Geocentro Magazine - numero 6 - novembre/dicembre 2009

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68 ANNO I | n. 6 | NOVEMBRE - DICEMBRE <strong>2009</strong> Leonardo da Vinci, Carta dell’Italia Centro-Nord Leonardo da Vinci, Map of the Northern and Central Parts of Italy Even if Alberti didn’t draw a map of a town as we know it today, his method represents a milestone in the History of Cartography. It goes far beyond the creation of the fi rst map of the “Eternal City” (Rome): by referring every position to polar coordinates it is possible to fi x a objective criterion for a graphical reproduction of an urban plan, and, therefore, to replicate it authentically also changing the mapmaker. Th is experience gives way once and for all to the Cartographical Renaissance, abandoning the fantastical and analogical approach that was typical of the Middle Age. It is the fi rst step towards the revolution that, within two centuries, would put the problem of the position at the core of the whole Windsor Castle, Royal Library, 12277
). Il passaggio dal rilievo alla carta avviene poi attraverso una sintesi individuale di elementi percettivi, metrici ed ordinali, che propongono sempre una visione diagrammatica dello spazio, percepito e delineato nella sua unitarietà. Il suo più alto contributo alla rappresentazione del territorio riguarda specialmente la componente verticale dei monti e dei laghi. Il metodo che Leonardo impiega nella restituzione grafica delle masse orografiche si basa sul tentativo di delineazione delle forme di monti e colline nel rispetto dei loro mutui rapporti di proporzionalità e nell’introduzione della sua teoria delle ombre, che conferisce alle carte una forza comunicativa senza precedenti e conferma l’importanza cartographical science. Talking about the representation, during the Renaissance new surveyors, painters and miniaturists went further into the creation of maps with greater power of description and expression. After more or less fi fty years since the publishing of Alberti’s essays, another genius in both Art and Science, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), gave a unique, original contribution to this discipline, thanks to the methods proposed by Leon Battista Alberti and to the Ptolemaic Geographia, both in the drawing techniques from the reality (through perspective instruments such as the “Velo”, conceived by Alberti in order to establish a geometrical correspondence with a perspective view) and in the methods of surveying and sketching maps. Leonardo’s maps stand out a mile from the naïve and childish sketches realised by the surveyors and the experts of the time, even if his interest for the cartographical representation doesn’t have a professional purpose. Leonardo isn’t a cartographer, but he deals with this science for scientifi c and analytic purposes: landscape planning and war strategies. In order to understand his cartographical work, we need to take a step behind, shifting our focus from the maps to the representations more in general; that’s to say to the language of the drawings and of the paintings. For Leonardo, this latter wasn’t a mere visual repetition of what was already known; instead, it was “the key to open the world of phenomena” (as Giulio Carlo Argan said). Th e innovative basis of his cartographical production, therefore, can be found in the rules enunciated in the Libro di pittura. Th e way Leonardo chooses to survey and graphically represent a piece of land is summarised in the rule given in his own note in the Manuscript L, France Institute (f. 21 r): “On the top of the hills and on theirs sides, look at the shapes of the land portions, at their division, and at all the things in front of you, and draw them in their own shape”. Th e transformation from the sketch to the map is done through a personal synthesis of perceptive elements, metric and ordinal, always giving a diagrammatical view of the land (conceived and represented as a whole). Leonardo’s contribution to an accurate landscape representation is particularly relevant for what concerns the vertical component of mountains and hydrography. In the graphical reproduction of mountainous blocks, he tries to sketch the shapes of every massif and hill following their mutual proportions. Moreover, his “theory of the shadows” gives to the maps a communicative power never achieved before, a proof of the importance of a careful study on them. “… shades in painting need much more investigation and speculation than their outline; and evidence of this precept is that the outline can be made to shine using veils transparency, or fl at glass placed between the eye and the thing to be drawn; but this rule does not apply to shades, due to the lack of sensitivity of their shape, for, more often than 69
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FONDAZIONE GEOMETRI ITALIANI AVVENI
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40 OSSERVATORIO Urban Best Practice
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photo©shutterstock.com/Lee Morris
Page 7 and 8: photo©shutterstock.com/Dmitriy Shi
Page 9 and 10: photo©shutterstock.com/Mariusz S.
Page 11 and 12: www.shutterstock.com/izoom “Quand
Page 13 and 14: Justine Lee (grande), Ishida Shunji
Page 15 and 16: 20 SOCIETÀ E COSTUME Quelle luci l
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Page 19 and 20: per promuovere questi obiettivi e,
Page 21 and 22: e alla costituzione della società
Page 23 and 24: photo©shutterstock.com/Sailorr str
Page 25 and 26: Coloretrend, Urban city e accenti.
Page 27 and 28: Il teatro di Fantiano L’area dell
Page 29 and 30: viene ricavata la cavea per gli spe
Page 31 and 32: 38 COSTRUIRE “átika”, tradizio
Page 33 and 34: 40 OSSERVATORIO Urban Best Practice
Page 35 and 36: ANNO I | n. 6 | NOVEMBRE - DICEMBRE
Page 37 and 38: UN Photo/Marco Castro Trovare un ac
Page 39 and 40: 48 VERDE PENSILE Un tetto a giardin
Page 43 and 44: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/C
Page 45 and 46: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumen
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Page 49: Vagnetti L., Lo studio di Roma negl
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Page 62 and 63: 72 IL PUNTO DI VISTA Sicurezza nei
Page 70 and 71: 80 APPROFONDIMENTI Palermo, stima d
Page 74 and 75: 84 FORMAZIONE La qualifi cazione en
Page 80 and 81: 90 REDAZIONALE Topcon IP-S2 Sistema
Page 82 and 83: 92 REDAZIONALE South NTS962R & pfCA
Page 84 and 85: 94 REDAZIONALE Interventi sulle cop
Page 86: Nel prossimo numero CITTÀ Rigenera
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Geocentro Magazine - numero 6 - novembre/dicembre 2009

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