kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
kultura da modernizacia - Center for Social Sciences
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
<strong>kultura</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
saleqcio kursi<br />
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />
ivane wereTeli<br />
qeTevan kakitelaSvili<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori: marine CitaSvili<br />
enobrivi re<strong>da</strong>qtori: lia kaWarava<br />
<strong>da</strong>kabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi<br />
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 7 - 7<br />
wigni momzadebulia <strong>da</strong> gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
centris~ (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />
bu<strong>da</strong>peStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />
The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>,<br />
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foun<strong>da</strong>tion and the Higher Education<br />
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Bu<strong>da</strong>pest.
sarCevi<br />
Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi <strong>da</strong> terminebi 3<br />
Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi 10<br />
Tema III. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologia modernuli <strong>da</strong><br />
aramodernuli kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze 20<br />
Tema IV. <strong>modernizacia</strong> _ <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi etapi 39<br />
Tema V. <strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong> globalizacia 52<br />
Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio<br />
sazogadoeba globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe 61<br />
Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis<br />
cnebaTa urTierTmimarTebisTvis 68<br />
Tema VIII. <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
warmomadgenlebis TvaliT <strong>da</strong>naxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva 68<br />
Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis problema.<br />
qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi 89<br />
CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION (Summary) 111<br />
3
Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi <strong>da</strong> terminebi<br />
pirveli Tema eTmoba im ZiriTadi cnebebisa <strong>da</strong> terminebis ganmartebebs, romlebic<br />
kursis manZilze iqneba gamoyenebuli. am terminebiT operireba aucilebelia iseT<br />
sakiTxebze msjelobisas <strong>da</strong> im procesebis aRsawerad, romelic gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
regionsa <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturul sivrceSi modernizaciis procesis<br />
mimdinareobisas. es aris <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris kontaqtis problema _ misi sxvadsxvagvari<br />
gamovlineba (asimilacia, kulturuli Soki, konfrontacia, simbiozi, sinTezi, kulturuli<br />
konfliqti, kulturuli difuzia), tradiciis roli <strong>da</strong> adgili modernizaciis<br />
procesSi, tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis urTierTmimarTebis problema; identurobis<br />
problema ara<strong>da</strong>savlur kulturebSi mimdinare modernizaciuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis<br />
pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretaciis<br />
gadmocema, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c modernizaciuli procesebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong> mimdinareoba or<br />
ZiriTad _ kulturul <strong>da</strong> civilizaciur _ doneze xdeba <strong>da</strong> am procesebis Seswavla <strong>da</strong><br />
analizi am ori fenomenis farglebSi <strong>da</strong> maT safuZvelze un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdes.<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretacia.<br />
kulturis fenomenze saubrisas yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mis or aspeqtze:<br />
1. <strong>kultura</strong> _ rogorc kacobriobis universaluri maxasiaTebeli;<br />
2. <strong>kultura</strong> _ rogorc calkeul sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mijnebis ZiriTadi safuZveli.<br />
pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs, rom <strong>kultura</strong> aris Homo sapiens-is, rogorc<br />
biologiuri saxeobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri arsebis unikaluri unaris Sedegi. swored am<br />
niSniT gansxvavdeba es saxeoba yvela sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. a<strong>da</strong>mianSi<br />
genetikura<strong>da</strong>a (biologiura<strong>da</strong>a) determinirebuli potencia _ iyos kulturis<br />
Semoqmedi, kvlavmwarmoebeli <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi, magram am potenciis realizeba mxolod<br />
socialur garemoSia SesaZlebeli, rac aucilebel pirobad iTxovs kavSirs wina<br />
Taobebi<strong>da</strong>n gadmocemuli socialuri cxovrebis gamocdilebasTan <strong>da</strong> mTlianad<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia socializaciis procesze. rogorc r.benediqti aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, `<strong>kultura</strong><br />
ar eZleva a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n, ar aris Cadebuli Canasaxovan ujredebSi rogorc<br />
krazanebTan an WianWvelebTan, aramed aTvisebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes yoveli axali Taobis mier<br />
ufrosTagan Seswavlis gziT~ 1 . anTropolog e.hiobelis gansazRvrebiT, <strong>kultura</strong> aris<br />
`integrirebuli sistema qcevis Seswavlili modelebisa, romlebic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
sazogadoebis wevrTaTvis <strong>da</strong> romlebic ar warmoadgenen biologiuri memkvidreobis<br />
Sedegs~ 2 .<br />
e.tailori, romelic kulturis cnebis pirveli mecnieruli gansazRvrebis<br />
avtora<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli, xazs usvams kulturis socialur bunebas. misi sityvebiT,<br />
`<strong>kultura</strong> Sedgeba codnis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, xelovnebis, zneobis, kanonebis, zne-<br />
Cveulebebisa <strong>da</strong> zogi sxva unar-Cvevisgan, romlebic SeZenilia a<strong>da</strong>mianis rogorc<br />
sazogadoebis wevris mier~ 3 .<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve RirebulebaTa, qcevis normaTa <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtTa<br />
erTobliobad, romelic aregulirebs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan, sazogadoebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> bunebasTan.<br />
1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria <strong>da</strong> Teoria). Tb., 2003. gv. 24.<br />
2 iqve, gv.22.<br />
3 iqve.<br />
4
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, farTo azriT, kulturis cneba `xazs usvams a<strong>da</strong>mianis gansxvavebas yvela<br />
sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. <strong>kultura</strong>Si igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi<br />
aqti, aramed Semoqmedeba rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis universaluri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba samyarosadmi,<br />
romlis meSveobiT igi qmnis `axal samyaros~ <strong>da</strong> sakuTar Tavs~ 1 . <strong>kultura</strong><br />
aris yovelive is, rac socialuri memkvidreobis Sedegia <strong>da</strong> rac uzrunvelyofs<br />
socialuri gamocdilebis memkvidreobiTobas.<br />
kulturis meore aspeqti ki gulisxmobs imas, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis rogorc kulturis<br />
Semoqmedis, matareblisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis unari sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebulad<br />
realizdeba, ama Tu im socialuri jgufis arsebobis specifikuri pirobebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganvlili istoriuli procesebis mixedviT. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT<br />
kulturebze, romlebic qmnian samyaros unikalur, mxolod maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />
models. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>kultura</strong>Si a<strong>da</strong>mianebi gansakuTrebulad aRiqvamen samyaros,<br />
sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians maTTan mimarTebaSi. yovel <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
normaTa gansxvavebuli sistema, qcevis wesebi, idealebi <strong>da</strong> yovelive is, razec<br />
e.tailori miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>kultura</strong>, aseT SemTxvevaSi, xdeba identifikaciis safuZveli,<br />
is, riTac a<strong>da</strong>miani gansazRvravs `Tavisiansa~ <strong>da</strong> `ucxos~. `<strong>kultura</strong>, yvelaze farTo<br />
mniSvnelobiT, aris is, ris gamoc Sen ucxod iqcevi, rogorc ki Sens saxls <strong>da</strong>toveb~ 2 .<br />
amdenad, <strong>kultura</strong> aris is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, ris safuZvelzec emijnebian<br />
erTmaneTs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, riTac isini Tavs ganarCeven<br />
sxvebisagan <strong>da</strong> riTac sxvebi ganarCeven maT <strong>da</strong>narCenebisagan.<br />
amgvarad, <strong>kultura</strong> SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc:<br />
1. socialuri qcevis determinanti;<br />
2. subieqturi codnisa <strong>da</strong> interpretaciebis determinanti;<br />
3. TviTidentifikaciis meqanizmi;<br />
4. socialuri cxovrebis regulatori;<br />
5. socialuri gamocdilebis translatori;<br />
6. saa<strong>da</strong>ptacio meqanizmi.<br />
kulturis sinonimad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT termini `sazogadoeba~, radgan<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis moRvaweobis kulturul <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv dones kursis farglebSi<br />
TanabarmniSvnelovnad moviazrebT.<br />
civilizaciis cnebis aseve mravalgvar interpretacias Soris sami ZiriTadi<br />
midgoma ikveTeba:<br />
1. lokalur-istoriuli (n.<strong>da</strong>nilevski, o.Spengleri, a.j.toinbi, s.hanTingtoni);<br />
2. istoriul-stadiuri, romelic ama Tu im kriteriumze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ganarCevs<br />
ramdenime sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis civilizacias;<br />
3. msoflio-istoriuli, romlis farglebSi civilizacia ganixileba rogorc<br />
kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis safexuri.<br />
kursis farglebSi Cven veyrdnobiT civilizaciis lokalur-istoriul<br />
interpretacias, romelic civilizacias ganixilavs rogorc kulturul zesistemas<br />
(p.sorokini), romelic aerTianebs garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs kulturebs.<br />
civilizacia _ esaa kulturuli identurobis yvelaze farTo done, romlis<br />
farglebSi arsebuli kulturebi mravalferovania, Tumca erTmaneTisagan maTi<br />
gansxvavebulobis xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre sxva civilizaciebis Semadgeneli<br />
kulturebi. i.v. iakoveci aRniSnavs, rom `TiToeul civilizacias aqvs sakuTari<br />
centri-birTvi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs mocemuli civilizaciis<br />
1 iqve, gv.21.<br />
2 Culture Sshock. A Reader in Modern Culture Anthropology. Ed. by Ph.K.Bock. N.Y., 1970. p.74.<br />
5
niSnebsa <strong>da</strong> Taviseburebebs; periferia, romelic periodulad farTovdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
viwrovdeba <strong>da</strong>, romelic SeiZleba mezobeli civilizaciis niSnebs atarebdes <strong>da</strong><br />
mezobel civilizaciebTan momijnave teritoriebi~ 1 .<br />
civilizacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli supersistema,<br />
romelic ar emTxveva arc ers, arc saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>, arc romelime socialur<br />
jgufs. igi scildeba konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs. civilizaciur maxasiaTeblebad<br />
miCneulia droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis aRqma; samyaros xedva <strong>da</strong> masSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis adgilis<br />
gansazRvra; bunebis aRqma, masze zemoqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> misi Semecnebis xerxebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
identuroba (kulturuli, civilizaciuri)<br />
identuroba (Identitit, Identitas – laT. `igive <strong>da</strong> igive~, erTi <strong>da</strong> igive) — a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar `me~-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul realobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> individualobaze, romlis meSveobiT pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs (nawilobriv<br />
gacnobierebulad <strong>da</strong> zog SemTxvevebSi qvecnobiera<strong>da</strong>c) ama Tu im tipologiur<br />
kategoriebTan (rogoricaa socialuri statusi, sqesi, asaki, jgufi, <strong>kultura</strong>).<br />
socialur mecnierebebSi gamoyofen socialur identurobas, kulturul identurobas,<br />
eTnikur identurobas, jgufur identurobas...<br />
identuroba (misi SegrZneba) yalibdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis individualuri ganviTarebis<br />
kval<strong>da</strong>kval <strong>da</strong> socializaciis, identifikaciis, pirovnuli integraciis Sedegia.<br />
individis mier socialur-kulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTviseba <strong>da</strong><br />
gaziareba, sakuTari Tavis, adgilis mikuTvneba ara aris erTgvarovani procesi <strong>da</strong><br />
xasiaTdeba garkveuli cvlilebebiTac; ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d es procesi axalgazrdobis dros<br />
sruldeba.<br />
mecnierebi aseve gamoyofen identurobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis, Selaxvis SesaZleblobasac,<br />
romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d individis asakobrivi, fsiqologiuri krizisis an socialurkulturuli<br />
garemos mkveTrad Secvlis SemTxvevaSi realizdeba. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, identurobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva Tanamdevia iseTi movlenebisa rogoricaa gaucxoeba, depersonalizacia,<br />
anomia, pirovnuli disorientacia, socialuri izolireba, gaoreba<br />
(marginalizacia), fsiqologiuri paTologia. socialur-kulturuli kulturuli<br />
cvlilebebis dros identurobis krizisma SeiZleba farTo, sayovelTao masStabebi<br />
miiRos, Tumca mas zogjer <strong>da</strong>debiT rezultatamdec mivyavarT (rogoricaa<br />
cvlilebebisadmi a<strong>da</strong>ptacia, struqturuli cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />
identurobis meqamizmi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols TamaSobs socialuri struqturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebis, ga<strong>da</strong>cemis procesSi.<br />
mravali mecnieri upiratesobas aniWebs termins `identifikacia~, vidre `identuroba~.<br />
pirveli Tavad processac gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> ara marto movlenas. termini pirvelad<br />
xmarebaSi fsiqoanalizmis fuZemdebelma zigmund froidma SemoiRo. misi skola<br />
identifikacias `mes~ TviTganviTarebis mTavar, centralur meqanizmad moiazrebs.<br />
identifikaciis cnebas aseve aqtiurad iyeneben sociologebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
fsiqologiis mkvlevrebi rogorc socializaciis, socialuri rolebis, a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis,<br />
miRebis, socialur-kulturuli modelebis aTvisebis mTavar elements.<br />
kulturuli identuroba aris ama Tu im istoriuli erTobis wevr individTa am<br />
erTobis kulturis wevrad TviTmoazreba.<br />
civilizaciuri identuroba aris ama Tu im kulturis matarebelTa (TviT)gaazreba<br />
romelime civilizaciuri erTobis wevrad.<br />
1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria <strong>da</strong> Teoria). gv. 39.<br />
6
tradicia<br />
tradicia _ wina Taobebi<strong>da</strong>n arawerilobiTi gziT memkvidreobiT miRebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli Cveuli azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis erToblioba, in<strong>for</strong>macia<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis adrindeli gamocdilebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, socialuri<br />
poziciisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis Sesaxeb.<br />
tradicia moicavs socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli gamocdilebis didi erTobliobis<br />
mxolod im komponentebs, romlebic sazogadoebis winaSe periodulad wamoWrili<br />
problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iqca <strong>da</strong> romelic SenarCun<strong>da</strong><br />
istoriuli, struqturuli <strong>da</strong> organizaciuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. tradicia<br />
kulturis TviTmyofadobis erT-erTi gamomxatvelia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs<br />
am TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas.<br />
tradicia moicavs socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebs, romlebic<br />
ara mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>ecema Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas, aramed narCundeba xangrZlivi drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara marto<br />
imas, ra ga<strong>da</strong>ices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>ices igi. es termini<br />
gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) <strong>da</strong> rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis TiTqmis<br />
identur <strong>for</strong>mebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad <strong>da</strong> asaxsnelad.<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedeba<br />
ase ewodeba uSualo kavSirurTierTobis saxes, romelic yalibdeba, sul mcire, or<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>s Soris, agreTve am urTierTobaTa Sedegad warmoSobil gavlenebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
ormxriv cvlilebebs. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebis procesSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs faseulobaTa, TvisebaTa, kulturuli aqtivobis <strong>for</strong>mebis Secvlas, axali<br />
orientirebis gaCenas, rac gare<strong>da</strong>n momdinare impulsebis gavleniT xdeba. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
urTierTqmedeba, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi procesia (aranakleb ramdenime aTeuli<br />
wlisa).<br />
gamoyofen <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dones: 1) eTnikuri done _<br />
urTierToba eTnosebs, istoriul-eTnografiul, eTnokonfesiur <strong>da</strong> sxva jgufebs<br />
Soris. 2) erovnuli done, sa<strong>da</strong>c regulaciur funqcias mniSvnelovanwilad saxelmwifo-politikuri<br />
struqturebi asruleben. 3) civilizaciuri done.<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebis procesSi ganarCeven <strong>kultura</strong>-donors <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>-recipients.<br />
pirveli mets gascems, vidre iRebs, meore _ piriqiT. istoriuli<br />
periodis manZilze es rolebi SeiZleba icvlebodes.<br />
cnobilia urTierTqmedebis rogorc mSvidobiani, nebayoflobiTi (Tanasworuflebiani<br />
TanamSromloba), ise aramSvidobiani, Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiTi (koloniuri, samxedro<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobebi) <strong>for</strong>mebi.<br />
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegebi araerTgvarovania, maTi Sefasebis kriteriumebis<br />
moZebna Znelia. Sesabamisad, Znelia saubari calsaxad <strong>da</strong>debiT an uaryofiT<br />
Sedegebze, gar<strong>da</strong> im SemTxvevisa, roca erTi <strong>kultura</strong> iwyebs aSkara <strong>da</strong>qveiTebas,<br />
meoreSi gaTqvefas an ukvalod qreba. aseTi Sdegis Tvalis midevneba yvelaze ukeT<br />
SeiZleba reliqturi an arqauli kulturebis magaliTze, romlebic TavianTi istoriis<br />
romeliRac periodSi Tanamedrove tipis kulturebs Seejaxnen <strong>da</strong> mzad ar aRmoCndnen,<br />
aeTvisebinaT maT mier SeTavazebuli kulturuli <strong>for</strong>mebi.<br />
ufro rTulia msjeloba im <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebaze, romlebic Zireulad ar<br />
gansxvavdebian tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT.<br />
yovel <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs <strong>da</strong>cviTi meqanizmebis mTeli sistema, romelic icavs mas sxva<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta gansakuTrebiT intensiuri zemoqmedebisagan.<br />
7
gamoiyofa <strong>kultura</strong>Ta/civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:<br />
1. konfrontacia, 2. simbiozi, 3. sinTezi.<br />
pirveli tipi emyareba ucxo realobis srul uaryofas, sulieri gamocdilebis sxva,<br />
`sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli~ <strong>for</strong>mebis totalur miuReblobas. es gamocdileba<br />
ganixileba rogorc `ucxo~, `mtruli~, romelic calsaxad un<strong>da</strong> ganidevnos.<br />
meore tipi gulisxmobs viTarebas, roca TiToeuli urTierTmoqmedi mxare<br />
inarCunebs sakuTar saxes, ar warmoiSoba axali kulturuli Tvisebrioba, magram<br />
kontaqtSi myof kulturul realobaTa Soris Cndeba sistemuri kavSiri. `gareSe~<br />
kulturuli realoba kontaqtis monawileTa mier bunebrivad aRiqmeba; aseTi<br />
arsebobis winaaRmdegobrioba ar gaiazreba. simbiozisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
urTierTmizidvisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTganzidvis winaaRmdegobrivi Serwyma. pirvelis Zala<br />
sakmaod didia imisTvis, rom Seiqmnas sistemuri kavSiri kontaqtis monawileebs Soris,<br />
amasTan, TiToeuli mxare meores aRiqvams rogorc `ucxos~. am ukanasknelis ganzidvis,<br />
moSorebis xarisxi ki sakmaod didia, raTa Seiqmnas mkacri zRvari gansxvavebul<br />
kulturul elementTa <strong>da</strong>axloebis, Serwymisa axal, kontaqtSi myofTagan gansxvavebul<br />
Tvisebriobad CamoyalibebisaTvis..<br />
simbiozSi myof eTnokulturul elementTa Tanafardoba SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
iyos: <strong>da</strong>wyebuli situaciiT, roca upiratesoba aqvs avtoqtonur sawyiss, xolo<br />
`mosuli~ kulturis elementebi arseboben cnobierebis periferiaze, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli<br />
mdgomareobiT, roca msoflmxedvelobis RerZad faseulobaTa `motanili~ sistema<br />
gvevlineba.<br />
mesame tipze _ sinTezze _ saubari SeiZleba maSin, Tu kontaqtis zonaSi Cndeba<br />
Tvisebrivad axali, kontaqtSi myof kulturul samyaroTagan gansxvavebuli<br />
kulturuli realoba.<br />
kulturuli konfliqti<br />
kulturuli konfliqti — pirovnebebs, jgufebs, pirovnebasa <strong>da</strong> jgufs,<br />
pirovnebasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas, jgufsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufsa <strong>da</strong><br />
koalicias Soris RirebulebaTa, orientaciaTa, poziciaTa winaaRmdegobis kritikuli<br />
stadia. kulturuli konfliqti ganpirobebulia monawile mxareTa socialuri<br />
gamocdilebis gansxvavebulobiT.<br />
yvela konfliqti dinamikuria <strong>da</strong> moicavs winaaRmdegobaTa <strong>da</strong>Zlevis molaparakebaTa<br />
gziT maTi ga<strong>da</strong>Wris, mtruli moqmedebebis mxareTa Soris axali kontaqtebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebisa <strong>da</strong> konpromisis monaxvis stadiebs. arsebobs konfliqtis sxvagvari<br />
gamosavalic: brZola saboloo gamarjvebamde an konfliqtis mogvarebis ga<strong>da</strong>deba<br />
momavlisaTvis.<br />
kulturuli konfliqtis tipur magaliTebad SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT jvarosnuli<br />
laSqrobebi, religiuri, samoqalaqo, revoluciuri, erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli<br />
omebi, saeklesio inkviziciis moqmedeba, ama Tu im sarwmunoebaze iZulebiTi moqceva,<br />
genocidi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
kulturuli konfliqti <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia tolerantobisa <strong>da</strong> sxva kulturis mimarT<br />
interesis problemebTan. kulturuli konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli tipia SemoqmedebiTi<br />
konfliqti mimarTulebebs, skolebs, jgufebs an ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>rgis calkeul<br />
warmomadgenlebs Soris.<br />
kulturis difuzia<br />
kulturis difuzia aris ori an meti sazogadoebis kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis<br />
uerTierTSeRweva <strong>da</strong> urTierTgamdidreba. esaa kulturis gavrceleba-moZraobis<br />
8
gansakuTrebuli <strong>for</strong>ma, romelic ar gulisxmobs aucileblad migraciul procesebs.<br />
kulturuli difuziis saSualebebad miiCneva turizmi, misionerTa moRvaweoba,<br />
savaWro urTierTobani, omi, samecniero konferenciebi, gamofenebi, studentebisa Tu<br />
specialistebis gacvliTi programebi <strong>da</strong> a.S. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi moRvawe<br />
evropeli misionerebi aq ara marto TavianT religiur kodeqss amkvidrebdnen, isini<br />
sxva samyaros `kulturis elCebi~ iyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi (maTgan aiTvises qarTvelebma<br />
qaris wisqvili, funTuSeulobis cxoba <strong>da</strong> sxva).<br />
kulturis difuzia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ara marto xalxebsa <strong>da</strong> qveynebs,<br />
aramed jgufebs <strong>da</strong> klasebs Soris. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ganarCeven or mimarTulebas:<br />
1) kulturis difuzia eTnosebs, garkeuli statusis mqone individebis jgufebs<br />
Soris (mag., policielebis mier qurduli samyaros leqsikis aqtiuri xmareba);<br />
2) kulturuli elementebis vertikaluri gavrceleba araTanabari statusis mqone<br />
subieqtebs Soris. aseT process uwodeben statifikatorul kulturul difuziasac,<br />
romelic SeiZleba ori _ aRmavali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rmavali _ <strong>for</strong>miT ganviTardes (mag.,<br />
aristokratiis mier m<strong>da</strong>biuri saubris stilis elementebis gadmoReba an fufunebis<br />
sagnebis sayovelaod qceva).<br />
kulturuli Soki<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli reaqcia individualuri an jgufuri cnobierebis SejaxebasTan<br />
individebis an jgufebis ucxo kulturul realobasTan. kulturuli Sokis situacia<br />
_ esaa konfliqtis situacia idnividebis Cveul Rirebulebebs, normebs, enas,<br />
yoveldRiur praqtikas Soris. <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia im garemosi, romelic man <strong>da</strong>tova <strong>da</strong> im<br />
axali garemosTvis, romelSic is aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. kulturul Soks met-naklebad ganicdis<br />
yvela, vinc moxvdeba pirvelad ucxo kulturul garemoSi (turistebi, emigrantebi <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S.). Sokuri reaqciis Zala ganisazRvreba Rrma gansxvavebiT yofil <strong>da</strong> axal kulturebs<br />
Soris. fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba pirovnebis, orientaciuli SesaZlebloba,<br />
rigidulobis xarisxi an plastiuroba, arsebuli an Zveli kulturuli elementebis<br />
arqona. magaliTad, ojaxi, megobrebi, romlebsac individi gadmoitans TavisTan axal<br />
kulturul konteqstSi. xarisxi Riaobis an <strong>da</strong>xurulobis warmomadgeneli axali<br />
kulturisa, romelTanc kontaqtSia individi. kulturul Soks aseve SeiZleba hqondes<br />
adgili jgufuri Semecnebis doneze, rodesac ucxo kulturul garemoSi ereva mTeli<br />
jgufi (mag., masobrivi emigraciis SemTxvevaSi) an<strong>da</strong> rodesac intensiuri kulturuli<br />
difuziis Sedegad warmoiSoba konfrontaciis situacia Zvel <strong>da</strong> axal Rirebulebebis,<br />
normebis, yofaqcevis modelebs Soris. ukanaskneli xSirad xdeba sazogadoebrivi<br />
tradiciis modernizaciis msvlelobis dros.<br />
gamoiyofa oTxi SesaZlebloba konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis: nayofi kulturis Sokis<br />
getoizaciaa. mosulebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> ayalibeben SigniT axals maTi<br />
kulturisaTvis izolirebul anklavebs (geto), sa<strong>da</strong>c inaxaven <strong>da</strong> inarCuneben<br />
tradiciebs TavianTi kulturuli yofaqcevis modelebs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba<br />
gamodges <strong>da</strong>savleTis TiTqmis yvela msxvili qalaqebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli `Caina<br />
Tauni~ (China Town) <strong>da</strong> braiTon biCi (kvartlebi) niu-iorkSi.<br />
asimilacia. mosulebi cdiloben mTlianad Seeguon axals maTi kulturisaTvis,<br />
SeeTvison mis normebs, Rirebulebebi, qcevi modelebs <strong>da</strong> mTlianad uaryofen im<br />
kulturul memkvidreobas, romelic <strong>da</strong>toves.<br />
urTierTmoqmedeba. mcdeloba moZebnon raRac saSualo xazi, gaaerTianon axali <strong>da</strong><br />
Zveli kulturis elemetnebi. isini Seecdebian SeaTavson orive kulturis yofaqcevis<br />
normebi, cdiloben moawesrigon <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris komunikacia, gaamdidron rogorc<br />
sakuTari <strong>kultura</strong>, agreTve is, romliTac isini amJamad sargeblobdnen. amis magaliTia<br />
9
sawarmoSi momuSave indoeli <strong>da</strong> Turqi muSebi, romlebic samuSaoze xelmZRvaneloben<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> industiruli Sromis wesebiT, xolo saxlSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi<br />
ixelmZRvaneleben TavianTi tradiciebiTa <strong>da</strong> wes-CveulebebiT.<br />
kolonizacia. pirvelmosulebi <strong>da</strong>iwyeben yvelanair propagan<strong>da</strong>s, Tavsmoxvevas<br />
cxovrebaSi Tavisi sakuTari yofaqcevis modelebis, <strong>da</strong>upirispiron isini imas, rac<br />
tradiciuli kulturisaTvis aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, romelSic isini aRmoCndenen. es<br />
xdeba rogorc saomari, aseve mSvidobiani <strong>da</strong>pyrobis dros, aseve modernizaciis<br />
procesSi. termin `kolonizacias~ am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs SefasebiTi mniSvneloba, es<br />
faseulobiTi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri cnebaa. saqme exeba kulturul<br />
koloniozacias; politikuri kolonizacia kulturuli kolonizaciis mxolod kerZo,<br />
Tavisi SedegbiT arc ise radikaluri SemTxvevaa.<br />
kulturuli Soki, farTo azriT, rogorc filosofiur-kulturuli an filosofiur-istoriuli<br />
kategoria, kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa CamoyalibebisaTvis<br />
TiTqmis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti kategoria aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. XII-XVII ss. mogzaurTa gadmocemebma,<br />
romlebic aRwerdnen axali qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxebis usasrulo raodenobas, evropaSi<br />
kulturuli Soki gamoiwvia, rac safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo kulturis fenomenis rogorc<br />
Seswavlis obieqtis Camoyalibebas. am kulturulma Sokma evropelTa gonebaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba moaxdina, romelsac SeiZleba anTropologiuri revolucia vuwodoT.<br />
misi arsi isaa, rom Seirya evropelTa warmodgena sakuTar gansakuTrebulobaze;<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom kacobrioba Sedgeba mravali kulturisagan. Tuki kopernikiseulma<br />
revoluciam mospo samyaros centris yofnis iluzia, anTropologiurma revoluciam<br />
mospo evropis iluzia ekumenis centrSi yofnisa.<br />
mTlianad kulturuli Soki TamaSobs <strong>kultura</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>debiT rols, viani<strong>da</strong>n xels<br />
uwyobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebasa <strong>da</strong> urTierTgamdidrebs, tradicul <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
sxva kulturul elementTa integracias, <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Riaobis zr<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
asimilacia<br />
procesi, romlis Sedegad erTi eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi kargaven TavianT<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel <strong>kultura</strong>s <strong>da</strong> iTviseben im eTnikuri jgufis <strong>kultura</strong>s, romelTanac<br />
uSuali kontaqti aqvT. es procesi SeiZleba spontanurad mimdinareobdes _ aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba ganixilebodes a<strong>kultura</strong>ciis erT-erT tipad, a<strong>kultura</strong>ciis<br />
procesis Sedegad.<br />
cneba `asimilacia~ XIX s-is bolo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> amerikul <strong>kultura</strong>nTropologiaSi,<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad — termin `amerikanizaciis~ sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT. misi<br />
pirveli gansazRverba r.parksa <strong>da</strong> e.berjess ekuTvniT: `asimilacia urTierTSeRwevisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Serevis procesia, romlis ganmavlobaSi individebi an jgufebi iZenen sxva<br />
individebis istoriul mexsierebas <strong>da</strong> iziareben ra maT gamocdilebas, CarTuli<br />
aRmoCndebian saerTo kulturul cxovrebaSi~. XX s-is Sua wlebamde es termini<br />
gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> aSS TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis dominirebad <strong>kultura</strong>Si indielTa<br />
tomebis inkorporaciis mniSvnelobiT. amerikuli sazogadoeba ganixilebo<strong>da</strong><br />
uzarmazar `SemoqmedebiT laboratoriad~, sa<strong>da</strong>c sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturuli tradicia<br />
erTmaneTs ereva <strong>da</strong> `ga<strong>da</strong>idnoba~ sinTezur mTlianobad. XX s-is meore naxevarSi j. van<br />
der zandenma ganasxvava calmxrivi asimilacia, roca umciresobis <strong>kultura</strong> mTlianad<br />
gamoidevneba dominirebadi kulturis mier, <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Sereva, romlis drosac<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli <strong>da</strong> gabatonebuli jgufebis elementebi erTmaneTs ereva, qmnis<br />
mdgrad kombinaciebs <strong>da</strong> safuZvels uyris axal <strong>kultura</strong>s.<br />
m.gordonma <strong>da</strong>amkvidra asimilaciis xarisxobrivi ganxilvis tradicia. dRes<br />
miCneulia, rom sruli asimilaciis SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTia; Cveulebriv, adgili<br />
10
aqvs umciresobis kulturis ama Tu im xarisxiT trans<strong>for</strong>macias dominirebadi<br />
eTnikuri jgufis kulturis zegavleniT. amasTan, xSirad umciresobis kulturis<br />
ukuzegavlenac friad Zlieria.<br />
dRes mkvlevarTa umravlesoba garkveul sifrTxiles iCens termin `asimilaciis~<br />
mimarT, misi politikuri Seferilobis gamo.<br />
Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong>, farTo azriT, gulisxmobs zogadsakacobrio evuluciis Tanmdevi,<br />
axali saazrovno <strong>for</strong>mebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis permanentuli process.<br />
aseTi gagebiT, <strong>modernizacia</strong> uwyveti <strong>da</strong> usasrulo procesia <strong>da</strong> misi Sedegi ar aris<br />
erTjeradi monapovari.<br />
viwro azriT, am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo,<br />
agraruli sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n sekularuli, industriuli, urbanistuli sazogadoebad<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macias.<br />
modernizaciis procesi dReisaTvis ar Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis<br />
Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes globaluri masStabiT, radgan<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> gavrcel<strong>da</strong> Tavisi warmoSobis adgili<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
samyaro moicva.<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> kursis farglebSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc:<br />
1. <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli etapisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganixilebodes zoga<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am<br />
civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul <strong>for</strong>mebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo<br />
kavSirSi.<br />
2. socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic msoflio sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapis specifikam sxva, ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa<br />
(<strong>kultura</strong>Ta, civilizaciaTa) maxasiaTeblad aqcia. am ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa<br />
modernizaciis procesSi gamokveTili axali kulturuli procesebis aRweras<br />
kursSi ramdenime saleqcio Tema eTmoba.<br />
modernizaciis pirveli gageba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis<br />
istoriuli <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove ganviTarebaze msjelobisas, xolo meore _ Tanamedrove<br />
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawerad.<br />
modernizaciis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad miCneulia:<br />
ekonomikaSi _ axali teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalis gamoyenebis gazr<strong>da</strong>, bunebrivi<br />
resursebis farTo aTviseba, meurneobis meoradi <strong>da</strong> mesameuli seqtorebis<br />
gafarToeba, kapitalis, Sromisa <strong>da</strong> sasaqonlo bazris ganviTareba.<br />
socialur sferoSi _ socialurobis adrindeli, winaswargansazRvruli (askriptiuli)<br />
tipebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri kuTvnilebis zogadi tipebis Sesusteba, adrindeli,<br />
pirvel rigSi, religiuri, saerTo askriptiuli kavSirebis fragmentacia <strong>da</strong> axali,<br />
sabazro an profesiul kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli racionaluri kavSirebis sferos<br />
gafarToeba. am ukanasknels Tan sdevs socialuri <strong>da</strong> profesiuli diferenciaciis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT klasobrivi, qonebrivi <strong>da</strong> funqciuri, warmoebis, politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa, urbanizaciis zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> soflis<br />
CarTva sabazro urTierTobebSi. statusis adrindeli, memkvidreobiT miRebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
jgufisadmi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvrul askriptiuli simboloTa nacvlad mzard<br />
11
aRiarebas iRebs `miRwevis~ kriteriumi moRvaweobis axal, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
sameurneo, finansur <strong>da</strong> saqmian sferoSi.<br />
politikis sferoSi _ centralizebuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba,<br />
romlis farglebSi yalibdeba sakuTari interesebisaTvis mebrZoli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
socialur-politikuri moZraobebi, elitebi <strong>da</strong> jgufebi; dinastiuri<br />
reJimebis legitimurobis tradiciuli <strong>for</strong>mebis Sesusteba <strong>da</strong> demokratiis zogierTi<br />
elementis Semotana; cvlileba centrsa <strong>da</strong> periferias Soris urTiermimarTebaSi, rac<br />
gamoixateba imiT, rom periferiisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba xelisufleba centrSi.<br />
kulturul sferoSi _ RirebulebiTi orientaciebis diferenciacia, sazogadoebrivi<br />
codnisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sekularizacia <strong>da</strong> pluralizacia, ideologiuri<br />
mimarTulebebis mravalferovneba, masmediis ganviTareba. upiratesoba eniWeba <strong>da</strong><br />
aRiarebuli xdeba qcevis sul ufro meti individualizacia <strong>da</strong> pirovnebis TviTgamorkveva.<br />
sulier sferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebad miiCneva sekularizmis gavrceleba<br />
risi safuZvelic aris meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> politikis avtonomiurobis zr<strong>da</strong>,<br />
moRvaweobis praqtikuli <strong>da</strong> racionaluri <strong>for</strong>mebis gafarToeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganmsazRvreli<br />
kriteriumebi ara moraluri, sulieri an estTetikuri mosazrebebia, aramed<br />
efeqturoba <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli sargebeli. am cvlilebebis (romelTa xarisxis gansazRvra<br />
empiriula<strong>da</strong>c aris SesaZlebeli) arsebiTi parametrebi mosaxleobis mobilurobis,<br />
socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur marTvaSi misi monawileobis <strong>da</strong>, aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialur<br />
jgufis Tanamedrove <strong>kultura</strong>Si CarTulobis xarisxia. <strong>modernizacia</strong> moicavs<br />
mosaxleobis sul ufro farTo fenebs, aTavisuflebs ra maT yofisa <strong>da</strong> warmoebis<br />
uZravi <strong>for</strong>mebisagan. magram modernizaciis procesis struqturaSi yovelTvis xdeba<br />
mewarmeTa fenis gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebis zr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
instituciuri TvalsazrisiT _ <strong>modernizacia</strong> gamoixateba institutebis<br />
diferenciaciis zr<strong>da</strong>Si, romlebic sakuTar Tavze iReben moRvaweobis axali <strong>for</strong>mebis<br />
regulacias. cxovrebis yvela sfero, religiuris CaTvliT, ufro mravalferovani<br />
xdeba.<br />
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis mamoZravebli Zala, umeteswilad, is<br />
aqtiuri fenebia, romlebsac Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT adre arsebul ZiriTad<br />
socialur fenebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
xSirad modernizaciis iniciatorebad gamodian ucxo kulturuli elementebi, sxva<br />
konfesiuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi. maT axasiaTebT gazrdili<br />
mobiluroba <strong>da</strong> aqtiuroba savaWro-sawarmoo sferoSi.<br />
amgvarad, modernistuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi niSnebia:<br />
industrializacia, urbanizaciis maRali xarisxi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi,<br />
Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstitucionalizmi, liberaluri demokratia,<br />
individualizmi, sekularizmi, racionaluri azrovneba.<br />
modernizaciis winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi<br />
modernizaciis Teoriis kritikis Sedegad, gamovlin<strong>da</strong> is mravalferovani winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
Sedegebi, romlebic Tan sdeven sazogadoebis modernizaciis process. es<br />
winaaRmdegobani yvela SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT.<br />
1. ~tradiciisa~ <strong>da</strong> `Tanamedroveobis~ Sejaxeba, rac iwvevs gaxleCas socialurobis<br />
tipebsa <strong>da</strong> kulturul sferoebs Soris, aseve aviwroebs adre arsebuli kulturis<br />
moqmedebis sferosa <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis axal sferoebSi misi statusis <strong>da</strong>mcrobas<br />
ganapirobebs. axal pirobebSi xdeba askriptiul kavSirebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli socialurobis<br />
adrindeli principebisa <strong>da</strong> im Tanamedrove orientaciebis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba,<br />
romlebic mimarTulia warmatebebze komerciuli saqmianobaSi, profesionalizmsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikul codnaSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. urTierToba <strong>da</strong> urTierTqmedebis sistema, romlebic<br />
12
axasiaTebs komunitarul struqturebs <strong>da</strong> romlebic ga<strong>for</strong>mebulia sakralizebuli<br />
normebiT, moraluri orientaciebiTa simbolikiT, kargaven adrindel mniSvnelobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ejaxebian imperativebs, romlebsac sabazro kavSirebis funqcionaluri samyaro<br />
karnaxobs. askriptiuli socialurobis adrindeli totaluri sistemebi, romelSic<br />
TiToeul individs Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> mikuTvnebuli, kargaven<br />
adrindel mniSvnelobas, ixliCebian sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawilebad, amasTan mzardi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba axal, funqciur <strong>da</strong> miRweviT kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>myrebul<br />
sistemebs. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom miRweviTi orientaciebi met-naklebad arsebobs<br />
nebismier `tradiciul~ garemoSi, magram iq isini askriptiul sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel ierarqiul sistemaSi iyo CarTuli. axal pirobebSi miRweviT<br />
orientaciebma, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos rogorc urTierTobaTa individualizacias,<br />
aseve sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebad <strong>da</strong> erTobebad.<br />
modernizaciis Teoriebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>kultura</strong>Si modernizaciis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
axsna arsebobs. veberiseuli xedva upiratesobas im faseulobaTa xasiaTSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs,<br />
romelic materialuri sikeTis <strong>da</strong>grovebasa <strong>da</strong> gafarTebazea orientirebuli. meore<br />
mimarTuleba upiratesobas socialur-politikur struqturas (upirveles yovlisa,<br />
sofelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT qalaqis siWarbes) aniWeb<strong>da</strong> (f.brodeli, igive m.veberi). mesame<br />
mimarTuleba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas Zalauflebis ganawilebis principsa <strong>da</strong> am<br />
principis institutebSi gamyarebas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> (S. eizenStadti).<br />
saukunenaxevris manZilze modernizaciis Teoriis mTavari <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSani<br />
iyo Sexeduleba msoflio istoriis Tanamedrove etapeze TiToeuli sazogadoebis<br />
sworxazovani ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> yoveli sazogadoebis im sistemaSi<br />
Sesvlis aucileblobaze, romelic <strong>da</strong>savleT evropasa <strong>da</strong> aSS-Si Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>,<br />
Sesabamisad, maT `centralur~ civilizaciasTan `mierTebaze~. zustad es iyo progresis,<br />
rogorc procesisa <strong>da</strong> miznis arsi. socialuri regulaciis yvela adrindeli<br />
varianti, miRwevebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi ga<strong>da</strong>isinja <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier Seqmnili<br />
TanamoedroveobaSi Sesasvlelad. amitom yvela ara<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>kultura</strong>, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, axal realobaSi SesvlisaTvis vargisianobis TvalsazrisiT ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yvela saxis istoriuli <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> istoriuli Tavisebureba ganixilebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod rogorc sawyisi fazis specifika, romelic swraf trans<strong>for</strong>maciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
gaqrobas eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. XIX saukunisa <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis garkveuli periodis manZilze<br />
ganviTarebis Taviseburebis problematika faqtobrivad im mkvlevarTa yuradRebis<br />
miRma <strong>da</strong>rCa, romlebic ara<strong>da</strong>savluri qveynebis ganviTarebis gzebsa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebze<br />
saubrobdnen. metic, Tu adre aqcenti keTdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> misi ganviTarebis specifikaze, SemdgomSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
modelis universalurobis idea mTeli msofliosaTvis.<br />
70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisamde modernizaciis Teoria `vesternizaciis~ koncefciis<br />
bazaze viTardebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic <strong>da</strong>savluri liberalizmis universalobas amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
vesternizaciis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom gaTanamedrovebis procesi<br />
rogorc istoriulad, ise logikurad gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi, meurneobis<br />
warmarTvis kapitalisturi meTodis miRebas, aseve <strong>da</strong>savleTis, rogorc `msoflio<br />
civilizaciis~ eqspansia. problema mxolod `sastarto pirobebisa~ <strong>da</strong> `winaaRmdegobebis~<br />
gamovlenaSi, aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaTa universaluri xasiaTis mqone<br />
modernizaciis indeqsis mixedviT SefasebaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
koloniuri sistemis <strong>da</strong>Slasa <strong>da</strong> suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, rasac<br />
Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> kulturuli TviTmyofadobis ideologiuri mtkiceba, ar gamouwvevia<br />
sworxazovani koncefciis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva. dekolonizaciis procesi <strong>da</strong>savlur istoriografiaSi<br />
ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savluri ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri<br />
13
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli <strong>for</strong>mebis gavlenis Sedegi, rogorc maTi `difuzia~. sociokulturul<br />
WrilSi <strong>modernizacia</strong> un<strong>da</strong> warmarTuliyo rogorc moZraoba `avtoritetulobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tavisuflebisaken~, rogorc dromoWmuli tradiciebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmna <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>laxva,<br />
teqnikur efeqturobaSi ganxorcielebuli racionalobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba <strong>da</strong> saparlamento<br />
demokratiis gafarToebaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli axali politikuri kulturis aTviseba.<br />
sazogadoebaTa <strong>da</strong>yofa `<strong>da</strong>savleT-aRmosavleTis~ diqotomiis safuZvelze<br />
gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> maT <strong>da</strong>yofas `ganviTarebis unaris mqone~, `mowinave~ <strong>da</strong> `CamorCenil~<br />
sazogadoebebad. am ukanasknelTaTivis ki gar<strong>da</strong>uvali iyo saerTo gzisaTvis gverdis<br />
avla. am process Tan axlavs <strong>da</strong>savluri faseulobebis, normebis <strong>da</strong> qcevis<br />
stereotipebs aucilebeli sesxeba. xSirad, <strong>modernizacia</strong> gaigeba rogorc avtoritarizmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> despotizmis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva, qcevisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis regulaciis tradiciuli<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi gandevna <strong>da</strong> maTi axali, gonivrulobisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierul<br />
principebze <strong>da</strong>yrebuli <strong>for</strong>mebiT Canacvleba. ucvleli <strong>da</strong> dromoWmuli<br />
wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n sazogadoeba ga<strong>da</strong>dis mudmivi cvlilebebisa <strong>da</strong> srulyofis procesisaken.<br />
aseTi principebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva variaciebiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes liberalur, re<strong>for</strong>matorul<br />
an socialistur mimarTulebebSi. ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli memkvidreobis<br />
Seswavla Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> `istorizmis~ im ganwyobas, romlis mixedviT warsulis<br />
istoriam `Caiara~ <strong>da</strong> amitom un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos axali, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT.<br />
naSromebi, romlebic aRmosavluri kulturebis Zveli <strong>da</strong> klasikuri periodis<br />
istoriisa <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis struqturisa <strong>da</strong> funqciobis kvlevas<br />
eZRvnebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod erTi <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleoden _ am<br />
sazogadoebaTa tipis cvlileba gar<strong>da</strong>uvali iyo re<strong>for</strong>mebis an revoluciis gziT.<br />
civilizaciuri TvalTaxedviT, modernizaciis Teoria Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad `Zveli~<br />
civilizaciebis `ga<strong>da</strong>laxvasa~ <strong>da</strong> yvela sazogadoebisaTvis progresis universaluri<br />
gzis <strong>da</strong>saxvaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis Teoria<br />
socialurobis, rogorc tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis, CamorCenilobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebulobis, <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis diqotomiur aRqmas emyarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aseTi midgomis farglebSi tradicia aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc Semaferxebeli Zala, romlis<br />
Sesusteba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>laxva uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli sistemis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas.<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli im `naklovani<br />
Taviseburebebis~ CamonaTvali, romelic xels uSli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aferxeb<strong>da</strong> imitaciur<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong>s. am CamonaTvalSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> socialuri struqturis Semdegi Taviseburebani:<br />
askriptiuli kavSirebi: urTierTvaldebulebebi ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> naTesaobis<br />
farglebSi, megobruli <strong>da</strong> klanuri kavSirebi, mcire jgufebi, sazogadoebrivi azri; am<br />
kavSirebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, koleqtiuri warmodgenebis upiratesoba <strong>da</strong> individis<br />
jgufisagan ganuyofeloba; lokalur erTeulebsa <strong>da</strong> teritoriebze mijaWvuloba;<br />
kasturi <strong>da</strong> klasobrivi barierebi; mkacri msoflmxedvelobrivi kontroli, orientirebuli<br />
saboloo <strong>da</strong> maradiul Rirebulebebze sawinaaRmdegod instrumentuli<br />
faseulobebisa, romlebic yoveldRiur praqtikul qcevas aregulireben. gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mabrkolebel kulturul winaaRmdegobebad miCneuli iyo Semdegi Rirebulebebi:<br />
`samuSao~ drois ignorireba, yoveldRiuri <strong>da</strong> Seupavari Sromis unaris arqona,<br />
fatalizmi, eTnocentrizmi, siamayisa <strong>da</strong> Rirsebis gamZafrebuli ganc<strong>da</strong>, moridebulobis<br />
konservatiuli normebi, adgilobrivi politikuri avtoritetebis pativiscema<br />
<strong>da</strong> `sakuTar~ miwasTan mijaWvuloba, Cuqebis rogorc gacvlis <strong>for</strong>misadmi<br />
pozitiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong> a.S. kulturis struqturaSi aRiniSneba gaxleCa maRal<br />
moralur orientaciebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri yofis realuri pirobebis ugulvebelyofas<br />
Soris, problemebis realuri ga<strong>da</strong>Wris Tavi<strong>da</strong>n arideba, statusis, genderuli <strong>da</strong><br />
14
asakobrivi rolebis TanamedroveobisaTvis araadekvaturi diferenciacia. komunikaciuri<br />
barierTa ricxvs miakuTvneben mSobliur enasTan, wes-CveulebasTan, tradiciul<br />
etiketTan <strong>da</strong> mijaWvulobas. kulturul-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, motoruli<br />
nimuSebi <strong>da</strong> sxeulis Cveuli poziciebi aseve miiCneva rogorc winaaRmdegoba axlis<br />
aTvisebaSi.<br />
tradiciis rogorc modernizaciis <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli garemoebis aseT anTropologiuri<br />
diskreditacias Tan erTvo<strong>da</strong> civilizaciuric. es pirvel rigSi religias<br />
exebo<strong>da</strong>. m.veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, ara<strong>da</strong>savluri religiebi ar miiCnevian<br />
modernizaciuli potenciis matareblad.<br />
amgvarad, Tanamedroveoba am konteqstSi upirispirdeba tradiciuls. socialurkulturuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, am Tanamedroveobis matareblad miiCneva individi<br />
rogorc pirovneba, romelmac Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwia askriptiul kavSirebs <strong>da</strong> romelic sakmaod<br />
Tavisufalia qcevasa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebaSi. es aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebaa, romelic<br />
ar aris SeboWili koleqtiuri avtoritetebiT. mis maxasiaTeblebad miiCneva mzadyofna<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> maTSi aqtiuri monawileoba. es pirovneba racionaluri gegmis<br />
mixedviT moqmedebs.<br />
XX saukunis udidesi nawili manZilze tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> diskreditacia <strong>da</strong><br />
modernizaciis apologia Tanaarsebob<strong>da</strong> kolonializmis kritikisa <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
sazogadoebebis TviTmyofadobis <strong>da</strong>cvasTan erTad. sazogadoebrivi azris mier<br />
vesternizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis gacnobiereba koloniur periodSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>, imiT<br />
iyo gamowveuli, rom sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro naTeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
sazogadoebebze <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis gavlenis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
kulturis SeTvisebis periods mohyva brZola dekolonizaciisa <strong>da</strong> aziis, afrikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
laTinoamerikuli qveynebis TviTmyofadobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis.<br />
1960-iani wlebis bolomde samecniero literaturaSi Warbob<strong>da</strong> Sromebi, romlebic<br />
tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis diqotomiur aRqmas emyarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romlebSic<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis Zveli memkvidreoba ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc u<strong>da</strong>vo<br />
<strong>da</strong>brkoleba modernizaciis gzaze. Sesabamisad, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT<br />
upiratesoba eniWeba utilitarizmis, sekularizmisa <strong>da</strong> racionalizmis Rirebulebebs.<br />
magram 1970-iani wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi arsebulma mravalricxovanma sirTulem,<br />
warumatebelma <strong>modernizacia</strong>m <strong>da</strong> revoluciurma Zvrebma mkvlevrebi aiZula Zveli<br />
universaluri modelebis ga<strong>da</strong>exedva <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis procesebis axali, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
kvlevis wamowyeba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur socialur mecnierebaSi 1970-80-iani wlebis manZilze warmoebulma<br />
kvlevam gamoiwvia Sexedulebis cvlileba tradiciis arssa <strong>da</strong> mis xasiaTTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. `tradiciuli~ kulturebis ufro seriozulma Seswavlam gamoavlina,<br />
rom maTi maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba TanamedroveobasTan mniSvnelovan<br />
araerTgvarovnebas amJRavnebs. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom askriptiuli kavSirebi _ ojaxuri,<br />
naTesauri, klanuri _ xSirad xdebodnen axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis matareblebi.<br />
es ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre kavSirebis individualizacia, rasac xSirad,<br />
sazogadoebis rRveva <strong>da</strong> misi kriminalizacia sdev<strong>da</strong> Tan.<br />
diqotomuri Teoriebi <strong>da</strong> koncefciebi araefeqturi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> aexsna modernizaciuli<br />
procesebis xSiri Cavardnebi, gar<strong>da</strong>mavali sazogadoebebis mravalferovneba,<br />
maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Sinagani dinamika <strong>da</strong> aseve Tanamedrove diferencirebuli<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri kompleqsebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba.<br />
amitom didi yuradReba mieqca am qveynebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli rogorc politikuri,<br />
aseve socialur-kulturuli sistemebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebas, upirveles yovlisa es exebo<strong>da</strong><br />
religiasa <strong>da</strong> kulturul memkvidreobas rogorc am sistemebis Camomyalibebel<br />
15
faqtors. ufro adekvaturi Teoriis ZiebaSi uari iTqva iseT terminebze, rogoricaa<br />
`evropeizacia~ <strong>da</strong> `vesternizacia~, romlebic gulisxmobs yovelmxriv gaigivebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTTan, xolo terminma `amerikanizacia~ kritikuli <strong>da</strong> negatiuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />
SeiZina.<br />
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis adreuli modelebis kritika, pirvel<br />
rigSi, mimarTuli iyo ~tradicia-modernizaciis~ diqotomiis winaaRmdeg. es kritika<br />
emyarebo<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis, rogorc evoluciuri procesis gansazRvrebas, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mowyobis adrindeli socialur-kulturuli principebis<br />
gandevnasa <strong>da</strong> Canacvlebas. kritikis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti gax<strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
memkvidreobisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTobaTa socialur-kulturuli sistemis rolis gamovlineba.<br />
progresistuli koncefciebis sawinaaRmdegod, kulturuli memkvidreoba<br />
ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc stabilurobis SenarCunebis winapiroba, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
sazogadoebis funqciobas. xolo tradicia ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc socialurkulturuli<br />
kavSirebis aucilebeli birTvi, romelic uzrunvelyofs individis<br />
socializaciis arsebiT <strong>for</strong>mebs, jgufTaSoris urTierTobis organizaciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebis erTobas.<br />
nebismier <strong>da</strong>muSavebul variantSi modernizaciis Teoria aRiarebs ori sferos<br />
urTierTqmedebas _ sazogadoebis integraciasa <strong>da</strong> diferencias, Sesabamisad, misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebaSi, rac politikuri TvalsazrisiT gamoixateba<br />
suverenitetis principSi, xolo kulturuli TvalsazrisiT _ TviTmyofadobis,<br />
identurobis principSi. am <strong>da</strong>skvnebma msoflio samecniero literaturaSi gamoiwvia<br />
modernizaciis procesis arsis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva. aseTi gaazrebis erTgvar kategoriuli<br />
<strong>for</strong>mulirebaa s.hanTingtons ekuTvnis: `<strong>modernizacia</strong> aucileblad ar niSnavs<br />
vesternizacias. ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebma SesaZloa ganicadon <strong>modernizacia</strong> ise,<br />
rom uari ar Tqvan sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>ze, ar miiRon <strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebebi,<br />
institutebi <strong>da</strong> qcevis <strong>for</strong>mebi. sinamdvileSi <strong>modernizacia</strong> aZlierebs am kulturebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> iwvevs <strong>da</strong>savleTis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>sustebas. SiZleba iTqvas, rom samyaro sul ufro <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro modernizebuli <strong>da</strong> naklebad <strong>da</strong>savluri xdeba~.<br />
rogorc ukve iTqva, didi xnis manZilze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis kulturul faqtorebs<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmobo<strong>da</strong>. modernizaciis subieqtebad upirveles<br />
yovlisa saxelmwifoebi miiCneodnen, ufro sworesd ki politikuri reJimebi.<br />
Sesabamisad, politikis sfero ganmsazRvrelad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> ekonomikasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
politikasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. magram gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebma rac ufro farTod moicves socialuri<br />
regulaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sfero, miT ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa sakuTriv kulturuli<br />
kanonzomierebebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri regulaciis specifikis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es specifika mniSvnelovanwilad iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
kulturuli velis doneze.<br />
bolo sami aTwleulis manZilze modernizaciis procesSi nacionaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
civilizaciuri TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis principi sabolood <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
samecniero literaturaSi.<br />
sazogadod, modernulobis warmoSobis ori Teoria arsebobs. isini warmoadgenen<br />
or gansxvavebul gagebas imisa, Tu riT gansxvavdeba Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoeba<br />
Tavisi winamorbedisagan. erTi gagebiT, Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong>,<br />
magaliTad, Sua saukunebis evropas Soris iseTive gansxvaveba arsebobs, rogoric Sua<br />
saukuneebis evropasa <strong>da</strong> amave periodis CineTsa Tu indoeTs Soris. sxva sityvebiT, Cven<br />
SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba civilizaciebs Soris, romelTagan<br />
TiToeuls Tavis sakuTari <strong>kultura</strong> aqvs. meore gagebiT, adreuli saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
dRemde arsebuli cvlilebebi Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT raRac `ganviTarebis~ msgavsiT _<br />
16
ogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>sasruli <strong>da</strong> modernis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi. am gabatonebuli<br />
TvalTaxedviT, procesebi friad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba.<br />
modernulobis gagebis pirvel variants pirobiTad kulturuls uwodeben, xolo<br />
meores _ akulturuls. arsebobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta simravle, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs<br />
ena <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba, romlebic gansazRvraven pirovnulobis, socialuri urTierTobebis,<br />
cudisa <strong>da</strong> kargis, saTnoebisa/zneobisa <strong>da</strong> uzneobis <strong>da</strong> a.S. specifikur gagebas.<br />
es modeli _ modernulobis kulturuli Teoria _ Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>r cvlilebebs axali kulturis warmoSobis safuZvelze xsnis. Tanamedrove<br />
atlantikuri samyaro aris <strong>kultura</strong> (an erTmaneTTan mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
jgufi), romelsac aqvs, magaliTad, pirovnebis, bunebis, kargisa <strong>da</strong> cudis sakuTari,<br />
specifikuri gageba, es <strong>kultura</strong> SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vupirispiroT sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenebs,<br />
Tavisi winamorbedi civilizaciebis CaTvliT (romelTanac, cxadia, uamravi saerTo<br />
aqvs).<br />
amis sapirispirod, akulturuli Teoria am trans<strong>for</strong>macias kulturisagan ganyenebulad<br />
xsnis. am TvalsazrisiT, es cvlilebebi ar ganixileba rogorc konkretul<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Si mimdinare procesi, aramed miiCneva movlenad, romelic SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
Sexebo<strong>da</strong> nebismier tradiciul <strong>kultura</strong>s. magaliTad, akulturuli Teoria<br />
modernulobas ganixilavs, rogorc mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezis Sedegs: vTqvaT,<br />
mecnieruli cnobierebis zrdis, sekularuli TvalTaxedvis ganviTarebis, efeqturi/instrumentuli<br />
racionalizmis aRzevebis, faqtsa <strong>da</strong> mis Sefasebas Soris absoluturad<br />
cxadi sxvaobis <strong>da</strong> sxv. sxvagvarad, modernuloba SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vukavSiroT<br />
rogorc socialur, aseve inteleqtualur cvlilebebs: tras<strong>for</strong>maciebi, inteleqtualuris<br />
CaTvliT, ganixileba rogorc <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli mobilurobis/cvlilebebis,<br />
populaciis koncentraciis, industrializaciis <strong>da</strong> a.S. Sedegi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi<br />
modernuloba trans<strong>for</strong>maciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic TiToeul <strong>kultura</strong>s SeuZlia<br />
ganicados <strong>da</strong>, savaraudod, iZulebuli iqneba ganicados.<br />
es cvlilebebi ar aris gansazRvruli am kulturebis mdgomareobiT <strong>da</strong>, magaliTad,<br />
pirovnebis, sazogadoebis an sikeTis specifikuri gagebiT; ufro metad, esaa<br />
cvlilebebi, romelsac yoveli <strong>kultura</strong>, principSi, msxverplad ewireba. magaliTad,<br />
TiToeul <strong>kultura</strong>s SeiZleba Seexos mecnieruli cnobierebis zr<strong>da</strong>, yovel religias<br />
_ sekularizacia, instrumentuli azrovnebis zr<strong>da</strong>m SeiZleba gamoiwvios saboloo<br />
aRsasruli, warmodgena metafizikurze SeiZleba Zireulad Seicvalos faqtsa <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
Sefasebas Soris gaCenili <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis gamo.<br />
modernuloba, am Teoriis mixedviT, gagebulia rogorc konkretuli kulturisagan<br />
ganyenebuli racionaluri an socialuri procesebis Sedegi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom es<br />
Teoria ugulebelyofs im istoriul mizezebs, ris gamoc es cvlilebebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
warmoSva swored am, <strong>da</strong> ara sxva civilizaciaSi, an ris gamoc am cvlilebebs<br />
erTni ufro advilad eqvemdebarebian, sxvani ki _ Znelad. saqme ufro isaa, rom es<br />
procesi ganisazRvreba ara rogorc kulturuli specifika, aramed rogorc zogadi<br />
funqcia, romelic kulturul specifikas msxverplad iwiravs.<br />
Tu am sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT, es procesebi ar un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT rogorc<br />
erTi specifikuri, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli gagebis an RirebulebaTa sistemis<br />
arCevanis asaxva. socialuri ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
iseT istoriul movlenebs, rogoricaa industralizacia, romelic gavlenas axdens<br />
Rirebulebebze; magram amgvari movlenebi xSirad ar aris miCneuli konkretul<br />
sferoSi specifikuri arCevanis gamoxatulebad. rodesac saqme exeba racionalur<br />
