kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
meqisaken pirSeqceuli aRavlenen, bombs amzadebdnen amerikuli samgzavro TviTmfrinavis asafeTqeblad. 1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi amerikelebi yovelgvari `iaponizirebis~ gareSe moixmardnen milionobiT iaponur manqanas, televizors, kameras da eleqtronul xelsawyos, metic _ es yvelaferi iaponiisadmi antagonisturi damokidebulebis fonze xdeboda. mxolod gulubryvilo ampartavnoba Tu afiqrebinebs dasavlelebs, rom aradasavlelebi `vesternizdebian~ dasavluri saqonlis SeZenis Sedegad. marTlacda sasaciloa, rodesac dasavlelebi TavianT civilizacias aigiveben SuSxuna sasmelebTan, gaxunebul jinsebTan da sendviCTan. universaluri popularuli kulturis ufro daxvewili versia yuradRebas amaxvilebas ara samomxmareblo saqonelze, ara koka-kolaze, aramed mediasa da holivudze. amerikis gavlena msoflio kinoze, televiziasa da konoproduqciaze aRemateba kidec amerikis poziciebs saaviacio mrewvelobaSi. 1993 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, 100 yvelaze popularuli filmidan 88 amerikuli iyo. ori amerikuli da ori evropuli organizacia dominirebs globaluri masStabiT axali ambebis mopovebasa da gavrcelebaSi. aq erTmaneTisgan unda gavmijnoT ori movlena. pirveli _ esaa sayovelTao moTxovnileba produqciaze, romelic dakavSirebulia siyvarulTan, seqsTan, ZaladobasTan, idumal ambebTan, gmirobasTan, simdiresTan; agreTve mogebaze orientirebuli kompaniebis (pirvel rigSi, amerikuli) unari _ gamoiyenon es moTxovnileba sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. Zalian cotaa an saerTod ar arsebobs argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom vifiqroT, TiTqos globaluri komunikaciis saSualebaTa gasayovelTaoebas gamoewvios mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi adamianTa warmodgenebsa da rwmenaSi. `garToba~, ambobda maikl vlaxosi, `sulac ar niSnavs kulturuli saxis Secvlas.~ meore: adamianebi siaxleebs aRiqvamen imTaviTve gansazRvruli Rirebulebebis da Tvalsawieris poziciidan (e.i. Taviseburad). `erTi da igive vizualuri gamosaxulebis gadmocema planetis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~, amtkicebs kiSore mahbubani, `sxvadasxvanair aRqmas iwvevs. dasavleTSi aplodismentebiT Sexvdebian mfrinavi raketebiT baRdadis dabombvis kadrebs, xolo sxvebi dainaxaven, rom feradkaniani erayelebi da somalelebi, TeTrkaniani serbebisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro metad isjebian dasavleTis mier — sagangaSo signalia yvela TvalsazrisiT.~ globaluri kavSiris saSualebebi dasavluri gavlenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, es ukanaskneli saSualebas aZlevs aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa populist politikosebs, lanZRon dasavluri kulturuli imperializmi da darazmon TavianTi sazogadoebebi gaqrobis piras myofi sakuTari kulturebis erTianobis dacvisa da gadarCenisaTvis. globalur komunikaciaTa sferoSi dasavleTis gavlenis masStabebi dasavleTisadmi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa mtruli da uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mTavar wyarod (mizezad) gvevlineba. metic, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa modernizaciam da ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba adgilobrivi da regionuli mediaindustriis gaCena, romlis muSaoba gaTvlili iyo iqauri sazogadoebebis gemovnebaze. magaliTad, 1994 wels, CNN International daadgina, rom mas hyavda 55 milioniani potenciuri mayurebeli, anu msoflio mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 1 procenti (saocaria, rom es raodenoba emTxveva `davosis kulturis~ matarebeli xalxis raodenobas), misma prezidentma ki ganacxada, rom inglisurenovanma gadacemebma, sabolood, SeiZleba bazris mxolo 2-4 procenti Seadginos. maSasadame, regionuli (e.i. civilizaciuri) telekompaniebi daiwyeben gadacemebs espanurad, iaponurad, arabulad, frangulad (dasavleT afrikisaTvis) da sxva enebze. `globalur redaqcias~, sami mkvlevris daskvniT, `kvlav ewinaaRmdegeba babilonis godoli~. ronald dors moyavs diplomatiur wreebsa da sazogado moRvaweebSi globaluri inteleqtualuri 46
