ekonomikuri urTierTobebis kvleva saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris ...
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis kvleva saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris ...
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis kvleva saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris ...
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<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
momzadebulia kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentri _ saqarTvelos mier<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis farglebSi
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
sarCevi<br />
miZRvna 4<br />
reziume 5<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi 9<br />
sabaJo 9<br />
sabazro perspeqtivebis ganviTareba 10<br />
ZiriTadi informacia 11<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi 11<br />
1. sasazRvro saqmianobebis savele <strong>kvleva</strong> ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si 15<br />
Sesavali 15<br />
ninowmindis sazRvarze Catarebuli <strong>kvleva</strong> 16<br />
sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli formaluri procedurebi 17<br />
infrastruqturis problemebi 18<br />
dokumentebis mopovebis problemebi 19<br />
informaciis nakleboba 20<br />
korufcia 21<br />
vaWroba <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong> 21<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sazRvris <strong>kvleva</strong> 22<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna 23<br />
2. sabaJo kanonisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis analizi 25<br />
Sesavali 25<br />
saqarTvelos sabaJo sistemis reforma 25<br />
axali sistemis Zlieri <strong>da</strong> susti mxareebi 27<br />
evropuli samezoblo politika <strong>da</strong> msoflio savaWro organizacia<br />
evropuli samezoblo politikisa <strong>da</strong> msoflio savaWro<br />
28<br />
organizaciis roli ENP 29<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna 30<br />
3. cvlilebebi savaWro momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
satransporto infrastruqturis sferoebSi 32<br />
Sesavali 32<br />
saqarTvelos satransporto infrastruqtura 33<br />
satransporto infrastuqturis mimdinare mdgomareoba samcxe-javaxeTSi 33<br />
infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba 34<br />
axali infrastruqturis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> gavlena 35<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali modelis cvlilebebi 36<br />
satransporto momsaxureba <strong>da</strong> somxeTi 37<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna 40
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
4. vaWroba: regionuli <strong>da</strong> seqtoruli analizi 41<br />
Sesavali 41<br />
vaWroba <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong> 41<br />
saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo seqtori 43<br />
soflis meurneobis analizi samcxe-javaxeTSi 45<br />
ganviTarebis problemebi 48<br />
sabazro perspeqtivebi 53<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna 58<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 1. somexi eqsportiorebisTvis saWiro<br />
dro ninowmindis sazRvrze 59<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 2. soflis meurneobis Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
zaralis Sefaseba (axalqalaqi) 60<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 2a. kartofilis warmoeba axalcixeSi 61<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 3. xorcis warmoeba axalcixeSi 62<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 4. rZis mcire warmoeba axalcixeSi 62<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 5. samxreT saqarTvelos ruka, romelzec gamosaxulia<br />
ZiriTadi satranzito marSruti somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n 63<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 6. somxeTis ruka, romelzec gamosaxulia ZiriTadi satranzito<br />
marSruti ninowmindisa <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>xlos gavliT 64<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 7. saqarTvelos ruka 65
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
4<br />
miZRvna<br />
proeqti ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisTvis, raTa<br />
xeli Seuwyos sasazRvro TanamSromlobas <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> somxeTis or regions<br />
_ samcxe-javaxeTsa <strong>da</strong> Siraqs <strong>Soris</strong>. proeqti xorcieldeba gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> norvegiis mTavrobis erToblivi ZalebiT.<br />
proeqts koordinirebas uwev<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentri (CRRC) _<br />
<strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> evraziis fondis warmomadgenlobis ofisi saqarTveloSi. m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa<br />
jgufs xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> doqtori jorj veltoni. jgufSi muSaobdnen: ufrosi<br />
mkvlevrebi: giorgi pertaia _ amerikis savaWro palata; <strong>da</strong>viT narmania <strong>da</strong> giorgi<br />
cimitia _ axalgazr<strong>da</strong> ekonomistTa asociacia (AYEG); savele <strong>kvleva</strong> ganaxorcieles<br />
aleqsandre elizbaraSvilma <strong>da</strong> giorgi baTisaSvilma; proeqtis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi <strong>kvleva</strong><br />
ganaxorcieles <strong>da</strong> mxari <strong>da</strong>uWires: suzan smitma, arpine porsugianma <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis<br />
kvlevis resurscentris (CRRC) jgufma. m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi kritikuli SeniSvnebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kvlevis momzadebaSi gaweuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebisTvis gansakuTrebul madlobas uxdis<br />
doqtor hans gutbrodsa <strong>da</strong> aaron erliCs _ kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentri<br />
(CRRC).
eziume<br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
geografiuli mdebareoba, kulturuli siaxlove <strong>da</strong> sabazro pirobebis msgavseba<br />
<strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong> savaWro partniorobis winapirobaa. azerbaijanTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> TurqeTTan saerTo sazRvris meSveobiT saqarTvelo gax<strong>da</strong> somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
eqsportirebuli saqonlis satranzito marSruti, romliTac saqoneli TurqeTSi,<br />
evropasa <strong>da</strong> mTels msoflioSi gadis. saqarTvelo sargeblobs somxeTTan upiratesi<br />
kavSiriT, somxeTis bazarzec xeli miuwvdeba <strong>da</strong> am qveynisTvis gankuTvnili<br />
saqonlisa Tu navTobis sakuTari teritoriis gavliT transportirebisTvis<br />
garkveul finansur Semosavalsac iRebs misgan. Sedegad, am ori mezobeli qveynis or<br />
regions _ samcxe-javaxeTsa <strong>da</strong> Siraqs <strong>Soris</strong> savaWro urTierToba, SesaZloa, maTi<br />
ganviTarebis bunebriv safuZvelad iqces. jerjerobiT es ase ar xdeba. problemaa is,<br />
rom samcxe-javaxeTSi, qalaq ninowmindis maxloblad mdebare mTavari sasazRvro<br />
punqti naklebad aris aTvisebuli <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuli, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs am<br />
regionebis ganviTarebaze.<br />
Seferxebis gamomwvevi problemebi sakmaod aSkaraa. somxeTis sazRvari samcxejavaxeTTan<br />
yovelTvis amovardnili iyo <strong>da</strong>narCeni saqarTvelos infrastruqturi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
saqarTvelos mxri<strong>da</strong>n sazRvramde misasvleli gzebi, bolo dromde, saSinel<br />
mdgomareobaSi iyo. amitom saqonlis transportirebas qveynis saporto qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
foTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> baTumi<strong>da</strong>n an TurqeTis sazRvris mimarTulebiT ufro naklebi dro<br />
sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre maT ga<strong>da</strong>tanas sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sazRvris gavliT. ar arsebobs samcxejavaxeTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Siraqs <strong>Soris</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri sarkinigzo mimosvlac. sasazRvro punqtSi<br />
resursebi sustad gamoiyeneba; sabaJo kanoni <strong>da</strong> sasazRvro regulaciebic Zalian<br />
mouqnelia. amave dros, regionSi <strong>da</strong>balia produqtiulobis xarisxi, rac gamowveulia<br />
<strong>da</strong>ngreuli sairigacio sistemiT, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis ararsebobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
satransporto sistemis gaumarTaobiT, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs situaciis<br />
gaumjobesebis perspeqtivas.<br />
Tumca, satransporto infrastruqtura, sakanonmdeblo garemo <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
done swrafad icvleba. amJamad gzebi gacilebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre iyo<br />
ori wlis win. 2010 wlisTvis ki igegmeba pir<strong>da</strong>piri gzis mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>sruleba<br />
saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvarTan axlomdebare qalaq ninowmin<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> Tbiliss<br />
<strong>Soris</strong>. 2008 wlis bolosTvis aRdgeba ninowmindis sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqti, xolo<br />
uaxloes momavalSi igegmeba kidev erTi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqtis<br />
gaxsna TurqeTTan, somxeTis sazRvris maxloblad, karwaxSi.<br />
liberaluri <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> politikis mqone mTavrobam, msoflio savaWro organizaciisa<br />
(WTO) <strong>da</strong> evropuli samezoblo politikis (ENP) <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, mniSvnelovani reformebi<br />
gaatara saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, kerZod, sabaJo kanonSi. am reformebiT<br />
mowesrig<strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistemis samTavrobo administrireba, gamartiv<strong>da</strong><br />
procedurebi <strong>da</strong> Semcir<strong>da</strong> saimporto tarifebi. <strong>da</strong>bolos, soflis meurneobis<br />
programebi mxars uWers regionSi soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis gazr<strong>da</strong>s,<br />
axali produqtis ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> sabazro mzaobis gaumjobesebas.<br />
kvlevis mTavari mizania, mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis<br />
programas _ sazRvrispira TanamSromloba Siraqisa (somxeTi) <strong>da</strong> samcxe-javaxeTis<br />
(saqarTvelo) regionebs <strong>Soris</strong>. proeqti miznad isaxavs, xeli Seuwyos regionis<br />
socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas am ori mxaris <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> TanamSromlobiTa<br />
5
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> urTierTvaWrobiT. proeqtis mixedviT, aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba<br />
SesaZlebelia sami gziT: TanamSromlobisas arsebuli problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxviTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> vaWrobis ganviTarebiT; sazRvris marTvis gaumjobesebiT <strong>da</strong> regionuli mcire<br />
biznesiniciativebis xelSewyobiT.<br />
kvlevis mizania xeli Seuwyos zemoaRniSnulis ganxorcielebas <strong>da</strong> moamzados<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi maT misaRwevad. kvlevis mTavari amocanaa pasuxi gasces sam mTavar<br />
kiTxvas; 1. ratom ar xorcieldeba vaWroba ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSveb punqtze <strong>da</strong><br />
ratom aqvs mas aseTi mcire moculoba? 2. romeli sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> proceduruli<br />
cvlilebebi Seuwyobs xels vaWrobis gaadvilebas? 3. romeli sferoa perspeqtiuli<br />
momavali TanamSromlobisTvis fizikuri infrastuqturis, kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebis arsebiTi cvlilebebis fonze?<br />
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad kvlevis farglebSi Catar<strong>da</strong> savele interviuebi<br />
ninowmindis sazRvarTan mcxovreb movaWreebTan, iq moqmed biznesmenebTan <strong>da</strong>, aseve,<br />
adgilobriv eqspertebTan samcxe-javaxeTsa <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi.<br />
Cveni <strong>kvleva</strong>, erovnuli <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> statistikis Seswavlis nacvlad, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
mimarTulia adgilobrivi informaciis Segrovebisken. amis oTxi mizezi arsebobs:<br />
1. urTierTobebi or qveyanas <strong>Soris</strong> arafers gveubneba am regionebSi vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
TanamSromlobis SezRuduli perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. amJamad faqtiurad ar mimdinareobs<br />
vaWroba am or regions <strong>Soris</strong>. samcxe-javaxeTis mdgomareoba gansakuTrebuli<br />
SemTxvevaa. sasazRvro infrastruqtura <strong>da</strong> instituciuri mdgomareoba imdenad<br />
swrafad icvleba, rom arsebuli situaciis gaanalizeba SeuZlebeli xdeba. 2.<br />
visargebleT ra gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa somxeTis<br />
jgufis mier momzadebuli proeqtiT, SegviZlia, Cveni miznebisTvis saWiroebisamebr<br />
gamoviyenoT maT mier Catarebuli farTo <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> analizi. 3. adgilobrivi<br />
mdgomareobis Seswavlam xeli Segviwyo, Tavi<strong>da</strong>n agvecilebina mTavrobis arasando<br />
statistika <strong>da</strong> sxva faqtorebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli problemebi. <strong>da</strong>bolos, situaciis<br />
Seswavlam mogvca mimdinare lokaluri movlenebis naTeli suraTi, <strong>da</strong>gvanaxva<br />
adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mxareebis codna <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba. bevri m<strong>kvleva</strong>ri<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi eZeb<strong>da</strong> pasuxs Cvens mier <strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvebze.<br />
mTavari angariSis wardgenamde, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom es <strong>kvleva</strong> arc<br />
regionis ganviTarebis Sefasebaa <strong>da</strong> arc soflis meurneobaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmianobis<br />
SesaZleblobis analizi. vimedovnebT, rom Cvens mier Catarebuli samuSao gamosadegi<br />
iqneba gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> sxva organizaciebisTvis,<br />
rogorc fonuri informacia an rogorc Semdgomi ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> sakvlevi ideebis<br />
ZiriTadi wyaro. samcxe-javaxeTis bazris Sesaxeb informacia ufro konkretulia,<br />
vidre mravalmxrivi.<br />
sasazRvro vaWrobis Sefasebisas, CvenTvis yvelaze didi problema iyo kvlevis<br />
eqskluziurad, mxolod qarTuli mxaris monacemebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT momzadeba.<br />
vaWroba <strong>da</strong>myarebulia Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT upiratesobaze. Tumca, sanam SevZlebT mrewvelobis<br />
romelime sferos sicocxlisunarianobis Sefasebas, aucilebelia, gavaanalizoT<br />
sazRvris orive mxaris mdgomareoba. gavaanalizeT ra aRniSnuli, SevecadeT, sawyisi<br />
gegma Segvevso Siraqis mdgomareobis safuZvelze momzadebuli kvleviT <strong>da</strong> mogvexdina<br />
misi srulyofa, Tumca jer kidev Zalian bevria gasakeTebeli.<br />
winamdebare <strong>kvleva</strong> momzadebulia oTx nawilad. pirveli nawili efuZneba ninowmindisa<br />
6
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sabaJo-gamSveb punqtebze ganxorcielebul savele <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas.<br />
aq aRwerilia Cvens mier regionSi <strong>da</strong>naxuli aqtivobis nakleboba. detalurad<br />
aRvwereT saqarTvelos mxares arsebuli sabaJo procedurebi, gansakuTrebiT, is<br />
problemebi, romlebic xels uSlis vaWrobis ganviTarebas. aq axsnilia, rom arsebuli<br />
situacia aris Sedegi administraciuli <strong>da</strong> infrastuqturuli problemebisa. Tumca,<br />
infrastruqturis gaumjobesebis Semdeg, jer kidev problemad rCeba arafris maqnisi<br />
<strong>da</strong> garTulebuli procedurebi. maTi arseboba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam mTavroba,<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar ga<strong>da</strong>dgams qmediT nabijebs am<br />
problemis mosagvareblad.<br />
meore nawilSi ganxilulia erovnuli sabaJo garemo, uaxlesi sakanonmdeblo<br />
cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> momavalSi <strong>da</strong>gegmili reformebi. Tu vapirebT, movaxdinoT reformebis<br />
efeqturi lobireba, aucilebelia, kargad gaviazroT rogorc instituciuri,<br />
aseve, sakanonmdeblo garemoSi mimdinare cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> winaswar ganvsazRvroT<br />
maTTvis saWiro pirobebi. magaliTad, Cven <strong>da</strong>vadgineT, rom amJamad mimdinare<br />
erT-erTi msjelobis safuZvelze, SesaZloa, samcxe-javaxeTi/Siraqis sasazRvro<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo vaWrobis SesaZlebloba saerTod gamoiricxos. Ees, ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, ubedurebis momtani iqneba TanamSromlobis gegmisTvis. gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
ganviTarebis programa eZebs garkveul garantiebs, raTa es ar moxdes sasazRvro<br />
ganviTarebis investiciebis ganxorcielebamde.<br />
mesame nawilSi ganxilulia satransporto infrastruqturasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
cvlilebebi. gzebis xarisxi <strong>da</strong> regionSi satransporto kavSiris nakleboba iwvevs<br />
savaWro urTierTobis ganviTarebis Seferxebas. es aris erT-erTi mTavari mizezi,<br />
ratomac ferxdeba vaWroba sa<strong>da</strong>xlos meSveobiT <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong>. gza,<br />
romlis mSenebloba 2010 wels un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruldes <strong>da</strong> rkinigza, romlic ukve aRdgenilia,<br />
<strong>da</strong>akavSirebs regions <strong>da</strong>narCen saqarTvelosTan. am nawilis mizania, warmogidginoT<br />
satransporto problemebis mogvarebis Semdeg mosalodneli cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> ganviTarebis programa. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba <strong>da</strong>eTmoba samcxejavaxeTs,<br />
romelic saqarTvelos alternatiuli satranzito marSrutia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom soflis meurneobi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli <strong>ekonomikuri</strong><br />
sargebeli mniSvnelovani iqneba qveynisTvis. ararealurad gveCveneba SesaZlebloba<br />
imisa, rom saavtomobilo gza gaxdes arsebuli satranzito marSrutis alternativa,<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c is TurqeTisken an TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n modiodes. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am gzis<br />
arasandoobas wlis zogierTi droisTvis, rkinigza ufro mniSvnelovania, Tumca<br />
<strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans <strong>Soris</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabuli urTierTobis gamo, albaT garTuldeba<br />
maT mier am marSrutis gamoyeneba.<br />
meoTxe nawilSi, wina sam nawilSi gaanalizebul zogad fonze, ganxilulia samcxejavaxeTis<br />
sabazro garemo. Cven SevecadeT Segvefasebina is SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />
regionSi mimdinare cvlilebebi gzas gauxsni<strong>da</strong> vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis axal<br />
SesaZleblobebs. am nawilSi detalura<strong>da</strong>a moTxrobili adgilobrivi sasoflosameurneo<br />
saqmianobis Sesaxeb, aRwerilia problemebi <strong>da</strong> regionSi amJamad mimdinare<br />
ganviTarebis procesebi, raTa naTlad <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT sasazRvro TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
vaWrobis Sedegad gamowveuli cvlilebebi.<br />
Cveni <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, samcxe-javaxeTSi ganviTarebis procesSi myofi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva biznesi,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad donorebis gansxvavebuli azrisa, upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos<br />
bazarze importis Canacvlebazea orientirebuli. rogorc Cans, produqciis<br />
7
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>fasoebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis sferoebi, romlebic regionSi nel-nela viTardeba,<br />
axlo momavalSi ar <strong>da</strong>iwyebs am biznesisTvis saWiro masalebis (albaT, gar<strong>da</strong><br />
samSeneblo masalisa) somxeTSi Ziebas. somxeTis bazarTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT saqarTvelo<br />
upiratesobiT sargeblobs. somxeTis bazarze sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis<br />
warmoebaSi, saqarTvelosTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, garkveuli sezonuri upiratesoba SeimCneva,<br />
magram saqarTvelos, SesaZloa, upiratesoba hqondes kartofilisa <strong>da</strong> misi saTesle<br />
masalis moyvanaSi. am or regions <strong>Soris</strong> Zlier kulturul kavSirebs kidev ufro<br />
gaaumjobesebs Secvlili sabaJo procedurebi <strong>da</strong> satransporto infrastruqtura,<br />
rac, aseve xels Seuwyobs momavalSi vaWrobis ganviTarebas.<br />
8
sabaJo<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
sabaJo procedurebi sakmaod rTuli <strong>da</strong> kompleqsuria. maSin, rodesac regionSi<br />
mimdinareobs infrastruqturis gaumjobesebis samuSaoebi - gzebis, rkinigzisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sairigacio sistemis SekeTeba <strong>da</strong> aRdgena, sabaJo sistema ar monawileobs regionSi<br />
vaWrobis xelSemwyob saqmianobaSi. mcire movaWreebs, romlebic axdenen 700 larze<br />
naklebi Rirebulebis saqonlis imports, esaWiroebaT:<br />
• iqonion saqonlis warmomavlobis dokumentacia, raTa miiRon ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis<br />
nulovani tarifi (qarTvelebs am sabuTebis misaRebad TbilisSi uxdebaT<br />
Casvla, xolo somxebisTvis didi problemaa maTi miReba somxeTSi);<br />
• iqonion vaWrobis licenzia, ris miReba somxebs uxdebaT TbilisSi;<br />
• ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon importis, sabaJosa <strong>da</strong> dRg-s ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi, risTvisac somxebs<br />
uxdebaT ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si wasvla, Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>xdis qviTriT sazRvarze <strong>da</strong>bruneba<br />
saqonlis gamosaxsnelad. am process, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, sami saaTi sWirdeba;<br />
• didi drois <strong>da</strong>kargva saqonlis ganbaJebisas saqarTvelos sazRvarze arasando<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaumarTavi kompiuteruli sistemis gamo;<br />
• mniSvnelovani saga<strong>da</strong>saxado xarjebis gaweva qarTvel eqsportiorebs saqonlis<br />
somxeTSi ga<strong>da</strong>satanad.<br />
saqarTveloSi ufro msxvil importiorebs sWirdebaT, rom:<br />
• saqonlis ganbaJeba moxdes vales, <strong>da</strong> ara ninowmindis sabaJo- gamSveb punqtze.<br />
es xels Seuwyobs saqonlis Semosvlas sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtiT im<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki movaWreebs surT saqonlis samcxe-javaxeTis bazarze<br />
Setana <strong>da</strong> gayidva.<br />
• miiRon sabaJo garantiebi saqarTveloSi.<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi:<br />
• saWiroa ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSveb punqtze fito-sanitariuli pirobebis Seqmna<br />
(mis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba sazRvarze produqtebis transportireba).<br />
• informacia axali sabaJo procedurebis import-eqsportis Sesaxeb un<strong>da</strong><br />
momzaddes rusul <strong>da</strong> somxur enebzec <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> moxdes maTi ganTavseba<br />
Setyobinebebis <strong>da</strong>faze sazRvris orive mxares. aucilebelia am sainformacio<br />
furclebis <strong>da</strong>beWdva <strong>da</strong> gavrceleba orive regionSi. aseve, aucilebelia,<br />
orive mxarem icodes, rom Sesabamisi dokumentebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia<br />
importis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadisgan gaTavisufleba rogorc somxeTis, ise saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze.<br />
• aucilebelia ninowmindis gamSveb punqtze iyos Sesabamisi aRWurviloba<br />
(axali sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtis SekeTebis <strong>da</strong>srulebamde). gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania sabaJoze kompiuteruli sistemis <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis<br />
•<br />
miwodebis uzrunvelyofa. amisTvis saWiroa, realisturad Sefasdes arsebuli<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> momzaddes misi gamosworebis gegma.<br />
saWiroa Semdegi procedurebis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva:<br />
o SesaZlebeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos import-eqsportisTvis saWiro yvela saxis li-<br />
cenziis, nebarTvisa <strong>da</strong> serTifikatis miReba regionSi, sazRvarTan rac<br />
9
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
10<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
SeiZleba axlos.<br />
o saWiroa ninowmindis sazRvarTan gaixsnas sabanko momsaxurebis punqti<br />
an <strong>da</strong>inergos iseTi sistema, rom sasazRvro policiam SeZlos mcire<br />
moculobis Tanxebis adgilze miReba.<br />
o saWiroa, adgilobriv mTavrobas mieces produqciis warmomavlobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli dokumentis momzadebis ufleba an, saukeTeso<br />
SemTxvevaSi, moxdes ninowmindis sazRvrisTvis gamonaklisis <strong>da</strong>Sveba,<br />
rodesac adgilobriv produqtebze warmomavlobis dokumentebis<br />
momzadeba aRar iqneba saWiro.<br />
o aucilebelia saqonlis ganbaJeba ganxorcieldes ninowmindis sabaJo-<br />
gamSveb punqtze an axali gzis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg aSenebul sabaJoze.<br />
o aucilebelia sabaJo garantiebis gauqmeba an garantiis mopovebis pro-<br />
cesis gamartiveba <strong>da</strong> gaiafeba. aseve, es procesi gamWirvale un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />
rekomendebulia <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive sabaJo procedurebis<br />
SemoReba, rac evropuli samezoblo politikis mier SemoTavazebul<br />
“TanamSromlobaze” ufro mniSvnelovania.<br />
saWiroa, <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> somxeTis mTavrobebma miiRon invoisze miTiTebuli<br />
fasi, rogorc sabaJo Sefasebebis dros saxelmZRvanelo Rirebuleba (magram<br />
ise, rom xeli ar Seewyos raime TaRliTobas).<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programam <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo/somxeTis<br />
mTavrobebma un<strong>da</strong> Seiswavlon im qarTveli movaWreebis problemebi, romlebic<br />
cdiloben moaxdinon saqonlis eqsporti somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n ninowmindis sabaJos<br />
gavliT <strong>da</strong> moamzadon am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris strategia.<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobam un<strong>da</strong> gamoacxados, rom is ar gegmavs sabaJo tarifebis<br />
calmxriv gauqmebas TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi Semotanil soflis meurneobis<br />
produqtebze. magram, amave dros, man un<strong>da</strong> gamoacxados isic, rom Sesabamisi<br />
dokumentebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia importirebul/eqsportirebul<br />
saqonelze sabaJo tarifis gauqmeba.<br />
sabazro perspeqtivebis ganviTareba<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
adgilobrivi biznesis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri <strong>da</strong> sakonsultacio momsaxureba, romelic<br />
moicavs:<br />
o movaWreebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas biznes-gegmis momzadebis procesSi;<br />
o donor organizaciasTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebis sxva wyaroebTan urTierTobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebas kargad momzadebuli <strong>da</strong> srulyofili proeqtebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>safinanseblad;<br />
o informaciis miwodebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCenas im pirebisTvis, romlebic<br />
TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n saqonlis eqsportiT arian <strong>da</strong>interesebuli.<br />
sasazRvro fasebis analizis Catarebas, raTa gamovarkvioT warmoebis romel<br />
sferoSi aris SesaZlebeli upiratesobis mopoveba. sabazro perspeqtivebis<br />
pirveladi Sefasebis Semdeg, realuri perspeqtivebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis mier regionuli ganviTarebis<br />
gegmis momzadeba.<br />
baqo-axalqalaqi-yarsis sarkinigzo qselSi, Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n axali gzis gayvanasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> axalqalaqsa <strong>da</strong> ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si axali sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtis <strong>da</strong>srulebaSi<br />
CarTuli warmoebis konkretuli sferoebis gansazRvra.
