politikuri Teoria da
politikuri Teoria da
politikuri Teoria da
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i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe<br />
politologia<br />
(<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>da</strong> praqtika)<br />
`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti<br />
i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe<br />
politologia<br />
(<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>da</strong> praqtika)<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebulia stu-s<br />
sare<strong>da</strong>qcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos<br />
mier. 27.05.2009, oqmi #5<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009
politologiis es axali saxelmZRvanelo Zvelebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT gamoirCeva mravali TemiT <strong>da</strong> Seqmnilia bolo<br />
wlebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero <strong>da</strong> saswavlo-meToduri<br />
literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
eyrdnoba cnobili amerikeli (e. heivudi), rusi (s. soloviovi,<br />
m. makarenkovi, i. suSkovi, r. muxaevi, g. polunina <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTveli avtorebis (i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili,<br />
v. xoWolava, vl. WanuyvaZe, v. qobalia, m. macaberiZe, S. jafariZe,<br />
g. abesaZe, a. tukvaZe, v. Wania, T. kiknaZe, o. gogiaSvili,<br />
a. kuWuxiZe, n. baraTaSvili, v. doliZe, a. bucxrikiZe,<br />
o. qoCoraZe, o. <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili, v. feraZe, o. WumburiZe, m. sioriZe,<br />
q. jijeiSvili, e. gvenetaZe, i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />
Sromebs, monografiebs, saxelmZRvaneloebsa <strong>da</strong> statiebs. wigni<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gaTvaliswinebulia studentebis, magistrebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
doqtorantebisaTvis, magram igi uTuod miiqcevs praqtikospolitikosTa,<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleTa, politikur mkvlevarTa <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspertTa, mkiTxvelTa farTo wris yuradRebas, radgan masSi<br />
wamoWrili <strong>da</strong> ganxilulia politikis Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis<br />
mravali aspeqti, romelic Cvens transformirebad sazogadoebaSi<br />
mwvaved dgas <strong>da</strong> kvalificiur gansjas moiTxovs.<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtorebi: asoc. profesori q. jijeiSvili<br />
asoc. profesori z. kvetenaZe<br />
recenzentebi: asoc. profesori e. gvenetaZe<br />
asoc. profesori r. ruxaZe<br />
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009<br />
ISBN 978-9941-14-744-9<br />
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/<br />
yvela ufleba <strong>da</strong>culia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,<br />
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT <strong>da</strong> saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu<br />
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis<br />
gareSe.<br />
saavtoro uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi I. I. I. I. I. politika politika politika politika politika _ _ _ _ _ mowodeba, mowodeba, mowodeba, mowodeba, mowodeba, xeloba, xeloba, xeloba, xeloba, xeloba, xelovneba<br />
xelovneba<br />
xelovneba xelovneba<br />
xelovneba ------ ------ ------ ------ ------10<br />
10 10 10 10<br />
politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis gansazRvreba<br />
gansazRvreba<br />
gansazRvreba gansazRvreba<br />
gansazRvreba --------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------10<br />
10 10 10 10<br />
politika politika politika politika politika rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo marTvis marTvis marTvis marTvis marTvis xelovneba<br />
xelovneba<br />
xelovneba xelovneba<br />
xelovneba ------ ------ ------ ------ ------12<br />
12 12 12 12<br />
politika politika politika politika politika rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc sajaro sajaro sajaro sajaro sajaro procesi procesi procesi procesi procesi ------------------------------<br />
------------------------------<br />
------------------------------ ------------------------------<br />
------------------------------14<br />
14 14 14 14<br />
politika politika politika politika politika rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc kompromisi kompromisi kompromisi kompromisi kompromisi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> konsensusi<br />
konsensusi<br />
konsensusi konsensusi<br />
konsensusi ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------15<br />
15 15 15 15<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
Zalaufleba Zalaufleba<br />
Zalaufleba -------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------16<br />
16 16 16 16<br />
politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis cnebebi, cnebebi, cnebebi, cnebebi, cnebebi, modelebi modelebi modelebi modelebi modelebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi ----------------<br />
----------------<br />
---------------- ----------------<br />
----------------17<br />
17 17 17 17<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi II. II. II. II. II. mTavrobebi, mTavrobebi, mTavrobebi, mTavrobebi, mTavrobebi, sistemebi sistemebi sistemebi sistemebi sistemebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi------------<br />
reJimebi reJimebi------------<br />
------------ ------------ ------------ 20 20 20 20 20<br />
tradiciuli tradiciuli tradiciuli tradiciuli tradiciuli klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ti ti ti ti tipologiebi<br />
pologiebi<br />
pologiebi pologiebi<br />
pologiebi-------------<br />
------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- 20 20 20 20 20<br />
`sami `sami `sami `sami `sami samyaros~ samyaros~ samyaros~ samyaros~ samyaros~ ti ti ti ti tipologia<br />
pologia pologia pologia pologia -------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- 23 23 23 23 23<br />
Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove msoflios msoflios msoflios msoflios msoflios reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axali axali axali axali axali demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia demokratia<br />
demokratia -------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------- 25 25 25 25 25<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi III. III. III. III. III. <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> ideologiebi<br />
ideologiebi<br />
ideologiebi ideologiebi<br />
ideologiebi --------------------------<br />
--------------------------<br />
-------------------------- --------------------------<br />
-------------------------- 35 35 35 35 35<br />
liberalizmi liberalizmi liberalizmi liberalizmi liberalizmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi-------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------<br />
------------------------------- -------------------------------<br />
------------------------------- 36 36 36 36 36<br />
Tanamedrove<br />
Tanamedrove<br />
Tanamedrove Tanamedrove<br />
Tanamedrove liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi---------------------------------------------<br />
liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi---------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 39 39 39 39 39<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi ---------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------- 39 39 39 39 39<br />
konservatizmi konservatizmi konservatizmi konservatizmi konservatizmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> neokonservatizmi<br />
neokonservatizmi<br />
neokonservatizmi neokonservatizmi<br />
neokonservatizmi ----------------------------<br />
----------------------------<br />
---------------------------- ----------------------------<br />
---------------------------- 40 40 40 40 40<br />
socializmi socializmi socializmi socializmi socializmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi-----------------------------------------------<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi-----------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- 43 43 43 43 43<br />
social-demokratia social-demokratia social-demokratia social-demokratia social-demokratia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mesame mesame mesame mesame mesame gza gza gza gza gza --------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------- --------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------- 49 49 49 49 49<br />
sxva sxva sxva sxva sxva ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri tradiciebi<br />
tradiciebi<br />
tradiciebi<br />
tradiciebi<br />
tradiciebi<br />
faSizmi faSizmi faSizmi faSizmi faSizmi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------51<br />
51 51 51 51<br />
anarqizmi<br />
anarqizmi<br />
anarqizmi anarqizmi<br />
anarqizmi----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 52 52 52 52<br />
feminizmi<br />
feminizmi<br />
feminizmi----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
feminizmi<br />
feminizmi----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 53 53 53 53<br />
ideologiis ideologiis ideologiis ideologiis ideologiis momavali momavali momavali momavali momavali -----------------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- 54 54 54 54 54<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi IV. IV. IV. IV. IV. demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia demokratia<br />
demokratia ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ 56 56 56 56 56<br />
demokratiis demokratiis demokratiis demokratiis demokratiis gansazRvreba gansazRvreba gansazRvreba gansazRvreba gansazRvreba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> modelebi<br />
modelebi<br />
modelebi modelebi<br />
modelebi ---------------------<br />
---------------------<br />
--------------------- ---------------------<br />
--------------------- 56 56 56 56 56<br />
klasikuri klasikuri klasikuri klasikuri klasikuri demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia demokratia<br />
demokratia-----------------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- 60 60 60<br />
60 60<br />
3
proteqtoraluri proteqtoraluri proteqtoraluri proteqtoraluri proteqtoraluri demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia demokratia<br />
demokratia -----------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------61<br />
61 61 61 61<br />
ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia demokratia<br />
demokratia ------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------ 62 62 62 62 62<br />
saxalxo saxalxo saxalxo saxalxo saxalxo demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia---------------------------------------------------------<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia---------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- 64 64 64 64 64<br />
demokratia demokratia demokratia demokratia demokratia praqtikaSi: praqtikaSi: praqtikaSi: praqtikaSi: praqtikaSi: sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tvalsazrisi<br />
Tvalsazrisi<br />
Tvalsazrisi Tvalsazrisi<br />
Tvalsazrisi ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 65 65 65 65 65<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi V. V. V. V. V. saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo---------------------------------------------------------<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo---------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------71<br />
71 71 71 71<br />
saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos arsi arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ti ti ti ti tipebi<br />
pebi pebi pebi pebi -----------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------71<br />
71 71 71 71<br />
saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos formebi formebi formebi formebi formebi ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ 75 75 75 75 75<br />
mcire mcire mcire mcire mcire saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo ------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------ 75 75 75 75 75<br />
socialur-demokratiuli socialur-demokratiuli socialur-demokratiuli socialur-demokratiuli socialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo -------------------------<br />
-------------------------<br />
------------------------- -------------------------<br />
------------------------- 77 77 77 77 77<br />
totalitaruli totalitaruli totalitaruli totalitaruli totalitaruli saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo ------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------ 78 78 78 78 78<br />
koleqtivilizireburi koleqtivilizireburi koleqtivilizireburi koleqtivilizireburi koleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo -----------------------------<br />
-----------------------------<br />
----------------------------- -----------------------------<br />
----------------------------- 79 79 79 79 79<br />
globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo -------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------- 79 79 79 79 79<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi VI. VI. VI. VI. VI. erebi erebi erebi erebi erebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi -------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------<br />
------------------------------- -------------------------------<br />
------------------------------- 84 84 84 84 84<br />
eri, eri, eri, eri, eri, rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> erToba erToba erToba erToba erToba --- --- --- --- --- 84 84 84 84 84<br />
nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi----------------------------------------------------<br />
saxeebi saxeebi----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- 89 89 89 89 89<br />
liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi -------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- 90 90 90 90 90<br />
konservatoriuli konservatoriuli konservatoriuli konservatoriuli konservatoriuli nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi ----------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------- 92 92 92 92 92<br />
eqspansionisturi eqspansionisturi eqspansionisturi eqspansionisturi eqspansionisturi nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi-----------------------------------<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi-----------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- 93 93 93 93 93<br />
erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos momavali momavali momavali momavali momavali---------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------- ---------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------- 93 93 93 93 93<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi VII. VII. VII. VII. VII. msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio politika<br />
politika<br />
politika politika<br />
politika--------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- 97 97 97 97 97<br />
msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis arsi arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi Teoriuli Teoriuli Teoriuli Teoriuli Teoriuli skolebi skolebi skolebi skolebi skolebi ---------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------- 97 97 97 97 97<br />
idealizmi<br />
idealizmi<br />
idealizmi idealizmi<br />
idealizmi --------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 98 98 98 98<br />
realizmi<br />
realizmi<br />
realizmi realizmi<br />
realizmi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 99 99 99 99<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 101 101 101 101<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi---------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 102 102 102 102<br />
msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio wesrigi wesrigi wesrigi wesrigi wesrigi XXI XXI XXI XXI XXI sauku sauku saukuneSi<br />
sauku saukuneSi<br />
neSi neSi neSi --------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------- --------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------- 103 103 103 103 103<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi VIII. VIII. VIII. VIII. VIII. qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika-----------------------------<br />
politika<br />
politika-----------------------------<br />
-----------------------------<br />
----------------------------- ----------------------------- 107 107 107 107 107<br />
centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu decentralizacia?<br />
decentralizacia?<br />
decentralizacia? decentralizacia?<br />
decentralizacia? ----------------------<br />
----------------------<br />
---------------------- ----------------------<br />
---------------------- 107 107 107 107 107<br />
federaciuli federaciuli federaciuli federaciuli federaciuli sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi sistemebi<br />
sistemebi -------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------- 109 109 109 109 109<br />
federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis niSnebi niSnebi niSnebi niSnebi niSnebi ---------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------- 112 112 112 112 112<br />
federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> susti susti susti susti susti mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi -----------------<br />
-----------------<br />
----------------- -----------------<br />
----------------- 114 114 114 114 114<br />
unitarizmi<br />
unitarizmi<br />
unitarizmi------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
unitarizmi<br />
unitarizmi------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 115 115 115 115 115<br />
adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba -------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- 116 116 116 116 116<br />
devolucia devolucia devolucia devolucia devolucia (uflebamosilebis (uflebamosilebis (uflebamosilebis (uflebamosilebis (uflebamosilebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema) ga<strong>da</strong>cema)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema) -------------------<br />
-------------------<br />
------------------- -------------------<br />
------------------- 116 116 116 116 116<br />
eTnikuri eTnikuri eTnikuri eTnikuri eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi politika.<br />
politika.<br />
politika.<br />
politika.<br />
politika.<br />
nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis gamococxleba<br />
gamococxleba<br />
gamococxleba--------------------------------------<br />
gamococxleba<br />
gamococxleba--------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- 118 118 118 118 118<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi IX. IX. IX. IX. IX. sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi sistemebi<br />
sistemebi --- --- --- --- --- 121 121 121 121 121<br />
kapitalizmis kapitalizmis kapitalizmis kapitalizmis kapitalizmis saxeobebi<br />
saxeobebi<br />
saxeobebi saxeobebi<br />
saxeobebi -------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------- 121 121 121 121 121<br />
sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- 122 122 122 122 122<br />
socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi ------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------ 124 124 124 124 124<br />
koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi ----------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------- 125 125 125 125 125<br />
marTvadi marTvadi marTvadi marTvadi marTvadi Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu TviTregulirebadi TviTregulirebadi TviTregulirebadi TviTregulirebadi TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- 126 126 126 126 126<br />
socializmis socializmis socializmis socializmis socializmis saxeobani<br />
saxeobani<br />
saxeobani saxeobani<br />
saxeobani--------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------- 128 128 128 128 128<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi------------------------------------------------<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ 129 129 129 129 129<br />
sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi socializmi<br />
socializmi ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ 129 129 129 129 129<br />
arsebobs arsebobs arsebobs arsebobs arsebobs Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ara ara ara ara ara ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi `mesame `mesame `mesame `mesame `mesame gza~? gza~? gza~? gza~? gza~? -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- 130 130 130 130 130<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi X. X. X. X. X. <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> kultura,<br />
kultura,<br />
kultura,<br />
kultura,<br />
kultura,<br />
TviTgamo<br />
TviTgamo<br />
TviTgamorkveva TviTgamo<br />
TviTgamorkveva<br />
rkveva rkveva rkveva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba--------------------------<br />
legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba--------------------------<br />
--------------------------<br />
-------------------------- -------------------------- 133 133 133 133 133<br />
samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo kultura kultura kultura kultura kultura Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri hegemonia?<br />
hegemonia?<br />
hegemonia?------<br />
hegemonia?<br />
hegemonia? ------ ------ ------ ------ 134 134 134 134 134<br />
masobrivi masobrivi masobrivi masobrivi masobrivi informaciis informaciis informaciis informaciis informaciis saSualebebi<br />
saSualebebi<br />
saSualebebi<br />
saSualebebi<br />
saSualebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> komunikacia<br />
komunikacia<br />
komunikacia komunikacia<br />
komunikacia -----------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------- 136 136 136 136 136<br />
socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis degra<strong>da</strong>cia?<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>cia?<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>cia? degra<strong>da</strong>cia?<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>cia? ----------------------------<br />
----------------------------<br />
---------------------------- ----------------------------<br />
---------------------------- 137 137 137 137 137<br />
legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> stabiluroba<br />
stabiluroba<br />
stabiluroba stabiluroba<br />
stabiluroba ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- 139 139 139 139 139<br />
Zalauflebis<br />
Zalauflebis<br />
Zalauflebis Zalauflebis<br />
Zalauflebis legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimacia legitimacia<br />
legitimacia -------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- 140 140 140<br />
140 140<br />
4 5
legitimurobis legitimurobis legitimurobis legitimurobis legitimurobis krizisi krizisi krizisi-------------------------------------------------<br />
krizisi krizisi-------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 142 142 142 142 142<br />
ratom ratom ratom ratom ratom xdeba xdeba xdeba xdeba xdeba revoluciebi<br />
revoluciebi<br />
revoluciebi revoluciebi<br />
revoluciebi ---------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- 143 143 143 143 143<br />
marqsistuli marqsistuli marqsistuli marqsistuli marqsistuli revoluciuri revoluciuri revoluciuri revoluciuri revoluciuri Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi ------------------------<br />
------------------------<br />
------------------------ ------------------------<br />
------------------------ 144 144 144 144 144<br />
revoluciis revoluciis revoluciis revoluciis revoluciis aramarqsistuli aramarqsistuli aramarqsistuli aramarqsistuli aramarqsistuli Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi ---------------------<br />
---------------------<br />
--------------------- ---------------------<br />
--------------------- 145 145 145 145 145<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi XI. XI. XI. XI. XI. warmomadgenloba, warmomadgenloba, warmomadgenloba, warmomadgenloba, warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,<br />
arCevnebi,<br />
arCevnebi,<br />
arCevnebi,<br />
arCevnebi,<br />
xmis xmis xmis xmis xmis micema micema micema micema micema <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> referendumi<br />
referendumi<br />
referendumi---------------------------------------<br />
referendumi<br />
referendumi---------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- 149 149 149 149 149<br />
warmomadgenlobis warmomadgenlobis warmomadgenlobis warmomadgenlobis warmomadgenlobis Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi-----------------------------------------<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi-----------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 149 149 149 149 149<br />
mindobilobis mindobilobis mindobilobis mindobilobis mindobilobis modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli ---------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------- 150 150 150 150 150<br />
delegirebis delegirebis delegirebis delegirebis delegirebis modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ 151 151 151 151 151<br />
saman<strong>da</strong>to saman<strong>da</strong>to saman<strong>da</strong>to saman<strong>da</strong>to saman<strong>da</strong>to modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli -----------------------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------- 152 152 152 152 152<br />
gaigivebis gaigivebis gaigivebis gaigivebis gaigivebis modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------- 153 153 153 153 153<br />
arCevnebis arCevnebis arCevnebis arCevnebis arCevnebis arsi arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi funqciebi<br />
funqciebi --------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- 154 154 154 154 154<br />
saarCevno saarCevno saarCevno saarCevno saarCevno sistemebi: sistemebi: sistemebi: sistemebi: sistemebi: Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> susti susti susti susti susti mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 157 157 157 157 157<br />
xmis xmis xmis xmis xmis micemis micemis micemis micemis micemis Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi ---------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------- 159 159 159 159 159<br />
referendumi<br />
referendumi<br />
referendumi referendumi<br />
referendumi----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------- 160 160 160 160 160<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi XII. XII. XII. XII. XII. konstituciebi,<br />
konstituciebi,<br />
konstituciebi, konstituciebi,<br />
konstituciebi, kanonmdebloba<br />
kanonmdebloba<br />
kanonmdebloba<br />
kanonmdebloba<br />
kanonmdebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi sistemebi<br />
sistemebi ---------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- 163 163 163 163 163<br />
konstituciebi<br />
konstituciebi<br />
konstituciebi------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
konstituciebi<br />
konstituciebi------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 163 163 163 163 163<br />
konstituciebis konstituciebis konstituciebis konstituciebis konstituciebis klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia -------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------- 164 164 164 164 164<br />
konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis miznebi miznebi miznebi miznebi miznebi ----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- 169 169 169 169 169<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis iurisdiqciis iurisdiqciis iurisdiqciis iurisdiqciis gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra -----------------------<br />
-----------------------<br />
----------------------- -----------------------<br />
----------------------- 169 169 169 169 169<br />
saerTo saerTo saerTo saerTo saerTo faseulobebis faseulobebis faseulobebis faseulobebis faseulobebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miznebis miznebis miznebis miznebis miznebis <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>dgena -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- 170 170 170 170 170<br />
mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa------------<br />
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 170 170 170 170 170<br />
uflebebis uflebebis uflebebis uflebebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva -------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------- 171 171 171 171 171<br />
rrrrreJimebis eJimebis eJimebis eJimebis eJimebis legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimacia legitimacia<br />
legitimacia --------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------- 171 171 171 171 171<br />
raSi raSi raSi raSi raSi mdgomareobs mdgomareobs mdgomareobs mdgomareobs mdgomareobs konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis mniSvneloba?<br />
mniSvneloba?<br />
mniSvneloba? mniSvneloba?<br />
mniSvneloba? ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- 171 171 171 171 171<br />
samarTali, samarTali, samarTali, samarTali, samarTali, morali morali morali morali morali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika politika<br />
politika ---------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------- ---------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------- 173 173 173 173 173<br />
sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba ---------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- 174 174 174 174 174<br />
warmoadgenen warmoadgenen warmoadgenen warmoadgenen warmoadgenen Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ara ara ara ara ara mosamarTleebi<br />
mosamarTleebi<br />
mosamarTleebi<br />
mosamarTleebi<br />
mosamarTleebi<br />
politikur politikur politikur politikur politikur figurebs?<br />
figurebs?<br />
figurebs? figurebs?<br />
figurebs? -----------------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- 175 175 175 175 175<br />
qmnian qmnian qmnian qmnian qmnian Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ara ara ara ara ara mosamarTleebi mosamarTleebi mosamarTleebi mosamarTleebi mosamarTleebi politikas?<br />
politikas?<br />
politikas? politikas?<br />
politikas? ----------------<br />
----------------<br />
---------------- ----------------<br />
---------------- 178 178 178 178 178<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi XIII. XIII. XIII. XIII. XIII. sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba-------------------<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba-------------------<br />
-------------------<br />
------------------- ------------------- 182 182 182 182 182<br />
saparlamento saparlamento saparlamento saparlamento saparlamento <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saprezidento saprezidento saprezidento saprezidento saprezidento sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi sistemebi<br />
sistemebi ----------------<br />
----------------<br />
---------------- ----------------<br />
---------------- 182 182 182 182 182<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi ----------------------<br />
----------------------<br />
---------------------- ----------------------<br />
---------------------- 183 183 183 183 183<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo kreba kreba kreba kreba kreba ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ 184 184 184 184 184<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi ----------------------<br />
----------------------<br />
---------------------- ----------------------<br />
---------------------- 185 185 185 185 185<br />
warmomadgenloba<br />
warmomadgenloba<br />
warmomadgenloba warmomadgenloba<br />
warmomadgenloba -------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------- 186 186 186 186 186<br />
Tvalyuris Tvalyuris Tvalyuris Tvalyuris Tvalyuris devneba devneba devneba devneba devneba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli kontroli<br />
kontroli -------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------<br />
------------------------------- -------------------------------<br />
------------------------------- 187 187 187 187 187<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momzadeba<br />
momzadeba<br />
momzadeba momzadeba<br />
momzadeba -------------------<br />
-------------------<br />
------------------- -------------------<br />
------------------- 188 188 188 188 188<br />
rrrrreJimis eJimis eJimis eJimis eJimis legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba ---------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------- 188 188 188 188 188<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo krebis krebis krebis krebis krebis struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
struqtura struqtura<br />
struqtura -------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------<br />
------------------------------- -------------------------------<br />
------------------------------- 189 189 189 189 189<br />
erTi erTi erTi erTi erTi Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ori ori ori ori ori palata? palata? palata? palata? palata? ----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- 191 191 191 191 191<br />
komitetis komitetis komitetis komitetis komitetis upiratesoba upiratesoba upiratesoba upiratesoba upiratesoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nakli nakli nakli nakli nakli --------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------- --------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------- 193 193 193 193 193<br />
komitetebi<br />
komitetebi<br />
komitetebi komitetebi<br />
komitetebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------ 194 194 194 194 194<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo krebebis krebebis krebebis krebebis krebebis renesansi<br />
renesansi<br />
renesansi------------------------------<br />
renesansi<br />
renesansi------------------------------<br />
------------------------------<br />
------------------------------ ------------------------------ 198 198 198 198 198<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi XIV. XIV. XIV. XIV. XIV. aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba ------------------<br />
------------------<br />
------------------ ------------------<br />
------------------ 201 201 201 201 201<br />
aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
xelisuflebis<br />
xelisuflebis<br />
xelisuflebis<br />
xelisuflebis<br />
struqtura struqtura struqtura struqtura struqtura <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
vin vin vin vin vin vin vin vin vin vin aris aris aris aris aris aRmasrulebeli<br />
aRmasrulebeli<br />
aRmasrulebeli<br />
aRmasrulebeli<br />
aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis sistemaSi<br />
sistemaSi<br />
sistemaSi sistemaSi<br />
sistemaSi -----------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------- 201 201 201 201 201<br />
kontroli kontroli kontroli kontroli kontroli politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis ganxorcielebaze<br />
ganxorcielebaze<br />
ganxorcielebaze ganxorcielebaze<br />
ganxorcielebaze --------------------<br />
--------------------<br />
-------------------- --------------------<br />
-------------------- 203 203 203 203 203<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo samsaxuris samsaxuris samsaxuris samsaxuris samsaxuris marTva marTva marTva marTva marTva ------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------ 204 204 204 204 204<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba miReba miReba miReba miReba krizisul krizisul krizisul krizisul krizisul situaciebSi<br />
situaciebSi<br />
situaciebSi situaciebSi<br />
situaciebSi ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 205 205 205 205 205<br />
rezidentebi<br />
rezidentebi<br />
rezidentebi rezidentebi<br />
rezidentebi----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------- 206 206 206 206 206<br />
premier-ministrebi<br />
premier-ministrebi<br />
premier-ministrebi premier-ministrebi<br />
premier-ministrebi ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------- 212 212 212 212 212<br />
ministrTa ministrTa ministrTa ministrTa ministrTa kabineti kabineti kabineti---------------------------------------------------------<br />
kabineti kabineti---------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- 216 216 216<br />
216 216<br />
6 7
politikur<br />
politikur<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
politikur<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
i i i lideroba lideroba lideroba lideroba lideroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi misi misi TT<br />
Teo TT<br />
eo eo eorrrrriebi eo iebi iebi iebi iebi ----------------<br />
----------------<br />
---------------- ----------------<br />
---------------- 218 218 218 218 218<br />
liderobis liderobis liderobis liderobis liderobis Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------ 219 219 219 219 219<br />
liderobis liderobis liderobis liderobis liderobis stili stili stili stili stili-----------------------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------- 223 223 223 223 223<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi XV. XV. XV. XV. XV. armia armia armia armia armia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> policia policia policia policia policia ---------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------- 228 228 228 228 228<br />
armia armia armia armia armia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika politika<br />
politika ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------- 228 228 228 228 228<br />
armiis armiis armiis armiis armiis roli roli roli roli roli<br />
omis omis omis omis omis iaraRi iaraRi iaraRi iaraRi iaraRi ----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------- 230 230 230 230 230<br />
armia armia armia armia armia rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc interesebis interesebis interesebis interesebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufeba <strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufeba -----------------------<br />
-----------------------<br />
----------------------- -----------------------<br />
----------------------- 231 231 231 231 231<br />
samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis alternativa<br />
alternativa<br />
alternativa---------------------<br />
alternativa<br />
alternativa---------------------<br />
---------------------<br />
--------------------- --------------------- 233 233 233 233 233<br />
armiaze armiaze armiaze armiaze armiaze kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli kontroli<br />
kontroli ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------- 235 235 235 235 235<br />
rogor rogor rogor rogor rogor xdeba xdeba xdeba xdeba xdeba armiaze armiaze armiaze armiaze armiaze samoqalaqo<br />
samoqalaqo<br />
samoqalaqo<br />
samoqalaqo<br />
samoqalaqo<br />
kontrolis kontrolis kontrolis kontrolis kontrolis <strong>da</strong>weseba? <strong>da</strong>weseba? <strong>da</strong>weseba?-------------------------------------------------------<br />
<strong>da</strong>weseba? <strong>da</strong>weseba? -------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- 236 236 236 236 236<br />
Sinagani Sinagani Sinagani Sinagani Sinagani wesrigis wesrigis wesrigis wesrigis wesrigis garantia garantia garantia garantia garantia------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------ 237 237 237 237 237<br />
policia policia policia policia policia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika politika<br />
politika ----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------- 239 239 239 239 239<br />
samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo policia policia policia policia policia-------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------- 240 240 240 240 240<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> policia policia policia policia policia -----------------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- 241 241 241 241 241<br />
policiuri policiuri policiuri policiuri policiuri saxelmwifoebi<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
saxelmwifoebi--------------------------------------------<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
saxelmwifoebi--------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- 243 243 243 243 243<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi XVI. XVI. XVI. XVI. XVI. saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema sistema sistema sistema sistema ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- 247 247 247 247 247<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xelisufleba xelisufleba xelisufleba xelisufleba parlamenti<br />
parlamenti<br />
parlamenti parlamenti<br />
parlamenti -----------------<br />
-----------------<br />
----------------- -----------------<br />
----------------- 248 248 248 248 248<br />
aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba --------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- 248 248 248 248 248<br />
sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba ---------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------- 250 250 250 250 250<br />
adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba -------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------- 250 250 250 250 250<br />
avtonomiebi<br />
avtonomiebi<br />
avtonomiebi-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
avtonomiebi<br />
avtonomiebi-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 250 250 250 250 250<br />
cxinvalis cxinvalis cxinvalis cxinvalis cxinvalis regioni regioni regioni regioni regioni ---------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------- 252 252 252 252 252<br />
aWaris aWaris aWaris aWaris aWaris avtonomiuri avtonomiuri avtonomiuri avtonomiuri avtonomiuri respublika<br />
respublika<br />
respublika respublika<br />
respublika ----------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------- 253 253 253 253 253<br />
adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba<br />
TviTmmarTveloba<br />
TviTmmarTveloba TviTmmarTveloba<br />
TviTmmarTveloba -----------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------- -----------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------- 254 254 254 254 254<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi partiebi partiebi partiebi partiebi -----------------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------- 255 255 255 255 255<br />
masmedia masmedia masmedia------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
masmedia masmedia------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 256 256 256 256 256<br />
arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi --------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------- 257 257 257 257 257<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi XVII. XVII. XVII. XVII. XVII. qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> azri azri azri azri azri -------------------<br />
-------------------<br />
------------------- -------------------<br />
------------------- 259 259 259 259 259<br />
qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> azrovnebis azrovnebis azrovnebis azrovnebis azrovnebis saTaveebTan<br />
saTaveebTan<br />
saTaveebTan--------<br />
saTaveebTan<br />
saTaveebTan--------<br />
-------- -------- -------- 259 259 259 259 259<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125) (1089-1125) (1089-1125) (1089-1125) (1089-1125)<br />
_ _ _ _ _ politikosi politikosi politikosi politikosi politikosi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moazrovne<br />
moazrovne<br />
moazrovne-----------------------------------------<br />
moazrovne<br />
moazrovne-----------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 262 262 262 262 262<br />
SoTa SoTa SoTa SoTa SoTa rusTavelis rusTavelis rusTavelis rusTavelis rusTavelis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> religiuri religiuri religiuri religiuri religiuri Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi ----------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------- 267 267 267 267 267<br />
xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli<br />
(`isnis (`isnis (`isnis (`isnis (`isnis karavi~) karavi~) karavi~) karavi~) karavi~) ----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------- 272 272 272 272 272<br />
ilia ilia ilia ilia ilia WavWavaZis WavWavaZis WavWavaZis WavWavaZis WavWavaZis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi--------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi--------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 276 276 276 276 276<br />
niko niko niko niko niko nikolaZis nikolaZis nikolaZis nikolaZis nikolaZis (1843-1928)<br />
(1843-1928)<br />
(1843-1928)<br />
(1843-1928)<br />
(1843-1928)<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi --------------------------------------------<br />
--------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------<br />
-------------------------------------------- 283 283 283 283 283<br />
vaJa-fSavela vaJa-fSavela vaJa-fSavela vaJa-fSavela vaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisa<br />
kosmopolitizmisa<br />
kosmopolitizmisa<br />
kosmopolitizmisa<br />
kosmopolitizmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> patriotizmis patriotizmis patriotizmis patriotizmis patriotizmis Sesaxeb Sesaxeb Sesaxeb Sesaxeb Sesaxeb-----------------------------------------------<br />
-----------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------<br />
----------------------------------------------- 291 291 291 291 291<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi XVIII. XVIII. XVIII. XVIII. XVIII. saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
orientacia: orientacia: orientacia: orientacia: orientacia: warsuli warsuli warsuli warsuli warsuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveoba<br />
Tanamedroveoba<br />
Tanamedroveoba Tanamedroveoba<br />
Tanamedroveoba ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 294 294 294 294 294<br />
politikur politikur politikur politikur politikur sityvaTa<br />
sityvaTa<br />
sityvaTa sityvaTa<br />
sityvaTa leqsikon<br />
leqsikon<br />
leqsikoniiiii leqsikon<br />
leqsikon -----------------------------<br />
-----------------------------<br />
----------------------------- -----------------------------<br />
----------------------------- 304 304 304<br />
304 304<br />
8 9
Tavi Tavi I<br />
I<br />
politika politika _ _ mowodeba, mowodeba, xeloba,<br />
xeloba,<br />
xelovneba<br />
xelovneba<br />
politika saintereso saqmea, radgan a<strong>da</strong>mianebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairebi<br />
arian <strong>da</strong> maT Soris ar aris SeTanxmeba, rogor<br />
un<strong>da</strong> icxovron, vin <strong>da</strong> ra un<strong>da</strong> miiRos sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n, vin<br />
aris Zalauflebis Rirsi, rogor un<strong>da</strong> iyos gayofili sazogadoebrivi<br />
resursebi <strong>da</strong> bolos, ra aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
fuZe _ TanamSromloba Tu konfliqti. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
xSirad ver Tanxmebian imaSi, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes es<br />
sakiTxebi, rogor un<strong>da</strong> iqnas SemuSavebuli koleqtiuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi,<br />
vin <strong>da</strong> rogor un<strong>da</strong> gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazreba,<br />
rogor SeuZlia a<strong>da</strong>mians imoqmedos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S. aristoteles TvalsazrisiT, yvelaferi es politikas<br />
`samefo mecnierebad~ ayalibeb<strong>da</strong>, rasac un<strong>da</strong> gaeumjobesebina<br />
cxovrebis done <strong>da</strong> Seeqmna Rirseuli sazogadoeba. politika,<br />
umTavresad sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobaa. is yovelTvis<br />
dialogia <strong>da</strong> ara monologi. cxadia, calke aRebul individebs,<br />
robinzon kruzos msgavsad, xelewifebaT Tavisi meurneobis<br />
gamarTva, xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> a.S. erTaderTi, rac maT<br />
ar SeuZliaT, es politikiT <strong>da</strong>kavebaa. es imitom xdeba, rom<br />
politika mxolod maSin iwyeba, mxatvrulad rom vTqvaT, rodesac<br />
paraskeva Cndeba. mravalxmianoba, romelic politikis fuZeSi<br />
devs, raTqma un<strong>da</strong>, badebs kiTxvas, rogor un<strong>da</strong> SeviswavloT es<br />
sagani. aq isev sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar gagebas vejaxebiT, rac ama Tu im<br />
sazogadoebis problemas `politikurs~ xdis _ rogor analizs<br />
saWiroebs <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweoba, rogor avxsnaT igi<br />
ufro ukeTesad.<br />
politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis gansazRvreba<br />
gansazRvreba<br />
gansazRvreba<br />
gansazRvreba<br />
gansazRvreba<br />
yvelaze zogadi saxiT politika aris procesi, romlis<br />
farglebSic xalxi qmnis, inarCunebs <strong>da</strong> amdidrebs Tavis Tanacxovrebis<br />
normebs. amitom politika ganuyofla<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
iseT movlenebTan, rogorebicaa konfliqti <strong>da</strong> TanamSromloba.<br />
es asea, radgan sazogadoebaSi arsebobs azrTa sxvaoba,<br />
romelic, erTis mxriv, moxmarebas, interesebsa Tanacxovrebis<br />
saerTo normebs exeba; meores mxriv, yvela xvdeba, rom am wese-<br />
bis Secvlas an maT SenarCunebas aucileblad sWirdeba TanamSromloba.<br />
politikis arsi xSirad <strong>da</strong>inaxeba konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />
procesSi. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom aseTi farTo midgomis<br />
drosac politika un<strong>da</strong> gavigoT ara rogorc konfliqtebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, aramed gzebis Zieba maTi mogvarebisaTvis, radgan<br />
sazogadoebaSi yvela konfliqtis mogvareba rodia Sesa-<br />
Zlebeli. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, erTis mxriv sazogadoebrivi nairferovneba,<br />
meores mxriv, sazogado resursebis deficiti mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
iqneba sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili.<br />
yovelgvari c<strong>da</strong> ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT cneba `politika~,<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ori problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetasTan.<br />
pirveli _ es asociaciebis simravlea, romlebic yoveld-<br />
Riurad xmaroben termins `politika~. es maSin, rodesac terminebi,<br />
ekonomika, geografia, istoria an biologia sazogadoeba-<br />
Si miCneulia rogorc samecniero disciplinebi, politika ki<br />
gansxvavebul asociaciebs aRZravs. xSirad gvesmis, rom politika<br />
aris mikerZoebuli, SeuZlebelia misi Seswavla piradi emociebis<br />
gareSe. zogierTis TvalSi politika ubralod `binZuri~<br />
<strong>da</strong> `saeWvo~ saqmea, romelic iseT saqmeebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli,<br />
rogoricaa Zaladoba, maqinaciebi, TvalTmaqcoba an ubralod<br />
tyuili. cxadia, aq araferi axali ar aris. mag., jer kidev<br />
1775 wels ingliseli poeti <strong>da</strong> kritikosi samuel jonsoni<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom `politika _ mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod karieris gakeTebaa<br />
am samyaroSi~. XIX s. amerikeli istorikosi henri a<strong>da</strong>msi<br />
ase axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> am sagans _ `urTierTgautanlobis mowesrigebuli<br />
sistema~. Tumca un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom politikas aqvs meore,<br />
sruliad sapirispiro reputaciac _ sazogadoebis nawilis<br />
TvalSi politika umTavresi <strong>da</strong> sapativcemlo saqmea.<br />
meore ufro rTuli problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
yvelaze didi avtoritetebic ki dRemde ver SeTanxmebulan, Tu<br />
ras warmoadgens politikis mecnierebis sagani <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
meTodebiT gansazRvraven mas. SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi Sexeduleba<br />
politikaze:<br />
politika rogorc saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba;<br />
politika rogorc sajaro procesi;<br />
politika rogorc kompromisi <strong>da</strong> konsensusi;<br />
politika rogorc Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> resursebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba.<br />
10 11
politika politika politika politika politika rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo marTvis marTvis marTvis marTvis marTvis xelovneba<br />
xelovneba<br />
xelovneba<br />
xelovneba<br />
xelovneba<br />
`politika ar aris mecniereba _ es xelovnebaa~ _ am<br />
sityvebs germaniis kancler bismarks miaweren. cxadia, mas<br />
mxedvelobaSi hqon<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba Zveli<br />
berZnuli sityvis mniSvnelobis mixedviT. termini `politika~<br />
warmoiqmneba sityvi<strong>da</strong>n polis (polis), rac sityvasityviT<br />
niSnavs qalaq-saxelmwifos, TiToeul maTgans hqon<strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />
marTvis organoebi. maTgan yvelaze didi <strong>da</strong> mZlavri aTeni<br />
iyo, romelic kanonierad iTvleba demokratiis akvnad. istoriul<br />
WrilSi sityva politika gvagebinebs, rom saqme gvaqvs<br />
Tanamedrove gansazRvrebis im formebTan, rac saxelmwifos<br />
exeba. politikis aseTi gaazreba ufro metad vlindeba yoveld-<br />
Riur metyvelebaSi, ase magaliTad, a<strong>da</strong>mianze, romelmac <strong>da</strong>ikava<br />
saxelmwifos esa Tu is Tanamdeboba, Cven vambobT _ `politika-<br />
Si wavi<strong>da</strong>~. dReisaTvis politikis amgvari gageba ramdenamde<br />
moZvel<strong>da</strong>, Tumca akademiur politikur mecnierebaSi arsebobs<br />
tradicia, rom politikis Seswavla niSnavs mTavrobis, ufro<br />
farTod ki xelisuflebis funqcionireba-Seswavlas. es tradicia<br />
gatarebulia gavleniani amerikeli politologis, devid is-<br />
Tonis naSromebSi. igi gansazRvravs politikas, rogorc `faseulobis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas~, romelsac Zalismieri struqturebi<br />
axorcieleben. aq varaudoben, rom politika moicavs mxolod<br />
im procesebs, romelTa meSveobiT mTavroba reagirebs sazogadoebriv<br />
zewolaze, riTac axerxebs gaanawilos faseulobebi<br />
an negatur moqmedebebs mimarTavs. faseulobad miRebulia is<br />
aucilebeli Tvisebebi, romlebic miRebulia sazogadoebis mier<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRiarebulia aucileblobad.<br />
aseTi midgomis nakli aris misi siviwrove. gamodis,<br />
rom politika efuZneba mxolod imas, rac Sig politikaSi<br />
xdeba _ im sazogadoebis organizaciis sistemaSi, romelic<br />
saxelisuflebo aparatis xelisuflebis irgvliv koncentrirdeba.<br />
aseTi gagebiT politika iqmneba mxolod kabinetebSi,<br />
sakanonmdeblo palatebSi, samTavrobo uwyebebSi, xolo ganageben<br />
mas Zalian mcire <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli jgufebis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa umravlesoba <strong>da</strong> institutebis didi nawili<br />
politikis CarCoebs miRma rCeba. biznesi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari adgilobrivi<br />
gaerTianebebi, ojaxi, skola <strong>da</strong> sxva saganmanaTleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi _ yvelani aRiniSnebian, rogoc `ara<strong>politikuri</strong>~<br />
struqturebi, isini arafriT ar arian <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni<br />
`qveynis marTvasTan~. saxelmwifo aparatebis gaigiveba politikasTan<br />
niSnavs, rom CarCoebs miRma rCeba saerTaSoriso<br />
faqtorebi _ transnacionaluri korporaciebi, romlebic sul<br />
ufro mzard gavlenas axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze, iyo dro, rodesac<br />
saerTaSoriso arenaze moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Caketili nacionaluri<br />
saxelmwifoebi, es ewinaaRmdegeba dRevandelobas, rodesac<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro rTuli sazogadoebebi xdebian marTvis<br />
obieqtebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis marTvas axorcielebs ara imdenad<br />
mTavroba, aramed sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> kerZo seqtori. amitom<br />
amboben, rom movi<strong>da</strong> dro, roca un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos terminiT _<br />
`makromarTva~.<br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos TvalTaxedviT <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
moRvaweoba xSirad negatiur WrilSia moTavsebuli, politikosebs<br />
ki arc Tu saxarbielod ixseneben. es yvelaferi tolobis<br />
niSniT erTiandeba <strong>politikuri</strong> sferosa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
moRvaweTa saqmianobaSi. yvela kargad icnobs mliqvnel politikoss,<br />
romelic xelisuflebisken iltvis, magram araferi<br />
gaaCnia sakuTari ambiciebis gar<strong>da</strong>. sainformacio saSualebebis<br />
meSveobiT vigebT korumpirebulobis faqtebs saxelmwifo<br />
eSelonebSi. amaze laparakoben, rogorc `politikanobaze~, <strong>da</strong><br />
`biurokratebze, romlebic TavianT savarZelSi arian mokalaTebulni~.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare `antipolitikis~ kargi nia<strong>da</strong>gi<br />
Cndeba. xSirad amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT nikolo makiavelis naSromebs<br />
moixsenieben, romelmac wignSi `mTavari~ (1513 w.) aRwera<br />
Tavisi drois mmarTvelebis veragoba, cbiereba <strong>da</strong> simkacris<br />
realisturi suraTi.<br />
politikis negatiuri saxe sazrdovdeba liberaluri<br />
filosofiis mxri<strong>da</strong>nac: individs am filosofiaSi yovelTvis<br />
miewereba esa Tu is piraduli xasiaTis <strong>da</strong>intereseba, <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
xelisufleba, <strong>da</strong>sawyisSive afuWebs a<strong>da</strong>mians, radgan<br />
isini vinc `xelisuflebaSia~, yovelTvis gamoiyenebs Tavis<br />
adgils sakuTari miznebisaTvis sxvis xarjze.<br />
es mosazreba aisaxa lordi aktonis (1834-1902) cnobil<br />
aforizmSi `yvelanairi Zalaufleba ryvnis, _ absoluturi<br />
Zalaufleba ki absoluturad~.<br />
12 13
politika politika politika politika politika rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc sajaro sajaro sajaro sajaro sajaro procesi procesi procesi procesi procesi<br />
meore ufro farTo koncefcia politikisa scildeba<br />
samTavrobo marTvas, kerZod, im mimarTulebiT midis, rasac<br />
ewodeba `sazogado cxovreba~ an `sazogado saqme~. am midgomis<br />
Tanaxmad, gansxvaveba `politikursa~ <strong>da</strong> `arapolitikurs~ Soris<br />
emTxveva gansxvavebas sajaro <strong>da</strong> kerZo cxovrebis sferoebs<br />
Soris. aseTi Sexedulebebi politikaze gamomdinareobs berZeni<br />
filosofosis aristoteles Sromebi<strong>da</strong>n. Tavis `politika-<br />
Si~ man miniSneba moaxdina imaze, rom `a<strong>da</strong>miani TavisTavad<br />
Tavisi bunebiT aris <strong>politikuri</strong> arseba~ <strong>da</strong> `Rirseuli cxovreba~<br />
xalxs SeuZlia mxolod im sazogadoebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c aris<br />
politika, _ politikur TanasazogadoebaSi. aq politika warmodgenilia<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d eTikur aspeqtSi: politika isaa, rac<br />
ukavSirdeba `samarTlian sazogadoebas~, anu is, rasac aristotelem<br />
`samefo mecniereba~ uwo<strong>da</strong>. kiTxva mxolod erTSi mdebareobs<br />
_ zustad sad gadis sazRvari `sajaro~ <strong>da</strong> `pirad~<br />
cxovrebas Soris. saerTod amboben, rom is emTxveva saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gayofas. saxelmwifo institutebs<br />
(saxelmwifo aparati, sasamarTloebi, policia, jari,<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sistema <strong>da</strong> a.S.). Cven ganvixilavT rogorc<br />
`sajaros~, radgan isini pasuxs ageben sazogadoebis koleqtiuri<br />
cxovrebis organizaciaze <strong>da</strong> amasTanave sazogadoebis<br />
xarjze finansdebian _ ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis saxiT.<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Sedgeba `patara ujredebisagan~,<br />
rogorc mas edmund biorki uwodeb<strong>da</strong>, anu iseTi institutebi,<br />
rogoricaa ojaxi, sisxliT monaTesave sazogadoebebi,<br />
kerZo sawarmoebi, profkavSirebi, klubebi, adgilobrivi Tanasazogadoebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi struqturebi. isini `kerZoa~ im<br />
gagebiT, rom iqmnebian <strong>da</strong> arseboben kerZo pirebis xarjze<br />
maTi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ekonomikaSi, socialur,<br />
sayofacxovrebo, pirad, kulturul sferoebSi <strong>da</strong> a.S.) <strong>da</strong> warmogvidgebian<br />
rogorc `ara<strong>politikuri</strong>~. politikis, rogorc<br />
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis koncefcia, yovelTvis iyofo<strong>da</strong><br />
`momxreebad~ <strong>da</strong> `mowinaaRmdegeebad~. aristoteles tradiciebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweoba ganixileba,<br />
rogorc Rirseuli <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebuli saqmianoba swored misi<br />
`sajaro~ xasiaTis gamo. ufro mogvianebiT es tradicia gaagr-<br />
Zela hanna arendcma, romelic naSromSi `a<strong>da</strong>mianuri arsebobis<br />
pirobebi~ (1958 w.) wer<strong>da</strong> imis Sesaxeb, rom politika aris<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri moRvaweobis yvelaze mTavari forma, imitom rom aq<br />
saqme gvaqvs Tanaswor <strong>da</strong> Tavisufal moqalaqeebis urTierTobasTan,<br />
es aris is raRac unikaluri, rac yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians aZlevs<br />
cxovrebis azrs. miaxlovebul azrs gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> Jan-Jak ruso<br />
<strong>da</strong> jon stiuard mili.<br />
politika politika politika politika politika rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc kompromisi kompromisi kompromisi kompromisi kompromisi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> konsensusi<br />
konsensusi<br />
konsensusi<br />
konsensusi<br />
konsensusi<br />
politikis mesame koncefcia yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze,<br />
Tu rogori gziT miiReba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi. politika ganixileba<br />
rogorc konfliqtebis mogvarebis saSualeba kompromisebis,<br />
molaparakebebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva saSualebebis gziT, romlebic<br />
gamoricxaven Zalis gamoyenebas an SiSvel Zalauflebas.<br />
es koncefcia aqvT mxedvelobaSi, roca amboben `politika<br />
aris SesaZleblobis xelovneba~. rodesac laparakia problemis<br />
`<strong>politikuri</strong>~ gziT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaze, mxedvelobaSi aqvT samSvidobo<br />
molaparakeba `Zalovan~ an `samxedro~ ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
winaaRmdeg. es tradiciac aristotelesagan modis. swored<br />
misi postulatia _ idealuri marTvis sistema aris `politika~<br />
_ `Sereuli~ forma, romelic Seicavs rogorc aristokratiul,<br />
aseve demokratiul elementebs. am tradiciebis momxre<br />
Cvens droSi gaxlavT bernard kriki. Tavis klasikur naSrom-<br />
Si `politikis <strong>da</strong>sacavad~ is wers, rom konfliqtis mxareebi<br />
Tanxmdebian mxolod maSin, rodesac maT gaaCniaT Zalaufleba<br />
an Zala. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi mxare ubralod<br />
gaiTeleba. Tu raime konfliqti warmoiSva, is un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iWras<br />
Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> muqaris gareSe. kriks kritikosebi gamouCndnen,<br />
romlebic miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom is gaerTo <strong>da</strong>savleli<br />
pluralistebis magaliTiT <strong>da</strong> gaaigiva politika iseT movlenasTan,<br />
rogoric eleqtoraluri procesi <strong>da</strong> partiuli mowinaaRmdegeebia;<br />
rac Seexeba erTpartiul saxelmwifoebs <strong>da</strong><br />
samxedro diqtaturas, aq misi pozicia cota rames gangvimartavs.<br />
mocemuli koncefcia umTavresad miiCnevs kompromiss <strong>da</strong><br />
konsensuss. igi politikas <strong>da</strong>debiT WrilSi warmoadgens, magram<br />
miuTiTebs, rom aseT politikaSi midis brZola, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mTavar xifaTs warmoadgens _ `nebismieri fasiT Semovides<br />
mkafio sicxade <strong>da</strong> garkveuloba~, es SesaZloa iyos demokratiisadmi<br />
brma mimxroba, yba<strong>da</strong>Rebuli nacionalizmi an sulac<br />
mecnierebis pretenzia saboloo WeSmaritebazea.<br />
14 15
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
meoTxe koncefcia yvelaze farToa <strong>da</strong> radikaluri. politikas<br />
aq ar eTmoba raime konkretuli sfero mTavrobaSi, saxelmwifosa<br />
Tu `sazogado cxovrebaSi~, is sazogado moRvaweobis<br />
yvela <strong>da</strong>rgSia, yvela `nabijze~. rogorc adrian leftiviCi<br />
aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi `ra aris politika? <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
moRvaweoba <strong>da</strong> misi Seswavla~. `politika sazogado moRvaweobis<br />
centrSia, rogorc oficialurad, aseve araoficialurad,<br />
sajaro <strong>da</strong> kerZoa, is yvela socialur jgufSia, institutebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebSi~; Cven mas vxe<strong>da</strong>vT yvela sazogado urTier-<br />
TobaSi. ojaxSi, mcire jgufebsa Tu megobarTa wreSi, Tu ersa<br />
<strong>da</strong> globalur TanasazogadoebaSi. maSin ra gansxvavebaa politikursa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva saxis moRvaweobas Soris, raSia misi specifika?<br />
am kiTxvas es tradicia Semdegnairad xsnis: politika<br />
ewodeba yvelafers, rac warmoebasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, resursebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebasa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebaze sazogadoebis funqcionirebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad, saubaria Zalauflebaze _ maT unarze<br />
`Tavisi miiRon~ xSirad nebismieri saSualebebiT. es idea mSvenivra<strong>da</strong>a<br />
reziumirebuli harold lasuelas wignSi `politika:<br />
vin ras Rebulobs, rodis <strong>da</strong> rogor?~ (1936 w.) sazogado<br />
cxovrebaSi es tradicia iTvaliswinebs interesebis mudmiv<br />
konfliqts, <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria _ resursebis deficits, romelic<br />
momdinareobs im ubralo viTarebisagan, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis survilebi<br />
usazRvroa, magram maTi <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis saSualeba SezRuduli.<br />
amitom aq politikas, rogorc winaaRmdegobas, ise ganixilaven;<br />
Zalauflebas ki, rogorc mTavar instruments am winaaRmdegobaSi.<br />
am midgomas emxrobian feministebi <strong>da</strong> marqsistebi.<br />
Tanamedrove feminizmi sazrdoobs ideiT, rom politika<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamoricxavs qalebis moRvaweobas <strong>da</strong> mas mxolod<br />
ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri valdebulebebis irgvliv tovebs,<br />
mamakaci ki agrZelebs moRvaweobas ara mxolod politikaSi,<br />
aramed sxva sazogado sferoebSic. amitom feminizmis Teoretikosebi<br />
ewinaaRmdegebian sajarosa <strong>da</strong> piradulis gayofas<br />
sazogadoebaSi, rasac Semdgom lozungs uyeneben `piraduli<br />
aris politika~, raSic rogorc wylis wveTSi irekleba<br />
radikaluri feminizmis mTeli filosofia.<br />
feminizmma Taviseburi niSa gamoyo _ `yoveldRiurobis<br />
politika~. aq yvela saxis urTierToba _ ojaxSi, col-qmars<br />
Soris, bavSvebTan iseve, `<strong>politikuri</strong>a~, rogorc mosamsaxurisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblis an mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqis urTierTobani.<br />
marqsizmi politikaze saubrobs, rogorc sazogadoebis<br />
or doneze `zednaSenze~ <strong>da</strong> `bazisze~. TviT marqsi pirvelsawyisad<br />
politikas aRiqvam<strong>da</strong> klasikurad, anu akavSireb<strong>da</strong> mas<br />
saxelmwifosTan: magaliTad `komunisturi partiis manifest-<br />
Si~ (1848 w.) is wers politikur xelisuflebaze, rogorc `erTi<br />
klasis mier organizebul Zalauflebaze~. SemdgomSi man ganaviTara<br />
Tavisi <strong>Teoria</strong>, miakuTvna politikur urTierTobas<br />
sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> kulturuli urTierTobani, anu `zednaSeni~.<br />
`zednaSeni~ `bazisi<strong>da</strong>n~ warmoiSoba <strong>da</strong> mas ireklavs.<br />
SemdgomSi leninma moaxdina postulizeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong>ukavSira sazogado klasobriv sistemas, anu `politika<br />
ekonomikis koncentrirebuli gamomxatveli gaxa<strong>da</strong>~.<br />
marqsizmis Tanaxmad `ekonomika _ ukve politikaa~. zemoT<br />
ganxilulis mixedviT, politika aris xalxisadmi mtruli Zala,<br />
igi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia erTi a<strong>da</strong>mianisadmi meoris <strong>da</strong>morCilebasTan.<br />
radikaluri feminizmisaTvis es azri amkvidrebs `politikur<br />
patriarqats,~ sa<strong>da</strong>c qalisaTvis mamakacis qveSevrdomis rolia<br />
gankuTvnili; marqsizmisaTvis _ burJuaziis mier proletariatis<br />
eqspluatacias. amave ToeriaSi politikas ara mxolod negatiuri,<br />
aramed pozitiuri mniSvneloba eniWeba _ rogorc iaraRs,<br />
romliTac sazogadoebriv uTanasworobas ebrZvian. feministebi<br />
mouwodebdnen bolo moeRos `seqsizmis politikas~ <strong>da</strong> aSendes<br />
iseTi sazogadoeba, romelSic ar iqneba sqesobrivi <strong>da</strong>yofa.<br />
marqsistebis TvalsazrisiT `klasebis politika~ istorias<br />
Cabardeba. is migviyvans `saxelmwifos sikvdilamde~<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikis, klasikuri gagebiT, <strong>da</strong>srulebamde.<br />
politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis cnebebi, cnebebi, cnebebi, cnebebi, cnebebi, modelebi modelebi modelebi modelebi modelebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
cnebebi, modelebi <strong>da</strong> Teoriebi aris <strong>politikuri</strong> analizis<br />
instrumentebi, magram maTTan frTxili mopyrobaa saWiro.<br />
cneba _ esaa saerTo idea, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d erTi sityviT an erTi<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>debiT gamoxatuli. magram is ufro metia, vidre saku-<br />
Tari an sazogado sityva. mag. cneba `prezidentoba~ ar<br />
ganekuTvneba romelime konkretul prezidents. igi aris ideate<br />
erToblioba saxelmwifos meTauris raobaze. cneba instrumentia,<br />
romelic gvexmareba fiqris, kritikis, mtkicebis,<br />
axsnasa <strong>da</strong> analizis dros. ubralo Tvalyuris devneba ar<br />
16 17
gvaZlevs srul codnas gare samyaros Sesaxeb. yvelaferi pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
kavSirSia politikis samyarosTan: Cven viZenT codnas, vamdidrebT<br />
<strong>da</strong> vayalibebT cnebebs, romlebic msoflios usazRvrobis<br />
arss gvagebinebs. cneba <strong>da</strong> koncefcia TavisTavad a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
movlenaTa Semecnebasa <strong>da</strong> gaazrebaSi exmareba.<br />
modeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> farTe cnebaa; isini ideebia mTel<br />
speqtrs Seicaven. modelis sityvis qveS tradiciulad viazrebT<br />
obieqts Semcirebuli masStabiT. mag, Tojinis saxli an<br />
TviTmfrinavi. modelis funqciaa rac SeiZleba zustad gaimeoros<br />
originali. mag. kompiuteruli ekonomikis modeli ver<br />
iqneba TviTon ekonomikis fizikuri analogia. konceptualuri<br />
modeli _ ufro analitikuri instrumentia. modelebi Seicaven<br />
urTierTobebis garkveul SigTavss, romlebic warmogviCenen<br />
empiriuli monacemebis azrsa <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobas. <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
analizis erT-erTi yvelaze kargi <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis<br />
modeli SeimuSava devid istonma.<br />
models Zalian ambiciuri mizani hqon<strong>da</strong>, analizis sistemis<br />
safuZvelze aexsna mTeli <strong>politikuri</strong> procesi wamyvani<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtebis CaTvliT. rac, Tavis mxriv, erT mTlianobas<br />
qmnis. politikur sistemaSi, rogorc istonma axsna, aris `wvlili~<br />
<strong>da</strong> `sargebeli~. pirveli niSnavs moTxovnas, mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />
sazogadoebis mxriv. meore _ ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebsa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebebs,<br />
romelSic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva programebi Sedis, kanonebis miReba<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogado saSualebebis gafarToeba. istonis modelSi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
partiebi <strong>da</strong> interesebis jgufebi warmodgenilia rogorc<br />
`mekare~. maTi mTavari amocanaa politikur sistemaSi `Seyvanis~<br />
raodenobis regulireba. istonis modeli ukeTesad xsnis<br />
imas, Tu ratom midian represiasa <strong>da</strong> Zalisxmevaze, rogor xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
es ama Tu im politikur sistemebSi. terminebi `<strong>Teoria</strong>~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`modeli~ xSirad ixmareba rogorc urTierTSemcvleli cnebebi.<br />
erTic <strong>da</strong> meorec Semadgeneli konceptualuri konstruqciaa.<br />
politologebi ityvian, rom <strong>Teoria</strong> SesaZloa iyos naklebad<br />
WeSmariti, modeli ki _ ufro naklebad `sasargeblo~.<br />
<strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>da</strong> modeli xSirad urTierTkavSirSia. rTul politikur<br />
Teoriebs SeuZliaT iyon ilustrirebuli rigi modelebiT.<br />
magaliTad, pluralizmis <strong>Teoria</strong> SeiZleba aixsnas<br />
saxelmwifo modelis gamoyenebiT, eleqtoratuli procesis<br />
<strong>Teoria</strong> ki jgufuri politikis modeliT <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
modeli <strong>da</strong> mikro<strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> analizis umTavresi<br />
Teoretikuli instrumentebia, romlis centrSic Zalau-<br />
flebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos problematika devs: pluralizmi,<br />
elitizmi, klasobrivi analizi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
tomas kunim Tavis wignSi `mecnieruli revoluciis<br />
struqtura~ makroTeoriis warmodgenas uwo<strong>da</strong> paradigma, rogorc<br />
ideologiur tradicias. paradigma _ urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
prognozebis, doqtrinebis <strong>da</strong> Teoriebis aris krebuli, romlebic<br />
xels uwyobs gaazrebis struqturul process. bunebismetyvelebaSi,<br />
klunis mixedviT, yvela droSi mefobs erTi<br />
paradigma, Zvel paradigmas axali cvlis. es paradigmebi Rebuloben<br />
farTo socialuri filosofiis formas, rasac xSirad<br />
ideologias uwodeben _ liberalizms, konservatizms, socializms,<br />
faSizms, feminizms <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
politika aris moRvaweoba, romlis farglebSic xalxi<br />
qmnis, inarCunebs <strong>da</strong> amdidrebs sazogado wesebs. sazogado<br />
moRvaweoba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia, erTis mxriv, nairferovnebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
konfliqtze, meores mxriv, _ TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> amoqmedebaze.<br />
politika umjobesia gavigoT, rogorc konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris<br />
gza, magram yvela konfliqti ar aris mogvarebadi.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tradiciebiT <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moazrovneTa<br />
mixedviT politikas igebdnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad. mas saxelmwifo<br />
marTvis xelovnebad aRiqvamdnen. sazogado konfliqtebis<br />
mogvareba xdebo<strong>da</strong> diskusiebiTa <strong>da</strong> kompromisebiT. yvelaze<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>o problema politologiaSi aris is, Tu sazogado cxovrebis<br />
romel sferos moicavs `politika~. tradiciuli midgomiT<br />
am sferos ganekuTvnebian mxolod institutebi <strong>da</strong> isini,<br />
vinc moRvaweobs sazogadoebis `sajaro <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi~. Tu<br />
politikas gavigebT, rogorc Zalovani urTierTobis process,<br />
maSin mas miekuTvneba piradi cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebi.<br />
politikis Seswavla mecnierul xasiaTs atarebs imdenad,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebelia miviRoT obieqturi codna politikis<br />
samyaroze, koncefciebi, modelebi <strong>da</strong> Teoriebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
gavigoT, rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> analizis instrumentebi, romel-<br />
Ta meSveobiTac Cven gamovyofT codnas usasrulo <strong>da</strong> rTuli<br />
realobi<strong>da</strong>n. saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> politikis esa<br />
Tu is gageba xorcieldeba farTo inteleqtualuri konstruqciis<br />
farglebSi _ ideologiur paradigmaSi.<br />
18 19
Tavi Tavi II<br />
II<br />
mTavrobebi, mTavrobebi, sistemebi sistemebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> reJimebi<br />
reJimebi<br />
Zveli drois moazrovneebi ganasxvavebdnen mmarTvelobis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebs. jer kidev Zv. w. aR. me-4 s. aristotelem<br />
pirvelma <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa <strong>politikuri</strong> reJimebi iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebiT,<br />
rogorebicaa `demokratia~, `oligarqia~ <strong>da</strong> `tirania~.<br />
me-18 <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ukve gvaqvs monarqiuli <strong>da</strong> respublikuri<br />
saxelmwifoebi, avtokratiuli <strong>da</strong> konstituciuri re-<br />
Jimebi. XX saukuneSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> kidev ufro specifikuri klasifikaciebi.<br />
mag. `civi omis~ periodSi planetis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
suraTi warmogvidgebo<strong>da</strong> or <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxares _ demokratiasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> totalitarizms Soris.<br />
dReisTvis es klasifikacia moZvelebuli Cans iseTi<br />
movlenebis fonze, rogorebicaa komunizmis kraxi, aRmosavleT<br />
aziis amoZraveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> islamis Camoyalibeba. Tumca<br />
jerjerobiT garkveuli ar aris raze mianiSnebs es cvlilebebi<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>savluri liberaluri demokratiis triumfze Tu<br />
Tanamedrove msoflios Semdgom politikur fragmentaciaze.<br />
tradiciuli tradiciuli tradiciuli tradiciuli tradiciuli klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ti ti ti ti tipologiebi<br />
pologiebi<br />
pologiebi<br />
pologiebi<br />
pologiebi<br />
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis arsebuli klasifikaciebis<br />
sakiTxze ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelad saWiroa pasuxi kiTxvebze<br />
_ ra aris `mTavroba~ <strong>da</strong> riT gansxvavdeba mTavroba<br />
`<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis~ an `reJimebisagan~. termini `mTavroba~<br />
miekuTvneba institutebsa <strong>da</strong> procesebs. romlis CarCoeb-<br />
Sic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d miiReba koleqtiuri <strong>da</strong>, amasTanave, rogorc<br />
wesi, Sesasruleblad aucilebeli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi. <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
sistema an reJimi farTo gagebiT moicavs aramarto<br />
Zalauflebis meqanizmebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos institutebs, aseve<br />
struqturebsa <strong>da</strong> procesebs, romelTa meSveobiT saxelmwifo<br />
zemoqmedebs sazogadoebasTan.<br />
reJimi aris `mmarTvelobis sistema~, romelic narCundeba<br />
mTavrobis yovelgvari cvlilebisas. mTavrobebi SeiZleba<br />
Seicvalos arCevnebis, dinastiebis Secvlis, saxelmwifo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebebis <strong>da</strong> sxva movlenaTa Sedegad. reJimebi ki icvleba<br />
an gare<strong>da</strong>n samxedro Carevis Sedegad, an SigniT revoluciuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebiT.<br />
saxelmwifoSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT nebismieri<br />
meqanizmi an instituti, romelic xelmZRvanelobs sazogadoebas,<br />
mxars uWers masSi <strong>da</strong>wesebul wesrigs, gaaCnia unari gamoimuSavos<br />
koleqtiuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi <strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos isini.<br />
garkveuli mmarTvelobis amgvar sistemas Cven aRmovaCenT TiTqmis<br />
yvela socialur institutSi _ ojaxSi, skolaSi, saqmian<br />
struqturaSi, profkavSirebSi <strong>da</strong> sxv. termins `saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTveloba~ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d miakuTvneben im oficialur <strong>da</strong> institucionalur<br />
procesebs, romelTa meSveobiTac erovnul<br />
doneze narCundeba kanoni <strong>da</strong> wesrigi, xorcieldeba koleqtiuri<br />
xasiaTis qmedebani. saxelmwifos centraluri funqciaa<br />
SeimuSaos, miiRos kanonebi <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis klasifikacia CvenTvis saintereso<br />
<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovania ori mizeziT. pirveli, igi arsebiTad amsubuqebs<br />
politikis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis gagebas,<br />
politologiasa <strong>da</strong> sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi cnobiereba<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d modis Se<strong>da</strong>rebis gziT, eqsperimentuli xasiaTis<br />
meTodebi aq miuRebelia.<br />
meore _ klasifikacia aiolebs ara marto analizs,<br />
aramed movlenebis Sefasebas. aristoteles droi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
moazrovneebi miiswrafodnen ara marto gaegoT, aramed<br />
moexdinaT Zalauflebis srulyofa. istoriaSi araerTxel<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> udidesi arsiT utopiuri cdebi mmarTvelobis<br />
idealuri sistemis <strong>da</strong>saxatad. mag. platonis `respublika~,<br />
Tomas moris `utopia~, `mindvrebi, fabrikebi <strong>da</strong> saxelosnoebi~<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv. Cven gveZleva SesaZlebloba mivceT maT garkveuli<br />
xarisxobrivi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba, Sefaseba. mxolod Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi midgomis<br />
CarCoebSi SeiZleba garkveuli msjeloba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sakiTxebze.<br />
mag. `un<strong>da</strong> mivesalmoT Tu ara ruseTis, saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv. postsabWoTa qveynebis ga<strong>da</strong>svlas liberalur demokratiaze?~<br />
`indoeTma uari un<strong>da</strong> Tqvas Tu ara federalizmze<br />
unitaruli sistemis Tu regionebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis sasargeblod?~,<br />
`didma britaneTma un<strong>da</strong> miiRos Tu ara <strong>da</strong>werili<br />
konstitucia?~ <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
klasifikaciis yvela sistemas aqvs Tavisi naklovanebebi.<br />
aris saSiSroeba imisa, rom ar iqnas SemCneuli <strong>da</strong> gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva pirobebSi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive movlenis<br />
gansxvavebuli azri, mag. iaponiasa <strong>da</strong> mTel aRmosavleT azia-<br />
Si `saxelmwifo~ arsiT <strong>da</strong> tipiT SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes<br />
im `saxelmwifosgan~, rogorc igi esmiT <strong>da</strong>savleTSi. amitom<br />
20 21
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizis Catarebisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi eTnocentrizmis<br />
saSiSroeba. klasifikaciebi SeiZleba iyos <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli<br />
ama Tu im faseuli zegavleniT. mag. iyo dro, roca<br />
politologebi aerTianebdnen komunistur <strong>da</strong> faSistur re-<br />
Jimebs erTi rubrikis `totalitarulis~ qveS; warmoiSva suraTi,<br />
rom `civi omis~ wlebSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis liberaluri<br />
demokratiebi ebrZodnen arsebiTad im mters, romelTanac TanamSromlobdnen<br />
meore msoflio omSi. klasifikaciis yvela<br />
Cvens sistemas axasiaTebs kidev erTi nakli _ win ayenebs<br />
saxelmwifos, xolo qveynebs ganixilavs, rogorc mTlian sistemebs.<br />
globalizaciis epoqaSi aseTi midgoma gaumarTlebelia.<br />
istoriulad mmarTvelobis sistemis yvelaze ufro<br />
avtoritetuli sistema iyo is, romelic IV s. Cv. eramde SeimuSava<br />
aristotelem _ misTvis masalad iqca 158 berZnuli<br />
polisi, romlebic im momentisTvis arsebob<strong>da</strong>. aristoteles<br />
Semdeg es sistema batonob<strong>da</strong> politikur filosofiaSi kidev<br />
2500 wels. aristotele Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom mTavrobebi erTmaneTisgan<br />
gansxvavdeba ori kategoriiT: `vin marTavs~ <strong>da</strong> `vis interesebSia<br />
es~. Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyos erTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
jgufebis an mravali moqalaqis xelSi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi<br />
igi SeiZleba emsaxurebodes an mmarTvelebis viwro,<br />
aSkarad egoistur interesebs an mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs.<br />
ase aristotelem gamoyo mmarTvelobis eqvsi<br />
forma:Ltirania, oligarqia, demokratia, monarqia, aristokratia<br />
<strong>da</strong> politia.<br />
aristotele cdilob<strong>da</strong> Rirseulad Seefasebina<br />
mmarTvelobis TiToeuli forma, raTa ganesazRvra maT Soris<br />
ukeTesi. uares, gafuWebul formebs man miakuTvna tirania,<br />
oligarqia <strong>da</strong> demokratia. ufro srulyofilad miiCnia monarqia,<br />
aristokratia <strong>da</strong> politia: am sistemebSi Sesabamisad erTi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa klasi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis farTo fenebi mar-<br />
Tavdnen. mmarTvelobis yvelaze cud formad aristotele Tvli<strong>da</strong><br />
tiranias. mmarTvelobis srulyofil <strong>da</strong> mdgrad formad<br />
miCneuli iqna politia.<br />
aristotele upiratesobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis<br />
`Sereul~ formas, romelic gaaerTianeb<strong>da</strong> Tavis TavSi demokratiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aristokratiis elementebs, xolo Zalaufleba iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
`saSualo klasebis~ _ arc mdidrebisa <strong>da</strong> arc Raribebis<br />
xelSi. SemdegSi aristoteles <strong>Teoria</strong> ganviTarebuli iqna<br />
iseTi moazrovneebis mier, rogorebic iyvnen tomas hobsi <strong>da</strong><br />
Jan bodeni. naSromSi `saerTo keTildReobis eqvsi principi~<br />
bodeni <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ganixilav<strong>da</strong> sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin<br />
aris Zalauflebis matarebeli saxelmwifoebSi. is mivi<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom mmarTvelobis ufro misaReb formad miCneuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnes absolutizmi, rameTu Zalauflebis matarebeli aq<br />
aris mmarTveli, romelsac aqvs ufleba ukarnaxos kanoni, Tavad<br />
ki aranairi kanoniT ar izRudeba. rodesac Zalaufleba<br />
erTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis xelSia saxelmwifo, bodenis mixedviT, iRebs<br />
erTiani <strong>da</strong> ganuyofeli suverenitetis yvela sikeTes. amasTanave<br />
monarqic SezRudulia Tavis nebaSi _ RvTaebrivi kanoniT an<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis bunebrivi uflebiT. hobsi suverenitets ganmartav<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc gansakuTrebul uflebas iZulebiT Zalauflebaze.<br />
mis wignSi `leviaTani~ mmarTveli gamodis SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
xelisuflebis matareblad.<br />
mogvianebiT am ideebis radikaluri ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis moTxovniT<br />
gamovidnen adrindeli liberaluri azris iseTi warmomadgenlebi,<br />
rogorebic iyvnen jon loki <strong>da</strong> monteskie _<br />
konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideologebi. lokma `mTavrobis<br />
or traqtatSi~ win wamoswia debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
suvereniteti `Tavsdeba~ ara monarqSi, aramed xalxSi. mTavrobis<br />
Zalaufleba ki SezRuduli un<strong>da</strong> iqnas a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebrivi<br />
uflebebiT, gansakuTrebiT sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTrebis uflebebiT. monteskies cnobili `kanonTa krebuli~<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis WeSmaritad mecnieruli<br />
gamokvlevis c<strong>da</strong>s, rom Tavad monteskiem, absolutizmis Seurigebelma<br />
kritikosma <strong>da</strong> inglisis parlamentaruli tradiciis<br />
enTuziastma, pirvelma wamoayena `Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis~<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>deba aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo institutebs<br />
Soris. mogvianebiT es principi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong><br />
amerikis konstituciaSi (1787).<br />
`sami `sami samyaros~ samyaros~ ti tipologia<br />
ti pologia<br />
XX saukuneSi istoriis svlam kidev erTxel Secvala<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> tipologiis kriteriumebi. or msoflio oms Soris<br />
periodSi warmoiSva avtoritarizmis axali formebi _ stalinur<br />
ruseTSi, faSistur italiasa <strong>da</strong> nacistur germaniaSi; msoflio<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> gaiyo or sistemad _ demokratiul <strong>da</strong> totalitarul<br />
saxelmwifoebad. Tumca meore msoflio omSi faSizmi<br />
22 23
ganadgur<strong>da</strong>, kontrasti demokratiasa <strong>da</strong> totalitarizms Soris<br />
mainc TvalSisacemi iyo. <strong>da</strong>iwyo kvalifikaciis iseTi sistemis<br />
Zieba, romelic iqnebo<strong>da</strong> sruliad obieqturi <strong>da</strong> neitraluri.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi popularoba moipova e.w. `sami samyaros~<br />
koncefciam, romlis mixedviT <strong>politikuri</strong> samyaro SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iyos sam blokad:<br />
kapitalisturi `pirveli samyaro~;<br />
komunisturi `meore samyaro~;<br />
ganviTarebadi `mesame samyaro~.<br />
am klasifikacias aqvs Tavisi ekonomikuri, ideologiuri,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> samxedro-strategiuli ganzomilebani.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri industriuli reJimebi gamocxadebuli iqna<br />
`pirvel samyarod~. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT aq mosaxleobis<br />
cxovrebis yvelaze maRali donea. 1983 w. es qveynebi, romelSic<br />
iyo msoflio mosaxleobis mxolod 15%, qmni<strong>da</strong> msoflios<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> produqtis 63% (1885 w. msoflio bankis monacemebiT). am<br />
azriT, komunisturi reJimebi iyvnen `meoreebi~. maT gaiares<br />
industrializaciis procesi <strong>da</strong> SeeZloT <strong>da</strong>ekmayofilebinaT<br />
TavianTi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi materialuri moTxovnebi; aq<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong> msoflio mosaxleobis 33%, es qveynebi awarmoebdnen<br />
msoflio Si<strong>da</strong> produqciis 19%. aziis, afrikisa <strong>da</strong> laTinuri<br />
amerikis naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi gaerTiandnen<br />
`mesame samyarod~ im kriteriumiT, rom isini ekonomikurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> masobrivi siRaribiT arian moculi: aq msoflio<br />
mosaxleobis 52% cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> masze modis msoflio<br />
sasaqonlo produqciis 18%. <strong>da</strong>mangreveli <strong>da</strong>rtyma sami samyaros<br />
koncefciaze miitanes 1989-1991 w. aRmosavleT evropulma<br />
revoluciebma. maTi Sedegi iyo orTodoqsaluri komunizmis<br />
kraxi ssr kavSirSi <strong>da</strong> yofili socialisturi banakis<br />
qveynebSi, <strong>politikuri</strong> liberalizaciis <strong>da</strong> sabazro reformebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyeba. am mimarTulebiT frensis fukuiamam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom yvelaferi es niSnavs `istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruls~, radgan yovelgvari<br />
ideologiuri winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
liberaluri demokratiis gamarjvebiT. rac Seexeba meore <strong>da</strong><br />
mesame samyaros reJimebs, maT sabolood un<strong>da</strong> gaiazron, rom<br />
mxolod kapitalisturi pirveli samyaro Tavazobs ekonomikuri<br />
ayvavebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> stabilurobis WeSmaritad swor<br />
perspeqtivebs.<br />
Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove msoflios msoflios msoflios msoflios msoflios reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axali axali axali axali axali demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
1980 wlebis bolo<strong>da</strong>n politologiaSi saerTod ar iyo<br />
seriozuli cdebi <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis klasifikaciaSi<br />
SemoeTavazebinaT raime axali <strong>Teoria</strong>. sami samyaros koncefciaze<br />
uari Tqves, magram rogori un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>yofis axali<br />
xazebi msoflios politikur rukaze, aqamde ucnobia. istoriis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasrulis idea Tavisi arsiT aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> erTdRiani pepela,<br />
romelic gamofrin<strong>da</strong> sinaTleze mxolod komunizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratizaciis kraxis gamo 1989 wlis bolos <strong>da</strong> 1990 wlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi. dRes gasagebia, rom triumfis ganwyobileba, ramac<br />
maSin <strong>da</strong>savleTi moicva sinamdvileSi iyo civi omis Semdeg<br />
kmayofileba.<br />
rac Seexeba axali sistemis klasifikaciis konturebs,<br />
SeiniSneba kidev erTi siZnele _ mkafio kriteriumebis uqonloba.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom klasifikaciis arcerTi sistema ar<br />
efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> erTaderT kriteriums, Tun<strong>da</strong>c yvelaze seriozuls.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT reJimis sami ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba<br />
_ misi <strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli aspeqtebi.<br />
sistemebi gansxvavdeba ara marto Tavisi konkretuli <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli parametrebiT, aramed imiT,<br />
Tu rogor zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze <strong>da</strong> es parametrebi exmarebian<br />
erTmaneTs realur cxovrebaSi Tavisi kulturuli konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare: mag. mravalpartiuli arCevnebi <strong>da</strong> sabazro<br />
ekonomika <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis liberalur kulturaSi<br />
_ es erTia, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis kulturaSi gansxvavebuli.<br />
amasTanave saWiroa gageba, rom XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis<br />
uRrmesi <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>trialebebis fonze nebismieri<br />
klasifikacia droebiTi xasiaTis iqneba. TviTon <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
sistemebi dRes icvlebian ise swrafad, rom maTi klasificireba<br />
urTulesia. es cvalebadi <strong>politikuri</strong> realobisa<br />
maradiuli rbolaa.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi SeiZleba gamoiyos reJimebis<br />
xuTi ZiriTadi tipi: <strong>da</strong>savluri poliarqiebi, axali demokratiebi,<br />
aRmosavleT-aziuri reJimebi, islamuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro reJimebi.<br />
cneba `<strong>da</strong>savluri poliarqiebi~, faqtiurad, miekuTvneba<br />
im sistemebs, romlebzec adre laparakobdnen rogorc liberalur<br />
demokratiebze. es aris sistemebi, romelTa sawyisi<br />
24 25
geografiuli areali iyo CrdiloeT amerika, <strong>da</strong>savleT evropa<br />
<strong>da</strong> avstralia. am reJimebSi hanTingToni ganixilav<strong>da</strong> demokratizaciis<br />
pirveli ori talRis produqts, romelTagan pirveli<br />
moicavs periods 1828 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1926 wlamde <strong>da</strong> iseT qveynebs,<br />
rogoricaa aSS, safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> didi britaneTi, xolo meore<br />
1943-1962 ww. <strong>da</strong> moicavs <strong>da</strong>savleT germanias, italias, iaponias<br />
<strong>da</strong> indoeTs. Tumca am sistemebis <strong>da</strong>myarebis procesi gadio<strong>da</strong><br />
demokratizaciasa <strong>da</strong> liberalizaciaze. termini poliarqia<br />
mocemul SemTxvevaSi ufro misaRebia, vidre `liberaluri<br />
demokratia~. miT umetes, cnebaSi `liberaluri demokratia~<br />
ufro bevri ramaa aRebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> ideali<strong>da</strong>n, vidre sinamdvili<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis aRsawerad cneba `poliarqia~<br />
Semotanili iqna <strong>da</strong>lis <strong>da</strong> lindblomis mier naSromSi `politika,<br />
ekonomika <strong>da</strong> keTildReoba~, xolo Semdeg ganviTarebul<br />
iqna <strong>da</strong>lis mier naSromSi `poliarqia: monawileoba <strong>da</strong> opozicia~.<br />
am avtorTa azriT, poliarqiebi sazogadoebas aZleven<br />
farTo SesaZleblobebs politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis<br />
misaRebad. aq didia <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis done, romlis miRweva<br />
xdeba mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli saarCevno sistemiT, rac<br />
moqalaqeebs uflebas aZlevs gaakontrolos, <strong>da</strong> Tu aucilebelia,<br />
moiSoros arasasurveli politikosebi. am azriT poliarqiebi<br />
axloa demokratiuli elitizmis im formasTan,<br />
romelsac ioseb Sumpeteri aRwers naSromSi `kapitalizmi,<br />
socializmi <strong>da</strong> demokratia~. Tumca lindblomi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>li<br />
(1985) aRiarebdnen im faqts, rom poliarqiebi imyofebian didi<br />
korporaciebis uzomo zegavlenis qveS. saerTod, raRac poliarqiuli<br />
niSnebi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia yvela saxelmwifosaTvis,<br />
romelTa praqtikaSic mravalperioduli arCevnebia. Tumca ar<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri poliarqiebi erT Targzea<br />
gamoWrili. zogni midrekilni arian centralizaciisa <strong>da</strong> ma-<br />
Joritaruli mmarTvelobisadmi. maJoritaruli demokratiebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia parlamentarizmis principebze. yvelaze naTeli<br />
magaliTi aq, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, didi britaneTia, magram am<br />
modelis mravali niSani Cans axali zelandiis, avstraliis,<br />
kanadis, israelisa <strong>da</strong> indoeTis politikur sistemebSi. am<br />
modelisgan gansxvavebiT <strong>da</strong>savluri poliarqiebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa samTavrobo <strong>da</strong> partiuli<br />
institutebis mTel speqtrze. aSS mmarTvelobis sistema<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia mTavrobis institutebs Soris Zalauflebis<br />
mkacr ganawilebaze <strong>da</strong> sruliad naTlad gawerilia konstituciis<br />
muxlebSi. sxva qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT kontinentalur<br />
evropaSi saboloo <strong>politikuri</strong> konsensusis ukan dgas<br />
partiaTa Soris urTierToba _ maTi molaparakebebiT, `vaWrobiT~<br />
<strong>da</strong> `Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebiT~. belgiaSi, avstriasa <strong>da</strong><br />
SveicariaSi ganviTareba hpova SeTanxmebiTi demokratiis<br />
sistemam, rac ufro miesa<strong>da</strong>geba Rrma religiuri, ideologiuri,<br />
kulturuli, regionaluri gansxvavebebis sazogadoebebs. konsensusuri<br />
an pluralistuli tendenciebi xSirad asocirdeba<br />
koaliciur mTavrobasTan, Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebasTan aRmasrulebel<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
rogorc ar un<strong>da</strong> moxdes <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis klasificireba,<br />
yvela poliarqiuli reJimi unikaluri erTjeradi<br />
<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebulia. amerikulis gansakuTrebuloba umetesad<br />
modis iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom qveyanas ar gauvlia feo<strong>da</strong>lizmi, magram iyo<br />
migraciis gamocdileba, <strong>da</strong>saxlebis mowyoba <strong>da</strong> sazRvrebis<br />
ganawileba. yvelaferi es gvixsnis Cven ratomaa aSS <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
kultura ase individualisturi, ratom (unikaluri<br />
momenti <strong>da</strong>savlur poliarqiebs Soris) moaxdina qveyanam imunitetis<br />
demonstrireba socialisturi <strong>da</strong> am tipis sxva<br />
moZraobebis mimarT).<br />
ufro rTul SemTxvevas warmoadgens indoeTi. kulturul,<br />
religiur <strong>da</strong> filosofiur mimarTebaSi qveyanas verafriT<br />
mivakuTvnebT <strong>da</strong>savleTs. evropisa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT amerikis<br />
ganviTarebuli poliarqiebisgan gansxvavebiT igi umetesad<br />
agraruli qveyanaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganaTlebis done odnav aRemateba<br />
50%-s. 1947 w. <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis miRebis Semdeg indoeTi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
ti piur poliarqias, romelmac sakmaod advilad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>itana `gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobac~ ki, romelic indira<br />
gandim SemoiRo 1970 w. bolos.<br />
indoeTis <strong>politikuri</strong> stabiluroba aixsneba indoeTis<br />
nacionaluri kongresis kasturi politikiT <strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, im `mistikiT~, rac yovelTvis gars akrav<strong>da</strong> neru-gandis<br />
dinastias. dRes arcerTi faqtori aRar arsebobs <strong>da</strong> xdeba<br />
indoeTis evolucionireba SeTanxmebiTi demokratiisken.<br />
msoflioSi demokratizaciis axali talRa hanTingTonis<br />
mixedviT <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1994 w. memarjvene mTavrobebis <strong>da</strong>mxobiT<br />
saberZneTSi, portugaliasa <strong>da</strong> espaneTSi <strong>da</strong> Semdeg gamoixata<br />
laTinur amerikaSi samxedro diqtatorTa poziciebis SesustebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, komunizmis kraxiT. 1989-1991 w.w. aRmo-<br />
26 27
savleT evropuli revoluciebi aaqtiurebs demokratizaciis<br />
procesebs, romelTa msvlelobaSi bevri ram nasesxebi iqna<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri liberaluri modeli<strong>da</strong>n. mTavari aq iyo politikaSi<br />
mravalpartiuli arCevnebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikaSi sabazro<br />
reformebis SemoReba. bevri <strong>politikuri</strong> reJimi ganicdis gar<strong>da</strong>maval<br />
periods, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi gaiyvans maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri modelis poliarqiebze. dReisTvis umjobesia es<br />
sistemebi mivakuTvnoT gansakuTrebul gar<strong>da</strong>maval tips. pirvel<br />
rigSi, un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom komunisturi warsulis simZimis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zleva SeuZlebelia mokle xanSi, gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi. am<br />
qveynebSi gar<strong>da</strong>mavalma periodma moitana axali problemebi,<br />
rasac araferi saerTo ar hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa<br />
problemebTan. es reJimebi Sesabamisad axal demokratiebad an<br />
naxevrad demokratiul reJimebad un<strong>da</strong> iqnas kvalificirebuli.<br />
paradoqsulia, magram, garkveul wilad, am sistemebSi<br />
stabilurobis ideas atareben komunisturi <strong>da</strong> yofili komunisturi<br />
partiebi. rumineTSi <strong>da</strong> bulgareTSi komunisturi<br />
sazogadoebis bevri instituti warmatebiT ga<strong>da</strong>barg<strong>da</strong> postkomunistur<br />
epoqaSi, xolo ungreTSi, poloneTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi<br />
komunisturi partiebi principuli an koniunqturuli mizezebiT<br />
social-demokratiul poziciebze dganan.<br />
kidev erTi problemebis wyeba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
ekonomikuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis procesTan. `Sokuri Terapia~, romelic<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis receptebiT mimdinareobs,<br />
aris centraluri <strong>da</strong>gegmarebi<strong>da</strong>n Tavisufal kapitalizmze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla, man umuSevrobis zrdisa <strong>da</strong> inflaciis gamo arsebi-<br />
Tad gaauaresa sazogadoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fenis mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong><br />
gaaZliera socialuri uTanasworoba.<br />
90-iani wlebis rTul drosTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT dRes<br />
ekonomikuri liberalizaciis tempebi mkveTrad Senel<strong>da</strong>. umetesad,<br />
sazogadoebis uaryofiTi reaqciis gamo sabazro reformebze,<br />
rac gamoixata komunistur <strong>da</strong> Tavisi SeferilobiT<br />
nacionalisturi partiebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi. bolos, problemebis<br />
kidev erTi wre <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis<br />
sisustesTan. dRes es aSkarad Cans eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />
winaaRmdegobebis aRorZinebaSi. ssrk kavSirSi komunizmis<br />
kraxTan erTad mox<strong>da</strong> yofili sabWoTa imperiis <strong>da</strong>Sla. im 15<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoSi, romelmac igi Secvala ruseTis<br />
CaTvliT, erovnuli problemebi dgas yvelaze ufro mkveTrad.<br />
1992 w. Sewyvita arseboba Cexoslovakiam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iyo CexeTad <strong>da</strong><br />
slovakeTad. magram ufro dramatuli formebi miiRo nacionalur-eTnikurma<br />
konfliqtma iugoslaviaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c man gamoiwvia<br />
omi serbeTsa <strong>da</strong> xorvatias Soris 1991 w. <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo omi<br />
bosniaSi 1992-1996 w.<br />
postkomunisturi reJimebi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aseve araerTgvarovania.<br />
mTavari gansxvavebebi aq gadis industriulad ganviTarebul<br />
<strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>savlurad~ mcxovreb centralur evropis<br />
qveynebs _ CexeTi, ungreTi <strong>da</strong> poloneTi <strong>da</strong> ufro CamorCenil<br />
qveynebs _ rumineTi, bulgareTi <strong>da</strong> garkveul wilad ruseTs<br />
Soris. pirvel jgufSi sabazro reformebi Catar<strong>da</strong> swrafad<br />
<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT uproblemod, meoreSi isini arasruli iyo, gamoiwvia<br />
seriozuli <strong>politikuri</strong> winaaRmdegobebi. saxelmwifoebis<br />
pirveli jgufi cdilobs rac SeiZleba swrafad Sevides<br />
evropis kavSirSi. <strong>da</strong> bolos, SeuZlebelia <strong>da</strong>viviwyoT TviT<br />
ruseTis unikaluroba, rac gamomdinareobs misi imperiuli<br />
warsuli<strong>da</strong>n, avtoritaruli <strong>da</strong> eqspansionisturi formebis<br />
miRebis rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis midrekilebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> im<br />
garemoebi<strong>da</strong>n, rom petre I-is droi<strong>da</strong>n aq pirispir idgnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong> slavinofiluri interesebi <strong>da</strong> amitom dRes mas<br />
uWirs gaerkves Tavis kulturul <strong>da</strong> politikur bedSi.<br />
SeuZlebelia gamovricxoT, rom XX s <strong>da</strong>sasrulisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli aRmosavleT aziis aRmavloba SeiZleba gaxdes ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani globalur-istoriuli procesi, vidre komunizmis<br />
kraxi. am xnis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomikis centrma<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n aRmosavleTiT. ukve XX s<br />
bolo or aTwleulSi ekonomikuri zrdis monacemebi wynari<br />
okeanis regionis <strong>da</strong>savleT `gareubanSi~ oTxjer aRematebo<strong>da</strong><br />
evropisa <strong>da</strong> amerikis ganviTarebuli ekonomikis monacemebs.<br />
ufro naklebs laparakoben aRmosavleT-aziur politikur<br />
sistemaze. 1980-1990 wlebSi mravalpartiuli eleqtoraluri<br />
sistemebi warmatebiT ganviTar<strong>da</strong> iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa<br />
tailandi, samxreT korea <strong>da</strong> taivani. Tumca aziis poliarqiuli<br />
institutebi ise ar funqcionireben, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTSi.<br />
arsebiTi gansxvaveba kulturebs Sorisac, rac konfucianizmis<br />
zegavleniT <strong>da</strong>savlurma fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmma Camoayaliba. un<strong>da</strong><br />
vaRiaroT, rom aziuri Rirebulebani <strong>da</strong>savlurisgan mkveTrad<br />
gansxvavebulia. ama Tu im mimarTebiT aRmosavleT aziur re-<br />
Jimebs aqvT raRac saerTo. isini met wilad organizebulni<br />
arian ufro ekonomikuri miznebis garSemo; maTi mTavari amocanaa<br />
28 29
xeli Seuwyon ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> keTildReobas <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
gaafarTovon individualur uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa is<br />
wre, rasac Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT <strong>da</strong>savleTSi. es metismeti pragmatizmi<br />
aSkarad TvalSisacemia `xuTi vefxvis~ ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi<br />
_ samxreT korea, taivani, honkongi, singapuri <strong>da</strong> malaizia.<br />
masve vxe<strong>da</strong>vT CineTis ganviTarebaSi 1970-iani wlebis bolo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> es Zalauflebaze im komunisturi monopoliis dros, romelic<br />
jerac arsebobs CineTSi. am sistemebSi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia `Zlieri~<br />
mTavrobis idea _ saxelmwifosadmi pativiscema <strong>da</strong> saTanado<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera mmarTveli partiis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, Tun<strong>da</strong>c es kompartia<br />
iyos.<br />
xelmZRvaneli <strong>da</strong> lideri aq sargeblobs pativiscemiT.<br />
Tumca loalobis konfuciuri tradiciis mixedviT, yvelafer<br />
amaSi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT raRac <strong>da</strong>faruli an Ria<br />
tendencia totalitarizmisken. <strong>da</strong> bolos, aq bevrs fiqroben<br />
sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> socialur kavSirebze _ ojaxi aris am<br />
tradiciis centraluri elementi. jamSi yalibdeba is, rasac<br />
iaponelebi uwodeben `jgufur azrovnebas~, sa<strong>da</strong>c sustia individualizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi.<br />
rogorc sxva sistemebi, aRmosavleT-aziuri sistemebi<br />
erTgvarovani ar aris. aq vlindeba kulturuli gansxvavebebi.<br />
sainteresoa, rom singapuris skolebSi konfuciuri programebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergva uSedegod <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. msgavs situacias adgili<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> malaiziaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c aseve yvelaferi keTdebo<strong>da</strong>, raTa<br />
SeeferxebinaT Cinuri zegavlena <strong>da</strong> metad gaeZlierebinaT<br />
amis gareSec aSkarad gamoxatuli nacionaluri kulturis<br />
islamuri elementebi. CineTis ga<strong>da</strong>svlam kapitalisturi ganviTarebis<br />
gzaze metwilad Caaqro, Tumca ver ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita yvela<br />
es winaaRmdegoba. aqamde, SenarCunebulia mkveTri kontrasti<br />
`sabazro stalinizmsa~ (Cinuri nimuSis) <strong>da</strong> Rrmad gamj<strong>da</strong>r<br />
iaponur demokratias Soris.<br />
islamis, rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalis, aRmavlobam moaxdina<br />
gavlena CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziis nawilsa <strong>da</strong> axlo<br />
aRmosavleTSi politikis sferoze. calkeul SemTxvevebSi<br />
mebrZoli muslimanuri moZraobebi Tavis Tavze iReben qalaqis<br />
RaribTa interesebis ruporis rols marqsizm-leninizmSi<br />
sayovelTao imedgacruebis gamo <strong>da</strong> amiT ucxadeben gamowvevas<br />
arsebul reJimebs.<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> islamur saxelmwifod Tavisi warmoSobis<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n _ 1932 w _ iqca saudis arabeTi. 1979 w. iranSi<br />
revoluciam gamoiwvia islamuri respublikis Seqmna aiaTola<br />
homeinis meTaurobiT (1900-1989), romelsac Semdeg mibaZa su<strong>da</strong>nma<br />
<strong>da</strong> pakistanma. specifikuri <strong>da</strong> eqstravagantulic ki gax<strong>da</strong><br />
islamis interpretacia iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa libia.<br />
islami arasdros ar iyo mxolod religia. es ufro<br />
mTliani cxovrebis wesia, rac gansazRvravs eTnikuri, <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri qcevis normebs rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianebis,<br />
aseve saxelmwifosTvis. `islamis gza~ efuZneba muhamadis moZRvrebas<br />
(570-632), romelic gadmocemulia yuranSi, rasac yvela muslimi<br />
aRiarebs, rogorc RvTis sityvas, aseve surebSi `gakvalul<br />
gzaSi~, morwmune muslimanTa mxriv a<strong>da</strong>Tebis <strong>da</strong>cvaSi.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> islami iswrafvis Teokratiuli saxelmwifos<br />
Seqmnisken, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva urTierTobebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>morCilebuli iqneba rwmenis principebs. amasTanave arsebobs<br />
misi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebi Seurigebeli fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iseT formebamde, romlebic garkveulad exebian<br />
politikur pluralizms.<br />
islamis fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi versia asocirebulia<br />
iranTan. aq sicocxlis bolomde saTaveSi idga aiaTola homeini,<br />
romelic xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> islamis revoluciur sabWos, organos,<br />
romelic aerTianeb<strong>da</strong> saeklesio ierarqiis 15 umaRles<br />
pirs. qveyanaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> sayovelTaod arCeuli parlamenti,<br />
islamis sakonsultacio asambleis saxiT, yvela kanoni un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuliyo konstituciis <strong>da</strong>cvis sabWos mier, igi Tvalyurs<br />
adevneb<strong>da</strong> maT Sesabamisobas islamis principebTan.<br />
homeinis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg 1989 w. misi memkvidre<br />
xaSemi rafsanjani ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> ufro pragmatul <strong>da</strong> naklebad<br />
ideologizirebul politikaze. SariaTis samarTali aq dRemde<br />
rCeba gabatonebul samarTlad <strong>da</strong> moralur kodeqsad. ufro<br />
metad fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> avRaneTSi. Talibanis reJimi<br />
1997-2001 wlebSi atareb<strong>da</strong> Teokratiul mmarTvelobas, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
qalebi savsebiT gamoiricxnen ganaTlebi<strong>da</strong>n, ekonomiki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>,<br />
saerTod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n. aranakleb mniSvnelovan<br />
rols asrulebs fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi saudis arabeTSi, Tumca<br />
konservatiuli sunituri reJimi gamoirCeva ufro msubuqi<br />
formebiT, vidre Siituri iranis revoluciuri populizmi.<br />
TviTon muslimanebi ar eTanxmebian islamuri reJimis Sefasebebs<br />
rogorc `fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturisas~, xe<strong>da</strong>ven ra masSi mxolod<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri winaswarganzraxulobis gamovlenas `egzotikuri~<br />
<strong>da</strong> `despoturi~ aRmosavleTis winaaRmdeg. imis ma-<br />
30 31
galiTi, rom islami savsebiT SeTavsebadia politikur pluralizmTan,<br />
aris malaizia. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom islami aq<br />
aris oficialuri saxelmwifo religia <strong>da</strong> qveynis umaRlesi<br />
mmarTveli aris saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> eklesiis meTauri, qveyanaSi<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> raRac `marTuli~ demokratiis magvari, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mravalpartiuli sistemis CarCoebSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis<br />
malaizielTa erovnul organizacias premier-ministris xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
Tumca 1988 w. reJims aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong> avtoritaruli<br />
tendenciebi, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Werebisa <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi mkacri cenzuris<br />
SemoRebis Semdeg Sewyvita arseboba <strong>da</strong>moukidebelma samar-<br />
Talwarmoebam..<br />
maSin, rodesac <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis umravlesoba<br />
formirdeba <strong>politikuri</strong>, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri faqtoris<br />
zemoqmedebiT, msoflioSi rCeba iseTi reJimebi, romlebic<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebulia wmin<strong>da</strong> samxedro Zalaze, sistematiur<br />
iZulebasa <strong>da</strong> represiebze _ samxedro reJimebze. maT miakuTvneben<br />
`avtoritarulebis~ ufro farTo kategorias. samxedro yaidis<br />
avtoritarizmi yovelTvis gavrcelebuli iyo laTinur amerika-<br />
Si, axlo aRmosavleTSi, afrikasa <strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT azia-<br />
Si. meore msoflio omis Semdeg samxedro reJimebi aseve warmoiSva<br />
espaneTSi, portugaliasa <strong>da</strong> saberZneTSi. rogorc wesi,<br />
samxedro reJimis dros Zalaufleba ga<strong>da</strong>dis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis<br />
xelSi. amasTanave xdeba tradiciuli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> sakonstitucio <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis moqmedebis SeCereba,<br />
xolo institutebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba sajaro<br />
opoziciis gamoxatva, parlamenti <strong>da</strong> presa sustdeba an ikrZaleba.<br />
Tumca samxedro mmarTvelobis yvela forma Rrmad represiulia,<br />
maT Soris mravali gansxvavebaa. zogierT diqtaturaSi<br />
armia iTvisebs mTavrobaze pir<strong>da</strong>piri kontrolis funqcias. am<br />
nairsaxeobis klasikuri gamoxatulebaa samxedro xunta. rogorc<br />
laTinuri amerikis istoria gviCvenebs, es koleqtiuri samxedro<br />
mmarTvelobis formaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaferi wydeba sameTauro sab-<br />
Wos mier. masSi jaris sami saxeobaa warmodgenili (saxmeleTo,<br />
sazRvao <strong>da</strong> samxedro-sahaero), zogjer xuntebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
jaris saxeobebs Soris metoqeoba, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
Zalaufleba SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>vides xeli<strong>da</strong>n xelSi.<br />
samxedro reJimis sxva formaa piradi diqtatura. am<br />
dros xSirad adgili aqvs pirovnebis kults <strong>da</strong> miswrafebas<br />
Camoyalibdes qarizmatuli wyobis Zalaufleba. amis magali-<br />
Tia generaluri papandopulosi saberZneTSi (1974-1986 w.), generali<br />
pinoCeti CileSi 1973 w. <strong>da</strong> generali abaCa nigeriaSi<br />
1993-1998 w.w. bolos, Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT samxedro diqtaturebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mTavari faqtori armiis samxedro poziciaa, TviTon generaliteti<br />
ki amjobinebs <strong>da</strong>rCes CrdilSi <strong>da</strong> `mxolod Zafebi <strong>da</strong>qa-<br />
Cos~. swored aseT suraTs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> brazilia meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg, sa<strong>da</strong>c armia amjobineb<strong>da</strong> SeenarCunebina<br />
Zalauflebis politikur <strong>da</strong> samxedro organoebad <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
(aseT dros aris albaToba imisa, rom sazogadoebaSi Caisaxeba<br />
samoqalaqo mmarTvelobisken miswrafeba <strong>da</strong> diqtatura adre<br />
Tu gvian <strong>da</strong>Tmobs Tavis poziciebs <strong>da</strong> adgils <strong>da</strong>uTmobs demokratizaciis<br />
procesebs).<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
mTavroba un<strong>da</strong> aRviqvaT rogorc meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
mowesrigebulia mmarTveloba, misi mTavari niSania<br />
_ koleqtiuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis gamotanis <strong>da</strong> maTi aRsrulebis<br />
uzrunvelyofis unari. cneba `<strong>politikuri</strong> sistema~ an `reJimi~<br />
moicavs ara marto mmarTvelobis meqanizmebs <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
institutebs, aramed struqturebsa <strong>da</strong> procesebs, romlis<br />
meSveobiTac saxelmwifo urTierTmoqmedebs sazogadoebasTan.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis klasifikacia or mizans emsaxureba:<br />
1. movlenebis SejerebiT uzrunvelyofs maTSi msgavsebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gansxvavebis gamovlenas; 2. gvexmareba SevafasoT <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
sistemebis esa Tu is xarisxi <strong>da</strong> Rirseba.<br />
reJimebis klasifikaciisTvis istoriulad arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
gansxvavebuli kriteriumebi. klasikuri tipologiebi aristoteles<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n gamodiodnen sazogadoebis calkeuli institutebis<br />
saerTo.<br />
komunizmis kraxma <strong>da</strong> demokratiis progresma seriozuli<br />
siZneleebi Seitana axali msoflios <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis<br />
gagebaSi. klasifikaciis tradiciuli sistemebi moZvel<strong>da</strong>,<br />
miT umetes, rom klasifikaciebs droebiTi xasiaTi aqvT.<br />
dRes <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis klasifikacia un<strong>da</strong> moxdes imis<br />
mixedviT, Tu rogor xdeba maTSi <strong>politikuri</strong>, kulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikuri faqtorebis urTierTzemoqmedeba.<br />
`istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis~ Teoretikosebma gamoacxades,<br />
rom istoria <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, an male <strong>da</strong>mTavrdeba _ liberaluri<br />
32 33
demokratiis principebis sruli gamarjvebisTanave. dRes Cven<br />
marTlac vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom Tanamedrove samyaros <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis<br />
umetesoba warmoadgens demokratiis ama Tu im saxeobas.<br />
amasTan arsebobs seriozuli safuZveli CavTvaloT, rom sinamdvileSi<br />
msoflios <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebi xdeba ufro rTuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> mravalsaxovani, rac Cans <strong>da</strong>savluri poliarqiebis, axali<br />
demokratiebis, samxedro diqtaturebis aRmosavleT aziisa <strong>da</strong><br />
islamuri reJimebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebisas.<br />
Tavi Tavi III<br />
III<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> ideologiebi<br />
ideologiebi<br />
ideologiebi<br />
ideologiebi<br />
ideologiebi<br />
~ideologia~ _ politologiis is cnebaa, romlis irgvlivac<br />
mudmivad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momavalSic gagrZeldeba<br />
xangrZlivi kamaTi. marTalia es termini Cvens droSi neitraluri<br />
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rogorc ama Tu im msoflmxedvelobis<br />
ubralo axsna, magram, istoriulad mas sakmaod<br />
mZime bedi ergo. iyo dro, rodesac mas uaryofiT mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebdnen. <strong>politikuri</strong> Sexedulebebis ~ideologiad~ moxsenieba<br />
im droisaTvis yvelaze gamanadgurebeli Sefasebis tolfasi<br />
iyo.<br />
TviTon sityva ~ideologia~ pirvelad gamoiyena frangma<br />
filosofosma destiut de trasma (1754-1836). de trasisaTvis<br />
igi niSnav<strong>da</strong> axal ~mecnierebas ideaTa Sesaxeb~, romelsac<br />
Cveni azrebis warmomavloba un<strong>da</strong> Seeswavla. filosofosi<br />
imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, rom ~ideologia~ droTa ganmavlobaSi iseTive<br />
aRiarebuli mecniereba gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, rogoric aris zoologia<br />
an biologia... magram termins is mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong>umkvidr<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic XIX saukuneSi karl marqsma mianiWa. marqsi ideologias<br />
ganixilav<strong>da</strong> rogorc ~mmarTveli klasis~ ideebis gamoxatulebas,<br />
romlebic aSuqebdnen fenebis eqspluatacias.<br />
liberaluri <strong>da</strong> konservatiuli tradiciebi Taviseburad<br />
ganmartavdnen ideologias totalitaruli ideis warmoqmnas-<br />
Tan erTad. liberaluri orientaciis mecnierebebSi karl<br />
koperma (1902-1994), hana ardentma <strong>da</strong> j.l. talmonma, ideologiis<br />
ganxilva <strong>da</strong>iwyes rogorc socialuri kontrolis saSualebisa,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv Tanxmobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
morCilebas. `civi omis~ periodSi muSaobisas es Teoretikosebi<br />
faSizmisa <strong>da</strong> komunizmis ideologias ganixilavdnen<br />
rogorc `<strong>da</strong>xuruli~ azrovnebis or variants. WeSmaritebis<br />
monopoliur flobaze acxadebdnen pretenzias <strong>da</strong> ar uSveb<strong>da</strong><br />
gansxvavebuli azris arsebobas. am fonze, liberalizmi, konservatizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli socializmi aRiqmebodnen ara<br />
rogorc ideologiebi, aramed rogorc `Ria~ sistemebi _ im<br />
gagebiT, rom isini uSvebdnen Tavisufal azrovnebas, kritikasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> opozicias. ufro metic, <strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxovdnen maT arsebobas.<br />
`ideologiis~ konservatiuli gageba SemuSavebuli iqna<br />
iseTi moazrovnis mier, rogoric iyo maikl oukSoti. igi<br />
34 35
gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong> im garemoebi<strong>da</strong>n, rom garSemomyofi samyaro<br />
mTeli Tavisi sirTuliT a<strong>da</strong>mianis SegnebisaTvis miuwvdomelia.<br />
`politikaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi curaven uZiro <strong>da</strong> usazRvro<br />
zRvaSi~. am TvalsazrisiT ideologia gvxvdeba rogorc<br />
`azrovnebis abstraqtuli sistema~ _ ideebis nakrebi, romlebic<br />
amaxinjeben politikur realobas, vinai<strong>da</strong>n cdiloben<br />
axsnan is, risi axsnac SeuZlebelia. amis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
konservatorebi ideologiis nacvlad upiratesobas aniWebdnen<br />
pragmatizms, tradiciasa <strong>da</strong> istorias.<br />
yvela zemo aRniSnul midgomas gaaCnia is nakli, rom<br />
maTSi ideologia negatiuri mxriT aris warmodgenili. gamodis,<br />
rom zogi <strong>politikuri</strong> doqtrina SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT<br />
ideologias, zogi ki ara. marqsi <strong>da</strong>JinebiT amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
misi ideebi atarebdnen ara ideologiur, aramed mecnierul<br />
xasiaTs; liberalebi uaryofdnen TavianTi filosofiis msoflio<br />
ideologiisadmi mikuTvnebas; xolo konservatorebi amtkicebdnen,<br />
rom politikaSi emxrobian ara ideologiur, aramed<br />
pragmatul pozicias. saWiroa moinaxos neitraluri <strong>da</strong><br />
yovelmxrivi, yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> tradiciisaTvis misaRebi<br />
ideologiis klasifikacia, un<strong>da</strong> ganvTavisufldeT im warmodgenisagan,<br />
rom ideologia SeiZleba iyos `cudi an kargi, tyuili<br />
an marTali, ganmaTavisuflebeli an <strong>da</strong>mmorCilebeli~. ideologiis<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv-mecnieruli gagebis Rirseba<br />
aris is, rom igi aixsneba rogorc ideebis mTlianoba, romelic<br />
ama Tu im meTodiT marTavs politikur qmedebas.<br />
liberalizmi liberalizmi liberalizmi liberalizmi liberalizmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
nebismieri <strong>politikuri</strong> ideologiebis CamonaTvali<br />
liberalizmiT un<strong>da</strong> iwyebodes, radgan liberalizmi Tavisi<br />
arsiT warmoadgens samrewvelo <strong>da</strong>savleTis ideologias. rogorc<br />
Camoyalibebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> doqtrina liberalizmi XIX sis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. misi calkeuli elementebi Semdgomi<br />
3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi formirdebo<strong>da</strong>. Tavisi SinaarsiT,<br />
liberalizmi iyo feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis rRvevisa <strong>da</strong> sabazro kapitalisturi<br />
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis Sedegi. adreuli liberalizmi<br />
gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> samrewvelo, saSualo klasis miswrafebebs.<br />
mas Semdeg liberalizmi <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmi erTmaneTisagan<br />
faqtobrivad ganuyofelia. igi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad sufTa poli-<br />
tikuri doqtrina iyo, romelic absolutizms, feo<strong>da</strong>lur privilegiebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT urTierTsawinaaRmdego konstituciur <strong>da</strong><br />
mogvianebiT, warmomadgenlobiT mmarTvelobasac akritikeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XIX s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis ganviTareba pova ekonomikurma<br />
liberalizmma, romelic propagan<strong>da</strong>s uwev<strong>da</strong> Tavisufal kapitalizms<br />
<strong>da</strong> gmob<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos yvelanair Carevas ekonomika-<br />
Si. XIX saukunis bolos warmoiSva socialuri liberalizmis<br />
forma, romelmac gaaTviTcnobiera socialuri reformebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucilebloba.<br />
aseTi midgoma XX saukunis liberalizmis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
Tema gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi aq ganixilebian rogorc<br />
individebi. isini unikalurebi arian <strong>da</strong> gaaCniaT Tanabari<br />
moraluri Rirsebebi. amitom liberalizmi cdilobs Seqmnas<br />
iseTi sazogadoeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c individis uzrunvelyofili iqneba<br />
keTildReoba <strong>da</strong> yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians mecema Sansi srulad moaxdinon<br />
TavianTi SesaZleblobebis realizeba.<br />
36 37<br />
pirovnebis pirovnebis Tavisufleba Tavisufleba _ liberalizmis erT-erTi<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia, romelic ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre,<br />
vTqvaT, Tanasworoba, samarTlianoba an Zalaufleba. liberalebi<br />
amjobineben isaubron ~Tavisuflebaze kanonis farglebSi~.<br />
isini cxa<strong>da</strong>d acnobiereben, rom erTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisuflebam<br />
SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong><br />
es SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>izardos qaosSi. am problemis idealuri<br />
gamosavali aq warmogvidgeba Semdegnairad: a<strong>da</strong>mians un<strong>da</strong> mieces<br />
Tavisuflebis is maqsimumi, romelic safrTxes ar Seuqmnis<br />
sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Tavisuflebas.<br />
goneba goneba _ liberalebs swamT, rom samyaros gaaCnia Semec-<br />
nebiTi xasiaTi. amitom isini amjobineben irwmunon individis<br />
SesaZlebloba <strong>da</strong>moukideblad miiRos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs<br />
liberalebSi progresisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebis SesaZleblobebis<br />
rwmena ga<strong>da</strong>laxon winaaRmdegobebi mSvidobiani gziT _<br />
diskusiiTa <strong>da</strong> molaparakebebiT <strong>da</strong> ara ZaladobiTa <strong>da</strong> omiT.<br />
Tanasworoba Tanasworoba _ individualizmi moicavs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Ta-<br />
nasworobis ideas. igi ar aRiarebs socialuri Tanasworobis<br />
ideas _ Sedegebis Tanasworobas. vinai<strong>da</strong>n amis magivrad igi<br />
amjobinebs isaubros ~SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobaze~, romelic<br />
xalxs saSualebas aZlevs moaxdinos sakuTari potencialis<br />
realizeba, romelic Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve araTanabaria.<br />
tolerantoba tolerantoba _ liberalebi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni arian, rom
tolerantoba erTdroulad piradi Tavisuflebis, kulturisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenis garantiaa. jansaRi sazogadoebis Seucdomel<br />
maCveneblad gvevlineba pluralizmi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi xels<br />
uwyobs SexedulebaTa gacvlas sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> gavlenas<br />
axdens maT ganviTarebaze, radgan mxolod aseT pirobebSi<br />
gamoicdeba SexedulebaTa WeSmariteba Tavisufali sabazro<br />
ideebis CarCoebSi. ufro metic, liberalizms sjera, rom sawinaaRmdego<br />
interesebs Sorisac ki arsebobs ~<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
harmonia~. swored amitom sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
SeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi konfliqti, romlis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetac<br />
ar SeiZleba.<br />
sazogadoebr<br />
sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebr ivi Tanxmoba. Tanxmoba. konsesu konsesusi.<br />
konsesu konsesu si. _ liberalizmis<br />
filosofiis Tanaxmad Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos sazogadoebriv Tanxmobasa <strong>da</strong> nebayoflobiT<br />
SeTanxmebebze. yvelanairi mmarTveloba un<strong>da</strong> emyarebodes<br />
`im mxareTa Tanxmobas~, romelTac isini marTaven. swored<br />
amitom liberalizmi emxroba demokratiis doqtrinas <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
warmomadgenlobas.<br />
konstituci<br />
konstitucionalizmi<br />
konstituci onalizmi _ liberaluri ideologiisaTvis<br />
yovelTvis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani wesrigisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> stabilurobis garants sazogadoebaSi. yovelTvis<br />
arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom xelisuflebam SeiZleba gamoavlinos<br />
tirania. Sesabamisad saWiroa misi SezRudva. sakiTxis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wra xdeba saxelmwifos Zalauflebis gayofiT. am amocanis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wra xdeba saxelmwifo institutebSi Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
winaaRmdegobebis SeCerebiT, kodificirebuli an werilobiTi<br />
samarTlebrivi konstituciis miRebiT, romliTac ganisazRvreba<br />
individis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos urTierToba.<br />
klasikuri liberalizmi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve emxrobo<strong>da</strong> individualizmis<br />
ukidures formas. am tradiciis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
aRiqmebodnen rogorc egoisturi arsebebi, romlebic sakuTari<br />
miznebis misaRwevad iRvwodnen <strong>da</strong> mxolod TavianTi Tavis<br />
imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>T. isini arian sakuTari bedis gamgebeli a<strong>da</strong>mian-<br />
Ta kategoria, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, romelTac aranairi<br />
valdebuleba ar gaaCniaT sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxis winaSe.<br />
klasikuri liberalizmis idealad ~minimaluri saxelmwifos~<br />
idea miiCneo<strong>da</strong>, romelic ~Ramis guSagis~ funqcias<br />
Seasruleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamoqalaqeebs yovelgvari usiamovno qmedebisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tanamedrove<br />
Tanamedrove<br />
Tanamedrove Tanamedrove<br />
Tanamedrove liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi<br />
Tanamedrove liberalizmi ufro advilad urigdeba saxelmwifos<br />
Carevas sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. arsebobs egreT<br />
wodebuli socialuri liberalizmis, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,<br />
~sayovelTao keTildReobis~ liberalizmis cneba. aq mTavari<br />
idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifos Careva, gansakuTrebiT<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis saxiT, afarToebs sazogadoebriv<br />
sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> icavs a<strong>da</strong>mians ~bedis ukuRmarTobisagan~. did<br />
britaneTSi 1942 w. erT-erT samTavrobo moxsenebaSi am sakiTx-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT miTiTebulia 5 ~monstris~ Sesaxeb: SimSili,<br />
umecreba, <strong>da</strong>usaqmebloba, avadmyofoba <strong>da</strong> gamflangveloba. yvela<br />
am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tanamedrove liberalizmma uaryo<br />
Tavisufali kapitalis ideali. amaSi gansakuTrebuli roli<br />
iTamaSa j.m. keinsis <strong>Teoria</strong>m imis Sesaxeb, rom zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganvi-<br />
Tareba miiRweva mxolod ~marTvadi~ CarCoebis farglebSi an<br />
regulirebisas, rodesac saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs ZiriTadi<br />
ekonomikuri amocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras. magram amave dros, axali<br />
drois liberalebi mzad arian mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiron saxelmwifo<br />
Carevis ideas mxolod garkveuli pirobebis <strong>da</strong>cvis SemTxveva-<br />
Si. maT mTavar sazrunavs warmoadgens ukiduresad gaWirvebuli<br />
fenis <strong>da</strong>cva, romlebic namdvilad ususurebi arian; xolo mizans<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>exmaron am xalxs miaRwion im dones, roca isini<br />
SeZleben <strong>da</strong>moukideblad moiwyon sakuTari cxovreba <strong>da</strong> eqnebaT<br />
Tavisufali arCevanis saSualeba. yvelaze gavleniani Teoretikosi,<br />
romelic Seeca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekavSirebina liberalizmis principebi<br />
~sayovelTao keTildReobis~ politikasTan <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
resursebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis praqtikasTan, iyo jon loki.<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
neoliberalizmi<br />
Tavisi SinaarsiT neoliberalizmi Tavisufali bazris<br />
Sesaxeb klasikuri <strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis ganaxlebul variants<br />
warmoadgens, romelsac Tavis droze anviTarebdnen fridrix<br />
haieki, milton fridmani <strong>da</strong> robert noziki. neoliberalizmi<br />
or veSapzea <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli: bazarsa <strong>da</strong> individze. neoliberalizmis<br />
mTavari mizani iyo ~saxelmwifo sazRvrebis ga<strong>da</strong>weva~<br />
im gaangariSebiT, rom regulirebisagan ganTavisuflebuli<br />
kapitalisturi bazari TavisTavad moitans ekonomikur<br />
38 39
efeqts, zr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas saxelmwifo ki, rogorc am<br />
orientaciis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, axSobs pirad iniciativas<br />
<strong>da</strong> mewarmeobas.<br />
neoliberalizmis mimdevrebis gansakuTrebul Relvas<br />
iwvevs sakuTrebis problema. isini upiratesobas aniWeben ara<br />
saxelmwifo an nacionalur, aramed kerZo sakuTrebas e.i. ~yvelaferi<br />
sakuTari kargia, saxalxo _ cudi~. amis msgavsi ideebi<br />
xSirad asocirdeba ~myari individualizmis~ saxelTan, romelmac<br />
gamoxatuleba pova margaret tetCeris cnobil frazaSi:<br />
`ar arsebobs cneba sazogadoeba _ arseboben mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebi~.<br />
dRes es ideebi globaluri progresis meSveobiT ikafaven<br />
gzebs, romlebic rigi avtorebis azriT, gvibrundeba neoliberaluri<br />
globalizaciis saxiT.<br />
konservatizmi konservatizmi konservatizmi konservatizmi konservatizmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> neokonservatizmi<br />
neokonservatizmi<br />
neokonservatizmi<br />
neokonservatizmi<br />
neokonservatizmi<br />
konservatiuli ideebi <strong>da</strong> doqtrinebi pirvelad XVIII s.<br />
bolos Camoyalibdnen. konservatizmi <strong>da</strong>mcvelad <strong>da</strong>udga moZvelebuli<br />
sazogadoebriv wyobas, magram amave dros TviT yvelaze<br />
konservatiul ideaSic Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve ar iyo erTianoba.<br />
kontinentalur evropaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> mimdinareoba, romelic Riad<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong> aristokratiul <strong>da</strong> reaqciul xasiaTs <strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />
uaryof<strong>da</strong> nebismier cvlilebas. amerikasa <strong>da</strong> britaneTSi sicocxlisunariani<br />
konservatizmis forma aisaxa lozungSi: ~Seicvalo,<br />
raTa SeinarCuno~.<br />
aseTma midgomam saSualeba misca konservatorebs XIX s.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>suliyvnen socialuri reformebis poziciaSi paternalisturi<br />
lozungiT ~erTiani nacia~. am moZraobis apogeam miaRwia<br />
did britaneTSi 1950-ian wlebSi, rodesac konservatiuli<br />
partia bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos Seegua omis Semdgom wesrigs <strong>da</strong><br />
wamowia demokratiis sakuTari versia keinsis socialuri<br />
doqtrinis saxiT, magram es moZraoba 1970-ian wlebSi Seejaxa<br />
konservatiul opozicias ~axali memarjveneebis~ mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
mimdinareoba Taviseburi antietatisturi <strong>da</strong> antipaternalisturi<br />
sicxariT miubrun<strong>da</strong> klasikur Temebs <strong>da</strong> adreuli liberalizmis<br />
faseulobebs.<br />
tradicia tradicia _ konservatiuli ideis centraluri Tema _<br />
~monapovris (<strong>da</strong>grovebulis) SenarCuneba~ _ mWidrod aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli yvelafer imasTan, rac drom gamosca<strong>da</strong> _<br />
tradiciebTan, a<strong>da</strong>T wesebTan, institutebTan. aq tradicia aris<br />
warsulSi <strong>da</strong>grovebuli sibrZne, romelic aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes SenarCunebuli momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod. yvelaferi<br />
es Zalian mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom amyarebs sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebisadmi.<br />
40 41<br />
pragmatizmi pragmatizmi _ konservatorebi yovelTvis miuTiTebd-<br />
nen, rom samyaro metismetad rTulia saimisod, rom mas a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
goneba Caswvdes. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs maTi instinqturi<br />
undobloba absraqtuli principebisa <strong>da</strong> Teoriebis mimarT.<br />
isini amjobineben <strong>da</strong>eyrdnon gamocdilebas, istorias <strong>da</strong>, rac<br />
mTavaria, <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni arian, rom un<strong>da</strong> imoqmedon gonivrulad,<br />
praqtikul garemoebebTan <strong>da</strong> miznebTan SeTanxmebiT, erTi<br />
sityviT, yvelafer imasTan, rac ~muSaobs praqtikaSi~.<br />
ierarqia ierarqia _ konservatorTa rwmeniT organul sazogadoebaSi<br />
sxvaoba a<strong>da</strong>mianTa socialur mdgomareobasa <strong>da</strong> statuss<br />
Soris bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia. yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
roli <strong>da</strong> faseulobebi akisria: mewarme <strong>da</strong> muSa, maswavlebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> moswavle, mSobeli <strong>da</strong> Svili. magram es uTanasworoba<br />
TavisTavad ar qmnis konfliqts, radgan sazogadoeba<br />
kavSirebiT aris gamagrebuli. gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba<br />
akisria sazogadoebis umaRles fenas. maTi moraluri valia<br />
im a<strong>da</strong>mianebze ifiqron, romlebsac naklebad gaumarTlaT<br />
cxovrebaSi.<br />
Zalaufleba Zalaufleba Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> avtoriteti avtoriteti _ konservatorebi<br />
yovelTvis amtkicebdnen, rom avtoriteti <strong>da</strong> Zalaufleba iqmnes<br />
~zevi<strong>da</strong>n~. mxolod namdvil liders ZaluZs <strong>da</strong>anaxos sazogadoebas<br />
swori mimarTuleba <strong>da</strong> mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros maT, visac ar<br />
yofnis gamocdileba, ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> codna. odesRac es yvelaferi<br />
~bunebrivi aristokratiulobi<strong>da</strong>n~ gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
dRes ki, avtoriteti <strong>da</strong> lideroba efuZneba ganaTlebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamocdilebas.<br />
sakuTreba sakuTreba _ gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas konservatorebi<br />
aniWeben sakuTrebas, romelsac a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis moaqvs<br />
usafrTxoeba <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofs <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas saxelmwifosgan.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, es Tavis mxriv, a<strong>da</strong>mianis ~eqsteritorizaciaa~.<br />
amave dros, sakuTreba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia rogorc uflebebTan,<br />
aseve valdebulebebTanac. garkveuli gagebiT yoveli<br />
Cvengani mxolod qonebis meurveebi varT, romelic memkvidreo
iT gvergo winaprebisagan <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi STamomavlebs un<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vceT.<br />
neokonservatizmi faqtobrivad aRadgens XIX s. konservatizmis<br />
socialur principebs. mTavar miznad igi miiCnevs<br />
aaRorZinos ~avtoriteti~ <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli faseulobebi <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli ojaxTan, religiasTan <strong>da</strong> naciasTan. neokonservatorebis<br />
azriT, mxolod avtoriteti iZleva stabilorobis<br />
SenarCunebis garantias sazogadoebaSi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mas Tan<br />
sdevs disciplina <strong>da</strong> pativiscema tradiciebisadmi, romlebic<br />
uzrunvelyofen sazogadoebriv erTianobas. amas upirispirdeba<br />
TviTneboba, sakuTari `me~-s kulti, Cveva ~moiqce ise, rogorc<br />
gin<strong>da</strong>~, romelic neokonservatorebis azriT, 1960-ianma wlebma<br />
moitana.<br />
sainteresoa, rom amerikeli neokonservatorebis umetesoba<br />
sinamdvileSi yofili liberalia, romlebsac imedi gaucruaT<br />
kenedi-jonsonis epoqaSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma reformebma.<br />
~axali memarjveneebis~ ideologia imdenad gaemijna konservatiuli<br />
ideis mTavar azrs, rom, Tavis mxriv, igi iqca im<br />
praqtikis erTgvar kontrevoluciad, romelic Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> omis<br />
Semdgom periodSi <strong>da</strong> romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis<br />
Carevasa <strong>da</strong> liberaluri <strong>da</strong> socialur-progresuli Rirebulebebis<br />
gavrcelebas.<br />
am ideologiis formireba 1970-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>emTxva im<br />
specifikur moments, roca, erTi mxriv, amowuruli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
keinzis moZRvreba socialuri demokratiis Sesaxeb, rac gamoixata<br />
omis Semdgomi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis SewyvetiT <strong>da</strong>,<br />
meore mxriv, gamoikveTa socialuri krizisis konturebi <strong>da</strong><br />
xelisuflebis avtoritetis vardna sazogadoebaSi. 1980-ian<br />
wlebSi did britaneTsa <strong>da</strong> amerikaSi, ~axalma memarjveneebma~<br />
gamoxatuleba poves tetCerizmsa <strong>da</strong> reiganizmSi. amas mohyva<br />
masiuri Zvrebi sabazro ekonomikis formirebaSi, magram imavdroulad<br />
~axali memarjveneebis~ ideologia gax<strong>da</strong> ara imdenad<br />
erTiani <strong>da</strong> sistematuri filosofia, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mcdeloba<br />
SeeTavsebinaT ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli tradicia _<br />
~neoliberalizmi~ <strong>da</strong> ~neokonservatizmi~. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom am or mimarTulebas Soris arsebobs Taviseburi <strong>da</strong><br />
ideologiuri winaaRmdegobebi, maT aerTianebT lozungi: ~Tavisufali<br />
ekonomika <strong>da</strong> Zlieri saxelmwifo~.<br />
socializmi socializmi socializmi socializmi socializmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom socialisturi ideebis kvali XVII<br />
s. gamoCn<strong>da</strong> levelerebTan <strong>da</strong> digerebTan, socializmi rogorc<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> doqtrina Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> XIX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi samrewvelo<br />
kapitalizmis reaqciul mowinaaRmdeged. pirvelad<br />
mis socialur safuZvels warmoadgendnen xelosnebi, magram<br />
male igi mzardma proletariatma, adreuli industrializaciis<br />
~fabrikis xorcma~ Secvala. Tavis adreul formebSi socializmi<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>mentalur, utopiur <strong>da</strong> revoluciur<br />
xasiaTs. misi mizani iyo kapitalisturi meurneobis likvi<strong>da</strong>cia<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi Secvla axali, xarisxiani socialisturi sazogadoebiT,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze.<br />
am mimarTulebis yvelaze avtoritetuli moazrovnis<br />
karl marqsis ideebma fun<strong>da</strong>menti Cauyara XX s-is komunistur<br />
ideologias. Tumca XIX s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi socializmSi gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
reformistuli dineba, romelmac asaxa muSaTa klasis Tan<strong>da</strong>-<br />
TanobiTi integraciis procesi kapitalizmis pirobebSi _<br />
Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebis, xelfasebis zrdis, profkav-<br />
Sirebis gaZlierebisa <strong>da</strong> socialisturi muSaTa partiebis<br />
Camoyalibebis gziT. reformizmma gamoavlina mSvidobiani,<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi <strong>da</strong> sruliad legaluri ~saparlamento gziT~<br />
socializmSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis SesaZlebloba. am ideologias gaaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
ori wyaro: eTikuri socializmis humanisturi tradiciebi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iseT moazrovneebTan, rogorebic arian: robert<br />
oueni (1771-1858), Sarl furie (1772-1837) <strong>da</strong> uiliam morisi<br />
(1854-1896) <strong>da</strong> aseve marqsistuli revizionistuli Sexedulebebi,<br />
romelsac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d eduard bernSteini aviTareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XX s. socialisturi moZraoba or mowinaaRmdege banakad<br />
iyo gayofili: revoluciuri mimarTulebis socialistebad,<br />
romlebic gayvnen leninsa <strong>da</strong> bolSevikebs <strong>da</strong> bolos <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos ganisazRvrnen rogorc komunistebad. social-reformatorebad,<br />
romelTac legaluri konstituciuri politikis<br />
pozicia ekavaT, imaT TavianT irgvliv Semoikribes yvela is<br />
elementi, romelTac SemdgomSi social-demokratia <strong>da</strong>erqva.<br />
debatebi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> ara marto socializmze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />
gzebze, aramed ixilebo<strong>da</strong> TviTon socialisturi ideebis arsi.<br />
social-demokratebma kategoriulad uaryves iseTi<br />
radikaluri xasiaTis moTxovnilebebi, rogoric iyo sazogadoebrivi<br />
sakuTreba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>gegmareba. cdilobdnen<br />
42 43
a gaeanalizebinaT socializmis kategoriebSi ~saxelmwifo<br />
sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis~, sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis<br />
gonebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong> strategiul-ekonomikuri mmarTveloba.<br />
XX s. bolos orive mimdinareobam krizisi ganica<strong>da</strong>, ramac<br />
sakmaod bevri aalaparaka ~socializmis <strong>da</strong>sasrulze~. yvelaze<br />
dramatuli momenti ki am SemTxvevaSi iyo komunizmis<br />
krizisi, romelic aRmosavleT evropis 1989-91 w. revoluciis<br />
inicirebam gamoiwvia. magram social-demokratiis garkveulma<br />
nawilma principulad ar uaryo Tavisi tradiciebi, amitom,<br />
rogorc zogierTi Teoretikosi fiqrobs, dRes isini arafriT<br />
ar gamoirCevian liberalebisagan.<br />
sazogadoeba sazogadoeba _ mTavari socializmSi aris Sexeduleba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianze, rogorc socialur arsebaze, romelic mTeli Tavisi<br />
arsiT <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia samyarosTan.<br />
~yoveli a<strong>da</strong>miani kontinentis nawilia~... sazogadoeba,<br />
marTlac, a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani yalibdeba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, socialuri<br />
jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> koleqtivebis Camoyalibebis safuZvelze.<br />
amitom socialistebi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa qmedebebs xsnian ara Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili<br />
TvisebebiT, aramed ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d socialuri faqtoriT.<br />
erToba erToba _ socialistebis azriT, xalxi, romelic sam-<br />
yaros ekuTvnis, erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen Zmuri<br />
urTierTobebiT. amitom, es tradicia amtkicebs TanamSromlobis<br />
prioritets konkurenciaze <strong>da</strong> koleqtivizmisas _ individualizmze.<br />
TanamSromlobis dros xalxi aerTianebs TavianT<br />
Zalebs <strong>da</strong> amyareben socialur kavSirebs, xolo konkurenciisas<br />
isini upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, aqvT mtruli <strong>da</strong> konfliqturi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba.<br />
socialuri socialuri Tanasworoba<br />
Tanasworoba Tanasworoba _ Tanasworoba socializ-<br />
mis erT-erTi fun<strong>da</strong>menturi faseulobaa. xSirad socializmi<br />
esmiT rogorc egalitarizmis erT-erTi forma, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tanasworobis<br />
cneba yvelaze ufro faseulia sxva faseulobaTa<br />
Soris. gansakuTrebuli roli am ideebis erTobliobaSi<br />
miekuTvneba socialur Tanasworobis ideas _ Tanabar rezultatebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara Tanabar SesaZleblobebs.<br />
moTxovnileba<br />
moTxovnileba moTxovnileba _ socialisturi ideologiis mixedviT,<br />
Tanasworobis principi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sazogadoebaSi materialuri<br />
keTildReoba un<strong>da</strong> nawildebodes moTxovnilebebis<br />
mixedviT <strong>da</strong> ara sxva mizezebis gamo. am principis klasikur<br />
gamoxatulebas Cven vpoulobT marqsistul formulaSi: ~yve-<br />
lasgan SesaZleblobis mixedviT _ yvelas moTxovnilebis<br />
mixedviT~. am filosofiis mixedviT, mxolod pirveladi moTxovnilebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis Semdeg iRebs a<strong>da</strong>miani sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi monawileobas. magram gaurkvevelia, Tu<br />
rogor mivaRwioT imas, rom moraluri xasiaTis faqtorma ga<strong>da</strong>wonos<br />
materialuri.<br />
44 45<br />
socialuri socialuri klasi klasi _ socialisturi ideologia xSir-<br />
ad asocirdeba klasobrivi politikis garkveul formasTan.<br />
jer erTi, sazogadoeba upiratesad warmoCindeba klasobrivi<br />
politikis struqturebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sa<strong>da</strong>c keTildReoba<br />
klasobrivi moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. meorec,<br />
socializmi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> Cagruli proletariatis<br />
interesebs <strong>da</strong> ganixilav<strong>da</strong> mas, rogorc socialuri revoluciis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi progresis mamoZravebel Zalas. am ideologiis<br />
pozicii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, klasobrivi gansxvaveba gar<strong>da</strong>maval<br />
xasiaTs atarebs. socialistebis amocanas warmoadens socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri uTanasworobis likvidireba an maTi mniSvnelovnad<br />
Semcireba,<br />
sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba sakuTreba _ sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes principuli problema sakuTrebis<br />
ganawilebis Sesaxeb, socialuri ideologiisTvisac ki sakama-<br />
To aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. sakamaTo ar iyo mxolod is, rom warmoebis<br />
xarjze Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba, SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleo<strong>da</strong> materialuri resursebi Caeyenebina xalxis samsaxur-<br />
Si im dros, rodesac kerZo sakuTreba badebs egoizmsa <strong>da</strong><br />
momxveWelobas, <strong>da</strong>, bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, xels uwyobs sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofas mdidrebad <strong>da</strong> Raribebad.<br />
rogorc calke Teoriuli sistema, marqsizmi yovelTvis<br />
iyo liberalizmis mTavari oponenti. igi axali drois <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />
rogorc sulier, ise mis kulturul cxovrebaze gabaton<strong>da</strong>.<br />
asazrdoeb<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso komunistur moZraobas <strong>da</strong><br />
masTan erTad kapitalizmis sistemis mowinaaRmdege politikur<br />
Zala<strong>da</strong>c gvevlinebo<strong>da</strong>. yoveli SemTxvevisTvis es ase iyo 1917-<br />
1991 w.w. TvalTaxedvis ari<strong>da</strong>n ar un<strong>da</strong> gamogvrCes socialuri<br />
filosofiis sxvaoba, gamomdinare karl marqsisa <strong>da</strong> fridrix<br />
engelsis klasikur naSromebsa <strong>da</strong> XX s-is komunizmis fenomens<br />
Soris, romelic sakmaod Camocil<strong>da</strong> klasikuri marqsizmis principebs.<br />
socializmis krizisi ar un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT rogorc<br />
marqsizmis <strong>da</strong>sasruli. leninizmisa <strong>da</strong> stalinizmisagan gan-<br />
Tavisuflebam mas misca unari axali sunTqva SeiZinos.
