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MLC1960 Barren Pasture Forest Water Agriculture Heterogeneous Artificial Wooded Barren 1.25 (0.00) 0.75 (0.02) 0.11 (0.01) 0.01 (0.00) 0.12 (0.02) 0.03 (0.02) 0.00 (0.00) 0.04 (0.00) Pasture 0.50 (0.05) 5.19 (0.77) 1.33 (0.48) 0.01 (0.00) 2.03 (0.39) 0.70 (0.19) 0.02 (0.01) 0.29 (0.09) Forest 0.27 (0.05) 7.92 (0.84) 14.58 (0.81) 0.06 (0.00) 4.24 (0.78) 1.89 (0.68) 0.06 (0.01) 1.55 (0.61) Water 0.01 (0.00) 0.15 (0.00) 0.04 (0.00) 0.76 (0.00) 0.13 (0.02) 0.03 (0.02) 0.03 (0.00) 0.01 (0.00) CLC1990 Agriculture 0.04 (0.01) 2.04 (0.21) 0.86 (0.15) 0.06 (0.01) 19.89 (3.87) 3.93 (3.36) 0.17 (0.04) 1.43 (0.93) Heterogeneous 0.04 (0.01) 2.02 (0.24) 1.22 (0.17) 0.03 (0.00) 7.50 (2.77) 2.52 (2.08) 0.15 (0.04) 2.62 (0.91) Artificial 0.03 (0.00) 0.23 (0.01) 0.15 (0.01) 0.01 (0.00) 1.48 (0.49) 0.69 (0.48) 0.86 (0.01) 0.52 (0.02) Wooded 0.02 (0.00) 0.43 (0.07) 0.39 (0.05) 0.01 (0.00) 2.49 (0.69) 0.64 (0.60) 0.05 (0.00) 3.31 (0.27) Table 1 – Land-use/land-cover change (measured as a percentage of the total study area) for the time span 1960 – 1990. The table shows the mean value and, in parentheses, the standard deviation obtained with the 120 possible combinations for 1960 versus 1990. CLC1990 Barren Pasture Forest Water Agriculture Heterogeneous Artificial Wooded Barren 1.67 (0.02) 0.16 (0.02) 0.08 (0.02) 0.01 (0.00) 0.02 (0.00) 0.03 (0.01) 0.01 (0.00) 0.01 (0.00) Pasture 0.42 (0.02) 6.12 (0.97) 1.37 (0.07) 0.01 (0.00) 0.53 (0.08) 0.61 (0.15) 0.04 (0.01) 0.13 (0.03) Forest 0.14 (0.02) 2.36 (0.64) 26.85 (1.78) 0.03 (0.00) 0.77 (0.22) 1.74 (0.20) 0.09 (0.01) 0.56 (0.07) Riconquistare il paesaggio Water 0.02 (0.00) 0.02 (0.00) 0.04 (0.00) 1.07 (0.01) 0.05 (0.01) 0.03 (0.01) 0.02 (0.00) 0.01 (0.00) Agriculture 0.03 (0.00) 0.70 (0.08) 0.64 (0.15) 0.04 (0.01) 24.06 (3.41) 2.76 (0.65) 0.27 (0.08) 0.81 (0.32) CLC2000 Heterogeneous 0.02 (0.00) 0.55 (0.19) 1.21 (0.19) 0.02 (0.00) 1.66 (0.28) 8.97 (2.29) 0.21 (0.07) 1.01 (0.36) Artificial 0.01 (0.00) 0.07 (0.01) 0.11 (0.01) 0.01 (0.00) 0.51 (0.12) 0.41 (0.12) 3.27 (0.08) 0.15 (0.02) Wooded 0.01 (0.01) 0.11 (0.02) 0.27 (0.05) 0.00 (0.00) 0.84 (0.60) 1.54 (0.60) 0.07 (0.01) 4.65 (0.38) Table 2 – Land-use/land-cover change (measured as a percentage of the total study area) for the time span 1990 – 2000. The table shows the mean value and, in parentheses, the standard deviation obtained with the 30 possible combinations for 1990 versus 2000. 181
182 CAPITOLO III - Paesaggi d’Italia with changes to FOREST), to HETEROGENEOUS (mainly towards other agricultural land classes and towards FOREST), and to WOODED (mainly to HETEROGENEOUS and to FOREST). We found also that land-use/land-cover change occurred with different intensities in the various parts of the peninsula (Fig. 4). In particular, we considered (Fig. 2): the Alps, the Apennines, the Po river plain, the coastal areas, the island of Sardinia and the island of Sicily. These macro-regions were identified using geographic, geomorphologic and bioclimatic factors (Tomaselli et al. 1973) together with national and international agreements(Alpine Convention 96/191/CE; http://www.convenzionedellealpi.org/index; APE – Apennines Park of Europe G.U. 29/03/2001). PASTURE decreased markedly in all Italy, but particularly in the Apennines, in the coastal areas and in Sardinia. On the contrary, FOREST increased in all Italy, almost doubling its extension in the Alps and the Apennines and increasing even more in Sardinia. AGRICULTURE decreased in the Alps, in the Apennines, in the coastal areas and in Sicily, but it increased in the rest of Italy. HETEROGENEOUS and WOODED followed a more complex trend, with important changes especially in Sardinia, where we measured a marked increase in HETEROGENEOUS. ARTIFI- CIAL increased throughout the peninsula: coastal areas, Sardinia, Sicily and the Po river plain showed a marked increase, while only a limited increase was measured in the Apennines and, especially, in the Alps. 2. Land uses and misuses and their implications for biodiversity conservation Our analysis is