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Lo Sposalizio - The Wedding of Venice to the Sea - Abeille Musique

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2 COMPACT DISCS FOR THE PRICE OF ONE dyad


F<br />

ROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, Venetian<br />

mariners ga<strong>the</strong>red <strong>to</strong>ge<strong>the</strong>r once each year <strong>to</strong> <strong>of</strong>fer<br />

prayers <strong>to</strong> San Nicolò, <strong>the</strong> patron saint <strong>of</strong> sailors,<br />

asking for his continued protection. Initially <strong>the</strong> service<br />

was a simple Benedictio in which, alongside prayers <strong>to</strong><br />

St Nicholas, <strong>the</strong> Adriatic <strong>Sea</strong> was blessed with holy water,<br />

but by <strong>the</strong> late sixteenth century <strong>the</strong> ceremony had<br />

evolved in<strong>to</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most lavish and important dates<br />

in <strong>the</strong> Venetian calendar. Ascension Day now launched a<br />

large spring festival which was headed by <strong>the</strong> symbolic<br />

wedding <strong>of</strong> <strong>Venice</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adriatic—<strong>the</strong> <strong>Sposalizio</strong>. In a<br />

city where fertility rituals had always held great<br />

importance, this ceremonial marriage was accorded<br />

<strong>the</strong> greatest spectacle and pomp. <strong>The</strong> festival, which<br />

included public entertainments and a fifteen-day-long<br />

fair, also presented a potent metaphor for, and symbol<br />

<strong>of</strong>, Venetian dominion.<br />

Two major descriptions, one describing <strong>the</strong> six teenthcentury<br />

celebrations and <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> cere monies <strong>of</strong> a<br />

hundred years later, give us a splendid overview <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

day. <strong>The</strong> basic formula was that <strong>the</strong> dignitaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Venetian establishment would follow <strong>the</strong> Doge, in a<br />

largely secular celebration, <strong>to</strong> a central position in <strong>the</strong><br />

lagoon, where traditional prayers for protection would<br />

be uttered and a gold ring symbolically cast in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea:<br />

<strong>the</strong> procession would <strong>the</strong>n move on <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Church <strong>of</strong> San<br />

Nicolò on <strong>the</strong> Lido for a large church service.<br />

<strong>The</strong> sixteenth-century <strong>Sposalizio</strong> ceremony began at<br />

dawn on Ascension Day with <strong>the</strong> Cavaliere del Doge (in<br />

charge <strong>of</strong> state ceremonies) checking whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> sea<br />

was calm enough for a procession <strong>of</strong> boats. If it was, <strong>the</strong><br />

Vera (a ceremonial gold ring) was issued by <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> Rason Vecchie and <strong>the</strong> Cavaliere announced <strong>the</strong><br />

start <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Festa della Sensa. After celebrating Mass at<br />

San Marco (with no contemporary descriptions <strong>of</strong> largescale<br />

music at this event, and plenty <strong>of</strong> music <strong>to</strong> come<br />

2<br />

later in <strong>the</strong> day, it is generally assumed that this was a<br />

relatively simple service) <strong>the</strong> Doge, accompanied by all<br />

<strong>Venice</strong>’s most important figures, including ambassadors<br />

and high magistrates, would board <strong>the</strong> Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro, <strong>the</strong><br />

republic’s wonderfully ornate ceremonial galley, and be<br />

rowed by four hundred oarsmen <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> centre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

lagoon. Whilst <strong>the</strong> party moved across <strong>the</strong> water, <strong>the</strong><br />

choir <strong>of</strong> San Marco would sing motets and church bells<br />

would ring. Thousands <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r boats, gondolas, hired<br />

barges, pilot boats and galleys, all decorated in <strong>the</strong> most<br />

ornate style, would join <strong>the</strong> procession. <strong>The</strong> Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro<br />

would s<strong>to</strong>p near <strong>the</strong> convent <strong>of</strong> Sant’ Elena, where it<br />

would meet <strong>the</strong> Patriarch <strong>of</strong> Castello on ano<strong>the</strong>r boat.<br />

<strong>The</strong>re, two canons would sing ‘Exaudi nos, Domine,<br />

cum propiciis’ (‘Hear us with favour, O <strong>Lo</strong>rd’), <strong>to</strong> which<br />

<strong>the</strong> Patriarch would reply ‘Ut hoc mare nobis et<br />

omnibus in eo navigantibus tranquillum et quietum<br />

concedere digneris te rogamus, audi nos’ (‘We pray that<br />

you deign <strong>to</strong> grant that this sea be tranquil and quiet for<br />

our men and for all o<strong>the</strong>rs who sail upon it, O hear us’).<br />

<strong>The</strong> Patriarch would bless <strong>the</strong> water, and <strong>the</strong> two canons<br />

sing an Oremus. <strong>The</strong> Patriarchal boat would approach<br />

<strong>the</strong> Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro, and <strong>the</strong> chief priest <strong>of</strong> San Marco, <strong>the</strong><br />

Primicerio, would in<strong>to</strong>ne and bless <strong>the</strong> Doge with holy<br />

water. At <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lagoon, <strong>the</strong> point where a<br />

natural break in <strong>the</strong> Lido opens <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>Venice</strong> <strong>to</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> Adriatic, <strong>the</strong> actual marriage ceremony would take<br />

place, with <strong>the</strong> Doge dropping <strong>the</strong> gold ring overboard<br />

whilst saying ‘Desponsamus te Mare, in signum veri<br />

perpetuique dominii’ (‘We espouse <strong>the</strong>e, O sea, as a sign<br />

<strong>of</strong> true and perpetual dominion’). After <strong>the</strong> ceremony<br />

<strong>the</strong> Doge and his guests would s<strong>to</strong>p at San Nicolò al Lido<br />

for a grand service, followed by a banquet which would<br />

last until evening.<br />

By <strong>the</strong> seventeenth century, <strong>the</strong> early morning<br />

service at San Marco seems <strong>to</strong> have vanished, being


eplaced by a lavish Mass at <strong>the</strong> Church <strong>of</strong> San Nicolò<br />

al Lido after <strong>the</strong> water ceremonies. <strong>The</strong> day started<br />

at <strong>the</strong> Doge’s palace, leading straight <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> secular<br />

processions and <strong>the</strong> blessing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> waters, and <strong>the</strong>nce<br />

<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Church <strong>of</strong> San Nicolò for a musically spectacular<br />

Mass. An Englishman on <strong>the</strong> ‘Grand Tour’, Richard<br />

Lassels, attended one such celebration and described it<br />

in fine detail in his Voyage <strong>of</strong> Italy: ‘I happened <strong>to</strong> be in<br />

<strong>Venice</strong> thrice, at <strong>the</strong> great <strong>Sea</strong> Triumph, or feast <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Ascension, which was performed thus. About eight in<br />

<strong>the</strong> morneing, <strong>the</strong> Sena<strong>to</strong>rs in <strong>the</strong>ir scarlat robes, meet<br />

at <strong>the</strong> Doges Pallace, and <strong>the</strong>re taking him up, <strong>the</strong>y walk<br />

with him processionaly un<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> shoare, w[h]ere <strong>the</strong><br />

Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro lyes waiting <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>the</strong> Pope’s Nuncio being<br />

upon his right hand, and <strong>the</strong> Patriarch <strong>of</strong> <strong>Venice</strong>, on his<br />

left hand. <strong>The</strong>n ascending in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro, by a<br />

hansome bridge throwne out <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> shoare, <strong>the</strong> Doge<br />

takes his place, and <strong>the</strong> Sena<strong>to</strong>rs sit round <strong>the</strong> Gallie as<br />

<strong>the</strong>y can, <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> two, or three hundred. <strong>The</strong><br />

Senate being placed, <strong>the</strong> anchor is weighed, and <strong>the</strong><br />

slaves being warned by <strong>the</strong> Capitains whistle and <strong>the</strong><br />

sound <strong>of</strong> trumpets, begin <strong>to</strong> strike all at once with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />

oares, and <strong>to</strong> make <strong>the</strong> Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro march as gravely<br />

upon <strong>the</strong> water, as if she also went upon cioppini. Thus<br />

<strong>the</strong>y steere for two miles upon <strong>the</strong> Laguna, while <strong>the</strong><br />

musick plays, and sings Epithalamiums all <strong>the</strong> way<br />

long, and makes Neptune jealous <strong>to</strong> heare Hymen called<br />

upon in his dominions. Round about <strong>the</strong> Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro<br />

flock a world <strong>of</strong> Piottas and Gondolas, richly covered<br />

overhead with somptuous Canopies <strong>of</strong> silks and rich<br />

stuffs, and rowed by watermen in rich liveryes, as well<br />

as <strong>the</strong> Trumpeters. Thus forrain Embassadors, divers<br />

noblemen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country and strangers <strong>of</strong> condition<br />

wait upon <strong>the</strong> Doge’s gallie all <strong>the</strong> way long, both<br />

comeing and going. At last <strong>the</strong> Doge being arrived at <strong>the</strong><br />

appointed place, throws a Ring in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sea</strong>, without any<br />

3<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r ceremony, than by saying ‘Desponsamus te Mare,<br />

in signum veri perpetui dominij: we espouse <strong>the</strong>e, ò<br />

sea, in testimony <strong>of</strong> our perpetual dominion over<br />

<strong>the</strong>e:’ and so returnes <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Church <strong>of</strong> S. Nicolas in Lio<br />

(an Iland hard by) where he assists at high Masse with<br />

<strong>the</strong> Senate. This done, he returns home againe in <strong>the</strong><br />

same state; and invites those that accompanyed him in<br />

his Gally, <strong>to</strong> dinner in his pallace.’<br />

<strong>The</strong> musical forces available for <strong>Lo</strong> <strong>Sposalizio</strong><br />

<strong>The</strong>re are few cities in<strong>to</strong> whose music so much research<br />

has been made, yet <strong>the</strong> known detail <strong>of</strong> exactly what was<br />

performed on major feast days in <strong>Venice</strong>, even during its<br />

heyday, is surprisingly slight. <strong>The</strong> full complement <strong>of</strong><br />

singers available at St Mark’s at this time was around<br />

thirty, most <strong>of</strong> whom we can assume would have taken<br />

part on this, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most important occasions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

year. <strong>The</strong>re was a similar number <strong>of</strong> instrumentalists,<br />

<strong>to</strong> which would be added <strong>the</strong> ‘outdoor’ musicians—<br />

drummers and <strong>the</strong> Doge’s famous six silver trumpets<br />

(<strong>the</strong> Piffari, <strong>the</strong> leader <strong>of</strong> whom, traditionally, did not<br />

play). From this large pool <strong>of</strong> musicians can be seen <strong>the</strong><br />

possibilities for fanfares and traditional drumming,<br />

large-scale music intended for public consumption, and<br />

more intimate pieces which (in line with <strong>the</strong> traditions<br />

followed at services within St Mark’s) were intended<br />

only for <strong>the</strong> ears <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Doge and <strong>the</strong> immediate<br />

dignitaries.<br />

<strong>The</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> San Nicolò<br />

To a twentieth-century visi<strong>to</strong>r, <strong>the</strong> Church <strong>of</strong> San Nicolò<br />

al Lido appears a relatively unspectacular building in<br />

comparison with <strong>the</strong> many more ornate churches that<br />

<strong>the</strong> city possesses. Of <strong>the</strong> hundreds <strong>of</strong> saints whom <strong>the</strong><br />

Venetians venerated (many <strong>of</strong> whom were local in<br />

origin, o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> whom had seen reposi<strong>to</strong>ries found for


<strong>the</strong>ir relics during <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> crusades, <strong>of</strong>ten having<br />

been s<strong>to</strong>len from <strong>the</strong> East), four <strong>to</strong>ok pride <strong>of</strong> place in<br />

Venetian hagiology: Marco (<strong>to</strong> whom <strong>the</strong> famous basilica<br />

was dedicated), Teodoro (who had been <strong>the</strong> patron saint<br />

in <strong>Venice</strong> before <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Marco), Giorgio (<strong>the</strong> same<br />

George whose dragon-slaying exploits led <strong>to</strong> his adoption<br />

as patron saint <strong>of</strong> England) and Nicolò, <strong>the</strong> patron saint<br />

<strong>of</strong> sailors. Nicolò’s cult in <strong>Venice</strong> had started at least as<br />

early as <strong>the</strong> eleventh century, and <strong>the</strong> Venetians had<br />

built a monastery on <strong>the</strong> Lido in his honour in 1053.<br />

<strong>The</strong> site <strong>of</strong> this monastery, at <strong>the</strong> gateway <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adriatic<br />

<strong>Sea</strong>, gave Nicolò added importance <strong>to</strong> this predomin -<br />

antly maritime population. <strong>The</strong> ritual homage paid by<br />

<strong>the</strong> Doge and Patriarch <strong>to</strong> Nicolò suggests that <strong>the</strong> saint<br />

himself may have <strong>of</strong>ficiated at early celebrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Sposalizio</strong>: until 1172 <strong>the</strong> monastery was <strong>the</strong> site where<br />

<strong>the</strong> citizens assembled <strong>to</strong> acclaim new Doges, and<br />

through out <strong>the</strong> Renaissance was used as a banqueting<br />

hall for departing captains general. Only during <strong>the</strong><br />

succeeding centuries, as mainland <strong>Venice</strong> expanded,<br />

was <strong>the</strong> monastery eclipsed as a centre <strong>of</strong> great religious<br />

and political significance by <strong>the</strong> newly built Doge’s<br />

Palace and Basilica <strong>of</strong> San Marco. But by his continued<br />

protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Venetians at sea, and by his patronage<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Doge and captain general, San Nicolò maintained<br />

a balance with Marco, complementing his spiritual<br />

functions and maintaining links with <strong>the</strong> general popu -<br />

lation by having an urban location for his major shrine.<br />

COMPACT DISC ONE<br />

<strong>The</strong> processions and journey across <strong>the</strong> lagoon<br />

Ascension Day begins in St Mark’s Square, with <strong>the</strong> bell<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> basilica (track 1). From outside <strong>the</strong> square<br />

emerges a procession <strong>of</strong> drums 2, which announces<br />

<strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Doge and his guests; this procession is<br />

joined, as described by Lassels, by <strong>the</strong> silver trumpets,<br />

4<br />

playing <strong>the</strong> ‘Rotta’ fanfare 3 written down by Fantini in<br />

his method for trumpet playing. Fantini’s fanfares are<br />

heard at several junctures during this recording, and are<br />

representative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more ‘modern’ type <strong>of</strong> fanfare that<br />

was coming in<strong>to</strong> vogue at <strong>the</strong> start <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seventeenth<br />

century, replacing <strong>the</strong> old-fashioned works previously<br />

transcribed by Bendinelli. Once <strong>the</strong> Doge is in place, <strong>the</strong><br />

grand madrigal Vieni, vieni Himeneo 4 is performed,<br />

set for two choirs <strong>of</strong> voices and instruments; it solemnly<br />

welcomes <strong>the</strong> assembled company and makes, as<br />

Lassels described, ‘Neptune jealous <strong>to</strong> heare Hymen<br />

called upon in his dominions’. Published posthumously<br />

in 1590, its style is representative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> later works <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> much respected Andrea Gabrieli.<br />

