Classification - Uwi.edu

Empire
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
BIODIVERSITY I
BIOL 1051
TAXONOMY
Professor Marc C. Lavoie
marc.lavoie@cavehill.uwi.edu
Main taxonomic ranks
Eukaryota
Alveolata
Ciliophora
Nassophorae
Peniculada
Paramecium
Paramecium
aurelia
Eukaryota
Opistokonta
Basidiomycota
Hymenomycetes
Agaricales
Amanitaceae
Amanita
Amanita virosa
Eukaryota
Archaeplastida
Chlorophyta
Chlorophyceae
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadaceae
Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas
eugametos
Criteria for the classification
of organisms
• Morphological
• Physiological
• Metabolic
• Ecological
• Genetic*
• Molecular*
Definitions
• Taxonomy: Science of biological classification.
– Classification:
• « Natural »: mutual similarities
• Phylogenetic: evolutive relationship.
– Nomenclature:
• attribution of names to taxonomic groups in
accordance with the published rules.
– Identification:
• Practical aspect of taxonomy. Process by which it
is determined that a particular isolate belongs to a
known taxon.
Main taxonomic ranks
• EMPIRES:
• ARCHEA
• BACTERIA
• EUKARYA
• GENUS
• SPECIES
Main organisms classification
systems
• Two Kingdoms System
• Five Kingdoms System
• Six Kingdoms System
• Eight Kingdoms System
• Universal Phylogenetic Tree
(The Tree of LIFE)
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Two Kingdoms System
Animalia Plantae
• CLASSIFICATION
CRITERIA
• Mode of Nutrition
• Metabolism
• Mode of
Reproduction
• Type of Motility
• Morphology
Five Kingdoms System
Eight Kingdoms System
• Two Empires and eight
Kingdoms.
• Empire Bacteria: Eubacteria &
Archaea.
• Empire Eukaryota: Six eukaryotic
Kingdoms. Two new Kingdoms:
• Archezoa: Unicellular eukaryotes
(Giardia) no Golgi, mitochondria,
chloroplasts or peroxysomes.
• Chromista: photosynthetic,
chloroplasts in the lumen of RER.
(Diatoms, Brown algae,
Cryptomonads & Oomycetes).
Two Kingdoms System
Six Kingdoms System
• Monera or
Prokaryotae were
divided into two
kingdoms:
• Eubacteria
• Archaea
RECENT CLASSIFICATION
2

Universal phylogenetic tree
• Bacteria:
– prokaryotes,
– membrane lipids : diesters of
diacyl-glycerol,
– rRNA :16S.
• Archaea:
– procaryotes,
– membrane lipids : tetraethers of
diglycerol or diethers of
isoprenoid-glycerol,
– rRNA: 16S.
• Eukaryota:
– eukaryote,
– membrane lipids : diesters of
acyl-glycerol,
– rRNA: 18S.
BACTERIA
ARCHEA
EUKARYA
3

Cavalier-Smith, 2004
Patterson
1993
Classification based on the
acquisition of organelles
T u b u l i n a e
F l a b e l l i n e a
S t e r e o m y x i d a
A c a n t h a m o e b i d a e
A M O E B O Z O A E n t a m o e b i d a
M a s t i g o m o e b i d a
P e l o m y x a
E u m y c e t o z o a
I n c e r t a e s e d i s
S p o n g o m o n a d i d a
F u n g i
O P I S T O K O N T A M e s o m y c e t o z o a
C h o a n o m o n a d a
M e t a z o a
C e r c o z o a
H a p l o s p o r i d i a
R H I Z A R I A F o r a m i n i f e r a
G r o m i a
R a d i o l a r i a
G l a u c o p h y t a
A R C H A E P L A S T I D A R h o d o p h y c e a e
C h l o r o p l a s t i d a
C r y p t o p h y c e a e
E U K A R Y O T A C H R O M A L V E O L A T A H a p t o p h y t a
S t r a m e n o p i l e s
A l v e o l a t a
F o r n i c a t a
M a l a w i m o n a s
P a r a b a s a l i a
E X C A V A T A P r e a x o s t y l a
J a k o b i d a
H e t e r o l o b o s e a
E u g l e n o z o a
A n c y r o m o n a s
A p o s o m o n a d i d a e
C e n t r h e l i d a
I n c e r t a e s e d i s C o l l o d i c t y o n i d a e
E b r i a c e a
S p i r o n e m i d a e
K a t h a b l e p h a r i d a e
S t e p h a n o p o g o n
Unikonts
Bikonts
Adl et al 2005
4

SIX CLUSTERS OF EUKARYOTES
• 1. AMOEBOZOA
• 2. OPISTOKONTA
• 3. RHIZARIA
• 4. ARCHAEPLASTIDA
• 5. CHROMALVEOLATA
• 6. EXCAVATA
MICRO-ORGANISMS
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
VIRUSES
BACTERIA ARCHAE A AMOEBOZOA OPISTOKONTA
RHIZARIA ARCHAEPL ASTIDA CHROMALVEOLATA EXCAVATA
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