LINGUISTICA XLIX - Filozofska fakulteta - Univerza v Ljubljani
LINGUISTICA XLIX - Filozofska fakulteta - Univerza v Ljubljani LINGUISTICA XLIX - Filozofska fakulteta - Univerza v Ljubljani
(17i) The two variants: ergative and antipassive constructions. 1. The assumptions of Natural Syntax: 1.1. >nat (antipassive, ergative) / construction I.e., the antipassive is more natural than the ergative construction. – The antipassive often has some features of intransitive constructions, and these are more natural than transitive constructions, to which ergative constructions invariably pertain. (The naturalness of intransitive constructions is based on the circumstance that they code fewer participants than transitive constructions.) According to the criterion of least effort, item (b) in the list of axioms. 1.2. >nat (–, +) / implementation of Agency hierarchy I.e., constructions disobeying the Agency hierarchy are more natural than constructions obeying that hierarchy. – Because the Agency hierarchy constitutes the usual state of affairs, the implementation of the Agency hierarchy is more expected by the hearer (the decoder) than the non-implementation of that hierarchy. According to the criterion of favourable for the hearer, item (a) in the list of axioms. 2. The rules of parallel alignment: 2.1. value A tends to associate with value C, 2.2. value B tends to associate with value D. 3. The consequences: If a language distinguishes between ergative and antipassive constructions such that one implements the Agency hierarchy and the other does not implement that hierarchy, then it is the ergative construction that tends to implement the Agency hierarchy and it is the antipassive that tends not to implement that hierarchy. Q.E.D. (The reverse situation is not expected.) (17ii) The two variants: ergative and antipassive constructions. 1. The assumptions of Natural Syntax: 1.1. >nat (antipassive, ergative) / construction I.e., the antipassive is more natural than the ergative construction. – The antipassive often has some features of intransitive constructions, and these are more natural than transitive constructions, to which ergative constructions invariably pertain. (The naturalness of intransitive constructions is based on the circumstance that they code fewer participants than transitive constructions.) According to the criterion of least effort, item (b) in the list of axioms. 1.2. >nat (+, −) / non-accomplished non-complete environments I.e., non-accomplished non-complete environments are more natural than “other” environments. – “Other” environments include accomplished and complete environments. These are in the special interest of the hearer and therefore must be mentioned in slot B of the scale. According to the criterion of favourable for the hearer, item (a) in the list of axioms. 2. The rules of parallel alignment: 2.1. value A tends to associate with value C, 2.2. value B tends to associate with value D. 90
3. The consequences: If a language distinguishes between ergative and antipassive constructions such that one signals non-accomplished non-complete environments and the other signals “other” environments, then it is the antipassive that tends to signal non-accomplished non-complete environments and it is the ergative construction that tends to signal “other” environments. Q.E.D. (The reverse situation is not expected.) CONCLUSION The above illustration demonstrates that Natural Syntax is capable of predicting a significant amount of language situations, given a small number of presuppositions (i.e., the particular description of language data adopted, the choice of variants, the naturalness scales, the alignment rules) and a modest apparatus (namely the deduction format). The development of Natural Syntax is to be continued exploiting as variegated language material as possible. Abbreviations ABS absolutive case AOR aorist DAT dative case DEF definiteness marker ERG ergative case FEM feminine IMPF imperfective aspect INDIC indicative mood INTR intransitive MASC masculine NOM nominative case OBL oblique case PL plural PRES present tense TRANS transitive References ANDERSEN, henning (1972) “Diphthongization.” language 48, 11–50. collins cobuild english grammar. London: harperCollins, 1990. CVETKO-OREŠNIK, Varja/Janez OREŠNIK (2007) “Natural Syntax: Three-value naturalness scales.” slovenski jezik/slovene linguistic studies 6, 235–249. DIXON, Robert M. W. (1994) ergativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hAVERS, Wilhelm (1931) handbuch der erklärenden syntax. heidelberg: Winter. 91
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3. The consequences:<br />
If a language distinguishes between ergative and antipassive constructions such<br />
that one signals non-accomplished non-complete environments and the other signals<br />
“other” environments, then it is the antipassive that tends to signal non-accomplished<br />
non-complete environments and it is the ergative construction that tends to<br />
signal “other” environments. Q.E.D. (The reverse situation is not expected.)<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
The above illustration demonstrates that Natural Syntax is capable of predicting a<br />
significant amount of language situations, given a small number of presuppositions<br />
(i.e., the particular description of language data adopted, the choice of variants,<br />
the naturalness scales, the alignment rules) and a modest apparatus (namely<br />
the deduction format).<br />
The development of Natural Syntax is to be continued exploiting as variegated<br />
language material as possible.<br />
Abbreviations<br />
ABS absolutive case<br />
AOR aorist<br />
DAT dative case<br />
DEF definiteness marker<br />
ERG ergative case<br />
FEM feminine<br />
IMPF imperfective aspect<br />
INDIC indicative mood<br />
INTR intransitive<br />
MASC masculine<br />
NOM nominative case<br />
OBL oblique case<br />
PL plural<br />
PRES present tense<br />
TRANS transitive<br />
References<br />
ANDERSEN, henning (1972) “Diphthongization.” language 48, 11–50.<br />
collins cobuild english grammar. London: harperCollins, 1990.<br />
CVETKO-OREŠNIK, Varja/Janez OREŠNIK (2007) “Natural Syntax: Three-value naturalness<br />
scales.” slovenski jezik/slovene linguistic studies 6, 235–249.<br />
DIXON, Robert M. W. (1994) ergativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
hAVERS, Wilhelm (1931) handbuch der erklärenden syntax. heidelberg: Winter.<br />
91
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