marqsizmi rTuli sistemaa. marqsis gviani namuSevrebi<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba adreulisagan. erTi ram naTelia<br />
_ TviT marqsi Rrmad iyo <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli, rom SeimuSava socializmis<br />
mecnieruli sistema, romelic ara mxolod akritikeb<strong>da</strong><br />
kapitalizms esTetikuri pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, aramed yovelmxriv<br />
ganmartav<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv-istoriul procesebs. marqsis ideebma<br />
ufro didi auditoria misi gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg Semoikriba.<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d misi TanamebrZolis f. engelsis, agreTve germaneli<br />
socialistebis lideris karl kacskis (1854-1938) <strong>da</strong> rusi<br />
Teoretikosis giorgi plexanovis (1856-1918) naSromebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
paralelurad yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> orTodoqsaluri marqsizmi,<br />
romelsac dialeqtikuri materializmi ewo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
istoriuli istoriuli materializmi<br />
materializmi<br />
materializmi. materializmi marqsistuli filosofiis<br />
ZiriTad idead gvevlineba is, rasac engelsma istoriis materialuri<br />
gageba uwo<strong>da</strong> _ koncefcia, romelic asaxavs ekonomikis<br />
mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, sazogadoebrivi warmoebis materialur<br />
pirobebs. marqsis mixedviT ekonomikuri ~bazisi~, yvela<br />
im niSniT, romliTac xasiaTdeba ~warmoebis saSualeba~, warmoadgens<br />
erTgvar safuZvels, romelze<strong>da</strong>c Sendeba <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> ideologiuri urTierTobebis sistema.<br />
dialeqtika dialeqtika _ hegelis moZRvrebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, marqsi<br />
fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom istoriuli ganviTareba dialeqtikurad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
winaaRmdegobrivi brZoliT, romlis Sedegic aris<br />
ganviTarebis ufro maRal stadiaze ga<strong>da</strong>svla. Tavis materialur<br />
ganmartebaSi es idea aRniSnavs, rom istorias amoZravebs<br />
~warmoebis saSualebebSi~ Cadebuli winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> klasebs<br />
Soris urTierTobebi. am modelis versia varaudobs, rom istoriuli<br />
ganviTareba ~warmoebis saSualebebSi~ winaaRmdegobebis<br />
Sedegia, romelic aisaxeba klasobriv antagonizmSi.<br />
klasobrivi klasobrivi brZola brZola brZola _ kapitalizmis mTavari winaaRm-<br />
degobebi warmoqmna kerZo sakuTrebam, romelmac sazogadoeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>yo kapitalistebad, romelTac gaaCniaT warmoebis saSualebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTrebaCamorTmeuli proletariati, romlebic mxolod<br />
sakuTari Sromis gayidviT arseboben. burJuazia ~mmarTvel<br />
klasad~ gvevlineba yvela SesaZlo mdgomareobaSi. isini<br />
floben ekonomikur Zalauflebas, saxelmwifos meSveobiT axorcieleben<br />
TavianT politikur Zalauflebas <strong>da</strong> sargebloben<br />
sakuTari ideologiuri Zalauflebis yvela upiratesobiT,<br />
radgan maTi ideebi TavianTi drois ~mmarTvel ideebs~ warmoadgenen.<br />
zedmeti zedmeti Rirebuleba Rirebuleba _ urTierToba burJuaziasa <strong>da</strong><br />
proletariats Soris aris Seurigebeli antagonisturi xasiaTisa.<br />
marqsis mixedviT muSis eqspluatacias kapitalistisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavali moaqvs, romelic warmoebis procesSi<br />
warmoiqmneba. kapitalisti amas aRwevs muSisaTvis ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali anazRaurebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdiT, vidre mas ekuTvnis saqonlis<br />
Rirebulebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare. <strong>da</strong>skvna: ramdena<strong>da</strong>c proletariats<br />
ar SeuZlia mudmivad Seeguos eqspluatacias, kapitalizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>RupvisaTvis aris ganwiruli.<br />
proletaruli proletaruli proletaruli revolucia revolucia _ kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong>RupvisTvis<br />
aris ganwiruli <strong>da</strong>, rogorc marqsi ambob<strong>da</strong>, proletariatis<br />
saxiT mas sakuTari ~mesaflave~ gaaCnia. magram kapitalizms<br />
jer kidev mouwevs uamravi krizisisa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis gzaze. am dros proletariats uCndeba sakuTari<br />
revoluciuri klasobrivi azrovneba. Cndeba uamravi<br />
mizezi proletaruli revoluciisaTvis, romelic marqsis varaudiT<br />
stiqiur qmedebebSi gamovlindeba. magram Tavis gviandel<br />
wlebSi igi ar gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> socializmSi mSvidobiani gziT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlis SesaZleblobas.<br />
komunizmi komunizmi _ marqsis mixedviT, proletaruli revoluciis<br />
Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dges gansakuTrebuli, ~socialisturi periodi~,<br />
rodesac burJuaziuli kontrrevoluciis CasaxSobad saWiro<br />
gaxdeba ~proletariatis diqtatura~. klasobrivi winaaRmdegobebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyeba WeSmariti komunisturi<br />
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesi, romlis mimdinareobis<br />
drosac saxelmwifo intensiurad <strong>da</strong>iwyebs ~kvdomas~. <strong>da</strong>dgeba<br />
araklasobrivi komunisturi sazogadoebis epoqa. yvelanairi<br />
materialuri simdidre sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>va, xolo<br />
saqonlis warmoebis sanacvlod <strong>da</strong>iwyeba a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis realurad<br />
saWiro moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba. amis Semdeg<br />
xalxi TviTon gaxdeba sakuTari bedis gamgebeli <strong>da</strong> miecemaT<br />
saSualeba Tavisuflad ganaviTaron TavianTi SesaZleblobebi:<br />
~TiToeuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisufali ganviTareba, yvelasaTvis<br />
Tavisufali ganviTarebis piroba gaxdeba~.<br />
praqtikaSi marqsizmi mWidrod aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
sabWoTa komunizmis periodTan <strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi, ori sabWoTa<br />
lideris _ v.i. leninisa <strong>da</strong> i. stalinis moRvaweobasTan. XX sis<br />
ideologia marqsizm-leninizmad iwodeba <strong>da</strong> orTodoqsalur<br />
marqsizms warmoadgens im elementebis cvlilebebiT, romelic<br />
masSi leninma Seitana. ZiriTadi wvlili, romelic marqsizmSi<br />
46 47
leninma Seitana iyo revoluciuri <strong>Teoria</strong>. lenini iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom mudmivad burJuaziuli ideebisa <strong>da</strong> burJuaziuli<br />
crurwmenebis qveS myof proletariats ar SeeZlo gaeTviTcnobierebina<br />
Tavisi revoluciuri SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
Seswev<strong>da</strong> unari elementaruli ~trediunionis~ situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosuliyo,<br />
raTa gaeumjobesebina sakuTari Sromisa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis<br />
pirobebi. amitom ~muSaTa klasis avangar<strong>da</strong>d~ saWiro iyo revoluciuri<br />
partiis arseboba, romelic mecnieruli marqsizmiT<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> aRWurvili. es un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo axali tipis partia, ara<br />
masobrivi organizacia, aramed mcire, Sinaganad Sekruli profesionali<br />
revolucionerebis gundi. aseTi, ~muSaTa klasis avangarduli<br />
partiis~ meSveobiT movidnen 1917 wels bolSevikebi<br />
xelisuflebis saTaveSi. Tumca, Zalian male ~proletariatis<br />
diqtatura~ ~komunisturi partiis diqtaturad~ amotrial<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic sabWoTa erTpartiuli saxelmwifos ~mamoZravebel Zalad~<br />
iqca. 1930-iani wlebis stalinis ~meore revoluciam~ qveyana<br />
ufro Zlierad ga<strong>da</strong>atriala, vidre 1917 wlis revoluciam. sab-<br />
WoTa saxelmwifos Zirfesvianad Secvlis Semdeg stalinma Seqmna<br />
orTodoqsaluri komunizmis sistema, romelic 1945 wlis Semdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong>inerga aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTSi, Crd. koreasa <strong>da</strong><br />
kubaSi. ekonomikis pirveli xuTwledi <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1928 w. <strong>da</strong> ekonomikaSi<br />
kerZo seqtoris swrafi aRmofxvriT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. amas 1929 w.<br />
soflis meurneobis sruli koleqtivizacia mohyva. mTeli ekonomika<br />
saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>gegmarebis<br />
sistemas <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara.<br />
aseTive Rrma iyo qveyanaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebi. 1930—<br />
ani wlebis ganmavlobaSi stalinma ssrk-Si diqtatura <strong>da</strong>amyara.<br />
partiaSi aRmofxvra sityvis Tavisufleba, saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebi <strong>da</strong> samxedro mosamsaxureebi opoziciisagan gawmin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ssrk gax<strong>da</strong> totalitaruli saxelmwifo. represiebi <strong>da</strong> terori<br />
cxovrebis normad iqca. gorbaCoviseuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmna (1985-1991)<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavi <strong>da</strong>exsna dromoWmuli centralizebuli <strong>da</strong>gegmarebis<br />
sistemisagan. ze<strong>da</strong>pirze amoxeTqa Zalam, romelic didi<br />
xnis ganmavlobaSi Rrmad iyo Camaluli <strong>da</strong> romelmac gaamgzavra<br />
komunizmi l. trockis TqmiT ~istoriis sanagve yuTze~.<br />
marqsizmis bevrad rTulma <strong>da</strong> ~rafinirebulma~ formam<br />
Tanamedrove marqsizmis saxiT, gavrceleba pova <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi.<br />
Tanamedrove marqsistebma Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwies formulas _<br />
~bazisi _ zednaSeni~ <strong>da</strong> uari Tqves klasobrivi brZolis<br />
Sexedulebebze, rogorc socialuri analizis alfasa <strong>da</strong> ome-<br />
gaze. maT ideebs xan<strong>da</strong>xan neomarqsizmis kvalifikacias aniWeben.<br />
pirvelebi, vinc marqsizmi humanistur filosofiad warmoadgines,<br />
iyvnen ungreli marqsisti georg lukasi (1885-1971)<br />
<strong>da</strong> italieli antonio gramSi, romelic 1929-35 wlebSi Tavis<br />
~cixis rveulebSi~ wer<strong>da</strong>, rom kapitalizmi emyareba ara marto<br />
ekonomikur, aramed politikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul faqtorebsac.<br />
gramSma amas ~ideologiuri hegemonia~ uwo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mrqsizmis ufro aSkarad hegelianuri mimarTuleba ganaviTara<br />
franqfurtis sociologiurma skolam, romlis wamyvani<br />
liderebi iyvnen: Teodor adorno (1903-1969), marqs horkhaimeri<br />
(1895-1973) <strong>da</strong> herbert markuze. franqfurtelma Teoretikosebma<br />
ganaviTares ~kritikuli <strong>Teoria</strong>~, romelic hegelis filosofiis,<br />
marqsistuli ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> froidis fsiqologiis Sexamebas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ramac didi gavlena iqonia 1960-iani wlebis<br />
~axal memarjveneebze~.<br />
social-demokratia social-demokratia social-demokratia social-demokratia social-demokratia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mesame mesame mesame mesame mesame gza gza gza gza gza<br />
social-demokratias ar axasiaTebs is Teoriuli mTlianoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tanmimdevroba, rac axasiaTebs klasikur liberalizms an<br />
radikalur socializms. im dros, rodesac liberalizmi<br />
ideologiurad bazris, xolo socializmi sazogadoebrivi<br />
sakuTrebis momxrea, social-demokratia mudmivad eZebs wonasworobas<br />
bazarsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos, sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> individs<br />
Soris. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom social-demokratebisaTvis bazris<br />
aRiareba metad mtkivneuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, magram isini am mosazrebas<br />
xsnidnen ara ideologiuri, aramed pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
eleqtoratis moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze. mag. SeiZleba moviyvanoT<br />
reformistuli aqti, rodesac XX s.-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, germaniis<br />
social-demokratiulma partiam miiRo eduard bernSteinis<br />
revizionizmi. mogvianebiT, magdegburgis yrilobaze, 1959 wels<br />
germaniis social-demokratiulma partiam sabolood Tqva uari<br />
marqsizmze <strong>da</strong> SeiaraR<strong>da</strong> principiT: ~konkurencia sa<strong>da</strong>c saWiroa,<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>gegmareba sa<strong>da</strong>c aucilebelia~.<br />
social-demokratebis Tviseba iyo zrunva yvelaze susti,<br />
gandgomili fenis mimarT. magram am SemTxvevaSic ki ibadeba<br />
kiTxva: ramdenad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT isini sufTa socialistur<br />
tradiciebs. es ideebi saTaves Rebulobs farTo sainformacio<br />
wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n: TanagrZnobis humanuri eTiki<strong>da</strong>n, samyaro-<br />
48 49
saTvis individis mikuTvnebis socialisturi ideebisagan, Tanabari<br />
SesaZleblobebisa <strong>da</strong> pozitiuri Tavisuflebis liberaluri<br />
filosofiisagan <strong>da</strong>, bolos, konservatizmisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
paternalisturi wesebis <strong>da</strong>dgeniT. magram rogori<br />
zegavlenac ar un<strong>da</strong> moexdina maTze social-demokratias yvelaferi<br />
yovelTvis mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong> lozungiT ~saxelmwifos keTildReoba~,<br />
sazogadoebrivi saSualebebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
fenebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri samarTlianobis sasargeblod. yvelaferi<br />
es SesaZloa kargi iyo keinzianuri batonobis epoqaSi, magram<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdgom yvela <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, rom saxelmwifos<br />
ekonomikaSi farTod Carevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba kapitalizmis<br />
~humanizireba~, sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong> bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos<br />
zRvaris SenarCuneba mdidrebsa <strong>da</strong> Raribebs Soris. siRaribis<br />
SemcirebasTan erTad industriul qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
mkveTrma vardnam social-demokratia <strong>da</strong>ayena aucileblobis<br />
winaSe ga<strong>da</strong>exe<strong>da</strong>T TavianTi poziciebisaTvis.<br />
~mesame gza~ zusti terminia <strong>da</strong> bevri interpretacia gaaCnia.<br />
es imiT aixsneba, rom es moZraoba Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ideologiur tradiciebs. esenia: uaxlesi liberalizmi,<br />
~erTiani naciis~ konservatiuli principi <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
social-demokratia. ~mesame gzis~ koncefcia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qveynebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalebis mier iyo wamoweuli.<br />
aSS-Si ~axali demokratebisa~ <strong>da</strong> bil qlinTonis mier, britaneTSi<br />
~axali demokratebisa~ <strong>da</strong> toni bleris mier. agreTve<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Teoretikosebis mier germaniaSi, holandiaSi, italiasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> axal zelandiaSi. gansxvavebebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Camoyalibebul<br />
ideologiaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime saerTo Tema.<br />
pirveli, yvela sistemam, romelic agebulia principiT ~zemo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
_ qvemoT~ <strong>da</strong> romlebic odnav mainc emxroba saxelmwifos<br />
Carevas, gansakuTrebiT ki socialisturma sistemebma, sruliad<br />
amowures TavianTi SesaZleblobebi. meore, globalizaciis<br />
kval<strong>da</strong>kval kapitalizmi ganicdis transformirebas ~codnis<br />
ekonomikaSi~, romelic emyareba informaciul teqnologiebs,<br />
individualuri momzadebis waxalisebasa <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalis<br />
mobilurobas. neoliberalizmis sapirispirod ~mesame gzis~<br />
ideologia saxelmwifos cnobs sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel<br />
rogorc ekonomikur, ise socialur Zalad, im ganmartebiT, rom<br />
saxelmwifos movaleobaa xeli Seuwyos nacionaluri ekonomikis<br />
saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobas ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />
momzadebis gziT, aseve Seakavos globaluri sabazro sti-<br />
qiuroba adgilobrivi kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis meSveobiT. am kuTxiT ~mesame gzis~<br />
politika warmoCindeba rogorc liberaluri komunitarizmis<br />
saxesxvaoba, romelic ~axali individualizmis~ deklarirebisas,<br />
saWiroebs balanss, erTi mxriv, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mewarmeobas Soris, meore mxriv, sazogadoebriv valdebulebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> moraluri pasuxismgeblobas Soris. <strong>da</strong> bolos, kidev erTi<br />
Tviseba ~mesame gzis~ ideologiisa, romelic uaryofs yvelanair<br />
evalitarizms, Tanabari SesaZleblobebis principis deklarirebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> meritokracias _ am orientaciis <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweebi<br />
reformebis aucileblobas xe<strong>da</strong>ven ara imisTvis, rom<br />
mudmivad, ~akvni<strong>da</strong>n samaremde~ uzrunvelyon xalxi, aramed `xeli<br />
Seuwyon a<strong>da</strong>mians, raTa a<strong>da</strong>miani TviTon <strong>da</strong>exmaros Tavs~, iqneba<br />
es SeRavaTebi Tu stipendia ganaTlebisTvis; uzrunvelyos is<br />
kategoria, romlebic TviTon arian <strong>da</strong>interesebulni saqmianobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedi aqvT. am ideologias<br />
kritikosebic gamouCn<strong>da</strong>, miuTiTebdnen ra, rom aseTi midgoma<br />
sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia <strong>da</strong> maTi ga<strong>da</strong>Wra praqtikulad rTuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> SeuZlebelic kia.<br />
sxva sxva sxva sxva sxva ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri tradiciebi<br />
tradiciebi<br />
tradiciebi<br />
tradiciebi<br />
tradiciebi<br />
faSizmi faSizmi faSizmi faSizmi faSizmi<br />
liberalizmi, konservatizmi <strong>da</strong> socializmi saTavis XIX<br />
s-Si iRebs, xolo faSizmi XX s-is pirmSoa. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
igi or msoflio oms Sors periodSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. faSisturi<br />
ideologiis zogierTi elementi XIX s-is bolos gamovlin<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram saboloo saxe am idebs pirvelma msoflio omma <strong>da</strong><br />
misma Sedegebma, kerZod, pirveli msoflio omisa <strong>da</strong> revoluciis<br />
nazavma misca. am moZraobis ori ZiriTadi pirmSoa: musolinis<br />
faSisturi diqtatura italiaSi 1922-43 w.w. <strong>da</strong> hitleris<br />
nacisturi diqtatura germaniaSi 1933-45 w.w. calkeuli neofa-<br />
Sisturi <strong>da</strong> neonacisturi recidivebi SeimCneo<strong>da</strong> XX s-is<br />
bolos, romelic ekonomikurma krizisma <strong>da</strong> politikurma arastabilurobam<br />
gamoiwvia.<br />
Tavis droze, garkveuli azriT, faSizmi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc protesti im faseulobaTa <strong>da</strong> ideaTa sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>monirdeba safrangeTis revoluciis droi<strong>da</strong>n. racionalizmi,<br />
progresi, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba _ yvelaferi es<br />
50 51
uaryofili iyo hegemoniis, beladizmis, Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> omis<br />
saxeliT. amitom faSizmSi mkveTrad figurirebs Zlieri ~anti~,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d iq, rac misTvis miuRebelia. faSizmi antikomunizmis,<br />
antikapitalizmis, antiliberalizmis, antiindividualizmis<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S. saxesxvaobaa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, SeiZleba gamovyoT<br />
centraluri Tema _ erTiani naciis organuli suraTi. individi<br />
am SemTxvevaSi arafers ar niSnavs, is aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />
Seerwyas koleqtivs, jgufs an kavSirebs. faSisturi idealia _<br />
~axali a<strong>da</strong>miani~. es aris pasuxismgeblobis, movaleobis, Rirsebis<br />
grZnobiT aRsavse gmiri, romelic mzad aris fiureris erTi<br />
sityvis gamo sicocxle gawiros erisa <strong>da</strong> naciis didebisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, moZarobis SigniT iyo gansxvavebebic. italiuri<br />
faSizmi miiswrafo<strong>da</strong> etatizmis ukiduresi formisaken. rogorc<br />
faSizmis filosofosma jentilem (1875-1944) aRniSna: ~yvelaferi<br />
saxelmwifosTvis, araferi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. araferi<br />
saxelmwifos gareT~. germaniis nacional-socializmi ki eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong><br />
rasizm-semitizms, ebraeloba gamocxadebuli iyo<br />
borotebad <strong>da</strong> aRmofxvras eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
anarqizmi<br />
anarqizmi<br />
anarqizmi<br />
anarqizmi<br />
anarqizmi<br />
politikur ideologiebs Soris anarqia unikaluria _<br />
arc erT anarqiul partias arsad <strong>da</strong> arasdros ar miuRwevia<br />
ZalauflebisaTvis. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, anarqizmi sakmaod gavleniani<br />
moZraoba iyo. espaneTSi, safrangeTSi, ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> meqsika-<br />
Si XX s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisamde, anarqias, rogorc ideologias dResac<br />
Tavisi adgili ukavia politikur diskusiebSi; rogorc anti-<br />
Tezas im tradiciuli mrwamsis mimarT, rom sazogadoeba ar<br />
arsebobs kanonis, xelisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos gareSe. anarqizmis<br />
mTavari ideaa <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalebis miuRebloba yvela<br />
mis gamovlinebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, saxelmwifos saxiT. anarqistebi<br />
mxars uWeren sazogadoebas saxelmwifos gareSe, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
xalxi TviTon moagvarebs yvela problemas, Tavisuflad SeTanxmdebian<br />
<strong>da</strong> iTanamSromleben erTmaneTTan. sainteresoa, rom<br />
es ideologia Tavis droze viTardebo<strong>da</strong> ori mowinaaRmdege<br />
tradiciis _ liberaluri individualizmisa <strong>da</strong> socialisturi<br />
komunitarizmis zegavleniT. amitom anarqizmi warmoadgens<br />
raRac saSualos liberalizmsa <strong>da</strong> socializms Soris _<br />
~ultraliberalizmisa~ <strong>da</strong> ~ultrasocializmis~ erTianobas.<br />
feminizmi<br />
feminizmi<br />
feminizmi<br />
feminizmi<br />
feminizmi<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom feminizmze saubrebi jer kidev<br />
Zvel CineTSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, am sferoSi aranairi<br />
Teoriebi ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> sanam 1792 w. ar gamoCn<strong>da</strong> meri volstounkraftis<br />
wigni ~qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva~. ufro farTo<br />
auditoria feminizmma moizi<strong>da</strong> 1840-50-ian wlebSi, rodesac<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo sufrakistebis moZraoba, romel-<br />
Ta mizani iyo qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebebis miniWeba. es<br />
iyo e.w. ~feminizmis pirveli talRa~. mas Semdeg, rac XX s-is<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis umetes qveynebSi qalebs rogorc iqna<br />
mianiWes amomrCevlis uflebebi, moZraoba garkveuli drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi naTeli miznisa <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi principis gareSe<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa. 1960-ian wlebSi agor<strong>da</strong> feminizmis ~meore talRa~.<br />
masSi aisaxa qalTa <strong>politikuri</strong> emansipaciis radikaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
im droisaTvis ufro revoluciuri moTxovnebi. dRes Cven<br />
vxvdebiT uamrav feministur Teoriebsa <strong>da</strong> ideebs. maTSi Sei-<br />
Zleba gamovyoT maTi gamaerTianebeli survili _ gaaZlieros<br />
qalis roli sazogadoebaSi. feminizms wiTel zolad gasdevs<br />
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebas axasiaTebs sqesTa Soris<br />
princi puli uTanasworoba, rom gabatonebuli sistema kacisa<br />
qalze aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ga<strong>da</strong>laxuli.<br />
gamoyofen sam gansxvavebul feministuri tradicias:<br />
liberaluri orientaciis feminizmi, romelic warmodgenilia<br />
iseTi saxelebiT, rogorebic arian meri volstounkrafti <strong>da</strong><br />
beti frideni. isini problemas ganixilavdnen im kuTxiT, rom<br />
sazogadoeba qals imaze bevrad nakelb uflebebsa <strong>da</strong> saSualebebs<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong>, vidre mamakacs. Tanabari uflebebisaTvis<br />
brZolam reformistuli xasiaTi miiRo. saubaria ~saxalxo<br />
sferos~ mTlian reformaze, raTa amaRldes qalis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi statusi, mieces mas ganaTlebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
karieris gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. feminizmis socialisturi<br />
saubrebis ZiriTadi Tema iyo qalis roli kapitalisturi<br />
warmoebis sistemis CaorCoebSi. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom qali<br />
ojaxis saqmianobas aris mijaWvuli, riTac igi aTavisuflebs<br />
mamakacs saojaxo meurneobis uRlisagan. amasTan erTad, qalebi<br />
zrdian muSaxelis momaval Taobas kapitalisturi fabrikebisaTvis,<br />
romelic Tavisi arsiT Sromis sarezervo armiaa.<br />
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani ~feminizmis meore talRa-<br />
Si~ feministuri kritikis aRmocenebaa, romelic aranairad ar<br />
52 53
aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli Cveulebriv ideologiasTan. radikaluri<br />
feminizmis moZRvreba <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia, rom sqesobrivi sxvaoba<br />
bevrad ufro Rrmaa <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> mniSvnelobiT sazogadoebis<br />
wyalgamyofi. mTeli sazogadoeba _ axali <strong>da</strong> Zveli _ am<br />
xedviT patriarqaluria. qeiT miletis (1969) TqmiT: es sistema<br />
~samyaros erT nawils _ kacebs saSualebas aZlebs akontrolon<br />
meore nawili _ qalebi~. radikaluri feminizmi seqsualuri<br />
revoluciis aucileblobis momxrea, romelic yvelafer-<br />
Tan erTad Secvlis ara marto politikur, aramed piradul,<br />
ojaxur cxovrebas. misi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli lozungia _ ~piraduli<br />
aris <strong>politikuri</strong>~. marTalia, saqme ar <strong>da</strong>dis iqamde, rom<br />
mamakacSi ~mteri <strong>da</strong>inaxo~. mxolod mis ukidures formebSi<br />
radikaluri feminizmis mouwodebs qalebs <strong>da</strong>Sordnen mamakac-<br />
Ta sazogadoebas.<br />
ideologiis ideologiis ideologiis ideologiis ideologiis momavali momavali momavali momavali momavali<br />
XX s. <strong>da</strong>sasruls bevrs saubrobdnen imaze, rom ideologiebi<br />
gamoifitnen an ukidures SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>karges TavianTi<br />
pirveladi mniSvneloba. 1950-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo, mas Semdeg,<br />
rac II msoflio omSi faSizmi <strong>da</strong>mnarcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo komunisturi krizisi. <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
diskusiebi ~ideologiis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis~ Sesaxeb. deniel belma<br />
Tavis naSromSi _ ~ideologiis <strong>da</strong>sasruli? <strong>politikuri</strong> ideebis<br />
gamofitva 1950-ian wlebSi~ _ ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom kacobriobam<br />
absoluturad amowura <strong>politikuri</strong> ideebis maragi. belis<br />
mixedviT, ekonomikam politikaze gaimarjva. magram dReisTvis<br />
irkveva, rom momenti, romelzec beli wer<strong>da</strong>, sinamdvielSi iyo<br />
ara ideologiis <strong>da</strong>sasruli, aramed ideologiuri konsensusis<br />
farTo gamovlineba wamyvan politikur partiebs Soris. aman<br />
gamoiwvia <strong>politikuri</strong> debatebis droebiT Sewyveta, mizezi<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> ~kapitalizmis sayovelTao keTildReobis~ keinziseuli<br />
msjelobebis warmateba. diskusia ganaaxla fresis fukuiamam<br />
Tavis naSromSi ~istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli~. fukuiama ar<br />
amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> imas, rom politikurma ideologiam sruliad <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
mniSvneloba. igi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom liberalurma demokratiam<br />
ajoba yvela mowinaaRmdeges <strong>da</strong> es gamarjveba sabolooa. esse<br />
aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis kraxis fonze iwerebo<strong>da</strong> am<br />
movlenebSi, fukuiamam marqsizm-leninizmis ideologiis <strong>da</strong>sas-<br />
ruli SeniSna. magram es problemis erT<strong>da</strong>erTi xedva ar aris.<br />
mag. entoni gidesi (1994) amtkicebs, rom globalizaciis epoqa-<br />
Si tradiciebis <strong>da</strong>cemisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri refleqsurobis ga-<br />
Zlierebisas yevla ideologia zedmetia. kidev erT midgomas<br />
gvTavazobs postmodernizmi, amtkicebs ra, rom yevla ideologia<br />
Tavisi arsiT aris modernizaciis produqti, romelic<br />
dRes <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. aqve un<strong>da</strong> gaviazroT, rom ideologiis, istoriis<br />
an<strong>da</strong> modernizaciis eris <strong>da</strong>sasrulis mtkiceba, TavisTavad<br />
ideologizirebulia. maT ar SeuZliaT <strong>da</strong>amtkicon, rom<br />
movi<strong>da</strong> ideologiis <strong>da</strong>sasruli. amis magivrad isini amtkiceben,<br />
rom diskusia ideologiaze bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> realuria, xolo<br />
ideologiuri azris moZraoba usasrulo procesia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
ideilogia politikur <strong>Teoria</strong>s politikur praqtikasTan<br />
akavSirebs. igi winaaRmdegobrivi <strong>politikuri</strong> terminia, romelic<br />
garkveuli <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofiuri kategoriacaa. ideologia<br />
aris msoflmxedvelobrivi Rirebulebebis erTgvari krebuli, Tumca<br />
meore mxriv <strong>politikuri</strong> moZraobis formasac iZens <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
liderebis, partiebisa <strong>da</strong> jgufebis qmedebebSi vlindeba.<br />
ideoligiebis sistemur xasiaTs atareben, maT sakuTari<br />
principebi <strong>da</strong> ideebi aqvT. Tumca maTi sistemuroba <strong>da</strong> urTierTkavSiri<br />
mxolod fardobiTia, radgan yoveli ideologia<br />
sakuTar TavSi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul tradiciebsa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebsac<br />
moicavs.<br />
ideologiaTa mniSvneloba drois mixedviT icvleba,<br />
anu imis Sesabamisad Tu ramdenad miesa<strong>da</strong>geba igi arsebul<br />
politikur, socialur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur viTarebas.<br />
ideologiur <strong>da</strong>sasrulde dResac ar wydeba kamaTi. XX<br />
saukuneSi faSizmisa <strong>da</strong> komunizmis <strong>da</strong>amarcxebam xeli Seuwyo<br />
mosazrebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, rom ideologiurma <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam<br />
adgili un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uTmos ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTsargeblianobis<br />
princips. Tumca male gamoCn<strong>da</strong> frensis<br />
fukuiamas `istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli <strong>da</strong> ukanaskneli a<strong>da</strong>miani~,<br />
romelis liberaluri demokratiis planetis masStabiT gamarjvebas<br />
gvauwyeb<strong>da</strong>. postmodernizmi ki yovelgvari ideologiisadmi<br />
yavlgasulobaze saubrobs. ase rom, kvlavac dro<br />
gviCvenebs am SexedulebaTa avkargianobas.<br />
54 55
Tavi Tavi IV<br />
IV<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratiis demokratiis demokratiis demokratiis demokratiis gansazRvreba gansazRvreba gansazRvreba gansazRvreba gansazRvreba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> modelebi<br />
modelebi<br />
modelebi<br />
modelebi<br />
modelebi<br />
`demokratiis~ gageba CvenTan Zveli saberZneTi<strong>da</strong>n movi<strong>da</strong>,<br />
im sityvebis msgavsad, romlebic `kratia~-ze mTavrdeba (avtokratia,<br />
aristokratia, biurokratia). termini `demokratia~ <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia<br />
berZnul sityvaze `kratia~, rac mmarTvelobas, xelisuflebas<br />
niSnavs. `demokratia~ ki, Sesabamisad, _ `demosis Zalauflebas~<br />
(demosi niSnavs `xalxs~, Tumca berZnebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad ase<br />
uwodebdnen `siRaribes~ an `masas~). es cneba `xalxis mmarTveloba~<br />
dRes cota rames Tu gveubneba. saqme imaSia, rom demokratiis<br />
problema TviTon am terminis gavrcelebadoba gax<strong>da</strong>, romelic<br />
xan<strong>da</strong>xan uSlis kidevac xels demokratiis rogorc seriozuli<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> koncefciis gagebas. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c demokratia dResdReisobiT<br />
`karg ramed~ iTvleba, is ukve mWidrod <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
iseT sityvaTa leqsikonSi, romelic mniSvnelovnad udris xmama-<br />
Ral `vaSas~ gansazRvruli ideebis kompleqsis an Zalauflebis<br />
koncefciis mosamarTiT. rogorc bernard kriki (1993 w) aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`demokratia sazogadoebrivi politikis leqsikonSi Sesa-<br />
Zloa erT-erTi yvelaze arasando sityva iyos~.<br />
problemis analizi yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>viwyoT<br />
abraam linkolnis moxsenebiT, romelic 1864 wels getisberg-<br />
Si amerikis samoqalaqo omis dros warmoTqva. igi saubrob<strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiaze, rogorc `xalxis mmarTvelobaze xalxi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
xalxisaTvis~.<br />
am sityvebi<strong>da</strong>n naTelia, rom demokratia akavSirebs<br />
mTavrobas xalxTan, magram TviTon es kavSiri SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT: sakuTriv rogorc xalxis xalxis Zalaufleba;<br />
rogorc Zalaufleba maTi, vincvinc gamovi<strong>da</strong> gamovi<strong>da</strong> gamovi<strong>da</strong> xalxxalx-<br />
i<strong>da</strong>n i<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> rogorc mmarTveloba xalxis xalxis interesebisaTvis.<br />
interesebisaTvis.<br />
is, Tu rogor gavigoT es komponentebi, yovelTvis iyo<br />
yvelaze cxeli <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri diskusiebis<br />
sagani. saqmis arsi Tavs iyris Semdeg 3 kiTxvasTan:<br />
• ra aris xalxi?<br />
• saxeldobr rogori azria Cadebuli xalxis mmarTvelobaSi?<br />
• ramdenad Sors SeuZlia <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gavrceldes xalxis<br />
Zalaufleba?<br />
demokratiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
Tanabrobis principi, idea imaze, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba<br />
rac SeiZleba farTod <strong>da</strong> Tanabrad ga<strong>da</strong>nawildes. magram sakiTxi<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rogor socialur doneze <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />
socialur CarCoSi un<strong>da</strong> gavrceldes igi. sxva sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, vin Sedis cneba `xalxi~-s SemadgenlobaSi? erTi SexedviT<br />
pasuxi naTelia: `demos~-Si an `xalxSi~ un<strong>da</strong> vigulisxmoT<br />
yvela a<strong>da</strong>miani anu qveynis yvela macxovrebeli, Tumca<br />
praqtikulad yvela demokratiuli sistema zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
monawileobas <strong>da</strong> amave dros Zalian mkacrad.<br />
Zveli berZeni avtorebi demosSi moiazrebdnen, umravlesobas<br />
_ Raribebs, romlebic moklebulni iyvnen yovelgvar<br />
sakuTrebas. amitom aq sityva `demokratia~ gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> Tanabrobis ideas, aramed <strong>politikuri</strong> balansis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRvevas Raribebis sasargeblod. berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis<br />
mcire nawiliT _ 20 wels ga<strong>da</strong>cilebuli mamakacebiT.<br />
gamoiricxebodnen qalebi, monebi <strong>da</strong> ucxoelebi. <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
qveynebis umetesobaSi SemdgomSic arsebob<strong>da</strong> amomrCevelTa uflebebis<br />
mkacri SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT qonebrivi cenziT an<br />
qalTa diskriminaciiT. did britaneTSi amomrCevelTa ufleba<br />
sayovelTao mxolod 1928 wli<strong>da</strong>n gax<strong>da</strong>, roca amomrCevlis yuT-<br />
Tan qalebi <strong>da</strong>uSves. aSS-Si amas miaRwies 1960 w-<strong>da</strong>n; maSin bevr<br />
samxreT StatSi afroamerikelebi pirvelad <strong>da</strong>uSves arCevnebze.<br />
SveicariaSi qalebma arCevnebis ufleba miiRes 1971 wli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Sinagani<br />
uTanxmoeba, praqtikaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> xalxis sxvagvari definicia,<br />
rogorc sazogadoebis umravlesobisa. xalxi SeiZleba gavigoT<br />
aseve, rogorc Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> Tanaswori individebis erToblioba,<br />
romelTagan TiToeul maTgans aqvs ufleba miiRos sakuTari<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. Sexedulebis es bolo Tvalsazrisi ara marto<br />
aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba maJoritarizmis maJoritarizmis nebismier formas, aramed<br />
gulisxmobs, rom sabooloo jamSi erTxmad miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
sayovelTaod aucilebelia demosisTvis, rac radikalurad<br />
zRu<strong>da</strong>vs demokratiuli princi pebis gamoyenebas.<br />
demokratiis umTavresi koncefciebi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia princi<br />
pze: `mTavroba xalxisagan~. is niSnavs, rom xalxi mniSvnelovani<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebaSi monawileobiT arsebi-<br />
Tad marTavs Tavis Tavs <strong>da</strong> sakuTar <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis beds<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
56 57
magram am monawileobas aqvs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebi. Tu<br />
Cven vsaubrobT pir<strong>da</strong>pir demokratiaze, maSin xalxis monawileobaSi<br />
igulisxmeba uSualo <strong>da</strong> ganuwyveteli monawileoba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebaSi referendumis meSveobiT, masobrivi<br />
SekrebebiT. demokratiuli monawileobis alternatiuli <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro Cveulebrivi forma aris <strong>politikuri</strong> arCevnebi. aq Cndeba<br />
e.w. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Tviseba,<br />
roca moqalaqeebi irCeven maT, vinc miiRebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />
maTi saxeliT. xmis micemis demokratiuli xasiaTi erTis<br />
mxriv iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom sazogadoebam `moisrolos<br />
naZiralebi~ <strong>da</strong> amgvarad uzrunvelyos politikosebis<br />
angariSgeba sazogadoebisadmi.<br />
arsebobs demokratiis iseTi modelebic, romlebic efuZneba<br />
princips: `mTavroba xalxisaTvis~. aq xalxs utoveben pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
an iribad <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis mcire SesaZleblobas.<br />
yvelaze groteskuli magaliTia e.w. totalitaruli<br />
demokratiebi, formirebuli iseTi faSisturi diqtaturis dros,<br />
rogoric iyo musolinis <strong>da</strong> hitleris reJimebi. maTi swrafva<br />
`demokratiulobaze~ efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> im ideas, rom mxolod liders<br />
SeeZlo xalxis namdvili interesis gamoxatva. aseT SemTxveva-<br />
Si gamodis, rom `WeSmariti demokratia~ SeiZleba mxolod absoluturi<br />
diqtaturis dros. am dros `xalxis xelisufleba~<br />
gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> yovlisSemZle beladisadmi Tavmoxris ritual-<br />
Si yrilobebis saxiT, marSebiT, e.w. sazeimo koncertebiT, SouebiT,<br />
piar-aqciebiT, demonstraciebiT <strong>da</strong> a.S. zogjer amas warmoadgendnen<br />
rogorc plebicistur demokratias, Tumca totalitarul<br />
demokratiaSi yvela Cveulebrivi gageba demokratiul<br />
mmarTvelobaze Tav<strong>da</strong>yira dgas, isini axdenen erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
momentis ilustracias, saxeldobr, `mmarTveloba uSualod<br />
xalxis meSveobiT~ (sazogadoebis aqtiuri <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobiT)<br />
<strong>da</strong> `mmarTveloba xalxisaTvis~ (mmarTveloba xalxis<br />
interesebisaTvis) Soris SeiZleba iyos uSvelebeli distancia.<br />
amitom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis momxreebi<br />
yovelTvis miiswrafian sazogadoebis monawileoba politika-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong>iyvanon xmis ubralo micemaze, imis SiSiT, rom TviTon<br />
sazogadoebas SeuZlia ar eyos Wkua, gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba,<br />
raTa TviTon ganaxorcielos mmarTveloba.<br />
roca gavarkvieT ra aris xalxi <strong>da</strong> rogor un<strong>da</strong> mar-<br />
Tavdes igi, aucilebelia ganvixiloT sakiTxi: ramdenad far-<br />
Tod un<strong>da</strong> vrceldebodes misi mmarTveloba? rogoria sazRvre-<br />
bi `demokratiis samyarosi?~ rogori sakiTxebi un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos<br />
xalxma <strong>da</strong> rogori _ calkeulma moqalaqeebma? liberalur<br />
individualizmze aSenebuli demokratiis modelebi<br />
politikis viwro gagebiT Cveulebriv gulisxmobs demokratiuli<br />
sferoebis SezRudvas politikiT. politikiT am pozicii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
demokratiis mizania <strong>da</strong>amkvidros raRac saerTo kanonebis<br />
krebuli, romlis CarCoebSic individebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba<br />
maqsimalurad Tavisuflad ganaxorcielon piradi interesebi.<br />
arsebobs sxva saxis Sexeduleba demokratiaze, mag: socialistebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> radikal-demokratebis Teoriebi radikaluri<br />
demokratiis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aqvT sawyisi<br />
ufleba miiRon monawileoba nebismieri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebaSi, romlebic maT cxovrebas exeba. demokratiaSi aq igulisxmeba<br />
koleqtiuri procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvelafer<br />
amas. sakuTrebis gansazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> muSaTa TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
Semotana gaigeba rogorc ekonomikuri cxovrebis<br />
demokratizaciis saSualeba.<br />
amrigad, <strong>politikuri</strong> demokratiis magivrad socialistebi<br />
mouwodebdnen `sazogadoebrivi demokratiisaken~ an<br />
`sawarmoo demokratiisaken~.<br />
feminizmis warmomadgenlebic aseve moiTxoven ojaxuri<br />
cxovrebis demokratizacias, romelic gagebulia, rogorc<br />
sayovelTao monawileobis ufleba ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> piradi cxovrebisas<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi.<br />
demokratiis ukanaskneli gageba konkretizirdeba <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
epiTetiT `liberaluri~. Tumca sinamdvileSi arsebobs<br />
demokratiis ramdenime konkurentuli <strong>Teoria</strong> an modeli,<br />
romelTagan TiToeuli maTgani gvTavazobs saxalxo xelisuflebis<br />
sakuTar versias. es cxadyofs aramarto demokratiuli<br />
formebisa <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebis mravalsaxeobas, aramed logikuri<br />
safuZvlebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobas, romelze<strong>da</strong>c SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>fuZndes<br />
demokratiuli ideebi. iseT gavrcelebul terminzec ki, rogoricaa<br />
`liberaluri demokratia~, sinamdvileSi arsebobs sruliad<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong> urTierTsapirispiro poziciebi. saerTod, Sei-<br />
Zleba gamoiyos demokratiis 4 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva modeli:<br />
• klasikuri demokratia<br />
• proteqciuli demokratia<br />
• ganviTarebis demokratia<br />
• saxalxo demokratia<br />
58 59
klasikuri klasikuri klasikuri klasikuri klasikuri demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratiis klasikuri modeli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
polisTan (Zv. berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifo), xelisuflebis im<br />
sistemasTan, romelmac miiRo ganviTareba saberZneTis udides<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelaze Zlier qalaq-saxelmwifoSi _ aTenSi. pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
demokratiis forma, romelic arsebob<strong>da</strong> aTenSi Cv.w.aR.-mde VI-<br />
V s.s., xSirad gaigeba, rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis er-<br />
TaderTi idealuri sistema. am modelma gavlena moaxdina<br />
ufro gviandel moazrovneebze, rogoric iyo ruso <strong>da</strong> marqsi.<br />
aTenis demokratia Tavis TavSi moicav<strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri saxalxo<br />
xelisuflebis specifikur saxes, romelsac Tanamedrove msoflioSi<br />
Zalian SezRudulad gamoiyeneba. demokratia aTenSi<br />
gaigivebuli iyo mmarTvelobasTan saxalxo krebis meSveobiT.<br />
yvela ZiriTad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas iReb<strong>da</strong> kreba, romelSic yvela<br />
moqalaqe Sedio<strong>da</strong>. igi ikribebo<strong>da</strong> aranakleb 40-jer weliwad-<br />
Si. Tanamdebobebi, rogoroc wesi, gaTvlili iyo xanmokle<br />
droze. saxalxo krebis aRmasrulebel organos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
didi sabWo, romelSic Sedio<strong>da</strong> 500 moqalaqe, agreTve arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
50 moqalaqis kolegia, romelic wina<strong>da</strong>debas awvdi<strong>da</strong> did<br />
sabWos. kolegiis Tavmjdomare asruleb<strong>da</strong> am movaleobas mxolod<br />
erT dRes <strong>da</strong> am mniSvnelovani sapatio adgilis <strong>da</strong>kaveba<br />
SeeZlo mxolod erTxel cxovrebaSi. erTaderTi gamonaklisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iSvebo<strong>da</strong> 10 samxedro sardlisaTvis.<br />
aTenis demokratiis mniSvnelovani niSani iyo moqalaqe-<br />
Ta <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis done. isini ara marto monawileobdnen<br />
regularul SexvedrebSi, aramed umravlesoba mzad iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>ekavebina nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, Tumca am demokratias<br />
hyav<strong>da</strong> Tavisi kritikosebic. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT<br />
gavleniani iyo filosofosi platoni. is akritikeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
Tanabrobis princips. naSromSi `respublika~ problemis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas is xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> imaSi, rom Zalaufleba ga<strong>da</strong>scemo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
mefe-filosofosebs. aTenis demokratiis mTavari nakli<br />
iyo is, rom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi mosaxleobis zogierTi<br />
kategoria ar monawileob<strong>da</strong>. monawileobis ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />
mxolod aTenSi <strong>da</strong>badebul mamakacebs 20 wlis zeviT. monebs<br />
(mosaxleobis umetesoba), qalebs <strong>da</strong> ucxoelebs ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />
araviTari <strong>politikuri</strong> ufleba. gasagebia, rom aTenelebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />
SesaZlebloba mieZRvnaT mTeli dro politikisTvis imis<br />
wyalobiT, rom monaTmflobeloba aTavisufleb<strong>da</strong> maT ramde-<br />
nadme <strong>da</strong>Zabuli movaleobebisagan. am azriT aTenuri polisi<br />
Tavis TavSi moicav<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli idealebis sruliad sapirispiro<br />
models. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa politikur cxovrebaSi<br />
xalxis pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> ganuwyveteli monawileobis klasikurma<br />
modelma gamoyeneba hpova ufro mogvianebiTac. igi devs referendumis<br />
safuZvelSi, gansakuTrebiT konstituciur sakiTxebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong> axali demokratiuli gamocdilebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis<br />
dro. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT saxalxo<br />
TaTbiri <strong>da</strong> eleqtronuli demokratia.<br />
proteqtoraluri proteqtoraluri proteqtoraluri proteqtoraluri proteqtoraluri demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
aRorZinebis periodSi XVII-XVIII s.s. demokratiuli<br />
ideebi Zlier gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> Zv. berZnuli klasikuri demokratiisgan.<br />
demokratias ganmartavdnen ara rogorc politikur<br />
cxovrebaSi sazogadoebis monawileobis meqanizms, aramed rogorc<br />
saSualebas, romliTac xalxs SeeZlo SemoesazRvra Tavi TavianT<br />
cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevisagan. aqe<strong>da</strong>naa saxelwodeba<br />
`proteqtoruli demokratia~. demokratiis aseTi gageba <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
iyo adreuli liberaluri moazrovneebisaTvis.<br />
SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi mmarTvelobisadmi SiSis gamo, jon loki<br />
XVIII s. amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom xmis <strong>politikuri</strong> ufleba momdinareobs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebrivi uflebisagan, kerZod, sakuTrebis uflebisagan.<br />
Tanamedrove gagebiT TviTon loks Znelad SeiZleba<br />
ewodos demokrati, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom xmis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
ufleba un<strong>da</strong> hqondes mxolod sakuTrebis mflobelebs,<br />
radgan mxolod isini floben im bunebriv uflebas, romelsac<br />
SeuZlia SezRudos saxelmwifo mmarTveloba. ufro radikaluri<br />
gageba sayovelTao arCevnebis Taobaze hqon<strong>da</strong>T XVIII s. utilitarizmis<br />
iseT Teoretikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen ieremia bentani<br />
<strong>da</strong> jeims mili (1773-1836 ww).<br />
utilitarizmi demokratiis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebaSi eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong><br />
individualuri interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvis an mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris aucileblobas.<br />
demokratiis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebas individis <strong>da</strong>cvis principze<br />
aqvs mniSvnelovani, magram ara ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba. proteqtoraluri<br />
koncefcia mainc Tavis TavSi moicavs SezRudul<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara pir<strong>da</strong>piri demokratiis formas. es upirvelesad <strong>da</strong><br />
umTavresad konstituciuri demokratiis sistemaa, funqcion-<br />
60 61
irebadi gansazRvruli formebiT <strong>da</strong> araformaluri uflebiT,<br />
uzrunvelyofili Zalauflebis gayofiT aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo<br />
<strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo xelisuflebad, agreTve uflebiT<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mainis ZiriTadi uzrunvelyofili _ sityvis uflebiT, ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />
TavisuflebiTa <strong>da</strong> TviTnebobisagan <strong>da</strong>cviT.<br />
proteqtoruli demokratia orientirebulia moqalaqeTaTvis<br />
rac SeiZleba ufro farTo SesaZleblobebis<br />
micemaze, raTa man icxovros ise, rogorc un<strong>da</strong>. TvalnaTelia,<br />
rom is <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia Tavisufali kapitalizmis principTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> koncefciasTan, rom swored individi un<strong>da</strong> aRiWurvos maqsimaluri<br />
pasuxismgeblobiT Tavis ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
mdgomareobaze.<br />
ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratiis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli <strong>Teoria</strong> ufro metad pirovnebis<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong> interesebis <strong>da</strong>cviT iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli, magram<br />
male masSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> arsebiTad axali aqcenti _ sazogadoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. am WrilSi aRmocenebuli<br />
axali koncefciebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT models, romelsac<br />
ganviTarebis demokratia hqvia. yvelaze Tamami midgoma am<br />
sferoSi Tavisi droisTvis wamoayena Jan-Jak rusom. bevri<br />
TvalsazrisiT rusos ideebma, romlebic ga<strong>da</strong>WriT uaryofdnen<br />
demokratiis liberaluri koncefciis batonobas, momavalSi<br />
gavlena moaxdines rogorc marqsistul, ise anarqistul<br />
tradiciebze, ufro mogvianebiT _ `axal memarcxeneebze~.<br />
rusosTvis demokratia iyo saSualeba, romlis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiTac<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi moipovebdnen Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas.<br />
ruso gamodio<strong>da</strong> demokratiis gagebis im CarCo<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelsac <strong>da</strong>hyavs igi arCevnebamde <strong>da</strong> win swev<strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
demokratiis ideas, romelic Zalian radikaluri iyo Tavisi<br />
droisaTvis. misi TeoriiT moqalaqeebi `Tavisuflebi arian<br />
mxolod maSin, roca isini TviTon pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> ganuwyvetliv<br />
monawileoben sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi~. SemTxveviTi araa,<br />
rom man mogvca mkacri kritika arCevnebis im sistemisadmi,<br />
romelic did britaneTSi iyo. `sazogadoebriv xelSekruleba~-Si<br />
(1762).<br />
rusos <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>da</strong>exmara Tanamedrove ideis formirebas,<br />
romliTac 1960-70-ian wlebSi gamovidnen `axali memarcxeneebi~.<br />
saqme exeba `monawileobis sazogadoebas~, _ sazogadoebas, romelSic<br />
Teoriulad moqalaqes eqneba sruli Tavisufleba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebaSi monawileobis dros. amas ver mivaRwevT mTavari<br />
sazogadoebrivi institutebis _ ojaxis, samuSao adgilisa <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivi sazogadoebis, aseve <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis _<br />
partiis, interesTa jgufis, sakanonmdeblo organoebis Riaobis,<br />
angariSgebisa <strong>da</strong> decentralizaciis gareSe.<br />
am modelis safuZvlad devs koncefcia `<strong>da</strong>bali~ demokratiis<br />
an rogorc mas uwodebdnen `balaxis fesvebis demokratiis~<br />
koncefcia. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> amovides Zalian <strong>da</strong>bali doni<strong>da</strong>n maRla.<br />
ganviTarebadi demokratiis koncefciis ufro zomieri<br />
varianti, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli warmomadgenlobiTi mTavrobis liberalur<br />
modelTan, Camoyalibebulia jon stuard midis mier.<br />
demokratiis mTavar Rirsebad midi ganixilav<strong>da</strong> imas, rom is<br />
uzrunvelyofs a<strong>da</strong>mianis SesaZleblobebis harmoniul <strong>da</strong><br />
umaRles ganviTarebas. politikur cxovrebaSi monawileoba<br />
amaRlebs moqalaqis Segnebis dones <strong>da</strong> zrdis a<strong>da</strong>mianis grZnobas,<br />
erTi sityviT, ganaviTarebs mas. demokratia aq warmogvidgeba<br />
rogorc ganaTleba. amitomac midi mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> gafarToebuliyo<br />
moqalaqeTa monawileobis sferoebi politikaSi. sTvli<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom xmis ufleba un<strong>da</strong> iyos micemuli yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> gaunaTleblebisa. amomrCevlis uflebas is avrceleb<strong>da</strong><br />
qalebzec. es iyo im droisaTvis yvelaze radikaluri<br />
idea. mis <strong>Teoria</strong>Si mniSvnelovan adgils ikaveb<strong>da</strong> Zlieri <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli adgilobrivi xelisuflebac, liberaluri azris<br />
sxva warmomadgenlebisgan gansxvavebiT is ar scnob<strong>da</strong> formaluri<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> Tanasworobis ideas iseve, rogorc Tavis<br />
droze platoni. aqe<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs misi wina<strong>da</strong>deba mravaljera<strong>da</strong>d<br />
xmis micemaze _ iseTi sistemis Seqmnaze, romlis<br />
drosac arakvalificiur muSas eqneba erTi xma, kvalificiurs<br />
_ ori, kolej<strong>da</strong>mTavrebulsa <strong>da</strong> mecniers ki _ 5-6. magram mids<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi hqon<strong>da</strong> seriozuli eWvebi, romelic aleqsis<br />
de tokvilma Tavis cnobil frazaSi gaaxmiana: `umravlesobis<br />
tirania~. demokratia am TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis atarebs<br />
Tavis TavSi imis saSiSroebas, sazogadoebis sulieri cxovreba<br />
SeiZleba msxverplad iqnas mitanili umravlesobis survilTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> maSin gamefdeba erTferovneba <strong>da</strong> mosawyeni konformizmi.<br />
62 63
saxalxo saxalxo saxalxo saxalxo saxalxo demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
demokratia<br />
termini `saxalxo demokratia~ modis im orTodoqsaluri<br />
komunisturi reJimi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic Seiqmna meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg. Cven viyenebT mas farTo gagebiT, mivakuTvnebT<br />
ra mas marqsistuli tradiciebiT warmoSobil demokratiis<br />
sruliad gansxvavebul modelebs. isini cota ar aris <strong>da</strong><br />
yvela isini arian STambeW<strong>da</strong>v kontrastSi gavrcelebul liberalur<br />
demokratiul modelebTan. marqsistebi, rogorc cnobilia,<br />
yovelTvis emijnebodnen liberalur an parlamentarul<br />
demokratias, xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen ra masSi ufro metad `burJuaziul~,<br />
`kapitalistur~ mmarTvelobis formas. am ideals maT mimarTes<br />
imitom, rom masSi arsebobs Tanasworobis idea. `demokratia~<br />
aq niSnav<strong>da</strong> socialur Tanasworobas agebuls sakuTrebis<br />
ganzogadebaze. marqsi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom sakmarisia<br />
<strong>da</strong>amarcxo kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong> demokratia adre Tu gvian<br />
gaimarjvebs. marTalia, namdvil komunizmamde jer kidev Soria,<br />
amitom saWiro iqneba e.w. gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodi misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
`proletariatis revoluciuri diqtaturiT~. ase<br />
mova `burJuaziuli <strong>da</strong>mokratiis~ Semcvlelad sruliad axali<br />
sistema _ `proletaruli demokratia~. marqsistuli<br />
demokratiis modeli komunistur sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
ufro leninis saxelTan. 1917 wels leninis lozungSi<br />
`mTeli Zalaufleba muSaTa, jariskacTa <strong>da</strong> mezRvaurTa sab-<br />
Woebs~, iyo parizis komunis suliskveTeba, magram, praqtikulad,<br />
Zalaufleba Zalian male ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> bolSevikTa partiis xel-<br />
Si. leninis azriT, es iyo `mSromelTa klasis avangardi~,<br />
SeiaraRebuli marqsizmiT <strong>da</strong> amitomac hqon<strong>da</strong> unari gaego<br />
proletariatis WeSmariti interesebi. es <strong>Teoria</strong> gax<strong>da</strong> `leninuri<br />
demokratiis~ qvakuTxedi sabWoTa kavSirSi <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />
miRebuli iqna komunisturi reJimebis mier, rogorc marqsizmleninizmis<br />
erT-erTi centraluri debuleba. am sistemis mTavari<br />
sisuste iyo, rom igi ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> kontrols kompartiis<br />
Zalauflebaze, gansakuTrebiT misi liderebis mimarT<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, isinic ar gaxdnen is sinamdvileSi pasuxismgebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebuli muSaTa klasis winaSe. isic<br />
sakiTxavia, Tu movaxdenT aristoteles kiTxvis perifrazirebas<br />
platonisadmi _ vin <strong>da</strong>icavs komunistur partias?<br />
demokratia demokratia demokratia demokratia demokratia praqtikaSi: praqtikaSi: praqtikaSi: praqtikaSi: praqtikaSi: sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tvalsazrisi<br />
Tvalsazrisi<br />
Tvalsazrisi<br />
Tvalsazrisi<br />
Tvalsazrisi<br />
demokratiis ama Tu im formebis Sesaxeb kamaTi ar<br />
wydeba, magram dRes ufro mets kamaToben imaze, Tu rogor<br />
muSaobs demokratia praqtikulad. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saubari midis<br />
liberaluri demokratiis modelze, romelic ase Tu ise aRiarebulia<br />
mTels msoflioSi, Tumca Sinaganad masSi gvxvdeba<br />
winaaRmdegobebic.<br />
liberaluri demokratiis modeli <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia SejibrebiTobaze,<br />
masSi yvelaferi wydeba amomrCevelTa arCevaniT<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zalaufleba ekuTvnis mas, vinc gaimarjvebs arCevnebSi, arCevnebi<br />
ki <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia yvela moqalaqis formalur politikur<br />
Tanasworobaze. aq saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoeba<br />
erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad arian gamijnuli: sazogadoeba yalibdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli socialuri jgufebisagan <strong>da</strong> organizebulia<br />
sabazro e.i. kapitalisturi ekonomikis principebze.<br />
liberalur demokratiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT arsebobs<br />
kiTxvebic: efeqturad uzrunvelyofs Tu ara es modeli namdvil<br />
ganawilebas politikur xelisuflebaSi. saboloo angariSSi<br />
mogebulia Tu wagebulia sazogadoeba, Sesabamisoba-<br />
Sia Tu ara <strong>politikuri</strong> Tanasworoba ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan?<br />
Teoretikosebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad pasuxoben am<br />
kiTxvebze. imis mixedviT, Tu rogori pasuxi gvaqvs, un<strong>da</strong> gamovyoT<br />
Semdegi ZiriTadi midgomebi: pluralizmi, elitizmi, korporativizmi,<br />
axali memarjveneebi, marqsizmi.<br />
pluralistuli ideebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia liberalur<br />
politikur filosofiasTan, kerZod, lokisa <strong>da</strong> monteskies<br />
naSromebTan. magram mas ufro sistematuri forma misca jeims<br />
medisonma, romelmac pirvelad Camoayaliba pluralizmis principebi.<br />
dReisTvis <strong>politikuri</strong> pluralizmis Teoriis TvalsaCino<br />
warmomadgenlad iTvleba robert <strong>da</strong>li, romelmac empiriuli<br />
analizis safuZvelze saintereso <strong>da</strong>skvnebi gaakeTa.<br />
termin `pluralizms~ aqvs ori gageba: farTo <strong>da</strong> viwro.<br />
farTo gagebiT igia mravalferovani <strong>da</strong> mravalsaxeobiTi<br />
SexedulebaTa sistema. termini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes<br />
mravalpartiulobis aRsaniSnavad (<strong>politikuri</strong> pluralizmi);<br />
eTikuri faseulobebis mravalferovnebis (eTikuri pluralizmi)<br />
an kulturuli normebis (kulturuli pluralizmi)<br />
gamosaxatavad. igi gulisxmobs, rom TavisTavad mravalfer-<br />
64 65
ovneba warmoadgens sazogadoebis sasurveli <strong>da</strong> jansaRi ganviTarebis<br />
aucileblobas, radgan is xels uwyobs pirovnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens areals diskusiebisaTvis.<br />
ufro viwro gagebiT pluralizmi esaa koncefcia <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
xelisuflebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. misi arsi imaSia,<br />
rom Zalaufleba ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos koncentrirebuli elitisa <strong>da</strong><br />
wamyvani klasis xelSi. am SemTxvevaSi pluralizmi Cveulebriv<br />
ganixileba, rogorc `jgufuri politikis~ <strong>Teoria</strong>, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs, rom individebis interesi un<strong>da</strong> gamovlindes sazogadoebrivi<br />
organizaciebis meSveobiT.<br />
elituri midgomis ideologiebi <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebi<br />
Tvlian, rom Zalaufleba sazogadoebaSi ekuTvnis elitebs.<br />
amas miiCneven sazogadoebis yofis normalur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debiT an<br />
arasasurvel, magram gamosworebad procesad. klasikuri elitizmis<br />
Teoretikosebia vilfredo pareto, gaetano moska <strong>da</strong><br />
robert mixelsi. maTi mtkicebiT demokratia briyvuli <strong>da</strong>bneulobaa,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c <strong>politikuri</strong> Zala yovelTvis ekuTvnis<br />
privilegirebul umciresobas _ elitas.<br />
paretom gamohyo a<strong>da</strong>mianTa ori fsiqologiuri tipi,<br />
romlebsac marTvis unari gaaCniaT _ `meliebi~, romlebic<br />
marTaven eSmakobiT <strong>da</strong> lomebi, romlebic mizans ZaladobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> iZulebiT aRweven.<br />
mixelsma SemogvTavaza meorenairi midgoma, romelic<br />
exeba nebismier organizacias, rogori demokratiulic ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
gveCvenebodes is. masSi xdeba xelisuflebis koncentracia<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mcire jgufis xelSi, romelTac dominirebis, organizaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebis unari gaaCniaT, sxvaTa<br />
sawinaaRmdegod. mixelsma amas uwo<strong>da</strong> `oligarqiis rkinis kanoni~.<br />
ufro gvian jeims barnexmma <strong>da</strong>amuSava `biurokratiuli<br />
mmarTvelobis~ cneba. is amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> rom, yvela industriul<br />
sazogadoebaSi, rogorc kapitalisturSi, aseve socialistur-<br />
Sic mmarTveli klasi gamoirCeva samecniero teqnikuri codniTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> administrirebis xelovnebiT.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>politikuri</strong> Teoretikosebi ufro metad<br />
saubroben imaze, Tu ra Sorsaa calkeuli <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebi<br />
demokratiul idealisagan. aseT pozicias afiqsirebs<br />
raita milsi Tavis cnobil gamokvlevebSi, romlebSic naCvenebia,<br />
rom aSS-Si batonobs Zalze viwro wre sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
`xelisuflebrivi elita~ warmoqmnilia didi biznesis<br />
armiisa <strong>da</strong> samrewvelo kompleqsis <strong>da</strong>jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n. preziden-<br />
tis irgvliv arsebul Zalauflebriv elitas aqvs SesaZlebloba<br />
miiRos `WeSmaritad istoriuli~ ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebani, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> saSinao politikaSi, aseve ekonomikur<br />
strategiaSi.<br />
Zalauflebrivi elitis am modeli<strong>da</strong>n bunebrivad gamomdinareobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna, rom sinamdvileSi amerikul demokratiaze<br />
laparaki ar SeiZleba.<br />
amasTan zogierTi Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom zog<br />
SemTxvevebSi elitis Zalaufleba ar gamoricxavs <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
angariSsworebis process, aq saubaria konkurentuli elitizmis<br />
koncefciaze gamomdinare elitis SejibrebiTobis faqti<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
antoni <strong>da</strong>unsma konkretuli elitizmis modelze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>amuSava `demokratiis ekonomikuri <strong>Teoria</strong>~, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
gvTavazobs Semdeg koncefcias: arCevnebze metoqeoba qmnis<br />
Tavisebur politikur bazars, sa<strong>da</strong>c politikosebi warmodgenilia<br />
mewarmeebad, romlebic miiltvian miiRon Zalaufleba,<br />
amomrCevlebi ki _ momxmareblebad, romlebic xmas aZleven<br />
maTi survilebisa <strong>da</strong> arCevanis gamomxatvel partias.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi sistema Riaa <strong>da</strong> SejibrebiTi arCevnebis<br />
demokratiuloba garantirebulia, radgan xelisufleba ga<strong>da</strong>ecema<br />
im partias, romlis filosofia, faseulobani <strong>da</strong> politika<br />
Seesabameba amomrCevelTa umravlesobis interesebs.<br />
rogorc Sumpeteri ambobs: `demokratia _ es <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
Zalauflebaa~. elitebis konkurencia rogorc demokratiuli<br />
politikis modeli zustad xsnis liberalur-demokratiuli<br />
sistemis namdvil meqanizms.<br />
elitebis konkurencia yovel SemTxvevaSi aris<br />
demokratiis susti forma. elitis Secvlis dros sazogadoebas<br />
eniWeba Zalian mokrZalebuli roli _ ramdenime weliwad-<br />
Si erTxel ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos Tu romeli elita <strong>da</strong>iwyebs marTvas<br />
misi saxeliT. es ki iwvevs sazogadoebis pasiurobas, gulgrilobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaucxoebas.<br />
igi saTaves iRebs im periodi<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac faSistur<br />
italiaSi cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT e.w. `korporatiuli saxelmwifo~,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas miiRebdnen mmarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> muSebi.<br />
aRniSnuli midgomis Teoretikosebi miuTiTeben imaze, rom<br />
wamyvani industriuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebaSi SeimCneva<br />
saerTo procesebi. saubaria `sammxrivi mTavrobis~ mTeli<br />
speqtris Camoyalibebis ideaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c mmarTveloba xorcieldeba<br />
organizaciuli struqturebiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan<br />
66 67
pir<strong>da</strong>pir akavSirebs saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs, saqmian wreebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> profkavSirebs. amis safuZvelze yalibdeba neokorporativizmi<br />
an liberaluri korporativizmi.<br />
ekonomikuri interesebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri CarTva saxelmwifoebriv<br />
mmarTvelobaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> omis Semdgom periodSi<br />
iseT qveynebSi, rogorebic iyvnen Svecia, norvegia, holandia <strong>da</strong><br />
avstria. aq xelisuflebis ZiriTad amocanas mmarTvelobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikis regulacia warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. saxelmwifo eswrafvo<strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikuri momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofas, rac ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
institucionalur sqemas, romlis CarCoebSi sazogadoebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kategoriebi mxars uWerdnen qveynis saerTo ekonomikur<br />
strategias. iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifoebrivi Careva ekonomikur<br />
cxovrebasa <strong>da</strong> bazris gafarToebaSi SezRuduli iyo (rogorc,<br />
mag. did britaneTSi 1979 wlis Semdgom) uars ambobdnen korporativizmze.<br />
`axali memarjveneebis~ gamoCena mox<strong>da</strong> 70-ian wlebSi<br />
demokratizmis kritikiT. maT <strong>da</strong>iwyes saubari sazogadoebis<br />
`demokratiul ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTvaze~, aseve <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis paralizebaze<br />
metismeti eleqtoratuli zewolis gamo. mkacri kritikis<br />
qveS moeqca korporativizmic, saqme imaSi iyo, rom `axali<br />
memarjveneebis~ Teoretikosebi _ Tavisufali bazris mtkice<br />
momxreebi miiCnevdnen, rom ekonomika yvelaze ukeTesad<br />
muSaobs maSin, rodesac mTavroba mas ar awuxebs.<br />
rogorc devid markandi SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, axali memarjveneebis<br />
midgomis Tvalsazrisi imaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>, rom `demokratia<br />
ufrosebisaTvis _ es igive iyo, rac Sokoladi bavSvisaTvis~.<br />
rac uvnebelia patara doziT, magram mavnebelia didi<br />
doziT. amitom `axali memarjveneebis~ Teoretikosebs aqvT<br />
midrekileba <strong>da</strong>inaxon demokratiaSi ara socialuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis,<br />
aramed mTavrobis TviTnebobisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis saSualeba.<br />
marqsistuli Sexeduleba demokratiaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia<br />
klasobriv analizze. marqsizmis mixedviT ar SeiZleba <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
xelisuflebis arsi ganvixiloT viwro gagebiT. saWiroa<br />
ufro Rrmad Caxedva, radgan <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba asaxavs<br />
ekonomikuri Zalauflebis ganawilebas. marqsizmi akritikebs<br />
liberalur <strong>da</strong> pluralistur demokratiebs, saubrobs elitistur<br />
Teoriebzec.<br />
magram Tanamedrove marqsistebi sulac ar xe<strong>da</strong>ven eleqtoralur<br />
demokratiaSi mTlian butaforiasa <strong>da</strong> motyuebas.<br />
evrokomunistebma magaliTad uaryves socialisturi<br />
revoluciis idea <strong>da</strong> mTlianad ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen mSvidobiani, kanonieri<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli `socializmis gzis~ ideologiaze.<br />
Tumca neomaqrsistebi, iseTebi, rogorebic iyvnen iurgen hamermansi<br />
<strong>da</strong> klaus ofe, Zveleburad miuTiTebdnen kapitalisturi<br />
demokratiis Si<strong>da</strong> arastabilurobaze <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebze.<br />
praqtikaSi yvelaze aRiarebuli demokratiis modelia<br />
liberaluri demokratia. misi Zlieri mxareebi mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, demokratiis es forma <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia regularul<br />
arCevnebze, funqcionirebs ra partiuli Sejibrebisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtoratuli<br />
sistemis safuZvelze, is icavs zust zRvars saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris <strong>da</strong> sanqcias<br />
aZlevs Tavisufali, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli socialuri jgufebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kerZo sakuTrebis funqcionirebas.<br />
arsebobs demokratiis uamravi modeli, romelSic Ti-<br />
Toeuli maTgani gvTavazobs demokratiuli mmarTvelobis saku-<br />
Tar versias. esaa klasikuri demokratia, romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia<br />
saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis principebze; proteqtuli demokratia,<br />
romelic gamomdinareobs Tavisuflebis individualuri gagebisagan;<br />
ganviTarebis demokratia, romelic orientirebulia sazogadoebis<br />
politikur gafarToebaze <strong>da</strong> saxalxo demokratia,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c centraluri sakiTxi aris urTierTobebi klasebs Soris.<br />
klasikuri demokratia, romelic momdinareobs aTenis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
sistemi<strong>da</strong>n, istoriaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> imiT, rom marto aq xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
xalxis uSualo Zalaufleba. proteqtiuli demokratia aniWebs<br />
xalxs maqsimalur Tavisuflebas piradi cxovrebis mosawyobad.<br />
ganviTarebis demokratiis Rirseba imaSia, rom axasiaTebs ra<br />
politikur monawileobas, is amasTan afarToebs Tavisuflebis<br />
sferos <strong>da</strong> individis pirad ganviTarebas. saxalxo demokratia<br />
orientirebulia ara imdenad individis <strong>politikuri</strong> uflebebis<br />
gafarToebaze, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mis ekonomikur emansipaciaze.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
demokratiis cneba, rogorc seriozuli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
koncefcia, zogjer Zalian Znelad gamoiyeneba. terminSi Cadebulia<br />
Ria sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mniSvnelobebi _ masebis Zalauflebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis formebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli, romlebic<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia sazogadoebis pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> mudmiv politikur<br />
monawileobaze, umravlesobis Zalauflebaze, partiuli<br />
68 69
konkurenciis sistemasa <strong>da</strong> sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebze.<br />
istoriulad diskusiebi demokratiis bunebaze 3 sakiTxis<br />
irgvliv trialeb<strong>da</strong>. pirveli _ ra aris xalxi <strong>da</strong><br />
ramdenad un<strong>da</strong> vrceldebodes maTze <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba?<br />
meore _ SeuZlia Tu ara xalxs marTos Tavisi Tavi<br />
TviTon Tu es funqcia un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sces politikosebsa <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
partiebs, romlebsac aqvT pretenzia warmoadgendnen<br />
sazogadoebas? mesame _ ra sakiTxebi eqvemdebareba koleqtiur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas demokratiul procesSi?<br />
Tavi Tavi V<br />
V<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos arsi arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ti ti ti ti tipebi<br />
pebi pebi pebi pebi<br />
terminis `saxelmwifo~-s mimarT arsebobs idealisturi,<br />
funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong> organizaciuli midgoma.<br />
idealisturi midgoma <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebulia hegelis naSromebisaTvis,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifo eTikur sazogadoebas warmoadgens,<br />
gamsWvaluls saerTo simpaTiiT. Tumca saxelmwifos<br />
eTikur kategoriaSi ganTavsebiT, igi uZluri xdeba gviCvenos<br />
zusti zRvari saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> ara saxelmwifo institutebs<br />
Soris.<br />
funqcionaluri midgoma saxelmwifosadmi imazea fokusirebuli,<br />
Tu rogoria saxelmwifo institutebis roli <strong>da</strong><br />
miznebi. aq saxelmwifos mTavari funqciaa sazogadoebrivi<br />
wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myareba, kerZod, saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba rogorc<br />
institutebis kompleqsi, romelic amyarebs wesrigsa <strong>da</strong> stabilurobas<br />
sazogadoebaSi.<br />
rac Seexeba organizaciul midgomas, aq saxelmwifo<br />
warmogvidgeba marTvis aparatis yvelaze farTo mniSvnelobiT.<br />
es aris institutebis kompleqsi, romelTac aqvT aSkarad<br />
gamoxatuli `saxalxo~ xasiaTi im azriT, _ is pasuxobs koleqtiuri<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis organizacias <strong>da</strong> finansirdeba<br />
sazogadoebis xarjze.<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos warmoSoba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
evropasTan (XV-XVI ss.), rodesac aq warmoiSva pirveli centralizebuli<br />
marTvis organoebi, romlebmac Tanmimdevrulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>iqvemdebara sxva institutebi <strong>da</strong> struqturebi, rogorc sasuliero,<br />
ise aristokratiuli, xolo vestfaliis samSvidobo<br />
molaparakebaSi (1680 w.) pirvelad iyo formulirebuli `saxelmwifo<br />
suvereniteti~.<br />
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saSualeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
yvela kanonis <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> sjis maT <strong>da</strong>mrRvevebs, e.i.<br />
`kanoniT <strong>da</strong>Svebuli Zaladobis~ meSveobiT (maqs veberi) gamoxatavs<br />
Tavis suverenitets.<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze farTo cnebaa. xelisufleba<br />
misi nawilia. Tu saxelmwifo aris istoriulad Camoyalibebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mo, xelisufleba aris droebiTi, romelic<br />
modis <strong>da</strong> midis. xelisufleba aris saSualeba, romlis<br />
70 71
meSveobiTac saxelmwifo axorcielebs xelisuflebas, is saxelmwifos<br />
tvinia, romelic xels uwyobs mis arsebobas <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoxatavs imaT partiul midrekilebebs, vinc imyofeba xelisuflebis<br />
saTaveSi.<br />
politologiis erT-erTi mTavari problema yovelTvis<br />
iyo saxelmwifo Zalauflebis bunebis sakiTxi. politologiaSi<br />
gamoyofen saxelmwifos oTx <strong>Teoria</strong>s: pluralizebuls,<br />
kapitalisturs, saxelmwifo leviaTanisa <strong>da</strong> patriarqalurs.<br />
pluralizebuli saxelmwifos <strong>Teoria</strong> ixreba liberaluri<br />
tradiciisken. saxelmwifo aq warmogvidgeba rogorc<br />
`referi~ sazogadoebaSi, romelic yuradRebas ar aqcevs an<br />
naklebad aqcevs saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> mis institutebs <strong>da</strong> did<br />
mniSvnelobas aniWebs `xelisuflebas~.<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriis sawyisebi viTardeba XVII saukuneSi<br />
iseTi Teoretikosebis mier, rogorebic arian Tomas hobsi<br />
<strong>da</strong> jon loki. yvelaze metad am politologebs awuxebT<br />
kiTxva <strong>politikuri</strong> valdebulebebis Sesaxeb.<br />
XX saukuneSi am ideebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT warmoiSva pluralistuli<br />
ideologiis saxelmwifo. rogorc sazogadoebis<br />
koncefcia, pluralizmis Tanaxmad liberalur-demokratiul<br />
saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba <strong>da</strong>nawilebulia farTod <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanabrad. yoveli saxelmwifo reagirebs saxelmwifoebriv azrze.<br />
ase rom saxelmwifo SeiZleba Seva<strong>da</strong>roT fliugers, romelic<br />
Sebrundeba im mxares, saiTkenac miuTiTebs sazogadoeba.<br />
marqsizmi gvTavazobs kapitalisturi saxelmwifos<br />
sruliad sxva gagebas. mas araferi aqvs saerTo `neitraluri<br />
referis~ politikasTan, romli<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinareoben pluralizmis<br />
Teoretikosebi. marqsizmis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ar<br />
SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli sazogadoebis araekonomikur struqturaSi;<br />
klasikuri formulirebiT, es aris klasobrivi Cagvris<br />
iaraRi, romelic warmoiSoba klasobrivi sistemi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> aris<br />
misi anarekli.<br />
marqsizmis mTavari azri imaSi gamoixateba, rom saxelmwifo,<br />
romelsac warmoSobs kapitalisturi klasi, gvevlineba,<br />
an <strong>da</strong>monebis iaraRad, an kidev klasobrivi antagonizmis Serbilebis<br />
meqanizmad. magram marqsis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba saxelmwifosadmi<br />
ar iyo mTlianad negatiuri. is Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom kapitalizmi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
komunizmSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis periodSi `proletariatis revoluciuri<br />
diqtatura~ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc<br />
absoluturad konstruqciuli Zala; amasTan erTad kapital-<br />
isturi sistemis <strong>da</strong>ngreva gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> burJuaziuli klasis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slas <strong>da</strong> xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> axali, proletaruli saxelmwifos<br />
Seqmnas.<br />
marqsis memkvidreobaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong>utoves<br />
Tanamedrove maqrsistebs an <strong>da</strong> neomarqsistebs, raTa<br />
TviTon moaxdinon saxelmwifo xelisuflebis farTo analizi.<br />
aq didi roli iTamaSa italieli marqsistis antonio<br />
gramSis Sromebma, sa<strong>da</strong>c amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom mmarTveli klasi<br />
cdilobs moipovos batonoba ara Ria Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT, aramed<br />
ideologiuri manipulaciebiT. gramSisTvis burJuaziis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
batonoba narCundeba `hegemoniiT~ _ misi batonobiT<br />
sasuliero <strong>da</strong> kulturul cxovrebaSi, raSic saxelmwifo Tama-<br />
Sobs umniSvnelovanes rols.<br />
saxelmwifos saxe, rogorc `leviaTani~ (monstri, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebulia Tavis Tavis gamokvebiT <strong>da</strong> gazrdiT sigrZesa<br />
<strong>da</strong> siganeSi) ganmtkicebuli iyo Tanamedrove politikur<br />
azrovnebaSi <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis SromebSi. saer-<br />
Tod ki es Sexeduleba warmoiSva klasikuri liberalizmis<br />
dros. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ar una Caerios<br />
qveynis ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur sferoSi, radgan es emuqreba<br />
pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> qveynis ekonomikis usafrTxoebas.<br />
aq ukve saxelmwifo gvevlineba ara rogorc msaji, rogorc<br />
es pluralistebs miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, aramed rogorc uceremonio `ZiZa~,<br />
romelic midis sazogado interesebis winaaRmdeg (gansxvavebuli<br />
niSani marqsizmisgan!) <strong>da</strong> es interesebi yovelTvis moiTxovs<br />
saxelmwifos rolisa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis gazr<strong>da</strong>s. `axali<br />
uflebis~ Teoretikosebi amiT gviCveneben, rom XX saukunis<br />
moZraoba saxelmwifos Carevis uflebis gafarTovebiT,<br />
sinamdvileSi ar iyo pasuxi sazogadoebis moTxovnebze _<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa aseve<br />
kapitalizmis stabilurobaze klasobrivi urTierTobis Serbilebis<br />
xarjze _ aramed es iyo saxelmwifos Sinagani dinamika.<br />
Tanamedrove ierarqiuli saxelmwifos idea wamovi<strong>da</strong><br />
feministuri Teorii<strong>da</strong>n. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom feministebs<br />
sakuTari <strong>Teoria</strong> aqvT saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. saerTod feministebi<br />
did mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben saxelmwifos, radgan<br />
isini ikvleven mamakacis batonobas sazogadoebaze, romlis<br />
fesvebicaa ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, zogierTi feministi ar eTanxmeba saxelmwifos sazoga-<br />
72 73
doebriv gagebas, isini amtkicebdnen, rom mamakaci ar flobs<br />
monopolias mocemul Zaladobaze. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom feminizmma<br />
gaamdidra diskusia saxelmwifos Sesaxeb sruliad axali midgomebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saintereso koncefciebiT.<br />
liberaluri feminizmis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic<br />
Tvlidnen, rom miaRwevdnen sqesebis Tanasworobas sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis Tanmimdevruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyobiT, sinamdvile-<br />
Si emxrobian saxelmwifos Sesaxeb pluralistur mosazrebas.<br />
isini iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamodian, rom rodesac qals uars eubnebian iuridiul<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikur Tanasworobaze, gansakuTrebiT xmis<br />
micemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, saxelmwifo upiratesobas aniWebs<br />
kacs, magram, amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, saxelmwifos mainc uWiravs<br />
neitraluri pozicia, radgan adre Tu gvian amis gamosworeba<br />
SeiZleba. amitom liberaluri feministebi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni<br />
arian imaSi, rom yvela sazogadoebriv jgufs (qalebis CaTvliT)<br />
aqvs Tanabari potenciali saxelmwifos winaSe <strong>da</strong> swored<br />
amitom SesaZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebrivi samarTlis miRweva.<br />
amasTan erTad saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba Ria ferebSi:<br />
iTvleba, rom misi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CareviT Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia sqesebis uTanabrobis problemis mogvareba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi<br />
qalis adgilisa <strong>da</strong> rolis gamtkiceba. rogorc<br />
marqsizmSi, feminizmSic ganviTar<strong>da</strong> specifikuri instrumentaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong> struqturuli versiebi.<br />
instrumentaluri ganStoeba warmogvidgens saxelmwofos<br />
`agentad~ an `instrumentad~, risi saSualebiTac mamakaci<br />
axorcielebs Tavis interesebs <strong>da</strong> amkvidrebs <strong>da</strong> aZlierebs<br />
ierarqias. mokled rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos marTaven mxolod<br />
mamakacebi, romlebic yvelafers TavisTvis akeTeben.<br />
feminizmis instrumentaluri versiisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
romlis analizis sfero saxelmwifo elitaa, xolo struqturuli<br />
versia miiswrafis <strong>da</strong>gvanaxos, rom saxelmwifo institutebi<br />
TiTqos<strong>da</strong> CaSenebulia ufro farTo patriarqiuli<br />
sistemis xelisuflebaSi. gansakuTrebul interess am radikalur<br />
feminizmSi iwvevs fenomeni `saxelmwifo sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis~.<br />
maTi azriT, es aris patriarqiis axali saxeoba.<br />
mTeli es sistema Tavis `patriarqobas~ imiT gamoxatavs,<br />
rom xdeba qalis ga<strong>da</strong>svla kerZo <strong>da</strong>moukideblobi<strong>da</strong>n saxalxo<br />
sferoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi xvdeba `didi~ saxelmwifos meTvalyureobis<br />
qveS. ase rom, saxelmwifos Careva qalis sferoSi gamoiwvevs<br />
qalis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis axali sferos Camoyalibebas.<br />
saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos formebi formebi formebi formebi formebi<br />
yvela arsebuli koncefcia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis<br />
Sesaxeb, ase Tu ise, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia kiTxvebTan _ ra rols<br />
TamaSobs saxelmwifo, rogoria misi valdebulebebi, riT un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavebulebi saxelmwifoebi <strong>da</strong> ra funqciebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rCes kerZo pirebis xelSi. am kiTxvebis garSemo brunavs<br />
rogorc saarCevno politika, aseve partiuli konkurencia. anarqistebis<br />
gamoklebiT, romlebic saxelmwifos naklebad <strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n axasiaTeben, socialuri revoluciis mimdevrebic<br />
ki, romlebic deklarirebdnen leninis lozungs `<strong>da</strong>vangrioT<br />
saxelmwifo~, xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen masSi raRac saWiros _ proletariatis<br />
saxelmwifo miaCn<strong>da</strong>T aucilebel gar<strong>da</strong>maval rgolad<br />
kapitalizmi<strong>da</strong>n komunizmSi ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelad. SekiTxvaze _ Tu<br />
ra rols un<strong>da</strong> srulebdes saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> rogori un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
balansi masa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas Soris _ sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobaa. Cven<br />
gamovyofT saxelmwifos Semdeg saxeebs:<br />
_ mcire (minimaluri saxelmwifo)<br />
_ ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo<br />
_ social-demokratiuli saxelmwifo<br />
_ koleqtivizeburi saxelmwifo<br />
_ totalitaruli saxelmwifo<br />
mcire mcire mcire mcire mcire saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
`rac SeiZleba naklebi saxelmwifo~ yovelTvis iyo<br />
klasikuri liberalizmis lozungi. es tradicia Tavisi fesvebiT<br />
midis `sayovelTao molaparakebis~ <strong>Teoria</strong>mde, magram<br />
amis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, is mainc negatiur Sexedulebas gamoxatavs<br />
saxelmwifos mimarT. igi Tvlis, rom mxolod saxelmwifos<br />
SeuZlia a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevebi moaqcios gansazRvrul farglebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> amiT <strong>da</strong>icvas a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, raTa maT ar Seaviwrovon erTmane-<br />
Tis uflebebi. saxelmwifo aq gamodis Tavisi proteqcionaproteqciona<br />
luri luri funqciiT, romelic mdgomareobs msoflio wesrigisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri keTildReobis <strong>da</strong>cvaSi, rodesac xalxi wyvets, Tu<br />
rogor urCevnia cxovreba. lokis TqmiT, saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong><br />
imoqmedos rogorc Ramis guSagma, romelsac sTxoven <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
uwesrigobis dros, magram aseTi Sexeduleba mainc utovebs<br />
`Ramis guSags~ an `mcire saxelmwifos~ sam mniSvnelovan fun-<br />
74 75
qcias. pirveli <strong>da</strong> mTavari funqcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos Sinagani wesrigi; meore _ man<br />
un<strong>da</strong> akontrolos SeTanxmebaTa uzrunvelyofa; mesame _ saxelmwifom<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas qveyana garegani safrTxisagan. aseTi<br />
saxelmwifos institucionaluri aparati mWidro kavSirSia<br />
policiasTan, sasamarTlo sistemasTan <strong>da</strong> jarTan, xolo<br />
ekonomikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri sxva saqmeebi ekisreba<br />
individs, romelic aris sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili.<br />
`mcire saxelmwifos~ problema Tanamedrove periodSi<br />
wamoyenebuli iqna `axali memarjveneebis~ mier. `axali liberalizmis~<br />
Tavisufali bazris ekonomikuri Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT.<br />
axali memarjveneebis filosofiis mixedviT saxsax<br />
elmwifos elmwifos ekonomikuri ekonomikuri roli roli un<strong>da</strong> iyos Serwymuli or<br />
funqciasTan: nacionaluri valutis stabilizaciasa (`janmrTeli<br />
fulis~ lozungi, romelic aRniSnavs mcire an nulovan<br />
inflacias) <strong>da</strong> saRi konkurenciis mxar<strong>da</strong>WerasTan, monopoliebis<br />
kontrolsa <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebul fasebTan brZolasTan.<br />
dResdReobiT mcire saxelmwifos magaliTebs xe<strong>da</strong>ven iseT<br />
aziur saxelmwifoebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, singapuri <strong>da</strong> malaizia,<br />
magram ar aRniSnaven Tu raoden did rols TamaSobs aq<br />
saxelmwifo ekonomikis marTvaSi investiciebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba-<br />
Si, ganaTlebasa <strong>da</strong> profesionalur momzadebaSi.<br />
ganviTarebadi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo. saxelmwifo. ganviTarebadi saxelm-<br />
wifoebis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi iyo XIX s. didi britane-<br />
Ti <strong>da</strong> aSS, magram arsebobs erTi saerTo wesi: saxelmwifo rac<br />
ufro gvian iwyebs industrializaciis process, miT ufro<br />
didi roli eniWeba saxelmwifos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.<br />
dResdReobiT ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos qveS igulisxmeba<br />
saxelmwifo, romelic axorcielebs Carevas qveynis ekonomikur<br />
sistemaSi erTi mizniT, rom gaaZlieros qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
potenciali. amasTan erTad igulisxmeba, rom bazris adgilas<br />
funqcionirebs <strong>da</strong>gegmvis <strong>da</strong> kontrolis `socialisturi~ sistema<br />
_ saubari midis saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> saqmian xalxs Soris urTierTobis<br />
awyobaze, romelsac Tan sdevs konservatiuli konservatiuli <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
naci nacionalur<br />
naci onalur onaluri onalur i lozungebi.<br />
lozungebi.<br />
ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos klasikur saxes warmoadgens<br />
iaponia. meiZis epoqaSi 1868-1912 wlebSi iaponurma saxelmwifom<br />
<strong>da</strong>amyara mWidro urTierTobebi ZaibacusTan _ Zlevamosil,<br />
saqmian <strong>da</strong> ojaxur imperiasTan, romelic SemdgomSi mbrZaneblob<strong>da</strong><br />
iaponiis ekonomikaSi meore msoflio omamde. 1945<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n ganviTarebis gegma miRebuli iqna saSinao vaWrobis<br />
saministros mier, romelic iaponiis bankTan urTierTobiT<br />
awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> investiciur procesebs qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> xels uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />
msoflio bazarze qveynis konkurentunarianobis gazr<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi Carevis aseTi formebi safrangeTSic<br />
SeimCneo<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c memarjveneebica <strong>da</strong> memarcxeneebic yovelTvis<br />
aRiarebdnen ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>gegmvis aucileblobas, xolo umaRlesi<br />
Cinovnikebi Tavis upirveles amocanad miiCnevdnen nacionaluri<br />
interesebis saguSagoze dgomas, ekonomikuri ganvi-<br />
Tareba aseve midio<strong>da</strong> `partnioruli saxelmwifos~ gziT, romelic<br />
akavSirebs saxelmwifos did biznesTan <strong>da</strong> profkavSirebTan.<br />
sabolood, ekonomikuri globalizaciis kval<strong>da</strong>kval warmoiqmneba<br />
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic adganan konkurenciis gzas.<br />
isini ekonomikur vefxvebad iTvlebian (tiger economies) aRmosavleT<br />
aziaSi: aq saxelmwifos gamoyofili aqvs sistematiuri<br />
saerTaSoriso konkurenciis safuZvelze ganviTarebis Sorsgamoznuli<br />
strategiis gamomuSavebis funqcia.<br />
socialur-demokratiuli socialur-demokratiuli socialur-demokratiuli socialur-demokratiuli socialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
im dros, rodesac ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo mimarTavs<br />
ekonomikaSi Carevis gzas ekonomikuri ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>saCqareblad,<br />
social-demokratebi akeTeben amasve `socialuri Tanasworobis~<br />
lozungebiT (social justice) socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
Secvlis mizniT. avstraliasa <strong>da</strong> SvedeTSi saxelmwifo<br />
yovelTvis iyeneb<strong>da</strong> rogorc ganviTarebis prioritetebs, aseve<br />
social-demokratiul principebs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, am midgomebs<br />
Soris arsebobs urTierTwinaaRmdegobebi. rogorc didi<br />
britaneTis magaliTze <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa devid markandma, meore msoflio<br />
omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis periodSi saxelmwifom safuZvliani<br />
evolucia ganica<strong>da</strong> social-demokratiuli mimarTulebiT, is<br />
ar gax<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo. social-demokratiuli<br />
gagebis gasaRebi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi Zvra `negatiuri<strong>da</strong>n~ `pozitiurisken~,<br />
rac gax<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisuflebis gafarToebis mizezi. am<br />
fonze social-demokratiuli saxelmwifo uceb gax<strong>da</strong> ideali<br />
rogorc axali Taobis liberalebisTvis, aseve socialdemokratebisTvisac.<br />
social-demokratiuli saxelmwifos mizani mdgomare-<br />
76 77
obs ara imdenad kargi, wesieri cxovrebis pirobebis SeqmnaSi,<br />
aramed igi TviTon miiswrafvis am cxovrebaSi monawileobisken,<br />
raTa sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong>exmaros sabazro ekonomikis negatiuri<br />
gamovlinebis <strong>da</strong>saTrgunavad, amitom igi nakleba<strong>da</strong>a orientirebuli<br />
materialur miznebze <strong>da</strong> ufro met yuradRebas uTmobs<br />
Tanaswor <strong>da</strong> samarTlian ganawilebas. praqtikaSi saubari midis<br />
siRaribis aRmofxvrasa <strong>da</strong> socialuri uTanasworobis Semcirebaze.<br />
social-demokratiuli saxelmwifos or did veSaps<br />
warmoadgenen keinzianeloba keinzianeloba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialuri socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
sistema. sistema. sistema. keinzianelebis ekonomikuri politikis mizania mar-<br />
Tos kapitalizmi iseTi saxiT, rom uzrunvelyos ekonomikis<br />
aRmavloba <strong>da</strong> sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmeba. magram es yvelaferi ar gamoricxavs<br />
centraluri <strong>da</strong>gegmvis elementebs, klasikuri keinzianuri<br />
strategia <strong>da</strong>myarebulia moTxovnilebis marTvis fiqsirebul<br />
instrumentze. amis safuZvelze warmoiqmna keTildReobis<br />
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic orientirebulni arian TavianTi moqalaqeebis<br />
sacxovrebeli pirobebis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
totalitaruli totalitaruli totalitaruli totalitaruli totalitaruli saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifos Carevis yvelaze uxeSi <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli<br />
formebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ikveTeba totalitarul<br />
saxelmwifoSi. totalitarizmis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />
Seiqmnas iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic kacobriobis yofis yvela<br />
mxaris momcveli iqneba. aseTi saxelmwifo Tavisi kontrolis<br />
qveS ayenebs ara mxolod ekonomikas, aramed kulturas, religias,<br />
ojaxur cxovrebasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sferoebs.<br />
totaluri reJimis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saxelmwifoebi _<br />
hitleris germania <strong>da</strong> stalinuri sabWoTa kavSiria, magram dResad<br />
arsebobs am niSnebis matarebeli saxelmwifoebi. aseTi saxelmwifoebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebi arian policiaze, saxelmwifo kontrolze<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT ideologiur ganStoebebze. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aq<br />
samoqalaqo sfero sruliad ganadgurebulia <strong>da</strong> `piradi~ cxovreba<br />
ufro garTulebulia. amisken miiswrafodnen italieli<br />
faSistebi, rom `pirovneba~ sruliad CaexSoT sazogadoebaSi.<br />
fiqroben, rom musolinis idea totalitaruli saxelmwifos<br />
Sesaxeb, uaxlovdeba hegelisebur `eTikuri sazogadoebis~ gaazrebas,<br />
rogorc, romelic mijaWvulia altruizmTan.<br />
koleqtivilizireburi koleqtivilizireburi koleqtivilizireburi koleqtivilizireburi koleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
Tu Cvens mier ganxiluli saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben<br />
Carevas qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi ekonomikis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
mizniT, koleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo ekonomikas aqcevs<br />
sakuTari kontrolis qveS. aseTi saxelmwifoebis yvelaze<br />
cnobili magaliTebia _ ssrk <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis mTeli aRmosavleT<br />
evropa socialisturi banakis <strong>da</strong>Slamde. Tavis mTavar miznad<br />
koleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo isaxav<strong>da</strong> saRi ekonomikis Seqmnas,<br />
marTvadi saministroebis qseliTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gegmvis organoebiT.<br />
ase warmoiqmna mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomika funqcionirebadi<br />
direqtiuli <strong>da</strong>gegmvis principebze <strong>da</strong> marTvadi<br />
komunisturi partiis mier. saxelmwifoebrivi koleqtivizaciis<br />
idea warmoiqmna ufro farTo socialuri doqtrini<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
saerTo qonebis upiratesobaze <strong>da</strong> ara kerZo sakuTrebaze. mTeli<br />
problema mxolod imaSia, rom am miznis ganxorcielebisTvis<br />
saWiro iyo ufro metad konstruqciuli midgoma saxelmwifosadmi,<br />
vidre warmodgenilia marqsisa <strong>da</strong> engelsis<br />
naSromebSi.<br />
marqsi <strong>da</strong> engelsi ar gamoricxavdnen nacionalizaciis<br />
aucileblobas. engelsi Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom proletariatis diqtaturis<br />
epoqaSi saxelmwifo kontroli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
fabrikebze, bankebze, transportze <strong>da</strong> a.S. magram isini xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen<br />
proletariatSi mxolod droebiT movlenas. amis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
ssrk ar wavi<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis gziT _ piriqiT, igi<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT ikref<strong>da</strong> Zalas. stalinis dros socializmi<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> etatizmis toli, xolo socializmis mSeneblobas Tan<br />
sdev<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos prerogativebis gafarToveba <strong>da</strong> aparatis<br />
gaZliereba. sabolood, roca xruSCovma 1962 w. gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
proletariatis diqtaturis dro <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>erqva<br />
erTiani sabWoTa xalxis saxelmwifo.<br />
globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifosTvis <strong>da</strong> erisaTvis yvelaze didi saSiSroeba<br />
moaqvs globalizaciis process. saerTod, globalizacia<br />
es aris procesi, roca planetis erT wertilSi momx<strong>da</strong>r<br />
movlenas didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia planetis meore<br />
wertilSi myofi xalxis cxovrebaze. amis erT-erTi magali-<br />
78 79
Tia globaluri ekonomikas, sa<strong>da</strong>c calkeul saxelmwifos aRar<br />
SeuZlia gavlena iqonios saerTaSoriso kapitalis dinebaze.<br />
am yvelafris Sedegi bevri saxelmwifosTvis dramatulia. naTeli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>, rom saxelmwifos rCeba sakmaod SezRuduli Sesa-<br />
Zleblobebi sakuTari ekonomikis marTvisaTvis, ufro metic,<br />
globalur konteqstSi `nacionaluri~ ekonomikuri strategia<br />
saerTod ar funqcionirebs. <strong>da</strong>iwyo saerTo ukan<strong>da</strong>xeva<br />
saxelmwifos socialuri politikisagan, radgan saerTaSoriso<br />
konkurenciis gaZlierebam gamoiwvia ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisa <strong>da</strong> xelfasebis<br />
Semcirebis saWiroeba. globalizaciis gamovlinebaa<br />
isic, rom dRes saxelmwifos uWirs mravalnacionaluri kompaniebis<br />
kontroli _ korporaciebs uadvildebaT momsaxurebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> investiciebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba mTel msoflioSi. didi<br />
gavlena aqvs politikur globalizaciasac, es Cans saerTa-<br />
Soriso <strong>da</strong> nacionalur organizaciebSi, rogorebicaa gaer-<br />
Tianebuli erebis organizacia, evropis kavSiri, nato <strong>da</strong> msoflio<br />
savaWro organizacia. <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
evropis kavSirSi saxelmwifo Zalauflebas emuqreba erozia,<br />
radgan yvelaze seriozuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi miiReba sayovelTao<br />
evropul <strong>da</strong> ara erovnul doneze.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizacias mivyavarT saxelmwifos<br />
Zirfesviani gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaken am sityvis Cveulebrivi<br />
gagebiT. suverenitetis idea, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis niSani<br />
<strong>da</strong> rogorc saxelmwifos mefobis idea, garkveul teritoriaze<br />
ukve mTliana<strong>da</strong>a amowuruli, yovel SemTxvevaSi. dRevandeli<br />
saxelmwifo funqcionirebs `post-suverenul~ pirobebSi _<br />
sazRvrebis gaxsnisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
pirobebSi. magram am yvelafers ar mivyevarT saxelmwifos<br />
gaqrobisken, vinai<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba warmoiqmnas axali tipis saxelmwifo.<br />
social-demokratiuli orientaciisa <strong>da</strong> koleqtivizeburis<br />
msgavsi saxelmwifos adgilas modian `konkurenciis~<br />
unaris mqone saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ukeTesad moergnen globaluri<br />
ekonomikis moTxovnebs. dRes yvelaze metad fiqroben<br />
imaze, Tu rogor gazardon ganaTlebis xarisxi <strong>da</strong> profesionaluri<br />
momzadeba, raTa ipovon gza ekonomikuri warmatebisken<br />
axal maRalteqnologiur ekonomikaSi, gaaZlieron bazris reagirebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi axal gamoZaxebaze, ga<strong>da</strong>wyviton ama Tu<br />
im socialuri jgufebis problema <strong>da</strong> am yvelaferTan erTad<br />
SeinarCunon <strong>da</strong> gaaZlieron sazogadoebis moraluri mdgomareoba.<br />
politikur globalizacias, SeuZlia rogorc gazardos<br />
saxelmwifos Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> aseve Seamciros kidevac. aseTi<br />
SemTxvevisTvis warmoiSva `gaerTianebuli suverenitetis~ koncefcia.<br />
idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebic<br />
imoqmedeben erTmaneTisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, iqnebodnen sustebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> araefeqturebi, xolo gaZlierdebian, Tu ki iTanamSromleben<br />
saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> religiuri institutebTan SeTanxmebiT. aq<br />
magaliTad gamogvadgeba evrikavSiris ministrebis kreba _ igi<br />
aris evrokavSiris mTavari aRmasrulebeli organo, romelic<br />
Seqmnes wevrma saxelmwifoebma saerTo evropul forumze, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
miiReba saerTaSoriso ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi.<br />
1980-1990 wlebSi aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> did britaneTSi aRniSnuli<br />
iyo yvelaze agresiuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi saxelmwifoze `axali memarjveneebis~<br />
mier. es axali moZraoba gamoixata deregulizaciaSi,<br />
privatizaciasa <strong>da</strong> samuSao principebis SeRweviT sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebaSi. amis<strong>da</strong> magvari mimdinareoba sxva qveyneb-<br />
Sic <strong>da</strong>iwyo. yvelaze intensiurad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> postkomunistur<br />
aRmosavleTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c swrafad mox<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo manqanis<br />
demontaJi. yvela calkeul saxelmwifoSi `saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>qanebis~<br />
tempi imaze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, Tu ramdenad moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> iq<br />
antisaxelmwifo filosofia `kerZo kerZo kargia kargia _ _ sazogadoesazogadoe-<br />
brivi brivi brivi cudia~ cudia~, cudia~ magram moqmedebdnen ufro Zlieri faqtorebic.<br />
pirvel rigSi saubari midis im zewolaze, romelic aZlierebs<br />
saerTaSoriso konkurencias <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare ufro efeqturi<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqnili politikis Seqmnis aucileblobaze _ `sax- `sax- `sax-<br />
elmwifo<strong>da</strong>n~ elmwifo<strong>da</strong>n~ `makro `makro mmarTvelobisaken~.<br />
mmarTvelobisaken~.<br />
mmarTvelobis Zveli meTodebi, romlebic warmogvidgenen<br />
xelisuflebis mkacr ierarqias, romlebic ukve ar moqmedeben<br />
sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebis mkacri gayofa, rogorc Cans, moZvel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
subsaxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobisas sabolood saxelmwifo<br />
ejaxeba kidev erT gamowvevas, romelic gamomdinareobs<br />
mmarTvelobis decentralizebis yvelaze popularuli<br />
moTxovni<strong>da</strong>n, ga<strong>da</strong>itanon misi funqciebi sayovelTao nacionaluri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis doneze <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi<br />
kidev ufro gaaRrmavon patara sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong>jgufebebSi. ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, es procesi ar atarebs sayovelTao xasiaTs, magram<br />
msoflios bevr adgilebSi lokaluri politikis roli mkveTrad<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong>. mag. did britaneTSi 1999 wels Seiqmna Sotlandiis<br />
parlamenti <strong>da</strong> uelsis asamblea, ramac <strong>da</strong>axlova saxelmwifo<br />
iseT qveynebTan, rogorebicaa espaneTi, safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> italia,<br />
80 81
sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>politikuri</strong> procesi ukve didi xania midis mmarTvelobis<br />
qvemoT ga<strong>da</strong>cemis xaziT. SotlandiisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
adgilobrivi TviTTmmarTvelobis arCevis farTo sistema,<br />
es dRes uflebas gvaZlevs did britaneTze vilaparakoT, rogorc<br />
federaciul respublikaze. evropaSi ganviTareba hpoves iseTma<br />
