Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels. zogjer SesaZloa moswavles saswavlo Sinaarsis ar-<br />
Cevis saaSualebac mivceT. magaliTad, `minda, rac SeiZleba meti viswavlo bayayebze~, ambobs<br />
fredi. saswavlo gegma da gakveTilebis cxrili freds xels uwyobs dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebaSi<br />
(miT ufro, Tu maswavleblis mizani moswavleSi cnobismoyvareobis grZnobis<br />
stimulireba da xelSewyobaa). SesaZloa, aseve sasargeblo iyos moswavleebis mier xarisxTan<br />
dakavSirebuli miznebis dasaxvac, rasac Sedegad maTi TviTSefasebaSi CarTva da dasaxuli<br />
miznisken savali gzis gansazRvra mohyveba.<br />
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom swavlis es principi, erTi SexedviT Zalze martivi, iSviaTad<br />
gamoiyeneba swavlebaSi. Tu am principis gamoyenebas mcire drosa da energias davuTmobT, davinaxavT<br />
rogor gaumjobesdeba moswavleTa saqmianoba, TviTregulaciisa da TviTSefasebis<br />
unari.<br />
konkretuli-naxevradabstraqtuli-abstraqtuli progresia<br />
am principis mixedviT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> pirvel etapze axali masalis asaxsnelad konkretul<br />
an manipulirebad masalas iyenebs, Semdeg imave masalas grafikulad asaxavs, xolo bolo<br />
etapze asaxsnelad wminda abstraqtul saSualebebs mimarTavs. msgavsi Tanamimdevroba nayofieria<br />
ara mxolod im moswavleebisTvis. romlebic piaJiseul konkretuli operaciebis<br />
safexurze arian, aramed zrdasrulebisTvisac. konkretul masalaze muSaoba warmosaxvasa<br />
da gamocdilebas aviTarebs, rac mogvianebiT masTan asocirebul abstraqtul elementebs<br />
ukavSirdeba da erTiandeba. saWiro ar aris adamianma yvelaferi sakuTari gamocdilebiT<br />
iswavlos (cofian ZaRlTan urTierTobis safrTxeSi dasarwmuneblad, aucilebelia ar aris<br />
man gvikbinos), Tumca gamocdileba codnas amyarebs. 1975 wels heronma (Herron) Seiswavla<br />
modelebis gamoyeneba qimiis swavlebisas da aCvena ramdenad nayofieria konkretuli masalebis<br />
gamoyeneba qimiis kursSi koncefciebis swavlebisas.<br />
231
Tavi 9<br />
232<br />
modelireba<br />
swavla SesaZlebelia ganmtkicdes axali unar-Cvevebisa da operaciebis modelirebiT da<br />
maTi dacviT swavlis adreul safexurebze. orniSna ricxvebis gamravlebis (moxsenebis formatis,<br />
an nebismieri sxva davalebis, romelsac procedurebi da nabijebi sWirdeba) swavlebis<br />
Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dafaze models wers, romliTac moswavleebi damoukideblad varjiSisas<br />
ixelmZRvaneleben.<br />
konceptualuri modelebi, romlebic vizualurad asaxavs koncefcias moswavleebs koncefciis<br />
gaxsenebas da naswavlidan eqstrapolirebas uadvilebs (Mayer 1989). perkinisi da<br />
uingeri (Perkins and Unger 1989) aRniSnaven, rom konceptualur models oTxi Tavisebureba<br />
aqvT: is analogiaa, konstruirebulia, gaSiSvlebulia da konkretuli.<br />
1. analogebi. modeli warmoadgens realuri fenomenis garkveul analogs (White and<br />
Horwitz 1987).<br />
2. konstruirebulia. iqmneba myisieri miznisTvis.<br />
3. gaSiSvlebulia. mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebis xazgasasmelad ugulebelyofilia<br />
garegani uwesrigoba.<br />
4. konkretuli. Sesaswavli fenomeni dayvanilia konkretul magaliTamde da vizualur<br />
xatamde.<br />
Tqvi – gaakeTe<br />
aRqmis rac ufro met meTods (danaxva, mosmena, moZraoba, Sexeba) viyenebT, miT ukeT swavloben<br />
moswavleebi. aRqmis arxebis speqtris gazrdaze zrunvisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis demonstrirebas da am mis praqtikul gamoyenebas unda mieqces.<br />
es principi, romlis saxelwodebaa „Tqvi–Seasrule“ – gviCvenebs, ra Sedegs SeiZleba<br />
miaRwion moswavleebma, rodesac naswavlis gamosaxatavad es ori arxia CarTuli.<br />
ra viciT informaciis aRqmis sxvadasxva arxebis SedarebiTi upiratesobis Sesaxeb? rogor<br />
amaxsovrdebaT moswavleebs masala, Tu informaciis aRqmis mxolod erT xerxs (mxolod<br />
wakiTxvas, mosmenas an danaxvas) SevTavazebT? ra Sedegi gveqmena, Tu dainaxaven da moismenen<br />
kidec informacias? ra moxdeba, Tu jer waikiTxaven informacias, Semdeg ki sxvas gauziareben<br />
(waikiTxe – Tqvi)? naswavlis damaxsovrebis ra maCvenebeli gveqneba, Tu moswavleebi jer<br />
informacias waikiTxaven, Semdeg sxvebs gauziareben da bolos praqtikulad gamoiyeneben? 9.1<br />
sqemaze Sejamebulia aRqmis sxvadasxva meTodebis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba.<br />
erTi SexedviT, naswavlis damaxsovrebis yvelaze maRal maCvenebels wakiTxvisa da gaziarebis<br />
erToblioba gvaZlevs. SesaZloa igive maCvenebeli gvqondes danaxva–gaziarebis da<br />
mosmena–gaziarebis SemTxvevebSic, magram ar gvaqvs Sesabamisi kvlevebis Sedegebi. swavlis<br />
efeqtianobas kvlevebi mosmena–dawerisa da wakiTxva–daweris SemTxvevebSic adasturebs<br />
(Pradl and Mayher 1985; Fulwiler 1987; Connolly and Vilardi 1989).<br />
moswavlis mier naswavlis gadmocema sakuTari sityvebiT verbalurad Tu werilobiT<br />
rTuli kognituri aqtia; is moiTxovs mexsierebaSi Ziebas, mosazrebebis organizebas da mniSvnelobis<br />
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemis mizniT metyvelebis gamoyenebas. logikuria, rom<br />
kognituri aqtebis es rTuli nakrebi neironebis qsels qmnis da kvals tovebs mexsierebaSi.
kiTxva, Tqma, gakeTeba<br />
90%<br />
kiTxva, Tqma<br />
(gaziareba)<br />
70%<br />
mosmena da<br />
danaxva<br />
50%<br />
danaxva<br />
30%<br />
mosmena<br />
20%<br />
swavlis principebi<br />
kiTxva<br />
sqema 9.1: aRqmis sxvadasxva meTodebis SedarebiTi efeqtianobis Sejameba<br />
es cxrili mravali calkeuli kvlevis naerTia.<br />
10%<br />
233
Tavi 9<br />
swavlasa da swavlebaze mravalgvari gavlena SeiZleba. yvelaze mniSvnelovania moswavleebs<br />
vTxovoT naswavlis Sejameba damoukideblad an wyvilebSi. am principis mixedviT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
maT gavlili masalis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis Sejamebas avalebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
klasSi aseTi Sejamebis praqtika damkvidrdeba.<br />
principis meore nawili `gaakeTe~ gulisxmobs moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis, SeZlebisdagvarad,<br />
mokle droSi praqtikul gamoyenebas.<br />
am principis kvlevebTan dakavSirebuli SeniSvna aseTia: 9.1 sqemaze asaxuli cifrebi sistematurad<br />
Cndeba popularul statiebSi (Boardroom Report 1989), samuSao Sexvedrebis masalebSi<br />
(Betty Wagner at A.S.C.D. 1990) da literaturaSi (National Training Labs, Bethel Maine undated; Edgar<br />
Dale’s `Cone of Learning`, University of Oohio). ToTxmetwliani Seswavlis Semdeg aRmovaCineT,<br />
rom sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs kvleva, romelmac 9.1 sqemaze asaxuli aRqmis arxebis SedarebiT<br />
efeqtianobas adasturebs. (wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva wyaroebidan gvesmoda 1950-iani<br />
wlebis miwuruls miTiuri `mobil navTob-kompaniis kvlevis~ Sesaxeb, Tumca Sesabamisi damadasturebeli<br />
dokumentebi dRemde ar Cans.)<br />
kvlevis safuZvelze Seadares aRqmis arxebis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba, aseve arsebobs<br />
literatura moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis verbalizaciis sikeTis Sesaxeb (Pauk 1974;<br />
Webb 1982; Morrow 1985; King 1990). makenzisa da vaiTis (MacKenzie and White 1982) mier Catarebuli<br />
kvleva 9.1 sqemaze mocemul yvela aspeqts moicavs. me-8-9 klaselebis mier geografiuli<br />
faqtebis swavlisa da damaxsovrebis kvlevisas, maT moswavleebi sam jgufad dahyves da sxvadasxva<br />
pirobebSi Caayenes. isini sanapiros geografiuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb codnasa<br />
da unar-Cvevebs unda dauflebodnen, maT Soris, landSaftsa da floras. samive jgufs guldasmiT<br />
Sedgenili ocdaTxuTmetgverdiani da ocdaCvidmeti kiTxvisgan Semdgari saswavlo<br />
programa gadaeca (kiTxva). programas 60 fotografia erTvoda 35-mm-ian slaidebze (danaxva).<br />
`programis sxva Taviseburebebi moicavda: saqmianobis mosalodnel Sedegebs, damuSavebul<br />
magaliTebsa da testebs, axali monacemebis damuSavebaze varjiSs, mastimulirebel miniSnebebs<br />
saTanado informaciis da unarebis gasaxseneblad, praqtikul samuSaoebs, miRebuli<br />
codnis rukaze gadatanas, diagramebsa da slaidebs~.<br />
pirvelma da meore jgufma zemoaRwerili masala srulyofilad miiRo, magram meore<br />
jgufi suraTebze aRbeWdili sanapiros, napirTan arsebuli kldeebis da mangros xeebis ori<br />
dablobis sanaxavad (saklaso oTaxSi saswavlo programiT miRebuli codnis gasamyareblad)<br />
eqskursiaze waiyvanes. maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiTa da axsna-ganmartebebiT maT yvela<br />
saintereso adgili moinaxules. Sesvenebebis dros moswavleebs kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas<br />
avalebdnen. amrigad, meore jgufs pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, sakuTar gamocdilebaze damyarebuli<br />
naxvisa da mosmenis da informaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis meti Sesa-<br />
Zlebloba mieca.<br />
mesame jgufsac eqskursia mouwyes, magram mniSvnelovani damatebebiT. `yoveli adgilis<br />
monaxulebisas moswavleebs samuSao furclebs, adgilis rukasa da zRvis miqceva-moqcevis<br />
grafiks urigebdnen. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> meTvalyureobas uwevda moswavleebis mier, individualurad<br />
da jgufebSi, davalebebis Sesrulebas. jgufSi xSirad awyobdnen ganxilvebs (Tqmagaziareba).<br />
moswavleebs gamudmebiT sTxovdnen davalebebis Sesrulebas (keTeba): dakvirveba,<br />
monaxazis gakeTeba, Cawera, kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema. Catarda ramdenime uCveulo RonisZieba,<br />
magaliTad, mangros sanapiros talaxSi siaruli, foTlebis marilianobis Semowmeba, kldeze<br />
cocva. amrigad, meore da mesame jgufis moswavleebma msgavsi adgilebi moinaxules da saa-<br />
Tebis erTnairi raodenoba gaatares, magram erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaobiT, meore jgufis Teoriuli<br />
codnis gaRrmaveba gacilebiT intensiurad xdeboda, vidre praqtikulis~.<br />
eqsperimentma gasaocari Sedegebi gviCvena. miRwevis Tavdapirvel testebSi meore da mesame<br />
jgufis moswavleebma pirvel jgufTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovani upiratesoba hqondaT,<br />
234
swavlis principebi<br />
magram meore da mesame jgufis moswavleebis maCveneblebi TiTqmis erTnairi iyo. 12 kviris<br />
Semdeg Catarebulma testma, romlis mizani naswavli masalis damaxsovrebis gamovlena iyo,<br />
Semdegi Sedegebi mogvca: pirveli jgufis maCvenebeli Tavdapirveli testirebis maCveneblebTan<br />
mimarTebiT 51% iyo, meoris – 58%, xolo mesame jgufis – 90%. amrigad, `Tqma~-sTan<br />
erTad `keTebiT~ masalis daswavlam xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani sxvaoba<br />
mogvca.<br />
gameoreba<br />
adamiani advilad iviwyebs nebismier informacias an unar-Cvevas, romelsac aqtiurad ar<br />
iyenebs. axali masala yovelTvis unda moicavdes gavlilis gameorebas da varjiSs. axali unar-Cvevebis<br />
dauflebasTan erTad izrdeba naswavlis gameorebis SesaZleblobac da droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi praqtikuli savarjiSoebi sul ufro meti naswavli unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebas<br />
iTxovs moswavlisagan.<br />
zogierTi unar-Cvevis dauflebis Tanamimdevroba avtomaturad, maswavleblis Carevis<br />
gareSe, aerTianebs Zvel da axal unar-Cvevebs. amis magaliTia moxsenebis dawera. moswavleTa<br />
mier punqtuaciisa da gramatikis axali wesebis gavarjiSeba nebismieri weriTi davalebis Sesrulebisas<br />
avtomaturad xdeba. metyvelebis rTuli formebis dauflebisa da sakuTari azris<br />
ukeT Camoyalibebis kvalobaze moswavle avtomaturad iyenebs am axal unar-Cvevebs weris<br />
drosac. magram arsebobs unar-Cvevebi, romelTa daufleba aqtivobaTa gaazrebul dagegmvas<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
cxrilebisa da tabulebis Seswavlisas yoveli axali cxrili Tu tabula naswavlis Ziri-<br />
Tad aspeqtebs unda moicavdes. garda amisa, gavlili masalis srulyofili gameorebisTvis<br />
savarjiSoTa e.w. „Sualeduri“ nakrebi unda arsebobdes. magaliTad, samxreT amerikis erTerTi<br />
qveynis geografiis Seswavlis Semdeg, geografiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxvebi amave<br />
qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da saarCevno sistemebis Seswavlis konteqstSi mudmivad<br />
unda gavameorebinoT. am principis darRveva Sedegad is mohyveba, rom moswavleebi Tanamimdevrulad<br />
Seiswavlian samxreT amerikis yvela qveynis geografiul Taviseburebebs, Semdeg<br />
am qveynebis politikuri sistemebis Seswavlas miubrundebian, Semdeg kulturuli Taviseburebebis<br />
Seswavlas da a.S.<br />
dasasruli daskvnis gareSe<br />
ganvixiloT maswavleblis aseTi gancxadebis gavlena: `moifiqreT am dilemis gadaWris sami<br />
varianti da moemzadeT maT gasaziareblad~ (Russell 1980). zogjer moswavleTaTvis aseTi davalebis<br />
micema, romelze fiqric maT mosvenebas daukargavs ufro Sedegiania, vidre gakveTilis<br />
dasruleba mzamzareuli, amomwuravi pasuxiT.<br />
moswavlis Tavisuflebisa da azrovnebis waxaliseba missave<br />
pasuxebze reaqciiT<br />
art kostam (Art Costa 1985) aRniSna, rom maswavleblis reaqcia moswavlis pasuxze ufro<br />
mniSvnelovania, vidre TviT dasmuli SekiTxva. moswavlis nebismier pasuxs maswavleblis mxridan<br />
reaqcia mohyveba. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac moswvles ar aqvs pasuxi an nela fiqrobs<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> reagirebs _ miniSnebas sTavazobs, sxva moswavles ekiTxeba an exmareba. maswav-<br />
235
Tavi 9<br />
leblis reaqciebi, romlebic dRis ganmavlobaSi mravaljer meordeba, gakveTilis klimats<br />
gansazRvravs. swored maswavleblis reaqcia SeiZleba gaxdes moswavlis siTamamis (gaxsnilobis)<br />
da azrovnebis stimuli an, piriqiT, Seaferxos azrovneba da riskis gawevis survili.<br />
moswavlis pasuxebze reaqciiT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mas molodinTan dakavSirebul sam mniSvnelovan<br />
Setyobinebas `ugzavnis~:<br />
¤ `es mniSvnelovania~.<br />
¤ `Sen SegiZlia amis gakeTeba~.<br />
¤ `xelis Caqnevis saSualebas ar mogcem~.<br />
maswavleblis molodinebTan dakavSirebuli repertuaris ganxilvas `molodinebis~ Sesaxeb<br />
TavSi SemogTavazebT.<br />
236
s w a v l i s p r i n c i p e b i - S e j a m e b a<br />
am TavSi `Zalauflebis ocdaoTxi patara nakrebi~ ganvixileT _ is meTodebi,<br />
romlis gamoyeneba maswavlebels swavlis donisa da saqmianobis xarisxis gasaum-<br />
jobeseblad SeuZlia. qvemoT mocemulia am principebis mokle aRwera.<br />
1. garemoSi gamoyeneba: axali qcevis garemoSi gamoyeneba.<br />
2. mniSvneloba: moswavleTa pirad gamocdilebasTan dakavSireba.<br />
3. transferis swavleba: codnis (unar-Cvevis) abstraqtuli akademiuri konteqstidan<br />
TandaTan daSorebis mizniT aqtivobaTa Tanamimdevrobis dagegmva.<br />
4. kritikuli Taviseburebebis gamoyofa: Taviseburebebis xazgasma da saxeldeba.<br />
5. konkretuli _ naxevrad abstraqtuli _ abstraqtuli progresia: Tanamimdevrobis<br />
dacva axali masalis axsnisas.<br />
6. modelireba: etapobrivi produqtebis, procedurebisa da procesebis Se-<br />
Tavazeba moswavleTaTvis.<br />
7. garemos msgavseba: aqtivoba, romelic mosalodnel siaxleSi moswavleTa<br />
CarTvas uwyobs xels.<br />
8. aqtiuri monawileoba: waxaliseba Tanxmobis, partniorTan gadamowmebis,<br />
miniSnebebisa da sxvaTa saSualebiT.<br />
9. sicxade: savarjiSoTa formatis cvla.<br />
10.emociebis xasiaTi: zomieri xalisi da nerviuloba; zrunvis zrda.<br />
11.dasasruli daskvnis gareSe: garkveuli drois Semdeg gadaxedva, gafiltvra.<br />
12.rTuli davalebebis dayofa martiv nawilebad: ufro martiv, patara<br />
nawilebad dayofa; rTuli aspeqtebis gamoyofa da varjiSi; xSiri varjiSi da<br />
axali sakiTxebis gameoreba.<br />
13.xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi: xelmZRvanelobis maRali xarisxis axal masalaze<br />
muSaobisas da dauflebis kvalobaze misi Semcireba.<br />
14.monaTesave damabnevlebi: monaTesave damabnevlebis gacnobamde swavlis Sesatyvisi<br />
xarisxiT warmarTva.<br />
15.Tqvi-gaakeTe: aRqmis yvela arxis gamoyeneba, magram Tqmisa (gaziarebis) da<br />
Sesrulebis gansakuTrebuli xazgasma.<br />
16.mnemoteqnika: mexsierebis damxmare instrumentebi (sakvanZo sityvebi, Tanamimdevruli<br />
warmosaxva, melodiebi, da a.S.)<br />
17.Tanamimdevroba da ukusvla: masalis dasawyisi da bolo nawili yvelaze advilia;<br />
urTulesia Sua nawilis momdevno nawili.<br />
18.varjiSi: dasawyisSi uxvi, Semdeg ganawilebuli; mniSvnelovani umciresi er-<br />
Teulebi; mokle varjiSi; Warbi swavla.<br />
19.kontaqti: wyvilTan asocirebuli swavlisas ar misceT Secdomis gameorebis<br />
saSualeba.<br />
20. gameoreba: gavlili masalis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis perioduli asaxva da gameoreba<br />
savarjiSoebSi.<br />
21.Sedegebis codna: myisierad, monitoringis meSveobiT.<br />
22.ganmtkiceba: zusti, uwyveti da wyvetili.<br />
s w a v l i s p r i n c i p e b i<br />
237<br />
S e j a m e b a
238<br />
23.miznis dasaxva: moswavleTa mier konkretuli, saintereso, moklevadiani miznebis<br />
dasaxva.<br />
24.moswavlis Tavisuflebisa da azrovnebis waxaliseba: SesTavazeT iseTi<br />
kiTxvebi, romelze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia advilad, swrafad da daakisreT<br />
pasuxismgebloba.
s w a v l i s p r i n c i p e b i s a v a r j i S o<br />
qvemoT aRwerili epizodis wakiTxvis Semdeg:<br />
1. gansazRvreT maswavleblis mniSvnelovani qmedeba. rogor SeiZleba<br />
Seuwyos man xeli efeqtian swavlas?<br />
2. mindorze miuTiTeT gamoyenebuli swavlis principis saxelwodeba.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, TiToeuli epizodi SesaZloa erTze meti principis amsaxveli<br />
iyos, magram mxolod erTia ZiriTadi.<br />
1. marTlweris yoveli testi moicavs kviris manZilze naswavl sityvebs, sam sityvas<br />
gasuli kviridan da wina kvirebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze xSirad gamotovebul<br />
or sityvas.<br />
2. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> membranabis gamtarobis ilustrirebisTvis sxvadasxva zomis<br />
burTebs rZis liTonis kolofebs Soris agorebs, `Cven amas naxevradgamtars<br />
vuwodebdiT, radgan, rogorc xedavT [burTulas ubiZgebs da agorebs], marmarilos<br />
burTula, bardisagan gansxvavebiT, Znelad migoravs“. mogvianebiT moswavleebi<br />
Catarebuli eqsperimentebis safuZvelze membranis gamtarianobis<br />
sailustraciod diagramebs daxazaven. masalis gameorebis dros da Semdeg, Sualedur<br />
testebSi, mowavleebs gamtarianobis, naxevradgamtarianobis da gaumtarobis<br />
mniSvnelobebis axsna daevalebaT.<br />
3. espanuris maswavlebelma moswavleebs eubneba: `saRamos, 16 axali sityvis swavlisas,<br />
isini or jgufad dahyaviT. sityvebi or baraTze CamowereT. baraTis<br />
meore mxares sityvebis mniSvnelobebi miuwereT. TqvenTvis yvelaze rTuli sityvebi<br />
siis Tavsa da boloSi dawereT, xolo advili – SuaSi~.<br />
4. maswavlebels surda me-11-klaselebs gaegoT gansxvaveba mikerZoebasa da diskriminacias<br />
Soris da aexsnaT es terminebi. am mizniT man sityva `mikerZoebis~<br />
mniSvneloba dafaze dawera: `socialuri mikerZoeba aris mtruli grZnoba<br />
adamianis an adamianebis mimarT, maTi konkretuli jgufis wevrobis gamo~. man<br />
gaxaza sityvebi: grZnoba, wevri da konkretuli jgufi. Semdeg man diskriminaciis<br />
mniSvneloba dawera: `adamianis an adamianebis mimarT privilegirebuli<br />
damokidebuleba konkretuli jgufis wevrobis gamo~. man gaxaza sityvebi: damokidebuleba,<br />
wevri, da konkretuli jgufi. maswavlebelma xazi gausva terminebis<br />
ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebas `grZnoba~ da `damokidebuleba~. Semdeg<br />
moswavleTa Semowmebisas ikiTxa, ra gansxvaveba iyo adamianisadmi antipatiasa<br />
da misdami mikerZoebul damokidebulebas Soris. erTi moswavlis azriT, mniSvnelovani<br />
aRmoCnda efuZneboda Tu ara antipatias misi konkretuli jgufis<br />
wevroba. Semdeg, maswavlebelma moswavleebs mikerZoebuli damokidebulebis<br />
magaliTis motana sTxova. `magaliTad, roca zrdasruls ar moswons bavSvi asakis<br />
(Tineijerobis) gamo~, upasuxa erT-erTma moswavlem. `aris Tu ara es mikerZoebuli<br />
damokidebuleba? ratom?~ hkiTxa maswavlebelma klass.<br />
5. mesame klasis fizkulturis gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
sTxova wina gakveTilze miRweul warmatebebze esaubraT (mag.: aTjer<br />
an metjer axtoma) da damoukideblad gadaewyvitaT, ra mimarTulebiT sWirdebodaT<br />
varjiSi (mag.: ufro metjer axtoma uSecdomod; saxtunaoze xtoma; ori<br />
moswavlis erTdrouli xtunva). is periodulad midioda TiToeul bavSvTan,<br />
adgenda, ris gakeTebas cdilobda da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, exmareboda mas.<br />
6. imave gakveTilze maswavlebelma moswavleebi jgufebad dahyo da mTeli<br />
gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi maT CarTulobas amowmebda; magaliTad, ori bavSvi<br />
s w a v l i s p r i n c i p e b i<br />
239<br />
s a v a r j i S o
240<br />
atrialebda saxtunaos, erTi (an ori) xtunaobda, erTi iTvlida. Semdeg bavSvebi<br />
erTmaneTs enacvlebodnen.<br />
7. imave gakveTilze maswavlebelma ganacxada, rom xtunvis gakveTilebamde<br />
bavSvebis umravlesobam cudad an sul ar icoda. amitom man gadawyvita, Sedegebis<br />
gaumjobesebisTvis saxtunaoze varjiSisTvis ramdenime gakveTili daeTmo.<br />
momdevno gakveTilebze ramdenime bavSvi aTjer an metjer xtunavda, xolo<br />
umravlesoba TokiT sxvadasxva varjiSs eufleboda (mag.: ori Toks atrialebda<br />
erTi xtunavda; erTdroulad ori bavSvi xtunavda).<br />
8. imave gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebelma daaxloebiT 4 wuTi dauTmo moswavles,<br />
romelic sirTules waawyda. axsnisas maswavlebelma warmatebis misaRwevad<br />
saWiro is niuansebi gamoyo, romlisTvisac moswavles yuradReba unda<br />
mieqcia (Tvali adevne saxtunaos; daiwye xtunva, roca saxtunao gadadis Sens<br />
Tavze; gaCerdi saxtunaos SuaSi; ixtunave ritmSi). man moswavles konkretuli<br />
ukukavSiric SesTavaza da sTxova, gaemxila, Tu ris damaxsovrebas cdilobda.<br />
roca moswavlem uSecdomod aTjer gadaxtoma SeZlo, maswavleblma yuradReba<br />
sxva bavSvebze gadaitana. Tumca, gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi moswavles ramdenjerme<br />
daubrunda da saWiro daxmareba SesTavaza (mag.: gamoarTva saxtunao im<br />
moswavles, romelic trialisas ritms ver inarCunebda da Tavad daiwyo Tokis<br />
triali; moswavlis yuradReba gaamaxvila mis mier arCeul adgilze).<br />
9. maswavlebelma gakveTilis dawyebisTanave ikiTxa, vis SeeZlo moTxrobis axsna:<br />
`es rTuli moTxrobaa. vis SeuZlia Tavisze umcros moswavles auxsnas, ratom<br />
dawera avtorma es moTxroba?~ im xuT Tu eqvs moswavles, romelmac xeli aswia,<br />
maswavlebelma mizezebis dafaze Camowera sTxova. danarCenebs dawyvileba<br />
da dafaze dawerili pasuxebidan saukeTesos SerCeva daavala da dasZina, rom<br />
sakuTari arCevanis dasacavad dafasTanac gamoiZaxebda.<br />
10. maswavlebelma dauyvira moswavles, romelmac wigni daagdo (mTeli es epizodi<br />
dadgmuli iyo). moswavleebi maswavleblis gadaWarbebulma reaqciam ganacvifra.<br />
maswavlebelma gaiRima da ikiTxa : `yvelani aRelvebuli CanxarT. ratom?~<br />
moswavleebma mizezebi daasaxeles. ZiriTadi mizezi maswavleblis mier moTminebis<br />
dakargva iyo, romelic manamde ar enaxaT. Semdeg, maswavlebelma paraleli<br />
moTxrobis im personaJTan gaavlo, romelic moulodnelad da uCveulod<br />
iwyebs moqmedebas.<br />
11. mizani qronologiasa da istorias Soris gansxvavebis gagebaa. pirvel dRes<br />
moswavleebs sakuTari aqtivobebis drois skalis warmoebas sTxoven. meore<br />
dRes pirveli dRis istoriis daweras da, SeZlebisdagvarad, mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />
kavSiris Cvenebas.<br />
12. bavSvma `quite~ (sakmaod) waikiTxa, rogorc `quit~ (Sewyveta). `swori iqneboda<br />
rom ara `e~ sityvis bolos, uTxra maswavlebelma. `rogor unda wavikiTxoT<br />
xmovani sityvis SuaSi, roca sityva `e~-iT bolovdeba? sworia. e.i. ra sityvaa<br />
es?~<br />
13. erTmaneTis swavlebisas moswavleebs qimiuri elementebis periodul sistemaSi<br />
erTdroulad, baraTebis saxiT, erTi an ori axali simbolo SemoaqvT.<br />
procesi ase mimdinareobs: `es axali simboloa~. `Fe~ aris rkina. gaimeore~. [`Fe~<br />
rkina”.] `sworia. axla miTxari ras niSnavs `Fe~? maT partniors gamocnobis sa-<br />
Sualeba ar unda miscen, radgan karnaxis SemTxvevaSi araswori pasuxis gacemis<br />
albaToba Zalzed didia. maswavlebels ar surs, rom moswavleebma mcdari asociaciebi<br />
daimaxsovron. is akontrolebs moswavleebis mier rTuli elementebis<br />
xSir gameorebas.
14. sabavSvo baRis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> calkeul ricxvebsa da asoebs qaRaldis did<br />
furclebze xatavs. is ricxvis an aso-bgeris pirvel nawils alisferi fanqriT,<br />
xolo meore nawils mwvane fanqriT xatavs. baret-lortonis (Baretta-Lorton 1976)<br />
azriT, `es xels uwyobs Secdomebis aRmofxvras. es meTodi zustad miuTiTebs<br />
bavSvebs, rogor da ra mimarTulebiT unda moxdes ama Tu im asosa Tu ricxvis<br />
moxazva~. maswavleblis mier daxatul asoebsa da ricxvebs Tanamimdevrulad<br />
hkideben oTaxSi, raTa bavSvebs mTeli wlis manZilze maTze dakvirvebis saSualeba<br />
hqondeT.<br />
15. miuxedavad axsnisa, moswavleebs isev uZneldebaT mravalniSna ricxvebis kiTxva<br />
da wera. maT erevaT ricxvis dasaxeleba da aTeulebis, aseulebis da aTaseulebis<br />
aTvlas marcxnidan iwyeben. imisTvis, rom moswavleebs sworad daewyoT<br />
aTvla marjvnidan da yuradReba mieqciaT mZimisTvisac maswavlebelma<br />
magaliTebi Semdegi saxiT SesTavaza dafaze: _ _ _, _ _ _.<br />
biliardebi<br />
aseul milionebi<br />
aTeul milionebi<br />
miliardebi<br />
aseul aTasebi<br />
aTeul aTasebi<br />
aTaseulebi<br />
aseulebi<br />
aTeulebi<br />
___,___ ___ ___,___ ___ ___, ___ ___ ___<br />
dafaze amave fromiT weria ramdenime magaliTi ricxvebis gareSe:<br />
_ _, _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _, _ _ _<br />
_, _ _ _, _ _ _ _, _ _ _<br />
_ _ _, _ _ _ _, _ _ _, _ _ _<br />
erTeulebi<br />
dafasTan gamoZaxebuli moswavleebi aTvlas marjvnidan iwyeben da iTvlian bolo er-<br />
Teulamde. maTi mosalodneli pasuxi Semdegi formisaa: `erTeulebi, aTeulebi, aTaseuli,<br />
aTeul aTasebi, aseul aTasebi~. savarjiSos Sesrulebis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs msgavsi<br />
savarjiSoebis damoukideblad gakeTebas avalebs da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi exmareba.<br />
mogvianebiT, codnis gaRrmavebasTan erTad, isini ufro rTuli ricxvebis Seswavlaze gadavlen<br />
(jer rTuli ricxvebi boloSi nuliT, Semdeg rTuli ricxvebi nulebiT SuaSi da a.S.).<br />
guliTadi madloba<br />
gvsurs madloba gadavuxadoT yvela im maswavlebels, romelmac swavlis principebis saku-<br />
Tari magaliTebi gagviziara. eseni arain: nedin biSopi (Nadine Bishop), qerol qalahani (Carol<br />
Callahan), nensi denisoni (Nancy Dennison), e. g. daunsi (E. G. Downes), joan grosmani (Joan Grossman),<br />
meT kingi (Matt King), deiv meiali (Dave Mayall), elen efStain maqsveli (Ellen Epstein Maxwell),<br />
heza robinsoni (Heather Robinson), alam tikocki (Alan Ticotsky), sal trento (Sal Trento),<br />
jim Treveileri (Jim Treweilet), jo volSi (Joe Walsh) da meri vilinski (Mary Wilinsky).<br />
241
Tavi 9<br />
242<br />
literatura<br />
Baretta-Lorton, Mary. Math Their Way. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, 1976.<br />
Barringer, C, and B. Gholson. “Effects of Type and Combination of Feedback upon Conceptual Learning<br />
by Children: Implications for Research in Academic Learning.” Review of Educational Research<br />
49 (Summer 1979): 459-478.<br />
Beeson, G. W. “Influence of Knowledge Context on the Learning of Intellectual Skills.” American Educational<br />
Research Journal 18 (Fall 1981): 363-379.<br />
Bellezza, F. S. “Mnemonic Devices: Classification, Characteristics, and Criteria.” Review of Educational<br />
Research 51 (Summer 1981): 247-275.<br />
Blank, M. Teaching Learning in the Preschool: A Dialogue Approach. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1973.<br />
Brophy, J. “Praise: A Functional Analysis.” Review of Educational Research 51 (Spring 1981): 5-32.<br />
Brown, Ann L. “Analogical Learning and Transfer: What Develops?” In S. Vosniadou and A. A. Ortony,<br />
eds., Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, pp. 369-412. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.<br />
Bugelski, B. R. The Psychology of Learning Applied to Teaching. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.<br />
Butler Deborah L., and Philip H. Winne. “Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning.” Review of Educational<br />
Research 65 (Fall 1995): 245-281.<br />
Chance, Paul. “The Rewards of Learning.” Kappan (November 1992): 200-207.<br />
Connolly, Paul, and Teresa Viladri. Writing to Learn Mathematics and Science. New York: Teachers College<br />
Press, 1989<br />
Costa, Arthur. Teaching for Intelligent Behaviors. Orangevale, Calif.: Search Models Unlimited, 1985<br />
Dunkin, M. J., and B. J. Biddle. The Study of Teaching. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974.<br />
Ebbinghaus, H. 1885. Memory. Trans. H.A. Ruger and C. E. Bussenius. New York: Teachers College,<br />
Columbia University, 1913.<br />
Fogarty, Robin, David Perkins, and John Barell. How to Teach for Transfer. Palatine, 111.: Skylight Publishing,<br />
1991.<br />
Fulwiler,Toby, ed. The Journal Book. Portsmouth, N.H.:Heineman, 1987.Good, T. J., and J. E. Brophy.<br />
Looking in Classrooms. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.<br />
Graham, S. “Teacher Feelings and Student Thoughts: An Attributional Approach to Affect in the Classroom.”<br />
Elementary School Journal 85 (1985): 91-104<br />
Haughton, E. “Aims—Growing and Sharing.” In J. B. Jordan and L. S. Robbins, eds., Let’s Try Doing Something<br />
Else Kind of Thing. Arlington, Virg.: C.E.C., 1972.<br />
Herron, J. Dudley. “Piaget for Chemists.” Journal of Chemical Education (1975).<br />
Hess, R. D. et al. “Some Contrasts Between Mothers and Preschool Teachers in Interaction with 4-Year-Old<br />
Children.” American Educational Research Journal 16 (Summer 1979): 307-316.<br />
Higbee, K. L. “Recent Research on Visual Mnemonics: Historical Roots and Educational Fruits.” Review of<br />
Educational Research 49 (Fall 1979): 611-629.
Hilgard, E. R. and G. H. Bower. Theories of Learning. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1966.<br />
swavlis principebi<br />
Hudgins, B. B. Learning and Thinking: A Primer for Teachers. Itasca, III.: F. E. Peacock Publishers, 1977.<br />
Hunter, M. Motivation. El Segundo, Calif.: T.I.P. Publications, 1967.<br />
--------. Reinforcement. El Segundo, Calif.: T.I.P. Publications, 1967.<br />
--------. Retention. El Segundo, Calif.: T.I.P. Publications, 1967.<br />
--------, Teach More—Faster. El Segundo, Calif.: T.I.P. Publications, 1967.<br />
--------. Teach For Transfer. El Segundo, Calif.: T.I.P. Publications, 1971.<br />
Hunter, M. “Improving the Quality of Instruction.” Paper presented at the A.S.C.D. Conference, Fifth Gen-<br />
eral Session, Houston, March 1977.<br />
King, Alison. “Enhancing Peer Interaction and Learning in the Classroom Through Reciprocal Questioning.”<br />
American Educational Research Journal 27 (Winter 1990).<br />
Levin, J. R. “Mnemonic Strategies and Classroom Learning: A Twenty Year Report Card.” Elementary School<br />
Journal 94 (November 1993): 235-244.<br />
--------, et al. “Mnemonic versus Nonmnemonic Vocabulary—Learning<br />
Strategies for Children.”American EducationalResearch Journal 19 (Spring 1982): 121-136.<br />
Mackenzie, Andrew A., and Richard T. White. “Fieldworkin Geography and Long-term Memory Structures.”<br />
American Educational Research Journal 19 (Winter 1982).<br />
Mayer, R. E. “Models for Understanding.” Review of Educational Research 59 (1989): 43-64.<br />
Morrow, Lesley M. “Retelling Stories: A Strategy for Improving Young Children’s Concept of Story Struc-<br />
ture, and Oral Language Complexity.” Elementary School Journal 85, no. 5 (1985).<br />
Pauk, Walter. How to Study in College. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974.<br />
Perkins, David N., and C. Unger. “The New Look in Representations for Mathematics and Science Learning.<br />
“ Paper presented at the Social Science Research Council Conference, “Computers and Learning,”<br />
Tortola, British Virgin Islands, June 26-July 2, 1989.<br />
Pradl, Gordon, and John S. Mayher. “Reinvigorating Learning Through Writing.” Educational Leadership (Feb-<br />
ruary 1985).<br />
Pressley, M., J. R. Levin, and H. D. Delaney. “The Mnemonic Keyword Method.” Review of Educational Research<br />
52 (Spring 1982): 61-91.<br />
Rosswork, S. “Goal Setting: The Effects on an Academic Task with Varying Magnitudes of Incentive.” Journal<br />
of Educational Psychology 69 (1977): 710-715.<br />
Russell, Doug. “Teaching Decisions and Behaviors for Instructional Improvement.” Talk given at the As-<br />
sociation for Supervision and Curriculum Development Convention, 1980.<br />
Schunk, D. H., and J. P. Gaa. “Goal-Setting Influence on Learning and Self-Evaluation.” Journal of Classroom<br />
Interaction 16 (1981): 38-44.<br />
Sefkow, S. B. and J. L. Myers. “Review Effects of Inserted Questions on Learning from Prose.” American<br />
Educational Research Journal 17 (Winter 1980): 435-448.<br />
Trabasso, T. “Pay Attention.” In J. P. DeCecco, ed. Readings in Educational Psychology Today. Del Mar, Calif.:<br />
243
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244<br />
CRM Books, 1970.<br />
Webb, Noreen M. “Student Interaction and Learning in Small Groups.” Review of Educational Research 52 (Fall<br />
1982).<br />
White B., and Paul Horwitz. Thinkertools: Enabling Children to Understand Physical Laws. BBN Report No. 6470.<br />
Cambridge, Mass.: BBN Laboratories, 1987.
10<br />
swavlebis modelebi<br />
rogor SeiZleba vcvaloT swavlebis<br />
stili?
swavlebis modelebi<br />
momavali maswavleblebisTvis arian Zalze mniSvnelovania swavlebis axali modelebis<br />
Seswavla. yvelaze gamorCeul profesionalebsac ki SeuZliaT sakuTari repertuaris<br />
gamdidreba da gavlenis gavrcoba sul ufro met moswavleze.<br />
swavlebis modeli instruqciis konkretuli, Tanamimdevruli paternia; misi amocnoba da<br />
saxeldeba advilia, is gansxvavdeba swavlebis sxva modelebisgan. models aqvs konkretuli<br />
Rirebulebebi, miznebi, dasabuTeba da mimarTuleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda warimar-<br />
Tos swavleba (magaliTad, induqciuri meTodiT, aRmoCeniT, pirovnuli codnis gamdidrebiT,<br />
Tavsatex monacemebTan `SeWidebiT~, informaciis ierarqiuli organizebiT). yoveli modeli<br />
fazaTa specifikuri nakrebia, romelsac Tanamimdevrulad (yovel fazaSi konkretuli movlenebiT)<br />
gaivlian <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> da moswavleebi. swavlebis yoveli modeli kargad damuSavebuli<br />
da gansxvavebuli Sedegis mqone specifikuri komponentebis garkveuli erTobliobaa.<br />
uamravi modeli gakveTilis gegmis monaxazis Seqmnas emsaxureba ori Sedegis misaRwevad:<br />
Sinaarsisa da garkveuli saxis azrovnebis swavleba. mocemuli Sinaarsis swavlebisTvis nebismieri<br />
modeli gamodgeba; naswavli informaciis erTgarovnebis miuxedavad, inteleqtualuri<br />
gamocdileba moswavleTaTvis gansxvavebuli iqneba. magaliTad, Tu mister jonsi hemingueis<br />
Sesaswavlad hilda tabas (Hilda Taba) induqciur models (hilda tabas azriT, moswavleebs<br />
mxolod organizebuli monacemebis safuZvelze SeuZliaT ganzogadeba. moswavleebi ganzogadebamde<br />
SeiZleba miviyvanoT mxolod koncefciis Camoyalibebisa da aTvisebis strategiebiT.<br />
Tavis wignSi A Teacher's Handbook to Elementary Social Studies, is ganzogadebas aRwers,<br />
rogorc maRali donis azrovnebas. red. Sen.) iyenebs, misi mizania moswavleebma ara marto<br />
hemingueis Sesaxeb gaigon, aramed induqciuradac ifiqron. modeli faqizi TanamimdevrobiT<br />
aris SerCeuli, raTa moswavleebi amgvar azrovnebaSi CaerTon. iurisprudenciuli meTodis<br />
gamoyenebiT swavlebisas, man SeiZleba igive masala miawodos mweralze, magram imavdroulad<br />
surdes, rom moswavleebma iuristebis msgavsad ifiqron, ikamaTon ama Tu im mxaris dasacavad<br />
da daasabuTon sakuTari pozicia. Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> jgufuri kvlevis models iyenebs, mas<br />
surs moswavleebs hemingueis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani informaciac aswavlos da imavdroulad<br />
jgufuri procesebic, liderobac da kvlevis koordinirebuli gegmac. winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
modelis gamoyenebisas, misi mizania moswavleebma ierarqiuli azrovneba da ideaTa<br />
subordinacia iswavlon. swavlebis modelebi maswavleblebs iseTi xerxebiT uzrunvelyofen,<br />
247
Tavi 10<br />
romelic maT swavlebis bundovani momentebis gasagebad axsnis saSualebas aZlevs. isini swavlebis<br />
xerxebsa da moswavleTa inteleqtualur gamocdilebasac amdidreben.<br />
mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom testirebis qulebiT `gazomili~<br />
swavlis Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT verc erT models ver mivaniWebT upiratesobas. swavlebis<br />
modelebi imisTvis rodi Seiqmna, rom codnis gadacema kanqveSa ineqciis gakeTebas<br />
damsgavseboda. maTi mizani iyo moswavleebs sxvadasxvagvari xerxiT azrovneba eswavlaT.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia modelebi moswavleTa swavlis upirates stils moargos da amgvarad<br />
gazardos maTi azrovnebis unari da upiratesi stilis miRma azrovneba SeaZlebinos.<br />
modelebis mravalferovani repertuaris mqone maswavleblebi ramdenime gansxvavebul<br />
models iyeneben erTi dRis da erTi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSic ki. axal modelebSi daxelovnebuli<br />
maswavleblebi, aRmoaCenen, rom maT eqspertebis doneze SeuZliaT modelebis<br />
koreqtireba, rasac maTi profesionalizmi axal ganzomilebaSi gadahyavs. axla TviT modelebi<br />
aRvweroT, xolo Semdeg ramdenime specifikuri modeli ganvixiloT.<br />
248<br />
induqciuri swavlebis modeli: magaliTi<br />
induqciuri swavlebis meTods cxra logikuri safexuri aqvs:<br />
1. CamoTvla;<br />
2. dajgufeba;<br />
3. saxeldeba;<br />
4. diferencireba;<br />
5. Sedareba;<br />
6. daskvna;<br />
7. hipoTezis daSveba;<br />
8. dasabuTeba;<br />
9. ganzogadeba.<br />
hilda tabaseuli es modeli moswavles stimuls aZlevs monacemebis safuZvelze daskvnebi<br />
gamoitanos. sxva modelebis msgavsad am modelsac aqvs speqtaklis aqtebis msgavsi fazaTa<br />
Tanamimdevruli seria. yoveli faza gansxvavebulia, magram speqtaklis scenebis msgavsad<br />
faqizad ukavSirdeba wina da momdevno fazebs erToblivi Sedegis misaRebad.<br />
induqciuri swavlebis modelis gamoyenebiT ernest hemingueis Sesaxeb gakveTilis Catareba<br />
SeiZleba misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb mokle biografiuli filmis CvenebiT daviwyoT. es<br />
pirveli – monacemebis Segrovebis fazaa. filmis dasrulebis Semdeg vekiTxebiT moswavleebs<br />
ra informacia daamaxsovrdaT da vwerT mas dafaze an cxrilSi. SesaZloa es daukavSirebeli<br />
monacemebi iyos: `hqonda saTevzao navi, saxelad pilari~; `espaneTis samoqalaqo imis dros<br />
is samjer gaemgzavra espaneTSi~; `mas hqonda saxli qi uestSi~ (qalaqi floridaSi, mTargmn.<br />
Sen.); `mas diliT uyvarda wera, rodesac aivnidan parizis quCebs gadahyurebda~. SesaZloa,<br />
moswavleTa mier SemoTavazebul ocamde aseT Canawers movuyaroT Tavi.<br />
meore fazaSi moswavleebs erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli Canawerebis dajgufebas vTxovT.<br />
moswavleebi dafaze daweril winadadebebs maT Soris arsebuli kavSirebis mixedviT ajgufeben.<br />
mesame fazaSi moswavleebs Canawerebis yoveli dajgufebisTvis saxelwodebis mofiqrebas<br />
vTxovT. magaliTad, `hemingueis, rogorc mwerlis Cvevebi~ an `heminguei gare cxovrebis<br />
moyvaruli~, romelSic SevitanT informacias misi serengetis parkSi nadirobisa da miCiganis
swavlebis modelebi<br />
tbaze Tevzaobis Sesaxeb. moswavleTa mier Seqmnili dajgufebebi msgavsi iqneba, Tumca maT<br />
mier SemoTavazebul kategoriebs Soris garkveuli gansxvaveba iqneba.<br />
meoTxe fazaSi vnaxavT, rom moswavleTa mier Seqmnili dajgufebebi garkveuli saxiT aris<br />
warmodgenili (cxrili, proeqtori). am fazaSi maTeuli kategoriebis dasabuTebas vTxovT.<br />
ram ganapiroba dajgufebis SerCeva? moswavleebma unda imsjelon, agvixsnan, Seadaron da Seapirispiron<br />
informaciis dajgufebis sxvadasxva gza.<br />
mexuTe fazaSi vadgenT, CamouyalibdaT Tu ara moswavleebs konkretuli mosazrebebi<br />
hemingueis Sesaxeb, am etapisTvis ukve gavlili safexurebis safuZvelze. aqvT da undaT Tu<br />
ara hemingueis, rogorc pirovnebis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqma? maswavleblebisTvis Catarebul<br />
erT-erT saCvenebel gakveTilze, erTma monawilem aRniSna, `vfiqrob, rom heminguei marTlac<br />
Zalze martosuli iyo~. hemingueis biografi gamokveTilad arsad ar mianiSnebs msgavs<br />
informaciaze, araferi iZleva msgavsi daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas. wina fazebis gavlisa<br />
da fazebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad monacemTa manipulaciis Sedegad msgavsi daskvnebis gamotana<br />
SesaZlebeli xdeba.<br />
es modeli ramdenime sxva fazasac moicavs, Tumca maTze aRar SevCerdebiT. Cveni mizania<br />
gaCvenoT, rom swavlebis modelSi safexurebi da fazebi gegmazomierad viTardeba da moswavleTa<br />
garkveuli mimarTulebis azrovnebis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. Cven SegviZlia sakvanZo<br />
kiTxviT SevajamoT tabas modelis pirveli xuTi faza:<br />
faza 1: ra monacemebi gaqvT?<br />
faza 2: rogor daajgufebdiT monacemebs?<br />
faza 3: ra saxels SeurCevdiT Tqvens kategoriebs an jgufebs?<br />
faza 4: ra akavSirebs Tqveneul dajgufebebs?<br />
faza 5: ra daskvnebis gakeTeba SegiZliaT Temis Sesaxeb?<br />
swavlebis rva modeli<br />
swavlebis modelis cneba brus r. joisma (Bruce R. Joyce) Semoitana 1968 wels `novatori<br />
maswvlebeli: maswavlebelTa momzadebis programaSi~, romelsac jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da<br />
socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamenti afinansebda. 1972 wels, joisisa da marSa ueilis<br />
(Marsha Weil) avtorobiT gamoqveynda `swavlebis modelebi~, sadac mravali modeli detalurad<br />
iyo aRwerili. es aRwerebi ganaxlda da axali modelebiT Seivso oTx momdevno gamocemaSi<br />
(1980, 1986, 1992, 1996). amrigad, Cven aTobiT saswavlo modelis detaluri aRwera gvaqvs,<br />
gamdidrebuli magaliTebiT, SemTxvevebiT, safexurebiT. es wignebi mniSvnelovani wvlilia<br />
swavlebis Sesaxeb literaturaSi, vinaidan maT gaacocxles jerom bruneris, devid ozibelis,<br />
b. f. skineris, uiliam glaseris, riCard sakmanis, Jan piaJesa da sxva korifeebis mier SemuSavebuli<br />
swavlis Teoriuli.<br />
swavlebis yoveli modelis gasaanalizeblad, joisi da ueili svamdnen Semdeg kiTxvebs:<br />
1. rogoria swavlebisa da swavlis mimarTuleba am modelSi? gamiznulia Tu ara swavleba<br />
romelime specifikuri tipis azrovnebis CamoyalibebisTvis?<br />
2. ra TanamimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli movlenebi swavlebis procesSi? ras akeTeben<br />
maswavleblebi da moswavleebi Tavdapirvelad? yovel momdevno safexurze?<br />
3. rogor epyroba <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavles da rogori reaqcia aqvs mis namoqmedarze?<br />
4. maswavlebelTa/moswavleTa rogori rolebi, urTierToba da normebia waxalisebuli?<br />
249
Tavi 10<br />
250<br />
5. ra damatebiTi zomebi da masalebi (masalebi da damxmare sistemebi) aris saWiro modelis<br />
asamoqmedeblad?<br />
6. ra aris swavlebis mizani? ra saswavlo da aRmzrdelobiTi Sedegebia mosalodneli<br />
swavlebis am meTodis gamoyenebisas?<br />
am modelebis aRwera TvalsaCinos xdis swavlebis meTodebis alternativaTa farTo<br />
speqtrs da maTi unikaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva. modelebis `ena~<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs mkafiod warmovidginoT swavlebis procesSi moqmedebaTa paternebi. amrigad,<br />
Cven ufro zustad SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ris gakeTeba SegviZlia gakveTilze<br />
swavlebis konkretuli modelis saSualebiT; ratom vasrulebT ama Tu im moqmedebas da ra<br />
Sedegs veliT.<br />
Cven swavlebis rva modelis analizs gTavazobT. TiToeuli zedapirulad aris aRwerili<br />
da unda gvaxsovdes, rom daostatebisTvis aucilebelia maTi siRrmiseuli Seswavla. vimedovnebT,<br />
rom mkiTxvels swavlebis araCveulebriv `menius~ SevTavazebT. maswavlebelTa<br />
umetesoba erT an or models iyenebs, maTi mcire nawili Tu icnobs srul speqtrs da kidev<br />
ufro mcire nawilia daxelovnebuli maT praqtikul gamoyenebaSi da sxvadasxva moswavlesa<br />
Tu saswavlo programasTan misadagebaSi.<br />
raki joisisa da ueilis wigni arsebobs, yoveli modelis safexurebisa da fazebis detaluri<br />
damuSaveba saWiro aRar aris. Cveni mizania gagacnoT TiToeuli maTganis Sesatyvisi<br />
saazrovno modelis gansxvavebuli `aromati~. mkiTxvels SeuZlia ufro CauRrmavdes im modelebis<br />
Semdgom Seswavlas, romelic ukeT esadageba mis prioritetebs.<br />
am Tavis bolos, mogawvdiT originaluri wyaroebis bibliografias, rac dainteresebul<br />
mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems mocemuli modelis SeTavazebul sazRvrebs gascdes.<br />
modelebis ufro TvalsaCinod asaxvisTvis Cven specifikur masalas – dawyebiT geometrias<br />
gamoviyenebT.<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis (Advance Organizer) modeli<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi maTematikaSi, gramatikaSi, sociologiasa da sxva sferoebSi codnis<br />
erTobliobis safuZvelze miRebuli warmodgenebia. geometriul koncefciaTa mocemuli<br />
nakrebi aqtivobaTa zustad gansazRvrul, integrirebul da progresulad diferencirebul<br />
nakrebs asaxavs:<br />
p wertili<br />
r<br />
o sivrce integraciuli SeTanxmeba<br />
g<br />
r wiris segmenti<br />
e<br />
s wiris traeqtoria<br />
u kuTxe
l<br />
i d wvero<br />
i<br />
f kuTxis gverdi<br />
e<br />
r kongruentuli<br />
e<br />
n marjvena kuTxe<br />
c<br />
i maxvili kuTxe<br />
a<br />
c blagvi kuTxe<br />
i<br />
a marTi kuTxe<br />
swavlebis modelebi<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis modelSi, es koncefciebi maswavleblis mier erTmaneTis miyolebiT<br />
aris warmodgenili leqciis, filmis, demonstrirebis an kiTxvis meSveobiT. Semdgom<br />
moswavle iyenebs winmswreb aqtivobebs da TvalsaCinod warmoadgens geometriuli koncefciis<br />
wvdomas. magaliTad; maswavlebelma maxvili kuTxe SeiZleba gansazRvros, rogorc marT<br />
kuTxeze (90 gradusze) naklebi nebismieri kuTxe da Semdeg Taviseburebebi magaliTebis meSveobiT<br />
axsnas. me-2 fazaSi, moswavles SeiZleba davavaloT maxvili kuTxis daxazva da misi<br />
aRniSvna asoebiT ABC. msgavsi savarjiSoebiT maswavlebels SeuZlia gansazRvros moswavlis<br />
TandaTanobiTi daostateba da axali masala daukavSiros naswavls, romelsac bruneri `integraciul<br />
SeTanxmebas~ uwodebs. amis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Semdeg aqtivobaze gadadis.<br />
am modelis gamoyenebisas maswavleblis upirvelesi mizania codnis erTobliobisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli konceptualuri aqtivobebis daxvewa da informaciis gaazrebuli aTvisebis<br />
xelSewyoba. `gaazrebulSi~ igulisxmeba konteqstSi codnis ierarqiuli sistematizacia. moswavleebma<br />
unda iswavlon es aqtivobebi, radgan isini akademiuri codnis safuZvelia. zogierTi<br />
konceptualur aqtivobebs skolaSi swavlebis `saarsebo saSualebad~ miiCnevs.<br />
koncefciis wvdoma<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis models mWidrod ukavSirdeba koncefciis wvdoma: logikis, analizis,<br />
Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis gziT swavla. koncefciis wamowevis nacvlad, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
moswavleebs monacemebs dadebiTi magaliTebis saxiT acnobs, xolo moswavleebi eZeben<br />
Taviseburebebs koncefciis gansazRvrisTvis. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aseve iyenebs uaryofiT magaliTebs,<br />
romlebic ar moicavs koncefciis Taviseburebebs, magram moswavleebs relevanturi<br />
Taviseburebebis gansazRvraSi exmareba.<br />
251
Tavi 10<br />
252<br />
X<br />
dadebiTi magaliTi uaryofiT magaliTi Taviseburebebi<br />
X Y<br />
Y<br />
Z<br />
Z<br />
Y<br />
X<br />
Y<br />
X<br />
Z<br />
Z<br />
X<br />
90 gradusze<br />
meti<br />
180 gradusze<br />
naklebi<br />
sqema 10.1: koncefciis wvdomis nimuSebi<br />
sqemaze warmodgenilia Semdegi koncefcia: `nebismieri kuTxe romelic metia marT kuTxeze da naklebia gaSlil<br />
kuTxeze~<br />
moswavle induqciis gziT unda mivides koncefciamde – gansazRvros damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi<br />
da Camoayalibos abstraqtuli debuleba. 10.1 sqemaze mocemuli koncefcia aris `nebismieri<br />
kuTxe romelic metia marT kuTxeze da naklebia gaSlil kuTxeze~. maTematikuri saxeldeba<br />
ufro naklebmniSvnelovania, vidre moswavlis mier am ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebebis gageba.<br />
koncefciis wvdomis modelis Rirseba is aris, rom moswavleebi ara mxolod TviT koncefciebs<br />
swavloben, aramed koncefciebis Camoyalibebas niSnebis safuZvelze, logikuri<br />
msjelobis unars da alternatiuli Sexedulebebisadmi pativiscemas. es saswavlo da aRmzrdelobiTi<br />
Sedegebi koncefciis wvdomis praqtikuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze miiRweva;<br />
faqtobrivad, moswavle codnas mizanmimarTuli swavlis gziT agebs.<br />
induqciuri azrovnebis modeli<br />
induqciuri azrovnebis modeli moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs im mecnierebis msgavsad<br />
daagrovon codna, romlebic arsebuli sinamdvilis wvdomaze iReben pasuxismgeblobas.<br />
a. b. c. d.<br />
c. f. g. h.<br />
i. j. k. l.<br />
sqema 10.2: induqciuri azrovnebis modeli<br />
es modeli moswavleebs codnis Seqmnis saSualebas aZlevs.
swavlebis modelebi<br />
ganixileT 10.2 sqemis monacemebi. Semdeg dasviT SekiTxvebis seria, rom moswavleebi<br />
ZiriTadi kuTxeebis sistemur daxarisxebamde miiyvanoT.<br />
ras xedavT?<br />
romeli figurebis dajgufeba SeiZleba? ratom?<br />
ras vuwodebT maT? ratom?<br />
ras amCnevT erT-erTi jgufis Sesaxeb?<br />
ra msgavsebebs da gansxvavebas xedavT?<br />
ras geubnebaT es yvelaferi geometriis Sesaxeb?<br />
Tqveni azriT, ra moxdeba Tu...?<br />
ra mtkicebulebas gamoiyenebdiT Tqveni varaudis dasadastureblad?<br />
raze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zogadad WeSmaritia?<br />
amgvari logikuri procesis Sedegad miRebuli koncefciebi, SesaZlebelia, met-naklebad<br />
gansazRvravs garegnul codnas geometriaSi, magram maswavleblisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania<br />
moswavlis azrovneba: logikisadmi yuradReba, enisadmi faqizi damokidebuleba, codnis<br />
agebisa da koncefciebis Camoyalibebis unari, am procesebSi moswavleTa TanamSromloba.<br />
kvlevis unaris wvrTna<br />
kvlevis unaris wvrTnisas moswavlem Tavisi codna problemis gadasaWrelad unda gamoiyenos.<br />
am procesSi is met codnas iZens rogorc Sinaarsis (maTematikuri codna), aseve procesis<br />
(kvlevis unaris wvrTna) TvalsazrisiT.<br />
davuSvaT, Cveni amocanaa SevqmnaT ori kvadrati da oTxi toli samkuTxedi marTkuTxedisgan,<br />
romlis gverdebia 5 da 1 goji. problemis gadaWra moswavlem geometriul koncefciebze unda<br />
aagos. es aris obieqtebis, pirobebis da movlenebis Sesaxeb relevanturi faqtebis Semowmebis<br />
procesi da imavdroulad sivrcis, formisa da zomis SesaZlo konfiguraciis Sesaxeb hipo-<br />
Tezis daSveba. magaliTad, moswavlem SesaZloa amocana 10.3 sqemaze naCvenebi gziT gadaWras.<br />
1 3<br />
2 4<br />
3<br />
4<br />
sqema 10.3: kvlevis unaris varjiSi<br />
5<br />
2<br />
1<br />
5<br />
253
Tavi 10<br />
problemis wamoWris Semdgom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs aqezebs, jgufurad gamoikvlion,<br />
TviTon pasuxobs maT zogad kiTxvebs, exmareba gagebaSi, varaudis daSvebaSi, SemowmebaSi, qcevis<br />
axsnaSi da xelmZRvanelobs jgufis aqtivobas.<br />
kvlevis unaris wvrTnis modeli ufro eqsperimentuli codnaa, romelSic calkeuli<br />
disciplinebis Sesaxeb organizebuli codna sinTezirebulia da mimarTulia problemis<br />
gadaWraze. instruqciis mizani ufro moswavlis mier sakuTari codnis Semowmebaa, vidre<br />
codnis SeZena. amas garda, moswavleebi kvlevis strategiebs sakuTar qcevaze dakvirvebiT da<br />
sagnebis, movlenebis da pirobebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasmiT swavloben. es maSin xdeba, rodesac<br />
maswavleblebi da moswavleebi problemis gadaWrisaken mimarTul qcevas kooperaciuli<br />
modeliT axorcieleben. kvleviT swavlaSi garkveuli urTierTdamokidebulebac aris. moswavleebi<br />
yuradRebiT mosmenas da problemis gadasaWrelad sxvebis Sexedulebebis gamoyenebas<br />
swavloben. isini iseT gamocdilebas iZenen, romelic maT realur situaciebSi codnis<br />
gamoyenebisTvis amzadebs.<br />
254<br />
wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli<br />
swavlebis zemoxsenebuli modelebis safuZveli informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriaa da<br />
isini swavlebisadmi tradiciul midgomas gvTavazobs. miuxedavad amisa, sivrcisa da sivrce-<br />
Si wertilebis Sesaxeb codna piradi gamocdilebac SeiZleba iyos. wvdomis unaris wvrTnis<br />
mizania, erTmaneTs daukavSiros individis piradi gamocdileba da sxvaTa gamocdileba – am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, maTematikosebis. warmoidgineT moswavleebi TokiT xelSi, romelTac SeuZliaT<br />
wrfisa da samkuTxedis geometriuli konfiguraciebis warmodgena (ix. 10.4 sqema).<br />
sqema 10.4 wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli<br />
es modeli moswavles geometriis `gamocdis~ saSualebas aZlevs<br />
geometriis amgvari `gamocdis~ Semdeg, moswavleebi unda wavaxalisoT, rom sakuTar grZnobebsa<br />
da fiqrebze imsjelon. es maT klasis socialur konteqstSi Sesabamisi metyvelebis ganviTarebis<br />
saSualebas miscems.<br />
amgvari gamocdileba SesaZloa martivad mogveCvenos, magram sinamdvileSi is metad mdidaria<br />
pirovnuli relevanturobis TvalsazrisiT da codnis da `me~-s integrirebas emsaxureba.<br />
maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania moswavleTa Sinagani samyaro da TviTgamoxatvis unari. wvdoma<br />
xSirad codnis sawyis formad ganixileba, romelic xels uwyobs swavlas; rogorc ar unda<br />
iyos, is Zalze pirovnuli unaria, romelic xazs usvams individis simwifes. Cven yvelas mogvwons<br />
im adamianebis gverdiT yofna, romelTac sakuTari pirovnuli arsis gamoxatva SeuZliaT.
sineqtikis modeli<br />
swavlebis modelebi<br />
sineqtikis models (SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis mastimulirebeli meTodi, romlis drosac<br />
problemis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT moulodneli da arastereotipuli analogiebisa da<br />
asociaciebis gamoxatvis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi iqmneba; msjelobis sagani xdeba ara TviT<br />
problema aramed, masTan dakavSirebuli zogadi idea. misi avtoria uiliam gordoni. red. Sen.)<br />
safuZvlad udevs varaudebi kreatulobisa da analogiebis Sesaxeb. kreatuloba gulisxmobs<br />
nacnobsa da ucnobs Soris kavSirebis povnasa da Zveli problemebis gadaWris axali gzebis<br />
Ziebas. es iseT fsiqologiur mdgomareobebs moicavs, rogoricaaAgancalkeveba, CarTuloba,<br />
avtonomia, gaazreba. msgavs fsiqologiur mdgomareobas analogiebis saSualebiT vaRwevT,<br />
romlebic axali da rTuli masalis gagebisa da problemebis axleburi xedvis saSualebas gva-<br />
Zlevs. amgvari analogiebi gavlenas axdens swavlebis gzebsa da miznebze.<br />
sineqtikis konkretul fazaSi, romelsac gordoni (Gordon 1970) `ucnobis nacnobad<br />
gadaqcevas~ uwodebs, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> axal masalas leqciis, filmis an demonstrirebis saSualebiT<br />
acnobs. komentaris gareSe, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs SesaZlo analogiis moZiebas<br />
da mis aRweras sTxovs. analogiis personificirebisTvis moswavleebma is unda warmoidginon,<br />
gamoxaton. angalogiis aRwera da gamoxatva meoTxe da mexuTe etapebisTvis amzadebs<br />
detalebs – analogiasa da axal masalas Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis CamoTvla. bolos,<br />
moswavleebi pirvelwyaros ubrundebian, ecnobian, ganixilaven mas da iseT detalebze msjeloben,<br />
romlebic SesaZlebelia analogiuri azrovnebis wina aqtivobis dros gamorCaT. ganvixiloT<br />
Semdegi magaliTi:<br />
1-li etapi: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> geometriaSi axal masalas warudgens.<br />
me-2 etapi: moswavleebi irCeven analogias – am SemTxvevaSi, xes.<br />
me-3 etapi: moswavleebi detalurad aRweren xes.<br />
me-4 etapi: moswavleebi sakuTar Tavs xis nawilebad warmoidgenen.<br />
me-5 etapi: moswavleebi xesa da geometrias Soris msgavsebas aRniSnaven. magaliTad,<br />
`totebis kuTxe xis tanTan~ an `wertili, sadac toti<br />
mTavrdeba~.<br />
me-6 etapi: moswavleebi aRniSnaven gansxvavebebs – magaliTad, `moxrili totebi<br />
ar aris wrfe~.<br />
me-7 etapi: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> da moswavleebi ganixilaven, geometriis romeli<br />
aspeqtebi ver moicves msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas.<br />
sineqtikis procesi xels uwyobs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas da Sinaarsis gaazrebul swavlas.<br />
is gamocdilebaa rogorc piradi (aerTianebs geometriasa da pirovnul codnas), ise<br />
analogiebis moZebnis TvalsazrisiT (kavSirebis damyarebis unari). imavdroulad es jgufuri<br />
muSaobis araCveulebrivi gamocdilebac aris. sineqtikuri modelis saSualebiT Cven<br />
vamravalferovnebT swavlis Zalisxmevas da ramdenime mizans vaRwevT: saganSi daostateba,<br />
analogiiT azrovneba, pirovnuli integracia, xalisi da jgufuri produqtiuloba.<br />
arastruqturirebuli swavleba<br />
swavla piradi gamocdilebaa. individi pirispir dgeba dagegmvis, pasuxismgeblobis da maswavleblis<br />
winaSe, romlisTvisac mniSvnelovania moswavlis perspeqtiva. sakuTar swavlaze<br />
pasuxismgebloba, dagegmvis da am gegmis Sesrulebis unari arc ise umniSvneloa. maswavleb-<br />
255
Tavi 10<br />
els, romelsac surs moswavleebi damoukidebeli Semswavlelebi gaxdnen, SeuZlia arastruqturirebuli<br />
swavleba gamoiyenos individualuri produqtiulobis xelSemwyobi interpersonaluri<br />
urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. ai, TvalsaCino nawyveti:<br />
256<br />
”jon, momdevno sami kviris ganmavlobaSi geometrias SeviswavliT da imedi maqvs,<br />
yoveli Tqvengani Seqmnis sakuTari proeqtis gegmas~.<br />
`ras gulisxmob, batono rojers?~<br />
`ris Seswavlas isurvebdi geometriis Sesaxeb?~<br />
`gulwrfelad rom giTxraT, arasodes mifiqria geometriaze. CemTvis is erT-er-<br />
Ti saskolo sagania~.<br />
`mesmis. Cven imdenad zedmiwevniT vgegmavT skolaSi Tqvens saqmianobas, rom sa-<br />
Wiroc ki aRar aris Tavad ifiqro. miuxedavad amisa, CemTvis mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
Sen sakuTari miznebis dasaxvis, proeqtis Seqmnisa da CemTan erTad misi Sefasebis<br />
saSualeba gaqvs~.<br />
`ar vici saidan unda daviwyo~.<br />
`siamovnebiT dagexmarebi. rogorc maswavlebelma dagegmvis mravali gza viswavle.<br />
vfiqrob, swored amitom aris CemTvis es proeqti mniSvnelovani~.<br />
`ras gulisxmobT?~<br />
`minda, swavlis organizeba iswavlo, pasuxismgebloba igrZno imis Sesaxeb, risken<br />
iwrafvi da rogor miaRwev mizans. da rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, igrZno<br />
winsvla. vici, rom Sen amas SeZleb da msurs dagexmaro~.<br />
amgvari gamocdileba moswavlisTvis SemTxveviTi an azrs moklebuli ar aris.<br />
TavisTavad, is sasargebloa rogorc misTvis, aseve maswavleblisTvi. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>,<br />
romelic kargad gegmavs da warmarTavs swavlebas, am codnasa da unars<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis xelSesawyobad iyenebs. moswavlis mRelvarebis (zogjer,<br />
warumateblobis gamo brazis) gaziareba aucilebelia, magram mtkiceni unda<br />
davrCeT mis dasaxmareblad gaweuli Zalisxmevis dros. moswavles saqmianobis<br />
Sesrulebis arasakmarisi codna aqvs, magram struqturirebuli swavlebis wyalobiT<br />
SeZenili gambedaoba, gamocdileba da winsvlis gancda swavlas uadvilebs<br />
da produqtiuls xdis.<br />
struqturirebuli swavlebis modelis gamoyenebis ramdenime damajerebeli mizezi arsebobs.<br />
moswavleebi sakuTari saskolo cxovrebis kontrols swavloben. es maswavleblebisa da<br />
sxva moswavleebis rolis ugulebelyofa ki ara imis xazgasmaa, rom raRac Zalze individualuria<br />
da mxolod moswavles ekuTvnis. realuri mizania pirovnuli ganviTarebac. moswavleebi<br />
acnobiereben sakuTar da sxvebis grZnobebsa da fiqrebs da swavloben maT gaziarebas.<br />
da bolos, moswavleebi swavloben sakuTari swavlis dagegmvas, organizebas, ganxorcielebas<br />
da Sefasebas.<br />
jgufuri kvleva<br />
geometriis swavlebaze fiqrisas <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xSirad uyuradRebod tovebs swavlebis<br />
jgufur muSaobaze orientirebul modelebs, radgan maTematikis swavlebis tradiciebi<br />
mimarTulia individze da maTematikis Sinaarsze. miuxedavad amisa, jgufuri muSaobis uamravi<br />
SesaZleblobaa, romelic xels uwyobs interpersonaluri unarebis ganviTarebas, qmnis
swavlebis modelebi<br />
koleqtiuri kvlevisa da problemis gadaWris sxva SesaZleblobebs. moswavleebi erTmaneTs<br />
exmarebian problemis gadaWrisken mimarTuli qcevis Seswavlis dros, rac sasargebloa ara<br />
mxolod skolis periodSi, aramed skolis Semdeg samuSaoze, gunduri muSaobis dros.<br />
jgufuri kvleva – moswavleTa jgufisaTvis gankuTvnili problemis gadaWris modeli,<br />
Semdeg safexurebs moicavs:<br />
1. moswavleebi ejaxebian rTul situacias.<br />
2. moswavleebi msjeloben sakuTar reaqciebze.<br />
3. moswavleebi gansazRvraven problemas.<br />
4. moswavleebi adgenen gegmebs da msjeloben rolebze.<br />
5. moswavleebi axorcieleben gegmas.<br />
6. moswavleebi iazreben sakuTar gamocdilebas.<br />
am dros <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> uZRveba jgufis aqtivobas da misTvis erTgvar resurss warmoadgens.<br />
socialuri klimati kooperaciulia.<br />
jgufuri kvlevis gamoyenebiT geometriis swavlebis magaliTia simaRlis gazomva. Senobisa<br />
Tu xis simaRlis gazomva instrumentiT rTulia, moswavleebis mier problemis gadasaWrelad<br />
strategiebis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebas praqtikuli Sedegic aqvs da problemis<br />
maTematikur gadaWrasac uwyobs xels. moswavleebi problemis aspeqtebs praqtikul<br />
WrilSi ixilaven, Sesabamisad, misi gadaWris mcdelobiT mravalferovan gamocdilebas iZenen<br />
da ufro ganzogadebul gadawyvetilebamde midian.<br />
geometriis jgufuri kvlevis modeliT swavlebisas maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos<br />
rogorc saswavlo, ise aRmzrdelobiTi Sedegebi. es gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebisa da<br />
codnis pativiscemas, mowafis damoukideblobas, jgufis efeqtian muSaobas, jgufuri kvlevisa<br />
da socialuri aqtivobis xelSewyobas, disciplinas. jgufuri kvleva am RirebulebiTi<br />
orientaciebis sinTezia.<br />
instruqciis paternebi<br />
swavlebis modelebis garda arsebobs swavlebis zogadi paternebi: leqcia, zepiri gamokiTxva<br />
da pirdapiri swavleba.<br />
leqcia<br />
kargi leqcia sistemuri da Tanamimdevrulia, informacias mowesrigebulad da sainteresod<br />
gadmogvcems. warmatebuli leqtorebi unarebs wignis pirvel TavSi mocemuli parametrebis<br />
(yuradReba, sicxade, swavlis gamocdileba, miznebi, saswavlo gegmis organizacia)<br />
Sesabamisad iviTareben. kargi leqcia swavlebis mniSvnelovani iaraRia da Sesabamisi aqvs<br />
pedagogikaSi.<br />
leqciis dabal xarisxs ganapirobebs ara TviT leqciis rogorc modelis naklovaneba, aramed<br />
pirvel TavSi mocemul erT an ramdenime parametrTan Seusabamoba. dabali xarisxis leqcias<br />
swavlebas verc ki vuwodebT. saintereso momxsenebelma, romelic msmenelTa yuradRebas<br />
ipyrobs da maT maxvilgonivruli anekdotebiT axalisebs, SeiZleba veraferi aswavlos, Tuki<br />
leqciis Sinaarsi agebuli ar iqneba sagnis miznebis Sesabamisad. moswavleebi, SesaZlebelia,<br />
sulmouTqmelad elodnen mecadineobas, kargadac gaerTon, magram veraferi iswavlon.<br />
257
Tavi 10<br />
258<br />
zepiri gamokiTxva<br />
zepiri gamokiTxva verbaluri gamocdaa. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> svams SekiTxvebs, moswavleebi pasuxoben<br />
da <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> afasebs pasuxebs. misi mizania amowuros masala, gaameorebinos,<br />
dausvas SekiTxvebi da gaarkvios, vin ra icis. am procesis mizania masalis sakvanZo sakiTxebis<br />
gadaxedva. xSirad gamocdebisTvis momzadebas zepiri gamokiTxvis forma aqvs. gamokiTxva ar<br />
aris safexurebis nakrebi, magram Cven SegviZlia SevqmnaT misi erTgvari sakontrolo sia:<br />
¤ masala amowurulia.<br />
¤ xazgasmulia mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.<br />
¤ gansazRvrulia moswavlis dabnevis mizezebi.<br />
¤ moswavleebi masqimalurad CarTulebi arian.<br />
¤ gamoyenebulia maRali donis azrovnebis stimulirebis SesaZleblobebi.<br />
zepiri gamokiTxvis gakveTilis xarisxze vrceli msjelobisaTvis SegviZlia kidev erTxel<br />
davubrundeT yuradRebis, tempisa da sicxadis menejmentis parametrebs. zepir gamokiTxvas<br />
skolaSi arc ise didi adgili ukavia, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos. misi dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg moswavleebmac da maswavlebelmac ician, vin ra icis, vin Seasrula davaleba<br />
da vin miiRo maRali Sefaseba.<br />
pirdapiri swavleba<br />
pirdapiri swavleba, rogorc wesi, unarebze muSaobis dros gamoiyeneba da aqvs garkveuli<br />
Tanamimdevroba:<br />
1. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ayalibebs gakveTilis miznebs.<br />
2. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> wklass warudgens koncefciebs an operacias.<br />
3. maswavlebels mohyavs magaliTebi an TvalsaCinoeba.<br />
4. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> svams kiTxvebs gagebis Sesamowmeblad.<br />
5. moswavleebi, rogorc wesi jgufurad muSaoben maswavleblis uSualo dakvirvebis,<br />
ukukavSiris, daxmarebis da miniSnebebis daxmarebiT.<br />
6. moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaoben (davaleba an saSinao davaleba).<br />
7. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> amowmebs da wyvets Tavidan axsnas, gadaajgufos Tu gaagrZelos swavleba.<br />
8. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xSirad atarebs testirebas.<br />
pirdapirs swavlebas modelis statusi ara aqvs, radganac mas ar aqvs Teoriuli safuZveli,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>-moswavlis reaqciaTa paterni, an specifikuri saswavlo qcevis xelSemwyobi socialur-teqnikuri<br />
garemo pirobebi. magram viciT, rom srulyofili pirdapiri axsna jgufeb-<br />
Si da misTvis gankuTvnili Sesabamisi dro unarebis ganviTarebis pirobaa. pirdapiri axsna<br />
asaxavs treningis, amocanis analizis da biologiuri ukukavSiris mimdinare mimarTulebebs.<br />
amgvari swavlebis es upiratesobebi, romelsac safuZvlad Tanamedrove biznes-sazogadoebis<br />
moTxovnebi udevs, efeqtianobisa da nayofierebis mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.<br />
leqcia, zepiri gamokiTxva da pirdapiri axsna swavlebis cnobili paternebia da maswavlebelTa<br />
umravlesoba maT swavlebis modelebad miiCnevs, Tumca arc Teoriasa da arc praqtika-<br />
Si isini modelebi ar aris. swavlebis modelebs srulyofili Teoriuli debulebebi da qcevis<br />
im paternebis aRweriloba aqvs, romlis ganxorcielebac maswavleblebs wvrTnis safuZvelze<br />
SeuZliaT. yoveli modeli maswavlebel-moswavlis gansxvavebuli urTierTkavSiriT xasiaT-
swavlebis modelebi<br />
deba. modelebi Teatralur warmodgenas hgavs, Tumca, ara calkeuli scenasaviT detalurad<br />
aRwerils; roca maswavlebelma icis modeli, mas gakveTilis dawyebamde SeuZlia saklaso<br />
aqtivobis warmodgena da misi gamoyenebiT TviT aqtivobis kontroli da xelmZRvaneloba.<br />
gansxvavebulia modelebis Sinaarsi da miznebi. erT modelSi Sinaarsis safuZveli akademiuri<br />
disciplinaa (magaliTad, maTematikaSi); meoreSi – SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli moswavleTa<br />
bolodroindeli gamocdileba. modelis SerCevas ganapirobebs ara marto saswavlo Sinaarsi,<br />
aramed moswavleTa azrovnebisa da swavlis gzebi.<br />
swavlebis modelebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vikiTxoT: `ras niSnavs kargad swavleba?~ swavlebis<br />
sikarges konkretuli modelis sikarge ganapirobebs (mag.: logikuri azrovneba, induqciuri<br />
msjeloba, pirovnuli TviTorganizeba, TanamSromloba da jgufuri muSaobis unarebi).<br />
dabolos, swavlebis ramden models iyenebT? romlebs? rogor SeusabamebdiT moswavleebs<br />
gansxvavebul modelebs?<br />
259
s w a v l e b i s m o d e l e b i - S e j a m e b a<br />
1. maswavleblis modelebis nakrebi moicavs:<br />
aranair paterns<br />
zepir gamokiTxvas<br />
pirdapiri swavlebas<br />
dasrulebul models<br />
2. swavlebis gamoyenebuli modelebi:<br />
moswavleebisa da/an masalis Seuferebelia<br />
masalis Sesaferisia<br />
morgebulia jgufze<br />
dasrulebul models da sxva modelis segmentebs<br />
morgebulia individebze<br />
ramdenime dasrulebul models<br />
s w a v l e b i s m o d e l e b i<br />
261<br />
S e j a m e b a
Tavi 10<br />
262<br />
literatura<br />
Joyce,B.R.and M.Weil.Models Of Teaching. Egglewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall, 1972, 1980,1986,1992; Reading ,<br />
Mass.: Addison-Wasley, 1996.<br />
sazogadoebrivi modelebi<br />
jgufuri kvlevis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: herbert seleni, jon diui<br />
daniSnuleba: demokratiul sazogadoebriv procesSi monawileobis unaris ganviTareba<br />
adamianTa, sazogadoebriv (jgufTa) unarebze da akademiuri<br />
gamokvlevaze aqcentirebiT. adamianis ganviTarebis aspeqtebi<br />
am modelis mniSvnelovani Sedegebia.<br />
Dewey, J.Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan,1916<br />
Thelen, H.Education and Human Quest. New York: Harper &Row.1960<br />
Thelen, H Dynamics of Groups at Work. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1954.<br />
iurisprudenciuli modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: donald oliveri, jems p. Seiveri<br />
daniSnuleba: iurisprudenciuli kriteriumebis, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis<br />
gzis da, aseve, socialuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisa da<br />
fiqris meTodis swavleba.<br />
Oliver, D., and J.P.Shaver, Teaching Public Issues in High School.Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1966.<br />
socialuri kvlevis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: benjamin koqsi, bairon masialasi<br />
daniSnuleba: socialuri problemis gadawyveta, ZiriTadad akademiuri kvlevis<br />
da logikuri msjelobis gziT.<br />
Massialas, B., and B. Cox. Inquiry in Social Studies. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.<br />
laboratoriuli meTodis modeli (Ti-jgufi)<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: erovnuli treiningis laboratoria, beseli, maini; lelandi p.<br />
bradfordi<br />
daniSnuleba: adamianTa Soris urTierTobis unaris ganviTareba da amis safuZvelze<br />
pirovnuli codnisa da moqnilobis gazrda.<br />
Bany, M., and L. V. Johnson. Classroom Group Behavior: Group Dynamics in Education. New York: Macmillan,<br />
1964.<br />
Bennis, W. G., K. D. Benne, and R. Chin (eds.). The Planning of Change: Readings in the Applied Behavioral
Sciences. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.<br />
swavlebis modelebi<br />
Bradford, L. P. (ed.). Human Forces in Teaching and Learning. Washington, D.C.: National Training Laboratory,<br />
National Association, 1961.<br />
Bradford, L. P., J. R. Gibb, and K. D. Benne. T-Group Theory and Laboratory Method. New York: John<br />
Wiley, 1964.<br />
Human Relations Laboratory Training Student Notebook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Education, 1961<br />
.<br />
informaciis gadamuSavebis modeli<br />
koncefciis wvdomis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosi: jerom bruneri<br />
daniSnuleb induqciuri msjelobis ganviTareba<br />
Bruner, J., J. J. Goodnow, and G. A. Austin. A Study of Thinking. New York: Science Editions, 1957.<br />
induqciuri modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosi: hilda taba<br />
daniSnuleba: induqciuri gonebrivi procesis ganviTareba da Teoriis akademiuri<br />
dasabuTeba, rac sasargebloa rogorc adamianis, aseve socialuri<br />
miznebisTvis. es modeli ganviTarda azrovnebis specifiuri<br />
tipisagan, romelic safuZvlad udevs samecniero kvlevas.<br />
Taba, H. Teaching Strategies and Cognitive Functioning in Elementary School Children. Cooperative Research<br />
Project 2404. San Francisco: San Francisco State College.<br />
_______. Teacher’s Handbook For Elementary social Studies. Reading, Mass.:Addison-wesley 1967.<br />
kvlevis wvrTnis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosi: riCard suCmeni<br />
daniSnuleba: induqciuri gonebrivi procesis ganviTareba da Teoriis akademiuri<br />
dasabuTeba. kvlevis zogadi modeli ganviTarda im meTodebis<br />
analizis safuZvelze, romelsac kvlevis SemoqmedebiTi personali<br />
iyenebda.<br />
Suchman, J. R. The Elementary School Training Program in Scientific Inquiry. Report of the U.S.Office of<br />
Education. Project Title VIII, Project 216. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1962.<br />
_______. ”A model for the Analysis of Inquiry.` In H. J. Klausmeier and C. W. Harris (eds.), Analysis of<br />
Concept Learning. New York: Academic press, 1966.<br />
_______. Inquiry Box: Teacher;s Handbook. Chicago: Science Reasearch Associates, 1967.<br />
_______. Inquire Development Program: Developing Inquiry. Chicago: Science Research associates, 1966.<br />
biologiuri mecnierebis kvlevis modeli<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: jozef. j. Svabi, jerom bruneri (saswavlo programis reformis<br />
263
Tavi 10<br />
264<br />
wyaro:<br />
moZraoba)<br />
daniSnuleba: disciplinis kvlevis sistemis swavleba da sxva disciplinebze gavlena;<br />
magaliTad, sociologiuri meTodebi SesaZlebelia socialuri<br />
gagebis da socialuri problemis gadawyvetis unaris ganviTarebis<br />
mizniT iswavlebodes.<br />
Schvab, J. J. Biological Sciences curriculum Study, Supervisor.Biology Teachers’ Handbook. New york: John<br />
Wiley, 1965.<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosi: david ozibeli<br />
daniSnuleba: informaciis gadamuSavebis unaris efeqtianobis gazrda da mravalmxrivi<br />
codnis miReba.<br />
Ausubel, D. P. The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1963.<br />
______. Learning Theory and classroom Practice. Bulletin 1. Toronto: Ontarion Institute for Studies in<br />
Education, 1967.<br />
ganviTarebis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: Jan piaJe, irving sigeli, edmund salivani<br />
daniSnuleba: zogadi inteleqtualuri, gansakuTrebiT, logikuri dasabuTebis<br />
ganviTareba. aseve socialur da moralur ganviTarebac.<br />
Furth, H. G. Piaget and Knowledge. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1969.<br />
Kohlberg, L. ”Moral Education in the School.”School Review 74 (1966).<br />
Piaget, J. The Origins Of Intelligence in Children. New York: International University Press, 1952.<br />
Sigel, I.E.”The Piagetian System and the World Of Education.” In d. Elkind and J. Flavell (eds.), Studies<br />
in Cognitive Development. New York:Oxford University Press, 1969.<br />
personaluri modelebi<br />
arastruqturirebuli swavlebis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: karl rojersi<br />
daniSnuleba: TviTSeswavlis unaris gamomuSaveba da misi meSveobiT TviTgagebis,<br />
TviTaRmoCenis da TviTSefasebis safuZvelze pirovnuli ganviTareba.<br />
Rogers, C. R. Client Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951.<br />
_____. Freedom to Learn. Coumbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1969.<br />
saklaso Sexvedrebis modeli<br />
mTavari Teoretikosi: uiliam glaseri
wyaro:<br />
swavlebis modelebi<br />
daniSnuleba: TviTgagebis da TviTpasuxismgeblobis ganviTareba. iribi sargebeli<br />
aqvs funqcionirebis sxva (mag., socialur) formebzec.<br />
Glasser, W. Reality Therapy. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.<br />
_____. Schools Without Failure. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.<br />
sineqtikis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosi: uiliam gordoni<br />
daniSnuleba: Semoqmedebis individualuri da problemis gadawyvetis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
gzis ganviTareba.<br />
Gordon, W. J. Synectics. New York: Harper & Row, 1961<br />
cnobierebis wvrTnis modeli<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: uiliam Sutci, fric perlsi<br />
daniSnuleba: pirovnuli TviTgamorkvevis da TviTSecnobis unaris ganviTareba.<br />
umTavresi aqcenti gakeTebulia interpersonaluri codnis da<br />
gagebis unaris ganviTarebaze.<br />
Brown, G. Human Teaching for Human Learning. New York: Viking Press, 1971.<br />
Schitz, W. J. FIRO: A Three Dimentional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and<br />
Winston, 1958.<br />
_____. Expanding Human Awareness. New York: Groove Press, 1967.<br />
qcevis modifikaciis modelebi<br />
operantuli ganpirobeba<br />
wyaro:<br />
mTavari Teoretikosebi: b. f. skineri<br />
daniSnuleba: zogadi gamoyeneba. arafunqciuri midgoma, miuxedavad imisa rom,<br />
savaraudod, informaciis gadamuSavebis procesSi gamoiyeneba.<br />
Schramm, W. Programmed Instruction: Today and Tomorrow. New york: Fund for the Advancement of<br />
Education, 1962..<br />
Skinner, B.F. The Science of Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1956.<br />
_____. Verbal Behavior. New York:appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.<br />
Taber, J., R.Glaser, and H.s. Halmuth. Learning and Programmed Instruction. Reading, Mass.: Addison-<br />
Wisley, 1965.<br />
265
11<br />
molodinebi<br />
rogor gavagebinoT moswavleebs Cveni<br />
molodinebisa da maTi marTebulobis<br />
Sesaxeb?<br />
sami mTavari gzavnili<br />
oTxgvari molodini<br />
standartebi<br />
pigmalionis efeqti<br />
saklaso cxovrebis aTi sfero
araferi iseT Zlier gavlenas ar axdens adamianis qcevaze,<br />
rogorc sxva mniSvnelovan adamianTa<br />
araorazrovani (mkafio) molodinebi.<br />
molodinebi<br />
jim stefani<br />
menejmentis konsultanti<br />
saklaso oTaxi molodinebiT aRsavse dinamikuri da kompleqsuri sazogadoebaa: maswavleblis<br />
molodinebi moswavleebis mimarT, moswavleTa molodinebi maswavleblis<br />
mimarT da urTierTmolodinebi. es molodinebi mniSvnelovanwilad gvixsnis imas,<br />
rasac saklaso oTaxSi vxedavT _ kargsa Tu cuds, sasargeblosa Tu fuWs. TviT molodinTa<br />
SemCneva SeuZlebelia; isini, atmosferos msgavsad, haerSia gabneuli; mxolod adamianTa Soris<br />
arsebobs da maTi urTierTobis nawilia.<br />
am TavSi swavlebis molodinTa parametrze visaubrebT. ra Tqma unda, mxolod atmosferoze<br />
saubars ar davjerdebiT. Cven qceva gvainteresebs: kontrolirebadi qceva, is rasac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
akeTebs da ambobs atmosferos Sesaqmnelad. am parametris farglebSi davadgenT,<br />
ras amboben da akeTeben maswavleblebi imisTvis, rom cxadad gaagebinon moswavleebs molodinebi.<br />
SevexebiT standartis sakiTxsac: sakmarisad maRali, racionaluri da Sesatyvisia Tu<br />
ara igi gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da individebisTvis? dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, ra unda<br />
gaakeTos maswavlebelma am molodinTa TanxvdenilobisTvis? Semdeg SevexebiT klasis yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebis interesTa aT sferos, romelTa saSualebiTac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> konfidencialur<br />
`Setyobinebebs ugzavnis~ moswavleebs maTi SesaZleblobebis rwmenis, Tavdauzogavi<br />
muSaobisa da warmatebisTvis Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.<br />
am Tavis epigrafi molodinebTan dakavSirebiT or ZiriTad elements Seicavs. pirvelia<br />
sityva `araorazrovani~. moswavleebma dabejiTebiT unda icodnen, ras moelis maTgan<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. meore elementia `mniSvnelovani adamianebi~. maswavleblebi, mSoblebis msgavsad,<br />
mniSvnelovani adamianebi arian moswavleebisTvis. Tu urTierToba pativiscemasac<br />
(da, SesaZloa, siyvarulsac) gulisxmobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. amgvari urTierTo-<br />
rasac elodebi, aris is, rasac iReb.<br />
bis damyareba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani parametria<br />
(pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba), romelsac me-12<br />
TavSi SevexebiT. am TavSi ki TviT molodinebsa da maT Setyobinebas ganvixilavT. epigrafis<br />
mixedviT, garkveulwilad, `rasac elodebi, aris is, rasac iReb~ da amitom maswavlebels Seu-<br />
Zlia gaaumjobesos (an gaauaresos) moswavleTa saqmianoba maRali (an dabali) molodinebiT,<br />
rac sakmaod did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mas.<br />
sami mTavari gzavnili<br />
am parametris ZiriTadi aspeqtia qvemoT mocemuli sami Setyobinebis gagzavna moswavleebisTvis:<br />
1. es mniSvnelovania.<br />
2. Sen SeZleb amas.<br />
269
Tavi 11<br />
270<br />
1. xels ar Cagaqnevineb.<br />
am SetyobinebaTa gagzavna moswavleebisTvis warmatebiT SeuZliaT radikalurad gansxvavebuli<br />
pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da swavlebis stilis adamianebs. warmateba stilze<br />
rodia damokidebuli. saukeTeso <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, rbili Tu mkacri, Tavisuflad Tu analitikurad<br />
moazrovne, poulobs gzebs, rom daarwmunos moswavleebi: `me mjera Seni da sagnis~ da<br />
amas jadoqrobiT rodi aRwevs. am Setyobinebebs misi faqizi da gulisyuriani sityvebi da<br />
qmedeba `gzavnis~ da udides gavlenas axdens zogadad, gansakuTrebiT ki dabali moswrebis<br />
mqone moswavleebze.<br />
swavlebis am parametris Seswavlisas iseTive biheviorulebi unda viyoT, rogorc yuradRebisa<br />
da sizustis Seswavlisas viyaviT. midgomac msgavsi iqneba: xerxebis ra repertuari<br />
gvaqvs am sami Setyobinebis gasagzavnad da ra xerxi miesadageba calkeul moswavles?<br />
oTxgvari molodini<br />
maswavlebels moswavlis saqmianobis oTxi ZiriTadi aspeqtis mimarT aqvs molodini:<br />
1. Sromis xarisxi da raodenoba.<br />
2. Sromis Cvevebi da procedura.<br />
3. saqmisa da meojaxeobis rutina.<br />
4. interpersonaluri qceva.<br />
moswavleTa Sromis xarisxisa da raodenobis molodini individualur Sedegsa da `mwarmoeblobas~<br />
exeba. magaliTad, Tu kiTxvaze `ramdenad kargad asrulebs jeisoni samuSaos?~<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> pasuxobs, `mas metis gakeTeba SeeZlo~, an `zarmacobs, darwmunebuli var, Tu<br />
moindomebs, ukeT SeZlebs~, is uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs im samuSaos, romelsac jeisonisgan<br />
eloda. maswavlebels realurze ufro maRali molodini aqvs jeisonisgan.<br />
imis mixedviT, ra molodini aqvs maswavlebels jeisonis namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT, arsebobs<br />
Sefasebis gamoxatvis ramdenime gza. ai, rogor SeiZleba gamoxatos maswavlebelma sakuTari<br />
molodinis gamarTleba: `marTlac kargia. es swored is xarisxia, rasac jeisonisgan<br />
velodi~ da `kargia, swored amis molodini SegviZlia gvqondes jeisonisgan~.<br />
moswavlis mimdinare saqmianobis Taobaze molodinebi gansxvavdeba im molodinebisgan,<br />
romlebic maswavlebels garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi aqvs moswavlis saqmianobis srulyofis<br />
mimarT. sxva sakiTxia maswavleblis TvalTaxedva imasTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenad Sesatyvisia<br />
axali miznebisa da masalis garTuleba moswavleebisTvis, ra dro aqvT moswavleebs<br />
axali samuSaos Sesasruleblad. rogoria moswavleTa mimdinare Sedegebi da maswavleblis<br />
molodinebi samuSaos xarisxsa da raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
molodini Sromis Cvevebisa da proceduris mimarT exeba TviT moswavleTa saqmianobas da<br />
ara muSaobis Sedegebs. am molodinTa nawili aqcentirebulia iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa<br />
saSinao davalebis micema, daxmareba, kvlevis Catareba. magaliTad, maswavlebels SeuZlia<br />
Tqvas: `yovelTvis, naSromis Sesrulebisas velodebi, rom pirveli monaxazisa da saboloo<br />
variantis SesaTanxmeblad, Sexvedrebi gveqneba vadis amowurvamde erTi kviriT adre~. Sesa-<br />
Zloa, moswavleebma damoukideblad, maswavleblis Sexsenebis gareSe, garkveuli gegmisa da<br />
ganrigis mixedviT Seasrulon samuSao.<br />
aq saubari gvaqvs mudmiv Cvevebsa da procedurebze, romlebsac moswavleebisgan elodebian<br />
da ara im miTiTebebze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes individualuri davalebebi. klasze dakvirvebisas,<br />
SesaZloa, mowmeni gavxdeT, rogor axsenebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> drodadro moswavleebs
molodinebi<br />
am mudmivi procedurebis Sesaxeb. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, SesaZloa, ramdenjerme uSualo<br />
yuradReba davuTmoT moswavleTaTvis maT swavlebas, magram wlis umetes periodSi, Tu moswavleebi<br />
kargad muSaoben, maT Sesaxeb saerTod ar vsaubrobT. isini TavisTavad funqcionireben<br />
da moswavleTa mier Sesrulebuli akademiuri samuSaos safuZvels warmoadgenen. es<br />
molodinebi, SesaZloa, marTvasTan dakavSirebul rutinul procedurebs exebodes: jgufuri<br />
muSaobisas sad unda wavides jgufi, rodis, ra masalebiT, ra TanmimdevrobiT unda Sesruldes<br />
samuSao an individualur samuSao Cvevebs _ wera, maTematikuri amocanebis organizacia,<br />
operaciaTa Tanamimdevrobis gansazRvra.<br />
mesame saxis molodini exeba saqmisa da meojaxeobis rutinas _ araakademiur samuSaosTan<br />
dakavSirebul procedurebs, rogoricaa daswreba, bufeti, dasufTaveba da sxv. magaliTad,<br />
me-9 klaselebisgan, SesaZloa, velodeT laboratoriuli samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg dasufTavebas.<br />
me-3 klaselTagan ki – daswrebis JurnalSi daregistrirebas da Semdeg yovel<br />
diliT, Tavisufali drois Sesaxeb arCevanis gakeTebisas am maCveneblis gamoyenebas.<br />
dabolos, interpersonaluri qcevis molodini exeba moswavleTa urTierTobas da maswavlebelTan<br />
TanamSromlobas, romelic me-7 TavSi disciplinis parametrSi ganvixileT.<br />
aq isev pirveli saxis molodinebs mivubrundebiT _ Sromis xarisxi da raodenoba. molodinTa<br />
oTxive forma cal-calke ganvixileT, radgan SesaZlebelia, rom Sromis xarisxisa da raodenobis<br />
mimarT maRali molodinebis mqone maswavlebels dabali an bundovani molodinebi<br />
hqondes Sromis Cvevebisa da proceduris mimarT. rogorc Cans, maswavleblis qcevasa da sxvadasxva<br />
saxis molodinTa Soris korelacia ar arsebobs. Cveni dakvirvebiT, am parametrTan<br />
dakavSirebiT mravali <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> araTanmimdevrulia. myari korelacia arsebobs maswavleblis<br />
im qcevebs Soris, romlebic oTxive saxis molodins aerTianebs. swored am qcevebiT<br />
daviwyebT.<br />
am TavSi ganvixilavT molodinis parametrTan dakavSirebul Semdeg mniSvnelovan<br />
aspeqtebs:<br />
¤ ician Tu ara moswavleebma maswavleblis molodinebis Sesaxeb? rogor vatyobinebT<br />
¤ rogoria TviT molodinTa buneba? risi Tqma SeiZleba maTSi CarTuli standartebis<br />
¤ Sesatyvisi aris Tu ara es standartebi jgufisa da individebisaTvis? rogor cvlian<br />
maT am molodinebs?<br />
Sesaxeb?<br />
an argeben maT?<br />
molodinTa Setyobineba<br />
molodinTa Setyobinebisas eqvsi ziriTadi forma arsebobs:<br />
1. pirdapiri. molodinebs detalurad, rogorc wesi, verbalurad vacnobT moswavleebs.<br />
2. specifikuri. moswavleTa saqmianobis mimarT molodinebis detalebs mkafiod vayalibebT<br />
an vatyobinebT (werilobiT da ara verbalurad).<br />
3. ganmeorebiTi. molodins xSirad vimeorebT, rom moswavleebma gaigon.<br />
4. dadebiTi molodini. `amis gakeTeba SegiZlia~ molodinis gacxadebas aqvs qveteqsti:<br />
moswavlisaTvis molodinis Setyobineba hgavs ara brZanebas, aramed maswavleblis<br />
rwmenas moswavlis Zalebisadmi (Tanner 1978). dadebiTi molodinis sxva versias ufro<br />
imperativis forma aqvs (`ra Tqma unda, Sen gaamarTleb am molodins!~ `swored ase<br />
unda gaakeTo!~) da toniTa da komunikaciis araverbaluri formebiT gamoixateba.<br />
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272<br />
5. modelirebuli. amgvar molodins ori mniSvneloba aqvs: pirvelia `aCvenos~ anu<br />
`demonstracia moaxdinos~. maswavlebelma moswavleebs molodini SesaZloa sasurveli<br />
qcevis SesrulebiT, modelirebiT gaacnos. modelirebis am formis daniSnulebaa<br />
mkafio Setyobineba. modelirebis meore mniSvnelobaa `varjiSi imaSi, rasac vaswavliT~.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> detaluri modelia TviTSefasebis, Tavazianobisa Tu nebismieri<br />
qcevisa, romelTa danaxva surs moswavleebSi. proceduris, interpersonaluri qcevis,<br />
samuSao Cvevebisa Tu unarebis gamoyenebis mimarT molodinTa Sesaxeb Setyobinebebi<br />
moswavleTaTvis yvelaze mkafio maSin aris, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tavad aris am<br />
molodinTa erTguli mimdevari.<br />
6. simtkice. es forma moswavleTa mxridan winaaRmdegobis sapasuxod Cndeba da gameorebasa<br />
da Tanmimdevrulobas erT kategoriad ajgufebs. simtkice gameorebis gareSe<br />
ar arsebobs, Tumca gameoreba uciloblad simtkices ar gulisxmobs. rodesac<br />
moswavleebi maswavleblis molodinebs ewinaaRmdegebian da gaumarTleblad miaCniaT,<br />
daJinebuli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> simtkices avlens (radgan varaudobs, rom molodinebi<br />
realisturia; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi `simtkice~ azrs kargavs). magaliTad,<br />
Cven vakvirdebodiT maswavlebels, romelic Semdegnairad avlenda simtkices: is<br />
saklaso oTaxSi xvdeboda moswavles da axsenebda, rom 13:15 wuTze konkretuli samuSaos<br />
Sesruleba unda daewyo; <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gakveTilis dawyebamde da gakveTilis<br />
dasrulebis Semdeg xvdeboda moswavles da Sexvedraze uTanxmdeboda; <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
saxlSi urekavda mSobels. es molodinis ganmtkicebis gzebia.<br />
Cven mier `simtkiced~ moxseniebuli qcevis es maxasiaTebeli zogierTi maswavleblis<br />
winaSe aseT sakiTxs svams: `Cemi saqme ar aris maTi devna, Tu isini ar asruleben<br />
TavianT saqmes; es maTi pasuxismgeblobaa. Tu raimes ver igeben, movidnen da mkiTxon!~<br />
aseT damokidebulebaSi e. w. `modi<br />
moswavleebi damajerebel Setyobinebebs iRe da waiRe!~ Setyobineba imaleba. es Setyoben<br />
maswavleblis saqmianobaze dakvirvebiT.<br />
bineba afrTxobs calkeul moswavleebs da<br />
xels uSlis swavlaSi, radgan gzas uWris<br />
im adamianisken (maswavleblisken), romlisganac SeeZloT eswavlaT. meore mxriv,<br />
swavlis pasuximgebloba ar SeiZleba mxolod maswavleblis kiserze iyos. moswavleebs<br />
Tavisi wili pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. Cven, rogorc sakuTari Tavisa da sxvaTa<br />
damkvirveblebma, valdebulni varT, vikiTxoT: `sakmariss vakeTebT Tu ara, varT<br />
Tu ara sakmarisad mtkiceni ise, rom ar vxdiT Cvenze damokidebulebs, Cveni `kudSi<br />
devniT~ vatyobinebT Tu ara moswavleebs, rom maTTvis vzrunavT?~ `Cven vzrunavT~<br />
_ es aris Setyobineba, romelsac daJinebiT unda vugzavnideT moswavleebs.<br />
es eqvsi maxasiaTebeli im SetyobinebaTa mniSvnelovani elementebia, romlebsac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ugzavnis moswavleebs molodinis Sesaxeb. amas garda, rodesac saqme muSaobas<br />
exeba, namuSevris Sesaxeb maswavleblis sapasuxo reaqcia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
molodinTa Setyobinebisas. am ukukavSiris Semdegi arsebiTi atributebi<br />
Tavs iCens xolme maswavleblebTan da moswavleebTan intervius dros:<br />
¤ swrafi da sruli. namuSevari moswavleebs imave dRes, an erTi-ori dRis Semdeg ubrundebaT,<br />
rac maTTvis imis niSania, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yuradRebiT ekideba maT saqmianobas.<br />
¤ detaluri. ukukavSiri moicavs maswavleblis detalur SeniSvnebs, winadadebebs an<br />
kiTxvebs moswavlis namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT. es SeiZleba iyos mindorze gamotanili<br />
SeniSvnebi, moswavlis dRiurSi Canawerebi an sityvieri komentarebi.<br />
¤ individualuri kontaqti. moswavleebTan pirispir kontaqtis mravali forma arsebobs:<br />
gakveTilze, gakveTilis win an Semdeg, derefanSi. SesaZloa es iyos xumrobiT naTqvami:<br />
`gamarjoba, jimi! sanam qurTuks Caicmev, am SeniSvnebis gasacnobad SevxvdeT, kargi?!~<br />
¤ bodiSi ar miiReba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> individualurad da mtkiced moiTxovs moswavlee
¤ saukeTeso namuSevris aRiareba. arsebobs moswavlis mier saukeTesod Sesrulebuli<br />
¤ cudi namuSevris logikuri Sedegebi. aseve mniSvnelovania namuSevris Seusrule-<br />
molodinebi<br />
bisgan samuSaos Sesrulebas. pasuxs sTxovs davalebis Seusruleblobis, dagvianebis,<br />
arasrulyofilad Sesrulebis da arasapatio mizeziT Seusruleblobis gamo. is namuSevars<br />
gasasworeblad an Tavidan Sesasruleblad ubrunebs moswavleebs, uwesebs<br />
vadebs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, exmareba, samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiro masalebiT<br />
(masalebi, klaselebis daxmareba da sxv.) uzrunvelyofs. `bodiSi ar miiReba~ niSnavs<br />
mtrobisa da brazis gareSe cudad Sesrulebul samuSaoze reagirebas.<br />
namuSevris aRiarebis ramdenime specifikuri forma: gancxadebebis dafaze gansakuTrebiT<br />
kargi naSromis gamokvra, sajaro adgilze namuSevris gamofena an klasis winaSe<br />
Seqeba. (Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi sakiTxebi: rogor eqceva <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
im moswavles, romelmac SesaZloa verasdros Seasrulos `saukeTeso~ namuSevari da<br />
ramdenad adekvaturad gansazRvravs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavlis `saukeTeso~ namuSevars<br />
misive progresis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
blobis an cudad Sesrulebis aRniSvna. moswavleebma ician, rom saSinao davalebis an<br />
saklaso samuSaos Seusruleblobas, an arakeTilsindisierad Sesrulebas (namuSevris<br />
dagvianeba, ugulod Sesruleba an moswavlis mravali sxva saqmianoba, romlis mimarTac<br />
maswavlebels molodinebi aqvs) <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> uyuradRebod ar datovebs.<br />
efeqtiani Sedegebi Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba: (a) isini Tavidanve cxadia moswavleebisTvis;<br />
(b) yoveli molodinisTvis arsebobs SedegTa speqtri da ara mxolod erTi Sedegi;<br />
(g) Sedegebi logikuria da ara damsjeli; (d) isini Sesatyvisi formiT aris mowodebuli; (e)<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> agebinebs moswavleebs, rom maT arCevani gaakeTes. es Taviseburebebi ufro detalurad<br />
me-7 TavSia aRwerili.<br />
standartebi<br />
molodinTa Setyobinebis Seswavlis Semdeg ganvixilavT molodinebiT gamoxatul SedarebiT<br />
standartebs. molodinebTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblis standartebi Semdegi rigiTobiT<br />
SeiZleba ganvixiloT:<br />
1. aranairi molodini.<br />
2. ramdenime myari molodini.<br />
3. dabali molodinebi. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleTagan maT SesaZleblobebze naklebs<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
4. Zalze maRali. standartebi Seusabamod maRalia moswavleTa umravlesobisTvis.<br />
5. saSualo. standartebi asaxavs saSualo moTxovnebs moswavleTa umravlesobisadmi.<br />
6. STamagonebel-bundovani. is maswavleblebi, romlebic am standarts iyeneben, xSirad<br />
qarizmatuli, sulisCamdgmeli adamianebi arian da moswavleebi Zal-Rones ar iSureben,<br />
rom maT asiamovnon. aseTi maswavleblebi moswavleebSi sagnis mniSvnelobisa da<br />
pativiscemis grZnobas aRviZeben. problema is aris, rom maswavleblis standarti<br />
xSirad bundovania da swavlam, SesaZloa, arakontrolirebadi xasiaTi miiRos, radgan<br />
moswavleebs naTlad ar esmiT, ras niSnavs kargad swavla. aman zogierTi maTgani, SesaZloa,<br />
winaaRmdegobaSi Caagdos da STamagonebeli efeqti gaaneitralos.<br />
7. maRali da momTxovni, magram keTilgonivruli. standartebi sakmaod momTxovnia;<br />
molodinebi Tavsmoxveulia, Tumca, maTi miRweva SesaZlebelia moswavleTa umravlesobisaTvis.<br />
damkvirveblisaTvis Znelia imis gansja, romeli standartiT xelmZRvanelobs maswavle-<br />
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beli moswavleTa asakis Sesatyvisi Tu specializebuli codnis gansazRvrisas. magram maswavlebels<br />
udavod SeuZlia sakuTari saqmianobis analizi da swrafva imisaken, rom miseul<br />
molodinebSi SeniRbuli standartebi moswavleebisTvis Sesatyvisi gaxados.<br />
274<br />
SeniSvna standartebsa da molodinebze<br />
saWiroa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaoT maswavleblis warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, ras gaakeTebs<br />
moswavle (molodini) da maswavleblis survili imisa, ras unda akeTebdes moswavle (standarti).<br />
xSirad orive SemTxvevaSi sityva `molodins~ iyeneben (ukanasknel periodamde sityva<br />
`standarts~ verc ki gaigonebdiT). orive koncefcia mniSvnelovania. sanam isini praqtikosebis<br />
mier gamijnuli da konceptualizebulia. SesaZlebelia, maswavleblisTvis molodinebi mxolod<br />
momavlis prognozis xasiaTis matarebeli iyos da saerTod ar gaaxsendes standartebi<br />
_ miznebi da simaRleebi, romlebsac unda miaRwion maT an moswavleebma. dRevandeli swavlebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia standartebis gareSe molodinebi.<br />
standartebze morgeba<br />
ganvixiloT qvemoT mocemuli oTxi gancxadeba da maTi gavlena rogorc maswavleblis<br />
standartebze, ise sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleTaTvis am standartebis misadagebaze.<br />
1. `yvelas mimarT erTnairi molodinebi maqvs. am kursis mixedviT garkveuli raodenobis<br />
samuSao gvaqvs Sesasrulebeli da yvelasgan veli mis Sesrulebas~.<br />
2. `sxvadasxva bavSvis mimarT gansxvavebuli molodinebi maqvs. vici, rom zogierTisgan<br />
ar unda velode iseT saqmianobas, rogorsac sxvebisgan veli; yvela did jgufSi asea.<br />
garkveul moTxovnebs arasdros vuyeneb dabali SesaZleblobebis mqoneT~.<br />
3. `sxvadasxva bavSvis mimarT gansxvavebuli molodinebi maqvs. vici, rom zogierT maTgans<br />
ukeTesi safuZveli aqvs am masalis asaTviseblad, an ubralod ufro swrafebi<br />
arian. neli moswavleebisTvis specialurad varCev masalebs da vcdilob maTi Sesa-<br />
Zleblobebis mixedviT movTxovo~.<br />
4. `mesmis, rom bavSvebs gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi da aTvisebis unari aqvT, aseve<br />
vici, ras niSnavs xarisxiani swavla da sagnis codna. vaiZuleb, rom `saukeTesos~ standartis<br />
Sesabamisad iswavlon. visac sWirdeba, damatebiT xelSewyobasa da daxmarebas<br />
vTavazob da, miuxedavad amisa, vici, rom mainc sxvadasxva tempiTa da xarisxiT iswavlian.<br />
Tumca arsebobs standarti da masTan miaxloebas vcdilob. Tu am standartamde<br />
verasdros miaRweven, is mainc ecodinebaT, ra aris saukeTeso da rom saukeTesos miRwevis<br />
mcdelobisaTvis dajildovdebian~.<br />
es gancxadebebi realur adamianebs ekuTvniT da Cveni profesiisadmi realur damokidebulebas<br />
asaxavs. albaT, upriania am gancxadebaTa miRma arsebuli Sexedulebebisa da miznebis<br />
ufro detaluri ganxilva, radgan isini gavlenas axdenen maswavleblis qcevaze. es ukanaskneli<br />
ki, Tavis mxriv, mZlavrad da zogjer gadamwyvetad zemoqmedebs moswavlis miRwevebze.<br />
amrigad, gvsurs, ufro srulyofilad ganvmartoT, ras gulisxmobs am oTxi gancxadebis avtori.<br />
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom isini stereotipulebi arian, magram aseTi adamianebi sinamdvileSi<br />
arseboben da am gancxadebebSi Cadebuli azris gageba dagvexmareba Cveneuli molodinebisa<br />
da maTi `Setyobinebis~ gzebis gaazrebaSi.<br />
pirveli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar axdens moswavleTa diskriminacias. misi molodini ufro masalis<br />
amowurvasa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos raodenobas exeba, vidre Sesrulebis xarisxs. `mwar-
molodinebi<br />
moeblobis~ erTi da igive standartebi ucvlelad gamoiyeneba yvela moswavlis mimarT. raki<br />
vadebis dacva savaldebuloa, moswavleebisgan moelis masalis Seswavlas an sxva Sedegs. aseTi<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> nebas aZlevs sust moswavleebs, `uxilavni~ iyvnen manam, sanam maTi Sedegebi damakmayofilebelia.<br />
moswavleebi `uxilavni~ arian, radgan <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sadRac maT `miRma~<br />
aswavlis.<br />
meore <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> diferencirebasa da aRiarebas axdens. is varaudobs, rom moswavleebs<br />
sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba aqvT da am SesaZleblobebis mixedviT saqmianoben. saqmianobis<br />
Sedegebs iRebs, rogorc moswavlis SesaZleblobebis ilustracias da maT axali simaRleebis<br />
dasapyrobad Zalas ar atans. yvela moswavle erTsa da imave masalaze muSaobs da akeTebs imas,<br />
rac SeuZlia.<br />
mesame <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> diferencirebas da uzrunvelyofas axdens. im moswavleebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic Tavs ver arTmeven masalas, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> uzrunvelyofs damatebiT daxmarebas an<br />
damatebiT saswavlo masalas.<br />
meoTxe maswavlebels mkafiod aqvs warmodgenili saganSi saukeTesos standarti, romelic<br />
yvela moswavlisTvis gamowvevac aris da swavlebis mizanic. moswavlis naTqvami sagnis Sesaxeb:<br />
`vgrZnob, es sagani marTlac mniSvnelovania~, maswavleblis ostatobaze metyvelebs.<br />
maswavlebelma isic icis, rom moswavleebs swavlis sxvadasxva unari da tempi aqvT da am gansxvavebaTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT damatebiT daxmarebas sTavazobs imaT, visac sWirdeba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
yovelTvis ajildovebs moswavles `saukeTesos~ standartis misaRwevad gaweuli ZalisxmevisTvis,<br />
magram arasdros iviwyebs TviT am standarts da arc moswavleebs aZlevs misi<br />
daviwyebis saSualebas.<br />
pirveli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> misadagebas ar axdens. meore maswavlebels gansxvavebuli molodinebi<br />
aqvs, rac erTgvar TviTrealizebul winaswarmetyvelebad iqceva. mesame da meoTxe<br />
maswavleblebi individualizebas axdenen im gagebiT, rom swavlebas usadageben sxvadasxva<br />
SesaZleblobis mqone moswavleebs, Tumca meoTxe maswavlebels metad sjera, rom moswavleTa<br />
umravlesoba mizans Tu ar miaRwevs, miuaxlovdeba mainc. misi qceva `daostatebisTvis<br />
swavlis~ princips emsaxureba. im moswavleebisTvis, romlebic Zalisxmevas ar iSureben,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> davalebas imden mcire safexurad Slis, ramdenic moswavleebs warmatebisTvis<br />
sWirdebaT. davalebebi yvela moswavlisTvis<br />
saboloo ostatobis miRwevas emsaxureba da<br />
sxvadasxva davalebisa da qvedavalebisTvis<br />
gamoyofili dro maT saWiroebebs aris misadagebuli.<br />
daostateba maTTvis, iseve rogorc<br />
maswavleblis molodinebi TviTrealizebul<br />
winaswarmetyvelebad iqceva xolme.<br />
yvelasTvis, saboloo mizania da am miznis miRwevamde <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maT xelis Caqnevis nebas ar<br />
miscems. maswavlebels sjera, rom swavla yvela moswavle SeuZlia da am rwmenas ar malavs. mas<br />
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi agdebs Sefaseba, radgan is moswavleebisadmi `gagzavnil~ Setyobinebebs<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gulwrfelad aqebs moswavleTa winsvlas, maSinac ki, Tu es<br />
winsvla Sorsaa `saukeTesos~ standartisgan da mudam aiZulebs maT, ajobon maTSi Cabudebul<br />
stereotipebs. SesaZloa, mondomebulma moswavlem C Sefasebis nacvlad B miiRos, magram ara<br />
A-s nacvlad B. sjeraT, rom miuxedavad zogierTi moswavlis rTuli saojaxo pirobebisa, maTi<br />
sasikeTod Secvla SeuZliaT (Dembo & Gibson 1985).<br />
meoTxe <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aqcents saukeTesos standartze akeTebs ise, rom moswavleebs Sesatyvisi<br />
SesaZleblobiT ar uzrunvelyofs an ar exmareba. man SeiZleba Tavidan aicilos moswavleTa<br />
stereotipuli dayofa _ `sxarti~ da `susti~ _ da yvela aiZulos ecadon saukeTeso<br />
Sedegis miRwevas, magram ar uzrunvelyos aucilebeli saSualebebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi swavleba<br />
xinjiani iqneba. saukeTesosken swrafvisas perspeqtivis dakargviT, isini individebsac<br />
`kargaven~. maT SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad gamorCeul da SedarebiT sust moswavleebs Sori<br />
miznebis swrafad miRweva aiZulon da marcxi awvnevinon. roca mesame <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> perspeqti-<br />
275
Tavi 11<br />
vas kargavs, SesaZloa individualuri midgomis gamoyenebas eswrafvodes sxvadasxva masaliTa<br />
da arsebuli teqnikiT, magram saTanadod ar iTxovdes moswavleebisgan. is gaucnobiereblad<br />
ayalibebs stereotipebs imis Sesaxeb, ra unda SeZlos moswavlem, wyvets iZulebas an meore<br />
maswavlebels emsgavseba da moswavlis namuSevars misi SesaZleblobis ilustraciad iRebs<br />
moswavleTa gaazrebuli klasificirebis gareSe.<br />
mesame <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tavdauzogavad agrZelebs muSaobas da moswavleebs usadagebs (an<br />
cdilobs miusadagos) swavlis stils, magram yvelasTvis misadagebis mcdelobisas, SesaZloa,<br />
zedmeti yuradReba dauTmos Sedegs da ganze darCes Sinaarsi.<br />
amrigad, Cven maswavleblis saqmianobis oTxi xarisxobrivad gansxvavebuli done ganvixileT,<br />
romelic gansxvavebuli moswavleebisTvis molodinTa morgebisken aris mimarTuli:<br />
276<br />
1. araviTari diskriminacia.<br />
2. diferencirebuli da mimRebi.<br />
3. diferencirebuli da uzrunvelmyofi.<br />
4. garkveuli daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT maRali standartebisTvis (saukeTeso) momuSave.<br />
zogierTi SeiZleba SegvekamaTos, rom maRali standartebisTvis muSaoba, daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
safrTxes uqmnis im moswavlis warmodgenas sakuTar Tavze, romelmac, Sesa-<br />
Zloa, verasdros miaRwios maswavlebliseul `saukeTesos~ standarts da rom kargi swavleba<br />
diferencirebasa da uzrunvelyofas axdens. amgvari Sexeduleba Seicavs safrTxes, rom<br />
moswavleebi, SesaZloa, `vaiZuloT~ imaze naklebi gaakeTon, risi gakeTebac SeuZliaT. zogi<br />
ki fiqrobs, rom maRali standartebisken swrafva ufro misaRebia ufros da ara dawyebiT<br />
klasebSi, sadac sabaziso unar-Cvevebis daufleba upirvelesi mizania da upriani iqneboda<br />
swavlaSi daostatebaze gvefiqra da ara saukeTesos standartze. saukeTeso saukeTesoa da<br />
yvelaferi unda viRonoT mis misaRwevad. faqtia, rom yvela moswavle erTnairad ar aris<br />
momzadebuli saimisod, rom standartebs Seesabamebodes. moswavleebisTvis ucxo da dasamali<br />
ar aris is faqti, rom yvela maTgani erTnairi xarisxiT ar muSaobs. mniSvnelovania, moswavleebi<br />
davarwmunoT, rom isini SeZleben standartis `Sesatyvisobas~ Sesabamis droSi,<br />
Sesabamisi strategiisa da Zalisxmevis gamoyenebiT.<br />
Cven, rogorc maswavleblebma, unda davadginoT, ra damokidebuleba gvaqvs standartebis<br />
mimarT da rogor gavlenas axdens is Cvens saqmianobaze: rogor vusadagebT Cvens molodinebsa<br />
da standartebs sxvadasxva moswavles?<br />
gadavxedoT pigmalions<br />
Cveni Sexedulebebi molodinebze arsebiTad gansxvavdeba im literaturisgan, romelic<br />
wignis _ `pigmalioni saklaso oTaxSi’’ (Rosenthal & Jacobson 1968) _ gamosvlis Semdeg gaCnda.<br />
Cveni mizani iyo yuradReba dagveTmo calkeuli moswavlis saqmianobis maswavlebliseuli<br />
standartebisaTvis da maT vTxoveT moexdinaT standartebis diferencireba moswavleebis,<br />
TviT calkeuli moswavlisa da sxvadasxva davalebis Sesrulebis mixedviT. aseve, vTxoveT,<br />
zustad da gulaxdilad esaubraT moswavleebTan maTeuli standartebis raobaze, raTa standartebs<br />
maswavleblisa da moswavleebisTvis erToblivi miznebis xasiaTi mieRo.<br />
zemoxsenebuli literatura sxvadasxva mimarTulebisa iyo da sxvadasxvagvar Suqs hfenda<br />
molodinTa sakiTxs. pirvel yovlisa, avtorebsa da mkvlevarebs ar hqondaT daxvewili<br />
standartebi davalebis doneze moswavleebis mimarT. maT ar ainteresebdaT maswavleblis<br />
molodinebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, SeeZlo Tu ara jimis winadadebis ukeT dawera an meris
molodinebi<br />
maTematikis amocanis ufro swrafad amoxsna. `molodini~ maTTvis niSnavda maswavlebliseul<br />
zogad Sexedulebas moswavlis zogad kompetenciasa Tu unarze. TavianT naSromebSi isini<br />
gviCvenebdnen, rom maswavleblebi qmnian `sxarti” da `susti” moswavleebis kategoriebs.<br />
meore mxriv, mkvlevrebma gviCvenes, rom maswavleblebi sakuTar Sexedulebebs SeumCneveli<br />
da arapirdapiri SetyobinebebiT gadascemen moswavleebs, Tumca es ukanasknelni mainc kiTxuloben,<br />
rac gavlenas axdens maT saswavlo saqmianobaze (da, SesaZloa, im warmodgenazec, romelic<br />
sakuTar Tavze SeeqmnaT). imis garkveva, konkretulad rogor agzavnian maswavleblebi<br />
am uxilav Setyobinebebs, swavlebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT am<br />
zogad SetyobinebaTa gadacemas saklaso cxovrebis aTi specifikuri sferos saSualebiT,<br />
romlebsac maswavleblebi yoveldRiurad akontroleben. es is sferoebia, sadac farTo da<br />
mizandasaxuli repertuaris ganviTareba gvWirdeba.<br />
saklaso cxovrebis aTi sfero<br />
es aTi sfero is garemoa, sadac regularulad meordeba movlenebi da SesaZlebelia maTze<br />
dakvirveba:<br />
1. moswavleebTan urTierToba _ pigmalionis qceva.<br />
2. reaqcia moswavleTa pasuxebze.<br />
3. roca moswavleebi ar pasuxoben.<br />
4. roca moswavleebi daxmarebas iTxoven.<br />
5. ukukavSiri moswavlis saqmianobasTan.<br />
y acdenili molodinebi<br />
y bejiTi moswavleebi<br />
y mniSvnelovani cvlileba saqmianobaSi<br />
6. SecdomebTan brZola.<br />
7. Sefaseba.<br />
8. moswavleebi, romlebic jer ver `Cawvdnen~.<br />
9. dajgufeba.<br />
10 davalebebisa da amocanebis micema da Sesruleba.<br />
moswavleebTan urTierToba _ pigmalionis qceva<br />
kuperma (Cooper 1979) maswavlebelTa komunikaciuri qcevebi xuT kategoriad daajgufa:*<br />
2. klimati: `rogorc aRmoCnda, `sxart~ moswavleebTan urTierTobisas, maswavleblebi<br />
ufro xSirad iRimebodnen da mowonebis niSnad Tavs uqnevdnen, vidre `sustebTan~<br />
urTierTobisas. isini TvalebSic aseve ufro xSirad uyureben sxart moswavleebs~<br />
(gv. 393).<br />
3. moTxovnebi: `sustis~ iarliyis mqone moswavleebs axali masalis Seswavlis ufro naklebi<br />
SesaZlebloba aqvT, vidre sxartebs~ (gv. 393).<br />
* ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT. Cooper, H. M. ‘Pygmalion Grows Up: A Model for Teacher Expectations, Communications and Performance<br />
Influence.’ Review of Educational Research 49 (Summer 1979): 389-410. (c) 1979 by the American Education Research Association.<br />
277
Tavi 11<br />
278<br />
4. daJineba. `rogorc wesi, maswavleblebi sxartebs ufro metxans acdian kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />
mofiqrebas, vidre sustebs. araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblis da-<br />
Jineba ufro miniSnebis, gameorebis da/an Sesworebis xasiaTs iRebs. is ufro met<br />
yuradRebas uTmobs sxarti moswavleebis pasuxebs, met dros aZlevs pasuxis mosafiqreblad~<br />
(gv. 394).<br />
5. interaqciis sixSire: `dabali molodinebis mqone moswavleebTan SedarebiT, maswavleblebs<br />
ufro xSiri saswavlo urTierToba aqvT maRali molodinebis mqone moswavleebTan”<br />
(gv 394).<br />
6. ukukavSiri: `rogorc wesi, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ufro xSirad aqebs maRali molodinebis<br />
mqone moswavleebs sworis pasuxisTvis, maSin, rodesac sustebs ufro xSirad akritikebs<br />
araswori pasuxisaTvis” (gv. 395).<br />
am xuT kategoriaSi cameti gansxvavebuli qcevaa da isini gvawvdian empiriul monacemebs,<br />
rom mravali <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> marTlac `sxartebis~ da `sustebis~ kategoriebad hyofs moswavleebs<br />
da sxvadasxvagvar urTierTobas amyarebs maTTan. qvemoT mocemuli nusxa SeiZleba<br />
gamoviyenoT TviTSefasebis an kolegebis saqmianobaze dakvirvebisas.<br />
¤ sxartebs ufro xSirad vuRimi da mowonebis niSnad Tavs vuqnev Tu ara?<br />
¤ ufro xSirad sxartebis mxares viWer xolme Tu ara?<br />
¤ sxartebs ufro xSirad vuyureb xolme Tu ara TvalebSi?<br />
¤ sust moswavleebs axali masalis swavlis ufro nakleb SesaZleblobas vaZlev Tu ara?<br />
¤ sxart moswavleebs ufro met miniSnebas vaZlev araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi Tu ara?<br />
¤ sxarti moswavleebis pasuxebs ufro met yuradRebas vuTmob Tu ara?<br />
¤ sxart moswavleebs pasuxisTvis ufro met dros vaZlev Tu ara?<br />
¤ sxart moswavleebTan ufro xSiri saswavlo urTierToba maqvs Tu ara?<br />
¤ sxartebs ufro xSirad vaqeb swori pasuxisaTvis Tu ara?<br />
¤ sust moswavleebs ufro xSirad vakritikeb mcdari pasuxisTvis Tu ara?<br />
¤ zemoT CamoTvlili kiTxvebi ufro gogonebs exeba Tu biWebs?<br />
reaqcia moswavleTa pasuxebze<br />
molodinTa Setyobinebis kidev erTi gzaa, rogor iqceva <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavlisTvis<br />
kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg, anu rogoria misi reaqcia?<br />
moswavlem, SesaZloa, pirdapiri pasuxi ver gasces; SesaZloa `gaSeSdes~ da veraferi Tqvas.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg moswavlis qmedebas aucileblad mosdevs maswavleblis<br />
garkveuli reaqcia. swored am reaqciiT igebs moswavle, rogori Sexeduleba aqvs maswavlebels<br />
mis SesaZleblobebze.<br />
arsebobs reaqciaTa repertuari, romelze dakvirvebac saswavlo procesis nebismier momentSi<br />
SeiZleba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> qmedebiTa da sityviT Setyobinebebs ugzavnis idividebsa da mTel<br />
moswavleebi mniSvnelovan Setyobinebebs iReben<br />
sakuTar pasuxebze maswavleblis reaqciis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
klass imis Sesaxeb, mocemul momentSi ramdenad<br />
usafrTxoa `piris gaReba~, konkretuli rTuli<br />
davalebis Sesruleba xelSemwyobi garemoa Tu<br />
ara fiqrisa da ZalisxmevisTvis, daisjebian Tu<br />
ara araswori pasuxisaTvis da a.S.<br />
sakramentos (kalifornia) gonivruli qcevis institutis (Institute for Intelligent Behavior)<br />
Tanadireqtorma art kostam aRniSna, rom maswavleblis reaqcia moswavlis pasuxebze, al
molodinebi<br />
baT, dasmul kiTxvebze ufro mniSvnelovania. moswavleebi mniSvnelovan Setyobinebebs iReben<br />
maswavleblis reaqciiT da swored es reaqcia gansazRvravs gakveTilebze maT monawileobas.<br />
maswavleblis reaqciis mixedviT, moswavlem, SesaZloa, qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erTi an meti<br />
Setyobineba miiRos:<br />
`Clungi var~.<br />
`eh, ver gavTvale!~<br />
`Cemi amocanaa maswavleblis TavSi pasuxis amocnoba da swored ise Tqma, rogorc<br />
is fiqrobs~.<br />
`Cavaflave da isev unda Cavdge formaSi. me mesmis es sagani~.<br />
`maswavlebels hgonia, rom amis amoxsna SemiZlia~.<br />
`kargad vupasuxe, magram ukeT SemeZlo~.<br />
`<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> marTlac yuradRebiT mismens~.<br />
`maswavlebels namdvilad unda, rom Caswvdes Cems naTqvams. etyoba, raRac<br />
mniSvnelovani vTqvi~.<br />
`Zveleburad kargad ar gamomivida. kidev kargi, azri ar mkiTxa~.<br />
`mgoni, Zalian kargad Sevasrule davaleba~.<br />
`ar Rirs gariskva, sanam pasuxis sisworeSi ar davrwmundebi~.<br />
`pasuxis gacema Rirs. Tu sworad ver gavcem, ar gamakritikeben~.<br />
`SemiZlia vTqva, rasac vfiqrob, Cems naTqvams moiwoneben da pativs mcemen~.<br />
`gageba Tu SemiZlia, damexmarebian~.<br />
aSkaraa, rom am Setyobinebebs marTlac didi gavlena aqvs. moswavleobisas Cven yvelas<br />
gamogvicdia maTi Zala. maT SeuZliaT moswavle sakuTar TavSi Caketon an gulRia gaxadon;<br />
sakuTari Tavis rwmena, cnobismoyvareoba, monawileobis survili gauRvion an daSinebuli,<br />
morcxvi, sakuTar TavSi Caketili, izolirebuli da daucveli gaxadon. imavdroulad, Sei-<br />
Zleba Setyobinebam moswavleebs kvlevis, dakvirvebis, interesis, fiqris stimuli gauRviZos<br />
an kritikis gareSe miaRebinos swori pasuxebi, CarCoebSi Casvas (da/an imedgacruebisgan Tavdacvis<br />
survili gauCinos).<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> svams kiTxvas: `rogor ipoviT wrewiris farTobs?~ naxeT, rogoria misi reaqcia<br />
moswavleTa pasuxebze:<br />
¤ gakritikeba: `axlosac ki ara xar. gamofxizldi!”<br />
¤ swori pasuxis gacema: `ara pasuxia pi r2 ”.<br />
¤ kiTxvis gameoreba meore moswavlisTvis: `judi, SegiZlia mipasuxo?“<br />
¤ kiTxvis ganvrcoba: `kargi, judi, swor gzas adgaxar. rames xom ar daamatebdi?”<br />
¤ `arasworias” mizezis axsna: `srulyofili ar aris, radgan nimuSi gamotove~. Semdeg<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavlis momdevno mcdelobas elodeba.<br />
¤ damatebiTi kiTxvis dasma ganmartebis, miniSnebis mizniT: `swori iqneboda wrewiris<br />
formula rom gagexsenebina. gaxsovs es formula? [moswavle swor gzas adgeba.] marTalia!<br />
darwmunebuli var sadilis Semdegac gemaxsovreba da sworad amoxsni~.<br />
¤ lodinis dro: dumili.<br />
¤ damatebiTi kiTxvis dasma ormagi Semowmebis an ganvrcobisTvis: moswavlis swori pasuxis<br />
SemTxvevaSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> svams kiTxvas: `zustad ras aRniSnavs eg formula?~<br />
279
Tavi 11<br />
¤ dadastureba: `hoo”.<br />
¤ pasuxis ufro srulyofilad Camoyalibeba: `amrigad, wrewiris sigrZis mimarTeba mis<br />
diametrTan udris. . .~<br />
¤ dakonkretebis moTxovna: `SegiZlia amixsna, ras gulisxmob?”<br />
¤ Seqeba: `araCveulebrivia!”<br />
es repertuaridan amokrefili pasuxebia (ix. sqema 11.1). arc erTi maTgani saukeTeso ar<br />
aris, Tumca, SesaZloa, garkveul konsteqstSi yoveli maTgani Sesatyvisi iyo. zogierTi maTgani<br />
gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania specifikuri miznebisTvis da nebismieri maswavleblis repertuarSi<br />
SeiZleba CavrToT. erT-erTi maTgania `lodinis dro~.<br />
meri bad roum (Mary Budd Rowe) daaxloebiT ocdaaTi wlis win aRmoaCina, rom Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg sami an meti wami daicdis (anu sami wami Cumad daelodeba<br />
moswavlis pasuxs), sasikeTo Sedegi eqneba. (man isic aRmoaCina, rom TiTqmis arc erTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ase ar iqceva. lodinis saSualo dro kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg, miniSnebis SeTavazebamde,<br />
mzamzareul pasuxamde an kiTxvis sxvagvarad dasmamde, naxevari wamia!). roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
sami wami elodeba moswavlis pasuxs, bevri iseTi moswavle pasuxobs, romelic, Cveulebriv, ar<br />
pasuxobs xolme da maTi pasuxebi sruli da maRali donis azrovnebis amsaxvelia, isini erTmaneTs<br />
exmarebian da SeniSvnebs aZleven.<br />
msgavsi Sedegebi miiRes, rodesac moswavlis pasuxis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mxolod sami<br />
wamis Semdeg akeTebda komentars. lodinis am dros `lodinis dro II~ uwodes, xolo moswavlis<br />
pasuxamde sami wamis ganmavlobaSi lodins `lodinis dro I~. `lodinis dro II~-s iseTive<br />
sasurveli Sedegebi moaqvs, rogorc `lodinis dro I~-s: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> amaRlebs kiTxvebis,<br />
moswavleebi ki – pasuxebis SemecnebiT dones, maTi pasuxebi srulyofili da gaazrebulia.<br />
280<br />
sxva<br />
moswavlisaTvis<br />
imave kiTxvis<br />
dasmis gzebi<br />
maswavleblis reaqcia moswavlis pasuxebze<br />
akritikebs. `Seni pasuxi metyvelebs, rom sul ar gifiqria~.<br />
`ar aris swori~ da sxva moswavles mimarTavs kiTxviT.<br />
`ar aris swori~ da swor pasuxs ambobs.<br />
`ar aris swori~ da mizezs xsnis, ramac SesaZloa miniSnebis roli<br />
Seasrulos.<br />
miniSnebas sTavazobs, Tumca sxva moswavles mimarTavs.<br />
erTi moswavlis araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi meores mimarTavs.<br />
sxva moswavles mimarTavs pasuxis ganvrcobisaTvis:<br />
`jim, rames xom ar daamatebdi?~<br />
moswavles aZlevs nebasn sxva moswavles sTxovos<br />
mis magivrad pasuxis gacema.
