kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
da kulturuli formebis gavlenis Sedegi, rogorc maTi `difuzia~. sociokulturul WrilSi modernizacia unda warmarTuliyo rogorc moZraoba `avtoritetulobidan Tavisuflebisaken~, rogorc dromoWmuli tradiciebis gardaqmna da gadalaxva, teqnikur efeqturobaSi ganxorcielebuli racionalobis damkvidreba da saparlamento demokratiis gafarToebaze damyarebuli axali politikuri kulturis aTviseba. sazogadoebaTa dayofa `dasavleT-aRmosavleTis~ diqotomiis safuZvelze gulisxmobda maT dayofas `ganviTarebis unaris mqone~, `mowinave~ da `CamorCenil~ sazogadoebebad. am ukanasknelTaTivis ki gardauvali iyo saerTo gzisaTvis gverdis avla. am process Tan axlavs dasavluri faseulobebis, normebis da qcevis stereotipebs aucilebeli sesxeba. xSirad, modernizacia gaigeba rogorc avtoritarizmisa da despotizmis gadalaxva, qcevisa da sazogadoebis regulaciis tradiciuli formebis TandaTanobiTi gandevna da maTi axali, gonivrulobisa da mecnierul principebze dayrebuli formebiT Canacvleba. ucvleli da dromoWmuli wesrigidan sazogadoeba gadadis mudmivi cvlilebebisa da srulyofis procesisaken. aseTi principebi sxvadasxva variaciebiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes liberalur, reformatorul an socialistur mimarTulebebSi. aradasavluri kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavla Seesabameboda `istorizmis~ im ganwyobas, romlis mixedviT warsulis istoriam `Caiara~ da amitom unda Seicvalos axali, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT. naSromebi, romlebic aRmosavluri kulturebis Zveli da klasikuri periodis istoriisa da aradasavluri sazogadoebebis struqturisa da funqciobis kvlevas eZRvneboda mxolod erTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleoden _ am sazogadoebaTa tipis cvlileba gardauvali iyo reformebis an revoluciis gziT. civilizaciuri TvalTaxedviT, modernizaciis Teoria Tavdapirvelad `Zveli~ civilizaciebis `gadalaxvasa~ da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis progresis universaluri gzis dasaxvaSi mdgomareobda. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis Teoria socialurobis, rogorc tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis, CamorCenilobisa da ganviTarebulobis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda. aseTi midgomis farglebSi tradicia aRiqmeboda rogorc Semaferxebeli Zala, romlis Sesusteba da gadalaxva uzrunvelyofda Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli sistemis damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas. arsebobda tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli im `naklovani Taviseburebebis~ CamonaTvali, romelic xels uSlida da aferxebda imitaciur modernizacias. am CamonaTvalSi Sedioda socialuri struqturis Semdegi Taviseburebani: askriptiuli kavSirebi: urTierTvaldebulebebi ojaxisa da naTesaobis farglebSi, megobruli da klanuri kavSirebi, mcire jgufebi, sazogadoebrivi azri; am kavSirebidan gamomdinare, koleqtiuri warmodgenebis upiratesoba da individis jgufisagan ganuyofeloba; lokalur erTeulebsa da teritoriebze mijaWvuloba; kasturi da klasobrivi barierebi; mkacri msoflmxedvelobrivi kontroli, orientirebuli saboloo da maradiul Rirebulebebze sawinaaRmdegod instrumentuli faseulobebisa, romlebic yoveldRiur praqtikul qcevas aregulireben. gardaqmnebis damabrkolebel kulturul winaaRmdegobebad miCneuli iyo Semdegi Rirebulebebi: `samuSao~ drois ignorireba, yoveldRiuri da Seupavari Sromis unaris arqona, fatalizmi, eTnocentrizmi, siamayisa da Rirsebis gamZafrebuli gancda, moridebulobis konservatiuli normebi, adgilobrivi politikuri avtoritetebis pativiscema da `sakuTar~ miwasTan mijaWvuloba, Cuqebis rogorc gacvlis formisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba da a.S. kulturis struqturaSi aRiniSneba gaxleCa maRal moralur orientaciebsa da adamianuri yofis realuri pirobebis ugulvebelyofas Soris, problemebis realuri gadaWris Tavidan arideba, statusis, genderuli da 14
