mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira da Tanamgzavruli sistemebi
mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira da Tanamgzavruli sistemebi
mobiluri telekomunikaciis miwispira da Tanamgzavruli sistemebi
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g. murjikneli, g. robitaSvili,<br />
T. vekua, a. robitaSvili<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>miwispira</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti<br />
g. murjikneli, g. robitaSvili,<br />
T. vekua, a. robitaSvili<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>miwispira</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebulia stu-s<br />
sare<strong>da</strong>qcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos<br />
mier. 27.05.2009, oqmi #5<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009
uak 621. 396.<br />
wignSi ganxilulia <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>,<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> radiokavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
agebis ZiriTadi principebi. mocemulia arsebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> perspeqtiuli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s detaluri ana-lizi.<br />
gaanalizebulia IMT-2000-is (Intennational Mobile Telecommunications-2000<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saer-<br />
TaSoriso sistema-2000-is agebis konceptualuri <strong>da</strong><br />
meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.<br />
wigni gankuTvnilia <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> profilis<br />
studentebisaTvis, magistrantebisaTvis, doqtorantebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rgis specialistebisaTvis.<br />
recenzenti saqarTvelos teqnikuri<br />
universitetis energetikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fakultetis<br />
profesori n. uRreliZe<br />
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009<br />
ISBN 978-9941-14-610-7<br />
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/<br />
yvela ufleba <strong>da</strong>culia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,<br />
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT <strong>da</strong> saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu<br />
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis<br />
gareSe.<br />
saavtoro uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva isjeba kanoniT.
S i n a a r s i<br />
gv.<br />
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
Tavi I. M<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>miwispira</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis<br />
ZiriTadi princiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />
1.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris istoria <strong>da</strong> misi ganviTarebis<br />
etapebi. <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7<br />
1.2. personaluri radiogamoZaxebis <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . .12<br />
1.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>.<br />
momsaxurebis teritoriis fiWebad <strong>da</strong>yofis arsi.<br />
sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis principi . . .16<br />
1.4. farTozoluri <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
agebis proncipebis analizi . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />
Tavi II. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> analoguri<br />
fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> (1G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />
2.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> NMT-450, NMT-900<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . .57<br />
2.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60<br />
2.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> TACS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
Tavi III. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> cifruli<br />
fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63<br />
3.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
3.1.1. GSM qselebis arqiteqtura <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
struqturuli elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
3.1.2. signalebis struqtura <strong>da</strong> formireba GSM<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<br />
3.1.3. informaciis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis usafrTxoeba . . . . . 85<br />
3.2. <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> D-AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />
3.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95<br />
3.4. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> meore Taobis (2G)<br />
CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . 98<br />
Tavi IV. <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> perspeqtiuli IMT-2000 <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis ZiriTadi principebi .109<br />
3
4.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> mesame Taobis (3G)<br />
saerTo sargeblobis fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . .109<br />
4.2. muSa sixSireTa gamoyofili zolebi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
gamoyenebis principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115<br />
4.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> IS-95<br />
(cdmaOne) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis evolucia cdma2000<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Tavi V. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . .125<br />
5.1. momsaxurebebi, romlebsac uzrunvelyofs<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
5.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> kosmosuri<br />
aparatis orbitebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127<br />
5.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> struqtura <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
strategia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134<br />
5.4. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>da</strong>balorbituli<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . .147<br />
5.4.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
sistema Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
5.4.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
sistema Globarstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />
5.5. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saSualo<br />
orbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>. . . . . .163<br />
5.5.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
sistema Inmarsat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
5.5.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
sistema Odyssey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
5.5.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
sistema ELLIPSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
5.6. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT 178<br />
5.6.1. <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemis<br />
Gomsat-is ganviTarebis koncefcia . . . . . . . 181<br />
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
4<br />
S e s a v a l i<br />
ukanasknel periodSi msoflios ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis analizi gviCvenebs,<br />
rom dReisaTvis mimdinareobs intensiuri gamokvlevebi<br />
msoflio masStabis sainformacio sivrcis<br />
SeqmnisaTvis. amasTan, misi Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi ganviTarebis<br />
gzaze konceptualuri <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli<br />
Rirebulebebis mqone gamokvlevebis ZiriTad nawilebs<br />
warmoadgenen: sainformacio sivrcis subieqtebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> samsaxurebi; infokomunikaciuri industria,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyofs sainformacio sivrcis<br />
Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas obieqturad warmoqmnili<br />
axali moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.<br />
Tvisebrivad axali sainformacio sivrcis Seqmnis<br />
gzaze mis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan Semadgenel<br />
nawils warmoadgens <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>miwispira</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> radiokavSiris<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, saWiroa maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis<br />
ZiriTadi prioritetebis gansazRvra.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>miwispira</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
Tanamedrove etapze viTardeba <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli tempebiT,<br />
swrafad izrdeba SemoTavzebuli momsaxurebebis<br />
moculoba <strong>da</strong> xarisxi, ris gamoc igi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT masiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomia. amasTan, maqsimalura<strong>da</strong>a SenarCunebuli<br />
momxmarebelTa individualuri moTxovnebis<br />
maqsimalurad <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis principi. axali<br />
SesaZleblobebis realizacia xdeba, erTis mxriv,<br />
arsebuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> qselebis<br />
srulyofisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis safuZvelze, xolo<br />
meores mxriv, iseTi axali teqnikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
realizaciiT, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia globaluri<br />
qseluri infrastruqturis SeqmnasTan.<br />
5
winamdebare wignis amocanaa gaacnos <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
specialistTa farTo wres <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri<br />
radiokavSiris ganviTarebis etapebi <strong>da</strong> im axali<br />
teqnologiebis <strong>da</strong> realizaciebis gansakuTrebulobebi,<br />
romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT aigeba <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>miwispira</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
fiWuri radiokavSiris perspeqtiuli <strong>sistemebi</strong>.<br />
avtorTa koleqtivi madlieri iqneba yvelasi, vinc<br />
gagviziarebs TavianT wina<strong>da</strong>debebs <strong>da</strong> saqmian SeniSvnebs,<br />
romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba wignis<br />
Semdgom ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebul gamocemebSi.<br />
6<br />
Tavi I. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>miwispira</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
agebis ZiriTadi princi pebi<br />
1.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris istoria <strong>da</strong> misi ganviTarebis<br />
etapebi. <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi.<br />
radiosatelefono kavSiris pirveli sistema, romlis<br />
momsaxurebiT sargebloba SeeZlo nebismier<br />
msurvels, amoqmed<strong>da</strong> aSS-Si (q. sent-luisSi) 1946<br />
wels. am sistemaSi gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> Cveulebrivi fiqsirebuli<br />
arxebi. Tu kavSiris arxi <strong>da</strong>kavebuli iyo,<br />
maSin Tavisufal arxze ga<strong>da</strong>rTva xdebo<strong>da</strong> xeliT.<br />
rasakvirvelia aparatura iyo didi gabaritebis,<br />
xolo misi eqsploatacia _ rTuli <strong>da</strong> mouxerxebeli.<br />
teqnikis ganviTarebis paralelurad radiosatelefono<br />
kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>c ufro srulyofili<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong>: mcirdebo<strong>da</strong> maTi gabaritebi, izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoyenebul sixSireTa diapazonebis ricxvi,<br />
umjobesdebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc sabazo, aseve sakomutacio<br />
sadgurebi. kerZod, gaCn<strong>da</strong> axali _ Tavisufali arxis<br />
avtomaturad amorCevis funqcia (Trunking). magram<br />
radiosatelefono momsaxurebis moTxovnis zrdis<br />
kvalobaze izrdebo<strong>da</strong> problemaTa arealic. maT<br />
Soris, sixSireTa resursis SezRuduloba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
fiqsirebul arxTa ricxvi gansazRvrul sixSirul<br />
diapazonSi ar SeiZleba usasrulod gaizardos, amitom<br />
radiotelefonebi, romelTa sixSiris diapazonebi<br />
mezobla<strong>da</strong>a ganlagebuli, qmni<strong>da</strong> urTierTxelSeSlebs.<br />
mecnierebi <strong>da</strong> inJinrebi cdilobdnen am problemis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wras. 40-iani wlebis bolos amerikuli kompaniis<br />
AT&T-s samecniero centris Bell Laboratory-s<br />
mier SemoTavazebul iqna idea momsaxurebis mTeli<br />
7
teritoriis garkveul ubnebad <strong>da</strong>yofis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelTac Semdgom ewo<strong>da</strong>T `fiWebi~ (inglisuri sityvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Cell–ujredi, fiWa). am ideis Tanaxmad yoveli<br />
fiWis momsaxureba un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebuliyo<br />
moqmedebis SezRuduli radiusis mqone fiqsirebuli<br />
sixSiris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemiT. Sedegad, yovelgvari urTierTzegavlenis<br />
gareSe, SesaZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> imave<br />
sixSiris gamoyeneba sxva ujredSi (fiWaSi). am ideis<br />
aparaturul realizacias 30 weliwadze meti<br />
<strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>. 70-ian wlebSi 5-ma Crdiloevropulma saxelmwifom<br />
(Sveciam, fineTma, islandiam, <strong>da</strong>niam <strong>da</strong> norvegiam)<br />
Seqmna erTiani stan<strong>da</strong>rti NMT-450 (Nordic Mobile<br />
Telephone-samuSao diapazoniT _ 450 mhc). am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s eqsploatacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1981<br />
wels, 1983 wels ki aSS-Si funqcionireba <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
fiWuri kavSiris qselma AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phome<br />
Service-perspeqtiuli <strong>mobiluri</strong> satelefono sistema)<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis gamoyenebiT.<br />
1985 wels NMT-450 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis bazaze SemuSavebul<br />
iqna stan<strong>da</strong>rti NMT-900.<br />
1985 wels did britaneTSi miRebul iqna stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />
TACS (Total Access Communication Sistem _ kavSiris<br />
sistema sruli SeRweviT), amerikuli AMPS-is bazaze,<br />
xolo 1987 wels misi modifikacia _ ETACS (Enhanced<br />
TACS-gafarToebuli TACS).<br />
safrangeTSi 1985 wels miRebuli iqna stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />
Radiocom-2000.<br />
yvela zemoaRniSnuli 8 stan<strong>da</strong>rti aris analoguri<br />
<strong>da</strong> miekuTvneba pirvel Taobas. analoguri am sistemebs<br />
ewodeba imitom, rom maTSi gamoiyeneba informaciis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis analoguri meTodebi Cveulebrivi<br />
sixSiruli (sm) <strong>da</strong> fazuri (fm) modulaciiT.<br />
8<br />
analoguri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mTavari naklovanebebia:<br />
sxva abonentebis mier saubris mosmenis SesaZlebloba;<br />
signalebis miyuCebis winaaRmdeg efeqturi<br />
meTodebis gamoyenebis SeuZlebloba; fiWuri kav-<br />
Siris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva stan<strong>da</strong>rtis arseboba <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuli<br />
sixSireebis didi ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTva, ris gamoc<br />
ar mox<strong>da</strong> am <strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTareba.<br />
900 mhc diapazonSi erTiani evropuli fiWuri<br />
kavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtis SemuSavebis mizniT evropis<br />
fostisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> administraciebis<br />
gaerTianebam (CEPT-Conference of European Post and Telecommunication<br />
Administrations), romelic aerTianebs 26<br />
qveyanas, 1982 wels Seqmna specialuri jgufi GSM.<br />
igi safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo axal stan<strong>da</strong>rts mTel msoflioSi.<br />
abreviatura _ GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtTan mimarTeba-<br />
Si niSnavs Semdegs _ Global Sistem of Mobile _ <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
kavSiris globaluri sistema.<br />
1990 wels jgufis mier gamoqveynebul iqna moTxovnebi<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mimarT.<br />
maT Soris ZiriTadia: arxebis droiTi gancalkeveba;<br />
informaciis cifrul formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cema; abonentis<br />
monacemTa <strong>da</strong>cva; blokuri <strong>da</strong> xvevadi kodirebis,<br />
axali modulaciis _ GSMK-s (Gaussian Minimum<br />
Shift Keyng – gausis manipulacia minimaluri sixSiruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>ZvriT) gamoyeneba.<br />
1989 wels, GSM-is mimarT teqnikuri moTxovnebis<br />
Camoyalibebamde britaneTis vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis<br />
departamentma (DTI-Departament of Trade and Industry)<br />
gamoaqveyna koncefcia `<strong>mobiluri</strong> telefonebi~,<br />
romelsac Semdeg ewo<strong>da</strong> `personaluri kavSiris<br />
qselebi~ (PCN-Personal Communication Networks). amave periodSi<br />
aSS-ma gamoaqveyna analogiuri koncefcia _<br />
9
`personaluri kavSiris momsaxureba~ (PCS-Personal<br />
Communication Service). am koncefciis realizaciis<br />
mizniT, aSS-is <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> federalurma komisiam<br />
gamoyo sami sixSiruli ubani 1,9-2,0 ghc diapazonSi<br />
(farTozolovani PCS) <strong>da</strong> erTi sixSiruli<br />
ubani 900 mhc diapazonSi (viwrozolovani PCS).<br />
1900 wels aSS-is <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sferoSi samrewvelo<br />
asociaciam (TIA-Telecommunication Industry Association)<br />
<strong>da</strong>amata erovnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rti IS-54 cifruli<br />
fiWuri kavSirisaTvis. es stan<strong>da</strong>rti ufro cnobilia<br />
Semdegi abreviaturiT D-AMDS (Digital AMPS)<br />
an ADC. evropisagan gansxvavebiT aSS-Si am stan<strong>da</strong>rtisaTvis<br />
ar gamoiyo axali sixSiruli diapazonebi,<br />
amitom <strong>sistemebi</strong> muSaobs AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
sixSirul diapazonSi.<br />
1991 wels evropaSi GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis bazaze Seiqmna<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rti DCS-1800 (Digital Celluar System-1800 mhc).<br />
didma britaneTma umalve miiRo es stan<strong>da</strong>rti Tavisi<br />
koncefciis PCN-is realizaciisaTvis, ramac Tavis<br />
mxriv xeli Seuwyo am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis swraf gavrcelebas<br />
mTel msoflioSi.<br />
iaponiaSi 1991 wels miRebul iqna stan<strong>da</strong>rti JDC<br />
(Japanese Digital Cellular), romelic Tavisi parametrebiT<br />
axloa amerikul D-AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtTan.<br />
1992 wels germaniaSi eqspluataciaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> GSM<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis pirveli sistema.<br />
1993 wels did britaneTSi eqspluataciaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong><br />
DCS-1800 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis qseli.<br />
1993 wels amerikis samrewvelo asociaciam <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
sferoSi (TIA) miiRo stan<strong>da</strong>rti CDMA<br />
(Code Division Multiphe Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva koduri<br />
gancalkevebiT).<br />
zemoaRniSnuli cifruli <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
miekuTvneba meore Taobas.<br />
10<br />
dReisaTvis fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTareba xorcieldebaP<br />
mesame Taobis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s moTxovnebis<br />
Sesabamisad. maTSi gamoiyenebian radioSeRwevis<br />
unificirebuli <strong>sistemebi</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTiandeba arsebuli<br />
fiWuri, `ugamtaro~ kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> XXI<br />
saukunis sainformacio samsaxurebi. evropaSi am<br />
koncefcias ewo<strong>da</strong> UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications<br />
System – <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris universaluri sistema),<br />
romelic gulisxmobs arsebuli cifruli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
SesaZleblobebis gaerTianebas mesame Taobis<br />
erTian sistemebSi – FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile<br />
Telephone System). am SemTxvevaSi abonentebs miewodebaT<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtizebuli momsaxurebebi.<br />
saerTo sargeblobis saerTaSoriso <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
kavSiris sistemis (FPLMTS) Seqmnis samuSaoebs<br />
xelmZRvanelobs <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
kavSiri (tsk) (ITU – International Telecommunication Union).<br />
am sistemisaTvis gamoyofilia sixSiruli diapazoni<br />
1-3 ghc, romelSic stacionaruli sadgurebisaTvis<br />
gamoiyofa sixSiruli zoli siganiT 60 mhc, xolo<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong>saTvis 170 mhc (nax. 1.1).<br />
1990 1991<br />
Ppirveli Taobis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
CT2<br />
inglisuri sistema<br />
Telepoint<br />
NMT-450<br />
NMT-900<br />
AMPS<br />
TACS<br />
ETACS<br />
Radiocom<br />
2000<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
meore Taobis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
1994<br />
GSM<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerTo evropuli cifruli<br />
fiWuri sistema<br />
11<br />
1995<br />
DECT<br />
JDC<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> iaponuri cifruli fiWuri sistema<br />
LMSS<br />
amerikuli cifruli sistema<br />
ADS<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSirisAamerikuli cifruli<br />
sistema<br />
1996<br />
Pmesame Taobis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
nax. 1.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
ganviTarebis etapebi<br />
FPLMTS<br />
1997
1.2. personaluri radiogamoZaxebis <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
didi teritoriis momsaxurebisaTvis iqmneba ise-<br />
Ti peijinguri qselebi, romlebic agebulia peijinguri<br />
kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis radiosatelefono<br />
fiWuri qselebis analogiurad. fiWuri principi<br />
uzrunvelyofs signalebis miRebis saimedobas <strong>da</strong><br />
saSualebas iZleva gafarTovdes momsaxurebis zona<br />
axlad <strong>da</strong>dgmuli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mowyobilobebis racinaluri<br />
ganlagebis safuZvelze. fiWur principze<br />
agebuli peijinguri qselebis mtavari mtvar problemas<br />
warmoadgens mezobeli radiosadgurebis<br />
signalebis urTierTgavlena (interferencia) (nax.<br />
1.2). am efeqtis gamosaricxad gamoiyeneba an sinqronuli<br />
(Simuclast) mauwyebloba, an ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi Setyobinebebis<br />
droiTi gancalkeveba. ganvixiloT es<br />
meTodebi awvrilebiT.<br />
sinqronuli mauwyeblobis qselebSi ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi<br />
musaobs erTdroulad, magram peijeri `ver amCnevs~<br />
maT urTierTzemoqmedebas <strong>da</strong> rebulobs signals<br />
erTi gansazRvruli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi<strong>da</strong>n. am dros aparaturis<br />
fasi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia <strong>da</strong> metad<br />
mkacri moTxovnebi waeyeneba kavSiris arxebs. arsebobs<br />
sinqronuli mauwyeblobis qselebis agebis<br />
sxva variantic, rodesac ga<strong>da</strong>mcemebis marTva xdeba<br />
sasamsaxuro (<strong>da</strong>atebiT) sixSireze. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
mcirdeba pir<strong>da</strong>piri radiokavSiris manZili, rac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ganixileba centraluri ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi sadguris<br />
moqmedebis radiusiT, romelic gamoasxivebs signalebis<br />
sasamsaxuro sixSireze. msgavsi <strong>sistemebi</strong>s gamoyenebis<br />
areali dReisaTvis sakmaod SezRudulia,<br />
radgan ufro didi gavrceleba hpoves sistemebma<br />
signalebis droiTi gancalkevebiT, rodesac TiToeuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi muSaobs misTvis gamoyofili drois<br />
12<br />
nax. 1.2. radioga<strong>da</strong>mcemebis signalebis<br />
urTierTzegavlenis gamartivebuli sqema<br />
monakveTSi (drois fanjara). amis gamo, ramdenime ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis<br />
moqmedebis zonaSi, peijeri drois mocemul<br />
momentSi iRebs signals mxolod erT-erTi maTgani<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
es niSvnelovnad amcirebs wayenebul moTxovnebs<br />
aparaturisa <strong>da</strong> kavSiris arxebis mimarT, magram amasTan<br />
mcirdeba abonentebis ricxvi, rac ori droiTi fanjaris<br />
SemTxvevaSi Seadgens - 10000 abonents <strong>da</strong> 6500<br />
abonents sami fanjris SemTxvevaSi.<br />
arsebobs agreTve did teritoriul qselebSi<br />
signalebis <strong>da</strong>yofis mesame meTodi. igi efuneba<br />
peijinguri repitorebis gamoyenebas. am SemTxveva-<br />
Si TiToeuli sabazo sadguri Setyobinebebis mimRebiTaa,<br />
romlebic muSaobs erT sixSireze. mezobeli<br />
sadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis Setyobinebebi<br />
miiReba mimRebis mier <strong>da</strong> grovdeba specialur buferul<br />
mowyobilobaSi. amis Semdeg mocemuli sabazo<br />
13
sadgurebisaTvis gamoyofili garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi<br />
(droiTi fanjara) ga<strong>da</strong>icema (nax. 1.2).<br />
ganvixiloT mokled fiWur principebze agebuli<br />
ormxrivi peijinguri qselebis agebis principebi.<br />
fiWuri kavSirisa <strong>da</strong> personaluri radiogamoZaxebis<br />
sistemebs Soris konkurenciam ganapiroba<br />
peijinguri kavSiris iseTi axali stan<strong>da</strong>rtis SemuSaveba,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs Setyobinebebis urTierTgacvlas<br />
1930-1990 mhc sixSirul diapazonSi.<br />
ormxrivi peijinguri kavSiri pirvelad organizebul<br />
iqna amerikuli korporacia `Sky Tel Corp~ -is mier.<br />
am qselSi gamoyenebulia axali Taobis peijerebi.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n ormxrivi peijinguri <strong>sistemebi</strong> uzrunvelyofs<br />
Setyobinebebis ara marto ga<strong>da</strong>cemas, aramed<br />
maTze pasuxis miRebas, saWiroa stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli peijingur<br />
mimRebs gaCndes mcire simZlavris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi.<br />
aseTi peijerebis gamoyenebisas, romlebic saSualebas<br />
iZleva <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturdes Setyobinebebis miReba, Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia mniSvelovnad Semcirdes fiWuri sabazo<br />
sadgurebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis simZlavre.<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasrul, ganvixiloT deisaTvis msoflioSi <strong>da</strong>nergili<br />
peijinguri radiokavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi.<br />
erTmxrivi peijinguri kavSiris yvelaze gavrcelebul<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rts warmoadgens peijerebisaTvis signalebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis stan<strong>da</strong>rti POSAG (Post Office Code Stan<strong>da</strong>rtization<br />
Advisory Group) es stan<strong>da</strong>rti SemuSavebul iqna<br />
didi britaneTis safosto uwyebis mier <strong>da</strong> 1982 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebul iqna didi britaneTis safosto uwyebis<br />
mier <strong>da</strong> 1982 wels <strong>da</strong>mtkicebul iqna tsk-is mier,<br />
rogorc protokoli RPCN1 (Radio paging Code N1).<br />
1992 wels <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sferoSi stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis<br />
evropuli institutis mier <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli<br />
iqna saerToevropuli stan<strong>da</strong>rti ETS 300-133, anu<br />
sxvagvarad ERMES (European Radio Message System),<br />
romelic 1994 wels tsk-s mier rekomendebul iqna<br />
14<br />
nax. 1.3. informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema peijinguri<br />
repitorebis gamoyenebiT<br />
rogorc saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rti msoflios sxava<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qveynebisTvis. mis mTavar <strong>da</strong>debiT Tvisebas<br />
warmoadgens is, rom igi srulad SeTavsebadia evropul<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan.<br />
1993 wels Motorola-s specialistebis mier SemuSav<strong>da</strong><br />
maRalxarisxuli peijinguri stan<strong>da</strong>rti FLEX<br />
radioarxebis gamtarunarianobis gazrdis mizniT.<br />
1983 wels evropis radiomauwyeblobis kavSirma<br />
(EBU) miiRo mraalmiznobrivi stan<strong>da</strong>rti RDS (Radio<br />
Data sistem).<br />
1983 wels Motorola-m SeimuSava stan<strong>da</strong>rti - GSC -<br />
Golay Seguential Code -goleis mimdevrobiTi kodis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
dReisaTvis agreTve SemuSavebulia ormxrivi<br />
peijinguri stan<strong>da</strong>rti, Nexus, israelis firma Nexus-is<br />
mier. (tavi<strong>da</strong>n igi Semusav<strong>da</strong> samxedro programisaTvis,<br />
magram Semdgom mox<strong>da</strong> mis sxva miznebisaTvis<br />
gamoyeneba).<br />
15
1.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiWuri<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>. momsaxurebis teritoriis<br />
fiWebad <strong>da</strong>yofis arsi. sixSireTa<br />
ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis princi pebi<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
erT-erT ZiriTad princips warmoadgens momsaxurebis<br />
teritoriis fiWebad <strong>da</strong>yofa. ganvixiloT<br />
es sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT.<br />
momsaxurebis teritoriis ujredebad (fiWebad)<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa SesaZlebelia ori meTodiT:<br />
_ kavSiris sistemaSi signalebis gavrcelebis<br />
statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis gazomvis safuZvelze;<br />
_ konkretul raionSi signalis gavrcelebis gazomvis<br />
an gaTvlebis safuZvelze.<br />
pirveli meTodis realizaciisas momsaxurebis<br />
teritoria iyofa erTiani formis zonebad, statistikuri<br />
radiofizikis meTodebis gamoyenebiT ganisazRvreba<br />
maTi zomebi, <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, is minimaluri<br />
manZili maT Soris, romlis drosac uzrunveliyofa<br />
urTierTgavlenis <strong>da</strong>saSvebi doneebi.<br />
teritoriis optimaluri <strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis, e.i. imgvarad<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis, rodesac adgili ar aqvs ubnebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>farvas an maT gamotovebas, fiWis formisaTvis<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod sami tipis<br />
geometriuli figura: samkuTxedi, kvar<strong>da</strong>ti <strong>da</strong><br />
eqvskuTxedi, radganac Tu maT centrSi ganvaTavsebT<br />
wriuli mimarTulobis diagramis mqone antenas, faqtobrivad<br />
miiRweva SeRwevadoba fiWis yvela kidemde.<br />
16<br />
pirveli meTodis gamoyenebisas im zonebs Soris<br />
intervali, romelebSic gamoiyeneba erTnairi muSa<br />
arxebi, rogorc wesi, aris imaze meti, rac aucilebelia<br />
urTierTxelSeSlebis <strong>da</strong>saSveb doneze Senar-<br />
CunebisaTvis.<br />
iTvleba, rom ufro misaRebia fiWebad <strong>da</strong>yofis<br />
meore meTodi. am SemTxvevaSi zustad izomeba an<br />
iangariSeba sistemis parametrebi, raTa ganisazRvros<br />
bazuri sadgurebis is minimaluri ricxvi, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs mTel teritoriaze abonentebis <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebel<br />
momsaxurebas; ganisazRvreba maTi<br />
ganlagebis optimaluri adgilebi reliefis Taviseburebebis<br />
gaTvalisiwnebiT; dgindeba mimarTuli<br />
antenebis, retransliatorebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
yovel fiWas emsaxureba Tavisi ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mcire<br />
gamosasvleli simZlavriT <strong>da</strong> kavSiris arxebis<br />
SezRuduli raodenobiT. es saSualebas iZleva, igive<br />
sixSireebi gamoyenebul iqnes sxva, <strong>da</strong>SorebiT ganlagebul<br />
fiWebSi <strong>da</strong>, amasTan, adgili ar hqondes<br />
urTierTxelSeSlebs. Teoriulad, erTnairi six-<br />
Sireebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mezobel fi-<br />
WebSic, magram praqtikaSi momsaxurebis zonebi Sei-<br />
Zleba ga<strong>da</strong>ifaros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtorebis zegavleniT,<br />
magaliTad, radiotalRebis gavrcelebis pirobebis<br />
Secvlis gamo. amitom mezobel fiWebSi gamoiyeneba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSireebi. nax. 1.4-ze mocemulia fiWebis<br />
agebis magaliTi sami F1-F3 sixSiris gamoyenebiT.<br />
17
R<br />
F2<br />
F1<br />
F3<br />
F1, F2,F3 - bazuri sadgurebis sixSireebi<br />
F1<br />
F3<br />
F2<br />
F2<br />
F1<br />
F3<br />
nax. 1.4. fiWebis agebis magaliTi sam sixSireze<br />
fiWebis jgufs, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSireebis nakrebiT,<br />
ewodeba klasteri. mis ganmsazRvrel parametrs war-<br />
moadgens mezobel fiWebSi gamoyenebul sixSireTa<br />
raodenoba. magaliTad, nax. 1.2-ze klasteris ganzomileba<br />
tolia 3-is, magram, praqtikaSi es ricxvi Sei-<br />
Zleba aRwevdes TxuTmets.<br />
ZiriTadi idea, rasac efuZneba kavSiris fiWuri<br />
principi, mdgomareobs aramomijnave fiWebSi six-<br />
Sireebis xelmeored gamoyenebaSi. pirveli Taobis<br />
analogur fiWur sistemebSi (analogur sistemebSi)<br />
gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> mimarTulobis wriuli diagramis mqone<br />
antenebi (nax. 1.5). aseTi principi gulisxmobs erT-<br />
nairi simZlavris signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas yvela mimarTulebiT.<br />
amitom mocemul fiWaSi mdebare saabo-<br />
18<br />
F1<br />
F3<br />
F2<br />
D<br />
F2<br />
F1<br />
F3<br />
F1<br />
F3<br />
F2<br />
nento radiosadgurs SesaZloa Seeqmnas xelSeSle-<br />
bi misgan sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebT ganlagebuli sabazo<br />
sadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
sabazo sadgurebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>iSveba sixSireTa gan-<br />
meorebiTi gamoyeneba, <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia erTmaneTisagan<br />
D manZiliT, romelsac `<strong>da</strong>mcavi intervali~ ewode-<br />
ba. sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblo-<br />
ba gansazRvravs fiWur principze agebuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s maRal efeqturobas.<br />
F5<br />
F4<br />
R<br />
R<br />
F6<br />
F1<br />
F3<br />
F7<br />
F2<br />
nax. 1.5. araSeuRlebul fiWebSi sixSireTa<br />
meoradi gamoyenebis modeli<br />
momijnave sabazo sadgurebi, romlebSic gamoiyeneba<br />
sixSirul arxTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nakrebebi, qmnian<br />
jgufs C sadgurisagan. Tu TiToeul sabazo sad-<br />
gurSi gamoiyeneba m arxis nakrebi <strong>da</strong> erTi arxis<br />
19<br />
F5<br />
F4<br />
D<br />
F6<br />
F1<br />
F3<br />
F7<br />
F2
sixSiruli zolis sigane aris F k , maSin fiWuri siste-<br />
mis saerTo sixSiruli zolis sigane toli iqneba<br />
F c = F k mC.<br />
amgvarad, C sidide araa <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli nakrebSi<br />
arxTa raodenobaze <strong>da</strong> igi gansazRvravs sistemaSi<br />
arxebis minimalur ricxvs. mas sistemis sixSiruli<br />
parametri an sixSireTa ganmeorebis koeficienti<br />
ewodeba.<br />
eqvskuTxedis formis fiWebis gamoyeneba saSu-<br />
alebas iZleva moxdes aucilebel sixSireTa diapa-<br />
zonis siganis minimizacia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n aseTi forma<br />
uzrunvelyofs optimalur Tanafardobas C-sa <strong>da</strong><br />
D-s Soris.<br />
xelSeSlebis donis Semcirebis erT-erT meTods<br />
warmoadgens iseTi seqtoruli antenebis gamoyeneba,<br />
romelTac gaaCnia mimarTulobis viwro diagrama.<br />
dReisaTvis sixSireTa gameorebis gavrcelebul me-<br />
Tods warmoadgens sabazo sadgurebSi 3-seqtoriani<br />
antenebis <strong>da</strong> sami mezobeli sadgurisaTvis fiqsire-<br />
buli 9 sixSirisgan Sedgenili jgufis gamoyeneba<br />
(nax. 1.6). am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba antenebi, romel-<br />
Ta mimarTulobis diagramis sigane Seadgens 120-s.<br />
yvelaze efeqturia aSS-is firma Motorola-s mier<br />
SemoTavazebuli sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis<br />
meTodi. am meTodis realizaciisas (nax. 1.7) TiToeu-<br />
li sixSire klasteris farglebSi (romelic 4 ujredisagan<br />