moswavlis<br />
swor pasuxamde<br />
miyvanis gzebi<br />
aRiarebis,<br />
dadasturebis<br />
gzebi<br />
aRiarebs: `hoo, marTalia!~<br />
imeorebs moswavlis pasuxs.<br />
pasuxs ufro srulyofilad da mkafiod ayalibebs.<br />
`sworia!~<br />
`sworia~ da mizezs xsnis.<br />
aqebs an aqebs da avrcobs pasuxs.<br />
molodinebi<br />
`ar aris swori, magram kargia, rom gagaxsenda, radgan es, albaT, sxvebmac<br />
ifiqres~.<br />
`isev scade!~<br />
adasturebs pasuxis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs, Semdeg<br />
sTavazobs miniSnebas da cdilobs moswavle swor pasuxamde<br />
miiyvanos.<br />
pasuxs ugulebelyofs da miniSnebas sTavazobs.<br />
lodinis dro II.<br />
moswavlisadmi rwmenasa da waxalisebas gamoxatavs:<br />
`vfiqrob, Sen es ici~.<br />
moswavles dafiqrebas sTxovs.<br />
moswavles pasuxis TviTSefasebas sTxovs.<br />
damatebiT kiTxvas usvams<br />
sqema 11.1: maswavleblis reaqcia moswavlis pasuxze<br />
dazustebisTvis: `amas gulisxmobdi?~<br />
dadabiTi molodinebis mqone maswavleblebi am CamonaTvalis Sua nawilSi mocemul<br />
reaqciebs iyeneben.<br />
imis Tqma rodi gvsurs, rom maswavlebelma aRarasodes aRar unda gamoiyenos sityvebi<br />
`sworia~ an `ar aris swori~ moswavlisaTvis zianis miyenebis SiSiT. piriqiT, xSirad Zalze<br />
sasargebloa `ar aris swori~-s xalisianad Tqma. moswavlisTvis miniSnebis Tqma da dayovneba<br />
gansxvavdeba im Setyobinebisagan, roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs `ar aris swori~ da sxva moswavles<br />
mimarTavs imave kiTxviT. swor pasuxamde miyvanis mcdeloba (sqemis Sua nawili) gansxvavebul<br />
Setyobinebas ugzavnis moswavleebs _ `me mjera, rom swor pasuxamde misvlas SeZleb~.<br />
sxva moswavlisTvis imave kiTxvis dasmisa da, kidev uaresi, miniSnebis SeTavazebis da maSinve<br />
sxvisTvis imave kiTxvis dasmis qveteqsti aseTia: `ara mgonia, miniSnebis gamoyeneba SeZlo~.<br />
konkretul situaciaSi, SesaZloa, am CamonaTvalis nebismieri reaqcia misaRebi iyos<br />
(qvemoT Sesabamisi gamoyenebis SemTxvevebs ganvixilavT), Tumca, wignis am nawilis mTavari<br />
saTqmeli is gaxlavT, rom dadebiTi molodinebis mqone <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romelic moswavleebSi<br />
281
Tavi 11<br />
sakuTari Tavis rwmenisa da riskis gawevis unars ayalibebs, swor pasuxamde miyvanis gzaze<br />
mcdelobas ar aklebs da, Sesabamisad, CamonaTvalis Sua nawilSi mocemul reaqciebs iyenebs.<br />
xSirad, Cvens seminarebze, maswavleblebs ainteresebT, rogor SeiZleba moswavlis swor<br />
pasuxamde miyvanaze, miniSnebaze amdeni drois daxarjva da sasurveli masalis amowurvac.<br />
sinamdvileSi amas sulac ar sWirdeba meti dro, SesaZloa, sul ramdenime wamiT meti. moswavleze<br />
`dayovneba~ sulac ar amcirebs `masalis amowurvis siCqares~ (Tumca, sxva mizeziT ase-<br />
Ti Semcireba, SeiZleba, kargic ki iyos). im moswavleze `ardayovnebis~ Sedegebi ki, romelic<br />
pirvel jerze ar pasuxobs an arasworad pasuxobs, aseTia: aseT dros ise advilad Cndeba moswavlis<br />
mier sakuTari umaqnisobis gancda da Sedegad Semecnebis `Caqroba~. ase rom `ardayovneba~<br />
didi riskia. amas garda, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xelidan uSvebs moswavlisTvis azrovnebisa da<br />
saswavlo masalis daZlevis rwmenis amaRlebis SesaZleblobas. yoveli xangrZlivi dayovneba<br />
anu siCumis dro, roca moswavle kiTxvis gamo Tavs SeSinebulad da uimedod grZnobs, misive<br />
Tavdajerebulobisa da SesaZleblobis rwmenis ganmtkicebis Sansia.<br />
moswavlis pasuxebze sxvagvari reaqciebic arsebobs. damatebiTi kiTxva an ganvrcoba<br />
(romelsac samecniero literaturaSi `zondireba~, `mosinjva~ ewodeba) saSualebas gvaZlevs,<br />
SevamowmoT, namdvilad gaigo moswavlem SekiTxva Tu TuTiyuSiviT imeorebs. magaliTad, moswavlem<br />
SeiZleba gvipasuxos `pi r 2 ~ da ar icodes, rom r wrewiris radiuss aRniSnavs.<br />
moswavlis pasuxis miReba gansjis gareSe sxva moswavleebs Semdgomi SeniSvnebis gamoTqmis,<br />
xolo imave moswavles pirveladi pasuxis srulyofis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
maswavleblis mier moswavlis pasuxis srulyofilad Camoyalibeba sxva moswavleebisaTvis<br />
sasargebloa, radgan rwmundebian, sworad gaiges Tu ara pasuxi.<br />
moswavleTaTvis maTive pasuxebis gaazrebis Txovna maswavlebels exmareba gaigos, risi<br />
Tqma surdaT: `ufro zustad xom ver amixsnidi?~ `darwmunebuli ara var, rom sworad gavige,<br />
risi Tqma gsurda. iqneb ufro detalurad amixsna!~ `jein, ufro dawvrilebiT unda gviTxra.<br />
rogor ggonia, am bolodan rogoria RerZis daSoreba?~<br />
Seqeba mxolod Sesabamisi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSia efeqtiani reaqcia moswavlis pasuxze.<br />
jeri brofis (Jere Brophy 1981) kvlevaSi Sejamebulia Seqebis swori gamoyeneba. kerZod, efeqtiani<br />
qeba aris:*<br />
282<br />
¤ konkretuli. konkretulad gansazRvravs ra aris Seqebis Rirsi moswavlis saqmiano-<br />
¤ ganpirobebuli. qeba damokidebulia moswavlis warmatebul saqmianobaze da ar aris<br />
¤ gulwrfeli: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gulwrfelad aqebs da ara manipulaciis an konkretuli qce-<br />
¤ kongruentuli: maswavleblis Jesti, xmis toni, poza da mdgomareoba imave Setyobine-<br />
baSi: `jon, gaocebuli var Sens naSromSi zmnebisa da winadadebis nimuSebis mravalferovnebiT.<br />
es Seni saukeTeso namuSevaria~.<br />
SemTxveviTi an wamaxalisebeli. SemTxveviT qebas (romelic SemTxveviT da xSirad araswori<br />
pasuxebis dros gamoiyeneba), rogorc aRmoCnda, `ufro xSirad is maswavleblebi<br />
iyeneben, romelTac dabali molodinebi aqvT moswavlis swavlis mimarT. misi mizania<br />
moswavlis waxalisebis mcdeloba. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc wesi, moswavleebi kargad<br />
gamoicnoben xolme amgvari qebis mizans, romelsac Sedegad sircxvilis grZnoba,<br />
imedgacrueba da sxva arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyveba~ (Brophy 1981, gv. 13).<br />
vis `waxalisebis~ mizniT da Sesabamisad, namdvil mowonebas asaxavs.<br />
bebs ugzavnis moswavles, rasac sityvebi. roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ukan ixreba, sxvagan iyureba<br />
da gaRizianebuli toniT ambobs, `fred, rogorc vxedav, am amocanebze bevri gi-<br />
* ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT. Brophy, Jere. ‘Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis’. Review of Education Research 51 (Spring<br />
1981): 5-32. (c) 1981 by the American Educational Research Association.)
molodinebi<br />
muSavia~, unda vivaraudoT, rom fredi ar daijerebs.<br />
¤ Sesabamisi: maswavlebli individualurad urCevs moswavleebs sityvebs, garemosa da<br />
stils. sabazo skolis calkeuli moswavlisTvis, SesaZloa, sajaro Seqeba samarcxvino<br />
iyos. aseTma Seqebam konkretuli qcevisTvis SesaZloa, maT magidis qveS SeZvromis<br />
survili gauCinos, magaliTad, merveklaseli `magari~ biWisTvis naTqvami: `oh, jon, ra<br />
sufTa da lamazi namuSevaria”.<br />
brofi imasac aRniSnavs, rom efeqtiani Seqeba, romelic moswavleTa Tavdapirvel miRwevebs<br />
mimdinare miRwevebis aRwerisTvis konteqstad iyenebs, mniSvnelovani Zalisxmevisa da<br />
rTuli (mocemuli moswavlisaTvis) amocanebis warmatebuli amoxsnis aRiarebas emsaxureba,<br />
warmatebas Zalisxmevasa da unars miawers, varaudobs, rom msgavsi warmateba momavalSic<br />
aris mosalodneli da waaxalisebs endogenur atribuciebs (moswavleebs sjeraT, rom amocanis<br />
amoxsnas Zalisxmevas imitom axmaren, rom moswonT da/an amocanis relevanturi unarebis<br />
ganviTareba surT).<br />
zemoT aRwerili yoveli qceva _ lodinis dro, damatebiT kiTxvebi, mowoneba, pasuxis<br />
srulad Camoyalibeba, moswavleebisTvis dafiqrebis moTxovna da Seqeba – mecnierulad dasabuTebulia<br />
da efeqtiani maswavleblis qcevebad miiCneva (Costa 1985; Dunkin & Biddle 1974).<br />
aseve dasabuTebulia literaturaSi imave kiTxvis sxva moswavlisTvis dasmisa da konkretul<br />
moswavleebTan kritikis gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobac, ramdenadac kritika gakicxva ar aris<br />
(Graham 1985).<br />
zemoT xsenebuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania, radgan azrovnebas stimulsa da sizustes matebs.<br />
sasurvelia, rom isini yvela maswavleblis repertuarSi arsebobdes. vimedovnebT, rom mocemul<br />
CamonaTvalSi nebismieri <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> misTvis axal qcevasac aRmoaCens (Cveni dakvirvebiT,<br />
yvelaze iSviaTi qcevaa lodinis dro, moswavleTaTvis detaluri ganxilvis moTxovna<br />
da efqtiani Seqeba.) maswavleblis repertuarSi maTi CarTvis garda arsebiTi sakiTxia maTi<br />
misadagebac. viyenebT Tu ara am reaqciebs Sesatyvis situaciaSi da Sesatyvis moswavleebTan?<br />
magaliTad, lodinis drois gamoyeneba Seusabamoa martivi SekiTxvebisa da erTferovani savarjiSoebis<br />
Sesrulebisas. misi gamoyeneba ufro efeqtiania, roca moswavleebs maRali donis<br />
azrovneba moeTxovebaT. SekiTxvis sxva moswavlisTvis gadamisamarTebam, SesaZloa, moswavles<br />
pasuxis mofiqrebis an ukve mofiqrebuli pasuxis srulyofis SesaZlebloba mouspos.<br />
maswavleblis mier pasuxis srulyofilad Camoyalibebam, SesaZloa, sxva moswavleebs gageba<br />
gauadvilos, magram misi uadgilod gamoyenebis gamo, SesaZloa, moswavleebma erTmaneTs aRar<br />
mousminon. nebismier SemTxvevaSic, sadac swavlebis wvdomaze gvaqvs saubari, arsebiTia, rom<br />
Tavdapirvelad repertuaris gafarToebaze vifiqroT, raTa rac SeiZleba met moswavles<br />
maqsimalurad Sesatyvisi reaqciiT vupasuxoT sxvadasxva situaciaSi da Semdeg misadagebis<br />
efeqtianobis amaRlebisTvis vizrunoT. unda vecadoT, rom Cveni reaqciebi repertuaris Sua<br />
nawils `moswavlis swor pasuxamde miyvanis gzebs~ davuaxlovoT, rom moswavleebSi sakuTari<br />
Tavisa da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmena avamaRloT.<br />
roca moswavleebi ar pasuxoben<br />
wina qveTavSi igulisxmeba, rom moswavleebi pasuxoben maswavleblis SekiTxvebs, magram<br />
xSirad maT pasuxi ar aqvT da ramdenime wamSi unda gadavwyvitoT, rogor moviqceT. darcxvenilebi<br />
varT maT gamo, swor pasuxamde miyvana da miniSneba gvsurs, maTTvisve vapirebT kiTxvis<br />
gameorebas Tu sxva moswavles davusvamT igive SekiTxvas?<br />
rogor viqceviT, rodesac moswavleebi ver gvpasuxoben? ra viciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor<br />
moqmedebs maTze kiTxvebi? rogor varCevT kiTxvas jerisaTvis, romelic WerSi iyureba da<br />
283
Tavi 11<br />
pasuxis ZiebaSi saxes manWavs?<br />
SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT maswavleblis reaqciaTa mzardi CamonaTvali, romelic Segva-<br />
Zlebinebs moswavleebis fiqrisTvis ganwyobas maSin, roca isini ar pasuxoben:<br />
¤ lodinis dro I-is gamoyeneba.<br />
¤ kiTxvis gameoreba.<br />
¤ miniSneba.<br />
¤ ufro martivi kiTxvis dasma.<br />
¤ mxolod faqtis Sesaxeb kiTxvis dasma.<br />
¤ pasuxebisTvis arCevanis SeTavazeba.<br />
¤ iseTi kiTxvis dasma, romelic mxolod `diax~ an `ara~ pasuxs mo iT x ovs.<br />
284<br />
¤ moswavlisTvis pasuxis gameorebis an aRdgenis Txovna.<br />
¤ moswavlisTvis araverbaluri pasuxis (mag., Tavis daqneva) Tx o vna.<br />
¤ moswavlisTvis `ar vici~-s Tqmis swavleba.<br />
lodinis drois upiratesobebze ukve visaubreT. dumilis drom, SesaZloa, jeris pasuxis<br />
mofiqrebis saSualeba misces. am qcevis modelirebas, SesaZloa, aseve mZlavri zegavlena<br />
hqondes.<br />
erTxel, am wignis erT-erTi avtori, harvardis universitetis Project Zero-s Tanadireqtoris<br />
devid perkinsis leqcias eswreboda. rodesac mas kiTxva dausves, Tavi moatriala,<br />
gverdze mimoixeda, Semdeg WerSi aixeda. siCume mTeli 10 wami gagrZelda. me nerviuloba daviwye<br />
misi, rogorc momxseneblis gamo da vcdilobdi raRac momefiqrebina, Cavreuliyavi da<br />
meTqva, rom erTi SexedviT paralizebis msgavsi mdgomareobisgan gadamerCina. magram swored<br />
am dros devidma SekiTxvis avtors wynarad Sexeda TvalebSi da araCveulebrivi pasuxi gasca.<br />
is ar aRelvebula, ubralod pasuxze fiqrobda. es me vgrZnobdi Tavs arakomfortulad da<br />
ara doqtori perkinsi!<br />
imave Sexvedraze ramdenimejer msgavsi pauza mohyva auditoriis mier dasmul rTul<br />
SekiTxvas. pirveli SemTxvevis Semdeg devidze aRar minerviulia, mec kiTxvaze vfiqrobdi.<br />
perkinsis mier kiTxvaze sapasuxod modelirebul lodinis dros myisieri gavlena hqonda<br />
auditoriaze _ diskusia kidev ufro Rrma da gaazrebuli gaxda. Sedegad diskusiis mTliani<br />
done amaRlda.<br />
lodinis dro iseTi qcevaa, roca wvrTna an TanatolTa ukukavSiris zogierTi forma gansakuTrebiT<br />
sasargebloa. Cven ise varT miCveulebi siCumis saubriT Sevsebas, rom Tu viRacam<br />
ar dagvavala lodinis drois gamoyeneba, SeiZleba xelidan gavuSvaT es metad mniSvnelovani<br />
da sasargeblo qceva. klasSi mxolod damkvirveblis arsebobam SeiZleba gagvaxsenos es qceva<br />
da gazardos misi warmatebuli gamoyenebis mcdeloba.<br />
qcevaTa zemoxsenebul CamonaTvals Tu mivubrundebiT, vnaxavT, rom bolo punqtebis<br />
mixedviT moswavles sul ufro da ufro cota moeTxoveba da bolos mxolod imitaciiTa da<br />
Tavis daqneviTRa Semoifargleba. es nusxa gudma da brofim (Good & Brophy, 1978) Seadgines<br />
`aramopasuxe~ moswavleebisTvis. maTi azriT, moswavleebs ureaqciobis, pasuxis gaucemlobis<br />
saSualeba ar unda mivceT, piriqiT, monawileoba unda movTxovoT. blankis naSromis<br />
citirebisas, romelic didi qalaqis Raribi raionis bavSvebs exeba, isini weren:<br />
Tu isini pirvel kiTxvas ver pasuxoben, momdevno kiTxva ufro martivi unda<br />
iyos, rom Tavi gaarTvan. zogadad, iseTi kiTxva, romelic maTgan raRacis deta-
molodinebi<br />
lurad axsnas moiTxovs, yvelaze rTuli iqneba. progresulad martivi moTxovnebi<br />
moicavs faqtebze dafuZnebul SekiTxvebs mokle pasuxebiT, mravalpasuxian<br />
kiTxvebs da kiTxvebs mxolod `diax~ da `ara~ pasuxebiT. Tu moswavle verc erTi<br />
donis SekiTxvas ver upasuxebs, SeiZleba winadadebebis gameoreba an qmedebis<br />
imitacia vTxovoT. rogorc ki is SekiTxvaze sworad daiwyebs pasuxis gacemas,<br />
maswavlebelma SeiZleba sakuTari Zalebis rwmenis gaZlierebis kvalobaze gaar-<br />
Tulos SekiTxvebi. rodesac daTrgunuli bavSvebi ar pasuxoben, maT mimarT yuradRebiani<br />
damokidebuleba gvmarTebs. Tu isini SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas Seecdebian,<br />
maswavlebelma unda daacados. Tu isini SekiTxvaze fiqris nacvlad<br />
yuradRebis centrSi moxvedris gamo nerviulobas iwyeben, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> unda<br />
CaerTos SekiTxvis gameorebiT an miniSnebis SeTavazebiT. man sxva moswavles ar<br />
unda mimarTos imave kiTxviT da arc sxvebs misces pasuxis neba (Good & Brophy<br />
1978, gv. 226).<br />
roca moswavleebi daxmarebas iTxoven<br />
saskolo cxovrebis aseve mniSvnelovani sferoa calkeuli moswavleebis mier maswavleblisTvis<br />
daxmarebis Txovna. aseTi ram dRis ganmavlobaSi mravaljer xdeba. naxeT qvemoT<br />
mocemuli ori nawyveti. pirvel maTganSi maswavlebels moswavlis mimarT dadebiTi molodinebi<br />
aqvs, xolo meoreSi _ uaryofiTi (Good & Brophy 1978). SegiZliaT gansazRvroT, romeli<br />
nawyveti rogori molodinebis matarebelia? gaaanalizeT, dialogis romeli sityvebiTa<br />
Tu frazebiT igzavneba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Setyobinebebi.<br />
I nawyveti<br />
moswavle: me-4 nomeri ver gavakeTe.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: am nomris romeli nawili ver gaige?<br />
moswavle: ubralod, ver vxsni.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: vici, rom am amocanis nawilis amoxsna SegiZlia, radgan pirveli<br />
sami amocana sworad amoxseni. meoTxe amocana msgavsia, oRond<br />
odnav rTuli. amoxsnas isev ise iwyeb, mxolod Semdeg damatebiTi<br />
safexuri gWirdeba. kidev erTxel gadaxede wina sam amocanas da<br />
mere isev meoTxes miubrundi da naxav, rom SeZleb. ramdenime wuTSi<br />
davbrundebi Sens merxTan da vnaxav, rogor xsni.<br />
II nawyveti<br />
moswavle: me-4 nomeri ver gavakeTe.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: ver akeTeb? ratom?<br />
moswavle: ubralod, ver vxsni.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: nu ambob, rom ar SegiZlia. Cven arasdros vambobT `ar SemiZlia~.<br />
kargad ecade?<br />
moswavle: diax, magram ver gavige.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: pirveli sami amocanis amoxsna xom SeZeli. isev rom miubrunde da<br />
cota meti dro daxarjo, iqneb es meoTxe amocanac amoxsna. ratom<br />
ar ginda, cota meti imuSao da vnaxoT, ra moxdeba?<br />
285
Tavi 11<br />
meore nawyvetSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavlis naTqvamze `me-4 nomeri ver gavakeTe~, svams kiTxvas<br />
`ratom?~. es maxesaviT SekiTxvaa. moswavleebma rom icodnen ratom ver xsnian, isini ufro<br />
konkretuli daxmarebis Txovnasac SeZlebdnen.<br />
moswavlis naTqvamze `ubralod ver vxsni~, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> `recepts uwers~, `nu ambob, rom<br />
ar SegiZlia~, xolo Semdeg mcire morals ukiTxavs, `Cven arasdros vambobT `ar SemiZlia~-s~.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tvlis, rom wamaxalisebeli Jesti iqneba `gamococxleba~ da kidev erT uimedo<br />
kiTxvas usvams: `kargad ecade?~<br />
Tu moswavle ukve `kargad ecada~, mxolod erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeuZlia: `rogorc Cans,<br />
Clungi var~. xolo Tu `kargad ar ecada~, sakuTari sizarmace unda aRiaros.<br />
maswavleblis saboloo naTqvami moswavles didad ar aimedebs, rom `xangrZlivi~ da `meti~<br />
muSaoba winsvlaSi miexmareba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> araviTar specifikur strategiul daxmarebas<br />
ar sTavazobs. `vnaxoT, ra moxdeba~ bolo wveTia da Cvenc da moswavlec vgrZnobT, rom bevri<br />
araferi moxdeba.<br />
pirvel nawyvetSi mawavleblis pirveli kiTxva _ `romeli nawili ver gaige?~ _ ndobas<br />
gamoxatavs, rom moswavlem amocanis didi nawili gaigo da garkveul nawilze koncentrireba<br />
sWirdeba. rodesac moswavle ferxdeba, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> misi SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenas<br />
gamoxatavs: `vici rom am amocanis nawilis amoxsna SegiZlia, radgan pirveli sami amocana sworad<br />
amoxseni~. Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> detalur daxmarebas sTavazobs da hpirdeba, rom ramdenime<br />
wuTSi dabrundeba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> daxmarebas sTavazobs, magram sjera, rom moswavle<br />
Tavad gaumklavdeba sirTules. moswavle uyuradRebod ar rCeba, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dabrundeba,<br />
Tu sirTule isev gaCndeba.<br />
am ori nawyvetis ganxilvis mizani iyo, ufro Rrmad CavwvdomodiT sityvebisa da midgomis<br />
SerCevis mniSvnelobas, roca moswavle daxmarebas gvTxovs. saTqmelis umniSvnelo SecvliT<br />
SegviZlia moswavleebSi sakuTari Tavis rwmena gavaRviZoT, vaCvenoT, rogor gamoiyenon arsebuli<br />
codna, davexmaroT strategiebiTa da miniSnebebiT, drois saTanado intervalebiT<br />
SevamowmoT an vukiTxoT morali, gavumartivoT, SevTavazoT araadekvaturi daxmareba da es<br />
yvelaferi iseTi zrdilobiani sityvebiT SevniRboT, rom moswavle kargad mixvdes, ramdenad<br />
ar gvjera misi unarebisa.<br />
am qveTavis mkiTxvelTaTvis erT-erTi sasurveli Sedegi is iqneba, rom isini sakuTar TavSi<br />
mesame Tvalsa da mesame yurs aRmoaCenen. es mesame Tvali da yuri Cvenia! is swavlebis procesis<br />
monitoringsa da ukukavSiris damyarebaSi gvexmareba. rodesac moswavleebi daxmarebisTvis<br />
mogvmarTaven, ra Setyobinebebs vugzavniT maT?<br />
286
moswavlis saqmianobasTan ukukavSiri<br />
molodinebi<br />
Cven ukve vimsjeleT ukukavSiris mniSvnelobaze. axla urTierTobis sizustidan im SeniRbul<br />
Setyobinebebze visaubrebT, romlebsac urTierTobis dros `vgzavniT~. `me mejera Seni~<br />
Setyobinebas moswavlis naSromze ukukavSiris dros <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sam garemoebaSi gzavnis:<br />
acdenili molodinebis, kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos da saqmianobaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebis<br />
dros<br />
molodinTa acdena<br />
mniSvnelovania, maswavlebelma ise uTxras moswavleebs cudad Sesrulebuli davalebis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom maT ukeTesad Sesrulebis rwmena ar mouspos. maswavleblis mier dabali xarisxis<br />
naSromis neitralur, gaurkvevel Sefasebas moswavleebi aRiqvamen, rogorc maTi namuSevrisadmi<br />
maswavleblis gulgrilobas an maTdami rwmenis uqonlobas. sinamdvileSi, xSirad, asec<br />
aris xolme.<br />
meore mxriv, Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ganicdis moswavlis mier cudad Sesrulebul samuSaos,<br />
drosa da energias ar zogavs imisTvis, rom auxsnas Secdoma da ukeT Seasrulebinos, moswavle<br />
rwmundeba, rom misi sjeraT. amgvari saqcieli TviT maswavlebelsac matebs rwmenas, rom moswavlis<br />
Zalisxmeva fuWi ar iqneba. SesaZloa, moswavleebma ar gamoiCinon survili an SeewinaaRmdegon<br />
kidec maswavleblis amgvar pirdapiri da zogjer Zalze energiul qmedebas. Cveni<br />
daJinebis pasuxad moswavleebisgan madlobas ar unda velodeT (yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes<br />
ramdenime weliwadSi mainc), magram Cveni sijiutis gareSe moswavleTa umravlesobas saku-<br />
Tari Tavis sakmarisi rwmena ar eqneba imisTvis, rom TavdadebiT da kargad imuSaos.<br />
sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis uqonlobis safrTxe gansakuTrebiT im moswavleebs emuqrebaT,<br />
romlebsac inteleqtis `mocemulobis~ Teoriisa sjeraT (Dweck 1989). maT swamT, rom<br />
inteleqti an `unari~ iseTi ram aris, rac adamians aqvs an ar aqvs da Tu ver swavloben, es<br />
imaze metyvelebs, rom sakmarisi unari ar aqvT. igive moswavleebi atribuciis Teoriis (Weiner<br />
1972, 1974) mixedviT Tvlian, rom davalebis cudad SesrulebaSi `damnaSave~ davalebis sirTulea,<br />
xolo am rwmenis miRma sakuTari arcTu saxarbielo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb<br />
mRrRneli eWvi imaleba.<br />
mudmivi<br />
(myari)<br />
cvladi<br />
(aramyari)<br />
Sinagani garegani<br />
unari amocanis<br />
Zalisxmeva<br />
sirTule<br />
iRbali<br />
sqema 11.2: atribuciis Teoriis bade<br />
wyaro: Weiner 1972, 1974.<br />
atribuciis Teoriis mixedviT, yovel Cvengans warmatebasa da warumateblobaze `pasuxis<br />
287
Tavi 11<br />
moTxovnis~ sakuTari gzebi gvaqvs. arsebobs oTxi ZiriTadi mizezi, riTac sakuTar warmatebasa<br />
Tu warumateblobas vxsniT: unari, amocanis sirTule, iRbali da Zalisxmeva. veineri maT<br />
qvemoT mocemuli badis (ix. sqema 11.2) mixedviT ganalagebs.<br />
rogorc wesi, warmatebuli adamianebi warmatebas iseT Sinagan faqtorebs miaweren, romlis<br />
kontrolic SeuZliaT, magaliTad, Zalisxmevas. warumatebeli adamianebi ki sakuTar<br />
warumateblobas amocanis sirTules da uiRblobas (SeniRbuls SiSiT, rom maT sakmarisi unari<br />
ara aqvT). warmatebas amocanis siioliT da iRbliT xsnian: `advili amocana iyo~, `bedad,<br />
swored es Tavi viswavle!~<br />
atribuciis Secvla niSnavs imas, rom moswavleebs mivexmaroT warmatebisa da warumateblobis<br />
atribuciis SecvlaSi garegani faqtorebidan (iRbali da advili an rTuli samuSao)<br />
Sinagani faqtorebisken (Zalisxmeva da rwmena, rom sakmarisi goniereba aqvs samuSaos maRali<br />
doneze Sesasruleblad). amis Tqma gacilebiT iolia, vidre Sesruleba, magram atribuciis<br />
Teoriis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom is atribuciebi, romlebic erTgvari<br />
gonebrivi modelia imisa, Tu rogoria samyaro da ra adgili ukavia masSi adamians, gansaz-<br />
Rvravs, Tu ra Zalisxmeva sWirdeba moswavles swavlisTvis.<br />
susti moswavleebis mimarT gamoCenili energia da maTze gavlena atribuciis Secvlis erTerTi<br />
formaa. es SeniRbuli gancxadebaa maTi unarebis rwmenisa, rac maT ufro meti Zalisxmevis<br />
motivs uCens.<br />
288<br />
kargad swavla<br />
atribuciis Secvlis sxva SesaZlebloba Cndeba, roca moswavle kargad swavlobs. mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom SeqebiT maT warmatebas maTs Zalisxmevas mivawerT (da Semdeg ki, araverbalurad,<br />
maTs unars): `damatebiTi mecadineoba wagadga, testirebamde iswavle da sanam Camabarebdi,<br />
pasuxebis Sesamowmeblad dro gamoiyene. hoda, kargi Sedegic gaqvs!~<br />
swavlaSi cvlileba<br />
moswrebis arsebiTi cvlileba – gauareseba an gaumjobeseba – atribuciis cvlilebis<br />
kidev erTi mizezia. `es axlosac ki ar aris im standartTan, romlis miRwevac Sen SegiZlia~,<br />
amgvari SeniSvna im maswavleblisgan, romelsac moswavle pativs scems, mZlavri biZgi iqneba<br />
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamo imedgacruebuli moswavlisTvis. ra SeiZleba iTqvas sapirispiro<br />
SemTxvevaze?<br />
davuSvaT moswavle, romlis saSualo Sefaseba testirebaSi aris D, 83 qulas iRebs. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
karTan aCerebs moswavles da eubneba: `Sen marTlac kargad dawere testi. rogor<br />
fiqrob, ra iyo mizezi?~ moswavle dums, Tavs dabla xris da mere burtyunebs, `albaT, ioli<br />
sakiTxebi iyo~. (yuradReba miaqcieT garegan atribuciasTan kavSirs – iRbali an amocanis sir-<br />
Tule). <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> pasuxobs, `advili testi! me advili testeb ara maqvs, es yvelam icis. 14<br />
sakiTxs swori pasuxi gaeci, es sakiTxebi yvelaze rTuli iyo. ase rom, miTxari, Seni azriT, ra<br />
iyo warmatebis mizezi?~<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cdilobs moswavle miaxvedros, rom mas kargad swavlis sakmarisi unari aqvs<br />
da, albaT, sakmarisadac ecada, rom kargi Sedegi mieRo. savaraudoa, rom moswavle dumils<br />
SeinarCunebs amgvari dialogisas. maswavleblis kiTxvaSi damaluli mosazrebebi mraval<br />
safrTxes Seicavs. (`iqneb marTlac SemiZlia kargad swavla? yovelTvis kargi Sedegis molodini<br />
eqneba Cemgan? iqneb vecado, magram ise kargad ar gamomivides?~) SesaZloa, moswavles<br />
dabali molodinebis SenarCuneba mxolod im mizniT surs, rom bejiT swavlas aaridos Tavi.
molodinebi<br />
moswavlis sakuTar warmatebaze dafiqrebis kidev erTi gza misi socialur safrTxeSi Cagdebaa.<br />
TanatolTa dajgufebebis safuZveli xSirad davalebebis Seusrulebloba da skolis<br />
kritikaa. Tavdauzogavi swavla SesaZlebelia TanatolTagan gariyvis mizezi gaxdes. es sindromi<br />
xSirad feradkaniani moswavleebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tuki isini cdiloben<br />
`TeTrkanianebiviT moqcevas~ (Fordham & Ogbu 1986).<br />
rodesac zemoT motanili SemTxvevis (moswavle moulodnelad karg Sedegs iRebs testirebisas)<br />
msgavsad atribuciis Secvlas vcdilobT, Cven mzad unda viyoT moswavlis dasaxmareblad<br />
fiqriTac da riskis gaziarebiTac: `kargi, dafiqrdi amaze da xval rom moxval,<br />
gavarkvioT, Seni azriT, ra iyo warmatebis mizezi~. miuxedavad imisa, rom momdevno dResac<br />
SesaZloa pasuxad dumili miviRoT, dumili darRveulia, radgan moswavle ukve kargad swavlis<br />
risksa da jildoze iwyebs fiqrs, - cxovrebaSi pirvelad, is fiqrobs, rom kargad swavla<br />
SeuZlia.<br />
SecdomebTan brZola<br />
Tu adamiani Secdomebs sisustis niSnad miiCnevs, Zal-Rones ar daiSurebs maTi Tavidan<br />
acilebisaTvis. is ecdeba, Tavi aaridos iseT Temebsa da samuSaos, sadac SeiZleba Secdomebi<br />
dauSvas. nerviulobas iwyebs rTuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas, romelic swrafad da iolad ar<br />
gamosdis, radgan am dros samuSaos sirTules uunarobad `Targmnis~. meore mxriv, Tuki Secdomebs<br />
ukukavSirisTvis gamoiyenebs, rTuli masalis daZlevisTvis alternatiuli gzebis<br />
monaxvas SeZlebs da Tavs ar aaridebs im saqmes, romelic erTi xelis mosmiT ar gamosdis. ase-<br />
Ti midgoma sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis xazgasmas moiTxovs da namdvilad Rirs mcdelobad.<br />
Secdomebze amgvari ori saxis reaqcia aRwerili aqvs karol dueki. misi azriT, bavSvebi (da<br />
zrdasrulebic) arian `mocemuli~ an `mzardi Zalisxmevis~ inteleqtis Teoriis momxreebi.<br />
`mocemuli~ inteleqtis Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom inteleqti aris `sagani~ _ obieqturi<br />
mocemuloba, romelic pasuxismgebelia nebismieri saxis warmatebisTvis; Sesabamisad,<br />
inteleqtis dabali maCvenebeli dabali akademiuri moswrebis pirobaa. am Teoriis momxreebi<br />
nebismier davalebas, testsa Tu amocanas ganixilaven, rogorc sakuTari Sinagani unaris Sefasebas.<br />
aseTi moswavleebi, dvekis azriT, saswavlo saqmianobis mimarT `Sesrulebze orientirebulobiT~<br />
gamoirCevian. arasaxarbielo Sedegebi (Secdomebi) dabal unarze metyvelebs,<br />
xolo kargi Sedegi – maRalze. `im saqmis keTeba momwons, romelic ukve vici~, ambobs am Teoriis<br />
momxre gogona.<br />
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Teoriis warmomadgenlebs sjeraT, rom unari TandaTanobiT yalibdeba<br />
Zalisxmevis da garemosTan ukukavSiris Sedegad. isini dvekis azriT, `swavlaze orientirebulobiT~<br />
gamoirCevian, maTi mizani axlis swavla ufroa, vidre sakuTari TavisTvis<br />
raRacis damtkiceba. inteleqtis am ori Teoriis Sedegebi da mizanze orientacia Zalze gansxvavebulia.<br />
warmoidgineT, ra wnexis qveS aris moswavle, romelic yovel saswavlo davalebas<br />
sakuTari Tavis – intleqtis - sazomad miiCnevs, im sazomad, romelic ase mniSvnelovania Cveni<br />
sazogadoebisTvis.<br />
umravlesoba (magram ara yvela) erTi an meore Teoriis ukiduresi momxrea. rac ufro<br />
metad vuaxlovdebiT inteleqtis `mocemulobis~ Teoriis poluss, miT ufro Znelia energiisa<br />
da strategiis mobilizeba sirTuleebis dasaZlevad. piriqiT, rac ufro axlosa varT<br />
inteleqtis Sesaxeb `mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Teoriis ukidures wertilTan, miT advilia sirTulis<br />
an Secdomis ganxilva monacemebad. yovelTvis, roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavles Secdomis<br />
gamosworebaSi exmareba, mas saSualeba aqvs, es Secdoma mocemulobad `uTargmnos~ da ara da-<br />
289
Tavi 11<br />
bal unarad. magaliTad,<br />
¤ `karl, amis gakeTebas SeZleb, Tuki swor strategias airCev, gansxvavebuli strategia<br />
gWirdeba. modi, vnaxoT romeli strategia gamoiyene da romeli ar gamogiyenebia!~<br />
¤ `juli, Sen SeZleb moTxrobis gagebas, Tu kargi safuZveli geqneba. aq aucileblad<br />
iqneba raRac iseTi, rasac avtori varaudobs. modi, vnaxoT ra aris es? aba maCvene, erTerTi<br />
adgili, romelmac sagonebelSi Cagagdo~.<br />
¤ `maS ase, Sen kargad gamogdis eqsperimenti, roca kargad gesmis amocana. albaT, aris<br />
raRac Seusabamoba, ris gamoc Seni gza ar amarTlebs. modi, wavideT da erTad vnaxoT<br />
laboratoriaSi. miTxari ra iyo bundovani~.<br />
saklaso garemos Sesaxeb TavSi vnaxavT, rogor qmnis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> riskis gawevisa da<br />
Tavdajerebulobis klimats, sadac moswavleebi Secdomebs saswavlo SesaZleblobebad ganixilaven.<br />
am nawilSi warmogidgineT Secdomebis mimarT moswavleTa damokidebulebis mniSvneloba<br />
da giCveneT, rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels reagireba, rom xeli Seuwyos inteleqtze<br />
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Sexedulebas da saswavlo miznebze orientacias.<br />
290<br />
Sefaseba<br />
Sefasebisas moswavleebi SeniRbul Setyobinebebs iReben imis Taobaze, Tu rogori Sexeduleba<br />
aqvs maswavlebels maT unarze. modiT, ganvixiloT xelmeore testirebis praqtika.<br />
mravali <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, arasaxarbielo Sedegebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebs testis xelmeored<br />
Cabarebis saSualebas aZlevs. Semdeg, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, rogorc wesi, asaSualebs meore (Cveulebriv,<br />
ukeTes) qulas pirvel qulasTan da gamohyavs saboloo Sefaseba. magram modiT vnaxoT,<br />
rogor Setyobinebebs iRebs moswavle am dros. xelmeore testirebis Sedegebis gasaSualeba<br />
pirveli testirebis SedegebTan mxolod im moswavleebs waadgebaT, romlebsac pirveli<br />
testirebisas SedarebiT kargi Sedegi hqondaT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom Cven daostatebasa<br />
da kargad swavlaze ki ar vzrunavsT, aramed siCqareze (risTvisac vajildoebT kidec).<br />
zogierTi ityvis, rom saboloo Sefasebisas maRali qulebi pirvel etapze kargi stimuli<br />
iqneba moswavlisTvis. migvaCnia, rom aseTi midgoma mxolod umciresobas waadgeba, radgan<br />
umravlesobisTvis xelmeore testireba usafrTxo TavSesafaria. amgvari praqtikis gamo,<br />
xSirad, maswavleblebi anekdotur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian xolme, xolo Sefasebis gadavadeba<br />
moswavleebs arcTu usafrTxo mdgomareobaSi agdebs.<br />
axla ganvixiloT gasaSualebis praqtika. is moswavleebi, romlebic Zal-Rones ar iSureben,<br />
gasaSualebis dros dabal Sefasebas iReben. amrigad, jildovdeba siCqare da ara Zalisxmeva<br />
da yvelaferi, misi Tanmdevi – miznebis dasaxva, Sesabamisi daxmarebis Zieba, sxvebis<br />
konsultacia, damatebiTi samuSao saaTebi, ukukavSiri da sxvebis kritika.<br />
Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili Sefasebaa `A~ da `B~. erT-erT skolas aseTi sqema hqonda danergili:<br />
`B~ niSnavda `standartTan Sesabamisobas~, romelic maRal doneze iyo SemuSavebuli.<br />
`A~ ki standartze maRla dgomas niSnavda, rac moiTxovda damatebiTi proeqtis Sesrulebas<br />
kursis masalebis gamoyenebiT, magram kursis moTxovnebze ufro maRal doneze. nebismier moswavles,<br />
romelic ver akmayofilebda kursis moTxovnebs da ver amJRavnebda Sesabamis codnas,<br />
`aradamakmayofilebeli~ Sefaseba hqonda.<br />
Sefasebis amgvari sistemisaTvis maswavlebelma (da skolam) Zal-Rone ar unda daiSuros<br />
imisaTvis, rom yvela moswavle Seesabamebodes standarts (rac TviT standartisa da misi arsis<br />
mkafiod gansazRvrasac gulisxmobs). aseve unda arsebobdes saTanado SesaZleblobebic
molodinebi<br />
_ skolis Semdeg, SabaT-kvira, saRamoobiT _ romelTa damatebiTi daxmarebis saxiT SeTavazeba<br />
SegviZlia moswavlisTvis. erT-erT skolaSi fakultetis wevrebi da moxaliseebi samSabaT<br />
da xuTSabaT saRamos da SabaT diliT uwevdnen moswavleebs damatebiT daxmarebas.<br />
Tu skolis mizani daxarisxebis meqanizmia, maSin Sefasebis tradiciuli forma `A~-dan `F~s<br />
CaTvliT zedgamoWrilia. SesaZlebelia moswavleTa daxarisxeba Sefasebis mixedviT da maTi<br />
ganawileba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva doneebisa da sxvadasxva rolebisTvis. albaT, gvetyvian<br />
kidec, rom Sefasebis SemoRebis mizani swored daxarisxeba iyo. gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi<br />
swored es idga amerikuli Sefasebis sistemis ukan (Cremin 1965).<br />
asoebiT Sefasebis miRma is varaudic imaleba, rom mravali moswavle ver daakmayofilebs<br />
swavlis maRal standarts, an mxolod nawilo-<br />
briv SeZlebs masTan Sesabamisobas (miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom veravin getyviT, romel standarts<br />
upasuxa da romels vera moswavlem).<br />
ra moxdeba, Tuki virwmunebT, rom yvela moswavles<br />
SeuZlia gaxdes standartis Sesabamisi,<br />
Tuki mas saTanado sawyisi codniT, motivaciiTa da swavlebiT uzrunvelvyofT? ra moxdeba<br />
Tuki virwmunebT, rom sazogadoebas sWirdeba, yvela moswavle akmayofilebdes kursis standarts,<br />
radgan samuSao adgili da qveyana moiTxovs, rom yvela moqalaqes SeeZlos problemis<br />
gadaWra, gunduri muSaoba da gamarTuli metyveleba? aseT SemTxvevaSi, Sefasebis erTaderTi<br />
SesaZlo sistema ostatobaze iqneba dafuZnebuli da ara daxarisxebaze.<br />
amJamad amerikaSi arsebuli Sefasebis sistema im Sexedulebas emyareba, rom skolis mizani<br />
daxarisxebaa da mravali (umravlesoba Tu ara) moswavle sakmaod gonebaClungia imisTvis,<br />
rom saswavlo masalis mkacr, maRal standarts upasuxos. Tu gvjera, rom yvela moswavles<br />
SeuZlia maRali standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, am rwmenis Sesatyvisad radikalurad unda<br />
SevcvaloT Sefasebis sistema. Sefasebis Sesaxeb TavSi gavigebT, rogor unda CavanacvloT<br />
Sefasebis arsebuli sistema Sedegebis Sesaxeb ufro informaciuli sistemiT.<br />
rwmena, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, cvlis<br />
swavlebis Sesaxeb TiTqmis mTel Cvens damokidebulebas, Sefaseba mxolod aisbergis wveria.<br />
moswavleebi, romlebic jer ver `Caswvdnen~<br />
rwmena, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali<br />
standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, cvlis swavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb TiTqmis mTel Cvens damokidebulebas.<br />
klasisTvis da maswavleblisTvisac Cveulebrivi movlenaa, Tu zogierTi moswavle masalas<br />
ver `Caswvdeba~. es kargad uwyian rogorc Tavad im moswavleebma, romlebic ver `Caswvdnen~,<br />
ise danarCenebmac. ra moxdeba, Tu maT masalis gagebis kidev erT Sanss mivcemT?<br />
maswavlebelma icis, rom zogierTma moswavlem kargad ver gaigo masala, an gaigo nawilobriv,<br />
magram is valdebulia ar gaCerdes da axal masalaze gadavides. `isini gaigeben, risi<br />
gagebac ZaluZT. me SemiZlia maT odnav gansxvavebuli davalebebi mivce [moswavliseuli<br />
TargmaniT: naklebad rTuli], ise, rom maT warmateba SeigrZnon [sinamdvileSi isini sircxvilis<br />
garda verafers SeigrZnoben]. me masalis axsna kurikulumis mixedviT unda gavagrZelo.<br />
yvelaferTan erTad es moswavleebi saboloo gamocdebisTvis unda movamzado! ar SeiZleba<br />
sxvebi davabrkolo!~<br />
am maswavlebels ar sjera, rom susti moswavleebi rodesme gaigeben masalas da, misi azriT,<br />
saboloo gamocdis sayovelTao Cabarebis moTxovna, garda imisa, rom mTel klass aferxebs,<br />
TviT standartebis Tamasasac dabla swevs. ra moxdeba, Tuki marTlac davijerebT, rom yvela<br />
291
Tavi 11<br />
moswavles SeuZlia maRali standartebis miRweva Tavdadebuli muSaobis, efeqtiani Zalisxmevisa<br />
da saTanado sawyisi codnis safuZvelze?<br />
im moswavleebisTvis, romlebmac swrafad an pirvelive mcdelobiT ver gaiges, SesaZlebelia<br />
SemoviRoT `xelaxali swavlebis sistema~, rogorc regularuli saklaso praqtika (ix.<br />
sqema 11.3) am sistemisTvis ukeTesi saxelwodeba SeiZleba iyos `winsvlis jgufi~ an `swavlulTa<br />
jgufi~. am jgufebSi naswavli koncefcia, an idea kidev erTxel iqneba axsnili damatebiTi<br />
gansxvavebuli magaliTebiT, an swavlebis sxva stiliT. es SeiZleba gaakeTos sagnis<br />
an sxva maswavlebelma an TviT moswavleebma. am mecadineobebze SeiZleba gamoviyenoT TviTmarTuli<br />
saswavlo gamocdileba an kompiuteruli modelireba. is moswavleebi, romlebmac<br />
pirvelive mcdelobiT ver gaiges, sakuTar ZalebSi unda davarwmunoT. sistemas amisaTvis<br />
Semdegi komponentebi aqvs:<br />
292<br />
1. moswavles sakuTari Tavis marTva unda vTxovoT. man Tavad unda Seafasos sakuTari<br />
Tavi: `namdvilad gavige masala?~<br />
2. moswavleebs sWirdebaT winaswar gansazRvruli mkafio kriteriumebi testirebis an<br />
amocanis amoxsnisas, raTa TviTSefaseba SeZlon. saswavlo an saqmianobis mizani maT-<br />
Tvis saidumlo ar unda iyos.<br />
3. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> qmnis da mudmivad cdilobs usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri klimatis<br />
SenarCunebas im moswavleebisTvis, romlebmac sakuTari Tavi xelaxali swalebis kandidatebad<br />
daasaxeles. isini gamudmebiT unda ismendnen SeniSvnas masalis sirTulis<br />
aRiarebis Sesaxeb: `es marTlac sakmaod rTulia, radgan erTdroulad or rameze<br />
giwevT fiqri: Sesatyvisi informaciisa da Sesatyvisi qmedebis gansazRvraze~. sir-<br />
Tulis aRniSvnasTan erTad <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gaazrebul TviTSefasebasa da vergagebis<br />
aRiarebis risksac afasebs: `kargi dasawyisia, jeison. guldasmiT gaqvs wakiTxuli<br />
sakuTari naweri da axal masalaze gadasvlamde Sedegis gaumjobeseba gadawyvite.<br />
minda, Rrmad Caswvde, bolomde gaigo da weris es unari cxovrebaSi gamoiyeno~.<br />
4. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> waaxalisebs im moswavleebs, romlebmac gariskes xelmeored swavlebis<br />
sistemaSi monawileoba: `ase gaagrZele _ TiTqmis miaRwie sasurvels. vici, risi Tqmac<br />
gsurs. scade, sakuTari sityvebiT gadmosce~.<br />
5. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aRiarebs sirTules da xelmeored swavlebis sistemas gunduri Zalisxmevis<br />
sagnad aqcevs: `saTqmeli kargad ver gamovxate. julia, SegiZlia sakuTari<br />
sityvebiT gadmosce da auxsna marSas?~<br />
xelaxali swavlebis sistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia daJineba da maswavleblis<br />
mier yoveli moswavlis misamarTiT gamoxatuli rwmena, rom sirTulesTan brZola maT<br />
warmatebas moutans. es niSnavs xSir Sefasebebs da waxalisebas.<br />
xelaxali swavlebis sistemis Seqmna xSirad moiTxovs klasis dayofas jgufebad da klasis<br />
sxva wevrebisTvis damatebiTi savarjiSoebis micemas codnis axal konteqstebSi gamoyenebis<br />
mizniT. es maswavleblisagan damatebiT drosa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. rwmena imisa, rom<br />
`yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRal doneze swavla~, eWvgareSea, maswavleblisagan damatebiT<br />
muSaobas moiTxovs. moswavleTa daxarisxeba yovelTvis maT swavlebaze ufro advilia.<br />
es damatebiTi mZime samuSao racionaluri gaxdeba, Tu xelaxali swavlebis sistemas gundur<br />
muSaobad vaqcevT. or maswavlebels SeuZlia gainawilos funqciebi, Tuki gadawyveten,<br />
rom maT moswavleTa nawils xelaxali swavlebis sistemaSi CarTva sWirdeba.<br />
dabolos, xelaxali swavlebis sistema efeqtiania, Tu mas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs:
asSi<br />
y testis winaswar momzadeba y sirTulis aRiareba y TviTnominacia y naTlad gansazRvruli dro, adgili, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> da informaciis wyaro y TviTnominantTa aRiareba y damatebiTi savarjiSoebi sxva moswavleebisTvis y moswavleebis mier Tavisuflad gadaadgileba erTi gjufidan meoreSi y maswavleblis mxridan daJineba da waxaliseba y normatiuli praqtika kl<br />
swavlulis sistema<br />
y testis winaswar momzadeba.<br />
y sirTulis aRiareba.<br />
y TviTnominacia.<br />
y naTlad gansazRvruli dro, adgili, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
da informaciis wyaro.<br />
y TviTnominantTa aRiareba.<br />
y damatebiTi savarjiSoebi sxva moswavleebisTvis.<br />
y moswavleebis mier Tavisuflad gadaadgileba erTi<br />
gjufidan meoreSi.<br />
y maswavleblis mxridan daJineba da waxaliseba.<br />
y normatiuli praqtika klasSi.<br />
molodinebi<br />
sqema 11.3: swavlulis sistema<br />
sistemis ZiriTadi elementebia maswavleblis daJineba (tenacity) da rwmena, rom moswavleebi<br />
warmatebas miaRweven.<br />
dajgufeba<br />
moswavleTa dajgufeba swavlisTvis is asparezia, sadac `SemiZlia~-s didi gavlenis moxdena<br />
ZaluZs moswavleTa SesaZleblobebze. Zalze mniSvnelovania erTi jgufidan meoreSi<br />
gadasvlis moqniloba, swavlebis xarisxi, maswavleblis simtkice, moswavleTa SesaZleblobebisadmi<br />
gamoxatuli rwmena da moswavleebis mier imis gageba, ratom arian ama Tu im jgufSi.<br />
mravali wlis win Cveni jgufis (`ukeTesi swavlebisTvis kvlevis~) erT-erTi wevri dabali<br />
moswrebis merveklaselebs akvirdeboda. dakvirvebis obieqtebi erTad swavlobdnen yvela sagans<br />
da erTad cdilobdnen akademiuri moswrebis gaumjobesebas. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi<br />
293
Tavi 11<br />
maswavleblebi klass ase mimarTavdnen: `sakmaod didxans asulelebdiT adamianebs. viciT, rom<br />
goneba giWriT da kargad swavla SegiZliaT. gvjera, rom Tqveni momavlisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania,<br />
isev mogcemT Tu ara cudad swavlis nebas. ase rom, am wels ise unda imuSaoT,<br />
rogorc arasodes gimuSaviaT da ise unda iswavloT, rogorc arasdros giswavliT~.<br />
aseTi midgomis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaizarda moswavleTa tempi, davalebebis sirTule<br />
da moTxovnebi da swavlebis intensivoba. wlis bolosTvis maTma umravlesobam ori wlis saswavlo<br />
Sinaarsi daZlia.<br />
dabali moswrebis moswavleebisTvis standartebis, molodinebisa da swavlebis intensivobis<br />
`amaRlebis~ amgvar praqtikas `akademiuri wiTeli perangis gadacma~ (academic redshirting)<br />
ewodeba da kidev erTxel iCina Tavi henri levinis (Henry Levin) `daCqarebul skolebSi~<br />
(Hopfenberg da sxvebi, 1993). Cveni mizania, jgufis formirebis kriteriumis miuxedavad, jgufis<br />
farglebSi TviT dajgufebis faqtis Sesaxeb maswavleblebisa da moswavleTa saukeTeso<br />
gamocdilebis, damokidebulebisa da Sexedulebebis cnobili magaliTi SemogTavazoT.<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi monitoringis Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevebma (Oakes 1985) daasabuTa,<br />
rom dabali moswrebis moswavleebi sistematurad<br />
awydebian dabal molodinebs, swavlis<br />
dabali moswrebis moswavleebisaTvis stand<br />
nakleb SesaZleblobebs, naklebad saintereso<br />
artebisa da molodinebis amaRlebas `akademi<br />
masalas da naklebad saintereso swavlebas.<br />
uri wiTeli perangis gadacma~ ewodeba.<br />
kvlevebma aseve aCvena, rom feradkaniani,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki qalaqSi mcxovrebi moswavleebi,<br />
kidev ufro araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi arian. rekomendaciebi saSualo skolaSi<br />
monitoringze uaris Tqmisa da heterogenuri dajgufebis Sesaxeb saqmes didad ver Svelis.<br />
struqturis Secvla swavlebis, maswavleblisa da moswavleebis rwmenisa da damokidebulebis<br />
Secvlis gareSe verafers gviSvelis. (am ganzogadebidan erTi gamonaklisi SeiZleba iyos dabali<br />
donis monitoringis mospoba mravalmimarTulebian skolebSi da momdevno, ufro maRali<br />
donis monitoringis, standartebisa da molodinebis gamoyeneba dabali monitoringis moswavleTa<br />
mimarT.)<br />
heterogenuli dajgufebebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebiT, romlebic sinTezirebulia<br />
mTeli rigi originaluri kvlevebis (Slavin 1988 & Gamoran 1992) safuZvelze, dasturdeba, rom<br />
mTliani saSualo miRweva moswavleebisa monitoringis mqone da armqone skolebSi daaxloebiT<br />
erTnairia da literaturaSi `produqtiuloba~ ewodeba. monitoringis mqone skolebi<br />
ufro `produqtiulebi~ ar arian, vidre monitoringis armqone da, piriqiT. Tumca monitoringis<br />
mqone skolebSi moswavleTa miRwevebis ufro farTo diapazoni SeiniSneba, vidre monitoringis<br />
armqoneSi. monitoringis mqone zogierT skolaSi maRali moswrebis moswavleTa<br />
warmateba, SesaZloa, daCqarebuli programiT aixsnas (an ufrosebis rwmeniT, romlebic maTgan<br />
warmatebas elian). dabali monitoringis mqone moswavleebi monitoringis mqone skolaSi<br />
ufro cudad swavloben, vidre yvelaze arasaxarbielo moswrebis mqone moswavleebi monitoringis<br />
armqone skolaSi. garegnulad, SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom dabali moswrebis mqone<br />
moswavleebisTvis monitoringis uqonloba sasargebloa, magram xels uSlis maRali SesaZleblobebis<br />
mqone moswavleebs TavianTi potencialis srul gamoyenebaSi.<br />
calkeuli kvlevebidan viciT, rom dabali moswrebis mqone moswavleebs monitorignis<br />
mqone skolebSi dajgufebis, daCqarebuli programebisa da warmatebis maRali molodinebis<br />
safuZvelze warmatebis miRweva SeuZliaT. aseve viciT, rom monitoringis armqone garemoSi<br />
yvelaze unariani moswavleebi swavlebis saxecvlilebiT SeiZleba Sesatyvisi sirTuleebis<br />
winaSe davayenoT.<br />
294<br />
amrigad, daskvnebi naTelia:<br />
¤ gamovricxoT dabali monitoringi (bottom track) iq, sadac mravalferovani monitoringi<br />
gvaqvs.
¤ davexmaroT maswavleblebs am TavSi mocemuli rwmenebisa da qcevebis aTvisebaSi, raTa<br />
¤ davexmaroT maswavlebelebs swavlebis repertuaris saxecvlilebaSi, maRali monitor-<br />
molodinebi<br />
maT SeZlon dadebiTi molodinebis Setyobineba yvela moswavlisTvis.<br />
ingis (top track) gauqmebasa da mravali moswavlis CarTvaSi ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon<br />
maRali moswrebis individebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis srulfasovan gamovlenaSi.<br />
axla vnaxoT dawyebiT skolaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis monacemebi. dawyebiT klasebSi<br />
monitoringi did gavlenas ver axdens verc maRali da verc dabali moswrebis moswavleebze.<br />
slavinis (Slavin 1992) azriT, SesaZlo mizezi albaT is gaxlavT, rom dawyebiT klasebSi monitoringi<br />
didad ver amcirebs namdvil heterogenurobas. mravali avtori varaudobs, rom<br />
TviTSefasebisa da motivaciisTvis miyenebuli ziani, romelsac dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebi<br />
ganicdian, Rrma da xangrZlivia da Tavs mogvianebiT, saSualo skolaSi iCens. amrigad,<br />
dawyebiT klasebSi moswavleTa monitoringi arafris momtania. erT-erTi gamonaklisi Semdeg-<br />
Si mdgomareobs: calkeuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom `niWierma~ moswavleebma, SesaZloa dawyebiT<br />
klasebSi homogenuri dajgufebiT upiratesoba moipovon. SesaZloa, maTi moTxovnebi<br />
standartul klasSi diferencirebuli swavlebiT daakmayofilon Sesatyvisi repertuaris<br />
mqone maswavleblebma.<br />
`monitoringi~ da `klasTaSorisi dajgufeba~ niSnavs, rom moswavleebi dajgufebuli arian<br />
SesaZleblobebisa da winare saqmianobis safuZvelze. monitoringi ufro imaze mianiSnebs,<br />
rom moswavleebi zogadi unarebis mixedviT arian `daxarisxebuli~ da dajgufebuli yvela<br />
saswavlo kursis erTad gasavlelad. naklebad xist saskolo struqturebSi moswavleebs Seu-<br />
ZliaT SearCion zogierT saganSi ufro maRali monitoringis mqone, xolo zogierTSi ufro<br />
dabali monitoringis mqone kursebi. termini `klasTaSorisi dajgufeba~ ufro xSirad dawyebiT<br />
skolaSi gamoiyeneba da niSnavs, rom moswavleebi Sesatyvis klasebSi SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT arian ganawilebuli.<br />
klasis SigniT dajgufeba warmoadgens moswavleTa droebiT dajgufebas zogierTi unars,<br />
koncefciis an operaciisTvis; es dajgufebebi homogenuria samuSaosadmi mzaobiTa da<br />
moTxovniT. am saxis droebiTi dajgufebis Sesaxeb kvlevaTa monacemebi erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
dadebiTia, Tu warmodgenilia Semdegi oTxi piroba:<br />
1. moswavleebi heterogenurad arian dajgufebulni dRis umetes periodSi.<br />
2. dajgufeba amcirebs heterogenurobas calkeuli saswavlo unarisTvis.<br />
3. dajgufeba moqnilia.<br />
4. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> swavlebis tempsa da dones moswavleTa mzaobasa da swavlis siCqares<br />
usadagebs.<br />
joplinis gegmas (Joplin plan), romelic iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, mraval kvlevaSi erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
dadebiTi Sedegebi aqvs. es gegma dawyebiT skolaSi dajgufebis modelia, sadac<br />
moswavleebi mTeli skolis masStabiT garkveuli droiT jgufdebian klasisa da asakis miuxedavad.<br />
joplinis gegmis danergva moiTxovs organizaciis, liderobisa da maswavlebelTa komunikaciis<br />
maRal dones _ pirobebs, romelic mraval skolaSi ubralod ar arsebobs.<br />
ra daskvnebis gakeTeba SegviZlia dajgufebaTa Sesaxeb kvlevebis safuZvelze? pirveli,<br />
periodulad, roca calkeul moswavleebs damatebiTi swavleba an varjiSi sWirdebaT (maT<br />
Soris ufros klasebSic), konkretuli sakiTxebis swavlebis mizniT da zemoxsenebuli oTxi<br />
pirobis dacviT, klasis SigniT dajgufeba unda gamoviyenoT. amgvar dajgufebamde danar-<br />
Ceni moswavleebisTvis unda movamzadoT savarjiSoebi, raTa uzrunvelvyoT maTi CarTuloba<br />
da progresis Sesaxeb ukukavSiri. maswavlebels unda hqondes sivrcis, drois, rutinisa da<br />
tempis menejmentis kargad SemuSavebuli repertuari da dagegmvis unar-Cvevebi, raTa SeZlos<br />
miznebis, saswavlo gamocdilebisa da Sefasebis SerCeva. (90-wuTiani periodebi an ganvrco-<br />
295
Tavi 11<br />
bili gakveTilis sxva konfiguracia gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia, radgan mcire jgufebis<br />
instruqtirebis, danarCen moswavleebTan savarjiSoebis Sesrulebisa da diskusiis saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs.) kargi swavlebisTvis mTavaria, rom maswavlebelma SeZlos mcire jgufebis<br />
instruqtireba, rasac am wignSi mocemuli parametrebis farTo speqtris mixedviT kargad<br />
SemuSavebuli repertuari sWirdeba.<br />
meore, nebismieri saxis monitoringisa da dajgufebis udidesi safrTxe mosawyeni, unar-<br />
Cvevasa da gamosworebaze orientirebuli, uintereso swavlebaa. yovelive amis sazRauri<br />
ki ara marto moswavleTa TviTSefasebis daqveiTeba, aramed interesisa da motivaciis dakargvaa.<br />
dabali unar-Cvevebisa da moswrebis moswavleebs, imis miuxedavad, vajgufebT Tu<br />
ara instruqtirebisTvis, saintereso da Sesatyvisi Temebi unda SevTavazoT. amas garda, isini<br />
maRali donis azrovnebasa da msjelobaSi unda CavrToT. nacvlad amisa, xSirad, isini furclebze<br />
mocemul pasiur savarjiSoebs asruleben, rac, ZiriTadad, gamocnobasa da gaxsenebazea<br />
orientirebuli.<br />
swavlebis midgoma, romelic sainteresos xdis diskusias, SesaZlebelia dabali SesaZleblobebis<br />
mecxreklaselebTanac da moicavs maTTvis kiTxvis strategiebisa (urTierTswavlebis<br />
msgavsad, romelic pelinsqarisa da braunis (Palinscar & Brawn 1984) mier SemuSavebuli<br />
interaqtiuli kiTxvis mZlavri strategiaa) da iseTi unarebis swavlebas, rogoricaa<br />
SeniSvnebis Cawera standartuli programis farglebSi. aseve moicavs maTTvis diskusiisa<br />
da socialuri unar-Cvevebis swavlebas. Cven sistematurad vayalibebT moswavleebSi maTive<br />
saRi gonebis gamoyenebis unars maRali donis azrovnebasTan warmatebuli interaqciisTvis.<br />
amisTvis swavleba saSualo skolis mravali maswavleblisgan moiTxovs maswavleblis rolis<br />
xelaxal konceptualizacias. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mxolod sagnis Sinaarsis specialisti ki ara, sagnis<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>a; is moswavleTa <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>a da es roli moicavs moswavleebisTvis swavlis<br />
ufro efeqtiani strategiebisa da unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebis swavlebas. maswavleblebma<br />
swavlis stilze, saswavlo gamocdilebaze, sizustis instrumentebze, swavlis principebsa<br />
da sxva mraval sakiTxze am wignSi arsebuli masalebi unda gamoiyenon moswavleebisTvis im<br />
strategiebisa da unar-Cvevebis swavlebis mizniT, romelic gazrdis maTi, rogorc efeqtiani<br />
moswavleebis kompetencias.<br />
296<br />
davalebebis micema da Sesruleba<br />
davalebis micemisas moswavleebs xSirad Setyobinebebsac vugzavniT, kerZod, Cveni azriT,<br />
davaleba martivia Tu rTuli, did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs Tu ara, gvjera Tu ara maTi<br />
warmatebis, rogor vfiqrobT, maTi warmateba unarze, Zalisxmevasa Tu iRbalzea damokidebuli.<br />
me-8 TavSi Cven davalebebis micemis aspeqtebi ganvixileT. kerZod, ician Tu ara moswavleebma<br />
ra unda gaakeTon (mimarTuleba), ician Tu ara ratom asruleben am davalebas _ ra kavSiri<br />
aqvs mas konkretul saswavlo amocanasTan. am nawilSi ganvixilavT davalebebis micemis dros<br />
moswavleebisTvis maTdami rwmenis Sesaxeb gagzavnil Setyobinebebs.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> me-6 klaselebs eubneba: `am kviraSi Tqveni davalebaa waikiTxoT moTxrobis<br />
bolo sami Tavi da mzad iyoT, warmoadginoT is faqtorebi, romlebmac Tqveni azriT xeli Seuwyo<br />
salemSi jadoqrobis isteriis klimatis Seqmnas~. davaleba sakmaod martivi Cans. SesaZloa<br />
moswavleebma zustad ver gaigon, konteqstis mixedviT ras niSnavs `klimati~ an `faqtorebi~,<br />
magram davuSvaT, gaiges. calkeuli individebisTvis maswavlebels Setyobineba ar gaugzavnia.<br />
risi gageba sWirdebaT maT?<br />
saklaso oTaxidan gasvlisas <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ramdenime maTgans aCerebs kerZo mimarTvisTvis:
molodinebi<br />
¤ `kaneiSa, es samuSao kargad gamogiva. wigns yuradRebiT kiTxulobdi da bolo ori davalebis<br />
Sesrulebisas karg SeniSvnebs akeTebdi. Cemi azriT, mzad xar, yvelafers Tavi<br />
mouyaro~.<br />
¤ `jon, ramdeni dro gaqvs gaTvaliswinebuli saRamos davalebis Sesasruleblad?~<br />
¤ `mari, wigni saxlSi migaqvs, xom? [mari iRimeba da eTanxmeba.] ho, sworad iqcevi!~ [<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
tuCebs pruwavs.]<br />
¤ `jorj, Zal-Rone ar daiSuro. es sami Tavi mainc waikiTxe~.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> kaneiSas maRali, dadebiTi molodinis matarebel Setyobinebas ugzavnis.<br />
misi azriT, kaneiSa mzad aris davalebis warmatebiT SesrulebisaTvis.<br />
Znelia, jonisadmi gagzavnili Setyobinebis arsis gageba. Tu joni zarmacia da maswavlebelma<br />
es adrec `Seatyobina~, maSin jons maswavleblis kiTxvis aseTi interpretacia SeuZlia:<br />
`vfiqrob, amas mainc ar gaakeTeb~. SesaZloa jons maswavleblis am mosazrebasTan Sesatyvisobis<br />
survili gauCndes. meore mxriv, maswavlebels, SesaZloa, ramdenime Sexvedra hqonda<br />
jonTan da saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad erTad Seadgines ganrigi. SesaZloa, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
axsenebs am SeTanxmebas da mis gamo pasuxismgeblobas sTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi Setyobineba<br />
sakmaod gansxvavebuli iqneba Tavdapirveli (`zarmaci~) variantisagan.<br />
marisadmi mimarTvaSi maswavleblis eWvi Cans: `marTlac apirebs mari wignis saxlSi waRebas<br />
Tu ara~. maswavleblis sityvebi, SesaZloa, marim davalebis Seusruleblobis nebarTvad<br />
miiCnios, radgan <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> misgan swored amas elodeba.<br />
jorji dabali molodinis Semcvel Setyobinebas iRebs. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> kmayofili iqneba,<br />
Tu is gadaxedavs mainc moTxrobis sam Tavs da misgan davalebis kiTxvaze fiqrs ar elodeba.<br />
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, jorji waikiTxavs, magram ar ifiqrebs. maswavleblis molodini mxolod<br />
sami Tavis wakiTxvaa. molodini marTlac mcirea, radgan <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs, `waikiTxe<br />
mainc~, rac imas mianiSnebs, rom sul mcire wakiTxvis mcdelobis molodini mainc aqvs.<br />
es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom SerCeuli sityvebiTa da niSnebis eniT maswavlebli moswavleebs<br />
maT Sesaxeb sakuTar Sexedulebas acnobs. garda individualuri komentarebisa, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
zogjer mTel klassac mimarTavs davalebis Taobaze. misi naTqvami _ `rTuli davalebaa<br />
da wakiTxuli Tavebis gaxsenebas moiTxovs, magram mjera, rom SeasrulebT, Tu sakmaris<br />
dros dauTmobT da SeniSvnebs gamoiyenebT~ _ is maRali, dadebiTi molodinis matarebel<br />
Setyobinebas ugzavnis erTdroulad mTel klass. davalebis sirTulis aRiareba moswavleebs<br />
Zalisxmevis mobilizebas aiZulebs. (davalebis simartiveze saubari `gamarjvebuli aravinaa~<br />
Setyobinebis matarebelia. Tu davaleba martivia da misi Sesruleba yvelas SeuZlia, mis Sesrulebas<br />
azri ara aqvs. Tu moswavleebs Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT iseTi davalebis SesrulebisTvis,<br />
romelic maswavleblis varaudiT advili unda yofiliyo, isini daaskvnian, rom Wkua<br />
ar uWriT.)<br />
individualuri Tu mTeli klasis misamarTiT verbaluri Setyobinebebis garda, SeiZleba<br />
davalebis Taobaze werilobiTi miTiTebebic gamoviyenoT: `es davaleba mniSvnelovania da<br />
qulis momatebis karg Sanss gaZlevT. ecadeT, gamoiyenoT es SesaZlebloba~.<br />
imedi gvaqvs, rom wignis mkiTxvelebi sakuTar Tavs yurs daugdeben moswavleebisTvis<br />
davalebis micemis am yoveldRiuri proceduris dros. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miaqceven<br />
individualur komentarebs. amas garda, gvsurs, davarwmunoT mkiTxvelebi, rom gazardon mozomilad<br />
dadebiTi da wamaxalisebeli Setyobinebebis raodenoba im moswavleebis misamarTiT,<br />
romlebsac arasaxarbielo akademiuri moswreba, dabali motivacia da TviTSefaseba aqvT:<br />
`Carli, es Seni SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis kargi Sansia. Tavi ar dazogo. araCveulebrivad<br />
giWris goneba da minda xvalindeli diskusiis wamyvanad gixilo!~<br />
297
Tavi 11<br />
298<br />
Sejameba<br />
damkvirvebelma (an maswavlebelma, romelic sakuTar Tavs akvirdeba) SeiZleba am<br />
parametrSi aRwerili maswavleblis qcevis maformirebeli midgomebidan erT-erTi gamoiyenos:<br />
(1) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa Setyobinebis zusti buneba gansxvavebuli<br />
davalebebisa da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT pirdapirobis, specifikurobis,<br />
ganmeorebadobis, dadebiTobisa da siZlieris TvalsazrisiT da Semdeg am molodineb-<br />
Si nagulisxmev standartebs daakvirdes an (2) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa<br />
Setyobinebis zusti buneba aTi sferos, rogorc moswavleTa `sxartebad~ da `sustebad~ dayofis<br />
Sesaxeb klasis mikerZoebuli azris, indikatorad. marTlac, sasargebloa, yuradRebiT<br />
davakvirdeT sakuTar Tavs da SevamowmoT xom ara varT `sxarti-susti~-s maxeSi gabmulebi.<br />
amrigad, molodinis parametris qcevis es paternebi im rwmenas unda Seesabamebodes,<br />
rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo masalis daZleva maRali standartebis Sesatyvisad.<br />
Cveni naTqvami `yvela moswavles SeuZlia~ Cveni saqmianobis Tanxvdenili unda iyos.<br />
Tu `sxarti-susti~-s crurwmenis daZleva gvsurs, romelic, mecnierTa azriT, yvela moswavlisTvis<br />
swavlis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis usamarTlo SezRudvaa, maSin kuperis mier Tavmoyril<br />
camet qcevas Tavs avaridebT, zustad gvecodineba yoveli sferos Sesatyvisi molodinebi<br />
da vecdebiT, yvela moswavlem saukeTesos standarts miaRwios. moswavleebs Cveneuli<br />
molodinebis `aRmatebisTvis~ mraval SesaZleblobas SevuqmniT.<br />
saSualo warmatebis mqone skolebSi desegregaciis sami aTwleulis bolos Cveni sazogadoeba<br />
SavkanianTa, laTinoamerikelTa da sxva feradkanianTa seriozuli warumateblobis<br />
winaSe aRmoCnda. moswavleTaTvis dadebiTi molodinebis gadacema da Cveneuli (SesaZloa sakuTari<br />
Tavis Sesaxeb maTeuli) stereotipebis rRveva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania (Howard<br />
& Hammond, 1985). is, Tu ras gaakeTeben adamianebi, Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli maTive rwmenaSi<br />
imis Sesaxeb, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT. ra unda viRonoT Cven, rogorc ganaTlebis mesveurebma,<br />
rom moswavleebs, gansakuTrebiT feradkanianebs, sakuTari Tavis rwmena gavuRvivoT? pigmalionis<br />
qcevaze uaris Tqma kargi dasawyisia, magram ra aris Semdegi nabiji?<br />
mravali avtorisa da mkvlevaris azriT, axali kurikulumi da axali, ufro mkacri, standartebi<br />
ar aris sakmarisi. `pirvel yovlisa, eWvgareSea, rom mcireSemosavlian adgilebSi<br />
mdebare skolebSi warmatebuli maswavleblis aucilebeli Tavisebureba dadebiTi damokidebulebaa.<br />
sityvebis sworad SerCeva ar kmara. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ra aSkara da<br />
farul Setyobinebebs iReben moswavleebi maswavleblisagan swavlis maTeuli unarebis Sesaxeb~<br />
(Frick 1987).<br />
mcirewlovan bavSvebs miaCniaT, rom warmateba Zalisxmevas mosdevs; arsebiTad, maTTvis<br />
Zalisxmeva da unari sinonimebia (Nicholls 1978). magram asakis matebasTan erTad bavSvebi akademiur<br />
warmatebas ufro metad bunebriv unars miaweren da ara Zalisxmevas. es maT Caketil<br />
wreSi aqcevs, radgan Tu viRac ver swavlobs, ese igi, gonebaClungia. mravali arasaxarbielo<br />
moswrebis mqone moswavle sabazo klasebSi Tavs aridebs skolas da wyvets mcdelobas, radgan<br />
maT urCevniaT zarmacebad Tvlidnen, da ara gonebaClungebad. rac ufro metad davarwmunebT<br />
moswavleebs, rom warmatebis sawindari unari da Zalisxmevaa (da ara iRbali an martivi samuSao),<br />
miT ukeTesi Sedegebi eqnebaT feradkanianebs da, faqtobrivad, yvela moswavles.<br />
naTqvami, `Tu Seni qula saSualo an saSualoze dabalia, maSin testze sami saaTi unda imuSao~<br />
niSnavs, `swored amdeni muSaoba gWirdeba umaRlesi qulis misaRebad da Sen es SegiZlia~.<br />
jef hovardi 1 mravaljer (Howard 1985, 1990, 1995) imeorebs, rom Rrmad fesvgadgmuli<br />
1 Cven valSi varT jef hovardis (efeqtianobis instituti, leqsingtoni, masaCusetsi) winaSe misi novatoruli naSromisTvis,<br />
romelSic xazi gausva Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobas moswavlis warmatebis gansazRvrisas. misi mosazrebebi mocemulia momdevno<br />
or gverdze.)
