teqstebze orientirebuli kompetenciebis swavleba/swavla ucxouri ...
teqstebze orientirebuli kompetenciebis swavleba/swavla ucxouri ...
teqstebze orientirebuli kompetenciebis swavleba/swavla ucxouri ...
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FSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />
pedagogikur mecnierebaTa departamenti<br />
ekaterine mJavanaZe<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong> <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis magaliTze<br />
ganaTlebis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad warmodgenili<br />
specialoba: ganaTlebis didaqtika<br />
disertacia<br />
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori<br />
ciala megrelaZe<br />
pedagogiur mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
sruli profesori irine goSxeTeliani<br />
baTumi - 2012
Sesavali<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
Tavi I _ teqsti, rogorc saswavlo resursi.<br />
§1. teqsti, rogorc saswavlo miznis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi<br />
resursi.<br />
1.1.1 teqsti, rogorc lingvisturi kvlevis obieqti.-------------------- 16<br />
1.1.2 pedagogiuri teqsti. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 23<br />
§2. teqstis Seswavlis arsebuli viTareba ganaTlebis saSualo<br />
da umaRlesi skolis safexurebze.<br />
1.2.1 teqstze muSaobis standartebi swavlebis saSualo<br />
safexurze. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1.2.2 teqstze muSaobis standartebi swavlebis umaRles<br />
safexurze. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
Tavi II _ <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi da maTi<br />
miRwevis saSualebebi.<br />
§1. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi. ---------------------------------- 62<br />
§2. saswavlo aqtivobebi kompetenciis miRwevisaTvis.<br />
2.2.1 teqstis struqturis Semswavleli aqtivobebi. ----------------------- 79<br />
2.2.2 <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis lokaluri da globaluri strategiebi. 88<br />
2.2.3 <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> ganmaviTarebeli<br />
aqtivobebi. mimarTuleba – kiTxva da mosmena. -------------------------------<br />
2.2.4 <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> ganmaviTarebeli<br />
aqtivobebi. mimarTuleba – wera da saubari. ----------------------------------<br />
Tavi III _ miRweuli Sedegebis donis Sefaseba.<br />
§1. studentis mier miRweuli kompetenciis donis Sefaseba. -------- 122<br />
§2. kvlevis Sedegebis Sefaseba. -------------------------------------------------------- 142<br />
daskvnebi. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 152<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura. -------------------------------------------------------------- 156<br />
danarTebi. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 167<br />
3<br />
36<br />
47<br />
91<br />
107<br />
2
Sesavali<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis xarisxis amaRlebisaken swrafva ganapirobebs<br />
saganmanaTleblo programis farglebSi swavlebis, swavlisa da Sefasebis<br />
axali midgomebis Ziebas. am mimarTebiT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
saganmanaTleblo paradigma gaxda studentebSi zogadi da dargobrivi<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> formireba.<br />
ganaTlebis maRali xarisxis miRwevis safuZvlad miiCneva<br />
ganaTlebis erTiani evropuli sivrcis SeqmnisTvis rekomendebuli<br />
zogadi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis gamocdilebis gaziareba, im<br />
dargobrivi da originaluri <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gansazRvra, romlebic xels<br />
Seuwyoben students ukeTesi Sedegis miRwevaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
mniSvnelovans da mizanmimarTuls gaxdis saswavlo process. am mxriv<br />
aRsaniSnavia evropaSi saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTSewyobis<br />
proeqt „Tuningis~ (2008) Sedegebi da saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
kvalifikaciaTa CarCo, romelic, Tavis mxriv, eyrdnoba kvalifikaciaTa<br />
evropul CarCos.<br />
ganaTlebis sxvadasxva safexurze misaRwevi swavlis Sedegebis<br />
da maTi kvalifikaciis doneebs Soris logikuri kavSiris gansazRvrisas,<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> ganviTarebisTvis rekomendebulia Svidi komponenti: 1.<br />
codna da gacnobiereba (dargobrivi); 2. codnis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba/<br />
praqtikuli unarebi (dargobrivi); 3. kognituri da meTodologiuri<br />
unarebi (analizisa da sinTezis unari, gadawyvetilebis miReba; drois<br />
dagegmvisa da organizebis unari); 4. sakomunikacio unarebi; 5.<br />
sainformacio komunikaciebis gamoyenebis unari; 6. socialuri unarebi<br />
(jgufSi muSaobis unari); 7. sistemuri unarebi (swavlis unari, kvlevis<br />
unari, damoukideblad muSaobis unari, proeqtebis SemuSavebis unari). am<br />
komponentebidan erT-erTi _ sakomunikacio unarebis kompetenciis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi moicavs: vrceli teqstebis gagebas; teqstebis kiTxvas<br />
yvela detalis CaTvliT, imis miuxedavad, exeba es mis profesias Tu sxva<br />
Temas; mkafiod struqturirebuli teqstis daweras sxvadasxva formiT,<br />
Sesabamisi stilis SerCevas.<br />
saqarTvelos umaRles skolebSi <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis swavlebis procesi<br />
mdgomareobs saswavlo masalis, swavlebis saSualebebis,<br />
3
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swaვlis Sedegebis urTierTmimarTebaSi. maTi gamaerTianebelia<br />
teqsti. teqsti warmoadgens ZiriTad saswavlo resurss, romlis<br />
safuZvelze xdeba mSobliuri da <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis saswavlo amocanebis<br />
gadawyveta. teqsts ukavSirdeba rogorc enis sistemis Semecneba, aseve<br />
enobrivi urTierTobebis normebisa da wesebis, sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli<br />
sametyvelo qcevis gansazRvra da Sefaseba.<br />
teqstis Se<strong>swavla</strong>, misi struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis, analizis,<br />
sinTezis, gagebis, daxarisxebis sakiTxebi Tanamedrove mecnierebebSi<br />
gamorCeul yuradRebas ipyrobs. ukanasknel periodSi teqstTan<br />
dakavSirebuli problemebis kvleva mimdinareobs fsiqolingvisturi,<br />
didaqtikuri, filologiuri mimarTulebebiT.<br />
mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi mieZRvna teqstobrivi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
formirebis sakiTxebs. aRsaniSnavia j. kresis (Kress 1994), n. Jirovas<br />
(Жирова 1997), m. verbickaias (Вербицкая 2000), a. andreeSCevas (Андреещева<br />
2003), s. Tornberis (Thornbury 2005), i. salosinas (Салосина 2007), o.<br />
kasperskaias (Касперская 2009) naSromebi.<br />
ra aris teqsti? ra saerTo ganmsazRvreli niSnebi aqcevs erTi<br />
saxelwodebis qveS teqstTa aRmniSvnel nairgvarobas? am kiTxvebze<br />
miRebuli pasuxebi sxvadasxvagvaria. teqstis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />
Sexedulebebi yovelTvis ganicdida cvlilebas drosa da sivrceSi.<br />
magaliTad, Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi Semovida cnebebi _ `hiperteqsti~,<br />
„interaqtiuli teqsti~. hiperteqsti (ingl. hypertext), anu hiperteqsturi<br />
sistema aris sxvadasxva tipis dokumentebis sistema, romelSic yoveli<br />
dokumenti dakavSirebulia romelime sxva dokumentTan amave sistemidan.<br />
kavSiri hiperteqstur sistemaSi aris erTi dokumentis meore dokumentze<br />
gadasvlis saSualeba. `hiperteqsturi dokumenti aris iseTi dokumenti<br />
hiperteqsturi sistemidan, romelSic erTi kavSiri mianc arsebobs amave<br />
sistemis sxva dokumentTan, rogoric ar unda iyos is: teqsti, naxati, xma,<br />
kompiuteruli progrma, xmauri, animacia, video. sxvadasxva tipis<br />
dokumentebis erT sistemaSi dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis gamo<br />
hiperteqstur sistemas uwodeben agreTve hipermediurs (ingl. hypermedia).<br />
„msoflio ablabuda“ (ingl. world wide web) aris `hiperteqsturi sistema~.<br />
(ixileT internetresursi #42)<br />
4
„1973 wlamde teqsti ar SeiZleba yofiliyo internetgverdi,<br />
kompiuteruli TamaSi, interaqtiuli Txroba, artefaqtebi.<br />
postmodernizmma ki Semoitana Tezisi – samyaro, rogorc teqsti.<br />
postmodernizmSi yvela realoba moiazreba, rogorc teqsti, diskursi,<br />
narativi, teqstualoba, interteqstualoba“. (mircxulava 2009:30).<br />
`interteqstualoba _ es aris garkveuli enobrivi signalebiT<br />
markirebuli „gasaubreba, gadaZaxili“ teqstebs Soris, maTi dialogi.<br />
interteqstad miCneulia: nebismieri teqsti, romelic yovelTvis<br />
warmoadgens Zveli citatebisagan moqsovil axal qsovils; ramdenime<br />
nawarmoebi an fragmenti, romlebic qmnis erTian teqstur (an<br />
interteqstur) sivrces da avlenen elementebis araSemTxveviT erTianobas;<br />
teqsti, romelic Seicavs citatebs farTo gagebiT. interteqsti<br />
specifikuria postmodernistuli xelovnebisTvis. nawarmoebis<br />
semantikuri struqturis komponentia qveteqsti. aq simZimis centri<br />
gadatanilia interpretaciaze, gagebaze~ (kinwuraSvili 2008:23).<br />
1990-iani wlebidan saTaves iRebs literaturuli mimdinareoba _<br />
„axali teqstualobebi~. Tavad termini 1997 wels frangma mweralma frank<br />
larozma Seqmna. axali teqstualobebi ukavSirdeba obieqtivizms,<br />
romelmac uari Tqva literaturaSi lirizmsa da subieqturobaze. axali<br />
teqstualobebi erTmaneTs ukavSirebs iseT urTierTgansxvavebul Janrebs,<br />
rogoricaa poezia, proza, Teatri da a.S. es teqstebi SeiZleba nebismieri<br />
saxiT iqnas wakiTxuli: rogorc poezia, proza an drama. am mimdinareobis<br />
mwerlebi iyeneben literaturul metaenas, romlis mizania<br />
metaliteraturis da, Sesabamisad, garkveuli universalurobis Seqmna.<br />
meore mxriv, axali teqstualobebis avtorebze Zalian didi gavlena<br />
moaxdina axalma teqnologiebma. amasTan, es Semoqmedebi arian ara<br />
mxolod mwerlebi, aramed xelovnebis sxva dargebis warmomadgenlebic.<br />
amgvarad, axali teqstualoba miznad isaxavs xelovnebis Janrebis<br />
sazRvrebis rRvevas (literatura, vizualuri xelovneba, multimedia,<br />
plastikuri xelovneba, sasceno xelovneba, cifruli xelovneba da a. S.).<br />
am mimdinareobis nawarmoebebi aris an pirdapir „verbovizualuri” da<br />
audiocifruli, an im mizniT Seqmnili, rom gamosadegi iyos aseve<br />
cifrul an sasceno xelovnebaSi adaptaciisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
5
isini teqstTan erTad moicaven suraTsa da xmas (ZiriTadad,<br />
eleqtronuls). amgvari teqstebi ufro xSirad ramdenime avtoris mieraa<br />
Seqmnili. imis gamo, rom amgvar nawarmoebebSi Sedis ara mxolod teqsti,<br />
maT ewoda `teqstualobebi~, xolo axal teqnologiebTan maTi pirdapiri<br />
kavSiris gamo, saxelwodebas daemata zedsarTavi `axali“<br />
(internetresursi #26).<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom adreuli saxelmZRvaneloebis umravlesoba<br />
ZiriTadad moicavda Mmxolod teqstebis nimuSebs. dRes<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebs aqvs multimodaluri forma da Seicaven<br />
gamosaxulebebsac. „ra miviCnioT sakiTxav teqstad? mxolod<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebi? TxrobiTi (e. w. „narativi”) Tu aRweriTi (e. w.<br />
„eqspozitoruli~) teqsti? mxolod tradiciuli nabeWdi masala Tu<br />
vebgverdi internetSi? fizikis formula Tu geografiuli ruka? filmi?<br />
speqtakli? ferweruli tilo? sareklamo dafa Tu sxva vizualuri<br />
kompozicia?“ (papava 2006:9).<br />
„mniSvnelovani SekiTxvaa – teqsti mxolod lingvisturi movlenaa<br />
Tu is agreTve Seicavs suraTs da nawers? da Tu pasuxi dadebiTia, maSin<br />
unda ganvixiloT Tu ara teqstis werilobiTi nawili ufro<br />
gansxvavebulad, vidre vizualuri?“ (Leeuwen... 2001:135).<br />
„teqstis~ da `diskursis~ gansazRvrebisas, lingvistTa jgufi orad<br />
gaiyo. erTni miiCneven maT erTmaneTis sinonimad, meoreni ki – ara.<br />
v. furcelaZe (1998) mijnavs am or cnebas erTmaneTisgan da miiCnevs,<br />
rom umetes SemTxvevaSi „teqsti“ gamoiyeneba werilobiTi warmonaqmnis,<br />
xolo „diskursi“ zepiri, dialoguri metyvelebis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
lingvistebis erTi jgufi teqstad miiCnevs erT sityvas, saTaurs,<br />
frazas, winadadebas, werils, cnobas, amindis prognozs, anketas,<br />
gancxadebas, Jests, mimikas da sxva saxis aramxatvruli teqstis nimuSebs.<br />
meore jgufis azriT ki, profesor vladimer sergias sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, „teqsti aris umaRlesi donis enobrivi sametyvelo erTeuli,<br />
romelsac aqvs sakuTari Tema, grafikuli saxe, struqturuli da<br />
semantikuri mTlianoba, azrobrivi damTavrebuloba da sakomunikacio<br />
daniSnuleba“ (dvaliZe 2009:35).<br />
6
`komunikacia moicavs ara marto mesijs (gzavnils) da teqsts,<br />
aramed avtorsa da mkiTxvels (addressser and addressee) Soris urTierTobas<br />
da agreTve, maT uSualo situaciur konteqsts. amdenad, igi aris<br />
interpersonaluri da urTierTdamokidebuli bunebis; agreTve, mas aqvs<br />
sazogadoebrivi datvirTva. diskursi unda axasiaTebdes ara marto<br />
Cveulebriv saubars da mis konteqsts, aramed weriT komunikaciebs<br />
mweralsa da mkiTxvels Soris. aqedan gamomdinarea terminebi<br />
„literaturuli an naratuli diskursi“, „diskursis samyaro“ da sxva.<br />
Tavisi am farTo gagebiT, diskursi moicavs teqsts, magram terminebi<br />
„teqsti“ da „diskursi“ ar aris yovelTvis advili gasarCevi<br />
erTmaneTisgan da xSirad sinonimuradac gamoiyeneba~ (dvaliZe 2009:13).<br />
socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebis da axali<br />
saxis teqstebis arsebobam ganapiroba teqstis gansxvavebuli definiciebis<br />
arseboba. mraval ganmartebaTagan naSromSi veyrdnobiT `teqstis~<br />
ganmartebas, romelsac gvTavazoben vladimer sergia, avTandil arabuli,<br />
rusudan enuqiZe. `teqsti aris enobrivi aqtivobis (Semoqmedebis)<br />
konkretuli Sedegi, dasrulebuli Sinaarsobrivad da mTliani<br />
struqturulad. mizanmimarTuli sametyvelo, moqmedebis bolomde<br />
realizebuli mTlianoba.<br />
teqstis arsebiTi struqturuli niSnebia:<br />
1. teqsts aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli;<br />
2. teqsts axasiaTebs Sinaarsobrivi mTlianoba, anu Sinaarsobrivi<br />
kavSiri mis calkeul monakveTebs Soris;<br />
3. teqsts aqvs saerTo azri (SeiZleba teqstis mTeli saTqmelis<br />
koncentracia erT frazaSi);<br />
4. teqsts aqvs an SeiZleba hqondes saTauri;<br />
5. teqsts aqvs struqturuli mTlianoba: sityvebi erTiandebian<br />
winadadebebSi azrobriv monakveTebad (abzacebad), abzacebi _<br />
teqstobriv blokebad (paragrafebi, Tavebi, nawilebi);<br />
6. teqsti enobriv erTeulTa arsebobis mTavar realur garemos<br />
warmoadgens da maTi obieqturi Rirebulebac swored teqstis<br />
farglebSia xelSesaxebi~ (arabuli 2004:152).<br />
7
lingvistebi [i. germani (Герман 1999), n. valgina (Валгина 2003), l.<br />
balaganina (Балаганина 2010)] <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis problemebis kvlevisas da<br />
mxatvrul <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobisas, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben<br />
interpretacias, romlis mTavari amocanaa teqstis, rogorc<br />
urTierTmoqmedi da urTierTganmapirobebeli komponentebis, rTuli<br />
struqturuli sistemis gaazreba. es niSnavs literaturuli nawarmoebis<br />
axsnas, misi azris, ideis, koncefciis wvdomas. iTvleba, rom teqstidan<br />
maqsimaluri informaciis miReba saSualebas iZleva srulad Cawvde ara<br />
marto avtoris Canafiqrs, aramed imasac, rac xSirad avtoris ganzraxvis<br />
sapirispirodac arsebobs. A<br />
mokle moTxrobis teqstis interpretaciis meToduri aspeqtebis<br />
ganxilvisas, i. germani Tvlis, rom `teqsti unda iyos ganxiluli<br />
yovelgvari gare konteqstis gareSe~ (Герман 1999:78). Cven viziarebT l.<br />
balaganinas mosazrebas, romelic Tvlis, rom `TiToeuli mkiTxveli<br />
teqstidan iRebs sxvadasxva moculobis informacias (azrobrivs,<br />
esTetikurs). interpretacias Tavis elfers sZens epoqaTa cvlileba.<br />
mxatvrul teqstSi aris sxvadasxva azrobrivi perspeqtivis aRmoCenis<br />
SesaZlebloba~ (Балаганина 2010:95).<br />
mecnierTa kvlevis sagania teqstis kompoziciuri da Tematuri<br />
organizeba, xatovanebaTa sistema, TxrobiTi perspeqtivebi, sametyvelo<br />
stili da sxva, romlebic ganapirobebs teqstis xedvas, misi Semadgeneli<br />
erTeulebis kvlevis safuZvelze informaciis miRebas. Tanamedrove<br />
meTodikur TeoriaSi aqtualuri gaxda teqstis aRqmis, gagebisa da<br />
interpretaciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra teqstobrivi<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> safuZvelze.<br />
teqstobrivi kompetencia, romelic moiazreba, rogorc codnis,<br />
unarebis, Cvevebis, teqstobrivi aqtivobebis erToblioba, zogad saswavlo<br />
kompetenciadaa miCneuli. moswavleebSi teqstobrivi kompetenciis<br />
Camoyalibebis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil kvlevaSi t. koSeCkina aRniSnavs,<br />
rom `saskolo swavlebis erT-erTi mizania moswavleTa teqstobrivi<br />
kompetenciis ganviTareba, rogorc efeqturi saswavlo moRvaweobis<br />
piroba~ (Кошечкина 2008:56).<br />
8
saqarTvelos skolebis axali saswavlo gegma TiTqmis yvela<br />
saganSi iTvaliswinebs teqstze muSaobis misaRwev standartebs.<br />
magaliTad, qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavlebis mizania<br />
ganuviTaros moswavles sakuTari azris logikuri TanmimdevrobiT<br />
gamoTqmisa da sxvadasxva daniSnulebis werilobiTi teqstebis Seqmnis<br />
unari. ucxour enaSi swavlebis mesame (bolo) safexurze zepiri Tu<br />
weriTi metyvelebis unaris ganviTarebis mTavari wyaro teqstis kiTxva<br />
xdeba. misi saSualebiT moswavle enobriv marags amdidrebs da <strong>swavla</strong>Si<br />
ufro damoukidebeli xdeba. klasebis matebis mixedviT izrdeba teqstebis<br />
moculoba da sirTulis done. moswavleebs moeTxovebaT avTenturi,<br />
sxvadasxva Janrisa Tu tipis, literaturuli Tu funqciuri teqstebis<br />
gageba da gaanalizeba.<br />
erovnuli saswavlo gegma safexurebis mixedviT iTvaliswinebs<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis standartebs. magaliTad, meaTe klasSi gacnobiTi<br />
kiTxvis dros moswavle gamoTqvams varauds teqstis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb<br />
sxvadasxva elementis moSveliebiT (saTauri, qvesaTauri, ilustracia,<br />
abzacebis dasawyisi, erT-erTi abzaci, gamoyofili sityvebi). `SeswavliTi<br />
kiTxvis dros moswavle ecnoba teqsts; gamowvlilviT kiTxulobs mas: 1.<br />
cdilobs ucnobi sityvebis, gamoTqmebis mniSvnelobis amocnobas nacnob<br />
verbalur (konteqsti, qarTulSi damkvidrebuli <strong>ucxouri</strong> sityvebi,<br />
sityvis nacnobi fuZe, afiqsebi) da araverbalur (teqstis agebuleba,<br />
ilustraciebi, sxvadasxvagvari Srifti, brWyalebi) elementebze<br />
dayrdnobiT; 2. ucnobi sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis axsnas eZiebs misTvis<br />
misawvdom resursebSi (saxelmZRvanelo, leqsikoni, kompetenturi piri); 3.<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xelmeored kiTxulobs teqsts an mis calkeul<br />
nawilebs. ZiebiTi (seleqciuri) kiTxvis dros moswavle Tvalis<br />
gadavlebiT amokrefs misTvis saWiro informacias“ (ixileT<br />
internetresursi № 43).<br />
Tanamedrove didaqtikis mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba gaxda im<br />
codnisa da unarebis gansazRvra, romelTa ganviTareba saerTo mizans<br />
warmoadgens yvela enis <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlisaTvis, iqneba es mSobliuri ena<br />
da literatura, Tu qarTuli, germanuli, franguli, rusuli an<br />
inglisuri rogorc meore ena.<br />
9
nebismieri tipis (mSobliuri, aramSobliuri) enis Seswavlisas,<br />
moswavle erTi da igive amocanebis winaSe dgeba. moswavles moeTxoveba<br />
daadginos, Tu ra struqturisaa teqsti, ra Sinaarsis Semcvelia, ra<br />
enobrivi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs mas, ra tipis strategiebi unda gamoiyenos<br />
mis gasaazreblad da sxva. metic, aseTive enobriv-komunikaciuri<br />
amocanebi dgas nebismier araenobriv saganSic (iqneba es istoria,<br />
maTematika, fizika da sxva), roca saWiroa teqstebis gaazreba, Sedgena Tu<br />
auditoriis winaSe zepiri gamosvla. sxvadasxva sagnis, magaliTad,<br />
geografiis 2010-2011 ww. saswavlo standartebis mixedviT, moswavle<br />
mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze msjelobs msoflios enobrivi<br />
ojaxebisa da jgufebis geografiis Sesaxeb; Sedegebs gamoxatavs<br />
gansxvavebul formatSi (teqsturi masalis transformacia rukaze,<br />
cxrilSi, sqemaze); aanalizebs teqstur informacias, sxvadasxva tipis<br />
geografiul saSualebebs da gansazRvravs, rogor icvleboda SerCeuli<br />
qveynis roli sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi; gamoTqvams varauds qveynis<br />
samomavlo perspeqtivebze (socialur-ekonomikuri da samxedro-<br />
politikuri potenciali). ase rom, enobriv-komunikaciuri unarebi<br />
gamWoli xasiaTisaa da am unarebis daufleba pirovnebas nebismieri<br />
sagnis aTvisebis procesSi sWirdeba, gansakuTrebiT, integrirebuli<br />
swavlisas.<br />
integrirebuli <strong>swavleba</strong> gulisxmobs enebis swavlisas miRebuli<br />
gamocdilebis urTierTdakavSirebas da SeZenili gamocdilebis gadatanis<br />
xelSewyobas erTi enidan meoreSi. aseTi midgoma ganamtkicebs unarebs,<br />
amdidrebs gamocdilebas da zrdis moswavleTa da studentTa<br />
qmediTunarianobas. mis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia Seswavlil Tu<br />
Sesaswavl enebs Soris xidebis gabma. ase, magaliTad, <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis<br />
standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli strategia – `moswavle teqsts mTlianad<br />
waikiTxavs, sxvadasxva simboloTi moniSnavs mTavar sakiTxebs,<br />
meorexarisxovan ideebs, sakvanZo sityvebs~ _ im unarTa ricxvs<br />
ganekuTvneba, romlebic SeiZleba efeqturad iqnes gamoyenebuli teqstis<br />
gaazrebisas nebismier saganSi“..<br />
saSualo skolis saswavlo procesze dakvirveba, romelic<br />
mimdinareobda qalaq baTumSi 2008-2010 wlebSi cxadyofs, rom<br />
10
winaaRmdegobaa saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebsa da moswavleTa realur<br />
codnasa da unarebs Soris. <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaoba ZiriTadad xorcieldeba<br />
enobrivi ciklis farglebSi. metyvelebis ganviTareba xdeba viwro<br />
specifikuri savarjiSoebiT, risi Sedegia moswavleTa uunaroba sakuTari<br />
azri gadmoscen spontanuri teqstis formiT an aRiqvan saswavlo<br />
teqstebi da gamoxaton sakuTari damokidebuleba wakiTxuli teqstisadmi.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli vlindeba erovnuli gamocdebisTvis moswavleTa<br />
damatebiTi mecadineobis aucileblobaSi.<br />
kvlevis aqtualoba: 2008-2010 wlebSi qalaq baTumSi umaRlesi<br />
skolis saswavlo procesze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom teqstebis<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong>a enobriv analizsa da zepirad<br />
da<strong>swavla</strong>ze. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis procesSi axali meTodebi dainerga da bevr pedagogs<br />
didi warmatebebic aqvs mopovebuli, SesamCnevia studentTa <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
muSaobis dabali done. winaswari daswavlis gareSe maT uWirT wakiTxuli<br />
teqstis samwuTiani zepiri gadmocemac ki, ver axerxeben werilobiTi<br />
teqstebis Sedgenas, garkveul problemaze teqstebis moZiebas,<br />
daxarisxebas, teqstis analizidan sinTezze gadasvlas.<br />
ganaTlebis zogad da umaRles safexurze <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis procesze dakvirvebisas gamovlenili<br />
winaaRmdegobebi da susti mxare Sedegia imisa, rom verc saSualo skolis<br />
moswavle da verc umaRlesi saswavleblis studenti ver aRiqvams teqsts,<br />
rogorc saswavlo resurss konkretuli amocanis gadasawyvetad da ar<br />
flobs uSualod <strong>teqstebze</strong> orientirebul kompetenciebs.<br />
umaRles skolaSi Tormetwlianma gamocdilebam, saerTaSoriso<br />
konferenciebSi monawileobam, `evropis saganmanaTleblo struqturebis<br />
urTierTSewyobisTvis proeqt „Tuningis“ Sedegebis Se<strong>swavla</strong>m,<br />
saqarTvelosa da sazRvrgareTis, kerZod, stokholmis, varSavis, bergenis<br />
universitetebisa da umaRlesi skolebis gamocdilebis gacnobam,<br />
ganapiroba sakvlevi TemiT daintereseba.<br />
kvlevis mizani: umaRles skolaSi, bakalavriatis safexurisTvis<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gansazRvra da maTi miRwevis<br />
gzebisa da saSualebebis dadgena.<br />
11
kvlevis amocanebi:<br />
1. teqstis, rogorc saswavlo amocanis gadasawyveti ZiriTadi saswavlo<br />
resursis mniSvnelobis gansazRvra da misi gamoyenebis arsebuli<br />
mdgomareobis Se<strong>swavla</strong>.<br />
2. umaRles skolaSi, Bbakalavriatis safexurze, teqstis<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Camoyalibeba da maTi miRwevisaTvis<br />
saswavlo aqtivobebis SerCeva.<br />
3. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciis miRweuli donis Sefaseba.<br />
4. kvlevis Sedegebis Semowmeba.<br />
kvlevis hipoTeza: <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
Camoyalibeba da maTi miRwevis gzebisa da saSualebebis gansazRvra xels<br />
Seuwyobs <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis maRalxarisxiani Sedegebis<br />
miRwevas.<br />
kvlevis meTodebi: wyaroebis analizi, SedarebiTi analizi,<br />
dakvirveba, gamocdilebis Se<strong>swavla</strong>, interviu, monacemebis damuSaveba,<br />
anketuri gamokiTxva, kvleviTi narkvevi.<br />
kvlevis meTodologia: kvlevis miznis miRwevisaTvis SemuSavda<br />
kvleviTi strategia, romelic Sedgeba Semdegi komponentebisagan:<br />
raodenobrivi kvleva, Tvisebrivi kvleva. kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi<br />
warmodgenilia Semdegi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT: sandooba,<br />
standartizacia, samizne jgufis SerCeva, fokusjgufebis CarTva,<br />
monacemTa damuSaveba, kvlevis etapebis dagegmva, mimdinareoba, Sedegebis<br />
analizi.<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis sandoobisTvis sociologiuri kvlevis,<br />
intervius Sedegebi warmodgenil iqna statistikuri cxrilebis,<br />
diagramebis saxiT. sociologiuri kvlevis, interviuebis da cxrilebis<br />
analizis Sedegebi, marTebulobisTvis, rekomendaciebis saboloo<br />
variantis SemuSavebamde gavacaniT Sesabamis jgufebs. maTi SeniSvnebi,<br />
winadadebebi, rCevebi gaTvaliswinebul iqna.<br />
kvlevis materialur-teqnikuri baza: SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis biblioTeka, rsu-s ganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa<br />
fakultetis biblioTeka, baTumis resurscentris biblioTeka, ivane<br />
javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTeka, akaki wereTlis<br />
12
saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTeka, baTumis me-18 da me-7 sajaro<br />
skolebis, baTumis inglisuri enis saswavlo centri "ETI"-is<br />
sabiblioTeko baza, internetresursebi.<br />
kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle: ganaTlebis didaqtika Seivso <strong>ucxouri</strong><br />
enebis <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis procesSi <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis axali midgomebiT,<br />
ganisazRvra <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi, SerCeul iqna maTi<br />
miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli saswavlo aqtivobebi, formebi, meTodebi,<br />
Sefasebis sistema.<br />
kvlevis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba: NnaSromSi<br />
ganxilulia qarTveli da ucxoeli lingvistebis mosazrebebi teqstis<br />
raobis, misi struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis, analizis, gagebisa da<br />
daxarixebis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. agreTve, mocemulia pedagogiuri,<br />
saswavlo teqstis ganmsazRvreli niSnebi. warmodgenilia<br />
saganmanaTleblo programaSi CarTuli <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> CamonaTvali.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis procesi<br />
aRwerilia nimuSebis, sqemebis saxiT. mocemulia rekomendaciebi saswavlo<br />
procesis organizebisTvis. miRebuli Sedegebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli<br />
iqneba <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis swavlebis procesSi, rogorc saSualo, ise umaRles<br />
saswavlebelSi. kvlevis Sedegebi daexmareba <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis<br />
maswavleblebs saswavlo procesis dagegmvaSi, <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis<br />
warmatebuli Sedegis miRwevaSi; studentebs _ seminarebis momzadebisas<br />
damoukidebeli muSaobis xarisxis amaRlebaSi.<br />
dasacavad gasatani sakiTxebi:<br />
teqsti, rogorc saswavlo resursi, uzrunvelyofs ganaTlebis<br />
sxvadasxva safexurze saswavlo miznis Sesabamisi xarisxiani<br />
swavlis Sedegebis miRwevas;<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gansazRvra, maTi<br />
CarTva saswavlo masalis SinaarsSi da asaxva <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
orientirebul silabusSi, ganapirobebs misaRwevi Sedegebis<br />
gacnobierebas, miznis sicxades, saswavlo procesis<br />
gaaqtiurebasa da xarisxis amaRlebas, rac xels Seuwyobs<br />
saswavlo amocanebis gadawyvetas. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
13
zogadi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> miRweuli done gamosadegia sxvadasxva<br />
sagansa da sxvadasxva situaciaSi axali codnis misaRebad.<br />
dargobrivi (sagnobrivi) kompetenciebi specifikuria garkveuli<br />
dargisa da sagnisaTvis. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> swavlebis organizaciis formebia: leqcia,<br />
aqtiuri leqcia, vorkSopi, seminari, kvleviTi seminari,<br />
praqtikuli seminari.<br />
saswavlo aqtivobebis SerCevis principebia: saswavlo mizanTan<br />
Sesabamisoba, <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSobisadmi interesis amaRleba, teqstis<br />
gagebisa da teqstisadmi damokidebulebis gamoxatvis unaris<br />
Camoyalibeba. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis aqtivobebi saSualebas aZlevs students<br />
gamoavlinos kompetenciis dauflebisaTvis mzaoba, moaxdinos<br />
miRweuli Sedegebis demonstrireba.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Sefasebis safuZvelia<br />
kreditebis transferisa da dagrovebis evropuli sistema (ECTS).<br />
upiratesoba eniWeba ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas. Sefasebis<br />
formebia: zepiri prezentacia, teqstis analizi, eseis, Tezisis<br />
prezentacia, werilobiTi angariSis Sedgena, kvleviTi statiis<br />
kritika, testireba, portfolio.<br />
naSromis struqtura: naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, 3 Tavis, 6<br />
paragrafis, daskvnebis, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalisa da<br />
danarTebisagan.<br />
disertaciis mokle Sinaarsi: pirvel TavSi -_ „teqsti, rogorc<br />
saswavlo resursi“ _ ganxilulia teqstis, rogorc saswavlo resursis,<br />
funqcia da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, mocemulia sxvadasxva dargis<br />
mecnierTa mosazrebebi teqstis raobis Sesaxeb. dasabuTebulia saswavlo<br />
amocanebis miznis misaRwevi teqstis SerCevis mniSvneloba.<br />
naSromSi warmodgenilia: saswavlo teqstis tipebi da saxeebi,<br />
ganxilulia mxatvruli, oficialur-saqmiani, SemoqmedebiTi, SemecnebiTi<br />
da pragmatuli teqstebis arsebiTi struqturuli niSnebi da swavlebis<br />
meToduri aspeqtebi; teqstis aRqmis, gagebisa da interpretaciis ZiriTadi<br />
14
maxasiaTeblebi. teqsti ganxilulia, rogorc: 1. lingvisturi obieqti; 2.<br />
informaciis gadacemis saSualeba; 3. axali produqciis Seqmnis bazisi.<br />
gaanalizebulia saSualo da umaRlesi skolis doneze teqstis<br />
Seswavlis realuri viTareba, gamovlenilia winaaRmdegobebi, romelTa<br />
daZlevisTvis saWiroa saTanado kompetenciis floba.<br />
Mmeore TavSi _ „<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi da maTi<br />
miRwevis saSualebebi“ _ mocemulia kompetenciis cnebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli gansazRvrebebi, aRwerilia teqstobrivi kompetenciis<br />
xuTkomponentiani paradigma, enobrivi pirovnebis formirebis procesi da<br />
teqstis aRqmisa da interpretaciis maxasiaTeblebi; Camoyalibebulia<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> CamonaTvali bakalavriatis safexurisTvis; kompetenciis<br />
miRwevis principis mixedviT gamoyofili da daxasiaTebulia sxvadasxva<br />
saswavlo aqtivoba da strategia. naSromSi warmodgenili dargobrivi da<br />
zogadi teqstobrivi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> SerCeuli aqtivobebi xels Seuwyobs<br />
students misaRwevi Sedegis gacnobierebaSi, saswavlo procesSi aqtiurad<br />
Cabmasa da damoukidebeli muSaobis gaumjobesebaSi.<br />
amave TavSi ganxilulia teqstis gagebisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
lokaluri da globaluri doneebi, sityvis gagebisa da Seswavlis<br />
sxvadasxva meTodi.<br />
mocemulia saqarTvelosa da sazRvargareTis saSualo da umaRlesi<br />
skolebis saganmanaTleblo programaSi gaTvaliswinebuli teqstobrivi<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> analizi.<br />
mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia umaRles skolaSi, profesionali pedagogis<br />
momzadebis farglebSi, teqstobrivi kompetenciis formirebis procesis<br />
fsiqologiur_pedagogiuri Semadgeneli aspeqtis gamovlena.<br />
mesame TavSi _ „miRweuli Sedegebis donis Sefaseba“ _ ganxilulia<br />
Sedegebis Sefasebis ori mimarTuleba: 1. studentis codnis Sefaseba<br />
ECTS sistemas mixedviT; mocemulia <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Sefasebis formebi, rubrikebi, sqemebi; miTiTebulia maTi<br />
gamoyenebis rekomendaciebi; 2. Sedegebis Semowmeba moxda eqsperimentis<br />
gziT. mocemulia eqsperimentis programa, aRwerilia msvleloba,<br />
gaanalizebulia Sedegebi.<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi aRwerilia daskvnebSi.<br />
15
Tavi I<br />
teqsti, rogorc saswavlo resursi<br />
$1. teqsti, rogorc saswavlo miznis ganxorcielebis<br />
ZiriTadi resursi<br />
1.1.1 teqsti, rogorc lingvisturi kvlevis obieqti<br />
Tanamedrove ganaTlebis Taviseburebas warmoadgens informaciis<br />
didi odenobiT dagroveba da intensiuri gadamuSaveba, rac studentisgan<br />
moiTxovs axali midgomebiT muSaobas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi swored<br />
informacia warmoadgens mTavar savaWro produqts, xolo informaciasTan<br />
muSaobis unari _ qveynis strategiul resurss.<br />
evropaSi saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTSewyobis proeqt<br />
„TuningSi~ aRniSnulia, rom `informaciis menejmentis kompetencia<br />
TiTqmis Tanabrad aRiqmeba yvela dargobriv jgufSi, rogorc<br />
literaturaSi saWiro informaciis moZiebis unari, informaciis<br />
pirvelad da meorad wyaroebs Soris gansxvavebis unari, tradiciuli Tu<br />
eleqtronuli biblioTekis gamoyenebis unari, internetSi informaciis<br />
povnis unari~ (gonzalesi 2008:78).<br />
radgan sxvadasxva informacia, ZiriTadad, teqstis saxiTaa<br />
warmodgenili, Sesabamisad, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis procesi dakavSirebulia teqstTan. teqsti aris<br />
saswavlo miznis misaRwevi umTavresi resursi. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis<br />
SesavalSi vkiTxulobT: „maswavlebelma aqcenti unda gaakeTos<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli teqstebis, savarjiSoebisa Tu<br />
ilustraciebis gamoyenebaze sagnobrivi standartebis Sedegebis<br />
misaRwevad~ (internetresursi #6).<br />
teqstis raobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva Sexeduleba.<br />
dRes teqsti, rogorc Seswavlis obieqti, ipyrobs sxvadasxva sferos<br />
specialistTa yuradRebas, romlebic ikvleven enis funqciur-<br />
komunikaciur, filologiur, pedagogiur mniSvnelobas. cnebaSi `teqsti“<br />
xSirad moiazreba teqstis gramatika, stilistika, sintaqsi, lingvistika.<br />
teqstis mravalaspeqturi bunebis gamo SeuZlebelia misi dayvana mxolod<br />
enobriv kategoriamde. ganmartebebi, rom teqsti aris `winadadebaze meti<br />
16
erTeuli“, `winadadebebis Tanamimdevroba“ da a. S. arasrulia, radgan<br />
isini asaxaven teqstis wyobas, materialur struqturas, xolo misi<br />
eqstralingvisturi maCveneblebi yuradRebis gareSea datovebuli. ufro<br />
metic, `Tu gaviTvaliswinebT teqstis Sinaarsobriv komponents, teqsti<br />
winadadebebisgan ki ar Sedgeba, aramed realizdeba maTSi“ (Валгина<br />
2003:36).<br />
teqsti agreTve ganisazRvreba, rogorc `informaciuli sivrce“,<br />
`niSanTa Tanmimdevroba~ da a. S. magaliTad, semiotikaSi `teqstSi~<br />
moiazreba nebismier niSanTa gaazrebuli Tanmimdevroba, komunikaciis<br />
nebismieri forma, maT Soris, cekvac da ritualic. zogierTi mecnieri<br />
Tvlis, rom „teqstis semiotikuri Teoria scdeba teqstis lingvistikis<br />
farglebs da iZens universalur xasiaTs~ (kinwuraSvili 2008:35).<br />
filologiaSi, kerZod, enaTmecnierebaSi, teqstSi moiazreba,<br />
rogorc verbalur (enobriv) niSanTa Tanmimdevroba. radgan teqstSi<br />
Caqsovilia garkveuli azri, is Tavidanve aris komunikaciuri funqciis<br />
matarebeli. amitom, teqsti aris warmodgenili, rogorc komunikaciis<br />
erTeuli. rolan barti Tvlis: `teqsti sityvebis sworxazovani jaWvi<br />
araa, romelic erTaderT, garkveul Teologiur sazriss gamoxatavs,<br />
aramed mravalganzomilebiani sivrce, sadac erTmaneTs erwymian da<br />
epaeqrebian mwerilis gansxvavebuli tipebi, romelTagan arc erTi ar<br />
warmoadgens amosavals: teqsti citatebisganaa moqsovili da aTasobiT<br />
kulturul pirvelwyaroze migviTiTebs“ (Барт 2003:46).<br />
poststruqturalistTa naSromebSi ki teqstis cneba scdeba<br />
literaturuli teqstis farglebs da gaigivebulia adamianis<br />
cnobierebasTan, rogorc misi fiqsaciis erTaderT WeSmarit<br />
SesaZleblobasTan.<br />
teqsti warmoadgens niSanTa erTeulebis azrobrivad gaerTianebul<br />
Tanmimdevrobas, romlis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa urTierTkavSiri da<br />
mTlianoba. TviT sityva „teqsti~ (laT. Textus) niSnavs qsovils, naqsovs,<br />
kavSirs, SeerTebas. mniSvnelovania davadginoT, ra, rogor da risTvis<br />
erTiandeba da ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. rolan barti wers: ,,teqsti niSnavs<br />
qsovils; Tumca Tu aqamde am qsovils fardad gebulobdnen, romlis<br />
miRma warmatebulad Tu warumateblad imaleboda azri (WeSmariteba), Cven,<br />
17
am qsovilze laparakisas, xazs vusvamT dabadebis da warmoebis<br />
SesaZleblobebs, risi meSveobiTac teqsti iqmneba, usasrulod iqsoveba<br />
mravali Zafis gadaxlarTviT: am qsovilSi Cakarguli subieqti qreba,<br />
obobas msgavsad“ (Барт 1994:127).<br />
„teqstisa~ da „diskursis~ TiTqmis erTnair gansazRvrebas<br />
gvTavazobs d. kristali „kembrijis enis enciklopediaSi~ da j. riCardsi<br />
„longmenis gamoyenebiTi lingvistikis leqsikonSi~. isini teqsts<br />
ganixilaven, rogorc frazebisa da winadadebebis Tanwyobas<br />
paragrafebad, xolo „diskursi~ maTi Tematurobis rekonstruqciaa;<br />
„diskursuli analizi~ ki exeba imis kvlevas, Tu ra gramatikuli<br />
kategoriebiT gadmoica diskursis struqtura da riTi miiRweva<br />
gamonaTqvamebs Soris kavSiri ama Tu im saxis diskursSi~ (dvaliZe<br />
2009:12).<br />
`teqstisa~ da `diskursis~ gansazRvrebisas, lingvistTa jgufi<br />
orad gaiyo. erTni miiCneven maT erTmaneTis sinonimad, meoreni ki – ara.<br />
v. furcelaZe (1998) mijnavs am or cnebas erTmaneTisgan: „teqsti“,<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, ixmareba werilobiTi warmonaqmnis, xolo „diskursi“_<br />
zepiri dialoguri metyvelebis aRsaniSnavad. „teqstis gamocalkeveba<br />
umetesad „zepir-werilobiTi“ opoziciis fonze xdeba, magram zogjer igi<br />
iRebs mentalur_materializebuli mimarTulebis saxes. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
„diskursi“ ganimarteba, rogorc enobrivi gamoTqmis aqti.<br />
„literaturuli diskursi“ niSnavs ara materializebul warmonaqmns,<br />
aramed mis materialur struqturas.<br />
lingvistebis erTi jgufi teqstad miiCnevs erT sityvas, saTaurs,<br />
frazas, winadadebas, werils, cnobas, amindis prognozs, anketas,<br />
gancxadebas, Jests, mimikas da sxva saxis aramxatvruli teqstis nimuSebs.<br />
meore jgufis azriT ki, profesor vladimer sergias sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, „teqsti aris umaRlesi donis enobrivi sametyvelo erTeuli,<br />
romelsac aqvs sakuTari Tema, grafikuli saxe, struqturuli da<br />
semantikuri mTlianoba, azrobrivi damTavrebuloba da sakomunikacio<br />
daniSnuleba~ (dvaliZe 2009:35).<br />
18
„teqsti aris sametyvelo procesis dasrulebuli warmonaqmni,<br />
werilobiTi dokumentis saxiT obieqtizirebuli, literaturulad<br />
damuSavebuli am saxis dokumentis tipis mixedviT; es nawarmoebi Sedgeba<br />
saTaurisgan da rigi gansakuTrebuli (zefrazuli erTianobisgan),<br />
romelic gaerTianebulia sxvadasxva saxis leqsikuri, gramatikuli,<br />
logikuri, stilisturi kavSiriT, romelsac aqvs gansazRvruli<br />
mizanmimarTuleba da pragmatuli mizani~ (Гальперин 1977:124).<br />
„komunikacia moicavs ara marto gzavnils (mesijs) da teqsts,<br />
aramed, avtorsa da mkiTxvels (addressser and addressee) Soris urTierTobas,<br />
maT uSualo situaciur konteqsts. amdenad igi aris interpersonaluri<br />
da urTierTdamokidebuli bunebis; agreTve mas aqvs sazogadoebrivi<br />
daniSnuleba. diskursi unda axasiaTebdes ara marto Cveulebriv saubars<br />
da mis konteqsts, aramed weriT komunikaciebs mweralsa da mkiTxvels<br />
Soris. aqedan gamomdinarea terminebi _ `literaturuli an naratuli<br />
diskursi“, `diskursis samyaro“ da sxva. am farTo gagebiT diskursi<br />
moicavs teqsts, magram es terminebi „teqsti“ da „diskursi“ ar aris<br />
yovelTvis advili gasarCevi erTmaneTisgan da xSirad sinonimuradac<br />
gamoiyeneba~ (dvaliZe 2009:13).<br />
robert de bogranma da volfgang dreslerma (Beaugrande… 1981)<br />
Camoayalibes komunikaciuri teqstis teqstualobis 7 maxasiaTebeli:<br />
kohezia, koherentuloba, ganzraxva, marTebuloba, informatuloba,<br />
situaciuroba, interteqstualoba. agreTve, maT gansazRvres teqstobrivi<br />
komunikaciis sami maregulirebeli principi: efeqtianoba, efeqturoba da<br />
Sesabamisoba.<br />
pirveli standarti _ kohezia _ aris teqstis sintaqsuri mTlianoba.<br />
teqsts koheziurobas aniWebs leqsikuri da gramatikuli erTeulebis<br />
Sesabamisi kombinacia. halideim da hasanma (Halliday…1989) Camoayalibes<br />
koheziis xuTi kategoria: miTiTeba, Senacvleba, elipsi, kavSiri da<br />
leqsikuri kohezia. gTavazobT koheziis sxvadasxva kategoriis<br />
magaliTebs.<br />
a. Wash six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. (miTiTeba)<br />
b. My knife is blunt. I have to get a sharper one. (Senacvleba)<br />
19
c. Did you see John? - Yes. (elipsi)<br />
d. They fought a battle. Afterwards, it snowed. (kavSiri)<br />
leqsikuri koheziiis magaliTebia:<br />
“There is a boy climbing the tree”<br />
a. The boy’s going to fall if he does not take care.<br />
b. The lad’s going to fall if he does not take care.<br />
c. The child’s going to fall if he does not take care.<br />
d. The idiot’s going to fall if he does not take care.<br />
koherentuloba, anu teqstis azrobrivi moculoba, komunikaciuri<br />
teqstis meore standartia. kohezia teqstis garegani mxarea, xolo<br />
koherentuloba ki _ mkiTxvelisa da teqstis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom koheziuri erTeulebis ubralod<br />
arseboba ver mianiWebs teqsts koherentulobas. gTavazobT nimuSs<br />
teqstisa, romelic aris koheziuri, magram ar aris koherentuli.<br />
I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs<br />
Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions<br />
between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. Every day I feed<br />
my cat. Cats have four legs. (internetresursi №38)<br />
amgvarad, teqsti unda iyos ara mxolod koheziuri, aramedMmasSi<br />
azric unda iyos Cadebuli. n. balaganinas mixedviT, teqstobrivi<br />
kategoriebi (Sinaarsobrivi, struqturuli, funqciuri, komunikaciuri),<br />
romlebic „arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, erwymis erTmaneTs da<br />
warmoSobs erTian mTlianobas, romelic ufro metia, vidre misi<br />
Semadgeneli elementebis ubralo jami“ (Балаганина 2010:90).<br />
p. verdonki Tvlis, rom verbalur-formaluri mniSvnelobebi _<br />
teqstis semantikur-sintaqsuri gaformeba semantikisa da stilistikis<br />
sferoa, xolo konteqstobrivi teqstis pragmatuli intenciis diskursi<br />
miekuTvneba lingvistur pragmatikas. A„aqedan gamomdinarea albaT isic,<br />
rom teqstis lingvistisaTvis teqsti aris winadadebaTa azrobrivi<br />
erTobliobiT dakavSirebuli enobrivi erTeuli, romelsac gaaCnia<br />
20
kohezia da koherentuloba, dinamizmi da procesualoba; sadac yvelaferi<br />
pirdapir ar aris naTqvami, sadac pragmatuli intencia saZiebelia da misi<br />
marTebulad wvdomis SemTxvevaSi xdeba mxatvruli xatis konstruireba,<br />
anu pragmatuli intenciis esTetizacia, rasac aramxatvruli teqsti<br />
moklebulia (Vardonk 2006:54).<br />
komunikaciuri teqstis mesame standarti _ ganzraxva _ teqstis<br />
momxmarebelzea <strong>orientirebuli</strong>. teqstis Semqmnels Cveulebriv, mocemuli<br />
gegmis gamoyenebiT, surs mizans miaRwios (magaliTad, daarwmunos,<br />
instruqtaJi gauwios, moiTxovos, informacia miawodos da a. S.). teqsti<br />
unda iyo misaRebi mkiTxvelisTvis. man unda SeZlos xazebs Soris<br />
informaciis amokiTxva. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia, romeli saxis<br />
teqstTan gvaqvs saqme. poeturi qmnilebis gasagebad xazebs Soris<br />
informaciis amokiTxvas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan poeturi<br />
nawarmoebis faseulobis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia azris mxatvruli<br />
saSualebebiT gadmocema, magram iuridiul kontraqtSi informacia<br />
maqsimalurad unda iyos teqstis zedapirze moqceuli.<br />
informatuloba SedarebiTi xasiaTis kategoriaa. magaliTad, 1950-<br />
