kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
karCaketilobis politika mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo Cinelebis warmodgeniT sakuTar Tavze, rogorc msoflios centrze, agreTve yvela sxva xalxze Cinuri kulturis upiratesobis mtkice rwmeniT. CineTis izolacia, iseve, rogorc iaponiisa, dasavleTis iaraRis meSveobiT dasrulda, romelic 1839-1842 wlebis opiumis omis dros gamoiyena inglisma. rogorc magaliTebidan vxedavT, XIX saukuneSi dasavluri saxelmwifoebi Sanss ar utovebdnen aradasavlur sazogadoebebs, ganexorcielebinaT absoluturad karCaketili politika. meoce saukuneSi momxdarma winsvlam satransporto da sakomunikacio saSualebaTa sferoSi, agreTve globalurma urTierTdamokidebulebam ganze dgoma did fufunebad aqcia. modernizaciis, iseve rogorc vesternizaciis sruli uaryofa naklebad realuria im msoflioSi, romelic dRiTidRe sul ufro Tanamedrove da urTierTdakavSirebuli xdeba. aseTi fufunebis ufleba mxolod patara, izolirebulma sasoflo Temma Tu SeiZleba misces Tavs, romlis miswrafebebi saarsebo minimumis iqiT ar midis. `mxolod yvelaze eqstremisti fundamentalistebi~, _ wers daniel faipsi islamTan dakavSirebiT, `uaryofen rogorc modernizacias, ise vesternizacias. isini mdinareSi yrian televizorebs, krZalaven majis saaTis tarebas, uars acxadeben Sidawvis Zravis moxmarebaze. magram maTi samoqmedo gegmis ararealuroba msgavs jgufebs mimzidvelobas ukargavs; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki (magaliTad, ien izala kanoSi, sadaTis mkvlelebi, meqas meCeTze Tavdamsxmelebi, dayvas zogierTi dajgufeba malaiziaSi) — xelisuflebasTan sisxlian SetakebebSi gancdilma marcxma mogvianebiT maTi TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba gamoiwvia.~ ukvalod gaqroba — aseTia sruli uaryofis politikis zogadi perspeqtiva meoce saukunis miwuruls. fanatizmi, toinbis sityviT rom vTqvaT, ubralod, arasicoclisunariani arCevania. qemalizmi. meore SesaZlo pasuxi dasavleTisadmi aris toinbiseuli herodianizmi, anu rogorc modernizaciis, ise vesternizaciis miReba. aseTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs warmodgenidan, rom modernizacia sasurveli da aucilebelia, da rom adgilobrivi kultura SeuTavsebelia modernizaciasTan, amitom masze uari unda iTqvas, an igi unda ganadgurdes. sazogadoeba srulad unda vesternizdes, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes warmatebiT modernizeba. modernizacia da vesternizacia aZlierebs urTierTs da isini Tanadroulad unda warimarTon. msgavsi damokidebuleba gamoxatulia mecxramete saukunis dasasrulis zogierTi iaponeli da Cineli moazrovnis msjelobebSi, romelTa mixedviT, modernizaciisaTvis saWiroa, rom maTma sazogadoebebma daiviwyon TavianT istoriuli enebi da aRiaron inglisuri, rogorc saxelmwifo ena. es Sexeduleba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ufro dasavlur wreebSi iyo popularuli, vidre aradasavlur elitebSi. misi mTavari principia: `Tu ginda warmatebas miaRwio, Cvennairi unda gaxde; es erTaderTi gamosavalia~. argumenti ki isaa, rom `[aradasavlur] sazogadoebaTa religiuri Rirebulebebi, zneobrivi normebi da sazogadoebrivi wyoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ucxoa, Tu ara mtruli, industrializmis Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebisadmi.~ aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri ganviTareba moiTxovs cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis mkveTr da Zireul reorganizacias, da, xSirad, Tavad am civilizaciis xalxis mier arsebobis saazrisis xelaxla gaazrebas.~ igive azrs imeorebs faipsi islamze msjelobisas:`anomiis Tavidan asarideblad, muslimebs mxolo erTi gza darCeniaT, radgan modernizacia vesternizacias gulisxmobs... islami ar gvTavazobs alternatiul gzas modernizebisaTvis... sekularizmis daTmoba warmoudgenelia, Tanamedrove mecniereba da teqnologia moiTxovs misi Tanamdevi saazrovno procesebis gaTavisebas; igive situaciaa politikur institutebTan dakavSirebiTac. Sinaaarsic iseve unda iyos aTvisebuli, rogorc garegnuli forma. dasavluri civilizaciis pirveloba imTaviTve unda iyos 86
gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n). evropuli enebi da dasavluri saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi savaldebuloa, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanasknelni marTlac xels uwyoben Tavisufal azrovnebasa da uzrunvelyofil cxovrebas. muslimebi mxolod maSin miaRweven iseT mdgomareobas, roca SesaZlebeli iqneba teqnikuri siaxleebis aTviseba da Semdgom ganviTareba, Tu isini upirobod miiReben dasavlur models~. samoci wliT adre, vidre es sityvebi daiwereboda, mustafa qemal aTaTurqi msgavs daskvnamde mivida da otomanTa imperiis nangrevebidan axali TurqeTi Seqmna, didi Zalisxmeva gaswia rogorc misi vesternizebis, aseve modernizebisaTvis. am kursis arCeviTa da muslimuri warsulis uaryofiT aTaTurqma TurqeTi `gaxleCil qveynad~ aqcia, romlis sazogadoeba muslimuri iyo Tavisi religiiT, memkvidreobiT, CveulebebiT da institutebiT, magram hyavda mmarTveli elita, romelsac ganzraxuli hqonda misi gaTanamedroveoba, dasavlur yaidaze mowyoba da dasavleTTan yofna. XX saukunis bolosaTvis ramdenime qveyana adgas qemalistur gzas, isini cdiloben Secvalon aradasavluri identuroba dasavluriT. maTi mcdelobebi gaanalizebulia meeqvse TavSi. reformizmi. uaryofa gulisxmobs sazogadoebis izolirebis uimedo mcdelobas Tanamedrove cvalebad samyaroSi. qemalizmi niSnavs Znel da mtkivneul gzas saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli kulturis ngrevisa da misi Canacvlebisa sxva civilizaciidan Semotanili (nasesxebi) kulturiT. mesame gza gulisxmobs modernizaciis Sexamebas adgilobrivi kulturis umTavresi faseulobebTan, CveulebebTan da institutebTan. rasakvirvelia, es mimarTuleba yvelaze ufro popularuli iyo aradasavlur elitebs Soris. CineTSi cinis dinastiis mmarTvelobis bolo xanebSi aqtualuri iyo devizi `ti-iongi~: Cinuri swavleba _ fundamenturi principebisaTvis, dasavluri swavleba _ praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis.~ iaponiaSi es iyo `vakon, iosei~ (iaponuri suli, dasavluri teqnika~). 1830-iani wlebis egvipteSi muhamed alim scada `teqnikuri modernizaciis Catareba seriozuli kulturuli vesternizaciis gareSe~. Tumca es mcdeloba kraxiT damTavrda; britaneTma aiZula igi, uari eTqva mTel rig reformebze, romlebic modernizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli. amis Sedegad, rogorc ali mazrui SeniSnavs, `egviptes ar ewera iaponiis bedi teqnikuri modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis gareSe, arc aTaTurqiseuli bedi teqnikuri modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis saSualebiT~. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi jamal al-din al-avRanma, muhamed abdulam da sxva reformatorebma kvlav scades islamisa da Tanamedroveobis urTierTmorgeba, amtkicebdnen ra `islamis Tavsebadobas Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan da dasavluri azrovnebis saukeTeso momentebTan~, cdilobdnen muslimuri dasabuTeba moeZebnaT Tanamedrove ideebisa da institutebis (iqneboda es samecniero, teqnikuri Tu politikuri _ konstitucionalizmi da warmomadgenlobiTi mTavroba) misaRebad safuZvlis momzadebisaTvis.~ es ukve farTo reformatoruli moZraoba iyo, romelic, midioda ra qemalizmis gziT, ara marto moderniziaciisken iswarfvoda, aramed zogierTi dasavluri institutis aTvisebis- Tvisac iyo mzad. aseTi saxis reformizmi muslimuri elitebis mxridan dasavleTisadmi yvelaze gavrcelebuli pasuxi iyo ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1870-iani wlebidan 1920-ian wlebamde, sanam igi ar waawyda gamowveveas jer qemalizmis, xolo mogvianebiT _ fundamentalisturi formis ufro daxvewili reformizmis mxridan. uaryofis politika, qemalizmi da reformizmi efuZneba sxvadasxva warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris SesaZlebeli da ra _ sasurveli. uaryofis politikisaTvis orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ arasasurvelia da SesaZlebelia orives uaryofa. qemalizmisaTvis orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ sasurvelia, 87
- Page 35 and 36: momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami
- Page 37 and 38: warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romli
- Page 39 and 40: Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba
- Page 41 and 42: warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi.
