saqarTvelo da ruseTi
saqarTvelo da ruseTi saqarTvelo da ruseTi
vaxtang guruli saqarTvelo da ruseTi (mfarvelobidan aneqsiamde) Tbilisi 2009 1
- Page 2 and 3: krebulSi Sevida sxvadasxva dros gam
- Page 4 and 5: SeniSvnis gakeTebasac veRar bedavda
- Page 6 and 7: mexuTe. 1801-1917 wlebSi saqarTvelo
- Page 8 and 9: 1. rusuli samyaro rusuli saxelmwifo
- Page 10 and 11: Zalis organiozebas cdilobdnen. saxe
- Page 12 and 13: kievis ruseTi iyo saxelmwifo, sadac
- Page 14 and 15: didma Cven gvaqcia evropis moqalaqe
- Page 16 and 17: useTma dakarga: fineTi, litva, latv
- Page 18 and 19: safrTxe, rogorc mezobeli saxelmwife
- Page 20 and 21: stabiluri ganviTareba, daeZaba viTa
- Page 22 and 23: evropis qveynebis ekonomikas. ekono
- Page 24 and 25: meoTxe. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT (volgi
- Page 26 and 27: manganumi da sxv.). omisagan dangre
- Page 28 and 29: 3. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis i
- Page 30 and 31: pirveli. saqarTvelos samxreTiT warm
- Page 32 and 33: aRmouCenda, aramed diplomatiur mxad
- Page 34 and 35: okupirebuli hqonda ruseTis teritori
- Page 36 and 37: evropis didi qveynebis daxmarebiT i
- Page 38 and 39: CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi ganmtkice
- Page 40 and 41: VI-is politikas aRar mibrunebodnen.
- Page 42 and 43: iZulebuli gaxdebodnen proqarTuli or
- Page 44 and 45: eZleoda, samcxe-javaxeTi daebrunebi
- Page 46 and 47: alkaneTSi ruseTis SeWra samomavlod
- Page 48 and 49: wyinvale gamarjvebebis wyalobiT erT
- Page 50 and 51: mecametisa. Tb., 1936; Утверж
vaxtang guruli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
(mfarvelobi<strong>da</strong>n aneqsiamde)<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009<br />
1
krebulSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros<br />
gamoqveynebuli werilebi, statiebi <strong>da</strong> narkvevebi,<br />
romlebic eZRvneba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-ruseis urTierTobis<br />
istoriis sakiTxebs. mTlianobaSi aRebuli krebuli<br />
aaSkaravebs <strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresiul politikas, romlis mizani<br />
iyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriuli teritoriis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
ganuyofel nawilad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva.<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtori: istoriis akademiuri doqtori,<br />
profesori avTandil wowkolauri<br />
2
sicruis bazris molodinSi<br />
(winasityvaobis magier)<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s urTierTobis istoriis<br />
kvleva Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve politikuri <strong>da</strong>kveTiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
romanovebis imperiis oficialuri istoriografia ruseTs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mxsnelad. rusi istorikosebi<br />
erTi wuTiTac ar <strong>da</strong>eWvebulan ise gaiziares imperator<br />
aleqsandre I-is manifestSi naTqvami sityvebi: ,,столь кратно<br />
вовлекало вас в бездну золь, на краю коей и ныне вы стоите и в<br />
которую, по всем соображениям, должны бы будете<br />
низвергнуться, если мощная рука справедливой власти от падения<br />
сего вас не удержит”. aleqsandre I qarTl-kaxeTis mefis<br />
qveSevrdomebs aRuTqvam<strong>da</strong>, rom rusuli mmarTvelobis<br />
SemoReba qarTvelTaTvis jildo iqnebo<strong>da</strong>: “Избытки и<br />
благоденствие ваше будет приятнейшею и единою для вас<br />
наградою”. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis oficialuri istoriografia<br />
amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom romanovebma <strong>da</strong>napirebi Seasrules. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT yovelgvar zRvars ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa<br />
istoriografia. qarTveli sabWoTa istorikosebis<br />
pozicia aseTi iyo: “ruseTs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> ki ar <strong>da</strong>upyria,<br />
aramed _ SeierTa <strong>da</strong> qarTveli eri iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
agresiisagan ixsna, fizikuri arseboba SeunarCuna!” Tu<br />
mavani <strong>da</strong> mavani amis mTqmels mokrZalebiT Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si <strong>ruseTi</strong>s koloniuri reJimis Taobaze, aseT<br />
pasuxs miiReb<strong>da</strong>: “ruseTma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ganaTleba <strong>da</strong><br />
kultura Semoitana <strong>da</strong> evropul kulturasac gvaziara!”<br />
1921 wlis Tebarval-martSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikis <strong>da</strong>pyroba sabWoTa<br />
istoriografiam <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebad <strong>da</strong> socialisturi revoluciis gamarjvebad<br />
Seracxa. mavani <strong>da</strong> mavani am sicrueze mokrZalebuli<br />
3
SeniSvnis gakeTebasac veRar be<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, radgan saqme ukve<br />
istoriogafii<strong>da</strong>n politikaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>, rac imxanad<br />
Zalze saSiSi iyo. es didi sicrue bolos istoriuli<br />
mecnarebis zRvars gac<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ,,ufrosi Zmis” _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s _<br />
didma siyvarulma erTi qarTveli astronomiaSi did<br />
aRmoCenamde miiyvana, romlis arsi SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>: ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mze CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n amodis!”<br />
mere yvelaferi xuxulasaviT <strong>da</strong>ingra, Tumca <strong>da</strong>ngrevac<br />
rad undo<strong>da</strong>: xelmwife rom SiSveli iyo yvela xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram Tqmas veravin be<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelebma<br />
“gavigeT,” rom mze CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n ar amodis, aravis<br />
egona, rom ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s urTierToba istoriis<br />
gayalbeba isev <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isev politikuri<br />
dividendebis <strong>da</strong>grovebis mizniT. zemoT Tqmuli saxumaro<br />
Tema sulac ar aris. ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907) brZaneb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
sicrue saqoneliviT aris, Tu bazari aqvs, kargad<br />
saRdebao. rogorc Cans, kargi bazris molodinSi sicruis<br />
gamsaReblebi sagul<strong>da</strong>gulod emzadebian. Cven ara gvgonia,<br />
rom sicrues kargi bazari <strong>da</strong>udges, magram <strong>da</strong>mSvidebac<br />
ar SeiZleba: saqoneli saqonelia, bazari bazaria! ise ki<br />
yvelaferi gamyidvelze ar aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, myidveli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos frTxilad!<br />
dRes yvela obieqturad moazrovne qarTvelma<br />
icis, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabuli<br />
urTierToba arcerT mxares sikeTes ar moutans. es<br />
urTierToba un<strong>da</strong> mowesrigdes. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
urTierTobis mogvareba ar un<strong>da</strong> moxdes <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis xarjze _<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m ar un<strong>da</strong> cnos afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />
oseTis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba. bolo xanebSi SeimCneva erTi<br />
metad saSiSi tendencia. mavani <strong>da</strong> mavani eswrafvis<br />
Sealamazos <strong>da</strong> gaayalbos <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
urTierTobis istoria. or qveyanas Soris urTierTobis<br />
mogvareba yovelTvis moiTxovs garkveul kompromiss,<br />
magram istoriis gayalbeba kompromisis pirobad ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqces. aravis ZaluZs <strong>da</strong>malos simarTle. simarTle ki<br />
aseTia:<br />
pirveli. 1483 wli<strong>da</strong>n qarTuli samefosamTavroebi<br />
gamudmebiT cdilobdnen <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />
islamuri samyaros (iranis, osmaleTis) agresiisgan Tavis<br />
4
<strong>da</strong>cvas. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi qarTveli mefeebi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sgan mxolod <strong>da</strong>pirebebs iRebdnen, realuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba ki ar Can<strong>da</strong>. qarTvel mefeTa prorusuli<br />
orientaciiT gaRizianebuli irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi kidev<br />
ufro swrafi tempiTa <strong>da</strong> didi ZalebiT cdilobdnen<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s aRgvas pirisagan miwisa. <strong>ruseTi</strong>sagan mwared<br />
motyuebuli <strong>da</strong>rCnen mefeebi: aleqsandre II, Teimuraz I,<br />
vaxtang VI. aleqsandre II iranis Sahma moakvlevina,<br />
Teimuraz I Sahis tyveobaSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala, petre<br />
pirvelisagan iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis agresiis periodSi<br />
mitovebuli vaxtang VI ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewa <strong>da</strong> iqve<br />
<strong>da</strong>asrula Tavisi gamwarebuli sicocxle.<br />
meore. 1783 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias Soris <strong>da</strong>ido mfarvelobiTi<br />
xelSekruleba _ georgievskis traqtati. traqtatis<br />
ZaliT ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTis samefo un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ecva<br />
islamuri samyaros agresiisagan. erekle II ruseTs<br />
sTavazob<strong>da</strong> mokavSireobas maxlobel aRmosavleTSi<br />
geostrategiuli gegmebis ganxorcielebis procesSi.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mokavSired ar<br />
ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. swored<br />
amitom ruseTma georgievskis traqtati ar Seasrula,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ar <strong>da</strong>icva, mfarvelobaSi miRebuli<br />
qveyana mtrebis sajijgnad miatova. 1795 wels qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg aRa-mahmad-xanis laSqrobis<br />
dros <strong>ruseTi</strong>s armia Crdilo kavkasiaSi idga <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
sar<strong>da</strong>li, erekle II-is mravalgzis Txovnis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
mSvi<strong>da</strong>d adevneb<strong>da</strong> Tvalyurs Tu rogor emzadebo<strong>da</strong><br />
iranis mbrZanebeli Tbilisze salaSqrod.<br />
mesame. ruseTma isargebla qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sustebiT, 1801 wels samefo gaauqma, xolo 1802 wels<br />
qveyanaSi samxedro-saokupacio reJimi <strong>da</strong>amyara. qarTlkaxeTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg ruseTma <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>c <strong>da</strong>ipyro.<br />
meoTxe. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospobis<br />
Semdeg ruseTma 1811-1814 wlebSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samociqulo<br />
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma <strong>da</strong><br />
SemdgomSi mTeli sisastikiT axSob<strong>da</strong> avtokefaliis<br />
aRdgenis mcdelobas.<br />
5
mexuTe. 1801-1917 wlebSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis kolonias. koloniuri politikis mizani<br />
iyo qarTveli eris asimilacia, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>qceva<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s ganuyofel nawilad. am mizni<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> sisxlSi axSob<strong>da</strong> qarTul erovnul moZraobas. es<br />
iyo safasuri, romelic qarTvelma erma iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis agresiis aRkveTis sanacvlod gaiRo.<br />
meeqvse. XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi (1804-1878 ww.)<br />
ruseTma eqvsi omi ga<strong>da</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong> iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan. am<br />
omebSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebulma iranma <strong>da</strong> osmaleTma ruseTs<br />
<strong>da</strong>uTmes adre mitacebuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriuli<br />
teritoriis nawili (War-belaqani, afxazeTi, samcxesaaTabagos<br />
nawili, aWara <strong>da</strong> sxv.). aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos,<br />
rom ruseTs omebi iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan qarTuli<br />
miwebisaTvis ar uwarmoebia. ruseTs maxlobeli<br />
aRmosavleTSi Tavisi geostrtegiuli gegma hqon<strong>da</strong>, es<br />
gegma ki samxreT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iranis <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
gandevnis gareSe ver ganxorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>. ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes isic, rom osmaleTTan omebSi mopovebuli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriuli teritoriis nawili 1918-1921<br />
wlebSi ruseTma isev Zvel mflobels <strong>da</strong>ubruna anu<br />
qarTveli eris nebis gareSe gaasxvisa.<br />
meSvide. 1918 wlis 26 maiss aRsdga <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, rasac <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
aSkarad mtrulad Sexv<strong>da</strong>. 1918-1921 wlebSi ruseTma yoveli<br />
Rone ixmara raTa ar <strong>da</strong>eSva <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qveynis _<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis _ arseboba.<br />
ruseTma kargad isargebla pirveli msoflio omis<br />
Semdgom saerTaSoriso asparezze Seqmnili viTarebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
1921 wlis Teberval-martSi <strong>da</strong>ipyro <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>.<br />
merve. 1991 wels, XX saukuneSi ukve meored,<br />
aRsdga <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba.<br />
amjerad, ruseTma Ria agresia ver ganaxorciela, magram<br />
yovelmxriv Seuwyo xeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si erovnuli<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>mxobas, rasac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi<br />
gaerTianeba mohyva.<br />
mecxre. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifoebriv<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobas <strong>ruseTi</strong> ver egueba. qarTuli<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis <strong>da</strong>sustebas <strong>ruseTi</strong> politikuri<br />
6
xelmZRvaneloba afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi<br />
separatistuli moZraobis waqezebiTa <strong>da</strong> Ria mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong>. ruseTma mizans miaRwia afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
cxinvalis regionSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s iurisdiqcia Sewy<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tavisi saZraxisi Canafiqri ruseTma 2008 wlis agvistoSi<br />
kvlav Ria agresiiTa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokideblobis aRiarebiT <strong>da</strong>asrula.<br />
yovelive amis <strong>da</strong>viwyeba ar SeiZleba. iseve<br />
rogorc ar SeiZleba imisi <strong>da</strong>viwyeba, rom iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis mier mitacebuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriuli<br />
teritoriis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svliT <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
qarTveli eris konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis procesi. es procesi ki<br />
ver <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong> qarTveli eri sam imperias ( irans,<br />
osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs) Soris rom <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli. ver <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong> bevri sxva procesic,<br />
romelic aucileblad iTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s erT<br />
politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul sivrceSi yofnas. ar<br />
SeiZleba imisi <strong>da</strong>viwyebac, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnierebis centrebSi (peterburgSi, moskovSi) gasaqani<br />
hpova qarTvelTa niWma. peterburgsa <strong>da</strong> moskovSi Seiqmna<br />
didi qarTvelologiuri skolebi. am skolebSi<br />
aRzrdilma mecnierebma SemdgomSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyeti roli<br />
Seasrules Tbilisis universitetis <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis <strong>da</strong>arsebaSi, saerTod qarTuli<br />
umaRlesi skolisa <strong>da</strong> qarTuli mecnierebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi. ruseTSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulma evropeizaciis<br />
procesma keTilismyofeli gavlena moaxdina<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze.<br />
vinc cdilobs, Tavisi wvlili Seitanos<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s urTierTobis mogvarebaSi<br />
aucilebelia axsovdes: <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs<br />
urTierToba un<strong>da</strong> mogvardes istoriis gayalbebis gareSe.<br />
aq kompromisi <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika,”<br />
2009, # 65, 7 aprili, gv. 3. ga<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>:<br />
gazeTi ,,Tbilisis universiteti,” 2009,<br />
# 5, 20 aprili, gv. 8.<br />
7
1. rusuli samyaro<br />
rusuli saxelmwifoebrioba saTaves IX<br />
saukuni<strong>da</strong>n iRebs. am periodisaTvis Tormeti slavuri<br />
tomi (polianebi, drevlianebi, dregoviCebi, tiverelebi,<br />
uliCebi, ilmenelebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) mdinareebis: dnepris,<br />
dnesrtis, samxreT bugis, pripiatis, volxovis auzSi<br />
saxlobdnen. uzarmazar sivrceze gansaxlebul slavebs<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis niSanwyali ar etyobo<strong>da</strong>T. IX<br />
sauknis Sua xanebisaTvis slavebi pirvelyofili<br />
sazogadoebis doneze imyofebodnen. didi sivrce erTi<br />
tomis mier meore tomis teritoriis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis<br />
aucileblobas gamoricxav<strong>da</strong>. miwaTmoqmedebiT,<br />
mesaqonleobiTa <strong>da</strong> monadireobiT <strong>da</strong>kavebul slavebs<br />
warmodgenac ki ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T, Tu ramdeni iyvnen, ra<br />
teritoria ekavaT <strong>da</strong> ra xdebo<strong>da</strong> gare samyaroSi (<br />
bizantiis imperiaSi, <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT evropis<br />
qveynebSi). IX saukunisaTvis Tormeti slavuri tomi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
arc erTi ar saxlob<strong>da</strong> dnepris qvemo welze (Savi zRvis<br />
sanapiroze, yirimis naxevarkunZulze), mdinare donis<br />
auzSi <strong>da</strong> azovispireTSi, mdinare volgis Sua <strong>da</strong> qvemo<br />
welze, baltiis zRvis sanapiroebze.<br />
slavebi saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebisTvis<br />
gamoaRviZa skandinaviis naxevarkunZuli<strong>da</strong>n mosulma<br />
normanebma (vikingebma), romelTac rusuli matiane<br />
variagebs uwodebs. IX saukunis meore naxevarSi swored<br />
vikingTa beladebma <strong>da</strong>udes saTave rusul<br />
saxelmwifoebriobas.<br />
IX saukuneSi normanebma aqtiurad <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />
dnepris sanaosno gzis gamoyeneba. isini baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
8
mdinareebisa <strong>da</strong> tbebis saSualebiT mdinare dnepris zemo<br />
welamde midiodnen, sai<strong>da</strong>nac Sav zRvamde aRwevdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
bizantiis imperias Zarcvavdnen. normanebi sanaosno gzas<br />
laSqrobebisaTvis aqtiurad iyenebdnen. amave gziT<br />
mihqon<strong>da</strong>T na<strong>da</strong>vli samSobloSi. yovelive aman warmoSva<br />
dnepris sanaosno gzis <strong>da</strong>cvis aucilebloba _ stabiluri<br />
sivrcis Seqmna. ase gaCn<strong>da</strong> dnepris orive napirze<br />
vikingebis mier agebuli simagreebi (gradebi), momavali<br />
qalaqebi. am qalaqebTan slavebs aranairi kavSiri ar<br />
hqoniaT, isini qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n moSorebiT cxovrobdnen.<br />
dromde arc normanebi aqtiurobdnen <strong>da</strong> slavebTan<br />
kavSirs ar eZiebdnen. slavebi dnepris sanaosno gzas<br />
safrTxes ar uqmdnen, rac normanebs savsebiT<br />
akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>T. erT-erTi normanuli simagris adgilze<br />
aRmocen<strong>da</strong> qalaqi kievi. vikingebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
amagrebdnen mdinare volxovis auzs, ladogisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ilmenis tbebis garSemo mdebare teritorias. aq IX<br />
saukunis meore naxevarSi vikingma riurikma <strong>da</strong> misma<br />
Zmebma _ sineusma <strong>da</strong> truvorma <strong>da</strong>aarses qalaqebi:<br />
novgorodi, ladoga <strong>da</strong> izborski. mogvianebiT, 882 wels<br />
vikingma olegma novgorodi<strong>da</strong>n kievze ilaSqra, kievi aiRo<br />
<strong>da</strong> mdinare dnepris sanaosno gzaze Tavisi kontroli<br />
<strong>da</strong>awesa. dnepris napirebze arsebul qalaqebSi aseve<br />
vikingebi idgnen TavianTi jariT. isini olegs<br />
<strong>da</strong>emorCilnen. olegma Tavis rezidenciad kievi aqcia.<br />
normanebis mier <strong>da</strong>arsebul saxelmwifos rusi mematiane<br />
kievis ruseTs uwodebs.<br />
kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s pirveli vikingi mTavrebi olegi<br />
(882-912), igori (912-945) <strong>da</strong> sviatoslavi (945-978)<br />
gamudmebul laSqrobebs awyobdnen bizantiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
Zarcvavdnen bizantiis samflobeloebs balkaneTze. kievis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mTavar sviatoslavs sur<strong>da</strong> kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
centri dunaispireTSi ga<strong>da</strong>etana. aqe<strong>da</strong>n ufro<br />
moxerxebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> bizantiis imperiisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
qveynebis teritoriebis Zarcva. kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s vikingi<br />
mTavrebis mier organizebul laSqrobebSi sul ufro<br />
didi raodenobiT monawileobdnen slavebi.<br />
kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifo xazinis ZiriTad<br />
Semosavals laSqrobebis dros mopovebuli na<strong>da</strong>vli<br />
Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. normani mTavrebi rusebisgan mxolod samxedro<br />
9
Zalis organiozebas cdilobdnen. saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis ganviTarebas isini yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen,<br />
arc slavebisaTvis tradiciuli sameurneo saqmianoba<br />
(miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba, xelosnoba) aintereseb<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
amitom iyo, rom kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos, romelsac armia arCen<strong>da</strong>. centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis mosaxleobasTan urTierToba mxolod<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis (xarkis) akrefiT Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amrigad, normanebma kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifo<br />
ki <strong>da</strong>arses, magram isini slavebSi saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis ganviTarebaze ar zrunavdnen. kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
maTTvis saxelmwifo ki ar iyo, aramed stabiluri sivrce,<br />
romlis gavliTac skandinaviis naxevarkunZulze<br />
mcxovrebi normanebi Sav zRvas ukavSirdebodnen. rac<br />
Seexeba slavebs, isini normanebisaTvis warmoadgendnen<br />
ara Tanamoqalaqeebs, aramed molaSqreTa masas.<br />
kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifos xasiaTi arc Semdegi<br />
mTavrebis, kerod ki ukve evropaSi cnobili pirveli<br />
qristiani mTavris vladimirisa (980-1015) <strong>da</strong> iaroslav<br />
brZenis (1019-1054) dros Secvlila. ganuviTarebeli<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis pirobebSi na<strong>da</strong>vlis mopovebis<br />
mizniT <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli laSqrobebi isev grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
bizantiasTan omebi arc <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gaqristianebis Semdeg<br />
Sewyvetila. kievis ruseTSi saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
ganviTarebaze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia momTabare<br />
xalxebTan, paWanikebTan (X-XI ss.) <strong>da</strong> yivCaRebTan (XI-XIII<br />
ss.), xangrZlivma urTierTobam (omebma). adgili hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
momTabare xalxebTan slavebis sisxlis masobrivad<br />
aRrevas.<br />
XI saukunis Sua xanebi<strong>da</strong>n kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s vikingi<br />
mTavrebi samSoblosTan mWidro urTierTobas wyveten.<br />
skandinaviis naxevarkunZuli<strong>da</strong>n normanTa axali talRis<br />
Semosvla aRar SeiniSneba. marTalia kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mTavris taxts kvlav riurikis STamomavlebi inarCuneben,<br />
qveynis SigniT yvela didi qalaqs aseve kvlav riurikis<br />
STamomavali ufliswuli mTavrebi ganageben, magram<br />
normanebis poziciebi mainc Seirya. dnepris sanaosno gzam<br />
mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong>karga, mezobeli xalxebis ZarcviT<br />
miRebulma Semosavalma iklo, xazina <strong>da</strong>cariel<strong>da</strong>. sustad<br />
ganviTarebulma saxelmwifoebriobam kvdoma <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
10
erTiani ekonomikuri organizmis ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />
kievis didi mTavris xelisufleba <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> XII<br />
saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong> mraval<br />
samTavrod <strong>da</strong>iSala. am periodisaTvis slavebis xvedriTi<br />
wili kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s marTva-gamgeobaSi mniSvnelovnad<br />
izrdeba.<br />
XIII saukunis Sua xanebi<strong>da</strong>n kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
uzarmazari teritoria monRolebis, litvelebis,<br />
polonelebis, Svedebisa <strong>da</strong> germanelebis agresiis<br />
obieqti gax<strong>da</strong>. kievis ruseTs gansakuTrebiT Zlieri<br />
<strong>da</strong>rtyma monRolebma miayenes. 1240 wels monRolebma kievi<br />
aiRes, xolo 1242 wels qveynis samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi nawili<br />
(mdinareebis dnestrisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT bugis auzebi)<br />
<strong>da</strong>laSqres. dnepris Sua weli, dnestrisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />
bugis auzebi ise gaveran<strong>da</strong>, rom iq saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
aRorZineba aRar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong> istoriis<br />
kuTvnileba gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rusuli saxelmwifoebrioba aRorZinebas iwyebs<br />
XIV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n. axali rusuli saxelmwifo yalibdeba<br />
mdinareebis: kliazmis, moskovisa <strong>da</strong> peCoris auzebSi,<br />
mdinare volgis zemo welze. am regionSi mdebareob<strong>da</strong><br />
qalaqebi: vladimiri, suz<strong>da</strong>li, riazani, kolomna. am<br />
teritoriaze kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg XII saukuneSi<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> vladimir-suz<strong>da</strong>lis samTavro. aqve<br />
aRmocen<strong>da</strong> qalaqi moskovi, romelic mogvianebiT axali<br />
rusuli saxelmwifos centrad iqca <strong>da</strong>, de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis<br />
saxelwodebis mixedviT, saxelmwifosac moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
Ôwo<strong>da</strong>. moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mTavrebi kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mTavrebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri STamomavlebi iyvnen, anu moskovis<br />
ruseTSi gagrëÔÚÓÐ riurikebis normaluri dinastia.<br />
moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s dinastiis fuZemdeblad SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos kievis didi mTavris iuri dolgorukis vaJi<br />
andrei bogoliubski (1157-1174).<br />
moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s Camoyalibebis periodi (XIV-XV<br />
ss.) <strong>da</strong>emTxva ruseTèi monRolTa batonobis periods,<br />
ufro zustad, moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong> yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> monRol×a<br />
batonobis pirobebSi. monRolebma <strong>ruseTi</strong>s es regionebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong> safuZvlianad gaZarcves XIII saukunis 30-iani<br />
wlebis meore naxevarSi (1237 wels monRolebma q. riazani<br />
aiRes, xolo 1238 wels q. vladimiri).<br />
11
kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong> iyo saxelmwifo, sa<strong>da</strong>c normanulvikinguri<br />
suli batonob<strong>da</strong>. moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong> iyo<br />
saxelmwifo, sa<strong>da</strong>c monRoluri suli gabaton<strong>da</strong>.<br />
monRolebTan xangrZlivi urTierTobis periodSi adgili<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> sisxlis aRrevas rusTa <strong>da</strong> monRolTa Soris.<br />
moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s didi mTavrebi (SemdgomSi mefeebi)<br />
tipiuri azieli tiranebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> araferiT<br />
gamoirCeodnen monRoli yaenebisgan. monRolurma wes-<br />
Cveulebebma <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba iwyes ruseTSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>lur aristokratiaSi. moskovis garSemo rusuli<br />
miwebis gaerTianebis procesSi aqtiurad ereodnen<br />
monRoli yaenebi, praqtikulad maTze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
moskovis mTavris mier sxva rusuli samTavroebis<br />
SemoerTeba. moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s xasiaTi ar Secvlila<br />
monRolTa batonobi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisuflebis (1480 w.)<br />
Semdegac.<br />
ganuviTarebeli saxelmwifoebriobis pirobebSi<br />
monolTa Semosavlis erTaderT wyaros laSqrobebis<br />
dros mopovebuli na<strong>da</strong>vli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pyorbili xalxebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebisagan akrefili xarki Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saxelmwifos arsebobis aseTi wesi Zlieri armiis<br />
organizebasa <strong>da</strong> mudmiv omebs iTxov<strong>da</strong>. saxelmwifos<br />
arsebobis monRoluri wesi zedmiwevniT zustad<br />
gadmoiRes moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s didma mTavrebma (mefeebma).<br />
isini saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebaze di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ar zrunavdnen, gacilebiT met yuradRebas uTmobdnen<br />
armiis gaZlierebasa <strong>da</strong> mezobeli xalxebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT<br />
naTlad gamomJRavn<strong>da</strong> ivane IV mrisxanis (1533-1584)<br />
mmarTvelobis wlebSi. ivane mrisxane cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />
saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi moeqcia volgispireTi (yazanisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> astraxanis monRoluri saxanoebi), baltiispireTi<br />
(litva, latvia, estoneTi), <strong>da</strong>savleTi cimbiri (cimbiris<br />
monRoluri saxano) <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT kavkasiis nawili<br />
(yabardo, CerqezeTi). am periodisTvis monRoluri tipis<br />
saxelmwifoebis arsebobis dro <strong>da</strong>srulebuli iyo.<br />
evropis qveynebma politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
sistemis ganviTarebiT, armiis siZlieriT ruseTs bevrad<br />
gauswres. <strong>ruseTi</strong> ganwiruli Can<strong>da</strong>. XVI saukunis bolosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> XVII saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs ruseTma Sinagan krizissa <strong>da</strong><br />
12
evropis qveynebis (poloneTis, SvedeTis) Semotevas veRar<br />
gauZlo <strong>da</strong> lamis arseboba Sewyvita. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s istoriis<br />
monRoluri periodi petre I-is (1696-1725) gamefebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />
petre I-ma rusuli saxelmwifoebrioba <strong>da</strong>amkvidra<br />
am sityvis farTo gagebiT. ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
xelisuflebis reorganizacia, mowesrig<strong>da</strong> centraluri<br />
<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi mmarTveloba, mkacrad ganisazRvra yvela<br />
saxelmwifo uwyebis kompetencia, <strong>da</strong>kanon<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleTa SerCevis kriteriumebi, mowesrig<strong>da</strong><br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistema <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo xazina umkacres<br />
kontrols <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara, Seiqmna Zlieri armia <strong>da</strong><br />
samxedro floti, didi yuradReba mieqca ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnierebis ganviTarebas. <strong>ruseTi</strong> aziuri samyaro<strong>da</strong>n<br />
evropuli samyarosken <strong>da</strong>iZra, magram <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
evropizacia ver Sedga. petre I umkacresi meTodebiT<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> rusuli samyaros evropul samyarod<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>qcevas. gairkva savalalo WeSmariteba: rusuli<br />
samyaros evropeizacia ar sur<strong>da</strong> arc saero <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
saeklesio elitas. petre I-s <strong>da</strong>upirispirdnen ZirZveli<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri sagvareuloebi <strong>da</strong> saeklesio ierarqebi. rac<br />
mTavaria, rusuli samyaro ar eTmobo<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis<br />
umravlesobas _ glexobas. petre I-ma yovelive es cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
igrZno <strong>da</strong> mis mier Cafiqrebuli saxelmwifo reformebis<br />
ganxorcieleba, pirvel rigSi ki armiisa <strong>da</strong> flotis<br />
reorganizacia ucxoelebs miando. petre I-is aseTma<br />
politikam garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo, magram normanulvikingur-monRoluri<br />
fsiqologia bolomde sastikad<br />
ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> evropeizacias.<br />
petre I-is dros <strong>da</strong>wyebuli reformebi metnaklebi<br />
intensivobiT gagrZel<strong>da</strong> misi memkvidreebis dros,<br />
xolo axali Sinaarsi SeiZina ekaterine II-is (1762-1796)<br />
mefobis periodSi. ekaterine II-m kargad <strong>da</strong>inaxa, rom<br />
rusuli samyaros sruli evropeizacia SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />
igi rusuli <strong>da</strong> evropuli samyaros Rirebulebebis<br />
Serwymis xarjze raRac axali hibridis miRebas<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwia. petre Iisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekaterine II-is reformebis saerTo Sedegebi erTma<br />
Wkvianma <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebulma rusma ase Seafasa: “petre<br />
13
didma Cven gvaqcia evropis moqalaqeebad, ekaterine II-m ki<br />
Segvaxsena, rom Cven mainc rusebi varT”.<br />
XVIII saukunis miwuruls cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom ukve<br />
kargad cnobil aziur <strong>da</strong> evropul samyaros Soris<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> axali samyaro _ rusuli samyaro. es samyaro<br />
didi xnis manZilze yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> man rusul samyarod<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>qcevamde ori periodi gaiara: normanul-vikinguri<br />
((IX-XII ss.) <strong>da</strong> monRoluri (XII-XVII ss). TavisTavad<br />
rusuli samyaro sami sawyisisgan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>: normanulvikinguri,<br />
monRoluri <strong>da</strong> evropuli. XVIII saukuneSi es<br />
sami sawyisi gamudmebiT ibrZo<strong>da</strong> rusul sulSi. rusuli<br />
samyaro ar ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> arc aziur <strong>da</strong> arc evropul<br />
samyaros, Tumca erTnairad saSiS iyo rogorc aziuri,<br />
ise evropuli samyarosTvis. petre I-is (1696-1725) mefobis<br />
periodSi ruseTma baltiispireTi <strong>da</strong>ipyro; elisabed I-is<br />
(1741-1761) mefobis periodSi, Svidwliani omis dros (1757-<br />
1763 ww.), prusiis armia gaanadgura <strong>da</strong> berlinic <strong>da</strong>ikava;<br />
ekaterine II-is (1762-1796) mefobis periodSi poloneTis<br />
saxelmwifo mospo <strong>da</strong> sami <strong>da</strong>nawilebis Semdeg (1795<br />
wlisaTvis) misi udidesi nawili <strong>da</strong>isakuTra. <strong>ruseTi</strong>,<br />
ukrainaSi gabatonebis Semdeg, balkaneTi<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis<br />
gandevnas cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> seriozuli warmatebac moipova;<br />
yazaxeTi <strong>da</strong>ipyro <strong>da</strong> Sua aziis <strong>da</strong>pyrobisaTvis<br />
emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s politikuri elita indoeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
inglisis gaZevebaze ocnebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad rusul saxelmwifoSi sami sawyisis<br />
brZolisa, XIX saukune mainc evropuli sawyisis<br />
upiratesobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli iyo. Tumca es imas ar<br />
niSnavs, rom rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> safrTxes ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc aziuri, iseve evropuli samyarosTvis. es<br />
safrTxe mudmivad arsebob<strong>da</strong>. aziuri <strong>da</strong> evropuli<br />
samyaro Tavs icav<strong>da</strong> rusuli agresiisagan. axali<br />
teritoriebis SeerTebeba, mezobeli saxelmwifoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
xalxebis <strong>da</strong>pyroba kvlav <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifos<br />
arsebobis wesad rCebo<strong>da</strong>. XIX saukuneSi ruseTma<br />
ramdenime omi ga<strong>da</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, ori omi iranTan (1804-<br />
1813 <strong>da</strong> 1826-1828 wlebisa), sami omi osmaleTTan (1806-1812,<br />
1828-1829 <strong>da</strong> 1877-1878 wlebisa), erTi omi osmaleTTan <strong>da</strong><br />
evropuli saxelmwifoebis koaliciasTan (1853-1856<br />
wlebisa). 1801-1864 wlebSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> omebs awarmoeb<strong>da</strong><br />
14
kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyrobisaTvis. am omebis Sedegad ruseTma<br />
<strong>da</strong>ipyro samxreT kavkasia (<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, somxeTi,<br />
azerbaijani), Crdilo kavkasia (CeCneTi, inguSeTi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>Restani, yabardo, balyareTi, CerqezeTi). <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
agresiis msxverpli gax<strong>da</strong> Sua azia (buxara, xiva,<br />
yoyan<strong>da</strong>), aRmosavleT cimbiri <strong>da</strong> sxva teritoria. <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
aqtiurad ereo<strong>da</strong> napoleonis Semdgomi evropis Sinaur<br />
saqmeebSi.<br />
rusul samyaroSi evropul sawyisze normanulvikingur-monRoluri<br />
sawyisis gamarjvebad SeiZleba<br />
miviCnioT ruseT-iaponiis omi (1904-1905 ww.). <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi Caeba, raTa Soreul<br />
aRmosavleTSi uzarmazari gavlenis sferosaTvis axali<br />
teritoriebi miematebina. <strong>ruseTi</strong> omSi sastikad<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gavlenis sferos nawili <strong>da</strong>karga.<br />
iaponiasTan omSi marcxma ruseTSi politikuri viTareba<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zaba, rac revoluciis <strong>da</strong>wyebis erT-erT umTavres<br />
mizezad iqca. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciam cxadyo, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> Zveleburad veRar gaagrZeleb<strong>da</strong> teritoriebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobisaTvis omebs, radgan omi ukiduresad Zabav<strong>da</strong><br />
politikur viTarebas qveyanaSi. mosaxleobis yvela<br />
fenaSi swrafad ikideb<strong>da</strong> fexs omis sawinaaRmdego<br />
ganwyobileba. omis sawinaaRmdego ganwyobilebam Tavi<br />
iCina armiaSic, rac sruliad axali movlena iyo<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis. rusuli politikuri elita iaponiasTan<br />
omSi gancdili marcxis Semdegac Wkuas ver moego <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis <strong>da</strong>mRupvel pirvel msoflio omSi Caeba (1914<br />
w.). pirveli msoflio omis Sedegad ruseTSi politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri viTareba ukiduresad <strong>da</strong>iZaba.<br />
gaWianurebulma <strong>da</strong> marcxianma omma <strong>ruseTi</strong>s armiaSi<br />
sabrZolo suliskveTeba <strong>da</strong>sca, armia gaixrwna. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(inglisi<strong>da</strong>n, safrangeTi<strong>da</strong>n) uzarmazari sesxi aiRo, ris<br />
gamoc iZulebuli iyo uperspeqtivo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mRupveli omi<br />
gaegrZelebina. politikur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
kriziss, rasac sul ufro amwvaveb<strong>da</strong> omSi gancdili<br />
marcxi, sruliad bunebrivad mohyva revolucia. 1917 wlis<br />
Teberval-martis revoluciam <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias bolo<br />
mouRo. <strong>da</strong>iwyo rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis arnaxuli<br />
krizisi. 1917 wlis Semodgomi<strong>da</strong>n 1918 wlis gazafxulamde<br />
15
useTma <strong>da</strong>karga: fineTi, litva, latvia, estoneTi,<br />
poloneTi, belorusia, ukraina, moldova, Crdilo<br />
kavkasia, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, somxeTi, Aazerbaijani, yazaxeTi,<br />
Sua azia, <strong>da</strong>savleT cimbiri, aRmosavleT cimbiri.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mTavrobis iurisdiqcia mxolod velikorosiaze<br />
vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>, Tumca viTareba iqac arastabiluri iyo.<br />
rusulma samyarom amjera<strong>da</strong>c SeZlo<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi krizisis <strong>da</strong>Zleva. axli rusuli<br />
imperiis aRoZineba kvlav normanul-vikingur-monRolur<br />
sawyisebze mox<strong>da</strong>. 1917 wli<strong>da</strong>n bolSevikebma jer sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s (1917-1922 ww.), xolo Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
(1922-1991 ww.) saxiT rusul saxelmwifoSi monRoluri<br />
suli aaRorZines. rusulma samyarom progresis gzaze<br />
ukansvla <strong>da</strong>iwyo. <strong>da</strong>savlur (evro-amerikul) <strong>da</strong> aziur<br />
samyaros Soris moqceuli monstri orive samyaros<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saylapavad emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa imperiam 1918-1922<br />
wlebSi xelaxla <strong>da</strong>ipyro: ukraina, moldova, Crdilo<br />
kavkasia, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, somxeTi, Aazerbaijani, yazaxeTi,<br />
Sua azia, <strong>da</strong>savleT cimbiri, aRmosavleT cimbiri.<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba SeinarCunes: fineTma,<br />
poloneTma, litvam, latviam, estoneTma. 1939 wels<br />
sabWoTa imperiam poloneTis aRmosavleTi regionebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ipyro; 1939-1940 wlebSi fineTis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli<br />
omis Semdeg fineTis teritoriis nawili miitaca, xolo<br />
1940 wels litvis, latviis <strong>da</strong> estoneTis okupacia<br />
moaxdina. meore msoflio omSi germaniisa <strong>da</strong> iaponiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma gavlenis sferoebi<br />
gaafarTova. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi: poloneTi,<br />
Cexoslovakia, germaniis demokratiuli respublika,<br />
ungreTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi sabWoTa imperiis gavlenis<br />
sferoSi aRmoCndnen. sabWoTa imperiis gavlenis sferoebi<br />
gafarTov<strong>da</strong> aziaSic monRoleTisa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT koreis<br />
xarjze. sabWoTa imperiis (sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s, sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris) arsebobis periodSi (1917-1991 ww.) rusuli<br />
samyaro mudmiv konfrontaciaSi iyo <strong>da</strong>savlur (evroamerikul)<br />
<strong>da</strong> aziur samyarosTan.<br />
rusulma saxelmwifom 1917-1991 wlebSi, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, ver ga<strong>da</strong>Wra verc erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
politikuri, ekonomiki Tu socialuri xasiaTis problema,<br />
maSin rodesac evro-amerikulma samyarom am<br />
16
TvalsazrisiT warmoudgeneli winsvla ganica<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa<br />
imperia gamudmebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong> evropasa <strong>da</strong> aziaSi<br />
poziciebis gamagrebas. yvelaferi es iTxov<strong>da</strong> uzarmazari<br />
armiisa <strong>da</strong> samxedro flotis Senaxvas. politikuri<br />
elita imdenad <strong>da</strong>Clung<strong>da</strong>, rom aSkarad gamokveTili<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis krizisis pirobebSi uazro omi<br />
wamoiwyo avRaneTSi, romelic didxans (1979-1989 ww.)<br />
gagrZel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gaaCanaga qveyvis ise<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>sustebuli<br />
ekonomika. es iyo normanul-vikinguri <strong>da</strong> monRoluri<br />
sawyisebis gamarjveba evropul sawyisze. XX saukunis<br />
meore naxevarsa <strong>da</strong> 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegs sabWoTa<br />
kavSirSi mimdinare politikurma, ekonomikurma <strong>da</strong><br />
socialurma krizisma, rasac Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> samxedro<br />
Zlierebis Sesusteba, sabWoTa imperiis ngreva gamoiwvia.<br />
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sivrceze TxuTmeti<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmWifo aRmocen<strong>da</strong>, maT Soris iyo<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s federaciac. sabWoTa imperiis ngrevam<br />
Tavisufleba moutana aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebs.<br />
amrigad, rusuli samyaro viTardeba istoriuli<br />
ciklebis saxiT: kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong> (pirveli cikli), moskovis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> (meore cikli), <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperia (mesame cikli),<br />
sabWoTa imperia (meoTxe cikli). yoveli cikli mTavrdeba<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis Zlieri krizisiT, samxedro<br />
Zlierebis <strong>da</strong>sustebiT, sxva saxelmwifoebisagan <strong>da</strong><br />
xalxebisagan mitacebuli teritoriebisa <strong>da</strong> gavlenis<br />
sferoebis <strong>da</strong>kargviT.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>ruseTi</strong>s federaciam XX saukunis 90iani<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n rusuli samyaros mexuTe cikli<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s federacia gulmodgined agrZelebs<br />
normanul-vikingur-monRolur tradiciebs. igi rCeba<br />
rusul samyarod <strong>da</strong>savlur (evro-amerikul) <strong>da</strong> aziur<br />
samyaros Soris. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s evro-amerikul sivrceSi<br />
integracia uperspeqtivoa, radgan es niSnavs rusuli<br />
samyaros tradiciebis likvi<strong>da</strong>cias. aseTi nabijis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dgmas Tanamedrove <strong>ruseTi</strong>s politikuri elita ar<br />
apirebs. evrosabWosTan, evrokavSirTan,<br />
Crdiloatlantikur aliansTan mWidro partniorul<br />
urTierTobas ruseTs urCevnia <strong>da</strong>savlur (evro-amerikul)<br />
<strong>da</strong> aziur samyaroebs Soris arsebobdes rogorc mudmivi<br />
17
safrTxe, rogorc mezobeli saxelmwifebis xarjze<br />
gavlenis sferos gafarToebis miswrafeba.<br />
rusuli samyaro safrTxes uqmnis, rogorc<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur (evro-amerikul), iseve aziur samyaros. rusuli<br />
samyaros arsebobis es wesi, rogorc istoriuli<br />
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, garkveul etapze safrTxes<br />
Seuqmnis TviT rusul saxelmwifoebriobas, rac<br />
aucileblad ga<strong>da</strong>izrdeba saxelmwifoebiobis krizisSi.<br />
ruseTma Tavis Tavs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usvas kiTxva: SeZlebs<br />
ki <strong>ruseTi</strong> yovelTvis iarsebos rogorc <strong>da</strong>savluri (evroamerikuli),<br />
iseve aziuri samyaros mudmivma safrTxem?<br />
SeZlebs ki <strong>ruseTi</strong> kvlav aaRorZinos <strong>da</strong>ngreuli<br />
saxelmwifoebrioba?<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika,”<br />
2008, # 162, 30 agvisto, gv. 5.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,Tbilisis<br />
universiteti,” 2008, # 12, 28<br />
oqtomberi, gv. 5-6; Jurnali ,,saarqivo<br />
moambe,” 2008, # 3, oqtomberi, gv. 80-90.<br />
18
2. rusuli safrTxe evropisaTvis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> evropis saxelmwifoebis<br />
urTierTobaSi erTi SexedviT TiTqos gansakuTrebuli<br />
araferi yofila. omebi, xanmokle Tu xangrZlivi zavebi,<br />
teritoriis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong> gavlenis sferos <strong>da</strong>dgena _<br />
saxelmwifoebis urTierTobaSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo.<br />
yovelive amis miRma aSkarad Cans erTi kanonzomiereba:<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> evropisaTvis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> safrTxes. safrTxeSi,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, ar vgulisxmobT mxolod evropis<br />
romelime saxelmwifos teritoriis erTbaSad mitacebas<br />
an gavlenis sferos mopovebas. safrTxes qmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
miswrafeba gabatonebuli mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong>ekavebina<br />
evropaSi <strong>da</strong> emarTa evropis saxelmwifoebi. am ideis<br />
gaCenis droisaTvis <strong>da</strong> Semdeg saukuneebSic <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
politikuri, ekonimikuri, socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
ganviTarebis doniT bevrad Camouvardebo<strong>da</strong> evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebs. es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom ideas<br />
ganxorcieleba ar ewera. ruseTSi ase ar fiqrobdnen.<br />
gacilebiT maRalganviTarebul samyaroze batonobas<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> didi armiis saSualebiT apireb<strong>da</strong>. ruseTs SeeZlo<br />
imodena laSqari Seekriba, ramdensac ori-sami evropuli<br />
saxelmwifo erTad ver Sekreb<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
evropis qveynebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas <strong>da</strong> iq saokupacio reJimis<br />
erTbaSad <strong>da</strong>myarebas <strong>ruseTi</strong> ver SeZleb<strong>da</strong>. samagierod,<br />
ruseTs SeeZlo gamudmebuli, xanmokle <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi,<br />
omebiT evropis qveynebSi saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
normaluri msvleloba <strong>da</strong>erRvia, Seeferxebina ekonomikis<br />
19
stabiluri ganviTareba, <strong>da</strong>eZaba viTareba. garkveuli<br />
periodi<strong>da</strong>n rusuli saxelmwifoebrioba swored am ideis<br />
realizebaze aewyo. evropisaTvis es metad saSiSi iyo.<br />
evropis saxelmwifoebi rusuli saxelmwifos wesiT ver<br />
iarsebebdnen. evropas xsnis sxva gza un<strong>da</strong> epovna. am gzis<br />
povna ki advili ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>, rogorc evropis safrTxe, kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
arsebobis periodSi (IX-XII ss.) SeiZleba iTqvas arc<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>. es ganpirobebuli iyo ori mizeziT: pirveli.<br />
kievis ruseTSi saxelmwifoebrioba is-is iyo<br />
yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, evropasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli ekonomikuri siZliere <strong>da</strong> mravalricxovani<br />
armia kievis ruseTs ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. imxanad mTeli Zalebi<br />
bizantiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. meore. kievis<br />
ruseTs Tavs esxmodnen aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n mosuli<br />
momTabare xalxebi (paWanikebi, yivCaRebi). momTabareebTan<br />
mudmivi omebi, <strong>da</strong>Zabuli viTareba (paWanikebi <strong>da</strong> yivCaRebi<br />
kievamde aRwevdnen) kievis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>savleTiT<br />
aqtiurobas SeuZlebels xdi<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>, rogorc<br />
veropisaTvis saSiSi Zala, sacnauri xdeba moskovis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s Camoyalibebis periodi<strong>da</strong>n (XV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n).<br />
realur safrTxed gvevlineba moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
didi mTavris ivane III-sa (1462-1505) <strong>da</strong> mefe ivane IV<br />
mrisxanis (1533-1584) mmarTvelobis wlebSi. am periodSi<br />
ruseTma miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa: evropisaTvis baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Sav zRvamde sivrcis Caketva <strong>da</strong> misi kontroli. ruseTSi<br />
kargad icodnen, rom baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n Sav zRvamde<br />
sivrcis <strong>da</strong>xurva evropis saxelmwifoebs mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi Caagdeb<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTis mier<br />
konstantinopolis aRebisa (1453 w.) <strong>da</strong> bizantiis imperiis<br />
ganadgurebis Semdeg, rasac Sedegad mohyva osmaleTis<br />
gabatoneba balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, bosforisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>r<strong>da</strong>nelis sruteebsa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad Sav zRvaze, evropas<br />
aziis qveynebTan urTierTobis gzebi ga<strong>da</strong>eWra. viTareba<br />
kidev ufro garTul<strong>da</strong> xmelTaSua zRvaSi osmaleTis<br />
poziciebis ganmtkicebiT. evropis saxelmwifoebs aziasTan<br />
savaWro kavSiri ruseTze gamavali gzebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>emyarebina. erT-erTi aseTi gza TeTri zRvis<br />
sanapiroze, q. arxangelskTan iwyebo<strong>da</strong>. gza jer xmeleTze<br />
gadio<strong>da</strong>, xolo Semdeg md. volgiT kaspiis zRvamde, q.<br />
20
astraxanamde aRwev<strong>da</strong>. kaspiis zRvis samxreT sanapiro<strong>da</strong>n<br />
erTi saxmeleTo gza aRmosavleTiT, indoeTisaken,<br />
miemarTebo<strong>da</strong>, meore samxreTisaken, sparseTisaken <strong>da</strong><br />
arabuli qveynebisaken. aziisaken mimavali meore gza<br />
baltiis zRvis navsadgurebTan iwyebo<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg gza md.<br />
volgaze grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kaspiis zRvamde,<br />
q. astraxanamde aRwev<strong>da</strong>. xelsayreli geografiuli<br />
mdgomareoba, evropi<strong>da</strong>n aziisaken mimavali savaWro gzebi<br />
ruseTs rom efeqturad aemoqmedebina qveynis ekonomika<br />
swrafad ganviTardebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>c evropul samyaros<br />
mWidrod <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong> orive mxarisaTvis<br />
sasargeblo urTierToba. ruseTma sxva gza airCia.<br />
evropi<strong>da</strong>n aziisaken mimavali gzis evropisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xurva ruseTma upirveles amocanad <strong>da</strong>isaxa <strong>da</strong> am<br />
miznis miRwevisaTvis Semdegi RonisZiebebi gaatara:<br />
pirveli. <strong>da</strong>iwyo omi baltiispireTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobisaTvis. ruseTs sur<strong>da</strong> baltiis zRvis<br />
sanapiroebis <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong> evropisaTvis sasicocxlo<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone savaWro gzis sawyisi punqtebis xelSi<br />
Cagdeba. marTalia oc<strong>da</strong>xuTwliani omi (1558-1583 ww.)<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s marcxiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, magram ivane IV mrisxanem is<br />
mainc SeZlo, rom baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n aziisaken mimavali<br />
gza evropam praqtikulad ver gamoiyena.<br />
meore. <strong>ruseTi</strong> cdilob<strong>da</strong> baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n Sav<br />
zRvamde sivrce sxva mimarTulebiTac <strong>da</strong>ecva. am mizniT<br />
ruseTma belorusiis teritoriaze litvis saxelmwifos<br />
Seviwroveba sca<strong>da</strong>. 1492-1494 wlebsa <strong>da</strong> 1500-1503 wlebSi<br />
ivane III-s omi hqon<strong>da</strong> litvasTan. omebi SemdgomSic<br />
grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mesame. baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n Sav zRvamde sivrcis<br />
Caketva iTxov<strong>da</strong> ukrainaSi poloneTis poziciebis<br />
Sesustebas <strong>da</strong> yirimis saxanos likvi<strong>da</strong>cias. es amocana<br />
XVI saukuneSi ver ga<strong>da</strong>iWra. ruseTma imas ki miaRwia, rom<br />
1552 wels yazanis, xolo 1556 wels astraxanis<br />
monRoluri saxanoebi gaanadgura <strong>da</strong> evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebs ukrainis gavliT astraxanamde miRwevisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kaspiis sazRvao gzis gamoyenebis saSualeba mouspo.<br />
amrigad, XV-XVI saukuneebSi ruseTma SeZlo ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>eSva <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gavliT evropi<strong>da</strong>n aziisaken mimavali<br />
savaWro gzebis amoqmedeba, riTac Zlieri <strong>da</strong>rtyma miayena<br />
21
evropis qveynebis ekonomikas. ekonomikurad <strong>ruseTi</strong>c<br />
Zlier <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong>. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod tranzitiT<br />
miRebul Semosavals ar vgulisxmobT. omebma<br />
baltiispireTSi, poloneTTan, litvasTan, yirimisa <strong>da</strong><br />
astraxanis saxanoebTan <strong>ruseTi</strong>s ekonomikas didi ziani<br />
moutana. amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>ruseTi</strong>, rogorc evropis<br />
safrTxe, arsebobas ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am “misiis”<br />
gagrZelebaze uaris Tqmas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
evropis qveynebi, qristianul ruseTTan<br />
urTierTobis mogvareba rom ver SeZles, osmaleTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sparseTis xelisuflebas mourigdnen. garkveuli<br />
periodi<strong>da</strong>n efeqturad amoqmed<strong>da</strong> savaWro gza osmaleTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sparseTis teritoriis gavliT. savaWro gzam am<br />
qveynebma didi Semosavali moutana.<br />
XVI saukunis miwurulsa <strong>da</strong> XVII saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdegs <strong>ruseTi</strong> <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>, centraluri <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTveloba moiSala, qveyana qaosma moicva. amiT<br />
isargebles SvedeTma <strong>da</strong> JeC pospolitam <strong>da</strong> ruseTs<br />
Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTiT mniSvnelovani<br />
teritoriebi <strong>da</strong>atovebines. rogorc ki <strong>ruseTi</strong> welSi<br />
gaimarTa, evropisaTvis baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n Sav zRvamde<br />
sivrcis Caketva kvlav aqtualuri gax<strong>da</strong>. mefe aleqsi<br />
mixeilis Zis (1645-1682) mmarTvelobis periodSi ruseTma<br />
ukrainis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis mizniT JeC pospolitas winaaRmdeg<br />
xangrZlivi omi (1654-1667 ww.) awarmoa <strong>da</strong> ukrainis nawili<br />
(dnepris marcxena sanapiro) <strong>da</strong>aTmobina JeC pospolitas.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>, rogorc evropis safrTxe, mTeli<br />
sisruliT warmoCn<strong>da</strong> petre I-is (1696-1725) <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
memkvidreebis dros. am periodisaTvis (XVIII saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdegi) evropas aziis qveynebTan saxmeleTo <strong>da</strong> sazRvao<br />
gzebiT vaWroba SesaniSnavad hqon<strong>da</strong> awyobili <strong>da</strong> baltiis<br />
zRvi<strong>da</strong>n Sav zRvamde sivrcis <strong>da</strong>xurva evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebs di<strong>da</strong>d ar aRelveb<strong>da</strong>T. evropisaTvis ufro<br />
aqtualuri iyo TviT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s bazari. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s bazarze<br />
SeRwevisaTvis evropis saxelmwifoebs aucileblad<br />
Wirdebo<strong>da</strong>T baltiisa <strong>da</strong> TeTri zRvis sanapiroze<br />
arsebuli navsadgurebis amoqmedeba, TeTri zRva _ volga<br />
_ kaspiis zRva <strong>da</strong> baltiis zRva _ volga _ kaspiis zRva<br />
savaWro gzebis efeqturad gamoyeneba. petre I-is<br />
ekonomikurma politikam evropis saxelmwifoebs <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
22
azris aTvisebis xalisi <strong>da</strong>ukarga. petre I cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
evropis qveynebTan vaWrobaSi aqtiuri balansis<br />
SenarCunebas, anu rac SeiZleba meti raodenobiT rusuli<br />
saqoneli gaetana evropaSi <strong>da</strong> naklebi Semoetana. amitom<br />
iyo, rom ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> evropas Soris vaWrobis masStabebi<br />
Zalze SeizRu<strong>da</strong>. evropis saxelmwifoebs <strong>ruseTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n<br />
mxolod aucilebeli saqoneli gahqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> isic Zalze<br />
SezRuduli raodenobiT.<br />
petre I ar iyo Rrmadmorwmune marTlmadidebeli.<br />
mas konstantinepolis <strong>da</strong>cemis (1453 w.) Semdeg moskovis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier gacxadebuli doqtrinis _ “moskovi _ mesame<br />
romi, meoTxe aRar iqneba” _ mxolod politikuri (ufro<br />
zustad, samxedro-politikuri) aspeqti aintereseb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
realurad “mesame romis” ideis realizeba petre I-ma<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresia ramdenime mimarTulebiT<br />
ganviTar<strong>da</strong>:<br />
1. 1696 w. _ azovis cixe-simagris aReba <strong>da</strong> md.<br />
donis SesarTavis mitaceba;<br />
2. 1700-1721 ww. _ baltiispireTis <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong><br />
SemoerTebuli teritoriis aTvisebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba;<br />
3. 1708-1709 ww. _ ukrainisa <strong>da</strong> belorusiis<br />
nawilis mitaceba;<br />
4. 1711 w. _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s armiis SeWra dunaispireTSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> balkaneTis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis mcdeloba;<br />
5. 1722-1723 ww. _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s armiis SeWra<br />
kaspiispireTSi <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiis aRmosavleTi<br />
nawilis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis mcdeloba.<br />
petre I-ma praqtikulad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s kontrols<br />
<strong>da</strong>uqvemdebara uzarmazari sivrce baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n Sav<br />
zRvamde _ peterburgi<strong>da</strong>n azovis cixe-simagremde.<br />
petre I-is mefobis wlebSi gamoikveTa sami<br />
strategiuli mimarTuleba _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s momavali agresiis<br />
sferoebi:<br />
pirveli. <strong>da</strong>savleTis (belorusiis gavliT<br />
poloneTisaken);<br />
meore. samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT (ukrainis gavliT<br />
balkaneTisaken);<br />
mesame. samxreTiT (dnepris qvemo weliT yirimis<br />
naxevarkunZulisaken);<br />
23
meoTxe. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT (volgis delti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
kaspiis zRvis sanapiroTi samxreT kavkasiisaken).<br />
xsenebuli oTxi strategiuli mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mTavari iyo pirveli (<strong>da</strong>savleTis) <strong>da</strong> meore (samxreT<strong>da</strong>savleTis).<br />
es ki imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom baltiispireTSi<br />
myarad <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong> evropaSi SeWrisaTvis<br />
emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. ruseTma kargad gamoiyena <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba. kerZod<br />
prusiis gaZlierebiT SeSfoTebulma <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebma (safrangeTi, avstria <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis ruseTs mimarTes. imperatorma elisabed I<br />
(1741-1761) antiprusiul koaliciaSi Caeba. Svidwliani omis<br />
(1757-1763 ww.) dros ruseTma prusiis armia gaanadgura <strong>da</strong><br />
1760 wels berlinic <strong>da</strong>ikava. marTalia ruseTma prusiis<br />
teritoria maleve <strong>da</strong>tova, magram prusiam, rogorc<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s metoqem baltiispireTSi, seriozuli <strong>da</strong>rtyma<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong>.<br />
male ruseTma axali warmatebebi moipova.<br />
prusiasTan <strong>da</strong> avstriasTan erTad <strong>da</strong>susutebuli JeC<br />
pospolitas sami <strong>da</strong>nawilebiT (1772, 1793, 1795 wlebi)<br />
poloneTis didi nawili (varSaviTurT) miitaca. ekaterine<br />
II-m (1762-1796) osmaleTTan omSi orgzis (1768-1774 <strong>da</strong> 1787-<br />
1791 wlebSi) gamarjvebis Semdeg yirimis saxano SeierTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTel SavizRvispireTSi gabaton<strong>da</strong>. ruseTs balkaneTSi<br />
SeWris realuri SesaZlebloba mieca.<br />
amrigad, petre I-is mier <strong>da</strong>saxuli oTxi<br />
strategiuli mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n misma memkvidreebma sami<br />
mimarTulebiT (<strong>da</strong>savleTis, samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis,<br />
samxreTis) didi warmatebebi moipoves. <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
evropisaTvis realur safrTxed iqca.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sagan momdinare didi safrTxe zustad<br />
Seafasa napoleonma <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mWreli RonisZiebebic<br />
gaatara. napoleoni kargad xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, rom XVIII saukuneSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier baltiispireTis, poloneTis aRmosavleT<br />
nawilis, belorusiis, ukrainis, yirimis naxevarkunZulisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTeli CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTis <strong>da</strong>pyroba<br />
praqtikulad <strong>da</strong>savleT evropisaTvis omis gamocxadebas<br />
moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>. evropa ruseTTan urTierTobaSi <strong>da</strong>Svebuli<br />
Secdomebis nayofs imki<strong>da</strong>. am urTules viTarebaSi<br />
napoleonma <strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropuli samyaros nawilad<br />
24
ga<strong>da</strong>qcevis idea wamoayena. evropa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong> erT<br />
samyarod un<strong>da</strong> qceuliyo. mxolod amis Semdeg Sewyvet<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> evropis safrTxed arsebobas. am didi ideis<br />
realizebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo erTi winapirobis<br />
Sesruleba _ napoleons <strong>ruseTi</strong>s armia uswrafesad un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaenadgurebina. 1812 wels napoleoni ruseTTan omSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> didi ideac <strong>da</strong>samar<strong>da</strong>. evropeli monarqebi<br />
napoleonis <strong>da</strong>marcxebas zeimobdnen <strong>da</strong> verc ki amCnevdnen,<br />
rom gamarjvebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong> evropas kidev ufro did<br />
safrTxes Seuqmni<strong>da</strong>. venis kongresi <strong>da</strong> “saRvTo kavSiris”<br />
Seqmna (1814-1815 ww.) amis naTel <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“saRvTo kavSirma”, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom man<br />
evropaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s yofna <strong>da</strong>akanona, <strong>da</strong>debiTi roli<br />
Seasrula _ evropa asi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1815-1914 ww.),<br />
ase Tu ise, erT samyaros warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. es samyaro<br />
pirveli msoflio omis <strong>da</strong>wyebiT (1914 w.) <strong>da</strong>ingra. amaSi<br />
ruseTs ver <strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>naSaulebT _ sxva saxelmwifoebis<br />
brali gacilebiT didi iyo.<br />
1917 wels, didi politikuri krizisis Semdeg,<br />
sabJoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s (SemdegSi sabJoTa kavSiris)<br />
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosulma bolSevikebma Zveli<br />
ideis xorcSesxma <strong>da</strong>iwyes _ <strong>ruseTi</strong> (sabWoTa kavSiri)<br />
evropis safrTxed aqcies. “msoflio revoluciis”<br />
komunisturi idea, pirvel rigSi, swored evropis<br />
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. <strong>ruseTi</strong>sagan momdinare<br />
safrTxe evropaSi zustad aRiqves. 1918-1920 wlebSi<br />
evropis qveynebi (inglisi, safrangeTi) <strong>da</strong> amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi samxedro ZaliTa <strong>da</strong> “TeTri<br />
moZraobisadmi” mxar<strong>da</strong>JeriT cdilobdnen ruseTSi<br />
politikuri reJimis Secvlas, magram amaod. marcxis<br />
Semdeg <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis didi saxelmwifoebi ruseTTan<br />
TanamSromlobis (de faqto aRiarebis) gzas <strong>da</strong>adgnen.<br />
aseTi politika Seqmnili viTarebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
pirveli msoflio omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis (1918 w.)<br />
Semdeg garkveuli mizezebis gamo <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebisa <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
urTierToba <strong>da</strong>iZaba. omisagan <strong>da</strong>ngreul evropas<br />
esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong> sursaTi (pirvel rigSi puri) <strong>da</strong><br />
mrewvelobisaTvis aucilebeli nedleuli (navTobi,<br />
25
manganumi <strong>da</strong> sxv.). omisagan <strong>da</strong>ngreuli ekonomikis aRdgena<br />