<strong>The</strong> first instrumental canzona is by ano<strong>the</strong>r former<br />

organist <strong>of</strong> San Marco, Gioseffo Guami, described by a<br />

contemporary as being an ‘extraordinary’ string player.<br />

His noble eight-part canzona 5 is a fine work, incor -<br />

porating harmony <strong>of</strong> an unusual sweetness and varying<br />

textures with great skill, whilst encouraging <strong>the</strong> cantus<br />

players <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two opposite choirs <strong>to</strong> indulge in orna -<br />

ments that match those already written out.<br />

Whilst <strong>the</strong> musicians move for <strong>the</strong>ir next piece,<br />

on <strong>the</strong> Doge’s boat three chitarrone players perform a<br />

short piece 6 by <strong>the</strong> Venetian-born lutenist Giovanni<br />

Kapsberger, typical <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> new style <strong>of</strong> plucked string<br />

writing. Andrea Gabrieli’s splendid twelve-part madrigal<br />

Cantiam di Dio 7 is a large-scale work <strong>of</strong> considerable<br />

grandeur, predominantly homophonic in texture<br />

through out its two sections, and containing luxurious<br />

tuttis with all twelve voices and instruments; it praises<br />

God for creating heaven, earth and, <strong>of</strong> course, <strong>the</strong><br />

sea. <strong>The</strong> drums provide a brief interlude 8, leading <strong>to</strong><br />

a more warlike work, Andrea Gabrieli’s canzona La<br />

Battaglia 9, which he specifies should be played on<br />

eight wind instruments. <strong>The</strong> tradition <strong>of</strong> writing battle


music was a popular one in <strong>the</strong> sixteenth century:<br />

Gabrieli’s writing looks back <strong>to</strong> pieces such as Jane -<br />

quin’s chanson La bataille de Marignan and Hermann<br />

Werrecore’s Bataglia taliana, written <strong>to</strong> celebrate <strong>the</strong><br />

defeat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French at <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Pavia. Between <strong>the</strong><br />

expected trumpet calls and battle fanfares Gabrieli<br />

includes writing <strong>of</strong> exquisite subtlety.<br />

Andrea’s nephew Giovanni provides a sublime<br />

musical contrast with his delicious eight-part madrigal<br />

Lie<strong>to</strong> godea sedendo bl, set in this recording for two<br />

falsettists and a rich string accompaniment. First pub -<br />

lished in 1587, <strong>the</strong> madrigal proved <strong>to</strong> be especially<br />

popular, being arranged both as a lute duet and also by<br />

Gabrieli’s pupil Schütz as part <strong>of</strong> his Psalmen Davids<br />

(1619). In <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> a traditionally damp Venetian<br />

spring its mildly erotic, lovesick <strong>to</strong>ne must have brought<br />

on longings for <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> good wea<strong>the</strong>r. La Folia bm,<br />

here improvised on three plucked-string instruments<br />

after <strong>the</strong> style <strong>of</strong> Alessandro Piccinini, was newly arrived<br />

in Italy from Spain, and enjoying great popularity.<br />

La Leona bn, <strong>the</strong> title <strong>of</strong> Cesario Gussago’s Canzona<br />

XIX, refers <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Venetian lion. Predominantly chordal<br />

in style, Gussago’s writing is highly attractive in its inter -<br />

play between <strong>the</strong> two opposing choirs <strong>of</strong> instruments.<br />

<strong>The</strong> title may have been his idea—or that <strong>of</strong> his pub -<br />

lisher, trying <strong>to</strong> make <strong>the</strong> work more saleable <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Venetian public!<br />

Like La Folia, <strong>the</strong> Ciaccona was entering Italian<br />

music at <strong>the</strong> start <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seventeenth century: its<br />

popularity proved <strong>to</strong> be such that almost every<br />

composer incorporated this new form in<strong>to</strong> a multitude<br />

<strong>of</strong> works. Here, <strong>the</strong> players improvise on one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

shortest examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bass line bo.<br />

Giovanni Gabrieli’s massive, double-choir, sixteenpart<br />

madrigal Udite, chiari e generosi figli bp is <strong>the</strong><br />

vocal pièce de résistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> secular celebrations,<br />

5<br />

with a text full <strong>of</strong> references <strong>to</strong> nautical mythological<br />

figures; this mythology would have been readily com -<br />

prehensible <strong>to</strong> any educated Venetian. Gabrieli sets <strong>the</strong><br />

work for fourteen voices, supporting <strong>the</strong>m below with<br />

basso continuo and above with a lone ‘cornet<strong>to</strong> mu<strong>to</strong>’.<br />

<strong>The</strong> eight singers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first choir take <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong><br />

Tri<strong>to</strong>ns, calling on <strong>the</strong> citizens <strong>of</strong> Adria <strong>to</strong> listen <strong>to</strong><br />

Poseidon, King <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Oceans (here Adria is an allusion<br />

<strong>to</strong> <strong>Venice</strong>, ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> <strong>to</strong>wn which sat between <strong>the</strong><br />

mouths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rivers Po and Adige). Tri<strong>to</strong>n himself was<br />

<strong>the</strong> son <strong>of</strong> Poseidon, and dwelt in a golden palace at <strong>the</strong><br />

bot<strong>to</strong>m <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea. ‘Gradita’ (literally ‘chargers’, or white<br />

horses) refers <strong>to</strong> Tri<strong>to</strong>n’s practice <strong>of</strong> riding sea horses or<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r monsters. <strong>The</strong> Tri<strong>to</strong>ns (part human, part fish)<br />

would, at <strong>the</strong> command <strong>of</strong> Poseidon, blow on a trumpet<br />

made out <strong>of</strong> a shell and soo<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong> waves. <strong>The</strong> second<br />

choir takes <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> Sirens. In mythology, <strong>the</strong>se were<br />

sea nymphs who had <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> charming all who<br />

heard <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong>ir singing. Ulysses avoided <strong>the</strong>ir<br />

wiles by tying himself <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> mast <strong>of</strong> his ship and by<br />

filling <strong>the</strong> ears <strong>of</strong> his companions with wax. When Jason<br />

and <strong>the</strong> Argonauts sailed by, <strong>the</strong> Sirens sang in vain,<br />

surpassed by Orpheus and his lyre; finding someone<br />

who was unmoved by <strong>the</strong>ir songs, <strong>the</strong>y threw <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />

in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea, and were metamorphosed in<strong>to</strong> rocks.<br />

Amphi trite was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fifty Nereids (ano<strong>the</strong>r was<br />

<strong>The</strong>tis, mo<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Achilles) and was <strong>the</strong> mo<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Tri<strong>to</strong>n.<br />

Gabrieli’s madrigal is a magnificent, large-scale com -<br />

position, full <strong>of</strong> word-painting and dramatic contrasts,<br />

climaxing in a remarkable sixteen-part final chorus<br />

which urges <strong>the</strong> Venetians <strong>to</strong> be bold and proud.<br />

Before <strong>the</strong> Doge reaches <strong>the</strong> position in <strong>the</strong> lagoon<br />

from where he casts his ring in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> waters, <strong>the</strong> instru -<br />

mentalists play <strong>Lo</strong>dovico Viadana’s excellent canzona La<br />

Veneziana bq. Part <strong>of</strong> a collection which names each<br />

canzona after an Italian city, this work splendidly


manages <strong>to</strong> combine a lively and fresh opening with<br />

music <strong>of</strong> solemnity, admirably summing up two con -<br />

trast ing aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>Venice</strong>. As <strong>the</strong> secular part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Sposalizio</strong> closes, <strong>the</strong> trumpeters sound <strong>the</strong> fanfare<br />

Imperiale prima br, joined by <strong>the</strong> drummers who lead<br />

<strong>the</strong> procession across <strong>the</strong> lagoon <strong>to</strong>wards <strong>the</strong> Lido.<br />

COMPACT DISC TWO<br />

<strong>The</strong> solemn Mass held in San Nicolò<br />

‘… And so [<strong>the</strong> Doge] returnes <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Church <strong>of</strong> S.<br />

Nicolas in Lio … where he assists at high Masse with <strong>the</strong><br />

Senate’ … Whereas <strong>the</strong> sequence <strong>of</strong> music for <strong>the</strong><br />

secular ceremonies <strong>of</strong> <strong>Lo</strong> <strong>Sposalizio</strong> has <strong>to</strong> be largely<br />

putative, <strong>the</strong> form for <strong>the</strong> music used during <strong>the</strong><br />

celebration <strong>of</strong> High Mass is more clearly documented.<br />

<strong>The</strong> major musical highlights are presented here (<strong>the</strong><br />

full service would have filled two compact discs on its<br />

own). <strong>The</strong> proceedings are announced by <strong>the</strong> bell <strong>of</strong> San<br />

Nicolò 1, <strong>to</strong>lling <strong>to</strong> announce <strong>the</strong> start <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mass.<br />

Outside <strong>the</strong> church, <strong>the</strong> trumpeters sound a fanfare 2<br />

<strong>to</strong> herald <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Doge.<br />

Moving inside <strong>the</strong> church, <strong>the</strong> first musical element<br />

in <strong>the</strong> service is Giovanni Gabrieli’s magnificent twelvepart<br />

Kyrie 3. <strong>The</strong> opening section places a lone solo<br />

tenor over four sackbuts in magnificently poised music<br />

<strong>of</strong> great solemnity. In <strong>the</strong> ‘Christe’ <strong>the</strong>y are joined by a<br />

higher choir <strong>of</strong> instruments in writing that is more per -<br />

sonal and penitential. <strong>The</strong> third part adds <strong>the</strong> ‘Capella’<br />

(tutti choir) <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> existing two choirs <strong>of</strong> soloists and<br />

instruments, creating sumptuous twelve-part textures.<br />

Andrea Gabrieli’s remarkable sixteen-part setting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Gloria 4, written for four choirs, is an equally striking<br />

piece. Three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> choirs are <strong>of</strong> solo singers and instru -<br />

ments: <strong>the</strong> fourth is <strong>the</strong> tutti ‘Capella’. With a long text<br />

<strong>to</strong> set, Gabrieli’s largely syllabic setting functions very<br />

effectively, with writing for <strong>the</strong> alternating choirs con -<br />

6<br />

trasting with mighty pillars <strong>of</strong> sound when all four sound<br />

<strong>to</strong>ge<strong>the</strong>r. <strong>The</strong> final ‘Cum Sanc<strong>to</strong> Spiritu’ dances in its<br />

new-found triple metre.<br />

A short organ In<strong>to</strong>natione 5 introduces Tiburtio<br />

Massaino’s brooding Canzon per ot<strong>to</strong> tromboni 6:<br />

ano<strong>the</strong>r remarkable work, it presents <strong>the</strong> noble sound<br />

<strong>of</strong> eight sackbuts. <strong>The</strong> resultant sonorities are striking,<br />

showing not only <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> such an ensemble when<br />

playing loudly, but demonstrating <strong>the</strong> surprisingly<br />

intimate sound <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> instruments when <strong>the</strong>y are played<br />

s<strong>of</strong>tly. Plainsong chant would have played a large part in<br />

<strong>the</strong> service; here we have <strong>the</strong> Sursum corda with its<br />

special Preface for Ascension Day 7. It leads directly<br />

in<strong>to</strong> Giovanni Gabrieli’s extraordinary twelve-part setting<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sanctus 8, with a scoring which parallels that <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> Kyrie. Once again, sonority and timbre are used <strong>to</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> full, <strong>the</strong> e<strong>the</strong>real heavens contrasted with <strong>the</strong> lowly<br />

earth, and <strong>the</strong> ‘Hosannas’ dancing joyously.<br />

Before <strong>the</strong> Communion motet ano<strong>the</strong>r In<strong>to</strong>natione<br />

by Andrea Gabrieli is sounded on <strong>the</strong> organ 9, leading<br />

in<strong>to</strong> Claudio Monteverdi’s ravishing Christe, adoramus<br />

te bl, subtitled ‘Nella Elevatione di N. Signore’. Here is<br />

<strong>the</strong> master at work, creating a miniature masterpiece:<br />

<strong>the</strong> opening writing is largely in homophonic style,<br />

contrasting with <strong>the</strong> rising chromaticism <strong>of</strong> ‘quia per<br />

Sanctam Crucem tuam’ and <strong>the</strong> plaintive, supplica<strong>to</strong>ry<br />

phrasing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solo-voiced ‘redemisti mundum’.<br />

Closing <strong>the</strong> service is Giovanni Gabrieli’s sublime<br />

Sonata XX bm. Written for twenty-two instruments and<br />

basso continuo, playing in five separate choirs, this<br />

is <strong>the</strong> composer’s largest-scale instrumental work.<br />

Gabrieli’s handling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large ensemble shows his<br />

complete mastery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> form. Each choir is introduced<br />

separately and has its own character: <strong>the</strong> opening sixpart<br />

choir presents calm solemnity with a gently dotted,<br />

rising melody and a contrasting falling motif comprising


adjacent pairs <strong>of</strong> notes. <strong>The</strong> second choir enters with <strong>the</strong><br />

traditional dactylic canzona rhythm (long, short, short).<br />

<strong>The</strong> third choir is <strong>of</strong> lower-pitched instruments, given<br />

here <strong>to</strong> four sackbuts (Gabrieli specifies instrument -<br />

ation for only three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> twenty-two instrumental<br />

lines), and is followed by a more lightly scored fourth<br />

choir, echoing <strong>the</strong> second choir in style and tessitura.<br />

<strong>The</strong> fifth choir is treated quite differently, with writing<br />

that is busier and more active—well suited <strong>to</strong> string<br />

instruments. Only after some minutes do we hear <strong>the</strong><br />

first, sumptuous tutti, first s<strong>of</strong>tly, as if ‘testing <strong>the</strong><br />

waters’, and <strong>the</strong>n a few bars later with more emphasis.<br />

Gabrieli moves <strong>to</strong> a less formal section, featuring a<br />

variety <strong>of</strong> combinations <strong>of</strong> choirs and occasionally com -<br />

bining all five. <strong>The</strong> duration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se dialogues becomes<br />

shorter and suddenly, as if unable <strong>to</strong> wait any longer, a<br />

high sackbut breaks loose in a wildly exultant, jazzy<br />

rhythm. Here is <strong>the</strong> excuse for which <strong>the</strong> whole<br />

ensemble has apparently been waiting: <strong>the</strong> combined<br />

forces let loose a mighty sonic block. But Gabrieli does<br />

not loose all his cannon; returning <strong>to</strong> a brief section <strong>of</strong><br />

inter-choral dialogue, <strong>the</strong> string choir <strong>the</strong>n branches <strong>of</strong>f<br />

with a wonderfully explora<strong>to</strong>ry, darkly coloured section<br />

in a newly discovered triple metre. Eventually all is<br />

brought back <strong>to</strong> book and returns <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> earlier,<br />

conventional duple metre, but <strong>the</strong> seeds have been<br />

sown, and each choir takes up <strong>the</strong> new, elegantly poised<br />

<strong>The</strong> Hyperion catalogue can also be accessed on <strong>the</strong> Internet at www.hyperion-records.co.uk<br />

7<br />

triple metre, building <strong>to</strong> an inescapable climax. A rest for<br />

all instruments serves only <strong>to</strong> emphasize <strong>the</strong> extra -<br />

ordinary power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combined forces in ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />

monu mental pillar <strong>of</strong> sound and, as <strong>the</strong> Sonata moves<br />

<strong>to</strong>wards its end, each instrument in turn celebrates with<br />

its own fanfare, closing one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most remarkable<br />

instrumental pieces <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> age.<br />

As <strong>the</strong> Doge leaves <strong>the</strong> church, <strong>the</strong> footmen throw<br />

open <strong>the</strong> large west doors. As he steps outside <strong>the</strong> Doge<br />

is greeted by <strong>the</strong> extraordinary sound <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combined<br />

church bells <strong>of</strong> <strong>Venice</strong> bn pealing in <strong>the</strong>ir celebration <strong>of</strong><br />

this most glorious <strong>of</strong> marriages.<br />

Acknowledgement<br />

<strong>The</strong> idea <strong>to</strong> reconstruct <strong>the</strong> celebrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>Lo</strong> <strong>Sposalizio</strong><br />

came nearly ten years ago, planned as a lavish television<br />

production: <strong>the</strong> Venetian knowledge <strong>of</strong> John Michael<br />

Phillips is gratefully acknowledged. That mighty project<br />

is still <strong>to</strong> be realized, but out <strong>of</strong> it grew a concert project,<br />

developed in association with Vienna’s Resonanzen<br />

festival, <strong>the</strong> festival Cathédrales en Picardie and <strong>the</strong><br />

Festival d’Ambronay. In researching <strong>the</strong> music and<br />

his<strong>to</strong>ry I have been helped in particular by Clifford<br />

Bartlett, David Bryant, Patricia Liani, Stephen King,<br />

many <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> King’s Consort’s own players and singers,<br />

and by <strong>the</strong> writings, amongst that <strong>of</strong> many distinguished<br />

scholars, <strong>of</strong> Edward Muir and Denis Arnold.<br />

ROBERT KING © 1998<br />

If you have enjoyed this recording perhaps you would like a catalogue listing <strong>the</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>rs available on <strong>the</strong> Hyperion and Helios labels. If so,<br />

please write <strong>to</strong> Hyperion Records Ltd, PO Box 25, <strong>Lo</strong>ndon SE9 1AX, England, or email us at info@hyperion-records.co.uk, and we will be<br />

pleased <strong>to</strong> send you one free <strong>of</strong> charge.


