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g. murjikneli, g. robitaSvili,<br />

T. vekua, a. robitaSvili<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>miwispira</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti<br />

g. murjikneli, g. robitaSvili,<br />

T. vekua, a. robitaSvili<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>miwispira</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>mtkicebulia stu-s<br />

sare<strong>da</strong>qcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos<br />

mier. 27.05.2009, oqmi #5<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2009

uak 621. 396.<br />

wignSi ganxilulia <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>,<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> radiokavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

agebis ZiriTadi principebi. mocemulia arsebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> perspeqtiuli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s detaluri ana-lizi.<br />

gaanalizebulia IMT-2000-is (Intennational Mobile Telecommunications-2000<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saer-<br />

TaSoriso sistema-2000-is agebis konceptualuri <strong>da</strong><br />

meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.<br />

wigni gankuTvnilia <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> profilis<br />

studentebisaTvis, magistrantebisaTvis, doqtorantebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rgis specialistebisaTvis.<br />

recenzenti saqarTvelos teqnikuri<br />

universitetis energetikisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fakultetis<br />

profesori n. uRreliZe<br />

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009<br />

ISBN 978-9941-14-610-7<br />

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/<br />

yvela ufleba <strong>da</strong>culia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,<br />

ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT <strong>da</strong> saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu<br />

meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis<br />

gareSe.<br />

saavtoro uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva isjeba kanoniT.

S i n a a r s i<br />

gv.<br />

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

Tavi I. M<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>miwispira</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis<br />

ZiriTadi princiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />

1.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris istoria <strong>da</strong> misi ganviTarebis<br />

etapebi. <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7<br />

1.2. personaluri radiogamoZaxebis <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . .12<br />

1.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>.<br />

momsaxurebis teritoriis fiWebad <strong>da</strong>yofis arsi.<br />

sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis principi . . .16<br />

1.4. farTozoluri <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

agebis proncipebis analizi . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />

Tavi II. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> analoguri<br />

fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> (1G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />

2.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> NMT-450, NMT-900<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . .57<br />

2.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60<br />

2.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> TACS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />

Tavi III. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> cifruli<br />

fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63<br />

3.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />

3.1.1. GSM qselebis arqiteqtura <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

struqturuli elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />

3.1.2. signalebis struqtura <strong>da</strong> formireba GSM<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<br />

3.1.3. informaciis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis usafrTxoeba . . . . . 85<br />

3.2. <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> D-AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />

3.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95<br />

3.4. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> meore Taobis (2G)<br />

CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema . . . . . . . 98<br />

Tavi IV. <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> perspeqtiuli IMT-2000 <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis ZiriTadi principebi .109<br />

3

4.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> mesame Taobis (3G)<br />

saerTo sargeblobis fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . .109<br />

4.2. muSa sixSireTa gamoyofili zolebi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

gamoyenebis principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115<br />

4.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> IS-95<br />

(cdmaOne) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis evolucia cdma2000<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />

Tavi V. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . .125<br />

5.1. momsaxurebebi, romlebsac uzrunvelyofs<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />

5.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> kosmosuri<br />

aparatis orbitebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127<br />

5.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> struqtura <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />

strategia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134<br />

5.4. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>da</strong>balorbituli<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . .147<br />

5.4.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

sistema Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />

5.4.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

sistema Globarstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />

5.5. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saSualo<br />

orbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>. . . . . .163<br />

5.5.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

sistema Inmarsat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />

5.5.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

sistema Odyssey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />

5.5.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

sistema ELLIPSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />

5.6. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT 178<br />

5.6.1. <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemis<br />

Gomsat-is ganviTarebis koncefcia . . . . . . . 181<br />

literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />

4<br />

S e s a v a l i<br />

ukanasknel periodSi msoflios ganviTarebul<br />

qveynebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis analizi gviCvenebs,<br />

rom dReisaTvis mimdinareobs intensiuri gamokvlevebi<br />

msoflio masStabis sainformacio sivrcis<br />

SeqmnisaTvis. amasTan, misi Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi ganviTarebis<br />

gzaze konceptualuri <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli<br />

Rirebulebebis mqone gamokvlevebis ZiriTad nawilebs<br />

warmoadgenen: sainformacio sivrcis subieqtebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> samsaxurebi; infokomunikaciuri industria,<br />

romelic uzrunvelyofs sainformacio sivrcis<br />

Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas obieqturad warmoqmnili<br />

axali moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.<br />

Tvisebrivad axali sainformacio sivrcis Seqmnis<br />

gzaze mis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan Semadgenel<br />

nawils warmoadgens <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>miwispira</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> radiokavSiris<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, saWiroa maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis<br />

ZiriTadi prioritetebis gansazRvra.<br />

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>miwispira</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

Tanamedrove etapze viTardeba <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli tempebiT,<br />

swrafad izrdeba SemoTavzebuli momsaxurebebis<br />

moculoba <strong>da</strong> xarisxi, ris gamoc igi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT masiuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomia. amasTan, maqsimalura<strong>da</strong>a SenarCunebuli<br />

momxmarebelTa individualuri moTxovnebis<br />

maqsimalurad <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis principi. axali<br />

SesaZleblobebis realizacia xdeba, erTis mxriv,<br />

arsebuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> qselebis<br />

srulyofisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis safuZvelze, xolo<br />

meores mxriv, iseTi axali teqnikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />

realizaciiT, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia globaluri<br />

qseluri infrastruqturis SeqmnasTan.<br />

5

winamdebare wignis amocanaa gaacnos <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

specialistTa farTo wres <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri<br />

radiokavSiris ganviTarebis etapebi <strong>da</strong> im axali<br />

teqnologiebis <strong>da</strong> realizaciebis gansakuTrebulobebi,<br />

romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT aigeba <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>miwispira</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

fiWuri radiokavSiris perspeqtiuli <strong>sistemebi</strong>.<br />

avtorTa koleqtivi madlieri iqneba yvelasi, vinc<br />

gagviziarebs TavianT wina<strong>da</strong>debebs <strong>da</strong> saqmian SeniSvnebs,<br />

romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba wignis<br />

Semdgom ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebul gamocemebSi.<br />

6<br />

Tavi I. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>miwispira</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

agebis ZiriTadi princi pebi<br />

1.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris istoria <strong>da</strong> misi ganviTarebis<br />

etapebi. <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi.<br />

radiosatelefono kavSiris pirveli sistema, romlis<br />

momsaxurebiT sargebloba SeeZlo nebismier<br />

msurvels, amoqmed<strong>da</strong> aSS-Si (q. sent-luisSi) 1946<br />

wels. am sistemaSi gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> Cveulebrivi fiqsirebuli<br />

arxebi. Tu kavSiris arxi <strong>da</strong>kavebuli iyo,<br />

maSin Tavisufal arxze ga<strong>da</strong>rTva xdebo<strong>da</strong> xeliT.<br />

rasakvirvelia aparatura iyo didi gabaritebis,<br />

xolo misi eqsploatacia _ rTuli <strong>da</strong> mouxerxebeli.<br />

teqnikis ganviTarebis paralelurad radiosatelefono<br />

kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>c ufro srulyofili<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>: mcirdebo<strong>da</strong> maTi gabaritebi, izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

gamoyenebul sixSireTa diapazonebis ricxvi,<br />

umjobesdebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc sabazo, aseve sakomutacio<br />

sadgurebi. kerZod, gaCn<strong>da</strong> axali _ Tavisufali arxis<br />

avtomaturad amorCevis funqcia (Trunking). magram<br />

radiosatelefono momsaxurebis moTxovnis zrdis<br />

kvalobaze izrdebo<strong>da</strong> problemaTa arealic. maT<br />

Soris, sixSireTa resursis SezRuduloba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

fiqsirebul arxTa ricxvi gansazRvrul sixSirul<br />

diapazonSi ar SeiZleba usasrulod gaizardos, amitom<br />

radiotelefonebi, romelTa sixSiris diapazonebi<br />

mezobla<strong>da</strong>a ganlagebuli, qmni<strong>da</strong> urTierTxelSeSlebs.<br />

mecnierebi <strong>da</strong> inJinrebi cdilobdnen am problemis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wras. 40-iani wlebis bolos amerikuli kompaniis<br />

AT&T-s samecniero centris Bell Laboratory-s<br />

mier SemoTavazebul iqna idea momsaxurebis mTeli<br />

7

teritoriis garkveul ubnebad <strong>da</strong>yofis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelTac Semdgom ewo<strong>da</strong>T `fiWebi~ (inglisuri sityvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cell–ujredi, fiWa). am ideis Tanaxmad yoveli<br />

fiWis momsaxureba un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebuliyo<br />

moqmedebis SezRuduli radiusis mqone fiqsirebuli<br />

sixSiris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemiT. Sedegad, yovelgvari urTierTzegavlenis<br />

gareSe, SesaZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> imave<br />

sixSiris gamoyeneba sxva ujredSi (fiWaSi). am ideis<br />

aparaturul realizacias 30 weliwadze meti<br />

<strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>. 70-ian wlebSi 5-ma Crdiloevropulma saxelmwifom<br />

(Sveciam, fineTma, islandiam, <strong>da</strong>niam <strong>da</strong> norvegiam)<br />

Seqmna erTiani stan<strong>da</strong>rti NMT-450 (Nordic Mobile<br />

Telephone-samuSao diapazoniT _ 450 mhc). am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s eqsploatacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1981<br />

wels, 1983 wels ki aSS-Si funqcionireba <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

fiWuri kavSiris qselma AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phome<br />

Service-perspeqtiuli <strong>mobiluri</strong> satelefono sistema)<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis gamoyenebiT.<br />

1985 wels NMT-450 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis bazaze SemuSavebul<br />

iqna stan<strong>da</strong>rti NMT-900.<br />

1985 wels did britaneTSi miRebul iqna stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />

TACS (Total Access Communication Sistem _ kavSiris<br />

sistema sruli SeRweviT), amerikuli AMPS-is bazaze,<br />

xolo 1987 wels misi modifikacia _ ETACS (Enhanced<br />

TACS-gafarToebuli TACS).<br />

safrangeTSi 1985 wels miRebuli iqna stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />

Radiocom-2000.<br />

yvela zemoaRniSnuli 8 stan<strong>da</strong>rti aris analoguri<br />

<strong>da</strong> miekuTvneba pirvel Taobas. analoguri am sistemebs<br />

ewodeba imitom, rom maTSi gamoiyeneba informaciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis analoguri meTodebi Cveulebrivi<br />

sixSiruli (sm) <strong>da</strong> fazuri (fm) modulaciiT.<br />

8<br />

analoguri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mTavari naklovanebebia:<br />

sxva abonentebis mier saubris mosmenis SesaZlebloba;<br />

signalebis miyuCebis winaaRmdeg efeqturi<br />

meTodebis gamoyenebis SeuZlebloba; fiWuri kav-<br />

Siris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva stan<strong>da</strong>rtis arseboba <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuli<br />

sixSireebis didi ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTva, ris gamoc<br />

ar mox<strong>da</strong> am <strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTareba.<br />

900 mhc diapazonSi erTiani evropuli fiWuri<br />

kavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtis SemuSavebis mizniT evropis<br />

fostisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> administraciebis<br />

gaerTianebam (CEPT-Conference of European Post and Telecommunication<br />

Administrations), romelic aerTianebs 26<br />

qveyanas, 1982 wels Seqmna specialuri jgufi GSM.<br />

igi safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo axal stan<strong>da</strong>rts mTel msoflioSi.<br />

abreviatura _ GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtTan mimarTeba-<br />

Si niSnavs Semdegs _ Global Sistem of Mobile _ <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

kavSiris globaluri sistema.<br />

1990 wels jgufis mier gamoqveynebul iqna moTxovnebi<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mimarT.<br />

maT Soris ZiriTadia: arxebis droiTi gancalkeveba;<br />

informaciis cifrul formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cema; abonentis<br />

monacemTa <strong>da</strong>cva; blokuri <strong>da</strong> xvevadi kodirebis,<br />

axali modulaciis _ GSMK-s (Gaussian Minimum<br />

Shift Keyng – gausis manipulacia minimaluri sixSiruli<br />

<strong>da</strong>ZvriT) gamoyeneba.<br />

1989 wels, GSM-is mimarT teqnikuri moTxovnebis<br />

Camoyalibebamde britaneTis vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis<br />

departamentma (DTI-Departament of Trade and Industry)<br />

gamoaqveyna koncefcia `<strong>mobiluri</strong> telefonebi~,<br />

romelsac Semdeg ewo<strong>da</strong> `personaluri kavSiris<br />

qselebi~ (PCN-Personal Communication Networks). amave periodSi<br />

aSS-ma gamoaqveyna analogiuri koncefcia _<br />

9

`personaluri kavSiris momsaxureba~ (PCS-Personal<br />

Communication Service). am koncefciis realizaciis<br />

mizniT, aSS-is <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> federalurma komisiam<br />

gamoyo sami sixSiruli ubani 1,9-2,0 ghc diapazonSi<br />

(farTozolovani PCS) <strong>da</strong> erTi sixSiruli<br />

ubani 900 mhc diapazonSi (viwrozolovani PCS).<br />

1900 wels aSS-is <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sferoSi samrewvelo<br />

asociaciam (TIA-Telecommunication Industry Association)<br />

<strong>da</strong>amata erovnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rti IS-54 cifruli<br />

fiWuri kavSirisaTvis. es stan<strong>da</strong>rti ufro cnobilia<br />

Semdegi abreviaturiT D-AMDS (Digital AMPS)<br />

an ADC. evropisagan gansxvavebiT aSS-Si am stan<strong>da</strong>rtisaTvis<br />

ar gamoiyo axali sixSiruli diapazonebi,<br />

amitom <strong>sistemebi</strong> muSaobs AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

sixSirul diapazonSi.<br />

1991 wels evropaSi GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis bazaze Seiqmna<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rti DCS-1800 (Digital Celluar System-1800 mhc).<br />

didma britaneTma umalve miiRo es stan<strong>da</strong>rti Tavisi<br />

koncefciis PCN-is realizaciisaTvis, ramac Tavis<br />

mxriv xeli Seuwyo am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis swraf gavrcelebas<br />

mTel msoflioSi.<br />

iaponiaSi 1991 wels miRebul iqna stan<strong>da</strong>rti JDC<br />

(Japanese Digital Cellular), romelic Tavisi parametrebiT<br />

axloa amerikul D-AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtTan.<br />

1992 wels germaniaSi eqspluataciaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> GSM<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis pirveli sistema.<br />

1993 wels did britaneTSi eqspluataciaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong><br />

DCS-1800 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis qseli.<br />

1993 wels amerikis samrewvelo asociaciam <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

sferoSi (TIA) miiRo stan<strong>da</strong>rti CDMA<br />

(Code Division Multiphe Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva koduri<br />

gancalkevebiT).<br />

zemoaRniSnuli cifruli <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

miekuTvneba meore Taobas.<br />

10<br />

dReisaTvis fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTareba xorcieldebaP<br />

mesame Taobis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s moTxovnebis<br />

Sesabamisad. maTSi gamoiyenebian radioSeRwevis<br />

unificirebuli <strong>sistemebi</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTiandeba arsebuli<br />

fiWuri, `ugamtaro~ kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> XXI<br />

saukunis sainformacio samsaxurebi. evropaSi am<br />

koncefcias ewo<strong>da</strong> UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications<br />

System – <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris universaluri sistema),<br />

romelic gulisxmobs arsebuli cifruli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

SesaZleblobebis gaerTianebas mesame Taobis<br />

erTian sistemebSi – FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile<br />

Telephone System). am SemTxvevaSi abonentebs miewodebaT<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtizebuli momsaxurebebi.<br />

saerTo sargeblobis saerTaSoriso <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

kavSiris sistemis (FPLMTS) Seqmnis samuSaoebs<br />

xelmZRvanelobs <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />

kavSiri (tsk) (ITU – International Telecommunication Union).<br />

am sistemisaTvis gamoyofilia sixSiruli diapazoni<br />

1-3 ghc, romelSic stacionaruli sadgurebisaTvis<br />

gamoiyofa sixSiruli zoli siganiT 60 mhc, xolo<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong>saTvis 170 mhc (nax. 1.1).<br />

1990 1991<br />

Ppirveli Taobis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

CT2<br />

inglisuri sistema<br />

Telepoint<br />

NMT-450<br />

NMT-900<br />

AMPS<br />

TACS<br />

ETACS<br />

Radiocom<br />

2000<br />

1992<br />

1993<br />

meore Taobis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

1994<br />

GSM<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerTo evropuli cifruli<br />

fiWuri sistema<br />

11<br />

1995<br />

DECT<br />

JDC<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> iaponuri cifruli fiWuri sistema<br />

LMSS<br />

amerikuli cifruli sistema<br />

ADS<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSirisAamerikuli cifruli<br />

sistema<br />

1996<br />

Pmesame Taobis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

nax. 1.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

ganviTarebis etapebi<br />

FPLMTS<br />

1997

1.2. personaluri radiogamoZaxebis <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

didi teritoriis momsaxurebisaTvis iqmneba ise-<br />

Ti peijinguri qselebi, romlebic agebulia peijinguri<br />

kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis radiosatelefono<br />

fiWuri qselebis analogiurad. fiWuri principi<br />

uzrunvelyofs signalebis miRebis saimedobas <strong>da</strong><br />

saSualebas iZleva gafarTovdes momsaxurebis zona<br />

axlad <strong>da</strong>dgmuli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mowyobilobebis racinaluri<br />

ganlagebis safuZvelze. fiWur principze<br />

agebuli peijinguri qselebis mtavari mtvar problemas<br />

warmoadgens mezobeli radiosadgurebis<br />

signalebis urTierTgavlena (interferencia) (nax.<br />

1.2). am efeqtis gamosaricxad gamoiyeneba an sinqronuli<br />

(Simuclast) mauwyebloba, an ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi Setyobinebebis<br />

droiTi gancalkeveba. ganvixiloT es<br />

meTodebi awvrilebiT.<br />

sinqronuli mauwyeblobis qselebSi ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi<br />

musaobs erTdroulad, magram peijeri `ver amCnevs~<br />

maT urTierTzemoqmedebas <strong>da</strong> rebulobs signals<br />

erTi gansazRvruli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi<strong>da</strong>n. am dros aparaturis<br />

fasi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia <strong>da</strong> metad<br />

mkacri moTxovnebi waeyeneba kavSiris arxebs. arsebobs<br />

sinqronuli mauwyeblobis qselebis agebis<br />

sxva variantic, rodesac ga<strong>da</strong>mcemebis marTva xdeba<br />

sasamsaxuro (<strong>da</strong>atebiT) sixSireze. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

mcirdeba pir<strong>da</strong>piri radiokavSiris manZili, rac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

ganixileba centraluri ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi sadguris<br />

moqmedebis radiusiT, romelic gamoasxivebs signalebis<br />

sasamsaxuro sixSireze. msgavsi <strong>sistemebi</strong>s gamoyenebis<br />

areali dReisaTvis sakmaod SezRudulia,<br />

radgan ufro didi gavrceleba hpoves sistemebma<br />

signalebis droiTi gancalkevebiT, rodesac TiToeuli<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi muSaobs misTvis gamoyofili drois<br />

12<br />

nax. 1.2. radioga<strong>da</strong>mcemebis signalebis<br />

urTierTzegavlenis gamartivebuli sqema<br />

monakveTSi (drois fanjara). amis gamo, ramdenime ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis<br />

moqmedebis zonaSi, peijeri drois mocemul<br />

momentSi iRebs signals mxolod erT-erTi maTgani<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

es niSvnelovnad amcirebs wayenebul moTxovnebs<br />

aparaturisa <strong>da</strong> kavSiris arxebis mimarT, magram amasTan<br />

mcirdeba abonentebis ricxvi, rac ori droiTi fanjaris<br />

SemTxvevaSi Seadgens - 10000 abonents <strong>da</strong> 6500<br />

abonents sami fanjris SemTxvevaSi.<br />

arsebobs agreTve did teritoriul qselebSi<br />

signalebis <strong>da</strong>yofis mesame meTodi. igi efuneba<br />

peijinguri repitorebis gamoyenebas. am SemTxveva-<br />

Si TiToeuli sabazo sadguri Setyobinebebis mimRebiTaa,<br />

romlebic muSaobs erT sixSireze. mezobeli<br />

sadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis Setyobinebebi<br />

miiReba mimRebis mier <strong>da</strong> grovdeba specialur buferul<br />

mowyobilobaSi. amis Semdeg mocemuli sabazo<br />

13

sadgurebisaTvis gamoyofili garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi<br />

(droiTi fanjara) ga<strong>da</strong>icema (nax. 1.2).<br />

ganvixiloT mokled fiWur principebze agebuli<br />

ormxrivi peijinguri qselebis agebis principebi.<br />

fiWuri kavSirisa <strong>da</strong> personaluri radiogamoZaxebis<br />

sistemebs Soris konkurenciam ganapiroba<br />

peijinguri kavSiris iseTi axali stan<strong>da</strong>rtis SemuSaveba,<br />

romelic gulisxmobs Setyobinebebis urTierTgacvlas<br />

1930-1990 mhc sixSirul diapazonSi.<br />

ormxrivi peijinguri kavSiri pirvelad organizebul<br />

iqna amerikuli korporacia `Sky Tel Corp~ -is mier.<br />

am qselSi gamoyenebulia axali Taobis peijerebi.<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n ormxrivi peijinguri <strong>sistemebi</strong> uzrunvelyofs<br />

Setyobinebebis ara marto ga<strong>da</strong>cemas, aramed<br />

maTze pasuxis miRebas, saWiroa stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli peijingur<br />

mimRebs gaCndes mcire simZlavris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi.<br />

aseTi peijerebis gamoyenebisas, romlebic saSualebas<br />

iZleva <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturdes Setyobinebebis miReba, Sesa-<br />

Zlebelia mniSvelovnad Semcirdes fiWuri sabazo<br />

sadgurebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis simZlavre.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sasrul, ganvixiloT deisaTvis msoflioSi <strong>da</strong>nergili<br />

peijinguri radiokavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi.<br />

erTmxrivi peijinguri kavSiris yvelaze gavrcelebul<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rts warmoadgens peijerebisaTvis signalebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis stan<strong>da</strong>rti POSAG (Post Office Code Stan<strong>da</strong>rtization<br />

Advisory Group) es stan<strong>da</strong>rti SemuSavebul iqna<br />

didi britaneTis safosto uwyebis mier <strong>da</strong> 1982 wels<br />

<strong>da</strong>mtkicebul iqna didi britaneTis safosto uwyebis<br />

mier <strong>da</strong> 1982 wels <strong>da</strong>mtkicebul iqna tsk-is mier,<br />

rogorc protokoli RPCN1 (Radio paging Code N1).<br />

1992 wels <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sferoSi stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis<br />

evropuli institutis mier <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli<br />

iqna saerToevropuli stan<strong>da</strong>rti ETS 300-133, anu<br />

sxvagvarad ERMES (European Radio Message System),<br />

romelic 1994 wels tsk-s mier rekomendebul iqna<br />

14<br />

nax. 1.3. informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema peijinguri<br />

repitorebis gamoyenebiT<br />

rogorc saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rti msoflios sxava<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

qveynebisTvis. mis mTavar <strong>da</strong>debiT Tvisebas<br />

warmoadgens is, rom igi srulad SeTavsebadia evropul<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan.<br />