evropas SeeZlo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT. es evropisaTvis miuRebeli iyo, radgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis sanacvlod amerika evropas politikur<br />
moTxovnebs uyeneb<strong>da</strong>. evropelma politikosebma omisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>ngreuli ekonomikis aRdgena sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites, radgan <strong>ruseTi</strong> evropas<br />
veraviTar politikur moTxovnas ver wauyeneb<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong><br />
amisa <strong>ruseTi</strong> xelsayreli partniori iyo bazris siiafis<br />
gamoc. magaliTad, evropas <strong>ruseTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n Setanili puri<br />
ameriki<strong>da</strong>n SetanilTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gacilebiT iafi<br />
ujdebo<strong>da</strong>. evropis ekonomikis aRorZineba warmoudgeneli<br />
iyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s navTobis, manganumi, saukeTeso xarisxis<br />
foladis <strong>da</strong> sxv. gareSe. evropa-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>wyeba imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom evro-amerikuli<br />
samyaro sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s (sabWoTa kavzSiris) safrTxis<br />
winaaRmdeg ver gaerTian<strong>da</strong>. amiT isargebla sabWoTa<br />
imperiam <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
evropasTan aqtiuri savaWro balansiT didi mogeba naxa.<br />
meore msoflio omis (1939-1945 ww.) Semdeg sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris winaaRmdeg evro-amerikuli samyaro gaerTian<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am erTianobis Sedegi iyo sabWoTa imperiis <strong>da</strong>susteba <strong>da</strong><br />
misi <strong>da</strong>Sla (1991 w.). am didi gamarjvebis Semdeg evroamerikulma<br />
samyarom didi strategiuli Secdoma <strong>da</strong>uSva.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris TxuTmet <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifod<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slam Seqmna imisi STabeWdileba, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> evropas<br />
safrTxes veRar Seuqmni<strong>da</strong> es iyo naCqarevad gakeTebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna. im Zalas, romelmac sabWoTa kavSiri <strong>da</strong>Sala,<br />
SeeZlo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s federaciis avtonomiuri respublikebis<br />
doneze <strong>da</strong>Sla <strong>da</strong> cimbiris Camocileba <strong>ruseTi</strong>sagan. vinc<br />
es ar <strong>da</strong>akeTa dRes Tavs imarTlebs: <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
avtonomiuri respublikebis doneze <strong>da</strong>Sla <strong>da</strong> cimbiris<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sagan Camocileba evropasa <strong>da</strong> aziaSi rTul,<br />
umarTav procesebs gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>o. es savsebiT sworia.<br />
dRevandeli viTareba cxads xdis, rom, saSiSroebis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, sjob<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>Sla 1991 wlis axlo<br />
xanebSi momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, Tun<strong>da</strong>c nawilobriv. bunebrivad ismis<br />
kiTxva: ra azri hqon<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slas Tu<br />
postsabWoTa sivrceSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> gabatondebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> evropas<br />
safrTxes is Seuqmni<strong>da</strong>? aRiareben Tu ara Tavis Secdomas<br />
26
didi politikis mamebi, mniSvneloba ara aqvs. WeSmariteba<br />
erTia: <strong>ruseTi</strong> XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegs un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>Sliliyo. evro-amerikuli samyaro dRes didi<br />
strategiuli Secdomis Sedegebs imkis: monstrma Zala<br />
moikriba <strong>da</strong> Tavis siZliereSi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli samxreT<br />
kavkasiis, baltiispireTis, ukrainis, moldovas<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saylapavad emzadeba. baltiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n Sav zRvamde<br />
evropisaTvis sivrcis <strong>da</strong>xurva rusuli saxelmwifos<br />
strategiul mimarTulebad rCeba.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika,”<br />
2008, # 171, 12 seqtemberi, gv. 5-6.<br />
27
3. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
urTierTobis istoriis<br />
SefasebisaTvis<br />
(XV-XVIII ss.)<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s urTierTobis Seswavla<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis istoriogafiam (s. belokurovi, s.<br />
burnaSevi, p butkovi, n. dubrovini <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
cxadia, im periodSi (XIX-XX ss.) Seqmnili gamokvlevebi<br />
ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong> obieqturi. istoriografia imperiis<br />
samsaxurSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
urTierTobis istoriis gaazreba <strong>da</strong>iwyo ivane<br />
javaxiSvilma, Tumca SemdegomSi mas am mimarTulebiT<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturi kvleva aRar gaugrZelebia. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
sabWoTa (komuisturi) wyobilebis arsebobis periodSi<br />
(1921-1991 ww.) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s urTierTobis istoriis<br />
Seswavlas sayuradRebo gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes niko<br />
berZeniSvilma, mixeil polievqtorma, iase cincaZem,<br />
aleqsandre fircxalaiSvilma, valerian maWaraZem, giorgi<br />
paiWaZem, no<strong>da</strong>r nakaSiZem, levan aleqsiZem, no<strong>da</strong>r<br />
asaTianma <strong>da</strong> sxvebma. qarTveli istorikosebi, cxadia,<br />
xarks uxdidnen epoqas, Tumca, amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maT SeZles<br />
didZali saarqivo masalis gamovlena <strong>da</strong> soliduri<br />
gamokvlevebis Seqmna.<br />
sabWoTa (komuisturi) wyobilebis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg aucilebeli gax<strong>da</strong><br />
28
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s urTierTobis istoriis (XV-XVIII ss.)<br />
obieqturad gaazreba <strong>da</strong> mTeli rigi debulebebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xedva. es gapirobebulia ori mizeziT: pirveli.<br />
aucilebelia <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa<br />
istoriografiis Sexedulebebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva; meore.<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli, mecnierulad argumentirebuli pasuxi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaeces Tanamedrove rus istorikosebs, romelebic<br />
cdiloben <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s urTierTobis istoriis<br />
politikuri mizniT gayalbebas.<br />
***<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mosvla samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
samefo-samTavroebis (qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, imereTis<br />
samefo, samegrelos, guriisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis samTavroebi)<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyroba (1801 _ 1810 ww.) didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mzaddebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc diplomatiuri, ise samxedrostrategiuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong>intereseba Crdilo <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiiT, neli, magram<br />
kargad gaazrebuli winsvla kavkasiis mTavari qedis<br />
mimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong>emTxva <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo<br />
mdgomareobis uwyvet gauaresebas. XV_XVI saukuneebis<br />
mijnaze qveynis SigniT <strong>da</strong>mRupveli procesebi ganviTar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirveli. erTiani qarTuli monarqia qarTlis, kaxeTis,<br />
imereTis samefoebad <strong>da</strong> samcxis samTavrod <strong>da</strong>iSala<br />
(mogvianebiT maT ricxvs miemata samegrelos, guriis,<br />
afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> svaneTis samTavroebi); meore. qarTul<br />
samefo samTavroebs Soris <strong>da</strong>iwyo xangrZlivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba, romelic xSirad omebSi ga<strong>da</strong>izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
xolme; mesame. samefo-samTavroebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo saTavadoebis<br />
warmoqmna <strong>da</strong> gaZliereba, ramac Signi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>asusta<br />
calkeuli samefoebi <strong>da</strong> samTavroebi; meoTxe. iyo cdebi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s eklesiis erTianobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisa; mexuTe.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s politikurma <strong>da</strong>Slam didi ziani miayena<br />
erovnul cnobierebas. <strong>da</strong>pirispireba <strong>da</strong> omebi qarTul<br />
samefo- samTavroebs Soris kidev ufro aRrmaveb<strong>da</strong> am<br />
process.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saSinao mdgomareobis gauaresebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>emTxva saerTaSoriso urTierTobis garTuleba:<br />
29
pirveli. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samxreTiT warmoiSva ori Zlieri<br />
muslimuri saxelmwifo _ osmaleTi (TurqeTi) <strong>da</strong> irani<br />
(sparseTi). 1453 wels osmalebma konstantinepoli aiRes,<br />
bizantiis imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. 1461 wels<br />
osmalebma qalaqi trapizoni <strong>da</strong>ikaves, xolo 1475 wels<br />
Crdilo SavizRvispireTic <strong>da</strong>ipyres. meore. 1514 wels omi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris. am omis erT-erTi<br />
mizani, iseve rogorc XVI-XVII saukuneebSi warmoebuli<br />
mravali omisa, samxreT kavkasiaSi gabatoneba iyo. amasiis<br />
zavi<strong>da</strong>n (1555 w.) moyolebuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoria<br />
ramdenjerme ganawil<strong>da</strong> iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris. mesame.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samxreTiT, kaspiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n Sav zRvamde,<br />
iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis gabatonebis Semdeg am orma<br />
islamurma saxelmwifom SeRweva iwyo kavkasiis mTianeTSi.<br />
iranma _ kaspiis zRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n, osmaleTma _ Savi<br />
zRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n. Crdilo kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo islamis<br />
gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> iqauri mosaxleobis islamis rjulze<br />
moqceva. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi muslimuri<br />
saxelmwifoebis rkalSi aRmoCndnen; meoTxe. <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropis qveynebi evropaSi osmaleTis mzardi agresiis<br />
pirobebSi samxreT kavkasiaSi ganviTarebul movlenebSi<br />
ver ereodnen. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, evropis qveynebi irans<br />
antiosmaluri koaliciis wamyvan Zalad ganixilavdnen <strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gamo iranTan urTierTobis gafuWebas<br />
eridebodnen. aseT viTarebaSi qarTuli samefosamTavroebis<br />
evropulma orientaciam azri <strong>da</strong>karga,<br />
realobas moklebuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. swored amitom <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis cdebi (<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mefis<br />
giorgi VIII-is elCoba evropaSi 1460-1461 wlebSi, qarTlis<br />
mefis elCoba evropaSi 1471 wels, kaxeTis mefis elCoba<br />
evropaSi 1471 wels) uSedegod <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. mexuTe. iranTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan uTanasworo brZolaSi mokavSiris gareSe<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenilma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m <strong>da</strong>karga Tavisi istoriuli<br />
teritoriis nawili: War-belaqani <strong>da</strong> kak-eniseli <strong>da</strong><br />
samcxe-saaTabago, aWara, afxazeTi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze<br />
(samegrelosa <strong>da</strong> guriaSi) arsebuli simagreebi.<br />
ai, aseT umZimes saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo viTarebaSi<br />
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriaSi ga<strong>da</strong>idga sabediswero<br />
nabiji. qarTvelma diplomatebma miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxes samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi mim<strong>da</strong>nare movlenebSi mesame Zalis _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s _<br />
30
CarTva. prorusuli orientaciis SemuSaveba pirvelad<br />
kaxeTis samefoSi, mefe aleqsandre I-is (1476-1511) karze<br />
mox<strong>da</strong>. ras emyarebo<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefis Canafiqri? cxadia,<br />
aleqsandre I-s kargad eqnebo<strong>da</strong> gaanalizebuli<br />
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis muslimur samyaroSi<br />
ganviTarebuli movlenebi. kaxeTis mefes aseve un<strong>da</strong><br />
scodno<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebis pozicia samxreT<br />
kavkasiis mimarT. mTlad naTeli ar aris, Tu ra<br />
warmodgena hqon<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre I-s ruseTSi Seqmnili<br />
saSinao viTarebisa <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s sagareo<br />
politikis Sesaxeb. un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, rom kaxeTis samefo<br />
kars Zalze zogadi, xSir SemTxvevebSi bundovani<br />
warmodgena hqon<strong>da</strong> im qveynis Sesaxeb, romelsac<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas sTxov<strong>da</strong>. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, aleqsandre I<br />
Rrmad un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli imaSi, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT muslimuri saxelmwifoebis agresiisgan Tavis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva ararealuri iyo.<br />
kaxeTis mefis aleqsandre I-is (1476-1511)<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>ruseTi</strong>s (moskovis) mTavari ivane III (1462-1505)<br />
qveynis marTvas sakmaod rTul viTarebaSi Seudga. oqros<br />
urdos xani jer-jerobiT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s umaRles xelisuflad<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, ruseTma oqros urdosagan<br />
faqtobrivi <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba moipova, magram es<br />
ukanaskneli sakmaod seriozul samxedro Zalas flob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> SeeZlo <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis didi ziani mieyenebina. ivane III<br />
sami wlis ganmavlobaSi (1477-1479 ww.) oms awarmoeb<strong>da</strong><br />
didi novgorodis SemoerTebis mizniT. didi novgorodis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifoSi Sesvlas ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />
poloneT-litvis mefe kazimir IV, romelic <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
winaaRmdeg oqros urdos xanis ahmedis mimxrobas<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, ivane III-m novgorodi SeierTa (1479<br />
w.) <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi monRolTa batonobasac bolo mouRo (1480<br />
w.), magram male tveris samTavros SemoerTbisaTvis<br />
mouwia brZola (1485 w.). 1492-1494 wlebSi <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
litvasTan iyo omSi Cabmuli. am omma ruseT-litvis<br />
winaaRmdegoba ver ga<strong>da</strong>Wra. axali omi kars iyo momdgari.<br />
ai, aseTi iyo saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo viTareba<br />
ruseTSi, roca 1483 wels kaxeTis mefis elCebi moskovSi<br />
Cavidnen. cxadia, imxanad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s didi mTavari ivane III<br />
kaxeTis samefos ara marto samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebas ver<br />
31
aRmouCen<strong>da</strong>, aramed diplomatiur mxadraWerasac ki ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>. ruseTSi jer-jerobiT ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
arc SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> arsebuliyo kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SeRwevis<br />
gegmis monaxazic ki. marTalia, oqros urdo <strong>da</strong>iSala,<br />
magram <strong>ruseTi</strong>s aqtiurobas kavkasiis mTavari qedis<br />
mimarTulebiT zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> yirimis, yazanis <strong>da</strong> astraxanis<br />
monRoluri saxanoebi. (aRsaniSnavia, rom ivane III-is<br />
mokavSire 1492-1494 wlebSi litvasTan warmoebul omSi<br />
yirimis xani mengli-girei iyo). rasakvirvelia, yazanis,<br />
yirimisa <strong>da</strong> astraxanis saxanoebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis gareSe<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> verc CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> , miT umetes, verc samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi realur Zalad ver iqceo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTvelma diplomatebma prorusuli orientaciis<br />
SemuSavebisas <strong>da</strong>uSves strategiuli Secdoma. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi mosvla niSnav<strong>da</strong> ruseT-iranosmaleTis<br />
omebis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss. angariSi ar gauwies imas,<br />
rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifos gaerTianebasa <strong>da</strong> gaZlierebas<br />
(XV-XVI ss.), bunebrivia, mtrulad Sexvdnen misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleli <strong>da</strong> Crdiloeli mezoblebi: poloneTi, litva,<br />
livoniis ordeni, Svecia. Aamis gamo XV-XVI saukuneebis<br />
mijnaze <strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreTSi aqtiur sagareo politikas ver<br />
awarmoeb<strong>da</strong>. 1492-1494 wlebis ruseT-litvis oms mohyva<br />
axali omebi litvasTan (1500-1503 ww. <strong>da</strong> 1512-1514 ww.).<br />
ivane III-sa (1462-1505) <strong>da</strong> vasili III-s (1505-1533)<br />
politika cvlilebebs ganicdis ivane mrisxanis (1533-1584)<br />
dros. ivane mrisxane umTavresad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
poziciebis ganmtkicebas Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT (baltiispireTSi), rac litvasTan,<br />
poloneTsa <strong>da</strong> SveciasTan omis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. am<br />
problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad livoniis omi (1558-<br />
1583 ww.). amave dros ivane mrisxanem SeZlo yazanisa (1552<br />
w.) <strong>da</strong> astraxanis (1556 w.) saxanoebis <strong>da</strong>pyroba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom ruseTma ver moaxerxa yirimis saxanos<br />
<strong>da</strong>ufleba, mainc xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna Crdilo<br />
kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gaaqtiurebisaTvis.<br />
Seqmnil viTarebaSi qarTvelma diplomatebma<br />
kvlav cades <strong>ruseTi</strong>s CarTva samxreT kavkasiaSi mimdinare<br />
procesebSi, kerZod, iran-osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi.<br />
iniciativa kvlav kaxeTis samefo karma gamoiCina. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, strategiuli Secdoma<br />
32
<strong>da</strong>Svebuli ar yofila. ivane mrisxane seriozulad iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebuli Crdilo kavkasiiT. viTareba ar<br />
Secvlila arc misi memkvidris mefe Tevdores (1584-1598)<br />
dros. Tumca un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom am droisaTvis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebis sferos Crdilo kavkasia Seadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
samxreT kavkasia. livoniis omSi (1558-1583 ww.)<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong>, rasac Crdilo <strong>da</strong>savleTiT<br />
(gansakuTrebiT baltiispireTSi) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s poziciebis<br />
Sesusteba mohyva, iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi<br />
ar Caebmebo<strong>da</strong>. Tu sparseTi <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi Crdilo<br />
kavkasiis barSi (<strong>da</strong> ara mTianeTSi) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SeRwevas<br />
Seeguebodnen, am SemTxvevaSic ki qarTvel diplomatTa<br />
gegmis realizeba mainc Zneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. Yyvela<br />
SemTxvevaSi, <strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi ararealur Zalad<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>. swored aseTi viTarebis Sedegi iyo kaxeTis<br />
samefoSi mefe levanis (1518-1574) dros rusTa<br />
xuTaskaciani razmis Semosvla. ivane mrisxanem mdinare<br />
Tergis xeobaSi cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. Tu<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> SeZleb<strong>da</strong> kontroli <strong>da</strong>ewesebina im gzebze,<br />
romlebic mdinare Tergis xeobaSi arsebuli cixesimagreebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
kaxeTis samefoSi jaris ga<strong>da</strong>yvanisaTvis<br />
iyo aucilebeli, qarTveli diplomatebis gegmis<br />
ganxorcielebac realuri xdebo<strong>da</strong>. cxadia, Seqmnili<br />
safrTxe droulad SeniSnes iranma <strong>da</strong> osmaleTma. <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
am qveynebTan urTierTobis garTulebas moeri<strong>da</strong><br />
(osmaleTis waqezebiT yirimis xani <strong>ruseTi</strong>s sazRvrebSi<br />
SeiWra). rusebma Tergis xeobaSi agebuli cixe-simagreebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>angries. kaxeTSi myofi rusTa razmic Crdilo<br />
kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s kavkasiuri politikis marcxi ver<br />
gaiTvaliswines qarTvelma politikosebma. maT <strong>da</strong>uSves<br />
kidev erTi strategiuli Secdoma. kaxeTis mefe<br />
aleqsandre II (1574-1605) iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis agresiis<br />
mogvarebas kvlav <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
angariSs ar uwev<strong>da</strong> im garemoebas, rom ruseTma araTu<br />
samxreT kavkasia, aramed Crdilo kavkasiac iranosmaleTis<br />
gavlenis sferod aRiara. cxadia, kaxeTis<br />
samefo karma araferi ico<strong>da</strong> imis Sesaxeb, rom livoniis<br />
omis (1558-1583 ww.) <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg ruseT-Sveciis<br />
urTierToba kvlav <strong>da</strong>Zabuli rCebo<strong>da</strong>. am ukanasknels<br />
33
okupirebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s teritoriis nawili.<br />
mosalodneli iyo axali omi SveciasTan.<br />
kaxeTis mefis aleqsandre II-is mier mirTmeul<br />
,,ficis wigns” (1587 w.) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mefe Tevdorem ,,wyalobis<br />
sigeliT” (1589 w.) upasuxa. erTi wlis Semdeg (1590 w.)<br />
ruseT-Sveciis omi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 1595 wlis zaviT ruseTma<br />
Sveciis mier mitacebuli teritoriebis mxolod nawili<br />
<strong>da</strong>ibruna. 1590 wels yirimis xanma yazi-gireim ruseTze<br />
ilaSqra <strong>da</strong> moskovamde miaRwia. imxanad yirimis xanis<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxeba moxerx<strong>da</strong>, magram qveynis samxreTi sazRvrebi<br />
kvlav <strong>da</strong>ucveli rCebo<strong>da</strong>. es garemoeba ki Crdilo<br />
kavkasiaSi ruseTs aqtiuri politikis warmoebis<br />
saSualebas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong>. 1<br />
kaxeTis samefos prorusuli orientacia<br />
sabolood <strong>da</strong>asamara mefe Tevdores sikvdilis (1598 w.)<br />
Semdeg ruseTSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulma SinaaSlilobam, didma<br />
socialurma amboxma <strong>da</strong> JeC pospolitasa (poloneTlitvis<br />
saxelmwifos) <strong>da</strong> Sveciis agresiam (1603-1610 w.).<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s poziciebis Sesusteba kargad gamoiyena iranis<br />
Sahma abas I-ma <strong>da</strong> sastikad <strong>da</strong>saja kaxeTis samefo saxli<br />
_ 1605 wels aleqsandre II <strong>da</strong> misi vaJi giorgi Sahma<br />
moakvlevina.<br />
SinaaSlilobis, did socialuri amboxisa <strong>da</strong> JeCpospolitasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sveciis agresiisgan <strong>da</strong>sustebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
nel-nela gaimarTa welSi <strong>da</strong> ukve mefe aleqsis (1645-1676)<br />
dros seriozul Zalad iqca. . Aam periodisaTvis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
umTavres amocanas ukraini<strong>da</strong>n CeJ pospolitas gandevna <strong>da</strong><br />
Sveciis agresiuli gegmebis aRkveTa warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Uukrainis ruseTTan SeerTebas (1654 w.) mohyva xangrZlivi<br />
omi CeJ pospolitasTan, romelic 1667 wels <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aranakleb mZime iyo omi SveciasTan (1656-1658 ww.). ruseTma<br />
saboloo mizans ver miaRwia: CeJ pospolitas mTeli<br />
ukraina ver <strong>da</strong>aTmobina, xolo Svecias ver waarTva<br />
baltiis zRvis sanapiroebi. yirimis saxano kvlav did<br />
safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s samxreT regionebs.<br />
mefe aleqsis (1645-1676) karze ar SemuSavebula<br />
arc CrdiloeT kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong>, miT umetes, arc samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi aqtiuri politikis warmoebis gegma. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi qarTulma diplomatiam morigi strategiuli<br />
Secdoma <strong>da</strong>uSva. mefe Teimuraz I (gamef<strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi 1606<br />
34
wels, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe gax<strong>da</strong> 1625 wels, qarTlis<br />
taxti <strong>da</strong>karga 1633 wels, kaxeTisa _ 1648 wels) kvlav<br />
prorusuli politikiT cdilob<strong>da</strong> qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas. 1658<br />
wels Teimuraz I moskovSi Cavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
saTxovnelad. am dros grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> ruseT-CeJ<br />
pospolitis omi, xolo SveciasTan mxolod droebiTi<br />
zavi iyo <strong>da</strong>debuli. aseT viTarebaSi Teimuraz I, cxadia,<br />
xelcarieli gamoistumres <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si.<br />
prorusuli orientaciis marcxma TavisTavad<br />
gamoiwvia proiranuli orientaciis gaZliereba<br />
proiranul orientacias adgnen: erekle I (gamef<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlSi 1688 wels, kaxeTSi _ 1703 wels), <strong>da</strong>viT II<br />
(gamef<strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi 1709 wels), giorgi XI (pirvelad gamef<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlSi 1675 wels, meored _ 1703 wels).<br />
orsaukunovani prorusuli orientaciis Sedegi<br />
aseTi iyo: qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebi irans <strong>da</strong>rCa,<br />
xolo imereTis samefo, guriis, samegrelosa <strong>da</strong><br />
afxazeTis samTavroebi _ osmaleTs. 2<br />
qarTveli diplomatebis mier prorusuli<br />
orientaciis SemuSavebisa <strong>da</strong> misi realizebisaTvis<br />
brZolis axali etapi iwyeba XVIII saukunis 10-iani wlebis<br />
bolo<strong>da</strong>n. es movlena qarTlis janiSinisa <strong>da</strong> mefis<br />
vaxtang VI-isa (1703-1724 ww.) <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mefis petre I-is<br />
(1696-1725 ww.) saxelebs ukavSirdeba.<br />
iranis Sahis mier 1703 wels qarTlis janiSinad<br />
(mmarTvelad) <strong>da</strong>niSnuli, xolo 1716 wels qarTlis mefed<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli vaxtang VI prorusuli orientaciis<br />
aucileblobis aRiarebamde erTbaSad <strong>da</strong> advilad ar<br />
misula. vaxtang VI-is winamorbedi mefeebi, islamis<br />
aRmsarebeli giorgi XI iranis Sahis samsaxurSi <strong>da</strong>iRupa<br />
(1709 w.). iranis Sahis samsaxurs Seewira momdevno mefec,<br />
aseve islamis aRmsarebeli qaixosro (1711 w.). amis Semdeg<br />
mefobis yvelaze realuri kandi<strong>da</strong>ti vaxtang VI iyo,<br />
magram taxtze asvlisaTvis aucilebeli iyo winamorbedi<br />
mefeebis msgavsad qristianobis uaryofa <strong>da</strong> islamis<br />
miReba. 1712 wels vaxtang VI iranSi gaemgzavra. rogorc<br />
Cans, igi am periodisaTvis rusuli orientaciis miRebaze<br />
ar fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, Tumca arc winamorbedi mefeebis, giorgi XIisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qaixosros, proiranuli orientaciis gagrZelebas<br />
apireb<strong>da</strong>. vaxtang VI cdilob<strong>da</strong> romis papisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
35
evropis didi qveynebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT iranis batonobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tavis <strong>da</strong>xsnas. amrigad, vaxtang VI Semdegi arCevanis<br />
winaSe idga: proiranuli orientaciis SenarCuneba,<br />
prorusuli orientaciis miReba, pro<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
orientaciis miReba.<br />
vaxtang VI-s kargad hqon<strong>da</strong> gaazrebuli<br />
proiranuli orientaciis <strong>da</strong>mRupveli Sedegebi. XVII<br />
saukunis istoria amis bevr magaliTs iZleo<strong>da</strong>. magram es<br />
ar kmaro<strong>da</strong> proiranuli orientaciis uarsayofad. vaxtang<br />
VI xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, Tu rogor sustdebo<strong>da</strong> irani, Sahi risi vaivaglaxiT<br />
axerxeb<strong>da</strong> avRanelTa Semotevis SeCerebas.<br />
yovelive aman vaxtang VI-s ubiZga, zurgi Seeqcia<br />
iranisaTvis.<br />
vaxtang VI-is mier proiranuli orientaciis<br />
uaryofa SeiZleba realobas mTlad moklebuli ar Can<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samagierod, sruliad ararealuri iyo vaxtang VI-is mier<br />
sulxan-saba orbelianis meTaurobiT <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi<br />
iranis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>xmarebis saTxovnelad diplomatiuri<br />
misiis mivlineba. tradiciulad, evropaSi irans<br />
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mokavSired<br />
ganixilavdnen <strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefos interesebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebi irans ar gaanawyenebdnen. asec<br />
mox<strong>da</strong>. 1715 wels sulxan-saba orbeliani evropi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
xelcarieli <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. pro<strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciis<br />
marcxma vaxtang VI iZulebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong> 1716 wels islami<br />
mieRo. Sahma vaxtang VI qarTlis mefed <strong>da</strong>amtkica, magram<br />
1719 wlamde iranSi <strong>da</strong>tova. ratom <strong>da</strong>ayovna Sahma iranSi<br />
vaxtang VI? Sahs amisaTvis seriozuli mizezebi hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
cxadia, iranis Sahis kari Seityob<strong>da</strong> sulxan-sabas<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi vizitisa <strong>da</strong> iq gamarTul<br />
molaparakebaTa Sesaxeb. Ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, SahisaTvis<br />
cnobili iqnebo<strong>da</strong> iranSi myofi vaxtangisa <strong>da</strong> Sahis karze<br />
mivlenili <strong>ruseTi</strong>s despanis a. volinskis saidumlo<br />
kontaqtebis Sesaxebac. es ori mizezi savsebiT sakmarisi<br />
iyo imisaTvis, rom vaxtang VI-s iranis Sahis ndoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>ekarga.<br />
prorusuli orientaciis vaxtang VI sabolood<br />
sulxan-sabas evropi<strong>da</strong>n xelcarieli <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg<br />
(1715 w.) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvet<strong>da</strong>. aucilebeli iyo qarTlSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>bruneba <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myareba. swored amiT<br />
36
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ganpirobebuli oTxwliani yoymanis Semdeg<br />
vaxtang VI-is mier islamis miReba (1716 w.). amis Semdeg<br />
Sahs vaxtang VI-is iranSi <strong>da</strong>yovnebis mizezi aRar un<strong>da</strong><br />
hqono<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, Sahi vaxtang VI-s<br />
aRar endobo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi iranSi yofna maqsimalurad<br />
gaaxangrZliva. 1719 wels qarTlis mefe samSobloSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri kavSiris<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>iwyo mzadeba.<br />
amrigad, vaxtang VI-is mier prorusuli<br />
orientaciis aRiareba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> iZulebiT nabijs.<br />
aseTi sarisko ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba ganpirobebuli iyo<br />
iranis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>savleT evropi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
miuReblobiTa <strong>da</strong> pira<strong>da</strong>d vaxtang VI-is Zlieri<br />
antiiranuli ganwyobiT (mefes Rrmad swam<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
proiranuli orientacia samu<strong>da</strong>mod <strong>da</strong>Rupav<strong>da</strong> qveyanas).<br />
marTalia, vaxtang VI-is prorusuli orientacia<br />
iZulebiT nabijs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, magram misi miReba mainc<br />
garkveul gaTvlebs emyarebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTlis mefis Canafiqrs<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> rogorc realuri, ise ararealuri safuZveli.<br />
pirveli. vaxtang VI savsebiT sworad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom ruseTs samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n, kerZod<br />
qarTli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n, aseve azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n iranis<br />
gandevna SeeZlo.<br />
meore. vaxtang VI-m ver gaiTvaliswina, rom<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SeWras ar <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTi <strong>da</strong> ruseTs iranis gavlenis sferoebis xelSi<br />
Cagdebas ar <strong>da</strong>anebeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mesame. vaxtang VI-m verc is gaiTvaliswina, rom<br />
irani, <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT ki osmaleTi, saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi aqtiurad gamoiyenebdnen Crdilo kavkasiel<br />
islamis aRmsarebel xalxebs, rac did sirTuleebs<br />
Seuqmni<strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWril ruseTs.<br />
meoTxe. marTalia, am droisaTvis (1719 w.)<br />
CrdiloeTis omis msvlelobaSi (<strong>da</strong>iwyo 1700 w.)<br />
mopovebuli warmatebebis Semdeg ruseTs praqtikulad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wrili hqon<strong>da</strong> umTavresi geostrategiuli amocana<br />
(baltiis zRvis sanapiroebis xelSi Cagdeba), magram<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi gabatoneba jer kidev ar iTvlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s sagareo politikis pirvelxarisxovan amocanad.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sTvis gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo<br />
37
CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi ganmtkiceba, dunaispireTis<br />
xelSi Cagdeba <strong>da</strong> balkaneTSi SeWra. am geostrategiuli<br />
amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra azovisa <strong>da</strong> yubanispireTi<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis<br />
gandevniTa <strong>da</strong> yirimis saxanos <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuliyo. am rTuli miznebis ganxorcieleba ki<br />
osmaleTTan omis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia<br />
isic, rom dunaispireTsa <strong>da</strong> balkaneTSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SeWris<br />
winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebi. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> iranis winaaRmdeg did omSi ar<br />
Caebmebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefos mokavSired ar<br />
gamoadgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1722 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatorma petre I-ma<br />
kaspiispireTSi laSqroba <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> iranis winaaRmdeg<br />
omSi mokavSireoba mefe vaxtang VI-s SesTavaza.<br />
ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri kavSiris<br />
winaaRmdegi iyo qarTlis samefo <strong>da</strong>rbazis umravlesoba,<br />
taxtis memkvidre, iranis Sahis gvardiis sardlad<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnuli baqari. baqari mamas urCev<strong>da</strong>, Tun<strong>da</strong>c ruseTTan<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiris SenarCunebis pirobebSi<br />
avRanelebisgan ukiduresad Seviwroebuli SahisaTvis<br />
qarTlis jaris nawili mieSvelebina, raTa iranTan<br />
urTierToba sabolood ar gaefuWebinaT. vaxtang VI-m<br />
proiranul orientaciaze sabolood uari Tqva, 40aTasiani<br />
jari Sekriba <strong>da</strong> petre I-Tan molaparakebis<br />
Tanaxmad ganjasTan <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>. amasobaSi avRanelebma<br />
iranis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi ispahani aiRes. <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
samefos samxedro-politikurma kavSirma, cxadia,<br />
SeaSfoTa osmaleTi. osmaleTis sulTanma sworad<br />
Seafasa viTareba: imxanad (1722 w.) irans qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s erToblivi laSqrobis mogerieba ar SeeZlo.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier iranis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTs<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi Zlieri konkurenti uCndebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s samxedro-politikuri kavSiris<br />
CaSlas osmaleTi imiT Seeca<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTlis mefe<br />
vaxtang VI-s mokavSireoba SesTavaza. vaxtang VI-m sworad<br />
amoicno osmaleTis Canafiqri _ samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
Zlieri <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas osmaleTs isev susti<br />
iranis SenarCuneba erCivna. qarTlis mefis ga<strong>da</strong>bireba<br />
osmaleTs swored iranis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisTvis, anu <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWris Sesaferxeblad sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
38
marTalia, osmaleTis sulTnis Canafiqri vaxtang VI-m<br />
kargad amoicno, magram is ki veRar gaTvala, rom<br />
osmaleTis sulTnis SemoTavazebaze uaris TqmiT<br />
samomavlod iranTan erTad osmaleTic ga<strong>da</strong>imtera. ufro<br />
zustad, vaxtang VI politikaSi yovlad gaumarTlebel<br />
riskze wavi<strong>da</strong> _ qarTlis bedi mxolod petre I-is mier<br />
iranis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>wyebul laSqrobas <strong>da</strong>ukavSira <strong>da</strong><br />
ukan <strong>da</strong>saxevi gza, iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan morigebis<br />
Sansi, aRar <strong>da</strong>itova.<br />
petre I-s kargad hqon<strong>da</strong> gaazrebuli yvela is<br />
garTuleba, romelic samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> kerZod,<br />
kaspiispireTSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SeWrasa <strong>da</strong> iranis winaaRmdeg<br />
farTomasStabian omis <strong>da</strong>wyebas mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>. 1722 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebul laSqrobas geostrategiuli miznebi arc<br />
hqonia. rogorc ki mosalodneli garTulebis konturebi<br />
moixaza, petre I-ma <strong>da</strong>rubandis aRebis Semdeg laSqroba<br />
Sewyvita. vaxtang VI gaRizianebuli iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
winaSe marto <strong>da</strong>rCa. Pprorusuli orientacia ukve<br />
meramdened kraxiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. 1724 wels vaxtang VI<br />
ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewa. 3<br />
qarTlis mefis vaxtang VI-is prorusuli<br />
orientaciis wyalobiT gaCanagebuli qveyana kaxeTis<br />
samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebma Teimuraz II-m <strong>da</strong> misma<br />
vaJma erekle II-m proiranul orientaciaze <strong>da</strong>brunebiT<br />
ixsnes. maTTvis vaxtang VI-is <strong>da</strong>mRupveli politikis<br />
Sedegebi kargi gakveTili aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
iranis Sahma nadirmac (1736-1747) swori <strong>da</strong>skvnebi gaakeTa<br />
winamorbedi sefiani Sahebis moRvaweobi<strong>da</strong>n. nadir-Sahi<br />
mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s (qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis)<br />
amogdebis, islamis rjulze moqcevis politikam kraxi<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, iranis Sahebis politikam aiZula<br />
vaxtang VI prorusuli orientacia mieRo, ramac didi<br />
safrTxe Seuqmna irans. nadir-Sahi kargad xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoWras <strong>ruseTi</strong> momavalSi kvlav<br />
Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>. am SemTxvevaSi iranisagan Seviwroebuli<br />
qarTli <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi, bunebrivad, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mokavSireebad<br />
iqceodnen. gamomdinare aqe<strong>da</strong>n, nadir-Sahma miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa<br />
garkveuli <strong>da</strong>Tmobebis gziT qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
samefoebi proiranul orientaciaze <strong>da</strong>eyoliebina, raTa<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s gaaqtiurebis SemTxvevaSi maT mefeebi vaxtang<br />
39
VI-is politikas aRar mibrunebodnen. amiT iyo<br />
ganpirobebuli nadir-Sahis mier 1744 wels qarTlis mefed<br />
Teimuraz II-sa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefed erekle II-is <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba.<br />
mefed <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis pirobad iranis Sahs islamis miReba ar<br />
wamouyenebia. Teimurazi <strong>da</strong> erekle taxtze qristianebi<br />
avidnen. 1745 wlis 1 oqtombers Teimuraz II qristianuli<br />
wesiT ekurTxa qarTlis mefed. 1632 wlis Semdeg es iyo<br />
pirveli SemTxveva, roca qarTlis samefo taxtze<br />
qristiani mefe avi<strong>da</strong>. nadir-Sahis politika gaagrZela<br />
misma memkvidrem, iranis taxtisaTvis mebrZolma qerimxanma.<br />
nadir-Sahis mkvlelobis Semdeg (1747 w.) iranSi<br />
SinaaSliloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo, Sahis taxtisaTvis brZola didxans<br />
gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. iranis centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sustebiT kargad isargebles Teimuraz II-m <strong>da</strong> erekle<br />
II-m <strong>da</strong> TavianT gavlenas <strong>da</strong>umorCiles erevnis, ganjis,<br />
naxWevanisa <strong>da</strong> yarabaRis saxanoebi. es iyo didi<br />
warmateba. erevnis, ganjis, naxWevanisa <strong>da</strong> yarabaRis xanebi<br />
TiTqmis sityvaSeubruneblad emorCilebodnen qarTlisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebs. am gamarjvebas auferuleb<strong>da</strong> is, rom<br />
Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem didi marcxi iwvnies _ spaseTis<br />
mier warTmeuli uZvelesi qarTuli provincia Warbelaqani<br />
(saingilo) ver SemoierTes. War-belaqanSi<br />
mokalaTebuli <strong>da</strong>Restnelebi gamudmebiT awiokebdnen<br />
kaxeTsa <strong>da</strong> qarTls, itacebdnen mosaxleobas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>RestnelTa TareSs warmoudgenlad didi ziani<br />
mohqon<strong>da</strong> qveynisaTvis. mosaxleoba praqtikulad saomar<br />
mdgomareobaSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Teimuraz II <strong>da</strong> erekle II imTaviTve mixvdnen, rom<br />
qarTveli mefeebis mier War-belaqnis <strong>da</strong>kaveba iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis interesebSi ar Sedio<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>Restnelebis<br />
gamudmebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
samefoebze zemoqmedebis, maTi <strong>da</strong>sustebis saSualebad<br />
ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTSi. <strong>da</strong>RestnelTa<br />
TareSis aRkveTas Teimurazi <strong>da</strong> erekle <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT Seecadnen. 1752 wels ruseTSi sagangebo<br />
elCobac gaigzavna, magram uSedegod. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karma ara marto jaris gamogzavnaze<br />
ganacxa<strong>da</strong> uari, aramed fuladi <strong>da</strong>xmarebac SeuZleblad<br />
miiCnia. peterburgSi swori <strong>da</strong>skvna gaakeTes: War-<br />
40
elaqanSi (saingiloSi) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jaris Sesvla Zalze<br />
gaamwvaveb<strong>da</strong> ruseT-iranisa <strong>da</strong> ruseT-osmaleTis<br />
urTierTobebs.<br />
XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis miwuruli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> 60iani<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> Teimuraz II-isa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekle II-is proiranuli politika. <strong>da</strong>iwyo axali,<br />
prorusuli orientaciis SemuSaveba. Ees umniSvnelovanesi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba xangrZlivi fiqrisa <strong>da</strong> gansjis Sedegi<br />
iyo. prorusuli orientacia Semdeg mosazrebebs<br />
emyarebo<strong>da</strong>: pirveli. Teimurazica <strong>da</strong> ereklec, cxadia,<br />
grZnobdnen, rom iranSi nadir-Sahisa <strong>da</strong> qerim-xanis<br />
politika SeiZleba nebismier momentSi Secvliliyo <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs Tavs <strong>da</strong>stexo<strong>da</strong> sefiani<br />
Sahebisdroindeli agresia. meore. mefeebi imasac<br />
grZnobdnen, rom iranis mbrZaneblebs sulac ar<br />
siamovneb<strong>da</strong>T qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebis diqtati<br />
iranul saxanoebze (ganjaze, erevanze, naxWevansa <strong>da</strong><br />
yarabaRze). rogorc ki iranSi centraluri xelisufleba<br />
Zalas moikreb<strong>da</strong>, Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> erekles morCili<br />
saxanoebi, Saq-Sirvanis xanis haji-Calabis msgavsad,<br />
qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTisaTvis saSiS Zalad iqceodnen. mesame.<br />
<strong>da</strong>RestnelTa amaoxrebeli Semosevebis mogerieba<br />
qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebs Tavisi ZalebiT ar<br />
SeeZloT. saWiro iyo War-belaqnis (saingilos), kakeniselis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>RestnelTaTvis kaxeTSi<br />
SesaWrelad xelsayreli plac<strong>da</strong>rmis warTmeva. es ki<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. mexuTe. Tu<br />
iranSi SinaaSliloba ar <strong>da</strong>sruldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> centraluri<br />
xelisufleba ver gaZlierdebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>sustebuli irani<br />
osmaleTs ver gaumklavdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamoricxuli ar iyo,<br />
rom qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebs osmaluri agresiis<br />
safrTxe Seeqmnebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
Teimuraz II-sa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-s sur<strong>da</strong>T <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis <strong>da</strong>intereseba, raTa mas samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi (kaspiispireTSi) iranis adgili <strong>da</strong>ekavebina. Tu<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> <strong>da</strong>rubandi<strong>da</strong>n baqomde kaspiis zRvis sanapiros<br />
<strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong> ,qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebi or mizans<br />
miaRwevdnen _ <strong>da</strong>RestnelTa TareSi samu<strong>da</strong>mod<br />
aRikveTebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iranis agresiac saSiSi aRar iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
iranuli saxanoebi (ganja, erevani, naxWevani, yarabaRi).<br />
41
iZulebuli gaxdebodnen proqarTuli orientacia<br />
eRiarebinaT. ganwiruli rCebo<strong>da</strong> Saq-Sirvanis saxanoc.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>T zurggamagrebuli qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mimarT<br />
axalcixis faSac <strong>da</strong>mTmobi un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />
Teimuraz II-isa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-is gaTvlebi samxreT<br />
kavkasiiT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis <strong>da</strong>interesebisa <strong>da</strong> mis mier<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis (kaspiispireTis) <strong>da</strong>kavebis<br />
Sesaxeb ararealuri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
ruseTSi Teimuraz II-is (1760-1762 ww.) elCobis<br />
periodisavis ruseTs sul sxva geostrategiuli<br />
amocanebi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxuli: pirveli. prusia, romelsac<br />
zurgs umagreb<strong>da</strong> inglisi, cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gamodevnas<br />
baltiispireTi<strong>da</strong>n. marTalia, Svidwliani omi (1757-1763<br />
ww.) prusiis marcxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, magram inglisis<br />
antirusuli politika amiT ar <strong>da</strong>srulebula. meore.<br />
evropis didi saxelmwifoebi emzadebodnen <strong>da</strong>sustebuli<br />
poloneTis ga<strong>da</strong>sanawileblad. cxadia, poloneTis xarjze<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s gaZliereba miuRebeli iyo evropis didi<br />
qveynebisTvis. poloneTis sakiTxs SeiZleba seriozulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>eZaba ruseT-evropis urTierToba. gamoricxuli ar iyo<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s Sejaxeba evropis saxelmwifoTa koaliciasTan,<br />
romlis Seqmnas sagul<strong>da</strong>gulod cdilob<strong>da</strong> inglisi.<br />
mesame. evropaSi pozicebis SenarCunebisa <strong>da</strong> ganmtkicebis<br />
paralelurad <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis umniSvnelovanes<br />
geostrategiul amocanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
gandevna Crdilo Savi zRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n (yirimis saxanos<br />
likvi<strong>da</strong>cia), dunaispireTis xelSi Cagdeba <strong>da</strong> balkaneTSi<br />
SeWra. aseTi rTuli amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra osmaleTTan omisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> evropis did saxelmwifoebTan (avstria, prusia,<br />
inglisi, safrangeTi) urTierTobis garTulebis gareSe<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo. am SemTxvevaSic SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
evropul koalicias <strong>da</strong>pirispirebo<strong>da</strong>. yovelive<br />
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT:<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi (kaspiispireTSi)<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidreba XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis miwurulsa <strong>da</strong><br />
60-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegs <strong>ruseTi</strong>s uaxloes geostrategiul<br />
amocanas ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amdenad, Teimuraz II-isa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekle II-is prorusul orientacias ganxorcieleba ar<br />
ewera. Teimuraz II-m es cxa<strong>da</strong>d igrZno peterburgSi<br />
yofnisas.<br />
42
mTeli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi (1763-1773 ww.)<br />
erekle II un<strong>da</strong> mimxv<strong>da</strong>riyo, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreTaRmosavleTi<br />
kavkasiis mimarT interess ar iCen<strong>da</strong>. imis<br />
gamo, rom iranSi iseTi sagangaSo araferi xdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefe mainc lodins amjobineb<strong>da</strong>. 1774 wels<br />
ruseT-osmaleTis omis <strong>da</strong>wyebam erekle II-s prorusuli<br />
orientaciis realizebis imedi Causaxa. erekle II-m<br />
amjerad ukve meore strategiuli Secdoma <strong>da</strong>uSva. ruseT-<br />
TurqeTis omi (1768-1774 ww.) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s brwyinvale<br />
gamarjvebiTac rom <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuliyo, <strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi (kaspiispireTSi) mainc ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan samxreT-aRmosavleTi<br />
amierkavkasia iranis gavlenis sfero iyo <strong>da</strong> iq fexis<br />
mokidebisaTvis iranis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba iyo saWiro.<br />
osmaleTTan omis paralelurad ki <strong>ruseTi</strong>, cxadia,<br />
iranTan oms ar wamoiwyeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle II imdenad iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
prorusuli orientaciis realizebiT, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiasTan naklebadmomgebian samxedro-politikur<br />
kavSirsac <strong>da</strong>sTanxm<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTTan omis pirobebSi<br />
imperatori ekaterine II (1762-1796) iranis vasalur<br />
qveyanaSi jars ar gamogzavni<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s, qarTl-kaxeTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> imereTis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
oficialurad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jari imereTis samefoSi<br />
gaigzavnebo<strong>da</strong> (imereTis samefo osmaleTis gavlenis<br />
sferod iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>, cxadia, iq jaris<br />
gagzavnisgan Tavs ar Seikaveb<strong>da</strong>), Semdeg es jari imereTis<br />
samefos jarTan erTad aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vido<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s, qarTl-kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> imereTis<br />
jarebi erTad <strong>da</strong>iZvrebodnen samcxe-javaxeTis (awyuris,<br />
aspinZis, axalcixis, axalqalaqis) osmalTa batonobisagan<br />
gasaTavisufleblad.<br />
ras igebdnen ruseT-imereT-qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiri<strong>da</strong>n ekaterine II, solomon I<br />
<strong>da</strong> erekle II? ekaterine II samxreT kavkasiaSi sabrZolo<br />
moqmedebebis <strong>da</strong>wyebiT garkveul mizans aRwev<strong>da</strong> _<br />
osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> samcxe-javaxeTSi jarisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> artileriis nawili <strong>da</strong>etovebina. solomon I-s Sansi<br />
eZleo<strong>da</strong> imereTSi osmaleTis gavlena an saerTod moespo,<br />
an seriozulad Seesustebina. erekle II-s SesaZlebloba<br />
43
eZleo<strong>da</strong>, samcxe-javaxeTi <strong>da</strong>ebrunebina. erekle II-is<br />
moqmedeba ar iyo bolomde zustad gaTvlili: pirveli.<br />
iranis vasali qarTl-kaxeTis samefo omSi ebmebo<strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg, rac seriozulad gaarTuleb<strong>da</strong><br />
iran-osmaleTis urTierTobas. osmaleTi irans urCi<br />
vasalis (erekle II-is) <strong>da</strong>sjas mosTxov<strong>da</strong>. meore. samcxejavaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
osmaleTis gandevnis Semdeg vis un<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>scemo<strong>da</strong> es teritoria? cxadia, samcxe-javaxeTi<br />
qarTl-kaxeTs un<strong>da</strong> rgdebo<strong>da</strong>. aseT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />
sazavo molaparakebaze osmaleTis protesti mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
osmaleTisTvis samcxe-javaxeTis qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefosaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cema am teritoriis iranis<br />
mflobelobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, radgan osmaleTiranis<br />
urTierTobaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefo iranis<br />
vasalad ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>. amrigad, samcxe-javaxeTis qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefosaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemiT (Tuki es mainc<br />
moxdebo<strong>da</strong>) erekle II samomavlod osmaleTs<br />
upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong>. sabolood ki qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />
samcxe-javaxeTs mainc ver SeinarCuneb<strong>da</strong>. ver<br />
SeinarCuneb<strong>da</strong> ara marto osmaleTTan mosalodneli omis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, aramed manamdec. aRsaniSnavia, rom WarbelaqanSi,<br />
(saingiloSi) mokalaTebuli <strong>da</strong>Restnelebis<br />
mier qarTl-kaxeTis Zarcvasa <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
gatacebas mxolod maSin hqon<strong>da</strong> azri, Tu isini naZarcvsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tyveebs axalcixis gziT osmaleTSi gahyiddnen. ase<br />
rom, awyuris, xerTvisis, axalcixisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis<br />
cixeebSi qarTl-kaxeTis jaris CayenebiT (zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
mdinare mtkvris xeobis nawilze qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
kontrolis <strong>da</strong>wesebiT) <strong>da</strong>Restnelebi gasaRebis bazris<br />
gareSe rCebodnen. axalcixis gziT tyveTa bazris<br />
momaragebiT osmaleTi Zalian iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli. es ki<br />
imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, War-belaqnisa <strong>da</strong> samcxe-javaxeTis<br />
problema erT problemad iqceo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erekle II-s did<br />
Tavsatexs uCen<strong>da</strong>. samcxe-javaxeTis SenarCunebisTvis<br />
aucilebeli ekonomikuri saxsari <strong>da</strong> jari qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. am teritoriis SenarCuneba verc<br />
rusTa mcire razmiT (1000-2000 kaci) iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZlebeli. mesame. samcxe-javaxeTis SemoerTebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi erekle II sxva didi problemis winaSec<br />
dgebo<strong>da</strong>: qarTl-kaxeTis samefo oficialurad xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
44
ori didi saxelmwifos _ iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis _<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebis, anu agresiis obieqti. amrigad, ruseTTan<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiri, romelsac 1770 wels<br />
mdinare mtkvris xeobaSi (awyuris, axalcixis,<br />
axalqalaqis mimarTulebiT) qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> rusTa<br />
erToblivi laSqroba mohyva, warmatebis SemTxvevaSic<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sasikeTos arafers moutan<strong>da</strong>. 4<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is strategiuli<br />
Secdomis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>: XVIII saukunis 60-<br />
70-ian wlebSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mizani ar iyo iranis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi gabatoneba.<br />
am strategiuli Secdomis gamosworebas erekle II<br />
ukve ruseT-osmaleTis omis (1768-1774 ww.) mimdinareobis<br />
procesSi Seeca<strong>da</strong>. SemuSav<strong>da</strong> axali strategia, romlis<br />
arsi SemdgomSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>: qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Sesuliyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi, rac,<br />
erekle II-is azriT, iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis agresiisagan<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis erTaderT saSualebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ramdenad realuri iyo erekle II-is axali<br />
strategiuli kursi? cxadia, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla <strong>ruseTi</strong>s did<br />
warmatebad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>. irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi Zalze<br />
arasasurveli faqtis winaSe aRmoCndebodnen _ qarTlkaxeTis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi Sesvla iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis kavkasiuri politikis marcxis momaswavebeli<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. yovelive amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad upasuxod rCebo<strong>da</strong><br />
kiTxva: ra mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas, Tu <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi SeWras <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n iranis<br />
gandevnas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>, anu qarTl-kaxeTs verc iranis <strong>da</strong><br />
verc <strong>da</strong>RestnelTa agresiisgan ver <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong>? erekle II-s<br />
un<strong>da</strong> scodno<strong>da</strong>, rom aseT viTarebaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos an saerTod ar miiReb<strong>da</strong> mfarvelobaSi,<br />
an Tu miiReb<strong>da</strong>, ver <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong>. amjera<strong>da</strong>c erekle II-m<br />
gaumarTlebeli riski gaswia.<br />
marTalia, 1768-1774 wlebis omSi ruseTma<br />
osmaleTi <strong>da</strong>amarcxa, magram es gamarjveba sakmarisi ar<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Crdilo SavizRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis<br />
sabolood gandevnisaTvis. ruseTma verc yirimis saxanos<br />
likvi<strong>da</strong>cia moaxdina <strong>da</strong> verc dunaispireTi <strong>da</strong>ipyro.<br />
45
alkaneTSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SeWra samomavlod ga<strong>da</strong>iado.<br />
marTalia, poloneTis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisTvis brZola<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sTvis xelsayrelad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, magram TviT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis procesi 1795 wlamde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. amrigad.<br />
XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis meore naxevarsa <strong>da</strong> 80-ian<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegs <strong>ruseTi</strong> ori geostrategiuli amocanis<br />
SesrulebisTvis ibrZo<strong>da</strong>: CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
dunaispireTis gavliT balkaneTSi SeWra <strong>da</strong> poloneTis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis Tavis sasargeblod <strong>da</strong>sruleba.<br />
am viTarebaSi erekle II-m qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas ki miaRwia,<br />
magram Tavisi qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT <strong>ruseTi</strong>sgan veraferi miiRo. ufro metic,<br />
erekle II-m ver amoicno didi safrTxe, romelic samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gaaqtiurebas mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> imis realuri safrTxe, rom samxreT kavkasiis<br />
politikur rukaze qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis adgili<br />
aRar <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong> sanam iranis winaaRmdeg did oms<br />
wamoiwyeb<strong>da</strong>, manamde qarTl-kaxeTSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas<br />
Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo Tavisi samxedroekonomikuri<br />
potencialiT imdenad umniSvnelo Zalas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, rom rusi diplomatebi <strong>da</strong> samxedroebi mas<br />
seriozul Zalad ar aRiqvamdnen. Samagierod samefos<br />
teritoria Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo samxedrostrategiuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT. Erekle II-m verc is SeamCnia,<br />
rom georgeevskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debiT (1783 w.) man, rogorc<br />
prorusuli orientaciis mefem, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
karis TvalSi pirvandeli mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong>hkarga, Tavisi<br />
misia amowura.<br />
georgievskis traqtati ar iyo is dokumenti,<br />
romelic SeZleb<strong>da</strong>, samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWra<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis geostrategiul mimarTulebad eqcia.<br />
swored amitom iyo, rom ekaterine II-m jer traqtatis<br />
<strong>da</strong>deba gaaWianura (1772-1782 ww.) , xolo traqtatis<br />
<strong>da</strong>debis Semdeg sicocxlis bolomde (1783-1796 ww.) misi<br />
SesrulebisTvis araferi gaukeTebia.<br />
erekle II-is miswrafeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
geostrategiuli gegmebi winaaRmdegobaSi movi<strong>da</strong><br />
erTmaneTTan, ramac erekle II-is Canafiqris realizeba<br />
samomavlod ga<strong>da</strong>do. mfarvelobis formalurma aqtma<br />
46
(georgievskis traqtatma) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
usafrTxoeba ver uzrunvelyo, samagierod, Zalze<br />
gaaRiziana irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi. 5<br />
erekle II-is prorusuli orientacia kraxiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. ruseTTan samxerdo-politikuri kavSiriT<br />
erekle II-m imdenad Sors Sestopa, rom verc pira<strong>da</strong>d mefe<br />
man <strong>da</strong> verc misma memkvidrem giorgi XII-m (1798-1800)<br />
prorusuli orientacia veRar Secvales, Tumca oriveni,<br />
iseve rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxlis wevrebi,<br />
kargad grZnobdnen <strong>da</strong>mRupveli politikis Sedegs. ase<br />
mivi<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefo 1801 wlis katastrofamde.<br />
didxans emzadebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis gasaZeveblad <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTeli samxreT kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
vaxtang VI-isa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-is prorusul politikas<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba arc hqon<strong>da</strong>. Prorusuli<br />
orientaciis Secvlis SemTxvevaSic irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi<br />
erekle II-s aRar endobodnen. ase rom erekle II-s sur<strong>da</strong><br />
Tu ar sur<strong>da</strong>, wagebuli TamaSi un<strong>da</strong> eTamaSa, prorusuli<br />
orientacia un<strong>da</strong> SeenarCunebina. Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve cxadi iyo, rom<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTod, mTeli samxreT kavkasia iranosmaleT-ruseTs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi gamarjvebuls<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>. grZnobdnen Tu ara am saSiSroebas qarTveli<br />
mefe-mTavrebi? cxadia, grZnobdnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis didi qveynebis sruli inertulobis<br />
pirobebSi qarTveli xelisufalni <strong>da</strong> diplomatebi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s faqtoris amoqmedebas jiutad cdilobdnen,<br />
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s strategiuli<br />
interesebis SeuTavseblobas ver amCnevdnen.<br />
samaswliani marcxiani sagareo politikis<br />
logikuri Sedegi iyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiasa <strong>da</strong> qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos Soris <strong>da</strong>debuli georgievskis traqtati<br />
(1783 w.), xolo misi tragikuli gagrZeleba_ qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos, samegrelos samTavros, guriis<br />
samTavros, imereTis samefos <strong>da</strong>pyroba (1801-1810 ww.).<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> sxva mxriva<strong>da</strong>c kargad iyo momzadebuli. man or<br />
omSi (1804-1813 ww. <strong>da</strong> 1826-1828 ww.) iranisa <strong>da</strong> aseve or<br />
omSi (1806-1812 ww <strong>da</strong> 1828-1829 ww.) osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>marcxebiT<br />
am muslimur saxelmwifoebs uari aTqmevina samxreT<br />
kavkasiaze. metic, <strong>da</strong>pyrobil <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ruseTma am<br />
47
wyinvale gamarjvebebis wyalobiT erT dros iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis mier mitacebuli qarTuli miwebic miumata.<br />
gulistanisa (1813 w.) <strong>da</strong> TurqmanCais (1826 w.) zavebiT<br />
ruseTma irans War-belaqani (saingilo) <strong>da</strong>aTmobina, xolo<br />
buqarestisa (1812 w.) <strong>da</strong> adrianopolis (1829 w.) zavebiT<br />
osmaleTisgan soxumi, foTi, axalcixe, axalqalaqi,<br />
awyuri, aspinZa, xerTvisi, qvabliani, abasTumani <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
teritoria miiRo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s warmatebuli brZola samxreT<br />
kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis gandevnisaTvis verc marcxianma<br />
yirimis omma (1853-1856 ww.) Seaferxa. 1877-1878 wlebis omSi<br />
gamarjvebis Semdeg <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis sazRvrebi kidev<br />
ufro gafarTov<strong>da</strong> _ san-stefanos zaviTa (1878 w.) <strong>da</strong><br />
berlinis kongresis (1878 w.) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, ruseTma<br />
amjerad aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, artanuji, kola,<br />
artaani, olTisi miiRo.<br />
qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis wamgebianma prorusulma<br />
politikam <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias ara marto qarTuli samefosamTavroebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyroba gauadvila, aramed Zalze<br />
xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmna somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
<strong>da</strong>uflebisaTvis, anu am teritorii<strong>da</strong>n iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis gaZevebisaTvis, rac gulistanis (1813 w.),<br />
TurqmanCaisa (1828 w.) <strong>da</strong> adrianopolis (1829 w.) zavebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>kanon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pyrobam ruseTs gauadvila<br />
Crdilo kavkasiel xalxTa winaaRmdeg brZola <strong>da</strong> am<br />
regionis <strong>da</strong>pyroba (1864 w.) 6<br />
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli wyaroebi <strong>da</strong><br />
literatura:<br />
1. С. Белокуров. Сношения России с Кавказом. Вып. I.<br />
1578-1613. М., 1889; А. Цагарели. Сношения России с Кавказом в<br />
XVI-XVIII вв. СПБ., 1891; i. cincaZe. Ziebani <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (X-XVI ss.). Tb., 1956;<br />
levan aleqsiZe <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba XV-XVII saukuneebSi. Tb., 1983;<br />
no<strong>da</strong>r asaTiani. kaxeTis samefo XV-XVI saukuneebSi.<br />
sadoqtoro disertacia (xelnaweri). Tb., 1989;<br />
2. А. Цагарели. Сношения России с Кавказом в XVI-<br />
XVIII вв. СПБ., 1891; М. Полиевктов. Посольство князя<br />