Sedgeba) gamoiyeneba orjer. TiToeuli maT-<br />
ganis sabazo sadgurs SeuZlia imuSaos 12 sixSireze<br />
60-iani siganis mimarTulobis diagramis mqone antenis<br />
gamoyenebiT.<br />
20<br />
4<br />
1<br />
7<br />
2 3<br />
5 8 6 9<br />
4<br />
4<br />
1<br />
2 3<br />
5 8 6<br />
4<br />
1<br />
1 2<br />
3<br />
1<br />
7 5 8<br />
6<br />
21<br />
7<br />
7<br />
9<br />
5<br />
9<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
1<br />
7<br />
3<br />
8 6 9<br />
nax. 1.6. sam seqtorian fiWebSi sixSiris meoradi<br />
gamoyenebis modeli<br />
6<br />
6<br />
2<br />
12<br />
3<br />
11<br />
10<br />
4<br />
9<br />
1<br />
8<br />
8<br />
7<br />
7<br />
6<br />
6<br />
2<br />
11<br />
3<br />
12<br />
2<br />
12<br />
3<br />
11<br />
9<br />
4<br />
10<br />
1<br />
10<br />
4<br />
9<br />
1<br />
5<br />
5<br />
8<br />
8<br />
6<br />
6<br />
7<br />
7<br />
2<br />
12<br />
3<br />
11<br />
2<br />
11<br />
3<br />
12<br />
10<br />
4<br />
9<br />
1<br />
9<br />
4<br />
10<br />
1<br />
nax. 1.7. or mezobel fiWaSi sixSiris meoradi<br />
gamoyenebis modeli<br />
8<br />
8<br />
5<br />
5<br />
7<br />
7<br />
6<br />
6<br />
2<br />
11<br />
3<br />
12<br />
2<br />
12<br />
3<br />
11<br />
9<br />
4<br />
10<br />
1<br />
10<br />
4<br />
9<br />
1<br />
5<br />
5<br />
8<br />
8<br />
7<br />
7<br />
2<br />
11<br />
3<br />
12<br />
9<br />
4<br />
10<br />
1<br />
7<br />
5<br />
5
Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganisazRvros<br />
sixSireTa ganmeorebiT gamoyenebis safuZvelze<br />
agebuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong> fi-<br />
Wuri radiokavSiris sistemis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli<br />
nawilebi. kerZod, kavSiris fiWuri sistemis<br />
yovel ujreds (fiWas) emsaxureba mravalarxiani<br />
mimReb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi, romelsac ewodeba sabazo sadguri.<br />
igi garkveulwilad warmoadgens interfeiss fi-<br />
Wur telefonsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris centrs Soris.<br />
sabazo sadguris arxTa raodenoba, rogorc wesi, 8is<br />
jeradia, mag. 8, 16, 32... sabazo sadguris erT-erTi<br />
arxi aris mmarTveli (Control Channel). zogierT SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeiZleba igi iwodos gamoZaxebis arxad (Calling<br />
Channel). am arxis meSveobiT xdeba mobilur obieqt-<br />
Tan SeerTeba gamoZaxebisas, xolo laparaki iwyeba<br />
mas Semdeg, rac moiZebneba im momentisaTvis Tavisufali<br />
arxi <strong>da</strong> moxdeba masze ga<strong>da</strong>rTva. yvela es<br />
procesi mimdinareobs swarfad <strong>da</strong> amitom SeumCnevelia<br />
abonentisaTvis.<br />
fiWuri kavSiris nebismieri arxi dupleqsuria<br />
<strong>da</strong> iyenebs sixSireTa wyvils, e.i. sabazo <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadguris sixSireebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaa. yvela sabazo<br />
sadguri mierTebulia <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris komutaciis<br />
centrTan (komutatorTan) <strong>da</strong> gamoyofilia<br />
gamtariani an radiosareleo kavSiris arxebiT. komutaciis<br />
centri MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) _<br />
es aris fiWuri sistemis avtomaturi satelefono<br />
sadguri, romelic asrulebs qselis marTvis yvela<br />
funqcias. kerZod, igi mudmivad afiqsirebs <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadgurebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas, axorcielebs maT<br />
estafetur ga<strong>da</strong>cemas <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
22<br />
1.4. farTozoluri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
agebis princi pebis analizi<br />
zemoT ganxiluli iyo <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
fiWuri radiokavSiris sistemebSi sixSireTa<br />
ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis princi pebi, romlebic sa-<br />
Sualebas iZleva Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT efeqturad iqnas gamoyenebuli<br />
sixSireTa speqtri. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa six-<br />
SireTa speqtris gamoyenebis efeqturobis Semdgomi<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong> warmoadgens aqtualur amocanas. es<br />
gamowveulia imiT, rom dReisaTvis msoflioSi aris<br />
3 ghc sixSiremde speqtris mwvave deficiti. aRniSnuli<br />
problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris erT-erTi gzaa farTozoluri<br />
sistemis gamoyeneba, romlebic efuZneba CDMA<br />
(Code Division Multiple Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva koduri<br />
gancalkevebiT) teqnologiis gamoyenabas.<br />
CDMA teqnologiis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba rTuli<br />
signalebi. rogorc cnobilia, rTuli ewodeba<br />
signalebs, romelTa xangrZlivobis namravli speqtris<br />
siganeze gacilebiT metia erTze.<br />
B = T F, B>>1,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c B, Т <strong>da</strong> F - Sesabamisad baza, xangrZlivoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> signalis speqtris siganea.<br />
rTuli signalebis teqnologiis ZiriTadi idea<br />
mdgomareobs viwrozolovani f signalebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaSi<br />
farTozolovan F signalebad ucvleli E<br />
energiiT, rogorc naCvenebia nax.1.8-ze. energiis<br />
simkvrive SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnas E/ f fardobiT.<br />
farTozolovani ga<strong>da</strong>cemis gamoyenebisas eTerSi<br />
asxiveben signals winaswar gansazRvruli gafar-<br />
Toebuli F zoliT, ase rom gamosasvleli signalis<br />
energiis speqtraluri simkvrive mcirdeba F/<br />
f-jer <strong>da</strong> Seadgens E/ F.<br />
23
2.6. naxazi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom miRebul rTul signals,<br />
martiv sawyis signalTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT aqvs xmaurise-<br />
bri saxe sixSiris F intervalSi. gasagebia, rom<br />
rac ufro `gaWimulia~ F rTuli signalis zoli<br />
mudmivi E energiis dros, miT ufro naklebia signalis<br />
energiis speqtraluri simkvrive.<br />
signalebi didi baziT xasiaTdebian mTeli rigi<br />
upiratesobebiT. aseTebia:<br />
kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s maRali xelSeSlamdgradoba;<br />
kavSiris arxebSi signalebis <strong>da</strong>maxinjebebTan<br />
efeqturi brZolis SesaZlebloba;<br />
mravali abonentis erTdrouli muSaoba six-<br />
Siris saerTo zolSi arxebis koduri <strong>da</strong>yofis xarjze;<br />
sixSiris speqtris ufro efeqturi gamoyeneba<br />
SezRudul teritoriaze.<br />
nax. 1.8. signalis speqtris gar<strong>da</strong>qmna<br />
24<br />
sistemis xelSeSla<strong>da</strong>culoba - xelSeSlebis<br />
zemoqmedebasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis saSualebaa. radiokavSiris<br />
arxSi <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
ganpirobebulia signalebis mravalsxivuri gavr-<br />
celebiT, rodesac signali modis miRebis wertil-<br />
Si sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT. mravalricxovani <strong>da</strong>brkolebe-<br />
bi<strong>da</strong>n areklebs mivyavarT miRebis wertilSi sxive-<br />
bis interferenciasTan, rac mniSvnelovnad arTulebs<br />
kavSiris sistemis muSaobas. milevis kompensacii-<br />
saTvis Cveulebriv zrdian sabazo sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>-<br />
cemis simZlavres 10...20 db-mde. rTuli signalebis<br />
gamoyeneba iZleva mravalsxivianobasTan brZolis<br />
ufro efeqtur saSualebas.<br />
rTuli signalebis gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia<br />
calkeuli sxivebis signalebi gamoiyos saerTo in-<br />
terferenciuli suraTi<strong>da</strong>n miRebis dros korel-<br />
aciuli <strong>da</strong>muSavebis xarjze. nax.1.9,a-ze gamosaxulia<br />
kompleqsuri fazamani pulirebuli rTuli signa-<br />
li T xangrZlivobiT. nax.1.9,b-ze gamosaxulia sig-<br />
nali koreliatoris gamosasvlelze _korelatoris<br />
gamoZaxili. es gamoZaxili Seesabameba signalis av-<br />
tokorelaciur funqcias, romelsac aqvs 2T xangr-<br />
Zlivoba. masSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori mkveTrad<br />
gansxvavebuli struqtura:<br />
1) signalis avtokorelaciuri funqciis centr-<br />
Si wvrili impulsis saxiT mkveTri naxtomi _ wodebuli<br />
centralur pikad, romlis amplitu<strong>da</strong>a R 0 ,<br />
xolo xangrZlivoba ukuproporciulia signalis<br />
speqtris siganisa: τ 0 =1/ F.<br />
25
nax. 1.9. rTuli signalebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalsxivianobasTan brZola<br />
2) avtokorelaciuri funqciis <strong>da</strong>rCenili nawili,<br />
romelic warmoadgens gverdiTi furclebis<br />
erTobliobas maqsimaluri doniT R a .<br />
nax. 1.9.g-ze gamosaxulia koreliatoris gamoZaxili<br />
ramdenime signalze. Tu sxivebs Soris <strong>da</strong>yovneba<br />
t metia centraluri pikis xangrZlivobaze,<br />
maSin sxivebi SeiZleba gamoiyos. mravalsxivianobasTan<br />
brZolis aseTi principi iqna gamoyenebuli<br />
pirvelad farTozolovani signalebiT kav-<br />
Siris sistemaSi.<br />
26<br />
a) rTuli signalebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis ZiriTadi<br />
princi pebi<br />
cnobilia sistemebSi rTuli signalebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis<br />
ramodenime xerxi, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia<br />
ganxorcieldes:<br />
signalis bazis gafarToeba kodis meSveobiT;<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi <strong>da</strong> mimRebi mxareebis koduri sinqronizacia;<br />
sistemaSi urTierTxelSeSlebis donis Senar-<br />
Cuneba <strong>da</strong>saSveb farglebSi;<br />
optimaluri koduri mimdevrobebis gamoyeneba<br />
sistemis maxasiaTeblebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.<br />
arsebobs ori ZiriTadi xerxi signalebis bazis<br />
gafarToebisaTvis:<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris swrafi naxtomiseburi cvlileba;<br />
sixSiris speqtris pir<strong>da</strong>piri gafarToeba.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris naxtomiseburi cvlilebis<br />
dros Setyobinebis yovel simbolos ga<strong>da</strong>scemen diskretul<br />
sixSireTa nakrebis meSveobiT.<br />
meore xerxis SemTxvevaSi viwrozolovan signals<br />
amravleben fsevdoSemTxveviT mimdevrobaze, romelic<br />
Sesdgeba N elementiani jgufebisagan (Cipebisagan),<br />
romelTa ganmeorebis periodi Т = N , sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi<br />
elementis xangrZlivobaa. am SemTxvevaSi signalis<br />
baza B ricxobrivad fsevdoSemTxveviTi mimdevrobis<br />
periodSi elementebis N raodenobis tolia.<br />
praqtikaSi xSirad iyeneben binarul fsevdoSemTxveviT<br />
mimdevrobas, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi<br />
pirobiTad SeiZleba aRiniSnos `+1~ <strong>da</strong> `-1~ simboloebiT.<br />
aseT mimdevrobebs aqvT mTeli rigi saWiro<br />
Tvisebebi:<br />
fsevdoSemTxveviT mimdevrobaSi `-1~ <strong>da</strong> `+1~ elementebis<br />
raodenoba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT Tanabaria;<br />
27
ganmeorebis N periodis mqone fsevdo-SemTxveviTi<br />
mimdevrobis nebismieri r sigrZis CamonaWeri,<br />
romelic Sedgeba `+1~ an `-1~ elementebisagan, mimdevrobaSi<br />
warmoiqmneba saSualod N-jer;<br />
aseTi mimdevrobebis avtokorelaciuri <strong>da</strong> urTierTkorelaciuri<br />
funqciebi uzrunvelyofen optimalur<br />
korelaciur ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebas miRebis dros.<br />
signalis bazis gafarToebis princi pi sixSiris<br />
speqtris pir<strong>da</strong>piri gafarToebis meTodiT SeiZleba<br />
aixsnas nax.1.10-is b,g,d fragmentis meSveobiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
erTeuli biti Seesabameba `+1~ elements, xolo<br />
nulovani _ `-1~ elements.<br />
b)<br />
g)<br />
d)<br />
e)<br />
a)<br />
v)<br />
1<br />
0<br />
1<br />
0<br />
1<br />
0<br />
informaciuli<br />
signal i D(t)<br />
D(t)<br />
S(t)<br />
S(t) D(t)<br />
U(t)<br />
V(t)<br />
1<br />
-1<br />
<br />
T<br />
Kkoduri mimdevroba<br />
S(t)<br />
nax. 1.10. sixSiris pir<strong>da</strong>piri gafarToebis meTodi<br />
a) koduri modulatori;<br />
b) informaciuli signali;<br />
g) koduri mimdevroba;<br />
d) kodiT mani pulirebuli informaciuli<br />
signali;<br />
e) fazamani pulirebuli rTuli signali ;<br />
v) kompleqsuri fazamani pulirebuli signali .<br />
28<br />
rTuli signali<br />
S(t) D(t)<br />
2T 3T<br />
t<br />
t<br />
t<br />
t<br />
t<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis gamosasvlelze fazamanipulirebuli<br />
U(t) signali warmoadgens radioimpulsebis mimdevrobas,<br />
romelTa sawyisi fazebi (0 <strong>da</strong> 180) icvleba<br />
mocemuli kanoniT.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mtani f 0 sixSiris diskretuli signali kompleqsur<br />
formaSi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas ase:<br />
Re [ S<br />
{t} exp(j 2π f t)] ,<br />
S{t} 0<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
S<br />
{t} <br />
<br />
i<br />
<br />
<br />
a<br />
S<br />
i 0(t<br />
iΔ)<br />
aris diskretuli sig-<br />
nalis kompleqsuri momvlebi.<br />
signalis i-uri impulsis kompleqsuri amplitu<strong>da</strong>:<br />
a i a<br />
i exp[ j arg( a<br />
i )] ,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c a i <strong>da</strong> arg( a<br />
i)<br />
Sesabamisad diskretuli sig-<br />
nalis i-uri impulsis namdvili amplitu<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sawyisi<br />
fazaa; S o(t i)<br />
- stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli radioimpulsis<br />
kompleqsuri momvlebia.<br />
{a i }={a: i=…,-1,0,1,…} mimdevrobas ewodeba koduri<br />
mimdevroba anu kodi.<br />
Tu kodur mimdevrobas aqvs gameorebis N periodi<br />
(a= a, i=…,-1,0,1,…), maSin S{t}-s ewodeba perioduli<br />
diskretuli signali, xolo N ricxvs _kodis sigrZe.<br />
nebismieri perioduli diskretuli signali<br />
(pds) SeiZleba miviRoT, impulsuri finituri N signalis<br />
gameorebiT T=N periodiT, amitom pds-saTvis<br />
marTebulia Semdegi toloba:<br />
N1<br />
S{t}= a S<br />
i 0t<br />
i rNΔ<br />
<br />
r i0<br />
diskretul signals, romlis koduri mimdevroba<br />
binaluria (a i =0,1,…,N-1, anu icvleba sawyisi fazebi,<br />
29
xolo amplitudebi mudmivi rCeba) ewodeba binaluri<br />
fazamanipulirebuli signali (bfms).<br />
Tu bfms-is elementarul impulsebs warmoadgenen<br />
xangrZlivobis sworkuTxovani Cipebi, maSin impulsis<br />
kompleqsuri amplitu<strong>da</strong> tolia:<br />
a= A exp γ <br />
j ,<br />
i<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c A = const _ impulsis mudmivmoqmedi amplitu<strong>da</strong>a,<br />
0, π<br />
γi misi sawyisi fazaa. aseTi impulsis kompleqsuri<br />
momvlebi:<br />
S0 t <br />
1,<br />
{ 0,<br />
t [0, Δ]<br />
t ] ,0[<br />
; t <br />
] Δ , [<br />
diskretul formaSi sasargeblo informaciis<br />
signals aqvs Semdegi saxe:<br />
D=1*exp ( jd<br />
r ) , d r (0, π ).<br />
amitom kodiT mani pulirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>mtani six-<br />
Siris sainformacio signali iqneba:<br />
N1<br />
Dr i 0<br />
0<br />
r<br />
i0<br />
S(t)=Re{[ a S t i rNΔ<br />
exp j2π f t<br />
<br />
N1<br />
=Re{[A} . exp jdr<br />
exp<br />
jyi<br />
S0 t i<br />
rNΔ<br />
]exp j2πf<br />
0t<br />
<br />
r<br />
<br />
i0<br />
signalis miReba xorcieldeba optimaluri mim-<br />
Rebis meSveobiT, romelic iTvlis korelaciur integrals<br />
signalisaTvis:<br />
T<br />
,<br />
Z= x tS 0n<br />
tdt 0<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c x(t) Semavali signalia, romelic Sedgeba<br />
sasargeblo signalisa <strong>da</strong> xmauris narevisagan; S(t)samisamarTo<br />
mimdevrobis sayrdeni aslia; T-kodis<br />
periodi. koreliatori axorcielebs Semavali far-<br />
30<br />
}<br />
Tozolovani signalis speqtris SekumSvas sixSiruli<br />
speqtris Semdgomi filtraciiT.<br />
rTuli signalebis korelaciuri <strong>da</strong>muSaveba iZle-<br />
va energetikuli mogebis saSualebas miRebis dros.<br />
b) koduri Tanmimdevrobebis kriteriumebis<br />
amorCeva<br />
koduri Tanmimdevrobebis arCeva CDMA sistemisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia arxis ti pze: pir<strong>da</strong>piri an<br />
uku.<br />
kavSiris pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi upiratesoba eniWeba muSa<br />
arxebis taqtur <strong>da</strong> kadrul sinqronizacias. <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadguris mimRebis Sesasvlelze narCundeba<br />
muSa arxebis samisamarTo mimdevrobebis taqturi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kadruli sinqronizaciis reJimi. arxebsSorisi<br />
xmauris minimizaciisaTvis kavSiris pir<strong>da</strong>pir arx-<br />
Si gamoiyeneba orTogonaluri signalebis ansambli.<br />
am dros mimRebis korelatori reagirebs mxolod<br />
am samisamarTo mimdevrobebze. mezobeli arxebis<br />
signalebze korelatoris gamoZaxili un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
nulis toli.<br />
uku arxSi situacia sxvagvaria. aq saWiroa signalebis<br />
ansambli kargi korelaciuri TvisebebiT.<br />
M abonentian sistemaSi iyeneben N sigrZis samisa-<br />
marTo mimdevrobebs. SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi: a k<br />
i<br />
31<br />
_ k-<br />
uri mimdevrobis i-uri simboloa, i=0,1,…,N-1;<br />
k=1,2,…M. maSin k <strong>da</strong> l mimdevrobebis urTierTkorelaciuri<br />
funqcia:<br />
N 1 1 k l<br />
R kl(m)<br />
a i a i ,<br />
N<br />
<br />
k l ,<br />
i0
sa<strong>da</strong>c m aris erTi mimdevrobis droiTi biji<br />
meoris mimarT. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare CamovayaliboT<br />
urTierTkorelaciuri funqciisadmi moTxovnileba<br />
Semdegi saxiT:<br />
R max R m min<br />
b<br />
k<br />
l<br />
kl<br />
.<br />
urTierTkorelaciuri funqciis amonavardnis<br />
maqsimaluri done un<strong>da</strong> iyos rac SeiZleba mcire;<br />
avtokorelaciuri funqciis gverdiTi furclebis<br />
maqsimaluri done un<strong>da</strong> iyos rac SeiZleba mcire.<br />
CDMA sistemebSi farTo gamoyeneba aqvT N mimdevrobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebul binarul kodebs. es ganpirobebulia<br />
perioduli avtokorelaciuri funqciebis<br />
mqone iseTi kodebiT, romlebisTvisac:<br />
<br />
R , 1<br />
na m 1/<br />
N ,<br />
m<br />
mod N<br />
m<br />
mod N<br />
.<br />
yoveli muSa arxisaTvis gamoiyofa samisamarTo<br />
mimdevroba. CDMA sistemebs SeswevT unari imuSaon<br />
sxva radioteqnikuri saSualebebis diapazonSi. kav-<br />
Siris aseTi <strong>sistemebi</strong> uzrunvelyofen usafrTxoebis<br />
maRal xarisxs <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli informaciis konfidencialurobas.<br />
CDMA sistemebma farTo gamoyeneba<br />
hpoves kavSiris Si<strong>da</strong> sistemebSi, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
farTozolovani signalebi ganicdian nakleb<br />
<strong>da</strong>nakargebs maTi gavrcelebis gzaze <strong>da</strong> iZlevian<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxinjebebTan efeqturi brZolis SesaZleblobas.<br />
g) signalis xelSeSlasTan fardoba kavSiris arxebSi<br />
signalis xelSeSlasTan fardoba uku arxSi<br />
mimReb mxareze <strong>da</strong>brkolebebisa <strong>da</strong> mezobeli arxebis<br />
signalebis zemoqmedeba iwvevs xmaurs mimRebis<br />
32<br />
saxazo traqtSi. korelatoris gamosasvlelze s/x<br />
2 2E<br />
fardoba q<br />
Ni<br />
N0<br />
<br />
;<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c N i / 2 _ aris xmauris simZlavris ormxrivi<br />
speqtraluri simkvrive <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad arxebsSorisi<br />
xmauri; E—informaciuli gzavnilis erTi simbolos<br />
energia (nax. 1.11).<br />
xmauris simZlavris <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>brkolebaTa<br />
speqtraluri simkvriveebi tolia:<br />
Tburi xmauris simZlavris speqtruli simkvrive<br />
0 K T =K T w 1<br />
b x b 0 ,<br />
N <br />
23<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c K =1.38 10 b <br />
_ bolcmanis mudmivaa;<br />
T =T w 1<br />
x 0 _ mimRebis saxazo traqtis xmauris temperatura;<br />
T 0 =290K, w _ mimRebis saxazo traqtis xmauris<br />
koeficienti.<br />
urTierTxelSeSlebis simZlavris speqtraluri<br />
simkvrive:<br />
N<br />
0<br />
<br />
M <br />
s<br />
BS<br />
1 P M P<br />
rx min<br />
s rx <br />
F<br />
F<br />
BS<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c M s 1 P _ am av e fiWi s aq t i u r i<br />
rx min<br />
abonentebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare urTierTxelSeSlebis<br />
BS<br />
simZlavrea; M sP<br />
_ urTierTxelSeSlebis<br />
rx min<br />
simZlavrea, romelic momdinareobs mezobeli fiWis<br />
aqti uri abonente bisagan, _koefic ient ia;<br />
M s _mocemuli fiWis aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvia;<br />
BS<br />
F_signalis speqtris siganea; Prx _ signalis<br />
min<br />
minimaluri moTxovnili simZlavrea mimRebis saxazo<br />
traqtis Sesasvlelze.<br />
informaciuli gzavnilis erTi simbolos energia<br />
33<br />
BS<br />
min<br />
,
P B<br />
E=<br />
F<br />
BS<br />
rx min<br />
, sa<strong>da</strong>c B-signalis bazaa.<br />
<br />
simboloebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare fasdeba C/R<br />
fardobiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c C _ informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqarea,<br />
xolo R_gamoyenebuli xelSeSlamdgradi kodis<br />
siCqare. informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare C <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
rTuli signalis speqtris siganesTan Semdegi<br />
FR<br />
gamosaxulebiT: C= .<br />
B<br />
aRniSnuli formuliT miviRebT s/x fardobis<br />
gamosaxulebas simboloze ukukavSiris arxSi:<br />
q<br />
2<br />
<br />
K T<br />
b<br />
0<br />
2P<br />
w 1<br />
BS<br />
rx min<br />
<br />
B<br />
F<br />
rx<br />
BS M 1P<br />
rx F<br />
s<br />
F<br />
34<br />
M<br />
<br />
s<br />
P<br />
BS<br />
min<br />
mocemuli gamosaxuleba asaxavs s/x fardobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas sabazo sadguris (BS) mimReb<br />
mowyobilobaze.<br />
CDMA sistemaSi fiWebis seqtorizacia saSualebas<br />
iZleva, rom gavzardoT qselis gatarebis unari—<br />
aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvi fiWaSi:<br />
M=M s ma<br />
,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c M_ aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvia fiWis<br />
erT seqtorSi; m_ seqtorizaciis koeficienti.<br />
seqtorizaciis koeficienti Tavis maqsimalur<br />
SesaZlo mniSvnelobas aRwevs mxolod erTseqtorian<br />
fiWaSi: m=1. samseqtorian fiWaSi m realuri moqmedi<br />
mniSvneloba Seadgens maqsimumi<strong>da</strong>n 85%: m=2,55.<br />
ganvsazRvroT mosazRvre fiWebis wvlili saerTo<br />
min<br />
.<br />
.<br />
S( j f )<br />
E<br />
B<br />
f<br />
N1<br />
<br />
F<br />
F<br />
N 0<br />
<br />
nax. 1.11. energetikuli Tanafardoba CDMA<br />
35<br />
F<br />
sistemaSi<br />
xelSeSlebis fonze. movaxdinoT erTseqtoriani<br />
fiWis analizi ma 1 , M M s .<br />
miRebuli Sedegi<br />
samarTliani iqneba mravalseqtoriani fiWisTvisac.<br />
CavTvaloT, rom qseli Sesdgeba erTnairi zomis<br />
fiWebisagan, abonentebi ganlagebulni arian Tanabarzomieradi<br />
qselis teritoriaze. Sefaseba movaxdinoT<br />
eqvsi fiWisTvis. nax. 1.12-ze R—warmoadgens fi-<br />
Webis r adius s ; S= R 2 _ fiWis farTobia;<br />
0<br />
D=2Rcos <br />
30 _fiWebis centrebs Soris manZilia (BS-<br />
is antenebs Soris); (r, ) _ <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentebis<br />
f<br />
f
mimdinare koordinatebia.<br />
2 2 D r 2D<br />
r cos <br />
<br />
_ mezobeli fiWebis abo-<br />
nentebs <strong>da</strong> BS 0 -is antenebs Soris mimdinare manZi-<br />
lia.<br />
movaxdinoT mxolod erTi fiWis analizi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
am analizis Sedegi analogiuri iqneba <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />
fiWebisTvisac.<br />
abonentebi fiWaSi ganTavsebulia Tanabarzomierad.<br />
abonentebis raodenobis albaTobis simkvrive<br />
fiWis mocemul wertilSi koordinatebiT r, <br />
(nax. 1.10)<br />
r, <br />
W { πr , r R<br />
0<br />
1<br />
2 ;<br />
,<br />
r R<br />
signalis simZlavre, romelic miRebulia mezobeli<br />
fiWis erTi aqtiuri MS-<strong>da</strong>n, saSualod Seadgens<br />
P<br />
r, <br />
W P<br />
BS<br />
1<br />
BS<br />
RX .<br />
S <br />
RX <br />
X dS<br />
nax. 1.12. mezobeli fiWebis MS abonentebis<br />
urTierTxelSeSlebis gaangariSebisaTvis<br />
36<br />
Tu gavavrcelebT miRebul Sedegs eqvsi mosazRvre<br />
fiWis SemTxvevaze, miviRebT urTierT<strong>da</strong>brkolebaTa<br />
simZlavris jamur sidides, romelic momdinareobs<br />
mezobeli fiWebis aqtiuri abonentebi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
BS<br />
P 6<br />
RX <br />
MP<br />
BS<br />
RX<br />
.<br />
Tu vivaraudebT, rom sistemis gatarebis unari<br />
SezRudulia mxolod urTierT<strong>da</strong>brkolebebiT, ma-<br />
Sin ukuarxSi s/x-is SefadebisTvis gveqneba:<br />
2B<br />
2<br />
q ;<br />
1<br />
75M<br />
S 1<br />
imisaTvis, rom CDMA sistemis potencialuri Sesa-<br />
Zleblobebi maqsimalurad iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli,<br />
CavTvaloT, rom sasaubro pauzis dros informacias<br />
ar ga<strong>da</strong>scemen. Tu _ albaTobaa imisa, rom<br />
abonenti drois mocemul momentSi laparakobs,<br />
xolo (1- ) – albaTobaa imisa, rom is Cuma<strong>da</strong>a, maSin<br />
albaToba imisa, rom fiWis seqtoris M s aqtiuri<br />
abonentebi<strong>da</strong>n mocemul momentSi laparakobs i abonenti,<br />
xolo (M s -i) Cuma<strong>da</strong>a, binomuri ganawilebis<br />
kanonis Sesabamisad qveqneba:<br />
M S i M S<br />
i<br />
p(<br />
i)<br />
<br />
<br />
i <br />
<br />
1 .<br />
<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, saSualod sistemaSi s/x-is Sefardeba<br />
seqtorSi M aqtiur abonentebTan:<br />
s<br />
M s<br />
<br />
i o<br />
i 2<br />
q p(<br />
i)<br />
.<br />
sabolood miviRebT:<br />
q<br />
M<br />
<br />
M s<br />
2 s i M s i<br />
( 1<br />
)<br />
i 1<br />
i<br />
1,<br />
75M<br />
s<br />
<br />
<br />
2B<br />
1<br />
37
s/x-is fardoba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxebSi s/x fardobis Sefasebisas un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamovideT imave mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic gvqon<strong>da</strong> uku<br />
arxebis SemTxvevaSi. pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi urTierTxelSeSlebi<br />
iqmneba mxolod mezobel fiWebTan. aviRoT<br />
qselis nawili, romelic Sesdgeba 12 fiWisagan, ganvixiloT<br />
yvelaze ufro araxelsayreli SemTxveva,<br />
rodesac abonenti imyofeba sami fiWis sazRvarze<br />
(nax. 1.13) am naxazi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare R aris fiWis<br />
radiusi; BS o _ BS-i, romelic mocemul momentSi inarCunebs<br />
kavSirs mobilur MS sadgurTan; BS 1 , BS 2 ,<br />
BS 3 _ mezobeli fiWebis sabazo BS sadgurebia.<br />
nax. 1.13. sami fiWis sazRvarze myofi moZravi sadguri<br />
38<br />
BS 1 , BS 2 <strong>da</strong> BS 3 sadgurebis antenebi <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia gan-<br />
saxilveli MS-<strong>da</strong>n Sesabamisad 1R, 2R <strong>da</strong> 7 R man-<br />
ZiliT. aSkaraa rom aditiuri urTierTxelSeSleb-<br />
is jamuri simZlavre proporciulia mezobeli BS<br />
fiWebis ricxvisa. gansaxilvel 12 fiWisagan Semdgar<br />
jgufSi zemoaRniSnuli sadgurebis raodenoba<br />
aris: BS 1 _ 2, BS 2 _ 3, BS 3 _ 6. jamSi s/x-is<br />
fardoba simboloze pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi iqneba:<br />
2E<br />
<br />
N N<br />
MS <br />
2PRXmin<br />
<br />
E<br />
MS<br />
MS<br />
2P (R) 3P (2R) 6P (<br />
RX<br />
RX<br />
RX<br />
KT0<br />
(w -1)<br />
Ms<br />
ΔF<br />
2<br />
q MS<br />
0<br />
i<br />
39<br />
7R)<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c, MS<br />
P aris MS mimRebis Sesasvlelze arsebu-<br />
RXmin<br />
li sasargeblo signalebis simZlavris minimaluri<br />
done; P ( X)<br />
MS<br />
_ MS-is mimRebis Sesasvlelze signa-<br />
RXmin<br />
lis simZlavrea; X _ MS <strong>da</strong> BS-s Soris manZilia.<br />
Tu abonentebi Tanabarzomierad arian fiWis teri-<br />
toriaze ganlagebulni, maSin urTierTxelSeSleb-<br />
is saSualo simZlavre iqneba <strong>da</strong>bali, xolo s/x-s<br />
fardoba _ maRali.<br />
d) gamtarunarianoba<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> uku arxebSi s/x-is fardobis meSve<br />
obiT S eiZ le ba Se fasdes CDMA s is te mi s<br />
gamtarunarianoba. trafikis arxebis maqsimalurad<br />
SesaZlebeli ricxvi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tu<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvebT s/x-is fardobis garkveul mniSvnelobas,<br />
romelic aucilebelia kavSiris xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.<br />
rodesac sistemaSi MS-is ga<strong>da</strong>mcemebs aqvT sim-<br />
Zlavris avtomaturi regulireba, s/x-is Sefardeba<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi iqneba:<br />
;
2 B<br />
q 0,<br />
87<br />
Ms<br />
pir ;<br />
xolo uku arxSi<br />
q<br />
2B<br />
B<br />
1,<br />
14<br />
1,75M 1<br />
M - 0,57<br />
2<br />
uku .<br />
s<br />
s<br />
aqtiuri abonentebis fiqsireuli raodenobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
s/x-is Sefardeba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi mcirea, vi-<br />
2 2<br />
dre uku arxSi q pir q uku . trafikis arxebis raodenoba,<br />
romelic Semodis fiWis seqtorSi, am SemTx-<br />
vevaSi tolia:<br />
0,87B<br />
int <br />
qpir<br />
<br />
Ms 2 ,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c int[x] _ x ricxvis mTeli nawilia.<br />
Tu simZlavris avtomaturi regulirebis sistema<br />
moqmedebs rogorc MS_ze, aseve BS-ze, maSin s/x-is<br />
fardoba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi iqneba,<br />
xolo uku arxSi<br />
2B<br />
q 2,<br />
16<br />
q<br />
2<br />
pir<br />
M<br />
;<br />
s<br />
2B<br />
1,75M -1<br />
2<br />
uku ;<br />
s<br />
aqtiuri abonentebis fiqsirebuli raodenobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi s/x-is Sefardeba ukuarxSi ufro<br />
2 2<br />
mcirea, vidre pir<strong>da</strong>pirSi ( q uku q pir ). trafikis arxebis<br />
raodenoba, romlebic Semodian fiWis seqtor-<br />
Si, am SemTxvevaSi:<br />
40<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2B<br />
<br />
1<br />
int 1<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
q<br />
<br />
1,<br />
75<br />
.<br />
uku <br />
Ms 2<br />
fiWis seqtorze trafikis arxebis M s raodenobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamoZaxebebis blokirebis P b albaTobis dros,<br />
SeiZleba gaviangariSoT fiWis seqtorSi satele-<br />
fono A s <strong>da</strong>tvirTva erlangis formulis gamoyenebiT:<br />
Ms<br />
A<br />
Pb <br />
i<br />
As<br />
( Ms!<br />
)<br />
i!<br />
s<br />
M s<br />
<br />
io<br />
cxr. 1.1-Si mocemulia CDMA sistemaSi erTseqtoriani<br />
<strong>da</strong> samseqtoriani fiWebis trafikis parametrebis<br />
angariSis Sedegebi Semdegi monacemebisTvis:<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare C = 9600 kbit/wm.<br />
makoreqtirebeli kodis siCqare R = 1/2;<br />
signalis baza B = 64;<br />
samisamarTo mimdevrobebis taqturi sixSire<br />
F = 1,2288 mCip/wm.<br />
s/x-is zRvruli Sefardeba q 2 = 7 db;<br />
gamoZaxebis blokirebis albaToba 0.01.<br />
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac BS-is erTi nawili ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTulia,<br />
xolo meore ara. swored aseT situaciebSi<br />
CDMA-s aqvs kidev erTi Rirseba: Tu erTi<br />
an ramodenime ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli fiWis irgvliv arian<br />
naklebad <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli fiWebi, maSin centraluri<br />
fiWebis gatarebis unari izrdeba. es xdeba naklebad<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli fiWebis mxares urTierTxelSeSlebis<br />
Semcirebis Sedegad.<br />
41
cxr. 1.1.<br />
erTseqtoriani <strong>da</strong> samseqtoriani fiWebis<br />
parametri<br />
erTseqtoriani fiWis trafikis<br />
arxebis odenoba (ma = 1; 1/ 0,<br />
375)<br />
samseqtoriani fiWis trafikis<br />
trafikis parametrebi<br />
arxebis raodenoba (ma =2,55; 1 / 0,<br />
375)<br />
satelefono <strong>da</strong>tvirTva erTseqtorian<br />
fiWaze (ma =1; 1 / 0,<br />
375)<br />
, erl.<br />
satelefono <strong>da</strong>tvirTva samseqtorian<br />
fiWaze (ma = 2,55; 1 / 0,<br />
375)<br />
, erl.<br />
42<br />
simZlavris<br />
avtomaturi<br />
regulireba uku<br />
arxSi<br />
simZlavris<br />
avtomaturi<br />
regulireba<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi<br />
11/22 15/30<br />
28/56 38/77<br />
5,8/14,9 8,9/21,8<br />
20,2/45,5 29,1/65,7<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari<br />
Tviseba CDMA sistemisa aris muSa arxebis sixSirul-droiTi<br />
resursis srulyofili gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZlebloba. cdmaOne sistemis speqtraluri efeqturoba<br />
3-4-jer metia GSM-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
e) CDMA-s bazaze agebuli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s moculobis<br />
miaxloebiTi Sefaseba fiWaSi abonentis<br />
SemTxveviTi mdebareobisas<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, msoflios ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis<br />
yovelmxrivi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom mesame (3G) <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi Taobis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis optimalurs warmoadgens teqnolo-<br />
gia CDMA. cnobilia, rom am teqnologiis gamoyenebisas<br />
qselis moculoba Semoifargleba Si<strong>da</strong>-<br />
sistemuri xelSeSlebiT, romlebic gamowveulia<br />
sistemaSi gamoyenebuli rTuli signalebis (xmaurismagvari<br />
signalebis) urTierTkovaraciuli fun-<br />
qciebis obieqturad ganpirobebuli araidealuro-<br />
biT. am xelSeSlis Semcirebis erT-erTi efeqturi<br />
meTodia bazur sadgurTan axlos mdebare mobil-<br />
uri abonentis telefoniT gamosxivebuli simZlavris<br />
Semcireba.<br />
rogorc cnobilia arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva maTema-<br />
tikuri modeli, romlebic saSualebas iZlevian gani-<br />
sazRvros simZlavris saWiro medianuri mniSvneloba<br />
sabazo sadgursa <strong>da</strong> mobilur abonents Soris cno-<br />
bili manZilisas. Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom bazur sad-<br />
gurze drois nebismieri momentisaTvis aris informacia<br />
misgan <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentis <strong>da</strong>Sorebis<br />
Sesaxeb, aseve bazur sadgurs SeuZlia TiToeul<br />
kodur arxSi <strong>da</strong>ayenos saSualo simZlavre <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
aparatis mimRebSi C/I (signali/interferencia)<br />
fardobis saWiro mniSvnelobis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
aseTi <strong>da</strong>Sveba marTebulia mocemuli bazuri sadguris<br />
lokaluri fiWis yvela abonentisaTvis, mi-<br />
uxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi adgilmdebareobisa fiWaSi <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
marTebulia qselis yvela bazuri sadgurebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic moicaven msgavs fiWaTa usasrulo raode-<br />
nobas gansaxilveli teritoriis farglebSi. am<br />
pirobebSi fiWis TiToeuli abonentisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia<br />
C/I fardobis saWiro mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong><br />
43
SesaZlebelia abonentTa maqsimaluri ricxvis Se-<br />
faseba. aseTi Sefaseba SeiZleba napovni iqnas qselebisaTvis<br />
gamosxivebuli simZlavris rogorc marTviT,<br />
aseve marTvis gareSe. msgavsi amocanebi garkveul-<br />
wilad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilia cnobili specialistebis mier.<br />
qvemoT mocemuli Sefasebebi aris miaxloebiTi<br />
(asimptoturi), imitom rom ganxilulia SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca lokaluri fiWa garSertymulia Teoriulad<br />
SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi didi raodenobis analogiuri fiWe-<br />
biT. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom<br />
realur qselebSi fiWaTa raodenoba SezRudulia,<br />
magram mainc sakmaod didia. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, miRebuli Sede-<br />
gebi SeiZleba gavrceldes Si<strong>da</strong> fiWebze, maSin roca<br />
mimdebare fiWebisaTvis, romlebic axlomdebarea<br />
momsaxurebis sazRvarTan, isini SeiZleba ganxilul<br />
iqnas rogorc Sefaseba qvemo<strong>da</strong>n, anu rogorc Se-<br />
fasebis miaxloeba `uxeSad~.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, C/I fardoba ganisazRvreba<br />
radioarxis zolSi <strong>da</strong> cifruli modulaciis neb-<br />
ismieri meTodisas SeiZleba gamoisaxos, rogorc<br />
erTi bitis ga<strong>da</strong>cemaze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli signalis E b en-<br />
ergiis fardoba, xelSeSlis simZlavris speqtralur<br />
I simkvrivesTan:<br />
C<br />
I<br />
P<br />
P<br />
s s<br />
b<br />
b b<br />
<br />
. (1.1.)<br />
I<br />
E<br />
T<br />
s<br />
1<br />
I B<br />
0<br />
s<br />
E Z 1<br />
I T ZB<br />