ian wlebSi dawerili teqsti, romelic im droisTvis miiCneoda maRali<br />
informatulobis Semcvelad, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan SesaZloa<br />
naklebinformatuli iyos. komunikaciuri teqstis Semdegi kategoriaa<br />
situaciuroba. teqsti unda iyos garkveuli socialuri Tu pragmatuli<br />
konteqstis Sesabamisi. meSvide kategorias warmoadgens<br />
interteqstualoba_ teqstis kavSiri sxva teqstebTan.<br />
cneba `teqsti“ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ara mxolod mTliani<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebis, aramed mikroTemis, nawarmoebis Tavis,<br />
paragrafis an Sesavlis mimarTac.<br />
teqstis TeoriaSi Zalzed mniSvnelovania sakiTxi teqstis<br />
identurobis, kanonikurobis Sesaxeb, romelsac ikvlevs filologiis<br />
dargi _ teqstologia. teqstologia aris literaturaTmcodneobiTi<br />
disciplina, romelic kritikulad Seiswavlis damwerlobis,<br />
literaturisa da folkloris Zeglebs maTi mecnieruli gamocemis<br />
mizniT. meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebidan am terminis nacvlad gamoiyeneba<br />
„teqstis kritika~.<br />
21
amrigad, teqsti ganisazRvreba, rogorc „1. winadadebis, sityvebis<br />
Tanmimdevroba, romelic agebulia mocemuli enis wesebis mixedviT da<br />
gvawvdis raime cnobas; 2. avtoris dawerili an dabeWdili dasrulebuli<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebi (an misi fragmenti), istoriuli dokumenti da sxva;<br />
3. Txzuleba (beWduri anawyobis ZiriTadi nawili) suraTebis, naxazebis,<br />
formulebis, SeniSvnebis, komentarebis gareSe; 4. musikalur nawarmoebTa<br />
(mag., operis, romanis da sxv.) sityvebi; 5. stamburi Srifti; 6. semiotikasa<br />
da lingvistikaSi – niSanTa Tanamimdevroba (enis an niSanTa sxva<br />
sistemisa), romelic qmnis mTlianobas da gansakuTrebuli mecnierebis -<br />
teqstis lingvistikis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens~ (enciklopedia 1985:707).<br />
formis mixedviT, teqstebi SesaZloa iyos werilobiTi an zepiri.<br />
orive maTgani unda iyos struqturulad gamarTuli, Sinaganad<br />
gaazrebuli da mkiTxvelis an msmenelis aRqmaze mizanmimarTuli. aris<br />
meTodebi, romlebic ikvleven, ramdenad Seesabameba teqsti mocemuli<br />
codnis mqone recipients. teqstis marTebuli aRqmis ganmsazRvreli ara<br />
mxolod teqstis enobrivi, grafikuli erTeulebisa da saSualebebis<br />
gagebaa, aramed recipientis zogadi codna, wina codna anu<br />
„komunikaciuri foni~, rasac efuZneba teqstis dekodireba. fonuri codna<br />
SesaZloa iyos socialuri, individualuri an koleqtiuri saxis.<br />
`socialuri codna sametyvelo aqtis yvela monawilisaTvis aris<br />
saerTo. individualur codnas mxolod dialogis monawileebi floben<br />
saubris dawyebamde. koleqtiuri fonuri codna ki garkveuli koleqtivis,<br />
erTi profesiis mqone xalxisTvis aris saerTo~ (Шабес 1989:311).<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, Cven viziarebT da veyrdnobiT vladimer sergias,<br />
rusudan enuqiZis da avTandil arabulis „teqstis“ ganmartebas. `teqsti<br />
aris enobrivi aqtivobis (Semoqmedebis) konkretuli Sedegi, dasrulebuli<br />
Sinaarsobrivad da mTliani struqturulad, mizanmimarTuli sametyvelo,<br />
moqmedebis bolomde realizebuli mTlianoba.<br />
teqstis arsebiTi struqturuli niSnebia:<br />
teqsts aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli;<br />
teqsts axasiaTebs Sinaarsobrivi mTlianoba, anu Sinaarsobrivi<br />
kavSiri mis calkeul monakveTebs Soris;<br />
22
teqsts aqvs saerTo azri (SeiZleba teqstis mTeli saTqmelis<br />
koncentracia erT frazaSi);<br />
teqsts aqvs an SeiZleba hqondes saTauri;<br />
teqsts aqvs struqturuli mTlianoba: sityvebi erTiandebian<br />
winadadebebSi azrobriv monakveTebad (abzacebad). abzacebi _<br />
teqstobriv blokebad (paragrafebi, Tavebi, nawilebi);<br />
teqsti enobriv erTeulTa arsebobis mTavar realur garemos<br />
warmoadgens da maTi obieqturi Rirebulebac sworad teqstis<br />
farglebSia xelSesaxebi~ (arabuli 2004:252).<br />
1.1.2 pedagogiuri teqsti<br />
termini `pedagogiuri teqsti“ pirvelad gamoiyenes 1980-ian wlebSi.<br />
saswavlo teqstis upirvelesi funqcia aris <strong>swavleba</strong>. Sesabamisad, is<br />
unda Seicavdes iseT saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba<br />
moswavlis/studentis saqmianobis motivireba, dagegmva da ganxorcieleba,<br />
rasac mivyavarT saswavlo miznebis miRwevamde. l. malcevas azriT,<br />
`saswavlo teqsti mravalfunqciuria: 1. is Seicavs saswavlo<br />
informacias; 2. is aris zogadi da profesiuli codnis, kulturis<br />
matarebeli; 3. teqsti impliciturad Seicavs saswavlo informaciis da<br />
kulturuli faseulobebis aTvisebis meTodebs~ (Мальцева 1989:35).<br />
pedagogiuri teqsti unda iyos Sedgenili garkveuli pedagogiuri<br />
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. `im codnis testireba, gakontroleba, romlis<br />
reproducirebasac axdens teqsti, maswavleblis mier advili<br />
mosaxerxebeli unda iyos~ (Selander 1988:17).<br />
saswavlo amocanebis miznis misaRwevi teqstis SerCevas gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. აm SemTxvevaSi nebismieri teqsti ar gamodgeba. teqstis<br />
Sinaarsi da stili gansazRvravs im sametyvelo gamoxatulebas, romelmac<br />
zustad, adekvaturad unda gamoxatos saTqmeli. Sinaarsi am SemTxvevaSic<br />
fოrmis (anu sametyvelo gamoxatulebis) ganmapirobebelia.<br />
arsebuli viTarebis analizisaTvis sayuradReboa l. SaviSvilis<br />
mosazreba, romelic ambobs, rom „Cvens saskolo praqtikaSi axsnisas<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaoba gamoricxuli rodia, magram maswavleblebi upiratesad<br />
iyeneben sაgangebod Sedgenil teqstebs, rac uxvad Seicavs samizno<br />
23
sityvebs formaTa Sedareba-Sepirispirebis xerxiT. aseTi teqstebi<br />
aramxatvrulia, Raribi, xelovnurad SeTxzuli. isini marjvea saTqmelis<br />
naTelsayofad, magram raki TviT teqsti mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT<br />
mdarea, romelime wesis nimuSad misi damaxsovreba mizanSeuwonelia“<br />
(SaviSvili 1983:45).<br />
meoce saukunis 80–iani wlebidan swavlis procesi ZiriTadad aris<br />
dakavSirebuli teqstebTan. tradiciulad, teqsti ganixileba, rogorc<br />
dakavSirebuli diskursi, romelic warmodgenilia saswavlo<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebSi, Jurnal-gazeTebSi. es teqstobrivi forma<br />
warmoadgens <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis centralur nawils. Mmagram, gamomdinare<br />
iqidan, rom bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, teqstisa da<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis cnebebma ganicada transformacia, studentebis<br />
akademiuri ganviTarebis bunebac mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. kerZod, gaCnda<br />
Tanamedrove teqstis mravalgvari modalobis _ internetiT moZiebuli,<br />
naklebad dakavSirebuli teqstebis, dinamiuri Setyobinebebis _ gagebis<br />
aucileblobac, ramac ganapiroba informaciul-sakomunikacio<br />
teqnologiebis danergva Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi.<br />
swavlebis procesSi gamoyenebuli interaqtiuli teqstebi ambis<br />
gadmosacemad iyeneben sityvebis, gamosaxulebebis da bgerebis<br />
kombinacias. am teqstebis kategorizacia umTavresad xdeba<br />
mediakomunikaciis tipis mixedviT:<br />
– kompiuteri – internetinformacia, prezentaciebi;<br />
– beWduri media – dasuraTebuli wigni, Jurnali, sainformacio<br />
wignebi;<br />
– bgeriTi da vizualuri media – radio, televizia, video da DVD<br />
formati.<br />
am Mmultimodalur teqstebSi werilobiT nawilTan erTad gvxvdeba<br />
Jestebi, moZraobebi, uZravi an/da moZravi gamosaxulebebi, sityvebi,<br />
bgeriTi da musikaluri efeqtebi.<br />
<strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis Tanamedrove saswavlo literaturaSi gvxvdeba<br />
teqstebis aRmniSvneli Semdegi abreviaturebi: TALO, TAVI, TASP . TALO<br />
(Text as a linguistic object), anu teqsti, rogorc lingvisturi obieqti,<br />
gamoiyeneba gramatikis gasamtkiceblad da sityvieri maragis<br />
24
gasamdidreblad. Ees teqstebi Sedgenilia pedagogiuri miznebisTvis da<br />
SesaZloa iyos avTenturi an `adaptirebuli“, Seicavdes Sesaswavli enis<br />
konkretul elementebsa da maxasiaTeblebs. TAVI (Texts as a vehicle for<br />
information) _ teqsti, rogorc informaciis gadacemis saSualeba. am saxis<br />
teqstebSi gadmocemuli informacia ufro faseulia, vidre TviT ena,<br />
romliTac is aris gadmocemuli. studentebs moeTxovebaT teqstis<br />
zogadi Sinaarsis gageba. es teqstebi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iyos<br />
studentebisTvis raime movlenis gasacnobad an maTi interesis gazrdis<br />
saSualebad. isini umTavresad avTenturia da komunikaciur midgomazea<br />
dafuZnebuli. TASP (Texts as springboard for production) da (Text as a Stimulus for<br />
Production) _ teqsti, rogorc produqciis Seqmnis bazisi an stimuli. Ees<br />
teqstebi warmoadgens baziss kiTxviTi an weriTi davalebebisTvis<br />
(internetresursi #34).<br />
teqnologiebis ganviTarebam saTave daudo Tanamedrove swavlebis<br />
axal formas – distanciur <strong>swavleba</strong>s. Mmis farglebSi gamoyenebuli Self-<br />
Directed Learning Texts (TviTsaswavli teqstebi) saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas,<br />
sakuTari SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare, TviTon dagegmos Sesaswavli<br />
masalis intensivoba da moaxdinos sakuTari miRwevebis Sefaseba.<br />
a. babailovas mixedviT, `saswavlo teqsti aris teqstobrivi<br />
aqtivobis_ swavlebis, saswavlo teqstobrivi komunikaciis erTeuli.<br />
Sinaarsobrivi, enobrivi da kompoziciuri mimarTebiT, didaqtikuri<br />
miznebisTvis organizebuli teqsti aris saxelmZRvanelos erTiani<br />
informaciuli velis nawili, romelic mizanmimarTulia teqstobrivi<br />
aqtivobis Camoyalibebaze. teqstebis safuZvelze xdeba codnis gadacema<br />
calkeul disciplinebSi. amasTanave, mocemul etapze gansazRvruli<br />
jgufis (asakobrivi, erovnuli da a.S.) adamianebs uyalibdebaT swavlis<br />
konkretuli unar-Cvevebi~ (Бабайлова 1987:130).<br />
g. Jofkova aRniSnavs, rom saswavlo teqsts aqvs farTo gageba da<br />
erTianad moicavs saxelmZRvanelos mTlian teqstur masalas (teqstebi,<br />
savarjiSoebi, prezentacia). didi mniSvneloba aqvs teqstebisa da<br />
savarjiSoebis urTierTmimarTebas. teqstebi gvamcnoben axal<br />
informacias, emsaxurebian axali enobrivi movlenebis prezentacias da<br />
amasTanave, warmoadgenen sawyis wertils maTi praqtikuli aTvisebisTvis.<br />
25
`teqstebSi aucileblad unda iyos asaxuli gakveTilis Tematika, rac,<br />
ZiriTadad, gansazRvravs savarjiSoebis arCevas da maT tipologias~<br />
(Жофкова 1999:5).<br />
specialur literaturaSi dominirebs teqstis, rogorc saswavlo<br />
komunikaciis elementis, sami sabazo saxe:<br />
1. werilobiTi (beWduri) saxelmZRvanelos teqsti (internetresursi<br />
№33);<br />
2. aralingvisturi Sinaarsis werilobiTi (beWduri) teqsti – specialuri<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri an zogad-samecniero xasiaTis; zogadi da<br />
profesiuli mimarTulebis saswavlo teqstebi (Войтик 2004; Носонович<br />
1999; M Morrow 1977; Taylor 1994; Heitler 2005);<br />
3. maswavleblis mier zepiri an werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili teqsti<br />
auditoriis winaSe warsadgenad (Ленец 1999; Носар 2002; Комина 2003,<br />
2004; Черник 2002).<br />
teqstebis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganviTardes komunikaciuri<br />
metyveleba. saswavlo masalis gaazreba praqtikulad iwyeba teqstidan,<br />
romelic warmoadgens garkveuli sityvebisa da struqturis dakvirvebis<br />
masalas. teqsti SesaZloa miviCnioT savarjiSoTa sistemis erT-erT<br />
komponentad. aucilebelia meTodurad damuSavdes sawyisi teqstis<br />
kavSiri teqstis Semdeg mocemul aqtivobebTan, savarjiSoebTan<br />
(Митрофанова 1972:56).<br />
saswavlo amocanis Sesatyvisi teqstebia: literaturuli da<br />
araliteraturuli nawarmoebebi, mcire zomis folkloruli teqstebi,<br />
enis gasatexi, gamocanebi, andazebi, qarTuli da <strong>ucxouri</strong> sabavSvo<br />
klasika, moTxrobebi, igav-arakebi, zRaprebi, legendebi, moTxrobebi,<br />
leqsebi, klasikuri da Tanamedrove literatura, <strong>ucxouri</strong> literaturis<br />
Tაrgmanebi, litmcodneobis aspeqtebi, mimoxilviTi xasiaTis teqstebi,<br />
narkvevebi, sagazeTo statiebi, martivi proeqtebi, axsna-ganmartebiTi<br />
xasiaTis teqstebi, angariSebi, samecniero-publicisturi nawarmoebebi,<br />
sagazeTo statiebi, sxvadasxva periodis publicistika, memuarebi,<br />
recenziebi, moxsenebebi, oqmebi, sainformacio angariSebi.<br />
26
saswavlo teqstebi SeiZleba moicavdes Semdeg Temebs: buneba,<br />
mogzauroba, Tavgadasavali, fantastika, ojaxi, Tanatolebis cxovreba,<br />
SromiTi <strong>swavleba</strong>, humanizmi, samSoblo, religia, zneobrivi magaliTebi,<br />
adamianuri urTierTobebi, samarTlianoba, sikeTe da boroteba,<br />
megobroba.<br />
n. kirvaliZe (Kirvalidze 2008) gvTavazobs funqciuri teqstebis Semdeg<br />
tipebs: 1. aRweriTi (descriptive); 2. TxrobiTi (narrative); 3 .msjelobiTi<br />
(agumentative); 4. literaturuli (literary); 5. poeturi (poetic); 6. samecniero<br />
(scientific); 7. didaqtikuri (didactic); 8. sasaubro (conversational).<br />
„teqstebis nairsxeoba qmnis im aucilebel Tematur garemos,<br />
romlis gacnobierebamac adamiani unda moamzados cxovrebiseuli,<br />
profesiuli urTierTobisaTvis da, rac mTavaria, zneobrivi<br />
srulyofisaken swrafvisaTvis. saswavlo amocanebi iTvaliswinebs<br />
gansxvavebuli teqstebis gagebis, aRqmis, interpretaciis unar-Cvevebis<br />
dauflebas, teqstebis damoukideblad, sworad wakiTxvas, sakuTari<br />
damokidebulebebis gamoxatvas, analizs, informaciis mopovebasa da<br />
gamoyenebas, saWiroebis SemTxveaSi ki _ teqstebis Sedgenas” (ixileT<br />
internetresursi №44).<br />
a. arabulis mixedviT, `Tu adamianis sityvier samyaroSi arsebulი<br />
teqstebis did mravalferovnebas yvelaze zogadi Sinaarsobriv-<br />
stilisturi principebiT davyofT, sami ZiriTadi tipi gveqneba:<br />
mxatvruli, publicisturi da informaciuli. mxatvruli, publicisturi<br />
da informaciuli tipis teqstebs Soris garkveuli ierarqiaa: TiToeuli<br />
maTgani moicavs momdevnos niSnebs, magram momdevno ar moicavs (ar unda<br />
moicavdes) winamavalis niSnebs. რac mTavaria, TiToeul maTgans iseTi<br />
specifikuri niშnebi gaaCnia, rac sabolood ganapirobebs maTi<br />
sawarmoTqmo amocanisadmi damokidebulebas; kerZod, mxatvrul teqstSi<br />
dominantia emociur-esTetikuri niSani (moxibvla), publicistur teqstSi<br />
wina planzea publikaze (auditoriaze) gonebrivi zegavlenis neba<br />
(darwmuneba), xolo informaciuli teqsti am orive TvalsazrisiT<br />
neitraluria, maqsimalurad aris daclili mTqmelis nebisa da<br />
27
aqtivobisagan. misi funqcia mxolod informaciis miwodebaSi<br />
mdgomareobs~ (arabuli 2004:47).<br />
g. Jofkova (Жофкова 1999) saswavlo teqstebs yofs xasiaTis,<br />
Sinaarsis, formis da funqciis mixedviT. xasiaTi – samecniero,<br />
samecniero-popularuli, mxatvruli; Sinaarsi _ aRweriTi, TxrobiTi;<br />
forma – dialogi, monologi; funqcia _ xelovnurad Sedgenili,<br />
adaptirebuli, originaluri.<br />
l. risi saswavlo teqsts ganixilavs or saxed _ komunikaciur da<br />
arakomunikaciur saswavlo teqstebad. `monologi, enobrivi niSnebis<br />
Tanmimdevroba, romelic warmoadgens erTian Setyobinebas da dialogi,<br />
romelic Seesabameba garkveul situacias, warmoadgenen komunikaciur<br />
saswavlo teqstebs. arasakomunikacio saswavlo teqsts warmoadgens<br />
enobrivi niSnebis wyoba (sityvebi, sityvaTSeTanxmebebi, winadadebebi),<br />
romelsac ar aqvs erTiani sakomunikacio funqcia an konkretul<br />
situaciasTan raime kavSiri~ (Ries 1980:58).<br />
`ra tipis teqstebi SevarCioT saswavlo miznisTvis? `teqstis tipis<br />
SerCevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT:<br />
nacnobia Tu ara moswavlisaTvis teqstis struqturuli niSnebi;<br />
Seesabameba Tu ara teqstis tipi im mizans, romelic davisaxeT<br />
konkretul situaciaSi;<br />
ganaviTarebs Tu ara teqsti im aucilebel unar-Cvevebs, romlebic<br />
students sWirdeba;<br />
aris Tu ara daculi balansi pragmatul da mxatvrul teqstebs<br />
Soris;<br />
pirvelwyaroa teqsti Tu adaptirebuli varianti da, adaptirebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SenarCunebulia Tu ara ZiriTadi elementebi (Sinaarsi,<br />
Janri, struqtura da sxva)~ (inasariZe 2006:25).<br />
didi britaneTis 2010 wlis ganaTlebis erovnuli strategiebis<br />
analizis Sedegad, davadgineT, rom, saswavlo teqstebis Semdegi tipebi<br />
gamoiyeneba: narativi _ Tavgadasavali, misteria, mecnieruli fantastika,<br />
istoriuli mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, Tanamedrove mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebebi, problemis Semcveli moTxrobebi, dialogi, miTebi,<br />
legendebi, zRaprebi. aramxatvruli teqstebi _ eqspozitoruli:<br />
28
sadiskusio, axsna/ganmartebiTi, instruqciuli, damarwmunebeli,<br />
araqronologiuri angariSi, angariSi, enciklopediuri statiebi, sajaro<br />
gamosvlebis, prezentaciebis dros warmoTqmuli sityva, sajaro<br />
dokumentaciis nimuSebi, beWduri media, internetresursebi, almanaxebi,<br />
axali ambebi, biografiebi, samecniero statiebi, axsna-ganmartebebi,<br />
istoriul-politikuri analizi. aramxatvruli (funqciuri) teqstebi _<br />
ganrigebi, rukebi, diagramebi, eleqtronuli monacemebi. poezia _ TeTri<br />
leqsi, vizualuri (konkretuli, figuruli) leqsi, struqturirebuli<br />
poemebi.<br />
jim burki (Burke 2003:57) saswavlo teqstebs yofs oTx kategoriad: 1.<br />
funqciuri/eqspozitoruli; 2. narativi; 3. dramatuli; 4. poeturi.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong> damokidebulia teqstis<br />
Janrze, struqturasa da xarisxze. didi mniSvneloba aqvs, saswavlo<br />
teqsti warmoadgens Txrobas (narativs), eqspozitorulia Tu orives<br />
kombinaciaa (Sereuli tipis); Sereuli tipis teqstebs aqvs rogorc<br />
TxrobiTi, aseve eqspozitoruli teqstis niSnebi. amis TvalsaCino<br />
magaliTia biografiebi. erTi teqsti SesaZloa moicavdes ramdenime<br />
teqstis tips. magaliTad, rodesac TxrobaSi CarTulia dRiurebis,<br />
werilebis, eleqtronuli mimoweris formatis teqstebi.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, teqstis ZiriTadi mizania informaciis<br />
gadmocema. sxvadasxva tipis teqsti sxvadasxva informacias aRwers.<br />
narativi SedarebiT advili gasagebia. amitomac swavlebis sawyis etapze,<br />
umTavresad, naratiuli nawarmoebebi gamoiyeneba. swavlebis maRal<br />
safexurze gadasvlasTan erTad, matulobs eqspozitoruli<br />
(sainformacio) saxis teqstebis gamoyenebis sixSire da moculoba.<br />
eqspozitoruli teqstebi (sagazeTo an enciklopediuri statiebi) xsnis<br />
raime movlenis moqmedebis princips an obieqtis zogadi qcevis arss.<br />
sxvadasxva sagnis saxelmZRvaneloSi mravlad gvxvdeba eqspozitoruli<br />
tipis teqstebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi.<br />
jim burki saswavlo teqstebs yofs Semdeg tipebad: „1. teqstebi,<br />
Sedgenili informaciis miwodebis mizniT: abstraqti, yovelwliuri<br />
angariSi, biuleteni, bibliografia, broSura, katalogi, reziume, flaeri,<br />
wignis indeqsi, gancxadeba, instruqcia, ruka, meniu, oqmi, nekrologi,<br />
29
konspeqti, recepti, ganrigi, statistika, wignis sarCevi. 2 teqstebi,<br />
Sedgenili mkiTxvelis dasarwmuneblad: reklama, alegoria, wignis<br />
anotacia (gamomcemlis reklama), pamfleti, reziume, mimoxilva, lozungi.<br />
3. teqstebi, Sedgenili raimes asaxsnelad: werilobiTi Cveneba,<br />
konstitucia, kontraqti, dRiuri, leqsikonis Sesavali, direqtiva<br />
(miTiTeba), kanoni, memorandumi, memuari, Sefasebis rubrika, wesi, saskolo<br />
davaleba, xelSekruleba. 4. Sereuli tipis teqstebi: avtobiografia,<br />
biografia, bizneswerili, Carti, samotivacio werili, diagrama, dialogi,<br />
eleqtronuli werili, esei, programa, igav-araki, zRapari, folkloruli<br />
nawarmoebi, hiperteqsti, ilustraciebi, sia, monologi, miTi, sagazeTo<br />
statia, piradi werili, piesa. 5. sxva saxis: grafiti, testi“ (Burke 2003:36).<br />
teqsti aigeba garkveuli struqturis mixedviT. masSi SesaZloa iyos<br />
moyvanili erTze meti argumenti da Semdeg aqcenti gakeTdes erTi<br />
romelime argumentis sasargeblod. aseTi tipis teqstebi ufro axdens<br />
zegavlenas mkiTxvelze, vidre teqstis is struqtura, romelic or<br />
arguments gvTavazobs, magram arc erTis mxardamWer pozicias ar<br />
aviTarebs. rasakvirvelia, damxmare detalebis Sinaarsi da xarisxic<br />
zegavlenas axdens studentis cnobierebaze. studentebisTvis informacia<br />
ufro metad damajerebelia, Tu is moicavs cxrilebs, diagramebs,<br />
konkretul magaliTebs. studentisTvis mniSvnelovania miwodebuli<br />
informaciis sandooba. internetidan, Jurnal-gazeTebidan mopovebuli<br />
informaciisagan gansxvavebiT, saxelmZRvanelodan miRebuli informacia<br />
mkiTxvelis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc TavisTavad sando. teqstis sandoobas<br />
ganapirobebs mowodebuli informaciis miukerZoebloba, obieqturoba da<br />
avtoris kompetenturoba. damajereblobasTan erTad, saswavlo teqstis<br />
xarisxs ganapirobebs, agreTve, misi aRqmadobis xarisxic. teqstis gagebis<br />
sirTule aferxebs enis <strong>swavleba</strong>s/<strong>swavla</strong>s.<br />
sxvadasxva tipis teqsts gansxvavebuli struqtura aqvs. Tu<br />
studentebi teqstis struqturis elementebs, anu teqstSi informaciis<br />
organizebis wess (mag., qronologiuri struqtura – Sesasrulebeli<br />
davalebebis sia; sivrculi struqtura – geografiuli adgilebis<br />
dasaxeleba; kriteriumebze agebuli struqtura - erTi problemis<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqtis aRwera; induqciuri struqtura – faqtebis aRwera da<br />
30
daskvnis gakeTeba; deduqciuri struqtura – kanonzomierebis warmoCena<br />
da misi damadasturebeli magaliTebis Cveneba; SepirispirebiTi<br />
struqtura – pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebis, upiratesobebis da<br />
naklovanebebis aRwera; samnawiliani struqtura – faqti/problema,<br />
mizezi, problemis gadaWris gzis aRwera da sxva) xvdebian da gaiazreben,<br />
amiT garkveul informacias winaswar miiReben, rac wakiTxulis gagebaSi<br />
daexmarebaT. Tu studentebma ician, rom saTauri ZiriTadad mTavar azrs<br />
gamoxatavs, qvesaTaurebi ufro konkretul sakiTxebs exeba, grafikebi da<br />
diagramebi ki SedarebiT monacemebs asaxavs, maSin isini ufro<br />
damajereblad iwyeben teqstSi orientirebas. Tu <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis<br />
sawyis etapze leqtori struqturul elementebze dayrdnobiT rac<br />
SeiZleba meti informaciis moZiebas iTxovs, maSin studentsac teqstis<br />
Sinaarsze SedarebiT sruli warmodgena eqmneba da SemdgomSi teqstis<br />
mTavar ideas ukeT acnobierebs.<br />
eqspozitoruli, angariSi/aRweriTi tipis teqstebSi ZiriTadad<br />
gvxvdeba sagnis an movlenis aRwera, klasifikacia. is moicavs Semdeg<br />
elementebs:<br />
1. termini _ cneba, romelic unda ganimartos;<br />
2. dajgufeba _ kategorizacia;<br />
3. maxasiaTeblebi _ mocemuli movlenis sxva movlenebisgan<br />
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.<br />
teqstis struqturis codna aucilebelia informaciis<br />
SejamebisTvis. rogorc wesi, nebismieri teqsti garkveul struqturas<br />
efuZneba. Sejamebis dros, rac ufro ukeT gvaqvs gacnobierebuli<br />
Sesajamebeli teqstis struqtura, miT ufro efeqturad gavaanalizebT<br />
mas. `magaliTisTvis, warmoidgineT, rom ganaTlebis Temaze gamocemul<br />
JurnalSi unda waikiTxoT statia klasSi disciplinis damyarebis<br />
efeqtur meTodebze. sanam statiis kiTxvas daviwyebT, ukve viciT, rom mas,<br />
savaraudod, garkveuli struqtura eqneba. albaT, daiwyeba SesavliT,<br />
romelSic axsnili iqneba, Tu ratomaa sasargeblo klasSi disciplinis<br />
damyarebis efeqturi meTodebi; Semdeg mohyveba garkveuli teqsti imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu ra gakeTda am mimarTulebiT warsulSi da romeli meTodebi<br />
miaCnia avtors yvelaze sasargeblod. statia, savaraudod, garkveuli<br />
31
Semajamebeli winadadebebiT dasruldeba. teqstis struqturis saTanado<br />
gaazreba studentebs exmareba strategiulad dagegmon Sejamebis procesi<br />
da Tavidanve gansazRvron, teqstis romel nawils miaqceven met<br />
yuradRebas. kvlevebi adasturebs, rom moswavleebi ufro kargad<br />
aanalizeben teqsts, roca gaazrebuli aqvT Sesajamebeli teqstis<br />
struqtura~ (marzano 2009:36).<br />
mxatvruli da aramxatvruli teqstebi gansxvavdeba TavianTi<br />
tipologiiT. mxatvruli teqsti iqmneba asociaciur-xatovani azrovnebis<br />
kanonebiT, aramxatvruli ki – logikuri azrovnebis kanonebiT. mxatvrul<br />
teqstSi cxovrebiseuli masala gardaiqmneba avtoris mier danaxul<br />
`mikrosamyarod~. amitom, mxatvrul teqstSi cxovrebiseuli suraTebis<br />
aRweris miRma yovelTvis moiazreba qveteqsti, interpretacia, `meoradi<br />
realoba~. a. arabulis mosazrebiT, `teqstis fenomeni, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
mxatvruli teqstisa, mdgomareobs masSi asaxuli azrebisa da ideebis<br />
amouwurav bunebaSi: teqstis yoveli wakiTxva afarToebs gagebis sferos.<br />
teqsti axdens misi ideebis sinTezs da mas axal, originalur idead<br />
aqcevs. mxatvrulisagan gansxvavebiT, aramxatvruli teqsti, rogorc wesi,<br />
erTganzomilebiani da erTgegmiania, masSi asaxuli realoba ki _<br />
namdvili da obieqturi. mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris rTuli struqtura,<br />
romlis Semadgeneli nawilebi urTierTganpirobebulia. nawarmoebSi<br />
asaxulma movlenam SeiZleba imisagan gansxvavebuli saxe miiRos, rac<br />
nawarmoebis gareT, obieqtur realobaSi, aqvs. amitom nawarmoebi SeiZleba<br />
gavigoT orgvarad: 1. Eempiriulad, anu eqspliciturad – pirdapir<br />
naTqvamad; 2. metaforulad – cxovrebis kanonzomierebebis aRwera<br />
Sefaruli (nagulisxmevi) informaciis saxiT. mxatvruli teqsti, rogorc<br />
sityvis xelovneba, aireklavs cxovrebas Tavisi winaaRmdegobebiTa da<br />
sirTuleebiT, gamoirCeva ideaTa, msoflmxedvelobaTa da esTetikur<br />
gancdaTa mravalferovnebiT; literaturis swavlebis procesma xeli<br />
unda Seuwyos da erTgvari biZgi misces TiToeul pirovnebaSi arsebuli<br />
unikalur-individualuri da SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamovlenas~<br />
(arabuli 2004:50).<br />
gTavazobT mcire moculobis moTxrobis ZiriTad struqturul-<br />
kompoziciur niSnebs, romlebic sxvadasxva modifikaciiT gvxvdeba<br />
32
nawarmoebebSi: 1. moculoba; 2. moqmedebis uSualo Sekvra (situaciaSi<br />
swrafi Cabma); 3. moulodneli dasasruli (an kulminacia); 4. Sinaarsis<br />
simWidrove; 5. Cveulebrivi adamianis perspeqtividan danaxuli<br />
mniSvnelovani movlenis aRwera. teqstis agebis ZiriTad komponentebs<br />
miekuTvneba komunikaciis, drois perspeqtivis (moqmedebis kontiniumi,<br />
retrospeqtiva), TxrobiTi perspeqtivis, semantikuri donis (simbolika,<br />
izotopia da sxva) da stilisturi donis (lingvostilisturi movlenebi)<br />
komponentebi.<br />
studentze orientirebul saganmanaTleblo procesSi unda Seiqmnas<br />
iseTi saswavlo garemo, sadac students eqneba saSualeba, pirovnuli<br />
gamocdilebis safuZvelze gaiazros da Seafasos mxatvrul teqstebSi<br />
asaxuli problemebi. mxatvrul da aramxatvrul teqstebs adamianis<br />
pirovnul, emociur da inteleqtualur sferoebze zegavlenis moxdenis<br />
unari aqvT. aramxatvruli teqstebi komunikaciur-informaciuli saxisaa.<br />
maTSi xatovaneba araa mTavari mniSvnelobis mqone, aramed informaciis<br />
gadacemis (axsnis) saSualebaa. mxatvruli teqstebi _ komunikaciur-<br />
esTetikuri saxisaa. mxatvruli teqsti igeba metyvelebis xatovan-<br />
asociaciur bazisze da Sesabamisad, xatovaneba warmoadgens mxatvruli<br />
teqstis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrels.<br />
poezias, rogorc saswavlo resurss, aqvs mravali mizani.<br />
magaliTad, poeturi nawarmoebi SeiZleba iyos fiqrebis aRmZvreli,<br />
informaciis Semcveli, ambis gadmomcemi an gasarTobi. <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis<br />
mxriv, poeturi nawarmoebebi jgufdeba Temis, struqturis, formisa da<br />
enobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tematurad poeturi<br />
nawarmoebebi iyofa Sinaarsisa da sagnis mixedviT. struqturulad poezia<br />
mravalferovania. is Sesaloa iyos mkafio teqstobrivi struqturis mqone<br />
an vizualur-grafikul bazisze agebuli. magaliTad, postsimbolisturi<br />
krizisis periodSi warmoiSva grafikuli poezia. dadaistebi, akmeistebi,<br />
imaJinistebi da sxvebi Tu nebismier sityvaTSexamebasa da spontanurobas<br />
aniWebdnen mTavar mniSvnelobas, grafikosebma mTlianad uaryves teqstis,<br />
rogorc aseTis, daniSnuleba da aqcenti mTlianad formiseul<br />
koncefciaze gadaitanes. figurul leqss aseve uwodeben kaligrams.<br />
kaligrami (ori terminis – „kaligrafia~ da „ideograma~ – Serwyma) _<br />
33
leqsi, romlis grafikuli wyoba furcelze qmnis naxatis formas.<br />
naxatis forma xSir SemTxvevaSi teqstis siuJetTan aris dakavSirebuli,<br />
magram zogjer misi sapirispirocaa.<br />
saswavlo teqstis specialuri organizaciis meSveobiT SesaZloa<br />
zegavlenis moxdena pirovnebis gonebaze, grZnobebze, emociebze, maTi<br />
zogadi da informaciuli kulturis formireba. T. dridze aRniSnavs, rom<br />
`teqstebis meSveobiT moswavle eziareba codnas, socialur faseulobebs,<br />
normebs da adamianebis mier praqtikuli Tu Teoriuli moRvaweobis<br />
Sedegad dagrovil sxvadasxva informacias, rac aucilebelia Tanaziari<br />
socialuri aqtivobisTvis. mniSvnelovania, gaxdeba Tu ara mocemuli<br />
codna pirovnebis mier Camoyalibebuli samyaros erTiani suraTis<br />
Semadgeneli nawili da ra adgils miuCens is calkeul teqstebs<br />
samyaros Sesaxeb misi codnisa da warmodgenebis sistemaSi~ (Дридзе<br />
1984:240).<br />
teqstTan mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva problemebis kvlevebidan<br />
gamovyofT i. germanis mosazrebas, romelic teqsts ganixilavs, rogorc<br />
`azris warmoSobis sinergetikul process, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
interpretaciis dros~ (Герман 1999:105). sinergetika aris mecniereba,<br />
romelic swavlobs nairgvari sistemebis (struqturebis) warmoqmnis,<br />
TviTSenarCunebis, TviTorganizaciis, mdgradobisa da daSlis procesebs,<br />
maTematikuri fizikisa da e.w. „formaluri teqnologiebis“ meTodebis<br />
gamoyenebis safuZvelze. sinergetikuli midgoma, aseve, gamoiyeneba iseTi<br />
rTuli da arastruqturirebuli sistemis Sesa<strong>swavla</strong>d, rogoricaa<br />
sainformacio sivrce.<br />
Carlz templi gvTavazobs disciplinarul gansxvavebebs sxvadasxva<br />
specialobebs Soris. kerZod, humanitaruli disciplinebis farglebSi<br />
moiazreba didi raodenobis teqstebis interpretacia; midrekilebaa, rom<br />
yvelaferi teqstad ganixilebodes. lingvistebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom<br />
arsebobs teqstis mxolod erTi swori interpretacia (dogmatizmi), meore<br />
nawili ki fiqrobs, rom araviTari obieqturoba ar arsebobs, yvelaferi<br />
interpretaciis saqmea da yoveli calkeuli interpretacia iseve kargia,<br />
rogorc nebismieri sxva (relativizmi). sazogadoebrivi mecnierebani<br />
ikvleven sazogadoebriv problemebs. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi<br />
34
gamokveTilia tendencia, romlis mixedviT araferi ar eqvemdebareba<br />
interpretacias, rom yvelaferi obieqturad arsebobs. miuxedavad<br />
gansxvavebebisa, maT Soris aris disciplinaruli msgavseba. kerZod,<br />
`yvela disciplina svams da ikvlevs problemas; ayalibebs hipoTezas da<br />
eZebs mis damamtkicebel sabuTs, Seiswavlis sawinaaRmdego varaudis<br />
damamtkicebel monacemebs, msjelobs da dasabuTebidan daskvnamde midis~<br />
(templi 2007:6). yvela zemoT moyvanili saqmianoba gulisxmobs teqstebTan<br />
muSaobas.<br />
lingvistur-meTodikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebam logikurad<br />
migviyvana saswavlo masalis struqturuli sqemebis,<br />
sityvaTSeTanxmebebisa da winadadebebis gamoyenebidan konteqstobrivi<br />
informaciis gamoyenebis aucileblobamde. migvaCnia, rom aseTi midgoma<br />
mizanSewonilia rogorc saswavlo resursis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
agreTve swavlis Sedegebis Sefasebis drosac. studentebis codnis<br />
kontroli mizanSewonilia xorcieldebodes <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
davalebebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT.<br />
amrigad, saswavlo praqtikis, saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis da<br />
mecnier-mkvlevarTa mosazrebiT, teqsti aRiarebulia saswavlo miznis<br />
ganxorcielebis ZiriTad resursad.<br />
$2. teqstis Seswavlis arsebuli viTareba ganaTlebis<br />
saSualo da umaRles safexurze<br />
1.2.1 teqstze muSaobis standartebi swavlebis saSualo<br />
safexurze<br />
teqstis Seswavlis mdgomareobis gasacnobad SevarCieT ganaTlebis<br />
ori safexuri – saSualo da umaRlesi. amgvari midgomis mizania gairkves<br />
_ codnisa da unaris ra doniT modis studenti umaRles saswavlebelSi;<br />
ramdenad Seesabameba mis mier miRweuli Sedegi standartebis moTxovnebs;<br />
ra donidan unda daiwyos muSaoba <strong>teqstebze</strong> umaRles skolaSi.<br />
ramdenadac umaRlesi skolis winapiroba ZiriTadad saSualo<br />
safexuria (umaRlesi profesiuli skola Cveni kvlevis procesSi axali<br />
35
Camoyalibebulia da jerjerobiT misi saswavlo gegma gamocdisa da<br />
damuSavebis procesSia), orientacia aviReT <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT saSualo skolis saswavlo gegmebSi ganfenili moTxovnebis<br />
analizze.<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi, saskolo programisa da Sefasebis sistemaSi<br />
momxdari cvlilebis gamo, wignierebisadmi interesi ufros klasebSi<br />
gaizarda. moswavleTa saerTaSoriso Sefasebis programis (PISA) kvlevis<br />
procesSi, romelic ZiriTadad @„ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da<br />
ganviTarebis organizaciis~ wevr qveynebSi tardeboda, 15 wlis<br />
mozardebis wignierebis done mowmdeboda. Catarebulma kvlevebma gviCvena,<br />
rom `moswavleTa umravlesoba teqstis met-naklebad mniSvnelovani<br />
monakveTebis gansazRvrisas ucxo teqstSi sxvadasxvagvari informaciis<br />
moZiebisa da misi gaerTianebisas dabrkolebebs awydeboda. informaciis<br />
amokrefa teqstis saTauridan da struqturis elementebidan, ZiriTadi<br />
ideis povna, Sedarebebis gakeTeba, garkveuli masalis interpretireba,<br />
teqstis Sefaseba da efeqturi daskvnis gakeTeba bevrs gauWirda~<br />
(makdonaldi 2004:28).<br />
saSualo skolaSi kiTxvisa da weris <strong>swavleba</strong> ZiriTadad<br />
mSobliuri da <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebiT Semoifargleba da literaturuli formis<br />
aTvisebamdea dayvanili, gacnobierebuli kiTxvis Sinaarsobrivi analizi<br />
da strategiebi yuradRebis miRma rCeba. amavdroulad, sxva<br />
disciplinebSi moswavleebs uwindeburad uxdebaT wignierebis unaris<br />
gamoyeneba specialuri teqstebis masalaze, romelTa Sinaarsi da<br />
struqtura, leqsikuri erTeulebi swavlebis procesSi ufro rTuldeba.<br />
saqarTvelos erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, sagnobrivi<br />
mimarTulebebis standartSi mocemuli sakiTxebi, romlebic<br />
leqsikologia _ morfologia _ sintaqsis sakiTxebs moicavs, moswavles<br />
unda miewodebodes teqstTan mimarTebaSi, teqstidan gamomdinare.<br />
standarts axlavs programis Sinaarsi, romelze dayrdnobiTac masSi<br />
mocemuli Sedegebis miRwevaa SesaZlebeli. programis SinaarsSi<br />
gawerilia konkretuli sakiTxebi (masala) sagnobrivi mimarTulebis _<br />
enis (informaciis gageba, analizi da Sefaseba), ritorikisa (socialuri<br />
36
interaqcia) da literaturis (mxatvruli teqstis gageba da<br />
TviTgamoxatva) mixedviT.<br />
ganvixiloT sxvadasxva sagnis saswavlo gegmebSi asaxuli teqstis<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong>sTan dakavSirebul moTxovnebi.<br />
2010-2011 wlebis qarTuli enisa da literaturis saswavlo gegmis<br />
mixedviT, swavlebis mizans warmoadgens saazrovno moqmedebaTa<br />
(analizi, Sedareba, ganzogadeba) ganviTareba enobriv (teqstobriv)<br />
monacemTa safuZvelze; funqciurad da Sinaarsobrivad mravalferovani<br />
teqstebis Seswavlisa da gaazrebis unaris Camoyalibeba; teqstebTan<br />
SemoqmedebiTi (Tavisufali) damokidebulebis gamomuSaveba; teqstis<br />
analizis unaris Camoyalibeba; teqstis agebis kanonzomierebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT teqstis Seqmna; sxvadasxva tipis, stilisa da Janris<br />
teqstebis analizisa da Seqmnis unaris gamomuSaveba (ixileT<br />
internetresursi #22).<br />
moswavlem unda gamoiyenos kiTxvis ZiriTadi strategiebi, raTa<br />
SeZlos teqstis SerCeva, masSi sasurveli informaciis damoukideblad<br />
moZieba, kritikuli kiTxva, gramatikuli, statikuri da konteqstobrivi<br />
monacemebis gamoyeneba teqstis Rrmad wvdomis mizniT, specialuri<br />
saZieblebisa da leqsikonebis gamoyeneba, teqstebis swrafi da<br />
diferencirebuli kiTxva, miRebuli informaciis damuSaveba, monacemTa<br />
analizi da daskvnebis gamotana.<br />
<strong>ucxouri</strong> enis SemswavlelTaTvis gansazRvruli kiTxvis<br />
kompetenciebi sam safexurad davyaviT: sawyisi, saSualo da maRali done.<br />
sawyisi done mocavs: anbanis yvela asos cnoba da swori<br />
warmoTqma; fonemuri unar–Cvevebis floba; martivi werilobiTi<br />
instruqciebis gageba; raodenobiTi da rigobiTi ricxvebis cnoba; xSirad<br />
gamoyenebadi sityvebis cnoba; diax/ara pasuxebiT teqstis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis gagebis demonstrireba; sabaziso akademiuri leqsikonis<br />
codna; droisa da Tanmimdevrobis mimaniSnebeli sityvebis cnoba;<br />
sinonimebisa da antonimebis cnoba; martivi leqsikis ganzogadeba axal<br />
konteqstSi; TxrobiTi teqstis dasawyisisa da dasasrulis cnoba;<br />
sabaziso faqtobrivi da sainformacio xasiaTis SekiTxvebze (vin? ra?<br />
sad? rodis? rogor?) pasuxis gacema; inglisuri enis winadadebis<br />
37
struqturis cnoba; martivi teqstis dekodireba (gaSifrva); teqstis<br />
xmamaRali kiTxvis dros TviTkoreqtireba; mTavari sityvebis gamoyenebiT<br />
gamartivebuli teqstidan informaciis miReba; zmnis droebis cnoba;<br />
martivi TxrobiTi da aRweriTi teqstebis gagebis demonstrireba; ambis<br />
gadmocema martivi sityvebis, frazebis da winadadebebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
saswavlo amocanis gadasawyvetad gamoiyeneba rogorc<br />
literaturuli, aseve araliteraturuli/informaciuli teqstebi.<br />
SedarebisTvis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis sistemis<br />
analizis mixedviT, <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis procesi<br />
moicavs: bgerebisa da asoebis dakavSirebas; martivi teqstebis kiTxvasa<br />
da gagebas; kiTxvis martivi strategiebis flobas; sabavSvo<br />
literaturis kiTxvasa da gagebas; teqstis nawilebis dakavSirebas<br />
erTmaneTTan da daskvnebis gakeTebas; martivi literaturuli terminebis<br />
flobas. saswavlo teqstis saxeebia: ilustrirebuli wigni, novelebi<br />
(moTxrobebi), miTebi da legendebi, poezia _ balada, simReris teqstebi,<br />
erTmoqmedebiani piesebi, leqsebi.<br />
kiTxvis kompetenciis saSualo donis moTxovnebia: teqstSi zmnis<br />
aqtiuri da pasiuri gvaris garCeva; akademiuri leqsikis (sityvebis)<br />
mzardi codnis demonstrireba; leqsikonTan muSaobis strategiis<br />
gamoyeneba sityvebis mniSvnelobis amocnobis mizniT; konteqstze<br />
dayrdnobiT sainformacio teqstis gageba; martiv, mokle teqstebSi<br />
mTavari ideisa da ZiriTadi literaturuli elementebis amocnoba;<br />
mxatvruli da aramxatvruli teqstebis elementebis cnoba; mTavari da<br />
damxmare elementebis gamijvna martiv teqstSi; teqstSi gadmocemuli<br />
azris gageba; TxrobiTi da aRweriTi teqstis gagebis demonstrireba;<br />
teqstSi mocemuli kulturuli variaciebis maxasiaTeblebis garCeva<br />
(mag., dialeqtebis); Tavisufali kiTxvis demonstrireba; werilobiTi<br />
teqstis daskvnebis gakeTeba; kiTxvis sxvadasxva strategiis gamoyeneba;<br />
poeziis elementebis gagebis demonstrireba; rTuli winadadebis<br />
struqturis cnoba; literaturuli elementebis cnoba (mag., siuJeti,<br />
Tema); wakiTxuli vrceli mxatvruli teqstebis mimarT sakuTari azris<br />
gamoxatvis unars; sxvadasxva wyarodan miRebuli informaciis gagebas,<br />
interpretacias da Sedarebas; wakiTxuli teqstis mokle Sinaarsis<br />
38
gadmocemas. saswavlo teqstis tipebia: saTavgadasavlo romani, miTebi da<br />
legendebi, baladebi, simReris teqstebi; erTmoqmedebiani piesebi,<br />
teqstis monakveTi; gacnobis procedureb, madlobis gadaxda, gasaubreba<br />
nacnobTan, jgufuri diskusia; eleqtronuli diskusia, piradi<br />
mimowera/eleqtronuli werilebi, proeqtis dagegmva, gancxadebebis gageba.<br />
kiTxvis kompetenciis maRali done moicavs: teqstis analizi,<br />
daskvnebis gakeTeba, literaturuli nawarmoebebis xatovani enis Sefaseba,<br />
literaturuli naSromis interpretacia, Sesaferisi kiTxviTi<br />
strategiebis gamoyeneba; kvlevis mizniT sacnobaro masalis gamoyeneba<br />
(mag., enciklopedia, interneti); sxvadasxva literaturuli Janris<br />
nawarmoebis daxasiaTeba; literaturuli nawarmoebis kritikuli analizi.<br />
kiTxvis kompetencia moicavs sxvadasxva Janris vrceli moculobis<br />
teqstebSi saTanado informaciis moZiebas; teqstis kritikul kiTxvas.<br />
saswavlo teqstis tipebia: Tanamedrove an klasikuri romani,<br />
Tanamedrove an klasikuri novela (moTxroba), literaturuli Txroba,<br />
eleqtronuli teqstebi; poezia – simReris teqsti, soneti, piesa,<br />
monologi, araliteraturuli saxis teqstebi moicavs Tanamedrove,<br />
yoveldRiuri gamoyenebis teqstebs, sadac gamoyenebulia araxatovani<br />
leqsika – saqmiswarmoeba, xelSekrulebebi.<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis<br />
saministros mier SemuSavebuli saswavlo gegma zogadsaganmanaTleblo<br />
skolebisTvis teqstis gagebis standartebTan erTad gvTavazobs<br />
indikatorebs, anu debulebas im codnisa da unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic Camoyalibebulia Sesabamis SedegSi. indikatoris<br />
ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa gamoavlinos, miRweulia Tu ara Sedegi. misi<br />
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia SevafasoT/gavzomoT davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
xarisxi dadgenili kriteriumebis an moTxovnebis safuZvelze,<br />
davadginoT moswavlis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. erovnuli saswavlo<br />
gegmis sagnobriv standartebSi mocemuli indikatorebi TvalsaCinos<br />
xdis, ramdenad da rogor SeiZleba romelime konkretuli saswavlo<br />
Sedegis miRweva (berZeniSvili...2007:36). indikatori <strong>orientirebuli</strong>a unar-<br />
Cvevebze.<br />
39
erovnuli saswavlo gegma klasis sagnobrivi programis farglebSi<br />
gansazRvravs wlis bolos misaRwev Sedegebs mimarTulebebis mixedviT.<br />
magaliTad, Sedegi _ ucx.XII.12. (<strong>ucxouri</strong> ena, meTormete klasi, Sedegi #<br />
12) _ moswavle igebs SemecnebiTi xasiaTis teqsts sxvadasxva Temaze<br />
(istoriis, kulturis, sabunebismetyvelo sferoebidan) (internetresursi<br />
#18). Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: amoicnobs mTavar Temas/sakiTxebs;<br />
amoicnobs faqtobriv informacias; akavSirebs teqstSi mocemul<br />
informacias sakuTar gamocdilebasTan da amis safuZvelze gamoaqvs<br />
daskvna; amoicnobs teqstis sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris arsebul logikur<br />
kavSirebs (mizez-Sedegobrivi, pirobiTi da sxva) da teqstidan<br />
gamomdinare, gamoaqvs daskvna; ajgufebs informacias konkretuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT (msgavseba-gansxvaveba; mzardi-klebadi xarisxi<br />
da sxva); gamoaqvs daskvna mTliani teqstis gaazrebis safuZvelze; mijnavs<br />
erTmaneTisgan varauds da faqts; ganasxvavebs faqtebs<br />
damokidebulebebisagan, Sefasebisagan.<br />
Sedegi _ ucx.XII.13. _ moswavle igebs TxrobiT teqsts (moTxroba,<br />
cxovrebiseuli istoria, mogoneba, dRiuri). Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu<br />
moswavle amoicnobs mTxrobels, personaJebs, ambis msvlelobis mTavar<br />
etapebs (dasawyisi, ambis ganviTareba, dasasruli), movlenaTa<br />
Tanamimdevrobas, faqtobriv informacias (sad? ratom? ra mizniT? da<br />
sxva), personaJebis ganwyobilebebs, grZnobebs, damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs,<br />
personaJTa qcevis motivs; gamoaqvs daskvna personaJebs Soris arsebuli<br />
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb; axasiaTebs personaJebs teqstis gaazrebaze<br />
dayrdnobiT (internetresursi # 18).<br />
Sedegi _ ucx.XII.14. _ moswavle igebs biografias. Sedegi miRweulia,<br />
Tu moswavle amoicnobs pirovnebas, droisa da sivrcis orientirebs<br />
(TariRi, dabadebis adgili, epoqa), moRvaweobis sferos, raSic gaiTqva<br />
saxeli (istoria, xelovneba, politika, sporti da sxva); pirovnul<br />
Tvisebebs, pirovnebis karieris etapebs.<br />
<strong>ucxouri</strong> enis <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis mimarTuleba _ kiTxva _<br />
iTvaliswinebs strategiebis gamoyenebas, magaliTad, Sedegi _ ucx.XII.15. _<br />
moswavle gansazRvravs kiTxvis mizans da Sesabamisad, iyenebs kiTxvis<br />
sxvadasxva saxeobas (gacnobiTi, SeswavliTi, ZiebiTi):<br />
40
a. moswavle ecnoba teqsts (gacnobiTi kiTxva). Sedegi TvalsaCinoa,<br />
Tu moswavle: gamoTqvams varauds teqstis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva<br />
elementis moSveliebiT (saTauri, qvesaTauri, ilustracia, abzacebis<br />
dasawyisi, erT-erTi abzaci, gamoyofili sityvebi); erTxel kiTxulobs<br />
teqsts; yuradRebas ar amaxvilebs ucnob sityvebze da eyrdnoba nacnob<br />
sityvebs zogadi Sinaarsis gasagebad.<br />
b. moswavle guldasmiT kiTxulobs teqsts (SeswavliTi kiTxva).<br />
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: pirvel etapze ecnoba teqsts<br />
(gacnobiTi kiTxva); Semdgom etapze gamowvlilviT kiTxulobs teqsts: 1.<br />
cdilobs ucnobi sityvebis, gamoTqmebis amocnobas nacnob verbalur<br />
(konteqsti, <strong>ucxouri</strong> enidan Semosuli sityvebi, sityvis nacnobi fuZe,<br />
afiqsebi) da araverbalur (teqstis agebuleba, ilustraciebi,<br />
