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Master in Medicina NBC - 2011<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong><br />

Prof. Prof. Pasquale Pasquale Pasquale Urbano<br />

Urbano<br />

Collegamento al Consensus e alle linee guida europee<br />

Le microfotografie originali<br />

di Robert Koch, sul bacillo<br />

del carbonchio<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Vaccino anticarbonchioso<br />

Il vaccino disponibile per uso umano è poco<br />

efficace<br />

PaxVax Inc. of San Diego will develop and test two formulations of an<br />

anthrax vaccine. Both formulations contain a gene known as rPA, which<br />

codes for a protein that protected animals from anthrax in previous<br />

studies. The gene will be inserted into a carrier virus or vector called<br />

adenovirus 4 and the vaccine delivered orally via a capsule. The<br />

adenovirus 4 vector is a modified live-virus vaccine that has been<br />

studied for more than 40 years and has a good safety profile in<br />

humans. Pending review and approval of the Investigational New Drug<br />

Application by the Food and Drug Administration, a Phase 1 clinical<br />

trial will be conducted to select one of the two formulations for<br />

further development. NIAID has made an initial award of $3.8 million<br />

to PaxVax. If milestones are met, the total award could amount to<br />

$23.8 million over the next nine years.<br />

http://www.dddmag.com/news-NIH-Funding-Bioterror-Vaccines-10810.aspx<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong><br />

Non è una cosa nuova, e in italiano<br />

si è sempre chiamato così<br />

È sbagliato chiamarlo ‘antrace’,<br />

come fanno i media e come,<br />

deplorevolmente, sta entrando<br />

nell’uso<br />

I vecchi testi lo trattano<br />

estesamente<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Vaccino anticarbonchioso<br />

Storicamente, il carbonchio è la<br />

prima malattia per prevenire la<br />

quale fu dimostrato efficace un<br />

vaccino batterico<br />

Le colture attenuate ottenute da<br />

Pasteur dimostrarono la loro<br />

efficacia immunizzante nel famoso<br />

esperimento di Pouilly Le Fort nel<br />

1881.<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Vaccino anticarbonchioso<br />

Emergent Biosolutions of Rockville, Md., also will develop<br />

and test an anthrax vaccine. The candidate vaccine<br />

consists of Emergent's licensed anthrax vaccine<br />

(BioThrax) combined with an adjuvant. The investigational<br />

vaccine was tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial prior to the<br />

award of this contract. This new award will fund<br />

manufacturing, stability studies, assay validation and<br />

clinical trial preparation of the vaccine product. After<br />

those activities are completed, the vaccine may begin<br />

Phase 2 clinical testing. Emergent has received an initial<br />

award of $9.1 million, with the potential for total funding<br />

of up to $28.7 million over the next four years if clinical<br />

milestones are met.<br />

http://www.dddmag.com/news-NIH-Funding-Bioterror-Vaccines-10810.aspx<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

1


Diagnosi sulle carogne<br />

Termoprecipitazione di Ascoli<br />

[1911]<br />

Estratti a caldo, filtrati, vengono<br />

stratificati in una provetta sottile<br />

contenente siero anticarbonchioso<br />

La formazione di un anello di<br />

precipitato è diagnostica<br />

Importante presidio di<br />

profilassi generale<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong> in Italia - 2011<br />

At the moment there are 39 suspected<br />

animals in Campania region (9<br />

confirmed); and 14 in Basilicata.<br />

V. nota<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong><br />

Agente: Bacillus<br />

anthracis<br />

Spore e tossine<br />

Forme cutanee,<br />

inalatorie** **,<br />

intestinali<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

**Sospettare il bioterrorismo<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong> P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Forma vegetativa di B. anthracis, da<br />

coltura. Gram<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Bacillus anthracis, SEM colorata<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