axsnas, is miiCneva zogadi SesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebad, romelic elo<strong>da</strong> Sesabamis<br />
pirobebs ralizaciisaTvis. garkveuli pirobebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mividnen im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde,<br />
17
om racionaluri azrovneba efeqturia, rom instrumentuli racionalizmi amarTlebs<br />
sakuTar Tavs, rom religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi iwvevs gauTvaliswinebel<br />
naxtomebs, rom faqti <strong>da</strong> misi Sefaseba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ramaa. am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba<br />
zogierTma RirebulebiTma <strong>da</strong> msoflmxedvelobiTma sistemam SesaZloa gaadvilos,<br />
zogierTma ki _ Seaferxos. isini (e.i. RirebulebiTi sistemebi <strong>da</strong> cvlilebaTa procesi)<br />
ar aris erTmaneTze ganuyrelad ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli. ufro metad, isini gansazRvrulia imiT,<br />
rac, Cveni azriT, moicavs RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong> gagebaTa gavrcelebis mTel konteqsts.<br />
albaT, cxadia, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze gabatonebuli modernulobis<br />
Teoriebi akulturuli xasiaTisaa. bevrma modernulobis ganviTareba, nawilobriv<br />
mainc, axsna imiT, rom Cven <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT zemoT moxseniebul savaraudo WeSmaritebaTa<br />
mTeli wyeba. sxvagvarad, cvlilebebi nawilobriv axsnil iqna kulturulad<br />
neitraluri (kulturisagan ganyenebuli) socialuri ganviTarebis movlenebiT<br />
rogoricaa e.durkheimiseuli moZraoba socialuri erTobis meqanikuri <strong>for</strong>mebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
diferencirebuli, organuli <strong>for</strong>mebisaken. an aleqsis de tokvilis varaudi, `mcocavi<br />
demokratiis~ Sesaxeb (romelSic igi gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> moZraobas Tanasworobisaken). maqs<br />
veberis interpretaciiT, racionalizacia myari procesia, romelsac droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi yvela <strong>kultura</strong> gaivlis.<br />
magram yvelaze popularulia modernulobis mizezobrivi ganmartebebi. mxolod<br />
socialur axsnas mivyavarT mizezamde: socialuri cvlilebebi, iseTebi rogoricaa<br />
mobiluroba <strong>da</strong> industrializacia, ganapirobeben inteleqtualur <strong>da</strong> sulier<br />
cvlilebs, radgan isini ubiZgeben xalxs, <strong>da</strong>Tmon Zveli Cvevebi <strong>da</strong> rwmenebi _ religia<br />
an tradiciuli morali _ romlebic miuRebeli xdebian, kargaven ra <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
racionalur safuZvels, rac gaaCnia modernulobis iseT warmodgenebs rogoricaa<br />
individualizmi <strong>da</strong> instrumentuli azrovneba.<br />
magram SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva _ ra vuyoT modernulobis farTod gavrcelebul<br />
<strong>da</strong> popularul negatiur Teorias, romelic modernizaciis process ganixilavs ara<br />
rogorc zr<strong>da</strong>s, aramed rogorc <strong>da</strong>qveiTebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kninebas? sainteresoa, rom isinic<br />
Taviseburad akulturistebi arian. amis warmosaCenad, Cven un<strong>da</strong> ganvavrcoT zemoT<br />
motanili ganmarteba. imis nacvlad, rom cvlilebebi ganixilos rogorc SesaZleblobaTa<br />
realizacia, negatiuri Teoria modernulobas xSirad mxolod safrTxis<br />
Semcvelad miiCnevs. magram xSirad is konkretuli kulturisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
ganixileba. modernulobas axasiaTeben rogorc perspeqtiva<strong>da</strong>kargul, safuZvelgamoclil<br />
(fesveb<strong>da</strong>kargul) movlenas, romelic qedmaRlobis gamo uaryofs a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
SesaZleblobebis SezRudulobas, Cvens <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas istoriaze an RmerTze. is<br />
ganusazRvrel ndobas ucxadebs aramdgrad/cvalebad a<strong>da</strong>mianur gonebas; akninebs<br />
TviTSemwynareblobas, romelic Sorsaa cxovrebis heroikuli ganzomilebisagan.<br />
modernulobis ganmartebebis udidesi nawili pozitiur <strong>da</strong> negatiur interpretaciaze<br />
modis. isini akulturulobisaken arian midrekilni. kulturuli<br />
interpretaciebi Zlieria, magram maTi ricxvi naklebia. magaliTad, fridrix nicSe<br />
Tanamedrove samecniero <strong>kultura</strong>s axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> rogorc ganpirobebuls faseulobaTa<br />
specifikuri mTlianobiT. veberma, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom SemogvTavaza racionalizaciis<br />
rogorc myari, kulturulad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Zalis Teoria, protestantuli eTika<br />
gaiazra rogorc religiur-moralur SexedulebebaTa gansakuTrebuli erToba,<br />
romelmac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmi.<br />
amgvarad, akulturuli Teoriebi gabatonebuli arian. es cudia. imisaTvis, rom<br />
avxsnaT, Tu ratom, ufro cxa<strong>da</strong>d un<strong>da</strong> vaCvenoT, ras aniWeben es Teoriebi<br />
upiratesobas, ra gamoaqvT wina planze <strong>da</strong> ras ar aqceven yuradRebas.<br />
18
akulturuli Teoriebi midrekilni arian axsnan modernulobis tranzicia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla, rogorc tradiciuli rwmenebisa <strong>da</strong> maT<strong>da</strong>mi erTgulebis <strong>da</strong>kargva. es<br />
<strong>da</strong>nakargi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc instituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegi.<br />
magaliTad, mobiluroba <strong>da</strong> urbanizacia ganixilulia rogorc mizezi, romelic<br />
asustebs statikuri sasoflo sazogadoebis rwmena-warmodgenebsa <strong>da</strong> safuZvlebs. am<br />
<strong>da</strong>nakargs/cvlilebebs, SesaZloa, safuZvlad edos Tanamedrove samecniero azris<br />
ganviTareba. cvlilebebi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>debiTad iyos Sefasebuli; an piriqiT,<br />
uaryofiTad _ imaT mier, visTvisac tradicia ufro faseulia <strong>da</strong> visac mecnieruli<br />
azrovneba SezRudulad miaCnia. magram yvela es Teoria Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs erT<br />
garkveul aspeqtSi: Zveli Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong> maT<strong>da</strong>mi erTguleba Sesustebulia. Zveli<br />
horizontebi, nicSeseuli warmodgeniT, gaqra.<br />
ra Cndeba am <strong>da</strong>nakargis Semdeg. codnis miRebis empiriul-mecnieruli midgomis<br />
gabatoneba amkvidrebs individualizms, negatiur Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> instrumentul<br />
racionalobas. isini wina planze gamodian, maT a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ~normalurad~ afaseben,<br />
radgan kacobrioba aRar aris Seferxebuli Tu <strong>da</strong>brmavebuli yalbi crurwmenebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
cxovrebis arafrismomcemi wesiT, romelsac es rwmenebi ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. erTxelac miTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Secdoma gaqra. mxolod empiriuli midgomaa efeqturi codnis misaRebad. <strong>da</strong> es<br />
maSinve cxadi gaxdeba rogorc ki, gavTavisufldebiT metafizikis monobisagan. mzardi<br />
instrumentuli racionaloba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs maqsimalurad <strong>da</strong>vikmayofiloT<br />
survilebi, Cven yovelTvis mxolod gvafrTxobdnen usafuZvlo direqtiviT _<br />
SegvezRu<strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavi. individualizmi aris normaluri/bunebrivi Sedegi a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
mier sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebisa/TviTpativiscemisa, RmerTis iluzoruli<br />
moTxovnebis, yofierebis borkilebisa <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>/RvTiuri sazogadoebrivi wesrigis<br />
gareSe.<br />
sxvagvari Sefaseba, romelic avsebs gamorCenil niuansebs, aris imis SesaZleblobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sveba, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri modernuloba SeiZleba emyarebodes Tavis sakuTar,<br />
originalur sulier sawyisebs <strong>da</strong> ar iyos gagebuli warmoSobili martivad <strong>da</strong><br />
gar<strong>da</strong>uvlad _ rogorc ganviTarebis Sedegi.<br />
akulturuli Teoriis batonobis mizezebi gasagebi xdeba, rodesac vacnobierebT,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>savlelebi saukuneebis manZilze cxovrobdnen modernulobisaken gar<strong>da</strong>maval<br />
periodSi, im civilizaciis gareT, romelsac qristianul samyaros vuwodebT. rTulia<br />
icxovro cvlilebaTa periodSi <strong>da</strong> ar iyo tendenciuri. am suliskveTebiT Cven, sakmaod<br />
xSirad, SefasebiT axsnas vaxdenT xolme, romelime mxaris sasargeblod. cvlilebebi<br />
uproblemod aixsneba imiT, rom Cven `SevZeliT~ siyalbis <strong>da</strong>naxva, an <strong>da</strong>viviwyeT<br />
mniSvnelovani WeSmaritebani. kulturuli xedvis farglebSi aseTi <strong>da</strong>majerebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebis gamotanisaTvis, saWiro iqnebo<strong>da</strong> modernulobis kompleqsuri Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
Sefaseba, imis sapirispirod, rom mas ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> qristianoba. aseT mkafio<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnamde misvla friad rTuli (Tu SeuZlebeli ara) amocanaa.<br />
kulturuli Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, Cven sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>s ganvixilavT, rogorc<br />
erT-erTs sxvaTa Soris, <strong>da</strong> es Cveni civilizaciis axali monapovaria, amitom gasakviri<br />
araa, rom revoluciuri cvlilebebis pirveli Sefaseba akulturuli iyo. Cveni<br />
winaprebis umravlesoba sxva civilizaciebs ganixilav<strong>da</strong> rogorc barbarosuls,<br />
warmarTuls an velurs. absurduli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> molodini, rom safrangeTis revoluciis<br />
Tanamedroveebs, orive politikuri mxaris warmomadgenlebs, am politikur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebaSi kulturuli cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong>enaxaT. im periodSi kulturuli<br />
pluralizmis idea mxolod isaxebo<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, iohan gotfrid herderis<br />
TxzulebebSi.<br />
19
magram maSinac ki, rodesac es pozicia ufro advilad misaRebi gax<strong>da</strong>, Cven, sakuTari<br />
poziciis erTgulebis gamo, mis ignorirebas vaxdenT. es nawilobriv gamowveulia imiT,<br />
rom SefasebiTi axsna ufro <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebelia. Cven gvin<strong>da</strong> an ganvadidoT<br />
modernuloba, an gavTaTxoT is. es nawilobriv gamowveulia SiSiTac, rom kulturul<br />
Teoria SefasebiT midgomas SeuZlebels gaxdis. ukanaskneli azri, albaT, mc<strong>da</strong>ria,<br />
magram asea Tu ise aq es garkveul rols TamaSobs.<br />
sxva faqtori, romelic biZgs aZlevs akulturul Teorias, aris materialisturi<br />
midgoma, romelic popularuli iyo socialur mecnierebebsa <strong>da</strong> istoriaSi. am<br />
konteqstSi me vgulisxmob im interpretaciebs, romlebic ugulebelyofdnen moralur<br />
<strong>da</strong> sulier faqtorebs ufro `miwieri~ kategoriebis sasargeblod. amgvarad, zemoT<br />
CamoTvlili movlenebi _ mecnierebis ganviTareba, individualizmi, negatiuri<br />
Tavisufleba, instrumentuli azrovneba <strong>da</strong> modernuli kulturis sxva mniSvnelovani<br />
Taviseburebani _ xSirad ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc socialuri cvlilebebis, industrializaciis,<br />
udidesi mobilurobis an urbanizaciis Sedegi. aq, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, mniSvnelovania<br />
mizezobrivi kavSirebis Tvalis midevneba, magram isini ugulebelyofilia,<br />
iseve rogorc problema, ganapirobebs Tu ara es cvlilebebi Tavad <strong>kultura</strong>Si raime<br />
cvlilebas zneobriv idealTa TvalsazrisiT. pasuxi xSirad uaryofiTia.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, socialuri cvlilebebi, romlebmac, savaraudod, ganapiroba axali<br />
msoflmxedvelobis Casaxva, Tavad un<strong>da</strong> iyos axsnili, es moiTxovs zogierTi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
motivaciis gaTvaliswinebas. Tu Cven ar vivaraudebT, rom industrializacia <strong>da</strong><br />
qalaqebis sayovelTao zr<strong>da</strong> ugonurebis Semotevisas mox<strong>da</strong>. Cven gvWirdeba garkveuli<br />
codna imisa, Tu ratom iltvo<strong>da</strong> xalxi mkacrad erTi mimarTulebiT, magaliTad,<br />
warmoebaSi teqnologiis gamoyenebis zrdisaken, an mosaxleobis didi koncentraciisaken.<br />
magram xSirad Cndeba aramoraluri motivaciebi. amaSi me vgulismob<br />
motivaciebs, romlebsac SeuZlia xalxis aqtivizeba romelime moralur/sulier<br />
idelaTan kavSiris gareSe, rogorc adre aRvniSne. rogorc Sedegi, es socialuri<br />
cvlilebebi xSirad axsnilia rogorc miswrafeba simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebisaken,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis an sxvaTa kontrolisaken. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, yvelaferi es SeiZleba erwymodes<br />
moralur idealebs, magram maTi arseboba saWiro araa. <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, es aramoraluri<br />
kategoriebi interpretacia ganixileba rogorc sakmaod mZimed <strong>da</strong> metismetad<br />
mecnierulad miiCneva.<br />
maSinac ki, roca individualuri Tavisufleba instrumentuli azrovnebis<br />
gavrcelebad ganixileba rogorc ideebi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaT<br />
socialuri cvlilebebis axsna, isini xSirad aramoraluri kategoriebiT arian<br />
gagebuli. am ideaTa mniSvneloba/siZliere xSirad gaiazreba ara maTi<br />
moraluri/azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc im upiratesobaTa erToblioba,<br />
romelic xalxs eboZa maTi moraluri msoflmxedvelobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, hqon<strong>da</strong>T Tu ara maT aseTi msoflmedveloba saerTod. Tavisufleba<br />
SesaZleblobas gaZlevs, gaakeTo is, rac gin<strong>da</strong>, instrumentuli azrovnebis farTo<br />
gamoyeneba nebismieri survilebis umetesobas gikmayofilebs.<br />
cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi aseTi saxis interpretacia kulturulad<br />
dominirebuli xdeba. modernulobis sulieri sawyisebis kvlevis motivacia Zalian<br />
sustia. namdvilad, am sawyisebis Tun<strong>da</strong>c zogierTi momentis Secnobis SesaZlebloba<br />
nuls utoldeba. <strong>da</strong> es kulturul Teoriebs dRis wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n xsnis.<br />
20
Tema III. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologia modernuli <strong>da</strong> aramodernuli<br />
kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze.<br />
tipologizaciis problema kulturis mecnierebebSi<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta kvlevebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovansi mimarTuleba <strong>kultura</strong>Ta identifikacia,<br />
maTi tipis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> klasifikaciaa. amitom bunebrivia im TeoriaTa<br />
simravle, romlebic <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipilogizaciis bevr sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva models gvTavazoben.<br />
gamoyofen, magaliTad, kulturis barbarosul <strong>da</strong> civilizebul, aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur, tradiciul <strong>da</strong> inovaciur, pirvelyofilamdel, pirvelyofil, samxedro,<br />
religiur, mecnierul, racionalur, werilobiT, u<strong>da</strong>mwerlobo <strong>da</strong> sxva uamrav tips.<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologiis meTodologiuri safuZvelia kulturuli procesis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva koncefcia: evoluciuri, cikluri, kulturul-istoriuli versiebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
arsebobs tipologiuri Teoriebi, romlebSic ama Tu im tipis kulturis struqturul<br />
safuZvlad miiCneva a<strong>da</strong>mianis kulturulad determinirebuli qceva, geografiuli,<br />
qronologiuri, erovnuli <strong>da</strong> sxva principebi 1 .<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologiuri kvleva dReisaTvis kulturologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelaze aqtualuri problemis _ civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis (identurobis) _<br />
gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva. es problema scildeba wmin<strong>da</strong> samecniero interesebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saxelmwifoebriv <strong>da</strong> politikur interesebTan.<br />
civilizaciuri identurobis gansazRvra xSirad ganixileba im krizisi<strong>da</strong>n Tavis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Rwevis saSualebad, romelsac ganicdian Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi<br />
saxelmwifoebi. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven im garemoebasac, rom <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli problema<br />
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria e.w. mcire erebisaTvis.<br />
inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba rogorc <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologizaciis erT-erTi<br />
determinanti<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologiuri raobis gansazRvris erTi saintereso niSni maTi<br />
tradiciulobisa <strong>da</strong> inovaciurobis TvalsazrisiT gamijvnaa. rogorc iTqva,<br />
tradiciis qveS igulisxmeba socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebi,<br />
romlebic ara mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>ecemian Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas, aramed narCundebian xangrZlivi<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara<br />
marto imas, ra ga<strong>da</strong>ices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>ices igi. es<br />
termini gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) <strong>da</strong> rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis<br />
TiTqmis identur <strong>for</strong>mebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad <strong>da</strong> asaxsnelad. inovaciis qveS<br />
ki, igulisxmeba axali teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis axali modelis <strong>for</strong>mirebis meqanizmi.<br />
inovaciebi qmnian winapirobas socialur-kulturuli cvlilebebisaTvis.<br />
ganasxvaveben ra <strong>kultura</strong>Ta am or tips, mecnierebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi,<br />
pirvelis qveS gulisxmoben arqaul sazogadoebebs an Zvel civilizaciebs rogorc<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur, ise aRmosavlur kulturebs ganviTarebis kapitalizmamdel etapze.<br />
Cveulebriv, tradiciul sazogadoebebs gansazRvraven rogorc statikurs,<br />
romlisTvisac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia diferenciaciisa <strong>da</strong> specializaciis, agreTve<br />
urbanizaciis naklebi xarisxi. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, tradiciul sazogadoebebs<br />
aRweren rogorc <strong>da</strong>myarebuls `tradiciuli~ elitis Zalauflebaze, romelic marTavs<br />
ama Tu im `zeciuri man<strong>da</strong>tis~ safuZvelze. tradiciuli sazogadoeba SezRudulia<br />
kulturuli horizontebiT, romelsac tradicia amyarebs. amgvarad, termini<br />
`tradiciuli~ gamoiyeneba im sazogadoebebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT nela<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba, romelTaTvisac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia saqmianobis legitimacia warsulze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. pirovneba tradiciul kulturebSi realizdeba mxolod romelime<br />
1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria <strong>da</strong> Teoria). gv.56.<br />
21
korporaciisadmi misi mikuTvnebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>, umravles SemTxvevaSi, igi mkacrad aris<br />
mimagrebuli ama Tu im socialur jgufTan.<br />
inovaciuri kulturebis qveS, romelsac `modernistuls~ <strong>da</strong> `teqnogenursac~<br />
uwodeben, gulisxmoben sazogadoebebs, romelTaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia mecnierulteqnikuri<br />
progresi, Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstituciuri saparlamento<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi <strong>da</strong> piradi Tavisufleba. es yovelive ki <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciisaTvis. zemoT aRniSnul elementebs SeiZleba funqciuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqondeT romelime ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi, ris gamoc is, agreTve<br />
modernistul sazogadoebad miiCneva. inovaciuri Tu modernistuli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia diferenciaciis, urbanizaciis, ganaTlebis maRali<br />
done <strong>da</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciis sayovelTaoba. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, modernistuli<br />
sazogadoeba emyareba masebis farTo monawileobas, romelic ar Rebulobs<br />
legitimurobis tradiciul principebs <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebas akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas<br />
efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. inovaciur sazogadoebas, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
axasiaTebs kulturuli dinamika <strong>da</strong> orientacia cvalebadobebsa <strong>da</strong> novaciebze. misi<br />
Tavisebureba <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi faseulobaa individualizmi, rac gulisxmobs pirovnebis<br />
Tavisuflebebisa <strong>da</strong> uflebebis pativiscemas, agreTve individualuri pasuxismgeblobis<br />
princips. pirovneba ganixileba yovelgvari erTobisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad.<br />
Cvenis azriT, <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tradiciuloba an inovaciuroba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ganisazRvreba <strong>kultura</strong>Ta xasiaTis TaviseburebiT: erTi mxriv, misi midrekilebiT<br />
tradiciaTa SenarCunebisaken, warsulisaken, meore mxriv, miswrafebiT siaxlisaken,<br />
cvlilebebisaken. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta es maxasiaTeblebi (iseve rogorc sxva <strong>da</strong>narCeni)<br />
yalibdeba rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani Tviseba, romelic mxolod nawilobriv<br />
eqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong> araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTlianad ar aris gansazRvruli droiTi <strong>da</strong><br />
sivrciTi faqtorebiT. amitom, albaT, ar iqneba swori, Tu vityviT, rom ama Tu im<br />
sazogadoebis geografiulad aRmosavluri mdebareoba <strong>da</strong> qronologiurad<br />
premodernul xanaSi arseboba ukve sakmarisi argumentia misi tradiciulobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad. modernistuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong>savleTSi SesaZlebeli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> aq manamde inovaciuri sazogadoebis arsebobis gamo, <strong>da</strong>savleTSi sazogadoeba<br />
inovaciuri iyo kapitalizmamdel xanaSic. amdenad, albaT, ar aris saWiro istoriis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa tradiciuli <strong>da</strong> inovaciuri kulturebis xanad. isini SeiZleba droSi<br />
Tanaarsebobdnen. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, un<strong>da</strong> ganvasxvaoT cneba `modernistuli~ (romelic<br />
gulisxmobs Tanamedrove etapze <strong>da</strong>savlur samyaroSi wamoqmnil kulturul tips),<br />
`inovaciuri~ kulturebisagan, rac aris kulturis Tviseba _ iyos orientirebuli<br />
siaxleze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, xSirad tradiciul sazogadoebebis <strong>modernizacia</strong> udris<br />
vesternizacias inovaciurobis gareSe.<br />
koleqtivisturi <strong>da</strong> individulisturi sazogadoebebi<br />
individualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,<br />
romlebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
tipologizebas.<br />
koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d motivirebulia im<br />
jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevroba<br />
tradiciulia <strong>da</strong> ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,<br />
religiuri erToba <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnobmegobarTa<br />
wre <strong>da</strong> sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)<br />
<strong>da</strong> `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.<br />
22
ac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili Tvalsazrisi<br />
qarTvelTa personalizmisa <strong>da</strong> individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mier<br />
SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~<br />
koleqtivistur <strong>kultura</strong>s~, sa<strong>da</strong>c ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,<br />
samegobro, nacnobTa wre <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSi<br />
arsebuli normebi 1 . sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilze<br />
yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ar iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydebo<strong>da</strong>. calkeuli<br />
individis azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli jgufebiT<br />
Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis ar vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> ufro did<br />
socialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze <strong>da</strong>, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtul<br />
normaze, rogoricaa kanoni 2 .<br />
vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa <strong>da</strong>, Tanac,<br />
konkretuli maxasiaTeblis <strong>da</strong>dgenis mcdeloba winga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijia Cveni<br />
kulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxolod<br />
dReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tun<strong>da</strong>c kanonTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuli<br />
Camoyalibebis asaxsnelad.<br />
cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa <strong>da</strong> sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,<br />
magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,<br />
mkafiod ganisazRvros, ara SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)<br />
maxasiaTebliad <strong>da</strong> ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misi<br />
moqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver <strong>da</strong>vaRwevT aRrevasa <strong>da</strong> bundovanebas,<br />
romelic arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,<br />
g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa <strong>da</strong> yofis erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>Soreba qarTuli kulturis erTerTi<br />
maxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad <strong>da</strong><br />
Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis<br />
(kanonis) <strong>da</strong> yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri <strong>da</strong>Sorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi 3 ).<br />
Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa <strong>da</strong> kulturis maxasiaTebelTa<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
Cveulebriv, individualizms <strong>da</strong>savlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad<br />
miiCneven. aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, pirobiTia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yuradRebas<br />
imsaxurebs Semdegi garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis<br />
koleqtivisturi orientacia <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis<br />
gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia, vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis<br />
ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas <strong>da</strong> sivrciT ganfenilobas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi 4 .<br />
XVI saukunemde <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebic mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT<br />
xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs 5 .<br />
`Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleTi iseTive `ara<strong>da</strong>savluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />
msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
procesebma, romlebic <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7.<br />
2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.<br />
3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia <strong>da</strong> zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8.<br />
4 surmaniZe l. individualisturi <strong>da</strong> koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi <strong>da</strong> empiriuli<br />
kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.<br />
5 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.<br />
23
koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~ 1 . amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli sazogadoebebis<br />
koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT evropis,<br />
laTinuri amerikis, aziuri <strong>da</strong> afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas. <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur <strong>kultura</strong>s gamoar-<br />
Ceven.<br />
saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individualisturi<br />
sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. Cveni <strong>kultura</strong>, koleqtivisturi<br />
aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis<br />
aseve koleqtivisturi <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong>emata <strong>da</strong> mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>d Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT<br />
gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.<br />
sivrcisa <strong>da</strong> drois kulturebi<br />
samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba `drois kulturisa~ <strong>da</strong> `sivrcis kulturis~<br />
cnebebi. am klasifikaciiT, Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTi, moderni _ drois <strong>kultura</strong>a; misi<br />
mTavari maxasiaTebelia dinamikuroba, mudmivi cvalebadoba, romelic ukeTesisaken<br />
gamudmebul svlad gaiazreba. Sesabamisad, arsebobs mniSvnelobaTa mobiluri<br />
struqturebi <strong>da</strong> cvalebadi <strong>for</strong>mebi. CveulebaTa azri mudmivad kiTxvis qveS dgeba <strong>da</strong>,<br />
saqmis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, icvleba. ara<strong>da</strong>savleTi, premoderni an aramoderni<br />
_ sivrcis <strong>kultura</strong>a, romelic aRbeWdilia TavianT adgilsamyofelze a<strong>da</strong>mianTa <strong>da</strong><br />
saganTa mijaWvulobis niSniT. es aris mSvidi, statikuri inercia, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
simyudrovis, usafrTxoebisa <strong>da</strong> movlenaTa prognozirebadobis ganc<strong>da</strong>s aniWebs.<br />
drois kategoria am kulturisaTvis ucxo ar aris, magram igi, iseve rogorc masTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli cvalebadoba, did rols ar TamaSobs. drois kulturis sworxazovani,<br />
swrafwarmavali droisagan gansxvavebiT, es cikluri droa, romelic wrebrunvas<br />
asrulebs gaCenas, aRsasrulsa <strong>da</strong> kvlav gaCenas Soris. sivrcis kulturisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia myari sazogadoebrivi jgufebis arseboba, romlebic gansazRvraven<br />
calkeul individTa cxovrebas <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n sikvdilamde <strong>da</strong> romlebTanac es<br />
individebi mWidrod arian <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. sivrcis <strong>kultura</strong> aRbeWdilia myari<br />
ritualebiT, wes-Cveulebebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunviT. es wes-Cveulebebi am saxiT<br />
mxolod am <strong>kultura</strong>Si _ am sivrceSi, am nia<strong>da</strong>gze arseboben, simyudrovisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sinaurulobis ganwyobas uqmnian im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, vis Cveulebebsac isini warmoadgenen 2 .<br />
saqmis gamartiveba iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sveba, rom droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis niSniT <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavluri kulturebi mkafiod emijnebian erTmaneTs. v.Smidis azriT, sivrcis<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> arsebobs planetis oTx mexuTedze, TviT aRmosavleT evropis CaTvliT.<br />
ufro metic _ <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrces Soris Tavs iCens ara mxolod<br />
erTmaneTisagan geografiulad gamijnul regionebSi, aramed erTi kulturis SigniTac:<br />
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi faSisturi <strong>da</strong>jgufeba gamodis modernis<br />
winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, iranSi XXI saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs mravali axalgazr<strong>da</strong> uwevs<br />
winaaRmdegobas aramodernul, xist mmarTvelobas 3 .<br />
sabolood <strong>kultura</strong>Ta aseTi saxis <strong>da</strong>jgufebam:<br />
individualisturi koleqtivisturi<br />
inovaciuri tradiciuli<br />
drois sivrcis<br />
1 muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.<br />
2 Smidi v. omi sivrcesa <strong>da</strong> dros Soris (leqcia, wakiTxuli 2001 wlis 15 oqtombers, iv.javaxiSvilis sax.<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi). _ gaz.: “Cveni mwerloba” 49 (75), Tb., 7-14 dekemberi, 2001, gv.2.<br />
3 Smidi v. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.2.<br />
24
SeiZleba migviyvanos aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis diqotomiamde. ramdenad Seesabameba<br />
realobas am diqotomiis arseboba, ramdenad marTebulia aRmosavleT/<strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
sazogadoebaTa klasificireba rogorc aramodernuli, koleqtivisturi, tradiciuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> modernuli, individualisturi, inovaciurisa, es diskusiis msjelobis sagani<br />
iqneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs kulturs tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis<br />
urTierTqmedebis gaazrebas.<br />
aRmosavleTi-<strong>da</strong>savleTi _ <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologiis safuZveli<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis fenomenze yuradRebis gamaxvileba saWirod<br />
CavTvaleT, pirvel rigSi, imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia tradiciulobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
modernulobis gagebis erT-erT interpretaciasTan.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi _ kacobriobis cnobierebaSi arsebuli mudmivi<br />
opozicia _ warmogvidgeba ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli sivrcis saxiT. TavisTavad<br />
es <strong>da</strong>yofa, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, pirobiTia, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens eTnikuri<br />
(<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, kulturuli) TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan sivrces. metic, isini<br />
swored erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi yalibdebian met-naklebad mkafiod gamokveTil<br />
mTlianobad. am ori samyaros tipologia <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli Seswavla mTlianad <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
samyaros iniciativaa. aman bevri ram gansazRvra maTze Sexedulebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, rac xSirad ar Tanxvdebo<strong>da</strong> arsebul sinamdviles (es gasakuTrebiT<br />
aRmosavleTze iTqmis). un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTi, aRmosavleTisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, ufro advilad aRiqmeba TavisTavad erTobad, radgan integrirebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis tradicias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. aRmosavleTis erTgvarovan sivrced<br />
ganxilva ki samarTlianad eqvemdebareba kritikas. aRmosavleTi moicavs muslimur,<br />
konfuciur, budistur <strong>da</strong> sxva erTobebs j.stidmani sruliad uaryofs <strong>da</strong>savleTaRmosavleTis<br />
diqotomias. misi azriT, aRmosavleTze, aziaze ar SeiZleba saubari,<br />
rogorc raimegvar erTobaze, radgan igi Sedgeba `subkontinenturi civilizaciebisagan~:<br />
SoreulaRmosavluri, induri <strong>da</strong> islamuri 1 .<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mainc xdeba Zalian pirobiTi maxasiaTeblebis SerCeva,<br />
romlebiTac ganasxvaveben <strong>da</strong>savlur an aRmosavlur kulturebs:<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmosavleTi<br />
ganviTarebuli, urbanistuli CamorCenili, sasoflo<br />
industriuli agraruli<br />
warmoeba rogorc bazisi ganawileba rogorc bazisi<br />
politikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmosavleTi<br />
samoqalaqo, demokratiuli patriarqaluri, avtoritaruli,<br />
despoturi<br />
istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmosavleTi<br />
istorizmi aistorizmi<br />
xazovani dro cikluri dro<br />
1 Стидман Дж. Миф об Азии. // Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций. Хрестоматия. М., 1998. c. 261.<br />
25
kulturul- istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi aRmosavleTi<br />
materializmi suliereba<br />
sekularizacia religiuroba<br />
realizmi/pragmatizmi idealizmi<br />
obieqtivizmi subieqtivizmi<br />
pluralizmi monizmi<br />
racionaloba intuiciuroba<br />
bunebis <strong>da</strong>morCileba bunebasTan a<strong>da</strong>ptacia<br />
dinamizmi statikuroba<br />
samarTali morali<br />
mecnieruli codna sakraluri codna<br />
Tavisufleba wesrigi<br />
neba fatalizmi<br />
anTropocentrizmi Teocentrizmi<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom es maxasiaTeblebi araTu mTel<br />
civilizacias, aramed erT konkretul <strong>kultura</strong>sac ki idealurad `miesa<strong>da</strong>gos, magram<br />
Tu romelime <strong>kultura</strong> met-naklebad pasuxobs erT an meore `moTxovnebs~, mainc<br />
gveZleva misi tipologiurad gansazRvris saSualeba.<br />
radgan kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena <strong>kultura</strong>Ta klasifikaciis erTerTi<br />
ZiriTadi safuZvelia, amitom un<strong>da</strong> SevexoT sakiTxs, romelic kulturuli<br />
maxasiaTeblis raobasa <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>kultura</strong>sTan urTierTmimarTebas exeba.<br />
kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic am<br />
sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis <strong>for</strong>maSi<br />
vlindeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia koleqtiuri fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsi<br />
droSi met-naklebad ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia <strong>da</strong><br />
mas `erovnul~ an `kulturul xasiaTs~ uwodeben. a.baroninis ganmartebiT, erovnuli<br />
xasiaTi naciis fsiqikuri wyobis komponentia, romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc<br />
realobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gamovlinebisadmi konkretuli eTnikuri erTobis urTierTobis<br />
(<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis) sistema, gamovlenili azrovnebis myar stereotipebSi, emociur<br />
reagirebasa <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d qcevaSi 1 . rogor xdeba kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT, ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs,<br />
romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan,<br />
aseve gare faqtorebis (geografiuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad, maT<br />
urTierTzemoqmedebasTan.<br />
kulturul maxasiaTeblebs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleven<br />
eTnofsiqologebi <strong>da</strong> kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
terminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli xasiaTi, kulturuli<br />
(eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba, mentaloba <strong>da</strong> a.S. magram un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas,<br />
rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc `mouxelTebelia~, bolomde axsnili ar aris <strong>da</strong>,<br />
SesaZloa, arc eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba<br />
zustad aixsnas, aseve (<strong>da</strong> miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri xasiaTis<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian samyaros xedviTa <strong>da</strong><br />
masSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis adgilis gansazRvriT; bunebis aRqmiTa <strong>da</strong> masze zemoqmedebis (misi<br />
Semecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv.; individisa <strong>da</strong><br />
1 Баронин А.С. Этническая психология. Киев, 2000. с.254.<br />
26
koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT Sromisadmi; <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT<br />
samarTlis rogorc socialur urTierTobaTa regulatorisadmi; amqveyniurisa <strong>da</strong><br />
imqveyniuris urTierTmimarTebiT; <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT sikvdilisadmi; religiurobis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebiT; istoriis aRqmiTa <strong>da</strong> misi mimarTulebis gaazrebiT (progresi, wrebrunva,<br />
regresi); <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT mSoblebsa <strong>da</strong> Svilebs, Taobebs, saerTod, socialuri<br />
mTelis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs Soris <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs kidev mravali<br />
maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris _ ierarqiuli urTierTobebi, in<strong>for</strong>maciis gacvlis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wesi, araverbaluri komunikaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>ma. es yvelaferi naTlad<br />
vlindeba ara mxolod filosofiuri Tu socialuri moZRvrebebis, an istoriuli<br />
warsulis aRqmis analizisas, aramed yofiT <strong>da</strong> saqmian urTierTobebSic. magaliTad,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebi zustad gansazRvraven dros <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvianeba <strong>da</strong>naSaulad Tu ara,<br />
araseriozul saqcielad iTvleba, aziis rig qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT veravis gaakvirveb,<br />
aq aCqareba saWiro ar aris. arabebi yavis smasa <strong>da</strong> saubars saqmis keTebad miiCneven,<br />
amerikelebi ki mas drois fuW flangvad Tvlian. Cinelebi <strong>da</strong> iaponelebi udides pativs<br />
scemen ierarqiul urTierTobebs, amerikelebi ki Tanasworobis xazgasmas cdiloben.<br />
amerikuli instruqciebi imasac ki iTvaliswinebs, rom aziis warmomadgenlebTan<br />
fotografirebis dros sasurvelia jdoma, raTa TvalSisacemi ar iyos simaRleSi<br />
sxvaoba. iaponelebs principulad ar SeuZliaT `ara~-s Tqma, radgan es maT <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
uzrdelobad iTvleba, amitom molaparakebis dros isini aTasgvari zrdilobiani<br />
<strong>for</strong>miT cdiloben uaris Tqmis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas, rasac xSirad SecdomaSi Seyavs maTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleli partniorebi 1 .<br />
cxadia, rom nebismieri zemoT CamoTvlili niSniT romelime kulturis<br />
tipologiuri gansazRvra friad Znelia. kidev ufro rTuli warmosadgenia, rom esa Tu<br />
is <strong>kultura</strong> zustad `Cajdes~ maxasiaTebelTa mTel CamonaTvalSi. Cven mxolod<br />
romelime tipisadmi misi zogadi kuTvnilebis gansazRvra SegviZlia, isic pirobiTad.<br />
magaliTad, Tvalis erTi ga<strong>da</strong>vlebiTac aSkaraa, rom qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s zog<br />
SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>savluri maxasiaTeblebi miesa<strong>da</strong>geba, zogSi — aRmosavluri, xan ki arc<br />
erTi <strong>da</strong> arc meore. es bunebrivicaa, radgan <strong>da</strong>savleT-aRmosavleTis mijnaze<br />
mdebareobisa <strong>da</strong> xan erTis, xan meoris orbitaSi moqcevis gamo, Cvens <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
`<strong>da</strong>ileqa~ rogorc erTis, ise meoris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSnebi <strong>da</strong> gamomuSav<strong>da</strong> kidev<br />
mesame — orivesgan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciaTa tipologiuri gamijvnis<br />
sakiTxi sabolood garkveuli ar aris. i.pavlenko aRniSnavs, rom Tu aRmosavlur<br />
sazogadoebaTa buneba, ase Tu ise, gamoikveTa bolo aTwleulebis gamokvlevaTa<br />
Sedegad, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iqca <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTad, jer kidev elis<br />
Seswavlas 2 . albaT, pavlenko sabWoTa <strong>da</strong> rus mkvlevarTa ukanaskneli aTwleulis<br />
naSromebs gulisxbobs, Torem kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iqca <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTad, Zalian<br />
saintereso pasuxi aqvs gacemuli maqs vebers 3 .<br />
evropeli <strong>da</strong> rusi mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom evropulma (<strong>da</strong>savlurma)<br />
civilizaciam gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelic ar<br />
icnobs sxva civilizacias esoden masStaburi, msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreli<br />
gavleniT. Tu XIX saukunemde, Spenglerisa <strong>da</strong> toinbis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, kidev SeiZleba<br />
msoflio istoriis <strong>da</strong>nawevreba calkeul, erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
1 Почепцов Г.Г. Теории коммуникации. М.-Киев, 2001, с.600-603.<br />
2 Павленко Ю.В. Происхождение цивилизаций: Альтернативные пути. – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к цивилизации.<br />
Коллект. монография, под ред. Н.Н.Крадина, А.В.Коротаева, Д.М.Бондаренко, В.А.Лынши. М., 2000, с.127.<br />
3 Вебер М. Протестантская этика и дух капитализма. – Избранные произведения. М., 1990, с. 61-344.<br />
27
civilizaciaTa istoriebad, SemdgomSi, swored evropis mier inicirebulma<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>maciebma erTiani sakacobrio istoria Teoriuli<strong>da</strong>n praqtikul sferoSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>itana.<br />
mkvlevarTa azriT, es roli ganpirobebuli iyo evropuli civilizaciis unikaluri<br />
Sinagani TaviseburebebiT, romelTac gansazRvres misi sicocxlisunarianoba <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspansia, socialur-kulturul niSebSi Canergvisa <strong>da</strong> ucxo kulturul garemoSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis unari. mecnierTa nawili ZiriTad Taviseburebad miiCnevs antikur epoqaSi<br />
Camoyalibebul polisis struqturas, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavleTis struqturul-tipologiur gansxvavebas. polisi orientirebuli iyo<br />
moqalaqis kerZo sakuTrebasa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali bazris institutebze, rac principulad<br />
ucnobi iyo aRmosavleTis nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis 1 . mas <strong>da</strong>efuZna evropuli<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>lizmi avtonomiuri qalaq-komunebiT, romlebic politikur brZolaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel subieqtebad gamodiodnen, rac agreTve ucnobi iyo sxva<br />
civilizaciebisaTvis. Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> erTiani mwkrivi antikuri polisi<strong>da</strong>n — Sua<br />
saukuneebis saqalaqo komunebis gavliT — industriuli <strong>da</strong> postindustriuli<br />
sazogadoebisaken 2 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciaTa urTierTobis problema<br />
Tanamedrove etapze<br />
XX s-is bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze didi yuradReba eqceva civilizaciaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTobis problemaTa Seswavlas. am sakiTxebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxiT<br />
ikvlevs kulturologia, sociologia, saistorio mecniereba. am mimarTulebiT<br />
mimdinare kvlevaTa <strong>da</strong> miRweuli Sedegebis popularizaciaSi makoordinirebel<br />
funqcias asrulebs `<strong>kultura</strong>TSorisi komunikaciis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> swavlebis<br />
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ (SIETAR International), romelic yovelwliurad marTavs<br />
konferenciebs, gamoscems specialur Jurnals.<br />
cnobili germaneli mecnieris karl iaspersis Teoriis mixedviT, msoflios<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofas <strong>da</strong>savleTad <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTad safuZveli e.w. `RerZul droSi~ Caeyara,<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>nac saTaves iRebs, agreTve erTiani, globaluri msoflio, rogorc im droisaTvis<br />
Soreuli perspeqtiva. swored maSin yalibdeba is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis saxe gansazRvres. rogorc wesi, samecniero<br />
literaturaSi es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg opoziciur wyvilebad jgufdeba: individualizmi-koleqtivizmi,<br />
inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba, racionaloba-intuiciuroba,<br />
Tavisufleba-wesrigi, neba-fatalizmi, anTropocentrizmi-Teocentrizmi, materializmi-suliereba,<br />
pragmatizmi-idealizmi, obieqtivizmi-subieqtivizmi, dinamizmi-statikuroba,<br />
istorizmi-aistorizmi <strong>da</strong> sxv. aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi urTierTSeRwevadni<br />
gaxdnen, pirvel rigSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis arealSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRmocen<strong>da</strong> didi<br />
civilizaciebi, maT Soris evropulic.<br />
rac Seexeba maxasiaTebelTa <strong>da</strong>jgufebas opoziciur wyvilebad, Tavis droze,<br />
p.sorokini miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom aseTi diqotomiuri sqemebis gar<strong>da</strong>uval nakls warmoadgens<br />
erTi tipis farglebSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli<br />
socialur-kulturuli warmonaqmnebis Tavmoyra, agreTve did Tu mcire erTobaTa<br />
specifikis gamokveTis sirTule. Cveni azriT, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis swored mcire<br />
kulturebze, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelTa<br />
1<br />
Васильев Л.С. Восток и Запад в истории (Основные параметры проблематики). – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к<br />
цивилизации, с.104.<br />
2<br />
Драгунский Д.В., Цымбурский В.Л. Генотип европейской цивилизации. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 1991,<br />
№ 1, с.7-8.<br />
28
tipologizeba diqotomiuri sqemebis mixedviT Znelad xerxdeba, miT umetes, Tu isini<br />
civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi mdebareoben.<br />
isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom Znelia diqotomiuri sqemis `SenarCuneba~ erTi kulturis/civilizaciis<br />
mTeli istoriis manZilze, amitom saWiro xdeba <strong>da</strong>matebiTi determinantebis<br />
Semotana 1 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi TviTidentifikacias erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi axdenen.<br />
swored civilizaciaTa urTierTobis procesSi gamoikveTeba TiToeuli kulturis<br />
identuroba. am procesSi xdeba faseulobaTa ga<strong>da</strong>rCeva _ dromoWmulis mniSvnelobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva <strong>da</strong> drois Sesabamis faseulobaTa aqtualizacia 2 .<br />
rogorc amerikeli mkvlevari j.stidmani aRniSnavs, <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi<br />
mudmivad urTierTqmedeben, iTviseben erTmaneTis faseulobebs, amdidreben<br />
erTmaneTs. aRmosavleTTan urTierTobam didi gavlena iqonia evropuli civilizaciis<br />
Camoyalibebaze 3 .<br />
d.Saieganis azriT, <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis didi kulturebis Seqmna<br />
warsulSi arsebul civilizaciaTa nayofieri dialogis Sedegi iyo 4 .<br />
a.pirenis sityviT, evropelTa Sexebam islamTan es ukanaskneli maTTvis `ucxos~<br />
WeSmarit gansaxierebad aqcia, romlis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Sua saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moyolebuli, SemarTuli iyo mTeli evropuli civilizacia. pireni miuTiTebs<br />
muslimuri aRmosavleTis rolze evropuli civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi: VII<br />
saukuneSi, islamis Semotevis Sedegad, <strong>da</strong>iwyo evropuli kulturis centris<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba xmelTaSuazRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n (romelic arabul provinciad iqca)<br />
CrdiloeTisaken. <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> romauli tradicia <strong>da</strong> saTave <strong>da</strong>edo TviTmyofad<br />
romanul-germanul civilizacias. evropa iqca did qristianul Tanamegobrobad,<br />
aRmosavleTi ki — misTvis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ucxo, `sxva~ samyarod 5 .<br />
erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTi iyo is `sxva~, romelic <strong>da</strong>exmara <strong>da</strong>savleTs (evropas)<br />
sakuTari raobis gansazRvraSi. aRmosavleTis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis, misi gansazRvris fonze<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTma, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kritikuli TviTrefleqsia,<br />
SeimuSava sakuTari maxasiaTeblebic, gansazRvra sakuTari saxe.<br />
<strong>da</strong> mainc, zemoT CamoTvlili opoziciuri wyvilebi, iseve rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavleTis nebismieri maxasiaTebeli, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, asaxavs <strong>da</strong>savlelTa warmodgenas<br />
sakuTar Tavsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlelebad wodebul ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebze. es <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
samecniero literaturaSi orientalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. miCneulia, rom mas<br />
safuZveli 1312 wels Caeyara, roca venis saeklesio krebam <strong>da</strong>adgina arabuli,<br />
berZnuli, Zvelebrauli <strong>da</strong> siriuli enebis kaTedraTa Seqmna parizis, oqs<strong>for</strong>dis,<br />
boloniis, avinionisa <strong>da</strong> salamankas universitetebSi.<br />
XIX s-is Sua xanebisaTvis evropaSi soliduri codna <strong>da</strong>grov<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis<br />
Sesaxeb, magram igi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, Zveli periodiT Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>. Seiswavlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
Zveli wignebi, xelnawerebi, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Sesaswavl qveyanaSi<br />
Casul evropel mkvlevars eWvi ar eparebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis `wignismier~ codnaSi, magram<br />
realoba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> warmodgenisagan, adgilobrivi mkvidrni —<br />
literaturuli saxeebisagan. faqts axsna Wirdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isic moiZebna: aborigenTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>gvareba <strong>da</strong> odesRac didebuli kulturis <strong>da</strong>knineba. <strong>da</strong>savleTis orientalisturi<br />
1<br />
Ерасов Б.С. О статусе культурно-цивилизационных исследований. – В сб.: цивилизации и культуры. Вып.1. Россия и<br />
Восток: цивилизационные отношения. М., 1994, с.15.<br />
2<br />
Василенко Н.А. Источники и механизмы согласия в межкультурном диалоге. – В сб.: Цивилизации и культуры. Вып.3. М.,<br />
1996, с.406.<br />
3<br />
Steadman J.M. The Myth of Azia. N.Y., 1969, p.26-27.<br />
4<br />
Shayegan D. The Challenges of To<strong>da</strong>y and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Ciltural Studies. V-VI, 4, Tokyo, 1977, p.36-37.<br />
5 cit.naSromi<strong>da</strong>n: Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.71.<br />
29
skolebis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaa Zveli civilizaciebis Seswavla, evropis biblioTekebSi Zveli<br />
xelnawerebis Tavmoyra <strong>da</strong> maTi katalogebis gamocema, kvlevis meTodikis SemuSaveba,<br />
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi sakuTari warsulisadmi interesis gaRviveba. amave dros,<br />
orientalizmi, rogorc samecniero mimarTuleba, asaxavs evropelTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />
aRmosavleTis rogorc pasiuri `obieqtisadmi~, romlis miRwevebi Soreul warsulSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmi gacilebiT mets gveubneba TviT <strong>da</strong>savleTze,<br />
vidre aRmosavleTze 1 .<br />
XVIII s-is bolosa <strong>da</strong> XIX s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, evropuli civilizaciiT inteleqtualTa<br />
nawilis imedgacruebam gaacxovela interesi aRmosavleTis, rogorc mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
kulturis mxaris mimarT, romlisganac <strong>da</strong>savleTs bevri ram un<strong>da</strong> eswavla, Tu sur<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwia momakvdinebeli meqanicizmisa <strong>da</strong> materializmisaTvis; aqac interesis<br />
sagnad gvevlinebo<strong>da</strong> ara aRmosavleTi TavisTavad, aramed <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis misi<br />
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
orientalizmi ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTisadmi evropelTa aqtiur<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmma `Seqmna~ iseTi aRmosavleTi,<br />
romelic mTlianad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTisagan <strong>da</strong> xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong> myari niSnebiT _<br />
religiuriT, enobriviT, kulturuliT. uzogadesi gansazRvrebiT, aRmosavleTi _ es<br />
iyo aRmosavleli a<strong>da</strong>mianis saxli, sa<strong>da</strong>c is cxovrob<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur kom<strong>for</strong>tSi,<br />
aRmosavluri despotizmis pirobebSi, aRmosavluri fatalizmis grZnobiT 2 .<br />
kolonializmis epoqis <strong>da</strong>sasrulTan erTad, <strong>da</strong>savleTi axali realobis winaSe<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, waawy<strong>da</strong> ra politikurad gaaqtiurebuli <strong>da</strong> mebrZoli aRmosavleTis<br />
gamowvevas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur orientalizmze reaqciis saxiT gvevlineba ara<strong>da</strong>savlel xalxTa<br />
mcdeloba, gaiazron sakuTari kulturis originaluroba, xazi gausvan socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli arsebobis sakuTari wesis ara mxolod Tanasworobas, aramed<br />
upiratesobas evropulTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. aTwleulebis manZilze yalibdeba met-naklebi<br />
mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone araerTi koncefcia, magaliTad, leopold sengoris<br />
saxelTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli negritiudi — moZRvreba negro-afrikuli civilizaciis<br />
TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb, romlis sulierebasTan, grZnobadobasTan, uSualobasTan<br />
organuli kavSiris gareSe <strong>da</strong>savleTis meqanikuri cxovrebis wess gar<strong>da</strong>uvali <strong>da</strong>Rupva<br />
emuqreba. ganviTarebis sakuTari gzis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas, progresis <strong>da</strong>savluri modelis<br />
alternativis Seqmnas cdiloben laTinoamerikeli mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
`gaTavisuflebis filosofiis~ mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic TavianT<br />
miznad acxadeben kontinentis evropocentristuli istoriis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas. isini<br />
aRniSnaven, rom XV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> evropuli civilizaciis<br />
universalurobis idea, romelic dRes kulturuli imperializmis saxiT vlindeba. amas<br />
mosdevs laTinuri amerikis qveynebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis amerikanizacia. mzardi<br />
erTgvarovnebis logikas `gaTavisuflebis filosofia~ upirispirebs universalizmis<br />
axal models, romelic <strong>kultura</strong>Ta mravalferovnebis ideas emyareba 3 .<br />
zemoT saubari gvqon<strong>da</strong> imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqca kulturis fenomeni<br />
mecnieruli <strong>da</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis obieqtad. <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />
ganaTlebamiRebulma <strong>da</strong>, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iq momuSave aRmosavlelma mkvlevrebma<br />
laparaki <strong>da</strong>iwyes <strong>da</strong>savluri orientalizmis krizissa <strong>da</strong> misi principebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis<br />
1 Said E. Orientalizm, p.118.<br />
2 Said E. Orientalizm, p.104.<br />
3 Петякшева Н.И. Трактовка феномена конкисты в латиноамериканской «философии освобождения». – В сб.: Iberica<br />
Americans. Культуры Нового и Старого Света XVI-XVIII вв. в их взаимодействии. СПб., 1991, с.49-54; Деменчонок<br />
Э.В. Историко-культурная драма прошлого и проблема «Латинская Америка-Запад» в современной<br />
латиноамериканской философии. – Там же, с.54-59.<br />
30
aucileblobaze 1 . e.saidma saWirod miiCnia istoriuli azrovnebis — orientalizmis<br />
filosofiur-istoriuli safuZvlis — binaruli opoziciebi<strong>da</strong>n (`voluntarizmi _<br />
determinizmi~, `<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoeba — aziuri sazogadoeba~ <strong>da</strong> a.S.) polimorfuli<br />
obieqtebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis nairgvari variantebis mravalganzomilebian analizze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla, evropocentristuli universalizmis Secvla mravalganzomilebiani<br />
midgomiT, evropuli istorizmis Sesatyvisad <strong>da</strong>lagebuli masalis `<strong>da</strong>Sla~ <strong>da</strong><br />
xelaxali <strong>da</strong>lageba 2 . a.abdel-maleki ki aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom aRmosavleTis xalxTa zewolam<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialur mecnierebebSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma Zvrebma ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli Seasrula<br />
orientalizmis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaSi Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad 3 .<br />
tradiciuli orientalizmis kritikosebs momxreebi TviT <strong>da</strong>savlelTa Sorisac<br />
gamouCndnen (j.stidmani, j.gudi <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />
XX s-is bolo meoTxedSi erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> ori tendencia: erTi mxriv,<br />
kulturis globalizaciis perspeqtiva, meore mxriv, ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros<br />
gaaqtiureba <strong>da</strong> msoflios e.w. `fragmentacia~. Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erT<br />
ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca globalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> partikularizmis tendenciaTa<br />
urTierTqmedeba, rig SemTxvevebSi ki _ <strong>da</strong>pirispireba 4 . bipolaruli msoflios<br />
demontaJma, rac Sedegad mohyva sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> `civi omis~<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebas, dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>ayena axali msoflios saxis sakiTxi, kerZod, misi erTi<br />
Tu mravalpolusianobis perspeqtiva. es problema, politikurTan erTad, kulturis<br />
sferosac moicavs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleli mecnierebi sul ufro mets laparakoben msoflios ara<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
centrebis Camoyalibebis, islamuri fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmis safrTxis, konfuciuri<br />
samyaros eqspansiis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros kulturul-civilizaciuri<br />
oponentis rolSi aqtiurad gamodis yofili `mesame samyaro~ 5 , romlis sivrceze<br />
mniSvnelovani procesebi mimdinareobs. igi ramdenime struqturul zonad <strong>da</strong>iSala,<br />
Camouyalib<strong>da</strong> sakuTari CrdiloeTi <strong>da</strong> samxreTi.<br />
`vin icis, iqneb XXI saukuneSi orientalizaciis procesma, rogorc gabatonebulma<br />
tendenciam, Secvalos modernizaciis procesi? wynari okeanis auzSi <strong>for</strong>mirebadi<br />
samyaro pretenzias acxadebs alternatiuli civilizaciuri centris rolis<br />
Sesrulebaze axal, postmodernul msoflioSi~, _ kiTxulobs a.neklesa 6 .<br />
`wynari okeanis auzSi <strong>for</strong>mirebadi samyaros~ mzard perspeqtivas Seexo<br />
s.hanTingtonic Tavis cnobil naSromSi. man aRniSna <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis rolis<br />
gaoreba ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciebTan mimarTebaSi: erTis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />
politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro Zlierebis mwvervalzea <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />
warmatebiT axerxebs sakuTar kulturul faseulobaTa gavrceleba-<strong>da</strong>nergvas<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCen msoflioSi; meore mxriv ki, igi sul ufro mzard winaaRmdegobas awydeba<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciebis mxriv, romlebSic aSkarad SeimCneva `sakuTari<br />
kulturuli fesvebisaken mibrunebis~ procesi 7 . erTni cdiloben <strong>modernizacia</strong>s<br />
vesternizaciis gareSe, meoreni ver axerxeben am ukanasknelis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas,<br />
mesameni ki konfrontaciul gzas irCeven.<br />
1<br />
ix.: Abdel-Malek A. Orientalism in Crisis. – Abdel-Malek A. Civilizations and <strong>Social</strong> Theory. Albany, 1981, p.73-96; Said E.<br />
Orientalism. L., 1978 <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
2<br />
Said E. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.127-128.<br />
3<br />
Abdel-Malek A., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.88.<br />
4<br />
Празаускас А.А. Этнонационализм, многонациональное государство и процессы глобализации. – В журн.: Политические<br />
исследования. М., 1997, № 2, с.42.<br />
5 termini “mesame samyaro” 1952 w. <strong>da</strong>amkvidra frangma mkvlevarma alfred sovim “mesame wodebis” analogiiT<br />
— im wodebisa, romelmac Tavis droze <strong>da</strong>amxo arsebuli msoflwesrigi. sovis azriT, ignorirebul<br />
“mesame samyaros” momavalSi SeeZlo sul sxva adgilis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba msoflioSi.<br />
6<br />
Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.78.<br />
7 hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? gv. 10-11.<br />
31
XX saukunis manZilze iyo mcdelobebi _ SeeerTebinaT `<strong>da</strong>savluri teqnika <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavluri morali~, `muSaoba <strong>da</strong> locva~, mecniereba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri faseulobani,<br />
racionalizmi <strong>da</strong> humanizmi. mwvave problemam — SesaZlebelia Tu ara sxva civilizaciam<br />
aiTvisos <strong>da</strong>savluri teqnologia <strong>da</strong> moaxerxos misi trans<strong>for</strong>mireba sakuTar<br />
RirebulebaTa Sesabamisad — cnobil amerikel mkvlevar m.melkosTan Semdegi<br />
interpretacia SeiZina: `Tu CineTma SesZlo induri budizmis trans<strong>for</strong>mireba ise, rom<br />
igi ufro <strong>da</strong>osizms <strong>da</strong>emsgavsa, ratom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom XXI saukuneSi igi<br />
moaxerxebs <strong>da</strong>savluri teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri ideebis trans<strong>for</strong>mirebas ise,<br />
rom isini Cinur <strong>kultura</strong>s Seesatyvisebodnen?~ 1<br />
mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs `ekleqtikuri msoflios~ Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic moicavs <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciebs <strong>da</strong> romlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad xSirad mimarTaven `msxvilad <strong>da</strong>Wrili salaTis~ an `nakuwebisagan<br />
Sekerili sabnis~ meta<strong>for</strong>as. es meta<strong>for</strong>ebi Caenacvla `sadnobi Rumelis~ saxeliT<br />
cnobil Teoriul winamorbeds, romliTac aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> amerikuli kulturis xasiaTi,<br />
Camoyalibebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturuli tradiciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. axali saxeliT monaTluli fenomeni ki gulisxmobs ara<br />
mTlian, erTian <strong>kultura</strong>s, aramed eTnikur kulturul elementTa narevs.<br />
`ekleqtikuri msoflios~ liderad jer kidev rCeba <strong>da</strong>savleTi, magram aziurwynarokeanuri<br />
regioni zustad reagirebs civilizacia-lideris nebismier<br />
warumateblobaze <strong>da</strong> cdilobs mis gamoyenebas Tavis sasargeblod. swored igi SeiZleba<br />
mogvevlinos liberaluri <strong>da</strong>savleTis principebis mTavar metoqed 2 .<br />
meore nawili ar iziarebs amgvar xedvas. magaliTad, a.dirliki miiCnevs, rom aziurwynarokeanuri<br />
regioni warmoadgens geoekonomikur sistemas, romlis saTaveebTan<br />
idgnen aRmosavleT aziaSi SeWrili evropelebi <strong>da</strong> amerikelebi. misive azriT, dRes am<br />
sistemis farglebSi mimdinare procesebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ukve aRmosavleT azielebis<br />
mier iniciativis xelSi aRebasTan, rasac mosdevs `kvazikonfuciuri menejeruli<br />
kapitalizmis~ mier aSS <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>Si sakuTari niSebis Seqmna. amis Sedegad civilizacialideri<br />
kargavs sakuTari sistemis funqcionirebis mniSvnelovan rgolebze kontrols,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>savleTis samyaroSi CarTul ucxo kulturul erTobaTa warmomadgenlebis<br />
xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis 3 .<br />
amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs kidev erTi garemoeba: Tu XIX saukunesa <strong>da</strong><br />
XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri warmomavlobis imigrantebi, xvdebodnen ra<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis `sadnob RumelSi~, iRebdnen <strong>da</strong> iTvisebdnen samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis <strong>kultura</strong>s, axla isini arc cdiloben Camoyalibebul socialur garemoSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptirebas, aramed qmnian diasporebs, tradiciul Rirebulebebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul, metnaklebad<br />
<strong>da</strong>xSul lokalur erTobebs, romlebic cxovroben pirvel rigSi sakuTari <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod Semdeg _ maspinZeli qveynis normebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, isini, rogorc wesi,<br />
iReben <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveSevrdomobas <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnian (cvlian) <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebis<br />
socialur garemos 4 .<br />
CineTisa <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, aRmosavleT aziis gar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savleTis civilizaciur<br />
oponentad xSirad ganixilaven muslimur samyaros. xSirad saubroben bipolarizmis<br />
axali <strong>for</strong>mis — <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> islamis samyaros <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
gamowvevis pasuxad muslimuri samyaros gamococxlebis erT-erT <strong>for</strong>mad gvevlineba<br />
1<br />
Melko M. World Systems Theory: Faustian Delusion. – Comparative Civilizations Review, 1994, 30, p.11-12.<br />
2<br />
Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? (С Ламанским, Шпенглером и Тойнби над глобусом ХХ1 века. – В журн.: т.5, № 3<br />
(Россия и ее южные соседи). М.., 2001, с.186.<br />
3<br />
Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? ..., с.186.<br />
4<br />
Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в. Размышления об истоках и перспективах<br />
межцивилизационных противоречий. – В журн.: Политические исследования. М., 2001, № 6, с.137.<br />
32
islamistebis gaaqtiureba, romlebic Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis gziT fiqroben<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri faseulobebiT `mowamluli~ sazogadoebis reislamizacias, amave dros,<br />
mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis gamoyenebas <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Casmas islamis konceptualur CarCoebSi. maTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi sam ZiriTad punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1.<br />
nostalgia (swored islamma Seitana <strong>da</strong>savleTSi civilizacia); 2. <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
RirebulebaTa mankierebisa <strong>da</strong> `ormagi stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis~ mxileba (zneobrivi principebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvas igi mxolod sxvebisagan moiTxovs); 3. islamis apologia 1 .<br />
globalizaciis procesi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia <strong>da</strong>savluri cxovrebis wesis,<br />
maskulturisa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis tipis eqspansiasTan. kulturis globalizacia<br />
vesternizaciis, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — amerikanizaciis <strong>for</strong>mas iRebs, rasac<br />
saTanado reaqcia mohyveba nacionalizmis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>mis gaZlierebis saxiT.<br />
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kulturebi warmoadgenen a<strong>da</strong>mianis yofis,<br />
RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong> normaTa ierarqiis, TviTSegnebis safuZvels. a<strong>da</strong>mians aSinebs<br />
kulturuli fesvebis <strong>da</strong>kargvisa <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, anomiis anu fsiqologiuri<br />
dezorientaciis safrTxe. xSirad es nayofier nia<strong>da</strong>gs qmnis fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmisaTvis.<br />
vesternizaciis process Tan sdevs eTnikuri miTebis, mogonebebisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebis<br />
gamococxleba. maT pirispir ki, dgas globaluri, kosmopolituri <strong>kultura</strong>, romelic,<br />
konkretul istoriul identurobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli eTnikuri kulturisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, moklebulia `mexsierebas~.<br />
vfiqrobT, globalizaciis Tanamedrove interpretaciebSi ga<strong>da</strong>WarbebiT fasdeba<br />
integraciuli procesebis mniSvneloba. magram naTelia, rom Soreul perspeqtivaSic ki<br />
msoflios mravalferovneba ar waiSleba. rogorc i.krasini aRniSnavs, `msoflio mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
mravalferovani iyo, magram yovelTvis iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rom SeiZleba misi<br />
gaerTmniSvnelianeba. iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> nairnairi sqemebi, <strong>da</strong> Tumca bevri realoba maTSi ar<br />
`jdebo<strong>da</strong>~, igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>, rom integraciisa <strong>da</strong> konvergenciis Sedegad msoflio<br />
homogenuri gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> es <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis farglebSi moxdebo<strong>da</strong>~ 2 .<br />
magram suraTi gacilebiT rTulia. cxadia, miswrafeba <strong>da</strong>savluri nimuSebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebisaken dResac didia <strong>da</strong> mas zurgs umagrebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis teqnologiuri<br />
upiratesoba. Cvens Tvalwin garegnuli ieri icvala mravalma aratradiciulma<br />
sazogadoebam, Tumca maT ar uRalatiaT TavianTi Zireuli principebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic SeuTavsebelia <strong>da</strong>savlur individualizmTan. afrikul tomTa beladebi<br />
prezidentebad iqcnen, indoneziaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> parlamenti, ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />
umravlesobaSi deklarirebulia xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis principi. mkvlevarTa nawili<br />
amas ubralo mimkriad miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> misi axsnisaTvis Semdeg martiv mizezs gvTavazobs:<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri kreditebisa <strong>da</strong> investiciebis mopovebis umTavres pirobas warmoadgens<br />
demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaken svlis <strong>for</strong>maluri niSnebis arseboba.<br />
tradiciul sazogadoebaTa liderebi <strong>da</strong>savluri principebis Sesabamisad iqcevian<br />
mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi, saSinao sakiTxebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas ki tradiciul stereotipebs emyarebian 3 .<br />
erTi sityviT, saubaria globaluri (<strong>da</strong>savlur Targze aWrili) kulturis mxolod<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebis kopirebaze, rac Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iolad xdeba. magram am <strong>for</strong>mebis safuZvlebi<br />
saukuneTa manZilze yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>. dRes <strong>da</strong>savluri mo<strong>da</strong>, moxmarebis sagnebi, garTobis<br />
1 sanikiZe g. islamizmi, fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi, integrizmi, tradicionalizmi — cnebaTa ganmartebisaTvis. —<br />
sag.saq.saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni, 7 (16), Tb., 1999, gv.42-43.<br />
2<br />
Актуальные вопросы глобализации (Круглый стол «МЭ и МО»). – В журн.: Мировая экономика и международные<br />
отношения, М., 1999, № 5, с.42.<br />
3<br />
Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в., c.135.<br />
33
industria farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli iqac, sa<strong>da</strong>c samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xsenebac ki<br />
ar aris.<br />
afrikuli warmoSobis mkvlevarma a.a.mazruim yuradReba miaqcia <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
kulturis mimzidvelobisa <strong>da</strong> misadmi agresiuli ganwyobis urTierT<strong>da</strong>Srevebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTTan ara<strong>da</strong>svluri samyaros urTierTobis procesSi: `mosuli (<strong>da</strong>savluri —<br />
n.C.) <strong>kultura</strong> iwvevs erTdroulad aRfrTovanebasa <strong>da</strong> zizRs, mibaZvis survilsa <strong>da</strong><br />
protestis grZnobas~ 1 . sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeba ara<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciaTa<br />
miswrafeba sakuTari saxis, sakuTari faseulobebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisaken. `Cven vcxovrobT<br />
ara mxolod mTlian samyaroSi, aramed `samyaroebis samyaroSi~ 2 , sa<strong>da</strong>c mimdinareobs<br />
pasuxis Zieba globalizaciis gamowvevaze.<br />
iraneli mecnieris, Teiranis universitetis profesor d.Saieganis azriT, es<br />
gamowveva principulad gansxvavdeba warsulSi <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedebisagan,<br />
radgan saqme exeba socialuri <strong>da</strong> individualuri yofis organizaciis amosaval<br />
principTa totalur SeuTavseblobas. <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis esaa istoriuli evoluciis,<br />
grZnobadi <strong>da</strong> zegrZnobadi samyarosgan gancalkevebuli sulis, nebis primatisa <strong>da</strong><br />
raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebze samyaros <strong>da</strong>yvanis principebi. iq <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
samyaros sekularizacia niSnavs mis despiritualizacias, bunebis ukidures<br />
obieqtivacias, sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinareobs scientizmi <strong>da</strong> teqnicizmi. Zireulad<br />
gansxvavebulia aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa principebi. istoria aq wmin<strong>da</strong>Tawmin<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
uSualod ukavSirdeba esqatologias. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri instinqtebi <strong>da</strong> vnebani ar miiCneva<br />
istoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad, _ rogorc islamSi, ise induizmSi maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli adgili mieCinebaT, an kidev isini aRiqmeba mZime tvirTad,<br />
romlisganac gaTavisuflebaa saWiro.<br />
d.Saiegani Tvlis, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis, rogorc universaluris,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidreba an angrevs sxva <strong>kultura</strong>Ta eTikur <strong>da</strong> esTetikur faseulobebs, an <strong>da</strong>yavs<br />
isini `adgilobriv koloritamde~. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta sinTezi ucxo RirebulebaTa zewolis<br />
pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, radgan motanili faseulobebi diametrulad sawinaaRmdegoa<br />
adgilobrivisa. es moaswavebs <strong>da</strong>grovil memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmas, <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
azrovnebaze, qcevasa <strong>da</strong> qmedebaze xelis aRebas, sabolood ki — uaris Tqmas sakuTar<br />
Tavze. `Tu aRmosavlur samyaros ara aqvs sxva arCevani, gar<strong>da</strong> `aSkara gamowvevis~,<br />
`garduvali bedisweris~ miRebisa, rac <strong>da</strong>savleTTan Segueba-morgebaSi gamoixateba,<br />
maSin es iqneba aRmosavluri civilizaciebis tragikuli aRsasruli. esaa yofierebis<br />
ori tipis mkacri Setakeba, romelTa Soris kompromisi SeuZlebelia~, — askvnis<br />
mkvlevari 3 .<br />
`Tanamedrove muslims ar SeuZlia, ar awarmoos mudmivi jixadi (wmin<strong>da</strong> omi) ara<br />
mxolod sakuTar TavTan, raTa SeinarCunos saRi goneba <strong>da</strong> sulieri sijansaRe, aramed<br />
Tavis garemomcvel samyarosTanac, raTa <strong>da</strong>icvas winaparTa didebuli sulieri <strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvruli memkvidreoba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sces igi momaval Taobas~, _ wers s.nasri 4 .<br />
niSandoblivia saudis arabeTis princis gancxadebac, romelic s.hanTingtons<br />
mohyavs: `ucxouri importi mSvenieria lamazi nivTebis an maRalteqnikuri sagnebis<br />
saxiT. magram socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri institutebis importi SeiZleba<br />
1 Mazrui A. World Federation of Cultures: an African Perspective. N.Y., 1976, p.457.<br />
2 Актуальные вопросы глобализации, с.42.<br />
3 Shayegan D. The Challenges of To<strong>da</strong>y and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Cultural Studies. Tokyo, 1977, 4, p.35-36.<br />
4 Наср С.Х. О столкновении принципов западной и исламской цивилизаций. –В кн.: Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций.<br />
Под ред. Б.С.Ерасова, с.481-482.<br />
34
momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami CvenTvis mxolod religia ki ara, cxovrebis wesia.<br />
Cven, saudelebs, gvsurs modernizeba, magram ar vsaWiroebT vesternizebas~ 1 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur samyarosTan muslimuri aRmosavleTis urTierTobis Sedegebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
perspeqtivebis SefasebaSi gacilebiT naklebradikaluria iraneli<br />
literaturaTmcodne, doqtori abdulhusein zarinkubi, romelmac 1974 wels<br />
gamoaqveyna wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `arc <strong>da</strong>savluri, arc aRmosavluri _<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri~. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisa, igi<br />
miiCnevs, rom SeuZlebelia iranuli kulturis <strong>da</strong>konserveba, misi SenarCuneba Zveli<br />
tradiciebis farglebSi. igi un<strong>da</strong> viTardebodes, iTvisebdes axals _ aucilebelsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sasargeblos. problemas qmnis ara <strong>da</strong>savluris aTviseba _ es istoriuli<br />
aucileblobaa, radgan kapitalistur ekonomikasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebaSi iWreba<br />
garkveuli kulturuli faseulobani, _ aramed <strong>da</strong>savleTis winaSe qedis moxra,<br />
cxovrebis ucxo normebis Tavsmoxveva. sad aris gamosavali? mecnieris azriT,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols Seasrulebs iranuli kulturis istoriuli gamocdileba, romelmac<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> enis, literaturisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis SenarCuneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis<br />
zewolis pirobebSi. un<strong>da</strong> viamayoT imiT _ <strong>da</strong>sZens mkvlevari _ rom iranuli <strong>kultura</strong><br />
arc aRmosavluria, arc <strong>da</strong>savluri, igi a<strong>da</strong>mianuria 2 .<br />
cxadia, <strong>da</strong>skvna, cota ar iyos, ucnauria, magram sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>sma sainteresoa: sxva<br />
iraneli mkvlevrebi, maT Soris, zemoT naxsenebi d.Saiegani iranuli kulturis<br />
aRmosavlurobas eWvqveS ar ayeneben. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic.<br />
cnobili istorikosi <strong>da</strong> literaturaTmcodne, Teiranis universitetis profesori<br />
islami noduSeni aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
zemoqmedeb<strong>da</strong> iranis istoriaze, aris misi mdebareoba aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />
Soris. geografiam gansazRvra CvenTvis erTaderTi gza _ wonasworobis SenarCuneba,<br />
anu sakuTar safuZvelze myarad dgomis unari, askvnis igi 3 .<br />
vfiqrobT, ganxiluli poziciebi sainteresoa CvenTvisac: rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT,<br />
iranelebi xazs usvamen <strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs Soris TavianT yofnas (Cveni<br />
Tvalsawieri<strong>da</strong>n, iranuli <strong>kultura</strong> calsaxad aRmosavluria), Cveni mkvlevrebis nawili<br />
ki <strong>da</strong>JinebiT cdilobs qarTuli kulturis an mxolod <strong>da</strong>savluri, an mxolod<br />
aRmosavluri maxasiaTeblebis moZiebas.<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savlel mkvlevarTaTvis, cxadia, miuRebelia mtkiceba, rom Tu ara<br />
koloniuri eqspansia, aRmosavleTis yvela qveyana, iaponiis CaTvliT, dRes TiTqmis XV<br />
saukunis doneze iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. yvelaferi axali <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove aRmosavleTSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n movi<strong>da</strong>, vesternizaciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis procesis Sedegad, <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavleTi yovelive (an TiTqmis yovelive) amiT mSvenivrad sargeblobs. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, swored kolonializmma <strong>da</strong>aaxlova aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTTan 4 .<br />
sapirispirod, aRmosavleli mkvlevrebi cdiloben <strong>da</strong>asabuTon, rom Rirebulebani<br />
<strong>da</strong> miRwevebi, romlebiTac ase amayobs Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTi, arc aRmosavluri, maT<br />
Soris, muslimuri sazogadoebebisaTvisaa ucxo, zog SemTxvevaSi ki es ukanasknelni<br />
winac uswreben <strong>da</strong>savlelebs. magaliTad, a.a.mazrui aRniSnavs, rom Tumca qalTa<br />
mdgomareoba muslimur qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis mZafri kritikis sagania, magram,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisagan gansxvavebiT, am qveynebSi qals yovelTvis gaaCn<strong>da</strong> qmrisgan<br />
1 hanTingtoni s. <strong>da</strong>savleTi — unikaluri, ara universaluri. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> Teoriis<br />
sakiTxebi, X, Tb., Tsu gamomc., 2001, gv.185.<br />
2 Китаянов Д.С. Иран и Запад: история и современный диалог. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998,<br />
с.32-33. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iranis islamuri revoluciis ideologebi am lozungs <strong>da</strong>esesxnen<br />
zarinkubs <strong>da</strong> igi Semdegnairad ga<strong>da</strong>akeTes: arc aRmosavluri, arc <strong>da</strong>savluri _ islamuri.<br />
3 iqve, gv.9.<br />
4 Васильев Л.С. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.107.<br />
35
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sakuTrebis ufleba, rac, vTqvaT, britanelma qalebma mxolod 1870<br />
wels miiRes. muslimuri samarTali aseve Tanabrad cnob<strong>da</strong> rogorc vaJebis, ise<br />
qaliSvilebis memkvidreobiT uflebebs, bevr <strong>da</strong>savlur qveyanaSi ki cota xnis win<br />
qalebs aseTi ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T. did britaneTSi qalebma saarCevno ufleba 1928 wels<br />
miiRes, aSS-Si — 1920 wels, safrangeTSi — 1971 wels; am droisaTvis bevr muslimur<br />
qveyanaSi (irani, erayi, pakistani <strong>da</strong> sxv.) qalebi arCevnebSi monawileobdnen. ufro<br />
metic — pakistanSi, bangladeSSi, TurqeTSi qalebi ikaveben premier-ministris postebs,<br />
aSS-s ki arasdros hyolia qali-prezidentio, <strong>da</strong>sZens a.a.mazrui.<br />
misi azriT, kulturebi/civilizaciebi un<strong>da</strong> fasdebodes ara mxolod umaRles<br />
miRwevaTa mixedviT, aramed mankierebaTa <strong>da</strong> Seubraleblobis xarisxiT, romlisTvisac<br />
isini swiraven sakuTar Tu sxva xalxebs. am TvalsazrisiT, islams ufro Zlieri<br />
imuniteti aqvs nacionalizmis, komunizmis, rasizmis, genocidis winaaRmdeg. Tu<br />
muslimur samyaroSi <strong>da</strong>savlurze Zlieria politikuri Zalmomreoba, <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />
gacilebiT masStaburia quCis Zaladoba. <strong>da</strong>savluri liberaluri demokratia<br />
uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis maRalmwarmoeblurobas, mosaxleobis farTo monawileobas<br />
marTvaSi, magram <strong>da</strong>savlurma pluralizmma warmoSva rasizmi, faSizmi, genocidi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTma mets miaRwia yovelive saukeTesos realizaciaSi, rac a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebaSia,<br />
aRmosavleTma — a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebis yvelaze cudi mxareebis SezRudvaSi. zogierTi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kriteriumiT (stabiluri ojaxi, socialuri Zalmomreobisagan <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.), muslimuri samyaro win uswrebs <strong>da</strong>savleTs. yovelive amis gamo, a.a.mazruis<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvniT, kacobriobam un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenos ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTis, aramed aRmosavleTis,<br />
kerZod, muslimuri samyaros gamocdilebac 1 .<br />
aqve <strong>da</strong>vZenT, rom am <strong>da</strong> zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSic Tavad sakiTxis amgvari <strong>da</strong>yeneba<br />
ufro saintereso <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovania rogorc `pasuxi~ <strong>da</strong>savleTis `gamowvevaze~, vidre<br />
motanili magaliTebis realobasTan Sesabamisoba.<br />
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros urTierTobaSi. erTis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
Rirebulebebi, masobrivi kulturis saxiT, farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. am<br />
movlenas `koka-kolonizaciisa~ <strong>da</strong> `hamburgerizaciis~ efeqtis saxeliT ixsenieben.<br />
saqme ufro Sorsac midis. rogorc e.saidi aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro aSSs<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul satelitad gvevlineba. mimdinareobs gemovnebis<br />
farTomasStabiani stan<strong>da</strong>rtizacia, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod tranzistorebiT,<br />
jinsebiTa <strong>da</strong> koka-koliT, aramed aRmosavleTis kulturuli saxeebiT, romelTac<br />
farTod avrcelebs masobrivi sain<strong>for</strong>macio saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> romlebic ukritikod<br />
moixmareba masobrivi auditoriis mier. amis paradoqsuli Sedegi isaa, rom arabi<br />
sakuTar Tavs holivudis mier SemoTavazebuli saxiT aRiqvams 2 . azieli studentebi (<strong>da</strong><br />
profesorebi) kvlav amjobineben, moikalaTon amerikel orientalistTa ferxTiT,<br />
Semdeg ki adgilobriv msmenelebs gaumeoron kliSeebiT gajerebuli orientalisturi<br />
dogmebi 3 .<br />
meore mxriv, XX s-is 50-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n saTaves iRebs aRmosavlur kulturebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi movlena. Tu aqamde<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi Tavis msoflaRqmas amdidreb<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri<strong>da</strong>n nasesxebi esTetikuri Tu<br />
dekoratiuli elementebiT, am droi<strong>da</strong>n evropulenovani aRmosavleli mwerlebis<br />
masobrivi SemoWris Sedegad `Seiqmna sruliad axali tipis literatura —<br />
orbunebovani, orcnobierebiani, organzomilebiani... miviReT aRmosavluri<br />
1 Mazrui A.A. Islamic and Western Value. – Foreign Affairs, N.Y., 1997, vol.76, 5, p.118-132.<br />
2 Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.322.<br />
3 iqve, gv.323-324.<br />
36
warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romlis filosofiur-mxatvrulma koncefciam<br />
sruliad ga<strong>da</strong>asxvafera msoflios mTliani literaturuli procesebi~ 1 . mecnierebi<br />
miuTiTeben axali tipis mxatvruli azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze, romelic aRniSnulia<br />
`metisurobis~, Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>savleTSi aRmosavleTis yofnis niSniT 2 . magaliTad,<br />
inglisur literaturul premiebs xSirad iReben inglisurenovani ucxoeli mwerlebi,<br />
frangul literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arabuli warmoSobis avtorebi.<br />
erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTis mier evropuli literaturuli sivrceebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis<br />
tendencia zoga<strong>da</strong>d mTeli Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis mkveTri<br />
maxasiaTebelia. sul raRac erTi saukunis win ki gansxvaveba aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
azrovnebas Soris imdenad didi iyo, rom pirveli Cineli <strong>da</strong> iaponeli mTargmnelebi ki<br />
ar Targmnidnen, TiTqmis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n werdnen evropul romanebs 3 .<br />
aRniSnuli procesi mxolod literaturis sferos ar exeba.<br />
TviT kulturuli konvergenciis Teoriis momxreebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom<br />
mimdinareobs kulturis globaluri homogenizacia transnacionalur korporaciaTa<br />
zegavleniT (`koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~ <strong>da</strong> sxv.), aRniSnaven, rom `msoflio<br />
produqciis~ mwarmoebel korporaciaTa saqmianoba warmatebulia imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
isini a<strong>da</strong>ptirdebian adgilobriv <strong>kultura</strong>sTan. `importior~ qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebani Tu moxmarebis saSualebani sxva socialur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />
funqciebs asruleben, vidre samSobloSi. `sonis~ prezidentma akio moritam am<br />
procesis aRsaniSnavad SemogvTavaza termini `glokalizacia~ (globalizacia+lokalizacia),<br />
anu `orive mxares yureba~ 4 .<br />
mecnierebi saubroben kardinalur mijnaze, romelsac miadga kacobrioba <strong>da</strong><br />
romlis iqiT istoria, rogorc Cans, kalapots icvlis. `dominirebadma civilizaciam<br />
Zlierebis piks miaRwia <strong>da</strong> globaluri gax<strong>da</strong>, magram igi namdvil sulier katastrofas<br />
ganicdis. qristianuli <strong>kultura</strong> — am supercivilizaciis macocxlebeli wyaro —<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan adgils uTmobs axal realiebs, cnobierebis organizaciis sxva <strong>for</strong>mebs,~ —<br />
wers a.neklesa 5 .<br />
2001 wlis miwuruls gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> ukiduresi memarjvene amerikeli politikosis<br />
patrik biukenanis wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `<strong>da</strong>savleTis sikvdili: rogor<br />
emuqreba Cvens saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> civilizacias mosaxleobis kleba <strong>da</strong> imigrantTa<br />
Semosevebi~ (Patrick J.Buchanan. The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant<br />
Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization). sxvaTa Soris, am wignis publikacia 11<br />
seqtembris teraqtebis gamo ga<strong>da</strong>ido, Tumca igi jer kidev zafxulSi mzad iyo<br />
gamosacemad. avtori <strong>da</strong>savluri samyarosa <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, aSS-saTvis friad samwuxaro<br />
samomavlo perspeqtivas xatavs: 2050 wlisaTvis aSS mesamexarisxovan qveynad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva, evropis TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> iaponelebis ricxvi katastrofulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>iklebs, sabolood ki, isini sulac gaqrebian aziisa <strong>da</strong> afrikis muslimuri qveynebis<br />
demografiuli Semotevis Sedegad. ganaxldeba islamis zewola evropis qveynebze, rac<br />
ukve iyo istoriaSi, magram misi Sedegebi amjerad gacilebiT tragikuli iqneba<br />
evropelTaTvis. arc ruseTis momavali esaxeba biukenans naTel ferebSi: CineTi<br />
gandevnis mas cimbiri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Soreuli aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n, muslimuri samyaro ki _<br />
kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> centraluri azii<strong>da</strong>n. qristianTa _ kaTolikeTa, protestantTa <strong>da</strong><br />
1<br />
ebraliZe T. or <strong>kultura</strong>s Soris. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba” (saliteraturo CanarTi gazeTisa “axali epoqa”),<br />
23 (49), 8-15 ivnisi, 2001, gv.3.<br />
2<br />
Прожогина С.В. Литература магрибинцев во Франции: продолжение диалога культур Востока и Запада. – В кн.: Восток-<br />
Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998, с.178.<br />
3<br />
ebraliZe T. <strong>da</strong>sax naSr., gv.3.<br />
4<br />
Питерсе Я.Н. Глобализация и культура.- В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-составитель А.А.Празаускас. М., 2000, с.322.<br />
5 Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.74.<br />
37
marTlmadidebelTa _ ricxvi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Semcirdeba. erT-erT TavSi _ `amerikis<br />
deqristianizacia~ _ biukenani <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebis demografiuli krizisis mTavar<br />
mizezad qristianuli sarwmunoebis <strong>da</strong>qveiTebas miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> acxadebs, rom ukve isaxeba<br />
axali aTeisturi civilizacia, romelic safuZvels uryevs <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>s.<br />
globalistebi msoflios kulturul gaerTgvarovnebasa <strong>da</strong> inglisuri enis<br />
sayovelTao gavrcelebas winaswarmetyveleben. `ori-sami Taobis Semdeg sazogadoebis<br />
mxolod yvelaze gaunaTlebel wevrebs ar ecodinebaT inglisuri... Tqveni ena xdeba<br />
raRac, razec ilaparakeben saxlSi, megobrebis wreSi, is, garkveulwilad, kulturuli<br />
dialeqti iqneba <strong>da</strong> ara komunikaciis mTavari saSualeba~, _ ambobs inglisuri<br />
literaturis amerikeli mkvlevari j.benseni 1 . am mtkicebis sapirispirod, isev<br />
lingvistebi miuTiTeben, rom rac ufro meti sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnebis a<strong>da</strong>miani miiRebs<br />
monawileobas inglisuri enis funqcionirebaSi, miT meti leqsikuri erTeuli Seva masSi<br />
sxva enebi<strong>da</strong>n, gaCndeba gramatikuli inovaciebi, Seiqmneba inglisuri enis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
versia <strong>da</strong> maTze mosaubreebs sul ufro metad gauWirdebaT erTmaneTis gageba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlel mkvlevarTa nawili (e.gelneri <strong>da</strong> sxv.) aRniSnavs, rom samecniero <strong>da</strong><br />
teqnikuri codna SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos individTa mier yoveldRiur praqtikaSi,<br />
ise, rom ar gamomdinareobdes misi kulturi<strong>da</strong>n, ar warmoadgendes misi kulturis<br />
nawils. Semecnebis xerxi ar emyareba religias, <strong>kultura</strong>s, civilizaciur<br />
Rirebulebebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qimiuri <strong>for</strong>mulebi an planetaTa ganlagebis<br />
codna ar gvixsnis, rogor vicxovroT, rogor aRvzardoT bavSvebi, Tayvani vceT<br />
RmerTebs. mravalma ara<strong>da</strong>savlurma <strong>kultura</strong>m SeiZleba aiTvisos mecnierebis<br />
Tanamedrove Sexedulebani, Semecnebisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis racionaluri meTodebi, <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
civilizaciad trans<strong>for</strong>mirebis gareSe 2 .<br />
jer kidev a.toinbi miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom erTmaneTSi ar un<strong>da</strong> avurioT socialuri<br />
cxovrebis ekonomikuri, politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli aspeqtebi, romelTagan pirvel<br />
ors Seexo unifikacia (<strong>da</strong> ara erToba), mesame ki, gacilebiT ufro Rrma <strong>da</strong><br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturia, vidre pirveli ori.<br />
globalistTa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli pluralizmis momxreTa kamaTSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> msoflios<br />
kulturuli momavlis kidev erTi, ase vTqvaT, neitraluri versia — kulturis<br />
kreolizaciis Teoria, romlis avtoria martinikeli frangulenovani mwerali,<br />
mTargmneli <strong>da</strong> filosofosi eduard glisani. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> xalxTa urTierT-<br />
Sexvedrasa <strong>da</strong> SeRwevaSi igi xe<strong>da</strong>vs kacobriobis arsebobis axal <strong>for</strong>mas. msoflioSi<br />
arsebul situacias igi aRniSnavs terminiT `kreolizacia~; misi azriT, es aris mudmivi<br />
procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebulis warmoSobas. un<strong>da</strong><br />
SeveguoT im azrs, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, amasTan, arc erTi<br />
mxare ar <strong>da</strong>kargavs sakuTar bunebas <strong>da</strong> ar gaiTqvifeba kulturul magmaSi, _ wers<br />
glisani. igi Tvlis, rom siaxle patara qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n mova, romelTac ara aqvT arc<br />
koloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebad<br />
eSiniaT `statusis~ gaqrobis an <strong>da</strong>kargvisa. erT-erT aseT regionad igi karibis<br />
kunZulebs miiCnevs, sa<strong>da</strong>c, misi azriT, gamomuSavdeba <strong>da</strong> yalibdeba urTierTobaTa<br />
Tanamedrove modelebi, arsebobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> erTobis mZlavri<br />
potenciali. amdenad, karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva, Tumca<br />
kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCeni msoflioc. kacobriobis arsebobis<br />
1<br />
wiklauri m., edilaSvili m. de<strong>da</strong>miwa arasodes iqneba nacrisferi. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba”, Tb., 2001, 16<br />
(40), gv.3.<br />
2<br />
Левашова А.В. Современная международная система: глобализация или вестернизация. – В журн.: Социально-<br />
гуманитарные знания, М., 2000, № 1, с.264.<br />
38
Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben 1 .<br />
mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebis mqone qveynebi <strong>da</strong> xalxebi ki<br />
cdiloben, TavianTi misia sxvagvarad <strong>da</strong>inaxon <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asabuTon. Cexi mwerali m.kundera<br />
aRniSnavs: `me vxe<strong>da</strong>v patara xalxebis istoriul misias Tanamedrove msoflioSi,<br />
romelic didi saxelmwifoebis anabaraa <strong>da</strong>rCenili, es ukanasknelni ki cdiloben mis<br />
`gamoWras~ sakuTar Targze. patara xalxebi, mudmivad eZieben ra sakuTar saxes <strong>da</strong><br />
ibrZvian TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis, xels uwyoben imas, rom msoflio win<br />
aRudges saSinel unifikacias, SeinarCunos tradiciaTa siWrele <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesis<br />
mravalferovneba, a<strong>da</strong>mians ki gaaCndes samSoblos jadosnuri grZnoba~ 2 .<br />
amerikanizaciis <strong>for</strong>miT mimdinare globalizaciis process SeSfoTebiT adevneben<br />
Tvals TviT <strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros warmomadgenlebic. XX s-is 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
aSS wamoayena kulturul RirebulebaTa Tavisufali gacvlis idea, rasac didi kamaTi<br />
mohyva. safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong> SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom maT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong><br />
amerikuli kulturuli produqciiT walekvisa <strong>da</strong> amerikuli cxovrebis wesis<br />
moZalebis safrTxe. 1993 w. evrokavSirma, safrangeTis wina<strong>da</strong>debiT, uari Tqva<br />
Tavisufal gacvlaze kulturis sferoSi.<br />
`Cven globalizaciis atmosferoSi vcxovrobT, rac ganapirobebs ideaTa<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciasa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas — pirvel rigSi, amerikuli<br />
modelis Sesabamisad.кшyvela, visTvisac Zvirfasia sakuTari istoria, tradiciebi, ena,<br />
filosofia <strong>da</strong> religia, SeSfoTebulia aRniSnuli tendenciiT, _ wer<strong>da</strong><br />
evroparlamentSi safrangeTis deputati katrin lalumieri 3 . msoflios<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis perspeqtivis sapirispirod, sul ufro mets laparakoben<br />
kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.<br />
mkvlevarTa azriT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pluralistur `samyaroTa samyaroSi~<br />
iarsebebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime civilizaciur-kulturuli centri, romelTa<br />
urTierTobaSi gaCndeba problema erTi, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli simboloTa<br />
eni<strong>da</strong>n sxva <strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa somboloebis enebze Targmnisa. s.hanTingtonis<br />
sityviT, Tvalsawier momavalSi ar Camoyalibdeba erTiani universaluri<br />
civilizacia <strong>da</strong> TiToeul arsebul civilizacias mouwevs sxvebTan Tanaarseboba.<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa Tanaarsebobis perspeqtiva gansakuTrebiT<br />
mtkivneul Temad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg, romlebic<br />
Sefasebul iqna rogorc ori planetis Sejaxeba erT planetaze, civilizaciaTa adre<br />
nawinaswarmetyvelevi Sejaxeba, modernis Sejaxeba aramodernTan <strong>da</strong> winaremodernTan,<br />
romlis aRmsrulebelni TviT modernis iaraRebs iyenebdnen <strong>da</strong> maT modernisave<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. <strong>da</strong>savleli mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom es Tavzar<strong>da</strong>mcemi<br />
qmedeba biZgs miscems sxvagvari msoflios Seqmnas, romelSic sivrciTi <strong>da</strong> droiTi<br />
kulturebi aRar moindomeben erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. es axali msoflio aRar iqneba<br />
martooden droiTi kulturis sul ufro mzardi <strong>da</strong> mZlavri aRmavlobis imedze _ im<br />
kulturisa, romelic gamanadgureblad moqmedebs sivrciT kulturebze 4 .<br />
1 Культурная креолизация мира. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), № 38, январь, 2000, с.39.<br />
2 ix.: Хольцер Я. Была или не была? (Существовала или нет центральная Европа: чешские споры о центральноевропейской<br />
ментальности малого народа). – В журн.: Политическая наука, № 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы),<br />
М., 2001, с.76.<br />
3 Лялюмьер К. Борьба за культурное многообразие. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), №<br />
38, январь, 2000, с.25.<br />
4 Smidi v. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.2.<br />
39
Tema IV. <strong>modernizacia</strong> _ <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
erT-erTi etapi<br />
am etapze <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ganvixilavT modernizaciis im gagebas, romlis mixedviT<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli<br />
etapisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelic<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes zoga<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am<br />
civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul <strong>for</strong>mebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo kavSirSi.<br />
aqve SevexebiT <strong>da</strong>savleTSi modernuli sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis istoriul<br />
peripetiebs, visaubrebT winamorbedi istoriuli realobis Sesaxeb, <strong>modernizacia</strong>s<br />
ganvixilavT, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savluri tradiciis gagrZelebas, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
universaluri civilizaciis gaCenis SesaZleblobis mesame <strong>da</strong> yvelaze farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli argumenti mdgomareobs wamodgenaSi, rom igi aris modernizaciis<br />
yovlismomcveli procesis Sedegi, romelic jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> moicavs industrializacias, urbanizacias, wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa<br />
mzard procents, ganaTlebas, simdidres <strong>da</strong> socialur mobilurobas, samuSao<br />
adgilebis gamravalferovnebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvewas. swored XVIII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
samecniero <strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri codnis uzarmazari eqspansiis Sedegia is, rom dRes<br />
SegviZlia vakontroloT <strong>da</strong> CamovayaliboT Cveni garemo sruliad axali saxiT.<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> revoluciuri procesia, romelic mxolod sazogadoebebis<br />
primitiuli<strong>da</strong>n civilizebul mdgomareobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas Tu SegviZlia Seva<strong>da</strong>roT, anu<br />
calkeuli civilizaciebis gaCenas tigrosisa <strong>da</strong> evfratis auzebSi, nilosisa <strong>da</strong> indis<br />
xeobebSi 5000 wlis win. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi, faseulobebi, codna<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> di<strong>da</strong>d gansxvavdeba tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan. <strong>da</strong>savleTi pirveli<br />
moderniz<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> modernuli kulturis aTvisebis avangardSia. vinai<strong>da</strong>n sxva<br />
sazogadoebebi iTviseben ganaTlebis, muSaobis, simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> klasobrivi<br />
organizaciis msgavs <strong>for</strong>mebs, aqe<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>kultura</strong> universalur msoflio <strong>kultura</strong>d iqceva.<br />
is, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs modernul <strong>da</strong> tradiciul kulturebs<br />
Soris kamaTs aRar iwvevs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos modernuli<br />
kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi erTmaneTs ufro hgvanan, vidre tradiciuli<br />
kulturis matarebeli xalxebi. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, samyaro, sa<strong>da</strong>c zogierTi sazogadoeba<br />
maRal doneze modernizebulia, xolo sxvebi _ kvlav tradiciuli, ufro naklebad<br />
erTgvarovania, vidre samyaro, romlis yvela sazogadoeba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Tanabrad<br />
modernizebulia. magram raRa vuyoT im samyaros, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela sazogadoeba<br />
tradiciuli iyo? aseTi samyaro xom ramdenime aseuli wlis win arsebob<strong>da</strong>. iyo igi<br />
naklebad homogenuri, vidre, rogorc fiqroben, iqneba sayovelTaod modernizebuli<br />
momavali msoflio? albaT, ara. `minis (dinastiis) CineTi... ueWvelad, ufro axlos iyo<br />
valuas (<strong>da</strong>nastiis) safrangeTTan~, ambob<strong>da</strong> brodeli, `vidre mao Ze dunis CineTi _<br />
mexuTe respublikis safrangeTTan.~<br />
<strong>da</strong> mainc, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc modernuli sazogadoebebi ufro SeiZleba<br />
erTmaneTis msgavsni iyvnen, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. pirveli mizezia<br />
intensiuri urTierTqmedeba modernul sazogadoebebs Soris, romelic, SeiZleba, ver<br />
warmoSobs saerTo <strong>kultura</strong>s, magram aadvilebs mokle droSi teqnikis, gamogonebebis,<br />
Cveulebebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas erTi sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi, Tanac im doniT, romliTac es<br />
40
warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi. meore mizezi isaa, rom tradiciuli<br />
sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze, modernuli sazogadoeba ki<br />
mrewvelobaze, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes meurneobis sistemas _ xelosnobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli, klasikuri mZime mrewvelobis gavliT, rTul teqnologiebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
industriiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli. soflis meurneobis sistema <strong>da</strong> misi Tanamdevi socialuri<br />
struqtura ufro <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia bunebriv garemoze, vidre mrewvelobis sistema. igi<br />
icvleba nia<strong>da</strong>gisa <strong>da</strong> klimatis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba gamoiwvios miwis flobis,<br />
sazogadoebrivi wyobisa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>mis warmoSoba. vitfogelis<br />
hidravlikuri civilizaciis Teoriis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, soflis meurneoba, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia masStaburi sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobasa <strong>da</strong> funqciobaze, xels<br />
uwyobs centralizebuli <strong>da</strong> biurokratiuli politikuri xelisuflebis warmoSobas.<br />
sxvanairad ar xdeba. mdi<strong>da</strong>ri nia<strong>da</strong>gi <strong>da</strong> kargi klimati xSirad xels uwyobs masiuri<br />
saplantacio meurnebis gaCaRebas <strong>da</strong> misi Tanamdevi socialuri wyobis Camoyalibebas,<br />
romelic moicavs mdi<strong>da</strong>ri miwaTmflobelebis mcirericxovan <strong>da</strong> plantaciaSi momuSave<br />
glexebis, monebis Tu ymebis did fenas. masStaburi soflis meurneobis porobebSi<br />
SeiZleba gaCndes <strong>da</strong>moukidebel glexTa sazogadoeba. mokled, sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
sazogadoebebSi sazogadoebrivi wyoba ganpirobebulia bunebrivi garemoTi.<br />
mrewveloba nakleba<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli bunebriv garemoze. industriul organizaciaSi<br />
arsebuli gansxvavebebi ki ufro <strong>kultura</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> socialur wyobaSi arsebuli sxvaobebiT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamowveuli, vidre geografiuli mizezebiT; aqe<strong>da</strong>n pirveli SeiZleba<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas, magram ukanaskneli _ arasdros.<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, modernul sazogadoebebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo. magram arian ki isini<br />
aucileblad erTgvarovanni? am kiTxvaze <strong>da</strong>debiTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
rom modernuli sazogadoeba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emsgavsos mxolod erT — <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
models, rom modernuli civilizacia igive <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciaa. Tumca, es<br />
savsebiT mc<strong>da</strong>ri msjelobaa. <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizacia warmoiSva VIII-IX saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisi individualuri niSan-Tvisebebi Semdgom saukuneebSi SeiZina. misi modernizeba<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> arauadres XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa. <strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong>savleTs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre igi modernuli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>savleTis mTavari niSan-<br />
Tvisebebi, romlebic mas sxva civilizaciebisgan ganarCeven, win uswrebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong>s.<br />
ra niSan-Tvisebebi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebas aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
sanam is modernizdebo<strong>da</strong>? sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mecnierma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairi pasuxi gasca am<br />
kiTxvas, isini gansxvavdebian detalebSi, magram aRiareben ZiriTadi institutebis,<br />
Cveulebebis <strong>da</strong> rwmena-warmodgenebis erTobliobas, romlebic savsebiT kanonzomierad<br />
SeiZleba miviCnioT <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis safuZvlad. esenia:<br />
klasikuri memkvidreoba. rogorc mesame Taobis civilizaciam, <strong>da</strong>savleTma bevri<br />
ram SeiTvisa winamorbedi civilizaciebisgan, gansakuTrebiT ki, klasikuri<br />
civilizaciisagan. klasikuri civilizaciis memkvidreoba mravalferovania: berZnuli<br />
filosofia <strong>da</strong> racionalizmi, romauli samarTali, laTinuri ena <strong>da</strong> qristianoba.<br />
muslimurma <strong>da</strong> marTlmadideblurma civilizaciebmac bevri ram aiTvises klasikuri<br />
civilizaciisagan, magram Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad naklebi, vidre <strong>da</strong>savleTma.<br />
kaTolicizmi <strong>da</strong> protestantizmi. <strong>da</strong>savluri qristianoba _ Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
kaTolicizmi, Semdeg kaTolicizmi <strong>da</strong> protestantizmi _ warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
civilizaciis istoriulad umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels. Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis<br />
mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze is, rac <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT saqristianod iwodebo<strong>da</strong>; arsebob<strong>da</strong> erTobis kargad ganviTarebuli grZnoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis qristian xalxebs Soris, romlis meSveobiT isini Tavs ganasxvavebdnen<br />
41
Turqebis, mavrebis, bizantielebisa <strong>da</strong> sxvebisagan; swored RvTisa <strong>da</strong> oqros<br />
gulisaTvis gavidnen <strong>da</strong>savlelebi kontinenti<strong>da</strong>n msoflios <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad XVI<br />
saukuneSi. re<strong>for</strong>macia <strong>da</strong> kontrre<strong>for</strong>macia, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqristianos gayofa<br />
protestantul CrdiloeTad <strong>da</strong> kaTolikur samxreTad <strong>da</strong>savleTis istoriis aseve<br />
gansakuTrebuli Strixia, romelic sruliad ucxo iyo aRmosavluri<br />
orTodoqsiisaTvis <strong>da</strong> saerTod ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> laTinuri amerikis sinamdvileSi.<br />
evropuli enebi. ena, religiis Semdeg, rigiT meore, yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
faqtoria, romelic erTi kulturis xalxs meorisgan ganasxvavebs. <strong>da</strong>savleTi sxva<br />
civilizaciaTa umravlesobisagan gamoirCeva enebis mravalricxovnebiT. hindi,<br />
man<strong>da</strong>rini, rusuli <strong>da</strong> TviT arabuli TavTavianTi civilizaciebis ZiriTad enebad arian<br />
miCneuli. <strong>da</strong>savleTma memkvidreobiT laTinuri miiRo, magram erebis Camoyalibebis<br />
kvalobaze warmoiSva erovnuli enebic, romlebic romanul <strong>da</strong> germanul enaTa vrcel<br />
jgufebSi moeqcnen. XVI saukunisaTvis maT, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, miiRes TavianTi dRevandeli<br />
saxe.<br />
sasuliero <strong>da</strong> saero xelisuflebis gayofa. <strong>da</strong>savleTis mTeli istoriis manZilze<br />
eklesia, Semdeg ki eklesiebi, saxelmwifosagan gancalkevebiT idga. RmerTi <strong>da</strong> keisari,<br />
eklesia <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo, sasuliero avtoriteti <strong>da</strong> amqveyniuri Zalaufleba<br />
gamokveTil dualizmad gvevlineba <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>Si. mxolod indur<br />
civilizaciaSi Tu iyo religia <strong>da</strong> politika ase gamokveTilad gamijnuli<br />
erTmaneTisagan. islamSi RmerTi keisaria, CineTsa <strong>da</strong> iaponiaSi keisari RmerTia;<br />
marTlmadideblobaSi RmerTi keisris umcrosi partnioria. eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
gamijvna <strong>da</strong> maTi perioduli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, romelic esoden <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciisaTvis, sxva erTobebSi ar fiqsirdeba. Zalauflebebis aseTma<br />
gamijvnam, u<strong>da</strong>vod, didi biZgi misca <strong>da</strong>savleTSi Tavisuflebis ideis ganviTarebas.<br />
kanonis batonoba . civilizebul cxovrebaSi kanonis uzenaesoba romaelebisgan<br />
miRebuli memkvidreobaa. Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma SeimuSaves bunebiTi<br />
samarTlis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, monarqebs eniWebo<strong>da</strong>T Zalauflebis<br />
ganxorcielebis ufleba, risi Sedegicaa inglisSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis tradiciis<br />
Camoyalibeba. XVI <strong>da</strong> XVII saukuneebSi, absolutizmis batonobisas, kanonis uzenaesoba<br />
ufro irRveo<strong>da</strong>, vidre <strong>da</strong>culi iyo, magram idea xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>morCilebisa gare<br />
SezRudvebisadmi ZalaSi rCebo<strong>da</strong>: `Non sub homine sed sub Deo et lege~ (`ara kacis, aramed<br />
RvTisa <strong>da</strong> kanonis qveSevrdomoba~). kanonis uzenaesobis tradiciam safuZveli Cauyara<br />
konstitucionalizmsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs, maT Soris, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas,<br />
ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. sxva civilizaciaTa umravlesobaSi kanoni gacilebiT<br />
nakleb rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong> cnobierebisa <strong>da</strong> qceves CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
socialuri pluralizmi. tradiciulad, <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoeba pluralisturi<br />
iyo. rogorc doiCi SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savleTs gamoarCevs `sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtonomiuri jgufis<br />
arseboba <strong>da</strong> simyare, romlebic ar arian <strong>da</strong>myarebuli sisxlismier naTesaobaze an<br />
qorwinebaze~. VI <strong>da</strong> VII saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, aseT jgufebs Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
warmoadgendnen monastrebi, samonastro ordenebi, gildiebi, SemdgomSi evropis<br />
araerT kuTxeSi maT moicves mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba.<br />
gaerTianebaTa pluralizms SemdgomSi klasobrivi pluralizmi <strong>da</strong>emata. <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropuli sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Zlieri <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli aristokratia, soliduri fena glexobis saxiT <strong>da</strong> mcirericxovani,<br />
magram mniSvnelovani klasi vaWrebisa. evropul sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri arsitokratiis Zliereba mTavari mizezi iyo imisa, rom iq absolutizmis<br />
fexis mokideba SeuZlebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong>. evropuli pluralizmis gageba diametrulad<br />
sapirisporoa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saRaribis, aristokratiis sisustisa <strong>da</strong><br />
42
centralizebuli biourokratiuli imperiebis siZlierisa, romlebic ruseTis <strong>da</strong><br />
CineTis realobaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong>, iseve rogorc TurqeTis samflobeloebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi.<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. socialurma pluralizmma imTaviTve misca<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabami kerZo sakuTrebas, parlaments <strong>da</strong> sxva institutebs, romlebSic warmodgenili<br />
iyo aristokratiis, samRvdeloebis, vaWrebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva fenebis interesebi. am<br />
organoebSi warmomadgenlobis <strong>for</strong>mebi, modernizaciis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnen<br />
Tanamedrove demokratiul institutebad. absolutizmis periodSi zogi maTgani<br />
saerTod gaauqmes an mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad aseTi SemTxvevebisa, es<br />
institutebi mTavar saSualebas warmodgen<strong>da</strong> politikur cxovrebaSi xalxis farTo<br />
monawileobis uzrunvelsayofad. arc erT Tanamedrove civilizacias ar aqvs<br />
warmoamdgenlobiTi organoebis arsebobis msgavsi aTaswlovani gamocdileba. jer<br />
kidev IX saukuni<strong>da</strong>n adgilobriv doneze, italiis qalaqebSi, <strong>da</strong>iwyo moZraoba<br />
TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romelic Semdgom CrdiloeTiT gavrcel<strong>da</strong>, `aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> ra<br />
episkoposebs, adgilobriv baronebs <strong>da</strong> sxva warCinebulebs, burJuebisTvisac<br />
gaeziarebinaT, <strong>da</strong> xSirad, bolos mTlianad <strong>da</strong>eTmoT Zalaufleba~. saxalxo<br />
warmomadgenlobas nacionalur doneze SemdgomSi <strong>da</strong>emata avtonomiurobis xarisxi<br />
adgilobriv doneze, rac arnaxuli movlenaa msoflios sxva regionebisaTvis.<br />
individualizmi. <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis bevrma zemoT CamoTvlilma elementma<br />
biZgi misca individualizmis, pirovnebis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis ideas, rac<br />
unikaluri movlenaa civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. individualizmi ganviTar<strong>da</strong><br />
XIV-XV saukuneebSi; XVII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi mox<strong>da</strong> Tavisufali arCevanis uflebis<br />
aRiareba, rasac doiCi `romeo <strong>da</strong> julietas revolucias~ uwodeb<strong>da</strong>. yvela<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis Tanabari uflebebi (`uRatakesi kacic inglisSi iseve imsaxurebs<br />
sicocxles, rogorc umdidresi~), Tu sayovelTaod ar xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>, xazi mainc<br />
gansakuTrebiT esmebo<strong>da</strong>. individualizmi meoce saukuneSi arsebul civilizaciebs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong>savleTis erT-erT gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebad rCeba. am sakiTxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul erT-erTi gamokvleviT, romelSic 50 qveynis monacemebi iyo<br />
warmodgenili, individualizmis umaRlesi indeqsis mqone qveyanaTa pirveli oceuli<br />
moicav<strong>da</strong> yvela <strong>da</strong>savlur qveyanas, portugaliis <strong>da</strong> aseve israelis gamoklebiT.<br />
individualizmisa <strong>da</strong> koleqtivizmis meore kroskulturuli gamokvlevis avtorma<br />
aseve xazi gausva <strong>da</strong>savleTSi individualizmis dominirebas, <strong>da</strong>narCen msoflioSi<br />
arsebuli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro koleqtivizmi ikveTeba <strong>da</strong> aRniSna,<br />
rom `Rirebulebani, romlebic <strong>da</strong>savleTSi umniSvnelovanesia, <strong>da</strong>narCen msoflioSi<br />
yvelaze naklebmniSvnelovania~. <strong>da</strong>savlelebica <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebic isev <strong>da</strong> isev<br />
individualizms miiCneven <strong>da</strong>savleTis mTavar ganmasxvavebel niSnad.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi ar warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis<br />
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis amomwurav CamonaTvals. arc imis Tqma msurs, rom es<br />
maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis <strong>da</strong> yvelgan arsebob<strong>da</strong>. ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, es ase ar yofila: <strong>da</strong>savleTis istoriaSi araerTi despotia cnobili, romelic<br />
ugulebelyof<strong>da</strong> kanonis uzenaesobas <strong>da</strong> auqmeb<strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobiT organoebs.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis miCneva <strong>da</strong>savleTis maxasiaTeblebad aseve ar<br />
niSnavs, rom isini sxva civilizaciebSi ar arsebobs. cxadia, arsebobs. magaliTad,<br />
yurani <strong>da</strong> SariaTi warmoadgenen muslimuri sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo<br />
bazaa; iaponias <strong>da</strong> indoeTs, <strong>da</strong>savleTis msgavsad, aqvT klasobrivi sistema (<strong>da</strong>,<br />
savaraudod, swored amis gamo arian isini oradori didi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoeba,<br />
romlebic demokratiul mTavrobas irCeven nebismieri vadiT). saTiTaod aRebuli, arc<br />
erTi es niSan-Tviseba ar iyo unikaluri mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis, mxolod maTi<br />
43
erToblioba qmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis gansxvavebul saxes. es ideebi, tradiciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
institutebi ufro mZlavrad iyo warmodgenili <strong>da</strong>savleTSi, vidre sxva<br />
civilizaciebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini qmnian mTavar, mudmiv birTvs <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
civilizaciisa. swored maTgan gamomdinareobs <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>savluroba <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
modernuloba. amavdroulad, isini warmoadgenen faqtorebs, romlebmac <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />
saSualeba misca modernizebuliyo <strong>da</strong> am procesis avangardSi Camdgariyo msoflio<br />
masStabiT.<br />
universaluri civilizacia: mniSvnelobebi<br />
xSirad amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove samyaro mowmea `universaluri civilizaciis~<br />
Sobisa (es termini v.s.naipols ekuTvnis). ras gulisxmoben am terminSi? naipolis idea<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d gulisxmobs kacobriobis kulturul gaerTianebas, mTeli msoflios xalxebis<br />
mier saerTo faseulobebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, orientaciebis, tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
institutebis gaziarebas. ufro zustad, es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes siRrmiseul,<br />
magram umniSvnelo, an mniSvnelovan, magram arasiRrmiseul mxareebs, an sulac _<br />
umniSvnelosa <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>piruls.<br />
pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs aqvT<br />
garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebani _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobis<br />
borotebasTan gaigiveba; saerTo sabazo institutebi _ magaliTad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiT<br />
warmodgenili ojaxis instituti. sazogadoebaTa umravlesobas erTmaneTis msgavsi<br />
`moraluri kodeqsi~ aqvs — elementaruli zneobrivi warmodgena imaze, Tu ra aris<br />
kargi <strong>da</strong> ra aris cudi. Tu `universaluri civilizaciis~ cnebaSi es azria Cadebuli, igi<br />
Rrma <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovania, magram, amave dros, es arc axalia <strong>da</strong> arc aqtualuri. is faqti,<br />
rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aqvT ramdenime saerTo fun<strong>da</strong>menturi Rirebuleba <strong>da</strong> instituti mTeli<br />
istoriis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba gvixsnides a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevis garkveul konstantebs,<br />
magram mas ar ZaluZs Suqi mohfinos an axsnas istoria, romelic savsea a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevaSi<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebiT. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, Tu mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo<br />
universaluri civilizacia arsebobs, maSin ra termins viyenebT kacobriobis didi<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis aRsaniSnavad, rasebis gar<strong>da</strong>? kacobrioba iyofa<br />
qvejgufebad — tomebad, erebad <strong>da</strong> ufro farTo kulturul erTobebad, romelTac<br />
civilizacia ewodeba. Tu civilizaciis cneba ayvanilia mTeli kacobriobis aRmniSvnel<br />
gagebamde, maSin an udidesi kulturuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebis _ kacobriobis _ aRmniSvneli<br />
axali termini un<strong>da</strong> gamovigonoT, an un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom es didi, magram ara<br />
kacobriobis masStabis mqone <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi gaqreba. magaliTad, vaclav haveli,<br />
amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom ` Cven axla vcxovrobT erT globalur civilizaciaSi~ <strong>da</strong> rom igi sxva<br />
`araferia, Tu ara Txeli saburveli~, romelic `faravs an malavs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta, xalxTa,<br />
religiaTa samyaroebis udides mravalferovnebas, istoriul tradiciebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
istoriulad Camoyalibebul Sexedulebebs; yvelaferi es, garkveuli azriT, mis<br />
safarqveSaa moqceuli~. `civilizaciis~ terminisaTvis globaluri mniSvnelobis<br />
miniWeba, xolo im didi kulturuli erTobebis `kulturis~ an `subcivilizaciis~<br />
saxeliT moxsenieba, romlebic yovelTvis civilizaciebad iwodebo<strong>da</strong>, mxolod <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod terminebis semantikur aRrevas Tu gamoiwvevs.<br />
meore, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `universaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyenebodes im elementebis aRsaniSnavad, romelTa arseboba <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalaqebi <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebuloba — is, rac ganarCevs maTgan pirvelyofil sazogadoebebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
barbarosebs. es, cxadia, terminis meTvramete saukuniseuli gagebaa, romelic<br />
civilizaciis mxolobiT ricxvs gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> romlis mixedviT, universaluri<br />
44
civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, anTropologebisa <strong>da</strong> pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis<br />
bediT Sewuxebuli xalxis saubedurod. am gagebiT, civilizacia, kacobriobis istoriis<br />
msvlelobis kvalobaze, Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT farTovdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi (mxolobiT ricxvSi)<br />
gavrceleba Tavsebadi iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva civilizaciis (mravlobiT ricxvSi) arsebobasTan.<br />
mesame, termini `universaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes warmodgenebs,<br />
faseulobebsa <strong>da</strong> doqtrinebs, romlebic saerToa bevri a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
civilizaciaSi <strong>da</strong> zogierTebisaTvis _ sxva civilizaciebSi. amas SeiZleba `<strong>da</strong>vosis<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>~ vuwodoT. yovelwliurad aTasamde bankiri, biznesmeni, saxelmwifo moxele,<br />
moazrovne Tu Jurnalisti mTeli rigi qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n ikribeba msoflio ekonomikur<br />
<strong>for</strong>umze <strong>da</strong>vosSi, SveicariaSi. TiTqmis yovel maTgans aqvs universitetis diplomi<br />
sabunebismetyvelo <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi, biznesSi, samarTalSi, isini<br />
ikvleven sityvebsa Tu ricxvebs, Tavisuflad floben inglisur enas, <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<br />
arian saxelmwifo organoebSi, korporaciebsa <strong>da</strong> aqtiur saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi<br />
Cambul samecniero <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi, xSirad mogzauroben sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebs<br />
gareT. isini, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, iziareben saerTo warmodgenebs indvidualizmze, sabazro<br />
ekonomikasa <strong>da</strong> politikur demokratiaze, rac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
civilizaciis sazogadoebisaTvis. `<strong>da</strong>vosis xalxi~ akontrolebs, faqtobrivad, yvela<br />
saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>wesebulebas, mravali qveynis mTavrobas <strong>da</strong> msoflios ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
samxedro potencialis met wils. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, `<strong>da</strong>vosis <strong>kultura</strong>~ uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelovania. meore mxriv, ramdeni a<strong>da</strong>miani iziarebs am <strong>kultura</strong>s msoflio<br />
masStabiT? <strong>da</strong>savleTs gareT, albaT, 50 mln-ze naklebi, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 1<br />
procenti. igi sakmaod Sors aris imisgan, rom universaluri <strong>kultura</strong> iyos, <strong>da</strong><br />
liderebs, romlebic ekuTvnian `<strong>da</strong>vosis <strong>kultura</strong>s~, yovelTvis rodi aqvT myari<br />
<strong>da</strong>sayrdeni sakuTar sazogadoebebSi. rogorc hedli buli aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, `es saerTo<br />
inteleqtualuri <strong>kultura</strong> mxolod elituri movlenaa: bevr sazogadoebaSi misi<br />
fesvebi friad myifea... saeWvoa, rom igi Seezrdeba imas, rasac saerTo zneobriv<br />
principebs, saerTo faseulobebs uwodeben <strong>da</strong> rac esoden gansxvavebulia saerTo<br />
inteleqtualuri kulturisagan.~<br />
meoTxe, miRebuli azria, rom <strong>da</strong>savlur warmodgenaTa sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> popularuli<br />
kulturis sayovelTao gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi universalur civilizacias<br />
qmnis. es mosazreba arc Rrmaa <strong>da</strong> arc mniSvnelovani. kulturuli siaxleebi<br />
civilizacii<strong>da</strong>n civilizacias ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong> mTeli istoriis manZilze. erTi<br />
civilizaciis wiaRSi gaCenil inovacias, rogorc wesi, meore civilizacia iTvisebs.<br />
Tumca aq laparakia teqnikur siaxleebze, romlebsac ar mohyveba didi kulturuli<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>texebi an siaxleebi; isini warmavalia, <strong>da</strong> ar cvlian mimRebi civilizaciis<br />
ZiriTad <strong>kultura</strong>s. am siaxleebs recipienti civilizacia iTvisebs egzotikurobis an<br />
iZulebis gamo. gasul saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong>savlur samyaros periodulad ga<strong>da</strong>uvli<strong>da</strong> xolme<br />
Cinuri <strong>da</strong> induri kulturis garkveuli elementebiT gamowveuli enTuziazmis talRa.<br />
XIX saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis kulturuli siaxleebi popularuli gax<strong>da</strong> indoeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
CineTSi, radgan iq SeimCneo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi loialuroba. mosazreba, TiTqos<br />
popularuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo saqonlis mTels msoflioSi gavrceleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis triumfia, aufasurebs kidec Tavad <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>s.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis arsia Magna carta (Tavisuflebis didi qartia), <strong>da</strong> ara Magna Mak<br />
(didi sendviCi). is faqti, rom ara<strong>da</strong>savlelma SeiZleba es ukanaskneli miirTvas, sulac<br />
ar niSnavs, rom misTvis misaRebia sxva faseulobebic.<br />
es srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar gamoxatavs ara<strong>da</strong>savlelis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi.<br />
