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Riconquistare il paesaggio On the one hand there are general actions, discussing a broad societal development, e.g. landscape fragmentation by large-scale infrastructural developments. On the other hand there are site-specific actions on concrete locations, e.g. concerning the planned development of an new housing area. Both types of actions can be either defensive or initiating. The actions can also be differentiated according to the target group. Because many actions are focussing on policy makers and governmental authorities, actions focussing on the general public may be mentioned separately. The following types of actions can thus be defined: a. setting the agenda b. opposing threats c. assessing values d. developing solutions e. just do it f. informing the public Concrete actions can be placed in several categories. A local pressure group e.g. can combine defending against a threat (opposing threats) with creating alternatives (developing solutions). Campaigns and longer actions of professional NGOs often comprise various types of actions: starting from a concrete worry about the degradation of a particular landscape (opposing threats), the need arises to define the assets (assessing values), and to put such problems on the agenda in general (setting the agenda). In the end, many organisations also want to assume responsibility – whether or not in cooperation with the authorities – for solving problems (developing solutions) and for implementing these in concrete cases (just do it). This is illustrated in the scheme of Table 2. Of each type of action some (arbitrarily chosen) examples are given, many of them described in a recent book on Europe’s Living Landscapes (Pedroli et al. 2007B). Most examples are not restricted to the category under which they are described. Although many good examples also exist in Italy, it is chosen to refer rather to examples from other countries, so as to enhance international exchange. a. Setting the agenda Many landscape actions are meant to draw the attention to a specific problem, and put it on the political agenda. Mobilising political attention and societal involvement is the main purpose of such actions, often with a broad societal worrying trend as a subject, like the decreasing accessibility of landscape, the absence of flowers in the meadows, the disappearance of solitary trees, or the fragmentation of landscape by roads and scattered settlements. With the larger national organisations such actions often translate in campaigns, focussing on various target groups. Flowering landscape In Germany a very active network has developed to enhance the introduction and care of flowering plants in meadows. Many people are engaged in developing new concepts to develop habitats in the landscape for bees and other flower-visiting insects. [www.bluehende-landschaft.de] Cow in the meadow Cattle is increasingly kept inside and tends to disappear from the countryside, where cows were so characteristic. A joint action of environmental and farmers groups was set up in the Netherlands to counteract this trend and to discuss its effects on landscape and animal wellbeing. [www.clm.nl: Koe in de wei] 353
354 CAPITOLOV - Paesaggi e partecipazione b. Opposing threats Under ‘opposing threats’ actions are considered that are meant to avert a threat from a specific area. Often the interventions are large technical measures like highways of airports, but also creeping developments like urban encroachment or lack of landscape management can be subject of such actions. Characteristic is protest and resistance, including the juridical procedures opposing a development that is perceived as negative. Landscape inspection After acquisition for conservation, our cultural landscapes often are managed by professional nature managers. It appears that frequently cultural landscape elements suffer from such nature management. A citizens landscape inspection is set up to audit the activities of the managers and advise on alternative solutions. www.landschapswacht.nl New ring forts in defence of the Irish landscape The Landscape Circle was introduced by Landscape Alliance Ireland (O’Regan 2007), and is intended to serve as an integrated template to assist local communities to become proactively involved protecting existing landscape quality and to intervene creatively in the processes of change and development at work in the local landscape. c. Assessing values Actions focussing on assessing values intend to survey the values and qualities of an area that are – according to the activists – not adequately recognised. Several types of pleas to realise the values of an area can be envisaged: for the protection of historical patterns of parcels, for stories related to landscape, for regional products etc. Cross-boundary landscape RijNiers Although many elements of natural and landscape beauty are still present in the border region between the rivers Rijn and Niers between Kleve (D) and Nijmegen (NL), there was no joint approach to landscape planning. A citizens initiative assessed the mentioned values and developed a proposal for a cross-boundary landscape park, enhancing landscape protection, eco-tourism and cultural awareness. www.rijnniers.net Nature conservation on arable land In the village of Grossdittmansdorf voluntary nature conservationists, united in the local branch of the German Nature Conservation Association (NaBu), including a youth and a children’s group, have been very active for almost 30 years. They analyse bird populations, manage nature reserves, collaborate with landowners and farmers (e.g. protecting white storks), and do public awareness work (Bastian 2007). d. Developing solutions Currently more and more actions are taking over the initiative from competent authorities and develop alternatives and solutions for problematic developments in the landscape. This ‘thinking along with’ extends further than the plea to recognise values and comprises broader societal developments and various forms of public policies, like the design of green structures in town neighbourhoods by the inhabitants, the development of alternative routes for road transport, or the planning of bicycle routes for mountain bikers. Landscape plans by local authorities A strong national co-operative of people active in local landscape management, often on voluntary basis, has developed in the Netherlands: ‘Landschapsbeheer Nederland’. Since 1980 they actively support the development of landscape management and development plans by municipalities, including public participation in matters of cultural identity, water manage-
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RICONQUISTARE IL PAESAGGIO La Conve
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A cura di: Corrado Teofili e Rosa C
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Sommario Presentazione, di Enzo Ven
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Presentazione di Enzo Venini Presid
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Riconquistare il paesaggio diversi
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14 NOTA DEI CURATORI gi uno dei pi
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18 INTRODUZIONE Ma ora, all’inizi
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20 INTRODUZIONE I tecnici dell’Is
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26 INTRODUZIONE Bibliografia Gianfr
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