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qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso centri International Center for Georgian Language

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>enis</strong> <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> <strong>centri</strong><br />

<strong>International</strong> <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> Language

Anthony D. Smith<br />

NATIONALISM<br />

Theory, Ideology, History<br />

Translated into <strong>Georgian</strong> by Mary Chkhartishvili<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> Text Editor Rusudan Amirejibi–Mullen<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2004<br />

2

entoni d. smiTi<br />

nacionalizmi<br />

Teoria, ideologia, istoria<br />

Targmani inglisuridan mariam CxartiSvilisa<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> teqstis redaqtori rusudan amirejibi–maleni<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2004<br />

3

wigni cnobili Tanamedrove britaneli mecnieris<br />

entoni d. smiTis naSromis nacionalizmi. Teoria,<br />

ideologia, istoria qarTul Targmans warmoadgens,<br />

romelSic sakiTxisadmi sakuTar eTnosimbolistur<br />

midgomas smiTi paradigmebis saxiT sistematizebul<br />

alternatiul TvalsazrisTa fonze gadmoscems. qarTul<br />

Targmans win uZRvis avtoris mier specialurad misTvis<br />

dawerili Sesavali. mTargmnelis winasityvaobaSi ki am<br />

TargmanTan dakavSirebiT saubaria Teoriuli<br />

sociologiuri literaturis qarTulad gadmoRebis<br />

problemebze. wigni gankuTvnilia eTnikuri da<br />

nacionaluri kvlevebiT daintersebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis:<br />

mecnierebisaTvis, politikuri moRvaweebisaTvis, masmediis<br />

warmomadgenlebisaTvis, studentebisaTvis.<br />

gamocemis xarjebi gaiRo<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>enis</strong> <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> centrma<br />

wigni gamiznulia, rogorc saCuqari konferenciis<br />

erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi identoba monawileebisaTvis<br />

The book is <strong>Georgian</strong> translation of the Nationalism. Theory,<br />

Ideology, History by the eminent contemporary British scholar Anthony D.<br />

Smith presenting his own ethno-symbolist account against the background<br />

of historiography on subject systematized as paradigms. The <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

edition is introduced by Smith. In the translator’s preface problems dealed<br />

with rendering of theoretical sociological literature into <strong>Georgian</strong> is outlined<br />

in connection with present translation. The book is intended <strong>for</strong> readers<br />

interested in ethnic and national studies: academics, policymakers,<br />

representatives of the media, students.<br />

Publication is provided with the financial support of the<br />

<strong>International</strong> <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> Language<br />

Book is a gift <strong>for</strong> the participants at the conference on<br />

National and Religious Identities<br />

4

mTargmnelis winasityvaoba<br />

entoni devid smiTi, Tanamedrove britaneli<br />

mecnieri, eTnikuri jgufebis da naciebis, eTnikurobisa<br />

da nacionalizmis urTierTdakavSirebuli fenomenebis<br />

dasavleTSi farTod aRiarebuli mkvlevaria. mecnieris<br />

piradad gacnobis da masTan uSualo akademiuri<br />

kontaqtebis saSualeba momeca 2001 da 2003 wlebSi did<br />

britaneTSi samecniero mivlinebiT yofnisas. garda amisa,<br />

me mqonda bedniereba Tvalyuri medevnebina profesor<br />

smiTis muSaobisaTvis aspirantebTan londonis<br />

ekonomikisa da politikuri mecnierebis skolaSi (evropis<br />

instituti, samTavrobo departamenti) da <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong><br />

samecniero organizaciis eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis<br />

kvlevis asociaciaSi (romlis wevri meca var) seminarze<br />

(2003 wlis 4 maisi) misi TandaswrebiT wamekiTxa moxseneba<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> identoba: ganviTarebis safexurebi.<br />

rodesac profesor smiTs gavuziare Cemi survili<br />

Sevdgomodi misi naSromebis qarTulad Targmans, man<br />

(rogorc igi Tavadac miuTiTebs SesavalSi) am<br />

mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijis gadasadgmelad ori wigni<br />

SemirCia. maT Soris erT-erTia winamdebare Targmani.<br />

wigni warmoadgens rogorc Tavad smiTis Tvalsazrisis,<br />

aseve sakiTxze arsebuli umTavresi literaturis<br />

sistematizebul gadmocemas.<br />

cxadia, Tanamedrove dasavluri Teoriuli<br />

literaturis qarTulad Targmnis idea spontanurad, did<br />

britaneTSi kolegebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, ar gamCenia. am<br />

saqmisaTvis xelis mokidebis aucileblobaSi Tanamedrove<br />

qarTul istoriografiaze dakvirvebam damarwmuna.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs Zalian bevri konkretuli<br />

xasiaTis gamokvleva da daskvna, rogorc wesi, isini ar<br />

arian saTanadod konteqstualizebuli, ar xdeba<br />

mopovebuli faqtebis zogadsociologiuri mimarTebebis<br />

da ganzomilebebis fiqsireba, ar arsebobs istoriuli da<br />

kulturuli rekonstruqciis araviTari meTodologiuri<br />

koncefcia, araviTari Teoriuli CarCo. am mizeziT ver<br />

5

poulobs saqarTvelos istoriis faqtebi asaxvas<br />

kacobriobis istoriaSi. amis TvalsaCino magaliTi<br />

Tundac es wignia: Teoriuli debulebebis<br />

sailustraciod moyvanil mraval magaliTs Soris<br />

qarTuls ver SexvdebiT.<br />

aRniSnulis mizezi Zneli misaxvedri ar aris.<br />

TiTze CamosaTvlelia dasavleTevropul enebze<br />

Sesrulebuli qarTvelologiuri gamokvlevebi. enobrivi<br />

barieris gamo qarTvel specialistTa umetesoba<br />

konkretuli istoriuli aRwerebisas ar (da ver)<br />

iTvaliswinebs Tanamedrove Teoriul literaturas da<br />

Tavadac kargavs dasavlel specialist mkiTxvels.<br />

Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosvlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs imas, rom dasavluri Teoriuli sociologiuri<br />

literaturis qarTulad Targmnam gegmazomieri da<br />

permanentuli xasiaTi miiRos. miTumetes, rom Targmna<br />

yovelTvis iyo <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis ganviTarebis qmediTi<br />

saSualeba. Zvel saqarTveloSi mTargmnelobiTi<br />

saqmianoba sapatiod, sazogadoebrivad uaRresad<br />

mniSvnelovanad iTvleboda. Targmani xels uwyobda ara<br />

marto axali ideebis Semotanas, aramed saazrovno<br />

instrumentariumis daxvewasac. igiQ<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>enis</strong><br />

ganviTarebisaTvis udides stimuls warmoadgenda. swored<br />

aRniSnulma garemoebebma, survilma imisa, rom Cemi<br />

mcireodeni wvlili Semetana <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriografiis<br />

winaSe mdgari mwvave problemebis gadaWraSi,<br />

gadamawyvetina da gamabedina xeli momekida iseTi rTuli<br />

da sapasuxismgeblo saqmisaTvis, rogoricaa Tanamedrove<br />

inglisuri enidan Teoriuli xasiaTis naSromis<br />

qarTulad gadmoReba.<br />

winamdebare gamokvlevaSi warmodgenili yvela<br />

Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa Tanabrad misaRebi ar aRmoCndes<br />

qarTveli specialistebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

gaiziareben Tu ara Tavad smiTis Tu mis mier ganxilul<br />

sxva avtorTa midgomebs, me Rrmad var darwmunebuli, es<br />

wigni unda waikiTxon qarTvelma humanitarebma Tu<br />

socialur mecnierebaTa specialistebma. xom<br />

aucilebelia, rom sakiTxebs vsvamdeT da vwyvetdeT im<br />

mniSvnelovani gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic<br />

nacionaluri ganviTarebis istoriis kvlevaSi ukve<br />

6

dagrovilia mTeli msoflios masStabiT. piradad me<br />

eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis, eTnikuri erTobebis<br />

(eTnieebis) da naciebis Sesaxeb smiTis Tvalsazrisi<br />

kargad dasabuTebulad da praqtikuli istoriografiuli<br />

saqmianobisaTvis nayofierad mimaCnia. kerZod, CemTvis<br />

misaRebia, rom nacionalizmSi mecnieri arc absolutur<br />

borotebas xedavs, arc absolutur sikeTes, udgeba mas<br />

yovelgvari (eTikuri TvalsazrisiT) Sefasebis gareSe,<br />

rogorc kanonzomier sazogadoebriv movlenas, romelic<br />

arsebobda, arsebobs da, safiqrebelia, rom momavalSic<br />

iarsebebs. marTebulad mimaCnia, agreTve, Tvalsazrisi<br />

Tanamedrove naciebis kulturuli, socialuri Tu<br />

politikuri saxis xangrZlivi eTnikuri ganviTarebis<br />

Sedegad Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb, maTi eTnikuri<br />

fesvebisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, xolo Tavad<br />

eTnikurobis upiratesad subieqturi faqtorebis, kerZod,<br />

erTobis wevrTa preferenciebis sibrtyeSi gaazreba.<br />

winamdebare wigni smiTis fundamenturi vrceli<br />

gamokvlevebis mokle versiaa. kargia, rom smiTis<br />

naSromebidan pirvel rigSi swored is miewodeba qarTvel<br />

mkiTxvels: mas SeuZlia dagvexmaros sakiTxis arsSi<br />

erTbaSad gaverkveT. magram ramdenadac es wigni<br />

mosaxerxebelia mkiTxvelisaTvis, rogorc vrceli<br />

koncefciis mokled gadmocema, imdenad rTulia<br />

mTargmnelisaTvis. im obieqtur sirTuleebs, rac axlavs<br />

samecniero teqstis gramatikulad sruliad<br />

gansxvavebuli inglisuri enidan qarTulad gadmoRebas,<br />

emateba avtoris uaRresad SemWidroebuli stilis<br />

mizeziT gamowveuli sirTuleebi. me vcdilobdi rac<br />

SeiZleba axlos vyofiliyavi dedanTan rogorc azris,<br />

ise avtoris Txrobis maneris gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

yvelafer amis qarTul yalibSi Camosxma ki <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

Targmanis redaqtoris – rusudan amirejib–mal<strong>enis</strong><br />

damsaxurebaa.<br />

TargmanTan dakavSirebul yvela problemaze,<br />

bunebrivia, winasityvaobaSi ver mivuTiTeb. mxolod<br />

ramdenime faqtTan dakavSirebiT minda gavakeTo mokle<br />

SeniSvna. kerZod, Sevexebi cnebebs, romlebic<br />

uTargmnelad iqna danarCunebuli; romlebic iTargmna,<br />

magram ganmartebas saWiroebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> ekvivalentis<br />

7

arCevani; avtoris Taviseburi gadmocemis maneris<br />

mimaniSnebel calkeul SemTxvevebs; <strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis<br />

erTgvarad xelovnur zog gamoTqmas.<br />

mkiTxvelis gakvirveba SeiZleba gamoiwvios iman,<br />

rom nacionalizmis Sesaxeb dawerili wignis qarTul<br />

TargmanSi termin ers praqtikulad ver SexvdebiT.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, es ukanaskneli warmoadgens uZveles,<br />

didi Sinagani resursis mqone <strong>qarTuli</strong> termins, romlis<br />

uzogadesi mniSvneloba aris adamianTa krebuli (Cvenjgufi).<br />

Sua saukunebSi igi umTavresad socialuri azris<br />

matarebeli iyo, eTnikuri Cven-jgufis aRsaniSnavad ki<br />

sxva sityvebi gamoiyeneboda, magaliTad, naTesavi. eris<br />

eTnikuri Cven-jgufis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba XIX<br />

saukunidan daiwyes. man faqtobrivad sruliad Caanacvla<br />

Zvel saqarTveloSi eTnikuri Cven-jgufis aRmniSvneli<br />

yvela sxva termini. es qarTveluri Cven-jgufis wevrTa<br />

mier jgufuri kavSirebis xasiaTis gaazrebaSi<br />

Tvisebrivad axali etapis dasawyisi iyo. eri, iseve<br />

rogorc naTesavi, koleqtivs aRniSnavda, magram misgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, erSi geneturi erTianoba, rogorc Cvenjgufis<br />

arsebobis safuZveli, aqcentirebuli ar iyo<br />

(Tumc, cxadia, arc gamoiricxeboda). amave saukunidan<br />

daiwyo eris gamoyeneba evropuli naciis Sesatyvisad.<br />

Tumc arc dRes da miTumetes arc maSin, isini azrobriv<br />

zustad ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs (razedac yuradReba<br />

ukve iyo gamaxvilebuli qarTvelologiur specialur<br />

literaturaSi). swored amitom, gaugebrobis da<br />

yovelgvari orazrovnebis Tavidan asacileblad,<br />

gadavwyvite konkretulad am wignis (romelic terminebis<br />

definiciebs uTmobs sagangebo yuradRebas) qarTul<br />

TargmanSi dedniseuli nation yvelgan naciad gadmomeRo.<br />

miTumetes, rom qarTuls arc is da arc misgan<br />

warmomdgari termini nacionalizmi eucxoeba. am dargis<br />

meore umTavresi cnebac eTnikuri SeuZlebelia<br />

gadmoqarTuldes da es, vfiqrob, aravisTvis sakamaTo ar<br />

aris. Tu ufro zogadad mivudgebiT sakiTxs, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom qarTulSi ucxo terminebis damkvidrebas ar<br />

unda vufrTxodeT da yvelafrisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

Sesatyvisebis Ziebam zedmetad ar unda gagvitacos (ilia:<br />

‘<strong>enis</strong> gamdidreba sxvisa sityvebiTa ers ar daamdablebs,<br />

8

Tu ar aamaRlebs’). Targmanma rom Tvalsawieri<br />

gagvifarToos, misi kiTxvisas Cven unda davinaxoT, rom is<br />

Teoriebi, romlebic araqarTul samyaroSi warmoiSva,<br />

axalia ara marto azrobrivad, aramed ucxo da axalia<br />

enobrivi inventariTac.<br />

identoba (identity), iseve rogorc nacia, laTinuri<br />

warmomavlobis sityvaa da zogadad igiveobas niSnavs.<br />

Tumca am wignis gacnobis Semdeg mkiTxveli Tavadac<br />

darwmundeba, rom es sulac araa sakmarisi identobis,<br />

rogorc sociologiuri terminis, ganmartebisaTvis.<br />

amitomac Sevikave Tavi <strong>qarTuli</strong> ekvivalentiT misi<br />

Secvlisagan. aseve uTargmnelad vtoveb smiTis mier<br />

gamoyofili paradigmebis saxelwodebebs primordializms,<br />

perenializms, modernizms: primordial – Tavdapirveli,<br />

sawyisi, pirvelqmnili; perennial – mudmivi, gangrZobadi,<br />

uWknobi; modern – Tanamedrove, axali.MaRniSnulma<br />

sityvebma, rogorc terminebma, sruliad specifikuri<br />

Sinaarsi SeiZina, rasac, cxadia, Cveulebrivi leqsikoni,<br />

romlidanac zemoT moxmobili ganmartebebia amokrebili,<br />

ver asaxavs.<br />

aseve gadavwyvite ar mecada <strong>qarTuli</strong> ekvivalenti<br />

gamomeZebna sityvisaTvis vernacular, romelic<br />

zemodasaxelebulTa msgavsad Tavad inglisurs<br />

laTinuridan aqvs nasesxebi. igi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT<br />

ixmareba: mSobliuri, xalxuri, adgilobrivi ena,<br />

dialeqti. eTnikuri da nacionaluri kvlevebis<br />

konteqstSi vernakuluri ena niSnavs eTnikuri erTobis<br />

enas nacionaluri standartizebuli <strong>enis</strong> warmoqmnamde.<br />

qarTulSi socialuri ganviTarebis am niuansis<br />

aRmniSvneli termini aqamde Semotanili ar yofila. amis<br />

mizezi, vfiqrob, oria: qarTulma, romelic Tavidanve<br />

warmoadgenda liturgiis enas, adreve miaRwia sakmaod<br />

maRali xarisxis standartizebas da amitomac qarTul<br />

cnobierebaSi <strong>enis</strong> ganviTarebis iseTi mkafio texili,<br />

rogoric dasavleTi evropis qveynebisaTvis nacionalur<br />

standartizebul enaze gadasvlis faqti iyo, ar<br />

dafiqsirebula, yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi aRar gvaxsovs.<br />

nawilobriv ki, aRniSnuli viTareba aixsneba imiT, rom<br />

Teoriuli xasiaTis eTnikuri da nacionaluri kvlevebi<br />

9

CvenSi TiTqmis ar warmoebs da am mizeziT specialuri<br />

terminis saWiroebac ar warmoSobila.<br />

agreTve ar vTargmni sityvas loyalty – loialoba,<br />

romelic Zveli frangulidan aris inglisurSi Sesuli.<br />

igi ukve sakmaod gavrcelebulia qarTul sinamdvileSi<br />

sociologiur specialur literaturaSi Tu yoveldRiur<br />

sityvaxmarebaSi. samwuxarod, xSirad arasworadaa<br />

gagebuli, rogorc raRacisadmi, rbili, erTgvarad<br />

uprincipo, damokidebuleba. sinamdvileSi ki loialoba<br />

niSnavs erTgulebas, umetesad politikuri azriT, anu<br />

erTgulebas saxelmwifo instituciebis da politikuri<br />

xelisuflebis mimarT.<br />

inglisur enaSi damkvidrebul im ucxo sityvebs<br />

Soris, romlebic me qarTulad vTargmne, pirvel rigSi<br />

aucilebelia ganmartebis micema civic mniSvnelobisaTvis.<br />

es laTinuridan momdinare sityvaa da, zogadi azriT,<br />

qalaqTan dakavSirebuls niSnavs. misi <strong>qarTuli</strong> zusti<br />

Sesatyvisebia saqalaqo an samoqalaqo. am sityvebma<br />

qarTvel mkiTxvels SeiZleba asociaciebi aRuZras<br />

specifikurad qalaqis mowyobasTan dakavSirebul<br />

movlenebTan an samxedroebisagan gansxvavebul<br />

pirovnebebTan. am ukanasknelT ki inglisuri<br />

gansxvavebuli <strong>for</strong>miT (civil) gadmogvcems. ramdenadac<br />

wignSi saubaria nacionalizmis tipze, romelic nacias<br />

instutucionalur loialobaze dafuZnebul moqalaqeTa<br />

erTobad ganixilavs (sisxliT naTesaobis principiT<br />

Sekruli erTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnikuri<br />

nacionalizmis sapirispirod), <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanis<br />

redaqtorTan sakiTxis xangrZlivi ganxilvis Semdeg,<br />

gadavwyvite civic gadmomeRo rogorc moqalaqeobrivi,<br />

Tumc adre, zogi kolegis msgavsad, civic nacionalizmTan<br />

kavSirSi vTargmnidi, rogorc samoqalaqos (qarTulSi<br />

ukve farTod damkvidrebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />

analogiiT).<br />

rac Seexeba sityvas public, me igi vTargmne sityviT<br />

sajaro. Cveulebriv igi gvevlineba kulturis<br />

msazRvrelad da kulturis saxelmwifos mier marTul<br />

standartizebul Tanamedrove tips aRniSnavs. mxolod<br />

ganaTlebasTan wyvilSi maqvs me es sityva naTargmni,<br />

rogorc saxalxo, radgan <strong>qarTuli</strong> sinamdvilisaTvis<br />

10

termin saxalxo ganaTlebis gamoyenebas sakmaod myari<br />

tradicia aqvs. sxva SemTxvevebSi saxalxo an xalxuri<br />

winamdebare TargmanSi Seesatyviseba sityvas popular. am<br />

laTinuridan momdinare sityvas inglisurSi<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi konotacia<br />

(farTod cnobiloba da miRebuloba) ar gaaCnia. igi<br />

xalxSi gavrcelebulobaze miuTiTebs, rac garkveul<br />

konteqstebSi niSnavs, rom saqme exeba ara maRal,<br />

elitarul kulturas, aramed masobrivi moxmarebis, da<br />

amitom mdare kulturis tips.<br />

qarTul politikur da sociologiur leqsikaSi<br />

damkvidrebulia sityva TviTgamorkveva. misi ekvivalenti<br />

inglisur enaSi aris self-determination. magram smiTi<br />

adamianTa erTobebze marto maT mier politikuri <strong>for</strong>mis<br />

miRebis SemTxvevaSi ar laparakobs, xSirad mxedvelobaSi<br />

kulturuli aspeqtebi aqvs da amitom TviTgamorkvevis<br />

semantikuri vels arapolitikuri mniSvnelobis mqone<br />

sityvebis mTel speqtrs iyenebs. bunebrivia, me Sevecade<br />

ar gameRaribebina dednis azri, ris gamoc<br />

TviTgamorkvevis gverdiT gamoviyene iseT sityvebi,<br />

rogoric aris TviTgamoxatva, TviTgansazRvra,<br />

TviTcnobiereba, TviTcnoba. yvela es sityva kompozitia<br />

da mis pirvel nawils TviTi warmoadgens. marTalia,<br />

qarTulSi es sityva bolo dromde calke ar ixmareboda<br />

(Tu ar CavTvliT epizodur SemTxvvevebs), magram<br />

vfiqrob, misi damkvidreba inglisuri self Sesatyvisad<br />

aucilebelia (TviToba – selfhood). termini meoba, romelic<br />

zogjer imave azriT gamoiyeneba, aseve xelovnuria, Tanac<br />

adamianTa erTobasTan mimarTebaSi aSkarad arazustic,<br />

rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, imaze, rom mas erTgvari<br />

yoveldRiuri <strong>enis</strong> elferic dakravs. es wigni ki<br />

mecnierulia da, Sesabamisad, misi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanis<br />

enas vfiqrob, unda etyobodes gansxvavebuloba<br />

yoveldRiuri <strong>qarTuli</strong>sagan.<br />

dasavleTSi eTnikuri da nacionaluri kvlevebis<br />

gaintensiureba umTavresi fenomenebis ufro niuansuri<br />

wvdomis saSualebas iZleva. amitom mecnierebis<br />

aRniSnuli sferosaTvis ucxo araa axal terminTa<br />

SemoReba, Zveli sityvebisaTvis axali Sinaarsis miniWeba,<br />

Taviseburi samecniero Jargonis gaCena da a.S. sasurvelia,<br />

11

es qarTvelma mkiTxvelmac igrZnos. zogierTi, erTi<br />

SexedviT, arabunebrivi Tu moulodneli sityvis<br />

TargmanSi gamoyenebac amiT aris ganpirobebuli. kerZod,<br />

mkiTxveli gadaawydeba <strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis dRemde ucnob<br />

sityvas naciadyofna (nationhood). eTnikuri da nacionaluri<br />

kvlevebis sferoSi mecnieruli diskursis qarTul enaze<br />

srulyofilad warmodg<strong>enis</strong>aTvis am terminis gamoyenebac<br />

aucilebelad meCveneba.<br />

amave mosazrebiT, e.i. <strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero <strong>enis</strong><br />

gamdidrebis surviliT, vxelmZRvanelobdi, roca frazaSi<br />

core concept sityvas core azrobrivi ekvivalenti ki ar<br />

gamovuZebne, aramed zustad vTargmne, rogorc birTvi, ris<br />

Sedegad miviReT kompoziti birTvi-cneba, romelic,<br />

vfiqrob, Teoriuli mecnieruli azris gadmocemisaTvis<br />

Zalze mosaxerxebelia. M<br />

mkiTxveli Sexvdeba araerT moulodnel frazas,<br />

romelic, erTi SexedviT, arasrulyofili Targmnis<br />

Sedegad SeiZleba moeCvenos. ufro dakvirvebiT wakiTxvis<br />

Semdeg ki, ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi gasagebi gaxdeba.<br />

magram me mainc Tavidanve Sevecdebi sicxadis Setanas<br />

zogierT axal terminTan dakavSirebiT. agrarul-wignieri<br />

(agro-literary) nacionalizmis cnobili mkvlevris gelneris<br />

mier Semotanili cnebaa. igi preindustriuli<br />

sazogadoebis kulturaze miuTiTebs. TviTigiveobrivi<br />

(self-same) erToba ki im debatebis anareklia, romelic<br />

erTi da imave saxelis matarebeli erTobebis Sinagani<br />

arsis cvlileba-ucvlelobis Taobaze mimdinareobs.<br />

swored am sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli pozicia<br />

warmoadgens nacionalizmisa da naciebis Sesaxeb azrTa<br />

sxvadasxvaobis mTavar maprovocirebel faqtors.<br />

gadasadnobi qvabi (melting pot) im doqtrinis aRmniSvneli<br />

xatovani gamoTqmaa, romlis mixedviTac, amerikuli<br />

identoba amerikaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri da nacionaluri<br />

erTobebis SerwymiT unda Camoyalibebuliyo. wignSi<br />

naxavT sityvas aspirant community, romelic me CvenSi<br />

arsebuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT maZiebel erTobad<br />

vTargmne. aq is faqtia aqcentirebuli, rom adamianTa<br />

erTobebi naciis statusis maZiebelni arian.<br />

imisaTvis, rom megrZnobinebina smiTis gadmocemis<br />

da msjelobis Taviseburi stili, Segnebulad davinarCune<br />

12

amdenime, <strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis erTgvarad xelovnuri momenti.<br />

aseTia, magaliTad, fenomenebis arsobrivi daxasiaTebisas<br />

mravlobiTis gamoyeneba: naciebi da eTnieebi aris<br />

ganxilvis sagani da ara nacia da eTnie. davinarCune,<br />

agreTve, dedniseuli stili paragrafebis saTaurebis<br />

erTi nawilis arasruli kiTxviTi frazis saxiT<br />

ga<strong>for</strong>mebisa. avtori mkafiod ar ayalibebs am kiTxvebs,<br />

isini TiTqos daeWvebis fiqrebia, da ara dasmuli<br />

SekiTxvebi.AarcTu iSviaTad, dedanSi gvxdeba gamoTqmebi<br />

frangul, germanul, laTinur enebze. me isinic ucvlelad<br />

gadmovitane, rogorc aseve avtoris stilis<br />

Taviseburebaze mimaniSnebeli faqtebi. vfiqrob, maTi<br />

umravlesoba mkiTxvelisaTvis savsebiT gasagebia, Tu<br />

arada, maTi Sinaarsis gageba Sesabamisi leqsikonebis<br />

daxmarebiT araviTari sirTule ar iqneba. rac Seexeba<br />

sakuTar saxelebs, me maTTan dakavSirebiT vcdilobdi<br />

damecva erTi principi: isini inglisurad gamoTqmis<br />

mixedviT gadmomeca, Tu amaSi ar mzRudavda ukve<br />

damkvidrebuli dawerilobis tradicia.<br />

Targmanze muSaobisas TavianTi sasargeblo<br />

rCevebiT didi daxmareba gamiwies mark malenma da levan<br />

CxartiSvilma, risTvisac orives uRrmes madlobas<br />

movaxseneb.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom mec da <strong>qarTuli</strong> gamocemis<br />

redaqtorsac Zalisxmeva ar dagviSurebia, rom mkiTxvels<br />

Sinaarsobrivad adekvaturi da stilisturad gamarTuli<br />

teqsti mieRo, calkeuli xarvezebisagan es gamocema, ra<br />

Tqma unda, dazRveuli ver iqneba. yvela saqmiani SeniSvna<br />

didi madlierebiT iqneba miRebuli.<br />

13<br />

mariam CxartiSvili

Introduction <strong>for</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> Edition<br />

As a country of ancient culture and traditions Georgia has always<br />

attracted the attention of western scholars. Modern Georgia is a subject of<br />

their interest as well. However the in<strong>for</strong>mation one can find in the relevant<br />

literature is still scanty. The topics according to which historical<br />

descriptions or generalizations are usually arranged are sometimes<br />

disappointing <strong>for</strong> they ignore the theoretical achievements of modern social<br />

sciences. This prevents one from going deeper in perceiving the rich<br />

historical heritage of the country associated with the Golden Fleece and the<br />

Lord Tunic and modern <strong>Georgian</strong> state born as a result of the Rose<br />

Revolution. The reason <strong>for</strong> this undoubtedly lies in the long isolation of<br />

<strong>Georgian</strong> academics from western colleagues, in the fact that during the<br />

many years of Marxian social science, they practically had no alternative.<br />

When in the last year Professor Mary Chkhartishvili approached to<br />

me concerning the translation of my books into <strong>Georgian</strong> I chose <strong>for</strong> this<br />

purpose two of my recent publications: Nationalism. Theory, Ideology,<br />

History and The Nation in History. Historiographical Debates about<br />

Ethnicity and Nationalism. The first of these is a present volume. This book<br />

aims to provide a short introduction to the concept of nationalism. My<br />

purpose throughout is twofold: in the first place, to outline the key debates<br />

in the field as clearly as possible, and, second, to offer my own ethnosymbolic<br />

account.<br />

I should like to record my gratitude to Professor Mary<br />

Chkhartishvili <strong>for</strong> her ef<strong>for</strong>t in translating my book. My thanks also to the<br />

Director of the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> Language, Mrs. Rusudan<br />

Amirejibi–Mullen, who being a professional linguist took the trouble of<br />

editing the <strong>Georgian</strong> text.<br />

I was told that the present publication is designed as a gift <strong>for</strong> the<br />

participants at the conference on National and Religious Identities. I salute<br />

them and would be indeed very happy if the translation will help <strong>Georgian</strong><br />

academics and students in their professional activities.<br />

14<br />

Anthony D. Smith

Sesavali <strong>qarTuli</strong> gamocemisaTvis<br />

saqarTvelo, rogorc uZvelesi kulturisa da<br />

tradiciebis qveyana, yovelTvis ipyrobda dasavleli<br />

mecnierebis yuradRebas. Tanamedrove saqarTveloc maTi<br />

interesis sagans warmoadgens. Tumca in<strong>for</strong>macia, romlis<br />

moZiebac SeiZleba Sesabamis literaturaSi, jer kidev Zalzed<br />

mwiria. Temebi, romelTa garSemoc, Cveulebriv, Tavs iyris<br />

istoriuli aRwerilobani Tu ganzogadebani zogjer<br />

imedgacruebas iwvevs, radganac maTSi ar aris<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli Tanamedrove socialuri mecnierebis<br />

Teoriuli miRwevebi. yovelive es xels uSlis im qveynis<br />

umdidresi istoriuli memkvidreobis Rrma wvdomas, romelic<br />

oqros sawmisTan, uflis kvarTTan da vardebis revoluciaSi<br />

naSob Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTan asocirdeba.<br />

amis mizezi, ueWvelia, dasavlel kolegaTagan qarTveli<br />

mecnierebis xangrZlivi izolaciaa, is faqtia, rom mravali<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi maTTvis ar arsebobda marqsistuli<br />

socialuri mecnierebis raime alternativa.<br />

roca gasul wels profesorma mariam CxartiSvilma<br />

mommarTa Cemi wignebis qarTulad TargmnasTan dakavSirebiT, am<br />

miznisaTvis ori bolodroindeli publikacia SevurCie:<br />

nacionalizmi. Teoria, ideologia, istoria da nacia istoriaSi.<br />

istoriografiuli debatebi eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis<br />

Sesaxeb. winamdebare tomi pirveli maTgania da miznad isaxavs<br />

nacionalizmis koncefciis mokle mimoxilvas. me orgvari<br />

amocana davisaxe: pirveli, SeZlebisdagvarad, srulad gadmovce<br />

am dargSi mimdinare kamaTis ZiriTadi arsi; da meore, mkiTxvels<br />

sakuTari eTnosimbolisturi Tvalsazrisi SevTavazo.<br />

madliereba minda gamovxato profesor mariam<br />

CxartiSvilisadmi wignis Targmanze gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis.<br />

agreTve madloba minda gadavuxado <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>enis</strong> <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong><br />

<strong>centri</strong>s direqtors qalbaton rusudan amirejib–malens,<br />

romelmac, rogorc profesionalma lingvistma, Tavs ido<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> teqstis redaqtireba.<br />

rogorc Sevityve, es publikacia konferenciis erovnuli<br />

da sarwmunoebrivi identoba monawileTa saCuqrad aris<br />

gamiznuli. me mivesalmebi maT da namdvilad bednieri viqnebi,<br />

Tu es Targmani qarTvel mecnierebsa da studentebs maT<br />

profesiul saqmianobaSi waadgeba.<br />

15<br />

Eentoni d. smiTi

Sinaarsi<br />

________________________________<br />

winasityvaoba 18<br />

Sesavali 21<br />

1 cnebebi 26<br />

‘nacionalizmis’ mniSvnelobebi 26<br />

ganmartebebi 31<br />

2 ideologiebi 46<br />

fundamenturi idealebi 49<br />

birTvi-cnebebi 55<br />

nacionalizmi, rogorc kultura da religia 62<br />

voluntarizmi da organicizmi 65<br />

‘eTnikuri’ da ‘moqalaqeobrivi’ nacionalizmebi 69<br />

3 paradigmebi 74<br />

modernizmi 76<br />

perenializmi 81<br />

primordializmi 84<br />

eTnosimbolizmi 91<br />

daskvna 96<br />

4 Teoriebi 98<br />

ideologia da industrializmi 98<br />

goneba da emocia 106<br />

politika da kultura 113<br />

konstruireba da reinterpretacia 119<br />

daskvna 129<br />

16

5 istoriani 130<br />

‘didi naciebi’, patara eTnieebi 131<br />

naciebi nacionalizmamde 136<br />

naciebi antikur epoqaSi? 148<br />

naciebi istoriaSi: alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi 154<br />

daskvna 167<br />

6 perspeqtivebi 170<br />

mzardi nacionalizmi 170<br />

nacia-saxelmwifos dasasruli? 173<br />

hibriduli identobani? 178<br />

nacionalizmis gaqroba? 182<br />

momxmarebeli sazogadoeba 184<br />

globaluri kultura? 187<br />

internacionalizebadi nacionalizmi 190<br />

araTanabari eTnoistoriebi 194<br />

sakraluri safuZvlebi 197<br />

daskvna 201<br />

SeniSvnebi 203<br />

damowmebani 224<br />

17

winasityvaoba<br />

________________________________<br />

es wigni nacionalizmis cnebis ganmartebis mokle<br />

Sesavals warmoadgens. igi miznad isaxavs studentebsa da<br />

sxva dainteresebul mkiTxvels am sakiTxis garSemo<br />

arsebuli didi samecniero literaturis imgvari<br />

kritikuli sinTezi SesTavazos, romlis fokusSic<br />

moqceulia mxolod Teoriuli naSromebi, da ara<br />

empiriuli gamokvlevebis mTeli korpusi. Cemi ZiriTadi<br />

amocanaa nacionalizmis cnebis sxvadasxva Teoriuli,<br />

ideologiuri da istoriuli aspeqti da am sferoSi<br />

sakiTxis ganmartebebis ZiriTadi paradigmebi ganvixilo.<br />

es uciloblad gulisxmobs momdevno TavebSi<br />

ideologiad, moZraobad da simbolur enad gagebuli<br />

‘nacionalizmidan’ yuradRebis gadatanas misi mimarTebis<br />

obieqtisaken – ‘naciisaken’, romelic sakamaTo cnebaa da<br />

gaiazreba, rogorc erTobis <strong>for</strong>ma da institucionaluri<br />

qceva. praqtikaSi es ori koncefcia mWidrodaa<br />

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, da, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT,<br />

Tavidan unda aviciloT maTi Serwyma, vinaidan<br />

SesaZlebelad mimaCnia ganvasxvavoT naciis kategoriis<br />

sxvadasxva <strong>for</strong>ma nacionalizmis ideologiis<br />

gamoCenamdec da am ukanasknelis warmoSobis arealis<br />

miRmac.<br />

me ara maqvs pretenzia amgvar mokle wignSi raime<br />

amomwuravi ganmarteba warmovadgino. iZulebuli gavxdi<br />

ugulebelmeyo da gamometovebina zogierTi sfero. iseT<br />

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli debatebisaTvis, rogoricaa<br />

liberalizmi da nacionalizmi, genderi da nacia,<br />

mkiTxvels vTxov Sesabamis dargebSi ukve arsebul farTo<br />

literaturas mimarTos, xolo Cemi zogadi<br />

msjelobebisaTvis nacionalizmi da modernizmi ixilos.<br />

garda amisa, Tumca wignis saerTo organizeba da<br />

gadmocemis stili Cemi, rogorc naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis Taobaze mimdinare debatebis aqtiuri<br />

18

monawilis, Sexedulebebs asaxavs, am debatebis<br />

mimarTulebaTa aRwerisas, gansakuTrebiT meoTxe TavSi,<br />

Cemi upirvelesi sazrunavi iyo, rac SeiZleba, naklebi<br />

adgili dameTmo saganze sakuTari SexedulebebisaTvis.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, mexuTe TavSi mainc Sevecade naciis<br />

alternatiuli istoriis monaxazi momeca. imedi maqvs<br />

erTgvari warmodgena Sevqmeni im vnebaTaRelvasa da<br />

sirTuleebze, rac gasuli naxevari saukunis<br />

ganmavlobaSi am sferoSi mimdinare debatebs axlda Tan,<br />

da amave dros SevZeli warmomedgina mkafio CarCo,<br />

romelic nacionalizmis kvlevaSi Setanili sxvadasxva<br />

wvlilis iolad aRqmas gaxdida SesaZlebels.<br />

msurs madloba movaxseno jon tomsons da<br />

gamomcemloba politis, romlebmac mTxoves<br />

meTanamSromla socialuri mecnierebis sakvanZo cnebebis<br />

seriasTan da siita persauds teqstis xelnaweris<br />

gadabeWdvaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. Tumca yovel<br />

Secdomasa da xarvezze, iseve rogorc aq gamoTqmul<br />

Sexedulebebze, pasuxismgebloba mTlianad me mekisreba.<br />

19<br />

entoni d. smiTi<br />

londonis ekonomikis skola

Sen daasaxle yoveli kaci Tavis adgilas,<br />

siriisa da nubiis qveynebSi, egviptis miwaze,<br />

Sen moec maT yovelive, rac saWiroa:<br />

yvelas aqvs sakvebi, da misi sicocxlis dro miTvlili.<br />

maTi enebi gansxvavebulia metyvelebisas,<br />

iseve rogorc maTi buneba;<br />

radgan Sen ganasxvave ucxo xalxebi.<br />

…<br />

yvela Soreul ucxo qveyanas Senve mianiWe sicocxle,<br />

radgan Sen daamkvidre zecaSi nilosi,<br />

…<br />

nilosi zecaSia, is ucxo xalxebisTvisaa …<br />

20<br />

(himni atons)

Sesavali<br />

________________________________<br />

es mokle wigni miznad isaxavs nacionalizmis<br />

cneba im mkiTxvelebsa da studentebs warmoudginos,<br />

romlebisTvisac aRniSnuli sfero ucnobia. wigni<br />

fokusirebulia nacionalizmze, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

rogorc ideologiaze, magram, agreTve, rogorc<br />

socialur moZraobasa da simbolur enaze, da mis<br />

mniSvnelobebs, nairsaxeobebs da wyaroebs ikvlevs. es<br />

gardauvlad moiTxovs nacionalizmTan dakavSirebuli<br />

iseTi cnebebis ganxilvasac, rogoricaa nacia,<br />

nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri saxelmwifo. amis<br />

Sedegia, rom winamdebare naSromis CarCoebi farTo da<br />

uciloblad disciplinaTaSorisia: kerZod, igi iyenebs<br />

iseT disciplinebs rogorebicaa istoria, sociologia,<br />

politikuri mecniereba, <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> urTierTobebi da<br />

garkveulwilad anTropologia; am ukanasknels imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac eTnikurobis momijnave sferoc saWiroebs<br />

garkveul yuradRebas, radganac eTnikuri identobani da<br />

sazogadoebani naciebisa da nacionalizmis istoriuli da<br />

socialuri fonis did nawils Seadgens, risi Cvenebac,<br />

imedia, SevZeli.<br />

am Temis mniSvnelovneba ar SeiZleba eWvs iwvevdes<br />

masSi, vinc odnav mainc icnobs 1989 wels berlinis<br />

kedelis dacemis Semdgom ganviTarebul movlenebs.<br />

mxolod ramdenime im mraval <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> krizisTagan,<br />

romlebic ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi<br />

ganviTarda, ar Seicavda eTnikuri sentimentisa da<br />

nacionalisturi miswrafebebis Zlier komponents,<br />

zogierTi ki (maT Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia<br />

yofili iugoslavia, kavkasia, indoeTis naxevarkunZuli<br />

da axlo aRmosavleTi) saerTodac amgvari grZnobebis da<br />

miswrafebebis Sedegad gaCaRda da kidec ganisazRvra<br />

maTiT. eseni yvelaze mwvave da Znelad dasamorCilebeli,<br />

21

Sewirul sicocxleTa Tu resursebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

yvelaze ZviradRirebuli konfliqtebi aRmoCnda, yvelaze<br />

Seuvali mTavrobaTa da sxvaTa mcdelobebisaTvis<br />

gaeTavisebinaT Sesabamisi mxareebis interesebi, da<br />

yvelaze metad smenadaxSuli megobrebisa da mtrebis<br />

Txovnebis Tu muqarebis mimarT.<br />

magram sagazeTo statiebis saTaurebis,<br />

konfliqtebisa da ‘cxeli’ nacionalizmiT gamowveuli<br />

Zaladobis maTeuli aRwerilobebis garda, Cven<br />

<strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> urTierTobebis ufro stabilur da<br />

wyalobad miCneul struqturasac vxdebiT, romelic<br />

ayalibebs da mimarTulebas aZlevs Tanamedrove<br />

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebsa da movlenebs. es aris<br />

is, rac xSirad ‘naciaTa msofliod’ iwodeba. am frazis<br />

qveS igulisxmeba ara naciebisa da nacia-saxelmwifoebis<br />

arsobrivi konkretuloba, aramed, umeteswilad,<br />

politikuri ruka da institucionaluri da emociuri<br />

CarCo, romlis SigniT da romlis meSveobiTac<br />

pirovnebebi, movlenebi da cvlilebaTa ufro farTo<br />

procesebi TavianT kvals toveben da wvlili SeaqvT ukve<br />

gamokveTil gardaqmnebze, agrZeleben Tanamedrove<br />

msoflios <strong>for</strong>mirebas. maikl biligi (Billig 1995) am rukas<br />

da am CarCos yoveldRiur, ‘banalur’ nacionalizms<br />

uwodebs, nacionalizms, romelic bunebrivad aris<br />

Caqsovili cxovrebasa da politikaSi, marad CvenTan<br />

myofi da odnav SesamCnevi, igi msgavsia im ‘droSisa,<br />

romelic ar frialebs’.<br />

magram nacionalizmis mniSvnelovneba mxolod<br />

politikis sferoTi ar Semoifargleba. mas kulturuli<br />

da inteleqtualuri Sinaarsic aqvs, radgan Cvens<br />

msoflxedvas da simboloTa sistemas ‘naciaTa msoflio’<br />

gansazRvravs. me ar vamtkiceb, rom nacionalizms<br />

ramdenadme mniSvnelovani xarisxis inteleqtualuri<br />

Tanmimdevruloba an Tundac filosofiasTan kavSiris is<br />

tradicia moepoveba, romelic liberalizmisa da<br />

socializmisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom nacionalizms aklda didi moazrovneebi, man, an<br />

umjobesia vTqvaT, naciis cnebam, mravali gavleniani<br />

inteleqtuali miizida: mwerlebma, msaxiobebma,<br />

kompozitorebma, istorikosebma, filologebma,<br />

22

pedagogebma – herderidan, burkedan, rusodan<br />

moyolebuli da dostoevskiT, sibeliusiT, diego<br />

riveraTi, ikbaliT damTavrebuli – didi energia Sealies<br />

sakuTari naciebis identobebisa da saxeebis aRmoCenasa da<br />

warmoCenas.<br />

naciisa da, Sesabamisad, nacionalizmis<br />

kulturuli da fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba ufro Rrmac<br />

kia. nacionalizmis sayovelTaooba, gavlena, romelic<br />

aqvs mas dRes sxvadasxva kontinentze mcxovreb<br />

milionobiT adamianze, cxadyofs mis unars aRanTos<br />

‘xalxi’, gamoZaxili hqondes maTSi da isini imdagvarad<br />

garemoicvas, rogorac es adre mxolod religias SeeZlo.<br />

es miuTiTebs nacionalizmis enasa da ideologiaSi<br />

simboluri elementebis rolis, naciis da mis mimarT<br />

ganxorcilebuli qmedebebis Sesaxeb diskursis moraluri,<br />

ritualuri Tu emociuri aspeqtebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />

yuradRebis miqcevis aucileblobas. ar aris sakmarisi,<br />

rom konkretuli nacionaluri (nacionalisturi)<br />

diskursi garkveul politikur aqtorebs an socialur<br />

jgufebs davukavSiroT, maSinac ki, roca pirvels<br />

ukanasknelTa socialuri pozicidan da maTi<br />

maxasiaTeblebis meSveobiT ganvixilavT. nacionalizms<br />

Tavisi sakuTari wesebi, ritmi, maxsovrobani aqvs,<br />

romelnic maT matarebel pirovnebaTa interesebs ufro<br />

metadac ki ayalibeben, vidre Tavad isini moxazaven maT<br />

konturebs, mosaven ra maT TvalsaCino ‘nacionalisturi’<br />

politikuri <strong>for</strong>miT da warmarTaven ra maT kargad<br />

nacnobi nacionaluri miznebisaken.<br />

nacionalizmis swored es wesebi, ritmebi da<br />

maxsovrobani aris is, rasac me konkretulad Sevexebi am<br />

wignSi. isini qmnian xids Zalis politikasa da socialur<br />

interesebs, gare samyarosa da nacias, misTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli cnebebis, simboloebis da emociebis Sida<br />

samyaros Soris. Tavis mxriv, amgvari midgoma<br />

ganapirobebs im meTods, romlis saSualebiTac vageb<br />

dasabuTebas am wignSi. es argumentacia utrialebs am<br />

dargis safuZvelSive mdebare umTavres gagebiT<br />

‘paradigmebs’ da im politikur, istoriografiul da<br />

sociologiur debatebs, romelTac isini sawvaviT<br />

amarageben. es debatebi difuziuri da farTo diapazonis<br />

23

mqonea. isini araTu nacionalizmis konkurent<br />

ideologiebs, aramed calkeuli Teoriebis Sejaxebasac ki<br />

ar Seexeba. isini moicaven umTavres terminebTan<br />

dakavSirebul ukidures winaaRmdegobebs, naciis<br />

sxvadasxva, urTierTisagan Zalian daSorebul istoriebs<br />

da sapirispiro Sexedulebebs ‘mermisis saganTa <strong>for</strong>mebze’.<br />

am debatTagan da gansxvavebaTagan TiToeuli calcalke<br />

ganxilvis Rirsia. iseTi sakvanZo cnebebis da<br />

terminebis ganmartebaTa mimoxilvis Semdeg, rogorebicaa<br />

‘eTnie’, ‘nacia’, ‘nacionalizmi’ da ‘nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifo’, sakuTar gzas gavikvlev am danaRmul velze<br />

da ganvixilav nacionalizmis ideologias, ufro zustad,<br />

ideologiebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, ‘organicistul’ da<br />

‘voluntaristul’ midgomebs Soris mimdinare debatebs da<br />

Sevexebi sakamaTo sakiTxs nacionalizmis ‘birTvidoqtrinis’<br />

Taobaze.<br />

mesame Tavi sakiTxebis ganmartebas da<br />

‘modernistul’ da sxva midgomebs Soris ZiriTad<br />

gamyofze msjelobas eZRvneba. Sesabamisad, am TavSi<br />

mimoixileba axsnis oTxi umTavresi paradigmis –<br />

modernizmis, primordializmis, perenializmis da<br />

eTnosimbolizmis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani, gamoikveTeba<br />

maTi Teoriuli urTierTmimarTeba. meoTxe Tavi am<br />

diskusias imis CvenebiT agrZelebs, rom dargSi mimdinare<br />

ZiriTadi Teoriuli debatebi naciebisa da nacionalizmis<br />

warmoSobisas ideologiis rolze, racionalur arCevanze,<br />

Tanamedrove saxelmwifosa da socialur agebulebaze am<br />

oTxi paradigmidan momdinareobs da avlens maT Sesabamis<br />

Zalasa da sazRvrulobas.<br />

mexuTe TavSi naCvenebia ‘naciis istoriebis’ –<br />

axalis, Suasaukunoebrivisa da Zvelis – mimarTeba<br />

konkretuli Teoriebisa da maTi umTavresi<br />

paradigmebisadmi. amis Semdeg moxmobilia argumentebi<br />

eTnosimbolisturi interpretaciis sasargeblod,<br />

romelic Tanamedrove naciebs winare xanis eTniesTan<br />

miTebiT, simboloebiT, maxsovrobebiT, RirebulebebiT da<br />

tradiciiT akavSirebs. bolo TavSi ganxilulia naciebis<br />

da nacionalizmis perspeqtiva eTnikuri aRorZinebis,<br />

globalizaciisa da mzardad hibriduli identobebis<br />

‘postmodernistul’ epoqaSi, da, agreTve, naciebisa da<br />

24

nacionalizmis momavlis postmodernistuli da<br />

konstruqcionistuli gagebebis da kulturuli<br />

eTnosimbolisturi interpretaciebis sargeblianoba.<br />

mTel wigns ori mizani gamsWvalavs: pirvel rigSi,<br />

me vcdilob am sferoSi mimdinare debatebi,<br />

SeZlebisdagvarad, mkafiod warmovadgino. meores mxriv,<br />

mkiTxvels vTavazob sakuTar eTnosimbolistur<br />

Tvalsazriss. cxadia, es ar aris ioli amocana.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar midgomas me gansxvavebuli<br />

poziciebidan vayalibeb (da vicav), gacnobierebuli maqvs,<br />

rom saWiroa am SezRudul moculobaSi, rac SeiZleba,<br />

meti alternatiuli Teoria da interpretacia movicva,<br />

uzrunvelvyo mkiTxveli saWiro in<strong>for</strong>maciiTa da<br />

argumentebiT imisaTvis, raTa mas saSualeba mieces Tavad<br />

gansajos. amisTvis ki vcdilob srulyofilad<br />

warmovaCino naciebisa da nacionalizmis fenomenebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebani mecnierTa Soris. am sakamaTo<br />

sferoSi problemebis gadaWris da konsensusis miRwevis<br />

ioli gza ar arsebobs, magram dResdReobiT Cven met<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macias vflobT kamaTsa da uTanxmoebaSi sxvadasxva<br />

faqtorisa da gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis rolis<br />

Sesaxeb. es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro naTlad<br />

davinaxoT sfero da misi problemebi da, Sesabamisad,<br />

momavalis amocanebic. aseTi suliskveTebiT vTavazob<br />

winamdebare wigns am sferoSi damwyebT.<br />

25

1<br />

cnebebi<br />

________________________________<br />

erTaderTi Tvalsazrisi, romelTan<br />

dakavSirebiTac specialistebs Soris Tanxmoba sufevs, is<br />

gaxlavT, rom ‘nacionalizmi’ sakmaod axali cnebaa. misi<br />

uadresi, ramdenadme mainc socialuri da politikuri<br />

mniSvnelobiT xmareba dafiqsirebulia XVIII saukunis<br />

miwuruls germaneli filosofosis iohan gotfrid<br />

herderisa da frangi kontrrevolucioneri klerikalis<br />

abat avgustin de baruelis SromebSi. es cneba sakmaod<br />

iSviaTad ixmareboda XIX saukuneSic. ‘nacionalizmis’<br />

(‘nationalism’) pirveli gamoyeneba inglisurad 1836 wels,<br />

rogorc Cans, Teologiur datvirTvas atarebda, kerZod,<br />

garkveuli naciebis RvTiTrCeulobis doqtrinas<br />

aRniSnavda. aqedan moyolebuli Cndeba tendencia misi<br />

nacionalur egotizmTan gaigivebisa. magram, Cveulebriv,<br />

upiratesoba nacionaluri Tavdadebis Tu nacionaluri<br />

individualobis gamomxatvel sxva terminebs eniWeboda,<br />

iseTebs, rogorebicaa ‘nationality’ da ‘nationalness’. 1<br />

‘nacionalizmis’ mniSvnelobebi<br />

realurad, mxolod gasul saukuneSi SeiZina<br />

nacionalizmma mniSvnelobaTa is diapazoni, romelTanac<br />

Cven dRes mas vakavSirebT. nacionalizmis sityvaxmarebis<br />

umniSvnelovanesi SemTxvevebia:<br />

(1) naciebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis an zrdis procesi;<br />

(2) naciisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba an cnobiereba;<br />

(3) naciis ena da simbolizmi;<br />

(4) socialuri da politikuri moZraoba naciis<br />

saxeliT;<br />

26

(5) naciis doqtrina an ideologia, rogorc zogadi,<br />

ise kerZo.<br />

sityvaxmarebis am SemTxvevebs Soris pirveli –<br />

naciebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis procesi – Zalze zogadia da Tavad<br />

moicavs im specifikuri procesebis rigs, romlebic<br />

nacionalizmis sagans xSirad terminis sxva, SedarebiT<br />

viwro, mniSvnelobebiT warmogvidgens. amitomac<br />

umjobesia, rom igi Semdgomi msjelobisaTvis<br />

SemovinaxoT, roca termin ‘nacias’ ganvixilavT.<br />

danarCeni oTxi SemTxvevidan meore – nacionaluri<br />

cnobiereba an grZnoba – sxvaTagan frTxil<br />

gamocalkevebas saWiroebs. isini, rasakvirvelia, mWidrod<br />

arian dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan, magram srulebiTac<br />

ar ganapirobeben erTimeores. ase, magaliTad, adamians<br />

SeiZleba nacionalurobis Rrma SegrZneba hqondes<br />

simbolizmis, naciis saxeliT moZraobis an ideologiis<br />

ararsebobis pirobebSic. es iyo im rTuli mdgomareobis<br />

mizezi, romelSic XVI saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCnda<br />

nikolo makiaveli, roca misi mowodebani italielebis<br />

mimarT, rom Crdiloeli barbarosebis winaaRmdeg<br />

gaerTianebuliyvnen, rCeboda xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa<br />

Sina. meore mxriv, jgufma SeiZleba nacionaluri<br />

cnobierebis maRali done aCvenos, magram ar hqondes raime<br />

xelSesaxebi ideologia, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT naciis<br />

saxeliT warmarTul politikur moZraobaze. Tumca,<br />

rogorc Cans, jgufs mainc unda moepovebodes<br />

nacionaluri simboloebis da miTebis garkveuli<br />

raodenoba. kontrasti, erTis mxriv, nacionalizms,<br />

rogorc organizebul ideologiur moZraobasa da, meores<br />

mxriv, nacionaluri kuTvnilebis SedarebiT difuziur<br />

grZnobas Soris, sakmaod naTelia da saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />

nacionaluri cnobierebis Tu grZnobis cnebebi<br />

nacionalizmisagan gancalkevebulad ganvixiloT imisda<br />

miuxedavad, rom xSirad praqtikaSi isini garkveuli<br />

xarisxiT gadafaraven urTierTs. 2<br />

amitom terminiT nacionalizmi am wignSi misi<br />

gamoyenebis ukanaskneli sami SemTxveva aRiniSneba: ena da<br />

simbolizmi, socialur-politikuri moZraoba da naciis<br />

ideologia. magram amasTan erTad, is garemoebac unda<br />

27

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom TiToeuli maTgani mocemuli<br />

mosaxleobis did nawilSi Tu ara, Tavad nacionalistebs<br />

Soris mainc ueWvelad, garkveuli doziT nacionaluri<br />

grZnobis arsebobas gulisxmobs, radgan igi, rogorc<br />

wesi, mosaxleobis ufro aqtiuri da organizebuli<br />

seqtorebis bevrad ufro did, ufro pasiur da<br />

danawevrebul segmentebTan dakavSirebas emsaxureba.<br />

nacionalizmi, rogorc socialur-politikuri<br />

moZraoba, sxvebisagan principulad ar ganirCeva<br />

organizebis, moqmedebebis Tu teqnikis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

garda erTi Taviseburebisa: es aris yuradRebis<br />

gamaxvileba kulturis simwifesa da mis warmoCinebaze.<br />

nacionalizmis ideologia naciis kulturaSi CaRrmavebas<br />

moiTxovs – istoriis xelaxal aRmoCenas, adgilobrivi<br />

<strong>enis</strong> aRorZinebas (iseTi disciplinebis meSveobiT,<br />

rogoricaa filologia da leqsikografia), literaturis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT dramisa da poeziis ganviTarebas,<br />

adgilobrivi xelovnebisa da xelosnobis, aseve musikis,<br />

mSobliuri cekvisa da xalxuri simRerebis aRdgena-<br />

SenarCunebas. amiT aixsneba, is garemoeba, rom<br />

nacionalistur moZraobebs xSirad Tan sdevs<br />

kulturuli renesansebi da kulturuli aqtiurobis is<br />

mdidari mravalferovneba, romlis gamowvevac SeuZlia<br />

nacionalizms. Cveulebriv, nacionalisturi moZraoba<br />

iwyeba ara saprotesto SekrebiT, deklaraciiT an<br />

SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobiT, aramed literaturuli<br />

sazogadoebebis SeqmniT, istoriuli kvleviT, musikis<br />

festivalebiT da kulturuli JurnalebiT – im saxis<br />

kulturuli qmedebebiT, romelTac miroslav hroCi<br />

aRmosavleT evropaSi nacionalizmebis aRmocenebisa da<br />

gavrcelebis pirvel, arsebiT fazad miiCnevs. amas<br />

SegviZlia davumatoT mravali momdevno nacionalizmic<br />

koloniur afrikasa da aziaSi. Sedegad, ‘humanitari’<br />

inteleqtualebi – istorikosebi da filologebi,<br />

msaxiobebi da kompozitorebi, poetebi, mwerlebi da<br />

reJisorebi disproporciulad arian warmodgenilni<br />

nacionalistur moZraobebSi da aRorZinebebSi (Argyle 1969;<br />

Hroch 1985). 3<br />

met yuradRebas imsaxurebs nacionalizmis ena da<br />

simbolizmi da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi, romelTa<br />

28

ganxilvasac am wignSi SexvdebiT. nacionalizmis <strong>enis</strong> an<br />

diskursis simbolizmisgan gancalkevebiT ganxilva<br />

marTebuli ar iqneba, radganac isini metad mWidrod<br />

ukavSirdebian nacionalizmis ideologias. marTlac,<br />

nacionalizmis sakvanZo cnebaTa Taviseburi ena ayalibebs<br />

misi birTvi-doqtrinis Sinagan komponentebsa da misTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel ideologiebs. enas, am gagebiT, me<br />

ganvixilav meore TavSi saTauriT ideologia. 4<br />

meores mxriv, nacionalizmis simbolizmi<br />

dedamiwaze imdenad ganmeorebadia, rom, saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia misi gamocalkeveba sakuTari<br />

ideologiuri CarCodan. nacionaluri simbolizmi,<br />

rasakvirvelia, gamoirCeva Tavisi obieqtis – naciis<br />

yovlismomcvelobiT, iseve rogorc, misi damaxasiaTebeli<br />

niSnebis konkretulobiTa da cxovelmyofelobiT.<br />

yovelive koleqtivis TviTdasaxelebiT iwyeba, risi<br />

TvalsaCino magaliTic gaxlavT ukanaskneli periodis<br />

dava makedoniis saxelwodebis garSemo.<br />

nacionalistebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc veronas mosisxle<br />

ojaxebisaTvis, vards sasiamovno surneli ver eqneboda,<br />

sxva saxeli rom rqmeoda. TviTdasaxelebis SerCevas an<br />

warsulidan gadmoRebas Sesabamisi jgufis wevrebSi<br />

naciis gansakuTrebulobis, heroizmis da bedisweris<br />

gancdis gaRvivebis daniSnuleba aqvs. igive viTarebaa<br />

nacionalur droSebTan da himnebTan dakavSirebiTac: maTi<br />

ferebi, <strong>for</strong>mebi da modelebi, da maTi leqsebi da musika<br />

naciis gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs warmoaCens da miznad<br />

isaxavs martivi <strong>for</strong>mebisa da ritmebis saSualebiT<br />

mocemul mosaxleobaSi unikaluri istoriis da/an<br />

bedisweris cxoveli SegrZnebis gamowvevas. TiTqmis<br />

ugulebelyofilia is faqti, rom ucxo TvalisTvis<br />

mraval droSas Soris sxvaoba minimaluria da, rom<br />

himnTa teqstebi Tematikis viwro diapazoniT xasiaTdeba.<br />

samagierod didi yuradReba eqceva im mniSvnelobaTa<br />

potencias, romelic amgvari niSnebis saSualebiT<br />

gadaecema naciis wevrebs. is faqti, rom yovel nacias<br />

Tavi moaqvs sakuTari dedaqalaqiT, nacionaluri krebiT,<br />

nacionaluri fulis moWriT, pasportebiTa da<br />

sazRvrebiT, brZolebSi daRupulTa mosagonari<br />

urTierTmsgavsi ceremoniebiT, samxedro aRlumebis<br />

29

ekvizitebiT da nacionaluri ficiT, iseve rogorc<br />

musikis, xelovnebis, mecnierebis nacionaluri<br />

akademiebiT, nacionaluri muzeumebiTa da biblioTekebiT,<br />

nacionaluri ZeglebiT da omSi daRupulTa<br />

memorialebiT, dResaswaulebiTa da uqmeebiT Tu sxv., da<br />

is faqtic, rom amgvari simboloebis nakleboba didi<br />

nacionaluri deficitis niSania, miuTiTebs: nacionalurma<br />

simbolizmma sakuTari arseboba SeiZina, romelic<br />

globalur Sedarebebs efuZneba da gamokveTs nacionalur<br />

gansakuTrebulobasa da analogiurobas vizualur da<br />

semantikur ‘naciaTa msoflioSi’. nacionalur simboloTa<br />

erToblioba saziaro maxsovrobebis, miTebisaYda<br />

Rirebulebulebis meSveobiT naciis SemosazRvrulobis<br />

naTlad gamoxatvas, warmoCinebas da ganmtkicebas,<br />

agreTve, misi wevrebis konsolidacias emsaxureba. 5<br />

nacionalur simbolizms aseve ver ganvixilavT<br />

nacionalizmis ideologiis cnebisagan mowyvetiT. es Cveni<br />

terminis ukanasknel da umTavres mniSvnelobas<br />

warmoadgens. nacionalizmis ideologia Zalas aniWebs da<br />

mimarTulebas aZlevs rogorc simboloebs, ise<br />

moZraobebs. socialur-politikuri moZraobis amocanebi<br />

ganisazRvreba ara qmedebebiT an personaluri<br />

SemadgenlobiT, aramed ideologiis ZiriTadi idealebiTa<br />

da principebiT. amgvaradve, nacionalizmisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi da ena <strong>for</strong>mas iZenen im<br />

rolis Sesabamisad, romelsac isini naciis idealebis<br />

ganviTarebasa Tu gamoRviZebaSi, nacionaluri<br />

ideologiis mier dasaxuli amocanebis gadaWrisaTvis<br />

xelSewyobaSi asruleben. maSasadame, es is ideologiaa,<br />

romelmac Cven unda uzrunvelgvyos terminis<br />

‘nacionalizmi’ sawyisi samuSao ganmartebiT, ramdenadac<br />

misi Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba im ideologiebiT, romlebic<br />

nacias sakuTari interesebisa da ganzraxvebis centrSi<br />

aTavseben da acalkeveben mas sxva, momijnave<br />

ideologiebisagan (ix. Motyl 1999: Tavi 5).<br />

30

ganmartebebi<br />

nacionalizmi<br />

nacionalizmis ideologia mravalgvarad iyo<br />

gansazRvruli, magram ganmartebaTa umravlesobas<br />

urTierTgadafarva da saerTo Temebi axasiaTebs. mTavar<br />

Temas, rasakvirvelia, naciisadmi gansakuTrebuli<br />

damokidebuleba warmoadgens. nacionalizmi aris<br />

ideologia, romelic nacias Tavisi interesebis centrSi<br />

aqcevs da eswrafvis xeli Seuwyos mis keTildReobas.<br />

magram es ganmarteba sakmaod bundovania. ganmartebaSi<br />

aucilebelad unda gamoikveTos da dajgufdes is mTavari<br />

amocanebi, romelTa saxeliTac eswrafvis nacionalizmi<br />

naciis keTildReobis xelSewyobas. aseTi sazogado<br />

mizani samia: nacionaluri avtonomiuroba, nacionaluri<br />

erTianoba da nacionaluri identoba. nacionalistis<br />

azriT, naciis SenarCunebisTvis garkveulwilad samive<br />

maTgania aucilebeli. aqedan gamomdinare SevarCieT<br />

nacionalizmis Semdegi samuSao ganmarteba: ‘ideologiuri<br />

moZraoba im mosaxleobis avtonomiurobis, erTianobis da<br />

identobis miRweva-SenarCunebisaTvis, romelic misi<br />

zogierTi wevris mier ganixileba rogorc arsebuli an<br />

potenciuri “nacia” ’.<br />

es aris samuSao ganmarteba, dafuZnebuli<br />

TviTmarqvia nacionalistTa warmosaxviTi idealebis<br />

saerTo elementebze da amitomac igi Tavisi xasiaTiT,<br />

induqciuria. aSkaraa, rom is amokrebiT, gamartivebulad<br />

warmogvidgens nacionalistTa idealebs, ris gamoc iZens<br />

raRac zogad, idealur-tipur xasiaTs. es ganmarteba<br />

ideologias mizanmimarTul moZraobasTan akavSirebs,<br />

radgan nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia, savaldebulod<br />

miiCnevs garkveuli saxis qmedebebs. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

moZraobis amocanebs ideologiis birTvi-cnebebi<br />

gansazRvraven da mijnaven mas sxva saxis moZraobisagan.<br />

Tumca, ideologiasa da moZraobas Soris mWidro<br />

kavSiri araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aviwroebs<br />

nacionalizmis cnebas mxolod damoukideblobis maZiebel<br />

moZraobebamde. ganmartebaSi naxsenebi sityva<br />

‘SenarCunebisaTvis’ aRiarebs nacionalizmis mudmiv<br />

31

gavlenas im naciebSi, romlebic didi xania arseboben da<br />

maTSic, romlebmac axlaxan miiRes damoukidebloba. amis<br />

gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania, roca gvixdeba<br />

nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi da maT mTavrobebSi<br />

‘ganaxlebuli nacionalizmis’ analizi CavataroT,<br />

rogorc es jon brilim gaakeTa (Breuilly 1993).<br />

Cems mier SemoTavazebuli ganmarteba moicavs<br />

‘naciis’ cnebas, magram is ar gulisxmobs, rom naciebi<br />

‘maT’ nacionalizmebze uwinaresad arseboben. sityvebi ‘an<br />

potenciuri “nacia” ’ xazs usvams iseT situacas, rodesac<br />

abstraqtuli ‘naciis’ zogadi koncefciiT SeiaraRebuli<br />

nacionalistTa mcire jgufi, eswrafvis ‘miwaze’ Seqmnas<br />

konkretuli nacia. Cven xSirad vxvdebiT nacionalizms<br />

naciebis, maTi naciebis, gareSe, gansakuTrebiT, afrikisa<br />

da aziis postkoloniur qveynebSi. aseTi nacionalizmebis<br />

mier damoukideblobis, an ufro zogadad, politikur<br />

miznebis miRweva araa SezRuduli. isini, rogorc vnaxavT,<br />

kulturisa da sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan sferoebs<br />

moicaven; kerZod, nacionaluri identobis ideali<br />

ukavSirdeba kulturul sakiTxebs, romelTac sxva<br />

ideologiebi ugulebelyofen. yoveli nacionalizmi<br />

miznad isaxavs miaRwios nacionaluri identobis ama Tu<br />

im dones, magram sabolood isini yovelTvis ubrundebian<br />

naciis ideals. 6<br />

eTnie da nacia<br />

maS rogorRa ganvmartoT ‘naciis’ cneba?<br />

eWvgareSea, rom es yvelaze ufro problematuri da<br />

saWirboroto terminia am sferoSi. gvxdebian iseTnic,<br />

romlebic mis gareSec gavidodnen fons. Carlz tili,<br />

axasiaTebs ra nacionalizms rogorc ‘politikuri<br />

leqsikonis yvelaze gaugebar da tendenciur statias’<br />

(Tilly 1975: 6), amjobinebs yuradReba saxelmwifoze<br />

gadaitanos, e.i. cnebaze, romelic Tavadac ar gaxlavT<br />

martivi. sul axlaxan, rojers brubeikerma naciis cnebis<br />

materializebis safrTxeze imiT migviTiTa, rom naciebs<br />

Sexeda, rogorc ‘substanciur, drois gamocdisadmi medeg,<br />

koleqtivebs’. igi amtkicebs, rom Cven unda ‘vifiqroT<br />

nacionalizmze naciebis gareSe’ da SevxedoT ‘naciebs<br />

32

ogorc praqtikis kategoriebs, nationhood, rogorc<br />

institucionirebad kulturul da politikur <strong>for</strong>mas,<br />

xolo nationness, rogorc gauTvaliswinebel an SemTxveviT<br />

movlenas’ (Brubaker 1996:@21).<br />

am sifrTxiles orgvarad SeiZleba gamovexmauroT.<br />

pirveli pasuxi nacionalisturi ideologiis wris SigniT<br />

moqmedebs. am gagebiT, nacionalizmi wina planze<br />

wamoswevs naciis ideiT gamowveul saxalxo sentimentebs.<br />

am ideologiur diskursSi nacia gancdadi da cocxali<br />

erTianobaa, isaa, rac misi wevrebisagan garkveuli saxis<br />

qmedebebs moiTxovs. igi erTdroulad, qceviTi<br />

kategoriacaa da warmosaxviTic. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

naciis ‘substanciuroba’ da ‘droSi medegoba’ (iseve<br />

rogorc sxva saxis erTobebSi) ganmeorebad SedegebSi<br />

arsebobs. analitikosma gancdili realoba naciis<br />

gamocalkevebuli cnebis meSveobiT unda miiRos<br />

mxedvelobaSi, ise rom am ukanasknelis materializebas<br />

ar Seecados. 7<br />

meore pasuxi ufro farTo problemas ukavSirdeba.<br />

Tuki naciis cneba win uswrebs nacionalizmis<br />

ideologias, maSin Cven aRar SegviZlia misi, rogorc<br />

ubralod nacionalisturi praqtikis kategoriis,<br />

daxasiaTeba. amasTanave, Tu msjelobaSi XVIII saukunis<br />

miwuruls nacionalisturi ideologiebis gamoCenamde<br />

arsebul Zvel naciebs vexebiT, naciis cnebis iseTi<br />

ganmarteba dagvWirdeba, romelic nacionalizmis<br />

ideologiisagan damoukidebelia, magram mas ar<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba. es aris nacionalizmis kvlevis udidesi<br />

problema da gadaulaxavi mijnac. 8<br />

nacias mravalgvarad ganmartaven, maT Soris<br />

‘obieqtur’ faqtorebze, enaze, religiasa da tradiciebze,<br />

teritoriasa da instituciebze dayrdnobiT, iseve<br />

rogorc ‘subieqtur’ faqtorebze – damokidebulebebze,<br />

percefciebze, sentimentebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT.<br />