supported in its results by other studies that have indirectly considered the Italian peninsula. FAO (2005), using completely different datasets and techniques (and with no spatial detail inside the country level), reports that in 2005 34% of the Italian territory was covered by forests (compared to the 32.54% that we measured for 2000) and that the annual rate of change in forest cover for the time period 1990-2000 was 0.3% (compared to the 0.2% that we measured for the same time frame). Comparable results have been obtained from EEA (2005) that measured the same trends that we described for pastures and forests using the same datasets but different techniques. These studies give a further confirmation of the reliability of the change rates that we obtained. Our results demonstrate that from the 1960s, Italy’s mountainous and hilly areas (particularly the Alps and the Apennines) have changed towards more “pristine” conditions and the coastal areas towards a more human dominated landscape. The land-use/land-cover changes seem to be associated to changes in human population density, which appear to be inversely related to the increase in forest cover (Alps and Apennines) and decrease in pastures and other traditional agricultural uses (as is the case in Sardinia; Fig. 5). FOREST increased from the 1960s to 2000, replacing mainly agricultural areas and PASTURE (refers to Tab. 1-2). During the same period, PASTURE drastically decreased and agriculture (including AGRICULTURE, HETEROGENEOUS and WOODED) remained mostly unchanged. However, the land-use classes representing more traditional and less intensive cultivations decreased (WOODED and, in the Alps, HETEROGENEOUS) or remained stable (HETEROGENEOUS), while AGRICULTURE, the land use type that includes the more intensive cultivation types, increased in plain areas (despite an overall decrease), indicating an increase in modern-industrybased agriculture and a decrease in traditional types of agriculture. A major caveat on these results is given by their purely quantitative aspects. The type of data used does not permit any insight into the “quality” of the land-use/land-cover classes and we could not obtain any indication regarding the ecological functionality of what we found. However, Tellini-Florenzano (2004) measured, for the Apennines, a significant aging for different types
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RICONQUISTARE IL PAESAGGIO La Conve
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A cura di: Corrado Teofili e Rosa C
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Sommario Presentazione, di Enzo Ven
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Presentazione di Enzo Venini Presid
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Riconquistare il paesaggio diversi
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14 NOTA DEI CURATORI gi uno dei pi
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16 NOTA DEI CURATORI mente in “se
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18 INTRODUZIONE Ma ora, all’inizi
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20 INTRODUZIONE I tecnici dell’Is
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22 INTRODUZIONE delle falesie a str
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24 INTRODUZIONE tro di ricerche eco
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26 INTRODUZIONE Bibliografia Gianfr
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28 CAPITOLO 1 - La Convenzione Euro
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100 CAPITOLO 1 - La Convenzione Eur
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108 CAPITOLO I1 - La percezione del
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232 CAPITOLO IV - Paesaggio, territ
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298 CAPITOLOV - Paesaggi e partecip
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366 Makhzoumi, J. and Pungetti G.,
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La Convenzione Europea sul Paesaggi
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