molodinebi<br />
amerikuli paradigma `inteleqti → miRweva~ mcdari da imavdroulad Cveni skolebis wamyvani<br />
principia. mas eTanxmeba arc meti arc naklebi, loran rezniki (Lauren Resnick), qveynis masStabiT<br />
Sefasebis erovnuli standartebis Seqmnis proeqtis xelmZRvaneli:<br />
ra kavSiria unarsa da Zalisxmevas Soris? am saukunis dasawyisSi ganaTlebis<br />
sistema im varaudze avageT, rom unari swavlaSi pirvelxarisxovania da is<br />
mniSvnelovanwilad memkvidreobiTia. sistema orientirebuli iyo SerCevaze,<br />
bunebiT dajildoebulebis naklebad dajildoebulebisgan garCevaze da<br />
maTi talantis Sesatyvisi programebiT uzrunvelyofaze. sxva periodebSi,<br />
ufro metad ki `didi sazogadoebis~ reformebis dros makompensirebeli principis<br />
mixedviT vmuSaobdiT, vamtkicebdiT, rom individisa Tu institutis mier<br />
gaweul gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas dabali unaris daZleva SeeZlo. mesame Sesa-<br />
Zleblobas, rom Zalisxmeva marTlac qmnis unars, rom moswavleebi SeiZleba sxartebi<br />
gaxdnen sworad SerCeul saswavlo davalebebze Tavdauzogavi muSaobis<br />
Sedegad, arasdros seriozulad ar uyurebdnen amerikaSi an metic, nebismier evropul<br />
sazogadoebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es mTavari saganmanaTleblo daSvebaa<br />
konfucis tradiciebis mqone sazogadoebebSi. 2 [unariT SezRudul amgvar<br />
SexedulebaSi] moswavleebi ar cdiloben dabali molodinebis barieris garRvevas,<br />
radgan isini TavianTi maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis msgavsad iziareben<br />
azrs, rom unari umTavresia da maT saTanado unari ara aqvT. gasakviri ar aris,<br />
rom maTi moswreba kvlav arasaxarbielo rCeba. im bavSvebs, romelTac momTxovni,<br />
rTuli, azrovnebaze agebuli kurikulumiT ar aswavlian, cudi Sedegebi aqvT<br />
azrovnebisa Tu problemaTa gadaWraze agebul testebze muSaobisas, rac adasturebs<br />
Cvens Tavdapirvel eWvs, rom maT ara aqvT amgvari azrovnebis niWi. sistema<br />
TviTmtkicebadia, sadac SeniRbuli varaudebi ganuwyvetliv marTldeba TviT<br />
am varaudebze dafuZnebuli gamocdilebis SedegebiT.<br />
saWiro ar aris am gziT gavagrZeloT siaruli. unari skolebis organizebis<br />
erTaderTi safuZveli rodia. saganmanaTleblo institutebi SesaZlebelia aigos<br />
alternatiul daSvebaze, rom Zalisxmeva faqtobrivad qmnis unars. Cveni saganmanaTleblo<br />
sistema SesaZlebelia ZiriTadad Zalisxmevis xelSewyobaze aigos<br />
(Resnick 1995).<br />
am avtorTa naSromebis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom swored maswavleblis Rrma<br />
rwmena, rom yvela moswavles namdvilad SeuZlia rTuli<br />
saswavlo samuSaos Sesruleba maRali standartebis Se- arsebiTad Zalisxmeva qmnis unars.<br />
sabamisad, aris gadamwyveti yvela moswavlisTvis maRali<br />
dadebiTi molodinebis matarebeli Setyobinebebis<br />
gadacemisas. miuxedavad Cveni genetikuri memkvidreobisa, Cven yvela daujereblad rTul<br />
analitikur amocanas varTmevT Tavs _ sami wlis asakSi metyvelebas viwyebT, Semdeg yvelas<br />
sakmarisad gviWris goneba saswavlo davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad _ es efeqtiani Zalisxmevis<br />
Sedegia. aq sakvanZo sityva efeqtiania. mxolod meti Zalisxmeva warmatebis garantia<br />
ar gaxlavT.<br />
2 am ganzogadebidan gamonaklisi SesaZloa alfred bine, 1908 wels Semecnebaze dafuZnebuli pirveli IQ testis Semqmnelia,<br />
romelmac Tqva, rom: `inteleqti mgrZnobiarea ganviTarebis mimarT; varjiSiTa da wvrTniT, gansakuTrebiT ki, swavlebi sa-<br />
Tanado meTodebiT SegviZlia gavzardoT bavSvis yuradReba, mexsiereba, azrovneba – davexmaroT gaxdes ufro Wkviani, vidre<br />
iyo~. inteleqti ar aris myari, ucvleli, an platonuri, SezRuduli arsi. inteleqti `wvrTnadia~ (educable). is `gonebrivi or-<br />
Topediis~ momxre iyo, romelic bavSvebs ukeT dakvirvebas, mosmenas, damaxsovrebasa da msjelobas aswavlis; isini Tavdajerebulobas,<br />
konkurenciis unars, simtkices, warmatebis miRwevis survilsa da yvela im saukeTeso gancdas iZenen, romelic Tan<br />
sdevs qmedebas; maT gansakuTrebiT nebisyofis ufro intensiuri gamovlena unda vaswavloT; nebisyofa nebismieri ganaTlebis<br />
gasaRebia.)<br />
299
Tavi 11<br />
moswavlis unarze aseTi Sexeduleba avaldebulebs maswavlebels mas efeqtiani Zalisxmeva<br />
aswavlos. es swavlebis rolis bevrisaTvis axali da ucnobi aspeqtia. efeqtian Zalisxmevas<br />
oTxi niSani aqvs:<br />
300<br />
1. dro.<br />
moswavleebi sakmaris wuTebsa da saaTebs uTmoben samuSaos Sesrulebas. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, es dro arasakmarisia rTuli saswavlo amocanebis Sesasruleblad, es sine qua<br />
non-ia. mravali moswavle ubralod ver xvdeba, rom monaxazis Seqmnaze, gasworebasa<br />
Tu redaqtirebaze daxarjul ramdenime saaTSi naSromi ver gaxdeba maRali standartebis<br />
Sesabamisi. maswavlebelma unda imsjelos moswavleebTan erTad, ra dro<br />
unda daxarjon saswavlo davalebaze imisaTvis, rom is maRal standartebs pasuxobdes.<br />
2. gulisyuri.<br />
samuSao dro efeqtiani unda iyos da yuradRebis gafantva ar unda xdebodes. zogierTi<br />
moswavle musikas, xmamaRalsac ki, yuradRebis gamfantavad ar miiCnevs. gulisyuris<br />
gansazRvraSi individualuri stilis Tavisuflebis xarisxi uzomoa. TumTumca akademiuri samuSaos Sesrulebisas megobrebTan damdegi SabaT-kviris gatarebaze<br />
saubari an televizoris yureba SeuTavsebelia gulisyuris koncefciasTan.<br />
3. resursebis siuxve.<br />
moswavleebma ician, sad da rogor unda eZebon daxmareba. daxmarebis wyaroebi SesaZlebelia<br />
sxva adamianebi (megobrebi, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis centrebi, na-<br />
Tesavebi) an sxva wyaroebi (damatebiTi literatura, interneti, biblioTeka) iyos.<br />
moswavleebs unda vaswavloT, amgvari resursebis raoba da maTi gamoyeneba. erT-erT<br />
meoTxe klasSi bavSvebis jgufi adgilobrivi amerikelebis tomebze moxsenebas amzadebda.<br />
jgufma moxseneba imaze saubriT daiwyo, Tu sad moipoves informacia, ra winaaRmdegobebi<br />
SexvdaT da rogor daZlies. swored maswavlebelma aswavla maT, rogor<br />
gamoeyenebinaT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi klasis gareT daxmareba informaciis<br />
mopovebisTvis.<br />
4. strategiebi.<br />
moswavleebma ician akademiuri samuSaoebis Sesrulebis Sesatyvisi strategiebi da<br />
iyeneben maT. mravali literaturuli wyaro adasturebs, rom moswavleebi gacilebiT<br />
ukeT asruleben akademiur samuSaos, roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maT kiTxvis, gaazrebis,<br />
organizebis, namuSevris Semowmebis, ganxilvis, damaxsovrebisa da Sejamebis strategiebs<br />
aswavlis (Paris, Wasik, and Turner 1991; Pressley, Borkowsky, and Schneider 1987).<br />
arsebobs maTematikis swavlebis strategiebic. mkiTxveli albaT icnobs kidec am<br />
strategiaTagan zogierTs, magaliTad, urTierTswavlebas, da mnemonikur sakvanZo<br />
sityvaTa teqnikas.<br />
nebismier maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavleTa miRwevebis gaumjobeseba swavlebis rolis<br />
koncefciis gafarToebiT. Cven yvelam metakognituri strategiebi unda vaswavloT – teqstidan<br />
nawyvetis mniSvnelobis gageba da weris dros azrebis organizeba da warmodgena. es<br />
yvelam erTad unda gavakeToT _ maTematikis, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis, ucxo enebis,<br />
fizkulturis, musikisa Tu xelovnebis maswavleblebma. Cven yvelani kiTxvisa da weris maswavleblebi<br />
unda viyoT, radgan es kargad swavlisa da azrovnebis wina pirobaa.<br />
am Sexedulebas didi xnis istoria da saxeli ki aqvs – kiTxva da wera konkretul saganSi<br />
(Reading and Writing in the Content Area) da arsebobs saxelmZRvaneloebi maswavleblisaTvis<br />
(Vacca and Vacca 1989). winamdebare Tavis wyalobiT Sexedulebam damatebiTi stimuli SeiZina.<br />
Tu Cven efeqtiani Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobaSi moswavleTa darwmuneba da Tandayolili in-
molodinebi<br />
teleqtis Sesaxeb maTi Sexedulebebis Secvla gvsurs, maSin maT saWiro strategiebi unda<br />
vaswavloT.<br />
ramdenime boloTqma<br />
SesaZloa yovel skolas `usazRvro molodinebze~ pasuxismgebeli adamiani sWirdeba,<br />
romelic `gamoaRviZebs~ maswavleblebs,<br />
drodadro Seaxsenebs maT gadaxedon sakuTar<br />
molodinebsa da moTxovnebs moswavleTa<br />
saqmianobis mimarT. SesaZloa,<br />
SesaZloa yovel skolas `usazRvro molodinebze~<br />
pasuxismgebeli adamiani sWirdeba.<br />
es am Tavis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gavlena iyos mkiTxvelebze. am parametris ganxilvisas<br />
imedi gvaqvs da gpirdebiT, rom yvela moswavlisadmi samarTliani da erTnairi mopyroba sasikeTod<br />
waadgeba maT saswavlo saqmianobas.<br />
molodinis parametri imis magaliTia, rom swavleba saqmeze metia. Tu warmatebuli swavleba<br />
moswavleTa sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebasac, maSin is sulierebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
saqmianoba ufroa, vidre xeloba.<br />
301
m o l o d i n e b i - S e j a m e b a<br />
1. zustad vici da darwmunebuli var Tu ara Cems molodinebSi?<br />
Cemi gzavnilebi mkafioa Tu ara da atarebs Tu ara Semdeg Taviseburebebs?<br />
¤ pirdapiri<br />
¤ specifikuri<br />
¤ ganmeorebiTi<br />
¤ dadebiTi<br />
¤ modelirebuli<br />
¤ mtkice<br />
¤ swrafi ukukavSiri samuSaosTan<br />
¤ detaluri ukukavSiri samuSaosTan<br />
¤ pirovnuli kontaqti ukukavSirisTvis<br />
¤ bodiSi ar miiReba<br />
¤ saukeTeso namuSevris aRiareba<br />
¤ cudi namuSevris logikuri Sedegebi<br />
2. vugzavni Tu ara yvela moswavles Semdeg zogad Setyobinebebs:<br />
`es mniSvnelovania~.<br />
`Sen SeZleb amas~.<br />
`xels ar Cagaqnevineb~.<br />
3. aris Tu ara Cemi saerTo standartebi Sesabamisi?<br />
¤ arc erTi.<br />
¤ odnav Tanmimdevruli.<br />
¤ Zalze dabali.<br />
¤ Zalze maRali.<br />
¤ saSualo.<br />
¤ STamagonebel-bundovani.<br />
¤ maRali, magram gaumarTlebeli.<br />
4. rogor vusadageb Cem molodinebs sxvadasxva moswavles?<br />
¤ araviTari diskriminacia.<br />
¤ diferencirebuli da mimRebi.<br />
¤ diferencirebuli da uzrunvelmyofi.<br />
¤ garkveuli daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT maRali standartebisTvis (saukeTeso) momuSave.<br />
5. pigmalionis efeqti. exeba Tu ara qvemoTCamoTvlili kiTxvebi Cems saqmianobas?<br />
sxartebs ufro xSirad vuRimi da mowonebis niSnad Tavs vuqnev Tu ara?<br />
m o l o d i n e b i<br />
S e j a m e b a<br />
303
304<br />
ufro xSirad sxartebis mxares viWer xolme Tu ara?<br />
sxartebs ufro xSirad vuyureb xolme Tu ara TvalebSi?<br />
nel moswavleebs axali masalis swavlis ufro nakleb SesaZleblobas vaZlev Tu ara?<br />
sxart moswavleebs ufro met miniSnebas vaZlev araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi Tu ara<br />
(meti gameoreba da perifrazireba)?<br />
sxarti moswavleebis pasuxebs ufro met yuradRebas vuTmob Tu ara?<br />
sxart moswavleebs pasuxisTvis ufro met dros vaZlev Tu ara?<br />
sxart moswavleebTan ufro xSiri saswavlo urTierToba maqvs Tu ara?<br />
sxartebs ufro xSirad vaqeb swori pasuxisTvis Tu ara?<br />
nel moswavleebs ufro xSirad vakritikeb mcdari pasuxisTvis Tu ara?<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili kiTxvebi ufro gogonebs exeba Tu biWebs?
m o l o d i n e b i - s a v a r j i S o<br />
molodinebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni repertuaris safuZvelia Cvenive Sexedule-<br />
bebi Cveni, rogorc maswavleblis rolisa da moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis Ses-<br />
axeb. am kiTxvaris mizania SevamowmoT, ramdenad gvesmis Sexedulebebsa da am<br />
Sexedulebebis safuZvelze Seqmnil gamocdilebas Soris kavSiri.<br />
molodinTa Setyobineba<br />
1. moitaneT qvemoT mocemuli oTxi sferodan molodinis erTi magaliTi:<br />
2. Sromis xarisxi da raodenoba.<br />
3. Sromis Cvevebi da procedura.<br />
4. saqmisa da meojaxeobis rutina.<br />
5. interpersonaluri qceva.<br />
6. rogoria zemoT CamoTvlil erT-erT kategoriaSi (da ara sxvebSi) molodinTa<br />
sizustis Sedegebi? moitaneT magaliTebi da iyaviT specifikuri.<br />
7. `Sens naSroms daxvewa sWirdeba~ naTqvamis nacvlad Cemi molodinebi SeiZleba<br />
specifikurad Sevatyobino Semdegi sityvebiT . . .<br />
8. moitaneT molodinTa ganmeorebiTi Setyobinebis magaliTebi.<br />
9. maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavlisTvis dadebiTi molodinebis Setyobineba<br />
misi SesaZleblobebis Taobaze. gamoiyeneT citireba realur konteqstSi<br />
aseTi molodinis sademonstraciod.<br />
10. ra ori mniSvneloba aqvs sityvas `modelirebuli~ molodinebTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
11. aRwereT sul mcire xuTi gansxvavebuli xerxi, Tu rogor vlindeba maswavleblis<br />
qcevaSi daJineba.<br />
12. aRwerT is faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvravs moswavlesTan mimarTebiT da-<br />
Jinebis xarisxs.<br />
13. moswavles samuSaos droulad Caubareblobis sapatio mizezi aqvs. rogor<br />
moiqceviT am situaciaSi ise, rom ar daarRvioT principi `bodiSi ar miiReba~?<br />
14. moitaneT iseTi ukukavSiris ori magaliTi, romelic aRiarebs saukeTeso namuSevars.<br />
15. moitaneT cudi namuSevris logikuri Sedegebis ori kargi magaliTi.<br />
atribuciis Teoria<br />
atribuciis Teoria asaxavs Cveni warmatebisa da marcxis Cveneul axsnas. adamia-<br />
nis mier misive saqmianobis miRma arsebuli mizezebis aRqma arsebiTia misi me-<br />
koncefciis, momaval saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli molodinebis, `SemiZlias~<br />
gancdisa da Semdgomi motivaciis TvalsazrisiT. qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi<br />
atribuciis Teoriis mimoxilvaa.<br />
m o l o d i n e b i -<br />
s a v a r j i S o<br />
305
306<br />
1. mcirewlovani bavSvebi sakuTar warmatebas miaweren<br />
da .<br />
2. ufro mozrdili bavSvebi da zrdasrulebi sakuTar<br />
warmatebas miaweren .<br />
3. mizezi imisa, rom maswavlebels ar uyvars Tqma _ `ar idardo, es advili testia~ _<br />
aris .<br />
4. mizezi imisa, Tu ratom unda moekidos <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> frTxilad naTqvams _ `warmatebas<br />
gisurveb am davalebis SesrulebaSi~, aris .<br />
5. moswavleebis mier kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos Semdeg mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar<br />
unda vTqvaT _ `biWebi marTlac, sxartebi arian~ _ aris .<br />
6. mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar unda vuTxraT moswavles, romelmac winaaRmdegoba daZlia<br />
_ `ubralod, meti unda gemuSava~, aris .<br />
7. Tu moswavle ambobs, rom testSi kargi Sefaseba misi siadvilis gamo daimsaxura atribuciis<br />
Sesacvlelad SesaZlebelia vuTxraT .<br />
aTi sfero: sami sakvanZo molodinis Setyobineba<br />
1. ra miTiTebebi unda gamoviyenoT moswavleebisTvis sami Setyobinebis gagzavnisas?<br />
2. 11.1 sqemaze asaxuli repertuaridan nebismieri pasuxi SeiZleba Sesatyvisic iyos da<br />
Seusabamoc. axseniT, rogor SeiZleba Seqeba Seusabamo iyos, xolo kritika – Sesatyvisi.<br />
3. Tu sami Setyobinebis gagzavna gvsurs, rogor viqceviT sakuTr TavSi Caketil da<br />
zogjer mdumare moswavleebTan, romlebic gamoZaxebisas ar gvpasuxoben? ras isaxavs<br />
miznad es midgoma?<br />
4. rodesac moswavleebi daxmarebas gvTxoven, ra principiT varCevT maTTan sasaubro<br />
sityvebs?<br />
5. moitaneT Seqebis magaliTi, romelic moicavs specifikurobis, pirobiTobisa da<br />
gulwrfelobis da Sesabamisobis niSnebs.<br />
6. moitaneT Seqebis magaliTi, romelic warmatebas erTdroulad miawers Zalisxmevasa<br />
da unars.<br />
7. ratom agzavnis uaryofiT Setyobinebas gamasaSualebeli testis ganmeorebiTi Cabareba?<br />
8. ra aris warmatebuli xelaxla swavlebis sakvanZo elementebi?<br />
9. moitaneT davalebis micemis iseTi magaliTi, rodesac moswavleebs atyobinebT mis<br />
sirTules da imavdroulad maTi SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenas.<br />
10. maswavleblebi molodinis Semcvel Setyobinebebs gzavnian moswavlis Secdomebis<br />
gansazRvrisa da am Secdomebis gasworebaze muSaobis dros. dawereT im moswavles-<br />
Tan dialogi, romelmac Secdoma dauSva. dialogSi ecadeT atribuciis Secvlas, rom<br />
warmatebis miRwevis mTavari elementi efeqtiani Zalisxmevaa.
globaluri rwmenis sistemebi `Cemi, rogorc maswavleblis rolis~<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi 11.2 sqemaSi aRweril maswavleblis oTx tips<br />
exeba.<br />
1. rogor warmarTavs swavlebas arasaxarbielo moswrebis moswavleebTan pirveli da<br />
meoTxe tipis rwmenis sistemis mqone <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>?<br />
2. ras niSnavs umaRlesi Sefasebis miReba im klasSi, sadac aswavlis:<br />
3. pirveli tipis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>:<br />
4. meore tipis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>:<br />
5. mesame tipis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>:<br />
6. meoTxe tipis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>:<br />
7. moitaneT ramdenime magaliTi imisa, Tu ra emarTeba meoTxe tipis maswavlebels, romelic<br />
perspeqtivas kargavs.<br />
8. rwmenaTa mesame da meoTxe sistemebs Soris mravali msgavsebaa. CamoTvaleT gansxvavebebi.<br />
9. am oTxi saxis rwmenidan, savaraudod romelma ufro SeiZleba warmoSvas disciplinis<br />
problemebi da ratom?<br />
10. savaraudod, Tavdapirvelad, romeli tipi `Sewyvets muSaobas~ da ratom?<br />
11. ra gansxvavebaa meore da meoTxe tipis rwmenaTa sistemis mqone maswavleblebs Soris?<br />
12. ratom aris mniSvnelovani rwmenaTa am oTxi sistemis Seswavla?<br />
13. ra saswavlo saqmianoba moeTxoveba ufro metad saSualo skolis maswavlebels, romelic<br />
rwmenis meoTxe tipis sistemis gatarebas cdilobs?<br />
307
Tavi 11<br />
308<br />
literatura:<br />
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1978): 5-37.<br />
Blank, Marion. Teaching Learning in the Preschool: A Dialogue Approach. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1973.<br />
In Good, Thomas L., and Jere E. Brophy. Looking in Classrooms. 2d ed. New York: Harper & Row,<br />
1978, p. 255.<br />
Brophy, Jere. "Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis." Review of Education Research 51 (Spring 1981): 5-32.<br />
Brookover, W. B., J. Schweitzy, J. Schneider, C. Beady, P. Flood., and J. Wisenbaker. "Elementary School<br />
Social Climate and School Advancement." AERA Journal 15 (Spring 1978): 301-318.<br />
Cooper, H. M. "Pygmalion Grows Up: A Model for Teacher Expectations, Communication and Performance<br />
Influence." Review of Educational Research 49 (Summer 1979): 389-410.<br />
Costa, Arthur L. Developing Minds. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development,<br />
1985.<br />
Covington, M. V. "The Self-Worth Theory of Achievement Motivation: Findings and Implications."<br />
Elementary School Journal 85 (September 1984): 5-20.<br />
Cremin, Lawrence A. The Transformation of the School. New York: Vintage Books, 1964.<br />
Dembo, M. H., and S. Gibson. "Teachers' Sense of Efficacy: An Important Factor in School Improvement."<br />
Elementary School Journal 86 (November 1985): 173-184.<br />
Dunkin, Michael J., and Bruce J. Biddle. The Study of Teaching. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,<br />
1974.<br />
Dweck, C. S. "The Role of Expectations and Attributions in the Alleviation of Learned Helplessness."<br />
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (1975): 674-685.<br />
--------. "Self-Theories and Goals: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and<br />
Development." In R. Dienstlier (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska<br />
Press, 1991.<br />
Fordham, Signithia, and John U. Ogbu. "Black Students' School Success: Coping with the 'Burden of<br />
'Acting White.'" The Urban Review 18 (1986): 176-206.<br />
Frick, R. "Academic Redshirting Two Years Later: The Lessons Learned." Education Week, January 28,<br />
1987, p. 20.<br />
Gamoran, Adam, "Is Ability Grouping Equitable?" Educational Leadership 50 (October 1992): 11-17.<br />
Good, T. "Classroom Expectations in Pupil-Teacher Interactions." In The Social Psychology of School Learning.<br />
New York: Academic Press, 1980.<br />
Good, Thomas L., and Jere E. Brophy. Looking in Classrooms. 2d ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.<br />
Graham, S. "Teacher Feelings and Student Thoughts: An Attributional Approach to Affect in the Classroom."<br />
Elementary School Journal 85 (1985): 91-104.<br />
Hen toff, N. "Teachers: Accomplices in Failure." Learning Magazine Quly-August 1980): 68-74.
molodinebi<br />
Hopfenberg, Wendy S., et al. The Accelerated Schools Resource Guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.<br />
Howard, J. The Social Construction of Intelligence. Lexington, Mass.: Efficacy Institute, 1990.<br />
--------. "You Can't Get There from Here: The Need for a New Logic in<br />
Education Reform." Daedelus (Fall 1995).<br />
Howard, J., and R. Hammond. "Rumors of Inferiority." New Republic, September 9, 1985, pp. 17-21.<br />
Hunter, Madeline. "Improving the Quality of Instruction." Presentation at Association for Supervision<br />
and Curriculum Development Conference, 1977.<br />
Hunter, Madeline. Mastery Teaching. El Segundo, Calif.: TIP Publications, 1982.<br />
Means, V., J. W. Moore, E. Gagne, and W. E. Hauck. "The Interactive Effects of Consonant and Dissonant<br />
Teacher Expectancy and Feedback Communication on Student Performance in a Natural<br />
School Setting." AERA Journal 16 (Fall 1979): 367-374.<br />
Nicholls, J. G. "The Development of the Concepts of Effort and Ability, Perception of Academic Attainment,<br />
and the Understanding That Difficult Tasks Require More Ability." Child Development<br />
49 (1978): 800-814.<br />
Nicholls, J. G. andj. T. Burton. "Motivation and Equality." Elementary School Journal 82 (March 1982):<br />
367-378.<br />
Oakes, Jeannie. Keeping Track: How Schools Structure Inequality. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.<br />
Palincsar, A. S., and A. L. Brown. "Reciprocal Teaching of Comprehension-Fostering and Comprehension-Monitoring<br />
Activities." Cognition and Instruction 1 (1984 ): 117-175.<br />
Paris, S., B. Wasik, andj. Turner. "The Development of Strategic Readers." In R. Barr, M. Kamil, P.<br />
Modenthal, and P. D. Pearson (eds.), Handbook of Reading Research, 2: 609-640. New York: Longman,<br />
1991.<br />
Pressley, M., J. Borkowski, and W. Schneider. "Cognitive Strategies: Good Strategy Users Coordinate<br />
Metacognition and Knowledge." In R. Vasta and G. Whitehurst (eds.), Annals of Child Development,<br />
5: 89-129. New York: JAI, 1987.<br />
Resnick, L. "From Aptitude to Effort: A New Foundation for Our Schools." Daedelus (Fall 1995).<br />
Rist, R. C. "Student Social Class and Teacher Expectations: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Ghetto Education."<br />
Harvard Educational Review 40 (August 1970): 411-451.<br />
Rosenholtz, S. J., and C. Simpson. "The Formation of Ability Conceptions: Developmental Trend of<br />
Social Construction." Review of Educational Research 54 (Spring 1984): 31-63.<br />
Rosenthal, R., and L. Jacobson. Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.<br />
Slavin, Robert. "Synthesis of Research on Grouping in Elementary and Secondary Schools." Educational<br />
Leadership 46 (September 1988): 67-77.<br />
Tanner, Laurel N. Classroom Discipline for Effective Teaching and Learning. New York: Holt, Rinehart and<br />
Winston, 1978.<br />
Vacca, Richard T., and Joanne L. Vacca. Content Area Reading. 3d ed. Glenview, 111.: Scott Foresman:<br />
1989.<br />
309
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Van Houton, R. Learning Through Feedback. New York: Human Services Press, 1980.<br />
Weiner, B. Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory. Morristown, N. J.: General Learning Press, 1974.<br />
Weiner, B. Theories of Motivation: From Mechanism to Cognition. Chicago: Markham, 1972.<br />
310
12<br />
pirovnuli<br />
urTierTobis<br />
damyareba<br />
rogor davamyaroT xelsayreli<br />
pirovnuli urTierToba<br />
moswavleebTan?<br />
urTierTobis gzebi<br />
maswavleblis rva ZiriTadi Ta-<br />
visebureba
pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba<br />
pirovnuli urTierTobis agebis parametri exeba im urTierTobas, romelsac maswavleblebi<br />
amyareben moswavleebTan da elementebs, romlebic am urTierTobas<br />
warmatebas moutans. maswavlebels moswavleebTan kargi urTierTobis damyarebis<br />
mravali mizezi aqvs, romelTa Soris erT-erTi klasis marTvaa. rogorc wesi, is moswavleebi,<br />
romelTac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> uyvarT da pativs scemen, programasac iTviseben da disciplinis<br />
problemebic naklebad aqvT. im moswavleebs ki, romlebsac ar moswonT TavianTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
an neitraluri urTierToba aqvT masTan, meti midrekileba aqvT cudi qcevisaken, cudad<br />
swavloben programiT gaTvaliswinebul sakiTxebs da ver erTvebian swavlebaSi. arsebobs moswavleebTan<br />
kargi urTierTobis damyarebis sxva mizezebic, romelTa Sorisaa: vagrZnobinoT<br />
moswavleebs Tavi Rirseul adamianebad, SevqmnaT klasSi usafrTxo, sasiamovno da jansaRi<br />
adamianuri garemo da saxaliso gavxadoT swavleba. yvela <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ama Tu im saxis urTierTobas<br />
amyarebs moswavleebTan, es urTierTobebi mniSvnelovani cvladia imis gasagebad,<br />
Tu ra xdeba rTul saklaso sazogadoebaSi da rogor iqcevian da swavloben moswavleebi.<br />
arsebobs maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris pirovnuli urTierTobis xarisxobrivi Sefasebis<br />
ori gza: erTia is, romliTac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleTa pirovnul samyaroebs erTmaneTTan<br />
akavSirebs da meore – maswavleblis Taviseburebebi, romelic urTierTobebSi siyvarulsa<br />
da pativiscemas uyris safuZvels.<br />
urTierTobis gzebi<br />
erTi adamiani rom meores, rogorc individs daukavSirdes, man unda gaicnos is. Tu maTematikas<br />
vaswavliT, SeiZleba yuradReba mivmarToT maTematikaze da ara moswavleze, magram Tu<br />
moswavlesac yuradRebiT movekidebiT, SevZlebT ukeT da guldasmiT movisminoT misi pasuxebi<br />
da ukeT avuxsnaT koncefciebi. amrigad, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> konkretuli gziT pirovnulad ukavSirdeba<br />
moswavles: is informaciis procesoria. Tu maswavleblis urTierToba moswavlis<br />
mimarT imedebiT, SiSiT, ocnebebiT da miznebiT aris savse, maSin is moswavlis am aspeqtebs<br />
ecnoba, am mdgomareobaTa gasaRebs eZebs, masze da mis Sinagan samyaroze fiqrobs. Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
moswavleebTan erTad sportul TamaSebSi monawileobs, is moqmedebs, rogorc gundis<br />
wevri an metoqe. SesaZloa <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mimdinare sakiTxebze esaubreba moswavles, masTan<br />
erTad muSaobs proeqtebze, exmareba samuSaos dagegmvaSi, esaubreba saintereso pirad gamocdilebaze<br />
ojaxSi an skolis gareT, rac ase mniSvnelovania moswavlisTvis. amrigad, maswavleblisa<br />
da moswavlis urTierTobis uamravi forma arsebobs: informaciis procesori,<br />
TanamgrZnobi, mimdinare movlenebze mosaubre, saerTo interesebi garkveul saqmianobebSi<br />
an sakiTxebSi da a.S.<br />
313
Tavi 12<br />
amas garda, maswavlebelma sxvadasxva moswavlesTan SesaZloa sxvadasxvagvari urTierToba<br />
daamyaros. amisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba, gamovarkvioT Cveni sakuTari repertuari da moviZioT<br />
is SesaZleblobebi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems, Sesabamisad vupasuxoT moswavleTa<br />
moTxovnilebebsa da klasis garemoebebs. pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebis parametrebis<br />
am sferoSi maswavleblis qcevis oTxi done SeiZleba gamovyoT:<br />
314<br />
1. gamovricxoT moswavleebTan, rogorc individebTan urTierToba.<br />
2. davamyaroT moswavleebTan, rogorc individebTan mxolod erTi saxis urTierToba<br />
(magaliTad, viyoT informaciis procesori, sportuli TamaSebis monawile da Sesvenebaze<br />
mosaubre).<br />
3. moswavleebTan mravalgvari urTierToba davamyaroT.<br />
4. SevarCioT moswavleebTan urTierTobis gza.<br />
urTierTobis meoTxe done im maswavlebels axasiTebs, romelic moswavleebTan, rogorc<br />
individebTan urTierTobisTvis xelmosaWids eZebs da ar sjerdeba aSkarasa da iols. aseTi<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, SesaZloa, gascdes sakuTar identobas da konkretul moswavlesTan urTier-<br />
Tobis dasamyareblad Seqmnas xelsayreli SesaZleblobebi saskolo dRis manZilze an skolis<br />
Semdeg. zogierTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yovel moswavlesTan yovelTviur Sexvedras awyobs (magali-<br />
Tad, Tvis TiTo dRe TiToeuli moswavlisTvis). zogierTi calkeul moswavleebTan erTad<br />
sadilobs. SesaZloa, magaliTad, devidTan urTierTobis damyarebis kargi dasawyisi masTan<br />
erTad pianinoze simReris Sesruleba iyos.<br />
cxadia, rom rac ufro ukeT arCevs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> calkeul moswavleebTan konkretul<br />
garemoebebSi urTierTobis gzebs, miT ufro myar da nayofier urTierTobas amyarebs moswavleebTan.<br />
maswavleblis rva ZiriTadi Tavisebureba<br />
maswavleblis TaviseburebaTa ganxilva Cveni naSromisaTvis axali, xolo TviT urTier-<br />
TobaTa sferosTvis gamorCeuli sakiTxis Seswavlis saSualebas gvaZlevs. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
Cveni azriT, aucilebelia maswavlebelTa qcevis garkveuli jgufebis gamoyofa, romelTac<br />
moswavleebi xSirad moixsenieben intervius dros maswavleblis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxisas<br />
(Johnson 1976). yvelaze mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi da qcevebi moicavs: samarTlianobas,<br />
garegnobas, iumoris grZnobas, Tavazianobas, pativiscemas, bunebriobas, urTierTobis aRdgenisa<br />
da aqtiuri mosmenis unars. sasargeblo iqneba am TaviseburebaTa dakavSireba pirovnuli<br />
urTierTobis damyarebasTan, radgan isini xels uwyobs maswavleblis mimarT met pativiscemas,<br />
rac, SesaZloa, kargi pirovnuli urTierTobis safuZveli gaxdes.<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
es ufro sine qua aris, vidre pirovnuli Rirseba. Tu moswavleebi usamarTlod miiCneven<br />
maswavlebels masze damokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (magaliTad, saSinao davalebebis<br />
micema, kamaTis dros `msajoba~, daxmarebis xelis SeTavazeba, gundebis SerCeva), isini<br />
ver Seiyvareben mas.
garegnoba<br />
pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba<br />
garegnobas moswavleebi mosalodnelze met yuradRebas aqceven im maswavleblis aRwerisas,<br />
romelsac pativs scemen. moswavleebi maswavleblis kopwiobasa da sifaqizes, sufTa<br />
tansacmels, pativiscemis niSnad miiCneven. maTi azriT, zrdasruli (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>) maT (moswavleebs)<br />
imdenad mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, rom cdilobs kargad gamoiyurebodes (maTTvis).<br />
iumoris grZnoba<br />
uiliam glaseri `realurobiT Terapiis~ avtori, ambobs, rom iumori zrunvis erT-erTi<br />
formaa. sulac ar aris aucilebeli, maswavlebelma anekdotebi uambos moswavleebs, mTavaria,<br />
mas gulRia reaqcia hqondes sasacilo momentebSi an gaexumros im moswavleebs, romlebic<br />
gansakuTrebiT rTul samuSaos arian SeWidebulni.<br />
Tavazianoba<br />
Rirseuli Jesti, romelic SesaZloa Zalze formaluri da TiTqmis ritualuric ki iyos,<br />
pirdapiri niSania individis aRiarebisa. is personaluri Jestia da dakavSirebulia pirovnuli<br />
urTierTobis damyarebis am parametrTan. rogorc wesi, moswavleebi Sesabamisad pasuxoben<br />
Tavazianobas. mtkiceba ar sWirdeba imas, rom Tavazianoba aRiqmeba, rogorc maswavleblis<br />
sasurveli qceva. is moxseniebuli gvaqvs, rogorc pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli Tavisebureba, radgan moswavleebi mas mniSvnelovnad miiCneven da urTierTobis<br />
iseTive karg safuZvlad gveCveneba, rogorc samarTlianoba. is sine qua non-ia (aucilebeli<br />
piroba) da ara pirovnuli Rirseba. Tavazianobis ararseboba amuxruWebs urTierTobas.<br />
pativiscema<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebis, rogorc adamianebis mimarT, pativiscemas mravali formiT<br />
gamoxatavs (Moustakas 1966). man SeiZleba pativi sces moswavlis interesebs da dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
garkveuli dro gamouyos am interesebis dakmayofilebisaTvis an scados maTi integrireba<br />
kurikulumis standartul miznebTan. SesaZloa, gamoamJRavnos moswavlis mosazrebebis<br />
mimarT pativiscema imiT, rom waaxalisos da am mosazrebaTa gaukritikeblad (Tumca<br />
garkveuli SesworebebiT) gamoxatvis saSualeba misces. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebis mimarT<br />
pativiscemas imiTac gamoxatavs, rom maT Secdomebs Seuracxyofis, damcirebis gareSe usworebs<br />
(Randolf da Howe 1966), an Secdomebze saubars moswavlis namuSevris Rirsebaze saubriT<br />
iwyebs. maswavlebelma moswavlis namuSevris dafaseba damokidebulebiTac SeiZleba<br />
gamoxatos: gamofinos, an ise isaubros masze, rom moswavle maswavleblis gulisyurianobaSi<br />
darwmundes, miuxedavad imisa dadebiTia Sefaseba Tu garkveul Sesworebebs iTvaliswinebs<br />
(magaliTad, imis nacvlad rom ubralod Tqvas `araCveulebrivia~ an `kargi namuSevaria~, ambobs<br />
`namdvilad kargad gamogivida obobis pawawina nawilebis xatva~).<br />
imis Tqma rodi gvsurs, rom frazebi – `kargi namuSevaria~ an `araCveulebrivia~ _ arc ise<br />
kargia garkveul garemoebebSi, vidre gansakuTrebuli Rirsebebis aRmniSvneli frazebi (Ginott<br />
1965). mxolod imas vusvamT xazs, rom fraza, romelic moswavlis namuSevrisadmi namdvil<br />
yuradRebas gamoxatavs, Seqebis garda pativiscemis maCvenebelicaa. maswavlebels moswavlis<br />
namuSevris mimarT yuradRebisa da pativiscemis gamoxatva usityvodac SeuZlia, namuSevris<br />
xangrZlivi da yuradRebiani yurebiT da gulwrfeli fraziT, `kargi namuSevaria, julia~.<br />
315
Tavi 12<br />
316<br />
realuroba<br />
zogjer maswavleblis qceva xels uSlis moswavleebs, dainaxon is iseT pirovnebad,<br />
romelsac fiqri da gancda SeuZlia, aqvs warsuli da gamocdileba. moswavleebi, romlebic<br />
maswavlebels saxelis nacvlad `maswavlebelo~-Ti mimarTaven, swored am models pasuxoben.<br />
bavSvebi maswavlebels realur adamianad, pirovnebad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixilaven, Tu<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> amis nebas aZlevs.<br />
arsebobs qceva, romlis saSualebiTac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> avtoritetuli figuris am imijs<br />
`<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> realuri pirovneba~ imijiT cvlis. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sakuTari cxovrebidan<br />
anekdotebs uambobs moswavleebs, axdens pirovnuli gamocdilebis integracias axsnasa da<br />
prezentaciebTan. `me~ Setyobinebebi, rogorc es tomas gordons (Thomas Gordon, 1974) aqvs<br />
aRwerili, pirdapiri verbaluri qcevaa, romlis saSualebiTac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sakuTar grZnobebs<br />
da qcevas gadmoscems. (ix. Tavi yuradRebis Sesaxeb). efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi motanilia<br />
uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac bavSvebma, romlebic verc ki xvdebodnen, rom maTi qceva saSinlad<br />
stkenda guls maswavlebels, `me~-Setyobinebis Sedegad Secvales uaryofiTi qceva. amgvari<br />
Setyobinebebis gamoyenebisas, zogjer, Tavdapirvelad moswavleebs sTxovdnen sakuTari <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
grZnobebis mqone adamianad ganexilaT.<br />
urTierTobis aRdgenis unari<br />
rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mkacrad eqceva moswavles (magaliTad, agdebs saklaso oTaxidan) an<br />
gabrazebas gamoxatavs imiT, rom disciplinisaken mouwodebs (`axlave Sewyvite! ar SeiZleba<br />
sxvisi namuSevris gafuWeba. Tu gafuWebulis aRdgenaSi ar miexmarebi, dRes aq aRar daginaxo!~),<br />
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobas saavdro Rrubeli faravs (wesiT, asec unda<br />
iyos). amgvari incidentebis Semdeg, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romelic kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas<br />
cdilobs, sxva konteqstSi dadebiT qcevas amJRavnebs moswavlis mimarT. es urTierTobis aRdgenaa:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> atyobinebs moswavles, rom brazi gulSi ar Caudvia, rom maTi urTier-<br />
Toba Zveleburad `ZalaSia~. aseTi saqcieliT maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris daZabuloba<br />
ixsneba da moswavles emociurad exsneba gza saklaso saqmianobebSi CasarTvelad. maswavleblis<br />
qcevaSi ar Cans arc bodiSi, arc gamoCenil simkacreze an braze uaris Tqma. misi saqcieli<br />
`ambobs~, `kargi, modi isev vimuSaoT~, rac normaluri urTierTobisken dabrunebaa.<br />
amgvar qcevaze dakvirvebisas, SesaZloa, vinmem, ubralod, moswavlisaken gadadgmuli<br />
pirovnuli nabiji dainaxos, romlis mizani disciplina da incidentis aRmofxvraa. Cven gvsurs,<br />
gaCvenoT, ramdenad Sors SeiZleba wavides <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dadebiTi urTierTobis damyarebis<br />
mizniT da droulad dainaxos incidentSi Carevis saWiro momenti.<br />
aqtiuri mosmena<br />
guldasmiT (refleqsur) mosmenas ukukavSiri aqvs mTxrobelis naambobis SinaarsTan,<br />
SeniSvnebTan da am gziT igebs mTxrobeli, rom usmenen. aqtiuri mosmenisas ukukavSirs<br />
gancdiTi komponenti emateba da msmeneli mosaubres xmamaRla agebinebs naambobis gavleniT<br />
gancdili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aqtiurma msmenelma SesaZloa Tqvas, `am problemebiT<br />
damZimebuli da imedgacruebuli [grZnoba] xar~. is <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romelic aqtiur<br />
mosmenas iyenebs, uSualod atyobinebs moswavles pirovnul grZnobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
SesaZlebelia aqtiuri mosmeniT manipulireba da misi aragulwrfeli gamoyeneba, gonivruli<br />
iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom aqtiuri mosmena urTierTobis damyarebisaken mimarTuli qcev-
pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba<br />
aa. is TanagrZnobis verbaluri gamoxatvaa. sizustesa da pativiscemasTan Serwymuli (Egan<br />
1975) aqtiuri mosmena bavSvebs imis gancdas uCens, rom maTi esmiT da maTze zrunaven (Aspy &<br />
Roebuck 1977). `is namdvilad mismens~, ase axasiaTeben moswavleebi im maswavlebels, romelic<br />
uyvarT da pativs scemen.<br />
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobis xarisxisa da saklaso garemos Seswavla namdvilad<br />
Rirs. maswavleblis saswavlo qcevis TaviseburebaTa gasaanalizeblad, unda<br />
gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri TaviseburebisTvis Sesabamisi qmedeba SesaZlebelia icvlebodes<br />
mocemul momentSi swavlebisa da swavlis arsebul formebTan erTad. magaliTad, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
SeiZleba TvalsaCinod ar gamoxatavdes moswavleebis, rogorc individebis mimarT pativiscemas<br />
daprogramebuli swavlebis (instruqtaJis) dros, roca moswavleebs urTierToba<br />
aqvT sistemasTan da ara maswavlebelTan, rogorc pirovnebasTan. SesaZloa erTi an ramdenime<br />
dRe dasWirdes imas, rom maswavlebelma gamoamJRavnos (saaSkaraoze gamoitanos) am nawilSi<br />
aRweril TaviseburebaTa sruli repertuari. amrigad, qcevis Semowmeba moiTxovs xangrZliv<br />
an SesaZloa ramdenime ganmeorebiT dakvirvebas sruli repertuaris xilvis mizniT.<br />
317
p i r o v n u l i u r T i e r T o b i s<br />
d a m y a r e b a - S e j a m e b a<br />
daakvirdiT sakuTar an sxva maswavleblis qcevas da gansazRvreT qvemoT CamoTv-<br />
lili urTierTobebis romel formas Seesabameba. yoveli qcevis an Taviseburebi-<br />
sTvis, romelsac sakuTar Tavs miawerT, scadeT Sesabamisi magaliTis gaxseneba.<br />
sasurveli Taviseburebebis ganviTarebisaTvis moiniSneT saWiro dro an Sesa-<br />
Zlebloba. iyaviT SeZlebisdagvarad zusti.<br />
1. moswavleebTan urTierTobis gzebi: SemoxazeT Sesabamisi done.<br />
arc erTi gza<br />
erTi gza<br />
sxvadasxva gza<br />
individis Sesatyvisi gza<br />
1. Taviseburebebi: Seamowme, romeli miesadageba.<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
garegnoba<br />
iumoris grZnoba<br />
Tavazianoba<br />
pativiscema<br />
realuroba (namdviloba)<br />
urTierTobis aRdgenis unari<br />
aqtiuri mosmena<br />
p i r o v n u l i u r T i e r -<br />
T o b i s<br />
d a m y a r e b a - S e j a m e b a<br />
319
p i r o v n u l i u r T i e r T o b i s<br />
d a m y a r e b a - s a v a r j i S o<br />
1. pativiscema da samarTlianoba ori Taviseburebaa pirovnuli urTierTobis<br />
damyarebis eqvsi Taviseburebidan. gaixseneT da CamoTvaleT is movlenebi<br />
an situaciebi, rodesac moswavleebma Secvales TavianTi azri maswavleblis<br />
samarTlianobisa da pativiscemis Sesaxeb.<br />
2. SearCieT samarTlianobisa da pativiscemis amsaxveli or-ori movlena an<br />
situacia. moitaneT xuTi specifiuri magaliTi imisa, rogor SeiZleboda<br />
moqceuliyo <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, rom moswavleebi maTTdami pativiscemis grZnobasa<br />
da samarTlianobaSi daerwmunebina.<br />
p i r o v n u l i u r T i e r T o b i s<br />
d a m y a r e b a - s a v a r j i S o<br />
321
Tavi 12<br />
322<br />
literatura<br />
Allender, J. S., M. Seitchik. And D. Goldstein. `Student Involvement and Patterns of Teaching”. Journal<br />
of Classroom Interaction 16 (Summer 1981): 11-20.<br />
Aspy, D., and F. N. Roebuck. Kids Don’t Learn From People They don’t Like. Amherst, Mass.: Human<br />
Recourse Development Press, 1977.<br />
Brophy, J. “Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis”. Review of Educational Research 51 (Spring 1981): 5-32.<br />
Brown, I., and R. C. Goodall. “Enhancing Group Climate through Systematic Utilization of Feedback”.<br />
Journal of Classroom Interaction 16 (Summer 1981): 21-25.<br />
Egan, G. The Skilled Helper. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1975.<br />
Fraser, B. J., and P. O’Brien. “Student and Teacher Perceptions of the Environment of Elementary<br />
School Classrooms”. Elementary School Journal 85 (May 1985): 567-580.<br />
Ginott, H. G. Between Parent and Child. New York: Macmillan, 1965.<br />
Gordon, T. Teacher Effectiveness Training. New York: Wyden Press, 1974.<br />
Johnson, M. S. “I Think My Teacher Is”. Learning (February 1976).<br />
Joos, M. The Five Clocks. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.<br />
Mergendoller, J. R., and M. J. Packer. “Seventh Graders’ Conceptions of Teachers: An Interpretive<br />
Analysis”. Elementary School Journal 85 (May 1985): 581-600.<br />
Moustakas, C. The Authentic Teacher. Cambridge, Mass.: Howard A. Doyle Publishing Co., 1966.<br />
Randolf, N., and William Howe. Self Enhancing Education. Palo Alto, Calif.: Sanford Press, 1966.<br />
Rogers, V. R., “Laughing with Children”. Educational Leadership. (April 1984): 44-50.
13<br />
saklaso garemo<br />
sazogadoeba da urTierTdaxmareba<br />
riski da Tavdajerebuloba<br />
gavlena
saklaso garemo<br />
saklaso garemos Sesaxeb kvlevebi mwiria, magram naTeli: mwiria kognitur sferoSi arsebul<br />
kvlevebTan SedarebiT, xolo naTelia imdenad, ramdenadac kvlevaTa Sedegebi<br />
Tanamimdevrulia populaciis, moswavleTa asakisa da sagnebis mixedviT. Tu moswavleebi<br />
siZneleebTan SeWidebisas riskis gawevisa da mcdelobisaTvis ndobas, mxardaWerasa da<br />
usafrTxoebas grZnoben, maT skolisa da swavlis mimarT damokidebuleba sasikeTod ecvlebaT<br />
(Moos and Moos 1978; Haertel, Walberg, and Haertel 1981; Fraser and Fisher 1983; Fraser 1986, 1989;<br />
Nunnery, Rutler, and Bhaireddy 1993).<br />
zemoTqmuli TiTqos saRi azria, Tumca kvlevebi am sferoSi ukanaskneli 30 wlis manZilze<br />
siaxliT ver daikvexnis. 30 wlis win vicodiT, rom likertis skalis (Likert scale – likertis<br />
skala (1932 wels rensis likertis mier SemuSavebuli jamuri Sefasebebis skala) – fsiqometriuli<br />
skala, romelic xSirad kiTxvarebsa da anketur kvlevebSi gamoiyeneba. cdis piri<br />
yoveli debulebis mimarT sakuTari Tanxmobis xarisxs gamoxatavs skalis diapazoniT _<br />
`savsebiT veTanxmebi~ da `savsebiT ar veTanxmebi~. yoveli konkretuli debulebis SefasebaTa<br />
jami saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovavlinoT cdis piris ganwyoba ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT. red.<br />
Sen.) mixedviT gamorCeul maswavleblebs, ukeTesi Sedegebi hqondaT moswavleebTan, Tumca<br />
ar vicodiT, ras akeTebdnen isini praqtikulad amis misaRwevad. warmodgena ar gvqonda sicxadis<br />
elementebisa da maTi urTierTkavSiris, am urTierTkavSiris operaciuli modelis an elementTa<br />
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. dRes gacilebiT meti informacia gvaqvs sicxadis parametrze.<br />
misi arsebiTi elementebis Camoyalibeba da Sesabamisi monacemebis safuZvelze warmatebul<br />
swavlebasa da swavlaSi am elementebis wvlilis Sesaxeb msjeloba mainc SegviZlia. saklaso<br />
garemosTan mimarTebaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa. aq likertis skalis doneze varT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom saklaso garemos Sesaxeb kvlevebi 1920-ian wlebSi iRebs saTaves,<br />
uitolma (Withall 1949) pirvelma Camoayaliba jgufis iseTi fenomenis ganmarteba, romelic<br />
socialur-emociuri klimatis saxeliT aris cnobili. man aRniSna,<br />
(socialur-emociuri klimati aris) zogadi emociuri faqtori, romelsac individebs<br />
Soris urTierTobisas vxvdebiT. mas garkveuli kavSiri aqvs mimReobis im<br />
xarisxTan, romelsac jgufis wevrebi gamoxataven erTmaneTis moTxovnilebebisa<br />
da miznebis mimarT. operirebis TvalsazrisiT, igi gavlenas axdens: (1) yoveli<br />
individis Sinagan samyaroze; (2) jgufis esprit de corps–ze (frang. kastur sulze,<br />
solidarobaze. red. Sen.); (3) jgufis mniSvnelobis grZnobasa da individualur<br />
miznebsa da aqtivobebze; (4) obieqturobaze, romliTac problemas ekidebian; (5)<br />
jgufSi interpersonaluri urTierTobebis xarisxze.<br />
325
Tavi 13<br />
SemdgomSi Catarebuli kvlevebiT `gavleniani~ cvladebi Seiswavles da daadgines, rom<br />
moswavleebs ukeTesi Sedegebis aqvT, roca klasSi erTianobis maCvenebeli maRalia, xolo<br />
uTanxmoebis, sirTuleTa da konkurenciis maCvenebeli dabali (Fraser and O’Brien 1985)<br />
zogadad kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom `moswavleTa kognituri, emociuri da qceviTi Sedegebi<br />
ukavSirdeba maT mier saklaso oTaxis fsiqologiur TaviseburebaTa aRqmas~ (Chavez 1984; Battistich<br />
da sxvebi 1995)*. 1<br />
326<br />
qvemoT moyvanili oTxi debuleba adasturebs saklaso garemos did mniSvnelobas:<br />
1. yoveli adamianis ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis cnobili da universaluri<br />
sia aseTia: usafrTxoeba, TviTkontroli, siyvaruli, CarTuloba, TviTSefaseba,<br />
aRiareba, TviTaqtualizacia, Tavisufleba da garToba. (ix. Maslow 1962; Dreikurs and<br />
Gray 1968; Schutz 1967; Glasser 1965, 1994).<br />
2. konkretuli individis am fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis xarisxi<br />
gansazRvravs mis mier swavlisTvis daxarjuli energiisa da yuradRebis `raodenobas~.<br />
Tu individi gulnatkenia da ver ikmayofilebs am moTxovnilebebs, swavla neldeba<br />
an wydeba. Tu es moTxovnilebebi adekvaturad kmayofildeba, swavlis procesi<br />
normalurad mimdinareobs, xolo Tu umaRlesi xarisxiT kmayofildeba – warmatebul<br />
swavlas win veraferi eRobeba.<br />
3. klasis garemo uSualo gavlenas axdens moswavleTa warmatebaze. is individualur<br />
gavlenas axdens yoveli sabaziso fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaze.<br />
is ara erTaderTi, magram arsebiTi cvladia, romelic gavlenas axdens skolaSi yoveli<br />
moswavlis fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis xarisxze.<br />
4. roca saklaso klimati usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebs scildeba da xels uwyobs iseTi<br />
mniSvnelovani sazomebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa erTobis Camoyalibeba, riskis<br />
gaweva da gavlena, swavlis procesi warmatebulia.<br />
klasis<br />
klimati<br />
moswavlis<br />
individualuri<br />
fsiqologiuri<br />
moTxovnilebebi<br />
swavlis<br />
procesi<br />
1 am TaviseburebaTa mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisas ganviTarebis iseTi programebSi, rogoricaa `swavlis sazomebi~ (Marzano and<br />
Pickering 1992), daiwyes moswavleTa mier mimReobis, unarisa da usafrTxoebis grZnobis komponentebis CarTva. arakomerciuli<br />
organizaciis `socialuri pasuxismgeblobis~ TanamSromlebi mTeli qveynis masStabiT konfliqtis gadaWrisa da sazogadoebis<br />
Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb seminarebs gvTavazoben. maTi misamarTia: 23 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138; 800-370-2515. Northeast<br />
Foundation for Children msgavs maRali xarisxis seminarebs gvTavazobs. misi misamarTia: 71 Montague City Road, Greenfield MA<br />
01301; 800-360-6332.)
as niSnavs saklaso klimati?<br />
saklaso garemo<br />
saklaso klimatis Cveneuli ganmarteba aseTia: `moswavleTa grZnobebi da rwmenebi da maT<br />
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli qcevis erToblivi modelebi sazogadoebasTan, urTierTTanadgomasTan,<br />
riskis gawevasTan, TavdajerebulobasTan, gavlenasa da kontrolTan dakavSirebiT~.<br />
sazogadoeba da urTierTTanadgoma ganimarteba, rogorc individis grZnobebi jgufTan<br />
mimarTebaSi – miRebis, CarTulobis, wevrobis da TviT megobrobisa da siyvarulis gancda.<br />
riskis gaweva da Tavdajerebuloba Sinagani pirovnuli sazomia, romelzec mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdens sxva adamianTa reaqcia individis qcevaze. daTrgunva da sarkazmi (Tundac<br />
faqizad gamoxatuli) amcirebs adamianis im rwmenas, rom SeuZlia Tavisuflad iazrovnos da<br />
scados. saklaso klimati, sadac saTanadod fasdeba mcdeloba da mondomeba, moswavleebs<br />
exmareba imis gaazrebaSi, rom Secdoma swavlis erT-erTi SesaZleblobaa da ara pirovnuli<br />
naklis niSani. gavlena da kontroli saklaso klimatis pirovnul qmedobaunarianobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sazomia da ganisazRvreba, rogorc individis efeqtianoba. is Semdeg kiTxvebs<br />
pasuxobs: me, rogorc individi, ramdenad faseuli var saklaso sazogadoebisTvis? ra<br />
SesaZleblobebi maqvs me, rogorc moTamaSes, rogorc gavlenis momxdens da ara inertul adamians,<br />
romlis saklaso oTaxSi yofna veraviTar cvlilebas ver axdens klasis cxovrebaze?<br />
zemoCamoTvlili sazomebi gavlenas axdens swavlis procesze.<br />
saklaso garemos zemoT moyvanili sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli Sejamebulia 13.1 sqemaze,<br />
romelic yovel maTgans ganixilavs, rogorc klimatis Camoyalibebis aspeqts. am maxasiaTeblebs<br />
srulyofilebisa da momwifebulobis safexurebi aqvs da maswavlebelma, romlis mizani<br />
romelime maxasiaTeblis srulyofaa, am safexurebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda dagegmos aqtivobebi.<br />
pirveli maxasiaTeblis – sazogadoeba da urTierTTanadgoma _ safexurebi, kargad aris<br />
Seswavlili ganviTarebis Sesaxeb daweril literaturaSi (Aspy 1977, Wood 1994, Johnson and<br />
Johnson 1995). Semdegi ori maxasiaTeblis safexurebi ufro hipoTezuria, Tumca maTi elementebi<br />
kvlevebis Sedegad aris dadgenili.<br />
qvemoT ganxilulia yoveli maxasiaTebeli da aRwerilia misi TiToeuli elementis mniSvneloba<br />
(magaliTad, ras niSnavs sazogadoebis maxasiaTebelSi `sxvaTa gacnoba~ da ratom aris<br />
is mniSvnelovani saklaso oTaxis klimatisaTvis?) yoveli elementis ganxilvamde Cven aRvwerT<br />
specifikur strategiebsa da gamocdilebas, romlis gamoyenebac maswavlebels SeuZlia<br />
misi ganviTarebis mizniT.<br />
sazogadoeba da urTierTTanadgoma<br />
saklaso klimatis es sazomi aRwers CarTulobis, wevrobisa da urTierTmxardaWeris<br />
xarisxs, romlebsac moswavleebi grZnoben erTmaneTis mimarT. am sazomis saTanadod ganvi-<br />
Tarebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavles SeuZlia Tqvas: `me vgrZnob, rom aq mimiRes da wevri var. adamianebi<br />
Cems mxareze arian. me SemiZlia, davexmaro sxvebs, xolo sxvebi me damexmarebian~.<br />
am sazomSi ganviTarebis xuTi donea da yoveli maTgani Taviseburebis amsaxvel debulebasTan<br />
aris dawyvilebuli:<br />
327
Tavi 13<br />
328<br />
moswavleTa miRwevebis xelSemwyobi garemo<br />
sazogadoeba da<br />
urTierTTanadgoma<br />
`me vgrZnob, rom aq mimiRes da wevri<br />
var. adamianebi Cems mxareze arian.<br />
me SemiZlia, davexmaro sxvebs, xolo<br />
sxvebi me damexmarebian~.<br />
CarTuloba da<br />
wevroba<br />
sxvaTa<br />
gacnoba<br />
misalmeba, aRiareba,<br />
mosmena, reagireba da<br />
dadastureba<br />
jgufis identoba,<br />
pasuxismgebloba da<br />
urTierTda-<br />
mokidebuleba.<br />
kooperaciuli<br />
swavleba, socialuri<br />
unar-Cvevebi, saklaso<br />
Sexvedrebi, jgufebis<br />
dinamika.<br />
problemebisa gadaWra<br />
da konfliqtebis<br />
mogvareba.<br />
Tavdajerebuloba<br />
da gariskva<br />
`gariskva usafrTxoa. Tu vecdebi,<br />
Secdomebze viswavli da movindomeb,<br />
SemiZlia warmatebas mivaRwio~.<br />
moswavleTa xuTi Sexeduleba, romelic<br />
xels uwyobs an uSlis swavlas<br />
Secdomebi swavlaSi<br />
gvexmareba.<br />
Tqvengan ar moelian,<br />
rom pirvelive jerze<br />
yvelafers CaswvdebiT.<br />
mniSvnelovania<br />
yuradReba, mondomeba da<br />
xarisxi.<br />
Kkargi moswavleebi<br />
iTxoven daxmarebas<br />
da ukukavSirs<br />
Sesrulebuli samuSaos<br />
mimarT.<br />
Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani<br />
strategiebi warmatebis<br />
ZiriTadi pirobaa.<br />
nebismier moswavles<br />
SeuZlia warmatebis<br />
miRweva da ara mxolod<br />
yvelaze swrafs.<br />
Secdomebi sisustis<br />
niSania.<br />
mniSvnelovania<br />
tempi. ufro swrafi<br />
ufro gonieria.<br />
karg moswavleebs<br />
sakuTari ZalebiT<br />
SeuZliaT<br />
yvelafris<br />
mogvareba.<br />
Tandayolili<br />
inteleqti<br />
warmatebis<br />
ZiriTadi pirobaa.<br />
mxolod gamorCeul<br />
erTeulebs<br />
SeuZliaT<br />
warmatebis miRweva.<br />
sqema 13.1 saklaso klimatis sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli<br />
gavlena<br />
da kontroli<br />
`garkveuli gavlenis moxdena<br />
SemiZlia. sityva meTqmis. Cemi<br />
azri mniSvnelovania~.<br />
pirovnuli<br />
efeqtianoba<br />
moswavleebs mivceT<br />
ufleba gavlena<br />
moaxdinon klasis<br />
tempze .<br />
saklaso TamaSis<br />
wesebze SeTanxmeba.<br />
moswavleTaTvis<br />
swavlis principebisa<br />
da sxva strategiebis<br />
swavleba.<br />
moswavleebi iyeneben<br />
swavlis stilisa da<br />
arCevanis gakeTebis<br />
Sesaxeb codnas.<br />
moswavleebi da<br />
maTi sazogadoeba<br />
warmoadgens codnis<br />
wyaros.<br />
yoveli maxasiaTebeli SesaZlebelia ganviTarebis calkeul stadiebad daiyos.
1. sxvaTa gacnoba: `me vicnob am adamianebs da isini micnoben me~.<br />
saklaso garemo<br />
2. misalmeba, aRiareba, mosmena, reagireba da dadastureba: `me vgrZnob, rom mimiRes da<br />
wevri var; adamianebi pativs mcemen da me pativs vcem maT~.<br />
3. jgufis identuroba, pasuxismgebloba da urTierTdamokidebuleba: `me am jgufis<br />
wevri var. Cven erTmaneTi gvWirdeba da gvsurs erTmaneTisTvis warmateba~.<br />
4. kooperaciuli swavla, socialuri unar-Cvevebi, jgufis Sekrebebi da jgufis dinamika:<br />
`me SemiZlia davexmaro sxvebs da isini me damexmarebian~.<br />
5. problemaTa gadaWra da konfliqtis mogvareba: `Cven SegviZlia urTierTobis dros<br />
warmoqmnili problemebis mogvareba ~.<br />
amgvari Tbili da megobruli urTierTobebi arc SemTxveviT da arc TavisTavad ar yalibdeba.<br />
maswavlebels didi wvlili Seaqvs klasSi gamefebuli CarTulobisa da megobruli klimatis<br />
simtkicesa da struqturaSi (Cabello and Terrell 1993): es gaxlavT calkeul moswavleebTan<br />
maTi verbaluri urTierTobis modelebi, moswavleTa konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebi,<br />
TanamSromlobis struqturebi, romlebsac isini acnoben moswavleebs da socialuri unar-<br />
Cvevebis swavleba.<br />
sxvaTa gacnoba<br />
ufrosi klasebis inglisuri enis maswavlebelma jin stenfordma (Gene Stanford), 1977 wels<br />
gamocemul wignSi `efeqtiani jgufebis ganviTareba klasSi~, saklaso klimatis es maxasiaTebeli<br />
ganmarta, rogorc ganviTarebis kontiniumi.<br />
igi mixvda, rom jgufis wevrad yofnis sazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi Cadebuli es<br />
safuZveli iyo jgufis wevrebis Sesaxeb in- mokrZalebuli investiciebi grZelvadian peformaciis<br />
qona. amis gamo saswavlo wlis dawriodSi zrdis davalebis Sesrulebisa da masze<br />
yebidan pirveli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli drois efeqtianobas.<br />
igi regularulad atarebda klasSi gacnobis<br />
mokle aqtivobebs (gacnobis ocdaerTi aqtivoba mis wignSia mocemuli).<br />
is maswavleblebi, romlebic yovel kvira ramdenime wuTs uTmobdnen am aqtivobebs, ar<br />
uCiodnen saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmianobebisaTvis drois naklebobas.<br />
sazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi Cadebuli es mokrZalebuli investiciebi grZelvadian periodSi<br />
zrdis davalebis Sesrulebisa da masze daxarjuli drois efeqtianobas. (igive SeiZleba iTqvas<br />
am maxasiaTebelSi sazogadoebis mSeneblobis sxva doneebzec.).<br />
dRes aTobiT wignia xelmisawvdomi, romlebic gvTavazoben gacnobis SesaniSnav aqtivobebs<br />
(Stanford 1977; Shaw 1992; Seigle and Macklem 1993; Bennett and Smilanich 1994). wignSi `bingo<br />
adamianebi~ (People Bingo) an mis versiaSi `moZebneT pirovneba vinc~ moswavleebi cdiloben<br />
miniSnebis saSualebiT gamoicnon jgufis wevris vinaoba, magaliTad: `weliwadi gaatara safrangeTSi”.<br />
yovelma moswavlem unda moZebnos is klaseli, romelmac safrangeTSi erTi weli<br />
gaatara. zogierTi aqtivoba ufro grZelia, magaliTad partniorTa struqturirebuli interviu.<br />
intervius Semdeg masze dayrdnobiT yoveli partniori Tavis mewyviles acnobs mTel<br />
klass an mcire jgufs.<br />
Cveni erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sayvareli aqtivobaa artefaqtebis CanTa. es aqtivoba erTnairad<br />
popularulia mozrdilTa jgufebSic da mexuTeklaselebSic. monawileebs moaqvT Can-<br />
Tebi, romelSic awyvia maTi cxovrebis an interesebis amsaxveli nivTebi. erT-erTi monawile<br />
329
Tavi 13<br />
iRebs nebismier CanTas, saTiTaod alagebs nivTebs da warudgens maT wriulad ganlagebul<br />
monawileebs. isini cdiloben gamoicnon CanTis mflobeli. mexuTe nivTis wardgenis Semdeg<br />
(zogi nivTis simciris gamo SeiZleba yvelam ver dainaxos is Soridan kargad), jgufi iwyebs<br />
koleqtiuri azris gamotanas. Semdeg CanTis namdvili mflobeli warudgeba klass da uxsnis<br />
yoveli nivTis mniSvnelobas. SesaZlebelia, rom erT jerze orma an samma monawilem moaswros<br />
Tavis wardgena.<br />
am aqtivobis popularoba mozrdilTa Soris imis mauwyebelia, Tu ramdenad mcirea SesaZlebloba,<br />
icnobde kolegebs. urTierTobebis CamoyalibebisTvis saWiro ar unda gaxdes<br />
TanamSromelTan ganmartoeba.<br />
sazogadoebis mSeneblobis strategiebi dawyebuli meeqvse klasidan sul ufro did mniSvnelobas<br />
iZens klasis klimatis Seqmnis mTlian struqturaSi.<br />
330<br />
misalmeba, mosmena, reagireba, aRiareba da dadastureba<br />
SeginiSnavT odesme, rom zogierT garemoSi (zogjer mTel qalaqSic ki) quCaSi Semxvedri<br />
adamianebi TvalebSi giyureben, giRimian da gesalmebian? moswavleTaTvis erTmaneTis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis miwodebis garda SegviZlia imazec vimuSaoT, rom SevqmnaT saTanado pirobebi da<br />
vaswavloT maT erTmaneTis aRiarebisa da erTmaneTze reagirebis unar-Cvevebi. is adamianebi,<br />
romlebsac regularulad esalmebian da aRiareben, rogorc wesi, ufro advilad swavloben.<br />
grinfildis centraluri skolis (masaCusetsi) dilis Sexvedris struqturaSi pirvelive<br />
aqtivobaSia gamoyenebuli aTobiT formatidan erT-erTi, romlis mixedviTac wriulad mdgomi<br />
bavSvebi erTmaneTs esalmebian. es aqtivoba mxolod dawyebiT klasebSi rodi gamoiyeneba.<br />
dadebiTi misalmeba aRiarebis erTgvari formaa, romelsac nebismier asakSi unda SevuwyoT<br />
xeli. vudi (Wood 1994) wers: `moswavleebisaTvis (IV, V da VI klasebi) mniSvnelovania<br />
ara mxolod erTmaneTis misalmeba diliT, aramed imis swavlac, rom klasis nebismier wevrs<br />
megobrulad da guliTadad miesalmon. genderi, dajgufebebi da saukeTeso megobrebi ganvi-<br />
Tarebis erTgvari problemaa 9-13 wlis asakSi. yovel diliT misalmeba moswavleebs am problemebis<br />
usafrTxo daZlevaSi exmareba. is maswavleblisTvis yovel diliT socialuri unar-<br />
Cvevebis programis yoveldRiuri aTvlis wertilicaa~.<br />
misalmebis aqtivobis erT-erTi nimuSis, dawyebiT klasebSi misalmebis aqtivobis Sesatyvisi<br />
magaliTia misalmeba burTis gadagdebiT, romelic mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos maRal<br />
klasebSi sirTulisa da TanamSromlobis waxalisebis mixedviT. es aqtivoba ase iwyeba: wriulad<br />
mdgomi bavSvebi erTmaneTs burTis gadagdebiT esalmebian. magaliTad, lesli misalmebas<br />
iwyebs sityvebiT `dila mSvidobisa, jon!~ da Semdgom jons ugdebs burTs. joni salams<br />
ubrunebs leslis, misalmebisTvis irCevs wridan sxva bavSvs da awvdis burTs. roca burTi<br />
bavSvebis wres `Semoivlis~, kvlav leslis ubrundeba `salmiT~. sxva variantSi, burTi ramdenime<br />
jerze Semoivlis wres uxmod (misalmebis da laparakis gareSe) da bavSvebi ixaliseben<br />
am aqtivobiT (Stephenson and Watrous 1994).<br />
moswavleTa mier erTmaneTis aRiareba da dadastureba SesaZlebelia jgufebis Sexvedris<br />
dros. socialuri kompetenciis programa (Seigle and Macklem 1993) yuradRebis centrSi yofnas<br />
iyenebs rogorc dadebiTi atribuciebisa da qcevis ganmtkicebis aqtivobas. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
irCevs erT bavSvs (yovel jerze sxvadasxvas), romelic unda moeqces yuradRebis centrSi.<br />
danarCenebi rigrigobiT eubnebian amorCeul bavSvs specifikur komplimentebs: `tim, sasiamovnoa<br />
Seni yuradReba sxva bavSvebis mimarT, magaliTad is, rom Sen Seminaxe adgili raTa
saklaso garemo<br />
Cavmdgariyavi wreSi~. yovel bavSvs erTxel aqvs laparakis ufleba da is mimarTavs amorCeul<br />
bavSvs da ara maswavlebels. yuradRebis centrSi myofi bavSvi mxolod ismens.<br />
kargi mosmena SeiZleba iswavlebodes araorazrovnad. moswavleebma kargi mosmenis swavla<br />
SesaZlebelia sarkesTan varjiSiT daiwyon. ori partniori dgas da irCevs vin iqneba wamyvani<br />
(A adamiani) da vin iqneba mimdevari (B adamiani). A xelebs maRla swevs da atrialebs ise, rom<br />
xelisgulebi mimarTuli iyos B-sken, romelmac xelebi A-s analogiurad (sarkeSi asaxuli<br />
gamosaxulebis msgavsad) unda amoZraos. daaxloebiT 45 wamis Semdeg maswavleblis niSanze<br />
partniorebi cvlian rolebs. A xdeba mimdevari (mimbaZveli), xolo B – wamyvani. aqtivobis<br />
kargad SesrulebisTvis orive partnioris yuradReba urTierTze unda iyos mimarTuli. es<br />
qmnis pirdapiri swavlebis safexurs da socialuri unar-Cvevebis, gansakuTrebiT mosmenis,<br />
varjiSis saSualebas.<br />
bavSvebisaTvis mosmenis pirdapiri swavleba moicavs rolur TamaSs da varjiSs. es SesaZlebelia<br />
daviwyoT maTTvis kiTxvis dasmiT: `gaixseneT vinme, vinc namdvilad gismenT. Tqveni<br />
azriT, ratom iqceva es adamiani ase?~ gaiTamaSeT yuradRebiT mosmenis aqtivobis rolebi<br />
da mieciT saSualeba, gamoxaton sakuTari azri imis Sesaxeb, ra dainaxes da ra gaigones. CaiwereT<br />
maTi pasuxebi. sTxoveT moswavleebs, gaixsenon is adamiani, romelic maT ar usmens. kvlav<br />
gaaTamaSebineT rolebi da CaiwereT, ras fiqroben imis Sesaxeb, rac dainaxes da gaigones.<br />
amis Semdeg moswavleebi ukve mzad arian sameulebad (msmeneli, mosaubre da damkvirvebeli)<br />
ivarjiSon mosmenaSi.<br />
mravali <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iyenebs mosmenis varjiSs saskolo praqtikaSi. magaliTad, ekiTxeba<br />
moswavles, surs Tu ara Seajamos is, razec wina gamomsvlelma isaubra diskusiis dros. moswavleebs<br />
ar SeuZliaT winaswar gansazRvron, rodis mouwevT sxvisi Sexedulebis Sejameba.<br />
jgufis identoba, pasuxismgebloba da urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />
kooperaciuli swavlebis sturqturebi (ix. Kagan 1992) da kooperaciuli modelebi (Johnson<br />
nd Johnson 1987; Slavin 1986) mxars uWeren gundis Camoyalibebas, radganac isini ayalibeben<br />
bunebriv jgufebs, sadac individebi mWidro kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan. amgvarad, gundis<br />
saxelis, logos an droSis Seqmna bavSvebs bunebrivad akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. maRal klaseb-<br />
Si moswavleebi erTmaneTze damokidebulni xdebian da xvdebian, rogor sWirdebaT erTmane-<br />
Ti. `jigsou~ (struqturis saxelwodeba aRebulia TamaSidan jig-saw puzzle – naxatis awyoba<br />
nawilebiT. mTargmn. Sen.) struqtura (Aronson 1978) aZlierebs urTierTdamokidebulebas,<br />
radgan moswavleebs Tanatolebis imedi unda hqondeT konkretuli masalis swavlis dros da<br />
SeZlon masalis TavianTi `monakveTis~ wardgena gundis wevrebisaTvis. (ix. Sejibris Sesaxeb<br />
Sexeduleba TavSi `swavlis gamocdileba~).<br />
damtvreuli kvadratebi aris aqtivoba, romelsac xSirad iyeneben moswavleTaTvis urTierTdamokidebulobis<br />
gasacnobad. xuTi mTliani 6 inCiani gverdis mqone kvadrati, iWreba<br />
naWrebad, ireva xuT dastad da ideba xuT konvertSi (ix. sqema 13.2). moswavleTa xuTi gundidan<br />
yoveli TiTo konverts iRebs. maTi mizania saubris an miniSnebis gareSe aawyon xuTi<br />
mTliani kvadrati. maT ar SeuZliaT kvadratis nawilebis sxvisgan aReba, SeuZliaT mxolod<br />
miscen naWrebi. gundis wevrs kvadratis nawils pirdapir aZleven. am savarjiSos Sejameba 13.2<br />
sqemaSi CamoTvlili kiTxvebiT warmodgenas gviqmnis, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes TamaSis dros<br />
gundis wevris ignorirebis, TamaSidan gasvlis an dominirebis mcdelobisas.<br />
331
Tavi 13<br />
Cveulebrivi saswavlo davalebebi SeiZleba SevusabamoT damtvreuli kvadratebis struqturas.<br />
marTlweris (teqnikuri, ucxo enis an inglisuri sityvebis) swavlisas, sityvebi Sei-<br />
Zleba daiWras da Calagdes calkeuli asoebis mixedviT Seqmnil konvertebSi. es asoebi Ser-<br />
Cevis gareSe xuT konvertSia moTavsebuli. xuTi gundidan TiToeuli iRebs TiTo konverts.<br />
gundis amocanaa erTmaneTTan saubris da erTmaneTisgan sityvis Semadgeneli asoebis aRebis<br />
gareSe sworad Seadginon sityvebi. sworad dawerili sityvebis furceli xelmisawvdomi unda<br />
iyos gundisaTvis, rom maT davalebis Sesrulebis dros SeZlon erTmaneTis rCevis gaTvaliswineba.<br />
332<br />
socialuri unar-Cvevebi da jgufis dinamika<br />
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis meoTxe doneze yuradReba maxvildeba jgufebSi efeqtiani<br />
muSaobis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze. socialuri unar-Cvevebi zemoT aRwerili mosmenis<br />
magaliTis msgavsad iswavleba. saklaso Sexvedrebi am socialur unar-CvevaTa swavlebisa da<br />
varjiSis zogadi struqtura xdeba. (socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisTvis saklaso Sexvedrebis<br />
Catarebis Sesaxeb sami unikaluri wyarosTvis ix.GGlasser 1969, Seigle and Macklem 1993,<br />
and Wood 1994).<br />
sasargebloa SeTanxmebis Ziebis savarjiSoebi saqcielis analiziTa da SedegebiT. iseTi<br />
amocanebi, rogoricaa `kosmosSi dakarguli~<br />
saklaso Sexvedrebi socialur unarCvevaTa da `gadarCena arqtikaSi~ (Lafferty 1987), iseT<br />
swavlebisa da varjiSis zogadi struqtura problemebs ayeneben mexuTe klasis moswavleTa<br />
xdeba.<br />
winaSe, romlebic saganTa CamonaTvalSi prioritetebis<br />
gamoyofas moiTxovs; magaliTad, oci<br />
sagnidan romeli aTi unda iqnes arCeuli TviTmfrinavis katastrofis dros subarqtikul<br />
pirobebSi maSvelTa mosvlamde gadarCenisTvis? Tavdapirvelad moswavleebi individualurad<br />
asruleben savarjiSos, Semdeg Tavidan akeTeben gundis wevrebTan erTad da uziareben<br />
informaciasa da mosazrebebs. gundis arCevani TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro axlos aris eqspertis<br />
pasuxTan, vidre calkeuli individis pasuxi. amgvarad, davaleba mimarTulia SeTanxmebis<br />
gamoyenebis sargeblianobaze. savarjiSos Semdeg, gundebi iTvaliswineben miTiTebebs<br />
da ikvleven gundis calkeuli wevrebis mier Sesrulebul rolebs erTad muSaobis procesSi.<br />
swavlebis procesSi irkveva, ra qceva SeiZleba Seasrulon individebma imisTvis, rom gundi<br />
efeqtiani gaxdes. aseve Cndeba informacia xelisSemSlel qcevazec da imaze, risi gakeTeba<br />
SeuZlia calkeul individs morigi aqtivobisas gundis ufro efeqtiani wevrobisaTvis.<br />
gamocanebi (Stanford 1977) kidev erTi struqturaa. gamocanis amosaxsnelad saWiro miniSnebebi<br />
mocemulia 3X5 zomis baraTebze. yovel moswavles TiTo baraTi eZleva. davalebis mizania<br />
deduqciuri logikiT damnaSavis amocnoba baraTebze mocemuli miniSnebebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
wriulad mjdom moswavleebs TavianTi baraTis xmamaRla wakiTxva SeuZliaT, Tumca ara aqvT<br />
ufleba, miscen is sxva moswavles an waikiTxon sxva moswavlis baraTi. es struqtura aiZulebs<br />
moswavleebs, gauziaron erTmaneTs informacia, garkveuli wesiT daalagon is da ganiviTaron<br />
organizatoruli da lideruli unar-Cvevebi. aqac, rogorc yvela amgvari davalebebis Sesrulebisas,<br />
Semajamebeli analitikuri ganxilva (e.w. damuSaveba) aqtivobis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
nawilia. swored am dros iazreben moswavleebi jgufis progresis xelSemwyob da xelSemSlel<br />
faqtorebs da gamoxataven Sexedulebebs imis Taobaze, ris ukeT gakeTebas ecdebian momavalSi.
damtvreuli kvadratebi<br />
miTiTebebi damtvreuli kvadratebis nakrebis Sesaqmnelad<br />
miTiTebebi<br />
yovel Tqvengans aqvs konverti, romelSic kvadratis<br />
nawilebia Cawyobili. jgufis mizania niSnis micemisTanave aawyos<br />
xuTi erTnairi zomis kvadrati. gverdis zoma unda iyos<br />
6 inCi. davaleba Sesrulebulad ar CaiTvleba, sanam xuT erTnairi<br />
zomis kvadrats ar miiRebT.<br />
nakrebi Sedgeba konvertisgan, romelSic Calagebulia sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
daWrili muyaos kvadratebi. sworad awyobis SemTxvevaSi, miiReba<br />
xuTi erTnairi zomis kvadrati. moswavleTa xuTkacian jgufebs<br />
urigdebaT TiTo nakrebi.<br />
nakrebis mosamzadeblad 6 inCiani gverdis mqone kvadratebi unda<br />
daixazos, dalagdes da fanqriT (raTa mere advili iyos waSla) daeweros<br />
asoebi qvemoT mocemuli nimuSis Sesabamisad.<br />
wesebi<br />
1. wevrebma ar unda isaubron.<br />
F<br />
D<br />
A<br />
3<br />
2. wevrebma erTmaneTs kvadratis nawilebi ar unda sTxovon<br />
sityviT an usityvo miniSnebiT. (wevrebs SeuZliaT<br />
nebayoflobiT miscen nawilebi sxva wevrebs.)<br />
E<br />
6<br />
B<br />
C C<br />
F<br />
3<br />
A<br />
(kvadratis nawilebze aRniSnuli asoebi mxolod imas emsaxureba,<br />
rom davalebis dasrulebis Semdeg es nawilebi Sesabamis<br />
konvertSi davabrunoT.)<br />
l<br />
G<br />
l<br />
H<br />
msvleloba<br />
A<br />
A<br />
1. ra moxda pirvel etapze? ra strategiebi gamoviyeneT<br />
dasawyisSi?<br />
2. ras fiqrobdiT pirveli xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi?<br />
3. ra moxda Semdeg? Seicvala Tu ara strategiebi? gqondaT<br />
Tu ara jgufSi funqcionirebis gansxvavebuli<br />
fazebi?<br />
xazebi ise unda gaivlos, rom A, C, E da a.S. asoebiT aRniSnuli<br />
nawilebi erTi zomis iyos. ramdenime kombinaciiT SesaZlebelia erTi<br />
an ori kvadrati miviRoT, magram mxolod erTi swori kombinaciiT mivi-<br />
RebT 6 inCiani gverdis mqone xuT kvadrats. daxazvisa da asoebis daweris<br />
Semdeg kvadratebs vWriT.<br />
4. gadadga Tu ara vinmem iseTi nabiji, romelmac Secvala<br />
jgufis damokidebuleba?<br />
5. iyo Tu ara umoqmedod jgufis romelime wevri?<br />
konvertebs vnomravT cifrebiT 1, 2, 3, 4 da 5. kvadratebis nawilebs<br />
vanawilebT xuT konvertSi Semdegi wesiT: 1-l konvertSi ideba I, H da E<br />
nawilebi; me-2-Si _ A, A, A da C; me-3-Si A da J; me-4-Si D da F, xolo me-<br />
5-Si – G, B, F da C.<br />
6. ra roli Seasrula jgufis TiToeulma individma?<br />
saklaso garemo<br />
7. ra gaigeT sakuTari Tavis, TanamSromlobisa da Sejibris<br />
Sesaxeb?<br />
kvadratis nawilebze waSaleT fanqriT dawerili asoebi da daawereT<br />
im konvertis nomeri, romelSic devs. es davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg<br />
gagiadvilebT Sesabamis konvertSi nawilebis Cawyobas da momdevno jgufisaTvis<br />
nakrebis momzadebas.<br />
8. ra gaigeT kooperaciul amocanebze jgufuri muSaobis<br />
Sesaxeb?<br />
sqema 13.2: savarjiSo `damtvreuli kvadratebi~<br />
es savarjiSo xSirad moswavleebisTvis urTierTdamokidebulebis cnebis gasacnobad gamoiyeneba.<br />
aRebulia wignidan A Handbook of Structured Experiences for Human Relations Training, Volume 1 J.<br />
William Pfeiffer and John E. Jones, Editors. La Jolla: University Associates Publishers, Inc., 1974.<br />
yoveli nakrebi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva feris muyaosgan damzaddes.<br />
333
Tavi 13<br />
gamocanebSi klass avaleben, wamoayenon braldeba mxolod maSin, Tu yvela monawile eTanxmeba<br />
mas. mcdari braldebis SemTxvevaSi, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar eubneba swor pasuxs da sTxovs miubrundnen<br />
jgufur muSaobas da samxilis xelaxla ganxilvas. miuxedavad imisa, amoicnoben<br />
Tu ara moswavleebi damnaSave mxares, aqtivoba 20 wuTis Semdeg sruldeba da klasi ubrundeba<br />
igive davalebas meore dRes.<br />
moswavleTa mier am aqtivobis safuZvelze warmatebuli jgufuri muSaoba da individualuri<br />
socialuri Tu davalebis amoxsnis unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba maT yoveldRiur qcevaze<br />
sasikeTod ver aisaxeba (ar moxdeba transferi), Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gamiznulad ar dagegmavs<br />
amgvar transfers. socialuri unar-Cvevebis warmatebuli swavleba moiTxovs (1) unar-Cvevis<br />
saxeldebas, (2) cxovrebaSi am unar-Cvevis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmnas, (3)<br />
mis modelirebas, (4) moswavleTa mier am unar-CvevaSi varjiSs da (5) Sesrulebuli samuSaos<br />
Taobaze moswavleTaTvis pirdapiri ukukavSiris uzrunvelyofas. maswavleblisgan miRebuli<br />
ukukavSiris garda, moswavleTa mier jgufSi funqcionirebis sakuTari donis gaazreba<br />
(gaaanalizon da moaxdinon TviTSefaseba) korelaciaSia unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebasa da akademiur<br />
miRwevebTan (Yager da sxvebi 1986.) socialuri Cvevebis detaluri swavleba, Sedegebis<br />
xSiri Sejameba da damuSaveba moswavleebs uyalibebs molodinebs am unar-Cvevebis klasSi gamoyenebis<br />
Taobaze. arasaskolo garemoze transferi moxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT me-9 TavSi<br />
_ `swavleba transferisaTvis~ _ swavlis principebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebs.<br />
334<br />
konfliqtis mogvareba<br />
klasSi (an skolaSi) jansaRi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis bolo safexuria misi wevrebisaTvis<br />
sakuTari konfliqtebis mogvarebis unaris Camoyalibeba. es moicavs imis aRiarebas, rom<br />
konfliqti Cveulebrivi ram aris da rom uTanxmoeba (romelic igive ar aris, rac konfliqti)<br />
namdvilad sasargebloa swavlisTvis.<br />
konfliqti ganisazRvreba rogorc situacia, romelSic ori adamianis moTxovnilebebi<br />
erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba da mimdinare qceva an moqmedeba mimarTulia imaze, rom erTma<br />
gaimarjvos meoris xarjze. konfliqtis mogvareba niSnavs orive mxarisTvis misaRebi gadawyvetilebis<br />
povnas an orive mxaris mier kompromiss.<br />
konfliqtis mogvarebis modelTa umravlesobas msgavsi safexurebi aqvs da msgavs unar-<br />
Cvevebs aviTarebs. magaliTad, tomas gordonis (Thomas Gordon 1974) modeli moicavs aqtiuri<br />
mosmenis unar-Cvevebs da `me~-Setyobinebas _ arsebiT sakomunikacio unarebs, romelic adamianebs<br />
konfliqtis mogvarebis klasikur safexurebs aswavlis.<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlili programaTa umravlesobaSi sxvadasxva saxiT gvxvdeba:<br />
1. gaacnobiere sakuTari brazi, damSviddi da Tavi xelSi aiyvane. am safexurze zogi<br />
programa relaqsacias an sakuTar Tavze orientirebul Sesvenebis teqnikas aswavlis.<br />
2. gansazRvre namdvili problema. jonsoni da jonsoni (Johnson and Johnson 1995, gv. 5-6)<br />
meore safexurs sasargeblo komponentebad anawevreben:<br />
y erTdroulad gansazRvre problema, rogorc mcire da specifikuri.<br />
y gansazRvre, ra unda TiToeul adamians.<br />
y gansazRvre, ras grZnobs TiToeuli adamiani.<br />
y gacvale mxareTa mizezebi da logikuri dasabuTeba.<br />
y Secvale rakursi.<br />
am safexurs garkveuli dro sWirdeba. bevri modeli mxars uWers im mosazrebas, rom
saklaso garemo<br />
saWiroa moswavleebma sakuTari moTxovnilebebis gansazRvra iswavlon da ara mxolod maT-<br />
Tvis sasurveli moqmedebiT an gadawyvetilebiT saubari. am SemTxvevaSi xSirad saWiroa<br />
kiTxvebis gansazRvra, dasma da aqtiuri mosmena. swored amitom erTveba xSirad procesSi<br />
neitraluri Suamavali.<br />
1. gansazRvre dadebiTi mizani. pozitiurad Camoayalibe sasurveli Sedegi, magaliTad:<br />
`Cven orives gveqneba sakmarisi dro kompiuterTan samuSaod~.<br />
2. moifiqreT problemis mogvarebis ramdenime varianti. am safexurze moswavleebs<br />
xSirad gonebrivi ieriSis teqnikas aswavlian.<br />
3. SeafaseT problemis mogvarebis gzebi da airCieT erT-erTi sacdelad.<br />
4. SeimuSaveT gegma. xSirad mxolod gadaWris gzis arCeva (mag., `sadilis Semdeg kompiuterTan<br />
muSaobis dros Suaze gaviyofT~) ar kmara. saWiroa specifikuri gegma,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs vin ras, rodis da sad gaakeTebs. SesaZlebelia, saWiro gaxdes<br />
gegmis werilobiTi SeTanxmeba.<br />
5. SeafaseT gegma, raTa SeamowmoT, orive mxare icavs Tu ara sakuTar valdebulebebs,<br />
ramdenad kargia gegma da sWirdeba Tu ara Sesworeba. (am safexurebis Sesaxeb detaluri<br />
informaciisaTvis ix. Johnson and Johnson 1995, gv. 5:1-5:30.)<br />
Cven darwmunebulni varT, rom jonsoni da jonsoni (1995) marTlebi arian: Suamavloba<br />
yvela moswavles unda vaswavloT da ara mxolod zogierTs. swored mediatoris rolSi swavloben<br />
da iTaviseben moswavleebi konfliqtis mogvarebis unar-Cvevebs. mxolod am SemTxveva-<br />
Si SeZleben isini konfliqtis dros am unar-CvevaTa damoukideblad gamoyenebas. imis Tqma<br />
gvsurs, rom Suamavlobis swavleba yvela moswavlisTvis konfliqtis efeqtiani mogvarebis<br />
unar-CvevaTa swavlebis da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi misi transferis yvelaze mZlavri modelia.<br />
socialur problemaTa mogvarebis Taobaze Sexvedrebi, romelic uiliam glasers (William<br />
Glasser 1969) aqvs aRwerili Tavis wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~, idealuri saSualebaa am<br />
safexurebisa da maTi Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisTvis.<br />
saklaso klimatis Sesaxeb Catarebul kvlevaSi, romlis mizani klimatis cvladebis – genderisa<br />
da rasis _ gansxvavebuli efeqtebis Seswavla iyo, dengma (Deng 1992) aRmoaCina, rom,<br />
erTi mxriv, SavkanianTa, laTinoamerikelTa da TeTrkanianTa da, meore mxriv, biWebsa da gogonebs<br />
Soris miRwevebi maTematikis Seswavlisas mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyo klasSi susti<br />
sazogadoebisa da maRali daZabulobis pirobebSi. es aRmoCena xazs usvams imas, Tu ra mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs saklaso sazogadoebas, rogorc cvlads imisaTvis, rom gogonebma maTematikaSi,<br />
xolo feradkanianma moswavleebma (integrirebuli klasebSi) TiTqmis yvela saganSi miaRwion<br />
warmatebas.<br />
riskis gaweva da Tavdajerebuloba<br />
saklaso sazogadoebis Camoyalibebidan riskis gawevaze saubris gagrZelebisas, vikvlevT,<br />
risi gakeTeba SeuZlia maswavlebels Tavdajerebulobis xelSewyobisa da usafrTxo garemos<br />
Camoyalibebis mizniT. saklaso klimatis am aspeqtis xuTi done iseve calsaxad ganmaviTarebeli<br />
ar gaxlavT, rogorc es saklaso sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi iyo, radgan<br />
aq yoveli done Sexeduleba ufroa, vidre nabijTa nakrebi. Cveni azriT, klasSi inteleqtualuri<br />
riskis gawevis safuZvelia Secdomebis arsisa da maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Sinagani<br />
335
Tavi 13<br />
rwmena, swavlis tempi da mis mniSvneloba, sakuTari ZalebiTa Tu sxvebTan erTad an sxvebis<br />
daxmarebiT siaxlis wvdoma. 2 SesaZloa Secdomebis, tempisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb produqtiuli<br />
Sexedulebebis wyaro inteleqtis Sesaxeb warmodgena iyos (kerZod, rom SesaZlebelia<br />
inteleqtis ganviTareba da nebismier adamians SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva saWiro droisa da<br />
swavlis kargi strategiebis gamoyenebiT.) ra urTierTkavSiric unda arsebobdes am SexedulebaTa<br />
Soris, cxadia, rom maswavleblis qcevis repertuaris gansazRvra TiToeuli Sexedulebis<br />
ganmtkicebiT SegviZlia.<br />
13.3 sqema gviCvenebs xuT Sexedulebas, romlebic xazs usvams riskis gawevis uaryofiT<br />
da dadebiT formebs. dadebiTi Sexedulebebi `aTavisuflebs~ cxovrebas, xolo uaryofiTi<br />
– `zRudavs~.<br />
336<br />
dadebiTi Sexedulebebi uaryofiTi Sexedulebebi<br />
Secdomebis Sesaxeb: Secdomebis Sesaxeb:<br />
Secdomebi gvexmareba swavlaSi. Secdoma sisustis niSania.<br />
tempis Sesaxeb: tempis Sesaxeb:<br />
ar gvevaleba yvelafris pirvelive jerze<br />
gageba. mniSvnelovania yuradReba, xarisxi da<br />
mondomeba.<br />
mniSvnelovania siswrafe. ufro swrafi<br />
ufro sxartia.<br />
daxmarebis Sesaxeb: daxmarebis Sesaxeb:<br />
kargi moswavle iTxovs daxmarebas da<br />
ukukavSirs Sesrulebul samuSaosTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
karg moswavles Tavad SeuZlia samuSaos<br />
Sesruleba.<br />
Zalisxmevisa da unaris Sesaxeb: Zalisxmevisa da unaris Sesaxeb:<br />
Tanamimdevruli Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani<br />
strategiebi warmatebis ZiriTadi pirobaa.<br />
warmatebis ZiriTadi piroba Tandayolili<br />
inteleqtia.<br />
Zalisxmevisa da unaris Sesaxeb: Zalisxmevisa da unaris Sesaxeb:<br />
warmatebis miRweva nebismier adamians<br />
SeuZlia da ara mxolod yvelaze swrafs.<br />
mxolod ramdenime Zalze gonier adamians<br />
SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva.<br />
sqema 13.3: xuTi Sexeduleba, romelic safuZvlad udevs riskis gawevas<br />
dadebiTi Sexedulebebi `aTavisuflebs~ cxovrebas, xolo uaryofiTi – `zRudavs~.<br />
klasis klimatis riskis gawevis sazomi dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ramdenad Tavdajerebulia<br />
moswavle da agreTve mis mier socialuri da akademiuri riskis gawevasTan. am sazomis<br />
saTanadod ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi moswavles SeuZlia Tqvas: `am SemTxvevaSi gariskva<br />
usafrTxoa. Tu ufro metad vecdebi, Secdomebze viswavli da movindomeb, warmatebas mivaRwev~.<br />
2 madlobas vuxdiT jon daurias (John D’Auria) SexedulebaTa amgvari sistemis Camoyalibebisas kritikuli mosazrebisaTvis.
saklaso garemo<br />
moswavlis riskianobis ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa specifikuri strategiebisa da midgomebis<br />
Tavmoyra. zogjer <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aRiarebs riskianobis mniSvnelobas, magram iSviaTad<br />
uxsnis moswavleebs misi ganviTarebis gzebs. magaliTad, erTi avtoris azriT, `gagebisTvis<br />
swavleba mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli im socialur normaTa damkvidrebaze, romlebic<br />
xels uwyobs sxva adamianTa Sexedulebebis pativiscemas. amis miRweva mxolod saubriT<br />
SeuZlebelia. Tqven unda SecvaloT socialuri normebi, rasac dro da simtkice sWirdeba~<br />
(Lampert 1994).<br />
rogor unda SevZloT es?<br />
gTavazobT kidev erT magaliTs. sanimuSo maswavlebelTa gamocdilebis araCveulebriv<br />
aRweraSi, romlebic sxvadasxva disciplinebSi moswavleTaTvis problemebis gadaWris swavlebisas<br />
kognitur strategiebs iyeneben, brueri (Bruer 1993) wers:<br />
sabazo gakveTili mizidulobis Sesaxeb kursis me-6 kviras iwyeba. am droisTvis<br />
minstrelma (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>) klasTan urTierTgagebis garemo Seqmna. mas wvdomis<br />
gaRrmavebisTvis saWiro pirobebi aqvs Seqmnili – klimati, sadac kiTxvebis<br />
dasmisa da gansxvavebuli azrisadmi pativiscema dominirebs, sadac mecnieruli<br />
msjelobis procesi Ria da gacnobierebulia. veterani maswavleblebic ki gaocebulni<br />
arian imiT, rogor Tavisuflad gamoxataven moswavleebi mosazrebebs,<br />
akeTeben daSvebebs da msjeloben Sexedulebebze. (gv. 42)<br />
rogor SeZlo minstrelma, rom misi moswavleebi aseTi Tavisuflebi gamxdariyvnen?<br />
ramdenime dRis Semdeg minstreli klasTan erTad aanalizebs, ra dro dasWirdeba<br />
1-kilogramian da 5-kilogramian sagnebs erTi da imave distanciidan CamovardnisaTvis.<br />
isini mniSvnelovan eqsperiments atareben – pizaSi galileos<br />
apokrifuli eqsperimentis miniaturul models. iatakze orive burTis erTdrouli<br />
dacemis Semdeg minstreli dafisken brundeba, sadac Tavsatexis pasuxebi<br />
aqvs dawerili. `zogierTi Tqvengani SesaZloa Tavs sulelad grZnobs amgvari<br />
pasuxebis xilvisas. Tavi sulelad ar unda igrZnoT, vnaxoT, ra aris mniSvnelovani<br />
am pasuxebSi. Tqveni azriT, ratom ecema mZime sagnebi ufro swrafad?~<br />
msjelobs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>* (gv. 43-44) amjerad, Tavisufali garemos Seqmnis gasaRebis<br />
wvdomas viwyebT.<br />
gTavazobT gariskvis mniSvnelobis aRiarebis saboloo magaliTs:<br />
maswavleblebisTvis rTulia kvlevis swavleba da iseT unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs,<br />
romlebic TviT skolis personalis intensiuri ganviTarebis gziT unda Camoyalibdes.<br />
Tu moswavle ar endoba maswavlebls an sxva moswavleebs, dasmul kiTxvas,<br />
romlis mizani iyo ufro Rrmad daefiqrebina moswavle saganze, ukuSedegi<br />
SeiZleba hqondes. moswavles SeiZleba egonos, rom es kiTxva wina kiTxvaze arasworad<br />
gacemuli pasuxis gamo dausves da surT, rom klasis winaSe misi ugunureba<br />
gamoamzeuron. savaraudoa, rom<br />
amgvari safrTxe Seamcirebs maRal<br />
doneebze azrovnebis unars – ra Sei-<br />
Zleba iyos imaze ufro saSiSi, vidre<br />
sajaro marcxi da dacinva?<br />
moswavleTa umetesoba skolaSi swavlis pirvelive<br />
wlebidan igebs, rom Secdoma sasargeblo<br />
monacemi ki ar aris, aramed sisustis niSani.<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT maswavlebelTa amerikuli federaciis kvartaluri Jurnalis American Educator-is 1993 wlis gazafxulis<br />
gamocemidan. Bruer, John T. `The Mind’s Journey from Novice to Expert~. American Educator 38 (zafxuli 1993): 6-15.) DE<br />
337
Tavi 13<br />
338<br />
amgvari instruqciis efeqtianobisaTvis maswavlebelma iseTi saklaso garemo<br />
unda Seqmnas, sadac moswavleebi Tavs usafrTxod igrZnoben sakuTari fiqrebis<br />
gamoxatvisas, endobian TavianT maswavlebels da Tanaklaselebs da sadac maT esmiT<br />
gansxvaveba ideebis kritikasa da adamianebis kritikas Soris. (xazgasma Cvenia)<br />
(Ellsworth and Sindt 1994). <br />
safrTxis (dacinvis, sulelis rolSi yofnis, an Secdomis) `gauvneblebis~ASedegebi dadasturebulia<br />
tvinis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb mimdinare kvlevebiT (Sylvester 1994). ra SegviZlia<br />
vTqvaT riskis gawevis klimatis xelSewyobis specifikur gzebze?<br />
Secdomebi<br />
Cvens qveyanaSi sjeraT, rom inteleqti ucvleli, Tandayolili da myari bunebisaa. moswavleTa<br />
umetesoba skolaSi swavlis pirvelive wlebidan igebs, rom Secdomebi sasargeblo<br />
monacemebi an swavlis SesaZleblobebi ki ar aris, romlebic unda gamoiyeno, aramed sisustis<br />
niSania. swored Secdomis, rogorc swavlis SesaZleblobis, xelSewyoba aris moswavleTa<br />
Tavdajerebulobisa da riskis gawevis survilis safuZveli. es idea gamoxata 30 wlis win jerom<br />
brunerma, roca Tqva, rom Cveni mizania davexmaroT moswavleebs `miiRon warmateba da<br />
marcxi ara rogorc jildo an sasjeli, aramed rogorc informacia~. swored ase iqcevian is<br />
adamianebi, romlebic warmatebas aRweven saklaso garemos am elementis Camoyalibebisas. beverli<br />
holisi (Beverly Hollis) linkolnis (masaCusetsi) me-7 klasis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> wers:<br />
wlis dasawyisSi, roca moswavleebi pasuxis gacemas dumils amjobineben da lodinis<br />
dro erTgvari satanjvelia, me vekiTxebi: `aris Tu ara es sikvdil-sicocxlis<br />
situacia? ara, maS ra moxdeba, Tuki SegeSlebaT? es xom erT-erTia im<br />
uTvalav pasuxTagan, romlis gacema sicocxleSi mogiwevT, ra moxdeba Tuki<br />
SecdebiT? Tu SecdebiT, garantias gaZlevT, rom swori pasuxis mosmenamde wasvlis<br />
uflebas ar mogcemT. magram ufro mniSvnelovania, rom pasuxis gacemisas<br />
gariskeT. ramdeni sazriani pasuxi da SeniSvna ver movismineT imis gamo, rom<br />
Tqven, rogorc moswavleebs, Secdomis SegeSindaT. ar msurs, rom aseTi SiSi<br />
Cveuli ram gaxdes Cvens klasSi~.<br />
vesaubrebi Cems pirad cxovrebaSi gaweuli riskebis Sesaxeb, velur adgilebSi<br />
kanoeTi Cems erTTvian mogzaurobaze da ama Tu im Temis konkretuli gziT swavlebis<br />
riskze. `minda, raRac axali movsinjo, rac viswavle da Tqveni ukukavSiri<br />
mWirdeba~, veubnebi maT. aseT ukukavSirs yoveli Temis Seswavlis Semdeg vTxov.<br />
veubnebi, rom SeuZliaT miTxran, Tu ar moewonebaT masalis axsnisas Cems mier<br />
gamoyenebuli konkretuli midgoma im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki SemomTavazeben pozitiur<br />
kritikas da aRniSnaven ra moewonaT da ratom, SemomTavazeben alternativebs<br />
an rCevebs, ra SeiZleboda gamekeTebina ufro ukeT. [yuradReba miaqcieT, rom<br />
moswavleebisTvis kritikis nebis micemiT, b-ni holisi maT garkveul Zalauflebasac<br />
aZlevs.] maT aseve vaZlev uflebas, airCion konkretuli Temis Seswavlis<br />
sasurveli midgoma da vTxov, amixsnan, ratom miaCniaT es midgoma saukeTesod.<br />
maT moswonT Zalaufleba; isini daujerebel gamWriaxobas avlenen da Sedegad<br />
iReben Cems maRal molodinebs da Cems kritikas arasasurveli Sefasebis miRebisas.<br />
testirebisas moswavleebs damatebiTi qulebis mogrovebis saSualebas va-<br />
Zlev, Tuki SeZleben sakuTari Secdomebis CamoTvlas an testis kiTxvis araswo-<br />
Ellsworth, P. C., and V. G. Sindt. `Helping `Aha` to Happen: the Contributions of Irving Sigal.` Educational Leadership 51 (May 1994):<br />
40-44. Copyright © 1994 by ASCD. ibeWdeba nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia.B
saklaso garemo<br />
rad gagebis mizezs. aseve Riad da advilad vaRiareb sakuTar Secdomebsac. imedi<br />
maqvs, rom gulwrfelobisa da riskis gawevis es atmosfero saSualebas maZlevs,<br />
Sevusworo moswavleebsac da sakuTar Tavsac ise, rom Secdomebis gamo Tavi damnaSaveebad<br />
an sulelebad ar vigrZnoT.<br />
ana Saini (Anna Shine) bostonis axali inglisis skolis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs:<br />
erT-erTi qceva, romelsac wavaxaliseb, Secdomebis daSvebaa. Cems moswavleebs<br />
veubnebi, rom mcdar pasuxze imdenad ar vidardeb, ramdenadac imaze, Tu ar<br />
ecdebian. mcdeloba da Secdomebis daSveba sasircxvilo ar aris, sasircxviloa<br />
sizarmace. sircxvilze uaresia swavlis gamouyenebeli SesaZlebloba. gamudmebiT<br />
vaxseneb, rom CemTvisac da maTTvisac gagebaa mniSvnelovani da ara Secdomebi.<br />
aSkaraa, rom moswavleebi ar gariskaven, Tu Tavs usafrTxod ar grZnoben. ase<br />
rom, vcdilob Cems klasSi swored usafrTxo garemo Sevqmna Secdomebis daSvebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, radgan moswavleebs SeuZliaT Secdomebis safuZvelze iswavlon.<br />
arsebiTad, moswavleebs didi (2-inCiani diametris mqone) oqrosferi varskvlavebiT<br />
vajildoeb or SemTxvevaSi: samuSaos kargad Sesrulebis da Secdomebis daSvebisas.<br />
rodesac oqros varskvlavebs pirvelad vaCveneb, ise miyureben, rogorc sulels.<br />
`oqros varskvlavi SecdomisaTvis?~ fiqroben isini. `albaT, ar icis, ras<br />
akeTebs~. miuxedavad amisa, isini swrafad igeben, rom `oqrosvarskvlaviani Secdoma~<br />
iseTi Secdomaa, romlis safuZvelze yvela moswavles raRacis swavla<br />
SeuZlia. aseTi Secdomis daSvebiT moswavle TanaklaselebisTvis swavlis axal<br />
SesaZleblobas uzrunvelyofs da Tavadac swavlobs, rom gariskva usafrTxoa.<br />
amgvari riskis gaweviT, moswavle izrdeba (misi codna da Tavdajerebuloba), sasurvel<br />
oqros varskvlavs iRebs, xolo klasi swavlobs.<br />
msgavs SemTxvevebSi CrdiloeT polusis feirbenkis (alaska) dawyebiTi skolis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
teri makarti (Terry McCarthy) `simamacis qulebs~ uwers im bavSvebs, romlebsac ar eSiniaT<br />
rTul sakiTxebze muSaoba scadon maSinac ki, rodesac darwmunebulebi ar arian sakuTar<br />
TavSi. dakvirvebuli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tavis gamogonili am da mravali sxva gziT, gaazrebulad<br />
qmnis da uwyobs xels klasSi riskis gawevisa da Secdomis daSvebisTvis usafrTxo garemos.<br />
tempi<br />
meore Sexeduleba, romelic bavSvebs `moaqvT~ skolaSi, aseTia: ufro swrafi ufro sxartia,<br />
imis nacvlad, rom sjerodeT – yuradReba, xarisxi da mondomebaa mniSvnelovani. ras<br />
akeTeben maswavlebelebi moswavleebisaTvis am damTrgunveli rwmenisagan ganTavisuflebis<br />
mizniT?<br />
me-11 TavSi aRvwereT xelmeored testirebis politika, romlis mixedviTac moswavlis<br />
saboloo Sefasebis safuZveli iqneba mis mier miRebuli umaRlesi qula miuxedavad imisa,<br />
ramdenjer gaivlis testirebas (ra Tqma unda, testebis alternatiuli formebis arsebobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT). aseTi forma Secvlis testirebisa da xelmeore testirebis maCveneblebis<br />
gasaSualebis praqtikas. aseTi praqtikis gareSe `A~, `B~ da `ar Caubarebia~ Sefaseba mxolod<br />
imis niSania, rom saboloo Sedegia mTavari da sxva araferi. aseTi gziT saboloo Sedegamde<br />
misvla sulac ar aufasurebs sxva moswavlis mier pirvelive jerze miRebul `A~ Sefasebas,<br />
339
Tavi 13<br />
ubralod zogs grZeli gza sWirdeba warmatebamde. 3<br />
lodinis drois gamoyeneba da misi mniSvnelobis axsna klasisTvis yoveldRiuri praqtikaa,<br />
romelic ufro azrovnebasa da mondomebas uwyobs xels, vidre siswrafes. velslis saSualo<br />
skolis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> meri en pilati (Mary Ann Pilat) msgavs praqtikas iyenebs:<br />
340<br />
moswavleebs vuxsni, rom sworxazovnad moazrovneebi swrafad pasuxoben dasmul<br />
kiTxvebs, magram arasworxazovani geStalt-moazrovneebi xSirad stimuls<br />
aZleven gansxvavebul azrovnebas. am saintereso fiqrebis midevnebis nacvlad<br />
swrafad sworxazovnad moazrovneebs ukve mzad aqvT kiTxvaze pasuxi. rogorc<br />
wesi, arasworxazovani moazrovneebi naklebad monawileoben saklaso diskusieb-<br />
Si, amitom diskusiis dawyebamde ZiriTad kiTxvebs dafaze vwer da klass 5 wuTs<br />
vaZlev maTze fiqrisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT meti bavSvis CarTulobas<br />
viReb Sedegad, TviT im bavSvebisac ki, romlebic arasodes iReben xmas.<br />
bolo strategia, romelic tempTan SedarebiT yuradRebisa da mondomebis mniSvnelobas<br />
usvams xazs, gaxlavT me-11 TavSi aRwerili `xelaxali swavlebis sistema~.<br />
ukukavSiri da daxmareba<br />
kidev erTi faqtori, romelic xels uSlis swavlas da zians ayenebs saklaso garemos, aris<br />
Sexeduleba, rom `kargi moswavle sakuTari ZalebiT akeTebs yvelafers~ nacvlad Sexedulebisa,<br />
rom kargi moswavle iTxovs daxmarebas da uzrunvelyofs ukukavSirs.<br />
maswavleblebi xels uwyoben am Sexed-<br />
kargi moswavle iTxovs daxmarebas da uzrunveulebis ganviTarebas misi modelirebiTa da<br />
lyofs ukukavSirs.<br />
waxalisebiT da iseTi struqturebis SeqmniT,<br />
romlebic aaSkaraveben mas. magaliTad, weris<br />
mraval programaSi Tanaklaselebis mier redaqtirebis<br />
procesi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sagnebis mixedviT moxsenebis werisas; namuSevris<br />
saboloo variantis damuSavebamde moswavleebma unda moisminon monaxazis Sesaxeb Tanatol-<br />
Ta kritika sazogadod miRebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT.<br />
saklaso rutinaSi aseve SeiZleba gamoviyenoT urTierTdaxmarebis sxva struqturebic:<br />
¤ moswavleebs SeuZliaT morigeobiT awarmoon Canawerebi JurnalSi (romelic ukana<br />
merxze devs) im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebmac gakveTili (ebi) gaacdines. es Canawerebi<br />
`dabrunebuli~ moswavleebisTvis erTgvari resursi iqneba _ daexmareba gaigon is masala,<br />
romelic ver moismines gacdenis gamo. moswavle, romelic am Canawerebs awarmoebs,<br />
personalurad exmareba im moswavles, romelmac gaacdina.<br />
¤ maswavlebels SeuZlia daajgufos an daawyvilos moswavleebi, raTa isini daexmaron<br />
erTmaneTs saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis an testirebisTvis momzadebaSi.<br />
¤ kooperaciuli swavlis sxvadasxva modeli, romlebic gundis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
emyareba misi yvela wevris stimuls. testirebaSi individualuri qulis mateba TviT am<br />
individis wina testirebis saSualo qulasTan SedarebiT, mTeli gundis qulis matebas<br />
niSnavs. gundisTvis swavlis dro uzrunvelyofilia ise, rom wevrebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTis<br />
daxmareba. (ix. Slavin 1986).<br />
3 novatorul skolebSi mxars uWeren Sefasebis amgvar politikas. ori semestris nacvlad trimestrebi aqvT. trimestrebs<br />
Soris Sualedi erTi kvira or mizans emsaxureba: im moswavleebs, romlebmac maRal donis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad daasrules<br />
saswavlo kursi, SeuZliaT mis ganvrcobasa da srulyofaze izrunon; moswavleebs, romlebmac jer ver daasrules kursi maRal<br />
doneze, damatebiTi kvirisa da maswavleblis daxmarebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.)