‘obieqturi’ faqtorebia wamyvani, magaliTad, ioseb<br />

staliniseul ganmartebaSi: ‘nacia aris adamianTa<br />

istoriulad Camoyalibebuli myari erToba, warmoSobili<br />

<strong>enis</strong>, teritoriis, ekonomikuri cxovrebisa da im<br />

fsiqikuri wyobis bazaze, romlis gamoxatulebaa<br />

kulturis erToba’ (Stalin 1973: 61). naciis ‘subieqturi’<br />

33

ganmartebis TvalsaCino magaliTs benediqt andersonTan<br />

vxdebiT: ‘nacia aris warmosaxviTi politikuri<br />

sazogadoeba, warmosaxviTi erTdroulad Tvisebrivi<br />

SemosazRvrulobisa da suverenulobis TvalsazrisiT’<br />

(Anderson 1991: 6).<br />

eWvgareSea, rom es ganmartebebi naciis cnebis<br />

mniSvnelovan niSnebs gamoyofs, magram orives SeiZleba<br />

SevedavoT. ramdenadac ‘obieqtur’ ganmartebebs<br />

pirobiToba axasiaTebs, TiTqmis yovelTvis, da zogjer<br />

sruliad ganzraxuladac, isini naciebis siidan<br />

gamoricxaven zogierT farTod aRiarebul nacias.<br />

rogorc maqs veberma (Weber 1948) aCvena, ver xerxdeba<br />

wminda ‘obieqturi’ kriteriumebis – ena, religia,<br />

teritoria da a.S. – gavrceleba zog naciaze. amis<br />

sapirispirod ‘subieqturi’ definiciebi metismetad<br />

zogadad udgebian sakiTxs. naciisa da nacionaluri<br />

kuTvnilebis kriteriumebad sentimentebis, nebelobis,<br />

warmosaxvis da percefciis miCneviT, Zneli xdeba naciis<br />

garCeva sxva saxis erTobebisagan, magaliTad,<br />

iseTebisagan, rogorebicaa regionebi, tomebi, qalaqsaxelmwifoebi<br />

da imperiebi, romelTac msgavi subieqturi<br />

maxasiaTeblebi moepovebaT. 9<br />

problema rom yvelasaTvis misaRebad gadaiWras,<br />

unda SeirCes imgvari kriteriumebi, romlebic obieqtur<br />

speqtrsac moicavs da subieqtursac. am strategiam bevr<br />

saintereso da gamosadeg ganmartebamde migviyvana, Tumca<br />

ver mivaRwieT samecniero konsensuss. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

mkvlevarTa umetesoba or sakiTxSi mainc Tanxmdeba: nacia<br />

ar aris saxelmwifo da is ar aris eTnikuri erToba.<br />

nacia ar aris saxelmwifo, radgan saxelmwifos<br />

cneba ukavSirdeba institucionalur qmedebebs, maSin<br />

roca nacia erTobis tips warmoadgens. saxelmwifos cneba<br />

SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc avtonomiuri instituciebis<br />

simravle, romelic gamocalkevebulia sxva<br />

instituciebisagan, da romelic legitimurad flobs<br />

iZulebisa da eqstrdiciis monopolias mocemul<br />

teritoriaze. naciis cnebisaTvis es yvelaferi sruliad<br />

ucxoa. naciebi, rogorc vTqviT, aRiqmebian rogorc<br />

cocxali erTobebi, romelTa wevrebsac saziaro aqvT<br />

samSoblo da kultura.<br />

34

nacia arc eTnikuri erTobaa, radgan, miuxedavad am<br />

fenomenTa msgavsebisa (orive koleqtiuri kulturuli<br />

identobebia), eTnikur erTobas, Cveulebriv, ar axasiaTebs<br />

politikuri mimarTeba da bevr SemTxvevaSi mas ara aqvs<br />

sajaro kultura da teritoriuli ganzomilebac ki ar<br />

gaaCnia, radganac eTnikuri erTobisaTvis ar aris<br />

aucilebeli Tavisi istoriuli teritoriis fizikurad<br />

floba, maSin, rodesac nacias unda ekavos sakuTari<br />

teritoria imden xans mainc, rom naciad Camoyalibeba,<br />

naciadyofna moaswros da aRiareba moipovos. garda amisa,<br />

mas sWirdeba TviTgamorkveva da sajaro kulturis<br />

ganviTareba garkveul donemde. meores mxriv, rogorc<br />

vnaxeT, naciisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris hqondes<br />

sakuTari suverenuli saxelmwifo, arsebiTia garkveuli<br />

zomis avtonomiurobisaken swrafva, rac samSoblo miwis<br />

fizikur dakavebas gulisxmobs. 10<br />

Tumca praqtikaSi naciebsa da eTnikur erTobebs<br />

(an, franguli termini rom gamoviyenoT, eTnieebs) Soris<br />

arsebuli gamyofi xazi gamokveTili ar aris, Cven mainc<br />

gvWirdeba maT Soris azrobrivi mijnis SenarCuneba,<br />

rogorc amas marTebulad amtkicebs devid mileri. naciis<br />

(an mileris terminiT ‘nationality’) miseuli ganmarteba<br />

ganmartebaTa speqtris subieqturi bolosken ixreba (misi<br />

gamoyeneba SeiZleba qalaq-saxelmwifoebisa da satomo<br />

konfederaciebis mimarT), da Zalzed aaxloebs naciis<br />

cnebas eTnikuri erTobis cnebasTan: ‘nacia aris sakuTari<br />

gansxvavebuli sajaro kulturis mqone erToba, (1)<br />

Camoyalibebuli saziaro rwmeniTa da<br />

urTierTvaldebulebebiT, (2) ganfenili istoriaSi, (3)<br />

aqtiuri Tavisi xasiaTiT, (4) dakavSirebuli garkveul<br />

teritoriasTan da (5) sxva erTobebTan’ (Miller 1995: 27).<br />

eTnieebi aseve saziaro rwm<strong>enis</strong>a da valdebulebebis<br />

safuZvelze arian Camoyalibebulni, aqvT saziaro<br />

maxsovrobebi da droSi gangrZobadoba, Cabmulni arian<br />

saerTo qmedebebSi, Cveulebriv, ukavSirdebian konkretul<br />

teritorias, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac ar floben mas.<br />

umTavresi sxvaoba isaa, rom eTnikur erTobebs ara aqvT<br />

sajaro kultura. miuxedavad amisa, mileris definicia<br />

naciis ramdenime mTavar atributs gamokveTs: kerZod, im<br />

faqts, rom naciebi arian erTobebi, rom maT aqvT saziaro<br />

35

wmenebi an miTebi, rom maT aqvT istoriebi da rom isini<br />

ukavSirdebian garkveul teritoriebs. SegviZlia ki am<br />

definiciis imgvari ganvrcoba, rom win wamoiwios rogorc<br />

damTxvevebi, ise sxvaobebi naciebsa da eTnieebs Soris?<br />

tabula 1.1 eTnieebisa da naciebis atributebi<br />

eTnie nacia<br />

TviTdasaxeleba<br />

saerTo miTebi winaprebis<br />

Sesaxeb da a.S.<br />

saziaro maxsovroba<br />

kulturuli niSani<br />

kavSiri mSobliur miwasTan<br />

solidaroba (elitaSi<br />

mainc)<br />

36<br />

TviTdasaxeleba<br />

saerTo miTebi<br />

saziaro istoria<br />

saerTo sajaro kultura<br />

samSoblos floba<br />

saerToOuflebamovaleobani<br />

erTiani ekonomika<br />

me nacias ganvsazRvrav rogorc ‘adamianTa<br />

TviTdasaxelebis mqone erTobas, romelsac ukavia<br />

samSoblo miwa da romelsac aqvs saerTo miTebi da<br />

saziaro istoria, saerTo sajaro kultura, erTiani<br />

ekonomika da yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo uflebamovaleobani’.<br />

Tavis mxriv, eTnie SeiZleba ganisazRvros,<br />

rogorc ‘adamianTa TviTdasaxelebis mqone erToba,<br />

romelic dakavSirebulia samSoblo miwasTan, aqvs saerTo<br />

miTebi winaparTa Sesaxeb, saziaro maxsovroba, saziaro<br />

kulturis erTi an meti elementi da garkveuli xarisxis<br />

solidaroba elitis SigniT mainc’. 11<br />

es ganmartebebi miviRoT samuSao ganmartebebad.<br />

isini, momdinareoben ra eTnieebisa da naciebis<br />

elitaruli wevrebis Sesabamisi rwmenebisa da<br />

sentimentebis stilizaciisagan, ‘naciisa’ da ‘eTnies’<br />

wmindad idealuri tipis realurad Semajamebel aRweras<br />

warmoadgenen da ar iZlevian saerTo denominatorTa sias.<br />

am mizeziTaa, rom es ganmartebebi avlenen tendencias<br />

gamokveTon naciebisa da eTnieebis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

elementebi da umTavresi gansxvavebani maT Soris. ufro<br />

iolad es SeiZleba gakeTdes orive saxis koleqtiuri

kulturuli identobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

atributebis gamoyofiT, imgvarad, rogorc es naCvenebia<br />

tabulaSi 1.1. is, rom eTnikuri erTobebi da naciebi erTi<br />

kategoriis fenomenebia, kargad Cans tabulis zeda<br />

naxevrSi: naciebs eTnieebTan saziaro niSnebi aqvT:<br />

koleqtiuri saxeli, saerTo miTebi da saziaro<br />

maxsovroba. meores mxriv, qveda naxevari aCvenebs, rom<br />

naciebi eTnieebisagan sxvaoben iseTi atributebiT,<br />

rogoricaa wevrebisaTvis saerTo ufleba-movaleobani da<br />

erTiani ekonomika. metic, naciis idealur tips axasiaTebs<br />

samSoblo miwis dakaveba, maSin roca eTnikur erTobebi<br />

SeiZleba mxolod simbolurad ukavSirdebodnen TavianT<br />

teritorias. msgavsad amisa, savaldebulo araa, rom<br />

eTnieebs hqondeT sajaro kultura, saWiroa mxolod<br />

ramdenime saerTo kulturuli elementis arseboba. es<br />

SeiZleba iyos ena, religia, tradicia an saziaro<br />

instituciebi, maSin roca saerTo sajaro kultura<br />

naciebis umTavres atributs warmoadgens. amasTanvea<br />

kavSirSi mesame atributic: eTnieebSi dadasturebuli<br />

mravalferovani zepiri tradicia naciebSi<br />

kodificirebuli, standartizebuli nacionaluri<br />

istoriiT icvleba. 12<br />

miuxedavad amisa, Secdoma iqneboda am sxvaobebSi<br />

raime sayovelTao evoluciuri Tanmimdevroba dagvenaxa.<br />

yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi<br />

vpoulobT eTnieebs naciebis gverdiT da maT SigniTac. is<br />

sakiTxi mainc xom unda daisvas, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba<br />

premodernuli epoqis eTnieebs Soris zogierTis naciad<br />

miCneva. amas dawvrilebiT mogvianebiT ganvixilav. rac<br />

axla SeiZleba iTqvas is aris, rom eTnies idealuri tipi,<br />

Tavisi SedarebiT Tavisufali organizaciiT, ufro<br />

zogadi cnebaa, xolo nacia ufro specifikuria; magram<br />

ufro ‘specifikurad’ gadaqcevis Sedegad, nacia xdeba<br />

ufro inkluziuri, ufro kompleqsuri da naklebad<br />

dakavSirebuli Tavis warmomSob eTnikur bazasTan iqac<br />

ki, sadac igi adre arsebuli eTniesagan aris<br />

warmoSobili. am paradoqsis gasaRebi, rogorc qvemoT<br />

davinaxavT, eTnikurobasa da kulturas, kulturasa da<br />

politikas Soris kavSirebis trans<strong>for</strong>maciaSi Zevs.<br />

37

yvelaferi es Zalze abstraqtuli da Teoriulia.<br />

idealuri tipebidan empiriul SemTxvevebze gadasvlisas<br />

Cven miaxloebebsa da gamonaklisebs gadavawydebiT. amis<br />

kargi magaliTia ‘nacia-diaspora’. mkacrad Tu vimsjelebT,<br />

aseTi fenomeni ar SeiZleba rom arsebobdes: nacias,<br />

rogorc davinaxeT, ukavia samSoblo, eTnieebisaTvis<br />

miwaze mxolod ocnebac sakmarisia. magram ra vuyoT im<br />

erTobebs, romelTac pretenzia aqvT naciebad<br />

iwodebodnen, magram somxebisa da ebraelebis msgavsad,<br />

saukuneebis manZilze dakarguli hqondaT<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba? SegviZlia ki Cven<br />

argumentirebulad ganvacxadoT, rom isini aRar arian<br />

naciebi, maSin, roca maT SeZles SeenarCunebinaT sajaro<br />

religiuri kulturebi, saerTo ufleba-movaleobebi da<br />

axali ekonomikuri niSac ki gamonaxes? es aris kiTxva,<br />

romelic calsaxa pasuxis saSualebas ar iZleva da<br />

migvaniSnebs, rom eTnieebisa da naciebis gasarCevad<br />

idealur tipebs frTxilad unda movekidoT. 13<br />

garda amisa, arseboben ‘polieTnikuri naciebic’,<br />

romlebic moicaven calkeul eTnieebs, ama Tu im mizeziT<br />

erTad SekrebilT, an iZulebiT erTad myofT, saerTo<br />

istoriis da politikuri maxsovrobebis mqoneT. belgiaSi,<br />

Sveicariasa da espaneTSi calkeuli eTnieebi ganagrZoben<br />

Tanaarsebobas (federaluri) saxelmwifos SigniT da maT<br />

wevrebs pretenzia aqvT, rogorc kerZo eTnikur, aseve<br />

saerTo-nacionalur identobaze. Sveicariis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

magaliTad, zogierTi uri cdilobda bernisagan<br />

kantonuri damoukideblobisaTvis mieRwia, magram maTi<br />

miswrafebani TvalsaCinod iyo zRvardebuli Sveicaruli<br />

‘nacionaluri identobiT’ da politikuri TvalsawieriT.<br />

sazogadod, Sveicarias SeuZlia iamayos garkveuli<br />

sajaro kulturiT, SemosazRvruli samSoblo miwiT,<br />

erTiani ekonomikiTa da moqalaqeTaTvis saerTo uflebamovaleobebiT,<br />

maSin roca TviT italiurenovan da<br />

frangulenovan kantonebsac ki raRac aqvT aRebuli<br />

Innenschweiz damfuZnebeli miTebidan da Zveli<br />

konfederaciis (Eidgenossenschaft) istoriuli<br />

maxsovrobebidan. ufro rTulad dgas sakiTxi espaneTsa<br />

da belgiaSi arsebul eTnieebTan – baskebTan,<br />

katalonielebTan, flamandrielebTan – dakavSirebiT,<br />

38

omlebic aseve warmoadgenen naciebs zemoT CamoTvlili<br />

kriteriumebis Tu naciadyofnisaken miswrafebis mixedviT.<br />

SesaZloa maTi miCneva ‘naciebad naciebis SigniT’?<br />

flamandrieli da katalonieli naciebi belgiel da<br />

espanel naciebSi? Tu ufro marTebuli da misaRebi<br />

iqneba maTze visaubroT rogorc naciebze ‘nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifos’ SigniT? (ix. Petersen 1975; Steinberg 1976).<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifo<br />

es imaTi poziciaa, vinc naciis cnebis mkacrad<br />

eTnicistur definicias moiTxovs. am SemTxvevis kargi<br />

magaliTia uolker konoris ideebiT savse naSromi.<br />

mkvlevris azriT, naciis da nacionalizmis cnebebi<br />

mkveTrad unda gaimijnos saxelmwifosa da patriotizmis<br />

cnebebisagan. amgvarad, belgiur da espanur<br />

‘patriotizmze’ man SeiZleba Tqvas, rom es aris<br />

loialoba ufro didi teritoriuli saxelmwifosa da<br />

misi instituciebisadmi da igi flamandriul da<br />

katalonur ‘eTnonacionalizmebs’ daupirispiros; am<br />

ukanasknels ki avtori ganmartavs rogorc winaprebTan<br />

damakavSirebel fsiqologiur jaWvs, romelic saboloo<br />

jamSi naTesauri sentimentebidan warmodgeba im<br />

SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saerTo warmomavlobis miTi ar<br />

Seesabameba (rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme) realur,<br />

biologiur warmomavlobas. amgvarive logikiT, konori<br />

britanul saxelmwifo patriotizms ganixilavs, rogorc<br />

inglisur, Sotlandiur da uelsur<br />

eTnonacionalizmebTan Tanaarsebuls (Connor 1994: 102, 202).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom analizisas amgvari mkveTri<br />

gamijvna gasaTvaliswinebelia, me mas mxars ver davuWer.<br />

aviRoT ukanaskneli magaliTi: ingliselebs, praqtikulad,<br />

yovelTvis uWirT ‘sakuTari’ inglisuri<br />

eTnonacionalizmis garCeva britanuli patriotizmisagan,<br />

romelsac isini aseve sakuTrad miiCneven. es araa<br />

ubralod imperialisturi refleqsi. es ufro imas<br />

asaxavs, Tu rogor ganicdeboda XVIII da XIX saukuneebSi<br />

inglisuri eTnikuri nacionalizmis ‘bunebrivi’<br />

gagrZeleba – britanuli patriotizmi, da Tu rogor<br />

ganixileboda britaneli nacia ingliselebis mier da ara<br />

39

mcirericxovani Sotlandielebis (‘Crdiloeli britebis’),<br />

iseve rogorc sxva naciebis mier, romlebic<br />

erTiandebodnen, saxlebodnen ra gaerTianebul samefoSi,<br />

miuxedavad ingliselTa dominantobis mimarT sagrZnobi<br />

da ganuwyveteli winaaRmdegobisa. Tu sabolood mainc<br />

ver moxerxda erTiani britaneli naciis Camoyalibeba,<br />

Sesustdeba Tu ara britanuli nacionalizmis<br />

winaaRmdegoba britanuli patriotizmis mimarT (konoris<br />

gagebiT, isini urTierTdapirispirebulia)? (Kearney 1990:<br />

Tavebi 7–8; Colley 1992: Tavi 1). 14<br />

msgavsi konceptualuri problemebi Cndeba<br />

frangul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiTac, sadac<br />

integraciis an, sul mcire, akulturizaciis procesi<br />

ufro Sorsac ki Cans wasuli. bretonelebi, baskebi,<br />

elzaselebi da korsikelebic ki (umciresobis<br />

gamoklebiT) SesaZloa arc ki eswrafvodnen<br />

damoukidebel saxelmwifoebriobas, Tumca maT<br />

moZraobaTa perioduli gamovlinebebi TviTgamorkvevis<br />

garkveul survils warmoaCens, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

kulturul da ekonomikur sferoSi. magram sadRa rCeba<br />

adgili frangobisaTvis? SesaZlebelia dominanturi<br />

franguli eTnonacionalizmi gamijnul iqnas aseve<br />

hegemonuri franguli saxelmwifo patriotizmisagan?<br />

rogor SegviZlia praqtikulad urTierTisagan<br />

ganvacalkevoT frangi nacia da safrageTi, nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifo, roca franguli nacionalizmis amdeni<br />

ZiriTadi simbolo politikuria? (ix. Gildea 1994).<br />

ueWvelia, rom gavlenianma frangulma magaliTma<br />

suli STabera saxelmwifosa da naciis gaerTianebis<br />

tendencias sxva konteqstebSic da xeli Seuwyo ‘naciasaxelmwifos’<br />

cnebis popularizacias. am Sedgenil<br />

terminTan dakavSirebiT ori problemaa. pirveli mis or<br />

komponents Soris urTierTobas Seexeba. Zalze xSirad<br />

Teoretikosebi saxelmwifos dominanturad, xolo nacias<br />

erTgvarad umcros partniorad an msazRvrelad miiCneven.<br />

naciis dinamikas kiMmcire yuradReba eTmoba. rac Seexeba<br />

nacionalizms, is fsiqologiur, saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

suverenitetis Tanmdev, epifenomenad iqceva. meore<br />

problema empiriuli xasiaTisaa: rogorc amas winaT<br />

uolker konorma miuTiTa, praqtikaSi iSviaTia<br />

40

monoliTuri ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’, roca saxelmwifo da<br />

nacia zustad emTxveva erTmaneTs, roca mocemul<br />

saxelmwifoSi zustad erTi naciaa da erTi saxelmwifoa<br />

mocemuli naciisaTvis; msoflio saxelmwifoebis TiTqmis<br />

90% polieTnikuria da maTgan daaxloebiT naxevari<br />

seriozuladaa danawevrebuli eTnikurad (Connor 1972;<br />

Giddens 1985: 216–220).<br />

garkveuli viTarebebis aRsawerad, iqneb sjobdes,<br />

ufro neitraluri terminis SerCeva, iseTis rogoricaa,<br />

magaliTad, ‘nacionaluri saxelmwifo’. es aris<br />

‘nacionalizmis principebiT legitimuri saxelmwifo,<br />

romlis wevrebs garkveulwilad axasiaTebT nacionaluri<br />

erTianoba da integracia (magram ara kulturuli<br />

homogenuroba)’. nacionaluri erTianobisa da integraciis<br />

cvladad miCneviT es definicia Tavidan icilebs<br />

‘nacionaluri araSesatyvisobis’ problemas, kerZod im<br />

faqts, rom naciaTa da saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi<br />

msoflioSi bevrgan ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. imave<br />

TvalsazrisiT Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT ‘saxelmwifonaciebze’,<br />

roca polieTnikuri saxelmwifoebi<br />

naciadyofnisaken miiswrafvian da cdiloben, rom Tavadac<br />

erTian (magram ara homogenur) naciebad gadaiqcnen<br />

urTierTSewyobisa da integrirebis gziT. aseTia situacia<br />

afrikisa da aziis ramdenime saxelmwifoSi. isini Seiqmnen<br />

koloniuri teritoriebisagan da dainarCunes koloniuri<br />

sazRvrebi da instituciebi (xSirad lingva frankac<br />

administraciuli miznebisaTvis). 15<br />

nacionaluri identoba<br />

‘nacionaluri identoba’ bolo terminia<br />

nacionalur fenomenebs Soris, romlis ganxilvac minda<br />

SemogTavazoT. man arcTu didi xnis win moipova<br />

popularoba, Secvala ra adrindeli terminebi –<br />

‘nacionaluri xasiaTi’, da mogviano termini ‘nacionaluri<br />

cnobiereba’, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneboda XVIII, XIX<br />

saukuneebSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. gaugebaria, Tu<br />

ratom unda momxdariyo es cvlileba. dRevandeli didi<br />

interesi identobisadmi SesaZloa Tanamedrove<br />

individualizmis yovlismomcveli tendenciis<br />

41

Semadgeneli nawili iyos; SeiZleba is areklavdes<br />

adamianTa SeSfoTebasa da gaucxoebas ganuwyvetliv<br />

fragmentirebad samyaroSi (ix. Kemilainen 1964; Bhabha 1990:<br />

Tavi 16).<br />

am sferoSi arsebuli sxva terminebis msgavsad,<br />

‘nacionaluri identoba’ aRniSnavs orives, rogorc<br />

nacionalizmis ideologiis centralur ideals, aseve<br />

analitikur cnebas. nacionalistur ideals momdevno<br />

TavSi davubrundebi. amjerad ki am, dRes farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli, cnebis samuSao ganmarteba minda<br />

warmovadgino: ‘nacionaluri identoba aris naciis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli memkvidreobis Semadgenel RirebulebaTa,<br />

simboloTa, maxsovrobaTa, miTTa, tradiciaTa saxeebis<br />

kvlavwarmoeba da reinterpretacia da am saxeebTan da<br />

memkvidreobasTan (misi kulturuli elementebiTurT)<br />

individebis mier sakuTari Tavis identifikacia’.<br />

am ganmartebisaTvis orgvari urTierTmimarTebaa<br />

gadamwyveti: pirveli – analizis koleqtiur da<br />

individualur doneebs Soris, da meore – identobis<br />

mudmivobasa da cvalebadobas Soris. Zalian xSirad erTi<br />

komponenti meoris xarjze win wamoiweva da Tu<br />

nacionaluri identobis cnebis azris Cawvdoma gvsurs,<br />

unda SevinarCunoT maT Soris wonasworoba.<br />

identobis doneebi. dRes bevrs saubroben eTnikur<br />

da nacionalur identobaTa ‘situaciur’ xasiaTsa da<br />

Tanamedrove msoflioSi ‘multiidentobebis’<br />

mravalricxovnobaze. am moduri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,<br />

Cveni identificireba xdeba koleqtivebis mTel<br />

mravalferovnebasTan – ojaxTan, sqesis kategoriasTan,<br />

regionTan, profesiul jgufTan, partiasTan da eTniesTan.<br />

situaciis mixedviT, Zalian iolad SegviZliaEerTi<br />

identobidan meoreSi gadasvla. erTsa da imave dros Cven<br />

SegviZlia viyoT colebi an qmrebi, qristianebi an<br />

musulmanebi, specialistebi an muSebi, iseve rogorc<br />

garkveuli regionebis da eTnikuri erTianobis wevrebi.<br />

ase rom, TiToeul CvenTagans mravalgvari identoba aqvs,<br />

viwro ojaxuri wriT dawyebuli da iseTi ufarToesi<br />

wriT damTavrebuli, rogoricaa kacobrioba. amas garda,<br />

Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi bevri am identobaTagani<br />

42

mzardad simboluri da SerCeviTi xdeba (ix. Gans 1979;<br />

Okamura 1981; Hall 1992; Eriksen 1993).<br />

magram es koleqtiuri identobebis mxolod<br />

individualuri wevrebis poziciidan danaxvaa. aRniSnuli<br />

identobani SeiZleba kulturul koleqtivebad, zogjer<br />

ki iseT erTianobebad miviCnioT, romlebic xasiaTdebian<br />

saziaro maxsovrobebiT da miTebiT, saerTo<br />

RirebulebebiT da simboloebiT. analizisas xSirad<br />

xdeba am ori donis – individualurisa da koleqtiuris,<br />

aRreva. amitom saWiroa maTi gamijvna. Tumca kulturuli<br />

koleqtivebi da erTobebi individualuri wevrebisagan<br />

Sedgeba, isini saziaro Tvisebebis mqone erTad mcxovreb<br />

wevrTa ubralo nakrebad ar unda miviCnioT. am<br />

koleqtiur identobaSi Zalze bevri saziaro Rirebuleba,<br />

norma, maxsovroba da simboloa. amave dros mocemuli<br />

erTobisa Tu koleqtiuri identobis niSnebis analizis<br />

safuZvelze SeuZlebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT<br />

individualuri wevrebis qmedebani da ganwyobani; amgvar<br />

analizs raimes Tqma SeuZlia mxolod da mxolod<br />

wevrebis ganwyobebis da akrZalvebis konteqstis Sesaxeb.<br />

amitomac gvesaxeba mniSvnelovnad koleqtiuri identobis<br />

analizis es ori done erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad<br />

davinarCunoT (ix. Scheuch 1966).<br />

Zalze TvalsaCinoa is SemTxveva, roca koleqtiuri<br />

identoba kulturul elementebs efuZneba, rogorc xdeba<br />

kastebis, eTnikuri erTobebis, religiuri denominaciebisa<br />

da naciebis SemTxvevaSi. koleqtiuri identobis iseTi<br />

tipebi, rogorebicaa klasebi da regionebi, rogorc<br />

interesTa jgufebi ise moqmedeben da amis gamo miznis<br />

miRwevis Semdgom iolad qrebian; kulturuli<br />

koleqtivebi ki stabiluria, maTi Semadgeneli bazisuri<br />

kulturuli elementebi – maxsovrobani, Rirebulebani,<br />

simboloebi, miTebi da tradiciebi – met medegobasa da<br />

urTierTbmis unars avlenen; isini koleqtiuri<br />

mudmivobisa da gansakuTrebulobis ganmeorebad<br />

elementebs warmoadgenen. es elementebi xorcieldeba<br />

iseT RirebulebebSi, rogorebicaa koleqtiuri xsovna<br />

gmirobebsa da saxelovan winaprebze, Rirsebasa da<br />

samarTlianobaze; sakraluri simboloebi, sakvebi,<br />

tanisamosi da emblemebi; miTebi warmoSobaze,<br />

43

ganTavisuflebaze, rCeulobaze; tradiciebi da wes-<br />

Cveulebebi, ritualebi da genealogia. am SemTxvevebSi<br />

koleqtiuri kulturuli elementebi gansakuTrebulad<br />

gamokveTilia, droSi gamZlea da individiualuri<br />

identifikaciis sakiTxebisagan damoukidebel analizs<br />

moiTxovs. 16<br />

amiT aixsneba Cems mier SemoTavazebuli samuSao<br />

ganmartebis ori nawilis arsebobac: pirveli maTgani<br />

kulturuli gangrZobadobis da cvalebadobis meqanizmebs<br />

koleqtiur doneze gansazRvravs, meore ki Tavis fokusSi<br />

individualuri wevris koleqtivTan urTierTobas aqcevs.<br />

gangrZobadoba da cvalebadoba. zemoT<br />

warmodgenilma analizma SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba<br />

Segviqmnas, rom koleqtiuri kulturuli identobani<br />

erTxel da samudamod fiqsirebulni an statikurni arian.<br />

es Zalian Sorsaa sinamdvilisagan. marTalia, am<br />

SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs qmnilebebTan, romlebic drois<br />

xangrZliv monakveTSi arseboben, magram ar arian mudmivni.<br />

kulturuli identobani da erTobebi iseve<br />

eqvemdebarebian cvlilebas, rogorc yvelaferi sxva da es<br />

cvlilebebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc TandaTanobiTi da<br />

kumulaciuri, aseve uecari da aragangrZobadi.<br />

kulturul identobaTa erTaderT ganmasxvavebels<br />

danarCeni saxis koleqtiuri identobebisagan kulturul<br />

cvlilebaTa ritmebis sazogadod ufro dabali siCqare<br />

da meti xangrZlivoba warmoadgens, rac moiTxovs kidec<br />

longue durée analizis meTodebs. 17<br />

amitomacaa, rom SemoTavazebuli ganmartebebi<br />

naciis gansakuTrebuli memkvidreobis Semadgeneli<br />

Rirebulebebis – maxsovrobaTa, simboloTa, miTebisa da<br />

tradiciebis saxeTa – ‘reinterpretaciis’ procesebs<br />

miemarTeba. dReisaTvis CvenTvis nawilobriv cnobilia, Tu<br />

rogor icvleba nacionaluri identobis komponentebi.<br />

magram es aris procesi, romelsac, rogorc gareSe<br />

movlenas Tu koleqtiuri tradiciebis axleburi gagebis<br />

energiuli waxalisebis mizniT ganxorcielebul<br />

jgufSida gadawyobas, yvela TaobaSi aqvs adgili.<br />

‘eTnosimbolisturi reorganizaciis’ es procesi moicavs<br />

adre arsebuli Rirebulebebis, simboloebis,<br />

44

maxsovrobebis da maT msgavsTa xelaxal seleqcias,<br />

kombinacias da kodifikacias, iseve rogorc yoveli<br />

Taobis mier axali kulturuli elementebis Sematebas.<br />

amgvarad, nacionaluri identobis brZolebis,<br />

ganTavisuflebisa da Tavganwirvis faqtebiT aRsavse<br />

‘heroikuli’ xedva (rac tipuria axlad<br />

damoukideblobamopovebuli naciebisa an ‘saxelmwifonaciebisaTvis’)<br />

momdevno TaobaSi SesaZloa Secvalos<br />

nacionaluri identobis ufro Ria, pragmatulma da<br />

utilitarulma versiam, romelSic xazi eqneba gasmuli<br />

iseT Temebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gergilianoba,<br />

organizaciuli Cvevebi da tolerantuli damokidebuleba<br />

mravalferovnebisadmi, Temebi, romelTa kvalma SeiZleba<br />

naciis istoriaSi alternatiul eTnikur tradiciebamde<br />

migviyvanos.<br />

aqedan cxadia, rom cvalebadoba nacionaluri<br />

identobis ganmartebisagan ganuyrelia, Tumc es iseTi<br />

cvalebadobaa, romelic moqmedebs mocemuli naciis<br />

kulturisa da tradiciebis, misi gansakuTrebuli<br />

memkvidreobis mkafio parametrebis simravlis SigniT.<br />

sxvagvarad SeuZlebelic iqneboda, vinaidan identoba<br />

gulisxmobs garkveuli zomis stabilurobas, igiveobas<br />

droSi. cvlileba SesaZlebelia mxolod mkafiod<br />

moxazul sazRvrebSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca cvlileba<br />

uecari da damangrevelia (magram mTlianad ar spobs<br />

nacias), is warmoSobs axal elementebs, romelTa<br />

kulturuli aTvisebac jgufis wevrobis gziTaa<br />

SesaZlebeli; revoluciebic ki ubrundebian imas, rasac<br />

funqcionerebi ‘centralur Rirebulebebs’ uwodeben. igive<br />

xdeba naciebis trans<strong>for</strong>maciis drosac, da es saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs CavTvaloT, rom naciis Semqmneli ‘yoveldRiuri<br />

plebisciti’ marTlac sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom Taobidan<br />

Taobamde erTsa da imave naciaze vilaparakoT.<br />

45

2<br />

ideologiebi<br />

________________________________<br />

xSirad amboben, rom nacionalizms, mis doqtrinas<br />

rom Tavi gavaneboT, ar gaaCnia iseTi ideologia,<br />

salaparakod rom Rirdes. igi mxolod Canasaxovani<br />

sentimentebis grovas warmoadgens, romelic met-naklebad<br />

maRalfardovani ritorikiTaa gadamuSavebuli. amis<br />

alternatiulad, imasac aRniSnaven, rom nacionalizmis<br />

tipTa mravalricxovneba ar iZleva maTi gamocalkevebis<br />

da sayovelTao, mwyobri ideologiis Camoyalibebis<br />

saSualebas. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, es Tvalsazrisebi,<br />

naxevradsimarTlea. sxva ideologiebTan SedarebiT<br />

nacionalizmi marTlac SesaZlebelia, rom ‘filosofiuri<br />

saRatakiT da araTanamimdevrulobiTac’ daxasiaTdes<br />

(Anderson 1991: 5), magram masSi imaze bevrad metia, vidre<br />

ubralod sentimentebi da ritorika, rogorc es eli<br />

kedurim (Kedourie 1960) (romelsac ver mivakuTnebT<br />

nacionalizmis damcvelTa ricxvs) dagvanaxa germanuli<br />

romantikuli nacionalizmis herderiseuli da kantiseuli<br />

filosofiuri principebis analiziT. nacionalistur<br />

ideologiebs koleqtiuri TviTmmarTvelobis,<br />

teritoriuli gamTlianebis da kulturuli identobis<br />

gamokveTili amocanebi da xSirad am miznebis miRwevis<br />

naTeli politikuri da kulturuli programac aqvT.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlac arsebobs nacionalisturi<br />

ideologiis sxvadasxva saxe (religiuri, sekularuli,<br />

konservatuli, radikaluri, imperiuli, seseciuri da a.S.)<br />

da TiToeuli maTgani analizs moiTxovs, isini mainc<br />

avlenen saerTo sabaziso elementebs da maTze erTi da<br />

igive holomarkaa: es aris gansakuTrebuli swrafva<br />

naciadyofnisaken. aRniSnuli saerTo elementebi<br />

gamoarCevs ‘nacionalizms’ sxva moZraobebisa da<br />

46

ideologiebisagan; sxvadasxvagvari nacionalisturi<br />

ideologiebis, moZraobebis da simboloebis safuZvelSi<br />

Cadebuli ‘rwmeniTi sistemebis’ gamocalkevebiT SegviZlia<br />

zogierTi ganmeorebadi qcevac avxsnaT, romelTac<br />

nacionalistur moZraobebsa Tu ‘qmedebebSi’ vawydebiT. 1<br />

nacionalisturi rwmeniTi sistemis es saerTo<br />

elementebi, ZiriTadad, sami saxeobisaa:<br />

(1) nacionalistebis umetesobisaTvis misaRebi<br />

amosavali bazisuri mtkicebulebani;<br />

(2) zogi fundamenturi ideali, romelic met-naklebad<br />

yovel nacionalizmSia warmodgenili; da<br />

(3) rigi saerTo warmomavlobis cnebebisa, romlebic<br />

ufro konkretul mniSvnelobas aniWebs<br />

nacionalizmis birTv-abstraqciebs.<br />

TiToeuls rigrigobiT Sevexebi.<br />

nacionalizmis bazisuri mtkicebulebebi sul<br />

ramdenimea, magram yoveli maTgani didi Zalis<br />

matarebelia. isini Semdegnairad SeiZleba Sejamdes:<br />

(1) msoflio iyofa naciebad, romelTaganac TiToeuls<br />

Tavisi sakuTari xasiaTi, istoria da bediswera<br />

aqvs;<br />

(2) Zalauflebis erTaderT wyaros nacia warmoadgens;<br />

(3) naciisadmi loialoba yvela sxva loialobaze<br />

upiratesia;<br />

(4) imisaTvis, rom Tavisufali iyos, yoveli individi<br />

nacias unda ekuTvnodes;<br />

(5) yoveli naciisaTvis aucilebelia sruli<br />

TviTgamoxatva da avtonomiuroba;<br />

(6) globaluri mSvidoba da samarTlianoba<br />

avtonomiuri naciebisagan Sedgenil msoflios<br />

saWiroebs. (ix. Kedourie 1960: 1; Sdr. A. D. Smith 1991:<br />

74).<br />

amas SeiZleba nacionalizmis ‘birTvi-doqtrina’<br />

vuwodoT. igi samyaros nacionalisturi xedvis bazisur<br />

CarCos warmoadgens da ‘damfuZnebel mamaTa’ – rusos,<br />

47

herderis, cimermanis, burkes, jefersonis, fixtesa da<br />

mazinis – da maT Tanamedrove mimdevarTa Sexedulebebis<br />

mTavari elementebis (iqneb, ukanaskneli mtkicebulebis<br />

gamoklebiT) nakrebs warmoadgens. birTvi-doqtrina<br />

logikur safuZvels uqmnis da impulss aniWebs sxvadasxva<br />

saxis nacionalistur moqmedebebs da naciis ideis<br />

gamosaxvisaTvis saWiro simboloebsa da instituciebs. igi<br />

moicavs ara marto politikis, aramed sazogadoebisa da<br />

kulturis sferoebsac; masSi CarTulia rogorc<br />

calkeuli naciebis kulturuli partkularizmi, aseve<br />

‘naciaTa msoflios’ universaluri xedva. 2<br />

yoveli nacia rodi moqmedebs am doqtrinisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli idealebis Sesabamisad. kritikosebi<br />

miuTiTeben, rom nacionalistebi xSirad Tavad ise<br />

iqcvevian, rom uaryofen pirveli mtkicebulebiT<br />

gamoxatul ‘naciaTa msoflios’ bazisur ideas, Trgunaven<br />

ra sxva naciebis TviTgamoxatvas, avtonomiurobas da<br />

TviTmyofadobas, roca maTi interesebi an sakuTari<br />

naciis gamogonili interesebi amas moiTxovs. amgvari<br />

qceviT isini uaryofen da amxoben nacionalizmis birTvdoqtrinas,<br />

romelic xazs usvams naciebis sazRvrulobas<br />

da moiTxovs sxva analogiuri naciebis arsebobis, maTi<br />

individualobis da uflebebis eqsplicitur aRiarebas.<br />

rogorc jon brili miuTiTebs, praqtikulad bevri<br />

nacionalisti ise moqmedebs, TiTqosda es ideologia<br />

mxolod erT (maT) nacias ukavSirdeba, Teoriis<br />

farglebSi ki (da zogjer praqtikuladac, risi<br />

magaliTicaa mazinis axalgazrda evropa, romelic<br />

ramdenime iseT moZraobas moicavda, rogoric XIX<br />

saukuneSi resonjimentos dros mazinisave dafuZnebuli<br />

axalgazrda italia iyo) maTTvis misaRebia Teoriulad<br />

Tanasworuflebian SemosazRvrul naciaTa msoflios<br />

policentruli xedva (Breuilly 1993; Sesavali). 3<br />

inteleqtaluri kritika ufro seriozulia.<br />

nacionalizms xSirad sayveduroben, rom igi<br />

sazogadoebisa da politikis Sesaxeb ideebisa da<br />

rwmenebis mxolod SezRudul sistemas iZleva da amis<br />

Sedegia is, rom misi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis,<br />

romlebic xSirad miuRwevelicaa, iZulebas ufro metad<br />

mimarTaven, vidre darwmunebas. es iyo eli keduris<br />

48

mxridan nacionalistur ideologiaze, rogorc qveynis<br />

srulyofis miRwevisaTvis fuWad mebrZol, destruqciul<br />

da koleqtiuri nebis gamomxatvel revoluciur<br />

ideologiaze, adrindeli Setevis umTavresi elementi.<br />

axlaxan am poziciam gamoZaxili maikl fridenTan hpova,<br />

romelic amtkicebs, rom saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,<br />

nacionalizmi mcire birTvis mqone ‘cudad <strong>centri</strong>rebuli’<br />

ideologiaa, romelTanac politikuri cnebebis viwro<br />

wrea dakavSirebuli. amitomacaa, rom nacionalizmi<br />

‘cnebaTa Tavidan ganzrax mocilebiTa da maTi<br />

adgilwanacvlebiT mediatorulad ganacalkevebs Tavs<br />

farTo ideebis mimRebi konteqstebisagan’ da, am mizeziT,<br />

moklebulia unars ‘SemogvTavazos argumentTa<br />

kompleqsebi, da es imitom, rom ideaTa bevri jaWvi,<br />

romelTa povnasac bunebrivad moveliT sazogadosa da<br />

abstraqtulidan konkretulisa da praqtikulisaken,<br />

birTvidan periferiisaken SualedSi, iseve rogorc<br />

piruku, ubralod ar arsebobs’ (Freeden 1998: 750). amis gamo<br />

nacionaluri ideologia struqturulad uZluria<br />

daukavSirdes iseT umniSvnelovanes socialur da<br />

politikur sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa socialuri<br />

samarTlianoba, resursebis ganawileba an konfliqtebis<br />

marTva. faqtobrivad, xSirad nacionalizmi sulac ar<br />

aris calke ideologia, igi ubralod avsebs ZiriTadi<br />

mimarTulebis mimcem ideologiebs, iseTebs, rogorebicaa<br />

liberalizmi, socializmi da konservatizmi.<br />

naciadyofnis idea SeiZleba yovlismomcveli iyos, magram<br />

SeiZleba ubralod sxva ideologiebis ‘sadRac<br />

mniSvnelovnebis marginaliis’ momijnave mdebareobaze<br />

miuTiTebdes (iqve). nacionalizmi sayovelTao<br />

mniSvnelobas mxolod efemerulad iZens – nacionaluri<br />

mSeneblobis, krizisis, dapyrobis, sagareo safrTxis,<br />

sadavo teritoriis an mtrulad ganwyobili Sida<br />

eTnikuri an kulturuli jgufis dominanturobis<br />

gacnobierebisas (Kedourie 1960; Freeden 1998).<br />

fundamenturi idealebi<br />

raRac simarTle aris am mkacr kritikaSi, Tumca<br />

nacionalizmis kritikosTa mier warmodgenili suraTi,<br />

49

sul mcire, arasrulia. nacionalizmis birTvi-doqtrina<br />

martooden farTo da abstraqtul CarCos gvTavazobs; igi<br />

meoradi cnebebiT da kerZo ideebiT unda Seivsos,<br />

romlebic TiToeuli calkeuli nacionaluri<br />

erTobisaTvis specifikuri iqneba. aseTia, magaliTad,<br />

Sveicaruli saxe xalxisa, romelic sakuTari (alpuri)<br />

landSaftiT sazrdoobs, anda naciis, rogorc wamebuli<br />

da aRmdgari qristes, polonuri ideali. amitomaa, rom<br />

nacionalizmi xSirad ‘ganuyrelia’ sxva ideologiebisagan<br />

da rwmeniTi sistemebisagan da maT idealebs da<br />

politikas nacionalisturi miznebisaken warmarTavs,<br />

rogorc ‘nacional-komunizmTan’ dakavSirebiT moxda poststalinistur<br />

epoqaSi. nacionalizmi ‘avsebs’ sxva<br />

ideologiebs Tu Tavad ivseba maTiT, meorexarisxovani<br />

sakiTxia; es mimarTeba istoriuli konteqstis Sesabamisad<br />

icvleba. Cven birTvi-doqtrinis iqiTac unda gavixedoT,<br />

raTa aRviqvaT nacionalizmis importis faqti, rac erTob<br />

gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva. 4<br />

am kritikaze, faqtobrivad, ori saxis pasuxi<br />

arsebobs. pirveli Semdegis CvenebaSi mdgomareobs:<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia<br />

an, ufro zustad, rwmeniTi sistema, filosofiuri<br />

simwyobris TvalsazrisiT ver utoldeba sxva, ‘ZiriTadi<br />

mimarTulebis mimcem’ politikur ideologiebs,<br />

konceptualurad igi ufro mdidaria, vidre es mis<br />

kritikosebs warmoudgeniaT. meore pasuxi ki imis<br />

dasabuTebaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionalizmi SeiZleba<br />

davinaxoT ara mxolod rogorc rwmeniTi sistema, aramed<br />

rogorc kulturis <strong>for</strong>mac da religiis nairsaxeobac; es<br />

isaa, rac nacionalizms mkafiod mijnavs sxva, ‘ZiriTadi<br />

mimarTulebis mimcemi’ politikuri ideologiebisagan da<br />

imunitetsac gamoumuSavebs mas wminda politikuri<br />

ideologiebis mimarTebebisa da principebis kuTxiT<br />

kritikisadmi.<br />

garkveuli droiT nacionalizmis, rogorc<br />

ideologiis, aRweraze SevCerdeT. rogorc wina TavSi<br />

vnaxeT, sami fundamenturi ideali momdinareobs birTvidoqtrinidan,<br />

da swored isini acxoveleben<br />

nacionalizmis ideologiur moZraobas. esenia:<br />

nacionaluri avtonomiuroba, nacionaluri erTianoba da<br />

50

nacionaluri identoba. ase Tu ise, nacionalizmis,<br />

rogorc ideologiuri moZraobis, specifikuri amocanebi<br />

am sami idealis variantebs warmoadgens, da amitomaa, rom<br />

isini ase mniSvnelovan rols asruleben nacionalizmis<br />

Cems mier adre warmodgenil samuSao ganmartebaSi,<br />

romlis mixedviTac es avtonomiurobis, erTianobisa da<br />

identobis miRwevaze orientirebuli ideologiuri<br />

moZraobaa im sazogadoebis SigniT, romlis zogierT<br />

wevrsac miaCnia, rom igi realurad arsebul an<br />

potenciur ‘nacias’ ganekuTvneba. modiT, ufro axlodan<br />

SevxedoT nacionalizmis am sam ideals.<br />

birTvi-doqtrinis moTxovnaa, rom yovel nacias<br />

sruli TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba da avtonomiuroba<br />

hqondes. avtonomiis nacionalistur ideals aqvs<br />

ramdenime aspeqti. zogadad, etimologiurad<br />

avtonomiuroba niSnavs TviTmmarTvelobas, Sida kanonebis<br />

an ritmebis qonas, sakuTari Sinagani xmisaTvis yuris<br />

migdebas, garedan raime Seviwroebis ararsebobas. amas<br />

mivyavarT koleqtiuri nebis da individualobis<br />

realizebis maZiebeli, sakuTar koleqtiur amocanebsa da<br />

moqmedebebze pasuxismgebeli koleqtiuri ‘mes’ cnebasTan,<br />

romelic XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Semoitanes germanelma<br />

romantikosma inteleqtualebma. magram avtonomiuroba,<br />

rogorc koleqtiuri nebis nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis<br />

da nacionaluri TviTgamgeblobisaTvis brZolis Sedegi,<br />

SeiZleba niSnavdes politikur Tavisuflebasac da<br />

politikur TviTmmarTvelobasac xalxisa da ‘xalxiT’.<br />

amgvar nacionalur TviTmmarTvelobas SeiZleba sruli,<br />

suverenuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>ma hqondes an<br />

xorcieldebodes arasruli komunaluri an federaluri<br />

TviTgamgeblobis <strong>for</strong>miT. marTlac, maqs veberma<br />

daasabuTa, rom normalur viTarebaSi naciebi sakuTar<br />

saxelmwifos saWiroeben: ‘nacia grZnobismieri erTobaa. am<br />

grZnobaTa adekvaturi gamoxatva ki mas sakuTar<br />

saxelmwifoSi SeuZlia. aqedan gamomdinare, nacia aris<br />

erToba, romelic, Cveulebriv, sakuTari saxelmwifos<br />

Seqmnisaken ixreba’ (Weber 1948).<br />

miuxedavad amisa, bevri nacionalizmi ufro<br />

naklebsac sjerdeba, zogs ki, espaneTSi katalonielTa<br />

moZraobis msgavsad, arasruli avtonomiac akmayofilebs.<br />

51

arasruli avtonomia, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva saxisa da<br />

xarisxisaa, religiisa da kulturuli TviTmmarTvelobis,<br />

samarTlebrivi avtonomiis, ekonomikuri avtarqiis da<br />

politikuri ‘Sida mmarTvelobis’ CaTvliT. es ukanaskneli<br />

Sida TviTmmarTvelobas warmoadgens ufro did<br />

saxelmwifoSi, romelic sagareo saqmeebze da Tavdacvazea<br />

pasuxismgebeli. aq igulisxmeba, rom nacionaluri<br />

avtonomia unda gansxvavdebodes saxelmwifo<br />

suverenitetisagan, romelSic is xSirad erevaT<br />

(gansakuTrebiT evropis federaciaSi nacionaluri<br />

suverenitetis dakargvis Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebisas)<br />

da, rom SesaZlebelia avtonomiuri naciebis<br />

SeTavsebadoba garkveuli saxis federaciasTan. 5<br />

avtonomiuroba xSirad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli<br />

koleqtiuri erTianobis ideasTan. es pirvelad<br />

TvalsaCinod gamoixata iakobinelTa idealSi: la République,<br />

une et indivisible da aman migviyvana Sida sabaJoebis,<br />

barierebis da regionaluri instituciebisa da<br />

kulturebis gauqmebamde safrangeTis revoluciis dros.<br />

centralizebuli ekonomikisa da politikuri teritoriis<br />

da erTiani sajaro kulturis SeqmniT patriotebi<br />

imedovnebdnen TiToeuli frangi moqalaqis axladSobili<br />

franguli respublikuri naciisadmi mgznebare<br />

TavgamodebiT ganmsWvalvas. magram teritoriuli<br />

gamTlianeba mimarTuli iyo ara mxolod Sida dayofis,<br />

aramed safrangeTis ‘bunebrivi sazRvrebis’ miRma myofi<br />

gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdegac. sxva, ufro gviandeli<br />

evropuli naciebi, rogoricaa italia, saberZneTi da<br />

germania, aseve iyvnen fokusirebulni teritoriisa da<br />

eTnikuri naTesaobis sakiTxebze. magram erTianobisaken<br />

maTi nacionalisturi svla eTnikuri sanaTesaos da,<br />

agreTve, ‘istoriuli’ miwebis (sadac isini saxlobdnen da<br />

romlebic CamoSorebul iqnen nacionaluri samSoblo<br />

miwisagan dinastiuri an feodaluri katastrofebis<br />

Sedegad) ‘ganTavisuflebisa’ da naciis wiaRSi maTi<br />

dabrunebisaken (ZaliTac, saWiro SemTxvevaSi) mimarTul<br />

iridentistul moZraobebsac uwyobda xels (ix. Kohn 1967b;<br />

Horowitz 1992). 6<br />

teritoriuli erTianoba mxolod pirveli nabiji<br />

iyo naciis wevrTa gacilebiT mniSvnelovani socialuri<br />

52

da kulturuli gaerTianebisaken. amgvari erTianoba<br />

homogenurobaSi ar unda agverios. zogierTi mecnieris<br />

bolodroindeli analizis sapirispirod, erTianobis<br />

nacionalisturi ideali eZebs ara ‘obieqtur’ kulturul<br />

erTgvarovnebas, aramed ojaxebisa da individebis<br />

nebelobebisa da sentimentebis socialur da kulturul<br />

kavSirs. nacionalisti ar moiTxovs, rom yvela wevri<br />

erTnairi iyos, aramed mxolod imas, rom maT SeigrZnon<br />

solidarobis mZlavri jaWvis arseboba da amis gamo,<br />

nacionalurad mniSvnelovan yvela saqmesTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, SeTanxmebulad imoqmedon. amitomaa, rom<br />

miuxedavad zogierTi, umTavresad germaneli, romantikosi<br />

filosofosisa da istorikosis (magaliTad, fixtesa da<br />

miuleris) survilisa individualuri neba nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifos koleqtiurobaSi CaekargaT, nacionalistebis<br />

umetesoba Seecada individualuri miswrafebani<br />

siyvarulisa da Zmobis meSveobiT gaeerTianebina da<br />

mxolod eqstremalur viTarebaSi daemorCilebina isini<br />

nacionaluri nebisaTvis. 7<br />

mesame – nacionaluri identobis ideali – albaT,<br />

yvelaze ufro mouxelTebelia dakvirvebisaTvis.<br />

sazogadod, identobis cneba aRniSnavs obieqtis<br />

erTgvarobas droTa msvlelobaSi, specifikuri<br />

struqturis gamZleobas sasruli periodis ganmavlobaSi;<br />

da es kulturul identobebsac Seexeba. magram<br />

nacionaluri identobis ideali koleqtiuri xasiaTisadmi<br />

interesiT da misi istoriul-kulturuli konteqstiT<br />

gamorCeva. am TvisebaTagan pirveli hqonda mxedvelobaSi<br />

rusos, roca werda: ‘pirveli wesi, romelsac Cven unda<br />

mivsdioT, aris nacionaluri xasiaTi: yovel xalxs aqvs<br />

an unda hqondes xasiaTi; Tu xalxs ara aqvs xasiaTi,<br />

pirvel rigSi mas xasiaTi unda SevuqmnaT’ (Rousseau 1915, II:<br />

319, Projet Corse). igi rCevebs aZlevda korsikelebs da<br />

polonelebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda<br />

ganeviTarebinaT maT Sesabamisi nacionaluri tradiciebi<br />

da cxovrebis stili da amiT SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi<br />

naciebis koleqtiuri xasiaTi. meore Tviseba herderis<br />

‘kulturul populizmSi’ vlindeba. yovel nacias,<br />

amtkicebda igi, aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli nacionaluri<br />

‘genia’ (es cneba ukve popularuli iyo iseTi mwerlebis<br />

53

wyalobiT, rogorebic iyvnen lordi Saftsburi, viko da<br />

monteskie), romelsac unda mihyves. amave ganwyobiT<br />

arwmunebda herderi Tavis Tanamemamule germanelebs,<br />

dabrunebodnen mSobliuri kulturis tradiciebs da<br />

literaturul genias: ‘modiT, mivsdioT Cvens sakuTar<br />

gzas… modiT, yovelma kacma, rogorc SeuZlia ise, Tqvas<br />

Cveni naciis, Cveni literaturis, Cveni <strong>enis</strong> ambavi: isini<br />

Cven gvekuTvnis, isini Tavad Cvena varT, da, dae, es<br />

vikmaroT’…(Herder 1877–1913, citatisaTvis ix. Berlin 1976: 182).<br />

qveteqsti isaa, rom TiToeul nacias Seesabameba<br />

gansxvavebuli istoriuli kultura, azrovnebis,<br />

moqmedebis, komunikaciis gansakuTrebuli wesi, romelic<br />

yvela wevrisaTvis (potenciurad mainc) saziaroa da ucxo<br />

mas ar da ver gaiziarebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom,<br />

sadac amgvari gansxvavebuli kultura ‘daikarga’,<br />

‘daviwyebas mieca’ an ‘daiZira’, iq misi povna SesaZlebelia<br />

da unda moviZioT, gavixsenoT da gavacocxloT.<br />

nacionalistis amocanaa Tavidan aRmoaCinos Tavisi naciis<br />

unikaluri kulturuli genia da xalxs avTenturi<br />

kulturuli identoba aRudginos; ai, rogor Camoayaliba<br />

es didma afrikelma mweralma da ganmanaTlebelma edvard<br />

blaidenma afrikel xalxebTan mimarTebaSi:<br />

yoveli adamianis, yoveli rasis valia ibrZolos<br />

Tavisi individualobisaTvis, raTa Seinaxos da<br />

ganaviTaros igi. amitom giyvardes da pativs<br />

scemde Sens rasas. iyavi is, vinca xar, iseTi,<br />

rogoric RmerTma ineba. mas rom ar surveboda,<br />

arc Segqmnida amgvars. Cven ar ZalgviZs raime<br />

SevmatoT mis Canafiqrs. Tu Sen is ara xar, vinc<br />

xar, Tu Sen Sens pirovnebaze ambob uars,<br />

aRaraferi grCeba, rom msoflios misce. araviTari<br />

siamovneba, araviTari sargebeli araa Sengan,<br />

araferi gagaCnia iseTi, rasac SeuZlia miizidos<br />

da moxiblos adamiani, radganac, individualobis<br />

daTrgunviT, dakarge Seni gansxvavebuli xasiaTi.<br />

(Blyden 1893, citatisaTvis ix. Wilson 1969: 250).<br />

nacionaluri individualurobis xazgasma<br />

gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratomaa ase xSirad nacionalizmis<br />

54

Tanmxlebi da misi masazrdoebeli inteleqtualTa Sroma,<br />

romlis mizanic naciis ‘fesvebisa’ da ‘xasiaTis’ mikvlevaa<br />

iseTi disciplinebis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa istoria,<br />

arqeologia, anTropologia, sociologia, lingvistika da<br />

folklori. es disciplinebi uzrunvelgvyofen saTanado<br />

instrumentariumiTa da konceptualuri CarCoTi imis<br />

gamosarkvevad, Tu ‘vin varT’, ‘rodis daviwyeT’, ‘rogor<br />

vizrdebodiT’ da ‘saiT mivdivarT’; zustad imgvari<br />

romantikosi xelovanni da mwerlebi, Jurnalistebi da<br />

ganmanaTleblebi, rogoric blaidenia, uwyoben xels<br />

nacionaluri identobis gamosaxulebebisa da saxeebis<br />

gadmocemasa da gavrcelebas. 8<br />

rasakvirvelia, konkretul nacionalizmebSi da<br />

specifikur istoriul momentebSi am sami idealidan xan<br />

erTi gamoikveTeba, xan – meore. iq, sadac potenciur<br />

nacias avtonomiurobis xarisxi aklia, an danawevrebulia,<br />

an ver axerxebs identobis naTlad gamokveTas,<br />

nacionalistebi Seecdebian situacias nacionaluri<br />

avtonomiis, gaerTianebis an identobis miRwevis an misi<br />

ganaxlebis RonisZiebebiT uwamlon. SesaZlebelia<br />

nacionalizmis iseT ideologiur moZraobebs wavawydeT,<br />

romlebic samive idealis srulad asaxvas eswrafvian.<br />

BbirTvi-cnebebi<br />

avtonomiurobis, erTianobis da identobis<br />

idealebi umaRlesi donis abstraqciebs warmoadgenen da<br />

maT dasakavSireblad praqtikul kulturul da<br />

politikur programebTan sxva birTvi-cnebebi xdeba<br />

saWiro, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />

avTenturoba, gangrZobadoba, Rirseba, bediswera,<br />

mijaWvuloba (‘siyvaruli’) da samSoblo. TiToeuli<br />

maTgani naciis warsuli da awmyo mdgomareobis da misi<br />

sanukvari miznebis miRwevis Sefasebis kriteriumebs<br />

gvawvdis, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa isini<br />

konkretuli nacionalizmebiT arc ki iyvnen gamowveulni,<br />

rac SeiZleba gaugebrobis da, saboloo jamSi,<br />

konfliqtis mizezic ki gaxdes (ix. Gilbert 1998: Tavi 1).<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, imisaTvis, rom Tavisufalni iyvnen,<br />

naciebs, TviTgamoxatva esaWiroebaT. magram ras<br />

55

warmoadgens es ‘TviT’? nacionalistisaTvis am kiTxvaze<br />

pasuxi mxolod avTenturobis cnebaSi SeiZleba iqnas<br />

moZiebuli. ‘namdvilad’ TavisTavad yofna niSnavs, rom<br />

Cveni yofierebis ‘avTenturi’ elementebi aRmovaCinoT da<br />

isini epoqaTa danaleqisagan gavwmindoT. ase magaliTad,<br />

XIX saukuneSi germanuli skolis istorikosebi leopold<br />

fon rankes winamZRolobiT cdilobdnen avTenturi<br />

warsuli iseve gamoetanaT dRis sinaTleze, rogoric is<br />

sinamdvileSi iyo (wie es eigentlich war); Tanamedrove<br />

musikaTmcodneebi miznad isaxaven adreuli musika<br />

avTenturi stiliT da avTenturi epoqis instrumentebiT<br />

Seasrulon; Tanamedrove arqeologebi da<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneebi avTenturi Zveli obieqtebis an<br />

Zveli ostatebisaken miiltvian. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

avTenturoba ‘WeSmaritis’ fard cnebad moiazreba,<br />

rogorc originalis dapirispireba nayalbevTan, magram<br />

igi imasac aRniSnavs, rac obieqtis Tavdapirveli versia,<br />

stili an arsebobis wesi iyo. amas TandaTanobiT<br />

mivyavarT avTenturobis, rogorc Tavdapirvelobis,<br />

gamomxatvel cnebamde, rac nacionalistur konteqstSi<br />

warmoSobisa da STamomavlobis miTs Seesabameba: kiTxva<br />

‘vin varT’ drosa da sivrceSi funqciuria kiTxvisa<br />

‘saidan movdivarT’; xasiaTi warmomavlobiTaa<br />

determinebuli, magram igi nawilobriv sxva<br />

mniSvnelobasac atarebs: Tavdapirvelobis da<br />

adgilobrivobis ideas, rac niSnavs ara marto<br />

pirvelobas, aramed avtoqTonobasac, uSualod niadagidan<br />

amozrdas. amas, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT avTenturobis iseT<br />

mniSvnelobasTan, rogoricaa siwminde da Seurevloba,<br />

sadac namdvili ‘Cven’ xeluxlebel Tavdapirvels, magram,<br />

Cveni dRevandeli samwuxaro mdgomareobis gamo, Senarevs<br />

warmoadgens. magram, albaT, yvelaze ufro zogadi<br />

mniSvneloba, romliTac iyeneben nacionalistebi<br />

zedsarTavs ‘avTenturi’, imis aRniSvnaa, rac ‘Zalian<br />

Cvenia’, da meti aravisi, da, amitomac, unikaluri, magram<br />

aseve Sinaganad determinebulic. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

avTenturobis cneba avtonomiurobis cnebas gadafaravs:<br />

‘namdvili’ erToba TviTgamorkvevad naciasac<br />

warmoadgens. 9<br />

56

xSirad nacionalistebis mier yvela es<br />

mniSvneloba savsebiT gulwrfelad gamoiyeneba da<br />

problemas imdenad konceptualuri siRatake ki ar qmnis,<br />

ramdenadac konceptualuri aracalsaxoba. msgavsi<br />

problemebiTaa daxunZluli sxva nacionalisturi<br />

cnebebic. aviRoT gangrZobadobis cneba. is SeiZleba<br />

identobis zogadi cnebis monaTesave cnebas aRniSnavdes,<br />

magaliTad, droSi erTgvarobas; aqedanaa drois<br />

msaxvrali zemoqmedebis qveS ucvlelad myofi, sakuTari<br />

aRorZinebis wamis momlodine naciis idea. magram<br />

gangrZobadobis cneba SeiZleba agreTve niSnavdes<br />

TandaTanobiT cvalebadobas da trans<strong>for</strong>macias, an<br />

arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas gamoCenili Sreebis msgavsad,<br />

warsulis mdgomareobaTa fenebis akumulacias.<br />

evoluciis am modelSi gangrZobadoba ar upirispirdeba<br />

cvalebadobas; cvalebadobaa gangrZobadi, da<br />

gangrZobadoba – zrdis gangrZobadoba – im cvalebadobas<br />

warmoadgens, romelic yovelTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. aq<br />

Tavad termini ganapirobebs aracalsaxobas, anu iseT<br />

rames, rac nacionalists Zlierad nagrZnobic aqvs da<br />

misi gamoiyenebac icis. 10<br />

arc nacionaluri Rirsebis cnebaa ise martivi,<br />

rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. awmyoSi damcirebasa da<br />

Seviwroebas upirispireben Rirsebas, romelsac<br />

Tavisufleba moitans, magram es TavisTavad ar warmoqmnis<br />

Rirsebis survils. Rirseba SigniT unda iqnas ‘xelaxla<br />

aRmoCenili’. aqedan modis Rirsebis meore mniSvneloba:<br />

garegani simaxinjiT Sefaruli ‘WeSmariti simdidre’.<br />

mizani isaa, rom moinaxos es Sinagani simdidre, moxdes<br />

avTenturi TviTis Rirsebis realizeba, rac xandaxan erTi<br />

aRmosavluri gamonaTqvamiT gamoixateba: ‘dasavluri<br />

daxelovneba, aRmosavluri zneoba’, romelic aziis<br />

Tandayolil sulier upiratesobas gulisxmobs<br />

dasavleTis teqnologiuri warmatebebis sapirispirod.<br />

amgvari pozicia icavs damcirebulis Sinagan Rirsebas da<br />

aCens imeds, rom Seviwroebuli da meorexarisxovani<br />

aRidgens Tavis Zvel didebas, garegani mdgomareoba ki<br />

Sinagan simdidres aireklavs – es gaxldaT meiZis<br />

liderebis sentimenti iaponiaSi. Rirsebas isic ZaluZs,<br />

rom keTilSobili warmomavlobiTa da siZveliT movides,<br />

57

ac mowiwebasa da mokrZalebas gvinergavs. koleqtiuri<br />

Rirsebis Zieba, Tanamedrove damcirebul mdgomareobasa<br />

da uRirs gareSeebTan Sedarebis gziT, iwvevs ‘WeSmariti’<br />

nacionaluri TviTobis amaRlebas. gansakuTrebul<br />

SemTxvevas ganekuTvneba koleqtiuri awmyos Sefaseba<br />

dokumentirebuli heroikuli ‘oqros’ xanis standartis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT. 11<br />

nacionalistebis azriT, nacia imgvari erTobaa,<br />

romelsac aqvs saerTo istoria da bediswera, ufro<br />

zustad ki erToba, romlis istoria saWiroebs da<br />

ganapirobebs mocemuli naciis bedisweras. bedisweris<br />

idea bevrad ufro meti emociuri datvirTvis<br />

matarebelia, vidre momavlis cneba. bediswera istoriiTaa<br />

winaswargansazRvruli; bediswera moxazavs unikalur<br />

mimarTulebasa da beds; bediswera amowmebs<br />

trancendentobas, iqneb ukvdavebasac, ramdenadac Cven<br />

STamomavlobis maxsovrobasa da gankiTxvaSi ‘vcocxlobT’.<br />

nacionalistisaTvis naciis bediswera yovelTvis<br />

didebulia, msgavsad misi Soreuli warsulisa; marTlac,<br />

oqros warsuli, dafaruli arasaxarbielo awmyoSi, kvlav<br />

gamoanaTebs naciis, Tumc jer kidev arSobilis,<br />

WeSmariti sulis aRorZinebiT. ase rom, bediswera<br />

TiToeuli naciis diad warsulSi dabrunebas ki ar<br />

moaswavebs, aramed Tanamedroveobasa da Secvlil<br />

pirobebSi misi sulis aRorZinebas (ix. Anderson 1999).<br />

nacionalistebisaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania<br />

naciasTan cnobieri mijaWvulobis ideali. amgvari<br />

sentimentisadmi cnobieri swrafva araa martooden<br />

nacionalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli; ukve perikle,<br />

Tukidides Rirssaxsovari sityvebis Tanaxmad, mouwodebda<br />

aTenel Tanamoqalaqeebs ‘TavdaviwyebiT SeeyvarebinaT<br />

TavianTi qalaqi’. Cven SegviZlia, rogorc moqalaqeobriv,<br />

aseve religiur konteqstebSi mijaWvulobisaken,<br />

siyvarulisaken, Tavganwirvisaken mowodebebis sxva<br />

magaliTebic vipovoT. magram nacionalizmma es<br />

koleqtiuri mijaWvuloba sruliad gansakuTrebul<br />

simaRleze aiyvana. ‘naciis siyvaruli’ misTvis mTavari<br />

politikuri Rirsebaa. aqedanaa yvela mowodeba didi<br />

‘ojaxis’ wevrebisadmi ‘nacnobebisa da naTesavebis’, ‘kerisa<br />

da saxl-karis’ dasacavad da ‘Cveni qveynis’<br />

58

keTildReobisaTvis Tavganwirvis saWiroeba. rogorc XX<br />

saukunis 50-ian wlebSi siriis baasis (aRorZinebis)<br />

partiis Tanadamaarsebelma miSel aflakma Camoayaliba,<br />

‘nacionalizmi siyvarulia’. keduris TqmiT, es is<br />

abstraqtuli siyvarulia, romelic terorizmis udides<br />

aqtebs asazrdovebda (ix. Binder 1964; Kedourie 1971:<br />

Sesavali). 12<br />

politikuri ‘siyvaruli’ naciis abstraqcias<br />

sagrZnob eqspresias aniWebs. es xom, bolos da bolos,<br />

erTi didi ojaxis siyvarulia. magram ‘ojaxi’ da ‘saxli’<br />

xalxis SegnebaSi ganuyrelia. siyvaruli moiTxovs, rom<br />

ojaxebs sakuTari ‘saxlebi’ hqondeT; usaxlkaro ojaxebi<br />

Tavze politikur Wers saWiroeben. nacia ‘samSoblo miwis’<br />

gareSe parias warmoadgens. ase rom, ‘mijaWvuloba’ da<br />

‘samSoblo miwa’ fesvebisadmi dasabrunebeli gzis<br />

Ziebisas urTierTs aZlierebs. is naciebic ki, romlebic<br />

samSobloSi cxovroben, fesvebis ‘xelaxla gaSvebas’,<br />

TavianT namdvil warmomavlobasTan, TavianT avTentur<br />

TviTTan kvlav mijaWvas saWiroeben. swored esaa<br />

samSoblo miwis cnebis mraval mniSvnelobaTagan erTerTi.<br />

samSoblo miwis cnebas isec SeuZlia moqmedeba,<br />

rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments, rogorc politikur<br />

pretenzias miwis garkveul farTobze da mis resursebze,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad mtrulad ganwyobili<br />

pretendentebi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian. am<br />

TvalsazrisiT, samSoblo miwa ganuyofelia ekonomikuri<br />

keTildReobisa da fizikuri usafrTxoebisagan; misi<br />

sasoflo-sameurneo da mineraluri resursebis<br />

eqsploatacia nacionalisturi ganxilvis upirveles<br />

sagnad iqceva. is biZgs aZlevs nacionalistur moZraobas<br />

ekonomikuri TviTkmarobis, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

TviTSenarCunebis gaZlierebisaTvis. amiTve aixsneba<br />

nacionalistis agraruli idilia, misi emociuri<br />

mijaWvuloba ‘xalxTan’ da cxovrebis glexur wesTan da<br />

tradiciebTan, maSin rodesac xSirad praqtikaSi<br />

nacionalizmebi ganuxrelad misdeven swrafi<br />

industrializaciis politikas. 13<br />

sxva doneze, samSoblo miwa istoriul<br />

teritorias, winaparTa miwas Seadgens. igi mama-papaTa<br />

59

miwaa, sadac maTi samudamo gansasveneblia. is agreTve<br />

didi pirovnebebis samoRvaweo asparezia da naciis<br />

istoriaSi gardamtexi movlenebis – brZolebisa da<br />

xelSekrulebebis, sinodebisa da asambleebis, gmirTa<br />

Tavdadebisa da samarxebis, da wmindanTa da brZenTa<br />

swavlebaTaTvis aucilebel garemos warmoadgens. Semdegi<br />

aq Tavad landSaftia. rogor ar adidebs nacionalisti<br />

‘Cveni’ gorakebisa da mTebis, Cveni mdinareebis, Cveni<br />

tbebisa da mindvrebis gansakuTrebul mSvenierebas,<br />

romelic RvTaebam (an RvTaebebma) akurTxes. Cven<br />

gagviWirdeba nacionalizmis msoflmxedvelobis wvdoma im<br />

‘poeturi landSaftebis’ Sefasebis gareSe, romlebic<br />

naciis wevrTa didi nawilis (rogorc nacionalistebis,<br />

iseve aranacionalistebis) Segnebaze Zlier moqmedeben. es<br />

is aspeqtia, romelsac bolo dros arasaTanado<br />

yuradReba eqceoda da romelsac qvemoT mivubrundebi. 14<br />

imas rodi vamtkiceb, rom yoveli nacionalisturi<br />

ideologia da moZraoba yovelTvis erTi da imave<br />

xarisxiT warmoSobs am cnebas. cxadia, ase ar aris. pol<br />

gilbertis marTebuli mtkicebiT, mtrulad ganwyobil<br />

nacionalizmebs Soris arsebuli zogierTi uTanxmoebis<br />

mizezi naciebis gansxvavebuli da dapirispirebuli<br />

birTvi-cnebebia. magaliTad, is nacionalizmi, romelic<br />

naciis cnebas teritorias da samSoblo miwas ukavSirebs,<br />

imas upirispirdeba, romelic eTnikurobidan da<br />

kulturidan amodis. magram, ramdenadac istoria amgvari<br />

konfliqtebiTaa aRsavse, darwmunebuli ara var, rom<br />

adekvaturia miseuli pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom unda<br />

miiCnion am konfliqtebis monawileebma (da Cvenc) yvela<br />

maTgani ‘nacionalizmad’. esesxeba ra veberis miniSnebas,<br />

gilberti amtkicebs, rom maT saziaro aqvT is, rasac<br />

Tavad ‘nacionalizmis damfuZnebel princips’ uwodebs. am<br />

principis mixedviT, naciebi warmoadgenen jgufebs,<br />

romelTac aqvT nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis ufleba,<br />

rasac, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia moicvas ‘nacionaluri<br />

ufleba damoukidebel saxelmwifoebriobaze’; da kidev:<br />

‘nacia aris imgvari jgufi, romelsac aqvs ufleba’ (Gilbert<br />

1998: 16). magram yvela nacionalisti rodi gamoTqvams<br />

amgvar pretenzias. magaliTad, kulturuli<br />

nacionalistebi amtkiceben, rom nacias aqvs kulturuli<br />

60

avtonomiisa da moraluri regeneraciis ufleba, rac<br />

sakmaod axlosaa saxelmwifoebriobasTan; kulturuli<br />

nacionalistebi SeiZleba arc ki miiCnevdnen, rom,<br />

sasurvelia, maTi nacia (an romelime nacia) gaxdes<br />

damoukidebeli da hqondes sakuTari saxelmwifo. ufro<br />

xSirad bevri nacionalizmisaTvis mniSvnelovani, magram<br />

ara erTaderTi mizania saxelmwifoebriobis mopoveba,<br />

nacionalur gamTlianebasa da identobasTan erTad (ix.<br />

Hutchinson 1994: Tavi 1).<br />

iqneb jobdes kidec, rom nacionalistur<br />

ideologiebs ise SevxedoT, rogorc Cems mier ganxiluli<br />

‘nacionalizmis’ urTierTgadamfarav cnebaTa ojaxis<br />

magaliTebs, rac emsgavseba ‘TamaSis’ zogad cnebas,<br />

romelsac ramdenime urTierTgadamfaravi elementi aqvs,<br />

magram yvela es elementi yovel calkeul TamaSSi da<br />

TamaSis yovel tipSi ar vlindeba; albaT, gamonaklisis<br />

saxiT, yvela am nacionalistur ideologiaSi Cven<br />

SegviZlia gavarCioT sami (Tumc sxvadasxva xarisxiT<br />

warmodgenili) farTo mizani: nacionaluri identoba,<br />

mTlianoba da avtonomiuroba. am gagebiT, birTvi-cnebebi<br />

<strong>for</strong>mas aZleven nacionalisturi ideologiebis zogad<br />

msoflxedvas da maTgan momdinare politikur programebs;<br />

magram am cnebebis sxvadasxvagvari kombinacia maT<br />

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT warmarTavs, qmnis ra<br />

nacionalizmebis CvenTvis cnobil sxvadasxva saxes. Tumc,<br />

es ideologiebi ar da verc moicavs im sakiTxebs da<br />

kiTxvebs, romlebic sxva politikuri ideologiebs<br />

axasiaTebs, konceptualurad isini bevrad ufro mdidarni<br />

arian, vidre amas kritikosebi varaudoben. isini<br />

problemebis, saWiroebebis, sazrunavebis farTo wres<br />

miemarTebian, romelTac, sakuTari Tavis sazianodve,<br />

xSirad ugulebelyofen sxva ‘ZiriTadi mimarTulebis<br />

mimcemi’ politikuri ideologiebi. amas garda, rogorc es<br />

kedurim daasabuTa, ‘erTi ideologiis kategoriebis<br />

meore, sruliad gansxvavebuli, ideologiis gamocdisa da<br />

misi doqtrinebis klasifikaciisaTvis’ gamoyeneba ar<br />

amarTlebs (Kedourie 1960: 90). is, rom nacionalizmebs<br />

mxolod Zalian iribad da bundovnad, an sulac ar<br />

gaaCniaT mimarTeba socialuri samarTlianobis an<br />

resursebis distribuciis problemebTan, ganpirobebulia<br />

61

imiT, rom maTi mzera mipyrobilia identobis,<br />

avtonomiurobis, erTianobis da avTenturobis idealebze,<br />

romelTac sxva ideologiebi Znelad Tu Seexeba.<br />

nacionalizmi, rogorc<br />

kultura da religia<br />

meore pasuxi oponentTa mwvave kritikaze imis<br />

CvenebaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionalizmi ufro metia,<br />

vidre politikuri ideologia. is agreTve aris kulturis<br />

<strong>for</strong>ma da ‘religia’. amgvari pasuxis fokusSi moqceulia<br />

nacionalizmis centraluri cneba – ‘nacia’.<br />

naciis nacionalisturi koncefcia, cxadia, ar aris<br />

monoliTuri da me mis zogierT ideologiur variants<br />

mogvianebiT ganvixilav. miuxedavad amisa, yvela varianti<br />

imaSi Tanxmdeba, rom nacia sajaro kulturis <strong>for</strong>mas<br />

warmoadgens, romelic erTobis yvela wevrisaTvis an<br />

‘nacionaluri saxelmwifos’ yvela moqalaqisaTvis Riaa.<br />

rogorc davinaxeT, nacionalizmi unikaluri<br />

nacionaluri identobis xelaxal aRmoCenasa da<br />

ganaxlebas moiTxovs; es winaparTa samSobloSi mosaxle<br />

istoriul-kulturul erTobaSi avTenturi fesvebisadmi<br />

dabrunebas niSnavs. nacionalistTaTvis nacia, rogorc<br />

kulturis <strong>for</strong>ma, is erTobaa, romlis wevrebsac<br />

gacnobierebuli aqvT TavianTi kulturuli erTianoba da<br />

nacionaluri istoria da TavdadebiT iRvwian<br />

vernakuluri enebis, tradiciebis, xelovnebis dargebis,<br />

landSaftis, nacionaluri ganaTlebisa da instituciebis<br />

meSveobiT nacionaluri individualobis<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis. kvlav movixmoT amonaridi rusodan:<br />