1993 wels Motorola-s specialistebis mier SemuSav<strong>da</strong><br />

maRalxarisxuli peijinguri stan<strong>da</strong>rti FLEX<br />

radioarxebis gamtarunarianobis gazrdis mizniT.<br />

1983 wels evropis radiomauwyeblobis kavSirma<br />

(EBU) miiRo mraalmiznobrivi stan<strong>da</strong>rti RDS (Radio<br />

Data sistem).<br />

1983 wels Motorola-m SeimuSava stan<strong>da</strong>rti - GSC -<br />

Golay Seguential Code -goleis mimdevrobiTi kodis<br />

safuZvelze.<br />

dReisaTvis agreTve SemuSavebulia ormxrivi<br />

peijinguri stan<strong>da</strong>rti, Nexus, israelis firma Nexus-is<br />

mier. (tavi<strong>da</strong>n igi Semusav<strong>da</strong> samxedro programisaTvis,<br />

magram Semdgom mox<strong>da</strong> mis sxva miznebisaTvis<br />

gamoyeneba).<br />

15

1.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiWuri<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>. momsaxurebis teritoriis<br />

fiWebad <strong>da</strong>yofis arsi. sixSireTa<br />

ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis princi pebi<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

erT-erT ZiriTad princips warmoadgens momsaxurebis<br />

teritoriis fiWebad <strong>da</strong>yofa. ganvixiloT<br />

es sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT.<br />

momsaxurebis teritoriis ujredebad (fiWebad)<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofa SesaZlebelia ori meTodiT:<br />

_ kavSiris sistemaSi signalebis gavrcelebis<br />

statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis gazomvis safuZvelze;<br />

_ konkretul raionSi signalis gavrcelebis gazomvis<br />

an gaTvlebis safuZvelze.<br />

pirveli meTodis realizaciisas momsaxurebis<br />

teritoria iyofa erTiani formis zonebad, statistikuri<br />

radiofizikis meTodebis gamoyenebiT ganisazRvreba<br />

maTi zomebi, <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, is minimaluri<br />

manZili maT Soris, romlis drosac uzrunveliyofa<br />

urTierTgavlenis <strong>da</strong>saSvebi doneebi.<br />

teritoriis optimaluri <strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis, e.i. imgvarad<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis, rodesac adgili ar aqvs ubnebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>farvas an maT gamotovebas, fiWis formisaTvis<br />

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod sami tipis<br />

geometriuli figura: samkuTxedi, kvar<strong>da</strong>ti <strong>da</strong><br />

eqvskuTxedi, radganac Tu maT centrSi ganvaTavsebT<br />

wriuli mimarTulobis diagramis mqone antenas, faqtobrivad<br />

miiRweva SeRwevadoba fiWis yvela kidemde.<br />

16<br />

pirveli meTodis gamoyenebisas im zonebs Soris<br />

intervali, romelebSic gamoiyeneba erTnairi muSa<br />

arxebi, rogorc wesi, aris imaze meti, rac aucilebelia<br />

urTierTxelSeSlebis <strong>da</strong>saSveb doneze Senar-<br />

CunebisaTvis.<br />

iTvleba, rom ufro misaRebia fiWebad <strong>da</strong>yofis<br />

meore meTodi. am SemTxvevaSi zustad izomeba an<br />

iangariSeba sistemis parametrebi, raTa ganisazRvros<br />

bazuri sadgurebis is minimaluri ricxvi, romelic<br />

uzrunvelyofs mTel teritoriaze abonentebis <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebel<br />

momsaxurebas; ganisazRvreba maTi<br />

ganlagebis optimaluri adgilebi reliefis Taviseburebebis<br />

gaTvalisiwnebiT; dgindeba mimarTuli<br />

antenebis, retransliatorebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

yovel fiWas emsaxureba Tavisi ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mcire<br />

gamosasvleli simZlavriT <strong>da</strong> kavSiris arxebis<br />

SezRuduli raodenobiT. es saSualebas iZleva, igive<br />

sixSireebi gamoyenebul iqnes sxva, <strong>da</strong>SorebiT ganlagebul<br />

fiWebSi <strong>da</strong>, amasTan, adgili ar hqondes<br />

urTierTxelSeSlebs. Teoriulad, erTnairi six-<br />

Sireebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mezobel fi-<br />

WebSic, magram praqtikaSi momsaxurebis zonebi Sei-<br />

Zleba ga<strong>da</strong>ifaros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtorebis zegavleniT,<br />

magaliTad, radiotalRebis gavrcelebis pirobebis<br />

Secvlis gamo. amitom mezobel fiWebSi gamoiyeneba<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSireebi. nax. 1.4-ze mocemulia fiWebis<br />

agebis magaliTi sami F1-F3 sixSiris gamoyenebiT.<br />

17

R<br />

F2<br />

F1<br />

F3<br />

F1, F2,F3 - bazuri sadgurebis sixSireebi<br />

F1<br />

F3<br />

F2<br />

F2<br />

F1<br />

F3<br />

nax. 1.4. fiWebis agebis magaliTi sam sixSireze<br />

fiWebis jgufs, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSireebis nakrebiT,<br />

ewodeba klasteri. mis ganmsazRvrel parametrs war-<br />

moadgens mezobel fiWebSi gamoyenebul sixSireTa<br />

raodenoba. magaliTad, nax. 1.2-ze klasteris ganzomileba<br />

tolia 3-is, magram, praqtikaSi es ricxvi Sei-<br />

Zleba aRwevdes TxuTmets.<br />

ZiriTadi idea, rasac efuZneba kavSiris fiWuri<br />

principi, mdgomareobs aramomijnave fiWebSi six-<br />

Sireebis xelmeored gamoyenebaSi. pirveli Taobis<br />

analogur fiWur sistemebSi (analogur sistemebSi)<br />

gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> mimarTulobis wriuli diagramis mqone<br />

antenebi (nax. 1.5). aseTi principi gulisxmobs erT-<br />

nairi simZlavris signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas yvela mimarTulebiT.<br />

amitom mocemul fiWaSi mdebare saabo-<br />

18<br />

F1<br />

F3<br />

F2<br />

D<br />

F2<br />

F1<br />

F3<br />

F1<br />

F3<br />

F2<br />

nento radiosadgurs SesaZloa Seeqmnas xelSeSle-<br />

bi misgan sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebT ganlagebuli sabazo<br />

sadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

sabazo sadgurebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>iSveba sixSireTa gan-<br />

meorebiTi gamoyeneba, <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia erTmaneTisagan<br />

D manZiliT, romelsac `<strong>da</strong>mcavi intervali~ ewode-<br />

ba. sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblo-<br />

ba gansazRvravs fiWur principze agebuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s maRal efeqturobas.<br />

F5<br />

F4<br />

R<br />

R<br />

F6<br />

F1<br />

F3<br />

F7<br />

F2<br />

nax. 1.5. araSeuRlebul fiWebSi sixSireTa<br />

meoradi gamoyenebis modeli<br />

momijnave sabazo sadgurebi, romlebSic gamoiyeneba<br />

sixSirul arxTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nakrebebi, qmnian<br />

jgufs C sadgurisagan. Tu TiToeul sabazo sad-<br />

gurSi gamoiyeneba m arxis nakrebi <strong>da</strong> erTi arxis<br />

19<br />

F5<br />

F4<br />

D<br />

F6<br />

F1<br />

F3<br />

F7<br />

F2

sixSiruli zolis sigane aris F k , maSin fiWuri siste-<br />

mis saerTo sixSiruli zolis sigane toli iqneba<br />

F c = F k mC.<br />

amgvarad, C sidide araa <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli nakrebSi<br />

arxTa raodenobaze <strong>da</strong> igi gansazRvravs sistemaSi<br />

arxebis minimalur ricxvs. mas sistemis sixSiruli<br />

parametri an sixSireTa ganmeorebis koeficienti<br />

ewodeba.<br />

eqvskuTxedis formis fiWebis gamoyeneba saSu-<br />

alebas iZleva moxdes aucilebel sixSireTa diapa-<br />

zonis siganis minimizacia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n aseTi forma<br />

uzrunvelyofs optimalur Tanafardobas C-sa <strong>da</strong><br />

D-s Soris.<br />

xelSeSlebis donis Semcirebis erT-erT meTods<br />

warmoadgens iseTi seqtoruli antenebis gamoyeneba,<br />

romelTac gaaCnia mimarTulobis viwro diagrama.<br />

dReisaTvis sixSireTa gameorebis gavrcelebul me-<br />

Tods warmoadgens sabazo sadgurebSi 3-seqtoriani<br />

antenebis <strong>da</strong> sami mezobeli sadgurisaTvis fiqsire-<br />

buli 9 sixSirisgan Sedgenili jgufis gamoyeneba<br />

(nax. 1.6). am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba antenebi, romel-<br />

Ta mimarTulobis diagramis sigane Seadgens 120-s.<br />

yvelaze efeqturia aSS-is firma Motorola-s mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli sixSireTa ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis<br />

meTodi. am meTodis realizaciisas (nax. 1.7) TiToeu-<br />

li sixSire klasteris farglebSi (romelic 4 ujredisagan<br />

Sedgeba) gamoiyeneba orjer. TiToeuli maT-<br />

ganis sabazo sadgurs SeuZlia imuSaos 12 sixSireze<br />

60-iani siganis mimarTulobis diagramis mqone antenis<br />

gamoyenebiT.<br />

20<br />

4<br />

1<br />

7<br />

2 3<br />

5 8 6 9<br />

4<br />

4<br />

1<br />

2 3<br />

5 8 6<br />

4<br />

1<br />

1 2<br />

3<br />

1<br />

7 5 8<br />

6<br />

21<br />

7<br />

7<br />

9<br />

5<br />

9<br />

2<br />

4<br />

4<br />

1<br />

7<br />

3<br />

8 6 9<br />

nax. 1.6. sam seqtorian fiWebSi sixSiris meoradi<br />

gamoyenebis modeli<br />

6<br />

6<br />

2<br />

12<br />

3<br />

11<br />

10<br />

4<br />

9<br />

1<br />

8<br />

8<br />

7<br />

7<br />

6<br />

6<br />

2<br />

11<br />

3<br />

12<br />

2<br />

12<br />

3<br />

11<br />

9<br />

4<br />

10<br />

1<br />

10<br />

4<br />

9<br />

1<br />

5<br />

5<br />

8<br />

8<br />

6<br />

6<br />

7<br />

7<br />

2<br />

12<br />

3<br />

11<br />

2<br />

11<br />

3<br />

12<br />

10<br />

4<br />

9<br />

1<br />

9<br />

4<br />

10<br />

1<br />

nax. 1.7. or mezobel fiWaSi sixSiris meoradi<br />

gamoyenebis modeli<br />

8<br />

8<br />

5<br />

5<br />

7<br />

7<br />

6<br />

6<br />

2<br />

11<br />

3<br />

12<br />

2<br />

12<br />

3<br />

11<br />

9<br />

4<br />

10<br />

1<br />

10<br />

4<br />

9<br />

1<br />

5<br />

5<br />

8<br />

8<br />

7<br />

7<br />

2<br />

11<br />

3<br />

12<br />

9<br />

4<br />

10<br />

1<br />

7<br />

5<br />

5

Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganisazRvros<br />

sixSireTa ganmeorebiT gamoyenebis safuZvelze<br />

agebuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong> fi-<br />

Wuri radiokavSiris sistemis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli<br />

nawilebi. kerZod, kavSiris fiWuri sistemis<br />

yovel ujreds (fiWas) emsaxureba mravalarxiani<br />

mimReb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi, romelsac ewodeba sabazo sadguri.<br />

igi garkveulwilad warmoadgens interfeiss fi-<br />

Wur telefonsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris centrs Soris.<br />

sabazo sadguris arxTa raodenoba, rogorc wesi, 8is<br />

jeradia, mag. 8, 16, 32... sabazo sadguris erT-erTi<br />

arxi aris mmarTveli (Control Channel). zogierT SemTxvevaSi<br />

SeiZleba igi iwodos gamoZaxebis arxad (Calling<br />

Channel). am arxis meSveobiT xdeba mobilur obieqt-<br />

Tan SeerTeba gamoZaxebisas, xolo laparaki iwyeba<br />

mas Semdeg, rac moiZebneba im momentisaTvis Tavisufali<br />

arxi <strong>da</strong> moxdeba masze ga<strong>da</strong>rTva. yvela es<br />

procesi mimdinareobs swarfad <strong>da</strong> amitom SeumCnevelia<br />

abonentisaTvis.<br />

fiWuri kavSiris nebismieri arxi dupleqsuria<br />

<strong>da</strong> iyenebs sixSireTa wyvils, e.i. sabazo <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadguris sixSireebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaa. yvela sabazo<br />

sadguri mierTebulia <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris komutaciis<br />

centrTan (komutatorTan) <strong>da</strong> gamoyofilia<br />

gamtariani an radiosareleo kavSiris arxebiT. komutaciis<br />

centri MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) _<br />

es aris fiWuri sistemis avtomaturi satelefono<br />

sadguri, romelic asrulebs qselis marTvis yvela<br />

funqcias. kerZod, igi mudmivad afiqsirebs <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadgurebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas, axorcielebs maT<br />

estafetur ga<strong>da</strong>cemas <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

22<br />

1.4. farTozoluri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

agebis princi pebis analizi<br />

zemoT ganxiluli iyo <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

fiWuri radiokavSiris sistemebSi sixSireTa<br />

ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis princi pebi, romlebic sa-<br />

Sualebas iZleva Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT efeqturad iqnas gamoyenebuli<br />

sixSireTa speqtri. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa six-<br />

SireTa speqtris gamoyenebis efeqturobis Semdgomi<br />

gazr<strong>da</strong> warmoadgens aqtualur amocanas. es<br />

gamowveulia imiT, rom dReisaTvis msoflioSi aris<br />

3 ghc sixSiremde speqtris mwvave deficiti. aRniSnuli<br />

problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris erT-erTi gzaa farTozoluri<br />

sistemis gamoyeneba, romlebic efuZneba CDMA<br />

(Code Division Multiple Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva koduri<br />

gancalkevebiT) teqnologiis gamoyenabas.<br />

CDMA teqnologiis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba rTuli<br />

signalebi. rogorc cnobilia, rTuli ewodeba<br />

signalebs, romelTa xangrZlivobis namravli speqtris<br />

siganeze gacilebiT metia erTze.<br />

B = T F, B>>1,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c B, Т <strong>da</strong> F - Sesabamisad baza, xangrZlivoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> signalis speqtris siganea.<br />

rTuli signalebis teqnologiis ZiriTadi idea<br />

mdgomareobs viwrozolovani f signalebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaSi<br />

farTozolovan F signalebad ucvleli E<br />

energiiT, rogorc naCvenebia nax.1.8-ze. energiis<br />

simkvrive SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnas E/ f fardobiT.<br />

farTozolovani ga<strong>da</strong>cemis gamoyenebisas eTerSi<br />

asxiveben signals winaswar gansazRvruli gafar-<br />

Toebuli F zoliT, ase rom gamosasvleli signalis<br />

energiis speqtraluri simkvrive mcirdeba F/<br />

f-jer <strong>da</strong> Seadgens E/ F.<br />

23

2.6. naxazi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom miRebul rTul signals,<br />

martiv sawyis signalTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT aqvs xmaurise-<br />

bri saxe sixSiris F intervalSi. gasagebia, rom<br />

rac ufro `gaWimulia~ F rTuli signalis zoli<br />

mudmivi E energiis dros, miT ufro naklebia signalis<br />

energiis speqtraluri simkvrive.<br />

signalebi didi baziT xasiaTdebian mTeli rigi<br />

upiratesobebiT. aseTebia:<br />

kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s maRali xelSeSlamdgradoba;<br />

kavSiris arxebSi signalebis <strong>da</strong>maxinjebebTan<br />

efeqturi brZolis SesaZlebloba;<br />

mravali abonentis erTdrouli muSaoba six-<br />

Siris saerTo zolSi arxebis koduri <strong>da</strong>yofis xarjze;<br />

sixSiris speqtris ufro efeqturi gamoyeneba<br />

SezRudul teritoriaze.<br />

nax. 1.8. signalis speqtris gar<strong>da</strong>qmna<br />

24<br />

sistemis xelSeSla<strong>da</strong>culoba - xelSeSlebis<br />

zemoqmedebasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis saSualebaa. radiokavSiris<br />

arxSi <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

ganpirobebulia signalebis mravalsxivuri gavr-<br />

celebiT, rodesac signali modis miRebis wertil-<br />

Si sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT. mravalricxovani <strong>da</strong>brkolebe-<br />

bi<strong>da</strong>n areklebs mivyavarT miRebis wertilSi sxive-<br />

bis interferenciasTan, rac mniSvnelovnad arTulebs<br />

kavSiris sistemis muSaobas. milevis kompensacii-<br />

saTvis Cveulebriv zrdian sabazo sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>-<br />

cemis simZlavres 10...20 db-mde. rTuli signalebis<br />

gamoyeneba iZleva mravalsxivianobasTan brZolis<br />

ufro efeqtur saSualebas.<br />

rTuli signalebis gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia<br />

calkeuli sxivebis signalebi gamoiyos saerTo in-<br />

terferenciuli suraTi<strong>da</strong>n miRebis dros korel-<br />

aciuli <strong>da</strong>muSavebis xarjze. nax.1.9,a-ze gamosaxulia<br />

kompleqsuri fazamani pulirebuli rTuli signa-<br />

li T xangrZlivobiT. nax.1.9,b-ze gamosaxulia sig-<br />

nali koreliatoris gamosasvlelze _korelatoris<br />

gamoZaxili. es gamoZaxili Seesabameba signalis av-<br />

tokorelaciur funqcias, romelsac aqvs 2T xangr-<br />

Zlivoba. masSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori mkveTrad<br />

gansxvavebuli struqtura:<br />

1) signalis avtokorelaciuri funqciis centr-<br />

Si wvrili impulsis saxiT mkveTri naxtomi _ wodebuli<br />

centralur pikad, romlis amplitu<strong>da</strong>a R 0 ,<br />

xolo xangrZlivoba ukuproporciulia signalis<br />

speqtris siganisa: τ 0 =1/ F.<br />

25

nax. 1.9. rTuli signalebi <strong>da</strong><br />

mravalsxivianobasTan brZola<br />

2) avtokorelaciuri funqciis <strong>da</strong>rCenili nawili,<br />

romelic warmoadgens gverdiTi furclebis<br />

erTobliobas maqsimaluri doniT R a .<br />

nax. 1.9.g-ze gamosaxulia koreliatoris gamoZaxili<br />

ramdenime signalze. Tu sxivebs Soris <strong>da</strong>yovneba<br />

t metia centraluri pikis xangrZlivobaze,<br />

maSin sxivebi SeiZleba gamoiyos. mravalsxivianobasTan<br />

brZolis aseTi principi iqna gamoyenebuli<br />

pirvelad farTozolovani signalebiT kav-<br />

Siris sistemaSi.<br />

26<br />

a) rTuli signalebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis ZiriTadi<br />

princi pebi<br />

cnobilia sistemebSi rTuli signalebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis<br />

ramodenime xerxi, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia<br />

ganxorcieldes:<br />

signalis bazis gafarToeba kodis meSveobiT;<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi <strong>da</strong> mimRebi mxareebis koduri sinqronizacia;<br />

sistemaSi urTierTxelSeSlebis donis Senar-<br />

Cuneba <strong>da</strong>saSveb farglebSi;<br />

optimaluri koduri mimdevrobebis gamoyeneba<br />

sistemis maxasiaTeblebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.<br />

arsebobs ori ZiriTadi xerxi signalebis bazis<br />

gafarToebisaTvis:<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris swrafi naxtomiseburi cvlileba;<br />

sixSiris speqtris pir<strong>da</strong>piri gafarToeba.<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris naxtomiseburi cvlilebis<br />

dros Setyobinebis yovel simbolos ga<strong>da</strong>scemen diskretul<br />

sixSireTa nakrebis meSveobiT.<br />

meore xerxis SemTxvevaSi viwrozolovan signals<br />

amravleben fsevdoSemTxveviT mimdevrobaze, romelic<br />

Sesdgeba N elementiani jgufebisagan (Cipebisagan),<br />

romelTa ganmeorebis periodi Т = N , sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi<br />

elementis xangrZlivobaa. am SemTxvevaSi signalis<br />

baza B ricxobrivad fsevdoSemTxveviTi mimdevrobis<br />

periodSi elementebis N raodenobis tolia.<br />

praqtikaSi xSirad iyeneben binarul fsevdoSemTxveviT<br />

mimdevrobas, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi<br />

pirobiTad SeiZleba aRiniSnos `+1~ <strong>da</strong> `-1~ simboloebiT.<br />

aseT mimdevrobebs aqvT mTeli rigi saWiro<br />

Tvisebebi:<br />

fsevdoSemTxveviT mimdevrobaSi `-1~ <strong>da</strong> `+1~ elementebis<br />

raodenoba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT Tanabaria;<br />

27

ganmeorebis N periodis mqone fsevdo-SemTxveviTi<br />

mimdevrobis nebismieri r sigrZis CamonaWeri,<br />

romelic Sedgeba `+1~ an `-1~ elementebisagan, mimdevrobaSi<br />

warmoiqmneba saSualod N-jer;<br />

aseTi mimdevrobebis avtokorelaciuri <strong>da</strong> urTierTkorelaciuri<br />

funqciebi uzrunvelyofen optimalur<br />

korelaciur ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebas miRebis dros.<br />

signalis bazis gafarToebis princi pi sixSiris<br />

speqtris pir<strong>da</strong>piri gafarToebis meTodiT SeiZleba<br />

aixsnas nax.1.10-is b,g,d fragmentis meSveobiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

erTeuli biti Seesabameba `+1~ elements, xolo<br />

nulovani _ `-1~ elements.<br />

b)<br />

g)<br />

d)<br />

e)<br />

a)<br />

v)<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

informaciuli<br />

signal i D(t)<br />

D(t)<br />

S(t)<br />

S(t) D(t)<br />

U(t)<br />

V(t)<br />

1<br />

-1<br />

<br />

T<br />

Kkoduri mimdevroba<br />

S(t)<br />

nax. 1.10. sixSiris pir<strong>da</strong>piri gafarToebis meTodi<br />

a) koduri modulatori;<br />

b) informaciuli signali;<br />

g) koduri mimdevroba;<br />

d) kodiT mani pulirebuli informaciuli<br />

signali;<br />

e) fazamani pulirebuli rTuli signali ;<br />

v) kompleqsuri fazamani pulirebuli signali .<br />

28<br />

rTuli signali<br />

S(t) D(t)<br />

2T 3T<br />

t<br />

t<br />

t<br />

t<br />

t<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis gamosasvlelze fazamanipulirebuli<br />

U(t) signali warmoadgens radioimpulsebis mimdevrobas,<br />

romelTa sawyisi fazebi (0 <strong>da</strong> 180) icvleba<br />

mocemuli kanoniT.<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mtani f 0 sixSiris diskretuli signali kompleqsur<br />

formaSi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas ase:<br />

Re [ S<br />

{t} exp(j 2π f t)] ,<br />

S{t} 0<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

S<br />

{t} <br />

<br />

i<br />

<br />

<br />

a<br />

S<br />

i 0(t<br />

iΔ)<br />

aris diskretuli sig-<br />

nalis kompleqsuri momvlebi.<br />

signalis i-uri impulsis kompleqsuri amplitu<strong>da</strong>:<br />

a i a<br />

i exp[ j arg( a<br />

i )] ,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c a i <strong>da</strong> arg( a<br />

i)<br />

Sesabamisad diskretuli sig-<br />

nalis i-uri impulsis namdvili amplitu<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sawyisi<br />

fazaa; S o(t i)<br />

- stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli radioimpulsis<br />

kompleqsuri momvlebia.<br />

{a i }={a: i=…,-1,0,1,…} mimdevrobas ewodeba koduri<br />

mimdevroba anu kodi.<br />

Tu kodur mimdevrobas aqvs gameorebis N periodi<br />

(a= a, i=…,-1,0,1,…), maSin S{t}-s ewodeba perioduli<br />

diskretuli signali, xolo N ricxvs _kodis sigrZe.<br />

nebismieri perioduli diskretuli signali<br />

(pds) SeiZleba miviRoT, impulsuri finituri N signalis<br />

gameorebiT T=N periodiT, amitom pds-saTvis<br />

marTebulia Semdegi toloba:<br />

N1<br />

S{t}= a S<br />

i 0t<br />

i rNΔ<br />

<br />

r i0<br />

diskretul signals, romlis koduri mimdevroba<br />

binaluria (a i =0,1,…,N-1, anu icvleba sawyisi fazebi,<br />

29

xolo amplitudebi mudmivi rCeba) ewodeba binaluri<br />

fazamanipulirebuli signali (bfms).<br />

Tu bfms-is elementarul impulsebs warmoadgenen<br />

xangrZlivobis sworkuTxovani Cipebi, maSin impulsis<br />

kompleqsuri amplitu<strong>da</strong> tolia:<br />

a= A exp γ <br />

j ,<br />

i<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c A = const _ impulsis mudmivmoqmedi amplitu<strong>da</strong>a,<br />

