biologia - Ganatleba

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32
II
memkvidreobiTobis
molekuluri safuZveli

am Tavis mizania gaecnoT memkvidruli
informaciis Senaxvis, gadacemisa da
realizaciis meqanizmebs
33

2.1
34
memkvidreobiTobis molekuluri
safuZveli – dnm. dnm-s struqtura
gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi gaCnda varaudi, rom memkvidrul masalas yvela
cocxali organizmisaTvis, agreTve, virusebisaTvis, SesaZloa, warmoadgendes
nukleinis mJavebi – dnm da rnm. aRmoCnda, rom nukleinis mJavebis Taviseburebebi
gansazRvraven genetikuri informaciis Senaxvasa da gadacemas. dnm-s
struqturis dadgeniT SesaZlebeli gaxda, gagvego, Tu rogor qmnian ujredebi
da, Sesabamisad, organizmebi Tavisnairs, rogor aris maTSi kodirebuli
memkvidruli informacia.
Cven ukve viciT, rom nukleinis mJavebi miekuTvneba naerTTa jgufs,
romlebsac polimerebi ewodeba. polimeris molekula grZeli jaWvia, romelSic
mravaljer meordeba SedarebiT martivi struqtura – monomeri. Tu monomers
A asoTi aRvniSnavT, maSin polimeris struqtura SeiZleba ase daiweros:
A – A – A – A – A.
nukleinis mJavebis monomers warmo
ad gens nukleotidi. igi Sedgeba
sami nawilisagan:
gavecnoT nukleotidebis age bule
bas. arsebobs 4 saxis nukleotidi
(sur. 35).
fosformJavas
naSTi
a
azotovani fuZe
citozini
1. yoveli nukleotidis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis ori erTnairi da erTi gansxvave-
buli komponenti. daasaxeleT isini.
rogorc xedavT, nukleotidebi erTmaneTisagan mxolod azotovani fuZiT
gansxvavdeba.
nukleotidebs azotovani fuZis Sesabamisad eniWeba saxelwodeba, kerZod:
adeniniani (a), Timiniani (T), guaniniani (g) da citoziniani (c).
a
b
g
a – fosformJavas naSTi, b – 5-naxSirbadiani
naxSirwyali – pentoza, g – azotovani fuZe.
g g g g
b
azotovani fuZe
guanini
b
azotovani fuZe
Timini
a a
a
naxSirwyali
citoziniani guaniniani Timiniani adeniniani
sur. 35
b
azotovani fuZe
adenini
g

dnm-s jaWvSi nukleotidebis SeerTeba, asaxulia 36-e suraT ze.
a
b
g
sur. 38. azotovani fuZeebis ori wyvili sam-sami cikluri komponentiT (a, b, g)
a
nukleotidebisagan iqmneba Za-
lian grZeli molekula – poli-
nuk le o tiduri jaWvi.
dnm-s qimiuri Sedgenilobis dad-
guanini
genis miuxedavad, jer kidev araferi
iyo cnobili dnm-s struqturaze.
misi kvleva 50-iani wlebis dasawyiSi
ame ri kelma qimikosma lai nus poling
ma daiwyo. parale lurad lon -
citozini
donis samefo kolej Si mo ris uilkinsi
da rozalind fran kli ni (sur.
37a) cdilobdnen am prob le mis gadaWras
rentgenul-struq turu li
ana liziT. am kvlevebiT dad ginda
adenini dnm-s molekulis mxo lod zo gadi
struq tura.
sur. 36. dnm-s jaWvi
kembrijis universitetis ka ven -
diSis laboratoriaSi jeims uotsonma
da frensis krikma (sur. 37b) airCies gansxvavebuli midgoma. gamoiyenes ra
yvela qimiuri da fizikuri monacemebi, isini See cad nen SeeqmnaT dnm-s sivrcu li
modeli. uilkinsis da franklinis rentgenogramebidan
Canda, rom dnm-s spiraluri
struqtura hqonda, amave dros,
1951 wels ervin Cargafma gamoaqveyna
mona cemebi, cnobili `Cargafis wesis~
sa xel wodebiT, rom lis mixedviT dnm-Si
a nukleo tidebis raodenoba tolia T
a b
nuk leotidebis, xolo g nu kle o tidebis
sur. 37. a. rozalind franklini;
rao denoba – c nukleo ti debis ricxvis, b. jeims uotsoni da frensis kriki
a=T da g=c.
Timini
2. gansazRvreT romeli komponentebiT ukav-
Sirdeba erTmaneTs mezobeli nukleotidebi.
uotsonma SeniSna, rom aseTi Tanafardobisas azotovani fuZeebi zustad
Seesabameba erTmaneTs da rom ori aseTi wyvilis saerTo zoma da forma
erTnairia, radgan Seicavs sam-sam ciklur komponents (a, b, g) (sur 38).
b
g
35

36
am monacemebze dayrdnobiT, uotsonma da
krikma daadgines, rom dnm polinukleotiduri
jaWvis ori spiralisagan Sedgeba. polinukleotidebis
jaWvebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs azotovan
fuZeebs Soris warmoqmnili wyalbaduri bmebi.
erTi jaWvis adeninis pirdapir yovelTvis dgas
spiralis meore jaWvis Timini, xolo guaninis
pirdapir – citozini. sxva varianti ar SeiZleba
iyos. erTi nukleotidi meorisaTvis damatebiTi
(Semavsebeli) nukleotidis rols asrulebs (sur.
39). am movlenas komplementarobis principi
ewoda (laT. compliment – damateba).
a
g
g
T
a T
g
c
c
c
T a
g
1 nm
c
c
g
g
c
g
c
c
g
sur. 39. wyalbaduri bmebi
nukleotidebis azotovan
fuZeebs Soris
sabolood uotsonma da krikma Seqmnes dnm-s
samganzomilebiani struqtura, romelic daxveul
kibes mogvagonebs (sur. 40).
1962 wels jeims uotsons, frensis kriks da moris
a
g
T
c
uilkins s am namuSevrisTvis nobelis premia mieniWaT.
a T
dnm ZiriTadad mcenareebis da cxovelebis
ujredebis birTvSia moTavsebuli da mcire odenobiT
sur. 40. dnm-s samganzomilebiani
struqtura – citoplazmaSi mdebare organoidebSi, kerZod,
mitoqondriebsa da qloroplastebSi. baqteriebSi
erTi, maryuJad Sekruli dnm moTavsebulia citoplazmis centralur nawilSi.
aqve mdebareobs meore, mcire zomis, aseve maryuJad Sekruli dnm – plazmida.
3. SemoxazeT swori debuleba:
a. monomerebis simravle qmnis:
1) azotovan fuZeebs; 2) polimers; 3) wyalbadur bmebs; 4) plazmidas.
b. nukleotidis SemadgenlobaSi ar gvxvdeba:
1) cximovani mJava; 2) naxSirwyali; 3) azotovani fuZe; 4) fosformJava.
g. genetikur informacias atarebs:
1) atf; 2) dnm; 3) fosformJava; 4) azotovani fuZe.
a
g
T
a
a
c
T
c
a
T
T
g