sadRac axlo aRmosavleTSi eqvsiode axalgazr<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba jinsebSi iyos gamowyobili,<br />
koka-kolas svamdes, reps usmendes, amave dros ki, locvebs Soris, romelTac isini<br />
45
meqisaken pirSeqceuli aRavlenen, bombs amzadebdnen amerikuli samgzavro<br />
TviTmfrinavis asafeTqeblad. 1970-ian <strong>da</strong> 1980-ian wlebSi amerikelebi yovelgvari<br />
`iaponizirebis~ gareSe moixmardnen milionobiT iaponur manqanas, televizors,<br />
kameras <strong>da</strong> eleqtronul xelsawyos, metic _ es yvelaferi iaponiisadmi antagonisturi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis fonze xdebo<strong>da</strong>. mxolod gulubryvilo ampartavnoba Tu<br />
afiqrebinebs <strong>da</strong>savlelebs, rom ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebi `vesternizdebian~ <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
saqonlis SeZenis Sedegad. marTlac<strong>da</strong> sasaciloa, rodesac <strong>da</strong>savlelebi TavianT<br />
civilizacias aigiveben SuSxuna sasmelebTan, gaxunebul jinsebTan <strong>da</strong> sendviCTan.<br />
universaluri popularuli kulturis ufro <strong>da</strong>xvewili versia yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebas ara samomxmareblo saqonelze, ara koka-kolaze, aramed mediasa <strong>da</strong><br />
holivudze. amerikis gavlena msoflio kinoze, televiziasa <strong>da</strong> konoproduqciaze<br />
aRemateba kidec amerikis poziciebs saaviacio mrewvelobaSi. 1993 wlis monacemebis<br />
mixedviT, 100 yvelaze popularuli filmi<strong>da</strong>n 88 amerikuli iyo. ori amerikuli <strong>da</strong> ori<br />
evropuli organizacia dominirebs globaluri masStabiT axali ambebis mopovebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
gavrcelebaSi. aq erTmaneTisgan un<strong>da</strong> gavmijnoT ori movlena. pirveli _ esaa<br />
sayovelTao moTxovnileba produqciaze, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia siyvarulTan,<br />
seqsTan, ZaladobasTan, idumal ambebTan, gmirobasTan, simdiresTan; agreTve mogebaze<br />
orientirebuli kompaniebis (pirvel rigSi, amerikuli) unari _ gamoiyenon es<br />
moTxovnileba sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. Zalian cotaa an saerTod ar arsebobs<br />
argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom vifiqroT, TiTqos globaluri komunikaciis<br />
saSualebaTa gasayovelTaoebas gamoewvios mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
warmodgenebsa <strong>da</strong> rwmenaSi. `garToba~, ambob<strong>da</strong> maikl vlaxosi, `sulac ar niSnavs<br />
kulturuli saxis Secvlas.~ meore: a<strong>da</strong>mianebi siaxleebs aRiqvamen imTaviTve<br />
gansazRvruli Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong> Tvalsawieris pozicii<strong>da</strong>n (e.i. Taviseburad). `erTi <strong>da</strong><br />
igive vizualuri gamosaxulebis gadmocema planetis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi~, amtkicebs<br />
kiSore mahbubani, `sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanair aRqmas iwvevs. <strong>da</strong>savleTSi aplodismentebiT<br />
Sexvdebian mfrinavi raketebiT baR<strong>da</strong>dis <strong>da</strong>bombvis kadrebs, xolo sxvebi <strong>da</strong>inaxaven,<br />
rom feradkaniani erayelebi <strong>da</strong> somalelebi, TeTrkaniani serbebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ufro metad isjebian <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier — sagangaSo signalia yvela TvalsazrisiT.~<br />
globaluri kavSiris saSualebebi <strong>da</strong>savluri gavlenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
Tanamedrove gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, es ukanaskneli saSualebas aZlevs ara<strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
sazogadoebaTa populist politikosebs, lanZRon <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli<br />
imperializmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>razmon TavianTi sazogadoebebi gaqrobis piras myofi sakuTari<br />
kulturebis erTianobis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis. globalur komunikaciaTa<br />
sferoSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis gavlenis masStabebi <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa<br />
mtruli <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis mTavar wyarod (mizezad) gvevlineba. metic,<br />
1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa <strong>modernizacia</strong>m <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> regionuli mediaindustriis<br />
gaCena, romlis muSaoba gaTvlili iyo iqauri sazogadoebebis gemovnebaze. magaliTad,<br />
1994 wels, CNN International <strong>da</strong>adgina, rom mas hyav<strong>da</strong> 55 milioniani potenciuri<br />
mayurebeli, anu msoflio mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1 procenti (saocaria, rom es<br />
raodenoba emTxveva `<strong>da</strong>vosis kulturis~ matarebeli xalxis raodenobas), misma<br />
prezidentma ki ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom inglisurenovanma ga<strong>da</strong>cemebma, sabolood, SeiZleba<br />
bazris mxolo 2-4 procenti Seadginos. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, regionuli (e.i. civilizaciuri)<br />
telekompaniebi <strong>da</strong>iwyeben ga<strong>da</strong>cemebs espanurad, iaponurad, arabulad, frangulad<br />
(<strong>da</strong>savleT afrikisaTvis) <strong>da</strong> sxva enebze. `globalur re<strong>da</strong>qcias~, sami mkvlevris<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvniT, `kvlav ewinaaRmdegeba babilonis godoli~. ronald dors moyavs<br />
diplomatiur wreebsa <strong>da</strong> sazogado moRvaweebSi globaluri inteleqtualuri<br />
46
kulturis gaCenis STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi magaliTi, Tumca sabolood midis avtoritetul<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia komunikaciebis intensifikaciis gavlenasTan:<br />
`rogorc wesi [xazgasma avtoris], komunikaciebis SemWidroebam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvewam un<strong>da</strong><br />
uzrunvelyos safuZveli urTierTobaTa <strong>da</strong>TbobisaTvis naciebs Soris, sul cota _<br />
saSualo klasebs Soris, an, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, diplomatiur wreebSi~, Tumca, <strong>da</strong>sZens igi, `wesi<br />
yovelTvis ar wesobs.~<br />
ena. nebismieri kulturisa Tu civilizaciis mTavari elementi aris ena <strong>da</strong> religia.<br />
Tu universaluri civilizacia iqmneba, maSin un<strong>da</strong> SeimCneodes universaluri enisa <strong>da</strong><br />
universaluri religiis Seqmnis tendenciebi. msgavsi mosazreba xSirad gvesmis enasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. `msoflio enas inglisuri warmoadgens~, rogorc es `uol strit<br />
jornalis~ re<strong>da</strong>qtorma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>. aq SeiZleba ori ram vigulixmoT, romelTagan<br />
mxolod erTi Tu amarTlebs mosazrebas universaluri civilizaciis arsebobis Tu<br />
gaCenis Taobaze. SeiZleba, es niSnavdes, rom msoflios mosaxleobis mzardi nawili<br />
laparakobs inglisurad. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs am mosazrebis<br />
sasargeblod, <strong>da</strong> yvelaze ufro sando monacemebi, romelic, marTalia, ver iqneba sul<br />
zusti, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gviCvenebs. sam aTwleulze ufro xangrZlivi periodis<br />
(1958-1992 ww.) monacemebi metyvelebs, rom enis moxmarebis saerTo suraTi bolo wlebSi<br />
msoflioSi kardinalurad ar Secvlila, sagrZnoblad Semcir<strong>da</strong> inglisurad,<br />
frangulad, germanulad, rusulad <strong>da</strong> iaponurad molaparake xalxis wili, mcire kleba<br />
SeimCneva man<strong>da</strong>rinis dialeqtze molaparake xalxis saerTo wilisa, mateba _ indurad,<br />
malai-indoneziurad, arabulad, bengalurad, espanurad, portugaliurad <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
enebze molaparake xalxisa. 1958 wels saerTaSoriso enebs Soris (romelzec, sul cota,<br />
1 milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani laparakobs) inglisurad molaparakeTa procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
msoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 9.8 precents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1992<br />
wlisaTvis misi wili 7.6 procentamde Semcir<strong>da</strong> (ix. cxrili 3.1).<br />
wyaro: procentuli monacemebi gamoTvlilia prof.sidni s.qiulbertis (q.sietlis<br />
vaSingtonis universiteti, fsiqologiis kaTedra) mier Tavmoyrili masalis<br />
safuZvelze. yovelwliuri gamocema World Almanac and Book of Facts gvawvdis monacemebs,<br />
Tu ramdeni a<strong>da</strong>miani saubrobs enebze, romlebze molaparakeTa ricxvi milionia an<br />
milions aWarbebs. qiulbertis monacemebSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> rogorc mSobliur, aseve<br />
aramSobliur enaze molaparake xalxi. masalebi Segrovebulia mosaxleobis aRwerebis,<br />
SerCeviTi <strong>da</strong> saeTero gamokiTxvebis, aseve mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebis <strong>da</strong><br />
skolebis mixedviT.<br />
xuT ZiriTad evropul enaze (inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, portugaliuri,<br />
espanuri) molaparakeTa raodenoba, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios mosaxleobis<br />
saerTo raodenobis 24.1 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis am maCvenebelma 20.8<br />
procentamde iklo. 1992 wels, uxeSad rom viangariSoT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT orjer meti<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani laparakob<strong>da</strong> Cinurad (msoflios mosaxleobis 15.2 procenti), vidre<br />
inglisurad, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiT kidev 3.6 procenti saubrob<strong>da</strong> Cinuris sxva versiebze (ix.<br />
cxrili 3.2).<br />
erTis mxriv, ena, romelic msoflios mosaxleobis 92 procentisaTvis ucxoa, ver<br />
iqneba msoflio ena. Tumca, meore mxriv, Cven SeiZleba mas ase vuwodoT, radgan es aris<br />
ena, romelsac msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enobrivi jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturebis xalxi iyenebs<br />
erTmaneTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis, anu is realurad msoflios lingua franka-a<br />
_ lingvisturi termini rom moviSvelioT, farTo saurTierTobo enas warmoadgnes. Tu<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs surT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba, un<strong>da</strong> gamonaxon saamiso<br />
47
saSualeba. garkveul etapze maT, SeiZleba, mimarTon profesionalebs, romlebic<br />
Tavisuflad floben or an met enas Tarjimnobisa <strong>da</strong> mTargnelobiTi saqmianobisaTvis.<br />
Tumca es friad mouxerxebelia, mas didi dro <strong>da</strong> xarji sWirdeba. swored amis gamo,<br />
istoriis ganmavlobaSi Cndebo<strong>da</strong> lingua frank-ebi: laTinuri antikur <strong>da</strong> Sua<br />
saukuneebis samyaroSi, franguli _ <strong>da</strong>savleTSi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
zvahiluri _ afrikis mraval kuTxeSi, inglisuri _ msoflios umravles adgilebSi XX<br />
saukunis meore naxevarSi. diplomatebs, biznesmenebs, mecnierebs, turistebs <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
mosamsaxure personals, aseve samgzavro TviTmfrinavis pilotebs <strong>da</strong> sahaero<br />
dispetCerebs sWirdebaT mosaxerxebeli saSualeba urTierTobisaTvis, romelic<br />
amJamad inglisuris meSveobiT xorcieldeba.<br />
am azriT, inglisuri msoflios <strong>kultura</strong>TSorisi urTierTobis saSualebaa, iseve<br />
rogorc qristianuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri warmoadgens msofliosaTvis drois gansazRvris<br />
saSualebas, arabuli ricxvebi _ Tvlis saSualebas, metruli sistema ki _ umetesi<br />
msofliosaTvis _ gazomvis safuZvels. am gagebiT, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba<br />
interkulturuli urTierTobis sferos moicavs; igi iTvaliswinebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva,<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobas. lingua franka enobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli gansxvavebebis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis, <strong>da</strong> ara maTi mospobis saSualebaa. igi<br />
urTierTobis xerxia, <strong>da</strong> ara sakuTari meobisa <strong>da</strong> garkveuli sazogadoebisadmi<br />
kuTvnilebis gansazRvris saSualeba. rodesac iaponeli bankiri <strong>da</strong> indonezieli<br />
biznesmeni erTmaneTs inglisurad elaparakebian, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom romelime<br />
maTgani gaingliselebuli an vesternizirebulia. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT germanulad <strong>da</strong><br />
frangulad molaparake Sveicarielebze, romlebic erTmaneTTan ufro inglisurad<br />
laparaks amjobineben, vidre romelime maT saxelmwifo enaze. aseve, indoeTSi, nerus<br />
gegmebis sawinaaRmdegod, inglisuris, rogorc <strong>da</strong>mxmare-saurTierTobo enis<br />
SenarCuneba miuTiTebs indoeTSi mcxovrebi ara-hindis enaze molaparake xalxis<br />
survilze, SeinarCunon sakuTari ena <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>, aramed imis saWiroebaze, rom<br />
indoeTi mravalenovan sazogadoebad <strong>da</strong>rCes.<br />
rogorc wamyvanma mkvlevarma-lingvistma joSua fiSmenma aRniSna, ufro<br />
savaraudoa, lingua franka-d anu farTo saurTierTobo enad (LWC) iqces is ena, romelic<br />
nakleba<strong>da</strong>a gaigivebuli konkretul eTnikur jgufTan, religiasa Tu ideologiasTan.<br />
warsulSi inglisuri ena <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo zemoT xsenebul faqtorebTan. bolo dros<br />
igi `deeTnizebuli (an minimalurad eTnizebuli)~ gax<strong>da</strong>, rogorc es warsulSi aqaduri,<br />
arameuli, berZnuli Tu laTinuri enebis SemTxvevebSi mox<strong>da</strong>. `inglisurs, rogorc<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxmare (meorad) enas, kargi bedi <strong>da</strong>hyva, ris <strong>da</strong>sturicaa is faqti, rom arc erTi misi<br />
wyaro _ arc britanuli <strong>da</strong> arc amerikuli, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT bolo meoTxedi saukunis<br />
manZilze, ar ganixileba farTod <strong>da</strong> aSkarad eTnikur <strong>da</strong> ideologiur konteqstSi~<br />
[xazgasma avtoris]. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba <strong>kultura</strong>TSoris<br />
urTierTobebSi xels uwyobs <strong>da</strong> aZlierebs kidec cakleul xalxTa kulturul<br />
identurobebs. swored imis gamo, rom xalxs surs sakuTari kulturis SenarCuneba, sxva<br />
kulturis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobisas igi iyenebs inglisur enas.<br />
mTel msoflioSi inglisurad molaparake xalxi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanair inglisurze<br />
saubrobs. inglisuri avtoqtonizebulia <strong>da</strong> iZens adgilobriv Seferilobas, riTic<br />
Sordeba britanul <strong>da</strong> amerikul inglisurs, ukidures SemTxvevebSi _ imdena<strong>da</strong>c ki,<br />
rom maT ukve aRar esmiT erTmaneTis, iseve, rogorc es Cinuri enis dialeqtebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi xdeba. nigeriuli inglisuri pijini, induri inglisuri <strong>da</strong> inglisuris sxva<br />
variantebi Serwymulni arian TavianT maspinZel kulturebs; savaraudod, maTi<br />
diferencirebis procesi momavalSi ufro gaRrmavdeba, ise, rom isini ga<strong>da</strong>iqcevian<br />
48
inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva (calke) enebad, iseve, rogorc laTinuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
aRmocendnen romanuli enebi. Tumca italiuri, franguli <strong>da</strong> espanuri enebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, es inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n nawarmoebi enebi sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilis<br />
mier iqneba gamoyenebuli, an kidev maT gamoiyeneben, umTavresad, calkeuli<br />
lingvisturi jgufebis urTierTobebSi.<br />
swored msgavs procesebs SeiZleba mivadevnoT Tvali indoeTSi. magaliTad,<br />
arazusti cnobebiT, 1983 wels iq, 733 milionian mosaxleobaSi, 18 milioni inglisurad<br />
molaparake a<strong>da</strong>miani cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1991 wlisaTvis, 867 milioniani mosaxleobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
20 milioni metyveleb<strong>da</strong> inglisurad. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, indoeTis mosaxleobaSi inglisurad<br />
molaparakeTa wili Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mdgradi iyo (2-4 procentis farglebSi). viwro elituri<br />
wreebis gareT inglisuri ena lingua franka-s funqcias arc asrulebs. `simarTle isaa, rom<br />
rodesac vinme kaSmiri<strong>da</strong>n kaniakumarisken (indoeTis naxevarkunZulis yvelaze<br />
samxreTi wertili) miemgzavreba, kavSiri, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, hindis, <strong>da</strong> ara inglisuri enis<br />
meSveobiT xorcieldeba~, — acxadebs niu delis universitetis inglisuri enis ori<br />
profesori. metic, induri inglisuri TavisTavad iZens araerT gamorCeul<br />
maxasiaTebels: igi induizebul iqna, ufro zustad ki man, sivrcis cvlilebis<br />
kvalobaze, lokaluri Tvisebebi SeiZina. inglisuri erwymis indur <strong>kultura</strong>s iseve,<br />
rogorc es warsulSi mox<strong>da</strong> sanskritTan <strong>da</strong> sparsul enasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
istorii<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia, rom enis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba asaxav<strong>da</strong> Zalebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas<br />
msoflioSi. yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi enebi _ inglisuri, man<strong>da</strong>rini, espanuri,<br />
franguli, arabuli, rusuli — arian an iyvnen imperiul saxelmwifoTa enebi, romlebic<br />
mondomebiT cdilobdnen imas, rom am enaze sxva xalxebic ametyvelebuliyvnen.<br />
cvlilebebi ZalTa TanafardobaSi gavlenas axdens enebis gamoyenebaze. `britaneTis <strong>da</strong><br />
amerikis koloniurma, savaWro, industriulma, samecniero <strong>da</strong> finansurma Zalauflebam<br />
sagrZnobi <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>amCnia umaRles saganmanaTleblo sistemas, saxelisuflo<br />
mmarTvelobas, vaWrobasa <strong>da</strong> teqnologias msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi~. britaneTi <strong>da</strong><br />
safrangeTi moiTxovdnen maTi enebis gamoyenebas koloniebSi. Tumca <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
mopovebis Semdeg yofil koloniaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli aqtiurobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmatebiT, Seeca<strong>da</strong> imperiuli enis Secvlas adgilobrivi eniT. sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris zenitSi yofnis dros rusuli ena saerTaSoriso enas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> praRi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moyolebuli hanoimde. ruseTis Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>mcrobis paralelurad, aRiniSna<br />
rusulis, rogorc meoradi enis gamoyenebis Semcireba. rac Seexeba kulturis sxva<br />
elementebs, mzard zewolas Tan sdevs rogorc mSobliur enaze molaparakeTa<br />
TviT<strong>da</strong>jerebuloba, ise stimuli sxvebisaTvis _ aiTvison igi. berlinis kedlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>ngrevis Semdgom Tabru<strong>da</strong>mxvev periodSi germania moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> axal gigantad,<br />
SeimCneo<strong>da</strong> tendencia, rom inglisurad sufTad molaparake germanels saerTaSoriso<br />
Sexvedrebze germanulad elaparaka. iaponiis ekonomikurma Zlierebam stimuli misca<br />
iaponuris swavlas araiaponelTa mier; CineTis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>winaurebac igive<br />
tendenciebs ganapirobebs. Cinuri ena aqtiurad ikavebs inglisuris dominantur<br />
pozicias hong-kongSi. miecaT ra gasaqani CineTis sazRvars gareT mcxovreb Cinelebs<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, Cinuri ga<strong>da</strong>iqca enad, romelzec iwarmoeba regionis<br />
umravlesi saerTaSoriso biznes-garigebebi. sxva civilizaciebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis zegavlenis <strong>da</strong>kargvis Tanadroulad, inglisuris <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>savluri enebis<br />
gamoyeneba sxva sazogadoebebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaTa Soris urTierTobebSi<br />
nel-nela Sesustdeba. Tu garkveul etapze, Sorul momavalSi, CineTi Caenacvleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTs, rogorc msoflios wamyvan civilizacias, inglisuri <strong>da</strong>Tmobs poziciebs<br />
man<strong>da</strong>rinis, rogorc saerTaSoriso enis pirispir.<br />
49
koloniebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis brZolisa <strong>da</strong> misi mopovebis fonze,<br />
adgilobrivi enebis xelSewyoba <strong>da</strong> imperiuli enebis Seviwroeba nacionalisturi<br />
elitebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleli kolonistebisagan sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
identurobis gansazRvris erTi-erTi <strong>for</strong>ma iyo. <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,<br />
meores mxriv, am sazogadoebaTa elitebs sur<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari Tavis gancalkeveba<br />
sakuTarive sazogadoebebisagan. inglisuris, frangulis Tu sxva <strong>da</strong>savluri enis<br />
srulyofilad floba swored amis saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>. amis Sedegia is, rom<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa elitebs <strong>da</strong>savlelebTan <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTTan ufro eiolebaT<br />
urTierToba, vidre sakuTar sazogadoebasTan (igive situacia iyo XVII-XVIII saukuneebis<br />
evropul qveynebSi, romelTa aristokratebs advilad SeeZloT frangul enaze<br />
kontaqtis <strong>da</strong>myareba erTmaneTTan, xolo sakuTari qveynis salaparako enas ver<br />
flobdnen). ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi ori saxis tendencia SeimCvneva. erTi mxriv,<br />
inglisuri sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sauniversiteto doneze, raTa<br />
gamouSvan momzadebuli kadrebi, romlebic SeZleben savaWro <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo<br />
(biznesi...) sferoSi saerTaSoriso konkurenciis pirobebSi nayofier moRvaweobas.<br />
meore mxriv, socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri zewola iwvevs adgilobrivi enebis Semosvlas<br />
sayovelTao xmarebaSi. CrdiloeT afrikaSi arabuli frangul enas enacvleba,<br />
pakistanSi urdus ena saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo doneze uwevs konkurencias<br />
inglisurs, adgilobrivenovani mediis saSualebebi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT enacvleba<br />
inglisurenovan mediis saSualebebs indoeTSi. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba jer kidev<br />
1948 wels iwinaswarmetyvela indoeTis ganaTlebis komisiam, rodesac acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
`inglisuris gamoyeneba... xalxs or nawilad yofs: mcirericxovan mmarTvelebad <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalricxovan marTulebad. mmarTvelebi ar floben umravlesobis enas <strong>da</strong>,<br />
Sesabamisad, ver ugeben mas. ormoci wlis Semdeg inglisuris, rogorc elitis enis<br />
mdgradobam gaamarTla winaswarmetyveleba, rom es gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> `arabunebrivi<br />
situaciis Seqmnas iq arsebuli demokratiis pirobebSi, romelic <strong>da</strong>myarebulia<br />
srulwlovanTa saarCevno uflebebze... inglisurad molaparake indoeTi <strong>da</strong><br />
politikurad aqtiuri indoeTi sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro Sordeba erTmaneTs~, es ki iwvevs<br />
`<strong>da</strong>Zabulobas inglisuris mcodne mmarTvel umciresobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen mraval milions<br />
Soris, romelic SeiraRebulia saarCevno xmis uflebiT <strong>da</strong> romelic ar flobs<br />
inglisurs. ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi demokratiuli institutebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebaSi iqauri xalxis ufro farTod warmodgenis fonze, <strong>da</strong>savluri enebis<br />
moxmareba iklebs, xolo adgilobrivi enebi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.<br />
sabWoTa imperiisa <strong>da</strong> civi omis <strong>da</strong>sasrulma <strong>da</strong>Cagruli Tu <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli enebis<br />
sayovelTao gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> gamococxleba gamoiwvia. mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi iqna<br />
gatarebuli yofil sabWoTa respublikaTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli enebis<br />
asaRorZineblad. estonuri, latviuri, litvuri, ukrainuli, qarTuli <strong>da</strong> somxuri<br />
amJamad <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa nacionalur (saxelmwifo) enebs warmoadgenen.<br />
msgavsi enobrivi gamococxleba mox<strong>da</strong> muslimur respublikebSi: azerbaijanma,<br />
yirgizeTma, TurqmeneTma <strong>da</strong> uzbekeTma yofili rusi mCagvrelis `kirilicas~ Srifti<br />
TavianTi Turqi naTesavebis <strong>da</strong>savluri SriftiT Secvales, sparsulenovanma<br />
tajikeTma ki arabuli anbani SemoiRo. meores mxriv, serbebi amjerad TavianT enas<br />
ufro serbuls uwodeben xolme, vidre serbul-xorvatuls <strong>da</strong> TavianTi kaTolike<br />
mtrebis <strong>da</strong>savluri anbani rusi naTesavebis anbaniT Secvales. maT msgavsad,<br />
xorvatebic amJamad TavianT enas xorvatuls uwodeben <strong>da</strong> cdiloben gawmindon igi<br />
Turquli <strong>da</strong> sxva ucxoenovani sityvebisagan. am dros ki `Turquli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> arabuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
nasesxebi sityvebi _ balkaneTze TurqeTis imperiis 450 wliani arsebobis enobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naleqi _ kvlav popularobas iZens~ bosniaSi. ena ga<strong>da</strong>ewyoba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sxvaferdeba<br />
50
imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas identurobis sakiTxi, civilizaciuri<br />
Seferiloba. didi Zalebis ngrevis nia<strong>da</strong>gze Rrmavdeba babilonizaciis procesi.<br />
religia. universaluri religiis Camoyalibebis albaTobis procenti di<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />
aRemateba universaluri enis Camoyalibebis Sansebs. meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruli<br />
aRiniSna mTels msoflioSi religiaTa sayovelTao aRorZinebiT. igi moicav<strong>da</strong><br />
religiuri TviTSegnebis gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi moZraobebis<br />
gaaqtiurebas, ramac, Sesabamisad, gaaZliera religiaTa Soris gansxvavebani. es<br />
maicn<strong>da</strong>mainc ar gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis mkveTr<br />
cvlas. konfesiur mikuTvnebulobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli monacemebi kidev ufro<br />
fragmentuli <strong>da</strong> arasandoa, vidre enebisa. 3.3 cxrilSi mocemuli maCveneblebi<br />
sayovelTaod cnobilia. es <strong>da</strong> sxva monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom am saukuneSi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mkveTrad ar Secvlila. yvelaze ufro<br />
masStaburi iyo `arareligiurTa~ an `aTeistTa~ saxelis qveS klasificirebuli 0.2<br />
procentis (1900 w.) gazr<strong>da</strong> 20.9 procentamde 1980 wlisaTvis. savaraudod, es<br />
maCvenebeli asaxav<strong>da</strong> mkveTr cvlilebas religiis sazianod; 1980 wels religiuri<br />
gamoRviZeba mxolod iwyeb<strong>da</strong> Zalebis mokrebas. Tumca aramorwmuneTa 20.7 procentamde<br />
mateba zustad emTxveva `Cinuri xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis (tradiciuli<br />
religiebis)~ klebas: 1900 w. igi 23.5 procents Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1980 wels am<br />
maCvenebelma 4.5 procentamde <strong>da</strong>iwia. am maCvenebelTa Tanabari zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kleba imaze<br />
miuTiTebs, rom komunizmis mosvlasTan erTad Cinuri xalxuri religiis mimdevari<br />
uzarmazari masa aTeistebad iqca.<br />
cxrili uCvenebs gasuli 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi ori didi prozelituri religiis,<br />
qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> islamis proporciebis zr<strong>da</strong>s msoflio mosaxleobaSi. 1900 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT qristianebi msoflio mosaxleobis 26.9 procents Seadgendnen, xolo 1980<br />
wels _ 30 procents. mulismTa wilma kidev ufro sagrZnoblad moimata: 1900<br />
wlisaTvis _ 12.4 procenti, 1980 wlisaTvis _ 16.5 procenti, xolo sxvaTa gamoTvliT,<br />
1980 wlisaTvis 18 procentsac ki gautol<strong>da</strong>. meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulSi<br />
mniSvnelovnad gazar<strong>da</strong> islamisa <strong>da</strong> qristianobis mimdevarTa ricxvi afrikaSi,<br />
qristianobas gansakuTrebuli warmatebebi hqon<strong>da</strong> samxreT koreaSi. swrafad<br />
modernizirebad sazogadoebebSi, Tu tradiciul rwmenas ar ZaluZs a<strong>da</strong>ptireba<br />
modernizaciis moTxovnebTan, izrdeba qristianobis an islamis gavrcelebis albaToba.<br />
aseT sazogadoebebSi neoklasikosi ekonomistebi, demokratiis jvarosnebi an<br />
transnacionaluri korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis mTavar<br />
gmirebad ki ara, aramed misionerebad arian warmodgenili. qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebulebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saSualo ganaTlebamiRebulTa pirveli Taobis fsiqologiur, emociur, moralur Tu<br />
socialur moTxovnilebebs verc a<strong>da</strong>m smiti <strong>da</strong>akamyofilebs <strong>da</strong> verc Tomas jefersoni;<br />
ieso qristes amis ukeTesi Sansi aqvs, Tumca igi maT, SeiZleba, saerTod ar SexvdeT.<br />
sabolood, gamarjvebuli mainc muhamedi rCeba. qristianoba vrceldeba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, am<br />
sarwmunoebaze moqceviT, islami _ moqceviTa <strong>da</strong> gamravlebiT. qristianobam Tavis piks<br />
1980-ian wlebSi miaRwia (30 procenti), erT adgilze gaCer<strong>da</strong>, axla ki ukve klebulobs,<br />
xolo 2025 wlisaTvis, albaT, 25 procents miuaxlovdeba. gamravlebis maRali<br />
procentis gamo, msoflioSi muslimTa xvedriTi wili momavalSi kidev ufro<br />
gaizrdeba, saukuneTa gasayarze 20 procentamdec ki ava, ramdenime wlis Semdeg<br />
qristianTa raodenobas ga<strong>da</strong>aWarbebs, xolo 2025 wlisaTvis 30 procentsac<br />
gautoldeba.<br />
51
universaluri civilizacia: wyaroebi<br />
universaluri civilizaciis cneba <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis kuTvnilebaa. XIX<br />
saukunis idea `TeTri kacis sazrunavis~ Taobaze amarTleb<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
sazogadoebebze <strong>da</strong>savleTis politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur batonobas. XX saukunis<br />
miwuruls ki universaluri civilizacia gamarTlebas uZebnis sxva sazogadoebebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis kulturul gavlenasa <strong>da</strong> maT mier <strong>da</strong>savluri wes-Cveulebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
institutebis upirobod aTvisebis aucileblobas. universalizmi <strong>da</strong>savleTis iaraRia<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savlur kulturebTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebisaTvis. rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme<br />
marginaluri <strong>da</strong> rwmenaSecvlili a<strong>da</strong>mianebis SemTxvevaSi, erTiani civilizaciis ideis<br />
yvelaze didi <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli xalxia, rogoricaa naipoli<br />
<strong>da</strong> fuad ajami, romelTaTvisac es cneba savsebiT <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli pasuxia mTavar<br />
kiTxvaze: `vin var me?~ `TeTri kacis negri~ — ase uwo<strong>da</strong> erTma arabma moazrovnem aseT<br />
migrantebs. universaluri civilizaciis idea naklebad imsaxurebs mowonebas sxva<br />
civilizaciebSi. ara<strong>da</strong>savleli <strong>da</strong>savlurs xe<strong>da</strong>vs imaSi, rasac <strong>da</strong>savleli<br />
universalurad miiCnevs. rasac <strong>da</strong>savlelebi nayofier globalur integracias<br />
uwodebenen (magaliTad, msoflio mediis gavrceleba), ara<strong>da</strong>savlelebi gmoben, rogorc<br />
saZulvel <strong>da</strong>savlur imperializms. <strong>da</strong>savlelebi msolios mTlianobaSi aRiqvamen,<br />
sxvebi ki am mTlianobaSi safrTxes xe<strong>da</strong>ven.<br />
universaluri civilizaciis Camoyalibebis varaudi emyareba erT-erTs sami<br />
mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom SeiZleba es moxdes: pirveli ukavSirdeba I TavSi<br />
ganxilul mosazrebas, rom sabWoTa komunizmis kraxi moaswaveb<strong>da</strong> istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTel msoflioSi liberaluri demokratiis sayovelTao gamarjvebas. es argumenti<br />
gamomdinareobs civi omis periodis mc<strong>da</strong>ri warmodgeni<strong>da</strong>n imis Taobaze, rom<br />
komunizmis erTaderTi alternativa liberaluri demokratiaa <strong>da</strong> pirvelis kvdoma<br />
meoris gasayovelTaoebas iwvevs. Tumca, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, avtoritarizmi, nacionalizmi,<br />
korporatizmi <strong>da</strong> sabazro komunizmi (rogorc CineTSia) uamravi <strong>for</strong>miTaa<br />
warmodgenili dRevandel msoflioSi. gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia is faqti, rom<br />
samoqalaqo ideologiis samyaros miRma misi uamravi religiuri alternativa arsebobs.<br />
Tanamedrov samyaroSi religia xalxis erT-erTi, SesaZloa erTaderTi mamoZravebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> makonsolidirebeli Zalaa. namdvili ampartavneba iqneba imis Tqma, rom radgan<br />
sabWoTa komunizmi <strong>da</strong>eca, <strong>da</strong>savleTma mTeli msoflio xelSi Caigdo <strong>da</strong> rom muslimebi,<br />
Cinelebi, indoelebi <strong>da</strong> sxvebi aRfrTovanebiT aitaceben <strong>da</strong>savlur liberalizms,<br />
rogorc erTaderT arCevans. samyaros civi omis droindeli <strong>da</strong>yofa warsuls Cabar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ufro mniSvnelovani — eTnikuri, religiuri <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri <strong>da</strong>yofa jer kidev<br />
arsebobs <strong>da</strong> konfliqtis axal kerebs warmoSobs.<br />
meore: gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom xalxTa gacxovelebuli urTierTqmedeba<br />
(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d _ vaWroba, investiciebi, turizmi, media, eleqtronuli kavSiris<br />
saSualebebi) warmoqmnis saerTo msoflio <strong>kultura</strong>s. transportisa <strong>da</strong> komunikaciebis<br />
teqnologiurma winsvlam marTlac ufro ioli <strong>da</strong> iafi gaxa<strong>da</strong> fulis moZraoba,<br />
tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>zidva, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba, codnis, ideebisa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenebis<br />
gavrceleba. eWvi ar aris, rom arsebobs intensiuri saerTaSoriso moZraoba am<br />
sferoebSi, magram eWvs iwvevs am moZraobis Sedegebi: zrdis Tu amcirebs igi<br />
konfliqtis SesaZleblobas? warmodgena, TiTqos igi amcirebs omis albaTobas xalxebs<br />
Soris, sul mcire, ar mtkicdeba, faqtebi sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs. saerTaSoriso<br />
vaWroba gafarTov<strong>da</strong> 1960-ian <strong>da</strong> 1970-ian wlebSi, aseve civi omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg<br />
aTwleulSi. magram 1913 wels saerTaSoriso vaWrobis masStabebs sarekordo<br />
maCveneblebi hqon<strong>da</strong>, xolo ramodenime weliwadSi erebi erTmaneTs umagaliTod<br />
uswordebodnen. Tu saerTaSoriso vaWrobas aRniSnul situaciaSi ar SeeZlo omis<br />
52
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs? faqtebi ar metyvelebs im mosazrebis<br />
sasargeblod, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobas uwyobs xels. 1990-iani wlebis<br />
Sefaseba kidev ufro metad ayenebs eWvqveS aRniSnul ideas. erT-erTi gamokvlevaSi<br />
askvnian, rom `aqtiuri vaWroba SeiZleba sakmaod Zlier gamTiSvel Zalad mogvevlinos<br />
saerTaSoriso politikaSi~, <strong>da</strong> rom `aqtiuri saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebi,<br />
TavisTavad, ver moxsnis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas, ver uzrunvelyofs seriozul<br />
saerTaSoriso stabilurobas~. meore naSromi amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis maRali done `SeiZleba iyos mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>mamyarebeli an omis<br />
gamCaRebeli, rac <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia momavali vaWrobis perspeqtivebze.~ ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba xels uwyobs mSvidobas mxolod maSin, `rodesac saxelmwifoebi<br />
moelian savaWro urTierTobebis maRali donis SenarCunebas uaxloes momavalSi~. Tu<br />
saxelmwifoebi ar elian TanamSromlobis (urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis) perspeqtivas,<br />
Sedegad, savaraudod, oms viRebT.<br />
vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> komunikaciebis uZlureba _ uzrunvelyon mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> Tanxmoba _<br />
Seesabameba socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi gamokvlevebis Sedegebs. socialur<br />
fsiqologiaSi arsebuli gansxvavebulobis Teoriis mixedviT, xalxi sakuTar Tavs<br />
gansazRvravs swored imiT, riTac ganirCeva sxvisgan konkretul konteqstSi: `a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
ganixilavs Tavs im maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic ganarCevs erTs meore a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, Tavisive Cveul socialur garemoSi... aTobiT sxva profesiis mqone<br />
qalTa sazogadoebaSi qali-fsiqologi Tavis Tavs gansazRvravs, rogorc fsiqologi,<br />
xolo aTobiT mamakaci-fsiqologis garemocvaSi _ rogorc qali~. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
gansazRvraven TavianT meobas imis meSveobiT, rac ar arian. vinai<strong>da</strong>n intensiuri<br />
kavSiris saSualebebis, vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> mogzaurobebis Sedegad civilizaciaTaSorisi<br />
urTierTqmedeba gaaTmagebulia, xalxi ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs<br />
sakuTar civilizaciur identurobas. ori evropeli — germaneli <strong>da</strong> frangi,<br />
urTierTobisas erTmaneTs ganarCeven, rogorc frangs <strong>da</strong> germanels. xolo ori<br />
evropeli — germaneli <strong>da</strong> frangi, <strong>da</strong> ori arabi — saudeli <strong>da</strong> egvipteli, erTmaneTSi<br />
urTierTobisas TaviaT Tavs gansazRvraven evropelebad <strong>da</strong> arabebad.<br />
CrdiloafrikelTa imigracia safrangeTSi frangebs Soris arakeTilganwyobas iwvevs,<br />
amave dros, amaRlebs evropel kaTolike polonel emigrantTa mimReobis xarisxs.<br />
amerikelebi iaponur investiciebs gacilebiT uaryofiTad xvdebian, vidre msgavsi<br />
masStabis kanadur <strong>da</strong> evropul investiciebs (romlebic masStabiT pirvels aRemateba).<br />
swored amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> donald horovici: `nigeriis aRmosavleTSi<br />
ibo SeiZleba iyos... ibo overi an ibo onitSa. lagosSi igi, ubralod, iboa. londonSi is<br />
nigerielia, niu-iorkSi — afrikeli.~ sociologiis kuTxiT, globalizaciis Teoria<br />
msgavs <strong>da</strong>skvnas gvTavazobs: `swrafad globalizebad msoflioSi, romelic xasiaTdeba<br />
istoriulad uprecendento civilizaciuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu sxva saxis<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT <strong>da</strong> misi sayovelTao gaazrebiT, SeimCneva civilizaciuri,<br />
sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri TviTSegnebis gamwvaveba.~ religiaTa globaluri<br />
aRorZineba~, `siwmindesTan <strong>da</strong>bruneba~ warmoadgens pasuxs samyaros, rogorc<br />
mTlianobis gaazrebaze.<br />
Tema V. <strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong> globalizacia<br />
sakiTxis SesawavlisaTvis aucilebelia cneba globalizaciis warmoSobis <strong>da</strong><br />
samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli definiciebis ganxilva. amis Semdgom un<strong>da</strong> moxdes<br />
globalizaciis, rogorc procesis ganviTarebis gaanalizeba. yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces<br />
53
imas, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma procesma Semdgom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela doneze met-naklebad SeaRwia (zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
igulisxmeba sami done: ekonomika, politika <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>). globalizaciis kulturul<br />
doneze gaSlam gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi gamoiwvia uaRresad saintereso <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierTsapirispiro procesebis warmoSoba. sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>smis ZiriTadi mizani swored<br />
globaluri procesebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare winaaRmdegobebis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> warmodgenaa.<br />
XX saukune kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saintereso periodia,<br />
igi gamoirCeva didi ZvrebiTa <strong>da</strong> msoflio wesrigis swrafi cvalebadobiT.<br />
sainteresoa, rom XX saukune moeswro tipur feo<strong>da</strong>lur imperiebs, maT rRvevasa <strong>da</strong><br />
axali saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, msoflio mniSvnelobis ramdenime revolucias,<br />
or msoflio oms, romlebmac samyaros Semdgom ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> saxis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
didi roli iTamaSa.<br />
esa Tu is epoqa, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba<br />
msoflwesrigis niSniTac. gansxvaveba aris ara marto geografiul sazRvrebSi<br />
(magaliTad, portugaliis msoflio batonoba Secvala espaneTis batonobam), aramed<br />
saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong>jgufebis xasiaTSic. Tu cnobil politolog s.hanTingtons<br />
<strong>da</strong>vesesxebiT, msoflio istoria icnobs Semdegi saxis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebs, romlebic<br />
gansazRvraven msoflios saxesa <strong>da</strong> sazRvarTa gavlebis princips: iyo periodi, roca<br />
sazRvrebi gadio<strong>da</strong> im teritoriaTa Soris, romelsac esa Tu is mmarTveli flob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
mTavar rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba mmarTvelebs Soris, anu saxelmwifoTaSorisi<br />
urTierTobis dominanti mmarTvelis neba iyo. aman Camoayaliba eri-saxelmwifoebi.<br />
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg sazRvrebi swored ama Tu im eris gansaxlebis areals<br />
mihyvebo<strong>da</strong>. konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebac erebs Soris mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, anu dominanti<br />
iyo eri-saxelmwifo. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg sazRvarTa gavleba ideologiurma<br />
kuTvnilebam gansazRvra, erebi gaerTiandnen ideologiis niSniT, msoflwesrigis<br />
dominantic ideologia gax<strong>da</strong>. samyaro <strong>da</strong>iyo or nawilad. erT mxares iyo nacionalsocialisturi<br />
samyaro, romelic warmodgenili gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, italiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
germaniis saxiT, <strong>da</strong>narCeni msoflio ki moicav<strong>da</strong> or ideologiur banaks _<br />
liberalursa <strong>da</strong> komunisturs. saerTo mtris arsebobam isini gaaerTiana, magram ara<br />
ideologiuri, aramed wmin<strong>da</strong> praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan aucilebeli iyo<br />
nacizmis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba. misi ganadgurebis Semdeg sazRvari gaivlo liberalur<br />
demokratiasa <strong>da</strong> komunizms Soris. mas `rkinis far<strong>da</strong>~ ewo<strong>da</strong>, xolo <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas _<br />
`civi omi~. komunizmis marcxma es sazRvaric moSala. msoflio, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
erTian sivrced gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna.<br />
`civi omis~, rogorc msoflwesrigis gaqrobam <strong>da</strong> komunizmis istoriad qcevam<br />
warmoSva uamravi gansxvavebuli mosazreba momavali msoflwesrigis Sesaxeb:<br />
magaliTad, frensis fukuiama Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom kacobriobam Seabija<br />
ganviTarebis axal fazaSi, romelsac, SeiZleba, `istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli~ ewodos, radgan<br />
kacobriobis erTma didma nawilma miaRwia evoluciuri ganviTarebis umaRles<br />
safexurs <strong>da</strong> Seqmna a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnilebebisaTvis yvelaze ufro<br />
Sesaferisi, misaRebi sazogadoebrivi organizacia _ liberalur-demokratiuli<br />
mmarTveloba. f.fukuiama ar gamoricxav<strong>da</strong>, rom igi iqceo<strong>da</strong> kacobriobis organizaciis<br />
ukanasaknel <strong>da</strong> ucvlel <strong>for</strong>mad. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c f.fukuiamasaTvis istoria aris erTiani<br />
evoluciuri procesi yvela xalxisa <strong>da</strong> yoveli drois erTobliobaSi, amdenad, igi<br />
miiCnevs, rom erebis, kulturebis umravlesoba sabolood aRiarebs demokratias,<br />
rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderT legitimur <strong>for</strong>mas. am nia<strong>da</strong>gze Seiqmneba<br />
`postistoriuli samyaro~.<br />
54
meore saintereso mosazrebaa istoriis `civilizaciuri xedva~. am midgomis<br />
warmomadgenlis s.hanTingtonis azriT, kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
sazRvrebi kulturuli niSniT iqneba ganpirobebuli. moxdeba msgavsi kulturis mqone<br />
er-saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong>axloeba. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom sabolood kulturis dominantoba<br />
SeniSna Tavad f.fukuiamamac. misi TqmiT, liberaluri demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis gzaze<br />
mTavari <strong>da</strong>brkolebis saxiT win moiwevs <strong>kultura</strong>.<br />
dReisaTvis <strong>kultura</strong>s, rogorc sazogadoebaTa gamijvnis safuZvels, yvelaze didi<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva eniWeba.<br />
ukanasknel xanebSi farTo interesis sagania msoflios `globalizaciis~ problema.<br />
Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT, Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, sai<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves <strong>da</strong> ra<br />
aris misi warmoSobis safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT<br />
miemarTeba, saiT mihyavs samyaro?<br />
civi omis <strong>da</strong>srulebiTa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa imperiis <strong>da</strong>SliT saqarTvelo Caeba msoflioSi<br />
mimdinare globalur procesSi, romelic sabWoeTis <strong>da</strong>Slamde ganviTarebis garkveul<br />
etapze avi<strong>da</strong>. srul <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas saqarTvelom, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierT<br />
xanmokle periodebs, rogoric iyo mag. giorgi brwyinvales periodi, TiTqmis aTi<br />
saukunea ver miaRwia, xolo ukanaskneli samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvlo ruseTis<br />
izolaciis qveS imyofeba. saqarTvelom rusuli karCaketiloba <strong>da</strong>Zlia <strong>da</strong> cdilobs<br />
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebSi CaerTos rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli subieqti.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. <strong>modernizacia</strong> iqca<br />
ganviTarebis mimarTulebad, romelic msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>kultura</strong>m sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad<br />
aRiqva <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sxvadsaxvagvari reaqcia hqon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
Tanamedroveobis gamowvevaa; zogierTi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri qveynisaTvis <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
igivdeba vesternizacia-amerikanizaciasTan, anu isini miiCneven, rom Tuki sazogadoebas<br />
surs modernizaciis procesSi CarTva, aucilebeli <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia <strong>da</strong>savluri,<br />
konkretulad, amerikuli kulturiT sakuTari kulturis Canacvleba, anu<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia amerikanizacia. es ukanaskneli ki originaluri kulturebis warmomadgenelTaTvis<br />
miuRebelia; aman xeli Seuwyo sakuTari kulturisaken mibrunebas, anu<br />
lokalizacias. zogierTi kulturisaTvis ki, <strong>modernizacia</strong> anu gaTanamedroveoba<br />
amerikanizaciis gareSec misaRwevia; <strong>da</strong> kidev mesame _ globalizaciis procesSi<br />
modernizaciis miRweva SesaZlebelia sruliad umtkivneulod, ori kulturis<br />
elementTa SereviT.<br />
am procesebi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli iyo. rogorc zemoT<br />
mogaxseneT, globalizaciis procesi manam, sanam saqarTvelo sabWoTa sivrceSi iyo<br />
Caketili, ganviTarebis garkveul etapze avi<strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>da</strong>grov<strong>da</strong> am<br />
procesi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare gamowvevebis winaaRmdeg pasuxis gacemis araerTgvarovani<br />
gamocdileba. amitom sainteresoa, Tu romeli saxis pasuxia saqarTvelosaTvis ufro<br />
misaRebi, ra problemebze <strong>da</strong> niuansebze un<strong>da</strong> gamaxvildes yuradReba globalizaciis<br />
epoqaSi.<br />
`globalizaciis maxi<strong>da</strong>n ar arsebobs erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs<br />
transnacionaluri gamosavali~. regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri<br />
zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnisa; zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis<br />
mizezi <strong>da</strong> mizani politikisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis sferoebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, magram<br />
saSualeba aris kulturuli urTierTmsgavseba; dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebriv<br />
organizmSi integracia moaxerxes evropis qveynebma; evropa aris ara<br />
mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba, aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba; misi<br />
erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia; anu evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen <strong>da</strong> Sesvlis ufleba<br />
eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis<br />
55
xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> gulisxmobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT.<br />
saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli <strong>da</strong> cdilobs<br />
globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces. SesaZlebelia<br />
iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos magaliTze sazogadoebis <strong>modernizacia</strong> emTxveva<br />
globalizaciis process.<br />
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,<br />
aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba <strong>da</strong> demokratizacia. geopolitikuri<br />
mdebareoba iZleva saqarTvelos globalur procesebSi CarTvis saSualebas; arsebobs<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic mas Tavisi funqcia aqvs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur <strong>kultura</strong>sTan Sexeba, radgan<br />
Tanamedrove etapze politikis, ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis urTierTganpirobebulobis<br />
xarisxi sakmaod gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> demokratizaciis procesi ara<strong>da</strong>savlur tradiciul qveynebSi<br />
pirvelive <strong>da</strong>rtymas <strong>kultura</strong>s ayenebs; maTTvis demokratizaciis procesi kulturis<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>maciasa <strong>da</strong> SecvlasTan aris pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSi. amis gamo umravlesi<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savluri qveynis reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben<br />
demokratiaze, a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar<br />
sazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili <strong>kultura</strong>a.<br />
amdenad, mimaCnia, rom Cems mier wamoWrili problemis kvleva interesmoklebuli ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos, radgan Tanamedrove etapze kulturis roli sakmaod izrdeba. iuneskos<br />
programis _ `msoflio kulturuli proeqti~ _ direqtoris d.p.Saferis statiaSi<br />
`axali msoflio sistemisaken kulturuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT~ naTqvamia, rom<br />
msoflio miiwevs ekonomikuri saukuni<strong>da</strong>n kulturuli saukunisaken. naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
ganviTarebis problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta SeuZlebelia kulturis faqtoris<br />
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. sxvagvarad msoflios mowyobis nebismieri proeqti<br />
ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. d.Saferis azriT, axali msoflio sistemis agebis<br />
safuZvelia kulturuli Teoriuli tradiciis gaTvaliswineba, kulturisadmi<br />
holisturi midgoma, istoriis kulturuli interpretaciis gaazreba, yvelaze<br />
mdgradi kulturuli faseulobebis ganmtkiceba. un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT, rom msoflio<br />
Sevi<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis im stadiaSi, romelsac bevri mkvlevari gansazRvravs rogorc<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaTa Sejaxebas.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>da</strong> rasac qvemoT warmodgenili kvleva ufro TvalnaTels gaxdis,<br />
Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba <strong>kultura</strong>s. mosazrebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Teoriebi kulturis globalizaciis Sesaxeb iseTive swarfi tempiT icvleba <strong>da</strong><br />
viTardeba, rogorc Tavad procesi. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom, rogorc erT-ereTma<br />
mcire <strong>kultura</strong>m, moaxeros Tanamedrove procesebisaTvis fexis awyoba <strong>da</strong> ar CamorCes<br />
mas, aucileblad mimaCnia procesis gaanalizebis, axali Teoriebisdmi yuradRebis<br />
mudmivi miqceva. sakiTxisadmi midgomis amosavali wertili aris is, rom yvela me<strong>da</strong>ls<br />
ori mxare gaaCnia. Cveni azriT, ar SeiZleba globalizaciis procesis calsaxad<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTad an uaryofiTad Sefaseba. es procesi Seicavs rogorc pozitiur, aseve<br />
negatiur Tvisebebsac. erTis mxriv acxadeben, rom globalizacia mimarTulia<br />
gaerTgvarovnebisaken <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesis stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciisaken, rac TavisTavad<br />
gulisxmobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta originalobis gaqrobas. meores mxriv, arseboben<br />
sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globalizacia warmoadgens ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
msoflioSi sakuTari adgilis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis karg saSualebas, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d es exebaT<br />
mcire kulturebs. amdenad, aucilebelia ganxilul iqnes sxvadsxva sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong> reaqcia globalizaciisadmi, radgan igi xels Segviwyobs ukeT<br />
56
gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gavarad mkveTrad gamovyoT saqarTvelosaTvis<br />
Tu ra SeiZleba aRmoCndes <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong> ra uaryofiTi, radgan is rac<br />
misaRebia erTisaTvis, miuRebelia meoresTvis. sxvaTa gamocdilebis gaanalizeba <strong>da</strong><br />
Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems CamoyaliboT globalizaciisadmi sakuTari midgoma. es<br />
aucilebelia, radgan Cven politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri kursi swored mTavari<br />
globalizatoris, Tu SeZleba ase iTqvas, <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken gvaqvs aRebuli. es ki niSnavs<br />
imas, rom `macivars mohyveba haqslic~, anu politikis, ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Soreba SeuZlebelia, ar SeiZleba politikur-ekonomikur kavSirs ar moyves<br />
urTierToba kulturis doneze. am mxriv sakiTxs arTulebs is, rom erTis SexedviT<br />
erTian <strong>da</strong>savleTSi sakmaod didi <strong>da</strong> rTuli winaaRmdegobebi gaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> amerikas Soris, rogorc ikveTeba kulturis doneze maT Sorisac sakmaod didi<br />
gansxvaveba yofila, radgan evropis zogierTi qveynisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
globalizaciis procesSi ameriki<strong>da</strong>n importirebuli <strong>kultura</strong>. kvlevis aqtualobas<br />
esec amtkicebs, radgan politikis doneze gancxadeba Cveni <strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciis<br />
Sesaxeb gasagebi <strong>da</strong> misaRebia, magram meore mxriv, Tuki Cven Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT amas mecnieruli<br />
TvaliT, gaurkvevelia ras niSnavs <strong>da</strong>savluri orientacia _ kari gavuRoT yvelafers<br />
rac modis mTlianad <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n, anu aSS-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> evropi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> miviRoT igi, Tu un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganvasxvavoT amerikuli <strong>da</strong> evropuli.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, problema mcire kulturebisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvis,<br />
sakmaod bevr saintereso <strong>da</strong> aqtualur sakiTxebs moicavs. SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT,<br />
Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, sai<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves <strong>da</strong> ra aris misi warmoSobis<br />
safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT miemarTeba, saiT<br />
miyavs samyaro?<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyoT imiT, rom `eri-saxelmwifo aRar iqneba efeqturi Zala: igi Zalian pataraa<br />
didi problemisaTvis <strong>da</strong> Zalian didi _ patara problemebisaTvis~ (artur<br />
Sleizingeri; amerikeli istorikosi). es aris <strong>for</strong>mula, romelic kargad miesa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong><br />
~civi omis~ Semdgom, gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi myof msoflios, radgan aSkara iyo, rom<br />
ideologiaTa konfliqtis epoqis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg warmoudgeneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> erisaxelmwifos<br />
qceva (Tu <strong>da</strong>bruneba) msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvrelad; magram sruliad<br />
gaurkveveli rCebo<strong>da</strong> is, Tu ras an vis un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekavebina misi adgili. Tuki<br />
<strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT am periodis samecniero Tu publicistur statiebs, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom<br />
Sesaval sityvebSi aseTi gamoTqmebi figurirebs: `msoflio gagiJ<strong>da</strong>~, `es fantastikuri<br />
msoflioa~, `kacobriobam ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Seabija~. swavlulebi TiTqos,<br />
SeSinebulni, ufro ki gaocebulni arian.<br />
SemoTavazebul iqna uamravi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari Teoria momavali msoflio wesrigis<br />
Sesaxeb: istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba, marqsizmis aRorZineba. erTerTma<br />
maTganma msoflioSi mimdinare process globalizacia uwo<strong>da</strong>. es mox<strong>da</strong> 1983<br />
wels. amerikelma mecnierma t.levitma am terminiT calkeul produqtTa bazrebis<br />
gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa. manamde arsebob<strong>da</strong> mondializmis anu globalizmis cneba,<br />
romelic 70-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n postindustriuli civilizaciis mTels planetaze<br />
gavrcelebas axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>. amis Semdeg terminma ufro Rrma Sinaarsi SeiZina <strong>da</strong> iqca<br />
cnebad, romelic msoflioSi arsebul process gamoxatavs. Tavad procesis<br />
gansazRvreba imdenivea, ramdeni moazrovnec Seexo mas.<br />
Cvenc, Cvenis mxriv, ar CamovrCebiT moazrovneTa did laSqars <strong>da</strong> vecdebiT misi<br />
Sinaarsis gansazRvras samecniero literaturaSi arsebul definiciebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT.<br />
Tavad cneba `globalizacia~ modis sityvi<strong>da</strong>n global, rac frangulad<br />
sayovelTaos, mTlians, saerTos niSnavs, aqe<strong>da</strong>n, cnebac, advili misaxvedria,<br />
`gasayovelTaoebas~ aRniSnavs.<br />
57
axla oriod sityva imaze, Tu ris `gasayovelTaoebazea~ saubari. marTalia, cnebas<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mxolod ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram dRes igi ukve,<br />
faqtobrivad, cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavs. rodesac vambobT yvelafers,<br />
vgulisxmobT doneebs: ekonomikurs, politikursa <strong>da</strong> kulturul-religiurs.<br />
yvelaze zoga<strong>da</strong>d, globalizacia aris procesi, romelic msoflios <strong>da</strong>viwroebas<br />
axdens. de<strong>da</strong>miwas `patara didi sofeli~ SeiZleba ewodos. es aris erTiani `msoflio<br />
sazogadoeba~. am sityvaTwyobaSi Tu sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi germaneli filosofosi<br />
u.beki sityva `msoflios~ gansxvavebulobis, mravalferovnebis mniSvnelobas aniWebs,<br />
xolo `sazogadoebas~ _ araintegrirebulobis. amitom, gamodis, rom msoflio<br />
sazogadoeba aris erTianobis gareSe arsebuli mravalferovneba. u.beki ganasxvavebs<br />
globalizms, globalurobasa <strong>da</strong> globalizacias. aRniSnuli gansxvavebis mizania<br />
<strong>da</strong>amsxvrios politikurisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivis teritoriuli orTodoqsuloba,<br />
romelic pirveli modernis proeqtSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> erovnul saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong> miiRo kategorialur-instituciuri absolutis statusi.<br />
globalizmi _ es aris msoflio bazris batonobis gageba. mas globalizaciis<br />
mravalmxrivoba (politikuri, kulturuli, ekologiuri <strong>da</strong> sxva) <strong>da</strong>yavs mxolod<br />
sameurneo ganzomilebamde <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>narCens mxolod mis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi<br />
warmoadgens. globalizmi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom, SeiZleba magaliTad, germania,<br />
marTo ubralo sawarmosaviT.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c `msoflio~ <strong>da</strong> sityvaTSeTanxmeba `msoflio sazogadoeba~ aRniSnavs<br />
gansxvavebebs, mravalferovnebas, xolo `sazogadoeba~ _ araintegrirebuleobas,<br />
amitom msoflio sazogadoebis cnebis qveS SesaZloa vigulisxmoT erTianobis gareSe<br />
mravalferovneba.<br />
msoflio sazogadoeba warmoadgens ara megasazogadoebas, romelic Tavis TavSi<br />
aerTianebs <strong>da</strong> aqrobs yvela nacionalur sazogadoebas, aramed mravalferovnebiT<br />
gamorCeul <strong>da</strong> integracias <strong>da</strong>uqvemdebarebel msoflio horizonts, romelic iReba<br />
maSinve, roca is iqmneba <strong>da</strong>, amasTan, inarCunebs komunikaciisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis<br />
Tavisuflebas.<br />
axalia ara marto yoveldRiuri cxovreba <strong>da</strong> qmedebani, romlebic gascdnen<br />
erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> qveynebi urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis qseliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>fares, aramed isic, rom aRar arsebobs sazogadoebis, Sromisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalis<br />
garkveul adgilze mijaWvuloba.<br />
globalizaciaSi ar igulisxmeba msoflio saxelmwifos arseboba; ufro zustad:<br />
esaa msoflio sazogadoeba msoflio saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> msoflio mTavrobis gareSe.<br />
laparakia globalurad dezorganizebuli kapitalizmis gafarToebaze, vinai<strong>da</strong>n arc<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> arc politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs hegemoni xelisufleba <strong>da</strong><br />
internacionaluri reJimi.<br />
erTi sityviT, globaluri niSnavs erTian sivrces, mas ufro geografiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva eniWeba. globalizmi aris am sivrceSi msoflio bazris gabatonebis<br />
gamomxatveli cneba. rac Seexeba globalizacias, es aris procesi, anu is, rac<br />
globalizmiT gajerebul globalur msoflioSi xdeba <strong>da</strong> mimdinareobs, anu<br />
globalizacia aris cocxali, dinamiuri <strong>da</strong> mimdinare procesi, romelmac msoflio<br />
axal wesrigamde un<strong>da</strong> miiyvanos.<br />
SesaZloa, dResdReisobiT, globalizacia Tavad warmoadgens msoflio wesrigs,<br />
radgan uaxloes momavalSi swored misgan momdinare gamowvevebze mouwevs<br />
sazogadoebebs pasuxis gacema.<br />
globalizaciis Sesaxeb Seqmnili Teoriebi iseTive swrafi tempiT viTardeba,<br />
rogorc Tavad procesi. Tuki Tqven gaxsniT am procesis erT-erT <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />
58
saSualebas _ internets _ <strong>da</strong> saZiebelSi CawerT sityvas `globalizacia~, Tqvens<br />
Tvalwin gaixsneba saSualod 4 mln veb-gverdi.<br />
globalizacia <strong>da</strong>myarebulia a<strong>da</strong>mianTa urTierTobaze, ufro sworad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
sazogadoebaTa urTierTobaze. ese igi, roca saubaria globalizaciaze, igulisxmeba am<br />
Tu im sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoeba. xolo sazogadoebam Tavisi<br />
Rirebulebebi sayovelTaod rom aqcios, saWiroa igi sxva sazogadoebebs gaacnos <strong>da</strong><br />
gauTavisos, risTvisac saWiroa kontaqti. ese igi, logikurad mivediT <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom<br />
globalizaciis pirveli aucilebeli piroba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxava<br />
kulturuli erTobis urTierTobaa.<br />
imisaTvis, rom msjeloba ganvagrZoT, saWiroa globalizaciis saTave romelime<br />
istoriul epoqas <strong>da</strong>vukavSiroT. am mxriv mecnierTa azri iyofa. erTi nawili miiCnevs,<br />
rom globalizaciis saTaveebi saZiebelia XV saukuneSi, igi ukavSirdeba did<br />
geografiul aRmoCenebs, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>miwis macxovrebelTa umetesobam moaxerxa<br />
urTierTgacnoba. mkvlevarTa am jgufis azriT, es iyo pirveli faqti msoflios<br />
xalxTa urTierTobisa, swored am periodSi xdeba kulturul RirebulebaTa pirveli<br />
masobrivi gacvla.<br />
mecnierTa meore nawili Tvlis, rom globalizacia aris XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli movlena, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebTan sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebaTa <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong> msoflios ganawilebis erTi etapis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebasTan.<br />
mesame nawili ki miiCnevs, rom globalizacia XX saukunis meore naxevris movlenaa,<br />
radgan misi safuZvlebi saZiebelia in<strong>for</strong>maciuli epoqis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.<br />
aucileblad miviCnevT, SemogTavazoT konkretul mecnierTa varaudebi; es<br />
varaudebi u.bekis naSromSia warmodgenili:<br />
avtori <strong>da</strong>sawyisi Tema<br />
marqsi me-15 s. Tanamedrove kapitalizmi<br />
uolerstaini me-15 s. msoflio kapitalisturi sistema<br />
robertsoni 1870-1920w.w. mravalwyobianoba<br />
gidensi me-18 s. <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
perlmuteri aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
globaluri civilizacia<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasruli<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sakamaToa, romeli <strong>da</strong>skvnaa ufro misaRebi, radgan yovel maTgans<br />
sakuTari, met-naklebad <strong>da</strong>majerebeli <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba aqvs.<br />
imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT am winaaRmdegobaSi <strong>da</strong> CvenTvis ufro advili Seiqmnes<br />
sakuTari <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba, oriode sityviT SevexoT im istoriul periodebs,<br />
rodesac <strong>da</strong>savleTs mWidro urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> sxva samyarosTan.<br />
pirveli intensiuri Sexeba mas aRmosavleTTan hqon<strong>da</strong>. es iyo antikur xanaSi,<br />
rodesac erTmaneTs ebrZo<strong>da</strong> berZnuli <strong>da</strong> sparsuli samyaro. am samyaroTa<br />
urTierTobam gamoiwvia sruliad axali kulturuli erTobis _ elinisturi samyaros<br />
_ warmoSoba, rac mTlianad gamoxatuli iyo berZnuli <strong>da</strong> araberZnuli (sparsuli <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva) a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebis, kulturul faseulobaTa gacvla-gamocvliT. Tuki Sedegebis mxriv<br />
vimsjelebT, am periodis Semdeg (Tu ar CavTvliT jvarosnul omebs), RirebulebaTa<br />
urTierTgacvlis mxriv, msgavsi nayofieri Sedegi samyaroTa urTierTobas aRar<br />
hqonia. aleqsandre makedonelis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, marTalia, imperia <strong>da</strong>iSala,<br />
magram axlo aRmosavleTSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> samyaro, romelic arc sparsul-aRmosavluri<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> arc berZnul-<strong>da</strong>savluri, igi am samyaroTa urTierTobis Sedegi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
