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Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia Pratica - It J Practice Cardiol Dicembre 2007-Marzo 2008 misura proprio a causa di danni jatrogenici, in larga misura favoriti o indotti dalla stessa terapia antiretrovirale [12, 13, 39-41, 74], ed al progressivo incremento dell’età media della popolazione dei soggetti HIV-positivi, che si registra da anni nei Paesi industrializzati [2, 3]. BIBLIOGRAFIA 1. Manfredi R. Dismetabolismo e rischio di eventi avversi cardio-cerebrovascolari in pazienti con infezione da HIV trattati con terapia antiretrovirale. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia Pratica 2007; 5 (2-3): 65-75 2. Manfredi R. HIV disease and advanced age: an increasing therapeutic challenge. Drugs Aging 2002; 19:647-69 3. Manfredi R. HIV infection and advanced age: emerging epidemiological, clinical, and management issues. Ageing Res Rev 2004; 3:31-54 4. Koppel K, Bratt G, Schulman S, Bylund H, Sandstrom E. Hypofibrinolytic state in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitor-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29:441-9 5. De Gaetano Donati K, Rabagliati R, Iacoviello L, Cauda R. HIV infection, HAART, and endothelial adhesion molecules: current perspectives. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4:213-22. 6. Kamin DS, Grinspoon SK. Cardiovascular disease in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 2005 19:641-52 7. Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Dyslipidaemia associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 53:10-4 8. Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Hyperlipidaemia in patients with HIV-1 infection receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical course and management. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 22:89-99. 9. Dubé MP, Stein JH, Aberg JA, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:613-27 10. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-97 11. Manfredi R. High-risk dysmetabolism disorders associated with HAART-treated HIV disease, and reimbursement of lipid-lowering drugs, in a clinical and a socio-economic perspective. AIDS Rev 2005; 7:155-60 12. Manfredi R. Farmaci ipolipidemizzanti e regime di rimborsabilità. Nessuna considerazione clinico-preventiva, socio-economica, ed etica per le iperlipidemie jatrogeniche indotte dai farmaci antiretrovirali nei soggetti con infezione da HIV. Journal of Medicine and the Person 2006; 4:189-90 13. Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Gabexate mesilate and/or octreotide in human immunodeficiency virus-associated pancreatic abnormalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:1791-4 14. Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo. A case-control study of HIVassociated pancreatic abnormalities during HAART era. Focus on emerging risk factors and specific management. Eur J Med Res 2004; 9:537-44 15. Stein JH. Managing cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38:115-23 70 16. Stone NJ, Bilek S, Rosenbaum S. Recent National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III update: adjustments and options. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96 (Suppl. 4A):53E- 9E 17. Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Polyunsaturated ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in HIV-infected patients with moderate hypertriglyceridemia: comparison with dietary and lifestyle changes, and fibrate therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36:878-80 18. Manfredi R. Need to evaluate the cost effectiveness of early diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis in the setting of HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDs 2006; 20:665-7 19. Jones SP, Doran DA, Leatt PB, Maher B, Pirmohamed M. Short-term exercise training improves body composition and hyperlipidaemia in HIV-positive individuals with lipodystrophy. AIDS 2001; 15:2049-51 20. Yarasheki KE, Tebas P, Stanerson B, et al. Resistance exercise training reduces hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected men treated with antiviral therapy. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90:133-8 21. Martínez E, Arnaiz JA, Podzamcer D, et al. Substitution of nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir for protease inhibitors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 2003 349:1036-46 22. Bucher HC, Kofler A, Nuesch R, Young J, Battegay M, Opravil M. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of simplified versus continued protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2003; 17:2451-9 23. John M, McKinnon EJ, James R, et al. Randomized controlled 48-week study of switching stavudine and/or protease inhibitors to combivir/abacavir to prevent or reverse lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 33:29-33 24. Keiser PH, Sension MG, Dejesus E, et al. Susbtituting abacavir for hyperlipidaemia-associated protease inhibitors in HAART regimens improves fasting lipid profiles, maintains virologic suppression, and simplifies treatment. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:2-5 25. Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA 2004;292:191-201 26. Grover SA, Coupal L, Gilmore N, Mukherjee J. Impact of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:586-91 27. Mobius U, Lubach-Ruitman M, Castro-Frenzel B, et al. Switching to atazanavir improves metabolic disorders in antiretroviral-experienced patients with severe hyperlipidemia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 39:174-80 28. Manfredi R, Motta R, Patrono D, Calza L, Chiodo F, Boni P. A prospective case-control survey of laboratory markers of skeletal muscle damage during HIV disease and antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002; 16:1969-71 29. Manfredi R, Motta R, Patrono D, Calza L, Chiodo F, Boni P. Frequency, risk factors and features of hyperlactatemia in a large number of patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003; 17:2131-3 30. Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Nutrition 2005; 24:5-15 31. De Gaetano Donati K, Rabagliati R, Tumbarello M, et al. Increased soluble markers of endothelial dysfunction in HIVpositive patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003; 17:765-8 32. Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Statins and fibrates for the
R. Mandrefi Gestione, trattamento e prevenzione del rischio cardiovascolare connesso con le alterazioni dismetaboliche in pazienti con infezione da HIV treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. AIDS 2003; 17:851-9 33. Benesic A, Zilly M, Kluge F, et al. Lipid lowering therapy with fluvastatin and pravastatin in patients with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: comparison of efficacy and interaction with indinavir. Infection 2004; 32:229-33 34. Bonnet F, Balestre E, Thiebaut R, et al. Fibrates or statins and lipid plasma levels in 245 patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aquitaine Cohort, France, 1999-2001. HIV Med 2004 5:133-9 35. Calza L, Manfredi R, Colangeli V, et al. Substitution of nevirapine or efavirenz for protease inhibitor versus lipid-lowering therapy for the management of dyslipidaemia. AIDS 2005; 19:1051-8 36. Cheng JW. Rosuvastatin in the management of hyperlipidemia. Clin Ther 2004; 26:1368-87 37. Calza L, Colangeli V, Manfredi R, et al. Rosuvastatin for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors: a pilot study. AIDS 2005; 19:1103-5 38. Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Use of fibrates in the management of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. Infection 2002; 30:26-31 39. Wohl DA, Tien HC, Busby M, et al. Randomized study of the safety and efficacy of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acid) supplementation with dietary and exercise counseling for the treatment of antiretroviral therapy-associated hypertriglyceridemia. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1498-1504. 40. Carter VM, Woolley I, Jolley D, et al. A randomised controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected males on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Health 2006; 3:287- 290. 41. Woods MN. Role of n-3 fatty acids in prevention of disease complications in patients with HIV. Nutr Clin Care 2005; 8:24-30 42. Bersot T, Haffner S, Harris WS, Kellick MA, Morris CM. Hypertriglyceridemia: management of atherogenic dyslipidemia. J Fam Pract 2006; 55:S1-8 43. Schmidt EB, Rasmussen LH, Rasmussen JG, Joensen AM, Madsen MB, Christensen JH. Fish, marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and coronary heart disease: a minireview with focus on clinical trial data. Prostaglandin Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 75:191-5 44. Oh R. Practical applications of fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids) in primari care. J Am Board Fam Pract 2005; 18:28-36 45. Menuet R, Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Importance and management of dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2005; 330:295-302 46. Robinson JG, Stone NJ. Antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98 (Suppl. 4A): 39i-49i 47. Carpentier YA, Portois L, Malaisse WJ. N-3 fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83 (Suppl. 6):S1499-504 48. Jacobson TA. Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease with omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98 (Suppl. 4A):61i-70i 49. Reiffel JA, McDonald A. Antiarrhytmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98 (Suppl. 4A):50i-60i 50. Nambi V, Ballantyne CM. Combination therapy with statins and omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98 (Suppl. 4A):34i-38i 51. Mori TA. Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertension in humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33:842-6 52. Psota TL, Gebauer SK, Kris-Etherton P. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98 (Suppl. 4A):3i-18i 71 53. La Guardia M, Giammanco S, Di Majo D, Tabacchi G, Tripoli E, Giammanco M. Panminerva Med 2005; 47:245-57 54. Breslow JL. N-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83 (Suppl. 