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È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni

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SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

<strong>in</strong>seriti <strong>in</strong> una struttura organica <strong>di</strong> voci alfabeticamente<br />

organizzate.<br />

La proposta f<strong>in</strong>ale fu <strong>di</strong> abbandonare la struttura tra<strong>di</strong>zionale<br />

per adottare un mo<strong>del</strong>lo organizzato secondo volumi tematici,<br />

costituiti da saggi monografici che trattassero <strong>in</strong> sequenza<br />

logica e <strong>in</strong> modo compiuto le varie l<strong>in</strong>ee <strong>in</strong> cui si articola<br />

l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio. Per sod<strong>di</strong>sfare comunque l’esigenza<br />

<strong>di</strong> autoreferenzialità, si decise <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>serire nel qu<strong>in</strong>to<br />

volume “Fondamenti e strumenti” <strong>il</strong> <strong>di</strong>zionario enciclope<strong>di</strong>co,<br />

organizzato secondo un ord<strong>in</strong>amento alfabetico che<br />

avrebbe fornito al lettore i necessari strumenti per muoversi<br />

agevolmente all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong>l’opera.<br />

Il mo<strong>del</strong>lo non aveva precedenti nel campo <strong>del</strong>le più classiche<br />

enciclope<strong>di</strong>e tecnico-scientifiche ma richiamava per<br />

certi aspetti i trattati tipici <strong>del</strong>la letteratura tecnica, anche<br />

<strong>del</strong>la più recente (Petroleum Ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, 5 volumi Technip<br />

Publ. 2000).<br />

Ovviamente <strong>il</strong> rischio, che peraltro fu ben chiaro f<strong>in</strong> dall’<strong>in</strong>izio,<br />

era <strong>di</strong> scadere <strong>in</strong> un trattato <strong>di</strong> manualistica senza tuttavia<br />

riuscire a conseguire quel risultato che i manuali <strong>di</strong> qualità<br />

si prefiggono: trattare <strong>in</strong> modo esaustivo la materia e<br />

fornire un supporto pratico agli specialisti <strong>del</strong> settore.<br />

“L’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a – citando Tullio Gregory – come opera che<br />

raccoglie <strong>in</strong> modo sistematico nozioni su tutte le <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>e<br />

o su specifici argomenti deve dare i fondamenti e le strutture<br />

dei saperi, cogliere i mutamenti negli <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzi e nei<br />

meto<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> ricerca, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>care i rapporti fra le varie aree <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ari”.<br />

Era la primavera <strong>del</strong> 2004, ad opera <strong>in</strong> avanzato stato <strong>di</strong> realizzazione,<br />

quando venne pubblicata la Encyclope<strong>di</strong>a of<br />

Energy, (6 volumi - Elsevier Publ. 2004) che <strong>in</strong> certa misura<br />

seguiva un mo<strong>del</strong>lo <strong>di</strong> impostazione monografica <strong>del</strong>le<br />

voci. Tuttavia manteneva ancora l’ord<strong>in</strong>amento alfabetico,<br />

cosicché non riusciva a realizzare la sovrastruttura logica <strong>in</strong><br />

grado <strong>di</strong> aggregare le monografie nei relativi f<strong>il</strong>oni tematici.<br />

Il mo<strong>del</strong>lo organizzativo ut<strong>il</strong>izzato nello sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> lavoro<br />

si rifà allo schema tra<strong>di</strong>zionalmente ut<strong>il</strong>izzato da Treccani:<br />

un Comitato <strong>di</strong> Coord<strong>in</strong>amento costituito dai Direttori e dagli<br />

esperti <strong>del</strong>le varie tematiche con <strong>il</strong> supporto esterno <strong>di</strong><br />

specialisti <strong>del</strong>le s<strong>in</strong>gole materie.<br />

Il Comitato <strong>di</strong> Coord<strong>in</strong>amento ha compiti molto operativi:<br />

supporta l’impostazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera, suggerisce e valuta<br />

membri esterni e <strong>in</strong>terni da contattare, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>ca possib<strong>il</strong>i autori<br />