Мышецкого и дьяка Ключанова в Кахетию 1640-1643. ТБ., 1937; n.<br />
48
erZeniSvili. ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s urTierTobis<br />
istorii<strong>da</strong>n XV-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze. _ masalebi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis istoriisaTvis. nakveTi I. Tb.,<br />
1944, gv. 3-169; Н. Накашидзе. Грузино-русские политические<br />
отношения в первой половине XVII века. ТБ., 1968;<br />
3. А. Цагарели. Грамоты и другие исторические<br />
Документы XVIII столетия отнасящиеся до грузии. Том 1. СПБ.,<br />
1891; iv. javaxiSvili. <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ruseTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris XVIII saukuneSi. Tb., 1919; al.<br />
fircxalaiSvili. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-ruseT-iran-TurqeTis<br />
urTierTobani XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. Tb., 2000;<br />
g. paiWaZe. vaxtang VI. Tb., 1981; В. Лысцов. Персидский паход<br />
Петра I. 1722-1723. М., 1951.<br />
4. П. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа с<br />
1722 по 1803 год. Часть I-III. СПБ., 1869; А. Цагарели. Грамоты и<br />
другие исторические Документы XVIII столетия отнасящиеся до<br />
грузии. Том II. Вып. I. СПБ., 1892; Том II. Вып. II. СПБ., 1902; iv.<br />
javaxiSvili. <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
Soris XVIII saukuneSi. Tb., 1919; v. maWaraZe. masalebi XVIII<br />
saukunis meore naxevris ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s urTierTobis<br />
istoriisTvis. nawili I. Tb., 2007; nawili II. Tb., 1968;<br />
nawili III. nakveTi I. Tb., 1988; nawili III. nakveTi II. Tb.,<br />
1997.<br />
5. З. Ававлов. Присоединение Грузии к России. СПБ.,<br />
1906; iv. javaxiSvili. <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ruseTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris XVIII saukuneSi. Tb., 1919; i. cincaZe.<br />
1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Tb., 1960; levan<br />
aleqsiZe <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba XV-XVII saukuneebSi. Tb., 1983;<br />
v. maWaraZe. georgeevskis traqtati. Tb., 1983; g. paiWaZe.<br />
georgeevskis traqtati. Tb., 1983;<br />
6. Акты, собранные Кавказскою археографическою<br />
коммиссиею. под редакцией А.Д. Берже. Том I. Тиф., 1866; Н.<br />
Дубровин. Георгий XII, паследный царь Грузии и Присоединение<br />
ее к России. СПБ., 1897; Н. Дубровин. Закавказье от 1803-1806<br />
года. СПБ., 1866; П. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории<br />
Кавказа с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть III СПБ., 1869; С. Бурнашев.<br />
Картина Грузии. Тиф., 1896; p. ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi<br />
49
mecametisa. Tb., 1936; Утверждение русского владычества на<br />
Кавказе. Том I - IV. Тиф., 1901-1908.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: krebulSi ,,<strong>da</strong>viT kacitaZe 80.”<br />
Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 162-186<br />
50
4. prorusuli orientaciis<br />
alternativa<br />
samsaukunovani prorusuli politikuri<br />
orientacia XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs qarTveli erisaTvis<br />
didi katastrofiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> _ qarTuli samefosamTavroebi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiam <strong>da</strong>ipyro. ratom<br />
cdilobdnen qarTveli mefeebi, qarTveli diplomatebi ase<br />
<strong>da</strong>JinebiT, ase jiutad prorusuli orientaciis<br />
realizebas _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTisagan <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cvas? arsebob<strong>da</strong> Tu ara<br />
prorusuli orientaciis alternativa? erTmorwmune<br />
ruseTze orientacia iyo erTaderTi gamosavali Tu<br />
sabediswero strategiuli Secdoma? am kiTxvebze pasuxs<br />
Cven mxolod warsulis obieqturad Seswavlis mizniT ar<br />
veZiebT. yovelive es mWidro kavSirSia dRevandelobasTan.<br />
XVI saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis brZola samxreT kavkasiisaTvis<br />
(amierkavkasiisaTvis). samefo-samTavroebad <strong>da</strong>Slili<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> realuri safrTxis winaSe <strong>da</strong>dga. es safrTxe<br />
kidev ufro gaZlier<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg rac iranma (samxreTaRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n)<br />
<strong>da</strong> osmaleTma (Crdilo <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n)<br />
kavkasiis mTianeTSi SeRweva SeZles <strong>da</strong> iqauri mosaxleoba<br />
gaamahmadianes. Sav zRvaze gabaton<strong>da</strong> osmaleTi, kaspiis<br />
zRvaze _ irani. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s garSemo Seikra muslimuri<br />
saxelmwifoebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxebis wre. qarTveli mefeebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTveli diplomatebis winaSe mTeli simwvaviT <strong>da</strong>isva<br />
mokavSiris povnis sakiTxi.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT muslimur saxelmwifoTa<br />
agresiis mogeriebis imedi pirvelad kaxeTis samefo<br />
51
saxls Caesaxa. 1483 wels (zogierTi cnobiT 1491 wels)<br />
kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre I-ma (1476-1511) moskovis did<br />
mTavars ivane III-s (1462-1505) elCoba gaugzavna. ras<br />
emyarebo<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefis gaTvla <strong>da</strong> ratom hqon<strong>da</strong> mas<br />
moskovis didi mTavris <strong>da</strong>xmarebis imedi CvenTvis<br />
cnobili ar aris. samagierod sakmaod kargad aris<br />
cnobili moskovis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s garSemo Seqmnili samxedropolitikuri<br />
viTareba. moskovis did mTavars ivane III-s<br />
1471-1479 wlebSi seriozuli omis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> mouwia<br />
novgorodis SemoerTebis mizniT. novgorodis mokavSired<br />
gamodio<strong>da</strong> poloneT-litvis (JeC-pospolitas) mefe kazimir<br />
IV (1427-1492). omi poloneT-litvasa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> nebismier dros <strong>da</strong>wyebuliyo. 1485 wels ivane<br />
III-m tveris samTavro SemoierTa. tveris mTavari litvaSi<br />
gaiqca <strong>da</strong> litvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong> taxtis<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebas. didi Zalisxmevis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ivane III-m<br />
moskovis samTavros garSemo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s miwebis gaerTianeba<br />
ver <strong>da</strong>asrula _ ver moaxerxa smolenskis, fskovisa <strong>da</strong><br />
riazanis samTavroebis SemoerTeba. ruseTs CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n (baltiispireTi<strong>da</strong>n) gamudmebiT<br />
aviwrovebdnen germaneli raindebi <strong>da</strong> Svecia. ukrainasa <strong>da</strong><br />
belorusiaSi gabatonebuli poloneTis samefo <strong>da</strong> litvis<br />
didi samTavro <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s miwebis mitacebas<br />
cdilobdnen. omebi xan Sewydebo<strong>da</strong>, xan isev<br />
ganaxldebo<strong>da</strong>. 1492-1494 wlebSi ivane III-s omi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
litvasTan. 1500-1503 wlebSi ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> litvas Soris<br />
kvlav omi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. 1<br />
didi safrTxe emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTs samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
marTalia, 1480 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong> monRolTa (oqros urdos)<br />
batonobisagan ganTavisufl<strong>da</strong>, magram viTareba kvlav<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabuli rCebo<strong>da</strong>. XVI saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis oqros<br />
urdom arseboba Sewyvita, magram amas <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mdgomareoba ar gauumjobesebia. moskovis samxreTiT,<br />
samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTiTa <strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleTiT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saxelmwifos sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT emTxveo<strong>da</strong><br />
dRevandeli moskovis olqis sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> moskovis<br />
olqis gar<strong>da</strong> moicav<strong>da</strong> dRevandeli kalugisa <strong>da</strong> tulis<br />
olqebis mxolod nawils. ufro samxreTiT uzarmazar<br />
teritoriaze _ vidre astraxanamde, Crdilo kavkasiis<br />
miwiswineTamde <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT Savi zRvispiramde (yirimis<br />
52
naxevarkunZulis CaTvliT) kvlav monRolebi batonobdnen.<br />
isini sistematiurad SeiWrebodnen xolme moskovis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s sazRvrebSi <strong>da</strong> qveyanas iklebdnen. 2<br />
aseT viTarebaSi 1483 wels (an Tun<strong>da</strong>c 1491 wels)<br />
kaxeTis mefis aleqsandre I-is mier moskovis didi<br />
mTavris ivane III-is karze elCobis gagzavna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
Txovna, cxadia, veraviTar Sedegs ver moitan<strong>da</strong>. ruseTs<br />
Tavisi saqme uWir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kidec rom moendomebina<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s muslimur saxelmwifoebTan brZolaSi ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> Tu ara raime realuri safuZveli<br />
qarTveli mefeebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTveli diplomatbis prorusul<br />
orietacias Semdgom xanebSi? movlenaTa analizi<br />
gviCvenebs, rom prorusul orientacias arc XVI-XVII<br />
saukuneebSi hqon<strong>da</strong> realuri safuZveli.<br />
XVI saukuneSi vasil III-is (1505-1533),<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki ivane IV mrisxanis didi mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mefobis periodSi (1533-1584), <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifo<br />
mniSvnelovnad gaZlier<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi kvlav ararealur Zalad rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ivane IV-m SesZlo oqros urdos <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg<br />
warmoqmnili yazanisa (1552 w.) <strong>da</strong> astraxanis (1556 w.)<br />
monRoluri saxanoebis likvi<strong>da</strong>cia, magram veraferi<br />
<strong>da</strong>aklo mesame monRolur saxanos _ yirimis saxanos.<br />
yirimis xani 120-150 aTasian laSqars kreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ganukiTxavad arbev<strong>da</strong> uzarmazar teritorias azovisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Savi zRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n moskovamde. ramdenimejer yirimis<br />
xanma yvela kordoni ga<strong>da</strong>laxa <strong>da</strong> moskovis kedlebTan<br />
gamoCn<strong>da</strong> (qalaqis nawili ga<strong>da</strong>wva). astraxanis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis<br />
Semdeg ivane IV-m samxreTSi aqtiuri samxedro<br />
operaciebis warmoeba Sewyvita. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifos<br />
strategiul amocanad iqca baltiispireTis <strong>da</strong>pyroba.<br />
baltiispireTisaTvis warmoebuli, gaWianurebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
marcxiani livoniis omis (1558-1583 ww.) gamo <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
kavkasiaSi saerTod ararealur Zalad iqca. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
aqtiurobas samxreTSi Zalze zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> poloneTis<br />
samefosa <strong>da</strong> litvis Zlieri poziciebi ukrainasa <strong>da</strong><br />
belorusiaSi. XVII saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs ruseTs<br />
erTdroulad ebrZodnen Svecia <strong>da</strong> poloneTi. es omi<br />
ruseTs Zvirad <strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong> _ Sveciam miitaca Crdilo-<br />
53
<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s miwebi, xolo poloneTma <strong>da</strong>savleTisa. 3<br />
baltiispireTi<strong>da</strong>n Sveciis, ukraini<strong>da</strong>n poloneTis,<br />
belorusii<strong>da</strong>n litvis, Savi zRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n yirimis<br />
saxanos mudmivi agresiis momlodine <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis rom mokavSire <strong>da</strong> mfarveli ver<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> es cxa<strong>da</strong>d un<strong>da</strong> egrZnoT kaxTa mefeebs<br />
aleqsandre II-s (1574-1605), Teimuraz I-s (1606-1648).<br />
cxadia, qarTveli mefeebs, kerZod, aleqsandre IIsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-is prorusuli orientacia garkveuli<br />
mizezebiT iyo gapirobebuli. am mizezTagan umTavresi<br />
iyo: pirveli: <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoebis,<br />
kaTolikuri samyaros sruli inertuloba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>uinteresebloba samxreT kavkasiiT; meore. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
CrdiloeTiT moskovis didi mTavris mier rusuli miwebis<br />
gaerTianebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba <strong>da</strong> marTlmadidebluri saxelmwifos<br />
_ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gaZliereba.<br />
qarTvel mefeebs, qarTvel diplomatebs Zalze<br />
mcire informacia gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
qveynebis, ise <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saSinao viTarebisa <strong>da</strong> sagareo<br />
politikis, samxedro <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri potencialis<br />
Taobaze. Zalze zerele <strong>da</strong> bundovani warmodgena hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />
iran-evropis, osmaleT-evropis, ruseT-evropis, <strong>ruseTi</strong>ranis,<br />
ruseT-osmaleTis urTierTobaTa Taobaze.<br />
yovelive aman ganapiroba sagareopolitikuri kursis<br />
SemuSavebisas <strong>da</strong>Svebuli didi strategiuli Secdoma _<br />
ruseTze orientacia.<br />
prorusul orientacias Seewira aleqsandre II<br />
(iranis Sahma moakvlevina Tavissave gamahmadianebul<br />
Svils) <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I (iranis Sahis tyveobaSi<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>icvala). marcxiani prorusuli orientaciis Sedegi<br />
iyo qarTlis <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefo taxtebze gamahmadinebuli<br />
bagrationebis rostomis (1632-1658), vaxtang V Sahnavazis<br />
(1658-1675), giorgi XI-is (1675-1709), erekle I nazarali-xanis<br />
(1688-1709), qaixosros (1709-1711), <strong>da</strong>viT II imamyuli-xanis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sma Sahis mier.<br />
prorusuli orientacia TiTqos <strong>da</strong>viwyebas un<strong>da</strong><br />
miscemo<strong>da</strong>. mizezi sakmarisze meti iyo. mox<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ujerebeli ram. 1703 wels qarTlis samefos janiSinad<br />
(mmarTvelad) <strong>da</strong>niSnulma gamahmadianebuli giorgi XI-is<br />
ZmisSvilma, momavalma mefem vaxtang VI-m prorusuli<br />
54
orientacia aaRorZina <strong>da</strong> misi realizebisTvis Seupovari<br />
brZolac <strong>da</strong>iwyo. aleqsandre II-sa <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-is<br />
prorusul orientacias vinmem kidev SeiZleba raime<br />
gamrTleba mouZebnos, magram amas ver vityviT vaxtang VIze.<br />
vaxtang VI-s aleqsandre II-sa <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-Tan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gacilebiT ukeTesi pirobebi hqon<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis,<br />
rom kargad gaeazrebina prorusuli orientaciis yvela<br />
<strong>da</strong>mRupveli Sedegi, ar gaemeorebina winamorbedTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mRupveli Secdomebi. vaxtang VI-s, yvelafers rom Tavi<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaneboT ufro meti informacia hqon<strong>da</strong> iranis,<br />
osmaleTis, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebis<br />
sagareopolitikuri kursis, saerTaSoriso asparezze<br />
Seqmnili ZalTa Tanafardobisa <strong>da</strong> movlenaTa Semdgomi<br />
ganviTarebis, perspeqtivis Taobaze. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa vaxtang<br />
VI iyo uaRresad ganaTlebuli a<strong>da</strong>miani, mravalmxriv<br />
sayuradRebo moazrovne, mkvlevari, mecnieri.<br />
proiranuli orientaciis uaryofis Taobaze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba vaxtang VI-m iranSi iZulebiT yofnis<br />
periodSi (1712-1719 ww.) miiRo. vaxtang VI axali<br />
politikuri orientaciis or SesaZlo variants<br />
amuSaveb<strong>da</strong>: <strong>da</strong>savleT evropulsa <strong>da</strong> rusuls. <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropis qveynebi imxanad iranis gaZlierebis politikas<br />
adgnen. aseTi politika ganapiroba obieqturma viTarebam.<br />
osmaleTi, romelic mtkiced <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> balkaneTis<br />
naxevarkunZulze, did safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropis qveynebs. irani erTaderTi qveyana iyo, romelsac<br />
aziaSi aqtiuri sabrZolo moqmedebebiT SeeZlo<br />
osmaleTis Zalebis mizidva <strong>da</strong> amiT <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
qveynebisaTvis mdgomareobis Semsubuqeba. 4<br />
cxadia, aseT viTarebaSi iranis winaaRmdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi mokavSiris Zebna gulubryviloba iyo.<br />
swored amitom iyo, rom <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi<br />
diplomatiuri misiiT mivlinebuli sulxan-saba<br />
orbeliani 1715 wels samSobloSi xelcarieli <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am droi<strong>da</strong>n jer kidev iranSi myofi vaxtang VI prorusul<br />
orientaciis realizebaze iwyebs zrunvas. prorusuli<br />
orientaciis realizebis gzaze pirveli nabiji <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
elCTan artiom volinskisTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba iyo.<br />
mefed <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis (1716 w.) Semdeg, 1719 wels, qarTlSi<br />
55
<strong>da</strong>brunebuli vaxtang VI aqtiurad iRwvis ruseTTan<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiris <strong>da</strong>samyareblad. 5<br />
SeeZlo Tu ara ruseTs am periodisaTvis (1719-1722<br />
ww.) aqtiurad Careuliyo samxreT kavkasiis (aRmosavleT<br />
amierkavkasiis) saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefo iranis<br />
batonobisagan gaeTavisuflebina.? Cveni azriT, <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
mzad ar iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi iranis winaaRmdeg<br />
sabrZolvelad. es gapirobebuli iyo Semdegi mizezebiT:<br />
pirveli. CrdiloeTis omSi (1700-1721 ww.)<br />
gamarjvebiT marTalia ruseTma baltiispireTi miiRo,<br />
magram xangrZlivma omma qveynis ekonomikas Zlieri<br />
<strong>da</strong>rtyma miayena. axali didi omis <strong>da</strong>wyeba ruseTs aRar<br />
SeeZlo.<br />
meore. realurad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiasa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
samefos erToblivi moqmedebiT aRmosavleT<br />
amierkavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iranis gandevna SeeZloT, magram samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gabatonebas arasgziT ar <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTi. osmaleTTan omi ki <strong>ruseTi</strong>sTvis Zneli <strong>da</strong><br />
xangrZlivi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mesame. samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>wyebul ruseTosmaleTis<br />
oms Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenebdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebi (inglisi, safrangeTi, avstria).<br />
es omi <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebs saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong>T<br />
SeesustebinaT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s poziciebi Crdilo Savi<br />
zRvispireTSi, balkaneTSi <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria,<br />
baltiispireTSi.<br />
meoTxe. CrdiloeTis omSi (1700-1721 ww.)<br />
gamarjvebis Semdeg <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis sagareo politikis<br />
umTavres mimarTulebebs Seadgen<strong>da</strong>: a) baltiispireTSi<br />
ganmtkiceba, b) mdinare dnepris marcxena napiris<br />
ukrainaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba <strong>da</strong> marjvena napiris ukrainis<br />
xelSi Cagdeba, g) yirimis saxanos likvi<strong>da</strong>cia <strong>da</strong><br />
CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba, d) balkaneTis<br />
naxevarkunZulze SeWra. samxreT kavkasia, ufro zustad<br />
misi aRmosavleTi nawili, ar Sedio<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
strategiuli <strong>da</strong>interesebis sferoSi. 1722 wlis<br />
agvistoSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarebis SeWra kaspiispireTSi mxolod<br />
viTarebis <strong>da</strong>zvervas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad <strong>da</strong> ara regioni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iranis gandevnas.<br />
56
vaxtang VI-is mier petre I-Tan iranis winaaRmdeg<br />
samxedro politikuri kavSiris Sekvra (1722 w.)<br />
strategiuli Secdoma iyo. proiranuli orientacia<br />
aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis pasiuri<br />
politikis pirobebSi erTaderTi swori orientacia iyo.<br />
vaxtang VI-s Tavis sasargeblod un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyenebina<br />
avRanelebis Setevis Sedegad iranSi Seqmnili umZimesi<br />
viTareba. qarTlis mefe ki piriqiT moiqca. 1722 wlis<br />
martSi Sahma avRanelebTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>Rupuli rostomis<br />
(vaxtang VI-is Zmis) nacvlad Tavis gvardiis sardlad<br />
vaxtangis vaJi baqari <strong>da</strong>niSna <strong>da</strong> igi qarTlis jarTan<br />
erTad saswrafod iranSi <strong>da</strong>ibara. baqarma jari Sekriba<br />
<strong>da</strong> iranisken <strong>da</strong>iZra, magram vaxtang VI-m Svils SahisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCena aukrZala. baqari mamas kompromisul<br />
variants sTavazob<strong>da</strong>: qarTlis samefos jaris nawili,<br />
vaxtang VI-isa <strong>da</strong> petre I-is molaparakebis Tanaxmad,<br />
kaspiispireTSi SeWril <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jars SeerTebo<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />
nawili avRanelebis winaaRmdeg iranis Sahs miSvelebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samefo <strong>da</strong>rbazis wevrTa nawili ruseTTan samxedropolitikur<br />
kavSirs saxifaTod miiCnev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> proiranuli<br />
orientaciis SenarCunebas uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars. vaxtang VI-m<br />
rCeva ar gaiTvaliswina. mefes mtkiced hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili proiranuli orientaciis erTxel <strong>da</strong><br />
samu<strong>da</strong>mod uaryofa. amasobaSi avRavelebma ispahani aiRes.<br />
sefiani Sahebis dinastia Sewy<strong>da</strong>, Tumca qarTlisaTvis<br />
amas Sveba ar moutania. 1722 wlis miwurulsa <strong>da</strong> 1723<br />
wlis <strong>da</strong>mdegs qarTlis mdgomareoba kidev ufro<br />
garTul<strong>da</strong>. es ganpirobebuli iyo Semdegi mizezebiT:<br />
pirveli. petre I-ma kaspiispireTSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli laSqroba<br />
maleve, 1722 welsve, Sewyvita; meore. iranis Sahi vaxtang<br />
VI-is <strong>da</strong>sasjelad jarebs agroveb<strong>da</strong>; mesame. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
gaaqtiurebiTa <strong>da</strong> petre I-isa <strong>da</strong> vaxtang VI-is samxedropolitikuri<br />
kavSiriT SeSfoTebuli osmaleTic qarTlis<br />
samefoSi SesaWrelad emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. meoTxe. proiranuli<br />
orientaciis kaxeTis mefe konstantine vaxtang VI-is<br />
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad emzadebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iranis Sahis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT qarTlis taxtis xelSi Cagdebas gegmav<strong>da</strong>;<br />
mexuTe. TbilisSi mdgarma iranis garnizonma Sahis<br />
brZanebiT qalaqs cecxli <strong>da</strong>uSina; meeqvse. 1723 wlis<br />
gazafxulze iranis Sahis TanadgomiT, lekTa, ganjisa <strong>da</strong><br />
57
erevnis xanebis jarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT kaxTa mefe<br />
konstantinem Tbilisi <strong>da</strong>ikava; meSvide. 1723 wlis ivnisSi<br />
osmaleTis jarebi Tbiliss moadgnen <strong>da</strong> qalaqi aiRes.<br />
kostantinem kaxeTs Seafara Tavi.<br />
vaxtang VI-s prorusuli politikuri orientaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mRupveli Sedegebi saxeze iyo. 1724 wels vaxtang VI<br />
ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewa. petre I amierkavkasiis axal<br />
mflobels swrafad mourig<strong>da</strong>. 1724 wlis 12 ivliss,<br />
rodesac vaxtang VI jer kidev qarTlis samefos<br />
teritoriaze imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, stambolSi ruseT-osmaleTis<br />
SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong>ido. ruseTma aRiara osmaleTis uflebebi<br />
aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi. ufro adre (1723 w.) <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
iransac mourig<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yvela piroba arsebob<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis, rom vaxtang<br />
VI-is Semdeg <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si prorusuli orientacia<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyebas miscemo<strong>da</strong>. asec mox<strong>da</strong>. 1744 wels iranis Sahma<br />
nadirma (1736-1747) qarTlis taxti kaxTa mefis<br />
konstantines Zmas, Teimuraz II-s, xolo kaxeTisa<br />
Teimurazis vaJs, erekle II-s uboZa. nadir-Sahi Wkviani<br />
politikosi iyo. Sahis mizans Seadgen<strong>da</strong> prorusuli<br />
orientaciis aRkveTa: momavalSi qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
samefoebi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresiuli politikis fortpostad ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> qceuliyo. amitom iyo, rom nadir-Sahi <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze<br />
wavi<strong>da</strong>. Sahma qarTlis samefo taxti kaxeTis bagrationebs<br />
uboZa. amasTan erTad, Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekles ufleba<br />
misca taxtze qristianuli wesiT asuliyvnen.<br />
nadir-Sahis Semdeg, adil-Sahisa <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki qerim-xanis (gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1779 w.) mmarTvelobis wlebSi,<br />
Teimuraz II-m <strong>da</strong> erekle II-m proiranuli orientaciis<br />
wyalobiT did warmatebebs miaRwies. mniSvnelovnad<br />
ganmtkic<strong>da</strong> samefo xelisufleba, ,,osmalobisagan” <strong>da</strong><br />
,,yizilbaSobisgan” <strong>da</strong>qceuli qarTli <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi welSi<br />
imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem praqtikulad sakuTar<br />
kontrols <strong>da</strong>uqvemdebares iranuli saxanoebi (ganjis,<br />
erevnis, yarabaRis, naxWevnis, SuSis).<br />
proiranuli orientaciis warmatebis fonze XVIII<br />
saukunis 60-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n Teimuraz II <strong>da</strong><br />
erekle II <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiaze iReben orientacias <strong>da</strong><br />
muslimur saxelmwifoebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxebis agresiisagan<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
58
samxedro_politikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT apireben. es iyo didi<br />
strategiuli Secdoma, romelic Zvirad <strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong> qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefosa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s (kavkasiasac!).<br />
ram ganapiroba Teimuraz II-isa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-is<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba proiranuli orientaciis prorusuliT<br />
Secvlis Taobaze? es iyo sruliad alogikuri,<br />
<strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. istoriografiaSi am<br />
sabediswero ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas Tavisi axsna aqvs, Tumca<br />
yuradRebis gareSe rCeba metad mniSvnelovani, Cvenis<br />
azriT, ganmsazRvreli momenti.<br />
qarTlis devnilma mefem vaxtang VI-m politikuri<br />
TavSesafari ruseTSi ipova. mefes ruseTSi gahyva 1850<br />
kaciani amala (mefes 1200 kaci uSualod <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n<br />
gahyva, xolo 650 yizlarSi elo<strong>da</strong>). maT Soris iyvnen<br />
cnobili Tavaduri sagvareuloebis warmomadgenlebi <strong>da</strong><br />
aznaurebi. male cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom vaxtang VI <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
TanamebrZolebi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars haeriviT<br />
sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> erekles warmatebuli<br />
proiranuli orientacia did SeSfoTebas iwvev<strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTSi. qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebze <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
samxedro-politikur zemoqmedebas ver moaxden<strong>da</strong>, es<br />
iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>Zabvas<br />
gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>. Teimuraz II-ze <strong>da</strong> erekle II-ze<br />
zemoqmedebisaTvis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma sxva gza<br />
arCia. rusma diplomatebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekles <strong>da</strong>Sineba qarTlis samefo taxtze misi kanonieri<br />
mflobelis _ qarTlis bagrationebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />
muqariT. Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem kargad icodnen, rom<br />
qarTlis Tavadebi vaxtang VI-s <strong>da</strong>JinebiT urCevdnen<br />
qarTlSi an pira<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>brunebas, an taxtis memkvidris<br />
baqaris gamogzavnas. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari vaxtang<br />
VI-sa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis Tavadebis Txovnas bundovani<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirebebiT pasuxob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad saqmis kursSi<br />
ayeneb<strong>da</strong> Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekles.<br />
Teimuraz II-isa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-is poziciebs<br />
seriozul safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> is, rom 1744 wli<strong>da</strong>n mcxeTis<br />
sapatriarqo taxtis saWeTmpyrobeli _ kaTolikospatriarqi<br />
_ iyo vaxtang VI-is Zmis ieses Svili Teimuraz<br />
bagrationi (anton I). axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kaTolikos-patriarqi<br />
59
anton I didi <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli niWiT <strong>da</strong>jildovebuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo, miRebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> safuZvliani ganaTleba.<br />
anton I Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve aqtiurad ereo<strong>da</strong> qveynis saSinao<br />
saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong> sagareo politikaSi. mas imedis TvaliT<br />
Sehyurebdnen, rogorc qarTlis Tavadebi, ise ruseTSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xvewili qarTlis bagrationebi, vaxtang VI-is amalis<br />
cocxlad <strong>da</strong>rCenili wevrebi <strong>da</strong> maTi STamomavlebi. es<br />
Zalze aRizianeb<strong>da</strong> ereklesa <strong>da</strong> Teimurazs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT Teimurazs. Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekles kargad<br />
axsov<strong>da</strong>T, rom 1747 wels, Teimurazis iranSi yofnis<br />
periodSi, anton I-ma mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira qarTlis taxtisTvis<br />
mebrZol sakuTar Zmas _ ieses meore vaJs abdula-begs.<br />
abdula-begis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg anton I-ma igi<br />
sasjelisgan ixsna <strong>da</strong> ereklesTan Seariga. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa<br />
anton I-ma irani<strong>da</strong>n Camoiyvana Tavisi naxevarZma _ ieses<br />
mahmadiani Svili aleqsandre (isay-begi) Tavisi ojaxiT,<br />
yvelani monaTla <strong>da</strong> qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>asaxla. Teimuraz II-s<br />
eWvi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom anton I aleqsandre ieses Zes qarTlSi<br />
gamefebas upireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Teimuraz II <strong>da</strong> erekle II ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>xvewil<br />
qarTlis bagrationebs verafers <strong>da</strong>aklebdnen. samagierod,<br />
anton I-is kaTolikos-patriarqobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>yenebas ki<br />
miaRwies. 1755 wels anton I-s brali <strong>da</strong>des<br />
marTlmadideblobis RalatSi <strong>da</strong> suliwmi<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kaTolikuri dogmatis gaziarebaSi. es iyo<br />
sruli sicrue. kaTolikos-patriarq anton I-s<br />
marTlmadidebluri eklesiisTvis arasodes uRalatia <strong>da</strong><br />
suliwmi<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kaTolikuri dogmati<br />
arasodes gauziarebia. anton I-s cili <strong>da</strong>swames Teimuraz<br />
II-isa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-is momxreebma. 1755 wles saeklesio<br />
krebam anton I kaTolikos-patriarqobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong><br />
mRvdelmsaxureba aukrZala. saeklesio krebaze anton I<br />
medgrad icav<strong>da</strong> Tavs <strong>da</strong> wayenebul braldebebs uaryof<strong>da</strong>.<br />
male amton I mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom mas qarTl-kaxeTSi aRar<br />
<strong>da</strong>edgomebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> taqtika Secvala. 1756 wels saeklesio<br />
krebaze anton I-ma aRiara ,,Secdoma” <strong>da</strong> ,,moinania”. amis<br />
sanacvlod mas mRvdelmsaxurebis ufleba aRudgines <strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTSi wasvlis nebac <strong>da</strong>rTes. Caudeneli Secodebis<br />
aRiarebiTa <strong>da</strong> monaniebiT anton I-ma Tavi ixsna<br />
60
mosalodneli devna-Seviwroebisagan <strong>da</strong> ufro mkacri<br />
sasjelisgan.<br />
anton I-is kaTolikos-patriarqobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>yeneba<br />
ruseTma sakuTar marcxad miiCnia. qarTlis bagrationebis<br />
(vaxtang VI-is STamomavlebis) ruseTSi yofna <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
bagrationTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlis kaTolikospatriarqoba<br />
Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekleze zemoqmedebis<br />
(<strong>da</strong>Sinebis) SesaniSnavi saSualeba iyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro kari ukan <strong>da</strong>xevas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>. 1756 wels<br />
anton I-ma ruseTSi politikuri TavSesafari miiRo <strong>da</strong><br />
male <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis winaSe Tavic<br />
imarTla. anton I-s Tavis marTlebac ar sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> _<br />
ruseTSi kargad uwyodnen misi kaTolikos-patriarqobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>yenebis namdvili mizezi. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis<br />
uwmindesma sinodma anton I arqiepiskoposad gamoarCia <strong>da</strong><br />
vladimirisa <strong>da</strong> iaropolis eparqiis mRvdelmTavrad<br />
<strong>da</strong>adgina. cxadia, yovelive es proiranuli orientaciis<br />
momxre Teimuraz II-isa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-is gamowvevas<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ruseTSi Casuli anton I didi sixaruliT miiRes<br />
misma naTesavebma _ qarTlis bagrationebma. Teimurazisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> erekles opozicia ruseTSi mniSvnelovnad<br />
gamococxl<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Teimuraz II-is elCobis (1761-1762 ww.) Semdeg<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari kvlav ganagrZobs qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos prorusul orintaciaze sabolood<br />
<strong>da</strong>yoliebas. erekle II-s amjera<strong>da</strong>c qarTlis<br />
bagrationebis <strong>da</strong> qarTlis Tavadebis opoziciiT<br />
aSinebdnen. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari erekle II-s ar<br />
endobo<strong>da</strong>. 6 peterburgSi isic aRizianeb<strong>da</strong>T, rom<br />
Teimurazis ruseTSi elCobiT SeSfoTebul iranis<br />
mbrZanebel qerim-xanTan erekle II-m urTierTobis<br />
mogvareba SeZlo. iransa <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris<br />
kargi urTierTobis SenarCuneba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gegmebs<br />
ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong>. erekle II <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis advili<br />
samarTavi gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod maSin, Tu qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefosa <strong>da</strong> irans Soris urTierToba <strong>da</strong>iZabebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle II poziciebs advilad ar Tmob<strong>da</strong>. 1765<br />
wels igi didi sisastikiT gauswor<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s faruli<br />
61
mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT organizebul qarTlis Tavadebis<br />
SeTqmulebas (paata batoniSvilis SeTqmulebas).<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari<strong>da</strong>n momdinare<br />
SantaJis politikas Teimuraz II-m <strong>da</strong> erekle II-m 20 weli<br />
gauZles. pirvel seriozul <strong>da</strong>Tmobaze qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mefe erekle II jer kidev 1764 wels wavi<strong>da</strong> _ anton I<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>abruna. imave wels anton I saeklesio<br />
krebam u<strong>da</strong>naSaulod cno <strong>da</strong> kvlav kaTolikos-patiarqad<br />
airCia. momdevno wlebSi erekle II kidev ufro<br />
mniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze midis. qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
proiranuli orientacia <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-<br />
1774 wlebis omis periodSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiriT.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis samxedro-politikurma kavSirma<br />
qarTlis Tavadebi Zalze gaaRiziana. 1770 wels apinZasTan<br />
mopovebuli brwyinvale gamarjvebis Semdeg erekle II-is<br />
mier ruseTSi gagzavnili Tavadi zaal orbeliani<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s sagareo saqmeTa uwyebas erekle II-isTvis taxtis<br />
CamorTmevas sTxov<strong>da</strong>. erekle II-isTvis qarTlis taxtis<br />
CamorTmevas sTxovdnen general g. totlebens zaal<br />
orbeliani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT qsnis erisTavi. cxadia, amgvari<br />
agresiuli politikisagan <strong>ruseTi</strong> wina<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> axlac Tavs<br />
ikaveb<strong>da</strong>, magram erekle II-is <strong>da</strong>Sinebis politikas mainc<br />
ganagrZob<strong>da</strong>. savaraudoa, rom qarTlis TavadebTan<br />
mWidro kontaqtis <strong>da</strong>myarebis miTiTeba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
gamogzavnilma <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jaris sar<strong>da</strong>lma g. totlebenma<br />
peterburgSive miiRo. erekle II-sa <strong>da</strong> g. totlebens Soris<br />
urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>ZabvaSi wvlili qarTlis Tavadebmac<br />
Seitanes. yovelive es kargad uwyo<strong>da</strong> erekle II-m <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamis <strong>da</strong>skvnebsac akeTeb<strong>da</strong>. erekle II-is winaSe <strong>da</strong>dga<br />
sakiTxi: qarTl-kaxeTis mefes an proiranuli orientacia<br />
prorusuliT un<strong>da</strong> Seecvala an <strong>ruseTi</strong> kvlavinreburad<br />
gaagrZeleb<strong>da</strong> qarTlis bagrationebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
Tavadebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras erekle II-is winaaRmdeg. kaxeTis<br />
bagrationebma qarTlis taxti iranis Sahis wyalobiT<br />
miiRes <strong>da</strong> gamoricxuli ar iyo iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ruseTs yvela Rone exmara qarTlis samefos<br />
taxtze misi erTguli vaxtang VI-is STamomavlobis<br />
62
<strong>da</strong>sabruneblad. erekle II-m proiranuli orientacia<br />
prorusuliT Secvala.<br />
erekle II-is prorusulma orientaciam<br />
katastrofamde miiyvana qarTl-kaxeTi <strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>. hqon<strong>da</strong> Tu ara qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
prorusuli orientaciis alternativa? Cveni azriT<br />
alternativa arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ruseTma 20 wliani<br />
SantaJis, Teimuraz II-sa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-is opoziciis<br />
(qarTlis bagrationebi, qarTlis Tavadebi) mudmivi<br />
waqezebiT qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II aiZula<br />
proiranuli orientacia uareyo <strong>da</strong> prorusuli<br />
orientacia mieRo. prorusuli orientaciis realizeba,<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sgan samxedro-politikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis meReba<br />
imTaviTve (1770-1771 wlebi<strong>da</strong>n) an Tun<strong>da</strong>c 1783 wlamde rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuliyo SeiZlba qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo kidec. magram amis Taobaze ocnebac ki ar<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. samxreT kavkasiaSi gaaqtiureba <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
samefo-samTavroebis iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTisagan <strong>da</strong>cva did<br />
safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropul polotikas,<br />
romelsac safuZveli petre I-ma Cauyara <strong>da</strong> romelsac<br />
warmatebiT agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> ekaterine II (1762-1796). am<br />
politikuri kursis ganxorcilebis procesSi ruseTma<br />
Svidwlian omSi (1757-1763 ww.) gaimarjva <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovnad<br />
<strong>da</strong>asusta prusiis samxedro potenciali; 1795 wlisaTvis<br />
poloneTis mesame <strong>da</strong>nawilebis Sedegad miiRo poloneTis<br />
didi nawili; safuZvlianad <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> belorusiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
ukrainaSi; gaauqma yirimis saxano (1783 w.), 1768-1774<br />
wlebisa <strong>da</strong> 1787-1791 wlebis omebSi osmaleTis orgzis<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebis gziT poziciebi ganimtkica CrdiloeT<br />
SaviZRvispireTSi, riTac plac<strong>da</strong>rmi moamza<strong>da</strong> balkaneTis<br />
naxevarkunZulze SeWrisaTvis. 7 cxadia, yovelive amas<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT kavkasiaze ar gacvli<strong>da</strong>. amitom iyo rom<br />
mTeli oc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1771-1801 ww.) <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos realurad ar <strong>da</strong>xmarebia, piriqiT,<br />
winaswarganzraxulad, gegmazomierad asusteb<strong>da</strong> qveyanas,<br />
amzadeb<strong>da</strong> mfarvelobaSi miRebuli saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobas.<br />
erekle II-m, rogorc aRvniSneT, veRar gauZlo<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s farul Tu aSkara zewolas <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi<br />
63
fiqris Semdeg prorusul orientacias <strong>da</strong>adga.<br />
prorusuli orientaciis realizaciis procesSi erekle<br />
II-m bevri miutevebeli Secdoma <strong>da</strong>uSva. umTavresi am<br />
SecdomaTagan iyo Semdegi. erekle II-m, praqtikulad uari<br />
Tqva proiranul <strong>da</strong> prorusul orientaciebs Soris<br />
lavirebaze <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis xsna mxolod prorusul<br />
orientacias <strong>da</strong>ukavSira. es iyo is razec ocnebob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari, rusuli diplomatia. 1771<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n 1783 wlamde <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias TiTic ar<br />
gaunZrevia qarTl-kaxeTis <strong>da</strong>sacavad. amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
erekle II-s erTxelac ar ugrZnobinebia ekaterine II-Tvis,<br />
rom Tu <strong>ruseTi</strong> qarTl-kaxeTs ar <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong>, igi<br />
iZulebuli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> politikuri orientacia Seecvala.<br />
piriqiT, 1783 wels qarTl-kaxeTi yovelmxriv<br />
kompromitirebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ise<strong>da</strong>c SeSfoTebuli muslimuri samyaro sabolood<br />
aimxedra. 8 erekle II-s arc georgievskis traqtatis (1783 w.)<br />
<strong>da</strong>debis Semdeg gamouCenia sifrTxile. piriqiT,<br />
georgievskis traqtati erekle II-m Tavis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebad<br />
miiCnia <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s aRmosavlur politikaSi<br />
mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
erekle II-is gegmebs moCvenebiTi yuradRebiT epyrobo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rac qarTl-kaxeTis mefes <strong>da</strong>matebiT stimuls aZlev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle II-is miswrafeba, <strong>ruseTi</strong> rac SeiZleba male<br />
Semosuliyo kavkasiaSi, SeumCneveli ar rCebo<strong>da</strong> iransa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTs. orive islamuri saxelmwifo qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasjelad emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi mxolod<br />
Sesaferis dros elodnen. male cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperia geoergievskis traqtatis pirobebis Sesrulebaze<br />
arc ki fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. 1786 wels erekle II-m prorusuli<br />
orientaciis Secvla ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, magram sabolood Tavi<br />
Seikava. 1783-1795 wlebSi ruseTma mravalgzis <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura,<br />
rom georgeevskis traqtatis pirobebs ar <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle II-m arc es gaiTvaliswina <strong>da</strong> islamur<br />
samyarosTan urTierTobis mogvareba ar sca<strong>da</strong>. qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis satelitad iqca, rac<br />
Zalze aRizianeb<strong>da</strong> iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs. 1783-1795 wlebSi<br />
erekle II-is <strong>da</strong>mRupveli politikuri kursi ase SeiZleba<br />
ganisazRvros: sruli kapitulacia <strong>ruseTi</strong>s winaSe,<br />
sruli izolacia islamuri samyaro<strong>da</strong>n (irani<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
64
osmaleTi<strong>da</strong>n). aRa-mahmad-xanis laSqroba (1795 w.) iyo<br />
islamuri samyaros pasuxi erekle II-is prorusul<br />
politikaze. 1795 wlis Semdeg erekle II qveyanas<br />
praqtikulad aRar ganageb<strong>da</strong> (<strong>da</strong>rCenili sicocxle man<br />
TelavSi gaatara, TbilisSi aRar <strong>da</strong>brunebula) 1795 wlis<br />
seqtembri<strong>da</strong>n (krwanisis brZoli<strong>da</strong>n) 1798 wlis ianvramde<br />
(erekles gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebamde) qarTl-kaxeTi, faqtobrivad,<br />
erTi centri<strong>da</strong>n aRar imarTebo<strong>da</strong>, aRar funqcionireb<strong>da</strong><br />
arc erTi saxelmwifo instituti. aRa-mahmad-xanis<br />
moulodnelma mkvlelobam ixsna qarTl-kaxeTi meore<br />
gamadgurebeli laSqrobisagan, romlis <strong>da</strong>mRupveli<br />
Sedegebis warmodgena Zneli ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos. giorgi XII-s<br />
(1798-1800) aranairi saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo politika ar<br />
gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. qarTl-kaxeTs rusi rezidentebi (diplomatebi <strong>da</strong><br />
samxedroebi) marTavdnen.<br />
Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT erTmaneTs iranis politikas<br />
qarTl-kaxeTSi 1744-1769 wlebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s politikas<br />
qarTl-kaxeTSi 1770-1801 wlebSi naTeli gaxdeba:<br />
pirveli. proiranuli orientaciis (1744-1769 ww.)<br />
qarTl-kaxeTi welSi gaimarTa, ganmtkic<strong>da</strong> mefis<br />
xelisufleba, <strong>da</strong>iTrguna Tavaduri opozicia.<br />
prorusuli orientaciis periodSi (1770-1801 ww.)<br />
qarTl-kaxeTSi <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong> samefo xelisufleba, kvlav<br />
imZlavra Tavadurma opoziciam, moiSala ise<strong>da</strong>c susti<br />
ekonomika, <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong> jari, saxelmwifo institutebma,<br />
praqtikulad, Sewyvites funqcionireba.<br />
meore. proiranuli orientaciis periodSi<br />
qarTl-kaxeTs normaluri urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> iranTan <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTTan, ver mogvar<strong>da</strong> urTierToba Crdilo kavkasiis<br />
mTielebTan.<br />
prorusuli orientaciis periodSi ukiduresad<br />
<strong>da</strong>iZaba urTierToba iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan, kvlav<br />
grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasiis mTielTa gamanadgurebeli<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg bunebrivad ismis<br />
kiTxva: ramdenad realuri iyo proiranuli orientaciis<br />
gagrZeleba. vfiqrobT, rom proiranuli orientaciis<br />
gagrZeleba savsebiT realuri iyo. aseTi <strong>da</strong>skvnis<br />
gakeTebis safuZvels gvaZlevs:<br />
65
pirveli. erelke II-s iranis centralur<br />
xelisuflebasTan <strong>da</strong> iranul saxanoebTan urTierTobis<br />
mogvarebis didi gamocdileba hqon<strong>da</strong>. (<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifo uwyebebTan<br />
urTierTobis gamocdileba erekle II-s ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi<br />
mxolod gamoucdeli elCebis ime<strong>da</strong>d iyo);<br />
meore. erekle flob<strong>da</strong> did informacias iranSi,<br />
osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> saerTod maxlobel aRmosavleTSi<br />
mimdinare movlenebis Taobaze (ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> evropis<br />
qveynebSi mimdinare movlenebis Taobaze erekle II-s Zalze<br />
mwiri informacia hqon<strong>da</strong>).<br />
mesame. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s kavkasiis mTavari qedis,<br />
kaspiispireTisa <strong>da</strong> Crdilo SavizRvispireTis<br />
mimarTulebiT gaaqtiurebis pirobebSi iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTisaTvis sul ufro mniSvnelovani gaxdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
proiranul orientaciaze mdgari qarTl-kaxeTis samefo.<br />
(prorusuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo sul ufro saSiSi<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTisaTvis).<br />
meoTxe. proiranuli orientaciis qarTl-kaxeTs<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> Sansi iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />
moegvarebina urTierToba islamis aRmsarebel Crdilo<br />
kavkasiis mTielebTan (prorusuli orientaciis qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
efeqturad gamoiyeneb<strong>da</strong> islamis aRmsarebel Crdilo<br />
kavkasiis mTielebs).<br />
mexuTe. proiranuli orientaciis qarTl-kaxeTs<br />
samefo samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s fortpostad ver<br />
gamodgebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias kavkasiis (Crdilo <strong>da</strong><br />
samxreT kavkasiis) <strong>da</strong>pyrobis <strong>da</strong>wyeba Crdilo kavkasiis<br />
mTiswineTi<strong>da</strong>n mouwev<strong>da</strong> (prorusuli orientaciis qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias saSualeba misca jer<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuliyo <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />
CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n erTdroulad <strong>da</strong>ewyo<br />
Crdilo kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyroba).<br />
meeqvse. <strong>da</strong>kninebis, samxedro-politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>sustebis gzaze <strong>da</strong>mdgari, praqtikulad <strong>da</strong>Silili,<br />
irani, aseve <strong>da</strong>Rmavlobis gziT mimavali osmaleTi<br />
gacilebiT naklebad saSiSi iyo, vidre napoleonis<br />
mZleveli, osmaleTze <strong>da</strong> iranze mravalgzis<br />
gamarjvebuli, ,,evropis Jan<strong>da</strong>rmad” wodebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong>.<br />
66
meSvide. irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi muslimuri qveynebi<br />
iyvnen, <strong>ruseTi</strong> marTlmadidebluri. Tu obieqturad<br />
SevafasebT Cvens istorias, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT: 1801-1917<br />
wlebSi ruseTma gacilebiT didi ziani miayena<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s eklesias vidre iranma <strong>da</strong> osmaleTma erTad<br />
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi. islamma qristianobaze ver<br />
imZlavra. erovnebisa <strong>da</strong> marTlmadideblobis <strong>da</strong>cvas<br />
uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> samefo xelisufleba (mefe) <strong>da</strong> eklesia<br />
(kaTolikos-patriarqi). amitom iyo, rom qarTvelTa<br />
gamahmadianeba mox<strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camocilebul <strong>da</strong> iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan uSualod<br />
SeerTebul raionebSi (War-belaqanSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi,<br />
aWaraSi). erTmorwmune ruseTma gaauqma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
eklesiis avtokefalia, miitaca <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s eklesiis<br />
kuTvnili uZravi <strong>da</strong> moZravi qoneba, gaZarcva eklesiamonastrebi,<br />
akrZala qarTul enaze RvTismsaxureba,<br />
Seaviwrova qarTveli samRvdeloeba. 9 msgavsi ram arc<br />
iransa <strong>da</strong> arc osmaleTs XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi ar<br />
Caudenia.<br />
merve. islamur saxelmwifoTa gavlenis qveS<br />
moqceva, cxadia, erovnuli <strong>da</strong> eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT,<br />
did safrTxes Seicav<strong>da</strong>. es sulac ar niSnav<strong>da</strong> imas, rom<br />
proiranuli <strong>da</strong> proosmaluri orientacia aucileblad<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvakargvineb<strong>da</strong> enas, erovnebas, saxelmwifoebriobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
eklesias. osmaleTis xangrZlivi batonobis periodSi<br />
balkaneTis xalxebis nawilSi islami gavrcel<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />
osmalebma, erovneba <strong>da</strong> religia ver <strong>da</strong>akargvines<br />
berZnebs, serbebs, ruminelebs, bulgarelebs. qarTvelebi<br />
ratom viqnebodiT gamonaklisi? Cven xom erovnebis,<br />
saxelwifoebriobisa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis SenarCunebisTvis<br />
brZolis didi gamicdileba gvqon<strong>da</strong>!<br />
qarTveli eris, qarTuli saxelwifoebriobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenaarga<strong>da</strong>rCenas<br />
qarTvelobis sulieri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri<br />
simtkicis <strong>da</strong> gamZleobis gar<strong>da</strong> gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />
saerTaSoriso asparezze Seqmnili viTareba, didi<br />
imperiebis permanentuli kvdomisa <strong>da</strong> aRorZinebis<br />
procesi.<br />
67
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli wyaroebi <strong>da</strong><br />
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1952; Н.С. Борисов. Иван III. Москва, 2000.<br />
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Платонов. Очерки по истории Смуты в Московском государстве<br />
XVI-XVII вв. Москва, 1995; Г.Л. Санин. Сношения России и<br />
Украины с Крымским ханством в середине XVII в. Москва, 1987;<br />
Б.Н. Флоря. Иван Грозный. Москва, 1999.<br />
4. Историа Ирана. Под Редакцыей М.С. Иванова. Москва,<br />
1977; Историа стран зарубежной Азии в средние века. Москва,<br />
1970; narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(feo<strong>da</strong>luri xana). v. gabaSvilis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT. Tbilisi, 1957;<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT kacitaZe. iranis istoria III-XVIII ss. Tbilisi, 2001.<br />
5. giorgi paiWaZe. vaxtang meeqvse. Tbilisi, 1981,<br />
gv. 105-114; aleqsandre fircxalaiSvili. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ruseT-iran-TurqeTis<br />
urTierTobani XVIII saukunis<br />
pirvel naxevarSi. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 12-61; <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
istoriis narkvevebi. rva tomad. tomi IV. Tbilisi, 1973, gv.<br />
413-421.<br />
6. valerian maWaraZe. masalebi XVIII saukunis<br />
meore naxevris ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s urTierTobis<br />
istoriisaTvis. nawili III. nakveTi II. Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 16-<br />
17.<br />
7. Н.Н. Молчанов. Дипломатия Петра Первого. Москва,<br />
1986; А.Г. Некрасов. Роль росии в европейской международной<br />
политике 1725-1739 гг. Москва, 1976; О.А. Омельченко. Законная<br />
68
монархия Екатерины II. Москва, 1993; Н.И. Павленко. Петр<br />
Великий. Москва, 1994; Н.И. Павленко. Птенцы гнезда Петрова.<br />
Москва, 1994; Н.И. Павленко. Екатерина Великая. Москва, 1999;<br />
Н.С. Киняпина, М.М. Блиев, В.В. Дегоев. Кавказ и средняя Азия<br />
во внешней политике России. Вторая половина XVIII_80-е годы<br />
XIX в. Москва, 1984.<br />
8. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva,<br />
dokumentebi, fotopirebi v. maWaraZisa. Tbilisi, 1983.<br />
9. Н. Дурново. Судьбы Грузинской церкви (По вопросу<br />
Грузинской церковной автокефалии). Москва, 1907; Н. Дурново.<br />
Судьбы Грузинской церкви (По вопросу Грузинской церковной<br />
автокефалии). Второе добовление. Москва, 1907; Н. Дурново.<br />
Мутный источник. Москва, 1909; Н. Дурново. Исторический очерк<br />
автокефалных церквей: Иверской и Имеретинской. Москва, 1910.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika,”<br />
2007, # 110, 13 ivnisi, gv. 5; 2009, # 111,<br />
15 ivnisi, gv. 5; 2007, # 112, 16 ivlisi,<br />
gv. 5; 2007, # 113, 19 ivnisi,, gv. 5;<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> wignSi: vaxtang guruli.<br />
erTmorwmune <strong>ruseTi</strong>. miTi <strong>da</strong><br />
realoba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 60-73;<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> krebulSi: ,,mariam<br />
lorTqifaniZe 85". Tbilisi, 2007, gv.<br />
343-357.<br />
69
5. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s okupaciis<br />
warumatebeli c<strong>da</strong><br />
(SeTqmuleba erekle II-is winaaRmdeg)<br />
CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTiTa <strong>da</strong> balkaneTis<br />
naxevarkunZuliT <strong>ruseTi</strong> jer kidev XVII saukunis bolosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> XVIII saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, petre<br />
I-ma (1696-1725) am regionebis <strong>da</strong>pyroba ver moaxerxa, magram<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari ukan <strong>da</strong>xevas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis urTierToba<br />
mudmivad <strong>da</strong>Zabuli iyo. XVIII saukune ruseT-osmaleTis<br />
omebis seriiT aRiniSna. erT-erTi omi, kerZod, 1768-1774<br />
wlebis omi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sac Seexo. am omSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mizans Seadgen<strong>da</strong> yirimis saxanos likvi<strong>da</strong>cia, CrdiloeT<br />
Savi zRvispireTis <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong> balkaneTis<br />
naxevarkunZulze SeWrisaTvis plac<strong>da</strong>rmis momzadeba.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma omSi mokavSired osmaleTis<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobili qristiani xalxebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebis<br />
gamoyenebis gegma SeimuSava. rusi politikosebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
diplomatebis azriT, imereTis mefis solomon I-is<br />
momxroba advili iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan imereTis mefe<br />
sulTnis vasali iyo <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs didi xania ebrZo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />
omSi Cabma rusebs saeWvod miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, radgan qarTlkaxeTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris mSvidobiani urTierToba<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si jaris<br />
gamogzavnisgan omis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Tavs ikaveb<strong>da</strong>. sabolood<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, rom imereTis mefis solomon I-Tvis jari<br />
70
gaegzavnaT. 1769 wlis 27 ivniss <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
gamosagzavni saeqspedicio korpusis ,,mTavar meTaurad”<br />
<strong>da</strong>iniSna <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatoris samsaxurSi myofi<br />
germaneli grafi gotlib-kurt-henrix totlebeni.<br />
saeqspedicio korpusi arcTu mravalricxovani iyo: 3<br />
aseuli (411 kaci) <strong>da</strong> 6 qvemexi. cxadia, mcirericxovani<br />
saeqspedicio korpusi imereTis mefes saWiro <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
ver aRmouCen<strong>da</strong>. 1769 wlis martSi peterburgSi Casuli<br />
solomon I-is elCi quTaTeli mitropoliti maqsime<br />
abaSiZe <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars imereTSi 5 aTasiani<br />
jaris gagzavnas Txov<strong>da</strong>. imereTis samefoSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
jaris gamoCena Zalze gaaRizianeb<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis sulTans.<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong>mafiqrebeli iyo is, rom saeqspedicio korpusis<br />
meTaurad <strong>da</strong>iniSna saxelgatexili generali g.<br />
totlebeni. Svidwliani omis (1753-1763 ww.) dros g.<br />
totlebeni <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatoris samsaxurSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s armiis erT-erT korpuss meTaurob<strong>da</strong>. 1761<br />
wels igi prusiis sasargeblod jaSuSobis braldebiT<br />
Seipyres, gaasamarTles <strong>da</strong> sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis ganaCeni<br />
gamoutanes. imperatorma ekaterine II-m moRalate Seiwyala<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n gaZeveba akmara. 1769 wels g. totlebenma<br />
ruseTSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba iTxova. Txovna Sewynarebul iqna <strong>da</strong><br />
male generali <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gamosagzavni saeqspedicio<br />
korpusis meTaurad <strong>da</strong>iniSna.<br />
marTalia, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars qarTlkaxeTis<br />
mefis erekle II-is osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi<br />
Cabma saZnelo saqmed eCvenebo<strong>da</strong>, magram rusebi Secdnen.<br />
1769 wlis aprilSi omSi neitralitetis <strong>da</strong>cvis TxovniT<br />
TbilisSi myof osmaleTis elCebTan ereklem<br />
molaparakeba Sewyvita <strong>da</strong> elCebi qveyni<strong>da</strong>n gaaZeva,<br />
imavdroulad sagangebo saidumlo misiiT TbilisSi<br />
Camosul <strong>ruseTi</strong>s warmomadgenels osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />
omSi monawileobaze qarTl-kaxeTis mefem Tanxmoba<br />
ganucxa<strong>da</strong>. 1769 wlis maisSi solomon I TbilisSi<br />
Camovi<strong>da</strong>. mefeebi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erTobliv<br />
moqmedebaze SeTanxmdnen.<br />
ra iyo mizezi imisa, rom proiranuli<br />
orientaciis erekle II ase naCqarevad, didi fiqrisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gansjis gareSe, Caeba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi? am<br />
movlenas erTaderTi axsna aqvs. erekle II-m igrZno, rom<br />
71
useT-imereTis samxedro-politikuri kavSiri qarTlkaxeTis<br />
gareSec Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. isic cxadi iyo, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> imereTis gaerTianebuli jari samcxesaaTabagoze<br />
ilaSqreb<strong>da</strong> _ awyuris, xerTvisis,<br />
axalcixisa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis <strong>da</strong>kavebas Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>. erekle<br />
II miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom samcxe-saaTabago qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
nawili iyo <strong>da</strong> Tu es teritoria osmaleTis<br />
batonobisagan gaTavisufldebo<strong>da</strong>, igi qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos SemadgenlobaSi un<strong>da</strong> Sesuliyo. erekle II-m isic<br />
kargad ico<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars misi<br />
proiranuli orientacia ar moswon<strong>da</strong>. qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
neitraliteti <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperators kidev ufro<br />
gaaRizianeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamoricxuli ar iyo, rom omSi<br />
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi samcxe-saaTabago ekaterine II-s<br />
imereTis mefisaTvis eboZebina.<br />
ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSi Cabma,<br />
rogorc imereTis mefis solomon I-is, ise qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mefis erekle II-is mxri<strong>da</strong>n, didi strategiuli Secdoma<br />
iyo. solomon I-s omis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis ukve mogvarebuli<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> urTierToba osmaleTTan (imereTis mimarT<br />
osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>mTmobi politika ruseT-osmaleTis omis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli). omSi neitralitetiT<br />
imereTis mefe osmaleTis sulTnis keTilganwyobilebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>imsaxureb<strong>da</strong>. kidev ufro didi Secdoma <strong>da</strong>uSva erekle<br />
II-m. Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n gaZevebulma osmaleTis elCebma Seityves,<br />
rom omSi neitralitetis Sesaxeb molaparakebis<br />
Sewyvetisa <strong>da</strong> maTi qveyni<strong>da</strong>n gaZevebis mizezi TbilisSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s warmomadgenlis Camosvla iyo. am win<strong>da</strong>uxe<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
nabijiT erekle II-m osmaleTTan urTierToba gairTula.<br />
umTavresi ki is iyo, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mxareze osmaleTis<br />
winaaRmdeg omSi Cabma did SeSfoTebas gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> iranSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabav<strong>da</strong> ara marto qarTl-kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />
urTierTobas, aramed iran-osmaleTis urTierTobasac.<br />
arc solomon I-s <strong>da</strong> arc erekle II-s 1769 wels ar<br />
SeiZleba codno<strong>da</strong>T umTavresi: riT <strong>da</strong>mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ruseT-osmaleTis omi. omSi gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
osmaleTi imereTs sastikad aaoxreb<strong>da</strong>, kargi dRe arc<br />
qarTl-kaxeTs <strong>da</strong>adgebo<strong>da</strong>. ase, rom mefeebi gaumarTlebel<br />
riskze midiodnen.<br />
72
1769 wlis agvistoSi <strong>ruseTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sken<br />
<strong>da</strong>iZra saeqpedicio korpusi _ 480 kaci <strong>da</strong> 4 qvemexi. 1769<br />
wlis 12 agvistos generali g. totlebeni asiode kaciTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ori qvemexiT mozdoki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sken<br />
gamoemgzavra (jaris ZiriTadi nawili cota mogvianebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>iZra mozdoki<strong>da</strong>n). mas Tan axl<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
warmomadgeneli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si anton mouravovi (1769<br />
wlis 11 oqtombrisaTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si myof <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saeqspedicio korpusSi iricxebo<strong>da</strong> 480 kaci. arasworia<br />
cnoba , romlis mixedviTac <strong>ruseTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
gamoigzavna 3767 kaciani saeqspedicio korpusi).<br />
1769 wlis 29 agvistos erekle II, kaTolikospatriarqi<br />
anton I, giorgi <strong>da</strong> levan batoniSvilebi<br />
didebulebTan erTad sofel xo<strong>da</strong>Si, saxel<strong>da</strong>xeloT<br />
mowyobil banakSi, didi zarzeimiT Sexvdnen general g.<br />
totlebensa <strong>da</strong> a. mouravovs. 30 agvistos g totlebenma<br />
ukve Tavis banakSi miiRo erekle II, kaTolikos-patriarqi<br />
anton I <strong>da</strong> levan batoniSvili. Sexvedraze ganixiles<br />
osmaleTTan omSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Cabmis sakiTxi.<br />
erekle II-m imereTTan erTad osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi<br />
Cabmis pirobad wamoayena: ruseTs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoegzavna 5 aTasiani korpusi; Tu es jari zamTris<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgomamde ver moaxerxeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Semosvlas,<br />
maSin zamTramde misi nawili (1500 kaci) mainc un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamogzavniliyo, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni (3500 kaci) momaval<br />
wels un<strong>da</strong> SeerTebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si myof <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saeqspedicio korpuss. erekle II-is gaTvla absoluturad<br />
zusti iyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s 5 aTasiani saeqspedicio korpusi,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> imereTis laSqarTan erTad savsebiT<br />
sakmarisi iyo samcxe-saaTabagos strategiuli<br />
simagreebi<strong>da</strong>n (awyuri<strong>da</strong>n, xerTvisi<strong>da</strong>n, axalcixi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
axalqalaqi<strong>da</strong>n) osmalTa gansadevnad. (1770 wlis martSi<br />
erekle II-m 7 aTasiani jari Sekriba, 2 aTasi kacis<br />
Sekrebas mefe kidev elo<strong>da</strong>, xolo 4 aTasi kaci yarabaRis<br />