rodesac kulturul RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoebazea saubari, un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyos<br />
ramdenime istoriuli epoqa. Tu Sedegebze mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTTan mimarTebaSi<br />
59
visaubrebT, msgavsi SemTxveva ramdenimea: elinisturi epoqa, safrangeTis revolucia<br />
<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg, komunizmis periodi. yovel maTgans Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos<br />
pirovnebaTa saxeli: elinisturs _ aleqsandre makedonelis, safrangeTis revolucias<br />
_ napoleonis, xolo komunizmis periods _ stalinis. safrangeTis revolucia<br />
Tamamad CaiTvleba evropul revoluciad, rac Seexeba komunizms, es ideologia<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTSi aRmocen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis mTel evraziaSi gavrcel<strong>da</strong>. arc makedoneli, arc<br />
napoleoni <strong>da</strong> arc stalini im kulturis uSualo warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen, romlis<br />
saxeliTac moqmedebdnen. ara<strong>da</strong>, ra gasakviric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom<br />
es sami pirovneba-epoqa <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.<br />
kerZod, makedonelma SeZlo is, rac Tavad berZnebma ver SeZles, anu moaxerxa berZnuli<br />
samyaros gaerTianeba, romelic gax<strong>da</strong> safuZveli erTiani <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturisa.<br />
napoleonma frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi zogadevropulad aqcia <strong>da</strong> safuZveli<br />
<strong>da</strong>udo erTiani evropis Camoyalibebas, stalinma komunizmis gaZlierebiT Camoayaliba<br />
banaki, romlis winaaRmdeg brZolac SeiZleba CaiTvalos napoleonis epoqaSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
evropis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis saboloo Camoyalibebis procesad; komunizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZola iqca evropuli integraciis erT-erT <strong>da</strong>maCqarebel movlenad.<br />
samive movlenaSi Cans `gasayovelTaoebis~ niSnebi, magram `globalizaciaze~<br />
saubari jer kidev adrea, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mxolod ori sazogadoebis<br />
urTierTobazea saubari, meore SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba ver gasc<strong>da</strong> evropis<br />
sazRvrebs, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi komunizmi, rogorc sayovelTao ideologia, Tavad<br />
mSobelma <strong>da</strong>savleTma uaryo. magram samive maTgans, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, didi<br />
wvlili miuZRvis faseulobaTa im sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, ris gasayovelTaoebazec<br />
dRes aris saubari. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia,<br />
romelic moicavs ekonomikur, politikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul sferoebs.<br />
liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia aris <strong>da</strong>savlur faseulobaTa sistema,<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, `globalizacia~ <strong>da</strong>savluri movlenaa. swored <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
ideologiis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba `globalizaciis~ procesis <strong>da</strong>wyeba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri cnobierebiT, `progresi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonia~. xolo<br />
progresi marto rwmeniT, anu gonebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ideologia iZleva<br />
amqveyniuri keTildReobis etalons. am SemTxvevaSi ki <strong>da</strong>savluri ideologia, rogorc<br />
Tavad <strong>da</strong>savleTi fiqrobs, erTaderTia, romelic iZleva kargi cxovrebis garantias. am<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnamde <strong>da</strong>savleTi im logikiT mivi<strong>da</strong>, rom Zlierebisa <strong>da</strong> keTildReobisaTvis<br />
saWiroa Zlieri ekonomika, xolo amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod im wesebis <strong>da</strong>cviT,<br />
romelsac liberaluri demokratia gvTavazobs.<br />
sanam uSualod `globalizaciis~ doneTa ganxilvaze ga<strong>da</strong>vidodeT, gvsurs erT<br />
faqtze gavamaxviloT yuradReba. msjelobas Jan-Jak rusos sityvebiT <strong>da</strong>viwyebT:<br />
`yvelaze Zlieri ar aris ise Zlieri, rom mu<strong>da</strong>m batoni iyos, Tu Tavis Zalas uflebad,<br />
xolo morCilebas movaleobad ar gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis~. dRes Zlierad msoflios swored<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi evlineba, amitom es ukanaskneli yvelanairad cdilobs, dRevandeli<br />
Zliereba gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom Zala uflebad aqcios, xolo morCileba ki<br />
movaleobad, raTa yovelTvis dominantad <strong>da</strong>rCes. kerZod, igi cdilobs Seqmnas<br />
samyaro, sa<strong>da</strong>c TviTon moTamaSe arbitris rolSi iqneba. <strong>da</strong>savleTi cdilobs,<br />
msoflios TamaSis sakuTari wesebi ukarnaxos. `globalizaciis~ idea aris is, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebani _ demokratia, kanonis uzenaesoba, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
pativiscema, Riaoba _ anu liberaluri demokratia aqcios msoflio ideologiad.<br />
`globalizaciis~ <strong>da</strong>savlur xedvas kargad gamoxatavs am saukunis ormocian wlebSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>minis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis istoria. misi ganxilvis dros,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis mecnierTa erTma jgufma, kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam,<br />
60
melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT, warmoadgina memorandumi, romlis mixedviTac,<br />
saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba<br />
Taviseburad esmiT. rogorc blez paskali ambob<strong>da</strong>, `is, rac alpebs aqeT WeSmaritebaa,<br />
alpebs iqiT sicruea~. memorandumi emyarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>for</strong>mulas: `a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavisufalia im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis im gagebiT, romelic mis<br />
sazogadoebaSia miRebuli~. maTi azriT, Rirebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> faseulobebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Si sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xasiaTi aqvT, amitom, yoveli mcdeloba _ Camoyalibdes isini<br />
mxolod erTi romelime kulturis warmodgenebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, xels uSlis a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa aseTi deklaraciis gavrcelebas mTel kacobriobaze. oficialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis es memorandumi miuRebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT miiRes deklaracia,<br />
romelic mxolod <strong>da</strong>savlur Rirebulebebs efuZneba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
`globalizacia~, anu deklaraciis gasayovelTaoebis mcdeloba <strong>da</strong>savluri movlenaa.<br />
sanam uSualod Tanamedroveobaze ga<strong>da</strong>vidodeT, oriode sityviT ekonomikuri<br />
`globalizaciis~ Temas SevexoT. <strong>da</strong>savlel mecnierTa didi nawili msoflio istorias<br />
aRiqvams, rogorc erT mTlian process. am mecnierTagan un<strong>da</strong> gamovyoT isini, vinc<br />
msoflio istoriis amosaval wertilad ekonomikas miiCneven. sainteresoa<br />
msoflsistemuri midgoma, romelic `analebis~ skolis warmomadgenelma fernar<br />
brodelma <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis istoriis mkvlevarma imanuel valerstainma Camoayalibes. am<br />
ukanasknelis wignSi `Tanamedrove msoflsistema~ kargad aris Camoyalibebuli<br />
msoflistemuri TvalTaxedva, romlis mixedviTac, msoflsistema aris ara msoflio<br />
sistema, aramed esaa sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros.<br />
msoflsitemuri midgomisaTvis amosavalia ufro didi organizmebis gamoyofa,<br />
vidre socialur-istoriuli organizmia, magram amosavali wertili aris ara <strong>kultura</strong>,<br />
aramed ekonomika. pirveli msoflsistemebi msoflio imperiebia, romlebic<br />
warmoadgens ara mxolod samyaroebs, aramed warmoebis wessac. es msoflio imperiebi<br />
Tavis Tavs gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis axal msoflio sistemad, anu msoflekonomikad. warmoebis wesis<br />
mixedviT, valerstaini gamoyofs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva msoflsistemas <strong>da</strong> aRiarebs, rom<br />
Tanamedrove msoflsistema, anu kapitalisturi msoflekonomika, erTaderTia,<br />
romelic ara mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>rCa, aramed ajoba sxva socialur sistemebs, `Seisruta ra<br />
isini~.<br />
80-iani wlebis miwuruli<strong>da</strong>n gamoikveTa msoflsistemuri midgomis momxreTa mier<br />
kacobriobis istoriis orgvari xedva: pirvelis mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erTian msoflsistemas, xolo meoris mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis iyo<br />
gaxleCili ramdenime msoflsistemad. k.Ceiz-<strong>da</strong>nma pirvelis momxreebs `monoli-<br />
Tistebi~ uwo<strong>da</strong>, xolo meoreT ki _ `<strong>da</strong>mnawevreblebi~.<br />
`monoliTistebis~ azriT, ukanaskneli 5 aTasi wlis manZilze (rac arsebobs<br />
kalasobrivi sazogadoeba) mTeli Zveli samyaro warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erTian msoflsistemas,<br />
axali samyaro ki, XV saukunis bolomde meore msoflsistema iyo. XV saukuneSi es erTi<br />
`naprali~ Seavso amerikis aRmoCenam. am Tvalsazrisis warmomadgenlebi arian<br />
a.g.franki, s.amini, J.abu-lughodi. yoveli maTganisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia metnaklebad<br />
agresiuli antievropeizmi.<br />
`<strong>da</strong>mnawevreblebis~ warmomadgenelia k. Ceiz-<strong>da</strong>ni, romelic gamoyofs msoflsistemaTa<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tips, Semoaqvs cneba `zemsoflsistema~, romliTac aRiniSneba evrazia.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, msoflistema Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs `globalizacias~.<br />
`monoliTistebi~ aRiareben kapitalisturi msoflekonomikis, rogorc erTiani<br />
msoflsistemis, dominantobas <strong>da</strong> Tvlian, rom kapitalizmis safuZvlebi saZiebelia ara<br />
erT romelime sazogadoebaSi, romelsac valerstaini `nacionalur saxelmwifoebs~<br />
uwodebs, aramed swored maT urTierTobaSi. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis safuZvlebi<br />
61
saZiebelia im teritoriaze, romelic moicavs CrdiloeT afrikas, axlo aRmosavleTs,<br />
indoeTis nawils, centralur <strong>da</strong> samxreT azias, swored aq iyo protokapitalisturi<br />
elementebi. ese igi, maTi azriT, safuZveli aRmosavleTia, xolo Semdeg xdeba<br />
`aRmosavleTis <strong>da</strong>cema~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis ayvaveba. momavalSi mosalodnelia aRmosavleTis<br />
xelaxali ayvaveba, Sesabamisad, Tu dRes dominanti <strong>da</strong>savleTia, xval aRmosavleTi<br />
gaxdeba.<br />
Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio sazogadoeba<br />
globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe<br />
globalizaciis kvlevisas erT paradoqss vawydebiT: kvlevis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde geCveneba,<br />
rom masze mkafio warmodgena gaqvs, xolo kvlevisas ufro bundovani xdeba misi arsi.<br />
gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom arsebobs uamravi samecniero naSromi, saJurnalo statia<br />
<strong>da</strong> Teoria globalizaciis Sesaxeb, mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, winaswar SemogTavazod<br />
sqema, romlis CarCoebSic gavagrZelebT kvlevas.<br />
sqema, romelsac warmogidgenT, SemuSavebul iqna 1999-2002 wlebSi wlebSi<br />
Catarebuli kvlevis Sdegad. igi ganaxorciela bostonis universitetma <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavlelma institutma (ISEC). kvlevas xelmZRvanelobdnen<br />
piter l. bergeri (sociologi, ISEC-is direqtori) <strong>da</strong> samuel p. hanTigtoni<br />
(politologi, harvardis universitetis profesori). mkvlevarTa jgufebma msoflios<br />
aTobiT qveyanaSi Caatares <strong>da</strong>kvirveba kulturis globalizaciis dinamikaze.<br />
Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad piter l. bergerma gamoyo oTxi mimarTuleba, romlis<br />
saSualebiTac vrceldeba globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> esenia:<br />
1. <strong>da</strong>vosuri <strong>kultura</strong>, anu saerTaSoriso biznes-<strong>kultura</strong>;<br />
2. `mak-msoflio~ <strong>kultura</strong>, anu masobrivi samomxmareblo <strong>kultura</strong>;<br />
3. inteleqtualTa saerTaSoriso saklubo <strong>kultura</strong>;<br />
4. axali religiuri moZraobebi.<br />
imisaTvis, rom mimarTulebaTa aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa mkafio <strong>da</strong> TvalsaCino gaxdes, maT<br />
ufro safuZvlianad ganvixilavT.<br />
arsebobs ganviTarebadi, zr<strong>da</strong>di globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi xasiaTiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
warmomavlobiT amerikulia. Cilelma istorikosma klaudio velizim mas uwo<strong>da</strong> `angloamerikuli<br />
civilizaciis elinisturi stadia~ _ stadia, romelic ar SeiZleba gagebul<br />
iqnas, rogorc `imperializmi~. antikuri samyaro berZnulad iqca swored maSin, roca<br />
saberZneTs imperiuli SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. dRes, marTalia, aSS udides Zalas<br />
flobs, magram, rogorc Tavad amerikelebi miiCneven, aSS ar cdilobs sakuTari<br />
kulturis Tavs moxvevas sxva sazogadoebebisaTvis. adrec <strong>da</strong> axlac ena did rols<br />
TamaSob<strong>da</strong> kulturis gavrcelebaSi. elinizmis periodSi mTavar enas warmoadgene<strong>da</strong><br />
`koine~ _ ubralo xalxis salaparako ena; dRes igive rols arsulebs inglisuri,<br />
amerikuli inglisuri ena. igi warmoadgens mzardi globaluri kulturis `koines~. mas<br />
uaxles momavalSi konkurenti Znelad Tu gamouCndeba. milionobiT a<strong>da</strong>miani saubrobs<br />
inglisur enaze, magram maTi umravlesoba inglisur enas internetSi Ziebisa <strong>da</strong> ukeTesi<br />
samuSaos mosaZebnad swavlobs, <strong>da</strong> ara originalSi Seqspirisa <strong>da</strong> folkneris wasakiTxad.<br />
ucxo enis gamoyeneba ukvalod ar qreba. enas aqvs kulturuli plastebi, rogorc<br />
cnobier, aseve normatiul <strong>da</strong> emociur donezea.<br />
mzr<strong>da</strong>d globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs SesaZlebloba, gavrceldes rogorc elitarul,<br />
aseve farTo fenebze. SeasZloa, elitarul doneze kulturis gavrcelebis yvelaze<br />
mTvari saSualeba aris is, rasac s.hanTingtonma <strong>da</strong>osuri <strong>kultura</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> (saxelwodeba<br />
62
momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n); am saxelwodebiT ganisazRvreba<br />
wamyvani saqmiani <strong>da</strong> politikuri wreebis saerTaSoriso <strong>kultura</strong>, romlis ZiriTadi<br />
mamoZravebeli Zala, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri globalizaciisa,<br />
saerTaSoriso biznesia. am kulturis matareblebad moiazrebian ara marto is<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic xSirad <strong>da</strong>dian <strong>da</strong>vosSi, aramed isinic, visac surs iyos am<br />
sazogadoebs wevri <strong>da</strong> ar aris, an jer ar aris.<br />
msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli<br />
(iapi-internacionali _ abreviatura, romelic modis young urban professional-<strong>da</strong>n),<br />
romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad icvamen <strong>da</strong> erTobian, aseve,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am<br />
axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad<br />
or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur saqmian <strong>kultura</strong>s, magram sakuTari<br />
piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul kulturul faseulobebze.<br />
globalur <strong>kultura</strong>Si arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSirad<br />
erTvis saqmian <strong>kultura</strong>s, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
inteligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwo<strong>da</strong> inteleqtualTa saklubo<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT: akademiuri<br />
struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis sakuTar bazars<br />
_ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia <strong>da</strong>savleli, kerZod, amerikeli<br />
inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi,<br />
specialistebi <strong>da</strong> sxvani.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vosur <strong>kultura</strong>s <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualTa saklubo <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs centri <strong>da</strong><br />
periferia. gansxvaveba am or <strong>kultura</strong>s Soris aris is, rom <strong>da</strong>vosuri kulturis<br />
centrebi mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTSi ar aris ganlagebuli. iseTi didi biznes-centrebi,<br />
rogorebicaa tokio, hong-kongi, singapuri iseTsave imave rols asruleben. xolo<br />
inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis centri mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTSi, kerZod, amerikaSia.<br />
ase, rom mTavar globalizatorad, am mimarTulebiT, dRes amerika miiCneva.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier SemoRebuli cxovrebis<br />
janmrTeli wesi <strong>da</strong> misi ganxorcielebis c<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTSi TavisTavadi movlenaa <strong>da</strong><br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas emsaxureba. sxva kulturebSi ki mas sxva <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba aqvs,<br />
kerZod, es aris am sazogadoebis mier demokratiulobis xarisxis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebis<br />
mcdeloba. amis magaliTia samxreT afrikaSi Tambaqos wevis sawinaaRmdego<br />
kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, maSin roca Sidsis virusma samxreT afrikaSi katastroful<br />
zRvars miaRwia. sigaretis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdebloba, bergeris azriT, swored<br />
inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturisaken swrafviT iyo gamowveuli <strong>da</strong> ara xalxis<br />
janmrTelobaze zrunviT.<br />
jeims hanteri saubrobs im kosmopolitebze, romlebic Zalzed advilad moZraoben<br />
mTeli msoflios masStabiT <strong>da</strong> originaluri kulturis gavlenas ar ganicdian. es xalxi<br />
gvxvdeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso korporaciebSi,<br />
evangelistur misiebSi. eseni arian globalizatorebi.<br />
rodesac saubaria <strong>da</strong>vosuri kulturisa <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis<br />
Taviseburebebze, aucileblad mimaCnia yuradReba gavamaxvilo rusi mecnieris,<br />
saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa centris direqtoris a.i. utkinis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
mosazrebaze. igi miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis procesi or etapad iyofa. pirveli etapi<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze un<strong>da</strong> veZioT, xolo meore etapi _ XX saukunis 70-iani<br />
wlebis bolos. maT Soris wyalgamyofia meore msoflio omi <strong>da</strong> misi momdevno<br />
aTwleulebi. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi globalizaciis meore talRas, utkinis azriT,<br />
safuZveli <strong>da</strong>udo SeTanxmebam, romelic cnobilia `vaSingtonis konsensusis~ saxeliT.<br />
63
1980-ian wlebSi sami yvelaze Zlieri ekonomikuri instituti, romelic ganTavsebuli<br />
iyo aSS de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi _ aSS finansTa saministro, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi <strong>da</strong><br />
msoflio banki _ mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ZiriTadi<br />
xelSemSleli piroba iyo sabaJo sistemebi. `vaSingtonis konsensusi~ moicavs msoflio<br />
vaWrobis reorganizaciis aT rekomen<strong>da</strong>cias, romelic SemuSavebul iqna ekonomist<br />
j.viliamsonis mier.<br />
kerZo biznesis racionalizaciis SesaZleblobis safuZvelze Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> `oqros<br />
korsetis~ wesi, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n garkveuli kanonebis<br />
mixedviT moqmedebas; kerZod: kerZo seqtori iqceva ekonomikis ganviTarebis,<br />
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis ZiriTad saSualebad; un<strong>da</strong> moxdes inflaciis <strong>da</strong>bali donis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera; SenarCunebul iqnes fasebis stabiluroba; saxelmwifos biurokratiuli<br />
aparatis roli mcirdeba; aseve mcirdeba importze ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi; ucxour investiciebze<br />
SezRudvebi ixsneba; xdeba saxelmwifo kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis<br />
privatizeba; es zrdis imports; aseve adgilobrivi industria gaxsnilia<br />
msofliosaTvis <strong>da</strong> sxva. utkinis TqmiT, `oqros korsetis~ wesis gansakuTrebuloba<br />
isaa, rom igi iTvaliswinebs `yvelasaTvis erT zomas~; utkini miCnevs, rom swored es<br />
iwvevs sxvadsxva qveyanaze socialur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul zewolas, rasac,<br />
TavisTavad, araerTgvarovani pasuxebi mohyveba. magram kompensaciad miiCneva is, rom<br />
`oqros korsetis~ miRebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba warmoeba, ekonomikuri Semosavali. oci<br />
wlis win malaizielis saSualo Semosavali iyo 350 dolari weliwadSi, magram `oqros<br />
korsetSi~ CaTreuli malaizieli axla weliwadSi 5000 dolars iRebs.<br />
politikur sferoSi, acxadebs utkini, `oqros korseti~ amcirebs xelisuflebis<br />
saTaveebTan mdgom partiebs Soris arsebul gasxvavebebs. kerZod, aviRoT aSS<br />
demokratebi <strong>da</strong> respublikelebi, maTi samoqmedo gegma, mizani <strong>da</strong> warmodgenili<br />
saxelmwifo mowyobis gegma ar scdeba `oqros korsetis~ wesebs, amitom maT Soris<br />
arsebuli winaaRmdegoba mcirea: imdenad mcire, rom samxreT koreaSi 1999 wels<br />
arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg kim te dJunma vaSingtonSi elCad mowinaaRmdege partiis<br />
lideri gagzavna. es ukanasknelic <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> im motiviT, rom gansxvaveba am<br />
mimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, maT Soris mcire iyo.<br />
yvela qveyana ver axerxebs `oqros korsetis~ saboolood SenarCunebas <strong>da</strong> morgebas.<br />
zogierTi qveyana mxolod nawilobriv irgebs mas (egvipte, indoeTi); zogierTi<br />
pirvelive Sedegis mware gamocdilebis gamo ixsnis mas (ruseTi, malaizia); mesameni<br />
cdiloben, oqros korseti sakuTar nacionalur <strong>kultura</strong>s moargon <strong>da</strong> ise miiRon<br />
(iaponia, germania, safrangeTi); arseboben iseTebic, <strong>da</strong>sZens utkini, romelnic<br />
miiCneven, rom korsetSi Tavis Seyofa arc Rirs <strong>da</strong> ukeTesad miiCneven, rom mxolod<br />
bunebriv resursebs miendon (saudis arabeTi, irani); arseboben kidev iseTi<br />
sazogadoebebi, romelnic yvelafers gaiReben imisaTvis, rom korsetis mkacr wesebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kanonebSi ar aRmoCndnen (kuba, su<strong>da</strong>ni, korea); isini, vinc korsetis wesebs aRiareben,<br />
miiCneven, rom visac surs materialuri progresis miRweva, aucileblad mouwevs am<br />
wesebis Sesruleba. mis <strong>da</strong>sturad korsetis momxreebs moyavT faqtebic. kerZod, isini<br />
xazs usvamen viwro regionebis ganviTarebas: CrdiloeT italia, samxreT korea, Sanxais<br />
teritoria, tel-avivi israelSi, beiruTi libanSi, bangalori indoeTSi _ yvela<br />
maTgani miekuTvneba msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis korifeTa ricxvs,<br />
`kibernetikul tomebs~, romlebic cxovroben Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT.<br />
`oqros korsetis~ mowinaaRmdegeni erTnairad reagireben masze <strong>da</strong> miiCneven, rom<br />
isini sakuTari kulturis mixedviT, sakuTari siswrafiT ivlian, radgan korseti<br />
Zalzed determinizebulia. isini svamen kiTxvas _ ratom ar SeiZleba, Seikribon<br />
xelaxla <strong>da</strong> Seqmnan axali, naklebad amkrZalavi modeli? razec msoflios Zlieri<br />
64
nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ Tuki Tqveni <strong>kultura</strong> ver SeZlebs warmodgenilis<br />
miRebas... es mxolod samwuxaroa. magram mTavari aris is, rom dRevandeli msoflios<br />
globaluri sabazro ekonomika Seqmnilia udidesi istoriuli Zalebis mier, romlebmac<br />
Secvales urTierTobis, investirebis stili <strong>da</strong> msoflios aRqmac ki. Tuki Tqven gsurT<br />
win aRudgeT am cvlilebebs, Tqven amiT mxolod Tavs moityuebT <strong>da</strong> sxva araferi.<br />
globaluri kulturis gavrceleba xdeba, agreTve masobrivi kulturis<br />
saSualebebiT (adi<strong>da</strong>si, makdonaldsi, levisi, mtv <strong>da</strong> sxva). mas mxolod ze<strong>da</strong>piruli<br />
xasiaTi aqvs. `globalizacia~ _ es aris movlena, romelic erTgvarovani<br />
samomxmareblo kulturis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. erTgvarovneba ki misaRebia<br />
`masisaTvis~. xose ortega i gaseti gasuli saukunis oc<strong>da</strong>aTian wlebSi wer<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
evropa dRes yvelaze did kriziss ganicdis, ramac SeiZleba moicvas xalxebi, erebi <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturebi. misi TqmiT, es aris `masebis amboxi~. masas igi axasiaTebs rogorc<br />
fsiqologiuri rigis movlenas. `a<strong>da</strong>miani-masa~ isaa, visac ar SeuZlia, rogorc kargi,<br />
aseve cudi mxriTac Seafasos Tavi; vinc Tavis Tavs aRiqvamas `iseTad, rogoricaa<br />
yvela~ <strong>da</strong> sulac ar ganicdis amas. mas moswons iyos iseTi, rogoricaa yvela.<br />
ortega i gaseti am krizisis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss XIX saukuneSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs. jer kidev maSin<br />
iwinaswarmetyveles hegelma, kontma, nicSem `masebis amboxi~, romelic mas Semdeg sul<br />
ufro gaZlier<strong>da</strong>. a<strong>da</strong>miani-masa _ es aris pirovneba, romelsac ar gaaCnia Semoqmedebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sefasebis unari. igi iRebs yvelafers iseTad, rogorc awvdian. amis gamo, masaze<br />
zegavlenis moxdena advilia.<br />
neoliberaluri msoflwesrigis pirobebSi individis sulieri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
msoflSegneba ganicdis saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio saSualebaTa zewolas. filmebis,<br />
Souebisa <strong>da</strong> serialebis globaluri auditoriis gaCena <strong>da</strong> maTi zegavlena programebis<br />
Sinaarsze uprecedento movlenaa. media orientirebulia popularul <strong>da</strong> masobriv<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>ze <strong>da</strong> masobrivi cnobierebi<strong>da</strong>n devnis alternatiul <strong>for</strong>mebs. mayurebelTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> msmenelTa reitingisaTvis mebrZoli mediis saSualebaTa saqmianoba gansazRvrulia<br />
ekonomikuri interesiT, <strong>da</strong> ara inteleqtualuri SinaarsiT. <strong>kultura</strong> ganixileba,<br />
rogorc globaluri auditoriisa <strong>da</strong> globaluri in<strong>for</strong>maciuli sazogadoebis<br />
miRwevis saSualeba.<br />
globaluri kulturis Camoyalibebis centrSia interneti. garemocva, romelSic<br />
qveyanas, <strong>kultura</strong>s uxdeba arseboba, did gavlenas axdens mis CamoyalibebaganviTarebaze,<br />
radgan ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos urTierToba aqvs<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone erTobebTan. urTierTobisas xdeba kulturul<br />
RirebulebaTa gacvla, erTobis cnobiereba ganicdis mudmiv trans<strong>for</strong>macias.<br />
iyo periodi, rodesac msoflio ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erTian sivrces <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yofili<br />
gaxl<strong>da</strong>T patara samyaroebad; erebi xalxebi <strong>da</strong> kulturebi ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs, ar<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T urTierToba, Sexeba, ramac ganapiroba mravali originaluri kulturis, erisaxelmwifos<br />
Camoyalibeba.<br />
dRes msoflio gaxsnilia, igi erTian sivrces warmoadgens. arsebobs farTo<br />
sain<strong>for</strong>macio saSulebebi, telefoni, sahaero transporti, kosmosuri sadgurebi <strong>da</strong>,<br />
rac mTavaria, interneti. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba<br />
aTasobiT kilometris <strong>da</strong>SorebiT. yoveldRiurad internetis meSveobiT igzavneba<br />
milionobiT imeili, cifruli foto, wignis moculobis teqstebi, xmovani <strong>da</strong> video<br />
faili. audionakadi SesaZlebels xdis berlinis radiosadguris mosmenas niu-deliSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> piriqiT. internetis `CeT-rumi~ <strong>da</strong> sadiskusio jgufebi virtualuri saqalaqo<br />
Sexvedris centrebia, sa<strong>da</strong>c aTasobiT a<strong>da</strong>miani erTmaneTs uziarebs sakuTar azrs;<br />
TamaSoben, ibmeba megobrobis Zafebi, ideba biznes-garigebebi. yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
65
urTierToba, romelic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>myardes skolaSi, quCaSi, kafeSi, qarxanaSi,<br />
internetSic xorcieldeba.<br />
interneti xels uwyobs globaluri kulturis Seqmnas, acxadebs saerTaSoriso<br />
marketinguli firma IDC-s vice-prezidenti gigi vangi (Gigi Wang). am saxis ukanaskneli<br />
cvlileba iyo ga<strong>da</strong>svla lokaluri<strong>da</strong>n erovnul ekonomikaze, rasac Tan sdev<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla rkinigzi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> radio<strong>da</strong>n avtomobilsa <strong>da</strong> televizorze. axla xdeba ga<strong>da</strong>svla<br />
erovnuli ekonomiki<strong>da</strong>n globalur ekonomikaze, rasac mosdevs sahaero transporti <strong>da</strong><br />
interneti.<br />
boloniis universitetis istoriis profesori devid elvudi (David Elwood) miiCnevs,<br />
rom interneti ar qmnis globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s, aramed mxolod aCqarebs movlenebs <strong>da</strong><br />
qmnis am fenomenis erT-erT Sres. globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> didi biznesia <strong>da</strong> misi saTave<br />
SeiZleba moiZebnos industriis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa sporti, filmebi,<br />
fotografia, musika <strong>da</strong> aviaxazebi. yovelive amis Tavi <strong>da</strong> Tavia aSS gasarTobi<br />
industriis mier masobrivi kulturis unikaluri <strong>da</strong> mzardi moculobiT gamogoneba,<br />
warmoeba <strong>da</strong> gavrceleba. d.elvudis TqmiT, 1996 wels aSS filmebma, satelevizio<br />
produqciam, kompiuterulma teqnikam, wignebma <strong>da</strong> kulturis sxva <strong>for</strong>mebma ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba<br />
sahaero <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi produqciis eqsports, <strong>da</strong> am mxriv pirveli adgili <strong>da</strong>ikava. amis<br />
Semdeg inglisuri ena iqca ara mxolod globaluri komerciis, aramed saerTaSoriso<br />
teqnologiisa <strong>da</strong> garTobis ena<strong>da</strong>c.<br />
kacobriobam Seabija ganviTarebis axal epoqaSi, es aris sain<strong>for</strong>macio epoqa,<br />
interneti aris masobrivi kulturis farTod gavrcelebis saSualeba. afrikeli<br />
mkvlevari qalis fari<strong>da</strong> miuale-manenjis (Fri<strong>da</strong>h Muyale-Manenji) TqmiT, globalizacia<br />
uzarmazar gavlenas axdens <strong>kultura</strong>ze, igi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT zemoqmedebs xalxis<br />
kulturul qcevaze. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi icvlian cxovrebis wess. koka-kolas ritmuli reklama<br />
ismis qveynierebis nebismier wertilSi, im soflebSic ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs sasmeli wylis<br />
problema.<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciulma epoqam ganapiroba is, rom kulturebi <strong>da</strong>uaxlovdnen erTmaneTs;<br />
tradiciul simboloTa gverdiT gaCn<strong>da</strong> internacionaluri mniSvnelobis simboloebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> popularuli sistemebi.<br />
sainteresoa, rom es yvelaferi xdeba ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad, anu yvelafris<br />
gaucnobiereblad miRebas axdens masa, romelsac monawileoba ar miuRia Tavisi<br />
kulturis originaluri Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSi, masa, romelsac gacnobierebulic ki<br />
ar aqvs, Tu ras niSnavs Zireuli gansxvaveba kulturebs Soris, amitom masze did<br />
gavlenas axdens reklama. mediis zemoqmedebiT kulturis miReba zustad iseTive<br />
movlenaa, rogorc reklamiT raRac nawarmis farTo masisaTvis gacnoba. reklamaSi<br />
Seqmnili samyaro imdenad mimzidveli <strong>da</strong> macduria, rom aucileblad axdens<br />
momxmarebelze gavlenas. momxmarebeli ki dRes aris masa, romelic imdenad gaZlier<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom, marTalia, Tavad ver qmnis, magram elitas, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi unari aqvs,<br />
karnaxobs imas, Tu ra un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas, karnaxobs mo<strong>da</strong>s. dRes iqmneba is, rac moswons<br />
yvelas, yvela ki `masaa~, iqmneba is, raSic masa ufro met Tanxas ixdis.<br />
f.fukuiamas TqmiT, dRes saubari SeZleba mxolod globalur samomxmareblo<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>ze, romelic vrceldeba makdonaldsisa <strong>da</strong> koka-kolas msgavsi kompaniebis<br />
meSveobiT 1 . magram, saerTod, <strong>kultura</strong> ufro metia, vidre samomxmareblo bazari, es<br />
ukanaskneli aris ze<strong>da</strong>piruli aspeqti, <strong>kultura</strong>s ki aqvs siRrme, romelic gavlenas<br />
1 (erT saintereso faqtze min<strong>da</strong> SevaCero Tqveni yuradReba; ruan<strong>da</strong>Si momx<strong>da</strong>ri genocidis Semdeg ar<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> aranairi infrastruqtura, aranairi wesrigi, qveyana srul qaosiT iyo moculi.<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, romelic gaemgzavra misiis Sesasruleblad am qveyanaSi, erTi<br />
saintereso faqtis momswre gax<strong>da</strong>: maTze ufro adre ruan<strong>da</strong>Si Casvla “koka-kolas” warmomadgenlebma<br />
moaxerxes)<br />
66
axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba xalxi erTmaneTs. swored amitom kulturebi jer<br />
kidev inarCuneben individualurobas. misive TqmiT, 60-ian wlebSi azia aSS-s Sehyureb<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc modernizaciis models. gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTi flobs<br />
mowinave sakomunikacio teqnologiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac advili SesaZlebeli<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> kulturis gavrceleba. magram swored iman, rom am sakomunikacio<br />
saSualebebma azias <strong>da</strong> sxva sazogadoebebs ufro mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>anaxa is gansxvaveba,<br />
romelic maTi kulturebis ZirebSia saZiebeli <strong>da</strong>, romlis gafermkrTalebac ki Zalian<br />
Zneli, TiTqmis miuRwevelia. amas isic emateba, rom aziisa <strong>da</strong> sxva ara<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
sazogadoebebi sul ufro did yuradRebas aqceven amerikaSi mimdinare urbanul<br />
xrwnasa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis <strong>da</strong>cemas. es ki ise<strong>da</strong>c arsebul ufskruls sul ufro aRrmavebs.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom in<strong>for</strong>maciulma <strong>da</strong>axloebam mxolod moCvenebiTi globaluri<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> Seqmna, romelic misaRebia masisaTvis. masas, SesaZloa, didi survilic<br />
hqondes, rom miiRos <strong>da</strong> icxovros ucxo kulturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli wesebiT,<br />
magram es ver moaxerxos, radgan sakuTari <strong>kultura</strong> ar miscems amis saSualebas. swored<br />
es ganasxvavebs masas elitisagan, radgan elita iRebs ara imas, rac surs, aramed imas,<br />
risi miRebac mis pirovnebas SeuZlia. ufro sworad, elitas imis miRebis survili<br />
uCndeba, rac misi kulturisaTvis aris misaRebi <strong>da</strong> amas igi akeTebs ara ise, rom<br />
moaxdinos sakuTaris, Zireulis uaryofa, radgan elita Tavi<strong>da</strong>n bolomde SeigrZnobs<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>s, masas ki es grZnoba ar gaaCnia, swored amitom misTvis globaluri<br />
samomxmareblo <strong>kultura</strong> ukve niSnavs mTlianad kulturis globalizacias, radgan<br />
kulturis meti siRrme masas ar aintresebs. swored amis eSino<strong>da</strong> x.ortega i gasetis<br />
jer kidev XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom gaqrebian beThovenisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mocartis msmenelebi. es SiSi dResac arsebobs _ SiSi imisa, rom masebis gaZliereba<br />
TavisTavad moaxdens kulturuli originalurobis gaqrobas. masa moiTxovs kom<strong>for</strong>ts,<br />
mas ara aqvs mizani, rasac cxovrebas Seswiravs, misi mizania kom<strong>for</strong>tuli cxovreba, mas<br />
mxolod is surs, rom iyos yvelas msgavsi.<br />
aseve didi roli ekisreba globaluri kulturis gavrcelebaSi evangelistur<br />
protestantizms. ingliseli sociologi devid martini didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ikvlev<strong>da</strong> am sakiTxs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zusta, rom msoflioSi am religiis mimdevari 250 milionamde<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miania. am religiis miReba iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs ojaxur urTierTobebSi,<br />
seqsualur gamovlinebebSi, bavSvTa aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>, rac yvelaze mTavaria, saqmisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze saerTod.<br />
globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> mimarTulia a<strong>da</strong>mianebis individualizaciisaken <strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciebisgan <strong>da</strong> erTobebisagan maTi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaken. individualizacia un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganixilebodes, rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic empiriul<br />
gamoxatulebas povebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevasa <strong>da</strong> cnobierebaSi, <strong>da</strong>moukideblad im ideisagan,<br />
romelic am a<strong>da</strong>mianebs SesaZloa hqodeT amis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT, individualizacia<br />
rogorc empiriuli gamovlineba, aucileblad gansasxvavebelia `individualizmisagan,<br />
rogorc ideologiisagan. msgavsi midgoma momgebiania imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c gvexmareba<br />
avxsnaT, Tu riT aris mimzidveli axali globaluri <strong>kultura</strong>. rogorc ukve cnobilia,<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> angrevs tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri sulis mefobas <strong>da</strong> individs xdis<br />
ufro TviTmyofads. es ki niSnavs gaTavisuflebas. axal globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s bevri<br />
aqvs saerTo modernizaciis procesTan. dRevandel dRes ki msoflios mraval kuTxeSi<br />
kidec emTxvevian erTmaneTs.<br />
modernizaciis adreul etapze a<strong>da</strong>mianebs uCndebaT meti Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
SesaZleblobebis aRtacebuli grZnoba. amitom axali globaluri <strong>kultura</strong><br />
momxiblavia maTTvis, vinc afasebs pirovnul Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> cdilobs mis srulad<br />
67
ealizebas. amiT globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> Zalzed waagavs elinizmis epoqas, rodesac<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> individebis miswrafeba `srulyofilebisaken~.<br />
mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, oriode sityviT Tavad modernizaciis cnebasac<br />
SevexoT. am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo, agraruli<br />
sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n sekularul, industriul, urbanistul sazogadoebad<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macias. modernuli sazogadoeba industriuli sazogadoebaa. sazogadoebis<br />
modernizeba, upirveles yovlisa, mis industrializacias niSnavs. istoriulad,<br />
modernuli sazogadoebis aRzeveba mWidrod iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli industriuli<br />
sazogadoebis warmoSobasTan. modernulobis yvela ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli/niSani<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia cvlilebaTa erTobliobasTan, romelmac ori saukuniT adre<br />
ganapiroba industriuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba. termini `industrializacia~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`industriuli sazogadoeba~ gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
teqnologiuri komponentebia, romlebic mis arss warmoadgenen. industrializmi<br />
cxovrebis wesia, romelic moicavs Zireul ekonomikur, socialur, politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul cvlilebebs. industrializaciis yovlismomcveli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis Sedegad<br />
sazogadoeba xdeba modernuli. <strong>modernizacia</strong> aris uwyveti <strong>da</strong> usasrulo procesi.<br />
istoriulad, <strong>modernizacia</strong> saukuneebs moicavs, Tumca, arsebobs <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli<br />
modernizaciis magaliTebi. orive SemTxvevaSi, <strong>modernizacia</strong> ar aris erTjeradi<br />
monapovari. rogoric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganviTarebis done, yovelTvis arseboben<br />
`CamorCenili~ regionebi <strong>da</strong> `periferiuli~ jgufebi. es aris modernul sazogadoebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis mudmivi safuZveli. modernizaciis procesi ar<br />
Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes<br />
globaluri masStabiT, radgan <strong>modernizacia</strong> gavrcel<strong>da</strong> Tavisi warmoSobis adgili<strong>da</strong>n<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong> mTeli msoflio moicva. ganviTarebis araTanabari donis mqone<br />
naciebis arseboba msoflio saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi arastabilurobis fun<strong>da</strong>menturi<br />
elementia.<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong>s ori ZiriTadi faza aqvs. misi ganviTarebis garkveul momentamde<br />
modernistuli ideebi progresulad iTvleba, Tumca mas SeiZleba Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
winaaRmdegoba Sexvdes. modernizaciis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli winaaRmdegobebi, SesaZloa,<br />
xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> mwvave iyos, magram, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d isini ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, garkveuli momentis Semdeg <strong>modernizacia</strong> iwvevs mzard ukmayofilebas. es<br />
nawilobriv gamoiwvia modernuli sazogadoebis adreuli warmatebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
dinamizmisagan didi Sedegebis molodinma. jgufebs erTobebSi mzardi moTxovnebi<br />
uCndebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> am moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro rTuldebo<strong>da</strong>. ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebulad, <strong>modernizacia</strong>m ganviTarebul doneze msoflio masStabiT moitana<br />
axali socialuri <strong>da</strong> materialuri sirTuleebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> eqspansias, romelsac modernuli sazogadoeba efuZneba. meore<br />
fazaSi, modernuli sazogadoeba uamravi problemis pirispir aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. am problemaTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wra, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRematebo<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli eri-saxlemwifos<br />
SesaZleblobebs. amave dros, msoflios dRevandeli saxis ganmsazRvrel dominirebad<br />
faqtorad rCeba araTanabari siZlierisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqturi interesebis mqone<br />
suverenul er-saxelmwifoTa sistema.<br />
modernuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia XVIII saukuneSi momx<strong>da</strong>r or<br />
did cvlilebasTan (ZvrasTan) politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur sferoSi. orive maTgani im<br />
farTo cvlilebebis nawilia, romlebmac, renesansisa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>maciis Semdeg,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi ga<strong>da</strong>iyvana ganviTarebis axal, <strong>da</strong>narCeni samyarosagan gansxvavebul, etapze.<br />
cvlilebaTa es modeli gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> individualizmsa <strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi,<br />
sekularizms, rac protestantul memkvidreobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. cvlilebebi gamoixata<br />
68
aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. cvlilebebma am orive mimarTulebiT XVIII saukunis<br />
bolos kulminacias miaRwia. pirvelma modernma ganapiroba politikuri revoluciebi<br />
safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT amerikaSi. meore ki, romelic mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri<br />
inovaciebisaTvis xelsayrel viTarebaSi, did britaneTis industriuli revoluciis<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi iyo.<br />
amerikisa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis revoluciebma <strong>da</strong>afuZnes modernuli sazogadoebis<br />
politikuri tipi _ konstituciuri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli. es niSnavs ara imas, rom<br />
amieri<strong>da</strong>n yvela mTavrobas amgvari xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>, aramed imas, rom aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moyolebuli, praqtikulad yvela moazrovnisaTvis cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom axla politikur<br />
sistemebs aRar un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>T pretenzia legitimurobaze, Tu is ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebuli konstituciurad gamoxatul `xalxis nebaze~.<br />
Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis cnebaTa<br />
urTierTmimarTebisTvis<br />
erT-erTi didi problemaa globalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciis urTierTmimarTeba.<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ori Tvalsazrisi:<br />
pirvelis mixedviT, globalizacia aris ufro farTo procesi, vidre vesternizacia;<br />
amasTan erTad, globalizacia praqtikulad TanabarmniSvnelovania modernizaciisa;<br />
am Sexedulebas mxars uWeren a.gidensi, r.robertsoni, m.olbrou, u.konoli.<br />
aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma <strong>da</strong>amtkices, rom industrializacia SesaZlebelia<br />
vesternizaciis gareSe.<br />
meore midgomis mixedviT, globalizacia mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
modernizmis globalur difuzias warmoadgens. <strong>da</strong> igi mimarTulia veternizaciis<br />
gafarToebis, <strong>da</strong>savluri kapitalizmisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis gavrcelebisaken. am<br />
mimarTulebas mxars uWeren s.amini <strong>da</strong> l.bentoni. r.gilpini miiCnevs, rom msoflio<br />
internacionalizacia aris amerikuli msoflio wesrigis gavrcelebis produqti.<br />
a.kalinikosi <strong>da</strong> rigi mecnierebisa TanamedroveobaSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven <strong>da</strong>savluri imperializmis<br />
axal fazas, romelSic nacionalurma xelisuflebebma Seasrules monopolitikuri<br />
kapitalis agentebis roli. amerikeli Teoritikosis h.gleizeris azriT,<br />
globalizacia aris gavrceleba <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier regulirebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gasarTobi saSualebebisa, romlebic garkveul efeqts axdens im qveynebis<br />
faseulobebze, romelbSic es in<strong>for</strong>macia aRwevs. CexeTis prezidentma vaclav havelma<br />
warmoadgina ubralo beduinis saxe, romelic zis aqlemze <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli samosis qveS<br />
jinsebs atarebs. mas xelSi radiomimRebi <strong>da</strong> koka-kola uWiravs. koka-kola <strong>da</strong> jinsi,<br />
marTalia, naklebmniSvnelovania, magram radiomimRebi <strong>da</strong> televizori ukve did<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan maTi saSualebiT beduini iRebs in<strong>for</strong>macias, romelic<br />
aucileblad axdens gavlenas beduinis pirvelsawyis Rirebulebebze. rodesac saubaria<br />
kulturis globalizaciaze, saubaria <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis, kerZod, amerikuli<br />
kulturis gavlenaze msoflios sxva civilizaciebze.<br />
Tema VIII. <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>Ta warmomadgenlebis<br />
TvaliT <strong>da</strong>naxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, globalizacia Tanamedrove movlenaa, magram es ar niSnavs, rom<br />
dRes mimdinare procesebis msgavsi istoriis ganmavlobaSi ar xdebo<strong>da</strong>. globalur<br />
movlenebi adrec aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>; istoriaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba,<br />
rom saqarTvelo mudmivad CarTuli iyo globalur procesebSi (nebismieri axlo Tu<br />
69
Soreuli mezobeli, romelsac hqon<strong>da</strong> msoflio imperiad qcevis pretenzia, met-nakleb<br />
yuradRebas aqcev<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos, mis geografiul mdebareobas); Sesabamisad, zemoT<br />
warmodgenili msjelobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba, rom<br />
maSindel samyaroSi mimdinare globalur procesebSi monawileoba gax<strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis erT-erTi safuZveli; globaluri<br />
procesebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare gamowvevebis mudmivoba ganapiroba geografiulma<br />
mdebareobam, ramac saqarTvelos garkveuli funqcia mianiWa; saqarTvelos winaSe<br />
arsebuli gamowvevebi ori saxisa iyo: gamowveva, romelic am funqcii<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> gamowveva, romelze gacemul pasuxsac am funqciis <strong>da</strong>brunebamde mivyavdiT.<br />
Cveni azriT, globalizaciis pirobebSi modernizaciis gamowvevebze arsebobs ori<br />
pasuxi Tu ganviTarebis Sedegi _ lokalizacia <strong>da</strong> multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizami;<br />
lokalizaciis farglebSi ganixileba iseTi movlena, romelsac mecnierebaSi<br />
glokalizacia ewo<strong>da</strong>. `globalurad~ _ niSnavs mraval adgilze erTdroulad, anu<br />
translokalurad~. koncernebi `koka-kola~ <strong>da</strong> `soni~ sakuTar strategiebs<br />
`globalur lokalizacias~ uwodeben, radgan isini miiCneven, rom globalizacia ar<br />
niSnavs <strong>da</strong> moiTxovs msoflios yvela kuTxeSi qarxana-fabrikebis aSenebas, aramed<br />
aucilebelia isini am Tu im kulturis nawilad iqcnen, anu `koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~<br />
Tu `soni~ konkretuli kulturis moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs menejmentSi.<br />
lokalizacis procesi iwvevs regionalizacias; magaliTad aviRoT iaponia,<br />
romelic garkveul geografiul garemoSi <strong>da</strong> sazRvrebSi iqca lider qveynad; igi<br />
axdens sakuTari kulturis reklamirebas <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebas; taivanis magaliTze, sin-xuan<br />
maikl siao globalizaciis procesSi gamoyofs sam mimarTulebas _ amerikanizacia,<br />
evropeizacia <strong>da</strong> iaponizacia. misive TqmiT, taivanuri <strong>da</strong> iaponuri kulturebi Zalzed<br />
axlos arian erTmaneTTan; 1990-ian wlebSi taivanSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> axali gamoTqma ha-ri-zu<br />
(`iaponiis TayvanismcemelTa Taoba~), romelic asocirdeba yvelaferi iaponuriT<br />
aRtacebasTan. ha-ri-zu-s warmomadgenlebma, SesaZloa, iaponiis arc istoria icodnen<br />
kargad <strong>da</strong> arc politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba; es Taoba Seiqmna iaponiis mier<br />
sakuTari kulturis propagandis Sedegad; sin-xuan maikl siao aRniSnavs, rom<br />
taivanuri kulturis iaponurTan siaxlovem taivanze vesternizaciis gavlena<br />
Seasusta; ufro zustad: iaponias taivanSi aqvs mravali sakabelo satelevizio arxi;<br />
iaponurma melodramebma warmatebiT moaxdina <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis, cxovrebis wesis<br />
lokalizacia anu a<strong>da</strong>ptireba adgilobrivTan <strong>da</strong> ise ga<strong>da</strong>sca igi taivanel mayurebels;<br />
anu taivani <strong>da</strong>savlur Rirebulebebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, iaponur wnexSi<br />
gamovlils iRebs; iaponuri <strong>kultura</strong> ki imdenad axloa taivanurTan, rom taivanuri<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> absoluturad Ria aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturis miRebisaTvis ise, rom<br />
globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s ar mouxdenia adgilobrivi kulturis ga<strong>da</strong>sxvafereba. msgavs<br />
gavlenas, ambobs sin-xuan maikl siao, iaponuri <strong>kultura</strong> sxva Crdilo <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />
aRmosavleT aziis kulturebzec axdens. anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaponurma <strong>kultura</strong>m<br />
lokalizaciis Sedegad moaxerxa garkveuli saxis regionalizacia, am regionSi igi<br />
warmoadgens wamyvan sazogadoebas, rac imis saSualebasac iZleva, rom misi msgavsi<br />
kulturebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebi advilad iReben globaluri kulturis Taviseburebebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTari kulturis originalobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis gareSe axerxeben <strong>modernizacia</strong>s.<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi min<strong>da</strong> aRvniSno, rom mizani msjelobisa, romelsac me SemogTavazebT, ar<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba; is ufro globalizaciis gamowvevaze saqarTvlos mier gasacemi<br />
pasuxis Ziebaa.<br />
amjerad min<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove saqarTvelos geografiul garemos Sevexo. iaponiis<br />
magaliTze ganvsazRvreT, rom regionalizaciis miRweva kulturulad monaTesave<br />
mezoblis gareSe, romelic gaxdeba regionSi wamyvani qveyana, SeuZlebelia; anu<br />
70
egionalizaciis process sWirdeba meTauri, medroSe; rodesac vsaubrobT regionSi<br />
wamyvan qveyanaze, aq ar igulisxmeba raime politikuri an ekonomikuri zewola,<br />
regionalizacia kulturis niSniT gamoricxavs Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebas, imperiul zraxvebs.<br />
kulturuli niSniT regionalizaciis procesi <strong>da</strong>myarebulia sazogadoebaTa<br />
kulturul msgavsebaze; igi bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> Seuqcevadi procesia, romelic TavisTavad<br />
mimdinareobs; gansxvavebis saxiT gavixseneb regionalizacias ideologiis niSniT;<br />
msgavsi erToba sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT arsebob<strong>da</strong>; misi <strong>da</strong>Slis erT-erTi mizezi<br />
swored kulturuli mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuloba gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
lokalizaciis <strong>da</strong> regionalizaciis saintereso Teorias gvTavazobs ukraineli<br />
mecnieri _ politologi, nobelis premiis laureati robert aqselrodi;<br />
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze: `Tanamedroveobis xelaxla gaazreba~ man ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
uaxloesi oci wlis manZilze kacobrioba SeeCexeba Semdeg potenciur safrTxeebs:<br />
1. samxedro <strong>da</strong> sain<strong>for</strong>macio teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba;<br />
2. erTa politikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri TviTidentifikaciis problema;<br />
3. mniSvnelovani resursebis (sakvebi, wyali, navTobi) ukmarisoba msoflio masStabiT;<br />
4. gavlenisa <strong>da</strong> Zlierebis centrebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba;<br />
5. gaZlierdeba ganxeTqileba mdi<strong>da</strong>r <strong>da</strong> Rarib qveynebs Soris <strong>da</strong> warmoiSoba<br />
finansuri arastabiluroba;<br />
6. demografiuli krizisi.<br />
u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom am gamowvevebs sWirdeba adekvaturi pasuxi, acxadebs r.aqselrodi <strong>da</strong><br />
miiCnevs, rom globalizmis ignorireba ar SeiZleba. magram globalizmi mxolod<br />
nawilia didi procesisa, romelsac globalizacia ewodeba. Tu globalizmi gamoiyeneba<br />
mxolod erT ganzomilebasTan, ekonomikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, globalizacia, germaneli<br />
politologis ulrix bekis TvalsazrisiT, moicavs sxva aspeqtebsac, rogorebicaa:<br />
politikuri, ekologiuri, socialuri, kulturuli, civilizaciuri. dRevandelobis<br />
umniSvnelovanesi problema isaa, rom globalizmi win uswrebs globalizacias.<br />
zenacionaluri monopoliebi, romelTac mokavSired hyavT aSS, TavianT pirobebs<br />
karnaxoben msoflios, xolo saerTaSoriso institutebi ver axerxeben amaze<br />
reagirebas. konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebaSi ususuria xolme gaero. Teoriula<strong>da</strong>c ki ar<br />
arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis urTierTTanaarsebobis <strong>for</strong>mebi.<br />
saeklesio organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo liderebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n imis oficialuri<br />
mtkiceba, rom tradiciuli religiuri konfesiebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebi urTierTmimarT<br />
tolerantebi arian <strong>da</strong> eyrdnobian saerTo sakacobrio Rirebulebebs, mxolod kvamlis<br />
far<strong>da</strong>a, romelsac advilad arRveven fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistebi.<br />
r.aqselrodi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs politkosebis, mecnierebis, samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis aqtivistebis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas imisTvis, raTa Seiqmnas<br />
saerTaSoriso institutebi, romlebic Seamcireben globalizmis negatiur Sedegebs.<br />
aravisaTvis ar aris saidumlo is faqti, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia aviwroebs <strong>da</strong><br />
meore planze ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs globalizaciis is procesebi, romelTa mizania gansxvavebuli<br />
civilizaciebis Rirebulebebis mudmivi <strong>da</strong>axloeba maTi universalizaciis<br />
mimarTulebiT. mas, SeiZleba, kacobriobisaTvis araprognozirebadi Sedegebi mohyves.<br />
ukraineli mecnieri ayalibebs globalizaciis procesis umtkinveulod ga<strong>da</strong>qcevis<br />
gzebs. is aRniSnavs, rom pirvel etapze un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos ara erTiani, universaluri<br />
ideisaTvis SekavSireba, aramed un<strong>da</strong> moxdes gansxvavebul politikur, kulturul,<br />
religiur <strong>da</strong> nacionalur jgufTa gaerTianeba, romlebic win aRudgebian im<br />
faseulobebze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas, romlebic mocemul situaciaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania.<br />
mecnieri aRniSnavs ukrainis rols momavalSi. is <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi qveynis<br />
mcire ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisa, kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli maTi<br />
71
geopolitikuri mdebareoba _ sakuTari <strong>da</strong> msoflio interesebis Sesabamisad.<br />
mecnieris azriT, ukrainam un<strong>da</strong> gaataros <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sagareo politikuri kursi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>iwyos im gaerTianebebis karebze kakuni, sa<strong>da</strong>c aravis sWirdeba: natoSi <strong>da</strong><br />
evrokavSirSi. ukrainelebi Raribebi <strong>da</strong> Tanac bevrni arian <strong>da</strong> axlo momavalSi am<br />
organizaciaSi maT aravin elis. aqselrodis azriT, ukraina un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes mizidulobis<br />
centri balkaneTis qveynebisTvis, rumineTisTvis, bulgareTisTvis, samxreT kavkasiis<br />
saxelmwifoebisTvis, moldovisa <strong>da</strong> yazaxeTisTvis. ukrainelebma un<strong>da</strong> moawyon<br />
civilizebuli saxelmwifo evropuli nimuSis mixedviT, sa<strong>da</strong>c adgili ar eqneba<br />
avtoritarizms. aqselrods Rrmad swams, rom am mimarTulebiT ukrainis perspeqtiva<br />
imedismomcemia. mecnieris azriT, ukrainelebma un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zlion TavianTi<br />
provincializmi <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis epoqaSi msoflioSi arsebuli problemebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi TavianTi wvlili Seitanon.<br />
am Teoriis mixedviT, aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze un<strong>da</strong> Camoyalibdes axali<br />
regioni, romlis organizatori <strong>da</strong> lideri un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes ukraina; mis wevrad<br />
saqarTveloc moiazreba.<br />
ukrainis meTaurobiT aRmosavleT evropaSi axali regionis Seqmna, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
warmoudgenelia; pirvel rigSi Tavad ukraina ar warmoadgens Zlier demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebas (arc ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong> arc politikurad), romelsac Seswevs unari,<br />
konkurencia gauwios evrokavSirs, radgan Tavad aqselrodis mier CamoTvlil<br />
saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis mizani evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaa, maTgan bulgareTi <strong>da</strong><br />
rumineTi ukve wevrebi arian; meores mxriv, miviCnevT, rom Tavad evropas, sabWoTa<br />
kavSirTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT, aRar un<strong>da</strong> sWirdebodes aRmosavleT evropaSi<br />
raime alternatiuli regionis Seqmna.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi regionis Seqmnas ver moaxerxebs verc erTi<br />
kavkasiuri qveyana; TurqeTi TviTon cdilobs gaxdes evrokavSiris wevri; erTaderTi,<br />
visac, SesaZloa, garkveuli survili hqondes regionis Seqmnisa, aris ruseTi; dsT, Cveni<br />
azriT, warmoadgens ara globalizaciis gamowvevebze gacemul pasuxs <strong>da</strong> bunebriv<br />
erTobas, aramed ruseTis imperiisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris gadmonaSTs; igi imTaviTve<br />
ganwirulia <strong>da</strong>SlisaTvis; anu saqarTvelosaTvis am mimarTulebas <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiris<br />
alternatiuli regionis Ziebas realuri safuZveli ar aqvs.<br />
am msjelobis amosavali wertili aris is, rom `globalizaciis maxi<strong>da</strong>n ar arsebobs<br />
erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs transnacionaluri gamosavali~.<br />
regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis<br />
Seqmnisa. zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis mizezi <strong>da</strong> mizani politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikis sferoebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, magram saSualeba aris kulturuli<br />
urTierTmsgavseba. dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebriv organizmSi integracia<br />
moaxerxes evropis qveynebma. evropa aris ara mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba,<br />
aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba. misi erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia. anu<br />
evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen <strong>da</strong> Sesvlis ufleba eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian<br />
sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri<br />
warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan <strong>modernizacia</strong> gulisxmobs sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT. sakiTxis am mimarTulebiT kveleva marTebulad<br />
mimaCnia, radgan saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
cdilobs globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces.<br />
mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>savluri orientacia<br />
gamowveulia qarTuli kulturis <strong>da</strong>savluri xasiaTiT. uamravi mosazreba gamoiTqva<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra niSnebis gamo SeiZleba CavTvaloT <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis wevrad.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am mimarTulebiT kvleva aucilebelia, magram miviCnev, rom sakiTxis<br />
72
imgvarad <strong>da</strong>sma, rom saqarTvelo aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> iyos an <strong>da</strong>savluri, an aRmosavluri<br />
civlizaciis Semadgeneli nawili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ganviTarebis<br />
gezis <strong>da</strong> mimarTulebis gansazRvra, ar aris marTebuli. qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
aRmosavluri kulturis niSnebis arseboba sulac ar niSnavs, rom qarTuli<br />
sazogadoeba ver moaxerxebs <strong>modernizacia</strong>s <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli saxelmwifos aSenebas, an<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTSi integracias. amis naTeli magaliTebi msoflioSi uamravia: iaponia,<br />
romelic sruliad sxva samyaros warmoadgens, magram moaxerxa demokratiis miReba<br />
institutebisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze, ise, rom kulturuli<br />
originaloba arc <strong>da</strong>ukargavs. Cveni azriT, globalizacia globalur msoflioSi<br />
sakuTari adgilis, funqciis povnis saSualebas iZleva. qarTuli kulturis yofna<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta gzagasayarze SeiZleba iyos <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis CveniT<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebis mizezi. Zalzed aqtualuria msoflioSi <strong>kultura</strong>Ta dialogis procesi;<br />
arseboben erTmaneTisagan mkveTarad gansxvavebuli kulturebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur civilizaciebs ganekuTvnebian. qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs saSualeba metnaklebad,<br />
saerTo ena gamonaxos rogorc <strong>da</strong>savlur, aseve aRmosavlur kulturebTan.<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta dialogis procesSi sasazRvro 1 kulturebs didi mniSvneloba<br />
mieniWeba; niSnadoblivia, rom evrokavSirSi baltiispireTis qveynebis<br />
gaerTianebisTanave samive maTgani iqca evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis<br />
lobistad; Tavad evropis mxri<strong>da</strong>nac swored baltiis qveynebs <strong>da</strong>evalaT Cveni<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> kuratoroba garkveul sakiTxebSi, magaliTad, patrulis samsaxuris<br />
SeqmnaSi instruqtorebi swored baltiis qveynebis warmomadgenlebi arian;<br />
baltiispireTis qveynebi ufro advilad SeZleben saqarTvelosTan saubaras, radgan<br />
igive gza maT sul axlaxan gaiares. SeiZleba imis <strong>da</strong>Svebac, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes<br />
Suamavali evropasa <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, radgan evropas azerbaijanTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> somxeTTan saubari saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n ufro gauadvildeba. amis safuZvlad mimaCnia<br />
rogorc istoriuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
garkveuli urTierTmsgavseba, aseve ekonomikur doneze urTierTsaWiroeba<br />
(azerbaijanuli navTobis transportireba).<br />
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,<br />
aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba <strong>da</strong> demokratizacia. geopolitikuri<br />
mdebareoba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom saqarTvelo Caebas globalur procesebSi;<br />
arsebobs ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic saqarTvelos Tavisi<br />
funqcia aqvs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur <strong>kultura</strong>sTan<br />
Sexeba.<br />
sainteresoa ganvixiloT f.fukuiamas, mier SemoTavazebuli meTodologia. misi<br />
TqmiT, demokratiis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia moxdeba oTx doneze: ideologia, rogorc rwmena<br />
imisi, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso <strong>for</strong>maa; institutebi, romelic<br />
moicavs konstituciebs, sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong> partiul sistemebs, sabazro struqturebs <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S; mesamea samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiul politikur institutebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli spontanurad warmoqmnili<br />
1 sasazRvro ewodeba <strong>kultura</strong>s, romelic civilizaciaTa sazRvarze, maTi Sexebis arealSi mdebareobs.<br />
aseT kulturebs axasiaTebs: struqturirebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi; Sinagani <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba <strong>da</strong><br />
winaaRmdegobani; <strong>kultura</strong>Si sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva istoriuli epoqis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul (Zvel)<br />
fenomenTa mudmivi gamococxleba; identifikaciis problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba <strong>da</strong><br />
mtkivneuloba. sasazRvro kulturebi asruleben Suamavlis, Tarjimnis funqcias civilizaciebs<br />
Soris. sazRvruloba ganixileba rogorc lokalur <strong>kultura</strong>Ta garkveuli saxeobis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
gansakuTrebuli istoriul-kulturuli Tviseba, civilizaciuri procesis gansakuTrebuli tipi, <strong>da</strong><br />
ara ganviTarebis etapi. es procesi droSi gaWimulia <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba ramdenime aTaswleulsac ki<br />