<strong>di</strong> voci, verifica la coerenza <strong>di</strong> impostazione e <strong>di</strong> realizzazione<br />

dei testi, <strong>del</strong>la produzione iconografica e <strong>del</strong>le traduzioni.<br />

Anche la realizzazione <strong>in</strong> due l<strong>in</strong>gue, nuova per l’Istituto<br />

Treccani, ha comportato <strong>di</strong>versi ord<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> problemi e le scelte<br />

conseguenti non sono sempre state <strong>del</strong> tutto agevoli.<br />

In realtà l’opera nasce già <strong>in</strong> larga misura b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gue. Su 220<br />

autori che hanno scritto almeno un contributo, quasi <strong>il</strong> 40%<br />

scrive <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>glese e ciò <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>pendentemente dal fatto che questa<br />

sia la loro madrel<strong>in</strong>gua. Vale per tutti l’esempio <strong>del</strong>la sezione<br />

giuri<strong>di</strong>ca nella quale gli autori sono quasi esclusivamente<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>ari dai paesi produttori <strong>di</strong> petrolio <strong>di</strong> cui <strong>il</strong>lustrano<br />

le norme legislative.<br />

E poiché l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio, sia <strong>di</strong> upstream che <strong>di</strong><br />

raff<strong>in</strong>azione, nacque pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente negli Stati <strong>Un</strong>iti (Texas,<br />

Louisiana, California, Ohio) spesso i term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> uso comune<br />

sono tipicamente gergali, <strong>in</strong>usuali a un esperto <strong>del</strong>la<br />

l<strong>in</strong>gua, logicamente pre<strong>di</strong>sposto qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> a tradurre dall’<strong>in</strong>-<br />

glese ut<strong>il</strong>izzando improbab<strong>il</strong>i<br />

perifrasi.<br />

Oltre a ciò alcuni term<strong>in</strong>i<br />

tecnici sono talvolta <strong>di</strong>versi<br />

fra chi opera <strong>in</strong> upstream,<br />

<strong>in</strong> raff<strong>in</strong>azione e <strong>in</strong> petrolchimica.<br />

Mi piace riportare a<br />

questo proposito un esempio<br />

particolarmente significativo:<br />

per <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>care <strong>il</strong> r<strong>il</strong>ascio<br />

<strong>di</strong> gas da parte <strong>di</strong> un liquido<br />

normalmente si usa<br />

nel downstream <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e<br />

gas release, gli uom<strong>in</strong>i <strong>del</strong><br />

pozzo <strong>in</strong>vece usano <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e<br />

gas liberation. Nessun<br />

traduttore madrel<strong>in</strong>gua è <strong>in</strong><br />

grado <strong>di</strong> cogliere la <strong>di</strong>fferenza,<br />

e qualunque o<strong>il</strong> man non<br />

apprezzerebbe <strong>di</strong> leggere <strong>in</strong><br />

un articolo <strong>di</strong> upstream <strong>il</strong><br />

term<strong>in</strong>e gas release.<br />

Certamente la <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

nel circuito Treccani <strong>di</strong> un<br />

adeguato numero <strong>di</strong> traduttori<br />

madrel<strong>in</strong>gua è stata fondamentale,<br />

non<strong>di</strong>meno per le<br />

ragioni suddette si è dovuto<br />

imporre un meticoloso controllo<br />

dei testi, <strong>in</strong> particolare<br />

per le versioni <strong>in</strong>glesi, da parte<br />

degli specialisti <strong>del</strong> settore.<br />

A parte <strong>il</strong> ritorno <strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i<br />