asakobrivi rolebis TanamedroveobisaTvis araadekvaturi diferenciacia. komunikaciuri barierTa ricxvs miakuTvneben mSobliur enasTan, wes-CveulebasTan, tradiciul etiketTan da mijaWvulobas. kulturul-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, motoruli nimuSebi da sxeulis Cveuli poziciebi aseve miiCneva rogorc winaaRmdegoba axlis aTvisebaSi. tradiciis rogorc modernizaciis damabrkolebeli garemoebis aseT anTropologiuri diskreditacias Tan erTvoda civilizaciuric. es pirvel rigSi religias exeboda. m.veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, aradasavluri religiebi ar miiCnevian modernizaciuli potenciis matareblad. amgvarad, Tanamedroveoba am konteqstSi upirispirdeba tradiciuls. socialurkulturuli TvalsazrisiT, am Tanamedroveobis matareblad miiCneva individi rogorc pirovneba, romelmac Tavi daaRwia askriptiul kavSirebs da romelic sakmaod Tavisufalia qcevasa da azrovnebaSi. es aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebaa, romelic ar aris SeboWili koleqtiuri avtoritetebiT. mis maxasiaTeblebad miiCneva mzadyofna gardaqmnebisaTvis da maTSi aqtiuri monawileoba. es pirovneba racionaluri gegmis mixedviT moqmedebs. XX saukunis udidesi nawili manZilze tradiciisa da diskreditacia da modernizaciis apologia Tanaarsebobda kolonializmis kritikisa da aradasavluri sazogadoebebis TviTmyofadobis dacvasTan erTad. sazogadoebrivi azris mier vesternizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis gacnobiereba koloniur periodSi xdeboda, imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom sul ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda aradasavlur sazogadoebebze dasavluri kulturis gavlenis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. dasavluri kulturis SeTvisebis periods mohyva brZola dekolonizaciisa da aziis, afrikisa da laTinoamerikuli qveynebis TviTmyofadobisa da damoukideblobisaTvis. 1960-iani wlebis bolomde samecniero literaturaSi Warbobda Sromebi, romlebic tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda da romlebSic aradasavluri sazogadoebebis Zveli memkvidreoba ganixileboda rogorc udavo dabrkoleba modernizaciis gzaze. Sesabamisad, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT upiratesoba eniWeba utilitarizmis, sekularizmisa da racionalizmis Rirebulebebs. magram 1970-iani wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi arsebulma mravalricxovanma sirTulem, warumatebelma modernizaciam da revoluciurma Zvrebma mkvlevrebi aiZula Zveli universaluri modelebis gadaexedva da ganviTarebis procesebis axali, SedarebiTi kvlevis wamowyeba. dasavlur socialur mecnierebaSi 1970-80-iani wlebis manZilze warmoebulma kvlevam gamoiwvia Sexedulebis cvlileba tradiciis arssa da mis xasiaTTan dakavSirebiT. `tradiciuli~ kulturebis ufro seriozulma Seswavlam gamoavlina, rom maTi maxasiaTeblebi da damokidebuleba TanamedroveobasTan mniSvnelovan araerTgvarovnebas amJRavnebs. aRmoCnda, rom askriptiuli kavSirebi _ ojaxuri, naTesauri, klanuri _ xSirad xdebodnen axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis matareblebi. es ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre kavSirebis individualizacia, rasac xSirad, sazogadoebis rRveva da misi kriminalizacia sdevda Tan. diqotomuri Teoriebi da koncefciebi araefeqturi aRmoCnda aexsna modernizaciuli procesebis xSiri Cavardnebi, gardamavali sazogadoebebis mravalferovneba, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani dinamika da aseve Tanamedrove diferencirebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri kompleqsebis damoukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba. amitom didi yuradReba mieqca am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rogorc politikuri, aseve socialur-kulturuli sistemebis Sedarebas, upirveles yovlisa es exeboda religiasa da kulturul memkvidreobas rogorc am sistemebis Camomyalibebel 15
- Page 1 and 2: socialur mecnierebaTa seria kultura
- Page 3 and 4: sarCevi Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da
- Page 5 and 6: maSasadame, farTo azriT, kulturis c
- Page 7 and 8: tradicia tradicia _ wina Taobebidan
- Page 9 and 10: gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic ar gu
- Page 11 and 12: aqvs umciresobis kulturis ama Tu im
- Page 13: axasiaTebs komunitarul struqturebs
- Page 17 and 18: ogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis dasas
- Page 19 and 20: akulturuli Teoriebi midrekilni aria
- Page 21 and 22: Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia moder
- Page 23 and 24: ac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrc
- Page 25 and 26: SeiZleba migviyvanos aRmosavleT-das
- Page 27 and 28: koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; damok
- Page 29 and 30: tipologizeba diqotomiuri sqemebis m
- Page 31 and 32: aucileblobaze 1 . e.saidma saWirod
- Page 33 and 34: islamistebis gaaqtiureba, romlebic
- Page 35 and 36: momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami
- Page 37 and 38: warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romli
- Page 39 and 40: Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba
- Page 41 and 42: warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi.