0<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c, s B _ radioarxis sixSiruli zolia; Ts _<br />
arxuli simbolos gacvlis droa; Z - modulaciis<br />
gamoyenebuli meTodis jeradobaa (bitebis ricxvi,<br />
b<br />
44<br />
s<br />
E<br />
I<br />
0<br />
R<br />
B<br />
s<br />
romelic ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs erT saarxo simbolos); R b _<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqarea erT radioarxSi. cifrul sistemebSi<br />
mravlobiTi SeRweviT arxebis sixSiruli<br />
(FDMA) an droiTi (TDMA) gancalkavebiT b s R R ,<br />
xolo fardoba b 0 /I E yovelTvis metia erTze. ase<br />
magaliTad, GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi moTxovnili stan<strong>da</strong>r-<br />
tisaTvis xmis signalis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis saWiroa<br />
(aucilebelia) uzrunvelyofil iqnas Semdegi Tanafardobis<br />
Sesruleba, mokled rom vTqvaT, C/I auci-<br />
leblad erTze meti un<strong>da</strong> iyos. sistemebSi sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
gamoiyeneba arxebis koduri gancalkeveba R mniS-<br />
s<br />
vnelovnad un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodes R -s. am mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
b<br />
gamomdinare, Tanafardobis b 0 /I E -is saWiro mniSvneloba<br />
SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas roca .<br />
ase magaliTad, cifrul formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli xmis<br />
signalis xarisxi SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas<br />
maSin, roca, b 0 /I E =7 db, <strong>da</strong> koderis siCqarisas<br />
R b 8 kbit/wm. Tu CDMA sistemaSi sixSiris zolia<br />
B =1,25 mhc, maSin s b 0 /I E -is saWiro fardoba uzrunvelyofili<br />
iqneba, roca C/I=0,032.<br />
45
fiWis moculoba simZlavris marTvisas.<br />
Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT rom qselis yvela sabazo sadgurisaTvis:<br />
_ TiToeul fiWaSi SesaZlebelia trafikis M<br />
arxis gamoyeneba;<br />
_ gavrcelebis rTuli pirobebis gamo miRebuli<br />
signali <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mobilur abonentsa <strong>da</strong> sabazo<br />
sadgurs Soris <strong>da</strong>Sorebis m-ur xarisxze;<br />
_ P R simZlavre, romelsac asxivebs sabazo sadguri<br />
erT kodur arxSi, SeirCeva im<strong>da</strong>gvarad, rom<br />
uzrunvelyos miRebuli signalis saWiro done fi-<br />
Wis sazRvarze;<br />
sabazo sadgurebis antenebi moqmedeben horizontalur<br />
sibrtyeSi.<br />
maSin, nebismieri <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentebisaTvis<br />
lokaluri fiWis SigniT SesaZlebelia Caiweros<br />
gamosaxuleba (2.1) garemomcveli mezobeli fiWebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ricxvisa <strong>da</strong> fiWaSi abonentis ganlagebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SemTxvevisaTvis.<br />
SemTxveva, rodesac abonenti ganlagebulia Tavisi<br />
fiWis sazRvarze, mocemulia literaturaSi. ganvixilod<br />
ufro zogadi SemTxveva. vTqvaT lokaluri<br />
fiWis j-uri abonenti imyofeba fiWis SigniT nebismier<br />
adgilze <strong>da</strong> mis kodur arxs eniSneba sim-<br />
Zlavre Semdegi wesis Sesabamisad:<br />
<br />
Pj PR<br />
( rj<br />
/ R)<br />
, (1.2)<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c r _ manZilia bazuri sadguri<strong>da</strong>n (bs) j-iur<br />
j<br />
abonentamde. cxadia, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi -<br />
romeliRac <strong>da</strong>debiTi ricxvia.<br />
maCvenebeli arsebiTad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia gavrcelebis<br />
pirobebze <strong>da</strong> icvleba 2-<strong>da</strong>n (praqtikulad Tavis-<br />
46<br />
ufali sivrce) 6-mde (pir<strong>da</strong>piri xilvadobis ar arseboba<br />
Senobis SigniT). konkretuli Sedegebis mis-<br />
aRebad <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom β =2. vaCvenoT, rom simZlavris<br />
marTvisas qselSi jamuri interferenciis saSualo<br />
mniSvneloba fiWebis usasrulo ricxvisas arsebiTad<br />
mcirea mniSvnelobaze, romelic miiReba sim-<br />
ZlavriT marTvis sqemis gamoyenebis gareSe. es sa-<br />
Sualebas iZleva gaizardos abonentTa <strong>da</strong>saSvebi<br />
ricxvi TiToeul fiWaSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom M <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonenti, romliTac<br />
mocemuli bazuri sadguris lokaluri fiWis M<br />
arxi emsaxureba, SemTxveviT <strong>da</strong> Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli<br />
fiWaSi. viRebT ra, rom fiWas aqvs wris<br />
forma, <strong>da</strong>vyoT igi rgolebad saSualo radiusiT r q ,<br />
0 < r q < R, q=1,2,...Q, sa<strong>da</strong>c Q _rgolebis ricxvia, romelic<br />
mTlianad faravs lokaluri fiWis farTobs.<br />
abonentebis saSualo ricxvi M q , romelic q nomris<br />
rgolSi aRmoCndeba:<br />
Mq γ rq<br />
, 0 rq<br />
R,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c γ _ proporciulobis koeficientia <strong>da</strong><br />
M <br />
Q<br />
<br />
q 1<br />
M<br />
q<br />
.<br />
Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom yvela abonentebs, romlebic<br />
imyofebian rgolSi q nomriT, simZlavris marTvis<br />
kanonis Sesabamisad eniWebaT simZlavre P q , maSin<br />
jamuri simZlavre P t , gamosxivebuli lokaluri<br />
fiWis bs-is mier:<br />
R<br />
3<br />
2<br />
r R<br />
P t PR<br />
γ<br />
dr P<br />
2 Rγ<br />
. (1.3)<br />
R 4<br />
0<br />
47
amasTan, abonentTa saerTo ricxvi lokalur<br />
fiWaSi:<br />
2<br />
R<br />
M Mq<br />
γ . (1.4)<br />
2<br />
Q<br />
<br />
q1<br />
CavsvaT (2.3) (2.4)-Si miviRebT:<br />
PR<br />
Pt<br />
M .<br />
2<br />
. (1.5)<br />
Tu simZlavris marTva ar xdeba, maSin TiToeul<br />
kodur arxs eniSneba erTi <strong>da</strong> igive simZlavre P . R<br />
am SemTxvevaSi bs-is jamuri gamosxivebuli<br />
simZlavre:<br />
MP P . (1.6)<br />
t<br />
R<br />
(2.5) <strong>da</strong> (2.6) gamosaxulebebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs,<br />
rom simZlavris marTvis kanonis Sesabamisad,<br />
β 2 dros, jamuri simZlavre, gamosxivebuli<br />
erTi bs-is mier, mcirdeba 2-jer.<br />
Tu ugulvebelvyofT interferencias mezobeli<br />
fiWebi<strong>da</strong>n, maSin bs-i<strong>da</strong>n r 0 manZilze ganlagebuli<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurisTvis signalis interferenciul<br />
xelSeSlebTan fardobis miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba:<br />
C<br />
I<br />
2 <br />
PR<br />
( r0<br />
/ R)<br />
r0<br />
( r0<br />
/ R)<br />
<br />
P<br />
<br />
R<br />
0<br />
<br />
( M 1)<br />
/ 2r<br />
M / 2<br />
48<br />
2<br />
.<br />
l=3<br />
4<br />
3<br />
0<br />
r0<br />
2<br />
a n<br />
5<br />
A<br />
nax.1.14.<br />
49<br />
6<br />
C(n,k)<br />
r(n,k,l)<br />
<strong>da</strong>brkolebebis donis gamosaTvlelad mezobeli<br />
fiWebi<strong>da</strong>n, magaliTad, nax. 1.14-ze mesame rgolSi<br />
ganlagebulebi<strong>da</strong>n (ma-is mdebareoba am naxazze<br />
miTiTebulia mcire rgoliT eqvskuTxa fiWaSi<br />
nomriT 0), SemovitanoT Semdegi aRniSvnebi: n -iT<br />
aRvniSnoT im fiWebis rgolis nomeri, romlebic<br />
gars ertymian lokalur fiWas nomriT 0, n=1,2,..., <br />
(magaliTad, rgolSi nomriT 1 ganlagebulni arian<br />
fiWebi nomrebiT 1-6); a 2 -iT aRvniSnoT manZili<br />
eqvskuTxedis mwvervals, romlis gverdebi aerTeben mesame<br />
rgolis (nax. 1.12-ze gamosaxulia punqtiriT) <strong>da</strong> lokaluri<br />
b<br />
B<br />
1<br />
l=0<br />
C
fiWis centrs (fiWebis rgolisaTvis nomriT n es<br />
manZili aRvniSnoT simboloTi a n , n=1,2,..., ); k _ men-e<br />
eqvskuTxa rgolis gverdis gaswvriv rigSi<br />
ganTavsebuli fiWis nomeria, k=0,1,2,...,n-1 (magaliTad,<br />
A <strong>da</strong> B fiWebs mesame rgolSi eqnebaT nomrebi 0 <strong>da</strong><br />
1); aseve aucilebelia rigebi <strong>da</strong>inomros simboloTi<br />
, =0,1,2,3,4,5 nebismieri rgolisaTvis (magaliTad,<br />
mesame rgolis A <strong>da</strong> B fiWebi warmoqmnian rigs nomriT<br />
=0); b k _ manZilia punqtiruli eqvskuTxedis<br />
wvero<strong>da</strong>n fiWis centramde nomriT k me-n-e rgolis<br />
erT rigSi (mag., A fiWisaTvis b 0 =0, xolo B fiWisaTvis<br />
b 1 =R 3 ). nax. 1.12-<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs, rom<br />
a k<br />
n nR 3, n 1,<br />
2,...<br />
;<br />
b kR 3,<br />
k 0,<br />
1,...<br />
n 1.<br />
(1.7)<br />
axla ganvixiloT fiWebis erTi rigi rgolSi<br />
nomriT n (mag., fiWebi A, B rgolSi nomriT n=3).<br />
manZili bs-is lokalur fiWasa <strong>da</strong> am rigis bazur<br />
sadgurebs Soris TiToeuli rgolis yvela<br />
fiWisaTvis ganisazRvreba tolobebiT (kosinusebis<br />
Teorema):<br />
2 2<br />
R 3(<br />
n k nk)<br />
,<br />
C( n,<br />
k )<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c, k 0, 1,...,<br />
n 1,<br />
n 1,<br />
2,...,<br />
.<br />
Semdeg, cnobili igiveobis gamoyenebiT (sinusebis<br />
Teorema iribkuTxa samkuTxedisaTvis), SeiZleba<br />
moinaxos kuTxe ( n,<br />
k ) , n<br />
3 1<br />
( , ) sin<br />
( , ) .<br />
2 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n k arc<br />
<br />
bkC<br />
n k<br />
<br />
50<br />
C :<br />
a <strong>da</strong> ( n,<br />
k )<br />
am gamosaxulebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare SeiZleba<br />
gamoiTvalos manZili gansaxilvel ma-s, romelic<br />
imyofeba r 0 manZilze Tavisi sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
<strong>da</strong> fiWebis centrebs Soris, romlebic rigSi arian<br />
j- nomriT me-n-e rgolSi:<br />
2 2 2<br />
2<br />
2 2<br />
r R ( n k nk)<br />
r 2R<br />
r 3(<br />
n k nk)<br />
cos( ). ,<br />
( n,<br />
k,<br />
l)<br />
3 0 0<br />
( n,<br />
k)<br />
l<br />
aq<br />
π<br />
Φ Φ0<br />
l<br />
3<br />
<br />
_ kuTxea a n <strong>da</strong> r 0 -s Soris, l =0,1,2,...,5,<br />
<br />
0 , maSin fardoba C/I ma-s mimRebSi<br />
6 6<br />
romelic imyofeba r manZilze bs-is lokaluri<br />
0<br />
fiWi<strong>da</strong>n, Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:<br />
C<br />
I<br />
<br />
2<br />
( r / R)<br />
r<br />
4<br />
0<br />
n1<br />
5<br />
4<br />
( M 1)<br />
/ 2r<br />
M <br />
<br />
0<br />
0<br />
<br />
<br />
n1<br />
k0 l0<br />
51<br />
/ 2<br />
r<br />
4<br />
( n,<br />
k , l )<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c M _ aqtiur abonentTa <strong>da</strong>saSvebi ricxvia<br />
<br />
erT fiWaSi SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi fiWisas.<br />
gavyoT ukanaskneli gamosaxulebis mricxveli <strong>da</strong><br />
mniSvneli R -4 -ze <strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT<br />
n1<br />
5<br />
4<br />
S ( n,<br />
k , l ) , maSin miviRebT<br />
n1<br />
k 0 l0<br />
C<br />
I<br />
<br />
4<br />
( M 1)<br />
/ 2(<br />
r0<br />
/ R)<br />
( M / 2 ) S<br />
,<br />
r( n,<br />
k,<br />
l)<br />
( n,<br />
k , l ) <strong>da</strong><br />
R<br />
2 4<br />
( r0<br />
/ R)<br />
( r0<br />
/ R)<br />
, (1.8)<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n, aqtiuri abonentebis <strong>da</strong>saSvebi ricxvi.<br />
2<br />
4<br />
2(<br />
r / R)<br />
( r<br />
/ R)<br />
M <br />
.<br />
( C / I )<br />
0<br />
0 4<br />
4<br />
S ( r / R)<br />
S ( r / R)<br />
<br />
<br />
kerZod, fardobisas C/I=0,32<br />
0<br />
<br />
0
2 4<br />
( r / R)<br />
( r / R)<br />
<br />
4<br />
62,<br />
5 0 0 ( r0<br />
/ R)<br />
M <br />
. (1.9)<br />
4<br />
S ( r / R)<br />
<br />
0<br />
ganvixiloT kerZo SemTxveva, rodesac rigebis<br />
ricxvi SezRudulia <strong>da</strong> tolia N-is.<br />
maSin (1.9)-is Sesabamisad:<br />
M<br />
N<br />
62,<br />
5<br />
<br />
2 4<br />
( r / R)<br />
( r / R)<br />
<br />
0<br />
S<br />
SevafasoT sxvaoba<br />
N<br />
0 ( r0<br />
/ R)<br />
4<br />
( r / R)<br />
0<br />
52<br />
4<br />
M N M ( S<br />
S N ) ( 62,<br />
5 1)(<br />
S<br />
S N ) .<br />
Sedegad gvaqvs utoloba:<br />
. (1.10)<br />
0 M N M 63,<br />
5(<br />
S<br />
S N ),<br />
(1.11)<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
<br />
n1<br />
5<br />
<br />
4<br />
S S N ( n,<br />
k , l ) .<br />
(1.12)<br />
n<br />
N 1<br />
k 0 l0<br />
axla SevafasoT<br />
2<br />
2 2<br />
2<br />
2 2<br />
3(<br />
n k nk)<br />
( r0<br />
/ R)<br />
2(<br />
r0<br />
/ R)<br />
3(<br />
n k nk)<br />
cos( n,<br />
k , l)<br />
)<br />
4<br />
( n,<br />
k,<br />
l)<br />
1/ l . (1.13)<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis SevafasoT (2.13) gamosaxulebis<br />
mniSvneli:<br />
3(<br />
n<br />
2<br />
k<br />
cos( <br />
2<br />
r0<br />
<br />
nk)<br />
<br />
R <br />
( n,<br />
k , l)<br />
<br />
l<br />
) <br />
<br />
xolo Semdgom:<br />
2<br />
r0<br />
<br />
2<br />
<br />
R <br />
3(<br />
n<br />
2<br />
k<br />
2<br />
3(<br />
n<br />
2<br />
k<br />
2<br />
r0<br />
<br />
nk)<br />
<br />
R <br />
nk)<br />
<br />
2<br />
,<br />
(1.14)<br />
2<br />
2 2 9n<br />
3(<br />
n k nk)<br />
.<br />
(1.15)<br />
4<br />
Tu (2.15)-s CavsvamT (2.14)-Si, miviRebT:<br />
2<br />
2<br />
2 2 r0<br />
2 2<br />
3n<br />
r0<br />
3n<br />
<br />
3( 3n<br />
K nk)<br />
2<br />
3(<br />
n K nk)<br />
cos(<br />
n, k,<br />
)<br />
<br />
<br />
1<br />
R<br />
2 R 2 <br />
<br />
<br />
Tu (2.16)-s CavsvamT (2.13)-Si miviRebT.<br />
<br />
4<br />
( n,<br />
k , l )<br />
<br />
( 3<br />
n / 2<br />
1<br />
1)<br />
4<br />
.<br />
53<br />
(1.16.)<br />
Tu bolo utolobas CavsvamT (2.12)-Si gveqneba:<br />
S<br />
<br />
n1<br />
5<br />
4<br />
8<br />
S N ( n,<br />
k , l)<br />
<br />
. 2 (1.17)<br />
3(<br />
3/<br />
2N<br />
1)<br />
<br />
n<br />
N1<br />
k0 l0<br />
Tu (2.17)-s CavsvamT (2.11)-Si miviRebT Semdeg<br />
utolobas<br />
170<br />
M N M <br />
.<br />
(1.18)<br />
( 3/<br />
2N<br />
1)<br />
0 <br />
2<br />
amrigad M -is gamosaTvlelad <br />
sizustiT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeirCes iseTi ricxvi N, rom<br />
<br />
2<br />
170<br />
. (1.19)<br />
( 3/<br />
2N<br />
1)<br />
amovxsnaT utoloba (1.19):<br />
170<br />
2 170<br />
1 .<br />
2<br />
( 3/<br />
2 1)<br />
3 <br />
<br />
N <br />
<br />
<br />
N <br />
<br />
<br />
(1.20)<br />
kerZod, ε 1 cTomilebis arCevisas N 9,35<br />
warmodgenilia ma-is mimRebSi C/I fardobis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
fiWis normirebul manZilze (2.15)-is<br />
gamoyenebiT miRebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva M-Tvis.<br />
simZlavris marTviT<br />
simZlavris marTvis gareSe<br />
nax. 2.15 nax. 2.16<br />
nax. 1.17<br />
simZlavriT marTvis ganxiluli xerxi saSualebas<br />
iZleva <strong>da</strong>axloebiT orjer SevamciroT qsel-<br />
Si saerTo interferencia fiWebis ganusazRvreli<br />
raodenobisas, rac uzrunvelyofs <strong>da</strong>saSvebi aqtiuri<br />
abonentebis ricxvis 2-jer gazr<strong>da</strong>s aramarTvadi<br />
simZlavris analogiur sistemasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
ZiriTadi wvlili qselis jamur interferenciaSi<br />
SeaqvT pirveli rgolis fiWebs. meore rgolis<br />
fiWebiT Seqmnili interferenciis gaTvaliswinebas<br />
mivyavarT lokalur fiWaSi aqtiuri abonentebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saSvebi ricxvis Semcirebisaken mxolod<br />
erTeuliT.<br />
54<br />
Tavi II. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
analoguri fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> (1G)<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSis<br />
fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTareba msoflioSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
gasuli saukunis samoc<strong>da</strong>aTian wlebSi. misma <strong>da</strong>nergvam<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita radiosixSiruli speqtris<br />
ekonomiis problema gamoyofili radisixSiruli<br />
resursis mravaljeradi gamoyenebis gziT. amasTanave,<br />
qselis agebis fiWurobis topologiam saSualeba<br />
misca operatorebs, mravaljera<strong>da</strong>d gazrdiliyo<br />
telesakomunikacio qselebis tevadoba, kavSiris<br />
xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe, radialuri struqturis<br />
mqone qselebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
cnobilia <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris analoguri<br />
fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s cxra stan<strong>da</strong>rti (ix. cxrili 2.1).<br />
magram <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri radiokavSiris analoguri<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> dRes ukve veRar akmayofilebs sainformacio<br />
teqnologiebis Tanamedrove dones maTi uaryofiTi<br />
mxareebis gamo, romelTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Semdegi:<br />
_ stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis SeuTavsebloba;<br />
_ moqmedebis SezRuduli zona;<br />
_ kavSiris <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi;<br />
_ ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli Setyobinebebis gasaidumloebis<br />
SeuZlebloba;<br />
_ integraluri momsaxurebis cifrul (ISDN-Integrated<br />
Services Digital Network) <strong>da</strong> monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
paketur qselebTan (PDN-Packet Data Network) urTierTqmedebis<br />
SeuZlebloba.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis gamo es <strong>sistemebi</strong> ukanasknel periodSi<br />
TiTqmis ar inergeba, magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
55
Cveni azriT, mizanSewonilia, ganvixiloT mokled<br />
im <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis ZiriTadi principebi, rac gaadvilebs<br />
wignSi Semdeg mocemuli masalis obieqtur<br />
analizs. qvemoT cxr. 2.1-Si mocemulia analogur<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Ziri-<br />
Tadi parimetrebi.<br />
cxr. 2.1.<br />
analoguri <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis ZiriTadi parametrebi<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
AMPS<br />
aSS<br />
HCMTS<br />
iaponi<br />
a<br />
NMT- NMT-<br />
450 900<br />
skandinaviis<br />
qveynebi<br />
C-450<br />
germania<br />
TACS ETACS<br />
inglisi<br />
RTMS 10<br />
IH<br />
italia<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9<br />
eqsploataciaSi gaSvebis<br />
dro<br />
1983 1979 1981 1986 1985 1985 1987 1985<br />
sixSiruli diapazoni<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemaze (mhc):<br />
_ bazuri sadguri<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<br />
<strong>da</strong>cileba dupleqsur<br />
arxebs Soris (mhc)<br />
arxebs Soris <strong>da</strong>cileba<br />
(khc)<br />
dupleqsuri arxebis<br />
ricxvi<br />
bazuri sadgurebis<br />
maqsimaluri efeqturi<br />
gamosxivebis simZlavre,<br />
vt<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis nominaluri<br />
simZlavre, vt<br />
arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis dro<br />
fiWebis sazRvarze, mwm<br />
signali/xmauri Semavali<br />
Sefardebis minimaluri<br />
sidide, db<br />
870-890<br />
825-845<br />
870-885 463-467.5<br />
925-940 453-457.5<br />
56<br />
935-960<br />
890-915<br />
461.3-465.74 935-950 917-933<br />
451.3-455.74<br />
890-905<br />
872-888<br />
460-465<br />
450-455<br />
45 55 10 45 10 45 45 10<br />
30 25/12,5 25/20 12,5 20/10 25 25 25<br />
666 600-1200 180-225 1000-1999 222 600 --- 200<br />
100 50/25 50 100 100 100 100 25/2,5<br />
3 5/1 15/2 6/1 15 2-20 2-20 10/1<br />
250 800 1250 270 300 290 290 ---<br />
10 17 15 --- --- 10 10 ---<br />
fiWis radiusi, km 2-20 5-10 1-40 0,5-20 2-30 2-20 2-10 5-20<br />
2.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> NMT-450<br />
(NMT-900) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
NMT-450 (NMT-900) _ stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistema aRWur-<br />
vilia oTxi tipis saabonento sadgurebiT:<br />
_ Cveulebrivi <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi;<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi prioritetiT;<br />
_ portatuli <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi;<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi _ taqsafonebi.<br />
sistema uzrunvelyofs:<br />
_ kavSirSi Sesvlas <strong>da</strong> laparakis Rirebulebis<br />
registracias rogorc <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<strong>da</strong>n, ise<br />
piriqiT, avtomatur reJimSi;<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris kavSiris organizacias<br />
rogorc mobilurTan, ise fiqsirebuli satelefono<br />
qselis nebismier abonentTan <strong>da</strong> piriqiT;<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentis avtomatur Zebnas gaer-<br />
Tianebuli qselebis farglebSi (mag., skandinaviis<br />
qveynebis teritoriaze).<br />
sistemis muSaobis principebi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia fiqsirebul<br />
satelefono qselebTan urTierTqmedeba-<br />
ze. sistemis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis (nax. 3.1):<br />
_ MSC (Mobile Services Switching Centre) - <strong>mobiluri</strong> kav-<br />
Siris komutaciis centri;<br />
_ BTS (Base Transmission Station) - sabazo (bazuri)<br />
sadgurebi;<br />
_ MS (Mobile Station) - <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi.<br />
57
58<br />
nax.2.1. NMT stan<strong>da</strong>rtis ti piuri qselis struqturuli sqema<br />
MSC uzrunvelyofs sistemis marTvas <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens<br />
<strong>da</strong>makavSirebel rgols (interfeiss) mobilur<br />
sadgurebsa <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebul satelefono<br />
qsels Soris. NMT-450 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis tipiuri qselis<br />
struqturuli sqema mocemulia nax. 3.1-ze. TiToeuli<br />
MSC emsaxureba <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis jgufs.<br />
bazuri sadgurebis erToblioba, romelic emsaxureba<br />
erTi MSC _s, qmnis momsaxurebis zonas.<br />
cxr. 2.2-Si naCvenebia NMT-450 <strong>da</strong> NMT-900 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
cxr. 2.2.<br />
analoguri fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s NMT-450 <strong>da</strong><br />
NMT-900 stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi<br />
# maxasiaTeblebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba NMT-450 NMT-900<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
sixSiruli diapazoni:<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cema _ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri-bazuri sadguri<br />
miReba-bazuri sadguri-<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<br />
arxebis sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>cileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong> miRebis dupleqsuri arxebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cileba<br />
arxebis raodenoba<br />
fiWis radiusi<br />
bazuri sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis simZlavre<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis simZlavre<br />
59<br />
420-490 mhc<br />
453-457,5 mhc<br />
463-467,5 mhc<br />
25(20) khc<br />
10 mch<br />
180(225)<br />
15-40 km<br />
50 vt<br />
15 vt<br />
1,5 vt<br />
0,15 vt<br />
890-960 mhc<br />
890-915 mhc<br />
935-960 mhc<br />
25khc (12,5khc<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>SorisebiT)<br />
45 mhc<br />
999(1999-mde<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>SorisebiT)<br />
2-20 km<br />
25 vt<br />
6 vt<br />
1 vt<br />
0,1vt
2.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> AMPS<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema<br />
AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistema aSS-Si eqspluataciaSi<br />
Sevi<strong>da</strong> 1979 wels. sistema muSaobs 825-890 mhc diapazonSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaaCnia 666 dupleqsuri arxi. TiToeuli<br />
arxis sixSiruli zolis sigane tolia 30 mhc-is.<br />
sabazo sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>cemis simZlavrea 45 vt, saavtomobilo<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris _ 12 vt, xolo ga<strong>da</strong>satani<br />
aparaturisa _ 1 vt. stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoyenebulia<br />
rigi originaluri teqnikuri siaxleni, romlebic<br />
uzrunvelyofs maRalxarisxovan kavSirs aparaturis<br />
nonimaluri Rirebulebisas. am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis bazaze<br />
SemuSavebulia ori stan<strong>da</strong>rti analoguri N-AMPS<br />
<strong>da</strong> cifruli D-AMPS.<br />
AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWur sistemaSi gamoiyeneba<br />
bazuri sadgurebi antenebiT, romelTa mimarTulobis<br />
diagramis sigane aris 120 0 <strong>da</strong> romlebic fiWebis<br />
kuTxeebSi montaJdeba. sabazo sadgurebi sakomutacio<br />
centrebTan mierTebulia gamtariani xazebiT,<br />
maTi meSveobiT ga<strong>da</strong>icema rogorc salaparako signalebi,<br />
aseve sasamsaxuro informacia. abonentisaTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli mmarTveli Setyobinebis sigrZe Seadgens<br />
463 bits.<br />
sistemaSi gamoyenebulia SetyobinebaTa miRebis<br />
gancalkevebuli meTodi <strong>da</strong> amis gamo Seicavs or<br />
antenas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis zolur filtrebs. mimRebi<br />
orarxiania, sixSireTa ormagi gar<strong>da</strong>qmniT TiToeul<br />
arxSi. sakontrolo bloki asrulebs sadguris<br />
mdgomareobis diagnostikis funqcias.<br />
60<br />
2.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> TACS<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistema<br />
TACS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris<br />
sistema (didi britaneTi) igeba radialuri principiT,<br />
amasTan, gamoiyeneba sabazo sadgurebis mcire<br />
ricxvi. am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemebSi TiToeuli sabazo<br />
sadguri uSualod uerTdeba sakomutacio centrs,<br />
romelsac aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>sasvleli saerTo sargeblobis<br />
satelefono qselTan (PSTN).<br />
agebis principiT, marTvis sistemis organizacii-<br />
Ta <strong>da</strong> sadgurebs Soris SeuRlebiT TACS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> faqtobrivad identuria AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
sistemisa. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs<br />
arxebis mier <strong>da</strong>kavebuli sixSireebis zolis<br />
siganeSi <strong>da</strong> sixSiris pikur deviaciaSi. kerZod, Tu<br />
AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemebSi arxis sigane aris 30<br />
khc <strong>da</strong> sixSiris pikuri deviacia 12 khc, TACS sistemaSi<br />
es sidideebi Sesabamisad tolia 25 khc-is <strong>da</strong> 9,5<br />
khc-is.<br />
am sistemaSi gamoiyeneba 1000 dupleqsuri arxi,<br />
romelTagan 956 aris salaparako, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />
warmoqmnis or jgufs 21 arxiT TiToeulSi, romlebic<br />
warmoadgens marTvis arxebs. salaparako arxebSi<br />
informaciis (Setyobinebis) ga<strong>da</strong>sacemad gamoiyeneba<br />
viwrozolovani sixSiruli modulacia.<br />
xolo im arxebSi sa<strong>da</strong>c ga<strong>da</strong>icema monacemebi, cifruli<br />
informaciis analogur signalad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba orobiTi sixSiruli manipulacia.<br />
cxrilSi 3.3. mocemulia TACS stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi miRebul<br />
sixSireTa deviaciis mniSvnelobebi.<br />
61
cxr. 2.3.<br />
TACS <strong>sistemebi</strong>s sixSireTa deviacia<br />
signalis saxeoba modulaciis saxeoba sixSiris deviacia, khc<br />
salaparako sixSiruli modulacia 9,5<br />
tonaluri<br />
monacemTa signalebi<br />
orobiTi sixSiruli<br />
manipulacia<br />
orobiTi sixSiruli<br />
manipulacia<br />
62<br />
+1,7(~1~) _ 1,7 (~0~)<br />
+ 6,4(~1~) _ 6,4(~0~)<br />
Tavi III. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
cifruli fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
cifruli fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
warmoadgenen am ti pis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s meore Taobas. analogur<br />
sistemebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT isini uzrunvelyofen<br />
abonentebisaTvis momsaxurebis farTo speqtrs<br />
<strong>da</strong> kavSiris maRal xarisxs. amasTan, aRniSnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedeba<br />
ISDN (Indegrated service Digital Network-cifruli qselebi<br />
momsaxurebis integraciiT) <strong>da</strong> PDN (Packet Date<br />
Network-paketuri ga<strong>da</strong>cemis qseli) qselebTan. am sistemebs<br />
Soris yvelaze didi gavrceleba hpova im<br />
qselebma, romlebic agebulia GSM (DCS-1800), D-AMPS<br />
(ADC), JDC, CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtebze. maTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi mocemulia cxr. 3.1. sa<strong>da</strong>c:<br />
GMSK-Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying _gausis manipulaciaa<br />
minimaluri sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>ZvriT;<br />
QPSK-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying _kvadraturuli<br />
fazuri manipulaciaa, romelSic gamoiyeneba ga<strong>da</strong>mtani<br />
sixSiris 4 elementi;<br />
DQPSK-Differential QPSK- diferencialuri QPSK;<br />
RPE-LTR, VSELP-salaparako signalebis kodirebis<br />
algoriTmebia.<br />
3.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> GSM<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri kavSiris sistema<br />
gankuTvnilia komerciul sferoSi gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />
momxmarebels am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemebSi miewodeba<br />
momsaxurebis farTo speqtri <strong>da</strong> aqvs SesaZlebloba<br />
63
cxr. 3.1.<br />
cifruli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
GSM<br />
(DSC 1800)<br />
D-AMPS<br />
(ADC)<br />
JDC CDMA<br />
SeRwevis meTodi TDMA TDMA TDMA CDMA<br />
salaparako arxebis<br />
raodenoba erT ga<strong>da</strong>mtanze<br />
8(16) 3 3<br />
810-826<br />
32<br />
890-915<br />
940-956<br />
sixSireTa muSa diapazoni, 935-960 824-840 1429-1441<br />
824-840<br />
mhc<br />
(1710-1785) 869-894 1447-1489<br />
869-896<br />
(1805-1880)<br />
1453-1465<br />
1501-1513<br />
arxebis <strong>da</strong>Zvra, khc<br />
erTi salaparako arxis<br />
200 30 25 1250<br />
eqvivalenturi sixSiruli<br />
zoli, khc<br />
25(12,5) 10 8,3 -<br />
modulaciis saxeoba 0,3 GSMK n/4 DQPSK n/4 DQPSK OQPSK<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
siCqare, kb/wm<br />
270 48 42<br />
laparakis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis siCqare,<br />
kb/wm<br />
13(6,5) 8 11,2(5,6) 8,55; 4,0; 2,0; 0,8<br />
laparakis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />
algoriTmi<br />
RPE-LTR VSELP VSELP CELP<br />
fiWis radiusi, km 0,5-35,0 0,5-20,0 0,5-20,0 0,5-25,0<br />
gamoiyenos rogorc salaparako signalebis <strong>da</strong> monacemTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mowyobilobebi, aseve<br />
gamoZaxebis <strong>da</strong> saavario signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
mravalferovani mowyobilobebi. am sistemiT Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia agreTve mierTeba saerTo sargeblobis<br />
satelefono qselebTan (PSTN), monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
qselebTan (PDN) <strong>da</strong> cifrul qselebTan momsaxurebis<br />
integraciiT (ISDN).<br />
zemoT aRniSnul sxva cifrul sistemebTan Se-<br />
<strong>da</strong>rebiT, GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rti uzrunvelyofs ukeTes energetikul<br />
maxasiaTeblebs, kavSiris maRal xarisxs,<br />
mis usafrTxoebasa <strong>da</strong> konfidencialobas.<br />
64<br />
miRebuli signalebis <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli xarisxi<br />
miiRweva mimRebis Sesasvlelze signali/xmauri fardobis<br />
9 db-isas (magaliTad, D-AMPS-Si es sidide<br />
tolia 16 db-is), xolo energetikuli <strong>da</strong>nakargebi<br />
realur arxebSi (signalis miyuCebisas) 6-10 db-iT<br />
naklebia vidre D-AMPS-Si.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> zemoT aRniSnulisa, GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi momsaxurebebi, romlebic<br />
ar aris (an arasrula<strong>da</strong>a) sxva cifrul stan<strong>da</strong>rt-<br />
ebSi. esenia:<br />
_ kavSiris arxebSi <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebaSi SeRwevisaTvis<br />
inteleqtualuri SIM baraTebis gamoyeneba<br />
(SIM-Subscriber Identity Module-abonentis identifikaci-<br />
is moduli);<br />
_ mosmenisagan <strong>da</strong>culi radiointerfeisi;<br />
_ ga<strong>da</strong>mcemSi Setyobinebis cifrul formaSi<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmna;<br />
_ abonentis autentifikacia <strong>da</strong> saabonento mowyobilobebis<br />
identifikacia kriptografiuli algoriTmebis<br />
mixedviT;<br />
_ mokle Setyobinebis samsaxurebis gamoyeneba<br />
signalizaciis arxebSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis;<br />
_ erovnuli <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso masStabiT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
GSM qselebis abonentebis avtomaturi roumingi;<br />
_ GSM abonentebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis DCS-<br />
1800, PCS-1900, DECT <strong>da</strong> personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
65
adiokavSiris qselebis abonentebis urTierTSoris<br />
qseluri roumingi.<br />
CEPT-is 1980 wlis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesabamisad, saer-<br />
To evropuli fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s miwisze<strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
kavSirisaTvis GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis muSaoba or sixSirul diapazon-<br />
Si: ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<strong>da</strong>n sabazo sadgur-<br />
Si xorcieldeba _ 890-915 mhc-ze, xolo sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mobilur sadguramde (abonentamde) _ 935-<br />
960 mhc-ze.<br />
amasTan, kavSiris seansis dros arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>rTvisas,<br />
am sixSireebs Soris sxvaoba konstantaa <strong>da</strong><br />
toli 45 mhc-is. mezobel arxebs Soris sixSireTa<br />
sxvaoba (<strong>da</strong>Zvra) aris 200 khc-is toli. amrigad, miReba/<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis gamoyofil sixSireTa zolSi (25 mhc)<br />
SeiZleba ganTavsdes kavSiris 124 radioarxi.<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba TDMA (Tiame Division<br />
Multiplexing Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva arxebis<br />
droiTi gancalkevebiT), rac saSualebas iZleva erT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mtan sixSireze ganTavsdes 8 salaparako arxi<br />
erTdroulad. gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis mowyobilobad gamoiyeneba<br />
salaparako kodeki RPE-LTR regularuli impulsuri<br />
agznebiT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqariT 13 kbit/wm-Si.<br />
salaparako signalebis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba aRniSnul<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi xdeba salaparako signalebis wyvetili<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis DTX-(Discontinuous Transmission) sistemebSi<br />
miRebuli wesiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
CarTvas mxolod maSin, roca momxmarebeli iwyebs<br />
laparaks <strong>da</strong> gamorTvas pauzebSi <strong>da</strong> laparakis<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebisas (nax. 3.1.).<br />
66<br />
<strong>da</strong>balsixSiruli<br />
Sesasvleli<br />
gamaZlierebeli<br />
DTX<br />
marTva <strong>da</strong><br />
muSaoba<br />
VAD<br />
salaparako<br />
signalis<br />
koderi<br />
komfortuli<br />
xmauris<br />
maformirebeli<br />
salaparako<br />
signalis<br />
eqstrapolacia<br />
salaparako<br />
signalis<br />
koderi<br />
komfortuli<br />
xmauris<br />
maformirebeli<br />
67<br />
DTX<br />
marTva <strong>da</strong><br />
muSaoba<br />
gamaZlierebeli<br />
nax. 3.1. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi laparakis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis<br />
procesis struqturuli sqema<br />
DTX sistema imarTeba laparakis aqtiurobis deteqtoriT<br />
VAD (Voice Activity Detector), romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
rogorc xmauriani laprakis, ise laparakis<br />
gareSe xmauris intervalebis aRmoCenas <strong>da</strong> gamoyofas<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca xmauris done laparakis<br />
donis Tanazomadia.<br />
radioarxebSi Secdomebisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT gamoiyeneba<br />
blokuri <strong>da</strong> xvevadi kodireba SenacvlebiT.<br />
kodirebisa <strong>da</strong> Senacvlebis efeqturobis amaRleba<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis mcire siCqariani ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas<br />
miiRweva seansis procesSi muSa sixSireeb
is neli ga<strong>da</strong>rTviT (wamSi 217 naxtomiseburi ga<strong>da</strong>rTva).<br />
qalaqis pirobebSi radiosixSireebis mravalsxivuri<br />
gavrcelebiT gamowveuli interferenciuli<br />
miyuCebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamoiyeneba ekvalaizerebi,<br />
romlebic uzrunveluofs im impulsuri<br />
signalebis gaTanabrebas, romelTa <strong>da</strong>yovnebis<br />
drois saSualo kvadratuli ga<strong>da</strong>xris mniSvneloba<br />
ar aRemateba 16 mkwm-s. mowyobilobis sinqronizaciis<br />
sistema gankuTvnilia signalebis absoluturi<br />
<strong>da</strong>yovnebis drois kompensaciisaTvis (223 mkwmmde).<br />
es ganapirobebs kavSiris maqsimalur manZils<br />
35 km-s (fiWis maqsimaluri radiusi).<br />
radiosignalebis modulaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />
gausis sixSiruli mani pulacia minimaluri six-<br />
Siruli <strong>da</strong>ZvriT (GMSK). mani pulacias ase ewodeba<br />
imitom, rom modulatoramde informaciuli bitebis<br />
Tanmimdevroba gadis <strong>da</strong>bali sixSiris filtrs<br />
gausis amplitudur-sixSiruli maxasiaTebliT, rac<br />
saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes gamosxivebuli signalis<br />
sixSireTa zolis sigane. GMSK radiosignali<br />
formirdeba imgvarad, rom erTi bitis Sesabamis<br />
droiT intervalSi ga<strong>da</strong>mtanis faza icvleba 90 0 -iT.<br />
es aris fazis umciresi cvlileba, romelic Sei-<br />
Zleba aRmoCndes mocemuli ti pis manipulaciisas.<br />
gamosasvleli signali fazis uwyveti cvlilebiT<br />
analogiu-ria im signalisa, romelic miiReba six-<br />
Siris diskretuli cvlilebisas sixSiruli modulaciis<br />
dros. GMSK signalis formirebis zogadi<br />
principi naCvenebia nax. 3.2-ze (a, b).<br />
68<br />
nax. 3.2.a. GMSK modulatoris zogadi<br />
struqturuli sqema<br />
nax. 3.2.b. GMSK modulatoris droiTi <strong>da</strong> fazuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
69
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba modulacia sixSiruli<br />
zolis normirebuli sididiT _ BT=0,3. sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
B – filtris zolis siganea 3 db-ze, xolo T _ erTi<br />
bitis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis droa.<br />
GMSK signalis formireba xorcieldeba I/Q<br />
kvadraturuli modulatoriT, romelic Sedgeba ori<br />
gamamravlebelisagan <strong>da</strong> erTi amjamvelisagan.<br />
GMSK modulacia xasiaTdeba Semdegi TvisebebiT:<br />
_ donis mixedviT mudmivi momvlebiT, romelic<br />
saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes C klasis gamaZliereblebis<br />
Semcveli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mowyobilobebi;<br />
_ viwro speqtriT ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mowyobilobebis gamosasvlelze,<br />
rac uzrunvelyofs zolgareTa gamosxivebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bal dones;<br />
_ kavSiris arxis xelSeSlebis mimarT maRali<br />
mdgradobiT.<br />
3.1.1. GSM qselebis arqiteqtura <strong>da</strong><br />
misi struqturuli elementebi<br />
GSM qselebi (iseve, rogorc msgavsi qselebi) Sedgeba<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> (radiotelefonebi) <strong>da</strong> sabazo sadgurebisagan,<br />
cifruli komutatorebisagan, marTvisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis centrisagan, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mowyobilobebisagan. sistemis elementebis<br />
funqcionaluri SeuRleba xorcieldeba<br />
rigi interfeisebis meSveobiT.<br />
GSM <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis princi pebi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi<br />
interfeisebi mocemulia nax. 3.3-ze.<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi MS (Mobil Station) Sedgeba rigi<br />
specifikuri mowyobilobebisagan. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
farglebSi miRebulia <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis 5 klasi<br />
70<br />
(ix. cxrili 3.2). <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>da</strong> sabazo sadgurebi<br />
erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia.<br />
nax. 3.3. GSM qselis zogadi struqturuli sqema<br />
modelis klasi<br />
moZrav sadgurTa klasifikacia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis maqsimaluri<br />
simZlavre, vt<br />
71<br />
cxr. 3.2<br />
<strong>da</strong>saSvebi ga<strong>da</strong>xrebi,<br />
1 20 1,5<br />
2 8 1,5<br />
3 5 1,5<br />
4 2 1,5<br />
5 0,8 1,5<br />
Setyobinebebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis simZlavris a<strong>da</strong>pturi regulireba, rac<br />
uzrunvelyofs kavSiris aucilebel xarisxs.<br />
TiToeul mobilur sadgurs aqvs sakuTari saer-<br />
TaSoriso saidentifikacio nomeri (IMSI-International<br />
Mobile Subscriber Identity), romelic Cawerilia mis maxsovrobaSi.<br />
TiToeul mobilur sadgurs eniWeba kidev<br />
db
erTi saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio nomeri (IM-<br />
SEI-International Mobile Station Equipment Identity-<strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadguris mowyobilobis saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio<br />
nomeri), romelic gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom<br />
ar moxdes SeRweva GSM-is qselSi im sadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
romlebic moparulia an ara aqvs miniWebuli aseTi<br />
ufleba.<br />
sabazo sadguris qvesistemis mowyobilobebi (BSS-<br />
Base Station Sistem) Sedgeba sabazo sadgurebis kontrolerisagan<br />
(BSC-Base Station Controler) <strong>da</strong> TviT sabazo<br />
sadgurisagan _ BTS. erTma kontrolerma Sei-<br />
Zleba marTos ramdenime sadguri. igi asrulebs<br />
Semdeg funqciebs: marTavs radioarxebis ganawilebas;<br />
akontrolebs SeerTebebs <strong>da</strong> aregulirebs maT<br />
rigiTobas. es uzrunvelyofs: e.w. ‘mxtunavi~ six-<br />
Siris reJimSi muSaobas; signalebis modulaciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demodulacias; Setyobinebebis kodirebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
dekodirebas; salaparako signalebis kodirebas;<br />
salaparako signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqaris a<strong>da</strong>ptacias;<br />
gansazRvravs personaluri gamoZaxebebis Setyobinebebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis rigiTobas.<br />
komutaciis qve<strong>sistemebi</strong>s (SSS-Switching SubSystem)<br />
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris sakomutacio<br />
centri _ MSC, mdgomareobis registri _ HLR;<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis registri _ VLR; autentifikaciis<br />
centri _ AUC (Autentication Center) <strong>da</strong> mowyobilobebis<br />
identifikaciis registri _ EIR.<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris komutaciis centri momsaxurebas<br />
uwevs fiWebis garkveul jgufs <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofs<br />
SeerTebebis yvela im saxeobebs, romelTa<br />
aucilebloba warmoiSveba mobilur sadgurebSi maTi<br />
72<br />
muSaobis procesSi. igi principSi warmoadgens interfeiss<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris qselsa <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli<br />
kavSiris qsels Soris, iseTebs, rogorebicaa PSTN,<br />
ISDN, PDN qselebi <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofs gamoZaxebebis<br />
marSrutizacias <strong>da</strong> maT marTvas. gar<strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnulisa<br />
MSC-s eniWeba im radioarxebis komutaciis<br />
funqcia, romlebic uzrunvelyofen estafetur ga<strong>da</strong>cemas<br />
<strong>da</strong> fiWaSi muSa arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>rTvas xelSeSlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zianebebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
komutaciis centri uzrunvelyofs <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis kontrols mdgomareobis<br />
registris (HLR) ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis (VLR) registris<br />
meSveobiT. mdgomareobis registris maxsovrobaSi<br />
inaxeba <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
is nawili, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba gamoZaxebis<br />
ganxorcieleba. am registrebSi mocemulia informacia<br />
abonentis Sesaxeb (IMSI), romelic gamoiyeneba<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> obieqtebis amosacnobad, Semdgom miewodeba<br />
AUC-s, aseve sxva saWiro informaciebi, romlebic<br />
aucilebelia GSM qselis funqcionirebisaTvis. am<br />
monacemTa nusxa mocemulia nax. 3.4-ze.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis registri (VLR) aris meore Ziri-<br />
Tadi mowyobiloba, romelic uzrunvelyofs kontrols<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris obieqtis erTi fiWi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
meoreSi ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas. misi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT xorcieldeba<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris funqcionireba<br />
mdgomareobis registris mier kontrolirebadi zonis<br />
farglebs gareT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadguri ga<strong>da</strong>dis erTi sabazo sadguris kontroleris<br />
moqmedebis zoni<strong>da</strong>n meore kontroleris moqmedebis<br />
zonaSi, igi registrirdeba am ukanaskneliT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>-<br />
73
adgilebis registrSi Seiyvaneba informacia kav-<br />
Siris axali aris nomris Sesaxeb, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurisaken gamoZaxebaTa warmarTvas.<br />
mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis registrebSi<br />
arsebuli monacemebis SenarCunebisaTvis<br />
wyvetebis dros, gaTvaliswinebulia am registrebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mamaxsovrebeli mowyobilobebis <strong>da</strong>cva. nax. 3.5ze<br />
mocemulia is droebiTi monacemebi, romlebic<br />
inaxeba HLR-sa <strong>da</strong> VLR-Si.<br />
imisaTvis, rom aRvkvecoT kavSiris fiWuri sistemis<br />
resursebis arasanqcirebuli gamoyeneba, masSi<br />
Setanilia autentifikaciis meqanizmi _ abonentis<br />
namdvilobis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba. autentifikaciis centi<br />
(AUC) Sedgeba ramdenime blokisagan <strong>da</strong> aformirebs<br />
gasaRebebs <strong>da</strong> algoriTmebs autentifikaciisaTvis.<br />
misi meSveobiT mowmdeba abonentis sruluflebianoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> xorcieldeba misi SeRweva kavSiris qsel-<br />
Si. AUC-Si miiReba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba <strong>da</strong> ganisazRvreba<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sifvris gasaRebebi monacemTa bazis safuZvleze,<br />
romelic Tavmoyrilia mowyobilobis identifikaciis<br />
registrSi (EIR).<br />
yoveli <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonenti sistemiT sargeblobisas<br />
Rebulobs abonentis identifikaciis moduls<br />
(SIM-baraTs), romelic Seicavs saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio<br />
nomers (IMSEI), autentifikaciis saku-<br />
Tar individualur gasaRebs (Ki), autentifikaciis<br />
algoriTms (A3)-s. am informaciis meSveobiT, monacemTa<br />
urTierTgacvlis safuZvelze (mobilur<br />
sadgursa <strong>da</strong> qsels Soris) xdeba autentifikaciis<br />
sruli ciklis <strong>da</strong>sruleba <strong>da</strong> abonents neba erTveba<br />
qselSi SeRwevisaTvis.<br />
74<br />
nax. 3.4. mdgomareobis registrSi Senaxuli<br />
xangrZlivi monacemebi<br />
75
nax. 3.5. droebiTi monacemebi, romlebic inaxeba<br />
HLR-Si <strong>da</strong> VLR-Si<br />
abonentis namdvilobis Semowmebis procedura<br />
xorcieldeba Semdegnairad (nax. 3.6). qseli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mobilur sadgurze ga<strong>da</strong>icema raRac SemTxveviTi<br />
sidide (RAND-Randon Number_abonentis SemTxveviTi<br />
nomeri). fiWur telefonSi individualuri gasaRebis<br />
Ki <strong>da</strong> autentifikaciis algoriTmis A3-is meSveobiT<br />
miRebuli ricxvebi (maTematikuri gamoTvlebis<br />
safuZvelze) gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba <strong>da</strong> gamoiTvleba axali<br />
ricxvi _ SRES. am ricxvs <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri agzavnis<br />
ukan qselSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c xdeba miRebuli ricxvis Se<strong>da</strong>reba<br />
TviT qselSi gamoTvlil ricxvTan. Tu es ori ricxvi<br />
erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>emTxva, maSin mobilur sadgurs neba<br />
76<br />
eZleva miuerTdes qsels, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />
ara. saidumloebis <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT gamoZaxilis<br />
gamoTvla warmoebs farulad (SIM-baraTiT).<br />
nax. 3.6 abonentis Semowmebis procedura<br />
momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis centri (OMC) uzrunvelyofs<br />
funqciebis ganawilebasa <strong>da</strong> MSC-sa <strong>da</strong> BSSs<br />
Soris urTierTqmedebebs. misi funqciebi emTxveva<br />
Cveulebrivi kavSiris qselSi Semavali msgavsi centrebis<br />
funqciebs. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi OMC uzrunvelyofs radioqvevsistemis<br />
marTvas.<br />
3.1.2. signalebis struqtura <strong>da</strong> formireba<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis agebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva variantis analizis<br />
Sedegad SeirCa am <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis optimaluri<br />
77
mravalsadguriani SeRweva arxebis droiTi gancalkavebiT<br />
(TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access).<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d signalebis droiT struqturas aqvs<br />
nax.3.7-ze naCvenebi saxe. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad analoguri<br />
salaparako signali gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba cifrul TanmimdevrobaSi,<br />
romelsac ukeTdeba <strong>da</strong>Sifvra <strong>da</strong> kodireba,<br />
rac aucilebelia informaciis Secdomebisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisa <strong>da</strong> miRebis procesSi. am<br />
mizniT gamoiyeneba:<br />
_ blokuri kodireba _ miRebisas Secdomebis<br />
swrafi aRmoCenisaTvis;<br />
_ xvevadi kodireba _ erTeulovani Secdomebis<br />
gasworebisaTvis;<br />
_ Senacvleba _ paketuri Secdomebis erTeulovan<br />
SecdomebSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis.<br />
am gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis Sedegad TiToeuli anaTvali warmodgeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sifruli Setyobinebis saxiT, romelic<br />
Sedgeba 114 bitisagan _ ori 57 bitiani <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
bloki (nax. 4.7), romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia<br />
etalonuri mimdevrobiT (26 biti). am mimdevrobis<br />
miRebisas ganisazRvreba <strong>da</strong>maxinjebis xasiaTi<br />
signalis ganawilebis traqtSi <strong>da</strong> Sedegad<br />
mimRebis maxasiaTeblebi formirdeba drois mocemul<br />
momentSi muSa pirobebis Sesabamisad.<br />
kavSirisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis arxebiT informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis,<br />
agreTve, ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris SewyobisaTvis,<br />
droiTi sinqronizaciis uzrunvelyofisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
kavSiris arxSi SeRwevisaTvis gamoiyeneba 5 tipis<br />
droiTi intervali _ `fanjara~:<br />
_ NB (Normal Burts)-normaluri droiTi intervali;<br />
_ SB (Synchronisation Burts)-droiTi sinqronizaciis<br />
intervali;<br />
78<br />
_ DB (Dummy Burts)-<strong>da</strong>sayenebeli intervali;<br />
_ FCB (Frequency Correction Burts) _ sixSiris Sewyobis<br />
droiTi intervali.<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi erT salaparako arxSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis<br />
gamoyeneba normaluri droiTi intervali<br />
NB (paketi) 0,577 mwm-is xanrgZlivobiT, romelic Seicavs:<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sifruli informaciis 114 bits; or napira<br />
kombinacias (TB-Tail Bits) 3-3 biti TiToeulisaTvis;<br />
or sakontrolo bits, romelic yofs erTmaneTisagan<br />
Setyobinebis <strong>da</strong>Sifrul bitebsa <strong>da</strong> etalonur<br />
mimdevrobas; <strong>da</strong>cvis intervals GP (Guard Period) 2,25<br />
bitis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis drois intervaliT. es niSnavs, rom<br />
NB intervali Seicavs 156,25 bits, xolo erTi bitis<br />
xangrZlivoba Seadgens 3,69 mkwm-s.<br />
nax. 3.7. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi kadrebis struqtura <strong>da</strong><br />
signalebis formireba<br />
79
sixSiris Sewyobis droiTi ganmeorebadi intervalebi<br />
qmnis sixSiris <strong>da</strong>yenebis arxs (FCCH-Freguenc<br />
Correction Channel). droiTi sinqronizaciis intervali<br />
SB mobilur sadgurSi gamoiyeneba aparaturis<br />
muSaobis sinqronizaciisaTvis. igi Sedgeba 64 bitiani<br />
sinqronuli mimdevrobisagan <strong>da</strong> ori 39 bitiani<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sifruli blokisagan, romelTac ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs<br />
informacia TDMA _ kadrisa <strong>da</strong> sabazro sadguris<br />
saidentifikacio kodis Sesaxeb. am intervalis Sesabamisi<br />
Setyobineba (bitebSi) ga<strong>da</strong>icema sixSiris<br />
<strong>da</strong>yenebis intervalis Sesabamis SetyobinebasTan<br />
erTad. sinqronizaciis ganmeorebadi intervalebi<br />
qmnis e.w. sinqronizaciis arxs (SCH).<br />
<strong>da</strong>sayenebeli intervali DB uzrunvelyofs arxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yenebasa <strong>da</strong> testirebas. Tavisi struqturiT<br />
igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d emTxveva normalur droiT intervals<br />
NB-s. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia,<br />
rom intervali DB Seicavs 26 bitian <strong>da</strong>sayenebel<br />
mimdevrobas <strong>da</strong> saWiroebs sakontrolo bitebis<br />
gamoyenebas.<br />
SeRwevis intervali AB uzrunvelyofs <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadguris SeRwevas axal sabazo sadgurSi. igi<br />
Seicavs 252 mkwm xangrZlivobis (68,25 biti) did <strong>da</strong>mcvel<br />
intervals GP-s, or napira kombinacias (TB-3-<br />
3 biti), 41 bitian sinqromimdevrobas <strong>da</strong> 36 <strong>da</strong>Sifrul<br />
bits. didi <strong>da</strong>mcveli intervali (252 mkwm) uzrunvelyofs<br />
kavSirs mobilur obieqtebamde fiWebSi,<br />
romelTa radiusi 35 km-mdea, radgan igi metia im<br />
droze, romelic saWiroa radiosignalis pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
<strong>da</strong> ukumimarTulebiT gavrcelebisaTvis t-233,3 mkwm-s<br />
(t=2R/C).<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema arxebis droiTi gancalkevebisas<br />
xorcieldeba TDMA – kadris SigniT. am kadris<br />
TiToeuli intervali aRiniSneba nomrebiT 0-<strong>da</strong>n 7-<br />
80<br />
mde, e.i. erT TDMA-kadrSi erTdroulad funqcionirebs<br />
8 salaparako arxi. im droiTi intervalebis<br />
fizikuri arsi, romlebic iwodeba `fanjrebad~, aris<br />
is, rom es aris dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi xdeba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mtani rxevis modulacia salaparako an monacem-<br />
Ta signalebiT.<br />
cifruli sainformacio nakadi warmoadgens paketebis<br />
mimdevrobas, romlebic ganTavsebulia am<br />
droiT intervalebSi (`fanjrebSi~). paketebis xangrZlivoba<br />
odnav mcirea intervalebis xangr-<br />
Zlivobaze <strong>da</strong> tolia 0,546 mkwm-is. TDMA –kadris<br />
saerTo xangrZlivoba tolia 4,615 mwm-is.<br />
TDMA-kadrebisagan iqmneba multikadrebi. kavSirisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> marTvisaTvis GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba<br />
multikadris ori saxeoba:<br />
_ 26 TDMA kadris Semcveli;<br />
_ 51 TDMA _ kadris Semcveli.<br />
pirveli saxeobis erTi multikadris xanrgZlivoba<br />
tolia 129 mwm-is, meoris _ 235,385 mwm-is. pirveli<br />
saxeoba 51 multikadris (TiToeuli 26 kadri) an<br />
meore saxis 26 miltikadris (TiTeouli 51 kadri)<br />
saSualebiT iqmneba superkadri 6,12 wm-is xangrZlivobis<br />
(1326 TDMA kadri).<br />
2048 superkadri qmnis 1 hiperkadrs, romelic Seicavs,<br />
2715648 TDMA kadrs. erTi hiperkadris xangr-<br />
Zlivoba tolia 2715648X4,615 mwm=3 sT. 53 wT. 760 mwmis.<br />
hiperkadris aseTi didi xangrZlivoba ganpirobebulia<br />
GSM-Si gamoyenebuli kriptografiuli <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
meTodis moTxovnebiT, roca kadris nomeri gamoiyeneba,<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis Sesasvleli parametri.<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi signalebis erT-erT gansakuTrebulobas<br />
warmoadgens kavSiris seansis procesSi<br />
81
sixSiris neli naxtomebis gamoyeneba SFH (Slow<br />
Fregueney Hopping). maTi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa six-<br />
Siruli ganawilebis uzrunvelyofa radioarxebSi,<br />
romlebic funqcionirebs radiotalRebis mravalsxivuri<br />
gavrcelebis pirobebSi. sixSiris neli naxtomebi<br />
gamoiyeneba yvela mobilur qselebSi, rac<br />
saabonento sadgurebis neli moZraobisas amaRlebs<br />
kodirebisa <strong>da</strong> Senacvlebis efeqturobas.<br />
nax. 3.8. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi kavSiris arxebis<br />
kombinirebuli TDMA/FDMA sqema<br />
82<br />
neli naxtomebis formirebis princi pi sixSiruli<br />
TvalsazrisiT mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Setyobineba,<br />
romelic ga<strong>da</strong>icema abonentisTvis gamoyofili<br />
drois intervalSi TDMA – kadrSi 0,577 wm, yovel<br />
momdevno kadrSi ga<strong>da</strong>icema (miiReba) axal fiqsirebul<br />
sixSireze (nax. 4.8). kadrebis struqturis Sesabamisad<br />
sixSiris gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis saWiro dro Seadgens<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1 mwm-s.<br />
sixSiris naxtomebis procesSi mudmivad Senar-<br />
Cunebulia sxvaoba miRebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxebs<br />
Soris (nax. 3.8). yvela aqtiur abonents, romlebic<br />
erT fiWaSi mdebareobs, eniWeba sixSireTa ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ukveTavi mimdevrobebi, rac gamoricxavs xarvezebs<br />
abonentebs Soris Setyobinebis miRebisas. six-<br />
SireTa ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis mimdevrobis parametrebi (six-<br />
Sirul-droiTi matrica <strong>da</strong> sawyisi sixSire) moiniSneba<br />
yoveli <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurisaTvis <strong>da</strong>myarebis<br />
procesSi.<br />
kavSiris arxebi GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT<br />
fizikur <strong>da</strong> lokalur arxebad. fizikuri arxi<br />
iqmneba signalebis droiTi <strong>da</strong> sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>yofis<br />
kombinirebis gziT <strong>da</strong> ganisazRvreba rogorc radiosixSiruli<br />
arxebisa (sixSireTa SesaZlo naxtomebiT),<br />
ise TDMA-kadris droiTi intervalebis mimdevroba.<br />
yoveli ga<strong>da</strong>mtani Seicavs 8 fizikur arxs, gan-<br />
Tavsebuls TDMA – kadris 8 droiTi intervalis<br />
sazRvrebSi. yoveli fizikuri arxisaTvis yovel<br />
TDMA-kadrSi gamoiyeneba erTi <strong>da</strong> igive droiTi<br />
intervali.<br />
83
fizikuri arxis formirebamde cifrul formaSi<br />
warmodgenili Setyobinebebi <strong>da</strong> monacemebi jgufdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTiandeba ori tipis arxebSi:<br />
_ kavSiris arxi _ kodirebuli saubrisa <strong>da</strong> monacemebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis;<br />
_ marTvis arxi _ marTvisa <strong>da</strong> sinqronizaciis<br />
signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis. logikuri arxebis Sesabamisi<br />
kombinaciisaTvis erTi <strong>da</strong> imave fizikur<br />
arxze SeiZleba moTavsdes erTze meti logikuri<br />
arxis tipi. kavSiris logikuri arxebi SeiZleba<br />
iyos:<br />
_ SetyobinebaTa sruli siCqariT ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxi<br />
(22,8 kbit/wm-TCH/F (Full Rate Traffic Channel);<br />
_ SetyobinebaTa naxevari siCqariT ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxi<br />
(11,4 kbit/wm – TCH/H (Half Rate Traffic Channel).<br />
logikur kadrebSi gamoiyeneba 26 kadriani multikadri.<br />
FAC CH-(Fast Associated Control Channel) marTvis<br />
Cqari SeTavsebuli logikuri arxi gamoiyeneba gankargulebaTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris<br />
fiWi<strong>da</strong>n _ fiWaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas, e.i. estafeturi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas.<br />
marTvis neli SeTavsebuli logikuri<br />
arxi _ SAC CH (Slou Associated Control Channel) gamoiyeneba<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi im signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis,<br />
romlebic saWiroa <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis<br />
gamosasvleli donis simZlavris <strong>da</strong>yenebisaTvis,<br />
xolo piriqiT ki _ <strong>da</strong>yenebuli simZlavris donis<br />
Sesaxeb monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis. kavSiris srul<br />
sixSirul arxSi multikadris yovel me-13 TDMA<br />
kadrSi ga<strong>da</strong>icema SACCH arxis informaciis paketi,<br />
amasTan, yoveli 26-e TDMA kadri Tavisufalia. naxevarsiCqariani<br />
kavSiris arxSi informaciis igive<br />
paketi ga<strong>da</strong>icema multikadris yovel me-13 <strong>da</strong> 26-e TDMA-<br />
84<br />
kadrSi (nax. 4.9), ramdena<strong>da</strong>c srulsiCqariani arxis<br />
multikadrSi laparakisa <strong>da</strong> monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba 24 TDMA kadri 26-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> multikadris<br />
xangrZlivobaa 120 mwm, amdenad, sainformacio<br />
SetyobinebaTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare am arxSi Seadgens<br />
22,8 kbit/wm-s.<br />
T,t-TDMA kadri arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis<br />
(TCH); CA-TDMA kadri SACCH/T-s ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis; `A~<br />
carieli TDMA kadri.<br />
nax. 3.9. kavSiris arxebis gaerTianebis sqema<br />
3.1.3. informaciis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoeba<br />
aRniSnul stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi termini `usafrTxoeba~<br />
gulisxmobs sistemis arasanqcionirebuli gamoyenebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSveblobas <strong>da</strong> abonentTa saubrebis gasaidumloebis<br />
uzrunvelyofas. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi am<br />
moTxovnaTa <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
Semdegi meqanizmebi:<br />
_ autentifikacia;<br />
_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis gasaidumloeba;<br />
_ abonentis gasaidumloeba;<br />
_ gamoZaxebis mimarTulebis gasaidumloeba.<br />
85
marTvis signalebisa <strong>da</strong> momxmareblis monacemTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva xorcieldeba mxolod radioarxiT ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas.<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis algoriTmi<br />
RSA Ria gasaRebiT (avtorebis gvarebis pirveli asoebi<br />
Rivest, Shamir, Adleman), romelic uzrunvelyofs salaparako<br />
SetyobinebaTa maRali xarisxis usafrTxoebas.<br />
kavSiris sistemis resursebis arasanqcirebuli<br />
moxmarebis gamoricxvis mizniT stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi Seyvanili<br />
<strong>da</strong> gansazRvrulia autentifikaciis meqanizmi<br />
_ abonentis piradobis <strong>da</strong>sturi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,<br />
sistemiT sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi yoveli abonenti<br />
iRebs abonentis namdvilobis moduls _ SIM<br />
baraTs, romelic Seicavs:<br />
nax. 3.10. a. autentifikaciis princi pi<br />
86<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentis saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio<br />
nomers _ IMSI;<br />
_ autentifikaciis sakuTar-individualur gasa-<br />
Rebs _ Ki;<br />
_ autentifikaciis algoriTms _ A3.<br />
radioarxiT informaciis gasaidumloebis uzrunvelsayofad<br />
ukanaskneli maTgani iSifreba, <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis<br />
gasaRebebis A8-is formirebis algoriTmi inaxeba<br />
SIM baraTSi. gamoZaxilis <strong>da</strong>TvlasTan erTad <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadguris ERES aparatura gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis<br />
gasaRebasac Kc. es gasaRebi ar ga<strong>da</strong>icema<br />
radioarxiT, aramed gamoiTvleba qseliT <strong>da</strong> saabonento<br />
terminaliT erTdroulad (nax. 3.10a).<br />
SemTxveviTi ricxvis gar<strong>da</strong> mobilur sadgurs<br />
egzavneba ricxviTi mimdevroba gaSifvris gasaRebTan<br />
erTad. es ricxvi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia Kc-s faqtiur<br />
mniSvnelobasTan <strong>da</strong> xels uSlis araswori gasaRebis<br />
formirebas. ricxvi inaxeba mobilur sadgurSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi Sedis yovel pirvel SetyobinebaSi, romelic<br />
qselSi ga<strong>da</strong>icema.<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sifrvis reJimis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis qseli mobilur<br />
sadurs ga<strong>da</strong>scems gankargulebas CMC (Ciphering<br />
Mode Command) <strong>da</strong>Sifvris reJimSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlaze, romlis<br />
miRebis Semdeg, sadguri, misive arsebuli gasaRebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, axorcielebs <strong>da</strong>Sifvrasa <strong>da</strong> gasaRebis<br />
gaxsnas. Setyobinebebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli monacemTa nakadi<br />
axdens <strong>da</strong>Sifrvas `biti-biti~ an nakaduri SifriT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sifris A5 algoriTmisa <strong>da</strong> Kc gasaRebis<br />
gamoyenebiT. <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis reJimis <strong>da</strong>myarebis procedura<br />
warmodgenilia nax. 3.10 b.<br />
87
nax. 3.10. b. cifrul formaSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />
procedura<br />
radioarxiT ga<strong>da</strong>cemul SetyobinebaTa gamovlenis<br />
gziT abonentis gamoaSkaravebis gamosaricxad<br />
fiWuri kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s yovel abonents eniWeba<br />
droebiTi saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio momxmareblis<br />
nomeri _ TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subsriber Identity),<br />
romelic ZalaSia mxolod ganTavsebis aris<br />
zRvrebSi LAI (Location Area Idenfication). ganTavsebis sxva<br />
zonaSi abonents mieniWeba axali TMSI. Tu <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadguri ganTavsebis sxva zonaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis, misi<br />
TMSI un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ices im LAI zonis saidentifikacio<br />
nomerTan erTad, romelSic TMSI mieniWeba abonents.<br />
adgilmdebareobis koreqtirebis proceduris Sesrulebisas<br />
MS mobilur sadgursa <strong>da</strong> BTS sabazo<br />
sadgurs Soris marTvis arxebiT xorcieldeba im<br />
samsaxureobriv SetyobinebaTa ormxrivi gacvla,<br />
romlebic Seicaven abonentis TMSI droebiT nomrebs.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi radioarxSi aucilebelia<br />
TMSI_ebis Secvlis <strong>da</strong> maTi konkretul abonentebze<br />
mikuTvnebis saidumloobis uzrunvelyofa. adgilm-<br />
88<br />
debareobis koreqtirebis procedura TvalnaTliv<br />
aris warmodgenili nax. 3.11-ze.<br />
nax. 3.11. adgilmdebareobis koreqcia<br />
detalurad ganvixiloT adgilmdebareobis koreqtirebis<br />
SemTxveva estafeturi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis momentSi.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri ukve registrirebulia<br />
VLR ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis registrSi droebiTi<br />
TMSI nomriT, romelic Seesabameba mdebareobis<br />
yofil zonas. abonentis axal zonaSi Sesvlis<br />
dros sruldeba amocnobis procedura, romelic<br />
radioarxSi <strong>da</strong>Sifrul Zveli TMSI-iT sruldeba <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>icema adgilmdebareobis LAI zonis nomerTan erTad.<br />
es ukanaskneli awvdis informacias komutaciis cen-<br />
89
trsa <strong>da</strong> marTvis centrs <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />
mimarTulebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> iZleva saSualebas<br />
adgilmdebareobis yofili zonisagan gamorkveul<br />
iqnas abonentis statusi <strong>da</strong> misi monacemebi,<br />
gamoricxavs ra amiT am samsaxureobrivi Setyobinebebis<br />
marTvis radioarxebiT mimocvlas. amasTan,<br />
kavSiris arxSi Setyobineba ga<strong>da</strong>icema, rogorc <strong>da</strong>Sifruli<br />
sainformacio teqsti Setyobinebis SewyvetiT<br />
`estafeturi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis~ procesSi 100-150 mwiT.<br />
3.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> D-AMPS<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema<br />
D-AMPS fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />
SemuSavebul <strong>da</strong> miRebul iqna aSS-Si. misi Seqmnis<br />
aucilebloba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom AMPS<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtis erovnuli analoguri fiWuri kavSiris<br />
sistema veRar pasuxob<strong>da</strong> gazrdil moTxovnebs: <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
kavSirebis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mimarT. kerZod, <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
gamtarunarianobis; kavSiris arasakmarisi xarisxis;<br />
momsaxurebaTa SezRuduli raodenobis; ga<strong>da</strong>sacem<br />
SetyobinebaTa gasaidumloebis SeuZleblobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa gamo. evropis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis axlad SemuSavebuli<br />
sistemisaTvis gamoyofil iqna axali sixSiruli<br />
diapazoni, aSS-Si ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> sixSireTa axali<br />
zolis gamoyofa. amitom fiWuri kavSiris mrewvelobis<br />
asociacia (CTIA) <strong>da</strong> kavSiris mrewvelobis asociaciis<br />
(TIA) mier miRebuli iqna ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba erT six-<br />
Sirul zolSi ori stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis erToblivi funq-<br />
90<br />
cionirebisaTvis analoguri AMPS <strong>da</strong> axali cifruli<br />
D-AMPS-is. amasTan, analogur sistemaSi arsebul<br />
arxebs Soris sixSireTa sxvaoba, romelic tolia<br />
30 khci-sa SenarCunebul iqna.<br />
cifruli fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />
D-AMPS SemuSavebul iqna 1990 wels AMPS-is bazaze.<br />
swored amis safuZvelze miiRo kavSiris sistemam<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba D-AMPS (ADC). eqsperimentuli gamocdis<br />
Semdeg TIA <strong>da</strong> CTIA asociaciebis mier miRebul iqna<br />
sami Si<strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rti: IS-54 _ <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris D-<br />
AMPS sistemaze; IS-55_or-modian mobilur sadgurze,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyofs kavSirs rogorc analoguri<br />
(AMPS), ise cifruli (D-AMPS) arxebiT; IS-<br />
56 _ bazur sadgurebze.<br />
rogorc Semdgom aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, am stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>nergva<br />
drouli nabiji iyo aSS-is <strong>mobiluri</strong> kav-<br />
Siris bazarze cifruli teqnologiis <strong>da</strong>nergvis<br />
procesSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom stan<strong>da</strong>rti IS-54 ar<br />
iTvaliswinebs srulad cifrul formaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlas,<br />
igi aris ufro progresuli winamorbedi AMPS-<br />
Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> dReisaTvis ramdenime milionze<br />
meti abonenti msoflios bevr qveyanaSi iyenebs mas.<br />
1994 wels aSS-Si miRebul iqna axali erovnuli<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rti IS-136 <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris srul cifrul<br />
sistemaze, romelic warmoadgens IS-54 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
srulyofil variants. Tavisi funqcionaluri Sesa-<br />
ZleblobebiT igi uaxlovdeba GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rts.<br />
D-AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rti ar miiRes evropul qveynebSi<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> ruseTisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi orientirebulia regionul<br />
gamoyenebaze. stan<strong>da</strong>rtis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
mocemulia cxrilSi 4.1 (ix. zemoT).<br />
91
mowyobilobaTa Semadgenloba <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebis<br />
principebi TiTqmis mTlianad emTxveva GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rts.<br />
D-AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri kavSiris sistemis<br />