sxvadasxvagvari Srifti, brWyalebi) elementebze dayrdnobiT; 2. ucnob<br />
sityvebs, gamoTqmebs eZebs misTvis misawvdom resursebSi<br />
(saxelmZRvanelo, leqsikoni, kompetenturi piri); saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
xelmeored kiTxulobs teqsts an mis calkeul nawils.<br />
g. moswavle teqstSi poulobs konkretul informacias<br />
(ZiebiTi/seleqciuri kiTxva). Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle Tvalis<br />
gadavlebiT amokrefs konkretul informacias.<br />
Sedegi _ ucx.XII.23. moswavle amoicnobs ucxoenovan informacias<br />
kulturis sferodan. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: akvirdeba da<br />
amoicnobs ilustraciebSi/teqstebSi asaxul kulturul, simbolur,<br />
sayofacxovrebo realiebs) (gegma ucx 2011:107).<br />
sazRvargareTis saSualo skolebis kvlevis analizma cxadyo, rom<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
erT-erTi prioritetia. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
CrdiloeT karolinas ganaTlebis erovnuli sabWos mier 1978 wels<br />
miRebuli moTxovna iTvaliswinebs, rom saSualo skolis atestatis<br />
misaRebad moswavleebma gaiaron <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> testireba, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs literaturuli, informaciuli, SemecnebiTi saxis teqstebis<br />
wakiTxvasa da gagebas (Test .. 2008).<br />
testi Seicavs 10 teqstur monakveTs _ oTxi mxatvruli teqsti<br />
(monakveTebi novelebidan, romanebidan, dramebidan, eseebidan, poeziidan);<br />
41
oTxi SemecnebiT teqsti (xelovneba, medicina, maTematika, socialuri<br />
mecnierebebi) da ori sainformacio/instruqciuli saxis teqsti<br />
(magaliTad, rogor SevasruloT davaleba). TiToeul monakveTs axlavs 3-<br />
8 kiTxva. wakiTxulis gageba da gaazreba, agreTve SekiTxvebze pasuxebis<br />
gacema moiTxovs kiTxviTi strategiebis codnas.<br />
mniSvnelovania ara mxolod moswavlis mier kiTxvis kompetenciis<br />
floba, aramed maswavleblis mier am kompetenciis swori Sefasebis<br />
strategiis SemuSaveba.<br />
Cveni kvlevis miznisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />
saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
kvlevebi „Sedegis Sefaseba mSobliur enasa da literaturaSi~ (2007).<br />
ganvixilavT kvlevis zogierT masalas:<br />
kvlevis erT-erTi mizani moswavleTa unar-Cvevebis arsebuli<br />
mdgomareobis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnasTan Sesabamisobis<br />
dadgena iyo. kiTxvis unar-Cvevebis Sesafaseblad SeirCa 2 tipis teqsti:<br />
sainformacio da mxatvruli (mcire moculobis moTxroba). momzadda<br />
teqstis ori varianti, anu moculobis, leqsikis sirTulis, Tematikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT ori erTgvarovani mxatvruli da sainformacio teqsti<br />
(mxatvruli: r. inaniSvilis `Citebis gamomzamTrebeli~, g. doCanaSvilis<br />
`mTis gadaRma~, ori sainformacio teqsti mdinaris Sesaxeb). moculobiTi<br />
da leqsikuri sirTulis identurobis miRwevis mizniT teqstebi Semcirda<br />
da adaptirebul iqna (Sedegi... 2007:189).<br />
testirebis xangrZlivoba: 2 akademiuri saaTi.<br />
kvlevis meTodi: mSobliuri enisa da literaturis eqspertTa mier<br />
specialurad SemuSavda testis ori varianti Ria da daxuruli<br />
kiTxvebiT. testis aprobacia Catarda 99 moswavleze.<br />
kvlevis obieqti: testireba Catarda saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi,<br />
quTaisi, baTumi, rusTavi, gori). testirebaSi monawileoba miiRo 820-ma<br />
moswavlem.<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi: ganxorcielda kvlevis monacemTa fsiqometruli<br />
da SemdgomSi Tvisebrivi analizi. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis (esg)<br />
calkeuli Sedegis an indikatoris mixedviT Sedgenili teqstobrivi<br />
kiTxvebi daiyo oTx jgufad:<br />
42
Sedegebi/indikatori I: teqstidan konkretuli informaciis moZieba da<br />
amocnoba.<br />
Sedegebi/indikatori II: mxatvruli teqstis kiTxvisas mniSvnelobis<br />
amocnoba gansxvavebul konteqstSi.<br />
Sedegebi/indikatori III: mxatvrul teqstSi warmosaxuli suraTebis<br />
moZieba.<br />
Sedegebi/indikatori IV: mxatvrul teqstSi umizno winadadebebis<br />
moZieba.<br />
indikatori I _ moswavles SeuZlia moiZios da amoicnos<br />
konkretuli informacia teqstidan, rac gulisxmobs: 1. mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebis calkeuli detalis Sinaarsobrivi informaciis moZiebas da<br />
amocnobas; mxatvruli enis, mxatvruli xerxebis meSveobiT (sxvadasxva<br />
enobrivi saSualeba, tropuli metyveleba) gadmocemuli informaciis<br />
moZiebas da amocnobas; 2. sityvis mniSvnelobis gagebas konteqstSi; 3. im<br />
mxatvruli informaciis moZiebas da amocnobas, romelic sasveni niSnebis<br />
funqciaTa codnasa da xmarebis kanonzomierebebTan aris dakavSirebuli;<br />
4. sxvadasxva tipis teqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli enobriv-stilisturi<br />
elementebis amocnobas. 5. SerCeul teqstSi iyo uSemasmenlo nominaluri<br />
winadadebebiT agebuli mxatvruli aRweris ramdenime gamokveTili<br />
suraTi. erT-erTi kiTxva swored am winadadebis moZiebas Seexeboda.<br />
indikatori I _ teqstidan konkretuli informaciis moZieba da<br />
amocnoba _ daZlia testirebaSi monawile moswavleTa 75-100 %. am<br />
moswavleebma SedarebiT ukeT ician punqtuaciis elementarul niSanTa<br />
xmarebis kanonzomierebani da ukeT amoicnoben teqstSi maT funqcias<br />
(29%), SedarebiT iolad arTmeven Tavs sityvis mniSvnelobis gagebas<br />
konteqstSi (17%). ufro problemuria arareაluri, warmosaxviTi<br />
suraTebis amocnoba teqstidan (15%). dauZleveli aRmoჩnda კonkretul<br />
teqstSi gamoyenebuli aRweris asagebad mniSvnelovani sintaqsuri<br />
konstruqciis amocnoba (mag. uzmno winadadebis); aseve ver amoicnes is<br />
enobrivi saSualebebi, romelTa meSveobiT personaJis gancdebi, fiqrebi<br />
da a. S. gadmoicema teqstSi. miRwevis TiTqmis yvela doneze moswavleebs<br />
uWirT mxatvruli teqstis gaazrebasa da analizTan dakavSirebuli<br />
operaciebi: sxvadasxva enobrivi saSualebebiT, tropuli, saxeobrivi<br />
43
metyvelebiT gadmocemuli mxatvruli informaciis amocnoba, Sesabamisad,<br />
gaanalizeba; uWirT ama Tu im metyvelebis tipisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
konstruqciebis amocnoba, maTi modelirebisa da funqcionirebis<br />
kanonzomierebaTa SemCneva. teqstis problemuri analizis, Sefasebis,<br />
gamocdilebasTan misi dakavSirebis magier isini cdiloben, teqstSi<br />
zedapirze mocemuli informacia gaanalizon, Seafason.<br />
sainformacio teqstis farglebSi moswavleebi SedarebiT iolad<br />
axerxeben teqstis zedapirze eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis<br />
amocnobas (37%), magram ufro problemuria teqstidan<br />
urTierTdakavSirebuli informaciis amocnoba (13%). sakvlev<br />
(sainformacio) teqstSi zedapirze mocemuli TvalsaCino informaciis<br />
moZiebis garda, sxva operaciebi (sainformacio teqstis struqtura,<br />
teqstSi urTierTkavSirebis danaxva, mizani da auditoria da a.S.) met-<br />
naklebad problemuria. cxadia, es marto qarTulis swavlebis problema<br />
ar aris. moswavles nebismieri sxva sagnis gageba gauWirdeba, roca<br />
sainformacio, msjelobiTi teqstebis analizi da modulireba uWirs.<br />
indikatori II _ moswavles SeuZlia mTliani Sinaarsis gageba<br />
(ZiriTadi Tema, mTavari personaJi, saTauri, mizani, auditoria) _ daZlia<br />
moswavleTa 50-75%. mxatvrul teqstSi kiTxvebi Seexeboda: dRevandel<br />
saskolo praqtikaSi mxatvrul <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis erT-erT Tu ara,<br />
yvelaze metad gavrcelebul formas, kerZod, nawarmoebis mTavari Temis,<br />
nawarmoebis mTavari personaJis amocnobas (dasabuTebuli pasuxiT). am<br />
indikatoris farglebSi moswavleebi SedarebiT iolad arTmeven Tavs<br />
teqstis mTliani Sinaarsis gagebas (35%), magram mxolod 8% axerxebs<br />
dasabuTebuli pasuxis gacemas. SedarebiT dabalia monacemi nawarmoebis<br />
mTavari Temis amocnobasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvaSi (22%).<br />
sainformacio teqstis kiTxvebi gulisxmobda: 1.sainformacio<br />
teqstis miznisa da auditoriis amocnobas; 2.sainformacio teqstis<br />
mTavari Temis gagebas; 3. sainformacio teqstis mTlianobiTi Sinaაrsis<br />
gagebas (mTavari Temis dayofa qveTavebad). am indikatoris farglebSi<br />
moswavleebi SedarebiT ukeT arTmeven Tavs sainformacio teqstis<br />
mTavari Temis amocnobas (29%), ufro dabali monacemi gviCvena SekiTxvam,<br />
romelic sainformacio teqstis dayofas exeboda Sinaarsobriv nawilebad<br />
44
(18%); rac Seexeba SekiTxvas sainformacio teqstis miznisa da<br />
aუditoriiis Sesaxeb, orives amocnobas mxolod 4% axerxebs, erT-erTs<br />
amoicnobs 16%.<br />
indikatori III _ teqstis analizi _ daZlia moswavleTa 25-50%.<br />
mxatvrul <strong>teqstebze</strong> kiTxvebi Seexeboda teqstSi dasmuli problemuri<br />
sakiTxis analizs; teqstSi dasmuli problemuri sakiTxis analogiis<br />
povnas da gaazrebas sxva tipis teqstSi (moTxroba_andaza); mxatvruli<br />
elementebiT Seqmnili, problemuri sakiTxisTvis gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovani fragmentis analizs. am indikatoris farglebSi<br />
moswavleebi mxatvruli teqstis analizs yvelaze ukeT sZleven<br />
analogiis meSveobiT (47%). gacilebiT rTulia teqstSi dasmuli<br />
problemuri sakiTxis analizi mTliani teqstis gaazrebis safuZvelze<br />
(17%). yvelaze dabali monacemi gviCvena mxatvruli elementebiT Seqmnili<br />
mniSvnelovani fragmentis analizis Sesaxeb kiTxvam (4%).<br />
sainformacio teqstis kiTxvebi gulisxmobda: 1. problemis analizs<br />
mTliani teqstis safuZvelze; 2. sainformacio teqstis struqturuli<br />
mxaris gaazrebas (abzacis funqcia, Semajamebeli abzacis gaazreba). am<br />
indikatoris farglebSi moswavleebi SedarebiT iolad arTmeven Tavs<br />
problemis analizs (24%), magram Zalian uWirT sainformacio teqstis<br />
struqturuli mxaris gaazreba, kerZod, Semajamebeli abzacis funqciis<br />
gansazRvras mxolod 6% axerxebs.<br />
indikatori IV _ moswavles SeuZlia teqstis Sefaseba (sakuTari<br />
azris gamoxatva da misi argumentireba) _ daZlia 5_25%. mxatvrul<br />
teqstSi kiTxvebi exeboda: teqstSi dasmuli problemuri sakiTxis<br />
interpretacias sxvadasxva kuTxiT; mTavari problemis gaazrebas<br />
konkretuli literaturuli konteqstidan gamomdinare gamocdilebis,<br />
zneobriv-eTikuri poziciebis mixedviT; personaJis daxasiaTebas. am<br />
indikatoris farglebSi moswavleebi ukeT arTmeven Tavs mTavarი<br />
problemis gaazrebas cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, zneobriv-eTikuri<br />
poziciis mixedviT (34%), uWirT teqstSi dasmuli problemuri sakiTxis<br />
interpretacia sxvadasxva kuTxiT (10%). moswavleTa 11% axerxebs<br />
personaJis daxasiaTebas teqstSi mocemuli informaciis mixedviT.<br />
45
dauZlevelia am doneze mTavari personaJis mxatvruli saxis siRrmiseuli<br />
gaazreba.<br />
sainformacio teqstis kiTxvebi gulisxmobda: 1. teqstis Sefasebas,<br />
mocemuli informaciis dakavSirebas sakuTar gamocdilebasTan; 2. teqstSi<br />
dasmuli problemis Sefasebas sxva saswavlo sagnebSi miRebul codnaze<br />
dayrdnobiT; 3. teqstTan sakuTari damokidebulebis argumentireba. am<br />
indikatoris farglebSi moswavleebi ukeT arTmeven Tavs teqstidan<br />
sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatvas, dasabuTebas (32%). teqstis<br />
Sefasebas/teqstSi mocemuli informaciis dakavSirebas sakuTar<br />
gamocdilebasTan axerxebs moswavleTa 24%. gansakuTrebiT gauWirdaT<br />
moswavleebs am doneze teqstSi dasmuli problemis Sefaseba sxva<br />
saswavlo sagnebSi miRebul codnaze dayrdnobiT (3%).<br />
1.2.2 teqstze muSaobis standartebi swavlebis umaRles<br />
safexurze<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> ganaTlebis kvlevasa da gansxvavebul<br />
midgomaTa ganxilvas mieZRvna 2010 wlis seqtemberSi norvegiis qalaq<br />
bergenSi gamarTuli seminari, romelic daefuZna iohan henrix<br />
pestalocis (1746-1827) pedagogiur ideebs. `pestalocis Sexedulebebis<br />
Tanaxmad, kargi maswavlebeli unda daexmaros Tavis moswavleebs _<br />
ganaviTaron sakuTari potenciali da xeli Seuwyon maTTvis efeqturi<br />
saswavlo garemos formirebas~ (Biber 1831:82). seminaris farglebSi<br />
ganxilul iqna informaciuli wignierebis danergvis sakiTxebi sami<br />
perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT: a) evropuli perspeqtiva; b) norvegiis<br />
xedva da g) lokaluri, bergenis olqis perspeqtiva. seminarze aRiniSna<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Camoyalibebis mniSvneloba da<br />
aucilebloba ocdameerTe saukunis pirovnebis formirebis procesSi.<br />
studentma unda SeZlos teqstis gageba, xarisxiani teqstobrivi<br />
produqtis Seqmna, damoukideblad <strong>swavla</strong>. gamovlinda is unar-Cvevebi,<br />
romlebic viTardeba <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> swavlebis dros:<br />
damoukidebeli swavlis unari: mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
swavlis pirobebSi mediaresursebis gamoyeneba informaciis<br />
46
moZiebisTvis; arsebul kiTxvebze pasuxis damoukidebeli moZieba;<br />
alternatiuli perspeqtivis da Sefasebebis ganxilva;<br />
TanamSromlobis unari, romelic viTardeba jgufuri davalebis<br />
Sesrulebis pirobebSi;<br />
sakuTari azris logikurad Camoyalibebisa da sxvisi ideebisadmi<br />
pativiscemis unari;<br />
kvlevis, proeqtis, eseis Sesrulebis farglebSi dagegmvis unari;<br />
informaciis gadarCevis da Sefasebis unari: studentebs unda<br />
hqondeT ganviTarebuli kritikuli da SefasebiTi azrovnebis unari;<br />
organizebis da Caweris unari: Kstudents unda SeeZlos teqstis<br />
moniSvna, informaciis Senaxva da Semdgomi gamoyenebisTvis gamzadeba;<br />
komunikaciisa da sinTezis unari: sxvadasxva wyarodan mopovebuli<br />
informaciis gaerTianeba; daskvnebis gamotana; mniSvnelobis dadgena;<br />
wina codnasTan dakavSireba;<br />
Sefasebis unari: teqstis susti da Zlieri mxareebis Sefasebis unari.<br />
2008-2011 wlebSi internetresursebis moZiebisa da daxarisxebis<br />
meTodiT Catarebulma kvlevam daadastura, rom teqstebi miCneulia<br />
saswavlo amocanis gadasawyvet resursad saqarTvelos umaRlesi skolis<br />
saganmanaTleblo programebSi, romlis mizansa da amocanas warmoadgens:<br />
„Sesaswavli sakiTxis marTebulad dasma, masze msjeloba da<br />
mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba, codnaze damyarebuli daskvnebis<br />
gamotana~ (internetresursi #7);<br />
„teqstebis redaqtireba, referireba, komentireba, anotireba~;<br />
„samecniero, meToduri literaturis mSobliur da ucxour enaze<br />
gamoyenebis unari; specializebuli teqstebis Targmnis unari~<br />
(internetresursi #8). „dargobrivi samecniero da saswavlo teqstis<br />
analizi da interpretacia komunikaciuri lingvistikis uaxlesi<br />
Teoriebis konteqstSi; inglisurenovani mxatvruli teqstis<br />
Sinaarsobrivi, struqturuli, komunikaciur-pragmatikuli,<br />
stilisturi analizi da interpretacia”; „damoukideblad<br />
Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze mecnieruli teqstis producireba<br />
da prezentacia~; „dargobrivi teqstebis inglisuridan qarTulad<br />
47
da piriqiT Targmani programiT gaTvaliswinebul sferoebSi~<br />
(internetresursi #9);<br />
„nebismieri formatisa da sirTulis werilobiTi da zepiri teqstis<br />
adekvaturi aRqma da reproduqcia, teqstSi sxvadasxva tipis<br />
informaciis identificireba, analizisa da sinTezis unari, raSic<br />
igulisxmeba informaciis sxvadasxva wyarodan moZiebisa da<br />
ganzogadebis unari~ (internetresursi #4);<br />
„Tavisi specialobisa da programiT gaTvaliswinebuli momijnave<br />
disciplinebis farglebSi kritikuli azrovnebisa da<br />
interpretirebis unari~; „movlenebis kritikuli xedva da<br />
gaanalizeba, sinqronuli da diaqronuli aRwerisa da analizis<br />
TvalsazrisiT” (internetresursi #6);<br />
teqstebis miznobrivi gamoyeneba, magaliTad, „yuradReba<br />
gamaxvildes <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobasa da referirebaze, upiratesoba<br />
mieniWos analitikur midgomas; teqstis analizi uSualo kavSirSi<br />
unda iyos kulturis istoriis, filosofiis, xelovnebisa da<br />
sociologiis dReisTvis aqtualur problematikasTan”.<br />
(internetresursi #2).<br />
saswavlo procesSi teqstebis gamoyenebis mdgomareobis dasadgenad<br />
CavatareT kvleva.<br />
kvlevis mizani:<br />
1. teqstebis Sesaxeb moswavleTa da studentTa cnobadobis<br />
TviTSefaseba;<br />
2. teqstebis Sesaxeb moswavleTa da studentTa cnobadobis<br />
realuri donis dadgena.<br />
meTodi: sociologiuri kvleva, raodenobrivi kvleva, interviu<br />
(werilobiTi, zepiri), dakvirveba, testireba.<br />
kvlevis meTodologia: fokusjgufebis Seqmna, interviuebis da<br />
testirebis Catareba erTnair garemoSi.F<br />
fokusjgufebis mier warmodgenili masalebi damuSavda cal-calke.<br />
meore etapze moxda monacemebis erTmaneTTan Sejereba.<br />
samizne jgufi I: baTumis sajaro skolebis meTerTmete da<br />
meTormeteklaselebi. sul 60 moswavle<br />
48
samizne jgufi II: umaRlesi saswavleblebis mesame da<br />
meoTxekurselebi (2008-2009, 2009-2010 saswavlo wlebi). sul 60 studenti.<br />
instruqcia: pirveli da meore samizne jgufis monawileebs<br />
daurigdaT dabeWdili kiTxvari, romelzec maT individualurad unda<br />
gaecaT pasuxebi. daxuruli tipis kiTxvari gulismobda mocemuli<br />
kiTxvebisTvis `diax/ara~ pasuxis arCevas. gamokiTxva anonimurobis dacviT<br />
Catarda.<br />
kiTxvari:<br />
SegiZliaT Tu ara daasaxeloT teqstebis tipebi da saxeebi?<br />
diax/ara<br />
icnobT Tu ara, romeli xatovani, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi<br />
arsebobs? diax/ara.<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi, stilisturi<br />
xerxis povnis gamocdileba? diax/ara.<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi arsebuli sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi,<br />
stilisturi xerxis avtoris CanafiqrTan dakavSirebis<br />
gamocdileba? diax/ara.<br />
gaqvT Tu ara abzacSi konceptualuri, anu abzacis mTavari azris<br />
gamomxatveli winadadebis povnis gamocdileba? diax/ara.<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi ucnobi sityvis (sityvebis) konteqstis<br />
daxmarebiT gagebis gamocdileba? diax/ara.<br />
msjelobT Tu ara teqstSi aRwerili movlenebis Sesaxeb? diax/ara.<br />
ukavSirebT Tu ara teqstSi asaxul movlenebs Tqvens pirad<br />
gamocdilebas an TqvenTvis cnobil informacias? diax/ara.<br />
icnobT Tu ara teqstis kiTxvis strategiebs? diax/ara.<br />
cxrili # 1<br />
SegiZliaT Tu ara daasaxeloT teqstis tipebi da saxeebi? (moswavleebis<br />
da studentebis raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 48 56<br />
ara 10 1<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 2 3<br />
49
grafiki # 1<br />
SegiZliaT Tu ara daasaxeloT teqstis tipebi? (moswavleebis da<br />
studentebis monacemebi – procentebSi)<br />
cxrili #2<br />
icnobT Tu ara, romeli xatovani gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi<br />
(stilisturi xerxebi) arsebobs? (moswavleebis da studentebis<br />
raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 42 57<br />
ara 18 3<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 0 0<br />
grafiki #2<br />
icnobT Tu ara, romeli xatovani gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi<br />
arsebobs? (moswavleebis da studentebis monacemebi – procentebSi)<br />
50
cxrili #3<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi, stilisturi<br />
xerxebis povnis gamocdileba? (moswavleebis da studentebis raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 72 54<br />
ara 18 6<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 0 0<br />
grafiki #3<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi, stilisturi<br />
xerxebis povnis gamocdileba? (moswavleebis da studentebis<br />
monacemebi -procentebSi)<br />
cxrili #4:<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi arsebuli sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi,<br />
stilisturi xerxebis avtoris CanafiqrTan dakavSirebis gamocdileba?<br />
(moswavleebis da studentebis raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 42 54<br />
ara 18 6<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 0 0<br />
51
grafiki #4<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi arsebuli sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi,<br />
stilisturi xerxebis avtoris CanafiqrTan dakavSirebis gamocdileba?<br />
(moswavleebis da studentebis monacemebi –procentebSi )<br />
cxrili #5<br />
gaqvT Tu ara abzacSi konceptualuri, anu abzacis mTavari azris<br />
gamomxatveli winadadebis povnis gamocdileba? (moswavleebis da<br />
studentebis raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 36 45<br />
ara 24 15<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 0 0<br />
grafiki #5<br />
gaqvT Tu ara abzacSi konceptualuri, anu abzacis mTavari azris<br />
gamomxatveli winadadebis povnis gamocdileba? (moswavleebis da<br />
studentebis monacemebi _ procentebSi)<br />
52
cxrili #6<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi mocemuli ucnobi sityvis (sityvebis) konteqstis<br />
daxmarebiT gagebis gamocdileba? ((moswavleebis da studentebis raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 36 47<br />
ara 24 13<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 0 0<br />
grafiki #6<br />
gaqvT Tu ara teqstSi mocemuli ucnobi sityvis (sityvebis) konteqstSi<br />
gagebis gamocdileba? (moswavleebis da studentebis monacemebi _<br />
procentebSi)<br />
cxrili #7<br />
msjelobT Tu ara teqstSi aRwerili movlenebis Sesaxeb?<br />
(moswavleebis da studentebis raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 42 54<br />
ara 18 6<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 0 0<br />
53
grafiki #7<br />
msjelobT Tu ara teqstSi aRwerili movlenebis Sesaxeb? (moswavleebis<br />
da studentebis monacemebi -procentebSi)<br />
cxrili #8<br />
ukavSirebT Tu ara teqstSi asaxul movlenebs Tqvens pirad<br />
gamocdilebas an TqvenTvis cnobil informacias? (moswavleebis da<br />
studentebis raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 42 54<br />
ara 18 6<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 0 0<br />
grafiki #8<br />
ukavSirebT Tu ara teqstSi asaxul movlenebs Tqvens pirad<br />
gamocdilebas an TqvenTvis cnobil informacias? (moswavleebis da<br />
studentebis monacemebi _ procentebSi)<br />
54
cxrili #9:<br />
icnobT Tu ara teqstis kiTxvis strategiebs? (moswavleebis da studentebis<br />
raodenoba)<br />
saSualo skola umaRlesi skola<br />
diax 41 55<br />
ara 19 5<br />
Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan 0 0<br />
grafiki #9<br />
icnobT Tu ara teqstis kiTxvis strategiebs? (moswavleebis da<br />
studentebis monacemebi _ procentebSi)<br />
gamokiTxuli moswavleebis 80% Tvlis, rom SeuZlia daasaxelos<br />
teqstebis tipebi da saxeebi. respondentebis 70% Tvlis, rom icnobs<br />
xatovan stilistur xerxebs da aqvs teqstSi stilisturi xerxebis povnis<br />
da maTi avtoris CanafiqrTan dakavSirebis gamocdileba.<br />
gamokiTxulTa naxevarze mets (60%) miaCnia, rom aqvs abzacis<br />
konceptualuri, anu mTavari azris gamomxatveli winadadebis povnis<br />
gamocdileba da SeuZlia teqstSi mocemuli ucnobi sityvebis konteqstis<br />
daxmarebiT gageba; 70% msjelobs teqstSi aRwerili movlenebis Sesaxeb;<br />
ukavSirebs teqstSi asaxul movlenebs pirad gamocdilebas; 68% icnobs<br />
kiTxvis strategiebs.<br />
55
gamokiTxuli studentebis umravlesoba (95%) Tvlis, rom icnobs<br />
xatovan gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs; 90%-s aqvs teqstSi sxvadasxva<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi, stilisturi xerxebis povnis gamocdileba. 92% icnobs<br />
teqstis kiTxvis strategiebs. 93% Tvlis, rom SeuZlia daasaxelos<br />
teqstis tipebi da saxeebi; 90%-s aqvs teqstSi arsebuli sxvadasxva<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis avtoris CanafiqrTan dakavSirebis<br />
gamocdileba; msjelobs teqstSi aRwerili movlenebis Sesaxeb;<br />
ukavSirebs teqstSi asaxul movlenebs pirad gamocdilebas; 75%-s aqvs<br />
abzacis konceptualuri, anu mTavari azris gamomxatveli winadadebis<br />
povnis gamocdileba.<br />
amrigad, Catarebuli sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebis analiziT<br />
dadginda, rom saSualo skolaSi gamokiTxuli respondentebis<br />
umravlesoba (daaxloebiT 70%) dadebiT, xolo mcire nawili<br />
(daaxloebiT 30%) uaryofiT pasuxs afiqsirebs dasmuli SekiTxvebis<br />
umetes nawilze. (ixileT grafiki # 10).<br />
saSualo skolaSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegi<br />
grafiki #10<br />
umaRles skolaSi gamokiTxuli respondentebis daaxloebiT 89%<br />
dadebiT, xolo 10% uaryofiT pasuxs afiqsirebs dasmuli SekiTxvebis<br />
umetes nawilze. (ixileT grafiki #11).<br />
56
grafiki #11<br />
umaRles skolaSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegi<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom moswavleTa da studentTa<br />
teqstebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis donis TviTSefaseba maRalia. amasTanave,<br />
studentebis TviTSefaseba 19%-iT maRalia moswavleTa TviTSefasebaze.<br />
imisTvis, rom dagvedgina ramdenad adekvaturia TviTSefasebis<br />
maCvenebeli, kvlevis momdevno etapze ganvaxorcieleT moswavleTa da<br />
studentTa teqstebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis realuri donis gansazRvra<br />
testirebis meSveobiT. testSi monawileobda pirveli da meore samizne<br />
jgufi. SevadgineT testis ori varianti. TiToeuli testi moicavda<br />
daxuruli tipis Teoriuli da praqtikuli saxis 30 kiTxvas teqstebis<br />
saxeebisa da tipebis, stilisturi xerxebis, ucnobi sityvis konteqstis<br />
daxmarebiT gagebis, paragrafis mTavari ideis amocnobis Sesaxeb (ixileT<br />
danarTi #1). testireba mimdinareobda 2 akademiuri saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
testirebaSi monawile verc erTma moswavlem an studentma ver<br />
SeZlo testSi dasmul yvela SekiTxvaze swori pasuxis gacema. testis<br />
SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis mixedviT movaxdineT studentTa<br />
ranJireba maRali, saSualo da dabali donis mixedviT.<br />
testis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis mixedviT, movaxdineT<br />
studentTa ranJireba maRali, saSualo da dabali donis mixedviT.<br />
saSualo skolaSi testirebaSi monawileTa mxolod 15 moswavles (25%-s)<br />
57
hqonda maRali Sedegi, anu maT SeZles 30 SekiTxvidan 20-30 SekiTxvaze<br />
swori pasuxis gacema; moswavleebis 13%-s (8 moswavle) hqonda saSualo<br />
maCvenebeli, anu maT SeZles 10-20 swori pasuxis gacema; 10 SekiTxvaze<br />
naklebs gasca pasuxi 37 moswavlem (62%). (ixileT grafiki #12)<br />
testirebis Sedegi – moswavleTa pasuxebis ranJirebuli monacemebi<br />
grafiki №12<br />
umaRles skolaSi maRali maCvenebeli hqonda 33 students (55%).<br />
saSualo Sedegi hqonda 6 students (10%). 10-ze nakleb SekiTxvas gasca<br />
sworad pasuxi 21-ma studentma (35%).<br />
grafiki №13<br />
testirebis Sedegi – studentebis pasuxebis ranJirebuli monacemebi<br />
58
grafiki №14<br />
testirebis Sedegi – moswavleebis da studentebis pasuxebis ranJirebuli<br />
monacemebi<br />
testirebis pasuxebis analizis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom teqstebis<br />
Sesaxeb cnobadobis realuri done moswavleebSi 25-38%-s, xolo<br />
studentebSi 55-65%-s aRwevs (ixileT grafiki #15).<br />
TviTSefasebis da testirebis Sedegebis Sedareba<br />
grafiki №15<br />
59
amrigad, arsebobs 32%-iani cdomileba moswavleTa da 19%-iani<br />
cdomileba studentebis teqstebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis TviTSefasebasa da<br />
realur dones Soris.<br />
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebi gavacaniT kvlevis procesSi<br />
monawile samizne jgufebs. wamoiWra rigi problemebi swavlebis<br />
xarisxTan dakavSirebiT. davinteresdiT maswavleblis saqmianobiTac da<br />
CavatareT kvleva.<br />
mizani: maswavleblis optimizmis, bednierebis donis Sefaseba<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis Sedegebis miRwevasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
kvlevis samizne jgufi: saSualo skolis <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis 15<br />
maswavlebeli; umaRlesi saswavleblis 15 maswavlebeli.<br />
kvlevis Catarebis dro: 2009 wlis maisi.<br />
kvlevis procedura: kvlevis TiToeul monawiles internetiT<br />
gaegzavna Txovna kvlevaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb. Tanxmobis miRebis<br />
Semdeg SevTavazeT kvlevis mizanTan dakavSirebuli pedagogiuri eseis<br />
dawera. kvlevis Sedegebi gavacaniT monawileebs.<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis analizi cxadyofs, rom kvlevis samizne jgufi<br />
kmayofili ar aris miRweuli SedegebiT da eZebs ukeTesi muSaobis gzebs<br />
rogoria Tqveni optimizmis xarisxi? maRali/saSualo/dabali<br />
cxrili #10<br />
optimizmis<br />
saSualo skolis umaRlesi skolis<br />
(bednierebis) xarisxi<br />
maswavleblebi maswavleblebi<br />
maRali 46 % 65 %<br />
saSualo 35 % 30 %<br />
dabali 19 % 5 %<br />
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis procesSi<br />
moswavleTa da studentTa teqstebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis xarisxis<br />
TviTSefasebis done maRalia, isini Tvlian, rom kargad erkvevian<br />
teqstebis tipebsa da saxeebSi, aqvT stilisturi xerxebis amocnobis<br />
unari, agreTve floben kiTxvis strategiebs da a. S., magram moswavleTa<br />
da studentTa teqstebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis realuri done dabalia, rac<br />
60
imaze miuTiTebs, rom misaRwevi kompetenciis done araa saTanadod<br />
gaTviTcnobierebuli.<br />
skolis doneze moswavleebi ar floben sxvadasxva saxisa da<br />
tipebis teqstebTan muSaobis strategiebs, teqstis saxeebi da tipebi<br />
gaTviTcnobierebuli ar aqvT. umaRles saswavlebelSi studentebi iReben<br />
davalebas _ damoukidebeli muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnili kreditebi<br />
aiTvison Teoriul, mecnierul da publicistur <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobiT,<br />
magram amisTvis saTanado unar-Cvevebi ara aqvT gamomuSavebuli da<br />
Sesabamis teqstobriv kompetenciebs ver floben.<br />
61
Tavi II<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi da maTi miRwevis<br />
saSualebebi<br />
$1. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi<br />
erTiani evropuli sivrcis Seqmnis procesSi kompetenciebi gaxda<br />
ganaTlebis miRweuli Sedegebisa da dasaqmebisaTvis mzaobis xarisxis<br />
ZiriTadi maCvenebeli.<br />
kompetenciis arsis kvlevas miuZRvnes naSromebi d. haimsma (Hymes<br />
1979), m. kanalem (Canale 1980) da sxvebma. kompetenciis swavlebis problemas<br />
exeba m. biramis (Byram 1997), anJela mihaliCis (Mihalic 2008) kvlevebi<br />
(internetresursebi # 27, 28).<br />
xulia gonzalesi aRniSnavs, rom `kompetenciebi codnis,<br />
gacnobierebis, unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis dinamiuri kombinaciaa.<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gamomuSaveba saganmanaTleblo programis mizania.<br />
kompetenciebi yalibdeba sxvadasxva kursis/erTeulis/modulis mier da<br />
fasdeba sxvadasxva etapze~ (gonzalesi 2008:10). a. gonzis mixedviT,<br />
„kompetencia codnis, midgomebisa da Rirebulebebis kompleqsuri<br />
kombinaciaa, rac specifikur situaciebSi usafrTxo da gonivruli<br />
moqmedebis saSualebas iZleva“ (Gonzi 1994:84).<br />
kompetenciis/kompetenturobis problemis analizis Sedegad gamoiyo<br />
ramdenime etapi. meoce saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi samecniero sivrceSi<br />
pirvelad gamoCnda kompetencia/kompetenturobis kategoria. am periodSi<br />
enis Seswavlis TeoriaSi iwyeba sxvadasxva saxis enobrivi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
kvleva. 1970-90-iani wlebidan saTave daedo kompetenciis cnebis<br />
gamoyenebas <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis <strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi. iwyeba ara<br />
mxolod <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> kvleva, aramed swavlebis procesis dagegmva<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> formirebis gziT. Sesabamisad, daiwyo sxvadasxva<br />
saqmianobisaTvis aucilebeli <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> SemuSaveba. 1990 wels<br />
evropis sabWom gansazRvra strategiuli, socialuri, sociolingvisturi,<br />
enobrivi da saswavlo kompetenciebi rogorc <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis flobis<br />
kompetenciebi. 1990 wels iuneskom warmoadgina ganaTlebis sasurveli<br />
Sedegis kompetenciebi, xolo Jak delorma Camoayaliba 21-e saukunis<br />
62
ganaTlebis oTxi sveti, romelsac emyareba ganaTleba.: 1. swavlis <strong>swavla</strong>;<br />
2. qmedebis <strong>swavla</strong>; 3. erTad cxovrebis <strong>swavla</strong>; 4. cxovrebis <strong>swavla</strong>.<br />
`cneba `kompetencia~ ufro axlosaa velTan _ „vici rogor“, vidre<br />
velTan _ „vici ra“ (Huthmacher 1997:4). zogadi kompetenciebi warmoadgens<br />
codnis, unar–Cvevebis da damokidebulebebisagan Semdgar mravalfunqciur<br />
pakets, romelic aucilebelia pirovnuli miRwevebisa da<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis, socialuri CarTulobisa da dasaqmebisaTvis. es<br />
kompetenciebi viTardeba savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis an wvrTnis<br />
miRebis Sedegad da, rogorc mTeli sicocxlis manZilze swavlis nawili,<br />
iqceva Semdgomi ganaTlebis fundamentad.<br />
kompetencia gadacemadia da SesaZloa moergos bevr situaciasa da<br />
konteqsts. is, agreTve, aris mravalfunqciuri da gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva<br />
miznis misaRwevad, sxvadasxva problemis gadasawyvetad da mravali<br />
amocanis Sesasruleblad. zogadi kompetenciebi aucilebeli winapirobaa<br />
Sesabamisi miRwevebisaTvis cxovrebaSi, samsaxursa da Semdgom<br />
ganaTlebaSi.<br />
lingvisturi kompetencia gulisxmobs enis sistemis ucxoenovani<br />
komunikaciis procesSi funqcionirebis wesebis codnas. is moicavs<br />
gansazRvruli gramatikuli wesebis meSveobiT swori winadadebis agebis<br />
unars. komunikaciuri kompetencia aris kontaqtis damyarebis, sakuTari<br />
azris Camoyalibebis unari, komunikaciuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad<br />
mzaoba, sxvadasxva socialur situaciaSi adekvaturi moqmedeba, ucxour<br />
enaze werilobiTi da zepiri mimarTvis floba. komunikaciuri<br />
kompetenciis mixedviT, students unda Camouyalibdes ucxoenovani<br />
metyvelebis aRqmisa da producirebis unari sxvadasxva sferosa da<br />
situaciebSi. komunikaciuri kompetencia gulisxmobs sametyvelo<br />
urTierTobis strategiebis flobas da Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze<br />
warmatebul komunikaciur moqmedebas. misi zogadi komponentebia: 1.<br />
lingvisturi (leqsika, gramatika, fonetika, orTografia); 2. diskursuli<br />
(zepiri da werilobiTi teqstebis Sedgena); 3. pragmatuli (komunikaciuri<br />
miznis warmatebuli miRweva); 4. strategiuli (komunikaciis dros<br />
siZneleebis daZleva); 5. sociokulturuli (socio-kulturul normebTan<br />
Sesabamisoba).<br />
63
m. kanales mixedviT (Canale 1980), komunikaciuri kompetencia<br />
warmoadgens sami kompetenciis naerTs. Eesenia: 1. gramatikuli kompetencia<br />
(leqsikis, morfologiis, sintaqsis, gramatikis wesebis codna); 2.<br />
sociolingvisturi kompetencia; 3. strategiuli kompetencia (verbaluri<br />
da araverbaluri sakomunikacio strategiebis gamoyeneba). mogvianebiT, l.<br />
beqmenma (1990) komunikacuri kompetencia dayo or jgufad: 1.<br />
organizaciuli (gramatika da diskursul/teqstobrivi kompetenciebi); 2.<br />
pragmatika (sociolingvisturi da idiomaturi kompetenciebi).<br />
komunikaciuri kompetenciis yvela komponenti SeiZleba iyos<br />
testirebiT Semowmebuli da obieqturad Sefasebuli. komunikaciuri<br />
kompetenciisagan gansxvavebiT, komunikaciuri kompetenturoba<br />
ganisazRvreba, rogorc integrirebuli piradi resursi, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs komunikaciuri moqmedebis warmatebulobas. es resursi<br />
moicavs ara mxolod im komponentebs, romlis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia<br />
enobrivi testirebis meSveobiT, aramed iseT Semadgenel elementebsac,<br />
romelTa testirebiT gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. isini moicaven pirovnebis<br />
inteleqts, zogad msoflmxedvelobas, sxva adamianebTan urTierTobebis<br />
unars da agreTve, pirovnebis ganviTarebis potencials.<br />
n. bolotnova Tvlis, rom `teqstobrivi kompetencia aris: 1.<br />
komunikaciuri kompetenciis saxe, romlis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia<br />
avtorisa da adresatis urTierToba; 2. pirovnebis komunikaciuri<br />
kulturis umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebeli, romelic gulisxmobs teqstis<br />
bazaze efeqturi urTierTobis unaris flobas; 3. teqstis Sesaxeb codna,<br />
rac saSualebas aZlevs enis mcodnes ganaxorcielos teqstobrivi<br />
saqmianoba, anu Seqmnas teqstebi, adekvaturad aRiqvas isini da moaxdinos<br />
maTi interpretacia. teqstobrivi kompetenciis aRmoceneba ganpirobebulia<br />
Tanamedrove humanitaruli codnis teqstocentrizmiT da komunikaciis<br />
problemisadmi mzardi interesiT~ (Болотнова 2007:49).<br />
umaRles skolaSi pedagogebis profesiuli daxelovnebis<br />
farglebSi mniSvnelovania teqstobrivi kompetenciis formirebis<br />
procesis fsiqologiur–pedagogiuri aspeqtis gamovlena. sagnis<br />
aTvisebis farglebSi SesaZlebelia iseT saswavlo amocanaTa gadaWra,<br />
rogoricaa: meTodologiuri azrovnebis formireba, verbaluri<br />
64
maxsovrobis, axali masalis efeqturi aTvisebisa da damaxsovrebis<br />
meqanizmebis ganviTareba da profesiuli komunikaciuri unarebis SeZena.<br />
i.v. salosinam isini moaTavsa „teqstobrivi kompetenciis“ konteqstSi.<br />
„teqstobrivi kompetencia“ moicavs kompleqsur codnas teqstis, rogorc<br />
komunikaciis formis, Sesaxeb“ da warmoadgens „pirovnebis mier<br />
teqstobrivi aqtivobis ganxorcielebis codnis da unar–Cvevebis<br />
kompleqts“ (Салосина 2007:69). teqstobrivi kompetencia aris pirovnebis<br />
teqstobrivi aqtivobisTvis mzaobis ganmsazRvreli unar-Cvevebis<br />
erToblioba. n. s. bolotnova gamoyofs teqstobrivi kompetenciis sam<br />
saxes: 1. „teqstis Sedgena“, 2. `teqstis aRqma“, 3. `teqstis interpretacia“<br />
(Болотнова 2001:9). i. v. salosinam maT daumata me-4 _ `teqstis<br />
reproducireba~ da me-5 _ `teqstis gageba~. sabolood, SemuSavda<br />
teqstobrivi kompetenciis xuTkomponentiani struqtura.<br />
teqstobrivi kompetenciis modeli i.v.salosinas mixedviT<br />
Gsqema #1<br />
am sqemis Semadgeneli nawilebi dakavSirebulia teqstobrivi<br />
aqtivobis saxeebTan. kerZod, 1. teqstis Sedgenis kompetencia da teqstis<br />
dawerიs aqtivoba; 2. aRqmisa da gagebis kompetenciebi da teqstis mosmenis<br />
aqtivoba; 3. teqstis interpretaciis, reproducirebis kompetenciebi da<br />
teqstis warmoTqma.<br />
65
teqstobrivi kompetenciis formireba warmoadgens integrirebul<br />
process, romelic moicavs filologiur, fsiqologiur, da pedagogiur<br />
Semadgenel nawilebs. swavlebis prognozirebadi Sedegi – teqstobrivi<br />
kompetenciis maRali done _ kompleqsuri struqturaa, romelic efuZneba<br />
mTeli rigi „filologiuri“ <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> erTobliobas.<br />
teqstobrivi, komunikaciuri da enobrivi kompetenciebi<br />
ტექსტობრივი<br />
კომპეტენცია<br />
კომუნიკაციური<br />
კომპეტენცია<br />
ენობრივი<br />
კომპეტენცია<br />
sqema #2<br />
#2 sqemis 1-li veli gamoxatavs teqstobrivi da komunikaciuri<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> erTobliv Nnawils, rasac ganapirobebs teqstis<br />
komunikaciuri da pragmatuli arsi. teqstis formisa da Sinaarsis arCeva<br />
pirdapiraa damokidebuli komunikaciis sferosa da monawileebze.<br />
komunikaciuri kompetencia (sametyvelo urTierTobis procesSi<br />
enobrivi saSualebebis gamoyenebis unari) emyareba enis sferoSi arsebul<br />
codnas, unar–Cvevebs, mzaobas (diagramis me-2 veli). gamarTuli<br />
metyveleba aris warmatebuli urTierTobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli.<br />
enobrivi kompetencia (enis wesebis codna da maTi praqtikaSi<br />
gamoyenebis unari) qmnis yvela saxis teqstobrivi aqtivobis<br />
ganxorcielebis winapirobas (diagramis me-3 veli). Sesabamisad, diagramis<br />
samive segmentis Serwyma qmnis metyvelebis kulturis vels _ situaciis<br />
66
Sesaferisi enobrivi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis unaris sferos<br />
(diagramis me-4 veli).<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili kompetenciebi uzrunvelyofen enobrivi<br />
pirovnebis doneebis modelis funqcionirebas, romlis mixedviT, enobrivi<br />
pirovneba warmoadgens „enobrivi nawarmoebebis (teqstebis) Sedgenisa da<br />
aRqmis unarebis erTobliobas“ (Караулов 1987:245). enobrivi pirovnebis<br />
verbalur–semantikur doneze xorcieldeba sityvebis aRqmisa da gagebis<br />
procesi da maTi urTierTdakavSireba konteqstSi. misi efeqturoba<br />
pirdapiraa damokidebuli pirovnebis mier enis flobis doneze (enobrivi<br />
kompetencia). lingvokognituri done gamoxatavs „enobrivi erTobis<br />
socialur da sociolingvistur maxasiaTeblebs“ (diagramis me-3 veli). is<br />
yalibdeba komunikaciur kompetenciebTan erTobliobaSi. pragmatuli<br />
done moicavs mdgrad komunikaciur moTxovnebs da komunikaciur mzaobas<br />
(komunikaciuri kompetencia), marTavs teqstis Seqmnis, aRqmisa da gagebis<br />
meqanizmebs (teqstobrivi kompetencia).<br />
enobrivi pirovnebis formirebis process aqvs uwyveti xasiaTi da<br />
ganixileba pirovnebis kulturuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi, romelic<br />
warmoadgens misi enobrivi kulturis donis gamomxatvel faqtors. es<br />
ganapirobebs umaRles saswavlebelSi pedagogebis profesiuli enobrivi<br />
momzadebis mniSvnelobas, gansazRvravs momavali pedagogebis ZiriTad<br />
sametyvelo faseulobaTa baziss, aviTarebs lingvistur alRos,<br />
ayalibebs pedagogiuri urTierTobis stils. disciplinis Seswavlis<br />
farglebSi, specialobiT momaval arafilologebs aswavlian saswavlo<br />
teqstebis erTian aRqmas da aRqmisaTvis aucilebeli optimaluri<br />
didaqtikuri masalis Sedgenas. swavlis procesSi interpretaciuli<br />
aqtivobis dros (analizi, sinTezi, deduqciuri da induqciuri msjelobis<br />
struqturireba, analogiebis mixedviT dasabuTeba) xdeba studentebis<br />
meTodologiuri <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> formireba. miRebuli unar-Cvevebi<br />
maswavleblebisTvis warmoadgenen sabaziso kompetencias gakveTilisTvis<br />
teqstebis Sesadgenad da saavtoro meTodologiuri koncefciebis<br />
Camosayalibeblad.<br />
i. salosinam teqstobrivi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> ganzogadebis,<br />
detalizaciis, fsiqologiur–pedagogiuri pirobebis gamovlenis da maTi<br />
67
efeqturi formirebis mizniT, fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri da<br />
lingvisturi gamokvlevebis bazaze gansazRvra aRqmis, gagebisa da<br />
interpretaciis <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> ZiriTadi struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
cneba „aRqmis kompetencia“ dakavSirebulia aRqmis fsiqologiur<br />
gagebasTan. „rogorc sagnebis an movlenebis erTiani individualuri<br />
saxeebis Seqmnis procesi, aRqma aris SemecnebiTi aqtivobis sawyisi etapi<br />
da dakavSirebulia maxsovrobis, yuradRebis, azrovnebis meqanizmebTan“<br />
(Юрчук 1988:88). aRqma aris teqstis damaxsovrebis bazisi. aRqmis<br />
filosofiuri gageba gansazRvrulia subieqtisa da gare samyaros<br />
kavSiriT samyaros aRqmisa da Semecnebis kategoriebSi (Словарь<br />
философский 2004:121). `aRqma Sedgeba mravali SegrZnebisagan. aRqmis<br />
ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTeblebia: sagnobrioba, erToblioba (yoveli sagnis<br />
aRqma, rogorc erTi mTlianis), konstantoba (SedarebiTi mudmivoba,<br />
sagnis aRqma garkveul farglebSi konstanturi, e.i ucvleli saxiT),<br />
kategoriuloba (im sagnis gulisxmoba, romlis TvalsaCino asaxvasac<br />
iZleva igi), danawevrianeba da ganzogadeba“ (uznaZe 1940:135).<br />
teqstis aRqmis problemebi aris ganxiluli i. a. zimnaias (Зимняя<br />
1961), t. m. dridzes (Дридзе 1976), a. a. leontievis (Леонтьев 1979), g. s.<br />
suxobskis (1981), a. a. brudnis (Брудный 2006) SromebSi. l. v. Sirinkinam<br />
Seqmna teqstis fsiqologiuri aRqmis modeli, romlis struqtura moicavs<br />
kognitur, konotaciur da afeqtur komponentebs (Ширинкина..2002:8).<br />
kognitur doneze ganisazRvreba teqstis sagnobrivi sfero da funqciuri<br />
stili. konotaciuri done qmnis teqstis Semdgomi gamoyenebis<br />
perspeqtivas, afeqturi sfero ki moicavs recipientis mier teqstis<br />
emociur Sefasebas.<br />
produqtiuli B teqstis bazisi aris misi erToba da kavSiri, rac<br />
uzrunvelyofs mis Sinaarsobriv mTlianobas da dasrulebulobas.<br />
teqstis aRqmis kompetenciis formireba xdeba sxvadasxva tipis<br />
kompoziciuri teqstobrivi struqturebis da sityvaTSeTanxmebebis,<br />
winadadebebis, teqstis erT mTlianobad dakavSirebis saSualebebis<br />
codniT da agreTve, teqstis sakvanZo momentebis gagebiT (analizi),<br />
teqstis Sinaarsis verbalur-logikuri sqemebis modelirebiT (sinTezi).<br />
am kompetenciis umaRlesi done ganapirobebs teqstis iseTi meoradi<br />
68
aqtivobisTvis mzaobas, rogricaa teqstis mosmeniT aRqma da teqstis<br />
kiTxva.<br />
gamoyofen aRqmis kompetenciis formirebisTvis aucilebel or<br />
aspeqts: 1. saTanado pirobebis Seqmna saswavlo teqstebis adekvaturi<br />
aRqmisTvis; 2. kompleqsuri codnis SeZena inglisuri enis funqciur<br />
stilistikaSi, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva Janrisa da stilis teqstebis<br />
identifikaciasa da konstruirebas.<br />
teqstis gagebis safuZvelze yalibdeba interpretaciisTvis mzaoba.<br />
codna da unari, romelic moiazreba am mzaobaSi, ganisazRvreba, rogorc<br />
interpretaciuli kompetencia. interpretacia aris „teqstis<br />
inteleqtualuri gardasaxva~ (Ширинкина..2002:32). interpretaciuli<br />
damuSavebis produqtia axali teqsti, romlis struqturaSi Sedis<br />