6):1477S-1482S 55. Schwalfenberg G. Omega-3 fatty acids: their beneficial role in cardiovascular health. Can Fam Physician 2006; 52:734- 40 56. Leaf A. Omega-3 fatty acids and prevention of arrythmias. Curr Opin Lipidol 2007; 18:31-4 57. Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. Br Med J 2006; 332:752-60 58. Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, Lau J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189:19-30 59. Wexler R, Aukerman G. Nonpharmacologic strategies for managing hypertension. Am Fam Physician 2006; 73:1953-6 60. Harris WS. The omega-6/omega-3 ratio and cardiovascular disease risk: uses and abuses. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:453-9 61. Weinroth SE, Parenti DM, Simon GL. Wasting syndrome in AIDS: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Infect Agents Dis 1995; 4:76-94 62. Hedge HR. Nutrients as modulators of immune function. CMAJ 1991; 145:1080-1 63. Razzini E, Baronzio GF. Omega-3 fatty acids as coadjuvant treatment in AIDS. Med Hypotheses 1993; 41:300-5 64. Decsi T, Zaknun D, Zaknun J, Sperl W, Koletzko B. Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition with and without human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62:1283-8 65. Hellerstein MK, Wu K, McGrath M, et al. Effects of dietary n- 3 fatty acid supplementation in men with weight loss associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: relation to indices of cytokine production. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996; 11:258-70 66. Bell SJ, Chavali S, Bistrian BR, Connolly CA, Utsonomiya T, Forse RA. Dietary fish oil and cytokine and eicosanoid production during human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Parent Enteral Nutr 1996; 20:43-9 67. Tinnerello D. HIV and nutrition. Body Posit 1998; 11:24-7, 30-1 68. Pichard C, Sudre P, Kersegard V, et al. A randomized doubleblind controlled study of 6 months of oral nutritional supplementation with arginine and omega-3 fatty acids in HIVinfected patients. AIDS 1998; 12:53-63 69. De Luis Roman DA, Bachiller P, Izaola O, et al. Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus infection using an enterotropic peptide-based formula enriched with n-3 fatty acids: a randomized prospective trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55:1048-52. 70. De Luis DA, Bachiller P, Izaola O, Eiros Bouza JM. Relation betweem intake o omega 3 fatty acids and CD4 count in patients with HIV infection: a transversal study. An Med Interna 2005; 22:323-5 71. Green ML. Evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV infection. J Gen Intern Med 2002; 17:797- 810 72. Manfredi R. Management of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000; 6:579-84 73. Moro H, Tsukada H, Tanuma A, et al. Rhabdomyolysis after simvastatin therapy in an HIV-infected patient with chronic renal failure. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2004; 18:687-90 74. Grunfeld C. Fish oil for treatment of hyertriglyceridemia in HIV infection: fish or foul? Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1505-6
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Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia Pr
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Indice Editoriale Il management del
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andranno usati, perché nel diabeti
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L. D’Andrea, C. Fernandez, V. Pan
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La risincronizzazione cardiaca Card
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La risincronizzazione cardiaca. I°
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ed è assente in un terzo circa di
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ventricular dyssynchrony in patient
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Figura 1: L’impianto di CRT avvie
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Page 21 and 22: La risincronizzazione cardiaca. III
Page 23 and 24: OR 95% CI Mortalità da ogni causa
Page 25 and 26: scolari si suddividano equamente tr
Page 27 and 28: iempimento tipo restrittivo non han
Page 29 and 30: all’ablazione del nodo atrio-vent
Page 31 and 32: versus patients with synus rhythm a
Page 33 and 34: suggeriscono l’impianto del defib
Page 35 and 36: al 7.5%) quando un solo test è pos
Page 37 and 38: narico per malattia di un vaso e an
Page 39 and 40: Tabella 1. Criteri di classificazio
Page 41 and 42: esame elettrocardiografico (fig. 1)
Page 43 and 44: gli anti-aritmici quando indicati.
Page 45 and 46: ESAMI STRUMENTALI DI BASE PER VALUT
Page 47 and 48: Tab. 3 CARDIOPATIA IPERTENSIVA Prop
Page 49 and 50: S. Castaldo, A. Piccioni, V. Ramagl
Page 51 and 52: tendenzialmente esclusi (2) (7) (19
Page 53 and 54: (Kewuri), ci si mette l'uva, si pig
Page 55 and 56: Non è facile valutare separatament
Page 57 and 58: enti di cefalea, di età compresa t
Page 59 and 60: R. Mandrefi Gestione, trattamento e
Page 69: R. Mandrefi Gestione, trattamento e
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Page 75 and 76: TOPICS XVIII Congresso Nazionale AN
Page 77 and 78: Il cardiologo ed il medico di front
Page 79 and 80: 1. DENOMINAZIONE DEL MEDICINALE Mic
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