4. komplementarobis principiT swori kombinaciaa
a) g – c b) a – T g) T – c d) a – T
g – c g – c g – a g – a
a – g c – g c – c c – T
5. SeajameT, ra iciT dnm-s agebulebis Sesaxeb: Tavad SeavseT gamotovebuli
adgilebi.
a. dnm Sedgeba ori jaWvisagan, TiToeuli jaWvi Sedgeba ... .
b. dnm-s nukleotidebi oTxnairia: adeniniani, guaniniani, ... da ... .
g. dnm-s ori jaWvi erTmaneTis pirispir mdebareobs da ori jaWvis mopirispire
nukleotidebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba ... bmiT.
6. `sixarulisagan uceb meSvide caze aRmovCndi, radgan mivageni pasuxs kiTxvaze,
romelic amden xans gvawvalebda: ratom aris ... ... raodenoba Tanabari~ – es
citata j. uotsons ekuTvnis.
a. daazusteT, dnm-s romeli komponentis raodenobas gulisxmobda igi?
b. Tqveni azriT, dnm-s sivrculi modelis Seqmnis romel etapze iTqva es
fraza?
7. gaasworeT Secdomebi:
8. a) daakvirdiT 41-e suraTze gamosaxul
dnm-s. rogor fiq robT, daculia Tu ara
nukleotidebis komplemen ta robis principi?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
b) aRniSneT, ra kanon zomie rebaa azotovan
fuZeebs So ris wyalbaduri bmebis rao denobaSi.
g) aawyveT dnm-s modeli fe radi qaRaldebis,
plasti linis an sxva masalis gamo yenebiT
(sxvadasxva fe ris masala pirobiTad
nukleotidebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneT;
erT jaWvze nukleo tidebis Tanamimdevroba
Tqveni survilis mixedviT SearCieT).
gansazRvreT, rogori iqneba dnm-s modelis
meore jaWvi.
g
a
a
c
c
g
a
a
T
g
sur. 41
c
T
g
a
g
g
c
a
T
c
37

2.2
38
dnm-s funqciebi
dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavas axasiaTebs TviTgaormagebis unikaluri unari
da asrulebs umniSvnelovanes funqciebs: 1) inaxavs memkvidrul informacias, 2)
warmoadgens matricas (laT. `matrix~ – yalibi, nimuSi) birTvidan citoplazmaSi
genetikuri informaciis gadacemis procesSi.
uotsonis da krikis mier Semo Tavazebuli dnm-s struqturis mo deli
imiTac aris saintereso, rom gvkarnaxobs, rogor SeiZleba xdebodes dnm-s
gaormageba. or magi spiralis warmomqmnel jaW vebs SeuZlia gaSla da daSo reba,
ris Semdeg TiToeuli maTga ni gaxdeba e. w. matrica, romelzec komplemen tarobis
principiT nukleo tide bis axali jaWvi aigeba. es procesi Semdegnairad
xorciel deba: specialuri fermentis – dezoqsiribonukleazas – moqmedebiT
dnm-s Sepirispirebul nukleotidebs Soris wyalbaduri bmebi irRveva da ormagi
jaWvi ixsneba (sur. 42). gaxsnili dnm-s
TiToeul jaWvze arsebul nukleotidebs
komplementarobis principiT (a – T; g –
c) Seupirispirdeba da fermentebis moqmedebiT
daukavSirdeba birTvSi arsebuli
Tavisufali nukleotidebi (maT organizmi
sakvebTan erTad iRebs).
1. romeli bmiT daukavSirdeba Tavisufali
nukleotidebi dnm-s TiToeul jaWvze arsebul
nukleotidebs?
c g
am procesis Sedegad miiReba dnm-s
T
ori molekula. TiToeulSi erTi jaWvi
Zveli, dediseuli dnm-saa, meore ki axalia.
a
miRebuli molekula dediseuli molekulis
zusti aslia, amitomac dnm-s gaormagebis
process replikacia (laT. `replicatio~ –
fermenti – dezoqsiribonukleaza
gameoreba) ewodeba.
es mov lena iseT ujredebSi gvxvdeba,
sur. 42. dnm-s gaormageba – romel Tac gayofis unari aqvT. am dros
replikacia
xdeba dnm-s axali molekulis sinTezi.
rogorc xedavT, dnm-s axali jaWvi Seiqmna dediseuli jaWvis mixedviT, anu,
Zveli jaWvi gamoyenebulia nimuSad, matricad axlis SeqmnisaTvis. ujredSi axali
molekulebis Seqmnas nimuSis mixedviT ewodeba matriculi tipis reaqcia.
g
T
a
c
a
c
T
T
a
g
a
T
*
a
T
T
a
c g
a T
T a
g c

2. davuSvaT, rom dnm-s dediseuli molekulis erT jaWvze
nukleotidebis ganlageba aseTia:
g-g-T-a-T-c-a-a-g-c
a) rogori iqneba nukleotidebis Tanamimdevroba dediseul
meore jaWvSi da replikaciis Sedegad miRebul axal
molekulebSi?
b) plastilinis, feradi furclebis an sxva masalis
gamoyenebiT daamzadeT dnm-s molekulis modeli ise, rom
SeZloT misi or jaWvad daSla da replikaciis procesis
modelireba.
sur. 43. dnm-s replikacia
3. sqematurad gamoxateT replikaciis procesi, dediseuli jaWvebi gaaferadeT
wiTlad, xolo axalwarmoqmnili jaWvebi – lurjad. gaagrZeleT replikaciis
procesi (axalwarmoqmnili jaWvi gaaferadeT sxvafrad) da daakvirdiT warmoqmnil
oTx axal molekulaSi wiTeli da lurji jaWvebis ganawilebas. rogor fiqrobT,
gaormagebis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi `emuqreba~ Tu ara dakargva sawyis –
matricul jaWvebs?
4. rogor fiqrobT, gWirdebaT Tu ara sakvebi imisaTvis, rom Tqvens ujredebSi
warimarTos matriculi tipis reaqciebi?
5. dnm-s molekulis gaormageba mimdinareobs
saocari sizustiT: axalwarmoqmnili molekula
Zveli molekulis absoluturad identuria.
amaSi aris Rrma biologiuri azri, radgan
dnm-s struqturis daSla Secvlida organizmisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvi se bebis
ganviTarebas; Tumca, zogjer, qimi uri da
fi zikuri faqtorebis zegavleniT (ultraiisferi
da maionizebeli gamosxiveba, maRali
tem peratura da sxv.) warmoiqmneba dnm-s
gansxva vebuli molekula. aseT SemTxve vaSi
spe cialuri fermenti `gamoicnobs~, sxva fermentebi
ki Caasworeben im ubans, romelic ar
Seesabameba matricul dnm-s.
SeasruleT `gamomcnobi~ fermentis funqcia,
SeasworeT da aRadgineT dnm-s molekula
matricis mixedviT.
a
b
g
a
c
T
T
c
g
a
a
c
T
c
g
a
T
g
a
T
g
T
a
T
a
c
T
T
c
g
a
T
g
a
a
g
c
T
T
g
a
g
T
c
g
a
sur. 44
a
c
T
T
c
g
a
c
T
T
g
a
a
g
c
T
39