0, π<br />

γi misi sawyisi fazaa. aseTi impulsis kompleqsuri<br />

momvlebi:<br />

S0 t <br />

1,<br />

{ 0,<br />

t [0, Δ]<br />

t ] ,0[<br />

; t <br />

] Δ , [<br />

diskretul formaSi sasargeblo informaciis<br />

signals aqvs Semdegi saxe:<br />

D=1*exp ( jd<br />

r ) , d r (0, π ).<br />

amitom kodiT mani pulirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>mtani six-<br />

Siris sainformacio signali iqneba:<br />

N1<br />

Dr i 0<br />

0<br />

r<br />

i0<br />

S(t)=Re{[ a S t i rNΔ<br />

exp j2π f t<br />

<br />

N1<br />

=Re{[A} . exp jdr<br />

exp<br />

jyi<br />

S0 t i<br />

rNΔ<br />

]exp j2πf<br />

0t<br />

<br />

r<br />

<br />

i0<br />

signalis miReba xorcieldeba optimaluri mim-<br />

Rebis meSveobiT, romelic iTvlis korelaciur integrals<br />

signalisaTvis:<br />

T<br />

,<br />

Z= x tS 0n<br />

tdt 0<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c x(t) Semavali signalia, romelic Sedgeba<br />

sasargeblo signalisa <strong>da</strong> xmauris narevisagan; S(t)samisamarTo<br />

mimdevrobis sayrdeni aslia; T-kodis<br />

periodi. koreliatori axorcielebs Semavali far-<br />

30<br />

}<br />

Tozolovani signalis speqtris SekumSvas sixSiruli<br />

speqtris Semdgomi filtraciiT.<br />

rTuli signalebis korelaciuri <strong>da</strong>muSaveba iZle-<br />

va energetikuli mogebis saSualebas miRebis dros.<br />

b) koduri Tanmimdevrobebis kriteriumebis<br />

amorCeva<br />

koduri Tanmimdevrobebis arCeva CDMA sistemisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia arxis ti pze: pir<strong>da</strong>piri an<br />

uku.<br />

kavSiris pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi upiratesoba eniWeba muSa<br />

arxebis taqtur <strong>da</strong> kadrul sinqronizacias. <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadguris mimRebis Sesasvlelze narCundeba<br />

muSa arxebis samisamarTo mimdevrobebis taqturi<br />

<strong>da</strong> kadruli sinqronizaciis reJimi. arxebsSorisi<br />

xmauris minimizaciisaTvis kavSiris pir<strong>da</strong>pir arx-<br />

Si gamoiyeneba orTogonaluri signalebis ansambli.<br />

am dros mimRebis korelatori reagirebs mxolod<br />

am samisamarTo mimdevrobebze. mezobeli arxebis<br />

signalebze korelatoris gamoZaxili un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

nulis toli.<br />

uku arxSi situacia sxvagvaria. aq saWiroa signalebis<br />

ansambli kargi korelaciuri TvisebebiT.<br />

M abonentian sistemaSi iyeneben N sigrZis samisa-<br />

marTo mimdevrobebs. SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi: a k<br />

i<br />

31<br />

_ k-<br />

uri mimdevrobis i-uri simboloa, i=0,1,…,N-1;<br />

k=1,2,…M. maSin k <strong>da</strong> l mimdevrobebis urTierTkorelaciuri<br />

funqcia:<br />

N 1 1 k l<br />

R kl(m)<br />

a i a i ,<br />

N<br />

<br />

k l ,<br />

i0

sa<strong>da</strong>c m aris erTi mimdevrobis droiTi biji<br />

meoris mimarT. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare CamovayaliboT<br />

urTierTkorelaciuri funqciisadmi moTxovnileba<br />

Semdegi saxiT:<br />

R max R m min<br />

b<br />

k<br />

l<br />

kl<br />

.<br />

urTierTkorelaciuri funqciis amonavardnis<br />

maqsimaluri done un<strong>da</strong> iyos rac SeiZleba mcire;<br />

avtokorelaciuri funqciis gverdiTi furclebis<br />

maqsimaluri done un<strong>da</strong> iyos rac SeiZleba mcire.<br />

CDMA sistemebSi farTo gamoyeneba aqvT N mimdevrobaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>fuZnebul binarul kodebs. es ganpirobebulia<br />

perioduli avtokorelaciuri funqciebis<br />

mqone iseTi kodebiT, romlebisTvisac:<br />

<br />

R , 1<br />

na m 1/<br />

N ,<br />

m<br />

mod N<br />

m<br />

mod N<br />

.<br />

yoveli muSa arxisaTvis gamoiyofa samisamarTo<br />

mimdevroba. CDMA sistemebs SeswevT unari imuSaon<br />

sxva radioteqnikuri saSualebebis diapazonSi. kav-<br />

Siris aseTi <strong>sistemebi</strong> uzrunvelyofen usafrTxoebis<br />

maRal xarisxs <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli informaciis konfidencialurobas.<br />

CDMA sistemebma farTo gamoyeneba<br />

hpoves kavSiris Si<strong>da</strong> sistemebSi, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />

farTozolovani signalebi ganicdian nakleb<br />

<strong>da</strong>nakargebs maTi gavrcelebis gzaze <strong>da</strong> iZlevian<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxinjebebTan efeqturi brZolis SesaZleblobas.<br />

g) signalis xelSeSlasTan fardoba kavSiris arxebSi<br />

signalis xelSeSlasTan fardoba uku arxSi<br />

mimReb mxareze <strong>da</strong>brkolebebisa <strong>da</strong> mezobeli arxebis<br />

signalebis zemoqmedeba iwvevs xmaurs mimRebis<br />

32<br />

saxazo traqtSi. korelatoris gamosasvlelze s/x<br />

2 2E<br />

fardoba q<br />

Ni<br />

N0<br />

<br />

;<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c N i / 2 _ aris xmauris simZlavris ormxrivi<br />

speqtraluri simkvrive <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad arxebsSorisi<br />

xmauri; E—informaciuli gzavnilis erTi simbolos<br />

energia (nax. 1.11).<br />

xmauris simZlavris <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>brkolebaTa<br />

speqtraluri simkvriveebi tolia:<br />

Tburi xmauris simZlavris speqtruli simkvrive<br />

0 K T =K T w 1<br />

b x b 0 ,<br />

N <br />

23<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c K =1.38 10 b <br />

_ bolcmanis mudmivaa;<br />

T =T w 1<br />

x 0 _ mimRebis saxazo traqtis xmauris temperatura;<br />

T 0 =290K, w _ mimRebis saxazo traqtis xmauris<br />

koeficienti.<br />

urTierTxelSeSlebis simZlavris speqtraluri<br />

simkvrive:<br />

N<br />

0<br />

<br />

M <br />

s<br />

BS<br />

1 P M P<br />

rx min<br />

s rx <br />

F<br />

F<br />

BS<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c M s 1 P _ am av e fiWi s aq t i u r i<br />

rx min<br />

abonentebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare urTierTxelSeSlebis<br />

BS<br />

simZlavrea; M sP<br />

_ urTierTxelSeSlebis<br />

rx min<br />

simZlavrea, romelic momdinareobs mezobeli fiWis<br />

aqti uri abonente bisagan, _koefic ient ia;<br />

M s _mocemuli fiWis aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvia;<br />

BS<br />

F_signalis speqtris siganea; Prx _ signalis<br />

min<br />

minimaluri moTxovnili simZlavrea mimRebis saxazo<br />

traqtis Sesasvlelze.<br />

informaciuli gzavnilis erTi simbolos energia<br />

33<br />

BS<br />

min<br />

,

P B<br />

E=<br />

F<br />

BS<br />

rx min<br />

, sa<strong>da</strong>c B-signalis bazaa.<br />

<br />

simboloebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare fasdeba C/R<br />

fardobiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c C _ informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqarea,<br />

xolo R_gamoyenebuli xelSeSlamdgradi kodis<br />

siCqare. informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare C <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />

rTuli signalis speqtris siganesTan Semdegi<br />

FR<br />

gamosaxulebiT: C= .<br />

B<br />

aRniSnuli formuliT miviRebT s/x fardobis<br />

gamosaxulebas simboloze ukukavSiris arxSi:<br />

q<br />

2<br />

<br />

K T<br />

b<br />

0<br />

2P<br />

w 1<br />

BS<br />

rx min<br />

<br />

B<br />

F<br />

rx<br />

BS M 1P<br />

rx F<br />

s<br />

F<br />

34<br />

M<br />

<br />

s<br />

P<br />

BS<br />

min<br />

mocemuli gamosaxuleba asaxavs s/x fardobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas sabazo sadguris (BS) mimReb<br />

mowyobilobaze.<br />

CDMA sistemaSi fiWebis seqtorizacia saSualebas<br />

iZleva, rom gavzardoT qselis gatarebis unari—<br />

aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvi fiWaSi:<br />

M=M s ma<br />

,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c M_ aqtiuri abonentebis ricxvia fiWis<br />

erT seqtorSi; m_ seqtorizaciis koeficienti.<br />

seqtorizaciis koeficienti Tavis maqsimalur<br />

SesaZlo mniSvnelobas aRwevs mxolod erTseqtorian<br />

fiWaSi: m=1. samseqtorian fiWaSi m realuri moqmedi<br />

mniSvneloba Seadgens maqsimumi<strong>da</strong>n 85%: m=2,55.<br />

ganvsazRvroT mosazRvre fiWebis wvlili saerTo<br />

min<br />

.<br />

.<br />

S( j f )<br />

E<br />

B<br />

f<br />

N1<br />

<br />

F<br />

F<br />

N 0<br />

<br />

nax. 1.11. energetikuli Tanafardoba CDMA<br />

35<br />

F<br />

sistemaSi<br />

xelSeSlebis fonze. movaxdinoT erTseqtoriani<br />

fiWis analizi ma 1 , M M s .<br />

miRebuli Sedegi<br />

samarTliani iqneba mravalseqtoriani fiWisTvisac.<br />

CavTvaloT, rom qseli Sesdgeba erTnairi zomis<br />

fiWebisagan, abonentebi ganlagebulni arian Tanabarzomieradi<br />

qselis teritoriaze. Sefaseba movaxdinoT<br />

eqvsi fiWisTvis. nax. 1.12-ze R—warmoadgens fi-<br />

Webis r adius s ; S= R 2 _ fiWis farTobia;<br />

0<br />

D=2Rcos <br />

30 _fiWebis centrebs Soris manZilia (BS-<br />

is antenebs Soris); (r, ) _ <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentebis<br />

f<br />

f

mimdinare koordinatebia.<br />

2 2 D r 2D<br />

r cos <br />

<br />

_ mezobeli fiWebis abo-<br />

nentebs <strong>da</strong> BS 0 -is antenebs Soris mimdinare manZi-<br />

lia.<br />

movaxdinoT mxolod erTi fiWis analizi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

am analizis Sedegi analogiuri iqneba <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />

fiWebisTvisac.<br />

abonentebi fiWaSi ganTavsebulia Tanabarzomierad.<br />

abonentebis raodenobis albaTobis simkvrive<br />

fiWis mocemul wertilSi koordinatebiT r, <br />

(nax. 1.10)<br />

r, <br />

W { πr , r R<br />

0<br />

1<br />

2 ;<br />

,<br />

r R<br />

signalis simZlavre, romelic miRebulia mezobeli<br />

fiWis erTi aqtiuri MS-<strong>da</strong>n, saSualod Seadgens<br />

P<br />

r, <br />

W P<br />

BS<br />

1<br />

BS<br />

RX .<br />

S <br />

RX <br />

X dS<br />

nax. 1.12. mezobeli fiWebis MS abonentebis<br />

urTierTxelSeSlebis gaangariSebisaTvis<br />

36<br />

Tu gavavrcelebT miRebul Sedegs eqvsi mosazRvre<br />

fiWis SemTxvevaze, miviRebT urTierT<strong>da</strong>brkolebaTa<br />

simZlavris jamur sidides, romelic momdinareobs<br />

mezobeli fiWebis aqtiuri abonentebi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />

BS<br />

P 6<br />

RX <br />

MP<br />

BS<br />

RX<br />

.<br />

Tu vivaraudebT, rom sistemis gatarebis unari<br />

SezRudulia mxolod urTierT<strong>da</strong>brkolebebiT, ma-<br />

Sin ukuarxSi s/x-is SefadebisTvis gveqneba:<br />

2B<br />

2<br />

q ;<br />

1<br />

75M<br />

S 1<br />

imisaTvis, rom CDMA sistemis potencialuri Sesa-<br />

Zleblobebi maqsimalurad iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli,<br />

CavTvaloT, rom sasaubro pauzis dros informacias<br />

ar ga<strong>da</strong>scemen. Tu _ albaTobaa imisa, rom<br />

abonenti drois mocemul momentSi laparakobs,<br />

xolo (1- ) – albaTobaa imisa, rom is Cuma<strong>da</strong>a, maSin<br />

albaToba imisa, rom fiWis seqtoris M s aqtiuri<br />

abonentebi<strong>da</strong>n mocemul momentSi laparakobs i abonenti,<br />

xolo (M s -i) Cuma<strong>da</strong>a, binomuri ganawilebis<br />

kanonis Sesabamisad qveqneba:<br />

M S i M S<br />

i<br />

p(<br />

i)<br />

<br />

<br />

i <br />

<br />

1 .<br />

<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, saSualod sistemaSi s/x-is Sefardeba<br />

seqtorSi M aqtiur abonentebTan:<br />

s<br />

M s<br />

<br />

i o<br />

i 2<br />

q p(<br />

i)<br />

.<br />

sabolood miviRebT:<br />

q<br />

M<br />

<br />

M s<br />

2 s i M s i<br />

( 1<br />

)<br />

i 1<br />

i<br />

1,<br />

75M<br />

s<br />

<br />

<br />

2B<br />

1<br />

37

s/x-is fardoba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxebSi s/x fardobis Sefasebisas un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamovideT imave mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic gvqon<strong>da</strong> uku<br />

arxebis SemTxvevaSi. pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi urTierTxelSeSlebi<br />

iqmneba mxolod mezobel fiWebTan. aviRoT<br />

qselis nawili, romelic Sesdgeba 12 fiWisagan, ganvixiloT<br />

yvelaze ufro araxelsayreli SemTxveva,<br />

rodesac abonenti imyofeba sami fiWis sazRvarze<br />

(nax. 1.13) am naxazi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare R aris fiWis<br />

radiusi; BS o _ BS-i, romelic mocemul momentSi inarCunebs<br />

kavSirs mobilur MS sadgurTan; BS 1 , BS 2 ,<br />

BS 3 _ mezobeli fiWebis sabazo BS sadgurebia.<br />

nax. 1.13. sami fiWis sazRvarze myofi moZravi sadguri<br />

38<br />

BS 1 , BS 2 <strong>da</strong> BS 3 sadgurebis antenebi <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia gan-<br />

saxilveli MS-<strong>da</strong>n Sesabamisad 1R, 2R <strong>da</strong> 7 R man-<br />

ZiliT. aSkaraa rom aditiuri urTierTxelSeSleb-<br />

is jamuri simZlavre proporciulia mezobeli BS<br />

fiWebis ricxvisa. gansaxilvel 12 fiWisagan Semdgar<br />

jgufSi zemoaRniSnuli sadgurebis raodenoba<br />

aris: BS 1 _ 2, BS 2 _ 3, BS 3 _ 6. jamSi s/x-is<br />

fardoba simboloze pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi iqneba:<br />

2E<br />

<br />

N N<br />

MS <br />

2PRXmin<br />

<br />

E<br />

MS<br />

MS<br />

2P (R) 3P (2R) 6P (<br />

RX<br />

RX<br />

RX<br />

KT0<br />

(w -1)<br />

Ms<br />

ΔF<br />

2<br />

q MS<br />

0<br />

i<br />

39<br />

7R)<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c, MS<br />

P aris MS mimRebis Sesasvlelze arsebu-<br />

RXmin<br />

li sasargeblo signalebis simZlavris minimaluri<br />

done; P ( X)<br />

MS<br />

_ MS-is mimRebis Sesasvlelze signa-<br />

RXmin<br />

lis simZlavrea; X _ MS <strong>da</strong> BS-s Soris manZilia.<br />

Tu abonentebi Tanabarzomierad arian fiWis teri-<br />

toriaze ganlagebulni, maSin urTierTxelSeSleb-<br />

is saSualo simZlavre iqneba <strong>da</strong>bali, xolo s/x-s<br />

fardoba _ maRali.<br />

d) gamtarunarianoba<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> uku arxebSi s/x-is fardobis meSve<br />

obiT S eiZ le ba Se fasdes CDMA s is te mi s<br />

gamtarunarianoba. trafikis arxebis maqsimalurad<br />

SesaZlebeli ricxvi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tu<br />

<strong>da</strong>vuSvebT s/x-is fardobis garkveul mniSvnelobas,<br />

romelic aucilebelia kavSiris xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.<br />

rodesac sistemaSi MS-is ga<strong>da</strong>mcemebs aqvT sim-<br />

Zlavris avtomaturi regulireba, s/x-is Sefardeba<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi iqneba:<br />

;

2 B<br />

q 0,<br />

87<br />

Ms<br />

pir ;<br />

xolo uku arxSi<br />

q<br />

2B<br />

B<br />

1,<br />

14<br />

1,75M 1<br />

M - 0,57<br />

2<br />

uku .<br />

s<br />

s<br />

aqtiuri abonentebis fiqsireuli raodenobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

s/x-is Sefardeba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi mcirea, vi-<br />

2 2<br />

dre uku arxSi q pir q uku . trafikis arxebis raodenoba,<br />

romelic Semodis fiWis seqtorSi, am SemTx-<br />

vevaSi tolia:<br />

0,87B<br />

int <br />

qpir<br />

<br />

Ms 2 ,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c int[x] _ x ricxvis mTeli nawilia.<br />

Tu simZlavris avtomaturi regulirebis sistema<br />

moqmedebs rogorc MS_ze, aseve BS-ze, maSin s/x-is<br />

fardoba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi iqneba,<br />

xolo uku arxSi<br />

2B<br />

q 2,<br />

16<br />

q<br />

2<br />

pir<br />

M<br />

;<br />

s<br />

2B<br />

1,75M -1<br />

2<br />

uku ;<br />

s<br />

aqtiuri abonentebis fiqsirebuli raodenobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi s/x-is Sefardeba ukuarxSi ufro<br />

2 2<br />

mcirea, vidre pir<strong>da</strong>pirSi ( q uku q pir ). trafikis arxebis<br />

raodenoba, romlebic Semodian fiWis seqtor-<br />

Si, am SemTxvevaSi:<br />

40<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

2B<br />

<br />

1<br />

int 1<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

q<br />

<br />

1,<br />

75<br />

.<br />

uku <br />

Ms 2<br />

fiWis seqtorze trafikis arxebis M s raodenobis<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamoZaxebebis blokirebis P b albaTobis dros,<br />

SeiZleba gaviangariSoT fiWis seqtorSi satele-<br />

fono A s <strong>da</strong>tvirTva erlangis formulis gamoyenebiT:<br />

Ms<br />

A<br />

Pb <br />

i<br />

As<br />

( Ms!<br />

)<br />

i!<br />

s<br />

M s<br />

<br />

io<br />

cxr. 1.1-Si mocemulia CDMA sistemaSi erTseqtoriani<br />

<strong>da</strong> samseqtoriani fiWebis trafikis parametrebis<br />

angariSis Sedegebi Semdegi monacemebisTvis:<br />

informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare C = 9600 kbit/wm.<br />

makoreqtirebeli kodis siCqare R = 1/2;<br />

signalis baza B = 64;<br />

samisamarTo mimdevrobebis taqturi sixSire<br />

F = 1,2288 mCip/wm.<br />

s/x-is zRvruli Sefardeba q 2 = 7 db;<br />

gamoZaxebis blokirebis albaToba 0.01.<br />

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac BS-is erTi nawili ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTulia,<br />

xolo meore ara. swored aseT situaciebSi<br />

CDMA-s aqvs kidev erTi Rirseba: Tu erTi<br />

an ramodenime ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli fiWis irgvliv arian<br />

naklebad <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli fiWebi, maSin centraluri<br />

fiWebis gatarebis unari izrdeba. es xdeba naklebad<br />

<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli fiWebis mxares urTierTxelSeSlebis<br />

Semcirebis Sedegad.<br />

41

cxr. 1.1.<br />

erTseqtoriani <strong>da</strong> samseqtoriani fiWebis<br />

parametri<br />

erTseqtoriani fiWis trafikis<br />

arxebis odenoba (ma = 1; 1/ 0,<br />

375)<br />

samseqtoriani fiWis trafikis<br />

trafikis parametrebi<br />

arxebis raodenoba (ma =2,55; 1 / 0,<br />

375)<br />

satelefono <strong>da</strong>tvirTva erTseqtorian<br />

fiWaze (ma =1; 1 / 0,<br />

375)<br />

, erl.<br />

satelefono <strong>da</strong>tvirTva samseqtorian<br />

fiWaze (ma = 2,55; 1 / 0,<br />

375)<br />

, erl.<br />

42<br />

simZlavris<br />

avtomaturi<br />

regulireba uku<br />

arxSi<br />

simZlavris<br />

avtomaturi<br />

regulireba<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi<br />

11/22 15/30<br />

28/56 38/77<br />

5,8/14,9 8,9/21,8<br />

20,2/45,5 29,1/65,7<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari<br />

Tviseba CDMA sistemisa aris muSa arxebis sixSirul-droiTi<br />

resursis srulyofili gamoyenebis<br />

SesaZlebloba. cdmaOne sistemis speqtraluri efeqturoba<br />

3-4-jer metia GSM-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />

e) CDMA-s bazaze agebuli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s moculobis<br />

miaxloebiTi Sefaseba fiWaSi abonentis<br />

SemTxveviTi mdebareobisas<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, msoflios ganviTarebul<br />

qveynebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis<br />

yovelmxrivi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba<br />

<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom mesame (3G) <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi Taobis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis optimalurs warmoadgens teqnolo-<br />

gia CDMA. cnobilia, rom am teqnologiis gamoyenebisas<br />

qselis moculoba Semoifargleba Si<strong>da</strong>-<br />

sistemuri xelSeSlebiT, romlebic gamowveulia<br />

sistemaSi gamoyenebuli rTuli signalebis (xmaurismagvari<br />

signalebis) urTierTkovaraciuli fun-<br />

qciebis obieqturad ganpirobebuli araidealuro-<br />

biT. am xelSeSlis Semcirebis erT-erTi efeqturi<br />

meTodia bazur sadgurTan axlos mdebare mobil-<br />

uri abonentis telefoniT gamosxivebuli simZlavris<br />

Semcireba.<br />

rogorc cnobilia arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva maTema-<br />

tikuri modeli, romlebic saSualebas iZlevian gani-<br />

sazRvros simZlavris saWiro medianuri mniSvneloba<br />

sabazo sadgursa <strong>da</strong> mobilur abonents Soris cno-<br />

bili manZilisas. Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom bazur sad-<br />

gurze drois nebismieri momentisaTvis aris informacia<br />

misgan <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentis <strong>da</strong>Sorebis<br />

Sesaxeb, aseve bazur sadgurs SeuZlia TiToeul<br />

kodur arxSi <strong>da</strong>ayenos saSualo simZlavre <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

aparatis mimRebSi C/I (signali/interferencia)<br />

fardobis saWiro mniSvnelobis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />

aseTi <strong>da</strong>Sveba marTebulia mocemuli bazuri sadguris<br />

lokaluri fiWis yvela abonentisaTvis, mi-<br />

uxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi adgilmdebareobisa fiWaSi <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />

marTebulia qselis yvela bazuri sadgurebisaTvis,<br />

romlebic moicaven msgavs fiWaTa usasrulo raode-<br />

nobas gansaxilveli teritoriis farglebSi. am<br />

pirobebSi fiWis TiToeuli abonentisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia<br />

