Special topic: Metagenomics - Genome Sciences

TTG-8 [2]
TTG-9 [5]
TTG-10 [39]
Biofuels & Termites
T. primitia termite group [1]
Spirochaeta (Treponema) caldaria, M71240.1
T. pallidum and amino acid fermentors
T. bryantii and saccharolytic strains
Spirochaeta coccoides SPN1, AJ698092.1
TSG-1 [1]
Spirochaeta aurantia, AY599019.1
Other
TSG-2 [3]
TSG-3 [1]
Spirochaetaceae
TLG-1 [1]
Leptospiraceae
Leptospira
Fibrobacter
Candidate order TG3-1 [32]
Proteobacteria [9]
Deferribacteres [1]
Candidate order TFG-1 [14]
Candidate order TG3-2 [3]
Bacteroidetes [14]
Chlorobi and gut clones [1]
Acidobacteria [10]
Candidate phylum Endomicrobia [1]
Cyanobacteria and gut clones [2]
Candidate phylum ZB3 [3]
Firmicutes [16]
Aminanaerobia [1]
Can biofuels alleviate 1,289the unambiguously energy aligned crisis? and filtered Ethanol nucleotide positions. can contribute Branching to energy and environmental
goals
The path forward for biofuels: cellulosic ethanol.
Treponema
Phylum Fibrobacteres [49]
Figure 1 | Source and composition of the bacterial community analysed.
a, Diagram of the gut tract extracted from the Nasutitermes host insect. The
anterior of the P3 paunch was incised as indicated (dotted line) with a
syringe needle. The luminal contents from about 165 specimens were
collected and pooled for nucleic acid and protein analyses. b, Phylogenetic
diversity of the P3 luminal microbiota. From a PCR-based inventory and
from the metagenome libraries, 1,703 almost full-length and 41 full-topartial
16S rRNA gene sequences were used in a maximum-likelihood
analysis (RAxML). The number of distinct P3 luminal community
phylotypes contained within each grouping is given in brackets (a total of
216 operational taxonomical units sharing at least 99% sequence identity);
black shading denotes that at least one of these phylotypes was represented
within the PCR inventory or metagenome libraries (red dots). White shading
denotes reference groups having no representation in this or other public
inventories derived from termite gut. The phylogram was constructed from
pattern confidence is visualized as follows: no circle, more than 50%;
open circle, more than 70%; filled circle, more than 90%. Scale bar indicates
10% estimated sequence divergence. See Supplementary Tables 1, 2 and 11
and Supplementary Figs 2–9 for accession numbers and detailed
phylogenetic analyses.
0.10
GH5 cellulases, GH94 cellobiose or cellodextrin phosphorylases
GH51 endoglucanase/arabinofuranosidases, and a smaller number
of GH8, GH9, GH44, GH45 and GH74 endoglucanases. In contrast
gene modules corresponding to the catalytic domains of GH6 and
GH48 family endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases, key components
of several well-studied microbial cellulase systems, were absent
1 mm
©2007 Nature Publishing Group
Diverse endoglucanases
(Treponema
Treponema and Fi brobactere s)
(see Table 1 and
Supplementary Figs 10 and 11)
GH94 phosphorylases
(Treponema
Treponema)
(see Table 1)
Fe-only H2ases (Treponema
Treponema)
(see Table 1 and
Supplementary
Figs 16–19)
Wood-Ljungdahl pathway
of CO2-reduction (Treponema
Treponema)
(see Supplementary
Figs 20–23)
Wood polysaccharides
Cellulose Xylan
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Acetate
Acetate
3rd proctodeal segment (P3)
Hexose oligomers Pentose oligomers
Central metabolism intermediates
H 2 +CO 2
Diverse endoxylanases
(Treponema)
(seeTable 1 and
Supplementary Figs 12 and 13)
Diverse glycosidases
(Treponema
Treponema)
(see Table 1)
Atmospheric N 2
Ammonium
Microbial protein
Diverse
nitrogenases
(Treponema and
Fibrobacteres)
Absorbed by termite as dominant substrate for energy and biosynthesis
Figure 2 | Model of nutritional symbiosis-relevant metabolism by
Nasutitermes P3 luminal bacteria. Wood is triturated by the insect’s
mandibles into small particles and predigested by poorly studied upstream
processes before transit into the P3 compartment. The P3 lumen is
dominated by diverse species of Treponema (Spirochaetes) and
Fibrobacteres. There was no evidence for methanogenesis or lignin
degradation in the metagenomic data set.
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