<strong>di</strong> immag<strong>in</strong>e e <strong>di</strong> prestigio<br />

per <strong>Eni</strong> come impresa tecnologicamente<br />

avanzata e socialmente<br />

responsab<strong>il</strong>e, che<br />

<strong>in</strong>teriorizza nelle sue strategie<br />

le problematiche <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>novazione<br />

ed è impegnata a<br />

elaborare e con<strong>di</strong>videre con<br />

gli stakeholders una cultura<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’energia sostenib<strong>il</strong>e, dalla<br />

realizzazione <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

degli Idrocarburi sono<br />

derivati altri importanti<br />

risultati impliciti: l’opportunità<br />

<strong>di</strong> approfon<strong>di</strong>mento <strong>di</strong><br />

problematiche tecnicoscientifiche,<br />

la messa a confronto<br />

<strong>di</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ioni e <strong>di</strong> teorie<br />

anche contrapposte nel cam-<br />

PAROLE E IMMAGINI.<br />

All’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong>l’opera trova<br />

spazio un dettagliato apparato<br />

iconografico determ<strong>in</strong>ante<br />

dal punto <strong>di</strong> vista esplicativo.<br />

I testi sono corredati<br />

da un’ampia bibliografia<br />

specifica e, <strong>in</strong> molti casi,<br />

da una letteratura generale<br />

necessaria<br />

per l’approfon<strong>di</strong>mento<br />

degli argomenti.<br />

WORDS AND IMAGES.<br />

The encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a is supplied<br />

with a deta<strong>il</strong>ed iconographic<br />

apparatus which is crucial<br />

to provide explanations.<br />

The texts are furnished<br />

with a vast specific bibliography<br />

and, <strong>in</strong> many <strong>in</strong>stances,<br />

with a broad literature required<br />

to amplify on the subjects.<br />

po economico, giuri<strong>di</strong>co, geopolitico, <strong>del</strong>la sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità e<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’ambiente, l’aggregazione <strong>di</strong> elementi culturali spesso<br />

eterogenei per materia e per orig<strong>in</strong>e, e <strong>in</strong> ultima analisi la<br />

costituzione <strong>di</strong> un network <strong>in</strong>ternazionale <strong>di</strong> referenti che<br />

certamente rimarrà nel patrimonio aziendale come elemento<br />

<strong>di</strong> confronto e <strong>di</strong> supporto futuro.<br />

Ugo Romano è Presidente e Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>-<br />

Tecnologie.<br />

<strong>di</strong>ctionary <strong>in</strong> alphabetic order, provid<strong>in</strong>g its users with the<br />

necessary tools to f<strong>in</strong>d eas<strong>il</strong>y their way around the work.<br />

Such a mo<strong>del</strong> had no precedent <strong>in</strong> the field of the more classic<br />

technical-scientific encyclopae<strong>di</strong>as, but it recalled under some<br />

aspects the treatises typical of the most recent technical<br />

literature (“Petroleum Ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g”, 5 volumes Technip Publ. 2000).<br />

Obviously the risk, which had been clear from the very<br />

beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, was to end up simply with a handbook treatise,<br />

without accomplish<strong>in</strong>g what all quality handbooks set<br />

themselves as a goal: to deal with the subject <strong>in</strong> a thorough<br />

manner and provide practical support for the specialists of the<br />

sector.<br />

“The Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a” – to quote Tullio Gregory – “as a work<br />

which gathers <strong>in</strong> a systematic way notions on all <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>es or<br />

on specific subjects, must provide the foundations and<br />

structures for the various branches of knowledge, grasp change<br />

<strong>in</strong> the goals and methods of research, and identify the<br />

relationships between the various <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>es”.<br />

It was the spr<strong>in</strong>g of 2004, when the work was at an advanced<br />

stage, when the “Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Energy” (6 volumes –<br />

Elsevier Publ. 2004) came out, which to a certa<strong>in</strong> extent<br />

followed the structure organized along the l<strong>in</strong>es of monographic<br />

entries. However, it held on to the alphabetical order, so it<br />

couldn’t manage to achieve a logical superstructure able to<br />

collect the monographs <strong>in</strong>to their respective thematic sequence.<br />

The organizational mo<strong>del</strong> used <strong>in</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g out the work takes its<br />