Ce sont les institutions nationales qui <strong>for</strong>ment le génie, le<br />

caractère, le goûts et les moeurs d’un people… qui lui inspirent cet<br />

ardent amour de la patrie (es nacionaluri instituciebia,<br />

xalxis genias, xasiaTs, gemovnebas da znes rom<br />

ayalibeben……isini unergaven xalxs mamulis mwvel<br />

siyvaruls) (Rousseau 1915, II: 431, Considérations sur le<br />

gouvernement de la Pologne).<br />

62

is, rac adgilobrivia, nacionalistisaTvis ipso facto<br />

xalxuricaa. amitom, saxalxo ganaTlebis gziT, Tavidan<br />

unda aRmovaCinoT ‘xalxis’ kultura da davnergoT<br />

xalxis nacionaluri siyvaruli. aqedan warmodgeba,<br />

xSirad miTiTebuli, nacionalizmebis umetesobisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli Zlieri populisturi da romantikuli<br />

elementebi (Nairn 1977: Tavi 2). 15<br />

magram es saxalxo, nacionaluri kultura<br />

ubralod kerZo saqme ar aris. naciis kultura sajaro<br />

gamoxatvas moiTxovs da politikur simbolizms<br />

ganapirobebs. avTentur istoriasTan dabrunebam da<br />

vernakulurma kulturam sajaro <strong>for</strong>ma unda miiRos da<br />

politizirebul unda iqnas. kulturuli nacia<br />

politikuri naciac unda gaxdes, romelsac eqneba sajaro<br />

kultura – sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>ma da<br />

sazomi. amitomaa, rom nacia ‘politikuri kulturiT’, misi<br />

gansakuTrebuli politikuri rolebiTa da instituciebiT<br />

da misi unikaluri simboloebiT – droSebiT, himnebiT,<br />

zeimebiT, ceremoniebiT da maTi msgavsi atributebiT<br />

xasiaTdeba.<br />

iq, sadac nacia winare eTnikuri mocemulobis<br />

safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli, kulturis vernakuluri<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebi mis sajaro yofierebas gamsWvalavs da mis<br />

politikur kulturasTan igivdeba, rogorc es iyo<br />

poloneTSi. sadac nacia polieTnikuria da<br />

‘moqalaqeobriv’ xasiaTze aqvs pretenzia, SesaZlebelia<br />

vernakuluri kulturis zogi elementis sesxeba, rogorc<br />

es moxda indoeTSi, Tumca nawilobriv nacionaluri<br />

erTianobis sazianod. sxva SemTxvevebSi, safrangeTis<br />

msgavsad, sadac winaparTagan momavali kultura naciis<br />

moqalaqeobrivi koncefciis da teritorialuri<br />

nacionalizmis safuZvelSi Zevs, vernakulur kulturul<br />

kodebs gauWirdebaT Tanaarseboba ufro universalur<br />

respublikur simbolizmTan.<br />

am variaciebis miuxedavad, naTelia nacionalizmis<br />

jamuri impulsis arsi: nacia sajaro kulturisa da<br />

politikuri simbolizmis da, sabolood, politizebuli<br />

masobrivi kulturis <strong>for</strong>maa, romelic naciis siyvarulis,<br />

misi kanonebis gatarebisa da samSoblo miwis dacvisaTvis<br />

moqalaqeebis mobilizacias eswrafvis.<br />

63

magram nacionalizmi mainc ufro metia, vidre<br />

sekularuli kultura. miuxedavad Mmisi impulsis<br />

sekularizebisa, saboloo jamSi, nacionalizmi mainc<br />

ufro ‘politikuri religiis’ monaTesavea, vidre<br />

politikuri ideologiisa. aq me religiis durkhaimiseul<br />

definicias viyeneb, romlis mixedviTac, religia ‘aris<br />

rwm<strong>enis</strong>a da praqtikis erTiani sistema, dakavSirebuli<br />

sakralur sagnebTan, romlebic, unda iTqvas, gareSe da<br />

akrZalulia – rwmenebi da praqtika, romelic eklesiad<br />

wodebul zneobriv erTobad kravs yvelas, vinc misi<br />

principebis erTgulia’ (Durkheim 1915: 47). es funqciuri<br />

midgoma nacionalizmis surogatuli religiis gagebaSi<br />

dagvexmareba, ramdenadac Tavad durkhaimi usvams xazs<br />

siwmindisa da ritualis rols. es faqti TvalsaCinoa im<br />

mniSvnelobiTac, romelsac nacionalizmi did<br />

winamZRolTa da brZolebSi daRupulTa mosagonebel<br />

ceremoniebs, sakuTari qveynisaTvis TavganwirulTa<br />

‘didebul sikvdils’ aniWebs. amgvar momentebSi, Cven<br />

SegviZlia nacia davinaxoT, rogorc ‘moqalaqeTa wminda<br />

erToba’. es gageba eTanxmeba nacionalizmis, rogorc<br />

‘surogati religiis’, interpretacias. 16<br />

nacionalizmis sxva aspeqtebic avlens misi,<br />

rogorc surogatuli politikuri religiis, xasiaTs.<br />

drodadro Cven vxvdebiT rCeuli naciis, gansakuTrebuli<br />

istoriisa da bedisweris mqone unikaluri xalxis<br />

TviTxats, rac eTnikuri rCeulobis, ‘rCeuli xalxis’<br />

Zveli religiuri rwm<strong>enis</strong> sekularul memkvidres<br />

warmoadgens. amgvar warmodgenebs SeiZleba iseT,<br />

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul da daSorebul qveynebSi<br />

wavawydeT, rogorebicaa safrangeTi da iaponia, indoeTi<br />

da SeerTebuli Statebi. amas garda, arsebobs<br />

kvazimesianisturi mgznebarebac, romelic naciaTa<br />

fuZemdeblebs da winamZRolT axasiaTebT. afrikisa da<br />

aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi adamianebma, romlebmac xalxs<br />

damoukidebloba moapovebines – nerum da sukarnom,<br />

nkrumam da keniatam iseve, rogorc Tavis droze<br />

winaswarmetyvelebma da mxsnelebma, TiTqmis wmindanobis<br />

statusi moipoves, auwyes ra TavianTi xalxebs<br />

Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da siyvarulis axali<br />

epoqis dadgoma. rogorc ukve vaCveneT, ufro metad<br />

64

mniSvnelovanic kia nacionaluri bediswerisa da eTnikuri<br />

STamomavlobis tyupi rwmenebi. es rwmenebi avsebs da<br />

zogjer anacvlebs sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovrebis<br />

tradiciul religiur rwmenas, romelic maT miwier<br />

planSi gadaaqvT, jer kidev arSobil TaobebSi<br />

koleqtiuri ukvdavebis aRTqmis gziT (ix. A.D.Smith 1999a:<br />

Tavebi 3, 9).<br />

es yvelaferi erTgvar warmodgenas gviqmnis<br />

nacionalizmis kompleqsurobaze. nacionalizmi xan<br />

politikur ideologiad warmogvidgeba, xan ki sajaro<br />

kulturis <strong>for</strong>mad da surogatul politikur religiad.<br />

amitom ar unda SevadaroT nacionalizmis tout court sxva,<br />

‘mimarTulebis mimcem’ politikur ideologiebs TviT<br />

dasavluri samyaros SigniTac ki, romelic misTvis<br />

sakuTari saxli da mTavari asparezia. nacionalizmi unda<br />

miviCnioT mravalwaxnagovan globalur fenomenad da mis<br />

amosaxsnelad vaRiaroT misi yoveli waxnagis Seswavlis<br />

aucilebloba.<br />

voluntarizmi da organicizmi<br />

aqamde nacionalizmis ideologiebs me<br />

garkveulwilad aradiferencirebulad ganvmartavdi.<br />

veswrafvodi saerTo principebi, saziaro idealebi da<br />

birTvi-cnebebi gamomeyo, raTa SesaZlebloba momcemoda<br />

nacionalizmebs Soris zogierTi aSkarad sistematuri<br />

gansxvavebebi meCvenebina. am gansxvavebaTa arseboba<br />

moiTxovs nacionalisturi ideologiis bazisuri<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebis tipologiis SemuSavebas. yvelaze cnobili<br />

tipologia imavdroulad yvelaze martivi da Sors<br />

mimavalia: me mxedvelobaSi maqvs nacionalizmis<br />

‘voluntaristuli’ da ‘organikuli’ saxeebi, romelTac<br />

didi xnis istoria aqvT da dramatuli Sedegebi mosdevT<br />

xolme. 17<br />

nacionalizmis ideologiis am or saxes Soris<br />

dapirispireba locus classicus SeiZleba ernst renanis mier<br />

hainrix fon tretSkes kritikaSi vipovoT, romelic<br />

arsebobs 1882 wels wakiTxuli leqciis saxiT Qu’est-ce<br />

qu’une nation? tretSkesagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac<br />

germaniis mier elzasisa da lotaringiis sadavo<br />

65

teritoriebis aneqsirebis kanonierebis saCveneblad<br />

eTnolingvisturi kriteriumi ixmara da amtkicebda, rom<br />

elzaselebi, miuxedavad maTi naTlad gamoxatuli<br />

politikuri nebisa da istoriuli maxsovrobisa,<br />

‘obieqturad’ iyvnen eTnikuri germanelebi, renani ufro<br />

politikurad da erTgvarad voluntaristulad udgeboda<br />

sakiTxs. miuxedavad imisa, rom, garkveulwilad,<br />

simarTled miiCnevda safrangeTis warmoSobis<br />

‘germanikul’ Teziss (imdenad, ramdenadac monarqiuli<br />

mTavroba da myari teritoriuli dayofa dasavleT<br />

evropaSi germanikulma (frankulma) tomebma moitanes), igi<br />

asabuTebda naciebis sulierebas da maTTvis istoriuli<br />

maxsovrobisa da politikuri nebis mniSvnelobas.<br />

eTnikuri determinizmis sawinaaRmdegod, renani kerZo<br />

nacionalur kulturebze ‘adamianuri kulturis’<br />

upiratesobas da ‘Tanxmobisa da erTad cxovrebis<br />

gagrZelebis naTlad gamoxatuli survilis’ saWiroebas<br />

amtkicebs: ‘naciis arseboba (mapatieT es meta<strong>for</strong>a)<br />

yoveldRiuri plebiscitia, iseve rogorc individualuri<br />

arsebobaa sicocxlis mudmivi dadastureba’ (Renan 1882,<br />

citatisaTvis ix. Bhabha 1990: 19). es kargad cnobili pasaJi<br />

xSirad amoglejilia konteqstidan, roca, germanuli<br />

romantikuli ideologiis organicizmisa da<br />

determinizmis sapirispirod, nacionalobis liberaluri<br />

da voluntaristuli idealis saCveneblad aris xolme<br />

moxmobili. gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom renans Tavi<br />

Sors eWira rogorc determinizmisagan, ise organuli<br />

analogiisagan. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi<br />

voluntaristuli nacionalobis doqtrinas an individis<br />

im uflebis icavs, romliTac igi Tavad irCevs nacias.<br />

renani ufro metad naciis istoriuli da aqtivisturi<br />

politikuri gagebis dacvas eswrafvis, romelmac<br />

‘winaparTa kults’ da ‘gmirul warsuls’ saTanado wona<br />

unda mianiWos. naciis individTan analogia imisaTvis araa<br />

gamiznuli, rom individis preferenciaTa da jgufuri<br />

identobebis situaciuri analizis liberalur Teorias<br />

dauWiros mxari. misi daniSnulebaa naciaTa<br />

Camoyalibebisas aCvenos warsulis – istoriisa da<br />

maxsovrobis (da daviwyebis) iseve, rogorc gangrZobadi<br />

politikis, roli:<br />

66

nacia, individis msgavsad, xangrZlivi warsuli<br />

miswrafebebis, Tavganwirvis da erTgulebis<br />

kulminacias warmoadgens. kultTa Soris yvelaze<br />

gamarTlebuli winaparTa kultia, radgan<br />

winaprebma Segvqmnes Cven imad, vinc varT. gmiruli<br />

warsuli, didi adamianebi, dideba (romelSic me<br />

namdvil didebas vgulisxmob), is socialuri<br />

kapitalia, romelsac efuZneba nacionaluri idea.<br />

saerTo didebis qona warsulSi da saerTo nebis<br />

qona awmyoSi; diadi saqmeebis erTad keTeba, da<br />

momavalSic maTi kvlav keTebis survili – esaa<br />

aucilebeli pirobebi xalxad yofnisaTvis (iqve:<br />

19).<br />

maqs veberic, miuxedavad imisa, rom germaneli<br />

nacionalisti iyo, msgavs daskvnamde mivida. isic<br />

daJinebiT miuTiTebda istoriuli maxsovrobisa da<br />

politikuri nebis rolze. kolmaris muzeumSi Tavisi<br />

vizitis Sesaxeb igi mogviTxrobs:<br />

mizezi imisa, rom elzaselebi Tavs germaneli<br />

naciis kuTvnilebad ar miiCneven, maT<br />

maxsovrobebSi unda veZioT. maTi politikuri<br />

bediswera metismetad xangrZlivad warimarTeboda<br />

germanuli garemos miRma. amitomaa, rom maTi<br />

gmirebi franguli istoriis gmirebi arian. Tu<br />

kolmaris muzeumis mcvels imis Cveneba surs,<br />

rasac Tavis saganZurSi yvelaze metad<br />

eloliaveba, mas Tqven griunvaldis<br />

sakurTxevlidan Sors mihyavxarT, oTaxSi,<br />

romelic savsea samferovani droSebiT, Sablonuri<br />

nivTebiTa da cxadia, Tavisi arsiT, sruliad<br />

umniSvnelo muzaradebiTa da sxvadasxva<br />

samaxsovroebiT; dro, romelsac isini<br />

ganekuTvnebian, misTvis gmiruli epoqaa (Weber 1948:<br />

176).<br />

Semdeg is agrZelebs da SeniSnavs elzaselebSi<br />

franguli erTobis grZnobas da maT mijaWvulobas mis<br />

67

eliqviebTan da, ‘gansakuTrebiT, franguli revoluciis<br />

samaxsovroebTan’. erTobis es grZnoba, wers igi, ‘saerTo<br />

politikuri da, iribad, socialuri gamocdilebis ZaliT<br />

iqmneba. orives, rogorc feodalizmis rRvevis<br />

simboloebs, didad afaseben masebi, da am ambebis Txroba<br />

primitiuli xalxebis heroikuli legendebis adgils<br />

ikavebs’ (Weber 1968, I: 396).<br />

veberis zogadi Sexeduleba naciebze da<br />

nacionalizmze, miuxedavad imisa, rom arasodes yofila<br />

srulad Camoyalibebuli, garkveulwilad, axlos dgas<br />

renanis SexedulebasTan. kerZod, imiT, rom veberic,<br />

istoriul maxsovrobasTan erTad, gansakuTrebul<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebda politikur qmedebebsa da<br />

instituciebs. amave dros, veberi jer kidev ganicdida<br />

saukunis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli germanuli<br />

romantikuli tradiciisaTvis centraluri, nacionalobis<br />

eTnolingvisturi kriteriumis Zalian did gavlenas.<br />

aRniSnuli tradiciis suliskveTeba herderidan da<br />

kantidan, da kidev ufro adreuli xanidan – rusos<br />

‘naturalizmidan’, im Tvalsazrisidan momdinareobda, rom<br />

naciebi SeiZleba Caisaxon ‘bunebiT mdgomareobaSi’ (Tumca<br />

kanonmdebels SeuZlia bunebis xarvezebis Sevseba),<br />

rogorc es siiesma, XVIII saukunis dasasrulis frangma<br />

politikis filosofosma da saxelmwifo moRvawem<br />

gamoxata. XIX saukunis dasawyisis germaneli<br />

romantikosebi – fixte, arndti da iani aseve<br />

darwmunebulni iyvnen (eTnolingvisturi) naciebis<br />

bunebriobis safuZvlianobaSi, magram es rwmena maT<br />

mtkice saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebas im mizniT<br />

Seuxames, rom swori nacionaluri neba da namdvili<br />

Tavisuflebis miRwevisaTvis brZolis moTxovnileba<br />

daenergaT da WeSmariti nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva<br />

ganexorcielebinaT (ix. Kedourie 1960: Tavi 3).<br />

romantikosebisaTvis, iseve rogorc renanisaTvis,<br />

nacia sulieri principi, ‘nacionaluri suli’ (Volkgeist)<br />

iyo da yovel nacias Tavisi gansakuTrebuli bediswera<br />

da misia hqonda, iseve rogorc moepoveboda unikaluri<br />

kultura, ‘Seucvleli kulturuli Rirebulebani’,<br />

romelTa rwmena vebers nacionalizmis damRad esaxeboda.<br />

renanisagan gansxvavebiT, germanelma romatikosebma<br />

68

nacionaluri sulis wyaro ara istoriaSi an politikaSi,<br />

aramed ‘kulturiT Seqmnil nebaSi’ hpoves, im organul<br />

lingvistur kulturaSi, romelic saxelmwifoebriobaSi<br />

TviTrealizaciisaTvis nacionaluri nebis ZiebaSi<br />

gamoixateboda. nacionaluri sulis es kriteriumi<br />

germanulenovani teritoriebis istoriasa da Tanamedrove<br />

mdgomareobas asaxavda. 1871 wlamde es teritoriebi<br />

mraval iseT samefod da samTavrod iyo dayofili,<br />

romelTa erTaderT saziaro niSans germanuli ena da<br />

literatura warmoadgenda. Tumca zogierTi germaneli<br />

romantikosi ukve eyrdnoboda saerTo istorias: cnebam<br />

germania farTo gavrceleba hpova renesansis<br />

germanulenovan humanistebs Soris. Semdeg ki, roca<br />

wminda romis imperia germanulenovan teritoriebs Seexo,<br />

enam da eTnikurobam swrafad SeiZina ufro didi<br />

mowodebis Zala, romelic Tavdapirvelad gareSe mtris –<br />

franguli kulturis, mogvianebiT ki upiratesad Sina –<br />

ebraeli ‘rasobrivi mtris’ winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.<br />

birTv-RirebulebebTan da kulturuli bmis ZalasTan<br />

dakavSirebulma am gaurkvevlobam, kulturuli da<br />

eTnikuri Seryvnis mzard SiSTan erTad, gavlena moaxdina<br />

germanuli nacionaluri ideologiis kursze, misca ra mas<br />

eTnikuri nacionalizmisa da biologiuri determinizmis<br />

mimarTuleba. ufro zogadad ki amgvarma kulturulma<br />

kvanZma naciis ufro naturalisturi da organuli<br />

ideologiebis ganviTarebis tendencias Seuwyo xeli (ix.<br />

Mosse 1964; Kohn 1965; Conversi 1997). 18<br />

‘eTnikuri’ da ‘moqalaqeobrivi’<br />

nacionalizmebi<br />

germanuli nacionalizmis kursisaTvis Tvalis<br />

midevneba mniSvnelovan faqtorad iqca hans konis<br />

‘dasavluri’ da ‘aRmosavluri’ nacionalizmebis<br />

diqotomiis gasaviTareblad, romelic kvlavac rCeba<br />

nacionalizmis yvelaze naqeb da gavlenianian<br />

tipologiad. hans konis mTavari Sroma nacionalizmis<br />

idea 1944 wels gamovida. werda ra nacizmisa da omis<br />

aCrdilTa pirobebSi, igi eswrafvoda aRmoeCina<br />

gansxvavebebi dasavleTSi arsebul nacionalizmis ufro<br />

69

keTil <strong>for</strong>masa da mis im ufro saSiS saxesxvaobebs<br />

Soris, romlebic rainis aRmosavleTiT gamoCndnen. koni<br />

amtkicebda, rom nacionalizmis dasavluri <strong>for</strong>mebi<br />

dafuZnebuli iyo ideaze, rom nacia warmoadgenda<br />

moqalaqeTa racionalur asociacias, gaerTianebuls<br />

saerTo kanonebiTa da saziaro teritoriiT, maSin roca<br />

misi aRmosavluri saxesxvaobebi saerTo kulturisa da<br />

eTnikuri warmomavlobis rwmenas efuZneboda da nacias<br />

ganixilavda rogorc urRvev, erTian, organul,<br />

individualur wevrebze maRla mdgom organizms, romelic<br />

dabadebidan dagyveba da nacionalur daRs gasvams. am<br />

kontrastis warmoSobis wyaro nacionalizmebis<br />

gansxvavebul klasobriv SemadgenlobaSi unda veZeboT.<br />

dasavleTSi Zlier da Tavis TavSi darwmunebul<br />

burJuazias SeeZlo aeSenebina masobrivi samoqalaqo<br />

suliskveTebis mqone moqalaqeTa nacia, maSin rodesac<br />

aRmosavleTs amgvari burJuaziuli klasi ar gaaCnda da<br />

imperiuli avtokratebisa da naxevradfeodaluri<br />

miwaTmflobelebis mier imarTeboda. es qmnida noyier<br />

niadags naciis organuli koncefciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis mkveTri, avtoritaruli, xSirad mistikuri<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebisaTvis (Kohn 1967a).<br />

miuxedavad konis diqotomiis mkveTri kritikisa<br />

(dayofis miseuli moralisturi miuReblobis gabuqva,<br />

misi geografiuli fokusis kritika im mizeziT, rom<br />

mxedvelobis aredan mniSvnelovani ‘gamonaklisebia’<br />

gamorCenili, magaliTad, irlandia da CexeTi, da ori<br />

tipis miseuli gamocalkevebis zedmet simkveTreze<br />

miTiTeba), igi mainc inarCunebs WeSmaritebis marcvals.<br />

naciis ‘voluntaristul’ koncefciaSi individebi floben<br />

garkveul Tavisuflebas; marTalia, ‘naciaTa msoflioSi’<br />

da nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis arsebobis pirobebSi<br />

isini nacias unda ganekuTvnebodnen, magram, principSi, maT<br />

SeuZliaT Tavi miakuTvnon sasurvel nacias. naciis<br />

‘organul’ koncefciaSi amgvari arCevani gamoricxulia.<br />

individebi naciaSi arian Sobilni da, sadac ar unda<br />

wavidnen, mainc maTi dambadebeli naciis ganuyrel<br />

nawilad rCebian. 19<br />

es, cxadia, ideologiuri kriteriumia da<br />

normatiul tipebs aRwers. Carlton heisis Sromidan da<br />

70

luis snaideridan moyolebuli da ufro gviandeli<br />

<strong>for</strong>mulirebebiT damTavrebuli (rogorebicaa hug setonuotsoniseuli<br />

gamijvna, romelic (upiratesad) dasavleT<br />

evropaSi arsebul ‘Zvel, gangrZobad naciebs’ aRmosavleT<br />

evropisa da aziis axali, mizanmimarTulad Seqmnili<br />

naciebisagan (‘Canafiqris naciebisagan’, rogorc maT<br />

Carlz tili uwodebda) gamoyofda; da nacionalizmebis<br />

Cemeuli dayofa imis meSveobiT, rom erTni efuZnebian<br />

‘teritorias’, xolo meoreni – ‘eTnikurobas’) iyo cdebi,<br />

rom gamijnva ufro metad istoriul da sociologiur<br />

safuZvelze momxdariyo. am tipologiam SesaZloa kargad<br />

dagvanaxos naciebsa da nacionalizmebs Soris arsebuli<br />

umTavresi gansxvavebani. magram problema isaa, rom droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi imdenad bevri nacionalizmi icvlis Tavis<br />

‘bunebas’ da ise xSirad urevs erTmaneTSi orive<br />

tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebs, rom Tavdapirveli<br />

analitikuri gamijnva erTgvarad kargavs Tavis<br />

praqtikul Rirebulebas. 20<br />

garda amisa, nacionalizmis sociologiur tipebSi<br />

normatiuli Tvalsazrisebis Setanis safrTxec arsebobs.<br />

esaa naciis amJamad moduri ‘eTnikur’ da ‘moqalaqeobriv’<br />

koncefciebs Soris gamijvnis problema. maSin, roca<br />

politikis filosofosebis TvalSi ‘moqalaqeobriv’<br />

nacionalizms SeuZlia rom liberalizms SeuTavsdes da,<br />

am gziT, garkveul respeqtabelurobas miaRwios,<br />

‘sisxlisa da miwis’ nacionalizmis eTnikuri <strong>for</strong>mebi<br />

moraluri sazRvris miRma rCeba; aRmoufxvreli<br />

partikularizmi ar aZlevs maT saSualebas hqondeT raime<br />

civilizebuli urTierToba ‘mimarTulebis mimcem’<br />

politikur ideologiebTan. SesaZloa liberaluri axsna,<br />

romelic gansaxlebas, istorias da sajaro kulturas da<br />

ara genealogiasa da eTnolingvistur kulturas efuZneba,<br />

imisaTvis iyos saWiro, rom upirvelesi yuradReba<br />

TanamemamuleTa saWiroebebs daeTmos. aRniSnuli kargad<br />

esadageba naciis cnebis devid mileriseul definicias,<br />

romlis komponentebic moicavs istorias, teritorias da<br />

sajaro kulturas, magram yuradRebis gareSe tovebs<br />

yovelgvar miTiTebas eTnikuri STamomavlobis miTze.<br />

imaves gagrZelebaa mauricio virolis mier respublikuri<br />

71

patriotizmis dacva eTnokulturuli nacionalizmis<br />

pretenziebisagan (Miller 1995; Viroli 1995; Sdr. Barry 1999).<br />

magram nacionalizmis amgvar Sekvecil versiasac<br />

ki ZaluZs sakmaod araliberaluri qsenofobiuri<br />

politikis gamowveva. moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmis<br />

‘saxlidan’ amis klasikur magaliTs safrangeTis<br />

respublikaSi ebraelebisadmi damokidebuleba<br />

warmoadgenda. ‘ebraels, rogorc individs, Cven vaZlevT<br />

yvelafers, ebraels, rogorc ebraels – arafers’<br />

ganacxada klermon-tonem safrangeTis asambleaze 1790<br />

wels. moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmis mier umciresobaTa<br />

uflebebis dacvaSi sakuTari marcxis aRiareba, SeiZleba<br />

Seesabameba kidec liberalur individualizms da<br />

pirovnul adamianur uflebebs, magram es mxolod jgufis<br />

uflebebze Tvalis daxuWviT, umravlesobis (maspinZeli)<br />

naciis TanxmobiT xdeba. aRniSnuli ufleba-movaleobani<br />

gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa mier dominanturi (franguli)<br />

<strong>enis</strong> Seswavlas, saqmis warmoebas am enaze; umravlesobis<br />

(franguli) istoriis da literaturis Seswavlasa da<br />

deklamacias; franguli tradiciebis dacvas; franguli<br />

simboloebisa da instituciebis aRiarebas da a.S.<br />

ebraelebisaTvis es niSnavs maTi unitaruli TviTaRqmis<br />

da maTi eTnoreligiuri erTobis gaxleCas religiur<br />

aRmsareblobad da eTnikur kuTvnilebad, ganZarcvas am<br />

ukanasknelisagan da asimilacias maspinel naciaSi. esaa<br />

is procedura, romelsac liberaluri moqalaqeobrivi<br />

nacionalizmi umciresobaTa mimarT dRes mraval<br />

nacionalur saxelmwifoSi iyenebs (ix. Vital 1990: Tavi 1;<br />

Preece 1998).<br />

moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmi Zalian Sorsaa<br />

imisagan, rom gansxvavebuli kulturebis mqone jgufTa<br />

moTxovnilebani daakmayoflos. namdvili<br />

multikulturizmis arseboba mxolod ‘mravlobiTi’<br />

naciis CarCoebSia SesaZlebeli. amgvari nacia dadebiTad<br />

ekideba mravalferovnebas da nacionalur saxelmwifoSi<br />

yvelaferze maRla ayenebs instituciebisa da<br />

simboloebis SigniT sxvadasaxva kulturebis komponentTa<br />

arsebobas. es SesaZlebeli Seiqna amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos mxolod<br />

gadasadnobi qvabis ideologiaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg.<br />

72

Tumc faqtobrivad, SeerTebuli Statebi protestantuli<br />

inglisuri eTnies safuZvelze aSenda, monobam,<br />

adgilobrivi amerikelebis dapyrobam da imigraciis<br />

erTimeoreze miyolebulma talRebma igi namdvil<br />

mravaleTnikur da pluralistur naciad aqcia, romelic<br />

amasTanave SekavSirebuli iyo saerTo eniT, saerTo<br />

kanonebiT, saziaro politikuri simboloebiTa da<br />

‘sekularuli religiiT’ – droSisadmi pativis migebiT,<br />

sajaro dResaswaulebis aRniSnviT, konstituciisa da<br />

damfuZnebel mamaTa kultiT, saxelovan omebSi<br />

daRupulTa mosagonari RonisZiebebiT da a.S.<br />

miuxedavad yvela am TvalsaCino gansxvavebisa,<br />

msgavsebac gansacvifreblad didia SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

am sasiamovno nacionalizmsa da safrangeTis, ruseTis da<br />

britaneTis ‘misionerul’ nacionalizmebs Soris, rac maT<br />

‘didi naciebad’, ‘progresis Suqurebad’, ‘uvic<br />

adgilobrivebSi’ ‘civilizaciis gamavrceleblebad’<br />

dasaxvas gulisxmobs. es msgavseba adasturebs, rom,<br />

miuxedavad TvalsaCino kontrastisa nacionalizmis<br />

ideologiis ‘organul’ da ‘voluntaristul’ <strong>for</strong>mebsa da<br />

naciis ‘eTnikur’ da ‘moqalaqeobriv’ koncefciebs Soris,<br />

maT mier warmoSobili politikuri qmedebani imaze ufro<br />

axloa erTmaneTTan, vidre warmogvedgina. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom mizezobrivi analizis Catarebisas, Cven<br />

nacionalizmis, rogorc fenomenTa erTi krebulis,<br />

ganixilva gvWirdeba. Tumca, amave dros, arc mis<br />

sxvadasxva <strong>for</strong>mebs Soris arsebuli ideologiuri<br />

gansxvavebebi unda dagvaviwydes. nacionalizmis bazisuri<br />

principebi, idealebi da birTvi-cnebebi aSkarad<br />

ucvlelia droSi da sxvadasxva kulturebSi; da es<br />

gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom arian mecnierebi<br />

darwmunebulni, rom SeuZliaT warmoadginon naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmebis yovlismomcveli ganmartebani da<br />

mtrulad ganwyobil nacionalistebs SesaZlebloba<br />

miscen erTmaneTTan debatebSi CaerTon, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom terminTa yvelasaTvis misaRebi definiciebisa da<br />

amxsneli paradigmebis Taobaze ver SeTanxmebulan.<br />

73

3<br />

paradigmebi<br />

________________________________<br />

1789 wlis dasawyisSi abatma siiesma gamoaqveyna<br />

pamfleti saTauriT Qu’est-ce que le Tiers Etat? siiesi<br />

Tavadaznaurebisa da klerikalebis privilegiebis<br />

winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda, mesame wodebas naciasTan<br />

aigivebda da naciis suverenobas acxadebda:<br />

nacia yvelaferze uwinaresia da yvelaferis<br />

sawyisia. misi neba yovelTvis kanonieria, radganac<br />

is Tavadaa kanoni… dedamiwaze arsebuli naciebi,<br />

pirovnebebis msgavsad, yovelgvari socialuri<br />

kavSirisagan Tavisufalni, anu sxvagvarad,<br />

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi unda Casaxuliyvnen. maTi<br />

nebis ganxorcieleba yovelgvari moqalaqeobrivi<br />

<strong>for</strong>misagan Tavisufali da damoukidebelia.<br />

arseboben ra mxolod bunebriv wesrigSi, maTi neba,<br />

sruli efeqtisaTvis mxolod nebis bunebriv<br />

maxasiaTeblebs saWiroebs. rogorc nacias surs, is<br />

sakmarisia imisaTvis, rac surs. yvela <strong>for</strong>ma<br />

misaRebia, da misi neba yovelTvis uzenaesi kanonia<br />

(citatisaTvis ix. Cobban 1963, I: 165; kursivi<br />

dedniseulia).<br />

adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciam<br />

erTi wlis Semdeg saqmis arsi ufro mkafiodac ki<br />

gadmosca: ‘arsebiTad, nacia yovelgvari suverenobis<br />

wyaroa: arc erT adamians, arc erT pirovnebas ar<br />

SeiZleba hqondes raime Zalaufleba, romelic calsaxad<br />

misgan ar momdinareobs’ (ix. Baker 1988: 271). erTi wlis<br />

Semdgom, 1790 wlis zafxulSi, frangebma Fête de la Fédération<br />

izeimes: erovnuli gvardielebi da loialurad<br />

ganwyobili moqalaqeebi Seikribnen, raTa axali franguli<br />

74

federaciis Seqmna edResaswaulaT. yvelgan aRmarTuli<br />

iyo sakurTxevlebi warweriT: ‘moqalaqe ibadeba,<br />

cxovrobs da kvdeba mamulisaTvis’. moewyo msvlelobebi,<br />

mRerodnen himnebs, Jak-lui-davidis naxatis horaciusis<br />

ficis (1784) mibaZviT, gaSlili urTierTgadaWdobili<br />

mklavebiT debdnen fics. ‘wminda saZmoSi’ gaerTianebuli<br />

moqalaqeebi safrangeTs samudamo erTgulebas,<br />

nacionaluri erTianobis mxardaWeras da suvereni<br />

xalxisadmi morCilebas aRuTqvamdnen. 14 ivliss parizSi<br />

marsis mindorze lafaietma fici dado, xolo taleiranma<br />

masobrioba da gaSlili droSebis qveS kurTxeva<br />

uzrunvelyo, ismoda ‘simRera da iyo sixarulis<br />

cremlebis Rvra, radganac es iyo dRe safrangeTis<br />

ganaxlebisa’. amave dros notr-damSi naxevrad sakraluri,<br />

naxevrad profanuli kantata Prise de la Bastille sruldeboda,<br />

romelic ivdiTis patriotuli wignis pasaJebis nakrebs<br />

warmoadgenda (Schama 1989: 502–512).<br />

revoluciis winsvlasTan erTad xalxis<br />

enTuziazmic matulobda. miRebuli iqna axali<br />

samferovani droSa axal nacionalur himn<br />

‘marseliozasTan’ erTad, romelic SemdgomSi saxelmwifo<br />

himni gaxda. mefis tituli: ‘lui, uflis madliT,<br />

safrangeTisa da navaris mefe’ ase Seicvala: ‘lui, uflis<br />

madliTa da saxelmwifos konstituciuri kanoniT,<br />

frangTa mefe’. rogorc politikur, aseve kulturul<br />

regionalizms lagami amosdes ‘la république, une et indivisible’<br />

Sesaqmnelad. 1793 wlidan frangul enas abat greguarisa<br />

da robespieris meTvalyureobiT moqmedi saxalxo<br />

usafrTxoebis iakobinuri komitetis wevris bares<br />

ZalisxmeviT mTel qveyanaSi eniWeboda upiratesoba.<br />

pirveli plebiscitebi Catarda papis or anklavSi, raTa<br />

maTi mosaxleobis (franguli) neba dadasturebuliyo.<br />

axalwveulTagan moqalaqeTa nacionaluri armia<br />

Camoyalibda. man ramdenime marcxi agema monarqTa<br />

SemoWril armiebs valmisTan 1792 wlis seqtemberSi da<br />

Semdegac; ‘patriotTa’ (ase uwodebdnen Tavs<br />

revolucionerebi) gamarjvebis talRis moqcevisas daiwyo<br />

maT mier xelSi Cagdebul ‘ganTavisuflebul’<br />

teritoriebze Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis da Zmobis<br />

idealebis eqsporti. nacionaluri ganaxlebis<br />

75

aRsaniSnavad 1793 da 1794 wlebSi didi saxalxo fêtes iqna<br />

organizebuli. maTi dadgma davids ekuTvnoda, musika –<br />

goseks, poezia ki – andre Senies. es dResaswaulebi<br />

gamoirCeoda didi procesiebiT da aRlumebiT, himnebiT,<br />

Tavisuflebisa da bunebis kolosaluri qandakebebiT da<br />

iseTi ritualebiT, rogoricaa miwis xelaxla monaTvla<br />

wyliT, caSi aTasobiT mSvidobis mtredis gaSveba da<br />

robespieris, viTarca axali moses, daSveba TabaSirisa da<br />

muyaos giganturi mTidan, romlis mwvervalzec<br />

herkulesis qandakeba da Tavisuflebis xe iyo aRmarTuli<br />

(Schama 1989: 746–750, 831–836). 1<br />

modernizmi<br />

mainc zustad ras zeimobda franguli burJuazia?<br />

es ar iyo ubralod xelisuflebaSi mosvla da<br />

aristokratiisa da klerikalTa privilegiebis<br />

dasasruli. es sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara franguli<br />

respublikis <strong>for</strong>miT safrangeTis axali naciis dabadeba.<br />

nacionaluri krebisa da misi memkvidreebis muSaobis<br />

Sedegad axali naciis mSeneblobis procesSi biZgi mieca<br />

uzarmazar energiasa da Zalisxmevas ganmanaTlebeli<br />

filosofosebis racionaluri gegmebis Sesabamisi<br />

konstituciuri cvlilebis ganxorcielebaSi. 2<br />

amgvari gegmiuri ‘naciamSenebloba’ Tvisebrivad<br />

axali procesi iyo, romelsac 1789 wlamde paraleli ar<br />

moeZebneba. marTalia, wina epoqebSic adgendnen<br />

ganaTlebuli monarqebi keTildReobis programebsa da<br />

diadi gardaqmnebis proeqtebs; administraciis<br />

farTomasStabiani ‘modernizaciis’ mcdelobebic ki iyo,<br />

dawyebuli hamurabis kanonebidan Zvel babilonSi da<br />

avgustusis re<strong>for</strong>mebidan romSi da ruseTSi petre<br />

didisa da avstriaSi ioseb II modernizaciis programebiT<br />

damTavrebuli. magram maT qmedebaSi aranairi koleqtiuri<br />

Canafiqri ar iyo. is xorcieldeboda erTi pirovnebis an<br />

mmarTveli klasis saxeliTa da misi interesebisaTvis.<br />

arc raime ideologia arsebobda saerTo istoriisa da<br />

kulturis mqone suvereni xalxisaTvis, romlisadmic<br />

uzenaesi erTguleba unda gamogeCina da Tavic gagewira.<br />

adreul epoqebSi centrSi mimdinare politikur<br />

76

movlenebSi monawileobis misaRebad xalxis mobilizebis<br />

sakiTxi ar idga; ar arsebobda araTu qalebis, aramed<br />

mamakacebis politikurad gacnobierebul da aqtiur<br />

‘moqalaqeebad’ gadaqcevis saWiroebac ki. Sesabamisad, arc<br />

raime interesi arsebobda, rom sazogadoebas moqalaqeTa<br />

saWiroebaTa da interesTa dasakmayofileblad<br />

infrastruqtura da instituciebi hqonoda, romelTa<br />

meSveobiTac mosaxleobaSi farTod dainergeboda<br />

masobrivi savaldebulo standartuli saxalxo<br />

ganaTleba ‘moqalaqeTaTvis’ aucilebeli unar-Cvevebis<br />

gasaviTareblad, raTa, SeZlebisdagvarad, amaRlebuliyo<br />

naciis keTildReoba da moqalaqeebi wmindad sekularuli<br />

pativiscemiT gamsWvaluliyvnen naciis kanonebis mimarT. 3<br />

es yvelaferi axali iyo da XVI saukunidan XVIII<br />

saukunis bolomde periodis evropis absolutisti<br />

monarqebis centralizaciisaken mimarTuli programebis,<br />

maT pretenziebze mzardi reaqciebis Sedegs warmoadgenda,<br />

reaqciebisa, romlebmac pirvelad XVII saukunis<br />

holandiisa da inglisis puritanul ajanyebebSi iCines<br />

Tavi da kulminacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da<br />

safrangeTis revoluciebSi miaRwies. da es mxolod<br />

XVIIIBsaukunis miwurulis safrangeTSi gaxda<br />

SesaZlebeli, rom 430 wels perikles mowodeba<br />

gamosaTxovar sityvaSi aTeneli TanamoqalaqeTadmi,<br />

‘sigiJemde SeeyvarebinaT TavianTi qalaqi’, cxovrebis<br />

kredod gadaiqceuliyo. mxolod amis Semdgom Camohkra<br />

koleqtivis gulis simebs xeli sazogadoebrivad aqtiuri<br />

moazrovne aTeneli moqalaqis perikleseulma idealma.<br />

sulac ar aris sakvirveli, rom ruso da misi megobrebi<br />

klasikuri aT<strong>enis</strong>, spartas da respublikuri romis<br />

istoriaSi eZiebdnen moqalaqeobrivi solidarobisa da<br />

istoriuli erTobis modelebs. franguli revoluciis<br />

komentirebisas durukhaimi werda: ‘faqtobrivad imave<br />

dros, sayovelTao enTuziazmis gavleniT, Tavisi arsiT<br />

pirwmindad sekularuli sagnebi – mamuli, Tavisufleba,<br />

goneba – gardaiqmnen sakralurad. gamoikveTa religiis<br />

(Tavisi dogmatikiT, simboloebiT, sakurTxevlebiT da<br />

dResaswaulebiT) dafuZnebis tendencia’ (Durkheim 1915: 214).<br />

Sesabamisad, nacionalizmi, rogorc ‘naciis mSeneblobis’<br />

procesi da rogorc ideologia da moZraoba, da<br />

77

nacionalizmis idealebi – nacionaluri avtonomiuroba,<br />

erTianoba da identoba – modernuli fenomenebia,<br />

romlebic politikuri sc<strong>enis</strong> centrSi suveren, erTian da<br />

unikalur nacias aTavseben da mTels msoflioSi am<br />

<strong>for</strong>miT moqmedeben. 4<br />

Sexedulebas, romelic me movxaze da istoriul<br />

ganviTarebas, romelic mis arss warmogvidgens, SeiZleba<br />

‘modernistuli’ ewodos. ‘modernizmis’ ori <strong>for</strong>ma<br />

arsebobs: qronologiuri da sociologiuri. pirveli,<br />

rogorc vasabuTebdi, amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi –<br />

ideologia, moZraoba da simbolizmi – SedarebiT<br />

bolodroindeli movlenaa. meores mtkicebiT ki,<br />

nacionalizmi Tvisebrivadac axalia. amMmeore <strong>for</strong>maSi<br />

nacionalizmi raRac bevrad ufro Zvelis ubralod<br />

ganaxlebuli versia ki ar aris, aramed inovacias<br />

warmoadgens da adre misi msgavsi Aaraferi arsebula. igi<br />

ubralod istoriis mudmiv mdinarebas ki ar ukavSirdeba,<br />

aramed warmoadgens fenomens, romelsac suli sruliad<br />

axalma epoqam da mTlianad axalma pirobebma STabera.<br />

mokled, nacionalizmi modernuli drois produqtia da<br />

sxva araferi. swored es ukanaskneli mtkicebulebaa is,<br />

rac WeSmarit modernizms gamoarCevs.<br />

magram ara mxolod nacionalizmia axali. aseTive<br />

arian naciebi, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, nacionaluri<br />

identobani da mTeli ‘internacionaluri’ erToba. es<br />

yvelaferi modernistisaTvis ara mxolod<br />

qronologiuradaa axali, aramed Tvisebrivadac.<br />

frangulma revoluciam ara ubralod axali ideologiis,<br />

aramed adamianuri erTobis axali <strong>for</strong>mis, koleqtiuri<br />

identobis axali saxis, saxelmwifos axali tipis,<br />

dabolos, saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis axali<br />

wesrigis gamoCena gvauwya. am axali fenomenebis<br />

urTierTSexamebasa da Sida kavSirebSi airekleba<br />

modernuli drois axali msoflio wesrigi. magram,<br />

msgavsad amisa, modernistisaTvis isini<br />

TanadroulobisTvis damaxasiaTebel axal pirobebsac<br />

asaxaven. 5<br />

ra aris nacionaluri fenom<strong>enis</strong> specifikurad<br />

modernuli maxasiaTeblebi, da ra ZiriTadi pirobebia<br />

78

saWiro imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyos naciebis,<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifoebisa da nacionalizmis<br />

warmoSobas? am kiTxvebze gacemul pasuxebSi, modernizmis<br />

mravali tipi gamovlindeba, da me, maTgan gamomdinare,<br />

zogierT Teoriasa da debatebs Semdgom TavSi ganvixilav.<br />

axla ki SegviZlia mokled davaxasiaToT modernistTa<br />

yovlismomcveli paradigmis Semdegi tipebi:<br />

1. socialur-ekonomikuri: am versiiT nacionalizmi<br />

da naciebi iseTi ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />

faqtorebisagan warmodgebian, rogoricaa<br />

industriuli kapitalizmi, regionaluri<br />

uTanasworoba da klasobrivi konfliqti. tom<br />

nairnis da maikl heCTeris mixedviT, TviT<br />

nacionaluri sentimentebi da idealebi<br />

gamowveulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa SigniT<br />

SedarebiTi siRaribis arsebobiT regionebs da<br />

klasebs Soris da saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebis<br />

gadakveTiT, ganuviTarebel periferiul da<br />

ganviTarebul centralur regionebs an centralur<br />

da periferiul elitebs Soris, rodesac am<br />

ukanasknels mxars periferiis axlad<br />

mobilizebuli ‘masebi’ umagrebs (Hechter 1975; Nairn<br />

1977). 6<br />

2. socialur-kulturuli: ernst gelneris mixedviT,<br />

nacionalizmi da naciebi modernuli, industriuli<br />

epoqis socialurad aucilebeli fenomenebia,<br />

romlebic ‘modernizaciis’ gardamaval periodSi<br />

warmoSvnen. Nnaciebi wignieri, skolis meSveobiT<br />

gavrcelebad, specialistebisa da masobrivi,<br />

standartuli, savaldebulo saxalxo ganaTlebis<br />

sistemis mier mxardaWerili ‘maRali kulturis’<br />

gamoxatulebani arian. Tavis mxriv, naciebi<br />

mobiluri da daostatebuli samuSao Zalis<br />

momzadebiT zustad iseve exmarebian<br />

industrializms, rogorc es ukanaskneli uwyobs<br />

xels nacionalizmis warmoSobas (Gellner 1964, Tavi<br />

7; 1973; da 1983).<br />

3. politikuri: aq naciebi da nacionalizmi<br />

yalibdeba modernul, profesionalTa<br />

79

saxelmwifoSi an misi meSveobiT uSualod an<br />

specifikur (imperiul/koloniur) saxelmwifoebTan<br />

dapirispirebaSi. iseTi TeoretikosebisaTvis,<br />

rogorebic arian jon brili, entoni gidensi da<br />

maikl mani, ara marto modernuli saxelmwifoa<br />

naciebisa da nacionalizmis saukeTeso macne, misi<br />

urTierToba sazogadoebasTan reintegraciuli<br />

nacionalizmis im mkacr gamocdasac atarebs,<br />

romelic saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis<br />

gardauvlad Tanmdevi movlenaa (Giddens 1985; Breuilly<br />

1993; Mann 1995).<br />

4. ideologiuri: aq fokusSi xvdeba nacionalisturi<br />

ideologiis evropuli warmoSoba da modernuloba,<br />

misi kvazireligiuri Zala da roli imperiebis<br />

msxvrevaSi da naciebis SeqmnaSi iq, sadac amgvari<br />

ram ar arsebobda. eli keduri nacionalisturi<br />

ideologiebis kvals ganmanaTleblobaSi da<br />

TviTgamorkvevis kantiseul ideebSi, sabolo jamSi<br />

ki, mileniur Suasakunebriv qristianul<br />

doqtrinebSi poulobs; manve gamoavlina<br />

araevropel xalxebze aRniSnuli ideologiebis<br />

destruqciuli zemoqmedeba, rodesac ukmayofilo<br />

inteligenciam am xiliasturi evropuli<br />

doqtrinebis adaptacia moaxdina mSobliuri<br />

eTnikuri da religiuri tradiciebisaTvis (Kedourie<br />

1960; da 1971: Sesavali). 7<br />

5. konstruqcionistuli: es modernizmis sakmaod<br />

Taviseburi <strong>for</strong>maa imdenad, ramdenadac yuradRebis<br />

centrSia modernulad miCneuli naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis socialurad konstruirebadoba.<br />

erik hobsbaumis mixedviT, axlad<br />

ganTavisuflebuli masebis energiis saTanadod<br />

mimarTvas mmarTveli elitis interesebis<br />

gasatareblad naciebi socialuri inJineriis<br />

produqts – ‘gamogonil tradiciebs’ unda<br />

umadlodnen. meores mxriv, benediqt andersoni<br />

naciaSi iseT warmosaxviT erTobas xedavs,<br />

romelic kosmiuri religiebisa da monarqiebis<br />

gaqrobiT datovebul sicarieles avsebs iq, sadac<br />

drois axali koncefcia da ‘beWvdiTi kapitalizmi’<br />

80

saSualebas iZleva wrfiv droSi moZravi naciebi<br />

warmovidginoT (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983; Anderson<br />

1991).<br />

miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa,<br />

modernulobis paradigmis yvela am variaciisaTvis<br />

saziaroa imis rwmena, rasac SeiZleba ‘struqturuli<br />

modernizmi’ ewodos. es arc ‘pirobiTi modernizmia’ da<br />

arc ubralo dakvirveba nacionalizmisa da<br />

Tanadroulobis istoriul korelaciaze, aramed<br />

modernulobis Tandayolili nacionaluri da<br />

nacionalisturi bunebis rwmenaa. sxvagvarad verc<br />

iqneboda. modernuloba xom, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

aucileblad naciebis <strong>for</strong>miT gvevlineba da, rogorc<br />

wesi, gardauvlad warmoqmnis nacionalistur<br />

ideologiebsa da moZraobebs.<br />

perenializmi<br />

dRes modernizmi nacionalizmis Taobaze<br />

orTodoqsuli mecnierebis Sexedulebas warmoadgens.<br />

bevrisaTvis naciebis, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis da<br />

nacionalizmis modernuloba martivad misaRebia,<br />

sxvebisaTvis Zneli dasajerebelia. Tumca es yovelTvis<br />

ase ar iyo. meore msoflio omamde bevri mecnieri<br />

iziarebda Sexedulebas, rom, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu<br />

nacionalisturi ideologia bolodroindeli movlenaa,<br />

Tavad naciebi yovelTvis, istoriis yvela periodSi,<br />

arsebobdnen, da bevri nacia uxsovari drodan arsebobda.<br />

esaa xedva, romelic SeiZleba ‘perenializmad’ iwodos.<br />

albaT, samarTliani iqneba Tu vityviT, rom sazogadoebis<br />

bevri wevri dResac perenialistur Tvalsazrisze dgas,<br />

gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme maT sakuTar nacias<br />

Seexeba. XIX saukuneSi da XX saukunis 40-ian wlebamdec<br />

perenializmis ama Tu im variants bevri mecnieric<br />

iziarebda, iseTebic ki, rogoric renani gaxldaT,<br />

romelic ufro nacionalizmis ‘voluntaristul’ versias<br />

amjobinebda. amgvari viTarebis Seqmnas nawilobriv<br />

‘rasisa’ da ‘naciis’ gaTanabrebis farTod gavrcelebuli<br />

praqtika uwyobda xels. termini ‘rasa’ ufro xSirad<br />

81

STamomavlobiTi jgufis gancalkevebul kulturas<br />

aRniSnavda, vidre memkvidreobiT ucvlel biologiur<br />

niSnebsa da genebs (dRes igi Cven termin ‘eTnikurobiT’<br />

SegveZlo Cagvenacvlebina). perenializms xeli ewyoboda<br />

agreTve socialuri evoluciis ideiT, romelic maxvils<br />

gradualizmze, progresis safexurebze da socialur da<br />

kulturul kumulaciaze akeTebda. naciebSi koleqtiuri<br />

gradualizmis, ganviTarebisa da kumulaciis elementebis<br />

mqone egzemplarebis danaxva advilic iyo da bunebrivic,<br />

gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, visac organuli analogia<br />

izidavda. mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes arc<br />

nacionalisturi koncefciebiT nasazrdoebi nacionaluri<br />

istoriografiis da arqeologiis mier win gadadgmuli<br />

nabiji. es disciplinebi xom xels uwyoben da mxars<br />

uWeren amgvar koncefciebs TavianTi ‘uryevi monacemebiT’<br />

da Soreuli materialuri kulturebis xelSesaxebi<br />

naSTebiT. 8<br />

perenializmi im ideiTac SeiZleba waxalisdes, rom<br />

naciebi ‘bunebriv’ erTobebs warmoadgenen, da rom<br />

zogierTisaTvis es ueWvelad iyo misi erTi-erTi<br />

mimzidveli mxare. magram perenializmi naciis<br />

naturalistur koncefciaSi ar unda avurioT, rac<br />

axlandeli ‘primordializmis’ safuZvelia.<br />

perenialistebs SeuZliaT gaiziaron an ar gaiziaron<br />

naciis ‘primordialisturi’ koncefcia. is, rac<br />

aucilebelia perenializmisaTvis, aris rig empiriul<br />

dakvirvebebze dafuZnebuli rwmena, rom naciebi, yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, zogi nacia mainc, raRac mizezis gamo drois<br />

didi monakveTis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. sulac araa<br />

savaldebulo, rom perenialistebi naciebs naturalurad,<br />

organulad an primordialurad miiCnevdnen; sinamdvileSi<br />

maT SeuZliaT uaryon amgvari araistoriuli<br />

Sexedulebebi da xSirad asec iqcevian. perenialistebs ar<br />

sWirdebaT rom iyvnen, da xSirad arc arian,<br />

primordialistebi. Cven ki mxedvelobidan ar unda<br />

gamogvrCes maT Soris arsebuli zRvari.<br />

perenializmi ori umTavresi <strong>for</strong>miT gvxdeba.<br />

ufro gavrcelebul variants SegviZlia ‘gangrZobadi<br />

perenializmi’ vuwodoT. am TvalsazrisiT, zogierT<br />

nacias grZeli, gangrZobadi istoria aqvs da amitomac<br />

82

maTi warmoSobis kvals Sua saukuneebSi an, ufro<br />

iSviaTad, antikurobaSi SeiZleba mivakvlioT. aq aqcenti<br />

keTdeba gangrZobadobaze. rRvevebisa da wyvetebis<br />

ignorireba ar xdeba. koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis<br />

nel ritmebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, isini fardobiT<br />

xasiaTs atareben. realurad, naciis identoba da istoria<br />

SeiZleba arc ki midiodes renesansis an gviani Sua<br />

saukuneebis epoqebis iqiT, rogorc es, magaliTad,<br />

SvedeTis, holandiis, ruseTis SemTxvevebSi gvaqvs. sxvagan<br />

naciis warmoSobis kvals bevrad ufro adreul epoqaSic<br />

SeiZleba mivakvlioT. hug seton-uotsoni amtkicebda, rom<br />

Cven SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT ‘Zveli, gangrZobadi naciebi’<br />

ufro gviandeli naciebisagan, romlebic mizanmimarTul<br />

qmedebaTa Sedegs warmoadgenen; pirvel jgufs<br />

ganekuTvneba safrangeTi, inglisi, Sotlandia da espaneTi.<br />

maTi xandazmuloba mosaxleobis mier uxsovari drodan<br />

naciadyofnis gancdas istoriul substanciurobas<br />

aniWebs. am poziciam, rogorc vnaxavT, bolo dros kvlav<br />

moipova mxardaWera. magram am SemTxvevaSi<br />

SemoTavazebuli iqna ara perenializmis zogadi modeli,<br />

aramed mxolod kerZo SemTxvevebi, romlebSic<br />

specifikuri naciebis siZvelisa da gangrZobadobis<br />

saCveneblad istoriuli gadmocemani SeiZleba iyos<br />

damowmebuli. miuxedavad amisa, ramdenadac am saxis<br />

perenializms ZaluZs garkveuli naciebis premodernuli<br />

warmoSoba aCvenos, igi seriozuli gamowvevaa<br />

modernizmis mtkicebebisaTvis da im rwm<strong>enis</strong>aTvis, rom<br />

naciebi Tanadroulobis produqts warmoadgens (Seton-<br />

Watson 1977: Tavi 2; ix. agreTve Gillingham 1992; Hastings 1997).<br />

perenializmis meore mTavar <strong>for</strong>mas SegviZlia<br />

‘perioduli perenializmi’ vuwodoT. is bevrad mkafiod<br />

gamokveTs debulebas naciebis antikur periodSi<br />

warmoSobis Sesaxeb. igi gveubneba, rom zogierTi nacia<br />

istoriulia. droTa ganmavlobaSi naciebi icvlebian.<br />

renanis sityvebiT, ‘maT TavianTi dasawyisi aqvT, da isini<br />

dasruldebian’. magram nacia rogorc aseTi, rogorc<br />

adamianuri asociaciis kategoria, perenialuri da<br />

yvelgan myofia, amitomacaa, rom igi istoriis yvela<br />

periodSi dedamiwis yovel kontinentze Tavidan Cndeba. aq<br />

Cven koleqtiuri identobis imave tipis<br />

83

ganmeorebadoba gvipirispirdeba, romelsac SeuZlia<br />

istoriis sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxva gziT hpovos<br />

gamoxatuleba. Tumca konkretuli naciebi SeiZleba<br />

movidnen da wavidnen, naciadyofnis idea TavisTavad<br />

universaluri amouZirkvavi fenomenia da igi mravali<br />

kulturuli an politikuri erTobis mimarT SeiZleba<br />

iqnas gamoyenebuli yvelgan da yovelTvis. 9<br />

primordializmi<br />

perenializmi gansakuTrebiT zogi istorikosis<br />

damaxasiaTebel paradigmas warmoadgens. ‘primordializms’<br />

ki metwilad socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi da<br />

organuli nacionalistebi mimarTaven. is TviT rusosagan<br />

warmodgeba, romelic mogviwodebda gavqceodiT urbanul<br />

gaxrwnilebas da dakarguli umankoeba ‘bunebaSi’<br />

dabrunebiT aRgvedgina. am ‘naturalisturma’<br />

suliskveTebam male TviT naciadyofnis ganmartebaSi<br />

SeaRwia. misi danaxva ukve SegviZlia abat siiesis zemoT<br />

moyvanil citataSi. igi amtkicebs, rom naciebi iseve,<br />

rogorc individebi, yovelgvari socialuri kavSirebis<br />

miRma, ‘bunebriv mdgomareobaSi’ unda Casaxuliyvnen; da<br />

isini mxolod ‘bunebrivi wesrigis pirobebSi’ arseboben.<br />

marTlac, maT yvela saganze adre arsebul da yvelafris<br />

warmomSob RmerTTan saziaro Tviseba aqvT. sxva sityvebiT<br />

rom vTqvaT, naciebi ‘primordialurni’ arian, isini drois<br />

Tavdapirvel wesrigSi arseboben, da Semdgomdroindeli<br />

procesebisa da ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgenen.<br />

SeiZleba, rom siiesi (da rusos sxva mimdevrebi) zustad<br />

am frazebs ar iyenebdes da arc Tavs miiCnevdes<br />

‘primordialistad’; magram mas ufro farTo moTxovnebi<br />

ekuTvnis, romelTa gamoyenebac ukve 1789 wels iwyeba<br />

naciis nebis absoluturi suverenobis gasamarTleblad.<br />

aman fixtesa da romantikosebis mier germaneli<br />

naciisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebze karga xniT adre<br />

gaiJRera. am saxis ‘naturalizaciisaken mimarTuli’<br />

diskursi nacionalizmis esencialistur da organul<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebs uTavisuflebda gzas (amas me ukve Sevexe) da,<br />

garda amisa, nacionalizmis ufro metad voluntaristul<br />

tipebzec axdenda gavlenas. 10<br />

84

iologia da kultura<br />

maS ase, saqme gvaqvs primordializmis iseT tipTan,<br />

romelic organistul nacionalizms warmoadgens. sul<br />

axlaxan, Cven ori sxvadasxva saxis primordialzmis<br />

warmoSobis mowmeni gavxdiT. pirveli maTgani<br />

sociobiologiuri versiaa. am versiis mixedviT, naciebis,<br />

eTnikuri jgufebis, da rasebis kvals individTa<br />

genetikuri reproduqciuli mamoZravebelis da,<br />

‘nepotizmisa’ da ‘inkluziuri Sesabamisobis’ strategiebis<br />

Sedegad, maT mier genofondis maqsimalizaciamde<br />

mivyavarT. pier van den bergi Tvlis, rom es strategiebi<br />

individualuri genofondis uSualo sanaTesaos<br />

sazRvrebs miRma, ufro vrcel eTnikur sanaTesaoSi<br />

gasavrceleblad gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi, kulturuli<br />

jgufi gagebulia, rogorc ufro farTo naTesauri qseli,<br />

xolo kulturuli simboloebi (ena, religia, kanis feri<br />

da a.S.) biologiuri markerebis rols asrulebs. van den<br />

bergis azriT, es gamorCeulad racionalur strategias<br />

warmoadgens, radganac eTnikuri warmomavlobis miTebi<br />

umeteswilad realur biologiur warmomavlobas<br />

Seesabameba. amitomacaa, rom adamianebi, romlebic<br />

erTmaneTis uSualod ar enaTesavebian, mainc mzad arian<br />

ucnobi TanaeTnoselebi ‘naTesavebad’ miiCnion da TavianT<br />

msgavsad uzrunvelyon sarCoTi da usafrTxoebiT (Van den<br />

Berghe 1978 da 1995).<br />

am Tvalsazriss ramdenime sirTule ukavSirdeba.<br />

yvelaze xSirad problemuria individualuri qcevis<br />

ganzogadeba koleqtiur reproduqciul qcevamde da<br />

politikur moqmedebebamde. didi ojaxic ki, ramdenime<br />

gamonaklisis garda, Zalian pataraa imisaTvis, rom<br />

politikuri mniSvnelovneba SeiZinos, da, miTumetes,<br />

Znelia imis warmodgena, Tu rogor SeiZleba aixsnas<br />

farTomasStabiani socialur-politikuri ganviTareba<br />

individualuri an ojaxuri qcevis meSveobiT. amasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli meore sirTule ki isaa, rom warmoSobis<br />

miTebi iSviaTadaa korelirebuli realur biologiur<br />

warmomavlobasTan, Tu davuSvebT, rom maTTvis Tvalis<br />

midevnebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. rogorc uolker<br />

konorma (Connor 1994: 202) dagvanaxa, miTebi warmoSobis<br />

85

Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, ar Seesabameba cnobebs realur<br />

STamomavlobiT kavSirebze. naciebs, Cveulebriv, ramdenime<br />

eTnikuri modgma da warmomavloba Seadgens, maSin roca<br />

warmoSobis da STamomavlobis miTebi mxolod erT,<br />

SeTanxmebul an oficialur, wyaros moicavs. dabolos,<br />

‘kulturuli niSnebis’ donis SemotaniT, van den bergi<br />

reduqcionistul biologiur Tvalsazriss arbilebs da<br />

kulturul da socialur faqtorebs bevrad ufro did<br />

rols aniWebs, riTic uciloblad amcirebs genetikuri<br />

faqtorebis gavlenas.<br />

primordializmis meore, ufro gavleniani, versiis<br />

mixedviT, eTnikuri jgufebi da naciebi socialuri<br />

arsebobis ‘kulturul monacemebTan’ mijaWvulobis<br />

safuZvelze Camoyalibdnen. edvard Silsma da kli<strong>for</strong>d<br />

geercma aCvenes, Tu rogor xdeba sekularuli,<br />

moqalaqeobrivi kavSirebis gverdiT primordialuri<br />

kavSirebis SenarCuneba industriul sazogadoebebSic ki.<br />

kerZod, geercma primordialuri mijaWvulobebi<br />

modernuli saxelmwifo mowyobisa da sazogadoebis<br />

racionaluri wesrigis samoqalaqo kavSirebs Seadara.<br />

afrikisa da aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi geerci or<br />

mZlavr mamoZravebels gamohyofs: personalur identobas,<br />

romelic efuZneba gangrZobad simtkices da moicavs<br />

sanaTesaosTan, rasasTan, enasTan, religiasTan,<br />

tradiciebsa da teritoriasTan mijaWvulobas; da<br />

momgebianobas da stabilurobas, rac gamoxatulebas<br />

axali politikuri wesrigis samoqalaqo kavSirebSi<br />

hpovebs. faqtobrivad, wesrigisa da sargeblianobis<br />

Zlieri survili ubralod amZafrebs primordialur<br />

mijaWvulobebs axali saxelmwifoebis eTnikur jgufebSi,<br />

radganac suverenuli saxelmwifos Zala da misi<br />

patronaJi iqceva axal jildod, romlis mosapovebladac<br />

unda ibrZolo da axal gamowvevad metoqesTan<br />

Sesajibreblad (Shils 1957; Geertz 1973).<br />

dRes ‘primordializma’ umoZraobis, esencializmisa<br />

da naturalizmis damamcirebeli konotacia SeiZina. misi<br />

aseTi saxe nawilobriv primordializmis nacionalizmis<br />

organul tipTan aramarTebul asocirebas, nawilobriv ki,<br />

geercis cnobili eseis ‘gamaerTianebeli revoluciis’<br />

araswor gagebas efuZneba. imis mtkicebiT, rom eTnikuri<br />

86

mijaWvulobebi da naciebi socialuri arsebobis<br />

‘kulturuli mocemulobebidan’ momdinareobs da, rom<br />

xalxis mier ‘TviTobis gancda sisxlis, rasis, <strong>enis</strong>,<br />

adgilis, religiis an tradiciis mravalricxovani<br />

gamovlinebebisagan ganuyofelia’, geerci ar xdeba<br />

organuli nacionalizmis mimdevari. amis<br />

damadastureblad mas iqve Semoaqvs arsebiTi Sesworeba,<br />

roca ambobs, rom:<br />

primordialuri mijaWvulobis qveS igulisxmeba is,<br />

rac ‘mocemulobebidan’ an, ufro zustad,<br />

socialuri arsebobis navaraudevi<br />

‘mocemulobebidanaa’ warmoSobili (ramdenadac<br />

kultura ueWvelad aris CarTuli amgvar<br />

movlenebSi)… sisxlis, <strong>enis</strong>, tradiciebis da a.S.<br />

harmonia gaigeba rogorc maTSi da maTiT arsebuli<br />

eniT gamouTqmeli da drodadro gadaulaxavi<br />

iZuleba (Geertz 1973: 259–260).<br />

am pasaJSi, sityvebi ‘navaraudevi’ da ‘gaigeba’ da<br />

kulturasTan mimarTeba niSnavs, rom geercisaTvis<br />

primordialuri mijaWvulobani percefciebsa da rwmenebs<br />

emyareba da, rom Sinagani buneba araa is, rac am<br />

mijaWvulobebs ‘mocemulobad’ da Zlevamosilad aqcevs;<br />

Cveulebrivi adamianuri qmnilebani arian isini, vinc am<br />

kavSirebs, rogorc mocemulobebs ise aRiqvamen da maT<br />

gadaulaxavi iZulebis Zalas miaweren. geerci mxolod<br />

imas amtkicebs (da es mniSvnelovania primordialisturi<br />

midgomisaTvis), rom Cven, rogorc individebi da<br />

koleqtivebis wevrebi, vgrZnobT da gvwams Cveni eTnieebis<br />

da naciebis primordialoba – maTi bunebrioba, maTi<br />

dRegrZeloba da Zala – da is, rom Tuki am rwmenebisa da<br />

grZnobebis arsebobas ugulebelvyofT, xelidan<br />

dagvisxlteba eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis sferoSi<br />

saWiro ganmartebis erT-erTi centraluri amocana.<br />

rac Seexeba sakvanZo kiTxvas, romelic naciisa da<br />

nacionalizmis nebismieri Teoriis winaSe wamoiWreba, igi<br />

imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu ratom badeben isini amden vnebasa<br />

da ase Zlier mijaWvulobas. am kiTxvaze pasuxis Ziebisas<br />

primordialistebi miuTiTeben aRniSnul mijaWvulobaTa<br />

87

droSi ganfenilobaze da maT aSkarad iZulebiT xasiaTze,<br />

imis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaze, rasac ‘monawileTa<br />

primordializms’ vuwodebT. es monawileTa mier imis<br />

cxovelmyofeli gancdaa, rom maT koleqtiur identobas<br />

primordialisturi xasiaTi aqvs. magram, rogorc elerma<br />

da kuglanma miuTiTes, TavisTavad es pasuxi ar aris<br />

amomwuravi. CvenTvis aucilebelia imis codna, Tu ratom<br />

aqvs amden adamians primordialobis gancda da ratom<br />

SeigrZnobs am mijaWvulobebs. es ki eTnikuri<br />

mijaWvulobebis racionalur, empiriul analizs<br />

moiTxovs da ara liton gancxadebas amgvari kavSirebis<br />

aprioruli bunebisa da emociuri Sinaarsis Taobaze. am<br />

kiTxvaze sapasuxod stiven grosbim gaakeTa saintereso<br />

miTiTeba, rom adamianebi mijaWvulobis am grZnobas imis<br />

rwmenaze afuZneben, rom amgvar koleqtivs sicocxlis<br />

gagrZelebis unari aqvs, xolo naTesaobas, ufro<br />

konkretulad ki teritorias – sicocxlis SenarCunebis<br />

Tviseba. grosbis mosazreba damafiqrebelia, magram mas<br />

mxolod garkveuli mimarTulebiT SeuZlia Cveni<br />

warmarTva. Tavad ki Znelad Tu dagvexmareba kulturuli<br />

erTobebis sxvadasxva saxis arsebobisa an droTa<br />

viTarebaSi maTi trans<strong>for</strong>maciis sociologiur axsnaSi.<br />

amgvari paradigma verc imas mohfens Suqs, Tu ratom arian<br />

adamianebi mijaWvulni mocemul istoriul koleqtivs da<br />

ara sxvas (magaliTad, ratom germanias da ara prusias) da<br />

ratomaa, rom amgvari mijaWvulobebi ase gansxvavdebian<br />

gavrcelebis arealiT, intesivobiTa da xangrZlivobiT. 11<br />

instrumentalisturi kritika<br />

am sakiTxSi garkveuli daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia<br />