saklaso garemo<br />
aqtivobaTa sxva mravali struqtura, magaliTad, TanagundelTa konsultaciebi, oTxi<br />
kuTxe, Semowmeba wyvilebSi da Semswavleli megobrebi (Kagan 1992) aswavlis moswavleebs<br />
saWiro daxmarebis Txovnas.<br />
Zalisxmeva da unari<br />
Tu moswavleebs inteleqtis Tandayolilobis, ucvlelobis, gazomvadobisa da usamarTlod<br />
ganawilebis sjeraT, aseve daijereben, rom inteleqtis `raodenoba~, romelic maT aqvT,<br />
ZiriTadi faqtoria, romelic gansazRvravs warmatebebs skolaSi da skolis gareT momaval<br />
cxovrebaSi (Howard 1993). SeerTebul StatebSi sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT yvelaze metad<br />
ganviTarebuli da gavleniania Sexeduleba, rom inteleqti aris is, rac aregulirebs Cvens<br />
SesaZleblobebs. arsebiTad. inteleqtis, rogorc ucvlelisa da gazomvadis koncefcia Tavad<br />
SevqmeniT Cveni istoriis konkretul monakveTSi – daaxloebiT 1890-1920 wlebSi (Gould<br />
1982; Oakes 1985).<br />
am nawilSi ganvixilavT am Sexedulebis Sedegebs, kontrSexedulebis `tkbil nayofs~<br />
da moswavleTa Sexedulebis sasikeTod Secvlis gzebs. sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba, romlis<br />
mixedviT Tanamimdevruli Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani strategiebi warmatebis mTavari faqtoria,<br />
motivaciis wyarod iqceva da xels Seuwyobs swavlas, Tuki Secvlis rwmenas, rom Tandayolili<br />
inteleqti warmatebis mTavari faqtoria (Howard 1993). Tanamimdevruli strategiiTa<br />
da efeqtiani ZalisxmeviT nebismier moswavles SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva da ara mxolod<br />
yvelaze swrafsa da Tavdajerebuls.<br />
atribuciis Teoria gvixsnis ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis moqmedebis dinamikas (Weiner<br />
1970). Teoriis mixedviT Cvens mier Cvenive warmatebisa da warumateblobis mizezebis axsnas<br />
(atribucias) gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs Cvens momaval qcevaze. arsebiTad, es Sinagani axsna<br />
aris pasuxismgebeli Cvens momaval qcevaze. is maswavleblebi, romelTac surT daexmaron<br />
moswavleebs Tandayolili inteleqtis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis SecvlaSi Zalisxmevisa da kargi<br />
strategiebis mniSvnelobis sasargeblod saklaso cxovrebis aT sferoSi (me-11 Tavi) dadebiTi<br />
qcevis mowmeebi xdebian. magaliTad, isini moTminebiT agrZeleben muSaobas im moswavleebTan,<br />
romlebic swrafad ver pasuxoben; iyeneben miniSnebebs da lodinis dros. aq winamdebare<br />
Tavi nawilobriv Tanxvdeba me-11 Tavs (maswavleblis qcevis Seswavla, romelic arwmunebs moswavleebs<br />
sakuTar SesaZleblobebsa da Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobaSi). sami Setyobinebis – `es<br />
mniSvnelovania~, `amis gakeTebas SeZleb~, `danebebis nebas ar mogcem~ – gagzavna aseve mniSvnelovania<br />
moswavleTa dasarwmuneblad imaSi, rom maT sakmarisi inteleqti aqvT rTuli<br />
masalis dasaZlevad. dasaxmareblad maT mxolod xangrZlivi muSaoba, saWiro resursebi da<br />
swavlis strategiebi sWirdebaT. maswavleblis movaleobaa detalurad aswavlon maT strategiebi.<br />
gavlena<br />
`kargma maswavlebelma icis, rom swavlaSi CasarTvelad moswavleebs sakuTrebis garkveuli<br />
grZnoba unda hqondeT klasis an davalebis mimarT – pirovnuli Zalaufleba, rwmena,<br />
rom maT gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~ (Dodd 1995). es Sexeduleba aisaxa 1980-iani da 1990-iani<br />
wlebis or naSromSi. pirveli, azrovnebisa da individualuri stilis (mag., Myers and McCaulley<br />
1985; Harrison and Bramson 1982) Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa mravali sistemiT dadginda, rom kargad<br />
funqcionirebisTvis bevr adamians sWirdeboda sakuTari garemos garkveuli aspeqtebis<br />
marTva an kontroli. meore, konstruqtivistuli swavlis da swavlebis Sesaxeb literatura<br />
341
Tavi 13<br />
amtkicebs, rom namdvili gagebisTvis gamiznuli swavla moswavleebisgan moiTxovs sakuTari<br />
mniSvnelobebis Seqmnas (Brooks and Brooks 1993). es niSnavs imas, rom maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
moswavleebs unda hqondeT sakuTari kiTxvebisa da kvlevis sakuTari mimarTuleba.<br />
zemoxsenebuli literaturac amasve amtkicebs: warmatebuli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> poulobs gzebs,<br />
rom moswavleebs Tanaziarobis (monawileobis) garkveuli gancda gauCndeT da klasSi movlenaTa<br />
msvlelobasa da inteleqtualur cxovrebaze sakuTari gavlena igrZnon.<br />
mravali gza arsebobs imisTvis, rom moswavleebs sakuTar saskolo cxovrebaSi arCevani da<br />
gavlena SevTavazoT. erT-erTi maTgani miekuTvneba klasis socialur cxovrebas – saklaso<br />
TamaSis wesebs, rogorc interpersonaluri qcevis wesebis opozits. saklaso TamaSis wesebi<br />
saklaso diskusiis Catarebisas socialur normebsa da procedurebs miekuTvneba. xSirad<br />
am wesebze zepirad an werilobiT ar Tanxmdebian, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, mis cvlilebas<br />
girCevdiT. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>s mier dasmuli kiTxva, moswavlis pasuxi da maswavleblis Sefaseba<br />
diskusiis Cveuli ciklia, romelic asaxavs `wess~ - saklaso oTaxSi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gaakontrolebs<br />
saubars. klasze an saswavlo gegmaze kontrolis daukargavad, maswavlebels SeuZlia<br />
moswavleebs diskusiisa da saqmianobis warmarTvis proceduruli sistemis Camoyalibebasa<br />
da moqmedebaSi monawileobis neba darTos.<br />
sakuTrebisa da gavlenis grZnobis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi gza swavlis stilsa da arCevans<br />
exeba. bevri avtori (mag., Mamchur 1990) amtkicebs, rom moswavleebs SeZlebisdagvarad<br />
unda mivceT arCevanis saSualeba axali koncefciebis swavlis an davalebebis Sesrulebisas.<br />
maT mier arCevanis gakeTebas SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos maTive codnam sakuTari swavlis stilis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
dabolos, saklaso TamaSis wesebze kontrolisa da Sesasrulebeli saswavlo aqtivobebis<br />
formirebaSi monawileobis garda moswavleebs erToblivi sakuTrebac SeiZleba hqondeT klasis<br />
inteleqtualur cxovrebaze kiTxvebis dasmisa da maTi mniSvnelobebis Camoyalibebis sa-<br />
SualebiT.<br />
am Tavis darCenili xuTi nawili asaxavs saklaso cxovrebaze moswavleebisTvis WeSmariti<br />
gavlenis uflebis Cveneuli strategiuli midgomis siRrmesa da sirTules. am nawilebze muSaobisas<br />
sasargebloa imis gacnobiereba, romeli maTgania ufro rTuli da ratom. saklaso<br />
klimatis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, amiT Tavidan aicilebT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis<br />
zRvarze metis gakeTebis safrTxes. saWiro ar aris xuTive sakiTxs erTdroulad mimarToT<br />
an sxva doneze gadasasvlelad `ganviTarebis~ konkretul dones `daelodoT~. albaT, saWiro<br />
iqneba gvaxsovdes, rom qvemoT aRwerili xuTi midgoma TandaTanobiT rTuldeba da Tu dainteresebuli<br />
xarT, rom moswavleebs saklaso cxovrebaSi monawileobis grZnoba da gavlena<br />
ganuviTardeT, monawileobis naklebad rTuli formebiT daiwyoT da TandaTan gadaxvideT<br />
ufro rTulze.<br />
342<br />
SewyviteT Cemi swavleba<br />
`SewyviteT Cemi swavleba~ mianiSnebs imaze, rom vaswavloT moswavleebs signalebis gamoyeneba,<br />
raTa Seatyobinon maswavlebels, rodis veRar aRwevs swavleba mizans. lilian ketzi<br />
(Lilian Katz 1992) saubrobs sakuTari vaJisTvis, axalbeda maswavleblisTvis warmatebuli swavlebis<br />
zogierTi ZiriTadi principis swavlebaze:<br />
erTi ram, rac maswavlebelma mudam unda gaakeTos. . . nebismieri asakis moswavles<br />
aswavlos Semdegi frazebis Tqma: `damacadeT, ver gavige~, `SeiZleba kidev<br />
erTxel amixsnaT?~ `amas gulisxmobdiT?~ `SegiZliaT kidev erTxel maCvenoT?~<br />
`sworad gavige?~ rac moswavles saSualebas miscems gamoxatos, rodis sWirdeba
saklaso garemo<br />
daxmareba. mas SeuZlia dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebs ubralod uTxras: `maniSne<br />
xeliT, roca ver gaigeb~ (ASCD Conference 1992).<br />
Tu maswavleblebiseriozuladekidebianam am miTiTebebs, miTiTebebs, , miniSnebaTa miniSnebaTa miniSnebaTa iseTiseT iseT iseT sistemassistemas sistemas sistemas sistemas uvi-uviuviuvi- uvi- uviuvi-<br />
Tareben moswavleebs, rom es ukanasknelni sakuTari iniciativiT aRiareben, rom ver gaiges<br />
da Tavidan axsna sWirdebaT. xeliT miniSnebebi, magaliTad, qvemoT mimarTuli cera TiTi,<br />
SesaZloa erT-erTi aseTi signali iyos. SeiZleba SuqniSnis msgavsad moswavleebma wiTeli,<br />
yviTeli an mwvane baraTebi dailagon magidis kuTxeSi, rac maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs,<br />
mxedvelobiT swrafaddaadginos, daadginos, , gaiges gaiges Tu Tu Tu Tu ara ara ara ara moswavleebmarocamoswavleebmaroca moswavleebmaroca moswavleebmaroca moswavleebmaroca moswavlis moswavlis moswavlis moswavlis moswavlis niSanze niSanze niSanze niSanze niSanze swavswav-<br />
swav-<br />
swavswavlebis<br />
Sewyveta saklaso kulturis nawili xdeba, sxva simboloebi an frazebi am kulturis<br />
asaxvas emsaxureba. erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis klass uambo, rogor gaCerda mogzaurobis<br />
dros misi ojaxi – qmari da eqvsi Svili – sadilisaTvis `makdonalds~-Si. `sad aris bobi?~<br />
ikiTxa dedam oTxi milis gavlis Semdeg. aRmoCnda, rom sasadilodan gamosulebs siswrafeSi<br />
bili `makdonalds~-Si `darCaT~.<br />
`makdonalds~-Si xom ar damrCiT?~ _ amis Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> am frazas, rogorc Sifrs<br />
xSirad iyenebs imis gasarkvevad, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma. `misis svift, Cemi azriT,<br />
`makdonalds~-Si dagrCiT!~ iumornarevi Sifri maswavleblisTvis swavlebis Sewyvetinebas emsaxureba<br />
da maswavleblis damadasturebeli reaqcia aCvenebs, rom es praqtika mniSvnelovania,<br />
radgan vergagebis gamo SeniRbuli gakicxvis nacvlad moswavlisTvis Seqeba moaqvs.<br />
saklaso TamaSis wesebze SeTanxmeba<br />
saklaso TamaSis wesebze SeTanxmeba niSnavs moswavleebis CarTvas saklaso saqmianobis<br />
rutinisa da proceduris SeqmnaSi. es wesebi gansxvavdeba qcevis im wesebisagan, romelsac<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> da moswavleebi saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi SeimuSaveben xolme. es usityvo, aralegaluri<br />
da araformulirebuli wesebia. isini maswavleblisa da moswavlis da moswavleebs<br />
Soris interaqcias exeba iseTi sakiTxebze, rogoricaa kiTxva-pasuxi, saklaso dialogi da<br />
procedurebi. kiTxva-pasuxis gakveTili SeiZleba erTgvar TamaSad iqces, Tu moswavleebi<br />
swori pasuxis gacemiT gamarjvebas, xolo pasuxis arcodnis SemTxvevaSi `gauCinarebas~ (`damalvas~)<br />
ecdebian.<br />
erTxel Cvens kursebze dik adamsma (Dick Adams), niutonis (masaCusetsi) CrdiloeTis sa-<br />
Sualos skolis xelmZRvanelma moswavleebs hkiTxa: `miTamaSia Tu ara TqvenTan odesme `gamgamoicani, ras vfiqrob~? es cneba maSin Segvxvda, rodesac me-8 TavSi kiTxvis dasmis teqnikas<br />
SevexeT. albaT, gaxsovT, rom is maswavleblebi, romlebic am TamaSs sTavazoben maswavlebels,<br />
bundovan kiTxvebs usvamen maT da miuxedavad imisa, rom gonebaSi erT konkretul pasuxs elodebian,<br />
kiTxvis maTeulad dasma uamrav SesaZlo pasuxs iZleva. `ase arasdros movqceulvar,<br />
ara?~ kiTxulobs diki. moswavleebi Tavis dinjad dakvriT dadebiTad pasuxoben. `marTla?<br />
SegiZliaT magaliTebi gaixsenoT?~<br />
isini ixseneben. Semdgomma msjelobam gviCvena, rogor unda warimarTos klasis diskusia<br />
ise, rom maqsimalurad gavzardoT moswavleTa nayofieri monawileoba. magaliTad, maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebTan erTad gadawyvita, rom im moswavles, romelic dasmul SekiTxvas ver<br />
upasuxebda, am SekiTxvis gadamisamarTeba SeeZlo sxva moswavlisaTvis. Tu miyolebiT sami<br />
moswavle ver gascemda pasuxs maswavleblis kiTxvas, diki daaskvnida, rom man arasworad dasva<br />
kiTxva; am SemTxvevaSi mas gansxvavebulad unda daesva kiTxva an moswavleebisTvis ekiTxa<br />
azri.<br />
moswavleebs imdenad moewonaT es aqtivoba, rom gvTxoves videoTi gadagveRo. mivxvdiT,<br />
rom moswavleebi mxolod axali saqmianobiTa da saklaso diskusiis meti sicxadiT ki ar iyvnen<br />
343
Tavi 13<br />
gaxarebulni, aramed im gavleniT, rac maT TviT klasis marTvaSi hqondaT. maswavlebelTan<br />
TanamSromlobiT maT saklaso TamaSis wesebi Secvales da tradiciuli pasiuri msmenelebidan<br />
aqtiur da avtoritetul moTamaSeebad gadaiqcnen.<br />
am istoriis mizania Semdegi kiTxvis dasma: saklaso TamaSis wesebze gavlenis, interaqciisa<br />
da muSaobis formebisa da dinamikis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT<br />
moswavleebs? rogor unda CamovuyaliboT maT Tanaziarobis (inglisuri sityvis ownership-is<br />
qarTul sinonimad `Tanaziaroba~, `monawileoba~ varCieT, Tumca, zogjer `mesakuTreobasac~<br />
viyenebT. red. Sen.) grZnoba am wesebis mimarT?<br />
344<br />
vaswavloT moswavleebs swavlis principebisa da sxva strategiebis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
saklaso cxovrebaze gavlenis grZnobis Camoyalibebis mesame gza is aris, rom gavuziaroT<br />
moswavleebs swavlebisa da swavlis is strategiebi, romlebsac Tavad viyenebT. swavlebisa da<br />
swavlis strategiaTa saidumlo codnis gaziarebiT moswavleebs arCevans, Zalauflebasa da<br />
sakuTari swavlis kontrolis saSualebas vaZlevT.<br />
me-9 TavSi moxseniebuli swavlis mravali principi pirdapiro gziT unda vaswavloT moswavleebs,<br />
raTa SeZlon maTi gamoyeneba da efeqtian moswavleebad iqcnen. igives Tqma SeiZleba<br />
me-8 TavSi naxsenebi mTeli rigi teqnikebis mimarTac. kargi iqneba, Tu gadavxedavT am principebs<br />
da davadgenT, romeli maTgani ufro waadgebaT moswavleebs swavlis instrumentebad.<br />
rac ufro metad davinteresdebiT moswavleebisTvis Zalauflebisa da arCevanis SeTavazebiT,<br />
miT ufro araorazrovnad gadavcemT maT gankargulebaSi swavlis instrumentebs da davarwmunebT<br />
maT damoukidebel gamoyenebaSi.<br />
gTavazobT moswavleTaTvis SeTavazebul zogierT Cveneul princips:<br />
¤ Tanamimdevroba: moswavleebs SeuZliaT am principis gamoyeneba axali sityvebis (an<br />
Tanamimdevruli bunebis nebismieri masalis) swavlisas ise, rom maTTvis yvelaze Zneli<br />
sakiTxebi iyos optimalur pirvel an bolo adgilze.<br />
¤ varjiSi: moswavleebs am principis codnis gamoyeneba sakuTari individualuri varji-<br />
Sis grafikis optimizaciisTvis SeuZliaT.<br />
¤ miznis dasaxva: moswavleebs am principis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT realisturi akademiuri<br />
da qceviTi winsvlis miznebi dasaxon da maTi miRwevisTvis efeqtiani gegmebi<br />
Seadginon.<br />
¤ axsnis instrumentebi: vizualuri xatebi da gansakuTrebiT grafikuli organizatorebi<br />
SeiZleba moswavlis mudmiv instrumentad iqces. xatis gamoyeneba SeiZleba Sesvenebis<br />
drosac da mniSvnelobis vizualurad gaazrebis drosac. grafikuli organizatorebi<br />
SeiZleba Cvevad iqces, rogorc SeniSvnaTa Caweris teqnologia, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
kiTxvis, weris an naxvis dros moswavleebi iTviseben informacias. maswavlebels Seu-<br />
Zlia integrirebulad SesTavazos moswavleebs am instrumentebis gamoyeneba davalebebis<br />
Sesrulebisas da SesTavazos maTi gamoyenebis dros da gza (ix. me-8 Tavi).<br />
moswavleTaTvis am strategiebis gacnobis dros, im maswavleblebs, romlebmac atribuciis<br />
Teoria ician da TavdadebiT emsaxurebian samgvari molodinis Setyobinebis gagzavnas<br />
(`es mniSvnelovania~, `amis gakeTebas SeZleb~, `danebebis nebas ar mogcem~), gansakuTrebuli<br />
aRmoCena eliT. maT gauCndebaT xSiri SesaZlebloba daakavSiron am strategiaTa gamoyeneba<br />
moswavlis warmatebasTan da ar miscen saSualeba moswavles, warmateba inteleqts miaweros.<br />
`joz, romelime grafikuli organizatori gamoiyene am Tavis swavlis dros? ara? kargi, naxe!
saklaso garemo<br />
Sen calsaxad vizualuri Semswavleli xar. Senc da mec es kargad viciT. modi, vnaxoT, rogor<br />
SegviZlia am strategiis gamoyeneba aseTi masalis swavlisas. vici, rom amis gakeTebas SeZleb!~<br />
swavlis stili da arCevani<br />
`moswavleTa mier swavlis stilis Sesaxeb codnis gamoyeneba~ niSnavs, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ara mxolod iyenebs swavlis stilis Sesaxeb sakuTar codnas moswavleTa swavlis stilisadmi<br />
adaptaciis mizniT, aramed moswavleebsac aswavlis swavlis maTeul stils da mis gavlenas<br />
imaze, romeli davaleba iqneba maTTvis rTuli da romeli advili. amas garda, isini stimuls<br />
aZleven moswavleebs gamoiyenon swavlis sakuTari stilis Sesaxeb codna swavlis warmarTvisa<br />
da davalebaTa modifikaciisaTvis, rac maT sakuTari Zlieri mxareebis gamoyenebis saSualebas<br />
miscems. es moswavleTaTvis Zalauflebis micemis ufro rTuli safexuria, radgan maT<br />
davalebebis, testisa da proeqtis formebis arCevanis saSualebas aZlevs. weriTi samuSaosagan<br />
gansxvavebuli nebismieri samuSao (nonreport report) amgvari arCevanis praqtikaa.<br />
am wignis mravali mkiTxveli daswrebia swavlis stilis Sesaxeb seminarebs da zogierTma<br />
maTganma, SesaZloa, Zalian kargad icis swavlis erTi ar ramdenime stilis struqturis gamoyeneba.<br />
es struqturebi gvexmareba gavigoT msgavseba da gansxvaveba adamianTa mier swavlis<br />
dawyebis, msvlelobisa da naswavlis gamoxatvis gzebs Soris. aseve gvexmareba saswavlo<br />
garemos TaviseburebaTa da individebisTvis sxvadasxva aqtivobaTa misadagebis gagebaSi. magaliTad,<br />
zogi ukeT swavlobs saubriTa da sxvebTan interaqciiT, zogi sxvebTan interaqciis<br />
dawyebamde kiTxviT, mosmeniT, danaxviT. swavlis upiratesi stilis Sesaxeb codnis es nakrebi<br />
kargi saSualebaa imisTvis, rom moswavleebs saklaso cxovrebis mimarT Tanaziarobis grZnoba<br />
ganuviTaroT.<br />
moswavleebisTvis swavlis sakuTari stilis gacnobierebaSi daxmarebiT maT Zalauflebis<br />
mniSvnelovan formas vacnobT. pirvel yovlisa, moswavleebs SeuZliaT ganWvriton (maswavleblis<br />
daxmarebiT) konkretuli davalebis sirTule, romelic ar Seesabameba maTTvis swavlis<br />
upirates stils. swavlis stilis kargad gacnobis SemTxvevaSi, masTan asocirebuli faseulobaTa<br />
sistema saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, sirTule dainaxon konkretuli davalebis<br />
Sesrulebisas da miaweron is gansxvavebulobas da ara naklovanebas. meore, swavlis stilis<br />
ganWvreta da misi Sesabamisoba an Seusabamoba davalebasTan moswavleebs damatebiTi Zalisxmevis<br />
mobilizebisa, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, daxmarebis povnis saSualebas aZlevs. rodesac<br />
moswavleebs maTive swavlis stilis Sesaxeb codnis gamoyenebisken vubiZgebT, garkveul<br />
Zalauflebas vaZlevT.<br />
swavlis stilis Sesaxeb codnis miwodeba yvelaze martivia upiratesi modalobis gansaz-<br />
RvriT: vizualuri, smeniTi, kinestetikuri an maTi kombinaciiT. moswavleTaTvis swavlis<br />
upiratesi stilis gansazRvrisTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT upiratesi modalobis dasadgeni<br />
martivi testebi (ix. Barbe and Milone 1980). Semdeg ki unda veZeboT (da xmamaRla gavuziaroT<br />
moswavleebs) gansxvavebuli modalobis Sesatyvisi swavlebis varirebis gzebi. 4<br />
tvinis marjvena Tu marcxena naxevarsfero anu globaluri analizi swavlis gansxvavebuli<br />
stilis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa kidev erTi sistemaa, romelsac moswavleebi iyeneben. rita<br />
dani (Rita Dunn 1990) moswavleebs kidev erT sasargeblo Sexedulebas sTavazobs nayofieri<br />
swavlisTvis. entoni gregorkis (Anthony Gregorc 1985) SexedulebaTa sistema swavlis stilis<br />
Sesaxeb Zalze rTuli, magram imavdroulad Zalze sasargebloa. bernis makartis (Bernice Mc-<br />
Carthy 1987) 4MAT sistema mexuTea, xolo gardneris (Gardner 1983) mravalmxrivi inteleqtis<br />
4 swavlebaSi mravali modalobis CarTvisaTvis mosazrebaTa sasargeblo wyaroa David Lazear, Multiple Intelligence Approaches to<br />
Assessment and Seven Pathways to Learning, published by Zephyr Press.<br />
345
Tavi 13<br />
Sesaxeb Sexeduleba _ meeqvse. dabolos, maiers brigsisa (Myers Briggs) – meSvide.<br />
es Sexedulebebi Zalze mniSvnelovania da, Cveni azriT, isini maswavleblis profesiuli<br />
codnis arsebiTi nawilia. saklaso garemosa da, kerZod, gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania<br />
erT-erTi maTganis arCeva da misi SeTavazeba moswavleebisTvis. es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom<br />
Sexedulebis gacnobis safuZvelze maT sakuTar Tavs esa Tu is iarliyi `gamouweron~, aramed<br />
SeZlon sakuTari Zalisxmevis regulireba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis Txovna da<br />
zogjer davalebis Secvlis Taobaze iniciativis gamoCena swavlis stilis Sesaxeb sakuTari<br />
codnis gamoyenebiT.<br />
moswavleTaTvis davalebis modifikaciis Sesaxeb sakuTari azris gamoTqmis nebarTvisa da<br />
motivaciis uzrunvelyofas arCevanis sakiTxTan mivyavarT.<br />
ra saxis arCevani unda gaakeTon moswavleebma sakuTar akademiur samuSaosTan dakavSirebiT<br />
da rogor? karolin mamCuri (Carolyn Mamchur 1990) wers: `moswavleTaTvis arCevanis micema<br />
rTul sakiTxad SeiZleba mogveCvenos. magram sinamdvileSi Zalze martivia. wesi aseTia:<br />
yovelTvis, roca SegiZliaT, mieciT moswavles arCevanis saSualeba~.<br />
zepiri davalebebi moswavleTa mier davalebaTa formebze gavlenis kargi magaliTia. maTSi<br />
gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli araferia. es gare davalebebia ramdenime ZiriTadi gansxvavebiT.<br />
zepiri samuSaoa yvelaferi, rac tradiciuli werilobiTi informaciis kategoriaSi ar<br />
xvdeba. misi amocanaa moswavleebi miaCvios im azrs, rom maswavleblisTvis misaRebi da dasafasebeli<br />
iqneba maTi mosazrebebi. maTi pirveli kiTxva aseTia: `Tqven ra gsurT?~ radgan ician,<br />
rom maswavleblisTvis siamovnebis miniWeba sasurveli Sefasebis miRebis umoklesi gzaa.<br />
gTavazobT zepiri samuSaos magaliTebs:<br />
346<br />
1. moswavleebs SeuqmeniT STabeWdileba, rom standartuli werilobiTi moxsenebiT ver<br />
miiReben kreditebs, radgan is ar akmayofilebs davalebis moTxovnebs.<br />
2. davalebis SesrulebisTvis sakmao raodenobis qulebi daaweseT, rom misma Seusruleblobam<br />
uaryofiTad imoqmedebs Sefasebaze.<br />
3. SeqmeniT Sefasebis iseTi skala, romliTac Tanabrad SeafasebT Sinaarss da SemoqmedebiTobas<br />
(ufro martivad Tu vityviT, moswavlis Zalisxmevas codnis personalizaciisTvis).<br />
4. SearCieT Zalze zogadi Tema da mieciT moswavleebs arCevanis farTo SesaZlebloba.<br />
magaliTad, gazomvis swavlebisas mieciT saSualeba, SearCion gazomvasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli nebismieri ram. miuTiTeT, rom profesiaTa mxolod mcire nawils (hobi,<br />
sporti da sxv.) ara aqvs araferi saerTo gazomvis ama Tu im saxesTan. dausaxeleT magaliTebi.<br />
waaxaliseT, daasaxelon iseTi ram, rasac savaraudod araferi saerTo ara<br />
aqvs gazomvasTan (mzad iyaviT daasaxeloT gazomvasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebi).<br />
5. dausaxeleT moswavleebs zepiri saxis samuSaos formatis ramdenime magaliTi (es magaliTebi<br />
uamravia da mxolod warmosaxva Tu udebs zRvars). magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT<br />
moigonon TamaSi, daweron simRera, dadgan warmodgena, moamzadon prezentacia<br />
slaidebiT an dabeWdon, Seqmnan teqsturi faili an modeli. gaafrTxileT, rom met<br />
kredits miiReben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqveni SeTavazebuli ideisagan gansxvavebul rames<br />
warmoadgenen.<br />
6. albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom ar SeasrulebinoT aseTi saxis davaleba, Tu mzad<br />
ara xarT moswavleTa ideebis WeSmaritad dafasebisTvis. Tu ver SeZlebT kargisa da<br />
cudis Sesaxeb Tqveneul mosazrebebze uaris Tqmas da namuSevris maTi TvaliT danaxvas,<br />
samudamod dakargavT maT ndobas. ar unda dauweroT qula ugulisyurod da cudad<br />
Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis. erTxel moswavlem momitana fexsacmelebis yuTi,<br />
romelsac erT boloSi naxvreti hqonda. naSroms `Savi xvrelis muSa modeli~ erqva!
saklaso garemo<br />
aRmovaCine, rom Tu ideas 10 quliT Sevafasebdi, Sesrulebas – 10-iT, Sinaarss –<br />
10-iT, xolo Zalisxmevas – 5 quliT, maTi jami – 35 qula – realuri maCvenebeli<br />
gamodioda. Zalisxmevis qulas maSin viyenebdi, rodesac moswavles proeqtze<br />
samuSaod sami kvira hqonda da man mxolod 15 wuTi, an ramdenime saaTi gaimeta.<br />
Sedegis mixedviT advilia daxarjuli drois gansazRvra.<br />
pirvel jerze am Sefasebis gamoyenebisas, moswavleTagan, savaraudod, wignidan<br />
gadmoRebuli kolaJebis, koleqciebisa da gancxadebaTa kolaJs miiRebT. magram,<br />
rodesac moswavleebi dainaxaven, rom yvelaze gabedul, SemoqmedebiT da `saxaliso~<br />
proeqtebs aqebT, SemdgomisTvis met dros gaimeteben proeqtze samuSaod.<br />
am proeqtebze muSaobis pirveli wlis bolos maT iseT Temas vaZlev, romelzec<br />
klasSi ar gvimuSavia, magaliTad, mzis energia. isini Temas ikvleven, warmoadgenen<br />
Sedegebs – metaforul mzis Rumels da miniaturul mzis saTburs e.w.<br />
trombis kedlebiT, romelic mzis akumulirebas axdens da plastmasis boTlebisgan<br />
aris damzadebuli. isini mzis energiis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovan aspeqts<br />
moicaven maswavleblis daxmarebis gareSe. amgvar davalebaTa yvelaze arsebiTi<br />
aspeqti is aris, rom xSirad, is moswavleebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, C an D Sefasebas<br />
iReben Cveulebriv davalebebSi, am SemTxvevaSi damoukideblad muSaoben<br />
da ukeTes Sedegs aRweven.<br />
Zepiri davalebebi moswavleebs dagegmvis, kvlevis da Sesrulebis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs. is stimuls aZlevs maT SemoqmedebiT potencials da Sinaarsze muSaobas<br />
aiZulebs. bevri moswavle daxmarebisTvis `eqsperts~ eZebs da mraval sainteresos<br />
swavlobs xaliCebis, fotografiis, bgerebisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb.<br />
maswavleblisTvis Zalze saintereso da sasiamovnoa iseTi proeqtebis xilva,<br />
romlebic odnavadac ki ar hgavs mosalodnels. (Anonymous, Mindsight, New<br />
Lenox, III., 1989).<br />
specifikuri kriteriumebis gansazRvra moswavleebisTvis naTels gaxdis, xarisxis ra<br />
atributebi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli zepir davalebaSi. magaliTad, mzis energiis Sesaxeb<br />
kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos: (1) xsnis mzis energiis gardaqmnis sam gansxvavebul gzas, (2)<br />
msjelobs mzis energiis sxvadasxva formebis danaxarjebsa da sargebelze da (3) iyenebs monacemebs<br />
mzis, wiaRiseuli sawvavisa da birTvuli energiebis efeqtianobis Sesadareblad. am<br />
kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT moswavleebs SeuZliaT aTobiT sxvadasxvagvari prezentaciis Seqmna,<br />
romlebic maT mier naswavls asaxavs.<br />
rendolfi da evertsoni (Randolf & Evertson 1995) moswavleTa arCevanis martiv magaliTebs<br />
gvTavazoben, romlebic naTlad gviCvenebs maT winaSe arsebul mravalferovan SesaZleblobebs:<br />
misis kuperi xSirad moswavleebs iseTi davalebebis arCevis uflebas aZlevs, romlebsac<br />
Tavad unda urCevdes. moswavleTa kontrolis sferoebi moicavs: gadawyvetilebas<br />
monawileobis formis Sesaxeb, klasis yuradRebis miqcevas da diskusiis<br />
gaZRolas. . . moswavle liderebi, rogorc wesi, klasis winaSe dganan, magram<br />
misis kuperi maT TavianTi magidebidan wakiTxvis nebasac aZlevs. is aseTive arCevanis<br />
saSualebas aZlevs klasisTvis pirveladi namuSevrebis gacnobisas. is faqti,<br />
rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar gansazRvravs Sesatyvisi monawileobis am aspeqts, moswavleebs<br />
aZlevs arCevanis saSualebas, Tavad gansazRvron kontrolis es apeqti.<br />
moswavleTa mier arCevanis gakeTebis, aqtivobis mimdinareobisa da diskusiis kontrolis<br />
es unari nawilobriv gansazRvravs kooperaciuli swavlis warmatebas. kooperaciuli swavlis<br />
yvela modelSi moswavleebi jgufebad muSaoben, sadac akontroleben dialogs, vin saubrobs,<br />
rodis da ramden xans.<br />
347
Tavi 13<br />
348<br />
moswavleebi da maTi sazogadoebebi, rogorc codnis wyaro<br />
konstruqtivistuli swavleba<br />
konstruqtivistuli pedagogika moswavleTa gavlenas klasis inteleqtualur cxovrebaze<br />
avrcelebs da SesaZloa moswavleTa Tanaziarobis grZnobis yvelaze maRali done iyos.<br />
imavdroulad is yvelaze rTulia da maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebis sistemis cvlilebas<br />
moiTxovs; Cvenma umravlesobam iseT skolebSi miiRo ganaTleba, sadac codna gadmogvces<br />
moxmarebisa da aTvisebisTvis. bruksi da bruksi (Brooks & Brooks 1993) konstruqtivistuli<br />
pedagogikis xuT urTierTmomcvel princips gvTavazoben:<br />
1. moswavleTaTvis mniSvnelovani problemis wamoWra;<br />
2. swavlis ageba `didi ideis~ an sawyisi koncefciebis irgvliv;<br />
3. moswavleTa Tvalsazrisis garkveva da dafaseba.<br />
4. kurikulumis `morgeba~ moswavleTa hipoTezebze;<br />
5. moswavleTa swavlis Sefaseba swavlebis konteqstSi (gv. 33).<br />
ozibeli (Ausubel 1963) aRniSnavs, rom kargi swavlebisas yovelTvis rCeba adgili `aqtiuri<br />
swavlisTvis~, magram aseve rCeba didi adgili kargad dagegmili swavlebisTvis, romelic moswavleebs<br />
saSualebas aZlevs sakuTari ZalebiT gansazRvron mniSvnelobebi.<br />
rendolfi da evertsoni (Randolf & Evertson 1995) interaqtiuri diskusiis analizisas,<br />
amgvar pedagogikas aRweren: `codnis ageba, romelic saubris saSualebiT xdeba, damokidebulia<br />
Zalauflebis gadanawilebaze maswavleblisgan moswavleze. is faqti, rom codna moswavleTagan<br />
momdinared ivaraudeba, moswavleebs codnis mflobelebad warmogvidgens, codna<br />
ki, rogorc wesi, maswavleblis sakuTrebaa xolme~.<br />
konstruqtivistuli swavleba moswavleebs codnis mwarmoeblebisa da codnis redaqtorebis<br />
rols akisrebs nebismier disciplinaSi (Brooks & Brooks 1993). rendolfisa da evertsonis<br />
kvlevaSi aRwerilia gakveTilebis seria literaturaSi. isini gviCveneben, rogor<br />
SeuZlia maswavleblis mier dialogis gaazrebul regulirebasa da moswavleebTan interaqcias<br />
moswavleebi codnis WeSmarit mflobelebad aqcios. magaliTad, misis kuperma sTxova<br />
moswavleebs arakebis magaliTebis motana misi gmirebis analizis mizniT. man klass arakebis<br />
moralis ganzogadeba sTxova:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: risi Tqma SegviZlia arakis moralis Taviseburebebze? [moswavleebi<br />
sTavazoben mosazrebebs.]<br />
iqneb imis axsna gvWirdeba, ra aris arakis gakveTili anu morali. es<br />
aris miTiTeba imisa, rogor gavxdeT ukeTesebi.<br />
laura: araki cdilobs dagvicvas Secdomebisgan. [<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> dafaze<br />
wers: `araki gvexmareba gavxdeT ukeTesebi da gvicavs Secdomebisagan~.]<br />
timi: ar geTanxmebiT. zogjer arakSi yvelaferi arc ise kargadaa.<br />
hilari: SeuZlia dagvexmaros. [<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> `gvexmareba~-s nacvlad wers<br />
`SeuZlia dagvexmaros~: `araks SeuZlia dagvexmaros, gavxdeT uke-<br />
Tesebi da dagvicvas Secdomebisgan~.]<br />
onika: magram Secdomebs xom yvela uSvebs.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: marTali xar (dafaze daweril winadadebas amatebs: `an viswavloT<br />
gmirebis mier daSvebul Secdomebze~.), arakis mizania dagvexmaros,<br />
Tavidan aviciloT bevri Secdoma.
am epizodis analizisas rendolfi da evertsoni (Randolf & Evertson 1995) weren:*<br />
saklaso garemo<br />
diskusia misis kuperis SekiTxviT iwyeba. moswavleTa pasuxebi misTvis ar aris<br />
is informacia, romlis miRebac surs, amrigad, misis kuperi sakuTar pasuxs<br />
sTavazobs: morali gvaswavlis, rogor gavxdeT ukeTesebi. pasuxis Camoyalibebisas<br />
misis kuperi sakuTar SekiTxvasac azustebs: mas moralis mizani ainteresebs.<br />
am axali informaciis saSualebiT, lauras SeuZlia iseTi pasuxi SesTavazos maswavlebels,<br />
romelic azustebs dafaze daweril pasuxs. misis kupers klasSi avtoritetis<br />
pozicia aqvs – acnobs Temas, moswavleebi sTavazoben SesaZlo pasuxebs,<br />
is afasebs, uaryofs manam, sanam iseT pasuxs ar moismens, romelic mis<br />
molodinebs Seesabameba.<br />
interaqciis buneba icvleba imiT, rom timi misis kuperisa da lauras erTobliv<br />
pasuxs eWvqveS ayenebs. sinamdvileSi, timi Tavad kisrulobs pasuxis Semfaseblis<br />
rols da misis kupers lauras TanamSromlis rols akisrebs. amrigad, misis kuperis<br />
pasuxis Sefasebac iseve SeiZleba, rogorc sxva monawilis pasuxisa.<br />
onika da suzani uerTdebian sakiTxis ganxilvas, kiTxvis qveS ayeneben moralis<br />
saWiroebas da TviT mis gansazRvrebas. ratom unda ecados morali CvenTvis<br />
Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas, Tu maT mainc davuSvebT? kiTxuloben isini. maTi<br />
monawileoba diskusiaSi axali Temis safuZveli xdeba, razec misis kuperi Sesabamisad<br />
reagirebs, afasebs, mianiSnebs misaRebi mosazrebebis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad<br />
asworebs dafaze pirvelad Canawers. amrigad gansazRvreba misis kuperis,<br />
lauras, timis, hilaris, onikasa da suzanis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT iwereba dafaze.<br />
aseTive scenariT SeiZleba moswavleTa mier codnis ageba maTematikasa Tu nebismier sxva<br />
saganSi. amgvari swavleba zogierTi maswavleblisgan moiTxovs rolis Secvlas da isini codnis<br />
`administratorebidan~ moswavleTa mier mniSvnelobis gansazRvris procesSi damxmareebad<br />
iqcevian.<br />
xSirad konstruqtivistul swavlebaSi maswavleblis roli ganisazRvreba imiT, rom moswavleebi<br />
Caabas winaswarmetyvelebaSi, Semdeg saganze dakvirvebaSi da hipoTezis wamoyenebaSi,<br />
romelsac Semdeg moswavleebi gamoscdian dakvirvebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, moswavleTa<br />
umetesoba winaswarmetyvelebs, rom mZime sagnebi ufro swrafad ecema, vidre msubuqi,<br />
rac ar aris swori. hipoTezis wamoweva da Semdgomi eqsperimentebisa Sesaxeb dialogi da<br />
axsna-ganmartebebi, romelsac konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi mimarTaven, iseTive TaviseburebebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba, rogoric rendolfisa da evertsonis magaliTSi gvaqvs mocemuli.<br />
is cvlilebebi, romlebic maswavleblis repertuarSi konstruqtivistuli swavlebis<br />
CarTvas moaqvs, Znelad SesamCnevi, magram arsebiTia. erTi SexedviT saklaso oTaxi, davalebebi<br />
da Temebi TiTqos didad ar icvleba. cvlileba TvalSi sacemia moswavleTa dialogSi<br />
da maswavleblisa da moswavleTa rolebis cvlilebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom zedapiruli<br />
cvlilebebi umniSvneloa, rolis cvlileba mniSvnelovania da erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebs<br />
moswavleTa motivaciisa da Zalisxmevis zrdas da gagebis gaumjobesebas (Newmann & Wehlage<br />
1995).<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Randolf, Catherine H., and Carolyn M. Evertson. `Managing for Learning: Rules, Roles, and Meaning in a Writing<br />
Class`. Journal of Classroom Interaction 30 (Summer 1995): 17-25.)<br />
349
Tavi 13<br />
350<br />
kulturis TvalsazrisiT relevanturi swavleba<br />
2020 wlisTvis, rodesac SeerTebul StatebSi moswavleTa TiTqmis naxevari feradkaniani<br />
iqneba, 5 gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gvqondes iseTi skolebi, sadac yvela moswavlis kulturas<br />
aRiareben da daafaseben. am moswavleTa kulturis gauTvaliswinebloba skolis artifaqtebSi,<br />
tradiciebSi, xelovnebaSi da kurikulumSi, maT ara marto motivacias uspobs, aramed<br />
mravali maTganis gaucxoebasac iwvevs (Cummins 1986). ledson-bilingss (Ladson-Billings<br />
1995) es argumenti kurikulumis ufro myisier zonaSi gadmoaqvs da gviCvenebs, rom sazogadoebis<br />
gamoyeneba kurikulumis agebisas swavlas ufro mravalmniSvnelovnad, aqtiurad da<br />
kulturis TvalsazrisiT, relevanturad aqcevs:<br />
saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi erT-erTma maswavlebelma moswavleebs im sferos dasaxeleba<br />
sTxova, romelSic Tavs kompetenturad Tvlidnen. Semdeg Tavi mouyara `klasis eqspertebis~<br />
sias da dauriga moswavleebs. mogvianebiT, moswavleebs sTxova, kalendarze moeniSnaT dRe,<br />
rodesac TavianTi kompetenciis sferodan prezentaciis warmodgenas moisurvebdnen. prezentaciis<br />
dros moswavleebi moelodnen, rom Tanaklaselebi yuradRebiT mousmendnen da seriozulad<br />
miiRebdnen im codnas, romlis gaziarebasac sTavazobdnen – CainiSnavdnen da/an relevantur<br />
SekiTxvebs dasvamdnen. moswavleebis mier SeTavazebuli Temebi mravalferovnebiT<br />
gamoirCeoda: repi, kalaTburTi, saeklesio galoba, saWmlis momzadeba, Tmis varcxniloba<br />
da ZiZoba. zogierTma maTganma ufro skolasTan dakavSirebuli kompetenciebi daasaxela –<br />
kiTxva, wera da maTematika. miuxedavad amisa, yvela moswavles unda gaeziarebina Tavis kompetencia<br />
(Ladson-Billings 1995).<br />
zogierT mkiTxvels, albaT, ainteresebs, rogor SeiZleba amgvari Tavisufali davalebebi<br />
Seesabamebodes kurikulums, romelic moswavleebisgan specifikur unar-CvevebSi gawafvas<br />
moiTxovs. wignis me-16 TavSi aRwerili gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT maswavlebels SeuZlia kvlevis,<br />
organizebis, kiTxvis, werisa da metyvelebis (an kurikulumSi mocemuli nebismieri<br />
sxva) unar-Cveva moswavle eqspertebis mier kargi prezentaciis warmodgenis kriteriumebSi<br />
Caaqsovos. ledson-bilingsis azriT, moswavleebs aqvT garkveuli codna, romelsac isini<br />
warmoadgenen da romelsac aRiareben garkveuli faseulobis mqoned. `saklaso eqspertebis~<br />
davalebebi iseTi gamocdilebaa, romelic zrdis moswavlis monawileobisa da gavlenis<br />
grZnobas, radgan moswavlis codna da is kultura, romelic am codnas udevs safuZvlad,<br />
kerZod ki, moswavliseuli kultura – naTlad dasturdeba skolis saswavlo aqtivobebiT.<br />
`kulturis TvalsazrisiT relevanturi swavleba~ ledson-bilingsis im statiis saTauria,<br />
saidanac es nawyvetebi gvaqvs motanili. kulturis TvalsazrisiT relevanturi swavleba ar<br />
niSnavs sxva kulturebis swavlebas, Tumca amasac garkveuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes.<br />
es niSnavs moswavleTa kulturis ganmtkicebas saswavlo gamocdilebaSi iseTi Temebis, movlenebisa<br />
da codnis CarTviT, romlis safuZveli TviT moswavleTa kulturaa. es aris zrunva<br />
ara mxolod calkeul moswavleebze, aramed im sazogadoebazec, romlis wevrebic es moswavleebi<br />
(kurikulumis gamocdilebis wyaro) arian.<br />
erT-erTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sazogadoebas kurikulumis agebis safuZvlad iyenebda.<br />
misi moswavleebi ikvlevdnen qveynis istoriul arqivebs, intervius iRebdnen<br />
am qveynis didi `staJis~ rezidentebisagan, qmnidnen kiTxvarebsa da anketebs,<br />
iwvevdnen momxseneblebs, raTa meti gaegoT maTi sazogadoebis istoriuli ganvi-<br />
Tarebis Sesaxeb. maTi saboloo mizani iyo SeemuSavebinaT winadadeba mitovebuli<br />
savaWro centris miwis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, romelic narkotikebis moxmarebisa<br />
da sxva saxifaTo saqmianobebis adgilad iyo qceuli. proeqti imiT dasrulda,<br />
5 Hodgkinson, H. Presentation to Phi Delta Kappan Annual Conference, 1993.
saklaso garemo<br />
rom moswavleebma qalaqis sabWosa da qalaqis dagegmarebis komisias prezentacia<br />
warudgines. erT-erTma moswavlem aseTi ram miTxra: `es [sazogadoeba] arc ise<br />
cudi ram aris. aq bevri kargi ram xdeboda da kvlavac xdeba~. maswavleblis azriT,<br />
es gogona imas swuxda, rom moswavleTa umetesobas warmatebis erTaderT<br />
gzad sazogadoebisagan gandgoma miaCnda da ara misi gardaqmna (Ladson-Billings<br />
1995). 6<br />
6 sxvagan ladson-bilingsi mtkiced uWers mxars saklaso sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas da urTierTdaxmarebis garemos Seqmnas.<br />
351
s a k l a s o g a r e m o - S e j a m e b a<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis sasargeblo iqneba Seafasos saklaso garemos Sesaxeb sakuTari<br />
mosazrebebi da gamocdileba. mkiTxvels vTxovT, Seavsos winamdebare kiTxvari da<br />
sakuTari pasuxebi Seadaros kolegebis pasuxebs.<br />
sazogadoeba da urTierTdaxmareba<br />
rogor waaxalisebT moswavleebs erTmaneTisa da sxva adamianebis gasacnobad?<br />
rodis usmenT, aRiarebT da udasturebT moswavleebs, rom isini mniSvnelovani<br />
adamianebi arian da maTTvis zrunavT?<br />
rodis swavloben moswavleebi jgufur pasuxismgeblobasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas?<br />
ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT moswavleebs socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da kooperaciuli<br />
swavlis gasacnobad?<br />
rogor aswavliT da avarjiSebT konfliqtis gadaWris strategiebSi saklaso oTax-<br />
Si da skolaSi?<br />
gariskva da Tavdajerebuloba<br />
ra dros waaxalisebT xolme moswavleTa mier riskis gawevas?<br />
ras akeTebT imisTvis, rom moswavleebi damTrgunveli Sexedulebisagan – siswrafe<br />
Tu yuradReba da mondomeba – gaaTavisufloT?<br />
s a k l a s o g a r e m o - S e j -<br />
a m e b a<br />
353
354<br />
rodis acnobT moswavleebs Sexedulebas `kargi moswavle muSaobisas iTxovs daxmarebas<br />
da ukukavSirs~?<br />
rogor igeben moswavleebi, rom Zalisxmevas garkveuli cvlilebebi moaqvs?<br />
gavlena<br />
rodis ekisrebaT moswavleebs kontrolisa da gavlenis roli?<br />
swavlis ra principebi ician moswavleebma da romelTa gamoyenebas waaxalisebT?<br />
ra SesaZleblobebs sTavazobT moswavleebs swavlebis gamoyenebuli modelebis<br />
farglebSi kontrolisTvis?<br />
ra SesaZleblobebs sTavazobT moswavleebs avTenturi codnis sawarmoeblad da<br />
saklaso diskusiis konstruqtivistuli perspeqtivis mixedviT asagebad?<br />
eqspertobis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT moswavleebs?<br />
ra saSualebebs iyenebT imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi sazogadoebis kultura ganixilebodes<br />
rogorc `avtoritetuli~ saswavlo gegmisa da, Sesabamisad, codnis<br />
arsebiTi wyaro?
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14<br />
miznebi<br />
ra vaswavloT da rogor ganvsazRvroT<br />
miznebi?<br />
maswavleblis xedvis xuTi tipi<br />
maswavleblis xedva da gakveTilis<br />
dagegmva<br />
sirTulis done<br />
mizanTa pirveladi wyaroebi<br />
mizanTa meoreuli wyaroebi
miznebi<br />
am ramdenime wlis win swavlebis parametrebis dasadgenad Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi<br />
monawileTa 80%-is azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani parametri miznebis gansazRvra aRmoCnda<br />
(Saphier 1980). gamokiTxulebma TavianTi Sexeduleba Semdegnairad ganmartes:<br />
`Tu ar ici, saiT miemarTebi, daniSnul adgils ver miaRwev~, `miznebi amosavali wertilia~ da<br />
`yvelafers, rasac vakeTebT, safuZvlad udevs is, riskenac miviltviT~.<br />
maTi pasuxebi sakmaod logikurad da damajereblad JRerda (sakiTxi ukve amgvarad aRar<br />
ismis. Cven im daskvnamde mivediT, rom yvela parametri mniSvnelovania da erTmaneTs avsebs:<br />
kargad Camoyalibebuli miznebi arafers niSnavs swavlebis swori meTodebis an swori Sefasebis<br />
gareSe). magram TvalSi sacemi iyo Seusabamoba maT mier dasaxelebul prioritetebsa<br />
da praqtikul moqmedebebs Soris. cnobilia, rom maswavlebelTa umravlesoba gegmis Sedgenisas<br />
imas ki ar isaxavs miznad, rom moswavleebma<br />
iswavlon, aramed imas, rom aqtivobebi Seasrulon<br />
(Peterson, Marx, and Clark 1978; Joyce, Clark,<br />
and Peck 1981): isini gegmaven Tavad ra unda<br />
gaakeTon da ra TanamimdevrobiT, aseve gegma-<br />
Tu ar ici saiT miemarTebi, daniSnul adgils<br />
ver miaRwev.<br />
ven moswavleTa mier Sesasrulebel aqtivobebsa da maT mimdevrobas. swavlebis procesisadmi<br />
amgvari midgoma joisis, klarkisa da pekis (1981) azriT, imiT aixsneba, rom maswavleblebi<br />
moqmedeben saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi Sedgenili grZelvadiani gegmis mixedviT da winaswar<br />
aqvT gansazRvruli, Tu ra teqstebi da ra masala unda gamoiyenon wlis manZilze.<br />
aseTi midgoma maswavlebels Sesaswavl masalaze orientirebuls xdis da ara swavlaze,<br />
ris gamoc, SeiZleba, advilad ascdes mizans: Tu masalasa da aqtivobebs miejaWveba, SeiZleba,<br />
swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa xalisiT CarTvasac miaRwios, magram gakveTilis Sedegi<br />
gaurkveveli, bundovani da absoluturad daugegmavi aRmoCndes. moswavleTa CarTuloba da<br />
saxaliso gakveTilis Catareba, TavisTavad, kargi mizania, Tumca, arasakmarisi efeqtiani<br />
swavla-swavlebisTvis.<br />
gaurkveveli miznebi SeiZleba uaryofiTad aisaxos gakveTilis processa da swavlebis<br />
xarisxze. amis naTeli ilustraciaa erT-erTi dawyebiTi skolis yofili direqtoris madlen<br />
hanTeris naambobi. mas sabavSvo baRis erT-erT jgufSi sruli qaosi daxvda: oTaxi feradi<br />
qaRaldebiT iyo mofenili da weboTi moTxvrili. indaurebis mimografebze bavSvebi qaRaldebs<br />
awebebdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT kolaJi madlierebis dResTan dakavSirebiT. rodesac madleni<br />
dainteresda, Tu ra xdeboda oTaxSi, aRmzrdelma upasuxa, rom bavSvebi ase eziarebodnen<br />
xelovnebas. maT Soris aseTi dialogi gaimarTa:<br />
madleni: ratom gaarTuleT es procesi indaurebis mimografebiT? SegeZloT<br />
maTTvis pirdapir dagerigebiaT feradi furclebi da migecaT sa-<br />
Sualeba, rom SemoqmedebiTebi yofiliyvnen.<br />
361
Tavi 14<br />
362<br />
aRmzrdeli: me mindoda, rom Tvalisa da xelis koordinirebul moqmedebaSi gavarjiSebuliyvnen.<br />
madleni: maSin, ratom ar SemoaxazvineT indauris konturi? rodesac bavSvebi<br />
mTlianad Seavseben mimografs, gagiWirdebaT, maT daanaxvoT,<br />
daicves Tu ara konturi.<br />
aRmzrdeli: me ufro sxva ram mindoda. es gakveTili dacvis, mofrTxilebis Sesaxeb<br />
iyo. bavSvebma webo umiznod daxarjes. me ki vcdilobdi maT-<br />
Tvis amexsna, rom cot-cota exmaraT.<br />
madleni: maSin maTTvis mcire raodenobis webo unda migecaT da dalodebodiT,<br />
indauris ra nawilis dasasruleblad eyofodaT. maSin mixvdebodnen,<br />
rom webo uazrod ar unda daexarjaT. maT imdeni webo<br />
hqondaT, rom momWirneobis aucilebloba ver dainaxes.<br />
aRmzrdeli: ar SeiZleba, rom bavSvebma ubralod ixmauron da ase gaerTon?<br />
madleni: rogor ar SeiZleba, magram ra moswonT maT yvelaze metad?<br />
aRmzrdeli: yvelaze metad ezoSi sirbili moswonT.<br />
madleni: SegeZloT isini naxevari saaTiT gareT gageyvanaT da, ubralod,<br />
Tval-yuri gedevnebinaT, maSin aseTi qaosi ar Seiqmneboda da arc<br />
oTaxi geqnebodaT dasalagebeli (Hunter 1977).*<br />
maswavleblebis mier swavlebis procesis gansxvavebulad warmarTvis mizezebi swavlebis<br />
miznebis gansxvavebul xedvaSi unda veZeboT. zogierTisTvis, miznis gansazRvrisas, amosavali<br />
wertili asaxsneli masalaa: `gakveTilis mizania, gavecnoT masalas I msoflio omSi qimiuri<br />
Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb~. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gakveTils imgvarad gegmavs, rom Seexos yvela sakiTxs da<br />
srulad moicvas Tema. misTvis mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebs Temis irgvliv amomwuravi<br />
informacia miawodos da gakveTilic mTavrdeba. aseTi xedva gavlenas axdens swavlebis procesze:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ejaWveba gegmasa da cxrils da Sedegad, faqtebis CamomTvlelis rolSi<br />
gamodis. TiTqmis uyuradRebod rCeba klasis Semowmeba, moswavleebis aRmomCenis rolSi Cayeneba<br />
da sxvadasxva Temis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba.<br />
maswavleblis xedvis xuTi tipi<br />
Cveni dakvirvebiT, arsebobs miznebis xedvis xuTi tipi, romlebsac maswavleblebi iyeneben.<br />
TiToeuls Tavisi adgili aqvs,Mmagram romelimes gansxvavebulobam, SesaZloa, swavlebis procesSi<br />
seriozuli xarvezebi Seitanos. ganvixiloT xuTive tipis xedva da Sesabamisi miznebi.<br />
A<br />
masalis amowurvis miznebi<br />
Tu maswavleblis mizani moswavleebisaTvis axali masalis miwodebaa, is sakiTxs udgeba<br />
ara moswavlis, aramed sakuTari poziciidan. is gegmavs rogor moaxdinos masalis prezentacia,<br />
rogor axsnas, aRweros Tu Seexos garkveul Temas, movlenebs, procedurebs, procesebs.<br />
gegmis Sesrulebis Semdeg, Tvlis, rom gakveTili Catarda – man srulad `amowura masala~,<br />
TiTqos codna sakuTari Tavidan amoiRo da `sadRac Semodo~. xSirad, axali masalis axsnisas,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar iyenebs im bazas, romelic moswavleebs ukve aqvT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da<br />
arc imas arkvevs, ramdenad gaiazres axsnili masala.<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hunter, M. Presentation at ASCD, 1977.
aqtivobis miznebi<br />
miznebi<br />
zogjer, gakveTilis miznebis dasaxvisas, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> orientirebulia im aqtivobebze,<br />
romlebic unda, rom moswavleebs Seasrulebinos: savarjiSos amoxsna, kiTxvebze pasuxis<br />
gacema, problemis gadaWra, eqsperimentis Catareba, sakiTxis ganxilva da sxv. sinamdvileSi<br />
mizani aris is, rom davaleba Sesruldes. aseTi midgomis safuZvelze konkretuli davaleba<br />
sulac ar aswavlis moswavles imas, risi swavlebac maswavlebels hqonda miznad dasaxuli da<br />
Sedegad moswavle verafers ver swavlobs.A<br />
dawyebiT klasebSi maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs daavalos Temis dawera. moswavleTa<br />
dainteresebisa da CarTulobis mizniT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maT naxatebian gadasakravebs<br />
urigebs, romlebic SeuZliaT TavianTi `wignis~ ydad gamoiyenon. maT mier warmodgenili<br />
Temebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes: dawyebuli dasrulebuli<br />
SinaarsiT, romelic Sedgeba Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da dasasrulisgan, damTavrebuli<br />
maTi naxatebiT teqstis gareSe. vidre bavSvebi dakavebuli arian `wignebze~ ydis gadakvriT,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cdilobs, TavianTi namuSevrebis Sesaxeb azri gamoaTqmevinos. zogi azrs gamoTqvams,<br />
zogic _ ara.Mmaswavlebels yuradReba isev `wignis~ akinZvaze gadaaqvs da cdilobs,<br />
bavSvebis moZraoba gaakontrolos. Tu am process Tvals mivadevnebT, vnaxavT, rom am davalebis<br />
Sesruleba, swavlebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
aranair mizans ar emsaxureba, radgan <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
cdilobs dadebiTi azri gamoTqvas<br />
yvela namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT da raime<br />
konkretuliT ar interesdeba. gamodis, rom<br />
aqtivobis mizania, bavSvebma daweron Tema,<br />
xarisxs ki mniSvneloba ar aqvs. es SeiZlebaMmaswavlebelma Tavad ar aRiaros, magram misi azri<br />
ar iqneba damajerebeli.<br />
aqtivobebis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> swavlebisas kritikis strategiebs<br />
ar mimarTavs, ver axerxebs, rom aqtivobebis Sesruleba moswavleTaTvis swavlis procesad<br />
aqcios, radgan arasaTanadod iyenebs Semowmebisa da Sefasebis proceduras. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
aqtivobebis Sesrulebas gakveTilis samarTavad iyenebs. mTeli yuradReba mimarTulia<br />
miTiTebebis gacemasa da moswavleTa dasaqmebisken. aseT gakveTilebze bavSvebi SeiZleba xalisiT<br />
CaerTon, debatebSic miiRon monawileoba, magram es yvelaferi gakveTilis procesSi<br />
CarTvis mizans ver gascdeba.<br />
CarTulobis miznebi<br />
rodesac maswavleblis mizani mxolod aqtivobebis<br />
Sesrulebaa, kritikuli azrovnebis swavlebisTvis<br />
dro ar rCeba.<br />
rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> miznad isaxavs gakveTilze moswavleTa CarTulobis miRwevas, am<br />
mizans aRwevs kidec. `xval Cemi mizani iqneba yvela moswavles mivce saSualeba individualurad<br />
gamoxatos sakuTari azri kiTxvaze: `rogor moiqceodnen, Zalian saSiSi iaraRi rom gamoegonebiaT,<br />
gamoiyenebdnen Tu ara mas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg?~<br />
maswavlebelTa mier gakveTilis dagegmvis procesis Seswavlam aCvena, rom dagegvmisas<br />
ZiriTad miznebs aqtivobebis Sesruleba da CarTulobis miRweva warmoadgens (Clark and Yinger<br />
1979). moswavleTa CarTuloba miRweulia, rodesac isini energiulad da xalisiT asruleben<br />
aqtivobas. gamodis, rom CarTulobis mizani realurad moswavleebis aqtivobiT gatacebas<br />
gulisxmobs. amaSi cudi araferia, piriqiT, araCveulebrivi mizania. Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom<br />
mTeli arsebiT iyo procesSi CarTuli, Sedegad ki veraferi iswavlo. SesaZloa, moswavleebs<br />
procesi moswondeT, magram garToba yovelTvis swavlas ar niSnavs. saxaliso aqtivobebis<br />
maRalSedegianoba udavoa, magram produqtiulobas mxolod maTi saxaliso mxare ar ganapi-<br />
363
Tavi 14<br />
robebs.<br />
davuSvaT, moswavleebs moswonT sityvebis Zebna. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> udgens savarjiSos Sesabamisi<br />
sityvebis moZebnaze.Mimavdroulad, surs marTlweraSic avarjiSos. amCnevs, rom savarjiSos<br />
Sesrulebisas bavSvebi gamxiaruldnen da kmayofilia. magram ismis kiTxva, iswavles<br />
ki maT sityvebis sworad werac? nuTu maswavlebels marTla sjeroda, rom am savarjiSoTi<br />
moswavleebi sityvebis marTlweras iswavlidnen? ara, es davaleba imitom SeurCia, rom icoda,<br />
moewonebodaT.Mrogorc irkveva, moswavleebi gagonil sityvebs eZeben da pouloben, maT<br />
sworad daweras ki ver swavloben. es savarjiSo, SesaZloa, maT vizualuri informaciidan sasurveli<br />
monacemebis amokrefis unars umuSavebdes da yvela Tu ara, zogierTi maTgani mainc,<br />
sityvebis efeqtianad mosaZebnad, sistemuri Zebnis strategiebsac iviTarebdes, magram maswavleblis<br />
mizani am SemTxvevaSi es ar yofila. moswavleebi, romlebic `sistemur Zebnas~ swavloben,<br />
amas SemTxveviT, dasaxuli miznisgan damoukideblad akeTeben.<br />
364<br />
daostatebis (swavlis) miznebi<br />
Tu gakveTilis mizania moswavleebis marTlweraSi gawafva, maSin maswavlebelma maT<br />
swored am Sedegis momtani aqtivoba unda SesTavazos. magaliTad, amuSaos wyvilebad, Seamowmebinos<br />
erTmaneTi sityvebis marTlweraSi da Seadgeninos im sityvaTa CamonaTvali, romlebsac<br />
sworad ver daweren. Semdeg aTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi ivarjiSon, rom mxedvelobiT, warmoTqmiT,<br />
haerSi daweriT daimaxsovron sityvebi. miRweuli Sedegi dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisi<br />
aRmoCndeba anu moswavleebi gaiwafebian sityvebis sworad weraSi.<br />
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mizans Semdegnairad ayalibebs: `gakveTilis<br />
mizania, moswavleebma dainaxon klasis mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebis (romlebsac TvalsaCinoebisTvis<br />
CamovwerT) racionaluri, moraluri da amoraluri mxareebi~. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
maswavlebels bevr rameze mouwevs yuradRebis gamaxvileba: unda gaarkvios, ra ician misma<br />
moswavleebma da risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT. aseTi gakveTili ar unda iyos droSi SezRuduli<br />
da arc Tematurad mravlismomcveli, Tumca, swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, is efeqtiani iqneba.<br />
amrigad, SegviZlia SevajamoT zemoT ganxiluli oTxi tipis xedva:<br />
1. daostatebis (swavlis) mizani: `gakveTilis bolos moswavleebi SeZleben...~<br />
2. CarTulobis mizani: `minda mivaRwio maT CarTulobas...~<br />
3. aqtivobis mizani: `jer isini Seasruleben... Semdeg ki Sevasrulebineb...~<br />
4. masalis amowurvis mizani: `jer maT unda mivce... Semdeg unda aRvwero, mere ki vTxovo,<br />
rom...~<br />
miznebis xedvis zemoxsenebuli tipebi yovelTvis ar unda gaimijnos erTmaneTisgan.<br />
zogjer saWiroa maTi gaerTianeba. rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> miznad isaxavs moswavleebi<br />
garkveul codnas daeuflon, man imavdroulad unda gaiTvaliswinos Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebi,<br />
dagegmos, rogor miaRwios moswavleTa CarTulobas da gansazRvros klasisTvis misawodebeli<br />
masala. piriqiT ki aucilebeli ar<br />
miznebis maswavlebliseuli xedva klasSi arsebuli<br />
suraTis ganmsazRvrelia.<br />
aris – magaliTad, axali masalis gadacemis<br />
an aqtivobebis Sesrulebis mizani ar moicavs<br />
codnisa da unarebis dauflebas.
miznebi<br />
Tu gakveTilze damswre piri maswavlebelTan erTad gakveTilis ganxilvisas gakveTilis<br />
miznis maswavlebliseul xedvas gaarkvevs, gakveTilis xarvezebisa da Sedegis miuRwevlobis<br />
mizezebis dadgenac gaadvildeba. miznebis maswavlebliseuli xedva klasSi arsebuli sura-<br />
Tis ganmsazRvrelia.<br />
zogadi azrovnebis miznebi<br />
modiT, davubrundeT sityvebis Zebnis aqtivobas. davuSvaT, gvinda, rom moswavles<br />
SevaswavloT sistemuri Zebna, rogorc garkveuli strategia. es gaxlavT swored is unari,<br />
romelsac viyenebT, rodesac kaklis an burTulebis grovaSi garkveuli zomis erTeulebs an<br />
rukaze konkretul quCas veZebT.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romelsac surs, rom moswavleebs sistemuri Zebnis strategia Seaswavlos,<br />
aucileblad esaubreba klass sityvebis moZebnis gansxvavebul xerxebze, erTmaneTs Seadarebs<br />
sxvadasxva midgomasa da strategias, CamoTvlis strategiebs, dafaze Camowers, moswavleebs<br />
SeekiTxeba, kidev sad da rogor SeuZliaT QcxovrebaSi am strategiebis gamoyeneba da a. S. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi maswavleblis mizans warmoadgens moswavleebSi ganzogadebis unaris – zogadi<br />
unar-Cvevis – gamomuSaveba, rac gulisxmobs nebismieri konkretuli Sinaarsis codnidan azrovnebis<br />
unaris ganviTarebas.<br />
ganvixiloT magaliTi, rodesac sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis Seswavlisas meSvideklaselebi<br />
amuSaveben qveTavs arabeTis udabnos beduinebis Sesaxeb. masSi aris uamravi informacia,<br />
faqti da cneba. magram maswavleblis survilia, rom misi moswavleebi mxolod faqtebis<br />
codniT ar Semoifarglon da ierarqiul urTierTobebsac gaecnon ara mxolod beduinebis<br />
magaliTiT, aramed, zogadad ierarqiuli urTierTobebis arss Caswvdnen da aseTi urTierTmimarTebebis<br />
aRmoCena da warmodgenac iswavlon. amitom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> damatebiT davalebas<br />
aZlevs klass da sTxovs, daadginon terminebi, romlebsac emyareba qveTavi da Seadginon<br />
diagrama, romelic am terminTa urTierTmimarTebas gamoxatavs. 14.1 sqema gviCvenebs or sxvadasxva<br />
diagramas, romelTa msgavssac, savaraudod, moswavleebi Seqmnian. aqve SevniSnavT,<br />
rom es ori diagrama gamoxatavs ori tipis azrovnebas. pirvel maTganSi terminebi sididis<br />
mixedviT subordinaciulad aris dalagebuli: mura erT-erTi tomis saxelia. yoveli<br />
tomi, maT Soris murac, klanebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ocdaxuT-ocdaxuT ojaxs<br />
aerTianebs. klans saTaveSi udgas Seixi. TiToeul ojaxs marTavs patriarqi, romelic `tyavis<br />
saxlSi~ (beduinebis sacxovrisSi) cxovrobs haramxanasTan erTad. Semdeg etapze, subordinaciuli<br />
daqvemdebarebis nacvlad, xdeba tomis warmomadgenlebis kategoriebad dajgufeba.<br />
meore diagramaze gamosaxuli urTierTmimarTeba SemTxveviTia da erTmaneTTan kavSiri ar<br />
aqvs. Sedgenilia Tavisufali asociaciiT da arc raime saxis daqvemdebarebas asaxavs.<br />
diagramebis Sedgenis Semdeg moswavleebi jgufurad muSaoben da ganmartaven, ra principiT<br />
daakavSires cnebebi erTmaneTTan. jgufSi mosazrebebis urTierTgaziarebis Semdeg<br />
diskusia klasSi grZeldeba. mosazrebaTa Sejerebis Sedegad, sakuTari magaliTebis gamoyenebiT<br />
moswavleebi ganmartaven, ras niSnavs ierarqiuli anu subordinaciuli urTierTmimarTeba.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ki xSirad axsenebs sityvebs: `ierarqiuli~, `subordinaciuli~,<br />
radgan gakveTilebis am ciklis mizani swored aseTi tipis azrovnebis gamomuSavebaa imisda<br />
miuxedavad, sakiTxi beduinebs Seexeba, sports Tu kompiuterul programirebas. mizani, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, codnis dauflebas scdeba (Tumca, moicavs mas) da garkveuli tipis azrovnebis<br />
unars aviTarebs.<br />
365
Tavi 14<br />
366<br />
qaravani<br />
vaWrebi<br />
vaWroba<br />
aqlemebi<br />
gvalva<br />
ugemuri<br />
beduinTa<br />
tomi<br />
mura<br />
klanebi (25 ojaxi)<br />
Seixi<br />
klanis wevri<br />
mura<br />
tomebi<br />
haramxana<br />
Tivis saxli<br />
dResaswaulebi<br />
qorwineba<br />
mziTevi<br />
klanebi beduini dResaswaulebi qaravnebi<br />
klanis wevrebi aqlemi qorwineba vaWroba<br />
Seixi Tivis saxli mziTevi vaWari<br />
Radio<br />
tranzistori<br />
unaleqoba gvalva<br />
sqema 14.1: ierarqiuli urTierTkavSirebi beduinTa cxovrebaSi
miznebi<br />
azrovnebis mravalgvari tipi arsebobs, romelTa ganviTarebac maswavlebelma, SeiZleba,<br />
Temis Seswavlis pararelurad daisaxos miznad. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi, roca maswavlebels<br />
Temis SeswavlasTan erTad ganzogadebis unaris gamomuSavebac surs, Sesabamisad unda<br />
Secvalos davalebis Sinaarsi da swavlebisadmi midgoma.<br />
Aazrovnebis unarebis Camoyalibebisa da daostatebis miznebis<br />
gamijvna<br />
azrovnebis ganviTarebisa da codnis dauflebis miznebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa.<br />
Tumca, orive maTgani moswavleTa gawafviskenaa mimarTuli. swavlebis saboloo mizani xom<br />
is aris, rom moswavleebi daeuflon codnasa (magaliTad, SeZlon ganmarton samoqalaqo omis<br />
mizezebi) da samoqmedo unarebs (magaliTad, weron leqsikurad da gramatikulad gamarTulad,<br />
gamoiyenon ruka – erkveodnen grZedebsa da ganedebSi). azrovnebis ganviTarebis mizani<br />
ki is aris, rom moswavleebma SeiZinon zogadi azrovnebis unari – SeZlon Sedareba da Sepirispireba,<br />
sakuTari varaudis gamoTqma, daskvnebis gamotanamde realuri problemis gamokve-<br />
Ta. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, mizani is gaxlavT, rom moswavleebma SeiZinon an gaiumjobeson<br />
garkveuli tipis azrovnebis unari da sxva konteqstSic SeZlon misi gamoyeneba.<br />
mxolod iseTi davalebis micema, romlis Sesrulebac garkveuli tipis azrovnebis unars<br />
moiTxovs, ar niSnavs azrovnebis unaris swavlebas. iseve, rogorc gamoTqmiT kiTxva ver uvi-<br />
Tarebs moswavleebs kiTxvis strategiebs (Duffy and Roehler 1986).<br />
TiTqmis nebismieri davalebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebs garkveul doneze fiqri<br />
moeTxovebaT, magram azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebis mizani aSkarad Cans maSin, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
mizanmimarTulad aswavlis maT garkveuli tipis azrovnebas.<br />
Tu survili gvaqvs, rom moswavleebma ganiviTaron X tipis azrovneba, SeiZleba maT mravalgzis<br />
mivceT iseTi davaleba, romlis sworad Sesasrulebladac es unari moeTxovebaT,<br />
magram Tu Tavad Cven naTlad ara gvaqvs gansazRvruli moswavleTa saWiroebani, ver movaxerxebT<br />
gasagebad avuxsnaT, ra evalebaT da rogor gadavidnen zogadi azrovnebis safexurze.<br />
rodesac Cvens mizans azrovnebis garkveuli tipis swavleba warmoadgens, unda davasaxeloT,<br />
romeli tipia es, vaswavloT da vavarjiSoT am mimarTulebiT, saTanadod gamovexmauroT<br />
maT miRwevebsa Tu problemebs. yovelive amis garda, moswavleebma praqtikuli davalebac<br />
unda Seasrulon. im SemTxvevaSi, roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> miznad isaxavs bavSvebSi azrovnebis<br />
ganviTarebas (anu ubralod saazrovno davalebas ki ar aZlevs), igi:<br />
1. asaxelebs azrovnebis tips;<br />
2. gasagebad ganmartavs mis arss (mohyavs magaliTebi safexurebis mixedviT da moswavleebsac<br />
msgavs davalebas aZlevs);<br />
3. gamoyofs safexurebs;<br />
4. iZleva miniSnebebsa da mimarTulebebs;<br />
5. moswavleebs praqtikulad amuSavebs da saTanado komentarebs akeTebs;<br />
6. afasebs moswavleTa miRwevebs azrovnebis mocemuli tipis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
samwuxarod, praqtikaSi mxolod me-6 etapi gvxvdeba. es azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebas<br />
ki ar niSnavs, aramed am unaris testirebis etapia, TiTqos moswavleebi am unars testirebis<br />
procesSi SeiZenen. iseTi davalebis micema, romelic azrovnebis unars saWiroebs, ar uzrunvelyofs<br />
am unaris swavlebas, iseve, rogorc gamoTqmiT kiTxvaSi varjiSi arafers aZlevs<br />
moswavleebs kiTxvis unar-Cvevis strategiis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT (Duffy and Roehler<br />
367
Tavi 14<br />
1986). nebismieri davalebis Sesruleba moswavleebisagan garkveul doneze fiqrs moiTxovs,<br />
magram azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebis mizani TvalsaCinoa maSin, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
mizanmimarTulad aswavlis maT garkveuli tipis azrovnebas.<br />
14.2 sqemaze Sejamebulia zemoaRwerili miznebis 5 tipi, xolo 14.3 sqema maT grafikuli<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis saSualebiT gamosaxavs.<br />
368<br />
saxelwodeba detaluri aRwera mizani<br />
zogadi azrovnebis<br />
unari: moswavleze,<br />
kerZod ki mis saazrovno<br />
saSualebebze,<br />
orientirebuli<br />
akademiuri codnis an<br />
unarebis daufleba:<br />
moswavleze<br />
orientirebuli –<br />
orientirebulia<br />
moswavlis mier<br />
informaciisa da<br />
unarebis Seswavlaze<br />
CarTuloba: moswavleze<br />
orientirebuli _ anu<br />
bavSvebis reaqciaze<br />
gaTvlili<br />
aqtivobebi: moswavleze<br />
orientirebuli, anu ras<br />
moimoqmedeben bavSvebi.<br />
masalis miwodeba:<br />
maswavlebelze<br />
orientirebuli – ras<br />
gaakeTebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>,<br />
rogoria misi gegma axali<br />
masalis asaxsnelad.<br />
mizanTa xuTi wre<br />
`diagramiT gamosaxon<br />
`beduinebis cxovrebasTan~<br />
dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi<br />
terminebis urTierTmimarTeba~<br />
`SeZlon erTmaneTs auxsnan<br />
I msoflio omis gamomwvevi<br />
ZiriTadi mizezebi~. `rukaze<br />
gazomon manZili masStabis<br />
gamoyenebiT~.<br />
`moTxrobis wakiTxvis Semdeg<br />
klasis azrs gamovikiTxav da<br />
gavmarTavT diskusias~.<br />
`diafilms naxaven, Semdeg<br />
samxreTis rukas Seadgenen<br />
da mere qveTavis bolos<br />
moTavsebul SekiTxvebs<br />
upasuxeben~.<br />
jer siTbur reaqcias<br />
ganvixilav, Semdeg gadaval<br />
endoTermul reaqciaze,<br />
entrofiasa da entalfiaze<br />
da Semdeg valentobas<br />
gavimeorebT.<br />
sqema 14.2 mizanTa xuTgvari xedva<br />
moswavleebma gamoxaton<br />
da ganaviTaronGgarkveuli<br />
tipis azrovnebis unari<br />
moswavleebs hqondeT<br />
konkretuli codna an<br />
unari<br />
moswavleTa CarTuloba<br />
iyos SesamCnevi, programa<br />
minimumi maTi aqtiuri<br />
monawileoba, xolo<br />
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,<br />
maTi Segulianeba da<br />
gaxalisebaa.<br />
garkveuli davalebis<br />
Sesruleba.<br />
moxdes mosazrebebis<br />
gamoTqma da kiTxvebze<br />
pasuxis gacema rogorc<br />
moswavleTa, ise Cemi<br />
mxridan.<br />
zogadi azrovnebis swavleba konkretuli Temis gamoyenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, TiTqmis yovelTvis, zogadi unarebis mizanTan erTad xorcieldeba codnisa<br />
da unarebis dauflebis mizanic. amitom aris, rom 14.3 sqemaze gamosaxul diagramaze, `azrovnebis<br />
unarebis~ wre Seicavs `daostatebis~ wres. piriqiT ki amis aucilebloba ar aris:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, SesaZloa, miznad isaxavdes daostatebas dauflebas da, amave dros, sulac ar<br />
gegmavdes romelime tipis azrovnebis swavlebas.
azrovnebis unarebi<br />
ra saxis azrovneba minda icodnen da ganuviTardeT<br />
Cems moswavleebs?<br />
daostatebis miznebi<br />
ra minda, rom moswavleebma icodnen<br />
da ris gakeTebas SeZleben gakveTilis bolos?<br />
rogor davrwmunde, rom maT es ician da SeuZliaT?<br />
CarTuloba<br />
rogor uzrunvelvyo<br />
moswavleTa CarTuloba?<br />
aqtivobebi<br />
ra aqtivobebi SevurCio<br />
moswavleebs imisaTvis, rom<br />
masalas Caswvdnen da Sesabamisi<br />
unarebi ganiviTaron?<br />
masalis amowurva<br />
ra codna (Temebi) da<br />
unarebi unda SeiZinon<br />
moswavleebma?<br />
sqema 14.3: miznebis xedva: mTavari kiTxvebi gegmis Sesadgenad<br />
es grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi miznebis xuTgvar xedvas asaxavs.<br />
miznebi<br />
369
Tavi 14<br />
analogiurad, 14.3 sqemaze gamosaxuli sxva wreebis ganlagebac sxvadasxva mizanTa urTierTmimarTebas<br />
gviCvenebs. magaliTad, moswavleebisTvis Temis gadacema SesaZlebelia maT<br />
mier aqtivobebis Sesrulebis gareSe, magram azri ara aqvs aqtivobebis Sesrulebas, Tu isini<br />
mocemul Temas ar efuZneba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs aqtivobebi<br />
Seasrulebinos ise, rom naTlad arc hqondes warmodgenili Sedegi (rac, samwuxarod,<br />
xSirad gvxvdeba praqtikaSi), magram codnisa da unarebis dauflebis mizani ver miiRweva<br />
Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebisa da mocemuli Temis gauTvaliswineblad. amitomaa, rom `mCarTulobis<br />
~ miznis wre kidev ori miznis wres Seicavs.<br />
370<br />
maswavleblis xedvis roli gakveTilis dagegmvisas<br />
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom miznebis xedvis mixedviT maswavleblebi ramdenime kategoriad iyofian:<br />
zogi maTganisTvis arsebiTia masalis gadacema da radgan maTi mizania amomwuravad<br />
moicvan masala, isini bevrs saubroben da maTi gakveTilebi ufro leqciuri xasiaTisaa, naklebad<br />
amowmeben imas, Tu ramdenad gasagebia es leqciebi moswavleTaTvis.<br />
isini ki, visTvisac amosavalia aqtivobebis Sesruleba, cdiloben, moswavleebi mudam dakavebuli<br />
hyavdeT, zogjer jgufuradac amuSaon. moswavleTa namuSevrebsac xSirad Zalze<br />
mowesrigebulad inaxaven, magram radgan swavlebisas, wamyvania miznebis xedva aqtivobebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Sedegad viRebT iseT klasebs, sadac moswavleebs arc imaze aqvT mkafio warmodgena,<br />
ras swavloben da arc xarisxiani namuSevris kriteriumebze.<br />
isini ki, visTvisac gadamwyvetia CarTulobis miRweva, miuxedavad imisa, rom saamisod did<br />
energias xarjaven da xalisian gakveTilebs atareben, iseTive Sedegi aqvT, rogorc aqtivobebis<br />
moyvarul maT kolegebs.<br />
wina TavebSi vnaxeT, Tu raze akeTeben aqcents sxvadasxva kategoriis maswavleblebi<br />
gakveTilis dagegmvisas da aRvniSneT, rom misasalmebelia moswavlis, viTarebisa da saswavlo<br />
kursis Sesabamisad gamoyenebuli maTi nebismieri Zalisxmeva. zemoaRniSnuli `aqcentebi~<br />
mizanTa xuTive tipis xedvis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seicvalos, radgan sxvagvarad verasodes<br />
gavcdebiT masalis gadacemis an aqtivobebis Sesrulebis mizans da ver mivaRwevT mTavar<br />
mizans – codnisa da unarebis dauflebas.<br />
meore mxriv, maT, vinc kargad gegmavs gakveTils da naTlad aqvs warmodgenili, sabolood<br />
ra unda icodnen da SeZlon maTma moswavleebma, samuSaod saTanado masala sWirdebaT. maT<br />
unda SearCion da moifiqron iseTi aqtivobebi, romlebic moswavleebs winaswar gansazRvruli<br />
codnis dauflebamde miiyvans. gakveTilis kargad dagegmva niSnavs 14.3 sqemaze warmodgenili<br />
yvela kiTxvis pasuxs. am kiTxvaTa Tanamimdevroba pirovnebazea damokidebuli, magram<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi mTavari orientiri codnisa da unarebis dauflebis mizani unda iyos<br />
da is SekiTxva, romelic masTan mimarTebaSi ismeba: `ra minda, rom moswavleebma icodnen da<br />
SeZlon gakveTilis bolos? rogor davrwmunde, rom maT es ician da SeuZliaT?~<br />
Tu maswavlebels logikisa da analizis unari aqvs da Tanamimdevrulia, misTvis amosavali<br />
iqneba codnisa da unarebis mizani da swored amis mixedviT SeimuSavebs Sefasebis kriteriumebs<br />
da dasaxavs amocanebs swori Sefasebis gansaxorcieleblad, Semdeg ki gansazRvravs<br />
miznis Sesabamis aqtivobebsa da masalas.<br />
zogierT maswavlebels gaTvlili aqvs is aqtivobebi da masala, romelmac, misi azriT, moswavleTa<br />
yuradReba unda miipyros. mas SeuZlia dagegmva aqtivobebiT daiwyos, magram aqtivobaTa<br />
codnisa da unarebis mizani Sors ar unda gadados. yovelTvis, roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
klass raimes aswavlis da Semdeg awarmoebs dakvirvebas, misTvis orientiri unda iyos erTaderTi<br />
ram: ra ecodinebaT moswavleebs da ris gakeTebas SeZleben isini sabolood.
miznebi<br />
naTeli mizani aris erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli, Tu ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben moswavleebi<br />
swavlebis bolos. mosalodneli suraTi gonebaSi unda warmovidginoT, sakuTar Tavs es<br />
SekiTxva unda davusvaT da mosazrebebi werilobiT CamovayaliboT. rac Zalian mniSvnelovania,<br />
es suraTi moswavlis TvaliT unda davinaxoT _ maTi moswrebis donis mixedviT unda saxavdes<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> miznebs.<br />
Cveni azriT, nebismieri miznis dasaxvisas SesaZlebelia moswavleTa saboloo Sedegis gan-<br />
Wvreta. maSinac ki, rodesac mizani exeba moswavleebSi `damokidebulebis~ an `Sefasebis~ unaris<br />
Camoyalibebas. SevecdebiT aseve dagarwmunoT, rom Tu miznebis Camoyalibebisas ar ganvWvretT<br />
Sedegs, aseTi miznebi myisve gadaiqceva masalis gadacemis, aqtivobebis Sesrulebis<br />
an CarTulobis miznebad. samive es mizani ki gacilebiT umniSvneloa, vidre codnisa da unarebis<br />
dauflebis mizani. Cven imis damtkicebasac SevecdebiT, rom `dauflebis~ miznisadmi<br />
sxva miznebis daqvemdebareba swavlebis xarisxs aumjobesebs, radgan swavleba metad xdeba<br />
moswavleze orientirebuli, izrdeba Semowmebis, kriteriumebis Sesatyvisad ukukavSiris,<br />
Canawerebis warmoebisa da moswavleTa individualuri diagnostirebis saWiroeba.<br />
modiT, daviwyoT zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebiT, rom miznis dasaxvisas yovelTvis winaswar<br />
unda ganvWvritoT mosalodneli Sedegi. rogor SeiZleba amis gakeTeba, rodesac moswavleebSi<br />
garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas visaxavT miznad?<br />
ganvixiloT magaliTi: mister qasvels surs, rom mis moswavleebs klasikuri musikis<br />
mimarT dadebiTi damokidebuleba ganuviTardeT. rogor darwmundes, rom mizans miaRwia? ras<br />
gulisxmobs is, rodesac ambobs: `minda, rom moswavleebi beThovens afasebdnen~. SesaZloa is<br />
gulisxmobs, rom beThovenis simfoniis sirTulem da sifaqizem unda gamoiwvios pativiscema.<br />
SesaZloa, Tvlis, rom zog adamianSi simfoniis mosmenisas, misi gaanalizeba esTetiuri siamovnebis<br />
gancdas iwvevs? SesaZloa, mas warmoudgenia, rom nawarmoebis dafaseba miiRweva misi<br />
sidiadis, unikalurobis Tu sxva dadebiTi mxareebis codniT, xolo mowoneba misi mravaljer<br />
mosmeniTaa SesaZlebeli? Tu mas aseTi warmodgena aqvs, maSin ise unda warmarTos gakveTili,<br />
rom moswavleebs konkretuli moqmedebebisken ubiZgos, magaliTad, gaaanalizon simfoniis<br />
sxvadasxva nawili da gaakeTon Canawerebi. sityvierad aRweron is principebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
beThoveni Temebs aviTarebda da maT variaciebs qmnida, an amoacnobinos sxvadasxva simfonia.<br />
mas winaswar SeuZlia warmoidginos procesi, Tu rogor asruleben moswavleebi yvela<br />
am moqmedebas, radganac man gansazRvra, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes `dafaseba~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi,<br />
magram Tu mister qasveli am dafasebas Tavis gonebaSi ar `gadaTargmnis~ moswavleTa<br />
mier moqmedebebis Sesrulebis `enaze~, da, maSasadame, moswavleTa TavebSi ar Caixedavs, raTa<br />
Tanamimdevruli iyos, misi yovelgvari mcdeloba ar iqneba efeqturi. is imoqmedebs moswavleebisgan<br />
gaucxoebulad: Seasrulebinebs maT aqtivobebs, moaxdens garkveuli mosazrebebis<br />
prezentacias, magram es yvelaferi, SesaZloa, moswavleebma ugulisyurod gaakeTon. Tu mister<br />
qasvelma miznis dasaxvisas warmosaxva ar moiSvelia, mis mier gamoyenebuli aqtivobebi,<br />
SeiZleba, sruliad usargeblo aRmoCndes.<br />
mizani, romelic Semdegnairad formulirdeba: `moswavleebma es unda ganicadon~, Cven mar-<br />
Tebulad ar migvaCnia. Tu Tqven praqtikulad SeecdebiT moswavleebs raime `ganacdevinoT~,<br />
amao iqneba maTi dainteresebis molodini. Tu gancdis aqtivobis Catareba gsurT, winaswar<br />
dausaxaxeT maT konkretuli amocana. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi ar geqnebaT (`rodesac<br />
maswavleblebi moswavleebs damoukideblad ganmcdelis mdgomareobaSi ayeneben, moswavleebi<br />
amaze civad reagireben~, SeniSnavda jim kilroi tulanis universitetidan).<br />
modiT, sxva kuTxiT SevxedoT am sakiTxs: Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs ar dausaxavs amocanas<br />
aqtivobis micemamde, maSin moswavleebi daugegmav amocanas Seasruleben an arafers ar<br />
Seasruleben. Tu adamians ar vetyviT sad mivides, rogor miva daniSnul adgilamde? da Tu<br />
mainc miaRwevs, es ubralod gamarTleba iqneba da, savaraudod, meti droc dasWirdeba. klasSi<br />
ocdaxuTi moswavlidan mxolod ramdenimem SeiZleba gaikvlios gza daniSnulebis adgilamde,<br />
371
Tavi 14<br />
danarCenebi ki verasodes mivlen iq damoukideblad.<br />
amrigad, isev ismis mTavari SekiTxva: iyo Tu ara mizani naTeli? maswavleblis mier Catarebuli<br />
zemoaRniSnuli RonisZiebebis Tvalis gadavlebiT, SegviZlia Tu ara davaskvnaT, ra<br />
unda scodnodaT an SesZlebodaT Semswavlelebs sabolood? SesaZloa, maswavlebelma miznebi<br />
gansazRvra, rac arc Tu ise rTuli saqmea, anda sadme wignSi amoikiTxa, an samuSao rveulSi<br />
CainiSna (swavlebis procesSi esec dasafasebelia), magram jer kidev ar aris yvelaferi. damkvirvebelma<br />
(an TviTdamkvirvebelma) unda SeZlos gareSe piris TvaliT gadaxedos gakveTilis<br />
mTel msvlelobas da ifiqros: `nanaxidan da gagonilidan Cans, rom mizania moswavleebma<br />
SeZlon nawarmoebis garCeva (dadebiTi gmiri, uaryofiTi gmiri, kvanZis Sekvra, siuJeti,<br />
kulminacia, Tema) da daasaxelon magaliTebi nawarmoebidan, romelic wasakiTxad hqondaT~.<br />
SeiZleba mizani sityvasityviT ar ganmartos maswavlebelma, magram aSkara iyos moswavleebisTvis.<br />
maT unda icodnen, ra aris mizani, maTac unda SeZlon miznis Sesaxeb saubari gakveTilis<br />
dasrulebisas. aqve SevniSnavT, rom garda xiluli miznebisa, SeiZleba faruli miznebic<br />
arsebobdes, magaliTad: ramdenime moswavle sxvebs Sekreba-gamoklebaSi avarjiSebs, cxadia,<br />
rom mizani klasSi koordinirebuli muSaoba da sxvebis daxmarebaa. pirvelklaseli (!) deidre<br />
izolirebulad zis kubebis grovasTan (Tumca kubebisken ar ixedeba). uecrad ismis maswavleblis<br />
SeniSvna da vxedavT mis Jestikulacias, riTac vaskvniT, rom is deidres mimarTavs: mialage!<br />
tyuilad gaqvs ukmayofilo saxe! ar ici, ra aris Seni movaleoba? amrigad, maswavlebli<br />
deidresTan dakavSirebiT danarCeni klasisgan sruliad gansxvavebul mizans isaxavda.<br />
sakiTxis kvlevisas aRmovaCineT, rom SekiTxvaze – `iyo Tu ara mizani naTeli?~ – SeiZleba<br />
arsebobdes ramdenime pasuxi: `diax~, `ara~, `bundovani iyo~. Camouyalibebeli an Zalze bundovani<br />
miznebi saxezea, Tu: gakveTilze gabneulad, araTanamimdevrulad msjeloben mocemuli<br />
masalis garSemo an am masalas saerTod ar exebian, msjelobisas mniSvnelovan detalebs<br />
ar ukavSireben erTmaneTTs an ganvlil masalasTan dakavSireba, moswavleebi did energias<br />
xarjaven im masalaze, rac ukve gaiares da dauflebis donesac miaRwies. am ukanasknels ganmtkicebis<br />
process ver vuwodebT, radgan ganmtkicebasac Tavisi adgili unda hqondes da iseT<br />
masalasTan dakavSirebiT unda xdebodes, romelsac realurad sWirdeba ganmtkiceba.<br />
372<br />
sirTulis ra donis daZlevaa mizanSewonili?<br />
`arc Zalze cxelia da arc Zalze civi, swored rom zomieria, Tqva qoldiloksma Dda sul<br />
gaaTava kuTvnili ulufa~. Bvidre jei makviker hanTi (J. McVicker Hunt 1961) daamkvidrebda<br />
termins, `Sesabamisobis problema~, ganmanaTleblebi cdilobdnen, rom moswavleTaTvis arc<br />
Zalian rTuli samuSao miecaT da arc metismetad advili, magram imdenad rTuli ki unda yofiliyo,<br />
rom isini daZabuli Sromis Sedegad gadaadgilebuliyvnen codnis skalaze optimaluri<br />
manZiliT. Sesabamisi sirTulis SesarCevad, maswavlebelma kidev erTxel unda gaarkvios,<br />
sad imyofebian misi moswavleebi da dasvas kiTxva: `ra sirTulis lukma SeiZleba SevTavazo,<br />
rom moxdes maTi codnis morigi zrda?~ magaliTad, dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebs maswavlebelma<br />
SeiZleba `lukma~ daunawevros _ nawil-nawil miawodos SesaTvisebeli masala, bolos<br />
ki, imave gakveTilze, saerTo mniSvnelis gamoyvaniT, Seajamebinos es nawilebi. bavSvebi maSinve<br />
aiTviseben yvelafers. meTerTmeteklasel moswavleebs germaniis istoriis gakveTilze<br />
bismarkis sityvaze – `sisxli da rkina~ _ msjelobisas, SeuZliaT ara mxolod paraleli gaavlon<br />
am sityvis istoriul fonsa da mis Sinaarss Soris, aramed, mis safuZvelze, imsjelon<br />
bismarkis xasiaTze.<br />
Tu fiqrobT, rom sirTulis daZlevis sakiTxi individualuria, marTali brZandebiT. individualuria<br />
erTdroulad asaTvisebeli Sesaswavli sakiTxebis raodenoba da midgoma – ra<br />
zomis nawilebad davyoT masala, rom gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc individebis, ise jgufis in-
miznebi<br />
teresebi. termini `individualuri~ SeiZleba gulisxmobdes kidev mravali aspeqtiT gansxvavebul<br />
midgomas (ix. Tavi 15), romelic umeteswilad swavlebis procesis warmarTvas ukav-<br />
Sirdeba. Cven ukve visaubreT, ris da ramdenis swavleba SeiZleba davisaxoT miznad, magram ar<br />
gvisaubria, rogor unda vaswavloT.<br />
rogor gavarkvioT, rom miwodebuli masalis zoma mizanSewonilia iyo jgufisTvis? Sesa-<br />
Zloa, Tavidan rTuli dasaZlevi iyo, magram Semdeg siaxles alRo auRes, moswavleTa SekiTxvebis<br />
Semdeg naTeli moefina manamde Znelad gasageb sakiTxebs. magram roca moswavleebi<br />
dabneulobis dasafarad `diax~ replikiT gvexmianebian, an Canawerebis CaniSvniT arian gar-<br />
Tuli, realoba Znelad aRsaqmelia, Tumca, uaryofiT Sedegs mainc SevamCnevT: dabneuloba,<br />
daTrgunuloba, imedgacrueba da Semawuxebeli dumili gasdevs fonad Zalze rTul (an araadekvaturad<br />
gadacemul) masalas; Zalian advili samuSaos Sesrulebisas ki moswavleebi erTmaneTTan<br />
saubroben, aqeT-iqiT ixedebian, saqmes ugulisyurod ekidebian (miuxedavad amisa,<br />
advili davaleba bolos mainc unda Semowmdes).<br />
isic SesaZlebelia, rom zemoxsenebuli, uaryofiTi SedegisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqmedebebi<br />
arc SeiniSnebodes, magram miznebi mainc ar iyos moswavleze orientirebuli. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi saWiroa moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis codna, swori daskvnis gamosatanad ki unda<br />
ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad Seesabameba es SesaZleblobebi maswavleblis mier wamoyenebul<br />
moTxovnebs. swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, swavlebis yvela atributTan erTad, misawodebeli<br />
masalis zomis SesarCevad, kargad unda vicnobdeT moswavleebs da Tavad masalis<br />
konteqsts.<br />
saidan iRebs saTaves miznebi?<br />
saswavlo gegmis Sedgenisas yovelTvis Cndeba kiTxva: `ra unda vaswavloT?~ es SekiTxva<br />
ismis ori mwvave problemis mimarT: (1) vin unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra vaswavloT da ra iswavlebodes?<br />
da (2) ra aris mniSvnelovani da, Sesabamisad, ra Seva programaSi? am kiTxvebze sapasuxod,<br />
davakvirdeT miznebis wyaroebs klasSi. pirveladi wyaroebis (moswavle, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>,<br />
avtoritetuli wyaro an jgufi) meSveobiT gavigebT, Tu vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas. xolo<br />
meoreuli wyaroebis meSveobiT gavarkvevT, programis SemdgenelTa azriT, risi swavlebaa<br />
mniSvnelovani.<br />
pirveladi wyaroebi<br />
yvela miznis oTxi pirveladi wyarodan erT-erTi SeiZleba Seesatyvisebodes:<br />
¤ moswavle. moswavles ainteresebs bayayebi da gombeSoebi da unda, rom maT Sesaxeb<br />
yvelaferi iswavlos.<br />
¤ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>. is, rac maswavlebels Rirebulad miaCnia, SeiZleba mis miznebad iqces<br />
mxolod misi gonebrivi wyobis, warsulis, midrekilebis, gamocdilebis an piradi ar-<br />
Cevanis gamo. mag.: Tu maswavlebels Zalian ainteresebs veSapebi da am sakiTxSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
aris gaTviTcnobierebuli, SeuZlia, es codna moswavleebsac gauziaros<br />
da Sesabamisi sakiTxebi saswavlo gegmaSi CarTos. Tu maswavlebels aqvs gamocdileba<br />
musikis sferoSi, SeiZleba misi mizani saorkestro instrumentebis gacnobas ukavSirdebodes.<br />
Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> afasebs kritikul azrovnebas da is ganaTlebuli adamianis<br />
mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad miaCnia, SeuZlia moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis gamomuSaveba<br />
Tavis uSualo miznad aqcios.<br />
¤ avtoriteti. mravali mizani gareSe avtoritetebidan gamomdinareobs: teqstidan,<br />
erovnuli saswavlo gegmidan, sistemidan, savarjiSoebis krebulidan an maswavleblis<br />
373
Tavi 14<br />
374<br />
¤ jgufi. mTeli klasi (romelic SeiZleba jgufad moviazroT) an klasis garkveuli jgu-<br />
gzamkvlevidan. davuSvaT, maswavlebelma airCia teqsti. am SemTxvevaSi, romeli iqneba<br />
miznis wyaro – <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tu teqsti? Tu teqsti sistematurad da meTodurad<br />
gamoiyeneba, teqsti iqneba wyaro, miuxedavad imisa, vis mieraa SerCeuli. Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
sxvadasxva teqsts mimarTavs da maT garkveuli ganzraxviT mizanmimarTulad iyenebs,<br />
Tanac SerCevas Tematurad axdens, maSin miznis wyaro <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>a.<br />
fi SeiZleba warmoadgendes miznis wyaros. saerTo interesebis irgvliv gaerTianebiTa<br />
da maswavlebelTan molaparakebis gziT mizani SeiZleba jgufis mier iyos mowodebuli<br />
da erTi garkveuli jgufisken mimarTuli. `modiT filmi gadaviRoT!~ – aseTma ideam<br />
SeiZleba aitacos eqvsi meSvideklaseli. maT SeuZliaT maswavleblis zedamxedvelobiTa<br />
da xelmZRvanelobiT Seadginon TavianTi klasis Sesaxeb Ffilmis proeqti. muSaobis<br />
procesSi gamoikveTeba kinowarmoebasTan dakavSirebuli saswavlo miznebi (filmis<br />
Janris gansazRvra: Tu isini airCeven dokumentur Janrs, isaubreben da gaerkvevian,<br />
riT gansxvavdeba es Janri sxvebisgan; filmis dagegmvaze muSaoba: daformatebis, moswavleTa<br />
interviuebis, sxvadasxva teqnikis gamoyeneba da montaJi).<br />
Tu maswavleblebis muSaobas am TvalsazrisiT davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom zogi maTganis<br />
miznebis saTave erTi wyaroa, sxvebisa ki ori, sami da oTxic ki. miznebis wyaroebidan gamomdinare,<br />
maswavleblebi gansxvavebulad warmarTaven gakveTils. im maswavleblebs, romlebic miznis<br />
arCevis saSualebas jgufs an individs aZleven, aqvT sruliad gansxvavebuli atmosfero<br />
da Sedegi imaTTan SedarebiT, visi miznebic uSualod avtoritetul wyaros emyareba, xolo<br />
im maswavleblebs, romlebic sakuTari pirovnebidan gamomdinare irCeven mizans, uzarmazari<br />
energia da Zalisxmeva sWirdebaT maT misaRwevad. usargeblo iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom zemoxsenebuli<br />
oTxi wyarodan romelime maTgans raime upiratesoba aqvs sxvebTan SedarebiT.<br />
saswavlo procesSi oTxive gamoiyeneba, magram imisaTvis, rom gasagebi iyos, ra codnasa da<br />
gamocdilebas iZenen moswavleebi da maswavlebelma Tavisi arsebiTi wvlili Seitanos maTi<br />
gamocdilebis gamdidrebasa da Rirebulebebis CamoyalibebaSi, yvelas (mSoblebis, maswavleblebis,<br />
administraciisa da sameurveo sabWosaTvis) unda ganemartos, ras emsaxureba saswavlo<br />
gegmaSi dasaxelebuli esa Tu is mizani. igive unda iTqvas meoreul wyaroebzec.<br />
meoreuli wyaroebi<br />
garda mizanTa pirveladi wyaroebisa, mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba meoreul wyaroebs<br />
(maTi umravlesoba tailerma daamkvidra (Tyler 1949), romelTac aqve ganvixilavT.<br />
¤ Tanamedrove cxovreba. Cvens sinamdvileSi karg magaliTs warmoadgens ekologia da<br />
haeris dabinZureba; inflaciis mizezebi da misgan dacvis meqanizmebi; qorwineba, ganqorwineba<br />
da ojaxi. SesaZloa, aRniSnul problemebTan dakavSirebuli miznebi warsulSi<br />
aqtualuri ar iyo da momavalSic ar gaxdes saWiro maTi gaTvaliswineba, magram<br />
dRes namdvilad mniSvnelovania. saswavlo gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebs rasobrivi da<br />
kulturuli tolerantobis, adamianTa Soris gansxvavebulobis pativiscemis danergvas,<br />
albaT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba integrirebul skolebSi, sadac rasobrivi<br />
dapirispirebis problemaa.<br />
¤ kultura.Ggarkveuli miznebis gaTvaliswineba skolebSi, SesaZloa, adgilobrivi kulturiT<br />
iyos nakarnaxevi. magaliTad, amindTan dakavSirebuli terminologiis sworad<br />
gamoyeneba sanapiro dasaxlebebSi, sadac Tevzis rewvas misdeven da amindi uSualo<br />
gavlenas axdens cxovrebis ritmze; aseve mniSvnelovania soflis istoriis codna misi<br />
mcxovreblebisTvis, an mcenareTa zrdisa da moyvanis ciklebis Seswavla im dasaxlebebSi,<br />
sadac soflis meurneoba ZiriTadi dargia (Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, rom zemoxsenebuli<br />
miznebis gavrceleba regionebis mixedviT izRudeba).<br />
¤ sacxovrebeli adgili. miznebis wyarod SeiZleba gamoviyenoT adgilobrivi resursebi.