moicavdes. amdenad, sazRvruloba droebiTi ki ara, mudmivi mdgomareobaa.<br />
73
socialuri struqturebis samyaroa; igi saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n manipulirebas naklebad<br />
eqvemdebareba; meoTxe done aris <strong>kultura</strong>; igi yvelaze Rrmaa <strong>da</strong> moicavs iseT<br />
movlenebs, rogoricaa ojaxis struqtura, religia, moraluri Rirebulebebi;<br />
demokratiuli institutebis sayrdeni aris jansaRi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, xolo<br />
Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winamZRvaria <strong>kultura</strong>. f.fukuiamas azriT, <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />
samarTliani socialuri wyobis aSenebas cdilobs zemo<strong>da</strong>n qvemoT, anu amosavali<br />
wertilia pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore done; xolo aRmosavluri kulturebi mesame <strong>da</strong> meoTxe<br />
doni<strong>da</strong>n iwyeben <strong>da</strong> miemarTebian zeviT. modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> demokratizaciis procesi<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savlur tradiciul qveynebSi pirvelive <strong>da</strong>rtymas <strong>kultura</strong>s ayenebs; maTTvis<br />
demokratizaciis procesi kulturis trans<strong>for</strong>maciasa <strong>da</strong> SecvlasTan aris pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
kavSirSi. amis gamo maTi reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben<br />
demokratias, a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar<br />
sazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili <strong>kultura</strong>a.<br />
fri<strong>da</strong> maial-manenji Tavis naSromSi: `globalizaciis efeqti afrikul <strong>kultura</strong>ze,<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxuli afrikeli qalis TvaliT~, aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciam didi gavlena iqonia<br />
afrikeli xalxis yofaze, konkretulad ki sociumSi qalis rolze. globalizaciam,<br />
romlis mizania globaluri bazrisaTvis <strong>da</strong> misi ZalebisaTvis yvela qveynis ekonomikis<br />
farTod gaxsna, uzarmazari gavlena iqonia afrikel xalxze <strong>da</strong> aiZula isini SeecvalaT<br />
cxovrebis gza <strong>da</strong> wesi. globalizaciis procesma ubiZga afrikul qveynebs, moexdinaT<br />
ucxouri investiciebis deregulacia, importis liberalizacia, Sesust<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
kontroli. amis Sedegad, qalebi, romlebic am kontinentze did rols asrulebdnen<br />
fermerobasa <strong>da</strong> industriaSi, ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebisa <strong>da</strong> sawarmoebSi axali<br />
marketingis <strong>da</strong>nergvis Semdeg umuSevrebi <strong>da</strong>rCnen <strong>da</strong> iZulebuli gaxdnen, miemarTaT<br />
qveynebis gareT vaWrobisaTvis. isini gavidnen qveyni<strong>da</strong>n, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebs<br />
mSoblebis zrunva <strong>da</strong>akl<strong>da</strong>T. globalizaciis kidev erTi Sedegi afrikaSi ojaxis<br />
rRveva aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. statiis avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebis ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n gasvlis Semdeg<br />
bavSvebi aRar sxdebian buxris irgvliv <strong>da</strong> aRar usmenen im moTxrobebs, romlebic<br />
aswavlian sakuTari Rirebulebebis pativiscemas, erTianobas, mSvidobas, siyvaruls. es<br />
aRar xdeba TviT agrarul mxareebSic ki, romelsac kargad ergebo<strong>da</strong> aseTi garemo.<br />
afrikaSi kaci, qali Tu bavSvi _ yvela CarTulia ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis, TiToeuli<br />
dRisaTvis sakvebis mosapoveblad brZolaSi. avtoris TqmiT, afrikul musikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
cekvaSi Warbobs oblobis, tkivilis, omisa <strong>da</strong> narkotikebis Temebi. es ganeitral<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri maikl jeqsonis musikiT. axalgazrdoba adgilobriv musikas <strong>da</strong>savlurs<br />
amjobinebs. <strong>da</strong>savluri modis mixedviT Seicvala varcxnilobis stili, fexsacmeli <strong>da</strong><br />
tansacmeli. globalizaciis wyalobiT, afrikaSi <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gafarTov<strong>da</strong> didi<br />
kompaniebi, romelTac adgilobriv sawarmoebze iafad Semoitanes TavianTi produqcia<br />
<strong>da</strong> amiT mravali adgilobrivi sawarmo aiZules <strong>da</strong>xuruliyvnen. ufro xSirad kaci rCeba<br />
umuSevari, vidre qali. mox<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi rolebis gacvla _ kaci Sin, qali _ gareT. kaci<br />
zrunavs bavSvebze <strong>da</strong> saojaxo saqmeebze. mravali bavSvi, gansakuTrebiT ki gogonebi,<br />
iZulebuli gaxdnen, swavlisaTvis Tavi <strong>da</strong>enebebinaT, rasac, bunebrivia, didi gavlena<br />
eqneba maT momavalze.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, globalizaciis mier motanilma axalma realobam uzarmazari<br />
gavlena iqonia afrikuli kulturis Strixebze, maT tradiciebze. mox<strong>da</strong><br />
Rirebulebebis ga<strong>da</strong>faseba <strong>da</strong> rRveva. safrTxe Seeqmna afrikul TviTmyofadobas, rac,<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, miuRebelia sazogadoebisaTvis. amis gamo fri<strong>da</strong> maial-manenji miiCnevs,<br />
rom `CrdiloeTma un<strong>da</strong> Secvalos ganviTarebis koncefcia. ekonomikuri winsvla,<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri samarTlianobis gareSe, ver iqneba Cveni ganviTarebis<br />
ideali. aucilebelia, rom ganviTarebis done ganisazRvros a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovrebis<br />
74
doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris ukeTes ganaTlebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
janmrTelobaSi. es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli, Tu qalsac <strong>da</strong> kacsac<br />
Tanabari uflebebi aqvT, Teoriula<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> praqtikula<strong>da</strong>c. CrdiloeTs mniSvnelovani<br />
rolis Sesruleba ekisreba am procesSi. arasodes un<strong>da</strong> iqnes <strong>da</strong>Svebuli is, rac<br />
SezRu<strong>da</strong>vs xalxis usafrTxoebas, identurobis grZnobasa <strong>da</strong> Rirsebas. afrikam un<strong>da</strong><br />
iswavlos sakuTari xalxis gansxvavebuli azris pativiscema. amave dros, CrdiloeTma<br />
yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> miaqcios afrikeli xalxis gamonaTqvams: `Sen ar SeiZleba icode <strong>da</strong> ver<br />
gauZRvebi mezoblis saxlis saSinao saqmeebs~<br />
ZiriTadi problema, rac globalurma <strong>kultura</strong>m afrikul sazogadoebas Seuqmna,<br />
momdinareobs Semdegi<strong>da</strong>n: <strong>da</strong>viwyoT imiT, rom globaluri <strong>kultura</strong>, afrikul<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>sTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, aris meti SesaZleblobebis mqone, igi ufro Zlieria; Zala<br />
gamoixateba imaSi, rom globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s, rogorc erTi saxis niSan-Tvisebebis<br />
erTobliobas, romelic cdilobs garkveuli Rirebulebebis mTel msoflioSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, zurgs umagrebs politikurad <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad Zlieri sazogadoeba.<br />
globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> materialuri TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyofilia, rasac, Cveni<br />
azriT, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. amis naTeli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa zemoT moyvanili<br />
magaliTi; materialuri uzrunvelyofis gamo afrikaSi <strong>da</strong>irRva ojaxis Zveli<br />
tradicia, ramac, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mTeli kulturis ga<strong>da</strong>gvareba, radgan<br />
afrikuli kulturis safuZveli ojaxia; fri<strong>da</strong> maiale-manenjis statiis wakiTxvis<br />
Semdeg Cndeba ganwyoba, rom afrikeli dilemis winaSe dgas: an materialuri minimumis<br />
uzrunvelyofa, an kulturis saxis SenarCuneba. sainteresoa is faqti, rom am<br />
magaliTis mixedviT, originalur <strong>kultura</strong>ze gavlenas axdens ara globaluri<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>, aramed ekonomika, anu transnacionaluri korporaciebi; aq ar aris saubari<br />
imaze, rom kargad reklamirebuli globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> moqmedebs. amis mixedviT<br />
SeiZeleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom <strong>da</strong>svleTi<strong>da</strong>n globalizaciiis procesSi moemarTeba erTiani<br />
sistema, warmodgenili sami mimarTulebiT: ekonomika, politika <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>. samive<br />
maTgani erTmaneTzea ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli. <strong>kultura</strong> gansazRvravs politikisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis<br />
marTvis wesebs, Tavad politika <strong>da</strong> ekonomika zemoqmedebas axdens <strong>kultura</strong>ze. XIX<br />
saukunis iaponuri <strong>kultura</strong> isev iaponuria, magram politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
zemoqmedebis gamo, igi gansxvavdeba XVIII saukunis iaponuri kulturisagan. gare<br />
zewolis Sedegad man ganica<strong>da</strong> trans<strong>for</strong>amacia; demokratizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
iaponiam, fukuiamas meTodologiis mixedviT, ganica<strong>da</strong> zevi<strong>da</strong>n qveviT, anu iaponiam,<br />
pirvel rigSi, irwmuna demokratiiuli faseulobani, amis Sedegad ki moxerx<strong>da</strong><br />
institutebis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, ramac ganapiroba kulturis<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macia, ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> ara Secvla. iaponuri <strong>kultura</strong> tradiciuli<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>a, magram ar warmoadgens Caketil mTlianobas. Sintoizmi saSualebas iZleva,<br />
iyo erTdroulad Sintoisti <strong>da</strong> qristiani, an budisti, an kidev muslimi. anu iaponur<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>s aqvs unari, rom miiRos gare<strong>da</strong>n mosuli <strong>da</strong> aqcios igi iaponurad,<br />
<strong>da</strong>uqvemdebaros sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>s. yuradRebas gavamaxvileb iaponur samzareuloze:<br />
<strong>da</strong>osuri biznes-kulturis Tanmdevia `fast-fudizacia~ _ swrafi kvebis <strong>kultura</strong>,<br />
radgan `dro fuli Rirs~; aman ganapiroba msoflios `makdonaldizaciis~ perspeqtiva;<br />
magram mox<strong>da</strong> ise, rom `fast-fudizaciamac~ iaponiaSi adgilobrivi xasiaTi miiRo.<br />
swrafi kvebis bazarze dRes warmodgenilia hamburgerebi, iaponuri suSi, gyidon-i<br />
(lambaqi brinjiTa <strong>da</strong> xorciT) <strong>da</strong> Cinuri warmoSobis bulioni ramen. gare<strong>da</strong>n mosuli<br />
hamburgeris gaCenam gamoiwvia adgilobrivi, sakuTari kulturisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis win wamoweva; iaponiam moxerxa lokalizeba.<br />
sainteresoa, rom msgavsi procesebi saqarTveloSic ganviTar<strong>da</strong>; igive<br />
makdonaldizaciam saqarTveloSic garkveuli lokalizeba ganica<strong>da</strong>. es zustad is<br />
75
procesia, rasac glokalizacia <strong>da</strong>erqva: mraval adgilze erTdroulad, <strong>da</strong> amasTan<br />
erTad, gansxvavebulad. Tavad restoran `makdonaldsis~ <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba, rogorc<br />
cnobilia, swrafi kvebaa. <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi am restoranSi a<strong>da</strong>miani saSualod 7-9<br />
wuTs Cerdeba; ara<strong>da</strong>svlur qveynebSi `makdonaldsma~ sxva <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba SeiZina.<br />
saqarTvloSi igi warmoadgens ara marto swrafi kvebis obieqts, aramed igi <strong>da</strong>svenebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> garTobis adgilicaa. skolis moswavleebi, studentebi, bebia-babuebi Svili-<br />
SvilebTan erTad, Seyvarebuli wyvilebi xSirad <strong>da</strong>dian iq `drois satareblad~. amasTan<br />
erTad, `makdonaldsis~ gverdiT saqarTveloSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> uamravi e.w. `sacxobebi~ <strong>da</strong><br />
erovnuli sakvebis warmoebis wertilebi. isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom qarTul kulinariaSi<br />
`fast-fudizaciisaTvis~ <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis povna arcTu ise Zneli<br />
aRmoCna<strong>da</strong>. tradiciuli xaWapurisa <strong>da</strong> lobianis, kartofilisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis Rvezelis<br />
gverdiT gaCn<strong>da</strong> misi msgavsi axali `sasusnavebi~, magaliTad, rogoric aris brinjisa <strong>da</strong><br />
xorcis Sereuli farSiT momzadebuli Rvezeli, bostneulis Rvezeli, romelsac<br />
`bostneulis samarxvo pica <strong>da</strong>erqva~ <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali. sxvagvarad, <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
hamburgerebis Semosvlam safuZveli misca adgilobrivi kulinariis trans<strong>for</strong>macias,<br />
Tanamedroveobaze morgebas <strong>da</strong> axali qarTuli kerZebis Seqmnasac ki. amasTan erTad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvloSi `makdonladsze~ ufro swrafad kveba swored zemoT<br />
naxseneb `sacxobebSia~ SesaZlebeli.<br />
SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, globalur <strong>kultura</strong>sTan<br />
mimarTebaSi qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> axerxebs sakuTaris, originaluris win wamowevas, rac<br />
imis mimaniSnebelia, rom qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s, rogorc tradiciulsa <strong>da</strong> originalurs,<br />
aqvs saSualeba ar gaiTqvifos globalur <strong>kultura</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> moaxerxos lokalizeba;<br />
SesaZloa, kulinaria ar TamaSobs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols, magram igi kulturis erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani artefaqtia.<br />
qarTuli samzareulos magaliTze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizacia `makdonaldizaciasTan~<br />
ar igivdeba (`es erovnuli katastrofa arc saqarTvelos emuqreba,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n metad avtoritetul qarTvel eqspertebs mravalsaaTiani moxsenebis wakiTxva<br />
SeuZliaT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor yvela parametrebiT <strong>da</strong>jabna qarTulma xinkalma <strong>da</strong><br />
xaWapurma hamburgeri <strong>da</strong> Cisburgeri~), Tumca qarTulma samzareulom ganica<strong>da</strong> `fast<br />
fudizacia~, rac TavisTavad globalizaciis Sedegia <strong>da</strong> Tanac sakmaod sasargebloc.<br />
`makdonaldizacia~, `fast-fudizacia~ masobriv-samomxmareblo globaluri<br />
kulturis elementebia; rodesac vsaubrobT globaluri masobrivi kulturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivi qarTuli kulturis urTierTobaze, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri _ evropuli <strong>da</strong> amerikuli _ satelevizio, kino <strong>da</strong> Sou-biznesis sxva saxis<br />
elemetTa zemoqmedebis xarisxi. ramdenime welia saqarTveloSi, ufro zustad<br />
TbilisSi, regularulad ewyoba sxvadsxva musikaluri festivali, Camodian msoflioSi<br />
cnobili Semsruleblebi, gaixsna satelevizio arxebi, arsebobs sakabelo televiziebi,<br />
romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis arxebis Tvalyuris devnebis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
globaluri <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi kulturis urTierTobaze saubrisas <strong>da</strong>, saerTod,<br />
saqarTveloSi globalizaciis procesze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolo wlebSi qarTuli sazogadoeba, faqtobrivad, <strong>da</strong>iyo or<br />
nawilad: Tbilisi, romelTan erTa<strong>da</strong>c SeiZleba kidev ramdenime qalaqis warmodgena<br />
(baTumi, quTaisi, foTi) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni saqarTvelo. zemoT CamoTvlil qalaqebs<br />
urTierToba aqvT, ara marto qalaqis <strong>da</strong> qveynis farglebSi, aramed sazRvargareTac.<br />
arsebobs in<strong>for</strong>maciis adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> met-naklebad uwyveti saSualebebi:<br />
satelevizio arxebi, radiosadgurebi <strong>da</strong> beWdviTi gamocemebi. <strong>da</strong>narCeni saqarTvelo<br />
am yvelafers, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis moklebulia. ar arsebobs safosto<br />
momsaxureba, anu Jurnal-gazeTebi ar miewodebaT Tavis droze; ganicdian in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
76
naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis problema; aRar vsaubrob kulturul cxovrebaze.<br />
raionebi Caketil sivrceebad iqcnen, siaxle TiTqmis ar xdeba, rac xels uSlis<br />
ganviTarebas.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciaze saubari SeiZleba iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c saSualo<br />
wliuri Semosavali aRemateba 5000 aSS dolars. zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT, rom<br />
kulturis globalizacia _ es aris globaluri <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi kulturebis<br />
urTierTobis procesi. globalizaciis dros <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n moemarTeba <strong>kultura</strong>,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyofilia politikuri <strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi, ekonomikuri saSualebebiT;<br />
amitom globaluri kulturis gamowvevebze adekvaturi pasuxis gasacemad mxolod<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa am kulturis materialuri uzrunvelyofac.<br />
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tavisi qveynis magaliTze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, saubrobs safrangeTis<br />
deputati evroparlamentSi katrin lalumieri. Tavis naSromSi `brZola kulturisaTvis~<br />
is aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciis procesi iwvevs ideaTa stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas, amerikuli modelis mixedviT. mis<br />
gancxadebaSi sainteresoa erTi aRiareba: safrangeTs eSinia Tavisi enisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvis. is xazs usvams globalizaciis gavlenas safrangeTze, gansakuTrebiT<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis sferoze. magaliTad mohyavs kinoindustria. kinos, romelic<br />
pirvelad safrangeTSi gaCn<strong>da</strong>, frangebi miudgnen rogorc garTobisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis<br />
sferos, <strong>da</strong> is meorexarisxovnad miiCnies. amis paralelurad, aSS-m Seqmna holivudi <strong>da</strong><br />
momavali giganturi audiovizualuri industriis safuZveli, saTanado gavrcelebis<br />
sistemiT. lalumieri aRniSnavs, rom aSS, audiovizualuri industriiT, kinokulturiT,<br />
maskulturiT emuqreba safrangeTs. igi amas win un<strong>da</strong> aRudges Tavisi<br />
kulturis Tanamedroveobis Sesaferisi organizaciaTa (gavrcelebis <strong>da</strong> popularizaciis<br />
saSualebebiT) mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT. sabolood lalumieri erT rCeva-rekomen<strong>da</strong>cias<br />
iZleva: kargad organizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianoba un<strong>da</strong> emsaxurebodes kulturul<br />
Semoqmedebas <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> aZlevdes mas axal SesaZleblobebs ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> ayvavebisTvis.<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, safrangeTma igrZno amerikuli kulturis moZaleba, rac<br />
frangebma metad mtkivnulad aRiqves. dRes safrangeTi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania,<br />
romelic mkacr uars acxadebs globalizaciaze <strong>da</strong> mas aRiqvams, rogorc<br />
amerikanizacias. amis sapirispirod, safrangeTi miubrun<strong>da</strong> sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo misi farTo masStabiT reklamireba, raTa gvian, magram mainc SeZlos sakuTari<br />
originaluri <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli kulturis SenarCuneba. amis mixedviT, SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis gareSe lokalizacia <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
kulturis SenarCuneba gamoricxulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, survili saSualebas ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>emTxveva <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, sazogadoeba aRmoCndes igive mdgomareobaSi, rogoric<br />
f.m.manenjim afrikis magaliTze <strong>da</strong>xata.<br />
rodesac vsaubrobT kulturis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofaze <strong>da</strong> mxolod am<br />
SemTxvevaSi mis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenaze, Cndeba kiTxva: <strong>da</strong>savlur _ evropul <strong>da</strong> amerikul _<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>s, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mis ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs Znelad Tu gauweven<br />
konkurencias <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobas sxva sazogadoebebi; xom ar niSnavs es, rom<br />
ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian kulturuli<br />
gaerTgvarovnebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli imperializmis batonobisaTvis?! Cveni azriT,<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> ganwirulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba sami-oTxi Taobis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis nulovan niSnuls ver gasc<strong>da</strong>; magram sainteresoa, rom<br />
globalizacia Tavad sTavazobs sazogadoebebs `Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs~;<br />
transnacionaluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi <strong>da</strong> fondebi,<br />
romelTac garkveuli miznebiT uwevT konkretul qveyanaSi moRvaweoba, garkveul<br />
77
saSualebas iZlevian am mimarTulebiT. aviRoT faqti qarTuli sinamdvili<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
qarTuli xalxuri cekvis ansambli `erisioni~ msoflioSi popularuli swored mas<br />
Semdeg gax<strong>da</strong>, rac frangulma organizaciam <strong>da</strong>afinansa. erToblivi proeqtis mizans<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> msoflios Sou-biznesis bazarze siaxlis Setana <strong>da</strong> mogebis naxva.<br />
erToblivi proeqtiT orive mxare mogebuli <strong>da</strong>rCa biznesis TvalsazrisiT, xolo<br />
qarTuli cekva ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> warmatebis Semdeg safexurze avi<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturebis urTierTobis Sedegad kulturuli artefaqtis<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macis TvalsazrisiT meore kargi magaliTia suxiSvilebis ansamblis mier<br />
warmodgenili Sou `asa-farTi~. maT mier filarmoniaSi gamarTuli koncerti or<br />
nawilad iyofa: pirveli klasikuri qarTuli xalxuri cekvebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo<br />
meore ganyofileba absoluturad ucxoa, im gagebiT, rom nacionaluri baletis<br />
mocekvaveebi scenaze tradiciuli qarTuli tansacmliT ar gamodian; qalebs Sarvlebi<br />
acviaT <strong>da</strong> Tavze kacis, ufro zustad, yaraCoRelis qudebi axuravT, mamakacebi Sav<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebSi arian gamowyobilni, tanze `kapiSoniani~ maisurebiT; maTi moZraobebi,<br />
marTalia, qarTuli cekvi<strong>da</strong>n aris aRebuli, magram sruliad uCveuloa; qarTul<br />
tradiciul dol-garmonTan erTad, ismis eleqtronuli musikis hangebi, gamoyenebulia<br />
aratradiciuli <strong>da</strong>sartymeli instrumentebi. anu iliko suxiSvilma (umcrosma)<br />
qarTul cekvebSi Seitana sxva kulturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Cveni interesis<br />
sagans ar warmoadgens imis garkveva, Rirebulia Tu ara `asa-farTi~, rogorc<br />
qoreografiuli xelovnebis nimuSi, ubralod, igi qarTuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis<br />
urTierTobis Sedegia.<br />
gvin<strong>da</strong> kvlav `erisions~ <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT; ansamblis gastrolebis win mox<strong>da</strong> Sous<br />
reklamireba. sareklamo klipis Sinaarsis moyoliT Tavs ar SegawyenT, mxolod xazs<br />
gavusvamT imas, rom is aris franguli sareklamo klipi, romelic <strong>da</strong>mzad<strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
cekvis popularizaciis mizniT. es klipi warmoadgens frangebisaTvis mosayol qarTul<br />
miTs. arsebiTad Secvlili araferia. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom musikas <strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciul sacekvao ileTebs <strong>da</strong>matebuli aqvs Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT Seqmnili<br />
efeqtebi; anu frangebis winaSe warsdga absoluturad qarTuli `genia rokviT<br />
ganfenili~.<br />
kidev erTi magaliTi: sul axlaxans erTi saintereso <strong>da</strong> sagulisxmo faqti mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTuli teleseriali `mglebis xorumi~ iyi<strong>da</strong> aSS erT-erTma satelevizio arxma.<br />
marTalia, am filmis Sinaarsi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri amerikulia,<br />
magram igi qarTuli `boevikia~ <strong>da</strong> ara amerikuli. igi saintereso gax<strong>da</strong><br />
amerikelebisaTvis, radgan filmis istoria moTxrobilia maTTvis ucxo qveynis Sesaxeb<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTxrobelic am qveynis warmomadgenelia. amas emateba isic, rom msgavsi Janris<br />
teleserialis ga<strong>da</strong>Reba amerikaSi imaze gacilebiT Zviri <strong>da</strong>jdebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre `mglebis<br />
xorumis~ Sesyidva, Targmna <strong>da</strong> reklamis gakeTeba.<br />
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom amerikeli <strong>da</strong><br />
frangi Sou-biznesmenebis interesis sferoSi moxv<strong>da</strong> qarTuli kulturis artefaqtebi,<br />
anu masobrivi kulturis gavrceleba ar aris calmxrivi procesi; Tu saqarTvloSi<br />
Semodis evropuli <strong>da</strong> amerikuli masobrivi <strong>kultura</strong>, aseve saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
eqsportirdeba kaulturis garkveuli artefaqtebi, Tan iseT doneze, rom did<br />
ovaciasac iwvevs (igive `erisioni~ <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c is, rom qarTul xalxur simRerebs<br />
mRerian frangebi, iaponelebi, amerikelebi <strong>da</strong> sxva). anu konkretuli adgilobrivi<br />
kulturebi Tavis TavSi atareben imis saSualebas, moaxerxeben Tu ara globalur<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>sTan konfliqtis gareSe urTierToba-morigebas <strong>da</strong> sakuTari originalobis<br />
1 qarTvelebis warmatebas, albaT imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom manamde “suxiSvilebis” ansambls msoflio<br />
masStabiT hqon<strong>da</strong> aRiareba.<br />
78
araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcelebasac. magram iqi<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli maskulturis<br />
nimuSTa niaRvari masSi vrceldeba, Cveni kulturis nimuSebi ki mxolod Zalian viwro<br />
momxmarebels miewodeba.<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris urTierTobaSi did rols TamaSoben pirovnebebi, romelTa<br />
biografias SesaZloa ewodos globaluri, radgan arseboben a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic<br />
ibadebian erT sazogadoebaSi, ganaTlebas iReben sxvagan, sxva qveyanaSi qmnian ojaxs <strong>da</strong><br />
ase Semdeg. maTi cxovreba, SeiZleba iTqvas, transnacionaluria. zemoT Cven ganvixileT<br />
globaluri kulturis gavrcelebis saSualebebi. <strong>da</strong>vosuri <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
inteleqtualTa saklubo <strong>kultura</strong> xels uwyobs pirovnebis biografiis globalizebas.<br />
biznesmenebs, sagareo uwyebis TanamSromlebs, diplomatebs, saerTaSoriso safinanso<br />
Tu samoqalaqo institutebis warmomadgenlebs xSirad uwevT cxovreba sxva<strong>da</strong>saxva<br />
adgilze. amis Sedegad pirovnebebi axerxeben, Rrmad gaicnon maTTvis ucxo <strong>kultura</strong>.<br />
gacnobis Semdeg arsebobs ori SesaZlo Sedegi: pirovneba axdens <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
maxasiaTeblebis mkveTr gamijvns <strong>da</strong> meore, pirovnebisaTvis misaRebia <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
Serwyma; ufro TvalnaTeli rom gaxdes, SemogTavazebT ramdenime sxvadsxva kulturis<br />
warmomadgeneli inteleqtualis Teorias. TiToeul am a<strong>da</strong>mians SeiZleba ewodos<br />
globalizebuli biografiis mqone.<br />
sainteresoa warmoSobiT afrikeli, kerZod, senegaleli mecnieris leopold<br />
sengoris biografia <strong>da</strong> Teoria senegali safrangeTis kolonia gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. l.sengori iyo<br />
kaTolike, miiRo brwyinvele <strong>da</strong>savluri ganaTleba, ico<strong>da</strong> Teologia, muSaob<strong>da</strong><br />
safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, iyo `zRvispira qveynebis~ deputati, muSaob<strong>da</strong> vicespikerad<br />
safrangeTis nacionalur krebaSi <strong>da</strong> bolos gax<strong>da</strong> senegalis pirveli<br />
prezidenti. es imitom movyeviT, rom xazi gagvesva imisaTvis, Tu ra axlo kavSiri<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> mas <strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciasTan, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom igi <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
faseulobebiT cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. magram saintereso is aris, rom es <strong>kultura</strong> ar qceula mis<br />
Sinagan <strong>kultura</strong>d, radgan sengorisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleTi ar iqca etalonad. amas mowmobs<br />
is, rom cxovrebis ukansaknel wlebSi l.sengorma Seqmna Teoria zango-afrikuli<br />
kulturis TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb. misi ocneba iyo sinTezireba <strong>da</strong>savluri Rrma<br />
konceptualizmisa <strong>da</strong> afrikuli naTeli warmosaxvisa. igi ocnebob<strong>da</strong> momaval evroafrikaze,<br />
romelic iqnebo<strong>da</strong> winamorbedi kacobriobis erTian <strong>kultura</strong>ze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobili msoflio civilizaciisa. l.sengori <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebi, imaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />
rom afrikuli civilizaciac civilizaciaa <strong>da</strong>, amasTan erTad, originaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTmyofadi, ufro Sors wavidnen, maTi azriT, <strong>da</strong>savluri, manqanis msgavsi<br />
civilizacia aucileblad ganwirulia kraxisaTvis, Tu ar mox<strong>da</strong> misi organuli sinTezi<br />
afrikul mgrZnobiare, uSualo a<strong>da</strong>mianur sulTan. gaCn<strong>da</strong> iseTi cnebebi, rogoric aris<br />
afrikeli evropeli, <strong>da</strong> evropeli afrikeli. afrikeli absoluturad sawinaaRmdegoa<br />
evropelisa. am <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis ganviTarebam ganapiroba ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego<br />
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. afrikeli <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> evropels. evropeli _ es aris<br />
inJineri, pragmatikosi, romelic ganuwyvetel eqspluatacias uwevs bunebas, Tavis<br />
Tavs <strong>da</strong> Tavis msgavsebs; mu<strong>da</strong>m, rogorc manqana, isea, Tvlis fuls. samyaros Seicnobs<br />
<strong>for</strong>muliT, mecnierebiT, gonebiT. afrikeli ki aris poeti, lirikosi; igi bunebas<br />
aireklavs, gamoxatavs <strong>da</strong> masTan urTierTobas amyarebs cekviT, xelovnebiT, suliT,<br />
grZnobiT. afrikaSi idiliuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaa bunebasTan, koleqtivizmi,<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> urTierTTanagrZnoba, evropaSi ki _ socialuri antagonizmi,<br />
konfliqtebi, agresia, a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier a<strong>da</strong>mianis diskriminacia.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa aSS-Si moRvawe afrikeli mkvlevris ali mazruis<br />
pozicia, romelic <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur Rirebulebebze msjelobs <strong>da</strong> cdilobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>amtkicos, rom, erTis mxriv, pasuxi kiTxvaze _ arsebobis romel wess mivyavarT<br />
79
cxovrebis ufro maRal donemde, sruliad ar aris calsaxad <strong>da</strong>savleTis sasargeblo,<br />
meores mxriv ki, is Rirebulebebi, romliTac ase amayobs <strong>da</strong>savleTi, sulac ar aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri warmoSobis, an kidev aRmosavleTSi <strong>da</strong>savleTze adre <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am ori avtorisaTvis cxovrebis mxolod <strong>da</strong>savluri stili<br />
misaRebi ar aris, isini upiratesobas afrikuls aniWeben, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
cxovrebis ekonomikuri done <strong>da</strong>savleTSi gacilebiT maRalia. swored es ganasxvavebs<br />
kulturebs, msoflaRqmebs. TiToeuli maTgani sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moments ayenebs win.<br />
erT-erTi mosazreba SemogvTavaza pakistanelma mecnierma muhamed tahir-alqadrim<br />
statiaSi `kulturis globalizacia?~ al-qadri kulturuli integraciis<br />
momxrea, xolo amosavali wertili aris is, rom arsebobs zogadsakacobrio faseulobani,<br />
esenia: warmatebisa <strong>da</strong> miRwevebis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi, moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> muSaoba, materialuri<br />
kom<strong>for</strong>ti, praqtikuloba <strong>da</strong> efeqturoba, mecniereba <strong>da</strong> teqnologia, Tavisufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> individualuri arCevani, individualuri iniciativa <strong>da</strong> sxva elementebi,<br />
anu saSualeba <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris dialogis gamarTvisa, radgan al-qadris azriT,<br />
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis miRweva maT Soris dialogis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tumca<br />
amas esaWiroeba umravlesobis <strong>da</strong> umciresobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n integraciisaTvis garemos<br />
Seqmna. aq Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba umravlesobas.<br />
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis safuZvelia kulturuli Riaoba. Cven mzad un<strong>da</strong><br />
viyoT yvela <strong>kultura</strong>Si arsebuli problemebis, prioritetebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnebis<br />
mosmenisTvis, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, es <strong>kultura</strong> umravlesobis saxiTaa warmodgenili, Tu<br />
romelime eTnikuri umciresobis kuTvnileba, acxadebs al-qadri.<br />
amis Semdgom al-qadri saubrobs muslimuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebis<br />
msgavsebaze. avtonomia, ganaTleba, sicocxlisunarianoba, morali, sulieri kmayofileba,<br />
samuSao eTika, socialuri harmonia, globaluri perspeqtivebi <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri<br />
cvlilebebi _ es is ZiriTadi safuZvlebia, romlebzec, misi TqmiT, SeiZleba<br />
multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmis <strong>da</strong>myareba. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebi kidev erTi faqtoria, romelsac<br />
kulturi globalizaciis procesi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>efuZnos. islami aris fuZemdebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
saukeTeso mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiisa, acxadebs, al-qadri.<br />
misi TqmiT, Zalzed mniSvnelovania <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris arsebul msgavsebebze<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba, <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, gansxvavebebis realisturi <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
Sefaseba. ar SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis xelovnurad miReba.<br />
rogorc Cans, al-qadri ukmayofiloa islamisadmi <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebas ar aqvs islamis WeSmariti suraTi. is icnobs mxolod<br />
dRevandel Sexedulebas, romelic misive mediiTaa miwodebuli. swored esaa imis<br />
mizezi, rom nebismieri mcireodeni incindenti, romlisganac negatiuri <strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
SeiZleba iyos gamotanili, gaSuqebulia <strong>da</strong> propagandirebulia mediiT <strong>da</strong> mis irgvliv<br />
farTo debatebi imarTeba, maSin rodesac, aTasobiT pozitiuri faqtori uaryofilia<br />
<strong>da</strong> amis Sedegad SeuZlebelia xidis gadeba kulturebs Soris.<br />
am msjelobaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, al-qadri acxadebs, rom kulturuli mravalferovnebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> realuri integraciis naklebobis asaxsnelad eTnocentrizmi ar gamodgeba.<br />
eTnocentrizmi _ es aris sxva kulturis gansja sakuTari stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT. arc<br />
uni<strong>kultura</strong>lizmi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets am sakiTxs, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is yvela eTnikur <strong>kultura</strong>s erT<br />
mTlianobad aqcevs.<br />
am problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta sami mimarTulebiTaa saZiebeli.<br />
esenia:<br />
1. multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmi;<br />
2. pluralizmi;<br />
3. globalizacia.<br />
80
ogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisaTvis warmoadgens multikulturuli<br />
msoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis saSualebas, rac misTvis misaRebia mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu <strong>da</strong>savleTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mcire sazogadoebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturebis interesebic.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globalizaciis<br />
procesi <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Serevas niSnavs <strong>da</strong> es procesi maTTvis ar warmoadgens<br />
raime saSiSroebas, piriqiT _ maTTvis globalizaciis gamowvevebi misaRebia;<br />
eduard glisani _ martinikeli mwerali <strong>da</strong> filosofosi _ kulturis<br />
`kreolizaciis~ Teoriis avtoria. <strong>kultura</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> xalxTa urTierTSexvedrasa <strong>da</strong><br />
SeRwevaSi igi xe<strong>da</strong>vs kacobriobis axal <strong>for</strong>mas, <strong>da</strong>myarebuls sakuTar tradiciebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
fesvebze, oRond gamdidrebuls sxva xalxTa kulturuli tradiciebiT. misTvis<br />
amosavalia `urTierTobis~ cneba, romelic upirispirdeba kulturul dominirebas an<br />
multi<strong>kultura</strong>s (es ukanaskneli kulturul mravalferovnebas enacvleba).<br />
ramdenime wlis win gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> misi romani `sartoriusi~, romelic batatus toms<br />
exeba. es aris Tanamedrove igavi aradominirebaze. Tumca batatus xalxis arseboba<br />
drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi mkafio<strong>da</strong>a gansazRvruli (Zv.w. 500 weli, centraluri afrika),<br />
magram batatu miTiuri tomia. msoflios sWirdeba aseTi miTi, radgan batatu im xalxis<br />
gansaxierebaa, romelsac ar surs iyos nimuSi sxvebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> mimarTavs maT ara<br />
<strong>da</strong>samorCileblad, aramed TanaarsebobisaTvis.<br />
`urTierToba~, ~kreolizacia~, ~universaloba~ _ es cnebebi urTierTSemavsebelia.<br />
`universaloba~ _ esaa Tanamedrove msoflio mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT <strong>da</strong> qaosiT.<br />
qaosi ubralod uwesrigoba ki ar aris, aramed movlenaTa gansazRvrisa <strong>da</strong> msoflios<br />
gonivruli marTvis SeuZleblobaa. `urTierToba~ aRniSnavs, pirvel rigSi, movlenaTa<br />
transversalur, <strong>da</strong> ara mizez-Sedegobriv Tanafardobas.<br />
mwerali ga<strong>da</strong>WriT ilaSqrebs terminis `kreoluri <strong>kultura</strong>~ winaaRmdeg. misi<br />
azriT, situacias msoflioSi gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba termini `kreolizacia~. es<br />
aris mudmivi procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebulis<br />
warmoSobas. `kreoluri <strong>kultura</strong>~ ki is terminia, romelsac multilingvizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
multieTnikuri sawyisi dogmisa <strong>da</strong> nimuSis rangSi ayavs, amitom igi miuRebelia<br />
avtorisaTvis, romelic yovelgvari nimuSis winaaRmdegia.<br />
SekiTxvaze, xom ar niSnavs `msoflio qaosis~ pozitiuri mniSvnelobiT xmareba imis<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyebas, rom qaosi iwvevs urTierTobis gawyvetas <strong>da</strong> babilonis godolis Senebas,<br />
mwerali pasuxobs: me vgulisxmob, rom Cven ar SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong> ganWvreta. Cvenma<br />
Carevam samyaro ufro rTuli gaxa<strong>da</strong>. amieri<strong>da</strong>n Cven xeli un<strong>da</strong> aviRoT msoflios<br />
marTvis ambiciur survilze. un<strong>da</strong> SeveguoT im azrsac, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan<br />
Sexvedris Sedegad. amasTan, arc erTi <strong>da</strong> arc meore mxare ar <strong>da</strong>kargavs sakuTar bunebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ar gaiTqvifeba multikulturul magmaSi. es yvelaferi Znelad gaiazreba <strong>da</strong> kidev<br />
ufro Znelad xorcieldeba, magram swored es udebs zRvars `msoflio qaoss~.<br />
mwerlis azriT, karibis kunZulebi is regionia, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamomuSavdeba <strong>da</strong> yalibdeba<br />
urTierTobaTa Tanamedrove modelebi. aq arsebobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erTobis mZlavri potenciali. karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva. Tumca<br />
kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCeni msoflioc. mwerali Tvlis, rom kacobriobis<br />
arsebobis Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebic<br />
winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben.<br />
e.glisanis azriT, siaxle patara qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n mova, romelTac ar aqvT arc<br />
koloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebad<br />
eSiniaT statusis gaqrobis an <strong>da</strong>kargvisa. Cven un<strong>da</strong> SeveCvioT azrs msoflios aseTi<br />
81
organizaciis Sesaxeb, sa<strong>da</strong>c sruliad gansxvavebuli urTierToba iqneba centrsa <strong>da</strong><br />
periferias Soris; yvela iqneba erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros centric <strong>da</strong> periferiac.<br />
rogorc aqe<strong>da</strong>n Cans, globalizacia misaRebia imisaTvis, visac ar gaaCnia sakuTari,<br />
ukve mkacrad Camoyalibebuli, TviTmyofadi <strong>kultura</strong>. magram is, vinc amgvari<br />
kulturis warmomadgenelia, ewinaaRmdegeba am process.<br />
Cvens mier ganxiluli Teoriebis avtorebi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros<br />
warmomadgenlebi arian. yoveli maTgani aRiarebs globaluri kulturis aRmavlobas;<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, isini cdiloben, moZebnon Tanamedrove procesebTan Seguebamorigebis<br />
saSualebebi. samive maTgani kargad icnobs <strong>da</strong>svalur <strong>kultura</strong>s, amitom<br />
maTTvis advili <strong>da</strong>sanaxia sakuTar <strong>da</strong> ucxo <strong>kultura</strong>s Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, Tu<br />
msgavseba. Tumca, rig semTxvevebSi, maTi Sexedulebani ufro <strong>da</strong>savleTis `gamowvevaze~<br />
pasuxia, vidre realobis obieqturi Sefaseba.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturis roli ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
izrdeba. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom Tavad kulturis xasiaTi ganapirobebs sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas globalizaciis mimarT. kerZod, zemoT moyvanili Teoriebis<br />
mixedviT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturis warmomadgeneli inteleqtualebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar<br />
saxels arqmeven kulturis globalizaciis process: globaluri kulturis<br />
gavrceleba, makdonaldizacia, koka-kolonizacia, hamburgerizacia, fast-fudizacia,<br />
vesternizacia, amerikanizacia, kreolizacia _ yvela es aris sxvadsxvagvari axsna,<br />
gageba msoflioSi mimdinare erTi procesisa, romelsac yvelaze zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
globalizacia ewodeba globalizaciis process sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs, xolo is, Tu<br />
ras <strong>da</strong>arqmevs mas sazogadoeba, gamoxatavs konkretuli sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas procesisadmi. glisanis mier SemoTavazebuli cneba `kreolizacia~<br />
ar aRniSnavs mxolod karibis kunZulebze mimdinare process. es mxolod<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaa mis mimarT: xalxi, visac ar gaaCnia Rrma istoriuli warsuli <strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciebi, umtkivneulod miiRebs globalur <strong>kultura</strong>s <strong>da</strong> moxdeba sazogadoebis<br />
modernizeba. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili gansazRvreba Seiqmna <strong>da</strong> Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
globalizaciis gamowvevebisa <strong>da</strong> masze gacemuli pasuxebis Sedegad.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, globalizaciis gamowvevebma ganapiroba kulturebis mier<br />
sakuTari `fesvebisaken~ mibruneba, lokalizeba kulturuli niSniT. sazogadoebaTa<br />
Soris axlo <strong>da</strong> mudmivma urTierTobebma ufro naTelyo maT Soris arsebuli<br />
gansxvavebebi, ramac ganapiroba sakuTari kulturis maxasiaTebelTa sistematizacia<br />
<strong>da</strong> mkveTrad gansazRvra, ise, rogorc es afrikuli kulturis magaliTze l.sengorma<br />
gaakeTa. l.sengors axali araferi uTqvams, ubralod axleburad, sistemuri saxiT<br />
warmoadgina afrikuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong> misi gansxvaveba <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
kulturisagan.<br />
lokalizacia ganapirobebs kulturuli niSniT msoflios mravalpolusianobas.<br />
msoflio sazogadoebaSi Tanaarseboben originaluri kulturebi. sazRvrebis<br />
gafermkrTalebam, Sor manZilze mgzavrobis problemis moxsnam, mudmivi kontaqtis<br />
saSualebebma ganapiroba is, rom a<strong>da</strong>miani sakuTar kulturul centrs aRar scildeba,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad fizikuri <strong>da</strong>Sorebisa, mas sakuTar saxlTan mudmivi <strong>da</strong> uwyveti kontaqti<br />
aqvs; es ki a<strong>da</strong>mianebs kulturuli asimilaciisgan icavs. magaliTad, amerikaSi, kerZod,<br />
niu-iorkSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli Cinelebis erTi nawili ise amTavrebs cxovrebas, rom<br />
inglisuri enis swavlac ki ar sWirdeba, radgan Cinur samyaros ar scdeba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom SesaZloa mTeli amerika moiaros. globalizacia qmnis erT metad aqtualur<br />
gamowvevas, es aris multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmi; anu sazogadoeba, qveyana warmodgenili<br />
iqneba multikulturuli erTobiT. magaliTad, CineTi aris ara marto geografiul<br />
sazRvrebSi moqceuli politikur-ekonomikuri erTeuli, aramed warmosaxviTi<br />
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sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTiani <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli samyaro, romelic<br />
ganfenilia de<strong>da</strong>miwis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva teritoriaze _ CineTi CineTSi, CineTi amerikaSi,<br />
CineTi ruseTis teritoriaze. es gamowveva ufro did problemebs jerjerobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebs uqmnis.<br />
zemoT warmodgenili analizis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia garkveuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebis<br />
gakeTeba.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. misi proeqtireba<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTSi. globalizacia ar warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>savleTis,<br />
konkretulad amerikis samoqmedo gegmas. igi bunebrivad warmoSobili procesia.<br />
msoflioSi mimdinare modernizaciis procesma, romlis saTavec <strong>da</strong>savleTi iyo,<br />
ganviTarebis garkveul dones miaRwia. msoflio Zalzed mWidrod <strong>da</strong>saxlebul sofels<br />
<strong>da</strong>emsgavsa, sa<strong>da</strong>c yovel mosaxles urTierTTan aqvs kontaqti. mWidro kontaqtma<br />
gamoaaSkarava sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. <strong>da</strong>ingra miTi <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
modernizaciis, rogorc ganviTarebis erTaderTi aucilebeli pirobis Sesaxeb.<br />
globalizacia araerTgvarovnad aRiqmeba sazogadoebaTa mier. igi yvela doneze<br />
misaRebia iseTi kulturebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT warsuli, es is kulturebia,<br />
romlebic axla yalibdebian, amitom maTTvis advilia yovelive axlis miReba.<br />
globalizacia miuRebelia kulturebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT warsuli, is, rac<br />
Seqmnilia maT mier, raSic warmodgenilia maTi suli, cnobiereba, mentaliteti. radgan<br />
kulturebi, romelTac dRes globalur, viwro samyaroSi uwevT arseboba <strong>da</strong> aqvT<br />
Zalzed mWidro kontaqtebi, odesRac erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad Camoyalibdnen.<br />
maT TanamedroveobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli urTierToba <strong>da</strong>iwyes maSin, rodesac<br />
warmoadgendnen zr<strong>da</strong>srul erTobebs. anu is, rac ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> maT qcevas,<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> manamde, sanam erTmaneTs safuZvlianad gaicnobdnen. es pirveladoba<br />
sayuradReboa, radgan erT <strong>kultura</strong>s ar SeuZlia raime cvlileba Seitanos meore<br />
kulturis siRrmiseul, pirvelad SreSi. Tanamedrove etapze mWidro urTierTkavSiri<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sexeba ki ar aaxlovebs kulturebs, aramed aRrmavebs maT Soris arsebul<br />
gansxvavebebs.<br />
globalizacia mravalmxrivi procesia. Tu Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad gamowvevebi mxolod<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong>, Tanamedrove etapze mas ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebic<br />
qmnian. <strong>da</strong>, rac yvelaze mTavaria, ukve saubaria ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebis mier<br />
ganxorcielebul kontrSetevebze.<br />
saqarTvelo globalur procesebSi maSin Caeba, rodesac TiTqmis gamoxatuli iyo<br />
konturebi, Tu sad gamoCndebo<strong>da</strong> globalizaciis ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> mZlavri mowinaaRmdegeebi.<br />
Cven SevecadeT, msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturebis<br />
warmomadgenel inteleqtualTa mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriebisa <strong>da</strong> mosazrebebis<br />
saSualebebiT garkveuli warmodgena Segveqmna globalizaciisadmi saerTo <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, SesaZlebelia, gamovyoT zoga<strong>da</strong>d ramdenime<br />
mimarTuleba, romelTa CarCoebSic gavanawilebT kulturis globalizaciis mimarT<br />
sazogadoebaTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebs:<br />
1. globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa;<br />
2. adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Secvla;<br />
3. adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturis Tanaarseboba sagrZnobi <strong>da</strong> mkveTri Serevis<br />
gareSe;<br />
4. adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturebis TaviseburebaTa sinTezi.<br />
Zalzed sainteresoa, Tu romeli maTgania saqarTvelosaTvs misaRebi. didi sjabaasi<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia istoriuli wasuli, tradiciebi, saerTod<br />
TviTmyofadi <strong>kultura</strong>, ar aris saWiro. warsulis mqone kulturebisaTvis globaluri<br />
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kulturiT sakuTaris Canacvleba miuRebeli <strong>da</strong> warmoudgenelia, radgan es niSnavs<br />
sakuTaris, TviTmyofadisa <strong>da</strong> originaluris <strong>da</strong>kargvas. <strong>kultura</strong> imdenad aris<br />
sazogadoebis sisxlSi gamj<strong>da</strong>ri, rom misi revoluciuri Secvla drois mokle<br />
monakveTSi SeuZlebelia. saqarTvelosaTvis sakuTari kulturis globaluri<br />
kulturiT Canacvleba warmoudgenelia. es Cven kargad <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa Tun<strong>da</strong>c kulinariaze<br />
gakeTebulma kvlevam, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTulma xinkalma sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong>sjabna hamburgeri. es,<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar niSnavs globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas. zoga<strong>da</strong>d rom vTqvaT,<br />
globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi ki _<br />
warmoudgeneli, radgan saqarTvelo cdilobs <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaSi integracias,<br />
rac modernizacis gareSe warmoudgenelia. politikisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis sferoSi<br />
warmatebis miRweva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur yai<strong>da</strong>ze sazogadoebis mowyoba kulturis doneze<br />
urTierTobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es urTierToba ki iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebaSi<br />
garkveuli saxis cvlilebebs, sxva <strong>kultura</strong>sTan adptirebas <strong>da</strong> morigeba-Seguebas.<br />
globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas saqarTvelo verc moaxerxebs <strong>da</strong>, Cveni azriT,<br />
arc un<strong>da</strong> iyos aucilebeli <strong>da</strong> saWiro. <strong>modernizacia</strong>, f.fukuiams TqmiT, sazogadoebaSi<br />
cvlilebebs oTx doneze iwvevs _ ideologia, institutebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>. saqarTvelom globaluri kuluturis talRa un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenos modernizacisaTvis,<br />
anu Tu saqarTveoloSi ise, rogorc msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilze,<br />
globaluri kulturis gavrceleba <strong>da</strong>emTxva <strong>modernizacia</strong>s an gamoiwvia igi,<br />
globalizacia saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>debiT procesad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos. globaluri<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, vrceldeba iseTi saSualebebiT, romelTac<br />
s.hanTingtonma <strong>da</strong> p.bergerma ~<strong>da</strong>osuri <strong>kultura</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> ~inteleqtualTa~ saklubo<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> uwodes.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis<br />
sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli, romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad<br />
icvamen <strong>da</strong> erTobian, aseve, SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris<br />
gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore<br />
nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur<br />
saqmian <strong>kultura</strong>s, magram sakuTari piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul<br />
kulturul faseulobebze.<br />
globalur <strong>kultura</strong>Si arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSirad<br />
erTvis saqmian <strong>kultura</strong>s, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris <strong>da</strong>savluri inteligenciis<br />
globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwo<strong>da</strong> inteleqtualTa saklubo<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT:<br />
akademiuri struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis<br />
sakuTar bazars _ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia <strong>da</strong>savleli,<br />
kerZod, amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcvelebi, specialistebi <strong>da</strong> sxvani.<br />
`inteleqtualTa saklubo <strong>kultura</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>osuri <strong>kultura</strong>~ aris saqarTveloSi<br />
sazogadobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi garanti <strong>da</strong> safuZvelia im cvlilebebisa, romelic<br />
aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes institutebisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo saozgadoebis doneze.<br />
anu SesaZlebelia, saqarTveloSi globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis procesi<br />
erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>emTxves. amdenad globaluri kulturis suli uaryofa, Cveni azriT, romc<br />
SegveZlos, <strong>da</strong>debiTi Sedegis momtani ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />
arsebobs SiSi imisa, rom modernizaciis procesi uaryofs warsuli<strong>da</strong>n SemorCenil<br />
tradiciebs, spobs maT <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians met Tavisuflebas sTavazobs. bevrisaTvis es<br />
tradiciisgan gaTavisufleba kulturis originalobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmyofadobis <strong>da</strong>kargvas<br />
niSnavs. amitom xSirad <strong>modernizacia</strong> uaryofiTad fasdeba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba cdilobs<br />
84
mis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas, ubrundeba sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>s. TavisTavad sakuTari kulturisaken<br />
mibruneba kargicaa <strong>da</strong> aucilebelic, magram aman ar un<strong>da</strong> miiRos garemosagan<br />
izolaciis saxe. izolacia gamoiwvevs karCaketilobas, rasac SesaZloa sazogadoebis<br />
statikur mdgomareobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla moyves (magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia ori koreis <strong>da</strong><br />
uaxloes warsulSi ori germaniis Se<strong>da</strong>reba). rogorc Cans, rac ar un<strong>da</strong> didi <strong>da</strong> Zlieri<br />
iyos <strong>kultura</strong>, gamoricxulia gare samyarosTan urTierTobisa <strong>da</strong> siaxleTa miRebis<br />
gareSe misi ganviTareba. TviT iseTi didi <strong>kultura</strong>, rogoricaa CineTi, romelsac<br />
Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos civilizacia, ver uaryofs amas. igi cdilobs gare<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Sesuli siaxleebi marTvadi gaxados, miiRos is, rac surs. amitom uwodes CineTis<br />
magaliTs ~marTvadi globalzacia~.<br />
axlis miReba ar niSnavs Zvelis uaryofas <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis procesi ar aris<br />
tradiciebisgan gaTavisufleba. k.tompsoni miiCnevs, rom kulturuli memkvidreoba <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamedrove a<strong>da</strong>mianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba absoluturad <strong>da</strong>ukavSirebelia<br />
erTmaneTTan, CemTvis ufro misaRebia S.eizenStadtis mosazreba. misi TqmiT, rac ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> didi iyos kontrasti ~tradiciul~ <strong>da</strong> ~Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs Soris,<br />
warmatebuli <strong>modernizacia</strong> SesaZlebelia mxolod tradiciuli elementebis<br />
regulaciaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. amis naTeli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa iaponiis magaliTi, romelzec<br />
Cven zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari. msjelobis mizania <strong>da</strong>majerebeli gaxados <strong>da</strong>skvna, romlis<br />
mixedviTac globaluri <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavad globalizacia ar warmoadgens iseT<br />
saSiSroebas, rogora<strong>da</strong>c igi saqarTveloSi aRiqmeba, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi<br />
idealuria <strong>da</strong> yuradRebis miqcevas ar saWiroebs.<br />
globalur <strong>kultura</strong>sTan urTierToba saqarTvelos aucileblad mouwevs. am<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTobas un<strong>da</strong> moyves raime Sedegi. saqarTvelos mier globaluri<br />
kulturis sruli uaryofa iseve miuReblad <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTad mimaCnia, rogorc<br />
adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Canacvleba.<br />
adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> globaluri kulturis urTierTobas Teoeriulad, SeiZleba, is<br />
Sedegebi mohyves, romelze<strong>da</strong>c Cven zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari. esenia: konfrontacia,<br />
simbiozi, sinTezi. magram SesaZlebelia, <strong>kultura</strong>Ta urTierTqmedeba ar mivides<br />
romelime am tipis realizaciamde <strong>da</strong> Semoifarglos mxolod kulturul RirebulebaTa<br />
urTierTgacvliT, romelic intesivobiTa <strong>da</strong> xarisxiT Camouvardeba<br />
zemonaxseneb tipebs.<br />
pasuxebi <strong>da</strong>savleTs <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis eqspansiam ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis modernizeba <strong>da</strong> vesternizireba<br />
gamoiwvia. am sazogadoebebis politikuri <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri liderebis<br />
pasuxi <strong>da</strong>savleTis Semotevaze samgvari iyo: 1) orives _ modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
vestrenizaciis _ uaryofa, 2) orives miReba, 3) erTis miReba <strong>da</strong> meoris uaryofa.<br />
uaryofa. 1542 wli<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong>savleTTan pirveli kontaqtis <strong>da</strong>myarebi<strong>da</strong>n _ XIX<br />
saukunis Sua xanebamde iaponia <strong>da</strong>savleTis mkveTri uaryofis gziT midio<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>Svebuli<br />
iyo modernizaciis mxolod SezRuduli <strong>for</strong>mebi, magaliTad, sabrZolo masalebis<br />
SeZena, xolo <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis importi, maT Soris yvelaze gamorCeulad _<br />
qristianobisa, sastikad ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong>. XVII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>savlelebi saerTod gamoaZeves<br />
qveyni<strong>da</strong>n. ukompromiso <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas bolo moeRo 1854 wels, rodesac kapitanma<br />
perim ZaliT <strong>da</strong>arRvia iaponiis karCaketiloba, 1868 wels meiZis restavracias mohyva<br />
aqtiuri mcdelobebi, gaeziarebinaT <strong>da</strong>savleTis gamocdileba. ramdenime saukunis<br />
manZilze CineTic cdilob<strong>da</strong>, xeli SeeSala modernizebisa <strong>da</strong> vesternizebis seriozuli<br />
mcdelobebisaTvis. 1601 wels qveyanaSi SeuSves qristiani misionerebi, Tumca 1722<br />
wlisaTvis isini sagul<strong>da</strong>gulod gamoaZeves iqi<strong>da</strong>n. iaponiisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis<br />
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karCaketilobis politika mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo Cinelebis<br />
warmodgeniT sakuTar Tavze, rogorc msoflios centrze, agreTve yvela sxva xalxze<br />
Cinuri kulturis upiratesobis mtkice rwmeniT. CineTis izolacia, iseve, rogorc<br />
iaponiisa, <strong>da</strong>savleTis iaraRis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, romelic 1839-1842 wlebis<br />
opiumis omis dros gamoiyena inglisma. rogorc magaliTebi<strong>da</strong>n vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, XIX saukuneSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri saxelmwifoebi Sanss ar utovebdnen ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebs,<br />
ganexorcielebinaT absoluturad karCaketili politika.<br />
meoce saukuneSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma winsvlam satransporto <strong>da</strong> sakomunikacio saSualebaTa<br />
sferoSi, agreTve globalurma urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam ganze dgoma did fufunebad<br />
aqcia. modernizaciis, iseve rogorc vesternizaciis sruli uaryofa naklebad<br />
realuria im msoflioSi, romelic dRiTidRe sul ufro Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
xdeba. aseTi fufunebis ufleba mxolod patara, izolirebulma<br />
sasoflo Temma Tu SeiZleba misces Tavs, romlis miswrafebebi saarsebo minimumis iqiT<br />
ar midis. `mxolod yvelaze eqstremisti fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistebi~, _ wers <strong>da</strong>niel faipsi<br />
islamTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, `uaryofen rogorc <strong>modernizacia</strong>s, ise vesternizacias. isini<br />
mdinareSi yrian televizorebs, krZalaven majis saaTis tarebas, uars acxadeben<br />
Si<strong>da</strong>wvis Zravis moxmarebaze. magram maTi samoqmedo gegmis ararealuroba msgavs<br />
jgufebs mimzidvelobas ukargavs; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki (magaliTad, ien izala<br />
kanoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>Tis mkvlelebi, meqas meCeTze Tav<strong>da</strong>msxmelebi, <strong>da</strong>yvas zogierTi <strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
malaiziaSi) — xelisuflebasTan sisxlian SetakebebSi gancdilma marcxma mogvianebiT<br />
maTi TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba gamoiwvia.~ ukvalod gaqroba — aseTia sruli uaryofis<br />
politikis zogadi perspeqtiva meoce saukunis miwuruls. fanatizmi, toinbis sityviT<br />
rom vTqvaT, ubralod, arasicoclisunariani arCevania.<br />
qemalizmi. meore SesaZlo pasuxi <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi aris toinbiseuli herodianizmi,<br />
anu rogorc modernizaciis, ise vesternizaciis miReba. aseTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs<br />
warmodgeni<strong>da</strong>n, rom <strong>modernizacia</strong> sasurveli <strong>da</strong> aucilebelia, <strong>da</strong> rom adgilobrivi<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> SeuTavsebelia <strong>modernizacia</strong>sTan, amitom masze uari un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, an igi un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganadgurdes. sazogadoeba srulad un<strong>da</strong> vesternizdes, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes<br />
warmatebiT modernizeba. <strong>modernizacia</strong> <strong>da</strong> vesternizacia aZlierebs urTierTs <strong>da</strong><br />
isini Tanadroulad un<strong>da</strong> warimarTon. msgavsi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gamoxatulia<br />
mecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis zogierTi iaponeli <strong>da</strong> Cineli moazrovnis<br />
msjelobebSi, romelTa mixedviT, modernizaciisaTvis saWiroa, rom maTma sazogadoebebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>iviwyon TavianT istoriuli enebi <strong>da</strong> aRiaron inglisuri, rogorc<br />
saxelmwifo ena. es Sexeduleba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ufro <strong>da</strong>savlur wreebSi iyo<br />
popularuli, vidre ara<strong>da</strong>savlur elitebSi. misi mTavari principia: `Tu gin<strong>da</strong><br />
warmatebas miaRwio, Cvennairi un<strong>da</strong> gaxde; es erTaderTi gamosavalia~. argumenti ki<br />
isaa, rom `[ara<strong>da</strong>savlur] sazogadoebaTa religiuri Rirebulebebi, zneobrivi normebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi wyoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ucxoa, Tu ara mtruli,<br />
industrializmis Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebisadmi.~ aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTareba moiTxovs cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mkveTr <strong>da</strong> Zireul<br />
reorganizacias, <strong>da</strong>, xSirad, Tavad am civilizaciis xalxis mier arsebobis saazrisis<br />
xelaxla gaazrebas.~ igive azrs imeorebs faipsi islamze msjelobisas:`anomiis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
asarideblad, muslimebs mxolo erTi gza <strong>da</strong>rCeniaT, radgan <strong>modernizacia</strong> vesternizacias<br />
gulisxmobs... islami ar gvTavazobs alternatiul gzas modernizebisaTvis...<br />
sekularizmis <strong>da</strong>Tmoba warmoudgenelia, Tanamedrove mecniereba <strong>da</strong> teqnologia<br />
moiTxovs misi Tanamdevi saazrovno procesebis gaTavisebas; igive situaciaa<br />
politikur institutebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac. Sinaaarsic iseve un<strong>da</strong> iyos aTvisebuli,<br />
rogorc garegnuli <strong>for</strong>ma. <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis pirveloba imTaviTve un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
86
gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n). evropuli enebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri saganmanaTleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi savaldebuloa, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es ukanasknelni marTlac xels<br />
uwyoben Tavisufal azrovnebasa <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofil cxovrebas. muslimebi mxolod<br />
maSin miaRweven iseT mdgomareobas, roca SesaZlebeli iqneba teqnikuri siaxleebis<br />
aTviseba <strong>da</strong> Semdgom ganviTareba, Tu isini upirobod miiReben <strong>da</strong>savlur models~.<br />
samoci wliT adre, vidre es sityvebi <strong>da</strong>iwerebo<strong>da</strong>, mustafa qemal aTaTurqi msgavs<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnamde mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> otomanTa imperiis nangrevebi<strong>da</strong>n axali TurqeTi Seqmna, didi<br />
Zalisxmeva gaswia rogorc misi vesternizebis, aseve modernizebisaTvis. am kursis<br />
arCeviTa <strong>da</strong> muslimuri warsulis uaryofiT aTaTurqma TurqeTi `gaxleCil qveynad~<br />
aqcia, romlis sazogadoeba muslimuri iyo Tavisi religiiT, memkvidreobiT,<br />