C/I fardobis saWiro mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong><br />

43

SesaZlebelia abonentTa maqsimaluri ricxvis Se-<br />

faseba. aseTi Sefaseba SeiZleba napovni iqnas qselebisaTvis<br />

gamosxivebuli simZlavris rogorc marTviT,<br />

aseve marTvis gareSe. msgavsi amocanebi garkveul-<br />

wilad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilia cnobili specialistebis mier.<br />

qvemoT mocemuli Sefasebebi aris miaxloebiTi<br />

(asimptoturi), imitom rom ganxilulia SemTxvevebi,<br />

roca lokaluri fiWa garSertymulia Teoriulad<br />

SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi didi raodenobis analogiuri fiWe-<br />

biT. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom<br />

realur qselebSi fiWaTa raodenoba SezRudulia,<br />

magram mainc sakmaod didia. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, miRebuli Sede-<br />

gebi SeiZleba gavrceldes Si<strong>da</strong> fiWebze, maSin roca<br />

mimdebare fiWebisaTvis, romlebic axlomdebarea<br />

momsaxurebis sazRvarTan, isini SeiZleba ganxilul<br />

iqnas rogorc Sefaseba qvemo<strong>da</strong>n, anu rogorc Se-<br />

fasebis miaxloeba `uxeSad~.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, C/I fardoba ganisazRvreba<br />

radioarxis zolSi <strong>da</strong> cifruli modulaciis neb-<br />

ismieri meTodisas SeiZleba gamoisaxos, rogorc<br />

erTi bitis ga<strong>da</strong>cemaze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli signalis E b en-<br />

ergiis fardoba, xelSeSlis simZlavris speqtralur<br />

I simkvrivesTan:<br />

C<br />

I<br />

P<br />

P<br />

s s<br />

b<br />

b b<br />

<br />

. (1.1.)<br />

I<br />

E<br />

T<br />

s<br />

1<br />

I B<br />

0<br />

s<br />

E Z 1<br />

I T ZB<br />

0<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c, s B _ radioarxis sixSiruli zolia; Ts _<br />

arxuli simbolos gacvlis droa; Z - modulaciis<br />

gamoyenebuli meTodis jeradobaa (bitebis ricxvi,<br />

b<br />

44<br />

s<br />

E<br />

I<br />

0<br />

R<br />

B<br />

s<br />

romelic ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs erT saarxo simbolos); R b _<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqarea erT radioarxSi. cifrul sistemebSi<br />

mravlobiTi SeRweviT arxebis sixSiruli<br />

(FDMA) an droiTi (TDMA) gancalkavebiT b s R R ,<br />

xolo fardoba b 0 /I E yovelTvis metia erTze. ase<br />

magaliTad, GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi moTxovnili stan<strong>da</strong>r-<br />

tisaTvis xmis signalis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis saWiroa<br />

(aucilebelia) uzrunvelyofil iqnas Semdegi Tanafardobis<br />

Sesruleba, mokled rom vTqvaT, C/I auci-<br />

leblad erTze meti un<strong>da</strong> iyos. sistemebSi sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

gamoiyeneba arxebis koduri gancalkeveba R mniS-<br />

s<br />

vnelovnad un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodes R -s. am mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

b<br />

gamomdinare, Tanafardobis b 0 /I E -is saWiro mniSvneloba<br />

SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas roca .<br />

ase magaliTad, cifrul formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli xmis<br />

signalis xarisxi SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas<br />

maSin, roca, b 0 /I E =7 db, <strong>da</strong> koderis siCqarisas<br />

R b 8 kbit/wm. Tu CDMA sistemaSi sixSiris zolia<br />

B =1,25 mhc, maSin s b 0 /I E -is saWiro fardoba uzrunvelyofili<br />

iqneba, roca C/I=0,032.<br />

45

fiWis moculoba simZlavris marTvisas.<br />

Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT rom qselis yvela sabazo sadgurisaTvis:<br />

_ TiToeul fiWaSi SesaZlebelia trafikis M<br />

arxis gamoyeneba;<br />

_ gavrcelebis rTuli pirobebis gamo miRebuli<br />

signali <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mobilur abonentsa <strong>da</strong> sabazo<br />

sadgurs Soris <strong>da</strong>Sorebis m-ur xarisxze;<br />

_ P R simZlavre, romelsac asxivebs sabazo sadguri<br />

erT kodur arxSi, SeirCeva im<strong>da</strong>gvarad, rom<br />

uzrunvelyos miRebuli signalis saWiro done fi-<br />

Wis sazRvarze;<br />

sabazo sadgurebis antenebi moqmedeben horizontalur<br />

sibrtyeSi.<br />

maSin, nebismieri <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentebisaTvis<br />

lokaluri fiWis SigniT SesaZlebelia Caiweros<br />

gamosaxuleba (2.1) garemomcveli mezobeli fiWebis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ricxvisa <strong>da</strong> fiWaSi abonentis ganlagebis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SemTxvevisaTvis.<br />

SemTxveva, rodesac abonenti ganlagebulia Tavisi<br />

fiWis sazRvarze, mocemulia literaturaSi. ganvixilod<br />

ufro zogadi SemTxveva. vTqvaT lokaluri<br />

fiWis j-uri abonenti imyofeba fiWis SigniT nebismier<br />

adgilze <strong>da</strong> mis kodur arxs eniSneba sim-<br />

Zlavre Semdegi wesis Sesabamisad:<br />

<br />

Pj PR<br />

( rj<br />

/ R)<br />

, (1.2)<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c r _ manZilia bazuri sadguri<strong>da</strong>n (bs) j-iur<br />

j<br />

abonentamde. cxadia, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi -<br />

romeliRac <strong>da</strong>debiTi ricxvia.<br />

maCvenebeli arsebiTad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia gavrcelebis<br />

pirobebze <strong>da</strong> icvleba 2-<strong>da</strong>n (praqtikulad Tavis-<br />

46<br />

ufali sivrce) 6-mde (pir<strong>da</strong>piri xilvadobis ar arseboba<br />

Senobis SigniT). konkretuli Sedegebis mis-<br />

aRebad <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom β =2. vaCvenoT, rom simZlavris<br />

marTvisas qselSi jamuri interferenciis saSualo<br />

mniSvneloba fiWebis usasrulo ricxvisas arsebiTad<br />

mcirea mniSvnelobaze, romelic miiReba sim-<br />

ZlavriT marTvis sqemis gamoyenebis gareSe. es sa-<br />

Sualebas iZleva gaizardos abonentTa <strong>da</strong>saSvebi<br />

ricxvi TiToeul fiWaSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom M <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonenti, romliTac<br />

mocemuli bazuri sadguris lokaluri fiWis M<br />

arxi emsaxureba, SemTxveviT <strong>da</strong> Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli<br />

fiWaSi. viRebT ra, rom fiWas aqvs wris<br />

forma, <strong>da</strong>vyoT igi rgolebad saSualo radiusiT r q­ ,<br />

0 < r q < R, q=1,2,...Q, sa<strong>da</strong>c Q _rgolebis ricxvia, romelic<br />

mTlianad faravs lokaluri fiWis farTobs.<br />

abonentebis saSualo ricxvi M q , romelic q nomris<br />

rgolSi aRmoCndeba:<br />

Mq γ rq<br />

, 0 rq<br />

R,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c γ _ proporciulobis koeficientia <strong>da</strong><br />

M <br />

Q<br />

<br />

q 1<br />

M<br />

q<br />

.<br />

Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom yvela abonentebs, romlebic<br />

imyofebian rgolSi q nomriT, simZlavris marTvis<br />

kanonis Sesabamisad eniWebaT simZlavre P q , maSin<br />

jamuri simZlavre P t , gamosxivebuli lokaluri<br />

fiWis bs-is mier:<br />

R<br />

3<br />

2<br />

r R<br />

P t PR<br />

γ<br />

dr P<br />

2 Rγ<br />

. (1.3)<br />

R 4<br />

0<br />

47

amasTan, abonentTa saerTo ricxvi lokalur<br />

fiWaSi:<br />

2<br />

R<br />

M Mq<br />

γ . (1.4)<br />

2<br />

Q<br />

<br />

q1<br />

CavsvaT (2.3) (2.4)-Si miviRebT:<br />

PR<br />

Pt<br />

M .<br />

2<br />

. (1.5)<br />

Tu simZlavris marTva ar xdeba, maSin TiToeul<br />

kodur arxs eniSneba erTi <strong>da</strong> igive simZlavre P . R<br />

am SemTxvevaSi bs-is jamuri gamosxivebuli<br />

simZlavre:<br />

MP P . (1.6)<br />

t<br />

R<br />

(2.5) <strong>da</strong> (2.6) gamosaxulebebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs,<br />

rom simZlavris marTvis kanonis Sesabamisad,<br />

β 2 dros, jamuri simZlavre, gamosxivebuli<br />

erTi bs-is mier, mcirdeba 2-jer.<br />

Tu ugulvebelvyofT interferencias mezobeli<br />

fiWebi<strong>da</strong>n, maSin bs-i<strong>da</strong>n r 0 manZilze ganlagebuli<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurisTvis signalis interferenciul<br />

xelSeSlebTan fardobis miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba:<br />

C<br />

I<br />

2 <br />

PR<br />

( r0<br />

/ R)<br />

r0<br />

( r0<br />

/ R)<br />

<br />

P<br />

<br />

R<br />

0<br />

<br />

( M 1)<br />

/ 2r<br />

M / 2<br />

48<br />

2<br />

.<br />

l=3<br />

4<br />

3<br />

0<br />

r0<br />

2<br />

a n<br />

5<br />

A<br />

nax.1.14.<br />

49<br />

6<br />

C(n,k)<br />

r(n,k,l)<br />

<strong>da</strong>brkolebebis donis gamosaTvlelad mezobeli<br />

fiWebi<strong>da</strong>n, magaliTad, nax. 1.14-ze mesame rgolSi<br />

ganlagebulebi<strong>da</strong>n (ma-is mdebareoba am naxazze<br />

miTiTebulia mcire rgoliT eqvskuTxa fiWaSi<br />

nomriT 0), SemovitanoT Semdegi aRniSvnebi: n -iT<br />

aRvniSnoT im fiWebis rgolis nomeri, romlebic<br />

gars ertymian lokalur fiWas nomriT 0, n=1,2,..., <br />

(magaliTad, rgolSi nomriT 1 ganlagebulni arian<br />

fiWebi nomrebiT 1-6); a 2 -iT aRvniSnoT manZili<br />

eqvskuTxedis mwvervals, romlis gverdebi aerTeben mesame<br />

rgolis (nax. 1.12-ze gamosaxulia punqtiriT) <strong>da</strong> lokaluri<br />

b<br />

B<br />

1<br />

l=0<br />

C

fiWis centrs (fiWebis rgolisaTvis nomriT n es<br />

manZili aRvniSnoT simboloTi a n , n=1,2,..., ); k _ men-e<br />

eqvskuTxa rgolis gverdis gaswvriv rigSi<br />

ganTavsebuli fiWis nomeria, k=0,1,2,...,n-1 (magaliTad,<br />

A <strong>da</strong> B fiWebs mesame rgolSi eqnebaT nomrebi 0 <strong>da</strong><br />

1); aseve aucilebelia rigebi <strong>da</strong>inomros simboloTi<br />

, =0,1,2,3,4,5 nebismieri rgolisaTvis (magaliTad,<br />

mesame rgolis A <strong>da</strong> B fiWebi warmoqmnian rigs nomriT<br />

=0); b k _ manZilia punqtiruli eqvskuTxedis<br />

wvero<strong>da</strong>n fiWis centramde nomriT k me-n-e rgolis<br />

erT rigSi (mag., A fiWisaTvis b 0 =0, xolo B fiWisaTvis<br />

b 1 =R 3 ). nax. 1.12-<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs, rom<br />

a k<br />

n nR 3, n 1,<br />

2,...<br />

;<br />

b kR 3,<br />

k 0,<br />

1,...<br />

n 1.<br />

(1.7)<br />

axla ganvixiloT fiWebis erTi rigi rgolSi<br />

nomriT n (mag., fiWebi A, B rgolSi nomriT n=3).<br />

manZili bs-is lokalur fiWasa <strong>da</strong> am rigis bazur<br />

sadgurebs Soris TiToeuli rgolis yvela<br />

fiWisaTvis ganisazRvreba tolobebiT (kosinusebis<br />

Teorema):<br />

2 2<br />

R 3(<br />

n k nk)<br />

,<br />

C( n,<br />

k )<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c, k 0, 1,...,<br />

n 1,<br />

n 1,<br />

2,...,<br />

.<br />

Semdeg, cnobili igiveobis gamoyenebiT (sinusebis<br />

Teorema iribkuTxa samkuTxedisaTvis), SeiZleba<br />

moinaxos kuTxe ( n,<br />

k ) , n<br />

3 1<br />

( , ) sin<br />

( , ) .<br />

2 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n k arc<br />

<br />

bkC<br />

n k<br />

<br />

50<br />

C :<br />

a <strong>da</strong> ( n,<br />

k )<br />

am gamosaxulebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare SeiZleba<br />

gamoiTvalos manZili gansaxilvel ma-s, romelic<br />

imyofeba r 0 manZilze Tavisi sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

<strong>da</strong> fiWebis centrebs Soris, romlebic rigSi arian<br />

j- nomriT me-n-e rgolSi:<br />

2 2 2<br />

2<br />

2 2<br />

r R ( n k nk)<br />

r 2R<br />

r 3(<br />

n k nk)<br />

cos( ). ,<br />

( n,<br />

k,<br />

l)<br />

3 0 0<br />

( n,<br />

k)<br />

l<br />

aq<br />

π<br />

Φ Φ0<br />

l<br />

3<br />

<br />

_ kuTxea a n <strong>da</strong> r 0 -s Soris, l =0,1,2,...,5,<br />

<br />

0 , maSin fardoba C/I ma-s mimRebSi<br />

6 6<br />

romelic imyofeba r manZilze bs-is lokaluri<br />

0<br />

fiWi<strong>da</strong>n, Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:<br />

C<br />

I<br />

<br />

2<br />

( r / R)<br />

r<br />

4<br />

0<br />

n1<br />

5<br />

4<br />

( M 1)<br />

/ 2r<br />

M <br />

<br />

0<br />

0<br />

<br />

<br />

n1<br />

k0 l0<br />

51<br />

/ 2<br />

r<br />

4<br />

( n,<br />

k , l )<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c M _ aqtiur abonentTa <strong>da</strong>saSvebi ricxvia<br />

<br />

erT fiWaSi SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi fiWisas.<br />

gavyoT ukanaskneli gamosaxulebis mricxveli <strong>da</strong><br />

mniSvneli R -4 -ze <strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT<br />

n1<br />

5<br />

4<br />

S ( n,<br />

k , l ) , maSin miviRebT<br />

n1<br />

k 0 l0<br />

C<br />

I<br />

<br />

4<br />

( M 1)<br />

/ 2(<br />

r0<br />

/ R)<br />

( M / 2 ) S<br />

,<br />

r( n,<br />

k,<br />

l)<br />

( n,<br />

k , l ) <strong>da</strong><br />

R<br />

2 4<br />

( r0<br />

/ R)<br />

( r0<br />

/ R)<br />

, (1.8)<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n, aqtiuri abonentebis <strong>da</strong>saSvebi ricxvi.<br />

2<br />

4<br />

2(<br />

r / R)<br />

( r<br />

/ R)<br />

M <br />

.<br />

( C / I )<br />

0<br />

0 4<br />

4<br />

S ( r / R)<br />

S ( r / R)<br />

<br />

<br />

kerZod, fardobisas C/I=0,32<br />

0<br />

<br />

0

2 4<br />

( r / R)<br />

( r / R)<br />

<br />

4<br />

62,<br />

5 0 0 ( r0<br />

/ R)<br />

M <br />

. (1.9)<br />

4<br />

S ( r / R)<br />

<br />

0<br />

ganvixiloT kerZo SemTxveva, rodesac rigebis<br />

ricxvi SezRudulia <strong>da</strong> tolia N-is.<br />

maSin (1.9)-is Sesabamisad:<br />

M<br />

N<br />

62,<br />

5<br />

<br />

2 4<br />

( r / R)<br />

( r / R)<br />

<br />

0<br />

S<br />

SevafasoT sxvaoba<br />

N<br />

0 ( r0<br />

/ R)<br />

4<br />

( r / R)<br />

0<br />

52<br />

4<br />

M N M ( S<br />

S N ) ( 62,<br />

5 1)(<br />

S<br />

S N ) .<br />

Sedegad gvaqvs utoloba:<br />

. (1.10)<br />

0 M N M 63,<br />

5(<br />

S<br />

S N ),<br />

(1.11)<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c,<br />

<br />

n1<br />

5<br />

<br />

4<br />

S S N ( n,<br />

k , l ) .<br />

(1.12)<br />

n<br />

N 1<br />

k 0 l0<br />

axla SevafasoT<br />

2<br />

2 2<br />

2<br />

2 2<br />

3(<br />

n k nk)<br />

( r0<br />

/ R)<br />

2(<br />

r0<br />

/ R)<br />

3(<br />

n k nk)<br />

cos( n,<br />

k , l)<br />

)<br />

4<br />

( n,<br />

k,<br />

l)<br />

1/ l . (1.13)<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis SevafasoT (2.13) gamosaxulebis<br />

mniSvneli:<br />

3(<br />

n<br />

2<br />

k<br />

cos( <br />

2<br />

r0<br />

<br />

nk)<br />

<br />

R <br />

( n,<br />

k , l)<br />

<br />

l<br />

) <br />

<br />

xolo Semdgom:<br />

2<br />

r0<br />

<br />

2<br />

<br />

R <br />

3(<br />

n<br />

2<br />

k<br />

2<br />

3(<br />

n<br />

2<br />

k<br />

2<br />

r0<br />

<br />

nk)<br />

<br />

R <br />

nk)<br />

<br />

2<br />

,<br />

(1.14)<br />

2<br />

2 2 9n<br />

3(<br />

n k nk)<br />

.<br />

(1.15)<br />

4<br />

Tu (2.15)-s CavsvamT (2.14)-Si, miviRebT:<br />

2<br />

2<br />

2 2 r0<br />

2 2<br />

3n<br />

r0<br />

3n<br />

<br />

3( 3n<br />

K nk)<br />

2<br />

3(<br />

n K nk)<br />

cos(<br />

n, k,<br />

)<br />

<br />

<br />

1<br />

R<br />

2 R 2 <br />

<br />

<br />

Tu (2.16)-s CavsvamT (2.13)-Si miviRebT.<br />

<br />

4<br />

( n,<br />

k , l )<br />

<br />

( 3<br />

n / 2<br />

1<br />

1)<br />

4<br />

.<br />

53<br />

(1.16.)<br />

Tu bolo utolobas CavsvamT (2.12)-Si gveqneba:<br />

S<br />

<br />

n1<br />

5<br />

4<br />

8<br />

S N ( n,<br />

k , l)<br />

<br />

. 2 (1.17)<br />

3(<br />

3/<br />

2N<br />

1)<br />

<br />

n<br />

N1<br />

k0 l0<br />

Tu (2.17)-s CavsvamT (2.11)-Si miviRebT Semdeg<br />

utolobas<br />

170<br />

M N M <br />

.<br />

(1.18)<br />

( 3/<br />

2N<br />

1)<br />

0 <br />

2<br />

amrigad M -is gamosaTvlelad <br />

sizustiT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> SeirCes iseTi ricxvi N, rom<br />

<br />

2<br />

170<br />

. (1.19)<br />

( 3/<br />

2N<br />

1)<br />

amovxsnaT utoloba (1.19):<br />

170<br />

2 170<br />

1 .<br />

2<br />

( 3/<br />

2 1)<br />

3 <br />

<br />

N <br />

<br />

<br />

N <br />

<br />

<br />

(1.20)<br />

kerZod, ε 1 cTomilebis arCevisas N 9,35<br />

warmodgenilia ma-is mimRebSi C/I fardobis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

fiWis normirebul manZilze (2.15)-is<br />

gamoyenebiT miRebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva M-Tvis.<br />

simZlavris marTviT<br />

simZlavris marTvis gareSe<br />

nax. 2.15 nax. 2.16<br />

nax. 1.17<br />

simZlavriT marTvis ganxiluli xerxi saSualebas<br />

iZleva <strong>da</strong>axloebiT orjer SevamciroT qsel-<br />

Si saerTo interferencia fiWebis ganusazRvreli<br />

raodenobisas, rac uzrunvelyofs <strong>da</strong>saSvebi aqtiuri<br />

abonentebis ricxvis 2-jer gazr<strong>da</strong>s aramarTvadi<br />

simZlavris analogiur sistemasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />

ZiriTadi wvlili qselis jamur interferenciaSi<br />

SeaqvT pirveli rgolis fiWebs. meore rgolis<br />

fiWebiT Seqmnili interferenciis gaTvaliswinebas<br />

mivyavarT lokalur fiWaSi aqtiuri abonentebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saSvebi ricxvis Semcirebisaken mxolod<br />

erTeuliT.<br />

54<br />

Tavi II. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

analoguri fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong> (1G)<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSis<br />

fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTareba msoflioSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

gasuli saukunis samoc<strong>da</strong>aTian wlebSi. misma <strong>da</strong>nergvam<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita radiosixSiruli speqtris<br />

ekonomiis problema gamoyofili radisixSiruli<br />

resursis mravaljeradi gamoyenebis gziT. amasTanave,<br />

qselis agebis fiWurobis topologiam saSualeba<br />

misca operatorebs, mravaljera<strong>da</strong>d gazrdiliyo<br />

telesakomunikacio qselebis tevadoba, kavSiris<br />

xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe, radialuri struqturis<br />

mqone qselebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />

cnobilia <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris analoguri<br />

fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s cxra stan<strong>da</strong>rti (ix. cxrili 2.1).<br />

magram <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri radiokavSiris analoguri<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> dRes ukve veRar akmayofilebs sainformacio<br />

teqnologiebis Tanamedrove dones maTi uaryofiTi<br />

mxareebis gamo, romelTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Semdegi:<br />

_ stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis SeuTavsebloba;<br />

_ moqmedebis SezRuduli zona;<br />

_ kavSiris <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi;<br />

_ ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli Setyobinebebis gasaidumloebis<br />

SeuZlebloba;<br />

_ integraluri momsaxurebis cifrul (ISDN-Integrated<br />

Services Digital Network) <strong>da</strong> monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

paketur qselebTan (PDN-Packet Data Network) urTierTqmedebis<br />

SeuZlebloba.<br />

zemoaRniSnulis gamo es <strong>sistemebi</strong> ukanasknel periodSi<br />

TiTqmis ar inergeba, magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />

55

Cveni azriT, mizanSewonilia, ganvixiloT mokled<br />

im <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis ZiriTadi principebi, rac gaadvilebs<br />

wignSi Semdeg mocemuli masalis obieqtur<br />

analizs. qvemoT cxr. 2.1-Si mocemulia analogur<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Ziri-<br />

Tadi parimetrebi.<br />

cxr. 2.1.<br />

analoguri <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis ZiriTadi parametrebi<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

maxasiaTeblebi<br />

AMPS<br />

aSS<br />

HCMTS<br />

iaponi<br />

a<br />

NMT- NMT-<br />

450 900<br />

skandinaviis<br />

qveynebi<br />

C-450<br />

germania<br />

TACS ETACS<br />

inglisi<br />

RTMS 10<br />

IH<br />

italia<br />

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9<br />

eqsploataciaSi gaSvebis<br />

dro<br />

1983 1979 1981 1986 1985 1985 1987 1985<br />

sixSiruli diapazoni<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemaze (mhc):<br />