¤ akademiuri disciplinebi. yovel disciplinas – maTematikas, literaturas, biolo-<br />
¤ SemswavlelTa saWiroebani. moswavleTa garkveul jgufs SeiZleba sWirdebodes<br />
¤ sagani, rogorc informaciis mTavari wyaro. zogierTi meoreuli miznis wyaros war-<br />
¤ filosofia. idealur SemTxvevaSi ras unda emsaxurebodes miznebi? `ganaTlebuli ada-<br />
miznebi<br />
magaliTad, wyalsacavis ekologiuri mdgomareoba, safosto momsaxurebis operaciebi<br />
(Tu fosta maxloblad mdebareobs); an adgilobrivi warmomavlobis avtoris, magali-<br />
Tad, henri david toros (masaCusetis Stati, konkordi) cxovreba da Semoqmedeba.<br />
gias, istorias, geografias, xelovnebas _ aqvs ierarqiuli struqtura, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
xdeba maTi Seswavla. disciplinis samyaroSi Semswavlelebi codnis SeZenas<br />
ierarqiuli gziT cdiloben, anu cdiloben am konkretuli disciplinis enaze ifiqron,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi meoreuli miznebis safuZveli es disciplinebia. mravali mizani skolaSi<br />
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli saswavlo disciplinebTan.<br />
miTiTebis micema, magaliTad, higienaSi. maTTvis SerCeuli saswavlo mizani unda exebodes<br />
janmrTelobas, sisufTaves da, SeiZleba, sakvebsac ki, radgan skola (an <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>)<br />
amCnevs, rom moswavleebs am mimarTulebiT saTanado Cvevebi ar gaaCniaT. sxva<br />
jgufSi SeiZleba iseTi problema iyos, rogoric aris moswavleTa Soris uTanxmoeba,<br />
erTmaneTis mosmenis uunaroba. aseT jgufs sWirdeba socialur problemaTa mogvarebis<br />
mimarTulebiT muSaoba. sazogadoebrivi saWiroebebidan gamomdinare miznebi<br />
im SemTxvevaSi ikveTeba, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, administracia an sameurveo sabWo<br />
adgens, rom arsebobs garkveuli deficiti. aseTi miznebi SeiZleba awmyo saWiroebas<br />
ukavSirdebodes (higiena, janmrTeloba), anda prevenciuli RonisZieba iyos. Zalze<br />
gavrcelebulia midgoma, romlis mixedviTac yvela mizani, ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis<br />
swavlebis CaTvliT, momavali saWiroebebisTvisaa gaTvlili, magram yoveli Semswavlelis<br />
saWiroeba ver gaxdeba meoreuli miznis erT-erTi wyaro, Tu igi mTlianobaSi<br />
am wyarodan ar gamomdinareobs. terminSi `SemswavlelTa saWiroebani~ pirveli sityva<br />
mianiSnebs SemswavlelTa jgufs, romelic awmyoSi garkveuli mimarTulebiT deficits<br />
ganicdis, an es deficiti momavalSi iCens Tavs (mTels klasze ki igi ar vrceldeba) da<br />
amitom saWiro xdeba am mimarTulebiT swavleba.<br />
moadgens saganTan dakavSirebuli informacia. magaliTad, ar mogveTxoveba, vicodeT<br />
samxreT amerikis mTavari produqtebi uSualod disciplinis ierarqiuli koncefciis<br />
mixedviT, magram sagnis codnisTvis es aucilebelia. aseT mTavar informaciebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
miznebis dasaxva skolis yvela safexurze xdeba. vin iyvnen me-18 saukunis<br />
inglisis mniSvnelovani poetebi? romel samedicino profils miekuTvneba SokSi<br />
Cavardnili pacienti? da a. S.<br />
miani~ Semdeg kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdes: SeeZlos kritikuli azrovneba,<br />
hqondes sxvisi mosmenisa da sxvebis poziciaze reagirebis unari, obieqturad Seafasos<br />
isini da daicvas sakuTari Sexedulebebi. es da mravali mosazreba ganaTlebulobis<br />
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT garkveuli miznebis miRma. zogierTi saklaso programa<br />
aqcents akeTebs damoukideblobisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unar-Cvevebze,<br />
SemoqmedobiTobaze, radgan am programebSi aisaxeba an SemdgenelTa Rirebulebebi, da/<br />
an Sexedulebebi moswavleebSi sasurveli Tvisebebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. miznebi,<br />
romlebic ukavSirdeba im Sexedulebas, Tu ra moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes ganaTlebuli<br />
kursdamTavrebuli, momdinareobs garkveuli `filosofiidan~, romelic, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, meoreul mizans warmoadgens.*<br />
mizanTa saTaveebi metyvelebs imaze, Tu ras aniWeben upiratesobas programis Semdgenel-<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Tyler, R. W. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. © 1949<br />
University of Chicago Press. yvela ufleba daculia.<br />
375
Tavi 14<br />
ni. pirveladi wyaroebis garkveviT viRebT informacias, Tu vis mieraa miznebi SerCeuli, ra<br />
roli aqvs moswavles am procesSi. SeuZlia Tu ara maswavlebels sakuTari iniciativiT Secvalos<br />
saswavlo gegma, ramdenad axdens gavlenas saswavlo gegmaze gareSe avtoritetuli wyaroebi?<br />
meoreuli wyaroebi migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu risi codnaa mniSvnelovani programis SemdgenelTa<br />
azriT. ra sakiTxebSi unda moxdes moswavleTa gaTviTcnobiereba? ra moTxovnebs<br />
gviyenebs Tanamedrove cxovreba, adgilobrivi kultura da sacxovrebeli adgili? ra mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba disciplinaTa koncefciebs? awarmoeben Tu ara programis avtorebi SemswavlelTa<br />
kvlevas, rom miznebi maT saWiroebebs miusadagon? xdeba Tu ara filosofiur SexedulebaTa<br />
programaSi SeRweva mizanTa meSveobiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxebi gvaZlevs informacias<br />
imis Taobaze, Tu ra iswavleba da ratom. mizanTa wyaroebis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, movipovoT sasargeblo informacia zemoxsenebul umniSvnelovanes<br />
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad da saswavlo procesis saintereso kuTxiT dasaxasiaTeblad.<br />
376<br />
daostatebis miznebis Sesatyvisi qceva<br />
meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebSi pofasa (Popham 1970) da mejeris (Mager 1962) wyalobiT popularuli<br />
gaxda qceviTi miznebis detaluri werilobiTi aRwera, sadac moswavleTa saqmianobis<br />
donis kriteriumTan erTad, gansazRvruli iyo am saqmianobis Sesrulebis pirobebic. magali-<br />
Tad:<br />
gamravleba-gayofis aTi mravalmoqmedebiani magaliTi moswavleebma 90%-iani sizustiT<br />
naxevar saaTSi unda amoxsnan.<br />
es axali midgoma, romelic male qilikisa da dacinvis sagani gaxda, miznad isaxavda moswavleTa<br />
miRwevebze yuradRebis koncentrirebasa da Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobis gazrdas.<br />
unar-Cvevebis kompleqsurad gamoyenebis miznebi arsobrivad gansxvavebulia da operaciis<br />
Sesrulebis unarebis SeTvisebas gulisxmobs, romelTa dauflebis doneze dakvirveba<br />
xdeba SemuSavebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT (es iqneba maTematikuri manipulaciebi, wakiTxulis<br />
gaSifrva Tu weris teqnika). magram es meTodi ar gamodgeba moswavleebisTvis erTmaneT-<br />
Tan TanamSromlobis saswavleblad. ra efeqtiani kriteriumebi unda SeimuSaos maswavlebelma<br />
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs TanamSromlobisadmi pativiscema aswavlos? mas SeuZlia<br />
waakiTxos moswavleebs moTxrobebi an aCvenos videorgolebi da sTxovos TanamSromluri da<br />
araTanamSromluri qcevebi amocnoba, magram iqneba Tu ara es aqtivoba sasargeblo?<br />
sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva enobrivi specifikis gamoyeneba unda moxdes _ maswavlebelma<br />
sxvadasxva tipis miznebze muSaobisas, Sesaferisi ena unda SearCios. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
maswavleblebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: maswavleblebi, romlebic miznebis ganxorcielebisas<br />
konteqstis mixedviT Sesabamis enas iyeneben da maswavleblebi, romlebic am<br />
mimarTulebiT ar muSaoben. unar-CvevaTa kompleqsurad gamoyenebis miznebis mniSvneloba<br />
ufro gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu mas ganvixilavT xelovnebis saswavlo gegmis an, magaliTad, ferweris<br />
kursis konteqstSi. maswavlebelTa erTi nawili, zogadad, saubrobs iseT miznebze, romlebic<br />
unar-CvevaTa gamoyenebis sferos ganekuTvneba. magaliTad: `bavSvebi kompetenturad<br />
SeZleben samniSna cifrebis (romelTa Sua cifri nulia) Sekrebas~.Mmagram ar aris dakonkretebuli,<br />
Tu ras gulisxmoben, terminiT `kompetenturad SeZleben~. pofemisa da beikeris azriT<br />
(Popham and Baker 1970), dauflebis donis misaRwevad da Sesafaseblad aucilebelia kriteriumebis<br />
SemuSaveba.
Sejameba<br />
am Tavis Sejamebisas, miznebTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi xuTi kiTxva unda daisvas:<br />
miznebi<br />
1. qmnis Tu ara mizani naTel suraTs, kerZod, ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben Semswavlelebi?<br />
2. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, gegmis Sedgenisas, eyrdnoba Tu ara mizanTa xuTive wris kiTxvebs?<br />
3. aris Tu ara sirTulis Sesabamisi done?<br />
4. saidan iRebs saTaves miznebi (mizanTa wyaroebi)?<br />
5. aris Tu ara konteqstis Sesabamisi miznis ena?<br />
377
m i z n e b i - S e j a m e b a<br />
1. qmnis Tu ara mizani naTel suraTs, kerZod, ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben<br />
moswavleebi?<br />
diax, ara, bundovania<br />
2. aris Tu ara sirTulis done Sesabamisi?<br />
Zalian rTulia<br />
Zalian advilia<br />
Sesabamisia<br />
moswavleTa maqsimalur Zalisxmevas moiTxovs<br />
3. ra aris miznis wyaro?<br />
moswavle sazogadoeba<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> saswavlo disciplina<br />
jgufi SemswavlelTa saWiroebaniA<br />
avtoriteti mniSvnelovani informacia<br />
Tanamedrove cxovreba filosofia<br />
kultura<br />
4. maswavleblis xedvis romeli tipi warmoadgens safuZvels?<br />
zogadi azrovneba<br />
swavla (daostateba)<br />
CarTuloba<br />
aqtivobebis Sesruleba<br />
masalis amowurva<br />
m i z n e b i - S e j a m e b a<br />
379
miznebis xedva<br />
m i z n e b i - s a v a r j i S o<br />
gansazRvreT, ra tipis xedvasTan (masalis amowurva, aqtivobebis Sesruleba, Car-<br />
Tuloba, daostateba, zogadi azrovneba) aris dakavSirebuli qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
kiTxvebi, romlebic daismis gakveTilis dagegmvisas?<br />
1. rogor uzrunvelvyo moswavleTa CarTuloba?<br />
2. azrovnebis romel tipze minda moswavleebma imuSaon da daxvewon?<br />
3. ra codnas, unar-Cvevasa da koncefcias Sevaswavli?<br />
4. ra aqtivobebis Sesrulebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom moswavleebi masalas Caswvdnen<br />
da Sesabamisi unarebi ganiviTaron?<br />
5. ra minda, moswavleebma icodnen da SeZlon gakveTilis bolos? rogor davrwmunde,<br />
rom maT es ician da SeuZliaT?<br />
gansazRvreT, qvemoT CamoTvlili miznebis miRma arsebuli xedvis tipi. SesaZle-<br />
belia, erTze meti tipis arseboba.<br />
1. moswavleebi waikiTxaven nawarmoebs `wiTeli poni~, erTmaneTs gauziareben mosazrebebs<br />
saukeTeso epizodebis Sesaxeb da daweren erTgverdian eses, sadac<br />
megobars am wignis wakiTxvas urCeven.<br />
2. `dRes Cven kvadratul gantolebaze gadavalT. jer mis ganmartebas agixsniT,<br />
Semdeg kvadratuli gantolebis amoxsnis erT-erT gzas giCvenebT, bolos ki<br />
jgufurad imuSavebT da xuT magaliTs amoxsniT~.<br />
3. `maS ase, vfiqrob, Zalian mogewonebaT is, rasac axla gavakeTebT. CvenTan aris<br />
xuTi axali centri, sadac SegiZliaT ivarjiSoT werasa da kiTxvaSi. zogi<br />
Tqvengani marto imuSavebs, zogi ki partniorTan erTad. Tqven mogiwevT daweroT,<br />
kasetas mousminoT, Tqveni mosazrebebi partniors gauziaroT da masTan<br />
erTad SeTanxmebas miaRwioT~.<br />
4. moswavleebi erTujrediani cxovelis niSan-Tvisebebs asaxeleben, xataven er-<br />
Tujrediani cxovelis sam nimuSs da varauds gamoTqvamen, rogori iqneba ganviTarebis<br />
Semdegi safexuri.<br />
5. `waikiTxeT Cem mier mocemuli statia Ramurebze, upasuxeT SekiTxvebs samuSao<br />
furcelze, Semdeg gveqneba diskusia am sakiTxze~.<br />
6. gamoiyeneT gasul kviraSi naswavli teqnika, romlis meSveobiTac gavaanalizeT<br />
da SevafaseT jon fijerald kenedis saaarCevno kampaniis dros misi kritikuli<br />
gamosvlebi da gaaanalizeT da SeafaseT mimdinare saprezidento kampaniis<br />
mniSvnelovani gamosvlebi.<br />
7. `momaval kviraSi vimuSavebT deteqtiuri Janris nawarmoebebze. moTxrobebis<br />
kiTxvisas, koncentrirebas movaxdenT idumalebiT mocul ambebze, gveqneba<br />
roluri TamaSebi. me, piradad, am Temis momzadebisas, Zalian gavxalisdi~.<br />
8. `SeadgineT grafiki da daasaxeleT is movlenebi, romelTa gamoc 1945 wels<br />
vietnamis omi daiwyo. Tqveni pasuxebis partnioris pasuxebTan Sejerebis Semdeg,<br />
amoirCieT erT-erTi movlena, romelmac yvelaze didi roli Seasrula am<br />
m i z n e b i - s a v a r j i S o<br />
381
382<br />
TvalsazrisiT. Semdeg moamzadeT oTxwuTiani gamosvla da daicaviT Tqveni<br />
pozicia. daixmareT analizisa da Sefasebis meTodi~.<br />
9. `mivdivarT zooparkSi, rom davbrundebiT, daxatavT cxovels, romelic<br />
yvelaze metad mogewonebaT da dawerT moTxrobas masze~.<br />
10. `bendis dRevandel repeticiaze davukravT yvela rCeul nawarmoebs, rom<br />
morigi sagazafxulo koncertisTvis movemzadoT~.<br />
davalebebi<br />
miznebTan dakavSirebuli Cveni xedvebi Tavs iCens moswavleebisaTvis micemul<br />
davalebebSi. davalebebs SeuZlia Semswavlels daexmaros codnisa da unarebis<br />
dauflebisa da zogadi azrovnebis miznebis miRwevaSi, an, SesaZloa, mxolod Ses-<br />
asrulebel aqtivobebad iqces. gansazRvreT, ra tipis xedva aris mocemuli CamoT-<br />
vlil davalebebSi.<br />
1. waikiTxeT me-14 Tavi samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb.<br />
2. waikiTxeT igavi `mela da qaTami~, aRmoaCineT da daasaxeleT igavisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
xuTi niSani.<br />
3. xvalisTvis waikiTxeT qveTavi peplebis Sesaxeb, ganmarteT xuTi axali leqsikuri<br />
erTeuli da SeadgineT winadadebebi maTi gamoyenebiT.<br />
4. waikiTxeT Tavi Sua dasavleTis Statebis Sesaxeb da konturul rukaze sworad<br />
miuTiTeT Statebis saxelebi.<br />
5. waikiTxeT `romeo da julietas~ meore moqmedeba. biWebi moemzadon, rom xvalisTvis<br />
waikiTxon julietas teqsti, xolo gogonebma moamzadon romeos teqsti.<br />
6. waikiTxeT Tavi `dabadeba~ da moemzadeT, rom erTmaneTs SeadaroT darviniseuli<br />
evoluciis Teoria da bibliuri Sesaqmis versia.<br />
7. SeasruleT kent ricxvebTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebi da gamoTvaleT dadebiTi<br />
da uaryofiTi ricxvebi.<br />
8. xvalisaTvis, gTxovT, airCioT is produqti, romelsac reklamas gaukeTebdiT,<br />
SeurCieT sareklamo warwera da ganmarteT Tqveni arCevanis mizezi. isaubreT,<br />
ra ferebs gamoiyenebdiT da ratom, ra saSualebiT gaavrcelebdiT reklamas<br />
da ratom.<br />
9. xval purs gamovacxobT. gaimeoreT receptSi miTiTebuli etapebi da moemzadeT<br />
am procesis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
10. dRes giCvenebT burRis sworad gamoyenebas. xvalisTvis moamzadeT SekiTxvebi<br />
am sakiTxze.<br />
Sefaseba<br />
moswavleTa Sefasebac erT-erTi xerxia miznebis misaRwevad. gansazRvreT, mizan-<br />
Ta xedvis tipi im SefasebaSi, romelSic aqcenti Semdeg aspeqtebze keTdeba:<br />
1. ramdenad aqtiurad monawileobdnen moswavleebi diskusiaSi?<br />
2. ramdenad kargad iqceodnen moswavleebi muzeumSi eqskursiaze?
3. ramdenad sworad SeZles moswavleebma jadosnuri zRaprisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
elementebis gansazRvra?<br />
4. SeZles Tu ara moswavleebma kategoriebad daeyoT is informacia, romelic<br />
maT miiRes nawarmoebiT `edna ferberi~ da Semdeg ramdenad sworad moaxdines<br />
am kategoriaTa saxeldeba?<br />
5. SeuZliaT Tu ara moswavleebs, erTmaneTs Seadaron da daupirispiron ori<br />
lideri - martin luTer kingi da mahaTma gandi?<br />
gadaaqcieT daostatebis miznad<br />
SecvaleT qvemoT CamoTvlili miznebi ise, rom maT gamoxaton daostatebis an<br />
zogadi azrovnebis miznebi.<br />
1. moswavleebi monawileobas miiReben ZuZumwovarTa Sesaxeb diskusiaSi.<br />
2. moswavleebi paralels gaavleben berZnul da romaul civilizaciebs Soris.<br />
3. moswavleebi gamoavlenen enTuziazms xatvisadmi.<br />
4. moswavleebi iTamaSeben kalaTburTs.<br />
5. moswavleebi waikiTxaven Tavs dasavleTis Sesaxeb da isaubreben kovboebis<br />
cxovrebaze.<br />
6. moswavleebi monawileobas miiReben sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Temaze gamar-<br />
Tul diskusiaSi.<br />
7. moswavleebi samxatvro muzeums daaTvaliereben da daweren eses sayvareli<br />
naxatis Sesaxeb.<br />
8. moswavleebi gamoiyeneben mrgvalsa da ormxriv xerxsa da burRs.<br />
9. moswavleebi monawileobas miiReben zamTris koncertSi.<br />
10. moswavleebi gaecnobian lora ingals vilderis wignebs.<br />
383
Tavi 14<br />
384<br />
literatura<br />
Bussis, A. M., E. A. Chittenden, and M. Amarel. Beyond Surface Curriculum: An \ Interview Study of Teachers'<br />
Understandings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1966.<br />
Clark, C. M., and R. J. Yinger. "Teachers Thinking." In P.L. Peterson and H.J. Wahlberg (eds.). Research<br />
on Teaching. Berkeley: McCutcheon, 1979.<br />
Duffy, G., L. Roehler, and G. Rockliffe. "How Teachers' Instructional Talk Influences Students' Understandings<br />
of Lesson Content." Elementary School Journal 87, no. 1 (September 1986).<br />
Hunt, J. McV. Intelligence and Experience. New York: Ronald Press, 1961.<br />
Hunter, M. Presentation at ASCD, 1977.<br />
Joyce, B. R., C. Clark, and L. Peck. Flexibility in Teaching. New York: Longmans, 1981.<br />
Mager, R. R. Preparing Instructional Objectives. Palo Alto: Fearson Publications, 1962.<br />
Peterson, P. L., C. W. Marx, and C. Clark. "Teacher Planning, Teacher Behavior, and Student Achievement."<br />
American Educational Research Journal 15 (Summer 1978): 417-432.<br />
Popham, W. J., and E.L. Baker. Systematic Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1970.<br />
Saphier, J. D. "The Parameters of Teaching: An Empirical Study Using Observations and Interviews to<br />
Validate a Theory of Teaching by Linking Levels of Analysis, Levels of Knowing and Levels of<br />
Performance." Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1980.<br />
Tyler, R. W. Basic Principles ofCurriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.<br />
Zahorik, J. A. "Learning Activities: Nature, Function, and Practice." Elementary School Journal 82 (1982):<br />
309-317.
15<br />
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
rogor mivusadagoT moswavles swavlis<br />
stili?
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
swavlis procesi, anu sakiTxi `rogor vswavlobT?~ ar gulisxmobs saswavlo kursis Si-<br />
naarssa da maswavleblis mier Sesrulebul aqtivobebs. is niSnavs interaqcias Semswav-<br />
lelsa da im garemos Soris, romlis mimarTac is reagirebs. Seswavla xdeba maSin, rodesac<br />
moswavle Tavad moqmedebs, anu Semswavleli imas swavlobs, rasac Tavad akeTebs da ara<br />
imas, rasac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> akeTebs. r. taileri,<br />
`saswavlo gegmisa da swavlebis ZiriTadi principebi~<br />
swavlis procesis ganxilva mniSvnelovania imiT, rom SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, moswavleebisaTvis<br />
SeTavazebul aqtivobebs daakvirdeT da maTSi axali niuansebi aRmoaCinoT.<br />
Tqvens winaSe arsebulze ufro sruli suraTi iqmneba imisaTvis, rom dainaxoT,<br />
rogor swavloben moswavleebi da aseve – ra SemTxvevaSi ver swavloben isini. am informaciam<br />
SeiZleba erT-erT daskvnamde migiyvanoT:<br />
¤ `kargia, rom me aseT meTodebs ar viyeneb da rasac vakeTeb swored saswavlo gegmiskenaa<br />
¤ `aris bevri iseTi ram, rasac ar viyeneb, arada, namdvilad sasargeblo iqneboda. ara<br />
¤ `aris ramdenime sakiTxi, razec aqamde ar mifiqria. kargi iqneba maTi danergva, amis ga-<br />
mimarTuli, raimes Secvla ki saWiro ar aris~.<br />
uSavs, uamravi dro maqvs maT dasanergad. albaT, sjobs isini bolosTvis, damatebis<br />
saxiT Semovinaxo~.<br />
keTebas axlave Sevecdebi~.<br />
arsebiTi is gaxlavT, rom SeZloT sxvebis an swavlebis meTodebs sakuTar axleburad<br />
SexedoT, ufro meti ram dainaxoT da axali informaciis safuZvelze ufro swori gadawyvetilebebi<br />
miiRoT. imedia, es Tavi bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxis aRqmasa da gacnobierebaSi<br />
dagexmarebaT.<br />
swavlebis procesi moswavleebis TvaliT unda davinaxoT. pirvel yovlisa, vsvamT kiTxvas:<br />
`rogor aRiqvamen moswavleebi saklaso garemos? rogori maxasiaTeblebi aqvs aqtivobebs?<br />
rogor aRiqvams mas moswavle Sesrulebisas?~ Semdegi kiTxvebi aseTia: `ra daskvnis gamotana<br />
SeiZleba? ra mniSvneloba aqvs yovelive amas? ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rogor aRiqvamen<br />
moswavleebi aqtivobaTa ama Tu im maxasiaTebels? aris Tu ara es arsebiTi sruli saswavlo<br />
kursis TvalsazrisiT?~ am sakiTxebSi garkveva arCevanis gakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems _<br />
swavlebis formis SerCeva xom maswavleblis prerogativaa. moswavlis azrovnebis tipebs<br />
realuri, materialuri sagnis, magaliTad, kldis msgavsad davaxasiaTebT. is materialuri<br />
ar aris, Tumca realuria da kldis msgavsad Taviseburebebi aqvs. kldis msgavsad, romelsac<br />
garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebi aqvs (mag.: aris sferuli, kvercxisebri, cilindruli, kubis formis;<br />
aqvs feric, SeiZleba iyos yavisferi, nacrisferi, molurjo, mowiTalo, movercxlisfro),<br />
swavlis processac konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. magaliTad, swavlis procesSi<br />
zedamxedveloba sami mizniT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: damoukideblobis ganviTarebis, moswavleTa<br />
daxmarebis an uSualod meTvalyureobis mizniT. swavlebis ra forma sWirdebaT<br />
moswavleebs konkretul SemTxvevaSi? SeiZleba maT dRis ganmavlobaSi uSualo kontaqti da<br />
yuradReba sWirdebaT, xolo dRis bolos maTi damoukideblad muSaobaa mizanSewonili? anu<br />
zedamxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT, maTTvis Sesabamisi swavlebis forma etapobrivad icvleba,<br />
e. i. swavlis procesi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT icvleba.<br />
387
Tavi 15<br />
swavlis procesis analiziT miviRebT imis srul da detalur suraTs, Tu rogor iTviseben<br />
moswavleebi dagegmili aqtivobebis Sesrulebisas. Tu am aqtivobebs garkveuli drois<br />
manZilze davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rogor xdeba rgolebis erT jaWvad gadaqceva swavlis<br />
procesSi. Semdeg ki SegviZlia SevafasoT, ramdenad pasuxobs moTxovnebs miRebuli jaWvi.<br />
viyenebT Tu ara swavlebis yvela models – praqtikaSi swavlebis mxolod konkurentul da<br />
individualistur models veyrdnobiT, Tu kolaboraciulsac viyenebT? aRqmis romeli<br />
arxebis stimulirebas vaxdenT? mxedvelobidan xom ar gvrCeba kinesTetikuri (Sexeba) arxi?<br />
swavlebisas ramdenad daculia balansi konkretulsa da abstraqtuls Soris? kiTxvis `rogor<br />
vswavlobT?~ gacnobiereba dagvexmareba periodulad davakvirdeT sakuTar muSaobas da<br />
gadavamowmoT, vTavazobT Tu ara moswavleebs sasurvels. dabolos, am sakiTxis codna kargi<br />
iaraRia maswavleblisTvis, raTa SeZlos moswavleebisa da jgufebisTvis swavlebis formebis<br />
individualurad SerCeva.<br />
naSromis momdevno nawilSi detalurad aRvwerT saswavlo procesis maxasiaTeblebs da<br />
visaubrebT maTi gamovlenis SesaZlo formebze. Sedegad, SegeZlebaT gansazRvroT Tqveni,<br />
rogorc maswavleblis profili. Semdeg gaarkvevT, ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebs Tqven<br />
mier SeTavazebuli variantebidan arCeuli meTodebis speqtri.<br />
388<br />
ganmartebani<br />
informaciis wyaroebi<br />
mTeli is informacia, romelsac moswavleebi swavlis procesSi iReben, SeiZleba or jgufad<br />
davyoT: standartuli da Seqmnili informacia. informaciis standartuli wyaroa teqsti,<br />
cnobari, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, an informaciis nebismieri sxva wyaro. Seqmnili informacia aris<br />
codna, romelic Semswavlelebma iseTi procesis meSveobiT miiRes, romelSic Tavad monawileobdnen,<br />
magaliTad, dakvirvebis, cdis Catarebis, intervius, deduqciis, induqciis, logikis,<br />
kamaTis, debatebis, SekiTxvebis dasmis safuZvelze.<br />
informaciis wignSi moZebna standartuli wyaros gamoyenebas niSnavs. Tumca, informaciis<br />
wignSi moZebnis iniciativa SeiZleba moswavlisgan modiodes, misi mizani da arCevani<br />
(azrovnebis tipis mixedviT) iyos, magaliTad, man SeiZleba wignSi moZiebuli informaciis<br />
mixedviT TviTmfrinavis detalebi Seqmnas, magram es mainc standartul wyaroze dayrdnobiT<br />
moxdeba.<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
mniSvnelovania, gavarkvioT, ganzrax vayenebT Tu ara moswavleebs iseT mdgomareobaSi,<br />
romelic imis nacvlad, rom pirdapir miiRon informacia, romlis Sekreba, momzadeba da damuSaveba<br />
specialurad maTTvis moxda, aiZulebs, gaaaqtiuron sakuTari resursebi da masze<br />
daafuZnon axali codna. informaciis arc erTi wyaro saukeTeso ar aris, magram maT sxvadasxvagvari<br />
efeqti aqvT Semswavlelze. Tu swavlebisas informaciis mxolod erTi wyaro gamoiyeneba,<br />
aseTi saganmanaTleblo programa daubalansebelia.
ganmartebani<br />
resursebi<br />
moswavleebma saswavlo kursisTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenon erTi an meti resursi:<br />
¤ teqsti<br />
¤ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
¤ Tanatolebi<br />
¤ mSoblebi<br />
¤ interviuebi gareSe pirebTan (garda mSoblebis, maswavleblebisa da Tanatolebisa)<br />
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
¤ dakvirveba<br />
¤ audiovizualuri masala<br />
¤ onlaini an eleqtroaparatura<br />
¤ cnobari<br />
¤ sakuTari warmosaxva an gamocdileba<br />
am CamonaTvalis warmodgena resursebis im nusxis gasafarToeblad dagvWirda, romlebmac<br />
swavlis procesze unda moaxdinon gavlena da gavarkvioT, ramdeni maTgani gamoiyeneba Cvens<br />
praqtikaSi.<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
saganmanaTleblo kursis manZilze, yvela zemoCamoTvlili resursi unda gamoviyenoT.<br />
gavarkvioT, nebismieri kursis, safexuris an klasisTvis romeli resursebi an resursTa ramdenad<br />
farTo speqtris gamoyenebaa Sesabamisi da sasurveli da SevadaroT arsebul realobas.<br />
moswavleTa aTvisebis procesze individualuri dakvirvebisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba,<br />
davadginoT, am resursTagan ramdeni gamoiyenes sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo kursze da SevafasoT,<br />
ramdenad Seesabameba erTmaneTs resursTa efeqturoba da programis intensivoba.<br />
ganmartebani<br />
pirovnuli relevanturoba<br />
individualuri relevantobis misaRwevad swavlis procesSi unda CavrToT warmosaxva,<br />
modelireba da realuri garemo. xarisxis maCvenebelia is, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba saswavlo<br />
situacia moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul aspeqtebs. ramdenad mWidro kavSirSia<br />
saswavlo situacia skolis gareT arsebul realur samyarosTan?<br />
magaliTad, rveulSi iseTi magaliTis amoxsna, romelic fulis Sekrebas moiTxovs<br />
(124.35+3.50=?), warmosaxviTi aqtivobaa, radgan samuSao rveulis furclebze fulis angariSi<br />
skolis gareT cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. magram Tu klasSi gaTamaSdeba<br />
situacia, moewyoba daxlis modeli, sadac nebismieri produqti `gaiyideba~, moswavleebi<br />
ki pirobiTi an namdvili fuliT `ivaWreben~, maSin moxdeba realobis simulacia. xolo Tu<br />
389
Tavi 15<br />
klasi supermarketSi garkveuli RonisZiebisTvis fuls daxarjavs, magaliTad, wveulebisTvis<br />
produqts SeiZens, moswavleebs mTeli rigi procedurebis ganxorcieleba mouwevT:<br />
produqtis arCeva, vaWroba, fulis gadaxda da xurdis miReba. es iqneba realuri aqtivoba _<br />
realur samyarosTan integrirebuli da uSualod dakavSirebuli.<br />
warmosaxviTi swavlis process, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs _ igi swavlisa da<br />
codnis SeZenisas xSirad gamoiyeneba da Seucvlelia. indoeTis istoriis Seswavla mxolod<br />
am qveynis istoriuli saitebiT arasruli iqneba (Tumca maTi gamoyeneba namdvilad sasurvelia).<br />
istoriuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas aucileblad sWirdeba wignebis wakiTxva. amrigad,<br />
gamarTlebuli ar iqneba Teoriuli masalisa<br />
da realuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze swav-<br />
bevr maswavlebels miaCnia, rom saswavlo galebaTa<br />
erTmaneTTan dapirispireba da romemocdileba<br />
dakavSirebuli unda iyos realur<br />
lime maTganis upiratesobis mtkiceba. ra Tqma<br />
samyarosTan.<br />
unda, Sors varT im azrisgan, rom moswavleebma<br />
mTeli saskolo programa skolis Senobis<br />
gareT unda gaiaron, rom realuri cxovrebis saSualebiT swavlis process eziaron: xatva<br />
realuri iqneba yvelgan, sadac unda daxatos adamianma _ am moqmedebis Sesruleba skolaSic<br />
SeiZleba da samxatvro saxelosnoSic. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis<br />
nebismier sxva dargSi muSaobaze. mxareTa debatebi yovelTvis realuri gamocdilebaa da ara<br />
simulacia, miuxedavad imisa, sasamarTloSi mimdinareobs Tu ara. mravali saskolo procedura<br />
imTaviTve realuria moswavleebisTvis. magaliTad, moswavleTa Soris kamaTi masalebis<br />
ganawilebasTan dakavSirebiT maTTvis realobaa, Tumca xSirad ganzrax aris provocirebuli.<br />
390<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
ganaTlebis mravali specialisti miiCnevs, rom swavlis rac SeiZleba meti procesi unda<br />
davukavSiroT moswavlis realur cxovrebas – mis skolis gareT gamocdilebas. swavlebis<br />
Teoriis erT-erTi skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT, aseTi swavlis procesi gacilebiT efeqturi<br />
da mtkicea (Dale, uTariRo). am Teoriis mixedviT, moswavles aqvs konteqsti, romelSic<br />
axali informaciis transferi SeuZlia da Tavis pirad cxovrebasTan relevantobis gamo is<br />
motivirebulia, araTu daeswros aseT sagakveTilo process, aramed misi aqtiuri monawilec<br />
gaxdes. es ki moswavlis CarTulobis garantiaa, rac swavlebas maqsimalurad efeqturs xdis.<br />
Teoriis mimdevarTa azriT, mniSvnelovania vicodeT, ramdenad miaxloebulia realobasTan<br />
moswavleTaTvis SeTavazebuli saswavlo procesebi. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisa da Ria<br />
gakveTilebis specialistebs saswavlo procesi gansakuTrebiT am kuTxiT ainteresebT (Bussis,<br />
Chittenden, and Amarel 1976).<br />
swavlis procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ukeT dasanaxad, SegviZlia monacemTa baza gamoviyenoT.<br />
Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT moqmedebiT (keTebiT) swavlasa da Teoriul swavlas, uzarmazar<br />
gansxvavebas davinaxavT. aucilebelia, davadginoT, ra adgili uWiravs saswavlo gegmaSi<br />
realobidan swavlas da ramdenad Seesabameba is masalis Sinaarssa da moswavles. saswavlo<br />
gegmis efeqtianoba SegviZlia SevafasoT Teoriul, simulaciur da realobis safuZvelze<br />
swavlis procesTa Soris arsebuli balansis mixedviT. aseTi balansi saukeTeso saSualebaa<br />
saswavlo miznebis mocemul droSi gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
.
ganmartebani<br />
konkurencia<br />
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
jonsonma da jonsonma (Johnson & Johnson 1975, 1987) swavlis procesis sami modeli SemoiRes:<br />
kolaboraciuli (TanamSromluri), konkurentuli da individualisturi. swavlis procesSi<br />
mniSvnelovania is urTierTdamokidebuleba da urTierTkavSiri, romelic arsebobs moswavleebs<br />
Soris da, agreTve, moswavleebsa da maswavlebels Soris. es urTierToba asaxavs klasis<br />
socialur klimats, romelSic gvxvdeba rogorc konkurentuli, ise arakonkurentuli<br />
garemo, an urTierTdaxmareba.<br />
rodesac moswavleebi erTad muSaoben, raTa gaarkvion, ra faqtorebi axdens gavlenas<br />
sanTlis wvis xangrZlivobaze, isini kolaboraciuli modeliT muSaoben.<br />
kolaboraciulia modeli, rodesac maT gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom yoveli maTganis<br />
mier miznis miRweva uSualod aris damokidebuli maTTan dakavSirebul sxva<br />
moswavleTa mier miznis miRwevaze. magaliTad, Tu yvela moswavlis mizania im<br />
faqtorebis CamoTvla, romlebic gavlenas axdens sanTlis wvis droze, isini<br />
mizans mxolod saWiro CamonaTvalis Sedgenis SemTxvevaSi miaRweven. kolaboraciul<br />
mizanze muSaoba saWiroebs saerTo miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli qcevebis<br />
koordinirebas. Tu erTi moswavle aRwevs mizans, maSin masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
yvela moswavle misi warmatebis moziarea. magram Tu moswavleebi erTmaneTs<br />
sanTlis wvis drois xangrZlivobis ganmapirobebel faqtorTa yvelaze srulyofili<br />
CamonaTvalis SedgenaSi Seejibrebian, saqme gveqneba konkurentul<br />
modelTan. konkurentuli modeli im SemTxvevaSi muSaobs, roca moswavleebs<br />
gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom mizans mxolod maSin miaRweven, Tu sxvebi amas ver Se-<br />
Zleben, radgan bolos mxolod erTi saukeTeso gamovlindeba, sxvebi ki damarcxebulebad<br />
CaiTvlebian. konkurentuli interaqcia gulisxmobs brZolas miznis<br />
misaRwevad, rac erTis mier miznis miRwevas niSnavs. bolos, ganvixiloT mesame _<br />
individualisturi modeli: es modeli maSin moqmedebs, roca moswavleebi damoukideblad<br />
muSaoben, magaliTad, romelime maTematikuri operaciis Sesasruleblad.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, erTi moswavlis mier miznis miRweva ar aris damokidebuli<br />
sxvebis mier miznis miRwevaze. erTis warmateba an warumatebloba ar<br />
aisaxeba meoris warmatebaze Tu warumateblobaze. romelime moswavlis mier gamoTvlis<br />
ama Tu im maTematikuri meTodis daufleba ar ganapirobebs sxvebis mier<br />
mocemuli meTodis dauflebas an verdauflebas. individualisturi modeliT<br />
muSaobisas ar xdeba moswavleTa Soris interaqcia, yoveli maTgani problemis<br />
gadaWris sakuTar gzas eZebs imisda miuxedavad, sxvebi aRweven Tu ara mizans<br />
(Johnson & Johnson 1975, gv. 7).*<br />
jonsonma da jonsonma saswavlo procesis organizebis formebze (interaqcia moswavleTa<br />
Soris da interaqcia maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris) dakvirvebis mizniT Seadgines kiTxvari,<br />
romlis SekiTxvebzec unda gaecaT an dadebiTi – `diax~, an uaryofiTi – `ara~ pasuxi.<br />
Sedegad, swavlebis sami modelisTvis samgvari procentuli maCvenebeli gamoikveTa. miRebuli<br />
suraTis mixedviT, swavlis procesisTvis iSviaTad gamoiyeneba mxolod kolaboraciuli<br />
modeli. kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
dominanturia iseTi saswavlo procesi, romelSic konkurentuli modelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
niSnebi sWarbobs.<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Johnson, D. W., and R. T. Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Printice Hall, 1975, 1987.<br />
391
Tavi 15<br />
Jgufuri jvleva<br />
Tavsatexi Johnson &<br />
Johnson<br />
moswavleTa<br />
gundebi<br />
gunduri<br />
Sejibri<br />
392<br />
Tavsatexi, saintereso situacia.<br />
jgufebs eZlevaT<br />
amocanebi.<br />
gayaviT masala 5-6<br />
moswavlisTvis 5-6 nawilad.<br />
mTliani klasis instruqtireba<br />
moswavleTa reaqciebis Seswavla.<br />
socialuri<br />
unarebis varjiSi da<br />
sajaro ganxilva.<br />
gundis wevrebi<br />
damoukideblad swavloben<br />
TavianT nawilebs.<br />
araerTgvarovan jgufSi 4-5 moswavle<br />
erTmaneTis gamokiTxvas awarmoebs da davalebas<br />
asrulebs.<br />
did jgufTan saswavlo amocanis<br />
formulireba.<br />
qvejgufebis Seqmna da didi<br />
proeqtidan qveamocanis miReba.<br />
jgufebi msjeloben,<br />
rogor ganawildes<br />
masala erTi<br />
mTliani produqtis<br />
misaRebad.<br />
gundi iSleba. sxvadasxva<br />
gundebis warmomadgenlebi,<br />
romlebsac erTi da igive<br />
masala aqvT qmnian `eqspertTa<br />
jgufs”, raTa erTmaneTs<br />
gauwion xelmZRvaneloba<br />
da moamzadon gundis<br />
prezentacia.<br />
15-wuTian<br />
Tavsatexs<br />
moswavleebi<br />
damoukideblad<br />
asruleben.<br />
SejibrSi Tanabari<br />
SesaZleblobebis<br />
moswavleebi sxvadasxva<br />
samwevrian gundebs<br />
warmoadgenen. isini<br />
TamaSoben akademiuri<br />
masalis gamoyenebiT:<br />
gamarjvebuli, 6 qula;<br />
jgufebi erTad<br />
muSaoben.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
agroveben<br />
qulebs sakuTari<br />
ZalebiT da<br />
Tavad asruleben<br />
konkretul<br />
davalebebs.<br />
sqema 15.1. kooperaciuli swavlis xuTi formati<br />
rolebis miReba, dagegmva.<br />
damoukidebeli muSaoba, swavla.<br />
meore adgili, 4 qula<br />
gundebi gadanawildebian,<br />
raTa ganaxorcielon<br />
moswavleTaSorisi swavla.<br />
mesame, 2 qula<br />
jgufebi aanalizeben progress da<br />
process.<br />
iReben jgufis<br />
Sefasebas.<br />
gegmaven prezentacias.<br />
individualuri testebi.<br />
cxaddeba<br />
gamarjvebuli<br />
gundebis vinaoba.<br />
cxaddeba gamarjvebuli<br />
gundis vinaoba (pirvel<br />
adgilze gasulTa qulebi)<br />
marcxnidan marjvniv izrdeba interaqciisa da komunikaciis unaris saWiroeba.<br />
klasi afasebs jgufebis wvlils.
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
samecniero literaturis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRiarebulia kolaboraciuli swavlis<br />
procesis efeqtianoba rogorc gagebis, ise Sedegis TvalsazrisiT. am aRiarebis kvaldakval<br />
gamoCnda specialuri literatura, romelic eZRvneba kolaboraciuli modeliT saswavlo<br />
procesis warmarTvis teqnikas. maswavleblebs SeuZliaT kolaboraciuli modelis, sul<br />
cota, xuTi sxvadasxva formis danergva (sqema 15.1). diagramaze zemoaRniSnuli formebis<br />
dalagebis principi is aris, Tu ra roli eniWeba TiToeuli maTganis gansaxorcieleblad moswavleTa<br />
interaqciisa da komunikaciis unars (marcxnidan marjvniv – naklebad saWirodan<br />
ufro saWirosken).<br />
ganvixiloT konkretuli saswavlo procesi da davadginoT, romeli maxasiaTebelia misTvis<br />
dominanturi: kolaboraciuli, konkurentuli Tu individualisturi. Cven davakvirdiT<br />
erT-erT samecniero laboratoriaSi mimdinare saswavlo kurss, sadac moswavleTa jgufebi<br />
erTad muSaobdnen. maT saerTo aparatura hqondaT, erTmaneTs uziarebdnen ideebsa da informacias,<br />
radgan erTsa da imave cdas atarebdnen. es TanamSromlobis namdvili nimuSi iyo. moswavleebi,<br />
amave dros, cdis Sedegebs damoukideblad iwerdnen sakuTar rveulebSi. momdevno<br />
etapze moswavleTa sxvadasxva jgufi sxvadasxva adgilze imyofeboda. zogi maTgani marto<br />
muSaobda, radgan im momentSi iq sxva aravin iyo, an kidev imitom, rom marto muSaoba undoda<br />
(ris uflebasac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> aZlevda). roca isini mzad iyvnen testisTvis, individualurad<br />
abarebdnen tests. testirebas uZRoda moswavlesTan maswavleblis individualuri muSaoba.<br />
aRniSnuli saswavlo procesi, udavod, individualisturia. zemoaRniSnul laboratoriul<br />
kursebze ar SegviniSnavs, rom moswavleebi gajibrebodnen erTmaneTs da miRebuli qulebi<br />
SeedarebinoT, Tumca gasaubrebisas maswavleblebma gaixsenes aseTi SemTxvevebi. Tumca, moswavleebs<br />
qulebi romc SeedarebinaT, es ar iqneboda konkurenciis, rogorc swavlis erTerTi<br />
modelis, dadastureba, radgan testebSi miRebuli qulebis Sedareba im SejibrebiTi<br />
bunebis gamoxatulebaa, romelic saerTod axasiaTebs bavSvebs, adamianebs, kulturebs Tu<br />
TviT testirebis process.<br />
konkurenciis CvenTvis saintereso forma aRmovaCineT Semdeg saswavlo procesSi: es gaxldaT<br />
gunduri TamaSis msgavsi aqtivoba, roca jgufebs davaleba sxvebze swarafad da zustad<br />
unda SeesrulebinaT, an sxvebisTvis unda daeswroT kiTxvaze swori pasuxis gacema. Sejibrisken<br />
xSirad Tavad moswavleebi miiswarafvian, an mSoblebi, kultura Tu sacxovrebeli<br />
adgili ubiZgeben, magram mxolod konkurentuli qcevis gamovlinebis gamo ver mivakuTvnebT<br />
swavlis process swavlebis konkurentul models. zemoCamoTvlil sam modelze saubrisas,<br />
gvainteresebs konkurentuli, TanamSromluri an individualisturi qceva, romelic gegmiT<br />
aris gaTvaliswinebuli da ganpirobebuli da mxolod am pirobis dakmayofilebis SemTxveva-<br />
Si SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT saswavlo procesi ama Tu im models. Tu moswavleTa konkurentuli,<br />
TanamSromluri an individualisturi qceva saswavlo procesis Semadgenel nawilad ar<br />
moiazreba, aseT saswavlo process ver mivakuTvnebT zemoCamoTvlil maxasiaTeblebs.<br />
Cven mier ganxilul magaliTSi, romelic samecniero laboratoriaSi Catarda, konkurentuloba<br />
saswavlo procesis damaxasiaTebeli niSani ar iyo, radgan maswavlebels an saswavlo<br />
gegmas ar miucia aseTi qcevisTvis biZgi.<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
onkurenciis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb diskusia xSirad imarTeba mSoblebs,<br />
ganmanaTleblebs Tu quCaSi gamvlelebs Soris. konkurentulia garemo, romelSic Cven<br />
vcxovrobT da romlis Sesaxebac sakuTari Sexeduleba gvaqvs Camoyalibebuli. swavlebis mocemuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebi moiTxovs maswavlebelTa yuradRebis mobilizebas, rom gaarkvion,<br />
393
Tavi 15<br />
ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia konkurentuli, TanamSromluri an individualisturi niSnebi<br />
moswavleTa swavlis procesisTvis, iZenen Tu ara isini TanamSromlobis an konkurenciis gamocdilebas.<br />
swavlebis sami modeli saswavlo procesis dabalansebis saSualebasac iZleva.<br />
maTi meSveobiT moswavleebi cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas (TanamSromlobis, konkurenciis<br />
an individualuri muSaobis TvalsazrisiT) saswavlo procesSi gadatanili realobidan<br />
iZenen – aseT situaciaSi maT saswavlo procesis mimarTulebis mimcemni ganzrax an uneblied<br />
ayeneben. xdeba am maxasiaTeblebis kontroli da situaciis Sesabamisad cvla. ase rom, swavlebis<br />
sami modelis gamoyenebiT pedagogi moswavleebs sxvadasxvagvar garemos uqmnis.<br />
394<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
maswavlebelma SeiZleba moaxdinos jgufebisa da individebis diferencireba imisda mixedviT,<br />
Tu swavlebis romeli modelia maTTvis ufro efeqtiani.<br />
ganmartebani<br />
zedamxedveloba<br />
maswavlebelma SeiZleba uSualo zedamxedveloba gauwios moswavleebs, gaakontrolos,<br />
ras da rogor akeTebs TiToeuli maTgani. zogi SeiZleba damoukideblad muSaobdes da Tavad<br />
kisrulobdes pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari namuSevrisTvis. zogs ki pedagogi uwyobs xels, rom<br />
davalebas Tavi gaarTvas: pasuxobs mis SekiTxvebs, awvdis winadadebebsa da rekomendaciebs,<br />
usvams mastimulirebel SekiTxvebs (Dunn and Dunn 1978). dakvirvebebis Sedegad gamoikve-<br />
Ta, rom zedamxedveloba SeiZleba samgvarad ganxorcieldes: kontroli, xelSewyoba da damoukideblad<br />
muSaobis saSualebis micema.<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
mocemuli maxasiaTeblis SezRuduli speqtri (magaliTad, Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yovelTvis<br />
yvela saswavlo aqtivobas akontrolebs) mTlianad dominanturs xdis swavlebis konkretul<br />
formas. zedamxedvelobis formebis viwro an farTo speqtris gamoyeneba Sesabamis gavlenas<br />
axdens moswavleTa Camoyalibebaze, vinaidan maTze zemoqmedebs garemo, romelSic uwevT<br />
yofna. warmovidginoT is suraTi, romelic SeiZleba miviRoT zedamxedvelobis mxolod erTi<br />
konkretuli formis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi da sakuTar Tavs SevekiTxoT: gvindoda Tu ara<br />
aseTi Sedegis miReba? saswavlo gegma an Cven am Sedegs viTvaliswinebdiT?<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
maswavleblebma moswavleTa diferencireba imis mixedviT unda moaxdinon, Tu ra saxis da<br />
ra dozis zedamxedveloba sWirdebaT da maqsimalurad miusadagon zedamxedvelobis formebi:<br />
jeini damoukideblad Zalze nayofierad muSaobs, mxolod iSviaTad sWirdeba maswavleblis<br />
konsultacia. maswavleblis mudmivi kontroli mas xels uSlis aRqmaSi. martas damoukideblad<br />
ar SeuZlia samuSaos organizeba. man SeiZleba ramdenjerme scados samuSaos
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
dawyeba, magram ver moaxerxos. uSualo kontrolis gareSe, man SeiZleba uamravi dro dakargos.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mas zedamxedvelobas uwevs, xolo jeins srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs.<br />
swored aseve SeiZleba jgufebis diferencirebac. Tu maswavleblis midgoma jgufebisa da individebis<br />
mimarT am princips emyareba, maSin is sworad usadagebs zedamxedvelobis formebs.<br />
ganmartebani<br />
TviTgamoxatva<br />
saswavlo procesSi moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba an eZlevaT, an ara. TviTgamoxatva<br />
SeiZleba xatviT, mxatvruli weriT, artistizmiT, saubriT, saintereso namuSevris<br />
SeqmniT. mxolod SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema ar gulisxmobs TviTgamoxatvas im TvalsazrisiT,<br />
romelic CvenTvis mniSvnelovania. TviTgamoxatva niSnavs individis unikaluri unarebis<br />
gamovlenas, an misTvis biZgis micemas, rom Cveulebrivi, standartuli informacia<br />
Taviseburad gadmogvces. biologiis gakveTilze moswavleebisTvis micemuli davaleba,<br />
daxaton mitozi (miuxedavad Sesrulebuli namuSevrebis gansxvavebuli xarisxia), maswavleblis<br />
mier winaswar dakonkretebuli davalebaa da moswavleebs TavisuflebisTvis adgils ar<br />
utovebs. davaleba, naxatiT asaxon romelime musikaluri nawarmoebis mosmenis Semdeg saku-<br />
Tari STabeWdilebebi, aseve winaswar gansazRvrulia, Tumca moswavleebs met Tavisuflebas<br />
aZlevs, asaxon musikiT gamowveuli maTTvis mniSvnelovani asociaciebi. davaleba, Seajamon<br />
turneris sazRvrebis Teoria, moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis saSualebas ar iZleva. Tu aRniSnul<br />
Temas (maTi warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebis mizniT) sxva saxiT SevTavazebT, magaliTad, 100<br />
wlis win rom ecxovraT, rogori reaqcia eqnebodaT Tavisufali miwebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas,<br />
isini sakuTari damokidebulebis gamovlenas SeZleben.<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
es maxasiaTebeli saganmanaTleblo programisTvisac mniSvnelovania. mis Sesaxeb monacemebi<br />
Sesabamis suraTs gviqmnis da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, misi rolis gazrdis, an mTlianad<br />
saswavlo procesis arsebiTi cvlilebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia realobis<br />
Sedareba imasTan, rac dagegmili gvqonda da im SemTxvevebis gamoyofa, rodesac Cvenma<br />
mcdelobam, moswavleebs TviTgamoxatva moexdinaT, nayofi gamoiRo.<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
mniSvnelovania, gavarkvioT, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs, an misken ubiZgebs, imavdroulad TviTgamoxatvis maTTvis saukeTeso gzis<br />
arCevis saSualebasac Tu aZlevs. roca am maxasiaTebels individs usadageben, mas winaswar<br />
esaubrebian da uxsnian, rom TviTgamoxatvis mizniT sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli xerxebisa da<br />
saSualebebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.<br />
395
Tavi 15<br />
396<br />
ganmartebani<br />
abstraqciis xarisxi<br />
saswavlo procesi SeiZleba iyos konkretuli, TvalsaCinoebaTa (xatebis) gamoyenebiT an<br />
abstraqtuli (Bruner 1966). konkretulia maSin, rodesac moswavleebi xedaven an exebian realur<br />
obieqts, an sxva saxis gamosaxulebas da MSeuZliaT interaqcia maTi meSveobiT. abstraqtuli<br />
ki niSnavs simbolurs, rodesac saswavlo procesi mTlianad sityvebsa da mosazrebebs<br />
emyareba, ar aris TvalsaCinoebebiTa da konkretuli obiqtebiT uzrunvelyofili.<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
Cven SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT abstraqciis sxvadasxva xarisxi, romlis SeTavazebac<br />
konteqstis mixedviT xdeba da vimsjeloT, situaciasTan misi Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb. aseve<br />
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, moswavleTa asaki da azrovnebis tipebi. dawyebiT safexurze, ra Tqma<br />
unda, metia saswavlo procesSi konkretulis Semotanis saWiroeba, vidre ufro maRal safexurebze.<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
radgan erTi da imave asakis bavSvebi, abstraqtuli informaciis gadamuSavebis unaris<br />
TvalsazrisiT, xSirad sxvadasxva doneze imyofebian, maswavlebelma isini Sesabamisad unda<br />
dayos da saswavlo procesSi individulurad SesTavazos abstraqciis Sesaferisi done. gonebaSi<br />
SeRwevis aseTi meTodi tipobriv saSualo skolis saswavlo gegmaSi gamoiyenes konrad<br />
toeferma (Conrad Toepfer 1981) da sxvebmac. aRmoCnda, rom abstraqtuli saswavlo procesis<br />
dros moswavleebs moeTxovebaT iseTi saxis azrovneba, romelic 12 wlis asakis amerikeli<br />
mozardebis mxolod 12%-s aqvs. toeferis mtkicebiT, maswavlebelma moswavleebs maTi SesaZleblobebisTvis<br />
Sesabamisi abstraqciis xarisxi unda SesTavazos, gansakuTrebiT, gardatexis<br />
periodSi – 12-14 wlis asakSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa moswrebis mkveTri<br />
diferencireba moxdeba. is da misi kolegebi maswavleblebs urCeven, Seamowmon moswavleTa<br />
azrovnebis done (mTeli rigi konkretuli, Sesabamisi operaciebis meSveobiT) da Sesaferisi<br />
swavlebis forma SeurCion maT. toeferis azriT, inteleqti ar aris dakavSirebuli abstraqtuli<br />
azrovnebis unarTan.<br />
abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars didi mniSvneloba aqvs swavlis nayofierebisTvis. amitom<br />
saTanado gamokvlevis safuZvelze moswavleTa gonebrivi ganviTarebis yovel safexurze<br />
saWiro modeli unda gamoviyenoT.<br />
ganmartebani<br />
kognituri done<br />
blumis (Bloom 1956) taqsonomia eqvs kognitur dones: gaxseneba, wvdoma, analizi, gamoyeneba,<br />
sinTezi da Sefaseba. moswavleTa kognituri donis dasadgenad swavlis process unda<br />
davakvirdeT. SegviZlia, davakvirdeT maswavleblis mier moswavleebisTvis SeTavazebul<br />
swavlebis formasac da ganvsazRvroT aTvisebis done. swavlis erT konkretul procesSi,<br />
SesaZloa, aTvisebis sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba iyos saWiro.
mniSvneloba<br />
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
mkvlevrebi xangrZlivad ikvlevdnen verbaluri interaqciis dros maswavlebelTa mier<br />
dasmul SekiTxvebs, romlebic Seesabameboda aTvisebis maRal dones. gamoirkva, rom rac<br />
ufro maRali donisaa SekiTxva, miT ukeTesia, radgan swavlebis procesSi aris mcdeloba,<br />
rom moswavleTa Sedegebi SekiTxvebis dones<br />
Seesabamebodes (Winne 1979a). Tumca, aTvisebis<br />
maRali donis Sesabamisi SekiTxvebis<br />
didi doza, SesaZloa, Zalze Seusabamo iyos<br />
im moswavleTaTvis, romelTac igive masala<br />
aTvisebis ufro dabal doneze ar daumuSavebiaT.<br />
me-10 TavSi Cven ganvixileT swavlebis<br />
parametrebi da vnaxeT, rom garkveul mode-<br />
lebSi saWiroa aTvisebis operaciebis garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT miwodeba. isini daumuSaveblad<br />
arc erT safexurze ar unda SevitanoT.<br />
Tu Tvals yuradRebiT mivadevnebT aTvisebis doneebs, romlebsac maswavleblebi saswavlo<br />
procesSi gvTavazoben, SevZlebT SeTavazebuli speqtris Sesaxeb garkveuli monacemebis<br />
Tavmoyras. konkretuli donis dominirebis SemTxvevaSi, ismis SekiTxva: `ratom?~ Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
an saswavlo gegma azrovnebasTan dakavSirebul raime gansakuTrebul mizans iTvaliswinebs,<br />
gavarkvioT, ramdenad Seesabameba ganzraxva realobas.<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> erTi da imave masalasTan dakavSirebul saswavlo process imgvarad<br />
usadagebs moswavleebs, rom sxvadasxva moswavles aTvisebis sxvadasxva done moeTxoveba, e.<br />
i. xdeba aTvisebis doneTa diferencireba. aseTi diferencirebis SemTxvevaSi safrTxe is aris,<br />
rom maswavlebelma, SesaZloa, dabali unarebis mqone moswavleebs maRal doneze gadasvlis<br />
SesaZlebloba waarTvas. xSirad. maswavleblis dabali molodini ukavSirdeba moswavlis Tandayolil<br />
dabal SesaZleblobebs.<br />
amis gamo, maswavlebelma, SesaZloa, isini mudam erTi da imave mocemulobis farglebSi<br />
avarjiSos, uintereso gaxados maTTvis swavleba. es kidev ufro gazrdis warumateblobis<br />
dones, rasac Sedegad mohyveba skolaze gulis acrueba. saWiroa didi yuradReba da sifrTxile,<br />
raTa maswavlebelma garkveul saswavlo procesebSi ar SezRudos moswavleTa monawileoba.<br />
mas SeuZlia saswavlo procesebis diferencireba moswavleTa Sesabamisad, maT Soris<br />
tempis individualurad SerCeviT, magram igi valdebulia, gamoZebnos gzebi da saSualebebi,<br />
rom yvela moswavles, unarebis miuxedavad, aTvisebis doneebis sruli speqtri SesTavazos.<br />
A struqturireba<br />
diferencirebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelma,<br />
SesaZloa, dabali unarebis mqone moswavleebs<br />
maRal doneze azrovnebis SesaZlebloba waarTvas,<br />
maTi warumatebloba kidev ufro gazardos<br />
da sabolood aucruos guli skolaze.<br />
ra igulisxmeba, rodesac amboben, rom moswavleebi etapobriv konkretulobas saWiroeben?<br />
Cveni dakvirvebiT, am termins sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT iyeneben. erT-erTi versiiT, moswavles<br />
sWirdeba axlo kontaqti da zedamxedveloba, anu davaleba nawil-nawil unda davuSaloT<br />
da dawvrilebiT avuxsnaT ra, sad da rogor unda gaakeTos. saswavlo procesis am segments<br />
SegviZlia `miTiTebebis micema~ vuwodoT. aseTi damatebiTi miTiTebebis gareSe, aqtivoba ver<br />
Sesruldeba. zogjer moswavleebs sTxoven, pirdapir Seudgnen saqmes, zogjer ki maTsa da<br />
397
Tavi 15<br />
maswavlebels Soris xdeba detaluri dakonkreteba, ra da rogor unda gakeTdes. maswavleblis<br />
mier micemuli miTiTebebis tipebs Soris gansxvavebis gasaanalizeblad, davakvirdeT,<br />
ra doziT da vis mier xdeba dakonkreteba: maswavleblis mier (Zlieri konkretuloba), maswavleblisa<br />
da moswavlis gasaubrebisas (zomieri konkretuloba) da moswavlis mier (naklebi<br />
konkretuloba). <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> unda axdendes moswavleTa diferencirebas da icodes, vis ra<br />
dozis unda SesTavazos dakonkreteba.<br />
garkveuli mimarTulebis misacemad <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xSirad detalur axsna-ganmartebas iZleva<br />
(Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da iZleva instruqciebs): ra konteqstze unda imuSaon, ra<br />
procedurebi unda ganxorcieldes, ra unda Sesruldes (wera, msjeloba, Sedareba, mosmena),<br />
ra produqti unda Seqmnas moswavlem da ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes davaleba. swored<br />
es gaxlavT etapobrivi konkretulobis xuTi komponenti – konteqsti, moqmedeba, procedurebi,<br />
produqti, davalebis Sesrulebis pirobebi.<br />
1. Sinaarsi<br />
2. qceva<br />
3. procedurebi<br />
4. produqti<br />
5. daskvniTi nawili<br />
398<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas?<br />
aravin moswavle SeTanxmebiT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
(dabali struqtura maRali struqtura)<br />
msgavs analizs SexvdebiT Berlak da sxv., 1975.<br />
konteqsti niSnavs garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSirebul saintereso obieqts an informacias.<br />
vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas, vin axdens SeTavazebas, an vin aris pasuxismgebeli, rogor daamuSaon<br />
moswavleebma esa Tu is sakiTxi? imisaTvis, rom moxdes pasuxismgeblobis mizanSewonili<br />
ganawileba, Tema kargad unda gavaanalizoT. gavarkvioT sakiTxis moculoba. ganvixiloT magaliTi:
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
aqtivoba sakiTxi pasuxismgebeli<br />
kiTxvebze pasuxi samoqalaqo omis<br />
brZolebis gameoreba; <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
SekiTxvebs<br />
qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT svams.<br />
ainteresebs, rom moswavleebma SeZlon<br />
identificireba da ar aerioT brZolebis<br />
Tanamimdevroba.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs: `waikiTxeT<br />
es wigni da upasuxeT bolo gverdze<br />
dasmul SekiTxvebs~.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs: `davalebad geqnebaT<br />
Tqvens mier arCeuli wignis ganxilva~.<br />
moswavleebis mier<br />
mowodebuli informacia<br />
wigni<br />
SekiTxvebi<br />
mxare<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
wigni moswavleebi<br />
(Tumca, dro da Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba maswavleblis mier aris dagegmili, konteqsts,<br />
raze imuSaos da ris Sesaxeb daweros, moswavle irCevs).<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sTavazobs moswavleebs:<br />
`kubebiT aageT im maRaziis modeli,<br />
romelsac Cven vestumreT~.<br />
maRaziis modeli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
(Tumca, moswavle Tavad akontrolebs produqtis formas, anu Tavad wyvets, ra saxe eqneba<br />
maRazias, gamosayenebeli masalis, anu kubis da maRaziis modelis idea maswavleblis mier aris<br />
miTiTebuli. moswavle rom arCevanSi Tavisufali yofiliyo da Tavad gadaewyvita, ra saxiT<br />
gamoexata maRazia (mag.: daexata, gamoeZerwa), maSin produqtis formis ganmsazRvreli moswavle<br />
iqneboda, xolo Sinaarsis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba kvlav maswavleblis mier iqneboda<br />
miRebuli).<br />
diskusia klasSi saskolo avtobusebis<br />
dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze;<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs exmareba<br />
gaerkvnen yvelaferSi da cdilobs<br />
gamoaxatvinos pozicia.<br />
filmebis Sesaxeb diskusiis Semdeg<br />
moswavleebi ayalibeben jgufebs<br />
kinowarmoebis garkveuli aspeqtebis<br />
Sesaswavlad: specefeqtebi, rolze<br />
SerCeva, scenari, gadaRebebi. moswavleebi<br />
maTTvis saintereso aspeqtis mixedviT<br />
irCeven jgufebs, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ereva imis<br />
dasazusteblad, romeli jgufebi Seiqmnas<br />
da ra SemadgenlobiT.<br />
argumentebi, poziciebi da<br />
poziciebis safuZvlebi<br />
specialuri efeqtebi;<br />
rolze SerCeva;<br />
gadaRebebi;<br />
scenaris Seqmna<br />
moswavleebi<br />
molaparakebiT<br />
399
Tavi 15<br />
zogadad, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> yovelTvis Tavadaa pasuxismgebeli SinaarsisTvis. im magaliTSi,<br />
romelSic moswavleebi debatebs marTaven avtobusiT momsaxurebis dadebiT da uaryofiT<br />
mxareebze, savaraudoa, rom maswavlebelma SesTavaza Tema. is aris pasuxismgebeli Temaze da<br />
misi ganxilvis siRrmeze, magram es detalebis doneze ufro maRali donea. Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
pasuxismgebelia moswavleTa pasuxebzec, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is SinaarsisTvisac pasuxismgebelia,<br />
magram Tu moswavleebs SemoaqvT iseTi informacia, romelic maswavleblis<br />
SekiTxvasTan arapirdapir kavSirSia, an iseTi detalebi, romlebic maswavleblis SekiTxvis,<br />
an mis mier wamoweuli Temis konteqstSi ar jdeba, maSin detalebis doneze moswavleebi arian<br />
SinaarsisTvis pasuxismgebelni (Tumca, SesaZloa, ara zogadad Temaze).<br />
axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac diskusiis sawyis etapze <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> kisrulobs pasuxismgeblobas<br />
SinaarsisTvis, Semdeg ki cvlis strategias, diskusias ufro Riad da Tavisuflad<br />
warmarTavs da moswavleebs imave masalasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisufali msjelobisken<br />
ubiZgebs. `axla ki dafiqrdiT, Tqven rogor moiqceodiT general lis adgilze? Tqveni azriT,<br />
man swori gadawyvetileba miiRo? rogor daasabuTebT Tqvens mosazrebas?~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SinaarsisTvis pasuxismgeblobam maswavleblidan moswavleebze gadainacvla, riTac<br />
Seicvala swavlis procesis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli.<br />
swavlebis individualistur modelSi advili SesamCnevia, vin aris pasuxismgebeli detalebis<br />
doneze. Tu kvlevas CavatarebT, mraval gakveTils SeviswavliT da swavlis sxvadasxva<br />
process davakvirdebiT, SevniSnavT, vin aris pasuxismgebeli mxare: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, moswavle<br />
Tu maT Soris miRweuli SeTanxmeba.<br />
400<br />
qceva<br />
imisTvis, rom gavarkvioT, vin gansazRvravs moswavlis mier Sesasrulebel moqmedebas,<br />
davakonkretoT, kerZod, ras akeTebs moswavle. vin gadawyvita, rom swored es unda Sesrulebuliyo:<br />
maswavlebelma, moswavlem Tu maT Soris molaparakebam? vin airCia, ra unda gaekeTebina<br />
moswavles, waekiTxa, daewera, Seejamebina, kiTxvebze epasuxa, raime aego Tu daexata?<br />
aq saubaria swavlebis individualistur modelze. swavlebis sxva procesebis ganxilvisas,<br />
visaubrebT maswavleblis rolzec moswavleTa qcevis gansazRvrisas _ zemoT xsenebuli<br />
sami SesaZlo variantidan romeli monawileobs? (iqneb, ar erTi!) magaliTad, Tu maswavlebels<br />
mxedvelobidan gamorCeba, Seatyobinos moswavleebs, ras moelis maTgan, magram Sesasrulebeli<br />
moqmedeba maTTvis isedac naTeli da gasagebi iqneba (magaliTad, samuSao rveulis<br />
gverdis dasruleba TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom moswavleebma Tanamimdevrulad unda<br />
Seasrulon am gverdze mocemuli savarjiSoebi), maSin aseTi `gamorCena~ Sedegze ar aisaxeba.<br />
Tu Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba moswavleebisTvis gaugebaria, an samuSao TviT maswavlebelsac<br />
saTanadod dagegmili ar aqvs (am dros moswavleebi dabneulad kiTxuloben: `ra unda gavake-<br />
ToT?~), maSin SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Sesasrulebeli moqmedebisTvis pasuxismgebeli mxare<br />
ar arsebobs. miTiTeba _ `Semdegi Tavi geqnebaT~, _ SeiZleba Ggulisxmodes, `waikiTxeT da<br />
Tavis bolos mocemul SekiTxvebs upasuxeT~, an `mxolod waikiTxeT~ an `waikiTxeT Sinaarsis<br />
gacnobis mizniT~. Tu maswavlebelma Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba ar daakonkreta, SeiZleba<br />
davaskvnaT, rom Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba gansazRvruli ar aris.<br />
procedurebi<br />
proceduruli moqmedebebi gulisxmobs iseT detalebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, klasis<br />
jgufebad dayofa marTlweraze muSaobis mizniT, savarjiSosTan dakavSirebiT miTiTebebis
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
micema, aseve molaparakebac, romelsac moswavleebi awarmoeben, rom gadawyviton, rogor<br />
gaarTvan Tavi mocemul davalebas. procedurebi SeiZleba gansazRvros maswavlebelma an moswavlem,<br />
an maT Soris molaparakebis Sedegad dadgindes. ganvixiloT magaliTi. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
ambobs:<br />
`klasi sam jgufad unda gaiyos: jon, gari da jorj, Tqven pirvel jgufSi<br />
iqnebiT~.<br />
`jer rveulSi imuSaveT, amoiwereT is erTeulebi, romlebic gagiWirdebaT da<br />
Semdeg ganvixiloT~.<br />
`wriuli mimdevrobiT TiToeulma Tqvenganma Tqvas, ra waukiTxavs hemingueis<br />
Sesaxeb. me ki Tqvens naTqvams dafaze davafiqsireb~.<br />
`rogor gavakeToT, yvelani miiRebT monawileobas?~<br />
`jonma SemogvTavaza, moviwvioT gazeTis redaqtori da gavesaubroT. Tanaxma<br />
xarT Tu ara, rom Jurnalistikis kursi am RonisZiebiT daviwyoT?~ (Joyce 1969).<br />
zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi, SesaZloa, maswavlebels saswavlo procesis warsamarTad<br />
garkveuli monaxazi hqonda, magram misi gamoxatva ver moaxerxa. maSin, gamodis, rom procedurebi<br />
gansazRvruli ar iyo. Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ambobs, `imuSaveT Tqvens saqaRaldeebSi~ da<br />
moswavleebs saTiTaod ganusazRvravs davalebas (`Carli, Sen pirveli ori furceli gaakeTe<br />
da Sesamowmeblad momitane!~), maSin procedurebi maswavleblis mieraa gansazRvruli. magram,<br />
Tu gaurkvevelia, ra procedurebi unda ganxorcieldes, an TviT maswavlebelsac am sakiTx-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT bundovani warmodgena aqvs, naTlad ver uxsnis moswavleebs rogor moiqcnen,<br />
maSin mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom procedurebi ar gansazRvrula.<br />
daskvniTi nawili<br />
rogor arkvevs moswale, dasrulda Tu ara konkretuli saswavlo procesi? Sesrulebis piroba<br />
ramdenime TvalsazrisiT unda ganisazRvros: dro, samuSao masalis raodenoba, misaRebi<br />
produqtis saxe. vin awesebs limits: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, moswavle Tu orive erTad?<br />
rig SemTxvevebSi, piroba imTaviTve moswavlis mier aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad, xatvis<br />
an SemoqmedebiTi weris dros, garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> davalebas<br />
garkveuli detalebis miTiTebiT iZleva, vTqvaT, `dawereT oTxgverdiani moTxroba~). umetes<br />
SemTxvevebSi ki Sesrulebis pirobebs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> adgens, `gaakeTeT, davalebis pirveli<br />
sami xazi~. Tu Sesrulebis piroba Tavidanve mkafiod ar gavagebineT moswavles, SegviZlia<br />
davaskvnaT, rom problema aRniSnuli pirobis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs. ismis<br />
SekiTxva: `Sesrulebis pirobis gansazRvis ra variatebi aqvs maswavlebels da iyenebs Tu ara<br />
maT Sesabamisad?~<br />
Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs aZlevs saqaRaldes axali samuSao furclebiT da moelis,<br />
rom moswavleebi TavisiT mixvdebian da imuSaveben, gamodis rom mas arc procedurebi aqvs<br />
gansazRvruli da arc davalebis Sesrulebis piroba, rac aucileblad aisaxeba Sedegze.<br />
produqti<br />
vin gansazRvravs, ra saxis produqti unda miviRoT: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, moswavle Tu orive er-<br />
Tad?<br />
401
Tavi 15<br />
402<br />
¤ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> `davasaxeloT samoqalaqo omis progresuli Sedegebi~. (CamonaTvali<br />
iqneba produqti.)<br />
¤ moswavle nebismier SemoqmedebiTs an gamomsaxvelobiTs aqtivobas (naxati,<br />
Txzuleba) moswavleze gadaaqvs pasuxismgebloba, Tu ra saxis<br />
produqti Seiqmneba.<br />
¤ SeTanxmeba `rogor warmovadginoT gamokiTxvis monacemebi?~ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
da moswavleebi Tanxmdebian formaze. SesaZloa, airCion Zeluri<br />
grafikis saxiT warmodgena.<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
swavlis efeqtianoba aris erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
unda miudges moswavleebs (ix. Colarusso 1972). SesaZloa, jimma damoukideblad moaxerxos<br />
Catarebuli cdidan monacemebis amokrefa, freds ki maswavleblis detaluri ganmarteba<br />
dasWirdes, rom cda misTvis maqsimalurad Sedegiani aRmoCndes. erT jgufs, SesaZloa, damoukideblad<br />
SeeZlos wasakiTxi masalis SerCeva, meores ki daxmareba dasWirdes (Sinaarsi).<br />
Tu maswavleblis mizani moswavleTa damoukideblobisa da TviTmotivaciis gazrdaa, igi<br />
TandaTan unda gadavides meti dakonkretebidan nakleb dakonkretebaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
man moswavleebs unda SeurCios dakonkretebis is done, romelic mizanSewonili iqneba maTi<br />
efeqtiani SedegisTvis. arsebobs situacia, romelic met dakonkretebas moiTxovs da, am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, maswavlebelma dro da energia ar unda daiSuros. TandaTanobiT unda Seecados,<br />
rom zog sakiTxze moswavleebTan erTad (garkveul nawilTan mainc) miiRos gadawyvetileba.<br />
vTqvaT, procedurebze an namuSevris dasrulebis pirobebze. saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ufro da ufro meti moswavle CaerTveba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi da maTi damoukideblobis<br />
xarisxi gaizrdeba.<br />
Cveni azriT, etapobrivi dakonkretebis (da pasuxismgeblobis) sakiTxis gageba dagvexmareba,<br />
gaverkveT im sakmaod damabnevel CanawerebSi, romlebic, 1960-1970-iani wlebis e. w.<br />
Ria gakveTilebs asaxavs. masSi Cans, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gansazRvravda dakonkretebis donis<br />
moswavleebTan Sesabamisobas. moswavles ar avalebda konkretuli amocanis Sesasruleblad<br />
damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebas, Tu is amisTvis mzad ar iyo. zogjer mTeli klasi<br />
erTnair etapobriv dakonkretebas saWiroebs, zogjer ki aucilebelia am procesis moswavleTa<br />
Sesabamisad diferencireba (Berlak da sxvebi 1975).<br />
devid hantisa (David Hunt) da misi kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Semdeg (1966),<br />
swavleba gacilebiT efeqtiani gaxda, radgan praqtikaSi damkvidrda moswavleebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis<br />
delegireba maTi ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad. Uuamravi xerxi arsebobs<br />
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra doziT Careva sWirdeba moswavles (Hunt 1971; Hunt and Sullivan 1974;<br />
Rich and Bush 1978). Cvens mier ganxiluli etapobrivi konkretulobis SesaZlo variantebi –<br />
maswavleblis mxridan, moswavlis mxridan, SeTanxmebis Sedegad – Seesatyviseba hantis mier<br />
gamoyofil meti, naklebi da zomieri konkretulobis doneebs.<br />
ganmartebani<br />
dajgufeba da interpersonaluri sirTule<br />
moswavle SeiZleba muSaobdes damoukideblad, TanaklaselTan, TanaklaselTa jgufTan,<br />
mTel klasTan, mxolod maswavlebelTan erTad, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan erTad (stumar-
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
Tan, mSobelTan), anda maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT patara jgufTan erTad. saswavlo kursis<br />
manZilze SeiZleba moxdes zemoCamoTvlili eqvsi kombinaciidan erTi an meti variantis<br />
gamoyeneba. sxvadasxva saswavlo procesi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvar dajgufebas saWiroebdes.<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
maswavleblis mier swavlebis procesSi Seqmnili jgufebis Taviseburebani saswavlo gegmidan<br />
gamomdinareobs. ra saxis jgufis Seqmnaa mizanSewonili saswavlo miznis misaRwevad? ramdenad<br />
Tanxvdenilia ganzraxva da realoba? jgufebis kombinaciebze saubrisas, gvainteresebs<br />
jgufis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi mxare. sainteresoa, jgufis wevrebs Soris<br />
interaqciis formac. Tu jgufi 6 moswavlisgan da maswavleblisgan Sedgeba da moswavleebi<br />
maswavleblis SekiTxvebs pasuxoben, maSin moswavleTa Soris aranairi kavSiri ar myardeba da<br />
Zalze susti interaqcia arsebobs maswavlebelTan, radgan moswavleTa pasuxebi mxolod faqtobriv<br />
informacias Seicavs. am SemTxvevaSi personaluri urTierTkavSiris done dabalia.<br />
Tu amave jgufs <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> SesTavazebs, rom TanaklaselTa pasuxebi ganavrcon, ganmarton<br />
an gaabaTilon, moswavleebi erTmaneTTan uSualo saubars daiwyeben, xolo <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
situaciis daregulirebasa da mediatoris funqciis Sesrulebas Seecdeba. Sesabamisad,<br />
personaluri urTierTkavSiri aRar iqneba susti da ufro zomier xasiaTs SeiZens. xolo Tu<br />
moswavleebi sruliad Tavisuflad esaubrebian erTmaneTs, dialogis formatsa da CarCoebs<br />
Tavad aweseben da samoqmedo gegmasac damoukideblad adgenen, maSin personaluri urTierTkavSiri<br />
maRali xarisxisaa.<br />
Tu saswavlo gegmis mizani socialuri xasiaTisaa, magaliTad, TanamSromloba, erTmaneTis<br />
mosmena, urTierTpativiscema, maSin SeiZleba moswavleTa jgufebi, wyvilebi Tu sxva saxis<br />
kombinaciebi maswavleblis Caurevladac Seiqmnas. saswavlo gegmis nebismieri Temis ganxilvisas<br />
personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrove da am urTierTobiT miRebuli Sedegi sa-<br />
Sualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT, ras eniWeba mniSvneloba konkretul saswavlo procesSi. personaluri<br />
urTierTkavSiri saswavlo procesis Semadgeneli nawilia da maswavlebelma mas<br />
saswavlo miznebidan da moswavleTa saWiroebebidan gamomdinare unda misces mimarTuleba.<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
personaluri interaqciis dros maswavlebelma jgufebi moswavleTa individualur TaviseburebaTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seqmnas (Colarusso 1972). jimi did jgufSi kargad muSaobs,<br />
patara jgufSi ki Cumad aris da Tanaklaselebs eTiSeba. rogorc Cans, mas mxolod ramdenime<br />
moswavlesTan erTad SeuZlia efeqtiani muSaoba. is mxolod maT aZlevs saSualebas, rom<br />
daexmaron da mxolod maTTan (erT jerze mxolod erTTan) SeuZlia TanamSromloba. amitom<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> SeZlebisdagvarad xSirad qmnis misTvis xelsayrel kombinacias: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>jimi<br />
da Tanaklaseli-jimi (Tumca, imavdroulad, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cdilobs, mas jgufSi muSaobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi daaZlevinos). es gaxlavT maswavleblis mier moswavlis<br />
individualuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT personaluri interaqciis dagegmvis magaliTi.<br />
zogjer Tavisebureba mTel klass axasiaTebs. magaliTad, zogierT klasSi did jgufebad<br />
muSaoba SeuZlebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelma individualuri da mcire jgufebSi<br />
Sesasrulebeli samuSaoebi didi raodenobiT unda dagegmos.<br />
mis jeimsi amCnevs, rom jgufSi personaluri interaqcia ver xerxdeba. moswavleebs aqvT<br />
mosazrebebis urTierTgaziarebis problema, erTmaneTs msjelobas ar aclian. amitom is amcirebs<br />
personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrovis xarisxs da zrdis sakuTar, rogorc Suamav-<br />
403
Tavi 15<br />
lis rols. Sedegad, moswavleebi avlenen analizis unaris maRal dones. gamodis, rom am jgufs<br />
personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrovis maRali xarisxi ar esaWiroeba.<br />
Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleTa dajgufebisas da personaluri interaqciis warmarTvisas individzea<br />
orientirebuli, maSin is am maxasiaTeblis saWiroebis mixedviT misadagebas axdens.<br />
ra xdeba, rodesac Seusabamobas vawydebiT? am SemTxvevaSi, savaraudoa, rom swavlis<br />
procesi warumateblad mimdinareobs. Seusabamoba niSnavs, rom raRac rigze ver aris da<br />
destruqciuli qceva da uyuradReboba vlindeba. am dros moswavlebi rTul mdgomareobaSi<br />
arian. maswavleblis valia, gaarkvios, ramdenad ukavSirdeba Seqmnili sirTuleebi Seusabamo<br />
dajgufebas an personalur interaqcias. rogor unda dadgindes mizezebi?<br />
mravaljeradi dakvirvebis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoikveTos warmatebuli da warumatebeli<br />
Semadgenlobis jgufebi. Tu erTi da imave Semadgenlobis jgufi xSirad cud Sedegs aCvenebs,<br />
gamodis, rom saqme gvaqvs Seusabamo dajgufebasTan, an Seusabamo personalur interaqcias-<br />
Tan. damkvirvebeli xSirad iseT rames amCnevs, rac maswavleblisTvis, SesaZloa, dafaruli<br />
iyos. Tumca, xSirad mxolod damkvirveblisTvis rTulia mizezis migneba da umjobesi iqneba,<br />
Tu damkvirvebeli problemis mizezebs maswavlebelTan erTad moZebnis.<br />
404<br />
informaciis sirTule<br />
`Semecnebis dabali donis mqone moswavleebs uWirT gonebis Tvali gaadevnon kompleqsur<br />
informacias da Tavi gaarTvan masTan dakavSirebul davalebas. xolo im moswavleebs,<br />
romelTac Semecnebis maRali done aqvT, kompleqsuri xasiaTis informaciis damuSaveba ufro<br />
uadvildebaT~ (Hunt 1971). es mosazreba, TiTqos martivia, rasac ver vityviT TviT sakiTxis<br />
Sesaxebac. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom moswavlis<br />
Semecnebis done ar unda gavaigivoT inteleqtmoswavleTa<br />
Senecnebis done da maTi inteleqti<br />
Tan da SesaZleblobasTan. magaliTad, or sak-<br />
an SesaZlebloba erTi da igive ar aris.<br />
maod gonebagaxsnil mozards SeiZleba hqondes<br />
erTmaneTisgan Zalze gansxvavebuli Semecnebis<br />
done. ras niSnavs informaciis kompleqsurad damuSaveba? Cven gamovyofT informaciis kompleqsurobis<br />
sam dones: maRals, saSualos da dabals.<br />
pirveli, anu kompleqsurad dabali donis informacia niSnavs sworxazovan informacias,<br />
sadac faqtebi erTmaneTs misdevs. aseTi informaciis saswavlad saWiroa damaxsovreba,<br />
Tanamimdevruloba, gageba da unarebi. Semswavlels ar moeTxoveba alternativebis gaTvaliswineba,<br />
an sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss Soris (magaliTad, adamianis grZnobebsa da orientaciebs<br />
Soris) gansxvavebaTa gamokveTa. Semecnebis dabali donis mqone adamianebs sakuTari Sexedulebis<br />
SemuSaveba uWirT, magram sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisis Seswavla ar uZneldebaT.<br />
meore doneze Cndeba sxvadasxva alternativa. moswavleebs moeTxovebaT, erTmaneTisagan<br />
gamijnon da ganasxvaon wyaroebi, Sexedulebebi, SesaZlo ganmartebani. Tu garkveul<br />
cnebas erTze meti ganmarteba aqvs, moswavlem konteqstis mixedviT yvelaze Sesabamisis amocnoba<br />
unda SeZlos. Cndeba Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis saWiroeba. moswavleebs SeuZliaT<br />
garkveuli monacemebis safuZvelze Camoayalibon sakuTari Sexedulebebi.<br />
mesame, anu kompleqsurobis maRal doneze moswavleebs SeuZliaT ramdenime alternativis<br />
erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba. maT gansxvavebisa da gamijvnis imdenad didi unari aqvT,<br />
rom damatebiT ramdenime Tvalsazrissa da ganmartebas Soris urTierTmimarTebis danaxvis<br />
unari uviTardebaT.
mniSvneloba<br />
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
ra Tqma unda, zemoxsenebuli 3 done ganviTarebas eqvemdebareba (5 wlis bavSvebs ar Seu-<br />
ZliaT dainaxon urTierTkavSiri sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss Soris). ase rom, moswavleebs maTi<br />
ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisi kompleqsurobis amocanebi unda SevTavazoT Dda Semdeg doneze<br />
mxolod maSin gadaviyvanoT, roca amisTvis mzad iqnebian. aseve ar unda gamogvrCes Mmxedvelobidan<br />
moswavleTa diferencireba kompleqsurobis TvalsazrisiT da yoveli maTganisTvis Sesabamisi<br />
samuSaos micema.<br />
hantis ganviTarebis modeli erTdroulad iTvaliswinebs Cven mier ganxilul etapobriv<br />
dakonkretebas, dajgufebas/personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidroves da informaciis<br />
kompleqsurobas. es gaxlavT Semecnebis donis sami waxnagi, romelTa Soris urTierTkavSiri<br />
arsebobs. Semecnebis dabali donis mqone moswavle (ris Sesamowmebladac hantma specialuri<br />
testi SeimuSava) nayofier muSaobas SeZlebs Zlieri etapobrivi dakonkretebis, jgufSi naklebi<br />
dinamikis da informaciis dabali kompleqsurobis SemTxvevaSi. da piriqiT, Semecnebis<br />
maRali donis mqone moswavle ukeT swavlobs naklebi etapobrivi dakonkretebis, mWidro<br />
jgufuri interaqciisa da kompleqsur informaciaze muSaobis dros. am saxis Sesabamisoba<br />
kvlevis Sedegadac dadasturda da didi moulodneloba iyo. Sesabamisobas adgili aqvs rogorc<br />
bavSvebSi, aseve zrdasrul adamianebSi da misi gaTvaliswineba sagakveTilo procesisa<br />
da jgufuri muSaobis warmatebiT warmarTvaSi dagvexmareba (Gower and Resnick 1979; Rich and<br />
Bush 1978).<br />
ganmartebani<br />
aRqmis arxebi<br />
gavarkvioT, ra roli aqvT swavlis procesSi SegrZnebebs da davakvirdeT gamoxatvis im<br />
ZiriTad saSualebebs, romlebsac moswavleebi iyeneben axali informacias an azrebis mosmenis,<br />
produqtis damoukideblad Seqmnis an codnis gadmocemisas. SesaZloa, moswavles aRqmis<br />
erTi an randenime arxi hqondes ganviTarebuli _ xedviTi, smeniTi, SexebiTi, kinesTetikuri.<br />
gamoxatvis ZiriTadi saSualebebi, romelTac moswavleebi swavlis procesSi iyeneben,<br />
SeiZleba iyos mamoZravebeli kunTebi, xma an arc erTi. moswavlem codna metyvelebiT, werilobiT,<br />
an sxva xiluli unariT SeiZleba gadasces.<br />
mniSvneloba da Sesabamisoba<br />
swavlis procesis individualizebis erT-erT saSualebas moswavleTaTvis optimaluri<br />
mimRebi da gadamcemi arxebis gaaqtiureba warmoadgens. danma da danma am sakiTxis kvlevas<br />
didi Sroma miuZRvnes (Dunn and Dunn 1978). aRniSnulis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis mizniT,<br />
SegviZlia davakvirdeT moswavleebs da vnaxoT, rom erTsa da imave an msgavs miznebze samuSaod,<br />
yoveli maTgani xasiaTis Sesabamis mimReb da gadamcem arxs iyenebs.<br />
moswavlis mier informaciis misaRebad gamoiyeneba Semdegi arxebi: vizualuri, smeniTi<br />
da SexebiTi/kinesTetikuri. swavlis procesSi moswavlis moqmedebis (moqmedeba gadacemis<br />
mizniT) gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia CamovTvaloT mTeli rigi arxebi, romelTac is iyenebs:<br />
metyveleba, wera, raime aqtivoba (mag.: xatva, ageba, manipulireba, moZraoba). moZraobiT gadacemis<br />
mizniT, moswavlem SeiZleba kunTebis garkveuli jgufi gamoiyenos: mTavari mamoZravebeli<br />
kunTebi, mcire kunTebi, xma, an pasiuroba (umoZraoba).<br />
405
Tavi 15<br />
swavlis procesis sami maxasiaTeblis monacemebze dakvirvebiT, SegviZlia, SevafasoT, ramdenad<br />
aqtiuri iyo da Seesabameboda swavlis procesi saswavlo programis moTxovnebsa da<br />
moswavlis saWiroebebs. es monacemebi maswavleblebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan maTi<br />
meSveobiT eqmnebaT naTeli suraTi, ra xerxebi unda gamoiyenon swavlis procesSi moswavleTa<br />
aRqmis arxebis maqsimalurad CarTvis mizniT.<br />
aRqmis mravalferovani arxebis gamoyenebis SemTxveviTi xasiaTis SemTxvevaSi, ver iqneba<br />
uzrunvelyofili misi moswavlesTan Sesabamisoba. Sesabamisoba maSin dasturdeba, roca<br />
moswavles an garkveul jgufs individualurad maTi xasiaTidan gamomdinare vusadagebT,<br />
anu, rodesac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavles aRqmis misTvis dominanturi arxis gamoiyenebisaken<br />
ubiZgebs, an moswavleTa garkveul jgufs sistematurad aZlevs specialur davalebebs,<br />
romelTa meSveobiTac erTi da imave miznis misaRwevad sxvebisgan gansxvavebul swavlis process<br />
sTavazobs.<br />
406<br />
ganmartebani<br />
masStabi<br />
zogjer obieqtis, nabeWdis da saswavlo procesSi gamosayenebeli sxva modelis masStabi<br />
icvleba – izrdeba an pataravdeba. masalis masStabi, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iyos gazrdili,<br />
Semcirebuli an normaluri.<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
saswavlo procesis sxva maxasiaTeblebis msgavsad, masStabic erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia da<br />
xels uwyobs Semswavlelis interaqcias garemosTan, romelsac saswavlo gegmis avtori da<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> akontroleben. am maxasiaTebelze dakvirveba gvexmareba, pasuxi gavceT kiTxvas:<br />
ramdenad srulad viyenebT swavlebis procesSi masStabiT manipulirebis SesaZleblobebs?<br />
magaliTad, Semcirebuli masStabis modelebiT SegviZlia abstraqtulad warmodgenili<br />
Sinaarsi xatovani formiT gadmovceT, riTac im moswavleebs davexmarebiT, romlebsac uWirT<br />
abstraqtuli azrovneba. skolis kedlebs miRma arsebuli garemo (nakaduli, qalaqi, xeoba),<br />
SegviZlia klasSi didi naxatebis saxiT SevitanoT (3 futi 4 futze) da saklaso oTaxis mTel<br />
kedelze ganvaTavsoT. samuSao furclebis zomis SecvliT, standartuli davalebebis did<br />
dafaze SesrulebiT, asawyobi asoebisa da cifrebis gamoyenebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia standartuli<br />
saswavlo procesis gaxaliseba da gamravalferovneba.<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
masStabs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dawyebiT safexurze unda mieqces, radgan dawyebiT<br />
klasebis moswavleebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs nabeWdis zomas da furcelze erTeulTa<br />
raodenobas.
s w a v l i s g a m o c d i l e b a - S e j a m e b a<br />
mocemuli Semajamebeli savarjiSo dagvexmareba, swavlis process moswavlis<br />
TvaliT SevxedoT, SevafasoT swavlebis erTi dRe an gakveTilebis erTi cikli da vn-<br />
axoT, moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebis misaRwevad maqsimalurad viyenebT Tu<br />
ara SesaZleblobebs.<br />
1. informaciis wyaro: standartuli Seqmnili<br />
2. gamoyenebuli<br />
resursebi:<br />
teqsti<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
Tanatolebi<br />
mSoblebi<br />
interviuebi<br />
dakvirveba<br />
audiovizualuri<br />
onlainis<br />
momsaxureba<br />
eleqtroaparatura<br />
cnobari<br />
warmosaxva<br />
gamocdileba<br />
3. piradi relevantoba: warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
4. konkurencia: konkurentuli individualisturi TanamSromluri<br />
5. zedamxedveloba: zedamxedveloba<br />
damoukidebloba<br />
xelSemwyobi<br />
Sesabamisi<br />
6. TviTgamoxatva Aar xdeba xdeba Sesabamisia<br />
7. abstraqciis xarisxi: konkretuli xatovani abstraqtuli<br />
8. kognituri done: gaxseneba<br />
9. etapobrivi<br />
dakonkreteba:<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
qceva<br />
procedurebi<br />
produqti<br />
daskvniTi nawili<br />
10. dajgufeba da<br />
interpersonaluri<br />
sirTule:<br />
wvdoma<br />
analizi<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
sinTezi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
ar aris <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavle SeTanxmeba<br />
dabali<br />
maRali<br />
saSualo<br />
Sesabamisi<br />
s w a v l i s g a m o c d i l e b a -<br />
S e j a m e b a<br />
407
11 informaciis<br />
408<br />
sirTule:<br />
12 aRqmis arxebi:<br />
moswavleTa<br />
Zalisxmeva<br />
moswavleTa<br />
motoruli unarebis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
moswavlis<br />
saqmianobis Sedegi<br />
dabali<br />
maRali<br />
mxedvelobiTi<br />
smeniTi<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
kunTebis<br />
monawileobiT<br />
xma<br />
metyveleba<br />
Sesruleba<br />
13 masStabi: normaluri<br />
gazrdili<br />
saSualo<br />
Sesabamisi<br />
SexebiT/<br />
kinesTetikuri<br />
Sesabamisi<br />
mcire kunTebis<br />
monawileobiT<br />
pasiuri<br />
wera<br />
Sesabamisi<br />
Semcirebuli<br />
Sesabamisi
s w a v l i s g a m o c d i l e b a - s a v a r j i S o<br />
swavlis process Semdegi cameti maxasiaTebeli aqvs:<br />
informaciis wyaroebi<br />
personaluri relevantoba<br />
zedamxedveloba<br />
abstraqciis xarisxi<br />
etapobrivi dakonkreteba<br />
informaciis sirTule<br />
masStabi<br />
gamosayenebeli resursebi<br />
konkurencia<br />
TviTgamoxatva<br />
kognituri done<br />
dajgufeba da interpersonaluri<br />
sirTule<br />
aRqmis arxebi<br />
swavlis procesis zemoCamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi saswavlo gegmaSi an<br />
sagakveTilo procesSi sxvadasaxva saxiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. SemoxazeT, rom-<br />
eli saxiT gvxvdeba igi qvemoT moyvanil citataSi an situaciaSi:<br />
informaciis wyaroebi<br />
1. `sakvanZo sityvebis mosaZebnad leqsikons gamoviyenebT~.<br />
standartuli Seqmnili orive<br />
2. `amerikis revoluciis Sesaxeb qveTavis kiTxvisas, airCieT erT-erTi imdroindeli<br />
istoriuli figura da hkiTxeT partniors, ratom iyo mis mier arCeuli<br />
piri konkretul poziciaze. yuradRebiT iyaviT, rom partniorebma erTsa da<br />
imave istoriul pirze ar isaubroT~.<br />
standartuli Seqmnili orive<br />
3. `van gogis Sesaxeb filmis naxvis Semdeg gamoiyeneT azrovnebis induqciuri<br />
meTodi da SeajereT mosazrebebi van gogze, rogorc mxatvarze. daiwyeT im masalis<br />
gamoyenebiT, romelsac filmSi naxavT~.<br />
standartuli Seqmnili orive<br />
4. `dRevandeli gakveTilis Temaa globaluri ekonomika, kerZod, ra mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs globalur ekonomikur procesebSi monawileobas~.<br />
standartuli Seqmnili orive<br />
personaluri relevantoba<br />
1. moswavleebi, romlebic biznesis samarTals swavloben, monawileoben saswavlo<br />
sasamarTlo procesSi.<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
2. meeqvseklaseli moswavleebi miwisqveSa sarTulze tutanhamonis samarxis konstruqcias<br />
ageben.<br />
s w a v l i s g a m o c d i l e b a<br />
- s a v a r j i S o<br />
409
410<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
3. saSualo safexuris moswavleebi saqalaqo samTavrobo Sexvedraze skolis<br />
warmomadgenlebad airCies. Sexvedras eswrebian xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi,<br />
sxvadasxva organizaciis xelmZRvanelebi, sameurveo sabWoebis wevrebi,<br />
kafeteriis momsaxure personali, avtobusebis mZRolebi.<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
4. saswavlo wlis bolos sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebi Seadgenen ilustrirebul<br />
`wigns~ daDam dawesebulebis momaval aRsazdelebs mouTxroben, ra elodebaT<br />
da ras iswavlian pirvel wels.<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
5. saSualo safexuris moswavleebi dizainis gakveTilze Seqmnian da gaaformeben<br />
skolis speqtaklis afiSebsa da programebs.<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
6. sabazo safexuris moswavleebisgan Semdgari ansambli weliwadSi sam koncerts<br />
Seasrulebs.<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
7. umaRlesi buRalteriis Semswavleli studentebi awarmoeben institutTan<br />
dakavSirebuli klubebis saqmis warmoebas.<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
8. meeqvseklaselebi weren da aformeben pirvelklaselTaTvis gadasacem wignebs.<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
9. moswavleebs geometriaSi davalebad aTi amocana aqvT<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
10. qimiis gakveTilze airebis bunebis Sesaswavlad moswavleebi cdebs atareben.<br />
miznis struqtura<br />
warmosaxviTi simulaciuri realuri<br />
1. jgufSi 4 moswavle muSaobs. Mmoswavleebi statiis analizs weren, Semdeg erTmaneTs<br />
ukiTxaven, saukeTesos arCeven da oTaxSi saukeTeso namuSevrisTvis<br />
gankuTvnil adgilze aTavseben.<br />
konkurentuli individualisturi TanamSromluri<br />
2. moswavleebma romanis erTi Tavi unda waikiTxon, daweron ganxilva da gamoTqvan<br />
varaudi, rogor SeiZleba ganviTardes movlenebi momdevno TavSi. bolos,<br />
namuSevrebi maswavlebels unda gadascen.<br />
konkurentuli individualisturi TanamSromluri<br />
3. moswavleebi 4 kacian jgufebad muSaoben, rom maTematikis davalebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
SeTanxmebas miaRwion. isini im amocanaTa sias, romlebzec ver Tanxmdebian,<br />
maswavlebels gadascemen, romelic maTi amoxsnis gzas mTel klass<br />
aCvenebs. Semdeg jgufebi imuSaveben klasis mier mniSvnelovnad miCneul erTerT<br />
unarze. roca yvela wevri davalebas Seasrulebs, jgufi wamaxalisebel<br />
qulas miiRebs maswavlebelsa da jgufs Soris winaswar SeTanxmebuli prizis
mosapoveblad.Yyvela jgufs aqvs qulebisa da prizis miRebis Sansi.<br />
konkurentuli individualisturi TanamSromluri<br />
4. gamokiTxvis dros moswavleebs individualurad iZaxeben maswavleblis mier<br />
dasmul SekiTxvebze sapasuxod.<br />
konkurentuli individualisturi TanamSromluri<br />
5. mesameklaselebi gakveTilebis damTavrebis Semdeg saswavlo centrSi damatebiTi<br />
unarebis ganviTarebaze muSaoben.<br />
konkurentuli individualisturi TanamSromluri<br />
6. romanis Seswavla randenime etapad xdeba: jer moswavleebi erTi Tavis Semajamebel<br />
savarjiSos Seasruleben da varauds gamoTqvamen Semdeg TavSi movlenebis<br />
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT. meore dRes isini oTxwevrian jgufebs<br />
qmnian, romelTagan erT-erTs momzadebuli aqvs mocemuli Tavis ucxo sityvaTa<br />
ganmartebani. meore moswavles momzadebuli aqvs sadiskusio kiTxvebi<br />
jgufisTvis. mesames _ Sedarebebis, metaforebisa da sxva mxatvruli xerxebis<br />
magaliTebi, meoTxe ki mdivan-Semmowmebelia. jgufSi muSaobis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg individualurad abareben namuSevrebs Sesafaseblad. abareben aseve<br />
werilobiT mosazrebebs ukve Semdgari jgufuri Sexvedrisa da momavali<br />
Sekrebis prioritetuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb.<br />
konkurentuli individualisturi TanamSromluri<br />
zedamxedveloba<br />
gaecaniT zemoT motanil 6 magaliTs da gaarkvieT: <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> pirdapir<br />
zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs, xelSemwyobis funqcias asrulebs Tu moswavleebs<br />
damoukideblad amuSavebs. SesaZlebelia erTze meti pasuxic.<br />
1. zedamxedveloba damoukidebloba xelSewyoba<br />
2. zedamxedveloba damoukidebloba xelSewyoba<br />
3. zedamxedveloba damoukidebloba xelSewyoba<br />
4. zedamxedveloba damoukidebloba xelSewyoba<br />
5. zedamxedveloba damoukidebloba xelSewyoba<br />
6. zedamxedveloba damoukidebloba xelSewyoba<br />
TviTgamoxatva<br />
daadgineT, winamdebare magaliTebSi eZlevaT Tu ara moswavlebs sakuTari unikalurobis<br />
gamoxatvis saSualeba.<br />
1. meoreklaselebi eqskursiaze fermas stumroben. klasSi dabrunebis Semdeg maT<br />
sTxoven, eqskursiis STabeWdilebebi werilobiT gadmoscen da daasuraTon.<br />
411
412<br />
diax ara<br />
2. saSualo safexuris moswavleebs avtomeqanikis kursze karbiuratoris Seqmnas<br />
sTxoven, risTvisac saWiro masalis minimalur raodenobas aZleven.<br />
diax ara<br />
3. meoTxeklasel moswavleebs mzis sistemis modelis Seqmnas sTxoven<br />
diax ara<br />
4. moswavleebi ikvleven CrdiloeT amerikaSi kolumbis mogzaurobamde (1492) arsebul<br />
kulturebs. maT unda daweron, daxaton an isaubron, maTi azriT, ramdenad<br />
zianis momtani aRmoCndeboda kolumbis mogzauroba am kulturebisTvis.<br />
diax ara<br />
abstraqciis xarisxi<br />
1. moswavleebs sTxoven, gamosaxon wylis molekula wyalbadsa da Jangbads Soris arsebuli<br />
bmebis meSveobiT. Semdeg Seqmnan molekulis diagrama da daweron misi formula.<br />
konkretuli xatovani abstraqtuli<br />
2. moswavleebi weren gamoxmaurebas wakiTxul Txzulebaze.<br />
konkretuli xatovani abstraqtuli<br />
3. moswavleebi CxirebiTa da kubebiT qmnian orniSna ricxvebis modelebs. Semdeg isini<br />
Cxirebsa da kubebs xataven da erTmaneTs umateben.<br />
konkretuli xatovani abstraqtuli<br />
4. moswavleebi Taxvis, daTvis da irmis fitulebis bewvis sixSiris Sesamowmeblad samecniero<br />
muzeumSi midian.<br />
konkretuli xatovani abstraqtuli<br />
etapobrivi dakonkreteba<br />
1. `dawereT moxseneba TqvenTvis saintereso pirovnebis biografiis Sesaxeb~.<br />
ar aris moswavlis SeTanxmebiT maswavleblis m i e r<br />
mier<br />
2. `es Tavi bolomde waikiTxeT. upasuxeT bolos mocemul SekiTxvebs da SeamowmeT<br />
pasuxebi~.<br />
ar aris moswavlis eTanxmebiT aswavleblis m i e r<br />
mier<br />
3. mimdinare Tema aRmoCenebs exeba, amoirCieT mecnieri an periodi, romelsac ufro<br />
Rrmad SeiswavlidiT. male gveqneba mosamzadebeli Sexvedra, sadac Tqvens Temebs<br />
ganvixilavT, visaubrebT, rogor unda CaataroT kvleva da rogor warmoadginoT<br />
Sedegebi klasis da/an Cems winaSe.<br />
ar aris moswavlis SeTanxmebiT maswavleblis m i e r<br />
mier
literatura<br />
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
Anter, J., and J. Jenkins. "Differential Diagnosis—Prescription Teaching: A Critical Appraisal." Review<br />
of Educational Research 49 (Fall 1979): 517- ' 555.<br />
Aronson, E. The Jigsaw Classroom. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1978.<br />
Bates, J. "Extrinsic Reward and Intrinsic Motivation: A Review with Implications for the Classroom."<br />
Review of Educational Research 49 (Fall 1979): 557-576.<br />
Berlak, A., et al. "Teaching and Learning in English Primary Schools." School Review (February 1975):<br />
215-243.<br />
Bloom, B. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I. New York: David McKay, 1956.<br />
Bruner, J. Toward a Theory of Instruction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966.<br />
Bussis, A. M., E. A. Chittenden, and M. Amarel. Beyond Surface Curriculum: An Interview Study of Teachers'<br />
Understandings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1976.<br />
Colarusso, C. Diagnostic Educational Grouping: Strategies for Teaching. Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Public<br />
Schools, March 1972.<br />
Dale, E. "Cone of Learning." Unpublished paper, University of Ohio.<br />
Davis, O. L. (ed.). Perspectives on Curriculum Development. Washington, D.C.: Association for Supervision<br />
and Curriculum Development, 1976.<br />
Deutsch, M. "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Cooperation and Competition upon Group Process."<br />
Human Relations 2 (1949): 199-231.<br />
Dunn, R., and K. Dunn. Teaching Students Through Their Individualized Learning Styles: A Practical Approach.<br />
Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing Co., 1978.<br />
Gehlbach, R. D. "Individual Differences: Implications for Instructional Theory, Research and Innovation."<br />
Educational Researcher 8 (April 1979): 8-14.<br />
Gower, R. R., and H. Resnick. "Theory and Research: Evaluation Results." Project funded by Office of<br />
Career Education, U.S. Office of Education, August 1979.<br />
Gregorc, A. F., and H. B. Ward,, "A New Definition for Individual." MASSP Bulletin (February 1977).<br />
Hunt, D. E. Matching Models in Education. Monograph No. 10. Ontario, Canada: Ontario Institute for<br />
Studies in Education, 1971.<br />
Hunt, D. E., and E. V. Sullivan. Between Psychology and Education. Hinsdale, 111.: Dryden Press, 1974.<br />
Johnson, D. W., and R. T.Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,<br />
1975, 1987.<br />
Johnson, D. W., L. Skon, and R.Johnson. "Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic<br />
Conditions on Children's Problem-Solving Performance." American Educational Research Journal<br />
17 (Spring 1980): 83-94.<br />
Johnson, D. W., R. T.Johnson, E.J. Holubec. Advanced Cooperative Learning. Edina, Minn.: Interaction<br />
Book Company, 1988.<br />
413
Tavi 15<br />
Joyce, B. R. A Guide to the Teacher-Innovator: A Program to Prepare Teachers. Washington, D.C.: American<br />
Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, 1969.<br />
--------. Selecting Learning Experiences. Washington, D.C.: Association for<br />
Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1978.<br />
Rich, H. L., and A. J. Bush, "The Effect of Congruent Teacher-Student Characteristics on Instructional<br />
Outcomes." American Educational Research Journal 15 (Summer 1978): 451-458.<br />
Rosenholtz, S. J., and B. Wilson. "The Effect of Classroom Structure on Shared Perceptions of Ability."<br />
American Educational Research Journal 17(Spring 1980): 75-82.<br />
Sharam, S. "Cooperation Learning in Small Groups." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980):<br />
241-272.<br />
Slavin, R. E. "Cooperative Learning." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 315-342.<br />
Toepfer, C. F., Jr. Brain Growth Periodization Research. Washington, D.C.: Association for Supervision and<br />
Curriculum Development, 1981.<br />
Tyler, R. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.<br />
Winne, P. H. "Experiments in Relating Teachers' Use of Higher-Level Cognitive Questions to Students'<br />
Achievement." Review of Educational Research 49 (Winter 1979a).<br />
--------. "Aptitude-Treatment Interactions in an Experiment on Teacher<br />
Effectiveness." American Educational Research Journal 14 (Fall 1979b): 389-410.<br />
414
16<br />
Sefaseba
avTentikuri Sefaseba saskolo reformis troas cxenia.<br />
grant uiginsi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
modiT, saintereso monacemis analiziT daviwyoT: TiTqmis ar arsebobs korelacia skola-<br />
Si miRebul niSnebsa da cxovrebaSi miRweul warmatebas Soris iseTi indikatorebis mixedviT,<br />
rogoricaa: xelfasi, Tanamdeboba, statusi, gavlena, bedniereba da sxv. (Samson da sxvebi<br />
1984).Aam marTlac gansacvifrebeli aRmoCenis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, ra azri aqvs Sefasebis<br />
sistemas? is, rac mogvianebiT warmatebis sawindari xdeba, arc testiT izomeba da arc Sefasebis<br />
Cveneuli sistemiT (iqneb, rasac vaswavliT, arc is unda iswavlebodes!).<br />
saubaria swavlis Sefasebasa da Sefasebis<br />
arsebuli sistemebis arasaxarbielo Sedegebze,<br />
ris safuZvelzec 1990-ian wlebSi Sefasebis<br />
alternatiuli gzebis Zieba daiwyo.<br />
swored Sefasebisa da swavlebis mWidro kav-<br />
TiTqmis ar arsebobs korelacia skolaSi miRebul<br />
niSnebsa da cxovrebaSi miRweul warmatebas<br />
Soris.<br />
Siris gamo gaxda es moZraoba swavlebaze da mis Sedegebze moqmedi mZlavri berketi.<br />
swavlebis Tanamedrove inovaciaTa Soris Sefaseba, SesaZloa, swavlebis procesis gaumjobesebis,<br />
maswavlebelTa repertuaris gafarToebisa da modernizebis yvelaze mZlavr berketad<br />
miviCnioT. Sefasebis sistema moqmedebs imaze, Tu ras vaswavliT, rogor vaswavliT, ra<br />
dros vuTmobT calkeul Temebs da ra aqtivobebis Sesrulebas vTxovT moswavleebs yoveldRiurad.<br />
is gvaiZulebs, swavlebis mkafio miznebi davsaxoT da gavlenas axdens imazec, ramdenad<br />
mkafiod esmiT moswavleebs is, rasac akeTeben, ramdenad koncentrirebulni da motivirebulni<br />
arian.<br />
maswavlebels didi dro ar dasWirdeba Sefasebis iseTi sistemis dasanergad, romelsac<br />
am TavSi aRwerili Taviseburebebi eqneba. ganaTlebis reformaSi moswavleTa saqmianobis Sefasebis<br />
mniSvneloba klebulobs, radgan sayovelTaod cnobili xdeba standartizebuli testebis<br />
naklovanebebi (aseve ecema maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebis mniSvnelobac. mraval<br />
StatSi saxelmwifo kanoniT licenzireba, sertificireba da ganmeorebiTi sertificireba<br />
uSualod ukavSirdeba gamovlenili unarebis Sefasebas.) standartuli testebis avtorebi<br />
uars amboben iseT sakiTxebze, romelic ar axdens jgufTa Soris diskriminacias; amis mizezi<br />
is gaxlavT, rom normaluri ganawilebis mrudi normaze dafuZnebuli standartuli testebisTvis<br />
kultia da Seqmnis mizans daxarisxebasa da ranJirebas pasuxobs. amrigad, standartul<br />
testebSi codnis `gasazomad~ kargi sakiTxebisa da amocanebis SerCeva mniSvnelobiT meore<br />
adgilze dgas, radgan pirvelxarisxovani moswavleTa daxarisxebaa. amgvari midgoma miuRebeli<br />
xdeba im sazogadoebisTvis, romelic mogviwodebs, rom moswavleebi XXI saukunisTvis<br />
movamzadoT.<br />
`avTentikur~, `alternatiul~ an `saqmianobis~ Sefasebad wodebuli axali midgomis mizania<br />
gaamdidros standartuli testebi da gardaqmnas swavlebis praqtika. am TavSi ganvixilavT,<br />
ra wvlilis Setana SeuZlia am procesSi Sefasebas da swavlebisa da swavlis ra Sedegebs<br />
unda velodeT. Cveni mizania: (1) CamovayaliboT kargi Sefasebis Taviseburebebi, (2) SemogTavazoT<br />
kargi Sefasebis modelebi da (3) dagexmaroT, gaamdidroT sakuTari repertuari kargi<br />
SefasebisTvis saWiro gzebiT.<br />
417
Tavi 16<br />
418<br />
Sefasebis karg sistemas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs:<br />
1. is efuZneba swavlis mniSvnelovan da kargad mofiqrebul miznebs.<br />
2. swavlebis dasawyisSive gvTavazobs warmatebis naTel kriteriumebs da modelebs.<br />
3. SeZlebisdagvarad iyenebs realur cxovrebiseul amocanebs an maT modelirebas.<br />
4. moswavleebs rTavs TviTSefasebaSi, erTobliv kritikasa da miznebis dasaxvaSi.<br />
5. iyenebs monacemTa Segrovebis mraval xerxs.<br />
6. inaxavs karg angariSebs.<br />
7. Seesatyviseba teqnikurad gamarTul kriteriumebs.<br />
8. moqmedebs informaciuli angariSis sistemebi.<br />
am rva maxasiaTeblis ganxilvis garda, Cven Semdeg sakiTxebsac SevexebiT:<br />
1. saerTo saswavlo jgufebi da Sefaseba: maswavlebelTa jgufma, romlebic erTsa da<br />
imave klasTan muSaobs an erTsa da imave masalas aswavlis (an orive pirobas akmayofilebs),<br />
erTad unda imuSaos Sefasebis saerTo davalebebis/amocanebis Seqmnaze.<br />
2. Sefasebis gavlena swavlebaze: moswavlis codnis Sefasebas talRiseburi gavlena<br />
aqvs mTel skolaze. is moqmedebs saswavlo gegmaze, swavlebis mimarTulebaze da,<br />
kidev ufro mZlavrad, moswavlis motivaciasa da yuradRebaze.<br />
3. standartebi: Sefasebis kargi sistema xels uwyobs swavlas imiT, rom sanimuSo saqmianobis<br />
maRal standartebs awesebs yvela moswavlisTvis. is uzrunvelyofs ukukavSirs<br />
standartTan progresis mniSvnelovan niSnulebze. Sefasebis sistemam unda<br />
gamoxatos calkeuli moswavlis saqmianobis xarisxi universaluri standartis Sesabamisad.<br />
Sefasebis miznebi<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs kargad esmodeT Sefasebis azri. rogori<br />
gasakviric unda iyos, xSirad moswavlem ar icis konkretuli Sefasebis mizani, sanam<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ar auxsnis (rac iSviaTad xdeba). Cveni dakvirvebiT, TiTze CamosaTvleli gvyavs<br />
is maswavleblebi, romlebic moswavleebs Semajamebel da diagnostikur testebs Soris gansxvavebas<br />
uxsnian. `testis mizania gavigoT, ra iswavleT~ - mxolod amis Tqma sakmarisi ar aris,<br />
radgan moswavleebma ar ician, rogor gamoviyenebT testirebis Sedegebs. (davajgufebT maT,<br />
rom vaswavloT Tu ara? mSoblebisTvis movamzadebT angariSs saerTo progresis Sesaxeb Tu<br />
ara? ganvsazRvravT Tu ara mTeli klasisTvis xelaxla asaxsnel Temebs Tu ara?).