2.3
40
genetikuri kodi
krikis da uotsonis mosazrebiT, genetikuri informacia, romelic Taobidan
TaobaSi gadaecema da ujredis metabolizms gansazRvravs, warmodgenilia dnm-s
molekulaSi nukleotidebis TanamimdevrobiT. mogvianebiT dadginda, rom dnm-s
grZeli Zafisebri molekula Seicavs informacias mocemuli ujredis mTeli rigi
cilebis Sesaxeb (cilis molekula, iseve rogorc nukleinis mJavebis molekulebi,
polimeria da mis monomers aminomJava warmoadgens). cnobilia bevri sxvadasxva
aminomJava, magram cxovelTa, mcenareTa da mikrobTa ujredebis cilaSi mxolod
20 aminomJava gvxvdeba, maT `jadosnurs~ uwodeben.
aminomJavebis Tanamimdevroba gansazRvravs cilis pirvelad struqturas,
magram es ar aris cilis struqturuli organizaciis saboloo done.
1. moiZieT informacia cilis struqturuli organizaciis sxva doneebis Sesaxeb.
daazusteT, ra rols asrulebs cilis pirveladi struqtura cilis saboloo
konfiguraciis SeqmnaSi?
gairkva, rom dnm-s molekulaSi nukleotidebis Tanamimdevroba gansazRvravs
aminomJavebis Tanamimdevrobas cilis molekulaSi. es damokidebuleba nukleotidebsa
da aminomJavebs Soris cnobilia genetikuri kodis saxelwodebiT.
amJa mad dadgenilia, rom cilaSi yovel aminomJavas Seesabameba dnm-s jaWvSi
3 nuk leotidisagan Semd ga ri Tanamim dev roba – tripleti. dnm-s kodi mTlia -
nad gaSifrulia: yo veli amino mJavisaTvis zus tad aris dad genili misi makodirebeli
nu kleo tidebis – trip le tis, igive kodonis Sedge ni loba.
tabulaSi (sur. 45) moyvanilia
pirveli
meore fuZe mesame
fuZe a g T c fuZe im trip letebis Sedgeniloba,
fen ser Tir cis a romle biTac kodirebulia ci lis
fen ser Tir cis g mole kulis 20-ve aminomJava.
a
lei ser T
g
T
c
lei ser tri c
lei pro his arg a
lei pro his arg g
lei pro gli arg T
lei pro gli arg c
ile tre asn ser a
ile tre asn ser g
ile tre liz arg T
meT tre liz arg c
val ala asp gli a
val ala asp gli g
val ala glu gli T
val ala glu gli c
sur. 45. tripletebi, romle biTac kodirebulia
ci lis mole kulis 20-ve aminomJava
tabuliT sargebloba advi lia. tripletSi
pirvel nuk leo tids iReben
marc xena verti ka luri sveti dan,
meores zemo ho rizon tu ridan, mesa mes
– mar j ve na ver ti kaluri sve ti dan. sadac
sa mi ve nukleo ti didan wa mo su li
xazebi erT maneTs gada kve Ts, iqneba am
tripletiT ko di rebuli amino mJava.
cilis mo lekulis sin Tezis dros
infor ma cia gada itaneba i-rnm -dan,
ami tom saxeldebac i-rnm-s nuk leo -
tidebis trip let Ta Sed ge ni lobis
mixed viT xdeba.

yoveli kodoni Seesa ba meba konkretul aminomJa vas. dnm-s molekulis mo na-
kveTs (tripletebis erTo bliobas), romelic Sei cavs informacias er Ti cilis
pirveladi struq turis Sesaxeb, geni ewodeba.
dnm-s kodSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, erTi da igive aminomJava kodirebulia ara
mxo lod erTi tripletiT, aramed ramdenimeTi – oriT, oTxiT da eqvsiTac ki.
2. moiZieT 43-e suraTze ori, oTxi da eqvsi tripletiT kodirebuli aminomJavebi.
kodis aseT Tvisebas, savaraudod, memkvidruli informaciis saimedod
Senaxvasa da gadacemas ukavSireben.
3. monawileoben Tu ara cilebi memkvidruli informaciis gadacemaSi?
es problema ingliseli mikrobiologebis f. grifitsis da o. eiveris 1928 wels
Catarebuli saintereso cdebiT dadginda. gaecaniT am cdebis Sinaarss da gaeciT
pasuxi SekiTxvas:
arsebobs ori, erTma ne Ti sagan garegnulad gansxva vebuli,
baqteria – pnevmokoki xorkliani zeda piriT (a tipis baqteria)
da gluvi zedapiriT (b tipis baqteria) (sur. 46). b
a b
tipis baqteriebi dafarulia ci lo vani kafsuliT da iwvevs
filtvebis anTe bas cxovelebsa da ada mianebSi. a tipis
sur. 46
baq teriebi ukafsuloa da ar iwvevs fil tvebis anTebas. rodesac f. gri fits
b
virTagvebis or ganizmSi Sehyavda b tipis
baq te riebi, ramdenime dRis Sem deg isini
iRupebodnen (sur. 47). a tipis baqte-
sur. 47
riebiT virTagvebi ar avaddebodnen;
virTagvebi ar avaddebodnen maSinac,
Tu maT Seuyvandnen gacxelebiT daxocil
b tipis baqteriebs (sur. 48).
magram, rodesac virTagvebs f. grifitma
b
Seuyvana a tipis cocxali baqteriebi da
gacxelebiT daxocili b tipis baqterie-
sur. 48
bis narevi, maSin isini daavaddnen filtvebis anTebiT da ramdenime dReSi
daiRupnen (sur. 49).
f. grifitsma daaskvna, rom b tipis
baqteriebidan gamoiyo raRac ucnobi
niv Tiereba, romelmac SeaRwia cocxal
b
a tipis baqteriebSi, gamoiwvia maTSi
kafsulis warmoqmna da gardaqmna isini
a
daavadebis gamomwvev baqteriebad.
1944 w. o. eiverim gaimeora f. grifitsis
sur. 49
cdebi da aRmoaCina, rom am process gansazRvravda dnm, romelic ar ziandeboda
baqteriebis gacxelebisas.
41