gansxvavebul formaSi moqceuli wina teqstis ramdenime komponenti.<br />
interpretaciis unars udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs pedagogisTvis, radgan<br />
swavlebis originaluri meTodebis umravlesoba warmoiqmneba ukve<br />
arsebuli didaqtikuri Teoriebis safuZvelze. Ees kompetencia, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, uzrunvelyofs momavali pedagogis profesiul mzaobas.<br />
interpretaciuli kompetencia teqstebis SedgenisTvis<br />
(SemoqmedebiTi kompetencia) aucilebeli unarebis ganviTarebis<br />
winapirobaa. teqstebis Sedgenis kompetencia warmoadgens teqstobrivi<br />
kompetenciis umaRles dones da pedagogis profesiuli daxelovnebis<br />
safuZvels. gza teqstis aRqmidan teqstis interpretaciamde rTuli<br />
procesia, romelic fsiqo-fiziologiuri, pirovnuli, enobrivi<br />
faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs am<br />
kompetenciasTan dakavSirebuli codnis, unar–Cvevebis miRebas umaRles<br />
saswavlebelSi, radganac swored es kompetencia gansazRvravs momavali<br />
specialistis pirovnuli da profesiuli ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs.<br />
gamokvlevis Sedegad (Салосина 2007, Болотнова 2007 daDAsxvebi),<br />
dazustda teqstobrivi kompetenciis xuTkomponentiani modeli da<br />
gamovlinda teqstobrivi kompetenciis roli momavali pedagogebis<br />
enobrivi pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi. ganisazRvra urTierTkavSiri mis<br />
struqturaSi Semaval aRqmis, gagebis da interpretaciis kompetenciebs<br />
Soris. gamovlinda am <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Camoyalibebis fsiqologiur–<br />
69
pedagogiuri pirobebi. ganisazRvra umaRles saswavleblebSi <strong>ucxouri</strong><br />
enis swavlebis procesis dagegmvis dros profesiuli aqtivobisaTvis<br />
saWiro unarebis aTviseba, <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlisTvis mdgradi samotivacio<br />
safuZvlis Seqmna (axlo perspeqtivisa) da profesiuli moRvaweoba,<br />
profesiuli pedagogiuri <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> kompleqsis Camoyalibeba<br />
(Soreuli perspeqtiva).<br />
teqstis <strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong>ze <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciis erT-erTi<br />
Semadgenelia teqstis Sedgena, anu azris gramatikulad sworad agebis,<br />
dafiqsirebis da gamoxatvis unari sxvadasxva (lingvisturi, socialuri,<br />
azrobrivi) formiT. teqstis Seqmnis kompetencia, anu enis kompoziciur<br />
doneze organizebis unari, moicavs iseT Semadgenel nawilebs,<br />
rogorebicaa kohezia (winadadebebis Serwyma logikuri TanmimdevrobiT)<br />
da ritorika (damarwmunebeli saubris xelovneba).<br />
evropis saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTSewyobis proeqt<br />
`Tuningis“ mixedviT, kompetenciebi iyofa: 1. instrumentul;<br />
2.interpersonalur; 3. sistemur kompetenciebad.<br />
instrumentuli kompetenciebi moicavs SemecnebiT unarebs _<br />
ideebisa da azrebis gacnobierebisa da manipulirebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
meTodologiuri SesaZleblobebi garemoTi manipulirebisTvis moicavs<br />
swavlis strategiisa da drois organizebas, gadawyvetilebis miRebisa<br />
da problemis gadaWris unars; teqnologiur unarebs _ rac gulisxmobs<br />
teqnologiuri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebas, kompiuterze muSaobas da<br />
informaciis gamoyenebis unars; lingvistur unarebs – zepir da<br />
werilobiT komunikacias; meore enis codnas.<br />
interpersonaluri kompetenciebi moicavs individualur unarebs –<br />
grZnobebis gamoxatva, kritikuli da TviTkritikuli SesaZleblobebi;<br />
socialur unarebs – interpersonaluri urTierTobebi, jgufuri muSaoba,<br />
socialuri da eTikuri pasuxismgeblobis gamoxatva, sxva sferos<br />
eqspertebTan komunikacia.<br />
sistemuri kompetenciebi moicavs mTlian sistemasTan dakavSirebul<br />
unarebsa da SesaZleblobebs – gacnobierebis, SegrZnebebisa da codnis<br />
kombinacias.<br />
70
umaRlesi ganaTlebis kvalifikaciaTa CarCos mixedviT umaRles saswavlo<br />
dawesebulebebSi sxvadasxva doneze misaRwev kompetenciebs warmoadgens:<br />
1. dargobrivi, specifikuri kompetenciebi:<br />
1.1. dargobrivi codna da gacnobiereba;<br />
1.2. dargobrivi codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis unarebi/praqtikuli unarebi.<br />
2. zogadi kompetenciebi:<br />
2.1. analizisa da sinTezis unari;<br />
2.2. problemis gadaWra;<br />
2.3. dagegmvisa da organizebis unari;<br />
2.4. sakomunikacio unarebi;<br />
2.5. sainformacio komunikaciebis gamoyenebis unari;<br />
2.6. jgufSi muSaobis unari;<br />
2.7. swavlis unari;<br />
2.8. kvlevis unari;<br />
2.9. damoukideblad muSaobis unari;<br />
2.10. proeqtebis SemuSavebisa da marTvis unari.<br />
ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT enebis erTiani evropuli CarCos<br />
rekomendaciebs (2010), „Tuningis~ (saganmanaTleblo struqturebis<br />
urTierTSewyoba evropaSi) proeqtis Sedegebs (2008), kvalifikaciaTa<br />
evropul CarCos, saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis kvalifikaciaTa<br />
CarCos rekomendaciebs, gavecaniT <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> dauflebis<br />
gamocdilebas evropul universitetebSi (helsinkis universiteti (rober<br />
vagenaari), deustos universiteti (xulia gonzalesi 2008)), gavaanalizeT<br />
sxvadasxva miznobrivi treningis, konferenciebis masalebi, SeviswavleT<br />
sabazro moTxovnebi, dasaqmebis sfero da SevimuSaveT <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> swavlisa da swavlebis komponentebi. CamonaTvali<br />
gavacaniT specialurad organizebuli seminaris monawileebs, saSualo<br />
da umaRlesi skolis maswavleblebs, studentebs. miRebuli SeniSvnebis,<br />
winadadebebis, rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganvsazRvreT <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> zogadi da dargobrivi kompetenciebi.<br />
SeviswavleT saqarTvelos umaRles saswavlebelSi bakalavriatis<br />
safexurze <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobisas studentisTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi.<br />
analizis Sedegi Semdeg suraTs iZleva. students moeTxoveba:<br />
71
– Teoriuli codna sxvadasxva donis stilisturi xerxebisa da<br />
eqspresiuli saSualebebis Sesaxeb;<br />
– mxatvruli teqstis originaluri analizi;<br />
– stilisturi movlenebis aRqma-gaanalizeba teqstTan da diskursTan<br />
mimarTebaSi (internetresursi #10);<br />
– nebismieri formatisa da sirTulis werilobiTi da zepiri teqstis<br />
adekvaturi aRqma da reproduqcia;<br />
– teqstSi sxvadasxva tipis informaciis identificireba;<br />
– informaciis azrobrivi kompresireba da originalis<br />
komunikaciurad TanabarRirebulebiani meoradi versiis Seqmna<br />
(internetresursi #11);<br />
– inglisur enaze sxvadasxva tipis teqstis gagebis, Targmnis, morfo-<br />
semanatikuri analizis, interpretaciisa da reproduqciis unari;<br />
– inglisur enaze teqstebis mosmenis, gagebis, analizisa da<br />
reproduqciis unari;<br />
– inglisuri literaturis Rrma codna, paralelebis gavlebis unari<br />
evropul da inglisur literaturas Soris;<br />
– mxatvruli teqstis mimarT SemoqmedebiTi midgoma analizisa da<br />
interpretaciis safuZvelze, rac mwerlis msoflaRqmas, mis<br />
esTetikur Sexedulebas da individualur stils gansazRvravs;<br />
– azris lakonurad da gasagebad gadmocemis unari;<br />
– saTanado daskvnebis gamotanis, analizis, abstraqtuli azrovnebis<br />
unari;<br />
– wamoWrili problemis ganzogadebisa da swrafad gadaWris unari;<br />
– sakiTxebisadmi kritikuli midgomis unari, ideebisa da azrebis<br />
gagebisa da manipulirebis SesaZlebloba;<br />
– literaturuli gemovnebis ganviTareba;<br />
– nebismieri tipis verbaluri diskursis meSveobiT komunikacia.<br />
informaciis mopoveba, Segroveba, Targmna (rogorc zepiri, aseve<br />
weriTi saxiT), masze msjeloba, analizi da interpretacia<br />
(internetresursi #12);<br />
72
– problemur situaciaSi Tavisi dargis farglebSi monacemTa<br />
moZiebisa da gamoyenebis unari;<br />
– analizisa da sinTezis unari, raSic igulisxmeba informaciis<br />
sxvadasxva wyarodan moZiebisa da ganzogadebis unari;<br />
– kritikuli da TviTkritikuli SesaZleblobebi, raSic igulisxmeba<br />
producirebuli teqstis obieqturi Sefasebis da TviTSefasebis<br />
unari;<br />
– inglisuri enis kompetenturi gamoyeneba weriTi da zepiri<br />
komunikaciis procesSi;<br />
– damoukidebeli muSaobisaTvis relevanturi strategiis SerCevis<br />
unari (internetresursi # 11).<br />
bakalavriatis safexurze <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis procesSi vlindeba studentis Semdegi lingvisturi da<br />
komunikaciuri unar-Cvevebi:<br />
mimarTuleba – kiTxva daMmosmena:<br />
– teqstSi ucnobi sityvebis gagebis strategiebis codna;<br />
– teqstis kritikuli xedva;<br />
– teqstebis tipebis amocnoba da ganmarteba maTi struqturul-<br />
gramatikul Tu stilistur Taviseburebebze dayrdnobiT;<br />
– teqstebSi mocemuli gramatikuli konstruqciebis gamoyofa da maTi<br />
saTanado interpretaciiT warmodgena;<br />
– wakiTxulis gadamowmeba da Sefaseba sandoobis, aqtualurobis da<br />
sxva kriteriumebis mixedviT;<br />
– konkretuli sakiTxis Sesa<strong>swavla</strong>d informaciis moZieba, gadamowmeba<br />
da monacemTa bazis Sedgena;<br />
– sxvadasxva tipis zepiri da werilobiTi teqstebis Sefaseba maTi<br />
sakomunikacio amocanis gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />
– mosmenili teqstis gageba.<br />
mimarTuleba – saubari da wera:<br />
– adekvaturad, gamarTulad da damajereblad metyveleba;<br />
– teqstSi movlenebis, xasiaTebis winaswarmetyveleba;<br />
– teqstis dakavSireba pirad gamocdilebasTan;<br />
73
– argumentirebuli msjeloba sxvadasxva Janris mxatvrul teqstebSi<br />
gamovlenili msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebisa da literaturuli<br />
Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb;<br />
– literaturul nawarmoebebSi mxatvruli azrovnebis formebis<br />
identificireba, Sedareba, Sepirispireba, dakavSireba da analizi;<br />
– werilobiT teqstebSi sakuTari poziciisa da RirebulebiTi<br />
damokidebulebebis sxvadasxva literaturuli formiT warmoCena;<br />
– sxvadasxva epoqis literaturul teqstebSi asaxul kulturul<br />
faseulobaTa gaazreba da maT mimarT sakuTari damokidebulebis<br />
gamoxatva;<br />
– sxvadasxva saxis zepiri teqstebis analizi enobriv-gamomxatvelobiTi<br />
saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT;<br />
– msoflio literaturuli procesebisa da universaluri<br />
literaturuli Temebis urTierTkavSiris aRmoCena;<br />
– wakiTxuli teqstis konstruireba (enobrivi analizi da sinTezi);<br />
– sxvadasxva tipisa da stilis teqstebis gamarTulad wera;<br />
– gramatikis, orTografiis, punqtuaciis wesebis Segnebulad gamoyeneba<br />
teqstis asagebad da dasaxvewad;<br />
– sxvadasxva mizniT, sxvadasxva auditoriisaTvis nebismieri tipis<br />
werilobiTi teqstis SeTxzva;<br />
– literaturul nawarmoebze subieqturi mosazrebis Camoyalibeba da<br />
warmoCena;<br />
– sxvadasxva Janris literaturuli teqstis Seqmnis procesSi<br />
cxovrebiseuli da SemoqmedebiTi gamocdilebis realizeba.<br />
evropaSi saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTSewyobis proeqt<br />
„TuningSi~ aRniSnulia, rom A`analizisa da sinTezis unars studentebi<br />
Semdegi meTodebiT gamoimuSaveben:<br />
– damoukidebeli interpretaciis, Sefasebebis da diskusiis unari,<br />
romelic debatebis farglebSi muSavdeba;<br />
– Tanamedrove koncefciebs Soris kavSirebis monaxva;<br />
– informaciis raodenobrivi analizi;<br />
– relevanturi Teoriebis misadageba amosavali masalisaTvis;<br />
74
– arsebul codnaSi axali daskvnebis inkorporacia;<br />
– specifikuri movlenebis an problemebis ganxilva farTo<br />
konteqstSi;<br />
– dasturis an sawinaaRmdego argumentebis moyvana~ (gonzalesi 2008:<br />
224).<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli wyaroebis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropis ganaTlebis<br />
erTiani sivrcis Seqmnis moTxovnebis safuZvelze, realuri viTarebis<br />
analizsa da pirad gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, SevarCieT <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi bakalavriatis safexurisTvis. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetencia pirdapir ukavSirdeba iseT<br />
zogad kompetenciebs, rogoricaa damoukidebeli muSaobis, kvlevis,<br />
informaciis marTvis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis, analizisa da sinTezis,<br />
swavlis, zepiri da werilobiTi formiT komunikaciis, axali ideebis<br />
generirebis (SemoqmedebiToba), kritikisa da TviTkritikis unarebi, aseve,<br />
mravalferovnebisa da multikulturalizmis, sxva qveynis kulturisa da<br />
tradiciebis pativiscema.<br />
eufleba:<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis farglebSi studenti<br />
– analizisa da sinTezis unars, raSic moiazreba: teqstis<br />
interpretacia, mTavari punqtebis gansazRvra, gageba, Sefaseba,<br />
informaciasTan muSaoba, gacnobiereba, kritikuli Sefaseba, Teoriisa<br />
da praqtikis dakavSireba, sxvadaxva teqstis kombinireba, kvleva,<br />
formulireba, reproducireba, gamoyeneba, aRwera, daskvnis gakeTeba,<br />
fiqri, Sedareba, SerCeva, gansxvaveba, kontrasti, dayofa, Sejameba,<br />
argumentireba, Sefardeba, ganzogadeba, logikuri azrovneba, Sefaseba,<br />
problemis gadaWra, _ rasac studentebi Semdegi meTodebiT<br />
gamoimuSaveben:<br />
– <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis farglebSi kiTxvis, kvlevis, diskusiisa da fiqris<br />
Sedegad koncefciis, ideebis formulireba;<br />
– damoukidebeli interpretaciis, Sefasebis da diskusiis unari,<br />
romelic debatebis farglebSi gamomuSavdeba;<br />
– naazrevis kritikuli Sefaseba da TviTSefaseba;<br />
75
– informaciis raodenobrivi analizi;<br />
– relevanturi Teoriebis misadageba amosavali masalisTvis;<br />
– arsebul codnaSi axali daskvnebis inkorporacia;<br />
– movlenebis an problemebis ganzogadeba;<br />
– gansxvavebuli azris gamoxatva da dasabuTeba.<br />
2. informaciis menejmentis kompetencias, raSic moiazreba: teqstSi<br />
saWiro informaciis moZiebis unari, informaciis pirveladi da meoradi<br />
wyaroebis gansxvavebis unari, tradiciuli Tu eleqtronuli biblioTekis<br />
gamoyenebis unari, informaciis mopovebis unari.<br />
3. damoukidebeli muSaobis unars. drois organizebis, prioritetebis<br />
SerCevis, vadebis dacvisa da SeTanxmebuli samuSaos Sesrulebis unaris<br />
floba aucilebelia rogorc pirad cxovrebaSi, aseve profesiul<br />
saqmianobaSi.<br />
4. kvlevis unars. saswavlo amocanis gadawyvetisaTvis teqstis<br />
gamoyenebis xarisxi maRalia, Tu moswavles saSualo safexurze SeuZlia<br />
argumentirebuli msjeloba sxvadasxva Janris mxatvrul teqstebSi<br />
gamovlenili msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebisa da literaturuli<br />
Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb; literaturuli teqstis mimarT sakuTari<br />
mosazrebis Camoyalibeba da warmoCena; sakuTari poziciisa da<br />
damokidebulebebis gamoxatva; paralelebis gavleba qarTuli da<br />
msoflio literaturis Temebsa da procesebs Soris; sxvadasxva saxis<br />
teqstebis gamarTulad wera, gramatikuli wesebis gamoyeneba teqstis<br />
asagebad da dasaxvewad.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve, sakuTar gamocdilebaze<br />
dayrdnobiT, Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom umaRles skolaSi bakalavriatis<br />
safexurze <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> dargobrivi kompetenciebi moicavs<br />
Semdeg mimarTulebebs:<br />
1. teqstis aRqmisa da gagebis kompetenciebi;<br />
2. teqstis analizis kompetencia;<br />
3. teqstis interpretaciis kompetencia;<br />
4. teqstis kvlevisa da Sefasebis kompetenciebi;<br />
5. teqstis Sedgenis kompetenciebi.<br />
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Cven mier SemuSavebuli teqstobrivi kompetenciis modeli<br />
Gsqema #3<br />
1. teqstis aRqmisa da gagebis kompetenciis farglebSi studenti<br />
SeZlebs:<br />
teqstis saxis, tipis, Janris, qveJanris amocnobas;<br />
kiTxviTi strategiebis gamoyenebas;<br />
sxvadasxva saxis teqstebis (perioduli gamocemebi, romanebi, poemebi,<br />
dramebi, da sxva), agreTve, sxvadasxva saxis samuSao dokumentebis,<br />
magaliTad, werilobiTi instruqciebis da teqnikuri aRwerilobis,<br />
kontraqtebis, proeqtebis, angariSebis wakiTxvas da gagebas;<br />
teqstSi mTavari ideebis an Temebis, damxmare detalebis gagebas;<br />
avtoris miznis amocnobas<br />
ilustraciebis _ cxrilebis da diagramebis interpretacias (axsna);<br />
teqstSi aRwerili mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gagebas;<br />
sxvadasxva saxis audioteqstis gagebas;<br />
gamoavlens ucnob sityvaTa mniSvnelobis konteqstis daxmarebiT<br />
gagebis unars;<br />
gamoavlens sityvebis denotaciuri da konotaciuri mniSvnelobebis<br />
codnas;<br />
77
2. teqstis analizis kompetenciis farglebSi studenti teqstSi<br />
amoicnobs:<br />
stilistur xerxebs da aRwers, ramdenad uwyoben xels gamoyenebuli<br />
stilisturi xerxebi nawarmoebis arsis gadmocemas;<br />
personaJebs da moaxdens maT daxasiaTebas;<br />
moqmedebis dros, adgils, garemos; amoicnobs kulturul da<br />
istoriul konteqsts;<br />
TxrobiT perspeqtivas;<br />
teqstis struqturas;<br />
amoicnobs avtoris tons da moaxdens misi stilis da mxatvruli<br />
ostatobis Sefasebas;<br />
gamoavlens figuraluri metyvelebis gagebas da Seafasebs ramdenad<br />
mizandasaxulad aRweven isini mkiTxvelamde;<br />
amoicnobs konfliqtis saxes.<br />
3. teqstis interpretaciis kompetenciis farglebSi studenti:<br />
teqstis Sesaxeb daskvnas gaakeTebs da gaamyarebs teqstidan<br />
moyvanili magaliTebiT;<br />
teqstSi arsebul bundovanebas da mravalgvari interpretaciis<br />
saSualebas gaiazrebs;<br />
miusadagebs teqsts cxovrebiseul situaciebs;<br />
msjelobs, ramdenad exmianeba mocemuli teqsti mimdinare<br />
kulturul, socialur, politikur situacias;<br />
statiebisa da dokumentebis reziumirebas.<br />
4. teqstis kvlevisa da Sefasebis kompetenciis farglebSi studenti:<br />
ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan teqstSi moyvanil faqtebsa da avtoris<br />
pirad TvalTaxedvas;<br />
gaecnoba teqstis irgvliv arsebul sxvadasxva kritikul masalas;<br />
eZiebs damatebiT masalas avtorisa da teqstSi arsebuli<br />
informaciis Sesaxeb;<br />
kiTxulobs da igebs eleqtronuli mediis saSualebiT mopovebul<br />
teqstebs, amzadebs bibliografias;<br />
iyenebs leqsikonebs, rom gaigos sityvis an terminis mniSvneloba,<br />
etimologia da swori warmoTqma;<br />
78
teqstSi mocemuli da damatebiT mopovebuli masalis safuZvelze<br />
ayalibebs sakuTar azrs sakvlevi Temis Sesaxeb;<br />
amzadebs referatul naSroms mocemuli teqstis irgvliv.<br />
5. teqstis Sedgenis kompetenciis farglebSi studenti SeZlebs:<br />
teqstis struqturis codnis demonstrirebas imave formis<br />
werilobiTi dokumentis SedgeniT;<br />
sxvadasxva Temaze Tavisufal saubars (monologi da dialogi),<br />
konkretul TemebTan dakavSirebul debatebsa da diskusiebSi<br />
monawileobis miRebas da azris gamarTulad da Tanmimdevrulad<br />
Camoyalibebas;<br />
mocemul Temaze prezentaciis Catarebas;<br />
mimoweras _ sabuTebis Sedgena (gancxadeba, avtobiografia,<br />
moxsenebiTi baraTi, CV), formaluri da araformaluri werilebis<br />
Sedgenas, eseis daweras.<br />
amrigad, wyaroebze dayrdnobiT miviCnevT, rom <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> zogadi, transferuli <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> floba<br />
uzrunvelyofs saswavlo teqstebis aTvisebas da ganapirobebs sasurveli<br />
Sedegis miRwevas. amasTan, saswavlo sagnebis specifikidan gamomdinare,<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi SeiZleba iyos dargobrivic.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> orientireba, ganaTlebis safexurebis mixedviT zogadi<br />
da dargobrivi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gansazRvra xels Seuwyobs studentis mier<br />
misaRwevi Sedegis gacnobierebas, miznis sicxades, misawvdomobas,<br />
saswavlo procesSi aqtiurobis da damoukidebeli muSaobis xarisxis<br />
amaRlebas.<br />
$2 saswavlo aqtivobebi kompetenciis miRwevisaTvis<br />
2.2.1 teqstis struqturis Semswavleli aqtivobebi<br />
aqtivoba aris leqtoris mier dagegmili qmedeba, romelic saswavlo<br />
miznis miRwevas emsaxureba. Mmiznidan gamomdinare, leqtorma SeiZleba dagegmos<br />
erTi an ramdenime aqtivoba da, aseve, maTi Catarebis Tanamimdevroba. aqtivobis<br />
79
dagegmvis dros mniSvnelovania, rom leqtorma gaiTvaliswinos, konkretulad<br />
ris gakeTeba moeTxovebaT studentebs da is, Tu ra roli unda Seasrulos man<br />
(berZeniSvili...2007:25). swavlebis aqtivobebis formebia:<br />
– TanamSromlobiTi <strong>swavleba</strong> (leqtori _ studenti, studenti _ studenti<br />
jgufebSi muSaoba);<br />
– damoukidebeli <strong>swavla</strong>;<br />
– <strong>swavleba</strong> konkretuli drois miTiTebiT;<br />
– diagramebis, grafikebis gamoyeneba (kognituri _ saazrovno):<br />
studentis aqtivobas aqvs 2 forma:<br />
1. masalis aRqma, romelSic CarTulia studentis emocia, azrovneba,<br />
warmosaxva, mexsiereba, gadmocemis unari;<br />
2. damoukidebeli, individualuri an jgufuri davalebebisaTvis masalis<br />
SegrovebaSi monawileoba.<br />
„sasurvelia leqtoris saqmianoba (xelmZRvaneloba) daukavSirdes<br />
studentis aqtivobas leqciisa da momzadebis procesSi; leqtorma ifiqros<br />
Semdegze: 1. ra, rogor da risTvis moawodos leqciis dros; 2. rogor CarTos<br />
studentebi leqciis msvlelobaSi; 3. rogor moamzados da gaaaqtiuros<br />
studentebi~ (isakova..2007:87).<br />
aqtivobebis dagegmvisas gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime faqtori:<br />
– gakveTilis tipi (mimdinare, Semajamebeli);<br />
– pedagogiuri strategia;<br />
– saswavlo mizani, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ebmis swavlis<br />
mosalodnel Sedegebs.<br />
`saswavlo mizani aris studentis mier swavliT SeZenili winaswar<br />
gansazRvruli Sedegi, axali gamocdileba. igi moicavs studentTa<br />
umravlesobis mier asaTvisebeli informaciis, unar-Cvevebisa da<br />
Rirebulebebis erTobliobas~ (berZeniSvili...2007:54). proeqti _<br />
saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTSewyoba evropaSi „Tuningi“ _<br />
ganasxvavebs swavlis Sedegebsa da kompetenciebs, raTa aCvenos<br />
maswavlebelTa da studentTa gansxvavebuli rolebi. swavlis Sedegebi<br />
ganisazRvreba akademiuri personalis mier saganmanaTleblo programis<br />
da calkeuli kursis doneze. Kkompetenciebi miiRweva studentis mier.<br />
80
`kompetenciis miRweuli done SeiZleba iyos ufro maRali an dabali,<br />
vidre es swavlis SedegebiTaa gansazRvruli~ (gonzalesi 2008:174).<br />
umaRlesi skolis saganmanaTleblo programaSi swavlis Sedegi<br />
gansazRvravs Tu ra codna SeiZina studentma, ris gakeTebas SeZlebs is.<br />
`wavlis Sedegi aris swavlis procesSi SeZenili axali codna da<br />
unarebi. ganasxvaveben SeZenili unarebis 5 ZiriTad tips:<br />
inteleqtualur unarebs;<br />
verbalur informacias;<br />
damokidebulebebs;<br />
motorul Cvevebs;<br />
kognitur strategiebs“ (qitiaSvili 2008:47).<br />
swavlis Sedegi aris informaciis, unar-Cvevebis, Rirebulebebisa da<br />
damokidebulebebis erToblioba, romelsac studentebi iZenen swavlis<br />
procesSi. mniSvnelovania ara mxolod is, Tu ra i<strong>swavla</strong> studentma,<br />
aramed, upirvelesad, codnis xarisxi: rogor i<strong>swavla</strong> da rogor SeuZlia<br />
mas am codnis gamoyeneba. `saswavlo Sedegebi ganisazRvreba<br />
saganmanaTleblo procesis nebismieri monakveTisaTvis (leqcia, semestri,<br />
akademiuri weli, zogadi/umaRlesi ganaTlebis safexuri da sxva~<br />
(berZeniSvili...2007:54). swavlis Sedegi ganacxadia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />
icis da risi gakeTeba SeuZlia students mocemuli saswavlo kursis<br />
dasrulebis Semdeg. swavlis Sedegi, aRwerili kompetenciis doniT _<br />
aris ganacxadi Tu ra unda icodes da risi gakeTeba unda SeZlos<br />
studentma swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg. is ganisazRvreba kursis<br />
erTeulis, aseve programis doneze.<br />
`<strong>swavla</strong> niSnavs informaciis dagrovebas, unar-Cvevebis<br />
ganviTarebas~ (standartebi 2010:6). <strong>swavla</strong> aris axali informaciis,<br />
codnis, Cvevebis, damokidebulebebisa da ganwyobebis SeZena.<br />
arsebobs swavlisa da swavlebis aqtivobebis xuTi kategoria:<br />
1. mzardi _ romlis saSualebiTac moswavle davalebebis Sesrulebis<br />
procesSi iZens axal ideebs, koncefciebs da unar-Cvevebs.<br />
2. restruqturizebadi _ romelic moiTxovs moswavleebisagan winaswar<br />
SeZenil unar-Cvevebsa da codnaze dayrdnobiT aRmoCenebis gakeTebas.<br />
81
3. codnis gamosacdeli _ ukve nacnobi ideebisa da koncefciebis,<br />
codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba axali problemebis gadasaWrelad.<br />
4. praqtikaze damyarebuli _ praqtikuli savarjiSoebis meSveobiT<br />
nacnobi ideebis, koncefciebis, codnis da unar-Cvevebis ganmtkiceba.<br />
5. ganmeorebaze damyarebuli _ nacnobi ideebis, koncefciebis, codnisa<br />
da unar-Cvevebis gameoreba garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg.<br />
swavlebis procesSi aucilebelia gansxvavebuli meTodebis<br />
gamoyeneba, radgan es xels uwyobs studentebSi swavlisadmi interesis<br />
gaRvivebas. <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis leqcia unda Seicavdes:<br />
1. verbalur informacias – ambis gadmocema, roluri TamaSebi;<br />
2. vizualur masalas – TvalsaCinoebebi, suraTebi, plakatebi da a.S.;<br />
3. savarjiSoebs;<br />
4. diskusias – kiTxva-pasuxi, wyvilebSi muSaoba, jgufebSi muSaoba,<br />
proeqtebis wardgena;<br />
5. fiqri da azrovneba – diskusiebi, situaciuri amocanebi, problemis<br />
gadaWris savarjiSoebi.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> formireba gulisxmobs<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> dayrdnobiT analitikuri da produqtiuli unarebis<br />
formirebas. teqstobrivi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> formirebis etapebia Temaze,<br />
gegmaze, saTaurze, sakvanZo sityvebsa da frazebze muSaoba. <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> swavlebis mimarTulebebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan<br />
dakavSirebuli, magram yvela unaris erTdrouli formireba SeuZlebelia.<br />
amitom, swavlebis sxvadasxva etapze yuradRebis centrSi xvdeba<br />
gansazRvruli unari.<br />
etapi saswavlo<br />
mizani<br />
teqstamdeli<br />
aqtivoba<br />
- molodinis<br />
ganviTareba;<br />
- fonuri<br />
davalebebis<br />
Sesruleba;<br />
-hipoTezis<br />
Seqmnis unaris<br />
ganviTareba.<br />
swavlebis<br />
meTodebi<br />
- saTaurTan<br />
muSaobis<br />
asociaciuri xerxi;<br />
- kiTxvis dasma<br />
moswavleTa<br />
molodinis<br />
gamosavlenad;<br />
- kvleviTi<br />
davalebebis ageba;<br />
- winmswrebi<br />
individualuri<br />
saSianao davalebis<br />
gamokiTxva;<br />
aqtivobebi swavlebis<br />
forma<br />
- sakvanZo<br />
sityvebis mixedviT<br />
hipoTezis<br />
wamoyeneba teqstis<br />
ideur - Tematikur<br />
SinaarsTan<br />
dakavSirebiT;<br />
- moswavleTa mier<br />
mokle<br />
informaciis<br />
warmodgena<br />
avtorisa da<br />
epoqis Sesaxeb;<br />
- frontaluri<br />
saubari;<br />
- saklaso da<br />
saSinao<br />
individualuri<br />
davalebis<br />
organizeba.<br />
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teqstis kiTxva da<br />
emociurasociaciuri<br />
aRqma<br />
Temis da<br />
teqstis<br />
konceptualuri<br />
Sinaarsis<br />
gaazreba<br />
teqstis<br />
interpretacia<br />
- teqstis<br />
emociuri<br />
tonalobis<br />
aRqmis<br />
formireba;<br />
- analizuri<br />
kiTxvis unaris<br />
srulyofa;<br />
-sxvadasxva<br />
wyarodan<br />
informaciis<br />
miRebis unaris<br />
formireba.<br />
- analitikuri<br />
azrovnebis<br />
ganviTareba<br />
teqstis<br />
analizis<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
saxeobis<br />
meSveobiT;<br />
- enobriv<br />
faqtebsa da<br />
avtoriseul<br />
miznebs Soris<br />
logikuri<br />
kavSiris<br />
danaxvis unaris<br />
formireba;<br />
- teqstis<br />
analizis<br />
msvlelobis<br />
procesSi<br />
miRebuli<br />
informaciis<br />
sinTezis unaris<br />
formireba;<br />
- hopoTezebis<br />
damtkicebis an<br />
uaryofis<br />
unaris<br />
formireba;<br />
- teqstis-<br />
interpretaciis<br />
Seqmnis<br />
xelovnebis<br />
srulyofa;<br />
-SemoqmedebiTi<br />
unarebis<br />
-problemuri<br />
Txzuleba (teqstis<br />
sakvanZo konceptis<br />
asociaciurazrobrivi<br />
velis<br />
ageba).<br />
- gamoTqmiT kiTxva;<br />
- nawilobriv-<br />
ZiebiTi meTodi:<br />
SekiTxvebis da<br />
davalebebis ageba<br />
da emociuri da<br />
asociaciuri aRqmis<br />
gamovlena.<br />
- moniSvnebiT<br />
teqstis kiTxvis<br />
xerxi;<br />
- kvleviTi<br />
davalebis ageba;<br />
- evristikuli<br />
saubari, romelic<br />
mizanmimarTulia<br />
lingvopragmatikul<br />
i analizis<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>ze;<br />
individualuri<br />
saSinao davalebis<br />
winmswrebi<br />
gamokiTxva<br />
(gasaanalizebel<br />
teqstTan axlos<br />
mdgomi<br />
nawarmoebebis<br />
mimoxilva)<br />
SekiTxvebis<br />
gamoyenebiT<br />
refleqsiis<br />
organizeba<br />
- teqsti-prognozis<br />
dawera.<br />
- mosmena;<br />
- analizuri<br />
kiTxva: teqstSi<br />
avtoriseuli<br />
asociaciebis povna<br />
da maTi Sedareba<br />
sakuTar<br />
asociaciebTan.<br />
- ZiebiTi kiTxva;<br />
- leqsikonebTan da<br />
informaciis sxva<br />
saSualebebTan<br />
muSaoba;<br />
- teqstisaTvis<br />
kiTxvebis Sedgena,<br />
maTi jgufebad<br />
danawileba<br />
faqtobrivi da<br />
konceptualuri<br />
informaciis<br />
misaRebad;<br />
- teqstis mokle<br />
Sinaarsis<br />
gadmocema da<br />
zogadi Temis<br />
gansazRvreba;<br />
- teqstis<br />
lingvopragmatuli<br />
analizi da misi<br />
Sedegebis<br />
„leqsikuri<br />
makrostruqturis“<br />
Setana grafaSi;<br />
- teqstis<br />
konceptualuri<br />
struqturis<br />
sqemis Sedgena;<br />
hiperteqstis<br />
formireba.<br />
- kiTxvebis<br />
gamoyenebiT<br />
sakuTar<br />
aqtivobaze<br />
retrospeqtuli<br />
Sexedulebis<br />
ganxorcieleba;<br />
- frontaluri<br />
muSaoba;<br />
- individualuri<br />
muSaoba.<br />
- individualuri<br />
samuSao;<br />
- wyvilebSi an<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
individualuri<br />
samuSao<br />
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formireba da<br />
ganviTareba<br />
-meoradi teqstis<br />
Sedgena<br />
teqstTan muSaobis codna/unari ganaTlebis miRebis ZiriTadi<br />
sayrdenia. bevr qveyanaSi saskolo politikis mTavari prioriteti swored<br />
am unaris ganviTarebazea damyarebuli.<br />
`swavlebis efeqtianobas gazrdis naTlad gamokveTili molodinebi,<br />
xSiri weriTi davalebebi, proeqtebi, interaqtiuli SekiTxvebi, <strong>swavla</strong> da<br />
erToblivi muSaoba, saswavlo kursis dakavSireba realur cxovrebasTan~<br />
(swavlebis... 2004:87). rogorc wesi, maswavleblebis treningebis Sinaarsi<br />
am strategiebisa da meTodebis sxvadasxva kombinacias Seadgens.<br />
warmogidgenT swavlebis strategiebisa da meTodebis CamonaTvals:<br />
– pirdapiri instruqcia: struqturuli mimoxilva, leqcia,<br />
–<br />
mizanmimarTuli <strong>swavleba</strong>, savarjiSo da praqtika, Sedareba da<br />
Sepirispireba, didaqtikuri SekiTxvebi;<br />
interaqtiuli instruqciebi: debatebi, roluri TamaSebi, gonebrivi<br />
ieriSi, TanamSromlobiTi saswavlo jgufebi, problemis gadaWra,<br />
interviureba, konferenciis mowyoba;<br />
– arapirdapiri instruqciebi: problemis gadawyveta, koncefciis<br />
Camoyalibeba, kiTxvarebi;<br />
– damoukidebeli <strong>swavla</strong>: eseebi, kompiuteris daxmarebiT instruqtaJi,<br />
saSinao davaleba, saswavlo centrebi, kvleviTi proeqtebi;<br />
– eqsperimentuli <strong>swavla</strong>: Txroba, TamaSebi, roluri TamaSebi,<br />
gamokiTxvebi;<br />
– instruqciuli unarebi: axsna, demonstrireba, SekiTxvebis dasma.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis sawyiss warmoadgens<br />
teqstebis tipebis codna, maTi struqturis Sesaxeb informaciis floba.<br />
teqsti, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeiZleba iyos mxatvruli an<br />
aramxatvruli. mxatvruli teqstis struqturis Semadgeneli elementebia<br />
personaJebi, moqmedebis adgili, problema da misi gadawyveta, siuJeti.<br />
aramxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturis Semadgeneli elementebia mizez-<br />
Sedegi, Tanmimdevroba, problema da misi gadawyveta, aRwera, Sedareba-<br />
Sepirispireba.<br />
84
mniSvnelovania, studenti flobdes informacias mxatvruli da<br />
aramxatvruli teqstebis Semadgeneli elementebis Sesaxeb. mxatvruli<br />
teqstis maxasiaTeblebia: saTauri, ilustraciebi, Tanmimdevruli Txroba,<br />
paragrafebi, dialogi da a. S. aramxatvruli teqstis niSnebia: saTauri,<br />
Sinaarsis sarCevi, indeqsi, fotoebi, saTaurebi, diagramebi, sityvari,<br />
qvesaTaurebi da a. S.<br />
aramxatvruli teqstebis struqturis amocnobaSi dagvexmareba<br />
sasignalo, damakavSirebeli sityvebis codna.<br />
aRwera/daxasiaTebis tipis teqstSi avtori gvixsnis Temas, ideas,<br />
pirovnebas an sagans misi maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis aRweriT da<br />
magaliTebis moyvaniT. teqstSi gvxvdeba Semdegi sityvebi da frazebi: for<br />
example, characteristics are, such as, looks like, consists of, for instance, most important da<br />
a.S.<br />
studentebs vawvdiT teqsts, romelSic unda ipovon sasignalo<br />
sityvebi da amoicnon teqstis tipi. gTavazobT teqstis nimuSs.<br />
All crocodilians are reptiles with long snouts, long tails, four short legs, tough<br />
skin, and sharp teeth. Members of the crocodilian family include alligators,<br />
crocodiles, caimans, and gavials. Crocodilians live in warm weather throughout<br />
the year and they spend part of their time in the water and part of their time on<br />
land. Almost all crocodilians grow to be very large, with the largest more than<br />
twenty feet long. There are two kinds of alligators, 14 kinds of crocodiles, eight<br />
kinds of caimans, and one kind of gavial (internetresursi #29).<br />
mocemul teqstSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi sityvebi da<br />
sityvaTSeTanxmebebi: the features are, some characteristics are, for example. maSasadame,<br />
teqstis struqtura aris aRweriTi.<br />
qronologiuri (sequence) tipis nawarmoebSi avtori Tanamimdevrulad<br />
aRwers movlenas. teqstSi gvxvdeba Semdegi sityvebi da<br />
sityvaTSeTanxmebebi: First, second, third, next, then, after, before, prior to, not long after,<br />
while, meanwhile, simultaneously, at the same time, following, finally, at last, in the end, on<br />
(date), at (time), directions da a.S.<br />
gTavazobT teqstis nimuSs:<br />
85
Recently, scientists have gained an understanding of a crocodile’s reproductive<br />
activity. Crocodiles mate in the water, where the buoyancy keeps them from<br />
crushing each other. Prior to mating, there are stylized postures, jumping,<br />
submerged bubble blowing, and snout contact. After mating, hard-shelled eggs<br />
are laid in a nest, in a hole scooped in the sand. When it is time to hatch, the<br />
infant crocodiles begin a loud chirping sound that leads the female to the nest,<br />
which she excavates. Finally, when all the babies are accounted for, the mother<br />
crocodile transports them to the shallow water where they will remain under<br />
adult protection for weeks or months (internetresursi #29).<br />
zemoT moyvanil teqstSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi sityvebi: recently,<br />
prior to, after, when, finally da a.S. rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom teqstis struqtura<br />
aris TanmimdevrobiTi, anu qronologiuri.<br />
Sedareba-SepirispirebiTi tipis teqstebSi asaxulia, Tu riTi gavs<br />
an riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan ori an meti sagani an movlena. am<br />
tipis teqstebSi gvxvdeba Semdegi sityvebi da sityvaTSeTanxmebebi: from,<br />
similar to, in contrast, alike, same as, as well as, on the other hand, both, either , or, not only,<br />
but also, yet, although, but, however, on the other hand da a.S.<br />
gTavazobT teqstis nimuSs:<br />
Alligators and crocodiles, along with their relatives the caimans and the gavials,<br />
are very much alike. These crocodilians are reptiles with long snouts, long tails,<br />
four short legs, tough skin, and sharp teeth. There are some differences, however.<br />
Gavials have the longest snout and the most teeth. Some people say that<br />
alligators and crocodiles differ in the shape of their snouts and the positioning of<br />
their teeth. Zookeepers say that crocodiles move faster than alligators and have<br />
nastier dispositions (internetresursi #29).<br />
mizez-Sedegobrivi tipis teqstebSi avtori aRwers movlenas da im<br />
Sedegs, rac man gamoiwvia. anu, aRwerilia ra da ratom moxda. misi<br />
mizania movlenis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris Cveneba da axsna. am teqstis<br />
sasignalo sityvebi da sityvaTSeTanxmebebia: reasons why, reasons for, if…then, as<br />
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a result of, therefore, because of, so, since, in order to, leads or leads to, effects of, caused by,<br />
result, outcome, impact, influenced by, brought about by da a.S.<br />
gTavazobT teqstis nimuSs:<br />
On the river banks of the Nile River, home to some crocodiles, there are many<br />
kinds of birds, sometimes called crocodile birds because they are always hopping<br />
around crocodiles. The big crocodiles and the birds are useful to each other for<br />
several reasons. The birds eat flies and leeches that they find on the crocodiles’<br />
skin and mouths. In this way, the birds get a good meal and the crocodiles get rid<br />
of the leeches and flies. Sometimes an enemy frightens the birds who scream and<br />
fly away. As a result of the noise, the birds give the crocodiles a warning of<br />
danger (internetresursi #29).<br />
problemis amsaxveli tipis teqsti axdens problemis<br />
identificirebas da gvawvdis misi gadaWris erT an ramdenime gzas.<br />
gTavazobT teqstis nimuSs:<br />
In most parts of the world there are not as many crocodiles as there used to be.<br />
This is a problem because crocodiles are becoming endangered and also<br />
crocodile are necessary to the balance of nature. Many crocodiles have died<br />
because people dried up the swamps and marshes where the crocodiles live.<br />
Poachers have also contributed to the dilemma as crocodiles have been desired<br />
for their strong, smooth, leathery skins. In order to preserve these mighty<br />
creatures, people must take care of the crocodiles’ environment and help put a<br />
stop to the needless shooting of these animals (internetresursi #29).<br />
damakavSirebeli sityvebia problem, dilemma, etc. maSasadame, teqsti asaxavs<br />
problemas da misi gadawyvetis gzas.<br />
am aqtivobebis mizania studentma iswavlos ara mxolod teqstis<br />
tipis amocnoba, aramed misi producirebac, anu mocemuli modelis<br />
gamoyenebiT teqstebis ageba.<br />
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2.2.2 <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis lokaluri da globaluri<br />
strategiebi<br />
zepirmetyvelebis, kiTxvis, weris, gagebis strategiebis kvlevas,<br />
kiTxvis diferencirebuli swavlebis saSulebebis analizs, teqstis<br />
Sinaarsisa da mokle Sinaarsis weris swavlebis sakiTxebs, mxatvruli<br />
teqstis analizis swavlebis sakiTxebs umaRles skolaSi, ganaTlebis<br />
SinaarsSi mecnierebis asaxvisTvis saswavlo saganTa dajgufebis<br />
problemebs mieZRvna s. cetlinas (Цетлина 1979), d. verderixis (2004), z.<br />
vaxanias (2005), n. kvirikaZis (2007), l. CinCalaZis (2007), m. isakovas (Исакова<br />
2007), c. megrelaZis (2009) Sromebi.<br />
ganaTlebis erovnuli monitoringis proeqtisa (NEMP) da studentTa<br />
Sefasebis saerTaSoriso programis (PISA) farglebSi Catarebuli<br />
gamokvlevebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, swavlis iseTi strategiebi<br />
gamovlinda, romlebsac moswavleebi davalebebis Sesasruleblad met-<br />
naklebad warmatebiT iyeneben. amasTanave, damuSavda strategiebis<br />
taqsonomia, sadac isini lokalur da globalur strategiebadaa<br />
dayofili.<br />
„lokalurs uwodeben iseT strategiebs, romlebic teqstis<br />
dekodirebisa da konkretuli informaciis interpretaciiskenaa<br />
mimarTuli, xolo strategiebs, romlebic daskvnebs efuZneba,<br />
informaciis Sefasebasa da sinTezzea <strong>orientirebuli</strong> – globaluri<br />
ewodeba. lokaluri strategiebis doneze mkiTxveli SeZenili codnisa da<br />
unarebis meSveobiT wakiTxulis srul Sinaarss arkvevs da teqstis<br />
konkretuli momentebis gagebis safuZvelze daskvnebs akeTebs. igi am<br />
doneze iyenebs teqsts, rogorc damatebiTi informacis wyaros“<br />
(makdonaldi... 2004:29).<br />
globaluri strategiebi mkiTxvels saSualebas aZlevs, teqstis<br />
sxvadasxva momenti Seapirispiros da wakiTxulis Sinaarsi gaarkvios,<br />
moiZios, gaanalizos da sxvadasxva wyarodan moZiebuli informacia<br />
Seafasos, avtoris Canafiqrs Cawvdes da teqsti mravali mizniT<br />
gamoiyenos. amrigad, teqstis Sinaarsi, mraval strategiasTan<br />
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erTobliobaSi, exmareba mkiTxvels _ axleburad Sexedos samyarosa da<br />
sakuTar SesaZleblobebs teqstis aRqmasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
teqstis struqturis lokaluri done moicavs teqstis organizebis<br />
TaviseburebaTa gagebas:<br />
– msgavs <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT ganWvriteT,<br />
Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos teqstis struqtura;<br />
– SeiswavleT teqstis (abzacis), winadadebis Taviseburebani;<br />
– gamoyaviT da gaaanalizeT teqstis gaformebis elementebi (saTauri,<br />
qvesaTauri, grafiki, tabula, diagrama);<br />
– gamoyaviT enis xatovani elementebi (metafora, Sedareba da a.S.)<br />
teqstis struqturis globaluri done moicavs mocemuli<br />
struqturis teqstis miznis dadgenas:<br />
– risTvis sWirdeba avtors teqstis Sinaarsis am formiT organizeba?<br />
– rogor kavSirSia mocemuli teqstis agebulebis, gaformebisa da<br />
Janris Taviseburebebi mis TemasTan?<br />
– ra SegviZlia davaskvnaT teqstis struqturis mixedviT mis mizansa<br />
da mniSvnelobaze?<br />
– gaakeTeT daskvnebi yovelive aRniSnulis kritikuli analizis<br />
safuZvelze avtoris Canafiqrisa da miznobrivi auditoriis Sesaxeb.<br />
– aris Tu ara teqstis struqturaSi raime gaugebroba?<br />
– gamoiyeneT SeZenili codna teqstis agebulebis Sesaxeb nacnob da<br />
ucnob teqstebTan momdevno muSaobaSi.<br />
teqstis Sinaarsis lokaluri done moicavs semantikuri<br />
informaciis gagebas:<br />
– teqstis Sinaarsisa da misi ZiriTadi ideebis Sesaxeb varaudis<br />
gamoTqma nacnobi strategiebis moSveliebiT;<br />
– teqstis Sinaarsis ganWvreta (nacnobi terminebis, teqstis<br />
Sinaarsobrivi da struqturuli elementebis gamoyenebiT);<br />
– muSaoba konkretul informaciaze; Sinaarsis ZiriTadi momentebis<br />
gamoyofa, informaciis Secvla, sakuTari saTauris gamoyeneba,<br />
reziumes Sedgena.<br />
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gaazrebas:<br />
teqstis Sinaarsis globaluri done moicavs teqstis kritikulad<br />
– rogor ggoniaT, ratom airCia avtorma aseTi Sinaarsi?<br />
– teqstis romeli adgili SeiZleba iyos gagebuli<br />
araerTmniSvnelovnad? xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs teqstis<br />
calkeuli nawilebi an maTi informacia Tqvens mier adre<br />
wakiTxuls?<br />
– kritikulad miudeqiT avtoris Canafiqrs SinaarsTan mimarTebiT.<br />
Tqveni azriT, ra zegavlena unda moaxdinos man mkiTxvelze?<br />
– aCveneT, rom SegiZliaT isargebloT sxvadasxva saxis infomaciiT.<br />
gamoyaviT ZiriTadi momentebi. moaxdineT informaciis<br />
restruqturireba da gamoiyeneT Tqven mier mofiqrebuli saTauri.<br />
SeadgineT reziume. gaakeTeT daskvnebi. SeafaseT informacia.<br />
aRniSneT, raSi eTanxmebiT avtors da raSi ar iziarebT mis azrs.<br />
gaaanalizeT is gzebi, romlebmac migiyvanaT Sinaarsis gagebamde.<br />
SeZenili gamocdileba gamoiyeneT SemdgomSic.<br />
sityvis mniSvnelobis gagebisTvis aucilebeli strategiebis mizania<br />
moamzados moswavle damoukideblad, leqsikonis gamoyenebis gareSe<br />
daadginos ucxo sityvis mniSvneloba.<br />
`sityvis lokaluri done moicavs grafofonuri, sintaqsuri da<br />
semantikuri informacis gaazrebas:<br />
– SeecadeT mixvdeT specialuri terminebis mniSvnelobas<br />
winadadebasa da kon<strong>teqstebze</strong> dayrdnobiT;<br />
– daeyrdeniT sityvebs, romelTac iyenebs avtori instruqciisTvis;<br />
– SeecadeT „gaSifroT~ sityva. gamoiyeneT semantikuri da<br />
grafofonuri niSnebi; gamoiyeneT sintaqsuri niSnebi;<br />
– gaakeTeT arCevani yvela niSnis analizis safuZvelze, SeamowmeT<br />
Tqveni alRo (enobrivi mixvedriloba).<br />
sityvis globaluri done moicavs sityvis mniSvnelobis axsnas<br />
sintaqsis, semantikis da morfologiis codnis gamoyenebiT:<br />
– CaufiqrdiT sityvis Semadgeneli nawilebis mniSvnelobas (Zirs,<br />
TavsarTs, bolosarTs, rTuli sityvebis struqturas);<br />
90
– „gaSifreT~ sityva, axseniT misi mniSvneloba konteqstiT;<br />
– gamoiyeneT konteqsti da sityvis struqtura Tqveni enobrivi alRos<br />
Sesamowmeblad;<br />
– gamoiyeneT struqturuli da konteqsturi informacia ucnobi<br />
sityvis mniSvnelobis dasadgenad;<br />
– ganazogadeT SeZenili gamocdileba, rom SemdgomSi gamoiyenoT is<br />
ucnob leqsikaze muSaobisas;<br />
– yuradReba miaqcieT, Tu romel sityvebs arCevs avtori ama Tu im<br />
konteqstisTvis da ratom“ (makdonaldi 2004:33).<br />
2.2.3 <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
ganmaviTarebeli aqtivobebi. mimarTuleba - kiTxva da mosmena.<br />
kiTxva _ mosmena (recepciuli) da saubari _ wera (produqtiuli)<br />