kulturis gaCenis STambeWdavi magaliTi, Tumca sabolood midis avtoritetul daskvnamde, romelic dakavSirebulia komunikaciebis intensifikaciis gavlenasTan: `rogorc wesi [xazgasma avtoris], komunikaciebis SemWidroebam da daxvewam unda uzrunvelyos safuZveli urTierTobaTa daTbobisaTvis naciebs Soris, sul cota _ saSualo klasebs Soris, an, Tundac, diplomatiur wreebSi~, Tumca, dasZens igi, `wesi yovelTvis ar wesobs.~ ena. nebismieri kulturisa Tu civilizaciis mTavari elementi aris ena da religia. Tu universaluri civilizacia iqmneba, maSin unda SeimCneodes universaluri enisa da universaluri religiis Seqmnis tendenciebi. msgavsi mosazreba xSirad gvesmis enasTan dakavSirebiT. `msoflio enas inglisuri warmoadgens~, rogorc es `uol strit jornalis~ redaqtorma ganacxada. aq SeiZleba ori ram vigulixmoT, romelTagan mxolod erTi Tu amarTlebs mosazrebas universaluri civilizaciis arsebobis Tu gaCenis Taobaze. SeiZleba, es niSnavdes, rom msoflios mosaxleobis mzardi nawili laparakobs inglisurad. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs am mosazrebis sasargeblod, da yvelaze ufro sando monacemebi, romelic, marTalia, ver iqneba sul zusti, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gviCvenebs. sam aTwleulze ufro xangrZlivi periodis (1958-1992 ww.) monacemebi metyvelebs, rom enis moxmarebis saerTo suraTi bolo wlebSi msoflioSi kardinalurad ar Secvlila, sagrZnoblad Semcirda inglisurad, frangulad, germanulad, rusulad da iaponurad molaparake xalxis wili, mcire kleba SeimCneva mandarinis dialeqtze molaparake xalxis saerTo wilisa, mateba _ indurad, malai-indoneziurad, arabulad, bengalurad, espanurad, portugaliurad da sxva enebze molaparake xalxisa. 1958 wels saerTaSoriso enebs Soris (romelzec, sul cota, 1 milioni adamiani laparakobs) inglisurad molaparakeTa procentuli maCvenebeli msoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 9.8 precents Seadgenda, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis misi wili 7.6 procentamde Semcirda (ix. cxrili 3.1). wyaro: procentuli monacemebi gamoTvlilia prof.sidni s.qiulbertis (q.sietlis vaSingtonis universiteti, fsiqologiis kaTedra) mier Tavmoyrili masalis safuZvelze. yovelwliuri gamocema World Almanac and Book of Facts gvawvdis monacemebs, Tu ramdeni adamiani saubrobs enebze, romlebze molaparakeTa ricxvi milionia an milions aWarbebs. qiulbertis monacemebSi Sevida rogorc mSobliur, aseve aramSobliur enaze molaparake xalxi. masalebi Segrovebulia mosaxleobis aRwerebis, SerCeviTi da saeTero gamokiTxvebis, aseve mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebis da skolebis mixedviT. xuT ZiriTad evropul enaze (inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, portugaliuri, espanuri) molaparakeTa raodenoba, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 24.1 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis am maCvenebelma 20.8 procentamde iklo. 1992 wels, uxeSad rom viangariSoT, daaxloebiT orjer meti adamiani laparakobda Cinurad (msoflios mosaxleobis 15.2 procenti), vidre inglisurad, da damatebiT kidev 3.6 procenti saubrobda Cinuris sxva versiebze (ix. cxrili 3.2). erTis mxriv, ena, romelic msoflios mosaxleobis 92 procentisaTvis ucxoa, ver iqneba msoflio ena. Tumca, meore mxriv, Cven SeiZleba mas ase vuwodoT, radgan es aris ena, romelsac msoflios sxvadasxva enobrivi jgufebisa da kulturebis xalxi iyenebs erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyarebisaTvis, anu is realurad msoflios lingua franka-a _ lingvisturi termini rom moviSvelioT, farTo saurTierTobo enas warmoadgnes. Tu adamianebs surT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyareba, unda gamonaxon saamiso 47