CveulebebiT <strong>da</strong> institutebiT, magram hyav<strong>da</strong> mmarTveli elita, romelsac ganzraxuli<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> misi gaTanamedroveoba, <strong>da</strong>savlur yai<strong>da</strong>ze mowyoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTTan yofna. XX<br />
saukunis bolosaTvis ramdenime qveyana adgas qemalistur gzas, isini cdiloben<br />
Secvalon ara<strong>da</strong>savluri identuroba <strong>da</strong>savluriT. maTi mcdelobebi gaanalizebulia<br />
meeqvse TavSi.<br />
re<strong>for</strong>mizmi. uaryofa gulisxmobs sazogadoebis izolirebis uimedo mcdelobas<br />
Tanamedrove cvalebad samyaroSi. qemalizmi niSnavs Znel <strong>da</strong> mtkivneul gzas<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli kulturis ngrevisa <strong>da</strong> misi Canacvlebisa sxva<br />
civilizacii<strong>da</strong>n Semotanili (nasesxebi) kulturiT. mesame gza gulisxmobs<br />
modernizaciis Sexamebas adgilobrivi kulturis umTavresi faseulobebTan,<br />
CveulebebTan <strong>da</strong> institutebTan. rasakvirvelia, es mimarTuleba yvelaze ufro<br />
popularuli iyo ara<strong>da</strong>savlur elitebs Soris. CineTSi cinis dinastiis mmarTvelobis<br />
bolo xanebSi aqtualuri iyo devizi `ti-iongi~: Cinuri swavleba _ fun<strong>da</strong>menturi<br />
principebisaTvis, <strong>da</strong>savluri swavleba _ praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis.~ iaponiaSi es<br />
iyo `vakon, iosei~ (iaponuri suli, <strong>da</strong>savluri teqnika~). 1830-iani wlebis egvipteSi<br />
muhamed alim sca<strong>da</strong> `teqnikuri modernizaciis Catareba seriozuli kulturuli<br />
vesternizaciis gareSe~. Tumca es mcdeloba kraxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>; britaneTma aiZula igi,<br />
uari eTqva mTel rig re<strong>for</strong>mebze, romlebic modernizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli. amis<br />
Sedegad, rogorc ali mazrui SeniSnavs, `egviptes ar ewera iaponiis bedi teqnikuri<br />
modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis gareSe, arc aTaTurqiseuli bedi teqnikuri<br />
modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis saSualebiT~. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />
jamal al-din al-avRanma, muhamed abdulam <strong>da</strong> sxva re<strong>for</strong>matorebma kvlav scades<br />
islamisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis urTierTmorgeba, amtkicebdnen ra `islamis Tavsebadobas<br />
Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri azrovnebis saukeTeso momentebTan~,<br />
cdilobdnen muslimuri <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba moeZebnaT Tanamedrove ideebisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis<br />
(iqnebo<strong>da</strong> es samecniero, teqnikuri Tu politikuri _ konstitucionalizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
warmomadgenlobiTi mTavroba) misaRebad safuZvlis momzadebisaTvis.~ es ukve farTo<br />
re<strong>for</strong>matoruli moZraoba iyo, romelic, midio<strong>da</strong> ra qemalizmis gziT, ara marto<br />
moderniziaciisken iswarfvo<strong>da</strong>, aramed zogierTi <strong>da</strong>savluri institutis aTvisebis-<br />
Tvisac iyo mzad. aseTi saxis re<strong>for</strong>mizmi muslimuri elitebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli pasuxi iyo ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1870-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
1920-ian wlebamde, sanam igi ar waawy<strong>da</strong> gamowveveas jer qemalizmis, xolo mogvianebiT<br />
_ fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi <strong>for</strong>mis ufro <strong>da</strong>xvewili re<strong>for</strong>mizmis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
uaryofis politika, qemalizmi <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>mizmi efuZneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmodgenas<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris SesaZlebeli <strong>da</strong> ra _ sasurveli. uaryofis politikisaTvis<br />
orive _ <strong>modernizacia</strong>c <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciac _ arasasurvelia <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia orives<br />
uaryofa. qemalizmisaTvis orive _ <strong>modernizacia</strong>c <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciac _ sasurvelia,<br />
87
ukanaskneli mniSvnelovania, gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom mis gareSe pirvelis<br />
ganxorcieleba ararealuria, <strong>da</strong> orive SesaZlebelia. re<strong>for</strong>mizmisaTvis <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
sasurveli <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia yovelgvari Zireuli vesternizebis gareSe, romelic,<br />
amavdroulad, arasasurvelicaa. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, uTanxmoebaa uaryofis politikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
qemalizms Soris modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciis sasurvelobis Taobaze, aseve<br />
qemalizmsa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>mizms Soris imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad realuria <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
vesternizaciis gareSe.<br />
cxrili 3.1 swored am mimarTulebebs gamosaxavs. `uarmyofeli~ A wertilze<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeba; qemalisti diagonals mihyveba B wertilamde; re<strong>for</strong>matori horizontals<br />
gauyveba C wertilamde. ra gziT wavidnen sinamdvileSi sazogadoebebi? ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
yovel ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebas ganviTarebis sakuTari gza aqvs, romelic, SesaZloa,<br />
SesamCnevad gansxvavdebodes mocemuli sami prototipuli marSrutisagan. mazrui<br />
imasac amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom egvipte <strong>da</strong> afrika D wertilis mimarTulebiT wavi<strong>da</strong>: es iyo<br />
`kulturis vesternizaciis mtkivneuli procesi teqnikuri modernizaciis gareSe.~ Tu<br />
modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> vesternizaciis nebismier ZiriTad <strong>for</strong>mas ganvixilavT, rogorc<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebis pasuxs <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi, maSin gamogviva mrudi -<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad vesternizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong> erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia:<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoeba iTvisebs <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturis TiTqmis yvela elements,<br />
amave dros, SeimCneva modernizaciis neli procesi. Tumca, rogorc ki <strong>modernizacia</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>Cqardeba, vesternizaciis intensivoba klebulobs <strong>da</strong> iwyeba adgilobrivi kulturis<br />
aRorZineba. Semdgomi <strong>modernizacia</strong> ukve cvlis civilizaciur balanss <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong><br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebaTa Soris <strong>da</strong> aZlierebs sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>ze mijaWvulobas.<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, cvlilebaTa adreul stadiaze <strong>modernizacia</strong> vesternizaciis<br />
saSualebiT xorcieldeba. Semdgom etapebze <strong>modernizacia</strong> devesternizaciis gziT<br />
midis <strong>da</strong> ganapirobebs adgilobrivi kulturebis gamococxlebas ori saxiT:<br />
sazogadoebriv doneze, <strong>modernizacia</strong> aviTarebs ekonomikas, jars, axdens<br />
sazogadoebis politikur konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias, aniWebs am sazogadoebis wevrebs TavianTi<br />
kulturisadmi rwmenasa <strong>da</strong> TviT<strong>da</strong>jerebulobas. individualur doneze, <strong>modernizacia</strong>s<br />
Tan axlavs gaucxoebisa <strong>da</strong> anomiis grZnoba, radgan irRveva tradiciuli<br />
kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis normebi, rasac pirovneba mihyavs<br />
identurobis krizisamde, romelzec pasuxs religia iZleva.<br />
es zogadi hipoTezuri modeli iTvaliswinebs rogorc socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
Teoriebs, ise istoriul gamocdilebasac. <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT mimoixilavs ra `ucvlelobis<br />
Teorias~, rainer baumi askvnis, rom `a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier idealuri mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
idealuri pirovnuli avtonomiis mudmivi Zieba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>miT vlindeba cakleul<br />
kulturebSi. am mxriv multikulturuli <strong>da</strong> homogenuri msofliosaken swrafva ar<br />
ikveTeba. piriqiT, rogorc Cans, is sistemebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen ganviTarebis<br />
istoriul <strong>da</strong> adre-modernul safexurebze, kvlav ucvlela<strong>da</strong>a SenarCunebuli.<br />
sesxebis Teoria, SemuSavebuli frobeniusis, Spenglerisa <strong>da</strong> bouzmanis mier, xazs<br />
usvams sazRvrebs, romelTa farglebSi civilizacia-recipientebi SerCeviTad<br />
iTviseben sxva civilizaciebis elementebs, axdenen maT a<strong>da</strong>ptirebas, gar<strong>da</strong>qmnasa <strong>da</strong><br />
asimilacias <strong>da</strong> amiT uzrunvelyofen TavianTi kulturebis umTavresi Rirebulebebis<br />
_ `paideumi~ _ ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas. msoflios TiTqmis yvela ara<strong>da</strong>savluri civilizacia<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>, sul cota, erTi, zogi ki ramdenime aTasi weli. arsebobs araerTi magaliTi<br />
sxva civilizaciaTagan sesxebisa, sakuTari arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. mkvlevrebi<br />
aRniSnaven, rom CineTis mier indoeTisgan budizmis aTvisebas ar gamouwvevia CineTis<br />
`induizacia~. Cinelebma igi TavianT miznebsa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebs Seusabames, Cinuri<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> ki Cinuri <strong>da</strong>rCa. Cinelebs SeuZliaT Seadginon qronologiuri CamonaTvali<br />
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<strong>da</strong>savleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebisa, qristianul rjulze moeqciaT isini. Tu<br />
Cinelebi rodesme isesxeben raimes qristianobi<strong>da</strong>n, albaT, Secvlian mas ise, rom igi<br />
Tavsebadi gaxdes Cinuri kulturis ZiriTad elementebTan. analogiurad, muslimma<br />
arabebma aiTvises, <strong>da</strong>afases <strong>da</strong> gamoiyenes `elinuri memkvidreoba ukiduresad<br />
utilitaruli miznebisaTvis. iyvnen ra ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>interesebulni garkveuli<br />
garegnuli <strong>for</strong>mebis an teqnikuri mxareebis aTvisebiT, maT icodnen, Tu rogor<br />
ugulebeleyoT berZnuli filosofiuri azris nebismieri elementi, romelic<br />
ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> yuranis fun<strong>da</strong>menturi normebiTa <strong>da</strong> swavlebiT <strong>da</strong>dgenil<br />
`WeSmaritebas~. iaponiamac msgavsi gza gaiara. VII saukuneSi man ganaxorciela Cinuri<br />
kulturis importi <strong>da</strong> sakuTari nebiT, `yovelgvari ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
zewolis gareSe, gar<strong>da</strong>qmna igi~ ufro maRal civilizaciad. `momdevno saukuneebSi<br />
erTmaneTs enacvlebo<strong>da</strong> kontinenturi gavlenisagan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi izolaciisa (roca<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> adrindel nasesxeb elementTa ga<strong>da</strong>rCeva <strong>da</strong> sasargeblos SeTviseba) <strong>da</strong><br />
kontaqtisa Tu kulturuli sesxebis periodebi~. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi iaponurma<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>m SeinarCuna TviTmyofadi saxe.<br />
qemalistTa mozomili msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebi<br />
SeiZleba modernizdnen vesternizebis gziT, ar mtkicdeba. ukiduresi qemalistebis<br />
warmodgena, TiTqos ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebi un<strong>da</strong> vesternizrdnen, raTa<br />
SemdgomSi modernizdnen, ar gamodgeba sayovelTao `receptad~. Cndeba kiTxva:<br />
arseboben Tu ara iseTi ara<strong>da</strong>savluri sazogadoebebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c lokaluri <strong>kultura</strong> ise<br />
aferxebs modernizaciis process, rom es <strong>kultura</strong> Zireulad un<strong>da</strong> amoiZirkvos <strong>da</strong><br />
Seicvalos <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturiT? Teoriulad, es ufro SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>srulebul,<br />
vidre instrumentul kulturebSi. instrumentuli kulturebi `xasiaTdeba saboloo<br />
miznebisagan gancalkevebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Sualeduri miznebis vrceli arealis<br />
arsebobiT. es sistemebi advilad ganaxldeba, afarebs ra cvlilebas tradiciis safars.<br />
aseT sistemebs ZaluZT ganaxleba ise, rom arc gamoamJRavnon Zireuli cvlilebebi<br />
TavianT socialur institutebSi. piriqiT, siaxle Zvelis <strong>da</strong>viwyebas emsaxureba~.<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebuli sistemebi, piriqiT, `xasiaTdeba mWidro kavSiriT Sualedur <strong>da</strong> saboloo<br />
miznebs Soris... sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> a.S. warmoadgenen<br />
sagul<strong>da</strong>gulod SekavSirebul, kargad Sekrul sistemas, romelic gamsWvalulia<br />
religiiT, rogorc Semecnebis saxelmZRvanelo proncipiT. aseTi sistemebi yovelTvis<br />
mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni siaxlisadmi~. apteri iyenebs am kategoriebs afrikul<br />
tomebSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebis analizisaTvis. aizenStadtma Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi meTodis<br />
gamoyenebiT gaaanaliza aziis didi civilizaciebi <strong>da</strong> msgavs <strong>da</strong>skvnebamde mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sinagan cvlilebebs `mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs socialuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri institutebis avtonomia~. am mizeziT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro instrumentuli<br />
xasiaTis iaponuri <strong>da</strong> induri sazogadoebebi ufro advilad <strong>da</strong> adre <strong>da</strong>adgnen<br />
modernizaciis gzas, vidre konfuciuri <strong>da</strong> muslimuri sazogadoebebi. maT ufro meti<br />
unari gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa sesxebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyenebisa sakuTari<br />
kulturis ganmtkicebisaTvis. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Cinurma <strong>da</strong> muslimurma<br />
sazogadoebebma an uari Tqvan rogorc <strong>modernizacia</strong>ze, ise vesternizaciazec, an<br />
orive miiRon? arCevani arc ase SezRudulia. iaponiasTan erTad, singapuri, taivani,<br />
saudis arabeTi <strong>da</strong>, naklebad, iranic Tanamedrove (modernul) sazogadoebebad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnen yovelgvari vesternizaciis gareSe. sainteresoa, rom Sahis mcdelobebma,<br />
qemalistur kurss gahyolo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganexorcielebina orive _ <strong>modernizacia</strong>ca <strong>da</strong><br />
vesternizaciac, mZafri anti<strong>da</strong>savluri, magram ara antimodernuli reaqcia gamoiwvia.<br />
CineTic aSkara re<strong>for</strong>mistul gzas <strong>da</strong>adga.<br />
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muslimur sazogadoebebs garkveuli siZneleebi Sexv<strong>da</strong>T modernizaciis gzaze,<br />
amitom faipsi, im Tvalsazrisis <strong>da</strong>sasabuTeblad, rom vesternizacia modernizaciis<br />
aucilebeli pirobaa, miuTiTebs winaaRmdegobaze islamsa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobas Soris<br />
ekonomikur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa kapital<strong>da</strong>bandeba, memkvidreobis kanoni <strong>da</strong> qalis<br />
Sromis ufleba. magram igi mainc eTanxmeba maqsin rodinsons imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom<br />
`ar arsebobs araviTari <strong>da</strong>majerebeli argumenti imisa, rom muslimurma religiam xeli<br />
SeuSala muslimur samyaros Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gziT ganviTarebaSi~. faipsi<br />
amtkicebs, rom islami <strong>da</strong> <strong>modernizacia</strong> arc sxva sakiTxebSi ewinaRmdegebian<br />
erTmaneTs. morwmune muslimebs ZaluZT ganaviTaron mecniereba, nayofierad imuSaon<br />
qarxnebSi an gamoiyenon <strong>da</strong>xvewili iaraRi. <strong>modernizacia</strong> ar moiTxovs aranair<br />
politikur ideologias an iseT institutebs, rogoricaa arCevnebi, saxelmwifo<br />
sazRvrebi, samoqalaqo organizaciebi. arc <strong>da</strong>savluri cxovrebis sxva <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
niSnebia aucilebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. rogorc mrwamsi, islami<br />
akmayofilebs menejmentis konsultantsac <strong>da</strong> glexsac. SariaTi arafers ambobs<br />
modernizaciis Tanamdev iseT cvlilebebze rogorica ga<strong>da</strong>svla soflis meurneobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mrewvelobaze, moZraoba sofli<strong>da</strong>n qalaqisken Tu socialuri uZraobis socialuri<br />
mobilurobiT Secvla. igi ar exeba arc iseT sakiTxebs rogoricaa sayovelTao<br />
ganaTleba, komunikaciis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli saSualebebi, transportis axali saxeobebi Tu<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cva.<br />
yvelaze radikali antivesternistebi <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi kulturebis aRorZinebis<br />
momxreebic ki uyoymanod iyeneben Tanamedrove teqnikas _ eleqtronul fostas,<br />
kasetebs Tu televizias — sakuTari ideebis propagandisaTvis.<br />
erTi sityviT, <strong>modernizacia</strong> aucileblad ar niSnavs vesternizacias. ara<strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
sazogadoebebs SeuZliaT <strong>da</strong> SeZles kidec modernizeba sakuTari kulturis uaryofisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvela <strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebis, institutisa Tu Cveulebis aTvisebis gareSe. es<br />
ukanaskneli, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa: ra <strong>da</strong>brkolebebic ar un<strong>da</strong> Seuqmnan<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>savlurma kulturebma <strong>modernizacia</strong>s, isini verc ki Seedreba im sirTuleebs,<br />
romlebic vesternizaciis process eRobeba. bavSvuri gulubryviloba iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
gvefiqra, aRniSnavs brodeli, rom <strong>modernizacia</strong>, anu `erTi civilizaciis triumfi~,<br />
SeiZleba, sawin<strong>da</strong>ri gaxdes istoriuli kulturebis mravalricxovnebis mospobisa,<br />
romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xorcs isxamdnen msoflios did civilizaciebSi.<br />
amis nacvlad, <strong>modernizacia</strong> aZlierebs am kulturebs <strong>da</strong> amcirebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis Zalas.<br />
msoflio xdeba sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro modernuli <strong>da</strong> naklebad <strong>da</strong>savluri.<br />
Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis problema.<br />
qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
rodesac mcire kulturebis modernizaciis sakiTxs vexebiT, dgeba tradiciis<br />
kategoriis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, radgan, umetes SemTxvevaSi mcire kulturebis<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> ganixileba rogorc am <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tradiciis <strong>da</strong>kninebis xarjze<br />
ganxorcielebuli procesi, rac am <strong>kultura</strong>Ta TavisTavadoebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas utoldeba.<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong>m `antitradiciuli~ xasiaTi, albaT, ara<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebis<br />
modernizaciis gaanalizebis Sedegad miiRo, radgan am sazogadoebaTa <strong>modernizacia</strong>,<br />
umetesad adgilobrivi tradiciebis <strong>da</strong>Trgunvis xarjze xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebis konsteqstSi ki <strong>modernizacia</strong> swore<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
tradiciis gagrZelebasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas niSnavs.<br />
rac ar un<strong>da</strong> didi iyos kontrasti `tradiciulsa~ <strong>da</strong> `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs<br />
Soris, warmatebuli <strong>modernizacia</strong> SeiZleba moxdes tradiciuli regulaciis zogierT<br />
90
elementze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. es imas niSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebis warmatebuli<br />
funqcionireba di<strong>da</strong>d aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli Sesabamisi tradiciuli winapirobebis<br />
arsebobaze, Tanamedrove sistemaSi maT CarTvaze <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebaze.<br />
amitom aucilebelia:<br />
1. ga<strong>da</strong>ixedos tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> cvalebadobis Tanafardoba, Catardes mocemuli<br />
tradiciuli sazogadoebis im ZalTa/faqtorebis analizi, romlebic xels uwyoben<br />
cvlilebebis process <strong>da</strong> imaTic, romlebic abrkoleben mas. Sesabamisad un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaanalizdes am faqtorTa adgili regulaciis zogad struqturul <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />
sistemaSi;<br />
2. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic axasiaTebs/Tan axlavs<br />
Tavad tradiciul wesrigs <strong>da</strong> romlebic scildebian am farglebs <strong>da</strong> iwveven<br />
sazogadoebis ganaxlebas;<br />
3. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic xels uwyoben<br />
sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> romlebic am unars Zirs uTxrian;<br />
4. gamovlindes tradiciul sistemaze Tanamedrove cvlilebebis zemoqmedebis<br />
zogadi xasiaTi;<br />
5. ganisazRvros, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoebas gamoimuSaos Tavis sakuTar<br />
memkvidreobaSi unari ga<strong>da</strong>Wras es problemebi; an miaRwios amas axal pirobebTan<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptaciiT Tavisi centraluri institutebisa <strong>da</strong> faseulobiT-azrobriv sferoSi<br />
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe (an maTi trans<strong>for</strong>maciiT) (S.N. Eisenshtadt).<br />
qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
am leqciebze SevecdebiT kursis manZilze miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciisa <strong>da</strong> codnis<br />
safuZvelze movaxdinoT qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri (tradiciuli Tu<br />
inovaciuri, individualisturi Tu koleqtivisturi) raobis gansazRvra; aseve<br />
qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi Tavs movuyriT miRebul codnas <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis urTierTqmedebis/proporciis Sesaxeb; <strong>modernizacia</strong>sTan<br />
mimarTebaSi qarTuli kulturis Taviseburebebis gaanalizebas wina (VIII)<br />
TemaSi motanili xuTi punqtis safuZvelze. vecdebiT gavarkvioT qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis modernizebulobis xarisxi. amisaTvis, kursis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
mimovixilavT ukanaskneli ori saukunis saqarTvelos istorias; visaubrebT<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis fonze qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>Si momx<strong>da</strong>r (an<br />
mosalodnel) cvlilebebze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>da</strong>vsaxavTT qarTuli kulturis<br />
ganviTarebis SesaZlo variantebs.<br />
qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis<br />
kvlevis zogierTi Tanamedrove mimarTuleba<br />
eTnologTa mier mopovebuli masalebiT didi xania cnobilia, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxi<br />
biologiur aqtebsac ki (Jestebi, Tavis <strong>da</strong>Weris manera, sakvebis miReba, moZraoba,<br />
avadmyofoba, sikvdili <strong>da</strong> a.S.) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad ganaxorcielebs, <strong>da</strong> am gansxvavebaTa<br />
safuZveli <strong>kultura</strong>a.<br />
arsebobs <strong>kultura</strong>Ta nairgvari klasifikacia, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kriteriumze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />
SemoTavazebulia <strong>kultura</strong>Ta sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipologiuri modeli. Cveulebriv, kulturis<br />
raobaze msjeloben iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa gaxsniloba—<br />
karCaketiloba, originaluroba—imitaciuroba, tradiciuloba—inovaciuroba <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi kulturuli identurobis problemis kvlevaSi, humanitarebTan<br />
erTad, aqtiurad CaerTnen fiziologebi, fsiqologebi, geografebi <strong>da</strong> neirobiologebi.<br />
91
fiziologebis mier SemoTavazebulia Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri<br />
lateralizaciisa <strong>da</strong> misgan gamomdinare sivrciTi orientaciis gaTvaliswineba<br />
kulturuli identurobis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis 1 . hemisferoTa funqciuri<br />
lateralizacia niSnavs a<strong>da</strong>mianis fsiqikuri procesebis organizaciaSi tvinis<br />
naxevarsferoTa gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT monawileoba. rogorc aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, Tavis<br />
tvinis funqciur lateralizacias, sqesobriv <strong>da</strong> asakobriv TaviseburebebTan erTad,<br />
eTnikuri Taviseburebebic gaaCnia, romlebic urTierTqmedeben garemosTan,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli arian socialur-kulturul faqtorebze <strong>da</strong>, Tavis mxriv, zegavlenas<br />
axdenen sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze 2 .<br />
hemisferoTa funqciuri lateralizacia nawilobriv kulturulad determinirebulia.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba Tavis<br />
tvinis funqciur asimetriaSi, sivrceSi orientaciis procesis organizaciis<br />
TvalsazrisiT 3 .<br />
zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiTa <strong>da</strong> fiziologTa mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
meTodis gamoyenebiT qarTuli kulturis raobis kvlevis pirveli Sedegebi friad<br />
sayuradReboa, Tumca isini jerjerobiT gamoqveynebuli ar aris <strong>da</strong> amitom maTze<br />
sityvas ar gavagrZelebT.<br />
2000 wlis seqtemberSi neirobiologi, profesori volf zingeri moxsenebiT<br />
warsdga germanel istorikosTa dReze aaxenSi, romelic 43-jer Catar<strong>da</strong>. man miuTiTa<br />
aRqmisa <strong>da</strong> mogonebaTa procesebze, rogorc kvlevis erTnairad saintereso saganze<br />
neirobiologebisa <strong>da</strong> istorikosebisaTvis. pirvelni mas ikvleven rogorc tvinis<br />
funqcionirebis erT-erT sferos, magram, v.zingeris azriT, am kvlevaTa Sedegebi<br />
mniSvnelovania istorikosebisTvisac: isini warsulis rekonstruqciisaTvis iyeneben<br />
teqstur <strong>da</strong> grafikul wyaroebs, romelTa umravlesoba swored aRqmis,<br />
interpretaciisa <strong>da</strong> mogonebebis Sedegia. mecnieris azriT, wyaroTa sandoobis<br />
xarisxze msjelobisas istorikosebs marTebT tvinis funqcionirebis kvlevis SedegTa<br />
gaTvaliswineba, kerZod, maT mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis cnobiereba<br />
garesamyaro<strong>da</strong>n Semomavali signalebis farTo speqtri<strong>da</strong>n arCevs mxolod imaT,<br />
romelTac is elis, romlebic gamosadegia am rTul samyaroSi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis. swored<br />
am mciredi<strong>da</strong>n iqmneba Semdeg msoflios suraTi 4 .<br />
fsiqologebisa <strong>da</strong> geografebis mier <strong>da</strong>muSav<strong>da</strong> e.w. mentaluri rukis koncefcia,<br />
romelic geograf r.m. dounzisa <strong>da</strong> fsiqolog d.sTeas saxelebs ukavSirdeba.<br />
mentaluri ruka ganimarteba rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis subieqturi Sinagani warmodgena<br />
garemomcveli sivrcis nawilze, am nawilis a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier Seqmnili gamosaxuleba.<br />
mentaluri rukis cneba mniSvnelovania saistorio mecnierebisTvisac, radgan<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufebi Tu erTobebi aseve qmnian istoriuli <strong>da</strong> kulturuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
specifikur warmodgenebs garemomcveli samyaros sivrciT struqturaze. kulturologiisaTvis<br />
sayuradReboa ama Tu im sazogadoebis (kulturis) warmodgena<br />
sivrceze, gamoxatuli teqsturad Tu gamosaxulebaTa saxiT — magaliTad, werilobiT<br />
wyaroebSi, rukebsa <strong>da</strong> naxatebze 5 .<br />
1 mayaSvili m., sama<strong>da</strong>Svili i., azmaifaraSvili T., SaianTan Sai a.T. Tavis tvinis funqciuri lateralizaciis<br />
eTnikuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. _ Jurn.: axali paradigmebi, 1, Tb., 1998, gv.155; mayaSvili m. Tavis<br />
tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetria a<strong>da</strong>mianis sivrciT orientaciaSi. disertacia biologiur<br />
mecn. doqtoris samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998.<br />
2 mayaSvili m. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.6.<br />
3 iqve, gv.130.<br />
4 Шенк Ф.Б. Ментальные карты: Конструирование географического пространтсва в Европе. – В журн.: Политическая наука,<br />
№ 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы), М., 2001, с.6.<br />
5 iqve, gv.8.<br />
92
im determinantTagan, romlebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT axdenen <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologizebas,<br />
erT-erTi sainteresoa fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. SevexebiT zogierT maTgans,<br />
romelTa gaanalizebisa <strong>da</strong> maT konteqstSi qarTuli kulturis raobis gaazrebis<br />
sayuradRebo mcdelobani samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba.<br />
fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa erToblioba Cvens saistorio wyaroebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba sityviT `xasiaTi~. qarTvelTa xasiaTis pirvel<br />
yvelaze srul aRweras vaxuSti bagrationTan vxvdebiT. mis mier aRniSnul<br />
fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan zogierTi momdevno xanis mecnierTa ganxilvaanalizis<br />
sagnad iqca, amitom srulad movitanT vaxuStiseul <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas: `xolo<br />
kacni amis queynisani arian... mxneni muSakni, WirTa momTmenni, cxensa ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
mxedrobasa Sina kadnierni, mkvircxlni, mswraflni; salaSqroTa Sina axovanni,<br />
saWurvelT moyuareni, amayni, laRni, saxelis meZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa<br />
saxelTaTvis ara rideben queyanasa <strong>da</strong> mefesa Tvissa, stumarTa <strong>da</strong> ucxoT moyuareni;<br />
mxiarulni, ukeTu orni anu samni arian, ararai SeiWirvian; uxuni, arca Tvissa <strong>da</strong> arca<br />
sxvisas krZalaven; saunjeTa ara mmesvelni; gonierni, mswrafl-mimxdomni, mCemebelni,<br />
swavlis moyuareni. urTierTis mimyolni, sikeTis <strong>da</strong>mswavlelni <strong>da</strong> mimgebelni,<br />
sircxvilis mdevarni, keTil-borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyuareni,<br />
Tualmgebni <strong>da</strong> moTakileni~ 1 .<br />
qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvris mcdelobas vxvdebiT<br />
k.kapanelis naSromSi `qarTuli kulturis suli~, Tumca avtori operirebs ara<br />
kulturis, aramed temperamentisa <strong>da</strong> sulis cnebebiT: `Cveni temperamenti qaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
isteriulia: tragedias qarTuli suli ar icnobs; rac un<strong>da</strong> cu<strong>da</strong>d mimdinareobdes<br />
cxovreba Cvens garSemo, Cven mainc ocnebebsa <strong>da</strong> imedebSi varT~. `qarTuli suli<br />
isteriuli <strong>da</strong> paTetiuria, arasistematuri~. `qarTveli fsiqologiurad akrobati <strong>da</strong><br />
Jonglioria~ 2 .<br />
araracionalizmi, romelsac k.kapaneli qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs<br />
(erTTavad ocnebebsa <strong>da</strong> imedebSi yofna) tipuri ara<strong>da</strong>savluri niSania. rogorc Tavad<br />
k.kapaneli ambobs, `aRmosavleTi grZnobis qveyanaa: sisxlis intensiuri moZraoba<br />
gulis saSualebiT gonebas ebrZvis~ 3 . es savsebiT Seesabameba imave avtoris mier<br />
qarTuli kulturis Sefasebas sxva niSnebis mixedviTac. kerZod, sxva naSromSi<br />
k.kapaneli aRniSnavs, rom `Soreuli warsuli<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo ganicdi<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis<br />
gavlenas. qarTuli literatura <strong>da</strong> xalxuri metyveleba erTnairad atarebs <strong>da</strong>Rs<br />
muslimanur-arabuli kulturis gavlenis. `vefxistyaosani~ aTargulia muslimanurarabuli<br />
kulturis ideologiur <strong>da</strong>zgaze. droTa viTarebaSi qarTuli suli Caiketa<br />
aziuri cxovrebis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis pirobebSi. saqarTvelo istoriulma aucileblobam<br />
<strong>da</strong>ayena muslimanur qveynebTan erTad degeneraciis gzaze~ 4 . mxolod XIX saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n Semodis `qarTuli kulturis aRmosavleTur wyobaSi <strong>da</strong>savleTuri<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>~, romelic mxolod Soreuli naSTis saxiTRa SemorCeniliyo 5 .<br />
qarTvelTa kulturuli raobis sakiTxze msjelobisas k.kapaneli aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`qarTul ZarRvebSi moZraobs sisxli Cqari, ryevadi TiTqmis yvela aRmosavluri rasis<br />
<strong>da</strong> tomis: gadmodiodnen ra aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze azielebi,<br />
1 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. — qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela<br />
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1973, gv. 45.<br />
2 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv. 328-330.<br />
3 kapaneli k. qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi. _ iqve, gv. 108.<br />
4 iqve, gv.98-99.<br />
5 iqve, gv.108.<br />
93
tovebdnen rogorc TavianT zne-Cveulebebs <strong>da</strong> stils, agreTve fiziologiur<br />
elementebs, ujredebs, sisxls~ 1 .<br />
sainteresoa, ratom mxolod azielebi (Tumca, cxadia, maTi ricxvi meti iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
maTTan kontaqti _ xangrZlivi)?<br />
zogi mkvlevris azriT, mfarvelis Zieba qarTuli kulturis ara<strong>da</strong>savlurobis erTerTi<br />
mkafio niSania. `araferia ufro araevropuli, an ara<strong>da</strong>savluri, vidre kargi<br />
`patronis~ Tu `mfarvelis~ Zieba, romlis kalTasac amoefarebi, _ wers g.nodia. _<br />
`<strong>da</strong>savlurobis~ TviT ideisTvis ganmsazRvrelia a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavisufleba, misi<br />
pasuxismgebloba, misi arCevani, <strong>da</strong> Semdeg misi aqtivoba, Sroma, mimarTuli am arCevanis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad. es aqtivoba, Sroma, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs Zalisxmevas<br />
sakuTari cxovrebis mosawyobad <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavis Sesaqmnelad~ 2 .<br />
vfiqrobT, g.nodias <strong>da</strong>skvna metismetad kategoriulia. niSnavs Tu ara mfarvelis<br />
Zieba pasuxismgeblobis sxvisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>barebas? iqneb, es swored sakuTar Tavze<br />
pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa (moZebnili `mfarvelis~ gamo), is arCevania, romlis ufleba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis TavisuflebaSi Sedis <strong>da</strong> romlis ganxorcielebas swore<strong>da</strong>c zemoT naxsenebi<br />
`Sroma <strong>da</strong> aqtivoba~ sWirdeba?<br />
sad ganTavsdeba qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa mixedviT?<br />
qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvrisaTvis g.gaCeCilaZe<br />
gvTavazobs resentimentis _ mexsierebaSi motivtive `mtanjvel mogonebaTa~ _<br />
maxasiaTebels, romelsac garkveuli funqcia ekisreba kulturis sistemaSi. am<br />
sistemaSi, aRniSnavs g.gaCeCilaZe, resentimenti aris toinbiseuli `gamowvevisa <strong>da</strong><br />
pasuxis~ analogi. masze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ganasxvaveben `sircxvilisa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>naSaulis~<br />
kulturebs. pirveli tipis <strong>kultura</strong> pirovnebaze socialuri kontrolis orientirad<br />
sircxvilis kategorias iyenebs (ra azris arian Cems Sesaxeb sxvebi), meore _ sindisisa<br />
(rogor gamoviyurebi Cemi TviTSefasebis samsjavroze) 3 .<br />
am ori tipis gamijvna Znelia, radgan maT Soris sazRvrebi gamWvirvale ufroa,<br />
vidre Seuvali. <strong>da</strong> mainc, garkveuli pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnierebi iyeneben<br />
am maxasiaTebels <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologizaciasTvis: aRmosavluri kulturebi<br />
(iaponuri, Cinuri, arabuli) sircxvilis kulturebad miiCneva, <strong>da</strong>savluri (evropuli,<br />
amerikuli) _ <strong>da</strong>naSaulisa 4 .<br />
rogorc g.gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavs, bunebrivia, rom aRmosavlur-<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
gzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTveloSi, rogorc sarkeSi, ise irekleba<br />
`sircxvilisa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>naSaulis~ <strong>kultura</strong>Ta tipologia 5 . <strong>da</strong>naSaulis kulturis<br />
klasikur nimuSad miaCnia mkvlevars `galobani sinanulisani~, amave kulturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoxmobil gmirebad _ vaJas joyola, alu<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mindia. amave dros, qarTul<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Si a<strong>da</strong>miani fasdeba movaleobasTan anu rolebriv funqciasTan misi<br />
Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze, movaleobaTa arsis matarebeli ki sircxvilis <strong>kultura</strong>a. am<br />
tipis kulturis, rogorc erTi medlis, or mxared miaCnia g.gaCeCilaZes adre Sua<br />
saukuneebis `SuSanikis wameba~ <strong>da</strong> renesansuli `vefxistyaosani~, igive tipis<br />
1 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, iqve,<br />
gv.330.<br />
2 nodia g. winaTqma krebulisaTvis “Wkua vaisagan”, Tb., 1994, gv.IV.<br />
3 gaCeCilaZe g. Ressentiment-is (“mtanjvel mogonebaTa”) erTi gamoZaxilis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> gamo. _ gaz. “axali 7<br />
dRe”, Tb., 2001, 13-19 aprili, gv.14-15.<br />
4 ix. Jurn. “ogonioki<strong>da</strong>n” gadmobeWdili Jurnalist a.nikonovis interviu fsiqologiis mecn. doqt.<br />
t.stepanenkosTan: aRmosavleTi _ <strong>da</strong>savleTi: sircxvilis <strong>kultura</strong> mtyuanobis winaaRmdeg. _ gaz.<br />
“saqarTvelos respublika”, 17-18. 10. 2001.<br />
5 gaCeCilaZe g. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.<br />
94
gamovlinebas xe<strong>da</strong>vs XVII-XVIII ss. qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> askvnis, rom `am inerciis<br />
cxovelmyofeloba ar ganelebula XIX-XX saukunebSic~ 1 .<br />
amgvarad, g.gaCeCilaZis mixedviTac, qarTuli kulturis adgili kvlav aRmosavlur<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris iZebneba, Tumca Tavad mkvlevari <strong>da</strong>skvnisagan Tavs ikavebs, mxolod<br />
savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom `kulturis am meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
gareSe impresionizmis doneze rCeba qarTuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> mentalobis analizis<br />
yvelaze warmatebuli cdebi rogorc literaturis istoriaSi, ise kulturis<br />
filosofiaSi~ 2 .<br />
g.niJaraZem qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra sxva maxasiaTebliT<br />
sca<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, mimarTa germaneli fsiqiatris kreCmeris mier SemoTavazebul<br />
pirovnebaTa `fsiqiatriul~ klasifikacias, romelic Semdgom ga<strong>da</strong>tanil iqna<br />
kulturebzec. miCneul iqna, rom yoveli <strong>kultura</strong> ganamtkicebs garkveuli tipis<br />
ganwyobebsa <strong>da</strong> qcevebs <strong>da</strong> xels uSlis sxvaTa <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas. yovel <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
miRebuli normebisa <strong>da</strong> faseulobebis kompleqsi midrekilia ama Tu im `fsiqiatriuli~<br />
mimarTulebiT _ paranoiduli, katatoniuri Tu isteroiduli. magaliTad, amerikul<br />
(aSS) <strong>kultura</strong>s paranoidul tips miakuTvneben, laTinuramerikul kulturebs _<br />
katatoniurs <strong>da</strong> a.S. g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> isteroidul tips<br />
ganekuTvneba. misi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSania emociis ufro intensiuri<br />
gamoxatva, vidre gancdis siRrmes Seesabameba. qarTuli kulturis isteroiduli<br />
xasiaTis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebad mkvlevari miiCnevs Cveni kulturis `bazur~<br />
ritualebs _ panaSvidsa <strong>da</strong> sufras 3 . masve mocemuli aqvs am ukanaskneli ritualis<br />
friad saintereso analizi. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia qarTuli sufris (rogorc misi<br />
mimdinareobis, aseve menius) ritualuri xasiaTi.<br />
ritualizebisaken midrekileba aseve aRmosavlur <strong>kultura</strong>Ta maxasiaTeblad<br />
iTvleba. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom g.gaCeCilaZis azriT, qarTuli kulturis<br />
midrekileba yofiTobis ritualizebisaken mkafio gamovlinebaa movaleobasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sefasebis tradiciisa (sircxvilis <strong>kultura</strong>), xolo <strong>da</strong>krZalvis<br />
ceremoniali <strong>da</strong> Wama-smis rituali amis TvalsaCino <strong>da</strong>sturia. Tumca <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
gzajvaredinze yofnis faqti aqac mJRavndeba: `Tama<strong>da</strong> qarTul sufraze <strong>da</strong><br />
sadRegrZelos poetika Tavi<strong>da</strong>n bolomde nasazrdoebia `sircxvilisa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>naSaulis~<br />
poetiki<strong>da</strong>n gamoxmobili aqsesuarebiT~ 4 .<br />
movaleobisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis niSniT sxvagvarad afasebs qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s<br />
k.kapaneli, romlis azriT, `Cvens ers ufro afeqtebi amoZravebs, vidre movaleoba~,<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinareobs, cota ar iyos, ucnauri <strong>da</strong>skvna imis Taobaze, rom `qarTul<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>s axrCobs, originalobas umcirebs <strong>da</strong> nebisyofas usustebs `uCemoT vin<br />
imRereToba~... Cveni kulturis provincializmi <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> logikurad personalizmiT.<br />
socialuri, koleqtiuri arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTSenaxvis instinqti CvenSi ar moqmedebs;<br />
qarTveli piradi interesebis TvalsazrisiT uyurebs yovlgvar sazogado saqmes,<br />
yovelgvar istoriul moZraobas~ 5 .<br />
individualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,<br />
romlebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
tipologizebas.<br />
koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d motivirebulia im<br />
1 gaCeCilaZe g. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.<br />
2<br />
iqve.<br />
3<br />
niJaraZe g. qarTuli sufra kulturul konteqstSi. _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, Tb., 2000, 8-9, gv.12.<br />
4<br />
gaCeCilaZe g. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.<br />
5<br />
kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv.327-328.<br />
95
jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevroba<br />
tradiciulia <strong>da</strong> ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,<br />
religiuri erToba <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnobmegobarTa<br />
wre <strong>da</strong> sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)<br />
<strong>da</strong> `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.<br />
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili Tvalsazrisi<br />
qarTvelTa personalizmisa <strong>da</strong> individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mier<br />
SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~<br />
koleqtivistur <strong>kultura</strong>s~, sa<strong>da</strong>c ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,<br />
samegobro, nacnobTa wre <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSi<br />
arsebuli normebi 1 . sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilze<br />
yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ar iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydebo<strong>da</strong>. calkeuli<br />
individis azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli jgufebiT<br />
Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis ar vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> ufro did<br />
socialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze <strong>da</strong>, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtul<br />
normaze, rogoricaa kanoni 2 .<br />
vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa <strong>da</strong>, Tanac,<br />
konkretuli maxasiaTeblis <strong>da</strong>dgenis mcdeloba winga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijia Cveni<br />
kulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxolod<br />
dReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tun<strong>da</strong>c kanonTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuli<br />
Camoyalibebis asaxsnelad.<br />
cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa <strong>da</strong> sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,<br />
magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,<br />
mkafiod ganisazRvros, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)<br />
maxasiaTebliad <strong>da</strong> ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misi<br />
moqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver <strong>da</strong>vaRwevT aRrevasa <strong>da</strong> bundovanebas,<br />
romelsac arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,<br />
g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa <strong>da</strong> yofis erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>Soreba qarTuli kulturis erTerTi<br />
maxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad <strong>da</strong><br />
Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis<br />
(kanonis) <strong>da</strong> yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri <strong>da</strong>Sorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi 3 ).<br />
Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa <strong>da</strong> kulturis maxasiaTebelTa<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
Cveni Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod, albaT, isic metyvelebs, rom g.niJaraZes<br />
saSualeba aqvs imsjelos zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli maxasiaTeblis funqciobasa <strong>da</strong> rolze<br />
qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi, an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ganixilos igi istoriul<br />
WrilSi. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs am maxasiaTeblis moqmedebis a<strong>da</strong>ptaciur Rirebulebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis arqonis pirobebSi: es iyo erT-erTi faqtori, romlis meSveobiT Cven<br />
SevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba, ena, kulturuli faseulobebi 4 . es sistema morgebuli<br />
1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7.<br />
2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.<br />
3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia <strong>da</strong> zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8.<br />
4 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.<br />
96
iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSvnelovanes problemebs gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> agvareb<strong>da</strong><br />
(cu<strong>da</strong>d Tu kargad) viRac, gareSe Zala, morCilebisa <strong>da</strong> loialobis safasurad~ 1 .<br />
marTlac, Cvens istoriaSi friad xangrZlivia periodi, roca gareSe Zala ganageb<strong>da</strong><br />
qveynis beds, Tanac, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, ara erTi Zala <strong>da</strong> ara mTliani<br />
qveynisa, aramed sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Zala _ calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebisa. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi, albaT, marTebulia saubari ara `movaleobis grZnobisa~ <strong>da</strong> `koleqtiuri<br />
arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTSenaxvis instinqtis~ ararsebobaze (k.kapaneli), aramed swored<br />
mcirejgufovani koleqtivis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaze, anu movaleobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
pasuxismgeblobis sivrcis siviwroveze. aqe<strong>da</strong>nve gamomdinareobs g.niJaraZis mier<br />
aRniSnuli gawafuloba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaSi, individualur<br />
urTierTobaTa <strong>da</strong>myarebis, partnioris gulis mogebis Cvevebi <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, sajaro<br />
qcevis CvevaTa deficiti.<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptaciuri meqanizmi, cxadia, veRar imuSavebs, amitom qarTuli kulturis winaSe<br />
axal viTarebasTan Seguebis amocana dgas.<br />
axla <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT individualizmi-koleqtivizmis niSniT <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
(sazogadoebaTa) <strong>da</strong>savluroba-aRmosavlurobis gansazRvris problemas. Cveulebriv,<br />
individualizms <strong>da</strong>savlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad miiCneven.<br />
aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, pirobiTia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs Semdegi<br />
garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis koleqtivisturi orientacia<br />
<strong>da</strong>, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia,<br />
vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas<br />
<strong>da</strong> sivrciT ganfenilobas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi 2 . XVI saukunemde <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturebic<br />
mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi<br />
tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs 3 .<br />
`Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleTi iseTive `ara<strong>da</strong>savluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />
msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
procesebma, romlebic <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~ 4 . amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli<br />
sazogadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT<br />
evropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri <strong>da</strong> afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur <strong>kultura</strong>s<br />
gamoarCeven.<br />
saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individualisturi<br />
sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. Cveni <strong>kultura</strong>, koleqtivisturi<br />
aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis<br />
aseve koleqtivisturi <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong>emata, mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur <strong>kultura</strong>d<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.<br />
holandieli fsiqologis g.hofstedes mier SemoTavazebulia kidev erTi<br />
maxasiaTebeli kulturis saxis gansasazRvrad, anu, rogorc Tavad mecnieri uwodebs,<br />
`kulturuli ganzomileba~; esaa maskulinoba-feminobis maxasiaTebeli 5 . maskulinuri<br />
1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.<br />
2 surmaniZe l. individualisturi <strong>da</strong> koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi <strong>da</strong> empiriuli<br />
kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.<br />
3 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.<br />
4 muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.<br />
5 ix.: surmaniZe l. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 84-86; niJaraZe g. qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong>: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri. _<br />
Jurn.: dro mSvidobisa, Tb., 2001, 2, gv.79-82.<br />
97
(mamakacuri) kulturebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis socialuri<br />
rolebis mkveTri gamijnva; normirebulia mamakacuri <strong>da</strong> qaluri profesiebi <strong>da</strong><br />
saqmianobis sferoebi; qalis cxovreba ufro mkacra<strong>da</strong>a reglamentirebuli, vidre<br />
mamakacis, <strong>da</strong> wesis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis mas mamakacze ufro mZime sasjeli elis;<br />
sazogadoebas msWvalavs mamakacuri faseulobani, fasobs yvelaferi didi, masStaburi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zlieri; warmatebis demonstrireba karg tonad miiCneva; azrovneba racionalurobisaken<br />
iswrafvis. feminur kulturebSi pirveladia is faseulobani, romlebic,<br />
tradiciulad, qalis rols ukavSirdeba: Tavm<strong>da</strong>bloba; kom<strong>for</strong>ti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culoba;<br />
sxvebze _ gansakuTrebiT, sustebze _ zrunva; orientacia urTierTobebze <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
saqmeze; lamazad miiCneva ara `yvelaze didi~, aramed patara <strong>da</strong> koxta; mniSvnelovania<br />
romelime jgufisadmi kuTvnileba; azrovneba intuitiurisaken ixreba. g.hofstedes<br />
mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT, Tanamedrove ganviTarebul kulturebSi maskulinobis<br />
maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva iaponia, romelsac mosdevs germanulenovani<br />
kulturebi. feminurobis maCvenebliT pirveloben skandinaviis qveynebi <strong>da</strong> holandia 1 .<br />
Tumca miCneulia, rom maskulinoba-feminurobis done <strong>kultura</strong>Si met-naklebad myaria,<br />
igi mainc SeiZleba Seicvalos konkretuli socialur-politikuri garemoebebis<br />
zegavleniT. magaliTad, omebi, politikuri krizisebi <strong>da</strong> msgavsi movlenebi gmirebis<br />
moTxovnilebas badebs <strong>da</strong> maskulinobis Rirebulebas zrdis 2 , magram Zneli saTqmelia,<br />
ramdenad myaria aseTi koniunqturiT gamowveuli cvlileba <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, cvlis Tu ara<br />
igi kulturis maskulinur Tu feminur xasiaTs.<br />
maskulinuri <strong>da</strong> feminuri kulturebis gar<strong>da</strong>, arsebobs Sereuli tipis kulturebi.<br />
g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> swored am ukanasknelTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba.<br />
masSi Tanaarseboben maskulinuri <strong>da</strong> feminuri niSnebi, romelTa ucnaur kombinacias<br />
ganapirobebs Cveni kulturis erTgvari infantilizmi.<br />
fsiqologTa interesis sferos scildeba imis kvleva, ganviTarebis romeli<br />
etapi<strong>da</strong>n iCens Tavs es infantilizmi, bavSvuroba, survili _ <strong>da</strong>vrCeT bavSvad, romelsac<br />
mudmivad sWirdeba de<strong>da</strong>. saerTod, es (<strong>da</strong> sxva) kulturuli ganzomilebebi<br />
istoriul WrilSi aravis ukvlevia. aseTi samuSaos Catarebas, albaT, istorikosTa <strong>da</strong><br />
fsiqologTa erToblivi Sroma <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba, romelTagan pirvelebis mier moZiebul<br />
faqtebsa Tu movlenebs (miRebuls ara mxolod istoriul xdomilebaTa qronologiuri<br />
rigis gaxsenebiT, aramed saistorio wyaroTa analizis <strong>da</strong> sxva monacemebis Sejerebis<br />
gziTac) meoreni kulturis fsiqologiuri kvlevis meTodebis momarjvebiT<br />
gaiazreben.<br />
jerjerobiT ki, fsiqologTa mier mxolod is aRiniSneba, rom `sazogadoeba an<br />
maskulinuri un<strong>da</strong> iyos, an feminuri; infantilur sazogadoebas mxolod <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli<br />
qveynis statusiT SeuZlia arseboba~, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs <strong>da</strong>skvna, rom<br />
Cveni sazogadoeba am TvalsazrisiTac un<strong>da</strong> Camoyalibdes, anu gansazRvros sakuTari<br />
saxe. magram aq Ria rCeba sakiTxi: ramdenad cnobieria kulturuli ganzomilebebis<br />
Camoyalibebis procesi, ramdenad SesaZlebelia am procesebis mizanmimarTuli marTva?<br />
rac Seexeba individualizmi-koleqtivizmisa <strong>da</strong> maskulinoba-feminurobis<br />
maxasiaTebelTa urTierTmimarTebas, literaturaSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis<br />
sapirispirod, g.hofstede aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> maskulinobis individualizmTan, xolo femi-<br />
1 g.niJaraZe saintereso garemoebaze miuTiTebs: skandinaviis qveynebis mosaxleobis didi nawili,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, mrisxane vikingebis STamomavlebi arian (ix.: niJaraZe g. qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong>..., gv. 80).<br />
rogorc Cans, maskulinoba-feminobis xarisxi pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSi ar aris cxovrebis wesTan, an kidev<br />
simyariT ar xasiaTdeba <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT advilad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas.<br />
2 surmaniZe l. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 85.<br />
98
nurobis koleqtivizmTan gaigivebis umarTebulobas <strong>da</strong> imas, rom koleqtivisturi<br />
sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri <strong>da</strong> piriqiT 1 .<br />
civilizaciisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTeblad miCneulia<br />
lingvisturi tradicia _ gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sityva-logosisadmi 2 ,<br />
romelic jer kidev Zvel samyaroSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra<br />
gansxvaveba uZveles civilizaciaTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>Ta Soris. induri, Cinuri Tu antikuri<br />
(berZnul-laTinuri) civilizaciebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen sityvisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis niSniT.<br />
evropuli lingvisturi tradicia istoriulad saTaves iRebs berZnul-laTinurisagan.<br />
igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs or gansxvavebul Stos: <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuls,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia, pirvel rigSi, romanul-germanul samyarosTan, <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTevropuls,<br />
romelic berZnul-bizantiur samyaros ukavSirdeba. <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli<br />
lingvisturi tradicia laTinurenovani <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, erTiani iyo mTeli<br />
romanul-germanul-kelturi evropisaTvis XV-XVI saukuneebamde, ris Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iywo<br />
mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleT evropisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saintereso cvlilebebi 3 . aRmosavleTevropul<br />
tradicias ki adreuli etapi<strong>da</strong>nve axasiaTebs ganStoebis tendencia<br />
adgilobrivi enebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, qarTuli <strong>da</strong> somxuri<br />
lingvisturi tradiciebi TiTqmis warmoSobisTanave <strong>da</strong>Sordnen berZnul-bizantiur<br />
wyaros ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis saxiT, aramed enis bunebasTan <strong>da</strong> literaturulwerilobiT<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiTac.<br />
savaraudoa, rom am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli lingvisturi tradiciis Seswavla<br />
sayuradRebo Sedegebs mogvcems misi tipologiuri raobisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri<br />
kuTvnilebis gansazRvris kuTxiT.<br />
civilizaciaTa tipologiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens misi komunikaciurobis<br />
xarisxi. igi gansazRvravs civilizaciis dinamikurobas an adinamikurobas 4 . isic un<strong>da</strong><br />
iTqvas, rom es maxasiaTebeli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva drosa <strong>da</strong> regionSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad<br />
moqmedebs. erTi <strong>da</strong> igive civilizacia (<strong>da</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>) SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodSi<br />
komunikaciisTvis mzaobas (Riaobas) an <strong>da</strong>xSulobas amJRavnebdes. es rig faqtorebzea<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. aseve, civilizacia (<strong>kultura</strong>) erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave periodSi SeiZleba<br />
SerCeviTad komunikaciuri iyos, anu Ria _ romeliRac <strong>kultura</strong>sTan urTier-<br />
TobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xSuli _ sxvebisaTvis. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodebi <strong>da</strong>,<br />
mTlianad, es istoria am TvalsazrisiTac Sesaswavlia.<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi parametri, romlis mixedviTac civilizaciaTa Teoriebis<br />
umravlesobaSi civilizaciebi erTmaneTisagan imijneba, religiaa. swored am niSniTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> masze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebiT ganasxvaveben <strong>da</strong>savlur, qristianulmarTlmadideblur,<br />
muslimur, konfuciur <strong>da</strong> sxv. civilizaciebs. amave parametrs<br />
efuZneba saqarTvelos aRiareba <strong>da</strong>savluri (evropuli) an aRmosavleT qristianuli<br />
civilizaciebis nawilad, razec zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli<br />
Seasrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas <strong>da</strong>efuZna qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong>, romlis saxis<br />
CamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo<br />
saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri garemo, marTlmadidebloba<br />
erovnulobasTan gaigiv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>cva qveynis `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~ problemas<br />
1 surmaniZe l. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.86.<br />
2 ix.: Алпатов В.М. Культурные фреалф и лингвистические традициию – В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.128-133;<br />
Бокадарова Н.Ю. Европейская цивилизация: национальные культуры и языковые нормы. – iqve, gv. 133-140.<br />
3 Бокадарова Н.Ю. <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv.134.<br />
4 Сванидзе А.А. К проблеме преемственности и взаимосвязи цивилизаций.- В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.199.<br />
99
<strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. erTmorwmune mokavSiris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilze<br />
saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. politikuri<br />
orientaciis sakiTxi CvenSi kulturuli orientaciis problemad trans<strong>for</strong>mir<strong>da</strong>,<br />
islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis pirobebSi ki am arCevanma<br />
miiRo, agreTve religiur-kulturuli arCevanis saxe 1 .<br />
SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos is faqti, rom qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cveni<br />
mahmadiani mezoblebi umTavresad sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebiT<br />
ixseniebian: `musulmanni~ (`istoriani <strong>da</strong> azmani SaravandedTani~), `musurmanni~ (basili<br />
ezosmoZRvari), `mohmadianni~ (iqve), `islemTa eri~ (iqve), `islemni~ (`istoriani <strong>da</strong><br />
azmani...`), `sarkinozni~ (iqve), Tumca gvxvdeba eTnikuri saxelebic 2 .<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />
respublikis cnobili moRvawis gr.lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazrisi. `saqarTvelos<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> civilizaciuri orientacia mtkiced iyo mimarTuli evropisaken. es<br />
politika qarTveli xalxis tradiciul-istoriuli swrafvaa, _ aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> igi. _<br />
aziaSi SeWrili saqarTvelo Tavis saqristiano kulturiT mu<strong>da</strong>m ufro evropis nawils<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, vidre aziisas. saqarTvelos Segnebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aqvs, rom jerjerobiT<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi yvelaze uaresi evropa saukeTeso azias sjobia~ 3 .<br />
magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTia politikuri <strong>da</strong>, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, sarwmunoebrivi<br />
orientacia, meore ki _ ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnileba, romelic, politikur<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur interesebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, xangrZlivi<br />
drois manZilze yalibdeba <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemoebis (zogjer _<br />
SemTxveviTisac) Sedegs. ingliseli mecnieri a.smiti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri<br />
identuroba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civilizaciur, identurobebs, <strong>da</strong><br />
SeiZleba asustebdes maT 4 .<br />
s.semionovis azriT, religiuri parametris miCneva civilizaciis ZiriTad<br />
msazRvrelad, rac farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli istoriul-filosofiur literaturaSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia meTodologiur reduqcionizmTan <strong>da</strong> saTaves evropocentrizmi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iRebs: ukanaskneli saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli civilizaciis ZiriTadi<br />
maxasiaTebeli aRiarebulia yvela civilizaciis umTavres determinantad 5 . magram es<br />
maxasiaTebeli Znelad Tu gamodgeba sasazRvro civilizaciebisa Tu kulturebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis <strong>da</strong> samxreTis<br />
samyaroTa aTaswlovani urTierTqmedebis Sedegs.<br />
mkvlevari aRniSnavs CvenTvis sayuradRebo kidev erT garemoebas: konfesiurad<br />
Wrel regionebSi araiSviaTad yalibdeba kulturuli erTobebi, romlebic mravali<br />
saukunis manZilze arsebobs. kulturuli memkvidreobiToba aq mJRavndeba ara<br />
religiur sferoSi, aramed kulturis esTetikur <strong>da</strong> eTikur aspeqtebSi, miTologiaSi,<br />
fsiqologiasa <strong>da</strong> xasiaTSi 6 .<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis mTavar determinantad religiis aRiarebis kritikiT<br />
XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, gamovi<strong>da</strong> amerikeli kulturologi<br />
f.begbi, romelic xazgasmiT miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom religia zecivilizaciuri fenomeni ki<br />
ara, misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad. amitom savsebiT<br />
1 kacitaZe k. orientirebi, gv.4.<br />
2 dondua v. “vefxistyaosani” <strong>da</strong> qarTveli istorikosebi. _ wignSi: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi<br />
(rusTavelis 800 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tb., 1968, gv.239.<br />
3 lorTqifaniZe gr. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,<br />
Tsu gamomc., 1995, gv.156-157.<br />
4 Смит А. Национальная идентичность и идея европейского единства. – В сб.: Актуальные проблемы Европы: экономика,<br />
политика, идеология, М.: ИНИОН, 1993, вып.1, с.120.<br />
5 Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования..., с.35.<br />
6 iqve.<br />
100
unebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros (ara civilizaciis) ori nawili arsebiTad<br />
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTqristianuli civilizacia met msgavsebas<br />
amJRavnebs aRmosavlur (muslimur) civilizaciasTan, vidre <strong>da</strong>savlurqristianulTan<br />
(evropulTan) 1 .<br />
amdenad, religiuri parametri ver CaiTvleba umTavres ganmsazRvrelad<br />
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis gzaze. amis naTelsayofi magaliTebi sxva<br />
adgilas ukve movitaneT (ix. TaviIV, $ 1) <strong>da</strong> axla sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.<br />
rac Seexeba <strong>da</strong>savluri (evropuli) civilizaciisadmi Cvens kuTvnilebas, un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRiniSnos, rom TviT evropaSi Tanaarsebobs identurobis ramdenime Sre _ evropuli,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli, aRmosavleTevropuli; erovnuli; religiuri. germaneli<br />
politologis v.vaidenfeldis sityviT, evropis istoria _ esaa diferenciaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
unifikaciis istoria 2 . arsebuli mravalferovnebis gacnobiereba evropuli kulturis<br />
erT-erTi safuZvelia. evropisadmi kuTvnilebis Segneba emyareba evropeli xalxebis<br />
erToblivi kulturuli ganviTarebis gamocdilebas, interess saerToevropuli<br />
istoriisadmi, saerTo tradiciebisa (politikuri <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi) <strong>da</strong> saerTo<br />
memkvidreobis (religiuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli) arsebobas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rogorc<br />
mecnierebi aRniSnaven, evropuli integracia aseT warmatebas ver miaRwev<strong>da</strong>, rom ara<br />
evropel inteleqtualTa Taobebis Zalisxmeva, romelTac SeZles saerTo warsulis,<br />
awmyosa <strong>da</strong> momavlis Rrma Teoriuli gaazreba <strong>da</strong>, misi demonstrirebiT, evropel<br />
xalxTa orientireba erTiani evropisadmi kuTvnilebaze 3 . swored inteleqtualTa<br />
ZalisxmeviT `Seikera~ evropel xalxTa kulturebis `nakuwebisagan~ <strong>kultura</strong>Ta<br />
evropuli ojaxis `erTiani sabani~.<br />
ramdenad monawileobdnen qarTvelebi am muSaobaSi? sakmarisi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Tu ara<br />