xanis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad hyav<strong>da</strong> gagzavnili. ase rom qarTlkaxeTSi<br />
SesaZlebeli iyo 12-13 aTasiani jaris Sekreba. Tu<br />
imereTis mefe amis naxevars mainc Sekreb<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> rusTa gaerTianebuli jaris raodenoba 23-24 aTass<br />
miaRwev<strong>da</strong>). erekle II-m TiTqmis miaRwia mizans. 1769 wlis<br />
22 oqtombers ekaterine II-m <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gamosagzavni<br />
73
saeqspedicio korpusis raodenoba 3767 kaciT gansazRvra.<br />
qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> rusTa gaerTianebuli jari, erekle II-is,<br />
solomon I-isa <strong>da</strong> g. totlebenis SeTanxmebisamebr,<br />
mtkvris xeobiT axalcixisaken un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zruliyo. am<br />
laSqrobaze bevri ram iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. 1770 wlis 24<br />
martamde g. totlebeni <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1200 kaciT suramSi<br />
idga. 17 marts erekle II-c 7 aTasi kaciTa <strong>da</strong> 3 qvemexiT<br />
suramSi <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>. surami<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> rusTa<br />
gaerTianebuli laSqari 24 marts qveSxeTSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xolo 14 aprils sadgerTan (borjomis axlos) <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>.<br />
17 aprils qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> rusTa jari awyuris cixes<br />
miadga. awyurTan g. totlebens hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 600-700<br />
kaci (<strong>da</strong>narCeni jari generalma sadgerTan <strong>da</strong>tova), Tan<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> 8 qvemexi. 17 aprilsave <strong>da</strong>iwyo awyuris cixis alya.<br />
18 aprils generali g. totlebeni Tavisi jariT ukan<br />
gamobrun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erekle II qarTvelTa laSqarTan erTad<br />
mters Seatova xelSi. mefi Txovnis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad g.<br />
totlebenma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ar Secvala. erekle II-m<br />
awyuris cixes alya moxsna. 1770 wlis 20 aprils<br />
aspinZasTan gamarTul brZolaSi erekle II-m sastikad<br />
<strong>da</strong>amarcxa osmalTa <strong>da</strong> lekTa gaerTianebuli laSqari <strong>da</strong><br />
javaxeTis gziT gamarjvebuli <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi.<br />
dRemde sapolemiko sakiTxad rCeba generali g.<br />
totlebenis moqmedeba awyuris cixesTan 1770 wlis 18<br />
aprils. g. totlebenis moqmedebis axsnisas istorikosebma<br />
oTxi versia wamoayenes. g. totlebeni moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
pirveli. TviTneburad, piradi SexedulebiT; meore. ucxo<br />
qveynebis (inglisis, prusiis, osmaleTis) <strong>da</strong>zvervis mier<br />
SeTavazebuli gegmiT; mesame. qarTlis Tavadebis<br />
waqezebiTa <strong>da</strong> maTi TanadgomiT; meoTxe. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karis gegmis Tanaxmad. Cven mxars vuWerT<br />
versias, romlis mixedviTac generali g. totlebeni<br />
moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong> saimperatoro karis gegmis Tanaxmad.<br />
g. totlebens <strong>da</strong>valebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> qarTlis Tavadebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT taxti<strong>da</strong>n Camoegdo erekle II <strong>da</strong> moexdina<br />
qveynis okupacia.<br />
awyuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebulma g. totlebenma qarTlis<br />
mosaxleobis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatoris erTgulebaze <strong>da</strong>ficeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. es iyo saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis mcdeloba. g.<br />
totlebenis mizans qarTl-kaxeTSi samefo xelisuflebis<br />
74
gauqmeba <strong>da</strong> qveynis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis iurisdiqciaSi<br />
Seyvana Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. g. totlebensa <strong>da</strong> mis mxareze myof<br />
qarTlis Tavadebs imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>T, rom erekle II<br />
awyuri<strong>da</strong>n cocxali veRar <strong>da</strong>brundebo<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelTa<br />
laSqaric ganadgurdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samefo xelisuflebis<br />
gauqmebas win veRaravin aRudgebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karis mier Cafiqrebuli gegma g.<br />
totlebenma ver ganaxorciela, radgan erekle II-m<br />
aspinZis brZolaSi gaimarjva <strong>da</strong> laSqarTan erTad<br />
swrafad <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi. amave mizeziT saxelmwifo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis gegmis bevri mniSvnelovani detali dRes<br />
CvenTvis ucnobia.<br />
sadReisod Cvens xelT arsebuli masali<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karis mier Cafiqrebuli<br />
saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Taobaze Semdegi <strong>da</strong>skvnebis<br />
gakeTeba SeiZleba:<br />
1. qarTlis mefis Teimuraz II-isa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
mefis erekle II-is proiranuli orientacia, mefeebis<br />
kargi urTierToba nadir-SahTan, adil-SahTan, qerimxanTan,<br />
cxadia, xels ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
kars. proiranul orientacias erekle II arc Teimuraz IIis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis (1762 w.) Semdeg cvli<strong>da</strong>. marTalia,<br />
erekle II <strong>ruseTi</strong>s winaSe zogierT <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze midio<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram 1765 wels mefe sastikad gauswor<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
waqezebiTa <strong>da</strong> TanadgomiT organizebul qarTlis<br />
Tavadebis SeTqmulebas (paata batoniSvilis SeTqmulebas),<br />
romlis mizans qarTlSi rusuli orientaciis<br />
bagrationebis (qarTlis bagrationebis) <strong>da</strong>bruneba<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2. ruseT-osmaleTis omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis droisaTvis<br />
(1768 w.) erekle II-is politika imdenad aSkarad<br />
proiranuli iyo, rom rusi politikosebi <strong>da</strong> diplomatebi<br />
osmaleTis winaRmdeg omSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Cabmas<br />
saeWvod, saZnelo saqmed miiCnevdnen. saqme is iyo, rom<br />
osmaleTis winaRmdeg omSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Cabma,<br />
rac ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri kavSiris <strong>da</strong>debas<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>, did ukmayofilebas gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> iranSi.<br />
3. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
proiranuli orientaciis qarTl-kaxeTis mefes imereTis<br />
mefe solomon I ar <strong>da</strong>erwmunebina osmaleTis winaRmdeg<br />
75
omSi Cabmi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare did safrTxesa <strong>da</strong><br />
neitralitetis <strong>da</strong>cvis gonivrulobaSi. Tu erekle II <strong>da</strong><br />
solomon I osmaleTis winaRmdeg omSi ar Caebmebodnen,<br />
osmalebs saSualeba miecemo<strong>da</strong>T samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
ganlagebuli jarisa <strong>da</strong> artileriis nawili CrdiloeT<br />
SavizRvispireTSi ga<strong>da</strong>esrolaT, sa<strong>da</strong>c omis bedi<br />
wydebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
4. 1768-1769 wlebisaTvis Seqmnil viTarebaSi<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is taxti<strong>da</strong>n Camogdebis<br />
Taobaze <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karis mier miRebul<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaSi araferi iyo moulodneli <strong>da</strong><br />
aralogikuri. am xelsayrel moments, cxadia, <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
xeli<strong>da</strong>n ar gauSveb<strong>da</strong> _ jaris Semoyvana <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
yovelTvis xom ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli.<br />
5. erekle II-m <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karis gegmebi<br />
ver amoicno, Tumca <strong>da</strong>eWvebisaTvis faqtebi sakmoze meti<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
6. g. totlebenis, erekle II-isa <strong>da</strong> solomon I-is<br />
SeTanxmebiT qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> rusTa gaerTianebuli laSqari<br />
mtkvris xeobiT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zruliyo axalcixis <strong>da</strong>kavebis<br />
mizniT. axalcixis <strong>da</strong>kaveba strategiuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
yovelmxriv gamarTlebuli iyo. erekle II-isTvis<br />
axalcixis <strong>da</strong>kaveba imitomac iyo xelsayreli, rom WarbelaqanSi<br />
(saingiloSi) Cabudebul <strong>da</strong> kaxeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlSi moTareSe lekebs TavSesafari aRar eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
amasTan erTad, erekle II-m Secdoma <strong>da</strong>uSva axalcixeze<br />
laSqrobis marSrutis SerCevisas. umjobesi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
axalcixeze laSqroba imereTi<strong>da</strong>n samcxeSi mimavali<br />
gzebis gamoyenebiT momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. imereTSi rusis jaris<br />
<strong>da</strong>banakeba <strong>da</strong> iqe<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis winaRmdeg saomari<br />
operaciebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba <strong>da</strong>aSineb<strong>da</strong> guriisa <strong>da</strong> samegrelos<br />
mTavrebs, romlebic imereTis mefes eurCebodnen. 1768-1770<br />
wlebisTvis solomon I-is mdgomareoba imdenad meryevi<br />
iyo, rom 1770 wlis mart-aprilSi mefem erekle II-isa <strong>da</strong> g.<br />
totlebenis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad qarTlSi jari ver<br />
gamoagzavna. aseT mZime viTarebaSi imereTSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
jaris Sesvlas <strong>da</strong> imereTi<strong>da</strong>n axalcixeze galaSqrebas<br />
didi politikuri mniSvneloba eqnebo<strong>da</strong>. Tu mainca<strong>da</strong>mainc<br />
aucilebeli iyo axalcixeze aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n<br />
laSqroba, maSin gacilebiT ukeTesi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa<br />
76
<strong>da</strong> rusTa gaerTianebuli jari Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n javaxeTis<br />
gavliT SeWriliyo samcxeSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekavebina axalqalaqi,<br />
xerTvisi, axalcixe <strong>da</strong> awyuri. imereTi<strong>da</strong>n an javaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
samcxeSi SeWra xels ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> g. totlebens, mas<br />
erekle II-is winaaRmdeg qarTlis Tavadebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
7. vin uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars g. totlebens qarTlis<br />
Tavadebi<strong>da</strong>n zustad cnobili ar aris. <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia,<br />
rom erekle II-is winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi aqtiurad iyo<br />
CarTuli ori Tavadi _ <strong>da</strong>viT qsnis erisTavi <strong>da</strong> zaal<br />
orbeliani. 1770 wels aspinZis brZolaSi gamarjvebis<br />
Semdeg, erekle II-m ruseTSi elCoba miavlina. elCobis<br />
erT-erT wevrs zaal orbelians, rodesac Seutyvia, rom<br />
ekaterine II ukmayofilo iyo erekle II-is politikiT,<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s sagareo saqmeTa kolegiaSi ganucxadebia: ,,Tu<br />
mefe (ekaterine II _ v.g.) erekles uwyreba, an russ visme<br />
uboZos qveyana an solomonsao.” rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT zaal<br />
orbeliani erekle II-is taxti<strong>da</strong>n Camogdebis uSedego<br />
mcdelobis Semdegac ki ar wyvet<strong>da</strong> brZolas.<br />
8. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saeqspedicio korpusis oficrebma<br />
generali g. totlebenis moRalaturi moqmedeba imTaviTve<br />
SeniSnes <strong>da</strong> protesti gamoTqves. amaSi moulodneli<br />
araferi iyo _ g. totlebenis saqcieli seriozuli<br />
eWvebis aRmZvreli iyo. oficrebis protests Sedegi ar<br />
mohyolia, radgan g. totlebeni <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
karis mier SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
oficrebma ki, cxadia, es ar icodnen.<br />
9. erekle II-s pirveli eWvi g. totlebenis mimarT<br />
sadgerSi gauCn<strong>da</strong>. erekles rCevis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad g.<br />
totlebenma rusuli saeqspediqio korpusis naxevari <strong>da</strong><br />
eqvsi qvemexi sadgerSi <strong>da</strong>tova. awyurTan rusebs sul 8<br />
savele qvemexi hqon<strong>da</strong>T. es qvemexebi sadgeri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
awyurisaken qarTvelebma ga<strong>da</strong>itanes. ratom <strong>da</strong>tova g.<br />
totlebenma jaris naxevari <strong>da</strong> eqvsi qvemexi sadgerTan?<br />
cxadia, g. totlebeni awyuris cixis aRebas arc apireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mis mizans Seadgen<strong>da</strong> erekle II-isa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa<br />
laSqris mtkvris xeobaSi Setyueba, awyuris aRebisTvis<br />
brZolis <strong>da</strong>wyeba <strong>da</strong> Semdgom qarTvelTa brZolis velze<br />
mitoveba. g. totlebens sakmaod kargi sabrZolo<br />
gamocdileba hqon<strong>da</strong>, man SesaniSnavad ico<strong>da</strong> Tu ra mZime<br />
77
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong> rusTagan moulodnelad<br />
mitovebuli qarTvelTa laSqari. g. totlebenis gegmis<br />
mixedviT, erekle II brZolaSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rupuliyo, un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganadgurebuliyo qarTl-kaxeTis laSqris ZiriTadi<br />
nawili. amis Semdeg rusis jari advilad <strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlis strategiul punqtebs <strong>da</strong> moRalate Tavadebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT mosaxleobas <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatoris<br />
erTgulebaze <strong>da</strong>aficeb<strong>da</strong>. Crdilo kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gadmosasvleli gza am droisaTvis ukve<br />
gaxsnili iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
jaris gadmoyvana ar gaWirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
10. sadReisod Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ar dgindeba ra gegmebi hqon<strong>da</strong> ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTSi<br />
SeTqmulebis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi _ qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefo uqmdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> uSualod uerTdebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTs, Tu<br />
erekle II-is nacvlad taxtze rusuli orientaciis<br />
bagrations (muxranel bagrations) aiyvandnen. ar iyo<br />
gamoricxuli qarTlis Tavadebis ocnebis asrulebac _<br />
qarTlis kvlav calke samefod gamoyofa.<br />
11. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karis gegma ver<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> _ SeTqmuleba CaiSala. aspinZis brZoli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebulma erekle II-m g. totlebenis moqmedeba<br />
aRkveTa. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saeqspedicio korpusi imereTSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
12. erekle II-is winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebas<br />
ukvalod mainc ar Cauvlia. erTis mxriv, erekle II mixv<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom proiranul orientacias <strong>ruseTi</strong> aRar apatieb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
xelsayreli momentis <strong>da</strong>dgomisTanave misi taxti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camogdebas isev Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>. Tu erekle II mefobas<br />
saerTod ar <strong>da</strong>kargav<strong>da</strong>, qarTlis kvlav calke samefod<br />
gamoyofa <strong>da</strong> iq <strong>ruseTi</strong>s erTguli bagrationebis<br />
(qarTlis bagrationebis) gamefeba iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ruseTs ar gauWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. meores mxriv,<br />
erekle II SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiasTan samxedro- politikuri kavSiriT<br />
ganawyenebuli irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi erekle II-is aRar<br />
endobodnen. qarTl-kaxeTis mefes arCevani cudsa <strong>da</strong><br />
uaress Soris un<strong>da</strong> gaekeTebina. 1770 weli gar<strong>da</strong>texis<br />
welia qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong> saerTod mTeli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s (mTeli kavkasiisac!) istoriaSi. erekle II-m<br />
78
prorusuli orientacia arCia <strong>da</strong> misi realizebis gzebis<br />
Ziebas Seudga.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika,”<br />
2007, # 192, 5 oqtomberi, gv. 7-8.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> wignebSi: vaxtang guruli.<br />
erTmorwmune <strong>ruseTi</strong>. miTi <strong>da</strong><br />
realoba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 74-81.<br />
79
6. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s kavkasiuri politika<br />
<strong>da</strong> vaxtang VI<br />
(vaxtang VI-is politikuri<br />
orientaciis SefasebisaTvis)<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s bedi bolo saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi sami didi imperiis _ iranis, osmaleTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi wydebo<strong>da</strong>. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gabatonebisTvis warmoebulma iranosmaleTis<br />
omebma qveyana gaaCanaga. XVIII saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n or <strong>da</strong>mpyrobels mesame _ <strong>ruseTi</strong> miemata.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi movi<strong>da</strong> farTo eqspansiuri<br />
gegmebiT<br />
XVIII saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis iranSi<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis seriozuli krizisi saxeze iyo,<br />
romelic sul ufro Rrmavdebo<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTic Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />
kargav<strong>da</strong> Zvel didebas, Tumca iranTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
gacilebiT Zlier samxedro-ekonomikur potencials<br />
flob<strong>da</strong>. petre didis (1696-1725) epoqaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> uZlieres<br />
saxelmwifod iqca, romelsac saTanadod organizebuli,<br />
kargad gawvrTnili <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli armia <strong>da</strong> samxedro<br />
floti gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis gaZliereba, petre<br />
didis memkvidreobis mmarTvelobis periodSi saSinao <strong>da</strong><br />
sagareo politikaSi <strong>da</strong>Svebuli zogierTi Secdomis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ar Seferxebula. ekaterine II-is (1762-1796)<br />
dros ki <strong>ruseTi</strong> iqca saxelmwifod, romlis ignorireba<br />
saerTaSoriso asparezze ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebma <strong>ruseTi</strong>sgan momdinare safrTxe imTaviTve<br />
gaacnobieres. Savi zRvi<strong>da</strong>n baltiis zRvamde uzarmazari<br />
80
sivrcis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresiisgan <strong>da</strong>cva evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebis upirveles sazrunavad iqca. <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiisa <strong>da</strong> evropis qveynebis samxedropolitikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba. am <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam ramdenime<br />
etapi ganvlo <strong>da</strong> igi praqtikulad dRemde grZeldeba.<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi evropis saxelmwifobi realur Zalas<br />
ar warmoadgendnen. regionSi gabatonebisaTvis erTmaneTs<br />
irani, osmaleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong> ebrZo<strong>da</strong>. meoTxe Zala<br />
(germania, inglisi) samxreT kavkasiaSi Zalze gvian, ori<br />
saukunis Semdeg _ 1918 wli<strong>da</strong>n gamoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s samxreT kavkasiaSi gamoCenis droisaTvis<br />
(1722 w.) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> samefo-samTavroebad iyo <strong>da</strong>Slili.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> (imereTis samefo, samegrelos,<br />
guriisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis samTavroebi) osmaleTis gavlenis<br />
sferos (savasalos) warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo aRmosavleT<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> (qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebi) _ iranisas.<br />
samcxe-saaTabago <strong>da</strong> aWara uSualod osmaleTis<br />
administraciul-teritoriul sistemaSi iyo<br />
gaerTianebuli. uSualod iranis administraciulteritoriul<br />
sistemaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> War-belaqani (istoriuli<br />
hereTis nawili).<br />
1632 wli<strong>da</strong>n jer qarTlis, xolo Semdeg kaxeTis<br />
taxtebze mxolod mahmadiani bagrationebi adiodnen.<br />
cxadia, maTi orientaciac proiranuli iyo. gamonakliss<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I (1606-1648), romelic<br />
taxtis <strong>da</strong>kargvis Semdegac ki jiutad adga prorusul<br />
orientacias. qarTlis janiSinma (1703 wli<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong> mefem<br />
(1716 wli<strong>da</strong>n) vaxtang VI-m miiCnia, rom proiranuli<br />
orientacia <strong>da</strong>RupviT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> qarTls. mefem mtkiced<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita politikuri orientaciis Secvla. swored am<br />
periodSi samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi SemoWrisaTvis<br />
mzadebas iwyebs <strong>ruseTi</strong>. qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI-m (1716-<br />
1724) swored ver axsna samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s gaaqtiurebis mizezi. 1722 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi movi<strong>da</strong>, rogorc mesame Zala, rogorc mesame<br />
<strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatorebis miznebi araferiT<br />
gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> iranis Sahebisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis sulTnebis<br />
miznebisagan _ petre dids samxreT kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong><br />
misi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s ganuyofel nawilad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva sur<strong>da</strong>.<br />
vaxtang VI-m ki <strong>ruseTi</strong>, Cveulebrivi <strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli,<br />
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islamuri saxelmwifoebis agresiisagan mxsnelad <strong>da</strong>saxa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTeli politika amaze aago. vaxtang VI<br />
uganaTlebulesi a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo. maS riT iyo gapirobebuli<br />
sagareo orientaciis sakiTxSi <strong>da</strong>Svebuli sabediswero<br />
Secdoma _ prorusuli orientaciis aRiareba? qarTlis<br />
mefe prorusul orientacias mas Semdeg <strong>da</strong>adga, rac<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi mokavSiris saZebnelad wasuli<br />
sulxan-saba orbeliani samSobloSi xelcarieli<br />
<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> (1715 w.). ase rom ruseTTan samxedropolitikuri<br />
kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myareba praqtikulad iZulebiT<br />
nabijs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> _ vaxtang VI-s arCevani ar hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amave dros vaxtang VI-m yurad ar iRo qarTlis samefo<br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazis <strong>da</strong> taxtis memkvidris baqaris rCeva. 1722 wels<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarTan SesaerTeblad gamzadebul vaxtang VI-s<br />
samefo <strong>da</strong>rbazma urCia Tavi Seekavebina ruseTTan<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSirisagan, radgan,<br />
warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, mefes iranTan urTierTobis<br />
mogvarebis Sansi aRar eqnebo<strong>da</strong>. ufro kompromisul<br />
variants sTavazob<strong>da</strong> mefes taxtis memkvidre baqar<br />
batoniSvili. 1722 wels avRanelTagan ispahanis <strong>da</strong>cvisas<br />
<strong>da</strong>iRupa Sahis gvardiis sar<strong>da</strong>li, vaxtang VI-is umcrosi<br />
Zma rostomi. Sahma gvardiis sardlad baqar batoniSvili<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSna <strong>da</strong> qarTlis jarTan erTad iranSi gaiwvia. baqari<br />
mamas sTavazob<strong>da</strong>: qarTlis laSqris nawili, mefis<br />
sardlobiT, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarTan SesaerTeblad <strong>da</strong>Zruliyo,<br />
xolo meore nawili, baqaris sardlobiT, Sahis brZanebis<br />
Tanaxmad, iranSi gamgzavrebuliyo. vaxtang VI TiTqos<br />
<strong>da</strong>eTanxma kidec baqaris wina<strong>da</strong>debas, magram bolo<br />
momentSi ga<strong>da</strong>ifiqra <strong>da</strong> iranSi gasamgzavreblad<br />
gamzadebuli laSqari ukan <strong>da</strong>abruna. amiT vaxtang VI-m<br />
sabolood moiWra yvela gza, kaspiispireTSi rusTa<br />
laSqrobis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, iranTan<br />
urTierTobis mogvarebisaTvis.<br />
vaxtang VI-m sworad amoicno, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi realuri Zala xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
Tu <strong>ruseTi</strong> regionSi fexs moikideb<strong>da</strong>, proiranuli<br />
orientacia wamgebiani iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. amasTan erTad, vaxtang<br />
VI-m sworad ver gaTvala samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis dro. es procesi XVIII saukunis 20-iani<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n TiTqmis erTi saukune gagrZel<strong>da</strong>, anu,<br />
82
prorusulma orientaciam vaxtang VI-s <strong>da</strong> mis memkvidreebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>mRupveli Sedegebi moutana. vaxtang Vi-m ver<br />
gaacnobiera, rom ruseTs qarTlis samefo imdenad<br />
aintereseb<strong>da</strong>, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c es ukanaskneli mas iranis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong>. mefe imTaviTve un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqrebuli umniSvnelovanes sakiTxze: qarTlis samefos<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n iranis winaaRmdeg arsebiTi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, iranis samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gandevnis Semdeg <strong>ruseTi</strong> ras moimoqmedeb<strong>da</strong>? iyo ki imisi<br />
garantia, rom gamarjvebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong> qarTlis samefos<br />
(<strong>da</strong>, cxadia, kaxeTis samefosac) iseve ar <strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rogorc samxreT kavkasiis iranul saxanoebs (baqos,<br />
ganjas, yarabaRs, erevans <strong>da</strong> sxv.)?<br />
vaxtang VI-is Secdoma is iyo, rom mas <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mefe petre I-Tan uSualod molaparakebis dros, an<br />
delegaciebis doneze ar <strong>da</strong>usvams ormxrivi<br />
valdebulebis gansazRvris sakiTxi. qarTlis samefosa <strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTs Soris xelSekrulebac ki ar <strong>da</strong>debula,<br />
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis SesaTanxmeblad monarqebi, an<br />
maTi ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi erTmaneTs ar Sexvedrian.<br />
vaxtang VI petre I-is SemonaTvals endo. monarqebis an<br />
elCebis doneze SeTanxmebuli ormxrivi valdebulebebis<br />
ararseboba xels aZlev<strong>da</strong> ruseTs, qarTlis samefos ki<br />
mZime mdgomareobaSi agdeb<strong>da</strong>. qarTlis mefe verc imas<br />
mixv<strong>da</strong>, Tu ratom aari<strong>da</strong> Tavi ruseTma ormxrivi<br />
valdebulebebis gansazRvras <strong>da</strong> qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiri diplomatiuri kurierebis<br />
mimosvlis Sedegad Seikra. vaxtang VI arc imaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqr<strong>da</strong>, Tu ratom ar izruna ruseTma samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi qristiani xalxebisgan antiiranuli koaliciis<br />
Seqmnaze, romlis saTaveSi, cxadia, qarTlis samefo un<strong>da</strong><br />
yofiliyo. qarTlis mefem ver amoicno samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s politikis erT-erTi umTavresi dogma: <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
samxreT kavkasiis xalxebs, maT Soris qristianebsac,<br />
mokavSireebad ar ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, arc<br />
maT bedze zrunvas apireb<strong>da</strong>. samxreT kavkasia<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sTvis iyo georgafiuli sivrce <strong>da</strong> ara xalxebi <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebi Tavisi sasicocxlo interesebiT.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, vaxtang VI-s gaazrebuli ar<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> Tu ra bedi eweo<strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
83
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metic, qarTlis mefes arc<br />
is gegma hqon<strong>da</strong> mofiqrebuli, romelic <strong>ruseTi</strong>s marcxis<br />
SemTxvevaSi un<strong>da</strong> aemoqmedebina qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis mizniT.<br />
samagierod, ruseTs yvelaferi kargad hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
mofiqrebuli. petre didma zedmiwevniT kargad ico<strong>da</strong>, Tu<br />
rogor un<strong>da</strong> emoqme<strong>da</strong>, rogorc marcxis, ise warmatebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. vaxtang VI ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri<br />
kavSiris <strong>da</strong>debamde seriozulad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>fiqrebuliyo<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi Seqmnil ZalTa<br />
Tanafardobaze. qarTlis mefe marTali iyo imaSi, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis laSqars advilad SeeZlo<br />
<strong>da</strong>emarcxebina irani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekavebina kaspiis zRvis<br />
sanapiros sakmaod farTo zoli derbenti<strong>da</strong>n baqomde. ras<br />
moutan<strong>da</strong> es qarTlis samefos? praqtikulad, arafers.<br />
qarTlis samefosTvis mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
jarebis mier ara derbenti<strong>da</strong>n baqomde kaspiis zRvis<br />
sanapiro zolis <strong>da</strong>kavebas, aramed iranis mier<br />
mitacebuli istoriuli hereTis nawilisa (War-belaqanisa)<br />
<strong>da</strong> qvemo qarTlis mosazRvre teritoriis, aseve Saq-<br />
Sirvanis, yarabaRis, ganjisa <strong>da</strong> erevnis saxanoebis<br />
teritoriis <strong>da</strong>kavebas. safrTxe qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
samefoebs swored, aqe<strong>da</strong>n elo<strong>da</strong>T. petre dids ki es<br />
regionebi saerTod ar aintereseb<strong>da</strong>, aranairi<br />
geostrategiuli mniSvneloba <strong>ruseTi</strong>sTvis am<br />
teritoriebs ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. aziisaken mimaval did savaWro<br />
gzaze gasvlisaTvis swored kaspiis zRvis <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
sanapiro zolis (derbenti-baqos xazis) xelSi Cagdeba<br />
iyo aucilebeli. vaxtang VI petre I-is mier<br />
gansazRvruli Setevis mimarTulebiTac (derbenti-baqo)<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mimxv<strong>da</strong>riyo, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> iseTi geostrategiuli<br />
amocanis (did savaWro gzaze gasvlis) ga<strong>da</strong>Wras<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong>, romelsac saerTo Zalian cota hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlis samefos islamuri samyaros agresiisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvasTan. ruseTs rom qarTlis samefos <strong>da</strong>cva hqono<strong>da</strong><br />
miznad <strong>da</strong>saxuli, Crdilo kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n jars derbentis<br />
gziT ki ar Semoiyvan<strong>da</strong>, aramed <strong>da</strong>rialis xeobiT <strong>da</strong><br />
samxreT kavkasiis iranul saxanoebs qarTlis<br />
teritorii<strong>da</strong>n Seutev<strong>da</strong>. am SemTxvevaSi qarTlis samefo<br />
(<strong>da</strong>, cxadia, kaxeTis samefoc) <strong>da</strong>culi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
84
derbenti-baqos xazzec advilad gavido<strong>da</strong>, anu, kaspiis<br />
zRvis sanapiros <strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTlis mefes arc osmaleTis faqtori hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
gaazrebuli. iranis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs<br />
osmaleTTan gaurTuldebo<strong>da</strong> urTierToba. osmaleTi ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong> iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg mis<br />
teritoriaze <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gabatonebas. yvelaze didi, rac<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> rom osmaleTs <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis <strong>da</strong>eTmo, es iyo<br />
kaspiis sanapiro zoli (derbenti-baqo). osmaleTi, iranis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>uTmob<strong>da</strong> War-belaqans (istoriuli hereTis nawils), <strong>da</strong><br />
qvemo qarTlis mosazRvre teritorias. osmaleTis mier am<br />
teritoriis <strong>da</strong>Tmoba imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
xelsayrel plac<strong>da</strong>rms igdeb<strong>da</strong> xelSi axalcixeaxalqalaqis<br />
mimarTulebiT SetevisaTvis. Tu <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
mainc moindomeb<strong>da</strong> xsenebuli teritoriebis xelSi<br />
Cagdebas, osmaleTi omiT Seecdebo<strong>da</strong> mis SeCerebas.<br />
osmaleTs SeeZlo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarebisTvis Seetia mcire<br />
azii<strong>da</strong>n. kidev ufro saSiSi iyo osmaleTis mier yirimis<br />
saxanos jarebis gamoyeneba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s winaaRmdeg. yirimis<br />
xans azovispireTisa <strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasiis baris gavliT<br />
SeeZlo kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze gasvla <strong>da</strong> derbentis<br />
gavliT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarebis zurgSi moxvedra, rac mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi Caagdeb<strong>da</strong> rusebs. yovelive zemoTqmuli<br />
kargad hqon<strong>da</strong> gaazrebuli petre dids. amitom iyo, rom<br />
arc petre didma <strong>da</strong> arc misma memkvidreebma iranis<br />
winaaRmdeg didi omi ar awarmoes, xolo osmaleTs omis<br />
gareSec advilad mourigdnen (1724 w.). ruseTs 1723-1735<br />
wlebSi iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan molaparakebis procesSi<br />
qarTlis samefos interesebi ar <strong>da</strong>ucavs, iranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTisaTvis arc ki miuniSnebia, rom qarTlis samefo<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s samxedro-politikuri mokavSire iyo.<br />
amrigad, vaxtang VI-is mTavari Secdoma iyo is,<br />
rom man <strong>ruseTi</strong>, samxreT kavkasiaSi iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
Semdeg mosul mesame Zala, <strong>da</strong>mpyroblad ar miiCnia <strong>da</strong><br />
agresori mxsnelad <strong>da</strong>saxa. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s warmatebis mizezi ki<br />
is iyo, rom qarTlis samefos xsna arasodes <strong>da</strong>usaxavs<br />
miznad. qarTlis samefo ruseTs imdenad aintereseb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi iranis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong>. samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
85
gaaqtiureba geostrategiuli gegmis realizebas isaxav<strong>da</strong><br />
miznad <strong>da</strong> ara qarTlis samefos <strong>da</strong>cvas. samxreT kavkasia<br />
petre didisTvis <strong>da</strong> misi memkvidreebisTvis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
geografiul sivrces, romelic <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifos<br />
ganuyofel nawilad un<strong>da</strong> qceuliyo <strong>da</strong>, cxadia, iq<br />
romelime saxelmwifos, Tun<strong>da</strong>c qristianulis, arseboba<br />
miuRebeli iyo. aseT viTarebaSi qarTlis samefos<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiri ruseTTan mxolod<br />
uaryofiT Sedgebs Tu moitan<strong>da</strong>. samxreT kavkasiaSi sami<br />
didi imperiis _ iranis, osmaleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi qarTlis samefo, iseve rogorc kaxeTis<br />
samefo, politikuri garigebis obieqtad iqca.<br />
* * *<br />
vaxtang VI-is prorusuli orientaciis marcxma<br />
umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo ara marto qarTlis samefo,<br />
aramed mTeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>. marTalia 1722 wlis<br />
warumatebeli laSqrobis Semdeg, 1723 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
jarma baqo aiRo <strong>da</strong> iranis teritoriis mniSvnelovani<br />
nawilic <strong>da</strong>ikava, magram amas qarTlis samefosaTvis Sveba<br />
ar moutania. piriqiT, iranis marcxiTa <strong>da</strong> vaxtang VI-is<br />
prorusuli orientaciiT SeSfoTebuli osmaleTi<br />
Setevaze ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 1723 wels Tbilisi <strong>da</strong>ikava.<br />
qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi ,,yizilmaSoba” ,,osmalobam” Secvala.<br />
es iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SemoWrisa <strong>da</strong> vaxtang<br />
VI-is prorusuli orientaciis Sedegi.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s SemoWriT SeSinebuli osmaleTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si poziciebis gamagrebas Seudga.<br />
1723 wlisaTvis osmaleTma kontroli <strong>da</strong>awesa Savi zRvis<br />
mTel aRmosavleT sanapiroze. osmalTa garnizonebi<br />
idgnen: baTumSi, cixisZirSi, CaqvSi, foTSi, yulevSi,<br />
anakofiaSi, soxumSi, biWvinTaSi. imereTis samefos<br />
umniSvnelovanesi cixeebi (quTaisis, baR<strong>da</strong>Tis <strong>da</strong><br />
Sorapnis) aseve osmalTa xelSi iyo. osmalTa SiSi<br />
imxanad usafuZvlo gamodga. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidreba ruseTs gauWianur<strong>da</strong>, ris gamoc <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
amierkavkasiaSi SeWra dRis wesrigSic ki ar <strong>da</strong>smula.<br />
86
amitom iyo, rom imereTis mefis aleqsandre I-is (1721-1752)<br />
elCoba ruseTSi (1738 w.) uSedegod <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> _ ruseTma<br />
imereTs <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze uari uTxra.<br />
qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebi ,,osmalobam” (1723-<br />
1735 ww.) umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo. osmalebma <strong>da</strong><br />
maTma mokavSire lekebma qveyana gaaveranes. osmaleTTan<br />
1724 wlis zaviT morigebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong> ki misi gavlenis<br />
sferod aRiarebul iranis teritoriaze (kaspiis zRvis<br />
sanapiro zoli derbenti<strong>da</strong>n baqomde, astrabadisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mazan<strong>da</strong>ranis provinciebi) <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
sulac ar anaRvleb<strong>da</strong> qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> misi devnili mefis _<br />
vaxtang VI-is bedi. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatorebs arc im 1850<br />
qarTvelis bedi aintereseb<strong>da</strong>T, romlebic iZulebulni<br />
gaxdnen mefes Tan gahyolodnen ruseTSi.<br />
iranis osmaleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />
grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. samxreT kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba sul ufro<br />
Zneli xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,qarTuli universiteti,” 2009,<br />
# 30, 10-16 seqtemberi, gv. 12; 2009, #<br />
31, 17-23 seqtemberi, gv. 14.<br />
87
7. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s kavkasiuri<br />
politika <strong>da</strong> erekle II<br />
(erekle II-is politikuri orientaciis<br />
SefasebisaTvis)<br />
qarTlis mefis vaxtang VI-is prorusuli<br />
orientaciis kraxma umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo ara<br />
marto qarTli, aramed kaxeTic. islamuri samyaro (irani,<br />
osmaleTi, Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebi) realuri safrTxis<br />
winaSe <strong>da</strong>dgnen. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SemoWra samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
vaxtang VI-Tvis qarTlis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />
islamuri samyarosaTvis uaRresad did safrTxes<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. avRanelebTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>sustebuli irani<br />
ruseTs saWiro winaaRmdegobas ver gauwev<strong>da</strong>, rac<br />
regionSi status kvos <strong>da</strong>rRvevas gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>. irans<br />
ruseTTan omi ar SeeZlo. amitom iyo rom teritoriuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tmobebis xarjze, iranma ruseTTan 1723 wels zavs<br />
miaRwia <strong>da</strong> mdgomareoba droebiT ixsna. ruseT-iranis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zaveba qarTlis gawirvas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s warmatebam<br />
Zalze SeaSfoTa osmaleTi. sulTanma 1724 wlis zaviT<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> aiZula samxreT kavkasiaSi farTo <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT<br />
gegmebze xeli aeRo. TavisTavad <strong>da</strong>uZlurebuli irani<br />
poziciebs mainc ar Tmob<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>sagan mitovebuli<br />
vaxtang VI-is <strong>da</strong>sja iranis Sahma kaxeTis mefes, ruseTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> iranSi kargad cnobil erekle I nazar-ali-xanis Zes,<br />
gamahmadianebul konstantines (mahmad-yuli-xans) <strong>da</strong>avala.<br />
kaxeTis mefem 1723 wels lekTa jaris <strong>da</strong>xmrebiT Tbilisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikava. imave 1723 wels qarTlSi osmalebi SemoiWrnen,<br />
qveyana <strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong> Tbilisic <strong>da</strong>ikaves. ase <strong>da</strong>wyo<br />
,,osmaloba”, romelic 1735 wlamde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. Gvaxtang VIis<br />
Zma, gamahmadianebuli iese (ali-yuli-xani) osmalebs<br />
eaxla <strong>da</strong> morCileba gamoucxa<strong>da</strong>, risTvisac qarTlis<br />
88
mmarTveloba uboZes. osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolas ar<br />
wyvet<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefe konstantine. 1723 wels osmalebma<br />
igi mosalaparakeblad miiwvies <strong>da</strong> moRalaturad mokles.<br />
qarTli <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi osmalebma <strong>da</strong> maTma mokavSire lekebma<br />
aikles. osmalTa <strong>da</strong> lekTa TareSisagan gaCanagebul<br />
qveyanas kidev ufro asusteb<strong>da</strong> Sina aSliloba _<br />
Tavaduri partikularizmi. Seiqmna umZimesi mdgomareoba.<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis kvdomis procesi sul ufro<br />
Rrmavdebo<strong>da</strong>. am Znelbedobis Jams qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
samefoebs mxsnelad moevlinen kaxeTis samefos saxlis<br />
warmomadgenlebi _ erekli I nazar-ali-xanis umcrosi Ze<br />
Teimurazi (momavali mefe Teimuraz II) <strong>da</strong> misi Ze erekle<br />
(momavali mefe erekle II). Teimuraz erekles Ze <strong>da</strong> erekle<br />
Teimurazis Ze qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis<br />
brZolas samefo taxtze asvlamde iwyeben. am brZolaSi<br />
mama-Svilma didi diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong> mxe<strong>da</strong>rmTavruli niWi<br />
gamoamJRavnes.<br />
XVIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sefianTa irani ise<br />
<strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>, rom lamis iyo erT dros uZlieresi<br />
saxelmwifos teritoria ruseTma <strong>da</strong> osmaleTma<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>inawiles. iranis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi avRanelebma aiRes <strong>da</strong><br />
erT-erTma avRanelma beladma Tavi iranis Sahad<br />
gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. movlenebi ise viTardebo<strong>da</strong>, rom mTeli<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasia osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong>T. viTareba kardinalurad Sescvala<br />
samoRvaweo asparezze iranis samxedro ministris nadirxanis<br />
gamosvlam. Nnadir-xanma (1737 wels igi iranis Sahi<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>) avRanelebi sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa, Zlieri <strong>da</strong>rtyma<br />
miayena osmaleTs <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>c aiZula wina wlebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli iranis teritoriebi <strong>da</strong>etovebina. 1735 wels<br />
nadir-xani samxreT kavkasiaSi osmalTa erT-erT mTavar<br />
<strong>da</strong>sayrdens ganjis cixes Semoadga. TbiliSi gamagrebuli<br />
osmalo faSa ganjis garnizonis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />
emzadebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem zustad Seafases samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi Seqmnili ZalTa axali<br />
Tanafardoba <strong>da</strong> proiranuli orientacia irCies. mama-<br />
Svilma Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n ganjis garnizonis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />
mimavali osmalTa jari gafantes <strong>da</strong> nadir-xans ganjis<br />
aRebaSic <strong>da</strong>exmarnen. ganji<strong>da</strong>n nadir-xani Tbilisisaken<br />
89
<strong>da</strong>iZra. Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem iranis sar<strong>da</strong>ls mefuri<br />
miReba mouwyves. vaxtang VI-s antiiranuli politikiT<br />
ganrisxebuli iraneli sardlisaTvis Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekles saqcieli albaT moulodnelic iyo. Nnadir-Sahma<br />
kargad uwyo<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoWras<br />
kvlavac ecdebo<strong>da</strong>. swored amitom iranisaTvis Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo vaxtang VI-is prorusuli politikuri<br />
orientaciis mowinaaRmdegeebis Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> erekles _<br />
mimxroba. proiranuli orientaciis Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekles <strong>da</strong>xmarebas nadir-SahisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi aramarto <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
SemoWris SemTxvevaSi, aramed <strong>da</strong>Restnis<br />
<strong>da</strong>samorCileblad warmoebul omSi. yovelive es kargad<br />
gaiTvaliswina nadir-Sahma. 1744 wels man Teimurazi<br />
qarTlis, xolo erekle kaxeTis mefed <strong>da</strong>amtkica.<br />
moulodneli iyo is, rom iranis Sahs taxtze asvlis<br />
pirobad Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> ereklesaTvis islamis miReba ar<br />
wamouyenebia. cxadia, es <strong>da</strong>Tmobac politikuri mizniT iyo<br />
nakarnaxevi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad iranis Sahis Canafiqrisa, erTi ram<br />
cxadia: nadir-Sahma SesaZleblad miiCnia samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi saxelmwifoebriobis (qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
samefoebis) arseboba qristiani bagrationebiT saTaveSi.<br />
1735 wli<strong>da</strong>n oc<strong>da</strong>TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebi (1762 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo) proiranuli<br />
orientacias adgnen. Sedegi saxeze iyo: qveyana welSi<br />
gaimarTa, ganmtkic<strong>da</strong> samefo xelisufleba, <strong>da</strong>iTrguna<br />
Tavaduri opozicia, <strong>da</strong>iwyo lekTa Semosevebis<br />
aRkveTisaTvis organizebuli brZola, ga<strong>da</strong>idga nabijebi<br />
ekonomikis aRorZinebisaTvis. iranSi centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>sustebis pirobebSi, rasac adgili<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> nadir-Sahis mkvlelobis Semdeg (1747 w.), samxreT<br />
kavkasiis iranul saxanoebSi Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> erekles<br />
avtoriteti amaRl<strong>da</strong>. ganjis, erevnis, yarabaRis,<br />
naxWevanis, SuSis xanebi Teimuraz II-sa <strong>da</strong> erekle II-s<br />
nebis aRmsruleblebad iqcnen. qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
mifeebs angariSs uwevdnen iranis Sahis taxtis<br />
precendentebi. Tu yovelive zemoT Tqmuls<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT sruliad bunebrivad ismis kiTxva:<br />
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atom Secvala erekle II-m proiranuli orientacia<br />
prorusuliT? SevecdebiT vupasuxoT am kiTxvas.<br />
1. proiranuli orientacia momgebiani iyo maSin,<br />
roca irani samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi realur Zalas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. nadir-Sahis mkvlelobis Semdeg (1747 w.)<br />
iranSi SinaaSliloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. garkveuli periodis Semdeg<br />
Sahobis pretendentTa Soris gamoikveTa qerim-xani. qerimxanma<br />
marTalia iranis didi nawili Tavis xelisuflebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>uqvemdebara, magram misi Zalaufleba mTels iranze<br />
arasdros gavrcelebula, ris gamoc qerim-xanma Sahis<br />
tituli ver miiRo. qerim-xanis mmarTvelobis wlebSive<br />
(1760-1779) naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom misi sikvdilis Semdeg<br />
iranSi SinaaSliloba axali ZaliT gagrZeldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Teimuraz II <strong>da</strong> erekle II savsebiT sworad fiqrobdnen,<br />
rom qerim-xanis irani samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi jer<br />
kidev realuri Zalas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, amitomac<br />
proiranuli orientaciis SenarCuneba momgebiani iyo.<br />
amasTan erTad Zalze Zneli iyo pasuxis gacema kiTxvaze:<br />
SesZleb<strong>da</strong> ki irani qerim-xanis sikvdilis Semdeg samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi realur Zalad <strong>da</strong>rCenas? iranis<br />
<strong>da</strong>susteba aucileblad gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> regionSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
gaaqtiurebas. samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
SemoWris SemTxvevaSi qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
samefoebisaTvis proiranul orientaciaze <strong>da</strong>rCena Zalze<br />
saxifaTo iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. yovelive es kargad gaiazres<br />
Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem. ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebis<br />
Semdeg samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi gabatonebis<br />
yvelaze realur pretedentTan _ ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>ewyo<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gis mosinjva. swored am mizans isaxav<strong>da</strong> Teimuraz IIis<br />
elCoba ruseTSi (1760- 1762 ww.). cxadia, Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekles Canafiqri imTaviTve amoicnes ruseTSi _<br />
Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekles <strong>ruseTi</strong> mxolod iranis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sustebis SemTxvevaSi sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T. amitom iyo, rom<br />
peterburgSi Casul qarTlis mefes rusebma karti ar<br />
gauxsnes.Nnadir-Sahisa <strong>da</strong> qerim-xanis mokavSireebs _<br />
Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekles _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperetoro kari<br />
aSkarad ar endobo<strong>da</strong>. rusebi dros elodnen. maTTvisac<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo Tu rogor ganviTardebo<strong>da</strong><br />
movlenebi iranSi Qqerim-xanis sikvdilis Semdeg.<br />
Teimuraz II-is elCoba uSedegod <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. amasTan<br />
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erTad, cxadia, Teimurazis elCobas iranis sawinaaRmdego<br />
qmedebad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> qerim-xani, Tumca Zveli urTierToba<br />
iranisa <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis Soris mainc SenarCunebuli<br />
iqna. qerim-xans uari ar uTqvams nadir-Sahis politikaze_<br />
iranis axali mbrZanebeli eWvis qveS ar ayeneb<strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis arsebobas. ufro<br />
metic, qerim-xani arc qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebis<br />
gaerTianebas (1762 w.) aRudga win.<br />
2. lodinis taqtika xels aZlev<strong>da</strong> ruseTs, magram<br />
sruliad miuRebeli iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis.<br />
irani<strong>da</strong>n SemaSfoTebeli xmebi modio<strong>da</strong>. qerim-xan zendi<br />
avadmyofob<strong>da</strong> (igi 1779 wels gar<strong>da</strong>icvala), yajarTa tomi<br />
zendebze Suris saZieblad emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. aseT viTarebaSi<br />
1768 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo ruseT-osamaleTis omi, romelic 1774<br />
wlamde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma<br />
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg qristiani mefe-mTavrebis mimxrobis<br />
gegma SeimuSava. osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebZoli imereTis<br />
mefe solomon I rom ruseTs miemxrebo<strong>da</strong>, amis Taobaze<br />
peterburgSi ar eWvobdnen. amasTan erTad rusebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni iyvnen, rom qarTl- kaxeTis mefe erekle II<br />
ruseT-imereTis samxedro-politikur kavSirs ar<br />
miemxrobo<strong>da</strong>. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo iranis savasalos<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. erekle II-s mSvidobiani urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTTan <strong>da</strong>, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karis mosazrebiT,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefe am urTierTobis SenarCunebas<br />
ecdebo<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mxareze osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi Cabma miuRebeli<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> iranisaTvis. osamleTi irans urCi vasalis,<br />
erekle II-is, <strong>da</strong>sjas moTxov<strong>da</strong>. sxvagvarad fiqrob<strong>da</strong><br />
erekle II. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis azriT ruseT-imereTis<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiris miRma qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos <strong>da</strong>rCena wamgebiani <strong>da</strong> saxifaToc ki iyo. erekle<br />
II-is <strong>da</strong>skvna Semdeg mosazrebas emyarebo<strong>da</strong>: pirveli.<br />
ruseT-imereTis samxedro-politikuri kavSiris warmatebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi qarTul samefo- samTavroebSi <strong>da</strong> saerTod<br />
samxreT kavkasiis qristian xalxebSi erekle lideris<br />
funqcias kargav<strong>da</strong>. mis adgils imereTis mefe solomon I<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong>; meore. imereTis samefosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarebis<br />
mier osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis SemTxvevaSi, konkretulad ki<br />
samcxe-saaTabagos cixeebi<strong>da</strong>n (awyuris, xerTvisis,<br />
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axlcixis, axalqalaqis <strong>da</strong> sxv.) osmalTa garnizonis<br />
gaZevebis Semdeg aRniSnuli teritoria <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mokavSires imereTis samefos ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong>; mesame.<br />
osmaleTTan omSi warmatebis <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi fexis<br />
mokidebis SemTxvevaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> Seecdebo<strong>da</strong> samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iranis gaZevebas. am droisaTvis<br />
erekle II-s ruseTTan urTierToba mogvarebuli un<strong>da</strong><br />
hqono<strong>da</strong>, raTa iranis winaaRmdeg qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis samxedro-politikuri kavSiri<br />
Seuferxeblad ganxorcielebuliyo. erekle Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>-imereTis samxedro-politikuri kavSirisadmi<br />
mimxrobiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
samxedro-politikur kavSirs uyri<strong>da</strong> safuZvels.<br />
3. 1769 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jari <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
Semovi<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1770 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
jarebma erToblivad gailaSqres md. mtkvris xeobaSi<br />
ganlagebuli cixeebi<strong>da</strong>n osmlaTa gandevnis mizniT.<br />
rusTa saeqspedicio korpusis meTaurma genaralma i.<br />
totlebenma awyuris alyis dros qarTl-kaxeTis jari<br />
miatova <strong>da</strong> ukan gamobrun<strong>da</strong>. erekle II-is brwyinvale<br />
mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavruli niWis wyalobiT qarTvelTa laSqarma<br />
aspinZasTan gamarTul brZolaSi mteri <strong>da</strong>amarcxa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamarjvebuli <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> TbiliSi. qarTli<strong>da</strong>n imereTSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>suli <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saeqspedicio korpuss arc aq<br />
gamouCenia Tavi <strong>da</strong> sabolood 1772 wels <strong>da</strong>tova kidec<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>. sadReisod Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis<br />
analizis Sedegad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT: pirveli. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karis mizani ar yofila Zlieri<br />
antiosmaluri koaliciis (imereTis samefo, qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefo, samegrelos samTavro, guriis samTavro)<br />
Seqmna <strong>da</strong> osmleTis gandevna <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritorii<strong>da</strong>n;<br />
meore. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mizani ar iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi,<br />
osmaleTisa <strong>da</strong> iranis mosazRvred, misi mokavSire<br />
qarTuli samefoebis (qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, imereTis<br />
samefo) gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT regioni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis gandevna, xolo Semdeg maxlobel<br />
aRmosavleTSi gaWra; mesame. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mizani iyo pirobebis<br />
momzadeba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad: qarTvel mefemTavarTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Seswavla, Si<strong>da</strong>politikur<br />
viTarebaSi garkveva, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samxedro potencialis<br />
93
gacnoba <strong>da</strong> sxv.; meoTxe. ruseTs sur<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos <strong>da</strong>susteba, erekle II-is rogorc proiranuli<br />
orientaciis, niWieri diplomatisa <strong>da</strong> brwyinvale<br />
mxe<strong>da</strong>rmTavris Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mocileba (taxti<strong>da</strong>n Camogdeba) anu<br />
ukidures SemTxvevasi misi <strong>da</strong>Sineba <strong>da</strong> prorusul<br />
orientaciaze <strong>da</strong>yolieba; mexuTe. erekle II-is opoziciis<br />
waqezeba <strong>da</strong> prorusul ZalTa organizeba _ mexuTe<br />
kolonis Seqmna.<br />
4. erekle II grZnob<strong>da</strong>, rom proiranuli<br />
orientaciis gamo igi miuRebeli iyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis. cxadi<br />
iyo isic, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> erekles winaaRmdeg brZolas ar<br />
Sewyvet<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am brZolaSi efeqturad gamoiyeneb<strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>xvewil qarTlis bagrationebs (vaxtang VI-is<br />
STamomavlebsa) <strong>da</strong> maT momxre Tavadebs. irani dRiTi dRe<br />
sustdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sustebuli iranis imediT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
faruli agresiis winaaRmdeg brZolas azri r hqon<strong>da</strong>, igi<br />
adre Tu gvian mainc marcxiT <strong>da</strong>sruldebo<strong>da</strong>. samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SemoWris SemTxvevaSi<br />
erekles <strong>da</strong>sustebuli irani veras uSveli<strong>da</strong>. erekle<br />
taxts <strong>da</strong>kargav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis adgils qarTlis bagrationebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikavebdnen. yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
erekle II-m ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita: samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi<br />
gabatonebisaTvis brZolaSi ori pretendenti<strong>da</strong>n (irani<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n) upiratesoba ufro perspeqtiulisaTvis _<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis _ mieniWebina <strong>da</strong> proiranuli orientacia<br />
prorusuliT Seecvala. saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ereklem<br />
1771 wlis dekembris miwurulsa <strong>da</strong> 1772 wlis ianvris<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdegs miiRo.<br />
5. 1772 wels erekle II-is Txovna qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi miRebis Taobaze<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqma anton I-ma <strong>da</strong> levan batoniSvilma<br />
oficialurad warudgines <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars.<br />
erekle II-is Txovnis Tanaxmad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
mfarvelobaSi Sesul qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi<br />
,,ucvaleblad” un<strong>da</strong> SenarCunebuliyo mefisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kaTolikos patriarqis xelisufleba, anu saero <strong>da</strong><br />
saeklesio xelisufleba. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis Txovnas<br />
peterburgSi TerTmeti weli, 1772 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1783 wlamde,<br />
ixilavdnen. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori ekaterine II (1762-1796)<br />
lodinis taqtikas tyuilad ar adga: pirveli. <strong>da</strong>Zabuli<br />
94
urTierToba evropis qveynebTan (brZola poloneTis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisaTvis) <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan (brZola Savi<br />
zRvispireTSi gabatonebisaTvis) ruseTs iranTan<br />
urTierTobaSi sifrTxilisaken ubiZgeb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong> iranis<br />
gaRizianebas eridebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos iranis<br />
savasalo teritoriad, xolo erekle II-s iranis vasalad<br />
cnob<strong>da</strong>. cxadia, iranSi kargad uwyodnen 1772 wels erekle<br />
II-is mier miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis Taobaze _ iranis<br />
vasali <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi Sesvals iTxov<strong>da</strong>. irans<br />
erekle II-is <strong>da</strong>sasjelad mizezi sakmarisze meti hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karze, cxadia icodnen, rom irani<br />
urCi vasalis samagaliTod <strong>da</strong>sjas Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, peterburgSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
mfarvelbaSi miRebas TerTmeti weli aWianurebdnen.<br />
ekaterine II varaudob<strong>da</strong>: iranis mier qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>laSqvris SemTxvevaSi erekle II ufro <strong>da</strong>mTmobi<br />
gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi ufro mZime pirobiT<br />
Sevido<strong>da</strong>. sabednierod, qerim-xanis sikvdilis Semdeg (1779<br />
w.) iranSi SinaaSliloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> iranma erekle II ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>saja.<br />
Seqmnil viTarebaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> 1783<br />
wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan mfarvelobiTi<br />
xelSekruleba, zogierTi muxlis gamoklebiT, erekle IIis<br />
mier wamoyenebuli pirobebis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>edo.<br />
traqtatis mixedviT, <strong>ruseTi</strong> valdebuli iyo: ucvlelad<br />
SeenarCunebina <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si umaRlesi saero (samefo) <strong>da</strong><br />
sasuliero (saeklesio) xelisufleba, anu qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos eyolebo<strong>da</strong> mefe bagrationTa dinastii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(erekle II-is STamomavlebi) <strong>da</strong> kaTolikos-patriarqi;<br />
axali mefis taxtze asvla un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>e<strong>da</strong>sturebina <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperators; sxva saxelmwifoTa agresiisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
mizniT qarTl-kaxeTSi mudmivad un<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
jari (ori batalioni), romlis raodenoba saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi gaizrdebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />
valdebuli iyo, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatorTan SeeTanxmebina<br />
axali mefis kandi<strong>da</strong>tura. xazgasmiT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom<br />
georgeevskis traqtatis mixedviT ara marto samefo<br />
xelisufleba rCebo<strong>da</strong>, aramed kvlavac moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos centraluri <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTveloba, qarTuli samarTali <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo<br />
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sistema, mimoqcevaSi rCebo<strong>da</strong> qarTuli fuli <strong>da</strong> zomawonis<br />
erTeulebi, erekle II-is qveSemrdomi kvlavac<br />
rCebo<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis mefis qveSemrdomad <strong>da</strong> araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar xdebo<strong>da</strong> ekaterine II-is qveSemrdomi. rac<br />
mTavaria ruseTs ar qon<strong>da</strong> ufleba qarTl-kaxeTSi<br />
mefobis gauqmebisa, <strong>ruseTi</strong> ver gaauqmeb<strong>da</strong> verc<br />
patriarqobas.<br />
ruseTma meore iZulebiTi nabijic ga<strong>da</strong>dga. 1783<br />
wels georgievskis traqtati <strong>da</strong>ido ruseT-TurqeTis or<br />
oms (1768-1774 ww. D<strong>da</strong> 1787-1791 ww.) Soris, anu im dros,<br />
rodesac ruseT-osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba mTeli ZaliT<br />
grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. Aamave dros grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba poloneTis teritoriis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisaTvis (pirveli ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba Sedga 1772<br />
wels, meore _ 1793 wels). or frontze mebrZol ruseTs<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> iranTanac gamwvavebo<strong>da</strong> urTierToba,<br />
gamoricxuli ar iyo omic. marTalia <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro kari garkveul riskze midio<strong>da</strong>, magram, Tu<br />
kargad <strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT es riski arc ise didi iyo. 1783<br />
wels iranSi SinaaSliloba grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. ar Can<strong>da</strong><br />
Sahobis reluri kandi<strong>da</strong>ti. miT ufro Sors iyo is dro,<br />
roca mTeli irani Zlieri Sahis xelisuflebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> realur safrTxes Seuqmni<strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTs. georgievskis traqtatiT gaRizianebul irans<br />
SeeZlo qarTl-kaxeTis samefo <strong>da</strong>erbia, rac srulia<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ar enaRvelbo<strong>da</strong> ekaterine II-s. praqtikulad georgievskis<br />
traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debiT seriozul riskze midio<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperia aramed qarTl-kaxeTis samefo. riski<br />
mravalmxrivi iyo. yvelaze saxifaTo iyo iranis<br />
gaerTianeba, gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresiis aRkveTa (iseve rogorc es<br />
nadir-Sahma gaakeTa). Aam SemTxvevisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos ,,mfarveli” <strong>ruseTi</strong> garkveuli xniT kavkasiis<br />
mTavar qeds ga<strong>da</strong>Rma <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>, xolo erekle II-is<br />
prorusuli orientaciiT gaRizianebuli irani mkacrad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sji<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis mefes. prorusuli orientaciiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi SesvliT ukmayofilo<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> osmaleTic _ ereklesaTvis SeiZleba imereTis<br />
mefes solomon I-sac miebaZa. Eerekle II urTierTobas<br />
irTuleb<strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasiis mTielebTan, romelTa<br />
96
interesebSic aseve ar Sedio<strong>da</strong> ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos samxedro-politikuri kavSiri.<br />
6. yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli, cxadia, kargad<br />
esmo<strong>da</strong> erekle II-s. maSin ratom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita erekle II-m<br />
georgievskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>deba? erekle II-s sjero<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
kavkasiaSi iran-osmaleT-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, adre Tu<br />
gvian, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>sruldebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom<br />
umjobesi iyo qarTl- kaxeTis samefo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
mfarvelobaSi samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