‘instrumentalistur’ kritikas. primordializmis msgavsad,<br />

instrumentalisturma midgomam Tavi iCina ara imdenad<br />

naciebTan an nacionalizmTan, aramed eTnikurobasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. igi TvalsaCino Seiqna XIX saukunis 60-70-ian<br />

wlebSi SeerTebul StatebSi efeqturad miCneuli sadnobi<br />

qvabis SigniT (TeTrkanianTa) eTnikuri gamZleobis<br />

Taobaze mimdinare debatebTan dakavSirebiT. maSin, roca<br />

uil herbergi miuTiTebda, rom samTa (protestantebis,<br />

kaTolikeebisa da ebraelebis) amerikuli sadnobi qvabi<br />

88

arsebobda, naTan gleizeri da daniel moiniani<br />

aCvenebdnen, Tu rogor miiRes amerikuli cxovrebis<br />

stili niu-iorkis sxvadasxva eTnikurma jgufebma ise, rom<br />

sakuTari identobebic SeinarCunes. XX saukunis 70-ian<br />

wlebSi aman debatebi im donemde gaacxovela, rom<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli eTnikuri jgufebi saerTo<br />

interesTa mqone an Seviwroebis Sedegad warmoqmnil<br />

jgufebad miiCnies, romlebic politikur bazarze ise<br />

gamodiodnen, rogorc saSualeba. momdevno TaobebSi isini<br />

swrafad kargavdnen TavianT kulturul TviTmyofadobas<br />

an am ukanasknels metad simbolurad da<br />

arasavaldebulod miiCnevdnen. igulisxmeboda, rom<br />

eTnikuri liderebi da elita Zalauflebisa da<br />

resursebisaTvis cilobisas sakuTar kulturul jgufebs<br />

ise iyenebdnen, rogorc masobrivi mobilizaciis adgils<br />

da erTgvar saarCevno ubans, vinaidan Tvlidnen, rom<br />

amgvari jgufebi socialur klasebTan SedarebiT ufro<br />

efeqturia. 12<br />

didi xani araa gasuli mas Semdeg, rac naciebis<br />

genezisTan dakavSirebiT instrumentalisturi midgoma<br />

iqna gamoyenebuli. amis gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino<br />

magaliTia pakistanis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT pol<br />

brassa da francis robinsons Soris gamarTuli<br />

nayofieri polemika. brasis azriT, pakistani<br />

muslimanurma elitam Seqmna. im dros, roca britanuli<br />

politika, etyoba, muslimanTa interesebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

Sebrunda, igi, Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTis muslimanuri<br />

masebis mobilizebis mizniT, islamur simboloTa<br />

arsenaliT manipulirebda. robinsonis SexedulebiT ki,<br />

yvelaferi sapirispirod moxda: arsebulma muslimanurma<br />

mijaWvulobebma da ideologiebma (gansakuTrebiT umam)<br />

daarwmuna muslimanuri elita muslimanuri erTobisa da<br />

kulturis dacvis mizniT Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />

gaerTianebul provinciebsa da bengalSi muslimanTa<br />

ufro didi avtonomiisaTvis ebrZola. Tumca situaciis am<br />

or interpretacias Soris gansxvaveba arc ise didia,<br />

rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans. brasi, magaliTad,<br />

aRiarebda arsebuli tradiciebis mniSvnelovnebas,<br />

gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac arsebobda mdidari kulturuli<br />

memkvidreoba da institucionaluri (magaliTad,<br />

89

eligiuri) CarCo, maSin roca robinsoni frTxilad,<br />

magram daJinebiT amtkicebda muslimani elitis<br />

moqmedebaTa politikur racionalurobas (Brass 1979 da<br />

1991; Robinson 1979).<br />

meores mxriv, instrumentalisturi midgoma<br />

mkacrad modernistuli paradigmis dasacavadac SeiZleba<br />

iqnas gamoyenebuli. amgvar midgomas vxvdebiT<br />

nacionalizmis jon briliseul politikur TeoriaSi,<br />

romelsac ufro detalurad momdevno TavSi ganvixilav.<br />

amjerad ki yuradReba mis meTodologiur miznebs minda<br />

mivapyro. maT brili Tavisi wignis nacionalizmi da<br />

saxelmwifo 1993 wlis gadamuSavebuli versiis<br />

Semajamebel TavSi warmoadgens. Tumca nacionalizmis<br />

briliseuli definicia kulturas miemarTeba, igi<br />

nacionalizmis (romelsac igi rogorc mkacrad<br />

politikur da modernul fenomens ise ganmartavs)<br />

ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad kulturuli identobis<br />

miCnevis yovelgvar SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs,<br />

ramdenadac miaCnia, rom es ukan, iracionalur<br />

primordialistur ‘Tavis mikuTvnebis saWiroebasTan’<br />

dagvabrunebs. igi imasac uSvebs, rom nacionalizmi<br />

‘Tavisi Zalis did nawils im naxevarsimarTlisagan iZens,<br />

romlis gansaxierebasac warmoadgens’, da dasZens:<br />

adamianebi eswrafvian erTobis wevrobas, aqvT<br />

Cv<strong>enis</strong>a da maTis, teritoriis, rogorc samSoblo<br />

miwis, kulturulad gansazRvruli da Sekruli<br />

samyarosadmi kuTvnilebis Zlieri gancda, rac<br />

azrs aniWebs maT cxovrebas. amaTgan umetesoba xom<br />

racionaluri analizis miRma dgas, me ki<br />

istorikosTa ganmartebis unars vendobi (Breully<br />

1993: 401).<br />

SesaZloa es asecaa, magram brilis xelSi<br />

nacionalizmis cnebis sazrisis sazRvrebi wminda<br />

politikur mniSvnelobamde da mkacrad instrumentalur<br />

gamoyenebamde viwrovdeba. nacionalizmi warmodgeba,<br />

rogorc mxolod argumenti, romlis meSveobiTac<br />

subelitebs xalxis mobilizeba, socialuri jgufebis<br />

mravalferovani interesebis koordinacia da Tavis<br />

90

qmedebaTa legitimacia SeuZliaT, raTa xelT igdon an<br />

SeinarCunon Zalaufleba modernul saxelmwifoSi. esaa<br />

wminda politikuri argumenti, romelic ambobs, rom<br />

arsebobs nacia gamokveTili da gansakuTrebuli xasiaTiT,<br />

rom misi interesebi da Rirebulebebi yvelaferze<br />

upiratesia, da rom nacia damoukidebeli unda iyos.<br />

brilisaTvis nacionalizmi ar Seexeba identobas,<br />

erTianobas, avTenturobas, Rirsebas, samSoblo miwas an<br />

raime sxvas, politikuri Zalauflebis gamoklebiT, rac<br />

modernuli saxelmwifos politikur miznebs warmoadgens.<br />

nacionalizmi ubralod politikuri miznebis miRwevis<br />

instrumentia da mxolod modernul pirobebSi SeiZleba<br />

aRmocendes. yvelaferi sxva racionaluri analizis<br />

sazRvrebs miRmaa datovebuli (iqve: 2).<br />

triada – racionaluroba, modernuloba, politika<br />

– instrumentalizmis drodadro ganmeorebad niSnebs<br />

warmoadgens da es argumentTa amowurvas moaswavebs. misi<br />

efeqti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moaxdinos alternatiuli<br />

midgomebis delegitimacia da, modernizmis garda,<br />

nacionalizmis yvela paradigmis diskvalifikacia. magram,<br />

praqtikulad, amgvari sakuTari Tavis uarmyofeli gegma<br />

mxolod imas uTavisuflebs adgils, rac unda movides<br />

ara marto racionaluri analiziT Semowmebis Sedegad,<br />

aramed im analizis Sedegadac, romelic bevrad ufro met<br />

Semowmebas dauSvebs, vidre amas zeda fenebisgan qveda<br />

fenebisaken mimarTuli, elitis mier marTuli da<br />

racionaluri arCevanis mqone politikuri modelebi<br />

axerxeben, dRes amden modernists Soris rom aqvT<br />

gasavali.<br />

eTnosimbolizmi<br />

erT-erT aseT alternativas eTnosimbolistur<br />

paradigmaze dafuZnebuli socioistoriuli da<br />

kulturuli analizi waarmoadgens. es am sferoSi<br />

arsebul oTx umTavres paradigmas Soris ukanasknelia.<br />

SesaZlo mexuTe – ‘postmodernizmi’, romelsac bolo<br />

TavSi ganvixilav, jer kidev metismetad fragmentuli da<br />

zedapirulia imisaTvis, rom ‘paradigmis’ saxelwodeba<br />

daimsaxuros. eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis<br />

91

modernistuli, perenialisturi da primordialisturi<br />

paradigmebis sapirispirod istoriuli eTnosimbolizmi<br />

Tavis fokusSi konkretulad eTnieebis TviTSenarCunebis,<br />

naciebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis da nacionalizmis impulsis<br />

subieqtur elementebs aqcevs. es imas ar niSnavs, rom igi<br />

‘obieqtur’ faqtorebs TavisTavad nagulisxmevad miiCnevs<br />

an analizis sferos miRma tovebs. es mxolod imas<br />

niSnavs, rom igi subieqtur elementebs – maxsovrobas,<br />

Rirebulebebs, sentiments, miTsa da simbolos – ufro met<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebs, da, rom amgvarad eswrafvis<br />

SeaRwios eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis siRrmeebSi da<br />

axsnas isini.<br />

eTnosimbolisturi xedvisas rigi mimarTeba<br />

moqmedebs. pirveli, es aris Tavis arideba eqskluziurad<br />

elitaze orientirebuli analizisaTvis, rac<br />

modernizmisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amis sapirispirod,<br />

eTnosimbolizmi xazs usvams sxvadasxva elitebis dabal<br />

fenebTan (‘xalxTan’) urTierTobis da maTi<br />

warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas. magram es araa<br />

calmxrivi urTierToba. araelitebi, nawilobriv,<br />

TavianTi kulturuli tradiciebisa da, nawilobriv,<br />

vernakuluri mobilizaciis meSveobiT da inovaciebis<br />

garkveul kulturul parametrebSi moqceviT gavlenas<br />

axdenen inteligenciaze, politikur liderebze da<br />

burJuaziaze, xolo kulturul proeqtebsa da politikur<br />

amocanebs Sesabamisi motivebiTa da personaliT<br />

uzrunvelyofen. amis kargi magaliTia gaeluri<br />

aRorZinebis inteleqtualuri da saxalxo moZraoba<br />

gviani XIX saukunis irlandiaSi, romelic jon haTCinsons<br />

mdidari dokumenturi masalis moxmobiT aqvs ganxiluli<br />

(Hutchinson 1987: Tavebi 4–5). aq glexobis da kaTolikuri<br />

dabali klasebis tradiciebma irlandiel inteleqtualTa<br />

amaRorZinebeli <strong>for</strong>mulirebebi Sesabamisi parametrebiT<br />

da kulturuli masaliT uzrunvelyo.<br />

meore saerTo mimarTeba grZelvadian analizs<br />

ukavSirdeba – es socialuri da kulturuli modelebis<br />

la longue durée analizia. mxolod ramdenime Taobis da<br />

saukuneebis SeswavliT ZaluZT mecnierebs gamoavlinon<br />

warsuls, awmyosa da momavals Soris arsebuli<br />

urTierTmimarTebani da adgili gamounaxon eTnieebsa da<br />

92

naciebs istoriaSi. es saSualebas mogvcems Tavidan<br />

aviciloT ‘retrospeqtuli nacionalizmis’ anaqronizmi,<br />

romelic awmyos koleqtiuri miznebisa da nacionalistTa<br />

miswrafebebis amokiTxvas adreuli epoqebis pirobebsa da<br />

politikaSi cdilobs, miuxedavad, imisa, rom<br />

imavdroulad, adreuli saukuneebis koleqtiuri<br />

identobebis bevr cvalebad <strong>for</strong>mas akritikebs. pirvel<br />

rigSi, eTnosimbolisturi midgoma sakuTar yuradRebas im<br />

gzebis Ziebisaken miapyrobs (ramdenadac amis saSualebas<br />

istoriuli CanawerebSi arsebuli mravali rRveva da<br />

wyveta iZleva), romlebiTac koleqtiuri identobis<br />

adrindelma <strong>for</strong>mebma SeZles gavlena moexdinaT naciebis<br />

warmoSobaze. 13<br />

mesame, es niSnavs, rom naciebisa da nacionalizmis<br />

warmoSobis analizi adreuli koleqtiuri kulturuli<br />

identobebis da, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikuri erTobebis anu<br />

eTnieebis CarCoebSia moqceuli. magram naciebis mimarTeba<br />

eTnieebTan kompleqsuria. aq adgili ara aqvs martiv<br />

wrfiv progresias. erTi mxriv, naciebi SeiZleba<br />

ganxilul iqnan rogorc eTnieebis specializebuli<br />

(teritorializebuli, politizebuli, masobriv-sajaro,<br />

da a.S.) <strong>for</strong>mebi; meore mxriv, orive, naciebica da<br />

eTnieebic, koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis <strong>for</strong>mebs<br />

warmoadgens, romelTac SeuZliaT Tanaarseboba an<br />

konkurencia, Sejibri im ramdenime eTniesTanac ki,<br />

romlebic xSirad naciis politikuri erTobis sazRvrebs<br />

SigniT arsebobs. am paradigmisaTvis nacionalizmi da<br />

naciebi sulac ar arian eqskluziurad modernul<br />

epoqasTan dakavSirebuli, aramed, rogorc amas naciis<br />

cnebis ganmartebis Taobaze Cemi adrindeli (pirvel<br />

TavSi) msjelobac miuTiTebs, koleqtiuri identobebisa<br />

da miswrafebebis ufro farTo ‘ojaxis’ nawils Seadgenen.<br />

amiT isic aixsneba, Tu ratom cdiloben nacionalistebi<br />

ase xSirad im mizniT apelirebis, rom xelaxla<br />

aRmoaCinon im Zveli mosaxleobis kulturuli da<br />

simboluri repertuari, romelTanac isini Rrma<br />

kulturuli kavSiris uwyvetobas amtkiceben. 14<br />

sxva mniSvnelovani problema, romelsac yvela<br />

aRiarebs, gaxlavT koleqtiur vnebaTa mimarTeba<br />

mijaWvulobasTan. maSin roca modernistebi am problemis<br />

93

wamowevisas, Cveulebriv, marcxdebian an mxolod zogadad<br />

exebian mas, xolo perenialistebi, romelnic yvelgan<br />

varaudoben naciebis gangrZobadobas da drodadro kvlav<br />

gamoCenas, ubralod mis ganmartebasac ver axerxeben,<br />

eTnosimbolistebi mas ganixilaven eTnikurobisa da<br />

nacionalizmis gagebisaTvis sakvanZo problemad.<br />

primordialistebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTac didididi<br />

metafizikuri pasuxi SeiZleba hqondeT,<br />

eTnosimbolistebi warmogvidgenen istoriul da/an<br />

sociologiur axsnas im mizezebisa, Tu ratom aqvs amden<br />

adamianis sakuTar eTnikur erTobebTan da naciebTan<br />

mdgradi emociuri mijaWvuloba da riTaa gamowveuli am<br />

mijaWvulobaTa unari fanatikuri terorizmi da<br />

Tavganwirva gamoiwvion maTi interesebisaTvis.<br />

dabolos, eTnikuri da nacionaluri identobebis<br />

saxalxo, moralur da emociur ganzomilebebTan<br />

mimarTebis gamo eTnosimbolistur midgomas SeuZlia<br />

dagvexmaros rogorc kulturul koleqtiur identobaTa<br />

mier TviTSenarCunebis, ise maTi trans<strong>for</strong>maciebis<br />

swrafad aRqmaSi. nacionaluri identobebis winare<br />

eTnikur jaWvTan dakavSirebiT da saziaro simboloebis,<br />

miTebis da maxsovrobebis subieqturi ganzomilebebis<br />

CvenebiT eTnosimbolizmi Suqs hfens dRes amden adamianze<br />

modernuli naciebis gavl<strong>enis</strong> SenarCunebis sakiTxs. amave<br />

mizezebis gamo, eTnosimbolistur paradigmas SeuZlia<br />

mimdinare eTnikuri konfliqtebis intensivobasa da<br />

Sinaarsze arsebuli Cveulebrivi ekonomikuri da<br />

politikuri Tvalsazrisebisadmi alternatiuli<br />

axsnebisaken gvibiZgos. es alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi<br />

saTanado wonas aniWebs sakvanZo simbolur sakiTxebs,<br />

romlebic, rogorc irkveva, yvelaze Znelad gansamartia.<br />

amas mowmobs muslimanur-induisturi Sejaxeba meCeTis<br />

gamo aiodiaSi, oranJistTa ord<strong>enis</strong> marSebi olsterSi an<br />

ierusalimis statusi. radgan, rogorc saxelic<br />

miuTiTebs, ‘eTnosimbolizms’ analizis fokusi wmindad<br />

garegani politikuri da ekonomikuri an<br />

sociobiologiuri faqtorebisagan kulturul<br />

faqtorebze – simboloze, maxsovrobaze, miTze,<br />

Rirebulebebze da tradiciaze gadaaqvs. 15<br />

94

eTnosimbolizmi, sxva paradigmebis msgavsad,<br />

gansxvavebul <strong>for</strong>mebs iZens. jon armstrongi ufro<br />

perenialisturi Tvalsazrisisaken ixreba, romelic<br />

avlens tendencias daamcros naciebsa da eTnikur<br />

identobebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba (Tumc<br />

armstrongi, diaxac xedavs sxvaobas ‘nacionalizmis’<br />

wyalgamyof 1800 welze uwinares da amis Semdgom<br />

warmoSobil naciebs Soris). es, nawilobriv, imitom xdeba,<br />

rom armstrongi fenomenologiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs,<br />

romelic eTnikur identobebs ise ganixilavs, rogorc<br />

percefciebis, sentimentebis, mimarTebebis wanacvlebad<br />

klasterebs. amave dros igi kulturuli da simboluri<br />

sazRvrebis analizs iyenebs (romlis pioneric frederik<br />

barti iyo) da xazs usvams ‘miTosimboluri kompleqsebis’<br />

kvlevis saWiroebas la longue durée imisaTvis, rom gavigoT<br />

eTnikurobis mdgradobis arsi (Armstrong 1982 da 1995; Sdr.<br />

Barth 1969: Sesavali).<br />

meores mxriv, jon haTCinsonma veberiseuli midgoma<br />

ufro gaiziara, raTa modernuli nacionalizmis<br />

kulturuli da politikuri tipebi urTierTisagan<br />

ganesxvavebina da TvalsaCino gaexada kulturuli<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebis dinamika. haTCinsoni im rolsac exeba, romelic<br />

iTamaSa warsulma premodernul eTnikur aRorZinebasa da<br />

Tanamedrove nacionalizmSi, da im gzebsac, romliTac<br />

instituciebis meSveobiT miTebis, maxsovrobebis da<br />

simboloebis premodernuli kulturuli repertuari<br />

‘gadmotanil iqna’ modernul epoqaSi. Cemi sakuTari<br />

analizi mesame problemas – naciebis bunebasa da<br />

istoriaSi maT rols Seexeba. vacnobierebdi ra, rom<br />

nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia, moZraoba da<br />

simbolizmi, modernuli fenomenia, me davinteresdi imiT,<br />

Tu ramdenad SeiZleba arsebobdnen naciebi<br />

nacionalizmamde, yovel SemTxvevaSi zogjer mainc, da ra<br />

dgas amis miRma. magram, sazogadod, Cemi interesis<br />

fokusSia is gza, romelic naciebs win uswrebs da<br />

premodernulia: eTnikuri kavSirebi da eTnieebi,<br />

romlebmac gavlena moaxdines momdevno naciebsa da<br />

nacionalizmebze da, zog SemTxvevaSi, Seuqmnes kidec maT<br />

safuZveli (Hutchinson 1987 da 1994; A.D.Smith 1986 da 1991).<br />

95

daskvna<br />

eTnosimbolizmi dapirispirebuli modernistuli<br />

da perenialisturi paradigmebis mtkicebebiT<br />

daukmayofileblobam da primordializmis axsniTi<br />

mcdelobebis marcxma warmoSva. roca saqme gvaqvs iseT<br />

naciasTan, romelsac arc uZvelesi istoria aqvs da arc<br />

reproduqcia axasiaTebs, an iseTTan, romelic arc axalia<br />

da arc modernizaciis produqts warmoadgens, dgeba<br />

iseTi paradigmis monaxvis saWiroeba, romelic moicavs da<br />

gamoavlens naciebisa da nacionalizmebis ase xSirad<br />

aRniSnul dualur, orsaxovani ianusis bunebas. amgvari<br />

paradigma sagareo-politikuri, geopolitikuri da<br />

ekonomikuri faqtorebis ugulebelyofis subieqtur<br />

simbolur da socialur-kulturul elementebze unda<br />

iyos fokusirebuli, xels unda uwyobdes ufro<br />

niuansirebul xedvebsa da midgomebs da amgvarad<br />

miemarTos eTnikuri identobis, miTebis da maxsovrobis<br />

sasicocxlod aucilebel simbolur sakiTxebs, romlebic,<br />

xSirad, rogorc irkveva, Zneli gasamartia. arc<br />

perenializmi da arc modernizmi ar cdilobs SeaRwios<br />

nacionalizmis Sida samyaroSi; amis gareSe ki,<br />

eTnosimbolistebis mtkicebiT, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia sxva<br />

xalxebis nacionalizmis gageba da maTi satkivaris da<br />

sentimentebis (romlebic konfliqtebisaTvis sawvavs<br />

warmoadgenen) Cawvdoma.<br />

am oTxi paradigmis mimdevrebs Soris kamaTi<br />

warimarTa or doneze: Teoriulze da istoriulze. Tu<br />

sqematurad warmovadgenT am oTx paradigmas, SeiZleba<br />

vTqvaT, rom modernistebi Zlierni arian Teoriul<br />

doneze da sakmaod sustni istoriulze, perenialistebi<br />

ki piriqiT. primordialistebs an mcdari Teoria aqvT an<br />

sulac ara aqvT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas istoriaze – an<br />

mciredi aqvT an ara aqvT, vinaidan isini an<br />

reduqcionistebi (sociobiologebi) arian an metismetad<br />

spekulatiurni da araistoriulni (kulturuli<br />

primordializmi). rac Seexeba eTnosimbolistebs, isini<br />

mxolod midgomebs aviTareben da ara raime Teorias.<br />

magram, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, isini exebian<br />

makroistorias da mis socialur-kulturul elementebs,<br />

96

da, Cemi azriT, aucilebeli koreqtivebi SeaqvT danarCeni<br />

mTavar paradigmebis momxreTa xSirad uvargis<br />

mtkicebebSi.<br />

97

4<br />

Teoriebi<br />

________________________________<br />

am TavSi minda ganvixilo nacionalizmis arsebobis<br />

zogierTi, oTxi paradigmis momxreTa mier mocemuli axsna<br />

da Sevexo im problemebsa da debatebs, romlebic amgvari<br />

axsnebis Sedegad dagrovda. aseT farTo sferoSi<br />

SeuZlebelia romelime calkeuli cda yovlismomcveli<br />

gamodges. magram mainc vimedovneb, rom winamdebare<br />

seleqciuri ganxilvac ki Segviqmnis garkveul<br />

warmodgenas wamoWrili ZiriTadi sakiTxebisa da<br />

argumentirebis mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb. mTavar axsnaTa<br />

punqtobrivi CamoTvlis nacvlad, me varCie isini<br />

warmosaxviTi ‘debatebis’ saxiT warmomedgina. am gziT<br />

vimedovneb daganaxoT nacionalizmis mecnieruli kvlevis<br />

inovaciuri da STambeWdavi xasiaTi, romelic man XX<br />

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi SeiZina, da ufro naTlad<br />

gamovavlino am sferoSi arsebuli dapirispirebuli<br />

poziciebis konturebi.<br />

ideologia da industrializmi<br />

Tu ar CavTvliT sociobiologiis pretenziebs,<br />

bolo dromde am sferoSi realurad mxolod erTi<br />

Teoria arsebobda. 1 igi ernst gelneris 1964 wels<br />

gamocemuli wignis Canafiqri da cvlileba meSvide TavSi<br />

iyo gadmocemuli. am Teorias Tavisi konteqsti hqonda:<br />

nacionalizmis warmoSobis talRaze empiriuli<br />

dakvirveba marokoSi, sadac gelneri anTropologiur<br />

savele samuSaos eweoda, da, aseve, londonis ekonomikuri<br />

skolidan misi kolegis eli keduris inteleqtualuri<br />

gamowveva.<br />

98

keduri amtkicebda, rom nacionalizmi ‘evropaSi<br />

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi SemoRebuli doqtrina iyo’<br />

(Kedourie 1960: 1), ufro konkretulad ki, igi germaniaSi<br />

iqna SemoRebuli 1806–1807 wlebSi iohan gotlib fixtes<br />

nayofieri wignis mimarTvebi germanel nacias meSveobiT.<br />

nacionalizms hqonda rogorc inteleqtualuri, ise<br />

socialuri mizezebi. erTis mxriv, nacionalizmi nebis<br />

doqtrina iyo, romelsac germaneli romantikosebi<br />

qadagebdnen, da warmoadgenda imanuel kantis nebis<br />

avtonomiurobis koleqtivizebasa da mis gamoyenebas<br />

kulturuli, gansakuTrebiT, lingvisturi jgufebis<br />

mimarT, romlebic kulturuli mravalferovnebis<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moxvdnen gotfrid herderis<br />

interesTa fokusSi. kedurisaTvis orive – kantis aqcenti<br />

keTil nebaze, rogorc Tavisufal nebaze, da herderis<br />

davalebuloba adgilobrivi kulturuli jgufebis<br />

avTenturi gamocdilebisagan – ganmanaTlebelTa<br />

moraluri da inteleqtualuri ueWvelobis<br />

racionalisturi Ziebis nayofi iyo. 2<br />

meores mxriv, nacionalizmi damangrevel da<br />

revoluciur pasuxs warmoadgenda im tradiciebis<br />

mimdevari da mamebis kmayofaze myofi germaneli da<br />

saqmegamoleuli evropeli inteleqtualebis uZlurebasa<br />

da gaucxoebaze, romlebmac biurokratiuli<br />

absolutizmis gamo dakarges Zalaufleba, romlis<br />

Rirsni, rogorc Tvlidnen, Tavad iyvnen ganmanaTlebluri<br />

ganaTlebis gamo. kedurisaTvis (Kedourie 1960),<br />

nacionalizmi gaucxoebuli axalgazrdebis ideologia,<br />

‘bavSvebis jvarosnuli laSqroba’ iyo. amgvari<br />

mfarvelobis qveS dabadebul doqtrinas mxolod cudis<br />

gakeTeba SeeZlo; da, rogorc gairkva, asec moxda.<br />

dezorientirebuli inteleqtualebis mileniurma<br />

nacionalizmma gamoRviZebisas sxva araferi moitana Tu<br />

ara terori da ngreva, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikurad Wrel<br />

mxareebSi.<br />

gelnerma sakiTxis kvlevas keduris rigi<br />

mtkicebulebebis ganxilvasTan erTad mohkida xeli.<br />

Tavdapirvelad, man uaryo kanti nacionalizmis mTavari<br />

arqiteqtoris rangSi; kantis keTili nebis avtonomiuroba<br />

mxolod individebisaTvisaa gamosadegi da ara<br />

99

jgufebisaTvis. meorec, man nacionalizms ufro<br />

pozitiurad Sexeda. amas gvafiqrebinebs ara misi sakuTari<br />

Sefasebebi, romelTac, Cveulebriv, gamotovebda xolme,<br />

aramed mis mier nacionalizmis socialuri ganviTarebis<br />

ideologiur instrumentad dasaxva. mesame, misi azriT,<br />

Tumca kritikulad ganwyobili inteleqtualebi ueWvelad<br />

warmoadgendnen nacionalisturi moZraobis liderebs, maT<br />

mxardaWera esaWiroebodaT dabali klasebis mxridan,<br />

‘proletariatisagan’, romelSic gelneri did qalaqebsa<br />

da barakul dasaxlebebSi Tavmoyril, sakuTar fesvebs<br />

mowyvetil glexobas gulisxmobda. dabolos, Tumc<br />

gelneri eTanxmeboda keduris, rom nacionalizmi<br />

modernuli fenomenia, igi miiCnevda, rom nacionalizmi<br />

arc SemTxveviTia da arc vinmes mieraa ‘SemoRebuli’. igi<br />

modernul epoqaze gadasvlis aucilebeli Sedegia, raSic<br />

XVIII saukunis Semdeg msoflios yvela sazogadoeba iqna<br />

CaTreuli. aqedan is daskvna gamomdinareobs, rom<br />

modernul msoflioSi nacionalizmi, misi logikuri<br />

pirobiTobis miuxedavad, sociologiurad aucilebeli<br />

iyo (Gellner 1964: Tavi 7).<br />

SemdgomSi gelneri Tavis Teorias ZiriTadad imis<br />

gadmocemiT agrZelebs, Tu ratom moxda es ase.<br />

modernizaciam, romelSic gelneri industrializaciasa<br />

da mis Tanamdev socialur da kulturul movlenebs<br />

gulisxmobs, iseve gardaqmna TiToeuli sazogadoeba,<br />

rogorc es neoliTurma revoluciam 8000 wliT adre. man<br />

industriuli sazogadoebis axal tipi warmoqmna,<br />

romelic saWiroebda mobilur, wera-kiTxvisa da<br />

angariSis kargad mcodne samuSao Zalas, romelsac<br />

semantikur SromaSi da konteqstisagan Tavisufal<br />

komunikaciebSi CarTvis unari eqneboda. maSin, rodesac<br />

adreul, agrarul sazogadoebebSi, wigniereba mxolod<br />

rolebis struqturiTa da xSirad naTesaobiT<br />

ganpirobebuli instituciebiT urTierTze gadajaWvul<br />

adamianTa viwro wris kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda,<br />

modernul, industriul sazogadoebebSi ‘kulturam<br />

struqturis adgili daikava’. ‘ena da kultura’ axal<br />

cementad gadaiqca daqucmacebuli sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />

romelic efuZneboda industriul manqanaSi<br />

integrirebisaTvis gamzadebul fesvebdakargul,<br />

100

tradiciebisagan ganZarcul individebs, romelTaTvisac<br />

axali da erTaderTi misaRebi identoba wignierebaze da<br />

kulturaze damyarebuli moqalaqeoba iyo. amitomac<br />

waSala modernizaciam tradicia da tradiciuli<br />

sazogadoebebi da identobis erTaderT safuZvlad ena da<br />

kultura wamoayena. dRes, ambobda gelneri, ‘Cven yvelani<br />

klerkebi varT’, da imisaTvis rom SeviZloT klerkoba da<br />

moqalaqeoba, ganswavluli unda viyoT axali, masobrivi,<br />

savaldebulo, standartuli, saxalxo saganmanaTleblo<br />

sistemis meSveobiT, romliTac saxelmwifo<br />

uzrunvebelgvyofs (iqve).<br />

magram modernizaciis didma talRam sxva, ufro<br />

savalalo Sedegic gamoiRo. rogorc ki dasavleT<br />

evropaSi mdebare sakuTar Rrma zurgs gamoscda, Tavisi<br />

araTanabari, dakbiluli frontiT moZraobis Sedegad man<br />

mxareebi dahyo, utevda ra erTmaneTis miyolebiT<br />

regionebs sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva siCqariT da<br />

intensivobiT. igi mosaxleobasac hyofda: didi<br />

urbanistuli centrebis Zvel mosaxleebad da axal,<br />

fesvebdakargul proletariatad, romlebic sul ufro da<br />

ufro Sordebodnen iseT sasicocxlo urbanul<br />

resursebs, rogoric sacxovrebliT, samuSaoTi da<br />

ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofaa. axla, Tu am gamoZevebulT<br />

igive ena da kultura hqondaT, rac Zvel mosaxleebs,<br />

warmoqmnili ukmayofileba klasobrivi konfliqtiT<br />

imuqreboda. magram Tu es saerTo maT Soris ar<br />

arsebobda, Tu axalmosulebs Zveli urbanuli<br />

mosaxleobisagan kanis feri, ena an religia ganasxvavebda,<br />

maSin klasobriv konfliqts eTnikuri antagonizmic<br />

daemateboda. am viTarebaSi proletarul axalmosulebs<br />

gauCndebodaT cTuneba yurad eRoT Tanakultureli<br />

inteligenciis mowodebebi da monawileoba mieRoT<br />

savsebiT axali naciis Camoyalibeba-damkvidrebaSi; aq ori<br />

nacionalizmi gamyofi sazRvris sxadasxva mxares or<br />

nacias udebda saTaves. ase rom, nacionalizmi sakuTari<br />

xatovani ritorikis safarqveS Tavs avlens, rogorc<br />

obieqturad aucilebeli, praqtikuli programa (iqve: Tavi<br />

7; ix., agreTve, Gellner 1973).<br />

mogvianebiT gelnerma ramdenjerme moaxdina<br />

sakuTari Teoriis re<strong>for</strong>mulireba. upirveles yovlisa,<br />

101

man aCvena Tu ratom ar SeeZloT arc naciebs da arc<br />

nacionalizms premodernul epoqebSi earsebaT. ubralod,<br />

amis arc saWiroeba iyo da arc gamoyeneba im ‘agrarulwignier<br />

sazogadoebebSi’, romlebic cicqna elitebis mier<br />

imarTeboda da, romlebic sakuTar kulturas maT dabla<br />

mdgom sursaTis mwarmoebelTa did masas ar uziarebdnen<br />

da verc saimiso safuZvels xedavdnen, Tu ratom unda<br />

gaekeTebinaT es. sursaTis mwarmoebelni, Tavis mxriv,<br />

mravalricxovan urTierTgadamfarav lingvistur<br />

kulturebad iyofodnen, ris Sedegadac maTi<br />

ukmayofileba arasodes iZenda nacionalur <strong>for</strong>mas. TviT<br />

samRvdelobasac ki, im erTaderT fenas, romelic<br />

kulturis monopolizacias eswrafvoda, amis<br />

gasakeTeblad sakmarisi resursebi ar moepoveboda (Gellner<br />

1983).<br />

meore, gelnerma ufro detalurad axsna<br />

industriul sazogadoebaTa kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis<br />

tipi. am mizniT man gamoiyena termini ‘maRali kultura’,<br />

romelSic gulisxmobda ara elitis kulturas, aramed<br />

wignier da standartul sajaro, ‘baRis’ kulturas,<br />

romelsac specialistebi da ‘egzosocializaciis’ sistema<br />

anu saxalxo ganaTleba ganamtkicebs. amas gelneri<br />

mravalnair velur arakultivirebul ‘dabal’ kulturebs<br />

upirispirebda, romlebic premodernuli<br />

sazogadoebebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, magram<br />

romlebsac ar SeeZloT modernul pirobebSi gadarCena.<br />

isini an maRal kulturad unda gardaqmniliyvnen, anda<br />

daRupuliyvnen. mesame, gelnerma perenialistebisa da<br />

primordialistebisagan sakuTari gansxvavebuloba ara<br />

marto imiT gamokveTa, rom nacionalisturi<br />

ideologiebis mtkicebebs safuZveli gamoacala, aramed<br />

imiTac, rom xazi gausva naciebisa da nacionalizmebis<br />

sociologiur da istoriul siaxles, romlebsac Tumca<br />

SeeZloT arsebuli (premodernuli) kulturebis<br />

elementebi gamoeyenebinaT, magram faqtobrivad ar<br />

saWiroebdnen maT: ‘kulturis is naglejebi da nakuwebi,<br />

romelsac iyenebs nacionalizmi, xSirad TviTnebur<br />

istoriul gamonagonebs warmoadgens. nebismier Zvel<br />

naglejsa Tu nakuws SeuZlia samsaxuri gagviwios’ (iqve:<br />

56). am sakiTxze igive Tvalsazrisi ufro mkafiod mis<br />

102

olo leqciaSi iyo Camoyalibebuli, roca igi<br />

amtkicebda, rom naciebi Seiqmna XVIII saukuneSi da<br />

manamade realurad xelSesaxebi araferi arsebobda.<br />

naciebs, adamis msgavsad, Wipi ar sWirdebodaT (Gellner<br />

1996).<br />

yovelive aman gelneris Teoriis saboloo versias<br />

(1983) ufro materialisturi da deterministuli xedva<br />

SesZina. nacionalizms axla rogorc industriuli<br />

modernuli epoqis aucileblobasa da funqcionals<br />

uyureben, zustad iseve, rogorc Tavad modernuli epoqa<br />

gaxda garduvalad nacionalisturi. socialurekonomikuri<br />

<strong>for</strong>maciis garkveuli saxeoba kulturisa da<br />

ideologiis garkveul saxeobas moiTxovda da piriqiT<br />

(ix., agreTve, Gellner 1997). 3<br />

aseTive pozicia ekava tom nairns wignSi<br />

britaneTis daSla (1977), sadac amtkicebda rom<br />

ganviTarebis araTanabroba nacionalizmis upirvelesi<br />

mamoZravebelia. magram, nairnisaTvis es iyo ara<br />

industrializmis, aramed kapitalizmis araTanabari<br />

talRa. amas garda, kapitalizmi periferiaSi xelcarieli<br />

ar misula; is imperializmis ‘borkilebiT’ midioda.<br />

koloniebis eqspluataciaSi metropoliis kapitalistur<br />

burJuazias did daxmarebas uwevdnen didi dasavluri<br />

saxelmwifoebis administraciebi da armiebi. am sastiki<br />

Semotevis winaSe kolonizebadi periferiis elitebi<br />

sruliad umweoni aRmoCndnen. maT arc Sesabamisi iaraRi,<br />

arc simdidre, arc teqnologia da arc unar-Cvevebi ar<br />

gaaCndaT. magram hqondaT erTi ganZi. uimedo pirobebSi,<br />

‘ganuviTareblobis’ WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT, maT iseT<br />

rames mimarTes, ris naklebobasac ar uCiodnen: xalxs. maT<br />

mxolod xalxi hyavdaT – potenciuri iaraRi. maT<br />

moaxdines ‘xalxis’ mobilizacia da misTvis gasageb enaze<br />

da misi kulturis donis gaTvaliswinebiT Sedgenili<br />

mosawvevi baraTebiT igi istoriaSi SeipatiJes. ‘masobrivi<br />

sentimentebi’ nacionalur winaaRmdegobaSi gadaizarda.<br />

amitomac nacionalizmi yovelTvis populisturi,<br />

romantikuli da klasobrivi dayofis gadamkveTi<br />

moZraobaa da masebis eTnikur sentimentebs asazrdoebs<br />

(Nairn 1977: Tavebi 2, 9). 4<br />

103

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom nacionalizmis xasiaTi<br />

da idealebi yovelTvis misi socialuri adgilisa da<br />

geopolitikuri situaciis funqciebs warmoadgens?<br />

elitac isevea moklebuli realur saSualebebsa da<br />

arCevanis unars, rogorc masebi, da maTi ideebi aseve<br />

uadgiloa situaciaSi, romelic, saboloo jamSi,<br />

globaluri socialur-ekonomikuri procesebiTaa<br />

ganpirobebuli? ueWvelia, rom amaSia modernizaciis<br />

Teoriis qveteqsti; aRniSnuli viTarebis Tavad<br />

gelneriseuli aRweriT, ‘ “ganuviTarebeli samyaros”<br />

yvela filosofosi mefe ise moqmedebs, rogorc<br />

vesternizaciis kursis gamtarebeli, xalxosaniviT ki<br />

saubrobs’ (Gellner 1964: 171).<br />

keduris ideologiur determinizms modernizaciis<br />

Teoria socialur-ekonomikur determinizms upirispirebs.<br />

kerZod, gelnerisaTvis ideologia – nacionalisturi<br />

ideologia – yovlad uadgilo da mcdaria. naciebi ar<br />

arian bedisweriT ganpirobebulni da arc adamianebs<br />

gaaCniaT nacionalurobis bunebrivi moTxovnileba. es<br />

modernuli epoqaa, naciebisa da nacionalobis arsebobis<br />

bunebrivobas rom gvaCvenebs, es modernuli epoqaa,<br />

romelic ueWvelad ‘nacionalizmis’ <strong>for</strong>miT gvevlineba,<br />

da swored nacionalizmia is, rac naciebs qmnis:<br />

‘nacionalizmi … igonebs naciebs iq, sadac isini ar<br />

arsebobdnen, magram moqmedebisaTvis sWirdeba zogi adre<br />

arsebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSani, Tundac … wmindad<br />

negatiuri’ (iqve: 168). ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis sakiTxs me<br />

mogvianebiT davubrundebi. amjerad ki yuradRebis<br />

kon<strong>centri</strong>reba im saSualebebze minda movaxdino,<br />

romelTa meSveobiTac ideebi da konkretulad<br />

(nacionalizmis) ‘ideologiebi’ mizezobrivi jaWvidanaa<br />

amoRebuli. sirTule, romelic am SemTxvevaSi Cndeba,<br />

gaxlavT ara marto determinizmi, elitisaTvis arCevanis<br />

SezRuduloba, aramed ‘perspeqtivaSi xatvac’, risi<br />

wyalobiTac mravalmniSvnelovani da mizezobrivad<br />

adekvaturi axsnebis sakvanZo elementebi da arsebiTi<br />

safexurebia gamotovebuli. 5<br />

gelneri amtkicebs, rom naciebs ‘nacionalizmi’<br />

qmnis, rac, Tavis mxriv, modernuli epoqis kulturis<br />

<strong>for</strong>maa da modernul industrializacias warmoadgens. am<br />

104

Teoriis mixedviTNnacionalizmi kulturis aucilebeli<br />

<strong>for</strong>ma, ‘maRali kultura’ xdeba. igi araa aqtiuri<br />

wammarTveli Zala, da arc raime damoukidebeli wvlilis<br />

Semtania sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi; is mxolod<br />

industrializms gardatexs kulturis prizmaSi. e.i.<br />

realurad mniSvneloba ar hqonia nacionalizmis <strong>for</strong>masa<br />

da intensivobas, arc imas, Tu sad, rodis da romel<br />

nacias gamoixmobs igi (industrializmi) yofierebaSi.<br />

‘sazogadod nacionalizmis’ arsebobis globaluri<br />

saWiroebisaTvis es yvelaferi meorexarisxovania da mas<br />

ar SeuZlia naTeli mohfinos sakiTxs nacionalizmis<br />

aucileblobis axsniT. ase rom, Teoria ar gveubneba Tu<br />

ratomaa, rom nacionalizmi zog naciebsa da<br />

saxelmwifoebSi ufro keTilia, sxvebTan ki ufro<br />

sastiki, ratomaa, rom igi zog nacias qmnis, xolo sxvebs<br />

anadgurebs, ratom gvxdeba aq religiuri nacionalizmi,<br />

iq revoluciuri da sxvagan kidev rasistuli an<br />

faSisturi. 6<br />

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gelneris<br />

‘nacionalizms’ Zalian cota an sulac araferi aqvs<br />

saerTo imasTan, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba<br />

gulisxmobs am terminSi: ideologiebi da moZraobani,<br />

romelTa droSis qveS adamianebi eZieben erTobas,<br />

identobas da avtonomiurobas TavianTi naciebisaTvis.<br />

iTvleba, rom keduri am ideebisa da moZraobebis rols<br />

azviadebs. Tumca man scada aRniSnuli disbalansis<br />

koreqtireba afrikasa da aziaSi Seqmnili<br />

nacionalisturi nawarmoebebis anTologiisaTvis mis mier<br />

mogvianebiT gakeTebul SesavalSi (Kedourie 1971). magram<br />

Cndeba kiTxva: igi ar idga imave Tvalsazrisze, roca<br />

gviCvenebda, Tu rogori enTuziazmiT miiRes<br />

nacionalisturi ideologiis mesianisturi danapirebi<br />

dezorientirebulma da gaucxoebulma, sakuTar erTobaTa<br />

tradiciebsa da dasavleTis iluzorul dapirebebs Soris<br />

gaCxerilma axalgazrda marginalebma? 7<br />

kedurisaTvis nacionalizmi nebis doqtrinaa.<br />

gelnerisaTvis es aris kulturis <strong>for</strong>ma, miRebuli<br />

industrializmis mier. kedurisaTvis nacionalistur<br />

idealebs sakuTari Zalaufleba aqvT; sinamdvileSi isini<br />

mcdar gzaze ayeneben xalxs, orientacias ukargaven da<br />

105

sabolood anadgureben kidec. gelnerisaTvis ideebi<br />

amgvar Zalas ver floben, nacionalizmis ideologia<br />

ubralod industriuli kulturis namdvil qmedebas<br />

niRbavs. magram Tu es asea, maSin mosalodneli iyo<br />

naciaTa samyaroSi, kerZod, naciebis xasiaTebisa da maTi<br />

ideologiebis Sinaarsisa da Sedegebis meti<br />

erTgvarovneba da meti regularuloba. is garemoeba, rom<br />

es aSkarad araa ase, modernizaciis Teoriis TvalSisacem<br />

xarvezze miuTiTebs: igi adgils ar utovebs individebsa<br />

da maTi idealebis rols. am mimarTebiT, keduris<br />

Tvalsazrisi, mTel misi naklovanebaTa miuxedavad,<br />

faseul koreqtivs gvaZlevs. is ufro metad da Rrmad<br />

wvdeba nacionalisturi ideologiebisa da<br />

inteleqtualTa Sida samzareulos; da, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom misi difuzionisturi Tezisi nacionalizmis<br />

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb sakmaod araadekvaturia, is bevrad<br />

ufro mets ambobs rogorc evropaSi nacionalizmis<br />

filosofiuri fonis, aseve afrikisa da aziis<br />

ganaTlebuli axalgazrdobis motivaciisa da iq<br />

arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb. keduris Tvalsazrisi,<br />

mTeli Tavisi ideologiuri determinizmiT, Segvaxsenebs<br />

durkhaimis Segonebis WeSmaritebas, rom ideebi, raki<br />

erTxel iSvebian, Semdeg sakuTari cxovrebiT cxovroben.<br />

goneba da emocia<br />

kedurisa da gelners Soris debatebi modernistTa<br />

banakSi mimdinareobda da es namdvili debatebi iyo.<br />

danarCeni argumentebi sxvadasxva dapirispirebul<br />

paradigmebis SigniT momuSave mecnierTa poziciebidan<br />

momdinareobs da maTi argumentebis Cemeulma<br />

rekonstruqciam warmosaxviTi debatebis <strong>for</strong>ma Seisxa.<br />

poziciaTa amgvari sxvaoba da debatebi motivaciis<br />

sakiTxs Seexeba da, kerZod, imas, Tu ratom unda<br />

SeigrZnobdnen Tavs adamianebi nacionalistebad da<br />

xdebodnen aseTni. maikl heCTerisaTvis es<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad ‘racionaluri arCevanis’ sakiTxia.<br />

auara ra gverdi ganviTarebul dasavleTSi ‘Sinagani<br />

kolonianizmis’ arsebobis sakuTar, adrindel wminda<br />

struqturul Tvalsazriss, heCTerma solidarobis<br />

106

zogadi Teoria gaiziara, romelic erTob davalebulia<br />

racionaluri arCevanis analizisa da misi<br />

meTodologiuri individualizmisagan. rasakvirvelia,<br />

‘individualTa suverenuli preferenciebi’ iseT<br />

struqturaSi operireben, romelic maTi moqmedebis<br />

arealSi akrZalvebis sistemas gansazRvravs metnaklebad;<br />

magram am sazRvrebs SigniT individTa qmedebebis kursi<br />

racionalurad airCeva, e.i. danaxarjebisa da mogebis<br />

daangariSebiT. eTnikuri jgufebi solidarobis jgufebis<br />

gamokveTil magaliTebs warmoadgenen, romelTac<br />

piraduli jildosa da sasjelis Sejerebis da<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis gakontrolebis unari aqvT iseve, rogorc<br />

SeuZliaT kriminalebis da anarqistebis TareSi aRkveTon. 8<br />

SeuZlia ki amgvar zogad sqemas naTeli mohfinos<br />

nacionalur sesecias da nacionalistur Zaladobas?<br />

sesecia Cveulebriv riskiani moqmedebis mimarTulebaa da<br />

mxolod da mxolod piradulma motivebma, rogoricaa<br />

samuSaos perspeqtiva, SeiZleba saSualo klass am<br />

kursisaken ubiZgos; da am SemTxvevaSic seseciis<br />

albaToba maspinZeli saxelmwifos Zalis<br />

gaTvaliswinebaze iqneba damokidebuli (Hechter 1992: 273–<br />

275).<br />

rac Seexeba nacionalistur Zaladobas,<br />

Cveulebriv, igi opoziciuri jgufebis saxelmwifos mier<br />

represirebis funqciaa da amitomac saguldagulodaa<br />

Semowmebuli: ‘uamravi ram miuTiTebs imaze, rom<br />

nacionalisturi jgufebi Zaladobis strategias<br />

mimarTaven, rogorc saSualebas im saerTo<br />

keTildReobaTa mosapoveblad, romelTa Sorisac<br />

suverenobas gansakuTrebiT didi adgili ukavia’ (Hechter<br />

1995: 62). heCTeris azriT, CrdiloeTi irlandiis magaliTi<br />

imis dadasturebaa, rom nacionalisturi Zaladobis<br />

SezRuduloba ganpirobebulia susti solidaruli<br />

nacionalisturi jgufis konfrontaciiT mZlavr<br />

saxelmwifo aparatTan, romelsac imis unari Seswevs, rom<br />

seseciis survili represiebiT CaaxSos. Zaladobis<br />

eskalacia mxolod iq moxdeba, sadac dasustebuli<br />

saxelmwifo mZlavr solidarul nacionalizms<br />

daupirispirdeba. 9<br />

107

aseTia problemis yvelaze bolo da sabuTebiT<br />

gamyarebuli heCTeriseuli warmodg<strong>enis</strong> konteqsti. aq igi<br />

amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi, kerZod, is principi, rom<br />

nacia unda emTxveodes mmarTvelobas (da ara aucileblad<br />

saxelmwifos), modernulia, ramdenadac igi pirdapiri<br />

mmarTvelobisaken modernizaciis globaluri moZraobis<br />

funqciaa. premodernul imperiul saxelmwifoebSi<br />

periferiul elitebs ZiriTadad eZleodaT imis<br />

saSualeba, rom emarTaT sakuTari regionis mosaxleoba<br />

arapirdapiri mmarTvelobis sistemis farglebSi, imperiis<br />

efemeruli Zalauflebis pirobebSi, rac savsebiT<br />

akmayofilebda yvela mxares. magram modernul<br />

msoflioSi, centralizebuli saxelmwifo normad<br />

gadaiqca da regionebis (periferiis) mosaxleobis marTvas<br />

ucxoebma mohkides xeli. isini ar icnobdnen maT<br />

saWiroebebs. ase rom, periferiuli elitebisaTvis<br />

mxolod amis Semdeg iZens azrs nacionalisturi<br />

politikis aReba damoukideblobis mosapoveblad; da<br />

amitomac nacionalizmis povna mxolod modernul<br />

msoflioSia SesaZlebeli (Hechter 2000, kerZod, Tavebi 2–3).<br />

aq heCTeri kritikas uSualod ‘racionaluri<br />

arCevanis’ Taobaze sakuTari winandeli Tvalsazrisken<br />

mimarTavs, romelic Zalian cotas an sulac arafers<br />

ambobda nacionalizmis specifikis Sesaxeb; sqema SeiZleba<br />

nebismieri saxis amboxs an Zaladobas miusadago. axla,<br />

Zalauflebis tipebSi momxdari cvlilebis gamo, is azrs<br />

iZens sakuTriv ‘nacionalizmTan’ mimarTebaSi, rogorc<br />

erTiani ‘naciis’ meSveobiT periferiis mosaxleobis<br />

periferiul elitasTan mibmis saSualeba<br />

centralizebuli saxelmwifos sawinaaRmdegod. magram<br />

ibadeba kiTxva, ratom unda dahyves mosaxleoba maT<br />

xelmZRvanelobas? heCTeris sxvadasxva mosazreba uSvebs<br />

individualuri racionalurobis arsebobas<br />

nacionalizmis saZirkvelSi, romelic adgils aRar<br />

tovebs koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis, maxsovrobebis,<br />

simboloebisa da emociebisaTvis, aq adgili mxolod<br />

simdidris obmokidebuli keTildReobis, sazogadoebrivi<br />

mdgomareobisa da ZalauflebisTvis Tu rCeba. magram gana<br />

es yvelaferi marTlac sakmarisia nacionalizmis<br />

vnebaTaRelvisa da sayovelTao mimzidvelobis<br />

108

asaxsnelad? gana SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT, magaliTad,<br />

gardasuli omebisa da saSinelebebis xsovnis mniSvneloba<br />

politikuri krizisis dros, im sargebelisagan<br />

damoukideblad, romelic SeiZleba miiRon individebma<br />

konkretul amboxsa Tu moZraobasaTan maTi SeerTebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi? 10<br />

uolker konorisa da joSua fiSmanisaTvis amas<br />

kiTxvac ki ar dasWirdeboda. nacionalizmi maTTvis<br />

arasodes yofila koleqtiuri keTildReobis mxolod<br />

racionaluri Zieba, radgan, igi, pirvel rigSi,<br />

patriotizmis sapirispirod, eTnonaciis siyvarulia, rac<br />

teritorialuri saxelmwifos mimarT loialobas<br />

warmoadgens. ‘moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmi’, romelsac<br />

modernistebi upiratesobas aniWeben da romelic<br />

realurad sxva araferia Tu ara patriotizmi,<br />

sinamdvileSi loialobis ‘racionaluri’ saxea da misi<br />

axsna racionaluradac SeiZleba, rogorc amas konori<br />

amtkicebs; magram ‘eTnonacionalizmi’, romelic mxolod<br />

da mxolod nacionalizmia, verasodes aixsneba<br />

racionalurad. igi SeiZleba mxolod gaanalizdes da<br />

aRiZras. es ki zustad isaa, rasac nacionalisti<br />

liderebi akeTeben, da isini bevrad met warmatebasac<br />

aRweven, vidre mecnierebi, radgan intuiciurad xvdebian,<br />

rom ‘saziaro sisxlis gancda eTnofsiqologiis centrSi<br />

Zevs da uyoymanod mimarTaven mas’ (Connor 1994: 197).<br />

uolker konorisaTvis nacia warmoadgens ‘adamianTa<br />

jgufs, romelsac swams, rom maT saerTo winapari<br />

akavSirebT. es aris yvelaze didi dajgufeba, romelic<br />

amgvar rwmenas iziarebs’ (iqve: 212; kursivi dednisaa).<br />

nacia saboloo jamSi naTesauri jaWvis gancdas efuZneba;<br />

mis arss fsiqologiuri Zafi warmoadgens, romelic<br />

xalxs misi wevrebis naxevradcnobier warmodgenaSi<br />

aerTianebs da, amavdroulad, maT yvelasagan ganasxvavebs<br />

(iqve: 92).<br />

rasakvirvelia, araviTari saWiroeba araa, rom<br />

saerTo naTesauri jaWvis arsebobis rwmena da saziaro<br />

eTnikuri warmomavlobis miTi Seesabamebodes (da,<br />

Cveulebriv, arc Seesabameba) realur biologiur<br />

STamomavlobas da imas, rac faqtebze dayrdnobiT<br />

istoriidanaa CvenTvis cnobili. magram nacionalizmis<br />

109

SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu ra aris, aramed is,<br />

Tu ra ganicdeba. saerToOwinapris rwmena efuZneba ara<br />

faqtebs da gansjas, aramed wevrebis mZlavr da<br />

araracionalur (da ara iracionalur) grZnobas.<br />

nacionalizmis mowodeba da stimulebi SeiZleba<br />

SeviswavloT, magram maTi racionaluri axsna<br />

SeuZlebelia. Tu amas SevecdebiT, es niSnavs, rom<br />

nacionaluri rwm<strong>enis</strong> siRrme da Zala mxedvelobidan<br />

gamogvrCeba. 11<br />

es originaluri da mZlavri mosazrebaa, romelic<br />

ise aRiqmeba, rogorc ukiduresi perenializmis (Tu ara<br />

primordializmis) gamovlineba. esaa xedva, romelic<br />

eTnikur jgufebsa da naciebs Soris urTierTobis<br />

konoriseuli analiziTaa gamagrebuli. konorisaTvis<br />

naciebi realurad sxva araferia, garda TviTcnobieri<br />

eTnikuri jgufebisa. maSin, roca eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis<br />

sakmarisia, rom isini gareSeTa mier iyvnen Secnobilni da<br />

gansazRvrulni, da TviTcnobierebas ar saWiroeben,<br />

naciebisTvis es ganmsazRvrelia. amitomac eTnikuri<br />

jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ‘prenacionaluri<br />

xalxebi’ da potenciuri naciebi. naciebi, meores mxriv,<br />

srulad TviTcnobieri erTobebia, da ramdenadac isini<br />

masobriv fenomenebs warmoadgenen, maT mxolod maSin<br />

SeuZliaT daiwyon arseboba, roca maTi wevrebis<br />

umravlesoba nacionalurad gacnobierebuli gaxdeba.<br />

praqtikaSi, da demokratiebSi, es niSnavs, rom naciis<br />

cxovrebaSi umravlesoba unda monawileobdes; sakuTriv<br />

konorisaTvis ki es saarCevno uflebas niSnavs (iqve: 98–<br />

103).<br />

perenializmTan, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT<br />

primordializmze, ukiduresad dapirispirebuli konoris<br />

Tvalsazrisi orTqldeba, arsebobas wyvets. irkveva, rom<br />

igi modernizmis radikaluri variaciaa, TumcaRa sakmaod<br />

Taviseburi. konori xom askvnis, rom naciebi Cndebian<br />

mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca maTi wevrebi,<br />

qalebis CaTvliT, sajaro cxovrebaSi monawileobas da<br />

xmis micemas iwyeben. cxadia, Cven verafers SevityobT imis<br />

Sesaxeb, Tu ras grZnobdnen an ras fiqrobdnen glexTa<br />

masebi am dromde. realurad mxolod 1789 wlis Semdeg,<br />

roca dogma, rom ‘ucxoelis mmarTveloba arakanonieri<br />

110

mmarTvelobaa’, eTnikurad gacnobierebul xalxebs<br />

moedeba, TandaTanobiT Cndebian naciebi. da, rogorc<br />

irkveva, am procesSi mniSvnelovani katalizatoris rols<br />

modernizacia da masobrivi komunikaciebi asrulebs.<br />

regularuli kontaqtebiT modernizaciam paradoqsulad<br />

ganacalkeva da TviTcnobieri gaxada xalxebi iq, sadac<br />

adre, imperiuli mmarTvelobis dros, isini kulturulad<br />

asimilirebulni iqnebodnen (iqve: 169–174).<br />

am konteqstSi es ucnauri daskvnaa. igi sakmaod<br />

eulad gamoiyureba konoris Sromis suliskveTebasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi da definiciasa da istoriul<br />

interpretaciasTan dakavSirebiT rig kiTxvebs wamoWris.<br />

iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom nacionaluri modernizmi<br />

ukan, eTnikuri perenializmisaken, gaWenda. magram am<br />

Tvalsazrisis dakvirvebiT ganxilva miuTiTebs, rom Cvens<br />

winaSe mxolod da mxolod qronologiuri anu ‘pirobiTi’<br />

modernizmia. Nnaciebi, konoris azriT, arc realurad,<br />

Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli arian eTnikuri jgufebisagan,<br />

da arc modernizaciis produqtebs warmoadgenen, rogorc<br />

amas sociologiuri an ‘struqturuli’ modernizmi<br />

miiCnevs. amis mTavari mizezi, konoris SexedulebiT, is<br />

aris, rom naciebi, eTnikuri jgufebis msgavsad, masobrivi<br />

fsiqologiis da, saboloo jamSi, naTesaobis gancdis<br />

fenomenebia.<br />

gamodis, rom nacionalizmSi araviTari<br />

racionaluroba araa? Tu igi, rogorc romantikosebi<br />

gvarwmuneben, ubralod sisxlis da emociis saqmea? iqneb<br />

joSua fiSmans moepoveba amaze pasuxi, roca amtkicebs,<br />

rom eTnikuroba ‘arsebobis’ saqmea, iseve rogorc<br />

‘codnisa’ da ‘keTebis’ da rom<br />

eTnikuroba yovelTvis ganicdeboda rogorc<br />

naTesauri fenomeni, gangrZobadoba TviTSi da<br />

maTSi, visTanac arsebobs saerTo winapris<br />

TaobaTaSorisi kavSiri. eTnikuroba nawilobriv<br />

ganicdeba rogorc ‘Zvali ZvalTagani, xorci<br />

xorcTagani da sisxli sisxlTagani’. Tavad<br />

adamianis sxeuli danaxulia rogorc eTnikurobis<br />

gamoxatva da eTnikuroba mTlianad ganicdeba<br />

111

ogorc sisxli, Zvlebi da xorci (Fishman 1980: 84–<br />

85).<br />

meores mxriv, rogorc heCTeric amtkicebs, gana<br />

xalxi (maT Soris nacionalistebic), frTxilad ar<br />

angariSobs nacionalistur amboxebaTa zedmetobebs,<br />

nacionalisturi moZraobebSi monawileobis miRebis<br />

sazRaursa da ‘fraternité’ (da axla ‘sorotité’) misaReb mogebas?<br />

im SemTxvevaSi Tu Cven davaskvniT (mgoni, SegviZlia ase<br />

moviqceT), rom naciebi da nacionalizmi mZlavr<br />

subieqtur elementebs Seicavs, rom zogjer xalxi<br />

‘sisxliT fiqrobs’ da, konoris sityvebi rom<br />

moviSvelioT, ‘Tavisi nebiT arasodes iRupeba raime<br />

racionaluris gamo’ (Connor 1994: 206), aqedan is ar<br />

gamomdinareobs, rom es fenomeni araracionaluria da<br />

misi axsna struqturuli da kulturuli terminebiT<br />

SeuZlebelia, da arc is, rom, radgan Cven saSualeba<br />

gvaqvs naciebi da nacionalizmi socialuri fsiqologiis<br />

terminebis meSveobiT ganvmartoT, Cven principSi ar<br />

SegviZlia maTi axsna racionaluri terminebiT. es<br />

gasagebad SeiZleba rTuli aRmoCndes, magram es ori<br />

araviTar SemTxvevaSi araa erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli. is,<br />

rom modernistebi (magaliTad, gelneri da heCTeri) mcire<br />

yuradRebas uTmoben socialuri fsiqologiis cvladebs,<br />

ar niSnavs, rom Cven unda gaviziaroT naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis analizis fsiqologiuri (da aqedan<br />

gamomdinare ‘araracionaluri’?) pozicia da uari vTqvaT<br />

istoriul da sociologiur axsnebze. piriqiT, am<br />

sakiTxis buneba yvelafers, rasac Cven ase vakeTebT, met<br />

mniSvnelovnebas sZens da uzrunvelyofs imas, rom ‘axsnis’<br />

Cveneulma gagebam moicvas emociis, nebis, simbolos,<br />

maxsovrobis, naTesaobis gancdis sxvadasxva kulturuli,<br />

socialuri da socialur-fsiqologiuri elementebi,<br />

romlebzec samarTlianad svams maxvils uolker konori<br />

da romlebsac instrumentalistebi ugulebelyofen an<br />

uaryofen. 12<br />

112

politika da kultura<br />

mesame gansaxilveli sakiTxi naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi modernuli saxelmwifos,<br />

ufro zogadad ki masSi politikis, rols exeba. amas Cven<br />

kulturuli nacionalizmis an, ufro farTod,<br />

kulturuli identobis problema SeiZleba vuwodoT.<br />

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi rigi<br />

postmarqsistuli Teoria xazs usvamda saxelmwifos<br />

fardobiT avtonomiurobas. maTTvis SedarebiT misaRebi<br />

iyo politikis prioritetis veberiseuli gageba. yvela es<br />

midgoma da modeli modernistuli da<br />

instrumentalisturia. es exeba nacionalizmis maikl<br />

maniseul da entoni gidensiseul interpretaciebsac.<br />

orive maTgans miaCnia, rom modernuli, centralizebuli,<br />

profesionalTa da teritoriuli mowyobis mqone<br />

modernuli saxelmwifo aRviZebs nacionalizms imasTan<br />

erTad, rasac entoni gidensi ‘Sekruli nacia-saxelmwifos<br />

SigniT arsebuli administratiuli xelisuflebis<br />

koordinaciis Tanamdevi suverenobis kulturul<br />

SegrZnebas’ uwodebs (Giddens 1985: 219). maikl manic,<br />

britaneTsa da safrangeTSi saxelmwifos mier<br />

mxardaWeril nacionalizmebze saubrisas, naTlad<br />

ayalibebs Tavis azrs: ‘naciaze, rogorc saxelmwifos<br />

aRmniSvnel terminze, fokusirebis gamWvirvaloba<br />

politikuri axsnisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebaa’ (Mann<br />

1995: 48). igive iTqmis habsburgTa imperiis ‘provincialTa’<br />

(xorvatebis, ungrelebis, Cexebis) nacionalizmebzec,<br />

sadac regionaluri administraciis arseboba-ararseboba<br />

‘naciis warmoSobis ukeTesi mauwyebelia, vidre<br />

eTnikuroba’ (iqve: 50). 13<br />

adreMmanma ufro dawvrilebiT ganixila evropaSi<br />

nacionalizmis ganviTarebis oTxi safexuri. pirveli,<br />

Tavisi xasiaTiT, religiuri iyo. igi XVI saukuneSi<br />

evropaSi daiwyo, roca protestantulma re<strong>for</strong>maciam da<br />

kaTolikurma kontrre<strong>for</strong>maciam ‘intensiuri<br />

Zalauflebis’ Zlieri mobilizeba ganaxorciela elitis<br />

wignierebis axali qselebis Camoyalibebis xelSewyobiT.<br />

daaxloebiT 1700 wlidan amas komerciuli eqspansiiT da<br />

saxelmwifo militarizmiT gamowveuli diskursiuli<br />

113

wignierebis gafarToeba mohyva, romelmac ‘saero<br />

moqalaqeobis’ SegrZnebis mqone zeda klasi warmoqmna. 1792<br />

wlidan mesame, gadamwyvet fazaSi, samxedro krizisma es<br />

‘protonaciebi’ mcire, magram namdvilad zeklasobriv<br />

naciebad aqcia. savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris<br />

SemoRebam, omis gadasaxadebma da omis regresulma<br />

sesxebma, mdidari klasebis moTxovnas politikuri<br />

elferi SesZina da ‘naciisa’ da ‘xalxis’ cnebebis<br />

politizeba gamoiwvia. ukanasknel fazaSi, XIX saukunis<br />

miwurulidan moyolebuli, saxelmwifos organoebis<br />

meSveobiT naciebisaTvis xelSewyobas industriuli<br />

kapitalizmi iwyebs, romelic funqciebis farTo<br />

mravalferovnebaze xdeba pasuxismgebeli. es garemoeba,<br />

Tavis mxriv, mas ufro warmomadgenlobiTad, homogenurad<br />

da ‘nacionalurad’ aqcevs da ufro agresiul, fanatikur<br />

nacionalizms axalisebs (Mann 1993: 216–247).<br />

Tumca, aqac pirveli, mosamzadebeli, fazis<br />

Semdegve mani maxvils saxelmwifos rolze da mis<br />

samxedro da fiskalur Zalauflebaze akeTebs. ismis<br />

kiTxva, Tu ratom unda miekuTvnoT saxelmwifoebs ase<br />

didi roli naciebis CamoyalibebaSi, roca maTgan<br />

momdinare pirvel impulsebs Tavad mani mxolod 1700<br />

wlis Semdgomi xaniT, xolo maT seriozul intervencias<br />

arauadres 1792 wliT aTariRebs. inglisis SemTxvevaSi da,<br />

iqneb, safrangeTis, Sotlandiis, espaneTis da SvedeTis<br />

SemTxvevebSic, XVI saukuneSi aristokratiasa da saSualo<br />

klasis zeda fenebSi naciadyofnis gancdis arseboba<br />

ueWvelia. imis mtkiceba, rom isini ar arian ‘realuri’<br />

naciebi, niSnavs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia vilaparakoT<br />

naciebze XIX saukunis miwurulamde, roca mosaxleoba<br />

pirvelad iRebs saarCevno uflebas, rogorc amas uolker<br />

konori amtkicebs. Tu Cven mzad ara varT ase Sors<br />

wasasvlelad, maSin SegviZlia davuSvaT ‘naciebis’<br />

arseboba garkveuli azriT militaristul-kapitalistur<br />

saxelmwifoebamde da, iqneb, maTgan gankerZoebuladac. 14<br />

aRniSnuli zogadi midgomis yvelaze metad<br />

damuSavebul da mkafio <strong>for</strong>mulirebas jon brilis mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli politikuri modeli warmoadgens.<br />

brilis nacionalizmi modernul da wminda politikur<br />

moZraobad esaxeba; modernul msoflioSi ki politika<br />

114

saxelmwifoze kontrolSi mdgomareobs. nacionalizmi<br />

amgvari kontrolis misaRwevad da SesanarCuneblad<br />

saWiro argumentia. misi mniSvnelovneba ganpirobebulia<br />

unariT, sxvadasxva subelitas, maTi miznebisa da<br />

interesebis mobilizaciis, koordinaciis da<br />

legitimaciis gziT, saerTo plat<strong>for</strong>ma SesTavazos.<br />

nacionalisturi moZraoba miznad isaxavs orives, rogorc<br />

saxelmwifos gaerTianebas, ise mis ganaxlebas, ufro<br />

xSirad ki arsebul saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebas,<br />

rogorc amas brili gadmogvcems:<br />

[nacionalisturi argumenti] sam mtkicebulebaze<br />

dafuZnebul politikur doqtrinas warmoadgens:<br />

(a) nacias Tavisi mkafiod gamokveTili da<br />

gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi aqvs.<br />

(b) naciis interesebi da Rirebulebebi yvela<br />

sxva interessa da Rirebulebaze maRla<br />

dgas.<br />

(g) nacia SeZlebisdagvarad Tavisufali unda<br />

iyos, rac, Cveulebriv, sul mcire,<br />

politikuri suverenitetis mopovebas<br />

moiTxovs (Breully 1993: 2).<br />

nacionalisturi argumentebi mxolod maSinaa<br />

mimzidveli, roca modernuli pirobebi – kerZod,<br />

absolutisturi saxelmwifos gamocalkeveba samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoebisagan – bevr ganaTlebul adamianSi<br />

gaucxoebisa da imedgacruebis grZnobas badebs, ris gamoc<br />

isini TavianT mzeras iseT doqtrinebs apyroben,<br />

romlebic saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas aRdgenas<br />

hpirdebian. aqedanaa herderis msgavsi istoriuli<br />

argumentebis mimzidveloba. herderi cdilobda xelaxla<br />

aRmoeCina avTenturi TviTi da, kulturuli naciis<br />

politikur naciasTan damTxveviT, erToba Tavis bunebriv<br />

mdgomareobaSi aRedgina. brili cnebis aseT nawvaleb<br />

xelaxal ganmartebas yalbad miiCnevs, magram, miuxedavad<br />

amisa, nacionalizmi savsebiT realuri problemis dasmis<br />

seriozul mcdelobas warmoadgens (iqve: 55–64).<br />

dabolos, ideologia mxolod meoradia<br />

politikasTan mimarTebaSi. esPpolitikuri urTierTobebi<br />

115

da instituciebia is, rac nacionalizmebis miznebs<br />

<strong>for</strong>mas sZens. magaliTad, 1871 wels germaniis naciasaxelmwifos<br />