2


P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Genetica<br />

La virulenza dipende<br />

dalla capsula,<br />

governata dal<br />

plasmide pXO2<br />

La patogenicità dipende<br />

da LF e EF, che si<br />

associano a PA a<br />

formare le esotossine,<br />

governate dal plasmide<br />

pXO1<br />

Tossine del <strong>Carbonchio</strong><br />

I componenti della tossina sono tre:<br />

• OF [Oedema Factor]<br />

• LF [Lethal Factor]<br />

• PA [Protective Antigen]<br />

Agiscono di concerto; isolatamente,<br />

non sono tossici<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

PA del <strong>Carbonchio</strong><br />

E’ la componente deputata a riconoscere<br />

il recettore, l’ATR [Anthrax Toxin<br />

Receptor], una proteina di membrana di<br />

tipo I, che ha un dominio extracellulare<br />

A del Fattore di von Willebrand.<br />

Legata al recettore, PA viene clivato in<br />

una parte che si perde e in un<br />

frammento carbossiterminale che<br />

eptamerizza, acquisendo affinità per OF<br />

e/o LF, che possono così essere<br />

endocitati e agire nel citosol.<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Capsula<br />

Polimero di acido D-gammaglutammico,<br />

formato da CapD, una<br />

transpeptidasi codificata nel plasmide<br />

pXO2<br />

Costituisce il principale fattore di<br />

virulenza, non trovando recettori sui<br />

macrofagi<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

B. anthracis,<br />

geni per le<br />

tossine<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Intossicazione da B. anthracis<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

3


Fattore Edemigeno (EF) del<br />

carbonchio<br />

• 89 kDa<br />

Gene su plasmide pXO1<br />

adenilato ciclasi calcio- e<br />

calmodulina-dipendente, che porta<br />

alla formazione di edema e<br />

all’inibizione delle funzioni dei<br />

polimorfonucleati<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Fattore Letale (LF) del <strong>Carbonchio</strong><br />

•90 kDa, gene sul plasmide pXO1<br />

•LF è una zinco-endoproteasi che taglia<br />

l’aminotermine delle protein-chinasi<br />

mitogeno attivate 1 e 2 (MAPK K1 e K2),<br />

inattivandole, e così bloccando la<br />

trasduzione del segnale di attivazione<br />

Nei macrofagi:<br />

attivazione del burst ossidativo rilascio<br />

di ossigeno reattivo<br />

induzione di citochine proinfiammatorie,<br />

quali TNF e IL-1ß shock e morte<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Spora del carbonchio e macrofago<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong> Cutaneo<br />

Incubazione 1-12 gg<br />

Papula -> vescicola o ulcera -> escara<br />

centrale nera con alone rosso vivo, per<br />

diversi giorni<br />

Diagnosi: Batterioscopia (Gram) e<br />

coltura da vescicole, base dell’ulcera,<br />

sotto il margine dell’escara<br />

Buona risposta al trattamento<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

4


<strong>Carbonchio</strong> Cutaneo<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong> cutaneo<br />

Realistico moulage in<br />

cera, nel museo al<br />

Chiostro del Maglio<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong> da inoculazione<br />

•È in corso un’epidemia fra gli<br />

eroinomani, in Scozia, UK e in<br />

Germania<br />

•Contaminazione con spore di<br />

eroina proveniente<br />

dall’Afganistan<br />

•35 casi, 11 morti, al 22 aprile<br />

2010<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Epidemia di<br />

carbonchio cutaneo<br />

Nella prima guerra mondiale l’esercito<br />

inglese fu colpita da una vasta epidemia di<br />

carbonchio cutaneo, a localizzazione sul<br />

viso e allo scalpo, per l’impiego di spazzole<br />

e pennelli da barba prodotti in India con<br />

setole contaminate da spore carbonchiose<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong> da inoculazione<br />