ZiriTadi informacia<br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi mdebare or mezobel qveyanas, <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> partniorobis didi perspeqtivebi aqvT. saqarTvelosTvis somxeTi<br />
saWiroa, rogorc <strong>da</strong>matebiTi bazari <strong>da</strong> rogorc saxmeleTo marSruti iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sua aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. somxeTisTvis saqarTvelo mniSvnelovania imiT,<br />
rom igi <strong>da</strong>narCen msofliosTan <strong>da</strong>makavSirebelia. TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
sazRvrebi, somxeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, misTvis <strong>da</strong>xurulia. 1<br />
amgvarad, imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom <strong>somxeTs</strong> sahaero mimosvla aqvs ruseTTan, evropisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> msoflios bevr qveyanasTan, erTaderTi saxmeleTo gza somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n TurqeTis,<br />
ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> evropis mimarTulebiT saqarTveloze gadis. 2<br />
seriozuli geostrategiuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> miznebis gar<strong>da</strong>, arsebobs sxva, ufro<br />
“msubuqi” garemoebebic: <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> somxeTis mosaxleoba kargad icnobs<br />
erTmaneTis ekonomikas, kulturasa <strong>da</strong> istorias. somxebma istoriulad mniSvnelovani<br />
roli iTamaSes saqarTvelos biznesseqtoris ganviTarebaSi 3 <strong>da</strong> maT <strong>Soris</strong> bizneskavSirebi<br />
sakmaod Zlieria. orive qveyanaSi aris msgavsi biznes-garemo <strong>ekonomikuri</strong><br />
winsvlis Tanabari doniTa <strong>da</strong> msgavsi problemebiT biznesis ganviTarebaSi. yovelive<br />
amas xels uwyobs lingvisturi kavSirebi. maT <strong>Soris</strong> biznes-<strong>urTierTobebis</strong> gaadvileba<br />
ganpirobebulia ara marto didi somxurenovani Temis arsebobiT saqarTveloSi,<br />
aramed imiTac, rom orive qveynis mosaxleoba flobs rusul enas.<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis regioni mdebareobs saqarTvelos Crdilo- <strong>da</strong>savleTiT <strong>da</strong><br />
esazRvreba <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs. misi mTliani farTobia 64000km 2 . 2002 wlis<br />
monacemebiT misi mosaxleobis 55%-s eTnikuri somxebi Seadgenen. amJamad mosaxleobis<br />
raodenobaa 209000. 4<br />
regioni <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> TvalsazrisiT agrarulia <strong>da</strong> iyofa samcxed <strong>da</strong> javaxeTad.<br />
javaxeTi Sedgeba ninowmindisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis, xolo samcxe _ adigenis, axalcixis,<br />
aspinZisa <strong>da</strong> borjomis raionebisgan. javaxeTi ufro maRalmTiani <strong>da</strong> civi regionia<br />
(Tumca samcxeSic soflebis umravlesoba maRalmTiani <strong>da</strong> izolirebulia), zamTris<br />
minimaluri temperaturaa _40 0 celsiusiT. mdebareobis gamo javaxeTi fizikurad<br />
CamoSorebulia saqarTvelos sxva regionebs. 5 somxeTis sazRvarTan siaxlovem<br />
ganapiroba is, rom misi mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 90% eTnikuri somexia. 6<br />
1 1991 wels TurqeTma mTian yarabaRSi arsebuli konfliqtis gamo uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> somxeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
aRiarebasa <strong>da</strong> masTan savaWro urTierTobebze. amave dros, uaxloes warsulSi gamarTuli diskusiebisas, aqcenti<br />
gakeT<strong>da</strong> somxur genocidze, ramac kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>Zaba urTierToba am or qveyanas <strong>Soris</strong>.<br />
2 arsebobs SemoTavazebebi TurqeT-somxeTis sazRvris gaxsnis Taobaze. uaxles evrazianetSi <strong>da</strong>beWdili statiis<br />
mixedviT, qveynebs <strong>Soris</strong> sazRvrebis gaxsnis Taobaze TurqeTis axali mTavroba iqneba ufro Ria, vidre yvela<br />
is mTavroba, , romelic movi<strong>da</strong> qveynis saTaveSi somxeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis Semdeg. es cvlilebebi ar aris<br />
ganxiluli aRniSnuli kvlevis proeqtSi. ix. qristofer peuCi, “somxeT/TurqeTi: erevnisa <strong>da</strong> ankaris <strong>da</strong>makav-<br />
Sirebeli <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> aucilebloba”, evrazianeti (26 ivlisi, 2007).<br />
http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav072603.shtml.<br />
3 ronald grigor suni, “saqarTvelos eris Seqmna”, indianis universitetis pres- centri (1994), gv. 88.<br />
4<br />
statistikis departamenti, didi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulis mosaxleobis raodenoba (ianvari,<br />
2006), http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=47&plang=1.<br />
5<br />
axalqalaqi mdebareobs regionis samxreTiT, zRvis doni<strong>da</strong>n 1750 metris, ninowmindis mezobeli soflebi ki<br />
zRvis doni<strong>da</strong>n 2000 metris simaRleze.<br />
6<br />
statistikis departamentis monacemebi (2002).<br />
11
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
12<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmeba saqmianobebis mixedviT samcxe-javaxeTSi, 2005<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa raodenoba 103 900<br />
%<br />
warmoeba 1.6<br />
soflis <strong>da</strong> satyeo meurneoba 78.9<br />
mSenebloba 1.9<br />
transporti <strong>da</strong> komunikacia 1.3<br />
vaWroba 3.1<br />
socialuri seqtori 8.2<br />
sazogadoebrivi administracia 2.6<br />
sxva momsaxurebis sfero 2.3<br />
wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, somxeTi: somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTier-<br />
Toba: ganuxorcielebeli perspeqtivebi (gegma, agvisto, 2007), gv. 49.<br />
miwis udidesi nawili, romlis moculobaa 0,5-1,5 ha, 7 ojaxebisTvis saarsebo <strong>da</strong><br />
Semosavlis wyaroa. 8 istoriulad samcxe-javaxeTis miwebi<strong>da</strong>n Semosavali sakmaod<br />
<strong>da</strong>balia <strong>da</strong> erT ha-ze 300-600 aSS dolars Seadgens. SesaZlebelia, samcxe-javaxeTis<br />
miwebi sairigacio problemebis mogvarebis Semdeg gacilebiT ufro nayofieri gaxdes<br />
<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, Semosavlis raodenoba mxolod kartofilis naTesebi<strong>da</strong>n gaizardos<br />
erT ha-ze 4000-6000 aSS dolaramde. es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, Tu meurne<br />
gamoiyenebs karg Tesls, sasuqs <strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikas (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 2 <strong>da</strong> 3). 9<br />
javaxeTSi saSualo ojaxs mohyavs kartofili <strong>da</strong> hyavs ori an sami mewveli Zroxa,<br />
romlisganac iRebs xorcs, rZes <strong>da</strong> yvels. samcxeSic saSualo ojaxebs igive monacemebi<br />
aqvT (Tumca, Cveulebriv, isini miwis ufro mcire nakveTebs floben), magram<br />
radgan samcxe zRvis doni<strong>da</strong>n Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bla mdebareobs, aq ojaxebi Semosavals<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xilisa <strong>da</strong> bostneulis realizacii<strong>da</strong>nac iReben. borjomis gar<strong>da</strong>, region-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong>bal donezea ganviTarebuli turizmi. 10 Semosavali, CARE/DFID-is ukanaskneli<br />
gamokvlevis mixedviT, 398 laria (240 aSS dolari) TveSi, saSualo Tviuri Semosavali<br />
TiTqmis 100 lariT (60 aSS dolari) metia, vidre agraruli meurnis saSualo<br />
xelfasi saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi. Tumca, imave kvlevis mixedviT, siRaribis<br />
done gacilebiT maRalia saSualo erovnul monacemze - 22%-ze. <strong>da</strong>saqmebis xarisxi<br />
Seadgens 85%-s <strong>da</strong> Seesabameba <strong>da</strong>saqmebis dones qveynis <strong>da</strong>narCen regionebSi. 11<br />
7 CARE-s bolo monacemebis mixedviT samcxis saSualo monacemia 0,93 ha. CARE/DFID- Tvis momzadebuli samcxejavaxeTis<br />
SerCeuli soflebis socialuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> statusi gorbis (GORBI) monacemebis Tanaxmad, Tbilisi<br />
(2006).<br />
8 Tumca konkretuli monacemebi samcxe-javaxeTis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba. saSualod, meurnis mier warmoebuli produqcii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ojaxi iyenebs 5%-s. statistikis departamenti, sakvebis usafrTxoeba.. tendenciebi (aprili, 2007).<br />
9 angariSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris<br />
m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufis mier soflis meurneobis eqspertebTan konsultaciebis safuZvelze axalqalaqsa (UNDP) <strong>da</strong><br />
axalcixeSi (CARE). erTmaneTisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad maT <strong>da</strong>Tvales Semosavali <strong>da</strong> xarji, rac orivegan TiTqmis<br />
erTnairi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 2).<br />
10 borjomis erovnul parks, romelic moicavs borjomis platos <strong>da</strong> bakurianis sazafxulo <strong>da</strong> samTo kurorts,<br />
absoluturad gansxvavebuli monacemebi aqvs regionis <strong>da</strong>narCeni nawilisgan. aq temperatura ufro maRalia<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> garemoc ufro mravalferovani. mosaxleobis 10%-ze naklebi eTnikuri somexia (2002 wlis<br />
monacemebiT) <strong>da</strong> uaxlovdeba Tbilisis monacemebs. radgan borjoms ar aqvs mWidro kavSiri somxeTTan, is ar<br />
warmoadgens am kvlevis interesebis sferos.<br />
11 samcxe-javaxeTis SerCeuli soflebis socialuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> statusi gorbis (GORBI) monacemebiT, momzadebuli<br />
CARE/DFID-sTvis, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 27-28). am kvlevis Sedegad gamokiTxulia 600 mosaxle mxolod<br />
samcxeSi (javaxeTSi gamokiTxva ar Catarebula) <strong>da</strong> kvlevis Sedegebi Se<strong>da</strong>rebulia saqarTvelos sxva soflis<br />
meurneobis sakontrolo jgufis monacemebTan.
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
2003 wli<strong>da</strong>n, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, regionma prioritetuli mniSvneloba SeiZina<br />
rogorc saqarTvelosTvis, ise saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o sazogadoebisTvis. amas, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
Semdegi mizezebi ganapirobebs: pirveli, es regioni istoriulad izolirebuli mxare<br />
iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris dros is arasodes ar iyo kargad ganviTarebuli. sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg situacia gauares<strong>da</strong>, radgan ganadgurebuli satransporto<br />
sistemiT bunebrivad ise<strong>da</strong>c rTuli topografia ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro problemuri<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong>. rogorc hedvig lehami ECMI-<strong>da</strong>n ambobs, samcxe-javaxeTi, “<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
satransporto infrastruqturis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos sxva regionebisgan<br />
virtualurad izolirebuli gax<strong>da</strong>”. 12<br />
meore <strong>da</strong>, SesaZlebelia, yvelaze arsebiTi mizezia regionis eTnikuri Semadgenloba,<br />
rac politikurad mniSvnelovania. saqarTvelo evropis sabWosa <strong>da</strong> evropis enis<br />
palatis wevria. amis gamo <strong>da</strong> umciresobaTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis CarCo-xelSekrulebis<br />
Tanaxmad, qveynis mTavrobam aiRo specialuri kanonieri valdebuleba umciresobaTa<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa. 13 konfliqti afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTSi, nawilobriv,<br />
eTnikuri sakiTxebiT iyo motivirebuli. misma Sedegebma saqarTvelos mTavrobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong>anaxves samcxe-javaxeTis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos sxva regionebTan misi integraciis aucilebloba. mizani momavali<br />
potenciuri problemebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebaa. 14 saqarTvelos mTavroba amJamad cdilobs,<br />
marTos rTuli politikuri raioni, romelsac saqarTvelosTan integraciis sakiTxSi<br />
sakuTari politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli uflebebi aqvs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o sazogadoeba Sewuxebulia, rom ise<strong>da</strong>c izolirebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnikurad <strong>da</strong>Zabuli garemos mdgomareoba kidev ufro gauares<strong>da</strong> ruseTis samxedro<br />
bazebis gayvanis Semdeg. maTi gayvana sabolood <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> 2007 wlis ivnisSi.<br />
natos erT-erT wevr qveyanasTan, TurqeTTan axlos mdebare samcxe-javaxeTis<br />
samxreT nawils marTav<strong>da</strong> ruseTis diviziis 62-e baza, romelic axalqalaqSi iyo<br />
ganlagebuli. samxedro baza, sa<strong>da</strong>c adre 1500-2000 a<strong>da</strong>miani muSaob<strong>da</strong>, axalqalaqis<br />
teritoriaze yvelaze ufro didi <strong>da</strong>msaqmebeli iyo <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>xurvis Semdeg<br />
mosaxleobis Semosavlis Semcireba yovelTviurad 300-600,000 aSS dolariT Sefas<strong>da</strong>. 15<br />
ganviTarebaze orientirebuli organizaciebi kargad xe<strong>da</strong>ven am cvlilebebis<br />
ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur gavlenas regionze <strong>da</strong> swored amitomac ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites aq<br />
TavianTi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba. 16<br />
12 hedvig lohmi, javaxeTi vardebis revoluciis Semdeg: saqarTveloSi erovnuli erTianobis progresi <strong>da</strong> regresi.<br />
ECMI_is samuSao gazeTi #38, (aprili, 2007). gv. 6.<br />
13 2005 wels, maSin, rodesac mox<strong>da</strong> erovnul umciresobaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis CarCo-xelSekrulebis ratificireba, evropuli<br />
enebis qartia jer kidev ar iyo ratificirebuli. maTi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
politikaSi warmatebuli gamoyenebis Sesafaseblad ixile iohana popianevskis umciresoba <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiis<br />
mdgomareoba: <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi erovnuli umciresobebis <strong>da</strong>cvis Sefaseba, centraluri aziis kavkasiis<br />
instituti, abreSumis gzis saswavlo programa (seqtemberi, 2006), gv. 31.<br />
(http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/0609Popjanevski.pdf)<br />
14 es aris sayovelTaod cnobili motivacia fond “aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” gzis proeqtis miRma <strong>da</strong><br />
AgVantage-isa <strong>da</strong> Mercy Corps-is interesis sagani regionSi. gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufma interviu aiRo AgVantage-is direqtoris, riCard<br />
hurelbrinkisgan (20 agvisto, 2007) <strong>da</strong>, Mercy Corps-is regionuli warmomadgenlis, juli burCisgan (23 agvisto,<br />
2007).<br />
15 hedvig lohmi, javaxeTi vardebis revoluciis Semdeg: erovnuli erTianobis progresi <strong>da</strong> regresi saqarTvelo-<br />
Si. ECMI_is samuSao gazeTi #38 (aprili, 2007), gv. 10.<br />
16 magaliTad, AgVantage-is <strong>da</strong>mfinansebelma (USAID) iTxova regionSi samuSaoebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba, rogorc ruseTis bazis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xurvis sapasuxo nabiji. gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris<br />
m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufma interviu aiRo AgVantage-is direqtoris, riCard hurelbrinkisgan (20 agvisto, 2007).<br />
13
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
am motivebma istoriulad izolirebul regionSi moamravla saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o<br />
organizaciebi, romelTa mizania, aRdges adgilobrivi satransporto<br />
infrastruqutra, rac mas <strong>da</strong>akavSirebs <strong>da</strong>narCen saqarTvelosTan. aseve, mimdinareobs<br />
adgilobrivi komunikaciebis aRdgena, rac mniSvnelovania warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> agrobiznesis<br />
ganviTarebisTvis.<br />
metwilad, ganviTarebis es samuSaoebi mimarTulia saqarTveloSi importis<br />
Canacvlebis an qveyni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleTis bazarze saqonlis eqsportisken, magram rogorc<br />
Mercy Corps_is warmomadgeneli juli burCi ambobs:<br />
14<br />
axalcixeSi mZlavrobs kulturuli kavSirebi somxeTTan, amdenad, aqaur<br />
meurneebs ufro axlo kontaqtebi aqvT somxebTan, vidre saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />
regionebSi mcxovreb meurneebTan. CvenTvis ucnobia, ramdenad Seicvleba maTi<br />
urTierToba infrastruqturis Secvlis Semdeg. 17<br />
ninowmin<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqSi dominirebs somxurenovani mosaxleoba, romelsac<br />
Zlieri kulturuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> kavSirebi aqvs erevanTan <strong>da</strong> ar endoba Tbilisis<br />
xelisuflebas. 18 am <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, kavSiri somxeTTan,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad arsebuli problemebisa, mainc Zlieri rCeba.<br />
17 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurs- centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufma interviu<br />
aiRo, Mercy Corps-is regionuli warmomadgenlis, juli burCisgan (23 agvisto, 2007).<br />
18 hedvig lohmi, javaxeTi vardebis revoluciis Semdeg: erovnuli erTianobis progresi <strong>da</strong> regresi saqarTvelo-<br />
Si. ECMI_is samuSao gazeTi #38 (aprili, 2007), gv. 40.
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
1. sasazRvro saqmianobebis savele <strong>kvleva</strong> ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
Sesavali<br />
am sakvlevi proeqtis ZiriTadi mizania sasazRvro vaWrobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.<br />
amisTvis saWiroa, gavigoT, Tu ra xdeba sazRvarze dRes. Cven un<strong>da</strong> SeviswavloT<br />
ara mxolod vaWrobis moculoba <strong>da</strong> tipi, aramed mis winaSe arsebuli praqtikuli<br />
problemebic. ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSvebi punqti mdebareobs axalqalaqi-ninowmin<strong>da</strong>giumri-erevnis<br />
marSrutze <strong>da</strong> mas mTavar regionul sabaJo punqtad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />
potenciali aqvs. am sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtis momsaxureba dResdReobiT naklebad<br />
gamoiyeneba <strong>da</strong> aq gatarebuli saqonlis moculoba umniSvneloa.<br />
Semotanili saqoneli, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi <strong>da</strong> samSeneblo<br />
masalebia. maTi Semotana xorcieldeba msubuqi avtomobilebiT, mikroavtobusebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> satvirTo manqanebiT. 19 Semotanili sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi, metwilad,<br />
sezonuria <strong>da</strong> maTi importi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mosavlis aRebis periodze, rodesac<br />
aRniSnuli produqtebiT vaWroben. 20 magaliTad, gargaris mosavals somxeTSi<br />
iReben ivnisSi, saqarTveloSi ki is ivlisis Sua ricxvebisTvis Semodis. swored am<br />
eqvsi kviris ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs gargariT vaWroba sazRvarze. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n importirebulia: adreuli kartofili <strong>da</strong> kartofilis Tesli, kombosto,<br />
gargari, atami, yurZeni, rZis produqtebi <strong>da</strong> xorci, aseve, samSeneblo tufis qva<br />
<strong>da</strong> cementi.<br />
regionebs <strong>Soris</strong> vaWrobis ganviTarebaze formaluri sabaJo procedurebis gavlenis<br />
Sesaswavlad, <strong>kvleva</strong>Si mocemulia ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtis detaluri<br />
aRwera; ganxilulia infrastruqturuli problemebi, maT <strong>Soris</strong>, sabaJo-gamSvebi<br />
punqtis fizikuri mdgomareoba, gzis problemebi ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si, sabanko momsaxurebis<br />
ararseboba <strong>da</strong> manZili TurqeTis uaxloes sabaJo- gamSveb punqtamde, valemde.<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, sabaJo moTxovnebis gamo Zalian Znelia ninowmindis sabaJoze<br />
nebismieri moculobis tvirTis gadmotana. teqnikuri SezRudvebi sabaJoze saqonlis<br />
imports problemurs <strong>da</strong> arastabilurs xdis. warmomavlobis dokumentis ararsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, movaWreebi valdebuli arian ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi nebismier<br />
importirebul saqonelze (imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saqonlis importi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisgan gaTavisuflebulia), magram infrastruqturis<br />
problemebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, am ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> problemuria <strong>da</strong> did dros<br />
moiTxovs. saimporto licenziis misaRebad movaWreebi iZulebuli arian weliwadSi<br />
erTxel Cavidnen TbilisSi. ufro didi moculobis saqonlis importisas ki<br />
movaWreebma un<strong>da</strong> gaiaron kidev <strong>da</strong>matebiT 150km, Cavidnen valeSi <strong>da</strong> iq moaxdinon<br />
TavianTi saqonlis registracia. Tuki movaWreebs <strong>da</strong>gegmili aqvT am saqonlis<br />
gayidva axalqalaqis bazarSi, maT uxdebaT zedmeti 250km-is gavla. movaWreebs, aseve,<br />
esaWiroebaT sabaJo garantiebi.<br />
19 aucilebelia im satvirTo manqanebis <strong>da</strong>luqva, romelsac gadmoaqvs 700 larze meti Rirebulebis saqoneli.<br />
saWiroa maTi ga<strong>da</strong>yvana sabaJos sawyobSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c moxdeba saqonlis Sefaseba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gansazRvra.<br />
procesi detalura<strong>da</strong>a aRwerili 1 nawilSi.<br />
20 saqarTvelos zog regionSi mosavlis aRebis sezonis adreulad <strong>da</strong>wyebam SeiZleba didi sabazro perspeqtivebi<br />
SemogvTavazos, radgan SesaZlebeli gaxdeba saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n aRmosavleT evropaSi xilis gatana. gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufis interviu AgVantageis<br />
direqtorTan, riCard hurelbrinkTan (20 agvisto, 2007).<br />
15
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
am problemebis umravlesoba ga<strong>da</strong>Wris procesSia. amJamad mimdinare axali sabaJogamSvebi<br />
punqtis mSenebloba 2008 wels un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruldes. amave dros <strong>da</strong>iwyo im gzis<br />
SekeTebac, romelic valemde misasvlel manZils <strong>da</strong> dros Seamcirebs. gzis mSeneblobis<br />
proeqti nawilia fond “aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos’’ programisa. am<br />
proeqtis farglebSi mimdinare gzis SekeTeba sazRvri<strong>da</strong>n qalaq ninowmin<strong>da</strong>mde 2010<br />
wlisTvis un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruldes. am periodisTvis igegmeba axalcixi<strong>da</strong>n 37 km-is moSorebiT<br />
axali sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtis mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>sruleba (ninowmindis sazRvri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 70 km-is manZilze).<br />
zemoT aRwerili axali infrastuqturis mSeneblobas garkveuli dro sWirdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>, Cveni azriT, umjobesia, am samuSaoebis <strong>da</strong>srulebamde <strong>da</strong>viwyoT axali savaWro<br />
<strong>urTierTobebis</strong> ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. aseve, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
axali infrastruqturisa, sabaJo procedurebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi<br />
isev moaxdens gavlenas regionul vaWrobaze. mocemuli kvlevis farglebSi Cven<br />
detalurad gavaanalizebT rogorc sazRvris mdgomareobis, ise, maregulirebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> infrastruqturis problemebis gavlenas vaWrobaze.<br />
ninowmindis sazRvarze Catarebuli <strong>kvleva</strong><br />
kvlevis procesSi Cveni ori m<strong>kvleva</strong>ri samcxe-javaxeTSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. maT ori kvira<br />
gaatares regionSi <strong>da</strong> awarmoes <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebi adgilobriv bazarsa <strong>da</strong> sazRvarze.<br />
mogvianebiT, maT ori kvira gaatares saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvarze mdebare<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sabaJoze Tbilisis maxloblad.<br />
28 movaWri<strong>da</strong>n, romlebmac im periodis ganmavlobaSi (2007 wlis 30 ivnisi<strong>da</strong>n 14<br />
ivlisamde) gadmokveTes sazRvari <strong>da</strong> 29 adgilobrivi mosaxli<strong>da</strong>n (axalqalaqis<br />
bazri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> misi Semogareni<strong>da</strong>n) SeirCa 5 a<strong>da</strong>miani, 21 romlebsac gaesaubrnen mkvlevrebi<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi.<br />
Cveni <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis periodSi dReSi, saSualod, 2,5 manqanam gadmokveTa sazRvari.<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom yvelaze didi raodenobiT tufis qvis importi xorcieldeba (13<br />
avtomanqana), Semdeg modis kartofili (6 manqana), qvamarili <strong>da</strong> kombosto (3-3<br />
satvirTo manqana). sabaJoze Semovi<strong>da</strong> didi satvirTo manqana, <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli 20000<br />
laris Rirebulebis cementiT. amis gamoklebiT, im saqonlis saSualo Rirebuleba,<br />
romelmac sazRvari gaiara, 395 lari iyo. importirebuli sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
produqtebis (maT <strong>Soris</strong>, marilis) saSualo Rirebuleba iyo 288 lari, xolo<br />
importirebuli arasasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis saSualo Rirebuleba (20000<br />
laris Rirebulebis tvirTis gamoklebiT) _ 480 lari.<br />
ukve aRvniSneT, rom es cifrebi, SesaZlebelia, ar warmoadgendes sabaJoze<br />
importirebuli saqonlis TvalsaCino magaliTs, radgan rogorc zemoT ukve<br />
iTqva, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi sezonuria, xolo Cven mxolod ori<br />
kviris ganmavlobaSi vakvirdebodiT am process. rogorc mebaJeebma gviTxres,<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi importirebuli saqonlis moculoba gacilebiT didia. gar<strong>da</strong><br />
kartofilis (saTesle <strong>da</strong> sasursaTo), kombostos, gargaris, atmis, yurZnis, rZisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xorcis produqtebisa, sazRvarze gadmoaqvT tufis qva, cementi <strong>da</strong> samSeneblo<br />
masalebi. Tumca, ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si momuSave mebaJeebis TqmiT, wlis ganmavlobaSi dReSi<br />
sabaJoze Semosuli manqanebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa 10.<br />
21<br />
amas gar<strong>da</strong>, Cven gavesaubreT <strong>da</strong>matebiT 40 a<strong>da</strong>mians regionSi <strong>da</strong> CavatareT ori Sexvedra movaWreebTan, erTi<br />
axalcixeSi <strong>da</strong> erTic axalqalaqSi.<br />
16
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
sabaJoze Semotanili saqonlis tipi icvleba sezonis mixedviT. igi aseve<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia im wlis mosavlis raodenobaze (mag.,Tuki kartofilis mosavali<br />
saqarTveloSi cudia, xolo somxeTSi kargi, kartofilis importi izrdeba). kvlevis<br />
periodSi adgili ar hqonia produqtis eqsports saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n somxeTSi. mxolod<br />
erTi a<strong>da</strong>miani cdilob<strong>da</strong> somxeTSi kartofilis gatanas, magram sazRvri<strong>da</strong>n ukan<br />
<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> pretenziebiT, rom mas didi raodenobiT qrTami mosTxoves. 22 <strong>kvleva</strong>Si<br />
ganxilulia saqarTveloSi saqonlis importTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sazRvarze arsebuli<br />
formaluri procedurebi <strong>da</strong> misgan warmoSobili problemebi, romlebic eqmneba<br />
vaWrobis ganviTarebas regionSi.<br />
sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli formaluri procedurebi<br />
(saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvarze somexi eqsportiorebis <strong>da</strong>yovnebis gamo drois<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vadebis aRricxva ix. <strong>da</strong>narT 1-Si).<br />
saqarTveloSi saqonlis importisas saWiroa Semdegi etapebis gavla: 1) somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saqonlis wamoReba, 2) sabaJo formaluri procedurebis gavla saqarTvelos<br />
sazRvarze, 3)sabaJo formaluri procedurebis gavla saqarTveloSi. Cveni <strong>kvleva</strong><br />
gTavazobT am procesebis Semcirebas 40 wuTamde (1 <strong>da</strong> 2 safexuri).<br />
sabaJo formaluri procedurebis gavla importiorebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi<br />
problemaa. igi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia importirebuli saqonlis moculobaze. arsebobs<br />
saqonlis sami tipi.<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
ar ixdis sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxads:<br />
o sasoflo-sameurneo produqti 50 laramde an 5 kg-mde;<br />
o 300 laramde arasakvebi produqti.<br />
700 laramde Rirebulebis saqoneli:<br />
o ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSveb punqts ufleba aqvs gaataros saqoneli mxolod<br />
mas Semdeg, rac movaWre ga<strong>da</strong>ixdis yvela savaldebulo mosakrebels.<br />
amisTvis saWiroa, movaWre Cavides ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> bankSi ga<strong>da</strong>ixados es<br />
Tanxa, Semdeg ki <strong>da</strong>brundes sabaJoze saqonlis ga<strong>da</strong>satanad.<br />
700 larze meti Rirebulebis saqoneli:<br />
o ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSveb punqts ufleba ar aqvs gaataros am tipis<br />
saqoneli. saqonlis <strong>da</strong>luqvis Semdeg mebaJe gascems registraciis<br />