<strong>in</strong>spiration from the tra<strong>di</strong>tional layout used by Treccani: a<br />

coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g committee made up of <strong>di</strong>rectors and experts of the<br />

various themes with the external support of<br />

specialists for each subject. The<br />

coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g committee has a very<br />

operational role: it helps with the layout of<br />

the work, suggests and evaluates what<br />

external and <strong>in</strong>ternal members to contact,<br />

<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cates possible authors for the entries,<br />

monitors consistency <strong>in</strong> the layout and<br />

creation of the texts, of the iconographic<br />

production and of translations.<br />

Also its be<strong>in</strong>g published <strong>in</strong> two languages, a<br />

first for the Istituto Treccani, led to <strong>di</strong>fferent<br />

types of problems, and the choices it<br />

enta<strong>il</strong>ed were not always very easy. Actually,<br />

the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a is be<strong>in</strong>g born largely<br />

b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gual. Out of 220 authors who wrote at<br />

least one contribution, almost 40 % write <strong>in</strong><br />

English and do so regardless of whether<br />

English is their native language or not. A<br />

case <strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t is provided by the legal<br />

section, <strong>in</strong> which almost all authors ha<strong>il</strong><br />

from the o<strong>il</strong>-produc<strong>in</strong>g countries whose legal<br />

regulations they expla<strong>in</strong>.<br />

And then, the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry, whether speak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

about upstream or ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, was born <strong>in</strong><br />

Texas, where the terms commonly used are<br />

typically jargon, unusual for a language<br />

expert, who therefore would be logically<br />

<strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to translate from English us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

unlikely roundabout phrases.<br />

In ad<strong>di</strong>tion, some technical terms<br />

sometimes <strong>di</strong>ffer depend<strong>in</strong>g on whether one<br />

works <strong>in</strong> upstream operations, <strong>in</strong> ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g or<br />

<strong>in</strong> petrochemistry. I am fond of giv<strong>in</strong>g an example of particular<br />

significance: to speak of the release of gas from a liquid,<br />

normally <strong>in</strong> downstream the term “gas release” is used, wh<strong>il</strong>e o<strong>il</strong><br />

well people use the term “gas liberation”. No native tongue<br />

translator is able to grasp the <strong>di</strong>fference, and no “o<strong>il</strong> man” would<br />

appreciate read<strong>in</strong>g the term “gas release” <strong>in</strong> an upstream article.<br />

Certa<strong>in</strong>ly, the ava<strong>il</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity on the Treccani circuit of an adequate<br />

number of mother tongue translators was fundamental.<br />

Nonetheless, for the reasons stated above it was necessary to<br />

<strong>in</strong>troduce a meticulous verification of the texts, <strong>in</strong> particular for<br />

the English versions, on the part of specialists of the sector.<br />

Apart from the advantages <strong>in</strong> terms of image and prestige for <strong>Eni</strong><br />

as a technologically advanced and socially responsible<br />

enterprise, which <strong>in</strong>ternalises with<strong>in</strong> its strategies issues related<br />

to <strong>in</strong>novation and is committed to form<strong>in</strong>g and shar<strong>in</strong>g with its<br />

stakeholders a culture of susta<strong>in</strong>able energy, the ”Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />

of Hydrocarbons” has led to other implied and important results:<br />

the opportunity to study scientific-technological issues <strong>in</strong> depth,<br />

the comparison of op<strong>in</strong>ions and theories – at times conflict<strong>in</strong>g<br />

ones – <strong>in</strong> the fields of economy, law and geopolitics; of<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity and the environment, the aggregation of cultural<br />

elements often heterogeneous as to subject matter and orig<strong>in</strong>,<br />

and ultimately the constitution of an <strong>in</strong>ternational network of<br />

experts that w<strong>il</strong>l doubtlessly rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the enterprise’s heritage<br />

as an element for comparison and support for the future.<br />

Ugo Romano is the Chairman and Manag<strong>in</strong>g Director<br />

of <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie.<br />

46 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

47

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