•È stata ventilata e discussa una possibile causa<br />

dolosa, bioterroristica, della contaminazione<br />

con spore carbonchiose dell’eroina grezza che<br />

sta causando l’epidemia in Scozia e Inghilterra<br />

•È considerata plausibile, ma improbabile e<br />

praticamente non provabile<br />

•Vedi nota<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

5


<strong>Carbonchio</strong> da inoculazione<br />

Su Lancet, Vol 375 April 17, 2010, p. 1345 è<br />

presentato il quadro clinico di questa nuova<br />

forma di carbonchio.<br />

Estratto in:<br />

http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journ<br />

als/lancet/PIIS0140673610605739.pdf?id<br />

=3d35b1b5aa0ec416:-<br />

47766f9:12824058b61:683912719201079<br />

87<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Resistenza spore<br />

Le spore resistono per tempi lunghissimi,<br />

indefiniti, agli agenti naturali di<br />

disinfezione<br />

Spore carbonchiose reperite negli intonaci<br />

dei più vecchi tronchi della metropolitana<br />

londinese<br />

Spore ancora attive dopo 48 anni, nell’isola<br />

di Gruinard contaminata per provare la<br />

dispersione con testate di artiglieria<br />

Rischio per scavi attraverso sito sepolcrale<br />

del 16 secolo vedi nota<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Gruinard Island<br />

Nel 1942, utilizzata per esperimenti di guerra biologica<br />

con spore carbonchiose.<br />

Scelta per la lontananza da luoghi molto popolati;<br />

confiscata ai pochi abitanti, poi risarciti, l’isola è servita<br />

per provare le modalità di dispersione di spore caricate<br />

su ordigni esplosivi.<br />

Il successo delle prove è stato dimostrato dalla moria<br />

del bestiame ripetutamente portato a pascolare<br />

sull’isola. [Interdizione di area]<br />

L’isola risultava ancora contaminata negli anni ‘80.<br />

Nell’86 grossa operazione dei decontaminazione<br />

280 tonnellate di formaldeide in acqua di mare spruzzata sui<br />

196 ettari di superficie buon esito e fine della quarantena<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

PROCEDURE OPERATIVE<br />

PER LA GESTIONE DI<br />

MATERIALE<br />

POTENZIALMENTE<br />

CONTAMINATO DA<br />

Bacillus anthracis<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

BBC, 18 marzo 2010<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Operation Dark Harvest<br />

In 1981 British newspapers began receiving messages with the<br />

heading "Operation Dark Harvest" which demanded that the<br />

government decontaminate the island, and reported that a "team<br />

of microbiologists from two universities" had landed on the island<br />

with the aid of local people and collected 300 lbs of soil. The<br />

group threatened to leave samples of the soil "at appropriate<br />

points that will ensure the rapid loss of indifference of the<br />

government and the equally rapid education of the general public".<br />

The same day a sealed package of soil was left outside the<br />

military research facility at Porton Down; tests revealed that it<br />

contained anthrax bacilli. A few days later another sealed<br />

package of soil was left in Blackpool, where the ruling<br />

Conservative Party was holding its annual conference. The soil did<br />

not contain anthrax, but officials said that the soil was similar to<br />

that found on the island. [10]<br />

Bioterrorismo bello e buono !<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

6


P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

La forma clinica che si teme a<br />

seguito di un attacco massiccio,<br />

per aerosolizzazione delle spore<br />

carbonchiose, è il<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong> da inalazione<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Decontaminazione - cautele<br />

Per agire in zone contaminate da<br />

agenti biologici occorrono<br />

cautele particolari<br />

Presidi personali di protezione<br />

Vestizione<br />

Lavaggio<br />

Svestizione<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

7


P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

8


P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011 P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Nature. 2001 Nov 8;414(6860):225-9.<br />

Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin.<br />

Bradley KA, Mogridge J, Mourez M, Collier RJ, Young JA.<br />

The tripartite toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, the<br />

causative agent of anthrax, helps the bacterium evade the<br />

immune system and can kill the host during a systemic<br />

infection. Two components of the toxin enzymatically<br />

modify substrates within the cytosol of mammalian cells:<br />

oedema factor (OF) is an adenylate cyclase that impairs<br />

host defences through a variety of mechanisms including<br />

inhibiting phagocytosis; lethal factor (LF) is a zincdependent<br />

protease that cleaves mitogen-activated protein<br />

kinase kinase and causes lysis of macrophages. Protective<br />

antigen (PA), the third component, binds to a cellular<br />

receptor and mediates delivery of the enzymatic<br />

components to the cytosol. Here we describe the cloning of<br />

the human PA receptor using a genetic complementation<br />

approach. The receptor, termed ATR (anthrax toxin<br />

receptor), is a type I membrane protein with an<br />

extracellular von Willebrand factor A domain that binds<br />

directly to PA. In addition, a soluble version of this domain<br />

can protect cells from P. Urbano the per il action Master in of Medicina the NBC toxin. – 2011<br />

Sensor To Detect Agents Used<br />

In Biological Warfare<br />

Researchers from the University at Buffalo are developing a handheld sensor<br />

that can detect the presence of toxins potentially used as agents in biological<br />

warfare.<br />

The proposed sensor, which will utilize opticaldetection<br />

and chemical-sensing technologies, could be<br />

used in urban, military, industrial and even home<br />

environments,<br />

The sensor will be composed of three<br />

components -- a LED (light emitting diode), a<br />

xerogel-based sensor array and a CMOS<br />

(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)<br />

detector, commonly used in miniature digital<br />

cameras.<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

9


The test uses a fluorescent 'substrate' to<br />

indicate the activity of lethal factor<br />

protease. Two fluorescent probes are<br />

attached to a synthesized target—a small<br />

peptide that looks like proteins cleaved by<br />

lethal factor in human cells. The cutting of<br />

the target molecule produces a fluorescent<br />

glow.<br />

Proceedings of the National Academy of<br />

Sciences<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Avanzamento conoscenze<br />

Recenti indagini hanno<br />

chiarito le tappe della<br />

sporogenesi e identificato le<br />

circa 750 proteine che si<br />

ritrovano nelle spore<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Spora di B<br />

anthracis, 92,000x<br />

•L’Istituto per la Ricerca Genomica (TIGR) di Rockville,<br />

Md, ha sequenziato l’intero genoma del B. anthracis, e ha<br />

poi creato una micromatrice che lo rappresenta tutto, per<br />

indagare l’attivazione sequenziale dei geni durante la<br />

sporogenesi.<br />

"MASTER SWITCH." Another<br />

microbial enzyme, known as DNA<br />

adenine methylase (DAM), is the target<br />

of Remedyne Corp., a startup founded<br />

by scientists at the University of<br />

California, Santa Barbara. The<br />

researchers discovered that DAM is a<br />

"master switch" that controls more<br />

than 20 genes that are critical to many<br />

bacteria's ability to infect their hosts.<br />

When they engineered bacteria with a<br />

defective form of DAM, the virulent<br />

bugs turned into pussycats: They<br />

survived -- but they couldn't cause<br />

disease.<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Nature. 2001 Nov 8;414(6860):229-33.<br />

Crystal structure of the anthrax lethal factor.<br />

Pannifer AD, Wong TY, Schwarzenbacher R, Renatus M, Petosa C, Bienkowska J,<br />

Lacy DB, Collier RJ, Park S, Leppla SH, Hanna P, Liddington RC.<br />

Lethal factor (LF) is critical in the pathogenesis of anthrax. It<br />

is a highly specific protease that cleaves members of the<br />

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) family<br />

near to their amino termini, leading to the inhibition of one<br />

or more signalling pathways. LF comprises four domains:<br />

domain I binds the membrane-translocating component of<br />

anthrax toxin, the protective antigen (PA); domains II, III<br />

and IV together create a long deep groove that holds the<br />

16-residue N-terminal tail of MAPKK-2 before cleavage.<br />

Domain II resembles the ADP-ribosylating toxin from<br />

Bacillus cereus, but the active site has been mutated and<br />

recruited to augment substrate recognition. Domain III is<br />

inserted into domain II, and seems to have arisen from a<br />

repeated duplication of a structural element of domain II.<br />

Domain IV is distantly related to the zinc metalloprotease<br />

family, and contains the catalytic centre; it also resembles<br />

domain I. The structure thus reveals a protein that has<br />

evolved through a process of gene duplication, mutation and<br />

fusion, into an enzyme with high and unusual specificity.<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Avanzamento delle<br />