mowmobas <strong>da</strong> mas aTavseben sabaJos sawyobSi.<br />
rogorc wesi, saqonlis mepatroneebs ar aqvT invoisi an kontraqti, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRniSnuli<br />
iqneba saqonlis Rirebuleba, sabaJo-gamSveb punqtze ki ar aris saswori, rom moxdes<br />
saqonlis awonva <strong>da</strong> savaraudo Rirebulebis <strong>da</strong>dgena, rac xSirad iwvevs konfliqts<br />
mebaJeebsa <strong>da</strong> movaWreebs <strong>Soris</strong>.<br />
22 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurs- centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufs ar<br />
Cautarebia msgavsi <strong>kvleva</strong> sazRvris somxeTis mxares <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, Cven ar SegviZlia SevafasoT mis sabaJoze<br />
korufciis done. Tumca, Cvens mier gamokiTxuli movaWreebis Tanaxmad, somxeTSi korufciis done Zalian maRalia.<br />
17
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
procedurebi<br />
Tu saqonlis Rirebulebaa 700 lari (an 50 larze naklebi), sabaJoze am saqonlis<br />
gatarebas, maT <strong>Soris</strong>, Semowmebas <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sWirdes ½<br />
saaTi.<br />
Tuki saqonlis (maT <strong>Soris</strong>, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis), Rirebuleba aRemateba<br />
50 lars, importiori valdebulia, moaxdinos misi deklarireba <strong>da</strong> es informacia<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Sevides sabaJos kompiuterul sistemaSi. 23<br />
deklaraciis wardgenis Semdeg, movaWre valdebulia, ga<strong>da</strong>ixados Sesabamisi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi. sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebia:<br />
a. sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi _ 5 evros ekvivalenti larebSi, Tu produqciis<br />
Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 300 lars, sxva SemTxvevaSi, 60 evros ekvivalenti<br />
larebSi.<br />
24 b. sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi _ 0%, 5% an 12% <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia saqonlis tipze .<br />
c. aqcizi _ aqcizuri saqonlis ga<strong>da</strong>tana ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSveb punqtze<br />
sastikad akrZalulia.<br />
d. <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Rirebulebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi (dRg) _ 18%.<br />
infrastruqturis problemebi<br />
qvemoT mocemuli suraTebi ga<strong>da</strong>Rebulia maisSi Cveni mkvlevrebis mier. marcxniv<br />
naCvenebia sabaJo-gamSvebi punqti, xolo marjvniv _ gza ninowminidis sabaJo-gamSvebi<br />
punqtisken.<br />
rogorc xe<strong>da</strong>vT, sabaJo-gamSvebi punqti Zalian cud mdgomareobaSia. misi upirvelesi<br />
problemaa wylisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis arastabiluri miwodeba <strong>da</strong> moZvelebuli<br />
teqnikuri aRWurviloba. amis gamo, SesaZlebelia, xSirad Seiqmnas problemebi<br />
importirebuli produqtis deklarirebis, aRricxvisa <strong>da</strong> kompiuterul sistemaSi<br />
Seyvanis dros. importiori iZulebulia, <strong>da</strong>elodos am problemebis mogvarebas <strong>da</strong><br />
sistemis aRdgenas.<br />
23 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, saqonlis deklarirebas axorcielebs movaWre, Tumca ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir, deklarirebis gareSe xdeba am informaciis kompiuterul sistemaSi Seyvana.<br />
24 aRsaniSnavia, rom es ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi ar exeba somxeTSi warmoebul produqts. Tumca, Zalian cota movaWres SeuZlia<br />
amis <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba, <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, isini ixdian ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs.<br />
18
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
kvlevis ganmavlobaSi iyo ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva problemis<br />
gamo SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> deklaraciis Sevseba <strong>da</strong> registraciis mowmobis gacema. am<br />
problemebs, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, teqnikuri xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>. erT SemTxvevaSi, sabaJos erTian<br />
kompiuterul sistemaSi uwesivrobis gamo, importiorebi iZulebuli gaxdnen mTeli<br />
erTi dRe <strong>da</strong>lodebodnen sistemis aRdgenas. sabolood, maT <strong>da</strong>toves saqoneli <strong>da</strong><br />
meore dRes, rodesac kompiuteri SekeT<strong>da</strong>, miakiTxes mas.<br />
meore, infrastuqturis problema, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sa- banko<br />
momsaxurebasTan. saqarTvelos sazRvris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva monakveTSi, sabaJoebis<br />
maxloblad, bankebs gaxsnili aqvs filialebi an ga<strong>da</strong>xdis centrebi mcire TanxebisTvis.<br />
ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si ar arsebobs msgavsi sabanko ga<strong>da</strong>xdis centri an filiali. sabanko<br />
sistemis ararseboba ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si aixsneba gzisa <strong>da</strong> satransporto infrastruqturis<br />
uqonlobiT, rac <strong>da</strong>matebiT problemebs uqmnis movaWreebs: pirveli, Tuki saWiroa<br />
Tanxis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si, maT TavianTi saqoneli un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tovon sabaJoze <strong>da</strong>,<br />
mogvianebiT, ga<strong>da</strong>xdis qviTriT mividnen mis wamosaRebad. radgan movaWreebs,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, aqvT erTi avtomanqana, romliTac saqoneli gadmoaqvT, maT uxdebaT sxva<br />
transportis moZieba <strong>da</strong> imiT gamgzavreba qalaqSi. es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar aris martivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakmao finansur <strong>da</strong>naxarjebTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. Cveni mkvlevrebis sabaJoze<br />
yofnis periodSi, mewarmes, romelic tufis qvis imports axorcielebs (560 laris<br />
Rirebulebis saqoneli), 6 saaTi <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> sabaJo mosakreblis ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelad. 25<br />
ufro metic, imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom ninowmin<strong>da</strong>mde mxolod 23 km-ia, gza imdenad<br />
<strong>da</strong>zianebulia, rom mgzavrobas qalaqamde, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 1-1,5 saaTi sWirdeba, anu<br />
iqamde misvlas <strong>da</strong> ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebas minimum 3 saaTi un<strong>da</strong> (amas emateba bankSi <strong>da</strong>xarjuli<br />
droc).<br />
Zvirfasi saqonlis upatronod mitoveba sabaJoze garkveul riskTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
sabaJos moxeleebis TqmiT, gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa<br />
jgufis Camosvlamde, erT-erT somex mewarmes sur<strong>da</strong> nayinis importi saqarTveloSi.<br />
im 4 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rac mas sabaJo mosakreblis ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelad <strong>da</strong> ukan<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabruneblad <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>, nayini gadna.<br />
Tuki saqonlis Rirebuleba aRemateba 700 lars, maSin movaWre valdebulia <strong>da</strong>luqos<br />
Tavisi transporti. saqonlis Senaxva un<strong>da</strong> moxdes sabaJos sawyobSi. uaxloesi sawyobi<br />
ki valeSia. anu, Tuki movaWres surs Tavisi saqonlis ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si gayidva, nacvlad<br />
imisa, rom gaiaros mxolod 23 km, is iZulebulia imgzavros <strong>da</strong>matebiT 150 km, sanam<br />
vales sabaJo-gamSveb punqtamde miva. marTalia, gza Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gamokeT<strong>da</strong>, magram es<br />
procesi mainc zedmetad <strong>da</strong>xarjul drosa <strong>da</strong> finansebs moiTxovs.<br />
dokumentebis mopovebis problemebi<br />
warmomavlobis serTifikati<br />
<strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong> gaformebulia Tavisufali savaWro xelSekruleba,<br />
romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n Semotanili saqoneli Tavisufldeba sabaJo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadisgan (sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis umravlesobis sabaJo Rirebulebis<br />
12%). magram arc erTi mewarme ar iyenebs Tavis uflebas.<br />
25<br />
sabaJo mosakreblis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> moicavs sam safexurs: 1) ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si Casvlas, 2) bankSi Tanxis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> 3) ukan<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebas.<br />
19
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
gamokiTxul mewarmeTa umravlesoba acxadebs, rom warmomavlobis serTifikatis<br />
mopoveba ufro met drosa <strong>da</strong> finansebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, vidre saqarTveloSi<br />
sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>. igive problema aqvT eqsportiorebsac, radgan maT am<br />
serTifikatis misaRebad TbilisSi uxdebaT Casvla. 26<br />
importis licenzia<br />
saqarTvelos licenziebisa <strong>da</strong> nebarTvebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, yvela saxis<br />
bostneuli, romelic importirebulia saqarTveloSi, saWiroebs soflis meurneobis<br />
saministros kvebis produqtebis usafrTxoebis saagentos mier TbilisSi gacemul<br />
nebarTvas. mecxoveleobis <strong>da</strong> xorcis produqtebisTvis ki, imave organizaciis<br />
mier gacemuli sxva saxis nebarTvaa saWiro. saqarTvelos sabaJo importiorebisgan<br />
moiTxovs am saqonlis sazRvarze ga<strong>da</strong>tanis Sesaxeb nebarTvis winaswar wardgenas.<br />
sabaJo garantiebi<br />
amis gar<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos sabaJo kanonis mixedviT, Tu saqoneli saWiroebs ganbaJebas,<br />
aucilebelia sabanko garantiis wardgena (40000 evros Rirebuleba), romelic<br />
gacemulia saqarTvelos rezidenti bankis mier <strong>da</strong> romelic un<strong>da</strong> waredginos sabaJos<br />
sawyobs saqonlis gatanamde. Cveulebriv, es aris <strong>da</strong>mzRvevi dokumenti. mcire<br />
movaWreebisTvis am sabuTis mopoveba <strong>da</strong> misi gamoyeneba garkveul problemebTanaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
problemebi, romlebsac movaWreebi ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si awydebian, ar aris sa<strong>da</strong>xlos gamSveb<br />
punqtze, amitom importiorebis umravlesobas saqonlis Semotana sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sabaJos<br />
gziT urCevnia. isini sabaJo procedurebs TbilisSi gadian <strong>da</strong> mxolod amis Semdeg<br />
miaqvT saqoneli gasayi<strong>da</strong>d ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si.<br />
informaciis nakleboba<br />
movaWreebTan saubrisas SevniSneT, rom maT ara aqvT Sesabamisi informacia saqonlis<br />
import-eqsportis zusti procedurebis Sesaxeb. gamokiTxuli 54 movaWrisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mewarmisgan 65%-ma ar ico<strong>da</strong>, romel saqonelze ra mosakrebeli un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>.<br />
80%-ma ar ico<strong>da</strong>, rom, isini, rogorc somexi mewarmeebi, gaTavisuflebuli arian<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadisgan (Sesabamisi warmomavlobis serTifikatis wardgenis Semdeg). maT ara<br />
aqvT informacia arc sabaJo reJimisa Tu sxva formaluri procedurebis <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
mebaJeebTan urTierTobisas TavianTi uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis Sesaxeb.<br />
es ori faqtoriTaa gamowveuli. pirveli, mosaxleobis umravlesobam ar icis qarTuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> meore, kanonmdebloba mudmivad icvleba. ar arsebobs sainformacio <strong>da</strong>fa an<br />
furceli, romelic uaxles informacias gaacnob<strong>da</strong> maT sabaJo procedurebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis Sesaxeb.<br />
arainformirebulobas ori mTavari nakli aqvs: Ppirveli _ iqmneba konfliqti<br />
importiorebsa <strong>da</strong> mebaJeebs <strong>Soris</strong>; meore _ movaWreebi ar endobian mebaJeebs. am<br />
proeqtze muSaobis ganmavlobaSi Cven gamovkiTxeT bevri a<strong>da</strong>miani. zogierTi maTgani<br />
aqtiurad aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong> Cabmuli sabaJoO procedurebSi, zogsac saerTod<br />
ar aqvs Sexeba maTTan. umetesoba cdilobs, airidos kontaqti mebaJeebTan, radgan<br />
26 warmomavlobis serTifikati _ “CT 1” gacemulia saqarTvelos savaWro palatis mier. am organizacias ar aqvs<br />
filiali samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi. am serTifikatis misaRebad saWiroa saqonlis TbilisSi Camotana.<br />
20
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
procesi Zalian rTulia, xolo sistema _ korumpirebuli. 27 erT-erTi somexi yvelis<br />
mewarme Semdegnairad aRwers saqonlis importis process:<br />
sazRvarze yveli rom ga<strong>da</strong>itanoT, Tqven un<strong>da</strong> aiRoT specialuri sabuTi an<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ixadoT qrTami, rogorc qarTul, ise somxur sabaJoze. am sabuTis miRebac<br />
did TanxebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. 28<br />
korufcia<br />
2003 wli<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> korufciasTan<br />
brZolis saqmeSi (ix. wina nawili). am etapze korufciis done sabaJoze Semcirebulia.<br />
korufciis Semcirebaze saubrobdnen biznesis warmomadgenlebic, romelTac Cven<br />
gavesaubreT. gamokiTxulTa, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 85% aRniSnavs, rom korufcia problemas<br />
aRar warmoadgens. 15% ki ambobs, rom korufcia arsebobs, Tumca maT ar hqoniaT<br />
uSualo Sexeba masTan. 29 Cven, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar un<strong>da</strong> viyoT miRweuliT kmayofili.<br />
problemebi arsebobs. Cveni kvlevis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xlos xuTi mebaJe <strong>da</strong>apatimres <strong>da</strong> gaasamarTles qrTamis aRebisTvis. isini axla<br />
sasamarTlos elodebian.<br />
somxeTSi fiqroben, rom yvela sabaJo moxele meqrTamea. erT-erTi somexi eqsportiori<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom Tuki Secdomaa nebarTvaSi, maSin fiqsirebuli qrTamia 100 aSS dolari.<br />
es Sexeduleba masiurad aris xalxSi gavrcelebuli. 30 zogierTi mewarme ironiulad<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom, Zviri <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi administraciuli procedurebis gavlas, mcire<br />
raodenobis qrTamis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> urCevnia. zogierTi maTganis mosazrebiT, qrTami ufro<br />
efeqturi, iafi <strong>da</strong> sandoa, vidre biurokratiasTan urTierToba.<br />
vaWroba <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
sabaJoze Cveni yofnis periodSi adgili ar hqonia saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n eqsports <strong>da</strong> amitom<br />
Zneli iyo Segveswavla qarTveli eqsportiorebis problemebi. magram, rogorc<br />
adgilobriv mewarmeebTan <strong>da</strong> movaWreebTan saubri<strong>da</strong>n SevityveT, somxeTTan vaWrobas<br />
aferxebs sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xarjebi. warmoebis zogierT sferoSi,<br />
romlebsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT, bazrebs <strong>Soris</strong> fasTa sxvaoba ar aris sakmarisi,<br />
rom gamarTlebuli iyos am or regions <strong>Soris</strong> vaWroba. magaliTad, yvelis erT-erTi<br />
msxvili mwarmoebeli aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom mas SeeZlo yvelis gayidva TbilisSi 1kg 6.5<br />
larad an giumrSi 1kg 7 larad. sabazro fasebs <strong>Soris</strong> sxvaoba imdenad mcirea, rom<br />
azri ekargeba sabaJo procedurebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sirTuleebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvas. 31<br />
27 Cven gamovkiTxeT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 20 mewarme <strong>da</strong> movaWre (vinc ar awarmoebs import-eqsports saqarTvelosTan)<br />
giumrSi. maT isev ar sjeraT qarTveli mebaJeebis, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Cvens mier gamokiTxulTagan arc erTs<br />
ar Sexebia korufciis problema. gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris<br />
m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi, giumri (ivnisi, 2007).<br />
28 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurs- centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi. interviu<br />
aSotis yvelis qarxnis mewarmeebTan (ivnisi, 2007).<br />
29 is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic ar arian vaWrobaSi CarTuli, fiqroben, rom araferi ar Secvlila.<br />
30<br />
rogorc sxva movaWreebi amboben, qrTamis raodenoba ganisazRvreba wonis mixedviT: 1 tona _ 100 aSS dolari,<br />
3 tona _ 200 aSS dolari <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
31<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurs- centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi. interviu<br />
yvelisa <strong>da</strong> rZis mwarmoeblebTan. ninowmin<strong>da</strong>, 11 maisi, 2007.<br />
21
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
aseve, CavatareT gamokiTxva axalqalaqSi <strong>da</strong> gavesaubreT 29 movaWres. vTxoveT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT vaWrobis yvelaze didi problemebi (ar <strong>da</strong>gvikonkretebia somxeTTan<br />
vaWroba). respondentebis 66% asaxelebs ugzoobas, 52% _ maRal sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> 17% _ manZils sabaJo terminalamde. am Sedegebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT,<br />
rom msgavsi problemebi, SesaZlebelia, sazRvris meore mxaresac arsebobdes.<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sazRvris <strong>kvleva</strong><br />
mkvlevrebma 12 dRe gaatares sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sazRvarze, sa<strong>da</strong>c movaWreebs naklebad<br />
awuxeb<strong>da</strong>T administraciuli <strong>da</strong> lojistikuri problemebi. maTi importis tarifi,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, aRematebo<strong>da</strong> 700 lars <strong>da</strong> TavianTi saqonlis gamoxsnas isini Tbilisis<br />
maxloblad, nataxtris sabaJos sawyobi<strong>da</strong>n axdendnen. 32 sazRvarze am satvirTo<br />
manqanebis registracias <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>luqvas <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 20 wuTi sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. Tuki satvirTo<br />
avtomanqana axorcielebs satranzito reiss, igi <strong>da</strong>luquli rCeba <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
adgilze misvlamde. Tuki igi gankuTvnilia saqarTvelosTvis, saWiroa misi gamoxsna<br />
sabaJos sawyobi<strong>da</strong>n. am process <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1,5-5 dRe sWirdeba.<br />
ninowmindisa <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sabaJoebs <strong>Soris</strong> arsebobs aSkara sxvaoba. saqonlis fasis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, sa<strong>da</strong>xloze mebaJeebs ar aqvT saqonlis ganbaJebis ufleba. es garkveul<br />
problemebs uqmnis mcire moculobis tvirTis Semotanas <strong>da</strong> swored aman ganapiroba<br />
is, rom Cveni iq yofnis periodSi adgili ar hqonia mcire moculobis saqonlis<br />
Semotanas.<br />
sabaJoze gatarebul 12 dReSi (18-30 ivnisi) sazRvari, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 10,7 dReSi<br />
gadmolaxa 128 satvirTo avtomanqanam. aqe<strong>da</strong>n 40 manqana modio<strong>da</strong> somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> mxolod 3 iyo eqsportiori saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
22<br />
cxrili 1.1. satvirTo avtomanqanebis mimosvla<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sazRvris gavliT somxeT-saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong><br />
# mimarTuleba saqoneli<br />
3 saqarTvelo 2 karbidi, 1 eleqtrosaqoneli<br />
42 TurqeTi carieli<br />
3 ruseTi koniaki<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n 80 satvirTo manqana moZraob<strong>da</strong> somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebiT (ix.<br />
cxrili 1.2) <strong>da</strong> avtomanqanebis umetesobas hqon<strong>da</strong> niSani “Sereuli”, Sesabamisad,<br />
rTuli iyo maTi Semadgenlobis garkveva.<br />
32 erTi aSkara gansxvaveba ninowmindisa <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sabaJoebs <strong>Soris</strong> aris is, rom, saqonlis fasis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xloze mebaJeebs ar aqvT misi ganbaJebis ufleba. es garkveul problemebs uqmnis mcire moculobis tvir-<br />
Tis Semotanas <strong>da</strong> swored amis gamo Cveni iq yofnis periodSi aseTi saqoneli ar Semosula.
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
radgan Cveni <strong>kvleva</strong>, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, or kvirian <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas emyareba, igi ver iqneba<br />
amomwuravi. Cven saSualeba mogveca, Cagvetarebina ramdenime saintereso <strong>da</strong>kvirveba.<br />
kerZod, am periodSi ar yofila saqonlis eqsporti saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n somxeTSi <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n somxeTSi. 33 Cvens mier motanil magaliTSi ar aris sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
produqtebi (Tumca ruseTSi eqsportirebul 3 satvirTo avtomanqanas ga<strong>da</strong>hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
koniaki). aseve, Cveni analizisTvis sainteresoa transportis sistemis cvlilebis<br />
gavlena (ix. nawili 3). aRsaniSnavia, rom qveyni<strong>da</strong>n TurqeTSi produqciis gasvla<br />
xdeba foTis gavliT. es ki imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa, rom saqarTvelos gavliT SesaZlebelia<br />
nebismieri Turquli saqonlis eqsportireba somxeTSi.<br />
sainteresoa aRiniSnos is faqti, rom maSin, roca somex momxmareblebs aSkarad surT<br />
Turquli saqonlis Sesyidva, TurqeTi araa <strong>da</strong>interesebuli somxeTTan savaWro<br />
urTierTobiT. 34 somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n ar xdeba saqonlis eqsportireba TurqeTSi <strong>da</strong> yvela<br />
satvirTo avtomanqana, romelic am mimarTulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgildeba, carielia. es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom, transportirebis siiafis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ar xdeba saqonlis eqsportireba<br />
somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n TurqeTSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mas Semdeg, rac korufcia aRar warmoadgens<br />
saqarTvelos mxaris problemas sasazRvro sferoSi, ninowmindis sazRvarze mcire<br />
moculobis vaWrobac ki problemuri gax<strong>da</strong> arsebuli administraciuli sistemis<br />
moTxovnebis gamo. teqnikuri SezRudvebi ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSveb punqtze<br />
qmnis problemebs, rasac emateba <strong>da</strong>zianebuli gzebi, sabanko sistemis ararseboba,<br />
warmomavlobis dokumentebis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis moTxovna<br />
nebismier produqtze <strong>da</strong> licenziis mxolod ase gacema.<br />
33<br />
Tumca am raodenobaSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli avtomanqanebi, rac ar niSnavs, rom<br />
isini ar Semodian qveyanaSi. Cven aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>tanili gvqon<strong>da</strong> satvirToebis aRricxvaze. manqanebis Semosvla,<br />
SesaZlebelia foTi<strong>da</strong>nac.<br />
34<br />
aseve, ixileT, safrangeTis saagentos presa (AFP) “somxebi didi raodenobiT moixmaren Turqul produqcias’’<br />
(10 seqtemberi, 2007).<br />
23
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
didi moculobis tvirTis sabaJo<strong>da</strong>n gamoxsna SesaZlebelia mxolod valeSi, 150 kmis<br />
manZilze ninowmindis sabaJo<strong>da</strong>n (amas emateba is manZilic, romelic maT un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaiaron samizne bazramde misasvlelad). movaWreebisTvis saWiro sabaJo garantiebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi samuSaoebi <strong>da</strong> dro sWirdeba valemde misasvlelad. Cvens mier Catarebuli<br />
gamokiTxvi<strong>da</strong>n gamoirkva, rom movaWreebi, Cveulebriv, moZraoben TavianT megobrebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrebTan erTad <strong>da</strong> sazRvarze xdeba maT <strong>Soris</strong> am tvirTis <strong>da</strong>nawileba ise,<br />
rom TiToeulma maTganma SeZlos sabaJo limitis Sesabamisi raodenobis gadmotana.<br />
es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, problemis arc Tu kargi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaa.<br />
axali sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtis mSenebloba ga<strong>da</strong>Wris bevr teqnikur problemas. Cveni<br />
azriT, misi meSveobiT axalqalaqSi sabaJo procedurebi ufro gamartivdeba, magram<br />
es ver ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets saqarTvelo-<strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong> Tavisufali savaWro zonis problemas.<br />
metad un<strong>da</strong> gamartivdes eqsportis licenziis <strong>da</strong> warmomavlobis serTifikatis<br />
mopovebis procedura. saukeTeso variantSi SeTanxmebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos garkveuli sia,<br />
romelSic Seva magaliTad, kartofili, yveli <strong>da</strong> zogierTi sxva produqti. maTTvis<br />
warmomavlobis serTifikati saWiro aRar iqneba. 35<br />
amis gar<strong>da</strong>, erT-erTi mTavari problema informaciis Sesabamis enaze mopovebaa. Tu<br />
ar ga<strong>da</strong>ilaxa enobrivi barieri, movaWreebs xeli SeeSlebaT sazRvarze vaWrobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
sabaJos TanamSromlebTan ndobis <strong>da</strong>myarebaSi. enis sakiTxis mogvareba mniSvnelovania<br />
ara mxolod regionuli vaWrobis xelSewyobisTvis, aramed adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleebisadmi ndobis gaRvivebisTvis. am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra<br />
sasargeblo iqneba rogorc ganviTarebisTvis, ise politikuri miznebisTvisac.<br />
35 sistema ise un<strong>da</strong> Camoyalibdes, rom, sul mcire, sam produqtze aRar iyos saWiro warmomavlobis ser-<br />
Tifikati. misi gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneba, rom sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n importirebul produqtebze<br />
movaWreebma ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon <strong>da</strong>matebiTi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi, miT ufro, rom sakmaod ioli amosacnobia <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
somxeTSi warmoebuli kartofili, yveli Tu garkveuli saxis sxva saqoneli.<br />
24
Sesavali<br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
2. sabaJo kanonisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis analizi<br />
wina nawilSi ganvixileT sabaJo kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis gavlena ninowmindis<br />
sabaJo-gamSveb punqtze, rac saqarTvelos dRevandeli mdgomareobis kargad gasagebad<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania. am nawilSi Cven zoga<strong>da</strong>d mimovixilavT sabaJo garemos,<br />
romelic vardebis revoluciis Semdeg Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es <strong>kvleva</strong> Cveni analizisTvis sayuradReboa sami mizezis gamo. pirveli, mimdinare<br />
cvlilebebi qveyanaSi arsebul sabaJo kanonmdeblobaSi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, gavlenas<br />
moaxdens ninowmindis sabaJoze. magaliTad, Cveni kvlevisas gamoirkva, rom mTavrobas<br />
<strong>da</strong>gegmili aqvs im sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtebis raodenobis Semcireba, romlebsac<br />
ufleba aqvT gaataron sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi. 36 Tu produqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>tana<br />
ninowmindis sabaJoze akrZaluli iqneba, es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, xels SeuSlis samcxejavaxeTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Siraqs <strong>Soris</strong> savaWro <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> ganviTarebas.<br />
meore, proeqtis am nawilSi ganvixilavT cvlilebebis aucileblobas sabaJo sistemaSi.<br />
isini warmatebuli iqneba, Tu maT momxreebs gaazrebuli eqnebaT am cvlilebebis<br />
farTo masStabi <strong>da</strong> im instituciebis struqtura, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini ganxorcieldeba.<br />
mesame, ninowmindis sazRvarze mdgomareoba sakmaod Seicvala <strong>da</strong> miuaxlov<strong>da</strong><br />
erovnul stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs. aq ukve moixsna garkveuli infrastruqturuli SezRudvebic.<br />
saqarTvelos sabaJo sistemaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi xels Segviwyobs, kargad<br />
gavigoT <strong>da</strong> gavaanalizoT vaWrobis problemebi, rac, SesaZloa, reformebis gatarebis<br />
Semdegac <strong>da</strong>rCes.<br />
saqarTvelos sabaJo sistemis reforma<br />
vardebis revoluciamde saqarTvelos sabaJo sistema araefeqturi <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli<br />
iyo. 2003 wli<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos axalma mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>iwyo sabaJo sistemis reforma,<br />
romelmac miiRo Semdegi formebi: 1) sabaJo kontrolis instituciebis cvlilebebi,<br />
2) sabaJo procedurebis cvlilebebi, 3) sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis cvlilebebi.<br />
sabaJo sistemis reforma <strong>da</strong>iwyo sabaJo sistemis ganviTarebis strategiis ganviTarebis<br />