Zlierma tendenciebma, rom gamovi<strong>da</strong> doqtrina `evropis regionebi~,<br />
doqtrinis Tanaxmad adgilobrivi institutebi <strong>da</strong> jgufebi<br />
iReben ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro met uSualo midgomis saSualebas<br />
evrogaerTianebis organoebTan nacionaluri xelisuflebis<br />
gavliT. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT Seiqmna mravaldoniani mmarTvelobis<br />
meTodebi, romlebic moicaven subsaxelmwifo, saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>da</strong> zesaxelmwifo organoebis mmarTvelobas. iqmneba suraTi,<br />
romelic savsebiT ar Seefereba tradiciul gagebas saxelmwifos<br />
Sesaxeb. msoflio gax<strong>da</strong> yvelaze dramatuli Zalebis gamovlinebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos sruli <strong>da</strong>cemis mowme. nacionalurma<br />
uTanxmoebam 1993 wels Cexoslovakia miiyvana gayofamde<br />
CexeTad <strong>da</strong> slovakeTad, 1990 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi iugoslaviaSi<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> saSiSi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba nacionalizmsa <strong>da</strong> eTnikurs<br />
Soris, rasac samoqalaqo omi <strong>da</strong> iugoslaviis <strong>da</strong>Sla mohyva.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
saxelmwifo _ es aris <strong>politikuri</strong> organizacia, romelic<br />
axorcielebs suverenul mmarTvelobas mis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul<br />
teritoriaze. saxelmwifo xelisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic<br />
gvevlineba, rogorc misi nawili, iqvemdebarebs yvela saxalxo<br />
organosa <strong>da</strong> qmnis xelisuflebas amis safuZvelze.<br />
arsebobs saxelmwifos mravali <strong>Teoria</strong>. pluralizmis<br />
Teoretikosebi saxelmwifoSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven arbitrs sazogadoebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul ZalTa Soris. marqsizmi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia ima-<br />
Si, rom saxelmwifo klasobrivi sistemis sa<strong>da</strong>rajoze dgas, igi<br />
aviwrovebs Rarib klasebs, riTac viTom<strong>da</strong> axSobs klasobriv<br />
antagonizms.<br />
`axali memarjveneebi~ gvixataven saxelmwifos monstrad,<br />
romelic yovelTvis gafarTovebisken miiswrafvis. radikaluri<br />
feminizmis Teoretikosebi migvaniSneben saxelmwifoSi patriarqaluri<br />
niSnebis arsebobaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c kacis batonobaa sazogadoebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikaSi.<br />
saxelmwifos ideas hyavs sakuTari protagonistebi <strong>da</strong><br />
antagonistebi. saxelmwifos protagonistebi xe<strong>da</strong>ven masSi individis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis saSualebas an koleqtivizirebuli qcevis saSualebebs,<br />
antagonistebi, Tavis mxriv, Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo ireklavs<br />
gabatonebuli sazogadoebrivi jgufis interesebs an kidev sxva<br />
raime interesebs, romelic gamoyofilia sazogadoebisgan.<br />
istoriulad saxelmwifoebi asrulebdnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
funqcias, mcire saxelmwifoebi biZgs iZlevian sazogadoebrivi<br />
yofis mogvarebisaken. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi miiswrafian<br />
ekonomikis ganviTarebisaken <strong>da</strong> kavSirebisken. social-demokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifo miiswrafis Secdomebis gamosworebisaken.<br />
koleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo ayenebs mTel<br />
ekonomikur yofas Tavisi mmarTvelobis qveS. totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifo mTlianad politikurs xdis mTel sazogadoebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> arTulebs mis cxovrebas.<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ejaxeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSiSroebebs.<br />
maT Soris mTavaria: globalizacia <strong>da</strong> zenacionaluri<br />
organoebis Camoyalibeba.<br />
82 83
Tavi Tavi VI<br />
VI<br />
erebi erebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
eri, eri, eri, eri, eri, rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> erToba erToba erToba erToba erToba<br />
yvela kiTxva, romelic ibadeba nacionalizmis fenomenis<br />
garSemo, umetes SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom ar<br />
arsebobs erebis erTiani gageba. termini “erovneba~ (eri) miesa<strong>da</strong>geba<br />
srulad gansxvavebul gamovlinebebs – saxelmwifos,<br />
qveyanas, eTnikur jgufs.<br />
cxadia, sa<strong>da</strong>voa rogoria erovnebis saxasiaTo niSnebi.<br />
ra ganasxvavebs erebs sxva socialuri jgufebisagan <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
gaerTianebebisagan.<br />
zusti gansazRvrebis mocema ar aris advili, imitom<br />
rom erebi gvevlineba rogorc TviTmyofadi, obieqturi <strong>da</strong><br />
subieqturi, Seqmnili kulturuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTiT.<br />
obieqturi TvalsazrisiT eri aris kulturuli gaerTianeba –<br />
igive, rac xalxis jgufi, romlebic saubroben erT enaze, aqvT<br />
erTi religiuri mrwamsi, akavSirebT saerTo istoriuli warsuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S. zustad aseTi gageba devs nacionalizmis termin-<br />
Si. mag: kana<strong>da</strong>Si q. kvebekis mcxovrebni gamoirCevian imiT, rom<br />
isini saubroben frangulad, roca mTeli kana<strong>da</strong> saubrobs<br />
inglisurad. erovnuli problemebi indoeTSi ukavSirdeba<br />
religiur <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas. mag: `siqhebis <strong>da</strong>va punjabSi “mSobliuri<br />
saxlisaTvis~ – (xalistani) an qaSmireli musulmanebis<br />
brZola qaSmiris pakistanTan mierTebisaTvis. saqme imaSia,<br />
rom eris gansazRvra erTi romelime konkretul faqtoriT<br />
SeuZlebelia, radgan sinamdvileSi erebi Tavis TavSi aigiveben<br />
ufro farTo kombinaciebs, specifikur kulturul, eTnikur<br />
<strong>da</strong> rasobriv Strixebs. Sveicarielebi <strong>da</strong>rCnen Sveicarielebad,<br />
imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom qveyanaSi adgilobrivi dialeqtebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> saubroben sam enaze (frangulad, germanulad <strong>da</strong> italiurad).<br />
gansxvaveba kaTolikebsa <strong>da</strong> protestantebs Soris<br />
mkveTrad vlindeba samxreT irlandiaSi, didi britaneTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni teritoriisTvis ki principuli mniSvneloba ara<br />
aqvs, xolo germaniaSi es problemasaerTod ar arsebobs. es<br />
yvelaferi miuTiTebs, rom saboloo jamSi eri aris is, rasac<br />
subieqturad igebs masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi – es Taviseburi<br />
politikur-fsiqologiuri konstruqciaa.<br />
sxva nebismieri jgufis an gaerTianebisagan ers ansx-<br />
vavebs is, rom masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi TviTon acnobierebs<br />
Tavs rogorc ers. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom erebze<br />
saubari SeiZleba maSin, roca masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi acnobierebs<br />
Tavs mTlian politikur gaerTianebad, BraSic gamoixateba<br />
gansxvaveba ersa <strong>da</strong> eTnikur jgufs Soris. eTnikuri jgufic<br />
aseve <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia Sinagani erTianobis grZnobiT <strong>da</strong> saer-<br />
To kulturiT, magram erebisagan gansxvavebiT mas ar aqvs <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
miswrafebebi. erebi xom istoriulad yovelTvis miiswrafodnen<br />
imisken, rom mieRoT an SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi<br />
saxelmwifoebroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, ukidures SemTxvevaSi ki<br />
imisaken, rom uzrunveleyoT avtonomia an sruluflebiani wevroba<br />
federaciis CarCoebSi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, saxelmwifoebis konfederaciaSi.<br />
erebi (laT. – nasci – <strong>da</strong>badeba). es rTuli fenomenia<br />
warmoqmnili kulturuli, <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri faqtorebis<br />
erTobliobiT.<br />
kulturuli gagebiT eri warmoadgens xalxis gaer-<br />
Tianebas, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulT saerTo tradiciebiT, eniT, religii-<br />
Ta <strong>da</strong> istoriiT, Tumca TiToeuli erisTvis es faqtori individualurad<br />
moqmedebs.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> gagebiT eri aris xalxis gaerTianeba, romelic<br />
Tavs acnobierebs, rogorc bunebrivad Seqmnil politikur<br />
erTobas, romelic upirvelesad gamoxatavs miswrafebas saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
ganviTarebis an SenarCunebisaken. aseve am<br />
erSi saxelmwifoebriobis TviTSecnobisken.<br />
fsiqologiuri gagebiT eri aris xalxis gaerTianeba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli erTmaneTTan Sinagani loialobiTa <strong>da</strong> patriotizmiT,<br />
magram es ukanaskneli ar warmoadgens eris obieqtur<br />
gansazRvrebas, radgan mas a<strong>da</strong>miani nebismier SemTxvevaSi<br />
miekuTvneba.<br />
problemis sirTule mxolod amiT ar ganisazRvreba. nacionalizmis<br />
fenomeni maSinve usxlteba mkacr analizs imitom,<br />
rom TviT sakuTari mravalsaxeobebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad igeben enebs.<br />
gamoyofen or koncefcias; pirveli – warmoadgens eris upirvelesad<br />
kulturul erTobad, amasTanave xazs usvams materialursa <strong>da</strong><br />
suliers Soris Rrma eTnikuri kavSirebis mniSvnelobas.<br />
meore aqcents akeTebs samoqalaqo – sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur kavSirebze. gvTavazobs ra Tavis Sexedulebas eris<br />
warmomavlobaze, orive koncefciam hpova adgili nacionalizmis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimdinareobaSi.<br />
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom eri upirveles yovlisa aRiqmeba,<br />
84 85
ogorc eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli erToba, samarTlianad iTvleba<br />
eris – “pirvel~ (sawyis) koncefciad. (lafonti, 1968)). es<br />
idea fesvebs iRebs XVIII saukunis germaniaSi herderisa <strong>da</strong><br />
fixtes (1762-1814) SromebSi.<br />
herderis Tanaxmad yvela eris Tviseba (xasiaTi) ganisazRvreba<br />
iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa bunebrivi garemo,<br />
klimati <strong>da</strong> fizikuri geografia, _ faqtorebiT, romliTac<br />
formirdeba cxovrebis stili, SromiTi Cvevebi, unarebi, upiratesobebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa midrekilebebi (kerZod, Semoqmedebi-<br />
Ti).<br />
upiratesobas herderi enis faqtors aniWebs. masSi is<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>vs xalxisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel tradiciul <strong>da</strong> istoriul<br />
Tvisebebs. herderis azriT, yvela nacias (ers) gaaCnia Tavisi<br />
`suli~, romelic poulobs gamovlinebas simRerebSi, miTebSi,<br />
legendebSi <strong>da</strong> aris yvelafris sawyisi xelovnebaSi. herderis<br />
nacionalizmi mizanSewonilia gavigoT, rogorc kulturizmi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c pirvel planze wamoweulia nacionaluri tradiciebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri mexsiereba <strong>da</strong> araviTar SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebroba.<br />
herderis kulturizmis mTavari idea mdgomareobs imaSi,<br />
rom eri aris erToba, romelic saTaves Rebulobs Soreuli<br />
warsuli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> iarsebebs manam, sanam iarsebebs kacobrioba.<br />
aseTive poziciaze dganan Tanamedrove socialuri fsiqologebi,<br />
romlebic miuTiTeben, rom xalxis moTxovnilebebis<br />
Sedegad warmoiqmna <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi. maT SeiZines usafrTxoebis<br />
grZnoba, erToba <strong>da</strong> Tanamonawileoba.<br />
kacobriobis erebad <strong>da</strong>yofa, am TvalsazrisiT, ganpirobebulia<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa midrekilebiT gaerTiandnen imaTTan, visTanac<br />
axlos arian warmoSobiT, kulturiTa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesiT.<br />
wignSi “erebi <strong>da</strong> nacionalizmi~ (1983) ernes gelnerma<br />
aCvena rom nacionalizmi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia modernizaciasTan,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, industrializaciis procesiT. misi koncefciiT,<br />
kapitalistur epoqamde sazogadoeba Sekruli iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
kavSirebiTa <strong>da</strong> kvanZebiT, romelic feo<strong>da</strong>lizmisaTvis<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. warmoqmnilma industriulma SenaerTebma<br />
TviTon <strong>da</strong>ades fasi socialur mobilurobas, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> konkurencias; kulturuli erTobis SesanarCuneblad<br />
saWiro gax<strong>da</strong> axali ideologia. aseTi ideologiis<br />
roli Tavis Tavze aiRo nacionalizmma. postulatma nacionalizmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> modernizaciis kavSiris Sesaxeb gamoiwvia winaaRm-<br />
degoba entoni smitis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac naSromSi “erebis<br />
eTnikuri fesvebi~ (1986) aCvena Serwyma Tanamedrove erebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n arsebul eTnikur erTobebs Soris: aseT<br />
erTobebs man <strong>da</strong>arqva eTnosebi.<br />
smitis mixedviT erebi arian istoriulad ganpirobebuli<br />
fenomenebi, romlebic yalibdebian arsebul kulturul<br />
<strong>da</strong> enobriv memkvidreobaze. eTnosebi win uswreben nacionalizmis<br />
sxva formas. smiti a<strong>da</strong>sturebs im azrs, rom Tanamedrove<br />
erebi gaCdnen maSin, roca ukve formirebulma eTnosebma aitaces<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> suverenitetis idea. evropaSi es mox<strong>da</strong> XVIII-<br />
XIX s.s. mijnaze, aziasa <strong>da</strong> afrikaSi – XX-s-Si.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rogor wydeba sakiTxi eris warmoSobis<br />
Sesaxeb, savaraudoa, rom nacionalizmis zogierTi forma aris<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTis matarebeli.<br />
kulturuli nacionalizmi Rebulobs nacionaluri TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
formas, gamoxatuls erTobis saxiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c did<br />
mniSvnelobas aniWeben nacionalur siamayesa <strong>da</strong> Tavmoyvareobas.<br />
magaliTad SeiZleba moyvanili iqnas valiis nacionalizmi,<br />
romelic vlindeba ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis ideologiaSi,<br />
aramed eris miswrafebaSi SeinarCunos ena <strong>da</strong> kultura.<br />
“Savi nacionalizmi~ aSS-i <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT indoeTSi, agreTve<br />
evropis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawilebSi kulturuli xasiaTisaa. mTavar<br />
ideas aq warmoadgens is, rom Savkanian xalxs un<strong>da</strong> gaaCndes<br />
Tavisi azrovneba <strong>da</strong> Tavmoyvareobis grZnoba.<br />
germaneli istorikosi fridrix mineksi yofs erebs<br />
“kulturul~ <strong>da</strong> “politikurebad~. misi SexedulebiT “kulturuli~<br />
erebi eTniurad erTgvarovanni arian, eTnosi <strong>da</strong> eri<br />
erT SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis sinonimebia. kulturul erebad Tvli<strong>da</strong><br />
is berZnebs, germanelebs, rusebs, ingliselebs, irlandielebs.<br />
magram mis koncefciaSi kulturul erebs ganekuTvnebian<br />
iseTi eTnikuri jgufebi, rogoricaa – CeCnebi. es erebi<br />
iTvlebian organul erebad. isini warmoiqmnen bunebrivi istoriuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara <strong>politikuri</strong> procesebis dros. “kulturuli~<br />
erebis Zala imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini arian istoriulad<br />
determinirebuli, myari <strong>da</strong> Sinaganad gaerTianebuli nacionaluri<br />
erToba. meore mxriv, isini acxadeben pretenzias, iyvnen<br />
eTnosis wevrebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imkvidron TavianTi nacionaluroba~.<br />
aseTi erebi TavisTavs Tvlian didi naTesauri ojaxis wevrebad.<br />
ar SeiZleba gaxde rusi, ingliseli, germaneli marto misi<br />
enis SeswavliT <strong>da</strong> rwmenis miRebiT. aseTi gamonaklisebi<br />
86 87
warmoqmnian nacionalizmis Caketil <strong>da</strong> konservatorul formebs.<br />
isini, vinc ers Tvlian politikur organizmad, aqcents<br />
akeTeben sazogadoebriv kavSirebze misi <strong>politikuri</strong> specifikiT.<br />
eri am tradiciiT warmoadgens xalxTa erTobas, romelic erTmaneTTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia kulturiT Tu eTnikuri mdebareobiT.<br />
ideam “saerTo Tavisuflebis nebis~ Sesaxeb xorci Seisxa<br />
franguli revoluciis (1789 w.) nacionaluri doqtrinebSi.<br />
mmarTveloba un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>myarebuli saerTo nebis principebze,<br />
is uaryof<strong>da</strong> rogorc monarqiis, aseve yvela aristokratuli<br />
privilegiebis arsebobas. suvereniteti momdinareobs xalxi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
frangulma revoluciam <strong>da</strong>amkvidra nacionalizmis es<br />
axali saxe, misi idealebiT Tavisuflebaze, Tanasworobaze,<br />
Zmobaze, agreTve TeoriiT eris Sesaxeb, romelic Tavad warmoadgens<br />
xelisuflebas.<br />
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom eri aris <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara eTnikuri<br />
erToba, gaiziara bevrma Teoretikosma. erik habsbaumma ipova<br />
mravali mtkicebuleba, rom erebi ar warmoadgenen arafers gar<strong>da</strong><br />
“Seqmnili tradiciebisa~. is amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> rom misi warmoqmna<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia miTze <strong>da</strong> miTia nacionalizmis warmomqmneli. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT nacionalizmi warmoSobs erebs <strong>da</strong> ara piriqiT.<br />
kiTxviTi niSnis qveS am dros dgeba “mSobliuri enis~ idea, rac<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ecema Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas <strong>da</strong> masSi aisaxeba nacionaluri kultura.<br />
sinamdvileSi enac ganicdis cvlilebebs, radgan yvela<br />
Taobas Seaqvs masSi koreqtivebi. ismis kiTxva, SeiZleba eri warmoiqmnas<br />
Tavisuflebisken ltolvis an demokratis ganviTarebis<br />
Sedegad? Tu es ubralod politikosebis eSmakobis gamovlinebaa.<br />
mainekes azriT aseTi erebis mikuTvneba Tavisuflad<br />
SeiZleba iseT kategoriasTan, rogoricaa “<strong>politikuri</strong>~. ase-<br />
Ti erebisaTvis moqalaqeobis moments aqvs ufro seriozuli<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> mniSvneloba, vidre eTnikuri mdebareobas.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> erebis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgenen<br />
qveynebi – didi britaneTi, aSS <strong>da</strong> safrangeTi. nacionaloba<br />
britanelebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. maTTvis Zalian<br />
faseulia iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa taxtis erTguleba, parlamentis<br />
mimarT pativiscema <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
aSS aris emigrantTa qveyana. nacionaluri identuroba<br />
aq ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> ganvTiarebuliyo, radgan ar arsebobs saer-<br />
To kulturul-istoriuli sawyisebi, amerikuli eris idea<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis, kultivirebisa <strong>da</strong> pativiscemis safuZvelze.<br />
iseTi saerTo Rirebulebebis mimarT, rogoricaa Tavisu-<br />
flebis deklaracia <strong>da</strong> aSS konstitucia.<br />
analogiurad frangebis nacionaluri identuroba emyareba<br />
franguli revoluciis principebs (1789 w).<br />
aseTi erebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia erTi ram. isini<br />
Camoyalibdnen nebayoflobiT. misdevdnen erT saerTo princi<br />
ps <strong>da</strong> mizans. maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia nacionalizmis<br />
gansakuTrebuli stili – tolerantoba <strong>da</strong> demokratiuloba.<br />
nacionaluri identurobisaken swrafvis momentSi did<br />
winaaRmdegobebs waawydnen ganviTarebadi qveynebic. es erebi<br />
xasiaTdebian rogorc “<strong>politikuri</strong>~ ori gagebiT. pirveli –<br />
maT saxelmwifoebrioba moipoves kolonializmis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />
Semdeg; meore – istoriulad es erebi Camoyalibdnen yofili<br />
metropolebis mier gamoyofil teritoriul sazRvrebSi.<br />
nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi<br />
nacionalizmis politikur arsze mimdinareobs cxare<br />
kamaTi. erTi mxri<strong>da</strong>n, is aris savsebiT progresuli <strong>da</strong> ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
Zala. meore mxriv, mas SeuZlia ga<strong>da</strong>iqces rwmenis<br />
iracionalur <strong>da</strong> reaqciul simbolod. is yovelTvis ukeTeb<strong>da</strong><br />
demonstrirebas yvela xasiaTis “politikur ganStoebas~.<br />
am mizezis gamo SeiZleba ukeT ganvixiloT nacionalizmi,<br />
rogorc erTiani <strong>politikuri</strong> fenomeni, aramed rogorc “nacionalizmebis~<br />
gaerTianeba, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
tradiciebis erToblioba, erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli imiT,<br />
rom yvela erTad <strong>da</strong> TiToeuli Taviseburad, aRiareben eris<br />
politikur mniSvnelobas.<br />
roca yalibdeba nacionalizmi kolonizatoruli <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mpyrobluri saxiT, savaraudoa, rom igi ganmaTavisuflebel<br />
Zalad ar mogvevlineba. is rodesac xdeba socialuri rRvevis<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli cvlilebebis nayofi, rogorc wesi, brundeba<br />
izolacionizmis ideologiiT, qsenofobiis <strong>da</strong> rasizmis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad.<br />
nacionalizmi politikur sferoSi warmoCindeba Semdeg<br />
saxeobebSi.<br />
• liberaluri nacionalizmi (liberal nationalizm).<br />
• konservatoruli nacionalizmi (Konservative..)<br />
• eqspansiuri nacionalizmi (Expansionist..)<br />
• antikoloniuri nacionalizmi (anticolonial..)<br />
88 89
liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
liberaluri nacionalizmi SeiZleba CaiTvalos evropuli<br />
liberalizmis klasikur formad.<br />
kontinentalur evropaSi nacionalad yofna niSnav<strong>da</strong><br />
liberalobas <strong>da</strong> piriqiT. yvelaze mkveTrad es gamovlin<strong>da</strong><br />
italiis ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobaSi (“risorJomento~aRorZineba),<br />
romlis mTavari figurac iyo juzepe mazini. juzepe<br />
mazini (1805-1872) – italiuri nacionaluri moZraobis lideri.<br />
liberaluri respublikanizmis uryevi mimdevari. ga<strong>da</strong>asaxles<br />
jer safrangeTSi, Semdeg inglisSi. 1848 wels, roca evropas<br />
revoluciis talRam ga<strong>da</strong>uara, is cota xniT Camovi<strong>da</strong> italiaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> miiRo monawileoba milanis ganTavisuflebaSi. 1848 wlis<br />
Semdeg mazini italiaSi aRar <strong>da</strong>brunebula. misma Sromebma<br />
didi gavlena moaxdines evropasa <strong>da</strong> amerikel emigrantebze.<br />
aseTive msoflmxedvelobas iziareb<strong>da</strong> simon boliva, romelic<br />
saTaveSi edga laTinoamerikul ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas<br />
XIX saukuneSi. man didi wvlili Seitana espanelTa gandevnaSi<br />
(“espanuri ameriki<strong>da</strong>n~). liberaluri nacionalizmis gansakuTrebuloba<br />
aixsneba imiT, rom is akavSirebs suverenitetis ideiT<br />
Sepyrobil erebs. rom evropeli nacionalistebi XIX s-Si ibrZodnen<br />
iseTi mravalenovani imperiis winaaRmdeg, romlebic mZafrad<br />
avlendnen avtokratiisa <strong>da</strong> despotizmis Tvisebebs.<br />
mazini ibrZo<strong>da</strong> gaaerTianebina aramarto italiuri<br />
saxelmwifoebi, aramed ga<strong>da</strong>egdo avstriis avtokratiuli uReli.<br />
amitom am moZraobis mTavari lozungi iyo nacionaluri<br />
TviTgamorkvevis principi.<br />
eris TviTgamorkvevis ufleba – es aris principi, romlis<br />
Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c eri aris suverenuli erToba; TviTgamorkveva<br />
amasTanave gulisxmobs demokratiul mmarTvelobas.<br />
liberaluri nacionalizmi eyrdnoba garkveul principebs.<br />
is ar aniWebs upiratesobebs erebs, piriqiT, mis lozungeb-<br />
Si mouwodebs, rom yvela ers aqvs Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> TviTgamorkvevis<br />
ufleba. amis mixedviT, liberaluri nacionalizmis<br />
idealad iTvleba suveneruli erovnuli saxelmwifo. liberalebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT nacionalizmi xels uwyobs aramarto<br />
politikur Tavisuflebas, aramed stabilurobis <strong>da</strong> mSvidobis<br />
SesanarCuneblad meqanizmebis SemuSavebas. liberalizmisTvis<br />
erebis cneba ar aris saboloo, is imis iqiTac ixedeba. amisTvis<br />
mas ori mizezi gaaCnia. pirveli, rogorc cnobilia, liberale-<br />
bi individualizmis poziciebs eyrdnobian. isini <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulebi<br />
arian, rom yvela xalxi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad rasisa, sarwmunoebisa,<br />
socialuri statusisa <strong>da</strong> erovnebisa, tolfasovania. aniWeben<br />
ra liberalebi ufro met upiratesobas individebs, vidre erebs,<br />
maTTvis <strong>da</strong>saSvebia isic, rom SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>irRves suvereniteti<br />
(nacionaluri). amasTanave liberalizmisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
sifrTxile. suverenuli erovnuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>eSvas “sawyis, Cveulebriv mdgomareobamde~, radgan ganusazRverli<br />
Tavisufleba aZlevs xalxs erTmaneTis <strong>da</strong>Cagvris saSualebas,<br />
aseTi saxelmwifoebi erovnuli saxelmwifos lozungs<br />
amofarebuli SeiZleba atarebdes eqspansionistur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mpyroblur<br />
politikas. Tavisufleba ar un<strong>da</strong> ejaxebodes kanonebs,<br />
es exeba rogorc individs, aseve ers. ai amitom, liberalebi<br />
yovelTvis pirvelebi idgnen organizaciebis rigebSi, saerTa-<br />
Soriso uflebebis sistemebis gasaZliereblad <strong>da</strong> SesanarCuneblad.<br />
(es wevri qveynebia gaero, evrosabWo, erovnuli liga).<br />
liberaluri nacionalizmis kritika warmoebs ori<br />
mimarTulebiT.<br />
pirveli: maT momxreebs a<strong>da</strong>naSauleben, rom isini xe<strong>da</strong>ven<br />
mis mxolod naTel mxareebs, maTi nacionalizmi Zalian<br />
Selamazebulia, tolerantuli <strong>da</strong> racionaluri. isini Tvalebs<br />
xuWaven mis Sav-bnel saqmeebze, roca xalxs yofen or jgufad<br />
“me~ <strong>da</strong> ~isini~ (traibolizmis gamovlineba).<br />
meore: arasworad SeiZleba CaiTvalos erovnul saxelmwifoTa<br />
erTobis saxiT samyaros mowyobis liberalur-nacionaluri<br />
ideali, romelic Tavis droze personificirebuli iyo<br />
v. vilsonis figuraSi, mas Tavis droze emxrobo<strong>da</strong> evropis<br />
sakmaod didi nawili. romlebic Tvlidnen, rom TiTqos erebi<br />
ikavebdnen mkafiod garkveul <strong>da</strong> maTTvis xelsayrel sivrceebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebi un<strong>da</strong> jdebodnen mkacrad gamijnul teritoriul<br />
sazRvrebSi. sinamdvileSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebi<br />
moicaven uamrav religiur, enobriv <strong>da</strong> regionalur <strong>da</strong>jgufebebs,<br />
romelTaganac romeliRac mainc gamoTqvams pretenzias<br />
“eris~ statusze. mag.: yofili Yiugoslavia, romelic Tavis<br />
droze versalelma mSvidobismyofelebma gansazRvres, CaTvales,<br />
rogorc “slavTa qveyana~. sinamdvileSi is yovelTvis <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />
iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiur-eTnikuri erTobebiT, romelTac<br />
gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T ena <strong>da</strong> istoria. amas mohyva eTnikuri wmendis saSiSroeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> es mox<strong>da</strong> kidec bosnieli serbebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
90 91
konservatoriuli konservatoriuli konservatoriuli konservatoriuli konservatoriuli nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
konservatoruli nacionalizmi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ufro gvian,<br />
vidre liberaluri nacionalizmi. drois msvlelobis<br />
kval<strong>da</strong>kval isini erTmaneTs uaxlovdebodnen. magaliTisTvis<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT bismarki, romelic mzad iyo <strong>da</strong>eyenebina<br />
germanuli nacionalizmi prusiis sa<strong>da</strong>rajoze <strong>da</strong> dizraeli<br />
misi idealiT “erTi eris~ - Sesaxeb.<br />
dRevandel samyaroSi, nacionalizmi gax<strong>da</strong> rwmenis simbolo<br />
bevrisTvis, kerZod, konservatorebisTvis. did britaneT-<br />
Si es aisaxa omis Semdeg (folklendis omi 1982 w. _ gamoucxadebeli<br />
omi britaneTsa <strong>da</strong> argentinas Soris), roca britane-<br />
Ti acxadeb<strong>da</strong> pretenzias folklendis kunZulebze.<br />
nacionalizmis gamovlineba iyo agreTve aSS-s sagareo<br />
politikis gaaqtiureba _ reiganis dros, roca is SeiWra grena<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bomba livia. buSis dros – SeiWrnen panamaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
iomes sparseTis yureSi.<br />
konservatoruli nacionalizmis mimdevrebis safiqralia<br />
ara nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva msoflio masStabiT,<br />
aramed gzebi, raTa moipovon socialuri erToba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
wyoba. eri maTi gagebiT aris “organuli erTi saer-<br />
To~, romelic miiltvis imaTken, visac mis msoflmxedvelobas<br />
iziarebs, hgavs cxovrebis wesiT <strong>da</strong> garegnula<strong>da</strong>c misi Sesaferia<br />
– erTi sityviT uSiSroebas <strong>da</strong> Tanamonawileobas isini<br />
eZeben <strong>da</strong> pouloben mxolod nacionalur erTobebSi.<br />
iTvleba, rom imigracias SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>Salos Camoyalibebuli<br />
nacionaluri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> eTnikurad identuri<br />
erToba, is SeiZleba gaxdes mudmivi mtrobisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis<br />
mizezi. konservatoruli nacionalizmis lozungiT tardeba<br />
antiimigraciuli kompaniebi britaneTis nacionalur<br />
partiaSi. nacionaluri identurobis sxva safrTxe ganixileba<br />
zenacionaluri struqturebisa <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis kulturis<br />
ganviTarebis dros.<br />
Tu konservatoruli mmarTveloba mxars uWers sazogadoebriv<br />
enTuziazms Si<strong>da</strong><strong>politikuri</strong> aqciebiT, maSin es miu-<br />
TiTebs politikosebis oportunizmze. kulturuli siwmindis<br />
SesanarCuneblad <strong>da</strong> gamyarebuli tradiciebis xelSeuxeblobisaTvis<br />
konservatorebi emigrantebs <strong>da</strong> ucxoelebs ganixilaven,<br />
rogorc mudmiv saSiSroebas erisaTvis.<br />
eqspansionisturi eqspansionisturi eqspansionisturi eqspansionisturi eqspansionisturi nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmis mesame forma atarebs agresiul, eqspansionistur<br />
Tvisebas. eqspansionizmSi mravalmxriv upirispirdeba<br />
liberalur nacionalizms Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTgamokvlevis<br />
problemebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. pirvelad Tavisi agresiuloba<br />
am tipma gamoavlina XIX saukunis bolos, roca evropulma<br />
saxelmwifoebma nacionaluri didebis mosapoveblad gaaCaRes<br />
omebi afrikisaTvis. kolonialuri politikisagan evropuli<br />
nacionalizmi gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> imiT, rom masSi pirvelad gamovlin<strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi nacionalizmi, (saxalso nacionalizmi),<br />
romelTa TvalSic imperiis Seqmna iyo sakiTxi nacionaluri<br />
prestiJisaTvis upirvelesi sakiTxi.<br />
termini (eqspansionisturi) – ekuTvnis frang nacionalists<br />
Sarl mores, “aqsion Ffranses~ organizaciis pirveli<br />
frTis liders (“aqsion franse~ – monarqiul-religiuri<br />
organizacia safrangeTSi, 1899 <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> w. Sewyvita arseboba<br />
1944 w.). is qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong> eris absolutur pirvelobas, romelic<br />
axlos iyo formulasTan “eri-yvelaferia, a<strong>da</strong>miani-araferi~.<br />
eris arsebobis cneba misTvis imdenad amaRlebuli iyo, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani masSi (am eris SemadgenlobaSi) maSin Rebulob<strong>da</strong><br />
mniSvnelobas, roca is mTlianad <strong>da</strong>uTmob<strong>da</strong> Tavis Tavs nacionalur<br />
moZraobas.<br />
aseTi ideologiebi mTlianad wyvets kavSirs nacionalizmsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratias Soris. nacionalizmis agresiuli forma<br />
axocirdeba SovinizmTan, (es sityva warmoiSva “nikola Sovenis~<br />
saxelisagan). aq saubaric ki ar SeiZleba erTa Soris<br />
Tanasworobaze. igulisxmeba, rom erebi bevria <strong>da</strong> yvelas Tavisi<br />
gza aqvs – erTni gaCndnen sabatonod, meoreni-<strong>da</strong>samorCileblad.<br />
Tavis ers Sovinisti Tvlis erTaderTad <strong>da</strong> ganumeoreblad<br />
_ “xalxis rCeulad~.<br />
eqspansiuri nacionalizmis kidev erT leitmotivad<br />
warmogvidgeba nacionaluri aRmavlobis (aRorZinebis) idea.<br />
erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos momavali momavali momavali momavali momavali<br />
erovnuli saxelmwifo – es ara mxolod <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
organizaciis formaa, aramed <strong>politikuri</strong> idealicaa. pirvel<br />
SemTxvevaSi es aris <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli erToba, romelic Sekrulia<br />
92 93
erTiani moqalaqeobiT <strong>da</strong> nacionalizmiT. am mxriv igi ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
mravalnacionalur imperiebs <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebs.<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi es aris principi, mazinis mier Camoyalibebuli<br />
“erTi eri – erTi saxelmwifo~.<br />
XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls sul ufro xSirad <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />
saubari, rom <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> nacionaluri ideologiebis epoqa, imitom,<br />
rom maT savsebiT amowures Tavisi amocana _ SeeqmnaT<br />
erovnul saxelmwifoTa samyaro.<br />
TviTon istoria muSaobs amgvari saxelmwifos Seqmnaze.<br />
amgvari saxelmwifos Rirseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is<br />
erTdroulad aerTianebs sazogadoebas <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
faqtorebiT eTnikur erTobaTa sazRvrebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
gaerTianebulni arian saerTo warsulisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis mqone<br />
xalxi, igi am SemTxvevaSi idealurad emTxveva – moqalaqeobis<br />
sferos. amitom bevri ambobs, rom erovnul saxelmwifoTa warmoqmna<br />
Tavis droze ganpirobebuli iyo bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> kanonzomieri<br />
procesebiT, sxva sazogadoebrivi jgufi ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
istoriulad Camoyalibebuliyo myar politikur erTobad<br />
_ gar<strong>da</strong> erisa.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c erovnuli saxelmwifoebi ase Tu ise aris<br />
mravalgvari eTnosisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis mqone, amitomac eTnikur<br />
fonze politikis gatareba warmoadgens erovnuli saxelmwifos<br />
moduls. erovnuli saxelmwifos gare safrTxem SeiZleba<br />
miiRos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva forma. _ es aris:<br />
_ SeiaraRebis sferoSi progresi (atomuri SeiaraReba).<br />
_ ekonomikis globalizacia – aqvs Tu ara momavali<br />
erovnul saxelmwifos, sa<strong>da</strong>c arcerTi nacionaluri mmarTveloba<br />
pasuxs ar agebs ekonomikaze?<br />
_ TviTon erovnul saxelmwifos instituti, romelic<br />
safrTxes uqmnis garemos <strong>da</strong> irRveva globaluri ekologiuri<br />
Tanasworoba.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, sxva politikur organizaciebisagan, erovnuli<br />
saxelmwifoebi gansxvavdebodnen imiT, rom is aerTianeb<strong>da</strong><br />
xalxs saerTo nacionaluri kulturiT <strong>da</strong> saerTo tradiciebiT.<br />
dRes ki transnacionaluri <strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturis<br />
warmoSoba asustebs mis am <strong>da</strong>debiT mxaresac.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
eris buneba ganisazRvreba kulturuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
faqtorebis SerwymiT. kulturuli mxri<strong>da</strong>n eri warmoadgens<br />
xalxTa erTobas, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuls saerTo religiiT, eniT, istoriiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> tradiciebiT. sabolood erebi gansazRvraven TavianT<br />
Tavs rogorc erTobas, romelic Sekrulia moqalaqeobrivi<br />
azrovnebiT <strong>da</strong> miiltvian Seqmnan an SeinarCunon saxelmwifoebrioba.<br />
nacionalizmi gvevlineba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli formebiT. kulturuli nacionalizmi atarebs<br />
eris ganaxlebis ideas. <strong>politikuri</strong> nacionalizmi ers xe<strong>da</strong>vs,<br />
rogorc Caketil erTobas <strong>da</strong> amitomac wina planze swevs<br />
suverenitetisa <strong>da</strong> TviTgamorkvevis ideas.<br />
zogierTi <strong>politikuri</strong> moazrovne nacionalizms Tvlis<br />
axali drois fenomenad, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia industrializaciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiis ganviTarebasTan. zogi mis fesvebs<br />
ukavSirebs, romlebic Camoyalibdnen jer kidev Sua saukuneeb-<br />
Si. nacionalizmi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvaria. yoveli saxeobis Camoyalibebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs istoriuli<br />
garemoeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> miznebi, romelsac isini misdevdnen.<br />
arsebobs <strong>politikuri</strong> nacionalizmis ramdenime nairsaxeoba:<br />
liberaluri nacionalizmi emyareba eris TviTgamorkvevis<br />
saerTo uflebas; konservatoruli nacionalizmi<br />
upiratesobas aniWebs patriotisms; eqspansiuri nacionalizmi<br />
aris agresiis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>myrobluri xasiaTis matarebeli; antikolonialuri<br />
nacionalizmisTvis ki <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia brZola<br />
nacionaluri <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri ganTavisuflebisaTvis.<br />
Tanamedrove polikulturalizmis filosofia ase Tu<br />
ise yovelTvis uryevs safuZvels nacionalizms. yvelaze nakleb<br />
problemas uqmnis liberalur nacionalizms, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
is xe<strong>da</strong>vs erSi ufro metad politikur, vidre kulturuleTnikur<br />
erTobas <strong>da</strong> moiTxovs, kulturaTa mravalsaxeoba ar<br />
ewinaaRmdegebodes tolerantobisa <strong>da</strong> pirovnuli Tavisuflebis<br />
principebs. konservatorebi ki kulturis mravalsaxeobaSi<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>ven erisaTvis pir<strong>da</strong>pir safrTxes, xalxTa undoblobis,<br />
mtrobisa <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis sawyiss.<br />
dRemde popularulobiT sargeblobs <strong>politikuri</strong> organizaciis<br />
ZiriTadi forma “erovnuli saxelmwifo~. is aris<br />
politikis erT-erTi mTavari birTvi. mas bevri Rirseba gaaC-<br />
94 95
nia. is aerTianebs sazogadoebas kulturulad, politikurad,<br />
eTnikurad, <strong>da</strong> aZlevs <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTgamorkvevis<br />
uflebas.<br />
axlandel droSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebi awydebian<br />
rig problemebs. vrceldeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tendenciebi, romlebsac<br />
ganapirobebs eTnikuri faqtorebi. saWiroa gamoinaxos<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi raTa Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwion saerTaSoriso<br />
ekologiuri krizisi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
Tavi Tavi VII<br />
VII<br />
msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
me-20 saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulma kacobriobas <strong>da</strong>anaxa, rom<br />
msoflio, gax<strong>da</strong> erTi `globaluri sofeli~. globalizaciam<br />
srulebiT Secvala politikis adrindeli gageba <strong>da</strong> TviT<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> urTierTobebis arsi. politikis tradiciuli<br />
aRqma `CaxlarTuli~ iyo saxelmwifosTan. swored saxelmwifo<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> politikaSi mTavar aqtorad, xolo <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
analizis centrSi saxelmwifos Semoqmedebis nacionaluri<br />
done idga. aseTi gagebi<strong>da</strong>n bunebrivad momdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
is, rom SesaZlebelia gagvevlo mkveTri xazi sagareo <strong>da</strong><br />
saSinao politikas Soris, anu maT Soris rasac adgili hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
erovnuli saxelmwifos SigniT <strong>da</strong> rac xdebo<strong>da</strong> mis<br />
sazRvrebs gareT. am ukanasknels aanalizeb<strong>da</strong> axali <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli disciplina _ `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~.<br />
globalizaciam gaafermkrTala sazRvrebi `saSinao~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`sagareos~ Soris, kacobrioba mimarTa erTiani `globaluri<br />
sazogadoebis~ gzisken. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa erovnuli saxelmwifo<br />
kvlav mTavar aqtorad iTvleba saerTaSoriso arenaze,<br />
dRes SeuZlebelia uarvyoT isic, rom mniSvnelovnad izrdeba<br />
zeerovnuli organoebisa <strong>da</strong> transerovnuli struqturebis<br />
mniSvneloba.<br />
msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis arsi arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi Teoriuli Teoriuli Teoriuli Teoriuli Teoriuli skolebi skolebi skolebi skolebi skolebi<br />
politika rom mimarTulia sazogadoebis ara marto SigniT,<br />
aramed gareTac, xalxs esmo<strong>da</strong> uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
im omebiTa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebiT qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris, rasac<br />
adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> Zvel saberZneTSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />
Tanamedrove sistema warmoiSva mxolod centralizebuli<br />
saxelmwifoebis warmoSobis Semdeg XVI-XVII ss. am procesma<br />
Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova vestfaliis SeTanxmebaSi (1948 w.),<br />
romliTac <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> oc<strong>da</strong>aTwliani omi <strong>da</strong> evropulma saxelmwifoebma<br />
pirvelad, oficialurad aRiares saxelmwifo suverenitetis<br />
principi. mogvianebiT saxelmwifoTa erovnul sistema-<br />
Si CaerTo aSS, roca 1908 wels espaneTTan gamarjvebis Semdeg<br />
msoflio Tanamegobrobis TvalSi igi udides saxelmwifod<br />
96 97
iqca <strong>da</strong> iaponia, romelmac miiRo igive statusi 1904-1905 wlebSi<br />
ruseTTan gamarjvebiT. XIX saukunis bolos imperializmma <strong>da</strong><br />
evropulma `brZolam koloniebisaTvis~ afrikasa <strong>da</strong> aziaSi<br />
saerTaSoriso sistemas Semata namdvili msoflio.<br />
me-20 saukune gax<strong>da</strong> momswre msoflio politikis Camoyalibebisa.<br />
konfliqturi urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong> TanamSromloba<br />
saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris gavrcel<strong>da</strong><br />
mTeli msoflios masStabiT. yvelaze dramatuli saxiT<br />
es gamovlin<strong>da</strong> pirveli msoflio omis (1914-1918) meore<br />
msoflio omisa (1939-1945) <strong>da</strong> `civi omis~ (Cold War) periodSi.<br />
XX saukunis bolos naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom icvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
cxovrebis arsi. kiTxvis qveS aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> TviT saSinao<br />
<strong>da</strong> sagareo politikis aspeqtebad <strong>da</strong>yofa, ase Cveulebrivi rom<br />
iyo adre. dRes am rTuli <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivi cvlilebebis<br />
Sesaxeb saubroben globalizaciis saxeliT.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tendenciebis analizisaTvis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi aucilebelia<br />
gamovarkvioT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva midgomebi, romelTa pozicii<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> msoflio politika. am<br />
mxriv arsebob<strong>da</strong> Semdegi ZiriTadi skolebi: idealizmi; realizmi;<br />
pluralizmi <strong>da</strong> marqsizmi.<br />
idealizmi<br />
idealizmi<br />
idealizmi<br />
idealizmi<br />
idealizmi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> idealizmis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
igi saerTaSoriso politikas aRiqvams samarTlis moraluri<br />
faseulobebisa <strong>da</strong> normebis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n. mas naklebad ainteresebs<br />
empiriuli analizi (anu is, Tu saxelmwifoebi realurad<br />
rogor iqcevian). ufro metad normatiuli momentebis (anu<br />
is, rogor un<strong>da</strong> iqceodnen isini). analizze akeTebs aqcentirebas,<br />
amitom mas xan<strong>da</strong>xan ganixilaven rogorc utopiis saxesxvaobas.<br />
istoriis msvlelobisas SemuSavebul iqna politikis<br />
idealisturi Teoriis mravali tipi. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebSi<br />
Toma aqvineli (1224-1274) msjelob<strong>da</strong> imis Sesaxeb. Tu<br />
rac warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> `samarTliani omi~, risTvisac ganixilav<strong>da</strong><br />
mmarTvelTa moqmedebebs erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, zneobrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT. igi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom omi SesaZlebelia gamarTlebuli<br />
iqnes, Tu <strong>da</strong>culia sami piroba. pirveli, pirveli, pirveli, omi un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoacxados sruluflebianma mmarTvelma; meore, meore, meore, saqme, ris<br />
gamoc mimdinareobs omi, samarTliani un<strong>da</strong> iyos im azriT, rom<br />
misi mizani un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes usamarTlobis gamosworebas;<br />
mesame, mesame, aseT omSi un<strong>da</strong> eyrdnobode sikeTes <strong>da</strong> gaeqce borotebas,<br />
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar un<strong>da</strong> miece simkacresa <strong>da</strong> sixarbes.<br />
mogvianebiT emanuel kantma SemogvTavaza msoflio<br />
mmarTvelobis proeqtis msgavsi ram. misi azriT, morali <strong>da</strong><br />
goneba erTdroulad eubneba a<strong>da</strong>mians, rom ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos omi <strong>da</strong><br />
momavalSi kacobrioba miaRwevs `saerTo samu<strong>da</strong>mo mSvidobas~.<br />
idealizmis formaTa umravlesoba Seesabameba internacionalizms,<br />
anu a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianoba un<strong>da</strong> moewyos sakacobrio<br />
moTxovnilebebTan SesabamisobaSi <strong>da</strong> ara marto nacionalur<br />
principebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. es Sexeduleba, Tavis mxriv,<br />
gamoxatulebas poulobs im wina<strong>da</strong>debaSi, rom xalxis cxovreba,<br />
rogorc erovnul, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze, un<strong>da</strong> moewyos<br />
harmoniisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis sawyisebze. idealizmis erTerT<br />
gavlenian formad iqca liberalizmi.<br />
yvelaze Zlier biZgs idealizmis aRorZinebisTvis warmoadgens<br />
imis gaazreba, rom samxedro <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis eskalaciis<br />
Sedegad msoflio atomuri ganadgurebis winaSe <strong>da</strong>dga, ra-<br />
Sic <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi aTwleulebis manZilze ejibrebodnen<br />
erTmaneTs. warmoiSva moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis, yvelaze<br />
farTo internacionaluri filosofii<strong>da</strong>n pacifizmze _<br />
omisa <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis nebismieri formis uaryofa _ aqcentirebis<br />
Sedegad neoidealizmis principebma gamoxatuleba hpova<br />
`msoflio sazogadoebis~ koncefciaSi, romlis warmoqmna <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebulia avstralieli diplomatisa <strong>da</strong> mecnieris jon bertonis<br />
saxelTan. `msoflio sazogadoebis~ koncefcia Tvlis,<br />
rom erovnul saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis idea <strong>da</strong>ber<strong>da</strong>, _<br />
mis adgilze modis saxelmwifoTa rTuli <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
urTierTobebis modeli, romelsac bertonma `ablabu<strong>da</strong>~<br />
uwo<strong>da</strong>. bunebrivia, iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong>, rom tradiciulma<br />
saerTaSoriso politikam adgili un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uTmos saer-<br />
TaSoriso konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi araZaladobriv saSualebebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobas.<br />
realizmi<br />
realizmi<br />
realizmi<br />
realizmi<br />
realizmi<br />
realisturi tradicia, romelsac xan<strong>da</strong>xan politikur<br />
realizmsac uwodeben, Tavisuflad SeiZleba CaiTvalos uZveles<br />
<strong>Teoria</strong>d saerTaSoriso politikaSi. misi Canasaxi Sei-<br />
98 99
Zleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT fukididesTan peloponesis omis istoriaSi<br />
(431 w. Cv. w.aR.-mde) <strong>da</strong> sun-czis klasikur naSromSi strategiis<br />
Sesaxeb `omis xelovneba~, romelic <strong>da</strong>iwera CineTSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
imave periodSi. <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmis sxva cnibili<br />
figurebi arian makiaveli <strong>da</strong> Tomas hobsi. magram gabatonebul<br />
paradigmad realizmi XX saukuneSi _ ori msoflio omis<br />
msvlelobis Semdeg gax<strong>da</strong>. im dros, roca idealizmi eyrdnoba<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eTikur mxares, realizmisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia sxva speqtri _ saxelmwifoTa Zalovani politika<br />
(Power politics), sa<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifoebi miyvebian sakuTar<br />
interesebs. misi arsiT saxelmwifo mTavaria saerTaSoriso<br />
arenaze <strong>da</strong> momavalSi suverenuli, igi imoqmedebs <strong>da</strong>moukideblad,<br />
ufro metic, nacionalizmis aRzevebiTa <strong>da</strong> eri-saxelmwifoebis<br />
SeqmniT, saxelmwifo xdeba, Sinaganad mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebul politikur Tanasazogadoebad, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela emor-<br />
Cileba eris interesebs.<br />
realizmis wamyvanma Teoretikosebma emanuil kantma <strong>da</strong><br />
hans morgenTaum gaakritikes idealizmi _ internacionalizmsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi bunebrivi harmoniis arsebobasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. mag: kari amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom or msoflio<br />
oms Soris periodSi gulubryvilo imedebma saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTalze <strong>da</strong> koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze xeli SeuSala atlantikis<br />
orive mxaris politikosebs gaeazrebinaT germanuli<br />
eqspansiis safrTxe <strong>da</strong> SeeCerebinaT igi. radgan msoflio-<br />
Si ar aris imaze maRali Zalaufleba vidre suverenuli saxelmwifo,<br />
xazs usvamen realistebi, saerTaSoriso politika<br />
xorcieldeba `bunebis kanonebiT~, anu anarqiiT <strong>da</strong> aramc <strong>da</strong><br />
aramc harmoniiT. saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiuloba ki ima-<br />
Si mdgomareobs, rom yoveli saxelmwifo fiqrobs sakuTar<br />
nacionalur interesebze, pirvel rigSi sakuTar ga<strong>da</strong>rCenasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTari teritoriuli sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>cvaze.<br />
amis safuZvelze realistebi aqcents akeTeben Zalis<br />
rolze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, Zalas ki saomar kategoriad<br />
miiCneven. saerTaSoriso anarqia maTTvis arc erT<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar aRniSnavs permanentul konfliqts <strong>da</strong> mudmiv<br />
oms. isini amtkiceben, rom konfliqtic <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobac<br />
saxelmwifoTa Si<strong>da</strong> sistemaSi umravles SemTxvevaSi emor-<br />
Cileba ZalTa balansis logikas (balance of power).<br />
amasTan realistebi ar Tvlian, rom saerTaSoriso wesrigis<br />
SigniT namdvilad moqmedeben `bunebis kanonebi~, radgan<br />
Zalaufleba, simdidre <strong>da</strong> resursebi saxelmwifoTa Soris<br />
Tanabrad araa ganawilebuli. am sistemis mTavar monawileebs<br />
miniWebuli aqvT didi saxelmwifoebis roli (great power) (`civi<br />
omis~ wlebSi maT zesaxelmwifoebs uwodebdnen). saerTod<br />
adgili aqvs saxelmwifoTa ierarqias, romelic saerTaSoriso<br />
sistemaSi wesrigs qmnis, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c didi saxelmwifoebi ase<br />
Tu ise akontroleben <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul saxelmwifoebs savaWro<br />
blokebi<strong>da</strong>n. `civi omis~ wlebSi yovelive aman gamoiwvia bipolaruli<br />
msoflio wesrigis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba, sa<strong>da</strong>c amerikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
ssrk-s Zalovan blokebs Soris winaaRmdegobebma TiTqmis mTeli<br />
msoflio moicva. realistebis mtkicebiT swored bi polarobam<br />
SeZlo mSvidobis SenarCuneba.<br />
80-ian wlebSi uoltisa <strong>da</strong> sxva Teoretikosebis zegavleniT<br />
ganviTareba pova neorealizmma, romelic igive poziciebs<br />
uWers mxars, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, roca ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet<br />
mniSvnelobas Zalas aniWebs. am mimarTulebis momxreebi msoflio<br />
procesebs xsnian ara imdenad saxelmwifoTa miznebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> deklaraciebiT, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c saerTaSoriso sistemis struqturuli<br />
faqtorebiT.<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralisturi midgoma saerTaSoriso politikisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia aSS-sTvis, SeiniSneba 1960-1970-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmoadgens erTgvar zednadebs liberalur ideebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
faseulobebze. Tavisi arsiT pluralizmi warmoadgens socialurpolitikur<br />
koncefcias, rogoricaa Zalisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis<br />
gafantva konkurentul struqturebsa an jgufebSi. pluralizmi<br />
rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa koncefcia, gamodis<br />
saxelmwifo _ `imcentruli~ modelis alternativad, romelsac<br />
eyrdnoba realizmi. bolo modelis ilustraciad gamodgeba<br />
jon bertonis mosazrebebi `biliardis magi<strong>da</strong>sTan~ <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
rogorc magi<strong>da</strong> burTebiT, romlebic warmoadgenen xist<br />
obieqtebs, ejaxebian erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> amavdroulad erTmaneTs aZleven<br />
moZraobis saSualebas, realizmic mis msgavsad warmoadgens<br />
msoflio politikas. pluralizmis momxreTa azriT es srulebiT<br />
mc<strong>da</strong>ri Sexedulebaa, radgan iq ar arseboben transerovnuli<br />
aqtorebi _ transerovnuli korporaciebi <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebi, ar aris saxelmwifoTa urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba,<br />
100 101
gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikur sferoSi.<br />
amitom pluralizmi gvTavazobs `sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar aqtor-<br />
Ta models~, sa<strong>da</strong>c erovnul mmarTvelTa rolTan erTad xazi<br />
aqvs gasmuli imas, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi dRes<br />
yalibdeba ufro metad farTo faqtorebisa <strong>da</strong> interesTa jgufebis<br />
zegavleniT <strong>da</strong> `sagareo suverenitetis~ principi, romelzec<br />
cocxlobs realizmi, un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos metad Tavm<strong>da</strong>bali gagebiT,<br />
moqmed struqturaTagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad. es politikaSi<br />
iseTi struqturebis CarTvis saSualebas iZleva, rogoricaa<br />
`grinpisi~, palestinis ganTavisuflebis organizacia, korporacia<br />
`koka-kola~ <strong>da</strong> vatikani. <strong>da</strong> es CarTva xdeba gaTanabrebulad,<br />
ase vTqvaT, safrangeTisa Tu argentinis saxelmwifos-<br />
Tan. sinamdvileSi ki pluralizmi kiTxvis qveS ayenebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel moqmed aqtorebs <strong>da</strong> Tvlis, rom msoflio politikis<br />
yvela subieqti moqmedebs Sekavebisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTgawonasworebis<br />
wredSi. swored aseTi midgomis farglebSi, `kubis<br />
krizisis~ analizisas alisonma (1971) gvaCvena, rom saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gamomdinareobs<br />
ara imdenad erovnuli interesebis `racionaluri~ Tanmimdevrobi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c CinovnikTa <strong>da</strong> politikosTa biurokratiuli<br />
garemo<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
sabolood, pluralizmma misca saSualeba gaeazrebinaT<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi iseTi tendencia, rogoricaa<br />
Zalovani politiki<strong>da</strong>n CamoSoreba. mocemuli midgomis momxreebi<br />
Tvlian, rom urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebul msoflioSi Tanam-<br />
Sromlobisken <strong>da</strong> integraciisken moZraoba bolos msoflio<br />
politikis mTavar magistralur RerZad iqceva.<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsizmi<br />
marqsistuli Sexedulebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze<br />
gansxvavdeba sxva paradigmebisagan, <strong>da</strong> es specifika imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom marqsizmi mTavar mniSvnelobas aZlevs<br />
ekonomikur Zlierebas <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso kapitalis Semoqmedebas.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom marqsi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d nacionaluri<br />
kapitalizmis struqturebiTa <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d burJuaziasa <strong>da</strong><br />
proletariats Soris antagonisturi urTierTobebiT iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli,<br />
misi naSromebi exeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsac _<br />
sakmarisia gavixsenoT misi koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom mSromeli<br />
xalxis soli<strong>da</strong>roba ar cnobs nacionalur sazRvrebs.<br />
Tanamedrove marqsistebma, anu neomarqsistebma, uaryves<br />
marqsisa <strong>da</strong> leninis klasikuri modeli. neomarqsistuli midgomis<br />
Tavisebureba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: im dros, roca<br />
klasikuri marqsizmi xazs usvams winaaRmdegobebs nacionalur<br />
`kapitalizmTa~ Soris, neomarqsistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben<br />
masze, rogor viTardebo<strong>da</strong> globaluri kapitalisturi<br />
sistema me-20 saukuneSi.<br />
am sistemis mTavar <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSans, neomarqsistebis<br />
Tanaxmad, warmoadgens klasobriv interesTa organizacia saer-<br />
TaSoriso safuZvelze _ mravalnacionaluri korporaciebis<br />
qselis saxiT.<br />
msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio wesrigi wesrigi wesrigi wesrigi wesrigi XXI XXI XXI XXI XXI saukuneSi<br />
saukuneSi<br />
saukuneSi<br />
saukuneSi<br />
saukuneSi<br />
1989 wlis 9 noembers demonstraciebi aRmosavleT berlinSi<br />
gaimarTa berlinis kedlis <strong>da</strong>sangrevad _ es `civi<br />
omis~ mTavar simbolos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. 1990 wlis gazafxulze<br />
kuveitis krizisis periodSi, roca erayis agresiis winaaRmdeg<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> yvelaze farTo saerTaSoriso koalicia, aSS-is<br />
prezidentma gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> `axali msoflio wesrigi~. 1990 wlis<br />
noemberSi varSavis SeTanxmebisa <strong>da</strong> natos warmomadgenlebi<br />
Sexvdnen erTmaneTs parizSi <strong>da</strong> oficialurad gamoacxades<br />
konfrontaciis eris <strong>da</strong>sasruli. `civi omis~ wignSi ga<strong>da</strong>iSala<br />
bolo gverdi, magram <strong>da</strong>rCa kiTxvebi: rogor <strong>da</strong>iwyo `civi<br />
omi~? ram SeaCera igi <strong>da</strong> ratom ar ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> namdvil omSi?<br />
<strong>da</strong> ras niSnav<strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>mTavreba: vin moigo?<br />
CvenTvis karga<strong>da</strong>a cnobili, rom iseTi rTuli istoriuli<br />
procesi, rogoricaa `civi omis~ <strong>da</strong>sawyisi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sasruli,<br />
ar SeiZleba aixsnas romelime erTi mizezis saSualebiT.<br />
swored amitom vxvdebiT azrTa <strong>da</strong> fatebis mravalferovnebas,<br />
romelzec amjerad yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT. avRniSnavT<br />
mxolod imas, rom 1980-iani wlebis movlenebi momzadebuli<br />
iyo 1970-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis ganmuxtvis politikis Sedegad.<br />
ganmuxtvam aiZula mxareebi ga<strong>da</strong>esinjaT Tavisi strategiuli<br />
prioritetebi. 1980-iani wlebis moZraobam mSvidobisaTvis<br />
kiTxvis qveS <strong>da</strong>ayena zesaxelmwifoebis yvela SeTanxmeba.<br />
yvelaze farTo masStabiT `civi omis~ <strong>da</strong>sasrulma<br />
gamoxatuleba ZalTa globalur balansSi hpova.<br />
102 103
XXI saukunis saerTaSoriso sistema gansxvavebuli iqneba<br />
wina periodebis saerTaSoriso sistemisagan: aq yvela saxelmwifo<br />
_ didic, <strong>da</strong> zesaxelmwifoebic icxovreben urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebul<br />
situaciaSi <strong>da</strong> gaizrdeba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis<br />
mniSvnelobac.<br />
globalizacia warmoadgens rTul koncefcias. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom diskusia mis garSemo 1980-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
modis, misi gamoyenebis sfero dResdReisobiTac ar aris <strong>da</strong>dgenili,<br />
man SeiZleba aRniSnos <strong>politikuri</strong>, globaluri marketinguli<br />
strategia, kacobriobis dRevandeli <strong>da</strong> perspeqtiuli<br />
mdgomareoba, <strong>da</strong> bolos ideologiac ki.<br />
globalizacia SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT ekonomikur,<br />
kulturul <strong>da</strong> politikur ganzomilebaSi. ekonomikuri globalizaciis<br />
gagebaSi Cadebulia idea imis Sesaxeb, rom dRes<br />
arcerTi nacionaluri ekonomika ar warmoadgens kunZuls.<br />
isini didi Tu mcire saxiT CarTulni arian msoflio ekonomikaSi.<br />
komunizmis kraxma <strong>da</strong>aCqara globalizacia: globalur<br />
kapitalistur sistemas Seemata saxelmwifoTa msxvili bloki,<br />
romelic adre mis gareT rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kulturuli globalizacia qmnis pirobebs imisaTvis,<br />
rom informacia, saqoneli <strong>da</strong> imiji, warmoebuli qveynis ama Tu<br />
im nawilSi, moeqcnen erT globalur dinebaSi, romlis gar<strong>da</strong>uval<br />
Sedegs warmoadgens erebs, regionebsa <strong>da</strong> xalxs Soris<br />
kulturuli gansxvavebebis metnaklebi gawonasworeba.<br />
politikur globalizacias, pirvel rigSi, Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvnelobis zr<strong>da</strong>Si. maT Soris<br />
arsebobs klasifikacia. arsebobs transnacionaluri organizaciebi,<br />
romlebic Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs ara<br />
romelime saxelmwifos SigniT, aramed saxelmwifoTa Soris.<br />
aseTi organizaciebis umravlesoba meore msoflio omis Semdeg<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, esenia: gaero, evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba,<br />
evropis sabWo, msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto<br />
fondi, saerTaSoriso savaWro organizacia <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
globalizaciis kritikosebi, Tavis mxriv, Tvlian, rom<br />
kapitalizmi uTanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> eqspluataciis tolfasia <strong>da</strong><br />
ayalibebs siRaribisa <strong>da</strong> usamarTlobis axal formebs.<br />
globalizacia _ es msoflios urTierTkavSiris rTuli<br />
sistemaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c erT regionSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri movlena, erT regionSi<br />
miRebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba zemoqmedebas axdens de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
sxva bolos mcxovreb xalxze. globalizaciis arsi mdgomar-<br />
eobs imaSi, rom <strong>da</strong>Soreba <strong>da</strong> teritorialuri sazRvrebi erebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebs Soris adrindeli urTierTobis formebs cvlis.<br />
es, erTis mxriv, ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela `lokaluri~, `nacionaluri~<br />
subieqti dRei<strong>da</strong>n emorCileba `globalur~ faqtorebs.<br />
swori iqneba Tu avRniSnavT, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> procesi Rrmavdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> farTovdeba <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi movlenebi nacionaluri <strong>da</strong> globaluri<br />
masStabebiT ufro metad urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTze.<br />
zogierTi Teoretikosebi globalizaciaSi iTvaliswineben<br />
TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> harmoniis tendenciebs, magram arsebobs sxva<br />
mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmad globalizaciis procesi agrZelebs<br />
axal winaaRmdegobebsa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebs. es tendencia naTlad<br />
Cndeba saerTo nacionaluri marTvis modelis efeqturobis SemcirebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> regionalizaciis procesis gaZlierebaSi. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
tradiciul nacionalur saxelmwifos urTuldeba usafrTxoebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa, sazogadoebis stabiluroba <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
keTilmowyoba, es amocanebi ga<strong>da</strong>dis mezobeli <strong>da</strong> geografiulad<br />
axlomdebare saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobis sferoSi. amave<br />
dros urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba globalizaciasa <strong>da</strong> regionalizacias<br />
Soris jer-jerobiT naTeli araa. SesaZlebelia, regionalizacia<br />
gavigoT rogorc pirveli nabijebi globalizaciisaken:<br />
ekonomikuri urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis zr<strong>da</strong>. swored rom<br />
regionaluri doniT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos regionaluri struqturebis<br />
mier xidis gadeba nacionalur saxelmwifoebsa <strong>da</strong> globalurad<br />
moqmed ZalTa Soris. meore mxriv, regionalizacia SesaZlebelia<br />
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebdes <strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes winaaRmdegobis<br />
formas globalizaciis winaSe. yvelaze naTel istoriul<br />
precedentad SesaZlebelia gvemsaxuros Ria saerTaSoriso<br />
ekonomikuri wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cema XIX saukunis bolos. saerTaSoriso<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis, romelic gamowveuli iyo proteqcionizmis (importis<br />
SezRudva tarifebisa <strong>da</strong> kvotebis saSualebiT nacionaluri<br />
warmoebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad) Sedegad, saxelmwifoTa ekonomikurma paqrobam<br />
gamoiRo iseTi Sedegi, rogoricaa pirveli msoflio omi. ase Tu<br />
ise, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c eri ukve aRar warmoadgens im formas, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri wesrigis ganviTarebas sazogadoeba-<br />
Si, momavalSi am amocanam, SesaZlebelia, ga<strong>da</strong>inacvlos regionebTan.<br />
regionalizaciis mamoZravebel Zalad gamodiodnen<br />
strategiuli, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>, SesaZlebelia, kulturuli xasia-<br />
Tis gansazRvruli faqtorebi. regionaluri organizaciebi<br />
aRmocendnen 1945 wlis Semdeg. mniSvnelovan organizaciebad<br />
104 105
iTvlebodnen nato <strong>da</strong> varSavis SeTanxmebis qveynebis organizacia.<br />
komunizmis kraxamde, 1989-1991 wlebSi nato <strong>da</strong> varSavis<br />
paqti ar iyvnen aqtiurebi. `civi omis~ <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdgom<br />
nato <strong>da</strong>rCa erT-erT msxvil samxedro organizaciad regionaluri<br />
masStabiT, magram radikalurad Seicvala misi miznebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> roli. dRes nato farTovdeba, yofili varSavis xelSekrulebis<br />
qveynebi erTi meoris miyolebiT Sedian nato-Si, raTa<br />
uzrunvelyon samxedro <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba.<br />
yvelaze didi biZgi regionalizacias mainc ekonomikam<br />
misca. zogierTi regionaluri savaWro bloki, magaliTad evropis<br />
ekonomikuri kavSiri, Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> meore msoflio omis<br />
Semdeg, magram umravlesoba 1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n warmoiSva.<br />
Tavi Tavi VIII<br />
VIII<br />
qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
roca vlaparakobT saerTaSoriso politikaze, eri <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo warmoadgens erTian, mTlian warmonaqmns. Tumca<br />
sinamdvileSi TviToeul maTgans gaaCnia Si<strong>da</strong> struqtura,<br />
romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa xelisuflebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safexurebad.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom yvela qveyanaSi<br />
arsebobs teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>nayofebi Tavisi Sesabamisi<br />
mmarTvelobiTi organoebiT _ centraluri (nacionaluri) <strong>da</strong><br />
agreTve yovlisSemZle regionaluri <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi xelisuflebiT.<br />
es aris saxelmwifo konstituciis sakiTxi _ qveyana<br />
aris federaciuli federaciuli Tu unitaruli unitaruli saxelmwifo. amasTan<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawileba, romlis farglebSic warmoiqmneba<br />
urTierToba centrsa <strong>da</strong> regions Soris. ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli<br />
donis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi<br />
moqmedebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendenciebi: erTi mxriv, saer-<br />
TaSoriso <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtorebis, ekonomikuri kavSirebis<br />
ganviTareba, meore mxriv, XXI s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis yvelgan<br />
gaZlierdnen Zalebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies eTnikuri, regionaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi politikis gamococxleba, centri<strong>da</strong>nuli<br />
ganwyoba.<br />
centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu decentralizacia?<br />
decentralizacia?<br />
decentralizacia?<br />
decentralizacia?<br />
decentralizacia?<br />
yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi arsebobs centraluri<br />
(nacionaluri) <strong>da</strong> regionaluri (provinciuli <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi)<br />
saxelmwifo organoebi. aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa, pirvel rigSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia teritoriul faqtorebTan, magram principebi,<br />
romli<strong>da</strong>nac is warmoiqmneba, gansxvavebulia. ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
TviToeul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba hqondes konstitucias,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas centrsa <strong>da</strong> regions<br />
Soris.<br />
centraluri xelisuflebis gareSe saxelmwifo, romelic<br />
awarmoebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs: diplomatiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cvas, ver iarsebebs saerTaSoriso arenaze. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
centraluri xelisuflebis monawileobis gareSe regionaluri<br />
106 107
organoebi ver SeZleben TanamSromlobas im sakiTxebSi, romlebSic<br />
maTi interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. yovelive es ni-<br />
Snavs, rom centraluri xelisuflebis amocanaa saxelmwifos<br />
ekonomikur cxovrebas uxelmZRvanelos <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos saer-<br />
TaSoriso sakiTxebi.<br />
federalizmis meore Rirseba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
xelisuflebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebiT is qmnis zemoqmedebis <strong>da</strong> urTierTgawonasworebis<br />
sistemas, rac marTalia, yovelTvis muSaobs<br />
uflebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSi. rogorc Tavis<br />
droze gamoxata jeims medisonma `un<strong>da</strong> moviqceT ise, rom zogierTi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis ambiciebi awonasworebdnen sxvebis ambiciebs~.<br />
federalizmis centralurma sistemebma, (mag: amerikuli,<br />
avstraliuri, kanaduri), gamoimuSaves politikosebis Semowmebis<br />
ufro sando saSualebebi, vidre unitarulma sistemebma,<br />
magram un<strong>da</strong> gavigoT, rom es sistemebi, Cafiqrebuli janmrTeli<br />
konkurenciis Sesaqmnelad, saxelmwifo organoebSi Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia aseTive warmatebiT gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas xelisuflebis uunarobis<br />
mizeza<strong>da</strong>c. federaluri sistemis sisuste is aris, rom<br />
centraluri xelisuflebis gakontrolebis nebismieri Sesa-<br />
Zlebloba, aZnelebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tamami ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
programis ganxorcielebas. ase mag.: ruzveltis `axali<br />
kursi~ aSS-Si mniSvnelovnad <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong> umaRlesi sasamarTlos<br />
poziciis gamo, romelic <strong>da</strong>dga Statebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad<br />
federaluri xelisuflebisagan. 1980-ian wlebSi ronald reiganma<br />
mizanmimarTulad gamoiyena federalizmi iaraRad `didi~<br />
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gasawevad<br />
ekonomikurad CamorCenili mosaxleobisadmi. `axali federalizmis~<br />
lozungis qveS reigani Seeca<strong>da</strong> Seemcirebina socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebis zr<strong>da</strong>. pasuxismgebloba federaluri<br />
xelisuflebis nacvlad <strong>da</strong>akisra susti Statebis xelisuflebas.<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, federalizmi uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> institucionalur<br />
meqanizms, romelic SesaZlebels xdi<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi<br />
erToba yvela <strong>da</strong> yvelanair Si<strong>da</strong> gansxvavebebs Soris. un<strong>da</strong><br />
iTqvas, rom am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT is gamodgeba mxolod mcirericxovani<br />
<strong>da</strong> mravaleTnikuri regionebisTvis, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
is Seucvlelia. amerikuli federalizmis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa<br />
ara is, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad akavSireb<strong>da</strong> 13 Stats, aramed is,<br />
rom man misca qveyanas institucionaluri meqanizmis problemebis<br />
gafarToebis SesaZlebloba, rac gamowveuli iyo emigraciis<br />
gazrdiT XIX s-is Sua xanebSi.<br />
saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi, kerZod, saSinao politikaSi,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba nacionalur erTobas,<br />
romelic un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos Zlierma centralurma xelisuflebam.<br />
misi amocanaa Tanabaruflebianobisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis<br />
miRweva, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia centrisa <strong>da</strong> regionis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. aq ZiriTad rols TamaSobs saxelmwifos<br />
konstituciuri sistema, romelic gvaZlevs centrsa <strong>da</strong> regions<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis saerTo sqemas.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi teritorialuri mowyobis ramdenime<br />
ZiriTadi modelia cnobili, maT Soris unitaruli,<br />
unitaruli,<br />
federaciuli<br />
federaciuli federaciuli <strong>da</strong> konfederaciuli.<br />
konfederaciuli.<br />
konfederaciuli.<br />
nacionalur saxelmwifoTa doneze konfederaciaTa magaliTebi<br />
iSviaTia. Tavis droze konfederaciuli iyo aSS-Si.<br />
yvelaze cnobili Tanamedrove konfederaciebs Soris aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (d.s.T.), sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
gamovi<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo 2008 wels.<br />
federaciuli federaciuli federaciuli federaciuli federaciuli sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
mmarTvelobis federaciuli sistemebi tipuria Tanamedrove<br />
msofliosaTvis. de<strong>da</strong>miwis mosaxleobis 1/3 cxovrobs<br />
federaciul saxelmwifoSi. maT Sorisaa aSS, brazilia, avstralia,<br />
pakistani, meqsika, Sveicaria, nigeria, malaizia, kana<strong>da</strong>,<br />
ruseTi <strong>da</strong> a.S. Tumca msoflioSi ar arsebobs ori absoluturad<br />
erTnairi federacia. yvelas aqvs saerTo _ suvereniteti,<br />
gayofili centralur <strong>da</strong> periferiul institutebs Soris.<br />
es niSnavs, rom ukidures SemTxvevaSi Teoriulad mainc arc<br />
erT mmarTvelobis sistemis dones ar SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos<br />
meores mmarTvelobaze. am azriT, federacia gamodis<br />
Sualeduri formiT politikur sazogadoebaSi, raRac saSualo<br />
konfederaciasa (romlis suvereniteti gamodis periferiuli<br />
institutebisagan) <strong>da</strong> unitarul saxelmwifoebs Soris<br />
(romelSic mTeli Zalaufleba ekuTvnis periferiul regionalur<br />
institutebs).<br />
federaciuli sistemebi warmoadgenen mTel rig kompromisebs<br />
qveynis erTianobis principebsa <strong>da</strong> regionalur<br />
mravalferovnebebs Soris, aseve efeqtur centralur xelisuflebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> momxmarebels Soris.<br />
108 109
Tu ga<strong>da</strong>vxe<strong>da</strong>vT Tanamedrove federaciebs (an federaciuli<br />
principis saxelmwifoebs), <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom maT bevri<br />
saerTo aqvT, sai<strong>da</strong>nac SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom isini TiTqos<br />
am formas esa<strong>da</strong>gebian.<br />
1. maTi msgavseba Cven SegviZlia moviZioT maTive istoriebSi.<br />
ufro xSirad isini yalibdebian ukve arsebul erTian<br />
politikur sazogadoebad, romelTac amave dros surT Seinar-<br />
Cunon sakuTari TviTmyofadoba, xan<strong>da</strong>xan avtonomiac. amis magaliTia<br />
msoflioSi pirveli federaciuli saxelmwifo _ aSS,<br />
Tumca inglisis yofili 13 kolonia amerikaSi sakmaod male<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa ukmayofilo konfederaciul sistemaSi urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT.<br />
TviToeuli maTgani ukve iyo <strong>politikuri</strong> tradiciis<br />
matarebeli, isini iswrafodnen ufro axali centralizebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisken. mag: iseTi yofili privilegirebuli<br />
teritoriebi, rogoricaa rod-ailendi <strong>da</strong> konnektikuti, jer<br />
kidev koloniebis dros flobdnen sakmaod farTo politikur<br />
Tavisuflebas, xolo <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg isini<br />
agrZelebdnen kolonialuri muxlebis gamoyenebas konstituciis<br />
saxiT.<br />
1787 w. filadelfiis konstituciis konvenciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
aSS-s konstituciis ratifikaciisaTvis gamarTul debatebSi<br />
gamoCn<strong>da</strong> Zlieri erovnuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisadmi<br />
yofili koloniebis uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. `nacionalisturi<br />
pozicia~ ratifikaciis sasargeblod Camoyalibebuli<br />
iqna statiebSi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>beWdili iyo krebulSi `federalisti~.<br />
misi avtorebi iyvnen aleqsandre hemiltoni, jeims<br />
medisoni <strong>da</strong> jon jei, romlebic beW<strong>da</strong>vdnen koleqtiuri fsevdonimiT<br />
`publiusi~, isini moiTxovdnen Zlieri centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis Camoyalibebas, romelic xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
Statebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxis Tavisuflebas. konstitucia ratificirebuli<br />
iqna 1789 w., mas Semdeg, roca miRebuli iqna bili<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> konstituciis meaTe Sesworeba, anu roca<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> imis garantia, rom Zalaufleba oficialurad ki<br />
ar ga<strong>da</strong>ecema federalur xelisuflebas, aramed `<strong>da</strong>rCebaT Sesabamisad<br />
Statebs <strong>da</strong> xalxs~. es gax<strong>da</strong> amerikuli federalizmis<br />
konstituciuri safuZveli, aseTive suraTs Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT<br />
germaniis gaerTianebaSi 1871 w. ZiriTad rols aq TamaSob<strong>da</strong><br />
prusia, magram swored federaciuli idea <strong>da</strong>exmara mas ganemuxta<br />
is saSiSroeba, romelsac <strong>da</strong>narCeni 38 saxelmwifo, romlebic<br />
uxsovari droi<strong>da</strong>n mieCvien <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas, ganic-<br />
didnen centralizaciis win. es regionaluri avtonomiis<br />
tradicia droebiT iqna Sewyvetili nacistebis mier <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong><br />
federaciuli germaniis respublikis konstituciaSi<br />
1949 w. es dokumenti aniWebs uflebas 11 germanul miwas Seqmnas<br />
sakuTari konstitucia (germaniis gaerTianebis Semdeg es<br />
ricxvi gadid<strong>da</strong> 16-mde).<br />
2. federaciis Camoyalibebaze imoqme<strong>da</strong> iseTma faqtorebma,<br />
rogorebicaa gare<strong>da</strong>n muqara <strong>da</strong> axali saxelmwifoebis swrafva<br />
saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesasruleblad.<br />
patara, strategiulad <strong>da</strong>ucvel saxelmwifoebs msxvil<br />
politikur gaerTianebebSi Sesvlis seriozuli mizezi aqvT.<br />
Tavisuflebis mopovebis Semdeg amerikis Statebma imedgacrueba<br />
ganicades `konfederaciis statusis~ gamo, romelic ar<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong> maT saSualebas Sesabamis diplomatiur doneze <strong>da</strong>edoT<br />
xelSekrulebebi, Sesuliyvnen kavSirebSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. germanuli<br />
saxelmwifoebis mzadyofna XIX s-Si SeeqmnaT federaluri<br />
kavSiri <strong>da</strong> Seguebodnen qveynis gaprusebas didi qveynebis<br />
winaaRmdegobebiT _ gansakuTrebiT avstriisa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mosalodneli agresiiT aixsneba. aseve federaciuli evropisken<br />
mimarTuli moZraoba, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli 1952 w. <strong>da</strong>arsebuli<br />
qvanaxSirisa <strong>da</strong> foladis evropuli ekonomiuri gaerTianebiT<br />
(EOYC) <strong>da</strong> 1957 w. Camoyalibebuli evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-<br />
Tianeba, aixsneba sabWoTa agresiiTa <strong>da</strong> evropis gavlenis<br />
gazrdiT orpolarul Zalad gayofil msoflioSi.<br />
3. qveynebis qveynebis geografiuli geografiuli sidide. sidide. SemTxveviTi araa,<br />
rom federaluri mowyobisaken miiswrafodnen teritoriulad<br />
didi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, kana<strong>da</strong> (federacia gax<strong>da</strong> 1867 w),<br />
brazilia (1891), avstralia (1901), meqsika (1917) <strong>da</strong> indoeTi (1947<br />
w.). saqme imaSia, rom didi teritoriebis mqone qveynebs unitarul<br />
sistemebSi Zalian uWirT SeinarCunon centrisken mimarTuli<br />
tendenciebi, gamomdinare sazogadoebis kulturuli<br />
mravalferovnebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Rrmad fesvebgadgmuli adgilobrivi<br />
tradiciebi<strong>da</strong>n. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, federalizmis xelisSemwyobi saboloo<br />
faqtori, esaa kulturuli <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri sazogadoebis<br />
araerTgvarovneba: federalizmi am SemTxvevaSi ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva<br />
Tavisebur institucionalur pasuxad. mag: kanadis aTobiT<br />
provincias axasiaTebs ara marto regionaluri tradiciebi,<br />
agreTve enobrivi <strong>da</strong> kulturuli gansxvavebebi inglisurenovan<br />
<strong>da</strong> frangulenovan mosaxleobebs Soris. indoeTSi arsebuli<br />
25 Statis TviTmmarTveloba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia pirvel rig-<br />
110 111
Si eniT, magram penjabisa <strong>da</strong> qaSmiris StatSi did rols<br />
TamaSobs regionuli faqtori. aseTive principiTaa Camoyalibebuli<br />
nigeriis konstitucia, romelic Sedgeba 19 Statisgan,<br />
igi iTvaliswinebs religiur <strong>da</strong> Temur gansxvavebebs, aseve<br />
CrdiloeTis <strong>da</strong> samxreTis Taviseburebebs.<br />
federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis niSnebi niSnebi niSnebi niSnebi niSnebi<br />
yoveli federaciuli sistema unikaluria: TiToeul<br />
maTganSi yalibdeba Taviseburi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba federalur<br />
xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> Statis xelisuflebas Soris, rac ganisazRvreba<br />
ara marto qveynis konstituciiT, aramed <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />
iuridiuli, geografiuli, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
pirobebiT, romelsac adgili aqvs TviToeul SemTxvevaSi. zogjer<br />
qveyanaSi Seqmnili partiuli sistema ara nakleb gamosaxavs<br />
centrisa <strong>da</strong> regionis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas, vidre Zalauflebis<br />
konstituciuri ganawileba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis doneebs<br />
Soris. mag: ssr kavSiris federaciuli sistema, romlis konstitucia,<br />
aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, fiqtiurad iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong><br />
TiToeuli respublikis uflebas gamoyofaze, iyo mkacrad centralizebuli<br />
komunisturi partiis xazis Sedegi. msgavsi<br />
situaciaa meqsikaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c institucionalur-revoluciuri<br />
partiis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> federaciul<br />
sistemas, Seqmnils amerikuli modeliT. meore mxriv, Cven<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom aSS-Si, kana<strong>da</strong>Si, avstraliasa <strong>da</strong> indoeTSi decentralizebuli<br />
partiuli sistemebi piriqiT, aZliereben Statebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> regionaluri mTavrobis politikur TviTmyofadobas.<br />
federaciis konkretuli xasiaTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze,<br />
arsebobs Tu ara `xelisuflebis gayofis~ sistemaSi aRmasrulebeli<br />
(executive) <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo (legistative) Stoebi (es<br />
yvelaze tipiurad gamoxatulia aSS saprezidento sistemaSi)<br />
an masze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli saparlamento sistema, sa<strong>da</strong>c saSemsruleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba `mTlianad SeduRebulia~.<br />
saqme imaSia, rom pirveli modeli gvTavazobs, rom xelisufleba<br />
saxelmwifoSi iyofodes ara mxolod funqcionaluri,<br />
aramed teritorialuri xaziTac, ris Sedegad mTavrobis<br />
or dones Soris yalibdeba mravali Sexebis wertili. warmoiSoba<br />
rTuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba centraluri <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
xelisuflebis doneebs Soris, risi magaliTicaa amerikuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sveicariuli sistemebi. parlamentaruli sistema warmoSobs<br />
e.w. `saSemsruleblo federalizms~, romelSic federalizmis<br />
gawonasworebas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xels uwyobs <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba saSemsruleblo<br />
organoebs Soris mTel qveyanaSi. amis magaliTebia<br />
kana<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> avstralia.<br />
gansxvavebebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad TiTqmis yvela federaciul<br />
sistemas axasiaTebs Semdegi saerTo Tvisebebi:<br />
ori, ori, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis done.<br />
done.<br />
federaciul sistemebSi xelisuflebis centraluri prerogativa<br />
(federaciuli done) <strong>da</strong> regionaluri xelisufleba<br />
(Statis an nebismieri warmonaqmnis done) isea gansazRvruli,<br />
rom gamoricxulia erTi donis mier meore donis uflebebSi<br />
Careva. TiToeul maTgans, Tumca sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moculobiT, Tavisi<br />
sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> saSemsruleblo saxelmwifo organoebi, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdis SesaZlebloba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />
gaaCniaT. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi TiTeuli<br />
mmarTvelobis done <strong>da</strong> maTi erTmaneTze zegavlenis SesaZlebloba<br />
sx<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad yalibdeba. mag: germaniaSi <strong>da</strong> avstriaSi<br />
moqmedebs sistema `administraciuli~ federalizmi, sa<strong>da</strong>c centraluri<br />
xelisufleba politikis ZiriTad sakiTxebs wyvets,<br />
regionaluri xelisufleba ki pasuxismgebelia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
Sesrulebaze konkretul momentSi.<br />
federaciul sistemebSi TiToeuli saxelmwifo donis<br />
mmarTvelobis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> movaleobebi iuridiula<strong>da</strong>a ganmtkicebuli,<br />
anu, werilobiTi konstituciiT. amitom centrsa <strong>da</strong><br />
regions Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba reglamentirebulia. TiToeuli<br />
donis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba imiTaa garantirebuli, rom arc erT<br />
maTgans ar SeuZlia calmxrivad konstituciis Secvla; aSS-Si<br />
konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad saWiroa orive palatis<br />
organoebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. avstraliasa <strong>da</strong> SveicariaSi konstituciaSi<br />
SesworebisaTvis saWiroa referendumiT <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba.<br />
aRmasrulebel aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas xelisuflebas warmoadgens warmoadgens saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTvelobis Sto, romelic pasuxismgebelia erovnuli<br />
kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebaze <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri politikis gatarebaze.<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xelisufleba aris saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTvelobis Sto, romelsac aqvs kanonmdeblobis gansakuTrebuli<br />
uflebebi <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgebelia konstituciiT gansazRvrul<br />
wesrigsa <strong>da</strong> kanonze.<br />
112 113
federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis federalizmis Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> susti susti susti susti susti mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi<br />
unitaruli sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT federalizmisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia is, rom konstitucia uzrunvelyofs<br />
adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> regionaluri xmebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvas.<br />
Statebs <strong>da</strong> provinciebs gaaCniaT mravali <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>, ase Tu ise, yovelTvis warmodgenilni arian centraluri<br />
xelisuflebiT, Tumca federalur sistemebSi Statebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
provinciebs aqvT gansazRvruli uflebebi.<br />
amerikuli sistema Tavi<strong>da</strong>n moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> `ormagi federalizmis~<br />
principiT, romlis drosac federaluri xelisuflebis<br />
politikis sfero StatebSi mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli.<br />
XIX s-is bolosTvis am sistemam adgili <strong>da</strong>uTmo e.w.<br />
`kooperaciul federalizms~ _ sistemas, romlis drosac centri<br />
mxars uWers Statebs <strong>da</strong> ufro patara administraciul<br />
erTeulebs <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari `dotaciebiTa~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebebiT<br />
isini ufro <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli xdebian xelisuflebisagan,<br />
gansakuTrebiT 1930 wli<strong>da</strong>n, roca `axali kursis~ CarCoebSi<br />
gamoCndnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairi ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri programebi.<br />
federalizmis <strong>da</strong>debiTi mxarea is, rom xelisuflebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebiT is qmnis urTierTgawonasworebis sistemas.<br />
rogorc jeims medisoni acxadeb<strong>da</strong>: `un<strong>da</strong> moviqceT ise, rom<br />
zogierTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis ambiciebi awonasworebdnen sxvebis ambiciebs~.<br />
amasTan federalur sistemas axasiaTebs sisusteebic,<br />
romlebic vlindebian centraluri xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
kontrolis gatarebisas, rac aZnelebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tamami<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas. mag.<br />
gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ronald reiganma mizanmimarTulad<br />
gamoiyena federalizmi iaraRad `didi~ xelisuflebis<br />
winaaRmdeg. `axali federalizmis~ lozungis qveS reigani<br />
Seeca<strong>da</strong> Seemcirebina socialuri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis zr<strong>da</strong>. pasuxismgebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>ekisra susti Statebis xelisuflebas federaluri<br />
xelisuflebis nacvlad.<br />
federalizmTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sxva saSiSroebebic:<br />
xelisuflebis gayofis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas centri<strong>da</strong>nuli<br />
Zalebi, rac iwvevs saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>nawevrebas. Teoretikosebi<br />
amtkiceben, rom federaciuli sistemebi aramdgra-<br />
dia Sinagani bunebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare. is ga<strong>da</strong>xrilia an centralizaciisken,<br />
rasac mivyavarT unitarizmamde, an decentralizaciisken,<br />
rac SemdgomSi un<strong>da</strong> gamoixatos qveynis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebiT.<br />
amis magaliTia kanadis federalizmi. aq federaciuli<br />
sistemis mizani iyo <strong>politikuri</strong> kavSiris Seqmna, romelic<br />
SesaZlebels xdi<strong>da</strong> inglisurenovani <strong>da</strong> frangulenovani mosaxleobis<br />
mSvid Tanacxovrebas, magram es c<strong>da</strong> uiRblo gamodga.<br />
amis sapasuxod frangulenovani kvebeki 1980 wli<strong>da</strong>n aRdga im<br />
magiuri formulis saZebnelad, romelic sabolood ga<strong>da</strong>wyvet<strong>da</strong><br />
kvebekis sakiTxs kanadis federaciis monawileobaSi. 1987 w.<br />
miRweuli xelSekrulebiT kvebekma miiRo gansakuTrebuli statusi<br />
federaciaSi, magram sami wlis Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong> gamosvlebi<br />
`asimetriuli federalizmis~ principis winaaRmdeg. kvebekma<br />
moiTxova avtonomiis maRali done, raSic inglisurenovanma<br />
frangebma <strong>da</strong>inaxes qveynis erTianobis saSiSroeba. 1995 wlis<br />
referendumze kvebekis mosaxleobam mcire upiratesobiT uari<br />
Tqva kanadi<strong>da</strong>n mTlianad gamoyofis variantze, rasac moiTxov<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> moiTxovs kvebekis separatistuli partia.<br />
unitarizmi<br />
unitarizmi<br />
unitarizmi<br />
unitarizmi<br />
unitarizmi<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis umravlesobas aqvs unitaruli<br />
mmarTvelobis sistema, romelSic suverenitetis matareblad<br />
warmogvidgeba saerTo erovnuli masStabis <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone erTi instututi. Teoriulad mainc qveynis<br />
umaRles sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas SeuZlia miiRos <strong>da</strong><br />
Secvalos nebismieri kanoni. misi uflebebi ar Semoifargleba<br />
romelime kodificirebuli an <strong>da</strong>werili konstituciiT;<br />
mis mier miRebuli kanonebi prioritetulia yvelanair kanonebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi inglissa <strong>da</strong> SotlandiaSi.<br />
radganac konstituciur Zalauflebas unitarul sistemaSi<br />
flobs centri, mmarTvelobis nebismieri sxva sistema<br />
periferiuli an adgilobrivi SeTanxmebulia centrTan.<br />
magram praqtikaSi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba centrsa <strong>da</strong> regions<br />
Soris unitarul sistemebSi naklebad rTulia, vidre federaciul-<br />
Si. aq centri ga<strong>da</strong>scems Tavis uflebamosilebas, rac centrsa <strong>da</strong><br />
regions Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas aZlevs specifikur xasiaTs.<br />
114 115
adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
adgilobrivi xelisufleba mTlianad eqvemdebareba<br />
centralur xelisuflebas, federalur sistemaSi ki Statsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> olqs. aSS-Si arsebobs 86 aTasi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis<br />
organo, romlebSic <strong>da</strong>kavebulia 11 milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani. 8<br />
milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani ki muSaobs federaluri centrisa <strong>da</strong> Statebis<br />
organoebSi. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis statusi konstituciurad<br />
maRalia <strong>da</strong> adgilebze arCeuli politikosebi floben<br />
gansakuTrebul legitimurobas.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Camoyalibebuli partiuli xasiaTi<br />
sul ufro `politizirebuls~ xdis sazogadoebriv cxovrebas<br />
adgilebze, miT umetes Tu adgilebze aqtiurad moqmedebs<br />
erovnuli partia.<br />
amasTan qveyanaSi decentralizaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva done<br />
aRiniSneba. mag. did britaneTs tradiciulad aqvs adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT decentralizebuli sistema, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
xelisufleba adgilebze flobs sakmaod farTo Tavisuflebas.<br />
1982-1986 wlebSi safrangeTSi amoqmed<strong>da</strong> decentralizaciis<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> programa, aqamde safrangeTSi upiratesobas<br />
flob<strong>da</strong> mkacri administraciuli kontrolis sistema,<br />
romelsac axorcielebdnen ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d prefeqtebi 96 frangul<br />
departamentSi, ris gamo es sistema Zalian waagav<strong>da</strong> brZanebas<br />
zemo<strong>da</strong>n _ qvemoT.<br />
regionaluri mmarTvelobis reformam gaafarTova adgilobrivi<br />
administraciis uflebamosilebanic. prefeqtebi Seicvalnen<br />
adgilze arCeuli prezidentis komisrebiT, romlebic<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>gegmarebis problemebs wyveten.<br />
aRniSnuli reformebis saerTo mizani iyo safrangeTSi<br />
SeeqmnaT yvelaze decentralizebuli saxelmwifo struqtura,<br />
romelic saTaves 1789 wlis revoluciis Semdgomi periodi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iReb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
devolucia devolucia devolucia devolucia devolucia (uflebamosilebis (uflebamosilebis (uflebamosilebis (uflebamosilebis (uflebamosilebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema)<br />
devolucia aris zemdgomTan <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli institutebisadmi<br />
uflebamosilebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema unitarul saxelmwifoSi,<br />
ise rom ar gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas federaciad.<br />
istoriulad yvelaze adre devolucia <strong>da</strong>iwyo espaneT-<br />
Si, romelic 1570 wli<strong>da</strong>n unitaruli saxelmwifo iyo. amasTan<br />
erTad espaneTi 50 provinciad iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili, romlebic ama Tu<br />
im donis xarisxis TviTmmarTvelobas flobdnen.<br />
general frankos Semdeg espaneTSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo yvelaze farTo<br />
demokratiuli procesi, romlis farglebSi Semdgomi ganvi-<br />
Tareba hpova devoluciam: 1979 w. avtonomiis ufleba moipova<br />
17-ma teritoriam. regionaluri mmarTvelobis axali kursis<br />
safuZvlad iqca sakanonmdeblo kreba, romelsac mieniWa didi<br />
uflebamosileba adgilobriv politikaSi. reforma ganxorciel<strong>da</strong><br />
katalonielebis moTxovnis sapasuxod <strong>da</strong> baskebis<br />
qveynisaTvis avtonomiis misaniWeblad, Tumca miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
amas mohyva separatistuli moZraobis (eta) gafarToeba.<br />
amave dros devolucia mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> safrangeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mTavroba Seeca<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita nacionaluri <strong>da</strong> regionaluri<br />
umciresobebis problemebi (britania <strong>da</strong> akvitania),<br />
romlebsac zogan ukve miRebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri nacionalizmis<br />
forma. 1982 wels 22 regionaluri organo gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna<br />
srulfasovan regionalur xelisuflebad, romlis saTaveSi<br />
moeqca pir<strong>da</strong>piri xmis micemis uflebiT arCeuli kavSiri.<br />
amavdroulad gansakuTrebuli statusi _ `koleqtiuri<br />
teritoriis~ farTo TviTmmarTvelobiT mieniWa korsikas, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
agor<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi separatizmis <strong>da</strong> terorizmis talRa.<br />
mTlianad evropis kontinentze decentralizaciis tendenciebma<br />
imZlavra <strong>da</strong> 1980 w. warmoiSva idea `regionebis evropa~.<br />
amavdroulad regionuli <strong>da</strong> provinciuli mmarTveloba far-<br />
Tod iyenebs SesaZleblobas miiRos pir<strong>da</strong>piri finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba,<br />
regionaluri ganviTarebis evropuli fondi<strong>da</strong>dn.<br />
devoluciis procesi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT nela viTardebo<strong>da</strong> did<br />
britaneTSi _ erT-erT yvelaze centralizebul unitarul<br />
saxelmwifoSi. devolucia aq dRis wesrigSi maSin <strong>da</strong>dga, roca<br />
swrafad <strong>da</strong>iwyo zr<strong>da</strong> Sotlandiurma nacionalizmma. realurad<br />
adgilebze uflebamosilebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>iwyo mxolod<br />
1999 wels, rodesac udides <strong>da</strong> yvelaze Zlier axal organizaciad<br />
iqca Sotlandiuri parlamenti, romelic uflebamosili<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> Seecvala ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi <strong>da</strong> mieRo pirveladi kanonebi<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> politikis sakiTxebze.<br />
administraciuli devoluciis magaliTia uelsis sakanonmdeblo<br />
kreba, romelmac ver miiRo kontroli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelsac gaaCn<strong>da</strong> mxolod saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistema.<br />
devoluciis momxreebis mtkicebiT Sotlandiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
116 117
uelsisaTvis TviTmmarTvelobis uflebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis SemTxvevaSi<br />
qveynis separatistuli <strong>da</strong> centriskenuli Zalebi Semcirdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> mravalerovani britaneTi am procesi<strong>da</strong>n ufro<br />
konsolidirebuli gamova, vidre odesme iyo. xolo kritikosebi<br />
miiCneven (SotlandiaSi ki imedovneben), rom devolucia<br />
sabolood <strong>da</strong>Slis did britaneTs.<br />
amrigad ase Tu ise, devolucia gaerTianebul samefoSi<br />
mimdinareobs, <strong>da</strong> iZens erTgvar kvazifederaciul xasiaTs, Tumca<br />
xelisuflebis axali organoebi SotlandiaSi, uelsSi <strong>da</strong><br />
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, qveynis konstituciaSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli,<br />
magram isini floben Tavis legitimurobas <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur simtkices. es maT Tavis droze referendumiT aqvT<br />
miRebuli, magram mainc yvelaze mTavari is aris, rom isini<br />
cdiloben ufro gazardon sakuTari xarisxi, rac gamoiwvevs<br />
maT garSemo Seqmnili mosaxleobis konsolidirebas, saerToerovnuli<br />
identuri grZnobebis gaZlierebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
yvelaze <strong>da</strong>majerebeli scenari iqnebo<strong>da</strong> transformacia, gaer-<br />
Tianebuli samefos gar<strong>da</strong>qmna federaciis mimarTulebiT, uaresi<br />
ki _ misi <strong>da</strong>Sla.<br />
eTnikuri eTnikuri eTnikuri eTnikuri eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi politika.<br />
politika.<br />
politika.<br />
politika.<br />
politika.<br />
nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis gamococxleba<br />
gamococxleba<br />
gamococxleba<br />
gamococxleba<br />
gamococxleba<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> procesebis decentralizaciaze, zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki qveynis <strong>da</strong>Slaze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs ise-<br />
Ti axali faqtori, rogoricaa eTnopolitikis gaZliereba <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivi separatizmi.<br />
eTnikuri TviTSegneba gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg gamZafr<strong>da</strong>. es zustad XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi<br />
mox<strong>da</strong>. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom eTnikuri faqtoris gamovlineba politikaSi<br />
umravlesi analitikosebisaTvis saerTod moulodneli<br />
iyo.<br />
60-iani wlebis bolos <strong>da</strong> 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis mraval nawilSi <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT amerikaSi<br />
warmoiSva wmin<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri xasiaTis moZraoba eTnikuri xasiaTis<br />
lozungebiT. yvelaze mkafio magaliTi gax<strong>da</strong> kvebeki<br />
kana<strong>da</strong>Si, Sotlandia <strong>da</strong> uelsi did britaneTSi, katalonia <strong>da</strong><br />
baskebis qveyana espaneTSi, korsika safrangeTSi <strong>da</strong> flandria<br />
belgiaSi. es gax<strong>da</strong> uZlieresi decentralizaciis faqtori,<br />
xolo zogierT qveyanaSi Tan mohyva ufro Rrma <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi <strong>da</strong> gamoiwvia konstituciis radikaluri ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva.<br />
italiaSi es procesi mox<strong>da</strong> 90-ian wlebSi, roca Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
CrdiloeTis liga lombardiaSi. eTnikuri aqtiurobis<br />
gamovlinebas adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> kanadis <strong>da</strong> amerikis adgilobriv<br />
mosaxleobaSi, avstraliaSi <strong>da</strong> axal zelandiaSi.<br />
eTnopolitikis winamorbed prototipad Tvlian e.w.<br />
`Sav~ nacionalizms, romelmac Tavisi ganviTarebis zenits<br />
miaRwia 60-ian wlebSi, roca mkveTrad gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
reformistuli, ise revoluciuri frTa.<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d `Sav~ nacionalizmSi naTlad Cans eTnikuri<br />
politikis erTi mTavari motivi _ a<strong>da</strong>mianebis uaryofiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Seeguon Tavis ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur marginalurobas,<br />
roca adgili aqvs rasobriv Cagvras. am gagebiT<br />
eTnopolitika warmogvidgeba <strong>politikuri</strong> ganTavisuflebis<br />
ideis gamtareblad, TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolis <strong>da</strong><br />
sistematiuri arasrulfasovani cxovrebis pirobebis Sesabamisi<br />
sazogadoebis kategoriebisaTvis.<br />
eTnikuri TviTgacnobierebis aRmasvlam saSualeba misca<br />
Crdilo amerikis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis Savkanian mosaxleobas,<br />
epova xerxebi, raTa <strong>da</strong>pirispirebo<strong>da</strong> gabatonebuli Te-<br />
Trebis struqturas, romelic tradiciulad xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> maT<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong>bal ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, raTa win aRdgomodnen.<br />
komunizmis kraxma aRmosavleT evropaSi gamoiwvia eTnikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebebi <strong>da</strong> regionaluri konfliqtebi yofil<br />
ssr kavSirSi, Cexoslovakiasa <strong>da</strong> iugoslaviaSi, gamoiwvia<br />
ngreva Zvelis <strong>da</strong> axali nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis<br />
Seqmna, risTvisac arsebob<strong>da</strong> mravali mizezi. maT Soris iyo<br />
isic, rom komunisturma reJimma miCqmala <strong>da</strong> iatakqveSeTSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>itana eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri TviTSegneba; eTnikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> regionaluri nacionalizmi antikomunizmis <strong>da</strong> antisab-<br />
Wourobis gamovlinebis formad iqca; <strong>politikuri</strong> arastabiluroba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri gaWirveba warmoSobili komunizmis<br />
kraxis Sedegad, aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> noyieri nia<strong>da</strong>gi eTnopolitikisaTvis.<br />
118 119
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
sabolood winamdebare Tavis debulebebi <strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT<br />
SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes:<br />
1. yvela tendencias _ rogorc centralizacias, ise<br />
decentralizacias _ aqvs Tavisi upiratesoba. centralizaciis<br />
upiratesoba isaa, rom igi xels uwyobs saxelmwifos moqmedebas<br />
saerTaSoriso arenaze. upiratesobas aniWebs<br />
ekonomikuri cxovrebis efeqtur xerxebs, aZlierebs nacionalur<br />
erTobas <strong>da</strong> regionebis araTanabari ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis<br />
tendencias.<br />
Tavis mxriv decentralizacia iZleva saSualebas gafarTovdes<br />
sazogadoebis <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis sfero,<br />
`<strong>da</strong>aaxlovos~ xelisufleba xalxTan <strong>da</strong> gaaZlieros urTierTzegavlenis<br />
<strong>da</strong> urTierTgawonasworebis sistema saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTvelobaSi.<br />
2. or Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gavrcelebul formebad gvevlineba<br />
federaluri <strong>da</strong> unitaruli sistemebi. federalizmi <strong>da</strong>yofili<br />
suverenitetis ideazea <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli. xelisufleba gayofilia<br />
centrisa <strong>da</strong> regionis mmarTvelobas Soris. unitarul sistemebSi<br />
piriqiT suvereniteti ekuTvnis erTs <strong>da</strong> erTaderT saer-<br />
To erovnuli masStabis instituts _ centrs, romelic wyvets<br />
teritoriuli organizaciebis Zalauflebis sakiTxebs saxelmwifoSi.<br />
3. <strong>politikuri</strong> decentralizacia eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
faqtorebiT stimulirdeba. eTnopolitikis Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebulia imasTan, rom eTnosi ayalibebs gansakuTrebul `organul~<br />
grZnobas _ a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas Soris, romelic<br />
axasiaTebs Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT didi masStabis erebs. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