Seqmnis procesis dasasruls Zalian cota<br />

Tu hqonda saerTo kulturasTan da kidev ufro cota<br />

romantizmTan da mis ideologiebTan. rasTanac masMsaqme<br />

hqonda, gansakuTrebiT prusiasa da avstrias Soris<br />

metoqeobasTan dakavSirebiT, es Zalauflebis politika,<br />

geopolitika da ekonomika iyo. is ki, rac warmoiqmna, iyo<br />

‘germania’ – bismarkis prusiis mfarvelobis qveS<br />

sayovelTao TanxmobaSi mcxovrebi germaneli nacia da<br />

ara prusiuli ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’. da swored germania<br />

moiTxovda loialobas da mraval samTavros Soris<br />

ganawilebuli germanulenovani mosaxleobis didi masis<br />

vnebebs aRviZebda. germaniisaTvis sazRvrebis Seqmna Cven<br />

SegviZlia bismarkis Kleindeuschland politikiT avxsnaT,<br />

magram rogor avxsniT im vnebas, romelic procesis<br />

dasasrulisaTvis daubrkoleblad scdeboda am<br />

sazRvrebs, an riT unda aixsnas sazRvrebis SigniT Tu<br />

gareT ‘germaniis’ pangermanuli xedvis mqone bevri<br />

eTnikuri germanelis mZlavri identifikacia (Breuilly<br />

1996a)? 15<br />

pasuxi SeiZleba nacionalisturi mtkicebulebebis<br />

briliseul definiciaSive, da mis mier SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis 1776 wlis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis<br />

nacionalizmad monaTlvis uaryofaSi iyos. brilis<br />

azriT, camet amerikul kolonias aklda kulturuli<br />

identoba – ‘mkafiod gamokveTili da gansakuTrebuli<br />

xasiaTi’ – romelsac dedaqveynisagan da britaneli<br />

mmarTvelebisagan maTi gamocalkeveba SeeZlo. mCagvrelTa<br />

msgavsad, maTac britanuli warmoSoba hqondaT, iyvnen<br />

qristianebi (umeteswilad protestantebi) da inglisurad<br />

metyvelebdnen. magram aqcentis gakeTeba identobis<br />

kulturul kriteriumze ar esadageba nacionalizmis<br />

wminda politikur definicias. meore TavSi moxseniebuli<br />

brilis mier miTebisa da ceremoniebis Zalis aRiarebac<br />

ar Seesabameba nacionalizmis sworxazovnad politikur<br />

axsnas. imave yaidis kriticizmi sxva politikuri<br />

modernistebis mimarTac gamodgeba. 16<br />

SegviZlia ufro Sorsac wavideT. miroslav hroCma<br />

(Hroch 1985) gamoikvlia ra ramdenime aRmosavleTevropuli<br />

116

nacionalizmi, nacionalistur moZraobaTa ganviTarebis<br />

saerTo modeli aRmoaCina. igi mecnierTa, mweralTa da<br />

xelovanTa patara wreebiT iwyeba, romlebic naciis ideas<br />

amuSaveben (faza a); grZeldeba agitatorebis,<br />

ganmanaTleblebis da Jurnalistebis patriotuli wreebis<br />

mier am ideis gavrcelebiT (faza b); farTovdeba<br />

saarCevno ubnamde, rac saSualo da dabali klasebSi<br />

masobriv moZraobamdea miyvanili (faza g). aq kulturidan<br />

masebis mobilizaciisaken mimarTul elitis politikamde<br />

sworxazovan ganviTarebas aqvs adgili; am SemTxvevaSi<br />

‘kulturis’ gamocalkeveba ‘politikisagan’ SeuZlebelia.<br />

magram kidev ufro daxlarTuli situaciac<br />

SeiZleba Segvxvdes. jon haTCinsonma irlandiuri<br />

nacionalizmisa da gaeluri aRorZinebisadmi miZRvnil<br />

detalur gamokvlevaSi aCvena, rom saxelmwifoze<br />

fokusirebuli politikuri nacionalizmebis svla<br />

damoukideblobisaken, Cveulebriv, kulturuli<br />

nacionalizmebiTaa Sevsebuli,AromelTa mizanic sruliad<br />

gansxvavebulia: naciis, rogorc moraluri erTobis,<br />

regeneracia sakuTar niadagze. kulturuli<br />

nacionalizmebi, pirvel rigSi, kulturuli identobis<br />

sakiTxebs, socialur harmoniasa da moralur miznebs<br />

exeba; da es mimarTebebia maTTvis prioritetuli da raime<br />

politikuri qmedebisa Tu gamoxatvisagan damoukidebeli.<br />

praqtikaSi nacionalizmis kulturuli da politikuri<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebi xSirad enacvleba erTmaneTs da SeiZleba<br />

nacionalistebi maT Soris meryeobdnen. Tu politikuri<br />

nacionalizmi Tavisi miznebisaken mimaval gzaze<br />

borZikobs, kulturul nacionalizms SeuZlia gaCenili<br />

bzari erTobis koleqtiuri kulturuli resursebis<br />

ganmtkicebiT amoavsos; xolo, roca misi Zala sustdeba,<br />

asparezze nacionalizmis politikuri moZraoba gamodis.<br />

maSasadame, nacionalizmi ar SeiZleba politikuri an<br />

romelime sxva sferos tyveobaSi aRmoCndes; ‘politikis’<br />

‘kulturasTan’ an ‘eTnikurobasTan’ amgvari dapirispireba<br />

ar gvaZlevs saSualebas Rrmad CavwvdeT iseT kompleqsur<br />

fenomenebs, rogorebicaa naciebi da nacionalizmi<br />

(Hutchinson 1987: Tavi 1 da 1994: Tavi 1). 17<br />

haTCinsonis farTomasStabiani kritika mokled<br />

exeba meore sakiTxs – kulturis modernizmTan<br />

117

mimarTebas. kulturuli regeneraciisa da eTnikuri<br />

aRorZinebis moZraobebi, SesaZloa, ufro modernuli<br />

periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram yvela epoqaSi<br />

SeiZleba maTi povna. marTlac, modernuli epoqis<br />

kulturulma nacionalistebma naciis regeneraciis<br />

procesSi CasarTvelad ‘xalxis’ mobilizaciisaTvis<br />

eTnikuri simboloebis, miTebis da maxsovrobebis adre<br />

arsebuli repertuaridan unda amoirCion. amgvari<br />

saqcielis sixSire ki imas miuTiTebs, rom,<br />

miuxedavad premodernul da modernul<br />

sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani<br />

gansxvavebebisa, didi xnis damkvidrebuli<br />

kulturuli repertuari (miTebi, simboloebi da<br />

maxsovrobani) mZlavri instituciebis<br />

(saxelmwifoebis, armiebis, eklesiebis) saSualebiT<br />

modernul eraSic ‘gadmodian’, da aRorZinebasa da<br />

xelaxal ganviTarebas ganicdian, ramdenadac<br />

populaciebi periodulad aRmoCndebian xolme<br />

fizikuri da simboluri gadarC<strong>enis</strong> msgavsi<br />

amocanebis winaSe (Hutchinson 2000: 661).<br />

es isev brilis modernizms exeba, romelsac<br />

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli retrospeqtuli nacionalizmisa<br />

da, identobis kulturuli elementebis premodernuli<br />

periodebidan modernul eraSi gadmoyolis faqtis<br />

pirispir darCenili istoriuli skepticizmis surneli<br />

udis. brilis miaCnia, rom: ‘identobis problema, romelic<br />

instituciebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, farTo socialur da<br />

geografiul sivrceebze adamianTa erTmaneTTan<br />

damakavSirebeli instituciebis miRmaa gasuli, imaSi<br />

mdgomareobs, rom igi aucileblad fragmentuli,<br />

wyvetili da mouxelTebelia’ (Breuilly 1996b: 151).<br />

saxelmwifo da eklesia, premodernuli<br />

instituciebi, romelTac eTnikuri identobis gadatana<br />

SeeZloT, iyvnen rogorc nacionaluri identobebiT<br />

SezRudulni, aseve universalisturni. ase rom,<br />

premodernul eTnikur identobas, lokaluri donis<br />

garda, cota ram Tu hqonda imisaTvis, rom<br />

118

instituciurad gardaqmniliyo. TiTqmis yvela<br />

didi institucia, romelic agebs, inaxavs da<br />

gadascems nacionalur identobebs, da romelic am<br />

identobebs interesebTan akavSirebs, modernulia:<br />

parlamentebi, farTod gavrcelebuli literatura,<br />

sasamarTloebi, skolebi, Sromis bazrebi da a.S. …<br />

nacionaluri identoba arsobrivad modernulia da<br />

am sakiTxisadmi nebismieri midgoma, romelsac<br />

raime sargeblobis motana SeuZlia, am<br />

wanamZRvaridan unda amodiodes (iqve: 154).<br />

es nacionalizmis genezisSi instituciebis,<br />

kulturisa da eTnikurobis rolis viwro da SezRuduli<br />

gagebaa. CamoTvlil ‘instutuciaTagan’ bevris aRmoCena<br />

premodernul sazogadoebebSic SeiZleba. maSinac ki,<br />

rodesac isini ar iyvnen ise inkluziurebi, rogoric<br />

dRes arian, isini emsaxurebodnen eTnikuri identobisa da<br />

kulturis ‘gadatanas’ ufro farTo mosaxleobaSi. metic,<br />

sxva instituciebi ufro inkluziurnic ki iyvnen (da ara<br />

fragmentuli da mouxelTebeli): lingvisturi kodebi,<br />

ritualebi da dResaswaulebi, savaWro gamofenebi da<br />

bazrebi, armiebi da ‘samSoblo miwebi’ – es yvelaferi<br />

mraval TaobaSi saerTo eTnikurobis grZnobas nergavda,<br />

xolo modernul epoqaSi gadmoxeTqa. kidev erTxel unda<br />

iTqvas, rom arc ‘kulturisa’ da ‘identobis’<br />

gamocalkevebaa saWiro premodernuli instituciebisagan,<br />

da arc imis apriorulad daSveba, rom maT ar ZaluZT<br />

Semdgomi naciebisaTvis safuZvlis Semzadeba. 18<br />

konstruireba da reinterpretacia<br />

bolo sakiTxi, romelsac Sevexebi, uSualod<br />

momdinareobs winare mimarTebebidan: arian Tu ara naciebi<br />

nacionalisti inteligenciebis mier de novo Seqmnilni an<br />

rekonstruirebulni arsebuli kulturuli ‘masalisa’ da<br />

eTnikuri sentimentebis gareSe.<br />

es mravalwaxnagovani kompleqsuri argumentia.<br />

Tvalsazrisi, rom nacia ‘socialurad konstruirebulia’,<br />

Tuki is truizmi ar aris, raRac ufro mets unda<br />

niSnavdes, vidre primordializmis an perenializmis<br />

119

ubralo uaryofa iqneboda, radganac igi modernizmis<br />

yvela <strong>for</strong>misaTvis saerToa. axal elements aq<br />

warmoadgens aqcenti socialur inJineriasa da teqnikur<br />

inovaciaze, kulturuli artefaqtebisa da teqstebisaTvis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mis micemaze, Tvisebrivad axali <strong>for</strong>mebis<br />

Sesaqmnelad unar-Cvevebisa da warmosaxvebis gamoyenebaze.<br />

socialuri konstruqcionizmis es ‘Zlieri’ <strong>for</strong>ma<br />

gelneris Sexedulebebs scdeba, radgan miuTiTebs, rom<br />

naciebi, Tuki Seiqmna, SeiZleba gaqres kidec TavianT<br />

warmosaxvebTan da narativebTan erTad, msgavsad sxva<br />

artefaqtebisa da teqstebisa.<br />

is Tvalsazrisi, rom nacia, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

kulturuli artefaqtia, unda daiyos misi warmosaxvis<br />

stilis da warmodginebis modusis mixedviT, rac<br />

harmoniaSia postmodernizmis movardnil talRasTan,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad misi <strong>for</strong>mulireba<br />

postmarqsistul CarCoSi ganxorcielda. benediqt<br />

andersonisaTvis nacionalizmi umTavresad diskursis<br />

<strong>for</strong>ma, narativis tipia, romelic politikur erTobas<br />

warmosaxavs, rogorc sasruls, suverenulsa da<br />

horizontalurad zeklasobrivs. naciebi vernakulur<br />

‘beWdur erTobebs’ efuZnebian, esaa vernakuluri beWduri<br />

enebisa da literaturebis – umetesad warmosaxviTi<br />

politikuri erTobebis sociologiurad cxovelmyofeli<br />

da advilad gasagebi saSualebebiT gadmocemuli<br />

romanebisa da gazeTebis – mkiTxveli publika.Ees beWduri<br />

erTobebi, Tavis mxriv, ifurCqnebian pirveladi masobrivi<br />

moxmarebis sagnebis, nabeWdi wignebis gaC<strong>enis</strong> Sedegad,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac elitaruli laTinuriT<br />

gajerebuli wignis bazari bevrad ufro farTo<br />

vernakuluri bazrebiT gamoidevna. mkiTxveli<br />

mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdas xels uwyobda vernakulaze<br />

naTargmni wminda werilis kiTxvis protestantuli<br />

ideali da centralizebuli saxelmwifo enebis<br />

warmoSoba, rac teritoriulad diskretul mxareebSi<br />

garkveuli enebis fiqsirebulobisa da stabilurobis<br />

gancdas iZleoda. andersonisaTvis Tanabrad<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo drois koncefciaSi momxdari<br />

revolucia. Tuki adreul periodebSi dro mesianistur da<br />

kosmologiur movlenaTaTvis winasaxis mimniWeblad da<br />

120

xorcSemsxmelad moiazreboda, axla mas sul ufro da<br />

ufro metad uyurebdnen rogorc wrfivsa da homogenurs.<br />

erTobebi ‘cariel homogenur droSi’ moZraobdnen, xolo<br />

movlenebi ki saaTisa da kalendris Cvenebebze iyvnen<br />

mibmulni (Anderson 1991: Tavi 3).<br />

am adremodernuli istoriuli ganviTarebebis ukan<br />

didi socialuri cvlilebebi da perenialuri pirobebi<br />

dgas. sayovelTao cvlilebebSi Sedioda wminda werilis<br />

erTobebis (didi religiebis) da im wminda monarqiuli<br />

umaRlesi centrebis (didi imperiebis) gaqroba, romlebmac<br />

politikuri da kulturuli sivrce gamouTavisufles<br />

gviandel naciebs. Tumca saboloo jamSi naciebis<br />

arseboba damokidebulia or, ufro metad perenialur<br />

pirobaze: babilonis godolze – globaluri<br />

lingvisturi mravalferovnebis fatalurobaze, da<br />

sikvdilis Tanmdevi daviwyebis damTrgunveli ukvdavebis<br />

universalur Ziebaze. swored aseTi ukvdaveba, romelic<br />

adamianis STamomavlobiT, erTobis jer kidev arSobil<br />

wevrTa meSveobiT miiRweva, aris is, risi moniWebac nacias<br />

SeuZlia. es gvixsnis imas, Tu ras niSnavs ‘aCrdilebi’<br />

ucnobi jariskacis saflavTan da imasac, Tu<br />

TaobaTaSorisi Zmoba ratom ‘xdis SesaZlebels bolo<br />

ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi amdenma milionma adamianma<br />

ara imdenad moklas, aramed Tavi Seswiros ase SezRudul<br />

warmosaxvebs’ (Andersen 1991: 7). 19<br />

aq andersoni mokled wamoWris naciis mimarT<br />

vnebisa da mijaWvulobis grZnobis centralur<br />

(primordialistur) problemas. magram rogoria misi<br />

midgoma?Aandersoni amtkicebs, rom Cven mzad varT Tavi<br />

gavwiroT mxolod imisaTvis, rac keTilSobilad da<br />

uangarod migvaCnia, magaliTad, ojaxis an naciisaTvis.<br />

miuxedavad marTlac xSiri gaTanabrebisa naciis ojaxTan<br />

(‘Cveni ojaxi’ da ‘Cveni nacia’) (rogorc naTlad daasabuTa<br />

kidec uolker konorma (Connor 1994: Tavi 8)), es xdeba ara<br />

imitom, rom ojaxebisa da naciebisaTvis gaRebuli<br />

msxverpli miCneulia wmindad da uangarod. sworedac<br />

piriqiT: ase imitom xdeba, rom Cveni identobani,<br />

saWiroebani da interesebi, Cveni WeSmariti xsna<br />

ukavSirdeba da damokidebulia ‘Cvens’ ojaxze, ‘Cvens’<br />

naciaze, amitomacaa, rom maT mimarT amgvar erTgulebas<br />

121

ganvicdiT da mzad varT ase Tamamad gavwiroT Tavi<br />

misTvis. es naciebs erTnairad aqcevs rogorc emociisa da<br />

nebis, ise warmosaxvisa da Semecnebis erTobebad (Anderson<br />

1991: 141–143; agreTve, ix. A.D.Smith 1998: 140–141). 20<br />

arc erik hobsbaumisa da terenc reinjeris (da<br />

maTi mimdevrebis) mier tradiciis gamogonebaSi (romelic<br />

imave 1983 wels gamoCnda, rodesac andersonis<br />

warmosaxviTi erTobebi gamovida) SemoTavazebuli<br />

modernistuli Tvalsazrisi exeboda koleqtiuri nebisa<br />

da emociis rols. kerZod, hobsbaumi Tvlis, rom naciebi<br />

da nacionalizmebi didad unda umadlodnen nacionaluri<br />

istoriis literaturul da istoriul gamonagons,<br />

miTologiasa da simbolizms, romelTa gafurCqvna<br />

evropaSi 1830 wlidan, gansakuTrebiT ki 1870 wlis Semdeg<br />

iwyeba. 1914 wlamde ganvlilma aTwleulebma amgvari<br />

‘gamogonili tradiciebis’ warRvna ixiles – nacionaluri<br />

dResaswaulebi, brZolaSi dacemulTa sapativsacemo<br />

ceremoniebi, droSebi da himnebi, statuomania, sportuli<br />

Sejibrebebi da sxv. adrindeli tradiciebisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, romlebic cvlilebebs moergnen,<br />

‘gamogonili’ variantebi kulturis im inJinerTa mier<br />

winaswargaTvlil da invariantul qmnilebebs<br />

warmoadgenda, romlebic simboloebs, ritualebs, miTebs<br />

da istoriebs qmnidnen modernuli epoqis industriisa da<br />

demokratiis mier mobilizebuli da politizebuli<br />

masebis saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad. sxva sityvebiT<br />

rom vTqvaT, isini mmarTveli klasis xelSi socialuri<br />

kontrolis winaswargaTvlil instrumentebs<br />

warmoadgendnen. amitomac, hobsbaumis TqmiT,<br />

Zalze saSuri saqmea SedarebiT gviandeli<br />

inovaciebis, ‘naciisa’ da masTan asocirebuli<br />

fenomenebis – nacionalizmis, nacia-saxelmwifos,<br />

nacionaluri simboloebis, istoriaTa da sxvaTa<br />

Seswavla. es yvelaferi socialur inJineriaSi<br />

ganxorcielebul qmedebebs efuZneba, romelebic<br />

xSirad winaswarmofiqrebuli da yovelTvis<br />

inovaciuria, Tundac imitom, rom istoriuli<br />

siaxle inovacias gulisxmobs (Hobsbawm and Renger<br />

1983: 13–14). 21<br />

122

kidev erTxel gavimeoreb, rom cneba ‘gamonagoni’<br />

sims ufro maT sulSi atokebs, visTvisac naciebi da<br />

nacionalizmi saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ‘istoriis<br />

moZraobidan’ samwuxaro gadaxraa, xolo uaresSi –<br />

masebis cru cnobierebis upirveles magaliTs<br />

warmoadgens. magram Tundac nacia srul inovacias<br />

warmoadgendes, mainc Riad rCeba misi sakiTxi, iseve<br />

rogorc gamosarkvevia am sferoSi winaswar dagegmili<br />

socialuri inJineriis moculobac. hobsbaumis analogia<br />

am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad meqanikuria; naciebi an<br />

konstrurebulni arian an, teqnikuri xasiaTis<br />

gamogonebis msgavsad, socialuri inJineriis fabrikaciebs<br />

warmoadgenen. isini gegmis Sesabamisad arian awyobilni<br />

elitaruli ostatebis mier. aq adgili aRar rCeba<br />

emociis an moraluri nebisaTvis da masebis<br />

monawileobisaTvisac ki. es ukanasknelni elitis<br />

socialuri Canafiqris pasiur msxverplni arian, romelic<br />

maTi axlad gamoTavisuflebuli energiisaTvis<br />

mimarTulebis micemas cdilobs. naciebi da nacionalizmi<br />

modernuli epoqis panem et circenses warmoadgenen (iqve: Tavi<br />

7).<br />

magram aris Tu ara masebi ubralo tabula rasa,<br />

romelic Tavisi mmarTvelebis nacionalistur mesijebs<br />

elodeba, raTa isini gonebaSi CaibeWdos da gulis<br />

ficarze daiweros? hobsbaumi problemas mxolod<br />

‘zemodan qvemoT’ udgeba, magram igi damoukidebeli<br />

teritoriuli saxelmwifos Ziebisas Tavidanve uaryofs<br />

yovelgvar kavSirs masebis, Tundac regionalur,<br />

religiur Tu lingvistur, ‘protonacionalur bmebsa’ da<br />

modernul nacionalizmebs Soris. igi uSvebs, rom<br />

premodernul periodebSi Cven SegviZlia regionalur<br />

enebsa da lokalur religiebze dafuZnebuli bevri<br />

‘protonacionaluri’ erToba aRmovaCinoT, magram<br />

amtkicebs, rom isini winaprobas da winamorbedobas ver<br />

gauweven naciebs, radganac ‘maT arc hqoniaT da arca aqvT<br />

is aucilebeli kavSiri teritoriuli politikuri<br />

organizaciis qvedanayofTan, romelic gadamwyveti<br />

kriteriumia imisaTvis, rasac dRes Cven “naciaSi”<br />

moviazrebT’ (Hobsbawm 1990: 47; kursivi dedniseulia).<br />

123

arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi SemTxveva<br />

(magaliTad, inglisis da safrangeTis, ruseTis da<br />

serbeTis) roca didi instituciebi (saxelmwifo an<br />

eklesia) gamZle aRmoCnda, an modernul epoqaSi<br />

adrindeli politikuri erTobis xsovna didxans SemorCa<br />

da masobrivi nacionalizmisaTvis safuZveli gaxda. yvela<br />

sxva istoriuli kavSiri yalbia, radgan imis miRma<br />

moqmedebs, rasac hobsbaumi ‘efeqtur istoriul<br />

gangrZobadobas’ uwodebs (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983: 7; ix.,<br />

agreTve, Hobsbawm 1990: Tavi 2).<br />

es istoriuli kavSirebi marTlac yalbia? zustad<br />

ras warmoadgens ‘efeqturi istoriuli gangrZobadoba’?<br />

amas garda, is marTlac niSnavs raimes naciebis<br />

warmoqmnisaTvis? obieqturi istoriuloba SeiZleba<br />

mniSvnelovani iyos drois xangrZliv periodSi, magram<br />

mosaxleobis masisaTvis narativi emociurad<br />

‘rezonansulic’ unda iyos da ‘SinaarsiT WeSmaritic’. es<br />

aris eTnosimbolistebis da, maT Soris, Cemi mTavari<br />

Teoriuli mosazreba. naciebisa da nacionalizmis Zalisa<br />

da mdgradobis unaris asaxsnelad. mTavaria naciis<br />

narativi da misi saxeebi im xalxis gulis simebs<br />

arxevdes, vis misazidadacaa Cafiqrebuli, da ‘xalxma’ da<br />

misma kulturebma Tavis mxrivac SeZlon naciis<br />

rekonstruqciaSi wvlilis Setana. elitebs mxolod maSin<br />

ZaluZT raRac gavl<strong>enis</strong> moxdena da erTgvari lideroba,<br />

roca isini mosaxleobis masas ‘Tavidan warmoudgenen’<br />

misTvis misaReb da STamagonebel saxes an narativs<br />

naciis Sesaxeb.<br />

am argumentisaTvis centraluria urTierToba<br />

Semecnebasa da emocias Soris. Tu Cven gvsurs Rrmad<br />

CavwvdeT nacionalizmis unars daeuflos adamianebs da<br />

mis sayovelTao mizidulobas, wminda SemecnebiT da<br />

interesebze dafuZnebul modelebs versad gaveqceviT. Cven<br />

gvWirdeba nacionalizmis, rogorc moraluri erTobis<br />

koleqtiur nebaze da, TiTqos, erTi winapridan<br />

warmomdgari erTobis saziaro emociebze dafuZnebuli<br />

koleqtiuri qcevis tipis gageba; es niSnavs imas, rom Cven<br />

gvWirdeba nacia gaviazroT, rogorc moqalaqeTa<br />

sakraluri erTobis politikuri <strong>for</strong>ma. Tumca andersoni<br />

uSvebs warmosaxviTi politikuri erTobisaTvis<br />

124

lingvisturi bazisis arsebobas da mokled exeba<br />

nacionaluri identobis ufro Rrma, religiur,<br />

safuZvels, misi emociuri potencialis gaxsnasac ki ver<br />

axerxebs, moralurze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT. nacvlad<br />

amisa, igi nacias misi inteleqtualuri da artistuli<br />

gadmomcemis saTvaliT uyurebs ‘warmosaxvis’ cnebis<br />

farglebSi. aseve, Tumca hobsbaumi uSvebs<br />

nacionalistebisaTvis Rrma istoriuli gangrZobadobis<br />

mniSvnelovnebas, is maT narativebs rogorc nayalbevs ise<br />

eqceva da amitomac gamoricxavs maTi emociuri<br />

mimzidvelobis wvdomis SesaZleblobas. am ukanasknels<br />

araferi esaqmeba maT ‘inovaciur’ RirsebebTan, rom<br />

aRaraferi vTqvaT maTi Sinaarsis WeSmaritebaze.<br />

samagierod mas saqme aqvs nacionalizmebiT gamowveul,<br />

mowodebis funqciis mqone xalxuri eTnikuri miTebis<br />

tradiciebTan, simboloebTan da maxsovrobebTan. amis<br />

uaryofa an ugulebelyofa naciebis da nacionalizmis<br />

xalxuri bazisis ufro Rrma gagebas uSlis xels.<br />

amitomaa, rom eTnosimbolistebi, romlebic me<br />

mokled gagacaniT mesame Tavis bolos, naciaTa<br />

Camoyalibebis process ganixilaven ara imdenad rogorc<br />

konstruirebas (maT winaswarCafiqrebul ‘gamogonebas’ rom<br />

Tavi davaneboT), aramed rogorc adre arsebuli<br />

kulturuli motivebis reinterpretacias da adrindeli<br />

eTnikuri jaWvebisa da sentimentebis rekonstruqcias.<br />

Tuki modernistebi da konstruqcionistebi mTlianad<br />

arian dakavSirebulni ‘retrospeqtul nacionalizmTan’,<br />

eTnosimbolistebi miuTiTeben, rom aseTive seriozul<br />

safrTxes warmoadgens ‘damblokavi prezentizmic’,<br />

romelic uSualod warsulisaTvis <strong>for</strong>mis miniWebis<br />

Sesaxeb awmyos Taobis Sexedulebebsa da interesebzea<br />

fokusirebuli. es Znels, iqneb SeuZlebelsac ki, xdis im<br />

mravali gzis wvdomas, romelTa meSveobiTac eTnikuri<br />

warsuli kulturuli CarCoebisa da parametrebis<br />

uzrunvelyofiT awmyos mimarTebebis <strong>for</strong>mirebas uwyobs<br />

xels. swored amgvari CarCoebisa da parametrebis<br />

saSualebiT da maT SigniT yalibdeba da gamoiTqmeba<br />

awmyos moTxovnebi da gagebani. imis garda, rom<br />

istoriulad zedapirulia, prezentistuli Tvalsazrisi<br />

125

ubralod ver uZlebs istoriis gamocdas. tabula rasa arc<br />

arasdros arsebula (ix. Peel 1989; A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi 8).<br />

iseTi eTnosimbolistebisaTvis, rogorebic<br />

armstrongi, haTCinsoni da me gaxlavarT, nacionalizmis<br />

gageba mxolod koleqtiuri kulturuli identobebis la<br />

longue durée analiziTaa SesaZlebeli. magram warsulis<br />

kavSiri awmyosa da momavalTan SeuZlebelia calmxrivi<br />

mizezobrivi urTierToba iyos; arsebobs gareSe<br />

garemoebebsa da erTobis resursebze damokidebuli<br />

kavSirebis sxvadasxva saxe (ix. Armstrong 1982 da 1995;<br />

Hutchinson 1994; A.D.Smith 1986 da 1999a: Sesavali).<br />

dasawyisisaTvis Cven SegveZlo gangvesxvavebina sami<br />

amgvari urTierTmimarTeba – kulturuli gangrZobadoba,<br />

ganmeorebadoba da reinterpretacia. gangrZobadoba iseT<br />

komponentebSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rogoricaa<br />

koleqtiuri TviTdasaxelebebi, enobrivi kodebi da<br />

eTnikuri landSaftebi, romelTaganac TiToeuls<br />

arseboba mas Semdegac SeuZlia ganagrZos, rac maTi<br />

erToba gaqreba, rogorc es karTagenelTa punikuri<br />

kulturis SemTxvevaSi moxda romaelTa mier karTag<strong>enis</strong><br />

totaluri ganadgurebidan daaxloebiT xuTi saukunis<br />

Semdeg. magram am komponentebs isic SeuZlia, rom,<br />

bedukuRmarTobis da trans<strong>for</strong>maciebis Semdeg, erToba<br />

axali <strong>for</strong>miT aRorZinebisaTvis saWiro CarCoTi<br />

uzrunvelyos; saxelebis, <strong>enis</strong>a da landSaftebis<br />

gangrZobadobis meSveobiT amgvari aRorZinebisa da<br />

reidentifikaciis karg magaliTs berZnebi iZlevian. 22<br />

eTnieebis da naciebis ganmeorebadoba ufro<br />

kompleqsuria. misi arsi konkretuli naciis fesvebis<br />

arsebobis dadastureba ki araa Sua saukuneebSi an ufro<br />

adre, aramed imis demonstrirebaa, rom koleqtiuri<br />

kulturuli identobis nacionaluri <strong>for</strong>ma sxva epoqebSi<br />

da kontinentebze meordeba da, maSasadame, momavalSic<br />

SeiZleba gagrZeldes. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naciis<br />

cneba kulturuli resursebis da adamianuri<br />

asociaciebis im tips miemarTeba, romlis arsebobac<br />

potenciurad istoriis yvela periodSia SesaZlebeli.<br />

warsuls, awmyosa da momavals Soris kavSiris es tipi<br />

axlos dgas perenialistebis mtkicebebTan. Tumca maTgan<br />

ukve imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom dasaSvebad miaCnia<br />

126

Sesvenebebi istoriaSi, uwyvetobis darRveva, rogorc<br />

erTi da imave arealis sxvadasxva naciebis<br />

gangrZobadobaSi, ise TviTigiveobrivi erTobis mier imave<br />

an sxva arealSi mocemul nacionalur <strong>for</strong>mebSi. ase rom,<br />

konkretul arealSi eTnieebis gverdiT naciebis gaC<strong>enis</strong><br />

mowmeebi vxdebiT, rogorc, magaliTad, elinisturi<br />

periodis axlo aRmosavleTSi, rasac Sua saukuneebis<br />

evropasa an Soreul aRmosavleTSi maTi gaqroba an<br />

gaTqvefa da sxva naciebis warmoSoba mohyva. Cven agreTve<br />

SegviZlia vaCvenoT is manZili, romlzedac konkretuli<br />

eTnieebi, magaliTad, somxebi an ebraelebi, gvian antikur<br />

periodSi miuaxlovdnen erTobis nacionalur <strong>for</strong>mas, am<br />

nacionaluri <strong>for</strong>misgan Semdgomdroindeli daSoreba an<br />

‘dakargva’ da modernul periodSi misi xelaxali<br />

warmoSoba an xelaxali SeZena. am gadasaxedidan naciebi<br />

gvevlinebian, rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebis da<br />

politikis ganmeorebadi, magram ara uwyveti,<br />

maxasiaTeblebi. am sakiTxebs kvlav mivubrundebi.<br />

warsuls, awmyos da momavals Soris bolo da<br />

yvelaze naklebad sakamaTo urTierTmimarTebad<br />

reinterpretacia SeiZleba miviCnioT. aq maZiebeli<br />

erTobebis inteleqtualebi da liderebi cdiloben<br />

xelaxla aRmoaCinon maTi ‘avTenturi’ istoria da<br />

sakuTari eTnikuri warsulis, viTomcda, ‘oqros xanas’ im<br />

mizniT daukavSiron, rom maTi ‘didebuli bediswera’<br />

aaRorZinon da aRadginon. amas isini mocemuli eTnikuri<br />

kulturis parametrebSi yoveli TaobisaTvis warsulis<br />

mniSvnelobebis SerCeviTa da reinterpretaciiT axerxeben,<br />

acalkeveben ra sinamdvilis elementebs<br />

araavTenturisagan, Sinagans gareganisagan. Tumca<br />

urTierTmimarTeba am SemTxvevebSi aSkarad<br />

ideologiuria, rac bevri magaliTiTac dasturdeba, mas<br />

imis Zala mainc Seswevs, rom adamianTa didi raodenobis<br />

mobilizeba moaxdinos da ganmsWvalos isini im<br />

koleqtivis miznis SegrZnebiT, romelic rogorc<br />

‘sakuTriv maTi’ erToba ise ganicdeba. dasaxmareblad<br />

eTnikuri warsulisaTvis Tundac sust mimarTvas ‘xalxSi’<br />

TanamemamuleTaTvis Tavganwirvis iseTi survilisa da<br />

nebis gamowveva SeuZlia, risi msgavsiTac bevri<br />

ideologia ver daikvexnis. mas, erTobaSi da msoflioSi<br />

127

sakuTari adgilis gasacnobiereblad, aseve SeuZlia<br />

yovlismomcveli CarCo Seuqmnas individs, iseve rogorc<br />

mTeli naciis – gansakuTrebul msoflxedvasa da<br />

programas. 23<br />

aqedan is gamomdinareobs, rom<br />

konstruqcionistulisagan gansxvavebiT<br />

eTnosimbolisturi midgomebi aucileblad miiCneven<br />

modernuli naciebis warmoSobis sakiTxis CarTvas<br />

premodernuli epoqebis winare koleqtiuri kulturuli<br />

identobebis konteqstSi. am erTobebs Soris yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovania eTnie, adamianTa saxeldebuli populacia,<br />

romelic dakavSirebulia garkveul teritoriasTan da<br />

romelic iziarebs winaprTa miTebsa da istoriul<br />

maxsovrobebs, iseve, rogorc saerTo kulturis<br />

elementebs. es aris socialuri <strong>for</strong>macia, romelic<br />

mTlianadaa ignorirebuli konstruqcionistebisa da<br />

modernistebis mier; da es aris is, rasac perenializmi<br />

dumiliT uvlis gverds. SesaZloa, andersonis miTiTebani<br />

enaze, rogorc erTobis kriteriumze (‘nacia imTaviTve<br />

enaSi gaiazreboda da ara sisxlSi’ (Anderson 1991: 145)),<br />

CavTvaloT imis niSnad, rom igi aRiarebs eTnies<br />

mniSvnelobas da keduric TavisTavad cxadad miiCnevs<br />

kacobriobis eTnikur mravalferovnebas da misiT<br />

gamowveul problemebs, rodesac nacionalizmi eTnikurad<br />

Wrel arealebs moedeba. magram, sazogadod,<br />

modernistebis mier moTxrobili ambavi istoriulad<br />

moikoWlebs, progresul, modernul epoqaze<br />

postrevoluciuri monagonebi Slis warsulis nakvalevs<br />

da eTnikuri da religiuri kulturebis nakuwebisagan<br />

Semdgar siWreles, maSin, roca eTnosimbolistebis<br />

mixedviT, nacia eTnikurobis samyaros gareT<br />

Seumecnebadia da konkretuli naciebis warmoSoba<br />

SeuZlebelia adrindeli eTnikuri jaWvebis bazisis<br />

gareSe. eTnikurad erTgvarovani nacia Zalze cotaa,<br />

magram es ar niSnavs, rom yoveli naciisaTvis<br />

aucileblad unda arsebobdes winare sabaziso eTnie. es<br />

niSnavs, rom naciebi ufro Tavisufali eTnikuri<br />

jgufidan an jgufebidan ganviTarda da, rom istoriulad<br />

eTnikuri erTobebi daedo safuZvlad bevr nacias. Cemi<br />

azriT, am faqtis dafarulobam seriozulad SeuSala<br />

128

xeli naciebisa da nacionalizmis Seswavlis ganviTarebas<br />

da Sedegad im eTnikuri maxsovrobebis, miTebis,<br />

simboloebis da tradiciebisadmi uyuradReboba miviReT,<br />

romlebSic kulturuli identobebisa da erTobebis<br />

gamZleobis mniSvnelovani gasaRebi devs (A.D.Smith 1986 da<br />

1999a; Sdr. Kedourie 1960: Tavi 6). 24<br />

daskvna<br />

me warmogidgineT XX saukunis ukanaskneli sami<br />

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis<br />

kvlevis sferoSi mimdinare diskusiebisa da debatebis<br />

zogierTi mTavari mimarTuleba. cxadia, es debatebi da<br />

yvela mniSvnelovani Teoriuli Sroma amiT ar<br />

amoiwureba. SeuZlebelia mokle wignSi kritikulad<br />

gansajo am swrafad mzard sferoSi arsebuli yvela<br />

argumenti, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT kvlevaze. zogierT<br />

bolodroindel debatebs, konkretulad naciebis<br />

hibridizaciasa da globalizacis Sedegebs, ukanasknel<br />

TavSi Sevexebi. magram es bolodroindeli ganviTarebac<br />

mxolod im ‘paradigmuli debatebis’ konteqstSi SeiZleba<br />

iqnas gagebuli, romelic zemoT ganvixile. is<br />

uzrunvelgvyofs safuZvlebiT da im CarCoebiT, romelTa<br />

farglebSic unda imoqmedos Semdgomma argumentebma. me<br />

davasabuTeb, rom bolodroindeli debatebi arsebiTad<br />

ufro adreuli midgomebidan amodis da raime axali<br />

paradigmis gamoyofaze ar miuTiTebs.<br />

aRniSnuli bolodroindeli Teoriuli debatebi<br />

aramarto adreuli midgomebis arsebiT ganviTarebas<br />

warmoadgens, aramed sakuTar TavSi naciisa da<br />

nacionalizmis garkveul istoriografiasac Seicavs da<br />

mis Zireul paradigmebs emyareba. Cven unda aRvweroT da<br />

movicvaT sxvadasxva ‘istoriani naciisa’, romelTac<br />

gvTavazoben urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgomebi ara marto<br />

Tavad maTdami interesis gamo, aramed imis gamoc, rasac<br />

isini bolodroindeli Teoriuli debatebis da<br />

nacionalizmis empiriuli perspeqtivebis arsis<br />

wvdomisaTvis gvaZleven. axla am istoriebs mivapyrob<br />

mzeras.<br />

129

5<br />

istoriani<br />

________________________________<br />

arsebobs farTod gaziarebuli ‘nacionalizmis<br />

istoria’ da igi, udavod, modernistulia.<br />

is XVIII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi<br />

poloneTis dayofiTa da amerikis revoluciiT iwyeba da<br />

safrangeTis revoluciis gavliT aRwevs reaqciamde,<br />

napoleonis mier prusiis, ruseTisa da espaneTis<br />

dapyrobamde. aseTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, nacionalizmi<br />

am ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoiSva. mogvianebiT, XIX<br />

saukunis 10–20-ian wlebSi igi konvulsiurad vrceldeba<br />

evropis sxvadasxva nawilSi – serbeTSi, saberZneTSi,<br />

poloneTSi (kvlav), iseve rogorc laTinuri amerikis<br />

kreolur elitebs Soris. nacionalizmis pirvelma didma<br />

talRam kulminacias evropaSi 1848 wlis revoluciebSi –<br />

e.w. ‘xalxebis gazafxulze’ – miaRwia, rac, pirvel rigSi,<br />

prusiisa da piedmontezis egidiT germaniisa da italiis<br />

gaerTianebasa da habsburgTa imperiaSi ungreTis<br />

aRzevebaSi gamoixata. XIX saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi<br />

nacionalizmis meore talRa agorda aRmosavleT da<br />

CrdiloeT evropaSi: es iyo Cexuri, slovakuri, ruminuli,<br />

bulgaruli, litvuri, finuri, norvegiuli, ebrauli<br />

nacionalizmebi evropis gareTa ramdenime nacionalizmTan<br />

erTad (meiZis iaponiaSi, indoeTSi, somxeTsa da<br />

egvipteSi).Amale (XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi) am<br />

talRas SeuerTda sxvadasxva eTnikuri nacionalizmebi<br />

aziaSi – Turquli, arabuli, sparsuli, birmuli, iavuri,<br />

filipinuri, vietnamuri da Cinuri, da nacionalizmis<br />

pirveli ryeva afrikaSi (nigeriaSi, ganaSi da samxreT<br />

afrikaSi). XX saukunis 30–40-iani wlebisaTvis dedamiwis<br />

zurgze Znelad Tu moiZebneboda kuTxe, romelsac<br />

nacionalizmis mZlavri Seteva ar Sexeboda, maSin, roca<br />

130

igive periodi, evropaSi nacionalizmis apogeiT<br />

(romelmac kulminacias miaRwia nacizmsa da meore<br />

msoflio omisdroindel genocidSi), xolo afrikasa da<br />

aziaSi postkoloniuri ‘ganmaTavisuflebeli’<br />

nacionalizmebiT xasiaTdeba. 1<br />

esaa am ambis arcTu martivi daboloeba.<br />

dasavleTSi XX saukunis 60–70 wlebSi, roca bevrs<br />

nacionalizmis Zala amowurulad miaCnda, Seiqmna<br />

STabeWdileba, TiTqos igi, kidev erTxel gacocxlda<br />

moZraobebSi eTnikuri avtonomiis moTxovniT kataloniasa<br />

da euskadaSi, korsikasa da bretanSi, flandriaSi,<br />

Sotlandiasa da uelsSi da kvebekSi, oTxmocian wlebSi<br />

Cacxra da Semdeg kvlav aRorZinda, roca 1988 wlidan<br />

perestroikam da glasnostma daiwyo nacionalizmebis<br />

waxaliseba sabWoTa kavSiris satitulo respublikebSi.<br />

aman Tavisi wvlili Seitana 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

daSlaSi. XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi molodinis<br />

am Tavbrudamxvev atmosferoSi, Cven eTnikuri<br />

nacionalizmiT gamowveuli axali tragediebis mowmeni<br />

gavxdiT indoeTis naxevarkunZulze, Sua aRmosavleTSi da<br />

afrikis rqaze, ruandasa da kavkasiaSi, pirvel rigSi ki,<br />

iugoslaviis omebSi, maTi jer kidev gaurkveveli<br />

SedegebiT.<br />

‘didi naciebi’, patara eTnieebi<br />

me sqematurad warmovadgine Tanamedrove<br />

ideologiad da moZraobad gaazrebuli nacionalizmis<br />

mravali modernistuli istoriisa da tipologiis<br />

bazisuri Tanamimdevroba. zog SemTxvevaSi istoriis<br />

morali ampartavnebisaTvis damsaxurebul sasjelSi<br />

mdgomareobs: simwifis pirvelma fazam romantikuli<br />

aRmavloba warmoSva, romelmac 1871 wlis Semdeg did<br />

saxelmwifoTa agresiul nacionalizmamde migviyvana,<br />

rasac mohyva katastrofebi, ori msoflio omis saxiT, da<br />

nacionalizmis gafantva. magram, ramdenadac vada<br />

gaxangrZlivda da nacionalizmi ar gaqra, aucilebeli<br />

gaxda am martivi istoriis gadaxedva. es, Tavis mxriv,<br />

moaswavebda uaris Tqmas erTaderT, sworxazovan modelze<br />

ufro pluralistuli, geokulturulad mravalferovani<br />

131

midgomis sasargeblod, romlis farglebSic andersonis<br />

sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, msoflios yoveli kuTxis<br />

elitebi, originalur evropul produqtze ‘patentis<br />

miTvisebiT’ mis asimilirebas Seudgnen TavianTi<br />

sazogadoebebisa da kulturebis saWiroebebTan da<br />

problemebTan (ix. Anderson 1991: Tavebi 4–9). 2<br />

miuxedavad amisa, kvlav Zalze mimzidvelad<br />

gamoiyureba erTiani modeli, raSic modernistuli<br />

paradigmidan warmomdgari midgomebis zemoqmedeba<br />

poulobs Tavis gamoxatulebas. erT-erTi aseTi midgoma,<br />

romelmac gavlena moipova, ‘gamogonili (nacionaluri)<br />

tradiciebis’ konstruqcionistuli modelia. rogorc<br />

avxseni, es socialuri inJineriisa da socialuri<br />

kontrolis modelia, romelSic industriuli dasavluri<br />

elitebi kapitalizmisa da demokratizaciis epoqaSi<br />

mimarTulebasa da <strong>for</strong>mas aZleven axlad<br />

ganTavisuflebuli masebis qmedebebsa da grZnobebs. am<br />

midgomas irCevs erik hobsbaumi Tavis faqtebiT mdidar da<br />

detalur istoriaSi nacionalizmis ori saxeobis Sesaxeb.<br />

hobsbaumi, rogorc meoTxe TavSi vnaxeT,<br />

nacionalizms mkacrad Tanamedrove politikur moZraobad<br />

ganixilavs, romlis mizanic teritoriuli<br />

saxelmwifoebis Seqmnaa. es niSnavs, rom Cven, rogorc<br />

istorikosebs, ar SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT<br />

nacionalizmis ideologias safrangeTis revoluciamde.<br />

magram kuriozi isaa, rom hobsbaumis istoria iwyeba ara<br />

1780 wlidan, aramed, rogorc misi 1990 wels gamosuli<br />

wignis saTauri gvamcnobs, 1830 wlidan, parizis ivlisis<br />

revoluciis Semdgomi xanidan, roca xelaxla dafuZnda<br />

franguli revoluciis moqalaqeTa nacia da rodidanac<br />

vxedavT mzard burJuaziul-demokratiul winaaRmdegobas<br />

1815 wlis meternixis zavisadmi. am dros pirvelad<br />

britaneTsa da safrangeTSi, xolo Semdgom germaniasa da<br />

italiaSi srulad Camoyalibdnen ‘didi naciebi’, is<br />

naciebi, romelTa gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebas vrceli<br />

teritorebi da mravalricxovani mosaxleoba<br />

warmoadgenda. hobsbaumis mixedviT, es naciad da<br />

saxelmwifodyofnis legitimaciis ‘amosavali principia’.<br />

frederik listis ideebis Sesabamisad, sayovelTaod iqna<br />

aRiarebuli (TviT mazinis msgavsTa mierac ki)<br />

132

saxelmwifoebad mxolod im naciebis Seracxva, romelTac<br />

moipoves aseTi teritoria, hyavT mosaxleobis didi<br />

raodenoba da ekonomikurad momZlavrdnen. 1830–1870<br />

wlebSi, hobsbaumis azriT, amosavali principi Tavis<br />

gavlenas inarCunebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom ‘nacionalobis<br />

principi’ ‘praqtikaSi mxolod garkveuli sididis<br />

nacionalobebis mimarT gamoiyeneboda’, radgan<br />

ekonomikurad da kulturulad mxolod didi naciebi<br />

iyvnen sicocxlisunarianni (Hobsbawm 1990: 30–32). 3<br />

es agreTve niSnavda, rom didi naciis<br />

nacionalizms unda hqonoda gamaerTianebeli, inkluziuri<br />

da eqpansionisturi xasiaTi. liberalebis TvalSi, es iyo<br />

istoriis svlis mimarTuleba – yovelTvis ufro didi<br />

teritoriuli erTeulebis, mosaxleobisa da<br />

resursebisaken. imave niSniT didi naciebis<br />

nacionalizmebi umTavresad moqalaqeobriv, masobrivdemokratiul<br />

xasiaTs atarebdnen, radganac, franguli<br />

revoluciis droindeli konstituciebis nimuSad miCneviT,<br />

isini eswrafodnen politikur arenaze nacionaluri<br />

mosaxleobis, rogorc moqalaqeebis, ufro didi<br />

raodenobis gamoyvanas. 4<br />

hobsbaumi kargad acnobierebs am midgomis<br />

samTavrobo anu ‘zemodan qvemoT’ mimarTul xasiaTs da<br />

gulmodgined axdens mis koreqtirebas Tavis analizSi<br />

<strong>enis</strong>, regionisa da religiis im mravalgvar<br />

‘protonacionalur’ erTobaTa CarTviT, romlebic xSirad<br />

winamodernuli epoqebis mosaxleobis masebSi<br />

yalibdeboda. Tumca, rogorc wina TavSi davinaxeT, es<br />

erTobebi iSviaTad an sulac ar monawileobdnen<br />

nacionalizmis ganviTarebis dramaSi. saxalxo<br />

sentimentebsa da mijaWvulobebis mxedvelobaSi<br />

miuReblobisaTvis, miuxedavad gelneris kritikisa,<br />

hobsbaumi praqtikulad mis azrs iziarebs mosaxleobis<br />

masebis iseT diskretul kulturul jgufebad dayofisas,<br />

romlebic, lokalurobisa da xSirad apolitikurobis<br />

gamo, naciebis konstruriebisaTvis tramplinis rols ver<br />

asruleben. arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi, rogoricaa<br />

inglisis, serbeTis an ruseTis SemTxvevebi, roca xalxis<br />

protonacionalizmi daemTxva Suasaukuneobriv<br />

saxelmwifosa da eklesias, da am gangrZobadma gaigivebam<br />

133

xeli Seuwyo modernuli politikuri nacionalizmis<br />

zrdas. amgvarad, ‘istoriuli (an arsebuli) saxelmwifos<br />

wevrobas Cveulebrivi adamianebSi uSualod SeuZlia<br />

warmoSvas protonacionalizmi an sulac modernuli<br />

patriotizmis msgavsi ram, rogorc amas tiudorebis<br />

inglisSi hqonda adgili’ (Hobsbawm 1990: 75). serbebis<br />

SemTxvevaSic adreuli saxelmwifos tradiciam samsaxuri<br />

gauwia modernul serbul nacionalizms, radgan<br />

‘Turqebis mier damarcxebuli Zveli samefos mogoneba<br />

simRerebsa da sagmiro gadmocemebSi, da, iqneb ufro<br />

metad ki, serbuli eklesiis yoveldRiur liturgiaSi iyo<br />

Semonaxuli, im eklesiisa, romelmac Tavis mefeTa<br />

umravlesobis kanonizacia moaxdina’ (iqve: 76).<br />

maSasadame, aqac iseve, rogorc renanTan da<br />

veberTan, politikuri maxsovrobani da instituciebi<br />

Zalas la longue durée inarCuneben, maSin rodesac eTnikuri<br />

da lingvisturi identifikaciebi modernulad da<br />

gamogonilad arian miiCneulni. es Zalian waagavs hegelis<br />

‘uistorio xalxebis’ Teoriis romeliRac versias, im<br />

Tvalsazriss, rom momavalSi mxolod is xalxebi<br />

SeZleben modernuli naciebisa da nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifoebis aSenebas, romelTac saxelmwifos<br />

gaZRolis politikuri tradicia warsulidan mosdgamT<br />

(Rosdolsky 1964).<br />

es garkveulwilad Seesabameba hobsbaumis<br />

uaryofiT Sexedulebas evropaSi nacionalizmis mogviano<br />

ganviTarebis Taobaze. radganac igi acxadebs, rom 1830–<br />

1870 wlebSi evropuli nacionalizmis pirveli didi<br />

epoqis Semdeg, romelic inkluziuri, moqalaqeobrivi da<br />

demokratiuli iyo, aRmosavleT evropaSi misi meore tipi<br />

gavrcelda, romelic eTnikurobasa da enas an<br />

erTdroulad orives miemarTeboda. magram<br />

hobsbaumisaTvis eTnikuroba da ena ganusazRvreli<br />

cnebebia da verc erTi maTgani ver uzrunvelgvyofs<br />

naciadyofnis mkafiod gamokveTili kriteriumebiT. meore<br />

tipis nacionalizmi, hobsbaumis ganmartebiT, pirvelisagan<br />

sami ramiT gansxvavdeba:<br />

pirvel rigSi, igi uars ambobs ‘amosaval<br />

principze’, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, liberalur<br />

134

eraSi yuradRebis centrSi iyo moqceuli. aqedan<br />

moyolebuli, TviTgamorkvevis uflebis pretenzia<br />

uCndeba adamianTa nebismier jgufs, romelic Tavs<br />

naciad miiCnevs. rac, zemoTqmulis Tanaxmad, maTi<br />

teritoriisaTvis calke, suverenul, damoukidebel<br />

saxelmwifos Seqmnaze uflebas gulisxmobda.<br />

meore, potenciuri ‘araistoriuli’ naciebis amgvari<br />

gamravlebis Sedegad, eTnikuroba da ena gadaiqca<br />

potenciuri naciadyofnis centralur, gadamwyvet<br />

da erTaderT kriteriumadac ki. Tumca iyo mesame<br />

cvlilebac, romelmac ara imdenad naciasaxelmwifosaken<br />

mimarTul nacionalur<br />

moZraobebze moaxdina gavlena, ramdenadac<br />

nacionalur sentimentebze ukve arsebuli<br />

saxelmwifoebis SigniT. es gaxldaT mkveTri<br />

wanacvleba naciis politikuri uflebebisaken da<br />

droSa, risTvisac (faqtobrivad) SemoRebul iqna<br />

termini ‘nacionalizmi’ XIX saukunis ukanasknel<br />

aTwleul(eb)Si (Hobsbawm 1990: 102; xazgasma<br />

dedniseulia).<br />

am periodSi, e.i. 1870–1914 wlebSi, urbanuli<br />

industrializmis afeTqebis Sedegad saarCevno uflebis<br />

swraf gavrcelebasTan erTad, evropaSi Zlier izrdeba<br />

eTnolingvisturi nacionalizmebi. es axali klasebis<br />

warmoSobisa da eTnikuri migraciebis, umTavresad<br />

saSualo klasebis qveda fenebis (‘gamoucdeli klasebis’)<br />

mier ucxoelTa (gansakuTrebiT ebraelTa) winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTuli masobrivi rasistuli qsenofobiis epoqac iyo<br />

(iqve: 109–111, 121, 133).<br />

am periodma da nacionalizmis am tipma Tavis<br />

apogeas XX saukunis Sua xanebSi rasobriv faSizmSi da<br />

nacizmSi miaRwia. 1945 wlis Semdeg, SedarebiTi simSvidis<br />

periodSi, adgili hqonda damyofi da damanawilebeli<br />

eTnolingvisturi nacionalizmebis aRorZinebas,<br />

romlebic XIX saukunis miwuruls mcire nacionalobebis<br />

nacionalizmebis memkvidreebad iTvlebodnen. Tumca<br />

arsebobs erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. nacionalizmi<br />

dRes ‘istoriuli ganviTarebis umTavres veqtors aRar<br />

warmoadgens’. rogorc Cans, eTnikuri nacionalizmi<br />

135

‘sisustesa da safrTxeze reaqcias ganasaxierebs, igi<br />

cdilobs barikadebis aRmarTvas modernuli msoflios<br />

Zalebis winaSe’, romelSic masobrivi globaluri<br />

ekonomikuri trans<strong>for</strong>maciebi da mosaxleobis<br />

gadaadgilebani mravali adamianis dezorentacias da<br />

SiSs ganapirobebs. dRes nacionalizmi Seusabamo xdeba.<br />

man dakarga saxelmwifos Semqmnelisa da ekonomikis<br />

Camomayalibebelis adrindeli funqciebi da ‘dakargul<br />

ocnebaTa Semcvlelad’, surogatad gadaiqca (iqve: 164, 175–<br />

176, 181).<br />

hobsbaumi imedian notaze asrulebs: ‘hegelis mier<br />

iTqva, rom minervas sibrZnis momtani bu Sebindebisas<br />

gamofrinda gareT. es ki keTilis momaswavebelia, radgan<br />

axla igi naciebsa da nacionalizms dastrialebs Tavs’<br />

(iqve: 183).<br />

naciebi nacionalizmamde<br />

hobsbaumis Tvalsazrisi ramdenadme vrclad<br />

imitom gadmoveci, rom igi sakmaod gavleniania da<br />

TvalsaCinodac warmogvidgens modernistuli paradigmis<br />

konstruqcionistuli versiis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs,<br />

romlebic moicavs Semdegs:<br />

(1) Sexedulebas, rom nacionalizmi modernul<br />

saxelmwifosTan erTad qmnis naciebs;<br />

(2) rom, msgavsad nacionalizmisa, arc naciebia XIX<br />

saukuneze adrindeli;<br />

(3) rom naciebi da nacionalizmi TavisTavad<br />

inteligenciisa da burJuaziis mier Seqmnil<br />

artefaqtebs warmoadgens;<br />

(4) rom unda ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan eTnikuri<br />

(‘eTnolingvisturi’) da moqalaqeobriv-politikuri<br />

nacionalizmebi;<br />

(5) rom nacionalizmma da naciebma Seasrules<br />

TavianTi daniSnuleba da dReisTvis,<br />

globalizaciis epoqisTvis, moZveldnen. 5<br />

naciebisa da nacionalizmis bunebaze,<br />

periodizaciasa da rolze amgvari modernistuli<br />

136

Sexedulebani mwvave kritikas awydeba. hobsbaumis yoveli<br />

modernistuli mtkiceba sakamaTod gadaiqca. me momdevno<br />

TavSi davubrundebi bolo sadavo sakiTxs naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis SesaZlo moZvelebis Taobaze. manamade ki<br />

danarCens ganvixilav rigrigoboT.<br />

naciebi – nacionalizmis produqti?<br />

nacionalizmi bevris mier modernul<br />

ideologiadaa miCneuli, ris gamoc azri, rom igi Tavad<br />

qmnis naciebs, niSnavs ara mxolod imas rom<br />

nacionalizmamde araviTari nacia ar arsebobda, aramed<br />

imasac, rom nacionalistebamde SeuZlebelic ki iyo<br />

naciis arseboba. metic, is uSvebs, rom ‘naciebi’ diskursis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mas da kulturul artefaqts, iseT konstruqciebs<br />

warmoadgens, romlTac mniSvneloba mxolod<br />

nacionalizmis ufro farTo ideologiis farglebSi<br />

eniWebaT. saamiso argumenti is gaxlavT, rom terminis<br />

‘nacia’ adrindeli mniSvnelobebi sruliad gansxvavebulia<br />

da dRevandel, nacionalizmze damokidebul modernul<br />

(1789 wlis Semdgomdroindel) mniSvnelobebTan araviTari<br />

kavSiri ara aqvs.<br />

aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

garda, dgeba kidev ori problema. pirveli isaa, rom<br />

terminis ‘nacia’ modernuli mniSvnelobebi cvalebadi da<br />

xSirad aracalsaxaa. Cven isRa dagvrCenia, mivuTiToT,<br />

rom Tavad mkvlevarTa Soris es termini<br />

sxvadasxvagvaradaa gagebuli. es exeba politikur<br />

moRvaweebsac da farTo sazogadoebasac. imis gasarkvevad,<br />

Tu ras gulisxmoben adamianebi am terminSi, msoflios<br />

sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva kriteriumi an<br />

kriteriumTa erToblioba gamoiyeneba da moicavs<br />

religias, enasa da Cvulebebs, eTnikurobas, teritoriasa<br />

da saxelmwifoebriobas. rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxva<br />

nacionalisturi ideologiebi sayovelTao<br />

‘nacionalistTa ojaxis’ farglebSi naciis sakmaod<br />

gansxvavebul koncefciebs ayalibeben. rogorRa gavigoT,<br />

modernul mniSvnelobaTagan Zireulad romeli<br />

gansxvavdeba terminis ‘nacia’ adrindeli<br />

mniSvnelobebisgan? 6<br />

137

meore problema ufro seriozulia. romc davuSvaT<br />

am terminis erTaderTi, misaRebi gageba, viqnebiT Tu ara<br />

darwmunebuli imaSi, rom ‘naciis’ adrindeli (vTqvaT,<br />

Suasaukuneobrivi) mniSvnelobebi marTlac Zalze<br />

gansxvaveulia modernuli mniSvnelobebisagan? am sakiTxs<br />

adrian heistingsi ikvlevs. igi amtkicebs, rom XIV<br />

saukunidan inglisuris magaliTze kargad Cans terminis<br />

‘nacia’ mniSvnelobis aSkara gangrZobadoba. iseTi<br />

sityvebi, rogorebicaa ‘nacion’ (<strong>for</strong>teske) an ‘nacyon’<br />

(fabiani) XV saukuneSi da ‘nacioun’ (uiklifi da role) XIV<br />

saukuneSi TiTqmis imave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda, riTic<br />

SedarebiT gviandeli gamoyenebani, magaliTad,<br />

miltoniseuli (1644) Areopagitica (‘isic ki mgonia, rom<br />

warmosaxvaSi vxedav keTilSobil da mZlavr nacias,<br />

romelic ise wamoimarTeba, rogorc Zlieri kaci Zilis<br />

Semdeg’), an samoel jonsoniseuli (1755 wlis leqsikonSi),<br />

romelic nacias ganmartavs rogorc ‘xalxs, romelic<br />

sxva xalxisagan gansxvavdeba eniT, warmomavlobiT an<br />

mmarTvelobiT’, anda pit umcrosis mowodeba ‘Cveni,<br />

viTarca naciis, arsebobisaken… Cveni WeSmariti saxelis<br />

– ingliselisaken’. yvelaferi es imis maCvenebelia, rom,<br />

sul mcire, XIV saukunis dasawyisidan, ‘ingliselebs Tavi<br />

naciad miaCndaT’ (Hastings 1997: 14–16).<br />

terminis amgvari Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebisEerTi<br />

myari safuZvelTagania vulgatas versiis bibliis<br />

inglisuri Targmanebi, rasac re<strong>for</strong>maciis Semdeg,<br />

roledan da uiklifidan dawyebuli, yovelkvireuli<br />

kiTxva daerTo Tan. iq, sadac vulgata berZnul ‘ethnos’<br />

rogorc ‘natio’ ise Targmnida, inglisuri iyenebda<br />

terminebs ‘nacioun’ an ‘nacion’, mogvianebiT ki termins ‘nation’.<br />

Sedegad, sityva ‘natio’ ‘Sua saukuneebSi regularulad<br />

gamoiyeneboda vulgatas gagebiT, rogorc “eniT,<br />

kanonebiT, sacxovrisiT, msjelobiTa da wes-CvulebebiT”<br />

gansxvavebuli xalxis aRmniSvneli. magaliTisTvis<br />

mivmarToT sant devidis pirveli normani episkoposis<br />

bernaris TiTqmis definiciis tolfas frazas, romliTac<br />

igi daaxloebiT 1140 wels paps ise aRuwerda uelselebs,<br />

rogorc ‘natio’ ’ (iqve: 17). am mokle lingvisturi eqskursis<br />

safuZvelze heistingsi askvnis, rom inglisur enaSi<br />

naciis ‘eqvs aseulze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebis<br />

138

gangrZobadobis gasaocari simyare’ dasturdeba, rasac<br />

Rrma bibliuri da vulgaturi fesvebi aqvs da termins<br />

‘nacia’ amgvari farTod gavrcelebuli gamoyenebis<br />

mxedvelobaSi miuRebloba da misi dakavSireba mxolod<br />

Sua saukuneebis universitetebSi arsebul studentur<br />

dajgufebebTan, absurdia (iqve: 17–18). 7<br />

cxadia ‘sityva’ igive ar aris, rac misiT<br />

aRniSnuli ram, magram, Tu naciisadmi kuTvnilebis gancda<br />

naciadyofnis kriteriumad miiCneva, maSin lingvisturi<br />

gamoyenebis am Tanamimdevrulobisa da mis safuZvelSi<br />

arsebuli da misiT gamoxatuli nacionaluri<br />

kuTvnilebis rwm<strong>enis</strong> gamo, inglisis SemTxveva, sul<br />

mcire, prima facie SemTxveva maincaa imis saTqmelad, rom<br />

‘naciebi nacionalizms win uswreben’.<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT, modernistebs argumentad<br />

gamoadgebaT is, rom, Tumca zogjer dasturdeba, rom<br />

nacia Tavis nacionalizmze ufro Zvelia, ufro metia<br />

iseTi SemTxveva, sadac nacia nacionalizmis nayofia. es<br />

ki naciis gagebis imgvar models moiTxovs, romelsac<br />

nacionalisturi ideologia TviTgamorkvevis<br />

nacionalisturi idealis gaaqtiurebasTan erTad<br />

gvTavazobs. metic, modernuli anu ‘realuri’ naciis<br />

Taviseburebas, pirvel rigSi, moqalaqeobis gaCena<br />

warmoadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom nacia aris<br />

sayovelTao fenomeni, romlis SigniTac<br />

(nacionalisturi ideologiis Tanaxmad) yoveli wevri ipso<br />

facto moqalaqea. mxolod modernul periodSi gaxda<br />

moqalaqeoba yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi. 8<br />

am kontrarguments heistingsi (kvlav inglisis<br />

magaliTis moSveliebiT) Suasaukuneobriv naciaTa<br />

‘nacionalizms’ upirispirebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am<br />

naciebs ar gaaCndaT nacionalizmis Teoria, mainc<br />

avlendnen aSkara da aqtiur nacionalizms, gansakuTrebiT<br />

safrTxisa da konfliqtebis pirobebSi. heistingsisaTvis<br />

nacionalizmi WeSmaritad partikularistuli moZraobaa.<br />

swored esaa misi Zlierebis wyaro, da ara<br />

TviTgamorkvevis raRac zogadi Teoria. 1800 wlis Semdeg<br />

kidev SeiZleboda bevri nacia Camoyalibebuliyo<br />

winmswrebi nacionalizmis (ideologiis) wyalobiT. magram<br />

amaze adre piriqiT xdeboda: safrTxis pirobebSi naciebi<br />

139

Tavad qmnidnen sakuTar nacionalizms da iseve<br />

TviTgamorkvevadni iyvnen, rogorc 1789 wlis<br />

Semdgomdroindeli (‘II gvaris’) naciaTa mravalferovneba.<br />

premodernuli naciebi?<br />

heistingsis mixedviT, modernizmi nacionalizmis<br />

istoriis mxolod naxevars mogviTxrobs; meore, 1789<br />

wlamde, naxevarze ki arafers ambobs.<br />

heistingsis mier wamoweuli neoperenialisturi<br />

istoria SerCeviTia, magram misi gamosvlis mizans<br />

naciebs, nacionalizmsa da modernul xanas Soris<br />

arsebuli kavSiris uaryofa (rasac daJinebiT amtkiceben<br />

hobsbaumi da sxva modernistebi) da garkveuli naciebis<br />

igiveobisa da gangrZobadobis Cveneba warmoadgens<br />

premodernuli saTaveebidan moyolebuli maT Tanamedrove<br />

manifestaciebamde. heistingsis rCeulni upiratesad<br />

dasavleTevropelebi, ufro ki britanelebi arian:<br />

pirvelia inglisi, romelsac Sotlandia, irlandia da<br />

uelsi mosdevs; merea safrangeTi, holandia, Sveicaria,<br />

SvedeTi, germania da espaneTi. es hug seton-uotsoniseul<br />

stilia, romelic ‘Zvel, gangrZobad’ naciebs 1800 wlis<br />

Semdgom upiratesad aRmosavleT evropasa da aziaSi<br />

axlad Seqmnili naciebisagan ganasxvavebda: ‘evropaSi 1789<br />

wels Zveli naciebi iyvnen ingliselebi, Sotlandielebi,<br />

frangebi, kastilielebi da portugalelebi –<br />

dasavleTSi; danielebi da Svedebi – CrdiloeTSi;<br />

ungrelebi, polonelebi da rusebi – aRmosavleTSi’ (Seton-<br />

Watson 1977: 7).<br />

aseT SemTxvevebSi nacia spontanurad izrdeboda,<br />

rac niSnavs, rom igi nacionalistebisa da sxva elitebis<br />

mier ar iyo gamoxmobili arsebobisaTvis. aseT naciebs<br />

nacionalisturi dagegmareba an Canafiqri anu, heistingsis<br />

terminologiiT, nacionalisturi Teoria, aklda. magram,<br />

miuxedavad amisa, isini ‘nacionalisturnic’ iyvnen da<br />

naciebsac warmoadgendnen. 9<br />

mTlianobaSi gangrZobadi perenializmis<br />

heistingsiseuli versia evropuli nacionaluri<br />

identobebis ‘ganviTarebis sam did safexurs’ gamoyofs.<br />

pirveli moicavs, regionebis mixedviT, V–XIV saukuneebSi<br />

140

arsebul ‘adgilobriv eTnikur jgufebs, romelTa<br />

umravlesobac sakmaod arastabiluria’, maT xSirad ara<br />

aqvT damwerloba, Tumca zogma maTganma ganaviTara<br />

damwerloba da vernakulurma literaturam<br />

damoukidebeli naciebis sazRvrebis dafiqsireba daiwyo.<br />

meore safexurze, XV saukunisaTvis, literaturuli<br />

enebis ganviTarebam da didma saxelmwifoebma eTnikuri<br />

rukis sirTule da aramdgradoba Seamcires, ris<br />

Sedegadac<br />

ukve ganirCeoda dasavleT evropis mTavar naciaTa<br />

umetesoba. adamianebi regularulad moixseniebdnen<br />

maT naciebad. modernizmis Teoretikosebis<br />

mixedviT, zustad igive naciebi warmoqmna<br />

nacionalizmebma XVIII saukunis bolodan.<br />

korelacia iseTi axloa, rom misi SemTxveviTobad<br />

miCneva absurdi iqneboda (Hastings 1997: 114).<br />

naciadyofnis mesame safexuri, romelsac ‘modernistebi<br />

SecdomiT miiCneven mTlian istoriad’, XVIII saukunis<br />

dasasruls franguli monarqiis kolafsiT iwyeba, ramac<br />

‘dambebi gauxsna revoluciur moZraobebs, romlebic aseve<br />

nacionalisturni iyvnen’ (iqve: 119). es nacionalizmis mier<br />

Seqmnili naciebis periodia, razedac modernistebi<br />

akeTeben fokusirebas, magram igi moqalaqeobrivi da<br />

parlamentuli modelis zemoqmedebis Sedegi ufroa,<br />

vidre ‘modernizaciisa’, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi. 10<br />

amgvarad, heistingsis msgavsi perenialistebi<br />

SesaZleblad miiCneven premodernuli naciebis arsebobas.<br />

dasavleT evropaSi maT umetesobas inglisuri prototipi<br />

aqvs. heistingsis Sexedulebas iziarebs jon gilinamic da<br />

ingliss XIV saukunemdec ki naciad aRiarebs. uiliam<br />

malmsburisa da jefri monmausis, iseve rogorc<br />

jeraldus kambrensisis SromebSi vpoulobT XI–XII<br />

saukuneebSi inglisel naciadyofnis mkafio<br />

<strong>for</strong>mulirebas, uelsurTan da irlandiurTan kontrastSi.<br />

anJuelTa mier safrangeTSi teritoriebis flobis<br />

miuxedavad, es adreuli ‘inglisuri imperializmis’<br />

magaliTad SeiZleba miviCnioT (Gillingham 1992).<br />

141

amaT msgavsad, jozef lobera daJinebiT amtkicebs<br />

ra nacionalisturi ideologiis SedarebiT<br />

modernulobas, Semdgomdroindeli naciebis safuZvels<br />

evropis ZiriTad arealebSi (rogorebicaa ‘francia’,<br />

‘germania’ da ‘hispania’) arsebuli eTnikuri da politikuri<br />

mijaWvulobebis da sentimentebis xangrZliv istoriaSi<br />

xedavs. nu gveqneba imedi, rom amgvari kulturulpolitikuri<br />

<strong>for</strong>maciebis adgilmdebareobis da<br />

maxsovrobebis analizis gareSe, SemdgomSi cnobili<br />

modernuli politikuri naciebis gamoC<strong>enis</strong> axsnas<br />

SevZlebT (Llobera 1994: Pnawili I). 11<br />

amgvarad, neoperenialistebi amtkiceben, rom<br />

naciebi da nacionalizmebi XVI saukunemdec arsebobdnen,<br />

gansxvavebiT jon brilis msgavsi modernistebisagan,<br />

romelTaTvisac XVI saukuneSi nacionaluri sentimentebis<br />

zrda sxva araferia, Tu ara nacionalizmis ‘preludia’.<br />

rasakvirvelia, re<strong>for</strong>maciam, individualuri locvis da<br />

bibliis vernakulaze TargmanebSi kiTxvis aqcentirebiT,<br />

naciadyofnis grZnobebi gaaZliera da gaavrcela, rogorc<br />

es aRniSnulia lia grinfeldis didebul da detalur<br />

gamokvlevaSi modernulobisaken mimavali umTavresi<br />

nacionalisturi gzebis Sesaxeb. marTlac,<br />

grinfeldisaTvis inglisuri nacionalizmi odnav<br />

uswrebda re<strong>for</strong>macias, radgan SegrZneba, rom nacia<br />

mTeli xalxis identuri iyo (rac, misi SexedulebiT,<br />

nacionalizmis arsebobis mTavari kriteriumia) farTod<br />

pirvelad XVI saukunis 20–30-ian wlebSi gavrcelda<br />

inglisur elitaSi. magram protestantulma inglisurma<br />

bibliam da saerTo locvebis wignma, foqsis (protestant)<br />

mowameTa wignTan erTad, am nacionalur sentiments romis<br />

eklesiisa da misi espaneli mokavSiris sawinaaRmdegod<br />

uzarmazari mxardaWera gamoucxada da damajerebeli<br />

motivi mouZebna. armadas dros raionebis umetesobaSi<br />

inglisel naciadyofnis gancda saSualo klasebSi<br />

gavrcelda da man safuZveli Cauyara momdevno<br />

nacionalizmebis models safrangeTSi, germaniaSi,<br />

ruseTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi (Greenfeld 1992: Tavi 1). 12<br />