SemoWramde Sesuliyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />
gamarjvebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiis iranul saxanoebTan gaaigiveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> masac<br />
saxanoebis msgavsad <strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong>. erekle eswrafo<strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTTan iseTi xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debas, romelic<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi qarTl-kaxeTs iranuli saxanoebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoarCev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebis<br />
garantias miscem<strong>da</strong>. erekle II azrovneb<strong>da</strong> savsebiT<br />
logikurad. georgievskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debis wina<br />
periodisaTvis, iseve rogorc traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debis dros<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefes ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> codno<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis kavkasiuri politika principulad<br />
gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> samomavlod samxreT kavkasiaSi qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos SenarCunebas. erekle II-s ver<br />
warmoedgina, rom qarTul saxelmwifoebriobasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori iranis Sahebze <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTis sulTnebze gacilebiT Seurigebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
nadir-Sahi <strong>da</strong> qerim-xani erekle II-s samxreT kavkasiis<br />
iranuli saxanoebis mflobelebTan (xanebTan) ar<br />
aigivebdnen, masSi mefur Rirsebas xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen. Eekaterine<br />
II-em <strong>da</strong> pavle I-ma ki qarTl-kaxeTis monarqebi ganjis,<br />
yarabaRis, erevnis <strong>da</strong> naxWevanis xanebTan gaaTanabres.<br />
erekle II cdilb<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis kavkasiur<br />
politikaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos raRac funqcia<br />
SeeZina. amitom iyo, rom erekle <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
karis rusTa, qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasiis sxva<br />
qristiani xalxebis jarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT iranis <strong>da</strong>kavebis<br />
gegmasa <strong>da</strong> Sahis taxtze <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis sasurveli<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tis <strong>da</strong>smas sTavazob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
97
7. erekle II-is mTeli moRvaweoba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis kavkasiur politikaSi qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefosaTvis raime mniSvnelovani funqciis <strong>da</strong>kisrebis<br />
mizniT sruli kraxiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. georgievskis traqtatis<br />
(1783 w.) <strong>da</strong>debamde <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debis Semdgomac rogorc<br />
avRniSneT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos mokavSired ar ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kavkasiur<br />
politikaSi arnair funqcias ar akisreb<strong>da</strong> (igive iTqmis<br />
imereTis samefoze, samgrelosa <strong>da</strong> guriis samTavroebze).<br />
amis mizezi iyo Semdegi: pirveli. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
kari kavkasias (Crdilo <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasia) ganixilav<strong>da</strong><br />
geografiul sivrced, romelic un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>epyro <strong>da</strong> imperiis<br />
ganuyofel nawilad eqcia. kavkasia (gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
samxreT kavkasia) un<strong>da</strong> qceuliyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
plac<strong>da</strong>rmad maxlobel aRmosavleTSi SetevisaTvis.<br />
swored amitom samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos (iseve rogorc imereTis samefos)<br />
arseboba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars <strong>da</strong>uSveblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
petrburgSi CaTvales, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong><br />
imereTis samefos SeeZloT garkveuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
aRmoCena samxreT kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
gandevnaSi, magram <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qarTuli samefoebis<br />
arsebobas SemdegSi SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis garkveuli<br />
sirTuleebi Seeqmna. maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gasaWrel<br />
plac<strong>da</strong>rmze (samxreT kavkasiaSi) <strong>ruseTi</strong> ryevebs,<br />
arastabilurobas ver <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong>, regioni mtkiced un<strong>da</strong><br />
sWero<strong>da</strong>. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi safrTxis qveS dgebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s aRmosavluri politikis realizeba. zemoT<br />
Tqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare georgievskis traqtatis<br />
Sesruleba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars arc ufiqria.<br />
yvelaferi keTdebo<strong>da</strong> imisTvis, rom qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobis drois moxloebisaTvis qveyana maqsimalurad<br />
yofiliyo <strong>da</strong>sustebuli Crdilo kavkasiis mTielebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
iranis Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebiT. amitom iyo, rom ruseTma araferi<br />
iRona <strong>da</strong>, ufro metic, 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xani waaqeza<br />
kidec qarTl-kaxeTze laSqrobisaTvis. yovelive zemoT<br />
Tqmuls Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad erekle II-isadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisa, <strong>da</strong>debiTad vafasebT mis moRvaweobas<br />
Tu uaryofiTad, sruliad garkveviT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos:<br />
prorusuli politikuri orientacia <strong>da</strong> georgievskis<br />
98
traqtati iyo startegiuli Secdoma. es Secdoma<br />
ganpirobebuli iyo ara imiT, rom erekle II cudi<br />
diplomati iyo <strong>da</strong> ver erkveo<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis geopolitikur<br />
regionSi Seqmnil viTarebaSi, an iran-osmaleT-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
urTierTobebSi, aramed imiT, rom kavkasiis momavali<br />
mpyrobeli _ <strong>ruseTi</strong> _ miuReblad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> regionSi<br />
rogorc qristiani, ise islamis aRmsarebeli xalxis<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis arsebobas. erekle II-s, cxadia, ar<br />
SeeZlo Seecvala <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis kavkasiuri politikis<br />
arsi. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe kavkasiis momaval mpyrobels<br />
un<strong>da</strong> morigebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wagebuli TamaSi bolomde eTamaSa.<br />
swored am gziT varaudob<strong>da</strong> erekle II <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s SemoWriT Seqmnili safrTxis nawilobriv mainc<br />
ganeitralebas.<br />
8. grZnob<strong>da</strong> Tu ara erekle II <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karis mxri<strong>da</strong>n Cafiqrebul Ralats 1783<br />
wlis Semdgom xanebSi, gansakuTrebiT 1787 wli<strong>da</strong>n, mas<br />
Semdeg rac ruseTma jari gaiyvana qarTl-kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
cxadia, grZnob<strong>da</strong>. amitom iyo, rom erekle II georgievskis<br />
traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debamde <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debis Semdgomac agrZeleb<strong>da</strong><br />
evropaSi (avstriaSi) samxedro-politikuri mokavSiris<br />
Ziebas. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>zvervam amis Taobaze Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv acnoba peterburgs. Eerekle II-is mier<br />
evropaSi mokavSiris Zieba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars<br />
aRizianeb<strong>da</strong>. jer kidev georgievskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debamde<br />
(1778 wlis miwuruli _ 1783 wlis <strong>da</strong>mdegi) ekaterine II<br />
kategoriulad moiTxov<strong>da</strong> erekle II-sgan avstriis<br />
imperatorTan <strong>da</strong> sxva qristianul saxelmwifoebTan<br />
urTierTobis Sewyvetas.<br />
9. erekle II-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis droi<strong>da</strong>n (1798 w.)<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos praqtikulad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
samxedro <strong>da</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong>zvervis rezidentebi<br />
marTavdnen. giorgi XII-is mefobis wlebSi (1798-1800)<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis kvdomis procesi swrafad<br />
ganviTar<strong>da</strong>. amitom iyo, rom ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad imdeni Zalisxmevac ar <strong>da</strong>sWirvebia,<br />
ramdenic mogvianebiT (1804-1810 ww.) qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefoze gacilebiT susti imereTis <strong>da</strong>pyrobisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
99
erekle II-is politikuri orientaciis<br />
Sefasebisas, Cveni azriT un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT:<br />
pirveli. erekle II politikuri moRvaweobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSive (1735 w.) <strong>da</strong>dga proiranul politikur<br />
orinetaciaze <strong>da</strong> oc<strong>da</strong>TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi (1735-<br />
1770 ww.) warmatebiT agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> am kurss.<br />
meore. samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi iranosmaleT-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis pirobebSi proiranuli<br />
orientacia momgebiani iyo Zlieri iranis arsebobis<br />
pirobebSi, iranis <strong>da</strong>susutebis SemTxvevaSi proiranuli<br />
orientacia wamgebiani <strong>da</strong> saxifaTo xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mesame. Pproiranuli orientacia prorusuliT<br />
erekle II-m mxolod 1771-1772 wlebSi Secvala, maSin roca<br />
irani ise <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>, rom samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresias veRar aRkveT<strong>da</strong>. aseT viTarebaSi<br />
proiranuli orientaciis SenarCuneba saxifaTo iyo.<br />
erekle II-s, sur<strong>da</strong> Tu ar sur<strong>da</strong> angariSi un<strong>da</strong> gaewia<br />
ZalTa axali TanafardobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> regionSi batonobis<br />
pretenziis mqone realur Zalas _ ruseTs _ morigebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle II-is prorusuli politikuri orientacia<br />
iZulebiTi nabiji iyo.<br />
meoTxe. D<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
arseboba <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis <strong>da</strong>uSvebeli iyo, xolo misi mefe,<br />
saxelganTqmuli mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavari <strong>da</strong> gamocdili<br />
diplomati, erekle II _ miuRebeli. Eerekles <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro kari ar endobo<strong>da</strong>, xolo qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos arc georgievskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debamde <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
mis <strong>da</strong>debis Semdgom mokavSired ar miiCnev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mexuTe. Eerekle II-is prorusuli orientacia ar<br />
yofila qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>da</strong>cemis mizezi.<br />
proiranuli oreintaciis SemTxvevaSic qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos igive bedi elo<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli samefo samTavroebis<br />
beds ar swyvet<strong>da</strong> mefe-mTavarTa politikuri orientacia.<br />
samxreT kavkasia, <strong>da</strong> maT Soris <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong><br />
iran-osmaleT-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi gamarjvebuls. es<br />
gamarjveba ki imxanad ruseTs xv<strong>da</strong> wilad.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,qarTuli universiteti,” 2009,<br />
# 38, 5-11 noemberi, gv. 11; 2009, # 39,<br />
12-18 noemberi, gv. 15-16.<br />
100
8. mfarvelobi<strong>da</strong>n aneqsiamde<br />
(qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis urTierTobis SefasebisaTvis<br />
1771-1801 ww.)<br />
1801 wlis 12 seqtembers moskovSi imperatorma<br />
aleqsandre I-ma (1801-1825) xeli moawera manifests qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiasTan<br />
SeerTebis Taobaze. ase <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
urTierToba, romelic <strong>da</strong>sabams 1483 wli<strong>da</strong>n iReb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mier 1801-1802 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos okupaciasa <strong>da</strong> aneqsias 1801-1810 wlebSi imereTis<br />
samefos, samegrelos, guriisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis samTavroebis<br />
okupacia <strong>da</strong> aneqsia mohyva. Cveni mizania gavaSuqoT<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
urTierTobis bolo oc<strong>da</strong>aTwleulSi (1771-1801 ww.)<br />
ganviTarebuli movlenebi, Sefaseba mivceT momx<strong>da</strong>rs 1 .<br />
xsenebuli epoqis Taobaze masalebi <strong>da</strong>culia <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
arqivebSi. am masalebis Seswavlisa <strong>da</strong> publikaciis<br />
saqmeSi didi wvlili Seitanes rusma <strong>da</strong> qarTvelma<br />
istorikosebma: p. butkovma, a. cagarelma, ad. berJem, i.<br />
cincaZem, v. maWaraZem, g. paiWaZem 2 . gansakuTrebiT didia v.<br />
maWaraZis <strong>da</strong>msaxureba, romelmac <strong>ruseTi</strong>s arqivebSi<br />
xangrZlivi muSaobis Semdeg gamosca dokumentebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
masalebis ramdenime krebuli, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia: “georgievskis traqtati” (Tbilisi, 1983).<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s urTierTobis istoriis amsaxveli<br />
dokumentebi <strong>da</strong> masalebi karga xania istoriis<br />
101
kuTvnilebaa. am dokumentebs didxans sagul<strong>da</strong>gulod<br />
malavdnen, Semdeg tendenciur interpretacias aZlevdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> ori xalxis urTierTobas Segnebulad ayalbebdnen.<br />
Cven SevecdebiT obieqturi Sefaseba mivceT qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis urTierTobas 1771-<br />
1801 wlebSi.<br />
1771 wlis 30 dekembers qarTl-kaxeTis mefem<br />
erekle II-m umniSvnelovanesi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRo. am<br />
dRes mefem TbilisSi xeli moawera <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperator<br />
ekaterine II-Tvis gasagzavn dokuments _ xelSekrulebis<br />
proeqts, romlis mixedviTac qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas iTxov<strong>da</strong>. qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefo, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi<br />
Sesvlisas, sxva pirobebTan erTad, umaRlesi saero <strong>da</strong><br />
saeklesio xelisuflebis ,,ucvalebelad” <strong>da</strong><br />
,,mouSlelad” SenarCunebas iTxov<strong>da</strong>. samefo<br />
xelisuflebis Taobaze xelSekrulebis proeqtSi<br />
vkiTxulobT: ,,kualad viTac Zvelad yofila Cvenis<br />
Camomavlobis mefoba, viTxovT Tqvenisa didebulebis<br />
mowyalebisa gamo, egreTve saukunod ucvaleblad egos...”<br />
peterburgSi xelSekrulebis proeqtis es adgili ase<br />
Targmnes: ,,Из давных еще лет предки наши восприяли царское<br />
достоинство и находились царями. Из милосердия Вашего<br />
Величества всенижайше прошу дозволить и нам на вечныя<br />
времена находиться на таком же основании …”<br />
102<br />
3 aseve mkafio <strong>da</strong><br />
savsebiT naTeli iyo erekle II-is Txovna umaRlesi<br />
saeklesio xelisuflebis SenarCunebis Taobaze:<br />
,,msgavsadve kaTolikozica wessave Tvissa egos<br />
mouSlelad”. (rusul TargmanSi: ,,Каталикос оставаться имеет<br />
всегда в своем достоинстве без всякой перемены”) 4 . rogorc<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT qarTl-kaxeTis mefe iTxov<strong>da</strong> bagrationTa<br />
dinastiiT saTaveSi samefo xelisuflebis ucvlelad<br />
SenarCunebas, aseve samociqulo marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesiis umaRlesi ierarqis _ kaTolikos-patriarqis<br />
Tavis uflebebSi ucvlelad <strong>da</strong>tovebas.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis pirobad erekle<br />
II aseve ayeneb<strong>da</strong>: 1) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT,<br />
rusTa oTxi aTasiani korpusis gamogzavnas; 2) yirimis<br />
saxanos teritoriaze osmalTa tyveobisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnil<br />
qarTvelTa samSobloSi Tavisuflad <strong>da</strong>brunebis
uzrunvelyofas; 3) qarTl-kaxeTis jaris Sesanaxavad<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis xazini<strong>da</strong>n sesxis micamas; 4) ruseTosmaleTis<br />
omis (igulisxmeba imxanad mimdinare 1768-1774<br />
wlebis omi) <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg zavis <strong>da</strong>debisas<br />
,,axalcixis qveyana” (e.i. samcxe-saaTabago) ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi, ,,vinaidgan<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s miwa aris <strong>da</strong> qarTuli ena aqusT <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalni qristianeni arian imaTSi, <strong>da</strong> sxuanica axalni<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qceulni arian mahmadianobazed.” (rusul TargmanSi:<br />
,,ибо сия провинция принадлежит Грузии и на грузинской земле<br />
лежит, обыватели тамошние имеют грузинский язык, и многие из<br />
них поныне христианами находятся, а некоторыя не в давных<br />
временах зделались магометанами”) 5 .<br />
1772 wlis 6 ianvars, anu xelSekrulebis proeqtze<br />
xelmoweri<strong>da</strong>n erTi kviris Semdeg, mcxeTaSi xelmoweril<br />
iqna meore dokumenti _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxlis<br />
piroba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperators. xelSekrulebis proeqtisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, romelsac xels mxolod erekle II awer<strong>da</strong>,<br />
samefo saxlis pirobas xels awerdnen: mefe erekle II,<br />
dedofali <strong>da</strong>rejani, kaTolikos-patriarqi anton I,<br />
batoniSvilebi: giorgi, levani, iuloni <strong>da</strong> vaxtangi.<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxli pirobas deb<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperatoris mfarvelobaze uars arasodes ityo<strong>da</strong>, ris<br />
Taobazec fics deb<strong>da</strong>: ,,es yovlad Zliersa RmerTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
cxovelmyofelsa jvarsa <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>sa saxarebasa ze<strong>da</strong><br />
ficiT <strong>da</strong>mimtkicebia <strong>da</strong> TviT xeliTa CemTa <strong>da</strong>miweria <strong>da</strong><br />
egreTve saxleulTa CemTa xelmoweriT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>beWdviT<br />
mtkice miyofia.” (rusul TargmanSi: ,,и утверждаем клятвою<br />
нашею пред всемогущим богом, пред святым евангелием и пред<br />
животворящим его крестом, и собственною мою рукою писал я<br />
сие прошение, и как я, так и все из фамилии моей каждой<br />
порознь своеручно свое имя подписали и порознь каждой<br />
приложили к сей присяг е чернильную печать с изображением<br />
наших имян”) 6 .<br />
xelSekrulebis proeqti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze (1771<br />
wlis 30 dekemberi) <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxlis<br />
piroba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperators (1772 wlis 6 ianvari)<br />
peterburgSi 1772 wels Caitanes kaTolikoá-patriarqma<br />
103
anton I-ma <strong>da</strong> levan batoniSvilma. imavdroulad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperators mfarvelobaSi miRebas sTxov<strong>da</strong> imereTis mefe<br />
solomon I.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karze didxans ifiqres<br />
erekle II-isa <strong>da</strong> solomon I-is Txovnaze. 1782 wlis<br />
miwurulsa <strong>da</strong> 1783 wlis <strong>da</strong>mdegs (zusti TariRi ucnobia)<br />
ekaterine II-is mdivanma (1775 wli<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong> imperiis sagareopolitikuri<br />
uwyebis faqtobrivma xelmZRvanelma (1783<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n) aleqsandre bezborodkom kavkasiis xazis<br />
ufross grigol potiomkins werilobiT acnoba<br />
ekaterine II-is azri qarTl-kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> imereTis<br />
samefoebTan <strong>da</strong>sadebi xelSekrulebebis (traqtatis)<br />
Taobaze. evropis saxelmwifoebTan poloneTis<br />
teritoriis, xolo osmaleTTan CrdiloeT<br />
SavizRvispireTisa <strong>da</strong> balkaneTis gamo garTulebuli<br />
mdgomareobis pirobebSi ekaterine II-s sifrTxile<br />
gamouCenia <strong>da</strong> ubrZanebia: ,, ... <strong>da</strong>idos qarTvel mefeebTan<br />
samokavSireo traqtati, nu uwodebT maT qveSevrdomebs,<br />
uwodeT _ mokavSireebi, romlebic imyofebian <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis mfarvelobaSi” (de<strong>da</strong>nSi: ,, ... з ак лючит ь с<br />
Грузинскими Царями союз ный трактат, не именуя их подданными,<br />
но союзниками, от Империи всероссийской<br />
покровительствуемыми.”) imavdroulad, ekaterine II<br />
kategoriulad moiTxov<strong>da</strong> ereklesa <strong>da</strong> solomons<br />
SeewyvitaT urTierToba avstriis imperatorTan, aseve<br />
sxva qristianul saxelmwifoebTan (de<strong>da</strong>nSi: ,,Отклонить<br />
всякое их з нак омст во с императором (igulisxmeba avstriis<br />
imperatori _ v.g..) и с друг ими христианскими державами”)<br />
ekaterine II sagangebod mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>, rom erekle II-sa <strong>da</strong><br />
solomon I-s avstriis imperatorisaTvis werilic ki ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaegzavnaT (de<strong>da</strong>nSi: ,,да и писем к императору не<br />
посылать”) 7 . amrigad, ekaterine II-m mfarvelobiTi<br />
xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debis pirobad wamoayena iseTi<br />
moTxovna, romelic laxav<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> imereTis<br />
samefoebis suverenitets _ erekle II-sa <strong>da</strong> solomon I-s<br />
avstriis imperatorTan <strong>da</strong> sxva qristian xelmwifeebTan<br />
diplomatiuri urTierToba (mimowerac ki!) aekrZalaT.<br />
sainteresoa ekaterine II-is kidev erTi piroba: g.<br />
potiomkins un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emyarebina mSvidoba qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mefe erekle II-sa <strong>da</strong> imereTis mefe solomon I-s Soris.<br />
104
mefeebs Soris kvlav uTanxmoebis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
arbitris roli ruseTs un<strong>da</strong> Seesrulebina (de<strong>da</strong>nSi: ,,Ея<br />
Величество изволила примечать, не нужен ли под вашим<br />
руководством мир между царями Ираклием и Соломоном<br />
постановить ясный и т очный, учиняя себя как ручателем оног о,<br />
так и арбитром в случае вз аимных вновь жалоб”) 8 . am pirobis<br />
wamoyenebis mizani sruliad naTelia: <strong>ruseTi</strong> ecdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
erekle II-isa <strong>da</strong> solomon I-is uTanxmoebis gamZafrebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> Semdeg amRvreul wyalSi Tevzis <strong>da</strong>Weras _ qarTvel<br />
mefeTa <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi arbitris rolis Sesrulebas.<br />
a. bezborodkos mier g. potiomkinisadmi<br />
gagzavnili werili<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom ekaterine II-s azri ar<br />
gamoiuTqvams qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi eklesiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kaTolikos-patriarqis uflebrivi mdgomareobis Taobaze.<br />
samagierod, am sakiTxs Seexo a. bezborodko. igi g.<br />
potiomkins wer<strong>da</strong>: qarTl-kaxeTis kaTolikosi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
eklesiis umaRles ierarqTa Soris <strong>da</strong>ikavebs adgilso<br />
(de<strong>da</strong>nSi: ,,архиепископа же католикоса _ то ему соборнаг о,<br />
поставить степенем в Российской церкви между первыми”) 9 . am<br />
SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs ,,siaxle” kaTolikospatriarqis,<br />
uZvelesi avtokefaluri eklesiis<br />
saWeTmpyroblis, moxseniebaSi: ,, архиепископа же<br />
католикоса.” es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom mcxeTis uZvelesi<br />
sapatriarqo taxtis mpyrobeli, samociqulo<br />
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis umaRlesi ierarqi<br />
arqiepiskoposs (mTavarepiskoposs) gautoles. es a.<br />
bezborodkos SemTxveviT ar gaukeTebia. imave werilSi a.<br />
bezborodko aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTveli samRvdeloebis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis sinodisaTvis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebiT<br />
moixsnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si kaTolikuri eklesiis<br />
samisionero moRvaweobi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare safrTxe (de<strong>da</strong>nSi:<br />
,,Ког да по духовенству они привязаны будут к Синоду, то по<br />
сему примеру и римск ое духовенство от России же получать<br />
будет, а сим кончится с ношение с императором, (австрийским _<br />
В. Г.) которому причиною мисионарии”) 10 . a. bezborodko am<br />
SemTxvevaSic srulad garkveul mizans isaxav<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karisaTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis<br />
sinodisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili kaTolikos-patriarq<br />
anton I-is evropuli orientaciis Taobaze, mis axlo<br />
urTierTobaze <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si myof kaTolike<br />
105
misionerebTan. cxadia, <strong>ruseTi</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si kaTolikuri eklesiis misiebis SewyvetiT.<br />
es garkveulwilad Seaferxeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi<br />
samxedro-politikuri mokavSiris Ziebis saqmes,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si evropuli ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />
miRwevebis gavrcelebas.<br />
1783 wlis 24 ivliss Crdilo kavkasiis rusuli<br />
simagre georgievskSi <strong>da</strong>ido traqtati (xelSeruleba)<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiasa <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris.<br />
preambulis mixedviT traqtati iyo ,,megobrobiTi<br />
xelSekruleba” (,,дружественный дог овор”), qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefo cnob<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatoris ,,umaRles<br />
xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> mfarvelobas” (,,верховную власть и<br />
покровительство”) 11 .<br />
georgievskis traqtatis pirveli muxlSi<br />
aniSnulia: erekle II misi <strong>da</strong> memkvidreebis saxeliT<br />
sazeimod acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom amieri<strong>da</strong>n samu<strong>da</strong>mod uars<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong> ecno iranis an romelime sxva qveynis xelmwifis<br />
uzenaesi xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> mfarveloba, gar<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperatorisa <strong>da</strong> misi memkvidreebisa. (,,что он не признает<br />
над собою и преемниками инаг о самодержавия, к роме верховной<br />
власти и покровительства Ея Императорскаг о Величества и Ея<br />
Высок их наследников и преемников престола”) 12 .<br />
traqtatSi asaxva ver pova ekaterine II-is<br />
kategoriulma moTxovnam avstriis imperatorTan <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
qristian xelmwifeebTan qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
urTierTobis gawyvetis Taobaze. rogorc Cans, sabolood<br />
ekaterine II moeri<strong>da</strong> aseTi moTxovnis xelSekrulebaSi<br />
Setanas, radgan qristian xelmwifeebTan urTierTobisas<br />
igi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caagdeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro kars.<br />
traqtatis meore muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori misi <strong>da</strong> memkvidreebis saxeliT<br />
pirobas deb<strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mo mfarveloba gaewia qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefosaTvis <strong>da</strong> qveynis teritoria <strong>da</strong>ecva gareSe<br />
mtrebisagan (,,Ея Величество дает Императорское свое<br />
ручательство на сохранение целости настоящих владений Ег о<br />
светлости Царя Ираклия Теймуразовича”) 13 .<br />
traqtatis mesame muxli a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi Sesul qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi<br />
106
SenarCunebul iqnebo<strong>da</strong> erekle II-isa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
memkvidreebis mefoba. axali mefis taxtze asvlas samefo<br />
niSnebis (investituris) gamogzavniT a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori. (,,постановлено, что помянутые Цари,<br />
вступая наследственно на царство их, имеют тотчас из в ещат ь о<br />
том Российскому Императорскому Двору, испрашивая чрез<br />
посланников своих Императорскаг о на царство подтверждения с<br />
инвеститурою”) 14 .<br />
traqtati ar exebo<strong>da</strong> erekle II-is uflebas<br />
qveSevrdomebze, centralur <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv<br />
mmarTvelobas, qarTuli samarTlisa <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo<br />
sistemas, zoma-wonis erTeulebs, jaris organizacias <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis qveSevrdomi ar xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis qveSevrdomi. traqtatis meeqvse muxlSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori: ,,Sinagansa<br />
xelmwifebisa <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobisa Tana SeuRlvilsa<br />
msjavrsa <strong>da</strong> samarTalsa <strong>da</strong> Sekrebasa misacemelisa<br />
xarkisa <strong>da</strong>anebes missa uganaTlebulesobasa mefesa<br />
srulsa Sina nebasa” (Власть, со внутренним управлением<br />
сопряженную _ суд и расправу и збор податей предоставить ег о<br />
светлости царю в полную ег о волю и пользу”) 15 . <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperatori aseve valdebulebas iReb<strong>da</strong>, rom misi<br />
samxedro <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo moxeleebi ar Caereodnen qarTlkaxeTis<br />
saSinao saqmeebSi (,,запрещая своему военному и<br />
г ражданскому начальству вступаться в какия-либо<br />
распоряжения”) 16 . am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa aseve<br />
traqtatis meSvide muxli. qarTl-kaxeTis mefes moxelis<br />
Tanamdebobaze <strong>da</strong>niSvnisas un<strong>da</strong> gaeTvaliswinebina<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tis <strong>da</strong>msaxureba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s winaSe: _ ,,raTa<br />
usakuTresad aCuenosmca udidesobai msaxurebisaTvis<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiisa” (,,оказывать уважение на заслуг и пред<br />
Всероссийскою Империею”) 17 . cxadia, am moTxovnis traqtatSi<br />
Setana politikuri mosazrebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karze kargad uwyodnen, rom erekle II-is<br />
qveSevrdomTa (TavadTa <strong>da</strong> aznaurTa) Soris yvela<br />
prorusuli orientaciis ar iyo. traqtatis meSvide<br />
muxli <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars garantias aZlev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ar <strong>da</strong>winaurdebodnen<br />
prorusuli orientaciis mowinaaRmdegeni. meSvide muxli,<br />
107
cxadia, zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis mefis suverenul<br />
uflebebs.<br />
georgievskis traqtatSi ver aisaxa erekle II-is<br />
mier SemuSavebul xelSerkulebis proeqtSi (1771 wlis 30<br />
dekemberi) Setanili moTxovna kaTolikos-patriarqis<br />
uflebebis ucvlelad (,,mouSlelad”) <strong>da</strong>tovebis Taobaze.<br />
traqtatis merve muxli, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
eklesiasa <strong>da</strong> kaTalikos-patriarqs exeba, TiTqmis<br />
mTlianad a. bezborodkos mosazrebis mixedviT<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. mcxeTis uZvelesi sapatriarqo taxtis<br />
mpyrobeli, kaTolikos-patriarqi anton I xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis<br />
wevri <strong>da</strong> sinodis wevr mRvdelmTavarTa Soris ikaveb<strong>da</strong><br />
merve adgils tobolskis arqiepiskoposis Semdeg. merve<br />
muxlSi vkiTxulobT: ,,inebebs misi igi didebulebai,<br />
viTarmed kaTolikozsa anu umTavressa arxiepiskopossa<br />
maTsa, raTa aqundes adgili ricxuTa Soris <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa<br />
mRUdelT-mTavaTasa merues Sina xarisxsa, ese igi aris<br />
Semdgomad tobolskisa” (чтоб католикос, или начальствующий<br />
архиепископ их, состоял местом в числе российских архиереев в<br />
осьмой степени, именно после тобольскаг о”) 18 . 1700 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1817<br />
wlamde <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesias patriarqi ar hyav<strong>da</strong>, sinodis<br />
wevrebi mxolod mRvdelmTavrebi (episkoposebi,<br />
arqiepiskoposebi, mitropolitebi) iyvnen. imxanad, anton Iis<br />
rangis saeklesio ierarqi ruseTs ar hyolia. uZvelesi<br />
avtokefaluri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli sinodis wevrebs<br />
_ rigiT mRvdelmTavrebs _ gautoles. amasTan Svidi<br />
mRvdelTmTavari sinodSi anton I-ze didi pativiT<br />
sargeblob<strong>da</strong>. es ki imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom Seilaxa<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqis Rirseba. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
karze kargad uwyodnen, rom saqme hqon<strong>da</strong>T uZveles<br />
samociqulo marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
saWeTmpyrobelTan. amitom iyo, rom, merve muxlis ZaliT,<br />
ori qveynis eklesiaTa Soris urTierToba un<strong>da</strong><br />
garkveuliyo calke xelSekrulebiT: ,,amisTvis ukue<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwerebis sxua artikuli” (,,о том составится особливый<br />
артикул”) 19 . aseTi xelSekruleba aRar <strong>da</strong>debula.<br />
traqtatis ZiriTad teqstTan (preambula <strong>da</strong><br />
cameti muxli) erTad <strong>da</strong>moukidebel dokumentad gaform<strong>da</strong><br />
108
(calke moewera xeli) saidumlo muxlebs (oTx muxls)<br />
anu, ,,separatisa artikulebs” (,,сепаратные артикулы”).<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvel separatul (calke) anu<br />
saidumlo muxlSi asaxva hpova ekaterine II-is moTxovnam.<br />
erekle II megobrul urTierTobaSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo<br />
solomon I-Tan, xolo mefeebs Soris uTanxmoebis<br />
warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi, arbitris rols Seasruleb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori, romlis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebasac erekle<br />
II un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong> (,,ныне и впредь признает Ея<br />
Императорское Величест во совершенным арбитром, подверг ая<br />
распри и недоразумения между двумя владетелями, паче всякаг о<br />
чаяния происходящия, ея верховному решению”) 20 . cxadia,<br />
pirveli separatuli muxli laxav<strong>da</strong>, rogorc erekle IIis,<br />
ise solomon I-is suverenul uflebebs <strong>da</strong> amave dros<br />
ruseTs saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong> Careuliyo qarTl-kaxeTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> imereTis samefoebis urTierTobaSi.<br />
meore separatuli muxli gvauwyebs: ,,<strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis<br />
samflobeloisa qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTisa yovliT kerZo<br />
Sexebisagan mezobelTasa <strong>da</strong> simtkicisaTvis mxedrobisa<br />
misisa uganaTlebulesobisa mefisa, didebuleba<br />
imperatorebisa misisa aRuTqUams Senaxuad samflobeloTa<br />
Sina mefisaTa orsa srulsa batalionsa queiTsa oTxiTa<br />
zarbazniTa” (,,Для охранения владений карталинских и<br />
кахетинских от всякаг о прикосновения со стороны соседей и для<br />
подкрепления войск Ег о Светлости Царя на оборону Ея<br />
Императорское Величество обещает содержать в областях Ег о два<br />
полные баталиона пехоты с четырьмя пу шк ами”) 21 .<br />
mesame separatuli muxlis ZaliT <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
valdebuli iyo omis SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
aRmoeCina qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis <strong>da</strong> misi mteri<br />
orive qveynis mtrad Seeracxa: ,,<strong>da</strong>sduas hazri<br />
SewevnisaTvis TqmulTa maT queyanaTa <strong>da</strong> win-aRdgomisa<br />
mterTasa moqmedebisaTvis, romelica ara sxuebr, aramed<br />
viTarca saerTod mtrad Seracxuad saTanado ars”<br />
(,,сог ласить и положит ь на мере о з ащищении означенных з емель<br />
и о действии против неприятеля, который не инако как за<br />
общаг о враг а разумеем быт ь должен”) 22 .<br />
meoTxe separatuli muxlis ZaliT <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
valdebuli iyo omis SemTxvevaSi (igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong> omebi<br />
iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
109
<strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong> iaraRiT, amasTan erTad, sazavo<br />
molaparakebis dros, un<strong>da</strong> eca<strong>da</strong> raTa qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefosaTvis <strong>da</strong>ebrunebina winaT mterTagan warTmeuli<br />
teritoriebi: ,,raTa drosa brZolisasa ixmarosca yoveli<br />
SemZleblobai mecadinobisa RoniTa saWuruelisaTa,<br />
xolo drosa mSvidobisasa <strong>da</strong>zavebisa mier ukmoqcevisaTvis<br />
queyanasa <strong>da</strong> adgilTa mterTagan qonebulTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zueladve samefoisa mimarT qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTisa<br />
SeracxilTa, eseni ukue <strong>da</strong>STebian samflobelod<br />
muneburTa mefeTa” (,,в случае войны употребить всевозможное<br />
старание пособием оружия, а в случае мира настоянием о<br />
возвращении з емель и мест , издавна царству Карталинскому и<br />
Кахетинскому принадлежавших, кои и останутся во владении<br />
царей т амошних ”) 23 .<br />
georgievskis traqtatTan erTad aseve calke<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel dokumentad gaform<strong>da</strong> ficis nimuSi<br />
(Образец присяг и), romelic erekle II-s un<strong>da</strong> mieRo<br />
traqtatis ratifikaciis Semdeg. dokumenti iwyeba ase:<br />
,,saxe, romlisaebr uganaTlebulesoba misi mefe qarTlisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kaxeTisa irakli TeimurazoviCi hyofs ficiTsa<br />
aRTqmasa erTgulebasa ze<strong>da</strong> misisa imperatorebis<br />
didebulebisasa TviTmpyrobelisa yovlisa <strong>ruseTi</strong>sasa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRsarebasa mfaruelobisa <strong>da</strong> uzenaesisa xelmwifebisa<br />
imperatorTasa mefeTa ze<strong>da</strong> qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTisaTa”<br />
(,,Образец, по которому Ег о Светлость Царь Карталинский и<br />
Кахетинский Ираклий Теймуразович учинит клятвенное обещание<br />
на верность Ея Императорскому Величест ву Самодержаще<br />
Всероссийской и на признание покровительства и верховной<br />
власти всероссийских Императоров над царями карталинских и<br />
кахетинских”) 24 . amrigad, ficis nimuSSic (saxeSic)<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebisa (<strong>da</strong>, cxadia,<br />
samefos) arseboba.<br />
georgievskis traqtati <strong>da</strong>ido imxanad<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi miRebuli yvela wesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cviT (mxareebis mier traqtatis proeqtebis Sedgena <strong>da</strong><br />
ganxilva, traqtatis teqstis momzadeba, sruluflebiani<br />
delegaciebis <strong>da</strong>niSvna, molaparakeba, traqtatis<br />
saboloo teqstis SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong> xelmowera, traqtatis<br />
ratifikacia <strong>da</strong> gamoqveyneba). am TvalsazrisiT<br />
sainteresoa traqtatis meTormete muxli. marTalia<br />
110
traqtati ,,saukunod” samu<strong>da</strong>mod (,,на вечныя времена”)<br />
idebo<strong>da</strong>, magram Tu masSi urTierTsasargeblo<br />
cvlilebebis Setana iqnebo<strong>da</strong> saWiro, es un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />
orive mxaris TanxmobiT: ,,ukeTu ganxilul iqmnes raime<br />
saWirod Secualebad, anu <strong>da</strong>rTuad urTierTisaTvis<br />
sargeblisa, aqus mas adgili orTave kerZoTa Tanxmobisa”<br />
(,,оное да возымеет мест о по обостороннему сог лашению”) 25 .<br />
georgievskis traqtatis umTavresi piroba iyo<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
islamuri samyaros agresiisgan. arc georgievskis<br />
traqtatis ZiriTad muxlebi <strong>da</strong> arc separatuli (calke)<br />
muxlebi ruseTs arasodes Seusrulebia. 1787 wels<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoria <strong>da</strong>tova traqtatiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebulma jarma. ase <strong>da</strong>irRva meore separatuli<br />
(saidumlo) muxli. <strong>ruseTi</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>exmara qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevis dros (1795 w.), riTac<br />
<strong>da</strong>arRvia traqtatis meore muxli, aseve mesame <strong>da</strong> meoTxe<br />
separatuli (saidumlo) muxlebi.<br />
erekle II-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg (1798 wlis<br />
ianvari) misi memkvidris _ qarTl-kaxeTØs mefe giorgi XIIis<br />
(1798-1800) xanmokle mmarTvelobis periodSi samefos<br />
marTva-gamgeobaze kontroli <strong>da</strong>aweses rusma<br />
diplomatebma <strong>da</strong> samxedroebma. 1799 wlis noemberSi<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 1787 wels gayvanØli<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s jari (erTi batalioni). rusma rezidentebma<br />
SeZles giorgi XII-is <strong>da</strong>pirispireba dedofal <strong>da</strong>rejanTan,<br />
ZmebTan <strong>da</strong> ZmisSvilebTan. ufro metic, qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mefe umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebze taxtis memkvidre<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTsac ki ar eTaTbirebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
karma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita misTvis uxerxuli georgievskis<br />
traqtatis ufro xelsayreli dokumentiT Secvla.<br />
kerZod, ruseTs sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> iseTi dokumenti, romelic<br />
minimumamde Sekvecav<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
suverenitets, anu suverenitetis <strong>da</strong>cvis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis gacilebiT uaresi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
vidre georgievskis traqtati. Tu <strong>ruseTi</strong> amas miaRwev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
es iqnebo<strong>da</strong> seriozuli warmateba qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
gauqmebis gzaze. giorgi XII-is garSemo intrigebis<br />
xlarTviT, mZimed avadmyofi mefis SantaJirebiT (rusebi<br />
mefes yoveldRe CasCiCinebdnen, rom misi sikvdilis<br />
111
Semdeg Zmebi mis Svils taxts waarTmevdnen) miaRwies imas,<br />
rom 1800 wlis 24 ivniss giorgi XII-m xeli moawera e.w.<br />
,,saTxovar punqtebs” (notas) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperator pavle Isadmi<br />
(1796-1801). “saTxovari punqtebis” Taobaze Aaraferi<br />
icodnen samefo saxlis wevrebma, giorgi XII-s saqmis<br />
kursSi ar Cauyenebia taxtis memkvidre, ufliswuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTic ki.<br />
am droisaTvis (1800 w.) georgievskis traqtatis<br />
moqmedeba Sewyvetili ar yofila. giorgi XII-is<br />
,,saTxovari punqtebi” Seicavs iseT Txovnas, rac isec<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo georgievskis traqtatiT:<br />
1) giorgi XII <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi miRebas<br />
iTxov<strong>da</strong> pira<strong>da</strong>d misi, memkvidreebis, samRvdeloebis,<br />
didebulebisa <strong>da</strong> yvela qveSevrdomis saxeliT (“ ...<br />
навсег да принять подданство всероссийской Империи...”). qarTlkaxeTis<br />
mefe Seasruleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatoris yvela<br />
kanonsa <strong>da</strong> brZanebas, xolo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperators qarTlkaxeTSi<br />
miiRebdnen, rogorc memkvidre xelmwifesa <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTmpyrobels (“как наследственнаг о (природног о) своег о<br />
г осударя и самодержца”).<br />
2) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg giorgi XII un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo qarTl-kaxeTis mefed, samu<strong>da</strong>mod un<strong>da</strong><br />
SenarCunebo<strong>da</strong>T samefo taxti mis memkvidreebs.<br />
3) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis sanacvlod giorgi XII-s <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperatorisagan un<strong>da</strong> mieRo jamagiri <strong>da</strong> soflebi<br />
ruseTSi (“ ... содержанье деньг ами и деревни в России”).<br />
4) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
mfarvelobaSi miRebamde <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv un<strong>da</strong> gazrdiliyo<br />
qarTl-kaxeTSi ganlagebuli <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jaris raodenoba<br />
(“ ... немедленно увеличить войска”) 26 .<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is 1800 wlis 24<br />
ivnisis ‘saTxovar punqtebs~ (notas) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro karze seriozulad moekidnen. 1800 wlis 18<br />
dekembrisaTvis Sedgenili iqna imperator pavle I-is<br />
manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiasTan<br />
SeerTebis Taobaze. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemoebaTa gamo<br />
manifesti cota mogvianebiT gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
112
peterburgi<strong>da</strong>n 1800 wlis 18 dekembris manifestis<br />
teqsti, romelic jer saidumlod un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culiyo,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ugzavnes kavkasiis xazis ufross general karl<br />
knorings. ufro adre karl knorings miRebuli hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
aseve saidumlo brZaneba giorgi XII-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />
Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTSi samefo xelisuflebis gauqmebis<br />
Taobaze. Crdilo kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n qarTl-kaxeTSi <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />
Sehyav<strong>da</strong>T <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jari.<br />
1801 wlis 18 ianvars peterburgSi gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong><br />
imperator pavle I-is manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong> misi ruseTTan SeerTebis Taobaze (zemoT<br />
aRvniSneT, rom manifestis teqstis Sedgena <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong><br />
jer kidev 1800 wlis 18 dekembers).<br />
pavle I-is 1801 wlis 18 ianvris manifestSi qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos nacvlad vxvdebiT terminebs: “царство<br />
Грузинское” <strong>da</strong> “Грузия”.<br />
imperatori pavle I acxadeb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
1) qarTl-kaxeTis samefo samu<strong>da</strong>mod uerTebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias;<br />
2) qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleobas SeunarCundebo<strong>da</strong><br />
yvela ufleba <strong>da</strong> upiratesoba, aseve qoneba;<br />
3) qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>culi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
gareSe mtÔrTagan <strong>da</strong> Sinagani areulobisagan 27 .<br />
1801 wlis 11-12 marts, RamiT, SeTqmulebma mokles<br />
imperatori pavle I. qarTl-kaxeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myareba droebiT Seferx<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperator pavle I-is 1801 wlis 18<br />
ianvris manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
misi <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis SeerTebis Taobaze ukanono iyo:<br />
pirveli. giorgi XII-is 1800 wlis 24 ivnisis<br />
,,saTxovari punqtebi” ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos gauqmebis safuZveli, radgan giorgi XII<br />
srulad garkveviT iTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom ,,saTxovari punqtebis”<br />
Sesrulebis (<strong>da</strong>mtkicebis) SemTxvevaSi igi un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo qarTl-kaxeTis mefed, mefoba un<strong>da</strong><br />
SenarCunebo<strong>da</strong>T mis memkvidreebsac.<br />
meore. giorgi XII iTxov<strong>da</strong> ara qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos gauqmebas <strong>da</strong> mis SeerTebas ruseTTan, aramed<br />
qveynis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas, e.i.<br />
georgievskis traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli ,,mfarveloba”<br />
113
(,,покровительство”) un<strong>da</strong> Secvliliyo suverenitetis<br />
SezRudvis TvalsazrisiTs qarTl-kaxeTisTvis gacilebiT<br />
uaresi ,,qveSevrdomobiT” (,,подданство”).<br />
mesame. giorgi XII-is 1800 wlis 24 ivnisis<br />
,,saTxovari punqtebi” samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, un<strong>da</strong><br />
CaTvliliyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mxri<strong>da</strong>n 1783 wlis<br />
giorgievskis traqtatis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis safuZvlad, rogorc<br />
amas traqtatis meTormete muxli iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis<br />
safuZvlad. giorgi XII-is ,,saTxovari punqtebi”<br />
praqtikulad iyo axali xelSekrulebis (traqtatis)<br />
proeqti, romelic igive wesiT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debuliyo, rogorc<br />
<strong>da</strong>ido georgievskis traqtati (mxareebis mier traqtatis<br />
proeqtis momzadeba, sruluflebiani delegaciebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSvna, molaparakeba, traqtatis <strong>da</strong>deba, ratifikacia <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoqveyneba).<br />
meoTxe. pavle I-is 1801 wlis 18 ianvris<br />
manifestiT ugulebelyofili iqna ara marto<br />
georgievskis traqtatis, aramed Tavad giorgi XII-is<br />
,,saTxovari punqtebis” erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovna _<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SenarCuneba, giorgi XII-isa <strong>da</strong><br />
misi memkvidreebis mefobis gagrZeleba.<br />
amrigad, pavle I-is 1801 wlis 18 ianvris manifesti<br />
iyo ukanono. manifesti uxeSad arRvev<strong>da</strong> georgievskis<br />
traqtats (1783 w.) <strong>da</strong> ugulebelyof<strong>da</strong> giorgi XII-is<br />
,,saTxovari punqtebis” umTavres moTxovnas.<br />
pavle I-ze gacilebiT frTxili aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> misi<br />
memkvidre aleqsandre I (1801-1825). pavle I-is manifestma<br />
kanononis Zala ver miiRo. garkveuli fiqrisa <strong>da</strong> gansjis<br />
Semdeg aleqsandre I-ma 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris<br />
manifestiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo mainc gaauqma.<br />
aleqsandre I Seeca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esabuTebina qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong> misi ruseTTan SeerTebis<br />
aucilebloba <strong>da</strong> kanoniereba (manifestSi qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos nacvlad vxvdebiT terminebs: “царство Грузинское”<br />
<strong>da</strong> “Грузия”).<br />
1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperatori aleqsandre I ase mimarTav<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mosaxleobas:<br />
114
1) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mfarveloba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s monarqebis movaleoba. (,,Покровительство<br />
и верховная власть Российской Империи над Царством Грузинским<br />
всег да налаг али на Монархов Российских и долг з ащит ы”)<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s jaris gawvevis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
Tavs <strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong> mravali ubedureba: urwmunoTa Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi,<br />
qalaqebisa <strong>da</strong> soflebis gaCanageba, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gataceba<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos <strong>da</strong>pirispireba samefo ojaxis wevrebs Soris.<br />
mtrebi mzad iyvnen Tavs <strong>da</strong>sxmodnen <strong>da</strong> sabolood<br />
moespoT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo. (Окружающие вас х ищные<br />
народы г отовы были напасть на Царство Ваше и ненаказанно<br />
растерзать ег о остатки) mTel aziaSi cnobili qarTvelTa<br />
simamacec ki ver ixsni<strong>da</strong> qveyanas <strong>da</strong>Rupvisagan. (,,но даже и<br />
имя народа г рузинскаг о храбростью прежде столь славнаг о во<br />
всей Азии, истребилось бы от лица з емли”).<br />
2) ruseTma SeZlo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mtrebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>okeba, Sewy<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispireba qveynis SigniT. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi qarTl-kaxeTma iTxova (igulisxmeba giorgi<br />
XII-is ‘saTxovari punqtebi~ _ v. g.) qveyanaSi uSualod<br />
rusuli mmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong>myareba (“ ... и все вы, единодушно<br />
и торжественно воззвали власть Российскую управлять вами<br />
непосредственно”).<br />
3) roca me taxtze avedi, ukve gamocemuli iyo<br />
1801 wlis 18 ianvris manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
gauqmebis Taobaze. me msur<strong>da</strong>, gamego, Tu SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos pirvandeli pirobebiT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis mfarvelobaSi <strong>da</strong>rCena (igulisxmeba georgievskis<br />
traqtatis pirobebi _ v. g.). gairkva, rom qveyana <strong>da</strong>Rupvis<br />
piras iyo <strong>da</strong> igi aucileblad <strong>da</strong>iRupebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu mas<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> ar SeierTeb<strong>da</strong> (“столькратно вовлекало вас в бездну<br />
зол, на краю коей и ныне вы стоите, и в которую, по всем<br />
соображениям должны бы будете низверг нуться, если мощная рука<br />
справедливой власти от падения сег о вас не удержит ”). am<br />
viTarebam <strong>da</strong> qarTveli eris Txovnam ga<strong>da</strong>gvawyvetina,<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvecva erTmorwmune qveyana. Tqveni imedebi<br />
gamarTldeba, Tqven motyuebulni ar <strong>da</strong>rCebiT.<br />
4) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos marTva Cven imitom ki<br />
ar ga<strong>da</strong>vwyviteT, rom ise<strong>da</strong>c uzarmazari imperiis<br />
teritoria gagvefarToebina (,,Не для приращения сил, не для<br />
корысти, не для распространения пределов и так уже<br />
115
обширнейшей в свете Империи, приемлем Мы на себя бремя<br />
управления Царства Грузинскаг о”), aramed imitom, rom, Cveni<br />
wmi<strong>da</strong>Tawmi<strong>da</strong> movaleobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, yurad viReT<br />
wamebulTa xvewna-mu<strong>da</strong>ra. (,,и г лас Грузинскаг о народа,<br />
преклонили нас не оставить и не предать на жерт ву яз ык<br />
единоверный”) qarTl-kaxeTSi SemoRebulma mmarTvelobam<br />
qveyanaSi un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos marTlmsajuleba, piradi <strong>da</strong><br />
qonebrivi usafrTxoeba, kanonis <strong>da</strong>cva.<br />
5) qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba Seityobs keTili<br />
mmarTvelobis fass: qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdeba mSvidoba,<br />
marTlmsajuleba, piradi <strong>da</strong> qonebrivi usafrTxoeba;<br />
aRikveTeba TviTneboba; Seiqmneba pirobebi piradi,<br />
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis; ganviTardeba<br />
miwaTmoqmedeba, rewva, vaWroba. kanoni yvelas erTnairad<br />
<strong>da</strong>icavs.<br />
6) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mosaxleobas aRuTqvam<strong>da</strong>, rom rusuli mmarTvelobis<br />
SemoReba maTTvis jildo iqnebo<strong>da</strong> (“Из быт к и и<br />
благ оденствие ваше будет приятнейшею и единою для вас<br />
наг радою”) 28 .<br />
ase gaTela <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma<br />
fexqveS georgievskis traqtatiT garantirebuli qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefo saxlis, bagrationTa samefo dinastiis<br />
uflebebi. ase <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mravalsaukunovani urTierTobis istoria.<br />
aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifesti<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebulobis TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT ukeTesa<strong>da</strong>a<br />
Sedgenili, vidre pavle I-is 1801 wlis 18 ianvris<br />
manifesti, Tumca, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
misi ruseTTan SeerTebis aucilebloba <strong>da</strong> kanoniereba<br />
aleqsandre I-ma ver <strong>da</strong>asabuTa:<br />
pirveli. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestSi<br />
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia islamuri samyaro<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinare safrTxeze <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
uZlurebaze <strong>da</strong>ecva <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba. esaa ususuri<br />
argumenti. georgievskis traqtatiT, gansakuTrebiT meore,<br />
mesame <strong>da</strong> meoTxe separatuli (saidumlo) muxlebiT<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> valdebulebas iReb<strong>da</strong> sagareo safrTxisagan<br />
(mtrebis Semosevisagan) <strong>da</strong>ecva qarTl-kaxeTis samefo.<br />
swored am mizniT un<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
116
teritoriaze <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jari. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
islamur samyarosTan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad brZola rom<br />
SeZlebo<strong>da</strong> erekle II, cxadia, georgievskis traqtats arc<br />
<strong>da</strong>deb<strong>da</strong>. ruseTma nakisri valdebuleba ar Seasrula. 1787<br />
wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarma qarTl-kaxeTi <strong>da</strong>tova. ruseTma<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos arc diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmareba ar aRmouCina aRa-mahmad xanis<br />
laSqrobis win <strong>da</strong> laSqrobis dros (1795 w.). ruseTs rom<br />
georgievskis traqtati pirnaTlad Seesrulebina verc<br />
irani <strong>da</strong> verc lekebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos safrTxes<br />
ver Seuqmnidnen. ase rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gare<br />
Zalam (iranma <strong>da</strong> lekebma) safrTxe Seuqmna <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
moRalaturi politikis wyalobiT _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis Seusruleblobis gamo.<br />
meore. 1801 wels ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />
gaauqma <strong>da</strong> male mTeli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyro. amis Semdeg<br />
ruseTma warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>icva, rogorc yofili qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos, ise <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTeli teritoria,<br />
islamuri samyaros agresiisagan _ 1804-1813 wlebis omSi<br />
sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa irani, xolo 1806-1812 wlebis omSi<br />
warmatebiT aRkveTa osmaleTis revanSistuli<br />
miswrafebani <strong>da</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>uSva imereTSi, guriaSi<br />
samegrelosa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi osmaleTis poziciebis<br />
aRdgena. maSina ra uSli<strong>da</strong> xels ruseTs igive<br />
moemoqmedebina 1783-1801 wlebSi _ ar <strong>da</strong>eSva qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos gaCanageba iranisa <strong>da</strong> lekebis mier?<br />
cxadia, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari winaswarganzraxviT<br />
moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gegmazomierad asusteb<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos, raTa misi <strong>da</strong>pyroba gaeadvilebina.<br />
mesame. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestSi<br />
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi<br />
Seqmnil saxelmwifoebriv krizisze, rac TiTqos<br />
SeuZlebeÚs xdi<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos SenarCunebas. cxadia, esec<br />
ususuri argumentia. saxelmwifoebrivi krizisi qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefoSi ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> 1770 wlisaTvis _ ruseTqarTl-kaxeT-imereTis<br />
samxedro-politikuri kavSiris<br />
<strong>da</strong>debamde. erekle II-is samxedro-politikuri kavSiri<br />
ruseTTan safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> islamur samyaros. male<br />
ruseTma yofili mokavSire miatova <strong>da</strong> bedis anabara<br />
<strong>da</strong>agdo. Seiqmna umZimesi mdgomareoba. amitom iyo, rom<br />
117
1772 wli<strong>da</strong>n erekle II didis mondomebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas, raTa Tavi <strong>da</strong>exsna<br />
mosalodneli sagareo safrTxisgan. <strong>ruseTi</strong> ki qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos mimarT raime konkretuli valdebulebis<br />
aRebas 1783 wlamde aWianureb<strong>da</strong>. erekle II gamouval<br />
mdgomareobaSi iyo. warumatebelma sagareo politikam<br />
TavisTavad Seuwyo xeli qveynis SegniT krizisis <strong>da</strong>wyebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> Semdgom mis gaZlierebas. saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo<br />
mdgomareobis stabilizaciis safuZveli SeiZleba<br />
gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo georgievskis traqtati (1783 w.). es as xv mox<strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod imitom, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiam traqtatiT nakisri<br />
valdebulebebi ar Seasrula. ase rom saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
krizisi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi metwilad gamowveuli<br />
iyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis veraguli politikiT, romlis<br />
mizani iyo qveynis <strong>da</strong>susteba SemdgomSi misi advilad<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobis mizniT.<br />
amrigad, aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris<br />
manifesti, rogorc istoriuli, ise samarTlebrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT ususuri dokumenti iyo. manifestis<br />
Semdgenlebma ver <strong>da</strong>asabuTes qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong> misi ruseTTan SeerTebis verc<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>uvaloba <strong>da</strong> verc kanoniereba. msgavsi usamarTloba<br />
manamdec <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSic xdebo<strong>da</strong> msoflioSi, magram es<br />
Cven _ dRevandel qarTvelobas ar gvarTmevs imis<br />
uflebas rom 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestis<br />
usamarTloba vamtkicoT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli wyaroebi <strong>da</strong><br />
literatura:<br />
1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong> rusetis imperias<br />
Soris arsebuli diplomatiuri samxedro politikuri<br />
urTierTobebis Sefaseba mocemulia bolo wlebSi Cvens<br />
118
mier gamoqveynebul naSromebSi: v.guruli. erTmorwmune<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> (Tbilisi, 2008), v.guruli. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
urTierToba (1483-1801) (Tbilisi, 2009) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
2. П. Бутк ов. Матерялы для новой истории Кавкваза. Ч. I-<br />
III. СПб., 1869; Грамоты и друг ие исторические док умент ы XVIII<br />
столетия, относящиеся к Грузии. Под редакции А.А. Цаг арели. Том<br />
II, Выпуск II. СПБ., 1901; Ак ты собранные Кавказскою<br />
археог рафическою к оммиссею. Под редакцией А. Д. Берже. Том I.<br />
Тифлис, 1866; i. cincaZe 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati.<br />
Tbilisi, 1960; v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati.<br />
Tbilisi, 1983; g. paiWaZe. georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi<br />
1983.<br />
3. Архив внешней политики России, ф. Сн. России с<br />
Грузией, 1769-1776 гг., оп 110/2, д.12, лл. 462,482; v. maWaraZe.<br />
georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 59,61.<br />
4. АВПР, ф. Сн. России с Грузией, 1769-1776 гг., оп 110./2,<br />
д. 12, лл. 462,482; v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati.<br />
Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 59,61.<br />
5. АВПР, ф. Сн. России с Грузией, 1769-1776 гг., оп 110./2,<br />
д. 12, лл. 480, 484 об.-485; v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati.<br />
Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 60-62.<br />
6. АВПР, ф. Сн. России с Грузией, 1769-1776 гг., оп 110./2,<br />
г . 12, лл. 459, 457; v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati.<br />
Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 62-63.<br />
7.АВПР, ф. Сн. России с Грузией, 1776-1804 гг., оп 110./2,<br />
г . 18, л. 66; v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi,<br />
1983, gv. 64.<br />
8. АВПР, ф. Сн. России с Грузией, 1776-1804 гг., оп 110./2,<br />
г . 18, л. 66; v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi,<br />
1983, gv. 64.<br />
9. АВПР, ф. Сн. России с Грузией, 1776-1804 гг., оп 110./2,<br />
г . 18, л. 67; v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi,<br />
1983, gv. 65.<br />
10. АВПР, ф. Сн. России с Грузией, 1776-1804 гг., оп<br />
110./2, г . 18, л. 67 об.; v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati.<br />
Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 65.<br />
11. АВПР, ф.Трактаты, оп 2 (466 а), д. 178, лл. 3,9; v.<br />
maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 67,73.<br />
12. v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi,<br />
1983, gv. 68,74.<br />
119
13. iqve, gv. 68, 74.<br />
14. iqve, gv. 68, 74.<br />
15. iqve, gv. 69, 75.<br />
16. iqve, gv. 69, 75.<br />
17. iqve, gv. 69, 75.<br />
18. iqve, gv. 69, 75.<br />
19. iqve, gv. 69, 75.<br />
20. iqve, gv. 70-71, 76.<br />
21. iqve, gv. 71, 77.<br />
22. iqve, gv. 71, 77.<br />
23. iqve, gv. 71, 77.<br />
24. АВПР, ф.Трактаты, оп 2 (466 а), д. 178, л. 8; v.<br />
maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 72,73.<br />
25. АВПР, ф.Трактаты, оп 2 (466 а), д. 178, лл. 5 об; 12; v.<br />
maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 76.<br />
26. Грамоты и друг ие исторические док умент ы XVIII<br />
столетия, относящиеся к Грузии. Под редакции А.А. Цаг арели. Том<br />
II, Выпуск II. СПБ., 1901, стр. 292-294.<br />
27. Ак т ы, собранные Кавказскою археог рафическою<br />
коммиссею. Под редакцией А. Д. Берже. Том I. Тифлис, 1866, стр<br />
121.<br />
28. Ак ты, собранные Кавказскою археог рафическою<br />
коммиссею. Под редакцией А. Д. Берже. Том I. Тифлис, 1866, стр<br />
132-133.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika,”<br />
2009, #190-192, 24 seqtemberi, gv. 4; 2009,<br />
# 194, 29 seqtemberi, gv. 5; 2009, # 195<br />
– 197, 30 seqtemberi, gv. 6.<br />
120
9. <strong>ruseTi</strong> modio<strong>da</strong><br />
Tu<br />
erekles mohyav<strong>da</strong>?<br />
werilis saTaurSi gamotanili kiTxva<br />
gamoCenilma qarTvelma istorikosma niko berZeniSvilma<br />
<strong>da</strong>sva. kiTxvas Tavadve upasuxa: <strong>ruseTi</strong> modio<strong>da</strong>o. iqve<br />
mkvlevarma aseTi SeniSvna gaakeTa: <strong>ruseTi</strong>s politika<br />
zogierT istorikosze ukeTesad mTavarmarTebel aleqsi<br />
ermolovs<br />
brZaneb<strong>da</strong>!<br />
esmo<strong>da</strong>o. niko berZeniSvili WeSmaritebas<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si prorusuli orientacia erekle II-s<br />
ar SeumuSavebia, igi erekles gamefebamde karga xniT adre<br />
SemuSav<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s samxedro-politikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT,<br />
islamuri samyaros (iranis, osmaleTis) agresiisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis pirveli mcdeloba kaxTa mefe aleqsandre I-s<br />
(1476-1511) ekuTvnis. prorusuli orientaciiT qveynis xsnas<br />
cdilobdnen kaxTa mefeebi levani (1518-1574) <strong>da</strong><br />
aleqsandre II (1574-1605). prorusuli orientacia Zvirad<br />
<strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefo saxls. iranis Sahma, rogorc ki<br />
igrZno, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mefe kaxeTis <strong>da</strong>cvisTvis Tavs ar<br />
gamoideb<strong>da</strong>, 1605 wels aleqsandre II <strong>da</strong> misi vaJi giorgi<br />
veragulad moakvlevina. amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, aleqsandre II-is<br />
SviliSvili mefe Teimuraz I (1606-1663) ara marto<br />
prorusul orientacias agrZeleb<strong>da</strong>, aramed, pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />
gaemgzavra ruseTSi samxedro-politikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saCqareblad. prorusuli orientacia Teimuraz I-sac<br />
Zvirad <strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XV-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTveli mefeebis<br />
prorusuli orientaciis marcxi imiT iyo gapirobebuli,<br />
rom am periodSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi realur<br />
Zalas ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mefeebi samxreT<br />
kavkasiisTvis iranTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan omebis <strong>da</strong>wyebas ar<br />
apirebdnen.<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi poziciebis mopoveba pirvelad<br />
petre I-ma (1689-1725) sca<strong>da</strong>. 1796 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
azovispireTi<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis gandevnas Seeca<strong>da</strong>. 1696 wels<br />