Semdeg, romelmac migviyvana sabaJo departamentis axal maregulirebel sistemasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> struqturamde, romelic ZalaSia 2004 wlis agvisto<strong>da</strong>n. axalma maregulirebelma<br />
sistemam Seamcira mebaJeTa raodenoba. 37 2007 wlis aprilSi saga<strong>da</strong>saxado <strong>da</strong> sabaJo<br />
departamentebis funqciebi gaerTian<strong>da</strong> axal Semosavlebis samsaxurSi, romelic<br />
saqarTvelos finansTa saministros <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSia. am gaerTianebis mizani iyo<br />
ori uwyebis administraciuli operaciebis SeerTeba <strong>da</strong> informaciis ukeT gacvla.<br />
am cvlilebaTa umravlesobis mizani iyo “erTi gaCerebis” sabaJo sistemis Seqmna.<br />
Zvel sistemaSi saqonlis ganbaJeba gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> saqonlis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
36<br />
es Seesabameba fitoTerapiis Sesaxeb evropuli samezoblo politikis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs.<br />
37<br />
TanamSromlebis raodenoba 2003 wels Semcir<strong>da</strong> 2000-<strong>da</strong>n 1100-mde. gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi. interviu roma CxenkelTan, saxelmwifo Semosavlebis<br />
samsaxuris fito-veterinaruli <strong>da</strong> specialuri kontrolis ganyofilebis ufrosTan, Tbilisi, 21<br />
agvisto, 2007.<br />
25
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
punqtSi, rac rTuli <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi procesi iyo. 38 “erTi gaCerebis” sistema niSnavs<br />
“erT fanjaraSi” Semowmebis sistemas, romelic yvela funqcias aerTianebs. am<br />
sistemis ganxorcieleba oficialurad 2006 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo, Tumca amJamad ar xdeba<br />
misi saTanadod gamoyeneba. 39<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado <strong>da</strong> sabaJo sistemebis fizikuri erTianoba grZeldeba: ganaxlebulia<br />
sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtebi <strong>da</strong> miRebulia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba saqonlis ganbaJebis punqtebis<br />
adgilmdebareobis <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlebis Sesaxeb. 40 2007 wlis ivlisSi finansTa ministrma,<br />
aleqsi aleqsiSvilma <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo Semosavlebis samsaxuris ufrosma, mindia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>evma moamzades cvlilebaTa paketi, romlis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>gegmilia ganaxlebuli<br />
sabaJo punqtebis gaxsna lagodexSi, yazbegSi, foTSi, ninowmin<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>xloSi ara<br />
ugvianes 2008 wlis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisa.<br />
kanonmdeblobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, axali sabaJo kanoni, romelic ZalaSia 2007 wlis<br />
1 ianvri<strong>da</strong>n, emsaxureba vaWrebisa <strong>da</strong> mcire mewarmeebisTvis sabaJo procedurebis<br />
gamartivebas, Zveli sistemis naklovanebebis aRmofxvras <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos praqtikis<br />
harmonizacias evrokavSiris praqtikasTan. Secvlili kodeqsis mTavari elementebi<br />
moicavs sabaJo reJimis Semcirebas 15-<strong>da</strong>n 7-mde, yvela proceduris gaerTianebas<br />
erT kodeqsSi, qveyanaSi tvirTis Tavisuflad ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebasa <strong>da</strong> saqonlis Sefasebis<br />
meTodebis gaumjobesebas.<br />
bolos, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom Semcir<strong>da</strong> importis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadic. evropisa <strong>da</strong> evroatlantikuri<br />
integraciis sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris, giorgi<br />
baramiZis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, “saqarTvelos tarifebi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>balia. sabaJoze saqonlis SemomtanTa 90% ixdis 0%-s, <strong>da</strong>narCeni ki 5% an<br />
12%-s”. 41 saqarTvelos mTavrobam gaaxmaura Tavisi gegma, romelic gulisxmobs tarifebis<br />
Semcirebas 2007 wels, xolo maT srul gauqmebas importirebul produqtebze<br />
2008 wels.<br />
am tendenciaSi gamonaklisia sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi. saqarTveloSi<br />
warmoebuli soflis meurneobis produqtebis umravlesoba, maT <strong>Soris</strong>, xorci,<br />
kartofili, pomidori, xaxvi, kitri, stafilo <strong>da</strong> kombosto, ibegreba yvelaze maRali<br />
tarifiT, 12%-iT, mxolod yveli sargeblobs saSualo, 5%-iani 42 tarifiT.<br />
saubrebi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> am tarifebis gauqmebaze, magram mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> parlamentis<br />
wevrebma ar miiRes es cvlileba. Teimuraz kopaleiSvili, parlamentis sabiujeto<br />
<strong>da</strong> safinanso komitetis Tavmjdomare, aRniSnavs: “gasul wels Cven gvqon<strong>da</strong> sabaJo<br />
tarifebis nulamde Semcirebis iniciativa, magram, mogvianebiT, uari vTqviT am<br />
38 magaliTad, importiorebi deklaracias avseben erT oTaxSi, saqonels abareben meoreSi, fito-sanitariul Semowmebas<br />
gadian mesameSi sabuTebs amowmeben meoTxeSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. Tan yvelgan uxdebaT rigSi dgoma.<br />
39 arsebulTa <strong>Soris</strong> ufro efeqturia “erTi fanjris’’ sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba importirebuli manqanebis<br />
sabaJo kontrolisTvis. ganbaJeba xdeba policiis sadgurze <strong>da</strong> saWiro aRar aris Cveulebrivi sabaJo procedurebi.<br />
axlo momavalSi, sa<strong>da</strong>xlos axali sabaJo punqtis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, es sistema <strong>da</strong>inergeba.<br />
40 mTavrobis SemoTavazebis Tanaxmad, un<strong>da</strong> Semcirdes fito-sanitariuli Semowmebis sistemis mqone sabaJo-gam-<br />
Svebi punqtebis raodenoba (ix. qvemoT).<br />
41 giorgi baramiZe, vice-premieri <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo ministri evro-atlantikuri integraciis sakiTxebSi, prezentacia,<br />
natos saparlamento asambleis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis komitetis Sekreba (26 maisi, 2006).<br />
(http://www.eunato.gov.ge/admin/uploads/speech%20giorgi%20baramidze%20at%20the%20esc%5B1%5D.doc)<br />
42 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurs- centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi.<br />
interviu Teimuraz kopaleiSvilTan, parlamentis sabiujeto <strong>da</strong> safinanso komitetis TavmjdomaresTan (17<br />
agvisto, 2007).<br />
26
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze. Cven SevinarCuneT tarifebi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze,<br />
radgan Zalian bevri faruli subsidiaa TurqeTis, evropisa <strong>da</strong> amerikis bazarze <strong>da</strong><br />
SeuZlebelia, Cvenma produqtma konkurencia gauwios maT”. 43<br />
axali sistemis Zlieri <strong>da</strong> susti mxareebi<br />
axali sistemis siZlieres korufciis Semcireba <strong>da</strong> biznes- efeqturoba warmoadgens.<br />
revoluciis Semdgomi mTavrobis mTavari mizani iyo korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola. 44<br />
mravali saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis azriT, korufciasTan brZola Zalian<br />
warmatebulad Catar<strong>da</strong>. 45 <strong>kvleva</strong>Si Cven xazs vusvamT am tendenciis mniSvnelobas.<br />
somxeTSi jer kidev arsebobs eWvi saqarTveloSi korufciis arsebobis Sesaxeb, Tumca<br />
am eWvis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli niSani aq Zalian cotaa.<br />
sabaJo reformis kidev erTi mTavari mizani iyo gamWirvalobisa <strong>da</strong> efeqturobis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>, raTa biznesi saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> mis gareT gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo ufro iafi <strong>da</strong><br />
prognozirebadi. 2006 wlisTvis saqarTvelo ibrZo<strong>da</strong> sabaJo procedurebis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad, Sedegad regionul monacemebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sabaJo sistema gax<strong>da</strong><br />
ufro iafi <strong>da</strong> swrafi. 46 es azri eyrdnoba regionis movaWreebisa <strong>da</strong> mcire mewarmeebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. saqarTveloSi amerikis savaWro palatis prezidenti esben<br />
emborgi (nestles warmomadgeneli samxreT kavkasiaSi) amtkicebs, rom saqarTvelom<br />
seriozuli cvlilebebi ganaxorciela sabaJo garemos ganviTarebaSi 2004-2007 wlebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> rom axla gacilebiT iolia saqonlis importi saqarTveloSi, vidre <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanSi. 47<br />
radgan kvlevis mizani Zalian specifikuria, aucilebelia, gaviTvaliswinoT am<br />
sistemis susti mxareebi, raTa am cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis Semdegac ki ufro<br />
kargad gaviazroT regionuli TanamSromlobis procesSi arsebuli problemebi.<br />
sabaJo institutebis mTavari problemaa TanamSromelTa <strong>da</strong>bali profesionalizmi,<br />
swrafi cvlilebebiT gamowveuli <strong>da</strong>bneuloba <strong>da</strong>, sabolood, momxmareblebTan<br />
komunikaciis ararseboba. axali TanamSromlebis <strong>da</strong>balma profesionalizmma,<br />
axali kanonmdeblobis SemoRebam <strong>da</strong> SezRudulma samsaxurebrivma usafrTxoebam<br />
gamoiwvia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis skrupulozuroba, gansakuTrebiT, <strong>da</strong>bali rangis<br />
moxeleebSi.<br />
43 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurs- centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi.<br />
interviu Teimuraz kopaleiSvilTan, parlamentis sabiujeto <strong>da</strong> safinanso komitetis TavmjdomaresTan (17<br />
agvisto, 2007).<br />
44 2005 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWom moamza<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkica erovnuli antikorufciuli<br />
strategia saqarTveloSi. am strategiis mizania efeqturi samTavrobo sistemis Camoyalibeba, kanonismieri <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo zomebis gatareba korufciis winaaRmdeg samTavrobo sistemaSi.<br />
45 msoflio banki saqarTveloSi erT-erTi antikorufciuli organizaciaa 2006 wli<strong>da</strong>n, “antikorufciuli qmedebebi<br />
tranzit-3” (ACT3) angariSi. msoflio bankisa <strong>da</strong> evropis rekonstruqciisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis bankis (EBRD)<br />
angariSSi gansazRvrulia korufciis procentuli maCvenebeli 60%-<strong>da</strong>n 39%-mde 2002-2005 wlebSi, Tanam-<br />
Sromlebis procentuli maCvenebeli amave wlebSi meryeobs 44%-<strong>da</strong>n 11%-mde. fond “aTaswleulis gamowveva<br />
saqarTvelos” 2007 wlis monacemebis mixedviT saqarTvelo Seesabameba “korufciis kontrolis” maCvenebels.<br />
2007 wlis Tebervlis saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o respublikuri instituciis gamokiTxvis mixedviT, qarTvelebis 95% ambobs,<br />
rom bolo 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi maT ar ga<strong>da</strong>uxdiaT qrTami sazogadoebriv samsaxurSi.<br />
46 msoflio banki, biznes-angariSis momzadebis simartive, 2006.<br />
http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/?economyid=74<br />
47 esben emborgi, GHN sainformacio saagento, (18 ivlisi, 2007).<br />
27
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis intervius Tanaxmad,<br />
28<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali rangis moxeleebs xSirad eSiniaT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba, radgan isini<br />
ar arian sakmaod kompetenturebi <strong>da</strong> fiqroben, rom nebismieri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>deba situacii<strong>da</strong>n saukeTeso gamosavalia. umetes SemTxvevaSi, finansuri<br />
instituciebi erTmaneTs abraleben TavianT Secdomebs, rac iwvevs procedurebis<br />
gaWianurebas <strong>da</strong> garTulebas. <strong>da</strong>bolos, am saqmeSi yvelaze metad mewarmeebi<br />
iCagrebian. 48<br />
sxva finansuri instituciebis msgavsad, sabaJos aqvs yovelTviuri gegma, rac<br />
xels uwyobs sabaJos moxeleebis mier maRali sanqciebisa <strong>da</strong> jarimebis <strong>da</strong>wesebas.<br />
es gansakuTrebiT problematuri gax<strong>da</strong> am bolo dros, radgan mebaJeebi kargad<br />
ver erkvevian axal kanonmdeblobaSi <strong>da</strong> fiqroben, rom gaurkvevlobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
saukeTeso gamosavali jarimis <strong>da</strong>wesebaa.<br />
sakanonmdeblo reformebi<br />
sakanonmdeblo reformebma, Tavis mxriv, Seamcira movaWreebis administraciuli <strong>da</strong><br />
lojistikuri tvirTi, Tumca, arsebobs Zveli sistemis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aspeqti, romlebic,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad SezRudvisa, mainc moqmedebs. pirveli, “rezervis Rirebulebis” sistema<br />
isev gamoiyeneba. am sistemis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi importirebuli tipuri<br />
saqonlis erTeulis fasi ganisazRvreba ara Tan<strong>da</strong>rTuli invoisis safuZvelze,<br />
aramed mTavrobis mier gansazRvruli fasebis mixedviT.<br />
ganbaJebis arsebuli procedurebis mixedviT, rezervis Sefaseba yvelaze farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli kanon<strong>da</strong>rRvevaa. es problemebs uqmnis movaWreebs, radgan fasis<br />
SerCeva xdeba istoriuli monacemebiT <strong>da</strong> SeuZlebelia ufro iafi importis moZieba.<br />
yvelaze ufro <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong> is bazrebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c fasebi swrafad izrdeba. Cven SeveswariT<br />
aseT SemTxvevas: qarTvel importiors CineTi<strong>da</strong>n Semohqon<strong>da</strong> ucnobi mwarmoeblis<br />
brtyelekraniani televizorebi adre <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli fasis 1/4-ad, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
ki un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong> adrindeli fasis mixedviT (anu 48%-iT meti realur fasze).<br />
Sesabamisad, saqonlis Semotana misTvis aramomgebiani gax<strong>da</strong>. 49<br />
tarifebis Semcireba momgebiani gax<strong>da</strong> saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o doneze. radgan tarifebi<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze SenarCunebulia, qarTuli bazari isev SezRuduli<br />
rCeba. es <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia Semdeg problemebTan: pirveli, rogorc pirvel nawilSi<br />
aRvniSneT, qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> somxebisTvis erTnairad Znelia warmomavlobis sabuTis<br />
mopoveba <strong>da</strong> isinic ar iyeneben maT kanonier upiratesobas. meore, im a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
umetesoba, visac Cven gavesaubreT, mxars uWers mTavrobis mier sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
produqtebze ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gauqmebas.<br />
evropuli samezoblo politika <strong>da</strong> msoflio savaWro organizacia<br />
evropuli samezoblo politika<br />
2007 wlis maisSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo evropuli samezoblo politikis<br />
strategiis ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegma. msgavsi dokumenti arsebobs somxeTSic. 50<br />
48 mixeil saakaSvili, interviu civilur saqarTvelosTan (21 Tebervali, 2007).<br />
49 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/action_plans/armenia_enp_ap_fi nal_en.pdf<br />
50 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/action_plans/armenia_enp_ap_fi nal_en.pdf
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
evropuli samezoblo politika erT-erTi mTavari elementia misi ganviTarebis<br />
politikis gegmaSi. 51 am politikis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezia<br />
saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o bazri<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli pir<strong>da</strong>piri sargebeli. Tumca, rogorc qarTulevropuli<br />
politika <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli sakonsultacio centri acxadebs, “evropuli<br />
samezoblo politikis arapir<strong>da</strong>piri sargebeli “ufro metia,” vidre pir<strong>da</strong>piri. es<br />
aris evrogaerTianebis ekonomikur mimarTulebasTan SeTanxmeba, rasac garkveuli<br />
investiciebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> zrdis motana SeuZlia partniori qveynisTvis.” 52<br />
evropuli samezoblo politikis xelmomwerebi orive mxri<strong>da</strong>n aRiareben, rom<br />
maT surT procedurebis gamartiveba <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTTan Serwyma, aseve, korufciis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZola. evropuli samezoblo politikis mixedviT, arsebobs CarCo,<br />
romlis farglebSic SesaZlebelia amis ganxorcieleba. erT mizanTan sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
reformis <strong>da</strong>kavSireba axdens evrogaerTianebis, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos politikis<br />
koordinirebas, Tumca am reformebis ganxorcielebis done gansxvavebulia.<br />
msoflio savaWro organizacia<br />
saqarTvelo msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevria 2000 wlis ivnisi<strong>da</strong>n, somxeTi ki<br />
_ 2003 wlis Tebervli<strong>da</strong>n. msoflio savaWro organizacia gvTavazobs struqturas,<br />
romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebeli iqneba sabaJo kvotis gauqmeba <strong>da</strong> tarifebis<br />
Semcireba. saqarTveloSi mimdinare sabaJo reformisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania is,<br />
rom msoflio savaWro organizacia uzrunvelyofs specifikuri sabaJo regulaciebis<br />
eqspertizas.<br />
evropuli samezoblo politikisa <strong>da</strong> msoflio savaWro<br />
organizaciis roli ENP<br />
orive, evropuli samezoblo politika <strong>da</strong> msoflio savaWro organizacia mxars<br />
uWeren sabaJo reformis ganxorcielebas. maTi organizaciuli struqtura <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi specialistebis profesionalizmi gansxvavebulia. evropuli Tanamegobrobis<br />
politikis miznebi ufro farToa, radgan maT surT ara mxolod sabaJo<br />
regulaciebis gamWvirvaloba <strong>da</strong> efeqturoba, aramed am regulaciebis koordinireba<br />
evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobasTan.<br />
radgan evropuli samezoblo politikis mizania reformebis zogadi mimdinareobis<br />
xelSewyoba. is ar axdens misi wevrebis SezRudvas kanonieri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebiT.<br />
is Tavisuflebas aZlevs maT. magaliTad, evropuli Tanamegobrobis politikis<br />
bolo samoqmedo gegmaSi, evrogaerTianeba iZleva saqarTveloSi sabaJo reformis<br />
prioritetebis sias, romelic moicavs 2006 wlis sabaJo kodeqsis srulad<br />
miRebas, procedurebis gamartivebas, biznes-sazogadoebasTan konsultaciebs <strong>da</strong><br />
administraciuli SesaZleblobebis gaZlierebas. 53 Tumca, direqtivebi am miznebis<br />
miRwevis konkretuli gzebis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. teqnikuri rekomen<strong>da</strong>cia, romelsac<br />
es dokumenti iZleva, Semdegi rCeviT amoiwureba:,<br />
51<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dokumenti, ZiriTadi informacia <strong>da</strong> direqtivebi 2008-2011, (2007), gv. 5. ix:<br />
http://www.imf.ge/aattach/285.pdf<br />
52<br />
qarTul-evropuli politika <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli sakonsultacio centri, qarTuli <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> tendenciebi (ivlisi,<br />
2007), gv. 7.<br />
53<br />
evropuli samezoblo politika, samoqmedo gegma, miRebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier (maisi, 2007), gv. 6.<br />
(http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/action_plans/georgia_enp_ap_fi nal_en.pdf).<br />
29
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
30<br />
mTeli sabaJos administraciuli SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki sabaJo wesebisa <strong>da</strong> tarifebis gamWvirvaloba, sabaJo Sefasebis kanonierad<br />
ganxorcieleba, riskTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sabaJo kontrolis principebis<br />
ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong> saqonlis kontroli; sabaJo administraciis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare<br />
laboratoriuli eqspertizisa <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo SesaZleblobebis gazr<strong>da</strong>. 54<br />
meores mxriv, msoflio savaWro organizacia gvTavazobs konkretul wina<strong>da</strong>debebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saukeTeso praqtikas sabaJo Sefasebis, warmoebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis wesebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
transportirebamde tvirTis inspeqtirebis sakiTxebSi. magaliTad, igi gvTavazobs<br />
sabaJo saqonlis Sefasebis eqvs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva misaReb sistemas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
evropis samezoblo politikisa <strong>da</strong> msoflio savaWro organizaciis mizania<br />
Seqmnan koordinacia <strong>da</strong> ara erTgvarovneba. erTiani Sefasebis sistemis SerCevis<br />
uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovani iqneba somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobebisTvis.<br />
evropuli samezoblo politikis sabaJosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli debulebebis miRebisas<br />
erTi-erTi problemaa imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba saqarTvelos<br />
ganviTarebis dones sabaJo sistema, romelic, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis mieraa<br />
Seqmnili. erTi konkretuli magaliTia fito-sanitariuli pirobebi. amJamad ganxilvis<br />
procesSi myofi sabaJo sistemis mixedviT, saWiroa im sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtebis<br />
raodenobis Semcireba, sa<strong>da</strong>c xdeba saqonlis fito-sanitariuli Semowmeba. amis mizezia<br />
saWiro aRWurvilobis siZvire <strong>da</strong> SezRuduli moxmareba. aseve, SemoTavazebulia<br />
garkveul adgilebSi saqonlis profesiuli <strong>da</strong>Tvaliereba.<br />
evropuli samezoblo politikis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Semosavlebis<br />
samsaxurma gaauqma fito-veterinaruli Semowmeba ninowmindis sabaJo punqtze. es<br />
ganapirobebs am sazRvarze sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis Semotanis akrZalvas.<br />
aseTi produqciis gadmotana SeiZleba sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sabaJoze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom es orive regioni agrarulia, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am nabijiT sabolood ispoba<br />
maT <strong>Soris</strong> regionuli vaWrobis SesaZlebloba. 55 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis<br />
programa ecdeba yoveli Rone ixmaros, raTa ar <strong>da</strong>uSvas aRniSnuli, sanam am konkretul<br />
sazRvarze nebismieri saxis investicias ganaxorcielebdes.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, ganxorcielebulma sabaJo reformebma <strong>da</strong>gvanaxva, rom sistema gamosworebis<br />
gzazea <strong>da</strong> aqtiuri nabijebia ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli korufciasTan brZolaSi. marTalia,<br />
problemebi jer kidev arsebobs, magram isini ganpirobebulia xSiri cvlilebebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> reformirebuli kanonebis araefeqturi ganxorcielebiT. sabaJo departamentis<br />
reformis Sedegad Seiqmna gansxvavebuli instituciuri garemo, magram igi ar aris<br />
stabiluri, ar aqvs swori sakomunikacio strategia <strong>da</strong> aklia profesionali kadrebi.<br />
es instituciebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia didi moculobis xarjebTan <strong>da</strong> misi gageba saboloo<br />
momxmareblisTvis sakmaod rTuli iqneba.<br />
54 evropuli samezoblo politika, samoqmedo gegma, miRebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier (maisi, 2007), gv. 6.<br />
(http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/action_plans/georgia_enp_ap_fi nal_en.pdf)<br />
55 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurs- centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi.<br />
interviu fito-veterinaruli <strong>da</strong> specialuri kontrolis TavmjdomaresTan, roman CxenkelTan, saxelmwifo<br />
Semosavlebis samsaxuri (21 agvisto, 2007).
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
maSin, rodesac warmatebiT ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo reforma <strong>da</strong> tarifebis<br />
cvlileba, Tavi iCina mcire sasoflo-sameurneo biznesis ganviTarebis xelisSemSlelma<br />
mravalma faqtorma. sabaJo Sefasebis sistema jer kidev problemebTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis erTianma sistemam sakomunikacio problemebi ufro<br />
aSkara gaxa<strong>da</strong>. amdeni cvlilebis Semdeg, jer isev gaurkvevelia, sad un<strong>da</strong> wavides<br />
importiori (miT ufro, Tu is ar saubrobs qarTulad <strong>da</strong> inglisurad) <strong>da</strong> ra uflebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> movaleobebi aqvs mas. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Cvens SemTxvevaSi, Tumca<br />
saWiroa misi zogad konteqstSi ganxilva.<br />
31
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
Sesavali<br />
32<br />
3. cvlilebebi savaWro momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
satransporto infrastruqturis sferoebSi<br />
bolo periodSi axalqalaqisa <strong>da</strong> ninowmindis sabaJo raionebi mkveTrad CamoSorebuli<br />
iyo saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>narCen regionebs. geografiuli mdebareobis, <strong>da</strong>ngreuli<br />
gzebisa <strong>da</strong> araefeqturi sarkinigzo sistemis gamo Zalian problematuri iyo mTavar<br />
bazrebTan _ TbilisTan <strong>da</strong> axalcixesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba. yvelaze mokle marSrutic ki<br />
sazRvris mimarTulebiT did dros moiTxovs.<br />
2006 wels, Mercy Corps_is mier axalqalaqSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvisas, movaWreebma<br />
<strong>da</strong> mewarmeebma regionSi yvelaze seriozul problemad gzebis cudi xarisxi<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeles. 56 gaumarTavi satransporto infrastruqtura ara mxolod aferxebs<br />
bazrTan kavSirs, aramed zrdis fass Teslze <strong>da</strong> sasuqze. es, aseve, arTulebs<br />
TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis marTvas. rogorc ukve ganvixileT,<br />
cudma gzebma mouwesrigebel sabaJo sakanonmdeblo sistemasTan erTad ninowmin<strong>da</strong><br />
regionuli vaWrobisTvis Seuferebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />
axalcixi<strong>da</strong>n axalqalaqisken gza nawilobriv ukve SekeT<strong>da</strong>. am gzis saSualebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia moZraoba Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n ninowmindis mimarTulebiT (Tumca ara<br />
sazRvrisken), rasac, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 3,5-5,5 saaTi sWirdeba (adre 7,5 saaTi iyo saWiro).<br />
gzis SekeTeba (rac Semdeg zafxuls <strong>da</strong>iwyeba <strong>da</strong>, imedia, <strong>da</strong>sruldeba 2010 wels)<br />
sagrZnoblad Seamcirebs manZils <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirs <strong>da</strong>amyarebs ninowmin<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tbiliss <strong>Soris</strong>, rasac <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2,5 saaTi <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba. aseve, aRdgeba <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
gza TurqeTis sazRvrisken, romelic axalcixi<strong>da</strong>n 27 km-is manZilze mdebareobs <strong>da</strong><br />
arsebuli gza ninowmindis mimarTulebiT, romelic sagrZnoblad Seamcirebs manZils<br />
<strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs <strong>Soris</strong>. <strong>da</strong>bolos, axali sarkinigzo sistema: baqo _ Tbilisi _<br />
axalqalaqi _ yarsi, kidev erTi saSualebaa TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong> evropasTan saqarTvelos<br />
urTierTobisa.<br />
infrastruqturis yvela mosalodneli cvlileba situacias ori kuTxiT gaaumjobesebs.<br />
jer erTi, gaioldeba satranzito produqciis ga<strong>da</strong>tana, regioni fizikurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>ukavSirdeba erovnul <strong>da</strong> saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o bazrebs, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba sawarmoo<br />
masalebis SeZena <strong>da</strong> Semdeg produqciis gayidva ufro Semosavlian bazarze.<br />
meorec, cvlilebebis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT, regionis samxreTis gavliT saqarTvelos<br />
eqneba alternatiuli satranzito marSruti. amJamad, saqarTvelo, rogorc<br />
tranzituli qveyana, did Semosavals iRebs saqonlis, navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis transportirebiT<br />
somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n, azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n (aseve, maTi gavliT, Sua aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> centraluri azii<strong>da</strong>n) TurqeTSi, Savi zRvaze an mis iqiT. saqarTvelos<br />
yvelaze Rirebuli saeqsporto momsaxureba transportirebaa. amjerad saeqsporto<br />
produqciis ga<strong>da</strong>zidvis erTaderTi gza arsebobs _ qveynis Suaguli<strong>da</strong>n Savi zRvis<br />
portebis: foTisa <strong>da</strong> baTumis gavliT <strong>da</strong> Semdeg sazRvao gziT sxva qveynebis an saxmeleTo<br />
gziT TurqeTis mimarTulebiT. Tuki regionze gaivlis am tranzitis mcire<br />
nawili, an Tuki sasazRvro vaWrobis xelSewyobiT gaizrdeba satranzito urTierTobebi<br />
TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong> evropasTan, aseve sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba misi sargebeli.<br />