COMPACT DISC 1<br />

4 ANDREA GABRIELI Vieni, vieni Himeneo<br />

Vieni, vieni Himeneo, Come, come Hymen,<br />

O felice Himeneo, ov’ hor t’invita happy Hymen, <strong>to</strong> where you are invited<br />

Questa cara e gradita Schiera de’ novi amanti by this dear and welcoming group <strong>of</strong> new lovers<br />

Con prieghi humili, e con sì dolci canti. with humble prayers, and with such sweet songs.<br />

7 ANDREA GABRIELI Cantiam di Dio<br />

Part One Cantiam di Dio, cantiamo, Let us sing <strong>of</strong> God, let us sing,<br />

Dolci amici diletti, sweet beloved friends,<br />

Se pur cantar bramiamo. if we want <strong>to</strong> sing.<br />

Tutti i nostri concetti Let us all devote<br />

Et la voce e l’ingegno our thoughts, voice and talent<br />

A Dio tutti sacriamo. <strong>to</strong> God.<br />

Egli è ben giust’e degno He is just and worthy<br />

Che noi tal cant’usiamo, <strong>of</strong> our singing such a song,<br />

Ch’ogn’altro cant’è indegno. for any o<strong>the</strong>r is unfit.<br />

Ma tutti ad un cantiamo: Let us all sing <strong>to</strong>ge<strong>the</strong>r:<br />

Quel Dio tutti cantiam ch’etern’e solo let us all praise <strong>the</strong> God that forever and alone<br />

Di nulla il ciel creò la terr’e ’l mare; from nothing created heaven, earth and sea;<br />

Et quant’a noi tra l’uno e l’altro polo from one pole <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

Di vago e bel con meraviglia appare. how marvellous and beautiful it appears.<br />

Poi, liberal del suo proprio figliolo, Moreover, generous with his own son,<br />

Qua giù l’<strong>of</strong>ferse a patir pene amare, he <strong>of</strong>fered him here on earth <strong>to</strong> suffer bitter pain,<br />

Facendo a noi de le sue membra scudo making for us a shield from his limbs<br />

Sul duro legno della Croce ignudo. on <strong>the</strong> hard, bare wood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cross.<br />

Part Two In Dio qualunqu’ha viva e ferma fede Whoever has a living and firm faith in God<br />

Di più servirlo ogn’hor dilet<strong>to</strong> prova always proves his delight by serving him<br />

Nè gratia indarno mai da lui richiede. and never asks in vain for grace.<br />

In Dio sol vera pace il mondo prova, In God alone <strong>the</strong> world knows true peace,<br />

Et s’huom de l’amor suo qua giù s’accende and if man is kindled with his love<br />

Nulla cosa mortal li piace o giova. no mortal thing pleases or serves him.<br />

In Dio chi ben oprando il tempo spende Anyone who does good deeds in God’s name<br />

Quasi angelica vita in terra mena, lives as an angel on earth<br />

Et com’un chiaro sol tra gl’altri splende. and shines like a bright sun among o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />

Con l’alma dunqu’ogn’un devota e piena With a soul devoted and full<br />

D’ardent’affet<strong>to</strong> e ’n Dio solo godiamo <strong>of</strong> ardent affection, let us rejoice in God alone,<br />

Lieti e contenti, e tutti ad un cantiamo. happy and contented, let us all sing as one.<br />

Signor, che l’huom con sì mirabil cura <strong>Lo</strong>rd, you who with such marvellous care formed man<br />

Simile a te con le tue man formasti, in your own image with your own hands,<br />

Poi prendendo per lui mortal figura <strong>the</strong>n, taking mortal form for his sake,<br />

L’altezza tua qua giù tant’abbassasti— humbled your greatness here below:<br />

Deh, fa’ ch’ogn’un di noi con mente pura ah! make each one <strong>of</strong> us with pure mind<br />

8


Volt’ogn’hor per la via ch’a noi mostrasti; turn always <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> way you showed us;<br />

Teco al fin goda in ciel tra i chori santi at last in heaven among <strong>the</strong> holy choirs<br />

Più felice harmonia, più dolci canti. let us enjoy happier harmonies and sweeter songs.<br />

bl GIOVANNI GABRIELI Lie<strong>to</strong> godea sedendo<br />

Lie<strong>to</strong> godea sedendo I sat happily enjoying<br />

L’aura che tremolando dolce spira l’aprile; <strong>the</strong> breeze that sweetly trembling April brea<strong>the</strong>s;<br />

Ogn’ hor sospira d’Amor ogn’ animale. every hour every animal sighs with love.<br />

Con mortal dardo With his mortal dart<br />

Amor volando venn’ e’l cor mi punse; <strong>Lo</strong>ve came flying and pierced my heart;<br />

E lass’ oimè, fugge meschino me: and, alas, he escapes <strong>to</strong> my sorrow:<br />

Onde n’havrò la morte and I shall die <strong>of</strong> it<br />

S’in lieta non si cangia la mia sorte. unless fate grants my happiness.<br />

bp GIOVANNI GABRIELI Udite, chiari e generosi figli<br />

First choir TRITONS Udite, chiari e generosi figli Listen, fair and noble sons<br />

D’Adria felice, il re del salso regno, <strong>of</strong> happy Hadria, <strong>the</strong> king <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> briny kingdom<br />

Ch’ama ’l vostro valor, no<strong>to</strong> ne l’onde who loves your valour, which is known over <strong>the</strong> waves,<br />

Doppio ne brama et honora<strong>to</strong> segno longs for it <strong>to</strong> be repeated, and awaits an honoured<br />

Fra guerrieri perigli sign amid <strong>the</strong> perils <strong>of</strong> war<br />

Ch’in terra ancor desio di gloria asconde. that on earth desire for glory still hides.<br />

Quinc’il destrier, fattura sua gradita, He invites you <strong>to</strong> take your chargers<br />

Ad adoprare, a maneggiar v’invita. Which he created that you hold dear, and ride hence.<br />

Second choir SIRENS E la bella Anfitrite And <strong>the</strong> fair Amphitrite<br />

De le Ninfe leggiadre promises <strong>to</strong> you <strong>the</strong> love and <strong>the</strong> favour<br />

Di ques<strong>to</strong> mar, che le Sirene unite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fair Nymphs<br />

A le Nerei di squadre <strong>of</strong> this sea whose rare graces and sweetness exceed<br />

Vincon di gratie e di dolcezze elette, by far those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sirens<br />

A voi l’amor et il favor promette. and <strong>the</strong> Nereids marshalled <strong>to</strong>ge<strong>the</strong>r.<br />

First and second choirs Sù dunque, ardita, altera, Onwards, <strong>the</strong>n, bold, proud,<br />

Nobilissima schiera, most noble crowd,<br />

Faccia vostra virtute al mondo fede confront your virtues and show <strong>the</strong> world<br />

Ch’il secol prisco a ques<strong>to</strong> secol cede. that ancient times give way <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> present.<br />

COMPACT DISC 2<br />

3 GIOVANNI GABRIELI Kyrie<br />

Kyrie eleison. Christe eleison. Kyrie eleison. <strong>Lo</strong>rd, have mercy. Christ, have mercy. <strong>Lo</strong>rd, have mercy.<br />

4 ANDREA GABRIELI Gloria<br />

Gloria in excelsis Deo Glory <strong>to</strong> God in <strong>the</strong> highest<br />

et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis. and on earth peace <strong>to</strong> men <strong>of</strong> good will.<br />

Laudamus te. Benedicimus te. We praise you. We bless you.<br />

Adoramus te. Glorificamus te. We adore you. We glorify you.<br />

Gratias agimus tibi propter magnam gloriam tuam. We give you thanks for your great glory.<br />

9


Domine Deus, rex caelestis, Deus Pater omnipotens, <strong>Lo</strong>rd God, king <strong>of</strong> heaven, God <strong>the</strong> Fa<strong>the</strong>r almighty,<br />

Domine Fili unigenite, Jesu Christe, <strong>Lo</strong>rd, only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ,<br />

Domine Deus, agnus Dei, Filius Patris, <strong>Lo</strong>rd God, lamb <strong>of</strong> God, Son <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fa<strong>the</strong>r,<br />

qui <strong>to</strong>llis peccata mundi, miserere nobis; you who take away <strong>the</strong> sins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world, have mercy on us;<br />

qui <strong>to</strong>llis peccata mundi, you who take away <strong>the</strong> sins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world,<br />

suscipe deprecationem nostram; receive our prayer;<br />

qui sedes ad dexteram Patris, you who sit at <strong>the</strong> right hand <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fa<strong>the</strong>r,<br />

miserere nobis. have mercy on us.<br />

Quoniam tu solus sanctus. Tu solus Dominus. For you only are holy. You only are <strong>Lo</strong>rd.<br />

Tu solus altissimus, Jesu Christe. You only are most high, Jesus Christ.<br />

Cum Sanc<strong>to</strong> Spiritu, in gloria Dei Patris. Amen. With <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit, in <strong>the</strong> glory <strong>of</strong> God <strong>the</strong> Fa<strong>the</strong>r. Amen.<br />

7 Sursum corda<br />

Dominus vobiscum. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Lo</strong>rd be with you.<br />

Et cum spiritu tuo. And with your spirit.<br />

Sursum corda. Lift up your hearts.<br />

Habemus ad Dominum. We lift <strong>the</strong>m <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Lo</strong>rd.<br />

Gratias agamus Domino Deo nostro. Let us give thanks <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Lo</strong>rd our God.<br />

Dignum et iustum est. It is right and proper so <strong>to</strong> do.<br />

Vere dignum et iustum est, aequum et salutare, It is right and proper, our duty and our salvation,<br />

nos tibi semper, et ubique gratias agere: always and everywhere <strong>to</strong> give you thanks:<br />

Domine sancte, Pater omnipotens, aeterne Deus: holy <strong>Lo</strong>rd, all-powerful Fa<strong>the</strong>r, and ever-living God:<br />

Per Christum Dominum nostrum, through Jesus Christ our <strong>Lo</strong>rd,<br />

qui post resurrectionem suam who, after his resurrection<br />

omnibus discipulis suis manifestus apparuit, appeared plainly <strong>to</strong> all his disciples,<br />

et ipsis cernentibus est elevatus in caelum, and in <strong>the</strong>ir sight was raised up <strong>to</strong> heaven<br />

ut nos divinitatis suae tribueret esse participes. <strong>to</strong> claim for us a share in his divine life.<br />

Et ideo cum angelis et archangelis, And <strong>the</strong>refore with angels and archangels,<br />

cum thronis et dominationibus, with thrones and dominions,<br />

cumque omni militia caelestis exercitus, and with all <strong>the</strong> company <strong>of</strong> heaven,<br />

hymnum gloriae tuae canimus, sine fine dicentes: we sing a hymn <strong>of</strong> your glory, evermore saying:<br />

8 GIOVANNI GABRIELI Sanctus<br />

Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Holy, holy, holy <strong>Lo</strong>rd God <strong>of</strong> Hosts.<br />

Pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua. Heaven and earth are full <strong>of</strong> your glory.<br />

Hosanna in excelsis. Hosanna in <strong>the</strong> highest.<br />

Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. Blessed is he who comes in <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Lo</strong>rd.<br />

Hosanna in excelsis. Hosanna in <strong>the</strong> highest.<br />

bl CLAUDIO MONTEVERDI Christe, adoramus te<br />

Christe, adoramus te et benedicimus tibi, Christ, we adore you and worship you,<br />

quia per Sanctam Crucem tuam redemisti mundum. for by your Holy Cross you have redeemed <strong>the</strong> world.<br />

Domine, miserere nobis. <strong>Lo</strong>rd, have mercy on us.<br />

10


<strong>The</strong> King’s Consort<br />

<strong>The</strong> King’s Consort has made more than ninety records<br />

for Hyperion—vocal, instrumental, orchestral and<br />

choral—including music by Handel, Bach, Boccherini,<br />

Kuhnau, As<strong>to</strong>rga, Telemann, Vivaldi, Schütz, Gabrieli,<br />

ROBERT KING © Jim Four<br />

11<br />

Pergolesi, Mozart and Albinoni. It is especially renowned<br />

for performances <strong>of</strong> Handel’s large-scale works<br />

(including Joshua, Deborah, <strong>The</strong> Occasional Ora<strong>to</strong>rio,<br />

Judas Maccabaeus, Alexander Balus, Joseph and his<br />

Brethren, Acis and Galatea, Ot<strong>to</strong>ne, L’Allegro, il<br />

Penseroso ed il Modera<strong>to</strong>, <strong>The</strong> Choice <strong>of</strong> Hercules,<br />

An Ode for St Cecilia’s Day, ‘Music for Ceremonial<br />

Occasions’, <strong>the</strong> four coronation an<strong>the</strong>ms, <strong>the</strong> Water<br />

Music and <strong>the</strong> Music for <strong>the</strong> Royal Fireworks) and <strong>the</strong><br />

music <strong>of</strong> Henry Purcell. <strong>The</strong> orchestra has recorded<br />

three highly acclaimed series <strong>of</strong> Purcell’s music: <strong>the</strong><br />

complete an<strong>the</strong>ms and services, <strong>the</strong> complete odes and<br />

welcome songs and <strong>the</strong> complete secular solo songs.<br />

O<strong>the</strong>r recording projects include a series <strong>of</strong> sacred<br />

music by Bach’s contemporaries, including works by<br />

Kuhnau, Schelle, Knüpfer and Zelenka, Vivaldi’s<br />

complete sacred music and an acclaimed series <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

sacred music <strong>of</strong> Claudio Monteverdi. Among <strong>the</strong><br />

orchestra’s greatest successes on compact disc and in<br />

<strong>the</strong> concert hall have been Boccherini’s 1800 setting <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> Stabat mater and <strong>the</strong> best-selling Coronation <strong>of</strong><br />

King George II.<br />

<strong>The</strong> King’s Consort website can be visited at<br />

www.tkcworld.org


Performers and Orchestration<br />

countertenors James Bowman, Robin Blaze, Robert Harre-Jones, Charles Humphries, Bernhard Landauer, Peter Nardone,<br />

Richard Wyn Roberts. high tenors and tenors Andrew Carwood, Charles Daniels, Duncan Mackenzie, Rodrigo del Pozo,<br />

Angus Smith, Paul Tindall, Mat<strong>the</strong>w Vine. bari<strong>to</strong>nes Stephen Charlesworth, Julian Clarkson, Robert Evans, Chris<strong>to</strong>pher Foster,<br />

Tom Guthrie, Damian O’Keeffe, Charles Pott. basses Simon Birchall, Robert MacDonald, Richard Savage<br />

violin Simon Jones, Rebecca Miles. viola Jane Rogers, Ka<strong>the</strong>rine McGillivray. cello Jane Coe, Ka<strong>the</strong>rine Sharman,<br />

Imogen Seth-Smith. violone Mark Levy. chitarrone David Miller, William Carter, Lynda Sayce, Elizabeth Kenny.<br />

guitar William Carter. organ James O’Donnell, James Johns<strong>to</strong>ne, Gary Cooper. drum Charles Fullbrook, Peter Beament,<br />

George Lawn, William <strong>Lo</strong>ckhart, Michael Skinner. fanfare trumpet David Staff, Adrian Woodward, Susan Addison,<br />

Abigail Newman, Tom Lees. cornett Jeremy West, David Staff, Adrian Woodward, <strong>The</strong>resa Caudle. al<strong>to</strong> sackbut Susan Addison,<br />

Adam Woolf. tenor sackbut Susan Addison, Richard Cheetham, Philip Dale, Mark Hor<strong>to</strong>n, Tom Lees, Abigail Newman,<br />

Paul Nieman, Adam Woolf. bass sackbut Adrian France, Patrick Jackman, Anthony Leggett, Andrew Harwood-White<br />