mimarTulebebis mixedviT, gTavazobT teqstebis <strong>swavleba</strong>ze orientirebul<br />
im aqtivobebs, romlebmac praqtikul saqmianobaSi efeqturi Sedegi<br />
mogvca.<br />
<strong>ucxouri</strong> enis swavlebis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs studentis<br />
sityvaTa marags. arsebobs kavSiri sityvebis maragsa da iseT faqtorebs<br />
Soris, rogoricaa sazrianoba da axali informaciis aRqmis unari.<br />
sityvaTa maragis gaumjobesebaze mimarTuli <strong>swavleba</strong> saswavlo procesis<br />
sagulisxmo nawilia. ufro metic, mkvlevarebi adastureben, rom sityvaTa<br />
maragis sistematuri gaumjobeseba swavlebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
praqtikaa, romlis gamoyenebac maswavlebels SeuZlia. es praqtika<br />
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebis<br />
mimarT. sagulisxmoa, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis skolebSi<br />
sityvaTa maragis sistemuri swavlebis SemTxvevebs iSviaTad vxvdebiT.<br />
ufro metic, zogierTi amtkicebs, rom sityvaTa maragis sistemuri<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong> unayofo, an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, naklebad efeqturi meTodia.<br />
konkretuli sityvis an frazis damaxsovreba, rom SeZlos studentma,<br />
saWiroa es sityva mas ramdenjerme Sexvdes. arsebobs mosazreba, rom<br />
axali sityvebis aTvisebis saukeTeso gza kiTxvaa. am mosazrebis<br />
91
mxardamWerni miiCneven, rom pirovneba aucileblad swavlobs im axal<br />
sityvebs, rasac kiTxvis procesSi awydeba. `es araswori daSvebaa.<br />
ubralod kiTxva, sityvebis swavlis gareSe, rogorc wesi, sagrZnoblad<br />
ar zrdis moswavlis sityvaTa marags~ (marzano 2009:150).<br />
`m. suonbornma da q. de gloferma (Swanburn 1999) daadgines, rom<br />
studentis mier wakiTxuli axali sityvebis damaxsovrebis 15%-iani<br />
albaToba arsebobs (ix. internetresursi # 35). es orive kvleva sakmaod<br />
optimistur daskvnebs gvTavazobs sityvebis SemTxveviTi swavlis<br />
albaTobis Sesaxeb. zemoT warmodgenilia m. suonbornisa da q. de<br />
gloferis (1999) mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi. „arsebobs bevri<br />
faqtori, romlebic teqstis kiTxvisas axali sityvebis Seswavlis<br />
albaTobaze axdens gavlenas. erT-erTi aseTi faqtoria studentis unari.<br />
maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone studentebs 19%-iani albaToba aqvT, rom<br />
axal sityvas iswavlian, xolo dabali SesaZleblobis studentebSi<br />
albaToba 8%-mde ecema. imas, Tu rogor aiTvisebs studenti teqstSi<br />
Sexvedril axal sityvas, teqstis maxasiaTeblebic gansazRvraven. Tu<br />
teqsti, ZiriTadad, nacnobi leqsikuri erTeulebisagan Sedgeba da<br />
studenti axal sityvas, saSualod, yovel 150 sityvaSi erTxel awydeba,<br />
arsebobs 30%-iani albaToba imisa, rom studenti axal sityvas<br />
daimaxsovrebs. Tu wasakiTx teqstSi studenti 10 sityvaSi erT axal<br />
sityvas xvdeba, mxolod 7%-ia albaTobaa imisa, rom mas es axali sityva<br />
daamaxsovrdeba. es aRmoCenebi eWvqveS ayenebs mosazrebas imis Taobaze,<br />
rom mxolod kiTxva savsebiT sakmarisia moswavlis sityvaTa maragis ga-<br />
farToebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom<br />
kiTxvisas Sexvedrili sityvebis 90%-ze mets studenti, saSualod, erT<br />
milion sityvaSi erTxel awydeba“ (marzano 2009:152).<br />
gTavazobT, konteqstze dayrdnobiT ucxo sityvaTa mniSvnelobis<br />
gagebis savarjiSos.<br />
teqsti #1<br />
Your fifteen year old sister’s manners are deplorable. You should have been<br />
there when she ate at our house the other night. She kept reaching across the<br />
table for everything without even excusing herself. She burped a dozen times and<br />
92
looked like she was really proud of her achievement. And when we had ice cream<br />
sundaes for dessert, she ate hers with her fingers. (internetresursi № 30).<br />
teqstis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, ras niSnavs sityva 'deplorable'? swor<br />
pasuxze migvaniSnebs vaxSmis dros personaJis miuRebeli qcevis aRwera<br />
'she ate hers with her fingers.. burped a dozen times... kept reaching across the table for<br />
everything'.<br />
teqsti #2<br />
Linda has been working hard for Mr. Smith. She claims that he’s the most honest<br />
man running for president. No matter what doubts we express, she has what she<br />
believes is a good answer. She works long hours every day on the campaign. She<br />
has also given a lot of money to help him win. Linda is certainly one of Smith’s<br />
most ardent supporters (internetresursi № 30).<br />
ras niSnavs sityva 'ardent'? pasuxze migvaniSnebs personaJis<br />
daxasiaTeba 'She works long hours every day on the campaign. She has also given a lot of<br />
money to help him win.', riTac vgebulobT, rom is Tavdauzogavad exmareboda<br />
b-n smits saprezidento arCevnebis dros.<br />
teqsti # 3<br />
Mark is certainly resilient. He lost a fortune when his business failed but now he’s<br />
wealthy again. After spending a month in the intensive care unit of the hospital,<br />
he’s as healthy and strong as ever. And after all those rumors ruined his<br />
reputation, he’s managed to once again be a highly respected member of the<br />
community. (internetresursi № 30).<br />
ras niSnavs sityva 'resilient'? swor pasuxze migvaniSnebs teqstSi<br />
moyvanili konstruqciebi: He lost a fortune ...but now he’s wealthy again; After<br />
spending a month ...in the hospital, he’s as healthy and strong as ever; after all those rumors<br />
ruined his reputation, he’s managed... be a highly respected member of the community. es<br />
konstruqciebi mianiSneben markis moxerxebulobaze. marki yovelTvis<br />
axerxebda siZneleebis daZlevas da warmatebis miRwevas.<br />
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teqsti #4<br />
Mr. Huge was very proud of his auto superstore. "We have such an extensive<br />
selection of cars," he said, "so everyone should find a vehicle that he or she will<br />
love!" (internetresursi № 30).<br />
ras niSnavs sityva 'extensive'? swor pasuxze migvaniSnebs winadadeba<br />
'everyone should find a vehicle that he or she will love', rac niSnavs, rom<br />
avtomaRaziaSi yvelas SeeZlo Tavisi gemovnebis Sesaferisi avtomanqanis<br />
SeZena, maSasadame, iq manqanebis didi arCevani iyo.<br />
teqsti #5<br />
The news story was based on a letter that was a fabrication. Now the reporter<br />
who wrote the story is in big trouble. Will anyone believe him again?<br />
(internetresursi № 30).<br />
ras niSnavs 'fabrication' ? swor pasuxze miuTiTebs teqstSi dasmuli<br />
ritorikuli SekiTxva _ Will anyone believe him again? fonuri codnis<br />
gamoyenebiT vaskvniT, rom aravin ujerebs imas, vinc yovelTvis ityueba.<br />
maSasadame, teqstidan gamomdinareobs, rom Jurnalistma SesaZloa mcdari<br />
informacia miawoda sazogadoebas.<br />
warmogidgenT im saswavlo aqtivobebs, romlebic xels uwyobs<br />
moswavleTa leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebas.<br />
– teqstis wakiTxvamde miwodebuli sityvebi moswavleebs gadaaqvT<br />
sakuTar leqsikonSi;<br />
– moswavleebi am sityvebiT winadadebebs an mcire teqstebs adgenen;<br />
– am sityvebis gamoyenebiT moswavleebi ageben dialogs da<br />
gaiTamaSeben situacias;<br />
– axali sityvebis gamoyenebiT studentebi aRweren suraTs;<br />
– moswavleebi axali sityvebisaTvis eZeben sinonimebsa da antonimebs;<br />
– moswavleebi ganalageben axal sityvebs raime niSnis/niSnebis<br />
mixedviT maswavleblis mier miwodebul sqemaSi (magaliTd:<br />
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'extensive' - ra kiTxvas upasuxebs? metyvelebis ra nawilia?<br />
Zireulia Tu warmoqmnili? da a. S.)<br />
– qmnian asociaciur rukas (ixseneben im sityvebs an gamoTqmebs,<br />
romlebsac asociaciurad ukavSireben axal sityvebs);<br />
– usmenen da/an uyureben audio-vizualur masalas, romelic axal<br />
sityvebs Seicavs;<br />
– ixilaven am sityvebis mniSvnelobis SesaZlo cvlilebebs sxvadasxva<br />
konteqstSi;<br />
– leqsikis gamdidrebaze muSaoba grZeldeba rogorc uSualod<br />
kiTxvis, ise kiTxvis Semdgom etapzec.<br />
aqtivobebis dagegmvis dros mxedvelobaSia misaRebi agreTve<br />
fsiqologiuri faqtori. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
miRwevisTvis aqtivobebis SerCevis principebia:<br />
– swavlis mizanTan Sesabamisoba;<br />
– <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobisadmi interesi;<br />
– <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis motivacia;<br />
– teqstis gagebis xarisxis amaRleba.<br />
aqtivoba: `vici - minda vicode – viswavle“: imisaTvis, rom gavigoT,<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebiT ra codnasa da gamocdilebas flobs studenti,<br />
davadginoT misi fonuri codna da movaxdinoT misi codnis doneze<br />
dakvirveba, sasurvelia gamoviyenoT strategia `vici - minda vicode –<br />
viswavle“. es strategia aaqtiurebs studentis fonur codnas; amzadebs<br />
mas teqstis gaazrebisaTvis, aviTarebs kiTxvis dasmis unar-Cvevebs;<br />
gviCvenebs, ra aris mocemul teqstSi studentisaTvis mniSvnelovani;<br />
gviCvenebs, ra i<strong>swavla</strong> man am teqstiT; aZlierebs teqstis kiTxvisa da<br />
masze muSaobis motivacias;aviTarebs weriTi metyvelebis unar-Cvevebs.<br />
vici minda vicode viswavle<br />
es strategia SeiZleba gamoviyenoT <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis an sxva<br />
specialobis leqciaze rogorc mTel jgufTan, ise individualuri<br />
muSaobisas.<br />
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mas Semdeg, rac maswavlebeli acnobs studentebs teqstis Temas,<br />
isini ixseneben da pirvel grafaSi weren yvelafers, rac ician, an<br />
hgoniaT, rom ician mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb; meore grafaSi weren<br />
SekiTxvebs imis Sesaxeb, ris gagebac ainteresebT am sakiTxis Sesaxeb.<br />
maswavlebeli studentebs awvdis teqsts:<br />
Hemingway's legacy to American literature is his style: writers who came after<br />
him emulated it or avoided it. After his reputation was sealed with the publication<br />
of The Sun Also Rises, he became the spokesperson for the post-World War I<br />
generation, having established a style to follow. His books were burned in Berlin<br />
in 1933, "as being a monument of modern decadence", and disavowed by his<br />
parents as "filth" . Reynolds asserts the legacy is that "he left stories and novels so<br />
starkly moving that some have become part of our cultural heritage." In a 2004<br />
speech at the John F. Kennedy Library, Russell Banks declared that he, like many<br />
male writers of his generation, was influenced by Hemingway's writing<br />
philosophy, style, and public image. Conversely, as early as the 1930s<br />
Hemingway's style was parodied, and criticized as "lazy" within the context of the<br />
"American literary tradition." (internetresursi # 14)<br />
kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg studentebi avseben sqemis mesame grafas.<br />
`argumentaciis CarCos“ farglebSi literaturis gakveTilze moswavleebi<br />
SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. studentebTan argumentaciis CarCo imisaTvis<br />
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rom davexmaroT teqstis SejamebaSi. maswavlebeli<br />
awvdis jgufs argumentaciis CarCos mixedviT Sedgenil SekiTxvebs da<br />
studentebs sTxovs, zepiri pasuxebi teqstis safuZvelze moamzadon.<br />
– romelia mTavari mtkicebuleba an argumenti?<br />
– ra informacias mivyavarT argumentamde?<br />
– ra magaliTebi an ganmartebebia warmodgenili argumentis<br />
gasamyareblad?<br />
– ra daTmobebi keTdeba argumentTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
mas Semdeg, rac yvela studenti argumentaciis CarCoSi<br />
warmodgenil SekiTxvebze ayalibebs werilobiT pasuxs, leqtori<br />
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studentebs jgufebSi anawilebs. isini adareben TavianT pasuxebs da<br />
aanalizeben teqsts.<br />
enis <strong>swavleba</strong>s sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebis gamoyenebiT<br />
gansxvavebuli meTodi sWirdeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia drois faqtori,<br />
rac, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ar gvaZlevs saSualebas amomwuravi informacia<br />
mivawodoT msmenels dadgenil akademiur saaTSi. <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis<br />
SemswavlelTa drois umetes nawils swored damoukidebeli,<br />
arasaauditorio muSaoba moicavs. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
mcire zomis mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, albaT, yvelaze misaRebia <strong>ucxouri</strong><br />
enis gakveTilze dasamuSaveblad. aRsaniSnavia, rom novelas (short-story)<br />
cnobili amerikeli mwerali edgar alan po ganmartavda, rogorc<br />
nawarmoebs, romlis wasakiTxad sakmarisia naxevari saaTidan erT<br />
saaTamde dro, rac dadebiTad aisaxeba erTiani efeqtis Seqmnaze. uiliam<br />
folkneris azriT, `novela iseve iqmneba, rogorc wigni. xelovani apirebs<br />
giamboT rac SeiZleba swrafad da gasagebad da Tuki kargi mweralia,<br />
pirvelxarisxovani mwerali Cexovis msgavsad, amas yovelTvis moaxerxebs<br />
ori, sami aTasi sityviT, magram Tuki aseTi ver aris, ormoci aTasi<br />
sityvac ki SeiZleba dasWirdes. mwerali mxolod imas cdilobs, rac<br />
SeiZleba mokled moyves marTali da SemZvreli ambavi da mere _ Tuki<br />
sakmarisi Zala aRmoaCndeba _ SeCerdes…..~ (folkneri 1984:99)<br />
vrceli formis nawarmoebebTan muSaobis dros erT-erTi<br />
popularuli meTodia <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kiTxva, radgan is monakveTebad<br />
dayofil teqstTan muSaobas gulisxmobs da kiTxvis samive fazas moicavs<br />
(1.wakiTxvamde; 2.kiTxvis dros; 3.wakiTxvis Semdeg). pirvel fazaSi<br />
maswavlebeli aqtiur rols asrulebs, raTa studentebi saTanadod<br />
moamzados kiTxvis dasawyebad. am fazaSi studentebi aaqtiureben winare<br />
codnas, ganixilaven teqstis mniSvnelovan leqsikur erTeulebs (sityvebs,<br />
cnebebs, terminebs), ayalibeben teqstis wakiTxvis mizans, daniSnulebas<br />
da, demonstrirebisa da praqtikuli varjiSis gziT, iviTareben efeqturi<br />
kiTxvisa da gagebisaTvis saWiro unarebs. kiTxvis procesSi,<br />
maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebis gamoyenebiT, studentebi<br />
cdiloben, gaakontrolon teqstis gagebis done. am fazaSi studentebi<br />
97
mimarTaven gagebisaTvis saWiro iseT qmedebebs, rogoricaa: wakiTxulis<br />
Sejameba, daskvnebis gamotana, SekiTxvebis dasma, varaudis gamoTqma da a.<br />
S. aseve, moswavleebi cdiloben, gaarkvion, Tu ra ver gaiges saTanadod<br />
da rogor aris SesaZlebeli warmoqmnili xarvezebis daZleva. wakiTxvis<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli uZRveba diskusias, romelic mocemuli teqstis<br />
wakiTxvis Tavdapirvel mizanzea fokusirebuli.<br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> kiTxvis meTodi moiazrebs Semdegi ZiriTadi<br />
safexurebis gavlas:<br />
1. Sesavali:<br />
– ra iciT am sakiTxis/Temis Sesaxeb?<br />
2. varaudebis gamoTqma:<br />
– ras geubnebaT saTauri? ras Seexeba es teqsti? ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
– ras geubnebaT ydaze da/an teqstSi mocemuli ilustraciebi?<br />
– ras mogviTxrobs es teqsti? ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
3. varaudebis dadastureba an modificireba:<br />
– axla ras fiqrobT? ras grZnobT? ratom gagiCndaT es azri/gancda?<br />
– SegiZliaT Tqveni varaudebis dadastureba? xom ar SecvliT<br />
varaudebs?<br />
– ra moxdeba amis Semdeg? ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
4. gaazreba/refleqsia:<br />
– teqstis romeli adgilebis moSveliebiT SegiZliaT Tqveni<br />
varaudebis dadastureba?<br />
– teqstis romeli adgilebis wakiTxvis Sedegad SeitaneT cvlilebebi<br />
Tqvens varaudebSi?<br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> kiTxva ramdenime daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba, kerZod:<br />
– moswavle iazrebs sityvebis mniSvnelobas da cdilobs maT Soris<br />
kavSiris gabmas;<br />
– moswavle aaqtiurebs winare codnas teqstis sakvanZo TemasTan da<br />
ZiriTad sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
– moswavle gaavarjiSebs kiTxvisa da gagebis sabaziso unarebs<br />
(varaudis gamoTqma, Sejameba, SekiTxvebis dasma da sxv.);<br />
98
– moswavle eCveva teqstis wakiTxvis miznis Camoyalibebas kiTxvis<br />
dawyebamde;<br />
– moswavle swavlobs, Tu rogor miadevnos Tvalyuri gagebis<br />
process da rogor gadaWras gaazrebis dros wamoWrili<br />
problemebi.<br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> kiTxva xels uwyobs studentebs, ukeT gaiazron da<br />
siRrmiseulad daamuSaon naratiuli (TxrobiTi) teqstebi. aRniSnuli<br />
meTodis gamoyenebisas, maT uviTardebaT kritikuli azrovneba _ isini<br />
swavloben kiTxvebis dasmas, varaudebis gamoTqmas da argumentirebul<br />
msjelobas. <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kiTxvis meTodi maswavlebels saSualebas<br />
aZlevs, daexmaros yvela donis students nebismieri sirTulis teqstis<br />
gaazrebasa da damuSavebaSi, yuradRebisa da interesis SenarCunebaSi,<br />
raTa teqstis kiTxvis mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi moswavle bolomde<br />
gatacebul mkiTxvelad darCes. <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kiTxvis meTodi miznad<br />
isaxavs studentTa aqtiur CarTvas kiTxvis procesSi, interesis aRZvras,<br />
zneobriv-esTetikur RirebulebaTa Camoyalibebas. students SeuZlia,<br />
kritikulad aRiqvas, gaaanalizos masala, ganixilos misi Rirseba da<br />
mniSvneloba. <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kiTxvis meTodi saSualebas iZleva, rom<br />
mivaRwioT Semdeg Sedegs:<br />
– studenti damoukideblad kiTxulobs da adekvaturad aRiqvams<br />
sxvadasxva saxis teqsts, gadmoscems maT Sinaarss;<br />
– gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas wakiTxulis mimarT;<br />
– avlens eTikuri da esTetikuri Sefasebis survils;<br />
– konkretuli sakiTxis dasamuSaveblad, iyenebs sxvadasxva<br />
strategias;<br />
– Txzavs da werilobiT gadmoscems sxvadasxva tipis mcire zomis<br />
teqsts;<br />
– avlens TviTgamoxatvis survils.<br />
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis 2009-2010 ww.<br />
inglisuri enisa da literaturis specialobis meoTxe kursis<br />
studentebisTvis (40 studenti) interpretaciis swavlebis meToduri<br />
99
aspeqtebis dasadgenad, gamoviyeneT monakveTi e. doqtorous romanidan<br />
`regTaimi“ (ixileT danarTi # 2).<br />
studentebs gavacaniT miTiTeba (instruqcia), rom gamoviyenebdiT<br />
`varaudebis sqemas~. dafaze gavakariT winaswar daxazuli `varaudebis<br />
sqema~, avxseniT, ras niSnavs is da rogor unda imuSaon masze.<br />
saTauris<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg<br />
pirveli<br />
monakveTis<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg<br />
meore monakveTis<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg<br />
mesame monakveTis<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg<br />
rogor fiqrobT,<br />
ra moxdeba?<br />
ratom fiqrobT<br />
ase?<br />
varaudebis sqema<br />
sinamdvileSi ra<br />
moxda?<br />
studentebs vkiTxeT, Tu ra icodnen `regTaimis~ Sesaxeb. Semdeg<br />
mivawodeT „regTamis~ ganmarteba. regTaimi (ingl. 'regtime'; 'reg' - nawyveti da<br />
'time' - dro, tempi, taqti) 1. amerikel zangTa sacekvao musikis forma,<br />
romelic Camoyalibda me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi; jazis erT-erTi<br />
winamorbedi. 2. amerikuli salonuri da samejliso (wyvilTa) cekva.<br />
studentebs vTxoveT moewodebinaT mosazrebebi _ teqstis<br />
saTauridan gamomdinare, ra molodini hqondaT teqstis mimarT.<br />
teqsti winaswar davyaviT ramdenime nawilad. mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
teqsti gawydes sakvanZo sakiTxebTan, raTa studentebma Semdeg monakveTSi<br />
mocemuli siuJetis Sesaxeb gamoTqvan varaudi. studentebs ganvumarteT,<br />
rom teqsti nawil-nawil unda waikiTxon da yoveli nawilis Semdeg<br />
mouwevT SeCereba. avuxseniT, rom am pirobis dacva Zalian mniSvnelovania,<br />
radgan, erTis mxriv, unda gaiazron ukve wakiTxuli monakveTi, axsnan<br />
gaugebari sityvebi, Seecadon, sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscen Sinaarsi,<br />
dasvan kiTxvebi wakiTxulis irgvliv, gascen pasuxebi maswavleblis mier<br />
100
dasmul kiTxvebs da, meores mxriv, gamoTqvan varaudebi momdevno nawilis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
aqtivoba `leqsikuri erTeulebiT ambis Sedgena~. gTavazobT<br />
gamocdilebis aRweras:<br />
I faza – gamowveva:<br />
SevarCieT teqstidan 4-5 sityva (fraza), romlebic amovkrifeT<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad zusti varaudebis misaniSneblad. One afternoon; a new<br />
model T-Ford; to find a particular address; a Negro; the woman in the attic. CamovwereT<br />
es sityvebi dafaze da vTxoveT studentebs, am sityvebis gamoyenebiT, 5<br />
wT-is ganmavlobaSi SeeTxzaT mokle moTxroba da SeerCiaT saTauri.<br />
studentebi muSaobdnen jgufurad. TiToeulma jgufma airCia<br />
warmomadgeneli, romelsac daevala jgufis namuSevris wardgena.<br />
II faza – Sinaarsis realizeba<br />
amis Semdeg studentebs mivawodeT nawarmoebis pirveli monakveTi.<br />
One afternoon, a Sunday, a new model T-Ford slowly came up the hill and went<br />
past the house. The boy, who happened to see it from the porch, ran down the<br />
steps and stood on the sidewalk. The driver was looking right and left as if trying<br />
to find a particular address; he turned the car around at the comer and came<br />
back. Pulling up before the boy, he idled his throttle and beckoned with a gloved<br />
hand. He was a Negro. His car shone. The brightwork gleamed... I am looking for<br />
a young woman of color whose name is Sarah, he said. She is said to reside in<br />
one of these houses. The boy realized he meant the woman in the attic. Site's<br />
here. The man switched off the motor, set the brake and jumped down<br />
(internetresursi # 31).<br />
kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg movismineT studentTa gamoxmaureba<br />
wakiTxulis Sesaxeb. davsviT SekiTxvebi diskusiisTvis:<br />
– ras fiqrobT wakiTxulis Sesaxeb? ras grZnobT?<br />
– ra grZnoba dageuflaT, rodesac Tqveni varaudi gamarTlda? (an,<br />
piriqiT, ar gamarTlda)<br />
– riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba nawarmoebi Tqven mier Seqmnili<br />
Txzulebisagan?<br />
101
– ra aris nawarmoebis `dedaazri~?<br />
– Tqven rom avtori iyoT, rogor ganagrZobdiT? (an rogor<br />
daasrulebdiT nawarmoebs?)<br />
III faza – refleqsia: rogor vapireb <strong>teqstebze</strong> damoukidebelad<br />
muSaobas gacnobili aqtivobis gamoyenebiT.<br />
studentebs mivawodeT nawarmoebis meore logikuri monakveTi.<br />
nawarmoebis yovel axal monakveTze muSaobis dros icvleboda jgufebis<br />
prezentatorebi, ramac saSualeba mogvca yvela moswavle CagverTo<br />
diskusiaSi da migveca maTTvis prezentaciis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
interpretaciis swavlebis meTodur aspeqtebSi aqtualuria<br />
enobrivi pirovnebis formirebis problemebi, romelsac n. karaulovi<br />
ganixilavs rogorc „sametyvelo nawarmoebebis Seqmnis unaris<br />
erTobliobas“ (Караулов 1987:245). rogorc Catarebuli eqsperimentebis<br />
Sedegebi aCvenebs, moswavleTa interpretaciis kompetenciis done unda<br />
gavaanalizoT enobrivi pirovnebis struqturidan gamomdinare, romelSic<br />
i. n. karaulovma gamoyo verbalur–semantikuri, leqsikuri da<br />
samotivacio doneebi.<br />
interpretaciis swavlebis procesi ganixileba, rogorc<br />
maswavleblis mier dagegmil qmedebaTa Tanamimdevroba: teqstamdeli<br />
aqtivoba (Sinaarsis prognozireba), teqstis kiTxva da misi emociur–<br />
asociaciuri aRqma, Temis da teqstis Sinaarsis gageba, daskvnis gakeTeba.<br />
swavlebis etapebis mixedviT xorcieldeba swavlebis meTodebisa da<br />
xerxebis arCeva, Sesabamisad, igegmeba moswavleTa aqtivobis saxeebi.<br />
interpretaciuli kompetenciis Camoyalibeba xdeba rigi<br />
savarjiSoebis SesrulebiT, romlebic SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad.<br />
pirveli bloki ayalibebs reproduqciuli saxis davalebebs. 1. mozaika -<br />
sxvadasxva teqstebidan erTi avtoris mier dawerili teqstebis amorCeva;<br />
teqstebis avtorTa raodenobis dadgena da a. S. 2. produqtiuli -<br />
induqciuri da deduqciuri meTodis demonstrirebis formiT. mocemuli<br />
Tezisis safuZvelze mtkicebulebis sakuTari sistemis ageba; mocemuli<br />
terminisaTvis ganmartebis Sedgena; mocemuli problemis Sesaxeb<br />
referatis, moxsenebis momzadeba.<br />
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tradiciulad, teqstis zogadi Temis gaazrebisas, studentebi<br />
orientacias iReben SekiTxvebze, romelsac maT leqtori usvams. Cveni<br />
azriT, interpretaciuli aqtivobis azri mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
aswavlos studentebs damoukideblad awarmoon dialogi teqstTan. am<br />
mizniT, maT sTavazoben wyvilebSi Camoayalibon nebismieri SekiTxa,<br />
romelic mizanmimarTulia teqstis gagebaze. samuSaos Sedegebis<br />
gaxmovanebisas leqtori yofs am SekiTxvebs or jgufad: 1. Sinaarsobriv–<br />
faqtobrivi informaciis gamosavleni; 2. qveteqstis da konceptualuri<br />
informaciis gamosavleni. SekiTxvebis pirveli jgufi (rogor? ratom? ra<br />
mizniT?) mizanmimarTulia teqstSi gamoyenebuli enobrivi saSualebebis<br />
da avtoris komunikaciuri miznebis kanonzomierebis Ziebaze. maT<br />
sapasuxod aucilebelia mxatvruli teqstis lingvopragmatuli analizis<br />
ganxorcieleba.<br />
kiTxva-pasuxis instruqcias SeuZlia gaaumjobesos wakiTxulis<br />
damaxsovrebis, teqstSi informaciis moZiebisa da teqstis ufro Rrmad<br />
damuSavebis unari.<br />
kiTxva-pasuxis urTierTdamokidebulebas SeuZlia daexmaros<br />
studentebs, imsjelon informaciaze da gamoiyenon teqstidan informacia<br />
da TavianTi personaluri codna, roca wakiTxuli teqstis Sesaxeb<br />
kiTxvebs pasuxoben. SekiTxvebi Semdegi saxisaa:<br />
1. pasuxebi moipoveba teqstis erT-erT winadadebaSi;<br />
2. pasuxebi teqstis sxvadasxva paragrafSia gabneuli;<br />
3. kiTxvis pasuxi teqstSi pirdapir araa formulirebuli. mkiTxvelma<br />
pasuxi teqstis mTliani Sinaarsis gaazrebiT unda gasces;<br />
4. `me TviTon“ _ pasuxebi mkiTxvelis pirad gamocdilebas da<br />
dagrovil codnas eyrdnoba.<br />
aseTi tipis SekiTxvebi SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos sxvadasxva donis<br />
studentisTvis. `saSualo da saSualoze dabali donis mkiTxvelebisTvis<br />
Zalian sasargebloa, roca maT sTxoven upasuxon pirveli sami saxis<br />
SekiTxvas. maTTvis naklebad gamosadegia meoTxe saxis SekiTxva _ `me<br />
TviTon“, romelic Temis Sesaxeb ufro met kvalificirebul codnas<br />
moiTxovs. efeqti sawinaaRmdegoa maRali SesaZleblobis studentebTan,<br />
romelTaTvis meoTxe SekiTxva (`me TviTon“) sasargeblo instrumentad<br />
103
iqca, raTa mniSvnelovani kavSirebi daemyarebinaT teqstsa da maT<br />
SedarebiT farTo codnis safuZvels Soris. SekiTxvebze damoukideblad<br />
pasuxebis gacemas maTTvis udidesi sargebloba moaqvs. am teqnikis<br />
Sedegebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iCenen Tavs da isini efeqturia rogorc<br />
TxrobiTi, ise ganmartebiTi teqstebisaTvis“ (marzano 2009:40).<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom<br />
studentebisTvis analitikuri SekiTxvebis dasma gacilebiT sasargebloa,<br />
vidre faqtobrivi SekiTxvebis dasma. analitikuria SekiTxvebi, romlebic<br />
studentebis mxridan analizis unaris gamoyenebas moiTxovs, xolo<br />
faqtobrivi SekiTxvebi studentisagan pasuxis gasacemad mxolod<br />
konkretuli informaciis gaxsenebas moiTxovs. samwuxarod, praqtika<br />
gviCvenebs, rom studentebi, umetesad, faqtobriv SekiTxvebs svamen.<br />
analitikuri SekiTxvebis sxvadasxva ganmarteba arsebobs, magram yvela<br />
Tanxmdeba imaze, rom analitikuri SekiTxva studentisagan yovelTvis<br />
iTxovs informaciis restruqturizaciasa da codnis gamoyenebas.<br />
magaliTisTvis, warmovadgenT e. doqtorous roman `regTaimis”<br />
swavlebis farglebSi studentebis mier dasmul SekiTxvebs.<br />
Sinaarsobriv-faqtobrivi informaciis gamosavleni:<br />
– vin arian mTavari personaJebi da ra ganasxvavebs maT sxvebisagan?<br />
– sad da rodis xdeba nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli moqmedeba?<br />
– riTi iwyeba moqmedeba nawarmoebSi?<br />
– rogor gamoxates personaJebma TavianTi grZnobebi?<br />
– risi gakeTeba gadawyvites mTavarma personaJebma? daisaxes mizani?<br />
Tu mizani daisaxes, raSi mdgomareobs is?<br />
– rogor cdilobdnen mTavari personaJebi, mieRwiaT TavianTi<br />
miznebisaTvis?<br />
– ra Sedegebi moitana mTavari personaJebis mcdelobam?<br />
Qqveteqstis da konceptualuri informaciis gamosavleni:<br />
– nawarmoebis dasawyisSi mTxrobeli ambobs, rom meoce saukunis<br />
dasawyisSi "There were no negroes. There were no immigrants" aris Tu ara<br />
es simarTle? ra SegiZliaT TqvaT nawarmoebSi istoriuli<br />
movlenebis aRweris sizustesTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
104
– ratom aqvT nawarmoebis zogierT personaJebs gazogadebuli<br />
saxelebi, magaliTad, Mother, Father, Mother's Younger Brother, xolo zogs<br />
ki _ sakuTari saxelebi, magaliTad, Coalhouse Walker, Jr.? ratom arCia<br />
avtorma personaJebis dasaxelebis es gza? aris Tu ara es<br />
mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebis saSualeba?<br />
– ratom daasaTaura avtorma nawarmoebi, rogorc „regTaimi~?<br />
rogoria regTaimis musika? ra literaturul xerxebs iyenebs<br />
avtori regTaimis musikis asaRwerad?<br />
verbalur–semantikuri donis mixedviT, interpretaciis swavlebis<br />
meTodikis bazisad aRebulia problemuri swavlebis Teoria _ vigotski<br />
(Выгодский 1952), matiuSkini (Матюшкин 1972), vudi (Wood 2003), axvlediani<br />
2007, janaSia 2008. problemur <strong>swavleba</strong>Si igulisxmeba saswavlo procesis<br />
iseTi organizeba, romelic gulisxmobs maswavleblis mier problemuri<br />
situaciis aRweras da moswavleTa aqtiur qmedebas mis gadasaWrelad. m.<br />
i. maxmutova (Махмутов 1975), a. lerneri (Лернер..1975), m. skatkini (Скаткин<br />
1975) Tvlian mizanSewonilad swavlebis produqtiul meTodebs:<br />
evristikuls da kvleviTs, da agreTve problemuri Txzulebis meTods,<br />
romelic didaqtikaSi gardamaval jgufs miekuTvneba, radganac<br />
gulisxmobs rogorc mza informaciis miRebas, agreTve SemoqmedebiTi<br />
saqmianobis elementebsac. interpretaciis aqtivobis pirvel doneze<br />
studentebi ayalibeben sxvadasxva hipoTezas teqstis ideuri Sinarsis<br />
Sesaxeb. Semdeg, teqstze dayrdnobiT, axdenen hipoTezis damtkicebas an<br />
uaryofas. mizanSewonilia evristikuli meTodis gamoyeneba, romlis dros<br />
„maswavlebeli organizebas uwevs studentebs“ (Болотнова 2006:167).<br />
studentebi asruleben davalebas wyvilebSi, jgufebSi evristikuli<br />
saubrebis, msjelobis gamoyenebiT. Sedegebi aisaxeba tabulaSi „teqstis<br />
leqsikuri makrostruqtura“, romelic Seicavs regulirebad<br />
mikrostruqturas, mikroTemas, maregulirebel saSualebebs, mikromizans.<br />
teqstis maregulirebel mikrostruqturebs safuZvlad udevs teqstis<br />
komunikaciuri strategiis farglebSi mkiTxvelis mier teqstis<br />
mikromiznis gaTviTcnobiereba. maregulirebeli saSualebebis gamoyofa<br />
xdeba teqstis elementebis (sakvanZo sityvebi, gamoTqmebi) funqciis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
105
e. doqtorous romanis _ `regTaimis“ swavlebis farglebSi<br />
ganvaxorcieleT teqstis lingvopragmatul analizTan dakavSirebuli<br />
Semdegi aqtivobebi:<br />
1. SevadgineT teqstis tipologiuri analizis sqema da masSi movniSneT<br />
metyvelebis TiToeuli tipi.<br />
2. tipologiur sqemasa da sityvebis Tematur jgufebze dayrdnobiT,<br />
teqstSi gamovyaviT mikroTemebi, gavaanalizeT TiToeuli mikroTemis<br />
roli teqstis zogadi Temis ganviTarebaSi.<br />
3. vipoveT sakvanZo sityvebi da gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi teqstur<br />
mikrostruqturebSi. avxseniT maTi gamoyenebis mizani, maTi emociuri<br />
datvirTva, SevadareT isini avtoris mikromiznebs.<br />
4. ganvsazRvreT, teqstis romeli mikrostruqtura (sakvanZo sityvebi,<br />
gamoTqmebi) aris dominanturi, anu yvelaze mniSvnelovani teqstis<br />
gasaTvicnobiereblad.<br />
5. ganvsazRvreT dominanturi leqsikuri struqturis konceptualuri<br />
mniSvneloba. rogoraa dakavSirebuli mocemuli koncepti avtoris<br />
mier sxva mikrostruqturebSi verbalizebul konceptebTan? avageT<br />
sqema, romelic asaxavs teqstis konceptualur struqturas da<br />
ganvsazRvreT konceptebis urTierTkavSiri da<br />
urTierTdamokidebuleba.<br />
6. ganvsazRvreT teqstis hiperkoncepti, anu teqstis ZiriTadi<br />
problemis gasagebad aucilebeli sakvanZo koncepti. amisaTvis<br />
gavaanalizeT, Tu rogor iyo es problema (filosofiuri,<br />
zneobrivi kuTxiT) dasmuli da gadaWrili CvenTvis cnobil sxva<br />
nawarmoebebSi. gavaanalizeT nawarmoebis hiperkonceptis<br />
Tavisebureba.<br />
7. lingvopragmatuli analizis procesSi teqstis leqsikuri<br />
mikrostruqturis Sevsebis Semdeg CamovayalibeT daskvna.<br />
amrigad, teqstis Teoriis da teqstis, rogorc komunikaciis<br />
formis, gaazrebiT, studentebi daeuflnen avtoris komunikaciuri<br />
miznebisa da teqstis siRrmiseuli azris gagebis unar-Cvevebs.<br />
teqstis interpretaciis SemoTavazebuli sistema mizanmimarTulia<br />
interpretaciuli kompetenciis formirebaze, rac moicavs: 1) teqstis<br />
106
emociuri tonalobis SegrZnebas; 2) mwerlis enobrivi Taviseburebebis<br />
analizs; 3) teqstis zedapirul da siRrmiseuli wvdomas; 4) sakuTari<br />
damokidebulebis gamoxatvas.<br />
produqtiuli teqstis bazisi aris misi Sinaarsobrivi mTlianoba<br />
da sisrule. aRqmis kompetenciis uzrunvelyofa xdeba sxvadasxva tipis<br />
kompoziciuri, teqstobrivi struqturebis, sityvaTSeTanxmebebis da<br />
winadadebebis erT mTlian konteqstSi moqceviT. `zepirmetyvelebis aRqma<br />
moicavs sensorul, percepciul da Sinaarsobriv etapebs“ (Рапцевич<br />
2005:80). mosmenis efeqturoba damokidebulia, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
mosaubris sametyvelo SesaZleblobebze da agreTve, msmenelis mzaobaze<br />
gaigos zepiri metyveleba.<br />
2.2.4 <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
ganmaviTarebeli aqtivobebi. mimarTuleba - wera da saubari.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia sxvadasxva aqtovoba, romlebic mizanmimarTulia<br />
studentebSi <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Camoyalibebasa da<br />
ganviTarebaze.<br />
2010 wlis seqtemberSi norvegiis qalaq bergenSi gamarTul<br />
seminarze `informaciuli wignierebis xelSewyoba evropul saklaso<br />
oTaxebSi – rogor vascavloT Google Taobas _ gamowvevebi maswavleblebsa<br />
da ganmanaTleblebs“ berZnul-amerikuli saganmanaTleblo fondis<br />
biblioTekebis direqtorma, aleqsandra papazugloum, moswavlis wignTan<br />
daaxloebis meTodebi ganixila. man saberZneTis magaliTi moiyvana, sadac<br />
skolebSi mozardebi adreuli asakidan iwyeben informaciuli wignierebis<br />
kurss. `maT eZlevaT davaleba rom garkveul sagnebSi moamzadon<br />
prezentaciebi da proeqtebi, romelTa momzadebisas aucileblad unda<br />
gamoiyenon sabiblioTeko resursebi, interneti da eleqtronuli wignebi.<br />
prezentaciis dros dauSvebelia citatebis gakeTeba. moswavlem<br />
yvelaferi sakuTari sityvebiT unda aRweros~ (qarsauliZe 2010:36).<br />
aqtivoba: `daxasiaTebis sqemebi“.<br />
es aqtivoba exmareba studentebs gansazRvron wakiTxuli teqstis<br />
mniSvnelovani, arsebiTi momentebi _ TemasTan, ZiriTad ideebTan,<br />
107
personaJTa xasiaTebTan, qmedebebTan dakavSirebuli epizodebi. leqtori<br />
studentebs exmareba am adgilebis aRmniSvneli pirobiTi niSnebis<br />
SemuSavebasa da maT kategorizaciaSi, amisaTvis studentebs mivawodeT<br />
sxvadasxva saxis sqema/diagrama.<br />
1. teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebma gansazRvres sul mcire sami<br />
niSani, romelTa mixedviTac unda daxasiaTdes konkretuli<br />
Tema/problema/personaJi;<br />
2. moniSnes teqstSi is adgilebi (sityva/fraza/abzaci), romlebic<br />
Temis/problemis/personaJis warmoCenas emsaxureba;<br />
3. moniSnuli adgilebidan airCies, maTi azriT, yvelaze arsebiTi da<br />
mniSvnelovani da Caweres winaswar gansazRvruli grafis qveS;<br />
4. mewyvilesTan azris gaziarebis safuZvelze Camoayalibes erTiani<br />
sqema.<br />
Semdegi tipis savarjiSo exmareba studentebs weris formaluri<br />
stilis CamoyalibebaSi. gamoviyeneT uiliam goldingis romani `buzTa<br />
batoni”. studentebma Seadgines personaJis Sesaxeb mokle angariSi,<br />
romelSic aisaxa:<br />
1. personaJebi _ nawarmoebis mTavar personaJTa maxasiaTeblebi;<br />
2. garemo _ dro, adgili da konteqsti, romelSic moqmedeba xdeba;<br />
3. moqmedebis inicireba _ movlena, romelic iwyebs nawarmoebSi<br />
ganviTarebul siuJets;<br />
4. Sida pasuxi _ rogori emociuri reaqcia aqvT mTavar personaJebs<br />
movlenaze, romelic nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul siuJets iwyebs;<br />
5. mizani _ ris gakeTebas gadawyveten mTavari personaJebi nawarmoebis<br />
siuJetis inicirebis movlenis Semdeg (mizani, romelsac personaJebi<br />
daisaxaven);<br />
6. Sedegi _ rogor cdiloben mTavari personaJebi Sedegis miRwevas;<br />
7. gadawyveta _ ra mosdis mTavari peronaJis mier dasaxul mizans.<br />
gTavazobT pasuxebis nimuSs.<br />
108
Ralph<br />
Physical: Ralph has "fair hair" and is about twelve years old. He might make a<br />
boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, but there is a mildness<br />
about his mouth and eyes that proclaim no devil.<br />
Involvement: Ralph is somewhat charismatic and is chosen for chief, who makes<br />
it his job to lay down rules and try to organize a society. Throughout the novel he<br />
is always in conflict with Jack, who wants to be chief himself.<br />
(internetresursi # 39)<br />
Jack<br />
Physical: Probably the same age as Ralph, maybe older, Jack has red hair.<br />
Involvement: Jack does not believe that the Beast exists and is the leader of<br />
anarchy on the island. From the start of the novel he does not like abiding by<br />
rules of any kind. He simply wants to hunt and have a good time.<br />
(internetresursi # 40)<br />
Piggy<br />
Physical: He is probably close in age to Jack and Ralph. Piggy is shorter than<br />
Ralph, very fat as the name suggests, wears glasses, and has asthma which<br />
disables him to do any work on the island.<br />
Involvement: He is much like Ralph in that he knows right from wrong, but he<br />
differs in that he never strays from this knowledge as Ralph sometimes does.<br />
Always supporting Ralph, he is the most intelligent of the lot.<br />
(internetresursi # 41).<br />
aqtivoba `partnioroba kiTxvis procesSi“. es modeli<br />
emsaxureba teqstis detalebze yuradRebis miqcevas da studentebis<br />
zepiri gadmocemis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. Tu partniorebi sxvadasxva<br />
donis studentebi iqnebian, isini erTmaneTis mxardaWeriT ganaviTareben<br />
saTanado unarebs. saqmianobis Tanmimdevroba aseTia:<br />
1. studentebi wyvildebian;<br />
2. kiTxvis procesSi akeTeben sakuTari reaqciis amsaxvel Canawers<br />
(magaliTad, am adgilma gansakuTrebiT miiqcia Cemi yuradReba,<br />
radgan...);<br />
109
3. partniorebi cvlian Canawerebs da kiTxuloben erTmaneTis<br />
komentarebs;<br />
4. ayalibeben SekiTxvebs, romlebic teqstisa da komentarebis wakiTxvis<br />
Semdeg gauCndaT;<br />
5. cvlian SekiTxvebs erTmaneTSi. jer erTi pasuxobs partnioris<br />
kiTxvebs, Semdeg _ meore.<br />
teqstis gagebis strategiebi mniSvnelovania mkiTxvelisaTvis.<br />
mTavari is aris, rom studentebi, romlebic individualur SemecnebiT<br />
strategiebSi aqtiurad arian CarTulni (naswavlis aqtivacia,<br />
winaswarmetyveleba, organizeba, SekiTxvebi, daskvnebis gakeTeba,<br />
gonebrivi ieriSis Seqmna), savaraudod, wakiTxulidan metis gagebas da<br />
gaxsenebas SeZleben. imisaTvis, rom studentebi gagebis strategiebs<br />
Caswvdnen, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, instruqciuli teqnikaa, romelsac<br />
maswavleblebi iyeneben. strategiis instruqciis modelebis umetesoba<br />
deklaraciul codnas, procedurul codnas da pirobiT codnas<br />
aerTianebs.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis aqtivobebTan dakavSirebiT, sayuradReboa Seron<br />
versteris kvlevebi. versterma teqstebTan mimarTebiT Semoitana cneba<br />
"DARTs" (Directed Activities Related to Texts), anu UuSualod <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
mimarTuli aqtivobebi. isini studentebs teqstisadmi urTierTqmedebis<br />
saSualebas aZleven. am saxis aqtivobebis mTavari mizania kiTxvis donis<br />
amaRleba da mkiTxvelis, rogorc kritikulad moazrovne pirovnebis<br />
Camoyalibeba. isini SesaZloa ganxorcieldes individualuri an jgufuri<br />
muSaobis pirobebSi. magaliTad, rekonstruqciuli aqtivobebi. maT<br />
farglebSi studenti axdens teqstis rekonstruirebas, diagramebis<br />
Sedgenas, teqstSi gamotovebuli sityvebis, frazebis an winadadebebis<br />
Casmas, winadadebebis dalagebas Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT.<br />
modificirebuli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli iyenebs<br />
originalur teqsts, iRebs calkeul sityvebs, frazebs an winadadebebs;<br />
frazebs an mTlian teqsts anawevrebs segmentebad. am aqtivobebis saxeebia:<br />
– teqstis dasruleba (gamotovebuli sityvebis, frazebis,<br />
winadadebebis Casma);<br />
110
– Tanmimdevroba (teqstis segmentebis logikuri TanamimdevrobiT<br />
dalageba);<br />
– dajgufeba (teqstis segmentebis dawyoba kategoriebis mixedviT);<br />
– cxrilis dasruleba (cxrilebSi svetebis da rigebis dasaTaureba<br />
an dasaTaurebuli svetebis da rigebis Sevseba);<br />
– diagramis dasruleba (dausrulebeli diagramis dasruleba an<br />
dasrulebuli diagramis dasaTaureba);<br />
– winaswarmetyveleba (teqstis momdevno nawilis dawera an teqstis<br />
dasruleba).<br />
teqstis analizis aqtivobebis farglebSi studentebi informacias<br />
moipoveben da axarisxeben cxrilebis an diagramis saxiT. aqtivobebis<br />
saxeebia:<br />
– teqstis moniSvna (teqstSi mniSvnelovani informaciis povna);<br />
– teqstis segmentacia da dasaTaureba (teqstis logikur nawilebad<br />
daSla da am nawilebis dasaTaureba);<br />
– cxrilebis Sedgena (teqstSi mocemuli informaciis gamoyenebiT<br />
cxrilebis Sedgena da misi svetebisa da rigebis dasaTaureba);<br />
– diagramis Sedgena (teqstis asaxsnelad diagramis Sedgena);<br />
– kiTxvebi (maswavleblis mier dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema an<br />
teqstis irgvliv sakuTari kiTxvebis Sedgena);<br />
– teqstis reziumireba.<br />
"DART"–Tvis SesaZloa gamoviyenoT leqsebi, amonaridebi<br />
novelebidan an moTxrobebidan, istoriis, geografiis saswavlo<br />
masalidan monakveTebi, samecniero xasiaTis teqstebi. "DART"-is<br />
upiratesoba mdgomareobs SemdegSi:<br />
– is aumjobesebs kiTxvis teqnikas. studentebi ecnobian teqstebis<br />
struqturas; uyalibdebaT teqstebisadmi kritikuli<br />
damokidebuleba. isini iwyeben teqstSi mocemuli informaciis<br />
irgvliv SekiTxvebis dasmas; rodesac studenti flobs<br />
informacias teqstis struqturis Sesaxeb, es dadebiTad aisaxeba<br />
misi weris xarisxzec.<br />
– teqstebTan interaqcia aumjobesebs studentebis Semecnebis dones.<br />
111
– SeiZleba resursebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva saxelmZRvanelodan.<br />
inglisuri enis gakveTilze sxva sagnebis saxelmZRvaneloebidan<br />
aRebuli teqstebis gamoyeneba amzadebs moswavleebs sxva sagnebSi<br />
arsebuli informaciis aRsaqmelad; exmareba studentebs sxvadasxva<br />
saswavlo disciplinebSi gamoyenebuli struqturis aRqmaSi,<br />
magaliTad, venis diagramis dasruleba, cxrilebis Sevseba da a. S.<br />
– exmareba studentebs gamoiyenon informacia plagiatis gareSe.<br />
– exmareba studentebs grafikuli informaciis, diagramebisa da<br />
cxrilebis struqturaSi garkvevasa da maT damoukideblad<br />
SedgenaSi~ (internetresursi # 36).<br />
kritikuli wignierebis mimdevrebma _ alan liukma da piter<br />
fribodmა kiTxvis oTxwevriani paradigma SeimuSaves, romelic kritikuli<br />
wignierebis sxvadasxva dones eyrdnoba da moicavs teqstis dekodirebis,<br />
gagebis, gamoyenebis da Sefasebis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. `liukis da<br />
fribodis kritikuli wignierebis modeli Seicavs:<br />
1. dekodirebis unari, anu `me, rogorc teqstis gamSifvreli~:<br />
– rogor avxsni am teqsts?<br />
– ras efuZneba es teqsti?<br />
– ra saSualebebs an saSualebaTa kombinaciebia gamoyenebuli teqstSi?<br />
2. gamoyenebis unari, anu „me, rogorc teqstis momxmarebeli:~<br />
– ra saxiT viyeneb me am teქsts aq da axla?<br />
– ras miiReben misgan sxvebi?<br />
3. gagebis unari, anu `me, rogorc teqstis monawile~:<br />
– rogor ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs ideebi am teqstSi?<br />
– romeli kulturologiuri resursebia gamoyenebuli teqstSi?<br />
– rogoria teqstis kulturologiuri mniSvneloba da SesaZlo<br />
interpretaciebi?<br />
4. Sefasebis unari, anu „me, rogorc kritikulad wignieri adamiani~:<br />
– rogori tipis, ra faseulobebis da interesebis mqone adamiani<br />
waikiTxavs am teqsts ubralod da bunebrivad?<br />
– vin wers?<br />
– ras moelian Cemgan am teqstis gacnobiT?<br />
112
– vis daainteresebs is?<br />
– vis poziciebs, Sexedulebebs da interesebs exeba teqsti?<br />
– visma mosazrebebma ar gaiJRera teqstSi?<br />
liukis da fribodis es modeli nebismier teqstTan muSaobis dros<br />
SeiZლeba gamoviyenoT, iqneba es esei, sagazeTo statia, oficialuri<br />
dokumenti, politikuri gancxadeba Tu reklama~ (templi 2007:34).<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom teqstis Seqmnis mTavari mizania informaciis<br />
gadmocema. teqstSi faseulia, upirveles yovlisa, masSi gadmocemuli<br />
axali, MmniSvnelovani informacia. swored is aris teqstis<br />
