kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevroba tradiciulia da ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo, religiuri erToba da sxv.) da SedarebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnobmegobarTa wre da sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi) da `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili Tvalsazrisi qarTvelTa personalizmisa da individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mier SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturas~, sadac ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba, samegobro, nacnobTa wre da yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSi arsebuli normebi 1 . sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) damoukidebeli ar iyo da qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydeboda. calkeuli individis azrovnebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT dasaxelebuli jgufebiT Semoifargleboda (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) da TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda ufro did socialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze da, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtul normaze, rogoricaa kanoni 2 . vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa da, Tanac, konkretuli maxasiaTeblis dadgenis mcdeloba wingadadgmuli nabijia Cveni kulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxolod dReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tundac kanonTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuli Camoyalibebis asaxsnelad. cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa da sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras, magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, mkafiod ganisazRvros, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis) maxasiaTebliad da ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misi moqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver davaRwevT aRrevasa da bundovanebas, romelsac arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad, g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa da yofis erTmaneTisagan daSoreba qarTuli kulturis erTerTi maxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad da Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis (kanonis) da yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri daSorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi 3 ). Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa da kulturis maxasiaTebelTa gansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva. Cveni Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod, albaT, isic metyvelebs, rom g.niJaraZes saSualeba aqvs imsjelos zemoT dasaxelebuli maxasiaTeblis funqciobasa da rolze qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi, an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ganixilos igi istoriul WrilSi. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs am maxasiaTeblis moqmedebis adaptaciur Rirebulebaze damoukideblobis arqonis pirobebSi: es iyo erT-erTi faqtori, romlis meSveobiT Cven SevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba, ena, kulturuli faseulobebi 4 . es sistema morgebuli 1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7. 2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8. 4 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 96
iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSvnelovanes problemebs gansazRvravda da agvarebda (cudad Tu kargad) viRac, gareSe Zala, morCilebisa da loialobis safasurad~ 1 . marTlac, Cvens istoriaSi friad xangrZlivia periodi, roca gareSe Zala ganagebda qveynis beds, Tanac, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, ara erTi Zala da ara mTliani qveynisa, aramed sxvadasxva Zala _ calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebisa. aseT viTarebaSi, albaT, marTebulia saubari ara `movaleobis grZnobisa~ da `koleqtiuri arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqtis~ ararsebobaze (k.kapaneli), aramed swored mcirejgufovani koleqtivis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaze, anu movaleobisa da pasuxismgeblobis sivrcis siviwroveze. aqedanve gamomdinareobs g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli gawafuloba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaSi, individualur urTierTobaTa damyarebis, partnioris gulis mogebis Cvevebi da, amave dros, sajaro qcevis CvevaTa deficiti. damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi zemoT dasaxelebuli adaptaciuri meqanizmi, cxadia, veRar imuSavebs, amitom qarTuli kulturis winaSe axal viTarebasTan Seguebis amocana dgas. axla davubrundeT individualizmi-koleqtivizmis niSniT kulturaTa (sazogadoebaTa) dasavluroba-aRmosavlurobis gansazRvris problemas. Cveulebriv, individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad miiCneven. aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs Semdegi garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis koleqtivisturi orientacia da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia, vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi 2 . XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs 3 . `Sua saukuneebis dasavleTi iseTive `aradasavluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli danarCeni msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa da reformaciis procesebma, romlebic daupirispirda `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _ saxelmwifosa da eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~ 4 . amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli sazogadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT evropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas. dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas gamoarCeven. saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individualisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata, mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur kulturad Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT gvqonda saubari. holandieli fsiqologis g.hofstedes mier SemoTavazebulia kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli kulturis saxis gansasazRvrad, anu, rogorc Tavad mecnieri uwodebs, `kulturuli ganzomileba~; esaa maskulinoba-feminobis maxasiaTebeli 5 . maskulinuri 1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 2 surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7. 3 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984. 4 muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4. 5 ix.: surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 84-86; niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri. _ Jurn.: dro mSvidobisa, Tb., 2001, 2, gv.79-82. 97
- Page 45 and 46: civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, an
- Page 47 and 48: kulturis gaCenis STambeWdavi magali
- Page 49 and 50: inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva
- Page 51 and 52: imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas
- Page 53 and 54: Tavidan acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs
- Page 55 and 56: meore saintereso mosazrebaa istorii
- Page 57 and 58: gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebi
- Page 59 and 60: saSualebas _ internets _ da saZiebe
- Page 61 and 62: melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT,
- Page 63 and 64: momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis sa
- Page 65 and 66: nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ T
- Page 67 and 68: axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
- Page 69 and 70: aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. c
- Page 71 and 72: egionalizaciis process sWirdeba meT
- Page 73 and 74: imgvarad dasma, rom saqarTvelo auci
- Page 75 and 76: doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis Ti
- Page 77 and 78: naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis pr
- Page 79 and 80: araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcele
- Page 81 and 82: ogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisa
- Page 83 and 84: sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTi
- Page 85 and 86: mis Tavidan acilebas, ubrundeba sak
- Page 87 and 88: gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n
- Page 89 and 90: dasavleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebis
- Page 91 and 92: elementze dayrdnobiT. es imas niSna
- Page 93 and 94: im determinantTagan, romlebze dayrd
- Page 95: gamovlinebas xedavs XVII-XVIII ss.