_ bazuri sadguri<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<br />

<strong>da</strong>cileba dupleqsur<br />

arxebs Soris (mhc)<br />

arxebs Soris <strong>da</strong>cileba<br />

(khc)<br />

dupleqsuri arxebis<br />

ricxvi<br />

bazuri sadgurebis<br />

maqsimaluri efeqturi<br />

gamosxivebis simZlavre,<br />

vt<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis nominaluri<br />

simZlavre, vt<br />

arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis dro<br />

fiWebis sazRvarze, mwm<br />

signali/xmauri Semavali<br />

Sefardebis minimaluri<br />

sidide, db<br />

870-890<br />

825-845<br />

870-885 463-467.5<br />

925-940 453-457.5<br />

56<br />

935-960<br />

890-915<br />

461.3-465.74 935-950 917-933<br />

451.3-455.74<br />

890-905<br />

872-888<br />

460-465<br />

450-455<br />

45 55 10 45 10 45 45 10<br />

30 25/12,5 25/20 12,5 20/10 25 25 25<br />

666 600-1200 180-225 1000-1999 222 600 --- 200<br />

100 50/25 50 100 100 100 100 25/2,5<br />

3 5/1 15/2 6/1 15 2-20 2-20 10/1<br />

250 800 1250 270 300 290 290 ---<br />

10 17 15 --- --- 10 10 ---<br />

fiWis radiusi, km 2-20 5-10 1-40 0,5-20 2-30 2-20 2-10 5-20<br />

2.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> NMT-450<br />

(NMT-900) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

NMT-450 (NMT-900) _ stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistema aRWur-<br />

vilia oTxi tipis saabonento sadgurebiT:<br />

_ Cveulebrivi <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi;<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi prioritetiT;<br />

_ portatuli <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi;<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi _ taqsafonebi.<br />

sistema uzrunvelyofs:<br />

_ kavSirSi Sesvlas <strong>da</strong> laparakis Rirebulebis<br />

registracias rogorc <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<strong>da</strong>n, ise<br />

piriqiT, avtomatur reJimSi;<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris kavSiris organizacias<br />

rogorc mobilurTan, ise fiqsirebuli satelefono<br />

qselis nebismier abonentTan <strong>da</strong> piriqiT;<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentis avtomatur Zebnas gaer-<br />

Tianebuli qselebis farglebSi (mag., skandinaviis<br />

qveynebis teritoriaze).<br />

sistemis muSaobis principebi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia fiqsirebul<br />

satelefono qselebTan urTierTqmedeba-<br />

ze. sistemis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis (nax. 3.1):<br />

_ MSC (Mobile Services Switching Centre) - <strong>mobiluri</strong> kav-<br />

Siris komutaciis centri;<br />

_ BTS (Base Transmission Station) - sabazo (bazuri)<br />

sadgurebi;<br />

_ MS (Mobile Station) - <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi.<br />

57

58<br />

nax.2.1. NMT stan<strong>da</strong>rtis ti piuri qselis struqturuli sqema<br />

MSC uzrunvelyofs sistemis marTvas <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens<br />

<strong>da</strong>makavSirebel rgols (interfeiss) mobilur<br />

sadgurebsa <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebul satelefono<br />

qsels Soris. NMT-450 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis tipiuri qselis<br />

struqturuli sqema mocemulia nax. 3.1-ze. TiToeuli<br />

MSC emsaxureba <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis jgufs.<br />

bazuri sadgurebis erToblioba, romelic emsaxureba<br />

erTi MSC _s, qmnis momsaxurebis zonas.<br />

cxr. 2.2-Si naCvenebia NMT-450 <strong>da</strong> NMT-900 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.<br />

cxr. 2.2.<br />

analoguri fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s NMT-450 <strong>da</strong><br />

NMT-900 stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi<br />

# maxasiaTeblebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba NMT-450 NMT-900<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

7<br />

sixSiruli diapazoni:<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cema _ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri-bazuri sadguri<br />

miReba-bazuri sadguri-<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<br />

arxebis sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>cileba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong> miRebis dupleqsuri arxebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cileba<br />

arxebis raodenoba<br />

fiWis radiusi<br />

bazuri sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis simZlavre<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis simZlavre<br />

59<br />

420-490 mhc<br />

453-457,5 mhc<br />

463-467,5 mhc<br />

25(20) khc<br />

10 mch<br />

180(225)<br />

15-40 km<br />

50 vt<br />

15 vt<br />

1,5 vt<br />

0,15 vt<br />

890-960 mhc<br />

890-915 mhc<br />

935-960 mhc<br />

25khc (12,5khc<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>SorisebiT)<br />

45 mhc<br />

999(1999-mde<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>SorisebiT)<br />

2-20 km<br />

25 vt<br />

6 vt<br />

1 vt<br />

0,1vt

2.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> AMPS<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema<br />

AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistema aSS-Si eqspluataciaSi<br />

Sevi<strong>da</strong> 1979 wels. sistema muSaobs 825-890 mhc diapazonSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaaCnia 666 dupleqsuri arxi. TiToeuli<br />

arxis sixSiruli zolis sigane tolia 30 mhc-is.<br />

sabazo sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>cemis simZlavrea 45 vt, saavtomobilo<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris _ 12 vt, xolo ga<strong>da</strong>satani<br />

aparaturisa _ 1 vt. stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoyenebulia<br />

rigi originaluri teqnikuri siaxleni, romlebic<br />

uzrunvelyofs maRalxarisxovan kavSirs aparaturis<br />

nonimaluri Rirebulebisas. am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis bazaze<br />

SemuSavebulia ori stan<strong>da</strong>rti analoguri N-AMPS<br />

<strong>da</strong> cifruli D-AMPS.<br />

AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWur sistemaSi gamoiyeneba<br />

bazuri sadgurebi antenebiT, romelTa mimarTulobis<br />

diagramis sigane aris 120 0 <strong>da</strong> romlebic fiWebis<br />

kuTxeebSi montaJdeba. sabazo sadgurebi sakomutacio<br />

centrebTan mierTebulia gamtariani xazebiT,<br />

maTi meSveobiT ga<strong>da</strong>icema rogorc salaparako signalebi,<br />

aseve sasamsaxuro informacia. abonentisaTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli mmarTveli Setyobinebis sigrZe Seadgens<br />

463 bits.<br />

sistemaSi gamoyenebulia SetyobinebaTa miRebis<br />

gancalkevebuli meTodi <strong>da</strong> amis gamo Seicavs or<br />

antenas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis zolur filtrebs. mimRebi<br />

orarxiania, sixSireTa ormagi gar<strong>da</strong>qmniT TiToeul<br />

arxSi. sakontrolo bloki asrulebs sadguris<br />

mdgomareobis diagnostikis funqcias.<br />

60<br />

2.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> TACS<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistema<br />

TACS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris<br />

sistema (didi britaneTi) igeba radialuri principiT,<br />

amasTan, gamoiyeneba sabazo sadgurebis mcire<br />

ricxvi. am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemebSi TiToeuli sabazo<br />

sadguri uSualod uerTdeba sakomutacio centrs,<br />

romelsac aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>sasvleli saerTo sargeblobis<br />

satelefono qselTan (PSTN).<br />

agebis principiT, marTvis sistemis organizacii-<br />

Ta <strong>da</strong> sadgurebs Soris SeuRlebiT TACS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> faqtobrivad identuria AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

sistemisa. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs<br />

arxebis mier <strong>da</strong>kavebuli sixSireebis zolis<br />

siganeSi <strong>da</strong> sixSiris pikur deviaciaSi. kerZod, Tu<br />

AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemebSi arxis sigane aris 30<br />

khc <strong>da</strong> sixSiris pikuri deviacia 12 khc, TACS sistemaSi<br />

es sidideebi Sesabamisad tolia 25 khc-is <strong>da</strong> 9,5<br />

khc-is.<br />

am sistemaSi gamoiyeneba 1000 dupleqsuri arxi,<br />

romelTagan 956 aris salaparako, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />

warmoqmnis or jgufs 21 arxiT TiToeulSi, romlebic<br />

warmoadgens marTvis arxebs. salaparako arxebSi<br />

informaciis (Setyobinebis) ga<strong>da</strong>sacemad gamoiyeneba<br />

viwrozolovani sixSiruli modulacia.<br />

xolo im arxebSi sa<strong>da</strong>c ga<strong>da</strong>icema monacemebi, cifruli<br />

informaciis analogur signalad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis<br />

gamoiyeneba orobiTi sixSiruli manipulacia.<br />

cxrilSi 3.3. mocemulia TACS stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi miRebul<br />

sixSireTa deviaciis mniSvnelobebi.<br />

61

cxr. 2.3.<br />

TACS <strong>sistemebi</strong>s sixSireTa deviacia<br />

signalis saxeoba modulaciis saxeoba sixSiris deviacia, khc<br />

salaparako sixSiruli modulacia 9,5<br />

tonaluri<br />

monacemTa signalebi<br />

orobiTi sixSiruli<br />

manipulacia<br />

orobiTi sixSiruli<br />

manipulacia<br />

62<br />

+1,7(~1~) _ 1,7 (~0~)<br />

+ 6,4(~1~) _ 6,4(~0~)<br />

Tavi III. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

cifruli fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

cifruli fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

warmoadgenen am ti pis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s meore Taobas. analogur<br />

sistemebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT isini uzrunvelyofen<br />

abonentebisaTvis momsaxurebis farTo speqtrs<br />

<strong>da</strong> kavSiris maRal xarisxs. amasTan, aRniSnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedeba<br />

ISDN (Indegrated service Digital Network-cifruli qselebi<br />

momsaxurebis integraciiT) <strong>da</strong> PDN (Packet Date<br />

Network-paketuri ga<strong>da</strong>cemis qseli) qselebTan. am sistemebs<br />

Soris yvelaze didi gavrceleba hpova im<br />

qselebma, romlebic agebulia GSM (DCS-1800), D-AMPS<br />

(ADC), JDC, CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtebze. maTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />

maxasiaTeblebi mocemulia cxr. 3.1. sa<strong>da</strong>c:<br />

GMSK-Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying _gausis manipulaciaa<br />

minimaluri sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>ZvriT;<br />

QPSK-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying _kvadraturuli<br />

fazuri manipulaciaa, romelSic gamoiyeneba ga<strong>da</strong>mtani<br />

sixSiris 4 elementi;<br />

DQPSK-Differential QPSK- diferencialuri QPSK;<br />

RPE-LTR, VSELP-salaparako signalebis kodirebis<br />

algoriTmebia.<br />

3.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> GSM<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri kavSiris sistema<br />

gankuTvnilia komerciul sferoSi gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />

momxmarebels am stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemebSi miewodeba<br />

momsaxurebis farTo speqtri <strong>da</strong> aqvs SesaZlebloba<br />

63

cxr. 3.1.<br />

cifruli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

maxasiaTeblebi<br />

GSM<br />

(DSC 1800)<br />

D-AMPS<br />

(ADC)<br />

JDC CDMA<br />

SeRwevis meTodi TDMA TDMA TDMA CDMA<br />

salaparako arxebis<br />

raodenoba erT ga<strong>da</strong>mtanze<br />

8(16) 3 3<br />

810-826<br />

32<br />

890-915<br />

940-956<br />

sixSireTa muSa diapazoni, 935-960 824-840 1429-1441<br />

824-840<br />

mhc<br />

(1710-1785) 869-894 1447-1489<br />

869-896<br />

(1805-1880)<br />

1453-1465<br />

1501-1513<br />

arxebis <strong>da</strong>Zvra, khc<br />

erTi salaparako arxis<br />

200 30 25 1250<br />

eqvivalenturi sixSiruli<br />

zoli, khc<br />

25(12,5) 10 8,3 -<br />

modulaciis saxeoba 0,3 GSMK n/4 DQPSK n/4 DQPSK OQPSK<br />

informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

siCqare, kb/wm<br />

270 48 42<br />

laparakis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis siCqare,<br />

kb/wm<br />

13(6,5) 8 11,2(5,6) 8,55; 4,0; 2,0; 0,8<br />

laparakis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />

algoriTmi<br />

RPE-LTR VSELP VSELP CELP<br />

fiWis radiusi, km 0,5-35,0 0,5-20,0 0,5-20,0 0,5-25,0<br />

gamoiyenos rogorc salaparako signalebis <strong>da</strong> monacemTa<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mowyobilobebi, aseve<br />

gamoZaxebis <strong>da</strong> saavario signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

mravalferovani mowyobilobebi. am sistemiT Sesa-<br />

Zlebelia agreTve mierTeba saerTo sargeblobis<br />

satelefono qselebTan (PSTN), monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

qselebTan (PDN) <strong>da</strong> cifrul qselebTan momsaxurebis<br />

integraciiT (ISDN).<br />

zemoT aRniSnul sxva cifrul sistemebTan Se-<br />

<strong>da</strong>rebiT, GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rti uzrunvelyofs ukeTes energetikul<br />

maxasiaTeblebs, kavSiris maRal xarisxs,<br />

mis usafrTxoebasa <strong>da</strong> konfidencialobas.<br />

64<br />

miRebuli signalebis <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli xarisxi<br />

miiRweva mimRebis Sesasvlelze signali/xmauri fardobis<br />

9 db-isas (magaliTad, D-AMPS-Si es sidide<br />

tolia 16 db-is), xolo energetikuli <strong>da</strong>nakargebi<br />

realur arxebSi (signalis miyuCebisas) 6-10 db-iT<br />

naklebia vidre D-AMPS-Si.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> zemoT aRniSnulisa, GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi<br />

gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi momsaxurebebi, romlebic<br />

ar aris (an arasrula<strong>da</strong>a) sxva cifrul stan<strong>da</strong>rt-<br />

ebSi. esenia:<br />

_ kavSiris arxebSi <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebaSi SeRwevisaTvis<br />

inteleqtualuri SIM baraTebis gamoyeneba<br />

(SIM-Subscriber Identity Module-abonentis identifikaci-<br />

is moduli);<br />

_ mosmenisagan <strong>da</strong>culi radiointerfeisi;<br />

_ ga<strong>da</strong>mcemSi Setyobinebis cifrul formaSi<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmna;<br />

_ abonentis autentifikacia <strong>da</strong> saabonento mowyobilobebis<br />

identifikacia kriptografiuli algoriTmebis<br />

mixedviT;<br />

_ mokle Setyobinebis samsaxurebis gamoyeneba<br />

signalizaciis arxebSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis;<br />

_ erovnuli <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso masStabiT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

GSM qselebis abonentebis avtomaturi roumingi;<br />

_ GSM abonentebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis DCS-<br />

1800, PCS-1900, DECT <strong>da</strong> personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

65

adiokavSiris qselebis abonentebis urTierTSoris<br />

qseluri roumingi.<br />

CEPT-is 1980 wlis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesabamisad, saer-<br />

To evropuli fiWuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s miwisze<strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

kavSirisaTvis GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis muSaoba or sixSirul diapazon-<br />

Si: ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<strong>da</strong>n sabazo sadgur-<br />

Si xorcieldeba _ 890-915 mhc-ze, xolo sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mobilur sadguramde (abonentamde) _ 935-<br />

960 mhc-ze.<br />

amasTan, kavSiris seansis dros arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>rTvisas,<br />

am sixSireebs Soris sxvaoba konstantaa <strong>da</strong><br />

toli 45 mhc-is. mezobel arxebs Soris sixSireTa<br />

sxvaoba (<strong>da</strong>Zvra) aris 200 khc-is toli. amrigad, miReba/<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis gamoyofil sixSireTa zolSi (25 mhc)<br />

SeiZleba ganTavsdes kavSiris 124 radioarxi.<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba TDMA (Tiame Division<br />

Multiplexing Access _ mravlobiTi SeRweva arxebis<br />

droiTi gancalkevebiT), rac saSualebas iZleva erT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mtan sixSireze ganTavsdes 8 salaparako arxi<br />

erTdroulad. gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis mowyobilobad gamoiyeneba<br />

salaparako kodeki RPE-LTR regularuli impulsuri<br />

agznebiT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqariT 13 kbit/wm-Si.<br />

salaparako signalebis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba aRniSnul<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi xdeba salaparako signalebis wyvetili<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis DTX-(Discontinuous Transmission) sistemebSi<br />

miRebuli wesiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

CarTvas mxolod maSin, roca momxmarebeli iwyebs<br />

laparaks <strong>da</strong> gamorTvas pauzebSi <strong>da</strong> laparakis<br />

<strong>da</strong>srulebisas (nax. 3.1.).<br />

66<br />

<strong>da</strong>balsixSiruli<br />

Sesasvleli<br />

gamaZlierebeli<br />

DTX<br />

marTva <strong>da</strong><br />

muSaoba<br />

VAD<br />

salaparako<br />

signalis<br />

koderi<br />

komfortuli<br />

xmauris<br />

maformirebeli<br />

salaparako<br />

signalis<br />

eqstrapolacia<br />

salaparako<br />

signalis<br />

koderi<br />

komfortuli<br />

xmauris<br />

maformirebeli<br />

67<br />

DTX<br />

marTva <strong>da</strong><br />

muSaoba<br />

gamaZlierebeli<br />

nax. 3.1. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi laparakis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis<br />

procesis struqturuli sqema<br />

DTX sistema imarTeba laparakis aqtiurobis deteqtoriT<br />

VAD (Voice Activity Detector), romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />

rogorc xmauriani laprakis, ise laparakis<br />

gareSe xmauris intervalebis aRmoCenas <strong>da</strong> gamoyofas<br />

im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca xmauris done laparakis<br />

donis Tanazomadia.<br />

radioarxebSi Secdomebisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT gamoiyeneba<br />

blokuri <strong>da</strong> xvevadi kodireba SenacvlebiT.<br />

kodirebisa <strong>da</strong> Senacvlebis efeqturobis amaRleba<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis mcire siCqariani ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas<br />

miiRweva seansis procesSi muSa sixSireeb

is neli ga<strong>da</strong>rTviT (wamSi 217 naxtomiseburi ga<strong>da</strong>rTva).<br />

qalaqis pirobebSi radiosixSireebis mravalsxivuri<br />

gavrcelebiT gamowveuli interferenciuli<br />

miyuCebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamoiyeneba ekvalaizerebi,<br />

romlebic uzrunveluofs im impulsuri<br />

signalebis gaTanabrebas, romelTa <strong>da</strong>yovnebis<br />

drois saSualo kvadratuli ga<strong>da</strong>xris mniSvneloba<br />

ar aRemateba 16 mkwm-s. mowyobilobis sinqronizaciis<br />

sistema gankuTvnilia signalebis absoluturi<br />

<strong>da</strong>yovnebis drois kompensaciisaTvis (223 mkwmmde).<br />

es ganapirobebs kavSiris maqsimalur manZils<br />

35 km-s (fiWis maqsimaluri radiusi).<br />

radiosignalebis modulaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />

gausis sixSiruli mani pulacia minimaluri six-<br />

Siruli <strong>da</strong>ZvriT (GMSK). mani pulacias ase ewodeba<br />

imitom, rom modulatoramde informaciuli bitebis<br />

Tanmimdevroba gadis <strong>da</strong>bali sixSiris filtrs<br />

gausis amplitudur-sixSiruli maxasiaTebliT, rac<br />

saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes gamosxivebuli signalis<br />

sixSireTa zolis sigane. GMSK radiosignali<br />

formirdeba imgvarad, rom erTi bitis Sesabamis<br />

droiT intervalSi ga<strong>da</strong>mtanis faza icvleba 90 0 -iT.<br />

es aris fazis umciresi cvlileba, romelic Sei-<br />

Zleba aRmoCndes mocemuli ti pis manipulaciisas.<br />

gamosasvleli signali fazis uwyveti cvlilebiT<br />

analogiu-ria im signalisa, romelic miiReba six-<br />

Siris diskretuli cvlilebisas sixSiruli modulaciis<br />

dros. GMSK signalis formirebis zogadi<br />

principi naCvenebia nax. 3.2-ze (a, b).<br />

68<br />

nax. 3.2.a. GMSK modulatoris zogadi<br />

struqturuli sqema<br />

nax. 3.2.b. GMSK modulatoris droiTi <strong>da</strong> fazuri<br />

maxasiaTeblebi<br />

69

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba modulacia sixSiruli<br />

zolis normirebuli sididiT _ BT=0,3. sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

B – filtris zolis siganea 3 db-ze, xolo T _ erTi<br />

bitis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis droa.<br />

GMSK signalis formireba xorcieldeba I/Q<br />

kvadraturuli modulatoriT, romelic Sedgeba ori<br />

gamamravlebelisagan <strong>da</strong> erTi amjamvelisagan.<br />

GMSK modulacia xasiaTdeba Semdegi TvisebebiT:<br />

_ donis mixedviT mudmivi momvlebiT, romelic<br />

saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes C klasis gamaZliereblebis<br />

Semcveli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mowyobilobebi;<br />

_ viwro speqtriT ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mowyobilobebis gamosasvlelze,<br />

rac uzrunvelyofs zolgareTa gamosxivebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bal dones;<br />

_ kavSiris arxis xelSeSlebis mimarT maRali<br />

mdgradobiT.<br />

3.1.1. GSM qselebis arqiteqtura <strong>da</strong><br />

misi struqturuli elementebi<br />

GSM qselebi (iseve, rogorc msgavsi qselebi) Sedgeba<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> (radiotelefonebi) <strong>da</strong> sabazo sadgurebisagan,<br />

cifruli komutatorebisagan, marTvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis centrisagan, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mowyobilobebisagan. sistemis elementebis<br />

funqcionaluri SeuRleba xorcieldeba<br />

rigi interfeisebis meSveobiT.<br />

GSM <strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis princi pebi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi<br />

interfeisebi mocemulia nax. 3.3-ze.<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebi MS (Mobil Station) Sedgeba rigi<br />

specifikuri mowyobilobebisagan. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

farglebSi miRebulia <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis 5 klasi<br />

70<br />

(ix. cxrili 3.2). <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>da</strong> sabazo sadgurebi<br />

erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia.<br />

nax. 3.3. GSM qselis zogadi struqturuli sqema<br />

modelis klasi<br />

moZrav sadgurTa klasifikacia<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis maqsimaluri<br />

simZlavre, vt<br />

71<br />

cxr. 3.2<br />

<strong>da</strong>saSvebi ga<strong>da</strong>xrebi,<br />

1 20 1,5<br />

2 8 1,5<br />

3 5 1,5<br />

4 2 1,5<br />

5 0,8 1,5<br />

Setyobinebebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis simZlavris a<strong>da</strong>pturi regulireba, rac<br />

uzrunvelyofs kavSiris aucilebel xarisxs.<br />

TiToeul mobilur sadgurs aqvs sakuTari saer-<br />

TaSoriso saidentifikacio nomeri (IMSI-International<br />

Mobile Subscriber Identity), romelic Cawerilia mis maxsovrobaSi.<br />

TiToeul mobilur sadgurs eniWeba kidev<br />

db

erTi saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio nomeri (IM-<br />

SEI-International Mobile Station Equipment Identity-<strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadguris mowyobilobis saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio<br />

nomeri), romelic gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom<br />

ar moxdes SeRweva GSM-is qselSi im sadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

romlebic moparulia an ara aqvs miniWebuli aseTi<br />

ufleba.<br />

sabazo sadguris qvesistemis mowyobilobebi (BSS-<br />

Base Station Sistem) Sedgeba sabazo sadgurebis kontrolerisagan<br />

(BSC-Base Station Controler) <strong>da</strong> TviT sabazo<br />

sadgurisagan _ BTS. erTma kontrolerma Sei-<br />

Zleba marTos ramdenime sadguri. igi asrulebs<br />

Semdeg funqciebs: marTavs radioarxebis ganawilebas;<br />

akontrolebs SeerTebebs <strong>da</strong> aregulirebs maT<br />

rigiTobas. es uzrunvelyofs: e.w. ‘mxtunavi~ six-<br />

Siris reJimSi muSaobas; signalebis modulaciasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> demodulacias; Setyobinebebis kodirebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

dekodirebas; salaparako signalebis kodirebas;<br />

salaparako signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqaris a<strong>da</strong>ptacias;<br />

gansazRvravs personaluri gamoZaxebebis Setyobinebebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis rigiTobas.<br />

komutaciis qve<strong>sistemebi</strong>s (SSS-Switching SubSystem)<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris sakomutacio<br />

centri _ MSC, mdgomareobis registri _ HLR;<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis registri _ VLR; autentifikaciis<br />

centri _ AUC (Autentication Center) <strong>da</strong> mowyobilobebis<br />

identifikaciis registri _ EIR.<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris komutaciis centri momsaxurebas<br />

uwevs fiWebis garkveul jgufs <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofs<br />