- Page 43 and 44: centralizebuli biourokratiuli imper
- Page 45 and 46: civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, an
- Page 47 and 48: kulturis gaCenis STambeWdavi magali
- Page 49 and 50: inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva
- Page 51 and 52: imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas
- Page 53 and 54: Tavidan acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs
- Page 55 and 56: meore saintereso mosazrebaa istorii
- Page 57 and 58: gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebi
- Page 59 and 60: saSualebas _ internets _ da saZiebe
- Page 61 and 62: melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT,
- Page 63 and 64: momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis sa
- Page 65 and 66: nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ T
- Page 67 and 68: axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
- Page 69 and 70: aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. c
- Page 71 and 72: egionalizaciis process sWirdeba meT
- Page 73 and 74: imgvarad dasma, rom saqarTvelo auci
- Page 75 and 76: doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis Ti
- Page 77 and 78: naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis pr
- Page 79 and 80: araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcele
- Page 81 and 82: ogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisa
- Page 83 and 84: sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTi
- Page 85: mis Tavidan acilebas, ubrundeba sak
- Page 89 and 90: dasavleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebis
- Page 91 and 92: elementze dayrdnobiT. es imas niSna
- Page 93 and 94: im determinantTagan, romlebze dayrd
- Page 95 and 96: gamovlinebas xedavs XVII-XVIII ss.
- Page 97 and 98: iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSv
- Page 99 and 100: nurobis koleqtivizmTan gaigivebis u
- Page 101 and 102: unebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros
- Page 103 and 104: niSniT iyo aRbeWdili: `Cveni qveyan
- Page 105 and 106: iCens Tavs postindustriuli ganviTar
- Page 107 and 108: meti adamianis danaklisi arcTu mcir
- Page 109 and 110: mosaxleobis Semcireba, pirvel rigSi
- Page 111 and 112: CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION TOPIC 1.
- Page 113 and 114: TOPIC 3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES ON A
- Page 115 and 116: consider that modern stage of devel
- Page 117 and 118: 1. Multiculturalizm; 2. Pluralizm;
- Page 119: supranational structures. Democracy
karCaketilobis politika mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo Cinelebis<br />
warmodgeniT sakuTar Tavze, rogorc msoflios centrze, agreTve yvela sxva xalxze<br />
Cinuri kulturis upiratesobis mtkice rwmeniT. CineTis izolacia, iseve, rogorc<br />
iaponiisa, <strong>da</strong>savleTis iaraRis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, romelic 1839-1842 wlebis<br />
opiumis omis dros gamoiyena inglisma. rogorc magaliTebi<strong>da</strong>n vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, XIX saukuneSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri saxelmwifoebi Sanss ar utovebdnen ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebs,<br />
ganexorcielebinaT absoluturad karCaketili politika.<br />
meoce saukuneSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma winsvlam satransporto <strong>da</strong> sakomunikacio saSualebaTa<br />
sferoSi, agreTve globalurma urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam ganze dgoma did fufunebad<br />
aqcia. modernizaciis, iseve rogorc vesternizaciis sruli uaryofa naklebad<br />
realuria im msoflioSi, romelic dRiTidRe sul ufro Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
xdeba. aseTi fufunebis ufleba mxolod patara, izolirebulma<br />
sasoflo Temma Tu SeiZleba misces Tavs, romlis miswrafebebi saarsebo minimumis iqiT<br />
ar midis. `mxolod yvelaze eqstremisti fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistebi~, _ wers <strong>da</strong>niel faipsi<br />
islamTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, `uaryofen rogorc <strong>modernizacia</strong>s, ise vesternizacias. isini<br />