56 Mercy Corps, axalqalaqis raioni: Tanamonawileobrivi Sefaseba <strong>da</strong> kvlevis Sedegebi (ivnisi, 2006).
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
am cvlilebebis masStabebisa <strong>da</strong> Sedegis Sefaseba sakmaod rTulia, radgan is <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
ara mxolod garkveuli gzis aRdgeniT <strong>da</strong>zogil droze, aramed imazec,<br />
Tu rogor ukavSirdeba infrastruqturis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sfero ufro farTo qsels.<br />
es, aseve, moiTxovs met informacias am gzis axlandeli <strong>da</strong> momavali momxmareblebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis punqtebze, rasac amJamad iSviaTad floben. am angariSis sirTule, aseve,<br />
gamowveulia infrastruqturis didi proeqtebis rTuli politikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT.<br />
Tu vin miiRebs sargebels am proeqtebi<strong>da</strong>n, xSirad martivi ekonomikis sferos<br />
scildeba.<br />
am nawilSi mocemulia strategiuli <strong>da</strong>gegmvis zogierTi alternativa.<br />
saqarTvelos satransporto infrastruqtura<br />
saqarTveloSi, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 20250km sigrZis saavtomobilo <strong>da</strong> 1550 km sigrZis<br />
sarkinigzo qselia. yovelwliurad TiTqmis 24,5 milioni tona tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>zidva<br />
xdeba qveynis saavtomobilo gzebiT <strong>da</strong> 16,3 milioni tonis _ rkinigziT. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom mgzavrebis ga<strong>da</strong>yvanac gzebis ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTvasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. saqarTvelos<br />
saavtomobilo gzebiT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 257 milioni mgzavri ga<strong>da</strong>adgildeba, xolo<br />
rkinigziT _ 2,2 milioni. 57<br />
1990 wlis Semdeg saavtomobilo magistralebma <strong>da</strong> rkinigzam Tavisi funqcia <strong>da</strong>ibrunes.<br />
transportis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba <strong>da</strong> tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>zidva im moculobas ubrundeba, romelic<br />
iyo 90-ian wlebamde, qveynis ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo krizisamde. Tumca verc<br />
saavtomobilo gzebi <strong>da</strong> verc rkinigza ver akmayofilebs gazrdil moTxovnas. wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mitovebuli <strong>da</strong> mouvleli magistralebis umetesoba ganadgur<strong>da</strong>. bolo<br />
periodSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam gaaremonta didi <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis mqone gzebi, raTa<br />
aRedgina mimosvla. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, jer kidev Zalian bevria gasakeTebeli situaciis<br />
saboloo mowesrigebamde.<br />
satransporto infrastuqturis mimdinare<br />
mdgomareoba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis sagzao sistema swrafad izrdeba. erTaderTi yvelaze maRali<br />
xarisxis gzaa Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n regionis samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis mimarTulebiT, qalaqebis:<br />
borjomisa <strong>da</strong> axalcixis gavliT mimavali magistrali. axalcixe mdebareobs<br />
Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 200 km-is moSorebiT <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis 3,5 saaTia saWiro iq<br />
Casasvlelad. iqi<strong>da</strong>n ki 30 km-iani gzaa valemde, TurqeTis sazRvramde. axalcixi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />
midis gza aspinZis, axalqalaqisa <strong>da</strong> ninowmindis gavliT samxreT-aRmosavleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT, somxeTis sazRvrisken. ninowmin<strong>da</strong> axalcixi<strong>da</strong>n 110 km-is manZilze<br />
mdebareobs <strong>da</strong> iq Casvlas, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 3 saaTi sWirdeba.<br />
am marSrutis didi nawilze ukve maRali xarisxis gzaa. axalcixi<strong>da</strong>n samxreTaRmosavleTiT<br />
mimavali gza axalqalaqisa <strong>da</strong> ninowmindis mimarTulebiT sagrZnoblad<br />
gamoswor<strong>da</strong> bolo periodSi <strong>da</strong> axla misi 90% karg mdgomareobaSia. 58 rogorc ukve<br />
aRvniSneT, marSrutis bolo, 23 km-ian monakveTze isev cudi gzaa <strong>da</strong> mis gavlas<br />
TiTqmis erTi saaTi sWirdeba.<br />
57<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba samcxe-javaxeTis gzis reabilitaciis proeqtis SefasebaSi, saboloo angariSis monaxazi, luis bergeris<br />
jgufi (aprili, 2005).<br />
58 <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris<br />
m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufis Sefasebaze (29 agvisto, 2007).<br />
33
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
samcxe-javaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n Tbilisis mimarTulebiT aris kidev 167km-iani mTagoriani<br />
alternatiuli gza, romelic ganadgurebis pirasaa. zafxulSi am gzis gavlas,<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 6-7 saaTi sWirdeba. is sruliad arapraqtikulia komerciuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> absoluturad SeuZlebelia iq gavla Cveulebrivi avtomobiliT<br />
ianvri<strong>da</strong>n aprilamde. masze avtomobilebis yoveldRiuri ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis sixSire<br />
Zalian <strong>da</strong>balia 59 <strong>da</strong> Tanac sezonuri. am gzis gar<strong>da</strong>, arsebobs sarkinigzo xazi<br />
Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n axalcixis mimarTulebiT, romelic mxolod zafxulSi funqcionirebs.<br />
infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba<br />
yarsi-axalqalaqi-baqos sarkinigzo magistrali <strong>da</strong> samcxe-javaxeTis gzis<br />
reabilitaciis proeqti regionuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos,<br />
TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong> sasazRvro <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> gaZlierebis sawin<strong>da</strong>ria.<br />
fond “aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” gegmaSi Sedis 167 km-iani pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
gzis reabilitacia Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n ninowmindis, javaxeTis mimarTulebiT. 60 proeqtis<br />
mizania, axalcixi<strong>da</strong>n ninowmindis gavliT, somxeTis sazRvris mimarTulebiT 43 kmiani<br />
(pirveli nawili ukve <strong>da</strong>srulebulia), xolo axalqalaqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> karwaxi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
TurqeTis sazRvris mimarTulebiT 33 km-iani monakveTis SekeTeba. saqarTvelos<br />
mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>iwyo gzis remonti axalqalaqi<strong>da</strong>n axalcixis mimarTulebiT. misi didi<br />
nawili ukve <strong>da</strong>srulebulia. 61<br />
am gzebis SekeTebis mizania, erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>ukavSiros javaxeTi <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi <strong>da</strong><br />
gaaumjobesos saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o kavSirebi TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong> somxeTTan. am qveynebTan<br />
urTierTobis mogvareba regionis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> integraciisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
sawin<strong>da</strong>ria.<br />
am kvlevis momzadebis procesSi (2007 wlis seqtemberi), fondi “aTaswleulis<br />
gamowveva saqarTvelos” amzadeb<strong>da</strong> satendero dokumentacias gzis reabilitaciis<br />
kontraqtoris an kontraqtorebis SesarCevad. gamarjvebuli kompaniis gamovlenis<br />
Semdeg kontraqtori iwyebs mobilizacias. javaxeTSi mkacri bunebrivi pirobebis<br />
gamo, 2007 wlis zamTarSi mobilizacia ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad, gzis SekeTeba ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyeba 2008 wlis gazafxulamde. proeqtis Sefasebis Tanaxmad, am gzis SekeTebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT ori weli <strong>da</strong>sWirdeba. e.i. am gzis SekeTeba, savaraudod, 2010 wlis<br />
Semodgomaze <strong>da</strong>sruldeba.<br />
axali gzis mTavari <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa, Seamciros Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n mgzavrobis dro,, romelic<br />
amJamad eqvsi saaTia. SekeTebis Semdeg es dro Semcirdeba oTx saaTamde <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa,<br />
ufro meta<strong>da</strong>c. 62 es, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs regionis integracias <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />
saqarTvelosTan.<br />
59 luis bergeris jgufma <strong>da</strong> Kocks-is sakonsultacio GmbH-ma Seafases wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli transportis raodenoba _ 100 manqana dReSi.<br />
60<br />
`aTaswleulis gamowvevam saqarTveloSi~ un<strong>da</strong> SeakeTos 153 km-iani gza. gzis <strong>da</strong>narCeni nawili Tbilisis mimarTulebiT<br />
karg mdgomareobaSia.<br />
61<br />
20007 wlis maisSi, maSin, roca kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi akvirdebo<strong>da</strong> axalqalaqiaxalcixis<br />
gzas, misi 70% <strong>da</strong>zianebuli iyo <strong>da</strong> mkvlevrebs 2 saaTi sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T am manZilis <strong>da</strong>safaravad. agvistos<br />
bolos igive mkvlevrebi estumrnen regions. gzis mxolod 20% iyo <strong>da</strong>zianebuli <strong>da</strong> mgzavrobas 1 saaTi <strong>da</strong><br />
20 wuTi <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> (Cveulebriv, msubuq manqanas albaT ufro meti dro <strong>da</strong>sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>).<br />
62<br />
es Sefaseba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT konservatiulia, radgan gza ninowmindi<strong>da</strong>n Tbilisamde 167 km-ia. 60 km/sT mgzavrobisas<br />
mxolod 3 saaTia saWiro. Tumca es dro gansxvavdeba sezonebis mixedviT. samcxe-javaxeTis gzebis reabilitaciis<br />
proeqti, saboloo angariSi, Kocks-is sakonsultacio GmbH (Tebervali, 2007).<br />
34
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
gzis proeqtis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg gaizrdeba saavtomobilo gzis <strong>da</strong>tvirTva, rac<br />
ganpirobebuli iqneba avtomobilebis mimosvlis zrdiTa <strong>da</strong> axali alternatiuli<br />
marSrutis SeqmniT. samcxe-javaxeTis saavtomobilo gzis reabilitaciis proeqtSi<br />
gamoiangariSes misi savaraudo <strong>da</strong>tvirTva. maTi prognoziT, 2029 wlisTvis samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Semomavali magistralis <strong>da</strong>tvirTva gaizrdeba 10-jer an 11-jer, yoveldRiuri<br />
saavtomobilo saSualo niSnuli ki miaRwevs 1000-1100 avtomobils.<br />
am gzebis umetesi nawilis SekeTeba <strong>da</strong>iwyeba axalqalaqi-ninowmindis regionSi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
mimarTulebis saboloo punqti iqneba Tbilisi. Sefasebis mixedviT, mosalodneli ar<br />
aris axali gziT <strong>da</strong>narCeni samcxe-javaxeTis Si<strong>da</strong> gzebis gantvirTva. 63<br />
sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTa<br />
fond “aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” gzis sareabilitacio proeqtis mizania<br />
ninowmindi<strong>da</strong>n somxeTis sazRvris mimarTulebiT mimavali gzis SekeTeba, aseve, axali<br />
gzis gaWra karwaxi<strong>da</strong>n TurqeTis sazRvris mimarTulebiT. SekeT<strong>da</strong> axalqalaqsa <strong>da</strong><br />
ninowmin<strong>da</strong>s <strong>Soris</strong> gzac. <strong>da</strong>matebiTi gzebis SekeTebis Semdeg sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba<br />
gza somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n TurqeTisken. amJamad manZili ninowmindis sabaJo-gamSvebi punqti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
valemde 150 km-ia, karwaxamde ki mxolod 80 km iqneba. amJamad ar xorcieldeba<br />
TurqeTis mimarTulebiT sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTa karwaxSi, Tumca TurqeTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
pirobebi ukve momzadebulia.<br />
rkinigzis reabilitacia<br />
2007 wlis 2 ivliss “Tbilisis deklaraciiT,” romelic TurqeTs, azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>Soris</strong> TanamSromlobis zogad Sexedulebebs warmoadgens, aRiniSna baqo-<br />
Tbilisi-yarsis sarkinigzo magistralis proeqtis <strong>da</strong>wyeba. 64 rkinigzis saqarTvelos<br />
nawili ukve aSenebuli <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebulia. <strong>da</strong>ixarja 200 milioni aSS dolari, romelic<br />
1%-iani kreditis saxiTaa miRebuli azerbaijanis mTavrobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> romlis <strong>da</strong>farvac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> moxdes 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi. 65 am sarkinigzo kavSiris mizania azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong>kavSireba TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong> TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n evropis sarkinigzo<br />
sistemasTan.<br />
axali infrastruqturis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> gavlena<br />
arsebobs ekonomikis gavlenis ori tipi, romelsac SeuZlia efeqtis moxdena regionul<br />
vaWrobaze <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong> ninowmindis sazRvaris meSveobiT. pirveli<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri gavlenaa sabazro perspeqtivebi, romlebic Seiqmneba regionSi gzebis<br />
reabilitaciisa <strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, ninowmin<strong>da</strong>-Tbilisis gzis SekeTebis Semdeg.<br />
meore gavlenaa somxeTTan Seqmnili sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tranzituli marSruti, romelic<br />
regions <strong>da</strong>ukavSirebs saqarTvelos sxva raionebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen msoflios.<br />
saavtomobilo gzisa <strong>da</strong> rkinigzis reabilitaciis pir<strong>da</strong>piri gavlena samcxe-javaxeTze<br />
axalqalaqis bazarSi gavesaubreT 29 movaWres. erT-erTi SekiTxva exebo<strong>da</strong> gaumjobesebuli<br />
infrastruqturis Sedegad miRebul sargebels. Sedegebi Semdegnairad ganawil<strong>da</strong>:<br />
63<br />
igive, 36 <strong>da</strong> 39.<br />
64<br />
`Tbilisis deklaracia~ _ zogadi Sexedulebebi regionuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb (7 Tebervali, 2007).<br />
(http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=14588)<br />
65<br />
saakaSvili xelSekrulebaze xelis moweris Semdeg saubrobs regionul rkinigzaze, civiluri saqarTvelo (7<br />
Tebervali, 2007).<br />
35
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
cxrili 3.1. gaumjobesebuli infrastruqturis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli regionSi<br />
36<br />
ra gavlena eqneba regionSi gzebis<br />
SekeTebas Tqvens biznesze?<br />
Si<strong>da</strong><br />
produqti<br />
bostneuli<br />
rZis<br />
produqtebi<br />
xili sxva sul<br />
produqcia ar <strong>da</strong>zaraldeba 4 8 2 14<br />
iafi transportireba 4 9 2 1 7 23<br />
avtomobilebi aRar <strong>da</strong>ziandeba 1 1<br />
wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, savele kvlevebi, axalqalaqi (ivnisi-ivlisi, 2007).<br />
Kocks konsultaciis GmbH-ma Tavis analizSi Seafasa axali gzis gavlena samcxejavaxeTze.<br />
maT Seafases tvirTis moZraobis zr<strong>da</strong> ninowmin<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi 2013<br />
wlisTvis.<br />
ninowmin<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi vaWrobaze pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> gavlena Sefas<strong>da</strong><br />
Semdegnairad:<br />
kartofili: 22,805 tona<br />
rZe: 5,594 tona<br />
sxva produqtebi: 1,250 tona<br />
sul: 29,649 tona<br />
maTi Sefasebis mixedviT, TiToeuli manqaniT SesaZlebeli iqneba 12 tona tvirTis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tana, rac movaWres <strong>da</strong>uzogavs 120 aSS dolars yoveli ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas (sawvavi,<br />
dro, manqanis amortizacia, saqonlis <strong>da</strong>zianeba), rac wlis ganmavlobaSi 591000 aSS<br />
dolars Seadgens.<br />
samwuxarod, ar Sefasebula, Tu ra Sedegs moitans sarkinigzo magistralis aRdgena.<br />
Cven SegviZlia, sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtebis paralelurad, SevafasoT rkinigzis<br />
reabilitaciis gavlena or regions, <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong> vaWrobis<br />
ganviTarebaze.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali modelis cvlilebebi<br />
saqarTvelo _ satranzito qveyana<br />
saqarTvelos, rogorc “abreSumis gzis” satranzito qveynis potenciali <strong>da</strong> gavlena<br />
vaWrobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoze mTavrobis ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens. samTavrobo<br />
politikaSi saqarTvelo moiazreba rogorc satranzito derefani Sua aRmosavleTis,<br />
azerbaijanis, centraluri aziisa <strong>da</strong> Soreuli aRmosavleTis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n momavali<br />
tvirTisTvis. samTavrobo politikam gamoxatuleba hpova Tbilisis deklaraciaSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c CamoTvlilia didi potencialis mqone proeqtebi TurqeTTan, saqarTvelosTan,<br />
azerbaijanTan. deklaraciaSi naTqvamia:<br />
Cvenma TanamSromlobam Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli sami didi energoproeqtis<br />
meSveobiT: baqo-sufsis navTobsadeni, hei<strong>da</strong>r alievis saxelobis baqo-Tbilisijeihanis<br />
navTobsadeni <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiis gazsadeni (baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumi),<br />
evropas Seuqmna energiis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> axali wyaro. 66<br />
66<br />
`Tbilisis deklaracia~ saqarTvelos regionuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. zogadi Sexedulebebi (7 Tebervali,<br />
2007). (http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=14588)
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
imave deklaraciaSi aRniSnulia baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis sarkinigzo magistralisa <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanis respublikis eleqtroga<strong>da</strong>mcemi xazis proeqtebi <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
TurqeTis teritoriaze. 67<br />
saqarTvelos aseve <strong>da</strong>wesebuli aqvs saga<strong>da</strong>saxado SeRavaTebi sarkinigzo tranzitze<br />
azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n, romlis mixedviT azerbaijanSi mimavali tvirTi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisgan<br />
gaTavisuflebulia 50%-iT, somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n momavali navTobi _ 24%-iT <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis<br />
tvirTi _ 17%-iT. 68 am SeRavaTebis gar<strong>da</strong>, saqarTveloSi, rogorc satranzito qveyanaSi,<br />
romelmac tvirTi un<strong>da</strong> gaataros CineTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> centraluri azii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT, ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> didi moculobis investicia infrastuqturis<br />
ganviTarebaSi. saqarTvelos erT-erT mTavar satranzito qveynad qcevis ideas Sedegad<br />
mohyva tarifebis Semcireba, Savi zRvis portebis ganviTarebiT <strong>da</strong>intereseba <strong>da</strong><br />
fizikuri satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba. 69<br />
satransporto momsaxureba <strong>da</strong> somxeTi<br />
satransporto momsaxureba<br />
satransporto momsaxureba saqarTvelos savaWro saqmianobis mniSvnelovani sferoa,<br />
romlis meSveobiTac qveyanaSi 2006 wlis bolo kvartalSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> saqonlis<br />
eqsporti 49%-is odenobiT <strong>da</strong> importi _ 55%-is odenobiT. 70 rogorc mosalodnelia<br />
satranzito qveyni<strong>da</strong>n, saqarTvelos Semosavlis wyaroa somxeTis satransporto momsaxureba.<br />
erTi 20 futiani sazRvao/saxmeleTo konteineris ga<strong>da</strong>zidvis sarkinigzo<br />
momsaxurebis Rirebulebaa 522 aSS dolari (foTi-erevani-foTi). satvirTo manqaniT<br />
igive marSrutis Rirebulebaa 1357 aSS dolari. 71 aRsaniSnavia, rom tvirTis udidesi<br />
nawili saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n gadis sarkinigzo gziT (74% 2003 wels). 2006 wels somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saqarTvelos gavliT eqsportirebuli iyo 3,1 milioni tona tvirTi, romlis<br />
Rirebuleba gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programam 100 milion aSS dolarad<br />
Seafasa. 72<br />
amJamad samcxe-javaxeTis wili saqarTvelos satransporto SemosavlebSi mxolod<br />
1%-ia. 73 Tumca CvenTvis sainteresoa, ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, mimdinare<br />
infrastruqturis cvlilebebisa <strong>da</strong> reabilitaciis Sedegad, savaWro ga<strong>da</strong>zidvebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>misamarTeba am regionis mimarTulebiT.<br />
67<br />
`Tbilisis deklaracia~ saqarTvelos regionuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. zogadi Sexedulebebi (7 Tebervali,<br />
2007). (http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=14588)<br />
68<br />
somxeTis gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi, <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTierTobebi <strong>somxeTs</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong>: Seusrulebeli perspeqtivebi. angariSis monaxazi (ivlisi, 2007), gv. 16.<br />
69<br />
ganxilulia Semdeg nawilSi.<br />
70<br />
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> politikis <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC),<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> tendenciebi, kvartaluri mimoxilva (ivlisi, 2007, gv. 39).<br />
71<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>zidvis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ZiriTad nawilze pasuxismgebelia ga<strong>da</strong>mzi<strong>da</strong>vi (1100 aSS dolari TiToeul satvir-<br />
Toze <strong>da</strong> 280 aSS dolari rkinigziT ga<strong>da</strong>zidvaze), portSi tvirTis Cabarebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi (215 aSS dolari<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi), gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa somxeTSi, m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi: <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTierTobebi: Seusrulebeli perspeqtivebi, angariSis monaxazi (ivlisi,<br />
2007), gv. 31.<br />
72<br />
somxeTis gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi: <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong><br />
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTierTobebi: Seusrulebeli perspeqtivebi, angariSis monaxazi (ivlisi, 2007), gv. 31.<br />
73<br />
somxeTis gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi: <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong><br />
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTierTobebi: Seusrulebeli perspeqtivebi, angariSis monaxazi (ivlisi, 2007).<br />
37
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
fond “aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” gzis reabilitaciis proeqti, SekeTebuli<br />
gzebi javaxeTSi <strong>da</strong> axali sabaJo-gamSvebi punqti (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 5, 6 <strong>da</strong> 7 _ regionis<br />
rukebi).<br />
javaxeTis mimarTulebiT mimaval axal gzebze saubrisas, saqme exeba ufro CrdiloeTiT<br />
mdebare marSrutis SekeTebas, romelic iwyeba sa<strong>da</strong>xlo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> mTavrdeba foTSi an<br />
sarfSi. pirveli, SeuZlebelia, sa<strong>da</strong>xlo-ninowmin<strong>da</strong>-karwaxis marSruti Caanacvlos<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xlo-Tbilisi-sarfis marSrutma, radgan amJamad arsebuli sa<strong>da</strong>xlo-Tbilisivales<br />
gza 50 km-iT ufro moklea. 74 TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n importirebuli, somxeTisTvis<br />
gankuTvnili saqonlis umravlesoba jer Camodis foTSi, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
TurqeTSi warmoebuli produqcia <strong>da</strong> Semdeg sakmaod cud mdgomareobaSi, saxmeleTo<br />
transportis meSveobiT miemarTeba somxeTisken.<br />
Tu somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n ninowmindis gavliT Semova satvirTo manqanebi, miviRebT<br />
absoluturad gansxvavebul suraTs. ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si gzisa <strong>da</strong> axali sabaJo-gamSvebi<br />
punqtis SekeTeba-reabilitaciam SeiZleba sagrZnoblad Seamoklos gza somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
TurqeTis mimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong> Semdeg TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n evropisken. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelosken an TurqeTisken ninowmindis gavliT<br />
mgzavrobas gacilebiT naklebi dro sWirdeba, vidre sxva alternatiuli gziT.<br />
erevni<strong>da</strong>n ninowmin<strong>da</strong>mde mgzavrobisas gacilebiT naklebi droa saWiro, vidre<br />
erevni<strong>da</strong>n sa<strong>da</strong>xlomde. sabaJo punqtis organizebisa <strong>da</strong> gzebis gaumjobesebis Semdeg<br />
sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba saxmeleTo mimosvlis moculoba, gansakuTrebiT, TurqeTis<br />
mimarTulebiT.<br />
38<br />
cxrili 3.1<br />
marSruti manZili saSualo dro<br />
erevni<strong>da</strong>n ninowmindis sazRvramde 178 km 2.30-3 sT<br />
erevni<strong>da</strong>n sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sazRvramde 225 km 4 sT<br />
giumri<strong>da</strong>n ninowmindis sazRvramde 48 km 45 wT (maqsimumi)<br />
giumri<strong>da</strong>n sa<strong>da</strong>xlos sazRvramde 171 km 3.30 sT<br />
wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis kvlevis resurscentris<br />
SiraqSi myofi m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi.<br />
orive sazRvarTan misasvleli gzebis gaumjobesebis Sedegad javaxeTi gaxdeba<br />
somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli satransporto arteria, rac mniSvnelovnad<br />
Seamcirebs manZils somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n sarfamde. Tumca, erTi qveynis satranzito marSruti<br />
ar qmnis meore qveynis satranzito marSrutis suraTs.<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xlo<strong>da</strong>n sarfis mimarTulebiT gza 480 km sigrZisaa <strong>da</strong> mis gavlas, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT,<br />
7,5 sT sWirdeba, maSin roca axlandeli gza valemde 320 km-ia <strong>da</strong> mas, TiTqmis, 5,5 sT<br />
sWirdeba. am ori gzi<strong>da</strong>n sarfi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, prioritetulia. sarfi-baTumis gzaze,<br />
yoveldRiuri mimosvlis monacemebiT, 2006 wels ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebo<strong>da</strong> 717 avtomanqana,<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>nac 221 iyo tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>mzi<strong>da</strong>vi. valeSi ki, yoveldRiuri mimosvlis monacemebis<br />
mixedviT, 2006 wels ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod 48 avtomanqana, sai<strong>da</strong>nac 5 iyo<br />
74 vales gza ufro swrafia, ninowmindis gza moicavs garkveul maRalmTian monakveTebs.