2.4
42
dnm da fenotipi. mutacia
dnm-s struqturis dadgenis Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom dnm warmoadgens genis
saSen masalas, magram ar iyo cnobili, rogor gadascems igi informacias. bevrad
gvian dadginda, rom genebis gamovlena fenotipurad maT mier producirebuli
cilebiT aris ganpirobebuli. am cilebs miekuTvneba fermentebic – cilebi,
romlebic akatalizeben qimiur reaqcias ise, rom TviTon ar icvlebian. suraTze
warmodgenilia (sur. 50) kavSiri dnm-s da fenotips Soris, anu rogor vlindeba
geni fenotipurad. es procesi iwyeba dnm-s jaWvidan.
geni gansazRvravs fermentis warmoqmna s, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mcenaris
feno tips gansazRvravs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ge nis moqmedebiT miRebuli cila
fermen tia, romelic pigmentis warmoqmnaSi mo na wileobs. igi akatalizebs
kodoni
fermentTan
dakavSirebuli
molekula
pigmentis
winamorbedi
molekulebi
a.
cila
fermenti
sur. 50. dnm-s molekulis mutacia
1 mutageni – qimiuri agenti, romelic iwvevs genis fizikur an qimiur dazianebas.
dnm
a c c g T a a c c c T a a c c g c a a c c c T a
informaciuli
rnm
u g g c a u u g g g a u u g g c g u u g g g a u
pigmentis
molekulebi
kodoni
cilis molekula
aminomJavebiT
pigmentis
winamorbedi
molekulebi
b.
a b
deformirebuli
cila
fermenti
yvavilebi

eaqcias, romel Sic monawileobs pigmentis winamorbedis mo lekula. erTi aseTi
molekula ukve dakavSi re bulia fermentTan. fermenti gardaqmnis am molekulebs
pigmentis molekulebad. pig mentis molekulebi grovdeba da wiTlad Re bavs
yvavilis gvirgvinis furclebs.
mutacia iwvevs dnm-s cvlilebas. cilebi, romlebic Secvlili genebiT
warmoiqmneba, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs cvlilebebs – cvlis cilas da, Sesa ba misad,
mcenaris fenotips (sur. 50a).
mutacia SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos qimiuri mu tagenebiT, gamosxivebiT an sxva
faq torebiT. davuSvaT, rom ultraiisferma gamosxivebam daa zia na mcenareuli
ujredis dnm. 50b suraTze asaxul SemTxvevaSi ultra iisferma gamosxivebam
gamoiwvia mutacia da azotovani fuZe Timini Seicvala azotovani fuZe
citoziniT. transkripciis procesSi dauzianebel informaciul rnm-Si unda
yofiliyo azotovani fuZe adenini, magram, am SemTxvevaSi, mis nacvlad `Cajda~
azotovani fuZe guanini. rogorc iciT, informaciul rnm-s sami azotovani fu-
Ze warmoadgens kodons; aRweril SemTx ve vaSi pirveli kodoni normaluria da
warmoiqmneba normaluri aminomJava (a), rac Seexeba Semdeg kodons, masSi moxda
mutacia da warmoiqmna `araswori~ ami nomJava (b). bunebrivia, amis Sedegi
iqneba is, rom, miuxedavad sxva kodonebis sisworisa, cilis molekulaSi moxdeba
cvlileba.
moyvanil magaliTSi cilis molekula monawileobda mcenaris pigmenturi
molekulebis warmoqmnaSi, magram viciT, rom Cveni cilis molekula `gafuWda~,
ris Sedegadac warmoiqmna defeqturi cila, romelsac ar SeuZlia funqcionireba
– pigmenti ar warmoiqmneba. es moaxdens gavlenas yvavilze: igi ar Seifereba.
Tqven darwmundiT, rogor Secvala dnm-s mutaciam yvavilis garegnuli ieri.
zog SemTxvevaSi mutacias SeuZlia letaluri Sedegi – organizmis sikvdili
gamoiwvios. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac genetikuri mutacia ar axdens gavlenas
cilis molekulaze.
1. 51-e suraTze asaxulia
adamianSi genuri mutaciis
nimuSi. gaixseneT eriTro
citebis romel paTologias
iwvevs es mutacia.
G
A
A
C
T
T
glutaminis
mHJava
sur. 51. genuri mutacia
G
T
A
C
A
T
valini
43

2.5
44
ribonukleinis mJava – rnm
genebis moqmedebis meqanizmSi bolomde gasarkvevad bioqimikosebs dasWirdaT
imis gageba, Tu rogor gardaiqmneba dnm-Si arsebuli informacia cilis
molekulaSi aminomJavebis Tanamimdevrobad – pirdapir, Tu raRac `Sualeduri
nivTierebis~ daxmarebiT.
am procesSi `Suamavlis~ arsebobis dasturs warmoadgens is faqti, rom
dnm ujredis birTvSi imyofeba, xolo cilis molekulis awyoba citoplazmaSi
mimdinareobs.
1940 w. bioqimikosebma daadgines, rom am procesebSi monawileobs sxva
nukleinis mJava, kerZod, ribonukleinis mJava. igi Zalian hgavs dnm-s molekulas
da gansxvavdeba misgan sami niSniT (52-e suraTze isrebiTaa miniSnebuli).
adenini
uracili
adenini
Timini
guanini guanini
citozini citozini
sur. 52. a. ribonukleinis mJava b. dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava
1) rnm-s molekula warmoadgens nukleotidebis erTmag jaWvs, 2) rnm-s
molekulaSic oTxi saxis nukleotidia, aqedan sami saxis azotovani fuZe dnm-s
msgavsia. esenia: adenini, guanini da citozini, xolo meoTxe, azotovani fuZis
Timinis nacvlad, uracilia * , 3) rnm-s nukleotidebSi naxSirwyali warmodgenilia
riboziT, saidanac warmodgeba saxelwodeba ribonukleinis mJava – rnm.
1. saidan warmoiqmneba dnm-s saxelwodeba?
mogvianebiT aRmoaCines, rom cilis sinTezSi monawileobs sami tipis rnm:
ribosomuli, satransporto da informaciuli. maTi saxelwodeba maT mier
* uracili – qimiurad Timinis msgavsi azotovani fuZe, romelic gvxvdeba rnm-Si.

