Public awareness Colony collapse <strong>di</strong>sorder was a major factor in bipartisan support in the U.S. Congress for a new influx of funds for honey bee research in particular and pollinator services in general. In fact, the 2008 Farm Bill is the first in U.S. history to include specific language concerning pollinators and pollination. On the popular culture front, references to colony collapse <strong>di</strong>sorder have appeared in Hollywood films (“The Happening” by M. Night Shyamalan), in prime-time television shows (“CSI”), in comic strips (“Over the Hedge”) and in magazine, television, and Internet advertisements for products ranging from ice cream (Haagen Dazs) to university environmental science programs (Stony Brook Southampton). At least four popular books, inclu<strong>di</strong>ng one for children, have been published since the first reports of honey bee <strong>di</strong>sappearances (Fruitless Falls by Rowan Jacobsen, A Spring Without Bees by Michael Shacker, A World Without Bees by Alison Benjamin and Brian McCallum, and Bee & Me: An Animotion Experience by Elle J. Mcguinness). It is unlikely that public awareness about the importance of honey bees and pollination in maintaining managed and natural plant communities has ever been as high as it is today, and if there has been any positive aspect of this most recent Apis-pocalypse it is that honey bees may finally be getting the respect and admiration they deserve. Acknowledgments: I thank Reed Johnson and Gene Robinson for their insights into bee biology in general and colony collapse <strong>di</strong>sorder in particular. This manuscript, inclu<strong>di</strong>ng much of the work reported in it, was made possible by fun<strong>di</strong>ng from the USDA National Research Initiative (AG 2008-3532-18831). References: Ashburner, M. et al. (2000). Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium. Nat Genet 25, 25-9. Atkins, E. 1992. The Hive and the Honey Bee. 1153-1208. The Hive and the Honey Bee. Dadant & Sons, Inc.Hamilton, IL. Bogdanov, S., V. Kilchenmann, and A. Imdorf. 1998. Acaricide residues in some bee products. J. Apic. Res. 37: 57-67. Bogdanov, S. 2004. Beeswax: quality issues today. Bee World. 85: 46-50. Bustin, S. A., and Doru<strong>di</strong>, S. (2002). The value of microarray techniques for quantitative gene profiling in molecular <strong>di</strong>agnostics. Trends Mol Med 8, 269-72. Chen, Y. P., and Evans, J. D. (2007). Historical presence of Israeli acute paralysis virus in the United States. Am Bee J 147, 1027-1028. Clau<strong>di</strong>anos, C., Ranson, H., Johnson, R. M., Biswas, S., Schuler, M. A., Berenbaum, M. R., Feyereisen, R., and Oakeshott, J. G. (2006). A deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee. Insect Mol Biol 15, 615-636. Cox-Foster, D. L. et al. (2007). A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse <strong>di</strong>sorder. Science 318, 283-287. Cox-Foster, D.L. and D. Engelsdorp (2009). Solving the mystery of the vanishing bees. Scientific American April 1, 2009 (http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=saving-thehoneybee&print=true. 7
Debnam, S., Westervelt, D. and Bromenshenk, J. (2009). Colony collapse <strong>di</strong>sorder symptoms. Bee Culture: http://www.beeculture.com/storycms/index.cfm?cat=Story&recordID=629 Decourtye, A., Devillers, J., Cluzeau, S., Charreton, M., and Pham-Delègue, M. (2004). Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honeybees under semi-field and laboratory con<strong>di</strong>tions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 57, 410-9. Elzen, P. J., F. A. Eischen, J. B. Baxter, J. Pettis, G. W. Elzen, and W. T. Wilson. 1998. Fluvalinate resistance in Varroa jacobsoni from several geographic locations. Am. Bee J. 138: 674-686. Elzen, P. J., J. R. Baxter, M. Spivak, and W. T. Wilson. 2000. Control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. resistant to fluvalinate and amitraz using coumaphos. Apidologie. 31: 437-441. Elzen, P. J., J. B. Baxter, D. Westervelt, D. Causey, C. Randall, L. Cutts, and W. T. Wilson. 2001. Acaricide rotation plan for control of varroa. Am. Bee J. 141: 412. Elzen, P. J. and D. Westervelt. 2002. Detection of coumaphos resistance in Varroa destructor in Florida. Am. Bee J. 142: 291-292. Evans, J. D., and Wheeler, D. E. (2000). Expression profiles during honeybee caste determination. Genome Biol 2, research0001.1-research0001.6. Evans, J. D. (2006). Beepath: An ordered quantitative-PCR array for exploring honey bee immunity and <strong>di</strong>sease. J Invertebr Pathol 93, 135-139. Evans, J. D. et al. (2006). Immune pathways and defence mechanisms in honey bees Apis mellifera. Insect Mol Biol 15, 645-656. Frankel, S., G. Robinson, and M. R. Berenbaum, 1998. Antioxidant capacity and correlated characteristics of 14 monofloral honeys. J. Apicultural Res. 37: 27-33. Frazier, M., C. Mullin, J. Frazier, and S. Ashcraft. 2008. What have pesticides got to do with it? Am. Bee J. 148: 521-523. Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R, Botías, C., Garrido Bailón, E., González-Porto, A.V., Barrios, L, Jesús del Nozal, M., Bernal, J.L., Jiménez, J.J., Palencia, P.G., and Meana, A. (2008). How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. Environmental Microbiology 10: 2659 – 2669. Johnson, R.M., 2008. Toxicogenomics of Apis mellifera. Doctoral <strong>di</strong>ssertation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Johnson, R. M., Wen, Z., Schuler, M. A., and Berenbaum, M.R. (2006). Me<strong>di</strong>ation of pyrethroid insecticide toxicity to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. J Econ Entomol 99, 1046-1050. Johnson, R.M., Pollock, H. and Berenbaum, M.R. (2009). Synergistic interactions between in-hive miticides in Apis mellifera. J. Econ. Ent. in press. Lemaitre, B., and Hoffmann, J. (2007). The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu Rev Immunol 25, 697-743. Lodesani, M., A. Pellacani, S. Bergomi, E. Carpana, T. Rabitti, and P. Lasagni. 1992. Residue determination for some products used against Varroa infestation in bees. Apidologie. 23: 257-272. Maori, E., Lavi, S., Mozes-Koch, R., Gantman, Y., Peretz, Y., Edelbaum, O., Tanne, E., and Sela, I. (2007). Isolation and characterization of Israeli acute paralysis virus, a <strong>di</strong>cistrovirus affecting honeybees in Israel: evidence for <strong>di</strong>versity due to intra- and interspecies recombination. J Gen Virol 88, 3428-38. Martel, A., S. Zeggane, C. Aurieres, P. Drajundel, J. Faucon, and M. Aubert. 2007. Acaricide residues in honey and wax after treatment of honey bee colonies with Apivar or Asuntol 50. Apidologie. 38: 534-544. 8
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INDICI
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SOMMARIO PROGRAMMA XV LETTURE PLENA