- Page 99 and 100: nurobis koleqtivizmTan gaigivebis u
- Page 101 and 102: unebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros
- Page 103 and 104: niSniT iyo aRbeWdili: `Cveni qveyan
- Page 105 and 106: iCens Tavs postindustriuli ganviTar
- Page 107 and 108: meti adamianis danaklisi arcTu mcir
- Page 109 and 110: mosaxleobis Semcireba, pirvel rigSi
- Page 111 and 112: CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION TOPIC 1.
- Page 113 and 114: TOPIC 3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES ON A
- Page 115 and 116: consider that modern stage of devel
- Page 117 and 118: 1. Multiculturalizm; 2. Pluralizm;
- Page 119: supranational structures. Democracy
iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSvnelovanes problemebs gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> agvareb<strong>da</strong><br />
(cu<strong>da</strong>d Tu kargad) viRac, gareSe Zala, morCilebisa <strong>da</strong> loialobis safasurad~ 1 .<br />
marTlac, Cvens istoriaSi friad xangrZlivia periodi, roca gareSe Zala ganageb<strong>da</strong><br />
qveynis beds, Tanac, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, ara erTi Zala <strong>da</strong> ara mTliani<br />
qveynisa, aramed sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Zala _ calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebisa. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi, albaT, marTebulia saubari ara `movaleobis grZnobisa~ <strong>da</strong> `koleqtiuri<br />
arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTSenaxvis instinqtis~ ararsebobaze (k.kapaneli), aramed swored<br />
mcirejgufovani koleqtivis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaze, anu movaleobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
pasuxismgeblobis sivrcis siviwroveze. aqe<strong>da</strong>nve gamomdinareobs g.niJaraZis mier<br />
aRniSnuli gawafuloba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaSi, individualur<br />
urTierTobaTa <strong>da</strong>myarebis, partnioris gulis mogebis Cvevebi <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, sajaro<br />
qcevis CvevaTa deficiti.<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptaciuri meqanizmi, cxadia, veRar imuSavebs, amitom qarTuli kulturis winaSe<br />
axal viTarebasTan Seguebis amocana dgas.<br />
axla <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT individualizmi-koleqtivizmis niSniT <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
(sazogadoebaTa) <strong>da</strong>savluroba-aRmosavlurobis gansazRvris problemas. Cveulebriv,<br />
individualizms <strong>da</strong>savlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad miiCneven.<br />
aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, pirobiTia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs Semdegi<br />
garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis koleqtivisturi orientacia<br />
<strong>da</strong>, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia,<br />
vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas<br />
<strong>da</strong> sivrciT ganfenilobas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi 2 . XVI saukunemde <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebic<br />
mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi<br />
tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs 3 .<br />
`Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleTi iseTive `ara<strong>da</strong>savluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />
msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
procesebma, romlebic <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~ 4 . amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli<br />
sazogadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT<br />
evropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri <strong>da</strong> afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur <strong>kultura</strong>s<br />
gamoarCeven.<br />
saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individualisturi<br />
sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. Cveni <strong>kultura</strong>, koleqtivisturi<br />
aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis<br />
aseve koleqtivisturi <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong>emata, mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur <strong>kultura</strong>d<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.<br />
holandieli fsiqologis g.hofstedes mier SemoTavazebulia kidev erTi<br />
maxasiaTebeli kulturis saxis gansasazRvrad, anu, rogorc Tavad mecnieri uwodebs,<br />
`kulturuli ganzomileba~; esaa maskulinoba-feminobis maxasiaTebeli 5 . maskulinuri<br />
1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.<br />
2 surmaniZe l. individualisturi <strong>da</strong> koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi <strong>da</strong> empiriuli<br />
kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.<br />
3 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.<br />
4 muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.<br />
5 ix.: surmaniZe l. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 84-86; niJaraZe g. qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong>: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri. _<br />
Jurn.: dro mSvidobisa, Tb., 2001, 2, gv.79-82.<br />
97
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