1. Semajamebeli debulebebis momzadeba<br />
2. moswavleTa sertificireba<br />
3. mkafiod axsna<br />
4. swavlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis<br />
mi Reba<br />
5. ukukavSiri moswavleebTan<br />
6. ukukavSiri maswavleblebTan<br />
7. progresis Sesaxeb angariSi mSoblebisa<br />
da sazogadoebisTvis<br />
Sefasebis miznebi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
¤ imis Sesaxeb, zogadad ramdenad kargad<br />
gaarTves Tavi moswavleebma kursis an Temis<br />
miznebs.<br />
¤ codnis sferoSi kompetenturobisTvis.<br />
¤ praqtikis sferoSi kompetenturobisTvis.<br />
¤ winsvlis kandidatobisTvis.<br />
¤ ra saxis codnaa mniSvnelovani.<br />
¤ xarisxiani samuSaos ra kriteriumebi da<br />
sta ndartebi gvaqvs.<br />
¤ rodis daviwyoT swavleba.<br />
¤ romeli unarebis ganviTarebaze vizrunoT.<br />
¤ romel moswavleebs romeli unarebi da<br />
qveunarebi vaswavloT xelaxla.<br />
¤ Rirsebebis, naklovanebebis da interesebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
¤ swavlebis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb.<br />
¤ saswavlo gegmis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb.<br />
¤ zemoxsenebul erT-erT an yvela punqtze.<br />
8. saswavlo gegmis imgvarad srulyofa, rom yvela moswavles SevTavazoT mniSvnelovani,<br />
maRali donis azrovnebis amocanebi.<br />
9. moswavleTa daxarisxeba, ranJireba an<br />
Sedareba<br />
10. moswavleTa an moswavleTa jgufebis<br />
no rmebis dadgena.<br />
11. adgilis gansazRvra<br />
12. warmatebis prognozireba<br />
¤ xarisxisa da jildosTvis.<br />
¤ monawileTa SezRuduli raodenobis programebze<br />
dasaSvebad.<br />
¤ erovnuli jgufebis mimarT SefardebiTi<br />
miRwevebisTvis.<br />
¤ sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebis mimarT<br />
SefardebiTi miRwevebisTvis.<br />
¤ kursebis, klasebis an doneebis mixedviT<br />
¤ calkeul kursSi.<br />
¤ skolaSi.<br />
¤ samsaxurSi.<br />
sqema 16.1: Sefasebis miznebi<br />
419
Tavi 16<br />
moswavleTa Sefasebis mravali mizani arsebobs (16.1 cxrilSi mxolod 12 maTgania aRwerili).<br />
zogjer maswavleblebi tests erTdroulad ori an meti mizniT iyeneben, magaliTad<br />
niSnebis dasawerad da swavlebis naklovanebebis dasadgenad. amgvari mravaldaniSnulebiani<br />
testebi, Cveulebriv, araefeqtiania, radgan Sefasebis sxvadasxva formebs sxvadasxvagvari<br />
moTxovnebi aqvs (Bloom da sxvebi, 1981). swored am gansxvavebebis gamo maswavlebelma naTlad<br />
unda gansazRvros Sefasebis mizani. am TavSi cxrilSi moyvanil me-4-8 miznebs ganvixilavT,<br />
romlebic fokusirebulia saswavlo gadawyvetilebebsa da moswavleebTan ukukavSirze.<br />
420<br />
axla ki ganvixiloT kargi Sefasebis rva maxasiaTebeli. daviwyoT miznebiT.<br />
kargi Sefasebis daxasiaTeba<br />
swavlebis arsebiTi, gaazrebuli miznebi<br />
kargi Sefasebis winapirobaa naTlad avuxsnaT moswavleebs, ra unda icodnen da risi gakeTeba<br />
unda SeeZloT (aseTi azrovneba detalurad iyo ganxiluli me-14 TavSi). moswavleebisTvis<br />
dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis mniSvn-<br />
moswavleebisTvis dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis<br />
mniSvnelobis axsna swavlebis nawili unda iyos.<br />
elobis axsna swavlebis Semadgeneli nawili<br />
unda iyos.<br />
swavlebis miznebis axsna mxolod dasawyisia<br />
im ciklisa, romelic miznebs swavlis gamocdilebasa da SefasebasTan akavSirebs. maRali<br />
xarisxis samuSaos kriteriumebisa da Tanmxlebi Sefasebis gansazRvra naTels xdis miznebis<br />
arss.<br />
ra ufro mniSvnelovania, warmatebis kriteriumebi Tu Sefaseba? zogjer maswavleblebi<br />
ukumimarTulebiT muSaoben – moswavleebs jer SefasebisTvis Sedgenil davalebebs uxsnian,<br />
Semdeg, am davalebebis safuZvelze ayalibeben xarisxiani saqmianobis maxasiaTeblebs; Semdeg<br />
ki, erTmaneTisgan gamoyofen saqmianobis doneebs yoveli maxasiaTeblis mixedviT da sTavazoben<br />
magaliTebs. aseTi Tanamimdevroba efeqtiania maSin, rodesac maswavlebels mamotivirebeli<br />
da kompleqsuri avTentikuri davaleba aqvs SerCeuli moswavleebisTvis. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
isic, rom `didi suraTis~ SedegebTan dakavSirebuli gonebis unar-Cvevebi xSirad<br />
winaswar, SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili davalebebis Sedgenamde unda ganisazRvros. amisTvis<br />
gaweuli Zalisxmeva mogvianebiT sasurveli SefasebiTi davalebis SedgenaSi dagvexmareba.<br />
warmatebis naTeli kriteriumi da misi nimuSebi<br />
moswavleebisTvis (maswavleblebisa da mSoblebisTvis) naTeli warmodgenis Seqmna imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda SeZlon moswavleebma, kargi Sefasebis ZiriTadi pirobaa. vgulisxmobT,<br />
kargi saqmianobis Sesaxeb realur warmodgenas da ara mxolod misi niSnebis CamonaTvals.<br />
araferia imaze sasargeblo moswavleTa Zalisxmevis koncentrirebisTvis, vidre ganmartebis<br />
TanxlebiT realuri magaliTis Cveneba, Tu rogor warmoaCens konkretuli nimuSi moswavleebisTvis<br />
misaRwevad dasaxul Sedegebs.<br />
makrodoneze moswavleebsa da mSoblebs SeiZleba SevTavazoT sanimuSo produqtebi, romlebic<br />
moswavleTa wliuri miRwevis niSnulebs asaxavs konkretul saganSi. 16.2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia<br />
sami nimuSi, romelsac bostonis mezeris dawyebiTi skola iyenebs konkretul<br />
asakobriv safexurze kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos standartebis gasacnobad.<br />
davalebis Sesrulebis, da Sesabamisad, kursis an calkeuli Temis Seswavlis kriteriumebi<br />
unda iyos:
Sefaseba<br />
¤ sajaro;<br />
¤ naTeli;<br />
¤ xelmisawvdomi, raTa moswavleebma SeZlon adre warmatebiT Sesrulebuli davalebebis<br />
nimuSebTan dakavSireba;<br />
¤ winaswar SeTavazebuli.<br />
samwuxarod, Sefasebisas yvelaze xSirad maxasiaTebelTa es nakrebia ugulebelyofili.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom es niSnulebi xarisxiani samuSaos erTian naTel suraTs gvTavazobs,<br />
moswavleebsa da mSoblebs mkafio warmodgenas ver uqmnis xarisxis arsis Sesaxeb. am funqcias<br />
rubrikebi asrulebs.<br />
rubrikebi: arsi da raoba<br />
termini rubrika, anu qulaTa rubrika gulisxmobs organizebul prezentacias (xSirad matricis<br />
formiT), romelSic gansazRvrulia mocemuli naSromis Semowmebis kriteriumebi da<br />
Sesabamisi qulebi. 16.2 cxrilSi naCvenebia rubrikis nimuSi.<br />
kargi naSromis kriteriumebia: teqstis wyoba, winanadadebis struqtura, sityvebis gamoyeneba<br />
da formati. es niSnebi mocemulia matricis marcxena mxares. yovel kriteriums sami qvedanayofi<br />
aqvs, romelic ganmartavs davalebis Sesrulebis sam gansxvavebul dones. maT Soris<br />
ori carieli adgilia datovebuli moswavlis namuSevris quliT Sesfaseblad. am matricis<br />
mixedviT yoveli kriteriumi 5-baliani sistemiT fasdeba.<br />
wera – qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi gviCvenebs, Tu risi dawera unda SeeZlos saSualo skolamdels<br />
wlis bolosTvis.<br />
421
Tavi 16<br />
kiTxva da mosmena – qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi aris nawyveti wignidan `bnel bnel tyeSi~<br />
jiun meizerisa da jo qoulis avtorobiT da gviCvenebs, risi mosmena da gaazreba unda See-<br />
Zlos skolamdels sabavSvo baRis dasrulebis Semdeg. mas unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis gaazrebac:<br />
Caps for Sale, Farmer in the Dell, Blueberries for Sale, If you Made a million, Stone Soup, The<br />
Hungry Crocodile, and Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears.<br />
bnel bnel tyeSi, bneli bneli biliki iyo. bnel bnel bilikze bneli<br />
bneli saxli idga. bnel bnel saxlSi, bneli bneli kibe iyo. bneli<br />
bneli kibis bolos, bneli bneli oTaxi iyo. bnel bnel oTaxSi, bneli<br />
bneli karada idga. bnel bnel karadaSi, bneli bneli yuTi ido. bnel<br />
bnel yuTSi, bneli bneli moCveneba imaleboda.<br />
wera – qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi gviCvenebs saSualo meoreklaselis mosalodnel dones<br />
saswavlo wlis bolosTvis.<br />
kiTxva – qvemoT mocemuli nimuSi aris nawyveti ezopes wignidan `qalaqeli da sofleli<br />
Tagvi~. meoreklasel moswavles wlis dasasruls Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos qvemoT moyvanili<br />
nimuSis sworad, Tavisuflad kiTxva da gageba. aseve unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis wakiTx-<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT: nawyveti wignidan Curriculum Exemplars for Writing and Reading. The Mather Elementary School, Boston<br />
Massachusetts, 1994.<br />
422
Sefaseba<br />
vac: Amelia Bedelia, Angel Child, Dragon Child, Blueberries for Sale,If you Made a Million,Stone Soup.<br />
The Hungry Crocodile, and Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears.<br />
xaliCebi lamazi, naTeli ferebis iyo. yovel oTaxSi lamazi<br />
skamebi, magidebi da lampebi idga. yvelaze lamazi samzareulo iyo.<br />
sofleli Tagvi aqeT iqiT darboda. samzareulo sisufTaviT brwyinavda.<br />
Tagvis Tvalwin uamravi saWmeli iyo.<br />
wera – qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi gviCvenebs saSualo mexuTeklaselis mosalodnel dones<br />
saswavlo wlis bolosTvis.<br />
sqema 16.2: komunikaciis standartebis nimuSi.<br />
423
Tavi 16<br />
kiTxva - qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti skot o delis wignidan `lurji delfinis kunZuli~.<br />
meoreklasel moswavles wlis dasasruls Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos qvemoT moyvanili nimuSis<br />
sworad, Tavisuflad kiTxva da gageba. aseve unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis wakiTxvac:<br />
Bridge to Terabithia, Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, Sarah, Plain and Tall, Stone Fox, Vampire Bat<br />
Girls’Club, Witch of Banneker School, Shiloh, and The Land I Lost.<br />
`diunidan cotaTi moSorebiT, gorakTan axlos, gareuli ZaRlebis<br />
xrova davinaxe. isini mravlad iyvnen da wriulad miaxlovdebodnen.<br />
wris SuaSi ramo iyo. zurgze mwoliare, yelSi Rrma Wriloba<br />
hqonda. gaunZrevlad iwva.<br />
rodesac xelSi aviyvane, mivxvdi, rom mkvdari iyo. mas sxva Wrilobebic<br />
hqonda. gareul ZaRlebs daeglijaT. didi xnis mkvdari<br />
iyo, misi nafexurebidan Canda, rom gorakamde verc mieRwia.<br />
misgan cotaTi moSorebiT ori ZaRli iwva. erT-erTis gverdiT<br />
misi gadatexili Subi egdo. me ramo waviyvane da sofels ma-<br />
Sin mivaRwieT, rodesac mze ukve karga xnis Casuli iyo. ZaRlebi<br />
fexdafex momdevdnen, magram rodesac is qoxSi davawvine da<br />
xelketiT gamovedi, dabal goraks CorTiT dauyvnen. didi ruxi<br />
ZaRli grZeli xveuli balniTa da yviTeli TvalebiT, rogorc Cans,<br />
maTi winamZRoli iyo da sul bolos midioda.<br />
bneldeboda, magram gorakamde mainc mivdie. maT uCumrad daixies<br />
odnav ukan. or goraks Soris patara xeobaSi manam mivdevdi,<br />
sanam mesame goraks ar mivaRwie, romelic frialo kldes ufro<br />
hgavda. kldis erT-erTi kidis bolos gamoqvabuli iyo. ZaRlebi<br />
saTiTaod Sevidnen gamoqvabulSi~.<br />
424<br />
sqema 16.2 gagrZeleba<br />
matricis gacnobis Semdeg, moswavlem da mSobelma ukve ician, Tu ras moelis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
da rogoria kargi namuSevris standartebi. maT kidev ufro mkafio warmodgena SeeqmnebaT,<br />
Tuki kargad Sesrulebuli eses nimuSs SevTavazebT, sadac moniSnuli iqneba sasurveli kriteriumebi.<br />
16.3 cxrili Sefasebis kidev erT rubrikas gviCvenebs, romelic biologiis davalebas<br />
exeba.
organizeba<br />
winadadebis<br />
struqtura<br />
leqsika<br />
gramatika da<br />
orTografia<br />
formati<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Zalian cota an<br />
TiTqmis araferia<br />
dawerili. narkvevi<br />
araorganizebulia,<br />
bundovani da<br />
araTanamimdevruli. ar<br />
Seesabameba saTaurs.<br />
winadadebaTa<br />
struqtura<br />
gaumarTavia.<br />
xSiria Secdomebi<br />
sityvebis SerCevasa da<br />
SewyobaSi.<br />
xSiria Secdomebi<br />
marlTwerasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
daudevari formatia.<br />
ar aris gamoyenebuli<br />
mindvrebi da<br />
abzacebi. xelnaweri<br />
araTanmimdevrulia.<br />
narkvevi dausrulebelia.<br />
ar aqvs Sesavali, ZiriTadi<br />
da daskvniTi nawilebi.<br />
Tanamimdevrulobis<br />
mcdeloba SeiniSneba,<br />
magram araadekvaturia.<br />
aris struqturuli<br />
Secdomebi winadadebis<br />
wyobaSi. winadadebis<br />
agebuleba da struqtura<br />
erTferovania.<br />
SigadaSig vxvdebiT<br />
Secdomebs sityvebis<br />
SerCevasa da SewyobaSi.<br />
SigadaSig vxvdebiT<br />
Secdomebs marlTwerasa<br />
da punqtuaciaSi.<br />
mindvrebsa da abzacebis<br />
gamoyenebaSi SigadaSig<br />
Secdomebia. saTauri ar<br />
aris an Seusabamoa.<br />
cxrili 16.3: eses Sesafasebeli rubrika*<br />
cifrebi marjvena svetSi Sefasebis sqemas miuTiTebs.<br />
narkvevi kargad aris<br />
organizebuli. moicavs<br />
Sesaval, ZiriTad da<br />
daskvniT nawilebs.<br />
Tanamimdevrulia<br />
da logikurad<br />
gamarTuli.<br />
winadadebebi<br />
dasrulebulia.<br />
maTi struqtura<br />
mravalferovania.<br />
sityvebi sworad<br />
aris SerCeuli da<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
marlTwera da<br />
punqtuacia<br />
gamarTulia.<br />
formati daculia.<br />
saTauri Sesaferisia.<br />
daculia. kaligrafia,<br />
mindvrebi da abzacebi<br />
uSecdomoa.<br />
biologia I: dakvirveba ucnob organizmze<br />
Sefaseba<br />
Tqven muSaobT biologiis laboratoriaSi. gTxoven ucnob organizmze dakvirvebas<br />
da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli struqturebis SeZlebisdagvarad srul aRweras. aseve<br />
yoveli struqturis savaraudo funqciaze sakuTari varaudis gamoTqmas. dakvirvebisa<br />
da Sesabamisi angariSisTvis sami dRe gaqvT. Tqvens gankargulebaSia Semdegi masalebi:<br />
moxarSuli safuari, bambis boWkoebi, mikroskopi da slaidebi.*<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Archibald, D., and F. M. Newmann. Beyond Standardized Tests: Assessing Authentic Academic Achievement<br />
in Secondary School. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1988, p.11. Source: Adams County School # 12,<br />
11285. Highline Drive, Northglenn, Colo.80203<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Bob Grandgenett, Biology Instructor, West Hancock High School, Britt, Iowa. “Observation of Unknown.”<br />
X6<br />
X5<br />
X4<br />
X4<br />
X1<br />
425
Tavi 16<br />
426<br />
3 2 1<br />
dakvirveba vrceli da kritikuli saSualo minimaluri da<br />
arasruli<br />
varaudi funqciebis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
sruli, logikuri da<br />
gamosadegi<br />
masalis gamoyeneba yvela masala<br />
gamoyenebulia<br />
laboratoriuli<br />
samuSao<br />
monacemTa<br />
prezentacia<br />
saxeli<br />
sruli, magram<br />
alogikuri an<br />
gamousadegari<br />
masala gamoyenebulia<br />
erTis garda<br />
damoukidebeli damoukidebeli,<br />
mcireodeni<br />
daxmarebiT<br />
sruli,<br />
organizebuli,<br />
saxeldebuli<br />
sruli,<br />
organizebuli,<br />
arasrulad<br />
saxeldebuli<br />
cxrili 16.4: Sesafasebeli rubrika biologiis davalebisTvis.<br />
arasruli, alogikuri<br />
da Seusabamo<br />
masala ar aris<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
damokidebuli<br />
arasruli,<br />
araorganizebuli<br />
am magaliTiT cxadi xdeba, rom laboratoriuli samuSao 5 kriteriumis mixedviT Sefasdeba,<br />
esenia: 1) dakvirvebis eqstensiuroba, 2) varaudebis sisrule, 3) masalebis gamoyeneba,<br />
4) damoukidebloba laboratoriuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas da 5) monacemTa kompetenturi<br />
prezentacia. Tumca, SesaZloa, aseTma rubrikebma ver Secvalos molodinTa Setyobinebis<br />
savsebiT TviTkmari instrumentebi. magaliTad, am davalebaSi ra kriteriumiT unda ganisaz-<br />
Rvros prezentaciis organizebuloba da misi Sesabamisoba 1 an me-2 donesTan? ra gansxvavebaa<br />
srul da arasrul hipoTezas Soris? umaRlesi standartis misaRwevad mzaobisTvis moswavleebs<br />
mainc dasWirdebaT am kriteriumebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi magaliTebi. Cveni mizania<br />
ara am rubrikis kritika, aramed imis xazgasma, rogor SeiZleba iqces srulyofili rubrika<br />
kargi swavlebis gzamkvlevad.<br />
igive SeiZleba iTqvas 16.4 cxrilSi mocemul magaliTze, romelSic moswavleebs amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi ganxorcielebuli garkveuli cvlilebebis codnis<br />
demonstrirebas sTxoven konkretul sasamarTlo procesebSi maTi gamoyenebis gziT.
ganxilvis diapazoni saqmis yvela aspeqti<br />
saTanadodaa<br />
ganxiluli.<br />
gamoxatvis meqanizmi ramdenime meqanikuri<br />
Secdoma, idea naTladaa<br />
gamoxatuli.<br />
gamoxatvis xarisxi mTlianobaSi efeqturi<br />
stili, naTeli<br />
fokusireba da aRwera.<br />
informaciis siRrme aucilebeli wyaroebis<br />
adekvaturi Seswavla.<br />
adekvaturoba SemTxvevebi Sesatyvisad<br />
aris SerCeuli<br />
da cvlilebebs<br />
misadagebuli.<br />
1 2 3<br />
yvela aspeqti<br />
srulad aris<br />
ganxiluli, zogi<br />
ufro zedmiwevniT,<br />
zogi – naklebad.<br />
uSecdomo;<br />
gamoxatvis meqanizmi<br />
exmianeba ideebs.<br />
stili da xarisxi<br />
exmianeba ideebs.<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
wyaroebis siuxve;<br />
koncefciebi,<br />
qveteqstebis<br />
Seswavla.<br />
Sesatyvisi<br />
SemTxvevebi<br />
logikurad aris<br />
misadagebuli<br />
konkretuli<br />
uflebebisTvis.<br />
Sefaseba<br />
proeqtis yvela aspeqti<br />
dabalansebulad,<br />
SesaniSnavad aris<br />
ganxiluli.<br />
azris gamoxatvis<br />
saukeTeso meqanizmi.<br />
kargad SemuSavebuli<br />
ideebi da maT<br />
efeqtianad gadasacemad<br />
saukeTesod SerCeuli<br />
stili.<br />
saqmis Seswavla mraval<br />
wyaroze dayrdnobiT,<br />
koncefciebisa da<br />
uflebaTa Sedegebis<br />
srulyofili<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
saukeTesod SerCeuli<br />
SemTxvevebi; logikurad<br />
misadagebuli<br />
cvlilebis yvela<br />
an umravlesi<br />
uflebisaTvis.<br />
SeniSvna: am proeqtma SeiZleba semestruli testi Caanacvlos. testirebisTvis gamoyofili<br />
dro SeiZleba davuTmoT informaciis gacvlas, calkeul qeisebze da zogadad proeqtze<br />
msjelobas da mosazrebebs proeqtis damuSavebis srulyofis Sesaxeb.<br />
cxrili 16.5: rubrika qeisis Sefasebis proeqtisTvis*<br />
sayuradReboa, rom kriteriumSi `ganxilvis diapazoni~ yvelaze dabali quliT fasdeba<br />
`saqmis yvela aspeqtis saTanadod ganxilva~. es imas niSnavs, rom davaleba dausruleblad<br />
iTvleba, sanam yvela mocemuli aspeqti detalurad ar iqneba garCeuli. (Cven mogvianebiT<br />
davubrundebiT am sakiTxs, radgan es imis maCvenebelia, rom maswavlebels sakmaod maRali<br />
standartebi aqvs da davalebas dausruleblad miiCnevs manam, sanam is standartebs ar akmayofilebs).<br />
ufro maRali qulebi (2 da 3) `zedmiwevniT~ da `dabalansebul~ ganxilvaSi iwereba.<br />
zedsarTavebi `Sesatyvisi~ da `safuZvliani~ moswavleebs unda avuxsnaT, raTa msgavsi rubrikebi<br />
maTTvis sasargeblo gaxdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas `informaciis siRrmis~ kriteriumTan<br />
gamoyenebuli zedsarTavebis `adekvaturisa~ da `uxvis~ Sesaxeb.<br />
Sefasebis rubrikis meoTxe magaliTi (16.5 cxrili) aRebulia meeqvse klasis sxvadasxva<br />
saswavlo gegmidan.<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Terry Crane, P.O.Box 57, Rockville, Iowa 50469. Government Assessment Project Rubric.<br />
427
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428<br />
mizani<br />
moswavle gamoamJRavnebs dagrovil codnas SemoqmedebiT da analitikur weraSi.<br />
codnis gamomJRavneba<br />
klasis Canawerebis, individualuri kvlevis, literaturisa da audio-vizualuri<br />
prezentaciebis safuZvelze miRebuli informaciis gamoyenebiT, moswavle mSoblebs<br />
uwers werils, romelSic aRwers sakuTar mogzaurobas konkretul qveyanaSi,<br />
misi kulturis damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtebis aRniSvniT:<br />
y<br />
xelovneba, arqiteqtura, literatura<br />
y mTavroba<br />
gamogonebebi da teqnologiuri miRwevebi<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
molodini<br />
pirobebi:<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemebi<br />
rigiTi adamianebis yoveldRiuri cxovreba<br />
religia da zneobrivi Sexedulebebi<br />
geografiis mniSvneloba am kulturis ganviTarebisTvis<br />
am kulturis dacemis mizezi<br />
gamarTuli gramatika, marTlwera da punqtuacia;<br />
werili iwereba klasSi;<br />
werilis saboloo varianti ibeWdeba skolaSi kompiuterze;<br />
moswavle SeniSvnebis Caweris Sesatyvis unars gamoiyenebs da SeZlebs mosaz-<br />
rebebis gamoxatvas Sesatyvisi formatiT;<br />
moswavles SeeZleba SeniSvnebis analizi da gamoyeneba, codnis Semoqmedebi-<br />
Tad gamovlena, sakuTari ganwyobis, Sexedulebis gamoxatva.<br />
cxrili 16.6 rubrika meeqvse klasis sxvadasxva saswavlo gegmisTvis<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Taken from a “Cross Curricular Sixth-Grade Exhibition” developed by Penny Knox at Los Naranjos School,<br />
Irvine, California.
1 – jer ara moswavle<br />
2 – zogjer <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
3 – xSirad<br />
4 – yovelTvis<br />
dakvirvebis kategoria:<br />
Sefaseba<br />
unari TariRi TariRi TariRi demonstrireba<br />
moswavle iyenebs weris,<br />
gramatikis, marlTweris,<br />
punqtuaciis ZiriTad<br />
meqanizmebs.<br />
moswavles SeuZlia<br />
Canawerebis warmoeba<br />
sxvadasxva wyaroebidan<br />
(saxelmZRvanelo,<br />
literatura,<br />
enciklopedia) da maTi<br />
gamoyeneba wyaros rolSi.<br />
moswavles SeuZlia<br />
mecnieruli wyaroebis<br />
gamoyeneba codnis<br />
SemoqmedebiTad<br />
demonstrirebis, sakuTari<br />
ganwyobisa da Sexedulebis<br />
gamoxatvisTvis.<br />
moswavles SeuZlia<br />
ganmartebiTi eses<br />
warmodgena da ZiriTadi<br />
formatis dacva.<br />
moswavles SeuZlia<br />
teqsturi programebis<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
komentarebi:<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
komentarebi:<br />
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komentarebi:<br />
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komentarebi:<br />
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komentarebi:<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
komentarebi:<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
komentarebi:<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
komentarebi:<br />
429
Tavi 16<br />
sayuradReboa, rom am proeqtis yoveli kriteriumis Sefaseba oTxjer xdeba, samjer<br />
konkretul TariRebSi, xolo erTxel `demonstrirebis~ dros. Sefasebis aseTi formis mixedviT<br />
sinamdvileSi moswavle samjer qmnis saboloo produqts (wers werils) da yovel jerze<br />
aqvs ukukavSiri namuSevris xarisxis Sesaxeb. am ukukavSiris gamoyeneba maT SeuZliaT demonstrirebamde<br />
aucilebeli unarebis dasaxvewad da arsebuli codnis gasaRrmaveblad. moswavleebs<br />
SeuZliaT namuSevrebi saxlSi waiRon da Sefasebis rubrikis mixedviT mSoblebTan<br />
erTad imuSaon. es mSobelTa informirebisa da saswavlo procesSi CarTvis gansakuTrebiT<br />
efeqtiani saSualebaa.<br />
aRwerili davalebebi da rubrikebi zrdadia moswavleTa mier daxarjuli droisa da interdisciplinarobis<br />
xarisxis mixedviT. eses daweras moswavlem SesaZloa erTi saRamo moandomos.<br />
biologiur dakvirvebas SeiZleba sami laboratoriuli saaTi dasWirdes, xolo konstituciis<br />
cvlilebebTan dakavSirebul amocanas – daaxloebiT ori kvira. davalebis Sesruleba<br />
gulisxmobs metyvelebis xelovnebis, kvlevis unarebis, socialuri kvlevebis analitikuri<br />
codnis (TviT cvlilebebis) CarTvas. mSoblebisadmi werilis miweras, sadac aRwerili iqneba<br />
konkretuli qveynis kultura, mTeli semestri dasWirdeba da masSi CarTuli iqneba gramatika,<br />
forma, organizeba, weris, SeniSvnebis Caweris unari, socialuri kvlevebi da teqnologiuri<br />
unarebi. yvela davalebas saerTo aqvs is, rom rubrikebis saSualebiT gansazRvrulia<br />
naSromis xarisxis struqtura.<br />
430<br />
rubrikis SemuSaveba<br />
kargi rubrika SeiZleba Tabaxis erT furcelze daetios, magram kargi rubrikis damatebaa<br />
moswavleTa namuSevrebis nimuSebi, romlebic maT rubrikis raobis gagebaSi daexmareba.<br />
kargad SemuSavebuli rubrika ganmartavs nimuSis xarisxis konkretul donesTan Sesabamisobas.<br />
moswavleTa namuSevrebi Sefasebulia oTxi kategoriis mixedviT: gamoucdeli, axalbeda,<br />
praqtikosi da eqsperti. aseve mocemulia detaluri axsna, Tu ra principebiT moxvda namuSevari<br />
konkretul kategoriaSi.<br />
nimuSebSi mocemulia kargi namuSevris kriteriumebic. sami analitikuri kriteriumi –<br />
gageba/gaazreba, msjeloba da gadmocema – kargad Sesrulebuli davalebis gzamkvlevis rols<br />
TamaSobs da moswavleebisTvis mniSvnelovan Sedegebsac moicavs. yoveli nimuSi analitikur<br />
kriteriums gvTavazobs.<br />
amocanis gaazreba<br />
¤ esmis amocanis kiTxva<br />
¤ arCevs amocanis relevantur informacias<br />
¤ grafikuli an dasuraTebuli prezentacia adasturebs amocanis zust interpretacias<br />
¤ SeuZlia amocanis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema
azrovnebis strategiebi da maTematikuri procedurebi<br />
¤ arCevs Sesatyvis strategiebs<br />
¤ iyenebs arsebul codnasa da gamocdilebas<br />
¤ gadmoscems azrovnebis process Tanamimdevrulad da logikurad<br />
Sefaseba<br />
¤ amocanis amosaxsnelad irCevs Sesatyvis da yvelaze efeqtian maTematikur proceduras<br />
¤ xedavs amocanis amoxsnis ramdenime xerxs<br />
¤ SeimuSavebs sisworis da sizustis Semowmebis sistemas<br />
gadmocema<br />
¤ Sedegebs naTlad, Tanamimdevrulad da akuratulad warmoadgens<br />
¤ iyenebs maTematikuri komunikaciis instrumentebs (cxrilebi da pirobiTi niSnebi)<br />
yoveli kriteriumi aRwerilia imis mixedviT, Tu rogor Sedegs miaRwevs gamoucdeli, damwyebi,<br />
praqtikosi da eqsperti. 16.6 cxrili matricis formiT gvTavazobs rubrikis nimuSs.<br />
am Tavis danarTSi mocemulia sanimuSo davalebaTa tipuri nakrebi moswavleTa namuSevrebisa<br />
da maTi ranJirebis ganmartebiT. nimuSebi gviCvenebs, rogori gaazrebuli analizi<br />
sWirdeba rubrikis sworad gamoyenebas.<br />
miuxedavad nimuSebis maTematikuri Sinaarsisa, msgavsi nakrebi SeiZleba gakeTdes nebismieri<br />
disciplinis da disciplinis farglebSi nebismieri unaris an koncefciisTvis. Cven<br />
vemxrobiT im azrs, rom aseTi nakrebebi maswavlebelTa gundma unda gaakeTos.<br />
rubrikebisa da avTentikuri amocanebis dakavSirebis procesi<br />
kargi rubrika Semdegi kriteriumebiT ganisazRvreba:<br />
1. kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos Riad da zustad Camoyalibebuli kriteriumi, romelic<br />
aRwers imas, Tu ra aris mniSvnelovani da arCevans, romelic pirdapir kavSir-<br />
Sia imasTan, ra gvinda rom icodes an ra unda SeZlos moswavlem.<br />
2. debulebebi, romelic gansazRvravs moswavlis saqmianobis doneebs (es debulebebi<br />
xSirad rubrikis msgavsad matricad aris organizebuli).<br />
3. oswavlis namuSevrebis nimuSebi, romlebic gviCvenebs doneebs rubrikaSi.<br />
4. avTentikuri amocana.<br />
431
Tavi 16<br />
done gageba strategia, azrovneba, procedura gadmocema<br />
432<br />
• ar aris mocemuli amoxsnis ganmarteba,<br />
ganmarteba gaugebaria an Seusabamoa.<br />
• ar Cans strategiis an proceduris<br />
elementebi, an gamoyenebulia<br />
araswori strategia.<br />
gamoucdeli • amocana ar aris amoxsnili, an<br />
amoxsna mocemul davalebas ar<br />
Seesabameba.<br />
• maTematikuri TvalsaCinoeba (ricxviTi<br />
diagramebi, grafikebi, cxrilebi) ar aris<br />
gamoyenebuli an Seusabamoa.<br />
• ar Cans maTematikuri msjeloba.<br />
• gamoyenebulia Seusabamo<br />
koncefciebi da/an procedurebi.<br />
• maTematikur procedurebSi imdeni<br />
Secdomaa daSvebuli, rom amocanis<br />
amoxsna SeuZlebelia.<br />
• ar aris gamoyenebuli an Seusabamoa<br />
maTematikuri terminologia da pirobiTi<br />
niSnebi.<br />
2<br />
• mocemulia arasruli axsna, romelic naTlad<br />
ar aris Camoyalibebuli.<br />
• gamoyenebuli strategia nawilobriv<br />
sasargebloa, ris gamoc amocana<br />
bolomde ar aris amoxsnili.<br />
axalbeda • amoxsna ar aris sruli, rac<br />
imaze migvaniSebs, rom amocana<br />
nawilobriv aris gagebuli.<br />
• maTematikuri TvalsaCinoeba nawilobriv<br />
aris gamoyenebuli.<br />
• Cans maTematikuri azrovnebis<br />
garkveuli niSnebi.<br />
• nawilobriv aris gamoyenebuli Sesatyvisi<br />
maTematikuri terminologia da pirobiTi<br />
niSnebi.<br />
• bolomde ver arTmevs Tavs<br />
maTematikur procedurebs.<br />
4<br />
• mocemulia naTeli axsna.<br />
• sworad aris SerCeuli strategia.<br />
• Sesatyvisad aris gamoyenebuli zusti<br />
maTematikuri TvalsaCinoeba.<br />
• gamoyenebulia swori maTematikuri<br />
azrovneba.<br />
praqtikosi • amocanis amoxsna gviCvenebs, rom<br />
moswavles Rrmad esmis amocana<br />
da misi amoxsnisTvis saWiro<br />
ZiriTadi koncefciebi.<br />
• efeqtianad aris gamoyenebuli maTematikuri<br />
terminologia da pirobiTi niSnebi.<br />
• gamoyenebulia Sesatyvisi<br />
maTematikuri procedurebi.<br />
6<br />
• mocemulia amocanis amoxsnis gasagebi,<br />
efeqtiani da detaluri axsna. naCvenebia<br />
yoveli nabiji, romelic mkiTxvels<br />
uadvilebs amocanis amoxsnis gzis gagebas.<br />
• gamoyenebulia efeqtiani da rTuli<br />
strategia.<br />
• gamoyenebulia daxvewili da<br />
kompleqsuri azrovneba.<br />
eqsperti • amocanis amoxsna naTelyofs,<br />
rom moswavles Rrmad esmis<br />
amocana, aqvs maTematikuri<br />
koncefciebisa da amoxsnisaTvis<br />
saWiro informaciis gansazRvris<br />
Sesatyvisi unari.<br />
• maTematikuri TvalsaCinoeba warmatebiT<br />
aris gamoyenebuli amocanis amoxsnasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli ideebis gadmosacemad.<br />
• zustad aris gamoyenebuli amocanis<br />
amoxsnis da Sedegebis Semowmebis<br />
procedurebi.<br />
• zustad da Sesatyvisad aris gamoyenebuli<br />
maTematikuri terminologia da pirobiTi<br />
niSnebi.<br />
cxrili 16.7: Erubrika nimuSebis mixedviT*<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kallick, Bena, and Ross Brewer.Exemplar: A Teacher’s Solution. Volume 1, nos. 4-12. Underhill, Vermont:<br />
Exemplars, 1994.
Sefaseba<br />
moswavlis SefasebiTi davalebisTvis kargi rubrikis Seqmnis bolo etapia maswavleblebs<br />
Soris sandoobis uzrunvelyofa. sandooba niSnavs, rom rubrikebi gasagebia da maswavleblebi<br />
erTsulovanni arian SefasebaSi, anu erTi da imave moswavlis namuSevars sxvadasxva <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
erTnairad afasebs. sandoobis aseTi maRali done maSin miiRweva, rodesac moswavleTa<br />
namuSevrebs maswavleblebi erTad afaseben, adareben Sedegebs da msjeloben, `sando~<br />
gadawyvetilebis (Sefasebis) misaRebad. am procesis Tanamimdevroba aseTia:<br />
warmatebis<br />
kriteriumis<br />
dadgena<br />
kriteriumi<br />
saqmianobis<br />
doneebis<br />
gansazRvra da<br />
gacnoba nimuSebis<br />
SerCeva da<br />
Cveneba<br />
avTentikuri<br />
amocanis ageba<br />
maswavleblebs<br />
Soris<br />
sandoobis<br />
damkvidreba.<br />
avTentikuri Sefasebis SemuSavebis procesis dros mniSvnelovania, moswavleebma icodnen,<br />
ra codnasa da unarebs moelis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maTgan. sagulisxmoa, rom analitikuri kriteriumebi<br />
nimuSebSi maRali donis azrovne-<br />
bas, problemis gadaWrasa da komunikaciis<br />
unarebs moicavs. es SedarebiT dabali donis<br />
unarebis, magaliTad, gamoTvlis unaris, gamravlebis<br />
cxrilis codnisa da sxvaTa mniSvnelobis<br />
dakninebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed imis<br />
avTentikuri Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania,<br />
moswavleebma icodnen, ra codnasa da unarebs<br />
moelis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> maTgan.<br />
xazgasmas, rom Sefasebis dros ufro arsebiTi azrovnebis strategiebia. maRali donis amocanis<br />
gadaWris unarebze mimarTuli arCevani ganapirobebs Cvens mier SeTavazebuli amocanebis<br />
Sinaarss.<br />
maswavleblebi avTentikuri Sefasebis Seqmnas SemoqmedebiT procesad miiCneven, romelic<br />
momgebiani xdeba kolegebTan da xSirad TviT moswavleebTan maRali donis interaqciis Sedegad.<br />
moswavleebisagan mosalodneli codnisa da unarebis gansazRvris Semdeg maswavleblebi<br />
erToblivad qmnian iseT amocanebs, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad met kriteriums pasuxobs.<br />
SefasebiTi davalebebis pilotirebisas rubrikebis Seqmnaze momuSave maswavlebelTa<br />
jgufi, rogorc wesi, moswavleTa namuSevrebis did nakrebs ganixilavs da maT oTx kategoriad<br />
daaxarisxebs: cudi, damakmayofilebeli, kargi da saukeTeso. namuSevris ama Tu im kategoriaSi<br />
moxvedras ganapirobebs maswavleblebze am namuSevriT moxdenili STabeWdileba.<br />
433
Tavi 16<br />
Semdeg modis procesis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili: maswavleblebi xelaxla detalurad<br />
amowmeben naSromebs, oRond amjerad detalurad Camoweren yoveli kategoriis maxasiaTeblebs<br />
da rubrikis Tavdapirvel monaxazs qmnian. erT-erTi mecnieri aRniSnavs:<br />
434<br />
standartebze saubrisas Cndeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad naTlad unda iyos<br />
Camoyalibebuli standartebi. sakmarisia Tu ara imis Tqma, rom moswavlis namuSevarma<br />
unda warmoaCinos `detalebisadmi yuradReba~? Tu unda aRvweroT im detalebis<br />
tipi da raodenoba, romelsac moveliT? TiTqmis eWvgareSea, rom meore kiTxvaze<br />
dadebiTi pasuxi uzrunvelyofs moswavlisa da maswavleblisTvis swavlisa da swavlebis<br />
dagegmvis ukeTes gzamkvlevs, Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania pirvel kiTxvaze<br />
SeTanxmebac (Jamentz 1994, p. 38).<br />
Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gamonaxavs dros da yuradRebiT gaanalizebs yoveli rubrikis dones,<br />
swavlis procesis ufro naTeli suraTi Seiqmneba. ufro advilad dagegmavs im aqtivobebs,<br />
romlebic sasurvel Sedegebs moutans.<br />
`ukudagegmareba~, rogorc mas ted saizeri (Ted Sizer 1992) uwodebs, gulisxmobs jer Sefasebis<br />
sistemis SemuSavebas, Semdeg ki – swavlis im kriteriumebs analizs, romlebic sasurvel<br />
Sedegamde miiyvans moswavles. amrigad, maswavlebelTa jgufis mier mniSvnelovani<br />
koncefciebisa da unarebis avTentikuri Sefasebis Sesaqmnelad gaweuli muSaoba SesaZlebelia<br />
ukeTesi swavlebisTvis gadadgmul nabijebad CavTvaloT. amis axsna ase SeiZleba: Sefasebidan<br />
gamomdinare, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ufro kritikulad afasebs TviT swavlebis processac, raTa<br />
darwmundes, namdvilad uwyobs Tu ara is xels sasurveli codnisa da unarebis ganviTarebas.<br />
moswavleTa Cabma rubrikebisa da standartebis SeqmnaSi<br />
jgufurad momuSave maswavleblebis mier standartebis, rubrikebis SemuSavebis da rubrikebis<br />
mixedviT Sesrulebis doneebis dadgenis Semdeg procesSi moswavleebic erTvebian.<br />
moswavleebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulon mosalodneli naSromis Sesafasebeli<br />
kriteriumebis dadgenaSi da am procesSi monawileobiT ukeT gaigon miznebi da maTi miRwevis<br />
ufro meti stimuli gauCndeT. kris gustafsonma (Chris Gustafson 1994) moswavleebis monawileobiT<br />
gansazRvra Temis – `imigracia~ - standartebi:<br />
bavSvebs Temebis sia SevTavaze da vTxove, erT-erTi maTgani aerCiaT. meore dRes moswavleebi,<br />
romlebmac erTi da igive Temebi airCies, dajgufdnen da am Temebis codnis<br />
Sesafasebeli standartebis SemuSaveba daevalaT. Semdeg avuxseni, rom Cems mier<br />
nimuSad SeTavazebuli namuSevari C quliT iyo Sefasebuli. yovel jgufs unda gadaewyvita,<br />
ras daamatebdnen warmodgenili Sefasebis kriteriums ufro maRali Sefasebis<br />
misaRebad. magaliTisTvis, Cven erTad SevimuSaveT werilobiTi proeqtis Sefasebis<br />
sistema. aman metismetad ambiciuri pasuxebis uaryofis saSualeba momca.<br />
Sefasebis standartebis SemuSavebis Semdeg, TiToeulma jgufma imsjela imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu ra moTxovnebi unda daekmayofilebina proeqts B an A Sefasebis misaRebad.<br />
maTi rCevebi gaviTvaliswine da yoveli jgufisTvis cal-calke Camovwere Sefasebis<br />
sistema. meore dRes yvela moswavles misi jgufis mier Seqmnili Sefasebis sistema<br />
davurige.<br />
amrigad, proeqtis daweramde, yvela moswavlem icoda, rogor moxdeboda maTi proeqtebis<br />
Sefaseba. rodesac dawerili proeqtebi Sevagrove da saxlSi waviRe, yovel<br />
maTgans Sefasebis standarti hqonda mibmuli. Sedegebi moulodnelad gansxvavebuli<br />
iyo: namuSevrebi bevrad ukeTesi aRmoCnda, radgan yovelma moswavlem ukve icoda, ra<br />
unda gaekeTebina maRali qulis misaRebad; Cveni maRali standartebis Sedegi ukeTesi<br />
proeqtebi iyo; miuxedavad imisa, rom SeniSvnebi mainc damWirda, Sefaseba gacilebiT
ioli iyo. mSoblebsac SeeZloT enaxaT, rogor fasdeboda maTi Svilebis namuSevrebi.<br />
es procesi yvelasTvis Ria iyo da mis SeqmnaSi moswavleebmac Seitanes wvlili~.*<br />
rubrikebi da molodinebi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
kargi rubrikebi da moswavleebisTvis Sefasebis kriteriumebis winaswar gacnoba arsebiTia<br />
samgvari molodinis gadacemisTvis, esenia: `es mniSvnelovania; Sen es SegiZlia; danebebis<br />
saSualebas ar mogcem~. moswavleTa namuSevrebis Sedarebis naTeli kriteriumis gareSe,<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneba dabali moswrebis moswavleebTan nayofieri ukukavSiris damyareba. Tu<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ver gamonaxavs dros aseTi ukukavSirisTvis da ar daexmareba warmatebis misaRwevad<br />
mis efeqtian gamoyenebaSi, moswavlem SeiZleba sakuTari uunarobis Sesaxeb gamoitanos<br />
daskvna.<br />
usamarTlobaa, moswavles xarisxis gaumjobeseba mosTxovo, Tu mas warmodgenac ki ar aqvs,<br />
ras gulisxmobs xarisxi. gamudmebiT laparaki imaze, rom isini raRacas ise ver asruleben,<br />
rogorc saWiroa, saqmes ver Svelis. naTeli rubrikebi mniSvnelovani standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
da moswavleTa monawileobiT, garkveulwilad Seamcirebs maT ukmayofilebas,<br />
romelsac kris gustafsoni waawyda SefasebiTi proeqtis Sesrulebisas. gakveTilis Semdeg<br />
moswavlem mas aseTi SekiTxviT mimarTa: `ver gavige, ratom miviRe es niSani~. msgavsi problema<br />
awuxebs moswavleTa umravlesobas.<br />
zemoT aRwerili procesis warmatebisTvis<br />
masSi maswavlebelTa koleqtivis TanamSromloba<br />
aris saWiro. arsebiTad, Cven vcdilobT<br />
`SevqmnaT profesiuli kultura, sadac maswavleblis<br />
mier moswavlis namuSevris anal-<br />
usamarTlobaa, moswavles xarisxis gaumjobeseba<br />
mosTxovo, Tu mas warmodgenac ki ar aqvs,<br />
ras gulisxmobs xarisxi.<br />
izi mosalodneli da dafasebulia~ (California Assessment Collaborative, in Jamenetz 1993). aseve<br />
mniSvnelovania skolis administratoris an direqtoris rolic maswavleblebisTvis rubrikebis<br />
Sesaqmnelad dagegmvis gaadvilebaSi, droisa da sxva resursebis uzrunvelyofaSi.<br />
administratori, rogorc `skolis kulturis mSenebeli~ (Saphier and King 1985) arsebiT<br />
rols asrulebs avTentikuri Sefasebis SeqmnaSi da swavlebis gaumjobesebis mizniT mis danergvaSi.<br />
Cven ganvsazRvreT rubrika da misi Seqmna. vTqviT, rom kargad SemuSavebul rubrikas unda<br />
erTvodes moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli davalebebis nimuSi, romelic rubrikis cxrilis<br />
Sevsebas gagviadvilebs. axla ganvixiloT, rogor unda SevadginoT is davalebebi, romelTa<br />
meSveobiTac SevafasebT, Tu ra icis moswavlem da risi gakeTeba SeuZlia.<br />
realuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis amsaxveli da mastimulirebeli<br />
davalebebi<br />
marzanos, pikeringisa da makTaisis (Marzano, Pickering, and McTighe 1993) azriT, avTentikuri<br />
Sefaseba gulisxmobs, rom `moswavlem codna da unarebi iseve unda gamoiyenos, rogorc<br />
skolis miRma `realur cxovrebaSi~ iyenebs~. `Sefaseba avTentikuria, Tu Cven uSualod<br />
vakvirdebiT/vswavlobT moswavlis saqmianobas Sesatyvisi inteleqtualuri amocanebis<br />
amoxsnisas~, amatebs viginsi (Wiggins 1993). amrigad, testi moswavlisagan moiTxovs iseTi<br />
amocanis amoxsnas, romelic realisturia, kompleqsuri da, SeZlebisdagvarad, aris miaxloe-<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Gustavson, C. “A Lesson From Stacey.”Educational Leadership 52, no. 2: 22-23. Copyright © 1994 by ASCD.<br />
yvela ufleba daculia.<br />
435
Tavi 16<br />
buli skolis gareT moswavlis saqmianobasTan. `amocana momxmareblis, moqalaqis, muSakis an<br />
konkretuli sferos profesionalis gamocdilebis asli an misi imitaciaa~ acxadebs ana jonsoni<br />
(Ann Johnson, workshop handout, 1992).<br />
Sefasebis procesSi avTentikuroba wamyvan rols asrulebs, radgan avTentikuri davalebebi<br />
iseve aerTianebs kompleqsur saqmianobas, rogorc realuri cxovrebiseuli problemebi<br />
da mets stimuls aZlevs moswavleebs. amrigad, avTentikuri davalebebi ganaTlebis<br />
efeqtianobis ufro saimedo sazomia, Tu ganaTlebas moswavleTa nayofieri cxovrebisTvis<br />
momzadebis saSualebad ganvixilavT. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven vafasebT ara konkretuli maTematikuri<br />
davalebis an istoriuli movlenis codnas,<br />
avTentikuroba arsebiTia Sefasebisas.<br />
aramed ufro rTuli davalebebis kompleqsurad<br />
gadaWris unars, romelic maRali donis azrovnebas<br />
da codnis integracias moiTxovs. aseTi davalebebi<br />
avTentikuria, radgan isini realuri cxovrebiseuli davalebebis pirdapiri modeli<br />
an imitaciaa. maT Sesasruleblad, im unarebsa da codnas veyrdnobiT, romlebsac realuri,<br />
ufro didi problemebis gadasaWrelad viyenebT xolme cxovrebaSi.<br />
qvemoT mocemuli kriteriumebi bavSvebisTvis Seqmnili davalebebis SefasebaSi dagexmarebaT<br />
(aRebulia Jamentz 1993):<br />
436<br />
¤ aRZravs Tu ara davaleba moswavlis interessa da motivacias?<br />
¤ moiTxovs Tu ara davaleba moswavlisgan misi mniSvnelobis gaanalizebas?<br />
¤ waaxalisebs Tu ara davaleba gonebis mniSvnelovani unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebas?<br />
¤ waaxalisebs Tu ara davaleba gamoxatvis mravalgvar formebs?<br />
¤ xom ar Seicavs davaleba SemTxveviT iZulebas?<br />
¤ afasebs Tu ara davaleba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi miRweul winsvlas?<br />
¤ moiTxovs Tu ara davaleba sxvebTan TanamSromlobas?<br />
¤ davalebaSi pasuxis siRrmezea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba Tu mis moculobaze?<br />
¤ ikvlevs da gansazRvravs Tu ara davaleba moswavlis, erTi SexedviT, uxilav Zlier mxareebs?<br />
¤ ras ufro afasebs davaleba swavlasa da Zalisxmevas Tu Tandayolil talants?<br />
¤ davalebis standartebi mxolod mocemuli disciplinisTvis aucilebeli codnis,<br />
unar-Cvevebis farTo speqtrs moicavs, Tu interdisciplinur unarebsac?<br />
¤ icnobs Tu ara moswavle davalebis Sesrulebamde misi warmatebiT Sesrulebis kriteriumebs?<br />
¤ sworad aris Tu ara gansazRvruli davalebis standartebi?<br />
¤ exmianeba Tu ara davalebis standartebi skolis, raionis an qveynis miznebs?<br />
¤ esadageba Tu ara davaleba qulebis sistemas?<br />
¤ aris Tu ara davaleba mravalganzomilebiani, rac moswavles zog aspeqtSi siZlierisa,<br />
xolo zogSi sisustis gamovlenis saSualebas aZlevs?<br />
¤ aris Tu ara Sefaseba ise agebuli, rom moswavlisa da maswavleblis swrafi da sasargeblo<br />
ukukavSiri uzrunvelyos?<br />
¤ iZleva Tu ara davaleba varjiSis, gameorebisa da xelaxla amoxsnis SesaZleblobas?
Cveni azriT, am siis pirveli sami maxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.<br />
Sefaseba<br />
am TavSi ukve ganvixileT warmatebuli Sefasebis sistemis sami aucilebeli elementi: (1)<br />
swavlis mniSvnelovani da kargad gaazrebuli miznebi, (2) kargad Sesrulebuli saqmianobis<br />
naTeli kriteriumebi, (3) kriteriumebis Sesatyvisi avTentikuri amocanebi. aseve ganvixileT<br />
maswavleblebis mier kriteriumebis Seqmnisa da maTi rubrikebis saSualebiT gamoxatvis procesebi.<br />
ganvixileT procesi, romlis drosac maswavleblebi amuSaveben rubrikebs Sefasebis<br />
mizniT da uzrunvelyofen ukukavSirs moswavlis namuSevarTa nimuSebis Seswavlis safuZvelze.<br />
droa, gadavideT meoTxe elementze – moswavlis TviTSefasebaze.<br />
moswavlis CarTuloba TviTSefasebaSi, kolaboraciul<br />
kritikasa da miznebis dasaxvaSi<br />
Sefasebis aqti swavlis aqtic unda iyos; es imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebi mudmivad unda<br />
iyvnen CarTulebi TviTSefasebaSi da sakuTari Zalisxmevis mimarTulebis SecvlaSi. amas<br />
safuZvlad unda daedos maT mier sakuTari namuSevrebis ganxilva, TanatolebTan da maswavleblebTan<br />
damyarebuli ukukavSiri. Sefaseba rom swavlis aqtic gaxdes, saWiroa moswavlem<br />
TviTSefaseba SeZlos, sakuTari naSromi kriteriumebis mixedviT Seafasos. amisTvis man<br />
aucileblad unda icodes kriteriumebi, Secdomisa da misi gamosworebis gzebis moZebna,<br />
fiqri imaze, rac Seasrula da ukeT Sesrulebis gzebis dasaxva. amgvari samomavlo qmedebebis<br />
gansazRvra moswavlisagan formalur mizanTa dasaxvas moiTxovs, rac imas niSnavs, rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
moswavleebs uSualod aswavlis miznis dasaxvis teqnikasac. es teqnika ki moswavleebs<br />
miznebis da maswavleblisa da TviTSefasebis Sedegad miRebuli ukukavSiris integraciis<br />
saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
Savelsoni da misi kolegebi (Shavelson 1992)<br />
miuTiTeben `swavlebasa da testirebas Soris<br />
arsebul simetriaze. es imas niSnavs, rom kargi<br />
Sefaseba imavdroulad swavlebis sasargeblo<br />
aqtivobacaa, xolo kargad swavlebis aqtivoba, Tavis mxriv, karg Sefasebas uzrunvelyofs~.<br />
mravali gamorCeuli moazrovne (magaliTad, Wolf gamouqveynebeli naSromi, 1992; Zessoules<br />
and Gardner 1991) am ideis 1 mxardasaWerad iyenebs frazas _ `Sefaseba, rogorc swavlis momenti~.<br />
am debulebis miRma arsebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT Secdoma swavlis SesaZleblobaa da ara uunarobis<br />
dasturi. swavla procesia, droTa ganmavlobaSi codnisa da unarebis myari akumulireba<br />
da ara movlena. Sesabamisad, miRweva xangrZlivi progresis kontinuumia da Sefaseba gvexmareba<br />
am kontinuumSi moswavlis adgilis gansazRvraSi da ara Rirsebis an sisxartis SkaliT SefasebaSi.<br />
Sefaseba moswavles codnis gzaze mogzaurobaSi sakuTari adgilsamyofelis, samomavlo gegmebis<br />
gansazRvraSi exmareba da ara imis dadgenaSi, kargi moswavlea Tu ara. swored es mosazrebebi dgas<br />
`Sefaseba, rogorc swavlis momenti~ Sexedulebis ukan da isini asaxulia Semdeg debulebebSi:<br />
Sefasebis aqti swavlis aqtic unda iyos.<br />
`iSviaTad Tu aRniSnaven imas, rom testebi arasakmaris informacias gvaZlevs swavlis<br />
Sesaxeb. moswavlis saqmianobis nimuSis Sesaxeb monacemTa nakrebi Sefasebis meorexarisxovan<br />
miznebs ufro metad emsaxureba vidre ZiriTads – moswavleebi da maswavleblebi<br />
namuSevris xarisxis windaxeduli kritikosebi gaxados. . .…moswavleebs iS-<br />
1 sxvebi miiCneven, rom Sefaseba swavlis SesaZleblobaa, radgan, rodesac moswavle saintereso da rTuli<br />
davalebis Sesrulebisas manamde uxilav urTierTkavSirebs amCnevs. swavla moswavlesa da davalebas Soris an<br />
moswavleebs Soris interaqciis funqcias iZens da es imitom xdeba rom <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleTa azrovnebis<br />
aqtiuri Suamavalia (Baron 1989, gv. 315).<br />
437
Tavi 16<br />
438<br />
viaTad aqvT Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis safuZvelze naswavlis gamoyenebis saSualeba.<br />
arsebiTad, saskolo Sefaseba iSviaTad iZleva kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos standartebisa<br />
da strategiebis sajaro ganxilvis SesaZleblobas. da mainc, yvelam kargad<br />
icis, rom mniSvnelovani samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiroa Zalisxmeva, gadaxedva,<br />
kolaboracia, sajaro ganxilva da msjeloba warumateblobis, riskisa da ostatobis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
arsebuli testebis gadakeTebisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom saskolo Sefaseba erT-erTi<br />
epizodia, romlis saSualebiTac moswavleebi swavloben weras, eqsperimentis Catarebas<br />
an kvlevis warmoebas, Sefasebam maT unda ubiZgos lampertis (Lampert) mier aRweril<br />
`zigzagisebur bilikze~. ufro konkretulad ki, Sefaseba:<br />
¤ unda iyos namdvili: moswavlisTvis unda moicavdes seriozuli da Tanamimdevruli<br />
muSaobis dapirebas.<br />
¤ unda Sedgebodes muSaobis ganmeorebiTi periodebis Semcveli seriebisgan, sadac aseve<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba TviTCaRrmavebis, Tanaklaselebis, maswavleblis, Semfaseblis<br />
reaqciebze dafiqrebis dro.<br />
¤ moswavles unda aZlevdes sakuTari meTodebisa da drois gamoyenebis saSualebas, raTa<br />
Seafasos gunduri Sexedulebebi da gansazRvros, ra aris kritikaSi misaRebi da ra<br />
sWirdeba niSnis gamosasworeblad.<br />
¤ moswavles unda aZlevdes saSualebas, rom kritika da refleqsia Tavis sasikeTod<br />
gamoiyenos saboloo naSromSi (Wolfe 1992).<br />
es rekomendaciebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom maswavlebelma klasSi dro da adgili unda gamoyos,<br />
imisTvis, rom moswavleebma erTmaneTis namuSevrebi gaakritikon da Seafason. es Tanam-<br />
Sromloba da kritika damaxasiaTebelia e.w. `portfolios kulturisTvis, anu garemosTvis,<br />
sadac xSirad da sajarod ganixilaven kargi namuSevris raobas da masze daxarjuli drois<br />
moculobis mniSvnelobas~. amrigad, maswavleblis movaleobaa, rac SeiZleba xSirad Seqmnas<br />
kargi namuSevris sajaro ganxilvis SesaZlebloba.<br />
aseT ganxilvebSi `moswavleebic monawileoben im kriteriumebis dadgenaSi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
Sefasdeba naSromebi~ (Wolfe 1992). amgvarad, isini swavloben iseTi Taviseburebebis<br />
mniSvnelobas, rogoric aris saintereso problebis wamoWris unari. Sefasebis Tanamedrove<br />
sistema maswavlebels akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas da ara testirebis kampanias, radgan Sefaseba<br />
sistematurad aris Caqsovili swavlebaSi. raki moswavlis ganviTarebisa da winsvlis procesi<br />
fasdeba da ara mxolod erTjeradi saqmianoba, Segrovebuli monacemebi warmogvidgens<br />
rogorc processa da strategias, aseve produqtsac, romelSic mTavari moswavlis TviTSefasebaa.<br />
magaliTad, meaTe klasis geometriis gakveTilze yovel moswavles amocanis amoxsnis sxvadasxva<br />
gziT Semowmeba evaleba. kviraSi orjer, gakveTilis dawyebisTanave moswavle Tavis<br />
davalebas Tanaklasels aZlevs, romelic kiTxulobs da naSroms logikuri Tanamimdevrobis,<br />
sisrulis da dinamiurobis (dinamiuroba/kiTxvadoba gulisxmobs akuratulobas da abreviaturebis<br />
da anotaciebis sworad gamoyenebas) kriteriumebis mixedviT akritikebs. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
periodulad uCvenebs moswavleebs aseTi kritikis nimuSebs. moswavleebi yovel jerze<br />
icvlian Semfasebel partniors.<br />
merveklaselTa Sesamowmeblad <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> avalebs maT, Tavad Seafason sadiskusio<br />
jgufebSi Sesrulebuli rolebis xarisxi (romelic moicavs Sejamebas, sakiTxis wamoWras,<br />
daZabulobis ganmuxtvas). is moswavleebs uxsnis, rom TviTSefaseba daexmareba gaarkvios,
Sefaseba<br />
SeuZliaT Tu ara maT gansxvavebuli rolebis TamaSi. am gziT <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> cdilobs gamoavlinos<br />
is moswavleebi, romelTac meti muSaoba da daxmareba sWirdebaT. yoveli roli axsnili<br />
da TvalsaCinod aris naCvenebi maswavleblis mier, moswavleebi varjiSoben da `irgeben~<br />
am rolebs Sedgenili davalebebis meSveobiT. Semdeg <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sTxovs, axal sadiskusio<br />
jgufSi monawileobas. maT unda daimaxsovron da Camoweron sakuTari da jgufis sxva wevrebis<br />
mier gaTamaSebuli rolebi. isini warmatebas aRweven, Tu pretenzias ganacxadeben ori an meti<br />
rolis Sesrulebaze da jgufis danarCeni wevrebic mxars dauWeren maT pretenzias. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
xvdeba im moswavleebs, romlebmac samze naklebi roli moirges da Semdegi diskusiisTvis<br />
damatebiTi rolebis arCevaSi exmareba. moswavle, romelic ufro meti rolis Sesrulebaze<br />
acxadebs pretenzias, vidre misi jgufi adasturebs, wers im rolebis damadasturebel<br />
magaliTebs, romlebsac sxvebma mxari ar dauWires. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sakuTar dakvirvebasac awarmoebs<br />
imis Sesaxeb, ra rolebs asruleben calkeuli moswavleebi instruqciis dawyebamde.<br />
TviTSefasebam SeiZleba gazardos moswavleTa CarTuloba, kriteriumTa codna da sasikeTod<br />
imoqmedos xarisxis gansazRvrazec. uotersi, makmuleni, da gleidi (Waters, MacMullen,<br />
and Glade 1992) moswavleebs periodulad portfoliodan TavianTi saukeTeso namuSevrebis<br />
gamocalkevebas sTxovdnen. isini gvixsnian, rom `aseTi koleqciis Seqmna moswavleebs TavianTi<br />
saukeTeso namuSevrebis mudmivi gadasinjvisa da analizis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.<br />
isini arCeven im namuSevars, romelic ukeT warmoaCens maT, grZnoben winsvlas, [da] adgenen<br />
im sastarto xazs, saidanac unda gaagrZelon winsvla~. es koleqciis Taobaze konkretuli<br />
maswavleblisa da moswavlis Sexvedris safuZvelsac qmnis. es Sexvedrebi miznebis dasaxvaSi<br />
moswavleTa CarTvis da sakuTar swavlaze erTgvari mesakuTreobis gancdis Camoyalibebis<br />
araCveulebrivi saSualebaa.<br />
monacemTa Segrovebis mravalgvari saSualebebi<br />
1983 wels flemingma da Cembersma (Fleming and Chambers) aRmoaCines, rom yvela klasSi<br />
moklepasuxebian testebSi faqtebis codnis Sefaseba dominirebda. is Sefasebis yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli meTodi iyo amerikis skolebSi. gudledis (Goodlad 1984) gamokvlevebma daadastura,<br />
rom zepir gamokiTxvas – maswavleblis kiTxvasa da moswavlis pasuxs amerikis skolebSi<br />
gakveTilis drois 80 procenti eTmoba. ra Tqma unda, swavlebisas zepir gamokiTxvasac da<br />
faqtebis codnaze agebul testsac Tavisi adgili aqvs, magram Sefasebis repertuaris simwire<br />
(swavlebis repertuaris simwiris msgavsad) SesaZleblobas uspobs maswavlebels warmatebiT<br />
aswavlos yvela moswavles. wignSi ganxiluli swavlebis yvela sxva sferos msgavsad, arc Sefasebis<br />
saukeTeso gza arsebobs; arsebobs moswavlis Sefasebis formebis repertuari.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> unda cdilobdes, rom moswavleTa Sefasebis farTo repertuari hqondes.<br />
Sefasebis formebi moswavleTa swavlis stilis, 21-e saukunis saswavlo gegmis Sesatyvisi<br />
unda iyos, radgan am saukuneSi moswavleebma fiqri, problemebis gadaWra, komunikacia da<br />
TanamSromloba unda iswavlon. cxadia, SefasebisTvis moklepasuxian testebze, esseebsa da<br />
werilobiT angariSze (Tumca es ukanasknelnic Tavis Rirseul adgils SeinarCuneben) gacilebiT<br />
meti forma iqneba saWiro.<br />
Cven ganvixilavT Sefasebis ramdenime instruments da swavleba/swavlis Sesatyvis stils.<br />
yovel instruments Tavis adgili aqvs moklepasuxiani testis, essesa da werilobiTi angariSis<br />
CaTvliT. magram momaval maswavlebels Sefasebis sxvadasxva instrumentebis Seqmnisa<br />
da gamoyenebis unaric unda hqondes. 16.7 sqemaze naCvenebia Sefasebis instrumentTa mTeli<br />
repertuari da maTi urTierTkavSiri.<br />
439
Tavi 16<br />
440<br />
TandaTan ufro kompleqsuri, mravalsafexuriani da mravaldisciplinaruli<br />
moswavleTa<br />
produqtebis<br />
Seswavla<br />
saqmianobaze<br />
dakvirveba<br />
testebi<br />
rituali<br />
uSualo<br />
Sesruleba<br />
kompiuteruli<br />
simulacia<br />
mokle pasuxi<br />
ese<br />
kompleqsuri<br />
proeqtebi/<br />
gamofena<br />
namuSevris<br />
nimuSebi<br />
problemis<br />
gadaWra<br />
zepiri<br />
weriTi<br />
angariSi<br />
zepiri<br />
weriTi<br />
multimediuri<br />
interviu<br />
weriTi<br />
zepiri<br />
realur konteqstSi<br />
CarTuli verbaluri/<br />
weriTi kompleqsuri<br />
mravalsafexuriani<br />
problema<br />
sqema 16.8: Sefasebis instrumentebi moswavlis saqmianobis Sesaxeb monacemebis Sesagroveblad.
weriTi testebi<br />
mokle pasuxebi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
swavlebis praqtikaSi jer kidev gamoiyeneba moklepasuxiani testebi, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba<br />
realurad Zalze mcirea. miuxedavad `araavTentikurobisa~, moklepasuxiani testebi<br />
inarCunebs mniSvnelobas faqtobrivi codnis Semowmebis TvalsazrisiT. isini sasargebloa,<br />
Tu gvsurs moswavles ukukavSiri SevTavazoT faqtobrivi codnis Sesaxeb da ganvsazRvroT<br />
samomavlo miznebi.<br />
arapopularobis miuxedavad, moklepasuxiani testebi SeiZleba zepiric iyos. is moswavlis<br />
Sefasebis individualizaciis saSualebaa, misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia moswavleebma erTmaneTic<br />
Seafason.<br />
rodesac kargi Sefasebis maxasiaTeblebs moklepasuxiani testirebis drosac viyenebT, moswavleebma<br />
ician warmatebis kriteriumebis arsi (magaliTad, yvela qveynisa da dedaqalaqis<br />
uSecdomod codna). SesaZloa, maT Tvalyuri adevnon sakuTar progress, Sefasebis es monacemebi<br />
gaiTvaliswinon da zustad dagegmon, ra da rogor iswavlon kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
esse<br />
esse zepirad an weriT sruldeba. is moswavlisgan maRali donis azrovnebas da garkveuli<br />
drois manZilze dagrovili informaciis gamoyenebas moiTxovs. esseSi moswavlem unda daicvas<br />
da gaamyaros sakuTari Sexeduleba sxvadasxva argumentebiT an aCvenos mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />
kavSiri movlenebsa da pirobebs, an qmedebebsa da Sedegebs Soris.<br />
essem mniSnelovani roli unda Seasrulos Sefasebis procesSi, magram zepiri prezentaciebi<br />
ufro xSirad unda gamoviyenoT da imave kriteriumebiT unda SevafasoT – organizeba,<br />
argumentebis damajerebloba, winadadebis struqtura da a.S. qerim da samaram (Curry and Samara<br />
1994) zepiri prezentaciis gzamkvlevi SeimuSaves:<br />
Sesavali – momxsenebeli ecnoba auditorias; aRwers Temas; xsnis proeqtis mizans;<br />
msjelobs mosalodnel Sedegebze;<br />
dasawyisi – zogadad aRwers Temas; xazs usvams sakvanZo sakiTxebs da iwvevs audito-<br />
rias;<br />
Sua nawili – ZiriTad sakiTxebs detalebiT amyarebs; gzadagza ajamebs; gardamaval<br />
debulebebs ukavSirebs ZiriTad mosazrebebs; auditorias rTavs Sinaarsis ganxil-<br />
vaSi;<br />
Sejameba – mimoixilavs ZiriTad sakiTxebs; msmenels mouwodebs qmedebisken/sTxovs<br />
koncefciebis/Sexedulebebis/poziciis gamoxatvas.<br />
Jestikulacia – mxedvelobiTi kontaqti aqvs auditoriis yovel wevrTan; Sesa-<br />
tyvisad uWiravs Tavi; aqvs bunebrivi Jestikulacia/gamoxatva, saubris mkafio/kar-<br />
gad SerCeuli tempi;<br />
vizualuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba _ ZiriTadi sakiTxebis xazgasasmelad; monacv-<br />
leobiT, SezRudulad iyenebs.<br />
441
Tavi 16<br />
es gzamkvlevi SeiZleba moswavlemac gamoiyenos da maswavlebelmac, rogorc moswavleebisTvis<br />
saqmianobis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris kriteriumi. man SesaZlebelia maformirebeli gzamkvlevis<br />
rolic Seasrulos zepiri moxsenebebis momzadebisas.<br />
442<br />
problemis gadawyveta<br />
ganaTlebisken mimarTul ZalisxmevaSi realur, cxovrebiseuli situaciebis amsaxvel<br />
rTul problemebs SeiZleba SevxvdeT, rogorc saxelmwifo, ise raionul doneze. 16.8 cxril-<br />
Si motanilia magaliTi akademiuri progresis erovnuli Sefasebis sapilote kvlevis monacemebidan<br />
_ maRali donis saazrovno unarebis Sefasebis teqnika sabunebismetyvelo sagnebsa<br />
da maTematikaSi (NAEP 1987).<br />
amgvari davalebebi, rogorc wesi, mimzidvelia xolme moswavleebisTvis maTi pirovnuli<br />
relevanturobis gamo. isini scildeba sityvasTan dakavSirebul tradiciul problemebs.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi moswavle Tavad qmnis moqmedebaTa erTgvar gegmas an movlenaTa faqtobrivi<br />
Sedegebis Sefasebis sqemas. mniSvnelovania, rogorc sakuTari gadawyvetilebis (problemis<br />
gadaWris) axsna, aseve faqtobrivi pasuxi.<br />
Sefasebis es forma moswavlis SesaZleblobaTa diapazons avlens. am SemTxvevaSi maT<br />
moeTxovebaT monacemTa cxrilis interpretacia, qulebis analizi da ranJireba, mTlianad<br />
saqmianobis Sefasebis wesis dadgena da misi axsna.<br />
Sesruleba<br />
saqmianobis Sefaseba Tavs uyris moswavlis Sesaxeb monacemebs TviT saqmianobis (`keTebis~)<br />
procesSi (magaliTad, problemis gadaWra, mecnieruli eqsperimentis Catareba, naxazis Seqmna)<br />
da, amgvarad, Tavidan gvaridebs metyvelebis unarebis SesaZlo efeqtebs, rac ase mniSvnelovania<br />
tradiciuli testirebisas. es monacemebi informacias gvawvdis rogorc imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu rogor Seasrula moswavlem operacia, ise saboloo Sedegze.<br />
pirdapiri dakvirveba<br />
moswavlis saqmianobaze uSualo dakvirvebas mravali dadebiTi mxare aqvs, Tumca drois da<br />
fulis danaxarjebi xels uSlis mis gavrcelebas. moswavlis saqmianobaze uSualo dakvirveba<br />
maswavlebels konkretulad sasurveli cvladis Sefasebis saSualebas aZlevs (damabneveli<br />
cvladebis gverdis avliT, rogorc magaliTad, weriTi testirebis dros xdeba xolme). magaliTad,<br />
gvainteresebs, esmiT Tu ara moswavleebs cvladebis mniSvneloba mecnierebaSi da<br />
SeuZliaT Tu ara am codnis gamoyeneba eqsperimentis dagegmvis da Catarebis dros. amisTvis<br />
SesaZlebelia aseTi davaleba SevTavazoT.
triatloni: monacemTa interpretacia<br />
moswavleebma unda Seiswavlon sportis sam saxeobaSi monawile xuTi bavSvis monacemebi<br />
da gansazRvron gamarjvebuli. maT unda Camoayalibon monacemTa gamoTvlisa<br />
da interpretaciis sakuTari xedva da axsnan, ratom SearCies konkretuli `gamarjvebuli~.<br />
maT sifrTxile unda gamoiCinon interpretaciisas, radgan dabali qulebis<br />
mqoneT ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT 50-iardiani distanciis garbenisas, xolo uaresi – badros<br />
tyorcnisa da mZleosnobisas.<br />
moswavlis Sefasebis furceli<br />
jom, saram, xosem, zabim da kimma olimpiuri TamaSebis mowyoba gadawyvites da unda<br />
SearCion SejibrebaTa saxeebi. jos da xoses mZleosnobasa da badros tyorcna surT,<br />
saras, zabis da kims ki, sirbilSi Sejibri. amitom maT samive saxis Sejibrebis Catareba<br />
gadawyvites. samive TamaSi TanabarmniSvnelovania. erT dRes, gakveTilebis Semdeg<br />
maT Sejibri Caatares, mSoblebi msajebi iyvnen da qulebs iwerdnen.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia bavSvebis Sedegebi:<br />
bavSvis saxeli<br />
jo<br />
xose<br />
kimi<br />
sara<br />
zabi<br />
badros tyorcna<br />
40 iardi<br />
30 iardi<br />
45 iardi<br />
28 iardi<br />
48 iardi<br />
mZleosnoba<br />
205 futi<br />
170 futi<br />
130 futi<br />
120 futi<br />
140 futi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
50-iardiani garbeni<br />
9.5 wami<br />
8.0 wami<br />
9.0 wami<br />
7.6 wami<br />
8.3 wami<br />
pasuxebi (a) vin iqneba samive TamaSis erTpirovnuli gamarjvebuli?<br />
dasabuTeba<br />
(b) axseniT sakuTari gadawyvetileba.<br />
Seamowme, srulad warmoaCine Tu ara mosazreba.<br />
cxrili 16.9: problemis gadaWris unaris Sesafasebeli davaleba<br />
Savelsonma da baqsterma (Shavelson and Baxter 1992) Seadgines davaleba, sadac moswavlem<br />
unda gaarkvios, sami markis qaRaldis xelsaxocidan romeli ufro met wyals Seiwovs. am<br />
davalebis amosaxsnelad, moswavleebs samive markis xelsaxocis erTi da igive zomis nimu-<br />
Si urigdebaT. maT samive xelsaxoci bolomde unda gaJRinTon wyliT. Semdeg unda gazomon<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Archibald, D and F.M.Newmann. Beyond Standardized Tests: Assessing Authentic Academic Achievement in<br />
Secondary School. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1988, pp.15-16. NASSP servisebisa da/an programebis<br />
Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisTvis dagvikavSirdiT (703) 860-0200.<br />
443
Tavi 16<br />
yoveli xelsaxocis mier Sewovili wylis raodenoba ori xerxiT: xelsaxocis awonviT an misgan<br />
gamowuruli wylis awonviT. Tu mxolod erTi saswori aqvT, yuradRebiT unda iyvnen, rom<br />
erTi xelsaxocidan gamowuruli wylis narCeni SecdomiT meore xelsaxocs ar miaTvalon.<br />
444<br />
qaRaldis xelsaxocebis Sefasebis forma<br />
moswavle damkvirvebeli qula<br />
1. qaRaldis xelsaxocis dasvelebis meTodi<br />
a) WurWeli b) wveTebi g) langari d) aranairi meTodi<br />
2. gaJRenTa a)ki b)ara g)kontrolirebuli (wylis erTnairi rao-<br />
3. Sedegis gansazRvra<br />
a) xelsaxocis awonva<br />
b) wylis gamowurva/misi awonva an moculobis dadgena<br />
g) Sewovili an gamowuruli wylis gazomva<br />
d) gaJRenTvisTvis saWiro wylis wveTebis raodenobis daTvla<br />
denoba samive xelsax-<br />
e) ararelevanturi gazomvebi (mag. wlis Sewovis dro, wveTebis gavrcelebis<br />
manZili, sisqis gazomva da a.S)<br />
v) sxva<br />
4. gaJRenTvis da/an gazomvis Tvalyuris devneba ki ara odnav sveli<br />
(-/+)<br />
5. swori Sedegi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
D<br />
F<br />
meTodi<br />
ki<br />
ki<br />
ki<br />
ki<br />
Seusabamo<br />
gaJRenTva<br />
ki<br />
ki<br />
kontrolirebuli<br />
ara<br />
ara<br />
Sedegis<br />
gansazRvra<br />
ki<br />
ki<br />
ki<br />
Seusabamo<br />
ararelevanturi<br />
ocze)<br />
sofrTxile<br />
gazomvisas<br />
ki<br />
ara<br />
ki/ara<br />
ki/ara<br />
ki/ara<br />
cxrili 16.10: qaRaldis xelsaxocebis Sefasebis forma<br />
Pswori pasuxebi<br />
orive<br />
erTi an orive<br />
erTi an orive<br />
erTi an orive<br />
erTi an orive<br />
aseTi davalebebisTvis SedarebiT advilia oqmis Sedgena, sadac aisaxeba, moswavli saqmianobis<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi (Tanabari zomis nimuSebis SerCeva, yuradRebiT gazomva da awonva,<br />
Sedegebis Cawera. ix. cxrili 16.9). `rac mTavaria, Sefasebis sqemam unda moicvas moswavlis<br />
mier gamoyenebuli procedura da, Sesabamisad, misi saqmianoba unda daaxasiaTos, rogorc<br />
procesis, ise Sedegis TvalsazrisiT~, acxadeben Sevelsoni da baqsteri.<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Shavelson, Richard J., Gail P. Baxter, and Jerome Pine. “Performance Assessment in Science.“ In Applied Meausurement<br />
in Education 4, no. 4, Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlboum Associates, 1991, p. 353.
Sefaseba<br />
mravali moswavlis farTomasStabiani standartizebuli Sefaseba (qaRaldis xelsaxocebis<br />
amocanis msgavsi) ufro Zviria da met dros moiTxovs, vidre tradiciuli testireba qaRaldisa<br />
da fanqris gamoyenebiT. saklaso oTaxi yoveli aseTi davalebisTvis unda gadavawyoT,<br />
xolo damkvirvebelma calkeuli moswavleebi unda Seafasos. siZviris miuxedavad, Savelsonis<br />
da baqsteris kvlevam cxadyo, rom amgvarad warmarTuli Sefasebis procesi utyuar Sedegebs<br />
gvaZlevs. 2<br />
es forma moswavleTa saazrovno unarebis imdenad pirdapir da realistur monacemebs<br />
gvTavazobs, rom mniSvnelovania SerCevis meTodiT moswavleTa yovelwliuri Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom uaxloes momavalSi siZviris gamo ver SevZlebT pirdapiri<br />
dakvirvebiT moswavleTa codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Sefasebas, SerCeviTobis es meTodi saimedo<br />
statistikur monacemebs mogvcems.<br />
calkeul maswavleblebs SeuZliaT pirdapiri dakvirvebis gamoyeneba moswavleTa saqmianobis<br />
Sesafaseblad. magaliTad, maTematikis gakveTilze maswavlebels, albaT, sul orjer dasWirdeba<br />
dakvirveba moswavleze qveSmiweriT gayofis Sesrulebisas, rom mis codnaSi darwmundes.<br />
kompiuteruli simulacia<br />
moswavlis saqmianobaze dakvirveba ufro martivi da ekonomiuri rom gavxadoT, SegviZlia es<br />
saqmianoba kompiuterul simulaciad vaqcioT. am SemTxvevaSi realur saqmianobaze dakvirvebis<br />
msgavsad Tavidan avicilebT weriTi testirebis damabnevel cvladebs da konkretulad imas<br />
SevafasebT, risi Sefasebac gvsurs. (es meTodi gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, roca moswavlem<br />
icis kompiuterTan muSaoba).<br />
Savelsonma (1992) SeimuSava davaleba, romelSic moswavlem saidumlo yuTebis SigTavsis<br />
dasanaxad elementi, naTura da sadenebi wredSi unda SeaerTos.<br />
Jerri - Page #1<br />
Notes Box B has a Bulb in it<br />
sqema 16.11: kompiuteruli simulacia SefasebisTvis.<br />
2 aseve aRniSnaven, rom `saqmianobaze mravali faqtori moqmedebs, gansakuTrebiT, amocanis specifikuroba codnis<br />
TvalsazrisiT da amocanaze muSaobis procesSi moswavleTaTvis sakuTar saqmianobaze Tvalyuris devnebis<br />
moTxovna. zogi amocana Tavisi arsiT imTaviTve ufro rTulia. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleTa<br />
nawils erTi davalebis Sesruleba ufro uadvildeba, nawils ki - meoris. Sesabamisad, davalebaTa garkveul<br />
nawils ganzogadeba sWirdeba, raTa moswavleebma erTnairi TavdajerebulobiT SeZlon maTze muSaoba~ (gv. 358).<br />
445
Tavi 16<br />
446<br />
moswavleebi eleqtruli wredis Sesaswavlad `makintoSis~ kompiuters iyenebdnen.<br />
isini mausis meSveobiT aerTebdnen wreds, raTa gaegoT, ra iyo saidumlo yuTebSi [ix.<br />
sqema 16.10].<br />
xdeboda naTuris gamosxivebis intensivobis simulacia realur gare<br />
wredSi. moswavleebi survilisamebr mraval wreds aerTebdnen. maT<br />
aseve SeeZloT erTi dasrulebuli wredis ekranze gamotana SedarebisTvis.<br />
amocanis Sesrulebamde <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavleebs acnobda pasuxebis<br />
Caweras, sadenis waSlas, samuSaos Senaxvas an ukve Sesrulebuli<br />
samuSaos naxvas (gv. 355).*<br />
fizikaSi, qimiasa da maTematikaSi SemuSavebulma aseTive kompiuterulma davalebebma<br />
cxadyo, rom es moswavleTa saqmianobis Sefasebis saxaliso da moqnili gzaa. aseTi Sefasebis<br />
kidev erTi upiratesobaa is, rom moswavlem da maswavlebelma SeiZleba maTTvis xelsayrel<br />
dros dagegmon amgvari davalebis Sesruleba.<br />
saSinao davalebis rveulis Semcvlelebi<br />
da bolos, moswavlis saqmianobis Sesaxeb uSualo monacemebis Tavmoyris kidev erTi meTodia<br />
davalebis rveuli, sadac is sakuTar qmedebebs da fiqrebs iwers. Savelsoni (1992, gv. 352)<br />
aqebs am meTods, radgan is iafia da `moswavleebs sakuTari Tavis weris saSualebiT gamoxatvis<br />
saSualebas aZlevs, rac mniSvnelovani unaria~. gamocdil maswavlebels swrafad SeuZlia<br />
rveulis Sefaseba. moswavlis unari gasagebad weros, damabnevel cvladad iqceva, Tuki Sefasebis<br />
mizani mxolod mecnierul azrovnebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
moswavlis naSromis Semowmeba<br />
zepiri, weriTi da multimediuri angariSebi<br />
angariSi weris, metyvelebisa da komunikaciuri unarebis gamomJRavnebis saSualebaa. am<br />
unarebis mqone moswavleebi angariSis saSualebiT maT warmoCensac SeZleben, xolo naklebad<br />
daxelovnebulebs, warmosaCenic naklebi eqnebaT.<br />
moxsenebis daweramde, moswavlem Tavi unda mouyaros da daalagos is informacia, romlis<br />
safuZvelzec apirebs moxsenebis daweras. Semdeg unda dagegmos misi warmodgenis forma, rac<br />
gulisxmobs Sesavlis, hipoTezebis, daskvnis Tanamimdevrobis dagegmvas.3 Txzulebis saSualebiT<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> amowmebs moswavlis azrovnebisa da komunikaciis unars, imas, Tu rogor<br />
gaigo man moxsenebis momzadebisTvis saWiro informacia. moxseneba, rogorc produqtiuli<br />
Sefasebis erT-erTi forma, xels uwyobs rogorc moswavlis, ise maswavleblis komunikaciis<br />
unaris ganviTarebas.<br />
moxsenebis saSualebiT moswavle avlens ZiriTadi codnis aTvisebas da asrulebs ufro<br />
inteleqtualur samuSaos, vidre ubralod faqtebis citirebaa. amrigad, moxseneba informaciis<br />
miRma msjelobas da iseTi operaciebis Catarebas moiTxovs, rogoricaa kavSirebis<br />
damyareba, daskvnis gakeTeba Sesatyvisad SerCeuli faqtebis safuZvelze, gaazrebuli da<br />
safuZvliani prognozis an hipoTezebis daSveba, mosazrebis gamoTqma, varaudebis gamovlena<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Shavelson, Richard J., Gail P.Baxter, and Jerome Pine. “Performance Assessment in Sciencee. “In Applied Measurement<br />
in Education 4, no. 4, hillsdale, N.J.: Lowerence Erlbaum associates, 1991, P. 357.)<br />
3 kvlevebma cxadyo, rom TviT monaxazis Sedgenisa da gadaxedvis procesi qmnis Txzulebaze muSaobis garkveul<br />
safexurebs. moxsenebis wera, iseve rogorc SemoqmedebiTi weris sxva formebi, organizebuli procesi ar aris<br />
`vwer, rac vici, rom gavigo, ras vfiqrob~ (Henry Glassie in Passing the Time in Bellymenone, an anthropological study of Irish<br />
village life.)
Sefaseba<br />
da originaluri kavSirebis damyareba. (Sesatyvisi gamocdilebiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT azrovnebis<br />
amgvar operaciebs, SesaZloa, dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebmac warmatebiT gaarTvan<br />
Tavi.) amrigad, moxseneba Tavisi bunebis gamo SegviZlia swavlebis organizebisa da saazrovno<br />
unarebis mZlavr instrumentad miviCnioT. Sesabamisad, moxsenebis dawera `swavlis<br />
epizodi unda iyos~ (Wolf 1993).<br />
moxsenebis weris unari Tandayolili ar aris, misi gamomuSaveba swavlebiT SeiZleba, risTvisac<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebs moxsenebis weris procesis Semadgeneli komponentebi unda<br />
gaacnos. Sefasebasa da moxsenebis daweris swavlebas Soris kavSiri nayofieri saqmianobis<br />
modelia – moswavleebs winaswar vacnobT kargi naSromis Seqmnis zust kriteriumebs.<br />
swored aseve, zepiri an multimediuri moxsenebis Seqmnisas, magaliTisTvis unda gamoviyenoT<br />
yofili moswavleebis saukeTeso moxsenebebi da gavaanalizoT maTi dadebiTi mxareebi.<br />
analizi gulisxmobs moxsenebis im konkretuli adgilebis xazgasmas, sadac Cans kargi naSromis<br />
kriteriumebi. magaliTad: `xedavT, es winadadeba rogor ajamebs wina oTxi abzacis Ziri-<br />
Tad azrs? zustad amas veli Tqveni moxsenebebidanac, rodesac Sevavseb kriteriumebis furclis<br />
grafas `Semajamebeli winadadeba~. SegiZliaT ipovnoT msgavsi winadadeba moxsenebis<br />
meore nawilSi?~ axla ganvixiloT multimediuri moxsenebis magaliTi: `yuradReba miaqcieT,<br />
ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad rogor aris gamoyenebuli musika moxsenebis dasawyisSi, xolo Semdeg<br />
jazidan nawyveti ganwyobis Sesacvlelad. ecadeT, Tqvenc moZebnoT Tqveni moxsenebis<br />
ZiriTadi ideis Sesatyvisi musika~.<br />
moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris SeiZleba aseTi dialogi warimarTos:<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: ras ityvi am moswavlis mier vizualuri masalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb?<br />
moswavle: me SevamCnie, rom yovel ZiriTad ideas axlda gansxvavebuli vizualuri<br />
gaformeba, sqema Tu naxati.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>: marTalia, da zustad msgavs CanarTebs velodebi Senganac. vizualuri<br />
masala zustad unda esadagebodes Sen mier Camoyalibebul<br />
Sexedulebas. Seni azriT, Sesabamisi iyo Tu ara vizualuri gaformeba<br />
am SemTxvevaSi?<br />
moswavle: rodesac man axsnis paralelurad sqema warmoadgina, es arc ise kargi<br />
Sexameba iyo – ubralod feradad dabeWdili sityvebi iyo. magram<br />
rodesac amboxebis fotosuraTi gamoiyena, naTlad aCvena Zaladobrivi<br />
ganwyoba.<br />
demonstrireba<br />
demonstrireba rTuli samuSaoa, romlis drosac moswavle maRali donis azrovnebis<br />
unarebs avlens. meeqvse klaselTa mier konkretuli qveynis kulturis Sesaxeb zemoxsenebuli<br />
werilis dawera codnis demonstrirebaa. aseTi samuSaos warmatebiT Sesasruleblad<br />
moswavleebs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi uwevT saWiro codnisa da unarebis ganviTareba.<br />
moswavleebs rubrikebis saSualebiT winaswar uxsnian warmatebuli samuSaos<br />
kriteriumebs. amasTan, saboloo versiis Seqmnamde, isini ramdenime sacdel variantze<br />
muSaoben.<br />
ted saizeri (Ted Sizer) umaRlesi skolis xedvasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom codnisa<br />
da unarebis demonstrireba aris rogorc skolis damTavrebis piroba, ise saSualo skolaSi<br />
moswavlis oTxwliani swavlis mizani. damamTavrebeli klasis yovelma moswavlem unda SeZlos<br />
codnis demonstrireba minimaluri standartebis Sesabamisad.<br />
447
Tavi 16<br />
demonstrireba fakultetis wevrTa im dialogis Zlieri stimulia, romelic skoladam-<br />
Tavrebulis unarebs exeba. es unarebi umeteswilad moicavs maRali donis azrovnebas da komunikaciis<br />
unar-Cvevebs - `SeuZlia varaudis daSveba da Sexedulebis argumentireba naTeli<br />
magaliTebiT~. skoladamTavrebulis unar-CvevebTan dakavSirebuli aseTi miznebi maswavleblebs<br />
sakuTari sagnis swavlebis gansxvavebulad dagegmvas aiZulebs. isini aseve uwyobs xels<br />
fakultetebs Soris komunikacias da saswavlo gegmis integracias. `skolis damTavreba codnis<br />
demonstraciiT~ bunebrivad aerTianebs skolas da xels uwyobs swavlebis struqturis<br />
daxvewas mniSvnelovani Sedegebis misaRwevad (Saphier and D’Auria 1993).<br />
codnis demonstrirebis mniSvneloba da sirTule gansxvavdeba skolebis mixedviT. sid<br />
smitma (Sid Smith) da misma fakultetma bostonis saSualo skolaSi, mniSvnelovni nabiji gadadges,<br />
rodesac savaldebulo gaxades codnis demonstrireba – orgverdiani Sexedulebis<br />
dawera moswavleTa survilisamebr arCeul sakamaTo sakiTxze. `amiT safuZveli Caeyara sa-<br />
Sualo skolebis valdebulebas, gadaewyitaT, ra unda scodnoda da SesZleboda moswavles sa-<br />
Sualo skolis atestatis misaRebad. es iyo skolis Zalisxmevis pirveli nabiji yvela moswavlisTvis<br />
codnisa da unarebis sajaro demonstrirebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT~ (Smith 1993,<br />
gv. 17). yvela skoladamTavrebulisTvis codnis gamovlenis moTxovna da misi rogorc kompetenciis<br />
da qulebis TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba, yvelasTvis amaRlebs arsebul standartebs.<br />
mocemuli midgoma amyarebs rogorc skolis rwmenas, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali<br />
standartebis miRweva, aseve am standartebis misaRwevad saWiro mizandasaxulobas.<br />
16.11 cxrilSi Sejamebulia arCibaldisa da niumenis (Archbald and Newman) mier warmodgenili<br />
moTxovnebi codnis demonstrirebis mimarT.<br />
am moculobis mravalaspeqtiani portfolios Sedgenas fakultetis wevrTa Zalisxmevis<br />
mravli weli sWirdeba, rom Temebi, standartebi, Sesafasebeli rubrikebi da Sesrulebis procedurebi<br />
Camoyalibdes. skolam kargad uwyis am samuSaos sirTule, Tu mas ukve Camoyalibebuli<br />
aqvs skolis damTavrebisTvis saWiro moTxovnebi. cxadia isic, rom Sefasebis am sistemisTvis<br />
moswavleTa momzadebas skolis fakultetebis integracia da erToba sWirdeba. aseTia<br />
avTentikuri Sefasebis sistemis aucilebeli piroba.<br />
448<br />
kargi Canawerebi<br />
Canawerebs SesaZloa hqondes kiTxvaris, cnobaris, Jurnalis, calkeuli Canawerebis an<br />
portfolios saxe. mTavaria, rom Canawerebis forma Sefasebis meTodologiisa da Sesafasebeli<br />
codnisa da unarebis Sesatyvisi iyos.<br />
kiTxvari da cnobari<br />
dawyebiT klasebSi maswavleblebi tradiciulad iyenebdnen kiTxvarebs, raTa Tvali adevnon<br />
moswavleTa codnisa da unarebis ganviTarebas (gamravlebis cxrili, marTlweris unarebi<br />
an wignierebis ganviTareba). 16.12 cxrilSi motanili kiTxvari warmoadgens CanawerTa<br />
warmoebis instruments, sadac <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iniSnavs moswavlis garkveuli qcevis ganviTarebis<br />
safexurebs.<br />
kiTxvari im ideis matarebelia, rom mniSvnelovani akademiuri qceva droTa ganmavloba-<br />
Si viTardeba da SesaZlebelia Sefasdes kontiniumis – `ganviTarebadi~ da `ganviTarebuli~<br />
_ saSualebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi siebis umravlesoba wera-kiTxvis Sesafaseblad<br />
gamoiyeneba, SemuSavda maTematikur da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi kompetenciebis Sesafasebeli<br />
kiTxvarebic.
demonstrirebis moTxovnebi<br />
valden III–is saSualo skolaSi, rasini viskonsini<br />
portfolio. saswavlo wlis pirveli semestris ganmavlobaSi Sedgenili portfolio<br />
unda `asaxavdes da aanalizebdes skolis damamTavrebeli moswavlis cxovrebas~.<br />
misi moTxovnebia:<br />
1. werilobiTi avtobiografia, aRweriTi, introspeqtuli da analitikuri. Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia daerTos skolis Canawerebi da monawileobis amsaxveli sxva indikatorebic.<br />
2. samuSaos asaxva, ufrosklaselis cxovrebaSi muSaobis gamocdilebis mniSvnelobis<br />
analizi. SesaZlebelia daerTos reziumec.<br />
3. aranakleb ori sarekomendacio werili, romelsac moswavlis mier SerCeuli<br />
adamiani dawers.<br />
4. monacemebi kiTxvis Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs bibliografias, saWiroebis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi anotacias da moxsenebas ori mciretaniani wignis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia<br />
kiTxvis testirebis qulebis darTvac.<br />
5. ese eTikis Sesaxeb, romelSic aRwerilia mosazrebebi eTikis Sesaxeb da moswavlis<br />
sakuTari eTikuri kodeqsi.<br />
6. xelovnebis nimuSi, werilobiTi moxseneba xelovnebaze an ese mxatvruli standartebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic asaxavs xelovnebis konkretuli dargis nimuSis<br />
xarisxs.<br />
7. werilobiTi analitikuri moxseneba masmediis Temaze, ra an vin akontrolebs<br />
masmedias, masmediis miznebi da Sedegebi. SesaZlebelia daerTos masmediasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli konkretuli gamocdilebac.<br />
8. werilobiTi Sejameba da mecnierebaSi/teqnologiebSi moswavlis sakurso naSromis<br />
Sefaseba; mecnieruli eqsperimentebis werilobiTi aRwera, sadac naCvenebi<br />
iqneba mecnieruli meTodis gamoyeneba; analitikuri ese (magaliTebiT) mecnierebisa<br />
da teqnologiis socialur Sedegebze; da ese kompiuteris bunebisa da<br />
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.<br />
proeqti. damamTavrebeli klasis yovelma moswavlem biblioTekaSi arsebul wyaroebze<br />
dayrdnobiT unda daweros moxseneba, romelSic gaaanalizebs amerikis istoriul<br />
movlenas an Temas. analizSi Sesaxlebelia gamoyenebuli iyos SedarebiTi<br />
midgoma. prezentaciis dros moswavle mzad unda iyos amerikis istoriis Sesaxeb<br />
Tematuri kiTxvebisTvis.<br />
cxrili 16.12: demonstrirebis moTxovnebi valden III–is saSualo skolaSi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Archibald, D., and F. M. Newmann. Beyond Standardized Tests: Assessing Authentic Academic Achievement<br />
on Secondary School. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principles, 1988, pp. 24-25<br />
449
Tavi 16<br />
450<br />
prezentacia. portfolios zemoT mocemuli 8 komponenti da proeqti moswavlem<br />
unda warmoadginos zepirad da werilobiT.aucilebelia eqvsi damatebiTi zepiri<br />
prezentaciac. SesaZlebelia damxmare dokumentebis an sxva masalebis gamoyeneba.<br />
Sefaseba emyareba prezentaciis dros codnisa da unarebis demonstrirebas qvemoT<br />
CamoTvlil sferoebSi.<br />
9. maTematikuri codnisa da unarebis demonstrireba xdeba kursis Sefasebebis,<br />
testirebis Sedegebis da samuSao furclebis safuZvelze; aseve prezentaciis<br />
dros dasmul SekiTxvebze pasuxiT.<br />
10. mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb codna warmoCenili unda iyos Semdeg sakiTxebze msjelobiT:<br />
mTavrobis miznebi da daniSnuleba, individisa da xelisuflebis kavSirurTierToba;<br />
politikuri institutebis idealebi, funqciebi da problemebi;<br />
SerCeuli Tanamedrove sakiTxi an politikuri movlena. SesaZlebelia<br />
damxmare masalebis gamoyenebac.<br />
11. personaluri gamocdilebis demonstrireba moswavlisgan moiTxovs prezentaciis<br />
mofiqrebasa da organizebas sazogadoebaSi zrdasrulis sasicocxlo<br />
moTxovnilebebze pirovnuli srulyofilebis, socialuri unarebisa da praqtikuli<br />
kompetenciebis kuTxiT; aseve msjelobas sakuTari yoveldRiuri sasicocxlo<br />
unarebis (janmrTeloba, saojaxo ekonomika, meqanika da sxv.) Rirsebebsa<br />
da naklovanebebze da interpersonalur urTierTobebze.<br />
12. geografiis codnis demonstrireba unda moxdes disciplinis ZiriTadi principebisa<br />
da sakiTxebis momcveli prezentaciiT; reliefis ZiriTadi formebis,<br />
adgilebisa da saxelwodebebis gansazRvriT; geografiuli informaciis mecnieruli<br />
da socialuri mniSvnelobis gaazrebiT.<br />
13. komisias aseve unda waredginos skoladamTavrebulis mier fizikuri normativis<br />
warmatebiT Sesrulebis damadasturebeli sabuTi.<br />
14. inglisuri enis codnis (weriTi da zepiri) demonstracia virtualurad yvela<br />
portfoliosa da proeqtSi vlindeba. SesaZlebelia kompetenciis damadasturebeli<br />
sxva damatebiTi masalebis warmodgenac.<br />
cxrili 16.12: gagrZel eba
kiTxva<br />
y (motivacia)<br />
y<br />
y<br />
gamoxatavs survils, Tavad hqondes wigni an iTxovos sxvisgan<br />
rCevs wignis an moTxrobis wakiTxvas<br />
y Tan aqvs wigni, romelsac Tavisufal dros kiTxulobs<br />
y<br />
wasakiTx wignebs irCevs teqstis sirTulis gauTvaliswineblad<br />
y uyalibdeba sxvadasxva literaturuli Janrisa Tu avtoris mimarT damokidebuleba<br />
y (mosmena)<br />
y<br />
sul ufro xangrZlivad usmens xmamaRla wakiTxul moTxrobebs<br />
y moTxrobas ismens ise, rom ar awyvetinebs<br />
y<br />
(teqstis gaformeba)<br />
y Txzulebis kiTxvis dros esmis rTuli punqtuacia (brWyalebi, abreviatura<br />
da a.S)<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
iZens xatovani gamoTqmebis Sesaxeb codnas<br />
(lingvistika)<br />
ucxo sityvebis SemTxvevaSi miniSnebaTa yvela sistemas dabalansebulad da<br />
integrirebulad iyenebs (mag., konteqsti, suraTi, aso/bgeriT miniSneba)<br />
kiTxvisas daSvebul Secdomebs Tavadve asworebs<br />
siZneleebis dros iyenebs sxvadasxva strategiebs (mag., bolomde wakiTxvis<br />
Semdeg xelaxla gadaikiTxavs winadadebas [xelaxla wakiTxvis strategia],<br />
ucnob sityvas Caanacvlebs nacnobi sityviT da a.S.<br />
xelaxla kiTxulobs, damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis, ukeT wv-<br />
domis an ubralod siamovnebis miRebis mizniT<br />
nacnob masalas kiTxulobs xmamaRla da eqspresiulad, mniSvnelobis<br />
ukeT aRsaqmelad<br />
cxrili 16.13: Sefasebis kiTxvari<br />
erTjeradad<br />
gamovlenili<br />
Sedgenilia kembrijis sajaro skolis maswavleblebis mier, kembriji masaCusetsi<br />
ganviTarebadi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
Tavisuflad<br />
gamovlenili<br />
451
Tavi 16<br />
aseTi kiTxvarebi SefasebisTvis sasargeblo komponentia, radgan maswavlebels, moswavlesa<br />
da mSobels kompaqturi formiT acnobs moswavlis mier codnisa da unarebis<br />
dauflebis dones da gansazRvravs samomavlo miznebsac. Tumca am monacemebis moswavleebisTvis<br />
gaziarebisas garkveuli sifrTxilec gvmarTebs – cxrilis carieli ujrebis<br />
danaxvam zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba daafrTxos, radgan CaTvlis, rom usazRvrod didi<br />
moculobis masala jer kidev asaTvisebeli aqvs.<br />
452<br />
Jurnalebi da epizoduri Canawerebi<br />
moswavlis saqmianobis aRwera xSirad ufro mosaxerxebelia epizoduri Canawerebis<br />
saSualebiT. aseTi Canawerebi dakvirvebis mraval aspeqts moicavs, dawyebuli moswavlis<br />
socialuri qceviT, damTavrebuli monawileobis an wakiTxuli wignis interpretaciis unariT.<br />
hili da ruptiki (Hill and Ruptic 1994) Canawerebis warmoebis iseT formebs aRweren,<br />
rogoric aris sxvadasxvagvari saqaRaldeebi, baraTebi, kompiuteri, webovani qaRaldebi<br />
da a.S.<br />
rac ufro xSirad iwers <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavlis Sesaxeb informacias, miT ufro nayofieria<br />
qcevaze dakvirveba. epizoduri Canawerebis warmoeba ufro efeqtiania individualuri<br />
da gamorCeuli movlenis Casawerad. 16.13 cxrili individualuri, originaluri<br />
Canawerebis magaliTs gviCvenebs.<br />
16.14 cxrilSi naCvenebi Canaweris forma gamovlenili unarebis aRricxvisTvis gamoiyeneba,<br />
Tumca masSi epizoduri SeniSvnebisTvisac aris adgili.<br />
dakvirvebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis formis arCevamde maswavlebelma unda gadawyvitos,<br />
ris Sefaseba surs. Canawerebis meqanizmi siadvilis, sicxadis, xelmisawvdomobisa da Sesatyvisobis<br />
kriteriumebs unda pasuxobdes.<br />
portfolio<br />
portfolio aris `moswavlis namuSevrebis mniSvnelovani nakrebi, romelic konkretul<br />
sferoSi mis Zalisxmevas, progressa da miRwevebs asaxavs~ (Stiggins and Conklin 1992). is<br />
maswavleblisTvis moswavlis saqmianobaze dakvirvebisa da misi srulyofis Sesaxeb monacemTa<br />
erTgvari bazaa. portfolio moswavlis xelSesaxeb namuSevarTa nakrebic aris, romelic<br />
nebismier Sefasebaze da Seqebaze ukeT warmoaCens moswavlis miRwevebs mSoblebisTvis<br />
da TviT moswavleebisTvis.<br />
`SerCevis meqanizmi aris is niSani, romelic portfolios saqaRaldis an namuSevar-<br />
Ta sxvagvari nakrebisgan gamoarCevs. miznis an miznebis mixedviT portfolioSi Sesuli<br />
namuSevrebi asaxavs am miznis mimarTulebiT progress. is moswavlis yvela namuSevris<br />
garkveuli mizniT Tavmoyrili erTgvari qveerTobaa (Mitchell 1992, gv. 107). portfolio<br />
imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom moswavle TviTSefasebis safuZvelze Tavad arCevs, ra `moxvdeba~<br />
masSi da ra ara.<br />
maswavlebels gadamwyveti funqcia akisria, radgan is sTavazobs moswavleebs kiTxvebs,<br />
romelTa mixedviTac namuSevrebi unda aarCion. ruT miCeli gvTavazobs kiTxvebs, romlebic<br />
SesaZlebelia aseTi arCevanis gakeTebisas moswavleebis dasafiqreblad gamoviyenoT:<br />
1. ratom airCie maincdamainc es naSromi? riT gamoirCeva is Seni sxva namuSevrebisgan?<br />
2. ras xedav am naSromSi gansakuTrebuls?