struqturuli sqema naCvenebia nax. 3.12-ze. am<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi analoguri salaparako signalis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis cifrul formaSi gamoiyeneba VSELP<br />
koderi. salaparako diapazonis analoguri signali<br />
iyofa 20 mwm-is xanrgZlivobis segmentebad, romlebic<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba 159 kodirebul bitad <strong>da</strong> romlebic<br />
Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>icema 7,95 kbit/wm siCqariT. amis<br />
Semdeg es monacemebi ganicdis saarxo kodirebas,<br />
risTvisac gamoiyeneba xvevadi kodi siCqariT R=1/2.<br />
amasTan salaparako koderisagan wamosuli paketebi,<br />
romelic, rogorc aRiniSna, Sedgeba 159 bitisagan<br />
iyofa 2 jgufad: pirveli moicavs 77 bits; meore _<br />
82 bits. pirvel jgufSi xorcieldeba zemoT aRniSnuli<br />
xvevadi kodireba. amasTan 7 biti gamoiyeneba<br />
Secdomebis aRmosaCenad.<br />
nax. 3.12. D-AMPS (ADC) <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri<br />
radiokavSiris gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema<br />
92<br />
meore jgufis bitebi ga<strong>da</strong>icema kodirebis gareSe.<br />
Sedegad, saarxo koderSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnili 20 mwm xanrg-<br />
Zlivobis fragmenti warmodgenilia 260 bitiT, rac<br />
Seesabameba ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqares 13 kbit/wm-s. saarxo<br />
koderis gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema warmodgenilia<br />
nax. 3.13-ze. gamosasvleli siCqare (TDMA)<br />
kadris formirebis Sedegad Seadgens 16,2 kbit/wm-s<br />
1 abonentze. 260 kodirebuli bitiT Sedgenili paketi<br />
Semdgom ganicdis Senacvlebas, romlis principic<br />
mocemulia nax.3.14-ze. nebismieri salaparako fragmenti<br />
iyofa 2 Tanatol nawilad. erTi im nawilTagani<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>icema fragmentis sawyis fanjaraSi, xolo<br />
meore _ sami fanjariT ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebul fanjaraSi.<br />
SetyobinebaTa radioarxSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />
speqtrul-efeqturi / 4 DQPSK modulacia,<br />
romelic realizdeba kvadraturuli sqemiT ga<strong>da</strong>mtan<br />
sixSireze pir<strong>da</strong>piri ga<strong>da</strong>cemiT.<br />
nax. 3.13. D-AMPS (ADC) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis saxazo kodirebis<br />
struqturuli sqema<br />
93
nax. 3.14. D-AMPS (ADC) stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi paketebis<br />
kodirebuli bitebis monacvleobis organizacia<br />
TDMA kadrebis struqtura wina <strong>da</strong> ukuarxebSi<br />
naxevarsiCqariani salaparako arxis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebisaTvis<br />
naCvenebia nax.3.15-ze.<br />
nax. 3.15 naxevarsiCqariani salaparako arxis<br />
kadrebis struqtura<br />
94<br />
3.3. <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri sistema<br />
iaponuri cifruli <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri kavSiris<br />
Seqmna ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> NNT kompaniis mier,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> analoguri fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
kavSiris momsaxurebebs iaponiaSi, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
1979 wlis dekembri<strong>da</strong>n. kavSiris cifrul<br />
sistemaze specifikaciebis SemuSavebisas savaldebulod<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />
_ sixSireTa speqtris ekonomiis uzrunvelyofa:<br />
speqtrul efeqturi cifruli modulaciis gamoyenebis,<br />
<strong>da</strong>balsiCqariani <strong>da</strong> maRalxarisxiani bgeri-<br />
Ti kodekebis arCevis <strong>da</strong> radioarxebSi marTvis protokolebis<br />
gaumjobesebis xarjze;<br />
_ sistemis aparatul saSualebaTa Rirebulebis<br />
Semcireba arxebis droiTi <strong>da</strong>yofis gamoyenebis xarjze;<br />
_ momsaxurebaTa kompleqsis gafarToeba OSI Ria<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s arqiteqturis gamoyenebis, funqcionalurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli aparaturuli <strong>da</strong> programuli<br />
modulebis xarjze.<br />
JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis Taviseburebebs un<strong>da</strong> mivakuTvnoT<br />
ISDN qselebTan pir<strong>da</strong>piri kavSiri; ga<strong>da</strong>sacem<br />
SetyobinebaTa <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis SesaZlebloba, <strong>da</strong>balsiCqaruli<br />
bgeriTi kodekis VSELP-is gamoyeneba,<br />
sixSirul arxTa <strong>da</strong>yofa 25 khc-is SualediT.<br />
JDC <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris qselisa <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
SemuSavebisas kompania NNT yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaze:<br />
_ kavSiris fiqsirebul qselebTan urTierTqmedebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa (PSTN, ISDN);<br />
95
_ mobilur abonentTa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fiWuri<br />
qselebis abonentTa Soris ueTierTqmedebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> (fiWuri) <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli qselebis<br />
SeerTeba ubralo interfeisiT.<br />
JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtis <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris fiWuri qselis<br />
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sami ZiriTadi funqcionaluri<br />
elementi:<br />
_ MCC <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris marTvis sadguri (Mobile<br />
Communications Control Station);<br />
_ BS bazuri sadgurebi (Base Station);<br />
_ MS <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonenturi sadgurebi (Mobile Station).<br />
JDC kavSiris qselebis struqturuli sqema<br />
naCvenebia nax. 3.16-ze.<br />
MSS <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris marTvis sadguri warmoadgens<br />
GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi MSC <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris<br />
komutaciis centris analogs. igi moicavs: G-MCC<br />
(Gate Mobile Communication Control Counter–<strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentebis<br />
kavSiris marTvisa <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli satelefono<br />
qselis abonentebTan maTi SeerTebis<br />
qvesistemas);<br />
V-MCC (Visit Mobile Communications Counter _ abonentTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis kontrolis qvesistemas, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs abonentTa adgilmdebareobis registraciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT <strong>da</strong>kavSirebas); aseve HLR (Home<br />
Location Register) mdgomareobis registrs, romelic axorcielebs<br />
mobilur abonentTa identifikaciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
kavSiris zonis registracias. marTvis MCC sadgursa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis ZiriTad elementebs Soris samomsaxureo<br />
kavSirisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis organizebisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />
signalizaciis sistema SS N7. (nax.3.16-ze naCvenebia<br />
wyvetili xaziT).<br />
96<br />
nax. 3.16. JDC kavSiris qselis struqturuli sqema<br />
JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi kavSiris fizikuri arxis formireba<br />
xdeba TDMA kadris sami<strong>da</strong>n erT-erT fanjaraSi. kav-<br />
Siris fizikuri arxis struqtura naCvenebia nax. 3.17.<br />
nax. 3.17. JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi kavSiris fizikuri arxis<br />
struqtura<br />
97
3.4. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> meore<br />
Taobis (2G) CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri radiokavSiris sistema<br />
CDMA-s agebis princi pi.<br />
CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi, arxebis koduri <strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba uolSis orTogonaluri kodebi. uol-<br />
Sis kodebi formirdeba uolSis matricis striqoneb-<br />
isagan:<br />
00<br />
00<br />
<br />
01<br />
01<br />
WL<br />
00<br />
11<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
01<br />
10<br />
<br />
am matriciis gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs ima-<br />
Si, rom misi yoveli striqoni orTogonaluria nebismieri<br />
striqonis mimarT, romelic miRebulia<br />
logikuri uaryofis operaciis meSveobiT. IS-95 stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi<br />
gamoiyeneba 64-e xarisxis matrica. mimRebis<br />
gamosasvlelze signalebis gamosayofad gamoiyeneba<br />
cifruli filtri. orTogonaluri signalebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi filtri SeiZleba aiwyos im<strong>da</strong>gvarad,<br />
rom mis gamosasvlelze yovelTvis iqneba logikuri<br />
nuli, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT, roca miiReba is<br />
signali, romelzec isaa awyobili. uolSis mixedviT<br />
kodireba gamoiyeneba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi (sabazo<br />
sadguri<strong>da</strong>n saabonento terminalisaken) momxmarebelTa<br />
gamoyofisaTvis. im sistemebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamoiyeneba<br />
IS-95, yvela saabonento sadguri muSaobs erTdroulad,<br />
erTi <strong>da</strong> igive sixSireTa zolSi.<br />
CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis gamartivebuli struqturuli<br />
sqema mocemulia nax. 3.18-ze. informaciu-<br />
98<br />
li signali kodirdeba uolSis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> Semdgom<br />
erTiandeba ga<strong>da</strong>mtanTan, romlis speqtri winaswar<br />
farTovdeba fsevdoSemTxveviTi mimdevrobis wyaros<br />
signalze ga<strong>da</strong>mravlebiT. yovel informaciul signals<br />
eniWeba uolSis sakuTari kodi, Semdgom isini<br />
erTiandeba ga<strong>da</strong>mcemSi <strong>da</strong> filtris gavliT xmauris<br />
signalis msgavsad miewodeba ga<strong>da</strong>mcem antenas.<br />
amrigad, mimRebis Sesasvlels miewodeba sasargeblo<br />
signali-mezobeli fiWebis sabazo sadgurebis<br />
fonuri xmauri <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentebis xelisSemSleli<br />
signalebi. maRalsixSiruli filtraciis<br />
Semdeg signali miewodeba korelators, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
xdeba speqtris SekumSva <strong>da</strong> cifrul filtrSi<br />
sasargeblo signalis gamoyofa winaswar mocemuli<br />
uolSis kodis gamoyenebiT. xelSeSlis speqtri<br />
izrdeba <strong>da</strong> korelatoris gamosasvlelze miiReba<br />
xmauri. praqtikulad, mobilur sadgurebSi gamoiyeneba<br />
ramdenime korelatori<br />
nax. 3.18. CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis muSaobis<br />
princi pi<br />
99
CDMA-s princi pze agebul sistemebSi, fsevdoSemTxveviTi<br />
xmauris wyaros sinqronizaciis Secvlis<br />
safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia qselis yvela fiWa-<br />
Si erTi <strong>da</strong> igive sixSiris gamoyeneba. arsebul six-<br />
SireTa resursis aseTi 100%-iani gamoyeneba, aris<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs<br />
CDMA qselis maRal moculobas <strong>da</strong> misi organizaciis<br />
simartives.<br />
CDMA-s bazaze agebul sistemebs gaaCnia dinamikuri<br />
saabonento moculoba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom Teoriulad aris uolSis 64 kodi, realur<br />
pirobebSi es zRvari ar miiRweva sistemis Si<strong>da</strong><br />
interferenciiT, romelic gamowveulia mezobel<br />
fiWebSi sabazo <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong> signalebis erTdrouli<br />
muSaobiT. nax. 3.19-ze mocemulia sistemis Ziri-<br />
Tadi maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebis ilustracia.<br />
es maxasiaTeblebi urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad SeuZlebelia yvela maTganis erTdroulad<br />
optimizacia. princi pSi, es urTierTkav-<br />
Siri uzrunvelyofs moqnilobas misi <strong>da</strong>proeqtebisas.<br />
nax. 3.20-ze magaliTisaTvis mocemulia sabazo<br />
sadgurze <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis ganawileba.<br />
nax. 3.19. CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis dinamikuri<br />
moculoba<br />
100<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, CDMA sistemis fiWis<br />
saabonento moculoba optimizdeba regulirebis<br />
im rTuli algoriTmis gamoyenebiT, romelic zRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />
TiTeouli saabonento terminalis mier gamosxivebul<br />
simZlavres. sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
simZlavris regulirebis sami meqanizmi:<br />
nax. 3.20. CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis qselis <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis<br />
ganawileba<br />
_ pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi _ gawyvetili maryuJi;<br />
_ pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi _ Sekruli maryuJi;<br />
_ ukuarxSi.<br />
amasTan, `pir<strong>da</strong>piri arxis~ cnebaSi igulisxmeba<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
miReba <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris mier, xolo ‘ukuarxis<br />
cnebaSi~ _ arxi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>cemul<br />
Setyobinebebs iRebs sabazo sadguri.<br />
ganvixiloT ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mowyobilobebis simZlavre-<br />
Ta marTva ukuarxSi. TiToeuli <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>scems informacias miRebul signalSi Secdomebis<br />
donis Sesaxeb. am informaciis safuZvelze saba<br />
101
zo sadguri anawilebs abonentebis simZlavreebs<br />
imgvarad, rom miRweul iqnes salaparako signalebis<br />
miRebis <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli done. rogorc pir<strong>da</strong>pir,<br />
aseve ukuarxebSi simZlavreTa marTvis zemoT<br />
aRniSnuli principi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, moqmedebs <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadgurebis akumulatorebis gamoyenebis va<strong>da</strong>ze.<br />
gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom (nax. 3.21) CDMA<br />
sistemebSi gamosxivebuli saSualo simZlavre naklebia<br />
vidre sxva SeRwevis meTodebis gamoyenebiT<br />
agebul sistemebSi.<br />
nax. 3.21. <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis gamosxivebuli<br />
simZlavris cvlileba<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi simZlavris regulireba xdeba<br />
zemoT ganxilulisagan gansxvavebulad. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
SesaZlebelia regulirebis ori varianti:<br />
Ria ciklisas (gawyvetili maryuJi) <strong>da</strong> Sekruli<br />
ciklisas (Sekruli maryuJi), rogorc es naCvenebia<br />
nax. 3.22-ze.<br />
102<br />
nax. 3.22. pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi simZlavris marTva<br />
gavaanalizoT simZlavris regulirebis Ria cikli.<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri CarTvis Semdeg eZebs sabazo<br />
sadguris signals. am signalTan sinqronizaciis<br />
Semdeg xdeba misi simZlavris gazomva <strong>da</strong> aRiricxeba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli signalis simZlavre. aRricxvebi<br />
efuZneba imas, rom gamosxivebuli signalis savaraudo<br />
simZlavrisa <strong>da</strong> miRebuli signalis sim-<br />
Zlavris doneebis jami un<strong>da</strong> iyos mudmivi <strong>da</strong> -73<br />
db-is toli. Tu miRebuli signalis done, mag., tolia<br />
-85 db-is, maSin gamosxivebuli simZlavris done<br />
toli un<strong>da</strong> iyos 12 db-is. es procesi meordeba<br />
yovel 20 mwm-Si, magram igi mainc ver uzrunvelyofs<br />
sasurvel sizustes simZlavris regulirebaSi, imdenad,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> uku arxebi muSaoben<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSirul diapazonebSi (sixSireTa Zvra<br />
45 mhc-ia) <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, aqvT milevis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
done gavrcelebisas <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad<br />
ganicdian xelSeSlebis zemoqmedebas.<br />
ganvixiloT simZlavris regulirebis <strong>da</strong>xuruli<br />
cikli. simZlavris regulirebis meqanizmi am dros<br />
103
ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli signalis simZlavris zustad <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva: sabazo sadguri mudmivad<br />
afasebs Secdomis albaTobas yovel miRebul<br />
signalSi. Tu igi aWarbebs programulad <strong>da</strong>dgenil<br />
zRvars, sabazo sadguri ubrZanebs Sesabamis mobilur<br />
sadgurs gamosxivebis simZlavris gazr<strong>da</strong>s, regulireba<br />
xorcieldeba 1 db bijiT. es procesi meordeba<br />
yovel 1,25 mwm-Si. aseTi regulirebis procesis<br />
mizani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yovelma mobilurma<br />
sadgurma gamoasxivos minimaluri simZlavris<br />
signali, romelic sakmarisia laparakis misaRebi<br />
xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. imis gamo, rom yvela<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri gamoasxivebs normaluri<br />
muSaobisaTvis saWiro simZlavris signalebs (<strong>da</strong><br />
ara umetes), maTi urTierTqmedeba minimumamde <strong>da</strong>dis<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad sistemis saabonento tevadoba izrdeba.<br />
mobilurma sadgurebma un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos gamosasvleli<br />
signalis simZlavris regulireba far-<br />
To dinamikur diapazonSi _ 85 db-mde.<br />
iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa momxmarebelTa raodenoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n manZili, zemoqmedebs<br />
maqsimaluri gamosxivebuli simZlavris mniSvnelobaze.<br />
zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvalisiwnebiT SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis simZlavris gamaZliereblis<br />
wrfivobisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi (Semavali<br />
signalis 20 db-is zRvrebSi cvlilebisas) uaRresad<br />
maRalia.<br />
gamosxivebuli CDMA signalis speqtri, romelic<br />
miiReba uolSis mixedviT kodirebuli mravali<br />
sabazo signalis gaerTianebiT, axloa xmauris signalis<br />
speqtrTan. amasTan, pikuri mniSvnelobis fardoba<br />
saSualo mniSvnelobasTan tolia 11 db-is. sxva-<br />
104<br />
<strong>da</strong>sxva stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sabazo sadgurebSi simZlavris<br />
gamaZliereblisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebis ilustracia<br />
mocemulia nax. 3.23-ze.<br />
nax. 3.23. moTxovnebi sabazo sadguris simZlavris<br />
gaZlierebaze<br />
imisaTvis, rom ufro gasagebi iyos CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s muSaobis Cvens mier gaanalizebuli<br />
zogadi principebi, mokled ganvixiloT <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
sadguris muSaobis principi. CarTvis Semdeg<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri iwyoba qselis muSa six-<br />
Sireze <strong>da</strong> eZebs sabazo sadguris signals. rogorc<br />
wesi, igi aRmoaCens sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sabazo sadguris ramdenime<br />
signals, romelTa gamorCeva SesaZlebelia<br />
mokle kodSi droiTi <strong>da</strong>ZvriT. <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris<br />
SeirCevs didi donis signals <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, iRebs<br />
koherentul sayrdens sinqronizaciis signalis<br />
Semdgomi demodulaciisaTvis. am signals Seesabameba<br />
uolSis 32-e kodi. masSi ga<strong>da</strong>icema informacia<br />
42 Tanrigiani <strong>da</strong>Zvris registris Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic gamoiyeneba grZeli kodis formirebisaTvis.<br />
es informacia igzavneba sainformacio arxSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemul<br />
105
Setyobinebaze 320 mwm-iT adre. amitom, mobilur sadgurs<br />
aqvs sakmarisi dro Setyobinebis dekodirebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTvisaTvis registrSi.<br />
amrigad, miiRweva misi sinqronizacia qselur<br />
drosTan. amis Semdeg <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri iwyebs<br />
gamoZaxebis erT-erTi arxis monitorings.<br />
CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis mowyobilobis Semadgenloba<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d igivea, rac GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis, misi struqturuli<br />
sqema mocemulia nax. 3.24-ze.<br />
nax. 3.24. CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis qselis konfiguracia<br />
rogoc zemoT aRiniSna, CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba<br />
mravalobiTi SeRweva arxebis koduri gancalkevebiT,<br />
romelic efuZneba farTozolovani signalebis<br />
gamoyenebas. am stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi miiRweva laparakis<br />
ufro maRali xarisxi vidre GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi,<br />
amasTan, analoguri salaparako signalebis cifrul<br />
formaSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis gamoiyeneba vokoderi kodirebis<br />
cvladi siCqariT, romelic efuZvneba koduri<br />
agznebiT wrfivi winaswarmetyvelebis algoriTmis<br />
gamoyenebas _ CELP (Code Excited Linear Predictive).<br />
es algoriTmi iyenebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis laparakis<br />
Taviseburebebs. vokoderis saSualebiT salaparako<br />
signalis sawyisi 64 kbiti/wm cifruli nakadi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miiReba 8 an 13 kbiti/wm nakadi.<br />
106<br />
nax. 3.25. rbili estafeturi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis princi pi<br />
CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis mimRebebSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
ramdenime korelatoris gamoyeneba erTdroulad.<br />
mimRebebma, miRebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavebis ramdenime arxiT<br />
miiRes <strong>da</strong>saxeleba _ `Rake-mimRebi~. maT gaaCniaT<br />
miRebis 4 arxi, romelTagan samSi erTdroulad<br />
muSavdeba sami yvelaze Zlieri signali (meoTxe<br />
arxSi mudmivad midis Zebna im signalisa, romelsac<br />
aqvs samis Semdeg ufro maRali done). es signalebi<br />
aijameba <strong>da</strong> amrigad sistemaSi realizdeba miRebis<br />
droiTi <strong>da</strong>Zvris princi pi. es princi pi ilustrirebulia<br />
nax. 3.25-ze.<br />
CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemebSi gamoiyeneba kodirebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva meTodebi nax. 3.26-ze <strong>da</strong> 3.27-ze<br />
mocemulia Sesabamisad kodirebis sqemebi pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
<strong>da</strong> ukuarxSi. pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
sabazo siCqare Seadgens 9,6 kbiti/wm-s (rac miiReba<br />
8,55 kbiti/wm siCqaris cifrul nakadze <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
makoreqtirebeli orobiTi simboloebis <strong>da</strong>matebiT).<br />
107
mimReb mxareze Secdomebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri koreqciisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba siWarbiani kodirebis meTodi<br />
nax. 3.26. kodireba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi<br />
nax. 3.27. kodireba ukuarxSi<br />
ukuarxSi gamoiyeneba kodirebis sxva meTodi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mobilur sadgurSi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul<br />
iqnes sayrdeni signalebis translaciis upiratesobebi.<br />
ukuarxSi, iseve, rogorc pir<strong>da</strong>pir arx-<br />
Si gamoiyeneba vokoderi <strong>da</strong> xvevadi kodirebis me-<br />
Todi siCqariT 1/3.<br />
108<br />
Tavi IV. <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> IMT-2000<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis ZiriTadi<br />
princi pebi<br />
4.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> mesameTaobis<br />
(3G) saerTo sargeblobis <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
mesame Taobis saerTo sargeblobis <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
radiokavSiris sistema 3G (winamorbedi <strong>da</strong>saxeleba:<br />
PLMTS-Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System _ saer-<br />
To sargeblobis <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris sistema; dReisaTvis:<br />
IMT-2000-International Mobile Telecommunications – (after<br />
the year-2000 – <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saer-<br />
TaSoriso sistema – 2000 wlis Semdeg), moicavs ramdenime<br />
saerTaSoriso regionalur <strong>da</strong> nacionalur<br />
sistemebs msoflio masStabis roumingiT.<br />
mesame Taobis <strong>sistemebi</strong> uzrunvelyofen:<br />
_ momsaxurebis iseTive farTo speqtrs romelsac<br />
uzrunvelyofs <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiqsirebuli<br />
qselebi (saerTo sargeblobis satelefono<br />
qselebi, cifruli qselebi momsaxurebis integraciiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.);<br />
_ momsaxurebebs, romlebic specifikuria <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
abonentebisaTvis.<br />
ITM-2000-is saabonento <strong>da</strong>maboloebeli (terminaluri)<br />
mowyobilobebi uzrunvelyofen SeRwevas<br />
qselis rogorc miwisze<strong>da</strong>, aseve Tanamgzavrul segmentTan.<br />
ITM-2000-is SemuSavebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergvis aspeqtebis<br />
g an xi lv a _ ITU-s (International Telecommunication<br />
Union_<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerTaSoriso kavSiri) farglebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo 1985 wli<strong>da</strong>n. evropaSi mesame Taobis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s stan<strong>da</strong>rtis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ETSI-is (European Telecommunications Stan<strong>da</strong>rds Unstitute<br />
– satelekomunikacio stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis evropuli<br />
109
instituti) egidiT. ETSI-is farglebSi mesame Taobis<br />
sistemebma miiRes <strong>da</strong>saxeleba UMTS (Universal Mobile<br />
Telecommunication System – <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
universaluri sistema), xolo miwisze<strong>da</strong> segmentis<br />
radio interfeisma - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Acces<br />
(UTRA).<br />
1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli mTeli msoflios Ziri-<br />
Tadi regionaluri <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis<br />
organizaciebma globaluri harmonizaciis mizniT<br />
gaaerTianes TavianTi Zalisxmeva stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis<br />
erTian organoSi _ partnioruli proeqti mesame<br />
Taobis (3G) <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis (3 rd Generation Partnership<br />
Project-3GPP).<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris me-3 Taobis sistemebs<br />
gaaCniaT Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebani:<br />
_ globalur masStabSi gamoyenebuli aparaturis<br />
unifikaciis maRali xarisxi;<br />
_ IMT-2000-is farglebSi arsebuli momsaxurebis<br />
stacionaruli qselebis momsaxurebebTan SeTavsebadoba;<br />
_ msoflio masStabiT sargeblobisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />
mosaxerxebeli portatuli saabonento mowyobilobebi;<br />
_ qselebis moqnilobis maRali xarisxi axlad<br />
warmoqmnili momsaxurebebis uzrunvelsayofad;<br />
_ multimediis momsaxurebebis uzrunvelyofis<br />
SesaZlebloba.<br />
ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobeben me-<br />
2 Taobis saxmeleTo <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />
evolucias me-3 TaobaSi, aris Semdegi:<br />
_ monacemTa maRalsiCqarul ga<strong>da</strong>cemebze moTxovnaTa<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>;<br />
110<br />
_ radiosixSiruli speqtris gamoyenebis efeqturobis<br />
amaRlebis aucilebloba.<br />
ukanasknel perio<strong>da</strong>mde laparakis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />
saxmeleTo <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris sistemebSi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis ZiriTad saxeobas <strong>da</strong> Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
sistemuri CatvirTvis upirates nawils.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n dReisaTvis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli teqnologiuri<br />
progresi saSualebas iZleva <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
saxeobebis realizaciisa stacionarul<br />
qselSi, logikuria rom izrdeba abonentTa moTxovnebi<br />
analogiur momsaxurebis saxeobebze <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> qselebSic.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, me-3 Taobis <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> qselebSi uzrunvelyofili un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes monacemebis maRalsiCqariani ga<strong>da</strong>cemis far-<br />
To speqtri: laparakis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqaris gazr<strong>da</strong>;<br />
multimedia; SeRweva Internet-is globalur kompiuterul<br />
qselSi; videogamosaxulebebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema;<br />
videokonferenckavSiris signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
<strong>da</strong>smuli amocani<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare dReisaTvis me-3<br />
Taobis mobilur radiokavSiris sistemebSi informaciis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare aris 2,048 mbiti/wm-mde.<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqarisadmi aseTi moTxovnebi<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> B-ISDN qselisadmi wayenebuli<br />
moTxovnebis bazaze. B-ISDN-Si ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare 144<br />
kbiti/wm gamoiyeneba 2B+D arxebis (2X64 kbiti/wm monacemTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong> 16 kbiti/wm signalizaciis)<br />
organizaciisaTvis, IMT-2000-is qselebSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
siCqare 144 kbiti/wm-Si gamoiyeneba makro fiWebis<br />
doneze, romlebSic uzrunvelyofilia 100%-iani<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>farva <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba im abonentebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
moZraoben maRali siCqariT (250 km/sT-mde). ga<strong>da</strong>ce-<br />
111
mis siCqare 384 kbiti/wm B-ISDN-Si gankuTvnilia<br />
ISDN arxebis (6X64 kbiti/wm monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxi)<br />
organizaciisaTvis, xolo IMT-2000-Si mikrofiWebisaTvis,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c moTxovna <strong>da</strong>tvirTvaze maRalia <strong>da</strong><br />
emsaxureba im abonentebs, romlebic ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebian<br />
mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo siCqariT (10 km/sT <strong>da</strong> meti).<br />
siCqare 2,048 mbiti/wm B-ISDN-Si gankuTvnilia ISDN<br />
arxebis (30X64 kbiti/wm monacemebTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxi)<br />
organizaciisaTvis, xolo IMT-2000-is qselebSi<br />
pikofiWebis donisaTvis Senobebis SigniT calkeuli<br />
nawilebis <strong>da</strong>farvisaTvis <strong>da</strong> aseve im momsaxurebebis<br />
uzrunvelyofisaTvis, romelic gankuTvnilia<br />
stacionaruli an Senobis SigniT moZravi<br />
abonentebisaTvis.<br />
me-2 Taobis arsebul qselebSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
evoluciuri ga<strong>da</strong>svla monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis ma-<br />
Rali siCqareebisaken. ase magaliTad, GSM qselebSi<br />
aseTi gazr<strong>da</strong> efuZneba monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis teqnologias<br />
arxebis komutaciiT _ HSCSD (High Speed Circuit<br />
Switched Data) (57,6 kbit/wm-mde); monacemTa paketur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemas GPRS (General Packet Radio Servis) (115 kbit/wmmde)<br />
<strong>da</strong> monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis gaumjobesebuli teqnologiis<br />
gamoyenebas EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for<br />
Clobal Evolution) (384 kbit/wm-mde). IS-95 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis CDMAs<br />
qselebSi xdeba IS-95B stan<strong>da</strong>rtze ga<strong>da</strong>svla<br />
siCqariT 115,2 kbiti/wm.<br />
nax. 4.1.-ze mocemulia monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqareebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba abonentTa ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />
siCqareze meore <strong>da</strong> mesame Taobis <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris<br />
sistemebSi.<br />
112<br />
2 mbiti/wm<br />
384 kbiti/wm<br />
144 kbiti/wm<br />
10 kbiti/wm<br />
monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqareebi<br />
stacionaruli/ <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
siCqariT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
113<br />
meore Taobis evolucia<br />
meore Taobis sabazo stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong>/maRali<br />
siCqariT ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
nax. 4.1. monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis siCqareTa<br />
Tanafardobebi me-2 <strong>da</strong> me-3 Taobis qselebSi<br />
rogorc <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris meore Taobis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, msgavsi<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> ver uzrunvelyofen momsaxurebebis mimarT<br />
wayenebul gazrdil moTxovnebs. Sesabamisad es<br />
momsaxurebebi SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnan mxolod<br />
mesame Taobis sistemebSi. kerZod:<br />
_ multimediis momsaxurebebi globaluri sainformacio<br />
infrastruqturis farglebSi;<br />
_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis erTi <strong>da</strong> igive pirobebis<br />
Seqmna radioarxebis <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
qselebisaTvis (radioarxSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
siCqariT 2,048 mbiti/wm-mde);<br />
_ trafikis simetriulobis SenarCuneba arxebisaTvis<br />
`zeviT~ <strong>da</strong> `qveviT~;<br />
_ usadeno internetis momsaxurebebis sruli moculobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa.
1885...1980 mhc,…2010...2025 mhc <strong>da</strong> 2110...2170 mhc ganekuTvna<br />
miwis ze<strong>da</strong> segments, xolo 1980...2010 mhc <strong>da</strong> 2170...2200<br />
mhc _ Tanamgzavrul segments. nax. 4.2-ze mocemulia<br />
sixSireTa `Zireul~ zolTa ganawileba msoflio-<br />
Si miRebuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT.<br />
tsk-is<br />
ganawileba<br />
evropa<br />
CineTi<br />
iaponia<br />
CrdiloeT<br />
amerika<br />
nax.4.2. `Zireul~ zolTa ganawileba radiokav-<br />
Siris msoflio administraciuli konferencia 92is<br />
(rmak) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT<br />
MSS (Mobile Serellite Service) <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> samsaxuri;<br />
PHS (Personal Handyphone System) personaluri portatuli<br />
kavSiris sistema; PCS (Personal Communication System) personaluri<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistema; MDS (Mobile Communication<br />
Service) monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis bobiluri samsaxuri.<br />
114<br />
nax. 4.3-ze zemoTaRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare<br />
mocemulia <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
ZiriTadi etapebi.<br />
NМТ-450,900<br />
AMPS<br />
C-450<br />
TACS, ETACS<br />
RTMS 101 H<br />
(1G)<br />
GSM<br />
TDMA<br />
(IS-136)<br />
CDMA one<br />
(IS-95A)<br />
(2G)<br />
115<br />
GPRS EDGE<br />
CDMA one<br />
(IS-95 B)<br />
(2,5 G)<br />
IS (Interim Stan<strong>da</strong>rd -droebiTi stan<strong>da</strong>rti);<br />
TD-CDMA<br />
W-CDMA<br />
CDMA 2000<br />
(IMT-2000)<br />
(3 G)<br />
W-CDMA-Wideband CDMA - farTozolovani _ CDMA.<br />
nax. 4.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> ganvi-<br />
Tarebis etapebi<br />
4.2. muSa sixSireT gamoyofili zolebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyenebis princi pebi<br />
radiokavSiris msoflio administraciuli konferenciis<br />
(rmak) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ERC 97/07-iT gansazRvrulia<br />
`Zireuli~ sixSireebis zolebi:<br />
1920...1980 mhc _ xazi `zeviT~ (signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />
saabonento sadguri<strong>da</strong>n sabazo sadgurze; 2110...2170<br />
mhc _ xazi `qveviT~ (signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema saabonento<br />
sadgurze).<br />
miRebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemis sixSireTa Soris minimaluri<br />
Zvra Seadgens 134,8 mhc-s, xolo maqsimaluri<br />
_ 245,2 mhc-s <strong>da</strong>wyvilebul (simetriul) diapazonSi<br />
muSaobisas. UTRA/FDD-2 aparatura uzrunvelyofs<br />
sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>Zvris SenarCunebas rogorc fiqsirebuli,<br />
ise moZravi momsaxurebisaTvis.