Sesrulebul funqciebs Seesabameba. informaciul rnm-s gamoaqvs informacia
birTvidan (sur. 53).
ribosomuli rnm (sur. 54) gvxvdeba ribosomis SemadgenlobaSi. satransporto
rnm (sur. 55) gvxvdeba citoplazmaSi. arsebobs mravali tipis satransporto
rnm, TiToeuli ukavSirdeba konkretul aminomJavas da cilis sinTezis adgilze
gadaaqvs.
rnm-s molekula bevrad ufro moklea dnm-Tan SedarebiT. misi sigrZe
ramdenime aTeul nanometrs (nm) udris, maSin rodesac dnm-s sigrZe aseul aTas
nanometrs aRwevs.
sur. 53. informaciuli
rnm (i-rnm)
daaxloebiT aTjer didia
satransporto rnm-ze
sur. 54. ribosomuli
rnm (r-rnm)
axasiaTebs yvelaze didi
molekulebi, romlebic
Sedian ribosomis
SemadgenlobaSi
2. romeli qimiuri elementebi gvxvdeba nukleinis mJavebis SemadgenlobaSi?
3. ra warmoadgens memkvidrul informacias im virusebSi, romlebic ar Seicaven
dnm-s?
4. SemoxazeT swori debuleba:
a) es molekula erTjaWviani polimeria da birTvsa da citoplazmaSi gvxvdeba:
1) dnm 2) rnm 3) cximi.
b) romelia dnm-s nukleotiduri Tanamimdevroba?
1) aagccTTcg 2) gaauucagu 3) agccauguc.
g a
c u c
g
g g
g a
sur. 55. satransporto rnm
(t-rnm)
zomebis mixedviT is
yvelaze patara rnm-a
g) rnm genetikur informacias atarebs:
1) baqteriebSi 2) virusebSi 3) lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebSi.
d) ribosomul rnm-s Sesaxeb yvelaferi sworia, garda
1) gvxvdeba ribosomis SemadgenlobaSi
2) Seicavs azotovan fuZeebs: adenins, uracils, guanins, citozins
3) rnm sxva molekulebTan SedarebiT yvelaze mcire zomisaa.
a g
g
c
g
g
a
u
u
u
a
c
u
g
a
c
c
c
a
g
a
c
c
a
c
g
c
u
u
a
a c u
g a c a c
g
u g u g c
c
T
u
a
g
g
g
u
c
a
a a
45

2.6
46
transkripcia
imisaTvis, rom cila warmoiqmnas, mis pirveladi struqturis Sesaxeb infor-
macia unda moxvdes citoplazmaSi ribosomebTan. es procesi oretapiania da
masSi monawileobs samive tipis rnm:
pirvel etapze fermentis monawileobiT dnm-s molekulaze, romlis erTerTi
jaWvi asrulebs matricis rols, komplementarobis principiT, Tavisufali
nukleotidebiT aigeba informaciuli rnm-s erTjaWviani molekula (sur. 56).
Tavisufali nukleotidebisagan nukleinis mJavebis (magaliTad, dnm da rnm)
molekulebis SeqmnaSi monawile fermentebs polimerazebi ewodeba. SegaxsenebT,
rom rnm-Si nukleotid T-is nacvlad gvxvdeba nukleotidi u. amrigad, rnm-Si
dnm-s a nukleotidebis pirdapir `dgeba~ u, T-s pirdapir – a nukleotidi.
a
T
a c
a
dnm
g
a
T
c
g
sur. 56. transkripciis procesi
T
a
a
T
gG
c
T u g c u a c
a c g a T g c
g
informaciuli rnm
warmoqmnili informaciuli rnm-s jaWvi dnm-s jaWvis aslia.
am gziT informacia, romelsac geni Seicavs, TiTqos gadaiwereba informaciul
rnm-ze. am process transkripcia (laT. transcriptio – gadawera) ewodeba.
eukariotul ujredebSi transkripciis procesi mimdinareobs birTvSi, xolo
prokariotul ujredebSi es procesi citoplazmaSi mimdinareobs, radgan maT
birTvi ar gaaCniaT.
1. SegviZlia Tu ara, mivakuTvnoT transkripcia matriculi tipis reaqciebs?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
warmoqmnili i-rnm amave dros asrulebs matricis rols, radgan mis mixedviT
xdeba cilis molekulis sinTezi. amitomaa, rom i-rnm-s sxvanairad matricul
rnm-sac uwodeben. cilis informaciis gadaweris Semdeg dnm-s molekulis
aRniSnuli monakveTi kvlav ibrunebs pirvandel formas, jaWvebi isev erTdeba
wyalbaduri bmebiT da ormagi spiralis saxes iRebs (sur. 57).
T
a
c
g
a
a
T
g
g
c
u
c
a
T
a
g
c
T
a
a
T
g
c

sur. 57. dnm-s molekulis pirvandeli formis adgena transkripciis Semdeg
cilis warmoqmnis procesSi monawile samive tipis rnm-s transkripcia
mimdinareobs birTvSi (sur. 58). mogvianebiT samive tipis rnm gamodis birTvidan
da monawileobs cilis molekulis awyobaSi.
transkripciis Semdeg iwyeba cilis sinTezis meore etapi – translacia
(laT. translatio – gadatana, gadaTargmna).
3
1
dnm
ribosomuli rnm
4
1 – forebi birTvis
gar s Si
2 – aminomJavebi
3 – satransporto rnm
aminomJaviT
4 – citoplazma
sur. 58. samive tipis
rnm-s transkripciis
pro cesi
2. rogor fiqrobT, gWirdebaT Tu ara sakvebi imisaTvis, rom Tqvens ujredebSi
warimarTos transkripcia? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
3. transkripcia mimdinareobs dnm-s ori jaWvidan erT-erTze. aqvs Tu ara
mniSvneloba, dnm-s romeli jaWvi Seasrulebs matricis rols? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
4. axla Tqven gaqvT sakmarisi informacia imisaTvis, rom SeqmnaT transkripciis
modeli. amisaTvis aiReT genis mcire monakeveTi sami kodoniT:
c a g g g T a c c
genis am monakveTis mixedviT aageT i-rnm-s Sesabamisi monakveTi. ar dagaviwydeT,
rom rnm-Si T-s nacvlad aris u.
ra ganapirobebs imas, rom transkripciis Sedegad i-rnm-s gaaCnia dnm-s kodis
Sesabamisi informacia?
1
2
47