- Page 1 and 2: socialur mecnierebaTa seria kultura
- Page 3 and 4: sarCevi Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da
- Page 5 and 6: maSasadame, farTo azriT, kulturis c
- Page 7 and 8: tradicia tradicia _ wina Taobebidan
- Page 9 and 10: gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic ar gu
- Page 11 and 12: aqvs umciresobis kulturis ama Tu im
- Page 13 and 14: axasiaTebs komunitarul struqturebs
- Page 15 and 16: asakobrivi rolebis Tanamedroveobisa
- Page 17 and 18: ogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis dasas
- Page 19 and 20: akulturuli Teoriebi midrekilni aria
- Page 21 and 22: Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia moder
- Page 23 and 24: ac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrc
- Page 25 and 26: SeiZleba migviyvanos aRmosavleT-das
- Page 27 and 28: koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; damok
- Page 29 and 30: tipologizeba diqotomiuri sqemebis m
- Page 31 and 32: aucileblobaze 1 . e.saidma saWirod
- Page 33 and 34: islamistebis gaaqtiureba, romlebic
- Page 35 and 36: momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami
- Page 37 and 38: warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romli
- Page 39 and 40: Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba
- Page 41 and 42: warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi.
- Page 43 and 44: centralizebuli biourokratiuli imper
- Page 45: civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, an
- Page 49 and 50: inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva
- Page 51 and 52: imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas
- Page 53 and 54: Tavidan acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs
- Page 55 and 56: meore saintereso mosazrebaa istorii
- Page 57 and 58: gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebi
- Page 59 and 60: saSualebas _ internets _ da saZiebe
- Page 61 and 62: melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT,
- Page 63 and 64: momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis sa
- Page 65 and 66: nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ T
- Page 67 and 68: axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
- Page 69 and 70: aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. c
- Page 71 and 72: egionalizaciis process sWirdeba meT
- Page 73 and 74: imgvarad dasma, rom saqarTvelo auci
- Page 75 and 76: doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis Ti
- Page 77 and 78: naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis pr
- Page 79 and 80: araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcele
- Page 81 and 82: ogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisa
- Page 83 and 84: sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTi
- Page 85 and 86: mis Tavidan acilebas, ubrundeba sak
- Page 87 and 88: gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n
- Page 89 and 90: dasavleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebis
- Page 91 and 92: elementze dayrdnobiT. es imas niSna
- Page 93 and 94: im determinantTagan, romlebze dayrd
- Page 95 and 96: gamovlinebas xedavs XVII-XVIII ss.