142

nacionalizmis wyaroebi<br />

neoperenialisturi TvalsazrisiT, nacionalizmis<br />

wyaroebi upiratesad elitis warmosaxvebsa da<br />

gamogonebebSi ki ar unda veZioT, aramed saxalxo<br />

sentimentebsa da kulturaSi. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia<br />

naciebis axsna urTierTdapirispirebuli elitebis mier<br />

Seqmnili modernuli artefaqtebiT. Tumca elitebi<br />

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, naciebisa da nacionaluri<br />

identobebis fundameturi wyaroebi yvelgan da gacilebiT<br />

adre unda veZeboT.<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, adrian heistingsis mixedviT,<br />

premodernuli naciebi cvalebadi eTnikurobebisagan<br />

saliteraturo enebisa da literaturebis ganviTarebis<br />

gziT warmodgebian, romelic afiqsirebs kulturebisa da<br />

xalxebis sazRvrebs. udavoa, rom premodernuli epoqis<br />

‘inteleqtualebs’ – poetebs, mwignobrebs da<br />

samRvdeloebas – amaSi gadamwyveti roli ekisrebodaT.<br />

magram heistingsisaTvis nacionalizmis mTavari wyaro<br />

religiaa, ufro konkretulad ki qristianoba.<br />

samRvdeloeba ara marto mTavar saganmanaTleblo da<br />

socialuri keTildReobis qsels uzrunvelyofda, aramed<br />

yoveldRiuri Sexeba hqonda soflis mosaxleobasTan.<br />

yovelkvireulad wesebis aRsrulebisa da qadagebebis<br />

gziT eklesia mZlavr gavlenas axdenda masebis emociebsa<br />

da msoflxedvaze. metic, eklesiam gza gauxsna<br />

vernakuluri enebis gamoyenebas, ris Sedegadac mesiji,<br />

romelsac igi qadagebda, imdenadve iyo nacionaluri,<br />

ramdenadac universaluri, radgan saxarebasTan erTad<br />

eklesiam Zveli aRTqma da miseuli wminda nacionalobisa<br />

da mefobis politikuri idealebic gaiTavisa. maSinac ki,<br />

roca bibliis xalxs uaryofda, eklesia, romelic<br />

saxarebaSi idealuri saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis models<br />

isaklisebda, israelis naciis ebraul prototips<br />

mimarTavda, vinaidan Tavs WeSmarit israelad (verus Israel)<br />

da uflis rCeuli xalxis memkvidred moiazrebda.<br />

saboloo mesiji martivi aRmoCnda: yovel nacias SeeZlo<br />

Zvel ebraelTa msgavsad yofiliyo uflis rCeuli xalxi,<br />

anu WeSmariti qristiani da eklesiis rwmeniT aRsavse<br />

(Hastings 1997: Tavebi 1, 9). 13<br />

143

maSasadame, nacionalizmis saTaveebi da<br />

ganviTareba literaturasa da samRvdeloebaSi, eklesiasa<br />

da bibliur religiaSi unda veZioT. qristianobis da,<br />

ufro adre iudaizmis gareSe, arc naciebi iqneboda da<br />

arc nacionalizmi.<br />

imave daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba konor kruz<br />

o’brai<strong>enis</strong> ‘wminda nacionalizmis’ bunebisa da saTaveebis<br />

analizidan da xalxis miseuli gaRmerTebidan, romelic<br />

bibliuri teritorializmis, eTnikuri erTobisa da Zvel<br />

aRTqmaSi ukvdavyofili, religiasTan Sewyvilebuli<br />

aRTqmuli miwis unificirebul xedvas ubrundeba (O’Brien<br />

1988a). o’braieni imis CvenebiT agrZelebs, Tu rogor<br />

narCundeba es tradicia evropaSi da axal gamovlinebas<br />

amerikul nacionalizmis sakralur xasiaTSi, droSisadmi<br />

pativiscemasa da sayovelTao locvebSi poulobs.<br />

maSasadame, neoperenialistebi naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis wyaroebs eZeben ara saero inteligenciaTa<br />

gegmebSi an modernuli epoqis saSualo klasebis<br />

interesebSi, aramed <strong>enis</strong>, eTnikurobisa da religiis<br />

‘siRrmiseul kulturul resursebSi’. amgvari daskvna<br />

bevrad aadvilebs orive Tvalsazrisis gaziarebas:<br />

‘naciebi nacionalizmamde’ da ‘naciebi modernul epoqamde’.<br />

amas istoriuli speqtris meore bolodan mivyavarT<br />

heistingsis samnawiliani sqemis ganxilvamde. naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis arsebobaze antikur epoqaSi Tavad<br />

heistingsi migvaniSnebs, roca miuTiTebs inglisamde<br />

izolirebul naciaTa arsebobaze somxeTsa da eTiopiaSi<br />

da, rasakvirvelia, Tavad Zvel israelSi. es is sakiTxia,<br />

romelsac davubrundebi. 14<br />

am Rrma kulturuli resursebis yvelganmyofoba<br />

da gangrZobadoba perenialistebisa da modernistebis<br />

evro<strong>centri</strong>stul midgomasac kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs,<br />

ramdenadac biZgs aZlevs debatebs evropis gareT, kerZod,<br />

iransa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi premodernuli naciebis<br />

arsebobis Taobaze. heistingsis azriT, aziaSi<br />

nacionalizmi evropidan qristianobisa da<br />

kolonializmis meSveobiT Sevida. rogorc Cans, igi arc<br />

ki uSvebs SesaZleblobas, rom misive kriteriumebiT,<br />

iaponia, korea da CineTi, iseve rogorc warmarTuli birma<br />

da sefeviduri sparseTi, Sua saukuneebSi ukve naciebs<br />

144

warmoadgendnen. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, maT<br />

hqondaT vernakuluri enebi da literatura, iseve<br />

rogorc unikaluri warmoSobisa da saerTo<br />

STamomavlobis miTebi. metic, maTi saxelmwifo wyoba<br />

mZlavri religiuri instituciebiTa da idealebiT iyo<br />

gamyarebuli. saxelmwifos mowyobis modeli<br />

konfucianelobaSi (rom araferi vTqvaT budizmze)<br />

SeiZleba arc ise dinamikuri iyo da arc iseT<br />

Zalisxmevas saWiroebda, rogorc Zvel israelSi<br />

(romelic qristianobam miiRo) an islamSi. da am azriT,<br />

heistingss SeuZlia dagvexmaros imis axsnaSi, Tu ratom<br />

momdinareobs nacionalisturi ideologia dasavleTidan<br />

da ratom Seuwyo xeli re<strong>for</strong>maciam, ebraul Zvel<br />

aRTqmasTan dabrunebiT, dasavluri naciebis pirveli<br />

talRis konsolidirebas. Tu Cven naciadyofnis<br />

heistingsis kriteriumebs da dasavleTSi nacionaluri<br />

ganviTarebis miseul periodizacias gaviziarebT, maSin<br />

Cven swored imave Sua saukuneebSi unda davuSvaT naciebis<br />

arseboba aziaSic. 15<br />

eTnikuri da moqalaqeobrivi naciebi<br />

modernistebisa da konstruqcionistebisaTvis<br />

eTnikuri nacionalizmis saukeTeso gageba misi elitis<br />

gamogonebis naturalizebul <strong>for</strong>mad miCnevaa. igi<br />

‘fiqtiuri eTnikurobis’ politikur versias warmoadgens.<br />

etien balibarisa da imanuel valerSteinis sityvebiT<br />

bunebrivad arc erT nacias ar aqvs eTnikuri<br />

bazisi, magram, ramdenadac socialuri <strong>for</strong>maciebi<br />

nacionalizdeba, maTSi CarTuli mosaxleoba maT<br />

Soris nawildeba an maTi zegavleniT ganicdis<br />

eTnizacias, rac niSnavs, rom isini warsulSi an<br />

momavalSi ise arian warmodgenilni, rom TiTqos<br />

bunebriv erTobas qmnidnen da TavisTavad hqondeT<br />

pirovnebebsa da socialur pirobebze aRmatebuli<br />

warmoSobis, kulturisa da interesebis identobani<br />

(Balibar and Wallerstein 1991: 96; xazgasma<br />

dedniseulia). 16<br />

145

aseTsave dekonstraqcionistul midgomas vxvdebiT<br />

didi moqalaqeobrivi naciebis (droebiT) ekonomikur da<br />

politikur moTxovnilebaTa Sedarebisas <strong>enis</strong>a da<br />

eTnikurobis bunebasa da rolTan modernuli naciebis<br />

CamoyalibebaSi, rasac kritikulad aanalizebs hobsbaumi.<br />

magram perenialistebisaTvis, sazogadod, viTareba<br />

sxvagvaradaa. moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmi anu, uolker<br />

konoris terminologiiT, patriotizmi, xelovnuri Tu<br />

ara, garkveulwilad racionaluri konstruqcia mainc<br />

aris, maSin roca eTnikuri nacionalizmi, romelic,<br />

saboloo jamSi, naTesauri kavSirebis gancdaSia<br />

fesvgadgmuli, adamianuri gamocdilebisa da ojaxuri<br />

urTierTobisagan warmomdgar bazisur emociebs esadageba.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, nacia ‘naturaluri’ warmonaqmni Tu<br />

araa, eTnikurobasa da eTnolingvisturi jaWvebis<br />

arsebobas mainc efuZneba. Tumca calkeul naciebs didi<br />

daxmarebis miReba sakuTari saxelwifodanac SeuZliaT.<br />

es aris Sexeduleba, romelsac heistingsi<br />

irlandiur da, ufro naklebad ki uelsis, SemTxvevebSi<br />

gaxazavs. aq, miuxedavad irlandiis pirquSi uzenaesi<br />

mefeebisa, da ingliselTa mier uelsis dapyrobamde<br />

uelselTa erTianobis xanmokle periodisa, saxelmwifo<br />

minimalur rols asrulebda naciis gansazRvraSi.<br />

irlandia sakuTari religiuri istoriiT<br />

ganisazRvreboda, romelic iwyeba wminda patrikis misiiT<br />

da misi kunZulovani geografiiTa da wminda adgilebiT,<br />

rogorc insula sacra, amas mxars uWers jeims lidonis<br />

Tvalsazrisi Sua saukuneebSi irlandiursa da inglisurs<br />

Soris mkafiod gamoxatuli gansxvavebis arsebobis<br />

Taobaze (magaliTad, 1317 wlis ‘SegonebaSi’ anda 1366<br />

wlis kilk<strong>enis</strong> aqtebSi, kulturuli da kvazirasobrivi<br />

stereotipebiT, rac bevrad uswrebda win re<strong>for</strong>maciasa<br />

da irlandiaSi protestanti Sotlandielebis<br />

dasaxlebebis gaCenas). aseTi gansxvavebebi vlindeboda<br />

uelsursa da inglisurs Sorisac, romelic<br />

simbolizebuli iyo kamris saxeliT, ufro adre ki,<br />

(romanuli) britaneTis miTiT. eseni didi xnis win<br />

dafuZnebuli eTnikuri nacionalizmebia, da iseve rogorc<br />

nacionalizmTa umetesobas dRes (yofil iugoslaviaSi,<br />

146

kavkasiaSi Tu afrikaSi), maTac safuZveli eTnikurobam<br />

Cauyara (Hastings 1997: Tavebi 3, 5, 6; Lydon 1995). 17<br />

‘eTnikur’ da ‘moqalaqeobriv’ naciebsa da<br />

nacionalizmebs Soris gansxvavebis dafiqsireba (dRes<br />

rom ase modaSia), neoperenialisturi SexedulebiT,<br />

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi meoradia, uaresSi ki mcdari.<br />

praqtikulad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, yvela nacia da<br />

nacionalizmi Tavisi fesvebiT ‘eTnikuria’; da, Tumca<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi nacias SeuZlia mocemuli<br />

eTnikurobis sazRvari gadakveTos da ufro farTo<br />

politikur erTobaSi sxva eTnieebic moicvas, Tavis<br />

mamobilizebel Zalas igi unikaluri winaprisa da<br />

istoriis saziaro rwmenaSi poulobs. es ar warmoadgens<br />

eTnikuri safuZvlis ‘naturalurad’ gadaqcevis raime<br />

mcdelobas; magram igi arc interpretaciaa da arc<br />

nacionalistTa mieraa Tavsmoxveuli. es ufro niSnavs<br />

eTnikurobis, <strong>enis</strong>a da religiis aRiarebas naciadyofnis<br />

istoriul da struqturul safuZvlad da garkveuli<br />

naciebis socialur-istoriul konteqstad. modernistebi,<br />

mxedvelobaSi aqvT ra dasavleTi evropa da amerika da<br />

maTi perspeqtiva, kanonikur naciebad miiCneven<br />

Tanamedrove dasavleTis teritoriul politikur<br />

erTobebs, maSin roca, faqtobrivad, isini yofili<br />

eTnikuri naciebis specifikuri SemTxvevebia, romelebic<br />

mZlavri saxelmwifoebis mier gamoizardnen da saukuneTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi upiratesad teritoriuli safuZvlis mqone<br />

naciebad da politikur nacionalizmebad gadaiqcnen. 18<br />

am Tvalsazriss erTgvarad amagrebs is faqti, rom<br />

dasavluri saxelmwifoebi istoriulad ‘eTnikuri<br />

birTvis’ – im dominanturi eTnieebis garSemo<br />

Camoyalibdnen, romlebmac saTave daudes an daafuZnes<br />

erToba da saxelmwifos elitaruli personalis<br />

umetesoba warmoSves, rogoric amas pirveli nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifoebis – inglisis, safrangeTis, holandiis,<br />

espaneTis da SvedeTis, da aseve ungreTis, poloneTis da<br />

moskovis ruseTis SemTxvevebSi hqonda adgili. TviT<br />

iseTi imigrantuli naciac ki, rogoric amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebia, dominanturi protestantuli<br />

britanuli eTnies mier Seiqmna, Tumca SemdgomSi misi<br />

eTnikuri xasiaTi imigrantTa farTomasStabiani talRebis<br />

147

Sedegad gadasxvaferda. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi es<br />

mZlavri saxelmwifoebi teritoriulad gafarTovdnen da<br />

sxvadasxva regionebisa da maTi xalxebis aneqsia ise<br />

moaxdines, rom XX saukuneSic ki SeinarCunes<br />

dominanturi eTnies poziciebi (ix. A.D.Smith 1989).<br />

am SemTxvevebSi ‘eTnikur-moqalaqeobrivi’<br />

diqotomia istoriulad arazustia, xolo sociologiuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT – SecdomaSi Semyvani. es gaxlavT eTnikuri<br />

naciebi, romlebic TandaTanobiT upiratesad<br />

teritoriulad dafuZnebul multikulturul politikur<br />

erTobebad gardaiqmnen. kontrasti teritoriasa da<br />

genealogias, ius soli da ius sanguinis Soris, romelsac<br />

rojers brubeikeri frangul da germanul saimigracio<br />

da moqalaqeobis miniWebis politikasa da praqtikas<br />

Soris gansxvavebis saCveneblad iyenebs, ar unda iyos<br />

gadaWarbebulad Sefasebuli. naciebis umetesoba<br />

socialuri organizaciis orive principis magaliTad<br />

gamodgeba, imis miuxedavad, rom mocemul droisaTvis<br />

isini erT-erT maTgans aniWeben upiratesobas (Brubaker 1992;<br />

Sdr. Schnapper 1997).<br />

naciebi antikur epoqaSi?<br />

heistingsis mier SemoTavazebuli nacionaluri<br />

ganviTarebis samnawiliani sqema – zepirsityvieri<br />

eTnikurobebis adreSuasaukuneobrivi epoqa, I gvaris<br />

naciebis gvianSuasaukuneobrivi/adremodernuli epoqa, da<br />

II gvaris ideologiurad marTuli naciebis modernuli<br />

era – evro<strong>centri</strong>zmis gamo SeiZleboda gakritikebuliyo<br />

da kiTxvis niSnis qveSac dayenebuliyo kacobriobis<br />

istoriis adreuli epoqebis ugulebelyofisaTvis. erTi<br />

gamonaklisis garda, heistingsi warumateblobas ganicdis<br />

antikuri epoqis mimarT Tavisi kriteriumis gamoyenebisas<br />

da iudeur-qristianul tradiciaze adre an mis miRma<br />

naciebis arsebobis SesaZleblobis ganxilvisas. Tuki<br />

geografiiTa da saxelmwifoebriobiT gamagrebuli<br />

vernakuluri literatura naciadyofnis umTavresi<br />

kriteriumia, rogorc amas inglisis SemTxvevaSi aqvs<br />

adgili, rogorRa SegviZlia naciaTa ricxvSi CavrToT<br />

israelebi da gamovricxoT Zveli egviptelebi,<br />

148

abilonelebi da sparselebi? Tuki imas veTanxmebiT, rom<br />

bibliaze dafuZnebuli qristianoba evropasa da Crdilo<br />

da samxreT amerikaSi naciis ideis gavrcelebis<br />

mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenda, ratom unda<br />

mivaniWoT mas prioriteti im eTnolingvistur<br />

kriteriumebTan SedarebiT, romlebmac unda gvibiZgos<br />

‘naciebis’ xasiaTis amocnobisaken sxva, adreul<br />

erTobebSi?<br />

aq perenialistebis umetesoba maxvils<br />

gangrZobadobaze akeTebs. heistingsi da sxvebi SeiZleba<br />

mzadac arian antikuri epoqis sxva erTobebsac darTon<br />

naciis titulis tarebis ufleba, magram maT istoriuli<br />

mniSvnelovneba akliaT, radganac calkeul SemTxvevebs<br />

warmoadgendnen da, rogorc naciebi, ver gadarCnen, maSin,<br />

roca inglisi, sul mcire, XIV saukunidan ara marto iyo<br />

gangrZobadi nacia, aramed warmoSva sxva gangrZobadi<br />

naciebis mTeli wyebac. egvipte, sparseTi, asureTi da<br />

saberZneTic ki, rogorc naciebi, STamomavlobis gareSe<br />

‘miicvalnen’, inglisi ki naciebis diad kolonadas edga<br />

saTaveSi. 19<br />

rasakvirvelia, am ganzogadebas erTi didi<br />

gamonaklisi aqvs: ebraelebi. isini naciis amosaval<br />

idealsa da prototips Seadgendnen, Tumc,<br />

heistingsisaTvis maT TavianTi naciadyofna daaxloebiT<br />

ori aTasi wlis win ‘dakarges’ da mxolod axla<br />

aRadgines is israelSi. amas CixSi SevyavarT, radganac<br />

naciadyofnis heistingsiseuli kriteriumebiT (kerZod, (1)<br />

eTnikurobiT, romelic (2) fiqsirebuli iyo vernakulur<br />

enaSi da literaturaSi, da (3) bibliuri prototipis<br />

mixedviT iyo modelirebuli) ebraelebi, diasporaSic da<br />

devnilobaSic (Galut), gamorCeulad gangrZobad naciad,<br />

wignier xalxad rCeboda, sakraluri eniTa da<br />

literaturiT, rasac TavianT diasporaSi mudmivad<br />

xelaxla ismendnen da ganavrcobdnen, ise rom TavianTi<br />

aRTqmisa da aRTqmuli miwis erTgulni rCebodnen. 20<br />

cxadia, aq sxva kriteriumi moqmedebs: mSobliur<br />

teritoriaze cxovreba da misi floba. es, udavod,<br />

mniSvnelovan da istoriulad xSirad gadamwyvet<br />

kriteriums warmoadgens naciadyofnisaTvis, iseve rogorc<br />

sasicocxlod arsebiTia nacionalisturi<br />

149

ideologisaTvis. sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom momavalSi ‘naciebi’<br />

deteritorializebul erTobebad iqnen gaazrebuli, me<br />

momdevno TavSi ganvixilav. magram amgvari <strong>for</strong>mulireba<br />

teritoriulobas naciadyofnis normad miiCnevs:<br />

warsulSi nacia yovelTvis teritoriul erTobad<br />

moiazreboda. 21<br />

magram, Tu teritoriaa sasicocxlod aucilebeli<br />

naciadyofnisaTvis, ra SeiZleba iyos Zvel egviptelebze<br />

ukeTesi magaliTi? ratom ara aqvT maT ‘naciis’ titulis<br />

tarebis an WeSmaritad ‘nacionaluri saxelmwifos’ qonis<br />

ufleba? isini nilosis orive napirze udabnoTi<br />

garSemortymuli teritoriis viwro klaknilSi iyvnen<br />

momwyvdeulni da uaxloesi mezoblebis – nubielebisa da<br />

azielebisagan wes-CveulebebiT, religiiT, eniTa da<br />

garegnobiT aSkarad gansxvavdebodnen. yovelive amis<br />

garda, maT hqondaT saerTo, unificirebuli religia da<br />

mZlavri saxelmwifo da (rogorc eqnatonis himnic<br />

mowmobs) mkafiod acnobierebdnen TavianT<br />

gansxvavebulobas sxva naciebisa da enebisagan (ix. Trigger<br />

et al. 1983).<br />

modernistebi SeiZleba Semogvedavon, rom Zveli<br />

egvipte izolirebuli SemTxveva iyo; igi ar warmoadgenda<br />

nacionalur saxelmwifoTa sistemis nawils, rac dRes<br />

naciadyofnis savaldebulo kriteriumia. Tu aRar<br />

davuSvebT, rom modernuloba da awmyo iZlevian<br />

naciadyofnis im modelebs, romelTac yvela sxva unda<br />

Seesatyvisebodes, maSin SevniSnavT, rom qristeSobamde<br />

meore aTaswleulSi egvipte aqtiurad iyo CarTuli<br />

saxelmwifoTa axloaRmosavlur ‘sistemaSi’ xeTebis<br />

imperiasTan, miTanis samefosTan da kasitur babilonTan<br />

erTad. es is periodia, romlis Sesaxebac Cven raRac<br />

mainc viciT tel-el-amarnas diplomatiuri<br />

korespondenciis wyalobiT. magram sul sxva sakiTxia,<br />

ramdenad marTebulia am saxelmwifoTa ‘naciebad’ miCneva<br />

maT Soris geopolitikuri urTierTkavSirebis arsebobis<br />

gamo (Roux 1964).<br />

bevrad ufro gvian, elinistur epoqaSic,<br />

ptolemaiosTa egviptem axlo aRmosavleTSi regionaluri<br />

‘<strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> sistemis’ nawili Camoayaliba, romelic<br />

150

moicavda selevkidur sirias, pergamons, makedoniasa da<br />

parTias. am SemTxvevaSic sazRvrebis mqone gansxvavebul<br />

teritoriebze Semokrebili saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibdnen,<br />

romelTaganac TiToeulis erToba flobda sakuTar<br />

kults, enas, kalendars, kanonebsa da wes-Cveulebebs<br />

(Tumca selevkiduri imperia, faqtobrivad, ramdenime<br />

amgvar erTobas Seicavda). savaraudod, amitom unda<br />

vuwodoT am politikur erTobebs ‘naciebi’ da<br />

daveTanxmoT doron mendelsis msjelobas, rom ‘Zveli<br />

axlo aRmosavleTis im naciebs, romlebic ebraelTa<br />

mezoblebi iyvnen, politikuri nacionalizmisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri da kargad gansazRvruli<br />

simboloebi hqondaT, saxeldobr, taZari, teritoria,<br />

mefoba da jari’ (Mendels 1992: 1).<br />

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Zveli samyaros<br />

nacionalizmi ‘modernul droTagan’ gansxvavebuli azris<br />

matarebelia, xolo elinistur epoqasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

problema, mendelsis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iyo<br />

‘eTnikurobis problema, rasac moxerxebulobisaTvis<br />

“nacionalizmi” unda vuwodoT’, ar unda vamtkicoT<br />

antikur epoqaSi imgvari naciebis sayovelTao arseboba,<br />

romlebic yvela Tavisi mTavari niSan-TvisebiT<br />

modernuls hgavs? da am mizeziT ar unda gaviziaroT<br />

azri naciebis mudmivi ganmeorebadobis Taobaze momdevno<br />

epoqebSi? 22<br />

es aris stiven grosbis Tvalsazrisi,<br />

SemuSavebuli Zveli israelis dakvirvebuli analiziT.<br />

igi Zvel ebraelebs, Zveli welTaRricxvis VII saukunidan<br />

moyolebuli, sxva iseT erTobebs udarebs, rogorebic<br />

arian Zveli berZnebi, arameelebi, edomitebi, egviptelebi<br />

da somxebi, da seriozulad miiCnevs maT naciebad,<br />

koleqtiur TviTxatad da xazs usvams xalxis sakuTar<br />

miwasTan urTierTmimarTebis primordialur xasiaTs: misi<br />

<strong>for</strong>mulirebiT, ‘xalxs aqvs Tavisi miwa da miwas hyavs<br />

Tavisi xalxi’. am droisaTvis iudeas samefos elitebs<br />

mainc hqondaT uryevi rwmena, rom arsebobs ebraeli<br />

‘xalxi’, romelic sakuTar translokalur, SemosazRvrul<br />

sakralur teritoriaze cxovrobs, Tayvans scems erT<br />

RmerTs, iahves, specialurad amisaTvis gamiznul centrSi,<br />

ierusalimis taZarSi (Grosby 1991: 240).<br />

151

Amis msgavsad Zveli egviptelebic avlendnen<br />

mijaWvulobas (nilosis) ‘miwasTan’, inaxavdnen marxvas im<br />

rwm<strong>enis</strong>aTvis, rom egvipte mxolod egviptelebs ekuTvnoda<br />

da miwis uzenaesi RmerTis – Tebes amon-ras dacvisa da<br />

gamgeblobis qveS iyo, rwm<strong>enis</strong>aTvis, romelic grosbis<br />

mixedviT, aklda Zvel saberZneTs, magram misi povna Zvel<br />

somxeTSi SeiZleboda (iqve: 247; 1997: 21). 23<br />

amgvari interpretaciebi damatebiT komentars<br />

moiTxovs. Zveli msoflios Sesaxeb SemorCenili cnobebis<br />

simwire da ‘retrospeqtuli nacionalizmidan’ momdinare<br />

safrTxe imisa, rom adreuli epoqebi gviandeli cnebebisa<br />

da sazrunavis Suqze iqnas gagebuli, am analizs, ukeTes<br />

SemTxvevaSi, mcdelobad aqcevs. Tavad grosbisaTvis<br />

cnobilia cnebebisa da kategoriebis analizis sirTule:<br />

‘koleqtivs zustad iSviaTad Tu miesadageba calkeuli<br />

analitikuri kategoria. es exeba ara marto antikuri<br />

xanis koleqtivebs, aramed modernul nacionalur<br />

saxelmwifosac’ (Grosby 1997: 2).<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT sxva problemac arsebobs. im<br />

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SevZlebdiT argumentirebul<br />

msjelobas antikuri xanis ‘naciebze’, mainc ver<br />

davasabuTebdiT maT gangrZobadobas calkeul modernul<br />

naciebSi. Zvel egviptel an berZen nacias modernuli<br />

epoqis egviptel an berZen naciebTan cota ram Tu<br />

akavSirebs, miuxedavad teritoriuli, berZnul<br />

SemTxvevaSi ki, agreTve, lingvisturi gangrZobadobisa. es<br />

amZimebs berZnuli nacionaluri istoriografiisa da<br />

berZnuli nacionalizmis paskalis kitromilidisiseul<br />

mwvave modernistul kritikas. igi ambobs, rom XIX<br />

saukunis Sua xanebSi konstantinos paparigopulosis mier<br />

dawerilma diadma istoriam berZeni naciisa pirvelad<br />

warmoadgina gangrZobadi berZeni naciis, rogorc<br />

koleqtiuri aqtoris, idea, romelic uwyvetad grZeldeba<br />

klasikuri antikurobidan berZnuli, bizantiuri didebis<br />

gavliT, modernul damoukidebel berZnul<br />

saxelmwifomde. maSin roca, kitromilidisis azriT,<br />

faqtebze dayrdnobiT, Sua saukuneebidan XIX saukunis<br />

dasawyisamdec ki berZnebi da saberZneTi bizantiis<br />

vrceli imperiisa da marTlmadidebluri oikumenas (da<br />

mogvianebiT, otomanTa imperiis) nawilad moiazreboda,<br />

152

iseve rogorc serbeTis, bulgareTis da rumineTis<br />

modernuli politikuri erTobebis SemTxvevaSi (Kitromilides<br />

1989 da 1998; ix., agreTve, Just 1989).<br />

berZeni nacionalistebi cdebodnen, roca berZeni<br />

nacia bizantiis imperiis, da, lamis, klasikuri<br />

saberZneTis periodSi warmoSobilad gamoacxades, Tu,<br />

piriqiT, simarTles Seefereba modernistebis mtkiceba,<br />

rom berZnuli nacia mxolod XIX saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

modernulobis mosvlasTan erTad warmoiSva? vinaidan<br />

modernistebi nacias sayovelTao moqalaqeobis, sajaro<br />

kulturisa da sazRvrebis qonas ukavSireben, sadavo ar<br />

unda iyos berZeni naciis arsebobis SeuZlebloba<br />

modernul epoqaze adre. Tu am kriteriumebs viziarebT,<br />

SegviZlia realurad vilaparakoT berZen naciaze ufro<br />

adre, vidre mas 1922 wels Turqebi daamarcxebdnen, rasac<br />

Sedegad mohyva mosaxleobis gacvla da sazRvrebis<br />

stabilizacia? modernistebi (berZen) naciaSi ‘masebis<br />

monawileobis’ problemasac ejaxebian da amis gamo XX<br />

saukunemde berZen ‘naciaze’ laparaki Znelia. meore mxriv,<br />

Tu, neoperenialistebis msgavsad, nacias eTnikurobis,<br />

vernakuluri <strong>enis</strong>a da religiuri kulturis cnebebiT<br />

ganvmartavT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom berZeni nacia gvian<br />

bizantiur imperiaSi arsebobda, iseve rogorc mis<br />

momdevno marTlmadideblur mileTSi, romelsac berZnebi<br />

da berZnulad metyveli samRvdeloeba edga saTaveSi.<br />

metic, VI saukunidan moyolebuli, avarebis, slavebisa da<br />

albanelebis mier saberZneTis dapyrobebiT klasikur<br />

saberZneTTan sagrZnoblad Seryeuli demografiuli<br />

uwyvetobis miuxedavad, gvianbizantiur imperiaSi<br />

berZnuli filosofiisa da <strong>enis</strong> aRorZinebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, susti kulturuli kavSiris arsebobac<br />

ki SeiZleba dasabuTdes (Baynes and Moss 1969: Tavi 1;<br />

Armstrong 1982: 174–181).<br />

istoriis interpretaciisas msgavs problemebs<br />

vawydebiT im modernul naciebTan dakavSirebiTac,<br />

romlebic antikur epoqamde gangrZobad warsulze<br />

acxadeben pretenzias. yvelani – egviptelebi, sparselebi,<br />

somxebi da ebraelebi masobriv demografiul da<br />

kulturul cenzuras ganicdidnen, rogorc maTi<br />

adrindeli ganviTarebisa da damoukideblobis miwaze, ise<br />

153

‘samSoblodan’ gaZevebis da migraciis dros.<br />

egviptelebisa da sparselebis SemTxvevaSi, religiur<br />

moqcevas aq kulturuli mtrebis – berZnebis, arameelebis,<br />

arabebisa da Turqebis didi nakadis Semosvla daerTo.<br />

mtrul eTnikur jgufebs sxvadasxva dros ekavaT qveyana<br />

da iq TavianT dinastiebs afuZnebdnen – egviptis<br />

SemTxvevaSi – XX saukunemde, xolo sparseTis<br />

SemTxvevaSi – XX saukunis dasawyisis sakonstitucio<br />

moZraobamde. somxebisa da ebraelebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

ucxoelebis – babilonelebis, sparselebis, elinebis,<br />

romaelebisa da bizantielebis mier warmatebul<br />

dapyrobiT omebs emigracia da gaZeveba daemata, SemdgomSi<br />

ki upiratesoba iseT diaspora-erTobas mieniWa, romelsac<br />

kavSiri istoriul samSoblosTan arasdros gauwyvetia.<br />

magram SegviZlia ki diaspora-erTobas ‘nacia’ vuwodoT?<br />

Tu somxur da ebraul naciebze Cven SegviZlia<br />

vilaparakoT mxolod XX saukuneSi im kriteriumiT, rom<br />

maT metnaklebad damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes<br />

istoriuli teritoriebis nawilSi, sazRvrebis dadgeniT<br />

da sajaro kulturiT da masebis monawileobiT? 24<br />

naciebi istoriaSi:<br />

alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi<br />

magram gana romelime am interpretaciaTagan<br />

misaRebia? TiToeuli ganmartebis dasabuTeba, saukeTeso<br />

SemTxvevaSi, gaurkvevelia. aviRoT sazRvrebis sakiTxi.<br />

gidensi, magaliTad, win wamoswevs modernistul<br />

arguments imis Taobaze, rom premodernul saxelmwifoebs<br />

aramdgradi da daudgeneli sazRvrebi hqondaT, maSin,<br />

roca modernuli saxelmwifoebi metnaklebad mudmivi da<br />

fiqsirebuli sazRvrebiT xasiaTdebian. am kontrastis<br />

Taobaze saTqmeli bevria, magram igi arc ise<br />

absoluturia, rogorc amas gidensi amtkicebs. Zvel<br />

imperiebs Zalian mkafio warmodgena hqondaT sakuTari<br />

teritoriuli farglebis Sesaxeb; magaliTad, romis<br />

CrdiloeTi sazRvari saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />

fiqsirdeboda, iseve rogorc Cinelebi cdilobdnen<br />

daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi CrdiloeTi sazRvari didi<br />

kedliT. Zvel egviptelebs gangebam aRmosavleTiT,<br />

154

dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT mkafio da fiqsirebuli<br />

sazRvrebi arguna, aseve iaponelebs, mas Semdeg rac ainu<br />

daipyres. rac Seexeba ebraelebs, aRTqmuli miwis<br />

sazRvrebs biblia ki warmogvidgens, magram ramdenadme<br />

gaurkvevlad.<br />

igive viTarebaa masobrivi ‘sajaro kulturisa’ da<br />

‘moqalaqeobis’ kriteriumebTan dakavSirebiTac. XX<br />

saukunis standartebiT midgomisas irkveva, rom<br />

premodernuli erTobebis umravlesobas orive maTgani<br />

aklda. am erTobaTa umravlesoba wevrobisa da kulturis<br />

eTnoreligiur gansazRvras efuZneboda. rac Seexeba<br />

meores, gavixsenoT, rom moipoveba ramdenime cnoba imis<br />

Taobaze, Tu rogor iyo premodernuli mosaxleoba<br />

CarTuli sakuTari erTobebis elitarul kulturaSi.<br />

meores mxriv, arsebobs miniSnebebi didi religiuri<br />

zeimebis, sataZro RvTismsaxurebis, dakanonebuli wesebis,<br />

bazrebisa da savaWro gamofenebis, aseve omSi gawvevis<br />

Sesaxeb, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeboda CarTva Zvel<br />

samyaroSi; xolo Sua saukuneebSi, didi msoflio<br />

religiebis egidiT, amgvari CarTva ufro regularuli da<br />

uSualo gaxda, Tumca iSviaTad iRebda politikur<br />

xasiaTs.<br />

Yyovelive es gvafiqrebinebs, rom modernistebi<br />

marTalni arian, roca modernul msoflioSi aRmoCenil<br />

naciis tipsa da adreul kulturul identobebs Soris<br />

gansxvavebis mniSvnelobas usvamen xazs. amave dros,<br />

frTxilad unda viyoT, raTa metismetad ar gavmijnoT<br />

‘premodernuli erTobebi’ da ‘modernuli naciebi’, da arc<br />

imTaviTve gamovricxoT (rogorc amas hobsbaumi akeTebs)<br />

raime saxis gangrZobadobis arseboba premodernul<br />

erTobebsa da modernul naciebs Soris. amgvari<br />

ufskruli mxolod maSin Cndeba, roca yuradRebas<br />

mxolod zeda fenaze vaCerebT, romelic premodernul<br />

epoqaSi kosmopolituri da mravalkulturiani iyo,<br />

modernul epoqaSi ki mzardad nacionaluri da<br />

nacionalisturi gaxda. amgvari ufskruli maSinac<br />

arsebobs, roca Cven modernul epoqas erTian<br />

‘premodernul’ xanas vupirispirebT, romelic TiTqmis<br />

monoliTurad migvaCnia da, amitomac, movlenebis<br />

asaxsnelad vqmniT movlenaTa msvlelobis ‘uwin-da-<br />

155

Semdgom’ xelovnur models. adreuli antikurobis<br />

istoriul kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia gamovyoT<br />

koleqtiuri kulturuli identobebis gansxvavebuli<br />

modelebi da safexurebi da warmovadginoT saimedo,<br />

detaluri da kompleqsuri Tvalsazrisi maTi<br />

ganviTarebis Taobaze (ix. McNeill 1986; Sdr. A.D.Smith 1994).<br />

eTnikuri kategoriebi da eTnieebi<br />

istoriaSi dadasturebul pirvel amgvar modelsa<br />

da, savaraudod, yvelaze adreul safexursac warmoadgens<br />

‘eTnikuri kategoria’ – mosaxleoba, romelsac aqvs<br />

koleqtiuri sakuTari saxeli da erTi an meti saziaro<br />

kulturuli atributi, Cveulebriv, ena da wes-Cveuleba,<br />

rac maT sxvebisagan gamoarCevs. rogorc wesi, mosaxleoba<br />

erTgvarad dakavSirebulia, an iTvleba, rom<br />

dakavSirebulia, konkretul teritoriasTan, romelic<br />

Tumca SeiZleba cvalebadi da gaurkveveli iyos. amgvari<br />

kategoriebi gareSe TvalisaTvis ‘eTnikuria’. es niSnavs,<br />

rom maT aqvT saerTo warmomavloba da istoria maSinac<br />

ki, roca TviT mosaxleobas saerTo winapris Sesaxeb<br />

aranairi miTi ar gaaCnia. amgvari mouxelTebeli da<br />

gardamavali kategoriebis dafiqsireba, heistingsis TqmiT,<br />

Wirs, radganac maT arc aranairi mudmivi sazRvrebi<br />

moepovebaT da arc raime teqstebsa da artefaqtebSi<br />

kodirebuli simboloebi an miTebi. ucxo ki miawers<br />

populacias saerTo eTnikurobas, magram SigniT amis<br />

gancda ar arsebobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven saimiso<br />

monacems ar vflobT an saSualeba ara gvaqvs, rom<br />

SevityoT mis wevrebs aqvT Tu ara raime koleqtiuri<br />

mijaWvuloba da sentimentebi.<br />

situacia da misi aRwera genealogiebis gaCenasTan<br />

erTad icvleba. ojaxebi sofelSi an samezobloSi<br />

qorwinebebis gziT iqmneboda. isini iwyebdnen saerTo<br />

winaprebisgan warmomavlobis Zebnas. amgvari genealogiebi,<br />

Cveulebriv, zepirad gadaecemoda Taobebs, magram<br />

mogvianebiT SeiZleba werilobiT qronikebsa da epikur<br />

poemebSi dafiqsirebuliyo. eTnikuri warmoSobis da<br />

waromavlobis es saojaxo miTebi xSirad dakavSirebulia<br />

migraciis maxsovrobebTan da saerTo kultis<br />

156

itualebTan, simboloebTan da miTebTan, romlebic<br />

adamianis samyaros kosmosTan akavSireben da ojaxTa<br />

gaerTianebas aqceven uflis dacvis qveS. rac ufro<br />

mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli genealogiuri miTebi da<br />

migraciaTa maxsovrobani kultTan da ritualebTan, miT<br />

ufro Zlieri xdeba wevrTa mijaWvulobani da<br />

sentimentebi, rac maT jer saziaro qmedebebisa da<br />

urTierTobebis mtkice eTnikur qselad gardaqmnis, xolo<br />

Semdeg ki sruliad momwifebul ‘eTnikur erTobad’ anu<br />

eTnied aqcevs – TviTdasaxelebis mqone adamianTa jgufad<br />

Tavisi miTebiT saziaro warmomavlobze, saerTo<br />

istoriuli maxsovrobebiT, saerTo kulturis erTi an<br />

meti elementiT, samSoblosTan kavSiriTa da<br />

solidarobis mZlavri sentimentiT (elitaTa Soris<br />

mainc). amgvar erTobebs, Cveulebriv, mravalferovani<br />

ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri instituciebi,<br />

myari da xelSesaxebi sazRvrebi da gareSeTa anu ucxoTa<br />

kargad gamokveTili gancda aqvT, rac xSirad<br />

gamyarebulia sakuTari teritoriis gareT mimdinare<br />

iseTi regularuli aqtivobiT, rogoricaa vaWroba,<br />

mosaxleobis moZraoba da ideebisa da teqnikis gacvla<br />

(ix. Barth 1969: Sesavali; Nash 1989; Eriksen 1993).<br />

Sedegad adreul epoqebSi ori an sami modeli<br />

warmoiqmna – eTnikuri kategoriebi, qselebi da erTobebi.<br />

da mosaxleoba gamudmebiT moZraobs am eTnikur<br />

<strong>for</strong>maciebs Soris. rasakvirvelia, es safexuri ar<br />

Semofargleba oden adreuli antikurobiT da pirveli<br />

fiqsirebuli istoriebiT. eTnikur dajgufebaTa<br />

mravalferovnebas – kategoriebs, qselebsa da erTobebs –<br />

TviT modernul epoqaSic SexvdebiT, ara marto afrikasa<br />

da aziaSi, aramed zogierT evropul populaciaSic ki. es<br />

imis mauwyebelia, rom koleqtiuri kulturuli<br />

identobebis modelebi, romlebsac aq mokled Sevexe,<br />

evoluciur mwkrivebs ver qmnis. nimuSebi sagrZnob<br />

mdinarebasa da urTierTgadafarvas avlenen, da maTi<br />

istoriuli Tanamimdevrobac gaurkvevelia,<br />

Seuqcevadobaze rom araferi vTqvaT.<br />

157

eTnikuri saxelmwifoebi da adreuli naciebi<br />

Zveli msoflio, iseve rogorc qalaqsaxelmwifoebi,<br />

samefoebi da imperiebi, umetesad eTnikur<br />

dajgufebebs warmoadgens. bevri, SedarebiT naklebad<br />

Sekruli, eTnikuri dajgufeba politikur <strong>for</strong>mas ar an<br />

ver iRebs da arc politikur miswrafebebs avlens. meores<br />

mxriv, isini, vinc srulyofil eTnikur erTobebad<br />

Camoyalibdnen, iseT politikur gamoxatulebas da<br />

ga<strong>for</strong>mebas eswrafvian, rasac ‘eTnikur saxelmwifo’<br />

SegviZlia vuwodoT. ase xdeba maSin, roca mZlavri<br />

samRvdeloeba kulturuli monopoliis mopovebas<br />

cdilobs da mWidrod SekavSirebuli da unitaruli<br />

eTnikuri samefos Seqmnisas mmarTveli elitis mokavSire<br />

xdeba. amis magaliTia Zveli egvipte da, garkveulwilad,<br />

eTnikurad bevrad ufro heterogenuli aqemeniduri,<br />

mogvianebiT, ki sasaniduri irani. aq cota ram Tu iyo<br />

populaciis Semkvreli im horizontaluri zeklasobrivi<br />

sentimentebidan, romelTac vxvdebiT naciebSi, radgan<br />

didgvarovnebi da sasuliero wodeba sxvadasxva<br />

ganaTlebas Rebulobda, Tumca, Zvel egvipteSi maRali<br />

klasebis kultura, unikaluri geografiisa da nilosis<br />

dablobis geopolitikisa da kulturaze sasuliero<br />

f<strong>enis</strong> TiTqmis sruli monopoliis wyalobiT, mainc<br />

aRwevda qveda fenebamde (ix. Frye 1966; David 1982).<br />

situacia Zvel israelsa da somxeTSi sakmaod<br />

gansxvavebuli iyo (arameelTa Sesaxeb samsjelod<br />

sakmarisi in<strong>for</strong>macia ar mogvepoveba). erTobis mZlavri<br />

miTebisa da simboloebis, maxsovrobebisa da tradiciebis<br />

warmoSoba, migracia, teritoria da istoria somxebsa da<br />

ebraelebs ara marto ucxoTagan gansxvavebulobas<br />

acnobierebinebda, aramed erTmaneTisadmi naTesaobis<br />

gancdasac. aq monoTeisturi religia ueWvelad<br />

warmoadgenda mZlavr Camomayalibebel faqtors.<br />

koleqtiuri bedis SegrZneba da politikuri solidaroba<br />

sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi dasturdeba, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom klasobrivi gansxvavebebi aqac aSkara, gansakuTrebiT<br />

somxeTSi, romelsac miwaTmflobeli aristokratia hyavda.<br />

yvelaze naTlad amas adasturebs ebraeli<br />

winaswarmetyvelebis monaniebisa da Torisadmi<br />

158

dabrunebisaken mowodebaTa gamoZaxili. saerTo bedis<br />

gancdas somxeTis samefos ganadgurebis<br />

Semdgomdroindel somxur elitebSi, somex istorikosTa<br />

adreqristianul TxzulebebSic vpoulobT,<br />

gansakuTrebiT, mose xorenelTan. orive SemTxvevaSi<br />

gansxvavebulobisa da erTobis gancdas politikuri<br />

avtonomiurobis survili axlavs. miuxdevad imisa, rom es<br />

survili ver asrulda, igi mainc ukan, damoukideblobis<br />

‘oqros xanis’ idealisaken miuTiTebs da momavali<br />

politikuri aRorZinebis imedsac asazrdoebs (ix. Lang<br />

1980; Zeitlin 1984; Grosby 1997; Panossian 2000).<br />

ai, am SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT<br />

‘naciebze’ Zvel msoflioSi Tumc frTxilad da mcire<br />

masStabiT, rac niSnavs eTnikuri saxelmwifoebis adre<br />

gavrcelebuli modelis gverdiT axlis Semotanas. Tumca<br />

Cven ver davasabuTebT masebis monawileobas politikaSi<br />

(an Tundac mxolod zrdasruli mamakacebisas klasikuri<br />

xanis aTenSi), verc, miTumetes, samarTlebiv moqalaqeobas<br />

an ekonomikur erTianobas. magram, rogorc vnaxeT, am<br />

kriteriumebis sistematur gamoyenebas bevri e.w.<br />

modernuli naciis saTvalavidan amogdebac ki SeuZlia<br />

iseve, rogorc ‘naciaTa’ umravlesobis warmoSobis drois<br />

pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom gadaweva TviT<br />

demokratiis qveynebSic.<br />

albaT, swored es aris saqmis arsi. modernistebis<br />

umravlesobisaTvis realurad naciebis povna mxolod<br />

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba, vinaidan mxolod<br />

amgvar sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba masobriv moqalaqeobaze<br />

darwmunebiT saubari. mxedvelobis areSiKkvlav<br />

nacionaluri ganviTarebis evoluciuri sqemisadmi<br />

evrocentruli da dasavluri midgoma eqceva. da es kvlav<br />

modernuli konteqstebis da kriteriumebis Tavs moxvevaa<br />

im epoqebisaTvis, romelTac sakmaod gansxvavebuli<br />

mimarTebebi da midgomebi hqondaT. Zveli msoflios<br />

xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis arsebiTi iyo auxsnel da<br />

mZvinvare bunebis ZalebTan Widili. es Zalebi im<br />

RmerTebis mier imarTeboda, romelTa gulis mogebac<br />

koleqtiuri ritualebis aRsrulebiTa da<br />

msxverplSewirviT SeiZleboda. am viTarebaSi modernul<br />

msoflioSi arsebuli moqalaqeobis horizontaluri Zmoba<br />

159

farTomsaStabiani kultmsaxurebisa da ritualebSi<br />

xalxis monawileobis, eTikuri da religiuri<br />

valdebulebebis aRsrulebis (rac warmosaxviTi winapris<br />

erTobas rwm<strong>enis</strong>a da RvTismsaxurebis erTobaSi aqsovs),<br />

eTnikuri warmomavlobisa da rCeulobis simboloebiT da<br />

miTebiT gamowveuli erTobis gancdis, winaparTa saziaro<br />

maxsovrobebis da sagmiro saqmeebis analogiuria. iq,<br />

sadac adgili hqonda amgvar erTianobas, Cven SegviZlia<br />

naciadyofnaze vilaparakoT, Tavisi religiuri kanoniTa<br />

da ritualiT, romlebic modernuli moqalaqeobis<br />

samarTlebrivi uflebebisa da movaleobebis ekvivalentis<br />

rols asrulebda. am gagebiT SeiZleba saubari naciis<br />

gansxvavebul, Zvel <strong>for</strong>mebze. 25<br />

dinastiuri da patriciuli naciebi<br />

mesame modelis sqema adrian heistingsma SeimuSava<br />

Suasaukuneobrivi dinastiuri da/an patriciuli<br />

naciebisaTvis evropaSi. erTis mxriv, esaa dasavleTis<br />

‘lateralur’ eTnieebsa da mZlavr saxelmwifoebze<br />

(inglisi, Sotlandia, safrangeTi, dania, SvedeTi da<br />

espaneTi) dafuZnebuli Zlieri dinastiuri naciebi,<br />

romlebic XII–XV saukuneebSi warmoiSva da romelTa<br />

eqoc aRmosavleT evropis ramdenime saxelmwifoSic<br />

(poloneTSi, ruseTSi da, erT dros, ungreTSic) ismoda.<br />

patriciaTa da saSualo klasze dayrdnobiT gaCnda<br />

naklebad unificirebuli, Tumca eTnikuri<br />

gansxvavebulobis mZlavri gancdis, religiuri Zmobis<br />

grZnobebis matarebeli da politikuri avtonomiurobis<br />

mosurne naciis sxva saxec. amgvari nacia religiuri an<br />

enobrivi TvalsazrisiT (an oriveTi) winaparTa<br />

konkretul samSoblosa da saerTo kulturas<br />

ukavSirdeboda. me, pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi maqvs<br />

gvianSuasaukuneobrivi Sveicaria da niderlandebi, ufro<br />

naklebad ki, imdroindeli irlandia, miuxedavad misi<br />

mudmivi politikuri daqucmacebisa. aseTi erTob<br />

eqskluziuri da sarwmunoebaze orientirebuli, magram<br />

naklebad monoliTuri erTobis tipi warmoSva Zlierma<br />

miTebma, simboloebma da sagmiro saqmeebis maxsovrobam<br />

(ix. de Paor 1986; Schama 1987; Im Hof 1991).<br />

160

gviandeli Sua saukuneebis naciis am or,<br />

dinastiur da patriciul tips Soris gansxvaveba ar unda<br />

gavazviadoT. orive metnaklebad im ‘lateraluri’<br />

aristokratiuli eTnieebis produqtia, romelTa<br />

mmarTveli klasebis kulturac saSualo klasebamde da<br />

zogierT Soreul regionamde aRwevda. dinastiur naciaSi<br />

kulturis amgvari gavrcelebis agenti mZlavri eTnikuri<br />

saxelmwifo iyo, romlis mmarTvelebic, ‘biurokratiuli<br />

inkorporaciis’ procesis meSveobiT, sxvadasxva klasisa<br />

da regionis kompaqtur nacionalur saxelmwifoSi<br />

SemWidrovebasa da unificirebas eswrafvodnen.<br />

patriciul naciaSi metnaklebad kompaqturi aristokratia<br />

an urbanuli patriciati gareSe ZalebTan da erTmaneTTan<br />

konfliqtebis wyalobiT Seiqmna. amas xSiri da<br />

intensiuri religiuri cieb-cxelebis periodebSi<br />

exmarebodnen sulieri liderebi. ASedegad miRebuli<br />

geopolitikuri daSoreba da izolaciis garkveuli<br />

xarisxic ki xels uwyobda religiuri kulturis<br />

gavrcelebas saSualo da qveda fenebSi. Sua saukuneebSi<br />

naciaTa Camoyalibebis amgvari neli tempiT da<br />

araTanabrad mimdinare procesebi unda ganvasxvavoT<br />

modernul periodSi inteligenciisa da burJuaziis mier<br />

saSualo klasis naciaqmnadobis ufro metad<br />

SemWidroebuli da mizanmimarTuli procesebisagan (ix.<br />

A.D.Smith 1989).<br />

ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom am periodis msoflioSi<br />

sxvadasxva saxis eTnikuri dajgufeba sWarbobs. naciebi,<br />

iqneba es dinastiuri Tu ufro patriciuli da saSualo<br />

klasis zeda fena, renensansisa da re<strong>for</strong>maciis Semdegac<br />

gamonaklisad rCeba. revoluciuri nacionalizmis<br />

mosvlamde evropaSi (msoflioze rom araferi vTqvaT) ar<br />

ganmeorebula Sveicariis, holandiis da irlandiis<br />

magaliTebi. amave mizeziT, arc dasavluri da<br />

Crdiloevropuli dinastiuri nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifoebi arsebobda, garda poloneTis, ruseTis da,<br />

erTi periodi, ungreTisa. Soreuli aRmosavleTis<br />

‘eTnikuri saxelmwifoebis’ – CineTis, koreisa da iaponiis,<br />

iseve rogorc tailandis, kambojisa da vietnamis da,<br />

kidev ufro dasavleTiT, sasaniduri sparseTis (maTgan<br />

bevri, faqtobrivad, mcire an did eTnikur umciresobebs<br />

161

Seicavda) SigniT Zmobis grZnoba susti, xolo erTianoba<br />

aramyari iyo saimisod, rom ucxoTa pirispir sakuTari<br />

eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis gancda Seesabamebina<br />

winaparTa miwaze politikuri avtonomiurobis<br />

SenarCunebis survilisaTvis. klasobrivi gansxvavebebi<br />

moniSnuli iyo, mTels mosaxleobasa da teritoriaze<br />

susti iyo kultis msaxurebaSi masebis monawileoba<br />

(SesaZloa, iaponiis gamoklebiT), ekonomikuri erTianoba<br />

da samarTlebrivi standartizacia.<br />

iaponiaSi aseTi viTareba gaxldaT tokugava<br />

siogunTa dinastiamde (1603–1868). meCvidmete saukunidan<br />

gare samyarosagan iaponelTa gaZlierebulma izolaciam,<br />

saSualo klasis kulturisa da solidarobis zrdam,<br />

rasac xels uwyobda iaponelTa SedarebiTi eTnikuri<br />

homogenuroba da kunZulis geografiac, gamoiwvia<br />

rCeulobis gancdis gaCena da istoriul da kulturul<br />

aRorZinebas daudo saTave, rac mogvianebiT, meiZis<br />

reJimis dros, imperatoris taxtis aRdg<strong>enis</strong><br />

momaswavebeli Seiqna. meiZis liderebi cdilobdnen diadi<br />

warsulis gamoyenebas awmyosTvis da, Tumca dasavluri<br />

dapyrobebi cvlilebebisTvis stimulis momcemi iyo, maTi<br />

<strong>for</strong>ma da Sinaarsi mainc tokugavas iaponiis da kidev<br />

ufro adrindeli imperiuli warsulidan momdinareobda.<br />

ase Cauyara safuZveli modernul iaponur nacionalizms<br />

eTnikurad SedarebiT homogenurma, saSualo klasis<br />

naciam 1868 wlidan (ix. Lehmann 1982, magram Sdr. Doak<br />

1997).<br />

sxvagvari gamonaklisi gaxldaT sefeviduri<br />

sparseTi (1501–1722). iranis platos nawilebSi erTmaneTis<br />

monacvle mmarTvelma dinastiebma gazardes iranis<br />

eTnikuri da geografiuli mravalferovneba, riTac xeli<br />

SeuSales yovelgvari zeklasobrivi Zmobisa da<br />

Tanamonawileobis Camoyalibebas. gansakuTrebuli<br />

sparsuli identobisa da rCeulobis gancda, romelic X–<br />

XI saukuneebis axali sparsuli <strong>enis</strong> aRorZinebaSi<br />

gamovlinda, momdevno saukuneebSi ganaTlebuli elitis<br />

viwro wriT ifargleboda. magram 1501 wlidan mZlavrma<br />

Turquli warmoSobis dinastiam saTave daudo politikur<br />

aRorZinebasa da kulturul renensanss, rac maTi<br />

mebrZoli Siituri sarwmunoebiT iyo gaRvivebuli. da<br />

162

piruku, am dinastiis mier iranis gaerTianebam xeli<br />

Seuwyo TormetTa Siizmis gavrcelebas Sah-abasis<br />

dedaqalaqidan, ispahanidan, rasac Sedegad 1722 wlisaTvis<br />

mTels iranSi sparsul enaze molaparakeTa umetesobis<br />

Siitobaze moqceva mohyva. xolo sparsuli identoba<br />

mzardad, da iqneb mizanmimarTuladac, emTxveoda Siizms.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRorZineba SemdgomSi, yajarTa<br />

avRanuri dinastiis (1796–1925) dros Senelda, man mainc<br />

moaswro safuZveli moemzadebina solidarobis<br />

gansxvavebuli, saSualo klasis eTnikuri sparsuli<br />

gancdisaTvis, romelmac politikuri gamoxatuleba 1905–<br />

1906 wlebis sakonstitucio moZraobaSi hpova (ix. Cottam<br />

1979; Keddie 1981: Tavebi 1–3).<br />

revoluciurad nacionalisti naciebi<br />

saSualo klasis nacionalizmi. holandiis<br />

amboxebam da inglisis samoqalaqo omma naciis axali da<br />

bevrad ufro koheziuri da mizanmimarTuli tipi Sva.<br />

pirvel rigSi, mas asazrdoebda qristianobis mebrZoli,<br />

re<strong>for</strong>mirebuli da puritanuli versia eTnikuri<br />

rCeulobis amaRlebuli gancdiT, romelmac ara marto<br />

erTbaSad wamoayena reJimis axali tipi (puritanul<br />

islamur moZraobebs amis gasakeTeblad saukuneebi<br />

dasWirda), aramed Zveli aRTqmis modelebze dafuZnebuli<br />

politikuri avtonomiurobisa da saxalxo monawileobis<br />

axali saxis moTxovnilebebic warmoSva. es<br />

moTxovnilebebi Sejamda iseT sakvanZo cnebebSi,<br />

rogoricaa ‘nacia’ da ‘moqalaqe’. maT gaukvales gza<br />

burJuaziul demokratiul nacionalizms, romelSic<br />

kulturulad mravalferovani ‘xalxi’ Zalauflebis<br />

erTaderTi legitimuri wyaro unda gamxdariyo, xolo am<br />

xalxis wevroba – moqalaqeebisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />

Tavisuflebebisa da uflebebis mopovebis erTaderTi<br />

saSualeba. saSualo klasis amgvari nacionalurdemokratiuli<br />

logikiT franguli ganmanaTleblobis<br />

filosofosebma da publicistebma dawyvites<br />

absolutisturi saxelmwifos xundebi da safuZveli<br />

gamoacales mas da privilegiebis miseuli sistemis<br />

163

principebs, dafuZnebulTU ZiriTadad warmomavlobaze (ix.<br />

Walzer 1985).<br />

magram am ganviTarebis nacionalisturi elementi,<br />

yvela aspeqtiT, iseTive sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda,<br />

rogoric demokratiuli. ‘naciisadmi’ mowodebam (romelic<br />

parlamentebis mier centralistur absolutizmTan misi<br />

Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis brZolebidan safrangeTSi<br />

pirvel adgilze wamoiwia) isev ‘nacionaluri xasiaTisa’<br />

da ‘naciis geniis’ cnebebs mimarTa. es cnebebi wodebis<br />

armqone miwaTmflobelebisa da saSualo klasis zeda<br />

f<strong>enis</strong> mier Tavdapirvelad inglisSi, xolo Semdeg ki,<br />

XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, safrangeTSic ganviTarda. am<br />

ideebma, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro Zveli eTnikuri<br />

maxsovrobebi da eTnikuri rCeulobis religiuri rwmenebi<br />

(imis Taobaze, rom RmerTi mfarvelobs da akurTxebs im<br />

xalxebs, romelnic mas emorCilebian da rwmeniT<br />

aRasrulebden maTze dakisrebul misias) amokribes da<br />

maTi sekularizeba moaxdines. safrangeTSi amgvari, Zveli<br />

israelis prototipTan dakavSirebuli da mefis figurasa<br />

da mis saufloze <strong>centri</strong>rebuli, rwm<strong>enis</strong> povna XIII<br />

saukuneSic ki SeiZleba, xolo adreul <strong>for</strong>mebs ufro<br />

adrec, frankebis samefoSi da anglo-saqsebSic ki,<br />

vpoulobT (ix. Armstrong 1982: 154–159; Beaune 1985).<br />

Ees moxda ‘vertikalur’ an demotur eTnieebsa da<br />

sekularizaciis gzaze mdgom inteligenciaSi, romelSic<br />

am ideebma garkveuli gamoZaxili hpoves. XX saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi, Semdeg<br />

ki aziasa da afrikaSi inteleqtualebi cdilobdnen<br />

TavianT eTnikur memkvidreobasa da vernakulur<br />

kulturebTan dabrunebas, da saSualo da,<br />

garkveulwilad, dabali klasebis mobilizebas<br />

politikuri qmedebisaTvis. ‘vernakuluri mobilizacia’<br />

demotikuri eTnieebis saxeliT moicavda dabrunebuli<br />

inteligenciis mier adgilobrivi kulturis Tavidan<br />

aRmoCenas, misakuTrebas da politizebas, rogorc<br />

saZirkvels saxalxo agitaciisa da politikuri<br />

pretenziebisaTvis. amgvari ‘qvemodan zemoT’ mimarTuli<br />

midgoma gansakuTrebiT maTTvis aRmoCnda mimzidveli, visi<br />

erTobebic didi xani iyo inkorporirebuli da<br />

daqvemdebarebuli did da xSirad damrTgunvel imperiebs,<br />

164

da moklebuli iyo mZlavr instituciebs, romelTac<br />

SeeZloT etarebinaT da Tavs moexviaT axali xedva da<br />

Sesabamisi politikuri miznebi (ix. A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 4<br />

da 1989).<br />

amis Semdeg sxva araevropel xalxebs didi xani ar<br />

dasWirvebiaT, TavianTi inteligenciebis winamZRolobiT,<br />

kulturuli unikalurobisa da demotur eTnieTa<br />

eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmenaze dafuZnebuli naciadyofnis<br />

gancdis Zebnisa da povnisaTvis. siaxle iyo XVIII saukunis<br />

bolos gaCenili nacionaluri avtonomiurobis, erTobisa<br />

da identobis rwmenebis politikur programad<br />

gardasaqmneli mza gegma. inteleqtualebisa da saSualo<br />

klasis wamowyebiT, nacionalizmi, rogorc politikuri<br />

ideologia, eTnikuri winaprisa da rCeulobis adreve<br />

arsebuli gancdis saxalxo monawileobisa da<br />

avtonomiurobis revoluciur idealebTan SednobiT<br />

daibada. am kavSiridan iSva nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis<br />

doqtrina da misi memkvidre sxvadasxva saxis<br />

nacionaluri identobebi, dafuZnebulni iseT<br />

mravalferovan kriteriumebze, rogorebicaa ena,<br />

eTnikuroba, teritoria, religia, istoria da kanis feri,<br />

kriteriumebze, romlebmac, nacionalizmis teritoriulpolitikuri<br />

da eTnolingvisturi tipebis garda, sxvebic<br />

warmoSva (ix. Armstrong 1995).<br />

masobrivi nacionalizmebi. saSualo klasiis<br />

anglo-franguli nacionaluri modelis warmatebam Rrma<br />

kvali daaCnia socialur da geopolitikur azrs rogorc<br />

evropaSi, ise mis gareT. upirveles yovlisa,<br />

sxvebisaTvisac gaxda SesaZlebeli am warmatebis rogorc<br />

ideologiuri, aseve ekonomikuri da politikuri<br />

komponentebis gaanalizeba. es niSnavda, rom am warmatebis<br />

<strong>for</strong>misa da Sinaarsis gegma SeiZleboda<br />

gamocalkevebuliyo, rasac Sedegad mohyveboda<br />

nacionaluri <strong>for</strong>mati, dafuZnebuli Semdegze:<br />

(1) istoriul teritoriaze an samSobloze, imisda<br />

mixedviT, Tu romeli iyo SedarebiT kompaqturi;<br />

(2) Tu ara homogenur, teritoriulad unificirebul<br />

da socialurad koheziur mosaxleobaze mainc;<br />

165

(3) mTel teritoriaze unificirebul ekonomikaze<br />

erTiani profesiuli sistemiTa da mobilurobiT;<br />

(4) erTian, saziaro da Tavisebur sajaro kulturaze,<br />

umjobesia, erTiani eniT;<br />

(5) gansxvavebulobis miTebisa da koleqtiuri<br />

maxsovrobebis simravleze, umjobesia,<br />

unificirebuli istoriiT; da<br />

(6) yvela wevris saerTo ufleba-movaleobebze misi,<br />

rogorc moqalaqis, CarTviT farTo avtonomiur da,<br />

umjobesia, damoukidebel da suverenul<br />

nacionalur erTobaSi.<br />

nacionaluri identobis kriteriumebis<br />

mravalferovnebis fonze sulac araa gasakviri, rom<br />

TviTgansazRvradi ‘xalxebis’ simravle sxvadasxva xerxiT<br />

cdilobs nacionalisturi gegmis gamoyenebas meti<br />

avtonomiurobis, erTobisa da identobisadmi sakuTari<br />

miswrafebebis xorcSesasxmelad. gaerTianebul<br />

irlandielTa 1798 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis<br />

dasawyisi mowme Seiqna espaneTSi, ruseTsa da germaniaSi<br />

napoleonis imperiul-nacionalisturi ambiciebisadmi<br />

nacionaluri winaaRmdegobis zrdisa, da serbeTsa da<br />

saberZneTSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ori amboxebisa<br />

otomanTa imperiis winaaRmdeg, romelsac maleve mohyva<br />

polonelTa warumatebeli ajanyeba caristuli imperiis<br />

winaaRmdeg, xolo belgiam pretenzia ganacxada calke<br />

saxelmwifos Seqmnaze da miaRwia kidec amas. metic, 1810<br />

wlidan moyolebuli, espaneTis laTinur amerikuli<br />

provinciebis kreolTa elitam gaimarjva espaneTis<br />

imperiis daSlisaTvis brZolaSi da daafuZna rigi<br />

laTinur amerikuli saxelmwifoebisa. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom sadavoa, Tu im dros ramdenad hqonda am amboxebebs<br />

sakuTriv nacionalisturi ganzomileba, magram ueWvelia,<br />

rom XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan maTSi nacionalizmi<br />

momZlavrda, rac kidev erTxel gvidasturebs<br />

nacionalur-demokratiuli ganviTarebis logikurobasa<br />

da nacionalisturi gegmis Zalasa da vargisianobas (ix.<br />

Humphreys and Lynch 1965; Anderson 1991: Tavi 4).<br />

XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi evropasa da, Semdgom,<br />

aziaSi ara marto imata amgvari TviTganmsazRvreli<br />

166

naciebis ricxvma, aramed nacionalisturi gegmis<br />

demokratiulma logikamac male sruli gamoxatuleba<br />

hpova saarCevno uflebis gafarToebasa da yvela wevris,<br />

rogorc kanonis winaSe Tanasworuflebiani moqalaqis,<br />

nacionalur erTobaSi CarTvaSi. Tumca amas Tan axlda<br />

brZolebi, ukan daxevebi da wyvetilebi. XX saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi qalebi, xolo XX saukunis bolos orive<br />

sqesis srulwlovani adamianebi erTvebian procesSi.<br />

mzardad socialur-ekonomikuri Sinaarsis demokratiulma<br />

masobrivma nacionalizmma, romelic, pirvel rigSi,<br />

msoflio omebisa da modernuli teqnologiis produqti<br />

iyo, revoluciuri ganviTarebis saxiT iCina Tavi. magram<br />

igi arc uprecendento yofila da arc mxolod saSualo<br />

klasis mza nacionalisturi gegmis logikur ganviTarebas<br />

warmoadgenda; misi saTaveebi warsulSi, zogierTi<br />

adreuli da Suasaukuneobrivi naciis mier rCeulobisa da<br />

sakuTari misiis gancdaSi unda veZioT. ‘xalxisa’ da misi<br />

socialur-kulturuli moTxovnebis gakeTilSobileba,<br />

rac modernuli masobrivi eTnikuri nacionalizmisaTvisaa<br />

damaxasiaTebeli, sarwmunoebrivi erTobis gancdasTan<br />

gvabrunebs, romelsac adreul eTnikur erTobebsa da<br />

Zveli da Sua saukuneebis msoflios naciebSi vxvdebiT,<br />

da romelTaganac zogi gviandeli naciebis prototips<br />

warmoadgens. XX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis, amgvari<br />

bolodroindeli ‘rCeuli xalxebi’ da maTi masobrivi<br />

nacionalizmebi gamoxatulebas poulobdnen da<br />

icdebodnen omSi, maT mier xelaxla aRmoCenili<br />

identobebi ki – miTebSi, simboloebSi, Rirebulebebsa da<br />

konfliqtebSi, dapyrobebisa da winaaRmdegobis<br />

maxsovrobebSi da mTeli xalxebis devna-ganadgurebaSi<br />

(ix. Carr 1945; Marwick 1974; A.D.Smith 1981b).<br />

daskvna<br />

revoluciuri nacionalizmis gavrcelebisa<br />

masobrivi naciebis SeqmnaSi da misi rolis mTeli<br />

istoriis (dawyebuli 1848 wlis revoluciebidan,<br />

rasobrivi nacionalizmis CaTvliT da 1945 wlis<br />

Semdegdroindeli antikoloniuri nacionalizmebiTa da<br />

bolodroindeli eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gafurCqvniT<br />