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>mzi<strong>da</strong>vi. 75 es, nawilobriv, SesaZlebelia aixsnas vales marSrutis nakleb<br />
sandoobiT. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom vales marSruti Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli TurqeT-evropis sazRvarTan, vidre sarfi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas karwaxis marSrutze, romelic TurqeTs giumrTan<br />
akavSirebs (1 saaTi sa<strong>da</strong>xlo-sarfis marSrutis 7,5 saaTis nacvlad). droisa <strong>da</strong><br />
manZilis gamoTvla <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iqneba saqonlis tipsa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTSi mgzavrobis<br />
droze. sazRvris TurqeTis mxares, Cildiri uaxloesi qalaqia, romelic jer ar<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli TurqeTis saavtomobilo magistralTan, iseve, rogorc sarfis<br />
sazRvari. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 2¾ saaTs, romelic <strong>da</strong>gvezogeba giumri-ninowmindis<br />
gzi<strong>da</strong>n, Zneli <strong>da</strong>sajerebelia, rom TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> evropisken mimavali nebismieri<br />
marSruti ufro kargi <strong>da</strong> momgebiani iyos. amasTan, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
somxeTisken mimavali karwaxi-ninowmindis marSruti gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre<br />
sarfi-sa<strong>da</strong>xlos marSruti.<br />
baqo-axalqalaqi-yarsis sarkinigzo magistrali<br />
es sarkinigzo magistrali axalqalaqisa <strong>da</strong> mimdebare gzebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mgzavrobis marSrutze. saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o investorebisTvis<br />
gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia CrdiloeTisken mimavali sarkinigzo gza. amis ori<br />
mizezi arsebobs: pirveli, es marSruti ukavSirdeba Sav zRvas <strong>da</strong> ufro Sesaferisia<br />
msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad. meore, ufro samxreTiT mdebare axalqalaqis magistrali,<br />
romelic gadis maRalmTian adgilebze, nakleb sandoa, vidre Cvens mier<br />
naxsenebi CrdiloeTis magistrali.<br />
am mizeziT, investorebi centraluri azii<strong>da</strong>n ufro did yuradRebas aqceven samxre-<br />
Tis marSruts. mniSvnelovani investiciebi Caido sarkinigzo <strong>da</strong> saporto momsaxurebaSi.<br />
yazax investorebs 2008 wels <strong>da</strong>gegmili aqvT cxra milioni aSS dolaris investireba<br />
foTis portis mSeneblobasa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvaSi. es investicia, aseve, mimarTulia<br />
xorblis ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli terminalis reabilitaciasa <strong>da</strong> aRWurvaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c moxdeba<br />
xorblis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba evropaSi gatanamde. 76 2006 wlis maisSi “mwvane muxis jgufma”<br />
moigo baTumis portis marTvis uflebis tenderi, romlis Rirebulebaa 92 milioni<br />
aSS dolari. 77<br />
somexi eqsportiorebi amJamad satranzitod, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, iyeneben Savi zRvis<br />
portebs. Tu <strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT somexi eqsportiorebis marSruts saqarTvelos gavliT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom tvirTis 75% gadis somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n foTis portis mimarTulebiT,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, sarkinigzo gziT. transportirebas umeteswilad axorcielebs Maersk<br />
Sealand <strong>da</strong> Hapag-Lloyd (Maersk saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> Catoni saqarTvelo) saqarTvelos<br />
warmomadgeneli.<br />
75<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis gzis reabilitaciis proeqtis saboloo angariSi, <strong>da</strong>narTi 2, 3, 4. “gzis modelirebis scenarebi”.<br />
Kocks sakonsultacio GmbH (Tebervali, 2007).<br />
76 http://www.maf.ge/eng/ (18 ivnisis biuleteni, 2007).<br />
77 `mwvane muxa” ixdis 92 milion aSS dolars baTumis portSi, civiluri saqarTvelo (12 maisi, 2006).<br />
39
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
erT-erTi mTavari kiTxvaa, Tu ramdenad iqneba SesaZlebeli axali sarkinigzo sistemis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSireba somxeTis rkinigzis qselTan. somxuri tvirTi SesaZlebelia qsels<br />
<strong>da</strong>ukavSirdes sami gziT: arsebuli erevani-Tbilisis rkinigziT <strong>da</strong> Semdeg samxreT<strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT TurqeTisken foTisa <strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis tranzitis saSualebiT;<br />
Siraqsa <strong>da</strong> samcxe-javaxeTs <strong>Soris</strong> rkinigzis aRdgena saSualebas miscems <strong>somxeTs</strong>,<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdes TurqeTs. es orive gza (gansakuTrebiT, meore) politikurad<br />
problematuria azerbaijanis mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli sarkinigzo magistralis<br />
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, magram is Zalian <strong>da</strong>exmareba <strong>somxeTs</strong>, ganaxorcielos Tavisi<br />
saqonlis eqsporti TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi. ufro savaraudoa tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>zidva<br />
saavtomobilo gziT somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n axalqalaqSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c matarebeli <strong>da</strong>itvirTeba<br />
aRniSnuli tvirTiT. <strong>da</strong> isev politikurma problemam SeiZleba gamoiwvios saqonlis<br />
SefuTvis, xelaxla SefuTvis an ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis aucilebloba, raTa saqonlis warmomavlobam<br />
ar Seqmnas sirTuleebi. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, problemebi aris, magram maTTan<br />
erTad ikveTeba garkveuli samomomavlo perspeqtivac.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
infrastruqturis cvlilebebi xels Seuwyobs samcxe-javaxeTSi sabazro perspeqtivebis<br />
Seqmnas. es, Tavis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>exmareba regions adgilobrivi ekonomikis produqtiulobis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> axali industriis ganviTarebaSi. aseve, gaizrdeba saqonlis sabazro<br />
Rirebuleba adgilobrivad <strong>da</strong> Semcirdeba produqciis TviTRirebuleba.<br />
gaxdeba Tu ara regioni saqarTvelo-TurqeTs <strong>Soris</strong> tranzituli marSruti,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia saqonlis tipsa <strong>da</strong> mis saboloo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilze. savaraudod,<br />
es gza iqceva <strong>da</strong>savleT somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n TurqeTisken (<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTisken) <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
samxreT TurqeTisken mimaval alternatiul marSrutad. Tumca is ver Caanacvlebs<br />
tranzituli saqonlis ZiriTad gzas Tbilisis gavliT, radgan, umravlesobis azriT,<br />
es gza, foTis portis Semdgomi gamoyenebiT, ufro iafi saSualebaa evropul <strong>da</strong><br />
rusul bazrebze gasasvlelad.<br />
axali sarkinigzo magistralis arseboba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia or faqtorze: pirveli,<br />
ramdenad sandoa mZime tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>sazi<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong> meore, ramdenad mosaxerxebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikurad gamarTlebulia misi gamoyeneba somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n TurqeTSi tvirTis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>satanad <strong>da</strong> SeeZlebaT Tu ara somex eqsportiorebs misi gamoyeneba. am kiTxvebze<br />
pasuxi, gansjis sagania.<br />
politikuri Sedegebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, axali gza sasargeblo iqneba <strong>da</strong> gavlenas iqoniebs<br />
vaWrobis ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> satransporto mosaxurebi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli Semosavlebis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>ze. Tumca, miRebuli sargeblis Sefaseba ufro realuri iqneba ramdenime<br />
weliwadSi.<br />
40
Sesavali<br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
4. vaWroba: regionuli <strong>da</strong> seqtoruli analizi<br />
sakvlevi proeqtis mTavari mizania sazRvrispira TanamSromlobis ganviTareba<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi. Cveni kvlevis amocana ar aris regionSi warmoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rgis<br />
ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebis perspeqtivis Sefaseba, Tumca aSkaraa, rom<br />
sazRvrispira vaWrobis perspeqtivebis nawilobrivi analizisTvisac ki saWiroa zemoT<br />
aRniSnuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba. am nawilSi vecdebiT, SevafasoT bazari<br />
sami sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mxri<strong>da</strong>n. pirveli, Cven SevafasebT ZiriTad erovnul tendenciebs<br />
saqonliT vaWrobaSi. am Sefasebis mizania, ga<strong>da</strong>vamowmoT, arsebobs Tu ara erovnul<br />
doneze informacia, romelic <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu ratom aris aseTi mcire moculobis<br />
vaWroba sakvlev regionSi <strong>da</strong> arsebul tendenciebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SesaZlebelia<br />
Tu ara garkveuli monawileoba vaWrobis ganviTarebaSi. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi informacia sakmaod SezRudulia.<br />
analizis meore nawilSi ganxilulia sasoflo-sameurneo seqtori <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi. radgan samcxe-javaxeTis 80% sasoflo-sameurneoa, 78<br />
am regionis ekonomikis <strong>kvleva</strong>, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
seqtoris Seswavlaze. saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis Sefasebisas <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv<br />
fermerebTan, movaWreebTan, politikosebTan Tu sxva profesionalebTan saubrisas,<br />
Cven gavixileT am regionSi soflis meurneobis SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> perspeqtivebi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaskveniT, rom problemis analizi ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad msgavsia: yvela mxare aRniSnavs<br />
infrastruqturis problemas, teqnikur deficitsa <strong>da</strong> sainformacio vakuums, magram,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, jer kidev ar arsebobs am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris saerTo pozicia.<br />
arsebuli problemebis pirobebSi fermerebs mudmivi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera esaWiroebaT biznes<strong>da</strong>gegmarebis<br />
sferoSi. regionsa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad qveyanaSi kargad gaazrebuli soflis<br />
meurneobis ganviTarebis proeqtebi xorcieldeba saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o <strong>da</strong>finansebiT.<br />
magram fermerebs ar ZaluZT proeqtebis gegmebis momzadeba <strong>da</strong> maTi ise wardgena,<br />
rom miiRon <strong>da</strong>finanseba.<br />
konkretulad sazRvrispira vaWrobis ganviTarebis Seswavlis mizniT, Cven gavecaniT<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva bazars <strong>da</strong> saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o organizaciebis <strong>da</strong>interesebis sferoSi arsebul<br />
ganviTarebiT saqmianobebs. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom am saqmianobebis Zalian mcire nawilia<br />
orientirebuli sasazRvro vaWrobis ganviTarebaze. kvlevis proeqtis farglebSi<br />
rTuli Sesafasebelia sasazRvro vaWrobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. kvlevis mizani<br />
iyo sazRvris qarTuli mxaris Seswavla, Tumca Cven, aseve, zoga<strong>da</strong>d gaviTvaliswineT<br />
Siraqis situaciac. saerTod, sasazRvro vaWrobis ganviTarebis gasaanalizeblad<br />
saWiroa sazRvris orive mxares arsebuli bazrebis gacnoba <strong>da</strong> Seswavla. radgan<br />
es ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> am kvlevis mizans, Cven mxolod garkveuli SemoTavazebebiT<br />
SemovifarglebiT.<br />
vaWroba <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
4.1 cxrilSi SegviZlia vnaxoT saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi saqonlis eqsport/<br />
importis monacemebi. saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n somxeTSi saqonlis eqsportis maCvenebeli<br />
somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n saqonlis importis maCvenebelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gacilebiT maRalia.<br />
78 saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti (ivlisi, 2007).<br />
41
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
42<br />
cxrili 4.1. eqsport/importis procentuli maCvenebeli, pirveli kvartali, 2007<br />
importi procenti eqsporti procenti<br />
ruseTi 16.1 TurqeTi 15.9<br />
TurqeTi 13.0 azerbaijani 9.8<br />
ukraina 8.8 somxeTi 9.5<br />
germania 8.3 ukraina 7.5<br />
azerbaijani 7.3 ruseTi 5.9<br />
UAE 4.1 germania 5.2<br />
sxva 42.4 sxva 46.2<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelo-evropis politika <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli sakonsultacio centri, saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> tendenciebi (ivlisi, 2007).<br />
2006 wels saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n eqsportirebuli iyo: 61.7 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis<br />
xili (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, Txili), 18.8 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis Saqari, 6.6<br />
milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis xorbali, 1.2 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis<br />
bostneuli. Rvinis eqsportis monacemi 2005 wlis eqsportis monacemTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
ganaxevr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Seadgina 41.9 milioni aSS dolari 79 .<br />
somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi saqonlis eqsportisa <strong>da</strong> importis maCveneblebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT<br />
(cxrili 4.2), Cven vamCnevT, rom zoga<strong>da</strong>d aris zrdis tendencia. 2000 <strong>da</strong> 2006<br />
wlebis monacemebis Tanaxmad, vaWroba or qveyanas <strong>Soris</strong> 6-jer gaizar<strong>da</strong>. 2006 wels<br />
saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n saqonlis eqsportis 4%-ze meti ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> somxeTSi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelom<br />
2006 wels SeinarCuna 39.3 milioni aSS dolaris aqtiuri savaWro balansi.<br />
cxrili 4.2. saqarTvelos somxeTTan vaWrobis<br />
tendenciebi (2000-2006) (milioni aSS dolari)<br />
weli 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006<br />
eqsporti 13.8 12.5 21.6 42.7 57.8 39.7 73.6<br />
importi 13.4 4.7 7.5 6.4 83.5 39.3 40.2<br />
balansi 0.4 7.8 14.1 36.3 -25.7 0.4 33.4<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos finansTa saministros Semosavlebis samsaxuri, mowodebuli 2007 wlis<br />
ivnisSi 80 .<br />
2006 wels importirebuli saqonlis tipi mravalferovania. somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi<br />
eqsportirebuli saqonlis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens 15.6 milioni aSS dolaris<br />
Rirebulebis cementi, 7.9 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis mcenareuli produqti,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, yava, <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, imave Rirebulebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>konservebuli<br />
xorci. 81<br />
79<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis mdgomareoba: tendencia cifrebSi (aprili,<br />
2007).<br />
80<br />
mocemuli cifrebi mowmobs, rom yvelaze didi zr<strong>da</strong> mox<strong>da</strong> 2003-2004 wlebSi (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 12-jer) <strong>da</strong> Semdgom<br />
wlebSi ki adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> mkveTr vardnas (magram zrdis done mainc 7-jer meti iyo 2003 wlis monacemebze).<br />
aseTi monacemebis erT-erTi axsnaa vardebis revoluciis Semdeg gatarebuli cvlilebebi, romlebmac<br />
Crdilovani ekonomika Seamcira. Sedegad 2004 wels gaizar<strong>da</strong> importi. gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis<br />
programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi gaesaubra roman Cxenkels, fito-sanitariuli<br />
kontrolis ganyofilebis ufross. saxelmwifo Semosavlebis samsaxuri, Tbilisi, (21 agvisto, 2007).<br />
81 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTierTobebi:<br />
ganuxorcielebeli perspeqtivebi (monaxazi, agvisto, 2007). gv. 29.
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
saqonlis eqsportis moculoba TiTqmis gaormag<strong>da</strong> 2001-2002 wlebSi <strong>da</strong> SeinarCuna<br />
zrdis aqtiuri tempi. yvelaze didi raodenobiT eqsportirebuli iyo Saqari <strong>da</strong> sasuqi,<br />
romelTac, aseve, zrdis maRali tempi hqon<strong>da</strong>T. agreTve, ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> 3 milioni<br />
aSS dolaris xis masalisa <strong>da</strong> 4.5 milioni aSS dolaris simindis eqsporti, rasac<br />
SeiZleba regionuli mniSvneloba hqondes, radgan es orive produqti adgilobrivad<br />
iwarmoeba. 82<br />
Cveni <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis gar<strong>da</strong>, saintereso <strong>da</strong>skvna gaakeTa gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
ganviTarebis programis somxeTis m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufma, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n importirebul saqonelTan uaryofiTad elastikuria<br />
Semosavlebis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan. anu, rac ufro izrdeba saqarTvelos Semosavlebi, miT ufro<br />
izrdeba moTxovna msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Semotanil im saqonelze, romlis<br />
importsac igi adre somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n awarmoeb<strong>da</strong>. 83<br />
aseve, mniSvnelovania erovnul doneze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis analizi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom saqarTvelo somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n axorcielebs sasuqis eqsports <strong>da</strong>, amasTan, Siraqi<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo raionia, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am regionSi tranzituli<br />
marSrutis Seqmna sasargeblo <strong>da</strong> Semosavliani perspeqtivaa. es azri vrceldeba<br />
somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n didi raodenobis cementis eqsportzec.<br />
amis gar<strong>da</strong>, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom erovnuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli monacemebis analizi Zalian<br />
SezRudulia. amis mizezia regionebs <strong>Soris</strong> TanamSromlobis potenciali <strong>da</strong> vaWroba,<br />
romelic erovnuli masStabiT tendencias ar warmoadgens. amis gar<strong>da</strong>, aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom Cveni analizis mixedviT, amJamad aranairi saqmianobebi ar mimdinareobs.<br />
saqmianoba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viwyoT yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali safexuri<strong>da</strong>n. am SemTxvevaSi nakleb<br />
savaraudoa, rom regionis mimdinare tendenciebma saWiro informacia mogvces<br />
samomavlo perspeqtivebze.<br />
saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo seqtori<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slam sakmao problemebi Seuqmna saqarTvelos soflis meurneobas.<br />
produqciisa <strong>da</strong> distribuciis mTavarma wyarom, kolmeurneobebma Sewyvita<br />
funqcionireba. koleqtiuri meurneobis sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>rCenil meurneebs warmodgena<br />
ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T koleqtivis organizebaze. saxelmwifo aparati ar Secvlila komerciuli<br />
struqturiT, romlis mizani iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Semosavalze orientacia. ase rom yidvis,<br />
warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> gayidvis procesi arabunebriv pirobebSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
centralizebuli <strong>da</strong>gegmarebis sistemis ararsebobam gamoiwvia teqnikuri bazisa <strong>da</strong><br />
infrastruqturis ganadgureba, romelic, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, am sistemis safuZvels warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
meurneebs aRar Seswev<strong>da</strong>T unari eSovnaT saTa<strong>da</strong>rigo nawilebi sasoflosameurneo<br />
manqanebisTvis, romelTa umravlesoba mogvianebiT jarTad Caabares. miwis<br />
kerZo sakuTrebis zustad gansazRvruli formis ararsebobis gamo, fermerTa<br />
nakveTebs <strong>Soris</strong> sazRvris <strong>da</strong>rRvevam Cveuli saxe miiRo. Semcir<strong>da</strong> rZisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis<br />
produqtebis warmoeba. aravin iReb<strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobas sairigacio sistemisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
gzebis SekeTebaze, ramac sabolood gamoiwvia sakvebi produqtebis warmoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> bazramde miwodebisTvis aucilebeli infrastruqturis ganadgureba.<br />
82 saqarTvelos finansTa saministro, Semosavlebis samsaxuri (momzadebuli proeqtis mkvlevrebis<br />
mier, ivnisi, 2007).<br />
83 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa somxeTSi, <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTierTobebi <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos <strong>Soris</strong>: ganuxorcielebeli perspeqtivebi (monaxazi, agvisto, 2007), gv. 7.<br />
43
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
Tumca 1990-ian wlebSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis SemcirebaSi ar<br />
SeiZleba mxolod komunizmis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>naSauleba. jer kidev Zveli sistemis farglebSi<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> kerZo sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba. rogorc aRniSnaven<br />
fi<strong>da</strong>si <strong>da</strong> maknikolasi IBRD_<strong>da</strong>n (msoflio banki):<br />
44<br />
1990-ian wlebSi kerZo seqtorma awarmoa sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis<br />
46%, rac saxelmwifo meurneobis mier warmoebul produqcias TiTqmis orjer<br />
aWarbeb<strong>da</strong>. saxelmwifo sistemis Tanaxmad, miwis nakveTebis garkveuli nawili<br />
ijariT hqon<strong>da</strong>T aRebuli fermerebsa <strong>da</strong> qalaqis mosaxleobas, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini misdevdnen<br />
mecxoveleobasa <strong>da</strong> mohyav<strong>da</strong>T simindi. sabWoTa periodSi xorcis, rZis<br />
produqtebisa <strong>da</strong> kercxis raodenobis naxevars kerZo seqtori awarmoeb<strong>da</strong>. 84<br />
soflis meurneobis sistemis ganadgurebis mizezi, sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevasTan<br />
erTad, misi araswori marTvac iyo. gansakuTrebiT ki 1992 wels <strong>da</strong>wyebuli miwis<br />
reforma, romelic ganamtkica 1996 wels miRebulma kanonma sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
miwis kerZo sakuTrebis Sesaxeb. ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> miwis nakveTebis <strong>da</strong>nawevreba, magram<br />
sakmaod garTul<strong>da</strong> maTi registracia <strong>da</strong> gayidva. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg<br />
ganxorcielebulma reformebma swrafad Secvala situacia, Tumca sakuTrebis bazari<br />
mxolod axla iqmneba. Sedegad, 656000 fermeri<strong>da</strong>n umetesobas aqvs 1 ha-mde miwis<br />
nakveTi <strong>da</strong> 16000-ze naklebs _ 4 ha-ze meti. 85<br />
soflis meurneobis problemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava infrastruqturaSi arsebulma<br />
sirTuleebma. mTavaria, mowesrigdes <strong>da</strong>zianebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ngreuli satransporto<br />
magistralebi <strong>da</strong> sairigacio sistema. marTalia, mimdinareobs maTi reabilitacia,<br />
magram samuSaoebis <strong>da</strong>srulebis TariRi jer isev gaurkvevelia. <strong>da</strong>- bolos, Tu adre<br />
momarageba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> istoriul problemas, dRes ukve aranaklebi sirTule<br />
Seqmna moTxovnis gazr<strong>da</strong>m, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma, 2005 wlis<br />
dekemberSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze, xolo 2006 wlis martSi Rvinosa <strong>da</strong><br />
Rvinis produqtebze, saqarTvelos embargo <strong>da</strong>uwesa. 86<br />
Tumca, qveyanis agrarulobam <strong>da</strong> potenciurad nayofierma (produqtiulma) miwam<br />
ganamtkica azri, rom agrobiznesi SeiZleba gaxdes mTliani ganviTarebis sawin<strong>da</strong>ri.<br />
am azrs amyarebs monacemebi soflis meurneobis, rogorc saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
umetesobis Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaros Sesaxeb. sanam misi wili mTlian Si<strong>da</strong><br />
produqtebSi mcirdeba (17.3 % _ 2000 wels nominaluri mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqtebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> 14.6% _ 2006 wels), 87 soflis meurneobis roli sakmaod Zlieria qveynis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
sferoSi, radgan saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili agrarul saqmianobaSia<br />
CarTuli. 88<br />
84<br />
penelopa fi<strong>da</strong>si <strong>da</strong> jim maknikolsi, `miwis reformis administrirebis saWiroeba: revoluciis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi~,<br />
reformis warmarTva, saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o banki rekonstruqciisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisTvis”, (2007), gv. 38.<br />
(http://www.reformersclub.org/documents/reform/FullSetOfCaseStudies.pdf)<br />
85<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra riCard hurelbrinks, AgVantage-is direqtors (20 agvisto, 2007).<br />
86<br />
2005 wlis dekemberSi ruseTis soflis meurneobis saministrom droebiTi SezRudva <strong>da</strong>awesa saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
importirebul produqtebze. ix. `ruseTma SezRu<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n produqtebis importi~, civiluri saqarTvelo<br />
(20 dekemberi, 2005). amas mohyva SezRudvebi Rvinis importis sferoSi sanitariuli moTxovnis safuZvelze.<br />
ix. `ruseTi krZalavs qarTuli Rvinis imports~, civiluri saqarTvelo (30 marti, 2006).<br />
87<br />
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> politikis <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC),<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> tendenciebi, kvartaluri angariSi (ivlisi, 2007). gv. 13.<br />
88<br />
AgVantage-is angariSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli sasursaTo <strong>da</strong> soflis meurneobis strategia: 2006-2015 (seqtemberi,<br />
2006).
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
zrdis imedi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, emyareba importis Canacvlebisa <strong>da</strong> eqsportis ganviTarebis<br />
strategias. importis Canacvlebis strategiis safuZvelia qveyanaSi sakvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ualkoholo sasmelebis 50%-is importi. 89 aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rekomendebulia, rom<br />
agrobiznesi, kerZod ki meoradi ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis sakvebi produqtebi gaxdes importis<br />
Canacvlebis zrdis bunebrivi sfero. 90 aseve geografiuli mdebareobisa <strong>da</strong> nayofieri<br />
miwebis swori gamoyenebis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia, saqarTvelo gaxdes sasoflosameurneo<br />
produqtebis mniSvnelovani eqsportiori. es mniSvnelovani sakiTxia<br />
saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o donori organizaciebisTvis.<br />
soflis meurneobis analizi samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
cxrilSi 2.1 mocemulia samcxe-javaxeTis regionis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva raionSi sasoflosameurneo<br />
produqtebis Semadgenloba. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, regionSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
iwarmoeba kartofili, rZisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis produqtebi, romelTac yvelaze meti<br />
Rirebuleba aqvT 91 .<br />
cxrili 2.1. sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
(mTliani sabazro Rirebulebis %)<br />
axalcixe adigeni aspinZa borjomi axalqalaqi ninowmin<strong>da</strong> jami<br />
kartofili 32% 32% 14% 34% 48% 24% 36%<br />
marcvleuli 8% 8% 8% 4% 12% 7% 9%<br />
bostneuli 13% 14% 11% 13% 6% 2% 8%<br />
xili 4% 4% 7% 0% 0% 0% 2%<br />
xorci 20% 21% 31% 25% 10% 19% 17%<br />
rZe 21% 19% 26% 22% 22% 45% 27%<br />
kvercxi 2% 2% 3% 3% 1% 2% 2%<br />
abreSumi 0.01% 0.01% 0.04% 0.02% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03%<br />
jami 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
(1000 aSS<br />
dolari)<br />
15019 11042 5959 5798 38535 18832 95,185<br />
wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufis interviu Salva kaveliZesTan,<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis gamgeblis mrCevelTan. 92<br />
1 aSS dolari _ 1.7 lari<br />
89 vaxtang burkaZe, “saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis seqtoris struqturuli Sesworeba”, <strong>da</strong>beWdili <strong>ekonomikuri</strong><br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centris (GEPLAC) mier,<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> tendenciebi, kvartaluri angariSi (ivlisi, 2007). gv. 58-73.<br />
90 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o finansists, Tbilisi (ivnisi, 2007).<br />
91 aRsaniSnavia, rom cifrebi motanilia statistikis departamentis statistikuri amonakrebis samsaxuris mier<br />
<strong>da</strong> ar warmoadgens ubralod aRebul cifrebs. magram es TavisTavad problemasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, radgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mosaxleobis amonakrebze. ararealuria, magaliTad, is faqti, rom borjomSi 2005 wels saer-<br />
Tod ar iyo xilis mosavali.<br />
92 aRsaniSnavia, rom batonma kaveliZem, rogorc TviTon ambobs, es monacemebi moipova statistikis departamenti<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
xolo departamentma _ statistikuri amonakrebis samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
45
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
samcxe-javaxeTis tipuri miwis nakveTi arafriT gansxvavdeba zemoT aRwerilisgan.<br />
samcxeSi (ninowmindisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis gar<strong>da</strong>) Catarebuli 600 mosaxlis bolo<br />
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, regionSi <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli miwis nakveTis saSualo moculoba<br />
Seadgens 0.92 ha-s. 93<br />
soflis meurneobaSi warmoebis sami ZiriTadi wamyvani sfero ar aris bolomde<br />
aTvisebuli <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuli. es mniSvnelovania Cveni miznebisTvis, radgan isini<br />
SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT, rogorc potenciuri saeqsporto produqtis Seqmnis<br />
wyaro. qvemoT ganxilulia samive industria.<br />
kartofilis warmoeba<br />
kartofili erTaderTi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtia, romelic didi raodenobiT<br />
modis samcxe-javaxeTSi. regionSi kartofilis warmoeba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xdeba patara<br />
miwis nakveTebze, romelTa moculobaa 0.5-1.5 ha. kartofilis sawarmoeblad<br />
Sesaferisia samcxe-javaxeTis klimaturi pirobebi, radgan, gamomdinare maRalmTiani<br />
geografiuli mdebareobi<strong>da</strong>n, mosavlis <strong>da</strong>inficirebis albaToba naklebia. es<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Teslis gasamravleblad, radgan sawyisi investicia<br />
Teslis warmoebaSi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre sasursaTo kartofilis warmoebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>, Tanac, ufro metia xarisxiani saTesle masalis <strong>da</strong>inficirebis safrTxe. rac<br />
ufro didia investicia, miT ufro metad un<strong>da</strong> ecadon fermerebi, Seamciron riskebi<br />
kartofilis warmoebaSi. 94<br />
oTxmoc<strong>da</strong>aTian wlebamde samcxe-javaxeTSi kartofilis warmoebis done <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
iyo. es mravalma faqtorma ganapiroba: sairigacio sistemis <strong>da</strong>zianebam, cudma<br />
gzebma, rac, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> fasebis zr<strong>da</strong>ze; Sesabamisad, rTuli iyo<br />
maRali xarisxis sasuqisa <strong>da</strong> Sxam-qimikatebis mopoveba Tu transportireba. fond<br />
“aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” uaxlesi angariSis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi<br />
kartofilis mosavali 2006 wels Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 15 tonas heqtarze, Tumca gamarTuli<br />
sairigacio sistemis pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> maRali xarisxis saTesle kartofilisa <strong>da</strong> sasuqis<br />
gamoyenebis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli iqneba misi gazr<strong>da</strong> 40 tonamde. 95<br />
produqciis warmoebis <strong>da</strong>bali donis paralelurad, Zalian <strong>da</strong>balia Semosavali<br />
kartofilis gayidvi<strong>da</strong>n. AgVantage-is, CARE-sa <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis<br />
programis SefasebiT, weliwadSi heqtarze 15 tona kartofili<strong>da</strong>n Semosavali<br />
SesaZlebelia iyos 500-1000 lari. Tumca, fasi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, es Tanxa SeiZleba 5000-<br />
8000 laramde gaizardos. 96 (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 1 <strong>da</strong> 2 _ Semosavlisa <strong>da</strong> xarjis Sefaseba).<br />
kartofilis warmoeba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva cvalebad garemoebasTan. ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Semosavali <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia warmoebuli produqciis moculobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
93<br />
gorbi, samcxe-javaxeTis SerCeuli soflebis socialuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> statusi, momzadebulia CARE/DFID_<br />
Tvis, gv. 27-28.<br />
94<br />
ganmarteba ixileT qvemoT.<br />
95<br />
Kocks-is sakonsultacio GmbH, samcxe-javaxeTis gzebis reabilitaciis proeqtis saboloo sococxlisunarianobis<br />
angariSi (Tebervali, 2007), gv. 224. amis mizezi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, aris fasebi.<br />
96<br />
SemosavalSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis Sefasebisas Kocks_is sakonsultacio GmbH iyenebs istoriul Rirebulebas<br />
amJamindeli sabazro Rirebulebis SefasebisTvis _ 0.3 lari kg. CARE_isa <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis<br />
programis mier momzadebuli Sefaseba eyrdnoba istoriul Rirebulebas _ 0.6 lari kg. maTi azriT,<br />
es fasi SenarCundeba. gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris<br />
m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi gaesaubra CARE_isa (30 agvisto, 2007) <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis<br />
agronomebs (31 agvisto, 2007). mogebisa <strong>da</strong> zaralis SefasebisTvis. ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 1 <strong>da</strong> 2.<br />
46
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
fasze. moculobis regulireba SesaZlebelia sairigacio sistemis reabilitaciiT,<br />
maRali xarisxis saTesle kartofiliTa <strong>da</strong> sasuqiT, aseve warmoebis Tanamedrove<br />
teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT (Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT bunebriv kataklizmebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebebs). fasi ki gansxvavebuli faqtoria. igi icvleba wlebis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
sanam produqciisa <strong>da</strong> SefuTvis stan<strong>da</strong>rti miaRwevs saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o dones, fasebis<br />
regulirebas axdens adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong>, umetes SemTxvevaSi, regionuli bazari. Tu<br />
regionSi produqtiulobis done izrdeba, Sesabamisad, mcirdeba produqciis fasi <strong>da</strong><br />
am SemTxvevaSi gamosavali axali saeqsporto bazris moZiebaa.<br />
TviTRirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, Tesli yvelaze Zviri warmoebis saSualebaa.<br />
arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxis saTesle kartofili. umaRlesi xarisxia “super elita,”<br />
romelic, Cveulebriv, germanii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> holandii<strong>da</strong>n Semodis. igi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
gamoiyeneba “Teslis gasamravleblad”. saTesle kartofils udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
maRali xarisxis kartofilis sawarmoeblad. yovelwliurad xdeba misi <strong>da</strong>xarisxeba,<br />
magram rac ufro meti axali Taoba Cndeba “super elitisgan,” miT ufro <strong>da</strong>balia<br />
misi xarisxi. Tuki vinme warmoebas iwyebs “super elitis” Semdegi Taobi<strong>da</strong>n, un<strong>da</strong><br />
axsovdes, rom sam-oTx weliwadSi igi absoluturad unayofo gaxdeba.<br />
adre Teslis umetesoba saqarTveloSi Semodio<strong>da</strong> somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic Teslis<br />
mwarmoebeli qveynebis aTeulSi Sedis. yvelaze didi mwarmoebelia “agriko”, <strong>da</strong>niuri<br />
firma. is axorcielebs “super elitis” imports somxeTSi (saqarTvelos gavliT), sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
xdeba Teslis gamravleba miwis 120 heqtarze <strong>da</strong> misi regionuli gayidva. “agrikos”<br />
3000 toni<strong>da</strong>n (2400 tona saTesle <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni sasursaTo kartofili), <strong>da</strong>axloebiT,<br />
1000 tona iyideba saqarTveloSi, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 100 tona _ ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si. mewarmeebs TviTon<br />
SeuZliaT am Teslis gadmotana <strong>da</strong> ganbaJeba. am Teslis garkveuli nawilis gayidva<br />
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes azerbaijanSi 97 .<br />
xorcis produqti<br />
xorcis warmoeba sakmaod momgebiani saqmianobaa. zafxulSi mosuqebul saqonels,<br />
zamTargamovlil xboebTan erTad, yiduloben gazafxulze (marti-maisi) <strong>da</strong><br />
mogvianebiT yidian oqtomberSi.<br />
Cveni eqvsi Tvis angariSze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT (<strong>da</strong>narTi 3), SesaZlebelia 4500 laris odenobis<br />
sawyis investiciaze 1852 laris mogebis miReba (wliuri mogeba 82%). 98 Tu fermers<br />
kreditad aRebuli aqvs 3500 lari, maSin misi mogeba Semcirdeba 1537 laramde<br />
(procentis gareSe), magram misi Semosavlis proporcia investiciaze (investicia am<br />
SemTxvevaSi 1000 larze naklebi iqneba) Seadgens 300%-s. umetesad, fermerebs ar<br />
aqvT am <strong>da</strong>finansebis miRebis saSualeba. 99<br />
rZe <strong>da</strong> yveli<br />
rZis produqtebis umetesi nawili iqmneba mcire mewarmeebis mier. isini Tavadve<br />
awarmoeben yvels. rZe <strong>da</strong> yveli amJamad ar iZleva did Semosavals. Cveni gaangariSebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, wliuri Semosavali TiToeuli Zroxi<strong>da</strong>n Seadgens 258 lars (<strong>da</strong>narTi<br />
97 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra kamo zaqariansa <strong>da</strong> gevorq gevorqians, Teslis mwarmoeblebsa <strong>da</strong> ’’agrikos’’ mewarmeebs, giumri (11<br />
ivlisi, 2007).<br />
98 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra CARE-s agronoms (30 agvisto, 2007).<br />
99 sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, Tu fermeri gamoiyenebs 3500 lars 35 rqosani pirutyvis sayidlad, imave 4500 larze<br />
Semosavali iqneba 6917 lari 1852 laris nacvlad. SesaZlebelia, aq gasaTvaliswinebelia sxva faqtorebic.<br />
47
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
4). <strong>da</strong>bali Semosavali gamowveulia moklerqiani Zroxebis <strong>da</strong>bali produqtiulobiT<br />
(maqsimum 1200 litri TiToeul Zroxaze). 100<br />
msxvil mewarmeTa mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia. Cven gavesaubreT erT-erT maTgans,<br />
romelmac gviTxra, rom mis kuTvnilebSi myofi asobiT Zroxa wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
iZleva 1500 litr rZes an 20 tona yvels, romelsac is yidis TbilisSi 6.5 larad<br />
kilos. man aseve gviTxra, rom fasi igivea giumrSic, amdenad ar arsebobs somxeTSi<br />
yvelis gatanisa <strong>da</strong> gayidvis motivacia (miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom igi xSirad <strong>da</strong>dis<br />
erevanSi yvelisTvis saWiro masalis Camosatanad). ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, aT<br />
fermers hyavs 60-120 suli Zroxa <strong>da</strong> 40-50 fermers _ 10-40 suli (rogorc vnaxeT,<br />
ninowmin<strong>da</strong>s yvelaze didi maCvenebeli aqvs rZis produqtebis warmoebaSi). 101<br />
ganviTarebis problemebi<br />
saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, samcxe-javaxeTSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
vaWrobis sferoSi arsebuli problemebis Sesaxeb arsebobs garkveuli xelSekrulebebi.<br />
Mercy Corps_is warmomadgenlebi gaesaubrnen axalqalaqis 64 soflis 882 mosaxles,<br />
romlebmac gansazRvres maTi regionisTvis arsebuli yvelaze ufro mwvave 11<br />
problema (1-<strong>da</strong>n 5-mde SkaliT, sa<strong>da</strong>c 5 yvelaze ufro mwvave problemas aRniSnavs:<br />
48<br />
cxrili 4.1. samcxe-javaxeTis axalqalaqis regionSi arsebuli mwvave problemebi<br />
problema gzebi sawvavis<br />
fasi<br />
ruseTis<br />
bazris<br />
siaxlove<br />
sasuqis<br />
fasi<br />
samedicino<br />
centri<br />
produqtebisgayidvis<br />
bazari<br />
Tesli samsaxuri<br />
irigacia gazi skola<br />
saSualo 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1<br />
wyaro: Mercy Corps, axalqalaqis raioni: Tanamonawileobrivi Sefasebisa <strong>da</strong> kvlevis Sedegebi (ivnisi, 2006), gv. 24.<br />
Tumca Sedegebs <strong>Soris</strong> sxvaoba SesaZlebelia gamowveuli iyos im faqtiT, rom<br />
gamokiTxulTa erTi mesamedi ar awarmoebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebs.<br />
regionSi Cven gavesaubreT fermerebs, romlebic, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, eTanxmebian Mercy<br />
Corps-is gamokvlevis Sedegebs. saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o eqspertebi <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi mosaxleebi<br />
problemebs <strong>Soris</strong> gansakuTrebiT gamoyofen fizikur infrastruqturas, <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
teqnikur ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> masalebis <strong>da</strong>bal xarisxs. Tumca <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi xSirad<br />
afiqsireben ufro Rrma problemebsac, romlebsac, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, adgilobrivi mosaxleebi<br />
ar miiCneven mniSvnelovnad. strategiis Semqmnelebis <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebiTi saqmianobis<br />
muSakebis azriT (rogorc regionSi, ise mis gareT), ZiriTadi problemebia:<br />
kreditis aRebis <strong>da</strong>bali SesaZlebloba, cudi menejmenti <strong>da</strong> finansuri eqspertiza.<br />
100 aRsaniSnavia, rom Sefaseba moamza<strong>da</strong> CARE-is agronomma axalcixeSi. axalqalaqSi gviTxres, rom miRebuli<br />
rZis moculoba uaxlovdeba 1500 litrs, Tumca arian ufro msxvili mwarmoeblebic, romlebic, savaraudod,<br />
ukeTes teqnikas iyeneben. sxva alternativaa gansxvavebuli jiSis Zroxebis Semoyvana. regionSi aqvT Siqvis<br />
Zroxebis gamoyenebis gamocdileba (5000-7000 litri weliwadSi), Tumca aqaur klimatur pirobebTan Segueba<br />
saqonels Zalian uWirs. amJamad mimdinareobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jiSis gamoc<strong>da</strong>. gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis<br />
programa gaesaubra merZeve fermerebs (ivnisi, 2007). gansxvavebuli kvebisa <strong>da</strong> movlis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia<br />
gaizardos Zroxebis wveladoba. erT-erTi eqspertis rCeviT, SesaZlebelia, miRebuli rZis raodenobam<br />
4000 litrs miaRwios. kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centri (17 Tebervali, 2007).<br />
http://crrc-caucasus.blogspot.com/2007/02/cows-in-caucasus-overgrazing-underfed.html<br />
101 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra fermerebs ninowmin<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqSi (11 maisi, 2007).