2.7
48
translacia
cilis sinTezisaTvis saWiroa rogorc ribosomebisa da i-rnm-s arseboba, ise
saSeni masalac – ami nomJavebi. citoplazmaSi aminomJavebi garkveuli raodenobiT
yovelTvis aris (garedan aRwevs mza saxiT an war mo iqmneba ujredSi cilebis
d
g
c
g
g
a
u
u
u
a
a
c
c
a
c
g
c
u
u
v
daSlis Sede gad).
ribosomebTan aminomJavebi miaqvs satrans-
porto rnm-s (t-rnm-s) (sur. 59).
suraTze naCvenebia t-rnm-s moleku lis
rTuli maryuJisebri struq tura, romelic
a
a c
g a c a c
u g u g
c
T
u
a
g
g
u
g
c
formiT samyu ras foTols mogvagonebs. misi
forma komplementur nukleotidebs Soris
warmoqmnili wyalbaduri bme biT (a, b, g, d
ubnebi) ganisazRvreba. t-rnm-s erT mxa res
(suraTze aRniSnulia e-asoTi) moTav sebulia
g
u
nukleotidebisgan Semdgari trip leti,
c
u
g a
c
a
a
romelsac antikodoni ewodeba. t-rnm-s
sapirispiro mxares (suraTze aRniS nu lia
v-asoTi) monakveTia, romelsac antiko donis
Sesatyvisi aminomJava uerTdeba.
SegaxsenebT, rom cile bis SenebaSi
monawileo bas iRebs 20 sxvadasxva amino mJa va. Sesabamisad, ar sebobs zomiTa
da formiT erTmaneTis msgavsi, magram antikodonis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli, sul mcire, 20 t-rnm.
a
g
g
g
g
a
c
g
a
u c
a g
a
c
c
b
c
a g
g
e
sur. 59. satransporto rnm
1. zog SemTxvevaSi i-rnm-ze pirveli
meore fuZe mesame
SeiZleba warimarTos erT - fuZe u (a) c (g) a (T) g (c) fuZe
dro ulad ramdenime ci lis
molekulis sin Tezi. erTma
neTisagan maT da saci leblad
arsebobs spe cia lu ri
tripletebi, rom le bic ar
Seicaven infor ma cias ami-
u (a)
c (g)
fen
fen
lei
lei
lei
lei
lei
ser
ser
ser
ser
pro
pro
pro
Tir
Tir
his
his
gli
cis
cis
tri
arg
arg
arg
u (a)
c (g)
a (T)
g (c)
u (a)
c (g)
a (T)
no mJavebze, mag ram miu Ti Te-
lei pro gli arg g (c)
ben cilis mole ku lis sin Te-
ile tre asn ser u (a)
zis dasasrulze, anu as ruleben
`sasveni niSnis~ rols.
a (T)
ile
ile
tre
tre
asn
liz
ser
arg
c (g)
a (T)
sxvanairad maT stop-sig -
nalebs uwodeben.
mo ZebneT da amoiwereT cxrilidan
stop-signalebi.
g (c)
meT
val
val
val
val
tre
ala
ala
ala
ala
liz
asp
asp
glu
glu
arg
gli
gli
gli
gli
g (c)
u (a)
c (g)
a (T)
g (c)
sur. 60. genetikuri kodi (radgan informacia ikiTxeba informaciuli
rnm-dan, tripletebi miTiTebulia informaciuli rnm-s mixedviT. frCxilebSi
aRniSnulia dnm-s Sesabamisi tripletebi).

aminomJavebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs ribosomebi,
romlebic eukariotebSi, endoplazmuri ba dis membra-
nebis gare zedapirzea gan la gebuli. ribo so ma (sur. 61)
umciresi, magram uaRresad speciali ze buli organoidia.
igi Sedgeba didi da mci re na wi lebis, anu suberTeu-
lebisagan. Ti Toeuli suberTeuli Sedgeba ribo so muli
rnm-s da cilisagan.
i-rnm-s molekulaze cilis sinTezs erTdroulad
araerTi ribosoma awarmo ebs. ribosomebis jgufs,
romelic mona wileobs erTi da igive cilis sinTezSi, polisoma (berZn. `poli~
– mravali, `soma~ – sxeuli) ewodeba. cilis molekulis awyobisas, ribosoma
i-rnm-s Zafisebr molekulaze marcxnidan marjvniv gadaadgildeba wyvetilad,
triplet-triplet. ribosomis im monakveTis zoma, romelSic translacia xdeba,
or triplets Seesabameba. es ribosomis funqciuri centria.
rogorc ki i-rnm moxvdeba citoplazmaSi, mas ukavSirdeba ribosoma. rogorc
aRvniSneT, eukariotul ujredebSi ribosomebi mdebareobs endoplazmur badeze,
xolo prokariotul ujredebSi, magaliTad, beqteriebSi, isini Tavisuflad
`dacuravs~ citoplazmaSi. i-rnm-s sami azotovani fuZisagan Semdgari jgufi
(kodoni) gansazRvravs cilis molekulaSi aminomJavis tips. ribosoma-i-rnm-s
kompleqsis warmoqmnis garda, citoplazmaSi sxva procesic mimdinareobs,
kerZod, t-rnm-s dakavSireba zustad gansazRvrul aminomJavasTan. 62-e suraTze
t-rnm
lizini
g
alanini
a
g
u
g
c
informaciuli
rnm
t-rnm
serini
alanini
a
alanini
lizini
ribosoma
lizini
triptofani
t-rnm t-rnm
a
u
u
u a
g
g
c
c c
c c c
sur. 62. translaciis procesi
t-rnm
sur. 61. ribosoma.
t-rnm
TirozinisTvis
t-rnm
c g g g a c u a g u
u
g
a
a
c
u
u
c
valini
a
49