2 Drums CF, PB, GL, WL, MS drum<br />

3 Rotta CF, PB, GL, WL, MS drum; DS, AW, SA, AN, TL trpt<br />

4 Vieni, vieni Himeneo 6Ct, 2Ht, 4T, 4Bar, 2B: 2vln, vla, vc,<br />

vlne, sck(a), 2sck(t), sck(b) 2org, 3chit<br />

choir 1: SJ vln, KMcG, JR vla, JC vc<br />

JOD org, DM, WC chit<br />

BL/RB/CH Ct, RWR/RHJ/PN Ct<br />

DM/AC T, CP/TG Bar<br />

choir 2: SA sck(a), AN, PN sck(t), AF sck(b)<br />

JJ org, LS chit, ML vlne<br />

RdelP/CD Ht, MV/AS T, RE/JC Bar<br />

SB/RMcD B<br />

5 Canzona a 8 2cn, 2sck(t), 2vln, vla, vc, 2org, 2chit<br />

choir 1: JW, DS cn, SA, PN sck(t), JOD org, DM chit<br />

choir 2: SJ, RM vln, JR vla, JC vc, GC org, WC chit<br />

6 Kapsberger DM, LS chit, WC guit<br />

12<br />

7 Cantiam di Dio 3Ct, 3T, 4Bar, 2B, 2cn, vln, vla, vc, 5sck(t),<br />

2sck(b), 2org, 3chit<br />

choir 1: DS cn, SJ vln, JR vla, JC vc/RE Bar/DM chit<br />

in tuttis also RB, RWR Ct, PT T<br />

choir 2: CH Ct, AW, SA sck(t), AF sck(b)<br />

JOD org/EK chit<br />

in tuttis also JW cn, MV T, CP Bar, SB B<br />

choir 3: CD T, AN, PN sck(t)<br />

PJ sck(b)/JJ org/WC chit<br />

in tuttis also RC sck(t), JC, CF Bar, RS B<br />

8 Drums CF, PB, GL, WL, MS drum<br />

9 La Battaglia 2cn, 5sck(t), sck(b), org<br />

DS, JW cn, SA sck(a), AN, TL, RC, PN sck(t)<br />

AF sck(b)/JOD org<br />

bl Lie<strong>to</strong> godea 2Ct, 2vln, vla, vc, vlne, 2 org, 2chit<br />

choir 1: JB Ct, SJ vln, JR vla, KS vc<br />

JOD org, WC chit<br />

choir 2: RB Ct, RM vln, JC vc, ML vlne<br />

GC org, DM chit


m Variazioni sopra La Folia DM, LS chit, WC guit<br />

bn La Leona 2vln, vla, vc, 2cn, 2sck(t), 2chit, 2org<br />

choir 1: SJ vln, DS cn, JR vla, JC vc & WC chit<br />

JOD org<br />

choir 2: JW cn, RM vln, SA, PN sck(t)<br />

DM chit, GC org<br />

bo La Ciaccona DM, LS chit, WC guit<br />

bp Udite, chiari cn, 4Ct, 2Ht, T, 4Bar, 3B, org, 3chit<br />

choir 1: DS cn, CH, RHJ Ct, CD Ht,<br />

RE, TG, CP Bar, SB, RS B<br />

choir 2: BL, RB Ct, RdelP Ht, AS T<br />

SC Bar, RMcD B<br />

bc: ML vlne, JOD, JJ org, DM/LS/WC chit<br />

bq La Veneziana<br />

cn, sck(a), sck(t), sck(b), 2vln, vla, vc, 2org, 2chit<br />

choir 1: JW cn, SA sck(a), PN sck(t), AF sck(b)<br />

JOD org, DM chit<br />

choir 2: SJ, RM vln, KMcG vla, JC vc<br />

JJ org, WC chit<br />

br Imperiale prima and drums DS, AW, SA, AN, TL trpt; CF, PB,<br />

GL, WL, MS drum<br />

2 Imperiale seconda DS, AW, SA, AN, TL trpt<br />

3 Kyrie Ct, T: cn, sck(a), 3sck(t), sck(b), org + 12 chorus (3Ct,<br />

3T, 3Bar, 3B)<br />

Kyrie I: CD T, AW, TL, PN sck(t), AF sck(b), JOD org<br />

Christe: primus chorus: JW cn, BL Ct, SA sck(a)<br />

AW sck(t)<br />

secundus chorus: CD T, TL, PN sck(t)<br />

AF sck(b), JOD org<br />

Kyrie II: primus chorus: JW cn, BL Ct, SA sck(a)<br />

AW sck(t)<br />

secundus chorus: CD T, TL, PN sck(t)<br />

AF sck(b), JOD org<br />

PN/RWR/RB Ct, PT/DM/AS T<br />

CF/JC/TG Bar, RMcD/SB/RS B + JJ org<br />

13<br />

4 Gloria 2vln, vla, vc, vlne, 3chit, 2org, cn, 2sck(t), sck(b) +<br />

4Ct, 5T, 5Bar, 4B<br />

choir 1: DS cn, SJ vln, JR vla, RE Bar<br />

choir 2: CH Ct/RM vln, RdelP T/KMcG vla,<br />

CP Bar/KS vc, SB B/JC vc<br />

choir 3: RWR/RB/PN/RHJ Ct,<br />

MV/AC/PT T, DoK/CF/TG Bar<br />

RMcD/RS/JC B + JJ org<br />

choir 4: CD T, AN sck(t), SA sck(t), AF sck(b)<br />

b.c.: JOD, JJ org, ML vlne, DM/LS/WC chit<br />

5 In<strong>to</strong>natione Settimo <strong>to</strong>no JOD org<br />

6 Canzon per ot<strong>to</strong> tromboni sck(a), 4sck(t), 3 sck(b), org<br />

SA sck(a), AW, TL, AN, PN sck(t), PJ, AL, AF sck(b)<br />

JOD org<br />

7 Sursum corda AC celebrant, tutti tenors & basses<br />

8 Sanctus Ct, Bar, 2cn, sck(a), 4sck(t), 3sck(b), 2org, 3chit,<br />

12 chorus (3Ct, 3T, 3Bar, 3B)<br />

choir 1: JW cn, RHJ Ct, SA sck(a), AW sck(t)<br />

choir 2: RE Bar, PN sck(t), AL, PJ sck(b) + JJ org<br />

choir 3: RWR/CH/BL Ct, MV/AC/PT T<br />

JC/CF/DoK Bar, SB/RMcD/RS B + DS cn<br />

AN, TL sck(t), AF sck(b)<br />

b.c.: JOD, JJ org, ML vlne, DM/LS/WC chit<br />

9 In<strong>to</strong>natione Primo <strong>to</strong>no JOD org<br />

bl Christe, adoramus te 3Ct, 3Ct, 3T, 3Bar, 3B + org<br />

BL/RHJ/CH Ct, PN/RWR/RB Ct, AC/AS/PT T, CP/TG/JC Bar,<br />

SB/RMcD/RS B + JOD org<br />

bm Sonata XX<br />

4cn, 8sck(t), 3sck(b), 2vln, vla, vc, vlne, 2org, 3chit<br />

choir 1: JW cn, RM vln, AW, PN, MH sck(t), AF sck(b)<br />

choir 2: DS cn, RC, PD sck(t), AL sck(b)<br />

choir 3: SA, AN, TL sck(t), AHW sck(b)<br />

choir 4: AW, TC cn, KMcG vla, ISS vc<br />

choir 5: SJ vln, JR vla, JC vc, ML vlne<br />

b.c.: JOD, JJ org, WC/LS/DM chit


A<br />

LO SPOSALIZIO Le mariage de Venise avec la mer<br />

PARTIR DU XI e SIÈCLE, les marins vénitiens se<br />

réunirent une fois l’an pour <strong>of</strong>frir des prières<br />

à San Nicolò, le saint patron des marins, lui<br />

demand ant de continuer à les protéger. Initialement,<br />

l’<strong>of</strong>fice était une simple Benedictio où, de conserve avec<br />

des prières à saint Nicolas, la mer Adriatique était<br />

bénie avec de l’eau bénite. À la fin du XVI e siècle, cette<br />

cérémonie était devenue l’une des dates les plus somp -<br />

tueuses et importantes du calendrier vénitien. Le jour<br />

de l’Ascension donnait alors le coup d’envoi d’un grand<br />

festival de printemps, couronné par le mariage symbol -<br />

ique de Venise avec l’Adriatique : le <strong>Sposalizio</strong>. Dans<br />

une cité où les rituels de fertilité avaient <strong>to</strong>ujours été de<br />

haute importance, ce mariage cérémoniel se vit conférer<br />

les plus grands spectacle et pompe. Le festival, qui com -<br />

prenait des divertissements publics et une foire de<br />

quinze jours, constituait aussi une puissante méta -<br />

phore, un symbole de l’empire vénitien.<br />

Deux descriptions majeures, respectivement con -<br />

sacrées aux cérémonies des XVI e et XVII e siècles, nous<br />

donnent une splendide vue d’ensemble de ce jour, qui<br />

se déroulait, pour l’essentiel, ainsi : les dignitaires vénit -<br />

iens suivaient le doge, lors d’une célébration en grande<br />

partie pr<strong>of</strong>ane, jusqu’à un point central de la lagune, où<br />

des prières traditionnelles de protection était pronon -<br />

cées et où un anneau d’or était symboliquement jeté à<br />

la mer ; la procession se rendait alors à l’église de San<br />

Nicolò, sur le Lido, pour un grand <strong>of</strong>fice.<br />

Au XVI e siècle, la cérémonie du <strong>Sposalizio</strong> com -<br />

mençait à l’aube, le jour de l’Ascension, le Cavaliere del<br />

Doge (responsable des cérémonies d’État) s’assurant<br />

que la mer était assez calme pour au<strong>to</strong>riser une pro -<br />

cession de bateaux. Si tel était le cas, les représentants<br />

des Rason Vecchie remettaient le Vera (un anneau<br />

cérémoniel en or) et le Cavaliere proclamait l’ouverture<br />

14<br />

de la Festa della Sensa. Après avoir célébré la messe<br />

à San Marco (en l’absence de <strong>to</strong>ute description<br />

contemporaine de musique à grande échelle exécutée<br />

lors de cet événement, nous sup posons généralement<br />

que cet <strong>of</strong>fice était relative ment simple), le doge,<br />

accompagné de <strong>to</strong>utes les plus importantes figures de<br />

Venise, dont les ambassadeurs et les hauts magistrats,<br />

embarquait à bord du Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro, la galère céré moni -<br />

elle, merveilleusement ornée, de la république, pour<br />

être conduit au centre de la lagune par quatre cents<br />

rameurs. Pendant que les <strong>of</strong>ficiels fen daient les eaux, le<br />

chœur de San Marco chantait des motets et les cloches<br />

des églises sonnaient. Des milliers d’autres bateaux,<br />

gondoles, barges de location, bateaux-pilotes et galères,<br />

<strong>to</strong>us décorés dans le style le plus orné, se joignaient à la<br />

procession. Le Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro faisait halte près du couvent<br />

de Sant’Elena, où il rencontrait le patriarche de Castello,<br />

sur un autre bateau. Là, deux chanoines chantaient<br />

« Exaudi nos, Domine, cum pro piciis » (« Entendsnous,<br />

Seigneur, avec bienveillance »), paroles auxquelles<br />

le patriarche répondait « Ut hoc mare nobis et omnibus<br />

in eo navigantibus tranquillum et quietum concedere<br />

digneris te rogamus, audi nos » (« Nous te demandons<br />

de daigner accorder que cette mer soit tranquille et<br />

paisible pour nous et pour <strong>to</strong>us ceux qui y naviguent,<br />

entends-nous ») avant de bénir l’eau. Puis, les deux<br />

chanoines chantaient un Oremus et le bateau patriarcal<br />

s’approchait du Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro ; le prêtre en chef de San<br />

Marco, le Primicerio, en<strong>to</strong>nnait alors un chant et<br />

bénissait le doge avec de l’eau bénite. La véritable<br />

cérémonie de mariage se déroulait à l’embou chure<br />

de la lagune, là où le Lido se rompt naturellement<br />

pour ouvrir les eaux de Venise à l’Adriatique ; le doge<br />

lançait un anneau d’or par-dessus bord en disant<br />

« Despons amus te Mare, in signum veri perpetuique


dominii » (« Nous t’épousons, Mer, en signe de vraie<br />

et perpétuelle domination »). La cérémonie achevée, le<br />

doge et ses invités s’arrêtaient à San Nicolò al Lido pour<br />

un grand <strong>of</strong>fice, suivi d’un banquet qui durait jusqu’au<br />

soir.<br />

Au XVII e siècle, l’<strong>of</strong>fice matutinal à San Marco semble<br />

avoir cédé la place à une somptueuse messe en l’église<br />

de San Nicolò al Lido, après les cérémonies aquatiques.<br />

La journée débutait au palais du doge pour aboutir<br />

directe ment aux processions pr<strong>of</strong>anes et à la béné -<br />

diction des eaux et, de là, à l’église de San Nicolò, cadre<br />

d’une messe musicalement spectaculaire. Un Anglais en<br />

route sur le « Grand Tour », Richard Lassels, assista à<br />

l’une de ces célébrations, minutieusement consignée<br />

dans son Voyage <strong>of</strong> Italy : « Il se trouve que j’assistai<br />

trois fois au Grand Triomphe de la Mer, ou fête de<br />

l’Ascension, à Venise. Vers huit heures du matin, les<br />

Sénateurs, en robes écarlates, se retrouvent au Palais<br />

des Doges ; ils prennent alors le Doge et processionnent<br />

avec lui jusqu’à la berge, où les attend le Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro—<br />

avec le Nonce du Pape à sa droite et le Patriarche de<br />

Venise à sa gauche. Puis, montant à bord du Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro<br />

par une belle passerelle jetée sur la berge, le Doge prend<br />

place et les Sénateurs, au nombre de deux ou trois<br />

cents, s’asseoient comme ils le peuvent au<strong>to</strong>ur de la<br />

galère. Une fois le Sénat placé, l’ancre est levée et la<br />

chiourme, avertie par le sifflet des Capitaines et le son<br />

des trompettes, commence à donner des coups de rame<br />

et à faire avancer le Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro gravement sur l’eau,<br />

comme sur des cioppini. Ils voguent ainsi durant deux<br />

miles sur la lagune, cependant que la musique joue et<br />

chante des Epithalames <strong>to</strong>ut au long du trajet, rendant<br />

Neptune jaloux d’entendre Hymen appelé sur ses<br />

dominations. Au<strong>to</strong>ur du Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro afflue une foule de<br />

Péottes et de Gondoles, luxueusement couvertes de<br />

15<br />

somptueux Dais de soie et de riches ét<strong>of</strong>fes, manœuv -<br />

rées à la rame par des bateliers en superbes livrées, à<br />

l’instar des Trompettistes. Des Ambassadeurs étran -<br />

gers, divers nobles du pays et étrangers présentent<br />

leurs respect à la galère du Doge <strong>to</strong>ut au long du<br />

chemin, allant et venant. Enfin, une fois parvenu au lieu<br />

désigné, le Doge lance un Anneau à la Mer, sans autre<br />

cérémonie que cette déclamation : « Desponsamus te<br />

Mare, in signum veri perpetuique dominij » ; puis, il<br />

re<strong>to</strong>urne à l’Église de Saint Nicolas au Lido (une Île<br />

voisine), où il assiste à une grand’ Messe, avec le Sénat.<br />

Après quoi il rentre chez lui dans le même appareil et<br />

invite ceux qui l’accompag nèrent sur sa Galère à dîner<br />

dans son palais.»<br />

Les forces musicales disponibles<br />

pour le <strong>Sposalizio</strong><br />

Peu de cités ont vu leur musique autant étudiée;<br />

pourtant, les détails connus du déroulement exact des<br />

jours de fête majeurs à Venise, même durant son âge<br />

d’or, sont é<strong>to</strong>nnamment légers. La plupart des chan t -<br />

eurs alors disponibles à Saint-Marc—soit une trentaine<br />

au grand complet—participaient certainement à cet<br />

événement, l’un des plus importants de l’année, en<br />

compagnie d’un nombre équivalent d’instrumentistes,<br />

auxquels se joignaient les musiciens d’« extérieur »—<br />

les tambourinaires et les six fameuses trompettes<br />

d’argent du doge (les Piffari, dont le chef ne jouait<br />

traditionnellement pas). Ce grand ensemble de<br />

musiciens nous donne à voir les possibilités de fanfares<br />

et de tambourinage traditionnel, de musiques à grande<br />

échelle destinées au public et de pièces plus intimes (en<br />

droite ligne des traditions suivies aux <strong>of</strong>fices tenus à<br />

Saint-Marc) vouées aux seules oreilles du doge et des<br />

dignitaires immédiats.