SeerTebebis yvela im saxeobebs, romelTa<br />

aucilebloba warmoiSveba mobilur sadgurebSi maTi<br />

72<br />

muSaobis procesSi. igi principSi warmoadgens interfeiss<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris qselsa <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli<br />

kavSiris qsels Soris, iseTebs, rogorebicaa PSTN,<br />

ISDN, PDN qselebi <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofs gamoZaxebebis<br />

marSrutizacias <strong>da</strong> maT marTvas. gar<strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnulisa<br />

MSC-s eniWeba im radioarxebis komutaciis<br />

funqcia, romlebic uzrunvelyofen estafetur ga<strong>da</strong>cemas<br />

<strong>da</strong> fiWaSi muSa arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>rTvas xelSeSlebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zianebebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

komutaciis centri uzrunvelyofs <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis kontrols mdgomareobis<br />

registris (HLR) ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis (VLR) registris<br />

meSveobiT. mdgomareobis registris maxsovrobaSi<br />

inaxeba <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

is nawili, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba gamoZaxebis<br />

ganxorcieleba. am registrebSi mocemulia informacia<br />

abonentis Sesaxeb (IMSI), romelic gamoiyeneba<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> obieqtebis amosacnobad, Semdgom miewodeba<br />

AUC-s, aseve sxva saWiro informaciebi, romlebic<br />

aucilebelia GSM qselis funqcionirebisaTvis. am<br />

monacemTa nusxa mocemulia nax. 3.4-ze.<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis registri (VLR) aris meore Ziri-<br />

Tadi mowyobiloba, romelic uzrunvelyofs kontrols<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris obieqtis erTi fiWi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

meoreSi ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas. misi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT xorcieldeba<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris funqcionireba<br />

mdgomareobis registris mier kontrolirebadi zonis<br />

farglebs gareT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadguri ga<strong>da</strong>dis erTi sabazo sadguris kontroleris<br />

moqmedebis zoni<strong>da</strong>n meore kontroleris moqmedebis<br />

zonaSi, igi registrirdeba am ukanaskneliT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>-<br />

73

adgilebis registrSi Seiyvaneba informacia kav-<br />

Siris axali aris nomris Sesaxeb, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurisaken gamoZaxebaTa warmarTvas.<br />

mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis registrebSi<br />

arsebuli monacemebis SenarCunebisaTvis<br />

wyvetebis dros, gaTvaliswinebulia am registrebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mamaxsovrebeli mowyobilobebis <strong>da</strong>cva. nax. 3.5ze<br />

mocemulia is droebiTi monacemebi, romlebic<br />

inaxeba HLR-sa <strong>da</strong> VLR-Si.<br />

imisaTvis, rom aRvkvecoT kavSiris fiWuri sistemis<br />

resursebis arasanqcirebuli gamoyeneba, masSi<br />

Setanilia autentifikaciis meqanizmi _ abonentis<br />

namdvilobis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba. autentifikaciis centi<br />

(AUC) Sedgeba ramdenime blokisagan <strong>da</strong> aformirebs<br />

gasaRebebs <strong>da</strong> algoriTmebs autentifikaciisaTvis.<br />

misi meSveobiT mowmdeba abonentis sruluflebianoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> xorcieldeba misi SeRweva kavSiris qsel-<br />

Si. AUC-Si miiReba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba <strong>da</strong> ganisazRvreba<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sifvris gasaRebebi monacemTa bazis safuZvleze,<br />

romelic Tavmoyrilia mowyobilobis identifikaciis<br />

registrSi (EIR).<br />

yoveli <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonenti sistemiT sargeblobisas<br />

Rebulobs abonentis identifikaciis moduls<br />

(SIM-baraTs), romelic Seicavs saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio<br />

nomers (IMSEI), autentifikaciis saku-<br />

Tar individualur gasaRebs (Ki), autentifikaciis<br />

algoriTms (A3)-s. am informaciis meSveobiT, monacemTa<br />

urTierTgacvlis safuZvelze (mobilur<br />

sadgursa <strong>da</strong> qsels Soris) xdeba autentifikaciis<br />

sruli ciklis <strong>da</strong>sruleba <strong>da</strong> abonents neba erTveba<br />

qselSi SeRwevisaTvis.<br />

74<br />

nax. 3.4. mdgomareobis registrSi Senaxuli<br />

xangrZlivi monacemebi<br />

75

nax. 3.5. droebiTi monacemebi, romlebic inaxeba<br />

HLR-Si <strong>da</strong> VLR-Si<br />

abonentis namdvilobis Semowmebis procedura<br />

xorcieldeba Semdegnairad (nax. 3.6). qseli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mobilur sadgurze ga<strong>da</strong>icema raRac SemTxveviTi<br />

sidide (RAND-Randon Number_abonentis SemTxveviTi<br />

nomeri). fiWur telefonSi individualuri gasaRebis<br />

Ki <strong>da</strong> autentifikaciis algoriTmis A3-is meSveobiT<br />

miRebuli ricxvebi (maTematikuri gamoTvlebis<br />

safuZvelze) gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba <strong>da</strong> gamoiTvleba axali<br />

ricxvi _ SRES. am ricxvs <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri agzavnis<br />

ukan qselSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c xdeba miRebuli ricxvis Se<strong>da</strong>reba<br />

TviT qselSi gamoTvlil ricxvTan. Tu es ori ricxvi<br />

erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>emTxva, maSin mobilur sadgurs neba<br />

76<br />

eZleva miuerTdes qsels, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />

ara. saidumloebis <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT gamoZaxilis<br />

gamoTvla warmoebs farulad (SIM-baraTiT).<br />

nax. 3.6 abonentis Semowmebis procedura<br />

momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis centri (OMC) uzrunvelyofs<br />

funqciebis ganawilebasa <strong>da</strong> MSC-sa <strong>da</strong> BSSs<br />

Soris urTierTqmedebebs. misi funqciebi emTxveva<br />

Cveulebrivi kavSiris qselSi Semavali msgavsi centrebis<br />

funqciebs. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi OMC uzrunvelyofs radioqvevsistemis<br />

marTvas.<br />

3.1.2. signalebis struqtura <strong>da</strong> formireba<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis agebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva variantis analizis<br />

Sedegad SeirCa am <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis optimaluri<br />

77

mravalsadguriani SeRweva arxebis droiTi gancalkavebiT<br />

(TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access).<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d signalebis droiT struqturas aqvs<br />

nax.3.7-ze naCvenebi saxe. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad analoguri<br />

salaparako signali gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba cifrul TanmimdevrobaSi,<br />

romelsac ukeTdeba <strong>da</strong>Sifvra <strong>da</strong> kodireba,<br />

rac aucilebelia informaciis Secdomebisagan<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisa <strong>da</strong> miRebis procesSi. am<br />

mizniT gamoiyeneba:<br />

_ blokuri kodireba _ miRebisas Secdomebis<br />

swrafi aRmoCenisaTvis;<br />

_ xvevadi kodireba _ erTeulovani Secdomebis<br />

gasworebisaTvis;<br />

_ Senacvleba _ paketuri Secdomebis erTeulovan<br />

SecdomebSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis.<br />

am gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis Sedegad TiToeuli anaTvali warmodgeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sifruli Setyobinebis saxiT, romelic<br />

Sedgeba 114 bitisagan _ ori 57 bitiani <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

bloki (nax. 4.7), romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia<br />

etalonuri mimdevrobiT (26 biti). am mimdevrobis<br />

miRebisas ganisazRvreba <strong>da</strong>maxinjebis xasiaTi<br />

signalis ganawilebis traqtSi <strong>da</strong> Sedegad<br />

mimRebis maxasiaTeblebi formirdeba drois mocemul<br />

momentSi muSa pirobebis Sesabamisad.<br />

kavSirisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis arxebiT informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis,<br />

agreTve, ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris SewyobisaTvis,<br />

droiTi sinqronizaciis uzrunvelyofisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />

kavSiris arxSi SeRwevisaTvis gamoiyeneba 5 tipis<br />

droiTi intervali _ `fanjara~:<br />

_ NB (Normal Burts)-normaluri droiTi intervali;<br />

_ SB (Synchronisation Burts)-droiTi sinqronizaciis<br />

intervali;<br />

78<br />

_ DB (Dummy Burts)-<strong>da</strong>sayenebeli intervali;<br />

_ FCB (Frequency Correction Burts) _ sixSiris Sewyobis<br />

droiTi intervali.<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi erT salaparako arxSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis<br />

gamoyeneba normaluri droiTi intervali<br />

NB (paketi) 0,577 mwm-is xanrgZlivobiT, romelic Seicavs:<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sifruli informaciis 114 bits; or napira<br />

kombinacias (TB-Tail Bits) 3-3 biti TiToeulisaTvis;<br />

or sakontrolo bits, romelic yofs erTmaneTisagan<br />

Setyobinebis <strong>da</strong>Sifrul bitebsa <strong>da</strong> etalonur<br />

mimdevrobas; <strong>da</strong>cvis intervals GP (Guard Period) 2,25<br />

bitis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis drois intervaliT. es niSnavs, rom<br />

NB intervali Seicavs 156,25 bits, xolo erTi bitis<br />

xangrZlivoba Seadgens 3,69 mkwm-s.<br />

nax. 3.7. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi kadrebis struqtura <strong>da</strong><br />

signalebis formireba<br />

79

sixSiris Sewyobis droiTi ganmeorebadi intervalebi<br />

qmnis sixSiris <strong>da</strong>yenebis arxs (FCCH-Freguenc<br />

Correction Channel). droiTi sinqronizaciis intervali<br />

SB mobilur sadgurSi gamoiyeneba aparaturis<br />

muSaobis sinqronizaciisaTvis. igi Sedgeba 64 bitiani<br />

sinqronuli mimdevrobisagan <strong>da</strong> ori 39 bitiani<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sifruli blokisagan, romelTac ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs<br />

informacia TDMA _ kadrisa <strong>da</strong> sabazro sadguris<br />

saidentifikacio kodis Sesaxeb. am intervalis Sesabamisi<br />

Setyobineba (bitebSi) ga<strong>da</strong>icema sixSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>yenebis intervalis Sesabamis SetyobinebasTan<br />

erTad. sinqronizaciis ganmeorebadi intervalebi<br />

qmnis e.w. sinqronizaciis arxs (SCH).<br />

<strong>da</strong>sayenebeli intervali DB uzrunvelyofs arxis<br />

<strong>da</strong>yenebasa <strong>da</strong> testirebas. Tavisi struqturiT<br />

igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d emTxveva normalur droiT intervals<br />

NB-s. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia,<br />

rom intervali DB Seicavs 26 bitian <strong>da</strong>sayenebel<br />

mimdevrobas <strong>da</strong> saWiroebs sakontrolo bitebis<br />

gamoyenebas.<br />

SeRwevis intervali AB uzrunvelyofs <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadguris SeRwevas axal sabazo sadgurSi. igi<br />

Seicavs 252 mkwm xangrZlivobis (68,25 biti) did <strong>da</strong>mcvel<br />

intervals GP-s, or napira kombinacias (TB-3-<br />

3 biti), 41 bitian sinqromimdevrobas <strong>da</strong> 36 <strong>da</strong>Sifrul<br />

bits. didi <strong>da</strong>mcveli intervali (252 mkwm) uzrunvelyofs<br />

kavSirs mobilur obieqtebamde fiWebSi,<br />

romelTa radiusi 35 km-mdea, radgan igi metia im<br />

droze, romelic saWiroa radiosignalis pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />

<strong>da</strong> ukumimarTulebiT gavrcelebisaTvis t-233,3 mkwm-s<br />

(t=2R/C).<br />

informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema arxebis droiTi gancalkevebisas<br />

xorcieldeba TDMA – kadris SigniT. am kadris<br />

TiToeuli intervali aRiniSneba nomrebiT 0-<strong>da</strong>n 7-<br />

80<br />

mde, e.i. erT TDMA-kadrSi erTdroulad funqcionirebs<br />

8 salaparako arxi. im droiTi intervalebis<br />

fizikuri arsi, romlebic iwodeba `fanjrebad~, aris<br />

is, rom es aris dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi xdeba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mtani rxevis modulacia salaparako an monacem-<br />

Ta signalebiT.<br />

cifruli sainformacio nakadi warmoadgens paketebis<br />

mimdevrobas, romlebic ganTavsebulia am<br />

droiT intervalebSi (`fanjrebSi~). paketebis xangrZlivoba<br />

odnav mcirea intervalebis xangr-<br />

Zlivobaze <strong>da</strong> tolia 0,546 mkwm-is. TDMA –kadris<br />

saerTo xangrZlivoba tolia 4,615 mwm-is.<br />

TDMA-kadrebisagan iqmneba multikadrebi. kavSirisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> marTvisaTvis GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba<br />

multikadris ori saxeoba:<br />

_ 26 TDMA kadris Semcveli;<br />

_ 51 TDMA _ kadris Semcveli.<br />

pirveli saxeobis erTi multikadris xanrgZlivoba<br />

tolia 129 mwm-is, meoris _ 235,385 mwm-is. pirveli<br />

saxeoba 51 multikadris (TiToeuli 26 kadri) an<br />

meore saxis 26 miltikadris (TiTeouli 51 kadri)<br />

saSualebiT iqmneba superkadri 6,12 wm-is xangrZlivobis<br />

(1326 TDMA kadri).<br />

2048 superkadri qmnis 1 hiperkadrs, romelic Seicavs,<br />

2715648 TDMA kadrs. erTi hiperkadris xangr-<br />

Zlivoba tolia 2715648X4,615 mwm=3 sT. 53 wT. 760 mwmis.<br />

hiperkadris aseTi didi xangrZlivoba ganpirobebulia<br />

GSM-Si gamoyenebuli kriptografiuli <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

meTodis moTxovnebiT, roca kadris nomeri gamoiyeneba,<br />

rogorc <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis Sesasvleli parametri.<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi signalebis erT-erT gansakuTrebulobas<br />

warmoadgens kavSiris seansis procesSi<br />

81

sixSiris neli naxtomebis gamoyeneba SFH (Slow<br />

Fregueney Hopping). maTi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa six-<br />

Siruli ganawilebis uzrunvelyofa radioarxebSi,<br />

romlebic funqcionirebs radiotalRebis mravalsxivuri<br />

gavrcelebis pirobebSi. sixSiris neli naxtomebi<br />

gamoiyeneba yvela mobilur qselebSi, rac<br />

saabonento sadgurebis neli moZraobisas amaRlebs<br />

kodirebisa <strong>da</strong> Senacvlebis efeqturobas.<br />

nax. 3.8. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi kavSiris arxebis<br />

kombinirebuli TDMA/FDMA sqema<br />

82<br />

neli naxtomebis formirebis princi pi sixSiruli<br />

TvalsazrisiT mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Setyobineba,<br />

romelic ga<strong>da</strong>icema abonentisTvis gamoyofili<br />

drois intervalSi TDMA – kadrSi 0,577 wm, yovel<br />

momdevno kadrSi ga<strong>da</strong>icema (miiReba) axal fiqsirebul<br />

sixSireze (nax. 4.8). kadrebis struqturis Sesabamisad<br />

sixSiris gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis saWiro dro Seadgens<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1 mwm-s.<br />

sixSiris naxtomebis procesSi mudmivad Senar-<br />

Cunebulia sxvaoba miRebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxebs<br />

Soris (nax. 3.8). yvela aqtiur abonents, romlebic<br />

erT fiWaSi mdebareobs, eniWeba sixSireTa ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ukveTavi mimdevrobebi, rac gamoricxavs xarvezebs<br />

abonentebs Soris Setyobinebis miRebisas. six-<br />

SireTa ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis mimdevrobis parametrebi (six-<br />

Sirul-droiTi matrica <strong>da</strong> sawyisi sixSire) moiniSneba<br />

yoveli <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurisaTvis <strong>da</strong>myarebis<br />

procesSi.<br />

kavSiris arxebi GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT<br />

fizikur <strong>da</strong> lokalur arxebad. fizikuri arxi<br />

iqmneba signalebis droiTi <strong>da</strong> sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>yofis<br />

kombinirebis gziT <strong>da</strong> ganisazRvreba rogorc radiosixSiruli<br />

arxebisa (sixSireTa SesaZlo naxtomebiT),<br />

ise TDMA-kadris droiTi intervalebis mimdevroba.<br />

yoveli ga<strong>da</strong>mtani Seicavs 8 fizikur arxs, gan-<br />

Tavsebuls TDMA – kadris 8 droiTi intervalis<br />

sazRvrebSi. yoveli fizikuri arxisaTvis yovel<br />

TDMA-kadrSi gamoiyeneba erTi <strong>da</strong> igive droiTi<br />

intervali.<br />

83

fizikuri arxis formirebamde cifrul formaSi<br />

warmodgenili Setyobinebebi <strong>da</strong> monacemebi jgufdeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> erTiandeba ori tipis arxebSi:<br />

_ kavSiris arxi _ kodirebuli saubrisa <strong>da</strong> monacemebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis;<br />

_ marTvis arxi _ marTvisa <strong>da</strong> sinqronizaciis<br />

signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis. logikuri arxebis Sesabamisi<br />

kombinaciisaTvis erTi <strong>da</strong> imave fizikur<br />

arxze SeiZleba moTavsdes erTze meti logikuri<br />

arxis tipi. kavSiris logikuri arxebi SeiZleba<br />

iyos:<br />

_ SetyobinebaTa sruli siCqariT ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxi<br />

(22,8 kbit/wm-TCH/F (Full Rate Traffic Channel);<br />

_ SetyobinebaTa naxevari siCqariT ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxi<br />

(11,4 kbit/wm – TCH/H (Half Rate Traffic Channel).<br />

logikur kadrebSi gamoiyeneba 26 kadriani multikadri.<br />

FAC CH-(Fast Associated Control Channel) marTvis<br />

Cqari SeTavsebuli logikuri arxi gamoiyeneba gankargulebaTa<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris<br />

fiWi<strong>da</strong>n _ fiWaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas, e.i. estafeturi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas.<br />

marTvis neli SeTavsebuli logikuri<br />

arxi _ SAC CH (Slou Associated Control Channel) gamoiyeneba<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi im signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis,<br />

romlebic saWiroa <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis<br />

gamosasvleli donis simZlavris <strong>da</strong>yenebisaTvis,<br />

xolo piriqiT ki _ <strong>da</strong>yenebuli simZlavris donis<br />

Sesaxeb monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis. kavSiris srul<br />

sixSirul arxSi multikadris yovel me-13 TDMA<br />

kadrSi ga<strong>da</strong>icema SACCH arxis informaciis paketi,<br />

amasTan, yoveli 26-e TDMA kadri Tavisufalia. naxevarsiCqariani<br />

kavSiris arxSi informaciis igive<br />

paketi ga<strong>da</strong>icema multikadris yovel me-13 <strong>da</strong> 26-e TDMA-<br />

84<br />

kadrSi (nax. 4.9), ramdena<strong>da</strong>c srulsiCqariani arxis<br />

multikadrSi laparakisa <strong>da</strong> monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis<br />

gamoiyeneba 24 TDMA kadri 26-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> multikadris<br />

xangrZlivobaa 120 mwm, amdenad, sainformacio<br />

SetyobinebaTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare am arxSi Seadgens<br />

22,8 kbit/wm-s.<br />

T,t-TDMA kadri arxebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis<br />

(TCH); CA-TDMA kadri SACCH/T-s ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis; `A~<br />

carieli TDMA kadri.<br />

nax. 3.9. kavSiris arxebis gaerTianebis sqema<br />

3.1.3. informaciis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoeba<br />

aRniSnul stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi termini `usafrTxoeba~<br />

gulisxmobs sistemis arasanqcionirebuli gamoyenebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>uSveblobas <strong>da</strong> abonentTa saubrebis gasaidumloebis<br />

uzrunvelyofas. GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi am<br />

moTxovnaTa <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

Semdegi meqanizmebi:<br />

_ autentifikacia;<br />

_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis gasaidumloeba;<br />

_ abonentis gasaidumloeba;<br />

_ gamoZaxebis mimarTulebis gasaidumloeba.<br />

85

marTvis signalebisa <strong>da</strong> momxmareblis monacemTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva xorcieldeba mxolod radioarxiT ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas.<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis algoriTmi<br />

RSA Ria gasaRebiT (avtorebis gvarebis pirveli asoebi<br />

Rivest, Shamir, Adleman), romelic uzrunvelyofs salaparako<br />

SetyobinebaTa maRali xarisxis usafrTxoebas.<br />

kavSiris sistemis resursebis arasanqcirebuli<br />

moxmarebis gamoricxvis mizniT stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi Seyvanili<br />

<strong>da</strong> gansazRvrulia autentifikaciis meqanizmi<br />

_ abonentis piradobis <strong>da</strong>sturi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,<br />

sistemiT sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi yoveli abonenti<br />

iRebs abonentis namdvilobis moduls _ SIM<br />

baraTs, romelic Seicavs:<br />

nax. 3.10. a. autentifikaciis princi pi<br />

86<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentis saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio<br />

nomers _ IMSI;<br />

_ autentifikaciis sakuTar-individualur gasa-<br />

Rebs _ Ki;<br />

_ autentifikaciis algoriTms _ A3.<br />

radioarxiT informaciis gasaidumloebis uzrunvelsayofad<br />

ukanaskneli maTgani iSifreba, <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis<br />

gasaRebebis A8-is formirebis algoriTmi inaxeba<br />

SIM baraTSi. gamoZaxilis <strong>da</strong>TvlasTan erTad <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadguris ERES aparatura gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis<br />

gasaRebasac Kc. es gasaRebi ar ga<strong>da</strong>icema<br />

radioarxiT, aramed gamoiTvleba qseliT <strong>da</strong> saabonento<br />

terminaliT erTdroulad (nax. 3.10a).<br />

SemTxveviTi ricxvis gar<strong>da</strong> mobilur sadgurs<br />

egzavneba ricxviTi mimdevroba gaSifvris gasaRebTan<br />

erTad. es ricxvi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia Kc-s faqtiur<br />

mniSvnelobasTan <strong>da</strong> xels uSlis araswori gasaRebis<br />

formirebas. ricxvi inaxeba mobilur sadgurSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> igi Sedis yovel pirvel SetyobinebaSi, romelic<br />

qselSi ga<strong>da</strong>icema.<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sifrvis reJimis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis qseli mobilur<br />

sadurs ga<strong>da</strong>scems gankargulebas CMC (Ciphering<br />

Mode Command) <strong>da</strong>Sifvris reJimSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlaze, romlis<br />

miRebis Semdeg, sadguri, misive arsebuli gasaRebis<br />

gamoyenebiT, axorcielebs <strong>da</strong>Sifvrasa <strong>da</strong> gasaRebis<br />

gaxsnas. Setyobinebebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli monacemTa nakadi<br />

axdens <strong>da</strong>Sifrvas `biti-biti~ an nakaduri SifriT,<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sifris A5 algoriTmisa <strong>da</strong> Kc gasaRebis<br />

gamoyenebiT. <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis reJimis <strong>da</strong>myarebis procedura<br />

warmodgenilia nax. 3.10 b.<br />

87

nax. 3.10. b. cifrul formaSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />

procedura<br />

radioarxiT ga<strong>da</strong>cemul SetyobinebaTa gamovlenis<br />

gziT abonentis gamoaSkaravebis gamosaricxad<br />

fiWuri kavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s yovel abonents eniWeba<br />

droebiTi saerTaSoriso saidentifikacio momxmareblis<br />

nomeri _ TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subsriber Identity),<br />

romelic ZalaSia mxolod ganTavsebis aris<br />

zRvrebSi LAI (Location Area Idenfication). ganTavsebis sxva<br />

zonaSi abonents mieniWeba axali TMSI. Tu <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadguri ganTavsebis sxva zonaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis, misi<br />