kulturis gaCenis STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi magaliTi, Tumca sabolood midis avtoritetul<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia komunikaciebis intensifikaciis gavlenasTan:<br />
`rogorc wesi [xazgasma avtoris], komunikaciebis SemWidroebam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvewam un<strong>da</strong><br />
uzrunvelyos safuZveli urTierTobaTa <strong>da</strong>TbobisaTvis naciebs Soris, sul cota _<br />
saSualo klasebs Soris, an, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, diplomatiur wreebSi~, Tumca, <strong>da</strong>sZens igi, `wesi<br />
yovelTvis ar wesobs.~<br />
ena. nebismieri kulturisa Tu civilizaciis mTavari elementi aris ena <strong>da</strong> religia.<br />
Tu universaluri civilizacia iqmneba, maSin un<strong>da</strong> SeimCneodes universaluri enisa <strong>da</strong><br />
universaluri religiis Seqmnis tendenciebi. msgavsi mosazreba xSirad gvesmis enasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. `msoflio enas inglisuri warmoadgens~, rogorc es `uol strit<br />
jornalis~ re<strong>da</strong>qtorma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>. aq SeiZleba ori ram vigulixmoT, romelTagan<br />
mxolod erTi Tu amarTlebs mosazrebas universaluri civilizaciis arsebobis Tu<br />
gaCenis Taobaze. SeiZleba, es niSnavdes, rom msoflios mosaxleobis mzardi nawili<br />
laparakobs inglisurad. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs am mosazrebis<br />
sasargeblod, <strong>da</strong> yvelaze ufro sando monacemebi, romelic, marTalia, ver iqneba sul<br />
zusti, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gviCvenebs. sam aTwleulze ufro xangrZlivi periodis<br />
(1958-1992 ww.) monacemebi metyvelebs, rom enis moxmarebis saerTo suraTi bolo wlebSi<br />
msoflioSi kardinalurad ar Secvlila, sagrZnoblad Semcir<strong>da</strong> inglisurad,<br />
frangulad, germanulad, rusulad <strong>da</strong> iaponurad molaparake xalxis wili, mcire kleba<br />
SeimCneva man<strong>da</strong>rinis dialeqtze molaparake xalxis saerTo wilisa, mateba _ indurad,<br />
malai-indoneziurad, arabulad, bengalurad, espanurad, portugaliurad <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
enebze molaparake xalxisa. 1958 wels saerTaSoriso enebs Soris (romelzec, sul cota,<br />
1 milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani laparakobs) inglisurad molaparakeTa procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
msoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 9.8 precents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1992<br />
wlisaTvis misi wili 7.6 procentamde Semcir<strong>da</strong> (ix. cxrili 3.1).<br />
wyaro: procentuli monacemebi gamoTvlilia prof.sidni s.qiulbertis (q.sietlis<br />
vaSingtonis universiteti, fsiqologiis kaTedra) mier Tavmoyrili masalis<br />
safuZvelze. yovelwliuri gamocema World Almanac and Book of Facts gvawvdis monacemebs,<br />
Tu ramdeni a<strong>da</strong>miani saubrobs enebze, romlebze molaparakeTa ricxvi milionia an<br />
milions aWarbebs. qiulbertis monacemebSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> rogorc mSobliur, aseve<br />
aramSobliur enaze molaparake xalxi. masalebi Segrovebulia mosaxleobis aRwerebis,<br />
SerCeviTi <strong>da</strong> saeTero gamokiTxvebis, aseve mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebis <strong>da</strong><br />
skolebis mixedviT.<br />
xuT ZiriTad evropul enaze (inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, portugaliuri,<br />
espanuri) molaparakeTa raodenoba, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios mosaxleobis<br />
saerTo raodenobis 24.1 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis am maCvenebelma 20.8<br />
procentamde iklo. 1992 wels, uxeSad rom viangariSoT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT orjer meti<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani laparakob<strong>da</strong> Cinurad (msoflios mosaxleobis 15.2 procenti), vidre<br />
inglisurad, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiT kidev 3.6 procenti saubrob<strong>da</strong> Cinuris sxva versiebze (ix.<br />
cxrili 3.2).<br />
erTis mxriv, ena, romelic msoflios mosaxleobis 92 procentisaTvis ucxoa, ver<br />
iqneba msoflio ena. Tumca, meore mxriv, Cven SeiZleba mas ase vuwodoT, radgan es aris<br />
ena, romelsac msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enobrivi jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturebis xalxi iyenebs<br />
erTmaneTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis, anu is realurad msoflios lingua franka-a<br />
_ lingvisturi termini rom moviSvelioT, farTo saurTierTobo enas warmoadgnes. Tu<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs surT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba, un<strong>da</strong> gamonaxon saamiso<br />
47
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