conoscenze<br />

To detect the presence of the toxins, the researchers<br />

will produce sensors called Protein Imprinted Xerogel<br />

with Integrated Emission Sites (PIXIES). Within the<br />

PIXIES, a tiny fluorescent dye molecule is placed within<br />

the xerogel's imprint sight. The PIXIES then are placed<br />

atop the LED, which is used to stimulate the fluorescent<br />

dye to emit light.<br />

The fluorescent molecule is sensitive to the presence of<br />

other molecules in its immediate environment. Thus, when<br />

the target toxin is recognized by the PIXIES, the<br />

fluorescent molecule will change its light intensity<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Darrell Galloway, a microbiologist at Ohio State<br />

University, and colleagues at the National Institutes<br />

of Health and the Naval Medical Research Center,<br />

isolated the DNA from three genes that work in<br />

concert to create the deadly cascade of toxins<br />

secreted by anthrax bacteria. Using viral carriers,<br />

called plasmids, they incorporated these genetic<br />

snippets into the cells of healthy mice.<br />

When the treated mice were injected with five times<br />

the lethal dose of the anthrax bacterial toxin, those<br />

that received the plasmid injections were immune.<br />

Every animal in the control group died within hours.<br />

Moreover, the Ohio State team, in collaboration with<br />

scientists from researcher Battelle Group, have shown<br />

that the vaccine protects against aerosol-delivered<br />

anthrax -- the most deadly form -- more than a year<br />

later.<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

10


Antibodies are the key to a third strategy being<br />

developed by EluSys that sops up microorganisms<br />

or toxins and ferries them out of the body. The<br />

tricky molecules, which the company calls<br />

Heteropolymer (HP) technology, consist of two<br />

antibodies that are chemically bound together.<br />

One attaches the molecule to a red blood cell,<br />

the other is designed to bind to the biowar agent,<br />

such as the anthrax toxin. The immobilized<br />

biowar agents then get a ride on the red blood<br />

cells to the liver, where they are destroyed. "It's<br />

like two-sided sticky tape," explains George L.<br />

Spitalny, the company's vice-president for R&D.<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

<strong>Carbonchio</strong><br />

Anthrax FAQ, 2005<br />

Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, 2002: Updated Recommendations for<br />

Management<br />

[JAMA 287(17),2002]<br />

Anthrax as a Biological Weapon: Medical & Public Health Management<br />

(1999)<br />

[JAMA 281(18),1999]<br />

Anthrax Fact Sheet, 2002<br />

Anthrax Fact Sheet, 1999<br />

Anthrax Bibliography<br />

Considering Anthrax Vaccine for Post- Exposure Prophylaxis<br />

Slides Presented at Meeting on Anthrax Vaccine, National Academy of<br />

Sciences, December 15, 2001<br />

Clinical Anthrax: Primer for Physicians<br />

Case Studies of Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax<br />

FAQ: Environmental Detection of Anthrax<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

Master in Medicina NBC - 2011<br />

Grazie dell’attenzione<br />

Domande?<br />

Domande?<br />

b<br />

e<br />

r<br />

3<br />

0<br />

,<br />

2<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

a<br />

n<br />

d<br />

n<br />

u<br />

m<br />

b<br />

e<br />

r<br />

o<br />

f<br />

Falsi allarmi dopo veri casi<br />

EID, Volume 9, Number 4, April 2003<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

ROC per <strong>Carbonchio</strong><br />

EID, Volume 10, Number 1, January 2004<br />

P. Urbano per il Master in Medicina NBC – 2011<br />

11

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