IMT-2000 (UMTS) gamoyofil sixSireTa speqtris<br />
ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebi.<br />
`Zireul~ sixSireTa zolebi msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> regionebSi <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerT-<br />
Soriso kavSirSi (tsk-ITU) <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
mesame Taobis <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis ganixilebo<strong>da</strong><br />
80-iani wlebis Sua periodi<strong>da</strong>n. Sedegad, 1992 wlisaTvis<br />
tsk-ma moamza<strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>cia ITU-R M.672-2,<br />
romelic reglamentirebas ukeTebs sixSireTa ganawilebas<br />
3G <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis. am rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />
safuZvelze radiokavSiris msoflio administraciebis<br />
konferenciam (rmak) 1992 wels gaanawila<br />
siSireTa zolebi 1885...2025 mhc ( 1 140 F mhc) <strong>da</strong><br />
2110...2200 mhc ( 2 90 F mhc) saerTo siganiT<br />
F1 F2<br />
20 mhc ITM-2000 sistemisaTvis. aseTi ganawileba<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> cxril S.5.388_is SeniSvnebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
radiokavSiris reglamentis 212 rezoluciaSi.<br />
muSa sixSireTa zolebi 1885...1900 mhc <strong>da</strong> 2010...2025<br />
mhc gankuTvnilia <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>sTvis droi-<br />
Ti dupleqsirebiT. amasTan, UMTS-is saabonento mowyobilobebis<br />
yvela saxeoba (modifikacia) uzrunvelyofs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong> boloebis miRebis sixSireTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zvras 190 mhc-iT.<br />
a) arxTaSorisi <strong>da</strong>Zvra.<br />
arxTaSorisi normaluri <strong>da</strong>Zvra Seadgens 5 mhc-s,<br />
magram mocemuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba Seicvalos<br />
ganTavsebis konkretuli pirobebis optimizaciisas.<br />
b) sixSireTa zrdis biji.<br />
sixSireTa badis (saarxo rastris) biji Seadgens<br />
200 khc-s, anu arxis centraluri sixSiris mniSvneloba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos 200-is jeradi.<br />
g) radiosixSiruli arxis absoluturi nomeri.<br />
116<br />
UMTS-is radioeleqtronuli saSualebebis ga<strong>da</strong>mtani<br />
sixSiris mniSvneloba ganisazrvreba radiosixSiruli<br />
arxis absoluturi nomriT, romelic<br />
Semdegi gamosaxulebiT (cxrili 4.1) gaiangariSeba:<br />
cxrili 4.1<br />
zeviT Nu=5 (Fuplink-1885,2 mhc)<br />
qveviT Nd=5 (Fdownlink-2075,2 mhc)<br />
117<br />
1920,2 mhc Fuplink 1979,8 mhc,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c F uplink-ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris<br />
absoluturi mniSvnelobaa xazSi<br />
`zeviT~ mhc-Si<br />
2110,2 mhc Fdownlink 2169,8 mhc,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c F downlink-ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris<br />
absoluturi mniSvnelobaa xazSi<br />
`qveviT~ mhc-Si<br />
4.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
IS-95 (cdmaOne) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis evolucia<br />
cdma2000 stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi<br />
a) stan<strong>da</strong>rti cdmaOne(IS-95) zogadi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba <strong>da</strong> misi funqcionirebis<br />
princi pebi<br />
teqnikuri moTxovnebi sistemis mimarT Camoyalibebulia<br />
satelekomunikacio mrewvelobis asociaciis<br />
mier (TIA-Teleccommunication Industry Association) Ziri-<br />
Tad stan<strong>da</strong>rtebSi. ganixileba:<br />
IS-95 _ sahaero intefeisi (radiointerfeisi);<br />
IS-96 _ salaparako momsaxureobis interfeisi;<br />
IS-97 _ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris interfeisi;<br />
IS-98 _ sabazo sadguris interfeisi;<br />
IS-99 _ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis momsaxureobis interfeisi.<br />
sistema IS-95 gankuTvnilia 800 mghc sixSirul diapazonSi<br />
samuSaod. pir<strong>da</strong>piri arxisaTvis gamoyofilia<br />
869,04...893,97 mhc sixSiruli zoli. kavSiris<br />
arxis zolis sigane Seadgens 1,25 mghc-s, amitom fi-
Wuri kavSiris sistemis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisas IS-95 operatorebs<br />
SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>gegmva<br />
gamomdinare miTiTebuli zoli<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>da</strong>dgenilia,<br />
rom erT operators SeiZleba hqondes gamoyofili<br />
maqsimaluri sixSiruli diapazoni araumetes 12,5<br />
mhc-isa, rogorc pir<strong>da</strong>piri, aseve uku mimarTulebisaTvis,<br />
rac Seesabameba 10 sixSirul radioarxs<br />
zoliT 1,25 mhc.<br />
CDMA sistema agebulia sixSiruli speqtris<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri gafarTovebis meTodiT. arxebSi gamoyenebulia<br />
xelSeSlamdgradi kodireba.<br />
CDMA sistemis signali, romelic vrceldeba eTer-<br />
Si, aris farTozolovani <strong>da</strong> xmauris msgavsi. far-<br />
Tozolovani imitom, rom ikavebs sixSiris farTe<br />
zols, xmauris msgavsi imitom, rom roca eTerSi erT<br />
sixSireze, erTi<strong>da</strong>igive dros muSaobs ramdenime abonenti,<br />
signalebi erTmaneTze edebian. xelSeSlamdgradi<br />
imitom, rom farTe sixSiris zolSi (1,23 mhc)<br />
viwrozolovani (
CDMA2000 qseli absoluturad Seesabameba<br />
CDMAone_s (IS-95), rac uzrunvelyofs ubralo <strong>da</strong><br />
iaf ga<strong>da</strong>svlas umavTulo kavSiris axal Taobaze.<br />
amiT uzrunvelyofs saoperatoro kompaniis kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebis<br />
aTvisebas. CDMA2000 qseli gvTavazobs<br />
bgeris xarisxis mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> xmovani arxebis tevadobis gazr<strong>da</strong>s, multimediis<br />
<strong>da</strong> monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis maRal siCqares.<br />
CDMA2000-sken evoluciis periodi iyofa or fazad<br />
1X <strong>da</strong> 3X. imisaTvis rom realizeba gavukeToT<br />
evoluciis periods IMT-2000-sken 1,25 mhc sixSiris<br />
zolSi ganixileba kidev erTi faza 1XEV stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
ganviTareba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs gavafarTovoT<br />
CDMA2000-is SemWidrovebebi 1X-is zeviT.<br />
b) CDMA-2000 1X<br />
CDMA2000 1X qselebi funqcionireben imave six-<br />
Siris zolSi, romlebSic CDMAOne qselebi, magram<br />
isini floben 2-jer meti xmovani arxebis gatarebis<br />
SesaZleblobebs; monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqares<br />
1444kbit/wm-Si. CDMA2000 1X <strong>da</strong> CDMA One mTlianad<br />
SeTavsebadia, isini un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT rogorc erTi<br />
qselis meorisaken Semdgomi srulyofa.<br />
ITA-m gamoaqveyna CDMA2000 1X rogorc IS-2000<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rti. saxelwodeba 1X warmodgeba teqnikuri<br />
terminisagan 1XRTT, romelic Seexeba 1,25 mhc six-<br />
Siris zolSi momuSave CDMA2000 qsels. 1X aRniSnavs<br />
1,25 mhc zolSi radioga<strong>da</strong>cemis teqnologias.<br />
g) CDMA-2000 1XEV<br />
mocemuli stan<strong>da</strong>rti warmoadgens 1X stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
Semdgom srulyofas. misi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT miiRweva<br />
sixSiruli speqtris Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT efeqturi gamoyeneba,<br />
120<br />
izrdeba monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis SesaZlebloba. miiRweva<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis umaRlesi siCqare 2<strong>da</strong>n<br />
5 mbit|wm igive 1,25 mhc sixSirul zolSi. operatoris<br />
gansazRvruli moTxovnebi miuTiTebs srulyofas<br />
me-2 etapze. informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis ufro<br />
efeqturi saSualebisaTvis pirvel etapze saWiroa<br />
2,4 mbit|wm-ze meti siCqaris miRweva monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas.<br />
meore etapis realizaciisas xdeba bgeris<br />
monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqaris miRweva drois<br />
realur masStabSi.<br />
d) CDMA 3X<br />
CDMA-2000 3X aris CDMA-2000 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis meore<br />
faza. mocemuli fazis srulyofas uzrunvelyofen<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqaris gazrdiT mas<br />
zemoT, rac miRweulia 1X-Si, 2bit|wm-mde ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
siCqaris maRalxarisxiani sistemis gamoyenebiT. 3Xis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba warmodgeba terminisagan 3XRTT, e.i.<br />
gamoiyeneba 1,25 mhc-iani 3 sixSiruli zoli 36 momsaxurebis<br />
warmodgenisaTvis. rogorc es gamosaxulia<br />
nax. 5.5-ze.<br />
e) CDMA 2000 sistemis mowyobis MC <strong>da</strong> MS<br />
variantebi sixSiris 3-ze meti ga<strong>da</strong>mtanis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
nax. 4.5-ze mocemulia qselis agebis is SemTxveva,<br />
rodesac saqme gvaqvs sixSiris sam ga<strong>da</strong>mtanTan<br />
mravalsixSiruli meTodis SemTxvevebSi. rogorc<br />
zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qselSi gamoiyeneba MS <strong>da</strong> MC<br />
meTodebi. mravalsixSirul CDMA vatiantSi modulirebuli<br />
simboloebi mWidrovdeba ramodenime qvega<strong>da</strong>mtanze<br />
speqtris siganiT 1,25 mghc TiToeul<br />
maTganze. qvega<strong>da</strong>mtanebis ricxvi N SeiZleba Seicva-<br />
121
los speqtris siganisagan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT. (N=1,3,6,9<br />
<strong>da</strong> 12). yovel qvega<strong>da</strong>mtanze informacia ga<strong>da</strong>icema<br />
Cipuri siswrafiT 1,2288 mCip|wm.<br />
cdma 2000 –is agebis aseTi principi iZleva Sesa-<br />
Zleblobas, rom efeqturad iqnas gamoyenebuli mTeli<br />
muSa diapazoni zolis siganiT 5, 10, 15 <strong>da</strong> 20 mhc.<br />
nax. 5.5-ze mocemulia sixSiruli zolis<br />
gamoyenebis sami xerxi cdma 2000 sistemis mowyobis<br />
gansxvavebuli variantebis dros.<br />
1,25 mhc<br />
f1 f2 f3 f4 f f<br />
5<br />
6 f7 Δf f mhc<br />
Δf<br />
a)<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />
b)<br />
Δf<br />
f 1<br />
3,75 mhc<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />
7,5 mhc<br />
122<br />
f mhc<br />
f2<br />
f1<br />
f mhc<br />
Δf<br />
Δf<br />
g)<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />
nax . 4.5. 1 0 mhc sixSiruli zolis g amoyenebis<br />
variantebi sistemis agebis gansxvavebuli variantebis<br />
dros:<br />
a) MC-CDMA (N=7);<br />
b) DS-CDMA (1X+3X+3X) sa<strong>da</strong>c X=1,25mhc;<br />
g) DS-CDMA (1X+6X).<br />
f 2<br />
Δf<br />
rogorc naxazi<strong>da</strong>n Cans 10 mhc sixSirul zolSi<br />
SeiZleba moTavsdes 7 arxi TiToeulis sixSiruli<br />
zoliT 1.25 mhc (DS-CDMA varianti) an kidev 1 arxi<br />
sixSiruli zoliT 1,25 mhc <strong>da</strong> erTi arxi sixSiruli<br />
zoliT 7,5 mhc (DS-CDMA varianti). xolo <strong>da</strong>cvi-<br />
Ti intervalebi Seadgens 625 khc-s.<br />
meore variantSi signali ga<strong>da</strong>icema gafarTovebuli<br />
speqtriT erT qvega<strong>da</strong>mtanze Cipuri siCqariT 1,2288<br />
mCip/wm. amis gamo SeiZleba miviRoT siCqareebis Semdegi<br />
rigi R=NX1,2288 mCip/wm, roca N=1, 3, 6, 9, 12. Cdma2000-<br />
Si bazur siCqared miRebulia R=3,6864 mCip/wm.<br />
v) CDMA-2000-s <strong>da</strong> WCDMA-s Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi<br />
adre ukve iTqva konkurentuli brZolis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic ganviTar<strong>da</strong> CDMA2000 <strong>da</strong> WCDMA proeqtebis<br />
harmonizaciis etapze <strong>da</strong> riTac <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> kompania<br />
Ericsson-sa <strong>da</strong> Qualcomm-s Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispireba.<br />
1999 wels miRebulma kompromisulma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebam<br />
me-3 Taobis teqnologiebs gza gauxsna. samxreT<br />
amerikuli CDMA2000 proeqti srulyofilad SemuSav<strong>da</strong><br />
IMT-MC (MC-CDMA varianti) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fargleb-<br />
Si, xolo muSaoba WCDMA <strong>da</strong> UTRA-s mxriv gaiyo<br />
ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli starti IMT-DS bazirdeba<br />
WCDMA FDD <strong>da</strong> UTRA FDD teqnikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze<br />
(sixSiris wyvili zolisaTvis), xolo meore<br />
IMT-TC (arawyvili zolisaTvis), <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia evropuli<br />
proeqtis UTRA TDD-s <strong>da</strong> iaponuri proeqtis<br />
TD-SCDMA-s teqnikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze.<br />
CDMA2000-is <strong>da</strong> WCDMA-s sawyisi gansxvaveba,<br />
romelic gax<strong>da</strong> cxare polemikis sagani iyo gansxvavebuli<br />
Cipuri siCqareebi 3,6884 <strong>da</strong> 3,84 mCip|wm. sabazo<br />
sadgurebis signalebis <strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis CDMA2000-<br />
Si gamoiyeneba mokle kodebi sigrZiT 2 15 gansxvavebu<br />
123
li cikluri wanacvlebiT, rac moiTxovs maT urTierT<br />
sinqronizacias. CDMA2000 sistemaSi sawyisi<br />
sinqronizacia uzrunvelyofilia saerTo pilotsignaliT,<br />
romelic gamosxivdeba yoveli sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
WCDMA-Si sawyisi Ziebis procedura gacilebiT<br />
rTulia. ganxilul teqnologiebSi bevri<br />
ramaa saerTo, amas gar<strong>da</strong>, gatarebis unaris gazrdisaTvis<br />
maTSi gamoiyeneba multikoduri ga<strong>da</strong>cema.<br />
orive stan<strong>da</strong>rti iTvaliswinebs simZlavris dinamiur<br />
marTvas kavSiris pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> uku arxebSi.<br />
CDMA-2000 -is <strong>da</strong> WCDMA-s ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi<br />
mocemulia cxr.4.2-Si.<br />
cxr.4.2.<br />
sistema CDMA2000 WCDMA<br />
sixSiris<br />
diapazoni<br />
sixSiruli zoli<br />
mghc<br />
824-849/869-894 <strong>da</strong> 1900 1920-1980; 2110-2170<br />
3,75(3X1,25)-sabazo; 1,25XN,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c N=1, 6, 9, 12<br />
124<br />
5-sabazo; 1,25; 10 <strong>da</strong> 20<br />
SeRwevis meTodi MC - CDMA DS - CDMA<br />
SeTavsebadoba<br />
Cipuri siswrafe<br />
mCip/wm<br />
kodireba<br />
sabazo sadgurebis<br />
sinqronizacia<br />
orTogonaluri<br />
kodebi<br />
CDMAOne-Tan<br />
ukuSeTavsebadoba<br />
3,6864(3X1,2288) – sabazo;<br />
Nx1,2288, sa<strong>da</strong>c N=1, 6, 9, 12<br />
xvevadi kodi (K=9; R=1/2, 1/3,<br />
1/4), turbokodi (k=4)<br />
GSM-Tan SeTavsebadi<br />
eqspluatacia <strong>da</strong><br />
hendoveris uzrunvelyofa<br />
3,84(sabazo); 7,78 <strong>da</strong> 15,56<br />
xvevadi kodi (K=9; R=112,<br />
113)+ rid-solomonis kodi,<br />
turbokodi (k=3)<br />
sinqronuli muSaoba asinqronuli muSaoba<br />
uolSis funqciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
kvaziorTogonaluri kodebi<br />
cvalebadi sigrZis<br />
orTogonaluri kodebi<br />
OVSF gafarTovebebis<br />
koeficientebiT 1-512<br />
(4-256 UTRA-Si)<br />
gafarTovebuli<br />
mimdevrobebi<br />
mokle kodebi sigrZiT 215 <strong>da</strong><br />
grZeli kodebi sigrZiT (242-1) goldis kodebi<br />
fiWebis Zebnis<br />
sqema<br />
pilot signaliT<br />
samseqtoriani Zebna<br />
(goldis kodis Zebna)<br />
kadris sigrZe mw 5,20 10<br />
monacemTa<br />
pird.<br />
arxi<br />
QPSK QPSK<br />
modulacia uku.<br />
arxi<br />
BPSK BPSK<br />
gafarTove-<br />
pird.<br />
arx.<br />
QPSK QPSK<br />
buli mod. ukuar. OPSK QPSK an MPSK (OCOPSK)<br />
arxebis<br />
avtomaturi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis meTodi<br />
rbili, xisti<br />
(sixSireTaSorisi)<br />
rbili, xisti<br />
(sixSireTaSorisi an<br />
sistemaTaSorisi)<br />
simZlavris marTva<br />
siswrafe 0,8 kbit/wm, marTvis<br />
biji 0,25; 0,5 <strong>da</strong> 1,0<br />
siswrafe 1,6 kbit/wm<br />
marTvis biji 0,25-1,5<br />
Tavi V. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
5.1. momsaxurebebi, romlebsac uzrunvelyofen <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong> maT<br />
mier gaweuli momsaxurebis mixedviT pirobiTad<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos sam ZiriTad jgufad:<br />
_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis paketuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>, romlebic<br />
moicavs: cirkularuli Setyobinebebis mowodebas,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva obieqtebis (maT Soris satransporto)<br />
mdgomareobaze avtomaturad, monacemis Segrovebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
_ salaparako (radiosatelefono) <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>;<br />
_ momxmarebelTa adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis)<br />
gansazRvris <strong>sistemebi</strong>.<br />
amasTan, zemoaRniSnulTagan monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> gankuTvnilia nebismieri monacemis (teqsturi,<br />
faqsimiluri Setyobinebis, kompiuteruli<br />
monacemebis <strong>da</strong> sxv.) ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis.<br />
monacemTa paketuri ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
Tanamgzavrul sistemaSi Seadgens asobiT<br />
mbt/wm-s. msgavs sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, ar aris<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli momsaxurebis uwyvetoba. aseve<br />
ar aris mkacri moTxovnebi Setyobinebebis operatiulad<br />
mowodebaze. aseT reJimSi muSaobs<br />
`eleqtronuli fosta~ am SemTxvevaSi mowodebul<br />
informacias imaxsovrebs Tanamgzavris bortis kompiuteri<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi korespondents miewodeba dRe-Ramis<br />
gansazRvrul monakveTSi.<br />
125
adiosatelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>as Tanamgzavrul<br />
sistemaSi gamoiyeneba SetyobinebaTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
cifruli forma. amasTan, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />
Sesruldes saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtiT miRebuli<br />
moTxovnebi. aseT sistemebSi signalis <strong>da</strong>yovneba<br />
gavrcelebis trasaze ar un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodes 0,3 wm-s<br />
<strong>da</strong> saubrebi abonentebs Soris ar un<strong>da</strong> wydebodes<br />
telekomunikacis seansis dros, e.i. abonentTa momsaxureba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos uwyveti <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> xorcieldebodes<br />
drois realur masStabSi.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare radiosatelefono<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> qselis agebisas<br />
gaTvaliswinebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnas Semdegi:<br />
_ Tanamgzavrebi aRWurvilni un<strong>da</strong> iqnan orientacis<br />
zemaRali sizustis <strong>sistemebi</strong>T, romlebic<br />
uzrunvelyofen maTi antenebis mier radiotalRebis<br />
winaswar <strong>da</strong>dgenili mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n miRebas;<br />
_ <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemaSi<br />
Tanamgzavrebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos sakmarisi, raTa uzrunvelyofil<br />
iqnas momsaxurebis zonis uwyveti <strong>da</strong> sruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>farva;<br />
_ kavSiris sakmarisi raodenobis arxebiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />
gamoyenebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes mravalarxiani<br />
saanteno <strong>sistemebi</strong>, romlebic muSaoben maRal<br />
sixSireebze (1,5 ghc <strong>da</strong> meti), rac mniSvnelovnad<br />
arTulebs antenebis <strong>da</strong> kosmosuri aparatebis konstruqcias;<br />
_ mravalarxiani saanteno <strong>sistemebi</strong>T aRWurvili<br />
Tanamgzavris meSveobiT radiosatelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
uwyvetobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
meti sakvanZo (sarabo) sadgurebi ZviradRirebuli<br />
sakomutacio mowyobilobebiT.<br />
126<br />
umravles SemTxvevaSi abonents surs icodes Tavisi<br />
adgilmdebareoba (koordinatebi) de<strong>da</strong>miwaze. am<br />
mizniT dReisaTvis gamoiyeneba ori ti pis aparatura:<br />
_ stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli sanavigacio GPS (Global Positioning<br />
System _ pozicionirebis globaluri sistema) <strong>sistemebi</strong>,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofen momxmareblis koordinatebis<br />
gansazRvras maRali sizustiT;<br />
_ specialuri sanavigacio aparatura, romelic<br />
personaluri telekomunikacis Tanamgzavris <strong>da</strong> sakvanZo<br />
sadgurebis signalebis meSveobiT saSualebas<br />
iZleva ganisazRvros adgilmdebareoba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali sizustiT.<br />
meore tipis aparaturis gamoyenebisas, SesaZlebelia<br />
ganisazRvros abonentis adgilmdebareoba<br />
(koordinatebi) sami meTodiT:<br />
_ personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> 4 Tanamgzavris<br />
signalebis meSveobiT;<br />
_ de<strong>da</strong>miwis sakvanZo sadgurebis signalebis meSveobiT;<br />
_ personaluri Tanamgzavrebisa <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sakvanZo sadgurebis meSveobiT.<br />
5.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> kosmosuri<br />
aparatebis orbitebi<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d, kosmosuri aparatebis orbitebis klasifikacia<br />
SeiZleba moxdes: misi orbitis formis,<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris konkretul wertilebze gavlis<br />
(ga<strong>da</strong>vlis) periodulobiT <strong>da</strong> orbitis <strong>da</strong>xrilobiT.<br />
ganvixiloT es parametrebi cal-calke.<br />
127
formis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Semdegi ti pis<br />
orbitebs:<br />
_ wriuli, romelic praqtikaSi rTulad realizebadia<br />
<strong>da</strong> moiTxovs kosmosuri aparatebis makoreqtirebeli<br />
mowyobilobebis meSveobiT xSir koreqcias;<br />
_ wriulTan miaxloebuli orbitebi. aseTi orbitebi<br />
principSi yvelaze meta<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli.<br />
msgavsi orbitebisaTvis apogeisa <strong>da</strong> perigeis simaRleebis<br />
umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan<br />
(ramdenime aTeuli kilometriT);<br />
_ elifsuri. am SemTxevaSic simaRleebi Ha (apogea)<br />
<strong>da</strong> Hp (perigea) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisagan (Ha=38000...40000 km-s, Hp=400..500 km-s).<br />
aseTi orbitebi, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, xSirad gamoiyeneba <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemebSi (nax. 5.1);<br />
_ geostacionaruli. igi warmoadgens wriul ekvatorul<br />
orbitas, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>miwis xelovnuri<br />
Tanamzavris brunvis periodi emTxveva de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
brunvis periods (T=23 sT. 56 wT.). am orbitaze Tanamgzavri<br />
ganTavsebulia simaRleze: Ha=Hp=36000 km-s,<br />
mudmivad mdebareobs de<strong>da</strong>miwis ekvatoris gansaz-<br />
Rvruli wertilis zeviT. geostacionarul orbitaze<br />
ganlagebuli Tanamgzavri<strong>da</strong>n Cans de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piris didi nawili <strong>da</strong> amitom isini farTod<br />
gamoiyenebian kosmosuri telkomunikacis sistemeb-<br />
Si (nax.2.2).<br />
_ paraboluri <strong>da</strong> hiperboluri. isini rogorc<br />
wesi gamoiyeneba mzis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s planetebis <strong>da</strong>sxivebisas.<br />
kosmosuri aparatebis de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris wertilebze<br />
gavlis periodulobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben<br />
Semdegi tipis orbitebs:<br />
128<br />
_ sinqronuls. isini Tavis mxriv iyofa sinqronul-izomarSrutul<br />
<strong>da</strong> sinqronul-kvaziizomar-<br />
Srutul orbitebad;<br />
_ izomarSrutuli orbitebi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom<br />
kosmosuri aparatebis proeqciebi de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze<br />
(trasaze) yovelTvis erTmaneTs emTxveva;<br />
_ kvaziizomarSrutuli orbitebi xasiaTdeba imiT,<br />
rom kosmosuri aparatebis proeqciebi de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>pirze erTmaneTs emTxveva ramdenime dReRameSi<br />
erTxel;<br />
_ arasinqronuli orbitebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian<br />
imiT, rom nebismieri kosmosuri aparatis ori<br />
nebismieri bruni de<strong>da</strong>miwis garSemo ar emTxveva<br />
erTmaneTs.<br />
orbitis <strong>da</strong>xrilobis (nax. 5.1.) cnebis qveS igulisxmeba<br />
kuTxe de<strong>da</strong>miwis ekvatoris sibrtyesa <strong>da</strong><br />
kosmosuri aparatis orbitas Soris. <strong>da</strong>xriloba<br />
aiTvleba ekvatoris sibrtyemde saaTis isris brunvis<br />
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. igi SeiZleba<br />
icvlebodes 0-<strong>da</strong>n 180 0 -mde.<br />
<strong>da</strong>xrilobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba Semdegi tipis<br />
orbitebi:<br />
_ pir<strong>da</strong>piri (orbitis <strong>da</strong>xriloba i90 0 );<br />
_ polaruli (orbitis <strong>da</strong>xriloba i=90 0 );<br />
129
nax. 5.1. Tanamgzavris elifsuri orbita<br />
_ ekavtoruli (orbitis <strong>da</strong>xriloba tolia 0 0 -is<br />
an 180 0 -is). maSin roca i=0 0 -s kosmosuri aparati<br />
moZraobs de<strong>da</strong>miwis brunvis mimarTulebiT aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTisaken, xolo roca i=180 0 -s,<br />
kosmosuri aparati moZraobs de<strong>da</strong>miwis brunvis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savlTisaken. <strong>da</strong>xrilobis<br />
kuTxes i=0 0 -s, Seesabameba geostacionaruli<br />
(wriuli ekvatoruli) orbitebi (nax. 5.2.).<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis formis arasferuloba <strong>da</strong> misi ara-<br />
Tanabroba ganapirobebs kosmosuri aparatebis sibrtyis<br />
cvlilebas (procesias), rac saboloo jamSi<br />
iwvevs orbitis apsidis xazis cvlilebas. amasTan,<br />
orbitis sibrtyis procesia iwevs aRmavali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rmavali<br />
kvanZebis <strong>da</strong>Zvras sawyisi mdgomareobis mimarT<br />
(kosmosuri aparatis orbitaze gayvanis momentisaTvis).<br />
kosmosuri aparatis orbitis procesia<br />
130<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia de<strong>da</strong>miwis gravitaciuli velis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobaze. <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis gazr<strong>da</strong> iwvevs orbitis<br />
`gasworebas~ ekvatoris maxloblobaSi ekvatoris<br />
mimarTulebiT kosmosuri aparatis moZraobis siCqaris<br />
gazrdis xarjze. amasTan, kosmosuri aparati,<br />
romelic moZraobs pir<strong>da</strong>pir orbitaze, iwyebs ga<strong>da</strong>xras<br />
marcxniv (moZraobis mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n), xolo<br />
is kosmosuri aparati romelic moZraobs Seqceul<br />
orbitaze _ iwyebs ga<strong>da</strong>xras marjvniv (moZraobis<br />
mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n).<br />
nax.5.2. Tanamgzavr-retranslatoris<br />
geostacionaruli orbita<br />
amrigad, pirvel SemTxvevaSi orbitis sibrtye procesirdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis mimarTulebiT, xolo meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi _ aRmosavleTiT. polaruli orbitebis<br />
sibrtyeebi (romelTa <strong>da</strong>xriloba i=90 0 -s) ar procesirdeba.<br />
ganvixiloT mokled <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> kosmosuri<br />
aparatebis orbitebis simaRlis sakiTxi calke, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
igi metad mniSvnelovania kosmosuri aparatebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>proeqtebisas, orbitaze gaSvebisas <strong>da</strong><br />
131
ganTavsebisas. kosmosuri aparatebis simaRle SeirCeva<br />
mravali faqtorebis analizis safuZvelze,<br />
romelTagan ZiriTadia: radioarxebis energetikuli<br />
maxasiaTebeli; <strong>da</strong>yovneba radiotalRebis gavrcelebisas;<br />
orbitis siaxlove van alenis radiaciul sartyelebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis teritoriebis ganlageba.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> aRniSnulisa orbitis simaRleze moqmedebs<br />
agreTve <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> organizaciis meTodi <strong>da</strong><br />
moTxovnebi kosmosuri aparatebis adgilmdebareobis<br />
saWiro kuTxeze.<br />
Tu gavaanalizebT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>balorbitiani<br />
kosmosuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s jgufebs, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />
rom am jgufebis kosmosuri aparatebis orbitebis<br />
simaRle ganTavsebulia 700-<strong>da</strong>n 1500-mde km-is diapazonaSi.<br />
es ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT:<br />
_ orbitebze, romlebic ganTavsebulia 700 km-is<br />
qvemoT, atmosferos simkvrike sakmarisad maRalia<br />
<strong>da</strong> amitom es garemoeba praqtikulad gamoricxavs<br />
eqscentrisitetisa <strong>da</strong> apogeis simaRlis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
Semcirebas. orbitis simaRlis Semdgomi Semcireba<br />
iwvevs saTbobis xarjvisa <strong>da</strong> manevrebis six-<br />
Siris zr<strong>da</strong>s gansazRvruli orbitis SenarCunebis<br />
mizniT;<br />
_ 1500 km-ze met simaRleebze arsebuli Tanamgzavrebi<br />
ganTavsebulia iq sa<strong>da</strong>c aris van alenis pirveli<br />
radiaciuli sartyeli <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c SeuZlebelia<br />
bortis eleqtronuli aparaturis muSaoba.<br />
saSualosimaRliani orbitebi (5000_15000km de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piri<strong>da</strong>n) ganTavsebulia van alenis pirvel<br />
<strong>da</strong> meore radiaciuli sartyelebs Soris. im sistemebSi,<br />
romlebic iyenebs am orbitebs, signalebis<br />
gavrcelebis <strong>da</strong>yovneba Tanamgzavri-retransliatoris<br />
gavliT Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 130 mwm-s, rac<br />
praqtkulad SeumCnevelia a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier <strong>da</strong> Sesa-<br />
132<br />
bamisad, aris SesaZlebloba msgavsi Tanamgzavrebi<br />
gamoyenebul iqnas radiosatelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>aTvis.<br />
geostacionarul kosmosur sistemebs Tanamgzavrebis<br />
orbitebis simaRliT <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 36000 km<br />
aqvT ori ZiriTadi upiratesoba:<br />
_ Tanamgzavrebi yovelTvis mdebareoben de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
gansazRvruli wertilis Tavze;<br />
_ sistema, romelic Sedgeba sami geostacionaruli<br />
Tanamgzavrisagan praqtikulad uzrunvelyofs<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris globalur mocvas.<br />
orbitaluri jgufebisaTvis, romlebic Sedgeba<br />
geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebisagan, <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
erTi ZiriTadi nakli _ radiosignalebis<br />
gavrcelebis didi dro, rasac mivyavarT radiotelefonuri<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> dros signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis<br />
SeferxebasTan.<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>, romlebic iyeneben Tanamgzavrebs orbitebis<br />
simaRliT 700_1500 km, floben radioxazebis<br />
ukeTes energetikul maxasiaTeblebs, vidre <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
TanamgzavrTa orbitebis simaRliT <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
10000 km, magram isini uTmobs maT kosmosuri aparatebis<br />
aqtiuri arsebobis xangrZlivobaSi. saqme ima-<br />
Sia, rom kosmosur aparats mimoqcevis periodiT _<br />
100 wT (<strong>da</strong>bali orbitebisaTvis), <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30 wT<br />
uwevs de<strong>da</strong>miwis <strong>da</strong>Crdilur mxareze mdebareoba.<br />
amitom, saborto akumuliatorebi mzis batareebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n ganicdian <strong>da</strong>muxtva/ganmuxtvis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
5000 cikls weliwadSi. 10000 km simaRlis wriuli<br />
orbitebisaTvis mimoqcevis dro Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
6 sT-s, romlis ganmavlobaSic kosmosuri aparati<br />
mxolod ramdenime wuTs imyofeba de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Crdilul mxareze.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRniSnos isic, rom kosmosuri aparati, romelic<br />
mdebareobs <strong>da</strong>bal orbitaze, abonentis pir<strong>da</strong>pi-<br />
133
i xedvis zonaSia mxolod 8-12 wT-is ganmavloba-<br />
Si. e.i. uwyveti kavSiris uzrunvelsayofad sWiroa<br />
bevri kosmosuri aparati, romelTa erTobliobac<br />
Tanamimdevrulad (TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT) un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdes uwyvet kavSirs.<br />
amgvarad, orbitis simaRlis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad izrdeba<br />
momsaxurebis zonis dro <strong>da</strong> zomebi; maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
saWiroa TanamgzavrTa ufro naklebi raodenoba erTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> igive teritoriis asaTviseblad.<br />
5.3 . <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s struqtura <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
strategia<br />
personalur <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> Tanamgzavrul<br />
sistemebs, momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis saxis-<strong>da</strong><br />
mixedviT, aqvT mravali saerTo niSani <strong>da</strong> aseve gaaCniaT<br />
bevri saerTo miwisze<strong>da</strong> fiWur sistemebTanac.<br />
maT Soris ZiriTadia is rom <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> Tanamgzavrul<br />
sistemebSi yvela saxis informacia ga<strong>da</strong>icema<br />
cifrul formaSi (1200-9600 biti/wm-is siCqariT).<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> nebismier sistemaSi<br />
(nax. 2.3) Sedis Semdegi Semadgeneli nawilebi:<br />
_ kosmosuri segmenti, romelic Sedgeba ramdenime<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> retransliatorisagan;<br />
_ miwisze<strong>da</strong> segmenti, romelic Sedgeba sistemis<br />
marTvis centrisagan; kosmisuri aparatis gaSvebis<br />
centrisgan; mmarTvel-gamzomi sadgurebisagan; kav-<br />
Siris marTvis centrisagan; sakvanZo sadgurebisagan;<br />
134<br />
_ momxareblis (abonentis) segmenti, romelic axorcilebs<br />
kavSirs TanamgzavrTa personaluri terminalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT;<br />
_ miwisze<strong>da</strong> kavSiris qslebi, romlebTanac kav-<br />
Siris interfeisis gavliT erTdeba kosmosuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
sakvanZo sadgurebi.<br />
kosmosuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s swrafma ganviTarebam<br />
saWiro gaxa<strong>da</strong> rigi saerTaSoriso konvenciebis, xelSekrulbebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> normebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> miReba.<br />
teqnikuri sakiTxebi, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sixSireTa gamoyenebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> orbitebze Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis<br />
mdebareobasTan, romelTa mowesrigebac uzrunvelyofs<br />
urTierTSeferxebis ararsebobas, wydeba<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerTaSoriso kavSiris radiostan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis<br />
jgufis ITU-R-is farglebSi.<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis gamoyofili six-<br />
SireTa zolebi warmodgenilia cxr.5.1.-Si.<br />
nax. 5.3. personaluri kavsirgabmulobis<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistemis struqtura<br />
135
nax. 5.3-ze naCvenebia miTiTebuli diapazonebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
zogierTis praqtikuli gamoyenebis magaliTi. Tumca<br />
zogierT <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemaSi<br />
(rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba naCvenebi) siSiris<br />
diapazonebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba yovelTvis ar<br />
emTxveva ganxiluls.<br />
136<br />
cxrili 5.1.<br />
#/# diapazonis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba sixSireTa zoli, ghc<br />
1 L 1,452 – 1,500 <strong>da</strong> 1,61 – 1,71<br />
2 S 1,93 – 2,70<br />
3 C 3,40 – 5,25 <strong>da</strong> 5725 _ 7,075<br />
4 Ku 10,70 _ 12,75 <strong>da</strong> 12,75 _ 14,80<br />
5 Ka 14,40 _ 26,50 <strong>da</strong> 27,00 _ 50,20<br />
6 K 84,00 _ 86,00<br />
ganvixiloT <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telekomunikacis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilebi cal-calke.<br />
a) kosmosuri segmenti<br />
kosmosuri segmenti Seicavs ramdenime Tanamgzavr-retransliators,<br />
romlebic Seadgens kosmosur<br />
jgufebs. Tanamgzavri-retransliatorebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, Tanabra<strong>da</strong> ganlagebuli gansazRvrul orbitebze.<br />
nebismieri <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli kosmosuri aparatis<br />
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Semdegi <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />
elementi (nax. 5.4):<br />
_ centraluri procesori;<br />
_ bortis radioeleqtronuli mowyobiloba;<br />
_ saanteno <strong>sistemebi</strong>;<br />
_ orientaciisa <strong>da</strong> stabilizaciis <strong>sistemebi</strong>;<br />
_ moZraobis <strong>da</strong>nadgarebi;<br />
nax.5.4. kosmosuri aparatis saerTo<br />
struqturuli sqema<br />
_ eleqtronuli kvebis sistema (akumulatorebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> mzis batareebi).<br />
nebismier kosmosur aparats _ (nax.5.5) wayenebuli<br />
aqvs gansazRvruli moTxovnebi simaRlis, elenergiis<br />
gamoyenebis, orientaciis, stabilizaciis <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S. mimarT.<br />
ramdenime ganmarteba orbitalur jgufebSi TanamgzavrTa<br />
aucilebeli raodenobis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli<br />
Tanamgzavri mdebareobs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1000 km<br />
simaRleze <strong>da</strong> moZraobs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 7 km/wm-Si siCqariT.<br />
dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Tvalyuris<br />
devneba de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris garkveuli wertili<strong>da</strong>n<br />
14 wT-s ar aWarbebs. amis Semdgom Tanamgzavri<br />
midis horizontis xazs iqiT. uwyveti kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis<br />
(mag. satelefono laparakis dros)<br />
aucilebelia, rom im momentSi, roca pirveli Tanamgzavri<br />
tovebs momsaxurebis zonas, mis Sesacvlelad<br />
movides meore, Semdeg _ mesame <strong>da</strong> a.S. globalur<br />
Tanamgzavrul sistemebs gamudmebiT un<strong>da</strong> ekavos<br />
Tavisi antenebis ganxilvis arealSi planetis mTeli<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piri. es gvagonebs fiWuri satelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
proncips, oRond sabazo sadgurebis<br />
rols aq asruleben Tanamgzavrebi.<br />
137
nax. 5.5. Tanamgzavri-retransliatorebi<br />
a) <strong>da</strong>balorbituli; b) saSualoorbituli;<br />
g) geostacionaruli<br />
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelvyoT telekomunikaciiT<br />
abonentebi, aramarto erTi kosmosuri aparatis xedvis<br />
zonaSi, aramed deamiwis mTel teritoriaze, mezobeli<br />
Tanamgzavrebi un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirebodes erTmaneTs<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>scemdes informacias specifikurad, manam<br />
sanam is ar miva adresatamde.<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis teritoriis saimedod mocvisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia Tanamgzavrebis didi raodenoba<br />
(rogorc wesi ramdenime aTeuli). Tumca, cnobilia<br />
proeqti Teledisc, romelSic maTi ricxvi aTass uaxlovdeba.<br />
orbitis simaRlis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad mcirdeba<br />
TanamgzavrTa aucilebeli raodenoba, radgan<br />
izrdeba xedvis dro <strong>da</strong> zona. amasTan erTad aucileblad<br />
rTuldeba <strong>da</strong> ufro Zviri xdeba personaluri<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebi (`de<strong>da</strong>miwa-kosmosi-de<strong>da</strong>miwa~<br />
kavSiris siSoris zrdis gamo). amrigad,<br />
orbitalur jgufebSi TanamgzavrTa raodenoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> satelekomunikacio momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofis<br />
moculoba Sedegia kompromisisa, erTi mxriv<br />
-sistemis Rirebulebas, satelekomunikacio momsax-<br />
138<br />
urebis sasurvel moculobas <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv - personaluri<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalis simartives,<br />
fass Soris. es gaTvaliswinebulia ama Tu im <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
sistemaze orientaciis dros.<br />
b) de<strong>da</strong>miwisz<strong>da</strong> segmenti<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwisze<strong>da</strong> segmenti Sedgeba: sistemis marTvis<br />
centrisagan; <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centrisagan;<br />
sakvanZo sadgurebisagan; kosmosuri aparatebis<br />
gaSvebis centrisagan; momxmareblis personaluri<br />
segmentisagan. ganvixiloT isini cal-calke.<br />
sistemis marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs kosmosur<br />
aparatze Tvalyuris devnebas; maTi koordinatebis<br />
gaTvlas; drois <strong>da</strong>mowmebas <strong>da</strong> koreqcias;<br />
saborto aparaturis diagnostikas; <strong>da</strong>mxmare informaciis<br />
(brZanebis) ga<strong>da</strong>cemas <strong>da</strong> a.S. aRniSnuli mar-<br />
Tvis funqciebi sruldeba telemetriuli informaciis<br />
safuZvelze, romelic mas miewo<strong>da</strong> orbitaluri<br />
jgufis yoveli kosmosuri aparati<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
kosmosuri jgufis marTvisaTvis kosmosuri aparatis<br />
muSaobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva reJimebis dros gamoiyeneba<br />
rogorc <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saStato arxebi (ga<strong>da</strong>jvaredinebuli<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
gaTvaliswinebiT), ise teritoriulad ganTavsebuli<br />
sabrZanebo _ gamzomi sadgurebis rigi. amis<br />
gamo arxebs sistemis marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs<br />
sakmaod maRali operatiulobiT, radgan igi<br />
uzrunvelyofs:<br />
_ kotrols gaSvebaze <strong>da</strong> sizustes kosmosuri<br />
aparatis gayvanaze mocemul orbitaze;<br />
_ yoveli kosmosuri aparatis mdebareobis kontrols;<br />
139
_ calkeuli kosmosuri aparatis mier orbitis<br />
marTvasa <strong>da</strong> kontrols;<br />
_ kontrols <strong>da</strong> marTvas kosmosuri aparatis arasaStato<br />
muSaobis reJimSi;<br />
_ kosmosuri aparatis gayvanas orbitaluri<br />
jgufebis Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
kosmosuri jgufebis marTva xorcieldeba mar-<br />
Tvis <strong>da</strong> analizis specialistebis mier. <strong>da</strong>mxmare<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas axorcieleben sabrZanebogazomvis<br />
sistemis teritoriulad ganlagebuli<br />
ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> sarezervo sadgurebis meSveobiT.<br />
g) kosmosuri aparatis gaSvebis centri<br />
kosmosuri aparatis gaSvebis centri gansazRvravs<br />
gaSvebis programas, anxorcielebs xomald-matareblis<br />
awyobas, mis Semowmebas, agreTve (kosmosuri<br />
aparatis) sasargeblo <strong>da</strong>tvirTis mowyobas <strong>da</strong> wina<br />
sastarto Semowmebisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdebis Catarebas.<br />
xomald-matareblis gaSvebis Semdeg axdenen frenis<br />
aqtiuri monakveTis traeqtoriul gazomvas, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
Sualeduri orbitis formirebisaTvis koreqtirdeba<br />
gaTvlili traqetoriuli monacemebi. kosmosuri<br />
aparatis Semdgomi marTva xorcieldeba<br />
sistemis marTvis centris mier sabrZanebo-gazomvis<br />
sadgurebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT Semdegi programiT:<br />
_ brundeba (ixreba) kosmosuri aparatis mzis<br />
batareebi;<br />
_ xdeba makoreqtirebeli Zravebis xanmokle CarTva<br />
ZiriTad kosmosur orbitaze ga<strong>da</strong>sayvanad;<br />
_ iqmneba telemetruli informacia kosmosuri<br />
aparatis saborto mowyobilobebis mdgomareobis<br />
kotrolisaTvis.<br />
140<br />
d) <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centri<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs<br />
Tanamgzavris resursis gamoyenebas, axdens ra<br />