L’importance de San Nicolò<br />

Quiconque visite l’église de San Nicolò al Lido au XX e<br />

siècle la trouve relativement peu spectaculaire com -<br />

parée aux nombreuses églises plus ornées de la cité.<br />

Sur les centaines de saints vénérés par les Vénitiens<br />

(la plupart étaient d’origine locale, mais d’autres avaient<br />

vu leurs reliques, souvent volées en Orient, entreposées<br />

à Venise au temps des croisades), quatre occupèrent<br />

la place d’honneur dans l’hagiologie vénitienne : Marco<br />

(dédi cataire de la célèbre Basilica), Teodoro (saint<br />

patron de Venise avant l’arrivée de Marco), Giorgio<br />

(le même Georges qui terrassa le dragon, exploit à la<br />

suite duquel l’Angleterre l’adopta comme saint patron)<br />

et Nicolò, saint patron des marins—son culte avait<br />

débuté à Venise dès le XI e siècle et les Vénitiens avaient<br />

érigé en son honneur un monastère sur le Lido, en<br />

1053. Le site de ce monastère, à l’entrée de la mer<br />

Adriatique, valut à Nicolò une importance accrue auprès<br />

de cette popu lation essentiellement maritime.<br />

L’hommage rituel que lui rendent le doge et le<br />

patriarche suggère qu’il pourrait avoir personnellement<br />

<strong>of</strong>ficié durant les premières célé brations du <strong>Sposalizio</strong> :<br />

jusqu’en 1172, le monastère fut le lieu où les ci<strong>to</strong>yens<br />

se massaient pour acclamer les nouveaux doges et, <strong>to</strong>ut<br />

au long de la Renaissance, l’endroit servit de salle de<br />

banquet pour le départ des capitaines généraux. Ce ne<br />

fut qu’au cours des siècles suivants, au gré de<br />

l’expansion continentale de Venise, que le monastère fut<br />

éclipsé, en tant que centre politico-religieux majeur, par<br />

le palais des doges, nouvellement construit, et par la<br />

Basilica de San Marco. Mais sa protection soutenue des<br />

Vénitiens en mer, son pat ronage du doge et du capitaine<br />

général permirent à San Nicolò de faire jeu égal avec<br />

Marco, complétant ses fonctions spirituelles et<br />

maintenant des liens avec la population grâce à un lieu<br />

de culte majeur urbain.<br />

16<br />

DISQUE COMPACT I<br />

Processions et voyage sur la lagune<br />

Le jour de l’Ascension débute sur la place Saint-Marc,<br />

avec la cloche de la Basilica (piste 1). De l’extérieur<br />

de la place surgit une procession de tambours 2,<br />

annonciatrice de l’arrivée du doge et de ses invités;<br />

comme le décrit Lassels, cette procession est rejointe<br />

par les trompettes d’argent, qui exécutent la fanfare<br />

« Rotta » 3 consignée par Fantini dans sa méthode<br />

de trompette. Les fanfares de Fantini, entendues à<br />

plusieurs reprises au cours de cet enregistrement, sont<br />

représentatives des fanfares plus « modernes » qui<br />

allaient devenir à la mode au début du XVII e siècle et<br />

remplacer les œuvres surannées précédemment tran -<br />

scrites par Bendinelli. Une fois le doge en place, le<br />

grandiose madrigal Vieni, vieni Himeneo 4, pour deux<br />

chœurs de voix et instruments, accueille solennelle -<br />

ment l’assemblée et rend, pour reprendre les termes de<br />

Lassels, « Neptune jaloux d’entendre Hymen appelé sur<br />

ses dominations ». Publié posthumément en 1590, il est<br />

stylistiquement représentatif des œuvres ultérieures du<br />

très respecté Andrea Gabrieli.<br />

La première canzone instrumentale est due à un<br />

autre ancien organiste à San Marco, Gioseffo Guami,<br />

décrit par un contemporain comme un « extra -<br />

ordinaire » joueur d’instrument à archet. Sa sublime<br />

canzone à huit parties 5 est une belle œuvre, qui in cor -<br />

pore avec grand talent une harmonie inhabituelle ment<br />

douce à des textures changeantes, <strong>to</strong>ut en encourag eant<br />

les joueurs de cantus des deux chœurs opposés à se<br />

livrer à des ornements rivalisant avec ceux déjà écrits.<br />

Pendant que les musiciens se déplacent pour<br />

exécuter leur prochaine pièce, trois joueurs de<br />

chitarrone installés sur le bateau du doge interprètent<br />

une courte pièce 6 du luthiste natif de Venise, Giovanni<br />

Kapsberger, typique du nouveau style d’écriture pour


instruments à cordes pincées. Le splendide madrigal à<br />

douze parties d’Andrea Gabrieli, Cantiam di Dio 7, est<br />

une œuvre à grande échelle, <strong>to</strong>ute de magnificence,<br />

dont la texture, essentiellement homophonique au long<br />

de ses deux sections, recèle de somptueux tuttis, avec<br />

l’ensemble des douze voix et instruments ; elle loue<br />

Dieu pour avoir créé le ciel, la terre et, bien sûr, la mer.<br />

Les tambours fournissent un bref interlude 8, suivi<br />

d’une œuvre plus guerrière, la canzone La Battaglia 9<br />

d’Andrea Gabrieli, qui en spécifia l’exécution sur huit<br />

instruments à vent. L’écriture de batailles était une<br />

tradition populaire au XVI e siècle et celle de Gabrieli<br />

regarde vers des pièces comme la chanson La bataille<br />

de Marignan de Janequin et la Bataglia taliana de<br />

Hermann Werrecore, composée pour célébrer la défaite<br />

des Français à Pavie. Entre les appels de trompettes<br />

attendus et les fanfares de bataille, Gabrieli glisse une<br />

écriture exquisément subtile.<br />

Giovanni Gabrieli, le neveu d’Andrea, <strong>of</strong>fre un sub -<br />

lime contraste musical avec son délicieux madrigal à<br />

huit parties, Lie<strong>to</strong> godea sedendo bl, instrumenté dans<br />

le présent enregistrement pour deux falsettistes et un<br />

riche accompagnement de cordes. Publié pour la<br />

première fois en 1587, ce madrigal se révéla parti -<br />

culière ment populaire: arrangé pour duo de luths, il fut<br />

également adapté par un élève de Gabrieli, Schütz, qui<br />

l’intégra à ses Psalmen Davids (1619). Au cœur d’un<br />

printemps vénitien traditionnellement humide, son <strong>to</strong>n<br />

doucement érotique, langoureux, a dû faire naître<br />

d’ardents désirs de beau temps. La Folia bm, improvisée<br />

ici sur trois instruments à cordes pincées d’après le style<br />

d’Alessandro Piccinini, venait d’arriver d’Espagne et<br />

jouissait d’une grande popularité en Italie.<br />

La Leona bn, titre de la Canzone XIX de Cesario<br />

Gussago, fait allusion au lion de Venise. De style<br />

essentiel lement homophone, l’écriture de Gussago est<br />

17<br />

extrême ment attrayante grâce au jeu entre les deux<br />

chœurs d’instruments, en opposition. Le titre de<br />

l’œuvre a pu être l’idée du compositeur—ou de son<br />

éditeur, désireux de rendre la pièce plus vendable<br />

auprès du public vénitien!<br />

À l’instar de La Folia, la Ciaccona entra dans<br />

la musique italienne au début du XVII e siècle ; sa<br />

popularité fut telle que presque <strong>to</strong>us les compositeurs<br />

l’incorporèrent dans une multitude d’œuvres. Ici, les<br />

instrumentistes improvisent sur l’un des plus brefs<br />

exemples de basse bo.<br />

Le madrigal Udite, chiari e generosi figli bp, œuvre<br />

massive, à seize parties, pour double chœur, de<br />

Giovanni Gabrieli est la pièce de résistance vocale des<br />

célébrations pr<strong>of</strong>anes ; son texte abonde en références à<br />

des personnages mythologiques marins—une mytho -<br />

logie immédiatement accessible à <strong>to</strong>ut Vénitien éduqué.<br />

Gabrieli composa pour qua<strong>to</strong>rze voix, soutenues avec<br />

une basse continue par-dessous et un unique « cornet<strong>to</strong><br />

mu<strong>to</strong> » par-dessus. Les huit chanteurs du premier<br />

chœur assument le rôle des Tri<strong>to</strong>ns qui appellent les<br />

ci<strong>to</strong>yens d’Adria à écouter Poséidon, roi des océans<br />

(Adria symbolisant plutôt Venise que la ville sise entre<br />

les embouchures du Pô et de l’Adige). Tri<strong>to</strong>n, lui-même<br />

fils de Poséidon, demeurait dans un palais d’or, au fond<br />

de la mer. « Gradita » (littéralement « destriers », ou<br />

chevaux blancs) fait référence à la manière dont Tri<strong>to</strong>n<br />

chevauchait des hippocampes ou autres monstres.<br />

Les Tri<strong>to</strong>ns (mi-hommes, mi-poissons), sur ordre de<br />

Poséidon, soufflaient dans une trompette-coquillage<br />

pour apaiser les vagues. Le second chœur tient le rôle<br />

des Sirènes, néréides capables de charmer quiconque<br />

entendait leur chant. Ulysse échappa à leurs séductions<br />

en s’attachant au mât de son bateau et en bouchant les<br />

oreilles de ses compagnons avec de la cire. Quand Jason<br />

et les Argonautes voguèrent près d’elles, elles chantèrent


en vain, surpassées par Orphée et sa lyre ; découvrant<br />

quelqu’un d’insensible à leurs chants, elles se jetèrent à<br />

la mer et furent métamorphosées en rochers. L’une de<br />

ces cinquantes Néréides (parmi lesquelles Thétis, mère<br />

d’Achille) était Amphitrite, mère de Tri<strong>to</strong>n. Le madrigal<br />

de Gabrieli est une magnifique composition à grande<br />

échelle, <strong>to</strong>ute de figuralisme et de contrastes drama -<br />

tiques, qui trouve son apogée dans un remarquable<br />

chœur final à seize parties exhortant les Vénitiens à la<br />

hardiesse et à la fierté.<br />

Avant que le doge n’ait atteint le point de la lagune<br />

d’où il lancera son anneau dans les eaux, les instru -<br />

mentistes jouent l’excellente canzone La Veneziana bq<br />

de <strong>Lo</strong>dovico Viadana. Cette œuvre, qui fait partie d’un<br />

recueil où chaque canzone doit son nom à une cité<br />

italienne, parvient superbement à combiner une ouver -<br />

ture enjouée et fraîche à une musique de solennité,<br />

admirable résumé de deux aspects contrastés de Venise.<br />

À l’achèvement de la partie pr<strong>of</strong>ane du <strong>Sposalizio</strong>, les<br />

trompettistes sonnent la fanfare Imperiale prima br,<br />

rejoints par les tambourineurs qui conduisent la<br />

procession sur la lagune, vers le Lido.<br />

DISQUE COMPACT II<br />

Messe solennelle tenue à San Nicolò<br />

« … Puis, [le doge] re<strong>to</strong>urne à l’Église de Saint Nicolas<br />

au Lido …, où il assiste à une grand’ messe, avec le<br />

Sénat » … Si l’ordre des musiques des cérémonies<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>anes de <strong>Lo</strong> <strong>Sposalizio</strong> doit être essentiellement<br />

conjonctural, la forme de musique requise lors de la<br />

célébration de la grand’ messe est plus clairement<br />

consignée. Seuls les grands moments musicaux sont<br />

présentés ici, car l’<strong>of</strong>fice à lui seul aurait rempli deux<br />

disques compacts. Les événements sont annoncés par la<br />

cloche de San Nicolò 1, signal du début de la messe. À<br />

18<br />

l’extérieur de l’église, les trompettistes exécutent une<br />

fanfare 2 pour proclamer l’arrivée du doge.<br />

De re<strong>to</strong>ur à l’intérieur de l’église, le premier élément<br />

musical de l’<strong>of</strong>fice est le magnifique Kyrie 3 à douze<br />

parties de Giovanni Gabrieli. La section d’ouverture<br />

place un unique ténor solo par-dessus quatre saque -<br />

boutes, le <strong>to</strong>ut dans une musique superbe d’équilibre,<br />

d’une grande solennité. Le « Christe » voit l’adjonction<br />

d’un chœur d’instruments supérieur, à l’écriture plus<br />

personnelle et pénitentielle. Quant à la troisième partie,<br />

elle ajoute la « Capella » (chœur de tutti) aux deux<br />

chœurs de solistes et d’instruments existants, créant de<br />

somptueuses textures à douze parties. La remarquable<br />

mise en musique à seize parties du Gloria 4, réalisée<br />

par Andrea Gabrieli pour quatre chœurs, est, elle aussi,<br />

saisissante. Trois de ces quatre chœurs sont constitués<br />

de chanteurs solistes et d’instruments, le quatrième<br />

étant la « Capella » de tutti. Avec un long texte à mettre<br />

en musique, l’œuvre essentiellement syllabique de<br />

Gabrieli s’avère très efficace, forte d’une écriture pour<br />

les chœurs alternés qui contraste avec de puissants<br />

piliers sonores lorsque les quatre chœurs sont<br />

ensemble. Le « Cum Sanc<strong>to</strong> Spiritu » final danse dans<br />

son nouveau mètre ternaire.<br />

Une brève In<strong>to</strong>natione 5 pour orgue introduit<br />

l’inquiétante Canzon per ot<strong>to</strong> tromboni 6 de Tiburtio<br />

Massaino, autre œuvre remarquable présentant<br />

l’impos ante sonorité de huit saqueboutes. Le résultat,<br />

saisissant, montre la puissance d’un tel ensemble<br />

jouant vigoureusement, mais démontre aussi la<br />

sonorité é<strong>to</strong>nnamment intime de ces mêmes instru -<br />

ments joués doucement. Le plain-chant tenait un grand<br />

rôle dans l’<strong>of</strong>fice et nous avons ici le Sursum corda, avec<br />