- Page 43 and 44: centralizebuli biourokratiuli imper
- Page 45 and 46: civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, an
- Page 47 and 48: kulturis gaCenis STambeWdavi magali
- Page 49 and 50: inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva
- Page 51 and 52: imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas
- Page 53 and 54: Tavidan acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs
- Page 55 and 56: meore saintereso mosazrebaa istorii
- Page 57 and 58: gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebi
- Page 59 and 60: saSualebas _ internets _ da saZiebe
- Page 61 and 62: melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT,
- Page 63 and 64: momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis sa
asakobrivi rolebis TanamedroveobisaTvis araadekvaturi diferenciacia. komunikaciuri<br />
barierTa ricxvs miakuTvneben mSobliur enasTan, wes-CveulebasTan, tradiciul<br />
etiketTan <strong>da</strong> mijaWvulobas. kulturul-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, motoruli<br />
nimuSebi <strong>da</strong> sxeulis Cveuli poziciebi aseve miiCneva rogorc winaaRmdegoba axlis<br />
aTvisebaSi.<br />
tradiciis rogorc modernizaciis <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli garemoebis aseT anTropologiuri<br />
diskreditacias Tan erTvo<strong>da</strong> civilizaciuric. es pirvel rigSi religias<br />
exebo<strong>da</strong>. m.veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, ara<strong>da</strong>savluri religiebi ar miiCnevian<br />
modernizaciuli potenciis matareblad.<br />
amgvarad, Tanamedroveoba am konteqstSi upirispirdeba tradiciuls. socialurkulturuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, am Tanamedroveobis matareblad miiCneva individi<br />
rogorc pirovneba, romelmac Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwia askriptiul kavSirebs <strong>da</strong> romelic sakmaod<br />
Tavisufalia qcevasa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebaSi. es aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebaa, romelic<br />
ar aris SeboWili koleqtiuri avtoritetebiT. mis maxasiaTeblebad miiCneva mzadyofna<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> maTSi aqtiuri monawileoba. es pirovneba racionaluri gegmis<br />
mixedviT moqmedebs.<br />
XX saukunis udidesi nawili manZilze tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> diskreditacia <strong>da</strong><br />
modernizaciis apologia Tanaarsebob<strong>da</strong> kolonializmis kritikisa <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
sazogadoebebis TviTmyofadobis <strong>da</strong>cvasTan erTad. sazogadoebrivi azris mier<br />
vesternizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis gacnobiereba koloniur periodSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>, imiT<br />
iyo gamowveuli, rom sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro naTeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
sazogadoebebze <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis gavlenis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
kulturis SeTvisebis periods mohyva brZola dekolonizaciisa <strong>da</strong> aziis, afrikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
laTinoamerikuli qveynebis TviTmyofadobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis.<br />
1960-iani wlebis bolomde samecniero literaturaSi Warbob<strong>da</strong> Sromebi, romlebic<br />
tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis diqotomiur aRqmas emyarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romlebSic<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis Zveli memkvidreoba ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc u<strong>da</strong>vo<br />
<strong>da</strong>brkoleba modernizaciis gzaze. Sesabamisad, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT<br />
upiratesoba eniWeba utilitarizmis, sekularizmisa <strong>da</strong> racionalizmis Rirebulebebs.<br />
magram 1970-iani wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi arsebulma mravalricxovanma sirTulem,<br />
warumatebelma <strong>modernizacia</strong>m <strong>da</strong> revoluciurma Zvrebma mkvlevrebi aiZula Zveli<br />
universaluri modelebis ga<strong>da</strong>exedva <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis procesebis axali, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
kvlevis wamowyeba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur socialur mecnierebaSi 1970-80-iani wlebis manZilze warmoebulma<br />
kvlevam gamoiwvia Sexedulebis cvlileba tradiciis arssa <strong>da</strong> mis xasiaTTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. `tradiciuli~ kulturebis ufro seriozulma Seswavlam gamoavlina,<br />
rom maTi maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba TanamedroveobasTan mniSvnelovan<br />
araerTgvarovnebas amJRavnebs. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom askriptiuli kavSirebi _ ojaxuri,<br />
naTesauri, klanuri _ xSirad xdebodnen axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis matareblebi.<br />
es ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre kavSirebis individualizacia, rasac xSirad,<br />
sazogadoebis rRveva <strong>da</strong> misi kriminalizacia sdev<strong>da</strong> Tan.<br />
diqotomuri Teoriebi <strong>da</strong> koncefciebi araefeqturi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> aexsna modernizaciuli<br />
procesebis xSiri Cavardnebi, gar<strong>da</strong>mavali sazogadoebebis mravalferovneba,<br />
maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Sinagani dinamika <strong>da</strong> aseve Tanamedrove diferencirebuli<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri kompleqsebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba.<br />
amitom didi yuradReba mieqca am qveynebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli rogorc politikuri,<br />
aseve socialur-kulturuli sistemebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebas, upirveles yovlisa es exebo<strong>da</strong><br />
religiasa <strong>da</strong> kulturul memkvidreobas rogorc am sistemebis Camomyalibebel<br />
15
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