mdinareSi yrian televizorebs, krZalaven majis saaTis tarebas, uars acxadeben<br />
Si<strong>da</strong>wvis Zravis moxmarebaze. magram maTi samoqmedo gegmis ararealuroba msgavs<br />
jgufebs mimzidvelobas ukargavs; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki (magaliTad, ien izala<br />
kanoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>Tis mkvlelebi, meqas meCeTze Tav<strong>da</strong>msxmelebi, <strong>da</strong>yvas zogierTi <strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
malaiziaSi) — xelisuflebasTan sisxlian SetakebebSi gancdilma marcxma mogvianebiT<br />
maTi TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba gamoiwvia.~ ukvalod gaqroba — aseTia sruli uaryofis<br />
politikis zogadi perspeqtiva meoce saukunis miwuruls. fanatizmi, toinbis sityviT<br />
rom vTqvaT, ubralod, arasicoclisunariani arCevania.<br />
qemalizmi. meore SesaZlo pasuxi <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi aris toinbiseuli herodianizmi,<br />
anu rogorc modernizaciis, ise vesternizaciis miReba. aseTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs<br />
warmodgeni<strong>da</strong>n, rom <strong>modernizacia</strong> sasurveli <strong>da</strong> aucilebelia, <strong>da</strong> rom adgilobrivi<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> SeuTavsebelia <strong>modernizacia</strong>sTan, amitom masze uari un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, an igi un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganadgurdes. sazogadoeba srulad un<strong>da</strong> vesternizdes, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes<br />
warmatebiT modernizeba. <strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong> vesternizacia aZlierebs urTierTs <strong>da</strong><br />
isini Tanadroulad un<strong>da</strong> warimarTon. msgavsi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gamoxatulia<br />
mecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis zogierTi iaponeli <strong>da</strong> Cineli moazrovnis<br />
msjelobebSi, romelTa mixedviT, modernizaciisaTvis saWiroa, rom maTma sazogadoebebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>iviwyon TavianT istoriuli enebi <strong>da</strong> aRiaron inglisuri, rogorc<br />
saxelmwifo ena. es Sexeduleba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ufro <strong>da</strong>savlur wreebSi iyo<br />
popularuli, vidre ara<strong>da</strong>savlur elitebSi. misi mTavari principia: `Tu gin<strong>da</strong><br />
warmatebas miaRwio, Cvennairi un<strong>da</strong> gaxde; es erTaderTi gamosavalia~. argumenti ki<br />
isaa, rom `[ara<strong>da</strong>savlur] sazogadoebaTa religiuri Rirebulebebi, zneobrivi normebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi wyoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ucxoa, Tu ara mtruli,<br />
industrializmis Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebisadmi.~ aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTareba moiTxovs cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mkveTr <strong>da</strong> Zireul<br />
reorganizacias, <strong>da</strong>, xSirad, Tavad am civilizaciis xalxis mier arsebobis saazrisis<br />
xelaxla gaazrebas.~ igive azrs imeorebs faipsi islamze msjelobisas:`anomiis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
asarideblad, muslimebs mxolo erTi gza <strong>da</strong>rCeniaT, radgan <strong>modernizacia</strong> vesternizacias<br />
gulisxmobs... islami ar gvTavazobs alternatiul gzas modernizebisaTvis...<br />
sekularizmis <strong>da</strong>Tmoba warmoudgenelia, Tanamedrove mecniereba <strong>da</strong> teqnologia<br />
moiTxovs misi Tanamdevi saazrovno procesebis gaTavisebas; igive situaciaa<br />
politikur institutebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac. Sinaaarsic iseve un<strong>da</strong> iyos aTvisebuli,<br />
rogorc garegnuli <strong>for</strong>ma. <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis pirveloba imTaviTve un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
86
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