167

damTavrebuli) gadmocema aucileblad ar mimaCnia. magram<br />

am moZraobebis sami aspeqti ki saWiroebs gamokveTas.<br />

pirvelia ideologiuri siaxle. arseboben<br />

ideologiuri safuZvlis mqone moZraobebi da, Sedegad,<br />

Cveulebriv, ideologiurad dafuZnebuli naciebi. isini<br />

damokidebulni arian nacionalizmis kanonierebis TiTqmis<br />

universalur gaziarebze, misi principebiT gansjian da<br />

ganisjebian, e.i. isini sakuTar Tavs udgebian<br />

nacionalisturi gegmis komponentebis mixedviT da sxvaTa<br />

mxridanac am komponentebiT fasdebian. es ganaxlebuli<br />

nacionalizmebi stagnaciis an dacemis periodis Semdeg<br />

cdiloben gegmas ufro metad dauaxlovdnen. me vfiqrob,<br />

rom swored es ganasxvavebs modernuli nacionalisturi<br />

safuZvlis mqone naciebs adreuli, Sua saukuneebisa da<br />

antikuri xanis prenacionalisturi naciebisagan,<br />

romlebsac ar gaaCndaT ideologiuri gegma an raime<br />

standarti. maTi nacionalizmebi wmindad<br />

partikularistuli iyo da imave istoriuli viTarebebis<br />

gavlenas ganicdida, romlSic Tavad premodernuli nacia<br />

imyofeboda. maT ar gaaCndaT naciebis raime ‘Teoria’,<br />

aramed mxolod miznebi da mocemuli naciisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli sentimentebi. aqedan gamomdinare, maT<br />

nacionalizmebs ganmeoreba an gavrceleba ar SeeZloT;<br />

xelmisawvdomi ar iyo sayovelTao ideaTa raime sistema,<br />

romelic SeiZleboda universalurad gamoyenebuliyo da<br />

saerTo miznebisaken mimarTuli garkveuli saxis qmedeba<br />

gamoewvia. am azriT, nacionalizmma, rogorc ideologiam,<br />

daadastura Tavisi wyalgamyofi roli adamianTa<br />

asociaciebisa da komunikaciebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.<br />

meore aspeqtia modernuli naciebisaTvis eTnikuri<br />

safuZvlis mniSvnelovneba. mis kvals vxedavT ara<br />

mxolod adreul naciebSi, aramed XX saukunis saxalxo<br />

nacionalizmebSic. isinic wina eTnikur kavSirebsa da<br />

sentimentebsaa morgebuli, isini sxvadasxa kriteriumiT<br />

gansazRvraven ‘nacionalur TviTs’, Tumca yovelTvis<br />

cdiloben dominanturi eTnies kulturul warsulTan,<br />

rac SeiZleba, met gangrZobadobas miaRwion.<br />

nacionalistTa fabrikaciebisa da miTiuri gamonagonebis<br />

mcdelobisTvis Tvalyuris midevneba advilia. udavoa,<br />

rom zogierTi nacionalisti inteleqtuali Tavs ityuebs<br />

168

anda, rogorc keduri amtkicebs, cinikuradac ki<br />

manipulirebs masebis sentimentebiT, magram maTi xSiri<br />

warmatebuloba miuTiTebs gansxvavebul interpretaciaze,<br />

romlis centrSic moqceulia xalxSi ‘gamoZaxilisa’ da<br />

xalxisadmi ‘mowodebis’ saWiroeba. vinaidan wminda<br />

gamonagons ar ZaluZs didi xniT daainteresos adamianTa<br />

didi raodenoba (gaixseneT Eesperanto), inteleqtualTa<br />

da sxvebis xelaxali aRmoCenebica da axali<br />

konstruqciebic saxalxo percefciebTan rac SeiZleba<br />

axlos unda darCeniliyo. maT ‘xalxis tradiciebis’<br />

kulturuli parametrebiT unda esargeblaT, rodesac<br />

eTnikuri erTobis gancdis politizebasa da am<br />

tradiciebis, rogorc nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis<br />

politikuri brZolisaTvis Rrma kulturuli resursebis,<br />

reinterpretacias axdendnen.<br />

bolo Tvalsazrisi Seeexeba eTnieebisa da naciebis<br />

Sinagan samyaros. ‘xalxisaTvis’ mowodeba SesaZlebelia<br />

mxolod maTi koleqtiuri maxsovrobebis, simboloebis,<br />

miTebis, Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebis aRmoC<strong>enis</strong>a da<br />

gamoyenebis gziT. Sida samyaros Casawvdomad Cveni<br />

analizic mimarTuli unda iyos eTnosimbolisturi<br />

elementebis moZiebisa da ganxilvisken. es saziaro<br />

maxsovrobani oqros xanebis, winaprebis, didi gmirebis<br />

Sesaxeb da is sazogado Rirebulebebi, romelTac isini<br />

ganasaxiereben, eTnikuri warmoSobis, migraciiis da<br />

RvTiTrCeulobis miTebi, erTobis simboloebi, teritoria,<br />

istoria da gansakuTrebuli bediswera, iseve rogorc,<br />

naTesaur urTierTobaTa wes-Cveulebebi da Tavganwirvis<br />

tradiciebi dagvexmareba eTnikuri warsulis<br />

nacionaluri awmyosa da momavlTan urTierTobis,<br />

konkretulad ki, eTnikur erTobebs da premodernul da<br />

modernul naciebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis da<br />

wyvetilebis gacnobierebaSi. naciebis amJamindeli<br />

TviTSegnebis gageba, sakuTari istoriisa da bedisweris<br />

gamorCeulobis rwm<strong>enis</strong> Cawvdoma warmoudgenelia<br />

romelime eTnosimbolisturi elementis ugulebelyofiT.<br />

naciebis Sida istoriis adekvaturi wvdomis gareSe ki,<br />

Cven umweoni aRmovCndebiT, SevafasoT maTi momavali<br />

ganviTareba globalur eraSi.<br />

169

6<br />

perspeqtivebi<br />

________________________________<br />

saxalxo socialuri nacionalizmebis Zalasa da<br />

sayovlTaobas veraferi daaklo ukuRmarTma movlenebma<br />

da msoflio omebis holokostebma. piriqiT, maT axali<br />

Zala da biZgi miecaT samoqalaqo pirTa totaluri<br />

monawileobiT saomar moqmedebebSi. nacionalizmis Temaze<br />

dasavleTisa da komunisturi qveynebis mdumarebis<br />

miuxedavad, romelic mxolod afrikasa da aziaSi<br />

kolonizaciis sawinaaRmdego moZraobaTa Tanmdevma imedis<br />

didma talRam daarRvia, evropel da amerikel naciebs<br />

politikaSi ufro Rrmad hqondaT fesvi gadgmuli, vidre<br />

odesme. gaeros wevroba mxolod saxelmwifos SeeZlo da,<br />

misi wesdebis Tanaxmad, TviTgamorkvevis principis<br />

gamoyeneba dasaSvebi iyo mxolod ganTavisuflebuli<br />

koloniebis mimarT. sayovelTaod iqna gaziarebuli<br />

saxalxo Tanxmobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

‘nacionalisturi’ mtkicebulebebis, rogorc saxelmwifo<br />

Zalauflebis erTaderTi safuZvlis, kanoniereba. aman<br />

dagvanaxa, Tu ras miaRwia naciam, rogorc saxelmwifoTa<br />

Tanamegobrobis qvakuTxedma, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi.<br />

mzardi nacionalizmi<br />

Semdgomma movlenebma odnav Tu Searyia naciisa da<br />

nacionalisturi principis centraluri pozicia. amaTagan<br />

uadresi, dekolonizaciis procesi evropuli da<br />

amerikuli nacionaluri legitimurobisa da saxalxo<br />

suverenobis principis safuZvelzeve warimarTa. axla es<br />

principi bolo dros ganTavisuflebuli koloniebidan<br />

axali naciebis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda, oRond Zvel<br />

sazogadoebebsa da kulturebze dayrdnobiT. es ‘naciaTa<br />

mSeneblobis’ era iyo, roca umeteswilad evropuli<br />

170

modelis Targze gamoWrili axali saxelmwifoebi miviReT<br />

afrikasa da aziaSi. 1<br />

mZimed Semoabija e.w. ‘eTnikurma aRorZinebam’<br />

dasavleTis industriul sazogadoebebSi – kvebeksa da<br />

flandriaSi, Sotlandiasa da kataloniaSi, bretansa da<br />

euskadaSi, korsikasa da uelsSi. aq ZvelTaganve<br />

damkvidrebuli saxelmwifoebis dominanturi eTnikuri<br />

umravlesobebisa da maTi centralizebuli mTavrobebis<br />

winaaRmdeg upiratesad saSualo klasis ‘periferiul<br />

umciresobaTa’ amboxma klasikuri evropuli masobrivi<br />

nacionalizmebis zogierT uZveles simbolos, miTs da<br />

maxsovrobas mimarTa, Tumca igi ufro socialuri da<br />

xSirad socialisturi programebiT da ufro SezRuduli<br />

politikuri amocanebisaTvis, xSirad ki sulac<br />

kulturuli da ekonomikuri avtonomiisaTvis<br />

xorcieldeboda, vidre sruli damoukideblobis<br />

mopovebis surviliT. XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos<br />

da 70-ian wlebSi eTnikuri avtonomiis misaRwevad<br />

wamowyebuli moZraoba (amerikaSi adamianis<br />

uflebebisaTvis brZolasTan erTad) studentur,<br />

feministur da ekologiur moZraobas gadaexlarTa, ramac<br />

sagrZnoblad daZaba situacia myari demokratiis<br />

saxelmwifoebSi. es miznad isaxavda aRorZinebadi<br />

eTnoregionaluri loialobebis samyaroSi funqciebisa da<br />

sicocxlisunarianobis gadafasebas. 2<br />

am gamowvevis gamoZaxili dasavleTSi jer kidev<br />

ismoda, roca yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi perestroikisa da<br />

glasnostis axalma politikam aRmosavleT evropasa da<br />

sabWoTa respublikebSi nacionaluri ganxeTqileba<br />

warmoSva da eTnikuri miswrafebebi gamoaRviZa.<br />

poloneTSi ufro adrec, XX saukunis 80-ani wlebis Sua<br />

xanebSi ki ukve baltiispireTSi, ukrainaSi, kavkasiasa da<br />

centralur aziaSi Seqmnilma daZabulobam da<br />

konfliqtebma, daaCqara, an, iqneb, sulac gamoiwvia,<br />

sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi imperiis msxvreva<br />

eTnonacionaluri sazRvrebis gayolebiT. eTnikuri<br />

nacionalizmebis am axal talRas erT-erTi Sedegad<br />

patara xalxebisa da damokidebuli naciebis<br />

miswrafebebisaTvis, zogadad, nacionalizmisaTvis,<br />

sajaro legitimurobis met-naklebi aRdgena mohyva,<br />

171

amdenadac maSin ise Canda, rom saxalxo moZraobis<br />

motivi koleqtiuri Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaken<br />

WeSmariti miswrafeba iyo. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi da,<br />

gansakuTrebiT, balkaneTSi imedi ar gamarTlda, amis<br />

magivrad TiTqosda dadasturda urRvevi kavSiri<br />

eqskluziur eTnikur nacionalizmsa da neofaSizms,<br />

rasizms da ‘eTnikur wmendas’ Soris, evropis politikuri<br />

ruka arsebuli eTnonacionaluri dayofis Sesabamisad<br />

kidev erTxel sagrZnoblad Seicvala, ramdenadac<br />

aRmosavleTi evropis politikosebi sul ufro da ufro<br />

eqceodnen nacionalurad Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebis,<br />

maTi elitis moTxovnebisa da interesebis tyveobaSi. 3<br />

Tuki movlenaTa amgvar ganviTarebas davumatebT<br />

eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gangrZobad gavrcelebas da<br />

teritoriuli nacionalizmebis mdgradobas afrikisa da<br />

aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi Tamilebidan da morodan<br />

dawyebuli da qurTebiT, samxreTsudanelebiT da<br />

eritrielebiT damTavrebuli, gagvikvirdeba kidec, rom<br />

romelime mkvlevari jer kidev seriozulad saubrobs<br />

nacionalizmis Semcirebaze, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, mis<br />

imanentur aRsasrulze.<br />

erik hobsbaumi swored amas amtkicebs eTnikuri da<br />

teritoriuli nacionalizmebis swraf gavrcelebaze<br />

dakvirvebiT. ras gulisxmoben hobsbaumi da misi<br />

momxreebi?<br />

hobsbaumisaTvis nacionalizmebis momZlavreba<br />

droebiTia; is mxolod niRabia ‘istoriis moZraobisaTvis’,<br />

romelic sinamdvileSi adamianTa ufro didi<br />

gaerTianebisakenaa mimarTuli. nacionalizmi kvlavac<br />

iarsebebs, magram ufro mcire da meorexarisxovan rols<br />

Seasrulebs. hobsbaumi arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ratom<br />

unda dakargon naciebma mniSvnelovneba. ‘naciasaxelmwifoebma’<br />

adrindeli ekonomikuri da samxedro<br />

funqciebi romc dakargon (rac gardauvlad miaCnia<br />

hobsbaums), ratom unda gamoiwvios aman ‘naciebis’<br />

amoZirkva? gana saxelmwifo suverenobis dakargva<br />

nacionaluri identobis SezRudvas gulisxmobs?<br />

(Hobsbawm 1990: Tavi 6).<br />

amgvari kiTxvebi im sakiTxTa kompleqsurobaze<br />

miuTiTebs, romlebic naciebisa da nacionalizmis e.w.<br />

172

‘monacvleobas’ an ‘transcendetobas’ exeba. Cven,<br />

faqtobrivad, sul mcire, sami sxvadasxva mtkicebis da<br />

maTgan gamomdinare debatebis pirispir vdgavarT. pirveli<br />

‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ da mis imanentur aRsasruls an<br />

mdgradobas Seexeba, meore ‘nacionaluri identobis’<br />

trans<strong>for</strong>maciebsa da SesaZlo fragmentaciazea<br />

fokusirebuli, maSin, roca mesame yuradRebis<br />

kon<strong>centri</strong>rebas ‘nacionalizmis’ ideologiebis dacemasa<br />

da maT SesaZlo monacvleobaze axdens. me maT<br />

rigrigobiT ganvixilav.<br />

nacia-saxelmwifos dasasruli?<br />

imis mtkiceba, rom politikuri erTobis garkveuli<br />

tipi, romelic xSirad ‘nacia-saxelmwifod’ iwodeba,<br />

sabolood mospobis winaSea, Cveulebriv ekonomikur da<br />

politikur safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT keTdeba. is<br />

gulisxmobs, rom:<br />

(1) terminiT ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’ iseTi gamokveTili da<br />

gansxvavebuli politikuri erToba aRiniSneba,<br />

romlis calke moazrebac SesaZlebelia;<br />

(2) Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli xdeba am tipidan droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi momxdari gadaxrebis Sefaseba da,<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, misi Zalis da/an<br />

koheziurobis Sesustebis Cveneba;<br />

(3) amgvari traeqtoria im istoriuli cvlilebebiTa<br />

da socialur-politikuri trans<strong>for</strong>maciiTaa<br />

gamowveuli, romlebic, ‘nacia-saxelmwifoebs’<br />

aRarsad utoveben adgils, garda folklorisa.<br />

1. rogorc vnaxeT, wminda ‘nacia-saxelmwifod’<br />

wodebuli politikuri erToba Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdeba.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nacia-saxelmwifo mxolod iq<br />

arsebobs, sadac saxelmwifos mTeli mosaxleoba<br />

metnaklebad erTsa da imave eTnonacionalur jgufs<br />

ganekuTvneba da, sadac jgufis sazRvrebi saxelmwifosas<br />

Seesabameba. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi Tanxvdeba ‘nacia’ da<br />

‘saxelmwifo’. amgvari damTxveva Zalian iSviaTia, kerZod,<br />

dRevandel, migraciebisa da kulturuli Serevis<br />

173

msoflioSi. ufro gavrcelebulia politikuri erTobis<br />

is tipi, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ‘nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifo’. misi mosaxleobis umravlesoba erT<br />

dominantur eTnonacionalur jgufs ganekuTvneba da, imis<br />

miuxedavad, rom saxelmwifo sazRvrebis SigniT mcire<br />

eTnikuri jgufebic moiZebneba, masSi politikuri erToba<br />

nacionalisturi ideologiis doqtrinis farglebSia<br />

legitimuri (ix. Connor 1972; Wiberg 1983).<br />

2. kidevac rom movaxerxoT da davamtkicoT,<br />

rom ‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ cnebis gamoyeneba farTodaa<br />

SesaZlebeli, mainc gagviWirdeboda misi Zalis da/an<br />

koheziis dacemisaken mimarTuli gamokveTili tendenciis<br />

Cveneba; kidev ufro rTulia amis gakeTeba nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi. argumenti gulisxmobs, rom<br />

XIX saukunis garkveul momentSi nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifo (an nacia-saxelmwifo) politikuri<br />

organizaciis dominanturi <strong>for</strong>ma iyo. misi dacema,<br />

gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mTavari<br />

funqciebis dakargvis Sedegad Zalisa da koheziis<br />

simaRleebidan daSvebiT iwyeba. am ukanasknelTa mTavar<br />

maCveneblad, Cveulebriv, miiCneven sruli suverenitetis<br />

an, Tundac, sagareo saqmeebis warmarTvaSi farTo<br />

avtonomiurobis qonas. faqtobrivad, ori ukanaskneli<br />

saukunis ganmavlobaSi mxolod ramdenime nacionalur<br />

saxelmwifos hqonda SeuzRudavi suvereniteti;<br />

saxelmwifoebi SeboWilni iyvnen sxvadasxva<br />

xelSekrulebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT da ar flobdnen<br />

berketebs efeqturi cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad<br />

SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli teqnologiebisa da<br />

komunikaciebis gamo. es exeba rogorc sagareo saqmeebisa<br />

da saomari moqmedebebis warmoebas, ise saSinao<br />

kontrolsa da infrastruqturul cvlilebebs. marTalia,<br />

XIX saukunis dasasrulidan saxelmwifoTa<br />

SesaZleblobebi didad gaizarda, magram isini mainc ver<br />

Seedrebodnen Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa Zalauflebas,<br />

da mxolod erTi muWa didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis iyvnen<br />

misawvdomi. igive iTqmis saxelmwifoTa koheziurobazec.<br />

roca Tanamedrove eTnikur da regionalur moZraobebs<br />

vafasebT, ar unda daviviwyoT arc gasuli ori saukunis<br />

ganmavlobaSi bevr nacionalur saxelmwifoSi mimdinare<br />

174

eTnikuri, religiuri da regionuli moZraobebi, maTi<br />

mcire masStabis miuxedavad. dRes politikuri<br />

solidarobis dacvis Sansic bevrad metia, radganac<br />

saxelmwifo elitas masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi,<br />

propagandis teqnika da saxalxo ganaTlebis sistema<br />

saSualebas aZlevs mosaxleobas saerTo Rirebulebebi,<br />

sentimentebi da rwmenebi Caunergos, gansakuTrebiT Tu<br />

isini ‘nacionaluri’ xasiaTisaa. es teritoriuli da<br />

eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gamZleobis erT-erTi mizezi<br />

unda iyos (ix. Kahan 1968).<br />

3. savsebiT marTalia, rom nacionalurma<br />

saxelmwifom mravali Tavisi adrindeli ekonomikuri<br />

funqcia dakarga da, birTvuli, qimiuri da biologiuri<br />

iaraRis Seqmnis Semdeg, misi samxedro Tavisuflebac<br />

mkacrad SeizRuda. fulis uzarmazari brunvis, gasaRebis<br />

bazrebisa da giganturi transnacionaluri kompaniebis<br />

warmoSobam (romelTac TavianTi biujetebiT, personaliT,<br />

investiciebiT da teqnikuri gamocdilebiT bevrad<br />

gauswres SedarebiT patara saxelmwifoebs) da<br />

uzarmazari politikuri da samxedro blokebisa da<br />

multinacionaluri marTvis struqturebis Seqmnam<br />

ueWvelad amoSala ekonomikuri avtonomiuroba da<br />

umZlavresi saxelmwifoebis samxedro arCevanic ki<br />

SezRuda. magram amgvari eroziis xarisxis Sefasebas<br />

aZnelebs adreuli periodis nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis<br />

mier ekonomikuri da samxedro Zalauflebis<br />

ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb arsebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis simwire.<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, mas enacvleba nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifos axali funqciebi, romelsac igi<br />

nacionaluri xasiaTisa da moqalaqeTa keTildReobis<br />

saxeliT asrulebs. Cven vxedavT saxelmwifosa da<br />

xelisuflebis funqciebi rogor inacvlebs ekonomikuri<br />

da samxedro sferodan socialur da kulturul<br />

sferoSi, sagareo suverenobidan Sida kontrolisaken.<br />

sakmarisia gavixsenoT saxelmwifo regulirebis<br />

uzarmazari zrda iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa masobrivi<br />

saxalxo ganaTleba, janmrTelobisa da dedaTa da<br />

bavSvTa dacva, mosaxleobisa da garemos dagegmva,<br />

imigracia, masmedia, xelovneba, sporti da kultura,<br />

profesiebi da SromiTi saqmianoba, profkavSirebi da<br />

175

xelfasebi, gadasaxdebi da fiskaluri politika da kidev<br />

bevri sxva ram, raTa davaskvnaT, rom nacionalur<br />

saxelmwifos gaqroba ar emuqreba da igi ufro<br />

centralizebuli, koordinirebuli da mZlavri xdeba.<br />

garedan zewolis miuxedavad, saxelmwifos upirvelesi<br />

funqcia – kanoniereba da wesrigi, xelSeuxebeli rCeba da<br />

saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da kontrolis umTavres<br />

berketad gadaiqceva, da aseve moiazreba. mTlianobaSi<br />

nacionalur saxelmwifos axla Tavisi monitoringiT,<br />

maregulirebeli da biurokratiuli kontroliT bevrad<br />

ufro pirdapir, mdgradad da yovlismocvelad SeuZlia<br />

Careva, vidre odesme modernuli (premodernuls rom Tavi<br />

davaneboT) istoriis ganmavlobaSi. 4<br />

magram es medlis erTi mxarea. nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifos Sesustebis gardauvlobas aseve ukavSireben<br />

globalizaciis Sedegebs. me aq am cnebis Taobaze kamaTSi<br />

ver CaverTvebi. ubralod aRvniSnav, rom, ekonomikur<br />

damoukideblobasa da mosaxleobis masobriv<br />

gadaadgilebasTan erTad, viwrovdeba dro da sivrce. amis<br />

maCvenebelia msoflios erT nawilSi mimdinare<br />

movlenebis myisieri gamoZaxili mis meore nawilSi, rasac<br />

globaluri masobrivi komunikaciebis swraf zrdasa da<br />

sain<strong>for</strong>macio teqnologiebs da maT msgavsT unda<br />

vumadlodeT. magram sakiTxavia, aqcevs Tu ara es mTel<br />

Cvens samyaros ‘erT adgilad’. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi nacionaluri saxelmwifos<br />

sazRvrebi ufro SeRwevadi gaxda, masobriv komunikaciebs<br />

sazRvrebis kvali mTlianad ar wauSlia da arc<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifos maregulirebeli da<br />

sazedamxedvelo funqciebi Seumcirebia. piriqiT,<br />

saxelmwifo elitebi in<strong>for</strong>maciis gavrcelebaze da<br />

kulturis sferoSi TavianTi Zalauflebis gazrdas<br />

eswrafvian, risTvisac sxva saxelmwifoebTan xSirad<br />

deben mravalmxriv SeTanxmebebsa da xelSekrulebebs.<br />

mTels msoflioSi mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebis momravlebam sxvadasxva konvenciebiT da<br />

xelSekrulebebiT zog did saxelmwifos moqmedebis<br />

Tavisufleba SeuzRuda, patara saxelmwifoTa umetesoba<br />

ki arc arasdros sargeblobda didi avtonomiurobiT.<br />

magram yvelaferma aman gazarda nacionaluri<br />

176

saxelmwifos Zalaca da xangrZlivobac, romelic axla<br />

erTaderT legitimur internacionalur aqtorad<br />

gaiazreba. 5<br />

amas is SeiZleba davupirispiroT, rom axla<br />

ekonomikurma da kulturulma Zalebma bevrad ufro didi<br />

politikuri erTeulebis da kulturuli sivrceebis<br />

saWiroeba Seqmnes da amitomac SeiniSneba axali<br />

kontinentaluri asociaciebisa da kavSirebis zrda. maT<br />

Soris aRsaniSnavia evropis kavSiri, romelic viwro<br />

sabaJo kavSiridan namdvili evropuli federaluri<br />

saxelmwifosa da evropuli kulturuli identobis<br />

Seqmnisaken mimarTul did ekonomikur da politikur<br />

Tanamegobrobad gardaiqmna. miuxedavad dRevandeli<br />

evropis kavSiris devizisa ‘erToba mravalferovnebaSia’,<br />

panevropelTa mier namdvili evropuli erTobisa da<br />

identobis miRweva mxolod nacionaluri identobis<br />

xarjze naklebad saeWvoa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini unda<br />

moelodnen nacionaluri identobaTa Zalisa da<br />

intensivobis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas da, XVIII saukunis<br />

bolosa da XIX saukuneSi SeerTebuli Statebis an<br />

germaniis Seqmnis analogiurad, arsebuli loialobebis<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifosagan federaluri kavSirisaTvis<br />

gadacemas. federaluri <strong>centri</strong>saTvis funqciebisa da<br />

Zalauflebebis TandaTanobiTi, usafrTxo gadacemis<br />

uzrunvelyofiT isini varaudoben iseTi<br />

institucionaluri politikuri CarCos Seqmnas, romelic<br />

xalxis loialobebs sabolood gaakontrolebs; sxva<br />

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT dasaSvebad miaCniaT, rom<br />

suverenobis gadacemas identobis Secvla mohyveba (ix.<br />

Wallace 1990; Reikmann 1997).<br />

saxelmwifo suverenobasa da nacionalur<br />

identobas Soris savaraudo kavSiri evrofilebsa da<br />

evroskeptikosebs Soris mimdinare debatebis<br />

umravlesobas udevs safuZvelad, iseve rogorc evropuli<br />

integraciis etapebis ganviTarebis Taobaze Catarebul<br />

ramdenime referendums. amiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli<br />

evrovalutis sivrceSi Sesvlaze uaris gancxadeba daniis,<br />

britaneTis da, SesaZloa, SvedeTis mierac iseve, rogorc<br />

evrokavSirSi Sesvlaze ganacxades uari norvegiam da<br />

Sveicariam. magram gana suvereniteti da identoba ase<br />

177

mWidrodaa urTierTdakavSirebuli? ruso urCevda<br />

polonelebs, romelTac is-is iyo damoukidebloba<br />

dakarges, Tavisi wes-Cveulebebi da kultura<br />

SeenarCunebinaT. Semdgom ki davinaxeT, rom asi wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebulma mravalgvarma mcdelobam<br />

SeesustebinaT an srulad aRmoefxvraT polonuri<br />

identoba, kraxi ganicada. evropaSi xom saxelmwifoTa<br />

amgvari danawevrebis msgavsi araferi ar aris<br />

ganzraxuli. piriqiT, igulisxmeba, rom evropuli<br />

direqtivebi nacionaluri saxelmwifosa da misi<br />

instituciebis meSveobiT unda aRsruldes, rac kidev<br />

metad aRWuravs maT legitimurobiTa da ZalauflebiT.<br />

metic, saxelmwifoebs, rogorc ‘damxmareebs’,<br />

unarCundebaT garkveuli Tavisuflebebi da<br />

Zalauflebebi, sanacvlod ki ‘zemodan gaerTianebis’<br />

procesis meSveobiT saxelmwifo kanonebisa da<br />

moqmedebebis harmonizaciis uzrunvelyofa moeTxovebaT<br />

jer ekonomikur da socialur, xolo Semdgom politikur<br />

da samxedro sferoebSi. aq sakiTxavi is aris, Tu<br />

daaxloebiT ramden xans dauWers am proeqts mxars<br />

Semadgenel nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi xalxi da,<br />

ramdenad Seaviwroebs evropuli federaluri saxelmwifo<br />

arsebul nacionalur saxelmwifoebs maT umTavres<br />

funqciebsa da ZalauflebebSi, iseve rogorc moqalaqeTa<br />

politikur sentimentebSi. 6<br />

hibriduli identobani?<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifo Tu gamowvevas zemodan,<br />

ufro didi politikuri jgufebisa da asociaciebisagan<br />

iRebs, nacionalur identobas anu politikuri<br />

solidarobis Sida kavSirs safrTxe qvemodan, ufro<br />

patara jgufebis pretenziebis gamo eqmneba. ukanaskneli<br />

ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi<br />

mosaxleobis masobrivi gadaadgilebebi moxda, ris gamoc<br />

bevri sazogadoebis (gansakuTrebiT dasavleTSi)<br />

kulturuli Semadgenlobis da TviTxatis Secvla daiwyo.<br />

ltolvilebis da TavSesafris mZebnelTa, Gastarbeiters da<br />

yofili koloniebis mcxovrebTa axalma nakadma erTiani,<br />

homogenuri nacionaluri identobis tradiciuli<br />

178

Rirebulebebi da rwmenebi Searyia. es nacionaluri<br />

ideologiebisa da erTiani naciis Sesaxeb damrigeblur<br />

moTxrobaTa gamowvevad iqca, zog SemTxvevaSi ki<br />

‘nacionalur erTobaSi’ sustad SekavSirebul rig<br />

kulturul erTobebs Caenacvla. ‘multikulturul<br />

naciaSi’ yoveli TviTi ‘sxvebTan’ kavSirSi ganisazRvreba.<br />

homi babas azriT, oficialuri teqstebi gzas uTmoben<br />

xalxis yoveldRiur, ‘Teatralizebul’ Txrobas,<br />

romelSic istoriisa da identobis percefcia ixliCeba<br />

da ordeba, nacia Semadgenel kulturul nawilebad<br />

fragmentirdeba, nacionaluri identoba ki<br />

‘hibridizirdeba’ (Bhabha 1990: Tavi 16). 7<br />

bolodroindelma masobrivma migraciebma bevri<br />

naciis kulturuli Semadgenloba, udavod, Secvales,<br />

iseve, rogorc masobrivma satransporto gadazidvebma da<br />

turizmma, sateliturma komunikaciebma da sain<strong>for</strong>macio<br />

teqnologiebma; maT sxva kulturebis da xalxebis Sesaxeb<br />

codnis done aamaRles, ramac naciis kulturuli<br />

erTianobis da misi saerTo, Tundac Soreuli, warmoSobis<br />

Sesaxeb Zvel TvalsaCino garkveulobas safuZveli<br />

gamoacala. Tumca realurad isini arc arasodes yofilan<br />

ueWvelni. yovelTvis arsebobda urTierTsapirispiro<br />

miTebi warmoSobis Sesaxeb da nacionaluri kulturis<br />

alternatiuli maxsovrobani (maSinac ki, rodesac zogi<br />

maTgani droebiT dominanturi da oficialuri xdeboda).<br />

es niSnavda, rom ‘nacionaluri identoba’ yovelTvis,<br />

yoveli Taobis mier xelaxla gaiazreboda da axal<br />

<strong>for</strong>mas iZenda. iqneb romantikul eTnikur nacionalizms<br />

homogenuri, erTiani Seukowiwebeli nacia swyuroda,<br />

romelic erTaderT avTentur ‘suls’ gamoxatavda, magram<br />

es Soreul ideals ganasaxierebda da mxolod iSviaTad<br />

Tu iqceoda politikur programad. maSinac ki, roca<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifo masobrivi saxalxo ganaTlebis<br />

gziT unificirebuli moqalaqeobis Seqmnas eSureboda,<br />

igi ‘nacionaluri identobis’ bunebis rwmenebisa da<br />

koncefciebis cvlilebebzec reagirebda, mis gamoWedvas<br />

da axali TaobisaTvis gadacemas cdilobda. yvelafers<br />

rom Tavi davaneboT, modernul saxelmwifoTa<br />

umravlesoba eTnikurad pluraluri da heterogenulia,<br />

da nacionalistebis umetesoba nacionalur erTianobas<br />

179

eswrafvis, homogenurobas ki Zalze iSviaTad.<br />

nacionaluri erTianoba SeiZleba sulac ar iyo miraJi,<br />

rogorc uiliam makneili amtkicebs; Cveulebriv mas<br />

zogadi interpretacia eZleoda, rogorc koleqtiur<br />

miRwevasa da movaleobas, renanis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />

‘farTomasStabian solidarobas, warsulSi gaRebuli<br />

msxverplis Sedegad miRweuls, iseTs, romlisTvisac<br />

momavalSic gawiraven Tavs’ (1882, citirebulia Bhabha 1990:<br />

19; Sdr. McNeill 1986: Tavi 2). kulturuli pluralizmis<br />

Sedegad an xangrZlivi istoriis wyalobiT, bevr<br />

dasavlur saxelmwifoSi amoqmedda nacionalizmis ufro<br />

moqalaqeobrivi da teritoriuli varianti, romlis<br />

meSveobiTac imigrantebma da devnilebma SeZles<br />

moqalaqis kanonieri adgilis damkvidreba maspinZel<br />

naciaSi. maT zogjer sTavazoben naciis<br />

reinterpretaciisa da politikuri identobis Seqmnisaken<br />

mimarTul kulturul saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebas,<br />

raTa maTi kulturebi da msoflmxedva axali saerTo<br />

nacionaluri identobis Semadgenel elementad iqces.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, nacionaluri reinterpretaciis<br />

SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia. erTiani sajaro kultura<br />

da saerTo ufleba-movaleobaTa Taviseburi nakrebi<br />

istoriul samSoblosTan mimarTebaSi identifikaciasa da<br />

legitimacias saWiroebs. politikuri solidaroba,<br />

warmoSobis zogierTi miTis, istoriuli maxsovrobebisa<br />

da koleqtiuri simboloebis kultivirebas moiTxovs,<br />

raTa adamianebi koleqtiuri kuTvnilebisa da saerTo<br />

qmedebaSi CarTvis azrs Cawvdnen. amgvari miTebi,<br />

simboloebi da maxsovrobebi saxeldebuli naciis an<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifos mosaxleobis didma segmentebma<br />

unda aitacos. es ufro mets moiTxovs, vidre wminda<br />

moqalaqeobrivi da teritoriuli nacionalizmia,<br />

romlisaTvis sacxovrebeli adgili da respublikisadmi<br />

loialoba naciis moqalaqeobis mTavar kriteriumebs<br />

warmoadgens. am ukanasknels SeiZleba kombinireba an<br />

Canacvlebac ki dasWirdes naciadyofnis sxva, kulturuli<br />

kriteriumebiT (SesaZloa, nacionaluri solidarobis<br />

genealogiuri testis CaTvliTac), romelTa mixedviTac,<br />

mxolod dominanturi eTniedan SobilT SeuZliaT Tavi<br />

miaCndeT naciis wevrebad da, maSasadame, nacionaluri<br />

180

saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad. amgvarad, Cven imis mowme<br />

vxdebiT, rom iseT racionalur da liberalur<br />

saxalmwifoSic ki, rogoric safrangeTia, revoluciis<br />

droindeli, Tavdapirvelad ufro moqalaqeobrivi da<br />

teritoriuli franguli nacionalizmi dreifusis saqmis<br />

periodSi da viSis reJimis dros franguli naciis<br />

Sesaxeb bevrad ufro SezRudul Tvalsazriss uxsnis<br />

gzas, romelic gulisxmobs naciisadmi mxolod imaT<br />

mikuTvnebas, vinc safrangeTSi frangul kaTolikur<br />

ojaxSi daibada. aqedan gamomdinareobs logikuri daskvna,<br />

rom es kulturuli safrangeTi kulturulad da<br />

fizikurad unda ganiwmindos koroziis gamomwvevi<br />

mtruli elementebisagan, romlebic, rogorc irkveva,<br />

safrTxes uqmnian naciis moralur kohezias da<br />

kulturul individualobas (ix. Viroli 1995). 8<br />

Tuki aseTi ram xdeba, sifrTxiliT unda<br />

movekidoT im mtkicebas, rom modernuli dasavluri<br />

saxelmwifoebis nacionaluri identobebi ‘hibriduli’ da<br />

fragmentuli gaxda, da, rom adgilobrivi Tu<br />

imigrantuli warmoSobis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi segmenti,<br />

iseT kulturul jgufad gadaiqca, romelic ufro<br />

maRali rangis da zemdgom nacias upirispirdeba. SeiZleba<br />

modernul nacias erTze meti saxe hqondes da Sereulma<br />

qorwinebebma mosaxleobis Sereva kulturuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT daaCqaros uaxloes warsulTan SedarebiT.<br />

magram gansaxilvel saxelmwifoTagan bevri inarCunebs<br />

didi xnis winandel dominantur eTnieebs. xolo didi<br />

qalaqebis gareT mcxovrebi dominanturi eTnies wevrebi<br />

inarCuneben mSobliur (Tumca cvalebad) kulturebs,<br />

maxsovrobebs, simboloebsa da warmoSobis miTebs. is<br />

faqti, rom nacionaluri identobis idea dasavleTSi<br />

dausrulebeli debatebis sagans warmoadgens da<br />

periodul revizias ganicdis, imaze miuTiTebs, rom<br />

amgvari koleqtiuri kulturuli identoba mniSvnelovan<br />

miznebs emsaxureba da modernuli epoqis sasicoxlo<br />

moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. saerTod, nacionalur<br />

identobas ufro metad dasavleTis gareT eswrafvian,<br />

sadac kolonializmis mier gadamterebuli xalxebisaTvis<br />

adgilis povna da politikuri usafrTxoebisa da<br />

kulturuli kuTvnilebis garkvevis saWiroeba ufro<br />

181

metadac ver iTmens. rogorc parTa CaTerjim naTlad<br />

dagvanaxa, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mravalricxovan da<br />

mravalferovan mosaxleobas (magaliTad, indoeTis<br />

naxevarkunZulze) erTze meti ‘nacionaluri identoba’<br />

aqvs, naciis politikuri erTobisTvis tradiciebis,<br />

simboloebis, miTebis da maxsovrobebis gaerTianebis<br />

cdebs aucileblad sdevs Tan politikuri brZolebi da<br />

mosaxleobis farTomasStabiani mobilizacia afrikisa da<br />

aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi (Chatterjee 1993; ix., agreTve,<br />

Brown 1994).<br />

nacionalizmis gaqroba?<br />

nacionalur identobas jer kidev eniWeba<br />

mniSvneloba. ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavad nacionalizmze?<br />

aqvs ki mas momavali? nacionalizmis da naciebis<br />

perspeqtivebze radikaluri Tezisi wamoayena msoflio<br />

istoriis gamoCenilma specialistma uiliam makneilma. is<br />

asabuTebs, rom civilizebuli sazogadoebis warmateba<br />

ganpirobebulia misi unariT didi raodenobiT miizidos<br />

sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis mqone adamianebi. maSasadame,<br />

polieTnikuroba warmoadgens istoriul normas da ara<br />

nacionaluri erTianoba. premodernuli imperiebis<br />

kulturulad Sereuli xasiaTi Rrmavdeboda maTze<br />

simdidrisa da Zalauflebis moSurne tomebis perioduli<br />

TavdasxmebiT, xSiri epidemiebiT (rac urbanul<br />

mosaxleobas fitavda da muSaxelze moTxovnilebis<br />

dasakmayofileblad qalaqis mosaxleobis soflidan<br />

Sevsebis saWiroebas iwvevda) da Soreul qveynebTan<br />

vaWrobiT (rac iseTi, xSirad urTierTmtrulad<br />

ganwyobili gaerTianebebis mier iyo organizebuli,<br />

romelTac sakuTari, wminda werilTan dakavSirebuli da,<br />

Sesabamisad, Tan gadasatani, religiebi hqondaT). amis<br />

gamo civilizebuli sazogadoebi warmoadgendnen ostatTa<br />

kosmopolitur ierareqiebs. barbarosobis mxolod iseTma<br />

avanpostebma SeinarCunes TavianTi monoeTnikuri xasiaTi,<br />

rogorebic premodernuli inglisi da iaponia iyo (McNeill<br />

1986: Tavi 1).<br />

es yvelaferi daaxloebiT 1700 wlis Semdeg<br />

Seicvala. klasikuri humanizmis gavlenam da politikuri<br />

182

solidarobis miseuli idealebma, mkiTxveli publikisa da<br />

vernakuluri literaturebis aRorZinebam, adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobis swrafma zrdam dasavleT evropaSi (romelic<br />

samuSao Zalaze urbanuli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis<br />

saSualebas eTnikurad homogenuri sasoflo raionebidan<br />

SevsebiT iZleoda), da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,<br />

(infanteriis gamowvrTnaSi revoluciis mibaZviT)<br />

sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi samxedroTa farTo<br />

monawileobis gaCenam solidarobisa da Zmobis axali<br />

gancda waaxalisa: XVIII saukunis bolos yvela es<br />

faqtori erTad modis dasavleTSi ‘raTa modernuli<br />

nacionalizmi Svas’, Tavisi ‘nacionaluri Zmobisa da<br />

eTnikuri erTianobis miTiT’ (iqve: 51, 56).<br />

magram ori msoflio omis Sedegad situacia<br />

Seicvala da nacionalisturi ideali daimsxvra.<br />

yvelaferma: zizRma nacistTa barbarosobisadmi,<br />

uzarmazarma materialurma zaralma da totaluri omis<br />

martod warmoebis SeuZleblobam, aTasobiT eTnikurad<br />

heterogenuli muSaxelis da jariskacis SerCevis<br />

saWiroebam, farTo transnacionaluri warmoebebis da<br />

masobrivi komunikaciebis, iseve rogorc mravalmxrivi<br />

samxedro blokebis ricxvis zrdam Ziri gamouTxara<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifos avtonomiurobas da<br />

Zalauflebas. Sedegad polieTnikuri ierarqia dabrunda,<br />

raTa kvlavac saTanadod dakmayoflebuliyo gadaudebeli<br />

moTxovnileba kvalificiur muSaxelze. faqtobrivad,<br />

nacionaluri erTianobis pirvelyofili ideali ara<br />

marto kacobriobis istoriis cdomileba iyo, saboloo<br />

jamSi igi miraJic aRmoCnda; socialur realobas<br />

yovelTvis polieTnikuri ierarqia warmoadgenda TviT<br />

‘nacionalistur’ dasavleTSic ki.<br />

erTi SexedviT, es damajerebeli Tezisia.<br />

polieTnikuroba iyo da kvlavac rCeba adamianuri<br />

yofierebis erT-erT mudmiv maxasiaTeblad. magram<br />

makneilis Tezisi eyrdnoba eTnieebsa da naciebs,<br />

eTnikurobasa da nacionalizms Soris imaze bevrad didi<br />

ufskrulis arsebobas, vidre amis safuZvels istoriuli<br />

monacemebi iZleva. Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime kompaqtur<br />

eTniesa da, iqneb, naciasac, araviTari myari safuZveli ar<br />

arsebobs imisaTvis, rom premodernul polieTnikur<br />

183

epoqebSi (da ara ‘civilizaciis’ mijnaze) eTnikurobisa da<br />

naciadyofnis urTierToba uSedegod miviCnioT. Tumca maT<br />

Soris arsebuli analitikuri gansxvaveba kritikuli<br />

mniSvnelobisaa. praqtikaSi, makneilis azriT, eTnikuroba<br />

da naciadyofna urTierTgadamkveTi da, zogjer,<br />

erTmaneTTan Sezrdilic kia. rogorc vnaxeT, mxolod<br />

fanatikur organul nacionalistebs surT namdvili<br />

kulturuli homogenuroba; eTnikuri nacionalistebis<br />

umravlesoba kulturis, nebisa da miznebis ufro zerele<br />

erTianobas sjerdeba. metic, eTnikuroba aseve xSirad<br />

ayalibebs kulturul baziss nacionalizmis<br />

teritoriuli da politikuri pretenziebisaTvis, xolo<br />

Tanamedrove nacionalizmebis umetesoba erTi an meti<br />

eTnies arsebobas emyareba. makneili ver amCnevs, Tu<br />

rogor qmnian kuTvnilebisa da loialobis koncentrul<br />

wreebs postmodernuli civilizaciis mis mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli eTnikuri komponentebi, verc imas, rom<br />

adamiani SeiZleba erTdroulad ramdenime inkluziur<br />

erTobas miekuTvnebodes da yoveli maTganis mimarT<br />

hqondes movaleobis grZnoba, iqneba es ojaxi, klani,<br />

eTnie, nacia an, iqneb, kontinenturi kulturuli erToba.<br />

yoveli maTganis doneze moqmedebs ‘Zmobisa da<br />

erTianobis’ miTebi.<br />

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom nacias dRes aRara<br />

aqvs sxva kulturul erTobebze meti mniSvneloba; rom is<br />

‘mraval identobaTa’ Soris mxolod erT-erTi arCevania<br />

individis sxva SesaZlo identifikaciaTa Soris? Tu asea,<br />

globalur sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi, bevrad meti<br />

adamianisaTvis mdidari da mravalferovani<br />

SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, Sesustdeba Tu ara<br />

nacionalisturi arCevani? Tu arsebobs naciisaTvis ufro<br />

fundamenturi da yovlismomcveli ram, ris gamoc<br />

nacionalisturi arCevani postmodernistul<br />

sazogadoebebisTvisac SeiZleba darCes ganmeorebad<br />

Taviseburebad? 9<br />

momxmarebeli sazogadoeba<br />

P mosazreba, rom postmodernistuli sazogadoeba<br />

‘postnacionaluricaa’, rasac Tan sdevs nacionaluri<br />

184

sentmentebis gaqroba da nacionalisturi ideologiebis<br />

mimarT imedgacruebis zrda, imgvari kosmopolituri<br />

globaluri kulturis warmoqmnis Teziss emyareba,<br />

romelic erTimeores miyolebiT ierTebs da Slis<br />

nacionalur kulturebsa da identobebs.<br />

am Tezisis ori versia arsebobs. pirveli xazs<br />

usvams masebis momxmareblobas, arnaxul materialur<br />

sargeblianobas sul ufro da ufro meti adamianisaTvis<br />

mTels msofloSi, ramdenadac dasavluri warmoebis<br />

produqtebi, teqnologiebi da kapitali axal<br />

samomxmareblo bazrebs eZeben da csovrebis dones<br />

TandaTanobiT amaRleben dasavleTis gareT. es<br />

Tvalsazrisi iTvaliswinebs, rom uzarmazari<br />

transnacionaluri kompaniebi masiurad awarmoeben<br />

moxmarebis sagnebs da izrdeba moxmarebis Sablonebis<br />

standartuloba, ramdenadac cxovrebis standartebiT<br />

yvelganaa misaRebi dasavluri nawarmisa da momsaxurebis<br />

SeZena. moxmarebis sagnebis nakadi da momxmareblobis<br />

xibli nacionalur sazRvrebsa da nacionaluri<br />

mTavrobis mier regulirebas sul ufro auZlurebs da<br />

uadgilod aqcevs. magram nacionalizmis dacemis mTavari<br />

faqtori mainc nacionaluri kulturebis ugulebelyofaa.<br />

masobrivi momxmareblobis ‘kulturuli imperializmi’<br />

Slis nacionalur kulturaTa Soris arsebul<br />

gansxvavebebs, ramdenadac isini sagnebis SefuTvamde da<br />

folkloramde dahyavs. aseve, igi safuZvels aclis<br />

avtonomiuri kulturisa da sazogadoebis Seqmnis<br />

SesaZleblobas yvelaze ufro unariani pirovnebebis<br />

naRebis moxdiT, emigraciisa da transnacionalur<br />

kapitalistur ekonomikaSi elitis kooptirebis gziT (ix.<br />

Tomlinson 1991: Tavi 3).<br />

ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

udavod, gaizarda sagnebis warmoebac da moxmarebac, ris<br />

Sedegadac kulturulma msgavsebam sxvadasxva sferoSi<br />

(arqiteqturidan da transportidan dawyebuli da<br />

jandacviT, ganaTlebiT da masmediiT damTavrebuli)<br />

gadawona nacionaluri kulturuli sxvaobani. kerZod,<br />

masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebma dasavluri<br />

produqtebisa da saqmiani aqtivobis sabiTumo<br />

transferebiT SesaZlebeli gaxada dasavluri stilisa da<br />

185

instituciuri modelebis reproduqcia. amave dros, es<br />

reproduqciebi da transferebi nacionaluri mTavrobebis<br />

mieraa organizebuli da adaptirebulia nacionaluri<br />

erTobebis konkretul principebTan da kulturul<br />

praqtikasTan. metic, dasavluri teqnologiebisa da<br />

komunikaciebis (inglisuri <strong>enis</strong> CaTvliT) miRebasTan<br />

erTad, bevri nacionaluri saxelmwifos elita,<br />

kulturul imperializmTan dasapirispirebisas cdilobs<br />

Tavisi kulturuli praqtika, rwmenebi da stilebi<br />

danergos, eswrafvis ra nacionalur kulturul<br />

avtonomias, miuxedavad globaluri momxmareblobis<br />

miRebisa. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa religiis, <strong>enis</strong>a<br />

da literaturis da istoriis sferoebSi, magram igi<br />

agreTve SeiZleba gamovlindes xelovnebasa da<br />

arqiteqturaSi, musikaSi (dasavluri popkulturis<br />

gverdiT), dasvenebasa da yoveldRiur yofaSi, iseve<br />

rogorc politikur da samarTlebriv praqtikaSi. am<br />

SemTxvevebSi kulturul nacionalizms samomxmareblo<br />

globalizmTan Tanaarseboba da misiT sazrdooba<br />

SeuZlia (ix. Richmond 1984; Schlesinger 1987 da 1991: nawili<br />

III).<br />

magram ‘nacionalizmi’, rogorc es meore TavSi<br />

vnaxeT, ufro metia, vidre nacionaluri sentimentebi anda<br />

nacionalisturi ideologia. igi agreTve ‘avTenturobaze’<br />

dafuZnebuli sajaro da politizebuli kulturis<br />

<strong>for</strong>maa, iseve rogorc winaparTa miwaze moqalaqeTa<br />

sakralur erTobaSi nacionaluri identobis,<br />

avtonomiurobisa da erTianobis maZiebeli politikuri<br />

religiis tipi. sxva sityvebiT, nacionalizmi eswrafvis<br />

naciebis Seqmnas adrindeli (Tumca modernuli<br />

geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli pirobebis<br />

Sesabamisad trans<strong>for</strong>mirebuli) eTnikuri da religiuri<br />

erTobebis ‘avTenturi’ suliskveTebisa da saxis mixedviT.<br />

es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes adreuli miTebis,<br />

simboloebis, kodebis, tradiciebis da maxsovrobebis<br />

erTgvar seleqciasa da reinterpretacias, magram<br />

yovelTvis arsebuli kulturebisa da erTobebis<br />

parametrebisa da avTenturi suliskveTebis farglebSi.<br />

vinaidan axlad Seqmnili naciebis elitebs surT<br />

momxmareblobis imperialistur <strong>for</strong>mebs winaaRmdegoba<br />

186

gauwion, erTianobisa da avtonomiis misaRwevad isini<br />

mimarTaven adre arsebul zog kulturul resurss. aqedan<br />

momdinareobs maTi unaric ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />

ganviTarebisaken mimaval gzaze moaxdinon moqalaqeTa<br />

mobilizacia TavganwirvisaTvis, maSinac ki, roca<br />

dasavluri teqnologiebisa da praqtikis miRebas<br />

eswrafvian da dasavlur saqonelsa da momsaxurebas<br />

iyeneben da iZenen.<br />

globaluri kultura?<br />

‘postnacionaluri’ wesrigisa da nacionalizmis<br />

dasustebis Tezisis meore versia eleqtronul masobriv<br />

komunikaciebze dafuZnebuli globaluri kulturis<br />

cnebiT iwyeba. amtkiceben, rom marqsisa da engelsis<br />

winaswarmetyvelebidan saukunis gasvlis Semdeg<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciulma sazogadoebam da masobrivma<br />

komunikaciebma globalur kulturas swored iseTi<br />

pirobebi Seuqmnes, romelebSic erTiani, kosmopolituri<br />

da samecniero kultura mTels msoflios moicavs da<br />

auqmebs yvela adre arsebul eTnikur da nacionalur<br />

kulturas. axalma cifrulma revoluciam da<br />

kompiuterizebuli sain<strong>for</strong>macio teqnologiis farTod<br />

gavrcelebam safuZveli gamoacala adre arsebuli<br />

kulturebis mimzidvelobas da Seusabamo gaxada<br />

aramecnieruli gagebebi. rac mTavaria, isini amgvar<br />

kulturebs warmoaCenen rogorc nawilobrivs,<br />

araracionalursa da ‘romatikuls’ da, aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, maT ganmartaven, rogorc kacobriobis<br />

istoriis sxva, warsuli epoqis kuTvnilebas, romelic<br />

(albaT, imdroindeli xelovnebis qmnilebebis<br />

gamoklebiT) ‘arafers gvaswavlis’. am epoqis kvlevas,<br />

msgavsad nebismieri, winarecifruli epoqisa, SeiZleba<br />

Tavisi xiblic hqondes, magram, gelneris TvalsazrisiT,<br />

is Cvens dRevandel kulturul mimarTebebs ufro metad<br />

ar Seesabameba, vidre premodernuli kulturebi<br />

nacionalur modernul dros. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,<br />

nacia da nacionalizmi romantikuli xanis, modernizaciis<br />

epoqis kuTvnilebaa, magram masobrivi komunikaciebis,<br />

187

kosmopolitizmisa da hibriduli kulturis pirobebSi<br />

maT CvenTan aRaraferi esaqmeba. 10<br />

masobrivi komunikaciebis epoqa masobrivi<br />

migraciebis epoqacaa. postnacionalur epoqaSi<br />

makneiliseuli eTnikuri jgufebisa da kulturebis<br />

aRreva da homi babaseuli kulturul identobaTa<br />

hibridizireba kargad Tavsdeba imis saWiroebasTan, rom<br />

Tavs yvelgan ise grZnobde, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi.<br />

amisTvis yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdom mediumSi unda<br />

SegeZlos komunikacia. anonimur, impersonalur qalaqSi<br />

nacionaluri ‘ena da kultura’ ki aRar aduRabebs<br />

modernul, industriul sazogadeobas, aramed<br />

sain<strong>for</strong>macio teqnologia da kompiuteruli ganaTleba,<br />

romelic masobrivi komunikabeluri, hibriduli da<br />

postmodernuli globaluri sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad<br />

yovelgvar kulturul bariers laxavs. ekonomikuri<br />

damoukideblobis ZalebTan erTad, es faqtorebi ubiZgebs<br />

hobsbaums daamcros damanawevrebeli, viwro<br />

nacionalizmis talRis mniSvneloba, romelsac igi<br />

miiCnevs droebiT da meorexarisxovan movlenad, gadaxrad<br />

WeSmariti ‘istoriiis msvlelobidan’, cvlilebis<br />

soliduri Zalebisadmi SiSis reaqciad, ucxoelis<br />

yvelgan yofniT da ojaxuri fesvebis gaxmobiT gamowveul<br />

aRSfoTebad (Hobsbawm 1990: 164, 167–168; Sdr. A.D.Smith 1998:<br />

123–124, 216–218).<br />

kvlav araferi Cans iseTi, am Tezisis pozitiur<br />

mtkicebulebebs rom daupirispirdes. ueWvelia, Cven<br />

masobrivi komunikaciebis <strong>for</strong>mebis, gavrcelebis arealis<br />

da intensivobis farTo cvlilebaTa mowmeni varT, Tumc<br />

es SeiZleba ufro kumulaciuri xasiaTis iyos, vidre<br />

revoluciurisa. aseve didi zrda SeimCneva migraciebis<br />

tempebsa da moculobaSi, Tumc amis proporciul<br />

precendentebsac hqonda adgili ukanaskneli ori saukunis<br />

manZilze. magram aris ki es axali, globaluri tipis<br />

kulturis Semotana? Tu Cven ubralod saqme gvaqvs<br />

sakomunikacio teqnologiebisa da <strong>enis</strong> axal saxeobasTan,<br />

anu mediumTan mesijis gareSe?<br />

imis Tqma, rom ‘virtualuri realobis’, e.i.<br />

samyaros gareT samyaros Seqmna, mxolod teqnologiuri<br />

miRwevebis tolfasia, udavod masobrivi komunikaciebis<br />

188

evoluciis inteleqtualuri monapovrebisa da misi<br />

potencialis Seufasebloba iqneboda. magram, meores<br />

mxriv, axali sain<strong>for</strong>macio teqnologiis Seqmnis<br />

‘kulturis’ gansxvavebul globalur <strong>for</strong>mad miCneva<br />

niSnavs mniSvnelobaTa garkveuli simravlis mqone<br />

sityvebis savsebiT sxva mniSvnelobebiT gamoyenebas.<br />

termini ‘kultura’ miemarTeba ara marto ‘komunikacias’ da<br />

tout court mis teqnologias, aramed cxovrebisa da<br />

gamoxatvis gansxvavebul stils, esTetikur stilsa da<br />

medias, adamianur Rirsebebs, emociebsa da saqmianobis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebs. am azriT, isini yovelTvis ufro iyvnen<br />

kulturebi, vidre kultura, cxovrebis istoriulad<br />

gansxvavebuli stilebi da adamianuri Rirsebebis,<br />

emociebisa da qmedebebis cvalebadi gamovlinebani.<br />

amgvari kulturebi konkretul koleqtiur moTxovnebsa<br />

da problemebs pasuxobdnen sakuTar specifikur<br />

istoriul konteqstebSi. isini ganagebdnen sicocxlesa da<br />

sikvdils, dardsa da usamarTlobas, siyvarulsa da<br />

danakargs. isini aswavlidnen adamianebs cxovrebasTan<br />

gamkvlavebis xelovnebas da sikvdilisaTvis Tvalis<br />

gasworebas. TaobebisaTvis isini ganasaxierebdnen erTobis<br />

saerTo azrs, dagrovil sibrZnesa da koleqtiur<br />

maxsovrobebs Taviseburi wes-Cveulebebis, ritualebis,<br />

zneobis, manerebisa da artefaqtebis meSveobiT. am gziT,<br />

isini gamoxatavdnen calkeuli koleqtivebis da maTi<br />

individualuri wevrebis sxva, analogiuri<br />

koleqtivebisagan gansxvaveul msoflxedvasa da emociebs.<br />

maS, raRaa ‘globaluri kultura’? ra Tqma unda,<br />

araviTar sakomunikacio eleqtronul teqnologias da mis<br />

virtualur qmnilebebs ar SeuZlia momavlis ‘globaluri<br />

moqalaqeebis’ emociuri da fsiqologiuri<br />

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, iseve rogorc ar<br />

SeuZlia gvaswavlos cxovrebis tvirTis zidva,<br />

sixarulis gaziareba, tkivilTan da danakargTan<br />

gamklaveba da sxva, cxovrebiT motanilis gadatana.<br />

globaluri kultura iqneba winaswarprognozirebadi,<br />

erTdroulad mecnierulic, emociurad neitraluric da<br />

teqnikuric. mas ar eqneba adgili, dro da maxsovroba.<br />

maradiuli virtualuri awmyo Tvals moaSorebs<br />

warsulisa da momavalis panoramebs. virtualurad<br />

189

yvelganmyofobis SesaZlebloba gvaTavisuflebs<br />

adgilmdebareobaze fiqrisagan. droisa da sivrcis<br />

koordinatebi, ase Rirebuli naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmisaTvis, azrs kargaven, ramdenadac dro da<br />

sivrce im erT wertilSi ikumSeba, romelsac uSualod<br />

damkvirvebeli warmoadgens. teqnikuri diskursiT<br />

mojadoebuli msoflio aris aq da axla, nebismier<br />

adgilas da yvelgan; maxsovrobis an bedisweris, winapris<br />

an STamomavlobis saWiroeba aRar arsebobs, amis mizeziT,<br />

aRarc uSualo erTobisa. mxolod erT nabijze myof<br />

CrdilebTan TamaSia saWiro. 11<br />

amgvar asketur xedvas ar gulisxmobs adamianebis<br />

umravlesoba, roca globalur kulturaze saubrobs.<br />

gavixsenoT Mmarqsi da engelsi, romlebic nacionalur<br />

literaturas msoflio literaturasTan Serwymas<br />

uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen. es iqneboda nacionalur<br />

kulturaTa daaxloeba, magram ara mospoba, rogorc<br />

uadgilo winaremecnieruli gadmonaSTisa. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom kompiutizirebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciuli teqnologiisa da<br />

mis mier Seqmnili virtualuri realobis ConCxma<br />

arsebuli kulturebis xorci unda Seisxas; anda am<br />

kulturebidan amorCeuli motivebisa da elementebis<br />

(‘naglejebi da nakuwebi’) gasarTob cinikur satiraSi<br />

CarTviT maTi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobani yvelgan myofi<br />

mouxelTebeli awmyos Sesatyvisad gardaqmnas. amgvarad,<br />

postmodernuli da kosmopolituri globaluri kultura<br />

SeiZleba iyos mxolod ekleqturi, hibriduli,<br />

fragmentuli, prezentistuli, mudmivad ganaxlebadi,<br />

mudmivad ‘Sesabamisobis’ maZiebeli. aseT ezoTerul da<br />

danakerebiT savse kulturas SeiZleba hqondes mxolod<br />

SezRuduli mowodebis unari (maSinac ki, roca<br />

popkulturebs iyenebs) da naklebi gamZleoba da<br />

moqniloba (im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca cdilobs Tavi<br />

daaRwios stilizebas).<br />

internacionalizebadi nacionalizmi<br />

is, rom globaluri kulturis verc mecnieruli<br />

da verc ekleqtikuri versia xalxSi gamoZaxils ver<br />

poulobs da arc gamZlea, gvafiqrebinebs, rom<br />

190

nacionalizmis postmodernuli Semcvlelis pirobebi jer<br />

kidev araa realizebuli da, rom sinamdvileSi<br />

globalizaciam SeiZleba kidec gaaZlieros<br />

nacionalizmi, radgan Sorsaa imisagan, rom mis<br />

Semcvlelamde migviyvanos. es daskvna sam arguments<br />

eyrdnoba. pirveli Seexeba globalizaciis procesebis<br />

Sedegebs naciebisa da nacionalizmisaTvis; meore<br />

argumenti gvabrunebs nacionalizmis eTnikur bazisTan da<br />

postmodernul epoqaSi mis kulturul memkvidreobasTan;<br />

mesame nacionaluri identobis sakraluri safuZvlebisa<br />

da misi grZelvadiani sazrisebis ganxilviT amagrebs<br />

eTnikur bazisebs.<br />

daviwyoT globalizaciiT. entoni gidensi<br />

damajereblad asabuTebs, rom arsebobs kavSiri<br />

globalizaciis tendenciasa da mis gverdiT da mis<br />

Sedegad warmoqmnili lokalizmis aRorZinebas Soris.<br />

globalizaciis Zalebi lokalur arealebTan,<br />

sakiTxebTan da problemebTan axali mijaWvulobis<br />

gaCenas uwyobs xels. amiT aixsneba farTomasStabiani da<br />

mzardi zenacionalizmisa da daSladi eTnikuri<br />

nacionalizmis paradoqsi, rac, erTis mxriv, kontinenturi<br />

asociaciebisa da Tanamegobrobebis gaCenas niSnavs,<br />

meores mxriv ki, iseTi mciremasStabiani eTnikuri<br />

moZraobebis swraf gamravlebas, romelTac, sxva<br />

regionalur da lokalur ekologiur moZraobebTan<br />

erTad, hobsbaumi mcire mniSvnelobas aniWebs. es<br />

yvelaferi klasze dafuZnebuli politikidan axal,<br />

‘identobis politikaze’ gadasvlis nawilia, rac sakuTar<br />

TavSi mzard feministur, regionalur da mwvaneTa<br />

moZraobebs moicavs. postmodernul epoqaSi am<br />

politikaSi sami done gamoikveTeba: lokaluri eTnikuri,<br />

regionaluri, genderuli da ekologiuri done;<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifos done; dabolos, kontinenturi<br />

(sxvagvarad, globaluri) erTobis zenacionaluri done<br />

(Giddens 1991).<br />

am interpretaciaSi bevri ram aris mimzidveli.<br />

klasze dafuZnebulma politikam dasavleTSi ukan daixia<br />

manufaqturuli warmoebidan momsaxurebaze dafuZnebul<br />

industriaze gadanacvlebasTan erTad. misi adgilis<br />

dasakaveblad warmoiSva mTeli rigi sruliad axali<br />

191

politikuri moZraoba, aRorZinebadi eTnikuri<br />

nacionalizmis CaTvliT. Zneli saTqmelia, gamogvadgeba<br />

Tu ara ‘identobis politikis’ cneba maT saerTo niSan-<br />

TvisebaTa gansasazRvrad. magaliTad, genderuli<br />

politika Zalian gansxvavebuli Cans eTnikuri<br />

mobilizaciisagan, romelsac genderuli sazRvrebis<br />

gadakveTa SeuZlia, iseve rogorc am ukanasknels SeuZlia<br />

eTnikuri dayofis gadalaxva. marTlac, nacionalizmis<br />

Sesaswavlad iseTi umniSvnelovanesi sfero, rogoricaa<br />

naciebisa da nacionalizmis genderizacia, win uswrebs<br />

globalizacias da, iqneb, modernulobasac ki. metic,<br />

gaurkvevelia aqvT Tu ara globalur tendenciebs raime<br />

aucilebeli kavSiri lokaluri an genderuli sakiTxebis<br />

win wamowevasTan (an SenarCunebasTan); iolad ergeba Tu<br />

ara eTnikuri nacionalizmi ‘globalur-lokalur’ sqemas?<br />

me mgoni, ‘eTnikuri aRorZineba’ da ‘identobis politikis’<br />

eTnikuri done sxvagvar axsnas saWiroebs da<br />

zenacionaluri donis asociaciebis momravleba (romelic<br />

TavisTavad mzardad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia) damatebiTi<br />

efeqtia (iqneb, xelSemwyobi faqtoric), da ara<br />

globaluri Zalebisa da lokaluri mijaWvulobebis<br />

dakavSirebis aucilebeli piroba (ix. Melucci 1989; Yuval-<br />

Davis 1997; Sluga 1998). 12<br />

paradoqsia, rom realurad globalizaciis<br />

procesebs udidesi efeqti nacionaluri saxelmwifos<br />

Sualedur doneze aqvT. magram, vimeoreb, globalizaciis<br />

or did Zalas – ekonomikur urTierTdamokidebulebas<br />

(rac mohyva transnacionaluri korporaciebis moqmedebas)<br />

da in<strong>for</strong>maciuli da cifruli teqnologiebis Semotanis<br />

Sedegad warmoqmnil masobriv komunikaciebs – mxolod<br />

ukve arsebuli politikuri tendenciis daCqareba da<br />

gafarToeba SeuZliaT.<br />

Cven am tendencias ‘nacionalizmis<br />

internacionalizacia’ SeiZleba vuwodoT. mas samgvari<br />

<strong>for</strong>ma aqvs. pirvel adgilzea nacionalizmi da<br />

nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis doqtrina rogorc gaeros<br />

wesdebisa da sxvadasxva konvenciebisa da<br />

xelSekrulebebis ZiriTadi principi, romelsac xSirad<br />

mimarTaven yovelgvari kamaTisa da krizisis dros. Cven am<br />

procesSi SeiZleba naciebisa da nacionalizmis (rogorc<br />

192

farTod gavrcelebuli da gaziarebuli ideologiebisa<br />

da Cveuli da Tanazomieri koleqtiuri aqtorebis),<br />

‘normalizaciisaken’ mimarTuli tendencia SevniSnoT (ix.<br />

Mayall 1990).<br />

meore, nacionalisturi moZraobebi yovelTvis<br />

mimarTaven maxlobel Tu Soreul winamorbedebs<br />

strategiis, taqtikisa da STagonebisaTvis da, xSirad,<br />

garkveuli daxmarebisaTvisac. nacionalizmi axal da<br />

axal warmatebul regionebs ipyrobs, aCens axal<br />

pretenziebsa da Sesabamis moTxovnebs ayenebs.<br />

rasakvirvelia, nacionalizmebis ‘demonstrirebis efeqts’<br />

didad Seuwyes xeli masobrivma komunikaciebma,<br />

politikurma aliansebma da ekonomikurma<br />

urTierTdamokidebulebam; magram maT mxolod<br />

ganaviTares bazisuri nacionalisturi mesiji.<br />

D dabolos, vinaidan zogma nacionalizmma orive<br />

msoflio omis dawyebaSi gadamwyveti mizezis roli<br />

Seasrula, es omebi ki, Tavis mxriv, axali<br />

nacionalizmebis katalizatorebi iyvnen, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom es adreuli nacionalizmebi mTels msoflioSi,<br />

nacionalizmis, rogorc aseTis, gavrcelebisa da naciis<br />

politikuri organizaciis <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> normad<br />

gardaqmnis saSualebebs warmoadgendnen. maSasadame,<br />

pirdapir Tu iribad, nacionalizms Seswevs unari yvela<br />

kontinentze da yovelgvari reJimis pirobebSi<br />

ganmeordes. 13<br />

<strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> Tanamegobrobaze zegavlenas<br />

teritoriuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis ‘politikuri<br />

pluralizmis’ ukve arsebuli CarCo imiT unda ganevrco,<br />

rom mas bevri axali saxelmwifo Semateboda<br />

saxelmwifoqmnadobis meore principis, kerZod,<br />

‘kulturuli pluralizmis’, SemoRebis Sedegad. adre<br />

nacionalur saxelmwifod mxolod politikuri<br />

suverenitetis mqone iseTi qveyana miiCneoda, romlis<br />

iurisdiqciac did teritoriaze vrceldeboda. axla<br />

saxelmwifos, politikuri suverenitetis da<br />

teritoriuli iurisdiqciis garda, moeTxoveba metnaklebi<br />

kulturuli erTianoba da solidaroba da<br />

sasurvelia garkveuli xarisxis kulturuli unikaloba<br />

enaSi, religiaSi, wes-CveulebebiSi, instituciebSi da<br />

193

kulturis istoriaSi. <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> kulturuli<br />

pluralizmi didad davalebulia globalizaciis<br />

procesebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki masobrivi komunikaciebiT.<br />

maT bevrad gauioles saxelmwifoebs maT mier marTuli<br />

nacionaluri saganmanaTleblo sistemis meSveobiT, iseve<br />

rogorc nacionalur kulturebs Soris arsebuli<br />

gansxvavebebisaTvis meti gamokveTilobisa da<br />

gamomsaxvelobis miniWebiT, nacionaluri kulturis<br />

daenergva da, amgvaradve, erTobis yovel wevrs amis<br />

Sedegad miRebul politikur kulturaSi CarTva.<br />

amgvarad, irkveva, rom globalizaciis procesebi arc<br />

nacionalizmis gavlenas asusteben da arc naciebs<br />

aqroben. sinamdvileSi isini avrceleben am gavlenas da<br />

xels uwyoben naciebs, rom ufro metad monawile da<br />

gansxvavebulni gaxdnen (A.D.Smith 1995: Tavi 6).<br />

araTanabari eTnoistoriebi<br />

globalizaciis procesebis garda, arsebobs Rrma<br />

mizezebic, romlebic migviTiTeben, Tu ratomaa<br />

SeuZlebeli nacionalizmis monacvlis warmoSobis da<br />

naciaTa gaqrobis pirobebis Seqmna. am mizezTagan pirveli<br />

premodernuli eTnikurobis memkvidreobidan<br />

momdinareobs. es araa ubralod ‘gadmonaSTis’ argumenti,<br />

rom raki modernul epoqasa da mis naciebSi premodernul<br />

eTnieTa elementebi SenarCundnen, maSasadame, zustad<br />

aseve modernul naciebsa da nacionalizmsac SeuZliaT<br />

gaZlon postmodernul xanaSi. es argumenti msoflioSi<br />

eTnoistoriebis araTanabar gavrcelebas da naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis gamZleobaze mis gavlenas ufro exeba.<br />

gavixsenoT, rom eTnoistoria imiT gansxvavdeba<br />

‘istoriisagan’, rom es ukanaskneli warsulSi metnaklebad<br />

uintereso, profesiul ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, maSin<br />

roca pirveli erTobis wevrebis sakuTar Canawerebs da<br />

mis mierve maxsovrobebisa da ‘avTenturi’ koleqtiuri<br />

warsulis an warsulebis xelaxal aRmoCenas efuZneba.<br />

aseTi mcdelobisas koleqtiuri warsuli WeSmariti<br />

zneobrivi gakveTilebisa da Tvalwarmtaci suraTebis<br />

seriis saxiT gvevlineba, romelic identobasa da<br />

unikalobas cxovlad warmoaCens, iseve rogorc erTobis<br />

194

mniSvnelovnebas da arsobriv sikeTes, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