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
fizikuri infrastruqtura<br />
regionSi ganviTarebis xelisSemSleli ori ZiriTadi problemaa: satransporto<br />
infrastruqtura <strong>da</strong> irigacia. zemoT ukve ganvixileT transportis sakiTxi.<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis gubernatoris moadgilis, samvel oveianis azriT, irigacia<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania. “sairigacio sistemis SekeTebamde azri ara aqvs regionuli<br />
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb saubars”, _ ambobs is. 102<br />
sairigacio sistema, romelic moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> yofili sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo 318 Rrma <strong>da</strong> ramdenime wyalnaklul Waze, aseve, sairigacio<br />
arxebisa <strong>da</strong> saqaCi sadgurebis did sistemaze, romlis meSveobiTac wyali miewodebo<strong>da</strong><br />
maRalmTian soflebsac.<br />
AgVantage-is mier momzadebul angariSSi problema Semdegnairad aris aRwerili:<br />
1988 wels xdebo<strong>da</strong> 386000 ha miwis nakveTis irigacia, sai<strong>da</strong>nac 291000 ha<br />
irwyvebo<strong>da</strong> TviTdinebiT, xolo 95000 ha _ mdinareebi<strong>da</strong>n saqaCi sadgurebis<br />
meSveobiT amoqaCuli wyliT. 2005 wels mxolod 105000 ha 103 miwis nakveTi, anu<br />
40 procentiT naklebi, vidre 17 wlis win, irwyvebo<strong>da</strong> TviTdinebiT. 104<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis msgavsi maRalmTiani regionebisTvis irigaciis problema kidev<br />
ufro mZafria, radgan am adgilebSi iSviaTia wvima <strong>da</strong> sairigacio sistema gacilebiT<br />
metad aris <strong>da</strong>zianebuli. AgVantage_is angariSSi weria:<br />
saqaC sadgurebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli sairigacio sistemis problema kidev ufro<br />
mwvavea. 1988 wels morwyuli 95000 ha miwis nakveTi<strong>da</strong>n, 2005 wels 6 saqaCi<br />
sadguris meSveobiT irwyvebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod 11000 ha. 105<br />
irigacia mniSvnelovania, radgan kargad morwyuli miwa gacilebiT ufro produqtiulia.<br />
rogorc ninowmindis gamgebeli jumber gelaSvili ambobs, “sairigacio sistemis<br />
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia, ninowmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqi gaxdnen orjer ufro metad<br />
mosavliani, vidre dRes”. 106 magram, albaT ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom sairigacio<br />
sistema mosavals icavs gvalvisgan. saqarTveloSi gvalva mosalodnelia yovel<br />
sam-oTx weliwadSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcavi meqanizmis gareSe SeuZlebelia meurnem investicia<br />
Cados uxv- mosavlian produqtSi, TeslSi an sasoflo-sameurneo aRWurvilobaSi,<br />
radgan gvalvas SeuZlia sruliad gaanadguros es grZelvadiani investicia. 107<br />
gaumarTav sairigacio sistemas SesaZlebelia, politikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvac hqondes,<br />
102 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra samvel oveians, samcxe-javaxeTis gubernatoris moadgiles (26 ivnisi, 2007).<br />
103 am 150000 ha-<strong>da</strong>n naxevarze meti <strong>da</strong>ufinanseblobis gamo ar aris srulad aTvisebuli. ixileT AgVantage-is<br />
angariSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli sasursaTo <strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo strategia: 2006-2015 (seqtemberi, 2006),<br />
gv. 70.<br />
104 AgVantage-is angariSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli sasursaTo <strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo strategia: 2006-2015 (se-<br />
qtemberi, 2006), gv. 70.<br />
105 AgVantage-is angariSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli sasursaTo <strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo strategia: 2006-2015 (se-<br />
qtemberi, 2006), gv. 70.<br />
106 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra jumber gelaSvils, ninowmindis gamgeblis pirvel moadgiles (4 ivnisi, 2007).<br />
107 es gansakuTrebiT exeba kartofilis warmoebas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, radgan ar aris saWiro yovelwliurad<br />
axali Teslis yidva, SesaZlebelia, TeslSiGCadebuli investicii<strong>da</strong>n Semosavlis miReba 3-5 wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi. am SemTxvevaSi gvalva anadgurebs ara mxolod erTi, aramed ramdenime wlis Semosavals. aseT<br />
sarisko mdgomareobaSi ufro azriania iafi <strong>da</strong> nakleb produqtiuli Teslis SeZena.<br />
49
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
radgan “soflebs, romlebic mtrulad arian ganwyobili, SeuZliaT erTmaneTs wylis<br />
miwodeba SeuCeron.” 108<br />
rogorc ECMI_is m<strong>kvleva</strong>ri ambobs <strong>da</strong> mas eTanxmeba Zalian bevri <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli,<br />
“sairigacio sistema gaumjobesebis stadiaSia”. 109 es aris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyaro<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebisa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sedegi. msoflio banki afinansebs sairigacio sistemis<br />
aRdgenis (32.8 milioni aSS dolari) proeqts, romelic 6 welia mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong><br />
romelmac ukve gamarTa sairigacio sistema proeqtiT gansazRvruli 110000 ha-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
46000 ha-sTvis. am proeqtis mizania, qveynis masStabiT <strong>da</strong>xmareba aRmouCinos 80000<br />
ojaxs. 110 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilobrivma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma: CARE-m, Mercy<br />
Corps-ma <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programam ganaxorcieles <strong>da</strong> dResac<br />
axorcieleben sairigacio sistemis aRdgenis sagranto proeqtebs samcxe-javaxeTSi.<br />
teqnikuri aRWurviloba <strong>da</strong> masalebi<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> infrastruqturisa, regionSi mniSvnelovani problemaa gaumarTavi teqnikuri<br />
aRWurviloba <strong>da</strong> xarisxiani produqciis sawarmoebeli masalebis mopoveba. axalcixis<br />
gamgeblis moadgile, Salva <strong>da</strong>lalaSvili ambobs, “1989 wlis Semdeg ar SegviZenia<br />
aranairi saxis sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiao”. 111 meurneebi, aseve, Sewuxebuli<br />
arian Teslisa <strong>da</strong> sasuqis fasebis gaZvirebiT. rogorc axalcixis gamgeblis moadgile<br />
ambobs, “fermerTa mTavari problemaa axali Teslisa <strong>da</strong> pesticidebis SeZena”. 112<br />
fermerTa mTavari moTxovna axali teqnologiebi, iafi masala, pesticidebi <strong>da</strong> Sxamqimikatebia,<br />
magram maTi SeZena ar Sedis kerZo mewarmeebis biznes-gegmebSi, radgan<br />
arsebobs molodini, rom es masalebi fermerebsa <strong>da</strong> movaWreebs un<strong>da</strong> miawodos<br />
mTavrobam an saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o sazogadoebam. maTi miwodeba <strong>da</strong> SeZena TavisTavad sakmao<br />
TanxebTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
fermerebi TavianT problemad aseve ar miiCneven sabanko sistemas. isini Tvlian,<br />
rom mTavroba an sazogadoeba valdebulia mougvaros maT es.<br />
miwis didi nakveTebi komerciulad ufro sicocxlisunariania. saqarTvelos mTavrobis<br />
politikis Tanaxmad, “Tuki aris biznesis tipis SerCevis SesaZlebloba, yvelaze<br />
ufro prioritetulia miwis kerZo mesakuTreoba”. 113 Tumca samcxe-javaxeTis sasoflosameurneo<br />
miwebis 400000 ha-i<strong>da</strong>n mxolod 17%-ia privatizebuli. es, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, saxnavsaTesi<br />
savargulebia. 114 araprivatizebuli miwis 8%, romelic, metwilad, gankuTvnilia<br />
Tivis mosayvanad, amJamad privatizaciis fazaSia. Tumca saxelmwifo miwis nakveTebis<br />
70% gamoiyeneba saZovrebad <strong>da</strong> jer ar ganixileba maTi privatizaciis sakiTxi.<br />
108<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra <strong>da</strong>viT yifians, Mercy Corps-is warmomadgenels (2, maisi, 2007).<br />
109<br />
evropuli centri umciresobaTa sakiTxebSi, javaxeTi vardebis revoluciis Semdeg: saqarTveloSi erovnuli<br />
erTianobis progresi <strong>da</strong> regresi. ECMI_is samuSao gazeTi #38, (aprili, 2007), gv. 6.<br />
110<br />
msoflio banki, “saqarTvelos soflebis irigaciis aRdgena” (ganxiluli 25 agvistos,2007).:<br />
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/GEORGIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20207398~page<br />
PK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:301746,00.html<br />
111<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra Salva <strong>da</strong>lalaSvils, axalcixis gamgeblis moadgiles (4 ivnisi, 2007).<br />
112<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra simon mananians, axalcixis gamgeblis moadgiles (4 ivnisi, 2007).<br />
113<br />
saqarTvelos samTavrobo dokumenti, ZiriTadi monacemebi <strong>da</strong> direqtivebi, 2008-2011 (2007), gv. 5.<br />
(http://www.imf.ge/aattach/285.pdf)<br />
114<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis municipalitetis mier mowodebuli monacemebi (ivnisi, 2006).<br />
50
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
regionSi miwis sakiTxs aqvs ori ZiriTadi aspeqti. pirvelia saZovrebis privatizacia.<br />
saZovrebis siWarbe iwvevs problemebs miwis privatizaciaSi, radgan ar arsebobs<br />
aranairi saxis SezRudva, rac ar miscems fermers saZovris gamoyenebis saSualebas.<br />
am miwis privatizacia maSin, roca mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia masze, socialurad <strong>da</strong><br />
politikurad mZime ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba iqneba.<br />
meore aspeqtia miwis bazris ararseboba. es ar SeiZleba mieweros privatizacias,<br />
radgan saxnav-saTesi miwebis udidesi nawili ukve privatizebulia. regionSi miwis<br />
bazari rom ar arsebobs, amis mizezi SezRuduli <strong>da</strong>saqmebaa. mosaxleobis umetesoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mis sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwis mcire nakveTze, sai<strong>da</strong>nac ojaxi iRebs<br />
Semosavals. maTTvis miwis nakveTis gayidva araxelsayrelia, amitom ar moxdeba<br />
meurneobebis gaerTianeba erT, ufro momgebian komerciul meurneobad.<br />
mTavrobas hqon<strong>da</strong> mcdeloba, ganxorcielebuliyo erT-erTi komerciuli sasoflosameurneo<br />
proeqti, romlis Tanaxmad <strong>da</strong>gegmili iyo 400 ha moculobis miwis 100<br />
nakveTis gasxviseba maTi sabazro Rirebulebis 20%-ad. iyo moTxovna, rom am miwis<br />
mflobel meurneebs moeyvanaT mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo produqti <strong>da</strong> gaemarTaT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli sawarmoebi. saakaSvilis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, “miwis nakveTis<br />
gayidvi<strong>da</strong>n mogebis miReba Cvens prioritets ar warmoadgens. Cveni prioritetia<br />
samuSao adgilebis Seqmna”. 115 Tumca am saintereso ideas naklebad SeuZlia qveyanaSi<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo sakuTrebis struqturis Secvla. erTaderTi SesaZlebloba<br />
amJamad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis koleqtiuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebaa, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki bazarze ukve arsebuli produqtebis yidva <strong>da</strong> gayidva. es procesi ganviTarebis<br />
stadiaSia <strong>da</strong> ufro gamoswordeba gzebis SekeTebis Semdeg.<br />
ar SeiZleba komerciuli orientaciis nakleboba mxolod miwis nakveTebis simcires<br />
<strong>da</strong>vabraloT. saWiroa konsensusis miRweva ganviTarebis eqspertebs <strong>Soris</strong>, romelTa<br />
azriT, meurneTa umravlesoba, mis sakuTrebaSi myof miwas ar udgeba rogorc<br />
komerciul sawarmos, rasac TavisTavad uaryofiTi gavlena aqvs maT SesaZleblobebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> grZelvadian <strong>da</strong>gegmarebasa <strong>da</strong> investiciebze. am problemis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad saWiroa<br />
fermerebisTvis biznes-<strong>da</strong>gegmarebis sferoSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCena. rogorc biznescentris<br />
warmomadgeneli goCa aToSvili ambobs:<br />
fermerebis umetesoba iTxovs axal teqnologias, Teslsa <strong>da</strong> sasuqs. Tumca<br />
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, umjobesia, fermerebisTvis sakonsultacio<br />
momsaxurebis gaweva, rac <strong>da</strong>exmarebaT maT, <strong>da</strong>gegmon investicii<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli<br />
Semosavlebi, aseve, miiRon informacia mcenareebis <strong>da</strong>rgvis, mosavlis aRebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d agrobiznesis marTvis Sesaxeb. 116<br />
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba teqnikuri deficitis ZiriTad gamomwvev mizezad Tvlis<br />
fuladi saxsrebis naklebobas, Tumca realuri mizezebia: organizaciuli struqturis<br />
gaumarTaoba, kreditis miRebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi <strong>da</strong> biznes-<strong>da</strong>gegmareba.<br />
AgVantage, magaliTad, eca<strong>da</strong>, gamoxmaurebo<strong>da</strong> teqnikuri ganviTarebis problemas<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>energa teqnikis gaqiravebis momsaxureba, magram am ideam ar imuSava, radgan<br />
sasurveli teqnika adgilobrivi fermerebisTvis Zalian Zviri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. 117<br />
115 `agrobiznesis ganviTarebis samTavrobo gegma~, civiluri saqarTvelo (25 ivlisi, 2007)<br />
(http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=15494)<br />
116 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra goCa aToSvils, axalcixis biznescentris xelmZRvanels (26 ivnisi, 2007).<br />
117 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra AgVantage_is direqtors, riCard hurelbrinks (20 agvisto, 2007).<br />
51
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o organizaciebi aqtiurad arian CarTuli sakonsultacio momsaxurebaSi,<br />
rac ufro teqnikuri rCevis xasiaTs atarebs <strong>da</strong> ar gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
biznes-<strong>da</strong>gegmarebaSi. Mercy Corps-s regionuli centri aqvs axalqalaqSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sTavazoben<br />
rCevebs, axal sasoflo-sameurneo ideebs, teqnikuri aRWurvilobis ijarasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> yidian Tesls. CARE_m wels gaxsna sasoflo-sakonsultacio centri, magram<br />
dResdReobiT isini mxolod teqnikuri rCevebiT Semoifarglebian. <strong>da</strong>bolos, fondi<br />
“aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” gascems grantebs sasoflo-sameurneo momsaxurebis<br />
centrebze, romlebic am sferos moemsaxurebian.<br />
es saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o organizaciebi Zalian bevr problemas awydebian <strong>da</strong>finansebis Se-<br />
Tavazebisas. USAID_is mier <strong>da</strong>finansebul AgVantage_s warmoedgina, rom maT muSaobaze,<br />
marketingul strategiasa <strong>da</strong> saeqsporto bazris gansazRvraze Zalian didi<br />
moTxovna iqnebo<strong>da</strong> regionSi. rogorc AgVantage_is direqtori riCard hurelbrinki<br />
ambobs, “rodesac <strong>da</strong>viwyeT muSaoba, Cven “produqti,” rogorc aseTi, Camoyalibebuli<br />
ar gvqonia. magram male gavacnobiereT, rom saqarTveloSi aris ara bazaris,<br />
aramed miwodebis problema. saqarTvelo ar aris sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis<br />
sando mimwodebeli”. 118<br />
hurelbrinki, aseve, ambobs:<br />
52<br />
saqarTvelos fermerebi ar arian CarTuli komerciul <strong>da</strong>gegmarebasa <strong>da</strong> saxelSekrulebo<br />
urTierTobebSi maTi produqciis eqsportior bazrebTan. moskovSic<br />
ki (yvelaze nakleb <strong>da</strong>savluri bazari) aris 5-6 biTumad movaWre <strong>da</strong><br />
maT sWirdebaT produqciis sando mimwodeblebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
isini sakmaod kargi ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelebic arian. saqarTvelos ar SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>akmayofilos<br />
maTi moTxovna arc produqciis xarisxis, arc misi Sesabamisobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. 119<br />
soflis meurneobis seqtoris sabazro orientaciis nakleboba fond “aTaswleulis<br />
gamowveva saqarTvelos” mier ganixileba, rogorc ganviTarebis proeqtebis ganxorcielebis<br />
erT-erTi mTavari sirTule. agrobiznesis ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sagranto<br />
proeqti afinansebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva masStabis pirvelad warmoebas (fermerebs), momsaxurebis<br />
centrebs (romlebic axorcieleben aRWurvilobisa <strong>da</strong> masalebis miwodebas,<br />
aseve, bizneseqspertizas) <strong>da</strong> uwyveti sawarmoo jaWvis ganviTarebas (finansdeba komponentebis<br />
erToblioba, rac moicavs produqtebis miwodebas bazarze, SefuTvas <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebas). 120 “fermerebs SeuZliaT “aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” proeqtebis<br />
mxolod erTi mesamedis <strong>da</strong>finanseba. warmodgenil ganacxadebs “ar hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
finansuri angariSi <strong>da</strong> marketingis gegma. maT ver gaiges, ra gvaintereseb<strong>da</strong>”. 121<br />
118 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra AgVantage_is direqtors, riCard hurelbrinks (20 agvisto, 2007).<br />
119 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra AgVantage_is direqtors, riCard hurelbrinks (20 agvisto, 2007).<br />
120 arasamTavrobo organizaciebisTvis mniSvnelovania “uwyveti sawarmoo jaWvi’’ <strong>da</strong> mas didi yuradReba eqceva<br />
msoflio bankis, AgVantage-is <strong>da</strong> “aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” meTodologiaSi. maT <strong>da</strong>afinanses<br />
biznesgegmis momzadeba, romelic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> warmoebas, ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebasa <strong>da</strong> distribucias.<br />
121 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra rusu<strong>da</strong>n kaWaravas, agrobiznesis ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programa, “aTaswleulis gamowveva<br />
saqarTvelos” (28 ivnisi, 2007).
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
fondi “aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> fermerebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas biznesgegmis momzadebaSi. radgan organizacias ar hqon<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
kavSirebi, man ver SeZlo Seefasebina, ramdenad warmatebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> esa Tu is<br />
proeqti <strong>da</strong> amoerCia maT <strong>Soris</strong> saukeTeso. regionSi Cven gavesaubreT fermerebs,<br />
romlebmac <strong>da</strong>iCivles, rom arc erT maT nacnobs ar miuRia sagranto <strong>da</strong>finanseba<br />
fondisgan. magram, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu risTvis sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T grantebi, aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom maT am Tanxebis gamoyeneba sur<strong>da</strong>T mxolod axali aRWurvilobisa <strong>da</strong> masalebis<br />
Sesasyi<strong>da</strong>d 122 .<br />
sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, SesaZlebelia, <strong>da</strong>exmaros fermerebs biznesgegmis<br />
momzadebaSi <strong>da</strong> sargebeli miiRos amiT. 123 am saxis TanamSromloba ukve arsebobs.<br />
AgVantage_ma ukve aRmouCina <strong>da</strong>xmareba kompania herbias <strong>da</strong> moamzadebina <strong>kvleva</strong><br />
“aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
proeqtisTvis. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis seqtorSi, arsebuli <strong>da</strong>finansebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, mcire proeqtebis adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong>xmareba ufro Semosavliani <strong>da</strong><br />
momgebiania.<br />
sabazro perspeqtivebi<br />
am kvlevis mizania problemebis <strong>da</strong>dgena samcxe-javaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> Siraqis TanamSromlobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara maTi sabazro perspeqtivebis gansazRvra. Tumca, kvlevis procesSi m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa<br />
jgufi Sexv<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobas <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva perspeqtivis ganviTarebaSi <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
SesTavaza. Cven ukve gamovarCieT gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis<br />
interesis sferoSi arsebuli ramdenime perspeqtiva, romelTa mimarT <strong>da</strong>intereseba,<br />
SesaZloa, momavalSi kidev ufro gaizardos, Tumca programis ideebi jer mxolod<br />
SemoTavazebis xasiaTs atarebs <strong>da</strong> saWiroa <strong>da</strong>matebiTi kvlevis Catareba.<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi bazars didi perspeqtivebi aqvs. ganviTarebis ramdenime saagentom<br />
sca<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sasoflo-sameurneo industriis ganviTareba. mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>interesebulia<br />
saTesle kartofilis moyvaniT. am mizniT, Mercy Corps-ma, CARE-m, aSS-s<br />
soflis meurneobis departamentma (USDA) <strong>da</strong> AgVantage-m fermerebs SesTavazes <strong>da</strong>finanseba<br />
kartofilis Teslis kooperativebis Sesaqmnelad. AgVantage_ma, aseve, aa-<br />
Sena kartofilis Sesanaxi sawyobi, radgan, mogvianebiT, kartofils ufro maRali<br />
fasi edeba.<br />
122 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra adgilobriv mewarmeebs axalqalaqSi (11 maisi, 2007).<br />
123 regionSi farTod mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong>finansebis procesi saagentoebisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, maT umetesobas<br />
aqvs mcire sagranto programebi, romliTac isini cdiloben <strong>da</strong>afinanson kargi proeqtebi.<br />
53
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
organizaciebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n xelSewyoba aqvs, aseve, yvelisa <strong>da</strong> rZis warmoebas (ix.<br />
qvemoT). sxva SemoTavazebuli produqtebis gar<strong>da</strong>, SesaZlebelia mefutkreobisa 124 <strong>da</strong><br />
meTevzeobis ganviTareba, foTlovani Tu yvavilovani kombostos <strong>da</strong> xilis moyvana, 125<br />
ludis xarSva 126 , naturaluri wvenebis Camosxma <strong>da</strong> kenkrovanisa <strong>da</strong> samkurnalo<br />
cenareebis Segroveba. 127<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba saqarTveloSi agrobiznesis<br />
ganviTarebis mTavari safexuria, radgan ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebul sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
produqtebs gacilebiT maRali Rirebuleba aqvs. AgVantage-ma <strong>da</strong>xarja 450000 aSS<br />
dolari, raTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong> yvelis or qarxanas javaxeTis soflebSi: orlovkasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> spasovkaSi, es qarxnebi amuSav<strong>da</strong> imis demonstrirebisTvis, rom aseT warmoebas<br />
SesaZlebelia hqondes ganviTarebis perspeqtiva mTels regionSi. Tumca isini,<br />
ufro metad, “sakvebis usafrTxoebis” mizniT Seiqmna <strong>da</strong> ara soflis meurneobis<br />
ganviTarebisTvis (vinai<strong>da</strong>n, maTi produqcia, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, Caanacvlebs qarTul<br />
produqts). 128<br />
aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom regionSi arsebobdes momsaxurebis iseTi saxeoba, romelic<br />
aucilebelia ukve warmoebuli produqciisTvis. es aris SesafuTi <strong>da</strong> sakonservo<br />
qarxnebi. marTalia, Zveli qarxnebi isev arsebobs, magram mwyobri<strong>da</strong>n gamosulia <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi meSveobiT SeuZlebelia maRalxarisxiani produqciis gamoSveba.<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom fermerebma meoradi ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>konservebis sakiTxi<br />
gansxvavebul komerciul WrilSi <strong>da</strong>inaxon. rogorc AgVantage_is direqtori riCard<br />
hurelbrinki ambobs,<br />
54<br />
saqarTveloSi fermerebs ar esmiT, ratom ar un<strong>da</strong> miiRon erTnairi Tanxa ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebel<br />
qarxnebSi sawarmoo masalad Cabarebul <strong>da</strong> naturaluri produqtebis<br />
bazarze gayidul produqciaSi. magaliTad, maT un<strong>da</strong>T igive anazRaureba<br />
miiRon pomidvrisTvis, romlisganac tomat-pasta un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mzaddes <strong>da</strong> cocxal<br />
pomidorSi, romelic bazarze gaaqvT. ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSaveblebi gansxvavebul teqnikas<br />
iyeneben <strong>da</strong> am biznesi<strong>da</strong>n Semosavali aris, magram es sul sxva saqmea. 129<br />
124 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa<br />
jgufi gaesaubra simon manians, axalqalaqis gamgeblis moadgiles (4 ivnisi, 2007) <strong>da</strong> CHF_is<br />
regionul koordinators, nana berZeniSvils (29 agvisto, 2007).<br />
125 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa<br />
jgufi gaesaubra Salva <strong>da</strong>leliSvils, axalqalaqis gamgeblis moadgiles (26 ivnisi, 2007) <strong>da</strong><br />
goCa aToSvils, “axalcixis biznes-centri” (26 ivnisi, 2007).<br />
126 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>r-<br />
Ta jgufi gaesaubra jumber gelaSvils, ninowmindis gamgeblis pirvel moadgiles (4 ivnisi, 2007).<br />
127 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa<br />
jgufi gaesaubra Salva <strong>da</strong>leliSvils, axalqalaqis gamgeblis moadgiles (4 ivnisi, 2007). gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa<br />
jgufi gaesaubra AgVantage_is direqtors, riCard hurelbrinks, romelmac aRniSna kenkrovanis<br />
mosavlis zr<strong>da</strong> (20 agvisto, 2007). CHF_ma ganaviTara samkurnalo balaxeuli mcenareebis mogroveba<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaSroba farmacevtuli warmoebisTvis. Cven aseve gaesaubreT CHF_is regionul koordinators,<br />
nana berZeniSvils (29 agvisto, 2007).<br />
128 radgan am aRWurvilobas aqvs magari yvelis warmoebis SesaZlebloba, imedia, amgvari yveli gaxdeba<br />
saeqsporto produqti momavalSi. magram amjerad, misi mizania <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxis yvelis Canacvleba.<br />
129 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa<br />
jgufi gaesaubra AgVantage_is direqtors, riCard hurelbrinks (20 agvisto, 2007).