50
Cans, rom aminomJava lizini Tavisuflad `dacuravs~, maSin rodesac lizinis
meore molekula ukve dakavSirebulia t-rnm-Tan. rogorc gaxsovT, t-rnm-s
ukavSirdeba antikodonis Sesabamisi aminomJava. magaliTad, aminomJava alaninis
t-rnm-s antikodonia aug, xolo lizinis – ccc. garda amisa, citoplazmaSi
xedavT t-rnm-Tan dakavSirebul triftofansa da valins.
Tvali mivadevnoT, Tu rogor mimdinareobs translaciis procesi. t-rnm
Tavisi aminomJaviT miemarTeba i-rnm-Tan dakavSirebul ribosomasTan. Zalze
mniSvnelovania am procesSi i-rnm-s kodonisa da t-rnm-s antikodonis daaxloeba
komplementarobis principiT. sqemaze am poziciaSi imyofeba aminomJava alaninisa
da aminomJava lizinis matarebeli ori t-rnm. aminomJava alaninis Sesabamisi
tripletis translacia ukve damTavrda, xolo lizinis Sesabamisi tripletis
translacia axla iwyeba. aminomJava alanini ukve SeuerTda mis winamorbed
aminomJava serins, romelic Tavisufldeba misi matarebeli t-rnm-sagan. serinis
gverdiT imyofeba aminomJava alanini, romelic ukve ganTavisuflda t-rnmsagan.
rogorc sqemidan Cans, ribosomisken miemarTeba aminomJava triftofanis
matarebeli t-rnm.
rogorc xedavT, ribosoma i-rnm-ze marcxnidan marjvniv micocavs da, rodesac
garkveul manZils gaivlis, i-rnm-ze `adis~ meore, mesame da a. S. ribosoma.
2. SeecadeT, gaarkvioT, romeli aminomJava iqneba Semdegi.
translaciis procesi mTavrdeba, rodesac i-rnm-s molekulaze stop-kodoni
gascems saTanado signals. am stadiaze cilis molekula ganTavisufldeba
ribosomisagan da ganicdis Semdgom gardaqmnebs.
amis Semdeg cila misTvis damaxasiaTebel unikalur geometriul
samganzomilebian konfiguracias warmoqmnis.
cilis sinTezis reaqcia rTulia, masSi monawileobs mravali fermenti da
ixarjeba didi odenobiT energia.
3. gamoiyeneT cxrili da daasaxeleT aminomJavebis prolinis, asparaginis,
glutaminis, leicinis Semqmneli tripletebi.
4. romeli aminomJavebis koduri tripletebia: cga, uuu, caa, aca.
5. sxvadasxva masalis (plastilini, Zafi, biseri, feradi qaRaldi, muyao)
gamoyenebiT SeqmeniT transkripciisa da translaciis modeli.
matricad gamoiyeneT dnm-s molekulis orive jaWvi (TiTo jgufma TiTo
jaWvi). SeadareT, rogoria cilis miRebul molekulebSi aminomJavebis raoba
da Tanamimdevroba. gaakeTeT daskvna: aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba, dnm-s romeli
jaWvi Seasrulebs matricis rols? miiReba Tu ara erTnairi cilis molekulebi?
pasuxebi daasabuTeT.

genis moqmedebis regulacia
(laq-operoni)
dResdReobiT varaudoben, rom adamianis ujredi Seicavs 25000-mde gens
(maTi ricxvi sabolood dadgenili ar aris). drois umetes nawilSi genebis
umravlesoba umoqmedoa, maTi mxolod mcire raodenoba monawileobs cilebis
sinTezis procesSi. magaliTad, kunTovan ujredebSi moqmedebs am ujredebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli cilebis ganmsazRvreli genebi, xolo sxva genebi umoqmedodaa.
nervul ujredebSi gansxvavebuli genebi aqtiuroben da a. S. genebis `CarTvis~
da `gamorTvis~ meqanizmi Seiswavles baqteriul ujredebze, romlebic genebis
SedarebiT mcire raodenobas Seicavs.
1940-ian wlebSi frangma mkvlevarebma fransua Jakobma da Jak monom
gamoikvlies baqteriebSi genebis moqmedebis regulacia da maTve SemoiRes cneba
operoni – genis moqmedebis regulaciis erTeuli.
ganvixiloT magaliTi:
imisaTvis, rom nawlavis Cxiris (Escherichia coli) baqteriam gadaamuSaos
naxSirwyali laqtoza, mas sWirdeba sami fermenti.
63-e suraTze asaxulia am baqteriis magaliTze genis moqmedebis regu laciis
meqanizmi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi naxSirwyali laqtozas gareSe, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi (sur. 64) – misi Tanaobisas. rodesac baqteriis saarsebo garemoSi
ar aris laqtoza, igi ar gamoimuSavebs laqtozas gadamamuSavebel fermentebs,
xolo, rodesac laqtoza aris garemoSi, baqteria gamoimuSavebs laqtozas
gadamuSavebisaTvis saWiro fermentebs.
baqteriisaTvis am fermentebis ganmsazRvreli genebi 63-e suraTze aRniSnulia
a, b da g asoebiT. isini struqturuli genebia. am sami struqturuli genis
win mdebare dnm-s monakveTs operatori ewodeba. misi funqciaa `CarTos~
an `gamorTos~ mocemuli struqturuli genebis transkripciis procesi.
operatoris win mdebare ubans ewodeba promotori. igi transkripciis procesSi
geni-regulatori promotori operatori
cila-represori
rnm-polimerizas
molekula
a b g
sur. 63. genebis moqmedebis regulacia
laqtozas gareSe
2.8
51

52
cilarepresori
geni-regulatori promotori
laqtozas
molekula
rnmpolimeraza
i-rnm
fermentebisTvis
rnmpolimeraza
informaciul rnm-s sinTezSi monawileobs. mas ukavSirdeba rnm polimeraza. Tu
ki operatorTan ar aris dakavSirebuli e. w. cila-represori, rnm-polimeraza
axdens struqturuli genebis transkripcias; cila-represoris Sesaxeb informacias
ki atarebs geni-regulatori, romelic moSorebiT mdebareobs.
rodesac laqtoza ar aris baqteriis garemoSi, geni-regulatoris mixedviT
iqmneba cila-represori. isari gviCvenebs, rom represori ukavSirdeba
operators. iqve Cndeba rnm-polimerazas molekula, romelic ukavSirdeba
promotors. cila-represori ar aZlevs ferments saSualebas, gaaaqtiuros
struqturuli a, b da g genebi. amitom, rodesac garemoSi ar aris laqtoza,
misi gadamamuSavebeli fermentebi arc warmoiqmneba.
axla davuSvaT, rom adamianma dalia Wiqa rZe da mis nawlavebSi moxvda
laq toza. am SemTxvevaSi ujreds sWirdeba fermentebi, rom igi SeiTvisos.
laqtozas molekula (sur. 64) uerTdeba cila-represors da es kompleqsi
veRar ukavSirdeba promotors. Sesabamisad, rnm polimeraza gadaadgildeba
qromosomis gaswvriv da aaqtiurebs struqturul genebs. Sedegad miiReba
informaciuli rnm, romelic atarebs informacias laqtozis gadasamuSaveblad
saWiro fermentebis (laq -laq -laq -is) Sesaxeb. am operons laq-operoni
1 2 3
ewodeba.
1. SeadgineT operonis modeli feradi qaRaldebis, plastilinis an sxva
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT da moaxdineT am ori procesis modelireba.
2. struqturuli genebis moqmedebas Trgunavs:
a. promotori b. represori g. fermentebi d. baqteria.
laq 1
sur. 64. genebis moqmedebis regulacia laqtozas Tanaobisas
3. cila-represoris warmoqmnas gansazRvravs:
a. struqturuli genebi b. rnm-polimeraza
g. geni-regulatori d. promotori.
laq 2
laq 3