Tu ra naklovanebebi aqvT calkeul wevrebs.<br />

eTnoistoriis yuradRebis centrSi socialurekonomikuri<br />

problemebi an politikuri instituciebis<br />

ganviTareba ki ar eqceva, aramed gmiroba da Tavganwirva,<br />

SemoqmedebiTi unari da aRorZineba, wmidanoba da<br />

RvTismsaxureba, genealogia da tradicia, erToba da misi<br />

lideri. yvelaze xSirad eTnoistoria erT an ramdenime<br />

‘oqros xanas’ ixsenebs, raTa maTi SegonebiTa da<br />

magaliTiT momavalSi aRadginos erToba. amgvari ‘oqros<br />

xanebi’ erTobis ‘arss’, mis ‘WeSmarit’ xasiaTs<br />

ganasaxiereben, Tumca mravalgvar <strong>for</strong>mas iReben. ‘oqros<br />

xana’ SeiZleba iyos politikuri da ekonomikuri,<br />

simdidris, Zlevamosilebis da brwyinvalebis (Zvel<br />

egvipte, inkebis peru), an religiuri, asketuri rwm<strong>enis</strong>a<br />

da wmindanobisa da sibrZnis epoqebi (konfucis xana,<br />

upaniSidebis xana, bibliisa da yuranis epoqebi), an<br />

kulturisa da xelovnebisa, rodesac didi moazrovneebi,<br />

mwerlebi da xelovanni ikribebodnen did qalaqebsa da<br />

imperiebSi (Zvel aTensa da aleqsandriaSi, Sua<br />

saukuneebis italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi an XVII<br />

saukunis niderlandebis provinciebSi). erTobis momdevno<br />

TaobebisaTvis es xanebi kanonikurad gadaiqca; isini<br />

konspeqturad gvawvdian yvelafers, rac diadi da<br />

keTilSobilia ‘Cvens erTobaSi’, da rac axla,<br />

samwuxarod, dakargulia, magram male aRorZindeba naciis<br />

xelaxal dabadebasTan erTad (ix. A.D.Smith 1997).<br />

Tu arc oqros xana arsebobda da arc gmirebi, arc<br />

didebuli teqstebi da artefaqtebi, Cven, Tanamedrove<br />

naciam, rogorRa ganvsazRvroT ‘ra aris Cveni namdvili<br />

TviTi’? gana ara varT naciadyofnis Rirsi Tu Cveni<br />

miswrafebebia ukanono? nacionalisturi kanonis mixedviT,<br />

yovel nacias aqvs Rirseuli da sasargeblo warsuli;<br />

saqme mxolod misi povnaa. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom<br />

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebsa da xalxebSi vawydebiT erTsa<br />

da imave kulturul miznebsa da qmedebebs iqneba es<br />

istoriuli da literaturuli sazogadoebebis<br />

Camoyalibeba, materialuri naSTebis da dokumentebis<br />

Zieba, vernakuluri enebis Seswavla da gavrceleba,<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TaviseburebaTa fiqsireba,<br />

195

Zveli folkloruli tradiciebis Tu wes-Cveveulebebisa<br />

da ritualebis xelaxali aRmoCena. Cven am TviTigivuri<br />

moqmedebebisa da miznebis povna SegviZlia afrikaSi,<br />

saharis samxreTiT da aziaSi koloniuri mmarTvelobis<br />

dros, iseve rogorc evropaSi. Sedegi iyo e.w. ‘uistorio<br />

naciebis’ istoriul naciebad gadaqceva, maTTvis gmirebis,<br />

kulturebis aRdgena da SemorCenili dokumentebidan da<br />

artefaqtebidan cnobebis saguldagulo amokrefiT oqros<br />

xanebis miRebac ki. elias lonrotis mier kareliuri<br />

baladebis xelaxalma aRmoCenam da epikur kalevalaSi<br />

gaerTianebam finelebis yuradReba sibrZnisa da gmirobis<br />

xanas miapyro; slovakebi svatoplukisa da sxva mefeebis<br />

droindel adremoraviul samefos miubrundnen;<br />

ukrainelebi aseve eZiebdnen TavianT fesvebsa da didebas<br />

kazakTa tradiciebSi da, kidev ufro adre, kievis<br />

ruseTSi; zimbabvelebma sakuTari winapris didebis xana<br />

im civilizaciaSi hpoves, romelmac diadi zimbabves<br />

monumentebi aRmarTa. 14<br />

avTenturi eTnoistoriis araTanabari ganawileba,<br />

ris Sedegadac zogierT nacias ‘mdidari’, kargad<br />

dokumentirebuli warsuliT SeuZlia iamayos, xolo<br />

sxvebi warsulze bundovani warmodgeniT unda<br />

dakmayofildnen, gauTavebel Sedarebasa da konkurencias<br />

uwyobs xels. mTels msoflioSi nacionalizmebis<br />

mamoZravebeli ara marto fardobiTi ekonomikuri<br />

siRaribea, aramed kulturuli da eTnosimbolisturi<br />

resursebis SedarebiTi naklovanebac. es exeba ara<br />

mxolod ‘utyuar cnobebs’, aramed avTenturobis<br />

percefciasac Tavad naciis wevrebis nawilSi da<br />

ucxoebSic, anu naciis kulturis avTenturi xasiaTis<br />

aRiarebas SinaurTa da gareSeTa mier. im eTnieTa<br />

raodenoba, romlebic naciadyofnisa da saxelmwifod<br />

yofnis potenciuri kandidatebi arian da maT mier imis<br />

gacnobiereba, rom Tavadac da gareSenic unda<br />

darwmundnen maTi pretenziebis safuZvlianobaSi,<br />

eTnoistoriasa da eTnikur kulturas gadamwyvet rols<br />

aniWebs naciadyofnis dasabuTebasa da dakanonebaSi. es<br />

gvafiqrebinebs, rom eTnonacionalizmebis Zala moimatebs<br />

da maTi gavrcelebis arealic gafarTovdeba.<br />

196

aRniSnuli daskvna Cems adrindel mtkicebas<br />

ukavSirdeba imis Taobaze, rom nacionalizms unda<br />

SevxedoT ara rogorc zustad politikur ideologias,<br />

aramed rogorc sajaro da saxalxo da ‘avTenturi’<br />

kulturis politizebul <strong>for</strong>mas. vernakuluri eTnikuri<br />

kulturebis politikur saxalxo sajaro kulturebad<br />

gadakeTebis farTo gavrceleba nacionalizmis erT-erTi<br />

centraluri mimarTulebaa. mTels msoflioSi eTnieebis<br />

raodenoba XXI saukunis dasawyisSi nacionalizmis<br />

SenarCuneba-gafarToebis mizezs gasagebs xdis.<br />

sakraluri safuZvlebi<br />

rac zemoT vTqvi, ambis mxolod nawilia. is, risi<br />

meSveobiTac SegviZlia nacionaluri identobis<br />

gangrZobadobasa da naciTa gamZleobas CavwvdeT, ufro<br />

metad naciebis sakraluri safuZvlebis SeswavlaSia.<br />

es TiTqos paradoqsia. bolos da bolos, Cven xom<br />

sekularul epoqaSi vcxovrobT, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

dasavleTSi, sadac materialurma faseulobebma da<br />

preferenciebma sakraluris gancda daamxo,<br />

transcedenturi Rirebulebebis Zveli rwmena ki gaaqro.<br />

identobani, romelTa Seqmnasac vcdilobT, arsiT<br />

pragmatulia; isini ekonomikur safuZvelzea damyarebuli<br />

da politikur gamoxatulebas mxolod maSin iZens, roca<br />

surs moicvas da ganaviTaros materialuri interesebi.<br />

Cven kulturasac, romelic, yovel SemTxvevaSi xalxur<br />

doneze, komerciuli midgomebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis,<br />

aklia sakraluri, transcendenturi ganzomileba, rwmena<br />

imisa, rac uSualod awmyosa da mis efemerul<br />

gamoxatulebaTa miRmaa. politikuri idealebis mimarT<br />

farTod gavrcelebuli apaTiis da cinikuri<br />

damokidebulebis pirobebSi gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom<br />

nacionaluri ideali araTu loialobas gvinergavda,<br />

aramed sakmao indeferetulobas iwvevda.<br />

es problema marto dasavleTSi rodi dgas.<br />

nacionalizmisadmi gaorgulebis niSnebi sxva qveynebSic<br />

SeiniSneba. politikuri damoukideblobis miRwevasTan<br />

erTad nacionalisturi vnebebic dacxra, radganac cxadi<br />

Seiqna, rom nacionalizmi ekonomikis swrafi ganviTarebis<br />

197

araviTar recepts ar flobs, da rom naklebad<br />

ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis ekonomikuri da<br />

kulturuli daqvemdebarebulobis mdgomarebidan<br />

gamosayvanad sxva ideologiebia saWiro, iseve rogorc<br />

mniSvnelovani resursebi da teqnologiebi. 15<br />

amis gacnobierebas sulac ar SeuSlia xeli<br />

mraval postkoloniur saxelmwifoSi (dawyebuli<br />

indoeTidan da indoneziidan da palestiniTa da<br />

israeliT, eTiopiiTa da angoliT damTavrebuli)<br />

eTnikurobasa da religiaze dafuZnebuli<br />

nacionalisturi vnebebis amofrqvevisaTvis. mas arc is<br />

nacionalisturi mgznebareba daucxria, romelic<br />

msoflioSi mimdinare mraval mniSvnelovan teritoriul<br />

davas axlda – qaSmirSi, Sri-lankaSi, kavkasiaSi,<br />

balkaneTSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da afrikis rqaze. mark<br />

iurgensmaieri ‘religiuri nacionalizmebis’ ganxilvisas<br />

yuradRebas amaxvilebs sekularuli saxelmwifo<br />

nacionalizmis marcxze (rac bevris azriT faqtia) da<br />

ufro radikaluri, religiuri Zirebis mqone<br />

nacionalizmis mimzidvelobaze, romelic cdilobs<br />

socialuri gardaqmnebi Zveli religiuri teqstebisa da<br />

praqtikis mkacri interpretaciebis mixedviT<br />

ganaxorcielos (Juergensmeyer 1993). Tumca realurad ‘axal<br />

civ omze’ laparaki ar SeiZleba, udavoa, rom religiuri<br />

nacionalizmebis sxvadasxva tipTa Soris erTianobis<br />

ararseboba, maTi magaliTebi, seriozuli sasuliero da<br />

politikuri gamowvevaa xSirad araefeqturi<br />

aradasavluri saxelmwifo naconalizmebisaTvis.<br />

TviT dasavleTSic ar gamqrala naciis sakraluri<br />

safuZvlebi. maT, udavod, miiRes sekularuli<br />

racionalizmis gamowveva da iZulebulni gaxdnen<br />

socialur da politikur cvlilebebs morgebodnen.<br />

magram sekularuli nacionalizmis ‘politikuri<br />

religias’ kvlav izidavs Zveli religiuri motivebi<br />

Tavisi liturgiiT, simbolizmiTa da miTebis SeqmniT,<br />

vinaidan igi sakuTar Tavs racionalistur epoqaSi xsnis<br />

erTaderT sicocxlisunarian dramad warmosaxavs. bolos<br />

da bolos, koleqtiur doneze racionalizmis<br />

gamovlineba, garkveulwilad uSvebs kooperirebasa da<br />

politikur solidarobas, es ki kargad gansazRvrul<br />

198

CarCosa da politikur arenas saWiroebs. axlo momavalSi<br />

nacia – Tavisi teritoriis mflobeli erToba,<br />

gansxvavebuli sakuTari istoriiTa da bedisweriT,<br />

ueWvelia, yvelaze metad saxalxo da mosaxerxebel<br />

CarCos uqmnis politikuri solidarobas.<br />

naciis es oTxi bazisuri kategoria – erToba,<br />

teritoria, istoria da bediswera – warsulSi, da me<br />

vityodi, awmyoSic ganixileba, rogorc ‘sakraluri’, im<br />

azriT, rom wevrebis umetesoba maT pativiscemisa da<br />

Tayvaniscemis TviTkmar obieqtebad miiCnevs. ver vityviT,<br />

rom romelime maTganis aspeqtebi sadavo ar gamxdariyos.<br />

zogierTma erToba, rogorc aseTi, globalur<br />

kosmopolitizmSi gacvala. uamravi kiTxva wamoiWra<br />

samSoblos cnebis bunebisa da ganfenilobis, miRebuli<br />

eTnoistoriebis WeSmariti Sinaarsisa da moralis da<br />

erTobis bedisweris sxvadasxva xedvis viTomcda<br />

RirsebebTan da naklovanebebTan dakavSirebiT. ukve is,<br />

rom msoflio erTobebad da naciebad iyofa, romlebic<br />

TavianT teritoriebs anu samSoblo miwebs floben,<br />

romelTac sakuTari istoriebi da bediswerebi aqvT,<br />

imgvar rwmenas nergavs, romelsac adamianTa umravlesoba<br />

iSviaTad Tu uRalatebs. es <strong>for</strong>ma, rasac ‘sakraluri<br />

Tvisebebi’ an, ufro zustad, naciis bazisuri Tvisebebi<br />

SeiZleba ewodos, misi wevrebis sakralur Tanaziarebad<br />

gaiazreba. 16<br />

ai, es sakraluri Tvisebebi, romlebic me meore<br />

TavSi ganvixile:<br />

(1) eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmena, naciis, rogorc<br />

rCeuli xalxis idea, maszed dakisrebuli<br />

sagangebo misiiT an eqskluziuri RvTaebrivi<br />

aRTqmiT;<br />

(2) mijaWvuloba sakralur teritoriasTan, wmindanTa,<br />

gmirTa da brZenTa, winaparTa saflavebiTa da<br />

ZeglebiT kurTxeul winaparTa samSoblo miwasTan;<br />

(3) ‘oqros xanaTa’ saziaro maxsovrobani, rogorc<br />

naciis eTnoistoriis mwvervalebi, materialuri<br />

da/an sulieri da mxatvruli simdidris epoqebi;<br />

(4) ‘saxelovan micvalebulTa’ da naciisa da misi<br />

xvedrisaTvis gmiruli Tavdadebis kulti.<br />

199

eTnieebSi, qalaq-saxelmwifoebsa da imperiebSi am<br />

rwmenebis, maxsovrobebisa da mijaWvulobebis magaliTebs<br />

premodernul epoqebSic SexvdebiT. TviT saxelovan<br />

micvalebulTa kultsac ki hyavs winamorbedi dakrZalvis<br />

ceremoniebisa da winaparTa kultis saxiT. rogorc georg<br />

mosma germaniis magaliTze dagvanaxa, adreulma<br />

germanelma nacionalistebma TavianTi demonstraciebisa<br />

da zeimebisaTvis qristianuli liturgikuli da<br />

ritualuri elementebi gamoiyenes. zogadad,<br />

nacionalistebi am tradiciul religiur safuZvlebs<br />

eyrdnobian, sakuTari miznebisaTvis arCeven da aaxleben<br />

Zvel motivebs, simboloebsa da miTebs. nebismier (ufro<br />

metad bazisur) doneze nacionalizmi, rogorc<br />

politikuri religia da rogorc ‘xalxis religia’,<br />

modernuli nacionaluri identobebis rekonstruqcia-<br />

SenarCunebisaTvis am oTx sakralur Tvisebas uciloblad<br />

mimarTavs (Mosse 1975 da 1994).<br />

cxadia, yvela nacias Tanabrad ara aqvs es<br />

sakraluri Tvisebebi. Cven vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad<br />

araTanabradaa ganawilebuli msoflioSi kargad<br />

dokumentirebuli movlenebiT aRsavse eTnoistoriebi. es<br />

uTanabroba sxva sakralur Tvisebebsac Seexeba. zog<br />

SemTxvevaSi dakavebuli teritoriebisadmi sakralurad<br />

aRqmuli mijaWvuloba naciis arsebobis amosavali<br />

wertili, misTvis Taviseburebisa da intensivobis<br />

mimniWebelia, rogorc es gaWianurebuli teritoriul<br />

davebis dros xdeboda. sxva SemTxvevebSi win oqros<br />

xanebis saziaro maxsovrobani wamoiweven, raTa<br />

koleqtiur qmedebas mimarTuleba dausaxon. zogjer<br />

eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmena, erTobis, viTarca rCeuli<br />

xalxis, sayovelTao idea, nacias energiiT aRavsebda, mis<br />

moqalaqeebs ki mkveTrad mijnavda ucxoTagan. yvelaze<br />

ufro zogadad, albaT, omSi dacemul gmirTa kulti da<br />

maTi monumentebi, da ‘saxelovan micvalebulTa’ xsovnis<br />

ceremoniebi ganmartaven moqalaqeTa koleqtiuri<br />

kavSirebisa da bedisweris bunebas.<br />

am koncefciis safuZvelze gavbedav zogadi<br />

hipoTezis wamoyenebas nacionaluri identobis gamZleobis<br />

Taobaze. iq, sadac oTxive es sakraluri Tviseba farTod<br />

warmodgenili iyo da aris kidec eTnonacionalur<br />

200

mosaxleobaSi, Sedegad miRebuli nacionaluri identobac<br />

gansakuTrebiT mZlavri da moqnilia da aseTad darCeba.<br />

is mkveTrad gamijnavs erTobis wevrebs ucxoTagan da a.S.,<br />

uxalisod moekideba axalmosulebis nacionaluri<br />

kulturuli erTobis sruluflebian wevrebad miCnevas.<br />

da piriqiT, iq, sadac am sakralur TvisebaTagan erTze<br />

meti sustia an saerTod ar aris, nacionaluri identobis<br />

Zalac, Sesabamisad, Semcirebuli iyo da aris da mas<br />

mimzidvelobac dakarguli aqvs sxva kulturuli<br />

identobebis winaSe mdgari mosaxleobisaTvis. amitom Tavs<br />

iCens naciis socialuri da kulturuli sazRvrebis<br />

simkveTris Semdgomi Sesusteba da ucxoTa ara mxolod<br />

moqalaqeebad, aramed nacionaluri erTobis srulfasovan<br />

wevrebad miRebisTvis mzadyofnis zrda.<br />

daskvna<br />

amgvarad, am bazisur doneze nacia SeiZleba<br />

ganxilul iqnas, rogorc moqalaqeTa sakraluri<br />

Tanaziareba, xolo nacionalizmi, rogorc ‘politikuri<br />

religiis’ <strong>for</strong>ma sakuTari wminda werilebiT,<br />

liturgiebiT, wmindanebiTa da ritualebiT. naciebTan an<br />

nacionalizmebTan dakavSirebiT monoliTuri da<br />

statikuri araferia. imave mizeziT, ris gamoc<br />

tradiciuli religiebi axal pirobebTan Sesagueblad<br />

periodulad ganicdida cvlilebebs, Cveulebriv,<br />

modernuli nacionaluri identobebic axleburad<br />

moiazreboda momdevno Taobebis mier; da zustad iseve,<br />

rogorc religia Seicavs variantul <strong>for</strong>mebs,<br />

nacionalizmebSic vpoulobT nacionaluri<br />

warmomavlobisa da ganviTarebis konkurentul miTebs.<br />

durkhaimis sityvebi, romlebiTac igi aboloebs religiis<br />

miseul analizs, naciebsa da nacionalizmsac kargad<br />

esadageba:<br />

amrigad, aris raRac maradiuli religiaSi,<br />

romelsac bedisweram arguna yvela specifikuri<br />

simbolo Semoinaxos, romelTa garsSic<br />

religiurma azrma sakuTari Tavi moxerxebulad<br />

moaqcia. ar arsebobs iseTi sazogadoeba, romelic<br />

201

ar saWiroebdes erTianobisa da TviTmyofadobis<br />

Semadgeneli koleqtiuri sentimentebisa da<br />

koleqtiuri ideebis dacvasa da periodul<br />

gadaazrebas (Durkheim 1915: 427).<br />

maSasadame, sanam naciis sakraluri safuZvlebi arsebobs<br />

da sekularul materializmsa da individualizms jer ar<br />

gamouclia safuZveli istoriisa da bedisweraze<br />

damyarebuli erTobis umTavresi rwmenebisaTvis, manamde<br />

nacionalizms, rogorc politikur ideologias, sajaro<br />

kulturasa da politikur religias, daWknoba ar uweria,<br />

xolo nacionaluri identoba darCeba Tanamedrove<br />

msoflio wesrigis qvakuTxedad.<br />

202

SeniSvnebi<br />

________________________________<br />

Tavi 1 cnebebi<br />

1 am sakvanZo cnebebis ufro sruli ganxilva ix.<br />

zernatosTan (Zernatto 1944), snaiderTan (Snyder 1954)<br />

da kemilainenTan (Kemiliainen 1964).<br />

2 nacionalizmis nacionalur sentimentTan<br />

gamaigivebeli ganmartebebis Sesaxeb ix. miCelati<br />

da Tomasi (Michelat and Thomas 1966), koni (Kohn 1967a:<br />

Tavi 1) da seton-uotsoni (Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 1).<br />

3 nacionalisturi moZraobebis strategia da taqtika<br />

ix. brilisTan (Breuilly 1993) da esmanTan (Esman 1994).<br />

dasavleTSi usaxelmwifo naciebis<br />

nacionalisturi miznebi da taqtika<br />

gaanalizebuli aqvs gibernaus (Guibernau 1999).<br />

4 nacionalizmis, rogorc upiratesad diskursiuli<br />

warmonaqmnis analizis magaliTi ix. kalhunTan<br />

(Calhoun 1997); ix. agreTve brubeikeri (Brubaker 1996).<br />

5 vinaidan ar mogvepoveba nacionaluri simbolizmis<br />

ganmazogadebeli gamokvlevebi, mniSvnelovnad<br />

migvaCnia hobsbaumisa da reinjeris redaqciiT<br />

gamocemul krebulSi (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1893)<br />

moTavsebuli statiebi da mosis Sroma (Mosse 1975<br />

da 1990). ix., agreTve, hedetofti (Hedetoft 1995:<br />

nawili I, Tavi 4) da statiebi SesaniSnavi opusidan<br />

frangi xalxis ‘xsovnis adgilTa’ Sesaxeb noras<br />

redaqciiT (Nora 1997–1998, gansakuTrebiT, tomi III).<br />

6 ‘antikoloniuri nacionalizmebis’ umetesoba<br />

eTnikurad homogenur mosaxleobaTa SigniT<br />

koloniuri administraciis xelSewyobiT<br />

urTierTwakidebul umciresobaTa ideologiur<br />

moZraobebs warmoadgenda, rogorc amas nigeriasa<br />

203

da indoeTSi hqonda adgili. evropuli modelis<br />

nacionaluri bazisis uqonlobis gamo, am qveynebis<br />

elitas ganzraxuli hqonda misi Seqmna. isini<br />

‘ganzraxvis naciebi’ iyvnen (Rotberg 1967). ix.,<br />

agreTve, Caterji (Chatterjee 1986).<br />

7 aq upriani iqneba gavixsenoT uolker konoris mier<br />

SeniSnuli gansxvaveba istoriul da gancdil<br />

realobas Soris (Connor 1994: 202); mniSvneloba aqvs<br />

ara imas, rac aris, aramed imas, rac ganicdeba.<br />

8 mosazreba, rom nacia da nacionaluri xasiaTi<br />

nacionalizmis ideologias, sul cota, saukuniT<br />

mainc, uswrebs win ix. kemilain<strong>enis</strong>a (Kemilainen 1964)<br />

da grinfeldis (Greenfeld 1992: Tavebi 1–2)<br />

dawvrilebiT gamokvlevebSi.<br />

9 naciis cnebis ganmartebis problemebis Taobaze<br />

sayuradRebo diskusia ix. doiCTan (Deutsch 1966:<br />

Tavi 1), rastousTan (Rustow 1967) da konorTan<br />

(Connor 1994: Tavi 4).<br />

10 diasporebis Taobaze ix. koeni (Cohen 1997).<br />

eTnieebis umetesoba, faqtobrivad sakuTar<br />

teritoriebze saxlobs, magram premodernul<br />

warsulSi maT xSirad ar hqondaT sazRvrebi. sxva<br />

eTnieebs SeeZloT winaparTa miwazec ecxovraT da<br />

gafantulnic yofiliyvnen, rogorc moxda<br />

zogierTi otomanuri mileTis SemTxvevaSi; ix.<br />

armstrongTan (Armstrong 1982: Tavi 7).<br />

11 es gansazRvrebebi ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1986:<br />

Tavi 2; 1991: Tavi 1). ix., agreTve, motilTan (Motyl<br />

1999: Tavebi 4–5).<br />

12 naciebi ubralod eTnieebis delokalizebul da<br />

politizebul <strong>for</strong>mebs ar warmoadgenen, rogorc<br />

amas akzini (Akzin 1964) amtkicebda; Yyvelafers rom<br />

Tavi davaneboT, eTnie iseve SeiZleba iyos didic<br />

xalxmravalic da politikurad organizebulic,<br />

rogorc eTnikuri saxelmwifo. xolo rac nacias<br />

eTniesagan ganasxvavebs, (sajaro) kulturis tipia,<br />

(erTiani teritoriuli) ekonomika da<br />

samarTlebrivi wesrigi (yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo<br />

ufleba-movaleobani). am TvalsazrisTa damuSavebis<br />

204

magaliTi ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 2000a: Tavi 3), da<br />

qvemoT, mexuTe TavSi.<br />

13 <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong> politikaSi modernuli diasaporaerTobebis<br />

rolis Sesaxeb ix. Seferi (Sheffer 1986);<br />

xolo modernuli multilokaluri somxuri<br />

diasporas Taobaze ix. panosiani (Panossian 2000).<br />

14 aq Cven ori saxis ‘warumatebeli’ nacionalizmi<br />

SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan: eTnikuri<br />

kategoriis anu eTnies warumatebloba mZlavri<br />

nacionalisturi moZraobis ganviTarebaSi; da am<br />

nacionalizmis warumatebloba politikuri<br />

miznebis miRwevaSi. pirveli saxis warumateblobis<br />

magaliTebad oqsitanebi an koptebi SeiZleba<br />

miviCnioT, maSin roca qurTebi da Tamilebi<br />

(dRemde) SeiZleba meore saxis ‘warumateblobis’<br />

magaliTad mogvexmo. ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1983:<br />

Tavi 9).<br />

15 termin ‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ Taobaze ix. zartmani<br />

(Zartmann 1964). eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis koloniuri<br />

xelisuflebebis mier Seqmnili axal teritoriuli<br />

sazRvrebis efeqts aRwers horovici (Horowitz 1985:<br />

Tavi 2).<br />

16 aRmosavleT evropaSi eTnikurobisa da enas Soris<br />

arsebuli siRrmiseuli bmebis sakiTxis<br />

originaluri analizisas amgvaria fiSmanis<br />

midgoma (Fishman 1980), romelTa gabundovnebac, misi<br />

SexedulebiT, modernistul midgomebs Cvevad aqvT<br />

gadaqceuli. kritika ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998:<br />

159–161).<br />

17 am saxis intergeneraciuli analizis saWiroebis<br />

Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi centraluria armstrongisa<br />

(Armstrong 1982: Tavi 1) da, sazogadod, istoriuli<br />

eTnosimbolizmis mimdevarTaTvis.<br />

Tavi 2 ideologiebi<br />

1 nacionalisturi ideologiis inteleqtualuri da<br />

moraluri kritikisaTvis ix. minogu (Minogue 1967),<br />

dani (Dunn 1978: Tavi 3) da pareki (Parekh 1995).<br />

205

2 adreuli nacionalisti moazrovneebis erTgvari<br />

arasruli Sefasebis mcdeloba ix. baronTan (Baron<br />

1960), konTan (Kohn 1965, 1967a da 1967b) da<br />

virolisTan (Viroli 1995); Sdr., agreTve, sluga (Sluga<br />

1998).<br />

3 rasakvirvelia, es naciebis sasruli bunebidan<br />

gamomdinareobs; rogorc andersoni (Anderson 1991)<br />

Segvaxsenebs, yovelTvis moiZebnebian naciis gareT<br />

myofi adamianebi.<br />

4 Cven SegviZlia vikiTxoT: mainc ras warmoadgendnen<br />

‘nacionaluri komunizmebi’, nacionaluri<br />

mimarTulebis komunizmebs, Tu komunisturi<br />

mimarTulebis nacionalizmebs? amis Sesaxeb ix.<br />

kaucki (Kautsky 1962: Sesavali da louentalis<br />

statia).<br />

5 kamaTi saxelmwifoebriobas moklebuli naciebis,<br />

rogorc politikuri aqtorebis, mniSvnelobis<br />

zrdasTan dakavSirebiT, ix. gibernausTan (Guibernau<br />

1999).<br />

6 evropul istoriaSi iridentizmis rolis Sesaxeb<br />

ix. seton-uotsoni (Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 3) da<br />

alteri (Alter 1989); afrikaSi arsebuli<br />

iridentizmisa da sazRvrebis Taobaze ix. asivaju<br />

(Asiwaju 1985); xolo kavkasiuri iridentizmebisa da<br />

separatizmebisaTvis ix. raiti, goldenbergi da<br />

Sofildi (Wright, Goldenberg and Schofield 1996).<br />

iridentizmsa da separatizms Soris arsebuli<br />

gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb ix. horovicTan (Horowitz<br />

1992).<br />

7 fixtes, ianisa da miuleris ideebis Sesaxeb ix.<br />

keduri (Kedourie 1960) da koni (Kohn 1965).<br />

rasakvirvelia, patriotebisaTvis frangul<br />

revoluciaSi pirvelxarisxovani Zmuri<br />

siyvarulisa da erTianobis ideebi iyo; ix. Sama<br />

(Schama 1989: Tavi 12).<br />

8 herderis Sesaxeb ix. barnardis (Barnard 1965) da<br />

berlinis (Berlin 1976) brwyinvale gamokvlevebi.<br />

‘nacionaluri gamoRviZebis’ meta<strong>for</strong>ebis Taobaze<br />

ix. pirsoni (Pearson 1993); nacionalizmis mier<br />

206

samecniero disciplinebis gamoyeneba e.d.smiTma<br />

gamoikvlia (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 7).<br />

9 warmoSobisa da STamomavlobis nacionalisturi<br />

miTebis analizi ix. statiebSi hoskingisa da<br />

Sopflinis redaqciiT gamocemuli krebulidan<br />

(Hosking and Schöpflin 1997) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith<br />

1999a: Tavi 2). ix., agreTve, Tamas hoferis<br />

saintereso moxseneba (‘glexuri kulturebis<br />

eTnikuri modeli’) ‘avTenturi’ glexuri kulturis<br />

ungruli modelis Sesaxeb (Suger 1980).<br />

10 arqeologiaze nacionalizmis gavl<strong>enis</strong> Sesaxeb ix.<br />

diaz-endriu da Cempioni (Diaz–Andreu and Champion<br />

1996), da jounsi (Jones 1997). israelis nacionaluri<br />

tradiciis Sesaqmnelad istoriisa da arqeologiis<br />

gamoyenebis aRwera mocemuli aqvs zerubavels<br />

(Zerubavel 1995).<br />

11 jgufis Rirsebis cneba horovicma gamoikvlia<br />

(Horowitz 1985: Tavebi 4–5). zogierTi aziuri<br />

magaliTisaTvis ix. statiebi tonesonisa da<br />

antlovis (Tønnesson and Antlov 1996), da leiferis<br />

(Leifer 2000) redaqciiT^gamosul krebulebSi.<br />

12 es garemoeba wamoWris saintereso kiTxvas imis<br />

Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara aT<strong>enis</strong>, spartas,<br />

florenciisa da veneciis msgavsi qalaqsaxelmwifoebis<br />

miCneva mcire masStabis naciebad,<br />

aris Tu ara maTi ‘patriotizmi’ nacionalizmis<br />

WeSmaritad moqalaqeobrivi tipi an misi<br />

prototipi (ix. Cohen 2000). respublikur<br />

patriotizmsa da (germanul eTnokulturul)<br />

nacionalizms Soris gansxvavebebis aRweris arcTu<br />

savsebiT warmatebuli mcdeloba ix. virolisTan<br />

(Viroli 1995); Zveli berZnuli polisis SemTxvevaSi<br />

arsebuli zogierTi konteqstualur sxvaobisaTvis<br />

Sdr. (Fondation Hardt 1962) da fainli (Finley 1986:<br />

Tavi7).<br />

13 ix. maTosianis klasikuri analizi (Matossian 1962).<br />

daniur SemTxvevisaTvis ix. ulf ostergardis<br />

‘glexebi da danielebi: daniuri nacionaluri<br />

identoba da politikuri kultura’ elisa da sunis<br />

redaqciiT gamosul krebulSi (Eley and Suny 1996).<br />

207

14 es dargi XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde SedarebiT<br />

ugulebelyofili iyo. Tu ar CavTvliT, hus<strong>enis</strong><br />

(Hoosen 1994), da herbisa da kaplanis (Herb and Kaplan<br />

1999) mier Sedgenil sasargeblo krebulebs. garda<br />

amisa, kanaduri da Sveicaruli eTnikuri birTvis<br />

SesaniSnavi analizi mocemulia kaufmanisa da<br />

cimeris mier (Kaufman and Zimmer 1998).<br />

15 amgvari romatikuli, populisturi elementebis<br />

povna TviT moqalaqeobriv da teritorialur<br />

nacionalizmebSic SeiZleba, magaliTad, amerikis<br />

SeerTebul Statebsa da meqsikaSi; ix. tuvesoni<br />

(Tuveson 1968) da adesi (Ades 1989) da meqsikuri<br />

eTnikuri kulturebis SesaniSnavi gadmocema<br />

gutieresis mier (Gutierrez 1999).<br />

16 durkhaimisa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix. mitCeli<br />

(Mitchell 1931). brZolis velze<br />

dacemulTaMmosaxsenebeli ceremoniebis rolis<br />

Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, germaniaSi ix. mosi (Mosse<br />

1975, 1990 da 1994).<br />

17 nacionalizmis tipologiis analizi ix. e.d.smiTTan<br />

(A.D.Smith 1983: Tavebi 8–9); Sdr., agreTve, plamenacs<br />

(Plamenatz 1976).<br />

18 germaniis idealis Taobaze ix. lobera (Llobera 1994:<br />

nawili I); xolo veberis nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix.<br />

biTemi (Beetham 1974). lingvisturidan ufro<br />

rasobriv germanul nacionalizmze gadasvla kons<br />

(Kohn 1965) da breCers (Bracher 1973) aqvT<br />

gaanalizebuli.<br />

19 konis diqotomiis kritikisaTvis ix. haTCinsoni<br />

(Hutchinson 1987: Tavi 1); da, agreTve, ix. e.d.smiTi<br />

(A.D. Smith 1983: Tavi 8).<br />

20 ix. heisi (Hayes 1931) da snaideri (Snyder 1976); Sdr.<br />

tili (Tilly 1975: Sesavali da daskvna) da setonuotsoni<br />

(Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 1).<br />

Tavi 3 paradigmebi<br />

1 revoluciuri fêtes Sesaxeb ix. herberti (Herbert<br />

1972); ix., agreTve, krou (Crow 1985: Tavi 7)<br />

208

evoluciamde da revoluciis periodSi daviTisa<br />

da sxvaTa xelovnebis da am ukanasknelis<br />

politikasTan kavSiris Taobaze.<br />

2 ganmanaTlebluri safuZveli da misi gavlena<br />

revoluciaze beikers aqvs gamokvleuli (Baker<br />

1988). franguli revoluciisa da nacionalizmis<br />

Sesaxeb ix. kobeni (Cobban 1963), koni (Kohn 1967b) da<br />

o’braieni (O’Brien 1988b).<br />

3 safrangeTSi revoluciis Semdgomi moqalaqeobis<br />

Sesaxeb ix. brubeikeri (Brubaker 1992). naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis genderizireba revoluciisa da<br />

romanticizmis droidan moyolebuli kargad<br />

dokumentirebuli da gaanalizebulia slugasTan<br />

(Sluga 1998).<br />

4 rusosa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix. kobeni<br />

(Cobban 1964) da koleri (Cohler 1970). safrangeTSi<br />

klasikuri modelebisadmi dabrunebis Taobaze ix.<br />

kobeni (Cobban 1963: 162–169) da kenedi (Kennedy 1989:<br />

Tavi 4).<br />

5 realurad, sociologiur modernizms is pozicia<br />

ukavia, rom (a) nacionalizmi axalic aris da<br />

siaxlec, (b) naciebi da nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifoebic aseve axali da siaxlea da (g)<br />

yvela es nacionaluri fenomeni modernuli epoqis<br />

da/an modernizaciis Sedegebs warmoadgens. bevrad<br />

ufro vrclad ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998:<br />

nawili I).<br />

6 nairnis bolodroindeli Sroma (Nairn 1997) met<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebs socialur fsiqologiasa da<br />

kulturul anTropologias, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

nacionalobis kulturul da socialur Zalas.<br />

maSin roca, heCTeri nacionalizmis ufro<br />

politikuri, racionaluri arCevanis, modelisaken<br />

ixreba (Hetcher 1992 da 2000).<br />

7 im sxva mkvlevrebs, romlebic nacionalisturi<br />

ideologiis gansakuTrebul rolsa da Zalas<br />

usvamen xazs, ganekuTvnebian kapfereri (Kapferer<br />

1988), o’braieni (O’Brien 1988a), iurgensmaieri<br />

(Juergensmeyer 1993) da van der veeri (Van der Veer<br />

1994).<br />

209

8 nacionalizmisa da arqeologiis<br />

urTierTdamokidebulebisadmi interesis<br />

bolodroindeli zrda da arqeologiis<br />

politikuri konteqsti SeiniSneba kolTan da<br />

fosetTan (Kohl and Fawcett 1995), diaz–andreusa da<br />

CempionTan (Diaz–Andreu and Champion 1996), da diaz–<br />

andreusa da e.d.smiTTan (Diaz–Andreu and A.D.Smith<br />

2001).<br />

9 miuxedavad imisa, rom gangrZobadi da periodulad<br />

ganmeorebadi perenializmebi analitikurad<br />

gancalkevebadia erTmaneTisagan, praqtikulad maTi<br />

gamyofi xazi mtkiced da myarad dafiqsirebuli<br />

araa.Gzogi iseTi mkvlevris SromaSi, rogoric jon<br />

armstrongia (Armstrong 1982), orive tips SeiZleba<br />

gadavawydeT: konkretuli naciebis (sparselebis,<br />

somxebis) warmoSobis kvleva Sexamebulia Sua<br />

saukuneebis axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi<br />

mudmivad ganaxlebad naciadyofnis fenom<strong>enis</strong> da<br />

naciebis kvlevasTan; gvaqvs, erTis mxriv,<br />

modernuli nacionaluri identobebis neli<br />

amozrda Suasaukunoebrivi fesvebidan, xolo,<br />

meores mxriv, eTnikur da nacionaluri identobaTa<br />

la longue durée uwyveti <strong>for</strong>mireba da re-<strong>for</strong>mireba.<br />

10 nacionalisturi naturalizmisa da esencializmis<br />

kritikisaTvis ix. penrouzi (Penrose 1995); Sdr.,<br />

agreTve, brubeikeri (Brubaker 1996: Tavi 1), xolo<br />

nacionalizmis konstruqcionistuli da<br />

feministuri kritikis konteqstSi ix. iuval–devisi<br />

(Yuval–Davis 1977).<br />

11 primordializmSi SesavlisaTvis ix. steki (Stack<br />

1986: Sesavali). teritoriis, rogorc sicocxlis<br />

gamavrcobeli Zalis idea, grosbis mieraa<br />

SemoTavazebuli (Grosby 1995); Sdr.<br />

primordializmis elerisa da kuglaniseul<br />

kritikasa (Eller and Coughlan 1993) da grosbis pasuxs<br />

(Grosby 1994), agreTve e.d.smiTis mier gadmocemul<br />

diskusias (A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi7).<br />

12 amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi eTnikurobisa da<br />

instrumentalizmis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani<br />

literatura moipoveba. kerZod, ix. herbergi<br />

210

(Herberg 1960); gleizieri da moinaiheni (Glazer and<br />

Moynihan 1963: Sesavali); beli (Bell 1975); gansi (Gans<br />

1979); okamura (Okamura 1981); da skoti (Scott 1990).<br />

13 ZiriTadad amas Seexeba jon armstrongis mier<br />

premodernul islamur da qristianul<br />

civilizaciebSi eTnikuri identobebis pioneruli<br />

gamokvleva (Armstrong 1982).<br />

14 koloniuri nigeriis detaluri gamokvlevis gziT,<br />

eTnikurobis da naciadyofnis aseTi xasiaTis<br />

adreuli klasikuri analizi ix. koulmenTan<br />

(Colemman 1958, gansakuTrebiT, DdanarTi).<br />

15 miuxedavad amisa, ar unda gavazviadoT subieqturi<br />

elementebis roli. eTnosimbolistebis mier<br />

eTnieebi iseT sociokulturul <strong>for</strong>maciebad<br />

moiazreba, romlebic sociologiur axsnas<br />

saWiroebs; isini, pirvel rigSi, gancdil da<br />

namoqmedar realobebs moicavs da ara diskursul<br />

<strong>for</strong>maciebs. nacionalizmis, rogorc qcevis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mis, Taobaze ix. besinjeri (Beissinger 1998).<br />

Tavi 4 Teoriebi<br />

1 maikl heCTerma sul axlaxan wamoayena<br />

nacionalizmis Teoria arapirdapiridan pirdapir<br />

mmarTvelobze gadasvlis azriT (Hechter 2000),<br />

risTvisac racionaluri arCevani savsebiT<br />

modernistuli paradigmis SigniT arsebul<br />

politikur struqturul midgomas Seuxama. sxva<br />

bolodroindeli midgomebi qvemoT, meeqvse TavSia<br />

ganxiluli. TiToeuli maTgani imave modernistuli<br />

paradigmis farglebSi moqmedebs, romlis<br />

aRmatebasac isini gansxvavebuli gzebiT<br />

eswrafvian.<br />

2 kedurisaTvis, rogorc kantis, ise herderis<br />

doqtrinebi, ganmanaTleblobis mier garkveulobisa<br />

da srulyofilebis Ziebis produqtia. magram,<br />

faqtobrivad, kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da<br />

avTenturobis herderiseuli ideebi, rusos<br />

naturalizmTan erTad, ganmanaTleblobis<br />

racionalizmisa da universalizmis kritikas<br />

211

warmoadgens; ix. barnardi (Barnard 1969) da berlini<br />

(Berlin 1999: Tavi 3).<br />

3 ufro sruli kritika ix. haTCinsonTan (Hutchinson<br />

1987: Tavi 1) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi 2).<br />

gelneris Teoria iseve, rogorc misi adrindeli<br />

Sexedulebebi, am bolo dros mwvaved gaakritika<br />

o’lirim (O’Leary 1998). gelneris Teoriis sxva,<br />

modernistuli Sefasebebi ix. holTan (Hall 1998).<br />

4 ix. nairnis gviandeli, ufro socialurfsiqologiuri<br />

da anTropologiuri analizi (Nairn<br />

1997, gansakuTrebiT, Sesavali da Tavi 5).<br />

5 evropaSi bolodroindeli, 1989 wlis Semdgomi<br />

nacionalizmebis, gelneris TeoriiT didad<br />

davalebuli, gadmocema ix. dikhofTan (Dieckhoff<br />

2000).<br />

6 umarTebulod meCveneba keduris mcdeloba, rom<br />

modernuli nacionalizmi antinomuri<br />

Suasaukuneobrivi milenianuri qristianobidan<br />

gamoiyvanos; ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1979: Tavi 2).<br />

Tumca, nacionalizmis dakavSirebiT religiasTan,<br />

swored kedurim gza gauxsna nacionalzmTa<br />

mravalferovnebisa da maT mier gamowveuli<br />

vnebebis ufro srul aRweras.<br />

7 heCTers magaliTad boSebis saintereso SemTxveva<br />

moaqvs. isini SedarebiT daxurul erTobas qmnian,<br />

sulerTia iqneba es arCevanis Tu aucileblobis<br />

mizeziT (Hechter 1988: 275–276). boSebis Sesaxeb ix.<br />

kerniki da paqsoni (Kernick and Puxon 1972).<br />

8 magram sapirispiro SemTxvevebzec SeiZleba<br />

dafiqreba rogorebicaa, magaliTad, palestinuri<br />

intifada israelis Zlieri saxelmwifos<br />

winaaRmdeg, anda irlandiuri nacionalisturi<br />

reaqcia mZlavr britanul represiebze, romelic<br />

1916 wlis saaRdgomo ajanyebas mohyva. metic,<br />

iugoslaviaSi 1980 wels titos gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg gadasvla moxda mmarTvelobis ufro sust,<br />

naklebad centralizebul da kolegialur<br />

sistemaze, romelmac niadagi moumzada<br />

eTnonacionalistur Zaladobas; ix. rameti (Ramet<br />

1996, gansakuTrebiT, I da IV nawilebi).<br />

212

9 aq kvlav iugoslaviis magaliTi gvagondeba: gana<br />

SeeZleboda vinmes aexsna nacionalizmebis<br />

intensivoba da Zaladoba meore msoflio omis<br />

saerTo maxsovrobis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad<br />

(ustaSebis mier serbTa xocva-Jletis xsovnis<br />

CaTvliT)? irlandiaSi maxsovrobis rolis<br />

Taobaze ix. laionsi (Lyons 1979) da haTCinsoni<br />

(Hutchnson 1987: Tavebi 2–4).<br />

10 es myari Tvalsazrisic joSua fiSmanma SeimuSava<br />

(Fishman 1980). modernistebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

fiSmani xazs usvams ‘aramobilizebuli<br />

eTnikurobis’ yvelganmyofobasa da xangrZliv<br />

xasiaTs. ix. agreTve neSi (Nash 1989).<br />

11 aq konoris argumenti iujin veberis im Teziss<br />

eyrdnoba (Weber 1979), romlis mixedviTac mxolod<br />

XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis, mesame respublikis<br />

mier gatarebuli modernizaciis politikis<br />

Sedegad iqca safrangeTSi xalxis didi masa –<br />

glexebi – namdvil frangebad Tavisi kulturiTa<br />

da msoflxedviT. magram aqedan sulac ar<br />

gamomdinareobs, rom frang naciaze laparaki XIX<br />

saukunis dasasrulamde ar SeiZleba.<br />

instituciurad, kulturulad da politikurad<br />

frangi ‘nacia’ am TariRze bevrad ufro adre<br />

moevlina samyaros da ganaTlebuli klasebis<br />

cnobierebasa da qcevaSi, sul mcire, XVI<br />

saukunidan mainc cocxlobda da moqmedebda.<br />

magaliTisaTvis ix. heistingsi (Hastings 1997: Tavi 4);<br />

xolo ufro adreuli periodisaTvis – biuni<br />

(Beaune 1985).<br />

12 beli (Bell 1975) da brasi (Brass 1991) sakuTari,<br />

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gzebiT cdiloben<br />

instrumentalistur CarCoSi moaqcion emocia da<br />

simbolizmi, awonasworeben ra ‘interessa’ da<br />

‘afeqts’.<br />

13 saxelmwifoze kon<strong>centri</strong>rebuli sxva<br />

modernistuli midgomisaTvis ix. tili (Tilly 1975:<br />

Sesavali da daskvna) ufro geopolitikuri<br />

midgomebisaTvis ix. oriji (Orridge 1982) da meioli<br />

(Mayall 1990). makkroni gawonasworebulad<br />

213

gadmoscems ‘saxelmwifosa da naciis’ Taobaze<br />

mimdinare debatebs (McCrone 1998: Tavi 5).<br />

14 irlandiuri da uelsuri ‘naciebis’ adreuli<br />

SemTxvevebic arsebobs, romlebsac, Tumca arasodes<br />

hqoniaT erTiani saxelmwifo, mainc gansakuTrebul<br />

lingvisturi kulturebi, teritoriebi da bevri<br />

wevrisaTvis saerTo zogierTi samarTlebrivi<br />

ufleba hqondaT, iseve rogorc gareSes<br />

gamokveTili grZnoba; ix. heistingsi (Hastings 1997:<br />

Tavi 3). sainteresoa Sveicariis SemTxvevac,<br />

romelic, sul mcire, XV saukunis Semdeg TiTqos<br />

Zvel konfederaciaSi (Eidgenossenschaft) Sedioda da,<br />

romelmac 1291 wels rutlis fici dado da mas<br />

habsburgi mmarTvelebis mxridan Tavisi adrindeli<br />

Tavisuflebebis xelyofisadmi winaaRmdegobis<br />

iaraRad iyenebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.<br />

steinbergi (Steinberg 1976) da im hofi (Im Hof 1991).<br />

agreTve, Sveicarul nacionalur identobaSi<br />

‘eTnikuri’ da ‘moqalaqeobrivi’ komponentebis<br />

cimeriseuli damafiqrebeli analizi (Zimmer 1999).<br />

15 Canasaxovan mdgomarobaSi myofi germanuli<br />

nacionaluri sentimentis renesansis humanistebis<br />

mier Sedgenili aRweriloba ix. konTan (Kohn 1967a:<br />

Tavi 4), xolo ‘germaniis’ Suasaukuneobrivi<br />

samflobelos <strong>for</strong>mirebis analizi – loberasTan<br />

(Llobera 1994: nawili I).<br />

16 germanuli da afrikaneruli nacionalizmebis<br />

Zalian gansxvavebuli gadmocemebisa da maTi<br />

miTebis Sesaxeb ix. koni (Kohn 1965) da kauTeni<br />

(Cauthen 1997 da 2000). SeerTebuli Statebisa da<br />

misi miTis providencialuri misiis Sesaxeb<br />

(‘gancxadebuli bediswera’) ix. tuvesoni (Tuveson<br />

1968), o’braieni (O’Brien 1988a) da grinfeldi<br />

(Greenfeld 1992: Tavi 5).<br />

17 amis msgavsad, haTCinsoni miiCnevs (Hutchinson 1987:<br />

Tavi 1), rom kulturuli da politikuri<br />

nacionalizmebi ar unda gavaerTianoT; swored<br />

esaa mis mier keduris kritikisas arsebiTi momenti.<br />

214

18 saxelmwifoebisa da eTnieebis fardobiTi wonis<br />

Taobaze gamarTuli Semdgomi kamaTi ix. e.d.smiTTan<br />

(A.D.Smith 1998: Tavebi 4, 8).<br />

19 hobsbaumisagan gansxvavebiT, andersoni fiqrobs,<br />

rom naciebsa da nacionalizms bediT ar uweriaT<br />

arsebobis Sewyveta postmodernul epoqaSi. magram<br />

amgvari mtkicebuleba iolad sulac ar<br />

gamomdinareobs miseuli Teoriis modernistuli<br />

elementebidan. aucilebelia mivmarToT sxva<br />

elementebs anda mis midgomaSi aRniSnul<br />

‘fatalurobebs’ – daviwyebis SiSsa da globaluri<br />

lingvisturi babilonis godols – rom misma<br />

winaswarmetyvelebam azri SeiZinos. ix. andersoni<br />

(Anderson 1999).<br />

20 andersoni xazs usvams nacionalizmis kognitur<br />

aspeqts da mogviwodebs nacionalizmSi, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, garkveuli politikuri praqtikisa da<br />

kategorizaciebisaken mimarTuli ‘diskursiuli<br />

warmonaqmni’ davinaxoT; kerZod, ix. brubeikeri<br />

(Brubaker 1996) da kalhuni (Calhoun 1997). andersonis<br />

naazrevis ufro istoriuli da struqturuli<br />

gamoyenebisaTvis ix. kitromilidisi (Kitromilides<br />

1989).<br />

21 hobsbaumis gadmocemam Zalze Zlieri gavlena<br />

moaxdina; magaliTisaTvis ix. israelis<br />

nacionalizmis ramiseuli gadmocema (Ram 1995) da<br />

XIX saukunis dasasrulis Sveicaruli<br />

nacionalizmis gadmocema kreisis mier (Kreis 1991).<br />

Semdgomi analizi ix. qvemoT, mexuTe TavSi.<br />

22 berZnuli gangrZobadobis elementebis Sesaxeb,<br />

bizantiuri epoqidan mainc, ix. kempbeli da<br />

Sererdi (Campbell and Sherrerd 1968: Tavi 1), da<br />

armstrongi (Armstrong 1982: 174–181). ix., agreTve,<br />

rudometovi (Roudometov 1998).<br />

23 ‘oqros xanis’ miTebis analizisaTvis ix. hoskingi<br />

da Sopflini (Hosking and Schöpflin 1997). Cemi<br />

eTnosimbolisturi midgomis ufro sruli<br />

gadmocemisaTvis ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1999a:<br />

Sesavali; 2000a: Tavi 3).<br />

215

24 eTnikurobis cnebasTan, umetesad mis<br />

mouxelTeblobasTan, dakavSirebiT, rasakvirvelia,<br />

arsebobs problemebi. zogierTi (gansakuTrebiT,<br />

anTropologebi) amas Tavs aaridebda. sxva<br />

naciebisa da nacionalizmebis axsnisaTvis am faqts<br />

naklebmniSvnelovnad miiCnevda; ix., magaliTad,<br />

puli (Poole 1999: 34–43). amgvar Tavis aridebas an<br />

ignorirebas SeiZleba raRac saerTo hqondes<br />

eTnikuri sentimentebis damRupvel politikur<br />

gamoyenebebTan, ramdenadac inteleqtualTa<br />

seriozuli eWviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

monawileTa qmedeba da vneba gansazRvrulia, es<br />

ararealisturi da gamouvali mdgomareobiT<br />

nakarnaxev rCevad moCans. ramdenadac sakuTriv<br />

eTnikurobas naciebisa da nacionalizmis<br />

saTaveebisa da mimzidvelobis ‘axsna’ ar ZaluZs,<br />

miTebi saerTo warmoSobaze da eTnikuri<br />

mijaWvulobebi mkafiod unda gamoixatos naciebisa<br />

da nacionalizmis problemebisadmi istoriul<br />

midgomaSi. eTnikurobisadmi gansxvavebuli<br />

anTropologiuri midgomebis dawvrilebiTi<br />

ganxilva ix. eriksenTan (Eriksen 1993).<br />

Tavi 5 istoriani<br />

1 evropuli nacionalizmebis meore talRis Sesaxeb<br />

ix. trevor-roperi (Trevor-Roper 1961). nacionalizmis<br />

ideologiuri variaciebi ganxilulia hiesisa (Hayes<br />

1931) da konis (Kohn 1967a) mier.<br />

2 ufro adrindeli versiisaTvis ix. snaideri (Snyder<br />

1954) da koni (Kohn 1955); xolo ufro<br />

gviandelisaTvis ix. snaideri (Snyder 1976), alteri<br />

(Alter 1989) da Sulci (Schulze 1996).<br />

3 gelneri naciebis zomisa da masStabis originalur<br />

sociologiur axsnas gvTavazobs (Gellner 1973); ix.,<br />

agreTve, habsburgTa imperiaSi gamovlenili,<br />

argailis mier moxmobili magaliTebi (Argyle 1976).<br />

4 socialuri evoluciis am mTavari tendenciis<br />

Taobaze ix. parsonsi (Parsons 1966).<br />

‘naciaTmSeneblobisa’ da moqalaqeobis modeli<br />

216

aRwerilia doiCTan da folcTan (Deutsch and Foltz<br />

1963), da bendiqsTan (Bendix 1996).<br />

5 hobsbaumis midgomam bevr mecnierze iqonia gavlena<br />

(ix. zemoT, Tavi 4, SeniSvna 21). adre aRniSnul<br />

magaliTebs SeiZleba daematos kitromilidisis<br />

mosazreba, rom berZeni istorikosebis mier<br />

saberZneTis bizantiasTan identificireba<br />

SedarebiT bolodroindeli movlenaa (Kitromilides<br />

1998), da im azris zerubavelis analizi, rac<br />

israelebma mianiWes bar-koxbas amboxebasa da<br />

masadas miTs (Zerubavel 1995).<br />

6 nacionalizmTa am nairsaxeobebis Sesaxeb ix. koni<br />

(Kohn 1967a), snaideri (Snyder 1976) da gilberti<br />

(Gilbert 1998).<br />

7 aq naCvenebia grinfeldiseuli Suasaukuneobrivi<br />

gamoyenebebis SezRudulobis (ix. Greenfeld 1992:<br />

Sesavali) implicituri kritika. ufro didi<br />

mniSvneloba msoflio krebebze ‘nacionalur’<br />

dayofebs eniWeboda, rac SuasaukuneebSi farTo<br />

gamoyenebas asaxavda.<br />

8 esaa brilis mier modernizmis sasargeblod<br />

wamoyenebuli mTavari argumenti (Breuilly 1993),<br />

romelsac xazi gausves bendiqsma (Bendix 1996) da,<br />

impliciturad, konorma (Connor 1994: Tavi 9).<br />

9 teleologiuri elementi seton-uotsonis<br />

midgomaSi siuzan reinoldsma gaakritika (Reynolds<br />

1984: Tavi 8). misi SexedulebiT, Suasaukuneobrivi<br />

erTobebis klasificireba retrospeqtulad,<br />

sakuTari sazRvrebisa da sentimentebis (rogorc<br />

modernul naciebad winaswar navaraudebi<br />

gardaqmnis pirveli niSnebis) mqone embrionul<br />

naciebad ki ar unda moxdes, aramed isini unda<br />

ganvixiloT rogorc erTobebi sakuTari wes-<br />

CveulebebiT, kanonmdeblobiT, memkvidreobiT da<br />

mmarTvelobiT, anu rogorc regna TavianTi saxalxo<br />

sentimentebiT, ris gamoc saxeldebulni rogorc<br />

‘samefo’. miuxedavad amisa, paraleli, erTis mxriv,<br />

am adreul Suasaukuneobriv erTobebsa da<br />

samefoebs, xolo, meores mxriv, modernul naciebsa<br />

da nacionalur sentimentebs Soris, aSkaraa; Cven<br />

217

aRar gvacvifrebs maT Soris urTierTkavSiris<br />

SesaZlebloba. ix. loberas komentari: ‘modernuli<br />

nacionalizmebi Suasaukunoebrivi realobebis<br />

rekreaciebs warmoadgens; faqtobrivad, maT<br />

mxolod maSin SeuZliaT miaRwion warmatebas,<br />

rodesac Suasaukuneobriv warsulSi aqvT fesvi<br />

gadgmuli, Tundac masTan kavSiri arasworxazovani<br />

iyos’ (Llobera 1994: 86).<br />

10 ix. heistingsi (Hastings 1997): ‘naciebisa da<br />

nacionalizmis gageba mxolod maSin waiwevs win,<br />

roca ukugdebul iqneba maTi ganuxreli kavSiri<br />

sazogadoebis modernizacasTan’.<br />

11 Suasaukuneobrivi ‘naciebis’ sxva saintereso<br />

SemTxvevebisaTvis ix. noli – XV saukunis<br />

polonuri nacionaluri cnobierebis Sesaxeb (Knoll<br />

1993), im hofi – XV da XVI saukuneebis Sveicaruli<br />

konfederaciis qronikebSi dafiqsirebuli adreuli<br />

bazisuri miTebis rolis Sesaxeb (Im Hof 1991) da<br />

uebsteri – damoukideblobisaTvis warmoebuli<br />

omebis Semdeg Sotlandiuri nacionaluri<br />

sentimentebis zrdis Sesaxeb (Webster 1997). ix.,<br />

agreTve, Tanamedrove Sotlandielebis mier<br />

premodernuli Sotlandiuri identobis<br />

gamoyenebebis iCijouseuli analizi (Ichijo 1998),<br />

romelic Semdgomi kvlevis survils aRZravs.<br />

12 sxva gamokvlevebi aqcents am periodze akeTeben,<br />

romelmac inglisuri nacionalizmi Camoayaliba.<br />

ix. koni (Kohn 1940), da korigani da seieri (Corrigan<br />

and Sayer 1985). am periodSi britaneTis kunZulebze<br />

arsebuli politikis, religiisa da eTnikurobis<br />

urTierTdamokidebulebs kompleqsurobas ufro<br />

frTxilad ekideba kidi (Kidd 1999). britanuli<br />

nacionalizmis Semdgomdroindeli zrdis Taobaze<br />

ix. koli (Colley 1992).<br />

13 gelneris msgavsad, heistingsic amtkicebs, rom<br />

islamisaTvis nacionalizmi miuRebelia, radganac<br />

yvelafris momcveli umas miseuli koncefciiT<br />

nacia mokveTilia, xolo yuranze dafuZnebuli<br />

arabulis sakraluri statusis Sesaxeb misi<br />

daJinebuli mtkiceba gamoricxavs vernakuluri<br />

218

enebis sakralizebas raime <strong>for</strong>miT. amis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT im<br />

xerxze, romliTac kaTolikurma eklesiam da<br />

saqristianom aRkveTa da xeli SeuSala naciebis<br />

warmoSobas, da imaze, Tu rogor ekava vulgatas<br />

laTinurs arabulis msgavsi adgili<br />

re<strong>for</strong>maciamde. XI saukunidan moyolebuli, arc<br />

arabebis pirveloba uSlida xels sparsuli<br />

eTnikurobisa da <strong>enis</strong> aRorZinebas an Turqulisa<br />

da sxva eTnikurobebis SenarCunebas islamis<br />

farglebSi. garda amisa, ulemebi exmareboda<br />

erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil islamur<br />

dinastiur saxelmwifoebs, romlebic xSirad<br />

premodernuli eTnikuri sentimentebiT<br />

sazrdoobdnen da Zlierdebodnen. ix. armstrongi<br />

(Armstrong 1982: Tavi 3) da frai (Frye 1975).<br />

14 heistingsis kriteriumebis mixedviT, gviani<br />

antikurobis ‘naciaTa’ siaSi SegveZlo Segveyvana<br />

maronitebi, koptebi da samaritianelebic, ris<br />

Sesaxebac ix. atia (Atiayah 1968), purvisiP(Purvis 1968)<br />

da e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 5).<br />

15 budizmis, rogorc gansxvavebuli politikuri<br />

religiis, xedvis Taobaze ix. sarqisianci (Sarkisyanz<br />

1964) da d.i.smiTi (D.E.Smith 1974), xolo<br />

Suasaukuneobrivi Sri-lankis eTnikurobisa da<br />

religiis da misi modernul nacionalizmTan<br />

kavSiris Taobaze ix. robertsi (Roberts 1993) da<br />

subaratnami (Subaratnam 1997).<br />

16 ‘eTnikurobis’ problematuri bunebis Sesaxeb ix.<br />

zemoT, meoTxe Tavi, SeniSvna 24. sxvagvari<br />

kritikisaTvis ix. statiebi uilsm<strong>enis</strong>a da<br />

makalisteris (Wilsmen and McAllester 1996), da<br />

kalhunis (Calhoun 1997) redaqciiT gamocemul<br />

krebulebSi.<br />

17 Tvalsazrisebi uelselebisa da irlandielebis<br />

Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb ix. uiliamsTan (Williams 1985)<br />

da de paorTan (de Paor 1986).<br />

18 ufro zusti imis Tqma iqneboda, rom, am<br />

SemTxvevebSi, saxelmwifo da nacia viTardebian pari<br />

passu da erTmaneTs aZliereben. modernizmisa da<br />

219

eTno<strong>centri</strong>zmis mentaluri ‘blokpostebis’ Sesaxeb<br />

ix. fiSmani (Fishmaan 1980).<br />

19 gelneric mzad iyo emtkicebina nacionaluri<br />

sentimentebis adreuli gamoCena inglisSi (Gellner<br />

1983: 91–92, sqolio); Sdr. missave Sexedulebas<br />

(Gellner 1997: 51), rom dasavleT evropis did<br />

arealSi kulturisa da saxelmwifo wyobis<br />

erTianoba imaze bevrad ufro adre dafuZnda,<br />

vidre amas modernuli (industriuli)<br />

sazogadoebis logika moiTxovda. es imaze<br />

miuTiTebs, rom mizezs inglisis an britaneTis<br />

kunZulebis raime gansakuTrebuloba ki ar<br />

warmoadgens, aramed dasavleT evropis<br />

geopolitikuri da kulturuli rukebi, ris<br />

Sesaxebac ix. oriji (Orridge 1982).<br />

20 ebrauli diasporisa da misi aSkenazebad da<br />

sefardebad dayofis Sesaxeb ix. seltceri (Seltzer<br />

1980), elazari (Elazar 1986), keduri (Kedourie 1992) da<br />

goldbergi (Goldberg 1996).<br />

21 nacionalizmsa da teritorias Soris arsebuli<br />

mWidro istoriuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb ix. statiebi<br />

husonis (Hooson 1994), da herbisa da kaplanis (Herb<br />

and Kaplan 1999) redaqciiT gamosul krebulebSi.<br />

Sama maxsovrobisa da landSaftis damafiqrebel<br />

gadmocemas gvTavazobs (Schama 1995, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

Tavebi 1–4). ruseTis mravlismomcveli gamokvleva<br />

ix. basinTan (Bassin 1991); xolo sakraluri<br />

teritoriebisaTvis ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1999b).<br />

22 igive Tvalsazrisi, Zvel ebraelebTan<br />

dakavSirebiT mainc, gaziarebulia brendonTan<br />

(Brandon 1967) da sternTan (Stern 1972). ufro<br />

zogadad drodadro ganmeorebadi<br />

perenializmisaTvis ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1982).<br />

23 ufro sruli ganxilva ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith<br />

2000a: Tavi 2).<br />

24 Zvel msoflioSi am xalxebis Sesaxeb ufro meti<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciisaTvis ix. uaizmani (Wiseman 1973) da<br />

e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavebi 2–5). Zveli da Sua<br />

saukuneebis iranis Sesaxeb ix. frai (Frye 1966 da<br />

220

1975); xolo faraonTa egviptis xelaxeli<br />

aRmoC<strong>enis</strong>a da aRorZinebis Sesaxeb ix. gerSoni da<br />

jenkovski (Gershni and Jankowski 1987). zogadad<br />

diasporebis Sesaxeb ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1976)<br />

da koeni (Cohen 1997).<br />

25 Zvel babilonsa da israelSi am sajaro<br />

ritualebisa da kanonebis Sesaxeb ix. frank<strong>for</strong>ti<br />

(Frank<strong>for</strong>t 1948) da zeitlini (Zeitlin 1984).<br />

Tavi 6 perspeqtivebi<br />

1 ‘naciaTmSeneblobisaTvis’ ix. doiCi (Deutsch 1966).<br />

dekolonizaciaSi nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis<br />

gamoyeneba maials aqvs ganxiluli (Myall 1990,<br />

gansakuTrebiT, Tavi 4).<br />

2 evropaSi XX saukunis 60–70-ian wlebSi e.w.<br />

‘eTnikuri aRorZinebis’ Sesaxeb didZali<br />

literatura arsebobs; ix., maT Soris, esmani (Esman<br />

1977), stouni (Stone 1979), e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1981a)<br />

da gibernau (Guibernau 1996).<br />

3 sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidre saxelmwifoebSi<br />

nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis rolis Sesaxeb ix.<br />

bremeri da tarasi (Bremmer and Taras 1993) da suni<br />

(Suny 1993). aRmosavleT evropis Sesaxeb ix. gleni<br />

(Glenny 1990), xolo balkaneTis Sesaxeb ix. rameti<br />

(Ramet 1996). Tanamedrove evropul, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki, centralur da aRmosavlur evropul<br />

nacionalizmebSi eTnikurobisa da saxelmwifos<br />

rolis bolodroindeli originaluri Teoriuli<br />

analizi ix. SopflinTan (Schöpflin 2000).<br />

4 ufro sruli ganxilvisaTvis ix. gidensi (Giddens<br />

1985) da e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1995: Tavi 4).<br />

5 soisolTan ix. imis dasabuTeba (Soysal 1994), rom,<br />

Tumca imigrantebs metnaklebad <strong>saerTaSoriso</strong><br />

xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli igive<br />

adamianTa uflebebi da SeRavaTebi aqvT, rac<br />

evropuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs, es uflebebi<br />

da SeRavaTebi TiToeuli nacionaluri<br />

saxelmwifosTvis specifikuria. evropaSi eTnikur<br />

221

umciresobebze zemoqmedebaTa Sesaxeb ix., agreTve,<br />

prisi (Preece 1998).<br />

6 evropuli kulturuli ‘identobisa’ da politikuri<br />

unifikaciis ufro dawvrilebiTi ganxilva ix.<br />

e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1992), SlesinjerTan (Schlesinger<br />

1992) da pitersTan (Pieterse 1995), xolo kritika –<br />

delantisTan (Delanty 1995).<br />

7 ix., agreTve, baba (Bhabha 1994). axali, ufro<br />

arCeviTi da simboluri eTnikurobebisaTvis,<br />

multikulturul sazogadoebaSi ix. holi (Hall<br />

1992). ix., agreTve, Ddevid mileris Sromisadmi<br />

miZRvnili simpoziumis masalebi o’liris<br />

redaqciiT (O’Leary 1996). multikulturul<br />

argumentebis Zlieri liberaluri<br />

kontrargumentebi ix. barisTan (Barry 1999).<br />

8 ‘safrangeTis’ cnebis gagebebisaTvis dreifusis<br />

saqmis periodSi ix. kedvordi (Kedward 1965), xolo,<br />

ufro zogadad, franguli nacionalizmebis<br />

Taobaze – koni (Kohn 1967b), iujin veberi (Weber<br />

1991) da gildea (Gildea 1994).<br />

9 simboluri eTnikurobis Taobaze ix. gansi (Gans<br />

1979). mravlobiTi, situaciuri identobebis ideis<br />

Sesaxeb ix. kolmeni (Coleman 1958: danarTi), okamura<br />

(Okamura 1981), da balibari da uolersteini (Balibar<br />

and Wallerstein 1991).<br />

10 postmodernuli epoqis teqnologiuri<br />

revoluciebis Sesaxeb ix. harvi (Harvey 1989); ix.,<br />

agreTve, gidensi (Giddens 1991).<br />

11 es paragrafebi efuZneba e.d.smiTs (A.D.Smith 1995:<br />

Tavi 1) da statiebs krebulSi feTerstonis<br />

redaqciiT (Featherstone 1990).<br />

12 genderisa da nacionalizmis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

Sesaxeb mravalricxovani literatura moipoveba;<br />

kerZod, ix. iuval–devisi da anTiasi (Yuval–Davis and<br />

Anthias 1989) da specialuri gamocema kandiotis<br />

redaqciiT (Kandiyoti 2000).<br />

13 omisa da naconalizmis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb<br />

ix. marvikTan (Marwick 1974) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith<br />

1981b); omis msxverplTa moxseniebisa da<br />

222

wlisTavebis aRniSvnis Taobaze ix. mosi (Mosse<br />

1990), gilisi (Gillis 1994) da uinteri (Winter 1995,<br />

gansakuTrebiT, Tavi 4). axal omebSi<br />

partikularistuli jgufebis mier warmoebuli<br />

brZolebis TaviseburebaTa aspeqtebi ix.<br />

kaldorTan (Kaldor 1999, gansakuTrebiT, Tavi 4).<br />

14 finelebis mier kalevalas gamoyenebis Taobaze ix.<br />

branCi (Branch 1985: Sesavali); slovakuri<br />

aRorZinebisaTvis – broki (Brock 1976); kievis<br />

ruseTis istoriisa da kazakTa memkvidreobis<br />

aRorZinebisaTvis – subtelni (Subtelny 1994: Tavebi<br />

1–2, 13); xolo didi zimbabves politikisaTvis –<br />

Cemberleni (Chamberlin 1979: 27–35).<br />

15 amgvari gadamwyveti qmedebis karg magaliTs<br />

(gansakuTrebiT zogierT inteleqtualTa Soris)<br />

iZleva postsionistur ganwyobilebaTa<br />

bolodroindeli zrda israelSi, ris Sesaxebac ix.<br />

rami (Ram 1998), Tumca saeWvoa, rom mas<br />

mosaxleobis didi nawili iziarebdes. msgavsi<br />

damokidebuleba elitasa da umravlesobas Soris<br />

SeiZleba SevniSnoT ‘evropul’ mimarTebebSi, ris<br />

Sesaxebac ix. delanti (Delant 1995).<br />

16 es Tezisi ufro srulad ganxilulia e.d.smiTTan<br />

(A.D.Smith 2000b), religiisa da nacionalizmisaTvis<br />

ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1997).<br />

223

damowmebani<br />

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