eTnikuri nacionalizmis aRzeveba msoflio globalizaciis<br />
reaqciad iTvleba.<br />
4. kacobrioba sul ufro metad wuxs imaze, rom Tanamedrove<br />
saxelmwifoSi xalxs uqreba `erTobis~ grZnoba. a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
ubrundeba pasuxismgeblobis ideas sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
mimarT, es iwvevs avtoritetis pativiscemas <strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong> kulturis gaZlierebas.<br />
Tavi Tavi IX<br />
IX<br />
sazogadoeba sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ekonomikuri sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
ekonomikuri sistema _ es aris warmoebis organizaciis<br />
forma, romlis drosac xdeba saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis ganawileba<br />
<strong>da</strong> gacvla. marqsizmi yovelive amas uwodebs `warmoebis<br />
saxeobebs~. erTmaneTSi ar un<strong>da</strong> avurioT ekonomikuri<br />
sistemebi, romlebic obieqturad arseboben, ideebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
doqtrinebTan erTad, <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri sistema, romlebSic maTi<br />
propagan<strong>da</strong> xdeba. kapitalizmze zogjer saubroben ara mxolod<br />
rogorc ekonomikur sistemaze, aramed rogorc garkveul<br />
ideologiaze, romelic icavs kerZo sakuTrebas, miuTiTebs<br />
konkurenciis mniSvnelobaze <strong>da</strong> amtkicebs, rom erTian keTildReobas<br />
mivaRwevT mxolod maSin, rodesac yvela <strong>da</strong>icavs ker-<br />
Zo interesebs. ufro rTulia socializmi, romelSic igulisxmeba<br />
rogorc faseulobaTa gansazRvruli sistema, <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
Sexedulebani, aseve ekonomikuri cxovrebis is wesi, romelze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTac es Rirebulebebi xorcieldeba yoveldRiurobaSi.<br />
orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri diskursebi imarTeba<br />
ori sruliad urTierTsapirispiro sistemis irgvliv.<br />
esenia _ kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong> socializmi. <strong>politikuri</strong> Sexedulebebi<br />
bolos <strong>da</strong>vidnen erT metad martiv azramde: _ `vinc<br />
mxars ar uWers socializms, is kapitalizmis momxrea.~ <strong>da</strong><br />
piriqiT. memarcxeneebi moiTxovdnen socializms, memarjveneebs<br />
ki araferi hqon<strong>da</strong>T kapitalizmis sawinaaRmdego.<br />
kapitalizmis kapitalizmis kapitalizmis kapitalizmis kapitalizmis saxeobebi<br />
saxeobebi<br />
saxeobebi<br />
saxeobebi<br />
saxeobebi<br />
meurneobis pirveli kapitalisturi formebi warmoiSva<br />
evropaSi XVI-XVII s. upiratesad feo<strong>da</strong>luri sazogadoebis<br />
wiaRSi. maT axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>T maTi iseTi niSnebiT, rogoricaa<br />
naturaluri xasiaTis agraruli warmoeba, mkacri socialuri<br />
ierarqia <strong>da</strong> aseve ufleba-movaleobebis mkacri sistema. kapitalizmi<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad soflis meurneobis produqtebis<br />
vaWrobaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
swrafva warmoebis gafarToebisaken ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> egreT<br />
wodebul `agrarul revoluciaSi~, romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong><br />
saerTo moxmarebis mineralgamoleuli uamravi miwebis nayofierebis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s mecnierebis uaxlesi meTodebiT. XVIII s-is Sua<br />
120 121
wlebSi jer did britaneTSi, Semdeg aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> bolos mTel<br />
evropaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo industriuli revolucia, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
iyo manqanuri qarxnuli warmoebis gavrcelebasTan. igi<br />
uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis ga<strong>da</strong>dgilebas miwi<strong>da</strong>n qalaqebSi.<br />
saboloo jamSi kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong> industrializmi ise ga<strong>da</strong>ixlarTa<br />
erTmaneTSi, rom klasikur kapitalizmad swored industrial<br />
kapitalizms miiCneven. kapitalizmis Tanamedrove formebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:<br />
• sawarmoo kapitalizmi;<br />
• socialuri kapitalizmi;<br />
• koleqtiuri kapitalizmi.<br />
sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmis es forma iTvleba wmin<strong>da</strong> kapitalizmad,<br />
gansakuTrebiT anglo-amerikul samyaroSi, anu Tavisebur idealad,<br />
romliskenac miiswrafvian an un<strong>da</strong> miiswrafvodnen misi<br />
sxva formebi. magram isic faqtia, rom am modelze uari Tqves<br />
msoflios umetes qveynebSi aSs-sa <strong>da</strong> didi britaneTis gamoklebiT.<br />
sawarmoo kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia ekonomikuri mecnierebis<br />
udidesi mcodneebis ideebze. esenia: a<strong>da</strong>m smiti (1723-<br />
1790) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vid rikardo (1772-1823), maTi ideebi Semdeg iqna<br />
ganviTarebuli Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis milton fridmenisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> fridrix fon haiekis mier. misi mTavari arsi aris<br />
sabazro konkurenciis efeqturobis Seuqcevadobis rwmena. a<strong>da</strong>m<br />
smitis ganTqmuli gamonaTqvamis mixedviT `Cveni vaxSmisaTvis<br />
xorcis mWrels an meludes an kidev mebulkes ki ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
vumadlodeT, aramed imas, rom isini icaven TavianT kerZo<br />
interesebs~. aSS-Si amgvarma filosofiam Tavisufali bazris<br />
Sesaxeb TiTqmis nulamde miiyvana sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema. yvela winaswari saqmianoba<br />
aSS-Si umkacresa<strong>da</strong>a orientirebuli mogebaze, xolo<br />
mTavari sayrdeni keTdeba Sromis nayofierebaze.<br />
aSS-is ekonomikuri miRwevebi a<strong>da</strong>stureben sawarmoo kapitalizmis<br />
sicocxlisunarianobas. SesamCnevi ekonomikuri<br />
vardnis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad produqciis warmoebis maCvenebeli am qveyanaSi<br />
jer kidev ufro maRalia, vidre germaniasa <strong>da</strong> iaponiaSi.<br />
globaluri ekonomikis Seqmnis kval<strong>da</strong>kval ekonomikis<br />
principebi gavrcel<strong>da</strong> aSS-s sazRvrebs gareT. yvelaferma aman<br />
xeli Seuwyo marketizaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar gamovlinebas. ga-<br />
Zlierebulma saerTaSoriso konkurenciam iZulebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobebi uari eTqvaT regularul ekonomikaze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewiaT<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tarifebi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi, maT Soris Si<strong>da</strong> investiciebis<br />
mozidvis mizniT. gaCn<strong>da</strong> e.w. “axali <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
ekonomika”, “SiSveli” ekonomikuri mmarTvelobis forma, ris<br />
Sedega<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifos pir<strong>da</strong>piri Careva ekonomikaSi izRudeba,<br />
xolo ekonomikuri cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>wyebis msazRvreli xdeba<br />
bazari.<br />
axal ekonomikur politikas aqvs ori mniSvnelovani<br />
Tavisebureba: 1) yuradReba maxvildeba teqnologiur inovaciebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebaze; gansakuTrebiT informaciuli <strong>da</strong><br />
komunikaciuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebaze, yovelive aman aSS-<br />
Si XXI saukunis 90-ian wlebSi warmoSva turbokapitalizad<br />
cnobili movlena.<br />
meore Taviseburebad iTvleba is, rom mTavrobebma sul<br />
ufro meti saSualebebis <strong>da</strong>bandeba <strong>da</strong>iwyes a<strong>da</strong>mianur resurs-<br />
Si, radgan iTvleba, rom ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> profesionalizmis<br />
momzadebis donis amaRleba gaaZlierebs erovnul meurneoba-<br />
Si sazogadoebis aqtivobasa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>pturobas.<br />
amasTan erTad sawarmoo kapitalizms gaaCnia seriozuli<br />
naklovanebebic, romelTagan yvelaze arsebiTi aris sazogadoebaSi<br />
materialuri uTanabrobis gaRrmavebis tendencia,<br />
romlis TvalsaCino magaliTia aSS-Si siRaribis iseTi done,<br />
romlis msgavssac ver SevxvdebiT evropaSi; <strong>da</strong> naklebad ganaTlebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> “<strong>da</strong>xmarebis momlodine” a<strong>da</strong>mianebis ricxvis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>. Semdegi problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sawarmoo kapitalizmis<br />
“turbos” Tviseba sinamdvileSi, SesaZloa, <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebulia ara imdenad bazris dinamizmTan <strong>da</strong> teqnologiur<br />
inovaciebTan, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c momxmarebelTa mzadyofnasTan _ gaxarjon<br />
fuli kreditebSi, xolo warmoebebma moaxdinon kapitalizmis<br />
investireba. amitomac mocemul ekonomikur sistemisaTvis,<br />
rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobiaroba<br />
finansuri bazrebis kaprizebTan <strong>da</strong> mewarmeTa <strong>da</strong><br />
momxmarebelTa ganwyobilebaTa cvlilebebTan. amis kargi magaliTia<br />
2008-2009 wlebis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi <strong>da</strong><br />
misi mZime Sedegebi am qveynebSi.<br />
122 123
socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
termini “socialuri kapitalizmi” ganekuTvneba kapitalizmis<br />
saxesxvaobas, romelmac ganviTareba hpova centraluri<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis mraval qveyanaSi. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad is<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> germaniaSi, magram ama Tu im formiT misma principebma<br />
gamoyeneba hpoves rogorc avstriaSi, beniluqsis qveynebSi,<br />
SveciaSi, safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> skandinaviis umetes nawilSi.<br />
ideologiurad es saxesxvaoba eyrdnoba ufro metad fridrih<br />
listis (1789-1846) mier SemoTavazebul moqnil <strong>da</strong> pragmatul<br />
midgomas, vidre smitisa <strong>da</strong> rikardos mkacr sabazro principebs.<br />
lists kargad esmo<strong>da</strong> politikis roli ekonomikaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
icav<strong>da</strong> im Sexedulebas, rom mrewvelobis axlad warmoSobili<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad mc<strong>da</strong>ri saerTaSoriso konkurenciisagan<br />
aucilebelia moxdes ekonomikaSi saxelmwifoebrivi Careva.<br />
germaniaSi socialuri kapitalizmi efuZneba kavSirs<br />
samrewvelo <strong>da</strong> finansur kapitals _ samrewvelo korporaciebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> regionalur bankebs Soris, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
korporaciebis mTavar aqcionerebs warmoadgenen. es kavSirebi<br />
Seadgenen im RerZs, romlis garSemoc ganviTar<strong>da</strong> germaniis<br />
ekonomika meore msoflio omis Semdeg. mTavari aq iyo orientacia<br />
grZelvadian kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebebze <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />
sargebelze. kapitalizmis es saxesxvaoba (romelsac zogjer<br />
uwodeben rein-alpur kapitalizms) gansxvavdeba angloamerikulisagan<br />
imiTac, rom aq biznessa <strong>da</strong> profkavSirebs<br />
Soris socialur partniorobaze keTdeba aqcenti.<br />
socialuri kapitalizmis Rirsebebi <strong>da</strong>majereblad iqna<br />
demonstrirebuli im “ekonomikuri saswauliT”, romelmac 1960<br />
wlisaTvis omiT gaCanagebuli Ggermania ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia lider<br />
ekonomikur saxelmwifod evropaSi. kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebaTa maRalma<br />
<strong>da</strong> myarma doneebma kadrebis ganaTlebasa <strong>da</strong> momzadebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT profesionalur momzadebasa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebaSi,<br />
saSualeba misces germanias mieRwia evropaSi Sromis nayofierebis<br />
yvelaze maRali donisaTvis. magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa<br />
yvela rodi aRiarebs socialur-sabazro modelis Rirsebebs.<br />
misi erT-erTi naklovaneba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom msxvili<br />
biznesi, romelic <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia konsultaciebze, molaparakebebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> konsensusze, dro<strong>da</strong>dro kargavs moqnilobasa <strong>da</strong> bazris<br />
cvalebad pirobebTan swrafad Seguebis unars. am modelis<br />
kidev erTi naklovaneba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia keTildReobis<br />
programebis socialuri xarjebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRal donesTan,<br />
romelsac mivyavarT saga<strong>da</strong>saxado tvirTis gaZlierebamde, rogorc<br />
samuSaos mimcemisaTvis, aseve momuSavesaTvis. amitomac im dros,<br />
rodesac socialuri bazris enTuziastebi Tvlian, rom bazari<br />
uwyveti saxiT un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli socialur ganviTarebasTan,<br />
misi kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom “socialuri kapitalizmi”<br />
sxva araferia, Tu ara “terminologiuri winaaRmdegoba”.<br />
maTi TvalsazrisiT mudmivad zr<strong>da</strong>di socialuri programebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>finanseba iwvevs saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis Semcirebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, iwvevs sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis<br />
ekonomikuri safuZvlis Sesustebas.<br />
koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmis es mesame modeli Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> iaponiaSi II<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg. SemdgomSi masSi Sevidnen aRmosavleT<br />
aziis “vefxvebi” (samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />
mogvianebiT ki _ CineTi. koleqtiuri kapitalizmis Tavisebureba<br />
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aq mTavari arCevani keTdeba xangr-<br />
Zliv urTierTobaze gaTvlil TanamSromlobaze, ris gamoc<br />
ekonomika imarTeba ara faswarmoqmnis upirovno meqanizmebiT,<br />
aramed organulad erTmaneTTan Serwymuli saziaro bazrebiT.<br />
sistema umaRlesi xarisxis stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba,<br />
rac uzrunvelyofs iaponur firmebs Tavisufali kapitaliT<br />
<strong>da</strong> saSualebas aZlevs maT orientirebulni iyvnen sul ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro grZelvadian perqspeqtivebze <strong>da</strong> ara moklevadian an<br />
saSualo vadian mogebaze. iaponiis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
qvakuTxedi aris firmebi. muSebi (gansakuTrebiT mamakacebi<br />
did sawarmoebSi) arian firmis “wevrebi”, rac warmoudgenelia<br />
aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> TviT socialur – sabazro evropaSic ki. saerTo<br />
saqmis mimdevrobis, <strong>da</strong>Zabuli Sromisa <strong>da</strong> ukugebis sapasuxod<br />
firmis muSakebs tradiiciisamebr eZlevaT mTeli sicocxlis<br />
manZilze pensiebi, socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis garantiebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>svenebis farTo SesaZleblobebi. gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba eTmoba brigadul muSaobasa <strong>da</strong> amxanaguri<br />
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas, rac sruliad miRwevadia menejerebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> muSebis arc Tu ise didi saxelfaso sxvaobebis<br />
pirobebSi. am viTarebam iaponur sistemas `xalxurobis~ saxelic<br />
ki SesZina.<br />
124 125
am TvalsazrisiT nimuSad gvevlineba sagareo vaWrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis saministro, romelic agrZelebs iaponuri<br />
ekonomikis marTvas meTvalyureobs “indikaturi” <strong>da</strong>gegmarebis<br />
sistemis meSveobiT. iyo dro, rodesac iaponiis ekonomika axden<strong>da</strong><br />
sruliad sxva Tvisebebis demonstrirebas – kapitalizmis<br />
Tvisebas, romelic maqsimalur mogebaze iyo orientirebuli.<br />
meore msoflio omis win qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo ekonomikuri<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi, romlebic omis Semdgom periodSi sabolood warmogvidga<br />
namdvil ekonomikur saswaulad. warmoiqmna<br />
ekonomikuri zesaxelmwifo, romelic investiciebis amJamindeli<br />
donis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi sul male ekonomikurad<br />
yvelaze ganviTarebul saxelmwifod iqceva msoflioSi. magram<br />
TviT iaponuri fenomenic SeiZleba male gamkrTaldes<br />
CineTis fonze, sa<strong>da</strong>c zrdis tempebi ufro maRalia, vidre<br />
aRmosavleT aziur “vefxvebTan”. Tumca yvelafrisaTvis saWiroa<br />
safasuris ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>: Zviri <strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong> iaponias warmateba, erTianobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis mimzidveli iaponuri modelis fasadis<br />
miRma imaleba kolosaluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva, romelsac ganicdian<br />
iaponeli muSebi <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxis wevrebi, grZeli samuSao<br />
dRe <strong>da</strong> mZime samuSao pirobebi. sakmaod mcire dro rCeba<br />
imisaTvis, rasac hqvia “pirovneba”. iaponur meurneobaSi “firma-ojaxebis”<br />
siWarbes <strong>da</strong>hkravs neofeo<strong>da</strong>lizmis ieri, Tavisi<br />
movaleobebiTa <strong>da</strong> morCilebebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c morCileba, ra Tqmaun<strong>da</strong><br />
dgas uflebebze maRla. am modelis kritikosebi amtkiceben,<br />
rom mas yovelTvis Tan axlavs tendencia avtoritarizmisaken,<br />
amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTi, Tavisi axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
kapitalizmiT <strong>da</strong> Zveli erTpartiuli komunisturi sistemiT.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, aRmosavleT aziaSi ekonomikis Camongrevam<br />
1997-1999 wlebSi TvalnaTliv <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa, Tu raoden aramyari <strong>da</strong><br />
myifea ekonomikuri warmateba, rodesac is ar emyareba finansur<br />
stabilurobas.<br />
marTvadi marTvadi marTvadi marTvadi marTvadi Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu TviTregulirebadi TviTregulirebadi TviTregulirebadi TviTregulirebadi TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
kapitalizmi<br />
msoflio kapitalizmis saxesxvaobaTa mimoxilva gviCvenebs,<br />
rom ekonomikuri politikis mTavar problemas warmoadgens<br />
saWiro wonasworobis miRweva politikasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikas Soris.<br />
muSaobs Tu ara kapitalisturi ekonomika ukeT, Tuki mTavroba<br />
saerTod ar ereva masSi, Tu mdgradi zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sayovelTao<br />
ayvaveba mxolod ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis meSveobiT<br />
xdeba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia, Tuki<br />
Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT or xva<strong>da</strong>sxva ekonomikur strategiebs – keinsianizmsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> monetarizms. Tavisi naSromiT “<strong>da</strong>saqmebis, interesisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> fulis saerTo <strong>Teoria</strong>” (1936) keinsma gamowveva gaugzavna<br />
klasikur politikur ekonomias <strong>da</strong> es gamowveva mdgomareob<strong>da</strong><br />
im ideis srul uaryofaSi, rom Tavisufali bazari badebs<br />
saWiro ekonomikur wesrigs. laisser-faire politikas, romelmac<br />
Tavis droze aRmarTa barieri mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikas Soris,<br />
amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> keinsi, hqon<strong>da</strong> mxolod erTi istoriuli Sedegi –<br />
arastabiluroba <strong>da</strong> umuSevroba, romlebmac miaRwies apogeas<br />
1930 wlebis didi depresiis dros.<br />
keinsis mixedviT 1930 wlebSi kapitalisturi ekonomika<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> depresiaSi imis gamo, rom umuSevrobis zrdisas sabazro<br />
meqanizmebma ganapirobes xelfasebis <strong>da</strong>cema, ramac Tavis<br />
mxriv kidev ufro Seamcira moTxovnileba saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebaze.<br />
kiTxvis niSnis qveS aRmoCndnen Tavisufali bazris<br />
doqtrinis fun<strong>da</strong>mentaluri dogmebi: keinsi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba-<br />
Sia “erTian moTxovnasTan”, anu ekonomikaSi moTxovnebis saer-<br />
To donesTan, romlis marTvasac xelisufleba <strong>da</strong>begvrisa <strong>da</strong><br />
xarjvis politikis meSveobiT axorcielebs. rodesac umuSevroba<br />
izrdeba, mTavrobam un<strong>da</strong> moaxdonos ekonomikis stimulireba<br />
an sazogadoebrivi xarjebis gazrdiT an ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis SemcirebiT.<br />
Tuki amis Sedegad warmoiqmneba sabiujeto deficiti,<br />
amkiceb<strong>da</strong> keinsi, es sruliad gamosworebadia, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ekonomikis zr<strong>da</strong>, garkveuli drois Semdeg saSualebas miscems<br />
mTavrobas Seagrovos ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi <strong>da</strong> mas ar mouwevs valebiT<br />
didxans cxovreba. amasTan ekonomikis aseT stimulirebas Tan<br />
axlavs multiplikatoris efeqti. koleqtiuri moTxovnilebis<br />
marTva keinsis mixedviT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, moaxdina<br />
revolucia ekonomikur politikaSi. maSin varaudobdnen,<br />
rom bolos<strong>da</strong>bolos miiRes ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis<br />
stabiluri zrdisa <strong>da</strong> mdgradi zrdis uzrunvelsayofad utyuari<br />
saSualeba. keinsianistoba 1950-60 wlebSi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis<br />
“xangrZlivi bumis” sinonimi gax<strong>da</strong>. pirveli eWvebi<br />
keinsianistebis postulatebTan mimarTebaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> 1970-ian<br />
wlebSi “stagflaciis” (umuSevrobisa <strong>da</strong> inflaciis erTdrouli<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong>dgomasTan erTad. <strong>politikuri</strong> TvalsazrisiT,<br />
keinsionistoba <strong>da</strong>aziana misma principma – “Seagrove ga<strong>da</strong>sax-<br />
126 127
adebi <strong>da</strong> gaxarje”-s politikam, romelmac Tavisufali bazris<br />
ekonomistebis azriT, bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos amowura saqmiani iniciativa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mewarmeoba; ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> ki SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong><br />
mudmivad maRali inflaciis (fasebis saerTo zr<strong>da</strong>) gamo. am<br />
situaciaSi aRorZin<strong>da</strong> monetaristuli ideebi.<br />
monetarizmis aRmavlobam, romelic mox<strong>da</strong> iseTi ekonomistebis<br />
ZalisxmeviT, rogoricaa fridrix fon haieki <strong>da</strong> milton<br />
fridmeni, gamoiwvia ekonomikuri prioritetebis radikaluri<br />
Zvrebi – umuSevrobasTan brZolis amocanebi<strong>da</strong>n inflaciasTan<br />
brZola. moZraoba, romelsac 1988 wlebSi saTaveSi Caudgnen<br />
tetCeris mTavroba did britaneTSi <strong>da</strong> reiganis administracia<br />
aSS-Si, Tavis mTavar ekonomikur amocanas xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> imaSi,<br />
rom uzrunveleyo “janmrTeli fulebi”. axali filosofiiT,<br />
mTavrobis mTavari amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom inflacia<br />
ganidevnos ekonomiki<strong>da</strong>n.…<br />
socializmis socializmis socializmis socializmis socializmis saxeobani<br />
saxeobani<br />
saxeobani<br />
saxeobani<br />
saxeobani<br />
Tanamedrove socialistebi dReisaTvis kapitalizms miiCneven<br />
erTaderT saimedo variantad sazogadoebrivi simdidris<br />
Sesaqmnelad. amitom maTi mxri<strong>da</strong>n saubari midis kapitalizmis<br />
ara mospobaze, aramed mis reformirebze. SenarCun<strong>da</strong><br />
Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom socializmi kapitalizmze “maRlaa”<br />
rogorc eTikuri, aseve ekonomikur mimarTebaSi. socialistebis<br />
naSromSi parametrebiT ekonomikuri modelebis didi<br />
raodenoba iyo, maT Soris mTavari iyo marqsizmi.<br />
marqss ar auRweria momavali socialisturi sazogadoebis<br />
ekonomikuri wyobileba, is Semoifargla mxolod zogier-<br />
Ti saerTo principis miTiTebiT. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, is varaudob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom kerZo sakuTreba Seicvlebo<strong>da</strong> koleqtiuriT an sazogadoebriviT.<br />
marqsi Sors iyo nacionalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> centraluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>gegmvis ideisagan, yvelaferi imisagan, rac un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />
XX saukunis sabWoTa ekonomikis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSnebi.<br />
arsebobs ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli socializmis<br />
modeli:<br />
• saxelmwifo socializmi<br />
• sabazro socializmi.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
1917 wels bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg sabWoTa<br />
kavSiri iyo pirveli, vinc gamoiyena socialisturi ekonomikis<br />
modeli. leninis “axali ekonomikuri politikis” miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
am sistemam ver miiRo saboloo ganviTareba stalinis “meore<br />
revoluciamde”. amitom socializmis am formam miiRo saxelwodeba<br />
ekonomikuri stalinizmi. sistema eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
sakuTrebis nacionalizacias. faqtiurad, mTeli ekonomikuri<br />
resursebi un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo partiul-saxelwifoebrivi aparatis<br />
kontrolis qveS, romelic akontroleb<strong>da</strong> vaWrobas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aweseb<strong>da</strong><br />
fasebs, xelfasebs, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs <strong>da</strong> subsidiebs. gegmebis Sesrulebis<br />
pasuxismgebloba ekisrebo<strong>da</strong> ekonomikis saministroebs,<br />
romlebic gaakontrolebdnen ekonomikis seqtorebs <strong>da</strong><br />
gauZRvebodnen sabWoTa kavSiris bankebis, qarxnebisa <strong>da</strong> maRaziebis<br />
muSaobas. rodesac 1989-1991 wlebSi mox<strong>da</strong> saxelmwofoebriv-socialisturi<br />
modelis <strong>da</strong>ngreva sabWoTa kavSirSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes laparaki imaze, rom ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>gegmvis ideam diskreditacia<br />
gaukeTa Tavis Tavs. magram mainc, sabWouri <strong>da</strong>gegmvis<br />
sistemas hqon<strong>da</strong> istoriuli Rirebulebebi, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
1941 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi Seiqmna mZime industria,<br />
ramac uzrunvelyo qveynis gamarjveba faSizmTan brZolaSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>gegmvis sistema <strong>da</strong>exmara sabWoTa kavSirs aRmoefxvra usaxlkaroba,<br />
umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> sruli gaWirveba. <strong>da</strong> mainc, arafers ar<br />
SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>faros centralizebuli <strong>da</strong>gegmvis principuli<br />
naklovanebebi. memarcxene orientaciis kritikosebis azriT,<br />
sabWouri <strong>da</strong>gegmvis sistema igive saxelwifo kapitalizmi iyo.<br />
sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
socializmi<br />
zecentralizebuli sabWoTa ekonomikis modelis alternativad<br />
xSirad moiazrebdnen socializmis principebs<br />
dinamikuri sabazro konkurenciiT. aseTi Zieba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
1949 wli<strong>da</strong>n iugoslaviaSi prezident titosa <strong>da</strong> stalinis<br />
konfliqtis Semdeg, aseve ungreTSi 1956 wels antisabWouri<br />
gamosvlebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong> 1985-1990 ww. mixeil gorbaCovis sabWo-<br />
Ta gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis wlebSi.<br />
sabazro socializmis idea bevrs imiT izi<strong>da</strong>vs, rom mas<br />
SeuZlia Seasworos centralizebuli <strong>da</strong>gegmvis seriozuli<br />
128 129
nakli. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialisturma bazarma saer-<br />
Tod ar icis <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>regulireba, radgan sinamdvileSi<br />
SemoTavazebuli variantebi<strong>da</strong>n “reliasturi” an “sicocxlisunariani”<br />
socializmi arasodes ar gamodio<strong>da</strong> saerTo <strong>da</strong>gegmvis<br />
koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n, mxolod cdilob<strong>da</strong> masSi CaerTo ufro<br />
farTo kavSirebi mwarmoeblebTan.<br />
amasTanave saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom iugoslaviuri <strong>da</strong> ungruli<br />
gamocdilebebi aRmoCndnen naklebad warmatebuli, vidre<br />
sabWouri. sabazro socializmis mTavari sisuste imaSi<br />
mdgomarebs, rom TviTmmarTveloba sinamdvileSi upirispirdeba<br />
sabazro disciplinas.<br />
arsebobs arsebobs arsebobs arsebobs arsebobs Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ara ara ara ara ara ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi `mesame `mesame `mesame `mesame `mesame gza~? gza~? gza~? gza~? gza~?<br />
ekonomikaSi “mesame gzis” ideas, romelsac ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
kapitalizmis <strong>da</strong> socializmis naklovanebebi, mimarTavdnen<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> tradiciebis warmomadgenlebi, ar gamoiricxeba<br />
faSizmic. am ideis realizacia pirvelad sca<strong>da</strong><br />
musolinma, mogvianebiT mas <strong>da</strong>ubrundnen mozli did britaneTSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> peroni argentinaSi. Tavisi liberaluri variantisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, faSisturi korporativizmi emyareba biznesisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sromis organul <strong>da</strong> sulier erTobas. 1945 wlis<br />
Semdeg “mesame gziT”, socializmisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis elementebis<br />
SeTavsebis gziT wavi<strong>da</strong> Svecia. social-demokratiuli<br />
“mesame gza” SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc socialisturi<br />
kapitalizmis memarcxene versia. 1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n “mesame gzis”<br />
ideologiaSi aSkarad <strong>da</strong>iwyo Semosvla postsocialurma modelma.<br />
ekonomikuri sazogadoebis organizaciis gansxvavebuli<br />
midgoma SemogvTavazes ekologiuri moZraobis Teoretikosebma.<br />
maTi TvalsazrisiT kapitalizmic <strong>da</strong> socializmic aris<br />
industrializmis “superideologiis” erTi <strong>da</strong> igive gamovlineba.<br />
“mwvane alternativa” mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
ekonomikuri prioriteti un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes ekologia, e.i. sistemis<br />
SesaZlebloba SeinarCunos Tavisi ekologiuri janmrTeloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> arsebobis perspeqtiva. ekosocialistebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
mTavari <strong>da</strong>mnaSave garSemo sivrcis ganadgurebaSi aris kapitalizmi<br />
Tavisi Semosavlis zrdis mudmivi miswrafebebiT.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Sewydes bunebis ganxilva, rogorc amouwuravi<br />
resursebis wyarosi, romelic mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mianuri moTxovnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas emsaxureba <strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas saerTod gansxvavebuli<br />
Rirebulebebis sistema, romelic ekologias ekonomikaze<br />
maRla <strong>da</strong>ayenebs <strong>da</strong> morals – materialur sakiTxebze<br />
maRla. aseT ideebze aris <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli “budisturi ekonomiksis”<br />
koncefcia, romelic warmoadgina e.f. Sumaxerma (1973 w).<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
ekonomika gavlenas axdens politikaze. ZalauflebisaTvis<br />
brZolaSi partiebi ejibrebian erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>pirebebSi, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>aCqareben ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>s, Seamcireben inflacias <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
amomrCeveli xmas aZlevs kandi<strong>da</strong>ts imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT, Tu romel<br />
socialur fenas miekuTvneba is. arCevnebis Sedegi pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. aswleulis manZilze<br />
imarTebo<strong>da</strong> ideologiuri diskusiebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu sakuTrebis<br />
romel saSualebas aqvs meti upiratesoba.<br />
kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong> socializmi tradiciulad ganixileba,<br />
rogorc urTierTsawinaaRmdego ekonomikuri formebi. kapitalizmisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia sasaqonlo warmoeba, kerZo<br />
sakuTreba warmoebis saSualebebze <strong>da</strong> sabazro organizacia.<br />
socializmi arsebob<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo an koleqtiuri sakuTrebiT,<br />
centraluri <strong>da</strong>gegmarebiTa <strong>da</strong> Teoriulad – a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
moTxovnebis uSualo <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebiT.<br />
arc kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong> arc socializmi ar arsebobdnen<br />
sufTa formebSi. kapitalizmis erT saxeobaSi aqcenti keTdeba<br />
mewarmis srul Tavisuflebaze <strong>da</strong> sufTa “sabazro” individualizmze.<br />
socialuri samarTlis mniSvnelobas aRiareben.<br />
zogisaTvis mTavari sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis principebia,<br />
romlebic orientirebulni arian grZelvadian miznebze.<br />
socializmis mravalsaxeobebSi an yvelafers wyvet<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
an cdilobdnen morgebas kompromisis saxiT.<br />
yvela sabazro sistemebi ase Tu ise regulirebadia.<br />
regulirebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom brendis mmarTvelobis<br />
gareSe SeuZlebelia SeaCero bazris TviTneburi tendenciebi<br />
arastabilurobisaken, romelic iwvevs krizissa <strong>da</strong> umuSevrobas,<br />
oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom yvelafer amas mivyavarT sabazro<br />
wonasworobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaken, rac aucileblad Semobrundeba<br />
araefeqturobisa <strong>da</strong> arakontrolirebadi inflaciisaken.<br />
130 131
sazogadoebrivi struqtura, kerZod, misi Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yofa<br />
socialur fenebad <strong>da</strong> jgufebad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar zemoqmedebas<br />
axdens politikaze. yvela sazogadoebaSia sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
gamomxatveli <strong>politikuri</strong> ganwyoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> kultura.<br />
socialuri struqtura gansazRvravs <strong>politikuri</strong> qcevis Sesabamis<br />
formebs <strong>da</strong> marTvaSi monawilebis formebs. Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoeba Sinaganad <strong>da</strong>yofilia iseT safuZvlebze, rogoricaa<br />
rasa, klasi <strong>da</strong> sqesi. klasebis mniSvneloba dRes SesaZlebelia<br />
nulamde Semcirebuliyo, rom ar aRmocenebuliyo samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> qalTa uflebebis moZraobebi, romlebmac<br />
rasa <strong>da</strong> sqesi iseTive mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur faqtorad aqcia, rogoric odesRac iyo klasi.<br />
Tavi Tavi X<br />
X<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> kultura,<br />
kultura,<br />
TviTgamo<br />
TviTgamorkveva TviTgamo rkveva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba<br />
politikis mniSvnelovani nawili, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,<br />
xorcieldeba xalxis cnobierebaSi, radgan politika yalibdeba<br />
Cveni ideebiT, RirebulebebiTa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenebiT imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu rogori un<strong>da</strong> iyos organizebuli sazogadoeba. es<br />
xdeba Cveni molodiniTac, imediTa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mimarT<br />
sifrTxiliT <strong>da</strong> bolos erTad aRebuli, SeiZleba iyos gacilebiT<br />
ufro mTavari, vidre <strong>politikuri</strong> realiebi _ ese igi<br />
sinamdvileSi sazogadoebaSi ganawilebulia Zalaufleba,<br />
resursebi <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi. Cvens mier realobis aRqma, ara<br />
Tu SeiZleba gaxdes mTavari, zog SemTxvevaSi is TviTon aris<br />
realoba. yovelive es miuTiTebs imis mniSvnelobaze, rasac<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> kultura ewodeba.<br />
xalxis warmodgenebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi politikaze,<br />
aseve im saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebaze, romelSic isini cxovroben,<br />
mocemulia maTsave urTierTobebSi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
yovelTvis wamoiWreba kiTxvebi _ samarTliania Tu<br />
ara es wyoba? aqvs Tu ara mas arsebobis ufleba? politologebi<br />
yovelTvis saubroben reJimis legitimurobis problemaze,<br />
legitimuroba xom _ es aris <strong>politikuri</strong> stabilurobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sicocxlisunarianobis gasaRebi, reJimis arsebobis<br />
garantia.<br />
warsulis moazrovneebi politikis ganxilvisas aRiarebdnen,<br />
rom sazogadoebisaTvis did rols TamaSoben Rirebulebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalxis rwmena, Tumca amas politikur kulturas<br />
ar uwodebdnen. berki bevrs wer<strong>da</strong> tradiciebze <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>Twesebze,<br />
marqsi _ ideologiaze, herderi _ `nacionalur sulze~.<br />
magram yvelani erTad Tanxmdebodnen imaze, rom Rirebule-<br />
Rirebule-<br />
Rirebule-<br />
Rirebule-<br />
Rirebulebebs<br />
bebs bebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xalxis xalxis tradiciebs tradiciebs aqvs aqvs udidesi udidesi mniSvneloba<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
sazogadoebrivisazogadoebrivisazogadoebrivi wyobis wyobis stabilurobisaTvis stabilurobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sicsic-<br />
ocxlisunarianobisaTvis. ocxlisunarianobisaTvis. politologTa interesi ki poli-<br />
tikuri kulturis ideis mimarT warmoiSva mxolod 1950-1960ian<br />
wlebSi, rodesac a<strong>da</strong>mianuri qcevis axali meTodiT Seswavlam<br />
Secvala sagnis mimarT tradiciuli midgoma. am sferoSi<br />
klasikur naSromad iqca almondis <strong>da</strong> verbas `samoqalaqo<br />
kultura~ (1963), romelic xuTi qveynis _ aSS-is, didi britane-<br />
Tis, <strong>da</strong>savleT germaniis, italiis <strong>da</strong> meqsikis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
132 133
specifikis analizisTvis iyo gamoyenebuli. naSromi cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
aexsna, Tu ratom ganicades krizisi msoflio omebs Soris<br />
periodSi italiis, germaniis <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis TiTqos <strong>da</strong><br />
sruliad demokratiulma mTavrobebma <strong>da</strong> ratom miikvlevs<br />
demokratia aseTi wvalebiT gzas?<br />
1970-1980-ian wlebSi ki interesi <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturisadmi<br />
odnav <strong>da</strong>eca, magram 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac <strong>da</strong>iwyo komunizmis<br />
ngreva aRmosavleT evropaSi <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli qveynebis<br />
Seneba, amas mohyva myar demokratiul qveyanaSi _ amerikaSi laparaki<br />
`socialuri kapitalis krizisze~ <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo aqtiurobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cemaze. gamwvav<strong>da</strong> diskusiebi imaze, rom xom ar xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
kulturis formireba elitaruli jgufebis ideebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
interesebiT <strong>da</strong> Tu rogor rols TamaSobs sazogadoebaSi masobrivi<br />
informaciis saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> ra doneze SeuZlia saxelmwifos<br />
manipulireba <strong>politikuri</strong> komunikaciiT dRes.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> kultura kultura kultura _ _ kultura _ farTo gagebiT<br />
aris xalxis cxovrebis wesis gamosaxva. sociologebi <strong>da</strong><br />
anTropologebi avleben zRvars `kulturasa~ <strong>da</strong> `bunebas~<br />
Soris. kulturas uwodeben imas, rac STamomavlobas ga<strong>da</strong>ecema<br />
socialuri meqanizmebiT <strong>da</strong> ara biologiuri memkvidreobiT.<br />
politologebi am termins ufro viwro gagebiT iyeneben. aq is<br />
exeba xalxis fsiqologiur orientacias <strong>da</strong> gansazRvravs xalxis<br />
urTierTobas iseTi fenomenisadmi, rogoricaa partia, xelisufleba,<br />
konstitucia. es yvelaferi gamoixateba mrwamsSi, RirebulebebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> simboloebSi. <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis sazogadoebriv<br />
azrTan areva ar aris misaRebi, radganac is ganisazRvreba<br />
Rrmad <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli RirebulebebiT <strong>da</strong> ara xalxis<br />
reaqciiT, konkretuli <strong>politikuri</strong> problemis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo kultura kultura kultura kultura kultura Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri ideologiuri hegemonia?<br />
hegemonia?<br />
hegemonia?<br />
hegemonia?<br />
hegemonia?<br />
bevri avtori politikur kulturaze saubrisas eyrdnoba<br />
samoqalaqo kulturas, cnebas SemoRebuls mecnierebaSi<br />
almondisa <strong>da</strong> verbas mier (1963; 1980). isini miiswrafodnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>edginaT, Tu rogori <strong>politikuri</strong> kultura uwyobs xels<br />
demokratias. zemoT xsenebulma avtorebma is sam tipad <strong>da</strong>hyves<br />
_ `aqtiuri kultura~ (<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis kultura),<br />
`pasiuri kultura~ (qveSevrdomobis kultura) <strong>da</strong> `lokaluri<br />
kultura~.<br />
maTi koncefciiT `aqtiuri aqtiuri kulturisaTvis<br />
kulturisaTvis<br />
kulturisaTvis~ kulturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
moqalaqeebis cocxali interesi politikisadmi,<br />
masSi monawileobas isini Tvlian saWirod <strong>da</strong> umTavresad.<br />
`pasiur `pasiur `pasiur kulturaSi~ kulturaSi~ kulturaSi~ _ _ _ isini gamodian ufro obieqtad, vidre<br />
subieqtad, romelsac aqvs gavlenis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba<br />
mTavrobaze. aq mTavaria moqalaqeebis mzadyofna <strong>da</strong>emor-<br />
Cilon xelisuflebas. `lokaluri `lokaluri kultura~ kultura~ _ _ _ gansxvavdeba<br />
moqalaqeobrivi grZnobis uqonlobiT. xalxi aq sakuTar<br />
Tavs ukavSirebs ara erovnebas, aramed sakuTar garemocvas <strong>da</strong><br />
ara aqvs politikaSi monawileobis arc survili, arc SesaZlebloba.<br />
almondi <strong>da</strong> verba sabolood mividnen im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde,<br />
rom samoqalaqo kultura sinamdvileSi yovelTvis aerTianebs<br />
samive <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis komponentebs. demokratiis simyares<br />
maTi azriT uzrunvelyofs iseTi <strong>politikuri</strong> kultura,<br />
romelSic napovnia oqros Sualedi moqalaqeebis aqtiurobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> pasiurobas Soris <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo sakuTar Tavze iRebs<br />
mxolod im aucileblobas, romlis Sesrulebac SeuZlebelia.<br />
samoqalaqo kulturis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba arc ise advilia. es<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvanaxa <strong>da</strong>savleT germaniam <strong>da</strong> italiam. faSizmis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />
Semdeg vercerT qveyanaSi ver hpova ganviTareba aqtiurma<br />
politikurma kulturam. Tu germaniaSi dominireb<strong>da</strong> pasiuri<br />
morCilebis kultura, italiaSi ar aRmofxvrila lokaluri<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis niSnebi.<br />
marqsizmSi ganviTar<strong>da</strong> kulturis ori <strong>Teoria</strong>. pirvelis<br />
mixedviT kultura atarebs klasobriv xasiaTs, radgan<br />
erTiklasis warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi, aqvT erTi <strong>da</strong> igive<br />
interesebi <strong>da</strong> imyofebian erTnair ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi.<br />
maT eqnebaT msgavsi ideebi, rwmena <strong>da</strong> miznebi. marqsis sityvebiT<br />
`cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs xalxis yofierebas, aramed<br />
maTi socialuri yofiereba gansazRvravs (yofiereba) cnobierebas:<br />
amitom proletariatis kultura yovelTvis gansxvavdeba<br />
burJuaziis kulturisagan. kulturis meore Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
mmarTveli klasis ideebi (romelsac marqsi uwodeb<strong>da</strong> `ideologias~)<br />
advilad vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> amitom iqceva<br />
epoqis `gabatonebil azrad~. amgvarad misTvis Tavisi drois<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c samoqalaqo kultura iqnebo<strong>da</strong> bur-<br />
Juaziuli ideologia. ideologiis funqcia marqsis mixedviT<br />
gulisxmobs imas, rom <strong>da</strong>Cagruli klasi iZulebulia Seeguos<br />
Tavis mdgomareobas, amas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> yvelanairi saxis miTebis<br />
gavrceleba. mogvianebiT es yvelaferi marqsizmma gan-<br />
134 135
sazRvra, rogorc burJuaziuli `hegemonia~.<br />
Tanamedrove marqsistebi Soris arin problemis aseT<br />
gagebasTan <strong>da</strong> sulac ar Tvlian, rom burJuaziis gabatonebuli<br />
klasi gansazRvravs kapitalisturi sazogadoebis inteleqtualur<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturul cxovrebas. isini amboben, rom sazogadoebaSi<br />
konkurencias uweven erTmaneTs.<br />
(burJuaziuli (burJuaziuli ideologia ideologia marqsistuli marqsistuli terminia<br />
terminia<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> niSnavs niSnavs ideebs ideebs ideebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Teoriebs, Teoriebs, romlebic romlebic romlebic kapitaliskapitalis-<br />
turi turi wyobis wyobis wyobis winaaRmdegobis winaaRmdegobis <strong>da</strong>farviT <strong>da</strong>farviT emsaxurebian<br />
emsaxurebian<br />
burJuaziis burJuaziis interesebs).<br />
interesebs).<br />
am poziciis cnobili warmomadgeneli iyo italieli<br />
moazrovne <strong>da</strong> politikosi antonio antonio gramSi gramSi XX saukuneSi.<br />
Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gramSma <strong>da</strong>inaxa, rom burJuaziis<br />
gabatoneba Tavis Tavs uzrunvelyofs ara mxolod misi<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> ZalauflebiT, aramed kulturiT,<br />
sulier yofaSi, amgvari hegemoniiT: misi Rirebulebebi vrceldeba<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meSveobiT _ masobrivi<br />
informaciis saSualebiT, eklesiuri institutebiT, axalgazrduli<br />
moZraobebiT. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, socializmis gamarjvebisaTvis<br />
saWiroa `ideebs Soris brZola~, sa<strong>da</strong>c proletarulma<br />
Rirebulebebma, Teoriebma <strong>da</strong> principebma un<strong>da</strong> gandevnon, an<br />
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Seaviwrovon burJuaziuli.<br />
masobrivi masobrivi masobrivi masobrivi masobrivi informaciis informaciis informaciis informaciis informaciis saSualebebi<br />
saSualebebi<br />
saSualebebi<br />
saSualebebi<br />
saSualebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> komunikacia<br />
komunikacia<br />
komunikacia<br />
komunikacia<br />
komunikacia<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi<br />
iZenen politikur mniSvnelobas, <strong>da</strong>iwyes laparaki XIX saukunis<br />
bolos, rodesac sazogadoebaSi Semovi<strong>da</strong> masobrivi wigniereba<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelasaTvis gax<strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomi presa. magram drom<br />
Tan moitana axali teqnikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri cvlilebebi, <strong>da</strong><br />
gairkva, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi gaxdnen <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
procesis srulyofili, sakmaod <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
uaRresad Zlieri faqtori.<br />
am yvelaferSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> sami tendencia. droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
Semcir<strong>da</strong> egreT wodebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> socializaciis<br />
`pirveladi~ faqtorebis gavlena, iseTebze, rogoricaa<br />
ojaxi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi klasi. a<strong>da</strong>miani bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>n iReb<strong>da</strong><br />
raRac politikur (kvals) `acras~. ukve zr<strong>da</strong>srul asakSi misi<br />
Sexedulebebi icvlebo<strong>da</strong>, magram is kvali rCebo<strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
sicocxlis manZilze. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ki Tavisi<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> geografiuli mobilurobiT, individualizmis<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebiTa <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo RirebulebebiT, amkvidrebs<br />
sruliad gansxvavebul situacias. dRes, arCevnebze xalxi Tvi-<br />
Ton wyvets, Tu vis misces xma, iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Tu ras<br />
laparakobs <strong>da</strong> pirdeba kandi<strong>da</strong>ti. aqe<strong>da</strong>n modis masobrivi<br />
informaciebis <strong>politikuri</strong> mniSvnelobis zr<strong>da</strong>, radgan dRes<br />
swored maT miaqvT publikamde informacia <strong>politikuri</strong> problemebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> programebis Sesaxeb, aseve kandi<strong>da</strong>tis an partiis<br />
arCevis variantic.<br />
dRes gasagebia, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir ayalibeben sazogadoebriv azrs, gemovnebas. xalxs<br />
rCeba mxolod airCios romelime <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
<strong>da</strong> am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT gaemarTon saarCevno urnebisaken. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Sexedulebebi masobrivi<br />
informaciebis saSualebebis politikur rolze.. Teoriebs<br />
Soris umTavresia Semdegi modelebi: pluralisturipluralisturimodemodeli,li, gabatonebuli gabatonebuli ideologiis ideologiis modeli, modeli, sabazro sabazro sabazro modemode-<br />
li li li <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> elitis elitis faseulobaTa faseulobaTa modeli.<br />
modeli.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><strong>politikuri</strong> socializacia socializacia _ _ _ aris aris procesi, procesi, romrom-<br />
lis lis mimdinareobisas mimdinareobisas xalxi xalxi iZens iZens <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamoimuSavebs<br />
gamoimuSavebs<br />
gamoimuSavebs<br />
mosazrebebs mosazrebebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs, Rirebulebebs, romlebic romlebic Semdeg Semdeg Taobebs<br />
Taobebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ecema.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ecema.<br />
propagan<strong>da</strong> propagan<strong>da</strong> _ _ aris aris mizanmimarTuli mizanmimarTuli informaciis<br />
informaciis<br />
gavrceleba gavrceleba im im im mizniT, mizniT, rom rom Camoyalibdes Camoyalibdes Camoyalibdes saWiro saWiro azri<br />
azri<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moaxdinos moaxdinos provocireba provocireba provocireba gansazRvrul gansazRvrul politikur<br />
politikur<br />
moqmedebaze, moqmedebaze, mani mani pulir pulirebis pulir ebis mizniT.<br />
mizniT.<br />
`axali `axali ambebis ambebis miwodebis miwodebis xelovneba~ xelovneba~ xelovneba~ _ _ aris aris in- ininformaciisformaciis mowodeba mowodeba iseTi iseTi xerxiT, xerxiT, rom rom gamoiwvios gamoiwvios sasa-<br />
surveli surveli efeqti efeqti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli gansakuTrebuli gansakuTrebuli reaqcia reaqcia `ekonomikur<br />
`ekonomikur<br />
WeSmaritebaze~.<br />
WeSmaritebaze~.<br />
socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis degra<strong>da</strong>cia?<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>cia?<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>cia?<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>cia?<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>cia?<br />
yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebSi, politikurma <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikurma cvlilebebma misca <strong>da</strong>matebiTi interesi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
kulturis problematikas. saqme isaa, rom ramdenime<br />
Taobis cxovrebaSi saxelmwifom amoZirkva, an minimumamde <strong>da</strong>iy-<br />
136 137
vana is socialuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> kavSirebi, romelsac eyrdnoba<br />
demokratiuli politika. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis jgufebis sfero, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
saxelmwifosagan, romelic Seicavs kerZo warmoebas, interesTa<br />
jgufebs <strong>da</strong> a.S. aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT aleqsis de tokvilis<br />
azri, romelmac XIX saukuneSi axsna amerikis demokratiuloba<br />
imiT, rom amerikelebi midrekilni arian aseTi sazogadoebrivi<br />
asociaciebis <strong>da</strong>arsebisadmi. magram rogorc ki gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
interesi post-komunisturi qveynebis <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturisadmi,<br />
is gavrcel<strong>da</strong> momwifebul demokratiebis politikur<br />
problemebzec.<br />
robert patnemma mosaxleobis samoqalaqo aqtiurobis<br />
tradiciebi gansxvavebiT axsna, rac vlindeba iseT movlenaze,<br />
rogoricaa gansxvavebuli saarCevno aqtiurobis done. patnemma<br />
yuradReba miaqcia aSS-is socialuri `kapitalis <strong>da</strong>cemas~, romlis<br />
arseboba aisaxa imaSi, rom 1965 wli<strong>da</strong>n klubebis, nebayoflobiTi<br />
sazogadoebebis <strong>da</strong> yvelanairi tipis asociaciebis<br />
ricxvi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 25-50%-iT, mkveTrad Semcir<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv,<br />
qalaqur, saskolo krebebze <strong>da</strong>swreba, Semcir<strong>da</strong> politikur partiebSi<br />
gawevrianeba, maTi nebayoflobiTi moRvaweoba.<br />
TavianTi azri aqvT konservatiuli orientaciis Teoretikosebsac:<br />
socialuri kapitalis marTva asocirdeba<br />
tradiciebTan `tradiciul RirebulebebTan~. is Rirebulebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmodgenebi, romlebic ga<strong>da</strong>ecema Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas,<br />
aarseben Tavisi tipis cxovrebis kulturul safuZvels.<br />
konservatiulad ganwyobili politikosebi yovelTvis<br />
mouwodeben Rirebulebebis gaZlierebisaken, radgan maTSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven<br />
Sinagani gamTlianebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
stabilurobis gasaRebs. 1980-ian wlebSi margaret margaret tetCeri tetCeri<br />
tetCeri<br />
gamovi<strong>da</strong> mowodebiT, imuSaon egreT wodebuli `viqtorianuli<br />
Rirebulebebis~ aRorZinebaze did britaneTSi. amis Semdeg<br />
analogiuri, magram naklebad warmatebuli iniciativiT `pirvelsawyisisken<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebisaken~ 1990-ian wlebSi gamovi<strong>da</strong> jon<br />
meijori. zustad ase apelireb<strong>da</strong> aSS-Si ronald reigani `sazogadoebrivi<br />
ideologiis~ memkvidreobisadmi, rac amerikelebSi<br />
aisaxa TavianTi <strong>da</strong>savluri Tav<strong>da</strong>WerilobiT. xSirad tradiciuli<br />
Rirebulebebi ukavSirdeba iseT institutebs, rogoricaa<br />
ojaxi, eklesia <strong>da</strong> erovneba, anu is yvelaferi, rac istoriaSi<br />
ganasaxierebs fxianobas, TviTnebobas <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobas.<br />
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>cva gax<strong>da</strong> erT-erTi<br />
umTavresi motivi neokonservatorebisTvis, romliTac aSS-Si<br />
gamovidnen iseTi socialuri moazrovneebi, rogorebic arian<br />
deniel deniel beli beli <strong>da</strong> ireing ireing kristoli, kristoli, romlebmac win wamoswies<br />
sulieri Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>ngreva bazris stiqiis gamo.<br />
kidev erTi azri socialuri krizisis problemaze, amtkicebs,<br />
rom saubari un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdes ara samoqalaqo kulturis<br />
Semcirebaze <strong>da</strong> socialuri kavSirebis Sesustebaze, aramed<br />
maTi formebis Secvlaze.<br />
inglhartis azriT, yvelaferi es xdeba amJamindeli materialuri<br />
keTildReobis <strong>da</strong> `postmaterialisturi~ Rirebulebebis<br />
(gansakuTrebulad axalgazrdebSi), gavrcelebis gamo. 1960iani<br />
wlebi<strong>da</strong>n xalxi umetesad ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi<br />
eguebo<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur usafrTxoebas <strong>da</strong> materialur keTildReobas,<br />
yvela <strong>da</strong> yvelanairi tradiciuli warmodgenebi _<br />
seqsze, qorwinebaze, cqevis normebze Seicvala, liberaluri,<br />
uweso RirebulebebiT, rom ar vTqvaT `yovlad umsgavsoTi~.<br />
tradiciuli <strong>politikuri</strong> urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong> kavSirebi<br />
ki piriqiT <strong>da</strong>sustdnen, maT Caenacvlen iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa<br />
feminizmi, atomuri ganiaraReba, cxovelebis uflebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
garemo. SesaZlebelia imitom mimdinareobs aseTi movlenebi,<br />
rogorc partiebSi wevrebis Semcireba <strong>da</strong> saarCevno aqtiurobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cema. meores mxriv ki, iseTi saprotesto aqciebis warmoSoba,<br />
romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulebi arian raRac erTi saerTo<br />
problemiT. postfordizmis Teoretikosebi amtkiceben, rom<br />
aseTi tipis cvlilebebi, iyo absoluturad Seuqcevadi <strong>da</strong><br />
warmoadgendnen sazogadoebis saerTo ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
individualizmisaken moZraobis Sedegebs.<br />
legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> stabiluroba<br />
stabiluroba<br />
stabiluroba<br />
stabiluroba<br />
stabiluroba<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis an reJimis legitimurobis problema,<br />
an SekiTxva imaze, iRebs Tu ara es sazogadoeba ama Tu im<br />
reJims, rogorc `kanoniers~, `samarTlians~, <strong>da</strong> a.S. <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
Zvel <strong>da</strong> mTavar TemasTan _ esaa <strong>politikuri</strong> valdebuleba.<br />
problema midis ubralo kiTxvamde: ratom arian moqalaqeebi<br />
valdebulni aRiaron saxelmwifos Zalaufleba? aris Tu<br />
ara aseTi midgoma saxelmwifosadmi <strong>da</strong> misi kanonebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>morCileba _ xalxis movaleoba? Tanamedrove politikur<br />
diskusiebSi legitimuroba esmiT ar imdenad, rogorc mor-<br />
138 139
aluri valdebulebebis problema, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c kiTxva, Tu ratom<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTon maT es.<br />
legitimuroba legitimuroba (laTinurad legitimas _ kanonierad<br />
gamocxadeba) farTo gagebiT niSnavs `kanonierebas~, `sworobas~,<br />
`samarTlianobas~. es aris is Zalaufleba, rac organoebs<br />
aZlevs avtoritets sazogadoebis TvalSi. kanoniereba sulac<br />
ar aZlevs saxelmwifos an mTavrobas, sazogadoebis an calke<br />
moqalaqeebis pativiscemis garantias.<br />
Zalauflebis<br />
Zalauflebis<br />
Zalauflebis Zalauflebis<br />
Zalauflebis legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimurobis problemis, rogorc sociologiuri<br />
movlenis klasikuri gamokvleva, <strong>da</strong>iwyo maqs veberma. veberi<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> `batonobis sistemis~ klasificirebas <strong>da</strong> sur<strong>da</strong><br />
aexsna is safuZvlebi, romlebic gansazRvraven am sistemis<br />
legitimurobas. man <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis mravalferovani<br />
buneba miiyvana `idealur tipebamde~ <strong>da</strong> konceftualur<br />
modelebamde. es idealuri tipebia:<br />
_ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba tradiciebs _ tradiciuli<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
_ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba qarizmas _ qarizmatuli<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
_ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba kanons racionaluri<br />
Tvisebebis safuZvelze _ racionalur-samarTlebrivi Zalaufleba.<br />
TiToeuli am sami<strong>da</strong>n, flobs <strong>politikuri</strong> legitimurobis<br />
sakuTar bunebas <strong>da</strong> wyaros, romlebSic xalxi Tvlis<br />
SesaZlebels <strong>da</strong> aucilebels <strong>da</strong>emorCilos saxelmwifos.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> legitimurobis pirveli tipi _ veberis<br />
mixedviT, <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia istoriul a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebze <strong>da</strong> tradiciaze,<br />
tradiciuli batonoba miiCneva rogorc legitimuri,<br />
imitom, rom is arsebob<strong>da</strong> istoriulad, mas aRiarebdnen wina<br />
Taobebi, rogorc wesi aseTi Zalaufleba eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> konkretul<br />
normebs _ gamZle <strong>da</strong> ueWvo a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebs, romlebsac ar<br />
sWirdebaT <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba, radgan isini arsebobdnen uxsovari<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n. tradiciuli Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel Cvevebs<br />
Cven vpoulobT TemebSi, an patara jgufebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c is arsebobs<br />
patriarqatis formiT an gerontokratiiT (ufrosebis avtoritetuli<br />
brZanebloba).<br />
legitimurobis meore tipi es aris qar qarizmuli<br />
qar izmuli baba<br />
tonoba, tonoba, es saubari midis avtoritetze, im batonobaze, romelic<br />
TiTqos <strong>da</strong> TavisiT warmoiSveba Zlieri pirovnebisagan,<br />
misi `qarizmi<strong>da</strong>n~. qarizmatuli Zalaufleba, romelic srulad<br />
ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli statusTan, sazogadoebriv mdgomareobasTan,<br />
an saxelmwifos ierarqiul adgilTan, fuZndeba<br />
lideris Tvisebebze, raTa Tavisken miizidos xalxi: istoriulad<br />
aseT Zalauflebas flobdnen isini, visSic xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen<br />
gmirebs an wmin<strong>da</strong>nebs. aq isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom axali istoriis<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> liderebi, de goli, kenedi, tetCeri flobdnen<br />
aseTi avtoritetis garkveul elementebs. ar SeiZleba maT<br />
vuwodoT qarizmatuli liderebi, isini yvelani iyvnen saxelmwifo<br />
moRvaweebi problemis Tanamedrove gagebiT. aseT<br />
magaliTad politologebi Tvlian napoleons, musolinis, hitlers,<br />
aiaTola homeinis, fidel kastros <strong>da</strong> polkovnik ka<strong>da</strong>fs.<br />
veberis <strong>politikuri</strong> legitimurobis mesame ti pi _<br />
racionalur-samarTlebrivi, asocirdeba mkveTrad gansazRvrul<br />
wesebiT, romelic warmodgenilia samarTalSi, kanonSi. es Zalaufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia bevri Tanamedrove saxelmwifosaTvis.<br />
prezidentis, premier-ministris, an nebismieri sxva maRali<br />
rangis oficialuri saxis uflebamosilebas sabolood<br />
yovelTvis aqvs Tavisi mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli, formulirebuli<br />
konstituciuri normebi, romlebSic <strong>da</strong>werilia risi<br />
ufleba aqvT <strong>da</strong> risi ara. am Tanamdebobebis pirebisaTvis, am<br />
Zalauflebis formis upiratesoba isaa, rom is <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
`adgilTan~ <strong>da</strong> ara `a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan~.<br />
biThemi biThemi biThemi Tvlis, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
legitimurad sami pirobis Sesrulebisas. upirvelesad is un<strong>da</strong><br />
warmoebdes <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesebis mixedviT, warmodgenili oficialurad<br />
miRebul kanonebSi, an <strong>da</strong>weril normebSi. meore _<br />
es wesebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen aRiarebuli yvelas mier, rogorc aucilebeli<br />
_ vinc marTavs <strong>da</strong> vinc imarTebian, mesame _ sazogadoebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos imis niSnebi, rom is ar eTanxmeba<br />
arsebul reJims. did britaneTSi ukanaskneli piroba iyo <strong>da</strong>culi<br />
1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac sazogadoebam <strong>da</strong>inaxa, rom<br />
liderebis <strong>da</strong> maTi politika ukiduresad arapopularulia,<br />
magram es mTavroba, romelic movi<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi arCevnebis<br />
gziT, un<strong>da</strong> wavides amave gziT.<br />
aq warmoiSveba Zalauflebis legitimurobis ori mniSvnelovani<br />
momenti. pirveli _ mravalpartiuli sistema <strong>da</strong><br />
140 141
arCevnebis aucilebloba, radgan mxolod am pirobiT sazogadoebas<br />
SeuZlia gamoxatos Tavisi principuli Tanxmoba, an<br />
arsebuli Zalauflebis sistemis uTanxmoeba. meore _ ama Tu<br />
im konstituciis Sedgenisas, aucilebelia asaxuli iyos sazogadoebis<br />
pozicia. ase vTqvaT, rogor pirobaze arian isini<br />
Tanaxma, rom SeiZlebodes maTi marTva.<br />
legitimurobis legitimurobis legitimurobis legitimurobis legitimurobis krizisi krizisi krizisi krizisi krizisi<br />
veberis azrisagan sakiTxis gansxvavebuli gagebiT, gamovidnen<br />
neomarqsizmis Teoretikosebi. Tu orTodoqsuli marqsizmi<br />
ubralod icileb<strong>da</strong> legitimurobis problemas, radgan<br />
mas xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> rogorc burJuaziuli cnobierebis miTs, axali marqsistebi,<br />
gramSis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, mzad arian aRiaron, rom kapitalizmi<br />
inarCunebs Tavis resurss imitom, rom SeuZlia uzrunvelyos<br />
sazogadoebis <strong>politikuri</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. iseTma neomarqistebma,<br />
rogorebic iyvnen habermasi <strong>da</strong> klaus ofe, ga<strong>da</strong>itanes yuradReba<br />
klasebis problematiki<strong>da</strong>n legitimurobis warmoebis meqanizmze<br />
(demokratiuli procesi, mravalpartiuli sistema, socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, reformebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.). amasobaSi isini ar uaryofdnen im<br />
garemoebasac, rom politikur sistemaSi, Tu is <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia<br />
klasebis principul uTanxmoebaze, ase Tu ise yovelTvis iqneba<br />
siZneleebi legitimaciasTan.<br />
msgavsi problema ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> 1970-iani wlebis diskusiebSi,<br />
egreT wodebul `samTavrobo <strong>da</strong>tvirTvaze~. iseTma<br />
mkvlevarebma, rogorebic iyvnen entoni kingi <strong>da</strong> riCard rouzi,<br />
yuradReba miaqcies imas, rom mTavrobebi xdebian ufro rTulad<br />
funqcionirebadi, imis gamo, rom sazogadoeba uyenebs<br />
ufro met moTxovnilebebs.<br />
1980-1990-iani wlebis politikur tendenciebs SeiZleba<br />
SevxedoT, rogorc legitimurobis kriziss <strong>da</strong> `samTavrobo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTvis~ problemis reaqcias. prioritetebis ga<strong>da</strong>xedvaze<br />
yvelaze didi SeZaxilebi ismo<strong>da</strong> `axali memarjveneebis~<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n. iseTma politologebma, rogorebic iyvnen samuel<br />
britani, <strong>da</strong>iwyes laparaki saxelmwifos sayovelTao keTildReobis<br />
fiskalur krizisze <strong>da</strong> `demokratiis ekonomikuri<br />
winaaRmdegobis~ Sesaxeb. 1990-iani wlebis reiganis mTavrobam<br />
aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> tetCeris did britaneTSi <strong>da</strong>iwyes muSaoba sazogadoebis<br />
molodinis `Semcirebaze~, pasuxismgeblobis ga<strong>da</strong>tan-<br />
iT mTavrobi<strong>da</strong>n individebze. isini ambobdnen, rom ekonomikuri<br />
keTildReobis sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia a<strong>da</strong>mianis pirad pasuxismgeblobaze,<br />
yovelma moqalaqem TviTon un<strong>da</strong> izrunos Tavis<br />
Tavze _ SromiT, samedicino <strong>da</strong>zRveviT, <strong>da</strong>nazogiT, pensiiT <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S. mTavrobam moixsna pasuxismgebloba umuSevrobis gamo. wamoiWra<br />
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs umuSevrobis bunebrivi<br />
procenti, romelic izrdeba mxolod imitom, rom xarbi muSebi<br />
fasebis aweviT TviTonve rCebian umuSevrebi.<br />
ratom ratom ratom ratom ratom xdeba xdeba xdeba xdeba xdeba revoluciebi<br />
revoluciebi<br />
revoluciebi<br />
revoluciebi<br />
revoluciebi<br />
reJimis legitimuroba uzrunvelyofs politikur stabilurobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> sicocxlisunarianobas Tu is <strong>da</strong>kargavs mas,<br />
maSin un<strong>da</strong> airCios ori<strong>da</strong>n erTi: an represiebis gza, an ganaxorcielos<br />
Zireuli <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebi.<br />
umravlesoba, vinc moRvaweobs politikaSi, xels moawerdnen<br />
marqsis im gamoTqmas, romelic foierbaxis TezisebSi <strong>da</strong>wera:<br />
filosofosebi mxolod sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebebiT xsnidnen samyaros,<br />
magram saqme isaa, rom SeecvalaT igi, am sakiTxisadmi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> moazrovneebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T, maSin roca konservatizmisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia `ltolva<br />
SenarCunebisadmi~ tradiciebis <strong>da</strong> monacvleobis saxeliT,<br />
liberalebi <strong>da</strong> socialistebi, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis idgnen<br />
cvlilebis mxareze, radgan masSi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen progress. progresTan<br />
ki asocirdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianuri gonebis niWi aamoZraos istoria win,<br />
codnis SeZeniT <strong>da</strong> ufro srulyofili sazogadoebis SeqmniT.<br />
gavigoT Tu ara sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi, rogorc<br />
progresi an regresi, zr<strong>da</strong> Tu <strong>da</strong>cema. isini yovelTvis arian<br />
arsi, produqti erT-erTisa ori procesi<strong>da</strong>n _ evoluciisa evoluciisa an<br />
revoluciisa. revoluciisa. evoluciur cvlilebebad miRebulia reforme-<br />
bi _ Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT <strong>da</strong> nel-nela ganxorcielebadi, gaumjobeseba<br />
warmoSobili, socialuri an <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis fargleb-<br />
Si. es cvlilebebia memkvidreobiTobis SenarCuneba. praqtikaSi<br />
es niSnavs romelime institutis reorganizacias, vidre mis<br />
gauqmebas. revolucia, es radikaluri ga<strong>da</strong>trialebaa, is mTlianad<br />
cvlis politikur wyobas <strong>da</strong> gamoixateba warsulTan kav-<br />
Siris mkveTri, xan ki uxeSi, Zaladobrivi gawyvetiT. bunebrivia<br />
sakiTxi revoluciebis bunebaze (yovelTvis iyo) im istoriul,<br />
socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur garemoebaze, romlebic maT warmoSoben,<br />
142 143
yovelTvis iyo yvelaze mZafri diskusiebis sagani.<br />
pirvelad cneba `revolucia~ miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong> cikluri<br />
xasiaTis cvlilebebs (inglisurad sityva revolve _ brunva,<br />
mobruneba, <strong>da</strong>bruneba sawyis mdgomareobaSi) _azri, romelsac<br />
magaliTad atareb<strong>da</strong> `saxelovani revolucia~ (1688) inglisSi.<br />
magram safrangeTis revoluciiT (1789) <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong> terminis<br />
Tanamedrove gageba. am droi<strong>da</strong>n termini aRniSnavs radikaluri<br />
cvlilebebis process <strong>da</strong> Zveli <strong>politikuri</strong> wyobis ngrevas.<br />
revoluciebi _ es aris sazogadoebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba, uecari<br />
xasiaTis masiuri qmedebebi, xSirad, magram ara yovelTvis iReben<br />
Zaladobriv xasiaTs. revolucia gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebisagan.<br />
revoluciis gansxvaveba buntisa <strong>da</strong> ajanyebebisagan<br />
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is iwvevs kardinalur cvlilebebs<br />
(cvlilebebi am politikur sistemaSi) politikaSi,<br />
an ubralod cvlas erTi mmarTveli elitisa meoreTi.<br />
marqsistuli marqsistuli marqsistuli marqsistuli marqsistuli revoluciuri revoluciuri revoluciuri revoluciuri revoluciuri Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
cnebaSi `revolucia~<br />
revolucia~ marqsizmi debs gansakuTrebul<br />
azrs. mTlianad viziarebT im ideas, rom revoluciebs aqvT<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTi.<br />
marqsistebis umravlesoba ganixilav<strong>da</strong> inglisur,<br />
amerikul <strong>da</strong> frangul revoluciebs rogorc gansakuTrebul<br />
`burJuaziul~ revoluciebs, rac sinamdvileSi iyo Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla warmoebis kapitalistur saSualebebze ga<strong>da</strong>svla.<br />
amgvarad, marqsistuli pozicii<strong>da</strong>n revoluciis azri ara<br />
ubralod mkveTri <strong>da</strong> dramatuli ga<strong>da</strong>trialebaa, aramed xangr-<br />
Zlivi <strong>da</strong> Rrma sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis periodi. am mxriv<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTSi revolucia <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1917 w. <strong>da</strong><br />
grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> ssrk _ <strong>da</strong>Slamde _ 1991 w. Tumca ver Seasrula<br />
Tavisi amocana `komunizmis aSenebisa~.<br />
marqsizmis Tanaxmad, revoluciis mizezs warmoadgens<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegoba, antagonisturi konfliqti<br />
eqspluatatorebsa <strong>da</strong> eqspluatirebulebs Soris. amitom yvela<br />
klasobrivi sazogadoeba istoriulad ganwirulia. marqsi<br />
Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom revolucia aRniSnavs im moments, roca klasobrivi<br />
winaaRmdegobebi ga<strong>da</strong>izrdeba Ria brZolaSi, romlis<br />
drosac erTi klasi <strong>da</strong>amxobs <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ayenebs meores. Tu frangul<br />
revolucias, marqsizmi gansazRvravs rogorc burJuaziuls,<br />
rusul revolucias uwodebs `proletaruls~.<br />
1917 wlis rusulma bolSevikurma revoluciam leninis<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT Seitana marqsistul <strong>Teoria</strong>Si ori axali<br />
momenti. pirveli, Tu manamde sakiTxi esmo<strong>da</strong>T ise, rom<br />
TiTqos klasobrivi winaaRmdegobebi TviTon angreven sazogadoebas,<br />
rodesac amisaTvis momwifdeba pirobebi, leninisTvis<br />
es problema ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. is Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom revolucias ki ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ucado, aramed un<strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielo. bolSevikebma Zalaufleba<br />
xelSi Caigdes 1917 wlis oqtomberSi <strong>da</strong> es maSin, roca<br />
burJuaziuli revolucia qveyanaSi mox<strong>da</strong> ramodenime TviT<br />
adre <strong>da</strong> proletariati ar iyo mravalricxovani <strong>da</strong> gamocdili.<br />
partiaSi muSaTa klasis avangardis roli ikisres bolSevikebma<br />
(mogvianebiT partias ga<strong>da</strong>arqves saxeli <strong>da</strong> ewo<strong>da</strong> komunisturi<br />
partia) mkveTrad Tu vityviT, ufro metad es iyo ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba,<br />
vidre saxalxo revolucia. Tebervlis revoluciisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, romelmac <strong>da</strong>amxo monarqia, 1917 w. oqtomber-<br />
Si Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes ara masebma, aramed patara, magram<br />
kargad SeduRabebulma revolucionerebma.<br />
Semdegi sruliad axali momenti klasikur marqsizmTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gaxl<strong>da</strong>T proletariatis nacvlad `revoluciur<br />
klasad~ glexobis gamocxadeba. raRac Canasaxi am ideisa ukve<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> leninsac, rodesac is 1917 w. ambob<strong>da</strong> kavSirze qalaqis<br />
proletariatsa <strong>da</strong> glexobas Soris, es idea gaifurCqna Cine-<br />
Tis revoluciaSi 1949 w. mao Zedunis xelmZRvanelobiT. Cine-<br />
Tis revolucia gaiSala soflebSi <strong>da</strong> ara msxvil qalaqebSi.<br />
am ideas mogvianebiT sesxulobdnen aziis, laTinuri amerikis<br />
<strong>da</strong> afrikis marqsistebi.<br />
revoluciis revoluciis revoluciis revoluciis revoluciis aramarqsistuli aramarqsistuli aramarqsistuli aramarqsistuli aramarqsistuli Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
marqsizmis gar<strong>da</strong> arsebobs mTeli rigi sxva revoluciuri<br />
Teoriebi. marqsizmTan isini Tanxmdebian imis aRiarebaSi,<br />
rom am problemas aqvs sazogadoebrivi winaaRmdegobebi, magram<br />
ver Tanxmdebian or seriozul punqtSi. pirveli, umravlesobis<br />
azriT <strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTis movlenebi aucilebeli ar<br />
aris iyos gamoxatuli ufro Rrma ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
procesebiT, revolucia maTSi aisaxeba, ara rogorc socialuri<br />
sistema, aramed rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmna. meore, aq<br />
araa laparaki revoluciis gar<strong>da</strong>uvalobaze (e.i. imaze, rom<br />
144 145
isini warmoiSvebian istoriis logiki<strong>da</strong>n) amitom maTSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven<br />
konkretuli <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialuri garemoebebis<br />
Sedegs.<br />
magaliTad, wignSi `revoluciuri cvlilebebi~ (1966)<br />
Calmers jonsoni amtkicebs, rom revoluciebi warmoiSveba<br />
`mravaljeradi disfunqciebis~ pirobebSi, rodesac <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
sistema ingreva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zemoqmedebiT, xan<strong>da</strong>xan urTierTsawinaaRmdegod<br />
mimarTuli moTxovnebiT sazogadoebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
wignSi `Zveli wyoba <strong>da</strong> franguli revolucia~ (1856)<br />
tokvilma SeamCnia, rom revoluciebi iSviaTad warmoadgenen<br />
mosaxleobis masiuri siRatakis Sedegs. siRatakes <strong>da</strong> gaWirvebas<br />
hyavT Tavisi Tanamgzavrebi: sasowarkveTileba, morCileba<br />
<strong>da</strong> sruli <strong>politikuri</strong> pasiuroba. revolucia misi SexedulebebiT<br />
xdeba maSin, roca saxelmwifo arbilebs Tavis politikas,<br />
xangrZlivi, mkacri mmarTvelobis Sedegad, rogorc is amaze<br />
wer<strong>da</strong> `xelisuflebisTvis yvelaze saSiSi momenti dgeba ma-<br />
Sin, roca is iwyebs reformebs~. magaliTad zustad ase saqme<br />
ganviTar<strong>da</strong> safrangeTSi, rodesac ludovik XVI 1788 w. Sekriba<br />
generaluri Statebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom zustad ase<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> evropaSi gorbaCovis reformis Sedegad. 1986 wels imis<br />
magivrad, rom <strong>da</strong>ekmayofilebina sazogadoeba mis moTxovnebSi,<br />
Seecvala <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema, reformam mxolod SeaTbo sazogadoebrivi<br />
molodini <strong>da</strong> gaaCaRa revoluciuri vnebebi.<br />
te<strong>da</strong> skocpoli franguli, rusuli <strong>da</strong> Cinuri revoluciebis<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT analizSi gvaZlevs revoluciebis socialur-struqturul<br />
axsnas. is migviTiTebs imaze, rom xSirad<br />
reJimebi ingreva Tavisi Sinagani araefeqturobiTa <strong>da</strong> saerTa-<br />
Soriso mdgomareobis sisustiT. ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba revoluciuri<br />
situaciebis warmoSobisas xSirad hqon<strong>da</strong>T omebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> intervenciebs. es mox<strong>da</strong> CineTSi 1911-1949-Si <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi 1905<br />
<strong>da</strong> 1917 wlebSi. Sinaganad saxelmwifo revoluciebis safrTxeSi<br />
Tavs igdebs maSin, roca mas ar SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>eyrdnos armias,<br />
an ver riskavs wavides farTomasStabian represiebze. mTlian<br />
situacias Tu <strong>da</strong>vapirispirebT Cineli studentebis 1989 w.<br />
tiananminis moe<strong>da</strong>nze gamosvlis mkacr CaxSobas <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis<br />
usisxlod komunisturi reJimis rRvevas aRmosavleT evropaSi,<br />
amave wlis Semodgomaze <strong>da</strong> zamTarSi, ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti faqtori gax<strong>da</strong> is, rom ssrk gorbaCovis dros ar<br />
wavi<strong>da</strong> represiebze, an am SemTxvevaSi Carevaze, rogorc amas<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili aRmosavleT germaniaSi 1949 w. <strong>da</strong> CexoslovakiaSi<br />
1968 w.<br />
_ <strong>politikuri</strong> kultura aris xalxis fsiqologiuri<br />
ganwyobis erToblioba iseT politikur obieqtebze, rogoricaa<br />
partia, xelisufleba, konstitucia _ ganwyoba, gamoxatuli<br />
politikur poziciebSi, mrwamsSi, simboloebSi <strong>da</strong> RirebulebebSi.<br />
sazogadoebrivi azrisagan <strong>politikuri</strong> kultura gansxvavdeba<br />
imiT, rom is formirdeba istoriulad Camoyalibebuli<br />
faseulobebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong> ara warmodgeniT <strong>da</strong> reaqciisT<br />
konkretul politikaze, konkretul problemaze <strong>da</strong> pirovnebaze.<br />
_ <strong>politikuri</strong> ganwyobileba <strong>da</strong> individebis an jgufebis<br />
faseulobebis formireba xdeba <strong>politikuri</strong> socializaciis<br />
procesSi, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ideologiuri<br />
zemoqmedebis procesi gaweuli a<strong>da</strong>mianze mTeli misi cxovrebis<br />
manZilze, an rogorc faseulobebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema ufrosi Taobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
umcrosisaTvis. socializaciis mTavar garemos warmoadgens<br />
ojaxi, ganaTlebis sistema, religia, masobrivi informaciis<br />
saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo mTlianad.<br />
_ samoqalaqo kulturis cneba iwvevs mravalmxriv kamaTs.<br />
ase Tu ise am terminis qveS igulisxmeba garkveuli<br />
fsiqologiuri ganwyobis erToblioba (<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba,<br />
kanonebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos pativiscema) romelzec <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
demokratiuli sazogadoebis stabiluroba. amasTan<br />
erTad samoqalaqo kultura samarTlebrivad ganixileba, rogorc<br />
Sedegi <strong>da</strong> rogorc demokratiis winapiroba. zogjer samoqalaqo<br />
kulturis diskusiebSi gazviadebulia xalxis poziciuri<br />
orientaciis mniSvneloba politikur sferoSi <strong>da</strong> sa-<br />
Tanadod ar fasdeba sazogadoebrivi kulturis faqtorebis<br />
araerTgvarovneba. amasTan erTad radikalebi <strong>da</strong> marqsistebi<br />
ixrebian im ideisken, rom gabatonebuli kultura Tavs axvevs<br />
sazogadoebas, zevi<strong>da</strong>n privilegirebuli jgufebis interesebs.<br />
_ Cvens droSi mniSvnelovnad gaizar<strong>da</strong> masobrivi informaciis<br />
saSualebebis (mis) mniSvneloba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi,<br />
ase teqnologiuri faqtorebis. zogjer maT moRvaweobas<br />
warmogvidgenen, rogorc ideebis bazars, romelic<br />
xels uwyobs sazogadoebriv diskusiebs <strong>da</strong> eleqtorats aZlevs<br />
ufro farTo arCevans. sxvagvari pozicii<strong>da</strong>n ganixileba, rogorc<br />
mmarTveli klasis propagandistuli iaraRi, rogorc saSualeba<br />
elitis faseulobebis gasavrceleblad, an rogorc ubral-<br />
146 147
od asaxva sazogadoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fenis Sexedulebebisa an<br />
gemovnebis.<br />
_ zogjer amboben, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong>avadebulia<br />
socialuri kapitalis eroziiT, sazogadoebis moqalaqeobrivi<br />
aqtiurobis donis <strong>da</strong>cemiT. socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
cvlilebebisas amaSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven Sedegs.<br />
_ <strong>politikuri</strong> stabiluroba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia reJimis<br />
legitimurobaze _ xelisuflebis avtoritetze sazogadoebis<br />
TvalSi. istoriulad xelisuflebis legitimacia xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
iseT safuZvelze, rogoricaa tradicia, xarizma an samar-<br />
Tali. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo eyrdnoba legitimurobis me-<br />
3 tips, romelic varaudobs kanonis u<strong>da</strong>vo Zalauflebas <strong>da</strong><br />
xelisuflebis moRvaweobis detalur reglamentacias.<br />
_ Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi dganan legitimurobis<br />
krizisis winaSe, rac aris sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong>grovili mravali<br />
struqturuli winaaRmdegobebis Sedegi. legitimurobis krizisi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia winaaRmdegobebiT saxelmwifos<br />
gazrdil rolze ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur sferoebs Soris.<br />
erTis mxriv Tavisufali bazris moTxovnaTa, meores mxriv,<br />
saxelmwifoebs Soris moTxovnilebiT erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave droSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>akmayofilon zr<strong>da</strong>di sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
SeinarCunon Tavisufali bazris dinamika.<br />
_ revoluciebis fenomeni axsnilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad:<br />
rogorc sazogadoebis Rrma winaaRmdegobebis gamovlena, wonasworobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva politikur sistemaSi. sazogadoebrivi molodinis<br />
zrdis Sedegi, saxelmwifos mier gaumarTlebeli politikis<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, rogorc saxelmwifos efeqturobis swrafi<br />
vardnisa.<br />
Tavi Tavi XI<br />
XI<br />
warmomadgenloba, warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,<br />
arCevnebi,<br />
xmis xmis micema micema <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> referendumi<br />
referendumi<br />
arCevnebi <strong>politikuri</strong> procesis erT-erTi mTavari aqtia.<br />
albaT bevri a<strong>da</strong>miani svams politikisaTvis saWiro aseT<br />
kiTxvas: sainteresoa, rogori eSmakuri xerxiT mox<strong>da</strong> im xalxis<br />
xelisuflebaSi moxvedra? aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom es<br />
uSualod Cveni arCevnebis Sedegia. mokled, rogorc ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
vifiqroT, arCevnebi es aris demokratia moZraobaSi, romelic<br />
xalxs saSualebas aZlevs ase Tu ise akontrolos mTavroba.<br />
ukidures SemTxvevaSi ki Tavi SegviZlia imiT <strong>da</strong>vimSvidoT,<br />
rom arsebobs SesaZlebloba es `aramzadebi~ gareT gamovyaroT.<br />
arCevnebi warmomadgenlobis principze funqcionirebs.<br />
misi mniSvneloba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: politikosebs, romlebic<br />
`xalxis msaxurad~ iwodebian, aqvT ufleba maTi saxeliT<br />
imoqmedon. demokratia Tavis klasikur variantSi iTvaliswinebs<br />
moqalaqeTa pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> uwyvet monawileobas xelmZRvanelobaSi.<br />
dRes ukve <strong>politikuri</strong> warmomadgenloba<br />
iZleva garantias maqsimalurad muaxlovdes ideals `xalxis<br />
mTavroba~. Semdeg ki ibadeba kiTxvebi:<br />
_ rogor ganvaxorcieloT aseTi warmomadgenloba praqtikaSi?<br />
_ rogoria politikosebis arCevis saukeTeso saSualeba?<br />
_ ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi xmis micemis Sedegebi<br />
arCevnebSi?<br />
warmomadgenlobis warmomadgenlobis warmomadgenlobis warmomadgenlobis warmomadgenlobis Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
me-19, me-20 saukuneebSi, rodesac adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> demokratiis<br />
gavrcelebas, ismo<strong>da</strong> kiTxva, Tu vin un<strong>da</strong> flobdes warmomadgenlobas?<br />
isini un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen uaRresad ganaTlebuli, politikur<br />
sferoSi garkveuli Zlieri sqesis warmomadgenlebi, Tu<br />
ubralod qveynis saarCevno asaks miRweuli Taoba. dResdReobiT<br />
es sakiTxi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilia. formalurad is xorcieldeba<br />
saerTo saarCevno uflebiTa <strong>da</strong> principiT `erTi a<strong>da</strong>miani _<br />
erTi xma~.<br />
Cven aseve un<strong>da</strong> SevZloT imis gageba, rom warmomadgen-<br />
148 149
loba ar <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba arCevnebamde <strong>da</strong> xmis micemamde, rom arCevnebSi<br />
gamarjvebuli kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi ar iTvlebian `warmomadgenlebad~<br />
marto imitom, rom maT gaimarjves arCevnebSi. ufro mniSvnelovania<br />
imis garkveva, ra SemTxvevaSi iTvleba a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
viRacis warmomadgenlad <strong>da</strong> ras warmoadgens igi _ Tavis<br />
amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebs, maT sisxlxorceul interesebs,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs Tu sxva rames?<br />
warmomadgenlobis saerTo <strong>Teoria</strong> ar arsebobs. arsebuli<br />
ramdenime <strong>Teoria</strong> ki yalibdeba garkveul ideologiur an<br />
politikur safuZvelze, ras warmoadgens warmomadgenlobis<br />
principi? am <strong>da</strong> sxva amgvari kiTxvebiT <strong>da</strong>interesebulni arian<br />
ara mxolod politologebi, aramed politikosebi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmomadgenlobis modelebi warmogvidgenen<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> moqmedebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva models.<br />
arCeuli politikosebi valdebulni arian mkacrad xelmZRvanelobdnen<br />
im programiTa <strong>da</strong> poziciiT, romelTac isini<br />
gamoTqvamen arCevnebis dros. miT ufro Tu maT amocanas<br />
warmoadgens sazogadoebis azrisa <strong>da</strong> interesebis gaTvaliswineba.<br />
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis SigniT<br />
SesaZloa funqcionirebdes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmomadgenlobis<br />
principi, radganac iTvleba, rom arcerTi calke aRebuli<br />
modeli ar wyvets yvela problemas.<br />
warmomadgenloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi oTxi<br />
wesiT:<br />
_ mindobiloba (trusteeship)<br />
_ delegireba (delegation)<br />
_ man<strong>da</strong>ti (The man<strong>da</strong>te)<br />
_ gaigivebis modeli (resemblance).<br />
mindobilobis mindobilobis mindobilobis mindobilobis mindobilobis modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli<br />
ndobiT aRWurvil pirad iTvleba a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic<br />
Tavis Tavze iRebs formalur pasuxismgeblobas sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
sakuTrebis <strong>da</strong>cvis an saqmis warmarTvisaTvis. politikaSi<br />
warmomadgenlobis am modelis klasikur gamovlinebad Sei-<br />
Zleba CaiTvalos edmund biorkis gamosvla amomrCevlebTan<br />
bristolSi 1774 wels. `diax, Tqven irCevT Tqvens warmomadgenels,<br />
magram arCevis momenti<strong>da</strong>n is ara mxolod bristolis<br />
warmomadgenelia, aramed imavdroulad parlamentis wevric.<br />
warmomadgenelma yvelaferi un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTos TqvenTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
TavisTvis <strong>da</strong>itovos mxolod Tavisufali azris ufleba, magram<br />
swored amiT gemsaxurebaT is Tqven <strong>da</strong> moRalated CaiTvleba<br />
maSin, roca samsxverplod gaimetebs Tavis swor azrs,<br />
Tqveni cvalebadi azrebis sasargeblod.~<br />
biorkis mixedviT, warmomadgeneli maSin emsaxureba Tavis<br />
xalxs, roca am saqmisaTvis avlens Tavis jansaR azrovnebas.<br />
warmomadgenloba, Tavis mxriv, iTxovs <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli moraluri<br />
movaleobis Sesrulebas im xalxisagan, romelTac wilad xv<strong>da</strong>T<br />
bedniereba mieRoT ganaTleba; es yvelaferi niSnavs imas,<br />
rom momavalSi arCeulma warmomadgenlebma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad un<strong>da</strong> miiRon.<br />
j.s. milis azriT marTalia yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs warmomadgenlobaze<br />
ufleba, magram yvelas azrs ara aqvs erTnairi<br />
wona politikaSi, amitom man wamoayena idea xmaTa wonadobasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romliTac oTx an xuT xmas arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis<br />
miiRebdnen diplomisa <strong>da</strong> samecniero xarisxis mqone<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi, 2-3 xmas kvalificiuri muSakebi <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelni, erT<br />
xmas ki _ arakvalificiuri momuSaveebi. is Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom am<br />
ideis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT Wkviani amomrCeveli xmas miscem<strong>da</strong> ara im<br />
warmomadgenels, romelic gamoxatavs sayovelTaod misaReb Sexedulebebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> azrs, aramed imaT, visac SeuZlia brZnulad azrovneba<br />
<strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>xeduli moqmedeba, imaT, vinc gamoirCeva altruizmiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri pasuxismgeblobiT.<br />
Tavisi simarTle hqon<strong>da</strong>T warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
radikaluri demokratiis warmomadgenlebsac. mag. Tomas peinis<br />
azriT, Tu politikosebs mivcemT srul Tavisuflebas ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebis dros, isini ubralod isargebleben TavianTi<br />
interesebis sasikeTod <strong>da</strong> xalxis nacvlad <strong>da</strong>rCebaT<br />
mxolod _ warmomadgenloba<br />
delegirebis delegirebis delegirebis delegirebis delegirebis modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli<br />
delegatad iwodeba a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic warmoadgens sxva<br />
xalxs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli <strong>da</strong>valebebisa <strong>da</strong> instruqciis<br />
safuZvelze. aq aqcenti keTdeba, rom delegati ubralod warmoadgens<br />
viRacis Sexedulebebs <strong>da</strong> interess <strong>da</strong> mas ara aqvs<br />
ufleba (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis gar<strong>da</strong>) miiRos esa Tu is<br />
150 151
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT savaWro warmomadgenloba,<br />
elCebi, romelTac mkacrad rom vTqvaT, ar gaaCniaT<br />
araviTari ufleba miiRon ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi <strong>da</strong>moukideblad.<br />
sxva magaliTi _ profkavSiris wevri, romelic gagzavnes<br />
konferenciaze, winaswar aris informirebuli, rogor misces<br />
xma <strong>da</strong> ra Tqvas, mas gaaCnia instruqcia. biorkis azriT, es ar<br />
aris warmomadgeneli, aramed aris delegati. am modelis detalebi<br />
Tavis droze iTvaliswinebdnen meqanizms, romelic<br />
arCeul politikosebs avaldebuleb<strong>da</strong> bolomde miyolodnen<br />
miniSnebul Tematikas, romelsac isini warmoadgendnen.<br />
`delegirebuli warmomadgenlobis~ Rirseba mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom is afarToebs sazogadoebis monawileobas politikaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> aZlevs mas saSualebas aRkveTos profesional politikosTa<br />
egoisturi miswrafebani.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n profesional politikosebs ara aqvT <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, maTgan ar un<strong>da</strong> velodoT<br />
liderobas, rom araferi vTqvaT saxelmwifoebriv<br />
azrovnebaze. imis magivrad, rom gauZRven xalxs win, organizeba<br />
gauwion <strong>da</strong> sulierad gaaZlieron isini, maT uwevT yvelaze<br />
karg SemTxvevaSi `gaaxmovanon~ TavianTi amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi,<br />
cud SemTxvevaSi ki _ ubralod ar gaiTvaliswinon<br />
isini.<br />
saman<strong>da</strong>to saman<strong>da</strong>to saman<strong>da</strong>to saman<strong>da</strong>to saman<strong>da</strong>to modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli<br />
man<strong>da</strong>ti aris instruqcia an brZaneba.<br />
ori winamorbedi modeli istoriulad Seiqmna maSin,<br />
roca jer kidev ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi.<br />
amitom maT Soris saubari midio<strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobaze<br />
individualur safuZvelze, Tumca dRes xalxs iSviaTad irCeven<br />
misi piradi monacemebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare.<br />
maTSi ufro xe<strong>da</strong>ven maTi partiis `rigiT mebrZolebs~. cxadia,<br />
warmoiSva axali warmomadgenlobis Teoriebi, romelTa Soris<br />
yvelaze metad zegavlena moaxdina koncefciam imaze, rom Tu<br />
partia imarjvebs arCevnebze, is iRebs sazogadoebisgan man<strong>da</strong>ts<br />
<strong>da</strong> es man<strong>da</strong>ti niSnavs maTi saarCevno programis mowonebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> uflebamosilebis miRebas mis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad.<br />
ase miiRo 2004 <strong>da</strong> 2008 wlebSi gamarjvebulma saqarTvelos<br />
nacionalurma moZraobam qveynis marTvis man<strong>da</strong>ti. rogorc<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi ityvis yvela partiis lideri, partiisgan<br />
saWiroa erToba <strong>da</strong> disciplina. am modelSi politikosi<br />
amomrCevels emsaxureba ara imiT, rom <strong>da</strong>moukideblad iRebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas, aramed imiT, rom Tavisi partiisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> mimdinareobis erTgulia.<br />
am doqtrinis Zlier mxared gvevlineba is, rom swored<br />
iTvaliswinebs partiis praqtikul mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong> partiis<br />
politikas. ufro metic, masTan erTad ufro advilia gaigo<br />
ras niSnavs arCevnebis Sedegebi. am modelsac hyavs Tavisi<br />
kritikosebi. isini Tvlian, rom is pirvel rigSi emyareba<br />
saeWvo Sexedulebebs arCevnebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. is gvTavazobs,<br />
rom amomrCeveli partias airCevs maTi <strong>politikuri</strong> programebis<br />
an problemebis mixedviT, magram sinamdvileSi amomrCeveli<br />
arc ise racionalurad moazrovne <strong>da</strong> kargad informirebuli<br />
piria, rogorc iTvaliswinebs aRniSnuli modeli.<br />
praqtikaSi, rogorc cnobilia, saqmeSi ereva sruliad<br />
iracionaluri faqtorebi: lideris pirovneba, partiis imiji,<br />
didi xnis win formirebuli upiratesoba <strong>da</strong> socialuri xasiaTis<br />
faqtori. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu programebi savsebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>majerebelia, pirvel rigSi amomrCevlebs izi<strong>da</strong>vT mxolod<br />
manifestis punqtebi: mesame doqtrina man<strong>da</strong>tisa Tavis mxriv<br />
`maxea~, romlis gaTvaliswinebiT warmomadgenlobas xelebi<br />
aqvs Sekruli.<br />
gaigivebis gaigivebis gaigivebis gaigivebis gaigivebis modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli<br />
warmomadgenlobis am <strong>Teoria</strong>s ar ainteresebs, ra gziT<br />
iqnen arCeulni warmomadgenlebi. maTTvis mTavaria, rom maT<br />
SeiZleba sruli masStabiT warmoadginon TavianTi amomrCevel-<br />
Ta jgufi, moaxdinon maTi personificireba, gaigivdnen maTTan.<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi msgavsi ram SeiZleba vnaxoT<br />
e.w. `reprezentiuli Wrilis~ meTodSi, romelic gamoiyeneba<br />
bazris kontrolsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis azris kvlevisas. am<br />
logikiT warmomadgenlobiTma mTavrobam miniaturulad un<strong>da</strong><br />
asaxos mTeli sazogadoeba, yvela warmomadgenlobiTi jgufisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> fenis CaTvliT. warmomadgenelTa aseT ideas uwodeben<br />
`warmomadgenloba mikrokosmosSi~, romelsac tradiciulad<br />
icavdnen socialisturi <strong>da</strong> radikaluri Teoretikosebi, romlebic<br />
amtkicebdnen, rom saxelmwifos SeiZleba marTavdes<br />
152 153
arasakmarisi warmomadgenloba, sa<strong>da</strong>c araadekvatura<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili<br />
muSaTa klasi, qalebi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresoba. es<br />
ki am kategoriis warmomadgenelTa interesebis ignorirebis<br />
maCvenebelia.<br />
mocemuli koncefcia ambobs, rom ama Tu im jgufis<br />
interesebis warmodgena SeuZlia sinamdvileSi mxolod am<br />
jgufi<strong>da</strong>n gamosul xalxs, romelTac gaaCniaT erTnairi<br />
gamocdileba.<br />
am modelis warmomadgenlobis idea Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve Casmulia<br />
viwro CarCoebSi. savaraudoa, rom qalma SeiZleba warmoadginos<br />
qali, Savkanianma sxva Savkaniani <strong>da</strong> ase Semdeg, magram Tu<br />
yvela warmomadgenlebi warmoadgenen mxolod maTi jgufis<br />
interesebs, sazogadoebisaTvis `garantirebulia~ socialuri<br />
problemebi <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebi. vin ifiqrebs aseT situaciaSi<br />
saerTo sikeTeze, sazogadoebis erTian interesebze? <strong>da</strong> bolos<br />
mocemuli Teoriis idealebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod<br />
gansazRvruli eleqtoratuli arCevnebiT <strong>da</strong> piradi<br />
Tavisuflebis principiT.<br />
arCevnebis arCevnebis arCevnebis arCevnebis arCevnebis arsi arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
marTalia <strong>politikuri</strong> vnebaTaRelva warmomadgenlobis<br />
principis irgvliv kvlav Zveleburad boboqrobs, magram<br />
maTi azri raRac sakiTxSi mainc emTxveva erTmaneTs. warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
demokratia SeuZlebelia arCevnebisa <strong>da</strong> xmis<br />
micemis gareSe. arCevnebi Taviseburad arasakmarisi pirobaa<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> warmomadgenlobisa, magram is mainc aucileblobas<br />
warmoadgens. Teoretikosebi ufro Sors midian <strong>da</strong> amtkiceben,<br />
rom arCevnebi demokratiis sulia. aseT pozicias icav<strong>da</strong><br />
ioseb Sumpeteri Tavis wignSi `kapitalizmi, socializmi <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratia~, sa<strong>da</strong>c demokratia iSifrebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc `institucionaluri<br />
meqanizmi~.<br />
Teoretikosebi raRac momentSi eTanxmebian Sempeters.<br />
mag. im sakiTxSi, rom sistemis demokratiuloba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
normebze <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebze, romlebic aregulirebs arCevnebs.<br />
saWiroa garkveva Tu arCevnebis rogori formebi arsebobs.<br />
I _ pirvel rigSi saubari un<strong>da</strong> midiodes Tu romeli<br />
Tanamdebobebi <strong>da</strong> postebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen arCeviTi saxelmwifoSi.<br />
II _ moqalaqeTa ra kategoriebze vrceldeba saarCevno<br />
ufleba? rogorc aRiniSna, xmis micemis uflebis gansazRvra,<br />
sqesiT, rasiT <strong>da</strong> ase Semdeg warsuls Cabar<strong>da</strong>, magram ramdenime<br />
problema mainc rCeba, kerZod aSS-s bevr StatSi ibadeba kiTxva,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaiaro registracia Tu ara? bevri moqalaqe arc<br />
registracias gadis <strong>da</strong> arc xmas aZlevs. avstraliaSi, belgia-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong> italiaSi ki arCevnebSi monawileoba savaldebuloa.<br />
albaT jobs saqarTveloSic ase iyos am etapze.<br />
III _ rogor xdeba xmis micema? sabWoTa kavSirSi 1989<br />
wlamde normad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> Ria xmis micema. dRemde msoflios<br />
bevr organizaciaSi arCeva xdeba xelis aweviT, magram saer-<br />
Tod Tanamedrove <strong>politikuri</strong> arCevnebi tardeba faruli ken-<br />
WisyriT. xan<strong>da</strong>xan es iwodeba, rogorc `avstraliuri biuleteni~,<br />
radgan es principi pirvelad gamoiyenes 1856 wels avstraliaSi.<br />
iTvleba, rom faruli kenWisyra garantias iZleva `gulaxdili~<br />
arCevisa maTTvis, vinc gamoricxavs korufcias <strong>da</strong><br />
amomrCevelTa <strong>da</strong>Sinebas, magram aq mainc is aris mniSvnelovani,<br />
Tu ramdenad iyo amomrCeveli sworad informirebuli, rogor<br />
tardebo<strong>da</strong> winasaarCevno kampania <strong>da</strong> bolos ramdenad keTilsindisierad<br />
xdeba xmis <strong>da</strong>Tvla (es didi problemaa dRemde<br />
saqarTveloSi).<br />
IV _ aris Tu ara arCevnebi konkurentuli? es umniSvnelovanesi<br />
kiTxvaa, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mxolod naxevarSi im qveynebisa,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c tardeba arCevnebi, amomrCevlebs eZlevaT saSualeba<br />
amoirCion kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi an partiebi. komunistur qveynebSi<br />
yovelTvis iyo erTi kandi<strong>da</strong>tis arCevis ufleba. kandi<strong>da</strong>tTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebi irkveo<strong>da</strong> partiebSi, arCevnebamde didi<br />
xniT adre. <strong>da</strong> bolos, rogor tardeba arCevnebi? Cven vnaxavT,<br />
rom arsebobs bevri saarCevno sistema <strong>da</strong> TiToeul maTgans<br />
gaaCnia <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> konstituciuri aspeqtebi.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs arCevnebis <strong>da</strong> saarCevno sistemebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeoba, mis funqciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT raimes<br />
Tqma cota Znelia. <strong>da</strong>sawyisisTvis mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom 1980-90 ww. komunisturi reJimis rRveva ganapiroba imanac,<br />
rom am qveynebSi ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> liberalur-demokratiuli<br />
saarCevno sistema _ arCevnebis sayovelTaoba, winasaarCevno<br />
brZola, faruli xmis micema.<br />
1. 1. <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> korpusis korpusis Sevseba Sevseba _ demokratiul<br />
saxelmwifoebSi arCevnebi iTvleba <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
rekrutirebis mTavar wyarod. procesi ase gamoiyureba:<br />
partia wamoayenebs Tavis kandi<strong>da</strong>turebs, wina-<br />
154 155
saarCevno kampaniaSi politikosebi axdenen saku-<br />
Tari SesaZleblobebis demonstrirebas, avlenen<br />
xarizmatul Tvisebebs, oratorul xelovnebas, saku-<br />
Tar fizikur monacemebsac. es yvelaferi gamodis im<br />
CarCoebi<strong>da</strong>n, rac saWiroa momavali movaleobebis<br />
Sesasrulebad.<br />
2. 2. mTavrobis mTavrobis mTavrobis formireba formireba _ arCevnebis Sedegebis<br />
mixedviT mTavroba formirdeba mxolod im saxelmwifoSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c miRebulia saxelmwifo meTaurTa arCevis<br />
principi, mag. rogoricaa aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> safrangeT-<br />
Si. arCevnebis Sedegebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia warmomadgenlobis<br />
formireba saparlamento mmarTvelobaSi.<br />
erT partias SeuZlia miiRos parlamentis umravlesoba.<br />
proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemaSi<br />
mTavrobis formireba xdeba arCevnebis Semdeg Sesabamisi<br />
molaparakebiT. aq mTavrobis formireba xdeba<br />
arCevnebis Semdeg Sesabamisi molaparakebiT. aq<br />
mTavrobis formireba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>dgoma SeiZleba axali<br />
arCevnebis gareSec (mag. CvenTan).<br />
3. 3. sazogadoebis sazogadoebis <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> ganaTleba ganaTleba _<br />
winasaarCevno kampaniis msvlelobisas amomrCevelze<br />
zemoqmedeben informaciis talRebi; es xdeba partiebze,<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebze, momdevno politikis SesaZlo<br />
mimarTulebebze <strong>da</strong> a.S. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis<br />
politikur ganaTlebaze is moqmedebs mxolod<br />
maSin, rodesac misi mxri<strong>da</strong>n iqneba interesi imaze,<br />
Tu ra iTqmis <strong>da</strong> rogor iTqmis. uyuradRebod ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vtovoT isic, rom radganac kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi <strong>da</strong><br />
partiebi ufro metad miiswrafian <strong>da</strong>arwunon amomrCeveli,<br />
maTgan savsebiT mosalodnelia arasruli<br />
an <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli informaciebi.<br />
4. 4. sistemis sistemis legitimacia<br />
legitimacia legitimacia _ erT-erTi mizezi<br />
imisa, rom avtoritaruli reJimebic ki atareben<br />
arCevnebs, swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom arCevnebis<br />
procesi yovelTvis aniWebs reJims legitimurobas.<br />
sazogadoebis TvalSi es xdeba imitom, rom saarCevno<br />
kampanias aqvs Tavisi ceremonia <strong>da</strong> rituali. es ki<br />
yovelTvis saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis saqmea, magram<br />
mTavari SeiZleba iyos is, rom moqalaqeebis monawileoba<br />
politikur procesSi Tun<strong>da</strong>c aseTi ubralo<br />
156 157<br />
formiT, rogoricaa xmis micema, ase Tu ise gamoxatavs<br />
maT Tanxmobas mocemul politikur sistemas-<br />
Tan.<br />
5. 5. elitis elitis gaZliereba gaZliereba _ aseve arCevnebi SeiZleba<br />
iyos saSualebac, romliTac elitas SeuZlia<br />
masebiT manipulireba <strong>da</strong> maTi kontroli. aq upriani<br />
iqneba gavixsenoT prudoni, romelic ambob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom `sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba _ es aris kontrrevolucia~.<br />
aq saubaria imaze, rom arCevnebTan<br />
erTad <strong>politikuri</strong> winaaRmdegobani, romelic<br />
yovelTvis arseboben sazogadoebaSi, rbildebian <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTod konstituciur formebs iReben, Sedegad<br />
mTavrobebi icvleba, reJimi ki _ rCeba. arCevnebi<br />
amasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgenen ufro metad saimedo<br />
instruments elitis xelSi, radgan igi qmnis<br />
mTavrobaze sazogadoebis kontrolis STabeWdilebas.<br />
6. 6. amomrCevelTa amomrCevelTa gaTviTcnobiereba.<br />
gaTviTcnobiereba.<br />
saarCevno saarCevno saarCevno saarCevno saarCevno sistemebi: sistemebi: sistemebi: sistemebi: sistemebi: Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri Zlieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> susti susti susti susti susti mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi mxareebi<br />
saarCevno sistema warmoadgens wesebis krebuls, romelic<br />
aregulirebs arCevnebis Catarebas. es wesebi farTod gansxvavdeba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi. mTlianobaSi saarCevno sistemebi<br />
gansxvavdebian Semdegi niSnebiT:<br />
1. amomrCevlebs amosarCevad eZlevaT an kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi,<br />
an partiebi.<br />
2. amomrCevels SeuZlia xma misces erT an ramdenime<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>ts, magram am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi man<br />
isini un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>alagos prioritetis mixedviT.<br />
3. eleqtorati _ SeiZleba iyos <strong>da</strong>yofili an ar<br />
iyos saarCevno ubnebad.<br />
4. erT saarCevno ubanSi SeiZleba irCeodes an erTi<br />
an ramdenime kandi<strong>da</strong>ti.<br />
5. aucilebeli arCevisaTvis xmebis procentebi<br />
SeiZleba TamaSobdes egreT wodebul `ubralo umravlesobasa~<br />
<strong>da</strong> `absolutur umravlesobas~ Soris,<br />
romelic miRebulia mocemul sistemaSi (mag. 5%iani<br />
barieri saqarTveloSi).