informatulobis donis ganmsazRvreli. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
swavlebis procesi dakavSirebulia rogorc imaze, Tu ra codnas iRebs<br />
pirovneba teqstidan, agreTve imazec, Tu ra codniT midis is teqstTan.<br />
mxatvruli, sagazeTo, samecniero-popularuli teqstebis avtorebi<br />
Cveulebriv, orientacias iReben e.w. saSualo mkiTxvelze (martivad rom<br />
vTqvaT, im adamianze, romelsac aTvisebuli aqvs saSualo skolis<br />
programa). magram cvalebadia TviT cneba „saSualo mkiTxvelis~<br />
mniSvneloba. magaliTad, samecniero statiis avtori iRebs orientacias<br />
mocemuli dargis specialistze, romelic am avtorisTvis aris `saSualo<br />
mkiTxveli~. maSasadame, teqstSi arsebuli informaciis sargeblianobis<br />
donis gansazRvris dros orientacia unda aviRoT teqstis<br />
informatulobis xarisxis Sesabamisoba/Seusabamobaze mkiTxvelis<br />
donesTan. A am TvalsazrisiT, mkiTxvelebi iyofian sam jgufad:<br />
1. avtoris orientaciasTan SesabamisobaSi myofi, anu saSualo<br />
mkiTxvelis statusis mqone;<br />
2. saSualo mkiTxvelis codnis donis qvemoT myofi;<br />
3. mkiTxvelebi, romelTa leqsikuri maragi aWarbebs avtoris Tezariuss.<br />
naTelia, rom mesame jgufis mkiTxvelTaTvis teqstSi arsebuli<br />
sasargeblo informacia nulis tolfasi iqneba. mkiTxvelTa meore<br />
jgufisTvis rTuli iqneba teqstis aRqma. mas ar eyofa fonuri codna da<br />
misTvis informaciis aRqmis sargeblianoba mkveTrad Semcirdeba. pirveli<br />
jgufis mkiTxvelTaTvis ki informacia aRmoCndeba zomierad sasargeblo.<br />
dasawyisSi, aucilebelia, studentebs mivawodoT informacias imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom dekodireba aris erTgvari amocnoba, magram ara spontanuri,<br />
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aramed logikuri msjelobis Sedegi. gTavazobT masalas, romelic<br />
gamoviyeneT eqsperimentis dros studentebTan mcire moculobis<br />
teqstebis dekodirebisa da mTavari ideis amocnobis mizniT. teqstebs Tan<br />
erTvis studentebis pasuxebic.<br />
teqsti # 1<br />
"To be or not to be, that is the question," he would recite those famous words<br />
from his favorite playwright. He loved Hamlet, and Mac Beth, but his favorite<br />
had to be 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' (internetresursi №30).<br />
daasaxeleT personaJis sayvareli dramaturgi.<br />
pasuxi: uiliam Seqspiri. swor pasuxze migviTiTebs teqstSi<br />
moyvanili gamoTqma tragedia `hamletidan“ _ "To be or not to be, that is the<br />
question", CamoTvlili personaJebi _ hamleti, makbeti. agreTve, Seqspiris<br />
erT-erTi komediis, "Midsummer Night’s Dream", dasaxeleba.<br />
teqsti #2<br />
Maria is watching too much television. A toddler shouldn’t be spending hours<br />
staring blankly at a screen. Worse yet, some of her wild behavior has been<br />
inspired by those awful cartoons she watches. We need to spend more time<br />
reading books with her and pull the plug on the TV! (internetresursi<br />
№30).<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlili versiebidan, romelia paragrafis mTavari idea?<br />
a. mariasTvis televizoris xangrZlivad yureba ar aris mizanSewonili;<br />
b. wignebis kiTxva sasargebloa;<br />
g. yvela multfilmi cudia;<br />
d. zogierTi multfilmis yureba mariasTvis aris cudi.<br />
swori pasuxia a. mariasTvis televizoris xangrZlivad yureba ar<br />
aris sasargeblo, radgan paragrafSi aRwerilia didi drois monakveTSi<br />
televizoris yurebiT gamowveuli problemebi. pasuxi d. _ zogierTi<br />
multfilmi mariasTvis aris cudi, _ mcdaria. marTalia, teqstSi<br />
naxsenebia, rom maria uyurebs multfilmebs, magram ar aris naTqvami, rom<br />
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mxolod multfilmebis yureba warmoadgens problemas, igulisxmeba, rom<br />
problemas warmoadgens marias mier televizoris xangrZlivad yureba.<br />
pasuxi b. _ wignebis kiTxva სსარგებლოა, _ mcdaria, radgan wignebis<br />
kiTxva naxsenebia, rogorc problemis daZlevis erT-erTi varianti, da<br />
ara rogorc problema. agreTve, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi paragrafis<br />
pirveli winadadeba, romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, paragrafis mTavari<br />
azris gamomxatvelia.<br />
teqsti # 3<br />
Maria, I can’t eat or sleep when you are gone. I need to hear your scratchy voice<br />
and see your lovely toothless smile. I miss that special way that you eat soup with<br />
your fingers. Please come home soon! (internetresursi №30).<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlili versiebidan, romelia paragrafis mTavari idea?<br />
a. marias cudi Tvisebebi aqvs;<br />
b. kargi iqneba Tu maria stomatologTan wava;<br />
g. maria, menatrebi!;<br />
d. maria, mada damekarga.<br />
pasuxi g. maria, menatrebi aris paragrafis mTavari idea. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom pasuxis danarCeni versiebi garkveulwilad gamoxataven<br />
teqstis Sinaarss, arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens paragrafis mTavar<br />
ideas. swor pasuxze migviTiTebs teqstis bolos gamoyenebuli Zaxilis<br />
niSani, romelic mouwodebs marias saxlSi dabrundes.<br />
teqsti # 4<br />
Often when it rains, a particular dreariness descends upon the earth. Most people<br />
hide out in their houses sending forlorn glances out the window. Animals scamper<br />
off to nooks and crannies, poking their heads out to timidly sniff the air for signs<br />
of dry weather. Despite the pellets of water cascading from the sky, an occasional<br />
brave soul will venture out for a jog in the drizzle or a bird will chirp merrily in a<br />
mud puddle, dismissing the downpour. Some people call these adventurers crazy,<br />
but others celebrate the willingness of these individuals to embrace negativity and<br />
turn it into something positive (internetresursi #15).<br />
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a aris am teqstis mTavari idea?<br />
pasuxi: It's abnormal to venture out in the rain, but the positive results can be well<br />
worth it. teqstis dasawyisSi aRwerilia wvimis dros adamianebisa da<br />
cxovelebis Cveuli moqmedeba – isini wvimisagan Tavs icaven. Tumca, arian<br />
gamonaklisebic, romlebic ar eridebian wvimas da cdiloben es movlena<br />
pozitiurad aRiqvan.<br />
rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, aseTi tipis davalebebi<br />
exmareba studentebs ganaviTaron logikuri azrovneba, Camoayalibon maTi<br />
azrebi lakonurad da gasagebad.<br />
teqstis dekodirebis sawyisi etapia winadadebis dekodireba.<br />
Aaqtivobis farglebSi SesaZlebelia gavaanalizoT _ mocemul<br />
situaciaSi ra garemoebas SeeZlo gamoewvia aRwerili moqmedeba.<br />
gTavazobT situaciebs da studentebis mier dekodirebis farglebSi<br />
gacemuli pasuxebis nimuSebs.<br />
situacia I: I wouldn't eat after that two-year-old if I were you.<br />
dekodireba: SesaZloa, avtorma dainaxa, rom ori wlis bavSvma raime<br />
Caagdo saWmelSi; an bavSvs infeqciuri daavadeba sWirs, romelic<br />
SesaZloa gadaedos personaJs, amitomac is Tavs izRvevs da afrTxilebs<br />
msmenels, rom moeridos bavSvis sakvebs.<br />
situacia II: A man ran after a retreating bus, waving his briefcase frantically.<br />
dekodireba: albaT, personaJs agviandeba samsaxurSi. amitomac<br />
daedevna is avtobuss.<br />
dekodirebisaTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT agreTve fotomasalac.<br />
studentebma unda aRweron ambavi, romelic, SesaZloa, win uZRoda da,<br />
Sesabamisad, iyo fotoze aRbeWdili movlenis gamomwvevi faqtori.<br />
aqtivoba `Semajamebeli CarCo~ aRwers problemas da Semdgom axdens<br />
misi gadaWris gzebis identificirebas. magaliTad, maswavlebeli<br />
studentebs acnobs statias globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb.<br />
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Global Warming is caused by many things. The causes are split up into two groups,<br />
man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.Natural causes are causes<br />
created by nature. One natural cause is a release of methane gas from arctic<br />
tundra and wetlands. Methane is a greenhouse gas. A greenhouse gas is a gas that<br />
traps heat in the earth's atmosphere. Another natural cause is that the earth goes<br />
through a cycle of climate change. This climate change usually lasts about 40,000<br />
years. Man-made causes probably do the most damage. Pollution is one of the<br />
biggest man-made problems. Pollution comes in many shapes and sizes. Burning<br />
fossil fuels is one thing that causes pollution. Fossil fuels are fuels made of organic<br />
matter such as coal, or oil. Another major man-made cause of Global Warming is<br />
population. More people means more food, and more methods of transportation,<br />
right? That means more methane because there will be more burning of fossil fuels,<br />
and more agriculture. Now your probably thinking, "Wait a minute, you said<br />
agriculture is going to be damaged by Global Warming, but now you're saying<br />
agriculture is going to help cause Global Warming?" Well, have you ever been in a<br />
barn filled with animals and you smell something terrible? You're smelling<br />
methane. Another source of methane is manure. Because more food is needed we<br />
have to raise food. Animals like cows are a source of food which means more<br />
manure and methane. Another problem with the increasing population is<br />
transportation. More people means more cars, and more cars means more<br />
pollution. Also, many people have more than one car. (internetresursi #16).<br />
maswavlebeli usvams jgufs SekiTxvas:<br />
– raSi mdgomareobs problema?<br />
– ra aris problemis gamomwvevi mizezi?<br />
– rogor gesaxebaT am problemidan gamosavali?<br />
– problemis aRmofxvris romeli gza aris yvelaze misaRebi?<br />
– ra Sedegamde SeiZleba migviyvanos problemis ugulebelyofam?<br />
aqtivoba `damakavSirebeli sityvebiT Sinaarsis dawera~: studentebs<br />
mivawodeT damakavSirebeli sityvebis sia: furthermore, nevertheless, even<br />
so,however, meanwhile, on the other hand, to sum up, to make matters worse. maT daevalaT<br />
wyvilebSi muSaoba da teqstis "Global Warming" Sinaarsis Sedgena zemoT<br />
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moyvanili damakavSirebeli sityvebis gamoyenebiT. Sedegebi SevadareT da<br />
vimsjeleT.<br />
aqtivoba `teqstis reziumireba“: studentebi gavanawileT sam<br />
jgufad. TiToeul jgufs daevala zemoT moyvanili teqstisTvis (268<br />
sityva) mokle Sinaarsis Sedgena 70 sityvis gamoyenebiT. momdevno etapze<br />
jgufebs daevalaT misi ganaxevreba, anu 35 sityvamde dayvana. mesame<br />
etapze studentebs daevalaT misi daiyvana 17 sityvamde. saboloo<br />
versiebi wavikiTxeT da amovarCieT saukeTeso varianti.<br />
aqtivoba `SemoqmedebiTi wera~ studentebs exmareba mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebis personaJebis kvlevaSi. am aqtivobis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba<br />
studentTa mier <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis sxvadasxva doneze flobis pirobebSi.<br />
avarCieT monakveTi `regTaimidan“, sadac ar aris mocemuli personaJebis<br />
pirdapiri metyveleba.<br />
Mother went back downstairs and found the fellow not at the back door but in the kitchen<br />
where, in the warmth of the corner near the cookstove, Sarah's baby lay sleeping in his<br />
carriage. The black man was kneeling beside the carriage and staring at the child. Mother,<br />
not thinking clearly, was suddenly outraged that he had presumed to come in the door.<br />
Sarah is unable to see you, she said and she held the door open. The colored man took<br />
another glance at the child, rose, thanked her and departed (internetresursi №31).<br />
studentebs davavaleT werilobiT warmoedginaT personaJebs<br />
Soris saubris scena. am aqtivobis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba rogorc<br />
jgufebSi, aseve wyvilebSi muSaoბis dros.<br />
aqtivoba `daxmarebis werilis Sedgena~: literaturul nawarmoebSi<br />
personaJebi xSirad rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCndebian xolme. studentebs<br />
davavaleT personaJis an personaJebis saxeliT daeweraT mokle werili,<br />
sadac isini daxmarebas sTxoven werilis mpovnel adamians.<br />
magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba aviRoT uiliam goldingis `buzTa batoni~,<br />
sadac kunZulze aRmoCenili bavSvebi Svelas iTxoven, an jon faulzis<br />
`koleqcioneri~, sadac gatacebuli gogona daxmarebas iTxovs. bunebrivia,<br />
rom mRelvarebis momentSi myofi pirisTvis pirvelxarisxovania<br />
komunikacia. marTlweras an sintaqsur Secdomebs, Tu isini xels ar<br />
uSlian werilis Sinaarsis aRqmas, yuradReba ar eTmoba.<br />
gTavazobT werilis nimuSs:<br />
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Dear Mummy ,<br />
I hope you will find this letter. I do not know exactly what had happened, but we were<br />
dropped out of the plane. All the boys are now on an island. They elected me to be their<br />
leader.Fortunately, it is very warm and it seems to be a safe island, but I miss you.<br />
Please, come and take me home. (Collie 2001:117)<br />
aqtivoba `sagazeTo statia“: studentebi literaturuli<br />
nawarmoebidan SerCeuli romelime epizodis mixedviT weren da<br />
asaTaureben sagazeTo statias. studentebs ganvusazRvreT sityvebis<br />
maqsimaluri raodenoba. studentebi gadavanawileT 3 jgufad. TiToeul<br />
jgufs vTxoveT sxvadasxva gazeTisaTvis statiis dawera. gazeTis<br />
specifikidan gamomdinare, statiebis stili gansxvavebuli unda<br />
yofiliyo. samive statiisaTvis savaldebuloa: 1. statiis dasaTaureba; 2.<br />
mocemuli gazeTis an JurnalisTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsikis gamoyeneba;<br />
3. statiis maqsimaluri sიtyvebis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 120-s.<br />
aqtivoba `gancxadeba - dakarguli adamiani~ SeiZleba gamoviyenoT<br />
sxvadasxva tipis <strong>teqstebze</strong> samuSaod. studentebs gavacaniT erT-erTi<br />
gancxadebis nimuSi.<br />
MISSING<br />
Have you seen this boy? Jack, aged 12 was last seen on 12 January in London. He<br />
is 5 ft in tall, has dark-blue eyes and red hair. At the time he went missing he was<br />
wearing black denim trousers, a green jumper and a black wooly jacket. Anyone<br />
knowing the whereabouts of this boy should get in touch with the London Police:<br />
Telephone ---------.<br />
amis Sesabamisad, studentebs davavaleT `buzTa batonis“ Sinaarsis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT SeedginaT gancxadeba dakarguli saimonis an sxva<br />
personaJis sapovnelad.<br />
aqtivoba `Semajamebeli winadadebis arCeva~: studentebs gavacaniT<br />
winadadebebi, romlebic asaxavdnen konkretuli personaJis moqmedebis<br />
motivacias. magaliTad,<br />
1. The man captures the girl bcause he has very little self-confidence.<br />
2. The man captures the girl bcause he is mentally disturebed.<br />
3. The man captures the girl bcause he wants to kill her. (Collie 2001:70)<br />
119
Semdeg maT vTxoveT jer individualurad, Semdeg ki jgufebSi<br />
amoerCiaT erTi winadadeba da aexsnaT maTi arCevani.<br />
igive aqtivoba gamoviyeneT uiliam goldingis `buzTa batonTan~<br />
muSaobis dros. romanSi me-5 Tavis bolos (ixileT danarTi # 3) pigis da<br />
ralfs moenatrebaT is samyaro, sadac zrdasruli adamianebi iReben<br />
gadawyvetilebas da cxovreba Cveuli wesis mixedviT warimarTeba. "If only<br />
they could get a message to us. If only they could end us something grown-up" _ ambobs<br />
erT-erTi personaJi.<br />
me-6 Tavis dasawyisSi erTgvari pasuxia ralfis survilze.<br />
A sliver of moon rose over the horizon, hardly large enough to make a path of light<br />
even when it sat right down on the water; but there were other lights in the sky, that<br />
moved fast, winked, or went out, though not even a faint popping came down from<br />
the battle fought at ten miles' neight. But a sign came down from the world of<br />
grownups, though at the time there was no child awake to read it. There was a<br />
sudden bright explosion and a corkscrew trail across the sky; then darkness again<br />
and stars. There was a speck above the island, a figure dropping swiftly beneath a<br />
parachute, a figure that hung with dangling limbs. The changing winds of various<br />
altitudes took the figure where they would (internetresursi # 32).<br />
studentebs SevTavazeT 4 interpretacia da vTxoveT aerCiaT erT-<br />
erTi. studentebs SeeZloT daeweraT sakuTari mosazrebac.<br />
1. The boys wanted some sign from the world of adults. They got that sign but<br />
did not see it because they were asleep. This means that you must be<br />
extremely watchful all the time ti seize opportunities as they happen.<br />
2. The sign from the world of adults was a battle in the sky. The sign means<br />
that the orderly adult world that the boys remember exists only in their<br />
imagination. Reality is different. Reality is quarrels among the boys and war<br />
among the adults.<br />
3. The sign that the boys wanted appeared in the form of a dead soldier. The<br />
significance of this sign is that people must tend for themselves. It is not any<br />
120
good expecting others to rescue you from the mess you have got yourself<br />
into.<br />
4. The boys wanted a sign from the world of adults to reassure them that they<br />
were not alone in the world. The fact that there was a battle above the<br />
island does not show that other people were quite near and that they could<br />
hope to be rescued after all.<br />
aqtivoba `qcevis kodeqsi~ iZleva diskusiis warmarTvis saSualebas<br />
kiTxvaris - veTanxmebi/ar veTanxmebi/ar var darwmunebuli _ gamoyenebiT.<br />
studentebs vTxovT warmoidginon, rom isini arian uiliam goldingis<br />
romanis `buzTa batonis~ personaJebi da cdiloben kunZulze garkveuli<br />
wesebis SemoRebas.<br />
aqtivoba `debatebi~: sxvadasxva personaSi arsebuli problemis<br />
irgvliv zogjer urTierTsapirispiro mosazrebebs gvTavazobs, rac<br />
sadiskusio Temad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT<br />
uiliam goldingis romanidan `buzTa batoni~:<br />
1. Which is better – to have rules and agree, or to hunt and kill?<br />
2. Which is bettern - law and rescue, or hunting and breaking things up? (Collie 2001:159)<br />
aqtivoba `teqstis kulminaciuri momenti~ SeiZleba gamoviyenoT<br />
literaturuli teqstis analizis dros. studentebs vTxoveT<br />
daesaxelebinaT teqstSi is monakveTi, romelmac, maTi azriT, gansazRvra<br />
nawarmoebis msvleloba da ganapiroba dasasruli.<br />
aqtivoba `teqstis prezentacia~ exmareba students nawamoebis an<br />
avtoris wardgenaSi. studenti ganmartavs, ratom da riT SeiZleba<br />
nawarmoebma daainteresos mkiTxveli.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili aqtivobebi mizanmimarTulia studentebSi iseTi<br />
unar-Cvevebis gansaviTareblad, rogoricaa saubari, wera, mosmena, kiTxva,<br />
diskusia da a.S. amzadebs studentebs samyarosTan xangrZlivi<br />
inteleqtualuri urTierTobisTvis. teqsti, rogorc saswavlo resursi,<br />
iZleva Zalzed mravalferovan masalas studentTa codnis asamaRleblad,<br />
maTi naklovani mxareebis gamosavlenad da dasaZlevad.<br />
121
Tavi III<br />
miRweuli Sedegebis donis Sefaseba<br />
§1. studentis mier miRweuli kompetenciis donis<br />
Sefaseba<br />
saswavlo procesSi misaRwevi kompetenciis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli<br />
aris is, rom SeiZleba misi gazomva/Sefaseba. Sefaseba aris raime sagnis,<br />
movlenis, procesis an vinmes Sesabamisobis/mimarTebis dadgena winaswar<br />
gansazRvrul niSan-TvisebebTan (kriteriumebTan). studentis mier<br />
kompetenciis miRwevis done fasdeba niSniT.<br />
swavlebis funqciebis, swavlisadmi interesis formirebis,<br />
swavlebisa da Sefasebis Teoriebis Se<strong>swavla</strong>s umaRles skolaSi,<br />
swavlebisa da aRzrdis aqtualur sakiTxebs, saswavlo kursis Seswavlis<br />
Sedegebis, anu studentebis mier <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> miRwevis donis<br />
gansazRvras mieZRvna a. gromcevas (Громцева 1978), l. TavdgiriZis (2007), i.<br />
bibileiSvilis (2009), r. tyemalaZis (2008), c. megrelaZis (2008) Sromebi.<br />
saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi dawyebulma reformebma<br />
dRis wesrigSi daayena misi evropul saganmanaTleblo sistemasTan<br />
Sesabamisoba da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis<br />
evropul standartebze Tanmimdevruli gadasvla. aRniSnuli<br />
reformatoruli procesebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nabijia swavlebisa<br />
da Sefasebis Tanamedrove meTodebis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, rac<br />
gamoixata kreditebis transferisa da dagrovebis evropuli sistemis<br />
(ECTS) SemoRebiT. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia savaldebulo<br />
samuSaos Sesruleba da miRweuli swavlis Sedegebis saTanado Sefaseba.<br />
am Sefasebas aqvs Semdeegi ZiriTadi miznebi: 1. studentis swavlis<br />
xelSewyoba; 2. studentis Zlieri da susti mxareebis gamovlena; 3.<br />
swavlebis konkretuli meTodikis efeqturobis Semowmeba; 4. saswavlo<br />
programebis efeqturobis gansazRvra da srulyofa; 5. swavlebis<br />
efeqtianobis Sefaseba da srulyofa.<br />
„umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo programebis kreditebiT gaangariSebis<br />
wesis” mixedviT, studentis saqmianoba (studentis datvirTva) moicavs:<br />
122
a) leqciaze daswrebas, samuSao jgufSi muSaobas, praqtikul an<br />
laboratoriul mecadineobas;<br />
b) damoukidebel mecadineobas;<br />
g) saswavlo, samecniero da sawarmoo praqtikas;<br />
d) gamocdebis momzadeba-Cabarebas;<br />
e) saswavlo-samecniero naSromze (sakurso naSromi, moxseneba<br />
konferenciaze, samecniero werili, sapatento ganacxadi, sadiplomo,<br />
sabakalavro, samagistro an doqtorantis saseminaro naSromi, aseve<br />
sadoqtoro disertacia) muSaobas;<br />
v) saswavlo-samecniero naSromis dacvas da gamosaqveyneblad momzadebas.<br />
„swavlis Sedegebi <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> erTobliobaa, romelic<br />
gamoxatavs, Tu ra unda icodes, esmodes da risi gakeTeba unda SeZlos<br />
studentma swavlis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg~ (gonzalesi 2008:175).<br />
praqtikaSi iyeneben swavlis Sedegebis or tips: e. w. zRvruli swavlis<br />
Sedegebi, romlebic minimalur dones gansazRvravs, da e. w. sasurveli<br />
swavlis Sedegebi. Ees ukanaskneli gamoxatavs, Tu ras elis akademiuri<br />
personali saSualo studentisagan kompetenciebTan mimarTebaSi. proeqti<br />
„Tuningi"_ saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTSewyoba evropaSi,<br />
„upiratesobas sasurvel swavlis Sedegs aniWebs, radganac is ukeT<br />
esadageba evropis qveyanaTa did umravlesobaSi damkvidrebul swavlebisa<br />
da swavlis kulturas~ (gonzalesi 2008:174).<br />
swavlis safexuris dasrulebisaTvis aucileblad unda mieqces<br />
yuradReba Sefasebis formebs. Sefaseba aris ara mxolod swavlebisa da<br />
swavlis periodis logikuri bolo etapi, aramed, farTo gagebiT, am<br />
procesebis centraluri elementi, da pirdapir ukavSirdeba swavlis<br />
Sedegebs.<br />
evropaSi saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTSewyobis proeqt<br />
„TuningSi“ aRwerili programebis umetesoba iyenebs Sefasebis formebis<br />
farTo speqtrs programis sxvadasxva etapze. „Sefaseba SeiZleba Semdeg<br />
formebs moicavdes:<br />
– testi (codnis an unaris Sesafaseblad);<br />
– zepiri prezentacia;<br />
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– teqstis analizi;<br />
– profesiuli portfolio;<br />
– werilobiTi esei an angariSi, magaliTad, relevanturi<br />
literaturis werilobiTi mimoxilva, gansxvavebuli kvleviTi<br />
statistikis kritika“ (gonzalesi 2008:218).<br />
Sefasebis yvela am meTodisaTvis mniSvnelovania students<br />
miewodos informacia Sefasebis Sesaxeb. Sefasebas ewodeba<br />
maformirebeli anu ganmaviTarebeli, radganac studenti swavlobs<br />
samuSaos Sesrulebas leqtoris komentarebidan _ ramdenad kargad<br />
Seasrula man es samuSao da rogor unda gamoasworos Secdomebi.<br />
studentebs Tavidanve unda mieces warmatebis kriteriumebi –<br />
specifikacia, Tu ra da rogor unda gaakeTos davalebis warmatebuli<br />
SesrulebisaTvis. ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba, rogorc termini miuTiTebs,<br />
swavlis procesze da studentis ganviTarebazea mimarTuli. igi<br />
maswavlebels exmareba saswavlo procesis dagegmvaSi, xolo students _<br />
miRwevebTan dakavSirebiT ukukavSiris miRebaSi. ganmaviTarebeli<br />
Sefasebisas savaldebulo ar aris qulis dawera; ganmaviTarebeli<br />
Sefasebis tipuri formaa studentis mier Catarebuli samuSaos<br />
Sesrulebaze komentaris gakeTeba, romelSic asaxuli unda iyos mis mier<br />
samuSaos Sesrulebis done da rekomendaciebi swavlis gaumjobesebis<br />
mizniT.<br />
ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis mizania studentis miRwevis zusti<br />
Sefaseba. maSin, rodesac ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba SesaZlebelia<br />
`araformaluri~ iyos. ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba yovelTvis `formaluria~<br />
da qulis daweras saWiroebs. ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba tardeba testis,<br />
prezentaciis, proeqtebis safuZvelze. orive tipis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia<br />
iyos mimdinare (swavlebis procesSi mimdinareobdes) an Semajamebeli<br />
(semestris an saswavlo wlis dasrulebis Semdeg xdebodes);<br />
rekomendebulia mimdinare Sefasebis gamoyeneba Semajamebel SefasebasTan<br />
erTad.<br />
Sefasebis yvela formas diagnostikuri daniSnuleba aqvs rogorc<br />
leqtorisaTvis, aseve studentisaTvis. is exmareba studentsac da<br />
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leqtorsac imis gaazrebaSi, Tu ra iqna miRweuli, ra ar/ver iqna<br />
miRweuli/naswavli, risi gakeTeba moxerxda drois mcire monakveTSi,<br />
ganisazRvros miRweuli Sedegis done (saSualo/maRali) da a. S. yovelive<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli daexmareba leqtors momavali saqmianobis dagegmvaSi.<br />
„weriTi gamocdebi sandoa. SesaZloa erTdroulad studentTa didi<br />
raodenobis gamocda. weriTi gamocda sxvadaxva formis SeiZleba iyos:<br />
– esei;<br />
– mravlobiT kiTxvebze pasuxi;<br />
– problemis gadaWra;<br />
– situaciuri _ teqstis/monacemebis analizi;<br />
– literaturis mimoxilva~ (gonzalesi 2008:219).<br />
dauSvebelia studentis mier miRweuli swavlis Sedegebis<br />
erTjeradad _ mxolod daskvniTi gamocdis safuZvelze Sefaseba.<br />
studentis mier gaweuli Sromis Sefaseba garkveuli SefardebiT unda<br />
iTvaliswinebdes Sualedur Sefasebebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, moicavs<br />
studentis damoukidebeli muSaobis Sefasebas, yoveldRiur aqtiurobas<br />
da mimdinare reitingul Sefasebas. Sualeduri Sefaseba SeiZleba<br />
iTvaliswinebdes sxva komponentebsac.<br />
Sefasebis savaldebulo komponentebia:<br />
a. reitinguli Sefasebebi (Sefasebis mizniT semestris ganmavlobaSi<br />
tardeba ori kolokviumi);<br />
b. aqtiuroba praqtikuli mecadineobis dros.<br />
saswavlo kursis specifikidan gamomdinare dasaSvebia Sefasebis<br />
damatebiTi komponentebic: aqtiuroba laboratoriul mecadineobaze,<br />
referatis wardgena da sxva. gTavazobT Sefasebis kriteriumebs<br />
saswavlo kursisTvis `teqstis interpretacia“.<br />
mimdinare reitinguli Sefaseba - 30 qula.<br />
I reitinguli (Sualeduri) wera – 10 qula.<br />
II reitinguli (Sualeduri) wera – 10 qula.<br />
referatis wardgena _ 10 qula.<br />
kursi iTvaliswinebs yovel semestrSi or 10-qulian reitingul<br />
Sefasebas (Sualedur weras). TiToeul Sualedur weraze students<br />
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eZleva 20 sakiTxi gavlili masalidan. TiToeuli sakiTxi fasdeba 0,5<br />
quliT.<br />
praqtikul mecadineobaze aqtiuroba – 30 qula _ gamoiTvleba<br />
Semdegnairad: 15–dan minimum 5 mecadineobaze studenti fasdeba 0–5<br />
quliT.<br />
`umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba valdebulia<br />
uzrunvelyos studentis codnis samarTliani Sefaseba, risTvisac<br />
SeimuSavebs saTanado procedurebs~ (saqarTvelos kanoni umaRlesi<br />
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, muxli 43, p. 6). ar arsebobs Sefasebis erTi<br />
standartuli sqema; Sefaseba damokidebulia misaRwev mizanze da<br />
Sefasebis obieqtze, Tumca mniSvnelovania, rom nebismieri Sefaseba<br />
akmayofilebdes Semdeg pirobebs:<br />
1. sandooba;<br />
2. validuroba;<br />
3. standartuloba;<br />
4. praqtikuloba;<br />
5. gamWvirvaloba.<br />
Sefaseba sandoa im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi erTi<br />
da igivea, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin rodis afasebs studentis codnasa da<br />
unarebs. magaliTad, Sefaseba sando iqneba, Tu sxvadasxva maswavlebeli<br />
studentis erTsa da imave pasuxs an raime Sesrulebul davalebas<br />
erTnairad Seafasebs, an Tu erTi maswavlebeli erTsa da imave pasuxs<br />
sxvadasxva dros erTnairad Seafasebs. cxadia, Znelia absoluturad<br />
sando Sefasebis sistemis uzrunvelyofa; Sefasebis sandoobaze gavlenas<br />
axdens sxvadasxva faqtori _ studentis ganwyobebi, motivacia, fizikur<br />
garemoSi cvlilebebi (temperatura, ganaTeba), Sefasebis proceduris<br />
cvlileba (dro, instruqciebi, davalebis formulireba), maswavleblis<br />
subieqturi faqtorebi. rodesac maswavlebeli studentis codnasa da<br />
Sesrulebas afasebs, darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom masala sworadaa<br />
SerCeuli, meTodi adekvaturia, sandooba ki maRali.<br />
kriteriumebi, romlebic zrdis Sefasebis sandoobas:<br />
– Sesafasebeli davaleba formulirebuli unda iyos naTlad da<br />
gasagebad;<br />
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– Sefasebisas gamoyenebuli unda iyos sxvadasxva instrumenti,<br />
romlebic erTmaneTs avseben;<br />
– Sefasebis sqema unda iyo konkretuli da specifikuri;<br />
– unda gakontroldes yvela faqtori, romelic Sefasebis sandoobas<br />
amcirebs;<br />
– studentebi unda Sefasdnen msgavs pirobebsa da situaciaSi;<br />
– maswavlebeli unda iyos maqsimalurad miukerZoebeli.<br />
Sefasebis validurobas sxvanairad Sefasebis mizanTan<br />
Sesabamisobas uwodeben; igi gulisxmobs, ramdenad zustad da<br />
adekvaturad fasdeba Sefasebis instrumentiT is codna da unarebi,<br />
romelsac Sefaseba isaxavs miznad. Tu studentis codna da unarebi<br />
arazustad izomeba, es niSnavs imas, rom Sefasebas validobis problema<br />
aqvs. magaliTad, Tu Sefasebis amocanaa <strong>teqstebze</strong> dayrdnobiT studentis<br />
analitikuri azrovnebis donis Semowmeba, xolo realurad Cven<br />
studentis mxolod faqtobriv codnas vzomavT, maSin Sefaseba<br />
aravaliduri, anu mizanTan Seusabamobaa; Tu damamTavrebel gamocdaze<br />
SerCeuli teqsti an davaleba ufro rTulia, vidre is codna, romelic<br />
studentma semestris ganmavlobaSi SeiZina, maSin Sefaseba kvlav<br />
validobis problemaze mianiSnebs. igive problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca<br />
students vTxovT raimes gakeTebas, imis nacvlad, rom werilobiTi<br />
davaleba SevasrulebinoT, an piriqiT.<br />
strategiebi, romelic zrdis Sefasebis validobas:<br />
– maswavlebelma unda SearCios studentis SesaZleblobebis<br />
maqsimalurad adekvaturi davalebebi (rac man kursis ganmavlobaSi<br />
i<strong>swavla</strong>);<br />
– maswavlebelma unda SearCios codnisa da unarebis maqsimalurad<br />
adekvaturi Sefasebis forma.<br />
Sefasebis praqtikuloba gviCvenebs, ramdenad mosaxerxebeli da<br />
iafia Sefasebis instrumentisa da procedurebis gamoyeneba.<br />
praqtikuloba moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:<br />
– ramdeni droa saWiro instrumentis Sesaqmnelad;<br />
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– ramdenad SesaZlebelia drois mocemul momentSi sxvadasxva<br />
studentis Sefaseba;<br />
– ramdenad advilia studentebis Sefaseba davalebebis Sesrulebis<br />
Semdeg da a.S.<br />
Sefaseba gamWvirvale, anu Riaa im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sefasebis<br />
meqanizmebi da kriteriumebi winaswar aris studentebisaTvis cnobili;<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom studentebma Tavadac miiRon monawileoba Sefasebis<br />
kriteriumebis SemuSavebaSi.<br />
saswavlo kursis dawyebisas, maswavlebelma studentebs unda<br />
gaacnos Sefasebis sqema. Sefaseba konkretuli sqemis safuZvelze unda<br />
xdebodes. sqema asaxavs im kriteriumebs, romlis safuZvelze students<br />
vafasebT. mag.: sakiTxis codna, analizi, Sesrulebis xarisxi da a.S.<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumis SerCevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT swavlebis<br />
mizani da davalebis forma.<br />
SesaZlebelia ganvasxvaoT ori tipis Sefaseba: 1. Sefaseba, romelic<br />
daxuruli pasuxebis SerCevas gulisxmobs; 2. Ria forma, romelic pasuxis<br />
Seqmnas gulisxmobs. cxadia, pirveli werilobiTia, xolo meore<br />
SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc werilobiTi, aseve zepiri.<br />
pasuxebis SerCeva:<br />
– mravlobiTi arCevani;<br />
– swori/mcdari.<br />
– esei;<br />
pasuxebis Seqmna:<br />
– portfolio;<br />
– proeqti;<br />
– kvleva;<br />
– zepiri prezentacia;<br />
– demonstrireba;<br />
– debatebi;<br />
– diskusia.<br />
SefasebisTvis SevarCieT is formebi, romlebic efeqturia<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> miRwevis Sesajameblad.<br />
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GgTavazobT Cvens mier SemuSavebul Sefasebis rubrikebs mimdinare<br />
SefasebisTvis. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 5 qula<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #1 _ enobrivi savarjiSoebi – teqstis<br />
gramatikul da leqsikuri analizisTvis:<br />
4-5 qula _ Tavisuflad asrulebs yvela tipis savarjiSosANan სworad<br />
asrulebs saSualo sirTulis savarjiSoebs da nawils<br />
rTuli savarjiSoebisas;<br />
2-3 qula _ სworad asrulebs saSualo sirTulis savarjiSoTa nawils<br />
an axerxebs mxolod yvelaze advili sakiTxebis<br />
uSecdomod Sesrulebas, umetesoba Seusrulebeli rCeba;<br />
0-1 qula _ ver asrulebs an yvela savarjiSos SecdomiT asrulebs.<br />
Sesruleba:<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #2 - weriTi davalebis (esei, Txzuleba)<br />
4-5 qula _ students Sesrulebuli aqvs weriTi davaleba uSecdomod<br />
(an daSvebulia 1 orTografiuli, gramatikuli an<br />
leqsikuri Secdoma);<br />
2-3 qula _ students Sesrulebuli aqvs weriTi davaleba. daSvebulia<br />
erTze meti orTografiuli, gramatikuli an leqsikuri<br />
Secdoma, magram azris gageba SeiZleba;<br />
0-1 qula _ students davaleba Sesrulebuli ara aqvs, an<br />
Sesrulebuli davaleba moicavs iseT Secdomebs, rac<br />
naSromis azrs gaugebars xdis.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #3 _ zepiri davalebis Sesruleba:<br />
4-5 qula _ saubrobs kargad; davalebas pasuxobs srulad;<br />
leqsika mdidari da mravalferovania;<br />
Secdomebis raodenoba Zalian mcirea;<br />
iyenebs mdidar da mravalferovan gramatikul<br />
struqturebs;<br />
bgerebi sworia; maxvili, intonacia da ritmi<br />
Tanmimdevruli.<br />
3-4 qula _ saubrobs saSualod;<br />
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pasuxi zog SemTxvevaSi mokle, wyvetili an<br />
aralogikuria;<br />
leqsika erTferovani da ZiriTadad martivia, xSiria<br />
sityvebis araadekvaturad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi;<br />
gramatikuli Secdomebi zog SemTxvevaSi xels uSlis<br />
azris gagebas;<br />
bgerebi umetes wilad ar aris swori;<br />
maxvili, intonacia da ritmi umetes SemTxvevaSi ar aris<br />
Tanmimdevruli.<br />
0-1 qula _ studenti ar aris mzad anLlaparakobs cudad,<br />
aqtiuroba.<br />
dazepirebuli frazebiT;<br />
pasuxi umeteswilad mokle, wyvetili gaugebari da/an<br />
aralogikuria;<br />
leqsika metad erTferovani, martivi an/da<br />
araadekvaturia;<br />
gramatikuli Secdomebi da warmoTqmis Secdomebi<br />
xSiria, rac xels uSlis azris gagebas.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #4 _ leqciis msvlelobis dros studentis<br />
4-5 qula _ studenti yovelTvis aqtiurad aris Cabmuli saswavlo<br />
procesSi, monawileobs jgufuri da individualuri<br />
aqtivobebis SesrulebaSi;<br />
3-4 qula _ studenti zogjer aris Cabmuli saswavlo procesSi;<br />
zogjer monawileobs jgufuri da individualuri<br />
aqtovobebis SesrulebaSi;<br />
0-2 qula _ studenti ar aris Cabmuli saswavlo procesSi, ar<br />
gageba:<br />
monawileobs jgufuri da individualuri aqtovobebis<br />
SesrulebaSi.<br />
mimarTuleba-kiTxva<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #5 _ ucxoenovan teqstSi ucnobi sityvebis<br />
5 qulaQ _ students yovelTvis SeuZlia konteqstze dayrdnobiT<br />
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ucnobi leqsikuri erTeulebis sworad gageba da aRqma;<br />
4 qula _ students zogjer SeuZlia konteqstze dayrdnobiT ucnobi<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebis sworad gageba da aRqma;<br />
3 qulaQ _ students iSviaTad SeuZlia konteqstze dayrdnobiT ucnobi<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebis sworad gageba da aRqma;<br />
2 qulaQ _ students ar SeuZlia minimalur doneze konteqstze<br />
dayrdnobiT ucnobi leqsikuri erTeulebis sworad gageba<br />
da aRqma.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #6<br />
– abzacebis swori TanmimdevrobiT dalageba;<br />
– 4 variantidan swori pasuxis SerCeva;<br />
– teqstis Sinaarsze dayrdnobiT informaciis sisworis dadgena.<br />
5 qulaQ _ srulad akmayofilebs davalebis yvela moTxovnas;<br />
4 qulaQ _ damakmayofileblad pasuxobs davalebis moTxovnebis did<br />
nawils;<br />
3 qulaQ _ asrulebs da elementarul doneze akmayofilebs davalebis<br />
moTxovnaTa erT nawils;<br />
2 qulaQ _ asrulebs, magram elementarul donezec ver akmayofulebs<br />
msjeloba:<br />
5 qulaQ _<br />
ULA<br />
davalebis moTxovnaTa umetesobas.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #7 _ teqstSi xasiaTebis, movlenebis Sesaxeb<br />
studenti yovelTvis axerxebs personaJebis an movlenebis<br />
Sesaxeb sakuTari azris gamoTqmas;<br />
4 qulaQ _ studenti xSirad axerxebs personaJebis an movlenebis<br />
Sesaxeb sakuTari azris gamoTqmas;<br />
3 qulaQ _ studenti zogjer axerxebs personaJebis an movlenebis<br />
Sesaxeb sakuTari azris gamoTqmas;<br />
2 qulaQ _ studenti ver axerxebs/minimalur doneze axerxebs<br />
personaJebis an movlenebis Sesaxeb sakuTari azris<br />
gamoTqmas.<br />
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Sefasebis rubrika #8 _ teqstis Sinaarsis gageba:<br />
5 qula _QULA students SeuZlia mTliani teqstis an misi calkeuli<br />
nawilis, rogorc dasrulebuli erTeulis, zogadi da<br />
detaluri Sinaarsis sruli gageba da aRqma;<br />
4 qulaQ_Q students SeuZlia mTliani teqstis an misi calkeuli<br />
nawilis, rogorc dasrulebuli erTeulis, zogadi da<br />
detaluri Sinaarsis nawilobrivi gageba da aRqma;<br />
3 qulaQ_Q students SeuZlia mTliani teqstis an misi calkeuli<br />
nawilis, rogorc dasrulebuli erTeulis, zogadi da<br />
detaluri Sinaarsis minimalur doneze gageba da aRqma;<br />
2 qulaQ_Q students ar SeuZlia mTliani teqstis an misi calkeuli<br />
nawilis, rogorc dasrulebuli erTeulis, zogadi da<br />
detaluri Sinaarsis gageba da aRqma.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #9 qveteqstis gageba:<br />
5 qulaQUA_Q students SeuZlia qveteqstis saSualebiT gadmocemuli<br />
ideis sruli gageba-gaazreba;<br />
4 qulaQ _Q students SeuZlia qveteqstis saSualebiT gadmocemuli<br />
ideis nawilobriv gageba-gaazreba;<br />
3 qulaQ_Q students SeuZlia qveteqstis saSualebiT gadmocemuli<br />
ideis minimalur doneze gageba-gaazreba;<br />
2 qulaQ_ students ar SeuZlia qveteqstis saSualebiT gadmocemuli<br />
ideis gageba-gaazreba.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #10 teqstis Sejameba:<br />
5 qulaQU_LA studenti axerxebs daskvnebis gamotanasa da teqstis<br />
srul Sejamebas;<br />
4 qulaQ_ studenti axerxebs daskvnebis gamotanasa da teqstis<br />
nawilobriv Sejamebas;<br />
3 qulaQ_ studenti axerxebs daskvnebis gamotanasa da teqstis<br />
minimalur doneze Sejamebas;<br />
2 qulaQ studenti ver axerxebs daskvnebis gamotanasa da teqstis<br />
Sejamebas.<br />
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Sefasebis rubrika #11 teqstis dakavSireba cxovrebiseul<br />
gamocdilebasTan:<br />
5 qulaQ_UL students SeuZlia teqstis dakavSireba sakuTar<br />
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasa Tu winare literaturul<br />
codnasTan;<br />
4 qulaQ_ students SeuZlia teqstis sakuTar cxovrebiseul<br />
gamocdilebasa Tu winare literaturul codnasTan<br />
nawilobrivi dakavSireba;<br />
3 qulaQ_ students SeuZlia teqstis sakuTar cxovrebiseul<br />
gamocdilebasa Tu winare literaturul codnasTan<br />
minimalur doneze dakavSireba;<br />
2 qulaQ_ students ar SeuZlia teqstis sakuTar cxovrebiseul<br />
gamocdilebasa Tu winare literaturul codnasTan<br />
minimalur doneze dakavSireba.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #12 teqstis interpretacia<br />
a) avtoris Canafiqris amocnoba:<br />
5 qulaQUL_A students SeuZlia mTavari ideis, problemis, avtoris<br />
Canafiqris amocnoba, gaazreba, misi poziciis srulad<br />
Sefaseba;<br />
4 qulaQ_ students nawilobriv SeuZlia mTavari ideis, problemis,<br />
avtoris Canafiqris amocnoba da gaazreba, misi poziciis<br />
Sefaseba;<br />
3 qulaQ_ students minimalur doneze SeuZlia mTavari ideis,<br />
problemis, avtoris Canafiqris amocnoba da gaazreba,<br />
misi poziciis Sefaseba;<br />
2 qulaQ_ students ar SeuZlia mTavari ideis, problemis, avtoris<br />
Canafiqris amocnoba da gaazreba, misi poziciis<br />
Sefaseba.<br />
b) sakuTari poziciis gamoxatva:<br />
5 qula _ students SeuZlia mTavari ideis, problemis mimarT<br />
sakuTari poziciis damajereblad gamoxatva;<br />
4 qula _ students SeuZlia mTavari ideis, problemis mimarT<br />
sakuTari poziciis kargad gamoxatva;<br />
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3 qula _ studenti mTavari ideis, problemis mimarT sakuTar<br />
pozicias aradamajereblad gamoxatavs;<br />
2 qula _ students ar SeuZlia mTavari ideis, problemis mimarT<br />
sakuTari poziciis gamoxatva.<br />
g) enobriv- gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis povna:<br />
5 qula _ students SeuZlia teqstSi yvela enobriv-<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis povna da maTi<br />
dakavSireba avtoris CanafiqrTan;<br />
4 qula _ moswavles SeuZlia teqstSi ramdenime enobriv-<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebis povna da maTi dakavSireba<br />
avtoris CanafiqrTan;<br />
3 qula _ moswavles SeuZlia teqstSi enobriv _ gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebebis povna, magram ver akavSirebs maT avtoris<br />
CanafiqrTan;<br />
2 qula _ moswavles ar SeuZlia teqstSi enobriv-<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis povna.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #13 teqstis tipis da saxis dadgena:<br />
5 qula _ students SeuZlia amoicnos teqstis tipic da saxec;<br />
4 qula _ students SeuZlia amoicnos erT-erTi _ teqstis tipi an<br />
saxe;<br />
3 qula _ studenti cdilobs amoicnos teqstis tipi an saxe,<br />
magram mcdar pasuxs gvawvdis;<br />
2 qula _ studentma ar icis, rogor daadginos teqstis tipi an<br />
saxe.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #14 araliteraturuli teqstis gageba:<br />
a) klasifikacia:<br />
5 qula _ students SeuZlia raime konkretuli niSniT movlenebisa<br />
Tu faqtebis sruli klasifikacia;<br />
4 qula _ students SeuZlia movlenebisa da faqtebis nawilobrivi<br />
klasifikacia;<br />
3 qula _ students SeuZlia movlenebisa da faqtebis minimalur<br />
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doneze klasifikacia;<br />
2 qula _ students ar SeuZlia movlenebisa da faqtebis minimalur<br />
doneze klasifikacia.<br />
b) SekiTxvebis dasma:<br />
5 qula _ students SeuZlia teqstis irgvliv ramdenime iseTi<br />
SekiTxvis dasma, romlebic moiTxovs analizsa da<br />
msjelobas;<br />
4 qula _ students SeuZlia teqstis irgvliv minimum erTi<br />
SekiTxvis dasma, romelzec pasuxis gacemac moiTxovs<br />
analitikur msjelobas;<br />
3 qula _ students SeuZlia teqstis irgvliv mxolod faqtobrivi<br />
SekiTxvebis dasma;<br />
2 qula _ students ar SeuZlia teqstis irgvliv SekiTxvebis<br />
dasma.<br />
g) kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema:<br />
5 qula _ students SeuZlia teqstis irgvliv dasmul<br />
Sinaarsobriv-faqtobrivi da qveteqstis-konceptualuri<br />
saxis yvela SekiTxvaze srulyofili pasuxis gacema, rac<br />
avlens mis analitikuri azrovnebis da logikuri<br />
msjelobis unars;<br />
4 qula _ students SeuZlia teqstis irgvliv dasmul ramdenime<br />
SekiTxvaze srulyofili pasuxis gacema, rac nawilobriv<br />
avlens mis analitikuri azrovnebis da logikuri<br />
msjelobis unars;<br />
3 qula _ students SeuZlia teqstis irgvliv mxolod<br />
Sinaarsobriv - faqtobriv SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema;<br />
2 qula _ students ar SeuZlia teqstis irgvliv dasmul<br />
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema.<br />
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mimarTuleba - mosmena<br />
Sefasebis rubrika №15 mosmenis unar-Cvevebis Sesafaseba:<br />
5 qulaQ_U LA amoicnobs zogad შinaarss;<br />
amoicnobs teqstSi gadmocemuli informaciis<br />
umetes nawils;<br />
asrulebs TiTqmis yvela mosasmen aqtivobas.<br />
4 qulaQ_ amoicnobs zogad Sinaarss;<br />
amoicnobs teqstSi gadmocemuli informaciis didi<br />
nawils;<br />
gadauWreli rCeba mosasmeni amocanebidan yvelaze<br />
rTuli;<br />
efeqturad iyenebs strategiebs; avlens<br />
mixvedrilobas, logikur azrovnebas.<br />
3 qulaQ_ nawilobrivad amoicnobs gadmocemul informacias;<br />
asrulebs mosasmeni amocanebis naxevars;<br />
strategiebs iyenebs, magram araefeqturad, an<br />
ubralod ar yofnis leqsikuri maragi.<br />