TMSI un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ices im LAI zonis saidentifikacio<br />

nomerTan erTad, romelSic TMSI mieniWeba abonents.<br />

adgilmdebareobis koreqtirebis proceduris Sesrulebisas<br />

MS mobilur sadgursa <strong>da</strong> BTS sabazo<br />

sadgurs Soris marTvis arxebiT xorcieldeba im<br />

samsaxureobriv SetyobinebaTa ormxrivi gacvla,<br />

romlebic Seicaven abonentis TMSI droebiT nomrebs.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi radioarxSi aucilebelia<br />

TMSI_ebis Secvlis <strong>da</strong> maTi konkretul abonentebze<br />

mikuTvnebis saidumloobis uzrunvelyofa. adgilm-<br />

88<br />

debareobis koreqtirebis procedura TvalnaTliv<br />

aris warmodgenili nax. 3.11-ze.<br />

nax. 3.11. adgilmdebareobis koreqcia<br />

detalurad ganvixiloT adgilmdebareobis koreqtirebis<br />

SemTxveva estafeturi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis momentSi.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri ukve registrirebulia<br />

VLR ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis registrSi droebiTi<br />

TMSI nomriT, romelic Seesabameba mdebareobis<br />

yofil zonas. abonentis axal zonaSi Sesvlis<br />

dros sruldeba amocnobis procedura, romelic<br />

radioarxSi <strong>da</strong>Sifrul Zveli TMSI-iT sruldeba <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>icema adgilmdebareobis LAI zonis nomerTan erTad.<br />

es ukanaskneli awvdis informacias komutaciis cen-<br />

89

trsa <strong>da</strong> marTvis centrs <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />

mimarTulebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> iZleva saSualebas<br />

adgilmdebareobis yofili zonisagan gamorkveul<br />

iqnas abonentis statusi <strong>da</strong> misi monacemebi,<br />

gamoricxavs ra amiT am samsaxureobrivi Setyobinebebis<br />

marTvis radioarxebiT mimocvlas. amasTan,<br />

kavSiris arxSi Setyobineba ga<strong>da</strong>icema, rogorc <strong>da</strong>Sifruli<br />

sainformacio teqsti Setyobinebis SewyvetiT<br />

`estafeturi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis~ procesSi 100-150 mwiT.<br />

3.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> D-AMPS<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri sistema<br />

D-AMPS fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />

SemuSavebul <strong>da</strong> miRebul iqna aSS-Si. misi Seqmnis<br />

aucilebloba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom AMPS<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtis erovnuli analoguri fiWuri kavSiris<br />

sistema veRar pasuxob<strong>da</strong> gazrdil moTxovnebs: <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

kavSirebis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mimarT. kerZod, <strong>da</strong>bali<br />

gamtarunarianobis; kavSiris arasakmarisi xarisxis;<br />

momsaxurebaTa SezRuduli raodenobis; ga<strong>da</strong>sacem<br />

SetyobinebaTa gasaidumloebis SeuZleblobis<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa gamo. evropis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis axlad SemuSavebuli<br />

sistemisaTvis gamoyofil iqna axali sixSiruli<br />

diapazoni, aSS-Si ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> sixSireTa axali<br />

zolis gamoyofa. amitom fiWuri kavSiris mrewvelobis<br />

asociacia (CTIA) <strong>da</strong> kavSiris mrewvelobis asociaciis<br />

(TIA) mier miRebuli iqna ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba erT six-<br />

Sirul zolSi ori stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis erToblivi funq-<br />

90<br />

cionirebisaTvis analoguri AMPS <strong>da</strong> axali cifruli<br />

D-AMPS-is. amasTan, analogur sistemaSi arsebul<br />

arxebs Soris sixSireTa sxvaoba, romelic tolia<br />

30 khci-sa SenarCunebul iqna.<br />

cifruli fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />

D-AMPS SemuSavebul iqna 1990 wels AMPS-is bazaze.<br />

swored amis safuZvelze miiRo kavSiris sistemam<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxeleba D-AMPS (ADC). eqsperimentuli gamocdis<br />

Semdeg TIA <strong>da</strong> CTIA asociaciebis mier miRebul iqna<br />

sami Si<strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rti: IS-54 _ <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris D-<br />

AMPS sistemaze; IS-55_or-modian mobilur sadgurze,<br />

romelic uzrunvelyofs kavSirs rogorc analoguri<br />

(AMPS), ise cifruli (D-AMPS) arxebiT; IS-<br />

56 _ bazur sadgurebze.<br />

rogorc Semdgom aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, am stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>nergva<br />

drouli nabiji iyo aSS-is <strong>mobiluri</strong> kav-<br />

Siris bazarze cifruli teqnologiis <strong>da</strong>nergvis<br />

procesSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom stan<strong>da</strong>rti IS-54 ar<br />

iTvaliswinebs srulad cifrul formaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlas,<br />

igi aris ufro progresuli winamorbedi AMPS-<br />

Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> dReisaTvis ramdenime milionze<br />

meti abonenti msoflios bevr qveyanaSi iyenebs mas.<br />

1994 wels aSS-Si miRebul iqna axali erovnuli<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rti IS-136 <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris srul cifrul<br />

sistemaze, romelic warmoadgens IS-54 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

srulyofil variants. Tavisi funqcionaluri Sesa-<br />

ZleblobebiT igi uaxlovdeba GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rts.<br />

D-AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rti ar miiRes evropul qveynebSi<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> ruseTisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi orientirebulia regionul<br />

gamoyenebaze. stan<strong>da</strong>rtis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />

mocemulia cxrilSi 4.1 (ix. zemoT).<br />

91

mowyobilobaTa Semadgenloba <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebis<br />

principebi TiTqmis mTlianad emTxveva GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rts.<br />

D-AMPS stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri kavSiris sistemis<br />

struqturuli sqema naCvenebia nax. 3.12-ze. am<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi analoguri salaparako signalis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis cifrul formaSi gamoiyeneba VSELP<br />

koderi. salaparako diapazonis analoguri signali<br />

iyofa 20 mwm-is xanrgZlivobis segmentebad, romlebic<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba 159 kodirebul bitad <strong>da</strong> romlebic<br />

Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>icema 7,95 kbit/wm siCqariT. amis<br />

Semdeg es monacemebi ganicdis saarxo kodirebas,<br />

risTvisac gamoiyeneba xvevadi kodi siCqariT R=1/2.<br />

amasTan salaparako koderisagan wamosuli paketebi,<br />

romelic, rogorc aRiniSna, Sedgeba 159 bitisagan<br />

iyofa 2 jgufad: pirveli moicavs 77 bits; meore _<br />

82 bits. pirvel jgufSi xorcieldeba zemoT aRniSnuli<br />

xvevadi kodireba. amasTan 7 biti gamoiyeneba<br />

Secdomebis aRmosaCenad.<br />

nax. 3.12. D-AMPS (ADC) <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri<br />

radiokavSiris gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema<br />

92<br />

meore jgufis bitebi ga<strong>da</strong>icema kodirebis gareSe.<br />

Sedegad, saarxo koderSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnili 20 mwm xanrg-<br />

Zlivobis fragmenti warmodgenilia 260 bitiT, rac<br />

Seesabameba ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqares 13 kbit/wm-s. saarxo<br />

koderis gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema warmodgenilia<br />

nax. 3.13-ze. gamosasvleli siCqare (TDMA)<br />

kadris formirebis Sedegad Seadgens 16,2 kbit/wm-s<br />

1 abonentze. 260 kodirebuli bitiT Sedgenili paketi<br />

Semdgom ganicdis Senacvlebas, romlis principic<br />

mocemulia nax.3.14-ze. nebismieri salaparako fragmenti<br />

iyofa 2 Tanatol nawilad. erTi im nawilTagani<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>icema fragmentis sawyis fanjaraSi, xolo<br />

meore _ sami fanjariT ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebul fanjaraSi.<br />

SetyobinebaTa radioarxSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />

speqtrul-efeqturi / 4 DQPSK modulacia,<br />

romelic realizdeba kvadraturuli sqemiT ga<strong>da</strong>mtan<br />

sixSireze pir<strong>da</strong>piri ga<strong>da</strong>cemiT.<br />

nax. 3.13. D-AMPS (ADC) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis saxazo kodirebis<br />

struqturuli sqema<br />

93

nax. 3.14. D-AMPS (ADC) stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi paketebis<br />

kodirebuli bitebis monacvleobis organizacia<br />

TDMA kadrebis struqtura wina <strong>da</strong> ukuarxebSi<br />

naxevarsiCqariani salaparako arxis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebisaTvis<br />

naCvenebia nax.3.15-ze.<br />

nax. 3.15 naxevarsiCqariani salaparako arxis<br />

kadrebis struqtura<br />

94<br />

3.3. <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri sistema<br />

iaponuri cifruli <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri kavSiris<br />

Seqmna ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> NNT kompaniis mier,<br />

romelic uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> analoguri fiWuri <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

kavSiris momsaxurebebs iaponiaSi, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />

1979 wlis dekembri<strong>da</strong>n. kavSiris cifrul<br />

sistemaze specifikaciebis SemuSavebisas savaldebulod<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />

_ sixSireTa speqtris ekonomiis uzrunvelyofa:<br />

speqtrul efeqturi cifruli modulaciis gamoyenebis,<br />

<strong>da</strong>balsiCqariani <strong>da</strong> maRalxarisxiani bgeri-<br />

Ti kodekebis arCevis <strong>da</strong> radioarxebSi marTvis protokolebis<br />

gaumjobesebis xarjze;<br />

_ sistemis aparatul saSualebaTa Rirebulebis<br />

Semcireba arxebis droiTi <strong>da</strong>yofis gamoyenebis xarjze;<br />

_ momsaxurebaTa kompleqsis gafarToeba OSI Ria<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s arqiteqturis gamoyenebis, funqcionalurad<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli aparaturuli <strong>da</strong> programuli<br />

modulebis xarjze.<br />

JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis Taviseburebebs un<strong>da</strong> mivakuTvnoT<br />

ISDN qselebTan pir<strong>da</strong>piri kavSiri; ga<strong>da</strong>sacem<br />

SetyobinebaTa <strong>da</strong>Sifrvis SesaZlebloba, <strong>da</strong>balsiCqaruli<br />

bgeriTi kodekis VSELP-is gamoyeneba,<br />

sixSirul arxTa <strong>da</strong>yofa 25 khc-is SualediT.<br />

JDC <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris qselisa <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

SemuSavebisas kompania NNT yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />

Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaze:<br />

_ kavSiris fiqsirebul qselebTan urTierTqmedebis<br />

uzrunvelyofa (PSTN, ISDN);<br />

95

_ mobilur abonentTa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fiWuri<br />

qselebis abonentTa Soris ueTierTqmedebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> (fiWuri) <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli qselebis<br />

SeerTeba ubralo interfeisiT.<br />

JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtis <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris fiWuri qselis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sami ZiriTadi funqcionaluri<br />

elementi:<br />

_ MCC <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris marTvis sadguri (Mobile<br />

Communications Control Station);<br />

_ BS bazuri sadgurebi (Base Station);<br />

_ MS <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonenturi sadgurebi (Mobile Station).<br />

JDC kavSiris qselebis struqturuli sqema<br />

naCvenebia nax. 3.16-ze.<br />

MSS <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris marTvis sadguri warmoadgens<br />

GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi MSC <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris<br />

komutaciis centris analogs. igi moicavs: G-MCC<br />

(Gate Mobile Communication Control Counter–<strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentebis<br />

kavSiris marTvisa <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli satelefono<br />

qselis abonentebTan maTi SeerTebis<br />

qvesistemas);<br />

V-MCC (Visit Mobile Communications Counter _ abonentTa<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis kontrolis qvesistemas, romelic<br />

uzrunvelyofs abonentTa adgilmdebareobis registraciasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT <strong>da</strong>kavSirebas); aseve HLR (Home<br />

Location Register) mdgomareobis registrs, romelic axorcielebs<br />

mobilur abonentTa identifikaciasa <strong>da</strong><br />

kavSiris zonis registracias. marTvis MCC sadgursa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis ZiriTad elementebs Soris samomsaxureo<br />

kavSirisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis organizebisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />

signalizaciis sistema SS N7. (nax.3.16-ze naCvenebia<br />

wyvetili xaziT).<br />

96<br />

nax. 3.16. JDC kavSiris qselis struqturuli sqema<br />

JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi kavSiris fizikuri arxis formireba<br />

xdeba TDMA kadris sami<strong>da</strong>n erT-erT fanjaraSi. kav-<br />

Siris fizikuri arxis struqtura naCvenebia nax. 3.17.<br />

nax. 3.17. JDC stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi kavSiris fizikuri arxis<br />

struqtura<br />

97

3.4. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> meore<br />

Taobis (2G) CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fiWuri<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri radiokavSiris sistema<br />

CDMA-s agebis princi pi.<br />

CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi, arxebis koduri <strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis<br />

gamoiyeneba uolSis orTogonaluri kodebi. uol-<br />

Sis kodebi formirdeba uolSis matricis striqoneb-<br />

isagan:<br />

00<br />

00<br />

<br />

01<br />

01<br />

WL<br />

00<br />

11<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

01<br />

10<br />

<br />

am matriciis gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs ima-<br />

Si, rom misi yoveli striqoni orTogonaluria nebismieri<br />

striqonis mimarT, romelic miRebulia<br />

logikuri uaryofis operaciis meSveobiT. IS-95 stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi<br />

gamoiyeneba 64-e xarisxis matrica. mimRebis<br />

gamosasvlelze signalebis gamosayofad gamoiyeneba<br />

cifruli filtri. orTogonaluri signalebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi filtri SeiZleba aiwyos im<strong>da</strong>gvarad,<br />

rom mis gamosasvlelze yovelTvis iqneba logikuri<br />

nuli, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT, roca miiReba is<br />

signali, romelzec isaa awyobili. uolSis mixedviT<br />

kodireba gamoiyeneba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi (sabazo<br />

sadguri<strong>da</strong>n saabonento terminalisaken) momxmarebelTa<br />

gamoyofisaTvis. im sistemebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamoiyeneba<br />

IS-95, yvela saabonento sadguri muSaobs erTdroulad,<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong> igive sixSireTa zolSi.<br />

CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis gamartivebuli struqturuli<br />

sqema mocemulia nax. 3.18-ze. informaciu-<br />

98<br />

li signali kodirdeba uolSis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> Semdgom<br />

erTiandeba ga<strong>da</strong>mtanTan, romlis speqtri winaswar<br />

farTovdeba fsevdoSemTxveviTi mimdevrobis wyaros<br />

signalze ga<strong>da</strong>mravlebiT. yovel informaciul signals<br />

eniWeba uolSis sakuTari kodi, Semdgom isini<br />

erTiandeba ga<strong>da</strong>mcemSi <strong>da</strong> filtris gavliT xmauris<br />

signalis msgavsad miewodeba ga<strong>da</strong>mcem antenas.<br />

amrigad, mimRebis Sesasvlels miewodeba sasargeblo<br />

signali-mezobeli fiWebis sabazo sadgurebis<br />

fonuri xmauri <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>mobiluri</strong> abonentebis xelisSemSleli<br />

signalebi. maRalsixSiruli filtraciis<br />

Semdeg signali miewodeba korelators, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

xdeba speqtris SekumSva <strong>da</strong> cifrul filtrSi<br />

sasargeblo signalis gamoyofa winaswar mocemuli<br />

uolSis kodis gamoyenebiT. xelSeSlis speqtri<br />

izrdeba <strong>da</strong> korelatoris gamosasvlelze miiReba<br />

xmauri. praqtikulad, mobilur sadgurebSi gamoiyeneba<br />

ramdenime korelatori<br />

nax. 3.18. CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis muSaobis<br />

princi pi<br />

99

CDMA-s princi pze agebul sistemebSi, fsevdoSemTxveviTi<br />

xmauris wyaros sinqronizaciis Secvlis<br />

safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia qselis yvela fiWa-<br />

Si erTi <strong>da</strong> igive sixSiris gamoyeneba. arsebul six-<br />

SireTa resursis aseTi 100%-iani gamoyeneba, aris<br />

erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs<br />

CDMA qselis maRal moculobas <strong>da</strong> misi organizaciis<br />

simartives.<br />

CDMA-s bazaze agebul sistemebs gaaCnia dinamikuri<br />

saabonento moculoba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom Teoriulad aris uolSis 64 kodi, realur<br />

pirobebSi es zRvari ar miiRweva sistemis Si<strong>da</strong><br />

interferenciiT, romelic gamowveulia mezobel<br />

fiWebSi sabazo <strong>da</strong> <strong>mobiluri</strong> signalebis erTdrouli<br />

muSaobiT. nax. 3.19-ze mocemulia sistemis Ziri-<br />

Tadi maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebis ilustracia.<br />

es maxasiaTeblebi urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad SeuZlebelia yvela maTganis erTdroulad<br />

optimizacia. princi pSi, es urTierTkav-<br />

Siri uzrunvelyofs moqnilobas misi <strong>da</strong>proeqtebisas.<br />

nax. 3.20-ze magaliTisaTvis mocemulia sabazo<br />

sadgurze <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis ganawileba.<br />

nax. 3.19. CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemis dinamikuri<br />

moculoba<br />

100<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, CDMA sistemis fiWis<br />

saabonento moculoba optimizdeba regulirebis<br />

im rTuli algoriTmis gamoyenebiT, romelic zRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />

TiTeouli saabonento terminalis mier gamosxivebul<br />

simZlavres. sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

simZlavris regulirebis sami meqanizmi:<br />

nax. 3.20. CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis qselis <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis<br />

ganawileba<br />

_ pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi _ gawyvetili maryuJi;<br />

_ pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi _ Sekruli maryuJi;<br />

_ ukuarxSi.<br />

amasTan, `pir<strong>da</strong>piri arxis~ cnebaSi igulisxmeba<br />

informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

miReba <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris mier, xolo ‘ukuarxis<br />

cnebaSi~ _ arxi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris ga<strong>da</strong>cemul<br />

Setyobinebebs iRebs sabazo sadguri.<br />

ganvixiloT ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi mowyobilobebis simZlavre-<br />

Ta marTva ukuarxSi. TiToeuli <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>scems informacias miRebul signalSi Secdomebis<br />

donis Sesaxeb. am informaciis safuZvelze saba<br />

101

zo sadguri anawilebs abonentebis simZlavreebs<br />

imgvarad, rom miRweul iqnes salaparako signalebis<br />

miRebis <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli done. rogorc pir<strong>da</strong>pir,<br />

aseve ukuarxebSi simZlavreTa marTvis zemoT<br />

aRniSnuli principi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, moqmedebs <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadgurebis akumulatorebis gamoyenebis va<strong>da</strong>ze.<br />

gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom (nax. 3.21) CDMA<br />

sistemebSi gamosxivebuli saSualo simZlavre naklebia<br />

vidre sxva SeRwevis meTodebis gamoyenebiT<br />

agebul sistemebSi.<br />

nax. 3.21. <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadgurebis gamosxivebuli<br />

simZlavris cvlileba<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi simZlavris regulireba xdeba<br />

zemoT ganxilulisagan gansxvavebulad. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

SesaZlebelia regulirebis ori varianti:<br />

Ria ciklisas (gawyvetili maryuJi) <strong>da</strong> Sekruli<br />

ciklisas (Sekruli maryuJi), rogorc es naCvenebia<br />

nax. 3.22-ze.<br />

102<br />

nax. 3.22. pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi simZlavris marTva<br />

gavaanalizoT simZlavris regulirebis Ria cikli.<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri CarTvis Semdeg eZebs sabazo<br />

sadguris signals. am signalTan sinqronizaciis<br />

Semdeg xdeba misi simZlavris gazomva <strong>da</strong> aRiricxeba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli signalis simZlavre. aRricxvebi<br />

efuZneba imas, rom gamosxivebuli signalis savaraudo<br />

simZlavrisa <strong>da</strong> miRebuli signalis sim-<br />

Zlavris doneebis jami un<strong>da</strong> iyos mudmivi <strong>da</strong> -73<br />

db-is toli. Tu miRebuli signalis done, mag., tolia<br />

-85 db-is, maSin gamosxivebuli simZlavris done<br />

toli un<strong>da</strong> iyos 12 db-is. es procesi meordeba<br />

yovel 20 mwm-Si, magram igi mainc ver uzrunvelyofs<br />

sasurvel sizustes simZlavris regulirebaSi, imdenad,<br />

ramdena<strong>da</strong>c pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> uku arxebi muSaoben<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSirul diapazonebSi (sixSireTa Zvra<br />

45 mhc-ia) <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, aqvT milevis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

done gavrcelebisas <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad<br />

ganicdian xelSeSlebis zemoqmedebas.<br />

ganvixiloT simZlavris regulirebis <strong>da</strong>xuruli<br />

cikli. simZlavris regulirebis meqanizmi am dros<br />

103

ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli signalis simZlavris zustad <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />

saSualebas iZleva: sabazo sadguri mudmivad<br />

afasebs Secdomis albaTobas yovel miRebul<br />

signalSi. Tu igi aWarbebs programulad <strong>da</strong>dgenil<br />

zRvars, sabazo sadguri ubrZanebs Sesabamis mobilur<br />

sadgurs gamosxivebis simZlavris gazr<strong>da</strong>s, regulireba<br />

xorcieldeba 1 db bijiT. es procesi meordeba<br />

yovel 1,25 mwm-Si. aseTi regulirebis procesis<br />

mizani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yovelma mobilurma<br />

sadgurma gamoasxivos minimaluri simZlavris<br />

signali, romelic sakmarisia laparakis misaRebi<br />

xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. imis gamo, rom yvela<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri gamoasxivebs normaluri<br />

muSaobisaTvis saWiro simZlavris signalebs (<strong>da</strong><br />

ara umetes), maTi urTierTqmedeba minimumamde <strong>da</strong>dis<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad sistemis saabonento tevadoba izrdeba.<br />

mobilurma sadgurebma un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos gamosasvleli<br />

signalis simZlavris regulireba far-<br />

To dinamikur diapazonSi _ 85 db-mde.<br />

iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa momxmarebelTa raodenoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n manZili, zemoqmedebs<br />

maqsimaluri gamosxivebuli simZlavris mniSvnelobaze.<br />

zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvalisiwnebiT SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis simZlavris gamaZliereblis<br />

wrfivobisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi (Semavali<br />

signalis 20 db-is zRvrebSi cvlilebisas) uaRresad<br />

maRalia.<br />

gamosxivebuli CDMA signalis speqtri, romelic<br />

miiReba uolSis mixedviT kodirebuli mravali<br />

sabazo signalis gaerTianebiT, axloa xmauris signalis<br />

speqtrTan. amasTan, pikuri mniSvnelobis fardoba<br />

saSualo mniSvnelobasTan tolia 11 db-is. sxva-<br />

104<br />

<strong>da</strong>sxva stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sabazo sadgurebSi simZlavris<br />

gamaZliereblisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebis ilustracia<br />

mocemulia nax. 3.23-ze.<br />

nax. 3.23. moTxovnebi sabazo sadguris simZlavris<br />

gaZlierebaze<br />

imisaTvis, rom ufro gasagebi iyos CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s muSaobis Cvens mier gaanalizebuli<br />

zogadi principebi, mokled ganvixiloT <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

sadguris muSaobis principi. CarTvis Semdeg<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri iwyoba qselis muSa six-<br />

Sireze <strong>da</strong> eZebs sabazo sadguris signals. rogorc<br />

wesi, igi aRmoaCens sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sabazo sadguris ramdenime<br />

signals, romelTa gamorCeva SesaZlebelia<br />

mokle kodSi droiTi <strong>da</strong>ZvriT. <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris<br />