sa préface spéciale pour le jour de l’Ascension 7, qui<br />

aboutit directement à l’extraordinaire mise en musique<br />

à douze parties du Sanctus 8 de Giovanni Gabrieli, avec


une instrumentation identique à celle du Kyrie. De<br />

nouveau, sonorité et timbre sont exploités au maxi -<br />

mum, cependant que les cieux éthérés sont mis en<br />

contraste avec la terre modeste et que les « Hosanna»<br />

dansent joyeusement.<br />

Le motet de communion est précédé d’une autre<br />

In<strong>to</strong>natione d’Andrea Gabrieli, jouée à l’orgue 9, pour<br />

mener au ravissant Christe, adoramus te bl de Claudio<br />

Monteverdi, sous-titré « Nella Elevatione di N. Signore ».<br />

Le maître opère ici, créant un chef-d’œuvre miniature:<br />

l’écriture d’ouverture, largement homophonique, con -<br />

traste avec le chromatisme ascendant de « quia per<br />

Sanctam Crucem tuam » et le phrasé plaintif, implorant<br />

de la voix solo qui déclame « redemisti mundum ».<br />

La sublime Sonata XX bm de Giovanni Gabrieli clôt<br />

l’<strong>of</strong>fice. Écrite pour vingt-deux instruments et basse<br />

continue, jouant en cinq chœurs séparés, cette pièce<br />

est l’œuvre instrumentale à plus grande échelle du<br />

compositeur qui montre, dans le traitement du grand<br />

ensemble, sa <strong>to</strong>tale maîtrise de cette forme. Chaque<br />

chœur est introduit séparément et possède son<br />

caractère propre : le chœur d’ouverture à six parties<br />

recèle ainsi une solennité calme, avec une mélodie<br />

ascendante doucement pointée et un motif descendant<br />

contrasté, comprenant des paires de notes adjacentes.<br />

Le deuxième chœur entre avec le traditionnel rythme<br />

de canzone dactylique (longue–brève–brève). Au<br />

troisième chœur, constitué d’instruments accordés à un<br />

diapason inférieur—ici, quatre saqueboutes (Gabrieli<br />

ne spécifie l’instrumentation que pour trois des lignes<br />

instrumentales)—, succède un quatrième chœur,<br />

d’instru mentation plus légère, dont le style et la<br />

tessiture font écho à ceux du deuxième. Le cinquième<br />

chœur est traité <strong>to</strong>ut à fait différemment, avec une<br />

écriture plus animée, plus active—bien adaptée aux<br />

instruments à cordes. Le premier tutti, somptueux, ne<br />

19<br />

survient qu’au bout de quelques minutes, d’abord<br />

doucement, « comme jaugeant les eaux », puis, quel -<br />

ques mesures plus tard, avec davantage d’emphase.<br />

Gabrieli passe ensuite à une section moins formelle,<br />

avec des combinaisons variées, réunissant parfois les<br />

cinq chœurs. La durée de ces dialogues s’accourcit et<br />

soudain, comme incapable d’attendre plus longtemps,<br />

une saqueboute aiguë se dégage dans un rythme<br />

furieusement exultant, jazzy. Voilà l’excuse que <strong>to</strong>ut<br />

l’ensemble attendait manifestement : les forces com -<br />

binées décochent un puissant bloc acoustique. Mais<br />

Gabrieli ne décharge pas <strong>to</strong>ut son canon ; revenant à<br />

une brève section de dialogue interchoral, le chœur de<br />

cordes bifurque ensuite, avec une section merveilleuse -<br />

ment explora<strong>to</strong>ire, de couleur sombre, dans un mètre<br />

ternaire nouvellement découvert. Tout est finalement<br />

ramené au mètre binaire antérieur, conventionnel, mais<br />

les graines ont été semées et chaque chœur adopte le<br />

nouveau mètre ternaire, élégamment équilibré, avant<br />

d’aboutir à un apogée inéluctable. Puis, une pause pour<br />

<strong>to</strong>us les instruments vient mieux accentuer l’extra -<br />

ordinaire puissance des forces combinées dans un autre<br />

pilier sonore monumental et, à mesure que la sonate<br />

tend vers sa conclusion, chaque instrument célèbre à<br />

<strong>to</strong>ur de rôle l’événement avec sa propre fanfare,<br />

achevant l’une des pièces instrumentales les plus<br />

remarquables de l’époque.<br />

Au moment où le doge quitte l’église, les valets de<br />

pied ouvrent en grand les imposantes portes occi -<br />

dentales. Le doge marche alors dehors, salué par l’extra -<br />

ordinaire sonorité des cloches de Venise bn, qui<br />

carillonnent dans leur célébration du plus glorieux des<br />

mariages.<br />

ROBERT KING © 1998<br />

Traduction HYPERION


D<br />

LO SPOSALIZIO Le nozze di Venezia col mare<br />

ALL’XI SECOLO i marinai veneziani si riuniscono<br />

una volta all’anno per <strong>of</strong>frire le loro preghiere a<br />

San Nicolò, il San<strong>to</strong> Patrono dei marinai, e per<br />

invocarne la continua protezione. Inizialmente la ceri -<br />

monia religiosa era una semplice Benedictio in cui, con<br />

le preghiere rivolte a San Nicolò, il mare Adriatico veniva<br />

benedet<strong>to</strong> con l’acqua santa. Nel tardo XVI secolo la<br />

cerimonia era ormai considerata uno degli appunta -<br />

menti più fas<strong>to</strong>si ed importanti del calendario vene -<br />

ziano. Nel giorno dell’Ascensione si teneva allora una<br />

grandiosa festa primaverile imperniata sullo <strong>Sposalizio</strong><br />

del mare, le nozze simboliche di Venezia con il Mar<br />

Adriatico. In una città dove i riti della fertilità erano<br />

sempre stati considerati importantissimi, questa ceri -<br />

monia di nozze veniva messa in scena con grandissimo<br />

spettacolo e pompa. La festa che comprendeva spettacoli<br />

pubblici ed una fiera di quindici giorni era altresì una<br />

potente metafora ed un simbolo del dominio di Venezia.<br />

Due descrizioni principali, una delle celebrazioni del<br />

XVI secolo e l’altra delle cerimonie di un secolo dopo,<br />

ci presentano l’epoca in modo straordinario. Nel corso<br />

della cerimonia i dignitari del patrizia<strong>to</strong> veneziano<br />

seguivano il Doge in una celebrazione in gran parte<br />

laica, al centro della laguna, dove si chiedeva la<br />

protezione del san<strong>to</strong> con le preghiere tradizionali ed un<br />

anello nuziale d’oro veniva lancia<strong>to</strong> simbolicamente nel<br />

mare: il corteo passava quindi alla Chiesa di San Nicolò<br />

al Lido per una grande cerimonia religiosa.<br />

La cerimonia dello <strong>Sposalizio</strong> del mare del XVI<br />

secolo iniziava all’alba del giorno dell’ Ascensione,<br />

quando il Cavaliere del Doge (responsabile delle ceri -<br />

monie civiche) controllava se il mare fosse sufficiente -<br />

mente calmo per la cerimonia. Se il mare era calmo, la<br />

Vera nuziale (un anello d’oro cerimoniale) veniva<br />

rilasciata dai funzionari delle Rason Vecchie ed il Cava -<br />

20<br />

liere annunciava l’inizio della Festa della Sensa. Dopo<br />

la celebrazione della Messa nella basilica di San Marco<br />

(data l’assenza di descrizioni contemporanee della<br />

musica grandiosa nel corso di questa cerimonia, e data<br />

l’abbondanza della musica presentata più tardi nel<br />

corso della giornata, si presume in genere che la Messa<br />

fosse una cerimonia relativamente semplice), il Doge,<br />

accompagna<strong>to</strong> da tutti i patrizi più eminenti di Venezia,<br />

fra cui gli ambascia<strong>to</strong>ri e gli alti magistrati, saliva sul<br />

Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro, la galea cerimoniale da parata meravigliosa -<br />

mente ornata della repubblica. Il Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro, ai cui remi<br />

erano quattrocen<strong>to</strong> uomini, procedeva quindi al centro<br />

della laguna. Mentre l’imbarcazione procedeva sull’<br />

acqua, il coro della basilica di San Marco cantava<br />

mottetti e le campane delle chiese suonavano a festa.<br />

Migliaia di altre imbarcazioni, gondole, chiatte prese in<br />

affit<strong>to</strong>, battelli pilota e galee, tutti decorati nello stile più<br />

riccamente orna<strong>to</strong>, si univano alla processione. Il<br />

Bucin <strong>to</strong>ro si fermava accan<strong>to</strong> al conven<strong>to</strong> di Sant’Elena<br />

dove incontrava il patriarca di Castello su un’altra<br />

imbar cazione. Lì due canonici in<strong>to</strong>navano ‘Exaudi nos,<br />

Domine, cum propiciis’ (‘Ascoltaci con benevolenza, o<br />

Signore’), a cui il patriarca rispondeva ‘Ut hoc mare<br />

nobis et omnibus in eo navigantibus tranquillum et<br />

quietum concedere digneris te rogamus, audi nos’ (‘Ti<br />

preghiamo Signore di concederci che ques<strong>to</strong> mare sia<br />

tranquillo e calmo per noi uomini e per tutti gli altri che<br />

lo navigano. Ascoltaci o Signore’). Il patriarca bene -<br />

diceva l’acqua ed i due canonici in<strong>to</strong>navano l’Oremus.<br />

L’imbarcazione del patriarca si avvicinava al Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro<br />

ed il sommo sacerdote della basilica di San Marco, il<br />

Primicerio, in<strong>to</strong>nava e benediceva il Doge con acqua<br />

santa. Alla foce della laguna, il pun<strong>to</strong> dove le acque del<br />

Lido si immet<strong>to</strong>no nell’Adriatico, si teneva la vera e<br />

propria cerimonia nuziale, nel corso della quale il Doge


lanciava un anello nuziale d’oro in mare dicendo<br />

‘Desponsamus te Mare, in signum veri perpetuique<br />

dominii’ (‘Ti sposiamo, o mare, come segno di vero e<br />

perpetuo dominio’). Dopo la cerimonia il Doge e gli<br />

ospiti si fermavano alla chiesa di San Nicolò al Lido per<br />

una grandiosa cerimonia religiosa, seguita da un<br />

banchet<strong>to</strong> fino a tarda sera.<br />

Nel XVII secolo sembra che la cerimonia religiosa del<br />

mattino pres<strong>to</strong> nella basilica di San Marco non fosse più<br />

inclusa nei festeggiamenti, e che fosse stata sostituita da<br />

una Messa solenne nella Chiesa di San Nicolò al Lido<br />

dopo le cerimonie sull’acqua. I festeggiamenti del<br />

giorno dell’Ascensione iniziavano al palazzo del Doge ed<br />

erano seguiti dai cortei civici e dalla benedizione delle<br />

acque, e da lì alla Chiesa di San Nicolò per una Messa<br />

musicalmente spettacolare. Richard Lassels, un inglese<br />

in viaggio in Europa assistette ad una di queste<br />

cerimonie e la descrisse particolareggiatamente nel suo<br />

Viaggio in Italia: ‘Mi recai a Venezia tre volte, durante<br />

il grande Trionfo del mare, chiama<strong>to</strong> anche la festa dell’<br />

Ascensione, che si svolgeva in ques<strong>to</strong> modo. Alle ot<strong>to</strong> del<br />

mattino circa, i Sena<strong>to</strong>ri nelle loro <strong>to</strong>ghe scarlatte, si<br />

riuniscono al Palazzo del Doge e procedono con questi<br />

in corteo verso la spiaggia, dove li attende il Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro;<br />

il Nunzio Papale si trova a destra del Doge ed il patri -<br />

arca di Venezia alla sua sinistra. Percorrendo un ele -<br />

gante ponte dispos<strong>to</strong> dalla spiaggia al Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro, il doge<br />

sale sull’imbarcazione ed i duecen<strong>to</strong>-trecen<strong>to</strong> Sena<strong>to</strong>ri<br />

prendono pos<strong>to</strong> sulla Galea dove possono da<strong>to</strong> il loro<br />

numero. Quando i Sena<strong>to</strong>ri sono tutti a bordo, si leva<br />

l’ancora e gli schiavi, avvertiti dal fischio del Capitano<br />

e dal suono delle trombe, iniziano a muovere i remi allo<br />

stesso tempo ed a far procedere il Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro podero sa -<br />

mente sulle acque, come se l’imbarcazione procedesse<br />

sui cioppini. Procedono così per due miglia sulla<br />

Laguna, mentre suona la musica e si in<strong>to</strong>nano Epithal -<br />

21<br />

ami lungo tut<strong>to</strong> il percorso, e Nettuno s’ingelosisce nel<br />

sentire il nome di Imeneo invoca<strong>to</strong> nel suo dominio.<br />

At<strong>to</strong>rno al Bucen<strong>to</strong>ro procede una flottiglia di Piotte e<br />

Gondole, riccamente ricoperte da sontuosi Baldacchini<br />

di seta e ricchi tessuti, vogate da marinai che indossano<br />

ricchi costumi, ed accompagnate dai Trombettieri. A<br />

ques<strong>to</strong> pun<strong>to</strong> gli Ambascia<strong>to</strong>ri esteri, numerosi nobili<br />

del paese e stranieri ricchi assis<strong>to</strong>no al procedere della<br />

galea del Doge, durante il viaggio sia di andata che di<br />

ri<strong>to</strong>rno. Quando il Doge raggiunge la meta prestabilita,<br />

lancia un Anello nel Mare, senza altre cerimonie, e dice<br />

‘Desponsamus te Mare, in signum veri perpetui<br />

dominij’, ‘Ti sposiamo, o mare, come testimonianza<br />

del nostro perpetuo dominio su di te’. E ri<strong>to</strong>rna quindi<br />

alla Chiesa di San Nicolò in Lido (su un isolot<strong>to</strong>) dove<br />

assiste alla Messa con il Sena<strong>to</strong>. Al termine della Messa<br />

ri<strong>to</strong>rna a casa seguendo lo stesso cerimoniale e invita le<br />

persone che l’hanno accompagna<strong>to</strong> sulla Galea a cena<br />

nel suo palazzo.’<br />

Le forze musicali disponibili<br />

per <strong>Lo</strong> <strong>Sposalizio</strong> del mare<br />

Esis<strong>to</strong>no poche città sulla cui musica siano state effet -<br />

tuate così tante ricerche, ma i particolari effettivamente<br />

conosciuti delle composizioni musicali presentate<br />

durante le feste principali di Venezia, persino all’apice<br />

del suo splendore, sono sorprendentemente limitati. I<br />

can<strong>to</strong>ri della basilica di San Marco del periodo erano<br />

circa trenta, e la maggior parte, possiamo supporre,<br />

avrebbero partecipa<strong>to</strong> a questa occasione, una delle più<br />

importanti dell’anno. Il numero degli strumentisti era<br />

simile, ed a questi si univano i musicisti ‘esterni’, i<br />

suona<strong>to</strong>ri di tamburo ed i famosi sei trombettieri<br />

d’argen<strong>to</strong> del Doge (i Piffari, il cui primo esecu<strong>to</strong>re<br />

tradizionalmente non suonava). Da<strong>to</strong> il numero eleva<strong>to</strong><br />

di musicisti sono evidenti le grandi possibilità per


fanfare e rulli di tamburo tradizionali, musica su grande<br />

scala intesa per il pubblico in genere e brani musicali<br />

più intimi (in linea con le tradizioni seguite nelle<br />

cerimonie religiose che si tenevano a San Marco) che<br />

erano intesi soltan<strong>to</strong> per il Doge ed i patrizi immediati.<br />

L’importanza di San Nicolò<br />

Ad un visita<strong>to</strong>re del XX secolo, la Chiesa di San Nicolò al<br />