qarTvel inteleqtualTa erTi nawilis ramdenimesaukunovani mcdeloba imisaTvis, rom<br />
qarTveli iseve myarad axerxebdes evropasTan TviTidentificirebas, rogorc,<br />
magaliTad, skandinavieli an italieli? vfiqrobT, gagviWirdeba am kiTxvebze <strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />
pasuxebis gasacemad saWiro argumentebis moZieba.<br />
saqarTvelos civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis problemisaTvis erT-erT sayuradRebo<br />
sakiTxs warmoadgens socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri urTierTobebis dinamikis Seswavla <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong>savlur, bizantiur <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur<br />
sistemebTan mimarTebaSi. am mxriv dRevandel mkvlevar-istorikoss soliduri<br />
memkvidreoba xvdeba winamorbedTa Sromebis saxiT, romlebSic, mdi<strong>da</strong>ri faqtobrivi<br />
masalis analizis safuZvelze, friad sayuradRebo <strong>da</strong>skvnebia Camoyalibebuli.<br />
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iv.javaxiSvilis, s.janaSias, n.berZeniSvilis gamokvlevebi,<br />
romelTac safuZveli Cauyares Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis socialurekonomikuri<br />
istoriis Seswavlas, rac Semdgom maTma mowafeebma ganagrZes. mkvlevarTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvniT, feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis aRmocenebi<strong>da</strong>n XIII saukunemde saqarTveloSi arsebuli<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri institutebi (miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ sruliad<br />
ucnobi aRmosavluri samyarosaTvis, SeuvalobiT <strong>da</strong>culi didi feo<strong>da</strong>luri<br />
samflobeloebis arseboba, socialuri struqtura <strong>da</strong> sxv.), mTlianad feo<strong>da</strong>luri<br />
sistema did tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavnebs evropulTan, kerZod, frangulTan<br />
(`paraleluri ganviTareba~). SemdgomSi es msgavseba Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan gaqra, Tumca ar<br />
Camoyalibebula tipologiuri msgavseba aRmosavluri (islamuri) samyaros socialur-<br />
1 Bagby Ph. Culture and History, p.176.<br />
2 cit. naSromi<strong>da</strong>n: Зотова О.М. Идея европейского единства и национальная идентичность. – Вестник Московского ун-<br />
та, сер.18. Социология и политология. М., 1999, № 3, с.154.<br />
3 Зотова О.М. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 162.<br />
101
ekonomikur sistemebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba <strong>da</strong>savleTisadmi saqarTvelos<br />
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Teziss umagrebs safuZvels.<br />
qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis evropulTan msgavsebis gaqroba, rasac safuZveli XIII<br />
saukuneSi Caeyara, fasdeba rogorc `qarTuli istoriis drama <strong>da</strong> specifika~ 1 .<br />
batonymobis qcevam qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis umTavres safuZvlad,<br />
socialuri infrastruqturis umniSvnelovanesi elementis _ vaWar-xelosnuri<br />
qalaqisa <strong>da</strong> mesame wodebis _ ganadgurebam <strong>da</strong> politikuri sistemi<strong>da</strong>n misma<br />
gauCinarebam ganapiroba <strong>da</strong>savleTTan msgavsebis moSla <strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri politikuri<br />
RirebulebiTi orientaciis mimarTulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>xra 2 .<br />
a.joxaZem yuradReba miaqcia friad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: Cveni politikuri<br />
elitis suliskveTeba Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan aRmosavluri gax<strong>da</strong>, magram goneba Tavs mainc<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis (qristianuli samyaros) nawilad moiazreb<strong>da</strong>. gvian SuasaukuneebSi<br />
`aRmosavluri suliskveTebis qarTvel Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurobas qveSecneulad aRmosavleTTan<br />
integracia sur<strong>da</strong>, integraciis es procesi karga Sorsac iyo wasuli, magram<br />
religiuri sxvaoba aRmosavleTTan kanonieri qorwinebis sanqcias ar iZleo<strong>da</strong>~ 3 .<br />
swored es <strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad ruseTisaken swrafvas, rac gaazrebuli iyo rogorc<br />
evropasTan <strong>da</strong>axloeba. `rusi Cinovnikis <strong>da</strong> jariskacis mundirma qarTul zepur<br />
sazogadoebas qristianuli <strong>da</strong>savleTis nairsaxeobis iluzia Seuqmna. gajiutebulma<br />
cnobierebam ver SeniSna, rom rusuli saxelmwifo monRolur administraciul<br />
sistemaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili despotia iyo, romelsac bizantiuri ornamentebi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri aqsesuarebi amkob<strong>da</strong>~ 4 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT igives wer<strong>da</strong> Tavis droze gr.lorTqifaniZe: `aziuri saqarTvelos<br />
evropuli suli mu<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong>savleTisken iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>. am swrafvaSi XVIII saukunis bolos<br />
erekles saqarTvelom TiTqos evropis surogati ruseTSi pova~ 5 .<br />
SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi friad sainteresoa, magram gveCveneba, rom igi<br />
Tavisaufali ar aris calmxrivobisa <strong>da</strong> sakiTxis gamartivebisagan. mxolod religiuri<br />
sxvaoba aSoreb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan? arsebob<strong>da</strong> raime safuZveli, rac<br />
aRmosavleTTan `kanonier qorwinebas~ SesaZlebels gaxdi<strong>da</strong>?<br />
an kidev, sainteresoa, mainc ram ganapiroba `cnobierebis gajiuteba~? iqneb,<br />
bizantiasTan xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> mWidro kontaqtis gamocdilebam, romelic didi xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleTad moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> (muslimur aRmosavleTTan<br />
mimarTebaSi) <strong>da</strong> romlis memkvidred SemdgomSi Tavi ruseTma gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>? Tavad<br />
bizantia ki mxolod elinizmisa <strong>da</strong> laTinizmis memkvidre ar iyo. misTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo naxevra<strong>da</strong>Rmosavluri _ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, sasanuri sparseTisagan<br />
nasesxebi _ politikuri institutebi, monarqis xelisuflebis centralizaciis,<br />
zekanonierebisa <strong>da</strong> sakralizaciis CaTvliT. yovelive aman didi gavlena iqonia<br />
bizantiasTan kontaqtSi myofi yvela xalxis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris, cxadia, Cveni<br />
politikuri sistemis <strong>for</strong>mirebazec. swored bizantias umadlian es xalxebi<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis <strong>for</strong>maso, aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> r.lan<strong>da</strong> 6 .<br />
Tavis droze niko nikolaZe miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> Cveni saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis bizantiur<br />
xasiaTze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aziuri despotiebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli mravali<br />
1 joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01.<br />
2<br />
iqve.<br />
3<br />
joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01.<br />
4<br />
iqve.<br />
5<br />
lorTqifaniZe gr. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,<br />
1995, gv.156.<br />
6 Ланда Р. Межцивилизационные связи и историческое взаимодействие народов Черноморья. – В журн.: Центральная Азия<br />
и Кавказ, М., 2000, № 1 (7), с.205-206.<br />
102
niSniT iyo aRbeWdili: `Cveni qveyana ... bizantiis wes-wyobilebiT imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. Cven<br />
yvelani erTob axlo videqiT aziasTan, erTob vemonebodiT mis magaliTs, mis xasiaTs.<br />
es xasiaTi erTianad, upiratesad, despotis pirad SexedulebebSi, pirad survilSi,<br />
nebaSi, TviT-mnebelobaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>. despots bizantiaSi imperatori erqva, CvenSi<br />
_ mefe, sxvagan _ mTavari, magram saqmiT, SinaarsiT yovelgan erTi <strong>da</strong> igive Tviseba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>: is iyo marto, <strong>da</strong> meti ara iyo-ra~ 1 .<br />
rac Seexeba bizantiis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT neli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong>, Semdgom,<br />
misi <strong>da</strong>cemis mizezebs, aseTebad xSirad saxeldeba bizantiuri saxelisuflebo <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlebrivi institutebis specifika, ganviTarebuli biurokratiuli aparati,<br />
saxelmwifo marTvis ukiduresi centralizacia, <strong>da</strong>savluri (`klasikurad~ miCneuli)<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri institutebis neli ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> sxv. 2 magram bizantinologTa nawili<br />
amgvar axsnas arasworad miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> umTavres mniSvnelobas sagareo faqtors aniWebs.<br />
m.i.siuziumovi, g.g.litavrini <strong>da</strong> sxvebi aRniSnavdnen, rom bizantiis imperia<br />
permanentul omSi iyo Cabmuli, romelic yovelwliurad nTqav<strong>da</strong> uzarmazar a<strong>da</strong>mianur<br />
<strong>da</strong> materialur resursebs. aseT pirobebSi imperiis xelisufalni iZulebulni iyvnen,<br />
nebismieri saSualebiT SeenarCunebinaT stabiluroba, moexdinaT arsebuli wyobilebis<br />
konservireba. did socialur re<strong>for</strong>mebs SeeZlo <strong>da</strong>erRvia socialuri wonasworoba.<br />
sagareo faqtori hipertrofirebul rols iZen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saSinao faqtorad iqceo<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />
Tavis mxriv, bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba<br />
CvenSi xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> ufro mWidro integracias bizantiur civilizaciasTan,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c bizantiuri (aRmosavlurqristianuli) civilizaciis miRwevaTa aTvisebis<br />
procesi ufro swrafi <strong>da</strong> efeqturi iyo im qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebob<strong>da</strong> an yalibdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mmarTvelobis centralizebuli <strong>for</strong>ma 4 .<br />
roca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis <strong>da</strong>cemis mizezTa Ziebisas CvenSi bizantiuri<br />
modelis arsebobasa <strong>da</strong> mis uaryofiT rolze vmsjelobT, iqneb, marTebuli iyos meti<br />
yuradRebis miqceva igive sagareo faqtoris mniSvnelobaze. iqneb, civilizaciaTa<br />
mijnaze yofnam CvenTanac ganapiroba am faqtoris hipertrofirebuli roli <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
saSinao faqtorad trans<strong>for</strong>macia, rogorc es bizantis SemTxvevaSi mox<strong>da</strong>?<br />
sxva saqmea, rom bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg CvenSi bizantiuri yaidis<br />
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebi SenarCun<strong>da</strong>, romlebSic sul ufro<br />
Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri elementebi. mogvianebiT ki maT kargad moergo `bizantiuri<br />
ornamentebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri aqsesuarebiT <strong>da</strong>mSvenebuli~ rusuli mmarTvelobis wesi.<br />
ase yalibdeba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo aparatis funqciobis zemoT naxsenebi<br />
aziuri stili, romelic Cveni ara<strong>da</strong>savlurobis erT-erT yvelaze mkafio<br />
gamoxatulebad saxeldeba 5 .<br />
dRes saqarTvelo aRiqmeba gaurkvevli mikuTvnebulobis saxelmwifod, romelic<br />
imyofeba TviTgamorkvevis procesSi <strong>da</strong> ganicdis zemoqmedebas: 1) <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
civilizaciis mxri<strong>da</strong>n; 2) <strong>da</strong>savlursa <strong>da</strong> slavur-marTlmadideblur civilizaciebs<br />
Soris gaxleCili ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n; 3) <strong>da</strong>savlursa <strong>da</strong> islamur civilizaciebs Soris<br />
gaxleCili TurqeTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. Cveni sazogadoebis erTi nawili iRebs ama Tu im<br />
civilizaciis gavlenas, anu <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni <strong>da</strong> gamtaria misTvis, xolo meore nawili,<br />
1<br />
nikolaZe n. bulgaria. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t.14, Tb., 1997, gv. 222-223.<br />
2<br />
ix.: Сюзюмов М.Я. Некоторые проблемы исторического развития Византии и Запада. – В сб.: Византийский временник,<br />
т.35, М., 1973, с.4.<br />
3<br />
Сюзюмов М.Я. Историческая роль Византии и ее место во всемирной истории. – В сб.: Византийский временник, № 29,<br />
М., 1968, с.44; Литаврин Г.Г. Геополитическое положение Византии в средневековом мире в VII-XII вв. – В кн.:<br />
Византия между Западом и Востоком. Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с. 16.<br />
4<br />
Оболенский Д. Византийское содружество наций. М., 1998, с.299.<br />
5<br />
niJaraZe g. Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba politikuri qcevis aspeqtSi. _ gaz.: “ganaxlebuli<br />
iveria”, Tb., 2000, 1-2, gv.11.<br />
103
piriqiT, ewinaaRmdegeba mas <strong>da</strong> Tavis mxriv eqceva sxva civilizaciis Tu kulturis<br />
gavlenis qveS 1 .<br />
Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba cifrebsa <strong>da</strong> sttistikur monacemebSi<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciis procesi qmnis iseT gamowvevebs, romelic<br />
ukavSirdeba ojaxuri tradiciebis cvlilebas, Sobadobis Semcirebas; es problemebi,<br />
rogorc Cans, modernizaciis procesis Tanmdevia.<br />
f.fukuiamas TqmiT, modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia `didi SeSfoTeba~, rac 60ian<br />
wlebSi ganviTarebul industriul qveyanaTa safuZvels, sayrdens Seexo.<br />
socialuri SeSfoTeba gamowveuli iyo ori saxis teqnologiuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmniT. erTi<br />
mxriv, mox<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>svla industriuli sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n in<strong>for</strong>matikis samyaroSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
fizikuri Sroma Secvala gonebrivma. meore mxriv, gamoCn<strong>da</strong> biomedicinis artefaqtebi<br />
(laT. artefaqtum _ xelovnurad Seqmnili), magaliTad, preparatebi, romelTa<br />
saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia sqesobrivi kavSiris gareSe cocxali organizmebis Seqmna.<br />
am garemoebam Secvala <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mamakacsa <strong>da</strong> qals Soris <strong>da</strong> qalis socaluri<br />
aqtivoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi gazar<strong>da</strong>. man didi zegavlena moaxdina ojaxur<br />
Rirebulebebze, aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze. am procesis Sedegebs, f.fukuiamas azriT, `Cven mxolod<br />
axla vxvdebiT <strong>da</strong> vatyobT. SesaZloa, SeSfoTebis talRam sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros ga<strong>da</strong>uara, magram Sedegebi yvelgan saerToa~ 2 .<br />
aRniSnulma talRam didi gavlena moaxdina, agreTve Sobadobaze. ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebSi Sobadobam iklo. safrangeTSi <strong>da</strong>registrirebulia yvelaze TvalSisacemi<br />
cifrebi Sobadobis SemcirebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba weliwadSi 1% Seadgens, rac erTi Taobis<br />
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi 30%-mde adis. es ki sakmaod didi cifria. rac Seexeba saSualo<br />
asaks, igi ganagrZobs zr<strong>da</strong>s. XXI saukunis Sua wlebSi evropis macxovrebelTa saSualo<br />
asaki miaRwevs 60 wels. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c biologiurad aqtiur<br />
macxovrebelTa umravlesoba warmodgenilia an Zalze axalgazrdebiT, an Zalze<br />
xanSiSesulebiT. iaponia <strong>da</strong> evropa aRmoCndebian iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />
garemocvaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saSualo asaki gansazRvrulia istoriuli normis mixedviT <strong>da</strong><br />
biologiurad aqtiuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilis asaki 20 weli iqneba, Tavad ki am<br />
zRvars di<strong>da</strong>d gascdebian. aseTma demografiulma cvlilebam politikuri Sedegebic<br />
gamoiRo <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebul qveynebS imigrantTa roli gaizar<strong>da</strong>. imigrantebi ki<br />
warmodgenili arian yvelaze Raribi <strong>da</strong> kulturulad gansxvavebuli qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
f.fukuiama saubrobs safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> aSS Soris arsebul politikur<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebaze <strong>da</strong> miiCnevs, rom diplomatiuri krizisis safuZveli safrangeTis<br />
globalizaciis gamowvevebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSia saZiebeli. f.fukuiama askvnis,<br />
rom globalizacia, romelic frangebma Seafases rogorc maTi kulturuli<br />
Rirebulebebis arealSi amerikis Carevis, SeRwevis mcdeloba, faqtobrivad, aris<br />
modernizaciis universaluri procesis niSani. SesaZloa, amerikelebi am procesSi, sxva<br />
qveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, adre Caebnen, magram sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenebic male aRmoCndebian igive<br />
procesis zemoqmedebis qveS 3 . ganviTarebis am xaziT, postindustriuli qveynebis<br />
ganviTarebis saerTotraeqtoria mimarTulia multikulturuli sazogadoebebis<br />
Semnisaken. es ki ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvis, romlebsac sakuTari<br />
istoriuli Rirebulebebi aqvT, sakmaod Zneli misaRebia. aSS kulturuli<br />
gansxvavebuloba, romelic evropelTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n mudmivi kritikis sagania, Zalian male<br />
1<br />
aSkareli n. saqarTvelo cvalebad samyaroSi. _ gaz. “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 7-9 noemberi, 9-12 noemberi.<br />
2<br />
Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.<br />
3<br />
Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.<br />
104
iCens Tavs postindustriuli ganviTarebis qveynebSi. 50 wlis win TeTri saxlis<br />
maspinZlebi Riad saubrobdnen amerikaze, rogorc `qristianul qveyanaze~; dRes Tavad<br />
buSic ki, moerideba Riad aseT fomulirebas.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmi, pirvel rigSi, <strong>da</strong>savlur samyaros<br />
emuqreba, amis mizezi ki ganviTarebis maRali donea. sxva kultturis warmomadgenlebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTSi swored finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT Cadian. kulturul<br />
problemebTan erTad, emigracia politikur-ekonomikur problemebsac qmnis; Raribi<br />
qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Casuli xalxi iafi muSaxelia; amis gamo <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi<br />
adgilobrivebs, SesaZloa, garkveuli problemebi SeeqmnaT samsaxuris Sovnis mxriv.<br />
magram yvelze mTavari sul sxvaa, rac bolo periodSi xSirad iCens xolme Tavs.<br />
magaliTad, safrangeTma miiRo kanoni, romelmac akrZala Cadris tareba safrangeTSi;<br />
demokratiuli proncipebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, safrangeTSi mcxovrebma muslimebma didi<br />
winaaRmdegoba gauwies am kanons. maT aiZules safrangeTis mTavroba <strong>da</strong> sakuTar<br />
qveyanaSi miaRebines kanoni, romelic, pirvel rigSi, kulturul-religiuri niSniT<br />
gansxvavebulobas usvams xazs. am nabijiT muslimurma samyarom safrangeTSi frangebi<br />
aiZula eRiarebinaT islamis Zala. anu multi<strong>kultura</strong>lizmis Sedegad frangulma<br />
sazogadoeam kanonmdeblobis dros un<strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswonos arafranguli, araevropuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros warmomadgenelTa moTxovnebi. msgavsi problemebi<br />
saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar exeba, radgan saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs iseTi<br />
ekonomikuri done, romelic did imigraciul procesebs ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aucilebelia, yuradReba mieqces imas, rom modernizaciis xarisxis zr<strong>da</strong><br />
ganapirobebs zemoT ganxiluli problemebis zr<strong>da</strong>sac. f.fukuiama acxadebs, rom<br />
uaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi aSS <strong>da</strong> safrangeTs kvlav emuqreba imigrantTa miReba.<br />
bevri iqneba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli am qveynebze, kerZod, Tu rogor moaxerxeben isini<br />
imigrantTa integracias sakuTar istoriul <strong>kultura</strong>Si.<br />
globalizacia namdvilad aris Sinagani procesi, romelic gagrZeldeba uaxloesi<br />
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, XXI saukunis postindustriul qveynebs <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebebs mouwevT Sejaxeba amerikuli kulturis im elementebTan, romelTac<br />
dRes evropelebi miuReblad miiCneven, askvnis igi.<br />
modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis process ori _ rogorc pozitiuri, aseve<br />
negatiuri mxare aqvs. qalis socialuri aqtivobis gazr<strong>da</strong>m gamoiwvia Sobadobis kleba.<br />
yvelaze metad <strong>da</strong>berebis procesi Tavs iCens ganviTarebul qveynebSi, aqtiuri<br />
mosaxleobis Sevseba ki xdeba sxva kulturis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n mosuli imigrantebiT.<br />
arsebobs problemebi, romelic mosdevs modernizaciis <strong>da</strong>debiT process; amitom<br />
sainteresoa, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. suraTis kargad<br />
warmoCenisaTvis mizanSewonilad miviCnevT warmogidginoT statistikuri monacemebi.<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>ma saprezidento respublika<br />
mdebareoba aRmosavleTis grZedis 40’ <strong>da</strong> 47’<br />
CrdioloeT ganedis 41’ <strong>da</strong> 44’<br />
teritoriis farTobi 69 700 km/kv<br />
mosaxleoba (2002 wlis<br />
aRweris mixedviT)<br />
4 602 aTasi kaci<br />
mosaxleobis simWidrove 66 a<strong>da</strong>miani km/kv-ze<br />
105
de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi Tbilisi<br />
saxelmwifo ena qarTuli<br />
religiuri aRmsarebloba marTlmadidebloba<br />
sxva religiuri jgufebi mahmadianebi, somxuri monofizitebi, ebraelebi,<br />
kaTolikebi, baptistebi <strong>da</strong> iezidebi<br />
erovnuli umciresobebi afxazebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, rusebi, somxebi<br />
gaeroSi Sesvlis TariRi 1992w. 31 ivlisi<br />
erovnuli valuta lari<br />
mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqti<br />
(erT sulze 2002w.)<br />
lari/aSS dolaris<br />
gacvliTi kursi (2002 w)<br />
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebisas (2002 w.)<br />
1626 lari<br />
1.8 lari<br />
mamakaci 68 weli<br />
qali 75 weli<br />
am monacemebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli suraTis <strong>da</strong>xatva: saqarTvelo<br />
warmoadgens mcirericxovan, patara teritoriaze gansaxlebul qveyanas; miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
laris kursis ganmtkicebisa (2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, igi aSS dolarTan<br />
Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 1,80), igi sakmaod Raribia, Tumca sicocxlis xangrZlivoba arcTu ise<br />
<strong>da</strong>balia; qveyanaSi cxovroben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiuri aRmsareblobisa <strong>da</strong> erovnebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi; warmovadgenTT maTi raodenobis procentul maCvenebels.<br />
მოსახლეობის ეროვნული შემადგენლობა<br />
(მოსახლეობის აღწერების მონაცემებით)<br />
მთელი მოსახლეობა<br />
ათასი კაცი პროცენტობით მთელ<br />
მოსახლეობასთან<br />
1979 1989 2002 1979 1989 2002<br />
4993,2 5400,8 4371,5 100 100 100<br />
ქართველი 3433,0 3787,4 3661,2 68,8 70,1 83,8<br />
აფხაზი 85,3 95,9 3,5 1,7 1,8 0,1<br />
ოსი 160,5 164,1 38,0 3,2 3,0 0,9<br />
რუსი 371,6 341,2 67,7 7,4 6,3 1,5<br />
უკრაინელი 45,0 52,4 7,0 0,9 1,0 0,2<br />
აზერბაიჯანელი 255,7 307,6 284,8 5,1 5,7 6,5<br />
სომეხი 448,0 437,2 248,9 9,0 8,1 5,7<br />
ებრაელი 28,3 24,8 3,6 0,6 0,5 0,1<br />
ბერძენი 95,1 100,3 15,2 1,9 1,9 0,3<br />
ქურთი 25,7 33,3 20,8 0,5 0,6 0,5<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, wlebis manZilze qarTvelebis procentuli maCvenebeli izrdeba; es,<br />
pirvel rigSi, sxva erovnebis xalxTa migraciis Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> ara Tavad qarTvelTa<br />
raodenobis zrdis xarjze; aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom 1989 wels mudmivi mosaxleobis<br />
raodenoba iyo 5 401 aTasi, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT igi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 4 372 aTasamde. milionze<br />
106
meti a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>naklisi arcTu mcirea. sainteresoa, Tu ram gamoiwvia kleba _<br />
sikvdilianobis zr<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> Sobadobis Semcirebam, Tu migraciulma procesebma.<br />
pirvel rigSi, <strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maCvenebels:<br />
წლები<br />
შობადობა, მოკვდაობა და მოსახლეობის ბუნებრივი მატება<br />
სულ, ათასი მოსახლეობის 1000 კაცზე<br />
დაიბადა გარდაიც- ბუნებრივი მა- დაიბადა გარდაიც-<br />
ვალა ტება, კლება(-)<br />
ვალა<br />
1980 89,4 43,3 46,1 17,6 8,5 9,1<br />
1985 97,7 46,1 51,6 18,5 8,7 9,8<br />
1990 92,8 50,7 42,1 17,1 9,3 7,8<br />
1991 89,1 52,4 36,7 16,3 9,6 6,7<br />
1992 72,6 54,9 17,7 13,4 10,2 3,2<br />
1993 61,6 57,5 4,1 12,0 11,2 0,8<br />
1994 57,3 50,3 7,0 11,8 10,4 1,4<br />
1995 56,3 49,1 7,2 11,9 10,4 1,5<br />
1996 55,0 48,0 7,0 11,9 10,4 1,5<br />
1997 54,0 47,6 6,4 11,9 10,5 1,4<br />
1998 51,5 47,3 4,2 11,5 10,5 1,0<br />
1999 48,7 47,2 1,5 10,9 10,6 0,3<br />
2000 48,8 47,4 1,4 11,0 10,7 0,3<br />
2001 47,6 46,2 1,4 10,8 10,5 0,3<br />
2002 46,6 46,4 0,2 10,7 10,7 0,0<br />
ბუნებრივი<br />
მატება,<br />
კლება(-)<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, Sefardeba mokv<strong>da</strong>obasa <strong>da</strong> Sobadobas Soris wlebis manZilze<br />
uaryofiTi Sedegisaken iklebs. Cvens xelT arsebuli ukanaskneli oficialuri<br />
monacemi 2002 wlisaa, romlis mixedviTac Sefardeba nulis tolia.<br />
sruli suraTis <strong>da</strong>saxatad <strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT Sobadobis klebis gamomwvev mizezebs.<br />
mizezi SesaZlebelia iyos qorwinebis raodenobis kleba, abortebis mateba, Cvil<br />
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis zr<strong>da</strong>:<br />
ქორწინება<br />
1995 2000 2002<br />
ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი<br />
დაქორწინებულია, სულ 21481 21481 12870 12870 12535 12535<br />
ganqorwineba<br />
1989 7,4 aTasi<br />
2000 1.9 aTasi<br />
2001 2,0 aTasi<br />
2002 1,8 aTasi<br />
107
კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება<br />
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002<br />
კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება, ერთეული 6353 5181 7865 8755 8143<br />
აბორტები<br />
1995 2000 2001 2002<br />
აბორტების რაოდენობა სულ, ათასი 34.9 9.5 9.7 8.8<br />
მინი-აბორტი 8.6 5.4 5.3 5.1<br />
ჩვილ ბავშვთა სიკვდილიანობა<br />
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002<br />
გოგო 813 645 444 451 449<br />
ბიჭი 1097 955 656 647 653<br />
სულ 1910 1600 1100 1098 1102<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, droTa ganmavlobaSi iklebs qorwineba, aseve ganqorwineba.<br />
sabednierod, moiklo Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobamac, amasTan erTad, iklebs<br />
abortebis raodenobac, rac, albaT, kontraceptivebis moxmarebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> TavisTavad <strong>da</strong>debiTi movlenaa, magram mTlianobaSi mokv<strong>da</strong>vobisa <strong>da</strong> Sobadobis<br />
Sefardeba uaryofiTisaken ixreba. es procesi aqtualuria imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia aqtiuri mosaxleobis procentul maCvenebelTan. aqtiuri<br />
mosaxleobis raodenoba ki, rogorc zemoT <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, mniSvnelovania rogorc<br />
ganviTarebadi, aseve ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvisac.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebas wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi:<br />
1989 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003<br />
შრომისუნარიანზე უმცროსი 1423,0 1059,5 1037,7 1015,7 996,3 987,5 959,3<br />
შრომისუნარიანი 3039,3 2767,4 2743,9 2721,2 2697,3 2678,9 2685,1<br />
შრომისუნარიანზე უფროსი 938,5 678,0 688,2 698,3 707,8 705,1 698,2<br />
15 წლის და მეტი ასაკის მოსახლეობის განაწილება<br />
ეკონომიკური აქტიურობის მიხედვით 2002 წელს<br />
ქალები კაცები<br />
ეკონომიკურად აქტიური მოსახლეობა<br />
ეკონომიკურად არააქტიური მოსახლეობა<br />
108
mosaxleobis Semcireba, pirvel rigSi, migraciis Sedegia, radgan Sobadobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mokv<strong>da</strong>vobis Sefardeba jerjerobiT ar aris im doneze gauaresebuli, rom msgavsi<br />
Sedegi gamoeRo.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT mosaxleobis gare migracias:<br />
მოსახლეობის გარე მიგრაციის სალდო<br />
(ათასი კაცი)<br />
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002<br />
-140,9 -142,6 -127,2 -123,1 -123,1 -39,2 -36,3 -35,2 -31,2 -29,1<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari, migraciis<br />
mxriv, Zalzed arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba. es ki, Cveni azriT, pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia<br />
socialur problemebTan. samwuxaroa is faqti, rom imigrantTa TiTqmis absolutur<br />
umravlesobas swored aqtiuri mosaxleoba warmoadgens. 1998 wli<strong>da</strong>n migraciis<br />
procentuli maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, Tumca, rogorc zemoT <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, am<br />
procesebma gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis milioniT Semcireba, rac<br />
saqarTvelos msgavsi qveynisaTvis sakmaod didi cifria.<br />
statistikuri monacemebi kargi saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba,<br />
mosaxleobis migracia <strong>da</strong> sxva pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia globalizacii<strong>da</strong>n momdinare<br />
gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic <strong>modernizacia</strong>s ganicdis, mimdinareobs<br />
garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi. <strong>modernizacia</strong> iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis<br />
socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac <strong>da</strong>debiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiT process Tan axlavs uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba<br />
iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zr<strong>da</strong>s, Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>berebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis<br />
pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze. emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas.<br />
globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas, rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa<br />
adgilobriv <strong>kultura</strong>sTan asimiliacia, isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro<br />
metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRiarebas.<br />
saqarTvelo, SesaZloa, am mxriv katastrofis winaSe ar imyofebodes, magram<br />
yurdRebamisaqcevia is, rom ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri problemebis gamo, romelic<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg warmoiSva, iklebs yvelanairi maCvenebeli _<br />
qorwineba, Sobadoba minusebisken mieqaneba. saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n migraciis gamomwvevi<br />
mizezic swored ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri problemebia <strong>da</strong> ara, vTqvaT ganaTlebis<br />
miReba an biznesi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is problemebi, rac ganivaTarebul qveynebSi<br />
modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia, saqarTveloSi mxolod ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
siduxWiris gamo Seiqmna. qorwinebisa <strong>da</strong> demografiuli sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>Rmasvla<br />
gamowveulia ara qalis socialuri rolis gazrdiT (sabWoTa kavSiris dros ufro meti<br />
qali iyo <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli saqarTveloSi, vidre axla, es ki imis bralia, rom Semcir<strong>da</strong><br />
samuSao adgilebi), aramed imiT, rom saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo Tu teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>sacavad warmoebulma omma, aseve Seqmnilma kriminogenulma situaciam<br />
Seiwira swored is Taoba, romlis saSualebiTac un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo genofondis zr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amas emateba ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri problemebi <strong>da</strong> saxeze gvaqvs qorwinebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sobadobis kleba, mosaxleobis Semcireba.<br />
saqarTvelo warmoadgens multieTnikur saxelmwifos. multi<strong>kultura</strong>ze saubari,<br />
Cveni azriT, gamoricxulia, radgan aq mcxovreb erovnebebaTa umravlesobas, didi xnis<br />
109
Tanacxovrebis gamo, yofier doneze saerTo Tvisebebi Camouyalib<strong>da</strong>T, msgavsi iyo<br />
Cacma-<strong>da</strong>xurvis stili, stumar-maspinZlobis, pirovnebis Rirsebis Sefasebis, is, rasac<br />
vaJa-fSavela ‘’kai ymas’’ uwodeb<strong>da</strong> msgavsia qarTvelebis, afxazebis, osebis, somxebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanelebisaTvis. geografiulma mezoblobam am mxriv didi roli iTamaSa.<br />
saqarTveloSi mWidrod <strong>da</strong>saxlebulni ar arian istoriulad ucxo kulturis<br />
warmomadgenlebi <strong>da</strong>, jerjerobiT, sazRvrebis gaxsnas ar moyolia emigraciis talRis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>, rac aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. statistikuri monacemebi kargi<br />
saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis <strong>da</strong>naxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi<br />
sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba, mosaxleobis migracia <strong>da</strong> sxva pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
kavSirSia globalizacii<strong>da</strong>n momdinare gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong>s ganicdis, mimdinareobs garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi.<br />
<strong>modernizacia</strong> iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT <strong>da</strong>debiT process Tan axlavs<br />
uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zr<strong>da</strong>s,<br />
Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong>berebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi<br />
aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze.<br />
emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas. globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas,<br />
rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa adgilobriv <strong>kultura</strong>sTan asimiliacia,<br />
isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli<br />
moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebasa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebas.<br />
110
CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION<br />
TOPIC 1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS<br />
Summary<br />
Ivane Tsereteli<br />
Ketevan Kakitelashvili<br />
The first topic aims to interpret the basic concepts and terms, which will be used in the<br />
framework of the course. These terms deal with the problems and description of developments,<br />
which are connected with the process of modernization in different regions, thus in different cultural<br />
spaces. The problems of intercultural contacts and its various <strong>for</strong>ms (assimilation, confrontation,<br />
symbiosis, synthesis, cultural conflict, cultural shock, diffusion), the role and place of tradition in the<br />
process of modernization, problems of interconnection of tradition and modernization, the question<br />
of identity in non-Western cultures in the light of significant changes accompanied with<br />
modernization shall be discussed through the course.<br />
As the process of modernization has arisen and developed on two levels, that are culture and<br />
civilization, it is necessary to define these two phenomena. The study and analysis of these<br />
processes should be based on these concepts.<br />
As the phenomenon of culture is concerned, its two aspects must be mentioned:<br />
1. Culture, as an universal determinant of humanity;<br />
2. Culture, as the basis of differences and borders between distinct societies.<br />
According to the first approach, culture is a result of an unique ability of Homo Sapiens –<br />
biological and social being. This factor differs humans from other biological kinds.<br />
Man is genetically (biologically) determined to create, reproduce and transmit culture.<br />
Realization of these unique abilities is possible only during the social practice, in connection with<br />
experience of preceding generations, together with the process of socialization.<br />
Apart from this, culture is represented as a complex of values, patterns of behavior and<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rds, which regulate people’s interrelations and their attitudes towards the nature and society.<br />
Thus, culture is a complex of social heritage, providing the succession of social experience.<br />
The second aspect of culture implies that man’s ability to create and to pass culture is realized<br />
differently in particular societies. These differences are caused by specific conditions of<br />
development and the history of the concrete social group. Hence, we can speak about the peculiar<br />
models of the world, each created by separate culture.<br />
Culture is the main characteristic, by means of which the representatives of diverse societies<br />
differentiate themselves from others.<br />
Thus, culture can be defined as:<br />
• Determinant of social behavior;<br />
• Determinant of individual knowledge and interpretations;<br />
• Mechanism of self-identification;<br />
• Regulator of social life;<br />
• Translator of social experience;<br />
• A<strong>da</strong>ptation mechanism.<br />
111
In the framework of this course the concept of “society” will be used as a synonym of culture,<br />
as we interpret the cultural and social levels of human activity as the equal spheres of human life.<br />
Definition of the concept of civilization is based on its local-historical interpretation. According to<br />
this viewpoint, civilization is a cultural super system, embodying cultures, which are similar by<br />
certain characteristics. Civilization is the widest level of cultural identity. The cultures, which are the<br />
members of the concrete civilization, are different, but the degree of their difference from cultures<br />
of other civilizations is deeper.<br />
In the first chapter, concepts of identity (cultural and civilizational), tradition, cultural conflict,<br />
cultural shock, diffusion of cultures and other <strong>for</strong>ms of cultural interaction (confrontation, symbiosis,<br />
synthesis) are discussed.<br />
TOPIC 2. THE CONCEPT OF MODERNIZATION. THEORY OF MODERNIZATION<br />
Modernization, in a broad sense, implies the permanent process of establishment of a new<br />
<strong>for</strong>ms of thinking and technologies. In this sense, modernization is a continuous and open-ended<br />
process and it is not a once-and-<strong>for</strong>-all-time achievement. In a narrow sense, in sociology this term<br />
is used to mark the trans<strong>for</strong>mation of traditional, rural and agrarian society into secular, industrial<br />
and urban one.<br />
Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, the process of modernization is not confined to the internal development of<br />
individual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from its<br />
original Western base to take in the whole world.<br />
The modernization within the framework of this course is considered as:<br />
1. One of the stages in the development of western community. At this stage we'll discuss in detail<br />
the conception of modernization, according to which modernization is a complex of<br />
sociocultural signs characteristic to a specific phase of the western community (civilization)<br />
development. This complex should be discussed in general, in the context of the western<br />
society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural <strong>for</strong>ms preceeding<br />
this civilization.<br />
2. The unity of social and cultural signs which, due to the modern stage’s specific development of<br />
world societies, became the characteristic of other non-Western cultures and civilizations.<br />
Several chapters of this course are devoted to the contemporary cultural processes, derived by<br />
the modernization of non-Western societies.<br />
In the same chapter are discussed the most important factors of modernization in social,<br />
cultural, political, economic and institutional spheres, as well as the controversial and contradictory<br />
results of world’s modernization processes.<br />
The evolution of the theory of modernization since M. Weber up to <strong>da</strong>te is analyzed. The<br />
cultural, acultural and negative theories of modernization are examined.<br />
112
TOPIC 3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES ON A BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN<br />
AND NON-MODERN CULTURES.<br />
In this chapter some models of cultures’ typology are considered from the viewpoint of their<br />
attitude to modernity and nоn-modernity. These models are: a collectivistic or individualistic,<br />
traditional or innovative types of culture, the cultures of space and time. Characteristics of such<br />
cultures are examined as well.<br />
Eventually, such grouping of cultures may lead us to East-West dichotomy. Does the existence<br />
of such dichotomy correspond to the reality? is the classification of East/West societies as<br />
nonmodern, collectivistic, traditional and modern, individualistic, innovational, reasonable? – these<br />
will be a subject of discussion.<br />
TOPIC 4. MODERNIZATION – ONE OF THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE<br />
WESTERN COMMUNITY.<br />
We shall try to discuss the notion of modernization in details, according to which modernization<br />
is a sum of sociocultural signs, which characterizes a specific phase of the Western community<br />
(civilization) development. This complex should be considered in general, in the context of the<br />
Western society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural <strong>for</strong>ms<br />
preceeding this civilization.<br />
Besides, the roots of modernization in Western civilization and distinctive features of the<br />
Western society, due to which the appearance of modern society became possible, are discussed.<br />
We also argue historical peripheries of establishing a modern society in the west, we’ll talk of<br />
modernization as a continuation of the western tradition, − one of the phases in the Western<br />
society’s development.<br />
TOPIC 5. GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION.<br />
It is necessary to argue the problem of arising of the concept of globalization and its<br />
definitions. The globalization as a process must also be analyzed. It should be mentioned that the<br />
process determined by economic factors have spread in all levels of life (generally there are three<br />
levels: economics, politics and culture). Globalization of culture leads up to the contrast processes<br />
in the different societies. For the number of societies the process of modernization is closely<br />
connected with the spread of the global culture, modernization is possible only in the atmosphere<br />
of globalization.<br />
TOPIC 6. CONTEMPORARY MODERNIZED WORLD SOCIETY AND THE CHALLENGES OF<br />
GLOBALIZATION.<br />
In the process of globalization studies we collide with the paradox: be<strong>for</strong>e we start to explore<br />
this phenomenon, it seems that we are aware of it; however during the study it’s essence becomes<br />
vague.<br />
Taking into the consideration a vast number of scientific papers, articles and theories about<br />
globalization, we think it will be helpful to set a framework <strong>for</strong> future researches.<br />
This framework was developed in 1999-2002, as a result of the research which had been<br />
carried out by the Boston University and Institute of Study of Economic Culture (ISEC). The<br />
research was conducted under the supervision of Pitter L. Berger (sociologist, director ISEC) and<br />
113
Samuel P. Huntington (professor of the Harward University). The dynamics of globalization of<br />
culture were observed by the groups of scientists in several countries. As a result of researches,<br />
Pitter L. Berger outlined four directions of global culture’s extension:<br />
• Davos culture, or international business - culture;<br />
• “Mc-global” culture, or mass consumed culture;<br />
• International faculty club culture;<br />
• New religious movements.<br />
The growing global culture is distributed both at elite, and at wide layers. Probably, the main<br />
way of culture’s distribution at an elite level is the one, named by Huntington as Davos culture. The<br />
international culture of leading business and political groups is defined by this term. The driving<br />
<strong>for</strong>ce of this culture, like economic and technological globalization is international business. The<br />
representatives of this culture are not only the people who visit Davos quiet often, but the ones,<br />
who aim to be the member of this community, but yet are not those.<br />
In global culture there is one more elite sector, which often accompanies business culture, or<br />
opposes it. This sector is the globalization of the Western intellectuals, which was named by<br />
Berger as the Faculty Club Culture. Its distribution occurs by various ways: by means of academic<br />
structures, funds, non-governmental organizations, etc. It creates its own market – consisting of<br />
ideas, norms of behavior created by Western, namely, American intellectuals, such as experts,<br />
human rights watchers, etc.<br />
The Protestantism plays an important role in distribution of global culture. This subject has<br />
been explored <strong>for</strong> a long time by David Martin, English sociologist. He estimated that the number of<br />
followers of this religion is 250.000. The practice of this religion is followed by certain changes in<br />
family structure, education and especially in attitude to business, wich has definite effects on the<br />
economics as a whole.<br />
The global culture aims to allocate man from it’s community and traditions and contributes to<br />
their individualization. Traditions and collective spirit is destroyed by modernization, thus the<br />
individual becomes more self-sufficient. This leads up to the individual independence. The new<br />
global culture has much in common with the process of modernization. To<strong>da</strong>y in many parts of the<br />
world these two processes coincide with each other.<br />
At an early stage of modernization people are excited by the new opportunities and the feeling<br />
of freedom. There<strong>for</strong>e, the new global culture is attractive to those who appreciates personal<br />
freedom and aims to realize it.<br />
TOPIC 7. MODERNIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION: THE INTERRELATION OF CONCEPTS.<br />
One of the main problems is the interrelation of two concepts, that are modernization and<br />
globalization. Generally, ther exist two viewpoints:<br />
According to the first one, globalization is the wider process than westernization. In addition,<br />
globalization is equal to modernization. This viewpoint is supported by A. Giddens, R. Robertson,<br />
M. Elbrow and U. Konol. On example of the countries of Eastern Asia it became obvious that<br />
modernization is possible without westernization.<br />
According to the second approach, globalization is only a global diffusion of the Western<br />
modernism. It aims to expanse westernization – e.g. Western capitalism and institutes. This<br />
viewpoint is shared by A. Amin and L. Benton. R. Gilpin considers that world’s internalization is a<br />
product of the distribution of the American world influence. A. Kilinikos and some other scientists<br />
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consider that modern stage of development is a new phase of western imperialism, where national<br />
governments have played the role of monopolitical capital’s agents. According to an American<br />
theorist H. Gleizer, globalization is a spread of the Western in<strong>for</strong>mation and entertainment sources,<br />
which affects on the countries of the non-Western world.<br />
TOPIC 8. THE MODERN WORLD ACCORDING TO WESTERN AND NON-WESTERN WORLD.<br />
The interrelations of global and local cultures lead up to the certain results. Each concrete<br />
society has it’s specific relations with unfamiliar and new culture. There<strong>for</strong>e, the answers of<br />
Western and non-Western societies to the challenges of globalization are interesting <strong>for</strong> us. In this<br />
chapter the theories of Western and non-Western intellectuals are discussed.<br />
In our opinion, there are two answers to the challenges of globalization or result of it’s<br />
development, namely - localization and multiculturalism. Within the framework of localization, the<br />
phenomenon, called glocalization, is discussed. The concept "global" means “simultaneously in<br />
many places”, or “translocally”.<br />
The global culture is supported by the strong society, which aims to strengthen the certain<br />
rules all over the world. The global culture is backed by the strong economic system. This is the<br />
most important factor. For example, due to the lack of finances, the family traditions are destroyed<br />
in Africa, it actually leads up to the trans<strong>for</strong>mation of the whole culture, based on the family<br />
tradition. This case is quiet interesting due to the fact, that according to this viewpoint, original<br />
culture is influenced by economics and transnational corporations, and global culture does not take<br />
part in it. Certainly, it does not mean to ignore well advertised global culture’s influence. We can<br />
conclude that the process of the Western globalization is an united system, consisting of three<br />
parts: economics, politics and culture; All these parts are connected with each other. The rule of<br />
the management of politics and economics is determined by culture. On the other hand, they affect<br />
greatly on culture. Japan’s culture of the 20 th<br />
century is Japanese, however due to the political and<br />
economic influences, nowa<strong>da</strong>ys it differs greatly from the Japanese culture of the 18 th<br />
century. As a<br />
result of external influence it has gone through a great trans<strong>for</strong>mation. According to Fukyiama’s<br />
methodology, Japan has gone through modernization and democratization from up to down; thus,<br />
Japan had believed in democratic values on the first stage, and, as a result of it, civil society and<br />
other institutions were <strong>for</strong>med. As this was the determinant factor in trans<strong>for</strong>mation and<br />
development, the Japanese culture has not been changed. The Japanese culture is a traditional<br />
culture, but it is not a closed one. Shintoism enables to be a Shintoist and the Christian<br />
simultaneously, or either Buddhist and the Muslim. The Japanese culture is able to receive<br />
external influences and trans<strong>for</strong>m them. However, Japan subordinates them to the own culture.<br />
This had an effect on Japanese kitchen: The business-culture of Davos is followed by the “Fast-<br />
Foodization” as “time is money”; this is caused by the total “McDonaldization”. However, “Fast-<br />
Foodization” in Japan has accepted a local character. The market of “fast feed” is full of<br />
hamburgers and the Japanese and Chinese dishes as well. The appearance of hamburgers on<br />
Japan’s market have given stimulus to the development of local products and dishes, representing<br />
Japanese culture. Thus, Japan has managed to localize in this sphere.<br />
According to the widespread opinion, we are able to deal with the process of globalization,<br />
when the average revenue exceeds 5000 USD. We have already mentioned, that globalization of<br />
culture is a process of mutual relations between global and local cultures. In the process of<br />
globalization the Western culture is backed by political and, first of all, with economic factors.<br />
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There<strong>for</strong>e, only culture itself is insufficient to deal with the global culture; financial support and<br />
material maintenance of this culture is also necessary.<br />
Due to the experience of his country, Katrin Lalumier the representative of France in European<br />
Parliament, states in the article “The War <strong>for</strong> Culture”: The process of globalization is followed by<br />
the stan<strong>da</strong>rdization of ideas and unification of the way of life by the American stan<strong>da</strong>rd.<br />
France has realized, that the French people have painfully felt the approach of the American<br />
culture. Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, France is one of the countries, which rejects globalization, perceiving it as<br />
Americanization. France has turned back to the roots of own culture and has begun to advertise it<br />
on a large scale. Thus, France aims to save it’s original culture. We can conclude, that without<br />
economic maintenance, localization and preservation of own culture is impossible.<br />
It is interesting, that "facilitating circumstances" are offered to the societies by globalization;<br />
transnational corporations, international organizations and various funds, carrying out activities in<br />
the concrete country, usually offer several opportunities in this direction. To clarify this<br />
phenomenon, we can take example from the Georgian reality: the national Georgian <strong>da</strong>nce group<br />
“Erisioni” became popular all over the world after it was financed by the French organization; The<br />
purpose of the project was an offering something new to the world business, leading up to the<br />
profit. From the point of view of business, the joint project has appeared to be successful <strong>for</strong> both<br />
sides. Besides this, the Georgian <strong>da</strong>nces have achieved new success.<br />
As the answer to the challenges of globalization, Leopold Sengor’s (well-known African<br />
scientist), theory about the originality of the Negroid-African culture is quite interesting. He<br />
dreamed about synthesis of the Western conceptualism and African imagination. He dreamed of<br />
future Euro-Africa, which would become the predecessor of the world civilization, based on united<br />
culture of mankind. He considered that African civilization is an unique civilization. Leopold Sengor<br />
and his supporters concluded without organic synthesis with sensible, human African spirit, the<br />
Western civilization is doomed to failure. There have appeared concepts like “the African-<br />
European” and “European-African”. The African opposes to the European. The European is an<br />
engineer, pragmatist, who continuously exploits nature, himself and beings like him. Through all his<br />
life he works as a machine, counting money. He perceives world by means of <strong>for</strong>mula, i.e.<br />
consciousness. But the African is a poet; the nature is displayed and expressed by him. The<br />
attitude towards the nature is idealistic. There is a reign of collective soul, mutual aid and<br />
interconsistency; apart from Europe – where social antagonism, conflicts, aggression and<br />
discrimination of the man by the man are taking place.<br />
The Pakistan scientist Muhammad Tahir-Al-Qadri has offered his viewpoint in the article<br />
“Globalization of Culture?”. Al-Qadri is the supporter of cultural integration, thus he is the follower<br />
of the idea about universal values, namely: the stan<strong>da</strong>rds of success and achievement, activities<br />
and occupation, material com<strong>for</strong>t, practicality and efficiency, science and technology, freedom and<br />
individual choice, individual initiative and other elements. All these are sources to carry out a<br />
dialogue between cultures. According to Al-Qadri’s opinion, the cultural interaction is impossible<br />
without dialogue. It is necessary to integrate majority and minority, in order to conduct a dialogue,<br />
but special resources are required <strong>for</strong> this. In this case, the main responsibility is assigned to the<br />
majority. Al-Qadri is dissatisfied with West’s attitude towards Islam. The western society does not<br />
have the right image of Islam. It is familiar with Islam through contemporary viewpoints, created<br />
and provided by it’s own media sources.<br />
Al-Qadri declares, that <strong>for</strong> an explanation of cultural diversity and <strong>for</strong> real integration,<br />
ethnocentrism is incompatible. Ethnocentrism is a judgment about other culture by means of own<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rds. Uni-culturalizm is also unable to solve this problem, as it trans<strong>for</strong>ms all ethnic cultures<br />
into one whole.<br />
It is necessary to search <strong>for</strong> the decision of this problem in three directions:<br />
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1. Multiculturalizm;<br />
2. Pluralizm;<br />
3. Globalization<br />
It is clear, that globalization, described by Al-Qadri, is a source of multicultural is a source of<br />
creation of multicultural world (global) society. This viewpoint is supported by him, unless the<br />
interests of small societies and cultures will be considered by the West.<br />
Several years ago was published Glisan’s novel, called “Sartorius”, which tells about the tribe<br />
of Batatu. It is the modern fable about non-domination. Though the existence of nationality, called<br />
Batatu, is clearly determined in time and space (500 AD, Central Africa), is still mythical tribe. Such<br />
myth is necessary <strong>for</strong> the world, as Batatu is embodiment of those people, who does not wish to be<br />
a sample <strong>for</strong> others and addresses to them not with the purpose of subjection, but <strong>for</strong> coexistence.<br />
The concepts like “relation", "creolization", "universality" - fill each other. "Universality" is a<br />
modern world with its diversity and chaos. The chaos is not simply disorder, but it is impossibility of<br />
events’ definition and the lack of the world’s reasonable management. "Relations" call <strong>for</strong><br />
transversality, instead of causal-investigatory of events.<br />
According to Glisan’s opinion the novelty will come from the small countries, which have<br />
neither colonial past, nor strongly expressed national traditions. They are not afraid of<br />
disappearance or loss of the status. We should get accustomed to the new structure of the world,<br />
where the relations between centre and periphery will be absolutely different from the present.<br />
Everything at the same time will be both centre, and periphery.<br />
According to the abovementioned factors, globalization is tolerated by people who don’t have<br />
their own, original culture. The representatives of the last one are against of this process.<br />
The authors of these theories are the representatives of non-Western world. Each of them<br />
recognize successive development of global culture. There<strong>for</strong>e, they try to find means of<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptation to the modern conditions. All of them are aware of the Western culture, there<strong>for</strong>e it is<br />
easy <strong>for</strong> them to perceive differences and similarities between their and other cultures. However,<br />
there are number of cases, which can be perceived as their responses to the "challenges" of the<br />
West, rather than as objective estimation of reality.<br />
As we have mentioned above, the turn of cultures to their own roots and the localization<br />
according to cultural characteristics were caused by the challenges of globalization. The close and<br />
constant relations between societies have revealed several existing differences between them,<br />
which called <strong>for</strong>th definition and systematization of own culture’s characteristic features. L.Sengor<br />
has made it on an example of the African culture. He has presented the characteristics of the<br />
African culture and it’s differences from the Western one.<br />
Localization leads up to the multiple world. In global community original cultures are coexisting<br />
with one another. Due to the transparency of borders, the solve of various problems, connected<br />
with travel, the facilities of constant connection have call <strong>for</strong>th the fact, that nowa<strong>da</strong>ys one does not<br />
leave the frameworks of their own culture, despite of physical distance, they have constant and<br />
continuous contact with their houses. This factor protects them from cultural assimilation. For<br />
example, in the USA, namely in New York, some Chinese are able to pass around whole their life<br />
successfully without English, as they do not tear away from the Chinese world, while traveling<br />
around the whole USA. Multiculturalism is the main challenge of globalization. Thus, society or the<br />
country will be presented as a multicultural unity. For example, China is not only political and<br />
economical unity, in determined geographical borders, but it is also an imaginary society, with it’s<br />
cultural sings, which is scattered in various territories of globe. Thus we can talk about China in<br />
China, China in America, China in Russia. These challenges led to the various problems <strong>for</strong> the<br />
Western countries.<br />
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TOPIC 9. “MINOR CULTURES” AND THE PROBLEM OF MODERNIZATION.<br />
GEORGIAN CULTURE AND THE PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION.<br />
In the case of minor cultures’ modernization, we should mention several categories, especially<br />
tradition, as in numerous cases, modernization of minor cultures are discussed as a process,<br />
conducted at the expense of disparaging the traditions of these cultures, equal to losing their own<br />
peculiarity.<br />
Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, modernization bares an “anti-traditional” character, especially in case of analyzing<br />
the nonwestern cultures’ modernization, as the modernization of these communities was<br />
conducted at the expense of suppressing local traditions. Within the context of the western<br />
community, modernization means extension of western traditions and its development.<br />
However there is a great contrast between “traditional” and “modern” communities, successful<br />
modernization can take place, if it is based on some elements of traditional regulation. Thus<br />
successful functioning of the “modern” community depends on the existence of relevant traditional<br />
preconditions, their introduction and use into the modern system.<br />
That’s why it is necessary:<br />
1. To review correlation of tradition and variability, to conduct analysis of the present traditional<br />
community <strong>for</strong>ces, which facilitate the process of changes and of those, which impede it.<br />
Correspondingly, the place of these factors should be analyzed in the general structural and<br />
cultural system of regulation.<br />
2. To reveal difference among the changes, which accompany to the traditional order and<br />
which leave these limits and cause renewal of the community.<br />
3. To disclose the differences between the changes, which promote further development of the<br />
community and which undermine this ability. 115<br />
4. To reveal a general character of impact of modern changes on the traditional system.<br />
5. To determine how community can work out within its own heritage and it has an ability to<br />
solve these problems; or to reach this through the a<strong>da</strong>ptation to new conditions of its central<br />
institutions and without important changes in the sphere of values and ideas (or their<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>mation). (S.N.Eisenshtadt).<br />
On the basis of discussed in<strong>for</strong>mation, we have tried to determine typological (traditional or<br />
innovational, individualistic or collectivistic) essence of Georgian culture; to analyze correlation of<br />
tradition and modernization, peculiarities of the Georgian culture, to find out the degree of<br />
modernization of the Georgian society. We have overviewed the history of Georgia during the last<br />
two centuries; changes, that have influenced Georgian culture on the background of ongoing<br />
processes in the modern world. Thus, we have outlined the possible variants of the development of<br />
Georgian culture.<br />
It is necessary to admit, that during the Soviet period Georgia was excluded from the world<br />
processes. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has appeared face to face with the<br />
problems of globalization. There<strong>for</strong>e it is interesting to work out the best way <strong>for</strong> Georgia to deal<br />
with the processes of globalization and which nuances should have been underlined. On the<br />
background of the ideas of the western and non-western thinkers, we have tried to examine the<br />
Georgian reality.<br />
There is no national way out the challenges of globalization, there is only the transnational way<br />
out. Regionalism – this is a creation of transnational, supranational unities. The creation of<br />
transnational and supranational unities are caused by economical and political factors and such<br />
unities are based on cultural similarities. Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys, only the European countries are united in<br />
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supranational structures. Democracy is the basis <strong>for</strong> the European union. The members of the<br />
European union are the countries, which aspire to the growth and strengthening of democracy.<br />
European union is the result of modernization, as the modernization is the development of a<br />
society with attributes of democracy. Georgia tries to find out the answer on the challenge of<br />
globalization through the integration in European Union.<br />
Modernization and westernization are inevitable processes <strong>for</strong> the societies aiming to integrate<br />
in the Western unity The geopolitical position of Georgia enables it to join global processes;<br />
Georgia has it’s own function in a number of economic and political projects. Hence, Georgia will<br />
face the global culture.<br />
Above mentioned processes of localization has been developed in Georgia as well as in other<br />
parts of the world. Even the process of “McDonaldization” has gone through the certain localization<br />
in Georgia. This is just the process, which was defined as glocalization: in many places but in a<br />
different kind. The purpose of is a fast food; in the West one usually spends 7-9 minutes in this<br />
restaurant; in non western countries McDonald’s has changed it’s profile; in Georgia it is not only a<br />
place <strong>for</strong> fast feed, but also it is used <strong>for</strong> entertainment; schoolchildren, students, grandmothers<br />
and grandfathers together with their grandchildren go there <strong>for</strong> amusement. The process of<br />
“McDonaldization” was accompanied by the appearance of the national “fast-food” units. There are<br />
number of national dishes useful <strong>for</strong> fast food objects. Thus, the occurrence of western<br />
hamburgers has stimulated trans<strong>for</strong>mation of local cookery, its a<strong>da</strong>ptation to the contemporary<br />
situation and creation of new Georgian dishes.<br />
In this case the Georgian culture has managed to preserve its original character. Cookery is<br />
not a decisive factor, but it is one of the important artifact of the Georgian culture<br />
It is difficult to image the replacement of the national culture by the global one. But it certainly<br />
does not mean complete denying of the global culture. The way of integration into the Western<br />
society lays through the modernization, thus rejecting of the global culture is impossible <strong>for</strong><br />
Georgia. And it is not necessary either.<br />
Georgia will not be able to get rid of the global culture.<br />
The statistical <strong>da</strong>ta are given, in which the changes taking place in the Georgian society <strong>for</strong><br />
last years are fixed.<br />
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