saerTo analizisTvis saarCevno sistemebi SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iyos or did kategoriad, gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, miRebuli xmebi<br />
iqneba Tu ara ga<strong>da</strong>Tvlili romelime samTavrobo organos<br />
mier. aq erTmxriv Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT maJoritarul maJoritarul sistemas sistemas, sistemas romel-<br />
Sic gamarjvebuli partiebi iReben proporciulad met adgils,<br />
vidre maT miiRes xmebi arCevnebSi. es uzrdis Sanss<br />
calke mdgom partiebs Camoayalibon saparlamento umravlesoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> marTon <strong>da</strong>moukideblad. aseTi situacia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
did britaneTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c safuZvlianad gamyar<strong>da</strong> idea erTpartiuli<br />
mmarTvelobisa, radgan <strong>da</strong>wyebuli 1935 wli<strong>da</strong>n, arc<br />
erTi partia arasodes iReb<strong>da</strong> umravles xmebs arCevnebSi. meores<br />
mxriv, arsebobs proporciuli proporciuli sistema, sistema, sistema, romelic garantias<br />
iZleva Tanaswor, an miaxloebiT Tanaswor urTierTmimarTebaSi<br />
xmebs Soris, romlebic miiRo partiam arCevnebSi.<br />
aseT sistemaSi mcirea SesaZlebloba erTpartiuli mTavrobis<br />
Camoyalibebisa.<br />
eleqtoraluri eleqtoraluri qceva qceva _ eleqtoraluri qcevis problemebisadmi<br />
interesis zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emTxva biheviorizmis gavrcelebas<br />
politologiaSi. radganac xmis micema aris metnaklebad<br />
gavrcelebuli <strong>da</strong> sakmarisad mozomili forma <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
qcevisa, amitom is gax<strong>da</strong> obieqti saarCevno gamokvlevis<br />
<strong>da</strong> statistikuri analizis axali meTodebisa.<br />
bihevioristuli revoluciis apogeaSi bevrs sjero<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
xmis micemis Seswavla gaxdi<strong>da</strong> gasagebs <strong>politikuri</strong> saidumloebebis<br />
amoxsnas <strong>da</strong> saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong> masiuri politikurfsiqologiuri<br />
kanonebis Camoyalibebas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am<br />
ocnebas axdena ar ewera, is mainc mniSvnelovan adgils ikaveb<strong>da</strong><br />
politikur analizSi. eleqtoralur qcevaze gavlenas axdens<br />
moklevadiani <strong>da</strong> grZelvadiani faqtorebi. moklevadian faqtorebSi.<br />
mTavari faqtori aris ekonomikis mdgomareoba arCevnebis dros,<br />
radgan qcevas pir<strong>da</strong>piri kavSiri aqvs mTavrobis popularobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> iseT ekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris, rogoricaa umuSevroba,<br />
inflacia <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis Semosavlebi.<br />
sxva moklevadiani faqtori partiuli lideris pirovnuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi reputaciaa. kidev erTi faqtori aris<br />
is, Tu rogor stilSi <strong>da</strong> ramdenad efeqturad atarebs partia<br />
Tavis winasaarCevno kampanias. kampania SeiZleba gagrZeldes<br />
sami kviri<strong>da</strong>n or wlamde. am dros did rols TamaSobs sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris gamokiTxvebi, romlis Sedegebs SeuZliaT<br />
partiis poziciis rogorc gazr<strong>da</strong>, ise Sesusteba.<br />
bolo moklevadiani faqtori aris masobrivi informaciis<br />
saSualebebis (mis) roli, romelsac savsebiT SeuZlia qondes<br />
grZelvadiani mniSvneloba. Tu magaliTad konkretuli presis<br />
organoebis mflobelebi sistematurad gaaSuqeben movlenis ama<br />
Tu im tendencias. saWiroa imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom mTeli es<br />
Sexeduleba fass kargavs, Tu ki mas aviRebT fsiqologiuri,<br />
sociologiuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri faqtorebis konteqstis<br />
gareT. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT<br />
xmis micemis gansxvavebuli modelebi, maTgan mTavaria:<br />
I _ partiasTan identifikaciis modeli (party identification<br />
model)<br />
II _ sociologiuri modeli (sociological model)<br />
III _ racionaluri arCevis modeli (rational - choice model)<br />
IV _ gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli (dominant – ideology<br />
model).<br />
xmis xmis xmis xmis xmis micemis micemis micemis micemis micemis Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
partiasTan partiasTan identifikaciis identifikaciis modeli modeli _ aq TavSi<br />
dgas wmin<strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, amomrCevlebi aq arian<br />
is xalxi, romlebic tradiciulad mxars uWers Tavis partias<br />
<strong>da</strong> xmis micema aris am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gamoxatuleba, magram<br />
ar aris Sedegi raime Sexedulebisa, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ama Tu im<br />
politikur problemasTan, kandi<strong>da</strong>tis pirovnebasTan, winasaarCevno<br />
kampaniis pirobebTan an masmediis gavlenasTan.<br />
dRes aSS-Si, did britaneTSi <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
aqvT adrindeli Cveuleba miuZRvnas Tavi ama Tu im<br />
partias, iseve, rogorc misces mas xma arCevnebis dros.<br />
sociologiuri sociologiuri modeli modeli _ sociologiuri modeli<br />
akavSirebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis eleqtoralur qcevas mis kuTvnilebasTan<br />
garkveul sazogadoebriv jgufTan <strong>da</strong> varaudobs, rom xmis<br />
micemis dros is Cveulebriv gayveba sqemas, romelic Seesabameba<br />
mocemuli jgufis ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur mdgomareobas.<br />
es modeli mniSvnelobas aniWebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis ufro gviandel<br />
kavSirebs, romelic aisaxeba arsebobaze gansxvavebul jgufeb-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong> kategoriebSi. am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi metnaklebad mniSvnelovania<br />
faqtorebi: sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>yofa klasobriv, sqesobriv,<br />
eTnikur, religiur jgufebad <strong>da</strong> teritoriuli kuTvnilebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
158 159
acionaluri racionaluri arCevis arCevis modeli modeli _ modeli, romelic<br />
xsnis eleqtoralur qcevas amomrCevlis racionaluri arCeviT.<br />
aq aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>dis socializaciis procesi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
jgufebis fsiqologiis Taviseburebi<strong>da</strong>n individze, xolo xmis<br />
micema aixsneba rogorc amomrCevlis racionaluri aqti, romelic<br />
upiratesobas aniWebs ama Tu im partiebs piradi interesis<br />
safuZvelze. sxva sityvebiT, xmis micema aris ubralod garkveuli<br />
miznis miRwevis saSualeba <strong>da</strong> ara ama Tu im <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
poziciis, Tu Cvevis gamoxatuleba.<br />
gabatonebuli gabatonebuli gabatonebuli ideologiis ideologiis ideologiis modeli modeli modeli _ am models<br />
miekuTvneba eleqtoraluri qcevis radikaluri Teoriebi, romlebSic<br />
mTavari roli eniWeba ideologiuri manipulirebis<br />
momentebs <strong>da</strong> amomrCevlis kontrols. es Teoriebi axloa sociologiur<br />
modelTan. am TeoriiT jgufebi <strong>da</strong> individebi<br />
TavianT mdgomareobas aRiqvamen imgvarad, rogorc maT unergavs<br />
ganaTlebis sistema, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT _ masobrivi<br />
informaciis saSualebebi. mag. did britaneTSi klasobrivi<br />
ideologiis zegavlenis SemcirebasTan erTad gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
masmediis roli eleqtoralur qcevaze.<br />
Sedegebi aq aseTia: Tu amomrCevlis pozicia yalibdeba<br />
gabatonebuli odeologiiT, maSin partiebic atareben im politikas,<br />
romelic Seesabameba am ideologias.<br />
referendumi<br />
referendumi<br />
referendumi<br />
referendumi<br />
referendumi<br />
es aris xmis micema, romelSic eleqtorati, rogorc<br />
wesi gamoixateba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi politikis gancalkevebuli<br />
sakiTxi. referendumi aris SesaZlebloba pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
demokratiis arsenali<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> misi mizania sazogadoebriv<br />
institutze Sexedulebebis ara uaryofa, aramed misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris garantireba. referendumi SeiZleba<br />
iyos aucileblobiT nakarnaxevi. mas SeuZlia iqonios kanon-<br />
Semoqmedi iniciativa <strong>da</strong> aseve sxva sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
organizeba. referendumis Zlieri mxare isaa, rom igi gansazRvravs<br />
arCeuli xelmZRvanelobis (mTavrobis) uflebebs.<br />
referendumi aris idea, romelic iuwyeba, rom xelisuflebis<br />
politika araa gancalkavebuli sazogadoebrivi azrisagan.<br />
igi uzrunvelyofs eleqtoratis politikur monawileobas<br />
ufro farTo moculobis informaciebSi <strong>da</strong> aZlierebs siste-<br />
mis legitimurobas, aZlevs sazogadoebas saSualebas Tavian-<br />
Ti Sexedulebebis gamoxatvisa konkretul problemaze. referendumi<br />
warmoadgens saSualebas, romliTac SesaZlebelia<br />
rTuli konstituciuri kiTxvebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, aseve iseT problemebze<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris gamoxatva, romelic ar gamodis<br />
arCevnebze.<br />
referendumis referendumis referendumis referendumis referendumis uaryofiTi uaryofiTi uaryofiTi uaryofiTi uaryofiTi mxareebia:<br />
mxareebia:<br />
mxareebia:<br />
mxareebia:<br />
mxareebia:<br />
seriozuli <strong>politikuri</strong> masStabis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
uflebas aZleven maT, vinc ufro ganaTlebulia <strong>da</strong> arian<br />
masobrivi informaciis moqmedebis qveS.<br />
• afiqsireben sazogadoebriv azrs mxolod drois mokle<br />
monakveTSi.<br />
• aZleven politikosebs <strong>politikuri</strong> informaciis manipulaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> rTuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis gamotanis saSualebas.<br />
• kiTxvebze romelsac ( sWirdeba calsaxa ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta)<br />
`ki~ an `ara~ aqvT (orazrovani) azri.<br />
• popur soveregenty. magram TvalSi sacemia maTi yaryofiTic.<br />
1. amomrCevelTa SeniSvnebiT mWidrod boWaven ra warmomadgenlebs,<br />
es SeiZleba gaxdes konfliqtis wyaro. berkli<br />
amaze ambob<strong>da</strong>: `swored es iyo mosalodneli, roca parlamentis<br />
wevrebi moqmedeben ara rogorc xalxis warmomadgenlebi,<br />
aramed rogorc amomrCevelTa elCebi.~<br />
2. vinai<strong>da</strong>n profesional politikosebs ara aqvT<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, maTgan ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> velodoT liderobas, rom araferi vTqvaT saxelmwifoebriv<br />
azrovnebaze. imis magivrad, rom gauZRve xalxs win, organizeba<br />
gauwio <strong>da</strong> sulierad gaaZliero isini, maT uwevT yvelaze<br />
karg SemTxvevaSi `gaaxmovanon~ TavianTi amomrCevelTa<br />
Sexedulebebi, cud SemTxvevaSi - ki ubralod ar gaiTvaliswinon<br />
isini.<br />
160 161
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
warmomadgenloba aris sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis forma,<br />
rodesac pirovneba an garkveuli jgufi sazogadoebis gacilebiT<br />
farTo speqtris saxeliT laparakobs an moqmedebs.<br />
warmomadgenlobis ufleba eniWema arCevnebis gziT xalxis<br />
mier arCeul delegats an sazogadoebis romelime rCeul pirs,<br />
an kidev rCeulTa jgufs.<br />
marTalia Tanamedrove realobaSi warmomadgenloba<br />
arCevnebs ukavSirdeba, magram <strong>politikuri</strong> warmomadgenlobisaTvis<br />
mxolod arCevnebi sakmarisi piroba ar aris. arCevnebis<br />
winapiroba un<strong>da</strong> iyos konkurentunarianoba, demokratiuli garemo,<br />
Tavisufleba, sayovelTao xmis ufleba <strong>da</strong> am xmebis <strong>da</strong>cva. Tu<br />
es ar aris warmomadgenloba mxolod formaluri xasiaTis<br />
matarebeli iqneba.<br />
arCevnebi demokratiuli <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis aucilebeli<br />
pirobaa. arCevnebi uzrunvelyofs <strong>politikuri</strong> Tanamdebobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebas, warmomadgenlobiTi organos Sekrebas,<br />
mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebas. igi seriozul zegavlenas axdens<br />
politikur kursze. arCevnebi imavdroulad amyarebs legitimurobis<br />
xasiaTs <strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs <strong>politikuri</strong> elitis ga-<br />
Zlierebas.<br />
saarCevno sistemebSi gabatonebbuli mdgomareoba uWiravs<br />
maJoritarul an proporciul arCevnebs. maJoritarul sistemebSi<br />
didia erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis SesaZlebloba imitom,<br />
rom msxvili partiebi, Cveulebriv, miRebul xmebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
proporciulad met adgils ikaveben sakanonmdeblo organoebSi.<br />
proporciul sistemebSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Tanabari Sefardebaa<br />
mopovebuli adgilebsa <strong>da</strong> miRebul xmebs Soris, ri-<br />
Tac koaliciuri mTavrobis albaToba sagrZnoblad matulobs.<br />
arCevnebs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad individis<br />
`Seswavlis~ TvalsazrisiTac. igi pir<strong>da</strong>pir ukavSirdeba amomrCevlis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs. arCevnebi<br />
amomrCevlis qcevis Semswavleli meqanizmia. igi naTels<br />
xdis imasac, Tu ramdenad moqmedebs ideologiuri wnexi amomrCevlis<br />
pirovnul arCevanze.<br />
Tavi Tavi XII<br />
XII<br />
konstituciebi, konstituciebi, kanonmdebloba<br />
kanonmdebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
1970-ian wlebSi, konstitucionaluri problematika kvlav<br />
moeqca politologebis yuradRebis centrSi _ umetesad<br />
ganviTarebul <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebad qveynebSi, miRebuli iqna axali<br />
konstituciebi, xolo <strong>politikuri</strong> konfliqtebi, iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c maT<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T adgili, xSirad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, qveyanaSi konstitucionaluri<br />
reformebis gatarebis moTxovniT. yovelive aman,<br />
TavisTavad gamoiwvia uflebrivi <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo sistemebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xaliseba, marTalia Teoriulad mosamarTleebi <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo<br />
sistemebi, mkveTrad arian gamijnulni politikisagan,<br />
praqtikaSi, mraval qveyanaSi isini gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnen sakvanZo politikur<br />
institutebad, romlebic sul ufro met gavlenas axdenen<br />
sajaro politikaze.<br />
konstituciebi<br />
konstituciebi<br />
konstituciebi<br />
konstituciebi<br />
konstituciebi<br />
tradiciulad, konstitucias ganixilavdnen ori mniSvnelobiT:<br />
pirvel pirvel rigSi rigSi miiCneo<strong>da</strong>, rom isini zustad asaxavdnen<br />
arsebul marTvis sistemas <strong>da</strong> iZleodnen zogad warmodgenas<br />
sazogadoebis sakvanZo institutebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi funqciebis Sesaxeb,<br />
xolo meores meores mxriv, mxriv, tradiciulad, igi ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
liberaluri demokratiis qvakuTxedi <strong>da</strong> misi ganmsazRvreli<br />
niSani. magram orive warmodgena mc<strong>da</strong>ria. mTlianobaSi konkon<br />
stituciis stituciis mizania mizania _ erTgvari `CarCoebis~ <strong>da</strong>dgena, romlis<br />
sazRvrebSic xorcieldeba mmarTvelobiTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
moRvaweoba, rac arsebiTad ar sruldeba. SegviZlia aviRoT<br />
nebismieri qveynis konstitucia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom aris raRac<br />
maTSi arasworad gamoTqmuli, mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n gamorCenili. Tumca<br />
konstitucionalizmis idea mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli liberalur<br />
faseulobebTan. istoriis magaliTze Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom<br />
konstituciebi Tavisuflad SeiZleba iyos arademokratiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> agreTve avtoritarulic, rogorc komunistur <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi. maSin ratom iwyeba nebismieri mmarTvelobiTi<br />
sistemis analizi misi ZiriTadi kanonis ganxilviT? pasuxi<br />
aris mxolod erTi _ radganac, konstitucia Tavis mxriv war-<br />
162 163
moadgens, ukiduresad sayovelTao wesebis krebuls, romliTac<br />
funqcionirebs mocemuli <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema _ anu esaa is<br />
wesebi, romlebic `marTaven saxelmwifos~. msgavsad imisa, Tu<br />
rogor ayalibebs saxelmwifo mowesrigebul mmarTvelobas sazogadoebaSi,<br />
ise konstitucias Seaqvs stabiluroba <strong>da</strong> wesrigi<br />
saxelmwifo institutebis qmedebebSi.<br />
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mTavroba un<strong>da</strong> emorCilebodes<br />
raime wesebis krebuls, momdinareobs Soreuli warsuli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
amgvari istoriuli kodeqsebi cocxloben ideiT, rom<br />
yovelive miwieri un<strong>da</strong> emorCilebodes saRmrTo Zalebs: egvipteli<br />
faraonebi aRiarebdnen `samarTlianobis~ Zalauflebas<br />
sakuTar Tavze, Cineli imperatorebi _ zeciurs, israelis mefeebi<br />
_ `moses kanonebs~, xolo arabi xalifebi _ `SariaTis<br />
kanonebs~. arcTu iSviaTad, umaRlesi principebi xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
Cveulebriv kanonebSi, magram isini ar warmoadgendnen<br />
konstituciebs, am sityvis dRevandeli gagebiT.<br />
1787 w. pirveli `<strong>da</strong>werili~ konstituciis miRebis Semdeg<br />
_ romelic iyo amerikuli konstitucia <strong>da</strong> franguli<br />
deklaracia: a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqis uflebebis~ Sesaxeb, ar<br />
iqneba Secdoma Tu vityviT, rom konstitucia XVIII saukunis<br />
produqtia. es dokumentebi warmoadgendnen nimuSebs sxva qveynebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> dResdReobiT maT magaliTze SegviZlia SeviswavloT<br />
is, Tu rogor iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> droTa ganmavlobaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
konstituciebi.<br />
konstituciis miReba TavisTavad warmoadgens seriozul<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>texas politikur procesebSi, romelic arcTu iSviaTad<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia omTan, revoluciasTan, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
mopovebasTan <strong>da</strong> a.S. axali konstitucia pirvel rigSi es<br />
aris axali <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myarebis saSualeba, mas<br />
Semdeg rac Zveli, ama Tu im mizezis gamo ganicdis marcxs.<br />
konstituciebis konstituciebis konstituciebis konstituciebis konstituciebis klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia<br />
konstituciebis klasifikacias mravali safuZveli gaaCnia:<br />
_ konstituciis forma (aq gamoiyofa: <strong>da</strong>werili <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>uwereli, kodificirebuli <strong>da</strong> arakodificirebuli konstituciebi).<br />
_ arsebuli kanonis a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis unari, cvalebadi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
mdgomareobis mimarT.<br />
_ Tu ra xarisxiT sruldeba arsebuli kanoni (igi<br />
SeiZleba sruldebodes srulad, an atarebdes nominalur xasiaTs).<br />
_ konstituciis Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> misgan <strong>da</strong>dgenili institutebis<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTi. (es SeiZleba iyos monarqiis an<br />
respublikis, federaluri an unitaruli saxelmwifos, saprezidento<br />
an saparlamento mmarTvelobis formis konstituciebi).<br />
umTavresad iTvleba sxvaoba <strong>da</strong>weril <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uwerel<br />
konstituciebs Soris. Teoriis Tanaxmad <strong>da</strong>werili konstituciebi<br />
ganxorcielebulia kanonSi, xolo <strong>da</strong>uwereli _ Cveulebebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tradiciebSi. pirveli warmoadgens erTgvar faqtebs,<br />
radganac isini realurad arseboben, xolo meore, rogorc<br />
organuli sistemebi, Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT viTardeba istoriis msvlelobis<br />
procesSi _ Tumca problemis amgvari gageba dResdReisobiT<br />
moZvelebulad iTvleba.<br />
kanonebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen umravles saxelmwifoebze,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>weril konstituciebs,<br />
xolo <strong>da</strong>uwereli konstituciebi SemorCenilia 3 liberalur<br />
demokratiul saxelmwifoSi _ israelSi, axal zelandiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
did britaneTSi, aseve iseT arademokratiul saxelmwifoebSi,<br />
rogorebicaa _ butani, saudis arabeTi <strong>da</strong> omani. amgvari `<strong>da</strong>yofa~<br />
sakmaod pirobiTi <strong>da</strong> arazustia. arc erTi konstitucia<br />
ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos srulad `<strong>da</strong>werilad~, radgan arc<br />
erTi maTgani ar moicavs mocemuli <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis<br />
yvela mxares. minimumamdea iseTi konstituciebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c moixseniebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mainc <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi <strong>da</strong> politikur interes-<br />
Ta jgufebi sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> aseve ar arsebobs absoliturad<br />
`<strong>da</strong>uwereli~ konstituciebic, romlebic, saerTod ar eyrdnobian<br />
kanons <strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>da</strong>uwereli wesebiT, CveulebebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciebiT cocxloben.<br />
sinamdvileSi yvela konstitucia Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens<br />
<strong>da</strong>werili <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uwereli normebis speficikur kombinacias.<br />
iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> germania, konstituciuri<br />
dokumentebi moqmedeben, rogorc kodeqsebi, romlebSic<br />
detalura<strong>da</strong>a aRwerili <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis<br />
kompetencia <strong>da</strong> movaleobebi _ aqcenti keTdeba <strong>da</strong>weril normebze:<br />
mag. aSS-s konstitucia, romelic Sedgeba 7000 sityvisagan,<br />
Zalian zoga<strong>da</strong>d gansazRvravs saerTo principebs <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs<br />
qveynis konstituciuri mowyobis `zogad~ sqemas. zogierTi<br />
realurad konstituciuri mniSvnelobis amerikuli institu-<br />
164 165
ti, rogoricaa kongresis komitetebi, pirveladi arCevnebi <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo samsaxuris organizacia, TavisTavad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. sxva konstituciebi, romelTac<br />
sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ver vuwodoT `<strong>da</strong>uwereli~,<br />
ufro metad eyrdnobian Cveulebrivi samarTlis elementebs<br />
(konvenciebs), mag. didi britaneTis ministrTa mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli `samefo prerogativa~, maTi individualuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri movaleobebi parlamentis winaSe <strong>da</strong> a.S. _<br />
mTlianad eyrdnoba <strong>da</strong>uwerel wesebs.<br />
mTel msoflioSi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, upiratesad miaCniaT<br />
<strong>da</strong>werili konstituciebis arseboba, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ara<br />
marto Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uwereli konstituciebi, aramed iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
isini kidev arsebobdnen, mox<strong>da</strong> maTi samarTlebrivi nawilis<br />
gafarToeba. mag: isarelSi 1948 w. saxelmwifos warmoqmna mox<strong>da</strong><br />
yovelgvari ZiriTadi kanonis gareSe, qnesetma sakmaod swrafad<br />
miiRo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, droTa ganmavlobaSi konstituciis miRebis<br />
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. did britaneTSi ki, miRebuli iqna<br />
e.w. `proceduruli SekiTxvebi ministrebze~, romelmac moaxdina,<br />
manamde metad areuli konvenciebis formulireba. axal<br />
zelandiaSi 1986 w. miiRes konstituciuri aqti, romelmac<br />
gaaerTiana yvela arsebuli <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTTan mcired <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
kanonebi <strong>da</strong> principebi, xolo 1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n aqti `uflebebis<br />
Sesaxeb~.<br />
ase rom, amgvari <strong>da</strong>yofa sakmaod pirobiTia <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
naTlad warmosadgenia gansxvaveba arakodificirebul <strong>da</strong> kodificirebul<br />
konstituciebs Soris. kodificirebul konstituciebSi<br />
yvelaferi umniSvnelovanesi formulirebulia mxolod<br />
erT dokumentSi, romelsac vuwodebT `<strong>da</strong>weril konstituciebs~.<br />
isini ukve warmoadgenen kanonebs <strong>da</strong> maTi Sesruleba<br />
aucilebelia yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> institutisaTvis, romlebic<br />
Tavad iTvlebian kanonmdeblebad. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
kodificirebuli konstitucia ayalibebs kanonTa ierarqias.<br />
unitarul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs orsafexuriani<br />
kanonTa sistema, sa<strong>da</strong>c konstitucia uzenaesia Cveulebriv<br />
kanonze, romelic miiReba sakanonmdeblo krebis mier. federalur<br />
saxelmwifoebSi amas emateba mesame safexuri ufro `<strong>da</strong>bali~<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi an adgilobrivi kanonebis saxiT.<br />
meores mxriv kodificirebuli dokumentis statusi, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
maRalia, radganac uiSviaTesad xdeba masSi Sesworebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>matebebis Setana.<br />
minimaluria msoflioSi arakodicifirebuli konstituciebis<br />
raodenoba <strong>da</strong> amasTanave, isini sakmaod gansxvavdebian<br />
erTmaneTisagan. didi britaneTis konstitucia, romelic<br />
umjobesia ganvmartoT rogorc arakodificirebuli, magram<br />
nawilobriv <strong>da</strong>werili konstitucia, eyrdnoba `wyaroTa~ mTel<br />
rigs, romelTaganac umniSvnelovanesad iTvleba: parlamentis<br />
mier miRebuli kanonebi, CveulebiTi samarTali <strong>da</strong> yvela Sesa-<br />
Zlo iuridiuli kvlevebi, romlebic ganmartaven <strong>da</strong>uwereli<br />
konstituciis elementebs. Tu politikur sistemas ar gaaCnia<br />
kodificirebuli konstitucia, es pirvel rigSi niSnavs, rom<br />
masSi parlamenti usityvo ZalauflebiTa <strong>da</strong> suverenitetiTaa<br />
gamoxatuli _ mas aqvs miniWebuli nebismieri kanonebis miRebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> masSi Sesworebis Setanis ufleba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoSi ar<br />
arsebobs sxva instituti, romelic uflebamosilia raime mxriv<br />
moaxdinos miRebuli kanonis cvlileba, an ugulvebelyofa.<br />
amgvari kanonmdebluri uflebebi gaaCnia qnesets israelSi <strong>da</strong><br />
didi britaneTis parlaments, sa<strong>da</strong>c es mdgomareoba didi xania<br />
sazogadoebis ganxilvis sagnad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />
konstituciebis klasifikacia, agreTve xdeba imis mixedviTac,<br />
Tu ramdenad `xisti~ an `moqnilia~ igi: ra procedurebis<br />
safuZvelze SeiZleba cvlilebebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebebis Setana<br />
mocemul konstituciaSi? SeuZlia Tu ara mas Seesabamebodes<br />
cvalebad istoriul realobas? <strong>da</strong> a.S. erTi SexedviT<br />
SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom kodificirebuli konstitucia araa<br />
moqnili, radganac igi mkacrad aris <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli qveynis<br />
ZiriTad kanonSi, xolo arakodificirebuli ki, moqnili <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptirebadi, radganac misi Semadgeneli kanonebi miiReba<br />
Cveulebrivi kanonmdeblobiTi wesrigiT <strong>da</strong> bevri ram <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong>uwerel wesebsa <strong>da</strong> mimdinare <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
gamocdilebaze.<br />
konstituciis moqnilobis done SeiZleba iyos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari,<br />
rac ar dgas pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSi imasTan, Tu ramdenad<br />
zustad aris gansazRvruli misi principebi <strong>da</strong> normebi.<br />
1787 wli<strong>da</strong>n aSS-s konstituciam, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad masSi Setanili<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva cvlilebebisa, moaRwia dRevandelobamde, maSin, roca<br />
safrangeTs amave istoriul periodSi gaaCn<strong>da</strong> aranakleb 17<br />
konstituciisa. SesworebaTa Setanis procedurebi SeiZleba<br />
iyos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari, sirTulis donis mixedviT. mag: avstraliaSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>niaSi, irlandiaSi <strong>da</strong> espaneTSi, konstituciaSi cvlilebaTa<br />
Setanis an maTi ratifikaciisaTvis moiTxoveba<br />
166 167
eferendumis Catareba. sxva SemTxvevebSi amgvari cvlilebebis<br />
Setana SeuZlia saparlamento umravlesobas <strong>da</strong> rogorc,<br />
magaliTad Cawerilia germaniis ZiriTad kanonSi, konstituciuri<br />
Sesworebebis Setanisas aucilebelia mas xma misces erTdroulad<br />
bundestagisa <strong>da</strong> bundesratis orma mesamedma, xolo<br />
amerikaSi amisaTvis moiTxoveba kongresis orive palatis 2/3<br />
<strong>da</strong> Statebis 3/4 (aSS-is konstituciaSi dRemde mxolod 26<br />
Sesworeba Sevi<strong>da</strong>).<br />
namdvilad moqmed konstituciad mxolod is konstitucia<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romelic akmayofilebs Semdeg erTmaneTTan<br />
mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul or kriteriums: 1) xelisuflebis<br />
praqtikuli moRvaweoba un<strong>da</strong> miesa<strong>da</strong>gebodes konstituciis<br />
mdgomareobas; 2) konstitucia realurad un<strong>da</strong> zRu<strong>da</strong>vdes<br />
(gansazRvrul CarCoebSi aqcevdes) xelisuflebis moqmedebebs.<br />
imisTvis, rom konstituciam imuSaos, un<strong>da</strong> visaubroT<br />
ara mxolod mis calkeul normebze, aramed im konstituciur<br />
reJimzec, romelsac sazogadoebaSi emorCileba yvela, xelisuflebis<br />
CaTvliT. aseve un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom metnaklebad yvela<br />
konstitucia irRveva. zogierT maTgans SeiZleba vuwodoT<br />
nominaluri konstitucia: maTi Sinaarsi zustad asaxavs mocemul<br />
qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis sistemas, magram ar warmoadgens raime<br />
realur `winaRobas~ mTavrobisaTvis. mag: iseT komunistur<br />
qveynebs, rogoricaa sabWoTa kavSiri, qon<strong>da</strong>T konstitucia, romel-<br />
Sic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, cxaddebo<strong>da</strong> partiis monopolia<br />
Zalauflebaze. amgvari konstituciebi ar moqmedebdnen, radganac<br />
igive partia mkacrad akontroleb<strong>da</strong> umaRles sasamarTlo<br />
instanciebs, romelnic formalurad konstituciis Sesrulebas<br />
aqcevdnen yuradRebas. sxva mTavrobebSi konstituciebs<br />
xSirad gaaCniaT mxolod `fasaduri~ xasiaTi <strong>da</strong> asruleben<br />
propagandistul rols, aq konstitucia <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> praqtika<br />
sruliad gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan. amgvari situacia<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia diqtatorul <strong>da</strong> avtoritarul mTavrobebSi.<br />
konstituciebis klasifikaciis kidev erTi safuZvelia<br />
maTi Semadgenloba _ Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> kidev is, Tu zustad romel<br />
institucionalur struqturas ayalibeben isini sazogadoeba-<br />
Si. upiratesad es aris monarqiis <strong>da</strong> respublikis konstituciebi.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Zalaufleba realurad aris memkvidre<br />
mmarTvelis xelSi, xolo respublikaSi Zalaufleba gaaCnia<br />
sazogadoebas.<br />
aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT saprezidento <strong>da</strong> saparlamento<br />
konstituciebi. aq mniSvnelovania urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
aRmasrulebel <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris. saparlamento<br />
sistemebSi aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs<br />
sakanonmdeblo Sto<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulia masTan,<br />
xolo saprezidento sistemebSi orive Sto, Zalauflebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis<br />
principis Sesabamisad, erTimeorisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
funqcionirebs.<br />
bolos ki, pluralisturi <strong>da</strong> monopolisturi konstituciebi.<br />
pirveli <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia tipiuri liberaluri<br />
demokratiisTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia sazogadoebaSi,<br />
meore ki, komunisturi <strong>da</strong> avtoritaruli mTavrobebisaTvis,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c Zalaufleba ganuyoflad, Tumca ki formaluri<br />
normebis <strong>da</strong>cviT, miekuTvneba mmarTvel partias an belads, rac<br />
kidev erTxel a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom konstituciis arseboba ar ni-<br />
Snavs, rom qveyanaSi sruldeba konstitucionalizmis principi.<br />
konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis miznebi miznebi miznebi miznebi miznebi<br />
konstitucia umniSvnelovanesia organizaciebis<br />
mmarTvelobisaTvis, magram ismis kiTxva: ratom aris mTavrobebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> institutebis funqcionireba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli<br />
konstituciis gareSe? SekiTxvis sirTulec isaa, rom sinamdvileSi<br />
konstitucias ar gaaCnia raime formulirebuli mizani,<br />
mas SeiZleba hqondes ramodenime funqcia <strong>da</strong> isini SeiZleba<br />
emsaxurebodnen gansxvavebul miznebs:<br />
_ saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvra.<br />
_ sayovelTao faseulobebisa <strong>da</strong> miznebis <strong>da</strong>dgena.<br />
_ mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
_ TavisuflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cva.<br />
_ reJimebis legitimacia.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis iurisdiqciis iurisdiqciis iurisdiqciis iurisdiqciis gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
konstitucia, es aris <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifos erTgvari<br />
`savizito baraTi~ _ raRac iseTi, raSic igi gamoxatavs<br />
sakuTar moTxovnebs <strong>da</strong>moukideblobasa <strong>da</strong> suverenitetze. ax-<br />
168 169
ali saxelmwifos warmoqmna, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopoveba, didi<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>Sla, an ramodenime patara saxelmwifoTa gaer-<br />
Tianeba, yovelTvis mimdinareobs axali konstituciis SemuSavebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> miRebiT. SeiZleba aseve iTqvas, rom saxelmwifoebi<br />
mxolod maSin iqmnebian, rodesac isini iReben konstitucias,<br />
radganac mis gareSe isini arc erT teritoriaze ar floben<br />
iurisdiqcias <strong>da</strong> arc saxelmwifo meqanizms, romelsac unari<br />
aqvs ganaxorcielos es iurisdiqcia.<br />
saerTo saerTo saerTo saerTo saerTo faseulobebis faseulobebis faseulobebis faseulobebis faseulobebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miznebis miznebis miznebis miznebis miznebis <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>dgena<br />
konstitucia, ara marto saxavs saxelmwifos saerTo<br />
principebs, aramed moicavs <strong>politikuri</strong> faseulobebis, idealebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> miznebis farTo speqtrs, amitomac konstitucia ar<br />
SeiZleba iyos politikurad neitraluri, igi yovelTvis gamsWvalulia<br />
aSkara an faruli ideologiuri SinaarsiT. konstituciis<br />
avtorebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen CaedoT, maT mier<br />
Seqmnil reJimebSi, raime saerTo faseulobebis krebuli, miswrafebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> arsebuli politikis Taviseburi leqsikoni.<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi es miznebi formulirebulia konstituciis<br />
preambulaSi _ nacionaluri ideebis Tavisebur deklaracia-<br />
Si. es idealebi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri demokratiis, Tavisuflebis,<br />
saxelmwifos sayovelTao keTildReobis miznebisadmi<br />
erTgulebiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, socializmis, federalizmis <strong>da</strong> islamis<br />
gamarjvebisaTvis brZoliT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli.<br />
mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
konstituciebi _ uflebamosilebis, valdebulebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
funqciebis Tavisebur monaxazs warmoadgenen. mmarTvelobis<br />
stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebis,<br />
valdebulebis <strong>da</strong> funqciebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva institutebs<br />
Soris, konstitucias organizaciul reJimSi ayenebs,<br />
riTac es konstituciebi axdenen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> organizaciebis<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis formulirebas <strong>da</strong><br />
reglamentirebas, amasTanave uzrunvelyofen SesaZlebeli uTanxmoebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas.<br />
uflebebis uflebebis uflebebis uflebebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
liberaluri demokratiis saxelmwifoebSi TavisTavad<br />
igulisxmeba, rom konstituciis umTavresi mizani aris, ase Tu<br />
ise SezRudos saxelmwifos moRvaweobis sfero, pirovnebis<br />
Tavisuflebis <strong>da</strong>cviT, _ anu konstitucia es aris mmarTvelobis<br />
erTgvari SezRudva.<br />
konstituciebi realurad Seicaven saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
individs Soris amgvar urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas, riTac<br />
mmarTvelobiTi Zalauflebis sfero mkacrad gamijnulia individualuri<br />
Tavisuflebis sferosagan, es ki miiRweva moqalaqeTa<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis gansazRvriT.<br />
rrrrreJimebis eJimebis eJimebis eJimebis eJimebis legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
legitimacia<br />
konstituciis kidev erTi funqciaa mocemuli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
sistemis legitimaciis saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> miznebi, ris<br />
gamoc mas iReben iseTi reJimis qveynebSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas mxolod<br />
formaluri, an sulac fasaduri roli akisria.<br />
legitimaciur process aqvs ori ganzomileba. konstituciis<br />
arseboba, TiTqmis aucilebeli winapirobaa saerTa-<br />
Soriso gaerTianebaSi yofnis <strong>da</strong> am saxelmwifos sxva saxelmwifoTa<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n aRiarebisaTvis.<br />
raSi raSi raSi raSi raSi mdgomareobs mdgomareobs mdgomareobs mdgomareobs mdgomareobs konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis konstituciis mniSvneloba?<br />
mniSvneloba?<br />
mniSvneloba?<br />
mniSvneloba?<br />
mniSvneloba?<br />
is, rom konstitucia mniSvnelovania, TavisTavad cxadia,<br />
ivaraudeba, rom nebismieri konstitucia, marto imiTacaa kargi, rom<br />
Semoaqvs <strong>politikuri</strong> stabiluroba sazogadoebaSi, zRu<strong>da</strong>vs xelisuflebas,<br />
saimedod icavs uflebebsa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebas. amgvari<br />
rwmena, arsad ise ar aris ganviTarebuli, rogorc aSS-Si, romelic<br />
lui hartlis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT `konstituciur kultamde~<br />
midis. dro<strong>da</strong>dro es rwmena seriozuli gamocdis winaSe dgeba,<br />
rogorc magaliTad uotergeitis skan<strong>da</strong>lis SemTxvevaSi, roca<br />
gairkva, rom 1972 w. saarCevno kampaniisas, prezidenti niqsoni<br />
TeTri saxlis maRalCinosani TanamSromlebis ukanono qmedebebs<br />
malav<strong>da</strong>. niqsonis ga<strong>da</strong>dgomam 1974 w., mis Semcvlel, jerald fords<br />
misca ufleba gamoecxadebina, rom maTi konstitucia muSaobs, ri-<br />
170 171
Tac gaimeora konstitucionalizmis mTavari postulati, rom maT<br />
aqvT kanonebis <strong>da</strong> ara xalxis mTavroba.<br />
konstituciebi `muSaobs~ gansazRvrul viTarebaSi. isini<br />
realurad urunvelyofen sakuTar miznebs mxolod maSin, roca<br />
es miznebi moqceulia mTel rig socialur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul faqtorebTan erTian konteqstSi. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d aq<br />
mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis faqtori.<br />
pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> Sejibris<br />
principis uzrunvelmyofeli konstituciuri normebi, SeiZleba<br />
sruliad usafuZvlo aRmoCndes iseTi sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />
romelic mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze ar gascdenia koleqtiuri<br />
tradiciebis sazRvrebs, ufro metad ki maSin, rodesac<br />
aseT saxelmwifoebs jer kidev ar ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetiaT ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri ganviTarebis pirveladi amocanebi.<br />
meore sakvanZo faqtoria sruldeba Tu ara konstitucia<br />
sazogadoebis mmarTveli wreebis mier <strong>da</strong> Seesabameba Tu<br />
ara igi sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli jgufebis interesebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> faseulobebs. aq Cven vxelmZRvanelobT vaimaris respublikis<br />
konstituciiT germaniaSi: miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom masSi<br />
formulirebuli iyo sakmaod STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebis<br />
krebuli, igi uaryofili iqna 1930-ian wlebSi, roca<br />
hitlerma <strong>da</strong>iwyo nacisturi diqtaturis <strong>da</strong>myareba. mizezi<br />
erTia: vaimaris reJimis demokratiuli buneba aramarto ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />
nacistebis miswrafebas, aramed man ver miiRo<br />
gamoxmaureba, ekonomikuri krizisisa <strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
mmarTvelobis ideis mimarT gulgrilad ganwyobili sazogadoebisagan.<br />
indoeTSi, 1975-77 ww. <strong>da</strong> pakistanSi general ziaul-xakis<br />
periodSi 1977-81 ww-ebSi, konstituciebi ar moqmedebdnen,<br />
saomari mdgomareobis gamo, armiis interesebi aq aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre konstituciuri detalebi.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolo faqtoria konstituciuri a<strong>da</strong>ptacia, unari SeinarCunos<br />
Tavisi mniSvneloba, yvela <strong>da</strong> yvelanairi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
mdgomareobis pirobebSi. konstitucia un<strong>da</strong> iyos sakmaod moqnili,<br />
raTa SeinarCunos Tavisi mniSvneloba xangrZlivad, magram<br />
ara usasrulod. moqnili, radganac winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saer-<br />
Tod aRar iqneba igi konstitucia. magaliTad aSS-s konstitucia,<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve flob<strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis sakmao dones, raTa ga<strong>da</strong>elaxa<br />
sakuTari naklovanebebi. amitomac, mmarTvelobiTma sistemam<br />
gamoimuSava drois moTxovnebze Seguebis unari, Sesworebebis<br />
miRebis meqanizmma ki, SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> qveynis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
interesebis demokratiazacia. XX s. kanonTa ga<strong>da</strong>xedvis sistemis<br />
meSveobiT, gafarTov<strong>da</strong> prezidentis xelisufleba, mox<strong>da</strong><br />
Zalauflebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba federaluri centris sasargeblod<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro meti prioriteti mieniWa individis uflebriv mdgomareobas.<br />
yvela es cvlileba ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> erTi konstituciis<br />
sazRvrebSi <strong>da</strong> misi ZiriTadi principebi, ganaxlebul mdgomareobaSi,<br />
xelSeuxeblad SenarCun<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samarTali, samarTali, samarTali, samarTali, samarTali, morali morali morali morali morali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba samarTalsa <strong>da</strong> morals Soris<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> azrovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli problemaa.<br />
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom samarTali <strong>da</strong> morali<br />
radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. samarTali _<br />
socialuri kontrolis yvelaze moxerxebuli formaa, igi gvkarnaxobs,<br />
ra SeiZleba <strong>da</strong> risi keTeba ikrZaleba. morali, samarTlisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, exeba eTikuri wesrigis sakiTxeba, ra<br />
aris `kargi~ <strong>da</strong> ra `cudi~, rogor un<strong>da</strong> moviqceT <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />
ara. kanoni obieqturia _ es sazogado realobaa. morali<br />
subieqturia _ igi a<strong>da</strong>mianis sindisis sakiTxia. platonisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aristotelesgan momdinare, bunebrivi samarTlis Teoriebi<br />
yovelTvis arsebobdnen im principiT, rom samarTali eyrdnoba,<br />
an un<strong>da</strong> eyrdnobodes ama Tu im moralur safuZvels.<br />
im uzarmazari rolis mixedviT, romelsac kanoni sazogadoebaSi<br />
TamaSobs, gasagebia, rom samarTals agreTve eniWeba udidesi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> mniSvneloba, mwvave debatebis sagani yovelTvis iyo<br />
is, Tu rogor Seesabameba, an un<strong>da</strong> Seesabamebodes igi politikas.<br />
samarTlis roli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom <strong>da</strong>culi iyos sazogadoebis<br />
TiToeuli wevri <strong>da</strong> ar moxdes zewola maT Tavisuflebebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> uflebebze, radganac amgvari mfarveloba vrceldeba<br />
yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianze <strong>da</strong> aseve mTel sazogadoebaze. liberalizmis<br />
Tanaxmad, samarTali iZens principulad neitralur xasiaTs <strong>da</strong><br />
am gagebiT igi politikaze `zemdgomia~.<br />
klasikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, kidev erTi problema<br />
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu kanonis umTavresi mizani<br />
aris a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis <strong>da</strong>cva, imavdroulad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes Tavad kanonis moqmedebis sferos SezRudva.<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kanoni `kargia~ mxolod maSin, roca<br />
igi afarToebs <strong>da</strong> ar zRu<strong>da</strong>vs a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisuflebas.<br />
172 173
samarTalze gansxvavebul Sexedulebas gvTavazoben<br />
konservatiuli moZRvrebis Teoretikosebi. aq ganixileba azri<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom wesrigi <strong>da</strong> kanoni im donezea erTmaneTTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, rom mox<strong>da</strong> maTi erTgvari Serwymac. tradicia<br />
eyrdnoba or wyaros. pirveli Rrmad pesimisturia. esaa hobsiseuli<br />
tradicia, romelic amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom a<strong>da</strong>mians sicocxlis<br />
bolomde gaaCnia samu<strong>da</strong>mo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uokebeli Zalauflebis<br />
wyurvili.<br />
meore motivi efuZneba azrs, rom sazogadoebrivi stabiluroba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, gaaCniaT Tu ara a<strong>da</strong>mianebs erTnairi<br />
faseulobebi <strong>da</strong> saerTo kultura. am poziciis klasikur<br />
gamoxatulebad iqca patrik devlinis wigni `iZuleba moralisken~,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c mtkicdeba, rom sazogadoebas gaaCnia sruli ufleba,<br />
xeli Seuwyos `sazogadoebriv morals~ kanonebis meSveobiT.<br />
masSi sazogadoeba uflebamosilia <strong>da</strong>culi iyos imisgan, rasac<br />
ewodeba `aratradiciuli moqcevis saSualebebi~ _ msgavsad<br />
homoseqsualizmis <strong>da</strong> narkomaniisa.<br />
1980-90-ian wlebSi `axalma memarjveneebma~ <strong>da</strong>ikaves<br />
amasTan Zalian axlo pozicia, `tradiciuli moralisa~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`saojaxo faseulobebis~ win wamowevT <strong>da</strong> moTxovniT, rom<br />
yvelaferi miekuTvneba samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong>cvas.<br />
sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
sasamarTlo xelisufleba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis<br />
nawilia, romelic saWiroa problemaTa samarTliani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaTvis.<br />
mosamarTleTa umTavres <strong>da</strong>niSnulebad samarTlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva iTvleba, maT mier xdeba kanonis `konstruireba~. sasamarTlo<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad vlindeba<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> politikur sistemebSi. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, igi<br />
mniSvnelovania kodificirebuli konstituciis mqone saxelmwifoebSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c sasamarTlo xelisufleba ganmartavs konstitucias<br />
<strong>da</strong> amasTanave ganixilavs konfliqtebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelmwifo<br />
institutebsa <strong>da</strong> aseve saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> individs<br />
Soris.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mniSvneloba dReisaTvis<br />
izrdeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis mzardi mniSvnelobis gamoc.<br />
aq Semdegi institutebi moqmedeben: gaeros sasamarTlo organo<br />
aris saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo haagaSi _ forumi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
saxelmwifoTa Soris <strong>da</strong>va <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispireba ganixileba. radganac<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTali <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia saxelmwifoTa<br />
suverenitetis principze, es sasamarTlo procesi imarTeba<br />
mxolod konfliqtis yvela mxareTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze.<br />
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom aaRorZina niurnbergis<br />
tribunalis idea (1945-46), romlis mixedviTac sisxlis samarTlebrivi<br />
devna xorcieldeba saomari <strong>da</strong>naSaulis an kacobriobis<br />
winaSe Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSaulis gamo. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom<br />
warmoadgina braldebebi <strong>da</strong> miaRwia mTeli rigi<br />
pirovnebebis <strong>da</strong>patimrebas. maT Soris iyo iugoslaviis yofili<br />
prezidenti, slobo<strong>da</strong>n miloSeviCi.<br />
amas gar<strong>da</strong>, arsebobs mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebi,<br />
romelTac gaaCniaT regionaluri iurisdiqcia,<br />
rogoricaa evrosasamarTlo luqsemburgSi <strong>da</strong> evrosasamarTlo<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis ganxriT strasburgSi.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
Tviseba <strong>da</strong> liberalur-demokratiul sistemebSi misi mTavari<br />
ganmsazRvreli niSani aris is, rom mosamarTleebi warmoadgenen<br />
sruliad <strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>da</strong> arapolitikur figurebs.<br />
maTi unari, iyvnen politikaze `maRla~, ganixileba, rogorc<br />
pirveladi garantia imisa, rom samarTali realurad gancalkevebulia<br />
politikisagan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sasamarTlo<br />
xelisuflebis araswori gagebaa. umjobesia, igi ganixilebodes,<br />
rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara ubralod samarTlebrivi instituti,<br />
romelic arCevs konfliqtebs <strong>da</strong> gamodis saxelmwifos<br />
saxeliT. maT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs yovelTvis gaaCniaT esa Tu is<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> mniSvneloba. Tumca, am sakiTxebTan aris ori<br />
arcTu sabolood `pasuxgacemuli~ SekiTxva, romlebic xSirad<br />
xdeba diskusiis sagani. pirveli _ warmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebi<br />
politikur figurebs? <strong>da</strong> meore _ qmnian Tu ara<br />
mosamarTleebi politikas, anu iWrebian Tu ara isini saku-<br />
Tari ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebiT politikosebis kompetenciaSi?<br />
warmoadgenen warmoadgenen warmoadgenen warmoadgenen warmoadgenen Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ara ara ara ara ara mosamarTleebi<br />
mosamarTleebi<br />
mosamarTleebi<br />
mosamarTleebi<br />
mosamarTleebi<br />
politikur politikur politikur politikur politikur figurebs?<br />
figurebs?<br />
figurebs?<br />
figurebs?<br />
figurebs?<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> aris saxelmwifoebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c arasdros ar uTqvamT,<br />
rom maTi sasamarTlo aris neitraluri <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebeli.<br />
orTodoqsuli komunisturi reJimebis dros `socialisturi<br />
174 175
kanonierebis~ principi niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom sasamarTlo ganmartavs<br />
kanons `marqsizm-leninizmis~ stilSi. am sistemaSi mosamarTleebi<br />
iyvnen ubralo paikebi, romelnic emsaxurebodnen reJimis<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong> ideologiur miznebs, rac metnaklebad gamovlin<strong>da</strong><br />
1930-ian wlebSi ssrk-s `sajaro procesebis~ dros.<br />
amgvari ideologiuri zewolis <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> devnis instituts<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> germanuli sasamarTlo nacizmis wlebSi.<br />
sxva saxelmwifoebSi, mosamarTleebisgan yovelTvis<br />
moelodnen umkacres politikur neitralitets. iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c udidesia<br />
liberaluri konstitucionalizmis zegavlena, kanonis<br />
avtoriteti zusta<strong>da</strong>c rom <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia mis arapolitikur<br />
xasiaTTan <strong>da</strong> igi xorcieldeba <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebeli<br />
mosamarTleebis mier. un<strong>da</strong> gvesmodes, rom politika<br />
SeiZleba SeiWras sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sferoSic. problemas<br />
gaaCnia `Si<strong>da</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> `gare~ aspeqti. `gare~ _ mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom mosamarTleebze SeiZleba moaxdinon zewola politikurma<br />
institutebma _ partiebma, sakanonmdeblo krebebma <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S., xolo `Si<strong>da</strong>~ _ imaSi, rom mosamarTleebs SeiZleba hqondeT<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTis simpatiebi an anti patiebi.<br />
gare aspeqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT arsebobs `sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis~<br />
princi pi (judicial independence) <strong>da</strong> miCneulia, rom mosamarTleebi<br />
mkacrad emorCilebian mas. liberaluri demokratiis<br />
umravles saxelmwifoebSi, sasamarTlo sistemis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />
uzrunvelyofilia imiTac, rom mosamarTleTa Tanamdeboba<br />
saimedo<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>culi (ar SeiZleba misi ubralo gaTavisufleba)<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi, ase Tu ise SezRudulia mosamarTleebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa Ria kritika. sasamarTloTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba SeiZleba iyos komprometirebuli im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebi, sakmaod mWidrod<br />
arian <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni mosamarTleTa rekrutirebasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
karieristuli winsvlis procesebTan (mag. dRevandel<br />
saqarTveloSi).<br />
aSS-Si, mosamarTles Tanamdeboba ukavia samu<strong>da</strong>mod Tu<br />
ki igi ar arRvevs `Rirseuli qcevis~ normebs. umaRlesi sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTleebi iniSnebian prezidentis <strong>da</strong> mtkicdebian<br />
senatis mier. 1930-ian wlebSi, ruzveltsa <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlos<br />
Soris uTanxmoebis dros, praqtikaSi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Semovi<strong>da</strong><br />
umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa <strong>da</strong>niSnvis wmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
principi: prezidenti irCevs kandi<strong>da</strong>turebs, maTi partiuli<br />
kuTvnilebis <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri erTgulebis mixedviT.<br />
amave safuZvliT, senati uflebamosilia <strong>da</strong>amtkicos an ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>amtkicos isini. 1954-69 ww. aSS-Si umaRlesi sasamarTlos<br />
liberaluri <strong>da</strong> 1969 wli<strong>da</strong>n, ufro konservatiuli tendenciebi,<br />
ganpirobebuli iyo zemoqmedebis gare faqtorebiT. did<br />
britaneTSi mosamarTleebi, agreTve iniSnebodnen mocemul<br />
momentSi arsebuli mTavrobis mier, xolo ufrosi mosamarTleebi<br />
lord-kancleris rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciiT, premier-ministris mier. <strong>da</strong>uwereli<br />
wesebis mixedviT, amgvari <strong>da</strong>niSvna un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes<br />
sruliad miukerZoeblad. Tumca saqmeSi xSirad iWreba wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> motivebi, rogorc es mox<strong>da</strong> konservatiuli partiis<br />
yofili mrCevlis <strong>da</strong> profkavSirebis uflebrivi SezRudvis<br />
momxre, lord donaldsonis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
yvelaze metad garegan politikur zegavlenas eqvemdebareba<br />
konstituciuri sasamarTlo safrangeTSi. franguli<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis specifiki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mas ukavia<br />
myari poziciebi, rogorc sakanonmdeblo krebis, aseve<br />
mTavrobasTan mimarTebaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, mas SeuZlia miiRos<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, ama Tu im aqtis arakonstituciurobis<br />
Sesaxeb. am sasamarTlos wevrebi, ufro xSirad arian gamocdili<br />
politikosebi, vidre profesionali iuristebi. safrangeTis<br />
prezidenti, nacionaluri krebis <strong>da</strong> senatis Tavmjdomareebi,<br />
TiToeuli Tavisi mxri<strong>da</strong>n, warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>saniSnad sasamarTlo<br />
Semadgenlobis mesamed nawils _ umetesad partiuli mosazrebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. iaponiaSi, umaRles sasamarTlos<br />
niSnavs ministrTa kabineti, xolo umaRlesi mosamarTleebi,<br />
romelTac waradgens kabineti, gadian <strong>da</strong>niSvnis proceduras<br />
imperatorTan.<br />
sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, erTi problemaa, meorec,<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebas yovelTvis aqvs sakuTari Si<strong>da</strong><br />
tendenciebi, romlebic gamoxatavs mosamarTleTa kulturas<br />
<strong>da</strong> faseulobaTa orientacias. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania<br />
ara mxolod is, Tu rogor xdeba mosamarTleTa rekrutireba,<br />
aramed is, Tu vis Semosaven mosamarTlis mantiiT. socialistebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n, ukve didi xania ismis kritika sasamarTlo<br />
sistemis misamarTiT, rom igi asaxavs mocemul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gabatonebul faseulobebs <strong>da</strong> amitom atarebs Sinagan tendenciebs,<br />
arsebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialuri wesrigis gaZlierebisadmi.<br />
amave tendenciaze muSaobs sasamarTlos socialuri<br />
Semadgenloba <strong>da</strong> saerTod is statusi, rac am profesias gaaCnia<br />
sazogadoebaSi. grifitma aCvena, rom aseTi konservatoru-<br />
176 177
li tendencia, yovelTvis iyo didi britaneTis maRal eSelonebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi momdinareobs umaRlesi sasamarTlos socialuri<br />
erTferovnebi<strong>da</strong>n. mosamarTleTa zogadi portretia<br />
_ TeTrkaniani mamakaci, umaRlesi saSualo klasi<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac<br />
<strong>da</strong>amTavra privilegirebuli saSualo skola. Semdeg ki<br />
oqsfordi. bevrs saubroben imis Sesaxeb, rom mosamarTleebs<br />
aqvT amoCemebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba _ qalebis, eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTod nebismieri sazogadoebrivi jgufisadmi,<br />
romelic araadekvatura<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili mosamarTleTa korpusSi.<br />
sxva magaliTia aSS-s umaRlesi sasamarTlo. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom 1950-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n masSi yovelTvis iyo afroamerikeli<br />
mosamarTle, xolo dResdReobiT ori mosamarTle _ qalia,<br />
misi SemadgenlobisaTvis exlac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia anglosaqsuri<br />
warmoSobis TeTrkaniani mamakaci, protestanti umaRlesi<br />
an saSualo fenis warmodgenili. zogierT saxelmwifoSi, mag.<br />
avstraliaSi iyo mcdeloba, sasamarTlo eqciaT socialurad<br />
ufro reprezentaciulad. 1980 wli<strong>da</strong>n mosamarTleebi aq rekrutireben,<br />
ara marto profesionali iuristebi<strong>da</strong>n, aramed akademiuri<br />
wreebi<strong>da</strong>nac, magram aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sasamarTlos<br />
kritikosebic ki aRiareben, rom aseTi tipis eqsperimentebi<br />
SesaZlebelia mxolod garkveul zRvramde <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlos,<br />
sazogadoebis mikrokosmosad qceva Seiwiravs im profesionalizms<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamocdilebas, romelic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia sasamarTlo<br />
korporaciisaTvis.<br />
qmnian qmnian qmnian qmnian qmnian Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ara ara ara ara ara mosamarTleebi mosamarTleebi mosamarTleebi mosamarTleebi mosamarTleebi politikas?<br />
politikas?<br />
politikas?<br />
politikas?<br />
politikas?<br />
mosamarTlis, rogorc kanonis ubralo msaxuris `xati~,<br />
yovelTvis miTi iyo. arc erT kanons, iuridiul termins an<br />
princips, ar aqvs erTi romelime yvelasaTvis naTeli mniSvneloba.<br />
mosamarTleebi ganmartaven kanonebs <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad,<br />
awydebian maT mravalricxovan gagebas <strong>da</strong> SesaZlo axsnas.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli kanoni iseTia, rogorsac mas<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>vs an axorcielebs mosamarTle, magram praqtikaSi, ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, mosamarTleebs ar aqvT kanonTa `TviTneburi~ ganmartebis<br />
sruli Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> TviTon kanonic arasdros aris<br />
iseTi bundovani, rom igi ise ganmarto, rogorc mogesurveba.<br />
yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia or faqtorze. pirveli, es aris kanonis<br />
sizuste <strong>da</strong> detaluroba zogadi wesebiT. rac ufro farToa<br />
kanonebis <strong>da</strong> konstituciuri normebis formulireba, miT meti<br />
Tavisuflebaa maTi ganmartebisaTvis. meore faqtori, es aris<br />
kodificirebuli an <strong>da</strong>werili konstituciis arseboba an ararseboba.<br />
am dokumentis arseboba yovelTvis zrdis mosamarTleTa<br />
korporaciis statuss, Semoaqvs ra iseTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
elementi, rogoricaa kanonis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva, konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis<br />
an Seusabamobis safuZvelze.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am meqanizmis Canasaxebi aRiniSneba<br />
XVII s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi inglisSi, igi mainc ufro amerikuli<br />
`aRmoCena~ <strong>da</strong> msoflioSi pirveli <strong>da</strong>werili konstituciis<br />
Sedegia. Tumca, aSS-s konstituciaSi ar aris miniSneba kanon-<br />
Ta ga<strong>da</strong>xedvis Sesaxeb, igi mainc iZleva garkveul safuZvels<br />
amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. logikurad, Tu saxelmwifo institutebs<br />
miewerebaT qcevis samarTlebrivi stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi, maSin arsebobs<br />
am yvelaferze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri aucilebloba <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
arsebobs amisTvis ukeTesi instituti, vidre sasamarTlo (ufro<br />
zustad, umaRlesi sasamarTlo). es sistema amuSav<strong>da</strong> 1803 wels,<br />
roca umaRlesma sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeze gamoitana ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba,<br />
rom `romeliRac kanoni~ 1789 wli<strong>da</strong>n, Seusabamoba-<br />
Sia aSS-s konstituciasTan. aman, umaRlesi sasamarTlo, robert<br />
<strong>da</strong>lis TqmiT, ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia politikur institutad, romelic<br />
iRebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs nacionaluri politikis sa<strong>da</strong>vo sakiTxebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
amerikis istoriaSi, sakmaod naTlad Cans umaRlesi sasamarTlos<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> roli. mag. XIX s-is <strong>da</strong>sasrulsa <strong>da</strong> XX<br />
s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, umaRlesma sasamarTlom, romelic saxelmwifos<br />
ekonomikaSi Caurevlobis ideologiis gavleniT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
miiRo mTeli rigi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi, romliTac Semcir<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo<br />
roli ekonomikurad Sesustebuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
fenebis socialur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze, saxeldobr, 1930-iani<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, man <strong>da</strong>bloka ruzveltis `axali kursi~.<br />
aucilebeli gax<strong>da</strong> `sasaxlis ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba~ 1937 wels. Semdeg<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> `axali kursis~ momxre mosamarTleTa <strong>da</strong>niSvna, raTa<br />
umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />
saxelmwifos garkveuli monawileoba ekonomikur <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebriv saqmeianobaSi. 1950-60-ian wlebSi, umaRlesma<br />
sasamarTlom miiRo mTeli rigi seriozuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi,<br />
skolebSi rasobrivi segregaciis gauqmebasTan <strong>da</strong> qveynis sakanonmdeblo<br />
organoebis, raodenobrivi Semadgenlobis ga-<br />
TanabrebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. bevr SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi sasa-<br />
178 179
marTlo win miuZRo<strong>da</strong> kongressa <strong>da</strong> TeTr saxls <strong>da</strong> zogjer<br />
ukvalav<strong>da</strong> gzas sxva kanonmdeblobebs, rogorc es iyo 1960-iani<br />
wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis problemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
SemdgomSi umaRlesma sasamarTlom miiRo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, abortis<br />
kanonebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> es mox<strong>da</strong> maSin,<br />
roca yvela arCeuli xelisufleba uars acxadeb<strong>da</strong> am metad<br />
saCoTiro problemis ganxilvaze. Tumca im drois sasamarTlo<br />
aqtivizmma iklo, mas Semdeg, rac ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> konservatoruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSvnebi, respublikeli prezidentebis _ niqsonis,<br />
reiganis <strong>da</strong> ufrosi buSis mier, magram sruliad mainc ar<br />
Semcir<strong>da</strong> umaRlesi sasamarTlos gavlena, rac gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong><br />
sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjisadmi gamudmebul winaaRmdegobaSi <strong>da</strong> abortis<br />
SezRudvebis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi SemotaniT. magram yvelaze<br />
maRali <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba iyo floridis umaRlesi<br />
sasamarTlos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis gauqmeba 2000 wlis dekemberSi,<br />
roca saprezidento arCevnebis sakamaTo Sedegebi jorj buS<br />
umcrosis sasargeblod ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>. am SemTxvevasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
analitikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom umaRlesma sasamarTlom<br />
sazogadoebis arCevanis dezavuireba moaxdina.<br />
sasamarTlo sistemis sirTulis uaRresad saintereso<br />
magaliTia <strong>da</strong>va indira gandisa <strong>da</strong> indur sasamarTloebs Soris<br />
70-ian wlebSi. gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom indoeTs gaaCnia saku-<br />
Tari <strong>da</strong>werili konstitucia, aq mainc ar iyo miRweuli saWiro<br />
balansi, sasamarTlo instanciasa <strong>da</strong> vestministrul saparlamento<br />
sistemebs Soris. upasuxa ra, mzard sazogadoebriv kritikas,<br />
romelic mimarTuli iyo indira gandis mmarTvelobis<br />
avtokratiuli stilisadmi, indoeTis umaRlesma sasamarTlom<br />
1975 w. mas brali <strong>da</strong>sdo arCevnebis dros Zalauflebis borotad<br />
gamoyenebaSi <strong>da</strong> auwya xuTi wliT Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>yenebis<br />
Sesaxeb. Tumca sasamarTlom SeaCera sakuTari ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba,<br />
indira gandim mokle droSi gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> saomari<br />
mdgomareoba, riTac gauCn<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebloba, <strong>da</strong>epatimrebina asobiT<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> oponenti <strong>da</strong> SemoeRo umkacresi cenzura.<br />
sasamarTlo mTlianad <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong> sakuTar saqmes mxolod ma-<br />
Sin, roca 1977 wlis martSi, gauqm<strong>da</strong> saomari mdgomareoba, ris<br />
Semdegac igi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
arasdros Sedio<strong>da</strong> Ria konfrontaciaSi arsebul xelisuflebasTan.<br />
sasamarTlo moRvaweobis <strong>politikuri</strong> mxare, ufro nakleba<strong>da</strong>a<br />
gamoxatuli iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c kodificirebuli konstitucia<br />
ar aris. mizezi erTia, <strong>da</strong>uwereli konstituciebis arsebobisas,<br />
sasamarTlo moklebulia samarTlebrivi stan<strong>da</strong>rtis im<br />
safuZvels, razec SeiZleba Semowmdes konstituciuria Tu ara<br />
esa Tu is <strong>politikuri</strong> aqti an samTavrobo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
mainc.<br />
aucilebelia gvesmodes, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
ufleba kanonTa ga<strong>da</strong>xedvis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli<br />
iqnas SezRudul masStabebSic, mag. ama Tu im ministris qmedebis<br />
arakonstituciurad gamocxadebisaTvis.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
konstitucia warmoadgens saxelmwifos uzenase kanons,<br />
romlis mizania saxelisuflebo institutebis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufleba-movaleobebis <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong> urTierTobaTa gansazRvra<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> pirovnebas Soris.<br />
konstituciis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa saxelmwifo Zalauflebis<br />
legitimacia, kerZo moqalaqeTa <strong>da</strong>cva saxelmwifos mxriv Zaladobisagan,<br />
saxelisuflebi miznebisa <strong>da</strong> Rirebukebebis gamokveTa.<br />
konstituciasa <strong>da</strong> realur politikas Soris sxvaoba<br />
u<strong>da</strong>voa. konstitucia qmediTia mxolod maSin, roca mas <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
kultura umagrebs zurgs, roca mas icaven <strong>da</strong> pativs<br />
scemen mmarTvelebi, roca igi exmianeba gabatonebuli jgufebis<br />
interesebs <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli xdeba misi SeTavseba cvalebad<br />
politikur garemoebebTan.<br />
kanonmdeblobis politikisagan gamocalkeveba marTlmsajulebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong> arapartiulobis <strong>da</strong>cviT xerxdeba.<br />
Tumca, es <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba arcTu ise ioli misaRwevia<br />
_ marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tanamdebobebze <strong>da</strong>niSvnis<br />
procesSi <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis xSiri Carevis Sedegad.<br />
politikur procesebSi mosamarTleTa Carevas xels uwyobs<br />
isic, rom am kanonTa Semdgenelni xSirad Tavad isini<br />
arian. mosamarTleebis gavlena imis mixedviT ganizomeba, ramdenad<br />
mkafiod <strong>da</strong> detalura<strong>da</strong>a Camoyalibebuli kanoni, ramdenad<br />
iZleva interpretaciis saSualebas, <strong>da</strong>werili Tu <strong>da</strong>uwereli<br />
konstitucia moqmedebs qveyanaSi; <strong>da</strong> aqvT Tu ara mosamarTleebs<br />
samarTlebrivi Sesworebis Setanis ufleba miniWebuli.<br />
180 181
Tavi Tavi XIII<br />
XIII<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
politikur leqsikonSi arsebobs uamravi saxis termini,<br />
romlebic aRniSnaven sakanonmdeblo politikur institutebs<br />
(kongresi aSS-Si, erovnuli kreba safrangeTSi, warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
palata iaponiaSi, parlamenti singapurSi,<br />
deputatTa kongresi espaneTSi <strong>da</strong> sxv.). <strong>politikuri</strong> terminis<br />
rangSi sityva `asamblea~ (anu Sekvra) Cveulebriv asocirdeba<br />
warmomadgenlobasTan <strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobiT<br />
mmarTvelobasTan. frangul enaSi is yvelaze axlos aris<br />
sityvasTan `xalxi~, amitom zogjer am termins iyeneben mxolod<br />
qve<strong>da</strong>, xalxis mier arCeul orpalatian parlamentSi<br />
(mag. pakistanSi, safrangeTSi).<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d funqcionirebs sami saxelisuflo Sto: sakanonmdeblo,<br />
aRmasrulebeli <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo xelisufleba.<br />
saparlamento saparlamento saparlamento saparlamento saparlamento <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saprezidento saprezidento saprezidento saprezidento saprezidento sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
sistemebi<br />
nebismieri <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis erT-erTi gasaRebi aris<br />
is, Tu rogor aris gansazRvruli urTierToba asambleebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobas Soris, anu sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas<br />
Soris. xdeba isec, rom yalibdeba forma `asambleamTavroba~.<br />
gaerTianebuli aRmasrulebeli <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebiT.<br />
mag: aseTi sistema, garkveuli xniT aRmocen<strong>da</strong><br />
robespierisa <strong>da</strong> iakobinelebis epoqaSi safrangeTis revoluciis<br />
dros. sxva SemTxvevaSi, mag: orTodoqsalur-komunisturi<br />
reJimebis dros, sakanonmdeblo kreba <strong>da</strong> mTavroba eqvemdebareba<br />
`mmarTvel partias~. sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel organoebs<br />
Soris urTierTobisas <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebi Cveulebriv<br />
ori<strong>da</strong>n erT-erT kategorias miekuTvnebian _ es saxelmwifo<br />
an saprezidento sistemaa. liberaluri saxelmwifoebis<br />
umravlesobam istoriulad miiRo saparlamento sistemis<br />
forma.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
me-14 s. inglisSi Seiqmna ori palata: TemTa palata <strong>da</strong><br />
lordTa palata: pirvelSi warmodgenilia raindebi <strong>da</strong> bur-<br />
Juebi, meoreSi lordebi <strong>da</strong> samRvdeloeba. parlamentis uzenaesobis<br />
principi _ parlamentis xelisuflebis upiratesoba<br />
samefo gvirgvinTan _ <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> 1688 wlis revoluciiT, xolo<br />
angariSvaldebuleba mTavrobisa parlamentis winaSe _ saarCevno<br />
uflebis ganviTarebis mixedviT. analogiuri saparlamento<br />
sistemebi aRmocendnen iseT saxelmwifoebSi, rogorebic arian<br />
germania, Svecia, indoeTi, iaponia, axali zelandia <strong>da</strong> avstralia.<br />
am sistemebis mTavari <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSani aris sakanonmdeblo<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Serwyma: aq<br />
mTavrobas `saparlamento~ xasiaTi aqvs, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is formirdeba<br />
parlamentis wevrebisagan <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulia mis winaSe.<br />
am sistemis Rirseba is aris, rom is uzrunvelyofs sakmaod<br />
Tavisuflad funqcionirebad <strong>da</strong> amasTan erTad pasuxismgebel<br />
mTavrobas (responsible goverment). mTavroba Tavisulad funqcionirebs<br />
imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is eyrdnoba parlamentis ndobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> swored amitom is xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod advilad iRebs<br />
saWiro kanonebs. mokled, am sistemiT mas SeuZlia mSvi<strong>da</strong>d<br />
`Seudges saqmes~. is agreTve warmoadgens pasuxismgebel mTavrobas,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c marTavs, sanam igi parlamentis ndobiT sargeblobs.<br />
Teoriulad bolo sityva yovelTvis ekuTvnis parlaments,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mas ufleba aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>ayenos mTavroba.<br />
samwuxarod, saparlamento sistemebi xSirad molodins ar<br />
amarTleben, aris ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, gamonaklisebi. mag: Svecia, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ganviTarebuli sistemis SemTxvevaSi sakanonmdeblo asambleis<br />
(pukcgas) konsultaciebs aqvT udidesi <strong>politikuri</strong> poziciebi,<br />
raTa <strong>da</strong>arRvios mTavrobis muSaobis mSvidi ritmi. saparlamento<br />
xelisuflebas umravles SemTxvevaSi mudmivad Tan sdevs<br />
problema _ `saaRmasruleblo elementis batonoba~. did britaneTSi,<br />
mkacri <strong>politikuri</strong> disciplinis <strong>da</strong> disproporciuli<br />
saarCevno sistemis Serwymisas, mTavrobas, romelsac hyavs disciplinirebuli<br />
umravlesoba TemTa palataSi, yovelTvis Seu-<br />
Zlia akontrolos parlamenti. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ordma<br />
heilSemma (1976 w.) didi britaneTis mTavrobas uwo<strong>da</strong> `arCeviTi<br />
diqtatura~ _ diqtatura arCeviTi sistemiT.<br />
182 183
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo kreba kreba kreba kreba kreba<br />
saparlamento sistemebi ar aris <strong>da</strong>zRveuli arc susti<br />
mTavrobisagan <strong>da</strong> arc <strong>politikuri</strong> arastabilurobisagan.<br />
Cveulebriv ase xdeba, rodesac partiuli sistema <strong>da</strong>msxvreulia,<br />
xolo saarCevno sistema ufro proporciulia. mag: safrangeTis<br />
respublikaSi 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seicvala 25 mTavroba.<br />
verc erTma maTganma ver SeZlo <strong>da</strong>yrdnobo<strong>da</strong> erovnuli krebis<br />
stabilur umravlesobas, sa<strong>da</strong>c komunistebi marcxniv <strong>da</strong><br />
`golistebi~ marjvniv ganwyobilni iyvnen SeurigeblobisaTvis<br />
respublikis reJimis winaaRmdeg. amasTan problemebi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
italiasac, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, sa<strong>da</strong>c umaRles doneze<br />
polarizebuli mravalpartiuli sistema ise <strong>da</strong>trial<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
1945 wli<strong>da</strong>n 2004 wlamde qveyanaSi mTavroba 62-jer Seicvala.<br />
saparlamento sistemis mTavari alternativaa saxelmwifo<br />
marTvis saprezidento sistema. saprezidento sistemebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis mkacr meTvalyureobaze.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom sakanonmdeblo saTaTbiro <strong>da</strong> mTavroba<br />
formalurad <strong>da</strong>moukidebelni arian erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong> irCevian<br />
cal-calke. klasikuri magaliTia aSS, sa<strong>da</strong>c egreT wodebuli<br />
`mama-<strong>da</strong>mfuZneblebi~ iyvnen Sewuxebulebi imiT, rom aRekveTaT<br />
Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis aRmoceneba, imis SiSiT,<br />
rom britanuli monarqiis msgavsi ar aRmocenebuliyo.<br />
aSS-is kongresi, prezidenti <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi sasamarTlo<br />
arian erTmanisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebuli institutebi, magram erTmaneTze<br />
zemoqmedeben <strong>da</strong> zRu<strong>da</strong>ven erTmaneTis Zalauflebas.<br />
kongresi Rebulobs kanonebs, magram prezidents SeuZlia mas<br />
veto <strong>da</strong>ados, xolo kongress, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia veto ga<strong>da</strong>laxos,<br />
Tuki aseT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas xmas miscems orive palatis<br />
wevrTa 2/3. Semdeg, prezidenti niSnavs mTavrobis uxucess <strong>da</strong><br />
sasamarTlos wevrebs, magram igi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkicos senatis<br />
umaRlesma palatam.<br />
am tipis saprezidento sistema, aSS-s gar<strong>da</strong>, mTel laTinur<br />
amerikaSia. safrangeTSi mexuTe respublikam miiRo `hibriduli~<br />
anu naxevradsaprezidento forma, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba `orWofobs~ im gagebiT, rom <strong>da</strong>moukideblad ar-<br />
Ceuli prezidenti moqmedebs premier-ministrTan <strong>da</strong> kabinet-<br />
Tan `kavSirSi~, romelnic formirebulni arian erovnuli saTaTbirosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> masze <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli wevrebisgan. msgavsi naxevrad<br />
saprezidento sistema funqcionirebs fineTSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
prezidenti upiratesad <strong>da</strong>kavebulia sagareo politikiT, xolo<br />
ministrTa kabineti _ saSinao politikiT.<br />
saprezidento sistemis principuli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan<br />
gancalkevebiT is qmnis Tavisebur saSinao <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas _<br />
arenas, romelic sasikeToa a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufleba-<br />
Ta <strong>da</strong>sacavad. rogorc Tavis droze Tqva hobsma, `Tavisufleba _<br />
es aris xelisufleba, romelic <strong>da</strong>nawevrebulia wvril-wvril<br />
ulufebad~. aSS-Si aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis<br />
safrTxe blokirdeba kongresis saxelisuflo ufleba-mosilebis<br />
farTe wreebisagan: kongress aqvs ufleba gamoacxados omi <strong>da</strong><br />
gaaZviros ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi, senati ratificirebas axdens molaparakebebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> amtkicebs prezidentis mier <strong>da</strong>niSvnebs. or palatas<br />
SeuZlia gaerTianeba prezidentis impiCmentisaTvis, magram aseT<br />
fragmentul xelisuflebas aqvs Tavisi uaryofiTi mxareebic.<br />
saprezidento sistemebi SeiZleba iyos veeberTela <strong>da</strong><br />
araefeqturi. amerikuli sistemis kritikosebi miuTiTeben imaze,<br />
rom `prezidenti _ gTavazobT, kongresi _ ganagebs~, amas<br />
yovelTvis moyveba e.w. institucionaluri uZraoba. aseTi ram<br />
SeiZleba moxdes maSin, rodesac TeTri saxli (prezidenti) <strong>da</strong><br />
kapitoliumi (kongresi) kontroldeba urTierTmoqiSpe partiebiT,<br />
magram aseTi situacia SeiZleba moxdes maSinac, rodesac<br />
orive frTa kontroldeba erTi <strong>da</strong> igive partiiT, rogorc<br />
es iyo karteris (1977-1981) wlebSi. aseT problemas safrangeT-<br />
Si hqvia `arasaxarbielo Tanacxovreba~ _ situacia, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
prezidenti iZulebulia imuSaos politikurad aramegobrul<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis<strong>da</strong>mi mtrulad ganwyobil premier-ministrTan <strong>da</strong> erovnul<br />
saTaTbirosTan, rogorsac orjer hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili miteranis<br />
dros 1986-1988 <strong>da</strong> 1993-1995 wlebSi.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
meqanizmebi<br />
evropis parlamenti ar warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo saTaTbiros.<br />
evropis samarTali xorcieldeba cxovrebaSi ministr-<br />
Ta sabWos mier (EC). did britaneTSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c parlamenti<br />
suverenulia, ministrebi kanonSemoqmedebas axorcieleben <strong>da</strong><br />
es yovelTvis ar eqceva parlamentis kontrolis sferoSi. mag:<br />
britaneTis parlamentis wevrebs aqvT SesaZlebloba saku-<br />
Tari kanonproeqtebis wamoyenebisaTvis. aSS-Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c kongre-<br />
184 185
si warmoadgens yvelaze Zlier <strong>da</strong>moukidebel sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos msoflioSi, saprezidento iniciativebze modis gansaxilveli<br />
kanonproeqtebis 80%. aris SemTxvevebi, roca saparlamento<br />
konsultaciebis Catarebisas, kanonproeqtebis naxevari<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iwereba xolme. didi britaneTSi mTavroba iSviaTad<br />
iTmens warumateblobas warmomadgenelTa palataSi. es yvelaferi<br />
gamomdinareobs iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom am parlamentSi kanoni ki<br />
`ar miiReba~, aramed `atareben~ misi gavliT.<br />
warmomadgenloba<br />
warmomadgenloba<br />
warmomadgenloba<br />
warmomadgenloba<br />
warmomadgenloba<br />
asambleebi TamaSoben mTavar warmomadgenlobiT rols:<br />
isini uzrunvelyofen kavSirs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebas Soris. me-18 saukuneSi es sainteresod gamoixata<br />
lozungSi, romlis qveSac 13 amerikuli kolonia aRsdga britanuli<br />
mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg _ `araviTari ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
warmomadgenlobis gareSe~. xmis uflebis gafarToebam saerTo<br />
saxalxo saarCevno uflebamde asambleebi ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia Tavisebur<br />
saxalxo forumebad _ organoebad, sa<strong>da</strong>c TiTqos xalxi iyo<br />
CarTuli, amitom adgili, Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> parlamentis avtoriteti<br />
ama Tu im politikur sistemaSi ganixileba, rogorc misi<br />
demokratiulobis gansakuTrebuli maCvenebeli.<br />
warmomadgenloba _ es rTuli principia Tavisi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT. aSS-Si warmomadgenelTa<br />
palatisa <strong>da</strong> senatis wevrebi yvelaze ufro Sewuxebulni arian<br />
imiT, Tu rogor `<strong>da</strong>brundnen na<strong>da</strong>vliT Sin~. am mizniT<br />
kongresi arc Tu ise kargi adgilia `politikis sakeTeblad~.<br />
is ufro blokirebas axdens prezidentis programaze, vidre<br />
wamoayenebs Tavis romelime jansaR alternativas.<br />
ssrk-Si <strong>da</strong> sxva socialistur qveynebSi mravalpartiuli<br />
sistemisa <strong>da</strong> realuri arCevnebis ararseboba warmomadgenlobas<br />
sxva tvirTs atarebineb<strong>da</strong> _ `aesaxa~ sazogadoeba mTlianad.<br />
aSS-Si <strong>da</strong>naxarjis meoTxedi kongresis arCevnebze ifareba<br />
e.w. <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebebis komitetebisagan. profesiuli<br />
lobirebis gafurCqvna xdeba 1980 wli<strong>da</strong>n britaneTSi, romelmac<br />
gamoiwvia aq seriozuli SiSi, rom parlamentis wevrebi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmiani interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare TavianTi amomrCevlebis<br />
interesebs naklebad <strong>da</strong>icavdnen.<br />
Tvalyuris Tvalyuris Tvalyuris Tvalyuris Tvalyuris devneba devneba devneba devneba devneba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
im dros, rodesac asambleebis sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
roli SesamCnevad <strong>da</strong>eca, saubroben maT SesaZlo<br />
TavaSvebulobasa <strong>da</strong> kontrolze aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi. asambleebi amyareben TavianT<br />
funqciebs _ uzrunvelyon sazogadoebisadmi <strong>politikuri</strong> mar-<br />
Tvis pasuxismgebloba <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebuleba. am gagebiT specialurma<br />
institucionalurma meqanizmma hpova ganviTareba<br />
asambleebis umetesobaSi.<br />
saparlamento sistemebi agzavnian kiTxvebs ministrebis<br />
misamarTiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c zogierT Temebze saWiroa pasuxi zepiri an<br />
werilobiTi formiT. klasikuri magaliTi _ `SekiTxvebis<br />
dro~ didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi, iZleva SesaZleblobas<br />
kviraSi erTxel <strong>da</strong>usvan kiTxva premier-ministrs <strong>da</strong> TveSi<br />
erTxel _ sxva ministrebs. germaniSi <strong>da</strong> fineTSi miRebulia<br />
`interpolaciis~ praqtika, sa<strong>da</strong>c zepir kiTxvebs sWirdeba xmis<br />
micema asambleaSi, raTa <strong>da</strong>dgenil iqnas ndobis xarisxi miRebul<br />
kiTxvebze. SekiTxvebi, romlebsac mohyveba debatebi, gamodian<br />
specifiuri problemebis CarCoebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> iZenen ufro<br />
saerTo mniSvnelobas, amitom mosamzadebeli samuSaos mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili koncentrirdeba secialur komitetebSi.<br />
asambleebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT aseTi kontrolis<br />
ganxorcieleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
CineTis saxalxo-erovnul sabWoSi, partiis monopoliam asamblea<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia propagandis ubralo iaraRad _ Sekrebad, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
samTavrobo politika ucvlelad Rebulobs erTsulovan Tanxmobas.<br />
sxva qveynebSi did rols TamaSobs partiuli disciplina.<br />
sruli <strong>da</strong> zusti informaciebis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />
kontroli mTavrobaze. mTel rig qveynebSi (aSS, safrangeTi,<br />
holandia, kana<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> avstralia) miRebulia kanonebi, rom saparlamento<br />
warmomadgenlebi un<strong>da</strong> flobdnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Sesa-<br />
Zleblobas soliduri sagamomZieblo <strong>da</strong> saeqsperto mxar<strong>da</strong>WerisaTvis.<br />
aq Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT saocar kontrastebs _ uxv finansirebas,<br />
aSS-s kongresis wevrebis uzrunvelyofasa <strong>da</strong> didi<br />
britaneTis parlamentis arc Tu ise maRalanazraurebad cu<strong>da</strong>d<br />
<strong>da</strong>kompleqtebul <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTul samsaxurs.<br />
186 187
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momzadeba<br />
momzadeba<br />
momzadeba<br />
momzadeba<br />
momzadeba<br />
sakanonmdeblo krebebi xSirad moqmedeben, rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
rekrutirebis arxebi. aq vlindeba aSesaZlebloba <strong>da</strong><br />
talanti im xalxisa, romelic Semdeg <strong>politikuri</strong> lideri<br />
xdeba. naklebad, magram es exeba avtoritarul saxelmwifoebsac,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c sakanonmdeblo krebebi Stamps adebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs<br />
gare<strong>da</strong>n, amitom iSviaTad izi<strong>da</strong>ven seriozul politikosebs<br />
saprezidento sistemi<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebisas<br />
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia TavisTvis<br />
asambleis wevrebis rigebi<strong>da</strong>n rekrutireba. iseTi prezidentebi,<br />
rogorebic iyvnen kenedi <strong>da</strong> niqsoni, <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi iyenebdnen<br />
kongresis wevrebis xmas, Tumca qveynis saerTo tendencia mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom prezidentebad xdebian yofili gubernatorebi,<br />
magram saparlamento sistemebSi yofna aucilebeli<br />
pirobaa ministrebisa <strong>da</strong> premier-ministrebis karierisaTvis.<br />
bevr ganviTarebul <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebad qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo<br />
krebebi zrdis liderebis momaval Taobas, romlebsac eZlevaT<br />
Sansi <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong>agrovon aucilebeli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
gamocdileba, magram asambleebi am <strong>da</strong>valebebs ver<br />
umklavdebian. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, politikosi parlamentSi yovelTvis<br />
iswavlis ritorikas, an `sityvis wamosrolis xelovnebas~,<br />
magram mas aqvs ufro naklebi Sansi <strong>da</strong>euflos aq im biurokratiul<br />
<strong>da</strong> sammarTvelo gamocdilebas, romelsac iTxoven<br />
mTavrobaSi. miT umetes, asambleebi nawilobriv `afuWeben~<br />
politikosebs, aswavlian ra yvelanair wesebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs,<br />
romlebic mxolod ganacalkeveben maT amomrCevlebisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong> rigiTi partiuli muSakebisagan. yoveli SemTxvevisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom parlamentar-socialistebisaTvis parlamentarizmis<br />
idea ufro axlosaa, vidre socializmi.<br />
rrrrreJimis eJimis eJimis eJimis eJimis legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba<br />
legitimuroba<br />
parlamentis bolo funqciaa _ iTanamSromlos reJimis<br />
legitimaciasTan. parlamenti aq, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
asrulebs Tavis rols imaSi, rom sazogadoebam miiRos arsebuli<br />
marTvis sistema, rogorc `kanonieri~, `swori~, `gar<strong>da</strong>uvali~<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S. swored am mizeziT avtoritaruli <strong>da</strong> totalitaruli<br />
respublikebic ki moTminebiT itanen asambleebs, ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong> maSin, roca maT ara aqvT realuri mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZlebloba gavlena iqonio politikaze. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, asambleebi<br />
asruleben ganmanaTleblobiT <strong>da</strong>valebebs, zogjer Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovans, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c saparlamento debatebi aZlevs xalxs<br />
informacias mTavrobaze <strong>da</strong> mTavar problemaze im <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
drois wesrigis Sesaxeb, romelic dgas qveynis winaSe.<br />
dRes sakanonmdeblo krebis propagandis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
funqcia ufro ipyrobs masiur sainformacio saSualebebs.<br />
eleqtronuli mediis gavrceleba, saSualebas aZlevs<br />
mTavrobas pir<strong>da</strong>pir mimarTos milionobiT amomrCevels <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, rogorc uwin, saparlamento angariSebze.<br />
rogorc Sedegi, dRes sakanonmdeblo krebis avtoriteti<br />
ufro metad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia araTu maT sakonstitucio statusze,<br />
aramed im yuradRebaze, romelsac maT presa uTmobs. am mizeziT<br />
asambleebi zogjer ise Sewuxebulebi arian imiT, rom sxdoma<br />
televiziiT Suqdeba. aSS-Si kongresis mosmenas ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
iseTi zemoqmedeba sazogadoebaze, rom ar yofiliyo misi televiziiT<br />
gaSuqebis tradicia. did britaneTSi televizia ar <strong>da</strong>iSvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
TemTa palataSi 1989 wlamde. swored am wels pirvelad iqna<br />
televizia <strong>da</strong>Svebuli sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles sabWoSi.<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo krebis krebis krebis krebis krebis struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
sakanonmdeblo Sekrebebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT. misi wevrebi ase vTqvaT, SeiZleba iyvnen<br />
arCeulebi, <strong>da</strong>niSnulebi an memkvidreobiT miiRon TavianTi<br />
adgilebi, SeiZleba am principebis kombinaciac; Semdeg, Tu<br />
misi wevrebi eqvemdebarebian arCevnebs, maTi arCeva SeuZlia<br />
mosaxleobas an regionebs, an kidev Statebs. saarCevno ufleba<br />
SeiZleba iyos sayovelTao an SezRudvebiT, amasTan erTad<br />
SeiZleba iyos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saarCevno sistemebi. farTod gansxvavdeba<br />
sakanonmdeblo krebis masStabebi. patara respublika<br />
nayrus, romelic mdebareobs wynari okeanis <strong>da</strong>savleT centralur<br />
nawilSi, asambleaSi hyavs 18 wevri. sawinaaRmdego<br />
polusze Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT 2000 kacian saxalxo krebas CineTSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c TiToeuli deputati warmoadgens 350 aTas kacze mets.<br />
amasTan mTavari struqturuli gansxvaveba sakanonmdeblo<br />
krebebs Soris ar aris is, rom Sedgebian Tu ara isini erTi an<br />
ori palatisagan <strong>da</strong> ra rols TamaSoben maTSi komitetebi.<br />
188 189
mivaqcioT yuradReba. rogoria orpalatiani sistema<br />
Zlieri <strong>da</strong> susti mxareebiT.<br />
orpalatiani sistemis ZiriTadi Rirseba aseTia:<br />
• ze<strong>da</strong> palatebi zRu<strong>da</strong>ven qve<strong>da</strong> palatebis xelisuflebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> aferxeben `umciresobis diqtaturas~.<br />
• orpalatiani Sekreba ufro efeqturia, vidre erTpalatiani,<br />
igi aRmasrulebeli organos Zalauflebas zRu<strong>da</strong>vs,<br />
imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, ara erTi, aramed ori palata<br />
avlens mTavrobis moqmedebis ama Tu im nakls.<br />
• orpalatiani kreba afarToebs warmomadgenlobas <strong>da</strong><br />
nebas rTavs TiToeul palatas gamoxatos amomrCevelTa<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva interesi.<br />
• meore palatis arseboba iZleva ufro xarisxiani <strong>da</strong><br />
gulmodgine sakanonmdeblo muSaobis garantias. amasTan<br />
erTad, meore palata am samuSaos nawils Tavis Tavze iRebs,<br />
pirveli palatis SesaZlo Sescdomebis gamosworebiT.<br />
• meore palatas SeuZlia gamovides konstituciis meTvalyureobis<br />
garantad, SeaCeros sa<strong>da</strong>vo kanonproeqtebis miReva<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro meti dros <strong>da</strong>uTmos ganxilvebs <strong>da</strong> debatebs.<br />
orpalatiani sistemis nakli SeiZleba iyos Semdegi:<br />
• erTpalatiani kreba ufro efeqturia imitom, rom meore<br />
palatis arsebobam SeiZleba gaarTulos sakanonmdeblo<br />
procesi.<br />
• ori palata xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba demokartiuli gamovlinebebis<br />
principebs, gansakuTrebiT roca maTi wevrebi<br />
an iniSnebian an irCevian arapir<strong>da</strong>piri wesiT.<br />
• orpalatiani sistemebi ixrebian institucionaluri<br />
konfliqtisaken<br />
• orpalatiani krebebi zRu<strong>da</strong>ven <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis procesTan xelmisawvdomobas. sakanonmdeblo<br />
kiTxvebSi bolo sityva ekuTvnis gaerTianebul<br />
komitetebs.<br />
• meore palatebi xSirad arian konservatiulebi, romlebic<br />
gamodian <strong>politikuri</strong> elitis interesebis matareblad.<br />
erTi erTi erTi erTi erTi Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu ori ori ori ori ori palata? palata? palata? palata? palata?<br />
odesRac iugoslavia eqsperiments atareb<strong>da</strong> xuTpalatiani<br />
parlamentiT, 1984 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1999 wlamde samxreT afrikas hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
sampalatiani asamblea. asambleebis umetesobas gaaCnia erTi<br />
an ori palata. erTpalatiani asambleebi iyo aqamde gavrcelebuli<br />
afrikaSi, dRes aseTs warmoadgens CineTis sakanonmdeblo<br />
kreba. amasve vxe<strong>da</strong>vT mTel rig postsocialur saxelmwifoebSi,<br />
romlebsac memkvidreobiT ergoT TavianTi asambleebi<br />
wina droebi<strong>da</strong>n. sainteresoa rom meore msoflio omis<br />
dros erTpalatiani asambleebis tendencia mTel msoflioSi<br />
iyo TvalsaCino: israelma 1948 wels <strong>da</strong>amkvidra erTpalatiani<br />
parlamenti (qneseTi), meore palatebi gaauqmes 1950 wels axal<br />
zelandiaSi, 1954 wels – <strong>da</strong>niaSi, 1970 wels – SveicariaSi.<br />
arsebobs zogierTi mowmoba imis sasargeblod, rom erTpalatiani<br />
asambleebi ufro efeqturia <strong>da</strong> misaRebi vidre orpalatianebi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme exeba arc Tu ise<br />
bevri <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT socialuri sazogadoebis moTxovnebs.<br />
abat siesis cnobili gamonaTqvamis mixedviT (1789 w.) „Tuki<br />
ze<strong>da</strong> palata eTanxmeba qve<strong>da</strong>s, is ar aris saWiro, Tu ar eTanxmeba<br />
sazianoa”. saxelmwifoTa umetes nawils or palatiani<br />
asambleebi aqvT.<br />
saqme imaSia rom orpalatiani parlamentebi gamodian<br />
liberaluri konstitucionalizmis principiT. es imitom, rom<br />
saxeldobr es principi yvelaze metad gamoxatavs winaaRmdegobebs,<br />
rogorc parlamentis SigniT, aseve parlamentisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris.<br />
yvela 16 federaciul saxelmwifos aqvs orpalatiani<br />
parlamenti, 14 amaTgan ze<strong>da</strong> palatas warmoadgens provinciebi<br />
an Statebi. ukanasknels SuZlia hqondes an Tanabari warmomadgenloba,<br />
rogorc avstraliaSi Sveicariasa <strong>da</strong> aSS-Sia, an<br />
iyvnen warmodgenilebi TavianTi mosaxleobis raodenobis<br />
mixedviT, rogorc avstriasa <strong>da</strong> germaniaSia. arafederaciul<br />
saxelmwifoebSi ze<strong>da</strong> palata asrulebs <strong>da</strong>valebas, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos<br />
regionaluri winaaRmdegobebi. <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis<br />
umravlesobaSi konstituciurad <strong>da</strong> politikurad meore palata<br />
eqvemdebareba pirvels, romelic moiazreba rogorc saxalxo<br />
universitetis adgilmdebareoba. ufro metad es <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
saparlameto sistemebisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c mTavroba angariSvaldebulia<br />
qve<strong>da</strong> palatis winaSe <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis formird-<br />
190 191
eba misis wevrebisagan. norvegiaSi <strong>da</strong> hol<strong>da</strong>ndiaSi yvela<br />
kanonproeqti, xolo indoeTSi, kana<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> did britaneTSi<br />
yvela finansuri kanonproeqti SeaqvT qve<strong>da</strong> palataSi gansaxilvelad.<br />
amasTan erTad meore palatas SeiZleba hqondes<br />
vetos <strong>da</strong>debis ufleba. iaponiaSi pirvel palatas SeuZlia<br />
umravlesobis 2/3 – iT ga<strong>da</strong>laxos meore palatis nebismieri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. did britaneTSi lordTa palatas SeuZlia<br />
erTi wliT ga<strong>da</strong>dos <strong>da</strong>ufinansebeli kanonmdeblobis ganxilva<br />
<strong>da</strong> SeuZlia agreTve veto <strong>da</strong>ados saparlamento arCevnebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tanis vadebs. umetes SemTxvevaSi meore palatis sisuste<br />
momdinareobs iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom mas ufro viwro warmomadgenloba<br />
hyavs. germaniaSi ,avstriasa <strong>da</strong> indoeTSi mis wevrebs irCeven<br />
arapir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT, belgiaSi malaiziasa <strong>da</strong> irlandiaSi erTmaneTs<br />
erwymis arCevnebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSvnebic. britaneTSi lord-<br />
Ta palata „nominirebs” orpalatiani ansableis ufro Zlier<br />
versias. italiaSi deputatTa palata <strong>da</strong> senati irCeva pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
arCevnebis gziT <strong>da</strong> sargeblobs Tanabari sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebiT. saarCevno kolegia, romelic orive palatas<br />
irCevs, aq aseve irCevs prezidents, xolo premier ministrs <strong>da</strong><br />
ministrTa sabWos koleqtiuri pauxismgebloba aqvs yvela sakanonmdeblo<br />
Sekrebis winaSe. aSS-s kongresi SeiZleba warmoadgendes<br />
asambleis erTaderT magaliTs, romelSic dominirebs<br />
ze<strong>da</strong> palata. saga<strong>da</strong>saxado <strong>da</strong>begvris yvela kanoni SeaqvT<br />
warmomadgenlobiT palataSi, mxolod senats aqvs ufleba molaparakebis<br />
ratificireba moaxdinos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSvnebi <strong>da</strong>amtkicos.<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis yvelaze didi problema<br />
or palatas Soris mosalodneli konfliqtia, rodesac maT<br />
aqvT erTnairi Zalaufleba, aucilebelia raRacnairi meqanizmi,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>exmareba mas SesaZlebeli uTanxmoebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta-<br />
Si. xSirad, aseTi meqanizmis rols Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT aSS-s kongresis<br />
komitetis saxiT, romelSic gaerTianebulia orive palatis<br />
wamyvani figurebi <strong>da</strong> romlebsac neba <strong>da</strong>rTuli aqvT<br />
Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi gamoimuSaon kompromisuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba,<br />
Tumca qve<strong>da</strong> palata (bundestagi) sakanonmdeblo funqciiT<br />
aris mTavari, ze<strong>da</strong> palatas (bundesrats) aqvs vetos ufleba<br />
konstiticiuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze, aseve miwebTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
SirebiT. uTanxmoebis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi isini ga<strong>da</strong>ecema<br />
gaerTianebul SemTanxmeblur komitets, romelic Sedgeba orive<br />
palatis Tanabari raodenobis wevrebisagan.<br />
orpalatiani asambleebis kidev erTi pretenzia mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom isini miesalmebian konservatiul tendenciebs.<br />
Tu romelime palata asrulebs Tavis funqcias konstituciuri<br />
struqturis <strong>da</strong>sacavad, rodesac rTuldeba radikaluri<br />
an sa<strong>da</strong>vo xasiaTis kanonebis gasvla, aseTi tendencia SeiZleba<br />
gamarTlebuli iqnas. xdeba isec, rom meore palata blokavs<br />
an ar aRiarebs kanonebs, romlebic miRebulia demokratiulad<br />
arCeuli qve<strong>da</strong> palatis mier. paradoqsulia, magram SiZleba<br />
sawinaaRmdegoc, bolo dros amerikis senati ufro liberaluri<br />
iyo vidre warmomadgenelTa palata, xolo did britaneTSi<br />
1980-ian wlebSi lordTa palata gamovi<strong>da</strong> ufro Zlier<br />
mowinaaRmdeged tetCeris mTavrobis mimarT, vidre TemTa palata.<br />
komitetis komitetis komitetis komitetis komitetis upiratesoba upiratesoba upiratesoba upiratesoba upiratesoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nakli nakli nakli nakli nakli<br />
komiteti – es aris arc Tu ise didi samuSao jgufi,<br />
romelic Sedgeba romelime didi organos wevrebisagan <strong>da</strong> aqvs<br />
gansakuTrebiTi uflebamosileba. specialuri komitetebi magaliTad<br />
iqmnebian romelime konkretuli <strong>da</strong>valebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad<br />
<strong>da</strong> isini <strong>da</strong>iTxovebian am <strong>da</strong>valebis Sesrulebis Semdeg.<br />
mudmivi komitetebi floben grZelvadian uflebamosilebas.<br />
komitetebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes ufro mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi xelisuflebis<br />
sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel organoebSi.<br />
komitetis upiratesobisagan SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:<br />
komitetebSi SeiZleba waradgino sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Sexedulebebi,<br />
azrebi <strong>da</strong> interesebi<br />
komitetebi uflebas aZleven Caataron ufro grZelvadiani,<br />
yovlismomcveli <strong>da</strong> detaluri diskusiebi.<br />
maT xelewifebaT ufro efeqturi <strong>da</strong> Cqari ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miReba. sawinaaRmdego azris SezRudva.<br />
komitetebSi SeiZleba Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawileba, romelic xels<br />
Seuwyobs <strong>da</strong>grovil codnas <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebas. amasTan komitetebi<br />
mainc imsaxureben kritikas.<br />
is vinc afuZnebs komitets SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>brkolebis gareSe<br />
misiT imani puliros.<br />
komitetebis muSaobaSi Cadebulia tendencia centralizaciisaken,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu Tavjdomaris roli ganusazRvrelia.<br />
192 193
komitetebi zRu<strong>da</strong>ven Sexedulebebis <strong>da</strong> interesTa speqtrs<br />
romelic yuradRebiT miiReba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebisas.<br />
komitetebi cdiloben TavianT wevrebs ZiriTadi samuSaosagan<br />
yuradReba ga<strong>da</strong>ataninon <strong>da</strong> amiT xels uwodeben<br />
“cruwarmomadgenlobis” fenomens.<br />
komitetebi<br />
komitetebi<br />
komitetebi<br />
komitetebi<br />
komitetebi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis komiteti aris TiTqmis yvela saxis<br />
asambleaSi, ufro metic, varaudoben, rom am sistemis gavrceleba<br />
sakanonmdeblo Sekrebebze Tu sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva institutSi avlens<br />
Tanamedrove politikis specialur niSans. komitetebi,<br />
rogorc amboben, gamoxataven xelisuflebis arss sakanonmdeblo<br />
Sekrebebze; vudro vilsonis sityvebiT kongresis Zalaufleba,<br />
es komitetebis xelisuflebaa, kongresi Tavis sesiaze –<br />
es publikisTvisaa. kongresi komitetSi komitetis sxdomisaTvis<br />
– es muSaobaa. SemTxveviT araa, rom asambleis muSaobaze<br />
maTi komitetebis mixedviT amboben: “Zlier asambleebSi Zlieri<br />
komitetia, sustSi – susti”.<br />
sakanonmdeblo krebebze komitetebs aqvT sami funqcii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
erTi mainc:<br />
1. detalurad ganixilaven sakanonmdeblo iniciativebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> dRis wesrigSi arsebul problemebs, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni<br />
arian finansebTan. am funqciiT isini ara marto amsubuqeben<br />
sakanonmdeblo organos muSaobis simZimes, aramed maT<br />
SeuZliaT kanonpreqtis ufro gulmodgine <strong>da</strong> zusti analizi,<br />
vidre es SesaZlebelia “parlamentis tribuni<strong>da</strong>n”. Cveulebriv,<br />
yvelaferi es xdeba muSa komitetebSi, romelTa kompetencia<br />
SeiZleba iyos ufro farTo <strong>da</strong> moqnili, rogorc es did<br />
britaneTsa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTSia, an viwrospecializirebuli, rogorc<br />
germaniasa <strong>da</strong> aSS-Sia.<br />
2. komitetebi iqmnebian mTavrobis saqmianobis gasakontroleblad.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, isini iqmnebian mudmivi <strong>da</strong> specializirebulni,<br />
radgan maT rom Seasrulon TavianTi <strong>da</strong>valebebi,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia iseTive done eqspertizisa, codnisa <strong>da</strong> informaciulobis,<br />
rogorsac floben aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
organoebi. aSS-s kongresSi magaliTad am funqciebs<br />
akisreben mudmivad muSaTa komitetebs, im dros, rogorc ki did<br />
britaneTis <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis erovnul krebaze yalibdeba ram-<br />
denime sameTvalyureo komiteti aramudmivi funqciebiT.<br />
3. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, uwinares yovlisa maT,<br />
romlebsac yvelaze metad aRelvebT sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> iTxoven<br />
Tavisebur gamoZiebas iqmneba specialuri komitetebi, arc Tu<br />
ise didi xnis win aSS-s istoriaSi magaliTad gamoZiebebisaTvis<br />
ufro cnobili komiteti iyo irvinis komiteti uotergeitsis<br />
saqmeze <strong>da</strong> warmomadgenelTa palatis antiamerikuli<br />
saqmianobis komiteti, romelmac gaiTqva saxeli Tavisi makartizmiT.<br />
msoflios sakanonmdeblo krebebi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos sam<br />
kategoriad:<br />
1. asambleebi, romlebic politikas akeTeben, floben sakmao<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobas <strong>da</strong> aqtiurad zemoqmedeben politikur<br />
procesebze.<br />
2. asambleebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze,<br />
SeuZliaT ase Tu ise Secvalon <strong>politikuri</strong> procesi, rom<br />
mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod reagireba moaxdinos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
iniciativaze.<br />
3. asambleebi, rmlebic eqvemdebarebian aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebas, floben mxolod umniSvnelo gavlenas politikaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> umetes SemTxvevaSi mxolod „Stamps” adeben ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas,<br />
romlebic maT kedlebs miRma miiRes.<br />
asambleebi, romlebic qmnian politikas msoflioSi Zalian<br />
cotaa. realuri poziciuri gavlena rom aRmouCinos politikur<br />
process, asamblea un<strong>da</strong> pasuxobdes sam kategorias:<br />
1. flobdes sakmaod konstituciur statuss <strong>da</strong> avtoritets.<br />
2. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan un<strong>da</strong> flobdes realur<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas.<br />
3. udna hqondes sakmarisi monoliTuroba.<br />
Tanamedrove periodSi yvelaze naTeli, SeiZleba erTaderTic,<br />
politikis mkeTebeli asamblea aris aSS-s kongresi. es<br />
SeiZleba iyos unikaluri movlena.. Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofa aZlevs<br />
kongress konstitucionalur <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas <strong>da</strong> misgan gamomdinare<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis uflebas. is garemoeba, rom Si<strong>da</strong>partiuli<br />
kavSirebi aq Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sustia, prezidents uflebas<br />
arTmevs Cveulebrivi xerxebiT zemoqmedeba moaxdinos sakanonmdeblo<br />
procesebze. suraTs srulyofils xdis komitetebis<br />
sakmaod mozrdili sistema, <strong>da</strong> bolos, kongreisis reformebis<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n 1946-e personalis mizidvis mxriv <strong>da</strong> informaciis<br />
mosapoveblad is flobs iseT resursebs, rom am kuTxiT saer-<br />
194 195
Tod saWiroebs TeTri saxlis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras. am upiratesobebis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, kongresma meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Tavisi zegavlena<br />
<strong>da</strong>karga: „axali kursis” <strong>da</strong>wyebi<strong>da</strong>n kongresi <strong>da</strong> masTan<br />
erTad amerikeli sazogadoeba <strong>politikuri</strong> lideris ZiebaSi<br />
arian. kongresis mTavari tvirTi prezidentis sakanonmdeblo<br />
programebis ganxilva iyo. kongresis, rogorc politikis iniciatoris<br />
roli SesamCnevad sustdebo<strong>da</strong> viTarebaSi, rodesac<br />
kongresi eqceo<strong>da</strong> „imperiuli” prezidentebis zegavlenis qveS.<br />
„uotergeitsis skan<strong>da</strong>lis” Semdeg kongresi gamococxl<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro mtkiced <strong>da</strong>dga TeTr saxlTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong> amasTanave<br />
man mTeli rigi reformebic gaatara sakomiteto sistemebSi.<br />
zegavlena Seumcir<strong>da</strong> mis Tavjdomareebs, xolo partiuli disciplina<br />
ki ufro ganmtkic<strong>da</strong>: partiebi <strong>da</strong>niSvnebze axdenen<br />
zegavlenas. kongresis ufro naTeli c<strong>da</strong>, aeRo Tavis xelSi<br />
sajaro politikis kontroli, ekuTvnis arCevnebis Semdgom<br />
periods (1994), rodesac respublikuri umravlesoba warmomadgenelTa<br />
palatis spikerma niuton gingriCenma wamoayena<br />
radikaluri programa ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo xarjebis<br />
Semcirebis Sesaxeb lozungiT: `awarmoo molaparakeba<br />
amerikasTan~. politikis mkeTebeli asambleebis sxva magali-<br />
Tis <strong>da</strong>naxva SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> ssrk-Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c gorbaCovis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
programis mTavar komponentad 1980-ian wlebSi iyo `mudmivad<br />
momsmeni~ ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos Secvla saerTo saxalxod<br />
arCeuli deputatTa sabWos mier. konstituciis muxliT xelisuflebaze<br />
partiuli monopolis Secvlis Sesaxeb<br />
kval<strong>da</strong>kval Seiqmna analogiuri parlamentebi yvela TxuTmet<br />
sabWoTa respublikaSi _ pirveli <strong>da</strong> istoriulad axali situacia<br />
qveynisaTvis, rasac <strong>politikuri</strong> pluralizmi hqvia. rodesac<br />
1991 w. konservatorulma Zalebma moaxdines putCi gorba-<br />
Covis ga<strong>da</strong>yenebis mizniT, parlamentis SenobaSi mogvevlina<br />
elcini, romelic Caudga saTaveSi brZolas putCistebTan.<br />
putCis kraxi <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Sla 1991 w. dekemberSi<br />
elcins Semoubrun<strong>da</strong> imiT, rom mas ganudga parlamenti,<br />
romelic mtrulad uyureb<strong>da</strong> mis liberalur politikas.<br />
elcini iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> gaenTavisuflebina Tavisi mTavrobis<br />
ZiriTadi ministrebi <strong>da</strong> Seenelebina qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
reformebi. swored am periodSi ruseTis parlamenti moqmedeb<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc `politikis mkeTebeli asamblea~. yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong><br />
1993 w. oqtomberSi, rodesac konservatorebma kvlav moawyves<br />
amboxeba elcinis mcdelobis gamo <strong>da</strong>eTxova parlamenti, romel-<br />
sac Semdeg moyvebo<strong>da</strong> TeTri saxlis samxedro gziT aReba <strong>da</strong><br />
prezidentis mmarTvelobis SemoReba. axali konstituciiT,<br />
romelic miRebuli iqna 1993 w. umaRlesi sabWo Seicvala<br />
federaluri saTaTbiroTi, romelic Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
dumisagan (qve<strong>da</strong> palata) <strong>da</strong> federaciis sabWo (ze<strong>da</strong> palata),<br />
Tumca federalurma saTaTbirom gamoimuSava seriozuli sakanonmdeblo<br />
potenciali, misi sxva funqciebi, romlebic asambleebs<br />
axasiaTebs, jer kidev Zlierni ar arian.<br />
saparlamento sistemisaTvis ufro <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelni arian<br />
ara `asambleebi~, romlebic qmnian politikas, `aramed asambleebi,<br />
romlebic zemoqmedeben politikaze~.<br />
Tu ra doziT SeuZlia asambleas zemoqmedeba politikaze,<br />
ganisazRvreba ori faqtoriT: 1. ramdenad gamZlea mmarTveli<br />
partiis pozicia <strong>da</strong> 2. ramdenad SeuZlia am partias SeinarCunos<br />
Sinagani erTianoba.<br />
saparlamento sistemebi, romlebic SeeCvivnen erTi partiis<br />
xangrZliv mmarTvelobas, Cveulebriv aqvT Zalian susti<br />
asambleebi, radganac isini imyofebian aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
mkacri gavlenis an kontrolis qveS. safrangeTis mexuTe<br />
respublikaSi Tavis droze iqna miRebuli mizanmimarTuli<br />
mcdeloba parlamentis Sesasusteblad, radgan Tavi aeridebinaT<br />
im konfliqturi <strong>da</strong> obstruqciuli politikisagan, romelmac<br />
ziani miayena meoTxe respublikas. aRmocen<strong>da</strong> axali, ufro<br />
racionaluri sistema, sa<strong>da</strong>c prezidenti dominirebs upiratesad<br />
Tavisi partiis gasakontroleblad, <strong>da</strong> aseve Tavisi uflebis<br />
safuZvelze nacionaluri krebis <strong>da</strong>saTxovad imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom SemdegSi moagrovos ufro soliduri umravlesoba.<br />
ase moiqca degoli 1962-1968 w.w. xolo miterani 1981-1988<br />
wlebSi. degolma Seamcira nacionaluri krebis SesaZleblobebi,<br />
SezRu<strong>da</strong> misi kanonSemoqmedebis uflebamosileba imiT, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>awesa sakonstitucio sabWo uflebiT uzrunvelyo konstitucionaluri<br />
kanonebis Sesabamisoba. 1981 wels, rodesac golistebis<br />
batonoba <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, nacionalur krebebs isev gauCn<strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZlebloba gavlena moexdina politikaze, xolo miterani<br />
iZulebuli iyo eTanamSromla golistebis mTavrobasTan Jak<br />
Siraqis meTaurobiT. igive ganmeor<strong>da</strong> konfrontaciaSi Jorpenis<br />
socialistur mTavrobasTan. ufro naTel suraTs iZlevian<br />
adre arsebuli asambleebi, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen komunistur<br />
reJims, <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadi qveynebis asambleebi. umkacresi<br />
partiuli kontroli <strong>da</strong> arCevnebze Sejibris ararseboba, niS-<br />
196 197
nav<strong>da</strong>, rom asambleebi imuSavebdnen mTavrobis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba-<br />
Ta erTsulovani mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris atmosferoSi. kontroli odnav<br />
<strong>da</strong>sustdebo<strong>da</strong> Tu ara, reJimebi umal ganicdidnen ryevas. mag:<br />
`soli<strong>da</strong>robis~ <strong>da</strong>majerebelma gamarjvebam 1989 w. poloneTis<br />
saparlamento arCevnebze Ziri mouTxara komunistur mmarTvelobas,<br />
romelic aq 1945 wli<strong>da</strong>n arsebob<strong>da</strong>. aziis <strong>da</strong> afrikis ganvi-<br />
Tarebad qveynebSi asambleebi axdendnen sazogadoebis integrirebas,<br />
vidre realurad moqmedebdnen politikaze. mTavari maTi<br />
funqciaa uzrunvelyon <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis legitimacia.<br />
asambleis mniSvnelobis Taviseburi maCvenebeli amnair<br />
saxelmwifoebSi aris Semdegi: diqtaturis xelisuflebaSi,<br />
mosvlisTanave Tu ar <strong>da</strong>xures, aCereben parlamentis muSaobas.<br />
asambleis rolis <strong>da</strong>cemaze didi xania saubroben, xolo<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb SeSfoTeba<br />
utoldeba bourokratias <strong>da</strong> 19 saukunis bolosTvis aRwevs<br />
piks. SeSfoTeba aixsneba imiT, rom monteskies <strong>da</strong> lokis droi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
asambleebi iyvnen warmomadgenlobiTi, mTavrobis ideis mTavari<br />
matareblebi. sakiTxavia, sWirdeba Tu ara kargi mmarTveloba<br />
Zlier asambleas. parlamentis Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyos<br />
mTavari, ganusazRvreli, metismeti, gansakuTrebiT maSinac, roca<br />
amis gamo <strong>politikuri</strong> procesi iwyebs `erT adgilze gaCerebas~.<br />
amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, magaliTad aSS-s kongresSi arian<br />
aramarto aRtacebuli enTuziastebi, aramed kritikosebic. dRes<br />
yvela Tanaxmaa, rom me-20 saukuneSi asambleebis Zalaufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> statusi Seicvala uaresisken, SeiZleba Tu ara aq laparaki<br />
asambleebis rolis <strong>da</strong>cemaze an maTi miznebis <strong>da</strong> funqciebis<br />
Secvlaze? _ es ukve sxva sakiTxia.<br />
am cvlilebebbis gamowvevis mTavari faqtorebia:<br />
•disciplinaruli <strong>politikuri</strong> partiis aRmoceneba;<br />
•`didi mTavrobis~ gamovlena;<br />
•asambleebis organizaciuli sisuste;<br />
•interesTa jgufebis gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> masobrivi informaciebis<br />
saSualebebze Zalauflebis gaZliereba.<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo krebebis krebebis krebebis krebebis krebebis renesansi<br />
renesansi<br />
renesansi<br />
renesansi<br />
renesansi<br />
bolo xanebSi parlamentebi iqcnen axali `<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
komunikaciebis meqanizmebad~, <strong>da</strong> Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT im mzadyofnas, Tu<br />
rogori asambleebi uReben TavianT karebs Jurnalistebs <strong>da</strong><br />
oratorebs (un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs<br />
SeuZliaT rogorc asambleebis aRzeveba, aseve talaxSi<br />
amosvra). ufro TvalnaTelia tendencia parlamentebis profesionaluri<br />
muSaobisaTvis. aSS-is kongresis magaliTze bevri<br />
asamblea amagrebs Tavis komitetebs, afarToebs TavianT personalebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> TiToeuls aniWeben met SesaZleblobas.<br />
ufro metic, did britaneTSi <strong>da</strong> sxva saxelmwifoebSi<br />
asambleebi xdebian ufro <strong>da</strong>moukidebelni. am dros partiebi<br />
Sinaganad metad disci plinirebulebi xdebian. dRes yvelaze<br />
metad informirebulni amomrCevlebi arian <strong>da</strong> isini parlamentSi<br />
TavianTi warmomadgenlobisagan ufro mets moiTxoven,<br />
meore mxirv, imdenad ganaTlebuli <strong>da</strong> kargad momzadebuli<br />
parlamentarebi ufro naklebad arian mzad imoqmedon vinmes<br />
miTiTebiT. saerTo gageba imisa, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis<br />
legitimacia <strong>da</strong> stabiluroba ukavSirdeba misi parlamentis<br />
xarisxs, iZleva garantias: Tu sadme asamblea xdeba ufro<br />
susti, amis Sesaxeb aucileblad iqneba protesti gamoxatuli.<br />
sakiTxi dgas ase: saWiro balansis moZebna aRmasrulebel <strong>da</strong><br />
sakanonmdeblo frTebs Soris ver gaeqceva sufTa normatiul<br />
moTxovnebs imasTan mimarTebaSi, rom sazogadoeba erTi mxriv,<br />
saWiroebs politikur warmomadgenlobas, meore mxriv _ Zlier<br />
mTavrobas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
• termini `sakanonmdeblo kreba~ (saTaTbiro), `asamblea~,<br />
`legislatura~ <strong>da</strong> `parlamenti~ ixmareba, rogorc sinonimebi.<br />
termini `asamblea~ (kreba), SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es instituti<br />
sxva gagebiT warmoadgens TiTon xalxs, romelmac ndoba<br />
gamoucxa<strong>da</strong> araprofesional politikosebs <strong>da</strong> ara saxelmwifo<br />
Cinovnikebs. termini `legislatura~ arc Tu ise zustia,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c asambleebi iSviaTad floben monopolias sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebaze. termini `parlamenti~ aqcents akeTebs<br />
im momentze, rom asambleebi forumebs emsaxurebian sadiskusiod<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> problemebis Zirfesviani ganxilvisaTvis.<br />
• saparlamento sistema _ sistemaa, romelSic saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTveloba realizdeba parlamentis meSveobiT. parlamentis<br />
wevrebisagan yalibdeba xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> es xelisufleba<br />
parlaments eqvemdebareba. saprezidento sistema <strong>da</strong>m-<br />
198 199
yarebulia Zalauflebis ganawilebaze asambleis <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel<br />
institutebs Soris. amiT iqmneba sistema, romelSic<br />
ori <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Sto erTmaneTze zemoqmedebs <strong>da</strong> Zlier<br />
gavlenas axdens.<br />
• asambleebi ganasaxiereben TavianT TavSi kavSirs saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTvelobis sistemis <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas Soris _ es<br />
Taviseburi komunikaciuri arxia, romlis meSveobiT sazogadoeba<br />
saxelmwifos uzrunvelyofs mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, saxelmwifo<br />
ki sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebze reagirebs. asambleis mTavari<br />
funqciebia _ kanonebis miReba, warmomadgenlobiTi organos<br />
saxiT moqmedeba, saxelmwifos mimarT iyos Tavisebur makontrolebel<br />
instanciad, ganaxorcielos politikosebis rekrutireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> mocemuli <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis legitimurobas<br />
mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros.<br />
• asamblea erTi an ori palatisagan Sedgeba. orpalatianobis<br />
upiratesoba imaSia, rom is aiZulebs politikur sistemaSi<br />
Sekavebas <strong>da</strong> masi moaqvs ufro farTo warmomadgenlobis<br />
idea, rac ufro mniSvnelovania federaciuli sistemebisaTvis.<br />
misi nakli imaSi gamoixateba, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> procesi masSi<br />
xSirad neldeba <strong>da</strong> zogjer CixSi Sedis. sakanonmdeblo procesis<br />
maRal dones parlamentis komiteti gansazvravs: Zlier<br />
asambleas hyavs _ Zlieri komiteti; susts _ susti.<br />
• asamblea iSiaTad akeTebs politikas, Cveulebrivad is<br />
marto gavlenas axdens politikaze, an <strong>da</strong> mTlianad kontrolirdeba<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. Zalauflebis moculoba,<br />
romelsac flobs asamblea, rigi faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba;<br />
asambleis konstituciuri ZlevamosilebebiT, aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebisagan <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis xarisxiT,<br />
partiuli sistemis xasiaTiT <strong>da</strong> asambleis Si<strong>da</strong> monoliturobis<br />
xarisxiT.<br />
• asambleis <strong>da</strong>cema Sewuxebas gamoxatavs, imitom rom isini<br />
yovelTvis asocirdebodnen warmomadgenlobiTi <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgebeli<br />
mTavrobis idealTan. asambleebi kargaven TavianT uwindel<br />
mniSvnelobas imis gamo, rom gamoCndnen partiebi Zlieri<br />
saSinao <strong>politikuri</strong> discipliniT. gaizar<strong>da</strong> mTavrobis roli,<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ufro safuZvlianad ayalibebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> amyarebs politikas, vidre parlamenti <strong>da</strong> bolos, gamoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
mravalgvari interesTa jgufebi <strong>da</strong> masobrivi informaciis<br />
saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> maTi mniSvneloba sistematurad matulobs.<br />
Tavi Tavi XIV<br />
XIV<br />
aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba saxelmwifos absoluturad<br />
aucilebeli atributia. politikurma sistemebma SeiZleba ifunqcioniron<br />
konstituciis, sakanonmdeblo krebis, sasamarTlosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> partiis gareSe, magram maT ar SeuZliaT arseboba<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gareSe, vinai<strong>da</strong>n rom ara es<br />
ukanaskneli saxelmwifo ver SeimuSaveb<strong>da</strong> sakuTar politikas<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad verc cxovrebaSi gaatareb<strong>da</strong> mas.<br />
aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
xelisuflebis<br />
xelisuflebis<br />
xelisuflebis<br />
xelisuflebis<br />
struqtura struqtura struqtura struqtura struqtura <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
vin vin vin vin vin vin vin vin vin vin aris aris aris aris aris aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis sistemaSi<br />
sistemaSi<br />
sistemaSi<br />
sistemaSi<br />
sistemaSi<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba aris saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
marTvis sistemis ganStoeba, romelic pasuxismgebelia “Sesrulebaze”,<br />
anu politikis ganxorcielebaze. praqtikaSi misi<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sfero bevrad ufro farTo <strong>da</strong> rTulia, vidre<br />
aRniSnuli gansazRvra gulisxmobs. agreTve rTulia aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis struqturac. pirvel rigSi aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis sitema moicavs `politikur~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`biurokratiul~ elementebs anu politikosebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebs, ufro farTod ki, politikisa <strong>da</strong> administraciis<br />
sferoebs. aseve, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SigniT<br />
arsebobs <strong>da</strong>nayofebi statusisa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis sferoebis<br />
mixedviT. im dros, rodesac asambleebi muSaoben parlamentTan<br />
Tanasworobis formalur principze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, marTavs “piramidis<br />
princips” anu ierarqiul organizebas. martivad rom vTqvaT,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi viRacas ufro meti, viRacas ki ufro naklebi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
ufro mkafio gansxvaveba politikur <strong>da</strong> biurokratiul<br />
elementebs Soris, yovel SemTxvevaSi Teoriulad mainc,<br />
vlindeba saparlamento sistemebSi maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> rekrutirebis gansakuTrebuli meqanizmebiT.<br />
aq aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRles politikur<br />
rgols (premier-ministri <strong>da</strong> kabinetis ministrebi) Seadgenen<br />
parlamentSi arCeuli politikosebi, romlebic pasux-<br />
200 201
ismgebelni arian parlamentis winaSe. maTi amocanaa _ SeimuSaon<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaataron TavianTi partiisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri<br />
prioritetebis Sesabamisi politika. Tumca, ufro farTod<br />
“aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis oficialuri pirebi” saku-<br />
Tar TavSi aerTianeben saxelmwifo moxeleebsac _ profesionalebs,<br />
romlebic iniSnebian mTavrobaSi <strong>da</strong> sakuTar<br />
ministrebTan mimarTebaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> neitralitetisa <strong>da</strong><br />
loialurobis principze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT aRasruleben administraciul<br />
politikas.<br />
ufro martivia saubari aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
SigniT ierarqiuli safexurebis Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisa<br />
misi bunebrivi tendenciaa erTi pirovnebis garSemo koncentrireba.<br />
rogorc monteskie wer<strong>da</strong>: “xelisuflebis es Sto,<br />
romlis mudmivi sazrunavia Sesrulebis siswrafe, ukeTesad<br />
imarTeba ufro erTi, vidre mravali piris meSveobiT”. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba visaubroT ori Tanamdebobis<br />
arsebobaze, romelsac erTi <strong>da</strong> imave pirovneba iTavsebs:<br />
erTi mxriv, aris saxelmwifos meTauri _ xSirad simboluri<br />
figura, romelsac gaaCnia mxolod formaluri Zalaufleba,<br />
meore mxriv ki _ mTavrobis meTauri, romelic warmoadgens<br />
saxelmwifos mTavar aRmasrulebel pirs farTo <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
pasuxismgeblobiT. maSin, rodesac aSS-is, ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> safrange-<br />
Tis prezidentebi (<strong>politikuri</strong> JargoniT rom iTqvas) “atareben<br />
or quds”, anu sakuTar TavSi aerTianeben orive kategorias,<br />
saparlamento sistemebSi ki zemoT warmodgenili es ori posti<br />
gayofilia: aq aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mTavari piri<br />
premier-ministria, xolo saxelmwifo meTauris posti rogorc<br />
wesi ukavia pirovnebas, romelic partiul <strong>da</strong> sxva interesebs<br />
xelmZRvanelobs.<br />
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi meTauris Semdeg dganan<br />
ministrebi (sxva tradiciiT _ mdivnebi), romlebic pasuxismgebelni<br />
arian politikis calkeul mimarTulebebze. maTi mimarTulebebis<br />
mniSvnelobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare (rogorc wesi ufro<br />
mniSvnelovan figurebad iTvlebian ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> sagareo<br />
saqmeTa ministrebi) <strong>da</strong> imis mixedviT, Sedian Tu ara isini<br />
kabinetSi (arian Tu ara kabinetis wvrebi) ministrebs Soris<br />
wesdeba garkveuli ierarqia.<br />
martivad rom iTqvas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> rgolis amocanaa, `win gauZRves sazogadoebas~,<br />
ganaxorcielos masSi <strong>politikuri</strong> lideroba. igi SesaZlebe-<br />
lia warmovidginoT rogorc saxelmwifos ZiriTadi birTvi.<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis <strong>politikuri</strong> rgolis wevrebs<br />
yovelTvis uxdebaT ramdenime funqciis Sesruleba, zogjer<br />
erTdroula<strong>da</strong>c ki. metad mniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong>rgebs warmoadgenen:<br />
• ceremonialuri xasiaTis movaleobebi;<br />
• politikis ganxorcielebaze kontroli;<br />
• <strong>politikuri</strong> lideroba, rogorsac mas sazogadoeba xe<strong>da</strong>vs;<br />
• saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTva;<br />
• krizisul situaciebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba.<br />
saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobaTa meTaurebi, ufro naklebad<br />
ki ministrebi erTgvarad ganasaxiereben saxelmwifos.<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis personificirebiT isini<br />
simbolurad warmoadgenen sakuTriv mTeli qveynis erTianobas.<br />
am rols umTavresad formaluri <strong>da</strong> ceremonialuri xasiaTi<br />
aqvs, romelic vrceldeba iseT SemTxvevebze, rogoricaa saxelmwifo<br />
RonisZiebebi, sazRvargareTuli vizitebi, saerTa-<br />
Soriso konferenciebi, xelSekrulebebis ratifikacia <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
kanonebze xelis mowera. arsebobs <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c aseTi ceremonialuri movaleobebis Sesruleba<br />
ekisreba `arammarTvel~ prezidents an monarqs maSin, rodesac<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sxva pirebi <strong>da</strong>kavebulni<br />
arian saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri saqmeebiT. magram un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas,<br />
rom mocemuli roli cdeba ubralo ceremonialurobis<br />
CarCoebs <strong>da</strong> realurad mas gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs.<br />
kontroli kontroli kontroli kontroli kontroli politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis ganxorcielebaze<br />
ganxorcielebaze<br />
ganxorcielebaze<br />
ganxorcielebaze<br />
ganxorcielebaze<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis <strong>politikuri</strong> rgolis<br />
mTavari amocanaa <strong>politikuri</strong> procesisaTvis mimarTulebis<br />
micema <strong>da</strong> misi kontroli; sazogadoeba misgan moelis `marTvagamgeobas~.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom am rolis mniSvneloba mkveTrad<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> XX saukuneSi, rodesac saxelmwifo intensiurad<br />
afarToveb<strong>da</strong> Tavis valdebulebebs. upirveles yovlisa aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis umaRles matarebelTagan moelian<br />
efeqturi ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas,<br />
romlebic mTlianad upasuxeben sul ufro garTulebul<br />
sazogadoebaTa moTxovnebs, aseve saxelmwifos mravalf-<br />
202 203
erovani sagareo kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>myarebas <strong>da</strong>narCen msofliosTan,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c Zlierdeba urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. yovelive amis erTerTi<br />
Sedegia sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebisa <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis saSualebebis gafarToveba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ukanaskneli aSkarad aviwrovebs asambleis tradiciul pasuxismgeblobaTa<br />
sferos.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo samsaxuris samsaxuris samsaxuris samsaxuris samsaxuris marTva marTva marTva marTva marTva<br />
Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri akontrolebs<br />
saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebis process,<br />
mas agreTve uxdeba masTan <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli saxelmwifo<br />
samsaxuris sistemis kontrolic. am mxriv SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mwvervali, ministrebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> mdivnebi warmoadgenen saxelmwifo marTvis `umaRles<br />
eSelons~, romelic warmarTavs saxelmwifo manqanas. am saqmianobas<br />
gaaCnia Tavisi seqtorebi: aq yvela ministri pasuxismgebelia<br />
Tavis politikur mimarTulebaze; Sesabamisad<br />
gayofilia saxelmwifo samsaxuris sistemac. sistemis koordinireba<br />
xdeba zemo<strong>da</strong>n, risTvisac arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formis<br />
kabineti.<br />
cxadia, arsebobs garkveuli eWvebi mocemuli saxelmwifo<br />
manqanis efeqturobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikur rgol-<br />
Si Sedian araprofesionali politikosebi, sakuTari saministroebis<br />
marTvisaTvis, romlebic dRes uzarmazari masStabebiT<br />
gamoirCevian, maT xSirad ar yofniT kompetencia, xelmZRvanelobis<br />
gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> administraciuli codna. Semdeg,<br />
samTavrobo manqanis calkeuli qve<strong>da</strong>nayofebi ganuxrelad misdeven<br />
sakuTar interesebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac amisken<br />
maT gare<strong>da</strong>n ubiZgeben interesTa msxvili jgufebi. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
biurokratias principSi gaaCnia sakuTar interesebze fiqris<br />
tendencia, romlebic aucilebeli ar aris, rom emTxveodnen<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis interesebs, ris gamoc igi xan<strong>da</strong>xan<br />
sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba kontrols Tavisi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
xelmZRvanelobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba miReba miReba miReba miReba krizisul krizisul krizisul krizisul krizisul situaciebSi<br />
situaciebSi<br />
situaciebSi<br />
situaciebSi<br />
situaciebSi<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris<br />
misi unari imoqmedos swrafad <strong>da</strong> gabedulad. rodesac qveynis<br />
SigniT an mis farglebs gareT iqmneba krizisuli situacia,<br />
amaze swored aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba reagirebs: amisaTvis<br />
mas gaaCnia yvela saorganizacio saSualeba <strong>da</strong> `liderobis~<br />
aucilebeli resursi. amitom aris, rom msoflios sakanonmdeblo<br />
krebebi, rogorc wesi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>scemen TiTqmis diqtatorul uflebamosilebas<br />
omis SemTxvevaSi, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis me-<br />
Taurs _ sagangebo uflebamosilebas bunebrivi katastrofebis,<br />
teroristuli safrTxis, masStaburi sawarmoo gaficvebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo areulobis SemTxvevaSi. cnobilia, rom `sagangebo<br />
mdgomareobis~ gamocxadebis uflebiT araerTxel<br />
borotad usargeblia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, xSirad<br />
imisTvis, raTa savsebiT konstituciuri qmedebis safarvelis<br />
qveS <strong>da</strong>esustebina an saerTod gaenadgurebina opozicia, mag.<br />
2007 wlis noemberSi ase moiqca saqarTvelos aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba, roca <strong>da</strong>arbia mitingi <strong>da</strong> gauswor<strong>da</strong> opozicias.<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, aRmasrulebeli xelisulebis<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> rgolis Zalaufleba Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> politikis<br />
demokratizaciis, sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi saxelmwifos Carevis,<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, msoflios <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri globalizaciis<br />
mzardi tendenciebis kval<strong>da</strong>kval. XX saukuneSi<br />
xelisuflebis am Stom arsebiTad gaafarTova sakuTari aRmasrulebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebaTa sfero,<br />
<strong>da</strong>amyara yvelaze mtkice kontroli gazrdil biurokratioul<br />
manqanaze <strong>da</strong> saerTod sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> masobrivi sainformacio<br />
saSualebebis Sexedulebis Tanaxmad gax<strong>da</strong> `mTavari Zala~<br />
saxelmwifoSi. yovelive aman ki, Tavis mxriv, gavlena iqonia<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Si<strong>da</strong> organizaciasa <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
SigniT funqciaTa ganawilebaze. mkvlevarTa saerTo azris<br />
Tanaxmad amgvari procesebiTYyvelaze meti sargebeli aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis meTaurma naxa. dRes saxelmwifoTa<br />
meTaurebs iseTi <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi statusi<br />
aqvT, rom es maT sakuTar kabinetTan <strong>da</strong> saerTod mTel politikur<br />
garemocvasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT miuwvdomel simaRleze ayenebs.<br />
magram sakvirvelia, Tu rogor eTavseba xelisuflebis<br />
204 205
centralizaciis <strong>da</strong> personifikaciis aRniSnuli suraTi im<br />
precendentebs, rodesac saxelmwifoTa meTaurebi ver umklavdebian<br />
liderobis tvirTs <strong>da</strong> Tavs ver arTmeven saqmes, romlis<br />
gansaxorcielebla<strong>da</strong>c maT irCeven TavianT postebze. di<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis rTuli dinamika,<br />
romelic ufro gasagebi gaxdeba Tuki cal-calke ganvixilavT<br />
prezidentebis, premier-ministrebisa <strong>da</strong> kabinetebis<br />
rols.<br />
TiToeuli am kategoriisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
Zalauflebis Semdegi sami aspeqti:<br />
• formaluri an oficialuri ganzomileba _ Tu rogor<br />
aris maTi uflebamosilebebi gansazRvruli konstituciaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cawerili im institucionalur garemoSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c isini axorcileban TavianT saqmianobas;<br />
• araoficialuri ganzomileba _ pirovnuli Tvisebebi,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> xelovneba <strong>da</strong> politikosis gamocdileba,<br />
misi gavlena partiasa <strong>da</strong> masobriv sainformacio<br />
saSualebebze;<br />
• garegani ganzomileba _ <strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri,<br />
diplomatiuri faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben saxelmwifoSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis farglebs gareT.<br />
rezidentebi<br />
rezidentebi<br />
rezidentebi<br />
rezidentebi<br />
rezidentebi<br />
prezidenti warmoadgens saxelmwifos oficialur me-<br />
Taurs, igi flobs tituls, romelic sxva politikur sistemeb-<br />
Si ekuTvnis monarqs, an vTqvaT, imperators. saWiroa mivuTi-<br />
ToT gansxvaveba e.w. `konstituciur~ <strong>da</strong> `aRmasrulebel~ prezidentebs<br />
Soris. `konstituciuri~ prezidenti (magaliTad indoeTi,<br />
israeli <strong>da</strong> germania) aris figura, romlic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
gvxvdeba saparlamento sistemebSi; misi uflebamosilebebi<br />
umeteswilad Semoifargleba ceremonialuri xasiaTis movaleobebiT.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis premierministrsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ministrTa kabinets. am TavSi Cven visaubrebT<br />
`aRmasrulebel~ prezidentebze _ figurebze, romlebic TavianT<br />
TavSi aerTianeben saxelmwifos oficialuri meTauris<br />
funqciebsa <strong>da</strong> realur aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. aseTi<br />
saxis prezidentoba <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia e.w. saprezidento saxelmwifo<br />
sistemebisaTvis.<br />
am sistemebSi prezidentis Zalaufleba SeiZleba atarebdes,<br />
rogorc SezRudul, aseve SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>v xasiaTs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi<br />
misi uflebamosilebebi SezRudulia mag. iseTi faqtoriT,<br />
rogoricaa konstitucia; mocemul sazogadoebaSi miRebuli<br />
esa Tu is demokratiuli norma; partiuli konkurencia;<br />
xelisuflebis ganawileba, magram igi gawonasworebulia sajarod<br />
arCeuli parlamentis mier. am saxis prezidentobis<br />
tipiuri magaliTia aSS. arseboben agreTve naxevrad saprezidento<br />
sistemebi (semi-prezidental system) magaliTad, rogoricaa<br />
safrangeTSi, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> fineTSi. im sistemebSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c prezidentis uflebamosilebebi SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>via, is gamodis<br />
TiTqmis absoluturi Zalauflebis matareblad, rac am<br />
reJims aaxloebs diqtaturasTan. amgvar suraTs Cven vawydebiT<br />
saxelmwifoebSi sa<strong>da</strong>c erTpartiuli sistemebia. aseT qveyana-<br />
Ta ricxvSia libia, indonezia, erayi.<br />
amerikuli modelis saprezidento sistemam mTels msoflioSi<br />
warmoSva mibaZvis mravali magaliTi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
laTinur amerikaSi, mogvianebiT ki iseT post-komunistur saxelmwifoebSi,<br />
rogoricaa poloneTi, ungreTi, CexeTi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi,<br />
Tumca ruseTis gamoklebiT, saprezidento sistemebis umravlesoba<br />
funqcionirebs saparlamento sistemebis CarCoebSi. amerikis<br />
konstituciis Semqmnelebi ga<strong>da</strong>scemdnen ra aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebas prezidents, acnobierebdnen, rom amiT isini<br />
qmnidnen Tavisi arsiT `samefos demokratiuli arCevnebiT~.<br />
magram miiswrafvodnen ra Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg borotad<br />
gamoyenebisken, romelic maTi rwmeniT <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo<br />
britaneTis samefo karisTvis, maT SeimuSaves parlamentis, prezidentisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo sistemebis Soris xelisuflebis<br />
ganawilebis sakmaod rTuli <strong>da</strong> gonebamaxviluri meqanizmi.<br />
riCard noiStadma (Richard Neustadt, 1964) am process _ `xelisuflebis<br />
ganawileba misi erToblivad ganxorcielebisas~<br />
ewo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca prezidents ga<strong>da</strong>eca saxelmwifos oficialuri<br />
meTauris, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurisa (kongresis<br />
mier miRebul kanonebze vetos <strong>da</strong>debis uflebiT), SeiaraRebuli<br />
Zalebis mTavarsardlisa <strong>da</strong> sagareo politikis<br />
xelmZRvanelis uflebamosilebebi. yovelive es Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
gawonasworebuli iyo kongresisaTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebebiT.<br />
kongresi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, acxadebs oms <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>laxos prezidentis veto, senats ki ekuTvnis xelSekrulebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebisa <strong>da</strong> ratificirebis ufleba. sinamdvileSi,<br />
206 207
sainteresoa, rom XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisamde prezidentoba iyo<br />
meore instituti, pirveli ki erovnul politikaSi kongress<br />
ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>.<br />
prezidentoba aSS-Si gar<strong>da</strong>qmna orma tendenciam. pirvel<br />
rigSi, erovnuli ekonomika imgvarad viTardebo<strong>da</strong>, rom garkveuli<br />
periodi<strong>da</strong>n mTavrobas moux<strong>da</strong> uari eTqva sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi Caurevlobis tradiciul doqtrinaze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ufro farTod reglamentireba.<br />
Semdeg, msoflioSi sakuTari poziciebis gafarToebiT,<br />
aSS-ma uari Tqva misTvis tradiciuli izolacionistur<br />
politikaze, xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTod ga<strong>da</strong>iqca<br />
bipolaruli msoflios (dRes ki, SeiZleba iTqvas erTpolaruli<br />
msoflios) zesaxelmwifod. prezident franklin<br />
ruzveltis `axali kursis~ Semdeg aSS-is prezidentebi iqcnen<br />
aqtiur sakanonmdeblo Zalad, xolo 1945 wli<strong>da</strong>n ase vTqvaT,<br />
gaexvivnen `Tavisufali msoflios liderebis~ mantiaSi. ufro<br />
metic, Tavis droze prezidentma jonsonma <strong>da</strong> niqsonma ise<br />
martivad SeZles vietnamSi omis eskalacia (Tun<strong>da</strong>c kongresis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n omis formalurad gamocxadebis gareSe), rom bevri<br />
Teoretikosi artur Slizingeris (Arthur Schlisinger, 1974)<br />
kval<strong>da</strong>kval alaparak<strong>da</strong> amerikul `imperiul prezidentobaze~,<br />
romelmac gaarRvia konstituciuri CarCoebi <strong>da</strong> romelic Tavis<br />
nebasurvils karnaxobs xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>narCen or Stos.<br />
Tumca saprezidento xelisufleba xSirad warmogvidgeba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mxareebis kuTxiTac. ioStadTis klasikuri kvlevis<br />
`saprezidento xelisuflebis~ (Presidential Powwer, 1964) <strong>da</strong>skvnebi,<br />
Tavis mniSvnelobas dResac inarCuneben: umeteswilad prezidentis<br />
xelisufleba aris `<strong>da</strong>rwmunebis, vaWrobis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
moqmedebebisaken waqezebisa <strong>da</strong> loialobis, zogjer Semovlis<br />
Zalaufleba, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi diqtati~. TavianTi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> programisaTvis gzis gasakvlevad amerikis prezidentebs<br />
uxdebaT oTx poluss Soris lavireba. esenia:<br />
• kongresi;<br />
• federaluri Cinovnikebi;<br />
• uzenaesi sasamarTlo;<br />
• masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi.<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani aq ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> aris urTier-<br />
Tobebi prezidentsa <strong>da</strong> kongress Soris. aSS-Si sakiTxi imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli an warumatebeli iyo esa Tu<br />
is konkretuli prezidenti, ganisazRvreba kongresTan `urT-<br />
ierTobis Taviseburi skaliT~. amasTan iTvaliswineben, Tu<br />
ramdeni sakuTari sakanonmdeblo programis gatareba SeZlo<br />
prezidentma kongresis winaaRmdegobis gavliT. vietnamis omisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> uotergeitis skan<strong>da</strong>lis Semdeg amerikel prezidentebs<br />
upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong> kidev ufro `jiuti~ kongresi, romelic miiswrafvo<strong>da</strong><br />
Zveli poziciebis <strong>da</strong>brunebisaken. amis erT-erT<br />
gamovlinebad iqca 1974 wlis kanoni, romelic adgen<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
amerikuli samxedro kontingentis sazRvargareT gagzavnisaTvis<br />
saWiro iyo kongresis Tanxmoba. kidev ufro mniSvnelovan<br />
garemoebas warmoadgens is, rom aSS-Si susti partiuli sistemis<br />
pirobebSi prezidenti arsebiTad moklebulia SesaZleblobas<br />
akontrolos sakanonmdeblo procesi, rogorc es saparlamento<br />
sistemebSia. amis praqtikuli mniSvneloba aRmoaCina<br />
prezidentma karterma 1970-ian wlebSi: kongresi SeiZleba<br />
mtrulad iyos ganwyobili prezidentis mimarT maSinac ki,<br />
rodesac umravlesoba orive palataSi am ukanasknelis partias<br />
ekuTvnis.<br />
magram kidev ufro sustdeba prezidentis poziciebi,<br />
rodesac kongresze kontrols axorcielebs ara misi, aramed<br />
opoziciuri partia. es problema Seeqmna prezident klintons<br />
mas Semdeg, rac 1994 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg kongresi `respublikelebis~<br />
xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. jorj buS umcrosis poziciebi<br />
aseve Sesust<strong>da</strong> 2001 wels, rodesac demokratebma, mas Semdeg, rac<br />
maT miemxro mxolod erTi respublikeli, miiRes upiratesoba<br />
kongresSi. <strong>da</strong>bolos, amerikeli prezidentebis mudmiv Tavsatexad<br />
rCeba is, rom kongresmenebi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
kuTvnilebisa, umetesad `sakuTari Statis mosaxleobis~<br />
(folks back home) saqmeebsa <strong>da</strong> interesebze fiqroben. es<br />
iseT gavlenas axdens saSinao politikaze, rom qveyanaSi ukve<br />
saubroben `prezidentobis gaorebaze~. arsebobs e.w. `saSinao<br />
prezidenti~, romelic mudmivad ganicdis warumateblobebs <strong>da</strong><br />
Seswevs unari gauZlos oponentebTan morig <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas, <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTaSoriso liderobis aSkara Tvisebebis mqone e.w. `sagareo<br />
prezidenti~. prezidenti klintonic ki, romelic Tavis<br />
winasaarCevno programaSi ekonomikaze koncentrirebis pirobas<br />
deb<strong>da</strong>, Zalian male, rogorc es erTma mimomxilvelma SeniSna<br />
`saerTaSoriso politikisaken ga<strong>da</strong>ixara~. dRevandel aSS-Si<br />
ki es tendencia kidev ufro gaZlier<strong>da</strong> 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris<br />
movlenis Semdeg.<br />
Teoriulad federaluri moxeleebis aparati imisTvis<br />
208 209
arsebobs, rom moemsaxuron prezidents, praqtikaSi ki is xSirad<br />
qmnis <strong>da</strong>brkolebebs. Tumca prezidentebi umaRles <strong>da</strong> saSinao<br />
donis Tanamdebobebze saSualod 3000-mde <strong>da</strong>niSvnas axorcieleben,<br />
_ es zRvaSi wveTia aSS-Si saxelmwifo moxeleTa<br />
raodenobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, romelic 2mln.-ze mets Seadgens.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, rogorc cnobilia, es Cinovnikebi yvela SesaZlo<br />
situaciaze reagireben Taviseburad <strong>da</strong> xSirad ara ise, rogorc<br />
prezidenti <strong>da</strong> misi administracia. rogorc odesRac vudro<br />
vilsonis dros samxedro-sazRvao ZalTa mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li Tavis<br />
uwyebaSi arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb wer<strong>da</strong>: `es bumbulis<br />
matrass hgavs: Sen mas gametebiT urtyam, mas ki araferi mosdis~.<br />
msgavsi sirTuleebi arsebobs uzenaes sasamarTlosTan<br />
urTierTobebSic. 1950-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n sasamarTlo asrulebs<br />
mniSvnelovan rols aSS-is politikur cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong> mudmivad<br />
aiZulebs prezidentebs Seeguon mis wamyvan poziciebs.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrebi iniSnebian<br />
prezidentis mier, senats aqvs ufleba ar <strong>da</strong>amtkicos esa Tu<br />
is wevri (rogorc amas adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> orjer niqsonis prezidentobis<br />
dros <strong>da</strong> erTxel reiganis periodSi), aseve mniSvnelovania<br />
is, rom mosamarTlis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis Semdeg, igi aRar<br />
eqvemdebareba prezidentis kontrols, vinai<strong>da</strong>n mosamarTle<br />
sakuTar Tanamdebobaze rCeba sicocxlis bolomde. 1930-ian<br />
wlebSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom <strong>da</strong>bloka programa `axali kursis~<br />
sakmaod didi nawili sanam, sabolood, Tavad ruzveltma<br />
ar moaxdina `ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba~ <strong>da</strong> Secvala sakuTari ideologiuri<br />
prioritetebi. meore magaliTi: eizenhauerma Tavis droze<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris postze <strong>da</strong>niSna e. uoreni<br />
mxolod imisaTvis, raTa aRmoeCina, rom es ukanaskneli<br />
politikurad metismetad aqtiuri iyo <strong>da</strong> konstituciasac<br />
Zalzed liberalurad ganmartav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, gansxvavebulad myardeba urTierTobebi prezidentebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> masobriv sainformacio saSualebebs Soris. masobriv<br />
sainformacio saSualebebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
prezidentebisaTvis, romelTac Zalian xSirad esaWiroebaT<br />
`kongresze gavliT~ pir<strong>da</strong>piri apelireba sazogadoebasTan.<br />
yvelaze ukeT am amocanas Tavs arTmev<strong>da</strong> odesRac msaxiobi <strong>da</strong><br />
KJurnalisti _ ronald reigani. Tumca prezidentebis warumateblobebis<br />
mizezi, masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebic<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes. aSS-Si masobrivi sainformacio saSualebeb-<br />
is Sesaxeb xSirad saubroben, rogorc meoTxe xelisuflebaze,<br />
rac maTi `mudmivad simarTlismaZieblis~ reputaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRiarebaze miuTiTebs. uotergeitis skan<strong>da</strong>lis<br />
gamoZiebam saqme iqamde miiyvana, rom 1974 wels prezidentma<br />
niqsonma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>mdgariyo, xolo<br />
masobriv sainformacio saSualebebSi `uaitvoteris saqmis~ 1<br />
(whitewater affair) gaSuqebam seriozulad Searyia klintonis<br />
administraciis poziciebi 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.<br />
is, rom saprezidento sistemebs potenciurad axasiaTebs<br />
konfliqtebi politikur institutebs Soris, aCvena<br />
post-komunistur ruseTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebmac, rodesac<br />
ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi saTaTbiro elciniseuli<br />
`Sokuri Terapiis~ mowinaaRmdegeTa kontrolis qveS moeqca.<br />
maSin elcinma SeZlo xelisuflebis SenarCuneba armiis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
meSveobiT, romelmac 1993 wlis oqtomberSi CaaxSo<br />
parlamentis gamosvla. amis Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong> `saprezidento konstituciis~<br />
miReba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yvelafrisa, prezidentobis<br />
rusulma modelma mainc ar miiRo SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi xasiaTi, radganac<br />
elcini miiswrafvo<strong>da</strong> epovna wonasworoba ruseTis politikur<br />
sistemaSi ukiduresad dinamiur <strong>da</strong> cvalebad, magram<br />
amasTanave winaaRmdegobiT aRsavse procesebs Soris. mxolod<br />
putinma SeZlo 2000 wels ruseTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>ebrunebina misi<br />
tradiciuli istoriuli centraluri xelisufleba. dRes es<br />
aris Zlieri prezidentoba, romelic efuZneba ruseTSi e.w.<br />
`kanonis diqtaturas~.<br />
sxvagvari mdgomareobaa naxevrad saprezidento sistemebSi,<br />
rogoricaa safrangeTi, avstria, fineTi <strong>da</strong> portugalia.<br />
es aris Taviseburi saxis hibriduli sistemebi. saprezidento<br />
sistemebis msgavsad aq calke arCeuli prezidenti aRWurvilia<br />
uflebamosilebaTa farTo wriT, xolo saparlamento sistemebis<br />
msgavsad, mTavroba warmodgenilia kabinetiTa <strong>da</strong> premier-ministriT<br />
saTaveSi, romelic formulirebulia parlamentis<br />
deputatebisagan <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulia parlamentis<br />
winaSe. fineTsa <strong>da</strong> avstriaSi es sistema funqcionirebs aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis ganawilebis safuZvelze, rac prezidents<br />
saSualebas aZlevs koncentrireba moaxdinos sagareo<br />
politikasa <strong>da</strong> konstituciuri mniSvnelobis problemebze, xolo<br />
premier-ministrsa <strong>da</strong> kabinets _ saSinao politikaze.<br />
es sistema, romelic Tavis droze safrangeTis mexuTe<br />
respublikaSi Seiqmna <strong>da</strong> Seivso 1961 w. prezidentis <strong>da</strong>moukide-<br />
210 211
lad arCevis principiT, sul ufro rTuli xdeba. erTi mxriv,<br />
safrangeTis prezidenti, aSS-is prezidentis msgavsad, warmoadgens<br />
ra saxelmwifos oficialur meTaurs, mTavrobis me-<br />
Taursa <strong>da</strong> mTavar figuras, romelic axorcielebs <strong>da</strong>niSvnebs<br />
umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze, airCeva Svidi wlis vadiT;<br />
amasTan igi akontrolebs saarCevno process, aqvs ufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iTxovos erovnuli kreba. meore mxriv, ki misi Zalaufleba<br />
SezRudulia im kuTxiT, rom mTavrobas, yovelTvis esaWiroeba<br />
erovnuli krebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera.<br />
premier-ministrebi<br />
premier-ministrebi<br />
premier-ministrebi<br />
premier-ministrebi<br />
premier-ministrebi<br />
rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebs marTaven saparlamento<br />
saxis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurebi,<br />
anu premier-ministrebi. saprezidento sistemisagan aRniSnul<br />
sistemas ganasxvavebs sami Tavisebureba. (1) ramdena<strong>da</strong>c aq aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba momdinareobs sakanonmdeblo krebis,<br />
upirveles yovlisa ki partiisagan, amitom zogierT sistemas<br />
esaWiroeba <strong>da</strong>matebiTi figura _ saxelmwifos oficialuri<br />
meTauri. SenarCunebulia konstituciuri monarqis roli<br />
Tu iqneba arCeuli `arammarTveli~ prezidenti, _ orive SemTxvevaSi<br />
am figuraTa funqciebi, rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>yvanilia wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
ceremonialuri xasiaTis movaleobebamde. (2) Tuki aq aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba momdinareobs isev<strong>da</strong>isev sakanonmdeblo<br />
krebisagan, aseT SemTxvevaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> wris (personalis<br />
CaTvliT) gayofa aRmasrulebel <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo Stoebs<br />
Soris ar xdeba im saxiT, rogorc es <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia saprezidento<br />
sistemebisaTvis. (3) mTavrobis meTauri am sistemaSi<br />
uSualod angariSvaldebulia sakanonmdeblo krebisadmi, yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, misi qve<strong>da</strong> palatis mimarT mainc <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi<br />
rCeba manamde, sanam sargeblobs kanonmdebelTa ndobiT.<br />
premier-ministrebi (germaniaSi _ kancleri, holandia-<br />
Si _ ministri-prezidenti, sxva sistemebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />
gamoyenebul iqnas kidev sxva titulebi) warmoadgenen mTavrobaTa<br />
meTaurebs, romelTa Zalaufleba momdinareobs parlamentSi<br />
umravlesobis partiis an partiuli koaliciisagan. formalurad<br />
maT gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebuli uflebamosilebebi<br />
gaaCniaT, vidre prezidentebs _ saprezidento sistemebSi.<br />
am uflebamosilebaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania `patrona-<br />
Jis~ ufleba, romelic gulisxmobs ministrebis Tanamdebobebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSvnisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Txovnis, agreTve aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong> rgolis TanamSromelTa <strong>da</strong>winaurebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>qveiTebis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, magaliTad, holandiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
avstraliaSi amisTvisac saWiroa parlamentSi umravlesobis<br />
partiis sanqcia. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ioli ar aris premierministris<br />
`Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebis~ aRwera: vfiqrobT,<br />
Secdoma ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba iqamde,<br />
Tu rogor wyvets sakiTxs Tavad premier-ministri, ufro<br />
sworad ki, ramdenad gaaCnia mas problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis unari.<br />
praqtikaSi yvelafris gansazRvra xdeba ori momentis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. upirveles yovlisa esaa urTierTobebi kabinetTan,<br />
calkeul ministrebTan <strong>da</strong> saministroebTan. Semdeg<br />
modis urTierTobebi partiasTan, mere ki sakanonmdeblo krebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTod sazogadoebasTan. kabinetis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac premier-ministrs<br />
aRiqvamen rogorc `pirvels TanasworTa Soris~,<br />
msgavsad did britaneTSi, indoeTsa <strong>da</strong> avstraliaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
tradiciisa. aseTi statusis mqone premier-ministri<br />
iZulebulia imoqmedos kabinetis mier ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis koleqtiurad<br />
miRebis sistemis mixedviT, amitom misi Zalauflebis<br />
realuri moculoba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, SeZlebs Tu ara igi<br />
patronaJis SesaZleblobebis, kabinetSi Tavisi statusisa <strong>da</strong><br />
samTavrobo manqanaze sakuTari kontrolis SeTavsebis gziT,<br />
aiZulos ministrebi Seasrulon <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli amocanebi. ase<br />
magaliTad, germaniis kancleri konstituciurad uflebamosilia<br />
gansazRvros samTavrobo politikis saerTo mimarTulebebi,<br />
magram konstituciis igive muxli zRu<strong>da</strong>vs mis Zalauflebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ministrebs aZlevs TavianT saministroebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad moqmedebis garantias.<br />
politologebi erTsulovanni arian im TvalsazrisiT,<br />
rom konstituciur sistemebs Soris arsebuli yovelgvari<br />
gansxvavebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, bolo dros sagrZnoblad gaZlier<strong>da</strong><br />
premier-ministrebis Zalaufleba. nawilobriv es imiT aris<br />
gamowveuli, rom Tanamedrove, eleqtronul masobriv sainformacio<br />
saSualebebs axasiaTebT yuradRebis gamaxvileba pirovnebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara problemebze, ris gamoc premier-ministri xdeba<br />
Tavisi partiis erTgvari `brendi~. umaRles doneze Sexvedrebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sagareo <strong>politikuri</strong> vizitebis praqtikis gafar-<br />
Toeba premier-ministrebs `sakuTari saxelmwifos gansaxiere-<br />
212 213
is~ elfers Zens, agreTve, sinamdvileSi am asparezze maT<br />
ufro meti SesaZlebloba eZlevaT Tavi warmoaCinon erovnul<br />
liderebad. politologebi weren imis Sesaxeb, rom premierministrebi<br />
sabolood gaTavisufldnen sakuTari kabinetis<br />
mier SezRudvebisagan <strong>da</strong> amitom ukve SesaZlebelia saubari<br />
iseT axal fenomenze, rogoricaa `premier-ministris mTavroba~.<br />
amgvar precendents adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> indoeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c indira<br />
gandim <strong>da</strong> misma vaJma rajivma Seqmnes `imperiuli premierobis~<br />
msgavsi mmarTveloba, romelmac umaRles mwvervals<br />
1975-1977 wlebis sagangebo mdgomareobis periodSi miaRwia, es<br />
iyo Sedegi imisa, rom kongresis partia didi xnis ganmavloba-<br />
Si uryevad flob<strong>da</strong> parlamentis umravlesobas, xolo gandis<br />
dinastiam <strong>da</strong>amyara u<strong>da</strong>vod yvelaze Zlieri kontroli centraluri<br />
mTavrobis aparatsa <strong>da</strong> indoeTis sazogadoebis metad<br />
mniSvnelovan segmentebze.<br />
premier-ministris Zalauflebis gaZliereba xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
did britaneTSic. saerTod es movlena ganpirobebulia mravali<br />
faqtoriT. kerZod:<br />
• premier-ministrze bevri sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> pirovnebaa <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli,<br />
gansakuTrebiT im SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rasac mas `patronaJis~ principi aZlevs;<br />
• premier-ministri xelmZRvanelobs ministrTa kabinets,<br />
masve ekuTvnis komitetebis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebisa <strong>da</strong> misi personalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSvnis ufleba;<br />
• premier-ministri dominirebs parlamentSic umravlesobis<br />
partiis lideris saxiT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
maSin, rodesac es umravlesoba akontrolebs<br />
qve<strong>da</strong> palatas;<br />
• premier-ministri meTaurobs administraciul aparats <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTod mTel saxelmwifo manqanas;<br />
• premier-ministrs gaaCnia pir<strong>da</strong>piri saSvi masobriv sainformacio<br />
saSualebebTan, rac mas amomrCevlebTan uSualod<br />
aaxlovebs.<br />
erTi sityviT, dRevandeli premier-ministri dgas saxelmwifos<br />
administraciuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> piramidis saTaveSi;<br />
ministrTa kabinetebi ki, bevri politologis azriT,<br />
transformirdebian erTgvari amerikuli stilis saTaTbiro<br />
organoebad, romlebic sakmaod SezRudul monawileobas iReben<br />
politikis gatarebis procesSi. did britaneTSi aseTi situacia<br />
Seiqmna 1980-ian wlebSi margaret tetCeris dros, romel-<br />
mac SeZlo radikalurad Seecvala saxelmwifoebrivi xelisufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi xasiaTi. sakuTriv, toni blerma swored am<br />
safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>amyara 1997 wels sakuTari premieroba.<br />
albaT, tetCeris premierobis yvelaze saxasiaTo Tviseba<br />
iyo is, rom igi sakuTar TavSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> `premiers, romelic<br />
arwmunebs~, _ politikoss, romelic ideologiur liderobas<br />
axorcielebs, riTac uzrunvelyofs partiis Si<strong>da</strong> erTianobas.<br />
rkinis ledis moRvaweobis istoriaSi tetCerizmis 2 saxeliT<br />
Sevi<strong>da</strong>. analogiurad blerma imdenad mkafiod moaxdina partiis<br />
orientireba `modernizaciis proeqtebze~, rom mas `axal<br />
leiboristul partiad~ an kidev `mesame gzis~ partiad moixsenieben.<br />
maikl foulis azriT (Michael Foley, 2000) yovelive<br />
es iZleva imaze saubris saSualebas, rom did britaneTSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong> erTgvari `britanuli prezidentoba~. premier-ministrebSi<br />
ukve SeiniSneba prezidentis institutisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
Semdegi Tvisebebi:<br />
• dinstancireba sakuTari partiisa <strong>da</strong> kabinetisagan,<br />
ideologiuri speqtris SigniT sakuTari Tavis <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
pozicionireba;<br />
• sazogadoebasTan pir<strong>da</strong>piri apelirebis populisturi<br />
tendencia ganacxadiT ama Tu im fenis metad sanukvari<br />
imedebis gamomxatvelis rolze;<br />
• saarCevno kampaniis personalizacia, masobriv sainformacio<br />
saSualebebSi dominirebuli tendenciiT yuradRebis<br />
gamaxvileba ara problemebze, aramed pirovnebaze,<br />
rogorc Sesabamisi partiis an mTavrobis `brendze~;<br />
• <strong>politikuri</strong> man<strong>da</strong>tis personalizacia, sakuTari xelisuflebis<br />
wyarod ara partiis, aramed eleqtoratis miCnevis<br />
saSualeba; rac Seexeba partias _ mas SeuZlia gamovides<br />
pretendentad e.w. `partiuli sindisis~ mfarvelis<br />
rolze;<br />
• personaluri mrCevlebis gamoyeneba ministrTa kabinetisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cinovnikebis umaRlesi rgolis sapirwoned.<br />
premier-ministrebs, romlebsac zurgs saparlamento<br />
umravlesoba umagrebs, SeiZleba gaaCndeT dRevandeli prezidentebisagan<br />
gansxvavebulad Zlieri xelisufleba, Tumca amgvar<br />
xelisuflebasac aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. partiuli er-<br />
Tianobis <strong>da</strong>cvis principis mixedviT ministrTa kabinetSi<br />
warmodgenili un<strong>da</strong> iyos yvela fraqcia <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri<br />
mimarTuleba. (kana<strong>da</strong>Si icaven enobrivi <strong>da</strong> regionaluri war-<br />
214 215
momadgenlobis principsac), erTgvarad izRudeba premierTa<br />
moqmedebis Tavisuflebac. SeiZleba asec iTqvas: premier-ministrebi<br />
floben iseT xelisuflebas, rogoris saSualebasac<br />
iZleva kabineti, partia <strong>da</strong> Seqmnili <strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareoba.<br />
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia indoeTis gamocdileba, sa<strong>da</strong>c 1970-iani<br />
wlebis sagangebo mdgomareobis eqscesebis Semdeg erTi-meoris<br />
miyolebiT mosulma premier-ministrebma desaim, singhma<br />
<strong>da</strong> raom Seamcires saxelmwifo aparati, gamoavlines avtonomiuri<br />
saministroebisadmi pativiscema <strong>da</strong> mzadyofna naklebad<br />
Careuliyvnen Statebis mTavrobaTa saqmeebSi.<br />
sainteresoa isic, rom britaneTSi margaret tetCeris<br />
uzarmazari gavlena aixsneba ara imdenad misi `rkinis~ xasiaTiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ideologiuri simtkiciT, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c misi premierobis<br />
periodSi Seqmnili uaRresad xelsayreli mdgomareobiT.<br />
es iyo leiboristuli opoziciis krizisi, 1982 wlis folklendis<br />
gamarjveba, 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodSi msoflio<br />
ekonomikis gamococxleba, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c konservatorebma<br />
zedized samjer gaimarjves saparlamento arCevnebSi. magram<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, 1990 wlis noemberSi man mainc <strong>da</strong>karga xelisufleba,<br />
rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs im poziciis meryev<br />
xasiaTze, romelsac premier-ministrebi ikaveben.<br />
ministrTa ministrTa ministrTa ministrTa ministrTa kabineti kabineti kabineti kabineti kabineti<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis yvela sistemas<br />
ama Tu im formiT gaaCnia sakuTari ministrTa kabineti (an<br />
ubralod kabineti). kabineti aris wamyvani ministrebis Taviseburi<br />
komiteti, romlebic TavianT saministroebs an uwyebebs<br />
warmoadgenen. (ar SeiZleba ministrTa kabinetis gaigiveba safrangeTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> evrokavSirSi arsebul kabinetTan, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs calkeul ministrTan momuSave politikur mrCevel-<br />
Ta jgufs). kabinetebis Camoyalibeba iqca sapasuxo movlenad<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikur <strong>da</strong> administraciul<br />
moTxovnilebebze koleqtiur, kolegialur marTvaSi. upirveles<br />
yovlisa, kabinetebi sakanonmdeblo krebasa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad<br />
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis procesSi aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebas aZleven gansazRvrul koleqtiur formas; kabinetis<br />
gareSe saxelmwifo marTva iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ubralod instrumenti<br />
erTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis xelSi. komiteti warmoadgens adminis-<br />
traciul meqanizms, romelic uzrunvelyofs samTavrobo politikis<br />
koordinirebas. rom ara is, mTavroba iqnebo<strong>da</strong> erTmaneT-<br />
Tan konkurentuli uwyebebis meqanikuri konglomerati, romlebic<br />
mudmivad ibrZolebdnen mzis qveS sakuTari adgilis<br />
gafarToebisaTvis, _ procesi, romelic karga<strong>da</strong>a cnobili nacisturi<br />
garmaniis magaliTiT.<br />
mravalferovani sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebis arsebobis<br />
pirobebSi gansxvavebulia kabinetis funqciebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
mniSvneloba. iseT saprezidento sistemebSi, rogoricaa<br />
aSS, kabineti umeteswilad asrulebs prezidentTan arsebuli<br />
saTaTbiros funqcias, riTac realurad axdens politikis<br />
formirebas; ufro metic, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />
saxelmwifos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis zr<strong>da</strong> umeteswilad<br />
mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> kabinetis farglebs gareT _ umTavresad ki<br />
prezidentis aRmasrulebeli aparatis gafarToebis gziT. qveynebSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> klasikuri saxis kabinetebi _ did<br />
britaneTSi, britaneTis Tanamegobrobisa <strong>da</strong> evropis ramdenime<br />
saxelmwifoSi, italiis, SvedeTisa <strong>da</strong> norvegiis CaTvliT, ministrTa<br />
kabineti, Teoriulad mainc, agvirgvinebs aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis pirami<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
praqtikaSi ki mainc rTulia WeSmaritad koleqtiuri<br />
xelmZRvanelobis magaliTebis povna, romelic asaxav<strong>da</strong> marqsistul-leninur<br />
debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom ara beladi, aramed<br />
komunisturi partia warmoadgens xelmZRvanel <strong>da</strong> warmmarTvel<br />
Zalas sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi. Tumca realurad, skkp ck-is generalur<br />
mdivnebs, staliniT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, imdenad mtkiced epyraT<br />
politbiurosa <strong>da</strong> ministrTa sabWos sa<strong>da</strong>veebi, rom TiToeulma<br />
maTganma SeZlo sicocxlis bolomde <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo xelisuflebaSi,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> xruSovisa, romelic 1964 wels gax<strong>da</strong> partiuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis msxverpli, gamonakliss warmoadgens aseve gorbaCovi.<br />
germaniasa <strong>da</strong> saerTod mTels kontinentalur evropaSi<br />
rogorc wesi ar saubroben kabinetebis Sesaxeb, radganac aq<br />
saministroebi imdenad specializirebulni arian,rom ministrebi,<br />
maTi Zlieri survilis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mainc ver SeZlebdnen<br />
sakuTari Tavi `saerTo gundis wevrebad~ mieCniaT. iseT klasikuri<br />
kabineturi mTavrobis saxelmwifoSic ki, rogoricaa didi britaneTi,<br />
sakmaod rTulia saubari kabinetis Sesaxeb, rogorc<br />
metad mniSvnelovani <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis mimReb<br />
organoze <strong>da</strong> kidev ufro nakleba<strong>da</strong>a SesaZlebeli misi, rogorc<br />
koleqtiuri demokratiuli marTvis struqturis warmodgena.<br />
216 217
itaneTis premier-ministrebis xelisuflebis gafar-<br />
ToebiT ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>rRveul iqna britanuli mTavrobis<br />
kolegialuri xasiaTi, aramed samTavrobo politikis garTulebam<br />
gamoiwvia is, rom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa umetesoba miiReba `gansxvavebul<br />
rgolebSi~, kabinetamde ki ase vTqvaT, ukve <strong>da</strong>srulebuli<br />
saxiT midis. aRniSnuli procesi imitom mimdinareobs, rom<br />
politikis SemuSavebaSi sul ufro mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />
SeaqvT calkeul saministroebs, komitetebsa <strong>da</strong> specializirebul<br />
qvekomitetebsac ki.<br />
meore mxriv, Secdoma iqnebo<strong>da</strong> kabinetis mxolod <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod mTavrobis fasa<strong>da</strong>d miCneva. aRsaniSnavia, rom bevr<br />
premier-ministrs sakmaod Zvirad <strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
marTvis koleqtiuri elementebis ugulvebelyofa.<br />
germaneli kanclerebi, rogorc wesi, iTvlebian ufro Zlier<br />
figurebad, vidre britaneli premierebi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c maTi<br />
posti<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>sayeneblad saWiroa e.w. `konstruqciuli undoblobis<br />
votumi~: bundestagi uflebamosilia mTavroba ga<strong>da</strong>ayenos<br />
mxolod maSin, rodesac is mzad iqneba <strong>da</strong>niSnos axali<br />
mTavroba, magram am SemTxvevaSic ki kancleri Smidti 1982<br />
wels iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>mdgariyo, mas Semdeg,<br />
rac Tavisufal demokratTa mcire partia gamovi<strong>da</strong> misi<br />
koaliciis rigebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> SeuerT<strong>da</strong> qristian-demokratiul partias<br />
h. koliT saTaveSi. saerTod, koaliciebi kabinetebSi<br />
yovelTvis arTuleben mdgomareobas, raSic, vTqvaT, sakuTari<br />
gamocdilebis magaliTze, mudmivad rwmundebian italieli<br />
premierebi. Tumca erTpartiul kabinetebsac ZaluZT aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis meTaurisaTvis problemebis Seqmna.<br />
politikur<br />
politikur<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
politikur<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
i i i lideroba lideroba lideroba lideroba lideroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi misi misi Teo Teo Teorrrrriebi Teo Teo iebi iebi iebi iebi<br />
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT <strong>politikuri</strong> liderobis Tema<br />
SesaZlebalia moZvelebuli Candes, sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>yofa beladebad<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT mimdevrebad xom <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo im<br />
uZvelesi <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturisaTvis, romelic demokratias<br />
uswreb<strong>da</strong> win, rodesac beladebma `yvelaferi ukeT icodnen~<br />
<strong>da</strong> saWiro iyo <strong>da</strong>narCenebis ganaTleba, erTad Sekreba <strong>da</strong> maT-<br />
Tvis mimarTulebis micema. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, liderebi demokratiasac<br />
Wirdeba, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi Tavad lideroba<br />
SezRudulia yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT: liderebisagan moiTx-<br />
oven sajaro angariSvaldebulebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesis Tanaxmad<br />
mudmivad arsebobs maTi Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>yenebis Sesa-<br />
Zlebloba. Tumca aseve gaizar<strong>da</strong> liderobis mniSvnelobac:<br />
fsiqologiaSi specialuri <strong>da</strong>rgic ki warmoiSva, romelic<br />
swavlobs liderebisa <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvanelebis xasiaTsa <strong>da</strong> motivaciebs<br />
(kreseli, 1993).<br />
yovelive amas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. kerZod, Tanamedrove<br />
demokratiuli procesi TiTqos Tavadve aiZulebs politikosebs<br />
yovelnairad gamoavlinon lideris Tvisebebi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
sxvagvarad rTulia amomrCevelTa Soris warmatebebis<br />
mopoveba. amave mimarTulebiT muSaobs masobrivi sainformacio<br />
saSualebebi (gansakuTrebiT televizia), romelTaTvisac<br />
pirovneba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre politika; magram masobrivi<br />
sainformacio saSualebebic ki Tavis mxriv, politikosebisaTvis<br />
iqceva im instrumentad, romlis saSualebiTac sakmaod<br />
mosaxerxebelia sazogadoebisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Cveneba<br />
yvelaze momgebiani pozicii<strong>da</strong>n. bolos<strong>da</strong>bolos sakuTriv<br />
sazogadoebas wyuria xelmZRvaneloba: xdeba ra sul ufro<br />
rTuli <strong>da</strong> fragmentirebuli, igi <strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxovs <strong>da</strong><br />
saWiroebs iseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gamoCenas, romlebic pasuxs mou-<br />
Zebnian kiTxvas, Tu ra xdeba msoflioSi. viTarebis paradoqsi<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom dRes lideroba uprecendentod mniSvnelovania.<br />
liderobis liderobis liderobis liderobis liderobis Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Teoriebi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> liderobis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT arsebobs<br />
mravali SekiTxva. ramdenad Seesabameba lideroba Tavisuflebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiis principebs?is axdens a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
STagonebasa <strong>da</strong> motivirebas, Tu Trgunavs maT <strong>da</strong> arTmevs<br />
iniciativas? un<strong>da</strong> aRgvafrTovanebdnen Zlieri liderebi Tu<br />
un<strong>da</strong> vufrTxodeT maT? msgavsi kiTxvebis ukan dgas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
warmodgenebi liderobis <strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTis Sesaxeb. Sei-<br />
Zleba gamovyoT oTxi <strong>Teoria</strong>, romlebic liderobas ganixilaven<br />
rogorc:<br />
• pirovnul Tvisebas;<br />
• sociologiur movlenas;<br />
• organizaciul imperativs;<br />
• <strong>politikuri</strong> Cvevebis nakrebs.<br />
218 219
tradiciuli gagebiT lideroba warmoadgens iSviaT,<br />
magram bunebriv niWs. rogorc aristotelem Tqva, `a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n bediT gansazRvruli aqvT, rom erTni un<strong>da</strong> batonobdnen,<br />
meoreni ki morCilebdnen~. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria<br />
lideris wmin<strong>da</strong> pirovnul Tvisebebze, romelTac Cven xSirad<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT im a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi, romlebic miekuTvnebian e.w. `bedisweris<br />
rCeulTa~ tips. am koncefciis ukidures versias warmoadgens<br />
faSisturi ideebi `fiureris~ anu uzenaesi beladis Sesaxeb<br />
(igi yovelTvis aris mamakaci), romelsac Seswevs Zala masebs<br />
gauZRves umaRlesi miznebisaken, _ es warmodgena garkveulwilad<br />
gamomdinareobs fridrix nicSes koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n `zekacis~<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic amaRl<strong>da</strong> gaZlierebuli moralis `jogur<br />
instinqtebze~ <strong>da</strong> miaRwia srul batonobas sakuTar Tavze.<br />
ufro zomieri formiT igive tradicia qa<strong>da</strong>gebs qarizmis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic moiazreba, rogorc pirovnebis Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> avtoriteti.<br />
qarizmatuli liderebis klasikur magaliTebs<br />
warmoadgenen hitleri, kastro, naseri 3 <strong>da</strong> tetCeri, Tumca qarizmatuli<br />
Tvisebebis <strong>da</strong>naxva SesaZlebelia sxva liderebis<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> qcevis garkveul momentebSi, magaliTad, f.d. ruzveltis<br />
cnobil `saubrebSi buxarTan~, saerTod telekamerebTan<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>Weris im unarSi, romelsac flobs TiTqmis yvela<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>politikuri</strong> xelmZRvaneli. samwuxarod, Zalzed<br />
cotaa nelson mandelasa 4 <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>lai lamas 5 msgavsi liderebi,<br />
romelTa avtoritetebic efuZneba gansakuTrebul zneobriv<br />
Tvisebebs.<br />
Tanamedrove politologia <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> fsiqologia<br />
Zalian xSirad ikavebs am midgomasTan <strong>da</strong>axlovebul poziciebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> koncentrirebas axdens umTavresad liderebis pirovnul<br />
Tvisebebze. am mimarTulebiT erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli samecniero<br />
kvleva Caatares zigmund froidma (1856-1939) <strong>da</strong> uiliam<br />
bulitma <strong>da</strong> Seqmnes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis<br />
vudro uilsonis sakamaTo portreti (froidi <strong>da</strong> buliti,<br />
1967). aseve SeiZleba gavixsenoT harold lasuelis pioneruli<br />
naSromi `fsiqopaTologia <strong>da</strong> politika~ (Harold Lasswell<br />
Psychopathology and Politics, 1988), sa<strong>da</strong>c avtori amtkicebs, rom<br />
TavianT saqmianobaSi liderebs amoZravebT Sinagani pa-<br />
Tologiuri konfliqtebi, romlebic racionalizirdebian mxolod<br />
sajaro aqtivobis doneze. arc Tu ise didi xnis win<br />
xmauriani polemika gamoiwvia jeims barberis (James Barber,<br />
1988) mier Catarebulma kvlevam <strong>politikuri</strong> liderobis Sesaxeb.<br />
barberma mogvca amerikeli prezidentebis Taviseburi tipologia<br />
Semdegi ori parametris mixedviT: (1) ramdenad `aqtiurebi~<br />
an `pasiurebi~ iyvnen isini TavianTi movaleobebis<br />
Sesrulebis dros (ramdenad gulmodgined asrulebdnen isini<br />
TavianT movaleobebs) <strong>da</strong> (2) ramdenad `pozitiurad~ an `negatiurad~<br />
ekidebodnen sakuTar prezidentobas, mis politikur<br />
misias. gamoiyo oTxi ti pi:<br />
• aqtiur-pozitiuri;<br />
• aqtiur-negatiuri;<br />
• pasiur-pozitiuri;<br />
• pasiur-negatiuri.<br />
am kvlevis mixedviT `aqtiur-pozitiuri~ tipis magaliTebs<br />
miekuTvnebian kenedi, jorj buS-ufrosi <strong>da</strong> klintoni.<br />
`aqtiur-negatiuri~ tipi warmodgenilia hardingiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
reiganiT. niqsoni moxv<strong>da</strong> `pasiur-pozitiur~ prezidentTa kategoriaSi,<br />
kuliji <strong>da</strong> aizenhaueri ki _ `pasiur-negatiurSi~.<br />
barberis Teoriis sisuste imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi ugulvebelyofs<br />
prezidentobis Secvlis SesaZleblobas: ase magaliTad,<br />
jorj buS-umcrosma Tavisi prezidentoba <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
`pasiur-pozitiuri~ ti piT, magram aSS-Si 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>ri teroristuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis Semdeg igi aSkarad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> `aqtiuri~ tipis jgufSi.<br />
liderobis Semdegi koncefcia masSi ganixilavs sociologiuri<br />
fenomenis upiratesobas. am midgomis mixedviT,<br />
liderebad ki ar ibadebian, aramed a<strong>da</strong>mians liderad `aqcevs~<br />
garkveuli socialur-istoriuli mdgomareoba. aq lideri Tavis<br />
nebas ki ar axvevs sazogadoebas, aramed piriqiT, igi Tavad<br />
gamodis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis matareblad. yvelaze<br />
metad amgvari midgoma <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia marqsizmisaTvis, romlis<br />
Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, sazogadoeba viTardeba ekonomikuri faqtorebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> klasobrivi brZolis gavleniT. am TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelovania<br />
ara lideris pirovneba, aramed is sazogadoebrivi<br />
interesebi, romlebsac igi gamoxatavs. marqsi gamonakliss xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong><br />
bonapartizmSi 6 im saxiT ra saxiTac is Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
safrangeTSi saxelmwifoebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong> romelsac<br />
axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> lui bonaparti 1851 wels. am reJimSi marqsma<br />
<strong>da</strong>inaxa wmin<strong>da</strong> pirovnuli diqtatura, romelic Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> im<br />
gansakuTrebul istoriul momentSi, rodesac burJuaziam <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
Zalaufleba, xolo proletariati moumzadebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
raTa xelSi aeRo marTvis sa<strong>da</strong>veebi. magram am SemTxvevaSic ki<br />
220 221
marqsi varaudob<strong>da</strong>, rom lui bonapartis diqtatura mainc gamoxatav<strong>da</strong><br />
klasebis, kerZod maSindel safrangeTSi ricxobrivad<br />
gazrdili wvrili glexobis interesebs. analogiurad trocki<br />
(ix. gv. 443) aanalizeb<strong>da</strong> ra ssrk-Si stalinizmis reJims, wer<strong>da</strong><br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad didi roli Seasrula saxelmwifo<br />
aparatma stalinis aRzevebaSi. amave TemasTan axlos mdgomi<br />
kidev erTi ideis Tanaxmad lideroba koleqtiuri qcevis Sedegia.<br />
rogorc odesRac Tavis pionerul naSromSi `brbo~ (The<br />
crowd, 1895) gustav leboni wer<strong>da</strong>, liderebi yovelTvis mihyvebian<br />
masas <strong>da</strong> arasodes piriqiT.<br />
liderobis mesame koncefcia am fenomens ganmartavs<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> teqnikuri <strong>da</strong> racionaluri TvalsazrisiT: aq igi warmodgenilia<br />
rogorc sapasuxo movlena nebismieri Tanamedrove<br />
organizaciis, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTis moTxovnilebebze,<br />
romelic Si<strong>da</strong> erTianobasTan <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvanelobasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli sirTuleebiT gamoirCeva. am gagebiT liderobis<br />
fenomeni `mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar~ misdevs biurokratiis fenomens. Tanamedrove<br />
farTomasStabiani organizaciebi saWiroeben funqciebis<br />
specializaciasa <strong>da</strong> Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebas, es ki Tavis<br />
mxriv qmnis Tanamdebobebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis ierarqias. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi aucileblad warmoiqmneba lideroba, romelic<br />
Zalian axlos dgas veberiseul racionalur-samarTlebriv<br />
xelisuflebasTan: igi metnaklebad upirovnoa <strong>da</strong> efuZneba<br />
formalur, mkafiod gaweril wesebs. aucilebelia gavixsenoT,<br />
rom, rodesac saxelmwifo marTvam SeiZina konstituciuri xasiaTi,<br />
politikur liderebs gankargulebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT biurokratiuli<br />
aparati. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom liderobis amgvari `biurokratiuli~<br />
gageba upirispirdeba demokratiul process,<br />
romelic liderebs aiZulebs moi povon <strong>da</strong> SeinarCunon Zalaufleba,<br />
<strong>da</strong> piriqiT, moaxdinon TavianTi qarizmisa <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
pirovnuli Tvisebebis demonstrireba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, ukanaskneli koncefcia liderobas axasiaTebs,<br />
rogorc Tavisebur `naswavl rols~, unars, Cvevas, erTi sityviT<br />
rogorc xelovnebas, romelsac SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>euflos a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikaSi ganaxorcielos amgvari midgoma, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
winaswaraa navaraudevi, rom lideri moaxdens masebiT manipulirebas,<br />
magram meore mxriv, amaSi Cans masobrivi komunikaciebis<br />
epoqaSi arsebuli demokratiuli procesis gar<strong>da</strong>uvali<br />
xasiaTi. am koncefciasTan axlos dgas pirovnebis kultis<br />
problematika, romelic iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> iseTi pirovnuli Zalau-<br />
flebis simtkicisaTvis, rogorebic iyo, mao Zedunis, polkovnik<br />
ka<strong>da</strong>fisa <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>m huseinis reJimebi. ufro metic, xSirad iqmneba<br />
STabeWdileba, rom qarizmatuli figurebis arseboba sinamdvileSi<br />
gulmodgine <strong>da</strong> gegmazomieri muSaobis Sedegia.<br />
ase magaliTad, stalini sakuTari miznebisaTvis nergav<strong>da</strong><br />
leninis kults, rasac emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> mavzoleumis <strong>da</strong>arseba<br />
wiTel moe<strong>da</strong>nze, aTasobiT Zegli <strong>da</strong> aTiaTasobiT leninis<br />
saxelobis quCa mTeli qveynis masStabiT. amis Semdeg `leninis<br />
saqmis gamgrZelebels~ isRa <strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong> eca<strong>da</strong> rodis ga<strong>da</strong>vido<strong>da</strong><br />
aRniSnuli kulti masze.<br />
Tavis droze sakmaod gulmodgined xdebo<strong>da</strong> niurnberg-<br />
Si hitleris gamosvlis inscenireba, razec pasuxismgebeli<br />
iyo albert Speeri. detalurad muSavdebo<strong>da</strong> fiureris yoveli<br />
sityva <strong>da</strong> Jesti: mTeli warmodgena imgvarad ewyobo<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
hitleris gamoCenisaTvis atmosfero ukiduresad emociuri<br />
yofiliyo. SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom Tanamedrove liderebs<br />
ara aqvT moTxovnileba saTanadod warmoaCinon sakuTari Tavi,<br />
Tumca, televiziis epoqaSi isini iZulebulni arian iyvnen<br />
ufro Tavm<strong>da</strong>blebi <strong>da</strong> keTilmosurneni, vidre es maT mitingebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> demonstraciebis epoqaSi miecaT Tavisi<br />
TavisTvis, magram Tavisi `roli~, Tun<strong>da</strong>c satelevizio kamerebis<br />
win dResac bevrs aviwydeba: Tanamedrove periodSi amas<br />
ukve masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis winaswar momzadebuli<br />
mrCevlebi <strong>da</strong> PR-is ostatebi emsaxurebian.<br />
liderobis liderobis liderobis liderobis liderobis stili stili stili stili stili<br />
cneba `liderobis stili~ ganekuTvneba im modelebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> strategiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac lideri cdilobs sakuTari<br />
miznebis ganxorcielebas. erTmxriv, rom ar arseboben<br />
erTnairi saxis liderebi, aseve ganarCeven liderobis me-<br />
Todebsa <strong>da</strong> stils, romlebic ganapirobeben ama Tu im strategiis<br />
arCevas. ufro xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
Tavad politikosis pirovnebasa <strong>da</strong> miznebs, im institucionalur<br />
garemos, romelSic igi imyofeba, aseve xelisuflebaSi<br />
mosvlis meqanizms, romelic mocemul politikur sistemaSi<br />
moqmedebs, masobriv sainformacio saSualebebsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
ufro farTo politikur kulturas. mkvlevarebi gamoyofen<br />
liderobis sam stils (bernsi, 1978):<br />
222 223
• `Caurevlobis stili~;<br />
• `koordinatoris stili~;<br />
• `reformatories stili~.<br />
`Caurevlobis~ stilisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia lideris<br />
gamosvla pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobisa <strong>da</strong> kompetenturobis<br />
viwro wri<strong>da</strong>n: xatovnad rom vTqvaT, uricxvi saministroebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> uwyebebisagan Semdgari saxelmwifo manqanis `saWesTan<br />
yofna~ ar aris misi stiqia. aseTi lideris magaliTad Sei-<br />
Zleba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT reigani, romelsac naklebad aRelveb<strong>da</strong><br />
sakuTari administraciis yoveldRiuri saqmeebi. rogorc Cans,<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad jorj buS-umcrosic cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi mrCevlebisaTvis<br />
uflebamosilebaTa farTo wris delegirebas, sanam<br />
e.w. `brZolam terorizmTan~ ar aiZula mieRo liderobis<br />
ufro aqtiuri saxe. rasac `Caurevlobis~ tipi ar gamoricxavs,<br />
es aris wmin<strong>da</strong> ideologiuri xasiaTis lideroba, ufro metic,<br />
igi gulisxmobs sakiTxebze strategiuli xedvis aucileblobas.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, aRniSnul midgomas aqvs kidev erTi Zlieri<br />
mxare: ramdena<strong>da</strong>c xelqveiTebs eZlevaT meti Tavisufleba, aseT<br />
pirobebSi iolad Cndeba gunduri suliskveTeba, liders ki,<br />
yoveldRiuri saqmeebisagan Camocilebis Semdeg, eZleva ufro<br />
mniSvnelovan politikur <strong>da</strong> eleqtoralur problemebze koncentrirebis<br />
saSualeba. am tipis sust mxares warmoadgens is,<br />
rom cu<strong>da</strong>d xdeba saerTo samTavrobo politikis koordinireba,<br />
xolo ministrebsa <strong>da</strong> umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs eZlevaT<br />
moqmedebis metismetad ukontrolo Tavisufleba. Tuki<br />
<strong>da</strong>vubrundebiT reiganis Temas, maSin aRsaniSnavia isic, Tu<br />
ramdenad gauTviTcnobierebeli iyo igi `iran-kontras~ sakiTxSi,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom css-sa <strong>da</strong> TeTri saxlis Tanam-<br />
SromelTa muSaobaze pasuxs swored is ageb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`koordinatoris~ tipi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo mar-<br />
Tvis procesSi lideris sakmaod aqtiur <strong>da</strong> gacilebiT ufro<br />
gulmodgine monawileobas, Tumca am saxis liderebi ufro<br />
xSirad amodian wmin<strong>da</strong> pragmatuli mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n _ Seinar-<br />
Cunon erTianoba sakuTari partiis rigebSi, <strong>da</strong>icvan erTiani<br />
xazi mTavrobaSi <strong>da</strong> gaafarTovon eleqtoratis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera.<br />
xatovnad maT SeiZleba ewodoT brokerebi _ Suamavlebi, romlebic<br />
kolegialur mTavrobaSi mudmivad arigeben oponentebs,<br />
eZeben kompromisebs <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTSi awonasworeben fraqciebs.<br />
aSS-Si am tipis liderebi iyvnen lindon jonsoni <strong>da</strong> jorj<br />
buS-ufrosi, did britaneTSi ki _ harold vilsoni <strong>da</strong> jon<br />
meijori. am figurebSi yovelTvis SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> menejerisa <strong>da</strong><br />
teqnokratis Tvisebebi: maTTvis yvelaze maRla dgas saqme, sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni ki advilad regulirdeba. Tumca am tips agreTve<br />
gaaCnia sakuTari `aqilevsis quslic~: am saxis liderebSi<br />
advilad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT oportunistebi _ politikosebi<br />
mkafio principebisa <strong>da</strong> naTeli miznebis gareSe. xSirad isini<br />
arc malaven amas. magaliTad, jorj buS-ufrosma 1992 wlis<br />
saprezidento arCevnebze ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom mas ar esmis iseTi<br />
cnebebi, rogoricaa `strategiuli xedva~, riTac sagrZnobi<br />
ziani miayena sakuTar reputacias.<br />
liderobis mesame saxea `radikali reformatoris~ tipi.<br />
aseTi liderebi arian ara imdenad koordinatorebi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
STagonebis subieqtebi, ufro metic, isini arian vizionerebi,<br />
winaswarmetyvelebi, winamZRvrebi. maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
ara mxolod principuli ideologiuri rwmena, aramed<br />
aseve <strong>politikuri</strong> Tavisufleba imisTvis, raTa ganaxorcielon<br />
sakuTari ideebi. isini ar eZeben kompromisebsa <strong>da</strong> konsensusebs,<br />
aramed mTavrobaSi mxar<strong>da</strong>WerisaTvis pir<strong>da</strong>pir apelireben<br />
TavianT mebrZolebTan, sakuTar partiasTan, <strong>da</strong>bolos, mTlianad<br />
sazogadoebasTan. gardnerma amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT SeniSna<br />
(Howard Gardner, 1966): lideri aris a<strong>da</strong>miani, `romelic qmnis<br />
legen<strong>da</strong>s~; misi Zliereba ki imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu ramdenad<br />
kargad ganasaxierebs Tavad is am legen<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Seswevs<br />
Tu ara Zala gauZRves sazogadoebas.<br />
ase magaliTad, generalma de golma moaxdina yvelafrisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikur liderobaze yvelanairi warmodgenis ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba<br />
ara marto imiT, rom Seiqmna mexuTe saprezidento<br />
respublika, aramed imiTac, rom sakuTar Tavze aiRo `samSoblos<br />
mamisa~ <strong>da</strong> `safrangeTis lideris~ roli. xelmZRvanelobis<br />
analogiuri tipi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo margaret tet-<br />
CerisTvisac, romelic xelisuflebaSi movi<strong>da</strong> lozungiT `rwmenis<br />
mTavroba~. dRes iseTi cnebebis xSiri gamoyeneba, rogoricaa<br />
`golizmi~ <strong>da</strong> `tetCerizmi~, yvelaze kargad metyvelebs<br />
imaze, Tu ramdenad didi gavlena iqonies am pirovnebebma<br />
politikasa <strong>da</strong> ideologiaze.<br />
magram ra saxis mmarTvelobasac ar un<strong>da</strong> mimarTon,<br />
politikurma liderebma dRes kargad ician, rom maT winaSe<br />
dgas gacilebiT ufro rTuli problemebi, vidre maTi winamorbedis<br />
dros idga. amis xazgasma mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
liderisadmi sazogadoebrivi midgoma, maTi saqmianobis<br />
224 225
Sefaseba gavlenas axdens a<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze politikis<br />
mimarT. pirveli problema, romelic dRevandeli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
liderebis winaSe dgas mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavad<br />
sazogadoeba imdenad rTuli gax<strong>da</strong>, imdenad didia masze globaluri<br />
xasiaTis procesebis gavlena, rom politikosebisaTvis<br />
sul ufro rTuli xdeba `saqmis keTeba~. isini TiTqos ganwirulebi<br />
arian warumateblobisaTvis, rom sazogadoebas imeds<br />
gaucrueben. meore problema SemdegSi mdgomareobs: <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
lideroba sustdeba im mxriv, rom sazogadoebrivi cnobierebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
qreba is sruliad naTeli <strong>da</strong> gasagebi warmodgena, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli drois ideologiisaTvis. dRes<br />
gacilebiT rTulia `legendis Seqmna~ <strong>da</strong> mis kval<strong>da</strong>kval<br />
sazogadoebis gaZRola, vidre es warsulSi iyo SesaZlebeli.<br />
mesame problemis Tanaxmad dRevandeli sazogadoeba<br />
imdenad mravalferovani <strong>da</strong> fragmentuli xdeba, rom liderebs<br />
sul ufro uZneldebaT misTvis iseTi programis SeTavazeba,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iqneba saerTo kulturasa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos meoTxe problemis mixedviT dRes arsebobs<br />
yvelanairi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom visaubroT sazogadoebis<br />
`politikur~ <strong>da</strong> `arapolitikur~ jgufebs Soris ganxeTqilebaze,<br />
radganac dRevandeli <strong>politikuri</strong> liderebi umetesad<br />
warmoadgenen karierist politikosebs, romlebic TavianTi<br />
cxovrebis stiliT, msoflmxedvelobiTa <strong>da</strong> eniTac ki<br />
Zalian <strong>da</strong>Sorebulni arian rigiTi moqalaqeebis masebisagan.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> politikosebs SeuZliaT isaubron ubralo xalxis<br />
im imedebsa <strong>da</strong> molodinebze, romlebsac Tavadve gamoxataven,<br />
mxolod swored ubralo xalxisaTvis es yvelaferi ukve<br />
`Zalzed Soreulia~. aseT SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi izrdeba<br />
gankerZoeba tradiciuli politikisagan <strong>da</strong> lideris Ziebas<br />
igi sruliad sxva sferoebSi iwyebs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
• saxelmwifo xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Sto pasuxismgebelia<br />
politikis `Sesrulebaze~ _ mis realizaciaze.<br />
es Sto iyofa `politikur~ <strong>da</strong> `biurokratiul~ nawilebad:<br />
pirveli warmoadgens sakuTriv `moqmed mTavrobas~ an `administracias~,<br />
meore _ saxelmwifo moxeleTa korpuss. un<strong>da</strong> gvesmodes,<br />
rom <strong>politikuri</strong> procesis dRevandeli sirTuleebis<br />
pirobebSi am or nawils Soris zRvaris gavleba xSirad arc<br />
ise iolia;<br />
• aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri asrulebs<br />
ramodenime mniSvnelovan funqcias: warmoadgens saxelmwifos<br />
ceremonialuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebs, axorcielebs politikis<br />
SemuSavebis procesis strategiul xelmZRvanelobas, akontrolebs<br />
saxelmwifo samsaxuris aparats, krizisul viTareba-<br />
Si iRebs sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs;<br />
• saprezidento sistemebSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
meTauria prezidenti, romelic iTavsebs saxelmwifo meTaurisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTavrobis meTauris uflebamosilebebs, magram amave<br />
sistemaSi mis sapirwoned gvevlineba parlamenti, romelic<br />
flobs konstituciur <strong>da</strong> politikur <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas. saparlamento<br />
sistemebSi premier-ministri sakuTar saqmianobas axorcielebs<br />
or sferoSi: erTSi igi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia kabinet-<br />
Tan, calkeul ministrebTan <strong>da</strong> saministroebTan, meoreSi ki _<br />
sakuTar partiasa <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo krebasTan, romelic mocemul<br />
SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens misi xelisuflebis wyaros;<br />
• xelisufleba, romelsac floben saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobaTa meTaurebi, arsebiTad gaZlier<strong>da</strong> iseTi faqtorebis<br />
zegavleniT, rogoricaa masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis<br />
tendencia, upiratesad gaaSuqos movlenis garegnuli <strong>da</strong><br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> pirovnuli aspeqtebi; analogiuri meqanizmi, romelic<br />
moqmedebs eleqtoralur procesSi; umaRles doneze Sexvedrebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso vizitebis praqtikis gafarToeba; <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis yvela rTul struqturaSi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri liderobis saWiroeba.<br />
Tumca saxelmwifoebisa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobebis meTaurTa xelisuflebas<br />
gaaCnia Tavisi sapirwoneebi, kabinetebis, partiebis, sakanonmdeblo<br />
krbebis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo samsaxuris aparatebis saxiT;<br />
• politologebi gansxvavebulad ganixilaven <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
liderobis sakiTxs. mas ganixilaven rogorc wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
individualuri unaris _ qarizmis gansaxierebas <strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
sociologiur fenomens, sa<strong>da</strong>c liderebi warmoadgenen ama Tu<br />
im socialur-istoriuli sakiTxebis arssa <strong>da</strong> azrs; rogorc<br />
pasuxs organizaciaSi erTianobisa <strong>da</strong> gunduri muSaobis princips;<br />
`koordinatoris~ tips mudmivad Tan axlavs wonasworobis<br />
Zieba mTavrobaSi fraqciebsa <strong>da</strong> interesebs Soris; `radikali-reformatoris~<br />
tipi aqcents akeTebs sazogadoebis strategiul<br />
miznebsa <strong>da</strong> amocanebze.<br />
226 227
Tavi Tavi XV<br />
XV<br />
armia armia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> policia<br />
policia<br />
arc erTi <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema ar arsebobs mxolod <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod Tavisi <strong>politikuri</strong> legitimurobis an administraciuli<br />
efeqtianobis ZaliT. yvela isini, vin metad <strong>da</strong> vin naklebad<br />
Tavisi siRrmiseuli fesvebiT floben Zalauflebas, iZulebiTi<br />
xasiaTisaa, rac xorcieldeba armiisa <strong>da</strong> policiis<br />
saSualebiT. am Zalauflebas SeiZleba hqondes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
funqciebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> amocanebi. armia SeiZleba iyos<br />
orientirebuli gareSe miznebisaken, magram amasTanave saSinao<br />
saqmeebisaken; mas gamoiyeneben sazogadoebrivi uwesrigobis<br />
CasaxSobad an arapopularuli mTavrobis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad. mas<br />
(Zalauflebas) SeuZlia gamovides arenaze rogorc mTeli rigi<br />
interesebis mZlavr <strong>da</strong>mcvels <strong>da</strong> gamtarebels an gaxdes samxedro<br />
reJimis safuZveli samoqalaqo reJimis <strong>da</strong>mxobis Semdeg. policiasac<br />
SeuZlia aseve <strong>da</strong>icvas sazogadoebrivi wesrigi <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, an ga<strong>da</strong>iqces <strong>politikuri</strong> represiebis<br />
iaraRad, miT umetes ga<strong>da</strong>iqces policiuri saxelmwifos<br />
safuZvlad. am institutebis <strong>politikuri</strong> Zala imdenad uzarmazaria,<br />
rom kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaakontrolos sazogadoebam is, arasodes ar moxsnila<br />
politikis dRis wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
armia armia armia armia armia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
am sakiTxis ganxilvisas un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove<br />
tipis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saTaveebi iwyeba gviandeli<br />
Suasaukuneebis periodSi, maSin, roca evropis saxelmwifoebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes regularuli armiebis Seqmna. XIX saukuneSi armia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iqca sazogadoebriv institutad, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga<br />
profesionaluri sardloba _ instituti, romelic mkveTrad<br />
iyo gamijnuli mTeli sazogadoebisagan. Semdeg ki <strong>da</strong>dga evropuli<br />
kolonializmis epoqa <strong>da</strong> armiis am modelma gavrceleba<br />
hpova mTels msoflioSi, riTac gax<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove sazogadoebis<br />
ganuyofeli komponenti. erTaderT gamonakliss dReisaTvis<br />
warmoadgens puerto-riko <strong>da</strong> isic imitom, rom am saxelmwifos<br />
usafrTxoeba <strong>da</strong>culia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro<br />
SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT.<br />
armia warmoadgens savsebiT gansakuTrebul politikur<br />
instituts. misi Tavisebureba isaa, rom misi upiratesoba samoqalaqo<br />
institutebze gamoixateba oTxi faqtoriT. pirvel<br />
rigSi aris ra omis iaraRi, armia flobs Tavis xelSi SeiaraRebis<br />
TiTqmis mTel monopolias <strong>da</strong> gaaCnia <strong>da</strong>TrgunviTi<br />
xasiaTis uzarmazari potencialis Zalaufleba. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mas SeuZlia mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros nebismier reJims, an <strong>da</strong>amxos igi,<br />
armiis am reJimTan urTierTobazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli misi arseboba.<br />
meores mxriv, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Tavisi arsiT arian<br />
umaRles doneze organizebuli disciplinaruli struqturebi,<br />
aq arsebobs zedmiwevniT mkafiod garkveuli ierarqia <strong>da</strong><br />
mtkice<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli brZanebaTa Sesrulebis kultura.<br />
garkveulwilad es aris biurokratiis logikurad ukiduresi<br />
varianti im gagebiT, rogorc es esmo<strong>da</strong> m. vebers. yvelaferi es<br />
aZlevs armias araCveulebrivad organizebul efeqturobas, Tumca<br />
meores mxriv, SeiZleba yvelafer amas misces konservatizmis<br />
elementebis elferi. mesamec, armiisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
savsebiT specifikur kulturaTa <strong>da</strong> RirebulebaTa mTeli nakrebi:<br />
ese igi, samxedro profesiis is suliskveTeba, romelic<br />
ubiZgebs xalxs iomon, moklan, <strong>da</strong> Tu saWiro iqna, mokvdnen<br />
kidec, armia aRiqmeba rogorc gansakuTrebiT konservatiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zalze avtoritaruli instituti (radganac masSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
disciplinis, morCilebis, wodebaTa urTierT<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis,<br />
valdebulebisa <strong>da</strong> Rirsebis tradiciebi), magram SeiZleba iyos<br />
sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> idealebis momxrec _ ase magaliTad, revoluciuri<br />
socializmis, rogorc esaa CineTSi, an islamuri<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmis, rogorc es iranSia <strong>da</strong> bolos, meoTxec,<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi SeiZleba CavTvaloT <strong>da</strong> TviT isinic<br />
aRiqvamen Tavis Tavs rogorc Zalas, romelic dgas politikaze<br />
maRla: varaudoben, rom aris ra saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTianobis (mTlianobis) garanti, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi<br />
emsaxurebian saerTo erovnul interesebs. erTi mxriv, es<br />
aZlevs armias yvelaze maRal sazogadoebriv statuss _ xolo<br />
meore mxriv, man imave mizeziT SeiZleba gamoiCinos midrekileba<br />
politikaSi Carevisadmi, maSin, rodesac armiis sardloba <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia,<br />
rom qveynis erovnuli interesebi safrTxis winaSe<br />
dganan.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom saerTod arc ise<br />
advilia ilaparako erovnuli armiebis bunebisa <strong>da</strong> xasiaTebis<br />
Sesaxeb, radganac maT SeuZliaT iTamaSon Zalze gansxvave-<br />
228 229
uli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva roli sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi.<br />
armia SeiZleba warmoadgendes Semdegs:<br />
omis iaraRs;<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigisa <strong>da</strong> stabilurobis garants;<br />
interesTa specifikur jgufs;<br />
samoqalaqo marTvis alternativas.<br />
armiis armiis armiis armiis armiis roli roli roli roli roli<br />
omis omis omis omis omis iaraRi iaraRi iaraRi iaraRi iaraRi<br />
armiis mTavari amocanaa _ saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul<br />
iqnas rogorc omis iaraRi sxva saxelmwifoTa winaaRmdeg.<br />
swored am mizeziT regularuli armiebis Camoyalibeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>emTxva evropis axali istoriis sawyis periodSi saxelmwifoTa<br />
sistemis Camoyalibebas. magram principul moments warmoadgens<br />
is, rom SeiaraRebuli Zalebi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen mzad<br />
ara marto saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis, aramed Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiTi<br />
amocanebis SesrulebisTvisac. gareSe agresiis winaaRmdeg<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisunarianobis aucileblobis uzrunvelyofam swored<br />
rom ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia armia Tanamedrove saxelmwifos aucilebel<br />
elementad, romelic aseve saWiroa saxelmwifosaTvis rogorc<br />
policia, sasamarTlo an, vTqvaT, fosta. magram, un<strong>da</strong> avRniSnoT,<br />
rom saxelmwifos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis funqciasTan, rac ise<strong>da</strong>c naTelia,<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia isev armiis problemebi, romelTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetazec<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia TviT armiis buneba <strong>da</strong> misi raodenoba.<br />
erTi mxriv, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen sakmaod<br />
Zlierni, raTa SeZlon agresiis mogerieba, magram kidev ufro<br />
ukeTesia, Tu gamovricxavT am saSiSroebas potenciuri agresoris<br />
SeSinebis principiT. aq problema mdgomareobs imaSi,<br />
rom am SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis iwyebo<strong>da</strong> gamalebuli mzadeba<br />
SeiaraRebisaTvis, kidev metic, iwyebo<strong>da</strong> omi, imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi potencialis zr<strong>da</strong> aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> mezobeli saxelmwifoebis<br />
mier rogorc Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiTi potencialis gaZliereba<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sedegad iwvev<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas. swored aseTi<br />
viTareba iyo magaliTad maSin, rodesac <strong>da</strong>iwyo sazRvao SeiaraRebis<br />
gamalebuli zr<strong>da</strong> did britaneTsa <strong>da</strong> imperiul germanias<br />
Soris pirveli msoflio omis (1914 weli) <strong>da</strong>wyebis win,<br />
rac gax<strong>da</strong> omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis mizezi. magram ar un<strong>da</strong> gamogvrCes<br />
mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n is, rom gamalebulma SeiaraRebam SeiZleba xeli<br />
Seuwyos ZalauflebaTa balanss saerTaSoriso urTierTobeb-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong> Sedegad Seamciros omis saSiSroeba, rogorc es iyo civi<br />
omis wlebSi.<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi, Tuki armia Tavis Tavze iRebs Tav<strong>da</strong>cviT<br />
rols, is wiravs Tavis Tavs xangrZlivi umoqmedobisaTvis.<br />
am dros man un<strong>da</strong> SeinarCunos maRali brZolisunarianoba,<br />
romelic mas SeiZleba arasodes <strong>da</strong>sWirdes.<br />
ufro met mkacr politikas armiisadmi mimarTebaSi<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSirSi stalini,. 1930-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
Catarebuli samxedro reformis dros, romelic mimarTuli<br />
iyo armiis profesionalizaciaze, mosalodneli safrTxis winaSe,<br />
romelic germaniis mxri<strong>da</strong>n modio<strong>da</strong>. 1937 wels is ucbad<br />
CaixSo sisxlSi: <strong>da</strong>ixvrita yoveli xuTi<strong>da</strong>n 3 sabWoTa marSali<br />
<strong>da</strong> armiis 15 sardli<strong>da</strong>n yoveli 13. saerTod sabWoTa<br />
sardlebis 90 procentma, polkovnikebis 80 procentma <strong>da</strong> saSualo<br />
wodebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30 000 oficerma <strong>da</strong>karges Tavisi<br />
Tanamdebobani <strong>da</strong> zogierTma maTganma sicocxlec ki.<br />
gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> armiis momzadebis TvalsazrisiT, armia<br />
faqtobrivad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> SeuiaraRebeli <strong>da</strong> demoralizebuli im<br />
momentSi, roca mas 1939-40 wlebSi moux<strong>da</strong> omi fineTTan.<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi armiaSi SeRwevis modeli iTvaliswinebs<br />
ara imdenad politikurad arasaimedo meTaurebis moSorebas, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
swori <strong>politikuri</strong> Sexedulebebisa <strong>da</strong> faseulobebis<br />
propagan<strong>da</strong>s. erayis xelisuflebaSi sa<strong>da</strong>m huseinis 1979 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mosvlis droi<strong>da</strong>n, basis mTavroba yovelnairad nergav<strong>da</strong> panarabul<br />
nacionalizms, arabTa gaerTianebas <strong>da</strong> maT gaTavisuflebas<br />
`<strong>da</strong>savluri imperializmisagan~ <strong>da</strong> sionizmisagan. swored<br />
aseTi miznebiT xsni<strong>da</strong> reJimi 1980 wels iranis teritoriaze<br />
SeWras, agreTve 1990 wels kuveitis aneqsiis mcdelobas.<br />
armia armia armia armia armia rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc interesebis interesebis interesebis interesebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
zemoT warmodgenili iyo mosazreba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
Sesaxeb, rogorc politikur instrumentebze, romelic<br />
mTavrobas iyenebs Tavis Si<strong>da</strong> politikur <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
samsaxurSi, sinamdvileSi ki aqcevs maT instrumentad, romelTac<br />
mTavrobisgan pirwmin<strong>da</strong>d aqvT warTmeuli yvela sakuTari<br />
interesi; anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es iyo raRac interesebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufeba <strong>da</strong> yvela misTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebiT cdi-<br />
230 231
lob<strong>da</strong> zemoqmedeba moexdina politikis arsze. am saqmeSi ki<br />
is flob<strong>da</strong> zemoqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> zegavlenis yvela saimedo berkets.<br />
pirvel rigSi armia informaciisa <strong>da</strong> codnis uzarmazari<br />
matarebelia; Tumca Teoriis Tanaxmad igi un<strong>da</strong> emorCilebodes<br />
samoqalaqo xelmZRvanelobebis gankargulebebs <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong><br />
warmoadgendes politikurad neitralur Zalas. Zneli warmosadgenia,<br />
rom mTavroba ar usmendes mas, yovel SemTxvevaSi im<br />
sakiTxebSi, romlebic exeba samxedro strategias, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong><br />
ubralod saerTaSoriso politikas.<br />
meorec, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi monawileoben Zireuli<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis procesis SuagulSi,<br />
isini floben xelisuflebis sakuTar institucionalur bazas.<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli bazebi magaliTad,<br />
axorcieleben Tavis gavlenas uSualod Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministros _ pentagonis, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos <strong>da</strong><br />
agreTve SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sakiTxebis sakongreso komitetebis<br />
saSualebiT. <strong>da</strong> bolos, mesame rigSi armia Tavis mxriv<br />
mudmiv `dividendebs~ iRebs imitom, rom sazogadoeba yovelTvis<br />
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs uSiSroebis sakiTxebs; erTi sityviT,<br />
gamoxataven ra Tavis azrs samxedro siZlieris <strong>da</strong><br />
samxedro xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo politikosebs<br />
SeuZliaT amomrCevelTa <strong>da</strong>matebiTi xmebis imedi iqonion.<br />
`sazogadoebrivi arCevanis~ koncefcia Cinovnikebis<br />
mimarT ambobs, rom yvelaze metad isini wuxan Tavis karieraze<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufrTxildebian mas. aseve SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>majereblad vTqvaT<br />
samxedro sardlobis mimarT, rom is mowadinebulia gza gaukvalos<br />
im politikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs, romlebic muSaoben armiis<br />
statusze <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi misi gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobis<br />
gafarToeba-gaumjobesebaze. am SemTxvevaSi armia warmoadgens<br />
klonirebis jgufs, romelic iyenebs <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis<br />
yvela Sesasvlels, oRon<strong>da</strong>c miaRwios samxedro biujetis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
dRes TiTqmis sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom `civ oms~<br />
Tavis droze amZafrebdnen aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> ssrk-s samxedro saxelmwifo<br />
kompleqsebi. amasTanave orive mxare iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
imiT, rom meore mxaris Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi SesaZleblobani warmoeCinaT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulad <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare strategiuli muqarebi.<br />
zogierTi monacemebiT sabWoTa kavSiris xarjebma samxedro<br />
<strong>da</strong> momijnave miznebisaTvis XX s. 80-ian wlebSi miaRwies saer-<br />
To erovnuli produqciis 80 procents, xolo Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi kompleqsi<br />
iyo ganviTarebadi ekonomikis erTaderTi efeqturi<br />
seqtori. amave dros aSS-s samxedro xarjebi iyo saerTo erovnuli<br />
xarjebis araumetes 6 procenti. realuri gaangariSebiT es iyo<br />
10 procentiT naklebi sabWoTa kavSirTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
analogiuri ram xdebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi, roca samxedro<br />
xarjebi 2000 wlis 15 milioni<strong>da</strong>n gaizar<strong>da</strong> 900 milion dolaramde,<br />
Tumca ruseTTan omi 2 dReSi wavageT. agreTve aris<br />
safuZveli gveTqva, rom 1991 w. `sparseTis yureSi warmoebuli<br />
omis~ ukan idgnen amerikis wamyvani samxedro meijare-gamrigeblebi.<br />
amiT maT miecaT saSualeba gaekeTebinaT uaxlesi<br />
samxedro miRwevebis demonstrireba. magaliTad iseTis, rogoric<br />
iyo TviTmfrinavi `stelsi~, frTiani <strong>da</strong> `patriotis~ sistemis<br />
raketebi <strong>da</strong> amis Sedegad mieRwiaT kidev ufro meti samxedro<br />
asignebisaTvis. meore mxriv ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> swori <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT<br />
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi `omis gamCaRebeli~, magaliTad amerikis<br />
prezidentis buSis mTavari samxedro mrCeveli kolin paueli<br />
uxalisod <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas `yureSi krizisis~<br />
Sesaxeb, radganac mas eSino<strong>da</strong> materialuri <strong>da</strong> moraluri<br />
zaralis, romelic SeiZleba ganeca<strong>da</strong> amerikis SeiaraRebul<br />
Zalebs am omSi yovelgvari naTeli <strong>politikuri</strong> miznebis<br />
gansazRvris gareSe. umcrosi buSis drosac mas ukve aSS-s<br />
saxelmwifo ministris posti eWira, <strong>da</strong>narCen maRalCinosan<br />
samxedro pirebTan erTad araerTxel gamouTqvams azri imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom terorizmTan omSi saWiroa moiqce mxolod mkafiod<br />
<strong>da</strong> naTlad Camoyalibebuli <strong>da</strong> strategiuli miznebis<br />
arsebobisas, raTa aSS-s armia ar iyos CaTreuli gaWianurebul<br />
samxedro operaciebSi.<br />
samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis alternativa<br />
alternativa<br />
alternativa<br />
alternativa<br />
alternativa<br />
samxedroebi ar arian yovelTvis Tanaxma, rom warmoadgendnen<br />
interesTa <strong>da</strong>jgufebas <strong>da</strong> Tavis miznebs aRwevdnen<br />
samoqalaqo politikosebis saSualebiT: floben ra SeiaraRebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> iZulebiTi Zalauflebis uzarmazar potencials<br />
samxedroebi dro <strong>da</strong> dro pir<strong>da</strong>pir erevian politikaSi. calkeul<br />
SemTxvevebSi aseTma moqmedebam SeiZleba moaxdinos samxedro<br />
mmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong>fuZneba. armias aqvs imis saSualeba, rom SeinarCunos<br />
nebismieri arapopularuli reJimi <strong>da</strong> amasTanave <strong>da</strong>amxos<br />
232 233
igi. garemoebani, romelTa drosac samxedroebi modian<br />
mmarTvelobaSi, ganixileba Semdgom nawilSi. jer ki visaubrebT<br />
im formebis Sesaxeb, romelTa saSualebiTac xorcieldeba<br />
samxedro mmarTveloba. samxedroebs gaaCniaT mTeli rigi Taviseburebani,<br />
romelTaganac bunebrivia mTavaria is, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
samxedro diqtaturaSi Zalauflebis ganawileba xdeba<br />
mkacri subordinaciis principebiT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva `mbrZaneblobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis~ jaWvad.<br />
samxedro mmarTvelobis erT-erTi saxeobaa _ xunta xunta<br />
xunta<br />
(warmosdgeba espanuri sityvisagan JUNTA, rac niSnavs sabWos<br />
marTvas). aris ra umTavresad laTino-amerikuli gamovlineba,<br />
xunta warmoadgens sakuTriv samxedro koleqtiuri mmarTvelobis<br />
tips, romlis centralur organos warmoadgens yvela<br />
fexosani sazRvao <strong>da</strong> sahaero jarebis warmomadgenelTa sabWo<br />
klasikur xuntaSi. ase magaliTad, 1978-83 wlebis argentinaSi<br />
samoqalaqo politikosebi sruliad CamoSorebuli iqna xelisuflebisagan,<br />
xolo profkavSirebi <strong>da</strong> saerTod Cveulebrivi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweoba saerTod aikrZala qveyanaSi. Zalze<br />
xSirad jarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeobaTa <strong>da</strong> calkeul pirovneba-<br />
Ta Soris metoqeobis gamo Zalaufleba xuntaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis xeli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
xelSi. sxva SemTxvevebSi samxedro diqtatura Tavs iyris<br />
erTi kacis irgvliv: amis magaliTebia _ polkovniki popadopulosi<br />
1974-84 wlebis saberZneTSi, 1973 wlis ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis<br />
Semdeg generali pinoCeti CileSi, generali abaca 1993-98 wlebis<br />
nigeriaSi. afrikisaTvis amasTanave <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia iseTi<br />
movlena, rogoric iyo umcrosi oficrebis mier Zalauflebis<br />
xelSi Cagdeba: ase iyo ganaSi 1979 wels, roca aq Zalaufleba<br />
xelSi Caigdo leitenantma jeri roulingsma, <strong>da</strong> liberiaSi<br />
1980 wels, roca samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba moawyo serJantma samuel<br />
doum.<br />
roca samxedro reJimebi xelisuflebaSi modian, isini<br />
auqmeben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs <strong>da</strong> Trgunaven sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis yvela wyaroebs: sityvis Tavisuflebas,<br />
demonstraciebs, ikrZaleba opoziciuri <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> profkavSirebi, masobrivi informaciis wyaroebSi myardeba<br />
umkacresi cenzura. xSirad saqme mTavrdeba imiTac, rom samxedroebi<br />
aseT situaciebSi amjobineben ` CrdilSi gasvlas~ <strong>da</strong> formalurad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>scemen Zalauflebas romelime `metnaklebad aqtiur<br />
samoqalaqo xelisuflebas~. ase magaliTad mox<strong>da</strong> mabutus<br />
mmarTvelobis dros zairSi, rodesac is movi<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi<br />
1965 wels samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Sedegad, magram Semdeg man<br />
amjobina CamoeSorebina armia <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> TviTon<br />
emarTa saxelmwifo e.w. `revoluciisTvis saxalxo moZraobis~<br />
saSualebiT, romelic TviT manve <strong>da</strong>aarsa. 1960-70 wlebSi egviptis<br />
saxelmwifo, samxedro mmarTvelobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> avtoritarul<br />
samxedro mmarTvelobaze gaal naserisa <strong>da</strong> anvar sa<strong>da</strong>-<br />
Tis dros, romlebic TviT armiis rigebi<strong>da</strong>n movidnen. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom qveyanaSi samoqalaqo kabinetebis formirebam<br />
<strong>da</strong> partiaTa Camoyalibebam moaxdines reJimis legitimacia,<br />
xolo naserma <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>Tma miaRwies armiisgan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Tavisuflebas.<br />
magram zogierT samxedro reJims iseTi bedic eweva,<br />
rogoricaa sruli kraxi. roca armia komprometirebulia sruli<br />
samxedro marcxiT. amisaTvis ki saWiroa, rom sazogadoeba-<br />
Si opoziciam miaRwios iseT gasaqans, rom misi SeCereba ar<br />
SeiZlebodes marto represiebiT. amis magaliTs warmoadgens<br />
1978 wels berZeni generlebis reJimis <strong>da</strong>mxoba, roca TurqeTma<br />
xelSi Caigdo kviprosis CrdiloeT nawili <strong>da</strong> meore magali-<br />
Ti 1983 wels argentinis xuntis <strong>da</strong>mxoba, rodesac man waago<br />
folklendis omi, magram filipinebis diqtatoris markosis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxoba 1986 wels mox<strong>da</strong> gansazRvrul faqtorTa kombinaciiT.<br />
es iyo moZraoba demokratiuli reformebisken, romelsac saTaveSi<br />
edga korason akino. <strong>da</strong> diplomatiuri zewola aSS-s<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n, magram akinos gamocdilebam gviCvena is, rom Tu ki<br />
armia gamovi<strong>da</strong> yazarmebi<strong>da</strong>n gareT, raTa miiRos uSualo monawileoba<br />
politikaSi, misi ukan Sebruneba araa advili: man<br />
xelisuflebaSi yofnis 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>itana samxedro<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis 3 c<strong>da</strong>.<br />
armiaze armiaze armiaze armiaze armiaze kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis didi siZlieris arsebobisas<br />
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom isini warmoadgenen politikis umniSvnelovanes<br />
Tu ara, umTavres faqtors mainc. sinamdvileSi es<br />
ase ar aris, politikaSi armiis pir<strong>da</strong>piri Carevis SemTxvevebi,<br />
samoqalaqo mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>mxobis mcdelobiT saerTod arc ise<br />
bevria <strong>da</strong> yvela isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Semofarglulia laTinuri<br />
amerikiT, afrikiT <strong>da</strong> aziis calkeuli nawilebiT. <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
demokratiebs ki, warsulSi yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebs,<br />
234 235
arsebiTad ar ganucdiaT seriozuli samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>trialebani.<br />
saerTo wesebi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erT gamonakliss warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
1945 wels: safrangeTi 1958 wels <strong>da</strong> 1961 wlebSi (pirveli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Sedegi iyo meoTxe respublikis <strong>da</strong>mxoba, meore<br />
ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>); portugalia 1974 wels, roca armiam Caigdo<br />
xelSi Zalaufleba `naciis saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n xelyofis<br />
acilebis mizniT~ <strong>da</strong> espaneTi 1981 wels, roca misma SeiaraRebulma<br />
Zalebma scades saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba. rac Seexeba<br />
komunistur samyaros, aq Semdegi gamonaklisia: arSemdgari<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba CineTSi 1971 wels, roca lon biao Zalauflebis<br />
xelSi Cagdebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>; poloneTSi 1981 wels<br />
xelisuflebaSi general iaruzelskis mosvla; <strong>da</strong> agvisto<br />
`putCi~ moskovSi 1991 wels, ramac ramodenime dRiT CamoaSora<br />
gorbaCovi xelisuflebas.<br />
rogor rogor rogor rogor rogor xdeba xdeba xdeba xdeba xdeba armiaze armiaze armiaze armiaze armiaze samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo kontrolis kontrolis kontrolis kontrolis kontrolis <strong>da</strong>weseba? <strong>da</strong>weseba? <strong>da</strong>weseba? <strong>da</strong>weseba? <strong>da</strong>weseba?<br />
saerTo jamSi gamoyofen kontrolis ori tipis<br />
meqanizmebsa <strong>da</strong> meTodebs, romlebic iZleva aseTi kontrolis<br />
ganxorcielebis saSualebas. 1957 wels samuel hanTingtoni<br />
amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ambob<strong>da</strong> `obieqturi~ <strong>da</strong> `subieqturi~<br />
meTodebis Sesaxeb, xolo erik nordlingeri 1977 wels iyeneb<strong>da</strong><br />
terminebs _ `liberaluri meTodi~ <strong>da</strong> `SeRwevis meTodi~.<br />
liberaluri anu obieqturi modeli, armiasa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaTa Soris yvelaze mkafiod gamoikveTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis iaraRad moazrebaSi. militarizaciis<br />
Sesaxeb laparakoben im SemTxvevaSic, roca armia scildeba<br />
misTvis gansazRvruli amocanebis farglebs <strong>da</strong> axdens saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTvelobis uzurpirebas (uzurpacia _ Zalauflebis<br />
ukanonod xelSi Cagdeba, sxvisi Zalauflebis miTviseba).<br />
rodesac armia gamoiyeneba Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiTi an eqspansiuri<br />
miznebisaTvis, misi roli ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. imisaTvis,<br />
rom ganaxorcielo omi sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
saWiroa, SeiaraRebul Zalebs SeeZloT <strong>da</strong> surdeT, gaxdnen<br />
iaraRi, <strong>da</strong> rom sazogadoebaSi iyos am mizanTa sakmaod mtkice<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. eqspansiuri saxelmwifoebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
samxedro xarjebis maRali done, generalitetis CarTva<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi (militarizmi<br />
_ SeiaraRebisa <strong>da</strong> omisaTvis mzadebis reaqciuli poli-<br />
tika) im ideaTa <strong>da</strong> faseulobaTa gavrcelebis saqmeSi, rac<br />
asocirebulia samxedro saqmesTan, mTel sazogadoebasTan. militaristuli<br />
reJimis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens hitleris<br />
`mesame reixi~ germaniaSi, dRevandeli rusuli armia,<br />
romelic gaeros wevr mezobel, suverenul qveyanas Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa<br />
2008 wels <strong>da</strong> misi nawilis okupacia moaxdina.<br />
Sinagani Sinagani Sinagani Sinagani Sinagani wesrigis wesrigis wesrigis wesrigis wesrigis garantia garantia garantia garantia garantia<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Zalauflebis udides potencials<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos ara marto sagareo saqmianobisaTvis,<br />
aramed maT udidesi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT saxelmwifos<br />
saSinao politikaSi, Tumca armiebis Zala mimarTulia sxva saxelmwifoebis<br />
winaaRmdeg. amocanebi, romlebsac wyveten SeiaraRebuli<br />
Zalebi, bunebrivia, gansxvavdebian sistemi<strong>da</strong>n sistemamde <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
mniSvnelobiT. arasamxedro xasiaTis erT-erTi tipiuri amocana,<br />
romlis Sesrulebac SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ekisros, armias, esaa monawileob<br />
bunebriv katastrofebSi, magram aseTi rame xdeba gansakuTrebul<br />
SemTxvevebSi <strong>da</strong> mas <strong>politikuri</strong> mniSvneloba ara aqvs. amis Tqma ar<br />
SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi, roca jari gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo areulobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> uwesrigobis CasaxSobad an romelime seriozuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
winaaRmdegobis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad.<br />
aSS-Si magaliTad, armia uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> 1950-1960 wleb-<br />
Si rasobrivi desegregaciis Sesaxeb xelisuflebis mier miRebuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis ganxorcielebas. did britaneTSi armia<br />
gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli situaciebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad <strong>da</strong><br />
1970-1980-ian wlebSi saswrafo samedicino <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmosaCenad,<br />
roca qveyana moicva sawarmoo-samrewvelo konfliqtebma.<br />
xSirad aseTi qmedeba iwvevs kritikas, <strong>da</strong> ara imitom, rom<br />
armiebs aq eniWebaT funqciebi, romlebic ganekuTvneba policias,<br />
aramed imitomac, rom kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgebo<strong>da</strong> armiis<br />
tradiciuli neitralitetis principi.<br />
samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>trialebani xdeba gansazRvrul viTarebaSi.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan faqtorebs warmoadgenen:<br />
_ qveynis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba;<br />
_ sazogadoebis TvalSi samoqalaqo mTavrobebis mier<br />
Tavisi legitimurobis <strong>da</strong>kargva;<br />
_ konfliqturoba samxedroebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
mTavrobas Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi;<br />
236 237
_ Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso viTareba, romelic xels<br />
uwyobs ga<strong>da</strong>triaklebas.<br />
Zalze TvalnaTliv Cans samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis kav-<br />
Siri ekonomikur CamorCenilobasTan. nigeriaSi samoqalaqo<br />
mTavrobis Camogdeba 1983 wels mox<strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi ekonomikuri<br />
krizisis Semdeg, rac gamowveuli iyo navTobze fasebis <strong>da</strong>cemiT.<br />
iqmneba ganxeTqilebis saSiSroeba armiaSi. amitom araa<br />
gasakviri, rom yvelaze didxans samxedro reJimebi inarCuneben<br />
Tavis reJims msoflios im nawilSi, romlebic adre warmoadgendnen<br />
koloniebs _ laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi,<br />
afrikasa <strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.<br />
samxedroebi saerTod yovelTvis cdiloben moawyon<br />
imis demonstrireba, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi maT amoZravebT<br />
keTilSobiluri zraxvebi <strong>da</strong> miznebi: imis aucilebloba, rom<br />
mospon korufcia, <strong>da</strong>sZlion ganxeTqileba sazogadoebaSi, ga<strong>da</strong>arCinon<br />
eri. magram arasodes ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom<br />
yvelafer amaSi ar aris maTi sakuTari interesebi. samxedro<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebani Zalze xSirad ubralod isaxaven c<strong>da</strong>s, rom<br />
SeinarCunon armiis privilegiebi, <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba an prestiJi,<br />
Tu saqmeSi araa seriozulo <strong>politikuri</strong> ambiciebi.<br />
Szogjer armiis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba _ Caigdos Zalaufleba<br />
xelSi, SeiZleba iqnes nakarnaxevi mosazrebiT, romlebic<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia saerTaSoriso viTarebasTan. Zalian cotaa<br />
iseTi magaliTebi, romlebic gviCveneben, rom samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba,<br />
romel qveyanaSic ar un<strong>da</strong> moxdes is, srulebiTac ar<br />
exebo<strong>da</strong> mezobeli qveynis interesebs, regionalur an saerTa-<br />
Soriso organizaciebs an saerTaSoriso sazogadoebebs. zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi samxedroebi imitom awyoben Zalovan gamosvlas,<br />
rom maTze axdenen zewolas gare<strong>da</strong>n. swored aseTi SemTxveva<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> CileSi: aSS-s centraluri sa<strong>da</strong>zvervo sammarTvelo<br />
aliendeSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> kubis reJimis momxre komunists, romlis<br />
reformebi emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> amerikis mravalferovnul korporaciebs<br />
arsebuls Cilesa <strong>da</strong> mTels laTinur<br />
amerikaSi.pinoCetma ki miiRo aSS-s centraluri sa<strong>da</strong>zvervo<br />
sammarTvelosagan yovelgveri konsultaciebi: aSS mas aZlev<strong>da</strong><br />
garantias <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir diplomatiur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis<br />
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
policia policia policia policia policia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
politika<br />
policia, iseve, rogorc armia, aris <strong>da</strong>Trgunvis saxelmwifo<br />
aparatis nawili, magram gansxvaveba maT Soris TvalnaTelia:<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis roli mdgomareos imaSi, rom<br />
is aris mowodebuli uzrunvelyos qveynis Tav<strong>da</strong>cva, policiis<br />
roli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom man un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas qveynis Sinauri<br />
wesrigi. dRevandeli Tavisi saxiT policiuri Zalebi<br />
emsgavsebian me-19 saukunis policias, rodesac industrializaciis<br />
procesma ukiduresobamde gaamwvava <strong>da</strong>savleTis sazogadoebis<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> winaaRmdegobani. liberaluri<br />
TvalsazrisiT policiaSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven umTavresad neitralur<br />
instituts, romlis amocanac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
man <strong>da</strong>icvas sazogadoebrivi wesrigi <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebi. am kuTxiT problema mdgomareobs SemdegSi:<br />
policia eyrdnoba farTo sazogadoebriv konsesuss <strong>da</strong> flobs<br />
maRali xarisxis legitimurobas, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c moqalaqeebi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni<br />
arian imaSi, rom policia xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi<br />
wesrigis stabilurobas <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofs xalxis pirad<br />
usafrTxoebas, icavs ra maT erTimeorisagan, amasTanave is<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cviT <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> funqciebi<br />
mas arc hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc eqneba.<br />
konservatiuli TvalsazrisiT policiis roli mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros saxelmwifo Zalauflebas,<br />
uzrunvelyos misi kanonieri Sesruleba qveynis mTel teritoriaze.<br />
es midgoma, romelsac aqvs pesimisturi Sexeduleba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebaze, xazs usvams imas, rom policias aqvs mniSvneloba<br />
rogorc sazogadoebis Zalovani institutisa, romelsac<br />
ZaluZs Tu ki <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba, yvelaze ufro mkacrad imoqmedos<br />
sazogadoebrivi mRelvarebisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo uwesrigobis<br />
situaciebSi. am SemTxvevaSi policia ganixileba, rogorc<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> kontrolis meqanizmi.<br />
radikaluri Tvalsazrisi metad kritikulia policia-xelisuflebis<br />
mimarT. am mimarTebiT policia warmoadgens<br />
<strong>da</strong>Trgunvis instruments, rac ufro saxelmwifos xelSia,<br />
vidre sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> emsaxureba pirvel rigSi elitas,<br />
vidre masebs. marqsistuli versiiT policiis amocana mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom is un<strong>da</strong> idges sakuTrebis <strong>da</strong> saerTod<br />
kapitalis interesebis sa<strong>da</strong>rajoze.<br />
mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom policielebis roli <strong>da</strong>mok-<br />
238 239
idebulia im politikur sistemaze, romlis nawilsac isini<br />
warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> imas, Tu romeli amocanebisaTvis iyeneben maT<br />
saxelmwifo an moqmedi mTavroba. am TvalsazrisiT ganasxvaveben<br />
samoqalaqo policias _ ese igi <strong>da</strong>yofas, rac gamoxatavs<br />
saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong>yofas liberalur saxelmwifoebad <strong>da</strong> egreT<br />
wodebul politikur saxelmwifoebad.<br />
samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samoqalaqo policia policia policia policia policia<br />
rodesac vlaparakobT samoqalaqo policiaze, maSin<br />
saubari midis iseT Zalebze, romelTa moqmedebis sferoc Semoifargleba<br />
mxolod samarTlis kanoniT, es swored is policiaa,<br />
rogorsac xSirad warmoadgens sazogadoeba _ `policia arsebobs<br />
mxolod imisTvis, rom ebrZolos <strong>da</strong>naSauls~. magram<br />
un<strong>da</strong> vicodeT erTi ram, rom wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cva, vTqvaT, indoeTis<br />
sofelSi sul sxvaa, xolo wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cva Tanamedrone niuiorkSi,<br />
parizsa <strong>da</strong> sankt-peterburgSi sul sxva. cnobilia, rom<br />
patara <strong>da</strong> erTgvarovani gaerTianebani sakmaod kargad umklavdebian<br />
sakuTari ZalebiT wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmes. sul sxva<br />
suraTi gvaqvs ufro met masStabur <strong>da</strong> fragmentalur (socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli TvalsazrisiT) sazogadoebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba TiTqmis sruliad depersonalizebulia.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis policia,<br />
romelic ganicdis ganicdis industrializaciis erTi <strong>da</strong> igive modelebis<br />
Seqmnas, Seejaxeba arsebiTad erTi <strong>da</strong> igive amocanebs:<br />
satransporto samarTal<strong>da</strong>rRvevebs, manqanebis gatacebas, quCis<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSauls, organizebul <strong>da</strong>naSauls <strong>da</strong> am dros sapolicio<br />
Zalebis organizeba <strong>da</strong> taqtika iRebs msgavs xasiaTs.<br />
SeiZleba vilaparakoT samoqalaqo policiis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
modelebis Sesaxeb. arsebobs policiis konkretuli sazogadoeba.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom policia mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos a<strong>da</strong>mianTa kompaqturi cxovrebis ama Tu im adgileb-<br />
Si, xolo moqalaqeebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n igulisxmeba maTi TanamSromloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSaulebaTa gamoZiebasa <strong>da</strong> gaxsnaSi, amas gar<strong>da</strong> arsebobs<br />
kidev <strong>da</strong>naSaulobaTa profilaqtikis saerTo amocana,<br />
sazogadoebaSi iseTi faseulobebis <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidreba, romlebic mimarTulia swored am amocanebis<br />
Sesasruleblaad. aseTi koncefcia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia didi<br />
britaneTisaTvis <strong>da</strong> kidev ufro metad iaponiisaTvis. iaponel<br />
policiels moeTxoveba, rom is icnobdes Tavis samoqmedo<br />
ubans, icnobdes yvela ojaxs <strong>da</strong> sawarmos, romlebic ganlagebulia<br />
mis teritoriaze. swored amas emsaxurebian is specialuri<br />
saguSagoebi (kubani) an mudmivi sapolicio ubnebi<br />
(Cuzaiso). aseTi meTodis warmateba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es<br />
warmateba pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor eqcevian<br />
moqalaqeebi policiels, rogorc gaerTianebis sapatio wevrs<br />
<strong>da</strong> mzad arian, rom yovelTvis iyvnen meTvalyureobis qveS.<br />
did britaneTSi ekonomiurobis TvalsazrisiT es sistema<br />
ramdenadme Seamcires 1860-70 wlebSi, magram aseve gaafarToves<br />
1980-iani wlebis qalaqebSi agorebuli uwesrigobebis gamo.<br />
meore mxriv, arsebobs policiis modeli, romelic moqmedebs<br />
`saxanZro brigadis~ principiT, aq mTavaria misi unari,<br />
Tu rogori siswrafiT moaxdens igi reagirebas samarTal<strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Rvevebze raTa swored siCqaris wyalobiTa <strong>da</strong> reaqciebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos ara marto operatiuli, aramed profilaqtikuri<br />
amocanebi. rogorc wesi, am modelSi miRebulia ufro mkacri,<br />
TiTqmis samxedro meTodebi, aq agreTve umetesad eyrdnobian<br />
iaraRis uaxles teqnologiebs <strong>da</strong> saxeobas. aseTi modeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia yvelaze metad avtoritaruli <strong>da</strong> totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifoebisaTvis, magram ar aris ucxo liberaluri<br />
saxelmwifoebisaTvisac. ase magaliTad, niu-iorkis policia<br />
potenciuri <strong>da</strong>mnaSeveebis <strong>da</strong>saSineblaad SeiaraRebulia<br />
didkalibriani <strong>da</strong> naxevra<strong>da</strong>vtomaturi revolverebiTa <strong>da</strong> xelketebiT,<br />
xolo kairos policia SeiaraRebulia avtomatebiT<br />
an avtomaturi SaSxanebiT.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> policia policia policia policia policia<br />
policia SeiZleba iyos `<strong>politikuri</strong>~ ori mimarTulebiT.<br />
pirvel rigSi, mis saqmes SeiZleba axldes raRac<br />
mudmivi tendencia, romelic keTilganwyobilia erTi jgufisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqmedebs sxvaTa winaaRmdeg. meore rigSi, is SeiZleba<br />
gascdes Tavisi saqmianobis farglebs <strong>da</strong> ecados, rom zemoqmedeba<br />
moaxdinos uSualod politikur procesebze. pirveli<br />
problema wamoswies radikaluri <strong>da</strong> socialisturi mimarTulebis<br />
kritikosebma maTTvis Cveuli absoluturi urwmunobiT<br />
imaSi, rom SeeZloT ki politikur Zalebs yofiliyvnen raRacaSi<br />
neitralurni, Zlierni <strong>da</strong> emoqme<strong>da</strong>T samarTlianad <strong>da</strong><br />
240 241
<strong>da</strong>interesebis gareSe (romel saxelmwifo organosac ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
emsaxuron). am TvalsazrisiT saqme ase warmovidginoT: policiis<br />
Zalebis specialuri momzadeba <strong>da</strong> disciplina ukve TviTon<br />
TavisTavad qmnian maTSi iseT kulturas, romelic arsebiTad<br />
aris avtoritaruli <strong>da</strong> politikurad konservatiuli, amitom<br />
iseT jgufebTan, rogoricaa muSebi, gaficulebi, qalebi <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnikuri umciresobani, <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalebi moiqcevian ufro<br />
mkacrad, vidre sxvebTan.<br />
policiis politizaciis done ucvlelad izrdeba imis<strong>da</strong><br />
mixedviT, Tu ramdenad ufro rTuli <strong>da</strong> fragmentirebuli<br />
xdeba sazogadoeba. zogierTi Teoretikosi kidec amtkicebs,<br />
rom saerTod ar SeiZleba zRvaris gavleba policiis saqmianobis<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> politikur sferoebs Soris. Zalze<br />
xSirad policiis neitralobis saerTod ar swamT TviT sazogadoebasac,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca policiels ga<strong>da</strong>isvrian<br />
gaficvebis, demonstraciebis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo uwesrigobebis<br />
winaaRmdeg, rac gamomdinareobs aRmoufxvreli sazogadoebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebi<strong>da</strong>n. ase xdeba<br />
xSirad im regionebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs mwvave eTnikuri an<br />
nacionaluri problemebi. ase magaliTad, espaneTis CrdiloeTSi,<br />
baskebis qveyanaSi, an CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mosaxleobis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili ar aRiqvams policiels rogorc<br />
`kanonier Zalas~.<br />
xSirad saxelmwifoebisaTvis `politikurad Zalze sa-<br />
CoTiro~ operaciebis Sesasruleblad qmnian specialur naxevrad<br />
gasamxedroebuli xasiaTis policiur razmebs. amis<br />
klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens safrangeTis respublikuri<br />
uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic organizebulia samxedro yai<strong>da</strong>ze<br />
iqamdec ki, rom misi TanamSromlebi cxovroben specialur<br />
garnizonebSi. did britaneTSi amave miznebisaTvisaa Seqmnili<br />
patrulirebis specialuri jgufi.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovel saxelmwifoSi<br />
aris Seqmnili Tavisi specialuri saidumlo samsaxurebi <strong>da</strong>zvervisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi. maTi funqciebi erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
atareben politikur xasiaTs, romelic agreTve<br />
Seicavs iseTi xalxisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufebze meTvalyureobas,<br />
romelTa saqmianobam SeiZleba ziani miayenos saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong> zogjer destabilizacia gamoiwvios. aseT samsaxurebs<br />
warmoadgens Sinagani uSiSroebis samsaxurebi, rogoric arian:<br />
did britaneTSi <strong>da</strong>zvervis centraluri sammarTvelo, <strong>da</strong>z-<br />
vervis federaluri biuro aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo<br />
uSiSroebis komiteti. uSiSroebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zvervis samsaxuri<br />
_ saagento, romelsac evalebo<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong><br />
kontrrevoluciuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba did britaneTSi<br />
Seiqmna 1909 wels sis britaneTSi germaneli jaSuSebis<br />
winaaRmdegsabrZolvelad <strong>da</strong> igi iTvleba erT-erT uZlieres<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>zvervo samsaxurad msoflioSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi esenia kudi (konstituciuri usafrTxoebis<br />
deparpamenti) <strong>da</strong> sodi (specialuri operatiuli departamenti).<br />
policiuri policiuri policiuri policiuri policiuri saxelmwifoebi<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
termini `policiuri saxelmwifoebi~ ganekuTvneba ise-<br />
Ti <strong>politikuri</strong> reJimis gamomxatvel cnebebs <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebs,<br />
romlebSic gaTelilia yvela <strong>da</strong> yovelgvari samoqalaqo<br />
Tavisuflebebi, policiaze ar moqmedebs araviTari kanoni, is<br />
ar aris pasuxismgebeli saerTod arc sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc sazogadoebis winaSe <strong>da</strong> moqmedebs yvelaze<br />
uxeSi <strong>da</strong> gaurkveveli saSualebiT. policiuri saxelmwifoebi<br />
warmoadgenen totalitarizmis pir<strong>da</strong>pir gansaxierebas: aq policia,<br />
romelsac micemuli aqvs ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba,<br />
yovelTvis qmnis mudmivi SiSis atmosferos, raTa mmarTvelma<br />
elitam Tavis kontrol qveS mtkiced iqonios sazogadoebis<br />
cxovrebis yvela mxare. magram yvelafer amasTan erTad, policiels<br />
aseT policiur saxelmwifoSi ara aqvs miniWebuli<br />
iseTi adgili, rogoric ukavia armias samxedro diqtaturis<br />
pirobebSi _ is ubralod aris <strong>politikuri</strong> elitis samsaxur-<br />
Si.<br />
swored aseTi mdgomareoba iyo germaniaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c Seqmnili<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>Sinebisa <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis aparati. gestapos<br />
`yavisferi perangebi~-s razmebi mzad iyvnen mTavrobis pirveli<br />
sityvisTanave gasworebodnen nebismier mowinaaRmdeges.<br />
gestapo asruleb<strong>da</strong> saidumlo policiis amocanebs, CD-is <strong>da</strong>nayofebi<br />
iTavsebdnen <strong>da</strong>zvervisa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebis sakiTxebs, xolo<br />
CC-I warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> namdvil saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi.<br />
analogiuri adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> movlenebs sabWoTa kavSirSi:<br />
leninma 1917 wels Seqmna _ sagangebi komisia burJuaziisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> metoqeebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Semdeg misi<br />
242 243
adgili <strong>da</strong>ikava _ ssr kavSiris saxalxo komisiaTa sabWosTan<br />
arsebulma saxelmwifo politikurma sammarTvelom. Semdeg<br />
Seiqmna Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati, romelic iyo<br />
stalinis Zalauflebis piradi instrumenti <strong>da</strong> bolos, 1953<br />
wels Seiqmna _ saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti (suki), romelic<br />
sxva funqciebTan erTad axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> kontrols sasazRvro<br />
samsaxurisa <strong>da</strong> SromiTi banakebis sistemaze. komunistur saxelmwifoebSi<br />
saidumlo policiis magaliTebs warmoadgendnen<br />
gdr-Si `Stasi~ <strong>da</strong> `sekiuritate~ rumineTSi.<br />
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis aseT sistemebTan erTad Sei-<br />
Zleba arsebobdes `Cveulebrivi~ policiuri Zalebi. ase magaliTad,<br />
nacistur germaniaSi faSisturi germaniis arsebobis<br />
mTel periodSi saqmianob<strong>da</strong> Cveulebriv teritorialuri organizebuli<br />
policia, romelic Tvalyurs adevneb<strong>da</strong> wesrigs<br />
am sityvis sruli tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT. sabWoTa kav-<br />
SirSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> milicia, romelic eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong> Sinagan<br />
saqmeTa saministros <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgebeli iyo sisxlis samarTlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSaulobaTa gamovlenaze, <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa <strong>da</strong>kavebaze, sapasporto<br />
reJimis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobasa <strong>da</strong> saerTo wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cvaze.<br />
magram un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom TviT e.w. `liberalur saxelmwifoebsac~<br />
ki hyavT Tavisi saidumlo policia. ase magaliTad,<br />
aSS-s <strong>da</strong>zvervis centralur sammarTvelos araerTxel miuRia<br />
monawileoba qveynis farglebs gareT saidumlo operaciebis<br />
CatarebaSi, TviT CileSi pinoCetis ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
CaTvliT, kubis lideris fidel kastros mokvlis mcdelobaSic<br />
<strong>da</strong> salvadorSi kanonieri gziT arCeuli mTavrobis<br />
mowinaaRmdegeTaTvis SeiaraRebis miwodebaSi. arsebobs mosazreba,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>zvervis centraluri sammarTvelo araerTxel<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong> saidumlo operaciebs sakuTari qveynis SigniTac <strong>da</strong><br />
iTamaSa Taviseburi roli 1963 wels prezident kenedis mkvlelobaSi,<br />
Tumca es jer kidev <strong>da</strong>umtkicebelia. `<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
teroris ~meTodebi gamoyenebul iqna CrdiloeT irlandiaSic<br />
1960-iani wlebis bolos, sa<strong>da</strong>c didi britaneTis policiis<br />
specialuri Zalebi ara marto akontrolebdnen samoqalaqo<br />
demonstraciebs <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen irlandiis respublikur<br />
armias, aramed yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>eSinebinaT qalaq olsteris kaTolikuri ubnebis mosaxleoba.<br />
1969 wels ki es razmebi <strong>da</strong>Slil iqna, magram ara uadres<br />
imisa, sanam policiuri funqciebi ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> britaneTis<br />
armiisaTvis.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
_ armia warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli saxis politikur<br />
instituts. sazogadoebis sxva institutebisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gansxvavdebian imiT, rom isini floben<br />
srul monopolias SeiaraRebaze, aqvT SezRuduli xasiaTis<br />
udidesi Zalaufleba, umaRles doneze disciplinirebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
struqturirebuli <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis safexurebis mixedviT, gaaCniaT<br />
umaRlesi kultura <strong>da</strong> faseulobaTa orientacia, warmoadgenen<br />
saerTo erovnuli interesebis matareblebs, rac maT<br />
ayenebs `politikaze maRla~.<br />
_ SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavari amocanaa _ warmoadgendes<br />
omis iaraRs sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg brZola-<br />
Si. amasTanave armia warmoadgens interesTa uZlieres <strong>da</strong>jgufebas,<br />
romelic gavlenas axdens politikaze, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki sagareo <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cviT politikaze. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa mas<br />
gamoiyeneben, rogorc <strong>da</strong>matebiT saSualebas Sinagani wesrigisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad, gansakuTrebiT ki im situaciebSi,<br />
roca samoqalaqo samsaxurebi ver Zleven am amocanas.<br />
bolos ki armia warmoadgens Zalas, romelsac ZaluZs (Seu-<br />
Zlia) ga<strong>da</strong>ayenos samoqalaqo xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amyaros Tavisi<br />
_ samxedro diqtatura.<br />
_ Seiqmna armiaze kontrolis ganxorcielebis ori<br />
forma. liberaluri, anu `obieqturi~ kontrolis modeli<br />
gulisxmobs, rom armia un<strong>da</strong> uyos politikis gareSe samoqalaqo<br />
organoebis meqanizmebis saSualebiT <strong>da</strong> am dros armia<br />
un<strong>da</strong> emorCilebodes samoqalaqo xelisuflebas <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes<br />
mis winaSe angariSvaldebuli. armia eqvemdebareba samoqalaqo<br />
xelmZRvanelobas imiT, rom is ideologiurad eqvemdebareba<br />
mmarTveli partiis faseulobebsa <strong>da</strong> miznebs.<br />
_ samxedro ga<strong>da</strong>trialebebi xdeba gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi.<br />
aq mTavari faqtoria: qveynis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba<br />
(moqmedi mTavroba naklebad uWers mxars ekonomikas);<br />
xelisuflebis institutebisa <strong>da</strong> mmarTveli elitis mier sazogadoebis<br />
TvalSi legitimurobis <strong>da</strong>kargva; interesTa konfliqti<br />
samxedroebsa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo xelisuflebas Soris <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos saerTaSoriso viTareba, romelic ubiZgebs samxedroebs<br />
saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebisaken, an rogorc minimum uadvilebs<br />
maT Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas.<br />
_ policiis mTavari amocanaa _ ganaxorcielos samar-<br />
244 245
TalaRsruleba <strong>da</strong> xeli Seuwyos samoqalaqo wesrigs. amasTanave<br />
mas SeuZlia hqondes <strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTi, im SemTxvevaSi Tu<br />
TviT policiaSi moqmedebs esa Tu is tendenciebi, roca mas<br />
iyeneben samoqalaqo uwerigobis CasaxSobad an politikur<br />
uTanxmoebaTa mosawesrigeblad, an roca is warmoadgens policiuri<br />
saxelmwifos iaraRs, ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva ra am SemTxvevaSi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> elitis samsaxurSi TiTqos<strong>da</strong> kerZo armiad.<br />
_ policiaze moqmedi kontroli moiTxovs balansis<br />
arsebobas mis politikur angariSvaldebulebasa <strong>da</strong> misi politizaciis<br />
princips Soris, rac Tavis mxriv <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
imaze, Tu romel principzea igi formirebuli _ centralizebul<br />
Tu decentralizebul safuZvelze. decentralizebuli<br />
sapolicio Zalebi <strong>da</strong>moukidebelni arian centraluri xelisuflebisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong> yuradRebiT un<strong>da</strong> reagirebdnen adgilobriv<br />
saWiroebebze. centralizacia ki ufro adekvaturad pasuxobs<br />
saerTo erovnuli mmarTvelobis amocanebs <strong>da</strong> efeqturobis<br />
moTxovnebs.<br />
Tavi Tavi Tavi XVI<br />
XVI<br />
saqarTvelos saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema<br />
sistema<br />
saqarTvelo aris <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, erTiani <strong>da</strong> ganuyofeli<br />
saxelmwifo, rac <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts qveynis<br />
mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis assr-Si <strong>da</strong> yofil<br />
samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarebuli referendumiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos <strong>politikuri</strong> wyobilebis forma<br />
aris demokratiuli respublika. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos<br />
saxelwodebaa „saqarTvelo”.<br />
qalaqis mosaxleoba 58%, soflis – 42%.<br />
administraciul-teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>yofa: saqarTvelos<br />
de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi – Tbilisi, 2 avtonomiuri respublika (aWaris <strong>da</strong><br />
afxazeTis), 9 mxare (kaxeTis, qvemo qarTlis, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis,<br />
mcxeTa-TianeTis, samcxe-javaxeTis, imereTis, guriis, samegrelozemo<br />
svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis), 63 raioni, 942 sasoflo sabWo<br />
(sul 62 qalaqi, 53 qalaqis tipis <strong>da</strong>ba, 4475 sofeli). mosaxleoba<br />
4 milionze meti, maT Soris TbilisSi 1,2 milioni. qveyanaSi<br />
moqmedebs 1995 wlis 24 agvistos parlamentis mier miRebuli<br />
konstitucia.<br />
konstitucia agebulia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mkveTri gamijvnis principze.<br />
saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gansazRvrulia 1991 wlis 21 dekembris<br />
mdgomareobiT (muxli 2); aRiarebulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis<br />
upiratesoba erovnul kanonmdeblobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
(muxli 6) sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba eniWebaT<br />
prezidents, parlamentis wevrs, saparlamento fraqcias, saparlamento<br />
komitets, avtonomiur warmonaqmnebs an 30 aTas amomrCevels<br />
(muxli 6). referendumi SeiZleba moewyos prezidentis,<br />
parlamentis an 200 aTasi amomrCevlis iniciativiT (muxli<br />
74).<br />
sakanonmdeblo konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlo.<br />
konstituciis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis iniciativiT sargeblobs prezidenti,<br />
parlamentis siiT Semadgenlobis naxevari an 200 aTasi<br />
amomrCeveli (muxli 102).<br />
1995 wlis konstituciaSi Ria<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>tovebuli saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi. aRniSnulia, rom igi<br />
246 247
qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>wydeba<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb specialurad miRebuli<br />
organuli kanoniT.<br />
sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xelisufleba xelisufleba xelisufleba xelisufleba parlamenti<br />
parlamenti<br />
parlamenti<br />
parlamenti<br />
parlamenti<br />
1990 wlis 28 oqtombers, 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers, 1995 wlis<br />
5 noembers, 1999 wlis 31 oqtombers, 2003 wlis 2 noembers, 2004<br />
wlis 28 marts, 2008 wlis 21 maiss Catarebulma mravalpartiulma<br />
arCevnebma saqarTveloSi ukve Seqmna parlamentarizmis<br />
garkveuli tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba. parlamenti sul ufro<br />
gamokveTil adgils ikavebs politikur cxovrebaSi.<br />
2008 wlis 21 maisis arCevnebze gaimarjva mmarTvelma<br />
partiam _ nacionalurma moZraobam, romelmac ga<strong>da</strong>laxa 5procentiani<br />
barieri <strong>da</strong> 150-<strong>da</strong>n 120 deputati gaiyvana. bolo<br />
wlebis arCevnebis Tavisebureba isic iyo, rom isini ver Catar<strong>da</strong><br />
separatistuli mTavrobis kontrolis qveS myof afxazeTis<br />
teritoriaze <strong>da</strong> 1992 wels afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n arCeul parlamentarebs<br />
2004 wlamde gaugrZel<strong>da</strong>T man<strong>da</strong>tebi.<br />
1999 wlis parlamentis arCevnebSi gaimarjva 2003 wels<br />
xelisuflebaSi mosulma saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSirma,<br />
romelmac saparlamento umravlesoba Seqmna, magram es umravlesoba<br />
mtkice ver aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. misi <strong>da</strong>Sla <strong>da</strong>aCqara eduard SeevardnaZis<br />
wasvlam partiis Tavjdomareobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> parlamentis Tavjdomaris<br />
zurab Jvanias ga<strong>da</strong>dgomam. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentis Tavjdomared arCeuli iqna nino burjanaZe.<br />
amJamad parlamentSi aris 16 saparlamento komiteti <strong>da</strong> 5 saparlamento<br />
fraqcia (fraqciaSi 6 kacze meti Sedis).<br />
2003 wels gayalbebuli saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebulma moZraobam Seiwira SevardnaZis xelisufleba. 2004<br />
wlis 28 martis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad xelisuflebis<br />
saTaveSi movi<strong>da</strong> nacionaluri moZraoba, romelic dRemde<br />
marTavs qveyanas.<br />
aRmasrulebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
a) prezidenti<br />
pirveli saprezidento arCevnebi saqarTveloSi 1991 wlis<br />
26 maiss Catar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> masSi zviad gamsaxurdiam gaimarjva. saxelmwifo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Semdeg gauqm<strong>da</strong> prezidentis instituti.<br />
1992 wlis 6 noembers miRebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis<br />
Sesaxeb kanonis mixedviT parlamentis Tavjdomares<br />
eduard SevardnaZes saxelmwifo meTauris uflebamosileba<br />
mieniWa.<br />
1995 wlis konstituciiT kvlav SemoRebuli iqna prezidentis<br />
Tanamdeboba. prezidenti airCeva saerTo-saxalxo ken-<br />
WisyriT 5 wlis vadiT. erTi <strong>da</strong> igive pirovneba prezidentad<br />
SeiZleba arCeul iqnas zedized ori vadiT. igi aris saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri, umaRlesi<br />
mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li.<br />
parlaments aqvs prezidentis impiCmentis (ga<strong>da</strong>yenebis)<br />
ufleba xmaTa 2/3-iT. prezidentad ar SeiZleba airCes pirovneba,<br />
romelsac ar Sesrulebia 35 weli. (ze<strong>da</strong> zRvari <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />
ar aris). 1995 <strong>da</strong> 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze gaimarjva<br />
eduard SevardnaZem, 2004 <strong>da</strong> 2008 wlis riggareSe arCevnebSi<br />
gaimarjva mixeil saakaSvilma.<br />
prezidenti imavdroulad aris erovnuli uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos Tavjdomare.<br />
b) mTavroba<br />
1995 wlis konstituciam mniSvnelovnad Secvala aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis struqtura. gauqm<strong>da</strong> premier-ministris<br />
Tanamdeboba, aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong> ministrTa kabineti, Tumca<br />
2004 wli<strong>da</strong>n kvlav aRdgenil iqna es Tanamdeboba.<br />
1997 wlis 3 maiss ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> axali kanoni saxelmwifo<br />
mowyobis Sesaxeb. dReisaTvis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
struqturas qmnian:<br />
prezidenti, premier-ministri (saxelmwifo kancelariis<br />
meTauri) saministroebi, saxelmwifo departamentebi, saxelmwifo<br />
inspeqciebi.<br />
wina wlebSi parlamentma ramdenime ministri impiCmentis<br />
wesiT ga<strong>da</strong>ayena. parlamentTan SeTanxmebiT ministrebis<br />
wardgenis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSvnis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos prezidents.<br />
2004 wlis ianvri<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos mesame prezidenti gax<strong>da</strong><br />
mixeil saakaSvili. 2008 wlis ianvarSi is xelmeored iqna<br />
arCeuli prezidentad. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg 2004<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n dRemde 5 premier-ministri Seicvala.<br />
248 249
sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
1995 wlis konstituciiT akrZalulia specialuri sasamarTloebis<br />
Seqmna. mosamarTleebs irCeven 10 wlis vadiT<br />
Sesabamisi gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg. generaluri prokuroris<br />
uflebamosilebis va<strong>da</strong> 5 welia. 1996 wli<strong>da</strong>n pirvelad Seiqmna<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelic mowodebulia konstituciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>sacavad. igi Sedgeba 10<br />
wlis vadiT <strong>da</strong>niSnuli 9 wevrisagan. mosamarTle SeiZleba<br />
gaxdes 28 wels ga<strong>da</strong>cilebuli piri. sasamarTlo sistemaze<br />
meTvalyureoba avalia saqarTvelos prezidentTan Seqmnil<br />
saTaTbiro organos – iusticiis sabWos, Seqmnilia raionuli,<br />
saolqo, saapelacio, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> aWaris umaRlesi, saqarTvelos<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTloebi.<br />
1997 wli<strong>da</strong>n SemoRebuli iqna saxalxo <strong>da</strong>mcvelis anu<br />
ombudsmenis Tanamdeboba, romelsac sakmaod didi uflebebi<br />
gaaCnia <strong>da</strong> romelic arc erTi partiis wevri ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />
adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
xelisufleba<br />
adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> regionaluri xelisuflebis mowyobis<br />
problema yvelaze mtkivneuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> axali qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis.<br />
qveynis teritoriis 15%-ze meti, yofili<br />
afxazeTis assr <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis<br />
teritoria separatistuli mTavrobebis xelSia kvlavac <strong>da</strong><br />
udides problemebs uqmnis qveyanas. 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />
omis Semdeg ruseTma afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba calmxrivad aRiara, amasTan <strong>da</strong>ikava axalgoris<br />
raioni, didi <strong>da</strong> patara liaxvis <strong>da</strong> frones xeobebi.<br />
avtonomiebi<br />
avtonomiebi<br />
avtonomiebi<br />
avtonomiebi<br />
avtonomiebi<br />
afxazeTs avtonomiis ufleba (soxumis olqi) jer kidev<br />
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstituciiT<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> miniWebuli. bolSevikurma xelisuflebam 1921<br />
wlis 16 dekembers igi “saxelSekrulebo respublikad” gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xolo 1931 wlis 19 Tebervals igi gaform<strong>da</strong> avtonomiur<br />
respublikad saqarTvelos ssr SemadgenlobaSi.<br />
afxazeTSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimarTul separatistul<br />
moZraobas yovelTvis ruseTi aRviveb<strong>da</strong>, romelsac di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ar anaRvleb<strong>da</strong> arc afxazeTis bedi. 1991 wlis bolos, sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis droisaTvis eTnikuri afxazebis wili afxazeTis<br />
mosaxleobis 18%-s Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelebisa ki-46%.<br />
afxazebi sargeblobdnen qarTvelebze meti uflebebiT<br />
yvela sferoSi, rasac demokratiis procesis <strong>da</strong>wyebam safrTxe<br />
Seuqmna. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa rom 1991 wlis afxazeTis umaRlesi<br />
sabWos arCevnebSi afxazebs gamsaxurdias xelisuflebam<br />
qarTvelebze meti qvota misca (afxazebs 28 man<strong>da</strong>ti, qarTvelebs<br />
– 26, 2 adgili ki sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs) konfliqti<br />
rusebis waqezebiT mainc mwifdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi gansakuTrebiT<br />
gaRrmav<strong>da</strong> 1991-1992 wlebis saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Semdeg.<br />
1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis umaRlesma sabWom xmaTa umravlesobiT<br />
gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis 1925 wlis konstituciis aRdgena,<br />
rac faqtiurad afxazeTis saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofas niSnav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saqarTvelos samxedro sabWom, afxazeTis umaRlesi sab-<br />
Wos qarTulma fraqciam (31 deputati) ar cno es ukanono aqti.<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobam kulminacias miaRwia 1992 wlis 14 agvistos,<br />
roca sarkinigzo magistralebis usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sinamdvileSi ki eqs-prezident zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTa<br />
ganeitralebis mizniT saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi<br />
Sevidnen afxazeTis teritoriaze. aman gamoiwvia omi afxaze-<br />
Tis separatistulad ganwyobil xelisuflebasTan, romelsac<br />
aqtiurad <strong>da</strong>exmarnen iq dislocirebuli rusi samxedroebi <strong>da</strong><br />
CrdiloeTkavkasieli <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli meomrebi.<br />
es omi 1993 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumis <strong>da</strong>cemiT <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>,<br />
omSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30 aTasamde a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong>iRupa, mox<strong>da</strong> qarTvel-<br />
Ta genocidi – 250 aTasze meti qarTveli gamoZevebuli iqna<br />
afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>ikarga afxazeTis yofili avtonomiis teritoria,<br />
2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqtis Semdeg ki _<br />
kodoris xeobac.<br />
1994 wli<strong>da</strong>n mimdinareobs molaparakebebi Tbilissa <strong>da</strong><br />
soxumis defaqto xelisuflebas Soris, romelSic Suamavlis<br />
rols 2008 wlamde ruseTi asruleb<strong>da</strong>, agreTve masSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
statusiT monawileobs, gaero, euTo, “saqarTvelos megobar-<br />
Ta” jgufi (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, ruseTi).<br />
konfliqtis zonaSi samSvidobo Zalebis funqciebs “asruleb<strong>da</strong>”<br />
ruseTis samxedro kontingenti, romelic <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
250 251
saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) egidiT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
romelic faqtiurad exmareba afxazeTis separatistul xelisuflebas<br />
miRweulis SenarCunebaSi.<br />
molaparakebebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d or sakiTze mimdinareobs:<br />
afxazeTis statusze <strong>da</strong> ltolvilebis <strong>da</strong>brunebaze. arc erT<br />
am sakiTxze raime progresi araa miRweuli. galis raionSi<br />
stiqiurad <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cxovrobs 60 aTasamde qarTveli.<br />
1995 wlis 22 agvistos soxumis e.w. parlamentma specialuri<br />
rezoluciiT <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura afxazeTis sruli <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba,<br />
arCeuli iqna afxazeTis e.w. prezidentic. dRes afxaze-<br />
Tis sakiTxi CixSia moqceuli. saqarTvelo arasodes ar Seegueba<br />
afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>kargvas, afxazeTis e.w. xelisuflebas ki<br />
gagonebac ar un<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SigniT farTo avtonomiis<br />
miRebaze.<br />
samwuxarod saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver moagvara<br />
afxazeTis problema. 2008 wlis agvistoSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli ruseTsaqarTvelos<br />
omis Sedegad ruseTma cno afxazeTis <strong>da</strong> e.w.<br />
samxreT oseTis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, Tumca am aqts mxari aravin<br />
<strong>da</strong>uWira nikaraguas gar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
cxinvalis cxinvalis cxinvalis cxinvalis cxinvalis regioni regioni regioni regioni regioni<br />
Tuki afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli avtonomiuris statusi<br />
principulad misaRebia qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, igive ar<br />
iTqmis cxinvalis regionze, e.w. samxreT oseTze.<br />
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi bolSevikurma xelisuflebam<br />
xelovnurad Seqmna 1922 wlis 20 aprils bolSevikebisadmi<br />
osi xalxis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis jildod. amitom qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis umravlesobis TvalSi am avtonomiuri olqis<br />
TviT arseboba aralegitimuri iyo.<br />
regionSi Seqmnilma moZraobam XX saukunis 80-ian wleb-<br />
Si “a<strong>da</strong>mon nixasis” xelmZRvanelobiT moiTxova CrdiloeT<br />
oseTTan gaerTianeba, rac ukanono nabiji iyo. pirveli Setakebebi<br />
regionSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1989 wels. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebam<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom eWvis qveS ayeneb<strong>da</strong> avtonomiis<br />
legitimurobas, magram roca TbilisTan SeTanxmebis gareSe<br />
avtonomiur olqSi arCevnebi Catar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axla<strong>da</strong>rCeulma uzenaesma<br />
sabWom samxreT oseTis respublika (faqtiurad saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoyofa) gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma<br />
sabWom 1990 wlis dekemberSi gaauqma samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri<br />
olqi. amas samxedro <strong>da</strong>pirispireba mohyva. es konfliqti<br />
ormxrivi msxverpliT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> 1992 wlis ivlisamde. igi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> sammxrivi qarTul-osur-rusuli SeTanxmebiT, romliTac<br />
yofili olqis statusis garkvevamde regionSi sammxrivi<br />
samSvidobo Zalebi <strong>da</strong>dgebo<strong>da</strong>. es SeTanxmeba dRemde<br />
moqmedebs, olqis teritorias ki realurad dRemde akontrolebs<br />
cxinvalis e.w. xeliufleba – mTavroba <strong>da</strong> prezidenti. 2008<br />
wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegad saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>karga didi <strong>da</strong> patara liaxvis, frones xeobebi, axalgoris<br />
raioni.<br />
aWaris aWaris aWaris aWaris aWaris avtonomiuri avtonomiuri avtonomiuri avtonomiuri avtonomiuri respublika<br />
respublika<br />
respublika<br />
respublika<br />
respublika<br />
aWaris avtonomiuri respublika (adre mas 1918-1921 ww<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis wlebSi samuslimano saqarTvelos eZaxdnen)<br />
Seqmnilia ara eTnikuri niSniT (aWarlebi qarTvelebia yvela),<br />
aramed religiuri niSniT, TurqeTTan garkveuli SeTanxmebis<br />
safuZvelze. aWaris xelmZRvanelobas arasodes <strong>da</strong>uyenebia eWvqveS<br />
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofna. 1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n aWaris avtonomiuri<br />
respublikis umaRlesi sabWos Tavjdomared air-<br />
Cies aslan abaSiZe, romelic zviad gamsaxurdias mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />
sargeblob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1992 wlis saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Semdeg aslan aba-<br />