am operaciis koordinirebas sistemis miRebis centrTan.<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centri erovnuli<br />
sakvanZo sadgurebis saSualebiT axdens <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
analizs <strong>da</strong> kontrols, agreTve marTvas.<br />
orbitalur_<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> jgufebis saStato<br />
muSaobis pirobebSi telekomunikacia sakvanZo sadgurebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> terminalebTan sruldeba avtonomiurad.<br />
arasaStato situaciebSi (calkeuli kosmosuri<br />
aparatis jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n gayvanis SemTxvevaSi, an<br />
sakvanZo sadguris elementebis mwyobri<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis<br />
dros) <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centri ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> SenarCunebis reJimSi ga-<br />
Zlierebuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia qselis rekonfigrirebis Sesa-<br />
Zleblobac.<br />
e) sakvanZo sadgurebi<br />
sakvanZo sadguri (rabi) Sedgeba ramdenime mim-<br />
Reb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsisagan (rogorc wesi araumcires<br />
samisa), romelTagan TiToeulSi aris Tvalyuris<br />
madevnebeli paraboluri antena.<br />
ramdenime mimReb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsis gamoyeneba<br />
gvaZlevs praqtkulad uwyveti teleomunikaciis<br />
ganxorcielebis saSualebas erTi kosmosuri aparati<strong>da</strong>n<br />
meoreze Tanmimdevrulad ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas. mim-<br />
Reb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsebi Semdegnairad funqcionirebs:<br />
141
_ pirveli kompleqsi Sedis kavSirSi i-ur kosmosur<br />
aparatTan;<br />
_ meore kompleqsi Sedis kavSirSi i+1 kosmosur<br />
aparatTan;<br />
_ Semdeg, pirveli kompleqsi, i+1 uri aparatis<br />
xedviTi zoni<strong>da</strong>n gasvlis Semdeg Sedis kavSirSi i+2<br />
kosmosur aparatTan;<br />
_ meore kompleqsi i+2 kosmosuri aparatis zoni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gasvlis Semdeg Sedis i+3 kosmosuri aparatTan <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S.;<br />
_ mesame kompleqsi, rogorc wesi, Ta<strong>da</strong>rigSia <strong>da</strong><br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia Secvalos pirveli<br />
an meore kompleqsi.<br />
didi informaciis marTvisaTvis sakvanZo sadguris<br />
SemadgenlobaSi CarTulia swrafadmoqmedi<br />
egm-bi, romlebic aris personalur terminalTa<br />
mnecemebis banki. sakvanZo sadgurebis SemadgenlobaSia<br />
agreTve sakomutacio mowyobilobebi (<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
interfeisebi) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva de<strong>da</strong>miwisze<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemebTan SeerTebisaTvis.<br />
nebismieri sakvanZo sadguris ZiriTad amocanas<br />
Seadgens dupleqsuri satelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
organizeba; faqsimaluri informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong><br />
didi moculobis monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema.<br />
v) personaluri momxmareblis segmenti<br />
personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> gankuTvnilia momsaxurebis Semdegi<br />
saxeobebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis (nax. 5.6):<br />
_ personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis<br />
mflobelTa urTierTkavSiri;<br />
_ personalur <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis<br />
142<br />
nax. 5.6. personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telekomuni-<br />
kaciis sistemis momxmareblebi<br />
mflobel abonentTa dupleqsuri kavSiri;<br />
_ saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselis abonentebTan,<br />
agreTve peijinguri <strong>da</strong> fiWuri qselis<br />
abonentebTan, aseve kerZo kavSiris arxebis abonentebTan<br />
(Tu ukanaskneli qselebi CarTulia sakvan-<br />
Zo sadgurebis interfeisTan) kavSiri;<br />
_ personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
abonentebis adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis)<br />
gansazRvra.<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> organizebisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba personaluri ga<strong>da</strong>mtani <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
terminalebi (<strong>da</strong>axl. 700 gr woniT) <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> terminalebi (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2,5 kg-mde woniT)<br />
aRniSnuli terminalebiT SesaZeblia <strong>da</strong>myardes<br />
143
telekomunikacia abonetebs Soris 2 sT-is ganmavlobaSi.<br />
iseve rogorc fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
sistemebSi, dReisaTvis msoflioSi wamyvani kompaniebi<br />
sTavazob momxmarebels <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis<br />
Semdeg saxeobebs:<br />
_ portatiuli terminalebi (<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
telefoni);<br />
_ persoaluri profesionaluri terminalebi;<br />
_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> telefonebi avto, avia <strong>da</strong> sazRvao<br />
saSualebebisaTvis;<br />
_ mciremoculobiani peijinguri terminalebi;<br />
_ terminalebi koleqtiuri moxmarebisaTvis.<br />
telekomunikacis <strong>mobiluri</strong> personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
terminalebi muSaobs 137-900 <strong>da</strong> 1970-<br />
2520 mhc sixSiris diapazonSi, romlebic faqtiurad<br />
ar gansxvavdeba fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sixSiris<br />
diapazonisagan (450-1800 mhc). ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis saSualo<br />
simZlavre araa didi <strong>da</strong> Seadgens, mag., Iridium-is <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
terminalisaTvis 15-40 mvt-s. es niSanvs,<br />
rom terminalis mflobels SeuZlia ar inerviulos<br />
Tavis janmrTelobaze. <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminali<br />
Cveulebriv, fiWur radiotelefonze ufro<br />
usafrTxoa. momxmarebelTaTvis gansakuTrebul interess<br />
warmoadgens portatuli <strong>da</strong> personaluri<br />
terminalebi.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> avRniSnoT, rom dReisTvis personaluri<br />
terminalebis sawarmoo nimuSebi araa bolomde optimizebuli.<br />
mimdiareobs muSaoba maT srulyofaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebis speqtris gafar-<br />
Toebaze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, iseTi teminalebis Ziri-<br />
Tadi Tvisebebi ukve gansazRvrulia.<br />
144<br />
Iridium-is <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telefoni, warmoadgens<br />
mcremoculobian konstruqcias mierTebuli anteniT,<br />
romelic ar moiTxovs Tanamgzavrze orientacias.<br />
woniT is <strong>da</strong>xloebiT 800 gr-is, e.i. ramdenjerme<br />
ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi fiWuri telefoni.<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telefonebi telekomunikacias<br />
fiWur mobilur qselebTan axorcieleben <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
Sim-baraTiT. jer-jerobiT aseTi baraTebi SemuSavebulia<br />
GSM-is <strong>da</strong> D-AMPS-is stan<strong>da</strong>rtis telefonebisaTvis.<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telefonebis kveba<br />
avtonomiuria (batareebisagan).<br />
Tanamgzavrul telefons aqvs marTvis martivi<br />
sistema. nomeris akrefa xdeba Rilakuri velis meSveobiT.<br />
sistema avtomaturad poulobs Tavisufal<br />
arxs <strong>da</strong> aerTebs masze abonents laparakis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
rogorc wesi, aseT telefonebSi gamoiyeneba<br />
arxebis droiTi an sixSiruli SemWidroeba.<br />
bolo dros ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tanamgzavrul<br />
sistemaTa <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> Seqmnas VSAT<br />
(Very Small Aperture Terminal) teqnologiis safuZvelze,<br />
romelic qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc `patara<br />
Tanamgzavrul terminalebTan telekomunikacis<br />
sistema~. mocemuli teqnologia saSualebas iZleva<br />
<strong>da</strong>mzaddes <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebi antenis<br />
mcire diametriT.<br />
dReisaTvis mTel msoflioSi aRiricxeba milimflobel<br />
abonentTa dupleqsuri kavSiri;onze meti<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminali. mxolod erTma firmam<br />
Hughes Network Systems-ma (aSS) gayi<strong>da</strong> 85-aTasze meti<br />
VSAT _ terminali. praqtikulad yvela msxvil banks,<br />
sawarmoo kompanias <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs aqvT amJamad<br />
sakuTari korporaciuli qseli, romlebSic Tanamg-<br />
145
zavrul telekomunikacias uzrunvelyofs VSAT _<br />
terminalebi.<br />
yvelaze mTavari isaa rom <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminali,<br />
rogorc wesi, yendeba momxmareblis samuSao<br />
adgilis uSualo siaxloves <strong>da</strong> arsebiTad warmoadgens<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> personalur saSualebas.<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>s momxmarebelTa<br />
umetesobas esaWiroeba ara informaciis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis maRali siCqare, aramed terminalis mierTebis<br />
(CarTvis) saSualeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periferiul<br />
aparaturasTan.<br />
globaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
yvela sistema moicavs momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
erTi <strong>da</strong> igive nakrebs:<br />
_ laparakis ga<strong>da</strong>cema (satelefono kavSirSi);<br />
_ faqsimilur monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema;<br />
_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema;<br />
_ personaluri radiogamoZaxeba (peijingi);<br />
_ abonentis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra;<br />
_ globaluri roumingi.<br />
es momsaxurebebi realizdeba moTxovnis mixedviT<br />
arxis gamoyofiT. amasTan, misi miwodebis dro<br />
yvelaze ufro srulyofil Tanamgzavrul sistemebSi<br />
Seadgens araumetes 2 wT-s. zogierT sistemaSi<br />
arsebobs garkveuli gansxvavebebi informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
siCqareSi. ase, magaliTad, Iridium-is <strong>da</strong> Inmarsat-D-s<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s siCqare Seadgens 2,4 kbits/w-Si, xolo<br />
sistemaSi Globalstar _1,2-9,6 kbits/wm-Si. aseTi maxasiaTeblebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels SeuZlia miiRos:<br />
met-naklebad xarisxiani satelefono kavSiri;<br />
faqsimilur monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> monacemebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>balxarisxiani ga<strong>da</strong>cema. personaluri teleko-<br />
146<br />
munikaciis <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminali<strong>da</strong>n mierTebisas<br />
SesaZlebeli iqneba failebis gacvla drois<br />
realur masStabSi 0,5-1 teqsturi gverdi wamSi.<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofs sakmarisad maRal sizustes abonentis<br />
adgilmdebareobis (koordinatis) gansazRvrisas,<br />
romelic Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 300 m-s (dRe-<br />
Ramis drois, amindis pirobebis <strong>da</strong> a.S. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad).<br />
uaxloes wlebSi <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> kavSiris sitemebi<br />
yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba, xolo maTi<br />
xarisxi fiWuri qselebis <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
momsaxurebis xarisxis Sesabamisi iqneba.<br />
5.4. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
dReisaTvis msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi<br />
inergeba personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> mravali<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema. qvemoT cxrilSi (cxr. 5.2)<br />
mocemulia am <strong>sistemebi</strong>s Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi.<br />
90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
ganviTarebis erT-erTi uaxlesi mimarTuleba<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> ksmosuri aparatis <strong>da</strong>bali orbitis<br />
bazaze agebuli telekomunikacis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />
<strong>da</strong>balorbitul Tanamgzavrebs _ LEO (Low Earth<br />
Orbit) ganekuTvneba kosmosuri aparatebi, romelTa orbitis<br />
simaRle mdebareobs 700-1500 km-is farglebSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>balorbituli jgufebi SeiZleba Sedgebodes<br />
erTi<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime aTeulamde patara Tanamgzavrebisagan<br />
woniT 500 kg-mde. de<strong>da</strong>miwis didi teritoriis<br />
telekomunikaciiT mocvisaTvis gamoiyenes orbitebi<br />
(sa<strong>da</strong>c SeiZleba ramdenime kosmosuri<br />
aparati mdebareobdes), romlebic ganlagebuli<br />
147
cxrili 5.2<br />
148<br />
cxrili 5.2 (gagrZeleba)<br />
149
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sibrtyeebSi. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mimarT mzardi<br />
interesi aixsneba personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
momsaxurebebis uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebiT<br />
radio-satelefono kavSiris CaTvliT <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
iafi, mciregabaritiani <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis<br />
gamoyenebiT. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
iZleva uwyvet terminalebTan (romlebic ganlagebulia<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis nebismier wertilSi) uwyvet kav-<br />
Sirs, <strong>da</strong> praqtikulad ar gaCniaT alternativa <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
uzrunvelsayofad sustad ganviTarebuli<br />
infrastruqturis mqone qveynebSi <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali simWidrovis regionebSi <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
organizaciaSi.<br />
erT-erT mTvar upiratesobas romelic xels uwyobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telekomunikacis<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTarebas, warmoadgens biologiuri<br />
faqtori. ase, magaliTad, zemaRali six-<br />
Siruli <strong>da</strong>sxivebisagan a<strong>da</strong>mianis biologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis moTxovnilebis uzrunvelsayofad radiotelefonis<br />
uwyveti gamosxivebis rekomendirebuli<br />
simZlavris done un<strong>da</strong> Seadgendes araumetes 50<br />
mvt-s. aseTi simZlavris signalis miRebis SesaZlebloba,<br />
magaliTad, geostacionaruli TanamgzavriT,<br />
ganpirobebulia kosmosuri aparatis mniSvnelovani<br />
garTulebebiT, antenebis didi gaSliT, maTi zusti<br />
pozicionirebiT. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis radioxazebis sigrZe ramodenimejer<br />
ufro naklebia <strong>da</strong> mravalsxiviani antenebis<br />
Seqmnis problemac naklebad mwvavea. am sistemebs<br />
ganekuTvneba, pirvel rigSi, Iridium-is <strong>da</strong> Clobastar-is<br />
sitemebi, romlebic agebulia mowinave konsorci-<br />
150<br />
umebis mier. mTavar rols aq Sesabamisad TamaSobs<br />
iseTi msxvili mwarmoebeli kompaniebi rogorebicaa<br />
Motorola/Lockeneed <strong>da</strong> Zualcomm/Loral.<br />
<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>sistemebi</strong> specialistebis mier<br />
ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> jer kidev <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
Seqmnis sawyis etapze. magram uaxles dromde<br />
ar sargeblob<strong>da</strong> didi popularobiT. amas gaaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
rigi mizezebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelia<br />
Sexedulebebisa <strong>da</strong> mosazrebebis garkveuli inercia,<br />
romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c `Tanamgzavri un<strong>da</strong> Candes<br />
didxans <strong>da</strong> uwyvetad~, an umjobesia, rom `<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblisaTvis<br />
iyos umoZrao~, e.i. un<strong>da</strong> mdebareobdes<br />
geostacionalur orbitaze.<br />
Tumca, ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Seiqmna ramdenime <strong>da</strong>balorbituli sistema, magram<br />
gansazRvruli (viwro) <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT, rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, mokle <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iSviaTi gancxadebebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemasTan. mxolod globaluri personaluri<br />
telekomunikaiis mimzidvelma ideam,<br />
romelic efuZneba Tanamedrove teqnologias, warmoSva<br />
interesi <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s mimarT. Iridium-is sistemis proeqtSi kosmosuri<br />
segmenti Tavis SemadgenlobaSi un<strong>da</strong> flobdes<br />
66 Tanamgzavr-retransliators, romlebic ganlagebulia<br />
orbitebze 780 km simaRleze. Clobalstar-is<br />
sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebuli 48 Tanamgzavr-retransliatori,<br />
romlebic mdebareobs orbitaze <strong>da</strong>xloebiT<br />
1400 km simaRleze. TanamgzavrTa aseTi ricxvi<br />
aucilebelia uwyveti kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis<br />
romelic aqvs nebismier abonents de<strong>da</strong>miwis mTel<br />
teritoriaze, radgan <strong>da</strong>balorbituli TanamgzavrretranslatorTagan<br />
TiToeuli mdebareobs abonen-<br />
151
tis xedvis zonaSi sul ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
TanamgzavrTa erTimeoreze miyolebiT <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sistemebSi ganlagebiT uzrunvelyofili<br />
xdeba de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris sruli ga<strong>da</strong>farva, mimoxilvis<br />
zonebis <strong>da</strong> Tanamgzavrebis uwyveti xedva<br />
miwisze<strong>da</strong> sadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n. amasTan erTi Tanamgzavr<strong>da</strong>n<br />
meoreze ga<strong>da</strong>rTva teqnikis saqmea, xolo maTi<br />
ricxvis gazr<strong>da</strong> kompensirdeba mocemul orbitaze<br />
maTi gaSvebis (ramdenime Tanamgzavri erT gaSvebaze)<br />
xarjebis SemcirebiT. amJamd telekomunikacis<br />
bazarze iseTi situaciaa, rom <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
ganviTarebuli infrastruqturis qveynebSic momsaxurebis<br />
miaxloebiT 35% ganekuTvneba <strong>da</strong>balorbitul<br />
Tanamgzavrul sistemebs. bolo dros kerZo<br />
kompaniebis mier wardgenilia <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 40 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
proeqti <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s Seqmnaze,<br />
romlebic savsebiT realizebadia. qvemoT ganxilulia<br />
<strong>da</strong>balorbitiani telekomunikacis is <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
romlebic miRebis an ganviTarebi stadiaSia.<br />
5.4.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Iridium<br />
1987 wels kompania Motorola Inc. Seudga Iridium-is<br />
<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telekomunikacis<br />
sistemis SemuSavebas. Iridium-is proeqti efuZneba<br />
farTo saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas. Iridium Inc.is<br />
saerTaSoriso konsorciumSi kompania Motorola<br />
Inc.-is partiorebia iseTi wamyvani kompaniebi, rogorebicaa<br />
DDI (iaponia), Sprint-i, Lockheed-i <strong>da</strong> Paytheon-i<br />
(aSS), m.v. xruniCevis saxelobis saxelmwifo kosmosuri<br />
samecniero-sawarmoo centri (ruseTi) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
152<br />
SemuSavebul proeqtSi <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis 77 Tanamgzavris<br />
gamoyeneba iyo gaTvalsiwinebuli. swored<br />
TanamgzavrTa pirvelad arCeul raodenobas un<strong>da</strong><br />
umadlodes proeqti Tavisi saxelwodebis miRebaSi,<br />
radgan mendeleevis cxrilis 77-e elementis saxelwodebaa<br />
iridiumi. Tumca Semdgom, rigi mizezebis<br />
gamo orbitalur <strong>da</strong>jgufebaSi TanamgzavrTa raodenobaa<br />
66-mde Semcir<strong>da</strong>, magram proeqtis saxelwodeba<br />
igive <strong>da</strong>rCa (nax. 5.7).<br />
orbitaluri jgufebis ZiriTadi parametrebia:<br />
_ kvazipolaruli orbitebi <strong>da</strong>xriT i=86,4;<br />
_ sibrtyeebis ricxvi _ 6;<br />
_ kosmosuri aparatis ricxvi erT sibrtyeSi _ 11;<br />
_ erT sibrtyeSi mdebare kosmosur aparatebs<br />
Soris kuTxuri <strong>da</strong>Soreba _ 32,7 gradusi;<br />
_ orbitebis simaRle _ 780 km;<br />
_ kosmosuri aparatebis de<strong>da</strong>miwis garSemo mimoqcevis<br />
periodi 100 wT.<br />
nax. 5.7. sistema Iradium-is 66 Tanamgzavri<br />
6 orbitaze<br />
153
Iridium-is sistema gaTvalisiwnebulia globaluri<br />
moZravi personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>Tvis principiT<br />
`TiToeuli-TiToeuls~ TanamgzavrTaSorisi<br />
kavSiris safuZvelze. Iridium-is sistema gansazRvrulia<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis Semdegi saxeobebisTvis:<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saxeobebi:<br />
_ dupleqsuri radiosatelefono telekomunikacia;<br />
_ faqsimiluri telekomunikacia;<br />
_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema,<br />
momsaxurebebis saxeobebi:<br />
_ personaluri terminalebis mflobel abonentebs<br />
Soris kavSiri;<br />
_ saerTo satelefono qselis abonentebis kavSiri<br />
personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis momxarebel-abonentebTan;<br />
_ Setyobinebebis signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema peijerze;<br />
_ abonentTa adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis)<br />
gansazRvra.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili momsaxurebis saxeebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />
kompania Motorola gvTavazobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>satan mciregabaritian (700 gr-mde wonis) <strong>da</strong><br />
mobilur (2,5 kg-de woniT) personalur terminalebs.<br />
TiToeuli samomxmareblo terminali registrirdeba<br />
erovnul sakvanZo sadgurSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas eniWeba<br />
grifuli nomeri <strong>da</strong> Tanxmdeba sawyisi teritoriuli<br />
mdebareoba.<br />
a ) radioxazebis sixSireebis diapazonebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> zolebi<br />
orbituli jgufis nebismieri kosmosuri aparatiT<br />
(nax. 5.7) 48 sxivi yalibdeba. yoveli sxivi de<strong>da</strong>miwais<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>pirze warmoiqmnis 640 m diametris fiWs.<br />
154<br />
48 sxivis SerwymiT iqmneba Tanamgzavrqve<strong>da</strong> 4 zona<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 4500 km-is diametriT. mTeli orbitaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufebiT yalibdeba kvazimTliani Tanamgzavrqve<strong>da</strong><br />
zona, romelic faravs de<strong>da</strong>miwis mTel<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>pirs. Tanamgzavrqve<strong>da</strong> zonis Camoyalibeba xdeba<br />
TiToeul kosmour aparatze ganTavsebuli eqvsi<br />
fazirebuli saanteno meseris meSveobiT. TiToeuli<br />
aseTi meseris saSualebiT yalibdeba rva sxivi.<br />
mravalsxiviani antenebi <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis fiWuri<br />
principi Iridium sistemaSi muSa sixSireebis mravaljeradi<br />
gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. amasTan,<br />
SeuRlebul fiWebSi gamoiyeneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSire,<br />
xolo yovel merve fiWaSi, romelic orbitaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufebis mieraa organizebuli, SesaZloa sixSire-<br />
Ta ganmeoreba. amis Semdeg 1616,0_1626,5 mhc diapazonis<br />
sixSireebi gamoiyeneba 150-ze metjer.<br />
komerciuli radioxazebis sixSiruli diapazoni<br />
iyofa:<br />
_ `abonenti-kosmosuri aparati~. ayalibebs 64 six-<br />
Sirul arxs, romelTa Soris gatareba tolia 160<br />
khc-is (TiToeuli arxis sixSiruli zolia 126 khc);<br />
_ `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ ayalibebs 29 arxs<br />
maT Soris gatareba 350 khc-is tolia (yoveli arxis<br />
sixSiruli zolia 280 khc).<br />
b) SeRwevis meTodebi<br />
radioxazebSi `abonenti-kosmosuri aparati~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ gamoiyeneba arxebis<br />
droiTi gancalkeveba. mravasadguriani SeRwevis<br />
formati akavSirebs arxebis droiT gancalkevebas<br />
TiToeuli fiWisaTvis <strong>da</strong> sixSirul gancalkevebas<br />
momijnave fiWisaTvis. fazuri manipulaciis FM-4 –<br />
is meSveobiT sruldeba informaciis kodireba,<br />
155
omelic zrunvelyofs salaparako informaciis<br />
SemWidrvebas cifrul formaSi. informacia<br />
SemWidrovebaze, agreTve cikluri <strong>da</strong> taqturi sinqronizaciis<br />
signalebi ga<strong>da</strong>icema marTvis arxiT,<br />
risTvisac radioxazSi `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~<br />
moqmedebs 4 radioarxi. informaciis SemWdiroebis<br />
(SekumSvis) koeficienti (2,211) radioxazSi<br />
`kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ 55 sasaubro arxis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis saSualebas iZleva 25 sixSireze. Secdomis<br />
albaToba TiToeul bitze araumetes 10 -3 , cifruli<br />
monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas ki 10 -6 ia.<br />
kosmosuri aparatebis orbitaluri <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis<br />
gamoyenebiT yalibdeba de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
2150 fiWa, TiToeuli kosmosuri aparatis<br />
meseris 48 sxivis gamoyenebiT. ase, rom 1616,0-1626,5<br />
mhc sixSiruli zolis gamoyenebisas sistemis<br />
gamtarunarianoba Seadgens 3835 dupleqsur satelefono<br />
kavSiris arxs.<br />
g) TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris radioxazi<br />
orbitaluri jgufebis yovel kosmosur aparats<br />
aqvs kavSiris radioxazebi or im mezobel kosmosur<br />
aparatTan, romlebic imave orbitalur sibrtyeSi<br />
mdebareobs <strong>da</strong> or mezobel (marcxniv <strong>da</strong> marjvniv)<br />
orbitalur sibryeebSi ganTavsebul kosmosur<br />
aparatTan. TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis<br />
yovel kosmosur aparatze aris oTxi jvriani<br />
saanteno meseri 36 db gaZlierebis koeficientiT.<br />
yoveli antenis mimarTulebis diagramis sigane Seadgens<br />
0<br />
5 -s. gamoiyeneba sixSiruli zoli 200 mhc<br />
23,18-23,38 ghc sixSirul diapazonSi. urTierT xelSeSlebis<br />
gamosaricxavad TanamgzavrTaSoris kav-<br />
Siris arxebSi sixSiris zoli 200 mhc siganiT <strong>da</strong>y-<br />
156<br />
ofilia 8 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSirul zolad, romlebic<br />
warmoqmnis kavSiris <strong>da</strong>moukidebel arxebs. informaciis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare yovel arxSi Seadgens<br />
25 mbit/wm-s. modulaciis meTodi <strong>da</strong> kodireba igivea,<br />
rac radioxazze `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~. Secdomis<br />
SesaZlebloba 1 bit informaciaze Seadgens<br />
ara umetes 10 -6 -s. TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris yoveli<br />
arxi moicavs 600 satelefono arxs SemWidroebis<br />
gareSe (1300 arxs informaciis SemWidroebis<br />
koeficiantiT _2,211).<br />
d) sakvanZo sadgurebi<br />
sakvanZo sadgurebi Sedegba 3 mimReb ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi<br />
kompleqsisagan. TiToeul kompleqss gaaCnia swrafmoqmedi<br />
kompiuteri (romelSic inaxeba personalur<br />
terminalebze monacemTa banki) <strong>da</strong> sakomutacio mowyobiloba<br />
saerTo sargeblobis satelefono<br />
qselTan kavSirisaTvis. uwyvet reJimSi muSaobs ori<br />
mimReb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsi, romlebic morigeobiT<br />
asrulebs kosmosur aparatTan (romelic pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
xedvis areSi mdebareobs) kavSris. mesame mimRebga<strong>da</strong>mcemi<br />
kompleqsi saTa<strong>da</strong>rigoa. saWiroebis<br />
SemTvevaSi mas SeuZlia Secvalos pirveli an meore<br />
kompleqsi.<br />
5.4.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Globastar<br />
personaluri kavSiris <strong>da</strong>balorbituli globaluri<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Globastar-i SemuSavebulia<br />
korporaciebis Qualcom-is, Loral-is <strong>da</strong> agreTve<br />
mTeli rigi satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebis<br />
industriis sxva cnobili warmomadgenlebis mier.<br />
157
a) kosmosuri segmenti<br />
orbitaluri jgufis Globalstar-is SemadgenlobaSi<br />
Sedis 48 <strong>da</strong>balorbituli Tanamgzavr-retransliatori,<br />
romlebic ganlagebulia 8 wriul orbitaze<br />
(TiToeulze eqvsi TanamgzavriT) orbitis simaRle<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piri<strong>da</strong>n 1414 km-s Seadgens. orbitis<br />
parametrebi (maTi <strong>da</strong>xra i=52 0 ) isea arCeuli, rom<br />
SeZlon saSualo ganedebze abonentTa momsaxureba<br />
maqsimalur siSoreze. polarul areebs (70 0 Cg-ze <strong>da</strong><br />
70 0 sg-ze zeviT) kosmosuri segmenti ar emsaxureba.<br />
(nax. 5.8).<br />
nax. 5.8. sistema Globalstar 48 Tanamgzavri<br />
8 orbitaze<br />
Globalstar-is TiToeuli Tanamgzavris funqcionirebis<br />
va<strong>da</strong> metia 7,5 weliwadze (nax. 5.9). Globalstar-is<br />
sitemaSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli TanamgzavrTaSorisi<br />
158<br />
kavSirebi, samagierod is gaTvlilia de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris<br />
uwyvet ormag ga<strong>da</strong>farvaze ( 70 0 Cg-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> 70 0 sgmde<br />
CarTul sartyelSi), romelic saSualebas iZleva:<br />
_ uzrunvelyofil iqnas uwyveti kavSiri abonentis<br />
erTi sxivis moqmedebis zoni<strong>da</strong>n meore sxivis<br />
moqmedebis zonaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas (erTi <strong>da</strong> igive Tanamgzavris<br />
SemTxvevaSi) <strong>da</strong> erTi Tanamgzavris moqmedebis<br />
zoni<strong>da</strong>n meore Tanamgzavris moqmedebis zonaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas;<br />
_ mniSvnelovnad gaizardos moZrav abonentebTan<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saSualeba, abonentis terminalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bnelebis efeqtis gamoricxvis meSveobiT ramdenime<br />
Tanamgzavris signalebis koherentuli gamravlebis<br />
xarjze, agreTve signalebiT, romlebic<br />
airekleba de<strong>da</strong>miwisze<strong>da</strong> sxvadsxva winaaRmdegobebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
nax. 5.9. Globalstar-is kosmosuri aparatis<br />
gare xedi<br />
159
sistemas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos rogorc samomsaxuro<br />
(brZanebebis) informaciis signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />
agreTve uzrunvelyos momsaxurebis ori<br />
saxeoba:<br />
_ satelefono, faqsimiluri <strong>da</strong> peijinguri telekomunikacia;<br />
_ abonentis adgilmdebareobis (koordinatis)<br />
gansazRvra.<br />
kavSiris kargi xarisxi miiRweva xmauris msgavsi<br />
farTzolovani siganlebis saSualebiT arxebis<br />
koduri <strong>da</strong>yofiT. es saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebuli<br />
iqnas sixSiris erTi <strong>da</strong> igive diapazoni yovel<br />
16 sxivSi romlebic yalibdeba mravalsxivuri saborto<br />
antenis meSveobiT.<br />
xmauris msgavsi farTozolovani siganlebis<br />
CamoyalibebisaTvis uolSis Tanmimdevroba gamoiyeneba.<br />
yvela signali yalibdeba erTi wyaro<strong>da</strong>n, magram<br />
TiToeuls aqvs Tavisi gansazRvruli droiTi<br />
Zvra pilot-signalTan mimarTebaSi. polit-signali<br />
uolSis funqciis nulovani mimdevrobiT ga<strong>da</strong>icema<br />
(yvela niSani 0-ia).<br />
xmauris msgavsi farTzolovani signalebis gamoyenebisas<br />
sxva ucxo obieqtebi<strong>da</strong>n areklili signalebi<br />
jamdeba ZiriTad signalTan mravalmxriani<br />
mimRebebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis<br />
sistemis mdgradobas xelSeSlis mimarT. es Sesa-<br />
Zlebels xdis agreTve uzrunvelvyoT abonentis<br />
e.w. rbili ga<strong>da</strong>svla erTi sxivis moqmedebis zoni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
meore sxivis moqmedebis zonaSi <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ukargavad (nax. 5.10)<br />
160<br />
am SemTxvevaSi arxebis droiTi an sixSiruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis sitemebisagan gansxvavebiT ga<strong>da</strong>svlis procesSi<br />
abonentTan kavSiri narCundeba orive sxivis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n manam, sanam erT-erTi maTganis signalis<br />
done gansazRvrul mniSvnelobaze <strong>da</strong>bali ar gaxdeba.<br />
amgvari alogriTmi abonentis terminalSi ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis<br />
xmauris gamoricxvis saSualebas iZleva. es faqtori<br />
sxva sistemebSi SeiZleba iyos smenadi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
komunikaciis gawyvetis albaTobac Semcirebulia.<br />
signalebis koduri <strong>da</strong>yofisa <strong>da</strong> cifruli nakadis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis cvladi siCqaris (1200-9699 bit/wm-Si)<br />
gamo yoveli arxis gamtanurianoba Zalian maRalia.<br />
cifruli nakadis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis cvladi siCqare laparakis<br />
pauzebSi samosamsaxuro signalebis (brZanebebis)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
nax. 5.10. sistema Globalstar-is mravalsxiviani<br />
anteniT de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris <strong>da</strong>farvis struqtura<br />
161
abonentis koordinatebis gansazRvris sizuste<br />
sakvanZo sadgurebis monawileobis gareSe Seadgens<br />
10 km-s, xolo sakvanZo sadgurebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamgzavrretransliatorebis<br />
erToblivi gamoyenebiT abonentis<br />
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris sizustem Sei-<br />
Zleba miaRwios 300 m-s.<br />
a) saabonento terminalebi<br />
dReisaTvis SemuSavebulia sabonento terminalebi,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofs rogorc kavSiriT<br />
momsaxurebas, ise obieqtis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras.<br />
saaboento terminalebi ori tipisaa: <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> stacionaruli. <strong>mobiluri</strong> saabonento<br />
terminalebi, rogorc wesi, portatulia <strong>da</strong> SeTavsebulia<br />
fiWuri kavSiris moZrav sadgurebTan. Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia saabonento terminalebis Semdegi variantebi:<br />
_ ormoduliani varianti _ Globalstar (GS) <strong>da</strong> AMPS;<br />
_ ormoduliani varianti _ GS <strong>da</strong> GSM;<br />
_ sammoduliani varianti _ GS, AMPS <strong>da</strong> CDMA;<br />
_ stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli saabonento terminali _ mxolod<br />
GS-sTvis.<br />
portatiuli saaboneto terminalis simZlavre<br />
Seadgens 0,6 vt-s, stacionarulisa – 3 vt-s.<br />
g) sakvanZo sadgurebi<br />
sakvanZo sadgurebi Sedgeba oTxi identuri mim-<br />
Reb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli<br />
aRWurvilia midevnebis paraboluri anteniT 3,4<br />
m-is diametriT.<br />
162<br />
TanamgzavrTaSorisi komunikacis uqonloba Globalstar-is<br />
sistemaSi iwvevs sakvanZo sadgurebis ricxvis<br />
mniSvnelovan zr<strong>da</strong>s (ramdenime aseulamde).<br />
sakvanZo sadgurebis ZiriTadi amocanebia: satelefono<br />
<strong>da</strong> peijinguri arxebis, monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
arxebis organizeba <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, agreTve moZravi<br />
(<strong>mobiluri</strong>) obieqtebis koordinatebis gansazRvris<br />
samsaxuris uzrunvelyofa.<br />
sakvanZo sadgurebis sxva funqciebs Soris un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoiyos saabonento termnalebis simZlavris donis<br />
regulireba. sakvanZo sadgurebis mimRebebiT<br />
izomeba TiToeuli saabonento terminalisagan miRebuli<br />
signalis done <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rdeba zRurblurTan,<br />
Semdgom saabonento terminals ga<strong>da</strong>ecema brZaneba<br />
misi simZlavris gazr<strong>da</strong>ze an Semcirebaze. es procedura<br />
sSualebas iZleva gaTanabrdes signalis<br />
done Tanamgzavr-retransliatoris Sesasvlelze <strong>da</strong><br />
gaizardos saabonento terminalebis batareebis<br />
muSaobis va<strong>da</strong>.<br />
arsebuli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistemis aqtiuri eqsploataciis<br />
va<strong>da</strong>a _ 1997-2012 ww.<br />
kompiuteruli modelirebis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom<br />
Globalstar-is sistemis saorbito nagebobani optimaluria<br />
aSS-is <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis teritoriisaTvis.<br />
5.5. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
saSualorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
saSualorbituli telekomunikacis Tanamgzavrebs<br />
(MEO-Mean Earth Orbit) ganekuTvneba kosmosuri aparate-<br />
163
i 5-15 aTas km simaRleze. saSualorbitul jgufeb-<br />
Si SeiZleba iyos 12 Tanamgzavri, romelTa wona 1000<br />
kg-mde aRwevs.<br />
aseTi orbitebis SemTxvevaSi erTi Tanamgzavrretranslatoris<br />
xilvadobis dro ramdenime saaTs<br />
aRwevs, rac TanamgzavrTa ricxvis 10-12-mde Semcirebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva <strong>da</strong> amasTanave iZleva saabonento<br />
terminalebi<strong>da</strong>n maTi `Tvalyuris devnebis~<br />
kuTxeebis gazrdis saSualebas. msgavsi proeqtebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
yvelaze cnobilia Inmarsat, ICO <strong>da</strong> Odyssey, romlebic<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis <strong>da</strong><br />
koncernebis mieraa <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli.<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s arqiteqtura, gar<strong>da</strong> kosmosuri <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo<br />
segmentebisa (Tanamgzavrebis orbituli<br />
jgufebi <strong>da</strong> sabonento terminalebi) moicavs<br />
kvanZuri sadgurebis radiosixSirul, xazur, komutaciur<br />
mowyobilobaTa kompleqsebs, romlebic<br />
gankuTvnilia personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> an uZravi abonentebis saer-<br />
To sargeblobis satelefono qselis <strong>da</strong> sxva miwisze<strong>da</strong><br />
qselebis <strong>da</strong> samsaxurebis, maT Soris radiokavSiris<br />
fiWuri sistemis abonentebTan <strong>da</strong>sakav-<br />
Sireblad.<br />
saSualorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTarebas<br />
ganapirobebs is faqtoric, rom kosmosuri<br />
aparatis jgufebi mdebareobs bunebrivad warmoSobil<br />
ori sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva simaRlis radiaciul sartyels<br />
Soris, rac iZleva eqsploataciis drois gazrdis<br />
saSualebas (10 wlamde). es Zalian mniSvnelovania,<br />
radgan saSualo simaRlis orbitaze TanamgzavrTa<br />
gayvana, <strong>da</strong>bal orbitasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, gacilebiT<br />
ufro Zviri jdeba. kosmosur aparatTa jgufebis<br />
164<br />
ganlagebis simaRlis mixedviT signalis gavrcelebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yovneba meryeobs 40-<strong>da</strong>n 140 mwm-de, rac SeumCnevelia<br />
laparakis smeniTi aRqmisaTvis. saimedo <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
uzrunvelsayofad de<strong>da</strong>miwis umetes<br />
regionebze sakmarisia TanamgzavrTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire<br />
raodenoba _ 9 (maTi ricxvis 12-mde gazrdis SemTxvevaSi<br />
xdeba globaluri momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa).<br />
5.5.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Inmarsat<br />
pirveli globaluri <strong>mobiluri</strong> telekomunikacis<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Inmarsat-A saeqspluataciod<br />
Seyvanil iqna 1982 w-s, sazRvao <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />
telekomunikacis organizaciis Inmarsat-is (International<br />
Maritime Satelite Telecommunications Organization) mier.<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis sitemis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba iyo curvaSi<br />
myof sazRvao xomaldebTan saimedo <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofa. mogvianebiT misi gamoyeneba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes saxmeleTo <strong>da</strong> sahaero samsaxurebmac. magram<br />
maSinve cxadi iyo, rom imis gamo, rom gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ZviradRirebuli specialuri aparatura, am<br />
sistemis komerciul gamomyenebelTa ricxvi<br />
SezRuduli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. dReisaTvis saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />
Inmarsat komerciul safuZvelze gvTavazobs<br />
globalur radiosatelefono, satelefaqso,<br />
faqsimiluri kavSiris, monacemTa <strong>da</strong> specialuri<br />
radiogamoZaxebis gacvlis momsaxurebebs. organizacia<br />
Inmarsat-s gaaCnia saerTaSoriso statusi. sistemis<br />
mier SeTavazebuli momsaxurebebi farTod gamoiyeneba<br />
mraval qveyanaSi mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod mSvidobiani<br />
miznebisaTvis.<br />
165
saerTaSoriso organizacia Inmarsat-Si Semavali<br />
qveynebis interesebs warmoadgenen mTavrobis mier<br />
uflebamosili mowinave saxelmwifo organizaciebi.<br />
1993 wlis ivlisSi saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />
Inmarsat-ma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita aeSenebina satelekomunikacio<br />
sistema MEO-sa <strong>da</strong> GEO-s gamoyenebiT. ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> Semdegi faqtorebis fun<strong>da</strong>metaluri<br />
gamokvlevebis Sedegebs: Rirebuleba, sistemasTan<br />
urTierTqmedeba, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi sirTule <strong>da</strong> riski,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia TanamgzavrTa didi ricxvis<br />
warmoeba-<strong>da</strong>nergvasa <strong>da</strong> marTvasTan.<br />
1994 wlis maisSi, yovelmxrivi analizis Semdeg,<br />
miRebul iqna ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba satelekominikacio<br />
sistemis safuZvelSi CaedoT koncefcia <strong>da</strong> CaetarebinaT<br />
gamokvlevebi perspeqtiuli sistemis Inmarsat-<br />
P-s SemuSavebis mizniT, romelic eqspluataciaSi<br />
Sevi<strong>da</strong> 2000 w-s.<br />
dReisaTvis sistema Inmarsat moicavs 6 mudmivmoqmed<br />
Tanamgzavr-retransliators, romelic ganTavse-<br />
nax. 5.11. Inmarsat-is perspeqtiuli <strong>da</strong> momqmedi<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />
166<br />
bulia geostacionarul orbitaze, rac atlantis,<br />
wynari <strong>da</strong> indoeTis okeaneebis ekvatoriebis srulad<br />
momsaxurebis saSualebas iZlevva. (nax. 5.11).<br />
a) sistemaSi uzrunvelyofili momsaxurebebi<br />
rogorc aRiniSa, dReisaTvis moqmedebs telekomunikacis<br />
6 sistema, romlebic gamoiyenebs geostacionalur<br />
kosmosur aparatebs sazRvao <strong>da</strong> saxmele-<br />
To moZravi obieqtebis komerciuli momsaxurebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad: Inarsat-A, B, C, D, P. sistema Inmarsat-<br />
P sruliad integrirebulia miwisze<strong>da</strong> fiWur ra-<br />
SemoRebis<br />
weli<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saSualeba sistmeuri stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />
1982 monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
saxomaldo terminalebi<br />
Inmarsat-A<br />
1991 monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis ga<strong>da</strong>satani<br />
portatiuli terminali<br />
Inmarsat-C<br />
1993 cifruli satelefono kavSiris<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>satani prtatuli terminali<br />
Inmarsat-M<br />
1994-95 cifruli satelefono kavSiris <strong>da</strong><br />
monacemTa nakadTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
saxomaldo terminalebi<br />
Inmarsat-B<br />
1996-97 ga<strong>da</strong>satani Laptop-is tipis cifruli<br />
telefoni<br />
Inmarsat-M (min)<br />
1996 peijeri Inmarsat-D<br />
1999-2000 xelis cifruli telefoni `pocet-sice” <strong>da</strong><br />
abonentis adgilmdebareobis<br />
ganmsazRvreli terminali<br />
Inmarsat-P<br />
diosistemebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis kosmosuri<br />
segmentis gamoyenebis moqnilobas. personaluri<br />
saSualebebis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva Inmarsat-is<br />
sistemaSi naCvenebia cxr. 5.3-Si.<br />
b) sistema Inmarsat-A<br />
sistema Inmarsat-A, rogorc globaluri sistema<br />
1982 wli<strong>da</strong>n muSaobs. amJamad sistema uzrunvelyofs<br />
17 aTasze met saxomaldo sadgurs satelefono,<br />
sateleqso <strong>da</strong> faqsimiluri kavSiriT, agreTve<br />
167<br />
cxrili 5.3.