2 qulaQ _ ver asrulebs mosasmen amocanebs;<br />
amoicnobs mxolod calkeul sityvebs.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika №16 teqstis tipi: dialogi.<br />
5 qulaQUL_A orjer mosmeniT srulad igebs saubris konteqstsa<br />
da Temas;<br />
amoicnobs Tanamosaubreebs, saubris konkretul<br />
detalebs, intonaciiT gamoxatul emociebs;<br />
arCevs Tavazian da familarul formebs.<br />
4 qula _Q orjer mosmeniT nawilobriv igebs saubris<br />
konteqstsa da Temas;<br />
amoicnobs Tanamosaubreebs, saubris konkretul<br />
detalebs, intonaciiT gamoxatul emociebs;<br />
arCevs Tavazian da familarul formebs.<br />
3 qulaQ_ orjer mosmeniT minimalur doneze igebs saubris<br />
konteqsts, saubris Temas, amoicnobs<br />
Tanamosaubreebs;<br />
uWirs intonaciiT gamoxatuli emociebis Tavaziani<br />
da familaruli formebis garCeva.<br />
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2 qulaQ_ orjer mosmeniT Zalian uWirs saubris Temis,<br />
Tanamosaubreebis, saubris konkretuli detalebis gageba,<br />
etiketis Tavaziani formebis garCeva.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika №17 teqstis tipi: aRweriTi teqsti<br />
5 qulaQULA orjer mosmeniT srulad amoicnobs sagans/pirovnebas,<br />
mis yvela niSan-Tvisebas, adgilmdebareobas;<br />
4 qulaQ orjer mosmeniT nawilobriv amoicnobs sagans/pirovnebas,<br />
mis yvela niSan-Tvisebas, adgilmdebareobas;<br />
3 qulaQ orjer mosmeniT minimalur doneze amoicnobs aRweril<br />
sagans/daxasiaTebul pirovnebas, mis niSan-Tvisebebs,<br />
adgilmdebareobas;<br />
2 qulaQ orjer mosmeniT Zalian uWirs aRwerili<br />
sagnis/daxasiaTebuli pirovnebis niSan-Tvisebebis,<br />
adgilmdebareobis, adgilsamyofelis amocnoba.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika №18 teqstis tipi: naratiuli (TxrobiTi teqsti):<br />
5 qulaQ_ULA orjer mosmeniT srulad amoicnobs zogad Sinaarss,<br />
yvela personaJs, maT qmedebebsa da konkretul detalebs;<br />
4 qulaQ_ orjer mosmeniT nawilobriv amoicnobs zogad Sinaarss,<br />
personaJebs, maT qmedebebsa da konkretul detalebs;<br />
3 qulaQ_ orjer mosmeniT minimalur doneze amoicnobs zogad<br />
Sinaarss, personaJebs, maT qmedebebs an konkretul<br />
detalebs;<br />
2 qulaQ_ orjer mosmeniT zogadi Sinaarsis, personaJebis da<br />
konkretuli detalebis amocnobas ver axerxebs.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika #19 mimarTuleba – werilobiTi teqstis Sedgena.<br />
a) sityvebis raodenoba:<br />
5 qulaQU_LA teqsti ar scildeba miTiTebul farglebs (sityvebis<br />
dadgenil maqsimalur zRvars);<br />
4 qulaQ_ teqsti ar scildeba miTiTebul farglebs (sityvebis<br />
dadgenil minimalur zRvars) da mokled aris<br />
Sesrulebuli;<br />
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3 qulaQ_ teqsti scildeba miTiTebul farglebs (sityvebis<br />
dadgenil minimalur zRvars), teqsti enobrivad<br />
gaumarTavia, magram azris gageba SesaZlebelia;<br />
2 qulaQ_ teqsti scildeba miTiTebul farglebs (sityvebis<br />
b) organizeba:<br />
dadgenil minimalur zRvars), teqsti enobrivad<br />
gaumarTavia, azris gageba Wirs.<br />
5 qulaQU_LA naSromi kargadaa organizebuli da monakveTebs Soris<br />
daculia logikuri kavSirebi;<br />
4 qulaQ_ naSromi nawilobrivaa organizebuli da monakveTTa<br />
Soris daculia logikuri kavSirebi;<br />
3 qulaQ_ naSromi minimalur donezea organizebuli da monakveTTa<br />
Soris logikuri kavSirebi araa daculi;<br />
2 qulaQ naSromi ar aris organizebuli da monakveTTa Soris<br />
g) msjeloba:<br />
logikuri kavSirebi araa daculi.<br />
5 qulaQU_LA msjeloba kargad dasabuTebulia (argumentirebulia) da<br />
argumentebi gamyarebulia teqstobrivi masaliT;<br />
4 qulaQ_ msjeloba nawilobrivaa dasabuTebuli (argumentirebuli)<br />
da argumentebi nawilobrivaa gamyarebuli teqstobrivi<br />
masaliT;<br />
3 qulaQ_ msjeloba nawilobrivaa dasabuTebuli<br />
(argumentirebuli), magram argumentebi araa gamyarebuli<br />
teqstobrivi masaliT;<br />
2 qulaQ_ msjeloba araa dasabuTebuli (argumentirebuli).<br />
d) gageba:<br />
5 qulaQ_ teqsti adekvaturadaa gagebuli, naSromSi ar aris<br />
daSvebuli arc erTi faqtobrivi Secdoma;<br />
4 qulaQ_ teqsti adekvaturadaa gagebuli da naSromSi daSvebulia<br />
erTi faqtobrivi Secdoma;<br />
3 qulaQ_ calkeul SemTxvevebSi teqsti araadekvaturadaa<br />
gagebuli.<br />
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2 qulaQ_ teqsti mTlianad araadekvaturadaa gagebuli.<br />
e) damoukidebeli azrovneba:<br />
5 qulaQ_ Sedgenil teqstSi mkafiod gamovlinda studentis<br />
damoukidebeli azrovnebis unari, SexedulebaTa da<br />
SefasebaTa araSablonuroba da fonuri codna;<br />
4 qulaQ_ Sedgenil teqstSi nawilobriv gamovlinda studentis<br />
damoukidebeli azrovnebis unari, SexedulebaTa da<br />
SefasebaTa araSablonuroba da fonuri codna;<br />
3 qulaQ_ Sedgenil teqstSi minimalur doneze gamovlinda<br />
studentis damoukidebeli azrovnebis unari,<br />
SexedulebaTa da SefasebaTa araSablonuroba da fonuri<br />
codna;<br />
2 qulaQ_ Sedgenil teqstSi ar gamovlinda studentis<br />
v) stili:<br />
damoukidebeli azrovnebis unari, SexedulebaTa da<br />
SefasebaTa araSablonuroba da fonuri codna.<br />
5 qulaQ_ naSromSi azri enobrivad (leqsikurad) zustad da<br />
mkafiodaa gamoxatuli, SerCeulia dasmuli amocanis<br />
Sesaferisi stili, agreTve daculia naSromis<br />
stilisturi erTgvarovneba;<br />
4 qulaQ_ naSromSi azri enobrivad (leqsikurad) zustad da<br />
mkafiodaa gamoxatuli, SerCeulia dasaxuli amocanis<br />
Sesaferisi stili, agreTve nawilobriv daculia<br />
naSromis stilisturi erTgvarovneba, gvxvdeba oriode<br />
stilisturi xarvezi;<br />
3 qulaQ_ naSromSi azri gasagebia, gvxvdeba ramdenime stilisturi<br />
xarvezi;<br />
2 qulaQ_ calkeul SemTxvevebSi naSromSi azri bundovania,<br />
gvxvdeba araadekvaturi leqsika da/an Txzuleba<br />
stilisturad gaumarTavia.<br />
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z) sintaqsi:<br />
5 qula _ naSromSi daSvebulia mxolod erTi sintaqsuri Secdoma;<br />
4 qula _ naSromSi daSvebulia maqsimum sami sintaqsuri Secdoma;<br />
3 qula _ naSromSi daSvebulia maqsimum xuTi sintaqsuri Secdoma;<br />
2 qula _ naSromSi daSvebulia xuTze meti sintaqsuri Secdoma.<br />
T) morfologia:<br />
5 qula _ daSvebulia erTidan eqvsamde morfologiis,<br />
orTografiis da punqtuaciis tipis Secdoma;<br />
4 qula _ daSvebulia eqvsidan aTamde morfologiis, orTografiis<br />
da punqtuaciis tipis Secdoma;<br />
3 qula _ daSvebulia aTidan Tormetamde morfologiis,<br />
orTografiis da punqtuaciis tipis Secdoma;<br />
2 qula _ daSvebulia Tormetze meti morfologiis, orTografiis<br />
da punqtuaciis tipis Secdoma.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika №20 zepiri teqstis Sedgena:<br />
a) leqsika:<br />
5 qula _ studentis leqsika mdidaria da mravalferovania;<br />
Secdomebis raodenoba Zalian mcirea;<br />
4 qula _ studentis leqsika kargia; pasuxobs moTxovnebs, Tumca<br />
aris sityvebis araadekvaturad gamoyenebis ramdenime<br />
SemTxveva;<br />
3 qula _ studentis leqsika erTferovania, ZiriTadad martivia.<br />
xSiria sityvebis araadekvaturad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi;<br />
2 qula _ studentis leqsika metad erTferovania, martivi da/an<br />
araadekvaturia.<br />
b) gramatikuli struqtura:<br />
5 qulaQ_ULA studenti iyenebs mdidar da mravalferovan gramatikul<br />
struqturebs; Secdomebis raodenoba Zalian mcirea;<br />
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4 qulaQ_ studenti iyenebs saSualo sirTulis gramatikul<br />
struqturebs; periodulad uSvebs gramatikul Secdomebs,<br />
Tumca es xels ar uSlis azris gagebas;<br />
3 qulaQ_ studenti monacvleobiT iyenebs saSualo sirTulis da<br />
martiv gramatikul struqturebs; gramatikuli Secdomebi,<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi, xels uSlis azris gagebas;<br />
2 qulaQ_ studenti iyenebs martiv gramatikul struqturebs;<br />
g) fonetika:<br />
gramatikuli Secdomebi umeteswilad xels uSlis azris<br />
gagebas.<br />
5 qulaQU_LA bgerebi sworia; maxvili, intonacia da ritmi –<br />
Tanmimdevruli;<br />
4 qulaQ_ bgerebi umeteswilad sworia; maxvili, intonacia da<br />
ritmi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tanmimdevrulia;<br />
3 qulaQ_ bgerebi, umeteswilad ar aris swori. maxvili, intonacia<br />
da ritmi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ar aris Tanmimdevruli;<br />
2 qulaQ_ warmoTqmis Secdomebi sistemuria, rac xels uSlis<br />
azris gagebas.<br />
Sefasebis rubrika saSualebas aZlevs leqtors gaazrebuli<br />
hqondes, risTvis afasebs students _ misi ganviTarebis xelSeწyobis<br />
mizniT Tu mxolod misi miRwevis donis dasadgenad moTxovnebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. Tu igi ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas mimarTavs, maSin arsebiT<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens problemebis dafiqsireba da gaanalizeba saswavlo<br />
procesis ukeT dasagegmad, agreTve studentebisTvis ufro qmediTi<br />
daxmarebis gasawevad.<br />
mniSvnelovania Sefasebis komponentis Sesabamisi kriteriumebis<br />
dadgena. magaliTad, Kkomponenti – damoukidebeli muSaoba SeiZleba<br />
Sefasdes Semdegi kriteriumebiT:<br />
– biblioTekiT sargeblobis sixSire/intensivoba;<br />
– internetresursebis moZiebis da daxarisxebis xarisxi;<br />
– damoukidebeli muSaobiT Sesrulebuli teqstis demonstrirebis<br />
xarisxi.<br />
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amrigad, studentis Sefasebis erTi standartuli sqema ar arsebobs.<br />
zemoT warmodgenili <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Sefasebis<br />
nimuSebi warmoadgens teqstobrivi aqtivobebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli<br />
elementebis <strong>swavla</strong>/swavlebis farglebSi gaweril maxasiaTeblebs<br />
sxvadasxva donis studentebisTvis. Sefasebis rubrikebis Sedgenis dros<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo maTi mimarTeba saswavlo miznebsa da Sefasebis<br />
moTxovnebTan _ sandooba, validuroba da gamWvirvaloba.<br />
$2 kvlevis Sedegebis Sefaseba<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis sandoobisa da efeqturobis dasadgenad,<br />
mizanSewonilad miviCnieT eqsperimentis Catareba. eqsperimenti, rogorc<br />
`mecnieruli kvlevis meTodi, dafuZnebulia procesis an movlenis arsze,<br />
am procesis maxasiaTeblis regulirebasa da Sefasebaze” (gobroniZe<br />
2000:371). eqsperimentis Sedegis obieqturobisaTvis avirCieT variantuli<br />
eqsperimenti, romelic `saSualebas iZleva SemoqmedebiT kvlevaSi erTi<br />
da igive hipoTeza Semowmdes sxvadasxva processa da viTarebaSi”<br />
(Цетлина 1976:102).<br />
SevimuSaveT eqsperimentis programa.<br />
eqsperimentis mizani: <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis da Sefasebis SerCeuli meTodebis, formebis,<br />
aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT miRweuli Sedegebis efeqturobis Sefaseba.<br />
eqsperimentis hipoTeza: <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
gansazRvra da maTi miRwevisaTvis SerCeuli <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis, Sefasebis<br />
formebi, meTodebi, aqtivobebi xels Seuwyobs saswavlo miznis<br />
Sesrulebisadmi interesis amaRlebas, Seamcirebs aqtivobis Sesrulebaze<br />
daxarjul dros; ganapirobebs swavlis Sedegebis xarisxianobas.<br />
eqsperimentis amocanebi:<br />
1. eqsperimentis Casatarebeli procesis organizeba;<br />
2. eqsperimentisaTvis nimuSebis, modelebis, sqemebis Sedgena;<br />
3. eqsperimentis warmarTva da Sedegebis gaanalizeba.<br />
pirveli amocanis gansaxorcieleblad Camoyalibda saeqsperimento<br />
da sakontrolo jgufebi (SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />
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inglisuri enisa da lietraturis specialobis mesame da meoTxe kursebi.<br />
studentTa raodenoba _ 60).<br />
eqsperimenti warimarTa dekanatis mier daSvebuli saerTo saswavlo<br />
ganrigiT (cxrili). raime damatebiTi mecadineoba an damatebiTi xarjebi<br />
da datvirTva saWiro ar yofila. Eeqsperimenti mimdinareobda saswavlo<br />
auditoriaSi, biblioTekaSi.<br />
meore amocanis gadasawyvetad SevimuSaveT leqciebis, seminarebis,<br />
damoukidebeli muSaobis nimuSebi, sqemebi, Mmodelebi.<br />
mesame amocanis Tanaxmad, eqsperiments warmarTavda doqtoranti. mis<br />
mier SeirCa ori asistent-eqsperimentatori – erTi kolega maswavlebeli<br />
da erTi studenti, romelTac periodulad utardebodaT instruqtaJi<br />
eqsperimentis msvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
eqsperimentis Sedegebi warmovadgineT cxrilebis, sqemebis saxiT.<br />
analizi gakeTda etapobrivad: I. sawyis mdgomareobaSi; II. ori Tvis<br />
Semdeg; III. saboloo Sedegi.<br />
eqsperimentis Catarebis dro: 2009-2010 saswavlo weli<br />
eqsperimentis variantebi:<br />
I varianti _ <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong> leqciis procesSi;<br />
II varianti _ <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis miRweuli donis demonstrireba seminaruli<br />
mecadineobis dros;<br />
III varianti _ <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebiT miRweuli<br />
Sedegebis gamoyeneba gamoyofili damoukidebeli kreditebis<br />
aTvisebisaTvis gansaxorcielebel saqmianobaSi.<br />
hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis SerCeuli efeqturobis maCveneblebi:<br />
saswavlo amocanis Sesrulebisadmi interesi;<br />
aqtovobis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli dro;<br />
miRweuli kompetenciis gamoyenebis xarisxi.<br />
SerCeuli maxasiaTeblebi saSualebas iZleoda studentis<br />
konkretul qmedebaze dakvirvebisa da am konkretuli qmedebis gazomva-<br />
SefasebisaTvis.<br />
143
vixelmZRvaneleT ganaTlebis didaqtikaSi (Скаткин 1975, Лернер 1980,<br />
Махмутов 1975, Цетлина 1976, Громцева 1978) gansazRvruli codnis, unar-<br />
Cvevebis xarisxis maCvenebelTa mixedviT _ codnis sisrule da siRrme,<br />
operatiuloba da moqniloba, konkretuloba da zogadoba, gacnobiereba,<br />
simtkice da sistematuroba.<br />
codnis sisrule ganisazRvreba Sesaswavli obieqtis Sesaxeb codnis<br />
moculobiT, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia silabusiT. konkretuli<br />
codnis siRrmes axasiaTebs mecnieruli kavSiri sxva Sesabamis codnasTan.<br />
codnis operatiuloba iTvaliswinebs Semsruleblis mzadyofnasa da<br />
SesaZleblobas _ gamoiyenos igi Sesaferis da sxvadasxvanair variantul<br />
situaciaSi: codna gamoiyenos uSualod, moqmedebis zusti<br />
Tanmimdevrobis dacviT. codnis gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia wesebis<br />
konkretul codnasTan, romelic iZleva moqmedebebisa da maTi<br />
Tanmimdevrobis axsnis, agreTve, arsebuli codnis konkretuli<br />
situaciisaTvis ganzogadebis saSualebas. codnis moqniloba gamoixateba<br />
variantuli saSualebebis swraf povnasa da misi sxva TvalsazrisiTac<br />
gamoyenebaSi. codnis moqnilobis maCvenebelia agreTve erTi da igive<br />
situaciisaTvis ramdenime variantis SeTavazebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
moqniloba vlindeba operatiulobaSi, magram operatiuloba yovelTvis<br />
ar niSnavs moqnilobas.<br />
konkretuloba da ganzogadeba mJRavndeba zogadi codnis<br />
konkretulobis aRmoCenebSi. Semecnebis procesi Tavdapirvelad<br />
varaudobs konkretulobas. codnis aRqmis dros adamiani ecnoba<br />
konkretul faqtebs. codnis Secnoba gamoixateba codnis miRebis gzebis<br />
moZiebasa da misi gamoyenebis ostatobaSi. codnis simtkice niSnavs mis<br />
didxans damaxsovrebas da saWiro SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebas. codnis<br />
sistematuroba gulisxmobs codnis miRebas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze,<br />
rac codnas garkveuls da mizanmimarTuls xdis. codnis unar-Cvevebis<br />
yvela xarisxs Soris aris gansazRvruli kavSiri. TiToeuli xarisxi<br />
saqmianobas specifikur xasiaTs aZlevs. isini avseben erTmaneTs.<br />
srulyofili codnis, unar-Cvevebis xarisxis formirebisaTvis<br />
saWiroa saTanado pedagogiuri pirobebi, romlis drosac TiToeuli<br />
studenti SeZlebs mis dauflebasa da gamoyenebas.<br />
144
saswavlo miznis Sesrulebisadmi interesi vlindeba saswavlo<br />
amocanis SesrulebaSi monawileTa raodenobiT. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi<br />
leqciaSi CarTuloba studentis surviliT da ara miTiTebiTa da mkacri<br />
moTxovniT.<br />
აqtivobaze daxarjuli dro mcirea, Tu students kargad aqvs<br />
gaTviTcnobierebuli saswavlo mizani, flobs aqtivobis Sesrulebis<br />
teqnologias.<br />
miRweuli kompetenciis gamoyenebis xarisxis maxasiaTeblad<br />
miviCnieT silabusiT gaTvaliswinebuli saswavlo kursis Sesatyvisad<br />
studentis mier aTvisebuli masalis sisrule, siRrme, mzadyofna _<br />
gamoiyenos SeZenili codna msgavs da variantul situaciaSi, mocemuli<br />
momentisaTvis saWiro moqmedebis SerCeva da gamoyeneba zogad da<br />
konkretul codnaTa Soris kavSiris dasamyareblad, kompetenciis<br />
miRwevisaTvis aqtivobebis damaxsovreba da gamoyeneba sxva situaciaSi.<br />
gansxvavebiT funqciuri (functional), struqturuli (structural),<br />
gramatikuli (gramatical), situaciuri (situational), leqsikuri (lexical) da a.S.<br />
silabusebisagan, <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlisTvis, Cveni<br />
TvalsazrisiT, yevlaze misaRebia <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> (text-based)<br />
silabusis gamoyeneba. <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> silabusi Seicavs<br />
sxvadasxva saxis silabusebis elementebs, magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, is<br />
Sesaswavl enas warmoadgens, rogorc garkveul socialur konteqstSi<br />
gamosayenebel teqsts. Eenis <strong>swavla</strong>s studenti ganaxorcielebs<br />
teqstebTan muSaobiT. silabusis teqsti moicavs iseT teqstebs, romlebic<br />
asaxavs enis SemswavlelTa moTxovnebs, anu im socialur konteqsts,<br />
romelSic moxvedra maT surT.<br />
`<strong>teqstebze</strong> orientirebul silabusSi <strong>ucxouri</strong> ena warmodgenilia<br />
teqstis saxiT, romelic CarTulia socialur konteqstSi, romelSic is<br />
gamoiyeneba. igulisxmeba, rom pirovneba ucxour enas swavlobs<br />
teqstebTan muSaobiT. meTodologia efuZneba <strong>swavla</strong>/swavlebis models,<br />
romelSic enis Semswavleli iRebs informacias teqstebis Sesaxeb~ (Feez<br />
2010:64).<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> silabusi moicavs 5 fazas. pirveli<br />
faza: konteqstis ageba. am etapze studentebs acnoben Sesaswavli teqstis<br />
145
tipis avTenturi modelis socialur konteqsts. is ikvlevs zogad<br />
kulturul konteqsts romelSic teqstis tipi gamoiyeneba, da socialur<br />
miznebs, romelTa miRwevasac teqstis tipi emsaxureba; situaciis uSualo<br />
konteqsts, im teqstis modelis Janris kvleviT, romelic specialurad<br />
iqna SerCeuli studentis saWiroebebis analizis safuZvelze.<br />
meore faza: teqstis modelireba da dekonstruireba. studentebi<br />
ikvleven samodelo teqstis struqturul Taviseburebebs da enobriv<br />
niSan-Tvisebebs; adareben mocemul models imave tipis sxva magaliTebs.<br />
mesame faza: teqstis erToblivi konstruireba. studentebi muSaoben<br />
jgufebSi, ageben teqstis sqemas, struqturas.<br />
meoTxe faza: teqstis damoukidebeli ageba. studentebi<br />
individualurad muSaoben da ageben mocemuli struqturis Sesabamis<br />
models.<br />
mexuTe faza: momijnave teqstebTan dakavSireba. `studentebi<br />
ikvleven, rogor SeiZleba daukavSiron miRebuli codna sxva teqstebs<br />
imave an msgavs konteqstSi; agreTve, maT mier adre Seswavlil an<br />
momavalSi Sesaswavl sagnebs an movlenebs~ (Feez..2010:64).<br />
gTavazobT <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis kursisTvis <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> silabusis ZiriTad Tematikas.<br />
am kursis farglebSi studentebi gaiazreben im rols, romelic<br />
teqstebs ganekuTvneba <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis Seswavlis farglebSi.<br />
silabusi moicavs Semdeg Tematikas:<br />
<strong>ucxouri</strong> enis <strong>swavla</strong>/swavlebis farglebSi misaRwevi <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi;<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Sefasebis kriteriumebi;<br />
cneba „teqstis~ codna da gacnobiereba;<br />
teqstebis saxeebisa da tipebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi;<br />
sxvadasxva saxis teqstis struqturis Semadgeneli elementebi;<br />
teqstis kvlevis aspeqtebi;<br />
sxvadasxva saxis teqstis enobrivi, stilisturi analizi;<br />
teqstis interpretacia da kritikuli analizis safuZvlebi;<br />
sxvadasxva saxis teqstis werilobiTi da zepiri nimuSebis Sedgena;<br />
146
teqstTan damoukidebeli muSaobis kompetenciis Camoyalibeba.<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca damoukidebeli muSaobis<br />
kreditebis aTvisebis process: droSi organizeba, prioritetis SerCeva,<br />
vadebis dacva, SeZenili codnis, unaris, gamocdilebis gamoyeneba axali<br />
codnis SesaZenad an SeZenili codnis gasamdidreblad.<br />
damoukideblad ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis Sedegebis mosmena<br />
xdeboda leqciasa da seminarze, sadac kargad warmoCnda _ ra icis, ras<br />
miaRwia da risi demonstrireba SeuZlia students.<br />
seminarebisaTvis studentebs miecaT davalebebi ZiriTadi<br />
problemis specifikuri aspeqtis Sesaxeb prezentaciis momzadebisa da<br />
Catarebisa. waxalisebuli iyo kiTxvebis dasma msmenelebisagan da<br />
diskusiebSi monawileoba.<br />
saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebs miecaT silabusiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli erTnairi davaleba. saeqsperimento jgufSi<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/<strong>swavla</strong> mimdinareobda doqtorantis mier Sedgenili masalebiT,<br />
xolo sakontrolo jgufSi _ Zveli masaliT.<br />
eqsperimentis Sedegebi aisaxa cxrilebSi; maTi analizis Sedegad<br />
miviReT monacemebi, romelic gaecno rogorc saeqsperimento, aseve<br />
sakontrolo jgufebis studentebs da pedagogebs. Sedegebi maT mier<br />
aRiarebul iqna.<br />
eqsperimentSi monawileobda 60 studenti. warmogidgenT<br />
eqsperimentis Sedegebs cxrilebis saxiT.<br />
cxrili N#11<br />
saswavlo amocanis Sesrulebisadmi interesi/leqciebSi CarTuli<br />
studentebis raodenoba - eqsperimentuli jgufis monacemebi<br />
eqsperimentis eqsperimentis Eeqsperimentis<br />
I etapi<br />
II etapi<br />
gamowveva 20 34 40<br />
Sinaarsis realizeba 30 37 48<br />
refleqsia 34 40 51<br />
III etapi<br />
147
cxrili N#11 1<br />
saswavlo amocanis Sesrulebisadmi interesi/leqciebSi CarTuli<br />
studentebis raodenoba - sakontrolo jgufis monacemebi<br />
I etapi II etapi III etapi<br />
gamowveva 17 18 18<br />
Sinaarsis realizeba 20 20 20<br />
refleqsia 23 24 25<br />
grafiki # 16<br />
saswavlo amocanis Sesrulebisadmi interesi/leqciebSi CarTuli<br />
studentebis raodenoba (procentebSi) – sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli<br />
jgufis monacemebi.<br />
cxrili N#12<br />
seminarze sakuTari naSromis demonstrirebis msurveli studentebi<br />
- eqsperimentuli jgufis monacemebi<br />
eqsperimentis<br />
daswyisi<br />
I etapi<br />
eqsperimentis<br />
II etapis Sedegebi<br />
Eqsperimentis<br />
III etapis Sedegebi<br />
20 48 52<br />
148
cxrili N#12 1<br />
seminarze sakuTari naSromis demonstrirebis msurveli studentebi<br />
- sakontrolo jgufis monacemebi<br />
I etapi II etapi III etapi<br />
20 30 35<br />
grafiki # 17<br />
seminarze sakuTari naSromis demonstrirebis msurveli studentebi<br />
(procentebSi) – sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufis minacemebi<br />
cxrili N#13<br />
aqtivobis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli dro (saSualod, wuTebiT) –<br />
eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo jgufebis monacemebi<br />
eqsperimentuli<br />
jgufi<br />
sakontrolo<br />
jgufi<br />
eqsperimentis<br />
dasawyisi<br />
I etapi<br />
eqsperimentis<br />
II etapis<br />
Sedegebi<br />
eqsperimentis<br />
III etapis<br />
Sedegebi<br />
20-22 15-16 5-8<br />
20-25 19-20 19-20<br />
149
cxrili N#14<br />
miRweuli kompetenciis gamoyenebis xarisxi - eqsperimentuli jgufi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi eqsperimentis<br />
kompetenciis gamoyeneba<br />
saswavlo procesSi<br />
kompetenciis gamoyeneba<br />
damoukidebeli kreditebis<br />
aTvisebisaTvis<br />
1) biblioTekaSi muSaoba<br />
2)internetresursebze<br />
muSaoba<br />
kompetenciis misaRwevi<br />
aqtivobis damaxsovreba da<br />
gamoyeneba garkveuli<br />
drois Semdeg<br />
kompetenciis gamoyeneba<br />
axali codnis misaRebad<br />
sxva saganSi<br />
I etapi<br />
eqsperimentis<br />
II etapi<br />
eqsperimentis<br />
III etapi<br />
3 19 38<br />
4<br />
5<br />
22<br />
27<br />
40<br />
40<br />
9 26 37<br />
5 17 36<br />
grafiki N#18<br />
miRweuli kompetenciis gamoyenebis xarisxi - eqsperimentuli jgufis<br />
monacemebi (procentebSi)<br />
150
eqsperimentis Sedegebis warmodgenili raodenobrivi analizi<br />
naTelyofs eqsperimentul jgufSi kompetenciaTa gamoyenebis<br />
xarisxobriv zrdas.<br />
eqsperimentma daadastura, rom <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia rogorc leqcia-seminarebis,<br />
aseve studentTa damoukidebeli muSaobis procesSi. gansakuTrebiT<br />
efeqturia misi gamoyeneba aqtiur leqciaze, praqtikuli savarjiSoebis<br />
da internetresursebis moZieba-daxarisxebis procesSi. Aamdenad,<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> CarTva <strong>ucxouri</strong> enis saswavlo<br />
kursis SinaarsSi aamaRlebs swavlebis Sedegebis xarisxs.<br />
gansakuTrebuli mxardaWeriT aRiniSna, rom <strong>kompetenciebis</strong><br />
gansazRvrasTan erTad, mocemuli iyo misi <strong>swavla</strong>/swavlebis formebi,<br />
meTodebi, aqtivobebis aRwera da gamoyenebis nimuSebi, ramac ganapiroba<br />
dadebiTi, efeqturi Sedegebis miRweva.<br />
Aaqtivobebze daxarjuli drois SemowmebiT dadginda _ <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> procesi ar aris studentis datvirTvis<br />
momcveli, piriqiT, man xeli Seuwyo studentTa aqtiurobis xarisxis<br />
zrdas.<br />
eqsperimentis Sedegebma cxadyo, rom <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gansazRvra, <strong>swavla</strong>/swavlebisa da Sefasebis SerCeuli<br />
sistema uzrunvelyofs saswavlo amocanis Sesrulebisadmi studentTa<br />
interesis zrdas, amaRlebs leqciaze maTi aqtiurobis dones,<br />
ganapirobebs miRweuli kompetenciis gamoyenebas mocemul da axal<br />
situaciaSi axali codnis misaRebad.<br />
eqsperimentma daadastura hipoTeziT gaTvaliswinebuli varaudi.<br />
151
daskvnebi<br />
umaRles skolaSi <strong>ucxouri</strong> enebis swavlebis procesi mdgomareobs<br />
sami aspeqtis: swavlebis saSualebebis, saswavlo sagnis, <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis<br />
Sedegebis erTianobaSi, romelTa gamaerTianeblad gvevlineba teqsti.<br />
teqsti, rogorc ZiriTadi saswavlo resursi, uzrunvelyofs ganaTlebis<br />
sxvadaxva safexurze Sesabamisi saswavlo miznis ganxorcielebiT<br />
xarisxiani swavlis Sedegebis miRwevas:<br />
teqsti, rogorc lingvisturi kvlevis obieqti, lingvistTa<br />
gansxvavebul interpretacias iwvevs. lingvistebis erTi jgufi<br />
teqstad miiCnevs erT sityvas, saTaurs, frazas, winadadebas, aseve,<br />
mimikas, Jests da cekvas. meore jgufis azriT ki, teqsti aris<br />
umaRlesi donis enobrivi sametyvelo erTeuli, romelsac aqvs<br />
sakuTari Tema, grafikuli saxe, struqturuli da semantikuri<br />
mTlianoba, azrobrivi damTavrebuloba da sakomunikacio<br />
daniSnuleba.<br />
meoce saukunis 80–iani wlebidan swavlis procesi ZiriTadad aris<br />
dakavSirebuli teqstebTan. magram, gamomdinare iqidan, rom bolo<br />
sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, teqstisa da <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis<br />
cnebebma ganicada transformacia, studentebis akademiuri<br />
ganviTarebis bunebac mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. kerZod, gaCnda<br />
Tanamedrove teqstis mravalgvari modalobis _ internetiT<br />
moZiebuli, naklebad dakavSirebuli teqstebis, dinamiuri<br />
Setyobinebebis gagebis aucileblobac. adreuli<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebis umravlesoba ZiriTadad moicavda mxolod<br />
teqstebis nimuSebs. dRes saxelmZRvaneloebs aqvs multimodaluri<br />
forma.<br />
migvaCnia, rom saswavlo masalis miwodeba, iseve, rogorc swavlis<br />
Sedegebis Sefaseba, studentebis codnis kontroli mizanSewonilia<br />
xdebodes <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> davalebebis, konteqsturi<br />
informaciis gamoyenebiT da ara mxolod struqturuli sqemebis,<br />
sityvaTSeTanxmebebisa da winadadebebis meSveobiT.<br />
152
kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom moswavleTa da studentTa<br />
teqstebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis donis TviTSefaseba maRalia. magram<br />
arsebobs 32%-iani cdomileba moswavleTa da 19%-iani cdomileba<br />
studentebis teqstebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis TviTSefasebasa da<br />
realur dones Soris. winaaRmdegobaa teqstis Sesaxeb moswavleTa<br />
realur codnasa da saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebs Soris. umaRles<br />
skolaSi <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciis gamoyenebis<br />
gamocdileba arsebobs, magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gacnobierebuli<br />
ar aris <strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobiT misaRwevi Sedegebi, gaurkvevelia<br />
miznis misaRwevi saqmianobis formebi, gansazRvruli ar aris<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> muSaobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi, meTodebi.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gansazRvra, maTi CarTva<br />
saswavlo masalis SinaarsSi da asaxva <strong>teqstebze</strong> orientirebul<br />
silabusSi ganapirobebs misaRwevi Sedegebis gacnobierebas, miznis<br />
sicxades, saswavlo procesis gaaqtiurebasa da xarisxis amaRlebas:<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> formireba gulisxmobs<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> dayrdnobiT analitikuri da produqtiuli unarebis<br />
ganviTarebas.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi davyaviT zogad da<br />
dargobriv (sagnobriv) jgufebad. dargobrivi (sagnobrivi)<br />
kompetenciebi specifikuria dargisaTvis, xolo zogadi<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> miRweuli done gamosadegia sxvadasxva sagansa da<br />
situaciaSi axali codnis misaRebad.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> zogadi kompetencia pirdapir<br />
ukavSirdeba iseT zogad kompetenciebs, rogoricaa<br />
damoukidebeli muSaobis unari, kvlevis unari, informaciis<br />
marTvis unari, gadawyvetilebis miReba, analizisa da sinTezis<br />
unari, swavlis unari, zepiri da werilobiTi formiT<br />
komunikaciis unari, axali ideebis generirebis unari<br />
(SemoqmedebiToba), kritikuli da TviTkritikuli unarebi,<br />
153
mravalferovnebisa da multikulturalizmis pativiscema, sxva<br />
qveynis kulturisa da tradiciebis pativiscema.<br />
umaRlesi skolis bakalavriatis safexurisTvis ganvsazRvreT<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> Semdegi dargobrivi kompetenciebi:<br />
1. teqstis aRqmisa da gagebis kompetenciebi;<br />
2. teqstis analizis kompetencia;<br />
3. teqstis interpretaciis kompetencia;<br />
4. teqstis kvlevisa da Sefasebis kompetenciebi;<br />
5. teqstis Sedgenis kompetencia.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis aqtivobebi<br />
saSualebas aZlevs students gamoavlinos kompetenciis dauflebisaTvis<br />
mzaoba, moaxdinos miRweuli Sedegebis demonstrireba:<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> swavlebis organizaciis<br />
formebad gamoviyeneT aqtiuri leqcia, seminari, kvleviTi seminari,<br />
vorkSopi, praqtikuli savarjiSoebi.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> kompetenciebi SesaZloa aisaxos<br />
umaRlesi skolis saswavlo kursebisa da modulebis SinaarsSi,<br />
savaraudod, modulis _ `inglisuri enis praqtikuli kursis“<br />
mimarTulebebSi „analizuri kiTxva“, `intensiuri kiTxva“, `teqstis<br />
interpretacia“.<br />
saauditorio da damoukidebeli <strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlis dros Cvens mier<br />
gansazRvruli aqtivobebis gamoyenebam xeli Seuwyo <strong>teqstebze</strong><br />
<strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> miRwevas. eqsperimentis Sedegebis<br />
warmodgenili raodenobrivi analizi naTelyofs eqsperimentul<br />
jgufSi kompetenciaTa gamoyenebis xarisxobriv zrdas.<br />
eqsperimentma daadastura, rom <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong><br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia rogorc leqcia-seminarebis,<br />
aseve, studentTa damoukidebeli muSaobis procesSi.<br />
<strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> Sefasebis safuZvelia<br />
kreditebis transferisa da dagrovebis evropuli sistema (ECTS).<br />
154
Sefasebis formebia: zepiri prezentacia, teqstis analizis,<br />
Tezisebis prezentacia, werilobiTi angariSis wardgena, testireba.<br />
Sefaseba efuZneba leqciaSi CarTulobas (aqtiurobas), jgufebSi<br />
muSaobas, individualur saqmianobas, saboloo Sedegebs.<br />
amrigad, eqsperimentma daadastura hipoTeziT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
varaudi _ <strong>teqstebze</strong> <strong>orientirebuli</strong> <strong>kompetenciebis</strong> gansazRvra, maTi<br />
<strong>swavleba</strong>/swavlisa da Sefasebis SerCeuli sistema uzrunvelyofs<br />
saswavlo amocanis Sesrulebisadmi studentTa interesis zrdas,<br />
amaRlebs leqciaze maTi aqtiurobis dones, ganapirobebs miRweuli<br />
kompetenciis gamoyenebas mocemul da axal situaciaSi axali codnis<br />
misaRebad.<br />
155
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1 arabuli 2004: arabuli avTandil, `qarTuli metyvelebis<br />
kultura umaRlesi saswavleblebis<br />
studentebisaTvis~, gamomcemloba<br />
`universali~, Tbilisi.<br />
2. baqraZe 2005: baqraZe lali, Rlonti lika, `kreditebis<br />
transferisa da dagrovebis evropuli<br />
sistema (ECTS) da diplomis danarTi -<br />
saxelmZRvanelo~, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
instituti, Tbilisi.<br />
3. bibileiSvili 2008: bibileiSvili iuri, `swavlebis funqciebi~,<br />
gamomcemloba `SoTa rusTavelis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti~, baTumi.<br />
4. berZeniSvili... 2007: berZeniSvili Tea, saZagliSvili Sorena da<br />
sxvebi, `ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganaTlebis<br />
specialistebisTvis t.1~, erovnuli<br />
saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri,<br />
Tbilisi.<br />
5. gobroniZe 2000: gobroniZe aleqsandre, `pedagogika~,<br />
gamomcemloba `SoTa rusTavelis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti~, baTumi.<br />
6. gonzalesi ..2008: gonzalesi xulia, vagenaari robert,<br />
`saganmanaTleblo struqturebis<br />
urTierTSewyoba evropaSi, universitetebis<br />
wvlili boloniis procesSi - II~, qarTulad<br />
Targmna saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da<br />
mecnierebis saministrom sauniversiteto<br />
kurikulumis ganviTarebis programis<br />
farglebSi, Tbilisi.<br />
7. dvaliZe 2009: dvaliZe nino, `teqstis lingvistikasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli problematika“, gamomcemloba<br />
`SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo<br />
universiteti~, baTumi.<br />
8. enuqiZe 1989: enuqiZe rusudan, `mxatvruli prozauli<br />
teqstis procesuloba da TxrobiTi<br />
dinamika~, gamomcemloba „moambe”, Tbilisi.<br />
9. vaxania 2005: vaxania z., teqstis Sinaarsisa da mokle<br />
Sinaarsis weris <strong>swavleba</strong>, qarTuli enis<br />
SemoqmedebiTi <strong>swavleba</strong>, Tbilisi, 2005<br />
10. verderixi 2004: verderixi dona, „mimoweris dRiurebi,<br />
rogorc kiTxvis diferencirebuli<br />
swavlebis saSualeba~, Jurnali „wignieri~,<br />
Tbilisi.<br />
11. TavdgiriZe 2007: TavdgiriZe lela, „swavlebis<br />
Taviseburebani umaRles skolaSi~, Sromebi<br />
`swavlebisa da aRzrdis aqtualuri<br />
sakiTxebi”, bsu.<br />
12. inasariZe... 2006: inasariZe maia, doborjginiZe nino, `kiTxvis<br />
156
unar-CvevaTa ganviTareba _ damxmare<br />
saxelmZRvanelo araqarTulenovani<br />
skolebis qarTuli enis<br />
maswavlebelTaTvis~, gamomcemloba<br />
`saimedo~, Tbilisi.<br />
13. isakova...2007 isakova m., basilaZe imeri, `rogor gavxadoT<br />
leqcia swavlebis aqtiur formad~, swavlebisa<br />
da aRzrdis aqtualuri problemebi,<br />
gamomcemloba `quTaisis saxelmwifo<br />
universiteti~, quTaisi.<br />
14. kvirikaZe 2007: kvirikaZe nino, `mxatvruli teqstis<br />
analizis swavlebisaTvis umaRlesi skolis<br />
germanistikis specialobaze (Tomas manis<br />
budenbrokebis mixedviT)~, Sromebi<br />
swavlebisa da aRzrdis aqtualuri<br />
sakiTxebi, rsu.<br />
15. kinwuraSvili 2008: kinwuraSvili medea, `interteqstualoba<br />
rogorc teqstis interpretaciis erT-erTi<br />
saSualeba~, disertacia, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti.<br />
16. makdonaldi...2004: makdonaldi Trevon, Tornli qristina,<br />
`wignierebis ganviTarebis strategiebi<br />
sagnobrivi teqstebis gagebisas~, Jurnali<br />
`wignieri, № 3 (7), Tbilisi.<br />
17. marzano...2009: marzano robert, fiqeringi debra, foloqi jein,<br />
`efeqturi <strong>swavleba</strong> skolaSi~, saswavlo<br />
gegmebis SemuSavebisa da mentorobis asociacia,<br />
aleqsandria, virjinia, amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebi, Tarmna maia Canqselinama,<br />
gamomcemloba@`maswavlebelTa profesiuli<br />
ganviTarebis centri~, Tbilisi<br />
18. maxaraSvili 2009 maxaraSvili giorgi, Gsaswavlo kursis<br />
Seswavlis Sedegebis anu studentebis mier<br />
<strong>kompetenciebis</strong> miRwevis donis gansazRvra,<br />
qsu, 2009<br />
19. megrelaZe..2008: megrelaZe ciala, maxaraSvili giorgi,<br />
saswavlo kursis Seswavlis Sedegebi anu<br />
studentis mier kompetenciis miRwevis donis<br />
gansazRvra, quTaisi awss Sromebi<br />
20. megrelaZe 2009: megrelaZe ciala, zepirmetyvelebis, kiTxvis,<br />
weris gagebis strategiebi, bsu.<br />
21. mircxulava 2009: mircxulava lela, `postmodernistuli<br />
tendenciebi me-20 saukunis meore naxevris<br />
qarTul prozaSi~, disertacia, soxumis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi.<br />
22. papava 2006: papava paata, `wignierebis axal mijnasTan~,<br />
Jurnali `wignieri~ №11 (3), Tbilisi.<br />
23. sergia 1989: sergia vladimer, teqstis lingvistika,<br />
gamomcemloba `merani~, Tbilisi.<br />
157
24. templi 2007: templi Carlz, `kritikuli azrovneba da<br />
kritikuli wigniereba~, Jurnali `wignieri~<br />
#1(11), Tbilisi.<br />
25. tyemalaZe 2008: tyemalaZe rusudan, `Sefasebis meTodebi~<br />
wignSi @„<strong>swavleba</strong> da Sefaseba~,<br />
gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~,<br />
Tbilisi.<br />
26. uznaZe 1940: uznaZe dimitri, `zogadi fsiqologia“,<br />
gamomcemloba `un-ti“, Tbilisi.<br />
27. faueli 1980: faueli, jon, „ra gavlena aqvs sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobis gaxsenebaze `iZulebiT~ da<br />
`winaswargaweril~ saxeebs: gavlenis<br />
metaanalizi~, kiTxvis erovnul<br />
konferenciaze warmodgenili statia.<br />
28. folkneri 1984: folkneri uiliam, `saubrebi“, Targmnes<br />
inglisuridan paata da rostom CxeiZeebma,<br />
gamomcemloba `nakaduli“, Tbilisi.<br />
29. furcelaZe 1998 furcelaZe viola, `teqsti, rogorc<br />
enobrivi moRvaweobis werilobiTi<br />
gancxadeba~, Tbilisi, 1998 I naw.<br />
30. qarsauliZe 2010: qarsauliZe zaqaria, mdinaraZe aza,<br />
`saqarTvelo da programa `pestaloci~,<br />
Jurnali `maswavlebeli~ #6, saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saminiastro,<br />
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />
erovnuli centri, Tbilisi.<br />
31. qitiaSvili 2008: qitiaSvili anastasia `swavlebisa da<br />
Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul<br />
ganaTlebaSi“, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da<br />
mecnierebis saministro, erovnuli saswavlo<br />
gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri, Tbilisi.<br />
32. SaviSvili 1983: SaviSvili lela, „sailustracio<br />
savarjiSo teqstis gamoyenebisaTvis~,<br />
saqarTvelos ssr ganaTlebis saministros i.<br />
gogebaSvilis saxelobis pedagogikis<br />
mecnierebaTa samecniero-kvleviTi<br />
instituti, i. gogebaშviლis saxelobis<br />
saqarTvelos pedagogiuri sazogadoeba,<br />
„qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavlebis<br />
problemebi~, რespublikuri samecnieromeToduri<br />
konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi.<br />
33. janaSia...2008: janaSia naTia, imedaZe naTela, gorgoZe<br />
sofio, `ganviTarebisa da swavlis<br />
Teoriebi~, damxmare saxelmZRvanelo,<br />
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />
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34. janaSia...2008: janaSia simon, saZagliSvili S., wereTeli<br />
m., erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da<br />
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dafuZnebuli <strong>swavla</strong>“, meTodologiuri<br />
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Tbilisi.<br />
35. enciklopedia 1985: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.9,<br />
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36. swavlebisa...2003: `I etapi – swavlebisa da swavlis axali<br />
midgomebi~, saxelmZRvanelo<br />
maswavlebelTaTvis, saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebis saministro, Tbilisi<br />
37. swavlebisa....2004: `swavlebisa da swavlis axali midgomebi~,<br />
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis<br />
saministro, Tbilisi.<br />
38. swavlebisa...2008: `swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi<br />
profesiul ganaTlebaSi”, saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro,<br />
39. saganmanaTleblo ...<br />
2004:<br />
40. saganmanaTleblo ...<br />
2005:<br />
Tbilisi.<br />
`II etapi – saganmanaTleblo resursebis<br />
efeqtiani gamoyeneba~, saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTლebisa da mecnierebis samiნistro,<br />
Tbilisi.<br />
`saganmanaTleblo resursebis efeqtiani<br />
gamoyeneba (saxelmZRvanelo<br />
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ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro,<br />
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102. Swanburn 1999: Swanburn, M. S. L., & de Glopper, K. "Incidental word<br />
learning while reading: A metaanalysis. Review of<br />
Educational Research", USA<br />
103. Taylor 1994: Taylor I. "Inauthentic Authenticity or Authentic<br />
Inauthenticity", Teaching English as Second Foreign<br />
Language, London.<br />
104. Thornbury 2005: Thornbury, S. "Beyond the sentence. Introducing<br />
discourse analysis", Macmillan Publishers Limited,<br />
London.<br />
105. Vardonk 2006: Vardonk Peter, «Stylistics», Oxford.<br />
106. Wood 2003: Wood, D. F. "Problem based learning", British Medical<br />
Journal, London.<br />
107. Test .. 2008: "North Carolina End of Grade Test of Reading<br />
Comprehension – Grade 8", North Carolina.<br />
108. internetresursi #1: saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
kvalifikaciaTa CarCo, 2010<br />
http://www.mes.gov.ge/upload/editor/file/Boloniis%20Pro<br />
cesi/umaglesi%20ganatlebis.pdf<br />
109. internetresursi #2: Jiuli Sartavas saxelobis universiteti,<br />
bakalavriati, programa inglisur enasa da<br />
literaturaSi.<br />
http://marji.edu.ge/fakultetebi/inglisuri%20ena.htm<br />
110. internetresursi #3: ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
http://www.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_i<br />
d=103&info_id=161<br />
111. internetresursi #4: saqarTvelos universiteti, universiteti,<br />
bakalavriati, programa inglisur enasa da<br />
literaturaSi.<br />
http://programs.ug.edu.ge/programs/programs.php?pro<br />
gramaid=67&safexuri=bakalavriati&skola=5<br />
112. internetresursi #5: grigol robaqiZis saxelmwifo<br />
universiteti, bakalavriati, programa<br />
inglisur enasa da literaturaSi.<br />
http://www.humanities.tsu.ge/ba-2009-<br />
2010%20shemodgoma/inglisuri%20filologia/inglisuri%20f<br />
ilologia%20agcera%202009-2010.pdf<br />
113. internetresursi #6: iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti, programa<br />
inglisur enasa da literaturaSi.<br />
http://www.tesau.edu.ge/index.php?action=saswavloprocesi/sabakalavro/inglisuri-ena<br />
114. internetresursi #7: Tbilisis universiteti, programa inglisur<br />
enasa da literaturaSi.<br />
163
http://www.tbuniver.edu.ge/view_article.php?id=19<br />
115. internetresursi #8: Tbilisis humanitaruli universiteti,<br />
programa inglisur enasa da literaturaSi.<br />
http://thu.edu.ge/images/hum-bak.pdf<br />
116. internetresursi #9: ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />
programa anglistikaSi.<br />
http://www.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_i<br />
d=104&info_id=227<br />
117. internetresursi #10: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti,<br />
sabakalavro programa inglisur enaSi.<br />
http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/faculty_humanities/<br />
inglisuri%20filologia%20agcera%202009-2010.pdf<br />
118. internetresursi #11: saqarTvelos universiteti.<br />
http://programs.ug.edu.ge/programs/index_full.php?pro<br />
gramaid=67&safexuri=bakalavriati&skola=5<br />
119. internetresursi #12: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti,<br />
sabakalavro programa inglisur enaSi.<br />
http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/faculty_humanities/<br />
inglisuri%20filologia%20agcera%202009-2010.pdf<br />
120. internetresursi #13: saqarTvelos universiteti.<br />
http://programs.ug.edu.ge/programs/index_full.php?pro<br />
gramaid=67&safexuri=bakalavriati&skola=5<br />
121. internetresursi #14: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway<br />