121
usebma azovis cixe aiRes. amis Semdeg omi Sewy<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />
sazRvao xelSekruleba mxolod 1700 wlis 3 ivliss<br />
<strong>da</strong>ido stambolSi. sazavo xelSekrulebis preambulaSi,<br />
petre I-is titulaturaSi sxva titulebTan erTad<br />
vkiTxulobT: ,,iveriis qveynis, qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
mefeebis mbrZanebeli <strong>da</strong> xelmwife” (,,повелитель и г осударь<br />
Иверской з емли, Карталинских и Грузинских цареи”). cxadia,<br />
petre I-is titulaturaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s moxseniebas<br />
osmaleTi imitom <strong>da</strong>eTanxma, rom ,,iveriaSi”, ,,qarTlsa” <strong>da</strong><br />
,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si” rusebi <strong>da</strong> osmalebi gulisxmobdnen ara<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT, samxreT <strong>da</strong> samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
(imereTis samefox,, samcxe-saaTabagos, aWaras, samegrelos,<br />
guriisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis samTavroebs), romelic osmaleTs<br />
ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, aramed aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s (qarTlisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebs), romelic irans ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>.<br />
azovispireTSi mopovebuli warmatebebis Semdeg,<br />
1722 wels, petre I-ma, <strong>da</strong>rubandis gavliT, kaspiispireTSi<br />
SeWra <strong>da</strong> iranis provinciebis <strong>da</strong>kaveba sca<strong>da</strong>. petre I-is<br />
samxedro mokavSired gamovi<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI.<br />
1722 wels petre I-ma <strong>da</strong>rubandi aiRo, magram laSqroba<br />
aRar gaugrZelebia. <strong>ruseTi</strong>sgan mitovebuli vaxtang VI<br />
misi prorusuli orientaciiT aRSfoTebuli islamuri<br />
samyaros (osmaleTis, iranis) winaSe marto <strong>da</strong>rCa <strong>da</strong><br />
taxtic <strong>da</strong>karga (ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewa). petre I-ma iranTan<br />
omi gaagrZela. 1723 wels rusemba <strong>da</strong>ikaves baqo <strong>da</strong><br />
mtkvris SesarTavi _ saliani. ruseT-iranis 1722-1723<br />
wlebis omi sazavo xelSekrulebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, romelic<br />
1723 wlis 12 seqtembers peterburgSi <strong>da</strong>ido.<br />
SinaaSlilobiT <strong>da</strong>sustebulma iranma ruseTs <strong>da</strong>uTmo<br />
teritoriis nawili: <strong>da</strong>rubandi, baqo, gilianis,<br />
mazan<strong>da</strong>ranisa <strong>da</strong> astrabadis provinciebi.<br />
peterburgis zavis pirobebiT (<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier<br />
iranis teritoriis nawilis motacebiT) di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ukmayofilo <strong>da</strong>rCa osmaleTi. cxadi iyo, rom XVIII<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n samxreT kavkasiaSi gabatonebisTvis<br />
mimdinare iran-osmaleTis omebSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> Caeria <strong>da</strong><br />
seriozul warmatebebsac miaRwia. osmaleTi<br />
ukmayofilebas gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> imis gamo, rom <strong>da</strong>sustebuli<br />
irani misTvis seriozul metoqes aRar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier samxreT kavkasiis saqmeebSi Carevam ki<br />
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osmaleTs saqme gaurTula. 1724 wlis 12 ivniss stambolSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ido ruseT-osmaleTis xelSekruleba. osmaleTma<br />
aRiara <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier iranis teritoriis nawilis<br />
mitaceba. samagierod, ruseTma cno qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
iranis mflobelobi<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis mflobelobaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla. 1724 wlis 12 ivnisis ruseT-osmaleTis<br />
xelSekruleba metad mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom<br />
praqtikulad, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen mTlianad ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>epyroT iranis teritoria. <strong>ruseTi</strong> un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuliyo gilianis, mazan<strong>da</strong>ranisa <strong>da</strong><br />
astrabadis provinciebiT (cxadia, <strong>da</strong>rubandic <strong>da</strong> baqoc<br />
ruseTs rCebo<strong>da</strong>). iranis teritoriis nawili osmaleTs<br />
ergo. es, praqtikulad, gavlenis sferoebis gayofas<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>. ruseT-osmaleTis es garigeba CaSaila<br />
samoRvaweo asparezze iranis cnobili sardlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
momavali Sahis nadiris gamosvlis Semdeg.<br />
amrigad, 1723-1724 wlebSi samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s SeWra <strong>da</strong> iranis teritoriebis mitaceba ori<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT _ peterburgisa <strong>da</strong><br />
stambolis xelSekrulebebiT _ <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong>. erekle am<br />
droisaTvis 3-4 wlis bavSvi iyo!<br />
iranma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gandevna mis mier<br />
mitacebuli teritoriebi<strong>da</strong>n, magram rusebma iranis jaris<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxeba SeZles. amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, <strong>ruseTi</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze<br />
wavi<strong>da</strong>. 1729 wlis 13 Tebervalis reStis sazavo<br />
xelSekrulebiT ruseTs iranisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ebrunebina<br />
mazan<strong>da</strong>ranisa <strong>da</strong> astrabadis provinciebi, magram<br />
inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> mitacebul teritoriebs kaspiispireTSi.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresiuli moqmedeba iranis sar<strong>da</strong>lma<br />
nadirma aRkveTa. 1732 wlis 21 ianvris ruseT-iranis<br />
reStis xelSekrulebis ZaliT, ruseTs iranisaTvis un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ebrunrbina gilianisa <strong>da</strong> artrabadis provinciebi.<br />
amasTan erTad ruseTma piroba <strong>da</strong>sdo, rom momavalSi<br />
irans <strong>da</strong>rubandsa <strong>da</strong> baqos <strong>da</strong>ubruneb<strong>da</strong>. nadirma <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
aiZula, rom <strong>da</strong>napirebi Seesrulebina. 1735 wlis 10 martis<br />
reStis xelSekrulebiT, ruseTma irans marTlac<br />
<strong>da</strong>ubruna <strong>da</strong>rubandi <strong>da</strong> baqo. amrigad, 1722-1735 wlebSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> aqtiurad cdilob<strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, seriozul safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong><br />
iranis teritoriul mTlianobas. am SemTxvevaSic<br />
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,,<strong>ruseTi</strong>s moyvanaSi” erekles ver <strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>naSaulebT.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT kavkasiisTvis brZolas iwyeb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
kavkasiur politikas ki gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
interesebi <strong>da</strong> ara qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa prorusuli an<br />
antirusuli orientacia.<br />
1735 wels mama-Svilma Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem<br />
(arc erTi am droisaTvis mefe ar yofila) gaakeTes<br />
uaRresad swori <strong>da</strong>skvna: samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi<br />
irani realur Zalas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, mas osmaleTi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> winaaRdegobas ver gauwev<strong>da</strong>. am realobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites: osmalTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> lekTa TareSisgan gaCanagebuli qarTli <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi<br />
iranis samxedro-politikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT exsnaT. erekle<br />
<strong>da</strong> Teimurazi rom pragmatisti politikosebi ar<br />
yofiliyvnen <strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>ruseTi</strong>s erTmorwmuneobis imedi<br />
hqono<strong>da</strong>T, maSin isini prorusul orientacias airCevdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara proiranuls. kaxeTis samefo saxli am SemTxvevaSi<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi arsebul ZalTa<br />
Tanafardobas uwev<strong>da</strong> angariSs. saxelmwifos politikuri<br />
orientacia ki yovelTvis garesamyaroSi Seqmnili ZalTa<br />
Tanafardobi<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> gamomdinareobdes.<br />
proiranulma politikurma orientaciam Sedegi<br />
gamoiRo. qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi osmalTa <strong>da</strong> lekTa<br />
gamaCanagebeli TareSi Sewy<strong>da</strong>. 1744 wels nadir-Sahma<br />
Teimurazs qarTlis, xolo erekles kaxeTis taxti uboZa.<br />
mefeebi taxtze qristianebi avidnen.<br />
momgebiani proiranuli orientacia Teimuraz II-s<br />
<strong>da</strong> erekle II-s arc nadir-Sahis mkvlelobis Semdeg (1747<br />
w.) SeucvliaT. mama-Svilma iranis axal mbrZanebelTan<br />
qerim-xanTan kidev ufro kargi urTierToba <strong>da</strong>amyares.<br />
oc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
mefeebi, Teimuraz II <strong>da</strong> erekle II, ruseTs samxedropolitikur<br />
mokavSired ar ganixilavdnen. qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kaxeTis strategiuli partniori irani iyo. amave dros<br />
Teimurazi <strong>da</strong> erekle mSvidobian urTierTobas<br />
inarCunebdnen osmaleTTan. proiranuli orientaciis<br />
prorusuliT Secvla mogvianebiT mox<strong>da</strong>. es gapirobebuli<br />
iyo Semdegi mizezebiT.<br />
pirveli. irani Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan sustdebo<strong>da</strong>. Tavis<br />
droze qerim-xanma irani ver gaaerTiana <strong>da</strong> Sahis<br />
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titulic ver miiRo. iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebis pirobebSi,<br />
proiranul orientaciaze <strong>da</strong>rCena qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefosaTvis wamgebiani iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. erekle II-s un<strong>da</strong><br />
amoecno: iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebis SemTxvevaSi samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
kavkasia vis <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> _ ruseTs Tu<br />
osmaleTs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalze Zneli iyo.<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis <strong>da</strong>zvervasa <strong>da</strong> diplomatias TiTqmis<br />
araviTari cnobebi ar hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
sagareo politikur gegmebze. erekle mxolod sakuTari<br />
intuiciis ime<strong>da</strong>d un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. viTarebis garkvevas<br />
isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad Teimuraz II-is elCoba ruseTSi (1760-1762).<br />
Teimuraz II-s <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma Tavisi<br />
gegmebis Sesaxeb, cxadia, araferi gaando. kidev ufro<br />
Zneldebo<strong>da</strong> viTarebis garkveva osmaleTis sulTnis<br />
karze.<br />
meore. 1768 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo ruseT-osmaleTis morigi<br />
omi, romelic 1774 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari varaudob<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTis<br />
winaaRmdeg omSi Caebmebo<strong>da</strong> imereTis samefo, radgan<br />
solomon I-s osmaleTTan omebi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aseT Sanss<br />
xeli<strong>da</strong>n ar gauSveb<strong>da</strong>. peterburgSi fiqrobdnen, rom<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimxroba gaWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
erekle II-s osmaleeTTan im dros mSvidobiani<br />
urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Seecdebo<strong>da</strong> es urTierToba<br />
SeenarCunebina. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, erekle II-s osmaleTis<br />
winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmas arc iranis mbrZanebeli qerim-xani<br />
mouwoneb<strong>da</strong>. qarTl-akxeTis samefo iranis vasalad<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erekle II-is osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi<br />
Cabma gaarTuleb<strong>da</strong> iran-osmaleTis urTierTobas.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, erekle II-m CaTvala: neitralitetis<br />
SenarCunebiT igi osmaleTs ki moimadliereb<strong>da</strong><br />
(osmaleTis elCebi TbilisSi Camovidnen neitralitetis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis TxovniT), magram ruseTs gaanawyeneb<strong>da</strong>. Tu <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
osmaleTTan omSi gaimarjveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Semdeg samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi SeWrasac ecdebo<strong>da</strong>, neitraliteti<br />
erekles SeiZleba Zvirad <strong>da</strong>jdomo<strong>da</strong>. ar iyo<br />
gamoricxuli, rom am SemTxvevaSi ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefo samxreT-aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis iranuli<br />
saxanoebis rangSi ganexila, anu, mtrul Zalad mieCnia.<br />
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi ruseTs rom miemxro, erekles<br />
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konkretuli mizanic amoZraveb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Semosuli<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saeqspedicio korpusis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT erekle<br />
samcxe-saaTabagos ganTavisuflebas gegmav<strong>da</strong>. 1768-1769<br />
wlebSi erekle II-s Aar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> scodno<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> samxreT kavkasiaSi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />
farTomasStabiani samxedro moqmedebebis <strong>da</strong>wyebas ar<br />
apireb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imxanad mis gegmebSi samcxe-saaTabagos<br />
ganTavisfleba ar Sedio<strong>da</strong>. zemoxsenebvuli mizezzebis<br />
gamo, erekle II-m osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRo _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mokavSire gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle II-is strategia, anu proiranuli<br />
orientaciis prorusuliT Secvla logikuri iyo. amasTan<br />
erTad erekle II-m ver gaTvala ramdenime konkretuli<br />
sakiTxi: 1) iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebis <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>Slis tempebi;<br />
2)<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier samxreT-kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
gaZevebis zusti vadebi. SeeZlo Tu ara erekle II-s am<br />
yvelafris zustad gansazRvra? cxadia ara. erekle II-s,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>da</strong>zvervasa <strong>da</strong> diplomatias aseTi<br />
rTuli sakiTxebis gasarkvevad aucilebeli informacia<br />
ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mosvla samxreT-kavkasiaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu rogor ganviTardebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ruseT-evropis urTierToba (brZola JeC-pospolitas<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisaTvis), ruseT-osmaleTis urTierToba<br />
(brZola CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
balkaneTisaTvis) <strong>da</strong> a.S. erekle II-s arc iranSi mimdinare<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> procesebis zusti prognozireba SeeZlo.<br />
sabolood, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoWra<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT oc<strong>da</strong>aTi wliT Seferx<strong>da</strong>. qerim-xanis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis (1779 w.) Semdeg iranis <strong>da</strong>Sla droebiT<br />
SeaCera aRa-mahmad-xanma <strong>da</strong> qveynis mniSvnelovanm nawilze<br />
Tavisi Zalaufleba gaavrcela. es ori movlena (<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
Seferxeba <strong>da</strong> iranis gaerTianeba) gax<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos <strong>da</strong>Rupvis mizezi.<br />
yovelive amas <strong>da</strong>emata <strong>ruseTi</strong>s veraguli<br />
politika. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari erekle II-s Wkvian<br />
diplomatad <strong>da</strong> gamocdil mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavrad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> angariSs uwev<strong>da</strong> imas, rom erekles didi<br />
avtoriteti hqon<strong>da</strong> mTels kavkasiaSi, iransa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTSi. ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-1774 wlebis omis dros<br />
126
<strong>da</strong> momdevno wlebSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karis<br />
Sexeduleba icvleba. rusma diplomatebma <strong>da</strong><br />
samxedroebma seriozulad Seiswavles qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>askvnes: qveynis ekonomika mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi iyo, demografiuli viTareba _<br />
katastrofuli, rac gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> qarTuli jaris<br />
brZolisunarianobaze. erekle II-s, qarTlis Tavadebis<br />
saxiT, qveynis SigniT hyav<strong>da</strong> didi opozicia, romelic<br />
mxolod xelsayrel dros elo<strong>da</strong>. rusebs arc samefo<br />
karze arsebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba <strong>da</strong>rCeniaT SeumCneveli.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma uaRresad zustad Seafasa<br />
arsebuli viTareba <strong>da</strong> peternurgSi qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefosaTvis sabediswero ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRes: samxreT<br />
kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis gaZevebisaTvis momaval<br />
omebSi erekle II seriozul mokavSired ver gamodgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kavkasiis politikur rukaze qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis<br />
adgili aRar rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
swored, zemoxsenebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis gamo iyo,<br />
rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mfarvelobaSi miRebas<br />
1772 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1783 wlamde aWianureb<strong>da</strong>. erekle II intuiciiT<br />
xvdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> valdebulebis aRebas eridebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle yovel Rones xmarob<strong>da</strong> mfarvelobiTi<br />
xelSekruleba droze gaeformebina. erekle II cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>interesebas <strong>da</strong> saimperatoro kars<br />
qarTul-rusuli jariT iranis teritoriis <strong>da</strong>kavebas<br />
sTavazob<strong>da</strong>. erekles sur<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s kavkasiuri politikis realizebaSi arsebiTi<br />
roli Seesrulebina _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mokavSired gamosuliyo.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> erekles iniciativas arad agdeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
aRvniSneT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mokavSired ar<br />
ganixilav<strong>da</strong>, samxreT-kavkasiaSi gabatonebas erekles<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gareSe apireb<strong>da</strong>. georgeevskis traqtatis (1783<br />
w.) pirobebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareobaSi myofi<br />
qveynisTvos misaRebi iyo. cudi <strong>da</strong> miuRebeli is iyo, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> traqtatis Sesrulebas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>. aseTi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karze SemTxveviT<br />
ar miuRiaT, igi 1783 welsve iyo cnobili. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT (georgeevskis traqtatiT)<br />
erekle II qarTl-kaxeTis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenasa <strong>da</strong> gaZlierebas,<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mtris mier mitacebuli<br />
127
teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas apireb<strong>da</strong>. cxadia, 1783<br />
wlisaTvis erekle II-s ar SeiZleba scodno<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> mas mokavSired aRar ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, arc georgeevskis traqtatis Sesrulebas<br />
apireb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong> <strong>da</strong>adga mfarvelobaSi miRebuli samefos<br />
<strong>da</strong>sustebis gzas, misi Semdgomi <strong>da</strong>pyrobis mizniT. amitom<br />
iyo rom, ekaterine II-s (1762-1796), pavle I-s (1796-1801) <strong>da</strong><br />
aleqsandre I-s (1801-1825) traqtatis arc erTi piroba ar<br />
SeusrulebiaT. 1784 wels TbilisSi Semosuli <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
jaris mcire kontingenti 1787 wels ukanve gaiwvies <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod erekle II-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, 1799 wels,<br />
Semoiyvanes. ruseTma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>icva aRa-mahmadxanis<br />
Semosevis dros 1795 wels. 1783 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(georgeevskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debi<strong>da</strong>n) 1798 wlamde (erekle<br />
II-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebamde) qarTl-kaxeTi ise <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
ruseTma misi <strong>da</strong>pyroba umtkivneulod moaxerxa. 1799 wels<br />
TbilisSi Semosul <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jars miznad hqon<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
georgeevskis traqtatis pirobebis <strong>da</strong>cva, aramed<br />
<strong>da</strong>sustebuli qveynis <strong>da</strong>pyroba traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debiT erekle<br />
II-m <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT<br />
seriozuli valdebulebebis aRiarebas miaRwia. amaze<br />
metis gakeTeba erekle II-s ar SeeZlo. didi <strong>da</strong> patara<br />
qveynebis urTierToba im epoqaSi yvelgan erTi <strong>da</strong> igive<br />
scenariT viTardebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ra moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom erekle II ruseT-TurqeTis<br />
1768-1774 wlebis omis dros <strong>ruseTi</strong>s samxedro mokavSired<br />
ar gamosuliyo? ra moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom erekle II-s 1783 wels<br />
georgeevskis traqtati ar <strong>da</strong>edo? SeinarCuneb<strong>da</strong> Tu ara<br />
qarTl kaxeTis samefo <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas? am kiTxvebze<br />
Cveni pasuxi aseTia. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, mTeli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong> samxreT kavkasia <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> imas, vinc<br />
iran-osmaleT-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s xangrZliv <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi<br />
gaimarjveb<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis politikur<br />
orientacias, am SemTxvevaSi, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba ar<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>. did politikas didi saxelmwifoebi gansazRraven,<br />
patara qveynebi Sedegs elodebian <strong>da</strong>, adre Tu gvian,<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, arsebul realobas eguebian. ase<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> baltiispireTSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi, balkaneTze,<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi, msoflios bevr sxva regionSi. es<br />
didi politikis kanonzomierebaa. erekle II-s<br />
128
STamomavloba pativs un<strong>da</strong> miagebdes imis gamo, rom<br />
mTeli Tavis xangrZlivi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, didi<br />
politikisagan ganwiruli samSoblos ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika,”<br />
2008, # 198, 22 oqtomberi, gv. 5.<br />
129
10. erekle II<br />
erekle II-m <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gamoxsnisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRorZinebisTvis brZolas Seswira mTeli Tavisi<br />
sicocxle. adreuli Wabukobi<strong>da</strong>n, jer kaxeTis, xolo<br />
Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle cdilob<strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas samxreT kavkasiis<br />
geopolitikur regionSi. im regionSi, romlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>uflebisTvisac brZola hqon<strong>da</strong> gaCarebuli sam did<br />
imperias _ irans, osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs. mefe erekle,<br />
Rrmadmorwmune marTlmadidebeli, politikosis,<br />
diplomatisa <strong>da</strong> mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavris niWiT uxvad <strong>da</strong>ajildova<br />
RmerTma. qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisTvis ereklem imaze meti<br />
gaakeTa vidre SesaZlebeli iyo. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> Semdeg qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba<br />
Sedegi iyo didi politikisa. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> imas,<br />
vinc iran-osmaleT-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s xangrZliv <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi<br />
gaimarjveb<strong>da</strong>. es gamarjveba ruseTs ergo.<br />
erekle II <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 1720 wlis 7 noembers TelavSi.<br />
erekles mama Teimurazi iyo Svili erekle I<br />
nazaralixanisa, de<strong>da</strong> _ Tamari _ vaxtang VI-is asuli.<br />
erekles bavSvobisa <strong>da</strong> siymawvilis periodSi qarTlisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebi umZimes mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XVII saukunis 20-30-iani wlebisaTvis gamwvav<strong>da</strong><br />
iran-osmaleTs-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s brZola samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
amierkavkasiaSi gabatonebisaTvis. 1722 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperatorma petre I-ma laSqroba <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rubandi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikava, magram Semdgom laSqroba aRar gaugrZelebia.<br />
petre I-is amgvarma moqmedebam mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo<br />
iranis winaaRmdeg <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mokavSire, qarTlis mefe<br />
vaxtang VI. am droisaTvis irani mZime mdgomnareobaSi<br />
imyofebo<strong>da</strong> _ de<strong>da</strong>qalaqs avRanelbi utevdnen. 1723 wlis<br />
maisSi kaxeTis gamahmadianebulma mefem, erekle II-is<br />
ufrosma biZam konstantinem iranelTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />
Tbilisi <strong>da</strong>ikava. amis sapasuxod osmaleTma iranTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>debuli zavi <strong>da</strong>arRvia <strong>da</strong> 1723 wlis ivnisSi Tbilisi<br />
aiRo. gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>c. 1723 wlis ivlisSi rusebma<br />
130
aqo aiRes. 1723 wlis 12 seqtembers peterburgSi ruseTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> irans Soris <strong>da</strong>ido sazavo xelSekruleba, romlis<br />
ZaliTac <strong>da</strong>rubandi <strong>da</strong> baqo, aseve gilianis, astrabadisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mazan<strong>da</strong>ranis provinciebi ruseTs <strong>da</strong>rCa. 1724 wlis 12<br />
ivniss stambolSi xelmoweril iqna ruseT-osmaleTis<br />
xelSekruleba. ruseTma aRiara qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
samefoebis osmaleTis xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla. qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kaxeTis samefoebis osmaleTis xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> iran-osmaleTis 1731 wlis hama<strong>da</strong>nis zaviT.<br />
osmalTa <strong>da</strong> lekTagan aklebul kaxeTSi samefo<br />
ojaxs aRar <strong>da</strong>edgomebo<strong>da</strong>. Teimurazi ojaxiTurT fSavSi<br />
gaixizna. male mamam TxuTmeti wlis erekle alaverdSi<br />
gagzavna, raTa lekebis winaaRmdeg brZolas Casdgomo<strong>da</strong><br />
saTaveSi. ereklem jari Sekriba, 1735 wels qiziyi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momaval lekebs neiSinis velze SeebrZola <strong>da</strong> sastikad<br />
<strong>da</strong>amarcxa. lekTa umravlesoba brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>iRupa.<br />
ereklem mters didZali tyve (soflebSi motacebuli<br />
qarTvelebi) <strong>da</strong> na<strong>da</strong>vli <strong>da</strong>atovebina. neiSinis velze<br />
mopovebuli brwyinvale gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo erekles mier<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdili omebis seria.<br />
iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebiT isargebles osmaleTma <strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTma, romlebic iranis teritoriis ga<strong>da</strong>sanawileblad<br />
emzadebodnen. iranisTvis am sabediswero Jams samoRvaweo<br />
asparezze gamodis iranis Sahis sar<strong>da</strong>li nadiri. 1729<br />
wels nadirma ispahanTan sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa avRanelebi,<br />
xolo 1730 wels isini saerTod gandevna qveyni<strong>da</strong>n. amis<br />
Semdeg nadirma ramdenimejer <strong>da</strong>amarcxa osmalebi <strong>da</strong> 1735<br />
wlisaTvis isini irani<strong>da</strong>n gandevna. kaxeTis samefo<br />
saxlis warmomadgenlebma Teimurazma (momavalma mefem<br />
Teimuraz II-m) <strong>da</strong> misma vaJma ereklem (momavalma mefem<br />
erekle II-m) osmalTa <strong>da</strong> lekTa TareSisagan qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kaxeTis samefoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xsna iranis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites <strong>da</strong> nadirs<br />
miexmarnen. 1735 wels nadirma Teimurazis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />
osmalebi Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n gandevna. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n wasvlis<br />
win nadirma TbilisSi qarTlis samefos ganmgeblad sefixani<br />
<strong>da</strong>tova, xolo TelavSi kaxeTis samefos ganmgeblad<br />
_ Teimurazis Zmis, konstantines, gamahmadianebuli vaji _<br />
ali-mirza, anu aleqsandre batoniSvili. 1736 wels<br />
nadirma Tavi iranis Sahad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. saxelganTqmuli<br />
131
sar<strong>da</strong>li indoeTSi salaSqrod emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. sefi-xanma <strong>da</strong><br />
ali-mirzam qveyanaSi wesrigi ver <strong>da</strong>amyares. xalxis<br />
Zlieri ukmayofileba sefi-xanma qarTvelebs <strong>da</strong>abrala.<br />
man Teimurazi, givi amilaxvari <strong>da</strong> sxvebi gorSi miiwvia,<br />
yvelani RalatiT Seapyrobina <strong>da</strong> borkil<strong>da</strong>debuli iranSi<br />
gagzavna. Teimurazi nadir-Sahis risxvas Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
advilad ga<strong>da</strong>urCa. Sahma igi avRaneTSi salaSqrod<br />
waiyvana, xolo Semdeg kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n misi Svilebis, ereklesa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qeTevanis <strong>da</strong>bareba mosTxova. yan<strong>da</strong>Raris cixis aRebis<br />
Semdeg nadir-Sahma Teimurazi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gamoabruna,<br />
xolo erekle indoeTSi salaSqrod mimavalma Tan iaxla.<br />
mZime <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi laSqrobis dros nadir-Sahs erekle<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>m Tan axl<strong>da</strong>. ereklem mraval brZolaSi gamoiCina<br />
Tavi. indoeTSi laSqrobis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, Sahma<br />
erekle uxvad <strong>da</strong>ajildova <strong>da</strong> amalasTan erTad<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gamoistumra. erekle <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si 1739<br />
wlis dekemberSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1741 wlis gazafxulze nadir-Sahma <strong>da</strong>Restanze<br />
ilaSqra. iranis jars sursaT-sanovagiT qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mosaxleoba amarageb<strong>da</strong>, rac xalxis ukmayofilebas<br />
iwvev<strong>da</strong>. male qarTlSi, givi amilaxvaris winamZRolobiT,<br />
didi ajanyeba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. ajanyebulebs osmaleTis sulTanma<br />
jari miaSvela. givi amilaxvarma <strong>da</strong> osmalo faSam gorsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ruiss Soris <strong>da</strong>amarcxes Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi<br />
myofi iranis xanis jarebi. Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> iranis xanma<br />
goris cixes Seafares Tavi. givi amilaxvarma <strong>da</strong> usuffaSam<br />
<strong>da</strong>Restni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mxmare jaris gadmoyvana ganizraxes.<br />
es ambavi Teimurazma Seityo <strong>da</strong> maSinve TelavSi myof<br />
erekles acnoba. ereklem saswrafod Sekriba jari,<br />
SeierTa TbilisSi myofi iranelTa jari <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momavali lekTa laSqari saguramosTan sastikad<br />
<strong>da</strong>amarcxa. nadir-Sahi mixv<strong>da</strong> rom qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wynarebas misi xanebi an gamahmadianebuli qarTveli<br />
batoniSvilebi ver SeZlebdnen. 1744 wels Sahma qarTlis<br />
mefoba Teimurazs, xolo kaxeTis mefoba erekles uboZa.<br />
qristiani bagrationebis qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebad<br />
<strong>da</strong>smiT nadir-Sahma uaryo sefiani Sahebis politika. 1632<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoTa taxti iranis<br />
Sahebs qristiani bagrationebisTvis ar uboZebiaT. nadir-<br />
Sahi <strong>da</strong>Tmobaze, cxadia, garkveuli pollitikuri<br />
132
miznebiT midio<strong>da</strong>. iranis Sahma kargad ico<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiam samxreT-aRmosavleTi<br />
amierkavkasiisaTvis brZola droebiT Sewyvita. xelsayrel<br />
viTarebaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong> isev Seecdebo<strong>da</strong> iranis Seviwrovebas<br />
kaspiispireTSi. nadir- Sahs sur<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />
momaval <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebs<br />
vaxtang VI-isaTvis ar miebaZaT <strong>da</strong> proiranul<br />
orientaciaze <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyvnen. cxadia, qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kaxeTis mefeebis mimxroba iranis mxri<strong>da</strong>n garkveul<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tmobebs iTxov<strong>da</strong>. Tavis droze sefiani Sahebi am<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tmobebze ar wavidnen. nadir-Sahma viTareba zustad<br />
Seafasa <strong>da</strong> winamorbedebis Secdoma ar gaimeora.<br />
Teimuraz II <strong>da</strong> erekle II taxtze qristianebi avidnen.<br />
nadir-Sahis laSqrobebi Zalze Zvirad ujdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
iranis xazinas. xazinis Sevsebis mizniT, Sahma <strong>da</strong>pyrobil<br />
xalxebsa <strong>da</strong> vasalur qveynebs axali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
Seawera. qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebs Teimuraz II-sa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekle II-s 200000 Tumani un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>T. qarTli <strong>da</strong><br />
kaxeTi ise iyo gapartaxebuli, rom amodena ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> SeuZlebeli iyo. Teimuraz II-m ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita nadir-<br />
Sahs gandgomo<strong>da</strong>. mefe Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n aiyara <strong>da</strong> aragvis<br />
xeobaSi (ananurSi) gamagr<strong>da</strong>. mas Tan gahyvnen kaTolikospatriarqi<br />
anton I samRvdeloebiTurT, didebulebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tbilisis SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi. erekle II-m mamis<br />
msgavsad uari Tqva ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>ze. mefem kaxeTis<br />
mosaxleobis nawili mTebSi gaxizna, nawilma cixeebs<br />
Seafara Tavi. Sahma qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi jaris gamogzavna<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, magram Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>ifiqra <strong>da</strong> Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekles urCoba apatia. Sahma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sken <strong>da</strong>Zruli<br />
jari ukan gaiwvia, erekle ki iranSi <strong>da</strong>ibara<br />
mosalaparakeblad. Teimurazs Svilis iranSi gaSveba<br />
saxfaTod eCvena <strong>da</strong> ispahanSi Tavad gaemgzavra.<br />
Teimurazma nadir-Sahs cocxals veRar Causwro. 1747 wels<br />
SeTqmulebma nadir-Sahi mokles. iranSi SinaaSliloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
iranSi gamgzavrebis win Teimuraz II-m qarTlis<br />
gamgeblad vaxtang VI-is gamahmadianebuli Zmis ieses<br />
Svili arCili, gamahmadianebuli abdula-begi<br />
(kaTolikos=patriarq anton I-is Zma) <strong>da</strong>tova. abdla-begi<br />
imxanad samSvildis cixeSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. nadir-Sahis<br />
133
mokvlisa <strong>da</strong> iranSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli SinaaSlilobis ambavi rom<br />
gaigo, abdula-begma 1747 wels samSvildis cixe gaamagra,<br />
cixeSi lekTa razmebi Seiyvana <strong>da</strong> ramdenime Tavadic<br />
miimxro. abdula-begma mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris garantia miiRo<br />
TbilisSi mdgari iranis garnizonisagan. amis Semdeg man<br />
werili miswera erekles: kaxeTs ar gecilebi, qarTls nu<br />
Seme<strong>da</strong>vebi, Cemi samkvidroao. ereklem abdula- begTan<br />
Tbileli mitropolitis meSveobiT molaparakeba sca<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram uSedegod. ereklem jari Sekriba <strong>da</strong> samSvildes<br />
miadga, magram ver aiRo. samSvildi<strong>da</strong>n erekle TbilisSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. amiT isargebla abdula-begma, cixi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamovi<strong>da</strong>, azerbaijanis mmarTvel aslan-xanTan mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
1000 avRaneli jariskaci gamoTxova erekles winaaRmdeg<br />
sabrZolvelad. azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Zruli abdula-begi<br />
sofel ko<strong>da</strong>sTan SeCer<strong>da</strong>. kritikul viTarebaSi, qarTlis<br />
Tavadebma, qvemo qarTlis Tavadebis gar<strong>da</strong>, erekles<br />
<strong>da</strong>uWires mxari. erekles <strong>da</strong>iWira mxari kaTolikospatriarqma<br />
anton I-ma. ereklesa <strong>da</strong> abdula-begs Soris<br />
brZola sololakis mTis ferdobze gaimarTa. abdulabegi<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> brZolis veli<strong>da</strong>n gaiqca. igi<br />
samSvildis cixeSi gamagr<strong>da</strong>, lekTa axali razmebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iqirava <strong>da</strong> brZolisaTvis moemza<strong>da</strong>. abdula-begis<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg ereklem Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n iranelTa<br />
garnizonis gandevna ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. didi brZolebis Semdeg<br />
mefem Taborisa <strong>da</strong> nariyalas cixeebi aiRo. iranelTa<br />
garnizonma iaraRi <strong>da</strong>hyara. Tbilisis iranelTa<br />
garnizonis kapitulaciam abdula-begi ise SeaSina, rom<br />
winaaRmdgoba Sewyvita <strong>da</strong> samSvildis cixe Caabara.<br />
kaTolikos-patriarq anton I-is meSveobiT, erekle II-m<br />
abdula-begi Seiriga <strong>da</strong> saufliswulo mamuli uboZa.<br />
iranSi mimdinare SinaaSlilobiT kargad<br />
isargebles Teimuraz II-m <strong>da</strong> erekle II-m <strong>da</strong> qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri gavlenis sfero<br />
gaafarToves. iranSi myofma Teimurazma, Tavisi<br />
diplomatiuri niWis wyalobiT, miaRwia imas, rom iranis<br />
Sahma qarTlis mefes yazaxi uboZa. SinaaSlilobis<br />
periodSi bevri avanturisti gamoCn<strong>da</strong> asparezze. erT-erTi<br />
maTgani iyo mahmad-xani, romelic erevnis saxanos<br />
teritorias arbev<strong>da</strong>. 1750 wels erevnis xanma<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebisTvis Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekles mimarTa. mahmad-<br />
134
xanis <strong>da</strong>sasjelad gagzavnili qarTvelTa jari, jer<br />
kidev yazaxsac ar gascilebo<strong>da</strong>, rom TeimurazTan <strong>da</strong><br />
ereklesTan ganjis xanis elCi movi<strong>da</strong> TxovniT: ganjis<br />
saxanos yarabaRis mflobeli fara-xani arbevs <strong>da</strong><br />
gviSveleTo. Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem jer erevnis saxanoze<br />
ilaSqres. mefeebma mahmad-xani sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxes, 1700<br />
kaci <strong>da</strong>xoces <strong>da</strong> tyved aiyvanes, xelT igdes didZali<br />
na<strong>da</strong>vli. mahmad-xanis <strong>da</strong>marcxebam SeaSina fara-xani.<br />
Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> erkles moTxovniT, man ganjis saxano<br />
<strong>da</strong>tova. mfarvelobis sanacvlod mefeebma erevnisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganjis saxanoebs xarki <strong>da</strong>akisres. fara-xanma piroba<br />
<strong>da</strong>arRvia <strong>da</strong> ganjis cixes miadga. ganjis xanma TbilisSi<br />
Zma gamogzavna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba iTxova. TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
saTxovnelad Camovi<strong>da</strong> somexTa episkoposic, romelic<br />
yarabaRis xanisgan qristianTa <strong>da</strong>cvas iTxov<strong>da</strong>. yarabaRis<br />
saxanos gaZliereba saSiSi iyo qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />
samefoebisTvis. 1750 wels qarTvelTa jari,<br />
Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> erekles sardlobiT, ganjisken<br />
<strong>da</strong>iZra. fara-xanma brZolas amjera<strong>da</strong>c Tavi aari<strong>da</strong>,<br />
ganjis cixes alya moxsna <strong>da</strong> gaiqca. ganji<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelTa<br />
jari yarabaRis saxanos teritoriaze SeiWra. fara-xani<br />
winasraw momzadebul poziciaze 6000 kaciT gamagr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yarabaRelebma qarTvelTa Setevas ver gauZles <strong>da</strong> sastiki<br />
marcxi iwvnies. fara-xanis laSqris mniSvnelovani nawili<br />
ganadgur<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelebma xelT igdes didi na<strong>da</strong>vli.<br />
Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem mtris devna ganagrZes. qarTvelTa<br />
laSqarma mdinare arezamde miaRwia, mdinaris orive mxare<br />
moarbia, didi raodenobiT tyve <strong>da</strong> na<strong>da</strong>vli igdo xelT.<br />
qarTvelTa jaris mier mopovebul gamarjvebas didi<br />
rezonansi mohyva. Tavrizis beglar-begma <strong>da</strong> misma<br />
xelqveiTma xanebma Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekles gamarjveba<br />
miuloces <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebi miarTves.<br />
yarabaRis xanis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sanacvlod<br />
ganjis xanma SamSadilu <strong>da</strong>Tmo. yazax-maSmadilus<br />
SeerTebis Semdeg qarTlis samefos aRmosavleT<br />
sazRvarma md. Zegamis xeobias miaRwia. Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekles mier mopovebulma gamarjvebebma <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
samefos sazRvrebis gafarToebam gavlena iqonia<br />
naxWevanis xanze. jer kidev yarabaRis xani sabolood<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebuli ar iyo, roca naxWevanis xanma Teimurazsa<br />
135
<strong>da</strong> erekles mfarveloba sTxova. qarTvelTa jaris<br />
Sesvlam naxWevanSi kidev ufro aamaRla Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekle avtoriteti. qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebis<br />
gavlenis sferos sazRvarma md. arezis xeobamde miaRwia.<br />
erevnis, ganjisa <strong>da</strong> naxWevanis saxanoebis<br />
qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebis gavlenis sferod<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>qcevam iranis Sahis taxtis maZiebelTa yuradReba<br />
miipyro. 1750 wlisaTvis taxtisTvis brZolaSi ori<br />
pretendenti gamoikveTa: qerim-xani (ispahanSi) <strong>da</strong> azat-xani<br />
(TavrizSi). Sahis taxtisTvis brZolaSi Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong><br />
erekles SeeZloT mniSvnelovani roli SeesrulebinaT.<br />
moulodnelad, qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebis<br />
stabiluri mdgomareoba Saq-Sirvanis mflobelma haji-<br />
Calabma Searyia. man qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebis<br />
winaaRmdeg koalicia Seqmna. haji-Calabma Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 8000 m,ebrZols mouyara Tavi, romelTa Soris<br />
Sirvanelebis gar<strong>da</strong> Wareli lekebi <strong>da</strong> somxebic iyvnen.<br />
Teimurazsa <strong>da</strong> erekles undo<strong>da</strong>T haji-Calabi misi<br />
koaliciis kidev ufro gazr<strong>da</strong>mde <strong>da</strong>emarcxebinaT. 1752<br />
wels qarTvelTa jari yazax-borCaloeili TaTrebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganjis xanis laSqarTan erTad alazanze ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
nuxis saxanos teritoriaze SeiWra. pirvelsave brZolaSi<br />
qarTvelTa laSqris mowinave razmebma (qiziyelebma <strong>da</strong><br />
qvemo qarTlelebma) lekTa cxenosani jari <strong>da</strong>amarcxa <strong>da</strong><br />
ukuaqcia. moulodnelad haji-Calabis qveiTi jari<br />
sangrebi<strong>da</strong>n gamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa jaris marcxena<br />
flangi (qsnisa <strong>da</strong> aragvis saerisTaos razmebi) ukuaqcia.<br />
marcxena flangis zurgSi ganjis-xanis jari idga,<br />
romelmac winaaRmdegobis gareSe <strong>da</strong>tova brZolis veli.<br />
ganjelebis Ralatis Semdeg ereklem qarTvelTa jaris<br />
mowinave razmebisa <strong>da</strong> marcxena flangis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
organizeba veRar SeZlo. qarTvelebma uwesrigo<br />
ukan<strong>da</strong>xeva iwyes. brZolaSi mravali qarTveli <strong>da</strong>iRupa,<br />
kidev ufro meti ukan <strong>da</strong>xevisas alazanSi <strong>da</strong>ixrCo. mters<br />
didZali alafi <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
haji-Calabis mier qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong>marcxebam didi<br />
STabeWdileba moaxdina <strong>da</strong>Restnisa <strong>da</strong> iranis saxanoebis<br />
mahmadianebze. ganjisa <strong>da</strong> erevnis saxanoebSi, aseve yazaxborCaloSi<br />
Tavi iCina <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n gandgomis<br />
tendenciam. mTels qarTl-kaxeTs lekTa razmebi moedvnen.<br />
136
qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis am metad kritikul momentSi<br />
gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong> iranis Sahis taxtis maZiebeli azat-xani.<br />
azat-xanis jarma gadmolaxa md. arezi, <strong>da</strong>ikava naxWevnis<br />
saxano <strong>da</strong> iqe<strong>da</strong>n gaaZeva Teimurazisa <strong>da</strong> erekles<br />
qveSevrdomi xani, <strong>da</strong>arbia erevnis saxanos teritoria <strong>da</strong><br />
alya Semoartya erevnis cixes. 1752 wels erekle<br />
qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis jariT bambakis gziT erevnisaken<br />
<strong>da</strong>iZra. azat-xanma erekles miaxloebis ambavi rom gaigo,<br />
erevnis cixes alya moxsna <strong>da</strong> ukan <strong>da</strong>ixia. ereklem<br />
yirxbulaxTan <strong>da</strong>ikava poziciebi. azat-xanma 18000 kacs<br />
mouyara Tavi, md. arezi gadmolaxa <strong>da</strong> sabrZolo<br />
poziciebi <strong>da</strong>ikava. brZolis pirvel dRes azat-xanma<br />
qarTvelTa marcxena flangs Seutia. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
qarTvlebma gaimarjves, magram Semdeg ukan <strong>da</strong>ixies <strong>da</strong><br />
axal poziciebze gamagrdnen. Zalebi aSkarad araTanabari<br />
iyo. erekles ukan <strong>da</strong>xevasac ki urCevdnen. mefem rCeva ar<br />
miiRo <strong>da</strong> brZola gaagrZela. ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet dRes mefem xerxi<br />
ixmara. erekle <strong>da</strong> misi jari (5 000 kaci) cxenebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
CamoqveiTdnen <strong>da</strong> mtrisaken gaemarTnen. mowinaaRmdegeebs<br />
sul mcire manZili aSoreb<strong>da</strong>T erTmaneTisgan. azat-xanma<br />
ifiqra, albaT, qarTvelebi tyved mbardebiano. erekles<br />
niSanze qarTvlebma, moulodnelad, cecxli gaxsnes,<br />
Setevaze ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen <strong>da</strong> mteri ukuaqcies. qarTvelTa<br />
jarma 40 kilometris manZilze sdia mters <strong>da</strong> didi<br />
na<strong>da</strong>vli igdo xelT (1761 wels ereklem azat-xani kvlav<br />
<strong>da</strong>amarcxa <strong>da</strong>atyveva <strong>da</strong> qerim-xans gaugzavna).<br />
azat-xanis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg erekles <strong>da</strong><br />
Teimurazis morig amocanas haji-Calabisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
mokavSire lekebis alagmva warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mefeebi<br />
qarTvelTa jariT ganjaSi mividnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c maT ganjis,<br />
erevnisa <strong>da</strong> yarabaRis xanebi SeuerTdnen TavianTi<br />
jarebiT. xanebi orpir politikas awarmoebdnen, maT<br />
saidumlo molaparakeba hqon<strong>da</strong>T gamarTuli haji-<br />
CalabTan. qarTvelma mefeebma es gaiges <strong>da</strong> mahmadiani<br />
xanebi <strong>da</strong>atusaRes. aman arev-<strong>da</strong>reva gamoiwvia ereklesa <strong>da</strong><br />
Teimurazis jarSi. riTac haji-Calabma moxerxebulad<br />
isargebla 1752 wels <strong>da</strong> qarTvlebi xelaxla <strong>da</strong>amarcxa.<br />
ukan gamoqceul qarTul laSqars gza ga<strong>da</strong>uRobes<br />
SamSadiluelebma <strong>da</strong> didi ziani miayenes. 1752 wels mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi myofma Teimuraz II-m <strong>da</strong> erekle II-m elCoba<br />
137
gagzavnes ruseTSi, magram veranairi <strong>da</strong>xmareba ver miiRes.<br />
erekle iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> 1752 wels CerqezeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebuli jari gadmoeyvana. am jaris erT-erTi<br />
nawili man qarTl-kaxeTis jars SeuerTa <strong>da</strong> haji-Calabisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi mokavSire ganjis xanis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra.<br />
qarTvelebma SamSadiluSi sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxes mtris<br />
jari, romelsac haji-Calabis Svili meTaurob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> mas<br />
ganjis cixis galavnamde sdies. erekles aseTma<br />
warmatebam azat-xani aiZula zavi <strong>da</strong>edo masTan. qarTlkaxeTis<br />
gandgomili vasalebi isev morCilebis gzas<br />
<strong>da</strong>adgnen, xolo Sirvanis <strong>da</strong>moukidebelma mflobelebma<br />
qarTvel mefeebs megobruli kavSiri SesTavazes.<br />
amrigad, erekle II-m gonivruli politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
energiuli saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa mis<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli koalicia, hegemonia moipova<br />
aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
aRmosavleTis sazRvrebze karga xniT mSvidobianoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>amyara.<br />
bevrad ufro Zneli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> lekebis alagmva.<br />
marto 1755 wlis ganmavlobaSi maT, gar<strong>da</strong> wvrili<br />
TareSebisa, samjer Semoesivnen qarTl-kaxeTs. xunZaxis<br />
mflobelma nursal-begma didi jariT farulad<br />
gadmoiara Si<strong>da</strong> kaxeTze, <strong>da</strong>arbia aragvis xeoba <strong>da</strong>,<br />
bolos, mWadisjvris cixes miadga. marTalia, iq mas<br />
Teimurazma <strong>da</strong> ereklem miuswres <strong>da</strong> gaqcies, magrmam imave<br />
1755 wels man avariaSi kidev ufro met jars mouyara<br />
Tavi, miimxro Warelebisa <strong>da</strong> Saq-Sirvanelebis Zlieri<br />
razmebi <strong>da</strong> yvarlis cixes alya Semoartya. yvarelis<br />
cixis alya TiTqmis erT Tves gagrZel<strong>da</strong>, cixis<br />
garnizoni sakvebisa <strong>da</strong> tyvia-wamlis naklebobam di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
Seawuxa. maSin erekle mefem didi jildo aRuTqva maT,<br />
vinc monawileobas miiReb<strong>da</strong> alyis garRvevaSi. aseTi<br />
razmi saswrafod Sedga qiziySi. razmSi orasma vaJkacma<br />
moiyara Tavi. es razmi moulodnelad Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa lekTa<br />
moalye jars, xmal<strong>da</strong>xmal brZoliT gaarRvia alya,<br />
Sevi<strong>da</strong> cixeSi <strong>da</strong> produqti <strong>da</strong> tyvia-wamali miaSvela<br />
cixis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebs. imave dros ereklem jari Seusia Warbelaqans,<br />
ramac sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. Warelebis<br />
razmebi yvarli<strong>da</strong>n aiyarnen <strong>da</strong> Sin <strong>da</strong>brundnen. aman<br />
gaboroteba gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong>rCenil moaloyeebSi. isini<br />
138
Warelebs <strong>da</strong>erivnen Suris saZieblad. amrigad, alya<br />
moiSala <strong>da</strong> yvarlis cixe ganTavisufl<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1760 wels Teimuraz II ruseTSi gaemgzavra, raTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis Taobaze pira<strong>da</strong>d eTxova <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperatorisaTvis. <strong>ruseTi</strong> aranairi valdebulebis aRebas<br />
ar apireb<strong>da</strong>, ris gamoc molaparakeba uSedegod<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. 1762 wlis ianvarSi Teimuraz II peterburgSive<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. erekle II gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mefe gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle II saocrad mkacr saSinao politikas<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavadebis TviTnebobas ver iTmen<strong>da</strong>. erekles<br />
mtkice xeli <strong>da</strong> misi mkacri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
Tavadebisadmi am ukanasknelTa ukmayofilebas iwvev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tavadebis nawilma erekles winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis<br />
mzadeba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. SeTqmulebs erekles nacvlad taxtze<br />
vaxtang VI-is ukanono Svilis paata batoniSvilis ayvana<br />
undo<strong>da</strong>T. SeTqmuleba SemTxveviT gamJRavn<strong>da</strong>. 1765 wels<br />
SeTqmulebis monawileni Seipyres. ereklem SeTqmulTa<br />
gasasamarTleblad samefo <strong>da</strong>rbazis sagangebo sxdoma<br />
moiwviea. paata batoniSvili, elizbar TaqTaqiSvili,<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT abdula-begis Ze sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes. Tavad<br />
ciciSvils ena mokveTes,xolo aleqsandre amilaxvars<br />
cxviri moWres <strong>da</strong> koWis ZarRvebi ga<strong>da</strong>uWres. SeTqmulTa<br />
mkacri <strong>da</strong>sja imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom sasjeli<br />
samagaliTo yofiliyo mefis yvela mowinaaRmdegisaTvis.<br />
1768 wels ruseT-osmaleTis omi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mokavSired am omSi imereTis mefe solomon I <strong>da</strong> qarTlkaxeTis<br />
mefe erekle II gamovidnen. solomoni <strong>da</strong> erekle<br />
ruseTze did imedebs amyarebdnen: imereTis mefe<br />
osmaleTis batonobisagan ganTavisuflebas, xolo qarTlkaxeTis<br />
mefe samcxe-saatabagos SemoerTebas varaudob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samwuxarod, ruseTs sul sxva gegmebi hqon<strong>da</strong>. rodesac<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si jars agzavni<strong>da</strong>, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
kars ar awuxeb<strong>da</strong> arc qarTl-kaxeTis <strong>da</strong> arc imereTis<br />
bedi. <strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis mTavari iyo, rom osmaleTs<br />
seriozuli problemebi Seqmno<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, Seesustebina osmaleTis armiis<br />
brZolisunarianoba mTavar frontze _ CrdiloeT<br />
SavizRvispireTSi. imperatorma ekaterine II-m<br />
139
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si gamogzavnili jaris sardlad <strong>da</strong>niSna<br />
generali gotlib-kurt-henrix totlebeni.<br />
ereklem totlebens axalcixeze laSqroba<br />
SesTavaza. qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> rusebis gaerTianebuli jari<br />
marTlac <strong>da</strong>iZra axalcixisaken, magram awyuris cixesTan<br />
totlebenma miatova erekle <strong>da</strong> qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> (Tavad<br />
generali, SemdgomSi, am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas sursaTis<br />
naklebobiT xsni<strong>da</strong>). marTalia, ereklem 1770 wlis 20<br />
aprils aspinZasTan sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa Turqebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>Restnelebis gaerTianebuli laSqari, magram mainc<br />
iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Tava<strong>da</strong>c qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuliyo. amis<br />
mizezi totlebenis saqmianoba iyo. igi <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong><br />
erekles mowinaaRmdege Tavadebs, <strong>da</strong>iwyo cixeebis <strong>da</strong>kaveba<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalxis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatoris erTgulebaze <strong>da</strong>ficeba.<br />
rogorc irkveva, totlebenis zraxvebi ufro Sorsac<br />
midio<strong>da</strong>. totlebens erekle II-is taxti<strong>da</strong>b ga<strong>da</strong>yenebac ki<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> Cafiqrebuli. garkveuli mizezebis gamo,<br />
sabolood, genralma am ganzraxvaze xeli aiRo. saeWvoa,<br />
rom totlebenis mTeli saqmianoba mxolod piradi<br />
iniciativa iyo. 1768-1774 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omma<br />
qarTl-kaxeTs veraviTari Sedegi ver moutana, erekles<br />
omSi monawileobam irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTI ki gaaRiziana.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s jaris yofnam araviTari sargebeli ar<br />
moutana erekles. Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom qarTvelebma<br />
uSualod naxes regularuli jari <strong>da</strong> Seityves ra<br />
upiratesoba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
mas. regularuli jaris Seqmnis saSualeba<br />
erekle ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram mefem saintereso gamosavali<br />
moZebna. 1774 wels <strong>da</strong>we<strong>da</strong> morige jari. qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos yvela mamakaci _ ar hqon<strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba iyo is<br />
batoniSvili, Tavadi, aznauri, glexi, xelosani, Tu sxva<br />
vinme _ valdebuli iyo weliwadSi erTi TviT wasuliyo<br />
jarSi. aman saSualeba misca erekles mudmivad mzad<br />
hyolo<strong>da</strong> 5000 molaSqre. ,,morige jarma” gansakuTrebiT<br />
kargi Sedegi gamoiRo <strong>da</strong>Restnelebis marbieli<br />
laSqrobebis winaaRmdeg. ,,morige jaris” sulisCamdgmeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sar<strong>da</strong>li iyo erekles Ze levani. amitom ereklesa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTeli samefosaTvis didi <strong>da</strong>rtyma iyo levan<br />
batoniSvilis uecari gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba. levani Zalian<br />
Wkviani <strong>da</strong> energiuli moRvawe iyo. igi yovelTvis mamis<br />
140
gverdiT idga <strong>da</strong> bevr saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis<br />
sakiTxs agvareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omis periodSi,<br />
kerZod 1771-1772 wlebSi erekle II sagareo politikis<br />
kurss cvlis. erekles strategia, anu proiranuli<br />
orientaciis prorusuliT Secvla logikuri iyo. amasTan<br />
erTad erekle II-m ver gaTvala ramdenime konkretuli<br />
sakiTxi: 1) iranis <strong>da</strong>sustebis <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>Slis tempebi;<br />
2)<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier samxreT-kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />
gaZevebis zusti vadebi. SeeZlo Tu ara erekle II-s am<br />
yvelafris zustad gansazRvra? cxadia ara. erekle II-s,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>da</strong>zvervasa <strong>da</strong> diplomatias aseTi<br />
rTuli sakiTxebis gasarkvevad aucilebeli informacia<br />
ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mosvla samxreT-kavkasiaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu rogor ganviTardebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ruseT-evropis urTierToba (brZola JeC-pospolitas<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisaTvis), ruseT-osmaleTis urTierToba<br />
(brZola CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
balkaneTisaTvis) <strong>da</strong> a.S. erekle II-s arc iranSi mimdinare<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> procesebis zusti prognozireba SeeZlo.<br />
sabolood, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoWra<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT oc<strong>da</strong>aTi wliT Seferx<strong>da</strong>. qerim-xanis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis (1779 w.) Semdeg iranis <strong>da</strong>Sla droebiT<br />
SeaCera aRa-mahmad-xanma <strong>da</strong> qveynis mniSvnelovanm nawilze<br />
Tavisi Zalaufleba gaavrcela. es ori movlena (<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
Seferxeba <strong>da</strong> iranis gaerTianeba) gax<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos <strong>da</strong>Rupvis mizezi.<br />
yovelive amas <strong>da</strong>emata <strong>ruseTi</strong>s veraguli<br />
politika. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari erekle II-s Wkvian<br />
diplomatad <strong>da</strong> gamocdil mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavrad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> angariSs uwev<strong>da</strong> imas, rom erekles didi<br />
avtoriteti hqon<strong>da</strong> mTels kavkasiaSi, iransa <strong>da</strong><br />
osmaleTSi. ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-1774 wlebis omis dros<br />
<strong>da</strong> momdevno wlebSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karis<br />
Sexeduleba icvleba. rusma diplomatebma <strong>da</strong><br />
samxedroebma seriozulad Seiswavles qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>askvnes: qveynis ekonomika mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi iyo, demografiuli viTareba _<br />
katastrofuli, rac gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> qarTuli jaris<br />
brZolisunarianobaze. erekle II-s, qarTlis Tavadebis<br />
141
saxiT, qveynis SigniT hyav<strong>da</strong> didi opozicia, romelic<br />
mxolod xelsayrel dros elo<strong>da</strong>. rusebs arc samefo<br />
karze arsebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba <strong>da</strong>rCeniaT SeumCneveli.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma uaRresad zustad Seafasa<br />
arsebuli viTareba <strong>da</strong> peternurgSi qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefosaTvis sabediswero ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRes: samxreT<br />
kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis gaZevebisaTvis momaval<br />
omebSi erekle II seriozul mokavSired ver gamodgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kavkasiis politikur rukaze qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis<br />
adgili aRar rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
swored, zemoxsenebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis gamo iyo,<br />
rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mfarvelobaSi miRebas<br />
1772 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1783 wlamde aWianureb<strong>da</strong>. erekle II intuiciiT<br />
xvdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> valdebulebis aRebas eridebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle yovel Rones xmarob<strong>da</strong> mfarvelobiTi<br />
xelSekruleba droze gaeformebina. erekle II cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebas <strong>da</strong> saimperatoro kars qarTulrusuli<br />
jariT iranis teritoriis <strong>da</strong>kavebas sTavazob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekles sur<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
kavkasiuri politikis realizebaSi arsebiTi roli<br />
Seesrulebina _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mokavSired gamosuliyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
erekles iniciativas arad agdeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, rogorc aRvniSneT,<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mokavSired ar ganixilav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
samxreT-kavkasiaSi gabatonebas erekles <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gareSe<br />
apireb<strong>da</strong>. georgeevskis traqtatis (1783 w.) pirobebi<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynisTvos<br />
misaRebi iyo. georgievskis traqtatis mixedviT, qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi<br />
Sedio<strong>da</strong>: qarTl-kaxeTSi samefo dinastia ucvlelad un<strong>da</strong><br />
SenarCunebuliyo, mefis taxtze asvlas amtkiceb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori; <strong>ruseTi</strong> ar ereo<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
saSinao saqmeebSi; [<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si un<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
2 batalioni 4 zarbazniT. omis SemTxvevaSi ki<br />
gamoigzavnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Zalebi. <strong>ruseTi</strong> ecdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ebrunebina mtris mier mitacebuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
teritoriebi.<br />
cudi <strong>da</strong> miuRebeli is iyo, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
traqtatis Sesrulebas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>. aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karze SemTxveviT ar miuRiaT, igi<br />
142
1783 welsve iyo cnobili. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi<br />
SesvliT (georgeevskis traqtatiT) erekle II qarTlkaxeTis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenasa <strong>da</strong> gaZlierebas, saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mtris mier mitacebuli teritoriebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebas apireb<strong>da</strong>. cxadia, 1783 wlisaTvis erekle II-s<br />
ar SeiZleba scodno<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> mas mokavSired aRar<br />
ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, arc georgeevskis<br />
traqtatis Sesrulebas apireb<strong>da</strong>. amitom iyo rom 1784<br />
wels qarTl-kaxeTSi Semosuli rusis jari, 1787 wels,<br />
ruseT-osmaleTis morigi omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Semdeg, ukan iqna<br />
gawveuli. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jari <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si 1799 wlamde aRar<br />
Semosula <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTi islamuri samyaros winaaRmdeg<br />
marto <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
georgievskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debas qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mezobeli mahmadianuri saxanoebi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve SiSiT<br />
Sexvdnen. male es SiSi agresiiT Seicvala. traqtatis<br />
<strong>da</strong>debam yvelas <strong>da</strong>anaxa, rom erekle <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mokavSire<br />
iyo. samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gamoCena xels ar<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong> ara marto osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> irans, aramed evropis<br />
did saxelmwifoebs _ inglissa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTs.<br />
pirveli seriozuli <strong>da</strong>rtyma, romelic qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefom georgievskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debis Semdeg<br />
miiRo, <strong>da</strong>RestnelTa Semoseva iyo. 1785 wels omar-xanis<br />
winamZRolobiT <strong>da</strong>RestnelTa laSqari qarTl-kaxeTs<br />
Semoesia. ruseTma erekle II-s realuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba ar<br />
aRmouCina. qarTl-kaxeTis mefem omar-xans faqtobrivad<br />
xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> aRuTqva <strong>da</strong> am gziT sca<strong>da</strong> qveynis<br />
usafrTxoebis mopoveba.<br />
1790 wels erekle II-is mdivnis solomon lioniZis<br />
ZalisxmeviT <strong>da</strong>ido ,,traqtati iveriel mefeTa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavarTa.” traqtati qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, imereTis<br />
samefos, samegrelos samTavrosa <strong>da</strong> guriis samTavros<br />
mtris winaaRmdeg erToblivi ZalebiT moqmedebas<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XVIII saukunis 90-ian wlebSi erekle II-m ori<br />
brZaneba gamosca, romlebmac sakmaod gaarTula viTareba<br />
qveynis SigniT. 1791 wels mirebuli taxtis memkvidreobis<br />
Sesaxeb kanonis mixedviT, mefoba un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo Zmi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Zmaze. kanoni erekles yvela vaJs uflebas aZlev<strong>da</strong> mefoba<br />
moeTxova. es ki samefoSi mudmivi areulobis mizezi<br />
143
iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. meore brZanebiT, mefem Tavis vajebs<br />
saufliswuloebi gamouyo. amiT, faqtobrivad, <strong>da</strong>iSala<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos erTianoba, radgan batoniSvilebi<br />