SiZem cno axali xelisufleba, miesalma eduard SevardnaZis<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebas saqarTveloSi. man moaxerxa (rusuli nawilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT) ar <strong>da</strong>eSva aWaraze imJamad Zlieri samxedro<br />
formirebebis (mxedrioni, gvardia) gavlenebis gavrceleba, risi<br />
wyalobiTac regioni faqtiurad ga<strong>da</strong>urCa ngrevas, SenarCun<strong>da</strong><br />
wesrigi <strong>da</strong> garkveuli aRmSenebloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. aman aslan aba-<br />
SiZe popularul figurad aqcia, rasac misi finansuri si-<br />
Zlierec xels uwyob<strong>da</strong>. man Seqmna axali partia “saqarTvelos<br />
aRorZinebis kavSiri”, romelic gavleniT meore <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
Zala iyo saqarTveloSi. 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze<br />
man 60-mde deputatis saparlamento man<strong>da</strong>ti miiRo saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentSi. aslan abaSiZe yovelTvis xazs usvam<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavis erTgulebas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
ideisadmi. igi Zlieri mmarTveli iyo <strong>da</strong> naklebad sjero<strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sikeTis.<br />
252 253
yovelive amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> garkveuli <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba<br />
centrsa <strong>da</strong> aWaris mmarTveloabs Soris. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> aWaris avtonomiis<br />
sakiTxi, realurad ar mom<strong>da</strong>ra gamijvna centrsa <strong>da</strong><br />
regions Soris. es exebo<strong>da</strong> sakadro sakiTxebsac. xSiri iyo<br />
urTierTbraldebebi. 1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n aslan abaSiZe ar Camosula<br />
TbilisSi teroristuli aqtebis SiSis gamo. 1996 <strong>da</strong> 2001, 2004<br />
<strong>da</strong> 2008 wlebSi Catar<strong>da</strong> aWaris uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebi.<br />
miRebulia aWaris avtonomiis konstituciac. 2001 wels aslan<br />
abaSiZe arCeul iqna aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis meTaurad<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri kenWisyriT, aWaris uzenaesi sabWo ki orpalatiani<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2004 wlis maisi<strong>da</strong>n aWaraSi Seicvala xelisuflebac.<br />
aslan abaSiZis nacvlad aWaris ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomared<br />
<strong>da</strong>iniSna levan vaSalomiZe.<br />
adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba<br />
TviTmmarTveloba<br />
TviTmmarTveloba<br />
TviTmmarTveloba<br />
TviTmmarTveloba<br />
1995 wlis konstituciaSi qveynis administraciul-teritoriuli<br />
mowyobis sistema ar iqna Setanili <strong>da</strong> igi ganixileba<br />
qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis Semdeg, xolo<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistema organuli kanoniT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvruliyo. yvelaze didi cvlilebaa adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobis Sualeduri (regionaluri) rgolis – mxaris<br />
Seqmna (sul 9 mxare Seiqmna, romelsac prezidentis rwmunebulebi<br />
ganageben 1993 wli<strong>da</strong>n. mxareebis Seqmna ganaxorciel<strong>da</strong><br />
eduard SevardnaZis iniciativiT <strong>da</strong> misi (<strong>da</strong> ara parlamentis<br />
mier miRebuli kanonis) brZanebulebiT <strong>da</strong> amdenad igi jerjerobiT<br />
arakonstituciur warmonaqms warmoadgens, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom 1997 wels miRebuli iqna kanoni – mxaris<br />
Sesaxeb. momavalSi mosalodnelia regionebis gauqmeba <strong>da</strong> regionalur<br />
(samxareo) mmarTvelobaze ga<strong>da</strong>svla, orpalatiani<br />
parlamentis SemoReba).<br />
1997 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo<br />
organuli kanoni adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb,<br />
romlis safuZvelzec 1998 wlis 15 noembers Catar<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis pirveli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi<br />
afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> cxvinvalis regionis gamoklebiT.<br />
2002 wlis 2 ivniss (1 wlis <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT) Catar<strong>da</strong> adgi-<br />
lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis meore arCevnebi. qalaqebSi (Tbilisisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> foTis gar<strong>da</strong>) pir<strong>da</strong>piri kenWisyriT airCies qalaqis<br />
merebi, agreTve soflebisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqis sakrebuloebi. raionis<br />
gamgeblebs kvlav niSnavs prezidenti raionuli sakrebulos<br />
wardginebiT. aseve iniSnebian Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> foTis merebi.<br />
TbilisSi <strong>da</strong> foTSi proporciuli wesiT airCa sakrebuloebi.<br />
es arCevnebi <strong>da</strong>Zabul <strong>da</strong> rTul, <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul viTareba-<br />
Si Catar<strong>da</strong>. iyo mravali <strong>da</strong>rRveva, arCevnebis Sedegebis gayalbeba,<br />
sasamarTloSi gasaCivreba. am arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRwies<br />
axalma memarjveneebma, “mrewvelebma”, leiboristebma, nacionalurma<br />
moZraobam-demokratiulma frontma. 2006 wlis<br />
adgilobriv arCevnebSi gaimarjva nacionalurma moZraobam.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi partiebi partiebi partiebi partiebi<br />
sabWoTa reJimis rRvevis procesma 1987-1988 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>politikuri</strong> organizaciebis Seqmna gamoiwvia.<br />
im periodSi Seiqmna erovnul-demokratiuli partia, ilia Wav-<br />
WavaZis sazogadoeba, erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis partia, socialur-demokratiuli<br />
partia <strong>da</strong> sxvebi, romelTa mTavari<br />
moTxovna erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgena iyo. 1989 wlis<br />
9 aprilis Semdeg moxerx<strong>da</strong> saxalxo frontis Seqmna, romelmac<br />
gaaerTiana yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> Zala komunisturi partiis<br />
winaaRmdeg. es erTianoba droebiTi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. imZlavra ambiciebma<br />
<strong>da</strong> erovnuli Zalebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d or banakad gaiyvnen:<br />
zviad gamsaxurdiam <strong>da</strong> misma momxreebma Seqmnes bloki “mrgvali<br />
magi<strong>da</strong>-Tavisufali saqarTvelo” romelmac gaimarjva kidec<br />
1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebSi. am arCevnebSi monawileoba<br />
miiRo 34 politikurma organizaciam. erovnuli moZraobis meore<br />
banaki mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebas.<br />
1991-1992 wlis samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong>pirispireba swored am politikur<br />
Zalebs Soris mox<strong>da</strong>. saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Semdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo axali partiebis warmoSoba – 1993 wlis noemberSi<br />
eduard SevardnaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> `saqarTvelos<br />
moqalaqeTa kavSiri~ romelmac gaimarjva 1995 <strong>da</strong> 1999<br />
wlebis saparlamento arCevnebze. 1993 wlis Tebervli<strong>da</strong>n Seiqmna<br />
saqarTvelos demokratiuli aRorZinebis kavSiri, romlis Tavjdomare<br />
iyo aslan abaSiZe. 1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n moqmedebs <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
254 255
moZraoba: “mrewveloba ga<strong>da</strong>arCens saqarTvelos”, romlis Tavjdomarea<br />
gogi TofaZe. swored am samma paartiam ga<strong>da</strong>laxa 7%iani<br />
saarCevno barieri 1999 wlis arCevnebze.<br />
1996 wli<strong>da</strong>n moqmedebs saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis<br />
partia (Tavjdomare Salva naTelaSvili), romelmac warmatebas<br />
miaRwia 1998 <strong>da</strong> 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze.<br />
1978 wli<strong>da</strong>n funqcionirebs saqarTvelos respublikuri partia<br />
(Tavmjdomare <strong>da</strong>viT usufaSvili). 2001 wels ki 2 <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
gaerTianeba “nacionaluri moZraoba – demokratiuli<br />
fronti” romlis Tavjdomarea mixeil saakaSvili <strong>da</strong> “gaer-<br />
Tianebuli demokratebi” (Tavjdomare zurab Jvania). es bolo<br />
sami <strong>politikuri</strong> gaerTianeba moqalaqeTa kavSiris namsxvrevebze<br />
aRmocen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sakmaod warmatebas miaRwies 2002 wlis<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze. bolo wlebSi<br />
Seiqmna axali partiebic _ `erovnuli forumi~ (kaxa Sartava<br />
<strong>da</strong> gubaz sanikiZe), `saqarTvelos gza~ (salome zurabiSvili),<br />
`axali memarjveneebi~ (<strong>da</strong>viT gamyreliZe), konservatorebi (zviad<br />
ZiZiguri), `xalxis partia~ (koba <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili), nino burjana-<br />
Zis, irakli alasanias <strong>da</strong> irakli oqruaSvilis partiebi.<br />
masmedia masmedia masmedia masmedia masmedia<br />
1987 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli partiuli gamocemebis<br />
gamoSveba, magaliTad saxalxo frontis gazeTi “saqarTvelo”<br />
masobriv popularul gamocemad iqca. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
arapartiuli gamocemebis istoria 1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n gazeT “7 dRis”<br />
gamosvliT iwyeba, romelsac mere gazeTi “dronic” <strong>da</strong>emata.<br />
sagazeTo pluralizmi gansakuTrebiT gagrZel<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Semdeg. presaze saxelmwifo cenzura ar xorcieldeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi Tavisufalia dRes (Tu ar CavTvliT materialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mwvave problemas. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli presis<br />
principiT moqmedeben sagazeTo liderebi “rezonansi”, “axali<br />
Taoba”, “alia”, “jorjian taimsi”, “axali versia”, “axali 7<br />
dRe”, “kviris palitra”, Jurnalebi “sarke”, “gza”, “bomondi”,<br />
“Tbiliselebi”, “imiji”, “reitingi” <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
rac Seexeba samauwyeblo medias (televizia, radio,<br />
eleqtronuli media), xelisufleba gacilebiT uxalisod eleva<br />
Tavis monopolias am <strong>da</strong>rgSi. saxelmwifo tele <strong>da</strong> radio<br />
arxebTan erTad (romlebic xelisuflebis Tvalsazriss gamox-<br />
ataven metwilad), Seiqmna <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli arxebic: “rusTavi-2”,<br />
“evrika”, “maestro”, “aWara”, “kavkasia”, “imedi”, “mze”, radioarxebi:<br />
“fortuna”, “radio-105”, “imedi”, ~ucnobi~, “nacnobi”, “saqarTvelos<br />
xma”, “radio Tavisuflebis” qarTuli re<strong>da</strong>qcia <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
satelevizio adgilobrivi sakabelo arxebi gaaCnia bevr raions<br />
<strong>da</strong> regions. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi “rusTavi-2”-is garSemo<br />
didi skan<strong>da</strong>li mox<strong>da</strong>, rac politikur <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
telekompaniaSi Sevidnen uSiSroebis saministros<br />
muSakebi <strong>da</strong> faqtiurad misi SezRudva <strong>da</strong> gauqmeba moindomes<br />
sxva sababiT. xalxma maSin masiurad <strong>da</strong>uWira mxari “rusTavi-<br />
2”-s, mere ki es yovelive parlametTan mjdomare aqciaSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelsac mTavrobis ga<strong>da</strong>dgoma mohyva.<br />
Tumca aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic rom am “<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli”<br />
tele <strong>da</strong> radio arxebis ukan saxelisuflebo <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
finansuri jgufebi dganan, romlebic xSirad WeSmarit qarTul<br />
interesebs sulac ar gamoxataven. 2004 wli<strong>da</strong>n gauqm<strong>da</strong> telekompaniebi<br />
`me-9 arxi~, `iberia~, `202~, raSic xelisuflebas<br />
miuZRvis wvlili.<br />
arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
dRes sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sam ZiriTad<br />
jgufad iyofa: SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi <strong>da</strong> profkavSirebi<br />
(romlebic sabWouri <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis specifikur<br />
elements warmoadgenen), axali arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,<br />
religiuri organizaciebi. 1992 wli<strong>da</strong>n gamokveTilad <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
ara<strong>politikuri</strong> arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa Camoyalibeba,<br />
romelTa ricxvma 3000-s ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba. maTi umravlesoba funqcionirebs<br />
ucxo fondebis (magaliTad “Ria sazogadoebasaqarTvelo,<br />
anu sorosis fondi, fondi “evrazia”, fondi “horizonti”,<br />
tasisis programa, fridrix ebertis fondi, aseve qarTuli<br />
firma “qarTus” saqvelmoqedo fondi, gogi TofaZis fondi,<br />
kaTolikos patriarqis fondi, eduard SevardnaZis fondi, axali<br />
memarjveneebis fondi <strong>da</strong> sxva) <strong>da</strong> iSviaTad sakuTari saxsrebis<br />
meSveobiT. arasamTavrobo seqtori ufro metad aqtiuria<br />
iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa garemos <strong>da</strong>cva, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi,<br />
samoqalaqo ganaTleba, demokratiuli reformebis sakanonmdeblo<br />
safuZvlebis SemuSaveba, konfliqtebis regulireba,<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> humanitaruli <strong>da</strong>xmareba, axalgazrdobis <strong>da</strong><br />
256 257
qalTa problemebi. arasamTavrobo organizaciebs “mesame seqtors”<br />
uwodeben, Tumca isini finansurad mTlianad ucxoeTze<br />
arian <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
saqarTveloSi axla iwyeba interesTa jgufebis Camoyalibeba<br />
(magaliTad mewarmeebi, romlebic mZafrad akritikeben<br />
savaluto fonds <strong>da</strong> sxva “<strong>da</strong>mxmare” organizaciebs), romlebic<br />
lobireben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebis interesebs xelisuflebaSi.<br />
Tavi Tavi XVII<br />
XVII<br />
qarTuli qarTuli <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> azri<br />
azri<br />
qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> azrovnebis azrovnebis azrovnebis azrovnebis azrovnebis saTaveebTan<br />
saTaveebTan<br />
saTaveebTan<br />
saTaveebTan<br />
saTaveebTan<br />
saqarTvelo uZvelesi civilizebuli qveyanaa. aRmosavleTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis gasayarze mdebare saqarTvelos Soreuli<br />
warsuli<strong>da</strong>n mWidro di plomatiuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> urTierToba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> evropisa <strong>da</strong> wina aziis qveynebTan, rac uSualo<br />
asaxvas poulob<strong>da</strong> qarTveli xalxis politikur azrovnebaSi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia iman, rom<br />
jer kidev gvarovnuli urTierTobis safexurze saqarTveloSi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sagareo orientaciis sakiTxmac Taviseburad <strong>da</strong>aCqara<br />
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba.<br />
kolxeTi imTaviTve bizantiis gavlenas ganicdi<strong>da</strong>, rac<br />
misi geografiuli mdebareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos ki un<strong>da</strong> aerCia bizantia <strong>da</strong> qristianoba an<br />
irani <strong>da</strong> zoroastrizmi. sagareo orientacia ganpirobebuli<br />
iyo bizantiis batonobiT, romelic konkretul istoriul<br />
situaciaTa mixedviT met-naklebad gamwvavebul xasiaTs iReb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas rom ganviTarebis am etapze qarTuli<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> azrovnebis ori ZiriTadi xazi ganpirobebuli<br />
iyo, erT SemTvevaSi ekonomikur-praqtikuli interesebiT (kolxeTi),<br />
xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> angariSianobis (saorientacio<br />
interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare) Sedegad miRebuli qristianobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva-ganmtkicebiT (iberia). mimarTulebaT saerTo<br />
saazrovno safuZvels warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> saeklesio Teologia <strong>da</strong><br />
antikuri filosofia.<br />
amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs kolxeTis akademiis saqmianoba.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> codnisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> praqtikis <strong>da</strong>axloebis<br />
idea Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ganviTarebas poulob<strong>da</strong>. amaze naTlad<br />
metyvelebs VI saukunis kolxeTis samefos sagareo orientaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis sakiTxebze aietisa <strong>da</strong><br />
fartaZes Sexedulebani. aieti kolxeTis warCinebulTa warmomadgeneli<br />
<strong>da</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>luri aristokratiis msofmxedvelobis<br />
gamomxatveli iyo. mas miaCn<strong>da</strong> rom bizantiis samefo Telavs<br />
kolxeTis saxelmwifo suverenitets. amitom igi sparselebis<br />
mxareze ga<strong>da</strong>svlas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />
258 259
saxelmwifo, amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> aieti, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mier Seqmnili<br />
rTuli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaa, romlis mizania a<strong>da</strong>mianTa bednieri<br />
cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa. am mizans saxelmwifo uSualod<br />
TviTon un<strong>da</strong> axorcielebdes. aietis azriT, idealuri is saxelmwifoa,<br />
romelsac mezobeli qveynebi angariSs uweven, romelic<br />
sagareo urTierTobaSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebel sagareo kurss axorcielebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis sarealizaciod<br />
mas ar sWirdeba ucxo, gareSe Zalebis gamoyeneba. yvela <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
moRvawis mizania imdenad Zlieri gaxados saxelmwifo,<br />
rom mas yovelTvis sakuTari Tavis imedi hqondes. magram saxelmwifos<br />
beds marto politikur moRvaweTa niWi, un<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong><br />
codna ar gansazRvravs, miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> aieti <strong>da</strong> ganmartav<strong>da</strong>: “saxelmwifo<br />
ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba xSirad emyareba “JamTa<br />
trials”, bedis ukuRmarTobas, an orives erTad”, is, rom aieti<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sxva socialuri movlenebis ganmsazRvrelad<br />
“JamTa trials” an “bedis ukuRmarTobas” <strong>da</strong> sxva mizezebs<br />
asaxelebs , ar niSnavs mis mier RmerTis srul ignorirebas.<br />
aieti imasac miuTiTebs rom “RmerTi yvelafris gamgebelia”,<br />
swored igi aniWebs a<strong>da</strong>mianebs inteleqtsa <strong>da</strong> gonieri azrovnebis<br />
unars, exmareba rTuli <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi movlenebis<br />
garkvevaSi. vinc “uzenaesis” nebas ar misdevs, RmerTi maT<br />
“urisxdeba” <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, gonivruli moqmedeba “uzenaessac siamovnebs”<br />
– aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> aieti.<br />
sayuradReboa aietis Sexedulebani Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> suverenuli<br />
saxelmwifos problemebze. misi azriT suverenuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zlieri saxelmwifo Seurigebeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos yvela im borotmoqmedebis<br />
mimarT, romelic laxavs xalxis Rirsebas. Tavisi<br />
xalxis winaaRmdeg Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSauli saxelmwifom arasodes<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tovos uyuradRebod, Tu mas surs momavalSi<br />
qveSevrdomTa uzrunveli cxovreba.<br />
aietis SexedulebebSi naTlad Cans sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebisadmi pativiscema, romelic ar gamoricxavs<br />
axlisadmi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, roca amas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
interesebi moiTxoven.<br />
aietis Tanamedrove, didi oratori <strong>da</strong> swavluli fartaZe,<br />
ar eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> azrs bizantiasTan kavSiris gawyvetisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sparselebis mxareze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
fartaZis ZiriTadi argumenti isaa, rom sparselebi qristianobis<br />
mtrebi iyvnen, bizantielebi – marTlmorwmuneni. amitom<br />
kolxebs ar Seefereba uRalatos qristianobas <strong>da</strong> mimarTos<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> sarwmunoebis mtrebs, riTac SeibRaleba “marTlmorwmuneoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> saidumloTa umwikvloba”. qarTul religiurfilosofiur<br />
azrovnebaSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZina qristes<br />
ori bunebis – RvTaebrivisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianurobis Sesaxeb problemis<br />
ganxilvam. romelia ganmsazRvreli _ miwa Tu zeca, kaci<br />
Tu RmerTi? ai kiTxva, romlis pasuxic arsebiTad ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> azris xasiaTs. am sakiTxis garkvevaSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
warmoCn<strong>da</strong> im epoqis qarTuli azrovnebis kanonmdebeli<br />
petre iberi.<br />
petre iberis saxiT qarTuli religiur-filosofiuri<br />
mimdinareobis progresuli frTa <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo ara<br />
imdenad RmerTis gankacebiT, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c kacis gaRmerTebiT.,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis RmerTTan gaTanasworebiT. am problemis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva uSualod ukavSirdeba erTisa <strong>da</strong> simravlis problemas.<br />
petre iberi, romelsac Tanamedroveni, mowafeebi <strong>da</strong><br />
biografebi “meore moses” uwodebdnen, erTisa <strong>da</strong> simravlis<br />
ganuyrelobis ideas qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong>. igi monofiziticaa (qristes<br />
erTbunebianobis – RvTaebriobis rwmena), ramdena<strong>da</strong>c yvelaferi<br />
erTze, RmerTze <strong>da</strong>hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> diofizitic (qristes orbunebianoba<br />
– RvTaebrioba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianoba), ramdena<strong>da</strong>c RmerTSi (erT-<br />
Si) xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianur msoflios. petre iberis Tanaxmad ar<br />
aris erTi simravlis gareSe <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, simravle erTis<br />
gareSe.<br />
aRniSnuli problemis Teoriuli <strong>da</strong>muSavebiT petre iberma<br />
Seamza<strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gi ioane petriwis mier am sakiTxis klasikuri<br />
ganzogadebisaTvis.<br />
VII-VIII saukuneebis mijni<strong>da</strong>n XI saukunemde periodi qarTuli<br />
azrovnebis istoriaSi sqolastikis xana<strong>da</strong>a cnobili. am<br />
etapze <strong>politikuri</strong> azrovnebis Taviseburebani arsebiTad ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
erTis mxriv, qveynis SigniT socialuri brZolis<br />
gamZafrebiT, meores mxriv, arabTa gabatonebiT.<br />
am periodis <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis arsebiTi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
niSania saero <strong>da</strong> sasuliero azrovnebis <strong>da</strong>axloeba.<br />
am safuZvelze X saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisaTvis saqarTvelom erTgvar<br />
erovnul <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriv konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias miaRwia.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> yofiereba warmodgenili iyo oTxi ZaliT: m<strong>da</strong>bioni<br />
<strong>da</strong> soflis muSakni, di<strong>da</strong>znaurni, eklesia <strong>da</strong> aristokratia.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli periodis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
260 261
azrovneba am oTxi mebrZoli Zalis partiul-ideologiuri<br />
cxovrebis gamoxatvaa. umTavres Teoriul ideas “erTmmarTvelobisaTvis<br />
brZolas warmoadgens.<br />
erTmmarTvelobis Teoriuli ideis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom safexurebrivad ganlagebul Zalebs saTaveSi erTi<br />
sawyisi udgas. am sawyisis (erTis) gageba kacobriobis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
azrovnebis umniSvnelovanesi Teoriuli problemaa.<br />
aRniSnul periodSi igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d absolutizirebuli<br />
iyo (magaliTad bizantiis imperiaSi). saqarTveloSi erTmmarTvelobis<br />
dros rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul gagebaSi<br />
aisaxa qarTuli yofierebis Taviseburebani.<br />
erTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifo sistema praqtikulad ganaxorciela<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebelma, rac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba<br />
misma pirovnebam. <strong>da</strong>viTis <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweoba Zalisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis, samarTlianobisa <strong>da</strong> Zalis erTianobaa.<br />
samarTlianoba icavs Zalas despotizmisagan, xolo Zala icavs<br />
samarTlianobas xelisuflebiTi partikularizmisagan.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125) (1089-1125) (1089-1125) (1089-1125) (1089-1125)<br />
- - - - - politikosi politikosi politikosi politikosi politikosi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moazrovne<br />
moazrovne<br />
moazrovne<br />
moazrovne<br />
moazrovne<br />
saqarTvelos udidesi mefe <strong>da</strong>viT IV aRmaSenebeli im<br />
dros mefob<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi, rodesac Zvel ruseTSi vladimer<br />
monomaxi (1113-1125) cdilob<strong>da</strong> erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis<br />
Seqmnas; bizantiaSi aleqsi komnenoss (1081-1112)<br />
uWir<strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis SenarCuneba; inglisSi henrix I-is (1100-<br />
1135) c<strong>da</strong>s Zlieri saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis Sesaqmnelad<br />
Sedegi ar mohyolia, germaniaSi henrix V (1106-1125) –<br />
Zlieri saxelmwifo xelisuflebis SeqmnisaTvis brZolaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebuli – iZulebuli xdeba 1112 wels kompromisuli<br />
xelSekruleba <strong>da</strong>dos romis papTan, xolo safrangeTSi jer<br />
kidev feo<strong>da</strong>luri <strong>da</strong>qucmacebulobis periodi batonobs <strong>da</strong><br />
mefe lui VI (1108-1137), romelic <strong>da</strong>moukideblad ver marTavs<br />
qveyanas, radganac iZulebuli iyo saxelmwifoebrivi xelisufleba<br />
gaenawilebina misi faqtiuri TanammarTvelis abati<br />
sugerisaTvis, mxolod imas axerxebs, rom imorCilebs zogierT<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>ls samefoSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis politikur Sexedulebebze warmodgenas<br />
gvaZlevs misi “galobani sinanulisani”, ucnobi avtoris<br />
Txzuleba “cxovreba mefeT-mefe <strong>da</strong>viTisi”, 1103 wlis ruisurbnisis<br />
krebis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba, 1123 wels Sio-mRvimis monastrisadmi<br />
boZebuli anderZi <strong>da</strong> 1125 wels gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis win<br />
memkvidreebisadmi <strong>da</strong>tovebuli anderZi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis mier ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri,<br />
samxedro <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> reformebi cxa<strong>da</strong>d mowmoben, rom igi<br />
iyo im epoqis rogorc uZlieresi mefe, aseve didi Teoretikosi<br />
<strong>da</strong> moazrovne.<br />
igi erTi pirvelTagania Sua saukuneebSi, romelmac gansakuTrebuli<br />
wvlili Seitana feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> organizaciis sistemis srulyofis saqmeSi, mtkiced<br />
Camoayaliba ra XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis<br />
epoqis mmarTvelobis TiTqmis ucnobi forma – absolutizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> mecnierul sawyisebze <strong>da</strong>asabuTa misi, rogorc<br />
axali <strong>politikuri</strong> wyobilebis upiratesoba feo<strong>da</strong>lur <strong>da</strong>qucmacebulobasTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
marTlmadidebel morwmune mefes Rrmad swams, rom Rmer-<br />
Ti gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas.<br />
misi nebiT xdeba samefo taxtze mefeTa asvla <strong>da</strong> samefoTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxoba, RmerTi aniWebs mefeebs mterze gamarjvebas. <strong>da</strong>viT<br />
aRmaSenebeli Rrma<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli, rom samefo xelisuflebis<br />
ganxorcielebisas igi RmerTis TanagrZnobiTa <strong>da</strong> wyalobiT<br />
sargeblobs, Tumca, radganac, Sua saukuneebis religiursqolastikuri<br />
moZRvrebis mixedviT yoveli a<strong>da</strong>miani codvilia,<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblsac ar miaCnia YTavi ucodvelad.<br />
radganac yovelive arsebuli RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa,<br />
Zlieri, centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis<br />
ideologi <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli feo<strong>da</strong>luri <strong>da</strong>qucmacebulobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zlevis, politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa <strong>da</strong>Trgunvis <strong>da</strong> samefo<br />
xelisuflebis avtoritetis amaRlebis mizniT, Tavis am zogad<br />
filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvrel mosazrebas<br />
moxerxebulad iyenebs saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis warmoSobis<br />
asaxsnelad. misi mtkicebiT, samefo xelisufleba<br />
RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, RmerTi ga<strong>da</strong>scems mefeebs saxelmwifoebs<br />
marTva-gamgeobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> amave dros igi umaRlesi mefe-<br />
Ta-mefe <strong>da</strong> amqveyniuri gamgebelia, romelsac un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emorCilos<br />
yvela pirovneba saxelmwifoSi.<br />
eklesia-monastrebi warmoadgenen Suamavlebs RmerTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
qveSevrdomebs Soris, magram <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis azriT, es<br />
srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom sasuliero xelisufleba saeroze<br />
262 263
maRla dgas, piriqiT, RmerTis nebis gamomxatveli saero xelisufleba<br />
valdebulia Caerios saeklesio xelisuflebis<br />
saqmeSi <strong>da</strong> RmerTis nebis Sesabamisad moawesrigos igi, Tu amis<br />
saWiroeba arsebobs. im dros, roca <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi romis<br />
papebma <strong>da</strong>imorCiles imperatorebic ki, <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebelma<br />
1103 wels ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis mowveviT miznad<br />
<strong>da</strong>isaxa <strong>da</strong> ganaxorciela Turq-selCukTa batonobiT gamowveuli<br />
Seryeuli zneobis aRdgena, gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,, mwignobarT-uxucesis<br />
<strong>da</strong> Wyondidelis Tanamdebobis SeerTebiT praqtikulad<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> saero xelisuflebisadmi saeklesio xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli samefo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis<br />
procesSi absolutizmis ideebiT (“erTmmarTvelobis” ideiT)<br />
xelmZRvanelobs. igi aqtiurad ereva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
yvela <strong>da</strong>rgSi, gansazRvravs mravalferovani qveynis teritoriaze<br />
moqmedi yvela <strong>da</strong>wesebulebisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciis saqmianobas.<br />
absoluturi samefo xelisuflebis SeuzRudvelobas <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebSi misi Carevis<br />
ganusazRvrelobas <strong>da</strong>viTis mematiane uZiro ufskruls a<strong>da</strong>rebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> am SesaniSnavi mxatvruli Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mokled <strong>da</strong> lakonurad<br />
aqvs <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebuli absolutizmis <strong>politikuri</strong> moZRvreba,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi mxolod ramdenime saukunis Semdeg<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
absolutizmis ideebis sruli ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi maTi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba mox<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis mefobisas. absolutizmis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
moZRvreba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebisas<br />
erovnulma Taviseburebebma gansazRvra. amitomac misi xasiaTi<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis iniciativiT Seqmnil mravalerovan<br />
saxelmwifoSi mxolod saqarTvelos ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> ganviTarebis adrindeli renesansis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
garemoebebiT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas. humanizmi <strong>da</strong> kacTmoyvareoba,<br />
rjulSemwynarebloba <strong>da</strong> sxva erebisadmi pativiscema, winandeli<br />
epoqebis cnobil mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavarTa <strong>da</strong> mefeTa gamocdilebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba saxelmwifoebrivi politikis ganxorcielebisas,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva politikur-religiuri <strong>da</strong> filosofiuri mimarTulebebis<br />
warmomadgenelTagan swavlulTa razmis Seqmna,<br />
qveyanaSi ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis <strong>da</strong>nergva, saxelmwifoSi<br />
wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myareba <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis amaR-<br />
leba, erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong> sagareo <strong>da</strong><br />
saSinao urTierTobebSi patriotul Zalebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnoba,<br />
gvarovnuli warmoSobis uaryofa, niWisa <strong>da</strong> piradi unaris<br />
mixedviT a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>faseba, realizmi politikaSi – ai, is<br />
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, riTac xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli<br />
ganaTlebuli absolutizmis ideebze mravalerovani<br />
saxelmwifos mowyobisas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis ideologi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcvelia,<br />
amitom saxelmwifos yvelaze ukeTes formad mas monarqia<br />
miaCnia, igi Rrmad aris <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli, rom is didi istoriuli<br />
misia romelic RmerTma feo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>akisra<br />
– kavkasiis xalxTa gaTavisufleba Turq-selCukTagan, mravalerovani<br />
centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna – SesaZlebelia<br />
mxolod centralizebuli monarqiuli wyobilebis pirobeb-<br />
Si. <strong>da</strong>viTi ver egueba mis mier Seqmnil mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi<br />
monarqiisagan gansxvavebul <strong>da</strong> respublikur principebze<br />
agebul Tavisufal feo<strong>da</strong>lur qalaqebs <strong>da</strong> mZime, Seupovar<br />
brZolas awarmoebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c jafaridebis dinastiis gandevnisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> amowyvetis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis mier qalaqis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebamde Tavisi arsebobis ukanaskneli ormoci wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi respublikuri wyobileba arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaocebas <strong>da</strong> aRtacebas iwvevs <strong>da</strong>viTis win<strong>da</strong>xeduleba <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi. uTuod amiT iyo gamowveuli is saocari<br />
movlena, rom evropis religiur-jvarosanTa omebSi <strong>da</strong>viTma<br />
<strong>da</strong> misma memkvidreebma monawileoba ar miiRes <strong>da</strong> somxe-<br />
TiviT Tavisi Tavi sasaklaoze ar miitanes. Sedegic male<br />
gamoCn<strong>da</strong>: moispo somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba, saqarTvelo ki<br />
_ ga<strong>da</strong>rCa. qarTveloba <strong>da</strong> kerZod <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli, kargad<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> rom evropelebi adre Tu gvian Sin <strong>da</strong>brundebodnen<br />
(asec mox<strong>da</strong>), TviTon ki saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> pirispir mahmadianTa<br />
mtrul garemocvasTan.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli ayalibebs Tavis Sexedulebas<br />
mmarTvelze <strong>da</strong> mefeze. misi azriT, monarqi un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganaTlebuli,<br />
humanisti, marTlmsajuli, qvelmoqmedi <strong>da</strong> qveSevrdomTa<br />
mowyale. ganaTlebuli absolutizmis am niSnebis mixedviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli monarqias ansxvavebs tiraniisagan.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTis azriT, tiranTa gulqvaoba, sisastike, sixarbe, Seubralebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zaladoba arRvevs samefo xelisuflebis Rv-<br />
Taebrivi warmoSobis principebs <strong>da</strong> swored RmerTi tiranebs<br />
yovelTvis samagieros miagebs.<br />
264 265
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli samarTlis normebs, romliTac un<strong>da</strong><br />
ixelmZRvanelon a<strong>da</strong>mianebma sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, sam<br />
kategoriad yofs: bunebiTi, RvTaebrivi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debiTi. Tavis<br />
“galobani sinanulisani”-Si, romelic Seicavs <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis<br />
aRsarebas RmerTis mimarT mis mier Cadenili saqmeebis<br />
Taobaze <strong>da</strong> zogjer umarTebulo TviTbraldebebsac (“ra codva<br />
gqon<strong>da</strong> aseTi mefeo” – ana kalan<strong>da</strong>Ze), igi aRniSnavs, rom<br />
TiTqos man fexqveS gaTela <strong>da</strong> ar Seasrula ara marto bunebi-<br />
Ti samarTlis, aramed RvTaebrivi samarTlis moTxovnebic <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>emona xorcieli, amqveyniuri gatacebisa <strong>da</strong> interesebis mixedviT<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis mier <strong>da</strong>dgenil samar-<br />
Tals”. sinamdvile sxvas RaRadebs: wyaroebis mixedviT, <strong>da</strong>viT<br />
aRmaSenebeli iyo ara marto Zlieri nebisyofis <strong>da</strong> mtrisaTvis<br />
SiSis momgvreli mefe, aramed igi amave dros cnobilia,<br />
rogorc rjulSemwynarebeli, marTlmsajuli, RaribTa <strong>da</strong> qvrivTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxmare, samarTlianobisa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>mcveli, Tavis drois<br />
didi humanisti <strong>da</strong> moazrovne, qvelmoqmedi.<br />
mTels saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> xalxze <strong>da</strong> samSobloze<br />
uzomod Seyvarebuli mefe, mfarvelob<strong>da</strong> qvriv-oblebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
glaxakebs. calke qisa hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viTs, yovel dRe fuliT avseb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> Rarib-Ratakebs urigeb<strong>da</strong> Turme. sayuradReboa isic, rom<br />
igi qvelmoqmedebas saxelmwifo xazini<strong>da</strong>n ki ar eweo<strong>da</strong> zogierTebiviT,<br />
aramed “xelTa TvisTa nadirebulTa” – e.i. saku-<br />
Tari qonebi<strong>da</strong>n. kacTmoyvare mefem gelaTTan aRaSena qsenoni<br />
(saavadmyofo), sa<strong>da</strong>c xSirad naxulob<strong>da</strong> avadmyofebs <strong>da</strong> yuradRebas<br />
ar akleb<strong>da</strong> maT _ yvelas moikiTxav<strong>da</strong>, ga<strong>da</strong>hkocni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
am mzrunvelobiT tkivilebs uameb<strong>da</strong> gaWirvebulT.<br />
legendebs Txzav<strong>da</strong> xalxi samSoblos mamaze. amitom<br />
uwodes mas aqamde gaugonari saxeli – “aRmaSenebeli”.<br />
1125 wlis 24 ianvars, SabaT dRes gar<strong>da</strong>icvala didi <strong>da</strong>viT<br />
aRmaSenebeli, romelmac Tanmimdevrulad gaatara cxovrebaSi<br />
yvela is reforma, romelmac uzrunvelyo saqarTvelos<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>qceva pirvelxarisxovan saxelmwifod <strong>da</strong> imperiad:<br />
1) Seqmna TanamoazreTa, samSobloze usazRvrod Seyvarebul<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa gundi;<br />
2) Caatara ekonomikis reforma, ramac uzrunvelyo miwaTmoqmedebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> vaWrobis ganviTareba, Semosavlebis zr<strong>da</strong>;<br />
3) Caatara samxedro reforma, Seqmna regularuli jari;<br />
4) uzrunvelyo antisaxelmwifoebrivi elementebis<br />
CamoSoreba saxelmwifos saTaveebi<strong>da</strong>n;<br />
5) jer ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro TvalsazrisiT moaZliera<br />
qveyana <strong>da</strong> Semdgom amisa Sewyvita xarkis Zleva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong><br />
Turq-selCukebs;<br />
6) Seqmna saxelmwifo uSiSroebis uZlieresi sitema, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofili iyo mstovarTa informaciiT rogorc<br />
qveynis SigniT, ise mis gare<strong>da</strong>n;<br />
7) moaxdina saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis reorganizacia,<br />
Seqmna savaziro;<br />
8)Caatara saeklesio kreba <strong>da</strong> reforma, eklesia <strong>da</strong>umorCila<br />
saxelmwifos;<br />
9) Caatara sasamarTlo reforma, Seqmna swavla-aRzrdis<br />
erTianis sistema;<br />
10) mters Tanmimdevrulad, nabij-nabij waarTva strategiuli<br />
qalaqebi;<br />
11) gaimarjva yvelaze did generalur brZolaSi <strong>da</strong> ganavrco<br />
qveynis sazRvrebi.<br />
SoTa SoTa SoTa SoTa SoTa rusTavelis rusTavelis rusTavelis rusTavelis rusTavelis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> religiuri religiuri religiuri religiuri religiuri Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
SoTa rusTavelis “vefxistyaosanSi” mxatvruli formiT<br />
gadmocemulia XII saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareoba, agreTve samefo xelisuflebis is<br />
didi sazogadoebriv-<strong>politikuri</strong> ideebi <strong>da</strong> Sexedulebebi, maT<br />
Soris religiur sakiTxebSic, romelic qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
Camoyalibebis, <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> ganmtkicebis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas<br />
isaxavs miznad.<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis sakiTxebze SoTa<br />
rusTavelis mier “vefxistyaosanSi” gadmocemuli gaazrebuli<br />
Teoriuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos marTvis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
ara marto XII saukunis saqarTvelos (<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tamaris CaTvliT) saxelmwifos xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo politikis anareklia, aramed<br />
amasTan erTad isini warmoadgenen rCeva-<strong>da</strong>rigebas samefo xelisuflebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> agreTve urC feo<strong>da</strong>lTa mimarTac, saqarTvelos<br />
meTaurobiT Seqmnil saerTo-kavkasiur saxelmwifoSi<br />
Semaval mravalmilionian mosaxleobaze <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sarwmunoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cvevebis mqone xalxebze _ Tu ra meTodisa <strong>da</strong><br />
xerxebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganxorcielebuli iqnes qarTuli<br />
266 267
saxelmwifoebrioba. am mizniT samefo xelisufleba sayovelTao<br />
mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> klasobrivi zavis politikas atareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
taxtis memkvidreobis ufleba, mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa Tanasworuflebianoba,<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri sazogadoebis TiToeuli wodebisaTvis<br />
savsebiT garkveuli uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis <strong>da</strong>dgena,<br />
omisa <strong>da</strong> ajanyebis ufleba, ai, is mTavari sakiTxebi, romlebic<br />
warmodgenas gvaZlevs mis samarTlebriv Sexedulebebze, romelic<br />
rusTavels ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili aqvs e.w. “marTali samarTlis”<br />
moZRvrebis, (“qmna marTlisa samarTlisa, xesa Seiqms xmelsa<br />
nedlad”), anu bunebiTi, RvTaebrivi samarTlis mixedviT.<br />
“vefxistyaosnSi” rusTavelma aseve Caaqsova Tavisi Sexedulebani<br />
socialur-politikur <strong>da</strong> religiur problemebzec.<br />
rusTavelis mier <strong>da</strong>xatuli sazogadoeba ierarqiulad<br />
aSenebulia Semdegnairad: maRla dgas mefe, mis qvemoT vezirebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> didebulebi. Semdeg modis spa, anu laSqari, miwis muSakni<br />
<strong>da</strong> vaWrebi, xolo sul <strong>da</strong>bla – monebi.<br />
rusTavelis mier <strong>da</strong>xatuli mefe srulad ar hgavs<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>lur mefes. is ar aris pirveli TanasworTa Soris<br />
(primus inter pares) piriqiT, misi swori aravinaa, misi Zala<br />
usazRvroa, misi warmoSoba RvTaebrivia. mefea mTeli qveynis<br />
TviTmpyrobeli.…mcire qveynis mefe sari<strong>da</strong>n uars ambobs taxtze<br />
didi mefis farsa<strong>da</strong>nis sasargeblod <strong>da</strong> misi moxele, amirbari<br />
xdeba. am wesiT mox<strong>da</strong> qveynis gaerTianeba, erTi mefobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba.<br />
erTi erTi xalxi xalxi _ _ _ erTi erTi mefe mefe mefe <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> idealia.<br />
idealia.<br />
mefis survili kanonia, mas win veravin <strong>da</strong>udgeba.<br />
erTi sityviT, rusTavelis mefe aris TviTmpyrobeli, absoluturi<br />
monarqi, romelsac morCilebs yvela klasi, mTeli eri.<br />
rogor iyenebs mefe mefe am did Zalauflebas? igi am am did did Zalas<br />
Zalas<br />
xmarobs xmarobs xmarobs xalxis xalxis sasargeblod, sasargeblod, mefe aris `maRali, uxvi, m<strong>da</strong>bali~,<br />
`mosamarTle <strong>da</strong> mowyale, morWmuli, gangebiani.~ is exmareba<br />
gaWirvebulT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vrdomilT, ebrZvis siaves <strong>da</strong> borotebas, awarmoebs<br />
farTo qvelmoqmedebas. igi aris `gonieri, guli lbili~.<br />
aseTi mefis qveSevrdomni bednierni arian, vinai<strong>da</strong>n mefe<br />
`yovlTa sworad wyalobasa viTa Tovlsa moaTovebs,<br />
obol-qvrivni <strong>da</strong>amdidrnes <strong>da</strong> glaxakni ar iTxovdes,<br />
avis mqmnelni <strong>da</strong>aSines, kravni cxvarTa vera swovdes,<br />
Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa <strong>da</strong> mgeli erTgan sZovdes.~<br />
amrigad, rusTavelis rusTavelis idealia idealia idealia mefe TviTmpyrobeli, mefe<br />
reformatori, mefe mosiyvarule <strong>da</strong> qveSevrdomTaTvis samarTlis<br />
momniWebeli.<br />
es ideali rusTavelma aiRo maSindeli XII saukunis<br />
saqarTvelos realuri Sinagani <strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
Tamar mefis moRvaweobi<strong>da</strong>n. taxtze asul 18 wlis Tamars<br />
<strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> didebulTa jgufi yuTlu arslanis meTaurobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> mas mosTxoves isanSi karvis <strong>da</strong>arseba, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini<br />
<strong>da</strong>jdebodnen `Tavis uflebaTa msxdomareni, raTa mivcemdeT <strong>da</strong><br />
moviRebdeT, romelTame vrisxavdeT <strong>da</strong> romelTame vwyalobdeT,<br />
amas esreT vakadrebdeT <strong>da</strong> vacnobebdeT Tamars mefesa <strong>da</strong><br />
dedofalsa <strong>da</strong> munRa srul iqnebodes gangebuli Cvenni~. e.i.<br />
yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>si moiTxov<strong>da</strong> mTeli kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong><br />
mmarTvelobis maTTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas, mefe ki mxolod <strong>da</strong>amtkiceb<strong>da</strong><br />
maT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas.<br />
es iyo xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis progresuli, magram<br />
maSindeli saqarTvelosaTvis naadrevi idea, romelic centralizebuli<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>sustebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nawevrebas gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rusTaveli am did politikur <strong>da</strong>vaSi ga<strong>da</strong>WriT <strong>da</strong>dga<br />
mefis mxares, romelmac SesZlo ajanyebulTa <strong>da</strong>SoSmineba <strong>da</strong><br />
ajanyebis Caqroba. rusTavelma es ar ikmara <strong>da</strong> saWirod CaTvala<br />
mefis uflebebis xalxSi gamagreba ideura<strong>da</strong>c, man pirvelma<br />
wamoayena literaturaSi TviTmpyrobelobis <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
aRWurva mefe aseTi warmtaci TvisebebiT. amis safuZvels mas<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT IV <strong>da</strong> Tamaris moRvaweoba aZlev<strong>da</strong>. Tamarma pirvelad<br />
gaauqma saqarTveloSi sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja, asoebis mokveTa, Tvalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Txra. cnobili iyo Tamaris qvelmoqmedeba. ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
gamokvleviT Tamaris dros yofila kanoni, romlis<br />
ZaliT saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo Semosavlis 10% qvelmoqmedebaze<br />
ixarjebo<strong>da</strong>. amisaTvis <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> sagangebo uwyeba.<br />
mefe TviTmpyrobeli, rusTavelis mixedviT, Tavis politikas<br />
atarebs didebulTa meSveobiT. es wre moicavs pirvel<br />
rigSi vezirebs, Semdeg ki spaspetebs. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,<br />
`dideba~ `dideba~ Zvelad Tanamdebobasa <strong>da</strong> masze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul pativs<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>, didebuli imave dros didi moxele iyo. rusTaverusTave<br />
lis lis idealia idealia moxeleoba, moxeleoba, saxelmwifos saxelmwifos samsaxuri samsaxuri <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
ara ara gvariSviloba, gvariSviloba, rac sruliad eTanxmeba mis politikur<br />
koncefcias. `vefxistyaosani~ Seicavs miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi marto<br />
wodebrivi warmoSobiT ki ar un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros, aramed masze<br />
maRla dgas a<strong>da</strong>mianTa piradi Rirseba. rusTavelis es mosazreba<br />
(`Tu kaci kacad ar varga, cudia gvariSviloba~), romelic<br />
268 269
jer kidev giorgi mTawmindelma wamoayena <strong>da</strong> igi saqarTvelos<br />
politikur cxovrebaSi mtkiced <strong>da</strong>nerga jer <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebelma,<br />
mefe giorgi III, wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs `vefxistyaosans~.<br />
rusTaveli ar xmarobs sityva `aznaurs~, xmarobs `Tavads~,<br />
magram ara Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT. misTvis Tavadi<br />
niSnavs ara wodebriobas, didgvarovnebas, aramed meTaurobas,<br />
winamZRolobas (`Cem wil <strong>da</strong>gagdeb patronad, Tava<strong>da</strong>d CemTa<br />
spaTasa~).<br />
am mmarTvelTa wres mosdevs spa anu laSqari. mis mTavar<br />
Zalas, ueWvelia, miwis muSakni ar Seadgendnen. `muSa miwyiv<br />
muSakobdes, meomari gulovnebdes~ _ ase aqvs gayofili poets<br />
es ori kategoria. maSindel droSi omi iyo TiTqmis mu<strong>da</strong>m,<br />
permanentulad <strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me misi warmoeba SeeZlo moclil<br />
xalxs. glexTa omSi Cabma niSnav<strong>da</strong> mTeli sazogadoebis Sim-<br />
SiliT amowyvetas, materialuri safuZvlis moSlas. masSi ar<br />
Sedio<strong>da</strong> vaWarTa klasi amave mizeziT _ <strong>da</strong>ingreo<strong>da</strong> vaWroba,<br />
umniSvnelovanesi sfero. amitom maT omi arc ki icodnen<br />
(`Tqven vaWarni jabanni xarT, omisaca umecarni~). xolo es<br />
moclilni iyvnen ufleba-upiratesobiT mosilni aznaurebi.<br />
maTTvis laSqroba xelobad <strong>da</strong> Semosavlis miRebis wyarod<br />
iqca <strong>da</strong> isini TviT iTxovdnen mefisagan `gvalaSqreTo~ (mag:<br />
laSqrob<strong>da</strong> iranSi), roca mSvidobianoba gaxangrZlivdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`vefxistyaosanSi~ SeiaraRebul ZalTa Soris xSirad vxe<strong>da</strong>vT<br />
monebs, romlebic erTob did rols TamaSoben mefis garSemo.<br />
eseni ar arian ubralo monebi, aramed `monaspa~ _ mefis pirad<br />
mcvelTa jaria, mudmivi gvardia.<br />
vaWrebs rusTveli or nawilad hyofs: vaWarni <strong>da</strong> didvaWarni.<br />
es ukanasknelni <strong>da</strong>axloebulni arian sasaxlesTan <strong>da</strong><br />
mefesTanac.<br />
yvela zemoT aRweril klasebs <strong>da</strong> fenebs Seadgendnen<br />
Tavisufali a<strong>da</strong>mianebi. amaTgan gamoricxulia mxolod erTi<br />
klasi _ monebi. omebis wyalobiT tyveTa ricxvi maSindel<br />
saqarTveloSi erTob didi iyo <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis bazarze tyve<br />
xuTi Sauri Rir<strong>da</strong>. mona hyav<strong>da</strong> yvelas, visac SeeZlo misi<br />
yidva. raki monebi ase bevri <strong>da</strong> iafi iyo, glexebis <strong>da</strong>moneba <strong>da</strong><br />
ZaliT miwaze samuSaod mikereba ekonomikur aucileblobas<br />
ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. glexi Tu Tavisuflebas moklebuli iyo,<br />
rusTveli mxolod monebis gaTavisuflebas rad iTxovs <strong>da</strong><br />
arasodes glexebisas? imitom, rom im dros glexi jer kidev<br />
Tavisufali iyo <strong>da</strong> es asaxa rusTvelma realisturad. rusTve-<br />
lis mier poemaSi <strong>da</strong>xatuli socialuri urTierTobebi aris<br />
patronymoba _ sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi mxriT dgas siuzereni, meore mxriT<br />
ki misi vasali. rusTvelTan mxolod ori fenaa <strong>da</strong>beCavebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis maZiebeli _ glaxakni <strong>da</strong> monebi. Raribebs Raribebs _<br />
_<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba,<strong>da</strong>xmareba, monebs monebs _ _ _ Tavisufleba Tavisufleba _ _ ai, ai, rusTvelis rusTvelis soso-<br />
cialuri cialuri ideali.<br />
ideali.<br />
amrigad, rusTvelis <strong>politikuri</strong> doqtrinaa ganaTlebuli<br />
absolutizmi, romelic reformebzea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. is mefes<br />
a<strong>da</strong>rebs mzes, romlis sxivebi yvelas erTnairad efineba. poetis<br />
idealia ara yovelnairi mefe, aramed mxolod iseTi, romelic<br />
Raribebs exmareba, monebs aTavisuflebs, simarTles misdevs<br />
(`qmna marTlisa samarTlisa~) _ erTi sityviT, umaRlesi kacTmoyvaruli<br />
TvisebebiT <strong>da</strong>jildovebuli, `rasaca gascem Senia,<br />
rac ara <strong>da</strong>kargulia~ _ am gziT maRldeba mefis avtoriteti<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zlierdeba saxelmwifo. sabolood rusTvelis mizania saxelmwifos<br />
mkvidr, farTo safuZvelze ageba.<br />
amave politikur mizans umorCilebs rusTveli Tavis<br />
religiur religiur doqtrinasac. Sua saukuneebSi qristianul sam-<br />
yaroSi ar <strong>da</strong>werila arc erTi poema, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar iyo qristianobis<br />
apologia, qristes moZRvrebis qebaTa-qeba. jvarosnuli<br />
omebi im epoqaSi warmoeb<strong>da</strong>. am saerTo religiuri aRtkinebis<br />
periodSi iwereba genialuri `vefxistyaosani~ <strong>da</strong> Sig erTi<br />
sityviTac araa naxsenebi arc qristianoba, arc sameba, arc<br />
marTlmadidebloba <strong>da</strong> misi religiuri dogmatebi.<br />
rusTveli religiuri monizmis mimdevaria _ RmerTi erTia.<br />
poemaSi RmerTi naxsenebia 193-jer <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis erTi <strong>da</strong> imave<br />
azriT. poeti jer kidev winasityvaobaSi gvamcnobs Tavis religiur<br />
Sexedulebas, rac gatarebulia mTel poemaSi:<br />
`he, RmerTo, erTo Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa,<br />
Sen <strong>da</strong>mifare, Zleva mec <strong>da</strong>Trgunvad me satanisa.~<br />
e.i. RmerTi erTia, qveynis gamCeni, magram aris agreTve<br />
satana, macduri, romlis <strong>da</strong>Trgunva RvTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT SeiZleba.<br />
es, ase vTqvaT, sakacobrio-saxalxo rwmenaa. rusTvelis<br />
msoflmxedveloba arc panTeisturia, arc mahmadianuri, arc<br />
seqtanturi. is aris sayovelTao, sakacobrio, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva araqristian erebs Soris moqceuli mcirericxovani<br />
qarTveli eri Tavs ver ga<strong>da</strong>irCen<strong>da</strong> sarwmunoebrivi<br />
fanatizmiT <strong>da</strong> droSiT. mas un<strong>da</strong> gamoenaxa saerTo ena<br />
mezoblebTan, romelTagan mas hyof<strong>da</strong> sarwmunoeba. saerTo enis<br />
gamonaxva ki SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo interesebis nia<strong>da</strong>gze.<br />
270 271
aqe<strong>da</strong>n, sarwmunoebis sarwmunoebis TiToeuli TiToeuli xalxis xalxis xalxis Sinaur Sinaur saqmed<br />
saqmed<br />
aRiareba, aRiareba, xolo xolo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo interesebis interesebis politikis<br />
politikis<br />
mTavar mTavar RerZad RerZad RerZad gamocxadeba gamocxadeba _ _ ai, riT xasiaTdeba saqarTvelos<br />
mefeTa politika <strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebli<strong>da</strong>n. es<br />
midrekileba kidev ufro ganviTar<strong>da</strong> Tamaris mefobisas. riT<br />
SeeZlo Tamars mis sabrZanebelSi Semavali uamravi erovnebis<br />
milionobiT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTi interesebiT Sekvra _ mxolod<br />
erTiT: SemakavSirebeli momentebis win wamoweviT <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
brZolis savsebiT gandevniT. amrigad, religiuri mSvidobianoba,<br />
yvela religiis pativiscema <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifo politika iyo.<br />
erTi erTi erTi sityviT, sityviT, Tamar Tamar mefis mefis xanaSi xanaSi gabatonebuli<br />
gabatonebuli<br />
politika politika politika moiTxov<strong>da</strong> moiTxov<strong>da</strong> religiuri religiuri sakiTxebis sakiTxebis ukugdebas<br />
ukugdebas<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> saerTo saerTo politikur politikur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialur socialur interesebze interesebze saxsax-<br />
elmwifos elmwifos <strong>da</strong>yrdnobas. <strong>da</strong>yrdnobas. rusTveli, rogorc Tamaris ideebi<br />
gamtarebeli, <strong>da</strong>dga swored am nia<strong>da</strong>gze: misi ureligioba misi<br />
politikaa, saxelmwifo mosazrebaa. is ugalobs ara qristians<br />
an mahmadians, aramed a<strong>da</strong>mians, sazogadoebas, romelsac meTaurob<strong>da</strong><br />
gonieri qarTveli mefeqali <strong>da</strong> romlis politika mas<br />
moswon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sworad miaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli<br />
(`isnis (`isnis (`isnis (`isnis (`isnis karavi~) karavi~) karavi~) karavi~) karavi~)<br />
yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis <strong>politikuri</strong> programis mecnierul<br />
kvlevas safuZveli Cauyara ivane javaxiSvilma, romelmac<br />
XII s-is saqarTvelos istoriasa <strong>da</strong> msoflio politikis istoriaSi<br />
samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul am ajanyebas<br />
kuTvnili adgili miuCina.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis mier ganxorcielebulma sazogadoebriv-politikurma<br />
reformebma ganamtkica saqarTveloSi feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> wyobilebis sistema,<br />
uzrunvelyo vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> xelosnobis ganviTareba. feo<strong>da</strong>luri<br />
urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad qveynis ekonomikaSi<br />
yalibdeba axali, burJuaziuli wyobilebis wanamZRvrebi, socialuri<br />
Zalebi, ramac gamoiwvia klasobrivi brZolis gamwvaveba<br />
rogorc samefo xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> didgvarovan aznaurTa<br />
Soris, aseve didgvarovan aznaurTa, samefo xelisuflebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bali warmoSobis socialur fenebs Soris.<br />
didgvarovani aznaurebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen im progresuli<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> reJimisa, romelic feo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTvelo-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebelma <strong>da</strong>nerga <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi Tamaris mamam,<br />
giorgi III-em ganaviTara _ ugvaro, magram niWier a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>winaureba.<br />
rogorc ki gar<strong>da</strong>icvala giorgi III, amiT idroves didgvarovanma<br />
aznaurebma, Tamaris winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyves,<br />
mefes moTxoves ugvaroTa ga<strong>da</strong>yeneba <strong>da</strong> kvlav di<strong>da</strong>znaurTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSvna did saxelmwifo postebze. axalgzar<strong>da</strong> Tamari iZulebuli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>, dekmayofilebina maTi moTxovna.<br />
didgvarovan aznaurTa SeTqmuleba jer kidev <strong>da</strong>mcxrali<br />
ar iyo, rom samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg yuTlu-arslanis<br />
meTaurobiT ifeTqa meore ajanyebam, romlis msgavsi Tavisi<br />
organizaciul-<strong>politikuri</strong> simtkiciTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxuli programis<br />
mixedviT saqarTvelos istorias ar axsovs.<br />
ai, rogor gadmoscems anonimi avtori Tavis TxzulebaSi<br />
`istoriani <strong>da</strong> azmani SaravandedTani~ am ambavs: `<strong>da</strong> eseca<br />
ucxo mosagonebeli: yuTlu-arslan, cxovarman joris sax(ed)<br />
or bunebisa myofelman, viTar misces biWTa gonebisa mzakuareba,<br />
momRebelman wessa risame sparsTa ganagissa, iTxova karavi<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmad velsa isanisasa <strong>da</strong> sanaxebsa saRodeblisasa <strong>da</strong> Tqua:<br />
`<strong>da</strong>sxdomilni mun Siga, ganmgebelni micemisa <strong>da</strong> moRebisa, wyalobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Serisxvisani, vhkadrebdeT <strong>da</strong> vacnobebdeT Tamars,<br />
mefesa <strong>da</strong> dedofalsa; maSinRa srul iqmnebodes gangebuli<br />
Cueni.~<br />
amrigad, yuTlu-arslanis <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>si moiTxov<strong>da</strong><br />
isanSi, samefo xelisuflebis rezidenciis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rbazis gverdiT<br />
sruliad axali <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis `karavis~ Camoyalibebas,<br />
romelic samefo xelisuflebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
`ganmgebeli micemisa <strong>da</strong> moRebisa, wyalobisa <strong>da</strong> Serisxvisani~<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mefisaTvis moxsenebis Semdeg `maSin-<br />
Ra srul iqmnebodes gangebuli Cveni~. yuTlu-arslanis politikur<br />
programaSi 2 punqtia mTavari:<br />
a) parlamentis msgavsi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis Seqmna;<br />
b) <strong>da</strong> ufro mTavari, saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva organoebis mier.<br />
yuTlu-arslanis <strong>politikuri</strong> programis mixedviT, sasamarTlo<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba un<strong>da</strong> mikuTvnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
yuTlu-arslanis momxreebisagan Semdgar parlaments, xolo<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba _ mefes.<br />
272 273
yuTlu-arslanis programaSi ucnobi istorikosis mier<br />
gamoyenebuli terminebi `gangeba~, `srulqmna~, `wyaloba <strong>da</strong><br />
Serisxva~, rogorc es ivane javaxiSvilma cxadyo, niSnavs kanonmdeblobas,<br />
aRsrulebasa <strong>da</strong> marTlmsajulobas. yovelive es<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlisa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis didi ganvi-<br />
Tarebis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia.<br />
marTlac, yuTlu-arslanis <strong>politikuri</strong> programa, rogorc<br />
saerTod Sua saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli ideologiuri brZolis<br />
manamde ucnobi mimarTulebis gamovlena, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebis Teoriis Suqze msoflio kulturis istoriis<br />
axali furcelia <strong>da</strong> mas msoflio-istoriuli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs.<br />
Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> samarTlis yvela sakiTxs<br />
mxolod RmerTis nebis mixedviT xsnidnen. yuTlu-arslanis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sis <strong>politikuri</strong> programa mTlianad Tavisufalia<br />
RvTaebriv-religiuri warmodgenebisagan <strong>da</strong> saero moZRvrebas<br />
emyareba, <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulia ideebiT. am programaSi mTeli<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobilebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />
iuridiul safuZvlad miCneulia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebis saero moZRvreba.<br />
samefo xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong> yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis<br />
ideologiur TvalsazrisTa gansxvavebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom ajanyebuli meWurWleTuxucesis<br />
yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis momxreebis SeTanxmebis simtkice<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>urRvevloba yovlisSemZle RmerTze miTiTebas ki ara,<br />
mxolod fics emyareba. exeba ra am Taviseburebas, ivane javaxiSvili<br />
aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom `pirveli SemTxveva gvaqvs aq, rodesac<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> sakiTxis gansaxorcieleblad Zvel saqarTvelo-<br />
Si ficze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli SeTanxmebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>si gvevlineba.~<br />
yuTlu-arslani _ erT-erTi TvalsaCino vaziri, meWur-<br />
WleTuxucesi (anu finansTa ministri) ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, <strong>da</strong>bali socialuri warmoSobis iyo. misi <strong>da</strong>sic<br />
Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc <strong>da</strong>bali socialuri warmoSobis saqalaqo<br />
wreebisagan, ise gansakuTrebuli niWisa <strong>da</strong> unaris wyalobiT<br />
samefo xelisuflebis mier yuTlu-arslaniviT aRzevebulTagan.<br />
Tu im istoriul movlenebs <strong>da</strong>vukvirdebiT, romelic win<br />
uZRvo<strong>da</strong> yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis gamosvlas, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom es gamosvla e.w. `mesame wodebis~ socialuri moZraobis<br />
Sedegi iyo. yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis gamosvla didgvarovan<br />
aznaurTa gamosvla rom yofiliyo, maSin isini Tamaris winaaRmdeg<br />
maTze adre gamosul di<strong>da</strong>znaurebTan advilad <strong>da</strong>amyarebdnen<br />
kavSirs. yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>si didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
amzadeb<strong>da</strong> ajanyebas <strong>da</strong> xelsayrel dros ucdi<strong>da</strong>, amasTan maTi<br />
programa di<strong>da</strong>d gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> di<strong>da</strong>znaurTa programisagan,<br />
Tumca orive jgufi miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> samefo xelisuflebis<br />
SezRudvas, magram yuTlu-arslanis jgufs samefo xelisuflebis<br />
SezRudva sxvanairad warmoudgenia. swored amiT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas,<br />
rom didgvarian aznaurTa SeTqmulebis Sedegad qveyanaSi winaT<br />
arsebuli progresuli <strong>politikuri</strong> reJimis (romlis drosac<br />
ugvaro, magram niWier xalxs gza exsnebo<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebisaken)<br />
Secvla yvelaze mwvaved <strong>da</strong>bali warmoSobis socialurma fenebma<br />
ganicades, radganac aman sabolood <strong>da</strong>uxSo gza <strong>da</strong>bali socialuri<br />
fenebis warmomadgenlebs xelisuflebisaken. swored<br />
amitom di<strong>da</strong>znaurTaTvis Tamaris <strong>da</strong>Tmobas <strong>da</strong> niWieri, magram<br />
ugvaro xalxis xelisuflebi<strong>da</strong>n CamoSorebas <strong>da</strong>balma socialurma<br />
fenebma <strong>da</strong>uyovneblad upasuxes didi ajanyebiT, romelic<br />
antifeo<strong>da</strong>lur xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>. ajanyebulTa moTxovna miznad<br />
isaxav<strong>da</strong> samefo xelisuflebis ukiduresad SezRudvas saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis gziT.<br />
yuTlu-arslanis antifeo<strong>da</strong>luri ideologiis ideur<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
fesvebi <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis mier Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>pyrobamde<br />
qalaqSi arsebul respublikur wyobilebaSia saZiebeli.<br />
marTalia, yuTlu-arslanis jgufis gamosvla TbilisSi<br />
arsebuli respublikuri wyobilebis <strong>da</strong>mxobi<strong>da</strong>n 60-ze meti<br />
wlis Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong>, magram, rogorc aRiarebulia, Tbilisis<br />
mosaxleobaSi <strong>da</strong> saqalaqo cxovrebaSi Zveli respublikuri<br />
wyobilebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Tanamdebobrivi institutebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sexedulebani didxans SemorCa.<br />
yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis <strong>politikuri</strong> programa gamoxatav<strong>da</strong><br />
XII saukunis saqarTvelos ganviTarebuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierTobebis,<br />
kerZod, winaburJuaziuli epoqis ideologias. es<br />
ideologia rom XII saukunis feo<strong>da</strong>luri saqarTvelos ekonomikas<br />
Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>, iqi<strong>da</strong>nac Cans, rom samefo xelisuflebam, romelic<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri ideologiiT xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>, ver gabe<strong>da</strong> mesame<br />
wodebis interesTa gamomxatveli yuTlu-arslanis programis<br />
ugulvebelyofa (rac faqtiurad Tamaris mefobis <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />
moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> man yuTlu-arslanis politikur <strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
kompromisis <strong>da</strong> morigebis gza airCia. samefo xelisuflebam<br />
274 275
uaryo parlamentis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebis idea, magram samagierod amieri<strong>da</strong>namieri<strong>da</strong>nsaxsaxelmwifoebrivielmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas igi igi xelmZRvxelmZRv-<br />
anelobs anelobs `Tanadgomisa `Tanadgomisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erTianobis~ erTianobis~ pr pr princi pr pr inci incipebiT incipebiT<br />
pebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>rbazSi <strong>da</strong>rbazSi <strong>da</strong>rbazSi TvalsaCino TvalsaCino rols rols rols asruleben<br />
asruleben<br />
mesame mesame wodebis wodebis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
warmomadgenlebi.<br />
yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis politikurma programam <strong>da</strong> misma<br />
politikurma ideologiam udidesi roli Seasrula XII saukunis<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi. igi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
XII saukunis feo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTveloSi, roca qveynis socialur-ekonomikurma<br />
ganviTarebam iseT maRal dones miaRwia,<br />
rom misi SemdgomSi ganviTareba am feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierTobis<br />
rRvevisa <strong>da</strong> axali (burJuaziuli) urTierTobis Casaxva-warmoqmnis<br />
gziT SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod wasuliyo.<br />
marTalia, yuTlu-arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis progresuli, magram<br />
cotaoden naadrevi <strong>politikuri</strong> programa ver ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram am ajanyebis Sedegad gafarTov<strong>da</strong> samefo <strong>da</strong>rbazis uflebebi<br />
(masSi Sevidnen mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebic) <strong>da</strong><br />
SeizRu<strong>da</strong> samefo xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> am movlenas, rogorc ivane<br />
javaxiSvili wer<strong>da</strong>, `im epoqis msoflio istoriaSi analogia<br />
SeiZleba moeZebnos mxolod inglisis TavisuflebaTa did<br />
qartiaSi~ (XIII s-is II naxevari). es ki moZraobis msoflioistoriul<br />
mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs.<br />
ilia ilia ilia ilia ilia WavWavaZis WavWavaZis WavWavaZis WavWavaZis WavWavaZis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis Semdeg (1801 w.)<br />
pirvelad solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svilma <strong>da</strong>sva ruseTis imperiaSi qarTveli<br />
xalxis ukeTesi momavlisaTvis brZolis ori umTavresi<br />
problemis, kerZod, socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
brZolis samarTlebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis sakiTxi,<br />
romelmac Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova qarTveli Terg<strong>da</strong>leulebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi beladis _ i. WavWavaZis sabrZolo moTxovnaSi:<br />
`Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes~.<br />
ilia, miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> ra a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> eris <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaze,<br />
xazgasmiT wer<strong>da</strong>, rom `a<strong>da</strong>miani, Tu mTeli eri, imisaTvis ki ar<br />
aris gaCenili, rom puri sWamos, aramed pursa sWams imitom, rom<br />
kacur-kacad icxovros <strong>da</strong> acxovros Tavisi STamomavali~. e.i.<br />
ilias ilias ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetad ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetad miaCn<strong>da</strong> miaCn<strong>da</strong> sulieri sulieri moRvaweoba.<br />
moRvaweoba.<br />
Sesabamisad, ilia a<strong>da</strong>mianebsa <strong>da</strong> erebs imis mixedviT ki<br />
ar afaseb<strong>da</strong>, vin ufro adre warmoiSva <strong>da</strong> ra manZili gaiara,<br />
aramed `am sisrulis gzaze, vin ramodenad win wamdgara, vis<br />
ramodenad aRfrTovanebuli aqvs sulTaswrafva am gzaze <strong>da</strong>u-<br />
Ralavad siarulisaTvis, _ ai, sawyao, rogorc calke a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
Rirsebisa, isec mTeli erisa~.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi wyobis<br />
safuZvlad samarTlianad Tvli<strong>da</strong> kerZo kerZo sakuTrebas sakuTrebas <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis aucileblobaze miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> qarTvelobas: `kerZo<br />
sakuTreba jer kidev qvakuTxe<strong>da</strong>d udevs aramc Tu mTels saxelmwifurs<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv wyobas, aramed mTels cxovrebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>winaurebuli qveynebisas mTel de<strong>da</strong>miwis zurgze... kerZo<br />
sakuTreba, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod, Cven<strong>da</strong> sabednierod<br />
Tu saubedurod, jer kidev did xans iqneba did pativSi <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
sarbielze Zalmomreoba, erTmaneTze miseva, vinc gin<strong>da</strong> iyos,<br />
iafad ar <strong>da</strong>ujdeba.~<br />
Zalze saintereso <strong>da</strong> tevadia eris eris <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi niSnebis<br />
niSnebis<br />
iliaseuli TvalTaxedva. i. WavWavaZis azriT eri eri esaa enis,<br />
teritoriis, ekonomikuri wyobis, erTobisa <strong>da</strong> erTiani bunebiT<br />
gansazRvruli sulisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis (fsiqikuri wyoba, kultura<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.) a<strong>da</strong>mianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kavSiri. xalxebis<br />
erebad Camoyalibeba warmoudgenelia erTiani enis arsebobis<br />
gareSe: `arsebiTi niSani erovnebisa, misi guli <strong>da</strong> suli<br />
_ enaa.~ _ wer<strong>da</strong> ilia. gar<strong>da</strong> enisa, romelic axasiaTebs ers,<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukideblad arsebul socialur movlenas, esaa<br />
`istoriis erTobiT~ (ilia) ganmtkicebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianTa gvartomobiTi<br />
kavSiri, anu i. WavWavaZis mtkicebiT, erieri esaa esaa istoriistori-<br />
ulad ulad ulad erTmaneTTan erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, suliT suliT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xorciT<br />
xorciT<br />
urTierTmonaTesave urTierTmonaTesave a<strong>da</strong>mianTa a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erToba: erToba: erToba: `eri rogorc krebuli<br />
istoriiT SeduRebul erTsul <strong>da</strong> erTxorc mkvidrTa~<br />
erTobaa. ilia am niSans (istoiul erTobas) ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet mniSvneloba<br />
aniWebs, radganac `eris `eris pirqve pirqve <strong>da</strong>mxoba, <strong>da</strong>mxoba, <strong>da</strong>mxoba, gaTax- gaTaxgaTax- sireba, sireba, gawyaleba gawyaleba iqi<strong>da</strong>m iqi<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong>iwyeba, <strong>da</strong>iwyeba, roca roca igi igi Taviss<br />
Taviss<br />
istorias istorias iviwyebs, iviwyebs, roca roca mas mas xsovna xsovna ekargeba ekargeba Tavisi Tavisi<br />
Tavisi<br />
warsulisa, warsulisa, warsulisa, Tavisis Tavisis Tavisis yofil yofil yofil cxovrebisa.~ cxovrebisa.~<br />
cxovrebisa.~ aseTi eri ubeduria,<br />
radgan mas `ra iyo _ is <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli aqvs <strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
ra aris _ arc is icis... Svilma un<strong>da</strong> icodes, sad <strong>da</strong> razed<br />
gaCer<strong>da</strong> mama, rom iqi<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong>iwyos cxovrebis uRlis weva~ (ilia).<br />
eri erT gansazRvrul teritoriaze mcxovreb a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
erTobisagan warmomdgari mTliani organizmia. sanam eri<br />
276 277
mTliani <strong>da</strong> erTiania, igi uZlevelia, roca erSi iwyeba `ganTvi-<br />
Teuloba~, igi gar<strong>da</strong>uvali <strong>da</strong>Rupvis winaSe aRmoCndeba: vai vai im<br />
im<br />
xalxs,xalxs,xalxs, romelsac romelsac saerTi saerTi ZarRvi ZarRvi gauwy<strong>da</strong>; gauwy<strong>da</strong>; vai vai im im qveyqvey-<br />
anas, anas, anas, saca saca saca saerTo saerTo saerTo ZarRvSi ZarRvSi ZarRvSi sisxli sisxli sisxli gaSra, gaSra, gaSra, saca saca saca yvelaSi<br />
yvelaSi<br />
TiTo TiTo aris, aris, TiToSi TiToSi _ _ yvela, yvela, yvela, saca saca TiToeuli TiToeuli yvela- yvela- yvela- yvela- yvelasaTvis<br />
saTvis saTvis ar ar hfiqrobs hfiqrobs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yvela yvela TiToeulisaTvis, TiToeulisaTvis, saca saca<br />
saca<br />
`me~ `me~ xSiria, xSiria, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> `Cven~ `Cven~ _ _ `iSviaTi~. `iSviaTi~. iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c sazogadoeba<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul wodeba<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli, sa<strong>da</strong>c gabatonebulia<br />
cal-calke weva cxovrebis uRlisa, cal-calke<br />
xvna <strong>da</strong> mka, cal-calke Tla lxinisa Tavisaken <strong>da</strong> Wirisa<br />
sxvisaken, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa aseT erTobas eri ar hqvia. mxolod mxolod mxolod is is<br />
is<br />
eria eria eria uZleveli, uZleveli, mxolod mxolod im im ers ers ga<strong>da</strong>utania ga<strong>da</strong>utania gmirulad<br />
gmirulad<br />
gansacdeli,gansacdeli, `romelsac `romelsac Tavis Tavis drozed drozed drozed Seutyvia Seutyvia Seutyvia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mimi-<br />
ugnia, ugnia, rom rom Tu Tu eric eric eric win win ar ar ar waweula, waweula, waweula, piriqiT, piriqiT, erTis<br />
erTis<br />
wodebis wodebis win win wawevas wawevas <strong>da</strong>narCenis <strong>da</strong>narCenis ukan ukan <strong>da</strong>weva <strong>da</strong>weva mohyolia.<br />
mohyolia.<br />
verc verc erTi erTi calke calke wodeba wodeba erisa erisa ver ver <strong>da</strong>iqadebs, <strong>da</strong>iqadebs, rom rom Tu<br />
Tu<br />
me me kargad kargad var, var, sxvanic sxvanic kargad kargad iqnebiano... iqnebiano... yvelam yvelam erTad<br />
erTad<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> TiToeulma TiToeulma calke calke un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> icodes, icodes, rom rom igi igi ganuyofeganuyofeganuyofelili<br />
nawilia nawilia mTeli mTeli erisa erisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amitomac amitomac Tavis Tavis keTilkeTildReobasdReobas<br />
un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> eZebdes eZebdes marto marto mTelis mTelis eris eris keTildRekeTildRe-<br />
obaSi obaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara ara calke.~<br />
calke.~<br />
am debulebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ilia ayalibebs `saerTo<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gis~ Teoriis qvakuTxeds: `Cveni guliTadi rwmena<br />
yovelTvis isa yofila <strong>da</strong> aris, rom eris warmateba, qonebrivi<br />
Tu gonebrivi, SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca eri wodebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>uyoflad, did-pataraobis gaurCevlad <strong>da</strong> gamoukleblad er-<br />
Tianis mecadineobiTa <strong>da</strong> garjiT cdilobs cxovrebis gza<br />
gaikvlios <strong>da</strong> burTi bedisa gaitanos wuTisoflis moedni<strong>da</strong>m<br />
yvelam erTad sayovelTaod.~<br />
ilia WavWavaZe miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom eris, sazogadoebis problemebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Wiris mogvareba adgilobrivi ZalebiT un<strong>da</strong> moxdes<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi Rrmad gacnobierebis aucileblobaze amaxvileb<strong>da</strong><br />
yuradRebas: `minam Cvens sakuTar Wirs sxvisagan nacad wamals<br />
SeurCevdeT, jer TviTon Cven un<strong>da</strong> vicodeT _ ra Tvisebis<br />
Wiria, misi sigrZe-sigane gazomili un<strong>da</strong> gvqondes, misi simZime<br />
awonili, erTis sityviT, ise Wiri Tavi<strong>da</strong>m fexebamde Cvens mier<br />
cnobili <strong>da</strong> gagebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos, Torem qarisagan SeSinebulsaviT<br />
dos <strong>da</strong>vuwyebT bervasa.~ amasTan ilia imasac miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom `yovelive `yovelive cvlileba, cvlileba, sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi Tu<br />
Tu<br />
ekonomikuri, ekonomikuri, maSin maSin aris aris aris margebeli margebeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mkvidri, mkvidri, mkvidri, roca<br />
roca<br />
cvlilebiscvlilebis sagani sagani yovelmxriv yovelmxriv gasinjulia gasinjulia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SuqmofeSuqmofe-<br />
nili, nili, amisaTvis, amisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze yvelaze uwinares uwinares kacma<br />
kacma<br />
gonebagoneba un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> miaqcios miaqcios adgilobrivs adgilobrivs viTarebas, viTarebas, radgaradga-<br />
nac nac nac yovels yovels yovels sagans sagans sagans am am am SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi Tavis Tavis Tavis adgilzeve<br />
adgilzeve<br />
adgilzeve<br />
aqvs aqvs aqvs saTave, saTave, Tavisi Tavisi Tavisi Ziri Ziri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavisi Tavisi Tavisi gza gza msvlelobisa msvlelobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebisa. ganviTarebisa. magram magram magram Zalian Zalian Zalian Sescdeba Sescdeba Sescdeba is, is, is, vinc vinc marto<br />
marto<br />
amasamasamas <strong>da</strong>sjerdeba <strong>da</strong>sjerdeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> marto marto aqe<strong>da</strong>n aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamoiyvans gamoiyvans Tavis Tavis Tavis <strong>da</strong>skv<strong>da</strong>skv-<br />
nas.~<br />
nas.~<br />
ilia ar uaryof<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, magram <strong>da</strong>uSveblad<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaumarTleblad miaCn<strong>da</strong> sakuTari saqmeebis sxvaze mindoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> minebeba: `sxvazed `sxvazed mindoba mindoba _ _ qviSazed qviSazed aSenebuli<br />
aSenebuli<br />
Senoba Senoba yofila yofila <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqneba iqneba kidec kidec am am qveynierobaSi. qveynierobaSi. wamou- wamouwamou- vlis vlis niaRvari niaRvari niaRvari `SemTxvevisa~ `SemTxvevisa~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> im im imeds, imeds, im im mindobas<br />
mindobas<br />
aRgvisaRgvisaRgvis xolme xolme de<strong>da</strong>miwis de<strong>da</strong>miwis zurgi<strong>da</strong>m zurgi<strong>da</strong>m zurgi<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imedevneuls, imedevneuls, sxsx-<br />
vazed vazed <strong>da</strong>ndobils, <strong>da</strong>ndobils, erTs erTs u<strong>da</strong>burs u<strong>da</strong>burs u<strong>da</strong>burs tinzed tinzed gariyavs, gariyavs, Sens<br />
Sens<br />
Tavs Tavs Senve Senve mouareo. mouareo. es kanoni _ istoriuli kanonia, iqneba<br />
zogierTisaTvis friad armosawoni, magram aucilebeli ki.<br />
bevric vivaglaxoT, bevric rom vataroT ubeSi sxvazed <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
imedi, mainc bolos `JamTa svla am kanonzed <strong>da</strong>gvayenebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> dro warsuli CvenTvis samu<strong>da</strong>mod <strong>da</strong>karguli dro<br />
iqneba. Cven vambobT, romrom xalxi xalxi TviTmoqmedebiT TviTmoqmedebiT aris aris mxmx-<br />
olod olod Zlieri Zlieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nayofieri nayofieri suliT, suliT, Tu Tu xorciT. xorciT. rac<br />
rac<br />
male male <strong>da</strong>vijerebT <strong>da</strong>vijerebT am am WeSmaritebas, WeSmaritebas, rac rac male male male SeviTvisebT,<br />
SeviTvisebT,<br />
miT miT male male gamovixsniT gamovixsniT Tavs Tavs im im gaWirvebi<strong>da</strong>m, gaWirvebi<strong>da</strong>m, romelSic<br />
romelSic<br />
ase ase ase sasowarkveTilebiT sasowarkveTilebiT dRes dRes vimyofebiT.~<br />
vimyofebiT.~<br />
ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc eris Rirseuli winamZRoli, Sesabamis<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnas akeTeb<strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong> miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom Cveni bedis<br />
patroni mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod Cvenve, qarTveloba, un<strong>da</strong> gavxdeT:<br />
`gveyo, `gveyo, batonebo, batonebo, Cvenis Cvenis awmyosi awmyosi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momavlis momavlis bedis<br />
bedis<br />
sxvazed sxvazed migdeba. migdeba. Cvenis Cvenis gaWirvebisa, gaWirvebisa, gulistkivilis gulistkivilis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
wadiliswadilis patronni patronni patronni Cvenve Cvenve un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> viyvneT. viyvneT. viyvneT. mZimea mZimea is is uReuReli,li,<br />
magram magram magram miT miT ufro ufro saxelovania saxelovania misi misi erTgulad erTgulad gamgamwevi.wevi.<br />
mZimea, mZimea, magram magram umagisod umagisod ver ver Soebula Soebula am am qveyniereqveyniere-<br />
bazed bazed sikeTe sikeTe sikeTe <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zal-Rone Zal-Rone xalxisa. xalxisa. sxva sxva gza gza ar ar aris,<br />
aris,<br />
Cvenis Cvenis Cvenis cxovrebis cxovrebis Sara Sara gza gza Cvenve Cvenve un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gavikafoT, gavikafoT, bedi<br />
bedi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ubedoba ubedoba ubedoba xelT xelT xelT un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> vigdoT.~ vigdoT.~<br />
vigdoT.~<br />
ilia WavWavaZe swavlobs im mTavar mizezs, rac uzrunvelyofs<br />
erebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebis simtkices <strong>da</strong> im faqtorebsac,<br />
romelTa moqmedebis Sedegad iwyeba erebis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>knineba <strong>da</strong> gaqroba. ilia ikvlev<strong>da</strong>, Tu ra mizezebma <strong>da</strong><br />
278 279
faqtorebma gaaZlebina qarTvel xalxs mZime qartexilebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
ram gansazRvra qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis krizisi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
ruseTTan ZaliT mierTeba: `saqarTvelo dRe-Ram iaraRiT xelSi<br />
idga, mteri yoveli mxri<strong>da</strong>n mowolili iyo. Cveni xalxi<br />
TiTqmis ori aTasi weli ibrZo<strong>da</strong>, omob<strong>da</strong>, sisxlsa Rvri<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos meTvramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls TviTmyofobiTi suli<br />
ise <strong>da</strong>lia, rom Cvens qveyanas aravisi vali <strong>da</strong> vaxSi ar <strong>da</strong>sdebia.<br />
vsTqvaT, mklavma <strong>da</strong> gulma SesZlo es goliaToba, sakvirveli<br />
es aris _ ra qonebam gauZlo amisTana yofasa?... es erTi<br />
muWa xalxi TiTqmis qudzed kacad un<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo iaraRiT<br />
xelSi, rom mtrisagan mtvrad ar aRgviliyo, _ <strong>da</strong> sazrdoebas<br />
vin aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ra aZlev<strong>da</strong>?~, svams am kiTxvas ilia WavWavaZe <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavis mosazrebebsac gvTavazobs, romlebic friad angariSgasawevia;<br />
pirveli, es aris is, rom `droTa `droTa Sesaferisi Sesaferisi xe- xexerxi, rxi, rxi, droTa droTa Sesaferisi Sesaferisi codna codna codna gvqon<strong>da</strong>: gvqon<strong>da</strong>: vicodiT vicodiT vicodiT im im<br />
im<br />
drosdros ra ra undo<strong>da</strong>, undo<strong>da</strong>, ra ra iyo iyo misi misi misi cixesimagre, cixesimagre, misi misi farxmafarxma-<br />
li. li. vaJkacoba vaJkacoba vaJkacoba undo<strong>da</strong>, undo<strong>da</strong>, vaJkacni vaJkacni viyaviT, viyaviT, xmali xmali undo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
undo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xmlis xmlis Wedva Wedva vicodiT. vicodiT. omis omis saqmeTa saqmeTa saqmeTa codna codna codna undo<strong>da</strong>, undo<strong>da</strong>, omis<br />
omis<br />
saqmeni saqmeni vicodiT. vicodiT. ai, ai, ram ram SegvaZlebina, SegvaZlebina, ram ram gvixsna, gvixsna, ram<br />
ram<br />
Segvinaxa!... Segvinaxa!... im im droTa droTa Carxze Carxze gaCarxulni gaCarxulni viyaviT, viyaviT, im<br />
im<br />
droTadroTa qarcecxlSi qarcecxlSi gamofoladebulni, gamofoladebulni, im im droTa droTa sam- sam- sam-<br />
WedurSi WedurSi naWedni.~ naWedni.~<br />
naWedni.~ meore <strong>da</strong> umTavress mizezs imisa, Tu ram<br />
gagvaZlebina, ilia Cvens ekonomikur agebulebasa <strong>da</strong> wyobaSi<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>: `ueWvelia, `ueWvelia, Cveni Cveni uwindeli uwindeli ekonomikuri ekonomikuri wyoba<br />
wyoba<br />
iseTi iseTi yofila, yofila, yofila, rom rom xalxs xalxs iqi<strong>da</strong>m iqi<strong>da</strong>m hqonia hqonia hqonia is is qonebiTi<br />
qonebiTi<br />
Zal-Rone, Zal-Rone, romliTac romliTac igi igi igi gasZRolia gasZRolia amodena amodena amodena vai-vag- vai-vag- vai-vag-<br />
laxsa laxsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> omebsa omebsa amodena amodena xnis xnis ganmavlobaSi.~<br />
ganmavlobaSi.~<br />
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobilebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n qveynis ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli<br />
iyo ara `sakomlo~, aramed `samsoflo~ sakuTreba<br />
miwaze, romelsac xalxi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo ufrTxildebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
icav<strong>da</strong>. roca erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo calkeul samTavroebad<br />
<strong>da</strong>iSala, `am ukeTes mxares Cvenis ekonomikuri wyobisasa<br />
yuri aRar aTxoves, gaidga fexi gansakuTrebam <strong>da</strong> komleulobam,<br />
Camovar<strong>da</strong> uswormasworoba miwis mflobelobaSi, aramc Tu<br />
komlTa Sorisac, aramed sofelTa Sorisac~, ramac, saboloo<br />
jamSi <strong>da</strong>asusta saqarTvelos erT dros Zlieri <strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
saxelmwifo.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebas progre-<br />
sul movlenad Tvli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> istoriuli kanonzomierebiT ganpirobebulad,<br />
maram igi kargad xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> am did problemebs <strong>da</strong><br />
saSiSroebas, romelic am droi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo qarTvelTa cxovreba-<br />
Si: `xmlianma `xmlianma mterma mterma ver ver <strong>da</strong>gvaTmobina, <strong>da</strong>gvaTmobina, <strong>da</strong>gvaTmobina, ver ver wagvarTva<br />
wagvarTva<br />
Cveni Cveni miwa-wyali, miwa-wyali, Cveni Cveni qveyana... qveyana... xmliT xmliT moseulma moseulma vera vera<br />
vera<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvaklo <strong>da</strong>gvaklo ra, ra, SromiT SromiT SromiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> garjiT, garjiT, codniT codniT codniT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xerxiT xerxiT<br />
xerxiT<br />
moseuli-kimoseuli-ki Tan Tan gagvitans, gagvitans, fexqveSi<strong>da</strong>m fexqveSi<strong>da</strong>m miwas miwas gamogvagamogvagamogva- clis, clis, clis, saxels saxels saxels gagviqrobs, gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets, gagvwyvets, saxsenebeli<br />
saxsenebeli<br />
saxsenebeli<br />
qarTvelisa qarTvelisa qarTvelisa amoikveTeba amoikveTeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Cvens Cvens mSvenier mSvenier qveyanas, qveyanas, rogorc<br />
rogorc<br />
upatroni upatroni say<strong>da</strong>rs, say<strong>da</strong>rs, say<strong>da</strong>rs, sxvani sxvani <strong>da</strong>epatronebian.~<br />
<strong>da</strong>epatronebian.~ <strong>da</strong>epatronebian.~ es rom ar moxdes,<br />
ukve drois Sesabamisi qmedebani un<strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos qarTvelobam:<br />
`exla `exla `exla an an adli adli un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gveWiros gveWiros xelSi, xelSi, an an guTani, guTani, an<br />
an<br />
Carxi Carxi qarxnisa, qarxnisa, an an marTulebi marTulebi manqanisa. manqanisa. exla exla vaJkacoba<br />
vaJkacoba<br />
omisa omisa ki ki ki ar ar ar un<strong>da</strong>, un<strong>da</strong>, rom rom sisxlsa sisxlsa hRvrides, hRvrides, vaJkacoba vaJkacoba un<strong>da</strong><br />
un<strong>da</strong><br />
Sromisa, Sromisa, rom rom ofli ofli hRvaros. hRvaros. kidev kidev vityviT, vityviT, vityviT, qveyana qveyana axla<br />
axla<br />
imisia,imisia,imisia, vinc vinc irjeba irjeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> vinc vinc icis icis wesi wesi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xerxi xerxi gangan-<br />
sjisa, sjisa, vinc vinc ufro ufro ufrTxildeba ufrTxildeba naSroms, naSroms, vinc vinc izogavs<br />
izogavs<br />
naRvaws. naRvaws. dRes dRes mZleTamZlea mZleTamZlea marto marto is, is, vinc vinc mcvelia mcvelia <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
bejiTi bejiTi suliTa suliTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xorciTa, xorciTa, codniTa codniTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> marjveniTa...<br />
marjveniTa...<br />
exlac exlac omia, omia, xolo xolo sisxlisRvrisa sisxlisRvrisa _ _ ki ki ara, ara, oflis oflis Rvrisa,<br />
Rvrisa,<br />
omi omi usisxlo, usisxlo, mSvidobiani, mSvidobiani, wynari... wynari... es es omi omi Sromisaa, Sromisaa, <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
viTarcaviTarca Sroma Sroma _ _ patiosania, patiosania, namusiania namusiania <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iseTive iseTive TavTav-<br />
mosawonebeli, mosawonebeli, TavgamosaCeni, TavgamosaCeni, rogorc rogorc uwin uwin Tofisa Tofisa Tofisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
xmlis xmlis omi omi iyo. iyo. vaJkacoba vaJkacoba amisTana amisTana omSi omSi bevriT bevriT win<br />
win<br />
aris aris aris sisxlis sisxlis omis omis vaJkacobaze.~<br />
vaJkacobaze.~<br />
eris gaZRolisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>razmvis, misi fexze <strong>da</strong>yenebis saqme-<br />
Si ilia did rols aniWeb<strong>da</strong> qveynis xelisuflebas _ mTavrobas,<br />
mis zneobas <strong>da</strong> kompetenturobas: `Rirseba <strong>da</strong> sikeTe romelime<br />
mTavrobisa, xalxisagan cnobili <strong>da</strong> aRiarebuli, sTesavs xalxSi<br />
im siyvarulis Tesls, romelic metad sanatreli un<strong>da</strong> iyo<br />
cnobierebad momarTul <strong>da</strong> mimarTul saxelmwifosaTvis; <strong>da</strong><br />
marto es siyvarulia saTaved yovel imisa, rac ki Seadgens<br />
saxelmwifos Zalasa <strong>da</strong> Rones, imitom, romrom marto marto siyvarusiyvaruliTliT<br />
aRfrTovanebuli aRfrTovanebuli xalxia xalxia saimedo saimedo yovels yovels gangansacdelSi,sacdelSi,<br />
rac rac ki ki saxelmwifos saxelmwifos istoriis istoriis gzazed gzazed SeemTxSeemTxvevavevaveva<br />
xolme, xolme, xolme, marto marto marto siyvaruliT siyvaruliT gulgamTbar gulgamTbar gulgamTbar xalxs xalxs xalxs Seu- Seu- Seu-<br />
Zlia Zlia sicocxlisa sicocxlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qonebis qonebis gawirva gawirva gawirva saxelmwifo saxelmwifo keTil- keTil- keTil- keTil- keTildReobisaTvis...dReobisaTvis...dReobisaTvis...<br />
saca saca saca es es siyvaruli siyvaruli ar ar aris, aris, iq iq saxelmsaxelm-<br />
wifo wifo fuRuroa, fuRuroa, fuyea, fuyea, erTi erTi lazaTianis lazaTianis qar qaris qar qaris<br />
isSemoberSemober- va va <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imis imis ga<strong>da</strong>msxvreva ga<strong>da</strong>msxvreva erTia.~<br />
erTia.~<br />
280 281
ilias isic kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>, rom marto mTavrobis <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
moxeleTa ime<strong>da</strong>d yofna ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. igi aseve did pasuxismgeblobas<br />
akisreb<strong>da</strong> qveynis inteleqtualur elitas, ganaTlebul<br />
<strong>da</strong> zneobriv nawils, romlebic (maSinac <strong>da</strong> axlac)<br />
garkveul pasiurobas iCendnen: `visac `visac `visac zneobrivi zneobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
gonebrivi gonebrivi Zal-Rone Zal-Rone Zal-Rone aqvs aqvs aqvs win win gauZRves gauZRves Tavis Tavis sakuTari<br />
sakuTari<br />
qveynis qveynis qveynis cxovrebas, cxovrebas, ganze<strong>da</strong> ganze<strong>da</strong> ganze<strong>da</strong> dgas. dgas. iqneba iqneba amis amis amis mizezi<br />
mizezi<br />
Cveni Cveni Cveni cxovrebac cxovrebac aris, aris, miT, miT, miT, ufro ufro bevr bevr siamovnebas siamovnebas siamovnebas <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
xelis xelis xelis Sewyobas Sewyobas ar ar ar uqaddes, uqaddes, magram magram qveynis qveynis samsaxuri<br />
samsaxuri<br />
yvelganyvelgan msxverplia msxverplia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara ara seiri. seiri. am am SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi dgodgo-<br />
ma-cdomaa.~<br />
ma-cdomaa.~<br />
ilia sworad aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTvelobam met sulierebaze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> izrunos (`CvenSi xorcieli Tvali ufro moqmedebs,<br />
vidre Tvali sulisa~), gaTavisufldes <strong>da</strong>mpyrobelTagan gadmoRebuli<br />
bevri uRirsi Cveulebisagan, magaliTad, pirferobisagan.<br />
`Cven `Cven `Cven sawyal sawyal qarTvelebs, qarTvelebs, wer<strong>da</strong> wer<strong>da</strong> igi, igi, _ _ erTi erTi<br />
erTi<br />
sxva sxva saZageli saZageli senic senic gvWirs gvWirs _ _ yizilbaSoba. yizilbaSoba. gulis<br />
gulis<br />
Semazrzeni, Semazrzeni, kacis kacis Rirsebis Rirsebis Rirsebis <strong>da</strong>mam<strong>da</strong>blebeli <strong>da</strong>mam<strong>da</strong>blebeli pirferoba,<br />
pirferoba,<br />
urcxviurcxvi tyuili tyuili tyuili qeba, qeba, saZageli saZageli klakvna klakvna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piri<strong>da</strong>m piri<strong>da</strong>m TafTaf-<br />
lis lis dena, dena, romelsac romelsac qarTveli qarTveli `zrdilobas~ `zrdilobas~ `zrdilobas~ eZaxis, eZaxis, _<br />
_<br />
eseni eseni eseni erTad erTad Stoebi Stoebi arian arian <strong>da</strong>mpal <strong>da</strong>mpal yizilbaSobisa.~<br />
yizilbaSobisa.~<br />
ilia sarwmunoebrivi Tavisuflebis pativismcemeli iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong> miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom `sarwmunoeba sinidisis, sasoebis saqmea, aq<br />
yvela Tavisufalia <strong>da</strong> xelSeuxebeli.~ iliailia WavWavaZis WavWavaZis polipoli-<br />
tikuri tikuri ideali ideali iyo iyo adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiT<br />
TviTmmarTvelobiT<br />
ganmtkicebuli ganmtkicebuli ganmtkicebuli parlamenturi parlamenturi parlamenturi respublika respublika unitaruli<br />
unitaruli<br />
(martivi) (martivi) mowyobiT. mowyobiT. Sesabamisad ilia ilia ilia winaaRmdegi winaaRmdegi iyo<br />
iyo<br />
diqtatorulidiqtatoruli mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis mmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosi, saxelmwifosi, saxelmwifosi, romelromelromelicic spobs spobs yovelgvar yovelgvar TviTmmarTvelobas TviTmmarTvelobas TviTmmarTvelobas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> adgiloadgilo-<br />
brivi brivi saqmeebis saqmeebis gamgeblobasac gamgeblobasac centrs centrs umorCilebs.<br />
umorCilebs.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos Tavisuflebaze ocnebob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram iyo realisti <strong>da</strong> kargad xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, rom saWiro iyo qarTveli<br />
xalxis saTanado Semzadeba amisaTvis. sanam es moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, igi<br />
kmayofildebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiiT,<br />
TviTmmarTvelobiT _ qarTvelobas saSinao saqmeebi Tvi-<br />
Ton un<strong>da</strong> ganego <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita.<br />
niko niko niko niko niko nikolaZis nikolaZis nikolaZis nikolaZis nikolaZis (1843-1928) (1843-1928) (1843-1928) (1843-1928) (1843-1928) <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
niko nikolaZis, rogorc qarTuli <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri pragmatizmis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgenlis,<br />
mrwamsi or mTavar sayrdens emyareba:<br />
1) pragmatuli _ ra sWirdeba, ra gamoadgeba saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>da</strong> ra ara;<br />
2) realisturi _ saWiroa arametafizikuri azrovneba <strong>da</strong><br />
qmedeba, romelic sinamdvilis moTxovnebs upasuxebs. uSedego<br />
<strong>da</strong> arafrismomtania abstraqtuli msjeloba <strong>da</strong> azrovneba,<br />
romantikuli Wvreta <strong>da</strong> oxvra (`droa (`droa Cvenc Cvenc Cvenc avixiloT avixiloT Tva- TvaTva- li li sinamdvileze, sinamdvileze, imis imis garCeva garCeva viswavloT, viswavloT, Cvens Cvens garSemo<br />
garSemo<br />
ra ra ambavia, ambavia, ra ra namdvili namdvili wamali wamali uSvelis uSvelis Cvens Cvens Wirs?<br />
Wirs?<br />
Tvaluwvdenel Tvaluwvdenel ocnebas ocnebas es es mcire mcire amagi amagi sjobia~).<br />
sjobia~).<br />
niko nikolaZes pirveli rigis ideologiur amocanad<br />
miaCn<strong>da</strong> imis garkveva, Tu Tu ra ra gza gza <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mimarTuleba mimarTuleba un<strong>da</strong><br />
un<strong>da</strong><br />
airCios airCios erma erma samomavlo samomavlo cxovrebisaTvis: cxovrebisaTvis: `rogorc `rogorc Wkviani<br />
Wkviani<br />
irCevs irCevs tansacmels tansacmels mas mas ra ra moergeba moergeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ra ra mouxdeba<br />
mouxdeba<br />
sakuTari sakuTari sxeulis sxeulis aRnagobis aRnagobis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve<br />
aseve<br />
un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> moiqces moiqces eri eri ama ama Tu Tu im im moZRvrebis moZRvrebis arCevisas. arCevisas. jer<br />
erTi, Tu SeuZlia, is moZRvreba, rac mas sWirdeba, man TviTonve<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas. meorec, Tu amisaTvis Wkua-goneba ar yofnis <strong>da</strong><br />
aucileblad sxvas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esesxos, maSin is un<strong>da</strong> aiRos, rac<br />
mas ueWvelad gamoadgeba, Tumca amasac didi goniereba sWirdeba~.n.n.<br />
nikolaZe nikolaZe mainc mainc ganviTarebis ganviTarebis erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli modemode-<br />
lis lis lis Seqmnas Seqmnas uWer<strong>da</strong> uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars mxars ucxouri ucxouri <strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />
gamocdilebis gamocdilebis gamoyenebis gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiT gaTvaliswinebiT <strong>da</strong> Tvli<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom SeuZlebeli iyo ucxoels, qarTuli specifikis armcodnes,<br />
qveynisaTvis zustad misa<strong>da</strong>gebuli ganviTarebis recepti moenaxa:<br />
`Cveni `Cveni qveynis qveynis gonebrivi gonebrivi zrdisaTvis zrdisaTvis didi didi ube- ubeubedurebaadurebaa is is garemoba, garemoba, rom rom dedis dedis dedis ZuZuTi ZuZuTi ki ki ki ar ar vikvebevikvebe-<br />
biT, biT, cxra cxra mTas mTas ga<strong>da</strong>Rmi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>Rmi<strong>da</strong>n moyvanil moyvanil ZiZas ZiZas vabarivarT.<br />
vabarivarT.<br />
isic isic isic xSirad xSirad Txis Txis rZes rZes gvawovebs gvawovebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara ara a<strong>da</strong>mianisas...<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianisas...<br />
ucxoeli ucxoeli ZiZa, ZiZa, ragind ragind saRi saRi iyos, iyos, Sens Sens de<strong>da</strong>-enas de<strong>da</strong>-enas ver<br />
ver<br />
gaswavlis, gaswavlis, gaswavlis, Seni Seni qveynis qveynis qveynis bunebasa bunebasa bunebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saWiroebas saWiroebas saWiroebas ver ver<br />
ver<br />
gagacnobs,~ gagacnobs,~ _ _ miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> igi.<br />
niko nikolaZe qveynis Sinagani saqmeebis pirvel rigSi<br />
mogvarebas prioritets aniWeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wer<strong>da</strong>, rom `mxolod `mxolod `mxolod Si- SiSinagani nagani nagani saqmeebis saqmeebis gonivrulad gonivrulad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>makmayofileblad<br />
<strong>da</strong>makmayofileblad<br />
282 283
mogvareba,mogvareba, uzrunvelyofs uzrunvelyofs gare<strong>da</strong>n gare<strong>da</strong>n mosalodnel mosalodnel saSiSsaSiS-<br />
roebas roebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mogvitans mogvitans sagareo sagareo didebas. didebas. ra ra didic didic un<strong>da</strong><br />
un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyosiyos Cveni Cveni gamarjvebebi, gamarjvebebi, maTi maTi dideba dideba kvamliviT kvamliviT gaifangaifan-<br />
teba, teba, teba, Tuki Tuki Tuki Cvens Cvens Cvens sakuTar sakuTar sakuTar saxlSi saxlSi ar ar ar <strong>da</strong>vakmayofilebT<br />
<strong>da</strong>vakmayofilebT<br />
<strong>da</strong>vakmayofilebT<br />
aucilebelaucilebel moTxovnilebebs, moTxovnilebebs, Tuki Tuki xels xels mivyofT mivyofT saku- saku- saku-<br />
Tari Tari interesebis interesebis sistematur sistematur ignorirebas, ignorirebas, SevuqmniT<br />
SevuqmniT<br />
Cvens Cvens Cvens Tavs Tavs mraval mraval xelovnur xelovnur siZneles, siZneles, maSin maSin maSin es es gare- gare- gare- gare- gare-<br />
moeba moeba adre adre adre Tu Tu gvian gvian samxedro samxedro samxedro warmatebebzec warmatebebzec ki ki u<strong>da</strong>vo<br />
u<strong>da</strong>vo<br />
<strong>da</strong>masustebel <strong>da</strong>masustebel gavlenas gavlenas iqoniebs.~<br />
iqoniebs.~<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli debulebis qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad niko nikolaZem kargad Seiswavla <strong>da</strong> gaaanaliza<br />
XIX saukunis II naxevris iaponiis e.w. `meiZis revoluciis~<br />
periodi, romlis dros qveyanam <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> swrafad SeZlo<br />
uzarmazari Tvisobrivi naxtomis gakeTeba cxovrebis yvela<br />
sferoSi.<br />
kargad gaacnobiera ra Tavisi pasuxismgebloba sakuTari<br />
eris winaSe, iaponiis iaponiis gonierma gonierma mTavrobam mTavrobam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelma<br />
mmarTvelma<br />
elitamelitam <strong>da</strong>saxa <strong>da</strong>saxa qveynis qveynis momavali momavali <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> soso-<br />
cialuri cialuri mowyobis mowyobis mecnieruli mecnieruli gegma, gegma, romelSic romelSic axali<br />
axali<br />
sazogadoebrivisazogadoebrivi cxovrebis cxovrebis sawyisad sawyisad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> balavrad balavrad <strong>da</strong>de<strong>da</strong>de-<br />
buli buli iyo iyo sakuTari sakuTari xalxis xalxis kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli memkvidreoba,<br />
memkvidreoba,<br />
tradiciebi tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wes-Cveulebebi, wes-Cveulebebi, iaponuri iaponuri cxovrebis cxovrebis wesis<br />
wesis<br />
mdi<strong>da</strong>ri mdi<strong>da</strong>ri erovnuli erovnuli Sinaarsi. Sinaarsi. niko nikolaZes samagaliTod<br />
miaCn<strong>da</strong> mokle droSi qveynis aseTi aRorZineba <strong>da</strong> iliasaviT<br />
gonieri mTavrobis aucileblobaze <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobaze<br />
mianiSneb<strong>da</strong> qarTvelobas: `iaponia `iaponia erTob erTob did did <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> naTel<br />
naTel<br />
magaliTs magaliTs magaliTs warmogvidgens warmogvidgens imisas, imisas, Tu Tu Tu ra ra advili advili advili yofila<br />
yofila<br />
TiTqmis TiTqmis sruliad sruliad veluri veluri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ukan ukan CamorCenili CamorCenili CamorCenili xalxi- xalxixalxisaTvis saTvis saTvis swavliTa swavliTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rigiani rigiani wesiT wesiT welSi welSi gamarTva gamarTva <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
Zalis Zalis SeZena, SeZena, roca roca mas mas gonieri gonieri mTavroba mTavroba hyavs hyavs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> be- bebe- jiTi jiTi survili survili aqvs aqvs rigiani rigiani adgili adgili <strong>da</strong>ikavos <strong>da</strong>ikavos sxva sxva sxva ersa<br />
ersa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samefoebs samefoebs Sua.~ Sua.~ nedleuliTa <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis strategiuli<br />
resursebis simwiris miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, iaponiis gaZliereba, nikolaZis<br />
samarTliani mosazrebiT, Sromis Wkvianurma organizaciam <strong>da</strong><br />
saSemsruleblo disciplinis maRalma donem ganapiroba, rac<br />
mas aseve sanimuSod miaCn<strong>da</strong>. niko nikolaZe amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
xazs usvam<strong>da</strong>, rom aq ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba rodi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
qveynis sididesa <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis mravalricxovnebas, aramed<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri progresis, axali teqnologiebis swraf<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergvas: `Zala `Zala <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zleva Zleva ricxvsa ricxvsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sivrces sivrces ki ki ara,<br />
ara,<br />
codnas,codnas, organizacias organizacias ekuTvnis, ekuTvnis, iaraRs, iaraRs, wess wess <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> discidisci-<br />
plinas~, plinas~, _ wer<strong>da</strong> igi (<strong>da</strong> dRes, marTlac, uzarmazar <strong>da</strong> nedleuliT<br />
umdidres ruseTze gacilebiT win arian patara qveynebi<br />
_ Sveicaria, belgia, niderlandebi <strong>da</strong> sxva, romlebmac ganavi-<br />
Tares sawarmoo Zalebi, teqnika, codna <strong>da</strong> disci plina).<br />
amrigad, amrigad, saqarTvelom saqarTvelom rom rom realuri realuri realuri <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />
moi moipovos,<br />
moi moi povos, aucilebelia aucilebelia is is jer jer ekonomikurad ekonomikurad ekonomikurad aRo aRorZ- aRo rZ<br />
indes. indes. qveynis aRorZinebis umTavres pirobad niko nikolaZes,<br />
ilia WavWavaZis <strong>da</strong>rad, TavCauxreli Sroma, TviTganviTareba <strong>da</strong><br />
swavla miaCn<strong>da</strong>. amasTan igi Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom `sanam `sanam umoqmedo<br />
umoqmedo<br />
nawili nawili Cveni Cveni Cveni sazogadoebisa sazogadoebisa Sromas Sromas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavis Tavis rCenas<br />
rCenas<br />
arar SeeCveva, SeeCveva, sanam sanam Cveni Cveni xalxi xalxi mewveli mewveli mewveli Zroxis Zroxis mdgomarmdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>neobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ar ar gamova, gamova, SeuZlebelia SeuZlebelia CvenSi CvenSi namdvili namdvili erToerTobaba<br />
<strong>da</strong>arsdes, <strong>da</strong>arsdes, an an gulwrfeli gulwrfeli Zmoba, Zmoba, an an xeiriani xeiriani ganwyoganwyo-<br />
bileba~.<br />
bileba~.<br />
qveynis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi aRorZinebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmSeneblobis procesSi niko nikolaZes aseve aucileblad<br />
miaCn<strong>da</strong> sxvisi moimedeobisa <strong>da</strong> aziuri inertulobis,<br />
ioli gamdidrebis ganwyobilebis <strong>da</strong>Zleva <strong>da</strong> moiTxov<strong>da</strong> amgvari<br />
iluziebisagan droze gaTavisuflebas: `Cvens `Cvens `Cvens sazoga- sazogasazogadoebaSi,doebaSi, _ _ wer<strong>da</strong> wer<strong>da</strong> igi, igi, _ _ yvela yvela <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia, <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia, rom rom SveSve-<br />
la la la Cven Cven erT erT mSveniers mSveniers dilas dilas Camogvifrindeba, Camogvifrindeba, ise, ise, rom<br />
rom<br />
TviTon TviTon xelis xelis ganZrevac ganZrevac ar ar <strong>da</strong>gvWirdeba <strong>da</strong>gvWirdeba Cveni Cveni bedis bedis<br />
bedis<br />
gaumjobesebisaTvis~. gaumjobesebisaTvis~. niko nikolaZec aqcents akeTeb<strong>da</strong><br />
umTavresad sakuTari resursebiT <strong>da</strong> SromiT qveynis ganvi-<br />
Tarebis aucileblobaze <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod ucxoelTa finansur<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze, rac arasodes uangarod ar xdeba:<br />
`jer `jer arsad, arsad, arc arc erT erT qveyanaSi qveyanaSi magaliTi magaliTi ar ar ar unaxavs<br />
unaxavs<br />
kacs,kacs, rom rom romelime romelime xalxi, xalxi, an an sazogadoeba sazogadoeba amaRlebuamaRlebu-<br />
liyos liyos sxvisi sxvisi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT Tu Tu ara ara sakuTari sakuTari SromiT SromiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
janiT. janiT. advilad advilad SenaZeni, SenaZeni, SenaZeni, napovni, napovni, naCuqari naCuqari arc arc kerZo<br />
kerZo<br />
kacskacskacs <strong>da</strong>ayris <strong>da</strong>ayris xeirs xeirs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc arc mTel mTel sazogadoebas. sazogadoebas. kacikaci-<br />
saTvis saTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qveynisaTvis qveynisaTvis marto marto is is aris aris gamosadegi gamosadegi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
Zvirfasi, Zvirfasi, rac rac imas imas Tavisi Tavisi sakuTari sakuTari SromiT, SromiT, SromiT, oflis oflis<br />
oflis<br />
RvriT RvriT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SromiT SromiT SeuZenia... SeuZenia... napovni napovni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nawyalobevi<br />
nawyalobevi<br />
ki, ki, ki, TiTqmis TiTqmis TiTqmis yovelTvis, yovelTvis, yovelTvis, ise ise ise advilad advilad advilad ikargeba, ikargeba, ikargeba, rogorc rogorc<br />
rogorc<br />
advilad advilad naSovni naSovni naSovni iyo~, iyo~, _ miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> igi.<br />
niko nikolaZe kargad xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTveloba mravalricxovani<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zlieri mtrebiT garSemortymuli, euli <strong>da</strong> mcirericxovani<br />
eria <strong>da</strong> ama<strong>da</strong>c Sesabamis <strong>da</strong>skvnas akeTeb<strong>da</strong>: `Cven<br />
`Cven<br />
284 285
Cveni Cveni vimecadinoT, vimecadinoT, Cveni Cveni Cveni qveynisaTvis qveynisaTvis vizrunoT: vizrunoT: marto<br />
marto<br />
Cveni Cveni Tavis Tavis imedi imedi imedi viqonioT, viqonioT, marto marto marto Cvens Cvens Cvens Zalas Zalas Zalas miven- mivenmiven- doT, doT, marto marto Cvens Cvens gaZlierebasa gaZlierebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebaze ganaTlebaze vimuSaoT,<br />
vimuSaoT,<br />
_ _ _ maSin maSin maSin megobaric megobaric megobaric gauCndeba gauCndeba gauCndeba Cven Cven Cven xalxs xalxs xalxs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mxmarebe-<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxmarebe<strong>da</strong>mxmarebe-<br />
lic~. lic~. xolo Tu Cven kvlav sxvis imedsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze <strong>da</strong>vamyarebT<br />
momavals, <strong>da</strong> xels <strong>da</strong> Wkuas ar gavanZrevT, maSin kapitalizmis<br />
ulmobeli kanonebis safuZvelze Cveni momavali perspeqtiva<br />
Zalze arasaxarbielo iqneba, miaCn<strong>da</strong> n. nikolaZes <strong>da</strong><br />
wer<strong>da</strong> kidec mourideblad: `evropis `evropis `evropis saxelmfwifoebi<br />
saxelmfwifoebi<br />
saqarTvelos saqarTvelos an an an alJiriviT alJiriviT (e.i. (e.i. (e.i. mkvidrTaTvis mkvidrTaTvis ufleba ufleba<br />
ufleba<br />
miuniWeblad)miuniWeblad) <strong>da</strong>imoneben, <strong>da</strong>imoneben, an an an indoCineTiviT indoCineTiviT Zarcvas Zarcvas Zarcvas <strong>da</strong>u<strong>da</strong>u<strong>da</strong>u- wyeben~ wyeben~ (igulisxmeba <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis SemTxvevaSi _ v.S.).<br />
niko nikolaZem erT-erTma pirvelma qarTvel moRvaweTagan,<br />
wina planze praqtikuli <strong>da</strong> pragmatuli sakiTxebi wamoswia,<br />
rac mTlianad Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> qveynis ganviTarebis moTxovnebs:<br />
`saWirod vTvlidi SemeZra is cxovelmyofeli Zalebi,<br />
romlis moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> urTierToba ers zrdis, amaRlebs, aZlierebs,<br />
Sevexe ekonomikas, kredits, mrewvelobas, miwismflobelobas <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTmmarTvelobas... ramdenjer <strong>da</strong>gvWir<strong>da</strong> duSeTs asvla... Wav-<br />
WavaZisaTvis saxelmwifo samsaxurze xeli agveRebinebina, bankis<br />
<strong>da</strong>arseba ieriSiT agveRo, banki ganaxlebis banakad gveqcia<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sig WavWavaZe Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT qarTuli saqmis saTaveSi Cagveyenebina.<br />
Tbilisis qalaqis Tavad somxebs dim. yifiani avar-<br />
CevineT. quTaiss, gr. levaSovTan auwereli brZolis Semdeg,<br />
TviT-mmarTveloba SemovaRebineT. qarTvelobis asparezi xu-<br />
Tiode weliwadSi ucnobaT gavafarToveT.~<br />
niko nikolaZes kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>, rom yoveli qveynis<br />
ekonomikuri Zliereba sam mTavar burjs eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> _ `Tavis- Tavis- TavisTavisufaliufali mewarmeobisa mewarmeobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, ganviTarebas, ganviTarebas, sofsof-<br />
lis lis meurneobasa<br />
meurneobasa meurneobasa <strong>da</strong> civilizebul civilizebul vaWrobas. vaWrobas. vaWrobas. igi marTebulad<br />
miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom `yoveli eris safuZveli, Zala, momavali,<br />
ufro mis meurneobazea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli, mis mwarmoeblobaze.<br />
sxva yvelaferi TiTqmis umniSvneloa amasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. eri,<br />
eri,<br />
romlisromlis warmoebac warmoebac Seferx<strong>da</strong> Seferx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva sxva qveynebis qveynebis warmoewarmoebasTanbasTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT xeirianad xeirianad veRar veRar veRar ajildovebs ajildovebs mwarmwar-<br />
moebels, moebels, sxvis sxvis msxverpla<strong>da</strong>a msxverpla<strong>da</strong>a gamzadebuli. gamzadebuli. iman iman Tu<br />
Tu<br />
swrafad swrafad ver ver moaxerxa moaxerxa moaxerxa Tavisi Tavisi warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis gaumjobeseba,<br />
gaumjobeseba,<br />
gaumjobeseba,<br />
gaiafeba, gaiafeba, gaadvileba <strong>da</strong> gaxvavianeba, misi saqme wasuli <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>Rupulia~.<br />
niko nikolaZe iliasaviT saqarTvelos momavals beds<br />
adre ruseTs ukavSireb<strong>da</strong>, magram i. WavWavaZisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
igi moeswro saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas (1918 w. 26 maisi)<br />
<strong>da</strong> pirveli dReebi<strong>da</strong>nve qveynis samsaxurSi Cadga, rogorc ukve<br />
saxelmwifo moRvawe <strong>da</strong> didi gamocdilebis a<strong>da</strong>miani. igi sworad<br />
STaagoneb<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi myof gamoucdel socialdemokratebs,<br />
rom `roca ar gvabadia warmoeba <strong>da</strong> arc Semosavali,<br />
ver gvixsnis veraviTari ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi. warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis gaCaReba<br />
gaCaReba<br />
aris aris erTaderTi erTaderTi Cveni Cveni xsna: xsna: un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> movaxerxoT movaxerxoT gareT<br />
gareT<br />
meti meti gavitanoT gavitanoT gasayidi, gasayidi, gasayidi, vidre vidre ucxoels ucxoels vTxovT vTxovT vTxovT sayid<br />
sayid<br />
saqonels. saqonels. sanam sanam mosazidi mosazidi meti meti meti gveqneba, gveqneba, gveqneba, vinem vinem gasazidi,<br />
gasazidi,<br />
monobas monobas ver ver avicilebT.~ avicilebT.~ niko nikolaZe pirvelia qarTvel<br />
moazrovneebSi, vinc vaWrobis, aReb-micemobis propagan<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> misi fasi kargad ico<strong>da</strong>. SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> mrewvelobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> soflis meurneobis mTeli mogeba wyalSi ga<strong>da</strong>yriliyo, Tu<br />
igi gonieri <strong>da</strong> SorsmWvreti komersantis xelSi ar aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>.vaWrobavaWrobavaWroba<br />
agreTve agreTve wesrigia, wesrigia, angariSianobaa, angariSianobaa, angariSianobaa, awyoawyo-<br />
bili bili saqmea. saqmea. yoveli yoveli qveynis qveynis erTianoba-mTlianobas erTianoba-mTlianobas ori<br />
ori<br />
saZirkveli saZirkveli udevs udevs _ _ religia religia religia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> vaWroba. vaWroba. saqarTveloSi<br />
yovelTvis aTvalwunebiT uyurebdnen vaWrobas (TviT ilia<br />
WavWavaZec ver afaseb<strong>da</strong> mis rols saTanadod _ v.S.), rac<br />
qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdegobas Zalas acli<strong>da</strong>. disciplinis,<br />
wesrigis, awyobili saqmianobis Sinagani moTxovnileba<br />
gamqrali iyo, rakiRa eseni vaWrobis Tanmxlebi arian. amitomac<br />
<strong>da</strong>JinebiT arwmuneb<strong>da</strong> niko nikolaZe qarTvelebs, rom `vi- `vi`vidredre Cveni Cveni sazogadoebis sazogadoebis umravlesobas umravlesobas sisxlsa sisxlsa sisxlsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xorc- xorc- xorc-<br />
Si Si is is rwmena rwmena ar ar gaujdeba, gaujdeba, rom rom sazizRari, sazizRari, samarcxvino<br />
samarcxvino<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saTakilo saTakilo qveyanaze qveyanaze qveyanaze marto marto usaqmoba usaqmoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> muqTa muqTa puris<br />
puris<br />
Wamaa, Wamaa, manamde manamde manamde nu nu gwamT, gwamT, viTom viTom ganaTlebisa ganaTlebisa anu anu war- war- war- war-<br />
matebis matebis mironi mironi mogvecxos. mogvecxos. vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba Sromaa Sromaa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iseve<br />
iseve<br />
pativsacemia, pativsacemia, rogorc rogorc rogorc yovelnairi yovelnairi Sroma~.<br />
Sroma~.<br />
niko nikolaZe erovnuli saqmeebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis procesSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>WriT uaryof<strong>da</strong> yovelgvar radikalizms <strong>da</strong> wer<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
`qarTvelobis `qarTvelobis miznebi miznebi mxolod mxolod zomierebis zomierebis gziT gziT miiR- miiRmiiR- weva~.<br />
weva~.<br />
niko nikolaZe marto sityviT rodi arwmuneb<strong>da</strong> vinmes,<br />
aramed misTvis umTavresi iyo praqtikuli saqme <strong>da</strong> ama<strong>da</strong>c<br />
uwo<strong>da</strong> arCil jorjaZem mas `ulmobeli `ulmobeli saqmis saqmis kaci~.<br />
kaci~.<br />
niko nikolaZes udidesi wvlili miuZRvis q. foTis<br />
aRmSeneblobaSi, portis eleqtrofikaciasa <strong>da</strong> meqanizaciaSi<br />
(man moiara evropis didi qveynebis portebi <strong>da</strong> miiRo Sesabam-<br />
286 287
isi gamocdileba). 1894 wels, roca igi qalaqis Tavad airCies,<br />
foTis biujeti 75 aTas maneTs Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. misi qalaqis Tavad<br />
yofnis 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqis biujeti 10-jer gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
(man foTis portis amoqmedebiT fanjara gaWra evropaSi<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis). udidesi Sroma gaswia niko nikolaZem<br />
tyibulis qvanaxSiris sabados aTvisebisa <strong>da</strong> WiaTuris manganumis<br />
warmoebis gasafarToeblad. man moaxerxa didi britane-<br />
Tis banki<strong>da</strong>n kreditis aReba, gaiyvana Sorapan-WiaTuris sarkinigzo<br />
gza, amiT manganumis ga<strong>da</strong>zidvis saqmec moagvara <strong>da</strong><br />
gaaiafa (arsebob<strong>da</strong> platformac ki _ `niko nikolaZe~. manve<br />
qarTul enaSi <strong>da</strong>amkvidra iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa `lian<strong>da</strong>gi~,<br />
`orTqlmavali~). niko nikolaZe aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong><br />
Tbilisis wyalsadenis mSeneblobaSi, kaxeTis rkinigzisa <strong>da</strong><br />
suramis gvirabis gayvanaSi, quTaisis aRmSeneblobaSi, transcimbiris<br />
rkinigzis mSeneblobaSic ki. manve Camoiyvana rotSildi<br />
amierkavkasiaSi, principulad <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> nobels (premiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maarsebels) <strong>da</strong> dimitri mendeleevs <strong>da</strong> maT <strong>da</strong>va mougo.<br />
niko nikolaZem foTis qalaqis Tavad yofnis periodSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>aarsa Tanamedrove banki. qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelma<br />
niko nikolaZem <strong>da</strong>beW<strong>da</strong> obligaciebi, latariis bileTebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mTeli Semosavali foTis keTilmowyobas moaxmara, rac uprecedento<br />
novatoruli praqtikuli nabiji iyo maSin saqarTvelo-<br />
Si.<br />
niko niko nikolaZem nikolaZem germanel germanel di diplomatebTan di plomatebTanoficialoficial- ur ur saubarSi, saubarSi, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis periodSi periodSi (1918-21 (1918-21 ww.),<br />
ww.),<br />
wamoayenawamoayena idea idea idea evropis evropis evropis Soreul Soreul aRmosavleTTan aRmosavleTTan vaWrovaWro-<br />
bis bis foTze foTze gatarebis gatarebis Taobaze Taobaze Taobaze (berlini-foTi-pekini),<br />
(berlini-foTi-pekini),<br />
rac rac rac dRes dRes dRes ukve ukve praqtikulad praqtikulad xorcs xorcs isxams isxams evraziuli<br />
evraziuli<br />
derefnisa derefnisa derefnisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> abreSumis abreSumis gzis gzis saxelwodebiT).<br />
saxelwodebiT).<br />
niko nikolaZe did mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
liderTa pirovnebebs, mogvca kidec maTi tipebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba.<br />
iq, iq, iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaferi yvelaferi yvelaferi erT erT kacze kacze kacze trialebs trialebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
ara<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaze, <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaze, _ _ wer<strong>da</strong> wer<strong>da</strong> igi, igi, _ _ is is kacic kacic kacic nel-nela nel-nela im<br />
im<br />
Sexedulebas Sexedulebas iRebs, iRebs, rom rom me me var, var, sxva sxva sxva aravinao, aravinao, yvela yvela me<br />
me<br />
un<strong>da</strong>un<strong>da</strong> memsaxuros memsaxuros <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara ara qveyanasao. qveyanasao. qveynis, qveynis, eris, eris, ideaidealislislis<br />
xseneba xseneba xseneba Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan qreba qreba qreba didSi didSi didSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> pataraSi. pataraSi. pataraSi. `des`des`des- potis potis samsaxuri, samsaxuri, qveynis qveynis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> idealis idealis idealis samsaxuri, samsaxuri, samsaxuri, di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
gansxvavdebian gansxvavdebian gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan~.<br />
erTmaneTisagan~.<br />
niko nikolaZe miuTiTebs _ rom `evropis sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi mTavar rols Cveulebriv ori tipis moRvaweni<br />
asruleben xolme: fanatikosebi <strong>da</strong> moangareebi... ras vxe<strong>da</strong>vT<br />
am mxriv CvenSi? sazogadoebrivisazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis moRvaweobisaTvis momo-<br />
mzadebuli mzadebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic romlebic am am saqmianobisaTvis<br />
saqmianobisaTvis<br />
saWiro saWiro codniTa codniTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> niWiT niWiT iyvnen iyvnen aRWurvilni, aRWurvilni, aRWurvilni, CvenSi<br />
CvenSi<br />
Zlier Zlier Zlier cotaa. cotaa. kidev ufro naklebad gvyvanan fanatikosebi,<br />
romlebic ikisrebdnen sazogadoebriv moRvaweTa rkinis<br />
borkilebis tarebas... samagierod Cven gvyvanan uamravi Sesani-<br />
Snavi <strong>da</strong> keTilsindisieri a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebsac alali <strong>da</strong><br />
wrfeli guliT surT samSoblosaTvis yovelgvari sikeTe, magram<br />
romelTac ar SeuZliaT amis gamo uari Tqvan iseT siamovnebazec<br />
ki, rogoric aris papirosisi moweva an quCis erTi<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n meoreze ga<strong>da</strong>svla wviamiansa <strong>da</strong> civ amindSi... amaT<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>, kidev kidev ufro ufro meti meti raodenobiT raodenobiT gvyvanan gvyvanan savsebiT savsebiT<br />
savsebiT<br />
moumzadebelnimoumzadebelni pirni, pirni, romlebsac romlebsac brwyinvale brwyinvale sazogasazogadoebrividoebrividoebrivi<br />
mdgomareobis mdgomareobis uzomo uzomo ma<strong>da</strong> ma<strong>da</strong> aqvT, aqvT, magram magram srulisrulia<strong>da</strong>ca<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ar ar gaaCniaT gaaCniaT arc arc mSvidi mSvidi angariSianoba, angariSianoba, arc arc arc gamZgamZleoba,leoba,<br />
arc arc unari, unari, rom rom sakuTari sakuTari Zal-RoniT Zal-RoniT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> metmet-<br />
naklebad naklebad rigiani rigiani sazogado sazogado saSualebebiT saSualebebiT miaRwion<br />
miaRwion<br />
TavianT TavianT mizans mizans <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> raki raki sxva sxva ti ti pispis sazogado sazogado moRvawemoRvawe-<br />
ni ni Cven Cven ar ar gagvaCnia, gagvaCnia, amitom amitom burTi burTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moe<strong>da</strong>ni moe<strong>da</strong>ni rCeba<br />
rCeba<br />
xolme xolme am am o oor<br />
o r ti tips, ti ps, zemoTzemoT rom rom <strong>da</strong>vxate: <strong>da</strong>vxate: saTno saTno azizazizmazizebsmazizebs<br />
_ _ erTi erTi mxriv, mxriv, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arakeTilsindisier arakeTilsindisier intrigintrig-<br />
anebsa anebsa anebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moangareebs moangareebs _ _ meores meores mxriv~.<br />
mxriv~.<br />
Sesabamisad es ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom nikolaZis sityvebiT,<br />
`modiodnen `modiodnen CvenSi CvenSi meTaurad meTaurad viRac viRac sruliad sruliad ucnobi<br />
ucnobi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> uzrdeli uzrdeli kintoebi. kintoebi. aravin aravin aravin ico<strong>da</strong>, ico<strong>da</strong>, ico<strong>da</strong>, Tu Tu vin vin iyvnen, iyvnen,<br />
iyvnen,<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>n sai<strong>da</strong>n sai<strong>da</strong>n mosuli, mosuli, ra ra rjulis rjulis an an ra ra azris, azris, azris, saxeli saxeli ra<br />
ra<br />
erqvaT, erqvaT, gvari gvari maTi maTi ra ra iyo, iyo, iyo, rogori rogori warsuli warsuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T:<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T:<br />
`amboxeba `amboxeba <strong>da</strong>viwyoTo~, <strong>da</strong>viwyoTo~, _ _ <strong>da</strong>iZaxebdnen <strong>da</strong>iZaxebdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yvela yvela maT<br />
maT<br />
gahyvebo<strong>da</strong>, gahyvebo<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos TiTqos Txas Txas Txas _ _ cxvris cxvris fara. fara. WkuaSi WkuaSi aravis<br />
aravis<br />
mosvlia mosvlia moeTxova moeTxova maTgan maTgan axsna, axsna, an an an codna codna an an an simtkice.<br />
simtkice.<br />
ifarfaSebdnen, ifarfaSebdnen, sanam sanam gsaWiri gsaWiri ar ar ar moaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong> moaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maSin<br />
maSin<br />
ki ki moquslavdnen moquslavdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gahqrebodnen.<br />
gahqrebodnen.<br />
ginaxavT ginaxavT sadme sadme sxva sxva eri, eri, ase ase mCated mCated rom rom gahyolodes<br />
gahyolodes<br />
provokators?~<br />
provokators?~<br />
aseTi `liderebisa~ <strong>da</strong> `moRvaweebis~ CamoyalibebaSi<br />
negatiur rols CvenSi sazogadoebac asruleb<strong>da</strong> misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
iseTi TvisebebiT, rogoricaa pirmoTneoba,<br />
mliqvneloba, panegeriki (anu `yizilbaSoba~, rogorc ilia<br />
uwodeb<strong>da</strong>): `gasagebia iseTi sazogadoebis mavnebloba, _ wer-<br />
288 289
<strong>da</strong> niko nikolaZe, _ sa<strong>da</strong>c Tqvens azrebs brmad imeoreben <strong>da</strong><br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c kritikuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis nacvlad xotbas gasxamen.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis gonebas eufleba Zili <strong>da</strong> igi sul<br />
ufro naklebs muSaobs sakuTar Tavze~. niko nikolaZe Tvli<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom `politika `politika axalmoduri Sliapka ki ar aris, romlis<br />
cvla Cvens qeifze hkidia, iseTive iseTive iseTive tradiciuli, tradiciuli, tradiciuli, ucvleli,<br />
ucvleli,<br />
mama-papuri mama-papuri ganZia, ganZia, rogorc rogorc ena, ena, ena, erovneba, erovneba, sarwmunoeba~<br />
sarwmunoeba~<br />
Sesabamisad, politikac mecnierebaa <strong>da</strong> igi Seswavlas moiTxovs,<br />
rom aq un<strong>da</strong> modiodes ara xelmocaruli, uzneo <strong>da</strong> arakompetenturi<br />
xalxi, aramed niWieri, zneobrivi <strong>da</strong> mcodne<br />
pirovnebebi, liderebi, romelTac gacnobierebuli aqvT pasuxismgebloba<br />
xalxis winaSe <strong>da</strong> uangarod emsaxurebian qveyanas<br />
saqmiT <strong>da</strong> ara tyuili <strong>da</strong>pirebebiT. niko nikolaZes aq<br />
mohyavs ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTi: `sazRvargareT<br />
`sazRvargareT<br />
kiki yvela yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> partiis partiis kadri kadri kadri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Stabi Stabi sxvasxva-<br />
<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>sxva specialistebis specialistebis specialistebis saCino saCino moRvaweebisagan moRvaweebisagan moRvaweebisagan aris<br />
aris<br />
Semdgari. Semdgari. partiebs partiebs iq iq metad metad rTuli rTuli rTuli sasicocxlo sasicocxlo saqmee- saqmeesaqmee- bi bi morigad morigad udgaT udgaT win, win, romlis romlis marTva marTva erTob erTob marjve<br />
marjve<br />
Ronisa Ronisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> codnis codnis moxmarebas moxmarebas Txoulobs: Txoulobs: amitomac<br />
amitomac<br />
meTaurebs meTaurebs gavlenis gavlenis SerCena SerCena rodiRa rodiRa SeuZliaT SeuZliaT marto<br />
marto<br />
frazebis frazebis raxa-ruxiT, raxa-ruxiT, an an miuwvdomel miuwvdomel simaRlisaken<br />
simaRlisaken<br />
frTebis frTebis farTxaliT~.<br />
farTxaliT~.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelsac SeiZleba pirobiTad<br />
niko nikolaZis <strong>politikuri</strong> anderZi vuwodoT <strong>da</strong> romelic<br />
man <strong>da</strong>utova Tavis saTayvanebel saqarTvelos: `erTi `erTi aiara-<br />
aiara-<br />
Ri Ri gvaqvs gvaqvs Cven, Cven, marto marto marto erTi erTi _ _ azris azris siswore, siswore, siswore, sindisis<br />
sindisis<br />
simarTle,simarTle, goniereba, goniereba, saqmis saqmis siwminde. siwminde. marto marto amiT amiT SegSegSeg- viZlia viZlia viZlia Cven Cven Cven gavimarjvoT gavimarjvoT SemdegSi, SemdegSi, momavalSi, momavalSi, rodesme.<br />
rodesme.<br />
maS, maS, Cven Cven umankod umankod <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gausvrelad gausvrelad gausvrelad un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> SevinaxoT SevinaxoT es es<br />
es<br />
Cveni Cveni mxolodi mxolodi iaraRi, iaraRi, Torem Torem im im dRes, dRes, roca roca Cveni Cveni mter- mtermterni,ni, ricxviT ricxviT ricxviT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ZaliT ZaliT ZaliT Zlierni, Zlierni, Zlierni, Cvens Cvens winaaRmdeg winaaRmdeg simasimasima- rTlesac rTlesac moi moipoveben,<br />
moi poveben, Cven Cven saqme saqme saqme fizikurad fizikurad fizikurad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> zneobr zneobri- zneobr i<br />
vad vad <strong>da</strong>Rupuli <strong>da</strong>Rupuli iqneba~.<br />
iqneba~.<br />
vaJa-fSavela vaJa-fSavela vaJa-fSavela vaJa-fSavela vaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisa<br />
kosmopolitizmisa<br />
kosmopolitizmisa<br />
kosmopolitizmisa<br />
kosmopolitizmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> patriotizmis patriotizmis patriotizmis patriotizmis patriotizmis Sesaxeb Sesaxeb Sesaxeb Sesaxeb Sesaxeb<br />
zogs hgonia, namdvili patriotizmi ewinaaRmdegeba kosmopolitizms,<br />
magram es Secdomaa. yoveli namdvili patrioti<br />
kosmopolitia, ise, rogorc yoveli gonieri kosmopoliti (<strong>da</strong><br />
ara Cveneburi) patriotia. rogor? ase, _ romeli a<strong>da</strong>mianic<br />
Tavis ers emsaxureba keTilgonierad <strong>da</strong> cdilobs Tavisi<br />
samSoblo aRamaRlos gonebriv, qonebriv <strong>da</strong> zneobriv, amiT is<br />
umzadebs mTels kacobriobas saukeTeso wevrebs, saukeTeso<br />
megobars, xels uwyobs mTeli kacobriobis ganviTarebas, keTildReobas.<br />
Tu Tu mTelis mTelis mTelis eris eris ganviTarebisaTvis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa<br />
saWiroa<br />
kerZo kerZo a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis aRzr<strong>da</strong>, aRzr<strong>da</strong>, agreTve agreTve calke calke erebis erebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>a aRzr<strong>da</strong>a<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>a<br />
saWiro, saWiro, saWiro, raTa raTa raTa kacobrioba kacobrioba warmoadgendes warmoadgendes ganviTarebuls<br />
ganviTarebuls<br />
jgufsa; jgufsa; Tu kerZo a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis aris sasargeblo aRzr<strong>da</strong><br />
nacionaluri, individualuri, agreTve yovelis erisTvisaa<br />
sasargeblo aseTive aRzr<strong>da</strong>, raTa yovelma erma mometebuli<br />
Zala, energia, Tavisebureba gamoiCinos <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tanxa Seitanos<br />
kacobriobis salaroSi...<br />
yoveliyoveli mamuliSvili mamuliSvili Tavis Tavis samSoblos samSoblos un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> ememsaxurebodessaxurebodes<br />
mTeli mTeli Tavisi Tavisi Zal-RoniT, Zal-RoniT, TanamoZmeTa TanamoZmeTa sargesarge-<br />
blobaze blobaze un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> fiqrobdes fiqrobdes <strong>da</strong> ramdena<strong>da</strong>c gonivruli iqneba<br />
misi Sroma, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c sasargeblo gamodgeba mSobeli qveynisaTvis<br />
misi Rvawli, imdenadve sasargeblo iqneba mTeli kacobriobisaTvis.<br />
edisoni amerikelia, amerikaSive muSaobs, magram<br />
mis Sromis nayofs mTeli kacobrioba gebulobs. Seqspiri<br />
ingliselia, inglisSi muSaob<strong>da</strong> cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, magram misi nawerebiT<br />
mTeli kacobrioba stkbeba dResac. agreTve servantesi,<br />
goeTe <strong>da</strong> sxva geniosebi Tavis samSobloSi, Tavis TanamoZmisaTvis<br />
iRwvodnen, magram dRes isini mTels kacobriobas miaCnia<br />
Tavis RviZl Svilebad.<br />
290 291<br />
yvela yvela geniosi geniosi nacionalurma nacionalurma nia<strong>da</strong>gma nia<strong>da</strong>gma aRzar<strong>da</strong>, aRzar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aRzar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aRmoacena <strong>da</strong> ganadi<strong>da</strong> iqamdis, rom sxva erebmac ki miiRes<br />
isini sakuTar Svilebad. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, geniosebma Tavis samSoblos<br />
gareSec hpoves samSoblo _ mTeli qveyana, mTeli kacobrioba,<br />
magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, geniosTa nawarmoebebi ufro<br />
gasagebia <strong>da</strong> erovnuli nia<strong>da</strong>gisaTvis. genioss, rogorc<br />
pirovnebas, individs, aqvs Tavisi samSoblo, sayvareli, saTayvanebeli,<br />
xolo mis nawarmoebs ara, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi mTeli kacobriobis<br />
kuTvnilebaa, rogorc mecniereba...