122. internetresursi #15: formerlyeatenbydogs.com/.../131201195924AM-<br />
Bell%20Work%2042%20(1-31-11).doc<br />
123. internetresursi #16: http://library.thinkquest.org/J003411/causes.htm<br />
124. internetresursi #17: erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisaTvis -<br />
<strong>ucxouri</strong> enebi.<br />
http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=3923&lang=geo<br />
125. internetresursi #18: erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisaTvis -<br />
qarTuli ena da literatura.<br />
http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=3923&lang=geo<br />
126. internetresursi #19: erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisaTvis _<br />
qarTeuli, rogorc meore ena.<br />
http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=3923&lang=geo<br />
127. internetresursi #20: erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisaTvis _<br />
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi.<br />
http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=3923&lang=geo<br />
128. internetresursi #21: erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisaTvis _<br />
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi.<br />
164
http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=3923&lang=geo<br />
129. internetresursi #22: I – XII klasebis standartebi _ qarTuli,<br />
rogorc meore ena.<br />
http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=3923&lang=geo<br />
130. internetresursi #23: sagnobrivi programa inglisur enaSi 2011-<br />
2016.<br />
http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=3923&lang=geo<br />
131. internetresursi #24: erovnuli saswavlo gegma<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisTvis.<br />
http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=3923&lang=geo<br />
132. internetresursi #25: http://report-text.blogspot.com/2009/05/snakes.html<br />
133. internetresursi #26: http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE<br />
%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2<br />
%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2<br />
%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D<br />
%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98<br />
134. internetresursi #27: Angela Mihalic, MD, Alison Dobbie, "Teaching and<br />
Assessing. Cultural Competence", Effective Teacher<br />
Series.<br />
www.utsouthwestern.edu/.../484378Teaching_and_Assess<br />
ing_Cultural_ Competence.pdf -<br />
135. internetresursi #28: Byram, M.. "Teaching and Assessing Intercultural<br />
Communicative Competence", Multilingual Matters,<br />
Clevdon.<br />
136. internetresursi #29: Text strucure<br />
http://teamloyalty.wikispaces.com/file/view/Text+Structur<br />
e+Pargraphs.doc<br />
137. internetresursi #30: Word meaning from context<br />
www.rhlschool.com/read4n29.htm<br />
138. internetresursi #31: Doctorow E.L., "Ragtime"<br />
lib.ololo.cc/b/217286/download<br />
139. internetresursi #32: Golding W., "Lord of the flies"<br />
www.eunet.lv/library/win/.../masterflyes_engl.txt_Piece40<br />
.06<br />
140. internetresursi #33: Lye J. "Critical Reading: A Guide Designed for His Year<br />
1 Students by Professor John Lye.<br />
http://www.brocku.ca/english/ilye/ criti-calreading.html<br />
141. internetresursi #34: http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articles/text-languageclassrooms-talo-tavi-tasp<br />
142. internetresursi #35: http://www.amle.org/portals/0/pdf/research/Research_Su<br />
mmaries/Vocabulary.pdf<br />
143. internetresursi #36: Valerija M., Aukse Marmiene., "Text-based language<br />
teaching and the analysis of tasks presented in English<br />
course books for students of information technology and<br />
computing", Fililogija, Edukologija, T. 14, 2006<br />
http://www.tpa.vgtu.lt/upload/filosof_zurn/v_marina_mar<br />
miene_filologija_nr2.pdf<br />
165
144. internetresursi #37: Selander, S.”Skolkunskap och pedagogisk textanalys”,<br />
(School Competence and Pedagogical Textual Analysis)<br />
in: Skolböcker 3. Den (o)möjliga läroboken, (Textbooks<br />
3. The (im)possibleTextbook) Rapport från<br />
Läromedelöversynen, Utbildningsdepartementet. (1988):<br />
http://www.designsforlearning.nu/08/no1/no1_08_aamots<br />
backen.pdf<br />
145. internetresursi #38: http://folk.uio.no/hhasselg/systemic/clause_cohesion.hald<br />
e.htm<br />
146. internetresursi #39: http://www.homework-online.com/lotf/ralph.html<br />
147. internetresursi #40: http://www.homework-online.com/lotf/jack.html<br />
148. internetresursi #41: http://www.homework-online.com/lotf/piggy.html<br />
149. internetresursi #42 http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%8<br />
3%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%<br />
83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98<br />
150. internetresursi #43 http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Dec<br />
TYSGZZkoJ:www.matsne.gov.ge/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom<br />
_ldmssearch%26view%3DdocView%26id%3D75898+%E1%83%<br />
92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AC%E1%83<br />
%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%8<br />
3%98%E1%83%97+%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1<br />
%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%<br />
E1%83%A1&cd=3&hl=ka&ct=clnk&gl=ge<br />
166
1. romelia teqstebis tipebi?<br />
I. mxatvruli<br />
II. oficialur-saqmiani<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C an D<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. orive (I da II) sworia<br />
D. orive (I da II) araa swori<br />
testi # 1<br />
2. rogori SeiZleba iyos mxatvruli teqstebi?<br />
I. mimoxilviTi;<br />
II. monologuri;<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. orive (I da II) sworia<br />
D. orive (I da II) araa swori<br />
3. rogori SeiZleba iyos aramxatvruli teqstebi?<br />
I. sadiskusio;<br />
II. axsna-ganmartebiTi;<br />
III. samecniero-popularuli.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
danarTi # 1<br />
167
4. romeli miekuTvneba SemoqmedebiT teqstebs?<br />
I. zRapari;<br />
II. miTi;<br />
III. balada.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
5. romeli miekuTvneba pragmatul teqstebs?<br />
I. oqmi;<br />
II. sareklamo teqsti;<br />
III. moxsenebiTi baraTi.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
6. romels miekuTvneba moxsenebiTi baraTi?<br />
I. pragmatul teqstebs;<br />
II. SemoqmedebiT teqstebs.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C an D<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. orive (I da II) sworia<br />
D. orive (I da II) araa swori<br />
7. rogori saxis teqstSi cxovrebiseuli suraTebis aRweris miRma yovelTvis<br />
moaizreba qveteqsti, interpretacia `meoradi realoba” ?<br />
I. mxatvruli teqstebSi;<br />
II. oficialur–saqmian teqstebSi.<br />
168
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C an D<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. orive (I da II) sworia<br />
D. orive (I da II) araa swori<br />
8. romelia `dramis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. literaturuli nawarmoebi, romelic dawerilia dialogebad da<br />
gankuTvnilia scenaze dasadgmelad;<br />
II. patara moTxroba;<br />
III. ToTxmettaepiani leqsi, romelic Sedgeba ori oTxtaepiani da ori<br />
samtaepiani strofisagan.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
9. romelia `romanis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. sxarti gamoTqma, romelic Seicavs mniSvnelovan azrs, sibrZnes;<br />
II. TxrobiTi xasiaTis mxatvruli nawarmoebi leqsad;<br />
III. didi moculobis TxrobiTi literaturuli nawarmoebi, romelsac axasiaTebs<br />
rTuli siuJeti;<br />
IV. sevdiani lirikuli leqsi;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
169
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
10. romelia `poeziis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. sityvebis saSualebiT azris xatovnad gamosaxva; sityvieri Semoqmedeba,<br />
upiratesad leqsebis saxiT;<br />
II. TxrobiTi xasiaTis mxatvruli nawarmoebi leqsad; msxvili formis TxrobiTi<br />
siuJetis poeturi qmnileba;<br />
III. sxarti gamoTqma, romelic Seicavs mniSvnelovan azrs, sibrZnes;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
11. romelia `aforizmis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. ToTxmettaepiani leqsi, romelic Sedgeba ori oTxtaepiani da ori samtaepiani<br />
strofisagan;<br />
II. sevdiani lirikuli leqsi; garkveuli formis leqsi, romelic dawerilia<br />
wyvil-wyvil taepebad;<br />
III. Tqmuleba, romelSic gadmoicemoda uZvelesi xanis adamianebis rwmena, maTi<br />
warmodgenebi samyaros warmoSobaze, bunebis movlenebze, RmerTebsa da zRaprul<br />
gmirebze;<br />
IV. sxarti gamoTqma, romelic Seicavs mniSvnelovan azrs, sibrZnes.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
170
12. romelia “legendis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. teqstis nawili, romlis pirveli striqoni cotaTi Seweulia; TviT Seweuli<br />
striqoni;<br />
II. dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelSic asaxulia Seurigebeli konfliqti, Zlieri<br />
xasiaTebisa da Rrma gancdebis Sejaxeba, rac xSirad gmiris daRupviT Tavdeba;<br />
III. xalxuri zepiri gadmocema upiratesad religiuri xasiaTisa; Tqmuleba;<br />
IV. teqstis nawili, romlis pirveli striqoni cotaTi Seweulia; TviT Seweuli<br />
striqoni.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
13. romelia „publicistikis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. sazogadoebriv-politikuri xasiaTis literatura Tanamedrove aqtualur<br />
sakiTxebze;<br />
II. ToTxmettaepiani leqsi, romelic Sedgeba ori oTxtaepiani da ori samtaepiani<br />
strofisagan;<br />
III. dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelSic asaxulia Seurigebeli konfliqti, Zlieri<br />
xasiaTebisa da Rrma gancdebis Sejaxeba, rac xSirad gmiris daRupviT Tavdeba;<br />
IV. literaturuli nawarmoebis daskvniTi nawili, sadac mokled gadmocemulia<br />
moqmed pirTa Semdgomi bedi;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
171
14. alegoria aris:<br />
I. gadakrulad naTqvami sityva Tu sityvaTa rigi, romelSic movlenis Sinaarsi<br />
konkretuli saxiTaa warmodgenili. masSi naTqvamia erTi da igulisxmeba<br />
meore. misi mizania avtoris azris SeniRbva;<br />
II. mxatvruli gamosaxvis xerxi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia sagnebisa da<br />
movlenebisadmi adamianuri Tvisebebis miwera, usulo da sulieri sagnebis<br />
gaadamianeba. usulo sagani warmodgenilia, rogorc adamiani, romelic<br />
grZnobs, msjelobs, moqmedebs;<br />
III. stili, roca usazRvro karikaturul gazviadebaze, urTierTgamomricxav<br />
kontrastebze, paradoqsebze agebuli fantaziiT deformirebulia<br />
sinamdvile;<br />
IV. mxatvruli gansazRvra, poeturi ganmarteba, daxasiaTeba. uxSiresad<br />
zedsarTavi saxeliT;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
15. romelia “groteskis’ ganmarteba?<br />
I. stili, roca usazRvro karikaturul gazviadebaze, urTierTgamomricxav<br />
kontrastebze, paradoqsebze agebuli fantaziiT deformirebulia<br />
sinamdvile;<br />
II. mxatvruli gansazRvra, poeturi ganmarteba, daxasiaTeba. uxSiresad<br />
zedsarTavi saxeliT;<br />
GIII. komikuris erT-erTi saxe, romelic sicilis saSualebiT cdilobs obieqtis<br />
srulyofas, ganwmendas naklovanebebisagan da srulqmnili saxiT mis<br />
ganmtkicebas. misi aqtiuri formaa gonebamaxviloba;<br />
IV. (berZn. niSnavs „gadatana“) – mxatvruli gamosaxvis stilistikuri xerxi.<br />
poeturad SesaZlebels, dasaSvebs, asociaciebiTa Tu kontrastiT,<br />
analogiebiT warmosadgens emyareba an agebulia sityvaTa gadataniT<br />
mniSvnelobaze.<br />
172
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
16. ironia aris:<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
I. TavazianobiT SeniRbuli dacinva, damcinavi gadakvriT naTqvami<br />
(TavSekavebuli, mSvidi, seriozuli toni, garegnulad gamoxatuli<br />
pativiscema);<br />
II. (berZn. niSnavs „gadatana“) – mxatvruli gamosaxvis stilistikuri xerxi.<br />
poeturad SesaZlebels, dasaSvebs, asociaciebiTa Tu kontrastiT,<br />
analogiebiT warmosadgens emyareba an agebulia sityvaTa gadataniT<br />
mniSvnelobaze;<br />
III. (berZ. „gazviadeba“) — tropis iseTi saxea, romelsac sagansa Tu movlenas<br />
gazviadebulad warmoadgens. es sityva berZnuli warmoSobisaa da<br />
gadaWarbebas, gazviadebas niSnavs;<br />
IV. individis an cxovrebis mankieri mxareebis, uaryofiTi sazogadoebrivi<br />
movlenebis mware, RvarZliani dacinva.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
17. romelia “hiperbolas” ganmarteba?<br />
I. (berZ. „gazviadeba“) _ tropis iseTi saxea, romelsac sagansa Tu movlenas<br />
gazviadebulad warmoadgens. es sityva berZnuli warmoSobisaa da<br />
gadaWarbebas, gazviadebas niSnavs;<br />
II. sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvis iseTi forma, rodesac gamanadgurebeli<br />
siciliT amxileben asaxulis uaryofiT, mankier bunebas;<br />
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III. aris enobrivi mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba, „sityvis sakuTari<br />
mniSvnelobis iseTi Secvlaa, roca xdeba mniSvnelobis gamdidreba“<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
18. romeli stilisturi xerxia gamoyenebuli Semdeg monakveTSi:<br />
„cisartyela brialebda viT xoxbis yeli"?<br />
I. Sedareba;<br />
II. gapirovneba;<br />
III. epiTeti;<br />
IV. hiperbola.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
19. romeli stilisturi xerxia gamoyenebuli Semdeg monakveTSi:<br />
,,elvarebs xvavi, TiTqos lampari’’.<br />
I. Sedareba;<br />
II. gapirovneba;<br />
III. epiTeti;<br />
IV. hiperbola.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
174
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
20. romeli stilisturi xerxia gamoyenebuli Semdeg monakveTSi:<br />
I. Sedareba;<br />
II. metafora;<br />
III. epiTeti;<br />
IV. hiperbola.<br />
„brwyinavs qarTli – vardis baRi<br />
Sefrqveuli minanqariT".<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
21. romeli stilisturi xerxia gamoyenebuli Semdeg monakveTSi:<br />
,,alaznis veli – xoxbis yeli’’.<br />
I. epiTeti;<br />
II. metafora;<br />
III. Sedareba;<br />
IV. hiperbola.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
22. waikiTxeT teqsti: Mark is certainly resilient. He lost a fortune when his<br />
business failed but now he’s wealthy again. After spending a month in the<br />
intensive care unit of the hospital, he’s as healthy and strong as ever. And after<br />
175
all those rumors ruined his reputation, he’s managed to once again be a highly<br />
respected member of the community.<br />
ras niSnavs sityva 'resilient'?<br />
A. mxiaruli;<br />
B. moxerxebuli;<br />
C. guluxvi;<br />
D. qedmaRali.<br />
23. waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
Maria is watching too much television. A toddler shouldn’t be spending hours staring<br />
blankly at a screen. Worse yet, some of her wild behavior has been inspired by those<br />
awful cartoons she watches. We need to spend more time reading books with her and<br />
pull the plug on the TV!<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlili versiebidan, romelia paragrafis mTavari idea?<br />
A. mariasTvis televizoris xangrZlivad yureba ar aris mizanSewonili;<br />
B. wignebis kiTxva sasargebloa;<br />
C. yvela multfilmi cudia;<br />
D. zogierTi multfilmis yureba mariasTvis aris cudi.<br />
24. waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
Seasons happen and change every year. This happens because the earth tilts back and<br />
forth as it goes around the sun. During the summer, the earth tilts toward the sun. It<br />
makes half of the earth hotter. this condition is what we call summer. During the other<br />
half of the year, the earth tilts away from the sun. As a result, it makes that half of the<br />
earth cooler. This cool condition is then what we call winter.<br />
es teqsti aris:<br />
I. oqmi;<br />
II. ganmarteba;<br />
III. aRwera;<br />
IV. biografia;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
176
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
25. waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The<br />
parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of<br />
the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.<br />
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the<br />
parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however<br />
the bird kept not saying the word.<br />
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid<br />
bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I<br />
will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would<br />
not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say<br />
Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano......<br />
es teqsti aris:<br />
I. narativi;<br />
II. aRwera;<br />
III. biografia;<br />
IV. ganmarteba.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
177
daakavSireT erTmaneTTan marcxena da marjvena svetebi<br />
26. aRwera A. movlenebis ganviTarebis, moqmedebis (procesis)<br />
asaxva drosa da sivrceSi<br />
27. Txroba B. sagnebisa da movlenebis uZravi (statikuri)suraTebis<br />
warmodgena; provnebis, sagnis, movlenis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis warmoCena-aRnusxva.<br />
28. msjeloba C. sagnebisa da movlenebis mizezSedegobrivi<br />
urTierTmimarTebis gansja (axsna da dasabuTeba)<br />
29. winadadebas, romelic abzacis mTavar azrs gamoxatavs uwodeben:<br />
I. konceptualurs;<br />
II. virtualurs;<br />
III. poligamurs;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
30 waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
In general, Victorian families were big. In 1851 their average size was 4.7,<br />
roughly the same as it had been in the seventeenth century. The 1½ million<br />
couples who married during the 1860s raised the figure to 6.2. Only one<br />
out of eight families had one or two children, while one in six had ten or<br />
more.<br />
(Asa Briggs, (1983). A social history of England, p. 244)<br />
http://www.uefap.com/writing/parag/partopic.htm<br />
am teqstSi mTavari winadadeba aris:<br />
A. In general, Victorian families were big.<br />
B. In 1851 their average size was 4.7, roughly the same as it had been in the<br />
seventeenth century.<br />
C. Only one out of eight families had one or two children, while one in six had<br />
ten or more.<br />
178
1. romelia teqstebis saxeebi?<br />
I. mxatvruli da oficialur-saqmiani;<br />
II. SemoqmedebiTi da pragmatuli.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C an D<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. orive (I da II) sworia<br />
D. orive (I da II) araa swori<br />
testi #2<br />
2. rogori SeiZleba iyos mxatvruli teqstebi?<br />
I. TxrobiTi.<br />
II. lirikuli;<br />
III. aRweriTi.<br />
A.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
3. rogori SeiZleba iyos oficialur-saqmiani teqstebi?<br />
I. sainformacio;<br />
II. yofiT-aRweriTi;<br />
III. procedurul-aRweriTi.<br />
A.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
4. romeli miekuTvneba SemoqmedebiT teqstebs?<br />
I. zRapari;<br />
II. miTi;<br />
III. balada.<br />
179
A.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
5. romeli miekuTvneba pragmatul teqstebs?<br />
I. avtobiografia<br />
II. axsna-ganmarteba<br />
III. gancxadeba<br />
A.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
6. legenda miekuTvneba:<br />
I. SemoqmedebiT teqstebs;<br />
II. oficialuyr–saqmian teqstebs;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C an D<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. orive (I, da II) sworia<br />
D. orive (I, da II) araa swori<br />
7. romeli saxis teqsti, rogorc wesi, aris erTganzomilebiani da erTgegmiani,<br />
masSi asaxuli realoba ki namdvili da obieqturi?<br />
I. mxatvruli;<br />
II. oficialur–saqmiani;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C an D<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. orive (I, da II) sworia<br />
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D. orive (I, da II) araa swori<br />
8. kontantine gamsaxurdias „didostatis marjvena~ aris:<br />
I. romani;<br />
II. drama;<br />
III. legenda;<br />
IV. soneti;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
9. romelia „novelas~ ganmarteba?<br />
I. xalxuri sagmiro simRerebi, poemebi, Tqmulebebi;<br />
II. patara moTxroba;<br />
III. didi moculobis TxrobiTi literaturuli nawarmoebi, romelsac axasiaTebs<br />
rTuli siuJeti;<br />
IV. literaturis saxeoba, romelic leqsad gadmoscems avtoris grZnobebs,<br />
gancdebs, azrebs; axasiaTebs mgznebareba;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
10. romelia „lirikis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. sazogadoebriv-politikuri xasiaTis literatura Tanamedrove aqtualur<br />
sakiTxebze;<br />
II. sityvebis saSualebiT azris xatovnad gamosaxva; sityvieri Semoqmedeba,<br />
upiratesad leqsebis saxiT;<br />
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III. literaturis saxeoba, romelic leqsad gadmoscems avtoris grZnobebs,<br />
gancdebs, azrebs; axasiaTebs mgznebareba.<br />
A.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
11. romelia „poemis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. sxarti gamoTqma, romelic Seicavs mniSvnelovan azrs, sibrZnes;<br />
II. TxrobiTi xasiaTis mxatvruli nawarmoebi leqsad; msxvili formis TxrobiTi<br />
siuJetis poeturi qmnileba;<br />
III. xalxuri zepiri gadmocema upiratesad religiuri xasiaTisa; Tqmuleba;<br />
IV. Tqmuleba, romelSic gadmoicemoda uZvelesi xanis adamianebis rwmena, maTi<br />
warmodgenebi samyaros warmoSobaze, bunebis movlenebze, RmerTebsa da zRaprul<br />
gmirebze;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
12. romelia „elegias” ganmarteba?<br />
I. sevdiani lirikuli leqsi; garkveuli formis leqsi, romelic dawerilia<br />
wyvil-wyvil taepebad;<br />
II. xalxuri zepiri gadmocema upiratesad religiuri xasiaTisa; Tqmuleba;<br />
III. Tqmuleba, romelSic gadmoicemoda uZvelesi xanis adamianebis rwmena, maTi<br />
warmodgenebi samyaros warmoSobaze, bunebis movlenebze, RmerTebsa da zRaprul<br />
gmirebze;<br />
IV. ToTxmettaepiani leqsi, romelic Sedgeba ori oTxtaepiani da ori<br />
samtaepiani strofisagan;<br />
182
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
13. romelia „miTis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. Tqmuleba, romelSic gadmoicemoda uZvelesi xanis adamianebis rwmena, maTi<br />
warmodgenebi samyaros warmoSobaze, bunebis movlenebze, RmerTebsa da zRaprul<br />
gmirebze;<br />
II. dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelSic asaxulia Seurigebeli konfliqti, Zlieri<br />
xasiaTebisa da Rrma gancdebis Sejaxeba, rac xSirad gmiris daRupviT Tavdeba;<br />
III. xalxur SemoqmedebaSi _ saxeldaxelod Tqmuli, improvizaciuli stilis,<br />
gamkilavi, saxumaro Sinaarsis leqsi an simRera;<br />
IV. teqstis nawili, romlis pirveli striqoni cotaTi Seweulia; TviT Seweuli<br />
striqoni;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
14. romelia „sonetis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. Txzulebis an misi calkeuli Tavis win wamZRvarebuli citata, fraza,<br />
romelic erTgvarad axasiaTebs nawarmoebis ZiriTad ideas; 2. Zvel saberZneTSi:<br />
saflavis qvis, Zeglis warwera;<br />
II. dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelSic asaxulia Seurigebeli konfliqti, Zlieri<br />
xasiaTebisa da Rrma gancdebis Sejaxeba, rac xSirad gmiris daRupviT Tavdeba;<br />
III. ToTxmettaepiani leqsi, romelic Sedgeba ori oTxtaepiani da ori<br />
samtaepiani strofisagan;<br />
183
IV. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli moqmedebis, ambebis Tanamimdevruli<br />
gamoxatva;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
15. romelia „gapirovnebis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. mxatvruli gansazRvra, poeturi ganmarteba, daxasiaTeba. uxSiresad<br />
zedsarTavi saxeliT;<br />
II. stili, roca usazRvro karikaturul gazviadebaze, urTierTgamomricxav<br />
kontrastebze, paradoqsebze agebuli fantaziiT deformirebulia sinamdvile;<br />
III. mxatvruli gamosaxvis xerxi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia sagnebisa da<br />
movlenebisadmi adamianuri Tvisebebis miwera, usulo da sulieri sagnebis<br />
gaadamianeba. usulo sagani warmodgenilia, rogorc adamiani, romelic grZnobs,<br />
msjelobs, moqmedebs;<br />
A.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
16. romelia „epiTetis” ganmarteba?<br />
I. komikuris erT-erTi saxe, romelic sicilis saSualebiT cdilobs obieqtis<br />
srulyofas, ganwmendas naklovanebebisagan da srulqmnili saxiT mis<br />
ganmtkicebas. misi aqtiuri formaa gonebamaxviloba;<br />
II. mxatvruli gansazRvra, poeturi ganmarteba, daxasiaTeba. uxSiresad<br />
zedsarTavi saxeliT;<br />
III. TavazianobiT SeniRbuli dacinva, damcinavi gadakvriT naTqvami<br />
(TavSekavebuli, mSvidi, seriozuli toni, garegnulad gamoxatuli pativiscema);<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
184
A.<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
17. romelia „metáforas” ganmarteba?<br />
I. komikuris erT-erTi saxe, romelic sicilis saSualebiT cdilobs obieqtis<br />
srulyofas, ganwmendas naklovanebebisagan da srulqmnili saxiT mis<br />
ganmtkicebas. misi aqtiuri formaa gonebamaxviloba;<br />
II. (berZn. niSnavs „gadatana“) – mxatvruli gamosaxvis stilistikuri xerxi.<br />
poeturad SesaZlebels, dasaSvebs, asociaciebiTa Tu kontrastiT,<br />
analogiebiT warmosadgens emyareba an agebulia sityvaTa gadataniT<br />
mniSvnelobaze;<br />
III. (berZ. „gazviadeba“) — tropis iseTi saxea, romelsac sagansa Tu movlenas<br />
A.<br />
gazviadebulad warmoadgens. es sityva berZnuli warmoSobisaa da<br />
gadaWarbebas, gazviadebas niSnavs.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
18. romeli stilisturi xerxia gamoyenebuli Semdeg monakveTSi:<br />
„faskunjis frTebqveS vefxvi mwolari,<br />
Casafrebuli, rogorc firali" .<br />
I. Sedareba;<br />
II. gapirovneba;<br />
III. epiTeti;<br />
IV. hiperbola;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
185
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
19. romeli stilisturi xerxia gamoyenebuli Semdeg monakveTSi:<br />
wynari iyo mtrediviTa,<br />
Tbili, rogorc kvari’’.<br />
I. Sedareba;<br />
II. gapirovneba;<br />
III. epiTeti;<br />
IV. hiperbola;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
20. romeli stilisturi xerxia gamoyenebuli Semdeg monakveTSi:<br />
,,ukan mosdeven eJvnebiani<br />
maT varskvlavebi – lurji kvicebi’’.<br />
I. Sedareba;<br />
II. metafora;<br />
III. epiTeti;<br />
IV. hiperbola;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
21. romeli stilisturi xerxia gamoyenebuli Semdeg monakveTSi:<br />
,,yvela furceli<br />
186
aris foladis nacari”<br />
I. epiTeti;<br />
II. metafora;<br />
III. Sedareba;<br />
IV. hiperbola;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
22. waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
The news story was based on a letter that was a fabrication. Now the reporter<br />
who wrote the story is in big trouble. Will anyone believe him again?<br />
ras niSnavs 'fabrication'?<br />
A. A qarxnuli produqcia;<br />
B. sicrue;<br />
C. bestseleri;<br />
D. pirvelwyaro.<br />
23. waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
Maria, I can’t eat or sleep when you are gone. I need to hear your scratchy<br />
voice and see your lovely toothless smile. I miss that special way that you eat soup<br />
with your fingers. Please come home soon!<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlili versiebidan, romelia paragrafis mTavari idea?<br />
A. marias cudi Tvisebebi aqvs;<br />
B. kargi iqneba Tu maria stomatologTan wava;<br />
C. maria, menatrebi!;<br />
D. maria, mada damekarga.<br />
187
24. waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
One of the most famous women in world history was Cleopatra VII. She was<br />
the brilliant and beautiful last Pharaoh of Egypt. Historically, she became<br />
queen of Egypt in 51 B.C. at the age of eighteen. She was<br />
a Ptolemy, descended from one of Alexander the Great's generals. When she<br />
was twenty-one, Julius Caesar became her lover. Seven years later she met<br />
Antony. The romantic tragic relationship continued until they died by suicide<br />
in 30 B.C.<br />
I. aRweriTi;<br />
es teqsti aris:<br />
II. SemoqmedebiTi;<br />
III. avtobiografia;<br />
IV. angariSi;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
25. waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the<br />
amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating.<br />
Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions,<br />
especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree<br />
produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits are the<br />
tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans.<br />
Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they<br />
are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the<br />
beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different<br />
qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive<br />
mix.<br />
188
I. oqmi;<br />
II. aRwera;<br />
III. biografia;<br />
IV. ganmarteba;<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D, E an F<br />
A. sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. sworia mxolod IV<br />
E. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) sworia<br />
F. oTxive (I, II, III da IV) araa swori<br />
daakavSireT marcxena da marjvena svetebi erTmaneTTan<br />
26. gancxadeba A. literaturuli, mecnieruli naSromis, speqtaklis,<br />
kinosuraTis an sxv. garCeva-kritikul Sefaseba.<br />
27. Tezisi B werilobiTi dokumentia, romelic iwereba calkeul<br />
pirTa mier romelime warmoeba-dawesebulebis an<br />
misi xelmZRvanelis saxelze da Seicavs Txovnas,<br />
saCivars an raime saxis Setyobinebas<br />
28. recenzia E. mokle, logikuri debuleba, romlis WeSmariteba<br />
unda damtkicdes. Tezisebia: moxsenebis, leqciis,<br />
samecniero Sromis da misT. mokled<br />
Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi debulebani<br />
29. informacias, romelic teqstis mTavar azrs (ideas) da mis ZiriTad<br />
debulebes (Tezisebs) warmoadgens uwodeben:<br />
I. konceptualurs;<br />
II. virtualurs;<br />
III. marginalurs;<br />
A.<br />
airCieT erTi pasuxi: A, B,C,D an E<br />
sworia mxolod I<br />
B. sworia mxolod II<br />
C. sworia mxolod III<br />
D. samive (I, II da III) sworia<br />
189
E. samive (I, II da III) araa swori<br />
30. waikiTxeT teqsti:<br />
The spoken word is a very different thing from the written word. What is<br />
effective or allowable or desirable in the one may be quite the reverse in the<br />
other. A speaker cannot correct himself by revision as the writer can and<br />
should. It is therefore not fair to take a report of a speech or of an oral<br />
statement and criticise it as if it were a piece of considered writing.<br />
(Ernest Gowers, (1973) The complete plain words, p. 26)<br />
http://www.uefap.com/writing/parag/partopic.htm<br />
am teqstSi mTavari winadadebaa:<br />
A. The spoken word is a very different thing from the written word;<br />
B. It is therefore not fair to take a report of a speech or of an oral statement and<br />
criticise it as if it were a piece of considered writing.<br />
C. What is effective or allowable or desirable in the one may be quite the reverse in<br />
the other.<br />
testi № 1 - pasuxebi<br />
1. A; 2. D; 3. D; 4. D;D5. E; 6. A; 7. A; 8. A; 9. C; 10. A; 11. D; 12. C; 13. A; 14. A; 15. A;<br />
16. A; 17. A; 18. A; 19. A; 20. B; 21. B; 22. B; 23. A; 24. B; 25. A. 26. B; 27. A; 28 C; 29. A;<br />
30. A.<br />
testi № 2 - pasuxebi<br />
1. C; 2. D; 3. D; 4. D; 5. D; 6. A; 7. B; 8. A; 9. B; 10. C; 11. B; 12. A; 13. A; 14. C; 15. C;<br />
16. B; 17. B; 18. A; 19. A; 20. B; 21. B; 22. B; 23. C; 24. A; 25. D; 26. B; 27. C; 28 A; 29. A;<br />
30. A.<br />
190
1-li monakveTi<br />
From: RAGTIME<br />
danarTi №2<br />
By E.L. Doctorow<br />
One afternoon, a Sunday, a new model T-Ford 2 slowly came up the hill and went past the<br />
house. The boy, who happened to see it from the porch, ran down the steps and stood on the<br />
sidewalk. The driver was looking right and left as if trying to find a particular address; he turned<br />
the car around at the comer and came back. Pulling up before the boy, he idled his throttle and<br />
beckoned with a gloved hand. He was a Negro. His car shone. The brightwork gleamed... I am<br />
looking for a young woman of color whose name is Sarah, he said. She is said to reside in one of<br />
these houses.<br />
The boy realized he meant the woman in the attic. Site's here. The man switched off the<br />
motor, set the brake and jumped down.<br />
When Mother came to the door the colored man was respectful, but there was something<br />
disturbingly resolute and self-important in the way he asked her if he could please speak with<br />
Sarah. Mother could not judge his age. He was a stocky man with a red-complected shining<br />
brown face, high cheekbones and large dark eyes so intense as to suggest they were about to<br />
cross. He had a neat moustache. He was dressed in the affection of wealth to which colored<br />
people lent themselves.<br />
She told him to wait and closed the door. She climbed to the third floor. She found the girl<br />
Sarah not sitting at the window as she usually did but standing rigidly, hands folded in front of<br />
her, and facing the door. Sarah, Mother said, you have a caller. The girl said nothing. Will you<br />
come to the kitchen? The girl shook her head. You don't want to see him? No, ma'am, the girl<br />
finally said softly, while she looked at the floor. Send him away, please. This was the most she<br />
had said in all the months she had lived in the house. Mother went back downstairs and found the<br />
fellow not at the back door but in the kitchen where, in the warmth of the corner near the<br />
cookstove, Sarah's baby lay sleeping in his carriage. The black man was kneeling beside the<br />
carriage and staring at the child. Mother, not thinking clearly, was suddenly outraged that he had<br />
presumed to come in the door. Sarah is unable to see you, she said and she held the door open.<br />
The colored man took another glance at the child, rose, thanked her and departed.<br />
Such was the coming of the colored man in the car to Broadview Avenue. His name was<br />
Cualhouse Walker Jr. Beginning with that Sunday he appeared every week, always knocking at<br />
the back door. Always turning away without complaint upon Sarah's refusal to see him. Father<br />
considered the visits a nuisance and wanted to discourage them. I'll call the police, he said.<br />
Mother laid her hand on his arm. One Sunday the colored man left a bouquet of yellow<br />
chrysanthemums which in this season had to have cost him a pretty penny.<br />
me-2 monakveTi<br />
The black girl would say nothing about her visitor. They had no idea where she had met him,<br />
or how. As far as they knew she had no family nor any friends from the black community in the<br />
downtown section of the city. Apparently she had come by herself from New York to work as a<br />
191
servant. Mother was exhilarated by the situation. She began to regret Sarah's intransigence. She<br />
thought of the drive from Harlem, where Coalhouse Walker Jr. lived, and the drive back, and she<br />
decided the next time to give him more of a visit. She would serve tea in the parlor. Father<br />
questioned the propriety of this. Mother said, he is well-spoken and conducts himself as a<br />
gentleman. I see nothing wrong with it. When Mr Roosevelt 3 was in the White House he gave<br />
dinner to Booker T. Washington. Surely we can serve tea to Coalhouse Walker Jr.<br />
And so it happened on the next Sunday that the Negro took tea. Father noted that he suffered<br />
no embarrassment by being in the parlor with a cup and saucer in his hand. On the contrary, he<br />
acted as if it was the most natural thing in the world. The surroundings did not awe him nor was<br />
his manner deferential. He was courteous and correct. He told them about himself. He was a<br />
professional pianist and was now more or less permanently located in New York, having secured<br />
a job with the Jim Europe Clef Club Orchestra, a well-known ensemble that gave regular<br />
concerts at the Manhattan 4 Casino on 155th Street and Eighth Avenue. It was important, he said,<br />
for a musician to find a place that was permanent, a job that required no travelling... I am<br />
through travelling, he said. I am through going on the road. He spoke so fervently that Father<br />
realized the message was intended for the woman upstairs. This irritated him. What can you<br />
play? he said abruptly. Why don't you play something for us?<br />
The black man placed tea, on the tray. He rose, patted his lips with the napkin, placed the<br />
napkin beside his cup and went to the piano. He sat on the piano stool and immediately rose and<br />
twirled it till the height was to his satisfaction. He sat down again, played a chord and turned to<br />
them. This piano is badly in need of a tuning, he said. Father's face reddened. Oh, yes, Mother<br />
said, we are terrible about that. The musician turned again to the keyboard. "Wall Street 5 Rag,"<br />
he said. Composed by the great Scott Joplin. 6 He began to play. Ill-tuned or not the Aeolian had<br />
never made such sounds. Small clear chords hung in the air like flowers. The melodies were like<br />
bouquets. There seemed to be no other possibilities for life than those delineated by the music.<br />
When the piece was over Coalhouse Walker turned on the stool and found in his audience the<br />
entire family: Mother, Father, the boy, Grandfather and Mother's Younger Brother, who had<br />
come down from his room in shirt and suspenders to see who was playing. Of all of<br />
them he was the only one who knew ragtime. He had heard it in his nightlife period in New<br />
York. He had never expected to hear it in his sister's home.<br />
me-3 monakveTi<br />
Coalhouse Walker Jr. turned back to the piano and said "The Maple Leaf". Composed by the<br />
great Scott Joplin. The most famous rag of all rang through the air. The pianist sat stiffly at the<br />
keyboard, his long dark hands with their pink nails seemingly with no effort producing the<br />
clusters of syncopating chords and the thumping octaves. This was a most robust composition, a<br />
vigorous music that roused the senses and never stood still a moment. The boy perceived it as<br />
light touching various places in space, accumulating in intricate patterns until the entire room<br />
was made to glow with its own being. The music filled the stairwell to the third floor where the<br />
mute and unforgiving Sarah sat with her hands folded and listened with the door open.<br />
The piece was brought to a conclusion. Everyone applauded. Mother then introduced Mr<br />
Walker to Grandfather and to Younger Brother, who shook the black man's hand and said I am<br />
pleased to meet you. Coalhouse Walker was solemn. Everyone was standing. There was a<br />
silence. Father cleared his throat. Father was not knowledgeable in music. His taste ran to Carrie<br />
192
Jacobs Bond. 7 He thought Negro music had to have smiling and cakewalking. Do you know any<br />
coon songs? 8 he said. He did not intend to be rude — coon songs was what they were called. But<br />
the pianist responded with a tense shake of the head. Coon songs are made for minstrel shows, 9<br />
he said. White men sing them in black face. There was another silence. The black man looked at<br />
the ceiling. Well, he said, it appears as if Miss Sarah will not be able to receive me. He turned<br />
abruptly and walked through the hall to the kitchen. The family followed him. He had left his<br />
coat on a chair. He put it on and ignoring them all, he knelt and gazed at the baby asleep in its<br />
carriage. After several moments he stood up, said good day and walked out of the door.<br />
193
From: LORD OF THE FLIES<br />
danarTi # 3<br />
William Golding<br />
Here and there, little breezes crept over the polished waters beneath the haze of heat. When<br />
these breezes reached the platform the palm fronds would whisper, so that spots of blurred<br />
sunlight slid over their bodies or moved like bright, winged things in the shade.<br />
Piggy looked up at Ralph. All the shadows on Ralph's face were reversed; green above,<br />
bright below from the lagoon. A blur of sunlight was crawling across his hair.<br />
"We got to do something."<br />
Ralph looked through him. Here at last was the imagined out never fully realized place<br />
leaping into real life. Ralph's lips parted in a delighted smile and Piggy, taking this smile to<br />
himself as a mark of recognition,laughed with pleasure.<br />
"If ft really is an island-"<br />
"What's that?"<br />
Ralph had stopped smiling and was pointing into the lagoon. Something creamy lay among<br />
the ferny weeds.<br />
"A stone."<br />
"No. A shell"<br />
Suddenly Piggy was a-bubble with decorous excitement "S'right. It's a shell! I seen one like<br />
that before. On someone's back wall A conch he called it. He used to blow it and then his mum<br />
would come. It's ever so valuable-"<br />
Near to Ralph's elbow a palm sapling leaned out over the lagoon.<br />
Indeed, the weight was already pulling a lump from the poor soil and soon it would fall. He tore<br />
out the stem and began to poke about in the water, while the brilliant fish flicked away on this<br />
side and that. Piggy leaned dangerously.<br />
"Careful! You'll break it-"<br />
"Shut up."<br />
Ralph spoke absently. The shell was interesting and pretty and a worthy plaything; but the<br />
vivid phantoms of his day-dream still interposed between him and Piggy, who in this context<br />
was an irrelevance. The palm sapling, bending, pushed the shell across the weeds. Ralph used<br />
one hand as a fulcrum and pressed down with the other till the shell rose, dripping, and Piggy<br />
could make a grab.<br />
Now the shell was no longer a thing seen but not to be touched, Ralph too became excited.<br />
Piggy babbled:<br />
"-a conch; ever so expensive. I bet if you wanted to buy one, you'd have to pay pounds and<br />
pounds and pounds -he had it on his garden wall, and my auntie-"<br />
Ralph took the shell from Piggy and a little water ran down his arm. In color the shell was<br />
deep cream, touched here and there with fading pink. Between the point, worn away into a<br />
little hole, and the pink lips of the mouth, lay eighteen inches of shell with a slight spiral twist<br />
and covered with a delicate, embossed pattern. Ralph shook sand out of the deep tube.<br />
"-mooed like a cow," he said. "He had some white stones too, an' a bird cage with a green<br />
parrot. He didn't blow the white stones, of course, an` he said-"<br />
Piggy paused for breath and stroked the glistening thing that lay in Ralph's hands.<br />
"Ralph!"<br />
Ralph looked up.<br />
"We can use this to call the others. Have a meeting. They'll come when they hear us-"<br />
He beamed at Ralph.<br />
194
"That was what you meant, didn't you? That's why you got the conch out of the water?''<br />
Ralph pushed back his fair hair.<br />
"How did your friend blow the conch?"<br />
"He kind of spat," said Piggy. "My auntie wouldn't let me blow on account of my asthma.<br />
He said you blew from down here." Piggy laid a hand on his jutting abdomen. "You try, Ralph.<br />
You'll call the others."<br />
Doubtfully, Ralph laid the small end of the shell against his mouth and blew. There came a<br />
rushing sound from its mouth but nothing more. Ralph wiped the salt water off his lips and<br />
tried again, but the shell remained silent.<br />
"He kind of spat."<br />
Ralph pursed his lips and squirted air into the shell, which emitted a low, farting noise. This<br />
amused both boys so much that Ralph went on squirting for some minutes, between bouts of<br />
laughter.<br />
"He blew from down here."<br />
Ralph grasped the idea and hit the shell with air from his diaphragm. Immediately the thing<br />
sounded. A deep, harsh note boomed under the palms, spread through the intricacies of the<br />
forest and echoed back from the pink granite of the mountain. Clouds of birds rose from the<br />
tree-tops, and something squealed and ran in the undergrowth.<br />
Ralph took the shell away from his lips.<br />
"Gosh!"<br />
His ordinary voice sounded like a whisper after the harsh note of the conch. He laid the<br />
conch against his lips, took a deep breath and blew once more. The note Doomed again: and<br />
then at his firmer pressure, the note, fluking up an octave, became a strident blare more<br />
penetrating than before.<br />
Piggy was shouting something, his face pleased, his glasses flashing. The birds cried, small<br />
animals scuttered. Ralph's breath failed; the note dropped the octave, became a low wubber,<br />
was a rush of air.<br />
The conch was silent, a gleaming tusk; Ralph's face was dark with breathlessness and the<br />
air over the island was full of bird-clamor and echoes ringing.<br />
"I bet you can hear that for miles."<br />
Ralph found his breath and blew a series of short blasts.<br />
Piggy exclaimed: "There's one!"<br />
195