saufliswuloebSi Caiketnen <strong>da</strong> aRaravis emorCilebodnen.<br />
XVIII saukuneSi, iseve rogorc wina saukuneebSi,<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> kulturis ZiriTad kerebs warmoadgendnen<br />
eklesia-monastrebi, samefo kari, calkeuli feo<strong>da</strong>lebis<br />
cixe-<strong>da</strong>rbazebi Tu sasaxleebi. erekle II did yuradRebas<br />
aqcev<strong>da</strong> swavla ganaTlebas. 1755 wels TbilisSi,<br />
anCisxatis taZris ezoSi, gaixsna sasuliero seminaria.<br />
misi xelmZRvaneli iyo filipe yaiTmazaSvili. seminariaSi<br />
aswavlidnen: gramatikas, literatures, galobas, logikas,<br />
fizikas, maTematikas. 1758 wels semianria gaixsna<br />
TelavSic, romelic 1782 wels a<strong>da</strong>keT<strong>da</strong> filosofiur<br />
seminariad. misi pirveli reqtori iyo gaiozi. gaiozma<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli ganaTleba Tbilisis seminariaSi miiRo. aq<br />
misi maswavleblebi iyvnen anton I <strong>da</strong> filipe<br />
yaiTmazaSvili. gaiozi iyo Telavis seminariis Seqmnis<br />
iniciatori <strong>da</strong> pirveli reqtori. gaiozi 1783 wels<br />
ruseTSi moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>. igi xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> oseTSi<br />
qristianobis gamavrcelebel komisias, SemdgomSi iyo<br />
astraxanisa <strong>da</strong> stavropolis mTavarepiskoposi.gaiozis<br />
kalams ekuTvnis, rogorc originaluri, ise natargmni<br />
nawarmoebebi. gaipzis Semdeg Telavis seminarias<br />
xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT aleqsi-mesxiSvili. mas ekuTvnis<br />
ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo, wer<strong>da</strong> leqsebs, iyo<br />
SesaniSnavi kaligrafi <strong>da</strong> araerTI nawarmoebi aqvs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>werili. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> kerZo<br />
skolebic. iyo kaTolikeTa kerZo skolac (skola <strong>da</strong>ixura<br />
1755 wels, roca Teimuraz II-m kaTolikeebi gaasaxla).<br />
qerim-xan zendis sikvdilis (1779 w.) Semdeg iranSi<br />
samoqalaqo omi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. mis axlo naTesavebsa <strong>da</strong> taxtis<br />
sxva pretendentebs Soris aty<strong>da</strong> ulmobeli brZola,<br />
romelic maT mier urTierTgaJletiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. Sahis<br />
taxtisaTvis brZolaSi upiratesoba miopova yajarTa<br />
tomis beladma aRa-mahmad-xanma, romelmac iranis didi<br />
nawili gaaerTiana. aRa-mahmad-xani erekle II-s<br />
georgievskis traqtatis gauqmebas urCev<strong>da</strong>. erekle<br />
prorusul politikas agrZeleb<strong>da</strong>, rac aRa-mahmad-xanis<br />
gaRizianebas iwvev<strong>da</strong>. iranis gaerTianebis Semdeg aRa-<br />
144
mahmad-xans SeeZlo 70-75 aTasiani laSqris Sekreba, rac<br />
qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis sasikvdilo safrTxes warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erekle II yuradRebiT adevneb<strong>da</strong> Tvals aRa-mahmad xanis<br />
moqmedebas. 1789 wels erekle Sexv<strong>da</strong> faT-al-xans.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, rom erToblivaT emoqme<strong>da</strong>T aRa-mahmad-xanis<br />
winaaRmdeg. 1795 wlis ivnisSi ereklem aleqsandre<br />
batoniSvilis sardlobiT, aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg<br />
jari miaSvela erevnisa <strong>da</strong> SuSis xanebs. qarTvelebma<br />
mteri <strong>da</strong>amarcxes. amis Semdeg erekle <strong>da</strong> imereTis mefe<br />
solomon II jariT Sevidnen iranis CrdiloeT raionebSi,<br />
raTa aRa-mahmad-xanis Zalebi SeefasebinaT <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
samoqmedo gegma amoecnoT. garkveul perio<strong>da</strong>mde aRamahmad-xani<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s SiSiT Tavs ikaveb<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefoze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmisagan. 1795 wlis seqtemberSi, mas<br />
Semdeg rac aRa-mahmad-xani <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong> qarTlkaxeTs<br />
samxedro ZaliT ar <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong>, Tbilisze<br />
salaSqrod <strong>da</strong>iZra. 11 seqtembers krwanisis velze,<br />
gmiruli winaaRmdegobis Semdeg, qarTl-kaxeTis jari<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>. erekle II ZaliT gaiyvanes brZolis veli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
samxedro-strategiuli TvalsazrisiT qarTvlelebs im<br />
periodSi aRa-mahmad-xanis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba <strong>da</strong> irani<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinare safrTxis likvi<strong>da</strong>cia ar SeeZloT. erekle II-s<br />
ZaluZ<strong>da</strong> kidev erTi an ori brZolis mogeba (iseve<br />
rogorc 10 seqtember SeZlo aRa-mahmad-xanis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba),<br />
magram iranTan martodmarto gamklaveba qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos Zalebs aRematebo<strong>da</strong>. krwanisis brZolaSi marcxi<br />
ganapiroba samma mizezma: aRa-mahmad-xanis laSqris didma<br />
ricxobrivma upiratesobam, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s Ralatma <strong>da</strong> qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos Sinaganma sisustem. erekle II-s, rogorc<br />
sar<strong>da</strong>ls, arc krwanisis brZolis win <strong>da</strong> arc brZolis<br />
dros arsebiTi Secdoma ar <strong>da</strong>uSvia. ereklem, rogorc<br />
politikosma, ver amoicno (arc SeeZlo amoecno) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
veraguli gegmebi. erekole gamodio<strong>da</strong> iqe<strong>da</strong>n, rom samxeT<br />
kavkasiaSi aRa-mahmad-xanis gabatoneba ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s strategiul interesebs <strong>da</strong> amdenad <strong>ruseTi</strong> win<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRdgomo<strong>da</strong> aRa-mahmad-xanis agresias qarTl-kaxeTSi.<br />
1796 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarebma iranze laSqroba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo, romelic moulodnelad 1797 wels Sewy<strong>da</strong>. aRamahmad<br />
xanma aRar <strong>da</strong>ayovna. 1797 wels man Tavisi<br />
mxedrobiT md. arezi gadmolaxa <strong>da</strong> yarabaRs Seesia.<br />
145
qarTl-kaxeTi ixsna aRa-mahmad-xanis moulodnelma<br />
mkvlelobam 1797 wlis 4 ivniss.<br />
krwanisi brZolos Semdeg TelavSi moxucma<br />
ereklem mxolod sam weliwads icocxla. bolos mefe<br />
mZimed <strong>da</strong>sneul<strong>da</strong> wyalmankiT, ramac mas sicocxle<br />
mouswrafa. erekle II gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1798 wlis 11 ianvars.<br />
mefe imave <strong>da</strong>rbazsa imave sawolSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebuli iyo.<br />
erekle II-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis dros Tbilissa <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlis umetes raionebSi 1795 wels gaCenili Savi Wiri<br />
mZvinvareb<strong>da</strong>. amitom iyo, rom mefis cxe<strong>da</strong>ri Telavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tbilisis gverdis avliT mcxeTaSi ga<strong>da</strong>asvenes <strong>da</strong><br />
sveticxovelSi <strong>da</strong>krZales. mcxeTaSic Savi Wiri<br />
mZvinvareb<strong>da</strong>. mcxeTamde mefis cxe<strong>da</strong>ri sul ramdenime<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianma miacila. <strong>da</strong>krZalvas arc samefo saxlis wevrebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc didebulebi ar eswrebodnen. erekle II-s panaSvidi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ramdenime berTan erTad ukanaskneli pativi<br />
miago mcxeTelma mRvdelma qristefore badriZekeJeraSvilma.<br />
146<br />
I. IX. 2008
11. RvTiT boZebuli uflebis<br />
xelyofa<br />
(<strong>ruseTi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s eklesia<br />
1771-1814 ww.)<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samociqulo marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesiis uflebebis SezRudvas <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro<br />
kari georgievskis traqtatis (1783 w.) momzadebis<br />
periodSi Seudga. am droisaTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
teritoriaze ori sapatriarqo arsebob<strong>da</strong>: mcxeTisa<br />
(aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>si) <strong>da</strong> afxazeTisa (<strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>si). mcxeTis sapatriarqo taxtis<br />
iurisdiqciaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefo <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTianeTi (fSavi, xevsureTi,<br />
xevi, mTiuleTi, TuSeTi <strong>da</strong> sxv.), kaTalikos-patriarqi iyo<br />
anton I bagrationi (1744-1755; 1764-1788). afxazeTis<br />
(<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s) sapatriarqo taxtis<br />
iurisdiqciaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> imereTis samefo, samegrelos,<br />
guriis, svaneTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis samTavroebi, kaTalikospatriarqi<br />
iyo maqsime II abaSiZe (1776-1795). mefeebTan,<br />
erekle II-sTan <strong>da</strong> solomon I-Tan, erTad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiasTan urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovan rols<br />
asrulebdnen kaTolikos-patriarqebi _ anton I <strong>da</strong> maqsime<br />
II.<br />
1771 wlis 30 dekembers TbilisSi erekle II-m xeli<br />
moawera qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong>sadebi xelSekrulebis proeqts. proeqtSi<br />
Camoyalibebuli iyo is pirobebi, romliTac qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas<br />
iTxov<strong>da</strong>. xelSekrulebis proeqti peterburgSi Caitana<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos elCobam batoniSvil levanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kaTolikos-patriarq anton I-is xelmZRvanelobiT. erekle<br />
II imperator ekaterine II-s Txov<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTSi mefobis<br />
,,saukunod ucvaleblad SenarCunebas. xelSekrulebis<br />
proeqtSi sagangebo adgili eTmobo<strong>da</strong> kaTolikospatriarqis<br />
uflebebis SenarCunebis aucileblobas:<br />
,,msgavsadve kaTolikozica wessave Tvissa egos<br />
mouSlelad.” xelSekrulebis proeqtis es adgili<br />
147
peterburgSi ase Targmnes: ,,Каталикос оставаться имеет<br />
всег да в своем достоинстве без всякой перемены”<br />
e.i. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma erekle II-is<br />
saTxovari sworad gaigo.<br />
1772 wlis 6 ianvars, e.i. xelSekrulebis proeqtze<br />
xelmoweri<strong>da</strong>n erTi kviris Semdeg, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />
saxlma <strong>da</strong>amtkica <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karisaTvis<br />
gasagzavni pirobis teqsti. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxli<br />
pirobas deb<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ruseTi</strong>s uzenaesobis aRiarebaze<br />
arasodes aiReb<strong>da</strong> xels. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxlis<br />
pirobas xels awerdnen: erekle II, dedofali <strong>da</strong>rejani,<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqi anton I, batoniSvilebi: giorgi,<br />
levani, iuloni, vaxtangi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saxlis<br />
piroba (1772 w. 5 ianvari) xelSekrulebis proeqtTan (1770<br />
w. 30 dekemberi) erTad waredgina <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperators.<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>deba<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma didxans gaaWianura.<br />
sabolood ekaterine II-m ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita xelSekruleba<br />
erTdroulad <strong>da</strong>edo qarTl-kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> imereTis<br />
samefoebTan. imperatoris azri xelSekrulebis Taobaze<br />
vice- kanclerma grafma a. a. bezborodkom acnoba<br />
kavkasiis xazis ufross Tavad g.a. potiomkins. es<br />
dokumenti 1782 wlis bolos an 1783 wlis <strong>da</strong>mdegsaa<br />
Sedgenili. ekaterine II grigol potiomkins ubrZaneb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
erekle II-sTan <strong>da</strong> solomon I-Tan <strong>da</strong>sadeb<br />
xelSekrulebaSi mefeebi moexsenebinaT ara<br />
,,qveSevrdomebad” aramed ,,mokavSireebad”. eklesiis<br />
sakiTxs ekaterine II ar Sehxebia. samagierod Tavisi azri,<br />
cxadia, imperatorTan SeTanxmebiT gamoTqva a. a.<br />
bezborodkom: ,,и чтобы более сей народ призявать к России,<br />
то бы весьма полезно иерархию их привязать к нашему Синоду, а<br />
знатнейщим фамилиям дать право Российскаг о дворянства;<br />
архиепископа же каталикоса _ то ему соборнаг о, поставить<br />
степенем в Росииской церкви между первыми.” es ki imas<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom a. a. bezborodko ugulebelyof<strong>da</strong> erekle<br />
II-is mier 1771 wlis 30 dekembers xelmoweril<br />
xelSekrulebis proeqtis erT-erT umTavres pirobas _<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqis uflebis ucvlelad SenarCunebis<br />
Taobaze. georgievskis traqtatis (1783 w.) Sesabamis muxls<br />
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(artikuls) swored a. a. bezborodkos mosazreba <strong>da</strong>edo<br />
safuZvlad.<br />
1783 wlis 24 ivliss qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperias Soris q. georgievskSi <strong>da</strong>debuli<br />
traqtatis merve muxli (artikuli) aSkarad laxav<strong>da</strong><br />
msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi samociqulo avtokefaluri<br />
eklesiis uflebebs. mcxeTis sapatriarqo taxtis<br />
saWeTmpyrobeli, kaTolikos-patriarqi xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis uwmidesi sinodi wevri <strong>da</strong> igi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
episkoposebs Soris sinodSi ikaveb<strong>da</strong> merve adgils _<br />
tobolkis episkoposis Semdeg: ,,<strong>da</strong> umetesisa SeerTebisa<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sa Tana, amaT erTmorwmuneTa erTa Tana, inebebs<br />
misi igi didebulebai, viTarmed kaTolikozsa anu<br />
umTavressa arxiepiskopossa maTsa, raTa aqundes adgili<br />
ricxuTa Soris <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa mRudelT-mTavarTasa meruesa<br />
Sina xarisxsa, ese igi ars Semdgomad tobolskisa.”<br />
rusul de<strong>da</strong>nSi es adgili asea warmodgenili: ,,и народам<br />
ег о и для в я щаг о соединения с Росиею сих единоверных народов<br />
ея имрераторское величество соизволяет, чпоб каталикос, или<br />
начальствующий архиепископ их, состоял местом в числе<br />
росийских архиереев в осьмой степени, именно после<br />
Тобольског о.”<br />
georgeevskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debis momentisaTvis<br />
(1783 w.) ruseTSi patriarqoba gauqmebuli iyo, aRar<br />
iwvevdnen saeklesio krebebs. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesias ganageb<strong>da</strong><br />
uwmidesi sinodi. uwmidesi sinodi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo (saero) xelisuflebas <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul<br />
sasuliero uwyebas. sinodis wevrebi iyvnen<br />
mitropolitebi, arqiepiskoposebi, episkoposebi, magram<br />
sinods saTaveSi edga saero piri _ ober-prokurori.<br />
uwmidesi sinodis yvela <strong>da</strong>dgenilebas (ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas)<br />
sinodis ober-prokuroris wardginebiT amtkiceb<strong>da</strong><br />
imperatori. uwmidesi sinodis wevrTagan verc erTi<br />
rangiTa <strong>da</strong> RirsebiT ver utoldebo<strong>da</strong> msoflios erTerTi<br />
uZvelesi avtokefaluri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels _<br />
kaTolikos-patriarq anton I-s. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqis Rirseba Seilaxa <strong>da</strong> igi<br />
gauTanabres <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis eparqiebis mmarTvel<br />
ierarqebs (mitropolitebs, arqiepiskoposebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
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episkoposebs). ufro metic, sinodSi anton I-ze meti<br />
pativiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong> Svidi ierarqi.<br />
georgievskis traqtatis merve muxlSi aRniSnuli<br />
iyo, rom qarTl-kaxeTis saeklesio mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
uwmides sinodTan urTierTobis Taobaze calke<br />
SeTanxmeba un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. am xasiaTis SeTanxmeba<br />
SemdegSi aRar <strong>da</strong>debula.<br />
georgievskis traqtatis <strong>da</strong>debis Semdeg (1783 w.)<br />
peterburgSi gaemgzavra qarTl-kaxeTis samefos elCoba<br />
garsevan WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT. elCobaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong><br />
erekle II-is vaJi beri antoni (eriskacobaSi Teimurazi),<br />
ierodiakonis xarisxiT. 1784 wels erekle II-is TxovniT,<br />
ierodiakoni antoni <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis<br />
mier xel<strong>da</strong>smuli iqna arqiepiskoposad <strong>da</strong> ninowmindis<br />
eparqiis mRvdelmTavrad. ceremoniali Catar<strong>da</strong> carskoe<br />
selos karis eklesiaSi ekaterine II-isa <strong>da</strong> samefo ojaxis<br />
wevrebis Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiT. antonis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis<br />
uwmidesi sinodis mier arqiepiskoposad<br />
(mTavarepiskoposad) kurTxeva ar ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />
saeklesio samarTalsa <strong>da</strong> tradicias. Tumca amisaTvis<br />
erekle II-is Txovna sakmarisi ar iyo. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
uwmidesi sinodisaTvis TxovniT un<strong>da</strong> miemarTa<br />
kaTolikos-patriarq anton I-s. rac Seexeba antonis<br />
ninowmindis eparqiis mRvdelmTavrad xel<strong>da</strong>sxmas, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis mxri<strong>da</strong>n meore saxelmwifos<br />
(qarTl-kaxeTis samefos) avtokefaluri eklesiis saqmeSi<br />
uxeS Carevad un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT. eparqiis mRvdelmTavrad<br />
xel<strong>da</strong>sxma kaTolikos-patriarq anton I-isa <strong>da</strong> saeklesio<br />
krebis prerogativas Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, antonis<br />
arqiepiskoposad xel<strong>da</strong>sxma mox<strong>da</strong> ise, rom igi manmade<br />
xel<strong>da</strong>sxmuli ar yofila mRvdlad. antoni<br />
arqiepiskoposad xel<strong>da</strong>sxmis dros (1784 w.) oc<strong>da</strong>ori<br />
wlisa iyo (<strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 1762 w.). ruis-urbnisis saeklesio<br />
krebis (1104 w.) Zeglisweris mixedviT episkoposad<br />
xel<strong>da</strong>sxma un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo oc<strong>da</strong>TxuTmeti wlis asakSi.<br />
riT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas erekle II-is ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba antonis<br />
arqiepiskoposad <strong>da</strong> eparqiis mRvdelmTavrad ruseTSi<br />
xel<strong>da</strong>sxmis Sesaxeb? <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kari, erekle<br />
II-ze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT, kargad iyeneb<strong>da</strong> ruseTSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xvewil qarTlis bagrationebs (muxranbatonebs) _<br />
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vaxtang VI-is STamomavlebs. qarTlis Tavadebi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro kars qarTlis samefos aRdgenas <strong>da</strong> taxtze<br />
vaxtang VI-is STamomavlis <strong>da</strong>smas Txovdnen. yovelive es<br />
kargad ico<strong>da</strong> erekle II-m. kaTolikos-patriarqi anton I<br />
qarTlis bagrationebis (muxranbatonebis) Stos<br />
ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> _ vaxtang VI-is Zmis ieses Svili iyo. anton I<br />
Zalze popularuli iyo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, mas kargad<br />
icnobdnen <strong>ruseTi</strong>s politikur <strong>da</strong> saeklesio wreebSi.<br />
erekle II-m ar ico<strong>da</strong> rogor ganviTardebo<strong>da</strong> movlenebi:<br />
ras moimoqmedebdnen qarTlis bagrationebi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
erTguli Tavadebi, ra pozicias <strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>. anton<br />
I Wkviani, ganaTlebuli <strong>da</strong> mebrZoli a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo. Tu igi<br />
politikaSi Caereo<strong>da</strong>, erekle II-s SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> didi<br />
sirTuleebi Sehqmno<strong>da</strong>. amitom erekle II-m ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita<br />
anton I-is Semdeg kaTolikos-patriarqad qarTlis<br />
bagrationTa warmomadgeneli aRar aerCiaT. erekle II<br />
anton I-isa <strong>da</strong> saeklesio krebis ime<strong>da</strong>d ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
mzadeba winaswar <strong>da</strong>iwyo. carskoe seloSi erekle II-s<br />
vaJis _ rigiTi diakonis arqiepiskoposad <strong>da</strong> eparqiis<br />
mRvdelmTavrad xel<strong>da</strong>sxmam kaTolikos-patriarq anton Iis<br />
poziciebi garkveulad Seasusta. qarTlis Tavadebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTlis bagrationebsac Sesabamisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi un<strong>da</strong> gamoetanaT. erekle II <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznisaken<br />
Tanmimdevrulad miiwev<strong>da</strong>. 1784 welsve, jer kidev ruseTSi<br />
myofi, ninowmindeli episkoposi antoni <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
<strong>da</strong>uswreblad iqna xel<strong>da</strong>sxmuli alaverdel<br />
mitropolitad. 1788 wels, anton I-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />
Semdeg, mitropoliti antoni kaTolikos-patriarqad<br />
akurTxes anton II-is saxeliT. es erekle II-is gamarjvebis<br />
mauwyebeli iyo.<br />
qarTl kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis giorgi XII-is<br />
(1798-1800) gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, 1801 wlis aprilSi,<br />
peterburgSi Casulma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos elCebma<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis sagareo saqmeTa kolegias warudgines<br />
nota, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis mmarTvelobas exebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
notis meeqvse punqti sruliad garkveviT iTxov<strong>da</strong><br />
kaTolikosobis SenarCunebas <strong>da</strong> anton II-s kaTolikospatriarqad<br />
<strong>da</strong>tovebas. es muxli ase iwyeba: ,,Как<br />
первенствующая нине в г рузии по духовенству особа есть сын<br />
царя Ирак лия _Антоний, имеющий по древнему тамошнему<br />
151
положению титло католикоса, и пос в ящен в царствование<br />
блаженния памяти императрицы Екатерины II в сан архиепископа<br />
в Царском селе и туда (qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi _ v.g.)<br />
отправлен для управления т амошных (qarTl-kaxeTis _ v.g.)<br />
духовенств, то и оставить ег о при том достоинстве и звании.”<br />
notis meeqvse muxli kaTolikos-patriarqis Tanamdebobis<br />
SenarCunebasTan erTad iTxov<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
mTeli samRvdeloebis uflebrivi mdgomareobis<br />
SenarCunebas: ,, равно как и всех прочих, в епархиах своих,<br />
пребывающих, митрополитов архиепископов и епископов, т ак же<br />
архимандритов и иг уменов с их причтом, протоиереев, иереев,<br />
дяконов и прочих церковнослужителей _ каждаг о при своем<br />
звании и мест , о коих _ кто имянно, и сколько их есть”<br />
amrigad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos elCebis notis<br />
meeqvse punqti mTeli kategoriulobiT ayeneb<strong>da</strong> qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis<br />
Semdeg eklesiis avtokefaliis SenarCunebis sakiTxs.<br />
pavle I-is 1801 wlis 18 ianvrisa <strong>da</strong> aleqsandre Iis<br />
1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestebSi, romelTa<br />
ZaliTac qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gauqm<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperias SeuerT<strong>da</strong>, erTi sityviTac araa naTqvami mcxeTis<br />
avtokefaluri sapatriarqos (qarTl-kaxeTis eklesiis)<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiasTan SeerTebasa an mis<strong>da</strong>mi<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis Taobaze. piriqiT, aleqsandre I-is<br />
manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleobas auwyeb<strong>da</strong>: ,,к аждый<br />
пребудет при преимушествах состояния своег о, при свободном<br />
отправлении своей веры и при собственности своей<br />
неприкосновенно.” manifestis qarTul TargmanSi es adgili<br />
asea warmodgenili: ,,<strong>da</strong>vaweso <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa Sina<br />
mmarTebloba, romelsaca eZlosca <strong>da</strong>myareba<br />
marTlmsajulebisa, nivTisa <strong>da</strong> saqonlisa uSiSroebisa,<br />
<strong>da</strong> micemad TiToeulsa <strong>da</strong>cva sjulisa.” 1801 wlis 12<br />
seqtemberis manifesti moiTxov<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mosaxleobis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatoris erTgulebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>ficebas, rac <strong>ruseTi</strong>s qveSevrdomobis miRebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
manifestSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom <strong>da</strong>ficebis procesSi<br />
,,Духовенство, яко пастыри ду шевные, первые должны дать пример”<br />
qarTul TargmanSi: ,,samRvdeloTa, viTarca mwyemsTa<br />
sulisa Tana, pirvelad SvenisT micema magaliTisa.”<br />
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1801 wlis 12 seqtembers aleqsandre I-ma<br />
manifestTan erTad xeli moawera kidev or dokuments _<br />
,,reskripts” <strong>da</strong> ,,mowodebas qarTveli xalxisadmi” 12<br />
seqtembersve imperatorma <strong>da</strong>amtkica ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
Sinagani mmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba.” am dokumentebSi<br />
gauqmebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos eklesiis<br />
mmarTvelobis an misi reorganizaciis Sesaxeb araferi<br />
yofila naTqvami. es ki imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos gauqmebisa <strong>da</strong> misi ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg<br />
eklesia (mcxeTis avtokefaluri sapatriarqo) inarCuneb<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavis uflebriv mdgomareobas _ adgils msoflios<br />
marTlmadidebel sapatriarqoTa Soris. Tavisi uflebebiT<br />
aRWurvili rCebo<strong>da</strong> kaTolikos-patriarqi <strong>da</strong> saeklesio<br />
kreba, Zveleburad ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> funqcionirebas yvela<br />
eparqia, eklesia <strong>da</strong> monasteri. eklesiis sakuTrebaSi<br />
rCebo<strong>da</strong> mTeli uZravi <strong>da</strong> moZravi qoneba. kaTolikospatriarqsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saeklesio krebas kvlavindeburad un<strong>da</strong><br />
exelmZRvanela msoflio marTlmadidebel samyaroSi<br />
miRebuli samarTlebrivi normebiT (kanonebiT) _<br />
saeklesio samarTliT <strong>da</strong> qarTuli samarTliT (vaxtang<br />
VI-is samrTliT).<br />
marTalia, 1801 wels <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatorma Tavi<br />
Seikava <strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebasTan erTad ar<br />
gaauqma samefos teritoriaze arsebuli mcxeTis<br />
sapatriarqo. es mxolod droebiTi movlena iyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saimperatoro kari <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis uwmidesi sinodi<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>uSvebdnen istoriiTa <strong>da</strong> tradiciiT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
eklesiaze bevrad aRmatebuli iveriis (mcxeTis)<br />
sapatriarqo taxtis suverenitetis SenarCunebas yofili<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze.<br />
1810 wlisaTvis rusTis imperiam <strong>da</strong>asrula<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s _ samegrelos samTavros,<br />
afxazeTis samTavros, guriis samTavros, imereTis<br />
samefos _ <strong>da</strong>pyroba. kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels general<br />
aleqsandre tormasovs <strong>da</strong>evala <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s terieoriaze<br />
arsebuli orive sapatriarqos (mcxeTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis)<br />
gauqmeba. amisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, saWiro iyo kaTolikospatriarq<br />
anton II-is saqarvelo<strong>da</strong>n ruseTSi gawveva<br />
(afxazeTis kaTolikos-patriarqi maqsime II-s 1795 wels<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>icvala). 1810 wlis 3 noembers <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
153
saimperatoro karis moTxovniT anton II ruseTSi<br />
gaemgzavra. anton II-m winaaRmdegoba ver gaswia, Tumca<br />
kargad ico<strong>da</strong> risTvis iwvevdnen ruseTSi (kaTolikospatriarqi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si veRar <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>, 1827 wels<br />
ruseTSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala). aleqsandre tormasovma qarTlkaxeTis<br />
eklesiis mmarTvelobis proeqtis Sedgena<br />
mitropolit varlams (erisTavs) <strong>da</strong>avala. es proeqti<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad a. tormasovis moxsenebas uwmidesi<br />
sinodisadmi. 1811 wlis 12 Tebervals generali a.<br />
tormasovi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis operprokuror<br />
Tavad aleqsandre golicins wer<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II samarTliani <strong>da</strong> iSviaTi<br />
Tvisebebis mqone a<strong>da</strong>miania. a. tormasovis azriT,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> imperatoris<br />
Sesabamisi brZaneba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s eklesiis mmarTvelad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eniSnaT egzarqosi, xolo kaTolikos-patriarqi<br />
anton I <strong>da</strong>tovebuli yofiliyo ruseTSi <strong>da</strong> mas<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s eklesiis Semosavli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>niSvno<strong>da</strong> pensia 6<br />
aTasi maneTis odenobiT. a. tormasovis moxsenebis Semdeg<br />
peterburgSi bevri aRar ufiqriaT. am moxsenebis<br />
safuZvelze sinodis oper-prokurorma a. golicinma 1811<br />
wlis 21 ivniss Seadgina ,,mmarTveli sinodis<br />
uqveSevrdomilesi moxseneba.” moxsenebaSi aRniSnuli iyo,<br />
rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si (qarTl-kaxeTSi) rusuli<br />
mmarTvelobis SemoRebis Semdeg kaTolikos-patriarqoba<br />
uqmdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kaTolikos-patriarqis adgils ikaveb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis uwmides sinods <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli<br />
egzarqosi. imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma 1811 wlis 30<br />
ivniss ,,mmarTveli sinodis uqveSevrdomilesi moxseneba”<br />
ucvlelad <strong>da</strong>amtkica. aleqsandre I-is brZanebis Tanaxmad,<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobili qarTl-kaxeTis samRvdeloeba un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong> ,,mcxeTisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mitropolits”,<br />
romelic iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis<br />
wevri <strong>da</strong> amave dros eqnebo<strong>da</strong> ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s egzarqosis”<br />
tituli. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s pirvel egzarqosad <strong>da</strong>iniSna qsnis<br />
erisTavTa sagvareulos warmomadgeneli, mitropoliti<br />
varlami.<br />
ase gauqm<strong>da</strong> msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi iveriis<br />
(mcxeTis) sapatriarqo, xolo gauqmebuli sapatriarqos<br />
mTel teritoriaze (eparqiebze, eklesiebze, monastrebze)<br />
154
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis<br />
iurisdiqcia. uwmides sinods <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli<br />
egzarqosi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si umaRles ierarqad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mmarTveli sinodis 1811 wlis 21 ivniss<br />
,,uqveSevrdomiles moxsenebaSi” mcxeTis avtokefaluri<br />
sapatriarqos gauqmebis erTaderT mizezad qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos gauqmeba <strong>da</strong> yofili samefos teritoriaze<br />
rusuli mmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong>myareba iyo <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli. es ki<br />
ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> efesos wmi<strong>da</strong> III msoflio saeklesio<br />
krebis (431 w.) merve kanons. am kanonis miRebis safuZveli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> antioqiis eklesiis mcdeloba Tavisi<br />
iurisdiqciisaTvis <strong>da</strong>emorCilebina kviprosis eklesia <strong>da</strong>,<br />
Sesabamisad, kviprosis eklesiisaTvis CamoerTmia<br />
avtokefaluri uflebebi, romliTac igi ZvelTaganve<br />
sargeblob<strong>da</strong>. radgan kviprosis eklesia ZvelTaganve<br />
avtokefalurad iyo aRiarebuli, III msoflio saeklesio<br />
krebam <strong>da</strong>icva kviprosis eklesiis avtokefalia.<br />
iveriis (mcxeTis) uZvelesi avtokefaluri<br />
marTlmadidebeli sapatriarqos gauqmebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli iyo Semdegi:<br />
pirveli. kaTolikos-patriarq anton II-s un<strong>da</strong><br />
moewvia saeklesio kreba, romelsac un<strong>da</strong> mieRo<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenileba avtokefaluri uflebis <strong>da</strong>Tmobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
avtokefaliis gauqmebis Taobaze. aseTi saeklesio kreba<br />
mowveuli ar yofila.<br />
meore. likvidirebuli iveriis (mcxeTis)<br />
sapatriarqos <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sesvlis<br />
Taobaze Tanxmoba un<strong>da</strong> mieca <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saeklesio krebas.<br />
imxanad ruseTSi saeklesio krebas aRar iwvevdnen, xolo<br />
uwmidesi sinodi saeklesio krebas ver Secvli<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mesame. msoflios uZvelesi iveriis (mcxeTis)<br />
avtokefaluri sapatriarqos gauqmebisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
iyo msoflio marTlmadidebeli sapatriarqoebis<br />
(ierusalimis, antioqiis, aleqsandriis) <strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi,<br />
konstantinepolis msoflio patriarqis Tanxmoba. aseTi<br />
Tanxmoba ruseTs ar uTxovia <strong>da</strong>, cxadia, arc miuRia.<br />
amrigad, 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris ukanono aqts,<br />
romlis ZaliTac gauqm<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, mohyva<br />
meore _ 1811 wlis 30 ivnisis ukanono aqti, romlis<br />
ZaliTac gauqm<strong>da</strong> msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi<br />
155
avtokefaluri sapatriarqo _ iveriis (mcxeTis)<br />
sapatriarqo.<br />
1814 wlis 30 agvistos imperatorma aleqsandre Ima<br />
xeli moawera brZanebas, romlis ZaliTac<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si saeklesio mmarTvelobis sistemam<br />
cvlileba ganica<strong>da</strong>. TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s eklesiis<br />
uwmindesi sinodis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-imereTis sino<strong>da</strong>ruli<br />
kantora. umaRlesi saeklesio ierarqi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
egzaqosi iyo, romlis Zalauflebac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTel<br />
teritoriaze vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-imereTis<br />
sino<strong>da</strong>ruli kantoris SeqmnasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT quTaTel<br />
mitropolit dosiTeoss (wereTels) aekrZala afxazTa<br />
sakaTalikosos saqmeTa gangeba (mitropolit dosiTeoss<br />
kaTolikosoba uboZa imereTis mefem solomon II-m, magram<br />
kurTxeva ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. swored amitom mitropoliti<br />
dosiTeosi sabuTebSi ase ixsenieba: ,,yovlad samRvdelo<br />
quTaTeli mitropoliti dosiTeoz <strong>da</strong> ganmge<br />
sakaTalikozosi.”) 1814 wlis bolo<strong>da</strong>n mitropoliti<br />
dosiTeosi mxolod eparqiis mRvdelmTavaria <strong>da</strong><br />
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos saqmeebs aRar ganagebs.<br />
afxazeTis kaTolikos-patriarqisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />
sakaTolikosos iurisdiqcia Sewy<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yofili<br />
sakaTolikosos teritoria <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-imereTis<br />
sino<strong>da</strong>rul kantorasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s egzarqoss<br />
<strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara.<br />
1811-1814 wlebSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s eklesiis<br />
avtokefaliis gauqmeba im politikis gagrZeleba iyo,<br />
romlis mizansac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis<br />
guberniad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika,”<br />
2007, # 88, 9 maisi, gv. 4; 2007, # 89, 11<br />
maisi, gv. 5.<br />
156
12. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
xelSekruleba<br />
(1920 wlis 7 maisi)<br />
1920 wlis 7 maiss moskovSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiul respublikasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s socialistur<br />
federaciul sabWoTa respublikas Soris <strong>da</strong>ido<br />
xelSekruleba. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s xelSekruleba<br />
momzad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ido urTules samxedro-politikur<br />
viTarebaSi.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis saerTaSoriso<br />
aRiarebisaTvis brZolaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
eniWebo<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s pozicias. 1918 wlis 26 maiss<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
aRdgenas <strong>ruseTi</strong> aSkarad mtrulad Sexv<strong>da</strong>. umZimes<br />
samoqalaqo omSi Cabmul ruseTs imxanad ar SeeZlo<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg samxedro an diplomatiuri<br />
sanqciebi gamoeyenebina. amas, garkveulwilad, un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaeadvilebina <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
saerTaSoriso aRiareba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, qarTuli<br />
diplomatiis mcdelobas, gaerRvia mojadoebuli wre,<br />
warmateba ar mohyolia. 1918 wlis 11 noembers germania<br />
pirvel msoflio omSi <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublika mokavSiris gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
amieri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRiareba ukve<br />
omSi gamarjvebul antantaze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
antantaSi wamyvan rols inglisi asruleb<strong>da</strong>, inglisis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n keTilganwyobis imedi ki progermanul<br />
orientaciaze mdgom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ar un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1918-1920 wlebSi, samoqalaqo omis periodSi,<br />
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, CrdiloeT kaspiispireTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTSi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
iurisdiqcia Sewy<strong>da</strong>. CrdiloeT kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT<br />
SavispireTs didi xniT <strong>da</strong>epatrona moxaliseTa armia<br />
(sar<strong>da</strong>li generali anton denikini). 1920 gazafxulisaTvis<br />
157
wiTelma armiam moxaliseTa armia <strong>da</strong>amarcxa. moxaliseTa<br />
armiam yirimis naxevarkunZuls Seafara Tavi. CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasiaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis aRdgenam <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebTan wiTeli armiis moaxloebam<br />
kardinalurad Secvala antantis politika. antantis<br />
qveynebi a. denikinis moxaliseTa armiis saboloo<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebas aRarc ki <strong>da</strong>elodnen <strong>da</strong> 1920 wlis 12 ianvars<br />
de-faqto cnes <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublika.<br />
inglisi saswrafod Seudga baqo-baTumis navTobsadenis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis SesaZlo variantebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebas im<br />
SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu samxreT kavkasiaSi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
SeiWrebo<strong>da</strong>. antantis politikis Secvla winaswarve<br />
igrZno sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s diplomatiam. ruseTmac<br />
diplomatiur manevrs mimarTa. jer kidev antantis mier<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s de-faqto cnobamde, 1920 wlis 6 ianvars,<br />
sabWoTa ruseTma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiul respublikas<br />
a. denikinis winaaRmdeg samxedro xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>deba<br />
SesTavaza. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
mTavrobam, neitralitetis momizezebiT, samxedro<br />
xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debaze uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, Tumca<br />
ruseTTan politikuri urTierTobis mogvarebis mizniT<br />
molaparakebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba mizanSewonilad miiCnia.<br />
inglisis mzadebas baqo-baTumis navTobsadenis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sacavad praqtikuli Sedegebi ar mohyolia. sabWoTa<br />
ruseTma ki ar <strong>da</strong>ayovna <strong>da</strong> TurqeTTan winaswari<br />
SeTanxmebis Semdeg 1920 wlis 28 aprils wiTelma armiam<br />
baqo <strong>da</strong>ikava. azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong>moukidebelma saxelmwifom<br />
arseboba Sewyvita. es antantis politikis seriozul<br />
marcxs moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
mTavroba <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, rom antantis <strong>da</strong>pirebis ime<strong>da</strong>d<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCena saxifaTo iyo. aucilebeli gax<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa<br />
ruseTTan politikuri urTierTobis mogvareba, rasac,<br />
pirvel rigSi, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRiareba un<strong>da</strong> mohyolo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublika, sabWoTa<br />
ruseTTan molaparakebas rom iwyeb<strong>da</strong>, ori miznis<br />
miRwevas cdilob<strong>da</strong>: pirveli. Tu samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
(amierkavkasiaSi) antantis poziciebi Sesustdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s pro<strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciiT gaRizianebul<br />
158
useTTan Cvens qveyanas urTierTobis mogvareba aRar<br />
gauWirdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samxedro <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis (omis) Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
acilebasac SeZleb<strong>da</strong>; meore. Tu am xelSekrulebiT<br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas cnob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
amas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eqnebo<strong>da</strong> msoflios<br />
qveynebis mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
de-iure aRiarebisaTvis.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> zemoT aRniSnulisa, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>deba ganapiroba kidev erTma faqtorma.<br />
parizis konferenciaze (gaixsna 1919 wlis ianvarSi)<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis de-iure aRiareba ar<br />
Sedga. antantis qveynebma (inglisma, safrangeTma)<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s delegacias pir<strong>da</strong>pir ganucxades, rom<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s de-iure cnoba SesaZlebeli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> mas<br />
Semdeg, rac sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong> de-iure scnob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s delegacias<br />
aseve ganucxades, rom parizis konferencias SeeZlo<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mxolod de-faqto cnoba. amrigad, sabWoTa<br />
ruseTTan molaparakebaze <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiul<br />
respublikas ubiZga parizis sazavo konferenciam.<br />
gamomdinare zemoT Tqmuli<strong>da</strong>n mc<strong>da</strong>ria mosazreba imis<br />
Taobaze, rom TiTqos <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli<br />
respublikis mTavroba ruseTTan xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debiT<br />
omis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas eswrafo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobaSi kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T,<br />
rom xelSekruleba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresiisagan<br />
ver <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong>, xelSekruleba, rogorc aRvniSneT,<br />
aucilebeli iyo evropis qveynebis mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis de-iure aRiarebisaTvis.<br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s politikuri xelmZRvanelobis<br />
nawili mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis Semdeg <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, v. leninma CaTvala, rom<br />
Seqmnil viTarebaSi omi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan saxifaTo<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. arc sagareo <strong>da</strong> arc saSinao viTareba omisaTvis<br />
xelsayreli ar iyo. oms <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> antantasTan <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, inglisTan<br />
urTierTobis gamwvaveba mohyolo<strong>da</strong>. gamoricxuli arc<br />
omis <strong>da</strong>wyeba iyo. anton denikinis moxaliseTa armiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, samoqalaqo omi ruseTSi kvlav<br />
grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. 1920 wlis martSi samxreT ruseTSi<br />
159
<strong>da</strong>rCenil moxaliseTa armias saTaveSi Caudga generali<br />
petre vrangeli. wiTelma armiam p. vrangelis armiis<br />
yirimis naxevarkunZulze Sekaveba ver SeZlo. p. vrangelis<br />
pirvelma warmatebebma samxreT ruseTSi kvlav seriozuli<br />
safrTxe Seuqmna sabWoTa wyobilebas. <strong>da</strong>Zabuli<br />
viTarebiT isargebla poloneTma. 1920 wlis 17 aprils<br />
poloneTis armiam kievze Seteva wamoiwyo. polonelebTan<br />
erTad sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s winaaRmdeg omSi Caeba ukrainis<br />
direqtoriis armia simon petluras sardlobiT.<br />
ukrainaSi ganlagebuli wiTeli armiis nawilebi md.<br />
dneprisaken ixevdnen. 6 maiss polonelebma kievi <strong>da</strong>ikaves<br />
<strong>da</strong> brZolebi dnepris marcxena napirze ga<strong>da</strong>itanes.<br />
sabWoTa ruseTs sabolood poloneTis armiis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba<br />
ar gauWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, magram moskovs aSineb<strong>da</strong> poloneTisadmi<br />
antantis samxedro-politikuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, romlis<br />
masStabebis amocnoba imxanad SeuZlebeli iyo. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong> iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiul respublikasTan<br />
molaparakebas <strong>da</strong>sTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> droebiT uari eTqva<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>pyrobiTi omis gagrZelebaze.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris miRweuli<br />
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze or qveyanas Soris<br />
molaparakebebi moskovSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikis saxeliT molaparakebas<br />
awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis wevri grigol urataZe,<br />
xolo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi<br />
respublikis saxeliT _ sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo<br />
komisris, giorgi CiCerinis, moadgile lev karaxani<br />
(karaxaniani). grigol urataZe moskovSi 1920 wlis<br />
aprilis bolos Cavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> winaswari konsultaciebis<br />
Semdeg 1920 wlis 28 aprils oficialuri molaparakebac<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. 6 maiss molaparakeba <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, xolo 7 maiss<br />
grigol urataZem <strong>da</strong> lev karaxanma xeli moaweres<br />
xelSekrulebas.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s molaparakeba moskovSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo im dros, roca samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi)<br />
didi qveynebis (inglisis, TurqeTis, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s) interesebi<br />
gamijnuli ar iyo. antantasa <strong>da</strong> pirvel msoflio omSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebul TurqeTs Soris <strong>da</strong>debuli mudrosis zaviT<br />
(1918 wlis oqtomberi) samxreT kavkasia (amierkavkasia)<br />
160
inglisis saokupacio zonad gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikis teritoriaze inglisis<br />
jarebi 1918 wlis dekembri<strong>da</strong>n ganlagdnen <strong>da</strong> imTaviTve<br />
aqtiurad <strong>da</strong>iwyes Careva rogorc <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, ise<br />
somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis saSinao saqmeebSi. anton<br />
denikinis moxaliseTa armiis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg ruseTma<br />
arad Caagdo mudrosis zavis pirobebi <strong>da</strong> 1920 wlis<br />
aprilis bolos azerbaijani <strong>da</strong>ipyro. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SeWras<br />
azerbaijanSi win ar aRudga mudrosis zaviT ukmayofilo<br />
TurqeTi. azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong>Tmobis sanacvlod TurqeTma<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>sagan antantis winaaRmdeg mosalodnel omSi<br />
Tanadgomis garantia miiRo. gamoricxuli ar iyo, rom<br />
antantis winaaRmdeg mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris sanacvlod TurqeTs<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>c <strong>da</strong>eTmo. gasarkvevi iyo<br />
mxolod inglisis pozicia. inglisis pozicia ki manamde<br />
ar gairkveo<strong>da</strong>, sanam ar <strong>da</strong>mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong> omi general<br />
petre vrangelis armiasa <strong>da</strong> wiTel armias Soris, sanam<br />
ar gamoikveTebo<strong>da</strong> gamarjvebuli ruseT-poloneTis omSi.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s 1920 wlis 7 maisis<br />
xelSekruleba Sedgeba preambulisa <strong>da</strong> Teqvsmeti<br />
muxlisagan. xelSekrulebaze xelmoweris dResve, 1920<br />
wlis 7 maiss, g. urataZem <strong>da</strong> l. karaxanma xeli moaweres<br />
dokuments _ “Ос обое секретное дополнение к дог овору между<br />
Россией и Грузией”, romelic ori muxlisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ramdenime dRis Semdeg, 1920 wlis 12 maiss, xelmowerili<br />
iqna kidev erTi dokumenti _ “Дополнительное сог лашение к<br />
мирному дог овору между Россией и Грузией от 7 мая 1920 г ода”,<br />
romelic preambulisa <strong>da</strong> sami muxlisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
orive dokumenti 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis<br />
ganuyofel nawilad iqna gamocxadebuli. amrigad, 1920<br />
wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba orive <strong>da</strong>matebasTan erTad<br />
Sedgeba oc<strong>da</strong>erTi muxlisagan. samive dokuments g.<br />
urataZem <strong>da</strong> l. karaxanma xeli cal-calke moaweres.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s xelSekrulebis pirveli<br />
muxli uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikisaTvis, qveynis saerTaSoriso<br />
aRiarebisaTvis. xelSekrulebaSi aRniSnulia: “Россия<br />
безог оворочно признает независимость и самостоятельность<br />
Грузинског о Государства и отказывается доброволно от всяких<br />
суверенных прав, кои принадлежали России в отношении к<br />
161
г рузинскому народу и з емле”. ra Sefaruli miznebic un<strong>da</strong><br />
hqono<strong>da</strong> xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debis momentSi ruseTs,<br />
yovelive amis aRiareba mainc qarTuli diplomatiis did<br />
gamarjvebad un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT.<br />
qarTuli diplomatiis u<strong>da</strong>vo warmatebad aRiqmeba<br />
aseve xelSekrulebis meore muxlic: “Россия обязуется<br />
отказаться от всяког о рода вмешательства во внутренние дела<br />
Грузии”.<br />
molaparakebis procesSi ruseTs saqarTvelos<br />
mimarT mniSvnelovani teritoriuli pretenziebi ar<br />
wamouyenebia. saxelmwifo sazRvari ruseTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris xelSekrulebis mesame muxlis<br />
pirveli paragrafiT ase ganisazRvra: “Государственная<br />
г раница между Грузией и Россией проходит от Черног о моря по<br />
реке Псоу до г оры Ахахча, через г ору Ахахча и г ору Аг анета и<br />
по северной г ранице быв ших г уберний Черноморской, Кутаисской<br />
и Тифлисской до Закатальског о округ а и по восточной г ранице<br />
этог о округ а до г раницы с Армений”.<br />
Tu zoga<strong>da</strong>d SevafasebT, xelSekrulebis mesame<br />
muxli, kerZod, misi meore, mesame <strong>da</strong> meoTxe paragrafebi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis garkveul safrTxes Seicav<strong>da</strong>. kerZod,<br />
mesame muxlis meore punqtiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong><br />
kavkasionis ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebis gamagreba: “Все перевалы на<br />
означенной пог раничной линии до первог о января т ысяча<br />
деватьсот двадцать второг о г ода признаются нейтральными. Они<br />
не мог ут быт ь з анимаемы войск ами ни одной из обеих<br />
дог оваривающихся сторон и не мог ут быт ь ни одной из них<br />
укрепляемы”. kavkasionis ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovanis _ <strong>da</strong>rialisa <strong>da</strong> mamisonis –<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis mesame muxlis<br />
mesame punqtSi aRniSnuli iyo: “На Дарьяльском перевале<br />
указанная в пункте 2 настоящей статьи нейтрализация будет<br />
распространена на протяжении перевала от Балты до Коби, на<br />
Мамисонском перевале от Зарамаг а до Они, а на всех прочих<br />
перевалах на пятиверстие в обе стороны от пункта прохождения<br />
г раницы расстояния”. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, xelSekrulebis<br />
mesame muxlis meore <strong>da</strong> mesame punqtebis wyalobiT<br />
ruseTTan omis SemTxvevaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> Zalze mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong> _ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s armia kavkasionis<br />
162
ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebs, maT Soris strategiulad arsebiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis mqoneT, advilad gadmolaxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xelSekrulebis mesame muxlis meoTxe punqti<br />
garkveulwilad aqarwyleb<strong>da</strong> imave muxlis pirvel punqts<br />
ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris saxelmwifo sazRvris<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenis Taobaze. meoTxe punqti ruseTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris saxelmwifo sazRvris gavlebis<br />
mizniT Sereuli komisiis Seqmnas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>: “Точное<br />
проведение г осударственной г раницы между обоеми<br />
дог оваривающимися сторонами будет произведено особой<br />
смешанной пог раничной комиссией с одинаковым числом членов от<br />
обеих сторон. Результаты работы этой комиссии будут<br />
закреплены в особом дог оворе между обоеми дог оваривающимися<br />
сторонами”. cxadia, <strong>ruseTi</strong> ecdebo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
sazRvris <strong>da</strong>dgenis periodSi garkveuli pretenziebi<br />
wamoeyenebina <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis <strong>da</strong> ukan waeRo is, rac<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tmo xelSekrulebis mesame muxlis pirveli punqtiT.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis Zalze xelsayreli iyo<br />
xelSekrulebis meoTxe muxli, romlis pirveli punqtis<br />
ZaliTac “Россия обязуется признать безусловно в х одящими в<br />
состав Грузинског о г осударства, к роме отходящих к Грузии в<br />
силу пункта I статьи III настоящег о дог овора частей<br />
Черноморской г убернии, нижеследеующие г убернии и области<br />
быв шей Российской Империи – Тифлисскую, Кутаисскую и<br />
Батумскую со всеми уездами и округ ами, составляющими<br />
означенный г убернии и области, а так же округ а Закатальский и<br />
Сухумский”. ZirZveli qarTuli teritoria, War-belaqani<br />
(saingilo), igive zaqaTalis okrugi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
kuTvnil teritoriad cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>, rasac sabWoTa<br />
azerbaijanis mxri<strong>da</strong>n sastiki protesti mohyva.<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo meoTxe muxlis<br />
meore paragrafic, romelic samxreT kavkasiis<br />
teritoriis xarjze <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriis gazrdis<br />
SesaZleblobas iZleo<strong>da</strong>. kerZod, meoTxe muxlis meore<br />
punqtSi aRniSnuli iyo: “Впоследствии, по мере выяснения<br />
взаимоотношений между Грузией и друг ими к роме России<br />
г осударственными образованиями, существующими или имеющими<br />
создаться и сопредельными с Грузией по друг им г раницам, чем<br />
та, которая описана в предшествующей статье III настоящег о<br />
дог овора, Россия выражает г отовность признать в х одящими в<br />
163
состав Грузии те или иные части бывшег о Кавказског о<br />
Намест ник а, которые отойдут к ней на основании заключенных с<br />
эт ими образованиями дог оворов”.<br />
Zalze araxelsayreli, saSinlad mZime iyo<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis xelSekrulebis mexuTe muxli,<br />
romeliT aTi punqtisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. mexuTe muxli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s avaldebuleb<strong>da</strong>: 1) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>epatimrebina <strong>da</strong> sakoncentracio banakebSi moeTavsebina<br />
xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debis momentisaTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
teritoriaze myofi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mTavrobisamdi<br />
mtrulad ganwyobili <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi arsebuli<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>mxobis mosurne samxedro <strong>da</strong> samxedrosazRvao<br />
nawilebi, aseve im politikur <strong>da</strong> samxedro<br />
ZalTa warmomadgenlebi, romlebic Tavs acxadebdnen<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mTavrobad, an <strong>ruseTi</strong>s romelime nawilis<br />
mTavrobad; 2) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
mTavrobas <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv un<strong>da</strong> ganeiaraRebina<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s navsadgurebSi myofi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mTavrobisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili samxedro <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur ZalTa kuTvnili gemebi, xolo ekipaJis<br />
wevrebi sakoncentracio banakebSi moeTavsebina; 3)<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas<br />
<strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv, yovelgvari pirobis gareSe un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eca<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis saqaTrvelos teritoriaze ganiaraRebuli<br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>sadmi mtrulad ganwyobili samxedro <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur ZalTa mTeli qoneba, maT Soris samxedro<br />
qonebac (samxedro gemebi, artileria, aviacia <strong>da</strong> sxv.); 4)<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> pirobas deb<strong>da</strong>, rom sikvdiliT ar <strong>da</strong>sji<strong>da</strong><br />
saqaTrvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>saTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemul pirebs; 5) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebas qveynis teritorii<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> gaeZevebina<br />
yvela saxis samxedro SenaerTi, romelic ar Sedio<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTuli jaris SemadgenlobaSi; 6) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas momavalSic ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eSva Tavisi qveynis teritoriaze iseTi samxedro<br />
SenaerTebis arseboba, romlebic ar Sediodnen qarTul<br />
jarSi; 7) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
mTavrobas qarTul jarSi ar un<strong>da</strong> mieRo, maT Soris<br />
moxalise<strong>da</strong>c, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriaze arsebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
164
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>sadmi mtrulad ganwyobili samxedro<br />
SenaerTebSi momsaxure pirebi, radgan isini erovnebiT<br />
qarTvelebi ar iyvnen; 8) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli<br />
respublikis mTavrobas Tavisi qveynis teritoriaze ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaeCerebina iseTi Zalebi, romlebic miznad<br />
isaxavdnen sabWoTa ruseTSi arsebuli wyobilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxobas. amasTan erTad, am ZalebisaTvis ar un<strong>da</strong> mieca<br />
ufleba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoria gamoeyenebinaT im<br />
tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>satanad, romelic ruseTTan omSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoyenebuli; 9) is jgufebi <strong>da</strong> pirebi, romlebic ar<br />
Seasrulebdnen merve punqtiT gansazRvrul pirobebs,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>epatimrebina; 10) mexuTe muxlis mexuTe punqtis<br />
Sesruleba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
mTavrobas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewyo <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv <strong>da</strong> rac SeiZleba<br />
male <strong>da</strong>esrulebina.<br />
xelSekrulebis mexuTe muxli, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom<br />
uxeSad Telav<strong>da</strong> fexqveS qveynis suverenitets,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobas aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi qveynis<br />
teritoriaze farTomasStabiani sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo RonisZiebani<br />
gaetarebina.<br />
im uzarmazari valdebulebebis sanacvlod, rac<br />
xelSekrulebis mexuTe muxlma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>akisra,<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> meeqvse muxliT Zalze zogad valdebulebas<br />
kisrulob<strong>da</strong>: “Россия обязуется не допускать на своей<br />
территории пребывания и деятельность всяког о рода г рупп и<br />
орг анизаций, претендующих на роль правительства Грузии или<br />
части ее, а т ак же всяког о рода г рупп и орг анизаций, имеющих<br />
свеой целью низвержение правительства Грузии. Россия<br />
обязуется оказать все свое влияние из с оюз ные ей г осударства<br />
с целью недопушения на их территории указанных в настоящей<br />
статье г рупп и орг анизаций”.<br />
xelSekrulebis mecxre muxli exebo<strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis sakiTxs. mecxre muxlis pirvel punqtSi<br />
aRniSnuli iyo: “Лица г рузинског о происхождения, проживающие<br />
на территории России и достиг шие восемнадцати лет от роду,<br />
вправе оптировать Грузинское г ражданство. Равным образом лица<br />
нег рузинског о происхождения, проживающие на территории Грузии<br />
и достиг шие указанног о возраста, вправе оптировать российское<br />
г ражданство”.<br />
165
xelSekrulebis meaTe muxli ukve aSkarad<br />
xelyof<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
suverenitets <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ayeneb<strong>da</strong> metad mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi. kerZod, meaTe muxli ase gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />
“Грузия обязуется освободить от наказания и от<br />
дальнейшег о преследования, судебног о или административног о,<br />
всех лиц, подверг шихся на территории Грузии таковому<br />
преследованию за деяния, совершенные в пользу Российской<br />
Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республики или в<br />
пользу Коммунистической партии.<br />
Прим.: “Грузия обязуется немедленно осовободить лиц,<br />
находящихся в тюремном з ак лючении за деяния указанног о выше<br />
рода”. xelSekrulebis meaTe muxli praqtikulad<br />
Zala<strong>da</strong>kargulad acxadeb<strong>da</strong> xelSekrulebis meore muxls,<br />
romlis ZaliTac <strong>ruseTi</strong> pirobas deb<strong>da</strong>, rom ar Caereo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saSinao saqmeebSi.<br />
xelSekrulebis meTormete muxli or qveyanas<br />
Soris ekonomikur urTierTobebs exebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TavisTavad<br />
xelsayreli iyo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis:<br />
“1. Обе дог оваривающиеся стороны в основу торг овых<br />
взаимоотношений кладут принцип наибольшег о<br />
благ оприятствования.<br />
2. Товары, иду щие из или по назначению одной из<br />
дог оваривающихся сторон не должны облаг аться друг ой стороной<br />
никакими транзимтными пошлинами или сборами”.<br />
xelSekrulebis meToTxmete muxlis ZaliT<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris umokles va<strong>da</strong>Si un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebuliyo diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong> sakonsulo urTierToba.<br />
xelSekrulebis meTxuTmete muxli iTvliswineb<strong>da</strong><br />
ormxrivi komisiis Seqmnas, romlis kompetenciaSi<br />
Sedio<strong>da</strong>:<br />
“1. Составление торг овог о дог овора и иных сог лашений<br />
экономическог о характера.<br />
2. Разрешение вопросов относительно выдела из бывших<br />
центральных учреждений архивов и делопроизводства судебных и<br />
административных депозитов и актов г ражданског о состояния.<br />
3. Определение вопроса о порядке пользования,<br />
владения и распоряжения нефтепроводом Батум-Бак у, в той части<br />
ег о, которая в силу статьи IV настоящег о дог овора будет<br />
находиться на территории Грузии. Вопрос этот будет закреплен<br />
166
затем путем особог о сог лашения между обеими дог оваривающимися<br />
сторонами”.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s 1920 wlis 7 maisis<br />
xelSekruleba, rogorc meTeqvsmete muxlSi iyo<br />
aRniSnuli, ZalaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> xelmoweris dRi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
ratifikacias ar saWiroeb<strong>da</strong>. cxadia, am muxliT <strong>ruseTi</strong><br />
Tavs izRvev<strong>da</strong>, radgan xelSekrulebis ratifikacias<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel krebaSi SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> didi<br />
vnebaTaRelva mohyolo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1920 wlis 7 maissve g. urataZem <strong>da</strong> l. karaxanma<br />
xeli moaweres xelSekrulebis saidumlo <strong>da</strong>matebas,<br />
romelic ori muxlisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. saidumlo <strong>da</strong>matebis<br />
pirveli muxli kidev erTxel Telav<strong>da</strong> fexqveS<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis suverenitets.<br />
pirveli muxli ase iyo Camoyalibebuli:<br />
“Грузия обязуется признать за находящимися на<br />
территории Грузии к оммунист ическ ими орг анизациями право<br />
свободног о существования и деятельности, в частности, право<br />
свободног о устройства собраний и право свободног о<br />
издательства (в том числе орг анов печати).<br />
Вовсяк ом случае не мог ут быт ь принимаемы никакие<br />
репрессии ни против част ных лиц, как судебные, так и<br />
административные, вытекающие лишь из публичной пропаг анды и<br />
аг итации за коммунистическую прог рамму или деятельности лиц и<br />
орг анизаций, основанных на коммунистической прог рамме”.<br />
saidumlo <strong>da</strong>matebis meore muxli am <strong>da</strong>matebas ZiriTadi<br />
xelSekrulebis ganuyofel nawilad acxadeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s 1920 wlis 7 maisis<br />
xelSekrulebis saidumlo <strong>da</strong>mateba xelyof<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s suverenitets, qveyanaSi akanoneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
mexuTe kolonas <strong>da</strong> mas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifos<br />
winaaRmdeg legaluri ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis<br />
warmoebis uflebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>. es ufleba <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mexuTe<br />
kolonam kargad gamoiyena <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi gaakeTa<br />
imisaTvis, rom ruseTs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> advilad <strong>da</strong>epyro.<br />
1920 wlis 7 maisis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
xelSekrulebis saidumlo <strong>da</strong>matebac ZalaSi<br />
ratifikaciis gareSe Sedio<strong>da</strong> xelmoweris momenti<strong>da</strong>n. igi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s 1920 wlis 7 maisis ZiriTadi<br />
xelSekrulebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.<br />
167
1920 wlis 12 maiss g. urataZisa <strong>da</strong> l. karaxanis<br />
mier xelmowerili <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeTanxmeba miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-azerbaijanis saxelmwifo sazRvris <strong>da</strong>dgenas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeTanxmebis pirvel muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo:<br />
“Вопрос о спорных местностях на г ранице между Грузией и<br />
Азербаиджаном и в Закатальском округ е передается на<br />
разрешение смешанной Комиссии, образуемой из представителей<br />
Правительств Азербайджана и Грузии в равном количестве, под<br />
председетельством представителя Р.С.Ф.С.Р. Все решения этой<br />
Комиссии будут признаваться для себя обязательными<br />
Правительствами Азербайджана и Грузии”. cxadia, Sereuli<br />
komisiis muSaobis periodSi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong> sabWoTa<br />