mecnierebamecniereba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> geniosebi geniosebi gvixsnian gvixsnian gzas gzas kosmokosmopolitizmisaken,politizmisaken,<br />
magram magram magram mxolod mxolod mxolod patriotizmis, patriotizmis, patriotizmis, nacionacio-<br />
nalizmis nalizmis meoxebiT. meoxebiT. ganaviTareT ganaviTareT yoveli yoveli eri eri iqamdis,<br />
iqamdis,<br />
rom rom rom kargad kargad esmodes esmodes esmodes Tavisi Tavisi Tavisi ekonomikuri, ekonomikuri, ekonomikuri, <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
mdgomareoba,mdgomareoba,mdgomareoba, Tavisi Tavisi Tavisi socialuri socialuri yofnis yofnis av-kargi, av-kargi, mosmosmospeTpeT dRevandeli dRevandeli ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba ukuRmarToba <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>, ueWveueWve-<br />
lia, lia, maSin maSin moispoba moispoba erTisagan erTisagan meoris meoris CasanTqmelad<br />
CasanTqmelad<br />
miswrafeba,miswrafeba, erTmaneTis erTmaneTis rbeva, rbeva, omebi, omebi, romelic romelic romelic dRes dRes gamefegamefe-<br />
bulia bulia bulia de<strong>da</strong>miwis de<strong>da</strong>miwis de<strong>da</strong>miwis zurgze.<br />
zurgze.<br />
patriotizmi, rogorc sicocxle <strong>da</strong>badebisTanave, hyveba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong> Seicavs iseT nawilebs, romelTac verc erTi<br />
WkuaTmyofeli a<strong>da</strong>miani ver uaryofs, rogorc mag. aris de<strong>da</strong>-ena,<br />
istoriuli warsuli, saxelovani moRvaweni <strong>da</strong> erovnuli teritoria,<br />
mwerloba <strong>da</strong> sxva... imav wami<strong>da</strong>nve, roca bavSvi qveyanas<br />
ixilavs, mas, gar<strong>da</strong> haerisa, sadgom-sawolisa, esaWiroeba aRmzrdeli,<br />
rZe _ sazrdod, nana _ mosasveleblad.<br />
yvela es xdeba ojaxSi, dedis xelmZRvanelobiT <strong>da</strong> swored<br />
aq aris <strong>da</strong>sabami patriotizmisa. ymawvili imTavi<strong>da</strong>nve mWidro<br />
kavSirs imaTTana grZnobs, vinc imas emsaxureba, vinc garSemo<br />
axvevia, _ visganac pirvel STabeWdilebas Rebulobs. amitom<br />
uyvars is ena, romelic imas siyrmis dros esmo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
miaCnia Tavisianebad, romelnic am enaze laparakoben Tu<br />
mRerian. Tavis soflelTa sruliad umniSvnelo sxvebisagan<br />
ganmasxvavebeli saubris kiloc ki mSvenierebad miaCnia. Tavisi<br />
sofleli, Tund ukanaskneli a<strong>da</strong>miani, ucxo adgilas, ucxo<br />
mxares rom Sexvdes, did siamovnebas agrZnobinebs. vidre gafarTovdeba<br />
bavSvis mxedveloba <strong>da</strong> gaizrdeba misi patriotizmi,<br />
mas mxolod gansakuTrebiT is sofeli, an <strong>da</strong>ba uyvars,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>badebulia <strong>da</strong> bavSvoba gautarebia.<br />
ver warmomidgenia a<strong>da</strong>miani srulis Wkuisa, saRis grZnobis<br />
patroni, rom erTi romelime eri sxvebze metad ar uyvardes,<br />
an erTi romelime kuTxe. ratom? _ imitom: erTi<strong>da</strong>igive<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani aTass adgilas xom ar ibadeba, aramed erTs adgilas<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ibados, erTs ojaxSi, erTi de<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> hyavdes! Tu vinme<br />
ityvis amas: yvela eri erTnairad miyvarso _ tyuis, TvalTmaqcobs:<br />
an Wkuanaklebia, an romelime partiis programiT aris<br />
xelfexSeboWili. samowyaleo saxlSi aRzrdili buSic ki,<br />
romelsac SeiZleba, aTasi lala gamouCndes <strong>da</strong> garSemo aTasi<br />
ena esmodes, bolos erTs romelsame enas iwamebs <strong>da</strong> erTs<br />
qveyanas miiCnevs samSoblod...<br />
patriotizmi ufro grZnobis saqmea, vidre Wkua-gonebisa,<br />
Tumca keTilgoniereba mu<strong>da</strong>m yofila <strong>da</strong> aris misi maTayvanebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> pativismcemeli. kosmopolitizmi mxolod Wkuis nayofia,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis keTilgonierebisa, mas a<strong>da</strong>mianis gulTan saqme<br />
ara aqvs, igi saRsaria im ubedurebis asacileblad, romelic<br />
dRemdis mTels kacobriobas Tavs <strong>da</strong>strialebs.<br />
amitom kosmopolitizmi ase un<strong>da</strong> gvesmodes: giyvardes<br />
giyvardes<br />
Seni Seni eri, eri, Seni Seni Seni qveyana, qveyana, iRvawe iRvawe mis mis sakeTildReod, sakeTildReod, nu nu<br />
nu<br />
gZuls gZuls sxva sxva erebi erebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nu nu nu gSurs gSurs imaTTvis imaTTvis bedniereba, bedniereba, nu nu<br />
nu<br />
SeuSli SeuSli imaT imaT miswrafebas miswrafebas xels xels <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ecade, ecade, rom rom rom Seni Seni<br />
Seni<br />
samSoblosamSoblo aravin aravin <strong>da</strong>Cagros <strong>da</strong>Cagros <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gauTanaswordes gauTanaswordes gauTanaswordes mowimowinavenavenave<br />
erebs. erebs. vinc vinc uaryofs uaryofs uaryofs Tavis Tavis erovnebas, erovnebas, Tavis Tavis qveyqvey-<br />
anas anas im im fiqriT, fiqriT, viTom viTom <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kosmopoliti kosmopoliti varo, varo, is is aris<br />
aris<br />
maxinji maxinji grZnobis grZnobis patroni, patroni, igi igi Tavisave Tavisave Tavisave SeumCnevlad<br />
SeumCnevlad<br />
didididi mteria mteria kacobriobisa, kacobriobisa, romelsac romelsac viTom viTom viTom erTguleerTgule-<br />
bas bas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> siyvaruls siyvaruls ucxadebs. ucxadebs. RmerTma RmerTma <strong>da</strong>gvifaros <strong>da</strong>gvifaros ise<br />
ise<br />
gavigoT gavigoT kosmopolitizmi, kosmopolitizmi, viTom viTom yvelam yvelam Tavis Tavis erovnebaze<br />
erovnebaze<br />
xeli xeli xeli aiRoso. aiRoso. yvela yvela eri eri Tavisuflebas Tavisuflebas eZebs. eZebs. raTa<br />
raTa<br />
TviTon TviTon iyos iyos Tavis Tavis Tavis Tavis patroni, patroni, TviTon TviTon TviTon mouaros<br />
mouaros<br />
Tavs, Tavs, Tavis Tavis sakuTaris sakuTaris Zal-RoniT Zal-RoniT ganviTardes. ganviTardes. cal- calcalcalke calke calke erovnebaTa erovnebaTa ganviTareba ganviTareba aucilebeli aucilebeli pirobaa<br />
pirobaa<br />
mTelis mTelis kacobriobis kacobriobis kacobriobis ganviTarebisa.<br />
ganviTarebisa.<br />
(vaJa-fSavela)<br />
292 293
Tavi Tavi XVIII<br />
XVIII<br />
saqarTvelos saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> orientacia:<br />
orientacia:<br />
warsuli warsuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveoba<br />
Tanamedroveoba<br />
ra ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong> orientaciis<br />
aucileblobas jer kidev Zveli droi<strong>da</strong>n? ori ZiriTadi<br />
faqtori:<br />
1. saqarTvelos rTuli geo<strong>politikuri</strong> mdebareoba;<br />
2. mosaxleobis mcirericxovneba.<br />
mosaxleobis mcirericxovneba saqarTvelos saxelmwifos<br />
saSualebas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> ewarmoebina agresiuli politika,<br />
sxva xalxebis <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rbeva (calkeuli gamonaklisebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs _ XII-XIII saukuneebi _ v.S.); aris<br />
mosazreba, rom geo<strong>politikuri</strong> `meridianuli RerZis~ mimoqcevis<br />
farglebSi mcxovrebma xalxma rac SeiZleba srulfasovnad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganakuTvnos Tavi (saxelmwifo wyobiT <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
SegnebiT) an <strong>da</strong>savleTs, an aRmosavleTs<br />
_ Tu surs SeinarCunos <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrioba.<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis <strong>politikuri</strong> orientaciis arCevis sakiTxi<br />
jer kidev IV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n dgas, roca qarTvelebma qristianoba<br />
miiRes <strong>da</strong> amiT garkveuli arCevani gaakeTes qristianul<br />
bizantiasa <strong>da</strong> mazdeanur irans Soris.<br />
magram religiuri faqtori XV saukunebmde orientaciis<br />
sakiTxSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols mainc ar TamaSob<strong>da</strong>. aq wina planze<br />
iyo wamoweuli saxelmwifo interesi, romelic agebuli<br />
iyo realur angariSze, moklebuli iyo avantiuras <strong>da</strong> fantazias.<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli mosazrebis sapirispirod (an <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />
Ti an aRmosavleTi), qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi sxva<br />
politikas atarebdnen: iransa <strong>da</strong> bizantias, or did moqiSpe<br />
mters Soris, saqarTvelos SeeZlo Tavi ga<strong>da</strong>erCina orivesagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli politikis warmoebiT, <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo mesame faqtorad,<br />
ar mimxrobo<strong>da</strong> arc erTis koalicias <strong>da</strong> amiT samu<strong>da</strong>mod<br />
xidi ar Caetexa meore mezobelTan. am politikis saucxoo<br />
nimuSia vaxtang gorgaslis mefoba <strong>da</strong> qmedeba.<br />
magram rogori iyo Cvens winaparTa moqmedeba im viTarebaSi,<br />
roca saqarTvelo (an misi romelime nawili) ukve <strong>da</strong>pyrobili<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> mters, rogorc es iyo VI saukuneSi, mefe gubazis<br />
mkvlelobis momentSi (554 w.) mefe gubazis mokvlas bizantieli<br />
sardlebis mier mohyva sagareo orientaciis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis<br />
mcdeloba orator aietis mier iranelTa sasargeblod. aiets<br />
<strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> fartaZe, romlis sityva agebuli iyo or principze:<br />
sargeblianobaze sargeblianobaze <strong>da</strong> umjobesobaze, umjobesobaze, romelic erTiandebo<strong>da</strong><br />
erT devizSi _ `Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis `Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT mizniT suverenite-<br />
suverenitesuverenite-<br />
tis tis SezRudva, SezRudva, rogo rogorc rogo rc umcir umciresi umcir esi bo bo boroteba~.<br />
bo boroteba~.<br />
roteba~. logikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebiT fartaZem <strong>da</strong>arwmuna Sekrebilni, rom umjobesia<br />
isev bizantiasTan <strong>da</strong>rCena, magram masTan ufro principuli<br />
politikis warmoeba, vidre iranisken ga<strong>da</strong>xra.<br />
TurqeTis mier konstantinepolis <strong>da</strong>pyrobisa <strong>da</strong> erTiani<br />
saqarTvelos centralizebuli saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg<br />
wina planze wamoiwia religiurma sakiTxebma <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo qveynis<br />
interesebis sarwmunoebis TvalsazrisiT gazomva. amiT<br />
iyo gamowveuli qristianul ruseTze orientaciis aReba.<br />
pirvel miwer-moweras <strong>da</strong> elCebis gagzavnas moskovSi<br />
iwyeben kaxeTis mefeebi XV saukunis bolo<strong>da</strong>n. Tavis naSrom-<br />
Si `saqarTvelos sagareo politika~, romelic emigraciaSia<br />
Seqmnili 1934 wels, noe Jor<strong>da</strong>nia samarTlianad wer<strong>da</strong>: `icodnen<br />
ki am axirebulma politikosebma ara Tu moskovis mmarTvelobis<br />
sistema, aramed misi geografiuli sazRvari mainc? im dros,<br />
roca kaxeTi iTxov<strong>da</strong> misgan jariT Svelas, ruseTis samxreTis<br />
sazRvari gadio<strong>da</strong> mdinare okaze (dRevandeli moskovisa <strong>da</strong><br />
riazanis guberniebs Soris), qvemoT mdebareob<strong>da</strong> kazakebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli respublika, imis qveviT yirimisa <strong>da</strong> astraxanis<br />
saxano, mere kidev CerqezeTi _ erTi sityviT, araviTari<br />
saSualeba ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n raime samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis. poloneTi<br />
gacilebiT ufro axlo mdebareob<strong>da</strong> Cvengan, vidre maSindeli<br />
ruseTi. araviTari realuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba moskovi<strong>da</strong>n ar<br />
miuRia saqarTvelos arc erT gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi, xolo<br />
ruseTSi ki midiodnen qarTvelebi, Sediodnen iq samxedro<br />
samsaxurSi <strong>da</strong> Tavs debdnen moskovisaTvis~.<br />
am fantastiurma avanturistulma calmxrivma orientaciam<br />
ruseTze sruliad Secvala saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo yvela ubedurebas, rac Semdgom<br />
saqarTvelos Tavs <strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong> iranisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTisagan. vaxtang<br />
VI-isa <strong>da</strong> sulxan-saba orbelianis mcdelobas orientacia aeRoT<br />
evropaze _ Sedegi ar mohyolia _ evropas Tavisi problemebi<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> patara saqarTvelosTvis, romelic <strong>da</strong>qucmacebuli<br />
iyo, Tavs ar Seiwuxeb<strong>da</strong>. amas mohyva vaxtang VI-is didi Secdomebi<br />
sagareo politikaSi, ramac igi iZulebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xvewiliyo<br />
ruseTSi <strong>da</strong> qveyana upatronod mietovebina.<br />
294 295
situacia mcire xniT gamoaswora erekle II-is mamam Teimuraz<br />
meorem, magram XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n kvlav<br />
ruseTze calmxrivad orientaciis aRebam, georgievskis traqtatis<br />
<strong>da</strong>debam, riTac Zalze gaRizian<strong>da</strong> irani <strong>da</strong> TurqeTi, saboloo<br />
jamSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba gamoiwvia.<br />
yovelive es iyo didi tragedia qarTveli xalxisaTvis.<br />
qarTvel Terg<strong>da</strong>leulebs kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom ruseTis<br />
batonobis mZime pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iyo <strong>da</strong>moukideblobaze<br />
fiqri. amitom maT mTeli aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>itanes xalxis gamofxizlebaze,<br />
qveynis sameurneo aRorZinebaze <strong>da</strong> eris <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis<br />
Semzadebaze. niko nikolaZe miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom `nacionaluri<br />
miswrafebis ga<strong>da</strong>Warbeba saqarTvelos im sayaspo-<br />
Si urgavs Tavs, saca exlaxan tyavi gaaZres polSas <strong>da</strong> sisxli<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSvres Cerqezebs~. amitom, droebiT, sanam Savi zRvi<strong>da</strong>n gasavali<br />
srute osmalos xelSia, sanam samxreTiT osmaleTi <strong>da</strong> sparse-<br />
Ti gvakravs, aRmosavleTiT leki <strong>da</strong> TaTari, CrdiloeTiT _<br />
ruseTi, bevric rom viwrialoT, im politikas ver avcildebiT,<br />
romelic aurCeviaT saqarTvelos uaRres gmirebs bevri cdis,<br />
Zebnis <strong>da</strong> msxverplis Semdeg... ra Zalam <strong>da</strong> aucileblobam es<br />
devebi gastexa, is axlac ucvlelad arsebobs; mas verc Cven<br />
ver movereviT~.<br />
cnobili amerikeli politologi Samuel hanTingtoni<br />
Tavis naSromSi `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ asabutebs, rom male<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebi sul ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro mcire rols iTamaSeben, saerTaSoriso urTierToba-<br />
Ta mTavari RerZi <strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen samyaros Soris<br />
wyalgamyof xazs gauyveba.<br />
am uaRresad saintereso naSromSi bevri saintereso sakiTxia<br />
<strong>da</strong>smuli, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu iribad saqarTvelosac<br />
exeba.<br />
s. hanTingtoni sworad aRniSnavs, rom `civ omSi~ sabWo-<br />
Ta kavSiris <strong>da</strong>marcxebis <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />
Zalauflebis mwvervalze imyofeba. amave dros <strong>da</strong> albaT, swored<br />
amis Sedegad, ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciebSi sul ufro aSkarad<br />
iCens Tavs fesvebisaken <strong>da</strong>brunebis fenomeni. am bolo<br />
dros Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan aSkarad ikveTeba iaponiis sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> `gaaziurebis~ tendencia. sul ufro xSirad ismis<br />
laparaki nerus memkvidreobis <strong>da</strong>sasrulsa <strong>da</strong> indoeTis<br />
`induiciaze~, socializmisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
ideebis marcxze axlo aRmosavleTSi <strong>da</strong>, amdenad, mis<br />
`reislamizaciaze~, yovelive amas ki vladimer putinis <strong>da</strong><br />
dimitri medvedevis ruseTSi atexili gacxovelebuli kamaTic<br />
emateba ruseTis vesternizaciis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc<br />
saqarTveloSic _ <strong>da</strong>savleTi Tu ruseTi?<br />
Zalauflebis mwvervalze myofi <strong>da</strong>savleTi pirispir<br />
Seejaxa ara<strong>da</strong>savleTs, romelic sul ufro mzard miswrafebas,<br />
survils <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobasac avlens Tavisebur ara<strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
yai<strong>da</strong>ze moawyos samyaro.<br />
warsulSi ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa elitas, Cveulebriv,<br />
is xalxi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, vinc yvelaze metad iyo naziarebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur ideebs. oqsfordSi, sorbonSi Tu sendherstSi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTleba miRebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong> faseulobebi<br />
gaTavisebuli, xolo ubralo xalxi, ara<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
qveynebis mosaxleoba _ mkvidri kulturisadmi erTgulebas<br />
inarCuneb<strong>da</strong>. dRes mdgomareoba aSkarad Seicvala. bevr ara<strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
qveyanaSi Tavs iCens elitis midrekileba devesternizaciisaken,<br />
maSin, roca <strong>da</strong>savluri kultura, cxovrebis<br />
stili <strong>da</strong> wes-Cveulebani nel-nela popularuli xdeba xalxis<br />
masebSi (mag: saqarTveloSi).<br />
s. hanTingtoni miuTiTebs, rom saomari konfliqti <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
saxelmwifoTa Soris warmoudgenelia, <strong>da</strong>savleTs samxedro<br />
ZlierebaSic toli ar hyavs. Tu iaponias ar CavTvliT, <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />
arc ekonomikuri metoqe upirispirdeba (TumcaRa varaudoben,<br />
rom 2020 wlisaTvis CineTi amerikas ga<strong>da</strong>uswrebs<br />
ekonomikis kuTxiT _ v.S.) is saerTaSoriso politikur organizaciebSic<br />
dominirebs, usafrTxoebis institutSic <strong>da</strong> iaponiasTan<br />
erTad, ekonomikurSic. nebismier globalur politikur<br />
<strong>da</strong>vas aSS-is, britaneTisa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis, ekonomikurs ki _<br />
aSS-is, germaniisa <strong>da</strong> iaponiis mmarTveli wreebi agvareben<br />
(germania <strong>da</strong> iaponia jer uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi<br />
ar arian <strong>da</strong> politikaSi jer kidev ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet sityvas ver<br />
amboben ama<strong>da</strong>c _ v.S.) gaerosgaeros uSiSroebis uSiSroebis sabWosa sabWosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saer- saer- saer-<br />
TaSoriso TaSoriso savaluto savaluto fondis fondis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebani, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebani, romlebic<br />
romlebic<br />
praqtikulad praqtikulad <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>savleTis interesebs interesebs Seesabameba, Seesabameba, _ xazs<br />
usvams s. hanTingtoni, msoflios waredgineba saerTaSoriso<br />
Tanamegobrobis miswrafebaTa gamomxatvel dokumentad.<br />
TviT fraza `saerTaSorio Tanamegobroba~, ganagrZobs<br />
avtori, erTgvar evfemistur krebiT saxelad iqca (`Tavisufali<br />
samyaros~ nacvlad), ramac aSS-is <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>savluri Zalebis<br />
interesebiT ganpirobebul qmedebebs sayovelTao kanoniere-<br />
296 297
is saxe un<strong>da</strong> misces. saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso savaluto savaluto fondisa<br />
fondisa<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> sxva sxva saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ekonomikuri institutebis institutebis meSmeS-<br />
veobiT, veobiT, wers wers s. s. hanTingtoni, hanTingtoni, <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTi Tavis Tavis ekonomikur<br />
ekonomikur<br />
potencials potencials potencials afarToebs afarToebs afarToebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> im im im ekonomikur ekonomikur ekonomikur politikas<br />
politikas<br />
politikas<br />
axvevsaxvevs Tavze Tavze sxva sxva erebs, erebs, romelic romelic TviTon TviTon miaCniaT miaCniaT miaCniaT sasa-<br />
survelad. survelad. Tu yovelive amas saqarTvelos prizmiT Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
suraTi aqac TvalsaCinoa: faqtia, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto<br />
fondis e.w. `rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi~ (sinamdvileSi macri moTxovnebi)<br />
aq erovnuli warmoebis ganviTarebas ar uwyobs xels<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>savleTis sanedleulo <strong>da</strong>namatad aqcevs.<br />
saqme iqamde mivi<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTveloSi aRar iwarmoeba tomatpastac<br />
ki, aRarafers vambobT sxva produqciaze. qveyanaSi gabatonebulia<br />
`importis lobi~, romelTac xels aZlevs yvelafris<br />
ucxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n Semotana kontrabandis gziT <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>uxdelad gamdidreba.<br />
strategiuli nedleulis (jarTi, xe-tye, oqrouloba, inteleqtis<br />
gadineba) ucxoeTSi gatanam qveyana gaaCanaga <strong>da</strong><br />
ekologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri katastrofis piras miiyvana. savaluto<br />
fondisa <strong>da</strong> sxva ekonomikuri organizaciebis mier `lobirebuli~<br />
umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, cxadia,<br />
winaaRmdegobas ver uweven am `rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis~ momcemT.<br />
ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur wreebSic saeWvod momravldnen e.w.<br />
`lobistebi~, romlebic savaluto fondsa <strong>da</strong> ucxour firmebs<br />
xSirad antierovnul saqmeebSic uWeren mxars, cxadia, garkveuli<br />
sazRauris nacvlad (e.w. `troas cxenis sindromi~).<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savluri qveynebis nebismier saarCevno siaSi, ganagrZobs<br />
s. hanTingtoni, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi namdvilad<br />
moipoveb<strong>da</strong> finansTa ministrebisa <strong>da</strong> zogierTi sxva<br />
piris mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, magram amomrCevlis ZiriTadi masa albaT<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis oficialuri pirebis giorgi<br />
arbatoviseul <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas ufro gaiziareb<strong>da</strong>: `eseni arian<br />
neobolSevikebi, Zalian rom uyvarT sxvisi fulis eqspropriacia;<br />
arademokratiuli, ucxo ekonomikuri wesebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
sistemebis Tavs moxveva <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
CaxSoba~.<br />
uSiSroebis sabWosa <strong>da</strong> mis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />
Tis lamis erTpirovnulma dominirebam, rasac dro<strong>da</strong>dro Cine-<br />
Ti Tu ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong>, SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> Zalis gamoyenebac<br />
kuveiti<strong>da</strong>n erayis gamosadevnad, erayis mier ukve gamocdili<br />
iaraRis ganadgurebac <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi amgvari iaraRis warmoeb-<br />
is akrZalvac, bolos ki reJimis ZaliT Secvlac. <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />
efeqturad iyenebs saerTaSoriso institutebs, samxedro Zlierebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur resursebs msoflios imgvarad samarTavad,<br />
rom sakuTari gavlenac SeinarCunos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
Tu ekonomikuri faseulobanic sayovelTaod gaavrcelos.<br />
es exeba kulturis sferosac. rogorc v. naipoli amtkicebs,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizacia `universaluri civilizaciaa~,<br />
romelic `yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis zedgamoWrilia~. ze<strong>da</strong>pirul<br />
doneze, <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis mniSvnelovanma nawilma mar-<br />
Tlac SeaRwia <strong>da</strong>narCen msoflioSi. Tumca, ufro Zireul doneze<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri warmodgenebi safuZvlianad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
civilizaciebSi gabatonebuli warmodgenebisagan.<br />
individualizmis, individualizmis, liberalizmis, liberalizmis, konstituci<br />
konstituciona-<br />
konstituci<br />
konstituciona<br />
onalizmis,lizmis,<br />
Tavisuflebis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis kanonis uzenaesobis, uzenaesobis, demokratidemokratiis,is,<br />
Tavisufali Tavisufali bazris, bazris, saxelmwifosa saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> eklesiis eklesiis gamgamijvnisijvnisijvnis<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong>savluri ideebi ideebi xSirad xSirad Zalian Zalian sust sust gamoZagamoZa-<br />
xils xils poulobs poulobs poulobs islamur, islamur, konfucianur, konfucianur, iaponur, iaponur, indur,<br />
indur,<br />
budistur budistur Tu Tu marTlmadideblur marTlmadideblur kulturebSi, kulturebSi, _ ganagr-<br />
Zobs s. hanTingtoni. amgvari ideebis propagan<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n sanacvlod iwvevs reaqcias `demokratiuli imperializmis~<br />
winaaRmdeg. amis naTeli magaliTia ara<strong>da</strong>savlur kulturebSi<br />
religiuri fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmis aqtiuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taobis mier. TavisTavad mosazreba `universaluri<br />
civilizaciis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, wmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
idea, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>pir ewinaaRmdegeba umetes aziur sazogadoebaTa<br />
partikularizms, maT Zireul Sexedulebebs erTi xalxis<br />
meorisagan gansxvavebis Taobaze: marTlac, _ wers s. han-<br />
Tingtoni, rogorc sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaSi Catarebulma RirebulebaTa<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTma kvlevam <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, `<strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis<br />
`<strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis<br />
`<strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis<br />
yvelazeyvelazeyvelaze ufro ufro faseuli faseuli Rirebulebani Rirebulebani msoflio msoflio msoflio masmas- mas- mas-<br />
StabiT StabiT yvelaze yvelaze naklebad naklebad fasoben~ fasoben~ fasoben~ politikur sferoSi,<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am gansxvavebas yvelaze naTlad a<strong>da</strong>sturebs aSSisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis sxva did saxelmwifoTa mcdelobani, `sxvebic<br />
aziaron~ demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> pirovnebebis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
ideebs. ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi ki, wers avtori, is an<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis kolonializmis nayofia, an iZulebis (saqarTveloSi<br />
amas iZulebis xasiaTi aqvs, radgan <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aSS sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
berketebiT aiZulebs xelisuflebaSi myof yofil nomenklaturas<br />
<strong>da</strong> nacionalur moZraobas gaataros e.w. demokratiuli<br />
reformebi, romlis arsi xelisuflebas arc esmis _ v.S.).<br />
298 299
s. hanTingtoni aRniSnavs, rom momavalSi msoflio politikis<br />
centraluri RerZi, rogorc Cans, iqneba konfliqti `<strong>da</strong>savleTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCenebs Soris~ <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciebis<br />
sapasuxo reaqcia <strong>da</strong>savleTis Zlierebasa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze<br />
(s. hanTingtonis es Tezisi kargad <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura 2002 wlis<br />
11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma uZlieresma<br />
teraqtebma, romlebmac aTasobiT a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxle Seiwira<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelmac <strong>da</strong>sabami misca musulmanuri <strong>da</strong> qristianuli<br />
civilizaciebis faqtiur <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas, agreTve ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />
saomarma konfliqtma 2008 wels).<br />
amgvari reaqcia, rogorc wesi, erTgvarovania an sami sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
formis kombinacias warmoadgens. erTi ukiduresobaa,<br />
roca ara<strong>da</strong>savlur saxelmwifoebs, birmisa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT koreis<br />
msgavsad, SeuZliaT bolomde izolaciis gatarebas Seecadon,<br />
sakuTari sazogadoebani <strong>da</strong>savleTis `gamryvneli zegavlenisagan~<br />
<strong>da</strong>icvan <strong>da</strong> amis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier marTuli<br />
globaluri sazogadoebisagan gariyulni <strong>da</strong>rCnen. Tumca<br />
msgavsi kursis sazRauri Zalian mZimea <strong>da</strong> cota qveyana Tu<br />
miscems Tavs amgvari fufunebis nebas. meore meore meore alternativa<br />
igivea, rac `gamarjvebulis mimxrobis~ taqtika saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobebis <strong>Teoria</strong>Si: <strong>da</strong>savleTTan SeerTebis mcdeloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> wesrigis `gaTaviseba~ (saqarTveloSi<br />
es modelia dRes <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli _ Cven gamarjvebul <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />
vemxrobiT).<br />
mesame mesame alternativaa alternativaa <strong>da</strong>savleTis `gawonasworebis~ c<strong>da</strong><br />
sakuTari ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro ganviTarebis gziT, sxva<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savlur saxelmwifoebTan <strong>da</strong>savleTis winaaRmdeg Tanam-<br />
SromlobiT <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cviTa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebiT, mokled modernizacia, magram vesternizaciis<br />
gareSe (s. hanTingtoni).<br />
Tu Tu Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gaviTvaliswinebT gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni Cveni Zveli Zveli winaprebis<br />
winaprebis<br />
gamocdilebasgamocdilebas XV XV saukunemde, saukunemde, swored swored es es es mesame mesame alteralter-<br />
nativaa nativaa dReisaTvis dReisaTvis yvelaze yvelaze misaRebi misaRebi saqarTvelosaTvis,<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis,<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis,<br />
erTis erTis gamoklebiT gamoklebiT _ _ <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>savleTis winaaRmdeg winaaRmdeg vinmesTan<br />
vinmesTan<br />
TanamSromloba TanamSromloba ar ar Rirs, Rirs, arc arc Riad, Riad, arc arc farulad, farulad, <strong>da</strong>n- <strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong>narCeni arCeni arCeni ueWvelad ueWvelad ueWvelad gasakeTebelia gasakeTebelia gasakeTebelia _ _ _ ekonomikuri ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
samxedrosamxedro gaZliereba, gaZliereba, teritoriuli teritoriuli teritoriuli mTlianobis mTlianobis aR<strong>da</strong>R<strong>da</strong>Rd- gena, gena, gena, tradiciuli tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis wesis wesis <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SenarCuneba, SenarCuneba, yovelive yovelive yovelive kargis kargis gadmoReba gadmoReba xangrZlivi<br />
xangrZlivi<br />
gansjisgansjis Sedegad Sedegad rogorc rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n, aseve aseve aRmosavaRmosav-aRmosav- leTi<strong>da</strong>n leTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c Tun<strong>da</strong>c ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n. ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n. es iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Cveni winaprebis<br />
tradiciebis gagrZeleba. gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovneni<br />
xazs usvamdnen, rom qarTvelobis misia iyo <strong>da</strong> isev un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis kulturaTa sinTezi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
SeiZleba aseTi devizi Camoyalibdes <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> samxedro<br />
TvalsazrisiT _ _ `TanamSromloba `TanamSromloba yvela yvela ZalasTan, ZalasTan, ma- ma- ma- ma- ma-<br />
gram gram arSesvla arSesvla arSesvla aSkarad aSkarad arc arc erT erT samxedro samxedro blokSi, blokSi, blokSi, arc<br />
arc<br />
natoSinatoSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc arc ruseTis ruseTis mier mier Seqmnil Seqmnil raime raime gaerTianeba-<br />
gaerTianeba-<br />
gaerTianeba-<br />
Si~. Si~. arc natos qveynebi <strong>da</strong> arc ruseTi patara saqarTvelos<br />
gulisaTvis erTmaneTs Tavs ar <strong>da</strong>esxmian maTi wesdebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare. es sakuTar Tavze gamovcadeT 2008 wlis agvisto-<br />
Si ruseTTan samxedro konfliqtis dros. sustssusts aravin aravin anan-<br />
gariSs gariSs ar ar ar uwevs, uwevs,<br />
uwevs, arc aSS-i <strong>da</strong> arc TiTqos <strong>da</strong>sustebuli<br />
ruseTi. `Cvens droSi miRebuli ar aris angariSis gaweva<br />
sustebisaTvis _ angariSs uweven mxolod Zlierebs~ (i. (i. stali- stalistali- ni). ni). ni). Tavis mxriv ruseTi dRes mkacri alternativis winaSe<br />
dgas: Tu mas un<strong>da</strong>, rom SeinarCunos teritoriuli mTlianoba<br />
dRes arsebul sazRvrebSi, maSin is aRmosavluri tipis avtoritarul<br />
saxelmwifod un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCes. Tu ruseTis namdvili<br />
vesternizacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo, maSin misi <strong>da</strong>Sla gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia. ruseTi<br />
dRes pirvel variants irCevs teritoriuli mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n natos <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n CineTiaponiis<br />
mier Seviwrovebuli ruseTis agresiuli energia<br />
umciresi winaaRmdegobis zonaSi, anu axlo <strong>da</strong> Sua aRmosavle-<br />
Tisaken, maT Soris kavkasiisken miiltvis, romelic maxlobeli<br />
aRmosavleTis karibWea. <strong>da</strong>sustebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yvela ufrTxis<br />
ruseTs misi birTvuli potencialis gamo. ruseTi arc arasdros<br />
iyo ayvavebuli ekonomikis qveyana, magram samxedro TvalsazrisiT<br />
is angariSgasawevi Zala iyo <strong>da</strong> dResac rCeba. dRevandelma<br />
xelmZRvanelobam ekonomikas jerjerobiT iseTi veraferi<br />
mouxerxa, magram samxedro Zlierebis sakiTxs mainc<br />
jerovan yuradRebas aqcevs <strong>da</strong> ambiciebs arasodes <strong>da</strong>Tmobs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT kavkasiaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c natos Semosvlas is albaT ar<br />
Seurigdeba.<br />
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam bevrjer gaakeTa gancxadeba<br />
natoSi <strong>da</strong> evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gasawevrianeblad, ramac<br />
Zalze gaaRiziana ruseTi. es Soreuli perspeqtivaa <strong>da</strong> isic<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom Cven iq sixaruliT aravin gvelodeba.<br />
saqarTvelom,saqarTvelom,saqarTvelom, albaT albaT am am etapze etapze <strong>da</strong>balansebuli, <strong>da</strong>balansebuli, garkveugarkveu-<br />
li li neitraliteti neitraliteti un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> SeinarCunos, SeinarCunos, ganaviTaros ganaviTaros Tavisi<br />
Tavisi<br />
300 301
ekonomika, ekonomika, gaZlierdes gaZlierdes samxedro samxedro TvalsazrisiT TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />
Tu<br />
Semdgom Semdgom mas mas <strong>da</strong>udga <strong>da</strong>udga ukiduresi ukiduresi aucilebloba, aucilebloba, mxolod<br />
mxolod<br />
maSin maSin un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTos gaakeTos arCevani arCevani ama ama Tu Tu im im mxares. mxares. mxares. manamde<br />
manamde<br />
kikiki viaroT viaroT viaroT Cveni Cveni Cveni gziT, gziT, gziT, gavataroT gavataroT gavataroT <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saSisaSisaSi- nao nao nao <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sagareo sagareo sagareo politika. politika. nu nu viqnebiT viqnebiT viqnebiT mxolod mxolod mxolod sxvisi sxvisi<br />
sxvisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis imedze, imedze, Cvens Cvens satkivars satkivars mxolod mxolod Cven Cven Tu<br />
Tu<br />
vumkurnalebT. vumkurnalebT. amas jer kidev erTi saukunis win gvaswavli<strong>da</strong>nikoniko<br />
nikolaZe: nikolaZe: nikolaZe: `jer `jer arsad, arsad, arc arc erT erT qveyanaSi qveyanaSi mamamagaliTigaliTi ar ar unaxavs unaxavs kacs, kacs, rom rom romelime romelime xalxi xalxi an an sasasa- zogadoeba zogadoeba amaRlebuliyos amaRlebuliyos sxvisi sxvisi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, Tu Tu ara<br />
ara<br />
sakuTari sakuTari SromiT SromiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> janiT... janiT... janiT... droa droa droa Tvali Tvali gamovaxiloT<br />
gamovaxiloT<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vrwmundeT, <strong>da</strong>vrwmundeT, rom rom <strong>da</strong>mxmarebeli <strong>da</strong>mxmarebeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamkeTebli gamkeTebli Cvens<br />
Cvens<br />
Tavze Tavze ukeTesi ukeTesi arasodes arasodes ar ar gveRirseba~.<br />
gveRirseba~.<br />
ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi faqtori faqtori saxelmwifoTaSoris, saxelmwifoTaSoris, erTaSoris<br />
erTaSoris<br />
urTierTobebSi urTierTobebSi sakuTari sakuTari nacionaluri nacionaluri interesebisaTvis<br />
interesebisaTvis<br />
interesebisaTvis<br />
brZolaa. brZolaa. aseTia realoba. nacionaluri interesebisaTvis ki<br />
Tavis mxriv gnmsazRvrelia:<br />
a) eris Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxiT arseboba;<br />
b) samxedro xifaTisa <strong>da</strong> suverenitetis <strong>da</strong>kargvis (an<br />
SezRudvis) Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba;<br />
g) qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis<br />
keTildReobis zrdis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
d) saerTaSoriso sarbielze sakuTari <strong>politikuri</strong> statusis<br />
SenarCuneba;<br />
e) mokavSireebis SenarCuneba.<br />
ama Tu im sakuTari nacionaluri interesebis uzrunvelyofa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia am qveynis nacionalur nacionalur Zalaze. Zalaze.<br />
Zalaze.<br />
nacionaluri Zalis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisas morgentau<br />
morgentau<br />
morgentau morgentau<br />
morgentau gamohyofs<br />
9 ZiriTad parametrs:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis geografiuli geografiuli geografiuli geografiuli geografiuli adgimsamyofeli<br />
adgimsamyofeli<br />
adgimsamyofeli adgimsamyofeli<br />
adgimsamyofeli (xelsayrelia<br />
Tu ara geo<strong>politikuri</strong> TvalsazrisiT)<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi resursebi<br />
resursebi<br />
resursebi resursebi<br />
resursebi (SeuZlia Tu ara<br />
sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa omis pirobebSi sursaTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis aucilebeli nedleuliT)<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. 3. sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi<br />
SesaZleblobebi<br />
SesaZleblobebi SesaZleblobebi<br />
SesaZleblobebi (axali teqnologiebi,<br />
rogoraa aTvisebuli bunebrivi resursebi)<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. 4. samxedro samxedro samxedro samxedro samxedro potenciali<br />
potenciali<br />
potenciali potenciali<br />
potenciali (samxedro xelmZRvanelobis<br />
xarisxi, jaris odenoba, SeiaraReba, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsi,<br />
zurgis uzrunvelyofis done)<br />
5. 5. 5. 5. 5. mosaxleoba<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
mosaxleoba mosaxleoba<br />
mosaxleoba (misi odenoba saomari <strong>da</strong> samSvidobo<br />
operaciebis uzrunvelsayofad)<br />
6. 6. 6. 6. 6. erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli xasiaTi xasiaTi xasiaTi xasiaTi xasiaTi (kulturuli Rirebulebebis Skala,<br />
mosaxleobis simpatiebi <strong>da</strong> antipatiebi: unari, didxans <strong>da</strong><br />
Supovrad iswrafodes <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznisaken, <strong>da</strong> iTminos gaWirveba<br />
<strong>da</strong> droebiTi warumateblobani an piriqiT, pirvelive seriozuli<br />
barieris SexvedrisTanave Caiqnios xeli, omSi mobilizebis<br />
unari)<br />
7. 7. 7. 7. 7. `nacionaluri `nacionaluri `nacionaluri `nacionaluri `nacionaluri morali~ morali~ morali~ morali~ morali~ (uWers Tu ara xalxi Tavis<br />
mTavrobas mxars, gansakuTrebiT omis dros)<br />
8. 8. 8. 8. 8. di di diplomatiis di diplomatiis<br />
plomatiis plomatiis plomatiis xar xar xarisxi xar xarisxi<br />
isxi isxi isxi (imgvarad warmarTon saxelmwifos<br />
urTierToba sxva qveynebTan, rom uzrunvelyon misTvis<br />
sakuTari nacionaluri Zalis Sesabamisi adgili msoflioSi)<br />
9. 9. 9. 9. 9. marTvis marTvis marTvis marTvis marTvis xarisxi xarisxi xarisxi xarisxi xarisxi (gulisxmobs mTavrobis, xelisuflebis<br />
mier sazogadoebrivi azris imgvar xelmZRvanelobas,<br />
warmarTvas, rogoric am xelisuflebas gatarebuli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
kursisadmi xalxis srul mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras moutan<strong>da</strong>).<br />
am 9 parametri<strong>da</strong>n pirvelis gar<strong>da</strong> (geografiuli adgilsamyofeli),<br />
8 8 parametris parametris centrSi centrSi arsebiTad arsebiTad a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
dgas, a<strong>da</strong>mianis moqmedebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom Cveni Cveni geo<strong>politikuri</strong> geo<strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareoba, mdgomareoba, Cveni<br />
Cveni<br />
nacionalurinacionaluri interesebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli nacionacio-<br />
naluri naluri Zala Zala isev isev Cvenze Cvenze yofila yofila <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. ar<br />
arsebobs am rvi<strong>da</strong>n romelime parametri, romlis gaumjobesebac<br />
ar SeiZlebodes, Tu ki saamisod sakmarisi saerTo neba<br />
gagvaCnia. am saerTo nebis CamoyalibebaSi didi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs qveynis xelisuflebas, xelisuflebas, romelic romelic Rrmad Rrmad erovnuli<br />
erovnuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> iyos iyos. iyos<br />
302 303
politikur politikur sityvaTa sityvaTa leqsikoni<br />
leqsikoni<br />
a<br />
anti anti antipolitika<br />
anti antipolitika<br />
politika politika politika _ oficialuri politikiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
meqanizmebiT gamowveuli imedgacrueba, gamoxatuli<br />
sistemis opoziciuri partiebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT an politikur<br />
procesebSi monawileobis uaris TqmiT.<br />
anTropocentrizmi<br />
anTropocentrizmi<br />
anTropocentrizmi anTropocentrizmi<br />
anTropocentrizmi _ Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebasa <strong>da</strong> survilebs,<br />
rogorc zneobrivi, aseve filosofiuri TvalsazrisiTac<br />
umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ekocentrizmis sapirispiro<br />
pozicia.<br />
anarqia anarqia anarqia anarqia anarqia _ sityva-sityviT mmarTvelobis gareSe. igi<br />
xSirad gamoiyeneba uaryofiT konteqstSi destabilizaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qaosis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
avTarkia<br />
avTarkia<br />
avTarkia avTarkia<br />
avTarkia _ sityva-sityviT TviTmmarTveloba.<br />
ekonomikuri TviTmmarTveloba, romelic koloniuri <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT<br />
an saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze uaris TqmiT miiRweva.<br />
asimilacia<br />
asimilacia<br />
asimilacia asimilacia<br />
asimilacia _ procesi, romlis drosac imigranti sazogadoeba<br />
faseulobebTan <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesTan SewyobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
mis<strong>da</strong>mi loialobiT, sakuTar kulturul TviTmyofadobas kargavs.<br />
altruizmi<br />
altruizmi<br />
altruizmi altruizmi<br />
altruizmi _ sxvaTa keTildReobaze zrunva, rac saerTo<br />
sikeTis gaazrebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
arCevnebi arCevnebi arCevnebi arCevnebi arCevnebi _ arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis <strong>da</strong>kavebis saSualeba<br />
mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis _ amomrCevlis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
Tanaxmad.<br />
asociacia<br />
asociacia<br />
asociacia asociacia<br />
asociacia _ nebayoflobiTi, wevrTa saerTo interesebisa<br />
Tu miznebis gamomxatveli organizacia.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi uflebebi uflebebi uflebebi uflebebi (ing.: human rights) _ <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
uflebebi <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, aRiarebuli saerTa-<br />
Soriso sazogadoebis mier, romlebic gansazRvrulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebasa <strong>da</strong> deklaraciaSi.<br />
arasaxelmwifo arasaxelmwifo arasaxelmwifo arasaxelmwifo arasaxelmwifo aqtori aqtori aqtori aqtori aqtori (ing.: nonstate actor) _ saerTa-<br />
Soriso urTierTqmedebis monawile. am kuTxiT SeiZleba gamovidnen<br />
transnacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,<br />
Si<strong>da</strong>saxelmwifoebrivi regionebi <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
304 305<br />
b<br />
biheviorizmi<br />
biheviorizmi<br />
biheviorizmi biheviorizmi<br />
biheviorizmi _ rwmena, rom socialuri Teoriebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
aigos im xelmisawvdom qcevebze, rac kvlevisaTvis aRnusxvad<br />
monacemebs iZleva.<br />
bonapartizmi<br />
bonapartizmi<br />
bonapartizmi bonapartizmi<br />
bonapartizmi _ mmarTvelobis stili, rodesac<br />
pirovnuli lideroba konservatiul nacionalizmTanaa Serwymuli.<br />
balkanizacia<br />
balkanizacia<br />
balkanizacia balkanizacia<br />
balkanizacia _ ama Tu im <strong>politikuri</strong> organizmis<br />
urTierTdsapirispirebul nawilebad <strong>da</strong>xleCa, risi magaliTebic<br />
xSirad gvxvdeba balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze.<br />
birTvuli birTvuli birTvuli birTvuli birTvuli gauvrcelebloba<br />
gauvrcelebloba<br />
gauvrcelebloba gauvrcelebloba<br />
gauvrcelebloba (ing.: nuclear nonproliferation)<br />
_ birTvuli iaraRis an misi warmoebis teqnologiis<br />
Seuqmneloba, agreTve, am iaraRis miuwodebloba saxelmwifoebisaTvis,<br />
romlebsac is ar gaaCniaT.<br />
bi bi bipolaruli bi bipolaruli<br />
polaruli polaruli polaruli sistema sistema sistema sistema sistema (ing.: bipolar system) _ saerTa-<br />
Soriso urTierTobebis sistema Zalis ori centriT. saerTa-<br />
Soriso urTierTobebSi bipolaruli sistemis magaliTi iyo<br />
civi omi.<br />
blokebi blokebi blokebi blokebi blokebi (ing.: blocs) _ saxelmwifoebis jgufebi, romlebic<br />
erTiandebian <strong>da</strong> qmnian asociaciebs ama Tu im miznebisaTvis.<br />
magaliTisaTvis samxedro-<strong>politikuri</strong> bloki _ nato,<br />
varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia <strong>da</strong> sxv.B<br />
breton-vudsis sistema (ing.: Bretton Woods System, BWS) _<br />
sistema moicavs politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur urTierTobebs.<br />
Seiqmna breton-vudsSi niu-hempSiris StatSi 1944 w. ivlisSi.<br />
Sexvedris monawileebi gamodiodnen aucileblobi<strong>da</strong>n moexdinaT<br />
valutis gacvliTi kursebis stabilizeba, saerTaSoriso<br />
vaWrobis aqtivizireba, aRmoeCinaT <strong>da</strong>xmareba im qveynebisaTvis,<br />
romelTa ekonomikac sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong> meore msoflio<br />
omis Sedegad. maSin Seiqmna iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa,<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (ing.: United National, UN), _<br />
universaluri samTavroboTaSorisi organo, Seqmnili 1945 w.<br />
mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis SenarCunebis mizniT,<br />
agreTve ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur sferoebSi TanamSromlobisaTvis.
g<br />
genocidi genocidi genocidi genocidi genocidi _ masobrivi mkvlelobebis, iZulebiTi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebebis,<br />
xelovnurad Tu sterilizaciis gziT xalxis ganadgureba<br />
erovnuli, rasobrivi, eTnikuri an religiuri niSniT.<br />
genderi genderi genderi genderi genderi _ socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur TeoriebSi mamakacebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalebs Soris arsebuli socio-kulturul sxvaobebi.<br />
genderuli genderuli genderuli genderuli genderuli uTanasworoba<br />
uTanasworoba<br />
uTanasworoba uTanasworoba<br />
uTanasworoba (ing.: gender inequality) _<br />
uTanasworoba mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa Soris ekonomikur, socialur<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikur sferoebSi, rac gamoixateba araTabari anazRaurebiT<br />
erTnair samuSaoze, ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi Sesa-<br />
ZleblobebiT, politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis SezRudviT<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli erebis erebis erebis erebis erebis organizacia organizacia organizacia organizacia organizacia ganaTlebis,<br />
ganaTlebis,<br />
ganaTlebis,<br />
ganaTlebis,<br />
ganaTlebis,<br />
mecnierebis mecnierebis mecnierebis mecnierebis mecnierebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturis kulturis kulturis kulturis kulturis sakiTxebze, sakiTxebze, sakiTxebze, sakiTxebze, sakiTxebze, iunesko iunesko iunesko iunesko iunesko (ing.: United<br />
National Edication, Scihtific and Cultural Organization, Unesco) _ gaeros<br />
specializirebuli <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, Seqmnilia naklebganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebis mosaxleobis wera-kiTxvis donis amaRlebisTvis<br />
xelSewyobis, samecniero <strong>da</strong> kulturuli gacvlebis<br />
intensifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis gavrcelebis mizniT.<br />
gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli erebis erebis erebis erebis erebis organizaciis organizaciis organizaciis organizaciis organizaciis ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri sabWo sabWo sabWo sabWo sabWo (ing.: Economic and Social Council, Ecosoc) _<br />
gaeros organo, romelic amzadebs rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs, moxsenebebs<br />
saerTaSoriso sakiTxebze ekonomikis, socialuri urTierTobebis,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> sxva sferoebSi.<br />
gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli gaerTianebuli erebis erebis erebis erebis erebis generaluri generaluri generaluri generaluri generaluri asamblea asamblea asamblea asamblea asamblea (ing.:<br />
General Assembly) _ gaeros mTavari saTaTbiro organo, gaeros<br />
yvela wevriT warmodgenili <strong>da</strong> wesdebiT uflebamosili _<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos <strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri sakiTxebis<br />
farTo wre.<br />
geopolitika<br />
geopolitika<br />
geopolitika geopolitika<br />
geopolitika (ing.: Geopolitic) _ ganaTleba rogorc erTerTi<br />
mimarTuleba realizmis ZiriTadi debulebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare.<br />
geopolitikaSi saxelmwifos Zliereba ganixileba misi<br />
teritoriebi<strong>da</strong>n, geografiuli mdebareobi<strong>da</strong>n, klimati<strong>da</strong>n, tipografii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
demografii<strong>da</strong>n, resursebi<strong>da</strong>n, zRvaze gasasvleli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare. geopolitikosTa azriT, saxelmwifos mTavari<br />
amocana swored am resursebis gafarToebaSi mdgomare-<br />
obs. TviTon termini `geopolitika~ aqtiurad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong><br />
germaniaSi mesame raixis agresiuli miznebisaTvis.<br />
globalizacia<br />
globalizacia<br />
globalizacia globalizacia<br />
globalizacia _ (ing.: Globalization) _ procesi, ris<br />
Sedega<strong>da</strong>c nacionalur saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
sferoebSi _ ekonomikaSi, socialur urTierTqmedebebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S. sul ufro gamWvirvalea.<br />
306 307<br />
d<br />
determinizmi<br />
determinizmi<br />
determinizmi determinizmi<br />
determinizmi _ rwmena imisa, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis qmedeba<br />
Tu arCevani gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli <strong>da</strong>,<br />
amdenad, Tavisufali neba-fiqciaa.<br />
demagogi demagogi demagogi demagogi demagogi _ <strong>politikuri</strong> lideri, romelic xalxis<br />
garkveul masas isteriuli enTuziazmis agorebis meSveobiT<br />
akontrolebs.<br />
diaspora diaspora diaspora diaspora diaspora _ ebrauli sityvaa <strong>da</strong> gabnevas niSnavs. xalxis<br />
ZaliT ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba, gafantva.<br />
diqtatura<br />
diqtatura<br />
diqtatura diqtatura<br />
diqtatura _ mmarTvelobis imgvari forma, rodesac<br />
absoluturi Zalaufleba erTi pirovnebis xelSia Tavmoyrili<br />
<strong>da</strong> am gagebiT diqtatura avtokratiis sinonimia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali <strong>da</strong>bali <strong>da</strong>bali <strong>da</strong>bali <strong>da</strong>bali donis donis donis donis donis politika<br />
politika<br />
politika politika<br />
politika (ing.: dependency theory) _<br />
neomarqsizmis TeoriebSi saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> politikis<br />
modeli, <strong>da</strong>myarebuli im mtkicebulebaze, rom naklebganviTarebuli<br />
mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis ekonomika eqsploatirdeba<br />
ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis mier. am<br />
pirobebSi naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli xdebian<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebis kapitalze, teqnologiebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqonelze.<br />
di di di di diplomatia<br />
plomatia plomatia plomatia plomatia (ing.: diplomacy) _ meTodebi <strong>da</strong> praqtika,<br />
romelTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebiTac saxelmwifo atarebs sagareo politikas.<br />
e<br />
eTnocentrizmi<br />
eTnocentrizmi<br />
eTnocentrizmi eTnocentrizmi<br />
eTnocentrizmi _ sakuTar kulturaSi arsebuli mza<br />
Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> Teoriebis morgeba sxva sazogadoebriv<br />
jgufebsa <strong>da</strong> eTnosebze.<br />
eTnosi eTnosi eTnosi eTnosi eTnosi _ saerTo istoriuli <strong>da</strong> kulturuli meobis
mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufi, rasac saerTo warmomavlobis rwmena<br />
udevs safuZvlad.<br />
eqspansionizmi<br />
eqspansionizmi<br />
eqspansionizmi eqspansionizmi<br />
eqspansionizmi _ teritoriuli gafarToebis mizniT<br />
ganxorcielebuli samxedro agresia.<br />
evrocentrizmi<br />
evrocentrizmi<br />
evrocentrizmi evrocentrizmi<br />
evrocentrizmi _ kulturis TvalsazrisiT miker-<br />
Zoebuli midgoma, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c evropuli, Tu zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri ideebi, faseulobebi <strong>da</strong> imTaviTve `WeSmaritad~<br />
miiCneva.<br />
evroskepticizmi<br />
evroskepticizmi<br />
evroskepticizmi evroskepticizmi<br />
evroskepticizmi _ evropasTan Semdgomi integraciis<br />
winaaRmdegoba _ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobasa <strong>da</strong> erovnul<br />
TviTmyofadobaze aqcentirebiT.<br />
evropuli evropuli evropuli evropuli evropuli koncerni koncerni koncerni koncerni koncerni (ing.: Concert of Europe) _ napoleonis<br />
omebis Semdeg 1815 w. venaSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobaTa sistema ruseTis, didi britaneTis, prusiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxvaTa evropuli qveynebis mier, romelic mimarTuli iyo saer-<br />
TaSoriso problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisaken <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vebis omSi ga<strong>da</strong>zrdis<br />
SeCerebisken.<br />
evropis evropis evropis evropis evropis kavSiri kavSiri kavSiri kavSiri kavSiri (ing.: European Union, Eu) _ evrogaer-<br />
Tianebis memkvidre organizacia, rogorc mastrixtis 1992 w.<br />
xelmoweril SeTanxmebaSia naTqvami.<br />
evropuli evropuli evropuli evropuli evropuli gaerTaineba<br />
gaerTaineba<br />
gaerTaineba gaerTaineba<br />
gaerTaineba (ing.: uropean community, ec) _<br />
Seqmnilia <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebis mier romis 1957 w.<br />
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. warmoadgens integraciuli procesebis<br />
etapebs.<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa TanamSromlobisa TanamSromlobisa TanamSromlobisa TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
organizacia<br />
organizacia<br />
organizacia organizacia<br />
organizacia (ing.: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,<br />
DECD) _ ekonomikis <strong>da</strong>rgSi yvelaze ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebis gaerTianeba. ZiriTadi mizani _ ekonomikuri urTierTTanamSromlobisaTvis<br />
xelis Sewyoba.<br />
ekonomikur<br />
ekonomikur<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikur<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
i i i liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi (ing.: economic liberalism)<br />
_ midgoma, romlis Tanaxmad qveynebi ukeT viTardebian<br />
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n minimaluri<br />
Carevis pirobebSi.<br />
embargo embargo embargo embargo embargo (ing.: embargo) _ saxelmwifos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
garkveul saxelmwifosTan komerciuli kavSiris akrZalvaze.<br />
eTnikuri eTnikuri eTnikuri wmen<strong>da</strong> wmen<strong>da</strong> (ing.: ethnic cleansing) _ eTnikur <strong>da</strong><br />
rasobriv nia<strong>da</strong>gze moqalaqeTa devna, ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba an mkvleloba.<br />
308 309<br />
v<br />
vestministeris vestministeris vestministeris vestministeris vestministeris modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli _ marTvis sistema, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufali sakanonmdeblo organos mieraa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli <strong>da</strong> (Teoriulad mainc) angariSvaldebulia mis<br />
winaSe.<br />
vestfaliis vestfaliis vestfaliis vestfaliis vestfaliis mSvidoba mSvidoba mSvidoba mSvidoba mSvidoba (ing.: Peace of Westpfalia) _ SeTanxmeba<br />
xelmowerili 1648 w. evropaSi 30-wliani omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis<br />
Semdeg. man sawyisi <strong>da</strong>udo nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis<br />
sistemasa <strong>da</strong> msoflio saxelmwifo-centristuli modelis<br />
formirebas.<br />
T<br />
Teokratia<br />
Teokratia<br />
Teokratia Teokratia<br />
Teokratia _ sityva-sityviT `RvTis mmarTveloba~.<br />
principi, romlis mixedviTac sasuliero xelisufleba saeroze<br />
maRla un<strong>da</strong> idges. reJimi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saxelisuflebo Tanamdeboba<br />
imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT nawildeba, Tu ra adgili ukavia pirovnebas<br />
sasuliero ierarqiaSi.<br />
Torizmi Torizmi Torizmi Torizmi Torizmi _ konservatizmis doqtrina, romlisTvisac<br />
ierarqiis rwmena, tradiciis mniSvneloba, movaleobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
organicizmis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />
Tofosnoba<br />
Tofosnoba<br />
Tofosnoba Tofosnoba<br />
Tofosnoba _ (uorlordizmi); mdgomareoba, romlis<br />
drosac suverenuli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, adgilobrivi<br />
SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi gauTaveblad ibrZvian<br />
ZalauflebisaTvis.<br />
i<br />
indigenizacia<br />
indigenizacia<br />
indigenizacia indigenizacia<br />
indigenizacia _ SeTviseba; procesi, romlis Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ucxouri nawarmi Tu cxovrebis wesi gaTavisdeba adgilobriv<br />
moTxovnilebebsa Tu garemoebebze morgebis mizniT.<br />
inicireba inicireba inicireba inicireba inicireba _ referendumis erT-erTi saxeoba, rodesac<br />
sazogadoebas SeuZlia sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT gamosvla.<br />
interesi interesi interesi interesi interesi _ pirovnebisa Tu jgufis sargebeli, romelsac<br />
ubralo survilisagan gansxvavebiT obieqturi anu `realuri~<br />
safuZveli gaaCnia.<br />
intervencionizmi<br />
intervencionizmi<br />
intervencionizmi intervencionizmi<br />
intervencionizmi _ xelisuflebis politika, mima
Tuli ekonomikis maqsimaluri kontrolirebisa <strong>da</strong> marTvisaTvis;<br />
ufro zoga<strong>da</strong>d ki `sxvis saqmeSi~ Carevis politika.<br />
impiCmenti<br />
impiCmenti<br />
impiCmenti impiCmenti<br />
impiCmenti _ Tanamdebobis piris ga<strong>da</strong>yenebis oficialuri<br />
procedura pirovnuli Tu profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>cdomis motiviT.<br />
inkrementalizmi<br />
inkrementalizmi<br />
inkrementalizmi inkrementalizmi<br />
inkrementalizmi _ <strong>Teoria</strong>, romlis Tanaxmad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi<br />
miiReba ara winaswar gamokveTili miznis Sesabamisad,<br />
aramed cvalebadi viTarebis kval<strong>da</strong>kval.<br />
idealizmi<br />
idealizmi<br />
idealizmi idealizmi<br />
idealizmi _ (ing.: ide<strong>da</strong>lism) -skola saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobebSi, romelmac gavrceleba hpova me-20 s. pirvel<br />
naxevarSi. saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi mTavar rols aniWebs saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTals, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, agreTve<br />
morals.<br />
izolacionizmi<br />
izolacionizmi<br />
izolacionizmi izolacionizmi<br />
izolacionizmi _ (ing.: isolationism) _ saxelmwifo<br />
politika, romelic orientirebulia sxva qveynebTan urTier-<br />
Tobebis (politikur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> sxv.) SezRudvaze.<br />
integracia<br />
integracia<br />
integracia integracia<br />
integracia (ing.: integration) _ <strong>da</strong>axloebisa <strong>da</strong> gaer-<br />
Tianebis procesi saxelmwifoTa doneze.<br />
intervencia<br />
intervencia<br />
intervencia intervencia<br />
intervencia (ing.: intervention) _ erTi qveynis mier<br />
meore qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> saqmeebSi samxedro, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> diplomatiuri<br />
Careva, agreTve, mis teritoriaze SeWra.<br />
integraciis integraciis integraciis integraciis integraciis Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi (ing.: integration theory) _ gvixsnian,<br />
Tu rogor erTiandebian qveynebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>scemen Tavisi<br />
suverenitetis nawils zenacionalur warmonaqmnebs.<br />
k<br />
konsensusi<br />
konsensusi<br />
konsensusi konsensusi<br />
konsensusi _ gansakuTrebuli yaidis Tanxmoba. igi<br />
gamoiyeneba ori mniSvnelobiT: proceduruli konsensusi _<br />
konsultaciebisa <strong>da</strong> garigebis gziT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis<br />
survili politikur partiebs an mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> ZiriTad interes-jgufebs<br />
Soris; <strong>da</strong> arsebiTi konsensusi _ ori an meti<br />
partiis ideologiuri poziciebis Tanxvdoma politikur<br />
miznebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
konfederacia<br />
konfederacia<br />
konfederacia konfederacia<br />
konfederacia _ saxelmwifoTa garkveuli tipis kav-<br />
Siri, roca yoveli subieqti sakuTari <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis xarisxs<br />
inarCunebs winaswari urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.<br />
kokusi kokusi kokusi kokusi kokusi _ <strong>da</strong>xuruli, Si<strong>da</strong>partiuli Tavyrilobebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
saarCevno kandi<strong>da</strong>turebi dgindeba an sakanonmdeblo ini-<br />
ciativebi muSavdeba maT oficialur procesualur ganxilvamde.<br />
koalicia koalicia koalicia koalicia koalicia _ politikur konkurentTa imgvari <strong>da</strong>jgufeba,<br />
rasac an saerTo safrTxis ganc<strong>da</strong> an cal-calke moqmedebis<br />
uperspeqtivoba iwvevs.<br />
konvencia konvencia konvencia konvencia konvencia _ oficialuri <strong>politikuri</strong> Tavyriloba an<br />
kamaTisa <strong>da</strong> molaparakebebis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmeba.<br />
sakonstitucio konvencia _ esaa qmedebebisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis wesebi,<br />
romlebic ara kanons, aramed Cveulebasa <strong>da</strong> precedents emyareba.<br />
kanonmdebloba<br />
kanonmdebloba<br />
kanonmdebloba kanonmdebloba<br />
kanonmdebloba _ saxelmwifos mTel politikur<br />
sivrceSi gamoyenebul sajaro <strong>da</strong> savaldebulo wesTa er-<br />
Toblioba.<br />
koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba<br />
usafrTxoeba<br />
usafrTxoeba usafrTxoeba<br />
usafrTxoeba (ing.: collective security) _<br />
msoflio wyobis sistema, romlis drosac msoflio Tanamegobroba<br />
koleqtiurad gamodis agresori saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.<br />
krizisi krizisi krizisi krizisi krizisi (ing.: crisis) _ mwvave <strong>politikuri</strong> situacia,<br />
romelic saSiSroebis qveS ayenebs mTavar interesebs. krizisisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia movlenebis zvaviseburi ganvi-<br />
Tareba, rac qmnis pirobebs <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
misaRebad.<br />
310 311<br />
l<br />
liberalizacia<br />
liberalizacia<br />
liberalizacia liberalizacia<br />
liberalizacia _ saxelmwifo Zalauflebis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
gare kontroli <strong>da</strong> kerZo mewarmeobisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali bazrisaken<br />
aRebuli kursi.<br />
lobi, lobi, lobi, lobi, lobi, lobir lobir lobireba<br />
lobir lobireba<br />
eba eba eba _ niSnavs sakuTari warmomadgenlis<br />
meSveobiT miawodon politikoss sakuTari mosazrebebi Tu<br />
moTxovnebi. Tavad cneba `lobi~ igive interes-jgufia, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
isic sajaro politikaze zemoqmedebas isaxavs miznad.<br />
libertarianizmi<br />
libertarianizmi<br />
libertarianizmi libertarianizmi<br />
libertarianizmi _ rwmena, rom pirovnuli Tavisuflebis<br />
sfero maqsimalurad un<strong>da</strong> gafarTovdes, rac, Tavis<br />
mxriv, xSirad sazogadoebrivi gavlenis Semcirebis mcdelobebTanac<br />
asocirdeba.<br />
liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi liberalizmi<br />
liberalizmi (ing.: liberalism) _ erT-erTii ZiriTadi<br />
skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevebSi. gamomdinareobs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis miswrafebebi<strong>da</strong>n TanamSromlobisaken, mSvidobisak
en, samarTlianobasa <strong>da</strong> moralze orientaciisaken, XX saukunis<br />
I naxevarSi cnobili iyo, rogorc `idealizmi~.<br />
liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri liberaluri institucionalizmi<br />
institucionalizmi<br />
institucionalizmi institucionalizmi<br />
institucionalizmi (ing.: liberal institutionalism)<br />
_ saerTaSoriso kvlevebSi neoliberaluri midgoma.<br />
aqcenti gakeTebulia Tanamedrove msoflioSi globaluri<br />
institutebis formirebis Seswavlaze.<br />
m<br />
metaideologia<br />
metaideologia<br />
metaideologia metaideologia<br />
metaideologia _ zeideologia, safuZveli msjelobisaTvis<br />
ufro kerZo ideologiuri problemebis garSemo.<br />
mer mer meritokratia<br />
mer meritokratia<br />
itokratia<br />
itokratia itokratia _ unarianTa mmarTveloba; principi,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad, jildoca <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobac<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians pirovnuli Rirsebis mixedviT ergeba.<br />
multilateralizmi<br />
multilateralizmi<br />
multilateralizmi multilateralizmi<br />
multilateralizmi _ mravalmxrivoba; SeTanxmebul<br />
urTierTobaTa sistema sam an met saxelmwifos Soris, rac<br />
xelSekrulebebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wesdebebiT<br />
ganmsazRvreli qcevis normebs emyareba.<br />
merkantilizmi<br />
merkantilizmi<br />
merkantilizmi merkantilizmi<br />
merkantilizmi _ ekonomikuri <strong>Teoria</strong>, romelic gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas aniWebs saxelmwifos rols saer-<br />
TaSoriso vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> qveynis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.<br />
mas-media mas-media mas-media mas-media mas-media _ sazogadoebrivi institutebis erToblioba,<br />
romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavebulni arian faqtebis, informaciebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
movlenebis Sekreba-gavrcelebiT.<br />
manifesti manifesti manifesti manifesti manifesti _ dokumenti, sa<strong>da</strong>c detalura<strong>da</strong>a Camoyalibebuli,<br />
ra politikas gaatarebs esa Tu is partia xelisuflebaSi<br />
mosvlis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
man<strong>da</strong>ti man<strong>da</strong>ti man<strong>da</strong>ti man<strong>da</strong>ti man<strong>da</strong>ti _ zemdgomi miTiTeba an <strong>da</strong>valeba, romlis<br />
Sesrulebac savaldebuloa.<br />
makkartizmi<br />
makkartizmi<br />
makkartizmi makkartizmi<br />
makkartizmi _ `kudianebze nadiroba~. es termini 1950ian<br />
wlebSi amerikaSi senator makkartis mier komunistebis<br />
devnis periodi<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves.<br />
militarizmi<br />
militarizmi<br />
militarizmi militarizmi<br />
militarizmi _ miznis miRweva SeiaraRebuli Zalis<br />
gamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d problemaTa samxedro ZaliT ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta.<br />
farTo gagebiT ki imgvari kulturuli Tu ideologiuri<br />
movlena, roca samxedro prioritetebi, idealebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi<br />
sazogadoebis farTo fenebs moicavs.<br />
maastrixtis maastrixtis maastrixtis maastrixtis maastrixtis SeTanxmeba<br />
SeTanxmeba<br />
SeTanxmeba SeTanxmeba<br />
SeTanxmeba (ing.: Maastricht Treaty) xelmowerilia<br />
1992 w. 12 evropuli saxelmwifos mier (belgia,<br />
didi britaneTi, germania, saberZneTi, <strong>da</strong>nia, irlandia, espaneTi,<br />
italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, portugalia, safrangeTi)<br />
q. maastrixtSi (niderlandebi), rac gax<strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris Seqmnis<br />
safuZveli. SeTanxmeba ratificirebulia 1993 w.<br />
maRali maRali maRali maRali maRali donis donis donis donis donis politika politika politika politika politika (ing.: high politics) _ miekuTvneba<br />
nacionalur usafrTxoebas.<br />
modernistebi<br />
modernistebi<br />
modernistebi modernistebi<br />
modernistebi (ing.: modernists) _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa<br />
mkvlevarebi, romlebic analizs afuZneben sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebaTa principebze agebul meTodebze.<br />
mravalpolaruli mravalpolaruli mravalpolaruli mravalpolaruli mravalpolaruli sistema sistema sistema sistema sistema (ing.: bipolar system) _ saer-<br />
TaSoriso urTierTobebis sistema, romelic xasiaTdeba Zalis<br />
centrebis simravliT.<br />
msofliosmsofliosmsoflios msoflios msoflios saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli modemodemodemodemode- li li li li li (ing.: state-centric model) _ msoflio <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema,<br />
romelic Seiqmna vestfaliis mSvidobis Sedegad (aqe<strong>da</strong>naa misi<br />
meore saxelwodeba _ msoflios vestfaliis modeli) <strong>da</strong> romlis<br />
centraluri rgolia saxelmwifo.<br />
msoflio-sistemuri msoflio-sistemuri msoflio-sistemuri msoflio-sistemuri msoflio-sistemuri <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> (ing.: world-system theory)<br />
_ neomarqsizmis yvelaze cnobili varianti, gamomdinareobs<br />
warmodgeni<strong>da</strong>n, rom msoflio iyofa ara mxolod saxelmwifoebad,<br />
aramed ufro mniSvnelovan struqturul erTeulebad _<br />
klasebad: kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong> qveynebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa sam nawilad ekonomikuri maCveneblebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare.<br />
esenia: centri (birTvi), periferia <strong>da</strong> naxevrad periferia. qveynebi,<br />
romlebic aRmoCndnen centrSi, gaaCniaT cxovrebis maRali<br />
done <strong>da</strong> dominireben <strong>da</strong>narCenebs Soris. birTvis ganviTareba<br />
xorcieldeba sxva qveynebis xarjze, rasac mivyavarT konfliqtamde.<br />
mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis SenarCuneba<br />
SenarCuneba<br />
SenarCuneba SenarCuneba<br />
SenarCuneba (ing.: peacekeeping) _ sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier SeiaraRebuli<br />
Zalebis Seyvana <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli mxareebis gaTiSvis<br />
mizniT. xorcieldeba mxolod im qveynis Tanxmobis SemTxveva-<br />
Si, romlis teritoriazec SehyavT Zalebi.<br />
mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis aRdgena aRdgena aRdgena aRdgena aRdgena (ing.: peacebuilding) _ mSvidobis<br />
ganmtkicebisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis, maT Soris, samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis institutebis Seqmna.<br />
mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis mSvidobis iZuleba iZuleba iZuleba iZuleba iZuleba (ing.: peace enforcement) _ samxedro<br />
moqmedebebi mimarTuli mSvidobiani <strong>da</strong>regulirebisaken an<br />
meomari mxareebis Cabarebis Sesaxeb wina<strong>da</strong>debebis miRebisaken<br />
adre <strong>da</strong>wyebuli omis Sesawyvetad.<br />
312 313
n<br />
normativi<br />
normativi<br />
normativi normativi<br />
normativi _ faseulobaTa <strong>da</strong> qcevis wesebis ganmsazRvreli<br />
kategoria _ `is, rac sasurvelia iyos~ <strong>da</strong> ara `is,<br />
rac aris~.<br />
neokorporativizmi<br />
neokorporativizmi<br />
neokorporativizmi neokorporativizmi<br />
neokorporativizmi _ tendencia, romelic <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
poliarqiebSi SeiniSneba: gulisxmobs organizebul interesjgufTaTvis<br />
privilegiebis miniWebasa <strong>da</strong> politikur cxovrebaSi<br />
instituciur monawileobas.<br />
neo-idealizmi<br />
neo-idealizmi<br />
neo-idealizmi neo-idealizmi<br />
neo-idealizmi _ saerTaSoriso politikis imgvari<br />
xedva, romelic gansakuTrebulad zneobriv faseulobebze, ker-<br />
Zod, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis pativiscemaze<br />
amaxvilebs yuradRebas.<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi nacionalizmi<br />
nacionalizmi (ing.: nationalism) _ ideologia, romelic<br />
erovnebas ganixilavs, rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> identifikaciis<br />
safuZvels. xSirad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove msoflioSi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
brZolis dros, maT Soris, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi.<br />
nacionaluri nacionaluri nacionaluri nacionaluri nacionaluri interesebi<br />
interesebi<br />
interesebi interesebi<br />
interesebi (ing.: national interest) _ neorealizmis<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba. interesebi ganisazRvreba<br />
saxelmwifos mier <strong>da</strong> maT misaRwevad gamoiyeneba sagareo<br />
politika. cneba, Cveulebriv, moicavs usafrTxoebis, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis,<br />
<strong>da</strong> agreTve, ekonomikuri keTildReobis <strong>da</strong>cvas.<br />
nacionaluri nacionaluri nacionaluri nacionaluri nacionaluri suvereniteti<br />
suvereniteti<br />
suvereniteti suvereniteti<br />
suvereniteti (ing.: national sovereignty)<br />
_ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis <strong>Teoria</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTalSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba. is gulisxmobs, rom<br />
saxelmwifo flobs Zalauflebriv uflebamosilebebs mis kuTvnil<br />
teritoriaze <strong>da</strong> rom is <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia saerTaSoriso<br />
sakiTxebSi. amasTan suvereniteti ar aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos<br />
pasuxismgeblobisagan ganxorcielebul moqmedebebze.<br />
neitraliteti<br />
neitraliteti<br />
neitraliteti neitraliteti<br />
neitraliteti (ing.: neitralitet) _ saxelmwifos oficialuri<br />
pozicia, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia saxelmwifos uar-<br />
Tan gaerTiandes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samxedro-politikur kavSirebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> organizaciebSi.<br />
neokolonializmi<br />
neokolonializmi<br />
neokolonializmi neokolonializmi<br />
neokolonializmi (ing.: neocolonialism) _ Teoriuli<br />
midgoma, romlis Tanaxmad ganviTarebuli qveynebi agrZeleben<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis eqspluatacias ekonomikuri saSualebebiT.<br />
neomarqsizmi<br />
neomarqsizmi<br />
neomarqsizmi neomarqsizmi<br />
neomarqsizmi (ing.: neomarxism) _ erT-erTi wamyvani<br />
skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. xazs usvams ekonomikur<br />
uTanasworobas Tanamedrove msoflioSi <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis<br />
ekonomikuri parametrebiT fenebad <strong>da</strong>Slas, romelic mimdinareobs<br />
ara nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis sazvrebis gaswvriv,<br />
aramed ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d RerZze `CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~.<br />
neorealizmi<br />
neorealizmi<br />
neorealizmi neorealizmi<br />
neorealizmi (ing.: neorealism) _ realizmis Tanamedrove<br />
mimdinareoba, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi rCebian<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa analizis erTaderT erTeulad.<br />
Tumca, gaTvaliswinebulia is struqturebic, romelTac qmnian<br />
kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis saxiT.<br />
neofunqcionalizmi<br />
neofunqcionalizmi<br />
neofunqcionalizmi neofunqcionalizmi<br />
neofunqcionalizmi (ing.: neofunctionalism) _ efuZneba<br />
funqcionalizmis ZiriTad gzavnilebs. prioriteti eZelva im<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebs, romlebic xels uwyoben saxelmwifoebs Soris Tanam-<br />
Sromlobas: janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvas, axal teqnologiebs <strong>da</strong> sxv.,<br />
amasTanave xazi esmeva <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis mniSvnelobas.<br />
314 315<br />
p<br />
poliarqia<br />
poliarqia<br />
poliarqia poliarqia<br />
poliarqia _ sityva-sityviT _ `bevris mmarTveloba~,<br />
rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis<br />
institutebTan <strong>da</strong> politikur procesebTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
paternalizmi<br />
paternalizmi<br />
paternalizmi paternalizmi<br />
paternalizmi _ urTierToba, an marTvis imgvari wesi,<br />
romlis principic maTze zrunvaa, visac <strong>da</strong>moukideblad saku-<br />
Tari Tavis gatana uWirs.<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi pluralizmi<br />
pluralizmi _ farTo gagebiT mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarobis aRiareba (mravlis arseboba).<br />
rogorc termini ixmareba partiebs Soris arsebuli<br />
konkurenciis (politikur pluralizmi), zneobriv faseuloba-<br />
Ta sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobis (zneobrivi pluralizmi) <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />
normaTa gansxvavebulobis (kulturuli pluralizmi) aRsani-<br />
Snavad.<br />
pan-nacionalizmi<br />
pan-nacionalizmi<br />
pan-nacionalizmi pan-nacionalizmi<br />
pan-nacionalizmi _ nacionalizmis ukiduresi gamoxatuleba,<br />
romelSic yvelaferi erT mizans emsaxureba Seakav-<br />
Siros monaTesave xalxebi eqspansiis an <strong>politikuri</strong> gamTlianebisaken<br />
mowodebebis gziT.<br />
proteqcionizmi<br />
proteqcionizmi<br />
proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi<br />
proteqcionizmi _ adgilobriv mewarmeTa <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT<br />
importis SezRudva qvotebisa Tu tarifebis <strong>da</strong>wesebis meSveobiT.<br />
partikularizmi<br />
partikularizmi<br />
partikularizmi partikularizmi<br />
partikularizmi _ <strong>Teoria</strong>, romlis Tanaxmad, meoba<br />
kerZo <strong>da</strong> ara zogad maxasiaTebelSia fesvgadgmuli. aRniSnul
<strong>Teoria</strong>Si iseT faqtorebs esmeba xazi, rogorebicaa warmomavloba,<br />
kultura, eTnikuroba.<br />
populizmi<br />
populizmi<br />
populizmi populizmi<br />
populizmi _ laTinuri sityvaa, niSnavs xalxs. es<br />
termini ixmareba, rogorc garkveuli <strong>politikuri</strong> mimarTuleba,<br />
aseve <strong>politikuri</strong> azrovnebis garkveuli wyobis aRsaniSnavad,<br />
rodesac moZraobebi <strong>da</strong> partiebi sakuTar Tavs xalxis<br />
nebis gamomxatvelebad saxaven.<br />
privatizacia<br />
privatizacia<br />
privatizacia privatizacia<br />
privatizacia _ saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sazogadobrivi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
kerZo seqtorisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cema, rac saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobaTa<br />
Semcirebis gamoxatulebaa.<br />
pacifizmi<br />
pacifizmi<br />
pacifizmi pacifizmi<br />
pacifizmi (ing.: pacifism) _ msoflmxedveloba, romelic<br />
uaryofs sicocxlis xelyofis uflebas <strong>da</strong> mimarTulia konfliqtebis<br />
usisxlod mogvarebis gzebis Ziebisaken.<br />
periferia<br />
periferia<br />
periferia periferia<br />
periferia (ing.: periphery) _ terini, romelic neomarqsizmSi<br />
aRniSnavs ganviTarebad qveynebs. periferiuli qveynebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulni arian `centrze~ <strong>da</strong> nakleb ganviTarebulni<br />
arian uTanasworo <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gamo.<br />
postmodernizmi<br />
postmodernizmi<br />
postmodernizmi postmodernizmi<br />
postmodernizmi (ing.: postmodernism) _ midgoma saerTa-<br />
Soriso urTierTobebSi formirebuli 1980 wlebSi, erTis mxriv,<br />
rogorc reaqcia klasikur <strong>Teoria</strong>ze (neoliberalizmsa <strong>da</strong>, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, neorealizmze), meores mxriv, neomarqsizmis<br />
gavleniT sxva Teoriuli alternativebis Ziebis procesi.<br />
r<br />
revizionizmi<br />
revizionizmi<br />
revizionizmi revizionizmi<br />
revizionizmi _ fuZemdebluri ideebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva;<br />
termini adrindeli principebisa <strong>da</strong> mosazrebebis uaryofasac<br />
gulisxmobs.<br />
revolucia<br />
revolucia<br />
revolucia revolucia<br />
revolucia _ sityva-sityviT brunva-triali. igi ciklur<br />
cvlilebebs niSnavs, arsebuli wesrigis msxvrevisa <strong>da</strong><br />
axliT Secvlas gulisxmobs.<br />
relativizmi<br />
relativizmi<br />
relativizmi relativizmi<br />
relativizmi _ filosofiuri Sexeduleba, romelic<br />
obieqturi _ `absoluturi~ sazomis arsebobas uaryofs <strong>da</strong><br />
amtkicebs, rom `yvelaferi SefardebiTia~ <strong>da</strong> nebismieri msjeloba<br />
azrs iZens mxolod sakuTar konteqstTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
realizmi realizmi realizmi realizmi realizmi (ing.: realism) _saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi skola. saxelmwifoebi gamodian, rogorc<br />
anarqiuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erTaderTi aqtorebi.<br />
realpolitika<br />
realpolitika<br />
realpolitika realpolitika<br />
realpolitika (ing.: realpolitic) _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi<br />
Teoriuli midgoma. eyrdnoba winapirobas, rom<br />
qveynebi emzadebodnen omisaTvis mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad.<br />
ufro rbil variantSi gulisxmobs <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweobis<br />
princi ps, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c umTavresi yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTmos<br />
mowinaaRmdegis realur interesebze orientirebas <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
imas, rasac is deklarirebs; aseve mzadyofnas Zalis gamoyenebisaTvis<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoqmedebis yvela sxva<br />
saSualeba amowurulia.<br />
316 317<br />
s<br />
sekularizmi<br />
sekularizmi<br />
sekularizmi sekularizmi<br />
sekularizmi _ Tvalsazrisi, rom religia saero saqmianobaSi<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> ereodes; rogorc wesi, eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
gamijvnis mcdeloba.<br />
stetizmi stetizmi stetizmi stetizmi stetizmi _ franguli sityvaa <strong>da</strong> niSnavs saxelmwifoebriobas.<br />
igi emyareba mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifo Careva<br />
yvelaze upriani gzaa <strong>politikuri</strong> problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad.<br />
separatizmi<br />
separatizmi<br />
separatizmi separatizmi<br />
separatizmi _ arsebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofis<br />
survili <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizniT.<br />
sionizmi sionizmi sionizmi sionizmi sionizmi _ `ebrauli samSoblos~ <strong>da</strong>fuZnebisaken mimarTuli<br />
moZraoba. dResdReobiT israelis saxelmwifo interesebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> teritoriuli mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>cvasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli.<br />
sagareo sagareo sagareo sagareo sagareo politika politika politika politika politika (ing.: foreign policy) _ prioritetebis,<br />
principebisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebebis sistema, romelTa realizacias<br />
axdens saxelmwifo msofliosTan urTierTobebSi _ saxelmwifo<br />
sazRvrebs miRma.<br />
sagareo sagareo sagareo sagareo sagareo politikis politikis politikis politikis politikis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi analizi analizi analizi analizi (ing.: comparative<br />
foreign policy analysis) _ gamokvlevis erT-erTi mimarTuleba,<br />
romelic Seiswavlis saxelmwifoTa sagareo <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
qcevis models.<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> politika<br />
politika<br />
politika politika<br />
politika (ing.: intermestic<br />
politicy) _ termini SemoRebulia samecniero brunvaSi im saxelmwifos<br />
politikis gansazRvris mizniT, romelsac imavdroulad<br />
gaaCnia rogorc Si<strong>da</strong>, aseve saerTaSoriso aspeqti.<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia (ing.: international<br />
political economy) _ kvlevebis <strong>da</strong>rgi, romelic swavlobs
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikis urTierTobas.<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi (ing.:<br />
international nongovermental organizations, INGO’s) _ <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulni ar<br />
arian saxelmwifoTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong> moqmedeben<br />
ara mxolod erTi qveynis sazRvrebSi (amitom maT<br />
zogjer uwodeben transnacionalurs). amasTan, maTi moRvaweoba<br />
ar aris mimarTuli mogebis miRebaze.<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi reJimebi (ing.: international regimes) _<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis principebi, normebi, wesebi <strong>da</strong> procedurebi.<br />
samTavrobaTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi (ing.: intergovernmental<br />
organizations, IGO’s) _ institutebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia<br />
maTi wevri saxelmwifoebis mier saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
samxedro samxedro samxedro samxedro samxedro intervencia<br />
intervencia<br />
intervencia intervencia<br />
intervencia (ing.: military intervention) _ erTi<br />
qveynis SeiaraRebuli jarebis gamoyeneba sxva qveynis, anu<br />
intervenciis obieqtis, xelisuflebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad.<br />
`samSvidobo `samSvidobo `samSvidobo `samSvidobo `samSvidobo dividendi~<br />
dividendi~<br />
dividendi~ dividendi~<br />
dividendi~ (ing.: peace dividend) _ <strong>da</strong>nazogi<br />
SeiaraRebis Semcirebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong><br />
civi omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis wyalobiT.<br />
samSvidobo samSvidobo samSvidobo samSvidobo samSvidobo operaciebi<br />
operaciebi<br />
operaciebi operaciebi<br />
operaciebi (ing.: peace operations) _ far-<br />
To cneba, romelic moicavs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qmedebebs, maT Soris<br />
samxedroebis monawileobas konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi.<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo (ing.: state) _ <strong>politikuri</strong> warmonaqmni,<br />
romelic moicavs xalxiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul teritorias <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
saxelmwifoebis mier aRiarebul legitimur xelisuflebas.<br />
t<br />
traibalizmi<br />
traibalizmi<br />
traibalizmi traibalizmi<br />
traibalizmi _ jgufuri cxovrebis wesi, romelic<br />
karCaketilobiTa <strong>da</strong> gaucxoebiT xasiaTdeba. igi Cveulebriv<br />
mtrula<strong>da</strong>a ganwyobili sxva jgufebis mimarT.<br />
terorizmi<br />
terorizmi<br />
terorizmi terorizmi<br />
terorizmi (ing.: terorism) _ Zaladobis gamoyeneba; muqara<br />
mSvidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT <strong>politikuri</strong> gamomZalvelobis,<br />
iZulebis an propagandis mizniT.<br />
transnacionaluri transnacionaluri transnacionaluri transnacionaluri transnacionaluri korporacia<br />
korporacia<br />
korporacia korporacia<br />
korporacia (ing.: multinational corporation<br />
TNC) _ mravalnacionaluri korporacia, romelsac aqvs<br />
sawarmoebi erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT msoflio arenaze.<br />
318 319<br />
u<br />
utopia, utopia, utopia, utopia, utopia, utopizmi utopizmi utopizmi utopizmi utopizmi _ berZnuli sityvaa, `outopia~ niSnavs<br />
`arsad~, xolo `eutopia~ _ karg adgils. sityvasityviT<br />
igi idealur an srulyofil sazogadoebas niSnavs. utopizmi<br />
Teoriuli <strong>politikuri</strong> azrovnebis formaa, romelic arsebul<br />
wyobas akritikebs <strong>da</strong> idealuri <strong>da</strong> srulyofili alternativis<br />
mxolod warmosaxviT models gvTavazobs.<br />
utilitaruloba<br />
utilitaruloba<br />
utilitaruloba utilitaruloba<br />
utilitaruloba _ gamarTlebuli xarji, raime materialuri<br />
moxmarebiT gamowveuli <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba.<br />
universalizmi<br />
universalizmi<br />
universalizmi universalizmi<br />
universalizmi _ <strong>Teoria</strong>, romlis mixedviT arsebobs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa meobis ganmsazRvruli zogadi sawyisi, romelic<br />
yvelasaTvis erTia.<br />
utilitarizmi<br />
utilitarizmi<br />
utilitarizmi utilitarizmi<br />
utilitarizmi _ eTikuri mimarTuleba, romlis mixedviTac<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs siamovnebis miRebis bunebrivi survili<br />
amoZravebT. siamovneba `sikeTea~, xolo tanjva `boroteba~.<br />
amis mixedviT siamovneba SeiZleba sasargeblomde <strong>da</strong>viyvanoT.<br />
politikur sferoSi utilitarizmi mWidrod ukavSirdeba<br />
klasikur liberalizmisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali bazris ideologias.<br />
q<br />
qsenofobia<br />
qsenofobia<br />
qsenofobia qsenofobia<br />
qsenofobia _ SiSi an siZulvili ucxotomelTa mimarT;<br />
paTologiuri saxiT gamovlenili eTnocentrizmi.<br />
S<br />
SariaTi SariaTi SariaTi SariaTi SariaTi _ RvTaebriv gamocxadebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli islamuri<br />
kanoni, romlis ZiriTadi wyaroebic yurani <strong>da</strong> hadi-<br />
Tia (e.w. `muhamedis Segonebani~).<br />
Suamavloba<br />
Suamavloba<br />
Suamavloba Suamavloba<br />
Suamavloba (ing.: mediation) _ konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />
procedura, romlis farglebSi mesame mxare agvarebs molaparakebis<br />
process <strong>da</strong> monawileobs problemis mSvidobianad<br />
<strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi.
x<br />
xunta xunta xunta xunta xunta _ sityva-sityviT _ sabWo. rogorc wesi, xuntas<br />
warmoadgens samxedroTa jgufi, romelic Zalauflebas revoluciis<br />
an SeiaraRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis gziT igdebs xel-<br />
Si.<br />
j<br />
jihadi jihadi jihadi jihadi jihadi _ `wmin<strong>da</strong> omi~, ufro zustad, `saRvTo brZola~<br />
an `Zalisxmeva~, rac niSnavs islamuri idealebisadmi usazRvro,<br />
yovlismomcvel erTgulebas.<br />
jingoizmi<br />
jingoizmi<br />
jingoizmi jingoizmi<br />
jingoizmi _ ukiduresi enTuziazmis gamoxatuleba,<br />
romelic samxedro gamarjvebebsa <strong>da</strong> axali teritoriebis SemoerTebas<br />
mosdevs.<br />
h<br />
homogenizacia<br />
homogenizacia<br />
homogenizacia homogenizacia<br />
homogenizacia _ gaerTgvarovneba; yvela mxarisa Tu<br />
Semadgeneli nawilis (qveynebis) tendencia <strong>da</strong>emgvanon an<br />
gaigivdnen erTmaneTTan.<br />
hegemonia hegemonia hegemonia hegemonia hegemonia _ berZnuli sityvaa <strong>da</strong> winamZRols niSnavs.<br />
rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> termini gulisxmobs ama Tu im sistemis<br />
erT-erTi elementis upiratesobas yvela <strong>da</strong>narCenTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
hibriduloba<br />
hibriduloba<br />
hibriduloba hibriduloba<br />
hibriduloba _ socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli, aRrevis<br />
mdgomareoba~.<br />
hegemonialuri hegemonialuri hegemonialuri hegemonialuri hegemonialuri stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis stabilurobis <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> <strong>Teoria</strong> (ing.: theory<br />
of hegemonic stability) _ ris Tanaxmad hegemoni saxelmwifos arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi myardeba stabiluri ekonomikuri reJimi<br />
(wyobileba), vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi SeimuSavebs qcevis im wesebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
normebs, romlebic misaRebia sxva monawileTaTvis.<br />
320 321
ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>eca warmoebas 28.05.2009. xelmowerilia <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d<br />
24.07.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 20.<br />
tiraJi 100 egz.<br />
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,<br />
kostavas 77
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