Lido di Venezia sembra relativamente non spettacolare<br />

rispet<strong>to</strong> a molte altre chiese più ricche della città. Delle<br />

centinaia di santi venerati allora dai veneziani (molti dei<br />

quali indigeni, altri le cui reliquie furono scoperte<br />

durante le Crociate, spesso rubate dall’Oriente), quattro<br />

emergono nella martirologia veneziana: San Marco (a<br />

cui fu dedicata la famosa basilica), San Teodoro (che era<br />

il Patrono di Venezia prima di Marco), San Giorgio (lo<br />

stesso martire che secondo la leggenda uccise il dragone<br />

e fu adotta<strong>to</strong> come Patrono dell’Inghilterra) e San<br />

Nicolò, il Patrono dei marinai. Il cul<strong>to</strong> di San Nicolò a<br />

Venezia era inizia<strong>to</strong> almeno nell’XI secolo ed i Veneziani<br />

avevano eret<strong>to</strong> un monastero nel Lido in suo onore nel<br />

1053. Il luogo dove sorgeva ques<strong>to</strong> monastero, all’in -<br />

gresso del Mare Adriatico, accrebbe l’importanza<br />

attribuita a San Nicolò da parte della questa popolazione<br />

veneziana predominantemente marittima. L’omaggio<br />

ritualistico del Doge e del patriarca a San Nicolò sug -<br />

gerisce che il San<strong>to</strong> stesso abbia probabilmente <strong>of</strong>ficia<strong>to</strong><br />

le celebrazioni iniziali dello <strong>Sposalizio</strong> col mare: fino<br />

al 1172 nel monastero si riunivano i cittadini per<br />

acclamare i nuovi Dogi, e per tut<strong>to</strong> il Rinascimen<strong>to</strong> fu<br />

usa<strong>to</strong> come un salone dei banchetti per i capitani<br />

generali al termine delle loro cariche al servizio del<br />

Doge. Soltan<strong>to</strong> nel corso dei secoli successivi, con<br />

l’espansione del terri<strong>to</strong>rio di Venezia, l’importanza del<br />

monastero come centro di grande significa<strong>to</strong> religioso e<br />

politico fu eclissata dal Palazzo del Doge e dalla basilica<br />

22<br />

di San Marco di recente costruzione. Ma grazie alla<br />

protezione dei marinai veneziani ed al patrocinio del<br />

Doge e del capitano generale, San Nicolò mantenne un<br />

equilibrio con San Marco, complementando le sue<br />

funzioni generali e mantenendo i rapporti con la<br />

popolazione in genere, che eresse il santuario in suo<br />

onore nella città.<br />

PRIMO CD<br />

Le processioni ed il viaggio sulla laguna<br />

Il Giorno dell’Ascensione inizia nel piazzale della<br />

basilica di San Marco, con la campana della basilica<br />

(brano 1). Dall’esterno della piazza emerge un corteo<br />

di tamburi 2, che annuncia l’arrivo del Doge e dei suoi<br />

ospiti; al corteo si uniscono, come descrit<strong>to</strong> da Lassels,<br />

le trombe d’argen<strong>to</strong>, che suonano la fanfara ‘Rotta’ 3<br />

scritta da Girolamo Fantini secondo il suo me<strong>to</strong>do<br />

teorico di esecuzione con la tromba. Le fanfare di<br />

Fantini emergono in diversi punti in questa incisione e<br />

rapprensentano il tipo di fanfara più ‘moderno’ che<br />

stava diventando di voga all’inizio del XVII secolo, al<br />

pos<strong>to</strong> delle opere di vecchio stampo trascritte prece -<br />

dentemente da Bendinelli. Quando il Doge è a bordo<br />

della galea, viene esegui<strong>to</strong> il grande madrigale Vieni,<br />

vieni Himeneo 4, compos<strong>to</strong> per due cori vocali e<br />

strumenti; il madrigale accoglie con solennità gli astanti<br />

e, come descrive Lassels, rende ‘Nettuno geloso di sen -<br />

tire il nome di Imeneo invoca<strong>to</strong> nel suo dominio’. Opera<br />

pubblicata postumamente nel 1590, il suo stile è tipico<br />

delle composizioni più tarde del famoso Andrea<br />

Gabrieli.<br />

La prima ‘canzone’ strumentale è di un altro famoso<br />

organista della basilica di San Marco, Gioseffo Guami, la<br />

cui abilità con gli strumenti ad arco viene definita da un<br />

contemporaneo come ‘straordinaria’. La sua nobile can -<br />

zone in ot<strong>to</strong> parti 5 è un’opera di al<strong>to</strong> livello e com -


prende un’armonia di insolita dolcezza e strutture<br />

intessute con grande abilità, incoraggiando allo stesso<br />

tempo gli esecu<strong>to</strong>ri del cantus di due cori opposti a<br />

produrre ornamentazioni pari a quelle già scritte.<br />

Mentre i musicisti stanno per eseguire il brano<br />

successivo, sul Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro, l’imbarcazione del Doge, i<br />

suona<strong>to</strong>ri di chitarrone eseguono un breve brano 6 del<br />

liutista Giovanni Kapsberger, det<strong>to</strong> in Italia Giovanni<br />

Geronimo Tedesco della Tiorba, tipico del nuovo stile di<br />

musica composta per strumenti ad arco pizzicati. <strong>Lo</strong><br />

splendido madrigale Cantiam di Dio 7 in dodici parti<br />

di Andrea Gabrieli è un’opera possente di considerevole<br />

grandiosità, di struttura predominantemente om<strong>of</strong>onica<br />

nelle sue due sezioni e contenente parti per tutte le<br />

dodici voci e gli strumenti. Cantiam di Dio loda Dio per<br />

la creazione del cielo, della terra e, naturalmente, del<br />

mare. I tamburi forniscono un breve interludio 8, e<br />

conducono ad un’opera più bellicosa, la canzone di<br />

Andrea Gabrieli La Battaglia 9, che il composi<strong>to</strong>re<br />

specifica dovrebbe essere eseguita da ot<strong>to</strong> strumenti a<br />

fia<strong>to</strong>. La tradizione di scrivere musica bellica era popo -<br />

lare nel XVI secolo: l’opera di Gabrieli rievoca com -<br />

posizioni precedenti come la canzone La bataille de<br />

Marignan di Clément Janequin e Bataglia taliana del<br />

fiammingo Hermann Werrekoren, scritta per celebrare<br />

la sconfitta dei Francesi alla Battaglia di Pavia. Tra gli<br />

interventi previsti delle trombe e le fanfare di battaglia<br />

Gabrieli include musica di finezza squisita.<br />

Giovanni Gabrieli, nipote di Andrea, fornisce un con -<br />

tras<strong>to</strong> musicale sublime con il suo splendido madrigale<br />

Lie<strong>to</strong> godea sedendo bl in ot<strong>to</strong> parti, esegui<strong>to</strong> in questa<br />

incisione da due falsettisti e ricco accompagnamen<strong>to</strong><br />

d’archi. Pubblica<strong>to</strong> per la prima volta nel 1587, il<br />

madrigale si dimostrò particolarmente popolare e fu<br />

arrangia<strong>to</strong> sia come duet<strong>to</strong> per liuti che da Heinrich<br />

Schütz, alunno di Gabrieli, come parte del suo Psalmen<br />

23<br />

Davids (Salmi di Davide) (1619). Nella primavera<br />

veneta tradizionalmente umida, la sua melodia che<br />

canta le pene d’amore, un po’ erotica, deve aver<br />

suscita<strong>to</strong> il desiderio del bel tempo. La Folia bm, qui<br />

improvvisata su tre strumenti ad arco pizzicati secondo<br />

lo stile di Alessandro Piccinini, era appena arrivata in<br />

Italia dalla Spagna ed era particolarmente popolare.<br />

La Leona bn, il ti<strong>to</strong>lo della Canzone XIX di Cesario<br />

Gussago, si riferisce al leone di Venezia. La com -<br />

posizione di Gussago, composta per lo più da accordi, è<br />

estremamente attraente grazie all’interazione dei due<br />

cori opposti di strumenti. Il ti<strong>to</strong>lo fu probabilmente<br />

idea<strong>to</strong> da Gussago, o del suo edi<strong>to</strong>re, per vendere più<br />

copie dell’opera al pubblico di Venezia!<br />

Come La Folia, la Ciaccona era appena comparsa<br />

nella musica italiana nel primo XVII secolo: la sua popo -<br />

larità era tale che quasi tutti i composi<strong>to</strong>ri inclusero<br />

questa nuova forma musicale in numerosissime<br />

composizioni. Qui gli esecu<strong>to</strong>ri improvvisano su uno<br />

degli esempi più brevi della linea dei bassi bo.<br />

Il poderoso madrigale Udite, chiari e generosi figli<br />

bp in sedici parti, a doppio coro, di Giovanni Gabrieli è il<br />

pièce de résistance vocale delle celebrazioni civiche, con<br />

un tes<strong>to</strong> ricco di riferimenti alle figure mi<strong>to</strong>logiche<br />

nautiche con cui i Veneziani colti avevano certamente<br />

dimestichezza. Gabrieli compose l’opera per quat<strong>to</strong>rdici<br />

voci, sostenendole sot<strong>to</strong> con basso continuo e sopra con<br />

un solitario ‘cornet<strong>to</strong> mu<strong>to</strong>’. Gli ot<strong>to</strong> can<strong>to</strong>ri del primo<br />

coro assumono il ruolo dei Tri<strong>to</strong>ni, convocando i citta -<br />

dini di Adria ad ascoltare Poseidone, Re degli Oceani<br />

(qui Adria è un’allusione a Venezia, piut<strong>to</strong>s<strong>to</strong> che alla<br />

città tra le foci del Po e dell’Adige). Tri<strong>to</strong>ne era il figlio di<br />

Poseidone e abitava in un palazzo dora<strong>to</strong> sul fondo del<br />

mare. Il termine ‘gradita’ (letteralmente ‘cavalli bian -<br />

chi’) si riferisce al modo in cui Tri<strong>to</strong>ne era soli<strong>to</strong> caval -<br />

care gli ippocampi o altri mostri marini. Secondo la


mi<strong>to</strong>logia, i Tri<strong>to</strong>ni (figure mitiche raffigurate con corpo<br />

umano e appendici pisciformi), al comando di Posei -<br />

done, suonavano una tromba fatta di conchiglia e<br />

calmavano così le onde. Il secondo coro interpreta il<br />

ruolo delle Sirene. Nella mi<strong>to</strong>logia queste erano le ninfe<br />

marine che avevano il potere di ammaliare tutti coloro<br />

che ne sentivano il can<strong>to</strong>. Ulisse evitò le loro malie<br />

facendosi legare all’albero maestro della sua nave e<br />

mettendo cera nelle orecchie dei compagni. Quando<br />

Giasone e gli Argonauti passarano vicino alle Sirene, il<br />

can<strong>to</strong> di queste fu vano e supera<strong>to</strong> dal can<strong>to</strong> di Orfeo e<br />

dalla musica della sua lira. Non riuscendo più ad<br />

ammaliare i naviga<strong>to</strong>ri col loro can<strong>to</strong>, le Sirene si tuf -<br />

farono in mare e si trasformarono in rocce. Amfitrite,<br />

una delle cinquanta Nereidi (un’altra era Teti, madre di<br />

Achille), era la madre di Tri<strong>to</strong>ne. Il madrigale di Gabrieli<br />

è una magnifica composizione di grandi proporzioni,<br />

ricca di decorazioni verbali e di contrasti drammatici,<br />

che raggiunge l’apice in uno splendido coro finale in<br />

sedici parti che incita i Veneziani a mostrare forza e<br />

coraggio.<br />

Prima che il Doge raggiunga la posizione nella laguna<br />

da dove lancia l’anello nuziale in mare, gli strumentisti<br />

eseguono l’eccellente Canzone La Veneziana bq di<br />

<strong>Lo</strong>dovico da Viadana. Parte di una raccolta di canzoni<br />

dedicate a diverse città italiane, questa opera riesce<br />

splendidamente a combinare una vivace e innovativa<br />

apertura con musica solenne, riassumendo abilmente<br />

due aspetti contrastanti di Venezia. Come la cerimonia<br />

civile dello <strong>Sposalizio</strong> volge al termine, i trombettieri<br />

eseguono la fanfara Imperiale prima br, e si uniscono<br />

a loro i tamburi che guidano il corteo sulla laguna verso<br />

il Lido di Venezia.<br />

24<br />

SECONDO CD<br />

La Messa Solenne nella chiesa di San Nicolò<br />

‘… E così [il Doge] ri<strong>to</strong>rna alla Chiesa di San Nicolò<br />

in Lido … dove assiste alla Messa solenne con il<br />

Sena<strong>to</strong>’ … Mentre la sequenza della musica per le<br />

cerimonie civili di <strong>Lo</strong> <strong>Sposalizio</strong> deve essere in gran<br />

parte putativa, la forma per la musica usata durante la<br />

celebrazione della Messa solenne è più chiaramente<br />

documentata. Le parti musicali principali vengono<br />

presentate qui: per includere soltan<strong>to</strong> la messa com -<br />

pleta sarebbero state necessari du CD. La cerimonia<br />

viene annunciata dalla campana di San Nicolò 1, che<br />

precede l’inizio della celebrazione della Messa.<br />

All’esterno della chiesa, i trombettieri suonano una<br />

fanfara 2 per annunciare l’arrivo del Doge.<br />

Passando all’interno della chiesa, il primo elemen<strong>to</strong><br />

musicale della messa è il magnifico Kyrie 3 in dodici<br />

parti di Giovanni Gabrieli. La sezione iniziale vede un<br />

solitario tenore al di sopra di quattro tromboni in<br />

musica straordinariamente solenne. Nel ‘Christe’ si<br />

unisce a questi un coro più al<strong>to</strong> di strumenti in una<br />

composizione che è più personale e penitenziale. La<br />

terza parte aggiunge la ‘Capella’ (coro di tutti) ai due<br />

cori esistenti di solisti e strumenti, creando motivi<br />

sontuosi in dodici parti. L’ambiente straordinario in<br />

sedici parti del Gloria 4 di Andrea Gabrieli, scrit<strong>to</strong><br />

per quattro cori, è un brano parimenti imponente.<br />

Tre dei cori sono di voci e strumenti solisti: il quar<strong>to</strong> è<br />

la ‘Capella’ per tutti. Data la lunghezza del tes<strong>to</strong>,<br />

l’adattamen<strong>to</strong> in gran parte sillabico di Gabrieli funziona<br />

mol<strong>to</strong> bene, con brani per i cori alternanti in contras<strong>to</strong><br />

con le possenti colonne sonore quando tutti e quattro i<br />

cori cantano insieme. Il ‘Cum Sanc<strong>to</strong> Spiritu’ finale<br />

danza nel suo metro triplo recentemente scoper<strong>to</strong>.


Una breve In<strong>to</strong>natione 5 all’organo introduce la<br />

meditabonda Canzon per ot<strong>to</strong> tromboni 6 di Tiburtio<br />

Massaino: un’altra composizione straordinaria che<br />

presenta il suono nobile di ot<strong>to</strong> tromboni. Le sonorità<br />

risultanti sono straordinarie e mostrano non solo la<br />

potenza di un ensemble di ques<strong>to</strong> tipo quando suona<br />

con intensità forte, ma dimostra anche il suono<br />

sorprendentemente intimo degli strumenti quando<br />

vengo suonati con intensità tenue. Allora il ruolo del<br />

can<strong>to</strong> fermo era considerevole nelle cerimonie religiose:<br />

in questa raccolta presentiamo il Sursum corda con la<br />

sua Prefazione speciale per l’Ascensione 7. Segue lo<br />

straordinario Sanctus 8 in dodici parti di Giovanni<br />

Gabrieli, con un’orchestrazione pari a quella del Kyrie.<br />

Ancora una volta, la sonorità e il timbro vengono usati in<br />

pieno, i cieli eterei sono in contras<strong>to</strong> con l’umile terra, e<br />

gli ‘Hosanna’ danzano pieni di gioia.<br />

Prima del mottet<strong>to</strong> della Comunione, un’altra<br />

In<strong>to</strong>natione 9 di Andrea Gabrieli viene eseguita<br />

all’organo e conduce al meraviglioso Christe, adoramus<br />

te bl di Claudio Monteverdi, con il sot<strong>to</strong>ti<strong>to</strong>lo ‘Nella<br />

Elevatione di N. Signore’. Qui il composi<strong>to</strong>re mostra la<br />

sua maestria e crea un capolavoro in miniatura: la parte<br />

iniziale è per lo più in stile om<strong>of</strong>onico, in contras<strong>to</strong> con<br />

il crescente cromaticismo di ‘quia per Sanctam Crucem<br />

tuam’ ed il fraseggio lamen<strong>to</strong>so e supplichevole del<br />

‘redemisti mundum’ per voce solista.<br />

Chiude la cerimonia la sublime Sonata XX bm di<br />

Giovanni Gabrieli. Scritta per ventidue strumenti e basso<br />

continuo, eseguita in cinque cori separati, questa è la<br />

composizione strumentale più grande del composi<strong>to</strong>re.<br />

L’abilità di Gabrieli nel maneggiare il grande gruppo<br />

vocale e strumentale mostra la sua assoluta maestria in<br />

ques<strong>to</strong> campo. Ciascun coro viene introdot<strong>to</strong> separata -<br />

25<br />

mente e ha un carattere tut<strong>to</strong> suo: il coro iniziale in sei<br />

parti presenta una calma solennità con una melodia<br />

crescente gentilmente punteggiata, ed un motivo calante<br />

contrastante comprendente coppie di note adiacenti. Il<br />

secondo coro entra con il ritmo tradizionale della can -<br />

zone dattilica (lungo, breve, breve). Il terzo coro è di<br />

strumenti a <strong>to</strong>no più basso, da<strong>to</strong> qui a quattro tromboni<br />