azerbaijans <strong>da</strong>uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars <strong>da</strong> sasazRvro xazic<br />
azerbaijanis sasargeblod <strong>da</strong>dgindebo<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa<br />
ruseTs rom aseTi survili ar hqono<strong>da</strong>, maSin 1920 wlis<br />
12 maiss <strong>da</strong>matebiT SeTanxmebas xeli arc moewerebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
radgan ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis meoTxe muxliT<br />
zaqaTalis okrugi (saingilo) sabWoTa ruseTma<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriad cno <strong>da</strong> am sakiTxis xelaxali<br />
ganxilva saWiro aRar iyo. aseTi <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTebis<br />
uflebas gvaZlevs is, rom 12 maisis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeTanxmeba<br />
azerbaijanis protestis Semdeg gaform<strong>da</strong>. sul male,<br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pyrobisTanave (1921<br />
wels), zaqaTalis okrugi (saingilo) moskovis moTxovniT<br />
azerbaijans ga<strong>da</strong>eca.<br />
amrigad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s 1920 wlis 7 maisis<br />
xelSekruleba, 7 maisis saidumlo <strong>da</strong>matebiTi <strong>da</strong> 12<br />
maisis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeTanxmebiT ar SeiZleba<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad Sefasdes. xelSekrulebis mniSvnelobas<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> ori momenti:<br />
pirveli. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikis de-faqto <strong>da</strong> de-iure cnoba<br />
iyo uaRresad didi mniSvnelobis movlena <strong>da</strong> xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis saerTaSoriso<br />
aRiarebas;<br />
meore. xelSekruleba ruseTs saSualebas<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong>: 1) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiul respublikasTan<br />
omis SemTxvevaSi didi winaaRmdegobis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>elaxa<br />
kavkasionis uReltexilebi <strong>da</strong> moepovebina strategiuli<br />
upiratesoba. igive upiratesobiT ver isargebleb<strong>da</strong><br />
168
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, radgan igi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad ar<br />
emzadebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, arc amisi SesaZlebloba<br />
gaaCn<strong>da</strong>; 2) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiul respublikasTan<br />
omis SemTxvevaSi aqtiurad gamoeyenebina mexuTe kolona,<br />
romlis xelSeuxeblobis garantias xelSekruleba<br />
iZleo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1920 wlis 7 maisis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
xelSekrulebas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis hqon<strong>da</strong> kidev erTi<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. Tu <strong>ruseTi</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong>, mis mierve de-faqto <strong>da</strong> de-iure cnobili<br />
qveynis <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT samomavlod saerTaSoriso asparezze<br />
bevr uxerxulobas Seiqmni<strong>da</strong>, xolo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi es dokumenti<br />
Zlieri samarTlebrivi argumenti iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,qarTuli universiteti,” 2004,<br />
# 12, 5-15 maisi, gv. 3-4, 7. rusuli<br />
varianti: г азета ,,Свободная,” 2004, № 74,<br />
6 мая , стр. 5.<br />
13. yarsis xelSekruleba (1921 wlis<br />
13 oqtomberi)<br />
169
XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebam<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi) <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan omebSi<br />
TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> iranis marcxma XIX saukunis pirvel<br />
mesamedSi cxadi gaxa<strong>da</strong>, rom regionSi status qvo<br />
<strong>da</strong>irRva. am movlenam <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropis didi qveynebis (inglisis, safrangeTis, avstriaungreTis)<br />
mkveTrad uaryofiTi reaqcia. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, rac maxlobel<br />
aRmosavleTSi gaWrisaTvis plac<strong>da</strong>rmis momzadebasac<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebma xeli ver SeuSales.<br />
1877-1878 wlebSi ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs Soris gaCaRebul<br />
omSi kvlav ruseTma gaimarjva. san-stefanos<br />
xelSekrulebiTa (1878 wlis martSi) <strong>da</strong> berlinis<br />
kongresis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT (1878 wlis ivlisSi)<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebulma TurqeTma aWara ruseTs <strong>da</strong>uTmo. 1903 wels<br />
aWaris teritoriis administraciuli mowyoba baTumis<br />
olqis SeqmniT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. baTumis olqi, romelic<br />
baTumisa <strong>da</strong> arTvinis okrugebisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
administraciuli TvalsazrisiT quTaisis gubernias<br />
<strong>da</strong>uqvemdebares (<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis administraciul<br />
sistemaSi calke erTeulebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> artaanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
yarsis okrugebi).<br />
pirveli msoflio omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Semdeg (1914 w.)<br />
samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> kvlav moeqca didi<br />
politikis yuradRebis centrSi. pirveli msoflio omis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis <strong>ruseTi</strong> antantis samxedro-politikuri<br />
blokis wevri iyo, xolo TurqeTi _ samTa kavSirisa.<br />
amrigad, samxreTi kavkasia <strong>da</strong>, maT Soris, samxreT<strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> frontispira regionad iqca.<br />
TurqeTis armiis cdebi _ <strong>da</strong>ekavebina Tbilisi <strong>da</strong> baTumi<br />
_ <strong>ruseTi</strong>s kavkasiis armiam 1914-1915 wlebSi warmatebiT<br />
aRkveTa, xolo Semdeg sakuTriv TurqeTis teritoriis<br />
nawili (aRmosavleT anatolia) <strong>da</strong>ikava.<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi viTareba kardinalurad<br />
Seicvala <strong>ruseTi</strong>s 1917 wlis Teberval-martis<br />
revoluciis Semdeg. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s droebiTma mTavrobam Tavisi<br />
arsebobis periodSi (1917 wlis marti-oqtomberi) SeZlo<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi) Tavisi iurisdiqciis<br />
SenarCuneba. bolSevikebis mier droebiTi mTavrobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxobis Semdeg (1917 wlis oqtomberSi) xelisuflebis<br />
170
saTaveSi mosulma sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mTavrobam ki samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi iurisdiqcia veRar SeinarCuna _ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s,<br />
azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis politikurma Zalebma sabWoTa<br />
ruseTTan yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvites <strong>da</strong> 1917 wlis<br />
noemberSi Seqmnes samxareo xelisuflebis organo _<br />
amierkavkasiis komisariati (Tavmjdomare evgeni<br />
gegeWkori). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>sagan Camocilebisa,<br />
amierkavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifo ar Seqmnila,<br />
ris gamoc saerTaSoriso asparezze amierkavkasia<br />
(samxreT kavkasia) isev <strong>ruseTi</strong>s teritoriad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tumca iyo erTi metad mniSvnelovani faqtori: <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
kavkasiis armia sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mTavrobas ar cnob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
mis gankargulebebs ar asruleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> regions TurqeTis<br />
agresiisagan icav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
umZimes mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil sabWoTa ruseTs<br />
omis gagrZeleba aRar SeeZlo. v. lenini xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi sabWoTa ruseTma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, germaniasa <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
mokavSireebTan (avstria-ungreTsa, TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
bulgareTTan) separatiuli zavi <strong>da</strong>edo. zavs 1918 wlis 3<br />
marts brest-litovskSi moewera xeli. zavis sanacvlod<br />
sabWoTa ruseTma didi teritoria <strong>da</strong>Tmo. es Seexo<br />
samxreT kavkasiasac. brest-litovskis zavis meoTxe<br />
muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo: “Россия сделает все от нее<br />
зависящее, чтобы обеспечить скорейшее оч ищение провинций<br />
Восточной Анат олии и их упорядоченное возврашение Турции”. es<br />
rac Seexebo<strong>da</strong> sakuTriv TurqeTis teritorias, romelic<br />
zavis <strong>da</strong>debis momentisaTvis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s jarebs ekavaT.<br />
imave, meoTxe muxlis bolo abzaci ukve <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
teritorias exebo<strong>da</strong>. kerZod, masSi naTqvamia: “Ок ру г а<br />
Ардаг ана, Карса и Бат ума т ак же незамедлительно оч ищают с я от<br />
русских войск. Россия не будет вмешиват ь с я в новую<br />
орг анизацию г осударственно–правовых и международно–правовых<br />
отношений этих округ ов, а предоставит населению этих округ ов<br />
установить новый строй в сог ласии с соседними г осударствами,<br />
в особенности Турцией”. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, faqtobrivad,<br />
saqme exebo<strong>da</strong> baTumis, ar<strong>da</strong>ganisa (artaanisa) <strong>da</strong> yarsis<br />
okrugebis teritoriaze mosaxleobis nebis gamosavlenad<br />
referendumis Catarebas. isic cxadi iyo, rom regionSi<br />
ruseTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT TurqeTma upiratesoba miiRo. 1918<br />
171
wlis martSive brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebis<br />
ratifikacia moaxdina sruliad <strong>ruseTi</strong>s sabWoebis IV<br />
yrilobam.<br />
amierkavkasiis komisariatma ar cno brestlitovskis<br />
sazavo xelSekrulebis muxli, romelic<br />
baTumis, artaanisa <strong>da</strong> yarsis okrugebs exebo<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT 1918 wlis martSi q. trapizonSi<br />
gaimarTa TurqeTisa <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis komisariatis<br />
delegaciaTa molaparakeba. trapizonis konferenciaze<br />
TurqeTi brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebis meoTxe<br />
muxlis upirobo Sesrulebas iTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis<br />
delegaciis (meTauri akaki Cxenkeli) moTxovnebs or<br />
Zlier arguments upirispireb<strong>da</strong>: 1) amierkavkasia ar iyo<br />
brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebaze xelis momweri<br />
mxare; 2) amierkavkasia ar iyo <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifo,<br />
igi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s nawils warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. trapizonis<br />
konferencia Sewy<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TurqeTma baTumis, artaanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
yarsis okrugebis <strong>da</strong>kavebis mizniT saomari moqmedebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. 1918 wlis mart-aprilSi TurqeTma mTeli aWara<br />
<strong>da</strong>ipyro. marTalia, 1918 wlis aprilSi amierkavkasiis<br />
seimma axali <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifos _<br />
amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis<br />
Seqmna gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, magram aman saqmes mainc ver uSvela.<br />
1918 wlis maisSi Turqebisagan okupirebul baTumSi<br />
erTmaneTs Sexvdnen amierkavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis<br />
delegaciebi. baTumis konferenciaze Turqebma moTxovnebi<br />
kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>amZimes (brest-litovskis sazavo<br />
xelSekrulebis pirobebs maT kidev erTi <strong>da</strong>umates: omis<br />
SemTxvevaSi TurqeTs un<strong>da</strong> miscemo<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis<br />
rkinigziT jarebis ga<strong>da</strong>yvanis ufleba).<br />
aseT viTarebaSi 1918 wlis 26 maiss gamocxad<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba. am<br />
dRisaTvis aWara TurqeTis mier iyo okupirebuli. mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi myofi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli<br />
respublikis mTavroba iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong>, aWara<br />
TurqeTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>eTmo. 1918 wlis 4 ivniss baTumSi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiul respublikasa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong>ido xelSekruleba. xelSekrulebis meore<br />
muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom sazRvari TurqeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris mdinare Coloqze gadio<strong>da</strong>. TurqeTi<br />
172
mopovebuli upiratesobis ganmtkicebas Seudga. 1918 wlis<br />
ivlisSi mis mierve okupirebuli baTumis, artaanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
yarsis okrugebis teritoriaze TurqeTma referendumi<br />
Caatara <strong>da</strong> gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom am okrugebis mosaxleobam<br />
TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla isurva. es iyo didi<br />
sicrue, radgan referendumi uxeSi Zalmomreobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
SantaJis pirobebSi Catar<strong>da</strong>. amis Semdgom movlenebi<br />
TurqeTisaTvis araxelsayrelad warimarTa. pirvel<br />
msoflio omSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebulma TurqeTma mudrosis zaviT<br />
(1918 wlis oqtomberi) baTumi <strong>da</strong> mTeli aWara <strong>da</strong>tova.<br />
aWara inglisis saokupacio zonad gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. inglisis<br />
samxedro kreiserebi baTumSi 1918 wlis dekembersa <strong>da</strong> 1919<br />
wlis ianvarSi Semovidnen. ingliselebi aWaraSi 1920 wlis<br />
ivlisamde <strong>da</strong>rCnen.<br />
aWaraSi TurqTa batonobis (1918 wlis aprilidekemberi),<br />
iseve rogorc ingliselTa saokupacio reJimis<br />
arsebobis periodSi (1918 wlis dekemberi _ 1920 wlis<br />
ivlisi) mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> qarTuli orientaciis Zalebis<br />
devna. uaRresad araxelsayrel viTarebaSi memed-beg<br />
abaSiZem SeZlo proqarTuli ganwyobis mqoneTa<br />
gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong> 1919 wlis agvistoSi baTumSi qarTvel<br />
mahmadianTa yrilobac moiwvia. 31 agvistos yrilobam<br />
istoriuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRo. qarTveli muslimebi<br />
‘RvTisa <strong>da</strong> qveynis winaSe~ acxadebdnen: ‘baTumis olqis<br />
mkvidrni, sarwmunoebiT muslimanebi, istoriiT, sisxliT<br />
<strong>da</strong> xorciT, eniT, kulturiT <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>TebiT qarTvelebi<br />
varT, muslimani qarTvelebi, <strong>da</strong> teritoriulad <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomiurad yovelTvis Cveni mxare de<strong>da</strong> samSoblos<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ganuyrel nawils Seadgen<strong>da</strong>~. yrilobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilebaSi aRniSnulia: ‘amieriTgan <strong>da</strong> samaradisoT<br />
baTumi <strong>da</strong> baTumis olqi SeuerTdes Tavis bunebriv<br />
samSoblos <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublikas samulismano<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s farTe avtonomiis nia<strong>da</strong>gze...~ 1919 wlis 11<br />
seqtembris sagangebo mimarTvaSi zemo aWaris<br />
delegaciisadmi noe Jor<strong>da</strong>niam <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom aWaras<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi miecemo<strong>da</strong> avtonomia. Tumca<br />
aWari<strong>da</strong>n inglisis saokupacio jarebis gasvlis Semdeg<br />
(1920 wlis ivlisi) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli<br />
respublikis mTavrobas <strong>da</strong>napirebi aRar gaxsenebia <strong>da</strong><br />
baTumisa <strong>da</strong> baTumis olqis marTva-gamgeoba sagangebo<br />
173
komisariats (komisari benia CxikviSvili) Caabara. qarTvel<br />
muslimTa yrilobis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis ugulvebelyofas<br />
aWaraSi didi ukmayofileba mohyva. male mdgomareoba<br />
gamoswor<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis mier 1921 wlis 21<br />
Tebervals <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s konstituciis<br />
meTerTmete Tavi asea <strong>da</strong>saTaurebuli: ‘avtonomiuri<br />
mmarTveloba~. konstituciis 107-e muxliT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
ganuyofel nawilebs afxazeTs (soxumis olqs),<br />
samuslimano <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s (baTumis olqs) <strong>da</strong> saingilos<br />
(zaqaTalis olqs) adgilobriv saqmeebSi avtonomiuri<br />
mmarTveloba mieniWaT. konstituciis 108-e muxlis<br />
Tanaxmad, avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis debulebani calke<br />
kanoniT un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvruliyo.<br />
1921 wlis 11-12 Tebervals RamiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s agresia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
winaaRmdeg. 25 Tebervals <strong>ruseTi</strong>s me-11 wiTelma armiam<br />
Tbilisi <strong>da</strong>ikava. manamde <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli<br />
respublikis <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli kreba <strong>da</strong> mTavroba baTumSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s omis paralelurad<br />
moskovSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis<br />
molaparakeba, rac 1921 wlis 16 marts <strong>da</strong>debuli<br />
xelSekrulebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
TurqeTis molaparakebas ori principuli SeTanxmeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad. pirveli. TurqeTi uars ambob<strong>da</strong><br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi) yovelgvar<br />
teritoriul pretenziaze; meore. <strong>ruseTi</strong> aRar iTxov<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom TurqeTs Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari berlinis<br />
kongresis (1878 w.) mier <strong>da</strong>dgenil sasazRvro xazamde<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ewia.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli respublikis<br />
delegacia moskovis molaparakebebSi ar monawileob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, 1921 wlis 16 martis ruseT-TurqeTis<br />
moskovis xelSekrulebis pirvel muxlSi TurqeTis<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvris Sesaxeb aRniSnuli iyo:<br />
“Северо–восточная г раница Турции определяется: линией, которая<br />
начинаясь у деревни Сарп, расположенной на Черном море,<br />
проходит через г ору Хедисмт а, линией водораздела г оры Шавшет<br />
– г оры Канны–даг , она следует затем по северной<br />
административной г ранице Ардаг анског о и Карсског о санджаков...”<br />
es ki imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli<br />
174
espublikis mTavrobis Tanxmobis gareSe, romelic 1921<br />
wlis 17 martis saRamomde baTumSi, e. i. qveynis<br />
teritoriaze, imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, ruseTma 1921 wlis 16 martis<br />
moskovis xelSekrulebiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s istoriuli<br />
teritoriis nawili TurqeTis teritoriad aRiara.<br />
ruseT-TurqeTis 1921 wlis 16 martis<br />
xelSekruleba sxva mxrivac Seexo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s.<br />
xelSekrulebis meore muxlSi aRniSnulia:<br />
“Турция сог лашается уступить Грузии сюзеренитет над<br />
портом и г ородом Батумом и территорией, лежащей к северу от<br />
г раницы, указанной в статье первой нынешнег о Дог овора, и<br />
составлявшей часть Батумског о округ а, при условии, что<br />
1) население местностей, указанных в настоящей статье,<br />
будет пользоваться широкой местной автономией в<br />
административном отношении, обеспечивающей к аждой общине ее<br />
культурные и религ иозные права, и население будет имет ь<br />
возможность установить з емельный закон, соответствующий ег о<br />
пожеланиям.<br />
2) Турции будут обеспечен свободный транзит всяких<br />
товаров, отправляемых в Турцию или из нее, через Бат умск ий<br />
порт, безпошлинно, без учинения каких–либо задержек и без<br />
обложения их какими бы то ни было сборами, с предоставлением<br />
Турции права пользоваться Бат умск им портов без звимания за то<br />
специальных сборов”.<br />
ruseT-TurqeTis 1921 wlis 16 martis<br />
xelSekruleba Seexo azerbaijansac. xelSekrulebis<br />
mesame muxlSi aRniSnulia: “Нахичеванская область... образет<br />
автономную территорию под протекторатом Азербайджана, при<br />
условии, что Азербайджан не уступит сег о протектората<br />
третьему г осударству”.<br />
1921 wlis 16 martis moskovis xelSekrulebis<br />
ratifikacia sabWoTa ruseTma 1921 wlis 20 ivliss<br />
moaxdina, xolo TurqeTma _ 1921 wlis 31 ivliss.<br />
saratifikacio sigelebis gacvla Sedga q. yarsSi 1921<br />
wlis 22 seqtembers.<br />
1921 wlis martisaTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, azerbaijani<br />
<strong>da</strong> somxeTi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier iyo okupirebuli, Tumca<br />
formaluri TvalsazrisiT samive qveyana <strong>da</strong>moukidebel,<br />
suverenul saxelmwifos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. jer-jerobiT arc<br />
amierkavkasiis federacia <strong>da</strong> arc sabWoTa kavSiri<br />
175
Seqmnili ar iyo, magram arsebob<strong>da</strong> gegma axali sabWoTa<br />
imperiis Seqmnisa. imxanad gaurkveveli iyo, axal sabWoTa<br />
imperiaSi ra formiT Sevidodnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, somxeTi <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijani. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita Tavisi<br />
poziciebis ganmtkiceba samxreT kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />
mTavar konkurentTan, TurqeTTan, yvela sakiTxis<br />
mogvareba. 1921 wlis 23 seqtembers qalaq yarsSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
TurqeTis, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis<br />
molaparakeba. yarsis konferenciaSi sruluflebiani<br />
mxaris saxiT monawileob<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>. oficialur<br />
rusul gamocemebSi 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers yarsSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekruleba asea <strong>da</strong>saTaurebuli: “Дог овор о<br />
дружбе между Армянской ССР, Азербайджанской ССР и Грузинской<br />
ССР, с одной стороны, и Турцией – с друг ой, заключенный при<br />
участии РСФСР в Карсе”. xelSekrulebis preambulaSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom somxeTma, azerbaijanma, saqarTvelom<br />
<strong>da</strong> TurqeTma “решили приступить к перег оворам при участии<br />
Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской<br />
Республики”. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n yarsis xelSekrulebas<br />
xeli moaweres samxedro <strong>da</strong> sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo<br />
komisarma Salva eliavam, sagareo saqmeTa <strong>da</strong> finansTa<br />
saxalxo komisarma aleqsandre svaniZem, xolo sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n _ iakob ganeckim (fiurstenbergma),<br />
romelic imxanad sabWoTa <strong>ruseTi</strong>s sagareo saqmeTa<br />
saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis wevri iyo. TurqeTis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres kiazim karabekirfaSam,<br />
veli-beim, muxtar-beim, memdux Sevket-beim; somxeTis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n _ askanaz mravianma, poRos makinzianma;<br />
azerbaijanis mxri<strong>da</strong>n _ bexbud Saxtaxtinskim.<br />
yarsSi <strong>da</strong>wyebul molaparakebas igive principebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad, rac ruseT-TurqeTis moskovis<br />
molaparakebas _ ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCa TurqeTis CrdiloaRmosavleTi<br />
sazRvari.<br />
yarsis xelSekrulebis pirveli muxli<br />
Zala<strong>da</strong>kargulad acxadeb<strong>da</strong> yvela im xelSekrulebas,<br />
romelic amierkavkasias (samxreT kavkasias) exebo<strong>da</strong>. es ar<br />
exebo<strong>da</strong> ruseT-TurqeTis 1921 wlis 16 martis<br />
xelSekrulebas. meore muxlSi ki aRniSnuli iyo, rom<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans ar un<strong>da</strong> ecnoT<br />
arcerTi xelSekruleba, romelic exebo<strong>da</strong> TurqeTs,<br />
176
magram ar scnes TurqeTis mTavrobam <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis didma<br />
erovnulma krebam. Tavis mxriv, TurqeTi valdebulebas<br />
iReb<strong>da</strong>, ar ecno arc erTi saerTaSoriso aqti, Tu mas ar<br />
cnob<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, somxeTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani.<br />
yarsis xelSekrulebis meoTxe muxliT <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong><br />
TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari. kerZod,<br />
xelSekrulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom es sazRvari “начинается<br />
у деревнии Сарп, расположенной на Черном море, проходит через<br />
г ору Хедис–мт а, линию водораздела г оры Шавшет – г ору Канны–<br />
даг ; она следует затем по ст арым северным административным<br />
г раницам Ардаг анског о и Карсског о санджаков...”<br />
yarsis xelSekrulebis meeqvse muxli exebo<strong>da</strong><br />
aWaras. kerZod, es muxli ase iyo Camoyalibebuli:<br />
“Турция сог лашается уступить Грузии сюзеренитет над<br />
г ородом и портом Бат уми и территорией, лежащей к северу от<br />
г раницы, указанной в ст. 4 настоящег о Дог овора и составляющей<br />
часть Батумског о округ а, при условии, что:<br />
1) население местностей, указанных в настоящей статье<br />
будет пользоваться широкой местной автономией в<br />
административном отношении, обеспечивающей к аждой общине ее<br />
культурные и религ иозные права, и население будет имет ь<br />
возможность установить в ук аз анных местностях з емельный<br />
закон, соответствующий ег о пожеланиям;<br />
2) Турции будет обеспечен свободный транзит всяких<br />
товаров, отправляемых в Турцию или из нее, через Бат умск ий<br />
порт, беспошлинно, без учинения каких–либо задержек и без<br />
обложения их каким бы то ни было сборам, с предоставлением<br />
Турции права пользоваться Бат умск им портом без взимания за то<br />
специальных сборов.<br />
Для праведения в жиз нь этой статьи будет немедленно<br />
после подписания настоящег о Дог овора образована Комиссия из<br />
представителей заинтерессованных сторон”.<br />
xelSekrulebis meSvide muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo,<br />
rom mxareebi SeTanxmdnen “облег чить жит елям пог раничной<br />
зоны переход г раницы, при условии соблюдения таможенных,<br />
полицейских и санитарных правил, которые будут установлены по<br />
эт ому поводу Смешанной Комиссией”.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, yarsis xelSekrulebam TiTqmis<br />
ucvlelad gaimeora ruseT-TurqeTis 1921 wlis 16 martis<br />
moskovis xelSekrulebis pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore muxlebi.<br />
177
ucvlelad ganmeor<strong>da</strong> moskovis xelSekrulebis mesame<br />
muxlic naxWevanis avtonomiuri teritoriis Sesaxeb.<br />
yarsis xelSekrulebis mexuTe muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo,<br />
rom naxWevanis olqi warmoadgens “автономную территорию<br />
под покровительством Азербайджана”.<br />
yarsis xelSekrulebis oci muxli<strong>da</strong>n eqvi muxli<br />
ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> xelmoweris droi<strong>da</strong>n (1921 wlis 13<br />
oqtombri<strong>da</strong>n), maT Soris iyo meeqvse muxli, romelic<br />
aWaras exebo<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />
muxlebs, isini ZalaSi Sevidodnen ratifikaciis Semdeg.<br />
xelSekrulebis meoce muxli xelismomwer mxareebs<br />
avaldebuleb<strong>da</strong>, rac SeiZleba mokle droSi gaecvalaT<br />
saratifikacio sigelebi.<br />
yarsis xelSekrulebis saratifikacio sigelebis<br />
gacvla Sedga erevanSi 1922 wlis 11 seqtembers.<br />
yarsis xelSekrulebas ar hqonia saidumlo<br />
muxlebi. xelSekrulebas <strong>da</strong>erTo sami <strong>da</strong>mateba,<br />
romelTagan arc erTi saidumlo ar yofila <strong>da</strong> samive<br />
mravaljer iqna gamoqveynebuli. pirvel <strong>da</strong>matebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT aris aRwerili TurqeTis CrdiloaRmosavleT<br />
sazRvari, meore <strong>da</strong>matebaSi aRwerili iyo<br />
TurqeTis sazRvari arpa-Cais zonasa <strong>da</strong> mdinare araqsis<br />
zonaSi. mesame <strong>da</strong>mateba adgen<strong>da</strong> naxWevnis avtonomiis<br />
sazRvrebs. yarsis xelSekrulebis samive <strong>da</strong>matebas xuTive<br />
qveynis warmomadgenlebma cal- calke moaweres xeli.<br />
yarsis xelSekruleba xuT egzemplarad _<br />
qarTul, rusul, Turqul, azerbaijanul <strong>da</strong> somxur<br />
enebze gaform<strong>da</strong>. xelSekrulebis moqmedebis va<strong>da</strong><br />
gansazRvruli ar yofila.<br />
1992 wlis 30 ivliss TbilisSi gaform<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-TurqeTis xelSekrulebas. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n xelSekrulebas xeli moawera saxelmwifo sabWos<br />
Tavmjdomarem e. SevardnaZem, TurqeTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n _ premierministrma<br />
s. demirelma. xelSekrulebis preambulaSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom mxareebi <strong>da</strong>icaven maT Soris <strong>da</strong>debul<br />
yvela xelSekrulebas <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebas <strong>da</strong>wyebuli 1921<br />
wlis 13 oqtombris yarsis xelSekrulebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-TurqeTis 1992 wlis 30 ivlisis<br />
xelSekruleba aTi wlis vadiT <strong>da</strong>ido. xelSekrulebaSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom Tu mxareebma aTwliani vadis<br />
178
amowurvamde sami TviT adre ar ganacxades<br />
xelSekrulebis moqmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, maSin<br />
xelSekruleba avtomaturad grZeldeba kidev momdevno<br />
xuTi wliT. aTwliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg (2002 w.) arc<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> arc TurqeTs 1992 wlis 30 ivlisis<br />
xelSekrulebis moqmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb oficialuri<br />
gancxadeba ar gaukeTebiaT, e. i. xelSekruleba kidev<br />
xuTi wliT _ 2007 wlamde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,qarTuli universiteti,” 2004,<br />
# 7, 31 marti _ 6 aprili, gv. 3, 7, 4;<br />
rusuli Targmani: г азета ,,Свободная<br />
г рузия” , 2 04, № 45, 18 марта, стр. 2.<br />
14. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, <strong>ruseTi</strong>, evropa<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseT-osmaleT-iranis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gamarjvebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiam<br />
<strong>da</strong>ipyro. is iluzia, rom saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis Semdeg erTmorwmne<br />
179
(marTlmadidebluri) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis guberniad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>qceva qarTveli erisTavis ‘naklebi boroteba~ iyo,<br />
male <strong>da</strong>ismxvra. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s koloniurma politikam naTeli<br />
gaxa<strong>da</strong> is didi erovnuli safrTxe, romelic erTmorwmune<br />
ruseTs ‘TavSefarebul~ uZvels qristian ers <strong>da</strong>emuqra.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro karma zedmiwevniT zustad<br />
gaanaliza <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pyrobisaTvis brZolaSi<br />
sparseTis Sahebisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis sulTnebis mier<br />
<strong>da</strong>Svebuli Secdomebi. samefo xelisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis<br />
avtokefaliis gauqmebiT ruseTma mtkice safuZveli<br />
Seuqmna koloniur politikas. mefobisa <strong>da</strong> kaTolikospatriarqobis<br />
gauqmebam mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo<br />
qarTveli eri. avtokefaliis gauqmebas mohyva kidev ufro<br />
saSiSi movlena _ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s eklesiis rusifikacia, anu<br />
erovnuli sulis Cakvlis mcdeloba eklesiaSi<br />
(RvTismsaxurebis rusul enaze <strong>da</strong>wyeba, qarTuli<br />
saeklesio sagaloblebis akrZalva, eklesiebSi freskebis<br />
kiris xsnariT ga<strong>da</strong>Rebva, sasuliero ganaTlebis<br />
rusifikacia <strong>da</strong> sxv.). miTi ‘erTmorwmune <strong>ruseTi</strong>s~ Sesaxeb<br />
mkacrma sinamdvlem Sescvala. ra <strong>da</strong>rCa or<br />
marTlmadidebel ers _ <strong>da</strong>mpyrobelsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pyrobils _<br />
saerTo? wmi<strong>da</strong> werili, saeklesio samarTali, saeklesio<br />
tradicia <strong>da</strong> marTlmadideblobis SeubRalavad dcvis<br />
miswrafeba. yovelive es aSkara iyo. <strong>da</strong> iyo kidev erTi<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovani ram, rac cudsa (ruseTsa) <strong>da</strong> uaress<br />
(sparTeTs, osmaleTs) Soris arCevanis sasargeblod<br />
metyveleb<strong>da</strong>: Sansi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s meSveobiT qarTveli eris,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>savlur samyarosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> im<br />
didi tradiciis aRdgenisa, romelic osmaleTis mier<br />
bizantiis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis (1453 w.) Semdeg <strong>da</strong>ikarga.<br />
iyo Tu ara realuri <strong>ruseTi</strong>s meSveobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur samyarosTan (evropasTan) <strong>da</strong>kavSireba? ra<br />
roli SeeZlo eTamaSa ruseTs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>rs<br />
evropeizaciis procesSi? ramdenad realuri iyo TviT<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropeizacia? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema XIX<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, cxadia, aravis SeeZlo.<br />
ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> evropaSi uaxles aTwleulebSi<br />
ganviTarebulma movlenebma cxa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom<br />
pasuxis gacema zemoT <strong>da</strong>smul kiTxvebze naxevari saukunis<br />
Semdegac Zneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
180
useTis evropeizacia petre I-is (1696-1725) epoqaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. petre I-is Semdgom, misi memkvidreebis<br />
mmarTvelobis wlebSi, es procesi metnaklebi<br />
intensivobiT gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropeizaciis<br />
istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs imperator<br />
ekaterine II-s (1762-1796). verc petre I-is <strong>da</strong> verc ekaterine<br />
II-is dros <strong>ruseTi</strong> evropuli sivrcis, evropuli samyaros<br />
nawili ver gax<strong>da</strong>. slavuri samyaro<strong>da</strong>n <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gamoyvana<br />
Zalze Zneli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. petre I ruseTs ganageb<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
tipiuri azieli despoti. ekaterine II, evropis monarqebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganmanaTleblebis winaSe keklucobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, aseve<br />
despoturi meTodebiT ganageb<strong>da</strong> ruseTs. am periodSi<br />
(XVIII saukuneSi) <strong>ruseTi</strong> ara marto evropuli sivrcis<br />
nawili ver gax<strong>da</strong>, aramed evropisaTvis mudmiv <strong>da</strong> realur<br />
safrTxes warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> (CrdiloeTis omi, Svidwliani<br />
omi, poloneTis sami <strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong> sxv.). viTareba<br />
icvleba napoleonis Semdgom epoqaSi.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperatori aleqsandre I (1801-1825)<br />
napoleonis Semdgomi epoqis evropis mowyobis mTavari<br />
arqiteqtori iyo. ‘saRvTo kavSiris~ SeqmniT (1815 w.)<br />
warmoiSva saerToevropuli sivrce, romlis nawilic<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperia gax<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropeizacias TiTqos<br />
xels veraferi SeuSli<strong>da</strong>. evropeizaciis procesi<br />
Seferx<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre I-is ucnauri gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
dekabristTa amboxebis Semdeg (1825 w.). axalma<br />
imperatorma nikoloz I-ma (1825-1855) CaTvala rom<br />
dekabristTa ideebi (monarqiis Secvla konstituciuri<br />
monarqiiT an respublikuri wyobilebiT) evropuli<br />
sinamdvili<strong>da</strong>n iReb<strong>da</strong> saTaves. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperia 1825 wlis<br />
Semdegac evropuli samyaros nawilad rCebo<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />
amjerad ruseTma ‘saRrTo kavSiris~ principebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare revoluciebisagan evropis saxelmwifoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva ido Tavs. 1830 wlisa <strong>da</strong> 1848 wlis revoluciebis<br />
dros evropis monarqebs <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera marTlac<br />
sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T, magram <strong>ruseTi</strong>s metismeti aqtiuroba,<br />
cxadia, ar moswon<strong>da</strong>T. nikoloz I evropis qveynebSi<br />
revoluciis winaaRmdeg brZolas TiTqmis <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
saSinao saqmed miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. 1830 wels imperators Tavisi<br />
oficrebisaTvis ase miumarTavs: ‘batonebo! SekazmeT<br />
cxenebi, parizSi revoluciaa!~ cxadia, yovelive es<br />
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aRizianeb<strong>da</strong> evropas. saerTo jamSi evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebis Sinaur saqmeebSi <strong>ruseTi</strong>s Carevas venaSi,<br />
parizSi, londonsa <strong>da</strong> berlinSi arasasurvel, saSiS<br />
movlenad ganixilavdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sasjelad<br />
emzadebodnen. <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoebma<br />
SemTxveva xeli<strong>da</strong>n ar gauSves <strong>da</strong> yirimis omis dros (1853-<br />
1856 ww.) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sjis gegma nawilobriv sisruleSi<br />
moiyvanes _ maxlobel aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> balkaneTSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s poziciebi Sesust<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> evropis<br />
mosalodneli konfrontaciis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba mxolod<br />
nikoloz I-is moulodneli gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis (1855 w.)<br />
wyalobiT gax<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli. axalma imperatorma<br />
aleqsandre II-m (1855-1881) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropeizaciis axali,<br />
didi gegma SeimuSava <strong>da</strong> energiulad Seudga mis<br />
realizebas.<br />
saboloo jamSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s meSveobiT evropul samyaros ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>, evropeizaciis gzaze seriozuli nabiji ver<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dga win. mTlianobaSi aRebuli (iSviTa gamonakliss<br />
ar vgulisxmobT) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis miuwvdomeli <strong>da</strong>rCa<br />
evropuli ganaTleba, mecniereba <strong>da</strong> kultura (mwerloba,<br />
mxatvroba, musika, qan<strong>da</strong>keba, arqiteqtura). <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
evropeizaciis xarisxi sakuTriv <strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropeizaciis<br />
xarisxze gacilebiT <strong>da</strong>bali iyo. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>,<br />
CamorCenili <strong>ruseTi</strong>s kolonia, kidev ufro CamorCenili<br />
iyo. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis centri Tbilisi tipiur<br />
aziur qalaqad rCebo<strong>da</strong>. kulturuli winsvlis<br />
TvalsazrisiT qarTulma sazogadoebam naxevari saukunis<br />
ganmavlobaSi garkveuli progresi ganica<strong>da</strong>, magram es<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s gziT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s evropeizaciis Sedegi ar<br />
yofila. yovelive es <strong>ruseTi</strong>s gareSec moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
mas safuZveli XVIII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>edo. mogvianebiT mavani<br />
<strong>da</strong> mavani saqmes ise warmoaCens, rom TiTqos evropa<br />
qarTveli erisaTvis ruseTma aRmoaCina. ara<strong>da</strong> evropasTan<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli kavSirebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ukve<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis gariJraJze hqon<strong>da</strong>. es kavSirebi<br />
osmaleTis mier bizantiis imperiis ganadgurebisa (1453 w.)<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTini qarTuli saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan sustdeba <strong>da</strong> qreba. magram es sulac ar<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong> ideis kvdomas. ideis realizeba XVIII saukunis<br />
182
<strong>da</strong>mdes sca<strong>da</strong> vaxtang VI-m. gancdili marcxis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi evropa ganaTlebis,<br />
mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis TvalsazrisiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si,<br />
gansakuTrebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze, cxovel<br />
interess iwvev<strong>da</strong>. ideis realizeba rom ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> es<br />
Seqmnili politikuri viTarebiT iyo gapirobebuli.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong> ase Tu ise eziara evropul kulturas,<br />
magram politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT (kapitalizmis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT) ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris<br />
ufskruli iyo. praqtikulad <strong>ruseTi</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>lur qveyanas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, anu evropas CamorCebo<strong>da</strong> 100-150 wliT.<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri qveyana iyo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>c. feo<strong>da</strong>lizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
evropeizacia ki Tavsebadi cnebebi ar aris, ufro zustad<br />
nawilobriv Tavsebadia. evropeizacia upirveles yovlisa<br />
gulisxmobs politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
sistemis identurobas. ruseTsa <strong>da</strong>, cxadia,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Sic amisi niSnebic ki ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aleqsandre II-m <strong>ruseTi</strong>s politikuri, ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri sistemis reforma <strong>da</strong> evropulTan<br />
misa<strong>da</strong>geba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. batonymobis gauqmebiT (1861 w.)<br />
imperatorma safuZveli gamoacala feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis<br />
socialur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur sistemas, xolo uaRresad<br />
demokratiuli sasamarTlo reformiT (1864 w.), aseve<br />
adgilobrivi (saerobo, sasoflo, saqalaqo)<br />
mmarTvelobisa (1864-1870 ww.) <strong>da</strong> samxedro (1874 w.)<br />
reformebiT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s ganaxlebisa <strong>da</strong> aRorZinebiT didi<br />
gegmis realizeba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. ruseTSi konstituciis<br />
SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
sistemis Zireuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmna arc Tu ise Soreuli<br />
momavlirs saqme iyo. erTi SexedviT ise Can<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropeizacia Sedga. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis amas<br />
Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aleqsandre II-is gegma ganuxorcielebeli <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
es gapirobebuli iyo Semdegi mizeziT. <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulma stabilurma<br />
politikurma, ekonomiurma <strong>da</strong> socialurma sistemam<br />
asparezi ar misca socialisturi moZraobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
mimdinareobebs, memarcxene-eqstremistur Zalebs.<br />
socialistebs saxelmwifo Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis<br />
183
imedi ga<strong>da</strong>ewuraT. parizis komuna (1871 w.) iyo ukanaskneli<br />
‘socialisturi eqsperimenti~ <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi.<br />
evropuli demokratia gacilebiT Zlieri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> vidre<br />
socialistTa saerTaSriso gaerTianeba ‘pirveli<br />
internacionali~ (Seiqmna 1864 w.). saboloo jamSi pirveli<br />
internacionali gakotr<strong>da</strong> (<strong>da</strong>iSala 1876 wels). <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropaSi partiul-klanur-seqtantur azrovnebaze<br />
saxelmwifoebrivma azrovnebam gaimarjva. evropaSi<br />
gakotrebulma socialistebma Tvali ruseTs miapyres <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites ‘socialisturi eqsperimenti~ swored<br />
ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>etanaT. cxadia, es xels aZlev<strong>da</strong> evropis<br />
saxelmwifoTa xelisufalT. es is periodia (XIX saukunis<br />
60-70-iani wlebi), roca ruseTSi aleqsandre II-is<br />
reformebi xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> anu <strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropeizaciis<br />
bedi wydebo<strong>da</strong>. evropaSi gakotrebuli socialistebi,<br />
cxadia, mixvdnen, rom Tu ruseTSi <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
tipis politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo sistema<br />
Camoyaliblebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin maT ruseTSiac aRar eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
perspeqtiva. ruseTSi ‘socialisturi eqsperimentis~<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tana aucilebels xdi<strong>da</strong> iq mimdinare reformebis<br />
CaSlas, ruseTSi socialuri <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
mudmivad SenarCunebas. <strong>da</strong>savleT evropi<strong>da</strong>n marTulma<br />
rusma socialistebma (narodnikebma) ruseTSi manamde<br />
arnaxuli destruqciuli saqmianoba gaaCaRes.<br />
narodnikebis agenturam SeaRwies TiTqmis yvela<br />
saxelmwifo struqturaSi, maT Soris upirveles Zalovan<br />
uwyebaSi _ Jan<strong>da</strong>rmeriaSi. saidumlo revoluciuri<br />
organizaciebi aRmocen<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis TiTqmis yvela<br />
regionSi. ruseTs teroris Zlierma talRam ga<strong>da</strong>uara. 1881<br />
wlis 1 marts, ramdenime warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg,<br />
narodnikebma imperatori aleqsandre II mokles. axalma<br />
imperatorma aleqsandre III-m (1881-1894) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s xsna<br />
demokratiuli reformebis SeCerebasa <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
reJimis gamkacrebaSi <strong>da</strong>inaxa. narodnikebsac swored es<br />
undo<strong>da</strong>T. ruseTSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo omi xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
narodnikebs Soris. narodnikebma sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis<br />
ganaCeni gamoutanes imperator aleqsandre III-s, Tumca<br />
misi sisruleSi moyvana ver SesZles. XIX saukunis 80-90ian<br />
wlebSi samoRvaweo asparezze gamovidnen socialdemokratebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> narodnikebis <strong>da</strong>wyebuli saqme kidev ufro<br />
184
farTo masStabiT <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, ufro organizebulad<br />
gaagrZeles. ase <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>ruseTi</strong>s didi tragedia.<br />
yovelive amis saboloo Sedegi is iyo, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s evropeizacia verc XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />
Sedga. XIX saukunis miwurulisa <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
sistemis TvalsazrisiT <strong>ruseTi</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos, romelic sadRac, evropasa <strong>da</strong> azias Sua,<br />
CarCa. politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
ganviTarebis doniT ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
saxelmwifoes Soris ufskruli iyo. evropeizacia <strong>da</strong>etyo<br />
mxolod ganaTlebas, mecnierebasa <strong>da</strong> kulturas. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT <strong>ruseTi</strong> tols ar udeb<strong>da</strong> evropas, xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki uswreb<strong>da</strong> kidec. sxva mxriv CamorCena<br />
aSkara iyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri sistema susti <strong>da</strong> arastabiluri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xelisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> socialistebis brZola ruseTSi<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis krizisSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>. nikoloz II-is<br />
(1894-1917) mmarTvelobis wlebSi es krizis dRiTi-dRe<br />
Rrmavdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SeuZlebels xdi<strong>da</strong> qveynis politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> ocialuri sistemis ganaxlebas.<br />
permanentuli krizisi 1917 wlis Teberval-martSi<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis ngreviT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. ‘socialisturi<br />
eqsperimenti~ Sedga, xelisuflebis saTaveSi memarcxeneeqstremistuli<br />
Zala, Tavisi partiul-klanur-seqtanturi<br />
azrovnebiT cnobili social-demokratebi (bolSevikebi)<br />
movidnen.<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis SemadgenlobaSi arsebobis asi<br />
wlisTavze qarTveli erisaTvis evropeizacia aseT<br />
suraTs iZleo<strong>da</strong>: XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi imperiis did<br />
samecniero centrebSi moRvaweobdnen msoflio<br />
mniSvnelobis qarTveli mecnierebi, romelTac didi<br />
Rvawli <strong>da</strong>des rusuli mecnierebis, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s ganaTlebis<br />
sistemis evropeizacias. ras warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> am droisaTvis<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>? mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis mixedviT Tu<br />
vimsjelebT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s evropeizaciaze saubaric ki ar<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> samecnierokvleviTi<br />
centrebi (institutebi), universiteti,<br />
politeqnikuri instituti, samedicino instituti,<br />
samxatvro akademia, konservatoria, umaRlesi samxedro<br />
185
saswavlebeli (samxedro akademia), umaRlesi sasuliero<br />
saswavlebeli (sasuliero akademia). yovelive es hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
metropolias (ruseTs) <strong>da</strong> ar hqon<strong>da</strong> mis kolonias<br />
(<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s). ufro metic, universitetebi sakuTriv<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s (velikorosiis) gar<strong>da</strong> arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis miero <strong>da</strong>pyrobil estoneTSi (tartuSi),<br />
ukrainasa (kievSi, odesaSi) <strong>da</strong> poloneTSi (varSavaSi).<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis gamonaklisi ar iqna <strong>da</strong>Svebuli. maSin,<br />
rodesac universiteti, Tun<strong>da</strong>c rusulenovani,<br />
evropeizaciis, evropuli ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis SesaniSnavi kera iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. aseTi<br />
kera (Tbilisis universiteti) Zalze <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis ngrevis Semdeg _ 1918 wels Seiqmna. mrewvelobis<br />
ganviTaoebiT, qalaqis infrastruqturiT, gzebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
satransporto qseliT, kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebiT,<br />
janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> evropis<br />
qveynebs ki ara ruseTsac bevrad CamorCebo<strong>da</strong>. kidev ufro<br />
mZime mdgomareoba iyo soflad. 1917 wlisaTvis<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sofelSi kidev iyvnen glexebi, romlebic<br />
droebiT valdebuli glexebis kategorias<br />
miekuTvnebodnen, anu batonymobis gauqmebiT ver<br />
isargebles <strong>da</strong> memamulisagan miwa ver gamoisyides.<br />
socialuri urTierToba, miwiT sargeblobis wesi XIX<br />
saukunis 60-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegis doneze gaiyina.<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika, ufro zustad miwis<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebis saSualebani, primitiuli iyo, Tanamedrove<br />
agronomiuli codnis gamoyeneba Zalze mcire masStabiT<br />
warmoeb<strong>da</strong>. sofelsa <strong>da</strong> qalaqs Soris sasaqonlo<br />
urTierToba kapitalizmis ganviTarebis pirveli stadiis<br />
dones ver gasc<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegi<strong>da</strong>n 1917 wlamde ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT winsvlas<br />
adgili ar hqonia. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s evropeeizacia<br />
uperspeqtivod gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong>. ruseT-iaponiis omma (1904-<br />
1905 ww.), 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciam, pirvelma msoflio<br />
omma (1914-1918 ww.) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ekonomika kidev ufro<br />
mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo. romanovebis imperiis<br />
aRsasrulisaTvis (1917 wlis marti) cxadze ucxadesi<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>: <strong>ruseTi</strong>s meSveobiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s evropeizacia miTi<br />
iyo. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s saimperatoro kars, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mTavrobas<br />
186
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s evropeizacia <strong>da</strong>uSveblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
imperiis xelisuflebas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s evropeizacia im<br />
doniTac ki ar sur<strong>da</strong>, ra doniTac TviT <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
(velikorosiis) evropeizacia mox<strong>da</strong>. ruseTs ar sur<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelSi ganaTlebis evropuli sistemis Seqmna, ar<br />
sur<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis kerebis <strong>da</strong>arseba, qarTul-evropuli<br />
kulturuli urTierTobis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> gaRrmaveba.<br />
saboloo jamSi aseTi Sedegi miviReT: <strong>ruseTi</strong>s ime<strong>da</strong>d<br />
aziuri samyaro<strong>da</strong>n evropuli samyarosaken TiTqos<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>Zruli qarTveli eri, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> imedgacruebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa, evropeizaciis nacvlad uzarmazari imperiis<br />
‘ganapira mxaris~, koloniis xvedri gvergo. amis<br />
SecnobisaTvis 117 weli gax<strong>da</strong> saWiro.<br />
zemoT Tqmulis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s meSveobiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s evropeizaciis imedi<br />
mTlianad usafuZvlo ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs<br />
samoRvaweo asparezze gamosulma, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
sauniversiteto centrebSi aRzrdilma, evropuli<br />
mecnierebis miRwevebs <strong>da</strong>uflebulma qarTvelma<br />
mecnierebma ivane javaxiSvilma, petre meliqiSvilma,<br />
korneli kekeliZem, akaki SaniZem, ivane beritaSvilma,<br />
Salva nucubiZem, dimitri uznaZem, aleqsandre janeliZem<br />
safuZveli Cauyares qarTul (Tbilisis) universitets.<br />
Tbilisis universiteti saswavlo <strong>da</strong> samecniero procesis<br />
organizebisa <strong>da</strong> akademiuri doniT evropuli<br />
universiteti iyo. xsenebul mecnierTa ZalebiT <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong><br />
1940 wels <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mecnierebaTa akademia. evropuli<br />
kulturis sasikeTo gavlena ganica<strong>da</strong> XX saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdegis qarTulma kulturam (mwerlobam, mxatvrobam,<br />
musikam, qan<strong>da</strong>kebam, arqiteqturam). yovelive es, erTi<br />
SexedviT, arc ise cotaa, magram Zalze cotaa imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, ra safasuric ga<strong>da</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong> yovelive amaSi<br />
qarTvelma erma XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs. Zalze cotaa<br />
imitomac, rom XX saukunis miwuruls, ori saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvianebiT, Cven igive gzis gavla xelaxla <strong>da</strong>viwyeT,<br />
oRond amjerad uruseTod.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika”,<br />
2008, # 110, 17 ivnisi, gv. 5-6.<br />
187
15. gayalbebuli istoria<br />
agresoris samsaxurSi<br />
188
(bolosityvis magier)<br />
<strong>ruseTi</strong>s premier-ministrma vladimir putinma CNNis<br />
korespodentTan saubrisas gaakeTa gancxadeba, romlis<br />
arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: pirveli. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
SemadgenlobaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> erTiani oseTi (CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong><br />
samxreT oseTi). ioseb stalinma erTiani oseTi <strong>da</strong>Sala,<br />
“samxreT oseTi” <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>sca <strong>da</strong> iq avtonomiuri<br />
olqi Seqmna; meore. ioseb stalinis nebiT afxazeTis<br />
teritoria ruseTma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>sca, am<br />
teritoriaze Seiqmna afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika.<br />
cxadia, vladimir putini Tvlis, rom samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis cnobiT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
istoriuli teritoriis (istoriuli Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
nawili, afxazeTi) okupaciiT, ioseb stalinis mier<br />
Cadenili usamarTlobas mouRo bolo.<br />
erTiani oseTi<strong>da</strong>n (e.i. <strong>ruseTi</strong><strong>da</strong>n) “samxreT<br />
oseTis” gamoyofa, am teritoriis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s farglebSi samxreT oseTis<br />
avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis putiniseuli versia mc<strong>da</strong>ria<br />
igi istoriul sinamdviles ar Seefereba:<br />
1. sicruea osi <strong>da</strong> rusi istorikosebis mtkiceba<br />
imis Taobaze, rom TiTqos ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs(TurqeTs)<br />
Soris 1774 wels <strong>da</strong>debuli quCuk-kainarjis zaviT erTiani<br />
oseTi (Crdilo <strong>da</strong> samxreT oseTi) <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
SemadgenlobaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong>. erTian oseTSi isini istoriuli<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis CrdiloeT nawilsac gulisxmoben. es is<br />
teritoriaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c mogvianebiT samxreT oseTis<br />
avtonomiuri olqi Seiqmna. istoriuli Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
CrdiloeTi nawili (momavali samxreT oseTis avtomiuri<br />
olqi) jer erTiani <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, Semdeg qarTlis<br />
samefos <strong>da</strong> bolos qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ganuyofeli<br />
nawili iyo. 1783 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong>debul georgievskis traqtats Tan axlavs nusxa<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadebisa <strong>da</strong> aznaurebisa. am nusxaSi<br />
Sedian Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis CrdiloeT nawilSi arsebuli<br />
saTavadoebis mflobelebi, qarTlis Tavadebi: maCablebi,<br />
erisTavebi, falavandisSvilebi <strong>da</strong> sxvebi TavianTi<br />
aznaurebiT. e.i. 1783 wlisaTvis istoriuli Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
CrdiloeTiT mdebare provincia dvaleTis CaTvliT<br />
189
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, iqauri Tavadebi<br />
erekle II-is qveSemrdomebi iyvnen.<br />
2. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pyrobis<br />
droisaTvis (XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegi) Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
CrdiloeTi nawili dvaleTTan erTad jer saqaTveloimereTis<br />
guberniaSi, xolo Semdeg Tbilisis guberniaSi<br />
(goris mazraSi) Sedio<strong>da</strong>. 1858 wels kavkasiis<br />
mefisnacvlis aleqsandre bariatinskis brZanebiT<br />
istoriuli dvaleTi Tbilisis guberniis goris mazras<br />
CamoaWres <strong>da</strong> “kavkasiis liniis (xazis) marcxena frTis”<br />
oseTis samxedro okrugs ga<strong>da</strong>sces anu CrdiloeT oseTs<br />
SeuerTes. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, 1858 wels CrdiloeT oseTs<br />
SeuerT<strong>da</strong> mxolod Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi<br />
nawili _ dvaleTi <strong>da</strong> ara Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis is teritoria,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c mogvianebiT samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi<br />
Seiqmna.<br />
3. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis ngrevisa (1917 w.) <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratriuli respublikis Seqmnis (1918 w.)<br />
Semdeg Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis CrdiloeT nawili dvaleTiTurT<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi (goris mazraSi) Sedio<strong>da</strong>.<br />
osi separatistebi sabWoTa ruseTs sTxovdnen Si<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlis CrdiloeTi nawilis (maTi terminologiiT<br />
“samxreT oseTis”) CrdiloeT oseTTan, e.i. ruseTTan<br />
SeerTebas. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s 1920 wlis 7 maisis<br />
xelSekrulebiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s saxelmwifo<br />
sazRvari ise <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis CrdiloeT<br />
nawili, anu momavali samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis<br />
teritoria, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebSi <strong>da</strong>rCa. am<br />
teritoriis saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebis sakiTxs<br />
molaparakebisas polemika ar gamouwvevia, radgan<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s sazRvrad am regionSi aRiarebuli<br />
iqna yofili Tbilisis guberniis CrdiloeT sazRvari.<br />
4. 1921 wli<strong>da</strong>n, mas Semdeg rac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />
sabWoTa ruseTma <strong>da</strong>ipyro, osi separatistebi kidev ufro<br />
gaaqtiurdnen. isini kvlav iTxovdnen “ori oseTis”<br />
(separatistTa terminia!) gaerTianebas. amjerad osma<br />
separatistebma “samxreT oseTis” geografiuli sazRvrebi<br />
gaafarToves <strong>da</strong> masSi dRevandeli cxinvalis, axalgoris,<br />
yornisisa <strong>da</strong> javis raionebis gar<strong>da</strong> gulisxmobdnen<br />
kaspis, gorisa <strong>da</strong> qarelis raionebis mniSvnelovan<br />
190
nawils, aseve onisa <strong>da</strong> saCxeris raionebis nawils<br />
saCxeriTurT. ioseb stalinma CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />
oseTis gaerTianebisa <strong>da</strong> “erTiani oseTis” <strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
SemadgenlobaSi arsebobis ideas maxari ar <strong>da</strong>uWira.<br />
CrdiloeT oseTma avtonomiuri respublikis statusi<br />
miiRo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTi</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi <strong>da</strong>rCa. 1922 wels<br />
samxreT oseTma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi<br />
avtonomiuri olqis statusi miiRo. am periodisaTvis<br />
avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze osebi mosaxleobis<br />
umciresobas Seadgendnen. os separatistebs uari eTqvaT<br />
teritoriul pretenziebze. avtonomiuri olqis<br />
teritoria ganisazRvra dRevandeli cxinvalis,<br />
axalgoris, yornisis <strong>da</strong> javis raionebiT. samxreT oseTis<br />
avtonomiur olqs SeuerTes mxolod saCxeris raionis<br />
ramdenime sofeli.<br />
simarTlis nasaxi ar aris <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier<br />
afxazeTis teritoriis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
putiniseul versiaSi:<br />
1. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pyrobis<br />
droisaTvis (XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegi) afxazeTis samTavro<br />
osmaleTs (TurqeTs) hqon<strong>da</strong> mitacebuli. omSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />
Semdeg, 1812 wlis buqarestis zaviT, osmaleTma afxazeTi<br />
ruseTs <strong>da</strong>uTmo. afxazeTis samTavros teritoria erTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mpyrobli<strong>da</strong>n (osmaleTi<strong>da</strong>n) meore <strong>da</strong>mpyroblis<br />
(<strong>ruseTi</strong>s) xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. mogvianebiT afxazeTis<br />
samTavros teritoria quTaisis guberniSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> soxumis<br />
okrugis saxiT.<br />
2. 1904 wels kavkasiis administraciulteritoriul<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofaSi cvlileba mox<strong>da</strong>. soxumis okrugis<br />
Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTi nawili gagriTurT quTaisis<br />
gubernias CamoaSores <strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis gubernias (yubanis<br />
teritoria) ga<strong>da</strong>sces. cxadia, afxazeTis teritoriis or<br />
gubernias Soris ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba winaswar ganzraxuli<br />
nabiji iyo.<br />
3. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s imperiis ngrevis (1917 w.) Semdeg<br />
sabWoTa politikuri xelZRvanelobis waqezebiT afxazma<br />
separatistebma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n afxazeTis<br />
CamocilebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>iwyes brZola. afxazi separatistebi<br />
kidev ufro gaaqtiurdnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgenis (1918 wlis 26 maisi) Semdeg.<br />
191
1918 wels es regioni <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiul<br />
respublikasa <strong>da</strong> general anton denikinis moxaliseTa<br />
armias Soris <strong>da</strong>vis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebam moxaliseTa<br />
armiis sardlobis teritoriuli pretenziebi<br />
usafuZvlod cno.<br />
4. 1920 wlis 7 maisis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s<br />
xelSekrulebiT 1904 wels <strong>da</strong>dgenilma sazRvarma Zala<br />
<strong>da</strong>karga. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s sazRvari mdinare fsouze<br />
gavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amdenad, afxazeTis samTavros teritoriis<br />
udidesi nawili, afxazi separatistebis survilis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SemadgenlobaSi <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
5. 1921 wlisaTvis, <strong>ruseTi</strong>s mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobis droisaTvis, afxazeTi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
SemadgenlobaSi iyo <strong>da</strong> amdenad, ioseb stalinis mier<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis afxazeTis teritoriis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
saWiroeba ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. afxazeTis avtonomiuri<br />
respublika im teritoriaze Seiqmna, romelic sabWoTa<br />
ruseTma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ganuyofel nawilad aRiara 1920<br />
wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT.<br />
agresiuli politikis, sxvisi teritoriebis<br />
mitacebis gayalbebuli istoriiT gamarTleba bevrma<br />
xelisufalma sca<strong>da</strong>, Tumca simarTle sabolood mainc ar<br />
iCqmaleba <strong>da</strong> agresoric istoriaSi Tavisi namdvili<br />
saxeliT moixsenieba.<br />
pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>: газета Свободная Грузия, 2009, № 78-79, 10<br />
октября, стр. 8-9; 2009, № 80 -81, 17<br />
октября , стр. 8.<br />
192
Sinaarsi<br />
sicruis bazris molodinSi (winasityvaobis magier) -----<br />
3<br />
1. rusuli samyaro --------------------------------------------------------------- 8<br />
2. rusuli safrTxe evropisaTvis --------------------------------------<br />
19<br />
3. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s urTierTobis istoriis<br />
SefasebisaTvis --------------------------------------------------------- 28<br />
4. prorusuli orientaciis alternativa ------------------------- 51<br />
5. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s okupaciis warumatebeli c<strong>da</strong> ---------------- 70<br />
6. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s kavkasiuri politika <strong>da</strong> vaxtang VI (vaxtang<br />
VI-is politikuri orientaciis efasebisaTvis) ---------- 80<br />
7. <strong>ruseTi</strong>s kavkasiuri politika <strong>da</strong> erekle II -----------------<br />
88<br />
8. mfarvelobi<strong>da</strong>n aneqsiamde -------------------------------------------- 101<br />
9. <strong>ruseTi</strong> modio<strong>da</strong> Tu erekles mohyav<strong>da</strong>? ---------------------- 121<br />
10. erekle II ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 130<br />
11. RvTiT boZebuli uflebis xelyofa --------------------------- 147<br />
193
12. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTi</strong>s xelSekruleba (1920<br />
wlis 7 maisi) ------------------------------------------------------ 157<br />
13. yarsis xelSekruleba (1921 wlis 13 oqtomberi) --------<br />
170<br />
14. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, <strong>ruseTi</strong>, evropa --------------------------------------- 180<br />
15. gayalbebuli istoria agresoris samsaxurSi<br />
(bolosityvis magier) --------------------------------------------- 189<br />
teqsti aawyo, <strong>da</strong>akabadona <strong>da</strong> garekani gaaforma<br />
papuna gurulma<br />
194
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