3. am naSromis weris dros, ra iyo SenTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani?<br />
4. ra iswavle am naSromze muSaobis dros?<br />
5. ras izamdi, am naSromis ganvrcobis saSualeba rom gqonoda?<br />
6. ra saxis naSromis dawera ginda momavalSi?<br />
Sefaseba<br />
7. axla, rodesac Seni naSromebs gadaxede da am kiTxvebs upasuxe, SegiZlia gamoyo<br />
romelime konkretuli meTodi an interesis sfero, romelzec momavalSi isurvebdi<br />
muSaobas? daasaxele es meTodi/sfero. (gv. 110)<br />
es kiTxvebi gviCvenebs rogor amzadebs portfolio safuZvels miznebis dasaxvisa da<br />
TviTSefasebisTvis. bolo SekiTxva ki, faqtobrivad, moswavles miznebis dasaxvas sTxovs.<br />
portfolio mSobelTa CarTulobis<br />
mZlavr saSualebasac gvTavazobs. SesaZlebelia<br />
is maswavlebelma periodulad gaugzavnos<br />
mSoblebs gasacnobad. Semdeg sTxo-<br />
portfolio mSobelTa CarTulobis mZlavr sa<br />
Sualebas gvTavazobs.<br />
vos misweron (an sxva fromiT Seatyobinon) maswavlebels imis Taobaze, Tu ra SeamCnies,<br />
moewonaT an ram daafiqraT Svilis namuSevrebTan dakavSirebiT. ketrin hovardsi (Kathryn<br />
Howard) 16.15 cxrilSi mocemul formas iyenebs mSoblebis CarTvis mizniT.<br />
TviTSefasebasa da miznebis dasaxvaSi moswavleTa CarTvis unari portfolios nebismier<br />
saganSi Sefasebis sasurvel instrumentad aqcevs. naiTi (Knight 1992) da sxvebi gvidastureben<br />
rogor exmareba moswavleebs TviTanalizsa da miznebis dasaxvaSi sakuTari<br />
saukeTeso namuSevrebis Senaxva da demonstrireba.<br />
TviTanalizisa da refleqsiis klimatis Seqmnas Tavisi `danaxarjebi~ aqvs. erT-erTi<br />
avtori wers:<br />
portfolio Tavgzas girevs. is moswavlesTan intimur da xSirad SemaSfoTeblad<br />
subieqtur saubars moiTxovs. es namuSevris erT-erTi saxeobaa. maswavleblebi,<br />
romlebic moswavleebs sakuTar winsvlaze dakvirvebas sTxoven, iZulebuli arian<br />
TxovniT an moTxovniT daiyolion urCebi. moswavleTa naxevarze meti Seusrulebel<br />
davalebas `kargavs~. kidev ufro sayuradReboa is, rom maswavleblebi xSirad<br />
didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad Tu axerxeben moswavleTa namuSevrebis wakiTxvas da mis<br />
arsSi wvdomas. amitom, Cndeba rTuli kiTxvebi: `ratom unda Seviwuxo Tavi? ra<br />
azri aqvs portfolios safuZvelze Sefasebas?~ pasuxi aseTia: es aris integrirebuli<br />
da zusti informacia imis Sesaxeb, rogor da ras swavlobs moswavle (Wolf<br />
1992).<br />
453
Tavi 16<br />
epizoduri Canawerebi<br />
454<br />
cxrili 16.14: epizoduri Canawerebis ori magaliTi<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hill, Bonnie Campbell, and Cynthia Ruptic. Practical Aspects of Authentic Assessment. Norwood, Mass.:<br />
Christocher-Gordon Publishers, 1994, pp.59-60. Copyright © 1994 by Christocher-Gordon Publishers. yvela ufleba daculia.
epizoduri Canawerebi<br />
cxrili 16.14: gagrZeleba<br />
Sefaseba<br />
455
Tavi 16<br />
moswavle<br />
Sesabamisi done instr<br />
uqciuli<br />
strategiebi:<br />
mTliani Sinaarsi<br />
naxatebiT<br />
miniSneba<br />
paterni<br />
sakvanZo<br />
sityvebi<br />
pirveli aso<br />
gaSifvra<br />
konteqstis<br />
miniSneba<br />
ubrundeba<br />
gamotovebul<br />
adgilebs<br />
xelmeored<br />
kiTxulobs<br />
Tavisuflad<br />
kiTxulobs<br />
gamoTqmiT<br />
kiTxulobs<br />
sityva-sityviT<br />
igebs<br />
SeuZlia<br />
interpretacia<br />
iyenebs naswavl<br />
strategiebs<br />
komentarebi<br />
456<br />
kiTxvis Sesaxeb Canawerebi<br />
TariRi: 12/8 TariRi: 12/17 TariRi: TariRi: TariRi: TariRi:<br />
saxelwodeba: saTauri: saTauri: saTauri: saTauri: saTauri:<br />
damouk<br />
idebeli<br />
gaSifvra: + mudmivad<br />
√ zogjer<br />
cxrili 16.15 kiTxvis Sesaxeb Canawerebi<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hill, Bonnie Campbell, and Cynthia Ruptic. Practical Aspects of Authentic Assessment. Norwood. Mass.: Christopher-Gordon<br />
Publishers, 1994, pp. 110, 112. Copyright © 1994 by Christopher-Gordon Publisher. yvela ufleba daculia.
varaudis doneze<br />
gageba<br />
Tavisuflad faqtobrivi<br />
gageba<br />
komentarebi aTvisebuli unarebi<br />
da strategiebi<br />
TariRi da<br />
saTauri<br />
cxrili 16.15 gagrZeleba<br />
gaSifvra: + Zalian kargi<br />
saSualo<br />
- muSaoba sWirdeba<br />
Sefaseba<br />
457
Tavi 16<br />
458<br />
moswavle<br />
mkiTxveli<br />
TariRi<br />
gTxovT, gaecnoT Tqveni Svilis yvela namuSevars, maT Soris monaxazebsa da komentarebs.<br />
Tqvens winaSea namuSevris yvela `etapi~ - dawyebuli monaxazidan, damTavrebuli<br />
saboloo produqtiT. yovel maTgans axlavs maswavleblis da moswavlis komentarebi<br />
Temis da weris procesis Sesaxeb. aseve, naxavT kiTxvarebs, sadac moswavle Tavad afasebs<br />
weris sust da Zlier mxareebs.<br />
Cven gvjera, rom moswavleebi yvelaze ukeT TviTon afaseben sakuTar namuSevars,<br />
Tumca kiTxvarebi maT namuSevris naklovanebebsa da Rirsebebze dafiqrebaSi exmarebaT.<br />
saqaRaldis gacnobis Semdeg daelaparakeT Svils namuSevrebis Sesaxeb. amasTan,<br />
gTxovT ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxs:<br />
y Tqveni Svilis nawerebidan, romeli metyvelebs yvelaze ukeT mis SesaZleblobebze?<br />
ras geubnebaT is?<br />
y<br />
y<br />
y<br />
reblad?<br />
Tqveni azriT, ra Rirseba aqvs Tqveni Svilis nawerebs?<br />
Tqveni azriT, romel aspeqts unda mieqces yuradReba misi SesaZleblobebis gasaviTa-<br />
y ra zogadi rCevebi SegiZliaT SemogvTavazoT mTeli klasis weriTi unarebis ganviTarebisTvis?<br />
y sxva ra komentarebi an rCevebi gaqvT?<br />
madlobas mogaxsenebT, rom dro ar daiSureT sakuTari Svilis weriTi unarebis<br />
ganviTarebisTvis.<br />
cxrili 16.16: mSobelTa mier portfolios ganxilva da refleqsia*<br />
judiT uoren liTlma (Judith Warren Little) erT-erTi intervius dros ganacxada (Sparks<br />
1993), rom personalis ganviTarebis yvelaze mZlavri saSualeba iqneboda maswavlebelTa jgufis<br />
oTaxSi Sekreba da moswavleTa namuSevrebis gacnoba. misi azriT, moswavlis faqtobrivi<br />
saqmianobis Rirsebebis SedarebiTa da masze msjelobiT, maswavleblebi standartebis Sesaxeb<br />
sakuTar warmodgenas ganiviTareben; amas garda, isini CaerTvebian msjelobaSi imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu swavlis romeli strategiebi gamoiyenon moswavleTa specifikuri unarebis ganviTarebisTvis.<br />
Cveni gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom msgavs situaciaSi maswavleblebi erTad ayalibeben<br />
swavlis strategiebs. moswavleTa naSromebis koleqtiuri Semowmebisas maT Soris avTentikuri<br />
da nayofieri saubrebi imarTeba, rac maTi namdvili TanamSromlobis sawindari xdeba.<br />
moswavleTa namuSevrebis portfolioebi organizebuli formis nedli masalaa amgvari kolegialuri<br />
muSaobisa da saswavlo gegmis ganviTarebisTvis. safuZvliani iqneba vivaraudoT,<br />
rom moswavleTa portfolioebis gamoyenebas maswavlebelTa Soris kolaboraciuli muSaobis<br />
xelSewyoba SeuZlia. es namdvilad sasargeblo gamocdileba iqneba im skolebisTvis, romlebic<br />
kolaboraciuli kulturis Seqmnas cdiloben.<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster from Kathryn Howard in Testing For Learning: How New Approaches<br />
to Evaluation Can Improve American Schools by Ruth Mitchell. Copyright © 1992 by Ruth Mitchell, p. 112.
teqnikuri gamarTulobis kriteriumebi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
Sefasebis teqnikuri gamarTuloba gulisxmobs validobas (namdvilad afasebs Tu ara imas<br />
risi Sefasebac gvinda?) da saimedoobas (igive Sedegs an qulebs miviRebdiT Tu ara ganmeorebiTi<br />
Sefasebisas?). rTuli saqmianobis Sesafaseblad validoba Zalze mniSvnelovani kriteriumia.<br />
nebismieri SefasebiTi davaleba moswavlisagan qcevaTa farTo speqtrs moiTxovs:<br />
miTiTebebis wakiTxva an mosmena, informaciis Tavmoyra iseTi wyaroebidan, romelic iniciativas<br />
da Seupovrobas moiTxovs, informaciaze dayrdnobiT kognituri qmedeba da bolos<br />
Sedegis gamoxatva werilobiT, zepirad an sxva formiT. rac ufro rTulia aseTi davaleba,<br />
miT ufro hgavs jaWvs, romelSic susti rgoli misi gawyvetis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. sir-<br />
Tules Sefasebis swavlebisa da swavlis SesaZleblobad gamoviyenebis faqti qmnis. Sefasebis<br />
niSnulebi `daostatda/jer ar miuRwevia ostatobisTvis~ miRwevis garkveuli mniSvnelovani<br />
donis aRmniSvnelia da ar unda Seicavdes moswavlis qcevis iseT xelSemSlel cvladebs,<br />
romelsac kavSiri ara aqvs gasazom sididesTan. magaliTad, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi<br />
codnis Sesamowmeblad eses gamoyenebam, romelic TavisTavad sasargeblo gamocdilebaa, SesaZlebelia<br />
bundovani gaxados mikroskopis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli moswavlis codnis<br />
Sesaxeb monacemebi.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia is kiTxvebi, romelzec dadebiTi pasuxi unda gvqondes teqnikurad<br />
gamarTuli Sefasebis dros. am kiTxvebiT vamowmebT Sefasebis kriteriumebs, motanili davalebis<br />
sidides, obieqturobas, saimedoobas da validobas, esenia:<br />
¤ gansazRvruli gvaqvs Tu ara testirebamde da testirebis Semdeg sazomebi? (moswavlis<br />
qceva swavlebis dawyebamde unda Sefasdes, raTa gavigoT, xom ar icis man ukve masala<br />
an misi nawili.)<br />
¤ swavlaSi winsvlis Sesamowmeblad swavlebis dasrulebidan garkveuli drois Semdeg<br />
meordeba Tu ara Sefaseba?<br />
¤ sakmarisia Tu ara kiTxvebis/sakiTxebis raodenoba imisTvis, rom SemTxveviTma Secdomam<br />
xeli ar SegviSalos moswavlis codnisa da unarebis SemowmebaSi?<br />
¤ obieqturadaa Tu ara Sefaseba Sedgenili, gavlenis da damabneveli faqtorebis gare-<br />
Se?<br />
¤ obieqturad, mikerZoebis, gareSe da guldasmiT xdeba Tu ara Sefaseba?<br />
¤ zustia Tu ara Sefaseba?<br />
¤ Sefasebis meqanizmi Seesabameba Tu ara swavlis sxvadasxva stilis moswavleebs da asaxavs<br />
Tu ara maT mravalgvar inteleqts? iTvaliswinebs Tu ara Sefaseba kulturul<br />
Taviseburebebs? 4<br />
informaciuli Setyobinebis sistemebi<br />
Sefasebis erT-erTi funqciaa mSoblebisa<br />
da sazogadoebis informireba moswavlis<br />
winsvlis Sesaxeb. Sefasebis gamarTuli sistema<br />
mSoblebs mniSvnelovan informacias awvdis<br />
Svilebis skolaSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb – ra<br />
iswavles da ra unarebi ganiviTares. cifrebiT an asoebiT gamoxatuli Sefaseba maT aseT in-<br />
4 madlobas vuxdiT lin stuarts (Lynn Stuart) am mosazrebisTvis.<br />
Sefasebis erTerTi funqciaa mSoblebisa da<br />
sazogadoebis informireba moswavlis winsvlis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
459
Tavi 16<br />
formacias ver awvdis. es ucnobi kriteriumebis nakrebis mixedviT maTi Svilebis Sefasebis<br />
bundovani indikatorebia. metic, is normaluri ganawilebis mrudze maTi Svilebis `mdebareobas~<br />
asaxavs; mxolod imas uCvenebs, ramdenad warmatebulad gaarTva moswavlem Tavi sxvebTan<br />
SedarebiT da ara mis realur codnas.<br />
moswavlis moRvaweobis Sedegebi mSoblebisTvis unda moicavdes portfolios, kiTxvarebs,<br />
rubrikebs da calkeul komentarebs. am saxiT miwodebuli angariSi xels Seuwyobs mSoblebis<br />
aqtiur CarTulobas Svilis swavlebis procesSi.<br />
aRiarebulia, rom bavSvebi ukeT swavloben, rodesac mSoblebi skolis Tanamoazreebi da<br />
partniorebi arian. es SeuZlebelia, Tu mSoblebs ar eqnebaT informacia imis Sesaxeb, ra da<br />
rogor unda iswavlon maTma Svilebma. swored aseve ukukavSiri da avTentikuri Sefasebis<br />
safuZvelze warmodgenili angariSi mSobels specifiur informaciasa da gasaRebs sTavazobs,<br />
raSi da rogor daexmaros Svils. niSnebis sistemaze agebuli verc erTi Sefaseba ver qmnis<br />
warmatebuli swavlisTvis ase mniSvnelovan ojaxisa da skolis TanamSromlobas.<br />
niSnis sistemaze uars mxolod imitom ar amboben, rom umaRles saswavlebelSi Casabareblad<br />
aucilebelia skolis niSnebis furclis wardgena. saSualo skolaSi klasis ranJireba<br />
da niSnebiT Sefaseba mxolod umaRlesi saswavleblis moTxovnis gamo grZeldeba. marTlac<br />
asea es Tu ara? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema alfi konma (Alfie Kohn 1995) scada:<br />
460<br />
`Cems bolodroindel naSromze muSaobisas - `dasja jildoTi~ - werili mivwere<br />
harvardis da braunis misaRebi komisiis Tavmjdomareebs, sadac vekiTxebodi: `ganixilavdnen<br />
Tu ara ganacxads iseTi skoladamTavrebulisgan, romelsac niSnebiT<br />
Sefasebis nacvlad Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxis mixedviT hqonda Sefaseba?~ pasuxad<br />
momweres, rom isini siamovnebiT iReben aseT studentebs, radgan am SemTxvevaSi<br />
maT gacilebiT meti informacia aqvT moswavleze, vidre mSrali quliT - 3.6<br />
– Sefasebisas. saxelmwifo skolebSi es sakiTxi kidev ufro rTulad dgas, sadac<br />
fsevdoargumenti aseTia: `iZulebulebi varT bavSvebs swavlis interesi movuspoT,<br />
radgan umaRlesi saswavlebeli ase iTxovs~. Tu CauRrmavdebiT, saqme kidev ufro<br />
rTulad aris (Kohn 1995).<br />
asoebiTa da cifrebiT Sefasebis dasacavad wamoyenebuli meore argumentis mixedviT am<br />
SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia saboloo qulis gamoyvana da sxvadasxva skolebis efeqtianobis<br />
Sedareba.<br />
amJamad, mSoblebi arcTu did interess iCenen angariSebisa da rubrikebis mimarT. maTi<br />
umravlesoba asoebiT Sefasebis simartiviT kmayofildeba, radgan ufro SeCveulebic arian<br />
da mTavar kiTxvaze pasuxic aqvT: `rogor swavlobs Cemi Svili?~ asoebiT Sefaseba mokle pasuxebs<br />
gvaZlevs: `kargad swavlobs~ (Cemi Svili `A~ Sefasebas iRebs); `saSualod swavlobs~<br />
(`B~ Sefasebas iRebs); `cudad swavlobs~ (`C~ da `D~ Sefasebebs iRebs). amgvar monacemebze<br />
mSoblebic swrafad da martivad reagireben: jildo an Seqeba kargad swavlisTvis da dasja<br />
an akrZalva cudad swavlisTvis. aseTi angariSi gamoricxavs mSobelTa CarTulobas Svilis<br />
ganaTlebis procesSi. mxolod Svilis namuSevris zedmiwevniT Semowmebis da calkeul `etalonTan~<br />
(sasurvelis specifikur kriteriumebTan) SedarebiT SeiZleba dainaxos mSobelma<br />
Svilis daxmarebis gza.<br />
avTentikuri angariSis am moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia realuri faqtorebic:<br />
dro, martoxeloba, or adgilze momuSave mSoblebi. maT Svilis winsvlis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis miReba swrafad surT da, Sesabamisad, maTTvis mizanSewonilia angariSis iseTi<br />
sistemebi, romlebic ar iqneba daxunZluli Svilis namuSevrebis mravalferovani nimuSebiTa<br />
da rubrikebiT. maswavlebelma mcire droSi unda SeZlos moswavlis sakvanZo namuSevrebis<br />
wardgena da xarisxiani naSromis kriteriumebis axsna. mSoblebi saTanadod daafaseben maswavleblis<br />
aseT Zalisxmevas da dros ar dainaneben swavlaSi Svilebis dasaxmareblad.
Sefaseba<br />
maswavleblebisa da mSoblebisaTvis amgvari informaciuli, magram drois TvalsazrisiT<br />
efeqtiani sistemis standartebis aRwerisas viginsi (Wiggins 1996) wers:<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani xdeba imis garkveva, aqvs Tu ara jons SesamCnevi<br />
winsvla avTentikuri standartebis da ara im niSnebis mixedviT, romelTa werac eadvilebaT<br />
maswavleblebs. arc calkeuli qula da arc niSani adekvaturi ukukavSiri ar<br />
aris. sasargeblo angariSi moswavlis saqmianobas mis calkeul elementebTan kavSir-<br />
Si aRwers: siuzani warmatebiT asrulebs laboratoriul samuSaos, magram uWirs testebi;<br />
is Zalian akuratulad da keTilsindisierad asrulebs saSinao davalebebsac.<br />
jemis garkveulwilad uWirs laboratoriuli samuSao, magram sagnis codnas avlens;<br />
testebs advilad arTmevs Tavs, Tu droulad asrulebs, saSinao davalebac kargad<br />
gamosdis, Tumca daudevar Secdomebsac uSvebs xolme.<br />
Semdeg is iseTi angariSebis modelebs warmogvidgens, romlebic detalurad aRwers moswavlis<br />
saqmianobas. am procesSi is samgvar monacemebs gamoyofs: miRwevis done, namuSevris<br />
xarisxi da progresi:<br />
miRwevis done moswavlis saqmianobis srulyofilebaze mianiSnebs. namuSevris xarisxi<br />
moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli produqtis xarisxis sazomia. progresi ukumimarTulebiT<br />
izomeba. is SeiZleba mravalwliani kontinuumis gaswvriv sqemis saxiT warmovidginoT,<br />
ase rom me-3 klasels ecodineba sakuTari miRwevebi me-5 da (zogjer) me-<br />
12 klasis standartebis mimarTac, zustad ise, rogorc es gvxdeba saqmianobis iseT<br />
sferoebSi, rogoricaa: yvinTva, Wadraki da orkestri.<br />
Sedeg mas mohyavs SesaniSnavi magaliTi, romelic naCvenebia 16.17 cxrilSi.<br />
rac ufro muqia toni, miT ufro xSirad saqmianobs moswavle am doneze. es formati mSoblebsac<br />
da moswavleebsac saSualebas aZlevs erTi SexedviT gansazRvros moswavlis SesaZleblobebis<br />
zeda zRvari da misi saqmianobis doneTa diapazoni. doneTa am zolebis qvemoT mocemulia<br />
moswavlis progresis Sesaxeb mokle komentarebi klasis warmatebasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
marjvniv mocemulia davalebebis saxeebi da raodenoba da maTi Sesrulebis dros gamovlenili<br />
susti da Zlieri mxareebi. es informacia Tavmoyrilia erT furcelze da vizualuradac<br />
mkafiod asaxavs moswavlis saqmianobas.<br />
angariSis furclis ukana mxareze axsnilia moswavlis saqmianobis cxra donis mniSvneloba.<br />
is moicavs yovel doneze moswavlis saqmianobis, rubrikebisa da maswavleblis komentarebis<br />
nimuSebs. amgvarad, viginsma moswavlis Sefasebis angariSis sistemis kriteriumTa nakrebi<br />
SeimuSava:<br />
¤ moswavlis saqmianobis dayofa elementebad da ara erTi mTlianis (mag., `metyvelebis<br />
xelovneba~) aRwera.<br />
¤ damoukidebeli angariSis Seqmna moswavlis miRwevis donis, namuSevris xarisxis da<br />
progresis Sesaxeb (16.17 sqemaze mocemuli nimuSi Tanamimdevrulobis Sesaxebac gvawvdis<br />
informacias).<br />
¤ safuZvlad udevs saqmianobis yoveli donis zusti aRwera sxvadasxva klasisTvis, romelic<br />
mocemulia mSoblebisaTvis gankuTvnil broSurebSi.<br />
angariSTa aseTi sistemis Seqmnas uamravi Zalisxmeva da dro sWirdeba, gansakuTrebiT ma-<br />
Sin, Tu is moicavs broSuras mSoblebisTvis, sadac aRwerili iqneba saqmianobis magaliTebi<br />
yovel doneze da maswavleblis komentarebi imis asaxsnelad, rogor pasuxobs naSromi an magaliTi<br />
mocemul dones. sanam raRac axalsa da sasargeblos ar gamovcdiT, mis saWiroebas ver<br />
vxvdebiT da rac ufro sasargebloa, miT ufro vrwmundebiT, rom mis gareSe cxovreba Seu-<br />
Zlebelia. zogierTma kritikosma, SesaZloa, aseTi pozicia gulubryvilod miiCnios, radgan<br />
461
Tavi 16<br />
sjeraT, rom adamianTa umravlesoba yovelT-<br />
mSoblebisTvis gankuTvnil angariSTa sruvis iol gzas irCevs: Sefasebis tradiciul<br />
lyofil sistemas sakuTari bazris Seqmna Seu sistemas. Cveni azriT, mSoblebs, rogorc<br />
Zlia.<br />
wesi, damatebiTi monacemebis mopoveba surT,<br />
rom Svilebs warmatebul saqmianobasa da<br />
maRali standartebis miRwevaSi daexmaron. aseTi monacemebi mxolod maSin gaxdeba xelmisawvdomi,<br />
rodesac Sefasebisa da angariSis sistemebs avTentikuri fesvebi eqneba.<br />
moswavle: jon do<br />
saqmianobis done: wera: semestri (2/93 – 6/93)<br />
462<br />
A B C D E F G H I<br />
tonis simuqe miRebuli Sefasebis sixSiris proporciulia<br />
saqmianobis done: wera: weli (9/92-6/93)<br />
A B C D E F G H I<br />
tonis simuqe miRebuli Sefasebis sixSiris proporciulia<br />
progresi weraSi: 4/5 (kargi Sedegia klasis fonze)<br />
namuSevris xarisxi: 3/5 (damakmayofilebelia: saSualo<br />
maCvenebelze odnav dabalia)<br />
namuSevris xarisxis Tanamimdevruloba: 2/5 (saSualo<br />
maCvenebelze bevrad dabalia)<br />
klasis maCveneblebi: wera<br />
klasis done: wera 5/93<br />
A B C D E F G H I<br />
klasis saqmianoba: wera 5/93<br />
1. SefasebaTa kriteriumi (Sefasebis saSualo maCvenebeli<br />
xuTive ZiriTadi kriteriumis mixedviT): 3.6 (5dan)<br />
2. yvelaze rTuli kriteriumi: `namuSevris gadaxedva<br />
srulyofilebis misaRwevad~: 2.6 (5-dan)<br />
sqema 16.17: angariSi metyvelebis xelovnebaSi<br />
semestrSi Sesrulebuli samuSao<br />
4 Txzuleba, leqsebi<br />
6 analitikuri naSromi<br />
1 kvleviTi naSromi<br />
4 testi wakiTxuli masalis<br />
mixedviT<br />
wera<br />
Janri<br />
Rirseba: damajerebeli<br />
naklovaneba: analitikuri<br />
mniSvnelovani progresi:<br />
aRweriTi<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebi<br />
Rirseba: cocxali ideebi (3.6)<br />
naklovaneba: gramatika (2.3)<br />
miRweva: koncentrireba<br />
(2.4-dan 3.2-mde)<br />
yvela kriteriumi<br />
Sefasebulia 5 baliani<br />
sistemiT: 5 umaRlesi<br />
Sefasebaa<br />
frCxilebSi mocemulia<br />
moswavlis saSualo Sefaseba<br />
mSobels SeuZlia naxos<br />
nimuSebis nakrebi da Seadaros<br />
moswavlis namuSevarTa<br />
nimuSebi donisa da xarisxis<br />
maCveneblebTan, aseve weraSi<br />
eqvsive Janris nimuSebi,<br />
SefasebisTvis gamoyenebuli<br />
xuTive kriteriumi da<br />
saqmianobis doneebis aRwera.<br />
sqolio: ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Wiggins, Grant. “Honesty and Fairness: Toward Better Grading an Reporting.” In thomas Guskey,<br />
Ed.,1994 A.S.C.D. Yearbook. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1996. pp. 173-174. Copyright ©<br />
1996 by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. yvela ufleba daculia.
inglisuri wera<br />
Sefaseba A<br />
iyenebs furcelze aRniSvnebs.<br />
akopirebs `sityvebs~ myisieri garemos<br />
simboloebidan.<br />
Sefaseba B<br />
kargad uWiravs fanqari/pasta.<br />
wers sakuTar saxels.<br />
Sefaseba F<br />
narativi Seicavs Sesavals, gavrcobasa da<br />
gadawyvetas logikuri TanamimdevrobiT.<br />
rTuli winadadebebi – mTavari da<br />
damokidebuli: iyenebs orives, moqmedebiT<br />
da vnebiT gvars.<br />
asworebs marTlweris, punqtuaciuri,<br />
gramatikuli Secdomebis umravlesobas<br />
sxvebis nawerebSi.<br />
Sefaseba H<br />
leqsika adasturebs, rom esmis sityvis<br />
orazrovneba da sxva niuansebi.<br />
mniSvnelobas zustad gamoxatavs.<br />
SeuZlia sakuTari naSromis redaqtireba<br />
da gadaxedva leqsikis, teqstis wyobisa da<br />
Sinaarsis dasaxvewad.<br />
Sefaseba I<br />
Tavisuflad wers rogorc mokle pasaJebs,<br />
ise vrcel naSromebs kargad nacnob Temebze.<br />
ostaturad da efeqtianad SeuZlia gavrcoba<br />
standartuli, tradiciuli formebis miRma.<br />
wyaro: Victoria, Australia, K-12 `English Profiles`.<br />
adaptirebulia nebarTviT.<br />
xsnis aRniSvnebis mniSvnelobas.<br />
naweri adasturebs, rom esmis nabeWdsa da<br />
naxats Soris gansxvaveba.<br />
nawerSi Cans gamoyenebuli leqsika.<br />
iyenebs mTavrul asoebs da sxva pirobiT<br />
simboloebs. . .<br />
leqsikuri da gramatikuli struqturebis<br />
speqtri.<br />
esmis gansxvaveba narativsa da weris sxva<br />
formebs Soris.<br />
iyenebs arsebul wyaroebs weris<br />
gasaumjobeseblad.<br />
Sefaseba<br />
teqstis wyoba da Sinaarsi akuratulia da<br />
Seesabameba mizans, situaciasa da mkiTxvels.<br />
iyenebs figuralur gamoTqmebs, metaforebs<br />
mniSvnelobis gaRrmavebis mizniT.<br />
SeuZlia sxvebis namuSevrebis redaqtireba<br />
da gadaxedva ise, rom inarCunebs namuSevris<br />
ZiriTad azrs.<br />
iyenebs analogiebs, simboloebsa da ironias.<br />
weris dros ayalibebs damajerebel<br />
argumentebs.<br />
sqema 16.17 gagrZeleba: angariSi metyvelebis xelovnebaSi<br />
463
Tavi 16<br />
464<br />
saswavlo gundebi da Sefaseba<br />
Semajamebeli mosazrebebi<br />
momaval da moqmed maswavleblebs iSviaTad vaswavliT Sefasebis instrumentebs, Tumca<br />
vamtkicebT, rom swored Sefasebis instrumentebis (nebismieri formiT: weriTi testebi,<br />
saqmianoba, gamofena, ese da a.S.) Sesaqmnelad saWiro azrovneba udevs safuZvlad karg swavlebas.<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebis detaluri konceptualizacia, dagegmva da Sefasebis amocanebi<br />
maswavlebels `ukudagegmvis~ saSualebas aZlevs (Sizer 1992, gv. 102). efeqtiani swavla iwyeba<br />
moswavleTa SexedulebebiT da maswavleblis mier imis cxadad warmodgeniT, ra unda icodnen<br />
da ra unda SeZlon moswavleebma swavlebis Sedegad. amrigad, swavlebis miznebi yvelaze naTlad<br />
Sefasebis amocanebSi da mis kriteriumebSi Cans. arsebiTad, mizans ver ganvsazRvravT<br />
srulyofilad, Tu misi Sefaseba ar ganvsazRvreT.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, sxvadasxvagvari maRali xarisxis Sefasebis amocanebis dagegmva profesionali<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>s arsebiTi unaria. Tu swavleba CvenTvis umniSvneloa, SegviZlia sxvebs<br />
mivceT Sefasebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, magram Tu profesionalebi varT,<br />
moswavleTa da saswavlo gegmis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad Sefasebis sakuTari sistemis Seqmnisa<br />
da misi mudmivi gaumjobesebis unari unda gamovimuSaoT.<br />
ar gadaamlaSoT!<br />
Sefasebis sakuTari sistemebis variaciulobisa da avTentikurobis mcdelobisas alfi<br />
koni (Alfie Kohn 1995) gvafrTxilebs:<br />
`ar gadaamlaSoT! aseTia pirveli rCeva avTentikuri Sefasebis gzaze. rac ufro mets<br />
fiqrobs moswavle imaze, Tu rogor asrulebs davalebas, miT ufro naklebad ainteresebs,<br />
ras asrulebs. es rCeva Sefasebis yvelaze mravalferovani, azriani, moswavleze<br />
orientirebuli midgomebis SemuSavebisasac ki unda gaviTvaliswinoT.<br />
mTeli im drois manZilze, romelsac moswavle saklaso oTaxSi sxvadasxva saqmianobas<br />
andomebs, unda davicvaT kiTxvisgan `rogor vakeTeb?~ miuxedavad imisa, vityviT Tu<br />
ara uars moswavlis saqmianobis `gazomvaze~, potenciuri problema TviTSefasebisa<br />
(`ras gamoavlens es Sefaseba, gonieri var Tu suleli?~) rCeba. kargad unda gvesmodes<br />
nebismieri saxis Sefasebis mniSvnelobis gadaWarbeba. ara mxolod imitom, rom<br />
Sefaseba uZluria asaxos moswavlis realuri saqmianoba, aramed imitomac, rom Sefasebis<br />
mniSvnelobis xazgasmas moswavleTa yuradReba saqmianobaze gadaaqvs da Sinagani<br />
motivacia ecema~.*<br />
swavlebis Sefaseba, Zala da ganviTareba<br />
Sefasebis procesis kontroli swavlebis procesis kontrols gulisxmobs. aseT kontrolis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis didi wili komerciuli testebis damkvidrebazea. swored maT misca<br />
sazogadoebam skolis, maswavleblisa da bavSvebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb angariSis wardgenis<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kohn, Alfie. “From DeGrading: Basic Questions About Assessment and Learning.” Audiotape 95-3213. Alexandria,<br />
Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1995.
ufleba. obieqturobisa da neitralurobis<br />
mizniT sajaro skolebma testebs dauTmo<br />
ufleba `gadaewyvitaT~, risi swavleba da<br />
swavla Rirs.<br />
Sefaseba<br />
Sefaseba yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa imisa,<br />
rom moswavleebs, mSoblebsa da sazogadoebas<br />
gavagebinoT, ra aris maswavleblisTvis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
swavlebaSi.<br />
Sefaseba yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa imisa,<br />
rom moswavleebs, mSoblebsa da sazogadoebas<br />
gavagebinoT, ra aris maswavleblisTvis umniSvnelovanesi swavlebaSi. ufro mZlavri, vidre<br />
TviT kursis silabusi, wlis dasawyisSi gansazRvruli miznebi, angariSebi. SefasebiTa da angariSiT<br />
yvela igebs ra aris maswavleblisTvis namdvilad faseuli. male Sefaseba molodinTa<br />
yvelaze potenciuri matarebeli gaxdeba. swored amitom Sefasebis sistema profesionalebma<br />
unda Seqmnan, romlebic pasuxismgeblebi iqnebian gansazRvron, ra unda iswavlon moswavleebma<br />
da mWidrod iTanamSromleben mSoblebTan da sazogadoebasTan.<br />
maswavleblebma kolegebTan erTad detalurad unda SeimuSaon moswavlis xarisxiani<br />
saqmianobis kriteriumebi da modelebi. britaneTis Sefasebisa da testirebis jgufis ZiriTadi<br />
rekomendacia swored es gaxlavT (Hein citirebulia Perrone-s mier 1991, gv. 127). isini<br />
gvTavazoben process, romlis drosac<br />
`maswavlebelTa jgufebi sxvadasxva doneebze – klasi, skola, raioni – ikribebian da<br />
msjeloben Sedegebeze, adareben Sefasebis standartebs gansakuTrebiT, rTul, Tavisufal<br />
sakiTxebze da saqmianobis sazomebze. aseTi zomieri sqema Sefasebas standartebis<br />
erTian nakrebad aqcevs da maswavlebelTa mudmivi profesiuli aqtivobis<br />
sagani gaxdeba. profesionalebi ara marto skolebis mixedviT Seadareben moswavleTa<br />
miRwevebs, aramed sakuTar miRwevebsa da standartebs kolegebis miRwevebTan~<br />
(Zessoules and Gardner citirebulia Perrone-s mier 1991, gv. 69).<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi profesionali <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sul ufro met pasuxismgeblobas<br />
grZnobs sakuTar ganviTarebaze. is mudmivad cdilobs swavlebis miznebisa da amocanebis<br />
gadaxedvas, moswavleTa saqmianobis Sefasebis sakuTari sistemis ganviTarebas. standartizebuli<br />
testebi ukana planze gadava, radgan is mxolod nawilobriv esadageba maT mier SemuSavebul<br />
saswavlo gegmas da ver afasebs moswavleTa maRali donis azrovnebisa da problemis<br />
gadaWris unars, romelic ase aucilebelia XXI saukuneSi. es Zalze didi pasuxismgeblobaa.<br />
avTentikuri Sefasebis, qulaTa rubrikebis, kargi saqmianobis modelebis da ukukavSiris<br />
sistemis Seqmna moswavleebisTvis, mSoblebisa da sazogadoebisTvis udidesi amocanaa. is<br />
maRali donis, faseuli miznebis Camoyalibebas (mag., `moswavleebi SeZleben monacemTa interpretacias<br />
da daskvnebis gamotanas~) da am miznebis qcevaSi asaxvis detaluri suraTis Seqmnas<br />
moiTxovs. avTentikuri Sefasebis amocanebisa da maTTvis rubrikebis SeqmniTa da arCeviT<br />
maswavleblebi axal profesiul ganzomilebaSi gadadian. maT, rogorc namdvil profesionalebs<br />
cxovrebaSi pirvelad ekisrebaT profesiuli pasuxismgebloba, daskvnebis gamotanisa<br />
da faseuli Sedegebis pasuxismgebloba.<br />
Sefasebis amocanebisa da kriteriumebis gaumjobesebis procesSi erTad muSaoba maswavleblebisgan<br />
fiqrs, kiTxvebis dasmas, gansjas moiTxovs, rac pirovnuli da profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />
sawindaria. am process Sedegad Sefasebis ukeTesi sistemac mohyveba da moswavleTa<br />
sasrgeblo gamocdilebis safuZvelic xdeba (miuxedavad imisa, vin hyavT maswavleblad).<br />
sazogadoeba rwmundeba, rom calkeuli maswavleblis stilisa da avtonomiisgan damoukideblad,<br />
gaazrebulad Seqmnili saswavlo gegmis safuZvelze yvela moswavles SeuZlia konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis swavla.<br />
momavlis teqnologiebi kidev ufro gaumartivebs maswavleblebs zRva masalis gaziarebas<br />
yvela saganSi da yvela doneze. gasakviri arc is iqneba, Tu es masala Cveni tradiciuli cod-<br />
465
Tavi 16<br />
nis bazis nawili gaxdeba da centraluri eleqtronuli sainformacio centris saSualebiT<br />
gaxdeba xelmisawvdomi (Saphier 1994).<br />
466<br />
Sefasebis Sedegebi<br />
Sefaseba yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa maswavleblisTvis, rom moswavleebs, mSoblebsa<br />
da sazogadoebas sakuTari prioritetebi gaacnos. ufro specifikur doneze moswavleebs,<br />
maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs naTeli warmodgena eqmnebaT, mocemuli kursis an modulis<br />
warmatebis kriteriumebze. swored es sicxade aZlevs saSualebas moswavleebs (maswavlebelsa<br />
da mSoblebsac), rom Zalisxmeva saqmianobis kriteriumebis Sesatyvisad warmarTon. sawinaaRmdego<br />
midgomaa iseTi testireba, romlis drosac moswavleebma winaswar ar ician savaraudo<br />
sakiTxebi.<br />
avTentikur Sefasebas SesaZloa Zalze didi gavlena hqondes maswavleblis saqmianobaze da<br />
skolis Sesaxeb moswavleebis warmodgenaze. pirvel rigSi, SesaZlebelia gaizardos moswavleTa<br />
motivacia. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebs iseTi mniSvnelovani davalebis mixedviT afaseben,<br />
rogoric aris monacemebis Segroveba narCenebis gadamuSavebis danaxarjebisa da sargebelis<br />
Sesaxeb da Semdeg sakuTari mosazrebis dacva, isini sxva konteqstSi SeZenil codnasa<br />
da unarebs gamoiyeneben (SeniSvnebis Cawera, informaciis mravalgvari wyaroebis gamoyeneba,<br />
nagavsayrelisa da nagavsawvavis ekologiuri Sedegebis wvdoma).<br />
maswavleblebi iZulebulni arian, rac SeiZleba srulyofil da integrirebul swavlebas<br />
mimarTon. mravali <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> rTuli davalebis Sedgenisas sakuTar Tavs ekiTxeba: `ra<br />
cvlilebebi unda Sevitano saswavlo gegmasa da swavlebis strategiebSi, rom moswavleebma<br />
warmatebiT SeZlon am davalebebis Sesruleba?~ Tu testirebis mizania problemis gadaWris<br />
mizniT moswavleTa aRweris, analizis da kvlevis unarebis Semowmeba, maSin maswavlebelma maT<br />
am unarebis ganviTarebis Sesatyvisi gamocdileba unda SesTavazos.<br />
rTuli davalebebis Sefasebac ufro integrirebuli saswavlo gegmis Seqmnas moiTxovs. ra<br />
Tqma unda, realur cxovrebiseul situaciebTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi kros-disciplinuria.<br />
magaliTad, dasabuTebis dawera qalaqis<br />
rTuli davalebebis Sefaseba ufro integrirebuli<br />
saswavlo gegmis Seqmnas moiTxovs.<br />
sabWosTvis policiis axali ofisis dafinansebis<br />
Taobaze ekonomikis, samoqalaqo gana-<br />
Tlebis, sociologiisa da inglisuri enis<br />
integracias moiTxovs.<br />
da bolos, rogorc baroni (Baron 1991) wers, avTentikurma Sefasebam TviT swavlis procesi<br />
unda gaaumjobesos:<br />
`efeqtiani davalebebis mizania saSualeba misces moswavleebs ufro codnis siRrme<br />
gamoavlinon, vidre moculoba da kavSirebi daamyaron danawevrebul codnasa da unarebs<br />
Soris. efeqtiani davaleba moswavles mTliani suraTis warmodgenis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs. dRes moswavleTa codna Zalze danawevrebuli da daukavSirebelia. maT<br />
ar aqvT sakuTari codnis organizebis mdidari kognituri qseli, swrafad aviwydebaT<br />
naswavli. rodesac moswavles mTlian problemaze fiqris stimuli aqvs, rogorc es<br />
srulyofili kvlevis dagegmvisa da Catarebis dros xdeba, maTi codna ufro mTliani<br />
da myari xdeba~ (gv. 310).
standartebi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
1920 wels standartizebuli testebis gamoyenebis gavrcelebaze dakvirvebisas gamoCenili<br />
Jurnalisti uolter lipmani (Walter Lippmann) werda: `Cven moswavleebisa da maswavleblebis<br />
iseT Taobas aRvzrdiT, romelTac ar eqnebaT imis rwmena, rom sustebsac SeuZliaT<br />
warmatebulebi gaxdnen~. is marTali iyo.<br />
standartizebuli testebi normalur ganawilebas qmnis da ar warmoadgens im `standartebs~,<br />
romlis miRweva yvela moswavles SeuZlia. gansazRvrebis mixedviT, normalur ganawilebas<br />
yovelTvis unda hqondes qveda naxevari da am farglebSi unda iyos qveda standartuli<br />
cxra (standartuli cxra aris testirebis qulebis cxra danayofian skalaze asaxvis<br />
meTodi, sadac 5 saSualo maCvenebelia, xolo 2 – standartuli gadaxra. red. Sen.) lipmanma<br />
ganWvrita rom aseTi standartizebuli testebi aucileblad gamoiwvevda moswavleTa daxarisxebas,<br />
rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sedegad sakuTar gonebriv SesaZleblobebze dabali warmodgenis<br />
mqone warumatebeli moswavleebi mohyveboda. Sefasebis sistemis struqtura da mis miRma<br />
arsebuli Sexeduleba gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis araTanabari ganawilebis Sesaxeb, Tavisi<br />
arsiT SeuTavsebeli iyo yvela moswavlis warmatebis ideasTan da man mravali adamiani gaswira<br />
sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebisa da warumateblobisTvis.<br />
avTentikur Sefasebas lipmani testirebis iseT formad miiCnevda, romelic yvelas aZlevs<br />
warmatebis SesaZleblobas. am SemTxvevaSi standartebi, anu finiSis xazis mdebareoba da forma<br />
yvelasTvis naTelia da perioduli ukukavSiri da TviTSefaseba yvela moswavles TviTkoreqciisa<br />
da warmatebis gzis dasaxvis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
avTentikuri Sefaseba moswavleebs im rukas sTavazobs, romelic maT swavlebis miznebisa da<br />
standartebisaken mimavali gzebis gansazRvraSi exmareba. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben<br />
aseTi rukis warmatebiT gamoyenebas, Tu daijereben, rom Secdoma swavlis SesaZleblobaa<br />
da ara maTi araadekvaturobis dadastureba (Dweck 1991). avTentikuri Sefaseba filosofiuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT srulyofil swavlas utoldeba, radgan is stimuls aZlevs saqmianobis<br />
konkretuli kriteriumis miRwevis Zalisxmevas. aseTi Sefaseba im maswavlebelTan erTad, romelic<br />
maRali da dadebiTi molodinebis Setyobinebebs sTavazobs Tavis moswavleebs, qmnis<br />
garemos, sadac skolis struqturaSi yvela moswavlis maRal doneze swavlis SesaZleblobis<br />
rwmena mefobs. Tu namdvilad gvsurs, rom yvela moswavle XXI saukunis moTxovnebisTvis movamzadoT,<br />
swored am ori komponentis gaerTianebaze unda vizrunoT.<br />
ra moxdeba Semdeg?<br />
am TavSi mocemul suraTsa da skolaTa umravlesobaSi arsebul mdgomareobas Soris Zalian<br />
didi sxvaobaa. mis Sesamcireblad saWiroa, rom maswavlebels didi dro hqondes dagegmvisTvis,<br />
arsebobdes konkretuli klasebis maswavlebelTa an safakulteto jgufebi, rac<br />
mxolod zogierT skolaSia. Cveni rCeviT, saWiroa dinjad individualurad an kolegasTan<br />
erTad dawyeba da erTdrouli muSaoba administratorebTan, raTa maT Sexvedrebze dro<br />
dauTmon swavlebis iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa moswavlis namuSevris Sedareba nimuSTan.<br />
gTavazobT ramdenime sasargeblo rCevas:<br />
1. Zal-Rone ar daiSuroT, rom moswavleebs cxadad gaacnoT yoveli mniSvnelovani<br />
Temisa da davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis kriteriumebi da nimuSebi. dro ar dainanoT<br />
imis asaxsnelad, ras niSnavs warmatebuli saqmianobis modelebi.<br />
2. waaxaliseT moswavleebi warmatebuli saqmianobis kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT regularulad<br />
CaerTon TviTSefasebasa da TanatolTa SefasebaSi.<br />
467
Tavi 16<br />
468<br />
3. gadaxedeT Sefasebisa da Canawerebis warmoebis sakuTar meTodebs. ecadeT gaamravalferovnoT<br />
repertuari. iyenebT Tu ara erTwuTian intervius an zepir prezentacias<br />
imis dasadgenad, miaRwies Tu ara moswavleebma dasaxul mizans? saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi iyenebT Tu ara pirdapir dakvirvebas an kiTxvarebs moswavlis progresis<br />
Sesaxeb Canawerebis saWaarmoeblad?<br />
4. SeiswavleT asakis Sesabamisad demonstrirebis SesaZleblobebi zemoT aRwerili<br />
meTodebis moswavleTaTvis gasacnobad.<br />
5. SeqmeniT da srulyaviT portfolio, rogorc moswavlis WeSmariti saqmianobis<br />
(TviTSefasebis CaTvliT) amsaxveli rTuli nakrebi.<br />
avTentikuri Sefaseba maSin moxdeba, rodesac maswavleblebi da administratorebi dagegmaven<br />
dros moswavleTa namuSevrebis Sesadareblad da Camoayalibeben iseT rubrikebs, romelic,<br />
maTi SexedulebiT, codnis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebs gansazRvravs.
danarTi<br />
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kallick, Bena, and Ross Brewer. Exemplars: A Teacher’s Solution. Volume 1 nos. 4-12. Underhill,<br />
Vermont: Exemplars, 1994
3-5 klasi<br />
amocana<br />
gafuWebuli Rilakis dilema<br />
Sefaseba<br />
ra ubedurebaa, kalkulators Rilaki `3~ gafuWebuli aqvs. rogor amovxsni am amocanas?<br />
daasabuTeT pasuxi.<br />
23<br />
X 45<br />
konteqsti<br />
Cven viswavleT gamravleba, vivarjiSeT zepir operaciebze, visaubreT sxvadasxva strategiaze.<br />
am davalebiT mindoda gamego, icodnen Tu ara Cemma moswavleebma gamravlebis miRma<br />
arsebuli Teoria da ara mxolod operaciis sizuste.<br />
davalebis mizani<br />
am davalebiT gavigeb, ician Tu ara moswavleebma gamravlebis arsi, misi Sesruleba da ramdenad<br />
sxartad azrovneben.<br />
ras gaakeTebs moswavle<br />
moswavleTa umetesobam Tavdapirvelad amocana algoriTmis gamoyenebiT amoxsna. Semdeg<br />
sxva strategiebis gamoyenebac scades. ramdenime moswavlem sakuTari Teoriebi gadaamowma,<br />
rom maT sisworeSi darwmunebuliyo. zogi darwmunebuli iyo arCeul strategiaSi.<br />
davalebisTvis saWiro dro<br />
davalebas daaxloebiT 15-20 wuTi sWirdeba<br />
saganTa Soris kavSiri<br />
amocana maTematikuria da ar aqvs kavSiri sxva sagnebTan.<br />
rCevebi<br />
SegiZliaT es davaleba gamravlebis testSi CarToT. is amtkicebs azrs, rom algoriTmi<br />
unda gavigoT da ara davizepiroT.<br />
Sesafasebeli koncefciebi da gasaviTarebeli unarebi<br />
problemis gadaWra<br />
msjeloba<br />
komunikacia<br />
kavSiris damyareba<br />
ricxvTa Teoria<br />
gamoTvla<br />
471
Tavi 16<br />
472<br />
sanimuSo masala<br />
aranairi<br />
savaraudo pasuxebi<br />
gafuWebuli Rilakis dilema<br />
am davalebis amoxsnis Zalian bevri xerxia, ai ramdenime maTgani:<br />
22X45+45 24X45-45<br />
11.5X90 22.5X46<br />
(gamoiyene ori ricxvi, romlis jami 23-ia) X 45<br />
45 Sekribe 23-jer an 23 Sekribe 45-jer<br />
rubrikebi da niSnulebi<br />
gamoucdeli<br />
moswavle iyenebs araSesatyvis koncefciebs. fiqrobs, rom gamravlebisTvis mimatebis<br />
strategiac gamodgeba. maTematikuri msjeloba mcdaria.<br />
axalbeda<br />
amoxsna arasrulia. moswavle poulobs miaxloebiT, magram ara zust pasuxs. misi midgoma<br />
nawilobriv sasargebloa, garkveulwilad pasuxamde midis, magram sruli pasuxi ar aqvs mocemuli.<br />
praqtikosi<br />
moswavles Rrmad esmis amocana. iyenebs im strategias, romelsac amocanis amoxsnamde mihyavs<br />
da logikurad xsnis sakuTar arCevans.<br />
eqsperti<br />
moswavlem amocanis amoxsnis mravali gza icis, rac Rrma codnis maCvenebelia. mas aqvs<br />
Sesatyvisi maTematikuri koncefciis gansazRvris unari.<br />
avtori<br />
kler forsetma es davaleba vermontis StatSi merion krosis skolaSi SeimuSava. kleri<br />
vermontis maTematikuri portfolios komitetis wevria. is Statis mravali skolis konsultanti,<br />
maTematikis sakonsultacio komitetis wevri da maTematikuri portfolios samuSao<br />
jgufis wevria.
gamoucdeli<br />
Sefaseba<br />
473
Tavi 16<br />
474<br />
axalbeda
praqtikosi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
475
Tavi 16<br />
476<br />
eqsperti
6-8 klasi<br />
amocana<br />
abaJuris SefuTva<br />
Sefaseba<br />
saras dedas saras dabadebis dRisTvis nayidi lampis SefuTva surs. lampis simaRle<br />
abaJuris CaTvliT 26 duimia, xolo sigane – 8 duimi. ra zomis unda iyos is yvelaze<br />
patara qaRaldi, romliTac saras deda lampis SefuTvas SeZlebs? (miniSneba: lampa advilad<br />
tydeba, ase rom, sasurvelia, jer yuTSi Caidos.)<br />
konteqsti<br />
es davaleba SeiZleba mivceT perimetris da farTobis mcodne moswavleebs, Tumca es codna<br />
aucilebeli ar aris amocanis amoxsnisTvis. problemas ar aqvs erTi konkretuli pasuxi,<br />
moswavleebma SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon abaJuris zoma da Tavad gadawyviton, gamoiyeneben Tu<br />
ara lampis zomis yuTs.<br />
davalebis mizani<br />
davalebiT gavigebT, aqvs Tu ara moswavles farTobisa da perimetris Sesaxeb sabaziso<br />
codna da SeuZlia Tu ara misi gamoyeneba konkretul situaciaSi. ufro maRal doneze is<br />
gviCvenebs moswavleTa msjelobas, romelic mocemul konkretul gamoTvlebs scildeba.<br />
ras gaakeTebs moswavle<br />
moswavlem unda gadawyvitos ra zomis yuTi gamoiyenos yuTis zeda da qveda nawilebis srulad<br />
dafarvis gaTvaliswinebiT. maT SeiZleba lampis nawilobriv SefuTva airCion an monaxon<br />
gzebi im zomis qaRaldis gamosaTvlelad, romelic srulad dafaravs yuTs. SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon<br />
abaJuris sigane.<br />
davalebisTvis saWiro dro<br />
45 wuTi, romelic moicavs lampis SefuTvas amocanis amoxsnis daweris Semdeg.<br />
saganTa Soris kavSiri<br />
amocanis amoxsna SeiZleba daukavSiroT bevr praqtikul situacias, romelic samganzomilebiani<br />
figuris farTobisa da perimetris gamoTvlas ukavSirdeba.<br />
477
Tavi 16<br />
478<br />
rCevebi<br />
abaJuris SefuTva<br />
davaleba unda Sesruldes praqtikulad SesafuTi qaRaldiTa da yuTiT. SefuTva SeiZleba<br />
win uZRodes amocanis amoxsnas da amoxsnis gzebis moZebnaSi exmarebodes moswavleebs an mohyvebodes<br />
amoxsnas, raTa moswavleebma SeZlon problemis gadaWris gzis Semowmeba da saWiro<br />
cvlilebebis ganxilva.<br />
Sesafasebeli koncefciebi da gansaviTarebeli unarebi<br />
problemis gadaWris unari<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
sivrciTi vizualizacia<br />
konteqstis gafarToeba<br />
cnebis `zomebi~ gageba<br />
sivrcis da perimetris gageba<br />
kavSirebis damyareba<br />
sanimuSo masala<br />
marTxkuTxa yuTi da SesafuTi qaRaldi<br />
savaraudo pasuxebi<br />
zogadi pasuxis gamosaTvlelad simaRles davamatoT 8 duimi, raTa 4 duimiT davfaroT<br />
zeda nawili wina mxridan, xolo 4-iT qveda nawili ukana mxridan. amrigad, qaRaldis sigrZe 34<br />
duimi iqneba. siganis gamosaTvlelad 4 unda gavamravloT 8-ze, yuTis yvela gverdis siganeze.<br />
amrigad, yuTis zomaa 34 duimi X 32 duimze. zogierTma moswavlem, SesaZloa, nawilobrivi SefuTva<br />
SemogvTavazos an ufro didi zomis yuTis gamoyeneba lampis usafrTxod SesafuTad. da<br />
bolos, zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba moifiqros, rom lampis abaJuri ufro farToa, vidre<br />
misi Ziri da misi calke yuTSi SefuTva gadawyvitos.<br />
rubrikebi da niSnulebi<br />
gamoucdeli<br />
amocanis amoxsna adasturebs, rom moswavles gamoTvlebis gamocdileba aqvs, magram ar<br />
icis, rodis unda gamoiyenos is. ar iTvaliswinebs, rom lampis zeda da qveda mxare sxvadasxva<br />
zomisaa.
axalbeda<br />
abaJuris SefuTva<br />
bundovnad xsnis werilobiT an naxatiT problemis gadawyvetis gzas.<br />
praqtikosi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
adasturebs amocanis siRrmiseul wvdomas. naTlad gadmoscems msjelobas da adasturebs<br />
vizualuradac.<br />
eqsperti<br />
moswavles kargad esmis amocana da iTvaliswinebs lampis abaJuris zomasac. yovel nabijs<br />
mkafiod xsnis werilobiT da gvTavazobs amoxsnis alternatiul gzasac. iyenebs maTematikur<br />
enas da naxatebs. axsna da naxatebi martivi wasakiTxi da gasagebia. mocemulia realur cxovrebaSi<br />
gamoyenebis magaliTebic.<br />
avtori<br />
dina serafini snelvilis (jorjiis Stati) saSualo skolis me-8 klasis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>.<br />
479
Tavi 16<br />
480<br />
gamoucdeli
axalbeda<br />
Sefaseba<br />
481
Tavi 16<br />
482<br />
praqtikosi
Sefaseba<br />
483
Tavi 16<br />
484<br />
eqperti
Sefaseba<br />
485
Tavi 16<br />
486
Sefaseba<br />
487
Tavi 16<br />
488<br />
literatura<br />
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489
Tavi 16<br />
490<br />
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494<br />
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17<br />
saswavlo gegmis<br />
Seqmna<br />
rogor SevqmnaT da mivusadagoT<br />
moswavleebs maqsimalurad efeq-<br />
tiani saswavlo gegma?<br />
uwyvetoba<br />
Tanamimdevroba<br />
integracia
saswavlo gegmis Seqmna<br />
bolo TavebSi ganvixileT saswavlo gegmis ZiriTadi parametrebi: miznebi, swavlis<br />
gamocdileba da Sefaseba. am TavSi mocemulia bolo, meoTxe parametri _ saswavlo<br />
gegmis Sedgena.<br />
swavlis miznebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra mimarTulebiT miviwevT win da risi miRweva gvsurs. swavlis<br />
gamocdileba gvaswavlis, Tu ra unda gavakeToT am miznebis misaRwevad, saswavlo gegma<br />
ki gveubneba, rogor unda movawesrigoT miznebi da swavlis gamocdileba erTiani Sedegis<br />
misaRebad.<br />
miznebi<br />
+<br />
swavlis gamocdileba<br />
+<br />
Sefaseba<br />
+<br />
dizaini<br />
=<br />
saswavlo gegma<br />
saswavlo gegmaSi xdeba miznebis, Sinaarsisa (mniSvnelovani informaciis) da swavlis gamocdilebis<br />
organizeba. kargi saswavlo gegmis Sesadgenad miznebis SerCevis, Sinaarsis gamoyofisa<br />
da swavlis Sesabamisi gamocdilebis SerCevis unari ar kmara, mTavaria, saswavlo<br />
gegmaSi am yvelafris organizeba. aseve mniSvnelovania Sesaswavli masalis xarisxi da siRrme.<br />
kargi dizaini TavisTavad axdens gavlenas. maswavlebelma unda icodes, ras niSnavs kargad<br />
organizebuli saswavlo gegma. man, rogorc saswavlo gegmis momxmarebelma, bazarze<br />
`konkurent~ saswavlo gegmebs Soris arCevanis gakeTeba unda SeZlos, saamisod ki kargisa<br />
da cudis garCeva unda icodes. saswavlo gegmis ganxorcieleba maqsimalurad moiTxovs mis<br />
miRma arsebuli dizainis gagebas – Sesatyvisia Tu ara vadebi da arCevani.<br />
zogjer Tavad maswavleblebs sTxoven saswavlo gegmis dizainis Seqmnasa da imis axsnas, Tu<br />
ras akeTeben iseT jgufebSi, rogoricaa mSoblebisa da skolis komiteti. swored amitom Cavr-<br />
TeT swavlebis parametrebSi, saswavlo gegmis Seqmnisa da organizebis Sesaxeb sabazo codna.<br />
dizaini im ufro didi Zalisxmevis erTgvari monaxazi, im gamocdilebaTa jamia, romelic<br />
moswavles mocemuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT aqvs. is swavlebis farTo modelia da moicavs<br />
moswavlisa da maswavleblis saqmianobas, masalebsa da sivrcis mowyobas. am modelebis kargad<br />
konstruireba maswavlebels saswavlo gegmis iseTi maRali donis miznebis miRwevaSi ex-<br />
497
Tavi 17<br />
mareba, rogoricaa kritikuli azrovneba. individualuri saswavlo gamocdilebiT SeiZleba<br />
mivaRwioT viwro, moklevadian miznebs, rogoric aris magaliTad, `puritanTa tradiciebis<br />
gageba~. iseTi farTo miznebi, rogoricaa `sazogadoebaSi tradiciebis rolis gageba~, mxolod<br />
kargad agebuli saswavlo gegmis saSualebiT miiRweva.<br />
saswavlo gegmis agebis qvemoT ganxiluli aspeqtebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs misi ganxilvis,<br />
bazarze yidvisa Tu Seqmnis dros:<br />
¤ saswavlo gegmis ageba iseT safuZvelze, rogoricaa swavlis gamocdileba (aRwerilia<br />
me-15 TavSi; rTuli organizacia mravali kontrolirebadi atributiT).<br />
¤ saswavlo gegmis struqturireba sxvadasxva zomisa da xangrZlivobis organizaciebiT<br />
(swavlis gamocdileba, gakveTilebi, erTeulebi, kursebi, programebi).<br />
¤ sakvanZo koncefciebis an kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebTan kavSirSic (da ara Temebis<br />
irgvliv) viTardeba ZiriTadi mosazrebebi da specifikuri faqtebi an saqmianoba.<br />
¤ ZiriTadi koncefciebis drodadro gadaxedva an gameoreba spiraliseburad ise, rom<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma maTi ufro abstraqtulad da ganzogadebulad<br />
(axal konteqstebSi) da kompleqsurad gamoyeneba SeZlos. es aris uwyvetobis ZiriTadi<br />
pricnipi.<br />
¤ swavlis gamocdilebis Tanamimdevruli organizeba ise, rom yoveli axali gamocdileba<br />
naswavls emyarebodes da Semdgomi codnis safuZvels qmnides.<br />
¤ integraciis principi, romlis meSveobiT moswavle erTi dargis codnas iyenebs sxva<br />
dargSi da amyarebs kavSirebs.<br />
am principebis praqtikuli magaliTebis sruli nakrebisTvis mkiTxvels vurCevT, waikiTxos<br />
ralf taileris wigni `saswavlo gegmis da swavlebis ZiriTadi pricnipebi~ (1949). gasaocaria,<br />
ra xSirad msjeloben `taileris dasabuTebaze~ is adamianebi, romelTac es naSromi arc ki<br />
waukiTxavT. es wigni, romlidan citirebasac yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven da romelsac yvelaze<br />
iSviaTad kiTxuloben, Cveni profesiuli codnis bazis yvelaze sasargeblo nawils moicavs.<br />
498
literatura<br />
saswavlo gegmis Seqmna<br />
Gagne, R.M, and L.J. Briggs. Principles of Instructional Design. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,<br />
1974.<br />
Taba, H., M. C. Durlin, M. C. Prenhul, and A. A. McNaughton. A Teacher’s Handbook for Elementary Social<br />
Studies. 2d ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1971.<br />
Tyler, R. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.<br />
499
18<br />
saboloo miznebi<br />
interaqtiuli swavleba<br />
saswavlo gegmis arCeva da masalebi<br />
faruli saswavlo gegma
saboloo miznebi<br />
maswavlebelTa umetesobas raRac konkretulis gadacema surs axali TaobisTvis.<br />
am garkveuli, ZiriTadi miznis miRweva bavSvebTan urTierTobis safuZvelze<br />
xdeba.<br />
es miznebi mravalnairi SeiZleba iyos _ bavSvebisTvis wignis siyvarulis Canergva, kritikuli<br />
azrovnebis ganviTareba, sxva adamianebisadmi TanagrZnobis unaris ganviTareba. mniSvneloba<br />
ar aqvs, ra sagans aswavlis <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, misi ZiriTadi mizani yovelTvis vlindeba<br />
yoveldRiuri praqtikuli swavlebis procesSi.<br />
is gamonaklisi maswavleblebi, romelTa swavlebis miRma ufro didi mizani imaleba, sakuTar<br />
Tavs usvamen kiTxvas: `yvelaze metad ras veli Cemi moswavleebisgan? wlis bolos,<br />
rodesac davSordebi maT, ra minda Tan waiRon Cveni urTierTobis gamocdilebidan?~ marTalia,<br />
aseTi miznebi yoveldRiur davalebebSi da gakveTilebSi ar Cans, magram is maswavleblis<br />
yvela moqmedebidan gamosWvivis.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia ZiriTadi miznebis magaliTebi:<br />
`rodesac Cemi moswavleebi damtoveben wlis bolos,<br />
¤ ecodinebaT efeqtiani jgufuri muSaoba;<br />
¤ eqnebaT imis unari da motivacia, rom mTeli cxovrebis manZilze axali masala iswavlon<br />
da Seimecnon;<br />
¤ sxvebs daufiqreblad ar gakicxaven da iazrovneben kritikulad;<br />
¤ ecodinebaT konfliqtebis gonivrulad gadaWris gzebi;<br />
¤ Seimecneben dedamiwaze cxovrebis wonasworobis arss da wvlils Seitanen mis SenarCnunebaSi;<br />
¤ daafaseben dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianebs Soris arsebul sxvaobebs, rogoric aris<br />
kanis feri, kultura, ena da azrovnebis tipi.<br />
es TvalsaCinoebisTvis motanili miznebia da ara rekomendebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili debuleba sakmaod mniSvnelovania, Zalian iSviaTia yvela maTganis<br />
miznad dasaxva, radgan Tu adamianma raime miznad daisaxa, mTeli misi mecadineoba am erTi<br />
miznis ganxorcielebisken aris mimarTuli. adamiani erTdroulad bevr mizans ver daisaxavs,<br />
dasaSvebia saSualod erTi, zogjer ori an sami miznis dasaxvac. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Zneldeba<br />
yvela maTganis miRweva.<br />
503
Tavi 18<br />
sasurvelia, rom ZiriTadi miznebi maswav-<br />
ZiriTadi miznebis mqone calkeulma maswavlebelTa jgufs aerTianebdes. aseT SemTxvevaleblebma,<br />
SeiZleba, iseTi ram aCuqon sakuTar Si maTi realizeba ufro swrafad da advilad<br />
moswavleebs, rom mTeli sicocxle gahyveT.<br />
iqneba SesaZlebeli. aseve SeiZleba mTliani<br />
skolis gaerTianeba raime miznis garSemo.<br />
saWiroa Seiqmnas Sesabamisi ganwyoba da klimati mTels saswavlo sistemaSi da skolis SenobaSi.<br />
aseTi skolis Seqmna advilad da swrafad ar xdeba, Tumca misi Seqmna sruliad realuria.<br />
am TavSi, klasSi da gakveTilebze gamovlenil ZiriTad miznebze visaubrebT.<br />
504<br />
interaqtiuli swavleba<br />
ZiriTadi mizani gansazRvravs swavlebis mimarTulebas, safuZvels da imavdroulad maswavleblis<br />
gzamkvlevic aris. is xazs usvams calkeuli parametrebis mniSvnelobas. am nawilSi<br />
ganvixilavT rogor gansazRvravs saboloo mizani parametrebis arCevas. Cven mxolod erT<br />
saboloo mizans SevexebiT da, Sesabamisad, arCevnis mxolod erT nakrebs ganvixilavT. imedi<br />
gvaqvs, rom mkiTxveli Tavisi pirovnuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare airCevs parametrebis<br />
repertuars.<br />
davuSvaT, maswavleblis ZiriTadi mizania, rom wlis bolos moswavleebs aramarto esmodeT<br />
adamianTa gansxvavebuloba, aramed ufro tolerantulebi gaxdnen. am SemTxvevaSi man<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios saklaso garemos parametrs. misTvis moswavle-<br />
Ta iseTi erTobis Camoyalibeba, romelic inkluziurobas aRiarebs, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani<br />
iqneba. misi survili iqneba moswavleebs swavlis gansxvavebuli stilis Sesaxebac<br />
Seuqmnas warmodgena da gaagebinos, rogor moqmedebs is (swavlis stili) moswavleTa qcevaze<br />
da sxvadasxva amocanebis mimarT damokidebulebaze. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> zedmiwevniT gaacnobs moswavleebs<br />
swavlis gansxvavebul stils, rogorc sakuTars, ise Tanatolebisas da sakuTar<br />
Tavsa da sxvebs Soris gansxvavebebis dafasebas da pativiscemas mosTxovs.<br />
swavlebis is modelebi, romlebic gansxvavebul moswavleTa jgufur muSaobas iTvaliswinebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba aseTi maswavleblisTvis. is xSirad gamoiyenebs<br />
sicxadis parametris calkeul strategiebsac, romelic gansxvavebul moswavleTa erTobliv<br />
muSaobas, urTierTdaxmarebas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
SesaZlebelia saswavlo Sinaarsis imgvarad struqturireba, rom man xazi gausvas adamianTa<br />
gansxvavebulobis Temas. magaliTad, aqtivobaSi `dRis ambebi~ SesaZlebelia aqcenti msoflioSi<br />
momxdar im movlenebze gakeTdes, sadac rasobrivi an eTnikuri gansxvavebebis pativiscema<br />
an upativcemuloba gamovlinda. moswavleebi am ambebs gancxadebebis dafaze gaakraven an saklaso<br />
diskusiisTvis gamoiyeneben.<br />
SesaZlebelia aqtivobaTa ise dagegmva, rom gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebma<br />
erTmaneTs daxmareba SesTavazon proeqtebis an davalebebis Sesrulebisas.<br />
maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebis parametric.<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romlis survilia gansxvavebulobis dafaseba da pativiscema, iseT garemos<br />
Seqmnis, sadac yoveli moswavle Tavs Rirseulad da maswavleblis mxridan aRiarebulad<br />
igrZnobs. misTvis Rirebuli iqneba samarTlianobis, pativiscemisa da aqtiuri mosmenis principebis<br />
gamoyeneba yvela moswavlesTan, gansakuTrebiT ki gansxvavebulebTan (fizikurad an<br />
gonebrivad uunaroni, swavlis uunaroni an rasobrivi umciresobebi).<br />
garda calkeuli parametrebis farglebSi arCevanisa, romelic zemoT ganvixileT, saboloo<br />
miznebi gavlenas axdens saswavli gegmis sakiTxebis da masalis arCevazec da swavlebis<br />
gzazec.
saswavlo gegma da SerCeuli masala<br />
saboloo miznebi<br />
maswavlebelma, romelsac moswavleebSi adamianuri Taviseburebebisadmi tolerantobis<br />
gaRviveba aqvs ganzraxuli, Sesabamisi cvlilebebi unda Seitanos saswavlo masalaSic. magaliTad,<br />
aseT masalad SeiZleba heklberi finis Tavgadasavlidan nawyvetis gamoyeneba, SeiZleba<br />
misi rasistul an antirasistul WrilSi ganxilvac. am dros gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ar arsebobs<br />
cneba `pasiuri antirasistuli~ qceva. pasiuroba rasizmis pirobebSi da misi dagmoba,<br />
xmis amoRebis an Sesabamisi qmedebis gareSe, sinamdvileSi xels uwyobs rasizmis zrdas. `heklberi<br />
finis ganxilvisas amgvari diskusiis gamarTva xelsayreli iqneba im maswavleblisTvis,<br />
romlis saboloo mizania adamianuri Taviseburebebisadmi (gansxvavebulobisadmi) tolerantuli<br />
damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba.<br />
aqtiuri<br />
pasiuri<br />
rasistuli qceva antirasistuli qceva<br />
18.4 rasistuli da antirasistuli qceva*<br />
wyaro: Beverly Tatum and Andrea Ayvazian,Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts<br />
am wignSi rogorc rasistuli, ise antirasistuli aqtorebi da qmedebebi rasizmis gacnobierebisa<br />
da masTan brZolis konteqstSi ganixileba.<br />
maswavleblis mier SerCeuli sakiTxavi masala mis ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes.<br />
wignebis SerCevaSi did daxmarebas gagiwevT araCveulebrivi bibliografia (Development<br />
Studies Center 1994). 1 Tu maswavleblis mizania moswavleebSi swavlis siyvarulisa da codnismoyvareobis<br />
dakmayofilebis unaris gaRviveba, is, albaT, intervius aRebis unarebs aswavlis<br />
bavSvebs, radgan swored intervius saSualebiT SegviZlia gavigoT, ra surs adamians. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
aseve moindomebs, rom moswavleebs biblioTekis, eleqtronuli da internet wyaroebis<br />
gamoyeneba aswavlos. es unarebi uSualod emsaxureba saboloo miznis miRwevas, Tumca,<br />
1 Developmental Studies Center K-8 Curriculum Materials Catalog. 2000 Embarcadero, Suite 305, Oakland, Calif . 94606)<br />
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Beverly Daniel Tatum and Andrea AYvazian, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts.<br />
505
Tavi 18<br />
SesaZloa saswavlo gegmiT arc ki iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. miuxedavad amisa, maswavleblis<br />
saboloo mizans, SesaZloa, uSualo gavlena hqondes e.w. `didi suraTis~ SeqmnisTvis saWiro<br />
codnasa da unar-Cvevebze.<br />
506<br />
faruli saswavlo gegma<br />
ZiriTadi miznebis gaanalizeba da klasificireba scades gouerma da skotma (Gower and<br />
Scott 1977), romlebmac saklaso oTaxSi (an nebismier adamianur urTierTqmedebaSi) arsebuli<br />
xuTgvari realoba aRweres: socialuri, pirovnuli, moraluri, politikuri da informaciis<br />
damuSavebis realobebi. es realobebi ZiriTadi miznebis klasificirebisTvisac gamodgeba.<br />
aseTi miznebi SeiZleba iyos socialuri (mag., moswavleebi swavloben konfliqtebis gadaWras<br />
araZaladobrivi meTodebiT) an moraluri xasiaTisa (mag., adamianTa gansxvavebulobis pativiscema).<br />
maswavlebels, SeiZleba, ZiriTad miznad pirovnuli ganviTareba (moswavle ar<br />
SeuSindes riskis gawevas) an politikuri Sedegebis miRweva (moswavle gaxdes garemos damcveli<br />
aqtivisti) hqondes dasaxuli. dabolos, ZiriTadi miznebi aseve SeiZleba iyos garkveuli<br />
azrovnebiTi unarebis an xerxebis ganviTareba, romelTa meSveobiT moswavle axali codniT<br />
miRebul informacias gadaamuSavebs.<br />
goueris da skotis xuTi realobis gamoyenebis kidev erTi meTodia maswavleblebis mier<br />
Seqmnili saklaso realobis gaanalizeba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, ZiriTadi miznebis dausaxavadac, am<br />
xuTi realobidan Zalauneburad qmnis garkveul saklaso realobas. ganvixiloT es xuTi realoba,<br />
radgan is qmnis farul, magram damaxasiaTebel saswavlo gegmas yoveli skolis yoveli<br />
klasisTvis.<br />
saklaso realobebi<br />
socialuri realoba<br />
socialuri realoba exeba adamianTa Soris urTierTobas. Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT<br />
sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi jgufur dinamikis, normebis, rolebis, molodinebisa da interpersonaluri<br />
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. socialuri realoba mudmivad arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
vmonawileobT Tu ara masSi. moswavleebis erTiani jgufuri muSaoba qmnis Zalze gansxvavebul<br />
socialur realobas, romelic iTvaliswinebs normebs, rolebs da interpersonalur transaqcias.<br />
pirovnuli realoba<br />
yvela Cvengans aqvs pirovnuli realoba,<br />
yovel moswavles, gakveTilis msvlelobisas, rac gulisxmobs Cvens reaqciebs da grZno-<br />
pirovnuli Sinagani grZnobebi aqvs. es grZnobebs. Cveni imedebi, SiSebi, ocnebebi da miznebebi<br />
rTuli, cvalebadi da realuria.<br />
bi, garkveulwilad, obieqturi droiTa da<br />
adgiliT ganisazRvreba. yovel moswavles,<br />
gakveTilis msvlelobisas, pirovnuli Sinagani<br />
grZnobebi aqvs. es grZnobebi rTuli, cvalebadi da realuria. yoveli adamianis pirovnuli<br />
grZnobebi am adamianis pirovnul realobas qmnis.
moraluri realoba<br />
saboloo miznebi<br />
klasSi arsebuli moraluri realoba gulisxmobs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa simarTle<br />
da sicrue, movaleoba, samarTlianoba, valdebuleba. isini SeiZleba gamovlenili iyos maswavleblis<br />
qcevaSi, klasis normebsa da procedurebSi, moswavleTa Sefasebebsa da arCevanSi.<br />
aseTi koncefciebi nebismier klasSi arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa, maswavlebelma icis Tu ara<br />
maTi arseboba. zogjer Tanamedrove saswavlo gegmaSi moraluri sakiTxebi saswavlo gamocdilebis<br />
wina planze dgas (Shaftel and Shaftel 1967; Lickona 1972, 1991).<br />
politikuri realoba<br />
politikuri realoba exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa Zalaufleba, gavlena da marTva.<br />
politikuri realobis ganxilvis procesSi ismeba kiTxvebi: vis aqvs Zalaufleba? rogor<br />
xdeba gavlenis moxdena? vis mimarT da vis mier? rogor xdeba gadawyvetilebebis miReba? vin<br />
axdens gavlenas movlenaTa ganviTarebaze? rogor aiyoliebs an aiZulebs erTi adamiani (<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
an moswavle) meore adamians ganaxorcielos garkveuli qceva? vin wyvets, ra moxdeba<br />
Semdeg? ra codna aqvT moswavleebs maTi rolis Sesaxeb ZalauflebasTan mimarTebaSi?<br />
informaciis damuSavebis realoba<br />
informaciis damuSavebis realoba dakavSirebulia sagnebis swavlebasTan. rogor iReben<br />
moswavleebi informacias? rogor xdeba misi mowodeba, aRqma, miReba, manipulireba, gamoyeneba?<br />
am kiTxvebze pasuxebi sakmaod gansxvavebuli iqneba Tu erTmaneTs davupirispirebT<br />
aRmoCeniT swavlasa da grafikul winmswreb aqtivobebs, sokrateseul diskusiasa da laboratoriaSi<br />
miRebul gamocdilebas, programirebul instruqciasa da TviTmarTul kvlevas.<br />
xuTive realobis bunebis aRwera konkretuli klasis mixedviT SeiZleba. periodulad icvleba<br />
xuTive realobis variaciulobis xarisxic. variaciulobaSi vgulisxmobT erTi realobis<br />
farglebSi meTodTa mravalferovnebas, drois konkretul monakveTSi sxvadasxva realobebis<br />
arsebobas konkretuli realobis WrilSi. klasis socialuri realoba, SesaZlebelia,<br />
ucvleli darCes, magaliTad, maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi erTi didi jgufi; an<br />
SesaZlebelia ori socialuri realobis arseboba: maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi<br />
didi jgufi da farTo demokratiuli diskusiis jgufi, aqcentirebuli interpersonalur<br />
urTierTobebze. (es is gansxvaveba ar gaxlavT, romelic swavlis gamocdilebis interpersonalur<br />
sirTuleze msjelobisas gamogvadgeba). socialuri realobebis variaciulobaze<br />
dakvirveba dRis, kviris an wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba. mcire jgufSi socialuri realoba<br />
icvleba, Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> uars ityvis gakveTilis pirdapiri lideris rolze da diskusiis<br />
Tanaswori monawile da damxmare gaxdeba.<br />
moraluri realoba, SesaZloa, ucvleli iyos: sazogadoebis normebi da molodinebi moswavlis<br />
mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos mimarT (kargi, sapasuxismgeblo, savaldebulo) ucvleli<br />
da upirobod savaldebuloa. SesaZloa, sxvadasxva dros gansxvavebuli moraluri realobis<br />
mowme gavxdeT, magaliTad, eTikuri sakiTxebis ganxilva rogorc saswavlo aqtivoba da maswavleblis<br />
SuamavlobiT moswavleTa jgufebis mier problemis gadaWra.<br />
aqcenti realobebis farglebSi<br />
faruli saswavlo gegma SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc moswavleTa socialuri, pirovnuli,<br />
moraluri da politikuri swavleba, ganxorcielebuli im garemoSi, romelSic isini ar-<br />
507
Tavi 18<br />
seboben da swavloben. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc saklaso oTaxi, ise mTliani skola. aseTi<br />
swavleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes qvecnobierad an maswavleblis mier. orive SemTxvevaSi misi<br />
ganxorcieleba xuTive realobis WrilSi xdeba.<br />
winaswar ganzraxuli swavlebisas, zogi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Riad da dawvrilebiT saubrobs, Tu<br />
ra ideebi aqvs socialur, pirovnul da fsiqologiur gegmasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro iSvia-<br />
Tad, moralur da politikur gegmasTan dakavSirebiT. mas naTlad gaazrebuli da Camoyalibebuli<br />
mizani aqvs, romelic CamoTvlili xuTi realobidan erT-erTs ukavSirdeba. romelime<br />
realobisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da misi xazgasma vlindeba am realobis da misi obieqturobis<br />
winaswar gaazrebaSi.<br />
maswavleblis aseTi gamokveTili realobebi vlindeba rogorc mTlian saswavlo garemoSi,<br />
ise konkretuli moswavleebisadmi mis damokidebulebasa da urTierTobaSi.<br />
508<br />
realobebis Sesabamisoba klasis an individebis moTxovnebTan<br />
xSirad <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iZulebulia individualuri miznebi SeimuSaos im moswavlisTvis,<br />
romelsac uWirs saswavlo aqtivobebSi CarTva. es miznebi SesaZlebelia individualur ar-<br />
CevanSi an interaqciaSi gamovlindes. arsebiTad, es Zalze personificirebuli nabijia maswavleblis<br />
mxridan da Sesabamisobis maRal dones asaxavs.<br />
mravali <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> gadawyvetilebas aseTi individualuri midgomis Sesaxeb imdenad<br />
spontanurad da swrafad iRebs, rom SeiZleba arc axsovdes konkretuli moswavlis mimarT<br />
ganxorcielebuli calkeuli qceva. gamocdil maswavlebels SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli individualuri<br />
mizani hqondes sxvadasxva moswavlis mimarT.<br />
Tu maswavlebels moswavlis mimarT socialuri mizani amoZravebs, mas endomeba, rom moswavlem<br />
konkretuli interpersonaluri unar-Cvevebi da xedva ganaviTaros. `saubari Sevwyvite<br />
da jeins aRniSnul sakiTxze sakuTari azris gamoTqma vTxove, radgan mindoda jgufs<br />
moesmina misi Tvalsazrisi. is Zalian morcxvia, sakuTari iniciativiT azrs ar gamoxatavs da<br />
gaxsna sWirdeba. minda, rom jgufSi misi statusi odnav avamaRlo~, am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebels<br />
socialuri mizani amoZravebs jeinis mimarT.<br />
Tu maswavlebels moswavlis pirovnuli ganviTarebis mizani amoZravebs, mas endomeba, rom<br />
moswavlem sakuTari SesaZleblobebi da Sinagani Rirsebebi ganaviTaros. `jimi, mainteresebs,<br />
yvelaferi kargad gaige Tu ara, Tu ver gaige, maSin gakveTilebis Semdeg erTad gadavxedoT<br />
masalas da samomavlo gegma davsaxoT~, am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebels unda, rom jimim miznebis<br />
dasaxva da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis analizi iswavlos.<br />
Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> moswavlis moralur ganviTarebas isaxavs mizand, maSin mas endomeba,<br />
rom moswavle ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli iyos iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa samarTlianoba,<br />
movaleoba, pasuxismgebloba. Sarmeni Zalian niWieri da Wkviani moswavlea, misi TviTSefaseba<br />
sakmaod maRalia, amitom maswavlebelma mas naklebad warmatebuli moswavleebis daxmareba<br />
sTxova. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> am gziT cdilobs Sarmens pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba ganuviTaros sxva<br />
moswavleebis warmatebis mimarT, rac moraluri mizania.<br />
rodesac maswavlebels moswavlis politikuri ganviTarebis mizani amoZravebs, mas surs<br />
moswavlem Zalauflebisa da gavlenis arsi gaigos. is piters sTxovs waikiTxos Tavi muSaTa<br />
moZraobaSi Suamavlobis Sesaxeb. Semdeg wakiTxulis safuZvelze klasis winaSe Suamavlobis<br />
imitirebas da saWiro unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebas sTxovs. mogvianebiT, roca piteri TanaklaselTan<br />
daZabul kamaTSi ebmeba, romelsac, rogorc wesi, Zaladobis xarjze igebs xolme,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> kamaTSi erTveba da eubneba: `piter, modi viSuamavleb. damexmare, rom safex-
saboloo miznebi<br />
urebis Tanamimdevroba ar SemeSalos~. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> xSirad mimarTavs am xerxs im mizniT, rom<br />
piters kamaTis gadaWris alternatiuli gzebi aswavlos.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom am magaliTebSi xSirad maswavleblis moqmedeba spontanuri da daugegmavia,<br />
magaliTad, rogorc jeinis statusis amaRlebis SemTxvevaSi, zogjer ki winaswar gaTvlili<br />
da dagegmili, rogorc piteris magaliTSi. miuxedavad amisa, yvela magaliTs moswavlis<br />
ganviTarebis miznebisadmi individualuri midgoma aerTianebs. es miznebi garda akademiuri<br />
da saazrovno unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisa, ganviTarebis sxva sferoebsac moicavs.<br />
garda am TavSi aRwerili xuTi realobisa, skolaSi aTasobis sxva realobaa. maswavleblebi<br />
TviT muSaobis procesSi igoneben da dgamen calkeuli moswavleebis mimarT faqiz da gaazrebul<br />
nabijebs. es nabijebi maswavleblis socialuri, pirovnuli, moraluri da politikuri<br />
miznebis gamoZaxilia, romelic iSviaTad Cans gakveTilis gegmaSi, magram calkeuli moswavleebisadmi<br />
midgomis xelsayreli momentebis SerCevaSi exmareba. aseTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> kompleqsurad<br />
azrovnebs da erTdroulad mravali miznis miRwevaze zrunva SeuZlia.<br />
daxvewili swavlebis am aspeqtis gageba SegvaZlebinebs sxva kuTxiT ganvixiloT maswavleblis<br />
mier calkeuli moswavlisadmi mimarTuli mokle SeniSvnebi da nabijebi. es axleburi<br />
xedva imis safuZvels Seqmnis, rom eqspertebma Sesabamisi daxmareba gauwion maswavleblebs<br />
interaqtiuli swavlebis warmoudgenlad rTul procesSi.<br />
SesaZloa es Tavi maswavleblebs calkeul moswavleebze fiqrSi da maT individualur<br />
moTxovnebTan swavlebis mizadagebaSi daexmaros.<br />
509
literatura<br />
Gower R.R, and M.B. Scott. Five Essential Dimensions of Curriculum Design. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall<br />
Hunt, 1977<br />
Lickona, T. Educating for Character. New York: Bantam Books, 1991<br />
Lickona, T. A Strategy for Teaching Values. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Guidance Associates, 1972.<br />
Saphier, Jon and John D’Auria. The Core Value Process: Bringing Vision to School Improvemnet. Carlisle<br />
, Mass: Research for Better Teaching, 1993.<br />
Shaftel, G and F. Shaftel. Role Playing for Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1967.<br />
Stanford, G. Developing Effective Classroom Groups. New York, Hart Publishing, Co. 1977.<br />
Tatum, Beverly Daniel and Andrea Ayvazian. Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.
19<br />
farTod gaRebuli<br />
WiSkari<br />
profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />
kulturis amaRleba, romelic<br />
maswavlebelTa kvalificirebis<br />
optimalur pirobebs gulisxmobs.
farTod gaRebuli WiSkari<br />
`personalis ganviTareba iseT garemos qmnis, romelic maswavlebels moazrovne, gonier<br />
da pasuxismgeblobis mqone profesionalad ganixilavs”.<br />
Wildman and Niles (1987)<br />
cxovrebaSi Zalian iSviaTad iqmneba optimaluri pirobebi, Tumca saskolo cvlileba-<br />
Ta da maswavleblis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb Catarebulma bolodroindelma kvlevebma<br />
cxadyo, rom konkretuli pirobebi xels uwyobs skolis sistemis yvelasTvis ase<br />
sasurvel gaumjobesebas. pirvel yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom skolis sistemis ganviTarebis<br />
mZlavri sawyisi etapia maswavleblis SesaZleblobebis zrda codnis safuZvelze (Saphier<br />
1994). am TavSi gavaSuqebT da ganvixilavT maswavleblis swavla-ganaTlebisTvis arsebiT Svid<br />
pirobas.<br />
1. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tavad aanalizebs sakuTar gamocdilebas. swored es aris is ZiriTadi<br />
piroba, romelic xels uwyobs maswavleblis profesiul ganviTarebas.<br />
2. skola exmareba maswavlebels rogorc kolegiuri struqturis, ise pirovnuli<br />
damokidebulebisa da urTierTobis xelSewyobiT.<br />
3. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza agebulia iseT sferoebze, rogoricaa Sesruleba, repertuari<br />
da Sesabamisoba da ara `efeqtian qcevaze~.<br />
4. uzrunvelyofilia maswavleblis zrdisa da swavlis xelSemwyobi yvela faqtori.<br />
5. arsebobs sistemuri da sxvadasxvagvari wvdoma profesiuli codnis or saxeobaze:<br />
a) individualuri da kolegebis praqtikuli codna<br />
b) swavlebis Sesaxeb sajaro kvlevebze dafuZnebuli codna.<br />
6. profesiuli codna da informacia moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb unda aisaxos<br />
maswavleblis arCevanSi swavlebis Sinaarsisa da procesis Sesaxeb.<br />
7. skolis xelmZRvanelTa qmedeba unda Seesabamebodes da xels uwyobdes zemoT CamoTvlil<br />
eqvsive pirobas.<br />
ufro vrclad ganvixiloT yoveli piroba.<br />
1. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tavad aanalizebs sakuTar gamocdilebas.<br />
mravali mecnieri (Edwards 1994; Darling-Hammond and McLaughin 1995; Wildman and Niles<br />
1987) eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom swavlebis gaumjobeseba maswavleblis mier sakuTari gamocdilebis<br />
TviTanaliziT iwyeba. aseT cvlilebebs rom Rrma da xangrZlivi xasiaTi hqondes,<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> CarTuli unda iyos `swavlebis, Sefasebis, dakvirvebisa da refleqciis konkretul<br />
amocanaSi, romelic naTels hfens swavlisa da ganviTarebis process (Darling-Hammond<br />
and McLaughin 1995). miuxedavad amisa, pro-<br />
fesiuli ganviTareba, rogorc wesi, garedan<br />
daxmarebas efuZneba, romelic maswavlebelma<br />
unda miiRos da gamoiyenos sakuTar<br />
praqtikaSi. jon edvardsi (John Edwards<br />
1995) wers, `personalis momzadebisa da mene-<br />
mxolod gaazrebuli, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba<br />
aqcevs adamians daxvewil profesionalad.<br />
jmentis treiningebi im gulubryvilo Sexedulebas emyareba, rom Tu maswavlebels axal<br />
codnas mivawvdiT, is SeZlebs sakuTar azrovnebisa da praqtikis Secvlas. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis<br />
aseTi midgoma gamosavali ar aris. mxolod gaazrebuli, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba<br />
aqcevs adamians daxvewil profesionalad. adamiani sakuTari Tavis, saqmianobisa da<br />
513
Tavi 19<br />
azrovnebis SemecnebiT swavlobs. mxolod TviTanalizis Semdeg iwyebs ganviTarebaze mizanmimarTul<br />
muSaobas~.<br />
514<br />
sakuTari gamocdilebis SeswavlisTvis aucilebelia garkveuli unarebi, kerZod:<br />
(1). dakvirvebis da analizis instrumentebi, romelic arazedapirulia (moicavs zusti<br />
informaciis miRebas, moswavleTa gamoyenebas monacemTa wyarod da bundovani azris<br />
mkafiod gamoxatvas) da 2) kognituri wvrTnis unarebi (Costa and Garmston 1994).<br />
dakvirvebis da analizis instrumentebi<br />
vaildmanma da nilsma (Wildman and Niles 1987) aRniSnes, ganaTlebis muSakTa dauZleveli<br />
tendenciuroba swavlebis zedapiruli dakvirvebis dros da daskvnebsa da realur monacemebs<br />
Soris Seusabamoba. isini akvirdebodnen `ramdenad gansxvavebulad gamoxatavdnen maswavleblebi<br />
gaocebas maT Txovnaze, gaeanalizebinaT swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli maTive aRwerebi<br />
gamoyenebul monacemTa, maTive daskvnebisa da msjelobis safuZvelze. Tavdapirvelad<br />
maswavleblebi gaocebulni iyvnen maTi debulebebis umravlesobis zedapiruli bunebiT da<br />
obieqtur monacemebTan kavSiris arqoniT~.<br />
sruli obieqturobis miRweva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram TviTanalizi SeiZleba daviwyoT<br />
maswavleblis qcevisa da moswavleTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb faqtobrivi monacemebis SeswavliT.<br />
maswavlebelTa da administratorTa wvrTnis 15-wlianma gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom<br />
swavlebis Sesaxeb realuri monacemebis Segrovebis unaris gamomuSavebas sakmaod didi dro<br />
sWirdeba. vildmanisa da nilsis azriT, wvrTnisa da praqtikis 20 saaTi. pirvel yovlisa, is kvlevis<br />
survilis xelSewyobas da gansjisagan TavSekavebas moiTxovs. Semdeg saWiroa damokidebulebis<br />
Secvla, romlis safuZveli dakvirvebisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasmis (da<br />
ara gansjis) unar-Cvevis Camoyalibebaa.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia Seiswavlos kavSirebi sakuTar miznebs, saswavlo aqtivobebsa da moswavleTa<br />
mier Seqmnil namuSevrebs Soris; Semdeg SeuZlia miubrundes swavlebis dros ganxorcielebul<br />
qcevebs da gansazRvros ra faqtobrivi Sedegebi hqonda Sedarebas.<br />
kognituri wvrTnis unarebi<br />
kognituri wvrTnis unarebi uzrunvelyofs im struqturasa da unarTa nakrebs, romelic<br />
maswavleblebs saklaso movlenebis Sesaxeb monacemTa analizSi exmarebaT. wvrTnis procesSi<br />
Catarebuli Sexvedrebi aris imis garantia, rom isini monacemebze iyos orientirebuli, <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
daskvnebis avtori iyos da <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>c da damkvirvebelic gaecnos miznebs, aqtivobebsa<br />
da moswavlis saqmianobas Soris kavSirebs. aqtiuri mosmenisa da Taviseburebebis<br />
kvleviT maswavleblebi swavloben azrovnebis CarTvasa da analitikuri sulis SenarCunebas<br />
da ara gansjas.<br />
2. skola exmareba maswavlebels rogorc kolegiuri struqturis, ise pirovnuli<br />
damokidebulebisa da urTierTobis xelSewyobiT.<br />
TviTganaTlebisTvis aucilebelia damxmare struqturebis xelSewyoba, raTa maswavleblebma<br />
awarmoon saWiro dakvirveba, wvrTna da monacemTa analizi. amisTvis aucilebelia<br />
oTxi arsebiTi urTierTdamokidebuli faqtori:<br />
1. struqturebi. maswavleblebs SeuZliaT erTad imuSaon iseT struqturebSi, rogoricaa<br />
saswavlo jgufebi, saklaso da fakultetis Sexvedrebi da seminarebi.<br />
2. dro. aseTi struqturebis moqmedebis dro dadgenilia da/an Casmulia maswavleblis<br />
samuSao grafikSi.