(Gabrieli specifica la strumentazione soltan<strong>to</strong> per tre<br />

delle linee strumentali), ed è segui<strong>to</strong> da un quar<strong>to</strong> coro<br />

con partitura più leggera, che echeggia il secondo coro<br />

in stile e tessitura. Il quin<strong>to</strong> coro è tratta<strong>to</strong> diversamente,<br />

con brani più vivaci e più attivi, che si prestano per gli<br />

strumenti ad arco. Soltan<strong>to</strong> dopo qualche minu<strong>to</strong><br />

sentiamo il primo tutti sontuoso, prima silenziosa -<br />

mente, come se ‘testasse le acque’, e poi dopo alcune<br />

battute con maggiore enfasi. Gabrieli passa quindi ad<br />

una sezione meno formale, ricca di diverse com -<br />

binazioni di cori e occasionalmente combinando tutti e<br />

cinque i cori. La durata di questi dialoghi diventa più<br />

breve e improvvisamente, come se non potesse più<br />

attendere, un al<strong>to</strong> trombone esplode in un ritmo<br />

jazzistico selvaggiamente esultante. A ques<strong>to</strong> segnale<br />

tutte le voci e gli strumenti emet<strong>to</strong>no un poderoso<br />

blocco sonoro. Ma Gabrieli non dà sfogo a tut<strong>to</strong> il suo<br />

impe<strong>to</strong> a ques<strong>to</strong> pun<strong>to</strong>. Ri<strong>to</strong>rna ad una breve sezione di<br />

dialogo intercorale, il coro di archi si dirama quindi con<br />

una sezione a colori cupi meravigliosamente esplorativa<br />

in un metro triplo recentemente scoper<strong>to</strong>. Eventual -<br />

mente tut<strong>to</strong> ri<strong>to</strong>rna al normale e al metro duplo con -<br />

venzionale precedente; ciascun coro a turno adotta il<br />

nuovo metro triplo elegantemente digni<strong>to</strong>so, con un<br />

crescendo graduale inevitabile. Un riposo per tutti gli<br />

strumenti ha soltan<strong>to</strong> lo scopo di accentuare lo<br />

straordinario potere delle forze combinate in un’altra


monumentale colonna solora e, mentre la sonata volge<br />

al termine, ciascuno strumen<strong>to</strong> a turno celebra con la<br />

sua fanfara, concludendo una delle più straordinarie<br />

composizioni strumentali dell’epoca.<br />

Devised by ROBERT KING with CLIFFORD BARTLETT<br />

Venetian location consultant PATRICIA LIANI<br />

Organ technician SIMON NEAL<br />

Pitch: A = 440Hz Temperament: quarter comma mean<strong>to</strong>ne<br />

26<br />

Mentre il Doge esce dalla chiesa, i valletti aprono le<br />

grandi porte occidentali. All’uscita dalla chiesa viene<br />

accol<strong>to</strong> dallo straordinario scampanio delle campane di<br />

Venezia bn che festeggiano ques<strong>to</strong> illustre sposalizio.<br />

ROBERT KING © 1998<br />

Trad GIANFRANCA SHEPHEARD<br />

Instrumental and choral music sourced by CLIFFORD BARTLETT (King’s Music)<br />

Trumpet fanfares by DAVID STAFF<br />

Chitarrone interludes by DAVID MILLER<br />

Drum processions by CHARLES FULLBROOK<br />

Performing editions by ROBERT KING<br />

Recorded in St Jude-on-<strong>the</strong>-Hill, Hampstead Garden Suburb, <strong>Lo</strong>ndon, on 22–25 February 1998<br />

Church bells recorded live in <strong>Venice</strong>, Easter 1998<br />

Recording Engineer PHILIP HOBBS<br />

Recording Producer BEN TURNER<br />

Post-production Assistant JULIA THOMAS (Finesplice)<br />

Cover Design PETER SLOPER<br />

Executive Producer SIMON PERRY<br />

P Hyperion Records Limited, <strong>Lo</strong>ndon, 1998<br />

C Hyperion Records Limited, <strong>Lo</strong>ndon, 2012<br />

(Originally issued on Hyperion CDA67048)<br />

Front illustration: Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bucin<strong>to</strong>ro on Ascension Day by An<strong>to</strong>nio Canalet<strong>to</strong> (1697–1768)<br />

Aldo Crespi Collection, Milan, Italy / <strong>The</strong> Bridgeman Art Library, <strong>Lo</strong>ndon / New York<br />

Si vous souhaitez de plus amples détails sur ces enregistrements, et sur les nombreuses autres publications du label Hyperion, veuillez nous<br />

écrire à Hyperion Records Ltd, PO Box 25, <strong>Lo</strong>ndon SE9 1AX, England, ou nous contacter par courrier électronique à info@hyperionrecords.co.uk,<br />

et nous serons ravis de vous faire parvenir notre catalogue gratuitement.<br />

Le catalogue Hypérion est également accessible sur Internet : www.hyperion-records.co.uk


Sources and Editions<br />

COMPACT DISC 1<br />

2 Drums (traditional)<br />

3 Fanfare Rotta (from Girolamo Fantini Modo per imparare a<br />

sonare di tromba …, Frankfurt, 1638)<br />

4 A Gabrieli: Vieni, vieni Himeneo (from Dialoghi musicali de<br />

diversi eccelentissimi au<strong>to</strong>ri, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1590)<br />

5 Guami: Canzona XXIV (from Canzoni per sonare con ogni sorte<br />

di stromente … novamente raccolte da diversi<br />

eccellentissimi musici. Libro primo, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1608)<br />

6 Kapsberger: Kapsberger (from Libro Quar<strong>to</strong> d’intavolatura di<br />

Chitarrone, Rome, 1640)<br />

7 A Gabrieli: Cantiam di Dio (from Dialoghi musicali de diversi<br />

eccelentissimi au<strong>to</strong>ri, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1590)<br />

8 Drums (traditional)<br />

9 A Gabrieli: La Battaglia (from Dialoghi musicali de diversi<br />

eccelentissimi au<strong>to</strong>ri, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1590)<br />

bl G Gabrieli: Lie<strong>to</strong> godea sedendo (from Concerti di Andrea et di<br />

Giovanni Gabrieli … Continenti Musica di Chiesa,<br />

madrigali, & altro, per voci & stromenti, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1587)<br />

bm after Piccinini: Variazioni sopra La Folia (‘Partite variate sopra la<br />

folia aria Romanesca’ from Intavolatura di Liu<strong>to</strong> et di<br />

Chitarrone, Libro Primo, Bologna, 1623)<br />

bn Gussago: La Leona (Sonate a 4. 6. 8 con alcuni Concerti a ot<strong>to</strong><br />

con le sue sinfonie, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1608)<br />

bo La Ciaccona (improvised after 17th-century Italian examples)<br />

bp G Gabrieli: Udite, chiari et generosi figli (MS, Landesbiblio<strong>the</strong>k<br />

der Stadt Kassel, 20MSMus.57h)<br />

bq Viadana: La Veneziana (Sinfonie musicali, Op 18, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1610)<br />

br Fanfare Imperiale prima (from Girolamo Fantini Modo per<br />

imparare a sonare di tromba, Frankfurt, 1638); drums<br />

(traditional)<br />

27<br />

COMPACT DISC 2<br />

2 Fanfare Imperiale seconda (from Fantini Modo per imparare a<br />

sonare di tromba, Frankfurt, 1638)<br />

3 G Gabrieli: Kyrie (from Symphoniae sacrae … liber secundus,<br />

<strong>Venice</strong>, 1615)<br />

4 A Gabrieli: Gloria (from Concerti di Andrea et di Giovanni<br />

Gabrieli … Continenti Musica di Chiesa, madrigali, & altro,<br />

per voci & stromenti Musicali, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1587)<br />

5 A Gabrieli: In<strong>to</strong>natione Settimo <strong>to</strong>no (from In<strong>to</strong>nationi<br />

d’organo … libro primo, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1593)<br />

6 Massaino: Canzon per ot<strong>to</strong> tromboni (from Canzoni per sonare<br />

con ogni sorte de stromenti, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1608)<br />

8 G Gabrieli: Sanctus (from Symphoniae sacrae … liber<br />

secundus, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1615<br />

9 A Gabrieli: In<strong>to</strong>natione Primo <strong>to</strong>no (from In<strong>to</strong>nationi<br />

d’organo … libro primo, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1593)<br />

bl Monteverdi: Christe, adoramus te (from Libro primo de motetti<br />

in lode d’Iddio nostro Signore … di Giulio Cesare Bianchi.<br />

Con un altro a cinque, e tre a sei del sig. Claudio<br />

Monteverde, <strong>Venice</strong>, 1620)<br />

bm G Gabrieli: Sonata XX (from Canzoni et sonate per sonar con<br />

ogni sorte de instrumente, con il basso per l’organo, <strong>Venice</strong>,<br />

1615)<br />

Copyright subsists in all Hyperion recordings and it is illegal <strong>to</strong> copy <strong>the</strong>m, in whole or in part, for any purpose whatsoever, without<br />

permission from <strong>the</strong> copyright holder, Hyperion Records Ltd, PO Box 25, <strong>Lo</strong>ndon SE9 1AX, England. Any unauthorized copying or<br />

re-recording, broadcasting, or public performance <strong>of</strong> this or any o<strong>the</strong>r Hyperion recording will constitute an infringement <strong>of</strong><br />

copyright. Applications for a public performance licence should be sent <strong>to</strong> Phonographic Performance Ltd, 1 Upper James Street,<br />

<strong>Lo</strong>ndon W1F 9DE


COMPACT DISC 1 – 47‘28<br />

<strong>The</strong> processions and journey across <strong>the</strong> lagoon<br />

1 Single <strong>to</strong>lling bell <strong>of</strong> San Marco ......................................................................... [0'51]<br />

2 Drums ............................................................................................................. [0'48]<br />

3 Rotta Trumpet fanfare ANONYMOUS ........................................................................ [0'52]<br />

4 Vieni, vieni Himeneo Madrigal a 8 ANDREA GABRIELI (c1510–1586) .............................. [2'25]<br />

5 Canzona XXIV a 8 GIOSEFFO GUAMI (c1540–1611) ...................................................... [3'35]<br />

6 Kapsberger GIOVANNI GIROLAMO KAPSBERGER (c1580–1651) .......................................... [1'26]<br />

7 Cantiam di Dio Madrigal a 12 ANDREA GABRIELI ....................................................... [6'35]<br />

8 Drums ............................................................................................................. [0'52]<br />

9 La Battaglia Canzona ANDREA GABRIELI .................................................................. [6'51]<br />

bl Lie<strong>to</strong> godea sedendo Madrigal a 8 GIOVANNI GABRIELI (c1554/7–1612) .......................... [4'36]<br />

bm Variazioni sopra La Folia after ALESSANDRO PICCININI (1566–c1638) ............................. [1'09]<br />

bn La Leona Canzon XIX a 8 CESARIO GUSSAGO (fl1599–1612) .......................................... [2'39]<br />

bo Variazione sopra La Ciaccona after 17th-century Italian examples ............................ [1'00]<br />

bp Udite, chiari e generosi figli Madrigal a 16 GIOVANNI GABRIELI .................................. [8'05]<br />

bq La Veneziana Canzona LODOVICO VIADANA (c1560–1627) ............................................. [3'13]<br />

br Imperiale prima Trumpet fanfare and drums ANONYMOUS ........................................ [2'23]<br />

COMPACT DISC 2 – 41‘43<br />

<strong>The</strong> solemn Mass held in San Nicolò<br />

1 Tolling church bell ........................................................................................... [1'15]<br />

2 Imperiale seconda Trumpet fanfare ANONYMOUS ..................................................... [1'24]<br />

3 Kyrie a 12 GIOVANNI GABRIELI ................................................................................ [7'10]<br />

4 Gloria a 16 ANDREA GABRIELI ................................................................................ [4'44]<br />

5 In<strong>to</strong>natione Settimo <strong>to</strong>no ANDREA GABRIELI ............................................................ [1'04]<br />

6 Canzon per ot<strong>to</strong> tromboni TIBURTIO MASSAINO (c1550–1609) ..................................... [4'15]<br />

7 Sursum corda plainsong .................................................................................... [2'05]<br />

8 Sanctus a 12 GIOVANNI GABRIELI ............................................................................ [3'51]<br />

9 In<strong>to</strong>natione Primo <strong>to</strong>no ANDREA GABRIELI .............................................................. [1'00]<br />

bl Christe, adoramus te Motet a 5 CLAUDIO MONTEVERDI (1567–1643) ............................. [3'35]<br />

bm Sonata XX a 22 GIOVANNI GABRIELI ......................................................................... [8'59]<br />

bn <strong>The</strong> bells <strong>of</strong> <strong>Venice</strong> ........................................................................................... [2'15]<br />

CDD22072


THE KING’S CONSORT Hyperion<br />

ROBERT KING CDD22072 2C D<br />

LO SPOSALIZIO<br />

THE WEDDING OF VENICE TO THE SEA<br />

NOTES EN FRANÇAIS + CON NOTE IN ITALIANO<br />

‘An exceptional recorded event. Ravishing music. A very fine achievement all round’ (Gramophone)<br />

LO SPOSALIZIO<br />

<strong>The</strong> <strong>Wedding</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Venice</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sea</strong><br />

as it might have been celebrated on Ascension Day, c1600<br />

music by Giovanni and Andrea Gabrieli,<br />

Gussago, Guami, Viadana, Massaino, Kapsberger and Monteverdi<br />

Disc One THE PROCESSIONS AND JOURNEY ACROSS THE LAGOON<br />

Disc Two THE SOLEMN MASS HELD IN SAN NICOLÒ<br />

‘Glorious music, gloriously performed’ (Classic CD)<br />

‘<strong>The</strong> music is glorious, <strong>the</strong> performances exemplary, <strong>the</strong> sense <strong>of</strong> occasion overwhelming … ano<strong>the</strong>r marvellous concept from<br />

Robert King and his redoutable consort, here breathtakingly recreating <strong>the</strong> celebrations which would have taken place on Ascension<br />

Day circa 1600. Glitteringly recorded and a superb booklet’ (<strong>The</strong> Sunday Times)<br />

THE CHOIR OF THE KING’S CONSORT<br />

countertenor James Bowman, Robin Blaze, Robert Harre-Jones, Charles Humphries, Bernhard Landauer, Peter Nardone, Richard Wyn Roberts<br />

tenor Andrew Carwood, Charles Daniels, Duncan Mackenzie, Rodrigo del Pozo, Angus Smith, Paul Tindall, Mat<strong>the</strong>w Vine<br />

bari<strong>to</strong>ne Stephen Charlesworth, Julian Clarkson, Robert Evans, Chris<strong>to</strong>pher Foster, Tom Guthrie, Damian O’Keeffe, Charles Pott<br />

bass Simon Birchall, Robert MacDonald, Richard Savage<br />

THE KING’S CONSORT<br />

violin Simon Jones, Rebecca Miles viola Jane Rogers, Ka<strong>the</strong>rine McGillivray cello Jane Coe, Ka<strong>the</strong>rine Sharman, Imogen Seth-Smith<br />

violone Mark Levy chitarrone David Miller, William Carter, Lynda Sayce, Elizabeth Kenny guitar William Carter<br />

organ James O’Donnell, James Johns<strong>to</strong>ne, Gary Cooper drum Charles Fullbrook, Peter Beament, George Lawn, William <strong>Lo</strong>ckhart, Michael Skinner<br />

fanfare trumpet David Staff, Adrian Woodward, Susan Addison, Abigail Newman, Tom Lees<br />

cornett Jeremy West, David Staff, Adrian Woodward, <strong>The</strong>resa Caudle al<strong>to</strong> sackbut Susan Addison, Adam Woolf<br />

tenor sackbut Susan Addison, Richard Cheetham, Philip Dale, Mark Hor<strong>to</strong>n, Tom Lees, Abigail Newman, Paul Nieman, Adam Woolf<br />

bass sackbut Adrian France, Patrick Jackman, Anthony Leggett, Andrew Harwood-White<br />

RObERT KING conduc<strong>to</strong>r<br />

www.hyperion-records.co.uk<br />

HYPERION RECORDS LIMITED . LONDON . ENGLAND<br />

2 compact discs<br />

CDD22072<br />

Duration 89'11<br />

DDD<br />

dyad<br />

MADE IN ENGLAND<br />

2C D<br />

LO SPOSALIZIO<br />

THE WEDDING OF VENICE TO THE SEA<br />

THE KING’S CONSORT Hyperion<br />

ROBERT KING CDD22072


2 C O M P A C T D I S C S for <strong>the</strong> price <strong>of</strong> one

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