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
regionSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli sawarmos ganviTareba. samkurnalo<br />
balaxeuli, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d velad izrdeba <strong>da</strong> fermerebs SeuZliaT maTi Segroveba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sezonze, maSin, roca ar arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli ZiriTadi saqmianobiT. CHF_i<br />
exmareba maT <strong>da</strong> uSenebs saSrob centrebs. fermerebs SeuZliaT gamSrali balaxi<br />
miyidon farmacevtul kompaniebs. aseve, israelis <strong>da</strong>finansebiT Seiqmna xorcis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli qarxana, sa<strong>da</strong>c sosisi 130 iwarmoeba.<br />
TanamSromlobis <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTi mxarebi _ cvlilebebi infrastruqturaSi,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis sferoSi<br />
bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi regionSi ganxorcielebuli sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
cvlilebebi asocirdeba axal gzebTan <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />
kanonmdeblobis SecvlasTan. amJamad ramdenime mcire jgufi, TavianTi ojaxebis<br />
bazaze, awarmoebs yvels. aq aris xorcis ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli ramdenime mcire sawarmoc,<br />
romlebsac saqonels awvdis aseTive mcire sasaklaoebi.<br />
ori wlis Semdeg ZalaSi Seva saqarTvelos jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis kanonmdeblobis<br />
cvlilebebi, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c mcire jgufebisTvis kidev ufro rTuli<br />
gaxdeba yvelis kanonierad warmoeba adgilobrivi bazrisTvis. aseve, ufro mkacrad<br />
moxdeba saqonlis sasaklaoebis muSaobis regulireba. Tumca, axali gzebis saSualebiT<br />
ufro advili iqneba produqciis Segroveba <strong>da</strong> gayidva. santes, eko-fudsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> soflis nobaTs <strong>da</strong>gegmili aqvT gaxsnan rZis Cambarebeli punqtebi ninowmin<strong>da</strong>sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> axalqalaqSi. regionSi miRebul rZes isini, mogvianebiT, Tbilisis maxloblad<br />
mdebare yvelis qarxanaSi ga<strong>da</strong>amuSaveben. aseve, nikoras <strong>da</strong>gegmili aqvs adgilze<br />
Seisyidos saqoneli <strong>da</strong> Tavis warmoebaSi gamoiyenos. am produqtebis umetesoba<br />
adgilobrivi bazrisTvisaa gankuTvnili. 131<br />
yovelive es <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia garkveul riskTan <strong>da</strong> perspeqtivasTan. mTavar bazarTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebis Semdeg, adgilobriv fermerebs SeeZlebaT TavianTi produqciis ufro<br />
maRal fasSi gayidva. aseve, maT pirvelad SeeZlebaT bazarze ga<strong>da</strong>umuSavebeli rZis<br />
gayidva. amave dros, radgan bazari ramdenime ZiriTadi myidvelis mier gakontroldeba,<br />
aris riski, rom isini, droTa ganmavlobaSi, moaxdenen fasebis Semcirebas.<br />
CHF-ma gaaanaliza am cvlilebebis zegavlena adgilobriv rZis mwarmoebelTa<br />
Semosavlebze <strong>da</strong> Tvlis, rom yvelis gayidvi<strong>da</strong>n rZis gayidvaze ga<strong>da</strong>svla di<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />
Secvlis fermerTa Semosavals, magram es maT saSualebas miscems, gamoTavisuflebuli<br />
dro moaxmaron mogebis momtan sxva saqmianobebs. 132<br />
vaWrobis perspeqtivebi<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o organizaciebi xazs usvamen TavianT survils,<br />
xeli Seuwyon eqsports, maTi SemoTavazebebis umetesoba Semoifargleba adgilobriv<br />
bazarze gasatani produqciis ganviTarebiT. rogorc hurelbrinki ambobs, “Cveni mizani<br />
iyo saeqsporto bazarze gasvla, magram Semdeg Cven gaviazreT, rom saeqsporto<br />
130 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra CHF_is regionul koordinators, nana berZeniSvils (29 agvisto, 2007).<br />
131 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra CHF_is regionul koordinators, nana berZeniSvils (29 agvisto, 2007).<br />
132 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra CHF_is regionul koordinators, nana berZeniSvils (29 agvisto, 2007).<br />
55
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
saqonlis 85%-is moxmareba xdeba adgilze. SeuZlebelia eqsportis warmoeba adgilobrivi<br />
bazris <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis gareSe”. 133<br />
somxeTTan savaWro eqsports aravin aRiqvams regionSi Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan<br />
garantiad. rogor patrik somervili CHF_<strong>da</strong>n ambobs, “somxeTTan vaWrobis xelSewyoba<br />
sakmaod problematuria. regions aqvs didi perspeqtiva, Seiqmnas regionuli<br />
SesafuTi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli sawarmoebi <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n moxdes TurqeTis mimarTulebiT<br />
saqonlis ga<strong>da</strong>tana. 134 am perspeqtivebis xelisSemSlelia produqciis <strong>da</strong> fasebis<br />
msgavseba or regionSi.<br />
56<br />
produqti<br />
fasebis Se<strong>da</strong>reba ZiriTadi moxmarebis produqtebze, 2007<br />
fasi axalqalaqSi, ivnisi 2007<br />
1 aSS dolari _ 343.25 drami<br />
fasi giumrSi, ivnisi 2007<br />
1 aSS dolari _ 2,67 lari<br />
kartofili (1 kg) 0.5 - 0.6 0.80 - 1.20<br />
pomidori (1 kg) 1.5 (Turkish) 1 - 1.5<br />
vaSli (1 kg) 1.5 (Turkish) 1.7 - 2<br />
yveli (1 kg) 4.2 - 4.8 3 - 4.5<br />
saqonlis xorci (1 kg) 3.6 - 4.2 4.5 - 5<br />
eleqtoenergia (1 kvt) 0.08 - 0.1 0.07<br />
xeliT muSaoba<br />
(sarevelebisgan gawmen<strong>da</strong>)<br />
6 - 7 $5.90 dReSi<br />
miwa 162 axlad privatizebuli 600 - 700 1 ha-ze<br />
ijara 4.80 8 - 10 1 ha-ze<br />
wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, savele m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi axalqalaqsa <strong>da</strong> giumrSi, ivnisi, 2007.<br />
im sferoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c fasebis gansxvaveba sagrZnobia, SesaZlebelia vaWrobis ganviTareba.<br />
aseve, Tuki produqciisTvis saWiro masalebi, muSaxeli <strong>da</strong> a.S. gansxvavebulia,<br />
maSin am gansxvavebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes produqciis warmoebis<br />
upiratesoba. magaliTad, iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c gazisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis fasi ufro maRalia,<br />
xarjis gamo ar Rirs saTburisa <strong>da</strong> produqciisTvis saWiro warmoebis gamarTva.<br />
gamokvleuli produqtebis umetesobis fasebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. 135 fasebSi sxvaoba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, SesamCnevia kartofilSi, romelic 80-100%-iT ufro Zviria giumrSi,<br />
vidre ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki saqarTveloSi produqciis raodenoba<br />
mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba (rogorc zemoT analizma gviCvena), mosalodnelia, zemog<br />
CamoTvlil qarTul produqtebze fasebis kleba, romelic istoriulad maRali<br />
iyo. Sedegad, savaraudoa, rom saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n somxeTSi kartofilis eqsporti<br />
gaizrdeba. 136<br />
133 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra AgVantage_is direqtors, riCard hurelbrinks (20 agvisto, 2007).<br />
134 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra patrik somervils CHF (30 maisi, 2007) <strong>da</strong> Salva <strong>da</strong>lalaSvils, axalcixis gamgeblis moadgiles (4<br />
ivnisi, 2007).<br />
135 rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es aris or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva bazarSi erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli fasebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
gamotanili <strong>da</strong>skvna, rac, SesaZlebelia ar asaxavdes ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. saWiroa, bazrebs <strong>Soris</strong><br />
urTierTobis gamo<strong>kvleva</strong>, raTa ganisazRvros romel regions aqvs Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi upiratesoba.<br />
136 es monacemebi ar emyareba ori qveynis mdgomareobis istoriul Se<strong>da</strong>rebas. SesaZlebelia, es gansxvavebac ar<br />
Seesabamebodes realobas, magram Cven viciT, rom istoriulad fasebi saqarTveloSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia.
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
regionSi izrdeba saTesle kartofilis produqtiuloba. kartofilis ramdenime somexma<br />
mwarmoebelma, romelsac Cven giumrSi gavesaubreT, wels saqarTveloSi Seisyi<strong>da</strong> sa-<br />
Tesle kartofili, radgan somxeTSi fasi Zalian maRali iyo. 137 warsulSi, im fermerTa<br />
TqmiT, romelTac Cven gavesaubreT, yvelaferi piriqiT iyo. 138 saqarTveloSi vaWrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmoebis swrafi ganviTarebis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia, <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom am or regions<br />
<strong>Soris</strong> vaWrobis ganviTarebis kargi safuZvelia. Tumca manamde aucilebelia kvlevis<br />
Catareba, radgan, mosalodnelia, AgVantage-s, USDA-s, Mercy Corps-is <strong>da</strong> CARE-is<br />
mier regionSi Semotanili saTesle kartofili uaryofiT gavlenas axdendes bazarze,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n amJamad saTesle kartofilis fasi regionul bazarze Zalian <strong>da</strong>balia.<br />
vaWrobis xelSewyobis kidev erTi alternatiuli gzaa koleqtiuri ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba. es gza<br />
gulisxmobs saqarTveloSi Semotanili produqciisTvis saWiro masalis mogvianebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebas. ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebuli masala adgilobriv masalebTan <strong>da</strong> produqciasTan<br />
erTad qarTul bazarsac <strong>da</strong>akmayofilebs <strong>da</strong> eqsportzec gava. amis safuZvels<br />
iZleva saqarTvelos xelsayreli adgilmdebareoba, axali infrastruqtura <strong>da</strong><br />
TurqeTis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba somxur saqonelTan. es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar iqneba misaRebi<br />
im produqtisTvis, romelsac didi raodenobiT awarmoeben samcxe-javaxeTSi (yveli,<br />
kartofili, xorci). importirebuli nedleulisa <strong>da</strong> produqciisTvis saWiro saqonlis<br />
Semotanas sakmao problemebi SeiZleba Seeqmnas (gamosworebul reJimSic ki). somxebi<br />
cdiloben mewarmeebis <strong>da</strong>rwmunebas, rom Tu maT surT Rirebuli produqciis Seqmna,<br />
saWiro nedleuli ar Semoitanon saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
fasebSi sxvaobis ararseboba ar gamoricxavs regionebs <strong>Soris</strong> vaWrobis SesaZleblobas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisisTvis SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sezonuri produqtiT vaWroba. mosavlis<br />
xarisxic, SesaZlebelia, gansxvavebuli iyos. magaliTad, Tu somxeTSi kartofilis<br />
cudi mosavalia, sasurveli iqneba kartofilis eqsporti saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> piriqiT.<br />
samcxe-javaxeTeli fermerebi ufro kargad icnoben somxuri saqonlis jiSebs,<br />
vidre qarTuls <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa, maT surdeT kidec somxeTTan savaWro <strong>urTierTobebis</strong><br />
gaCaReba. msgavsi SemTxveva gvqon<strong>da</strong> axalcixeSi sajiSe Rorebis Sesyidvisas. 139<br />
CHF_i, romelic, aseve, muSaobs regionuli ganviTarebis sakiTxebze samcxe-javaxeTSi,<br />
xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> somxeTTan adgilobrivi fermerebis TanamSromlobas. rogorc<br />
centraluri saqarTvelos regionuli koordinatori nana berZeniSvili ambobs,<br />
Cveni gamocdilebis mixedviT, adgilobriv mosaxleobas didi survili aqvs,<br />
iTanamSromlos rogorc somxeTis moqalaqeebTan, ise adgilobrivebTan, magram<br />
isini did Tanxebs kargaven, radgan ar yidian TavianT saqonels saqarTvelos<br />
sxva bazrebze. 140<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom sakmaod mcirea im bazrebis raodenoba, sa<strong>da</strong>c SeiZleba<br />
gaCaRdes sasazRvro vaWroba, aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelo motivirebulia gaafarToos<br />
es urTierTobebi. Tu gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa <strong>da</strong>exmareba<br />
137 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra adgilobriv fermerebs, Siraqi (10 ivlisi, 2007).<br />
138 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra kartofilis adgilobriv mewarmeebs (11 maisi, 2007).<br />
139 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra juli burSs, Mercy Corps-is regionul warmomadgenels kavkasiaSi (23 agvisto, 2007).<br />
140 gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis resursebis kvlevis centris m<strong>kvleva</strong>rTa jgufi<br />
gaesaubra CHF_is regionul koordinators, nana berZeniSvils (29 agvisto, 2007).<br />
57
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
mTavrobas, gaaadvilos vaWroba regionebTan <strong>da</strong> SesTavazebs garkveul mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras,<br />
keTili neba <strong>da</strong> kulturuli kavSirebi iqneba sasazRvro vaWrobis ganviTarebis<br />
garanti momavalSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
sanam erovnuli statistikis samsaxuri mogvawodebs informacias sasazRvro<br />
vaWrobisTvis Sesaferisi regionebis Sesaxeb, Cven SegviZlia es informacia ori<br />
bazris urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebi<strong>da</strong>n miviRoT. am analizisas aqcenti gakeT<strong>da</strong> sazRvris<br />
saqarTvelos mxareze, ase rom, Cveni <strong>da</strong>skvnac nawilobrivia. Tuki moxdeba msgavsi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis ganxorcieleba somxeTSi, maSin SegveZleba ufro myari <strong>da</strong>skvnebis<br />
gakeTeba. 141<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis bazris ganxilvas nawilobrivi xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>. iseT qveyanaSi,<br />
rogoricaa saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> iseT regionSi, rogoric samcxe-javaxeTia, ganviTarebis<br />
organizaciebis saerTo mizania agrobiznesis ganviTareba, radgan aq soflis<br />
meurneoba <strong>da</strong>saqmebis ZiriTadi sferoa. regionSi infrastruqturis mniSvnelovani<br />
problemebi arsebob<strong>da</strong>, rac, Tavis mxriv, aferxeb<strong>da</strong> produqciis ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong><br />
SeuZlebels xdi<strong>da</strong> bazarTan misvlas. am problemebis didi nawili saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o<br />
donorebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT aRmoifxvra.<br />
problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra <strong>da</strong>debiTad imoqmedebs vaWrobis ganviTarebaze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
regionSi. Cvens analizSi kartofilis (saTesle <strong>da</strong> sasursaTo) Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
upiratesobis ganxilvis gar<strong>da</strong>, SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom regionSi aris sxva tipis<br />
saqonelic, romelsac msgavsi upiratesobebi gaaCnia.<br />
vaWroba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia fasebSi sxvaobasa <strong>da</strong> bazris ganviTarebaze. Cveni kvlevis<br />
Sedegad, SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom kartofilisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis bazari sakmaod<br />
sicocxlisunariania. Tumca fermerebs jer isev uWirT TavianTi upiratesobebis<br />
gamoyeneba. <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs <strong>Soris</strong> miRweulia SeTanxmeba, rom komerciuli orientaciis<br />
nakleboba arTulebs bazris ganviTarebas. ramdenime saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o organizacia<br />
muSaobs am problemis mogvarebaze.<br />
zogadi sabazro <strong>da</strong>gegmarebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mezobeli regionebis ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
vaWrobas xels Seuwyobs biznes-sakonsultacio momsaxureba, romelic <strong>da</strong>exmareba<br />
fermerebs saqonlis eqsportSi <strong>somxeTs</strong>a <strong>da</strong> TurqeTSi. es momsaxureba, aseve,<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmareba adgilobriv mewarmeebs, <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdnen saerTa<strong>Soris</strong>o donorebs,<br />
gansazRvron biznesis <strong>da</strong>finansebis wyaroebi <strong>da</strong> moamzadon biznes-gegma. samcxejavaxeTSi<br />
ganviTarebiTi samuSaoebi kargad finansdeba, magram misi gamoyenebis<br />
gzebis gaumjobeseba sasargeblo iqneba rogorc regionisTvis, ise konkretuli<br />
fermerebisTvis <strong>da</strong> donori organizaciebisTvis.<br />
141 somxeTis gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis mier somxeTSi produqciis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi fasebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTRirebulebis analizis mowodebamde, SeuZlebelia, ganvsazRvroT perspeqtivebi.<br />
58
<strong>da</strong>narTi 1. somexi eqsportiorebisTvis saWiro dro ninowmindis sazRvrze<br />
komentarebi<br />
mTlianad<br />
sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>Wris<br />
procedurebisTvis<br />
saWiro dro (orive<br />
mxare)<br />
sabaJo<br />
formaluri<br />
procedurebi<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
sazRvarze<br />
sasazRvro<br />
formaluri<br />
procedurebi<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
sazRvarze<br />
sasazRvro<br />
formaluri<br />
procedurebi<br />
somxeTis<br />
sazRvarze<br />
saeqsporto<br />
formaluri<br />
procedurebi<br />
somxeTis<br />
sazRvarze<br />
20 wuTi 10 wuTi 10 wuTi 20 wuTi 1 saaTi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gaTavisuflebuli<br />
saqoneli<br />
saqonlis patroni<br />
valdebulia, ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
(20km) ga<strong>da</strong>ixados<br />
59sabaJo mosakrebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brundes ukan (es<br />
dro ar gulisxmobs gzad<br />
arsebul problemebs)<br />
3 saaTi 40 wuTi.<br />
(minimum)<br />
minimum<br />
3 saaTi<br />
(ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong><br />
ninowmin<strong>da</strong>Si)<br />
20 wuTi 10 wuTi 10 wuTi<br />
Rirebuleba <<br />
700 lari<br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
saqarTvelos sabaJo<br />
procedurebi iwyeba<br />
sazRvarze <strong>da</strong> mTavrdeba<br />
uaxloes sabaJo<br />
terminalze (vale,<br />
ganbaJebis punqti)<br />
1-<strong>da</strong>n 2 dRemde<br />
1-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
2dRemde<br />
20 wuTi 10 wuTi 10 wuTi<br />
Rirebuleba ><br />
700 lari<br />
wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis savele mkvlevrebi ninowmindis sazRvarze (30 ivnisi _ 14 ivlisi, 2007).<br />
59
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
60<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 2. soflis meurneobis Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
zaralis Sefaseba (axalqalaqi)<br />
Semosavali raodenoba<br />
mosavali 25000<br />
fasi larebSi 0.6<br />
sacalo<br />
fasi<br />
jami<br />
Rirebuleba 1 ha<br />
Tesli 3500 1.5 5250<br />
xvna Semodgoma 125<br />
gazafxuli 125<br />
kultivacia 2 100 200<br />
farcxva 3 50 150<br />
Tesva 100<br />
Sxam-qimikatebi 250<br />
sasuqi 85 3.5 297.5<br />
sasuqi 274<br />
miwis miyra 110<br />
irigacia 2 2 185 370<br />
mosavali 525<br />
transportireba 8 30 240<br />
kartofilis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xarisxeba<br />
8 30 240<br />
15000<br />
8256.5<br />
fermerebis 80%<br />
kartofils Tesavs<br />
0,3_1,5 ha-ze<br />
fermerebis 20%<br />
wTesavs kartofils<br />
1,5 ha-ze met farTobze<br />
wylis miRebis Rirebuleba<br />
1t _150 muSaxeli _ 35<br />
traqtoris Rirebuleba _ 125<br />
1 tonis Rirebuleba _ 13.3<br />
mTliani wliuri<br />
6743.5<br />
Semosavali<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 50 a<strong>da</strong>miani amuSavebs 10 ha-ze mets, magram <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 80-% Tesavs 1 ha-s.<br />
wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis agronomi, axalqalaqi, 31 seqtemberi, 2007.
egionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 2a. kartofilis warmoeba axalcixeSi<br />
Semosavali moculoba fasi<br />
(lari) jami<br />
mosavali 25000 0.6 15000<br />
mTliani mogeba 15000<br />
Rirebuleba (1 ha)<br />
Tesli 3000 1.2 3600<br />
SesaZlebelia moculobis usazRvro cvla. es<br />
moculoba yvelaze kargad asaxavs kargi Teslis,<br />
teqnologiisa <strong>da</strong> sasuqis gamoyenebas<br />
SesaZlebelia fasis cvlileba. 2000-2005<br />
wlebSi 0.35 lari, 2006 wels 0.7 lari (cudi<br />
mosavlis gamo). es aris kartofilis Teslis,<br />
saWmeli kartofilisa <strong>da</strong> saqonlis sakvebi<br />
kartofilis saSualo fasi<br />
Teslis Rirebulebaa 1-2.5 lari xarisxis<br />
mixedviT. yvelaze ZviradRirebuli Tesli<br />
gamoiyeneba mis gasamravleblad. Teslis<br />
Rirebuleba gasul wels iyo 2.2 lari. es<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo bklasis kartofilze.<br />
xvna 120 ijara traqtoris mflobelisgan<br />
kultivacia 400<br />
moicavs fermeris muSaobas, <strong>da</strong>qiravebul<br />
muSaxels. sacalo fasi Zalian cvalebadia<br />
sasuqi 700 xelaxali <strong>da</strong>rgva<br />
transportireba 20<br />
Sxam-qimikatebi 150 fungicidebi<br />
irigacia 2 150 300<br />
mosavali 600<br />
transportireba 50<br />
kartofilis Teslis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xarisxeba<br />
mTliani<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
mTliani wliuri<br />
Semosavali<br />
saSualo fermers kartofili mohyavs<br />
1-2 ha miwis farTobze<br />
5940<br />
9060<br />
4530<br />
mogebis cvlileba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia fasis cvlilebaze<br />
produqciis am moculobaze u<strong>da</strong>nakargo sabazro fasia 24 TeTri<br />
u<strong>da</strong>nakargo sabazro fasis Sesabamisi warmoebis moculobaa 8485kg<br />
am simaRleze irigacia gulisxmobs<br />
wylis amoqaCvas <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
aucilebelia misi SeTanxmeba mosaxleobasTan<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ojaxi akeTebs<br />
61
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
62<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 3. xorcis warmoeba axalcixeSi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, xorcis mwarmoeblebi saqonels zamTrisTvis sazafxulo ialaRebze asuqeben.<br />
yiduloben mart-maisSi <strong>da</strong> yidian oqtomberSi. soflis mosaxleobis 2/3 anu 300 mosaxle<br />
municipalitetSi. 10 Zroxa 1 myidvelze<br />
mogeba-zaralis<br />
Sefaseba<br />
oqtomberSi<br />
gasayidi fasi<br />
10 450 4500<br />
Sesasyidi fasi 10 250 2500<br />
SesaZlebelia misi Sesyidva<br />
konstanta<strong>da</strong>n 18%-iani kreditiT,<br />
magram mosaxleobis umetesoba<br />
sakuTar Tanxebs iyenebs<br />
saTibi 4 2 8 2/3 Zroxa ha-ze<br />
veterinari 100<br />
mwyemsi 5 8 40 5 lari TveSi 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mTliani fasi 2648<br />
mTliani mogeba 1852<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 4. rZis mcire warmoeba axalcixeSi<br />
Semosavali<br />
yveli (110 kg <strong>da</strong> 3.5 lari) 385<br />
xbo (iyideba 1 TveSi) 100<br />
mTliani Semosavali 485<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
zamTris sakvebi 180<br />
TiTqmis mTeli rZe gamoiyeneba yvelis<br />
warmoebaSi. 800/1200 litri rZe weliwadSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> 7/8 litri kilo yvelisTvis<br />
es SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>bali monacemi iyos, radgan<br />
zog xbos inarCuneben Zroxis Semcvlelad<br />
<strong>da</strong> zogs gamozamTrebis Semdeg yidian.<br />
60 Sekvra zamTarSi (150 dRe),<br />
saSualod, 3 lari Sekvra<br />
(4 SeZenis fasi <strong>da</strong> 2, Tu Tavad Seagrovebs)<br />
mwyemsi 35<br />
veterinari 12 saSualod 3 lari Sekvra<br />
mTliani fasi 227 5 lari Zroxa TveSi _ 7 Tve<br />
mTliani Semosavali 1 Zroxaze 258<br />
mTliani Semosavali 3 Zroxaze 774
<strong>da</strong>narTi 5. samxreT saqarTvelos ruka, romelzec gamosaxulia<br />
ZiriTadi satranzito marSruti somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
wyaro: rukebis koleqcia, ostinis universiteti, seqtemberi, 2007.<br />
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/georgia_rel99.jpg<br />
63
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
64<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 6. somxeTis ruka, romelzec<br />
gamosaxulia ZiriTadi satranzito marSruti<br />
ninowmindisa <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>xlos gavliT<br />
wyaro: rukebis koleqcia, ostinis universiteti, texasi, seqtemberi, 2007.<br />
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/georgia_rel99.jpg
<strong>da</strong>narTi 7. saqarTvelos ruka<br />
regionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
wyaro: rukebis koleqcia, ostinis universiteti, texasi, seqtemberi, 2007http://www.lib.utexas.<br />
edu/maps/commonwealth/georgia_rel99.jpg<br />
65
<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>urTierTobebis</strong> <strong>kvleva</strong> <strong>saqarTvelosa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>somxeTs</strong> <strong>Soris</strong><br />
66
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