uzrunvelyofs monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis maRal siCqares.<br />
Inmarsat-A-s terminalebs gamoiyeneben naklebad<br />
moZrav obieqtebze (xomaldebze <strong>da</strong> komerciul TviTmfrinaveze)<br />
agreTve stacionarul obiqtebze, romlebic<br />
mdebareoben monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis mwisze<strong>da</strong><br />
samsaxurebis moqmedebis zonis gareT.<br />
g) sistema Inmarsat-C<br />
sistema Inmarsat-C komerciul eqsploataciaSi Seyvanilia<br />
1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n. is uzrunvelyofs monacemTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sateleqso SetyobinebaTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemas Sualeduri<br />
SenaxviT SF (Store an Forward) mcire zomis <strong>da</strong> msubuqi<br />
terminalebis saSualebiT. dReisaTvis muSaobs Inmarsat-C-s<br />
10 aTasamde terminali, romlebic ganlagebulia<br />
sxv<strong>da</strong>sxva moZrav obieqtebze. sistema Inmarsat-C<br />
iTvleba mniSvnelovan saSualebad globaluri<br />
sazRvao telekomunikacis uzrunvelyofisaTvis,<br />
ubedurebis (katastrofis) SemTxvevaSi, aseve maTi<br />
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.<br />
d) sistema Inmarsat-M<br />
sistema Inmarsat-M komerciul eqsploataciaSi<br />
Sesulia 1993 wels <strong>da</strong> ormxrivi cifruli satelefono<br />
kavSiris gar<strong>da</strong>, uzrunvelyofs monacemTa <strong>da</strong><br />
sateleqso informaciebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas iaffasiani <strong>da</strong><br />
msubuqi terminalebis saSualebiT (siCqare 2,4 kbit/<br />
wm). sistema Inmarsat-M uzrunvelyofs agreTve interfeiss<br />
eleqtronuli fostis paketuri komunikacis<br />
qselebSi monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis. dReisaTvis<br />
moqmedebs Inmarsat-M-is 1000-ze meti terminali, romlebic<br />
ganTavsebulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moZrav obieqtebze.<br />
sistemaSi gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove cifruli<br />
168<br />
teqnologia, rac gamoyofili sixSiris diapazonis<br />
<strong>da</strong> bortuli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis gamoyenebis efeqturobis<br />
gazrdis sSualebas iZleva. terminali Inmarsat-M<br />
portatul SesrulebaSi Tavsdeba keisSi.<br />
am terminals <strong>da</strong>matebiT SeuZlia CarTos portatuli<br />
Notebook-is tipis kompiuteruli an mcire<br />
gabarituli printeri. Inmarsat-M-is (mini) terminalebi<br />
warmoadgens cifrul telefonebs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 700<br />
gr. woniT. romelic Tavisi formiT gvagonebs mciregabaritian<br />
radiosadgurebs.<br />
e) sistema Inmarsat-B<br />
sistema Inmarsat-B Sesulia eqsploataciaSi 1994-95<br />
ww-Si <strong>da</strong> gaTvaliswinebulia sistema Inmarsat-A-s SecvlisaTvis.<br />
is gvTavazobs analogiur momsaxurebas<br />
(telefoni, teleqsi, faqsi, monacemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema), magram<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong>bali tarifebiT, rac miiRweva Tanamgzavr-retranslatorebis<br />
ufro efeqturi gamoyenebiT.<br />
1994 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis eqsploataciaSi<br />
Seyvanil iqna sistema Inmarsat-B-s 11 sanapiro sadguri,<br />
romlebic axorcielebs interfeiss saerTo<br />
gamoyenebis satelefono qselebTan. maTi, raodenoba<br />
swrafad izrdeba. seriuli warmoeba aTvisebulia<br />
msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis mravali firmis mier.<br />
v) sistema Inmarsat-D<br />
sistema Inmarsat-D _ abonentebisagan Setyobineba-<br />
Ta ga<strong>da</strong>cemis calmxrivi samsaxuri _ warmoadgens<br />
peijinguri qslebis bunebriv gafarToebas. aq<br />
gaTvalswinebulia peijerebis ramdenime varianti:<br />
_ peijeri informaciis printerze dokumentirebuli<br />
gamosasvleliT;<br />
169
_ ori peijeri, romlebic CaSenebulia keisSi mis<br />
sigrZeze ganlagebiT, moZraobis dros miRebis xarisxis<br />
gazrdisaTvis <strong>da</strong> momxmareblis sxeulis mier<br />
blokirebisagan <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis;<br />
_ peijeri, romelic gaerTianebulia Laptop-is tipis<br />
Inmarsat-M (mini)-s terminalTan;<br />
_ peijeri avtomobilisaTvis, yovelmxrivi mimarTulobis<br />
antenasTan CarTviT;<br />
_ stacionaluri peijeri koleqtiuri gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />
z) sistema Inmarsat-P<br />
sistema Inmarsat-P XXI saukunis saerTaSoriso<br />
proeqtia, romelic organizacia Inmarsat-is yvela<br />
monawilis TanamSromlobas <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebebs efuZneba,<br />
agreTve kosmosuri warmoebis <strong>da</strong> satelekomunikacio<br />
mowyobilobebis <strong>da</strong>mamzadebeli kompaniebis<br />
eqspertebis <strong>da</strong>skvnebs. proeqtis koncefcia warmoadgens<br />
sistema Inmarsat-is <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> satelekomunikacio<br />
samsaxuris personalur terminalebis<br />
mTeli ojaxis swrafad <strong>da</strong>negvis strategias.<br />
eqspertebis SefasebiT Inmarsat-is <strong>sistemebi</strong>s (strategiuli<br />
moZravi telekomunikacia) gamomyeneblebis<br />
ricxvi aWarbebs 25 mln-s. XXI saukuneSi maTi ricxvi<br />
mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba.<br />
sistema Inmarsat-P viTardeba, pirvel rigSi, rogorc<br />
samsaxuri, romelSic ufro farTo gavrcelebas<br />
poulobs <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telefonebi. misi saSualebiT<br />
agreTve SesZlebelia cifruli telekomunikacis<br />
erovnul fiWur sistemebTan integracia: GSM,<br />
DAMPS <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
170<br />
5.5.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
T anamgz avr ul i si st ema Odyssey<br />
saSualoorbituli personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Odyssey SemuSavebulia<br />
firmebis TRW <strong>da</strong> Teleglobe Inc-is mier, romlebmac<br />
kosmosur sistemaSi 12 Tanamgzavr-retrasliatori<br />
CarTes <strong>da</strong> isini wriul orbitazea ganlagebuli.<br />
orbitaTa simaRle Seadgens 10,4 aTas km-s. de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
globaluri mocvis uzrunvelsayofad Tanamgzavrebi<br />
ganlagebulia sam sibrtyeSi i=55 0 -is <strong>da</strong>xriT. Ti-<br />
Toeul orbitaze mdebareobs 4 Tanamgzavri (nax.<br />
5.12), rac de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris metad saWiro regionebis<br />
teritorii<strong>da</strong>n (momsaxurebis bazris TvalsazrisiT)<br />
erTdroulad ori kosmosuri aparatis<br />
xedvis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas iZleva. erTdroulad<br />
ori Tanamgzavris xedvis saSualeba<br />
miwisze<strong>da</strong> terminalebs nebas rTavs imuSaos adgi-<br />
nax. 5.12. sistema Odussey 12 Tanamgzavri 3<br />
orbitaze<br />
171
lis maRali kuTxiT (45 0 -ze meti) de<strong>da</strong>miwis TiTqmis<br />
nebismier wertilSi. es movlena mniSvnelovnad<br />
zrdis radiokavSiris saimedobas, radgan maRlivi<br />
Senobebi <strong>da</strong> sxva winaaRmdegobebi praqtikulad ver<br />
moqmedeben signalebis gavrcelebaze.<br />
sistemaSi gamoiyeneba farTozolovani signalebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> mravalsadguriani SeRwevis meTodi arxebis<br />
koduri <strong>da</strong>yofiT. ga<strong>da</strong>cemis oqmi mTlianad Seesabameba<br />
fiWuri radiotelefonebis satelekomunikacio<br />
sistemis oqms.<br />
sistema Odyssey-is proeqtirebisas gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
iyo personaluri terminalebis potenciuri<br />
gamomyeneblebis Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebi:<br />
_ dupleqsuri satelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofa laparakis maRalxarisxovani kodirebis<br />
gamoyenebiT;<br />
_ de<strong>da</strong>miwis nebismieri wertili<strong>da</strong>n sistemaSi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri SeRwevis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
_ SeTavsebadobis uzrunvelyofa miwisze<strong>da</strong> fi-<br />
Wur sistemebTan (miwisze<strong>da</strong> terminalebis muSaobis<br />
ori rejimis uzrunvelyofa);<br />
_ peijinguri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa asoiT monacemTa cifrul ga<strong>da</strong>cemebTan<br />
erTad;<br />
_ ekologiuri normebis <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
kvanZuri sadgurebi<br />
<strong>mobiluri</strong> abonetebis saerTo momsaxurebis miwisze<strong>da</strong><br />
satelefono qselebis abonentebTan kav-<br />
Siris uzrunvelsayofad, iseve rogorc sxva<br />
sistemebSi, gamoiyeneba kvanZuri sadgurebi. yoveli<br />
172<br />
aseTi sadgurebis SemadgenlobaSia 4 mimdevni antena<br />
3,3 m diametriT, romlebic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>cilebul<br />
iqnas ZiriTadi mowyobilobisgan 30 km-iT. 3 antena<br />
gamoiyeneba TanamgzavrebTan operatiuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>Tvis,<br />
xolo meoTxe-Tanamgzavrze samomsaxuro<br />
(<strong>da</strong>mxmare) informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis. radganac<br />
Odyssey-is sistemaSi ar gamoiyeneba TanamgzavrTaSorisi<br />
telekomunikacia, amitom, zona, romelsac<br />
emsaxureba TiToeuli Tanamgzavri, mkacra<strong>da</strong>a<br />
mibmuli de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris gansazRvrul adgilebTan.<br />
amis uzrunvelyofa xdeba imiT, rom Tanamgzavris<br />
antenebi warmoqmnis 10 sxivs mimarTulobis<br />
diagramis siganiT 5 0 , romelTagan TiToeuli mimarTulia<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Sesabamisi zonisaken. radganac<br />
sagamomyeneblo terminali yovelTvis mdebareobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis erT-erT zonaSi, telekomunikacia<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva antenebTan xorcieldeba Tanamgzavrisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kvanZuri sadguris saSualebiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
saerTo momsaxurebis satelefono qselSi<br />
SeRwevas. mosalodnelia, rom sistemis ZiriTadi<br />
momxmarebeli iqneba saxelmwifo samsaxurebi <strong>da</strong><br />
marTvis organoebi, romlebic saWiroebs garkveul<br />
mobilur telekomunikacias, agreTve mosaxleobis<br />
is nawili, romelic cxovrobs Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT moSorebul<br />
teritoriaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c cu<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>a ganviTarebuli<br />
miwisze<strong>da</strong> satelefono qselebi.<br />
5.5.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema ELLIPSO<br />
sistema ELLIPSO SemuSavebulia korporacia EL-<br />
LIPSAT Corp (aSS)-is mier israelis, kanadis, meqsikis<br />
<strong>da</strong> avstraliis kompaniebTan erTad. sistema ELLIP-<br />
173
SO-s <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa ganaviTaros satelekomunikacio<br />
samsaxuri im momxmarebelTa sasargeblod, romlebic<br />
cu<strong>da</strong>d arian uzrunvelyofilni <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>da</strong> satel<br />
eko muni kac i o samsaxur ebi T . ami saT vi s 1995 wl i d an<br />
Sei qmna ko smo sur i segment i , r o mel i c Sed geba T anamgz<br />
avr -r et r ansl i at o r ebi sagan, r o ml ebi c ganl agebu<br />
l i a saSu al o si maRl i s (8 aT asi km) el i f sur<br />
o r bi t ebz e d a abo nent ebi s si st emaSi pi r d api r i<br />
SeRwevi s mi wi sz ed a saSual ebebi sagan.<br />
a) orbituli jgufebis ganlagebis Taviseburebebi<br />
sistema ELLIPSO unikaluria momsaxurebis TiTqmis<br />
globaluri zonis <strong>da</strong>yofis mxriv. de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piris CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT nawilebad pirobiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis dros SemmuSaveblebma gaiTvaliswines,<br />
rom CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi (40 0 Cg) mosaxleobis<br />
simWidrove gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre<br />
samxreTSi. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi 40 0 C.g-is zeviT<br />
ganlagebulia TiTqmis mTeli evropa, aSS-s naxevari,<br />
iaponiis nawili <strong>da</strong> mTlianad yofili ssrk <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samxreT naxevarsferoSi mosaxleoba Tavmoyrilia,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, 0-<strong>da</strong>n 40 0 sg-mde teritoriaze.<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli Taviseburebebi gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
iyo <strong>sistemebi</strong>s proeqtirebisas, ramac ganapiroba<br />
kosmosuri aparatis orbitaluri jgufebis Seqmna.<br />
orive orbitaluri jgufis kosmosuri aparatis<br />
orbitebis parametrebi mocemulia cxr. 5.4-Si.<br />
sistema ELLIPSO-s kosmosuri segmenti de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piris globaluri mimoxilvisaTvis Sedgeba kosmosuri<br />
aparatis ori orbitaluri jgufisaTvis.<br />
174<br />
orbitebis parametrebi Or Barealis Or Concordia<br />
apogeis simaRle, km. 7840 7840<br />
perigeis simaRle, km. 520 7840<br />
<strong>da</strong>xra, grad. 116,6 0<br />
sibrtyeTa ricxvi 2 1<br />
kosmosuri aparatebis<br />
ricxvi erT orbitaze<br />
4 6<br />
mimarTvis periodi, sT. 3 4,67<br />
kosmosuri aparatis pirveli orbitaluri jgufi<br />
(Or Borealis) Sedgeba 8 Tanamgzavrisagan, romlebic<br />
ganlagebulia or <strong>da</strong>xril (i=116,6 0 ) elifsur orbitaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaTvaliswinebulia naxevarsferos momsaxurebisaTvis.<br />
orbitebis apogeas <strong>da</strong> perigeas Sesabamisad<br />
gaaCniaT simaRleebi 7840 <strong>da</strong> 520 km, amasTan<br />
Tanamgzavris Semovlis dro Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
3 sT-s.<br />
meore orbitaluri jgufi (Or Concordia) Sedgeba<br />
Tanamgzavrebisagan, romlebic ganlagebulia wriul<br />
ekvatorul orbitaze 8 aTas km simaRleze <strong>da</strong><br />
emsaxureba umTavresad de<strong>da</strong>mimiwis samxreT naxevarsferos,<br />
mTlianad moicavs ra CrdiloeTis <strong>da</strong><br />
samxreTis subzonebis tropikebs (nax. 5.13).<br />
nax. 5.13. sistema Elipso 14 Tanamgzavri 3<br />
orbitaze<br />
175<br />
cxrili 5.4
momavlisaTvis <strong>da</strong>gegmilia CrdiloeT naxevarsferos<br />
momsaxurebisaTvis TanamgzavrTa ricxvis 12mde<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>. isini ganlagdeba or elifsur orbitaze.<br />
3 <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Tanamgzavris gayvana saSualebas<br />
iZleva uzrunvelyofil iqnas CrdiloeT naxevarsferos<br />
mTeli moculobis <strong>da</strong> nawilobriv samxreT<br />
naxevarsferos momsaxurebis realizeba. ekvatoriul<br />
orbitaze 6 Tanamgzavris ganlagebis SemTxveva-<br />
Si xdeba uwyveti <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> uzrunvelyofa<br />
orive naxevarsferos tropikul zonaSi. TanamgzavrTa<br />
ricxvis 9-mde gazr<strong>da</strong> mogvcems 40 0 sg-s <strong>da</strong> 40 0<br />
Cg-s Soris regionebis ormagi <strong>da</strong>farvis realizebis<br />
saSualebas.<br />
sistemis Tanamgzavrebs gaaCniT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT patara<br />
wona (688-730 kg). Tanamgzavris antena ayalibebs 8<br />
sxivs, romlebic abonentTan kavSirisaTvis muSaoben<br />
L <strong>da</strong> S diapazonebSi. saborto ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis gamosxivebis<br />
simZlavre Seadgens 20-25 vt-s. TanamgzavrTa (5mde)<br />
samuSao orbitebze gayvanisaTvis SesaZlebelia<br />
erTi raketamatareblis gamoyeneba.<br />
b) saabonento sadgurebi.<br />
sistema ELLIPSO gamiznulia ara marto <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />
personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> momsaxurebisaTvis,<br />
aramed telefaqsebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis peijinguri<br />
<strong>da</strong> eleqtronuli fostis <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>aTvis.<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sistemas SeuZlia<br />
momsaxurebis gaweva abonentTa adgilmdebareobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sadgenad.<br />
amisaTvis gamoiyeneba fsevdoSemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobebi,<br />
romelbic ayalibeben farTozolovan<br />
signalebs L <strong>da</strong> S-diapazonebSi (nax. 5.14). farTozolovani<br />
signalebis gamoyenebis cnobili upiratesobebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> Elipso-s sistemaSi arsebobs saabonento<br />
antenis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxivebSi signalebis polar-<br />
176<br />
izaciis Secvlis saSualeba, rac mniSvnelovnad<br />
zrdis <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> arxebis raodenobas.<br />
farTozolovani signalebis parametrebi ar-<br />
Ceulia koduri <strong>da</strong>yofiT momuSave miwisze<strong>da</strong> fi-<br />
Wuri qselebis rekomendirebul stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan miaxloebaSi.<br />
aseTi midgoma moiTxovs minimalur <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs<br />
saabonento terminalebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebisas<br />
maTi radiosatelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiWur<br />
qselebSi gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />
telekomunikacia Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebTan<br />
xorcieldeba, rogorc kvanZuri sadgurebis, ise<br />
saabonento terminalebis (romlebsac SeuZliaT or<br />
reJimSi muSaoba) meSveobiT. pirvel reJimSi xorcieldeba<br />
telekomunikaca Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebTan,<br />
xolo meore reJimSi xdeba miwisze<strong>da</strong><br />
fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemebSi muSaobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa.<br />
nax. 5.14. sistema Elipso-s kavSiris struqtura<br />
177
Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis eqspluataciaSi<br />
Seyvanis procesi moicavs ramodenime tips. pirvel<br />
etapze gaSvebuli iqneba 8 Tanamgzavri eliptikur<br />
orbitaze de<strong>da</strong>miwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferos telekomunikaciiT<br />
mocvis mizniT. meore etapze ekvatorul<br />
orbitaze gayvanili un<strong>da</strong> iqnes 6 <strong>da</strong>matebi-<br />
Ti Tanamgzavri.<br />
TanamgzavrTa Semdgomi gaSvebebi ganxorcieldeba<br />
bazris moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. yvela qveyanaSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>gegmilia Ellipso-s sistemis gamoyeneba,<br />
aucilebelia ara nakleb erTi kvanZuri sadguris<br />
<strong>da</strong> regionaluri qseluri centris <strong>da</strong>dgma, raTa ganxorcieldes<br />
urTierTqmedeba fiWur <strong>da</strong> saerTo<br />
sargeblobis satelefono qselTan.<br />
5.6. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong> geostacionaruli<br />
Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT<br />
personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> realizeba Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia im Tanamgzavr-retransliatorTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT,<br />
romlebic ganTavsebulia geostacionarul orbitaze<br />
GEO (Geostationary earth Orbit) <strong>da</strong> romlebic `<strong>da</strong>kidulia~<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis winaswar arCeuli wertilebis<br />
Tavze. aseTi `<strong>da</strong>kidva~ uzrunvelyofilia orbitis<br />
simaRliT (35 875 km), romelze<strong>da</strong>c kosmosuri aparatis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis siCqare emTxveva de<strong>da</strong>miwis brunvis<br />
siCqares. geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT<br />
agebuli <strong>sistemebi</strong> (de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris<br />
gansazRvruli wertilebis Tavze maTi mdebareobis<br />
mudmivobis gamo) ganapirobebs rig upiratesobebs<br />
globaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> dros. esenia:<br />
178<br />
_ <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> Seferxebis ar arseboba kosmosuri<br />
aparatisa <strong>da</strong> momxmareblis terminalis<br />
erTdrouli ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis gamo <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
seansis dros;<br />
_ de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris 95%-is telekomunikaciiT<br />
mocva im <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mier, romlebic mxolod 3 geostacionaruli<br />
Tanamgzavrisagan Sedgeba;<br />
_ TanamgzavrTaSorisi <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> ganxorcielebis<br />
aucileblobis ar arseboba, mag. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli<br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>sagan gansxvavebiT.<br />
cnobilia, rom <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> saabonento terminalebis<br />
umetesobas, romlebic gamoiyeneben VSAT-is<br />
teqnologias, emsaxureba Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebi,<br />
romelbic geostacionarul orbitaze mdebareobs.<br />
geostacionaruli orbitis simaRle sakmaod<br />
didia, amitom aseT Tanamgzavrul sistemebs gaaCnia<br />
erTi didi nakli-signalis ga<strong>da</strong>cemasa <strong>da</strong> miRebas<br />
Soris didi <strong>da</strong>yovneba. amas gar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi <strong>da</strong>yovneba<br />
Seaqvs atmosferos <strong>da</strong> VSAT terminalebis <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis mimReb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcem<br />
aparaturas. <strong>da</strong>yovnebis warmoSobas praqtikaSi mivyavarT<br />
imasTan, rom ori mosaubris satelefono<br />
saubris dros gamudmebiT warmoiSoba pauzebi, rac<br />
Zalian aRizianebs abonentebs. <strong>da</strong>yovnebis arsebobam<br />
SeiZleba migviyvanos satelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
gamoyenebis winaaRmdegobasTan, radgan amis Sedegad<br />
SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedeba monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
sxva qselebTan.<br />
sinamdvileSi vinai<strong>da</strong>n geostacionaruli orbita<br />
mdebareobs de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piri<strong>da</strong>n 36000 km-is<br />
manZilze, amitom <strong>da</strong>yovneba, radiosignalis gavrcelebis<br />
siCqaris SezRudulobis gamo, Seadgens <strong>da</strong>ax-<br />
179
loebiT 520 mwm-s. Tu signali erTxel gaivlis gzas<br />
Tanamgzavr-retransliatoramde <strong>da</strong> ukan (2X260=520<br />
mwm). Seferxebis sxva CamoTvlili mizezebi did<br />
rols ar TamaSobs. monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis dros<br />
<strong>da</strong>yovneba sruliad SeumCnevelia <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba gamoixatos<br />
urTierTgacvlis siCqaris mcire vardniT.<br />
am naklis ugulvebelsayofad gamoiyeneba specialuri<br />
oqmebi. rac Seexeba satelefono telekomunikacias,<br />
signalis <strong>da</strong>yovneba igrZnoba Zalian Zlierad<br />
<strong>da</strong> satelekomunikacio arxis mimarT maRali<br />
moTxovnebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba miuRebeli iyos.<br />
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze SemuSavebulia<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> GEO sistemis ramdenime proeqti, personaluri<br />
<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> uzrunvelsayofad es<br />
aris proeqtebi: APMT (Asia Pacific Mobil Telecommunications),<br />
ASC (Afro-Asian Satellite Communications), ACS (Asia Cellular<br />
Satellite) <strong>da</strong> sxva. maTi ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebaa<br />
mravalsxiviani antenebiani (diametriT 12 m <strong>da</strong><br />
meti) Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis gamoyeneba.<br />
personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemebs geostacionaruli<br />
Tanamgzavrebis safuZvelze potencialurad<br />
SeuZliaT im momsaxurebebis miniWeba, romlebic<br />
<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s momsaxurebebis<br />
tolfasia, Tu de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze Camoyalibebuli<br />
fiWebi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT erTnairi iqneba. amasTan<br />
kosmosuri aparatis saabonento antenis zomebi,<br />
romlebic aucilebelia mimarTulobis viwro diagramis<br />
CamoyalibebisaTvis, un<strong>da</strong> iyos didi, magram<br />
Tanamedrove teqnologiis SesaZleblobis farglebSi.<br />
aseTi rTuli antenis kosmosSi gaSla (Semotrialeba)<br />
<strong>da</strong> geostabilizacia <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia did<br />
teqnologiur riskTan, rac ganmsazRvreli faqtoria<br />
SemuSavebadi proeqtebis ekonomikuri efeqtu-<br />
180<br />
robis Sefasebis dros. mocemul monakveTSi Semotanilia<br />
saTanamgzavro personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
<strong>sistemebi</strong>s rigi proeqtebi geostacionaruli<br />
Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
5.6.1. <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
sistemis Comsat-is ganviTarebis<br />
koncefcia<br />
firma Comsat Laboratories (aSS) gamokvlevebi personaluri<br />
<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemis<br />
agebis Semqnis saSualebas iZleva geostacionaluri<br />
Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis safuZvelze. Semo-<br />
Tavazebuli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> jgufi Sedgeba 3 kosmosuri<br />
aparatisagan <strong>da</strong> gankuTvnilia de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris<br />
kvaziglobaluri aTvisebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />
(nax.5.15).<br />
nax. 5.15. sistema Comsat 3 geostacionalur<br />
orbitaze<br />
181
kosmosuri aparatis <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> qve<strong>da</strong> zona<br />
yalibdeba erTmaneTTan Serwymuli eqvswaxnagovani<br />
fiWebis Seqmnis gziT. amasTan yoveli fiWis forma<br />
ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi bortuli saanteno sistemis<br />
sxivis diagramiT. imisaTvis,rom Camoyalibdes<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze erTmaneTTan Serwymuli eqvswaxnagovani<br />
fiWebi kosmosuri aparatis bortuli<br />
antena un<strong>da</strong> iyos didi. nax. 5.16-ze mocemulia<br />
eqvskuTxa (gegsagonaluri) fiWebis Serwymis (er-<br />
Tobliobis) fragmenti <strong>da</strong> maTi Sesabamisi garemocva,<br />
wertilebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c signalis Sesustebis done<br />
(centrTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) Seadgens 4 <strong>da</strong> 3 db-s.<br />
nax. 5.16. eqvskuTxa fiWebis erToblioba<br />
Tanamgzavris mimoxilvis qve<strong>da</strong> zonaSi fiWuri<br />
struqturis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs sixSireebis<br />
mravaljerad gamoyenebas. fiWis forma <strong>da</strong> zoma<br />
ganisazRvreba antenis mimarTulobis diagramis erTi<br />
sxiviT.<br />
182<br />
nax. 5.17. fiWis formireba erTeuli sxiviT<br />
nax. 5.17-ze warmodgenilia momsaxurebis zonis<br />
fragmenti antenis mimarTulobis diagramis siganiT<br />
1,1 0 , romlis sxivic skanirebas axdens adgilis<br />
kuTxiT 14 0 ekvatori<strong>da</strong>n CrdiloeT polusisaken.<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze sxivis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas iqmneba<br />
600 <strong>da</strong>n 19200 km-mde zomis fiWebi. bortuli saanteno<br />
sistemis konstruqciuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
gasamartiveblad <strong>da</strong> regionebis momsaxurebaSi zedmetobis<br />
SemcirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Tanamgzavris<br />
mimoxilvis qve<strong>da</strong> zonis kontinentebis <strong>da</strong> okeaneebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa <strong>da</strong> maTTvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zomis fiWebis<br />
Camoyalibeba. xmeleTis zemoT yalibdeba mimarTulobis<br />
diagrama 1 0 siganiT, xolo okeanis zemoT _<br />
3 0 -iT.<br />
183
nax. 5.18. xmeleTis, atlantikis <strong>da</strong> wynari<br />
okeaneebis akvatoriis Tanamgzavrsqve<strong>da</strong> fiWuri<br />
struqtura<br />
nax. 5.18-ze warmodgenilia atlantikis <strong>da</strong> wynari<br />
okeaneebis akvatoriebis fiWuri struqtura.<br />
a) sixSireebis mravaljeradi gamoyeneba<br />
arxebis <strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis<br />
mravaljeradi gamoyenebadi sixSireebis ricxvi<br />
GEO-s sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia interferenciuli<br />
xelSeSlebis <strong>da</strong>saSveb doneze, romelic warmoiqmneba<br />
im sxivebs Soris, romlebic Serwymul fiWebs<br />
emsaxureba. am sxivebis Sesabamisi fiWebi aRiniSneba<br />
asoebiT A-<strong>da</strong>n G-mde. sixSiruli diapazonis gamoyenebis<br />
efeqturoba <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia SeRwevis meTodze, sixSiruli arxebis<br />
ricxvze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganisazRvreba<br />
moTxovnebiT, romlebsac <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> xarisxs<br />
uyeneben.<br />
184<br />
sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT arxebis droiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofis meTodi 7 droiTi kadris gamoyenebiT, Sesabamisad<br />
fiWebisaTvis indeqsiT A-<strong>da</strong>n G-mde.<br />
amasTan, arxebis droiTi <strong>da</strong> sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>yofis<br />
safuZvelze SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />
maRali saimedoba.<br />
b) bortuli antenis SemuSavebis teqnkuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> uku radioxazebSi gamoiyeneba L<br />
diapazoni. 1 0 -iani mimarTulobis diagramis gaangariSebuli<br />
farTisaTvis L diapazonis bortuli<br />
antenis zoma Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 14 m-s. ufro<br />
viwro sxivebisaTvis (0,5 0 <strong>da</strong> naklebi) antenis zoma<br />
mkveTrad izrdeba <strong>da</strong> aWarbebs praqtikuli<br />
realizaciis saSualebebs uaxloesi momavlisaTvis.<br />
185
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ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>eca warmoebas 28.05.2009. xelmowerilia <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d<br />
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tiraJi 100 egz.<br />
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,<br />
kostavas 77<br />
gamomcemloba `momavli<strong>da</strong>n~,<br />
q. Tbilisi, 26 maisis moe<strong>da</strong>ni #1