genis moqmedebis regulacia
(trip-operoni)
axla ganvixiloT operoni, romelic marTavs aminomJava triptofanis sinTezs;
mas trip-operoni ewodeba. nawlavis Cxiris baqteria asinTezirebs triptofans
da am procesisTvis iyenebs xuT ferments. sailustraciod ganvixilavT
triptofanis sinTezis regulacias sami fermentis monawileobiT (sur. 65).
geni-regulatori
cilarepresori
geni-regulatori
promotori operatori d
a b g
triptofanis
molekula
promotori operatori d e v
rnm-polimeraza rnm-polimeraza
trip 1
trip 2
trip 3
sur. 65. genebis moqmedebis regulacia triptofanis gareSe
cilarepresori
triptofan represoris
kompleqsi
e v
sur. 66. genebis moqmedebis regulacia
triptofanis Tanaobisas
struqturul genebs, romlebic am fermentebs kodirebs (d, e, v), esazRvreba
operatori, romelic `CarTavs~ an `gamorTavs~ aRniSnul genebs. rogorc
xedavT, trip-operoni struqturiT laq-operonis msgavsia. ganvixiloT genis
moqmedebis regulaciis meqanizmi, rodesac ujreds ar `hyofnis~ triptofani
(sur. 66). regulatoruli genis saboloo produqtia cila-represori, romelsac
triptofanis gareSe ar SeuZlia daukavSirdes operators. Sesabamisad, rnmpolimeraza
daubrkoleblad gadaadgildeba da aaqtiurebs struqturul
2.9
53

54
genebs. warmoiqmneba trip 1 , trip 2 da trip 3 fermentebi, romlebic aucilebelia
triptofanis sinTezisTvis.
rogorc xedavT, trip-operonis gaaqtiureba xdeba garemoSi triptofanis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic, maSin rodesac laq-operonis aqtivacia SesaZlebelia
mxolod laqtozas Tanaobisas.
axla ganvixiloT genebis moqmedebis regulacia triptofanis Tanaobisas
(sur. 63). aq situacia ramdenadme icvleba: triptofan-represoris kompleqsi
ukavSirdeba operators, xels uSlis rnm-polimerazas gadaadgilebas da,
Sesabamisad, struqturuli genebis gaaqtiurebas; amitom ar xdeba triptofanis
gadasamuSavebeli fermentebis warmoqmna.
genis moqmedebis regulacia ganxilul SemTxvevaSi icavs ujreds Warbi
fermentebis dagrovebisagan.
rodesac triptofani gamoileva garemoSi, fermentebi, romlebic saWiroa
misi gardaqmnisaTvis, xelaxla warmoiqmneba.
eukariotul ujredebSi genebis moqmedebis regulaciis principebi baqteriebSi
aRwerili meqanizmis msgavsia. gansxvaveba is aris, rom eukariotebSi
genis aqtivobis regulacia damatebiT gulisxmobs kontrols sxvadasxva etapze:
transkripciis procesSi da transkripciis Semdgom (romeli genebi da ra
siCqariT unda transkripcirdes, ra cvlilebebi unda ganicados gadawerilma
i-rnm-m), translaciis procesSi da mis Semdgom (ramden xans unda iyos i-rnm
citoplazmaSi da rodis dakargavs is ribosomebTan dakavSirebis unars, ra
damatebiTi gardaqmnebi unda ganicados translaciis produqtma – polipeptidma,
rom daiwyos aqtiurad funqcionireba).
1. daakvirdiT 63-e suraTs.
a) daasaxeleT a, b da g monakveTebis saxelwodeba da funqcia.
b) SeadareT triptofanis da laqtozas ganmsazRvreli genebis regulacia. ra
msgavsebas da gansxvavebas xedavT?
2. amoarCieT genebis moqmedebis regulaciis swori Tanamimdevroba baqteriis
garemoSi triptofanis Tanaobisas:
a. 1. rnm polimeraza gadaadgildeba daubrkoleblad da aaqtiurebs struqturul
genebs;
2. triptofan-represori ukavSirdeba operators da xels uSlis rnm-polimerazas;
3. triptofanis molekula ukavSirdeba represors.
b. 1. triptofan-represori ukavSirdeba operators da xels uSlis rnm-polimerazas;
2. triptofanis molekula ukavSirdeba represors;
3. rnm polimeraza gadaadgildeba daubrkoleblad da aaqtiurebs struqturul
genebs.
g. 1. triptofanis molekula ukavSirdeba represors;
2. triptofan-represori ukavSirdeba operators da xels uSlis rnm-polimerazas;
3. rnm-polimeraza ver gadaadgildeba da ver aaqtiurebs struqturul genebs.

SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
I. SemoxazeT swori debulebebi:
1. dnm-s molekulaSi qimiuri kavSiri myardeba:
a) nukleotidebis fosformJavas naSTebs Soris;
b) mezobeli nukleotidebis naxSirwylebs Soris;
g) mezobeli nukleotidebis fosformJavas naSTs da naxSirwyals Soris.
2. romeli rnm-s molekulaa yvelaze grZeli:
a) satransporto;
b) informaciuli;
g) ribosomuli.
3. romel reaqcias udevs safuZvlad matriculi principi:
a) atf-is molekulis sinTezs;
b) glukozis sinTezs naxSirorJangisa da wylisagan;
g) lipidebis warmoqmnas;
d) aminomJavebisgan cilis molekulis awyobas.
4. ujredis romeli struqturaa gamosaxuli naxatze:
a) endoplazmuri bade;
b) vakuoli;
g) plazmuri membrana;
d) t-rnm.
5. antikodonis ubani aqvs:
a) dnm-s; b) i-rnm-s; g) t-rnm-s; d) r-rnm-s.
II. aRwereT 67-e suraTze asaxuli procesi. daasaxeleT operonis Semadgeneli
ubnebi da kiTxvis niSniT aRniSnuli komponentebi.
laqtozas
molekula
? ? ? ? ? ?
?
rnm-polimeraza
sur. 67
i-rnm
?
?
?
fermentebi
2.10
55