farTod gaRebuli WiSkari<br />
3. administraciuli mxardaWera. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganaTlebis aseTi mxardaWera<br />
sagrZnobi da realuri unda iyos.<br />
4. pirovnuli mxardaWera. yovel maswavlebels, skolaSi Tu mis gareT, hyavs momTxovni<br />
megobari, romelic dainteresebulia misi profesiuli zrdiT.<br />
eqsperimentebisa da maswavlebelTa TviTganviTarebis xelSesawyobad SesaZlebelia specialuri<br />
struqturebis Seqmna, magaliTad skolis masStabiT saswavlo jgufebi an safakulteto<br />
jgufebi. skolebis umravlesobaSi ukve moqmedebs Sesabamisi struqturebi: fakultetis<br />
kreba, ganyofilebis kreba, paraleluri klasebis kreba da gundis kreba. TviTganviTarebasa<br />
da winsvlas xSirad warsulis gadmonaSTebi da moZvelebuli modelebi uSlis xels. Zvel<br />
CveulebebTan brZolisas mniSvnelovania administraciisa da xelmZRvanelobis Tavdadeba.<br />
Cven dawvrilebiT visaubreT im gansakuTrebuli ideebisa da strategiebis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />
xels uwyoben skolaSi TanamSromlobis garemos Seqmnas. Rrmad gvwams, rom am wignis<br />
mkiTxvelebic iseTive SemoqmedebiTebi arian, rogorc ganaTlebis mravali muSaki, romlebmac<br />
Zalisxmeva ar daiSures `rogor~ kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis axali ideebis mosawodeblad.<br />
maswavlebelTa TviTganviTarebisTvis saWiro droisa da struqturebis uzrunvelsayofad,<br />
aucilebelia skolis liderTa saqmiani Tavdadeba, rac dRes savsebiT ucxoa skolis struqturuli<br />
modelisaTvis. am Tavdadebis xelSewyobis erT-erTi gza gaxlavT misi moTxovna administratorTa<br />
wvrTnisa da sertificirebis procesSi. sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, skolis<br />
administratorTa Sefaseba unda moxdes maTive institutSi kolegialobis xelSewyobis unaris<br />
mixedviTac.<br />
am saqmeSi mniSvnelovani komponentia pirovnuli xelSewyoba. xelSewyobaze metis gakeTeba<br />
SeuZlia iseT megobars, romelic drodadro dainteresdeba maswavleblis winsvliT da Semdeg<br />
daxmarebas SesTavazebs; es msubuqi biZgis formaa. es sasicocxlo TvisebaTa erTgvari kombinaciaa<br />
– adamiani, romelsac ainteresebs Seni winsvla, zrunavs Senze da TviTSefasebis stimuls<br />
gaZlevs. kargi xelmZRvaneli am TvisebaTa<br />
gansaxierebaa.<br />
wignis erT-erTi avtori qalaqis tipis<br />
dasaxlebaSi seminars atarebda e.w. `personalis<br />
ganviTarebis~ sakiTxebze. aseTi semi-<br />
liderma unda uzrunvelyos maswavleblis<br />
TviTganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli dro da<br />
struqtura<br />
narebis wamyvanTa umravlesobis misia, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba sistemis masStabiT wvrTnas,<br />
saswavlo gegmis danergvas an programis SemuSavebas. sakmaod iSviaTad vxvdebiT SemTxvevebs,<br />
rodesac personalis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze momuSave adamianebi individebis profesiul<br />
zrdaze zrunaven. Cveni azriT, saqmianobis saTanadod dagegmvis SemTxvevaSi am adamianebs<br />
yvelaze metis gakeTeba SeuZliaT maswavlebelTa SesaZleblobebis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
(ra araCveulebrivi iqneba <strong>gamocdili</strong> maswavleblebisaTvis, Tu maT winsvlis, wvrTnisa da<br />
sakuTari gamocdilebis gaziarebis SesaZlebloba miecemaT.)<br />
3. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza agebulia iseT sferoebze, rogoricaa Sesruleba,<br />
repertuari da Sesabamisoba da ara `efeqtian qcevaze~.<br />
sakuTari gamocdilebisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis bazis Seswavla moiTxovs<br />
codnis raobis Sesaxeb konkretuli Sexedulebis arsebobas da mis uaryofas.<br />
Cven unda gavacnobieroT, rom maswavlebloba inteleqtualurad rTuli da momTxovni<br />
profesiaa da codnis buneba ar aris efeqtian qcevaTa CamonaTvali, romelic unda viswavloT<br />
da ganvaxorcieloT. codnis baza midgomaTa mudmivad mzardi repertuaria, romelic maTi<br />
funqciebis Sesabamisad SeiZleba dajgufdes (magaliTad, sicxade, molodinTa Setyobineba,<br />
tempis SenarCuneba). maswavleblis gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb ra strategia gamoiyenos<br />
konkretul bavSvTan, situaciasa an saswavlo gegmasTan gamocdilebis gavleniT mwifdeba.<br />
515
Tavi 19<br />
ar arsebobs saukeTeso strategiebi, saxelmZRvanelo wesebi an formulebi, romlebic gvikarnaxebs<br />
romeli strategia romel situaciaSi unda gamoviyenoT (Tumca zogierTi ganzogadeba<br />
da wesi axalbedebs sawyis etapze garkveulwilad exmareba). aucilebelia gvqondes<br />
unar-CvevaTa repertuari da ara mxolod erTi meTodi swavlebis yoveli sabaziso funqciis<br />
Sesasruleblad. aseve aucilebelia am repertuaris gafarToebaze zrunvac.<br />
es Sexeduleba pedagogiuri codnis bunebaze arsebiTia kolegialuri, Ria, riskis gaweviT<br />
savse garemos Sesaqmnelad. samwuxarod, pedagogikis `efeqtianobis~ Sesaxeb gabatonebuli<br />
Sexeduleba xels uSlis maswavleblis mier riskis gawevasa da swavlis survils. am Sexedulebis<br />
mixedviT arsebobs garkveuli `efeqtiani qcevebi~, romelic ganapirobebs kargad<br />
swavlebas. es efeqtiani-araefeqtiani midgoma xels uwyobs maswavlebelTa winaaRmdegobriv<br />
diskusiebs saswavlo situaciebis marTvis Sesaxeb. winaaRmdegobrivs, radgan maTi azriT<br />
SeuZlebelia gansxvavebuli gamocdilebis an Sexedulebis siswore. swavlebis efeqtianobis<br />
Sesaxeb am Sexedulebis meore Sedegi is gaxlavT, rom is arc ki uSvebs swavlebis Sesaxeb diskusiis<br />
arsebobas imis SiSiT, rom vinmes Sei-<br />
CarCoSi: maswavlebloba inteleqtualurad<br />
Zleba gansxvavebuli azri hqondes. gansxvavebuli<br />
midgomebis Sesaxeb diskusiebis Sekveca<br />
rTuli da momTxovni profesiaa.<br />
am Sexedulebis mesame Sedegia. `kargia, Tuki<br />
es gza SenTvis warmatebulia, magram es Cemi<br />
stili ar aris~, ai ris Tqma sCveviaT adamianebs. warmatebuli swavleba stilze ki ara Sesabamisobaze,<br />
bavSvisadmi, situaciisa da saswavlo gegmisadmi Sesabamisobaze aris damokidebuli.<br />
4. uzrunvelyofilia maswavleblis zrdisa da swavlis xelSemwyobi yvela faqtori.<br />
profesiuli codnis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis _ `saqmianoba-repertuari-Sesabamisoba~ _ gaziareba<br />
kolegebis mier imis safuZvels qmnis, rom maT Riad isaubron problemebze da erTmaneTs<br />
gaacnon strategiebi. miuxedavad amisa, ar arsebobs garantia, rom kolegialoba da<br />
eqsperimentebi skolis normad iqceva. raRac ufro metia saWiro.<br />
maswavleblebis kolegialuri Sexvedrebi da TviTganaTleba (1-li punqti), ra Tqma unda,<br />
xels uwyobs maT winsvlas. warmovidginoT, rom maswavleblebi iseTi pirovnebis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
muSaoben, romelic Tavisi saqmis erTguli, patiosani muSakia da swavlebis axali<br />
strategiebis ZiebiT aris dainteresebuli. is exmareba maswavleblebs kolegebTan da moswavleebTan<br />
wamoWrili problemebis gadaWraSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavleblis profesiuli<br />
zrdis Sansi kidev ufro metad izrdeba. maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebi mtkicdeba ara marto<br />
maTi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaTa da moswavleebTan urTierTobiT, aramed maTi pirovnuli<br />
rwmenis da varaudebis meoxebiTac. Sexedulebebis gadafaseba xdeba maSin, rodesac maswavlebels<br />
surs sxva TvaliT Sexedos Tavis pedagogiur Sexedulebebs da sxva mcodne adamianTan<br />
imsjelos maT Sesaxeb. saWiroa ndobiT aRWurvili piri, romelic pativiscemiT da gagebiT<br />
moekideba maswavleblis rwmenas da Sexedulebebs pedagogiuri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. skolis<br />
struqturaSi aseTi adamianis gamoCena maswavlebelTa profesiuli zrdis garantiaa.<br />
maswavlebelTa rwmenis, faseulobebisa da varaudebis ganxilva Suqs hfens Cvens codnas am<br />
rwmenebis siZlierisa da simtkicis Sesaxeb, radgan `pirovnuli ganwyoba... maswavleblad gaxdomis<br />
safuZvelia~ (Lortie 1975). maswavlebelTa samyaro simtkices ara mxolod yoveldRiuri<br />
gamocdileba da moswavleebze zrunva ganapirobebs, aramed bavSvebis, swavlebisa da swavlis<br />
Sesaxeb maTi pirovnuli Sexedulebebi da varaudebic. cvlileba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba,<br />
rodesac maswavleblebi mzad arian am varaudebis gaziarebisa da ganxilvisaTvis. amisTvis<br />
saWiroa maswavlebels sjerodes, rom kolegebi pativiscemiT moekidebian am varaudebs da<br />
erTgvari pirdapirobac am Zveli varaudebisa da Sexedulebebis eWvqveS dayenebisTvis. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, mosalodnelia Zireuli cvlilebebi maswavlebelTa praqtikaSi. edvardsi (Edwards<br />
516
farTod gaRebuli WiSkari<br />
1994) wers: `sferos sirTulisa da imis gamo, rom mravali mas Zalze piradulad miiCnevs, mniSvnelovania<br />
wavaxalisoT adamianebi, rom maT meti gaigon sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb<br />
da gaacnobieron misi gavlena maTsave azrovnebasa da saqmianobaze. gamocdileba cxadyofs,<br />
rom ndobis mopoveba jgufis sifrTxiliT formirebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba da Tu aqtivobebi<br />
Riad mimdinareobs, adamianTa umravlesoba mzad aris gadaxedos sakuTar msoflmxedvelobas~.<br />
Cvens mier Camoyalibebul am struqturaSi sakuTari Sexedulebebis Seswavla TviTgana-<br />
Tlebis elementi xdeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, maswavleblis ganviTarebis safuZvelia.<br />
amgvari TviTganaTleba kolegebTan TanamSromlobiT xdeba. profesiuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb<br />
am Zalze faruli Sexedulebebis gamomzeureba mtkivneuli procesia. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
am saSiS teritoriaze Sesvla cvlilebisa da winsvlis yvelaze mZlavri instrumentebis mopovebis<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs.<br />
frenk paxaresma (Frank Pajares 1992) Tavi mouyara maswavleblis Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb kvlevis<br />
yvelaze dasabuTebul Sedegebs:<br />
¤ axalbeda maswavlebelTa pedagogiuri Sexedulebebi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs maT<br />
mier codnis aTvisebasa da interpretaciaSi, xolo Semdgom swavlebis dros ganxorcielebul<br />
qcevaSi. Seuswavleli Sexedulebebi SeiZleba gaxdes swavlebis moZvelebuli<br />
da araefeqtiani praqtikis mizezi.<br />
¤ Sexedulebebi adreul asakSi yalibdeba da imdenad myaria, rom ver icvleba droiT,<br />
swavlebiTa da gamocdilebiT dasabuTebuli argumentebiT.<br />
¤ SexedulebaTa sistema exmareba adamians samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis gansazRvra-gacnobierebaSi.<br />
¤ azrovnebiTi procesebi SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebis wina pirobaa, magram SexedulebaTa<br />
struqturis damaxarisxebeli efeqti amowmebs, Tavidan gansazRvravs da formas<br />
ucvlis azrovnebisa da informaciis gadamuSavebis Semdgom procesebs.<br />
¤ Sexeduleba gadamwyvet rols asrulebs amocanis gansazRvrasa da im kognituri instrumentebis<br />
SerCevaSi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba am amocanis interpretacia,<br />
dagegmva da gadawyvetilebis miReba; amrigad, is gadamwyvet rols asrulebs qcevis<br />
gansazRvraSi da codnisa da informaciis organizebaSi.<br />
¤ Sexedulebebi mZlav gavlenas axdens aRqmaze, magram isini realobis bunebis arasaimedo<br />
megzuri SeiZleba iyos.<br />
¤ swavlebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi ukve kargad aris Camoyalibebuli kolejSi Sesvlis<br />
droisTvis.<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom moswavlis swavlis Sesaxeb monacemebma da swavlebis gamocdilebis Tvi-<br />
Tanalizma iseTi kognituri disonansi Seqmnas, rom maswavleblisTvis sakuTari Sexedulebebis<br />
gadamowmebis safuZveli gaxdes? SesaZlebelia, kolegebisaTvis moswavleTa misamarTiT<br />
sakuTari miznebisa da maTi miRwevis gzebis gaziarebam axleburi xedva Camogviyalibos da<br />
repertuaris gamdidrebis survili gagviCinos?<br />
Cveni azriT, am SexedulebaTa Seswavlis gareSe nebismieri cvlileba zedapiruli iqneba.<br />
arsebiTad, SexedulebaTa arcodna sasargeblo pedagogiuri gamocdilebis gadacemis<br />
warumateblobis erT-erTi mizezic ki xdeba, miuxedavad am gamocdilebis Sesaxeb dawerili<br />
statiebisa da Catarebuli seminarebis raodenobisa.<br />
5. arsebobs sistemuri da sxvadasxvagvari wvdoma profesiuli codnis or saxeobaze:<br />
a) piradi da kolegebis praqtikuli codna<br />
517
Tavi 19<br />
518<br />
b) swavlebis Sesaxeb sajaro kvlevebze dafuZnebuli codna.<br />
individualuri praqtikuli codna<br />
edvardsis (Edwards 1994) azriT, maswavleblis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs `gaazrebuli,<br />
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, romelic ostaturi saqmianobis pirobaa. adamiani swavlobs sakuTari<br />
Tavis SemecnebiT, sakuTari azrovnebisa da qmedebebis gaanalizebiT. mxolod TviTanalizis<br />
Semdeg iwyebs is sakuTari muSaobis gaumjobesebas~. edvardsi sakuTari gamocdilebidan<br />
miRebul codnas, pirad praqtikul codnas uwodebs. yvela adamians gansxvavebuli da<br />
individualuri praqtikuli codna aqvs, romelic, rogorc wesi, Zalian myaria da advilad ar<br />
eqvemdebareba cvlilebas.<br />
`personalis ganviTarebis specialistebisTvis, romelTac refleqsiis xelSewyoba surT....<br />
maswavleblis mecnierul codnasTan (e.w. kvlevaze dafuZnebuli aRmoCenebi swavlebis Sesaxeb)<br />
erTad aseve mniSvnelovania maTi praqtikuli codnac. urTierTobisas isini ecdebian,<br />
waaxalison maswavleblebi, rom maT swavlebis Sesaxeb piradi Sexedulebebi gamoavlinon.<br />
amrigad, mwvrTnelsa da maswavlebels Soris urTierToba TanamSromluria, romlis mizania<br />
pirovnuli ganviTareba da ara maamebloba (Wildman and Niles 1987). azrovnebas, maswavleblis<br />
ganviTarebas optimaluri pirobebi Seeqmneba, Tu Cven `pativiscemiT movekidebiT adamianTa<br />
pirovnul SesaZleblobebsa da cxovrebisul gamocdilebas~ (Edwards 1994).<br />
avtorebis mizania, daamtkicon, rom aucilebelia codnis im udidesi maragis aRiareba, romelic<br />
maswavleblebs aqvT gamocdilebis safuZvelze da romelic xeluxlebeli da gamouyenebelia<br />
imis gamo, rom maT Caketil garemoSi uxdebaT muSaoba. Cveni azriT, sanam ar vaRiarebT<br />
maswavlebelTa pirad praqtikul codnas da ar CavayenebT mas ganviTarebis samsaxurSi,<br />
maswavleblebi ver Seicvlebian garedan miRebuli ideebis sakuTar praqtikaSi integrirebiT.<br />
dadasturebulia, rom cvlileba, TviT damokidebulebisa da Sexedulebis cvlilebac qcevis<br />
Secvlis Sedegia da ara winapiroba (Guskey 1995), gvjera, rom gamorCeuli maswavleblebis<br />
gamocdileba da maTi piradi praqtikuli codnis gamoyeneba arsebiTia personalis ganviTarebis<br />
efeqtiani kulturis CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
karieris manZilze, yvela <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> imdidrebs codnis pirad ganZTsacavs bavSvebis,<br />
saswavlo Sinaarsisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb<br />
maswavlebelTa gamocdilebiT miRebuli cod informaciiT. es maTi piradi praqtikuli<br />
nis udidesi rezervuari xeluxlebelia imis codnaa, romlis safuZvelia sirTuleebze<br />
gamo, rom maT Caketil garemoSi uxdebaT muS<br />
pirovnuli reaqcia, sakuTari aRmoCenebi, eqsaoba.perimentebi.<br />
es codna gansxvavebuli xarisxiT<br />
aqvs sxvadasxva maswavlebels, imis mixedviT,<br />
ramdenad moazrovne da Semoqmedia. aseTi codna<br />
im elementebsac Seicavs, romlebic sxvebma aRmoaCines, magram ar Sesula sajaro codnis<br />
bazaSi; piradi praqtikis saSualebiT maswavleblebs sakuTari karieris manZilze mravalgzis<br />
uxdebaT maTi Tavidan gamogoneba.<br />
iseT skolebSi, sadac xels uwyoben maswavlebelTa swavlas, maT sxvadasxva arxebiT xeli<br />
miuwvdebaT sakuTar pirad da kolegebis praqtikul codnaze. es arxebia: Semswavleli jgufebi,<br />
paraleluri klasebis an fakultetis Sexvedrebi, sxva maswavlebelze dakvirveba, saCvenebeli<br />
gakveTilebi. am gziT xdeba piradi da unikaluri codnis gaziareba da fakultetis er-<br />
Toblivi codnis gamdidreba.<br />
sajaro profesiuli codna swavlebis Sesaxeb
farTod gaRebuli WiSkari<br />
calkeul maswavlebelTa pirad praqtikul codnis uzarmazar resursTan erTad, aseve unda<br />
vaRiaroT da gamoviyenoT swavlebisA strategiebisa da unarebis is udidesi baza, romelsac<br />
edvardsi (1994) sajaro codnas uwodebs. es aris wignebidan, seminarebisa da kursebis saSualebiT<br />
miRebuli zogadi codna sferos Sesaxeb. codnis bazis ararsebobis Sesaxeb farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis gamo maswavlebelta umravlesobam ar icis swavlebis mZlavri<br />
strategiebis arseboba. `ukeTesi swavlebisaTvis kvlevisa~ da am wignis avtorTa mizani iyo<br />
xelmisawvdomi gagvexada swavlebis Sesaxeb es mdidari codna. aucilebelia, rom maswavleblebma<br />
gaigon am bazisa da masSi arsebuli repertuarebis arseboba da sakuTari repertuari<br />
gaafarTovon axali strategiebisa da azrovnebis axali gzebis swavliT.<br />
wignSi mocemulia repertuarTa arsi. raki universitetma da kolejma uari Tqves swavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb profesiuli codnis sacavis funqciis Sesrulebaze (rogor rolsac isini asruleben<br />
arqiteqturis, iurisprudenciisa da medicinisaTvis) aRar arsebobs iseTi adgili,<br />
sadac gavigebT pedagogikis Sesaxeb imas, rac jer ar viciT. veravin Seqmnis gonivrul kurss<br />
TviTganviTarebis Sesaxeb, Tu ar ecodineba, ra aris saswavli: am wignSi mocemulia Cveni kolegebis<br />
piradi praqtikuli codna da sajaro codnis repertuaris sqema.<br />
nebismieri praqtikosi maswavleblisaTvis, gamocdilebisa da kompetenturobis miuxedavad,<br />
wigni sakmaris masalas moicavs swavlebis Sesaxeb yoveldRiurad wamoWril sakiTxTa axali<br />
sasargeblo instrumentebisa da midgomis gzebis Sesaxeb. ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom wigni<br />
TviT codnis bazis struqturasac moicavs da aRiarebs, rom misi Semqmnelebi praqtikosebi<br />
iyvnen. misi nayofieri gamoyeneba dafuZnebulia profesiul gansjaze da ara universaluri<br />
kanonebis gamoyenebaze. profesionali maswavleblisaTvis swavlebis swavla usasrulo procesia.<br />
Tu swavlebis TamaSis saxelwodeba misadagebaa, rogorc amas 1-li Tavidan moyolebuli<br />
vacxadebT, maSin yovelma Cvenganma mudmivad unda izrunos repertuaris gamdidrebaze gansxvavebuli<br />
moswavleebis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
fakultetis wevrebisTvis sistematurad da regularulad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos<br />
sajaro codnis bazis strategiaTa repertuari. es moiTxovs codnis bazis racionaluri<br />
kategoriebis mixedviT organizebul, mudmivad ganaxlebad `rukas~. aseTi sqema aqvs yovel<br />
namdvil profesionals sakuTari profesiuli codnis organizebisaTvis. swored swavlebis<br />
amgvari rukis SeTavazeba iyo am wignis daweris mizani. ruka aadvilebs konkretuli adamianis<br />
pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebul da naklebad ganviTarebul mxareebs da axalbeda<br />
da <strong>gamocdili</strong> praqtikosebisaTvis adgens jer kidev Sesaswavl sakiTxTa `menius~.<br />
axalbeda da <strong>gamocdili</strong> maswavleblebi sxvadasxvagvarad swavloben. damwyebs ufro metad<br />
wesebze agebuli xelmZRvaneloba sWirdeba (Dreyfus and Dreyfus 1986). maTTvis ufro sasargebloa<br />
imis codna swavlebis ra parametrebze gaamaxvilon yuradReba da ra repertuari iswavlon<br />
muSaobis pirvel wlebSi. kompetenturi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> metwilad sakuTari gamocdilebis<br />
analizis saSualebiT swavlobs da Tavad akeTebs arCevans imis Sesaxeb, ra Seiswavlos Semdgom.<br />
is, rogorc wesi, intuiciis, aqtiur eqsperimentirebisa da dialogis Sinagani procesis<br />
meSveobiT viTardeba. urTierToba sajaro codnis bazasTan da misi gamoyeneba maswavleblis<br />
profesiuli zrdis kvalobaze icvleba. ucvleli rCeba zogierTi ram: repertuaridan axali<br />
sakiTxebis, swavlebis gansxvavebuli modelebis, disciplinis gansxvavebuli modelebis, axsnis<br />
axali instrumentebis swavlis survili. ufro farTovdeba mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rogor Camouyalibos moswavleebs saklaso sazogadoebis mSeneblobisa da klasis cxovrebis<br />
Tanaziarobis survili, rogor Seuwyos xeli riskis gawevas da Tavdajerebulobas – es mudmivi<br />
sakiTxebia. arc erTma Cvenganma maT Sesaxeb imdeni ar icis, rom swavlaze uari Tqvas.<br />
wignSi mocemuli swavlebis arc erTi parametri fantaziis nayofi ar aris; yoveli maTgani<br />
nebismieri saklaso oTaxis mudmivad Tanmdevi da moswavleTa swavlaze pasuxismgebeli<br />
519
Tavi 19<br />
cvladia. maswavleblebs, faqtobrivad, ukve aqvT yoveli parametris Sesatyvisi garkveuli<br />
repertuari (mdidari an Raribi). repertuaris gamdidrebiTa da swavlebis morgebis unaris<br />
ganviTarebiT nebismieri Cvengani kidev ufro efeqtian swavlebas SeZlebs.<br />
1-li Tavis 1.2 sqemaze mocemuli Tvramet parametrad organizebuli swavlebis Sesaxeb sajaro<br />
codnis baza mudmivad mzard repertuarTa dinamikuri kategoriebis nakrebia. maRali<br />
rangis profesiuli praqtika am repertuarTan erTad Cveni SesaZleblobebis gafarToebasac<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
6. profesiuli codna da informacia moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb unda<br />
aisaxos maswavleblis arCevanSi swavlebis Sinaarsisa da procesis Sesaxeb.<br />
520<br />
ganvixiloT tradiciuli debulebebi personalis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb:<br />
¤ Tu calkeuli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> TviTon irCevs ganviTarebis kurss, maTi wvlili damakmayofilebeli<br />
iqneba da uzrunvelyofs am kursis gatarebas.<br />
¤ personalis ganviTareba skolis sistemas unda emyarebodes, fakulteti gadawyvetilebas<br />
unda iRebdes mimarTulebisa da am mimarTulebiT savali gzebis Sesaxeb.<br />
¤ centralizebuli iniciativebi winaaRmdegobisa da dauintereseblobis gamo marcxisTvisaa<br />
ganwiruli.<br />
¤ codna pirovnuli da situaciuria. gare resursebi naklebfaseulia adgilobrivi<br />
problemebis gadaWris TvalsazrisiT.<br />
gasakviria, rom bolodroindel literaturaSi personalis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb versad<br />
naxavT am debulebebis mxardaWeras, maTSi ganxilulia mTeli rigi proeqtebi, romlebSic<br />
skolis ganviTarebisken mimarTuli Zalisxmeva sasikeTo gavlenas axdens swavlaze (Joyce and<br />
Showers 1995). avtorebma aCvenes, rom personalis ganviTareba, romelic centraluri ofisidan<br />
imarTeba sakmaod efeqtiania maswavlebelTa repertuaris Secvlisa da moswavleTa miRwevebze<br />
gavlenis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
arsebiTad, maswavleblis arCevani saqmianobaSi monawileobisa da misi warmatebis garantia<br />
ar aris. fakultetis gadawyvetilebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos personalis ganviTarebad<br />
windauxedavi da bundovani SeiZleba iyos. centralizebuli iniciativebi, rogorc<br />
joisma da Souerma aCvenes, SesaZloa Zalze efeqtiani aRmoCndes, Tu gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
procesi kargad aris warmarTuli da personalis ganviTarebis proeqti moicavs adekvatur<br />
dialogs, ukukavSirs da wvrTnas. unda miiRon Tu ara maswavleblebma monawileoba personalis<br />
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb arCevanis (romlis mizania maswavlebelTa swavlisaTvis optimaluri<br />
pirobebis Seqmna) miRebaSi? es sakmaod rTuli sakiTxia.<br />
zrdasrulTa swavlis Teoria cxadi da Tanamimdevrulia _ zrdasrulebs sWirdebaT, rom<br />
`gankargavdnen~ sakuTar swavlas (Knowles 1984). magram aseTi mesakuTreoba ar niSnavs uwesrigo<br />
da gaumarTlebel arCevans da arCevanis gakeTebas sicarieleSi. am wignis avtorTa azriT,<br />
dinamikurma profesiulma ganviTarebam xelmisawvdomi unda gaxados swavlebis Sesaxeb<br />
sajaro codnis baza da misi Sinaarsi, raTa adamianebi mxolod Sinagan resursebsa da gamo-
farTod gaRebuli WiSkari<br />
gonebas ar daeyrdnon zRva masalis arsebobis pirobebSi. is, Tu ra da rogor unda iswavlos<br />
maswavlebelma sajaro codnis am bazidan, mxolod da mxolod misi piradi saqmea. 1<br />
Cveni azriT, maswavleblis mier sakuTari muSaobis Seswavla mas problemebis gansazRvrisa<br />
da im kiTxvebze pasuxis moZebnis stimuls aZlevs, romelTa pasuxebis povna sajaro codnis<br />
bazaSi SeiZleba. arsebiTad, am saxis Zieba gansazRvravs TviT maT stumrobasac sajaro codnis<br />
bazaSi.<br />
am ori mosazrebis dakavSirebiT im azramde mivdivarT, rom maswavleblis arCevans ra<br />
iswavlos da ra miumatos sakuTar repertuars ganapirobebs (1) moswavleTa saWiroebebi da<br />
(2) profesiuli codnis bazaSi arsebuli xelmisawvdomi informacia.<br />
vildmani da nilsi (Wildman and Niles 1987) weren:<br />
`iseT garemoSi, sadac maswavleblebi Tavad akontroleben sakuTar azrovnebiT procesebs,<br />
maTi moqmedeba moswavleebzea orientirebuli. sawinaaRmdego suraTs vi-<br />
RebT, Tu mas garedan karnaxoben `ra~ da `rogor~ kiTxvebze pasuxs. roca <strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
sakuTari saWiroebebiT xelmZRvanelobs, is `rogor~ kiTxvas sakuTari azrovnebis<br />
sayrden wertilad iyenebs. `ra gavlenas axdens Cemi saqmianoba moswavleebze?~ maswavlebelTa<br />
dialogebis mosmenisas, aSkara xdeba, rom isini sakmaod did dros uTmoben<br />
calkeul moswavleebze fiqrs. swored es `moswavleze orientirebuloba~<br />
aris mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba, romelic unda gvaxsovdes, roca maswavleblis azrovnebis<br />
xelSewyobaze vzrunavT. bunebrivi interesebisa da instinqtebis ugulebelyofas,<br />
SesaZloa, arasasurveli zewola mohyves, Tuki maswavleblebs aiZuleben<br />
swavlebis maTeuli koncefciebisagan gansxvavebuli da ararelevanturi mosazrebebis,<br />
teqnikisa Tu kvlevis Sedegebis ganxilvas.<br />
Cven SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saWiroa, dauyovnebliv SevudgeT saqmes, vimuSavoT moswavleebTan,<br />
ganvixiloT mimdinare sakiTxebi da am konteqstidan ganvsazRvroT sabazo codnis<br />
ra nawilebi gvWirdeba. amrigad, SesaZlebelia maswavlebelTa piradi praqtikuli codnisa da<br />
sagnis Sesaxeb sajaro codnis bazis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, meeqvseklaselTa maswavleblebi<br />
aRmoaCenen, rom bevri moswavle did informacias iRebs, magram erTmaneTTan ver akavSirebs<br />
garkveul sakiTxebs. erT-erTi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> danarCenebs SesTavazebs ufro detalurad<br />
Seiswavlon grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi da praqtikulad gamoiyenon, raTa moswavleebs<br />
maTi saSualebiT aswavlon SeniSvnebis Cawera. sami maTgani grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
erTdRian seminars eswreba, Semdeg ki qmnian kolegebisaTvis Semswavlel jgufs erTmaneTis<br />
saqmianobaze dakvirvebisa da ukukavSiris mizniT, rac saSualebas aZlevT erTmaneTs daexmaron<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebis SeswavlaSi.<br />
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom maswavleblis mier swavlis mimarTulebis arCevas ganapirobebs<br />
meeqvseklaselTa mimdinare saWiroebebis analizi. aRsaniSnavia, rom erT-erTma maTganma<br />
pedagogikis sajaro codnis bazidan icis grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis Sesaxeb da mis<br />
detalur Seswavlas sTavazobs kolegebs.<br />
1 mrCevlis an sxva adamianis pirdapiri Careva sWirdebodes arCevanis gasakeTeblad. ver avarCevT ra viswavloT,<br />
Tu ar viciT saWiro masalis arseboba. damwyebi maswavleblisTvis sasargebloa zedamxedvelis an mrCevlis<br />
xelmZRvaneloba, romelic mas strategiaTa Seswavlis Tanamimdevrobas SeurCevs klasis menejmentisa da<br />
konkretuli sagnis pedagogikuri teqnikis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
Cven <strong>gamocdili</strong> maswavleblebi gvyavs mxedvelobaSi. unda vaRiaroT, rom axalbeda maswavlebels, SesaZloa,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni azriT, sasurvelia axalbedebs pirdapir vurCioT saswavli sakiTxebi, problemaze<br />
orientirebuli swavlis mniSvnelobis aRniSvnac gvsurs. rogorc wesi, damwyebi <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> sakuTar<br />
problemebs mrCevelTan an zedamxedvelTan arCevs; es problemebi SesaZloa maTi profesiuli swavlis aTvlis<br />
wertili iyos.)<br />
521
Tavi 19<br />
Cven darwmunebulebi varT, rom profesiuli winsvla codnis Sida da gare wyaroebis er-<br />
TobliobiT miiRweva. swored calkeulma maswavlebelma Tu maswavlebelTa jgufma unda gaakeTos<br />
gaazrebuli arCevani imis Sesaxeb, rodis da sad gamoiyenos es ori wyaro.<br />
522<br />
amrogad, maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis optimaluri piroba iqneba, Tu:<br />
¤ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tavad gansazRvravs sakuTari profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis xelSemwyob<br />
sakiTxebs.<br />
¤ <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> Tavad irCevs swavlis xelis Semwyob formebs.<br />
ra Tqma unda, am arCevans unda ganapirobebdes informirebuli da sistematuri midgoma<br />
Sesaswavli sakiTxebisa da klasSi wamoWrili problemebis gadaWris gzebis Sesaxeb.<br />
1. skolis xelmZRvanelTa qmedeba unda Seesabamebodes da xels uwyobdes zemoT<br />
CamoTvlil eqvsive pirobas.<br />
ra unda gaakeTos skolis xelmZRvanelobam zemoT CamoTvlili eqvsive principis gaTvaliswinebisa<br />
da maT Sesatyvisad moqmedebis mizniT? Cven viziarebT xelmZRvanelobis am amocanisadmi<br />
midgomis edgar Sainiseul (Edgar Schein 1985) formulas. misi azriT, kulturuli<br />
normis warmatebuli Secvlisas (romelic maSin xorcieldeba, roca skola kargi saswavlo<br />
garemo xdeba zrdasrulebisTvis) axali normis mimarT xelmZRvaneloba Semdegnairad moqmedebs:<br />
¤ acxadebs<br />
¤ aCvenebs<br />
¤ agebs<br />
¤ icavs<br />
¤ ajildoebs<br />
`gacxadeba~ nebismier garemoSi Semdegi normebis dacvis mniSvnelobas niSnavs: kolegialuri<br />
qceva, TviTganaTleba, sajaro codnis bazis xelmisawvdomoba da maswavleblis Tavisufali<br />
arCevani. rogorc wesi, skolis liderebi saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi acnoben TanamSromlebs<br />
am normebs da xels uwyoben maT dacvas. mniSvnelovania axali normis Sesatyvisi leqsikis<br />
mudmivi gamoyeneba. saWiroa is skolaSi dialogis ganuyofeli nawili gaxdes.<br />
`aCvene~ gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelis mier axali normis Cvenebas. man SeiZleba TviTgana-<br />
Tleba, kolegebis jgufSi swavla an sajaro codnis baza (informaciis moZieba, seminari an<br />
konferencia) airCios axali normis detalurad Seswavlis mizniT.<br />
`ageba~ gulisxmobs struqturebisa da jgufebis Seqmnas da erToblivi muSaobisaTvis<br />
saWiro drois gamoyofas. magaliTebisaTvis SegiZliaT ixiloT kingisa da safieris naSromi<br />
(King and Saphier, ibeWdeba). erT-erTi gza SesaZlebelia iyos mudmivi Semcvleli maswavleblis<br />
daqiraveba mxolod im maswavlebels Semcvlelad, romelic kolegebis saqmianobas akvirdeba.<br />
aseTi Semcvleli SeiZleba iyos kompetenturi, pensiaze gasuli <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, romelic<br />
sakuTar gamocdilebas SesTavazebs moswavleebs da maT codnas gaafarTovebs saswavlo<br />
gegmaSi arasaskolo Temebis CarTviT. kidev erTi magaliTia maswavlebelTa erTad momuSave<br />
tradiciuli jgufebi (Tanner, Canady, and Rettig 1995). gakveTilebis cxrilis ise dagegmva, rom<br />
xeli SevuwyoT maswavlebelTa erTad swavlis dros, did energias gamoaTavisuflebs maTi<br />
profesiuli ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
`dacva~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi normaa, radgan roland bartis (Ronald Barth, Personal<br />
Communication 1984) TqmiT, skolaSi yovelTvis moiZebneba cvlilebebis xelSemSleli `anti-
farTod gaRebuli WiSkari<br />
sxeulebi~. maswavleblebi, romlebic riskis fasad gadawyveten SexedulebaTa sakuTari sistemebis<br />
gaziarebas, daculi unda iyvnen sarkazmis, dacinvis da gakicxvisagan. am funqciis<br />
Sesruleba mxolod `mcveli direqtoris~ an fakultetis xelmZRvanelis sazrunavi ar aris,<br />
magram maT unda Cauyaron safuZveli.<br />
`dajildoeba~ mravalgvarad SeiZleba: xelmZRvaneli xelmisawvdoms xdis resursebs<br />
fakultetis im wevrebisTvis, romlebic riskaven, Riad saubroben da TviTganaTlebis qcevas<br />
gvTavazoben personalis ganviTarebis mizniT; mowonebas gamoxatavs; kolegebisaTvis codnisa<br />
da gamocdilebis gaziarebis SesaZleblobebs qmnis im maswavleblebisTvis, romlebmac<br />
raRac axali iswavles.<br />
roca Cveni sazogadoeba seriozulad moekideba maswavlebelTa ganaTlebas, anu roca Cveni<br />
moqalaqeebi da profesionalebi dainaxaven moswavleTa miRwevebze maswavleblisaTvis gana-<br />
Tlebis pirobebis Seqmnis gavlenas, maSin am pirobebis Seqmna skolis administratorTa wvrTnis,<br />
licenzirebis, sertificirebis, Sefasebisa da mudmivi ganaTlebis ganuyofeli nawili<br />
gaxdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom am Tavs arCevanis rolis Sesaxeb im mosazrebiT vamTavrebT, rom<br />
saWiroa mtkice saskolo kulturis gaZRolis Seswavla.<br />
Tu Cveni sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovania<br />
maswavlebelTa ganaTleba, maTi swavlisTvis<br />
xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna skolis administratorTa<br />
wvrTnis, licenzirebis, sertificirebis,<br />
Sefasebisa da mudmivi ganaTlebis ganuyofeli<br />
nawili unda gaxdes.<br />
523
Tavi 19<br />
524<br />
Barth, Roland. Personal communication, 1984.<br />
literatura<br />
Costa, Arthur L., and Robert J. Garmston. Cognitive Coaching: A Foundation for Renaissance Schools.<br />
Norwood, Mass.: Christopher Gordon, 1994.<br />
Darling-Hammond, Linda, and Milbrey W. McLaughlin. "Policies That Support Professional Development<br />
in an Era of Reform." Educational Leadership (April 1995).<br />
Dreyfus, H, L., and S. E. Dreyfus. Mind over Machine. New York: Free Press, 1986.<br />
Edwards, John. "Thinking, Education and Human Potential." In J. Edwards, ed., Thinking: International<br />
Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow Education, 1994.<br />
Guskey, Tom. Audiotape interview with Dennis Sparks, National Staff Development Council, 1995.<br />
Joyce, Bruce R., and Beverly Showers. Student Achievement Through Staff Development. White Plains,<br />
N.Y.: Longmans, 1995.<br />
King, Matthew, and Jon Saphier. Strengthening School Culture. Carlisle, Mass.: Research for Better<br />
Teaching, in press.<br />
Knowles, Malcolm S. The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. 3d ed. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.,<br />
1984.<br />
Leiberman, Ann. "Practices That Support Teacher Development." Educational Leadership (April 1995).<br />
Lortie, Dan C. School-Teacher. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.<br />
Murphy, Carlene. "Study Groups Foster Schoolwide Learning." Educational Leadership 50, no. 3 (November<br />
1992).<br />
Pajares, Frank. "Teachers' Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct." Review<br />
of Educational Research 62, no. 3 (Fall 1992).<br />
Saphier, Jon. "Bonfires and Magic Bullets." Carlisle, Mass.: Research for Better Teaching, 1994.<br />
Shein, Edgar. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985.<br />
Tanner, Brenda, Robert L. Canady, and Michael D. Rettig. "Scheduling to Maximize Staff Development<br />
Opportunities." Journal of Staff Development 16, no. 4 (Fall 1995).<br />
Wildman, Terry M., and Jerome A. Niles. "Reflective Teachers: Tensions between Abstractions and<br />
Realities." Journal of Teacher Education (July-August 1987).
20<br />
maswavleblis<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
inteleqtisa da bavSvebis<br />
swavlis unaris Sesaxeb<br />
TviT swavlis Sesaxeb<br />
maswavleblisa da swavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
skolisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
maswavleblis Sexedulebebi<br />
am wignis mizania swavlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis baza ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxados<br />
maswavleblisTvis. Cveni azriT, amisaTvis saWiroa swavlebis mravalmxrivi<br />
sistemis Seqmna, romelic mzamzareul receptebze ar iqneba agebuli. aseTi sistema<br />
swavlebis praqtikas kategoriebisa (romelsac Cven parametrebs vuwodebT, mag., sicxade) da<br />
qvekategoriebis (gaaqtiureba da Sejameba) saxiT awesrigebs. SesaZloa, savsebiT marTebulad<br />
ikiTxoT: ra adgili ukavia am wignSi Tavs Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, romlis mizania TiToeuli<br />
parametris farglebSi arsebuli strategiaTa repertuarisa da azrovnebis formebis gamoxatva?<br />
pasuxi aseTia: wigni `<strong>gamocdili</strong> <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>~ TviT maswavleblis swavlasac exeba da,<br />
imedi gvaqvs, misTvis resursis rolsac iTamaSebs. bavSvebis, swavlebisa da swavlis, skolis<br />
(adgilis, sadac zogi Tavisi nebiT dadis swavlisaTvis, zogs ki _ aiZuleben) Sesaxeb garkveuli<br />
Sexedulebebi arsebobs. darwmunebulebi varT, rom ramdenime konkretuli Sexeduleba<br />
(Cveneuli) maswavleblis swavlis Sesaxeb arsebiTia da maT gareSe <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> ver SeZlebs<br />
TviTgamoxatvas. erT-erTi aseTi Sexeduleba codnis bunebasa da TviT swavlebas exeba.<br />
Tu migvaCnia, rom swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis realuri baza ar arsebobs, saqmianobis gaumjobesebis<br />
mcdelobisas advilia, daveyrdnoT sakuTar intuicias. aseve advilia imis Tqma,<br />
rom skolebis gaumjobesebas mxolod <strong>gamocdili</strong> specialistebis moxmobiT SevZlebT. `nebismieri<br />
unariani adamiani SeZlebs amas, Tu Sinaarsi ecodineba~. es mcdari Sexeduleba swavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb codnaze xels uSlis maswavlebels iswavlos. miuxedavad amisa, is farTod aris<br />
gavrcelebuli da xSirad maRali tribunidanac ki moismenT.<br />
kidev erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, swavlebis Sesaxeb realuri codna mxolod gamocdilebis<br />
gziT, TavisTavad dagrovili codnaa, romelic damoukideblad an sxvebTan erTad<br />
fiqris saSualebiT yalibdeba. erTaderTi Rirebuli codna TanatolebTan interaqtiuli<br />
fiqris gziT Cndeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba gamocdilebaze dafuZnebul codnas<br />
emyareba, is ugulebelyofs wina TavSi aRweril yvelsaTvis xelmisawvdom saerTo codnas da<br />
maswavleblis swavlis process arasrulyofilad warmogvidgens. ra Tqma unda, sul araraobas<br />
arasruli sjobs, magram srulze uaris Tqmis mizezi ara gvaqvs.<br />
kidev erTi mcdari Sexedulebis mixedviT, pedagogiuri codna `efeqtiani qcevebisgan~<br />
Sedgeba. es swavlebis swavlis bunebas sxvaTa miTiTebebiT ostaturad swavlebis amocanad<br />
akninebs. karg maswavleblobas mxolod `efeqtiani qcevebis~ daswavla da maTi gamoyeneba ver<br />
uzrunvelyofs. Cven sakmaod vrclad ganvixileT aseTi Sexedulebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.<br />
meore mxriv, Tu vTvliT, rom maswavleblis Sroma inteleqtualurad kompleqsuri, rTuli<br />
da momTxovnia da sxva profesiaTa msgavsad misi codna repertuarsa da misadagebas emyareba,<br />
527
Tavi 20<br />
farTod vuRebT karebs profesiul dialogs; am SemTxvevaSi wina planze iwevs kolegebTan<br />
erTad situaciur-konkretuli sakiTxebis kvleva da saerTo codnis bazaze axali strategiebisa<br />
da azrovnebis axali gzebis SemuSaveba.<br />
aba, wuTiT dafiqrdiT: ratomaa esoden rTuli maswavlebelTa krebebze Tu sxva saxis<br />
Sexvedrebze maTi warmatebuli ideebis da gamocdilebis Riad gaziareba? Tu `efeqtianobis~<br />
paradigmisa gvjera, maSin SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs am sakiTxisadmi midgomis<br />
ori xerxi _ efeqtiani da araefeqtiani (an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, naklebefeqtiani). vTqvaT,<br />
Cemi gamocdilebisagan gansxvavebul `warmatebul gamocdilebas~ miziarebT. `efeqtianobis~<br />
Sesaxeb Cemeuli warmodgenis mixedviT, usityvo daskvna aseTia: an Tqven xarT marTali, an<br />
me da uxerxul mdgomareobaSi vgrZnob Tavs, radgan meubnebiT, rogor gavakeTo is, rasac<br />
araswored vakeTeb. meore mxriv, Cveni skolis kulturaSi swavlebis sirTulis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />
Sexedulebisa da profesiuli codnis am wigniseuli xedvis gamo, Tqvens mier SemoTavazebul<br />
`warmatebul gamocdilebas~ saintereso alternativad ganvixilav da ara miTiTebad.<br />
amrigad, warmatebuli maswavleblisTvis erT-erTi arsebiTi Sexeduleba TviT profesiuli<br />
codnis bunebas Seexeba, kerZod, imas, rom codnis buneba emyareba repertuarsa da misadagebas<br />
da ara efeqtian qcevas.<br />
wina TavSi warmogidgineT zogierTi mosazreba Sexedulebebisa da qcevis interaqciis<br />
Sesaxeb. qcevas Sexedulebebi gansazRvravs, romlebic xSirad ucnobia da cvlilebis mimarT<br />
medegi. adamianis Sexedulebebis Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia gavigoT swavlebis axali midgomebis<br />
mimarT misi damokidebuleba da motivacia.<br />
modiT, swavlis Sesaxeb maswavlebelTa ramdenime ZiriTadi Sexeduleba ganvixiloT, romelic,<br />
SesaZloa, aucilebeli iyos swavlebis swavlisadmi cnobismoyvareobis gasaRviZeblad.<br />
528<br />
Sexeduleba inteleqtisa da<br />
bavSvebis swavlis unaris Sesaxeb<br />
1. `Sen SegiZlia gaxde gonieri”. swavlas pirvel rigSi Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani<br />
strategiebis gamoyeneba gansazRvravs. `inteleqti~ ar aris swavlis unaris<br />
fiqsirebuli Tandayolili SezRudva. yvela bavSvs SeuZlia rTuli akademiuri<br />
masalis maRali standartis mixedviT aTviseba (Howard 1993).<br />
aseTi Sexedulebis mqone maswavleblisgan ramdenime pirdapir Sedegs unda movelodeT,<br />
kerZod, misi azriT, misi pasuxismgeblobaa:<br />
¤ yvela moswavlisTvis sami saxis molodinis Setyobineba;<br />
¤ sakuTari gamocdilebis mudmivi Semowmeba;<br />
¤ moswavleebisTvis imis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri swavleba, rogor moaxdinon Zalisxmevis<br />
mobilizeba;<br />
¤ moswavleebisTvis efeqtiani swavlis strategiebis swavleba.<br />
umetesobis azriT, `goniereba~ Tandayolili Tvisebaa, romelic araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli<br />
da gansazRvravs moswavlis warmatebas. am Sexedulebas didi gavlena aqvs swavlebasa<br />
da swavlaze _ mxolod ramdenime moswavlea imdenad `gonebagaxsnili~, rom rTuli<br />
akademiuri masala maRali standartebis Sesabamisad iswavlos.<br />
meore mxriv, Tu maswavlebels sjera, rom TiTqmis yvela moswavles swori swavlebis pirobebSi<br />
(sakuTari unaris ganviTareba misi gamoyenebis, koncentrirebisa da kargi strategiebis<br />
meSveobiT) SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva, man, rogorc maswavlebelma, sakuTar rols unda
maswavleblis Sexedulebebi<br />
gadaxedos. es gadaxedva moicavs rogorc strategiebis, aseve akademiuri disciplinis maswavleblis<br />
rolis gaerTianebas; sxvadasxva moswavlis swavlis stilis Sesatyvisi swavlebis<br />
modificirebis valdebulebas; moswavleTaTvis maRali dadebiTi molodinebis matarebeli<br />
Setyobinebebis repertuaris ganviTarebas.<br />
zogierTma mecnierma (Gould 1983) dokumenturad daasabuTa inteleqtis Sesaxeb Cveni<br />
unikaluri da SezRuduli Sexedulebis naRvliani istoria Tavisi samwuxaro SedegebiT moswavleTaTvis.<br />
wigni ar gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom ufro detalurad davamtkicoT sawinaaRmdego<br />
mosazreba, kerZod, rom inteleqtis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia da rom efeqtiani<br />
Zalisxmeva da kargi strategiebi akademiuri warmatebis arsebiTi determinantebia. mkiTxvelebs<br />
mxolod am Sexedulebis momxreebs SevTavazebT (Howard 1993, 1995; Resnick 1995). Cveni<br />
azriT, gonierebis bunebis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba da misi samani (Tu usamanoba) repertuaris<br />
gamdidrebis mZlavri stimulia maswavleblisTvis. profesiuli ganviTarebiT seriozulad<br />
dainteresebul adamians SeuZlia SexedulebaTa am sistemis gamoyeneba, Tu surs sruli Tavisufleba<br />
misces sakuTar energias da yvela moswavlis warmatebuli swavlebis SesaZlebloba<br />
ganiviTaros.<br />
Sexedulebebi TviT swavlis Sesaxeb<br />
2. daswavla axali gamocdilebisa da arsebuli codnis Serwymis Sedegia.<br />
Tu <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> am Sexedulebas iziarebs, is iseT saswavlo garemos Seqmnis, sadac yvela<br />
moswavle iqneba aqtiuri, SeiZens da gamoiyenebs codnas da SeZlebs masze sakuTari azris zepirad<br />
an werilobiT Camoyalibebas. maswavleblis pasuxismgeblobaa wonasworoba daamyaros<br />
drois im monakveTebs Soris, roca moswavleebi iReben informacias da varjiSoben da roca<br />
aqtiurad qmnian, iTviseben da iyeneben informacias realur konteqstSi. es niSnavs imas, rom<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong> swavlobs swavlebis sxvadasxva models da sakuTar Tavze iRebs saklaso oTaxis<br />
klimatze gavlenis moxdenas.<br />
3. swavla varirebs im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac kmayofildeba moswavleTa Semdegi<br />
moTxovnilebebi: CarTuloba, gavlena, kompetencia, Tavdajerebuloba.<br />
amrigad, raki <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> iseT fsiqologiur da kognitur garemos qmnis, romelsac<br />
udidesi gavlena aqvs imaze, ras da rogor Seiswavlian moswavleebi, misi profesiuli pasuxismgeblobaa<br />
gaazrebulad Seqmnas iseTi garemo, sadac yovel moswavles warmatebis miRwevis<br />
Tanabari Sansi eqneba. aseTi garemo xasiaTdeba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT: erTianoba, urTierTmxardaWera,<br />
gambedaoba da maRali donis azrovneba. <strong>maswavlebeli</strong> mxolod sakuTari<br />
disciplinis warmomadgeneli rodia, is moswavleTa <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>caa.<br />
Sexedulebebi maswavlebelsa da swavlaze<br />
4. profesiuli codnis buneba gulisxmobs `Sesrulebas, repertuarsa da Sesatyvisobas~<br />
da ara `efeqtian qcevebs~.<br />
am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, maswavleblis swavla usasrulo procesia. man mudmivad unda izrunos<br />
repertuaris gamdidrebasa da SeZlebisdagvarad meti moswavlis Sesatyvisi swavlebis<br />
unaris ganviTarebaze.<br />
529
Tavi 20<br />
530<br />
5. maswavleblis profesiuli unari moiTxovs codnis sxvadasxva bazis sistematur<br />
da mudmiv Seswavlas.<br />
codnis es baza moicavs maswavleblis codnis mudmiv gamdidrebas iseTi sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa<br />
(1) Sinaarsi; (2) pedagogika; (3) konkretuli Sinaarsis swavlebis codna; (4) bavSvebi<br />
da maTi gansxvavebebi; (5) efeqtian organizaciebSi individTa qceva; (6) mSoblisa da sazogadoebis<br />
CarTuloba. me-2 sakiTxi `pedagogika~ moicavs saswavlo gegmis Seqmnasa da dagegmvas.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebi interaqtiuli swavlebis unarTan erTad maswavleblis codnis<br />
arsebiTi Semadgenelia.<br />
amrigad, maswavlebelma ise unda gaafarToos profesiuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, rom<br />
es sferoebi moicvas da sakuTari repertuaris maTze agebis gzebi ipovos.<br />
Sexeduleba skolisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb<br />
6. skolis saerTo garemo did gavlenas axdens swavlaze.<br />
am Sexedulebis mqone <strong>maswavlebeli</strong>, rogorc skolis garemos Semqmneli aqtiurad unda<br />
TanamSromlobdes kolegebTan; unda iswavlos, rogor Seasrulos skolis institutis ganmamtkiceblis<br />
roli; sakuTari Tavis, rogorc skolis `sistemaze~ pasuxismgeblis xedva<br />
saklaso oTaxis miRmac unda SeeZlos. amisaTvis aucilebelia skolis urTierTobebSi kolegialobisa<br />
da urTierTdamokidebulebis damkvidreba. urTierTdamokidebuleba maswavleblisagan<br />
moiTxovs liderisa da gundis erT-erTi moTamaSis funqciis Sesrulebas da<br />
saswavlo gegmis Sedgenisa da swavlebis gamocdilebaSi avtonomiisa da erTianobis balansis<br />
xelSewyobas.<br />
lideris rolSi maswavlebli kolegebze gavlenis iniciativas iRebs misTvis faseuli mosazrebebisa<br />
da im gamocdilebis gaziarebiT, romelic skolis ganmtkicebas waadgeba. rogorc<br />
gundis wevri is TanamSromlobs kolegebTan skolis srulyofisa da calkeul moswavleTa<br />
daxmarebis mizniT, Tanaxmaa daTmos avtonomia saerTo xedvisa da SeTanxmebis safuZvelze<br />
moqmedebebisaTvis.<br />
kavSiri maswavleblis swavlasa da urTierTdamokidebulebisa da kolegialobis Sesaxeb<br />
am Sexedulebas Soris aseTia: mxolod kolegebTan regularuli interaqciiTa da erToblivi<br />
muSaobiT SeZlebs maTi codniT sargeblobasa da axali codnis Seqmnas erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.<br />
7. Cvens sazogadoebaSi rasizmi arasasikeTo gavlenas axdens feradkanian moswavleTa<br />
miRwevebze, rasac unda davupirispirdeT aqtiuri antirasistuli<br />
swavlebiT.<br />
rasizmi uxilavia TeTrkanianebisaTvis, radgan isini rogorc dominanturi jgufi<br />
`TeTrkanianTa privilegiebiT~ sargebloben (McIntosh 1993) _ maRaziebSi rigSi ar dganan,<br />
RamiT quCaSi seirnobisas policia ar aCerebT, ufro swrafad da advilad iReben sesxs an<br />
kredits da aTasobiT sxva uxilavi privilegia, romelic maT, rogorc `normalurebs~ aqvT.<br />
rasizmis kulturuli da institucionaluri manifestaciebi, rogorc stereotipi, maxinji<br />
forma an dasavleT evropisgan gansxvavebuli kulturis xarvezi skolis saswavlo prograSi<br />
darCa.<br />
amerikuli Sexeduleba inteleqtis, rogorc Tandayolilis, ucvlelisa da ganmsazRvrelis<br />
Sesaxeb problemas qmnis. is rasizms erwymis da dekadaSi erTxel naTlad gamoxatul auxsnel<br />
Sexedulebas (Jensen 1969; Murray and Herrnstein 1994) amkvidrebs, rom feradkanianebi (gansakuTrebiT<br />
afro-amerikelebi) naklebgonierni arian, vidre TeTrkanianebi. es feradkaniani
maswavleblis Sexedulebebi<br />
moswavleebisadmi maswavleblis gansxvavebul damokidebulebas iwvevs (Rist 1970) da TviT moswavleebs<br />
Soris mowyvladobis stereotips (Steele 1992) ayalibebs – realurad arasaxarbielo<br />
saqmianobas iseT situaciaSi, sadac rasa SeumCnevlad ayenebs eWvqveS unars.<br />
maswavleblebs am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb srulyofili ganaTleba sWirdebaT. Cven yvelas<br />
gvWirdeba informacia da gamocdileba, romelic feradkaniani adamianebis Sesaxeb Cveni (TavisTavad<br />
nagulisxmevi) Sexedulebisa da sazogadoebis mier am Sexedulebis ganmamtkicebeli<br />
tradiciebis introspeqciis saSualebas mogvcems. am yvelaferTan erTad, Cven kulturulad<br />
relevanturi swavlebis (ix. Tavi saklaso oTaxis klimatis Sesaxeb) danergva gvWirdeba.<br />
SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma SexedulebaTa zemoxsenebul sistemas sxva Sexedulebebic miamatos.<br />
CvenTvis misaRebia nebismieri Sexeduleba, romelic xels uwyobs maswavleblis qcevas cnobismoyvareobis,<br />
urTierTgaziarebis, codnis bazis farglebis gafarToebis da repertuaris<br />
gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT. Cveni mizania ara SexedulebaTa saboloo nakrebis gansazRvra,<br />
aramed Semdeg kiTxvaze pasuxi: `rogor CamovayaliboT Sexeduleba, romelic xels Seuwyobs<br />
maswavleblis swavlas da daexmareba maT skolis kulturis gacnobierebaSi?~ am kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />
gareSe profesiuli swavla (da skolis progresi) aradamakmayofilebelia.<br />
Cveni wignis yvela mkiTxvels am kiTxvaze da mis pasuxze dafiqrebas vurCevT. da bolos,<br />
kidev erT mosazrebas SemogTavazebT.<br />
maswavleblis swavlasa da Sexedulebebze zemoqmedebis yvelaze mZlavri saSualeba, Sesa-<br />
Zloa, maswavlebelTa Sesavali programebi iyos. muSaobis pirveli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
yalibdeba damwyebi maswavleblis Sexedulebebi swavlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis, misi<br />
bunebis, kolaboraciuli muSaobis, moswavleTa swavlis bunebis, sakuTari rolis aRqmis,<br />
skolis ekosistemaSi sakuTari adgilis Sesaxeb. SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebasa da ganmtkicebas<br />
Semdegi faqtorebi ganapirobebs: avtoritetTa mier SeTavazebuli modelebi, xelmZRvanelTa<br />
azri, kolegebis daxmareba, skolis administratorisgan miRebuli Setyobinebebi gulaxdilobisa<br />
da daxmarebis Taobaze da profesiul zrdaSi skolis Tanadgoma da mxardaWera.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni azriT, maswavleblis ganviTarebis SesaZlo alternativebSi Sesavali<br />
programebi prioritetuli iqneboda. kerZod, Cveni azriT:<br />
1. bevr Tavdadebul xelmZRvanels gadavcemdiT zrdasrulTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb<br />
codnas, dakvirvebisa da wvrTnis, SexvedraTa Catarebis unar-Cvevebs da, pirvel<br />
yovlisa, profesiuri swavlebis codnis safuZvlebs. maT axalbeda maswavleblisTvis<br />
kviraSi sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi xelsayreli momentebis gamoyenebis swavlebas<br />
davavalebdiT, raTa axalbedebs zemoTaRwerili Sexedulebebis CamoyalibebaSi daxmarebodnen.<br />
2. gadavxedavdiT xelmZRvanelTa (anu skolis direqtorTa) Camoyalibebis process im<br />
mizniT, rom mas kolegialobis, eqsperimentirebis da codnis bazis gafarToebis myari<br />
kultura moecva. movamzadebdiT, davexmarebodiT da SevafasebdiT liderebs<br />
amgvari xelmZRvanelobisTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
531
Tavi 20<br />
532<br />
literatura<br />
Gould, Stephen Jay. Mismeasure of Man. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981<br />
Herrnstein, Richard J. and Charles Murray. The Bell Curve. New York: Free Press, 1994.<br />
Howard, Jeff “You Can’t Get There From Here”. Daedalus 24, no. 4 (Fall, 1995): 85-92<br />
_____. “The Social Construction of Intelligence”. Lexington, Mass: Efficacy, Inc., 1993<br />
Jensen, Arthur R. “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” Harvard Education<br />
Review XXXIX (Winter, 1969): 1-123<br />
McIntosh, Peggy. “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack”. Peace and Freedom (July-<br />
August, 1989): 10-12.<br />
Resnick, Laurence. “From Aptitude to Effort: A New Foundation for Our Schools” Daedalus 124,<br />
no. 4 (Fall 1995): 55-62.<br />
Rist, Ray. “Student Social Class and Teacher Expectations: A Self-fulfilling Prophecy in Ghetto<br />
Education.” Harvard Educational Review 40, no.3 (August, 1970): 411-451.<br />
Steele, Claude. “Race and Schooling of Black Americans”. The Atlantic Monthly (April, 1992): 68-78.
indeqsi<br />
wigns orgvari saZiebeli aqvs: saxelTa saZiebeli da avtorTa saZiebeli. saxelTa saZiebel-<br />
Si warmodgenilia wignSi ganxiluli yvela sakiTxi. avtorTa saZiebelSi mocemulia wignSi<br />
moxseniebuli yvela avtori da naSromi. abreviatura `Sen.~ gverdis cifrebTan aRniSnavs<br />
sqolioSi Camotanil SeniSvnas.<br />
a<br />
abstraqcia<br />
aRwera, 19;<br />
doneebi, saswavlo gamocdilebaSi, 396<br />
administratori, skolis, 514-515, 523<br />
avTentikuri Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba<br />
avtoriteti, ignorireba, 140-141<br />
azrobrivi xati, Semoqmedeba, 187-188<br />
azrovnebis rukebi, 191<br />
akademiuri swavlis dro, 70, 72<br />
akademiuri unarebis transferi, 223-224, 225<br />
akademiuri CarTulobis dro, 73-75<br />
alternatiuli Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba<br />
analogiebi, gamoyeneba, 255<br />
arastruqturirebuli swavleba (swavlebis odeli),<br />
255-256<br />
araswori aRqma, Tanaziaroba, 183-185<br />
araswori qceva<br />
mizezebi da Sedegebi, 109;<br />
Sedegebi sicxadis, 112;<br />
miwodebis, 113-114, 115-116;<br />
araefeqtiani, 116-117;<br />
SerCeva, 113-114;<br />
aTi mizezi, 107;<br />
ix. aseve jiuti moswavleebi<br />
araweriTi davalebebi, 346-347<br />
artefaqtebis CanTa (TamaSi), 329-330<br />
asoebiT Sefaseba, 290-291, 292, 460-461<br />
atribuciis Teoria, 287-288, 289, 341<br />
aqtebi<br />
Tanaziaroba, 28-29;<br />
gafrTxileba, 27-28;<br />
Sewyveta, 25-27;<br />
Sesatyvisi qcevis waxaliseba, 112-113;<br />
Cabma, 28;<br />
proceduruli, 400-401;<br />
miRweva, 29;<br />
ix. aseve unarebi<br />
aqtivobebi, saklaso<br />
miznis axsna, 197-198;<br />
miznebi, 363, 368-370<br />
aqtiuri areebi klasSi, 59<br />
aqtiuri monawileoba (swavlis principi), 225<br />
aqtiuri mosmenis unari, 316-317<br />
aqtiuri moswavlis modeli, 56<br />
saxelTa saZiebeli<br />
aRiarebis aqtivobebi, 330, 331<br />
aRqmis arxebi, 232, 233, 405-406<br />
axsnis instrumentebi (swavlis principi), 344<br />
axsnis instrumentebi, repertuari, 187-192<br />
`akademiuri wiTeli perangis gadacma~, 294<br />
b<br />
bundovani terminebi, 192, 193<br />
g<br />
gacnobis aqtivobebi, 329-330<br />
gagebaze mimarTuli kiTxvebi, 180-181, 182<br />
gadasvla<br />
sacobebis Tavidan acileba, 44;<br />
kognituri, 205;<br />
ideaTa Soris, 204;<br />
axal aqtivobaze, 43-44;<br />
aqtivobis, tempis an donis cvlilebis Sesaxeb<br />
miniSneba, 204<br />
gadafarva, unarebis, 40-41<br />
gakveTilis dagegmva, 43, 370-371.<br />
ix. aseve saswavlo gegmis Sedgena<br />
gakveTilis dasruleba Sejamebis gareSe (swavlis<br />
principi), 235<br />
gameoreba (swavlis principi), 235<br />
gameoreba, 235<br />
gameorebis teqnika, 113<br />
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili, 203<br />
ganmtkiceba (swavlis principi), 227-228<br />
ganmtkicebis Teoria, 127-128<br />
garegani jildo, 228<br />
garegnoba, 315<br />
garemos msgavseba (swavlis principi), 220- 221<br />
garemoSi gamoyeneba (swavlis principi), 224<br />
gasasvlelebi saklaso oTaxSi, 59<br />
gasaSualoebuli Sefaseba, 290-291<br />
gafrTxileba (sxva saqmianobaze gadasvlamde), 43-44<br />
gafrTxilebis formebi, 27-28<br />
gonebrivi warmosaxva, 187-188<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi, 189-192<br />
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili, 203;<br />
miznebis Sesaxeb fiqris saSualeba, 369<br />
`gagebis Semowmeba~, 180, 281-282<br />
`gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba~, 114<br />
`gamocanebi~ aqtivoba, 332<br />
533
<strong>gamocdili</strong>m aswavlebeli<br />
d<br />
dabali moswrebis moswavleebi<br />
gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, 298;<br />
standartebis da molodinebis amaRleba, 294;<br />
efeqtiani Zalisxmevis swavleba, 299;<br />
monitorigni, 295<br />
dabneva<br />
dazustebis instrumentebi, 187-192;<br />
axal da naswavl masalas Soris, 222;<br />
xelaxla swavlis jgufebi, 291, 292;<br />
meTodi `Sewyvite Cemi swavleba~<br />
prevenciisTvis, 342-343;<br />
maswavleblis reaqciaTa nakrebi, 180-182;<br />
ix. aseve sicxade<br />
dadasturebis aqtivobebi, 330, 331<br />
dadebiTi magaliTi, 251-252<br />
dadebiTi molodinis damokidebuleba, 112-113, 271-<br />
272<br />
davalebis analizi, 229<br />
davalebis resursebi, 389<br />
davalebis rveuli, rogorc Sefasebis meTodis<br />
surogati, 446-447<br />
davalebisTvis saWiro dro, 69-75<br />
dakvirvebis unari, 514<br />
damatebiTi kiTxvebi, 281-282<br />
damokidebulebis miznebi, 371<br />
daostatebis miznebi, 364-365, 367-368, 368-370<br />
daJineba (simtkice), 115-116, 272<br />
daskvna, 235, 401<br />
daskvniTi wuTebi, 75-76<br />
dasja, 114, 141-142, 143<br />
daxmareba, moTxovnisas, 336, 340-341<br />
dajgufeba, 293-296, 402-403<br />
dajildoebis sistema, 117<br />
disciplina, 107-168<br />
araswori qcevis mizezebi, 107-111;<br />
molodinebi da Sedegebi, 112-119;<br />
moswavleTa kontroli da gavlena, 119-124;<br />
modelebis Sesabameba moswavleTa<br />
saWiroebebisadmi, 157-166;<br />
disciplinis modelebi<br />
qcevis modifikacia, 126-129;<br />
logikuri Sedegebi, 140-146;<br />
pirovnuli gavlena, 136-140;<br />
realobiT Terapia, 146-151;<br />
TviTanalizi, 129-136;<br />
Semajamebeli cxrili, 166;<br />
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna, 151-157;<br />
maswavleblis roli, 158-159;<br />
savarjiSo, 171-173;<br />
simtkice da araswori qceva, 110-111;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 167-170;<br />
ix. aseve araswori qceva; jiuti moswavleebi<br />
disciplinis damrRvevi moswavleebi. ix. araswori<br />
qceva<br />
donis gansazRvra, 181-183<br />
534<br />
dro skolaSi, cneba, 69, 70<br />
dro, 69-79<br />
xanmokle periodebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba,<br />
75-76, 227;<br />
rogor aris ganawilebuli skolaSi, 69-75;<br />
tempis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi, 76-79;<br />
swavlisaTvis gamoyofili dro, 67-68;<br />
savarjiSo, 83-86;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 81-82<br />
`damsxvreuli kvadratebi~ (aqtivoba), 331, 333<br />
`daJineba~ moswavlesTan, 280, 281-282<br />
e<br />
emociuri empaTia, 179-180<br />
emociuri asociaciebi, uaryofiTi, 221<br />
empaTia, 179-180, 185-186<br />
epizoduri Canawerebi Sefasebis mizniT, 452, 454-457<br />
erToba, gancdis Camoyalibeba, 121, 327-335<br />
sxvebis aRiarebiT, 329-330;<br />
jgufis identobis SeqmniT, 331-332;<br />
socialur unarebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
aqtivobebiT, 332-334;<br />
konfliqtis gadaWris swavlebiT, 334-335;<br />
saklaso Sexvedris strategiis gamoyenebiT,<br />
121-123;<br />
Tanamimdevruli aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT, 123-<br />
124<br />
esse, 441-442<br />
efeqtiani Zalisxmeva, miewereba, 299-300<br />
`efeqtiani qceva~, 528<br />
v<br />
varjiSi (swavlis principi), 229, 344<br />
verbaluri ganmtkiceba. ix. ukukavSiri<br />
verbaluri qceva. ix. metyveleba<br />
verbaluri Sejameba, 232-234<br />
vertikaluri sivrce saklaso oTaxSi, 59<br />
z<br />
zepiri gamokiTxva, 257-258<br />
zepiri moxseneba, 446-447<br />
zeswavla, 229<br />
zneobrivi realoba klasSi, 507<br />
zogadi azrovnebis unar-Cvevis miznebi, 365, 367, 368<br />
zogadi Sexeduleba, 277<br />
T<br />
Tavazianoba (maswavleblis), 315<br />
Tavdapirveli asociaciebi, araswori, 221<br />
Tavisufali saklaso Sexvedrebi, 121<br />
TamaSi `bingo adamianebi~, 329-330<br />
TamaSi `ipoveT adamiani, romelic~, 329-330<br />
TanagrZnoba (swavlis principi), 225<br />
Tanaziarobis aqtebi, 28-29
Tanaziarobis (aRiarebis) aqtivobebi, 330, 331<br />
Tanaziarobis toni, 225<br />
Tanamimdevroba (swavlis principi), 226-227, 344<br />
TanatolTa zewola, 289<br />
Tejirebi, 59<br />
TviTanalizis modeli, 129-136<br />
varaudebi, Rirebulebebi da miznebi, 129-130;<br />
aRwera, 124;<br />
saboloo miznebi, 133-134;<br />
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;<br />
maswavleblis roli, 133-134;<br />
teqnika, 130-133;<br />
tipuri kandidatebi, 162<br />
TviTanalizis unari, 513-514, 515<br />
TviTgamoxatva, 395<br />
TviTinstruqtaJis swavleba, 132-133<br />
TviTkontroli. ix. TviTanalizis modeli<br />
Tqvi-gaakeTe (swavlis principi), 232-235<br />
i<br />
ignorireba, 110-111<br />
individebis pirovnuli realoba, 506<br />
individualisturi swavlis gamocdileba, 391<br />
individualuri praqtikuli codna, 527<br />
individualuri praqtikuli codna,<br />
maswavleblebis, 518-519<br />
induqciuri azrovnebis modeli (swavlebis), 252-253<br />
induqciuri swavlebis modeli, 248-249<br />
instruqcia, efeqtiani, 196<br />
instruqcia, paternebi, 257-259<br />
instruqtirebis parametrebi, 19-20<br />
inteleqti<br />
Sexedulebebi, 341, 528-529;<br />
miRwevebTan korelacia, 298-299;<br />
Teoriebi, 289;<br />
rasobrivi stereotipebi, 530-531<br />
interaqtiuli swavleba, 70, 72, 73-74<br />
interpersonaluri qcevis molodinebi, 270-271<br />
iumori, 315<br />
informaciis gadamuSavebis realoba saklaso<br />
oTaxSi, 507<br />
informaciis wyaroebi saswavlo gegmisTvis, 388<br />
k<br />
karada, 57<br />
kvlevis unaris wvrTna (swavlebis modeli), 253-254<br />
kiTxvari SefasebisTvis, 448, 451, 452<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
gaazreba, 180-181, 182;<br />
araorazrovneba, 194-195;<br />
damatebiTi, 281-282;<br />
gaxseneba, 180-181, 182;<br />
miniSnebis uzrunvelsayofad, 196<br />
kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis, 182, 183<br />
klasis SigniT dajgufeba, 295<br />
indeqsi<br />
klasisa da swavlebis menejmenti (CLAIM), 126-129<br />
varaudebi, Rirebulebebi da miznebi, 127-129;<br />
terminebis gansazRvreba, 126-127;<br />
saboloo Sedegebi, 128-129;<br />
danergva, 127-128<br />
klasTaSoris dajgufeba, 295<br />
klebadi ukugebis wertili, 225, 229<br />
kognituri ganviTareba, 205<br />
kognituri ganviTarebis safexurebi, 396<br />
kognituri problemis gadaWris interpersonaluri<br />
modeli, 133-136<br />
kognituri qcevis modifikacia, 132-133<br />
kognituri wvrTnis unarebi, 514<br />
kompiuteruli simulaciis Sefasebis meTodi, 445-<br />
446<br />
komunikacia<br />
davalebebisa da amocanebis, 296-297;<br />
saklaso rutinis, 91-92;<br />
maswavleblis molodinebis, 271-273;<br />
maswavleblis meTodebi, 277-278<br />
koncefciis daswavlis modeli (swavlebis), 251-252<br />
konceptualuri modelebi, 232<br />
konceptualuri winmswrebi aqtivobebi, 251<br />
konfliqtis gadaWra, 334-335<br />
konkurencia swavlis procesSi, 391-394<br />
konstruqtivistuli swavleba, 348-349<br />
kontaqti (swavlis principi), 221<br />
kontroli. ix. gavlena<br />
kooperaciuli swavla, formebi, 391-392<br />
kooperaciuli swavlis modelebi, 123-124<br />
kulturis TvalsazrisiT relevanturi swavleba,<br />
350-351<br />
kulturuli gansxvavebebi, 111<br />
`kvleva ukeTesi swavlebisTvis~, 519<br />
KWL (vici-minda vicode-viswavle) teqnika, 201-202<br />
l<br />
labirinTebi, 192, 193<br />
leqcia, 257<br />
leqsikuri unarebi, 226<br />
logikuri Sedegebis modeli, 140-146<br />
gansazRvreba, varaudebi, miznebi, 140-141;<br />
aRwera, 125;<br />
saboloo Sedegebi, 146;<br />
danergva, 142-143;<br />
Seusabamo gamoyeneba, 145-146;<br />
moswavleTa fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan<br />
Sesabamisoba, 158;<br />
dadebiTi programa, 144;<br />
warmatebis winapiroba, 145;<br />
maswavleblis mier Zalauflebis gamoyeneba,<br />
145-146;<br />
tipuri kandidatebi, 162-163<br />
lodinis dro, 280, 283, 284, 340<br />
535
<strong>gamocdili</strong>m aswavlebeli<br />
m<br />
magaliTebi<br />
aRwera, 430-431;<br />
nakrebebi da nimuSebi, 471-487<br />
magida, 57<br />
marSrutis dasaxva, 199<br />
martivi Tvlis teqnika, 130-131<br />
masalebi. ix. saklaso masalebi<br />
masalis amowurvis miznebi, 363, 368-370<br />
<strong>maswavlebeli</strong><br />
Sexedulebebi inteleqtis Sesaxeb, 528-529;<br />
swavlis procesi, 529;<br />
rasizmi, 530-531;<br />
skolis garemo, 530;<br />
pedagogiuri codna, 517, 527-528, 529<br />
kognituri wvrTnis unari, 514;<br />
komunikaciuri qceva, 277-278;<br />
Sexedulebebis, Rirebulebebisa da varaudebis<br />
gamoxatva, 516-517;<br />
SeniRbuli Setyobineba moswavleebisadmi, 296-<br />
297;<br />
dabali Semosavlebis mqone skolaSi, 298-299;<br />
CarevasTan gamklavebis unari, 42-43;<br />
saklaso sivrce, 56-57;<br />
saqmianobis standartebis dadgena, 273-274;<br />
rutinis standartebis dadgena, 91-92;<br />
gakveTilis moqniloba, 43;<br />
molodinebis Sesabamisoba moswavleTa<br />
SesaZleblobebTan, 118-119, 276;<br />
moswavleebTan urTierTobis meTodebi, 314;<br />
SeniSvna aqtivobidan aqtivobaze gadasvlis<br />
Sesaxeb, 43-44;<br />
aqtivobaTa tempi, 79;<br />
moswavlis araswori qceva, 167, 168;<br />
moswavleebis mier masalis wvdoma, 180, 185;<br />
rutinis gamoyeneba, 92-94;<br />
optimaluri pirobebi, 513, 521-522;<br />
saboloo miznebi, 503-504<br />
pirovnuli miznebis gansazRvra, 370-371;<br />
individualuri praqtikuli codna, 518-519,<br />
527;<br />
pirovnuli urTierToba moswavleebTan, 269,<br />
313-314;<br />
pirovnuli Taviseburebebi, 314-317;<br />
profesiuli ganviTareba, 514-515, 520-522;<br />
TviTanalizis unari, 513-514;<br />
aucilebeli simtkice, 115-117, 272, 273<br />
maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebi. ix. maswavleblebi<br />
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnis (mew) modeli,<br />
151-157<br />
kandidatebi, 163-164;<br />
gansazRvreba, varaudi, Rirebuleba da miznebi,<br />
151-152;<br />
aRwera, 125;<br />
saboloo Sedegebi, 156-157;<br />
danergva, 153-154;<br />
536<br />
warmatebis winapiroba, 155-156;<br />
principebi, 152-153<br />
maswavleblisTvis Sesavali programebi, 531<br />
menejmentis parametrebi<br />
aRwera, 18-19;<br />
susti mmarTveloba, 108;<br />
maswavleblis unari, 74-75<br />
meojaxeobis rutina, 91, 270-271<br />
mesakuTreobis grZnoba (moswavleTa mier)<br />
klasis an davalebis mimarT, 341-342;<br />
grZnobis xelSewyoba, 119-120;<br />
sivrceze, 57-58<br />
metyveleba, 192-194<br />
miznebi<br />
swavlis, 56, 289;<br />
xarisxi da raodenoba, 231;<br />
moswavleebis mier, 437-438;<br />
siCqare, 230-231;<br />
ix. aseve miznebi<br />
miznebi, 361-377<br />
damokidebulebis miznebi, 371;<br />
qcevis miznebi, 376;<br />
sicxadis, 371;<br />
masalis amowurvis miznebi, 362, 368-370;<br />
dasaxva, 361-362;<br />
CarTulobis miznebi, 363-364, 368-370;<br />
swavlis miznebi, 198-200, 420-421;<br />
daostatebis miznebi, 364-365, 367-368;<br />
moswavleTa SesaZleblobebTan Sesatyvisoba,<br />
372-373;<br />
pirveladi wyaroebi, 373-374;<br />
savarjiSo, 381-383;<br />
meoreuli wyaroebi, 374-376;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdi, 379;<br />
ix. aseve saboloo miznebi<br />
miznis dasaxva (swavlis principi), 230-231, 344<br />
miznis struqtura. ix. swavlis gamocdileba<br />
miTi intuiciis mqone maswavleblis Sesaxeb, 21<br />
miTiTebebi, efeqtiani, 196<br />
miniSneba gakveTilis sicxadis mizniT, 197<br />
miniSnebebi<br />
araorazrovneba, 194-195;<br />
rogor gamoviyenoT, 196;<br />
rodis gamoviyenoT, 189, 283-284<br />
misalmebis aqtivoba, 330-331<br />
miRwevis aqti, 29-30<br />
mnemonika (swavlis principi), 226<br />
mniSvneloba (swavlis principi), 220<br />
mniSvnelovani atributebis gamocalkeveba (swavlis<br />
principi), 222-223<br />
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi, 222-223<br />
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebis xazgasma, 222-223<br />
modalobis testebi, 345<br />
modelireba (swavlis principi), 232, 271-272<br />
mokle pasuxebiani testi, 441<br />
molodinebi, 269-301<br />
Sesabamisi done, 117-118;
sicxade, 110, 112;<br />
miRwevebTan korelacia, 277;<br />
rubrikebis Seqmna, 434-435;<br />
standartebisagan gansxvavebuli, 274;<br />
adreul asakSi, 117;<br />
molodinTa Setyobineba, 271-273, 277-297;<br />
standartebis da molodinis Sesabamisoba, 274-<br />
276;<br />
saqmianobis, 270;<br />
savarjiSo, 305-307;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 303-304;<br />
maswavlebelTa meryeoba, 118;<br />
maswavlebelTa reaqcia, 287-288;<br />
sami mTavari gzavnili, 269-270<br />
molodini, 44-46<br />
monitoringi, 294-296<br />
mosmenis unarebi, 316-317, 331<br />
moswavle<br />
konceptualuri done, 404-405;<br />
dabneuli. ix. dabneva;<br />
gavlena. ix. moswavlis gavlena;<br />
dabali moswrebis<br />
Sexedulebebi, 298-299;<br />
standartebis da molodinebis gazrda, 294;<br />
efeqtiani Zalisxmeva, 299-300;<br />
monitoringis mqone skolebSi, 295<br />
azrovnebis wesi, 220;<br />
araswori qceva. ix. araswori qceva;<br />
ureaqcioba, 283-285;<br />
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158, 326;<br />
SeniSvna, 315-317;<br />
jiuti<br />
araswori qcevis mqoneTagan gamijvna, 111;<br />
Sesatyvisi disciplinis misadageba, 165;<br />
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158;<br />
disciplinis eqvsi modelis Sejameba, 124-<br />
126, 166<br />
vin ver `Caswvda~, 291, 292<br />
moswavleTa gavlena, izrdeba<br />
araweriTi davalebebis Sesrulebisas, 346-347;<br />
saklaso cxovrebaSi, 119-120;<br />
swavlis stilis gansazRvrisas, 345-347;<br />
instruqciis meTodebze, 342-343;<br />
saklaso oTaxSi TamaSis wesebze, 343-344;<br />
Sedegad mosdevs, 341-342;<br />
swavlis strategiebis gaziarebiT, 344-345<br />
moswavleTa zedamxedveloba, 394-395<br />
moswavleTa Tavisufali azrovnebis xelSewyoba<br />
(swavlis principi), 235-236<br />
moswavleTa `individualuri swavla~, 93-94<br />
moswavleTa konceptualuri doneebi, 404-405<br />
moswavleTa pasuxis dadastureba, 281-282<br />
moswavleTa piradi sivrce, 58<br />
moswavleTa pirovnuli ganviTareba, 255-256<br />
moswavleTa qvedayofa, 44<br />
moswavleTa codnis gaaqtiureba, 200-202, 203<br />
moswavlis CarTulobis dro, 70, 71, 72<br />
indeqsi<br />
motivaciuri parametrebi, 19<br />
moxseneba, 446-447<br />
moxsenebis sistema, 460-461, 462, 463<br />
multimediuri moxseneba, 446-447<br />
m. e. w. ix. maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna<br />
`magiuri wre~, 56<br />
`me~-Setyobineba, 26<br />
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ ineteleqtis Teoriis momxre,<br />
289-290<br />
`mTliani suraTis~ Sesatyvisi maswavleblis qceva,<br />
198-206<br />
`mocemuli~ inteleqtis Teoria, 289<br />
n<br />
namuSevris nimuSebi SefasebisTvis, 421, 421-424, 426,<br />
430<br />
niSnebiT Sefaseba, 460-461<br />
o<br />
ostaturi swavlis paradigma, 73, 275<br />
p<br />
pasuxebi, reaqcia<br />
Sesatyvisi meTodebi, 284;<br />
SeniRbuli Setyobinebebi, 278-280;<br />
qcevis repertuari, 279-282<br />
paternebi<br />
Sefasebis Sesaxeb moxseneba, 460-461;<br />
moswavleTa portfolios SeqmnaSi<br />
monawileoba, 452-453<br />
pativiscema (maswavleblis mier gamovlenili), 315<br />
pedagogiuri codna. ix. profesiuli pedagogiuri<br />
codna<br />
personalis ganviTareba, 520-522<br />
personalis ganviTarebaze mzrunvelni, 515<br />
pigmalionis efeqti, 276-277, 278, 298<br />
pirdapiri dakvirvebis safuZvelze Sefasebis<br />
meTodi, 442, 444-445<br />
pirdapiri swavleba, 73-75, 258-259<br />
pirveli wuTebi, 75-76, 220-221<br />
pirovnuli gavlenis modeli, 136-139<br />
varaudebi, Rirebulebebi da miznebi, 136;<br />
aRwera, 125;<br />
saboloo Sedegebi, 139;<br />
danergva, 137-138;<br />
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;<br />
warmatebis winapiroba, 139;<br />
principebi, 137;<br />
tipuri kandidatebi, 162<br />
pirovnuli kontaqti, molodinTa gansamtkiceblad,<br />
272-273<br />
pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba<br />
maswavleblis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi, 314-<br />
317;<br />
savarjiSo, 321;<br />
dasabuTeba, 313;<br />
537
<strong>gamocdili</strong>m aswavlebeli<br />
Semajamebeli gverdi, 319<br />
politikuri realoba saklaso oTaxSi, 507<br />
portfolio, 452-453, 458<br />
problemis gadaWraze mimarTuli amocanebi, 442, 443<br />
proeqtis demonstrireba, 447-448<br />
profesiuli swavlebis codna<br />
Sexedulebebi, 527, 529;<br />
sajarooba, 519-520;<br />
ix. aseve individualuri praqtikuli codna<br />
proceduruli nabijebi, 400-401<br />
J<br />
Jurnalebi SefasebisTvis, 452<br />
r<br />
raodenobrivi miznebi, 231<br />
rasizmi, 530-531<br />
realobiT Terapiis modeli, 146-151<br />
gansazRvreba, varaudi, Rirebuleba da miznebi,<br />
146-147;<br />
aRwera, 125;<br />
saboloo Sedegebi, 151;<br />
danergva, 148-149;<br />
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;<br />
warmatebis winapiroba, 150-151;<br />
principebi, 148;<br />
tipuri kandidatebi, 163-164<br />
realuroba (maswavleblis), 316<br />
relaqsaciis swavla. ix. TviTanalizis modeli<br />
relaqsaciis teqnika, 131-132<br />
repertuari, 5<br />
riskis gaweva<br />
Sexedulebebi, 336;<br />
waxaliseba, 336-339;<br />
maswavlebelTa mier, 516-517<br />
rTuli amocanis dayofa martiv nawilebad (swavlis<br />
principi), 229<br />
rubrika<br />
gansazRvreba, 421;<br />
magaliTebi, 425, 426, 427, 428-429, 432;<br />
rogor SevqmnaT, 430-431;<br />
warmatebuli rubrikis Taviseburebebi, 431,<br />
433;<br />
saimedooba, 433;<br />
standartebi, 434-435<br />
rutina, 91-94<br />
kognituri, pirovnuli da socialuri swavlis<br />
xelSewyoba, 93-94;<br />
efeqtianobis maqsimizireba, 93-94;<br />
savarjiSo, 97-103;<br />
standartebi da komunikacia, 91-92;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdi, 95;<br />
saxeebi da sasurveli Taviseburebebi, 91<br />
538<br />
s<br />
saabazano, 57-58<br />
saboloo miznebi, 503-509<br />
gavlena saswavlo gegmasa da saklaso<br />
masalebze, 505-506;<br />
gavlena swavlebis parametrebze, 504;<br />
konkretuli moswavlisTvis Sesabamisoba, 508-<br />
509<br />
sademonstracio adgilebi saklaso oTaxSi, 59<br />
saklaso aqtivobebi<br />
miznebis axsna, 197-198;<br />
miznebi, 363, 368-370<br />
saTamaSo moedani, 58<br />
saklaso aqtivobebis tempi, 76-79<br />
saklaso garemo, 325-351<br />
erTobis gancdis Camoyalibeba, 327-335;<br />
Tavdajerebuloba da riski, 335-341;<br />
swavlasTan korelacia, 326;<br />
moswavleTa kontroli da gavlena, 341-349;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 353-354;<br />
sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, 328<br />
saklaso erToba. ix. erToba<br />
saklaso TamaSis wesebi, 341-342, 342-344<br />
saklaso masalebi<br />
SerCeva, 505-506;<br />
efeqtiani gamoyeneba, 231;<br />
organizeba, 57, 58;<br />
masStabi, 406<br />
saklaso oTaxis mSvidi (fiqrisTvis gankuTvnili)<br />
nawili, 59<br />
saklaso oTaxis struqtura, disciplinis<br />
problemebi da, 109<br />
saklaso realoba, 506-507<br />
saklaso saqmianobis rutina, 91, 270-271<br />
saklaso sivrce. ix. sivrce<br />
saklaso Sexvedrebi, 332<br />
erTianobis gancdis CamoyalibebisTvis, 121-<br />
124;<br />
roli realobiT Terapiis modelSi, 149-150<br />
samarTlianoba (maswavleblis), 314<br />
samomavlo gegmebze miniSneba, 204-205<br />
samuSaos pirovnuli relevanturoba, 389-390<br />
sarkazmi, 26Sen., 30<br />
saswavlo gegmis parametrebi, 19-20<br />
saswavlo gegmis Sedgena, 497-498<br />
SerCeva, 505-506;<br />
ix. aseve gakveTilis dagegmva<br />
saqmianoba (moswavleebis)<br />
Sefaseba, 442, 444-446;<br />
Sedegebi, arasaxarbielo saqmianobis, 272-273;<br />
molodini, 269-270;<br />
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, 288-289<br />
saqmianobis kognituri done, 396-397<br />
saqmianobis miznis orientacia, 289<br />
saqmianobis rutina, 91, 270-271<br />
saqmianobis Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba
saukeTeso saqmianobis aRiareba, 273<br />
sajaro profesiuli codna. ix. profesiuli<br />
swavlebis codna<br />
semantikuri rukis teqnika, 200-201<br />
sensoruli arxebi, 232, 233, 405-406<br />
sivrce, 55-59<br />
swavlebisaTvis morgeba, 55-57;<br />
savarjiSo, 63-64;<br />
rekomendaciebi gamoyenebisTvis, 58-59;<br />
moswavleTa mier mesakuTreobis gancda, 57-58;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdi, 61<br />
sineqtikis modeli (swavlebis), 255<br />
sicxade (swavlis principi), 225<br />
sicxade, 179-206<br />
kognituri empaTia, 179-180, 185;<br />
Semowmeba, 180-183;<br />
axsnis meqanizmebi, 187-192;<br />
metyveleba, 192-194;<br />
`didi suraTi~, 198-206;<br />
moswavleTa mimdinare codnis gaaqtiureba,<br />
200-202;<br />
`marSruti~, 199;<br />
akavSirebs, 202-205;<br />
ajamebs, 205-206;<br />
savarjiSo, 209-210;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdi, 207-208;<br />
skamebi, 57, 59<br />
skola<br />
administratori, 514-515, 523;<br />
maswavleblis ganviTarebaze zrunva, 514-515;<br />
garemo, maswavleblis Sexeduleba, 530;<br />
liderebi, 522-523;<br />
sivrce fizikuri varjiSisTvis, 58<br />
socialur-emociuri klimati, 325<br />
socialuri daswavlis modeli, 56<br />
socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT saklaso<br />
Sexvedra, 122, 123<br />
socialuri realoba saklaso oTaxSi, 506-507<br />
socialuri swavla, 93-94<br />
socialuri unarebis ganviTareba, 332<br />
specialuri adgili klasSi, 57<br />
srulyofis teqnika, 281-282<br />
standartebi<br />
molodinSi Cadebuli, 273-276;<br />
Sefasebis praqtikis, 290-291;<br />
moswavleTa SesaZleblobebisadmi misadageba,<br />
273-274;<br />
rutinis, 91-92;<br />
rubrikebi komunikaciisTvis, 425<br />
standartizebuli testireba, 417-418, 465, 467<br />
stereotipebi, 277, 278, 530-531. ix. aseve<br />
pigmalionis efeqti<br />
stimulis maZiebeli moswavlis modeli, 56<br />
susti adgilebi, 45<br />
swavlaze ganawilebuli dro, 69, 70-71<br />
swavleba transferisTvis (swavlis principi), 223-<br />
224<br />
indeqsi<br />
swavlebis (instruqciis) paternebi, 257-259<br />
swavlebis kooperaciuli modelebi, 123-124<br />
swavlebis modelebi, 247-259;<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis modeli, 250-251;<br />
wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli, 254;<br />
gansazRvreba, 247;<br />
jgufuri kvlevis modeli, 256-257;<br />
induqciuri swavlebis modeli, 248-249;<br />
induqciuri azrovnebis modeli, 252-253;<br />
kvlevis unaris wvrTnis modeli, 253-254;<br />
arastruqturirebuli swavlebis modeli, 255-<br />
256;<br />
instruqciis paternebi, 257-259;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdi, 261;<br />
sineqtikis modeli, 255<br />
swavlebis parametrebi, 17-20<br />
abstraqtuli parametrebi, 19-20;<br />
qmedebaTa parametrebi, 18;<br />
qmedebaTa paternebis parametrebi, 19-20<br />
swavlebis winmswrebi aqtivobebis modeli, 250-251<br />
swavlis gamocdileba, 387-406<br />
abstraqciis xarisxi, 396;<br />
kognituri done, 396-397;<br />
konkurencia, 391-394;<br />
dajgufeba, 402-404;<br />
informaciis sirTule, 404-405;<br />
sakiTxebis Tanamimdevroba, 226-227;<br />
pirovnuli relevanturoba, 389-390;<br />
kiTxvari, 409-412;<br />
masalebis masStabi, 406;<br />
TviTgamoxatva, 395;<br />
sensoruli arxebi, 405-406;<br />
informaciisa da resursebis wyaroebi, 388-389;<br />
struqturireba, 397-402;<br />
moswavleTa monawileoba, 225;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 407-408;<br />
zedamxedveloba, 394-395;<br />
maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebi, 529-530<br />
swavlis gamocdilebis interpersonaluri<br />
sirTule, 402-403<br />
swavlis gamocdilebis produqti, 401-402<br />
swavlis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
kompleqsuroba, 404-405<br />
swavlis gamocdilebis Sinaarsi, 398-400<br />
swavlis gamocdilebis struqtura, 397-402<br />
moswavlis Sesatyvisi qceva, 400;<br />
Sejameba, 401;<br />
Sinaarsi, 398-400;<br />
swavlis produqtis forma, 401-402;<br />
moswavlis ganviTarebis donesTan<br />
Sesabamisoba, 402;<br />
proceduruli detalebi, 400-401<br />
swavlis damxmare instrumentebi, 225-226<br />
swavlis konkretuli gamocdileba, 396<br />
swavlis miznebi, 198-199, 420-421<br />
swavlis miznebi, saklaso oTaxis mowyoba, 56<br />
swavlis miznebis orientacia, 289<br />
539
<strong>gamocdili</strong>m aswavlebeli<br />
swavlis principebi, 219-236<br />
savarjiSo, 239-241;<br />
moswavleebisTvis gaziareba, 344-345;<br />
24 principis Sejameba, 237-238;<br />
ix. aseve swavlis specifikuri principebi<br />
swavlis Jurnali, 205<br />
swavlis stili, 341-342, 345-346<br />
swavlulTa gundi. ix. xelaxali swavlebis jgufi<br />
sxeulis ena, 180-181<br />
`sityebis mimofantvis~ teqnika, 201-202<br />
`socialuri SeTanxmebis~ strategia, 112, 120<br />
t<br />
tempi, 39-46<br />
koncefciis aRwera, 39;<br />
rva qveparametri, 40;<br />
proceduruli rutinis maqsimizireba, 92-93;<br />
savarjiSo, 49-50;<br />
Semajamebeli gverdi, 47;<br />
ix. aseve tempis specifikuri qveparametrebi<br />
tempi, swavlis<br />
Sexedulebebi, 339-340;<br />
miznebi, 230-231<br />
testebi, 441<br />
testi, standartizebuli, 417-418, 464-465, 467<br />
testi, werilobiTi, 441-442<br />
tkbileulobiT dajildoebis sistema, 117 Sen.<br />
u<br />
uaryofiTi magaliTi, 251-252<br />
uzrunvelyofa, 40<br />
ukukavSiri<br />
aqtiuri mosmena, 316-317;<br />
waxaliseba, 340-341;<br />
SeniRbuli Setyobineba, 287-288;<br />
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi, 227, 272-273;<br />
verbaluri ganmtkiceba, 228<br />
unarebi<br />
akademiuri, 223-224, 225;<br />
aqtiuri mosmenis, 316-317;<br />
kognituri wvrTnis, 514;<br />
mosmenis, 316-317, 330-331;<br />
dakvirvebis, 513-514;<br />
urTierTgadamfaravi, 40-41;<br />
TviTanalizis, 513-514;<br />
socialuri, 332;<br />
leqsikuri, 226;<br />
ix. aseve qmedebebi<br />
urTierTdamokidebuleba, demonstrireba, 332<br />
usulo sivrce saklaso oTaxSi, 58<br />
uyuradRebo moswavleebi. ix. cudi yofaqceva<br />
f<br />
faruli saswavlo gegma, 93-94, 506-508<br />
fizikuri problemebi, araswori qcevis mizezi, 110<br />
540<br />
fragmentacia, 44<br />
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi<br />
ierarqiuli organizeba, 159, 160, 161;<br />
daukmayofilebloba da swavlaze gavlena, 326<br />
q<br />
qcevis araorazrovneba, 194-198<br />
qcevis miznebi, 376<br />
qcevis modifikaciis modeli, 126-129<br />
aRwera, 124;<br />
fsiqologiur saWiroebebTan Sesatyvisoba,<br />
158;<br />
tipiuri kandidatebi, 161-162<br />
qmedebaTa paternebi, 19-20<br />
qulaTa rubrikebi. ix. rubrika<br />
y<br />
yuradReba, 25-32<br />
Sesatyvisi qcevis waxaliseba, 112-113;<br />
moswavleTa saWiroebisadmi misadageba, 30, 32;<br />
klasifikacia funqcionaluri orientaciis<br />
mixedviT, 30, 31;<br />
repertuari, 25, 29<br />
yuradRebis gafantva, 59<br />
`yvelganmyofoba~, 40-41, 167<br />
S<br />
Sedegebi (cudi qcevis)<br />
dazusteba, 112-113;<br />
miwodeba, 114, 115-116;<br />
araefeqtiani, 116-117;<br />
SerCeva, 114-115<br />
Sedegebi (cudi qcevis), 273<br />
Sedegebi (kargi qcevis), 117<br />
Sedegebis codna (swavlis principebi), 227<br />
Sedegebis codna (swavlis principi), 227<br />
SeTanxmebis miRwevis savarjiSoebi, 332-334<br />
Semavseblebi, 41-42, 45<br />
Sesabamisobis koncefcia, 5, 516-517;<br />
yuradRebis aqti, 30, 32;<br />
saklaso garemos struqtura, 108;<br />
saklaso Zaladoba, 42-43;<br />
saklaso oTaxis sivrce, 56-57;<br />
disciplinis strategia, 167;<br />
molodinebi, 118-119;<br />
gakveTilis moqniloba, 43;<br />
miniSneba gadasvlis Sesaxeb, 44;<br />
saboloo miznebi, 508-509;<br />
aqtivobaTa tempi, 76-79;<br />
moswavleTa piradi sivrce, 58;<br />
reaqciis teqnika, 280, 283-284;<br />
rutina, 92-93;<br />
standartebi, 273-274;<br />
swavlis gamocdilebis struqtura, 372-373,<br />
394-396, 401-406;
moswavlisa da maswavleblis urTierToba, 314<br />
Sefaseba, 417-468<br />
avTentikuri amocanebis Seqmna, 435-437;<br />
kriteriumebis SemuSaveba, 420-421, 427;<br />
nimuSTa nakrebi da magaliTebi, 471-487;<br />
miznebi, 418-420;<br />
Sedegebi mSoblebisTvis, 459-462;<br />
gadamlaSebis riski, 464;<br />
moswavleTa TviTSefasebis roli, 437-439;<br />
ix. aseve rubrikebi<br />
Sefasebis meTodebis saimedoba, 459<br />
Sefasebis meTodis teqnikuri gamarTuloba, 459<br />
Sefasebis meTodis validoba, 459<br />
Sefasebis praqtika, 290-291<br />
Sefasebis gasaSualeba, 290-291;<br />
cifrebiT da asoebiT Sefaseba, 460-461;<br />
ix. aseve Sefaseba<br />
Seqeba, 282-283, 288<br />
Secdomebi<br />
damokidebuleba, 289, 336;<br />
Sexeduleba, 338-339;<br />
reaqcia, 221, 290<br />
Secdomebi. ix. Secdomebi<br />
Sewyvetisken mimarTuli nabijebi, 25-27<br />
Sejameba, 205-206, 232-234<br />
Sinagani metyvelebis teqnika, 132<br />
Sinagani metyvelebis teqnikis modelireba, 188-189<br />
Sinagani jildo, 228<br />
`SewyviteT Cemi swavleba~ praqtika, 342-343<br />
C<br />
Canawerebi, SemTxveviTi, SefasebisTvis, 452, 454-457<br />
Careva, gakveTilis dros, 42-43<br />
CarTulobis miznebi, 363-364, 368-370<br />
CarTva (Cabma), 28, 29<br />
`CamoSorebis~ strategia, 116, 117, 139-140<br />
`Carli braunis sindromi~, 200-201<br />
c<br />
cnebis ruka, 191<br />
codna, maswavleblis. ix. individualuri<br />
praqtikuli codna;<br />
profesiuli codna<br />
codna, moswavlis<br />
codnis gaaqtiureba, 200-202, 203;<br />
naswavlisa da axalis, 202-203<br />
Z<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
avtoritaruli gamoyeneba, 140-141;<br />
Zalauflebis dabruneba, 119-120;<br />
ararseboba, rogorc araswori qcevis mizezi,<br />
110;<br />
logikuri Sedegebis modelSi, 145-146;<br />
ix. aseve moswavleTa gavlenis zrda<br />
w<br />
indeqsi<br />
werilobiTi moxseneba, 446-447<br />
werilobiTi testi, 441-442<br />
werilobiTi Sejameba, 232-234<br />
wesebi<br />
moswavleTaTvis gacxadeba, 112;<br />
saklaso TamaSis, 342-343, 344<br />
wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli (swavlebis), 254<br />
wyvilTan asocirebuli swavla, 221<br />
x<br />
xarisxis miznebi, 231<br />
xatebiT (TvalsaCinoebiT) swavlis gamocdileba,<br />
396<br />
xelaxali swavlebis sistema, 292-293, 340-341<br />
xelmeore testireba, 290<br />
xelmZRvaneli, 515, 521Sen.<br />
xelmZRvaneloba, sazomi, 228-229, 394-395<br />
xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi (swavlis principi), 228-<br />
229<br />
j<br />
jgufis dinamika, swavleba, 332-334<br />
jgufis identoba, Seqmna, 331-332<br />
jgufuri kvleva (swavlebis modeli), 256-257<br />
jildo Sinagani da garegani, 228<br />
jiuti moswavleebi<br />
araswori qcevis mqone moswavleTagan gamijvna,<br />
111;<br />
Sesabamisi disciplinis morgeba, 165;<br />
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158;<br />
disciplinis eqvsi modelis Sejameba, 124-126,<br />
166<br />
joplinis gegma, 295<br />
h<br />
holi, 58<br />
541
a<br />
adamianuri urTierTobebis swavlebis<br />
struqturuli gamocdilebis cnobari, T. 1, gv. 333<br />
amareli, m., Amarel, M., 390<br />
andersoni, l. v., Anderson, L. W., 71<br />
andersoni, s. v., Anderson, C. W., 183<br />
arlini, m., Arlin, M., 43<br />
aronsoni, e., Aronson, E., 332<br />
aspi, d., Aspy, D., 317, 327<br />
b<br />
bairedi, v. n., Bhaireddy, V. N., 325<br />
barbi, v. b., Barbe, W. В., 345<br />
bareli, j., Barell, J., 224<br />
barTi, r., Barth, R., 522<br />
baroni, j. b., Baron, J. В., 437Sen., 466<br />
batistiCi, v., Battistich, V., 326<br />
batleri, d. l., Butler, D. L., 227<br />
baqsteri, g. p., Baxter, G. P., 443, 444<br />
baqholti, d. r., Buckholt, D. R., 166<br />
beikeri, e. l., Baker, E. L., 376<br />
beneti, b., Bennett, В., 329<br />
beneti, n., Bennett, N., 25<br />
berlaki, a., Berlak, A., 402<br />
bidli, b. j., Biddle, B. J., 283<br />
bine, a., Binet, A., 299<br />
biusi, a. m., Bussis, A. M., 390<br />
blenki, m., Blank, M., 284<br />
blumi, b. s., Bloom, B. S., 71, 73, 396, 420<br />
borkovski, j., Borkowski, J., 300<br />
bramsoni, r. m., Bramson, R. M., 341<br />
brauni, a. l., Brown, A. L., 224, 296<br />
brofi, j. e., Brophy, J. E., 27 Sen., 196, 283, 284, 285<br />
brueri, j. T., Bruer, J. Т., 337<br />
bruneri, j., Bruner, J., 396<br />
bruno-goldeni, b., Bruno-Golden, В., 131<br />
bruqsi, j. g., Brooks, J. G., 348<br />
bruqsi, m. g., Brooks, M. G., 348<br />
bulgreni, j., Bulgren, J., 190<br />
buqi, s. l., Book, C. L., 198<br />
buSi, a. j., Bush, A. J., 402, 405<br />
g<br />
gaa, j. p., Gaa, J. P., 230<br />
galvini, k. .m, Galvin, К. M., 198<br />
gamorani, a., Gamoran, A., 294<br />
ganie, r. m., Gagne, R. M., 203<br />
gardneri, h., Gardner, H., 345, 437<br />
gardneri, r., Gardner, R., 206<br />
garmstoni, r. j., Garmston, R. J., 513<br />
avtorTa saZiebeli<br />
indeqsi<br />
gaski, l. a., Guskey, T. R., 518<br />
gaueri, r. r., Gower, R. R., 405, 506<br />
geTzelsi, j., Getzels, J., 55<br />
gibsoni, j., Gibson, J., 275<br />
ginoti, h., Ginott, H., 315<br />
glaseri, v., Glasser, W., 121,122,146,150,151,160,163,166<br />
, 315, 326, 332<br />
gleidi, j,. Glade, J., 439<br />
glikmani, s., Glickman, C., 126<br />
gordoni, t., Gordon, Т., 108, 151,152, 156,166, 316, 334<br />
gordoni, v. j., Gordon, W.J., 255<br />
gregorki a. f., Gregorc, A. F., 198<br />
grei, l. a., Grey, L. A., 141, 326<br />
grehemi, s., Graham, S., 283<br />
gudi, t. l., Good, T. L., 196, 284, 285<br />
gudledi, j., Goodlad, J., 439<br />
guldi, s. j., Gould, S. J., 341, 529<br />
gustafsoni, s., Gustafson, C., 434<br />
d<br />
dakuorTi, e., Duckworth, E., 186, 187<br />
dani, k., Dunn, K., 379, 394, 405<br />
dani, r., Dunn, R„ 379, 394, 405<br />
danjelo, k., D'Angelo, K., 206<br />
dankini, m. j., Dunkin, M.J., 283<br />
darling-hemondi, l., Darling-Hammond, L., 513<br />
dauria, j., D'Auria, J., 448<br />
dafi, g., Duffy, G., 367<br />
deivi, b., Davey, В., 189<br />
deili, e., Dale, E., 390<br />
dembo, m. h., Dembo, M. H., 275<br />
dengi, b., Deng, В., 335<br />
disciplina ucremlebod, 146<br />
disciplinis problemebis gadaWra, 126<br />
diSoni, d., Dishon, D., 124<br />
diSou, m., Dishaw, M., 71<br />
dodi, a. v., Dodd, A. W., 341<br />
dreikursi, r., Dreikurs, R., 114,140,141,143,144,145,146,<br />
157,160,163, 166, 326<br />
dreifusi, s. e., Dreyfus, S. E., 519<br />
dreifusi, h. l., Dreyfus, H. L., 519<br />
dueki, s., Dweck, C., 287, 289, 467<br />
e<br />
edvardsi, j., Edwards, J., 6, 513, 517, 518, 519<br />
evertsoni, s. m., Evertson, С. M., 27 Sen., 76, 347, 348-349<br />
eiloni, b., Eylon, В., 183<br />
elsuorTi, p. s., Ellsworth, P. C., 338<br />
engeli, b. s., Engel, B. S., 72<br />
eriksoni, e., Erikson, E., 160,161<br />
543
<strong>gamocdili</strong>m aswavlebeli<br />
efeqtiani klasebis Camoyalibeba, 123, 329<br />
v<br />
vaineri, b., Weiner, В., 287, 341<br />
vaka, r. t., Vacca, R. Т., 300<br />
vaka, j. l., Vacca, J. L„ 300<br />
van hutoni, r., Van Houton, R., 131<br />
vaswavloT ufro meti, ufro swrafad, 219<br />
vebi, n. m., Webb, N. M., 234<br />
viginsi, g., Wiggins, G., 435, 461<br />
viladri, t., Viladri, Т., 232<br />
vini, p. h., Winne, P. H., 57, 195, 227, 397<br />
volfgangi, s., Wolfgang, C., 126, 131, 162, 166<br />
vudi, s., Wood, C., 327, 330, 332<br />
vulfi, d. p., Wolf, D. P., 437, 438, 447, 453<br />
z<br />
zesoli, r., Zessoules, R., 437<br />
i<br />
iageri, s., Yager, S., 334<br />
iakobsoni, j. e., Jacobson, J. E., 276<br />
iamenci, k., Jamentz, K., 434, 436<br />
igani, g., Egan, G., 317<br />
iingeri, r. j., Yinger, R. J., 363<br />
iosi, m., Joos, M., 194<br />
itoni, j., Eaton, J., 183<br />
k<br />
kagani, s., Kagan, S., 331, 341<br />
kaminsi, j., Cummins, J., 350<br />
kanteri, l., Canter, L., 113,115, 116,117<br />
kari, j., Curry, J., 441<br />
karvini, r. l., Curwin, R. L., 112, 115, 117,118, 120<br />
kaseli, p., Cassel, P., 146<br />
kaskovici, d. h., Kaskowitz, D. H., 74<br />
kenedi, r. l., Canady, R. L., 522<br />
kingi, a., King, A., 234<br />
kingi, m., King, M., 435<br />
klarki, s., m., Clark, С. M., 4, 361, 363<br />
klarki, j. h., Clark, J. H., 189<br />
klasisa da aRzrdis menejmentis programa, 126, 128,<br />
129<br />
koepeni, a., Koeppen, A., 131<br />
kolaruso, s., Colarusso, C., 108, 402, 403<br />
koleri, a., Coller, A., 71<br />
koni, a., Kohn, A., 460,464<br />
konklini, n. f., Conklin, N. F., 452<br />
konoli, p., Connolly, P., 232<br />
kosta, a. l., Costa, A. L., 235, 279, 283, 513<br />
kremini, l. a., Cremin, L. A., 291<br />
kunini, j., Kounin, J., 39, 40, 167<br />
kuperi, h. m., Cooper, H. M., 277<br />
544<br />
l<br />
lainhardti, g., Leinhardt, G., 73, 74<br />
lamperti, m., Lampert, M., 337<br />
laferti, j. s., Lafferty, J. C., 332<br />
ledermani, j, Lederman, J., 162<br />
ledson-bilingsi, g., Ladson-Billings, G., 350, 351<br />
levini, j. r., Levin, J. R., 226<br />
leiziri, d., Lazear, D., 345Sen.<br />
lendi, m., Land, M.,192, 193<br />
likona, t. a., Lickona, T. A., 507<br />
lini, m. s., Linn, M. C., 183<br />
lipmani, v., Lippmann, W., 466, 467<br />
lorti, d. s., Lortie, D. C., 516<br />
luisi, b. v., Lewis, В. V., 57<br />
m<br />
mageri, r. r., Mager, R. R., 376<br />
maiersi, i. b., Myers, I. В., 341<br />
maixenbaumi, d,. Meichenbaum, D„ 132,162,166<br />
maiheri, j. s., Mayher,J. S., 205, 232<br />
makalei, m. h., McCaulley, M. H., 341<br />
makarTi, b., McCarthy, В., 198, 199, 345<br />
makenzi, r., MacKenzie, R., 234<br />
makintoSi, p., Mcintosh, P., 530<br />
maklaxini, m. v., McLaughin, M. W., 513<br />
maklemi, g., Macklem, G., 329, 331, 332<br />
makmaleni, m., MacMullen, M., 439<br />
maknili, j. d., McNeill, J. D., 201<br />
maktigi, j., McTighe, J., 435<br />
mamCuri, s., Mamchur, C., 342, 346<br />
marqsi, r. v., Marx, R. W., 57, 195, 361<br />
marzano, r. j., Marzano, R.J., 187, 435<br />
maslou, a., Maslow, A., 159,160, 326<br />
maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis wvrTna, 108<br />
mendleri, a. n., Mendler, A. N., 112, 115, 117,118, 120<br />
mehani, h,. Mehan, H., 186<br />
milouni, m. n., Milone, M. N., 345<br />
mitCeli, r., Mitchell, R., 452<br />
miurei, s., Murray, C., 530<br />
moosi, b. s., Moos, B. S., 325<br />
moosi, r. h., Moos, R. H., 325<br />
morou, l. m., Morrow, L. M., 234<br />
mustakasi, s., Moustakas, C., 315<br />
n<br />
naiTi, p., Knight, P., 453<br />
nimuSebi: maswavleblis gadawyvetileba, 432<br />
niumeni, f. m., Newmann, F. M., 349<br />
noulsi, m. s., Knowles, M. S., 520<br />
o<br />
obraieni, p., O'Brien, P., 325<br />
ogbu, j, u., Ogbu,J, U,, 289<br />
ozibeli, d. p., Ausubel, D. P., 203, 348
oliri, p. v., O'Leary, P. W., 124<br />
ouksi, j., Oakes,J, 294, 341<br />
p<br />
palinskari, a. s., Palinscar, A. S., 296<br />
parisi, s., Paris, S., 300<br />
pauki, v., Pauk, W., 234<br />
paxaresi, f., Pajares, F., 517<br />
peki, l., Peck, L., 4, 361<br />
perkinsi, d. n., Perkins, D. N., 224, 232<br />
peroni, v., Perrone, V., 465<br />
petersoni, p., Peterson, P., 180, 361<br />
pigmalioni saklaso oTaxSi, 276<br />
pikeringi, d., Pickering, D., 435<br />
polani, m., Polanyi, M., 15<br />
pophemi, v. j., Popham, W.J., 376<br />
pradli, g. m., Pradl, G. M., 205, 232<br />
presli, m., Pressley, M., 300<br />
r<br />
raseli, d., Russell, D., 221, 235<br />
realobiT Terapia, 146<br />
rendolfi, n., Randolf, N., 315<br />
rendolfi, s. h., Randolf, С. H., 347, 348, 349<br />
resniki, h., Resnick, H., 405<br />
resniki, l., Resnick, L., 299, 529<br />
retigi, m. d., Rettig, M. D., 522<br />
riCi, h. l., Rich, H. L., 402, 405<br />
rimi, e., Rim, E., 71<br />
risti, r. s., Rist, R. C., 530<br />
robaki, f. n., Roebuck, F. N., 317<br />
roeleri, l., Roehler, L., 367<br />
rozenSaini, b. v., Rosenshine, В. V., 25, 74, 75, 179<br />
rozenTali, r., Rosenthal, R., 276<br />
roui, m. b., Rowe, M. В., 206, 280<br />
rojersi, d. m., Rogers, D. M., 115<br />
ruptiki, s., Ruptic, C., 452<br />
s<br />
saigli, p., Seigle, P., 329, 331, 332<br />
saizeri, t. r., Sizer, T. R., 434, 447, 464<br />
salivani, e. v., Sullivan, E. V., 402<br />
samara, j., Samara, J., 441<br />
samsoni, g. e., Samson, G. E., 417<br />
sarasoni, s., Sarason, S., 117,139,166<br />
saswavlo gegmisa da swavlebis ZiriTadi<br />
principebi, 454<br />
safieri, j. d., Saphier, J. D., 361, 435, 449, 466, 515<br />
svingi, s., Swing, S., 180<br />
silvesteri, r., Sylvester, R., 338<br />
sindti, v. g., Sindt, V. G., 338<br />
skineri, b. f., Skinner; B. F., 228<br />
skola marcxis gareSe, 121, 146, 335<br />
skolis kultura da cvlilebaTa sirTule, 139<br />
skoti, m. b., Scott, M. В., 506<br />
slavini, r. e., Slavin, R. E., 326, 331, 341<br />
smilaniCi, p., Smil anich, P., 329<br />
smiti, e. l., Smith, E. L., 183<br />
smiti, l., Smith, L., 192, 193<br />
smiti, s., Smith, S., 448<br />
sparksi, d., Sparks, D., 458<br />
spivaki, g., Spivak, G., 134,135,136,166<br />
stenfordi, g., Stanford, G., 123, 329, 332<br />
stiginsi, r., Stiggins, R., 452<br />
stigleri, j. v., Stigler, J. W., 6<br />
stiveni, h. v., Steven, H. W., 6<br />
stivensoni, j., Stephenson, J., 331<br />
stili, s., Steele, C., 530<br />
stolingsi, j. a., Stallings, J. A., 72, 74<br />
swavlebis modelebi, 249<br />
t<br />
taba, h., Taba, H., 248<br />
taileri, r. v., Tyler, R. W., 498<br />
taneri, b., Tanner, В., 522<br />
taneri, l. n., Tanner, L. N., 271<br />
taskeri, r., Tasker, R., 197<br />
terneri, j., Turner, J., 300<br />
toefveri, s. f., Toepfer, C. F., 396<br />
u<br />
uaildmeni, t. m., Wildman, Т. M., 513, 518, 521<br />
uaiTi, b., White, В., 232, 234<br />
ueili, m., Weil, M., 126, 249<br />
ueligi, g. g., Wehlage, G. G., 349<br />
uisleri, j. s., Whisler, J. S., 187<br />
uitholi, j., Withall, J., 325<br />
ungeri, s., Unger, C., 232<br />
uolbergi, h. j., Walberg, H. J., 325<br />
uoleni, l., Wallen, L., 166<br />
uoleni, s. .j, Wallen, C. J., 166<br />
uosiki, b., Wasik, В., 300<br />
uotersi, b., Waters, F., 439<br />
uotrosi, b., Watrous, В., 331<br />
f<br />
fiSeri, s. v., Fisher, C. W., 71, 325<br />
flemingi, m., Fleming, M., 439<br />
fogarti, r., Fogarty, R., 224<br />
fordhemi, s., Fordham, S., 289<br />
freidrixi, g. v., Freidrich, G. W., 198, 203<br />
freizeri, b. j., Fraser, B.J., 325<br />
friki, r., Frick, R., 298<br />
fulvileri, t., Fulwiler, Т., 232<br />
fursti, n., Furst, N., 179<br />
indeqsi<br />
545
<strong>gamocdili</strong>m aswavlebeli<br />
q<br />
qoldueli, j. h., Caldwell, J. H., 71, 72<br />
S<br />
Savelsoni, r. j., Shavelson, R. J., 443, 444, 445<br />
Saini, e., Schein, E., 522<br />
Sauersi, b., Showers, В., 520<br />
Safteli, b., Shaftel, В., 507<br />
Safteli, f., Shaftel, F., 507<br />
Snaideri, v., Schneider, W., 300<br />
Sou, v., Shaw, V., 329<br />
Sunki, d. h., Schunk, D. H., 230<br />
Suri, m., Shure, M., 134,135,136,166<br />
Sutci, u. k., Schutz, W. K., 160, 159, 326<br />
C<br />
Cavesi, r., Chavez, R., 326<br />
Cembersi, b., Chambers, В., 439<br />
Censi, p., Chance, P., 228<br />
Citendeni, e. a., Chittenden, E. A., 390<br />
j<br />
jenseni, a., Jensen, A., 530<br />
joisi, b. r., Joyce, B. R„ 4, 126, 249, 361, 401, 520<br />
jonsoni, d. v., Johnson, D. W., 327, 331, 343, 335, 390,<br />
391, 392<br />
jonsoni, m. s., Johnson, M. S., 314<br />
jonsoni, r. t., Johnson, R. Т., 327, 331, 334, 335, 390, 391,<br />
392<br />
h<br />
haerteli, e. h., Haertel, E. H., 325<br />
haimsi, l., Hymes, L., 166<br />
hali, b., Hull, В., 186<br />
hamondi, r., Hammond, R., 201, 298<br />
hanTeri, m., Hunter, M., 181, 219, 280, 361<br />
hani, a. l., Hahn, A. L., 206<br />
hanti, d., Hunt, D., 402, 404<br />
hanti, j. m., Hunt, J. M., 372<br />
harisoni, a. f., Harrison, A. F., 341<br />
hernStaini, r. j., Herrnstein, R. J., 530<br />
hileri, j. h., Hiller, J. H., 193<br />
hili, b. s., Hill, В. C., 452<br />
hirli, d., Hyerle, D. 190<br />
hovardi, j., Howard, J., 298, 341, 529<br />
hopfenbergi, v. s., Hopfenberg, W. S., 294<br />
horvici, p., Horwitz, P., 232<br />
houi, v., Howe, W., 315<br />
546
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