SeirCevs didi donis signals <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, iRebs<br />

koherentul sayrdens sinqronizaciis signalis<br />

Semdgomi demodulaciisaTvis. am signals Seesabameba<br />

uolSis 32-e kodi. masSi ga<strong>da</strong>icema informacia<br />

42 Tanrigiani <strong>da</strong>Zvris registris Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic gamoiyeneba grZeli kodis formirebisaTvis.<br />

es informacia igzavneba sainformacio arxSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemul<br />

105

Setyobinebaze 320 mwm-iT adre. amitom, mobilur sadgurs<br />

aqvs sakmarisi dro Setyobinebis dekodirebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTvisaTvis registrSi.<br />

amrigad, miiRweva misi sinqronizacia qselur<br />

drosTan. amis Semdeg <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguri iwyebs<br />

gamoZaxebis erT-erTi arxis monitorings.<br />

CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis mowyobilobis Semadgenloba<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d igivea, rac GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtis, misi struqturuli<br />

sqema mocemulia nax. 3.24-ze.<br />

nax. 3.24. CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis qselis konfiguracia<br />

rogoc zemoT aRiniSna, CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi gamoiyeneba<br />

mravalobiTi SeRweva arxebis koduri gancalkevebiT,<br />

romelic efuZneba farTozolovani signalebis<br />

gamoyenebas. am stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi miiRweva laparakis<br />

ufro maRali xarisxi vidre GSM stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi,<br />

amasTan, analoguri salaparako signalebis cifrul<br />

formaSi gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis gamoiyeneba vokoderi kodirebis<br />

cvladi siCqariT, romelic efuZvneba koduri<br />

agznebiT wrfivi winaswarmetyvelebis algoriTmis<br />

gamoyenebas _ CELP (Code Excited Linear Predictive).<br />

es algoriTmi iyenebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis laparakis<br />

Taviseburebebs. vokoderis saSualebiT salaparako<br />

signalis sawyisi 64 kbiti/wm cifruli nakadi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

miiReba 8 an 13 kbiti/wm nakadi.<br />

106<br />

nax. 3.25. rbili estafeturi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis princi pi<br />

CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis mimRebebSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

ramdenime korelatoris gamoyeneba erTdroulad.<br />

mimRebebma, miRebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavebis ramdenime arxiT<br />

miiRes <strong>da</strong>saxeleba _ `Rake-mimRebi~. maT gaaCniaT<br />

miRebis 4 arxi, romelTagan samSi erTdroulad<br />

muSavdeba sami yvelaze Zlieri signali (meoTxe<br />

arxSi mudmivad midis Zebna im signalisa, romelsac<br />

aqvs samis Semdeg ufro maRali done). es signalebi<br />

aijameba <strong>da</strong> amrigad sistemaSi realizdeba miRebis<br />

droiTi <strong>da</strong>Zvris princi pi. es princi pi ilustrirebulia<br />

nax. 3.25-ze.<br />

CDMA stan<strong>da</strong>rtis sistemebSi gamoiyeneba kodirebis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva meTodebi nax. 3.26-ze <strong>da</strong> 3.27-ze<br />

mocemulia Sesabamisad kodirebis sqemebi pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />

<strong>da</strong> ukuarxSi. pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

sabazo siCqare Seadgens 9,6 kbiti/wm-s (rac miiReba<br />

8,55 kbiti/wm siCqaris cifrul nakadze <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

makoreqtirebeli orobiTi simboloebis <strong>da</strong>matebiT).<br />

107

mimReb mxareze Secdomebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri koreqciisaTvis<br />

gamoiyeneba siWarbiani kodirebis meTodi<br />

nax. 3.26. kodireba pir<strong>da</strong>pir arxSi<br />

nax. 3.27. kodireba ukuarxSi<br />

ukuarxSi gamoiyeneba kodirebis sxva meTodi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mobilur sadgurSi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul<br />

iqnes sayrdeni signalebis translaciis upiratesobebi.<br />

ukuarxSi, iseve, rogorc pir<strong>da</strong>pir arx-<br />

Si gamoiyeneba vokoderi <strong>da</strong> xvevadi kodirebis me-<br />

Todi siCqariT 1/3.<br />

108<br />

Tavi IV. <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> IMT-2000<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s agebis ZiriTadi<br />

princi pebi<br />

4.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> mesameTaobis<br />

(3G) saerTo sargeblobis <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

mesame Taobis saerTo sargeblobis <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

radiokavSiris sistema 3G (winamorbedi <strong>da</strong>saxeleba:<br />

PLMTS-Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System _ saer-<br />

To sargeblobis <strong>mobiluri</strong> kavSiris sistema; dReisaTvis:<br />

IMT-2000-International Mobile Telecommunications – (after<br />

the year-2000 – <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saer-<br />

TaSoriso sistema – 2000 wlis Semdeg), moicavs ramdenime<br />

saerTaSoriso regionalur <strong>da</strong> nacionalur<br />

sistemebs msoflio masStabis roumingiT.<br />

mesame Taobis <strong>sistemebi</strong> uzrunvelyofen:<br />

_ momsaxurebis iseTive farTo speqtrs romelsac<br />

uzrunvelyofs <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiqsirebuli<br />

qselebi (saerTo sargeblobis satelefono<br />

qselebi, cifruli qselebi momsaxurebis integraciiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S.);<br />

_ momsaxurebebs, romlebic specifikuria <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

abonentebisaTvis.<br />

ITM-2000-is saabonento <strong>da</strong>maboloebeli (terminaluri)<br />

mowyobilobebi uzrunvelyofen SeRwevas<br />

qselis rogorc miwisze<strong>da</strong>, aseve Tanamgzavrul segmentTan.<br />

ITM-2000-is SemuSavebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergvis aspeqtebis<br />

g an xi lv a _ ITU-s (International Telecommunication<br />

Union_<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerTaSoriso kavSiri) farglebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo 1985 wli<strong>da</strong>n. evropaSi mesame Taobis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s stan<strong>da</strong>rtis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ETSI-is (European Telecommunications Stan<strong>da</strong>rds Unstitute<br />

– satelekomunikacio stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis evropuli<br />

109

instituti) egidiT. ETSI-is farglebSi mesame Taobis<br />

sistemebma miiRes <strong>da</strong>saxeleba UMTS (Universal Mobile<br />

Telecommunication System – <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

universaluri sistema), xolo miwisze<strong>da</strong> segmentis<br />

radio interfeisma - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Acces<br />

(UTRA).<br />

1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli mTeli msoflios Ziri-<br />

Tadi regionaluri <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis<br />

organizaciebma globaluri harmonizaciis mizniT<br />

gaaerTianes TavianTi Zalisxmeva stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis<br />

erTian organoSi _ partnioruli proeqti mesame<br />

Taobis (3G) <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis (3 rd Generation Partnership<br />

Project-3GPP).<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris me-3 Taobis sistemebs<br />

gaaCniaT Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebani:<br />

_ globalur masStabSi gamoyenebuli aparaturis<br />

unifikaciis maRali xarisxi;<br />

_ IMT-2000-is farglebSi arsebuli momsaxurebis<br />

stacionaruli qselebis momsaxurebebTan SeTavsebadoba;<br />

_ msoflio masStabiT sargeblobisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />

mosaxerxebeli portatuli saabonento mowyobilobebi;<br />

_ qselebis moqnilobis maRali xarisxi axlad<br />

warmoqmnili momsaxurebebis uzrunvelsayofad;<br />

_ multimediis momsaxurebebis uzrunvelyofis<br />

SesaZlebloba.<br />

ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobeben me-<br />

2 Taobis saxmeleTo <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris <strong>sistemebi</strong>s<br />

evolucias me-3 TaobaSi, aris Semdegi:<br />

_ monacemTa maRalsiCqarul ga<strong>da</strong>cemebze moTxovnaTa<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>;<br />

110<br />

_ radiosixSiruli speqtris gamoyenebis efeqturobis<br />

amaRlebis aucilebloba.<br />

ukanasknel perio<strong>da</strong>mde laparakis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />

saxmeleTo <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris sistemebSi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

momsaxurebis ZiriTad saxeobas <strong>da</strong> Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

sistemuri CatvirTvis upirates nawils.<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n dReisaTvis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli teqnologiuri<br />

progresi saSualebas iZleva <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

saxeobebis realizaciisa stacionarul<br />

qselSi, logikuria rom izrdeba abonentTa moTxovnebi<br />

analogiur momsaxurebis saxeobebze <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> qselebSic.<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, me-3 Taobis <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> qselebSi uzrunvelyofili un<strong>da</strong><br />

iqnes monacemebis maRalsiCqariani ga<strong>da</strong>cemis far-<br />

To speqtri: laparakis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqaris gazr<strong>da</strong>;<br />

multimedia; SeRweva Internet-is globalur kompiuterul<br />

qselSi; videogamosaxulebebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema;<br />

videokonferenckavSiris signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

<strong>da</strong>smuli amocani<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare dReisaTvis me-3<br />

Taobis mobilur radiokavSiris sistemebSi informaciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare aris 2,048 mbiti/wm-mde.<br />

informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqarisadmi aseTi moTxovnebi<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> B-ISDN qselisadmi wayenebuli<br />

moTxovnebis bazaze. B-ISDN-Si ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare 144<br />

kbiti/wm gamoiyeneba 2B+D arxebis (2X64 kbiti/wm monacemTa<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong> 16 kbiti/wm signalizaciis)<br />

organizaciisaTvis, IMT-2000-is qselebSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

siCqare 144 kbiti/wm-Si gamoiyeneba makro fiWebis<br />

doneze, romlebSic uzrunvelyofilia 100%-iani<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>farva <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba im abonentebisaTvis, romlebic<br />

moZraoben maRali siCqariT (250 km/sT-mde). ga<strong>da</strong>ce-<br />

111

mis siCqare 384 kbiti/wm B-ISDN-Si gankuTvnilia<br />

ISDN arxebis (6X64 kbiti/wm monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxi)<br />

organizaciisaTvis, xolo IMT-2000-Si mikrofiWebisaTvis,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c moTxovna <strong>da</strong>tvirTvaze maRalia <strong>da</strong><br />

emsaxureba im abonentebs, romlebic ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebian<br />

mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualo siCqariT (10 km/sT <strong>da</strong> meti).<br />

siCqare 2,048 mbiti/wm B-ISDN-Si gankuTvnilia ISDN<br />

arxebis (30X64 kbiti/wm monacemebTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis arxi)<br />

organizaciisaTvis, xolo IMT-2000-is qselebSi<br />

pikofiWebis donisaTvis Senobebis SigniT calkeuli<br />

nawilebis <strong>da</strong>farvisaTvis <strong>da</strong> aseve im momsaxurebebis<br />

uzrunvelyofisaTvis, romelic gankuTvnilia<br />

stacionaruli an Senobis SigniT moZravi<br />

abonentebisaTvis.<br />

me-2 Taobis arsebul qselebSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

evoluciuri ga<strong>da</strong>svla monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis ma-<br />

Rali siCqareebisaken. ase magaliTad, GSM qselebSi<br />

aseTi gazr<strong>da</strong> efuZneba monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis teqnologias<br />

arxebis komutaciiT _ HSCSD (High Speed Circuit<br />

Switched Data) (57,6 kbit/wm-mde); monacemTa paketur<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemas GPRS (General Packet Radio Servis) (115 kbit/wmmde)<br />

<strong>da</strong> monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis gaumjobesebuli teqnologiis<br />

gamoyenebas EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for<br />

Clobal Evolution) (384 kbit/wm-mde). IS-95 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis CDMAs<br />

qselebSi xdeba IS-95B stan<strong>da</strong>rtze ga<strong>da</strong>svla<br />

siCqariT 115,2 kbiti/wm.<br />

nax. 4.1.-ze mocemulia monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqareebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba abonentTa ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />

siCqareze meore <strong>da</strong> mesame Taobis <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris<br />

sistemebSi.<br />

112<br />

2 mbiti/wm<br />

384 kbiti/wm<br />

144 kbiti/wm<br />

10 kbiti/wm<br />

monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqareebi<br />

stacionaruli/ <strong>da</strong>bali<br />

siCqariT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />

113<br />

meore Taobis evolucia<br />

meore Taobis sabazo stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong>/maRali<br />

siCqariT ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />

nax. 4.1. monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis siCqareTa<br />

Tanafardobebi me-2 <strong>da</strong> me-3 Taobis qselebSi<br />

rogorc <strong>mobiluri</strong> radiokavSiris meore Taobis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, msgavsi<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> ver uzrunvelyofen momsaxurebebis mimarT<br />

wayenebul gazrdil moTxovnebs. Sesabamisad es<br />

momsaxurebebi SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnan mxolod<br />

mesame Taobis sistemebSi. kerZod:<br />

_ multimediis momsaxurebebi globaluri sainformacio<br />

infrastruqturis farglebSi;<br />

_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis erTi <strong>da</strong> igive pirobebis<br />

Seqmna radioarxebis <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

qselebisaTvis (radioarxSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

siCqariT 2,048 mbiti/wm-mde);<br />

_ trafikis simetriulobis SenarCuneba arxebisaTvis<br />

`zeviT~ <strong>da</strong> `qveviT~;<br />

_ usadeno internetis momsaxurebebis sruli moculobis<br />

uzrunvelyofa.

1885...1980 mhc,…2010...2025 mhc <strong>da</strong> 2110...2170 mhc ganekuTvna<br />

miwis ze<strong>da</strong> segments, xolo 1980...2010 mhc <strong>da</strong> 2170...2200<br />

mhc _ Tanamgzavrul segments. nax. 4.2-ze mocemulia<br />

sixSireTa `Zireul~ zolTa ganawileba msoflio-<br />

Si miRebuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT.<br />

tsk-is<br />

ganawileba<br />

evropa<br />

CineTi<br />

iaponia<br />

CrdiloeT<br />

amerika<br />

nax.4.2. `Zireul~ zolTa ganawileba radiokav-<br />

Siris msoflio administraciuli konferencia 92is<br />

(rmak) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT<br />

MSS (Mobile Serellite Service) <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> samsaxuri;<br />

PHS (Personal Handyphone System) personaluri portatuli<br />

kavSiris sistema; PCS (Personal Communication System) personaluri<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistema; MDS (Mobile Communication<br />

Service) monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis bobiluri samsaxuri.<br />

114<br />

nax. 4.3-ze zemoTaRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare<br />

mocemulia <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> ganviTarebis<br />

ZiriTadi etapebi.<br />

NМТ-450,900<br />

AMPS<br />

C-450<br />

TACS, ETACS<br />

RTMS 101 H<br />

(1G)<br />

GSM<br />

TDMA<br />

(IS-136)<br />

CDMA one<br />

(IS-95A)<br />

(2G)<br />

115<br />

GPRS EDGE<br />

CDMA one<br />

(IS-95 B)<br />

(2,5 G)<br />

IS (Interim Stan<strong>da</strong>rd -droebiTi stan<strong>da</strong>rti);<br />

TD-CDMA<br />

W-CDMA<br />

CDMA 2000<br />

(IMT-2000)<br />

(3 G)<br />

W-CDMA-Wideband CDMA - farTozolovani _ CDMA.<br />

nax. 4.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> ganvi-<br />

Tarebis etapebi<br />

4.2. muSa sixSireT gamoyofili zolebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyenebis princi pebi<br />

radiokavSiris msoflio administraciuli konferenciis<br />

(rmak) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ERC 97/07-iT gansazRvrulia<br />

`Zireuli~ sixSireebis zolebi:<br />

1920...1980 mhc _ xazi `zeviT~ (signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />

saabonento sadguri<strong>da</strong>n sabazo sadgurze; 2110...2170<br />

mhc _ xazi `qveviT~ (signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema saabonento<br />

sadgurze).<br />

miRebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemis sixSireTa Soris minimaluri<br />

Zvra Seadgens 134,8 mhc-s, xolo maqsimaluri<br />

_ 245,2 mhc-s <strong>da</strong>wyvilebul (simetriul) diapazonSi<br />

muSaobisas. UTRA/FDD-2 aparatura uzrunvelyofs<br />

sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>Zvris SenarCunebas rogorc fiqsirebuli,<br />

ise moZravi momsaxurebisaTvis.

IMT-2000 (UMTS) gamoyofil sixSireTa speqtris<br />

ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebi.<br />

`Zireul~ sixSireTa zolebi msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> regionebSi <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerT-<br />

Soriso kavSirSi (tsk-ITU) <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

mesame Taobis <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis ganixilebo<strong>da</strong><br />

80-iani wlebis Sua periodi<strong>da</strong>n. Sedegad, 1992 wlisaTvis<br />

tsk-ma moamza<strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>cia ITU-R M.672-2,<br />

romelic reglamentirebas ukeTebs sixSireTa ganawilebas<br />

3G <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis. am rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />

safuZvelze radiokavSiris msoflio administraciebis<br />

konferenciam (rmak) 1992 wels gaanawila<br />

siSireTa zolebi 1885...2025 mhc ( 1 140 F mhc) <strong>da</strong><br />

2110...2200 mhc ( 2 90 F mhc) saerTo siganiT<br />

F1 F2<br />

20 mhc ITM-2000 sistemisaTvis. aseTi ganawileba<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> cxril S.5.388_is SeniSvnebSi <strong>da</strong><br />

radiokavSiris reglamentis 212 rezoluciaSi.<br />

muSa sixSireTa zolebi 1885...1900 mhc <strong>da</strong> 2010...2025<br />

mhc gankuTvnilia <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>sTvis droi-<br />

Ti dupleqsirebiT. amasTan, UMTS-is saabonento mowyobilobebis<br />

yvela saxeoba (modifikacia) uzrunvelyofs<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong> boloebis miRebis sixSireTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zvras 190 mhc-iT.<br />

a) arxTaSorisi <strong>da</strong>Zvra.<br />

arxTaSorisi normaluri <strong>da</strong>Zvra Seadgens 5 mhc-s,<br />

magram mocemuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba Seicvalos<br />

ganTavsebis konkretuli pirobebis optimizaciisas.<br />

b) sixSireTa zrdis biji.<br />

sixSireTa badis (saarxo rastris) biji Seadgens<br />

200 khc-s, anu arxis centraluri sixSiris mniSvneloba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos 200-is jeradi.<br />

g) radiosixSiruli arxis absoluturi nomeri.<br />

116<br />

UMTS-is radioeleqtronuli saSualebebis ga<strong>da</strong>mtani<br />

sixSiris mniSvneloba ganisazrvreba radiosixSiruli<br />

arxis absoluturi nomriT, romelic<br />

Semdegi gamosaxulebiT (cxrili 4.1) gaiangariSeba:<br />

cxrili 4.1<br />

zeviT Nu=5 (Fuplink-1885,2 mhc)<br />

qveviT Nd=5 (Fdownlink-2075,2 mhc)<br />

117<br />

1920,2 mhc Fuplink 1979,8 mhc,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c F uplink-ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris<br />

absoluturi mniSvnelobaa xazSi<br />

`zeviT~ mhc-Si<br />

2110,2 mhc Fdownlink 2169,8 mhc,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c F downlink-ga<strong>da</strong>mtani sixSiris<br />

absoluturi mniSvnelobaa xazSi<br />

`qveviT~ mhc-Si<br />

4.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

IS-95 (cdmaOne) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis evolucia<br />

cdma2000 stan<strong>da</strong>rtSi<br />

a) stan<strong>da</strong>rti cdmaOne(IS-95) zogadi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba <strong>da</strong> misi funqcionirebis<br />

princi pebi<br />

teqnikuri moTxovnebi sistemis mimarT Camoyalibebulia<br />

satelekomunikacio mrewvelobis asociaciis<br />

mier (TIA-Teleccommunication Industry Association) Ziri-<br />

Tad stan<strong>da</strong>rtebSi. ganixileba:<br />

IS-95 _ sahaero intefeisi (radiointerfeisi);<br />

IS-96 _ salaparako momsaxureobis interfeisi;<br />

IS-97 _ <strong>mobiluri</strong> sadguris interfeisi;<br />

IS-98 _ sabazo sadguris interfeisi;<br />

IS-99 _ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis momsaxureobis interfeisi.<br />

sistema IS-95 gankuTvnilia 800 mghc sixSirul diapazonSi<br />

samuSaod. pir<strong>da</strong>piri arxisaTvis gamoyofilia<br />

869,04...893,97 mhc sixSiruli zoli. kavSiris<br />

arxis zolis sigane Seadgens 1,25 mghc-s, amitom fi-

Wuri kavSiris sistemis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisas IS-95 operatorebs<br />

SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>gegmva<br />

gamomdinare miTiTebuli zoli<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>da</strong>dgenilia,<br />

rom erT operators SeiZleba hqondes gamoyofili<br />

maqsimaluri sixSiruli diapazoni araumetes 12,5<br />

mhc-isa, rogorc pir<strong>da</strong>piri, aseve uku mimarTulebisaTvis,<br />

rac Seesabameba 10 sixSirul radioarxs<br />

zoliT 1,25 mhc.<br />

CDMA sistema agebulia sixSiruli speqtris<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri gafarTovebis meTodiT. arxebSi gamoyenebulia<br />

xelSeSlamdgradi kodireba.<br />

CDMA sistemis signali, romelic vrceldeba eTer-<br />

Si, aris farTozolovani <strong>da</strong> xmauris msgavsi. far-<br />

Tozolovani imitom, rom ikavebs sixSiris farTe<br />

zols, xmauris msgavsi imitom, rom roca eTerSi erT<br />

sixSireze, erTi<strong>da</strong>igive dros muSaobs ramdenime abonenti,<br />

signalebi erTmaneTze edebian. xelSeSlamdgradi<br />

imitom, rom farTe sixSiris zolSi (1,23 mhc)<br />

viwrozolovani (

CDMA2000 qseli absoluturad Seesabameba<br />

CDMAone_s (IS-95), rac uzrunvelyofs ubralo <strong>da</strong><br />

iaf ga<strong>da</strong>svlas umavTulo kavSiris axal Taobaze.<br />

amiT uzrunvelyofs saoperatoro kompaniis kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebis<br />

aTvisebas. CDMA2000 qseli gvTavazobs<br />

bgeris xarisxis mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> xmovani arxebis tevadobis gazr<strong>da</strong>s, multimediis<br />

<strong>da</strong> monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis maRal siCqares.<br />

CDMA2000-sken evoluciis periodi iyofa or fazad<br />

1X <strong>da</strong> 3X. imisaTvis rom realizeba gavukeToT<br />

evoluciis periods IMT-2000-sken 1,25 mhc sixSiris<br />

zolSi ganixileba kidev erTi faza 1XEV stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

ganviTareba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs gavafarTovoT<br />

CDMA2000-is SemWidrovebebi 1X-is zeviT.<br />

b) CDMA-2000 1X<br />

CDMA2000 1X qselebi funqcionireben imave six-<br />

Siris zolSi, romlebSic CDMAOne qselebi, magram<br />

isini floben 2-jer meti xmovani arxebis gatarebis<br />

SesaZleblobebs; monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqares<br />

1444kbit/wm-Si. CDMA2000 1X <strong>da</strong> CDMA One mTlianad<br />

SeTavsebadia, isini un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT rogorc erTi<br />

qselis meorisaken Semdgomi srulyofa.<br />

ITA-m gamoaqveyna CDMA2000 1X rogorc IS-2000<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rti. saxelwodeba 1X warmodgeba teqnikuri<br />

terminisagan 1XRTT, romelic Seexeba 1,25 mhc six-<br />

Siris zolSi momuSave CDMA2000 qsels. 1X aRniSnavs<br />

1,25 mhc zolSi radioga<strong>da</strong>cemis teqnologias.<br />

g) CDMA-2000 1XEV<br />

mocemuli stan<strong>da</strong>rti warmoadgens 1X stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />

Semdgom srulyofas. misi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT miiRweva<br />

sixSiruli speqtris Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT efeqturi gamoyeneba,<br />

120<br />

izrdeba monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis SesaZlebloba. miiRweva<br />

informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis umaRlesi siCqare 2<strong>da</strong>n<br />

5 mbit|wm igive 1,25 mhc sixSirul zolSi. operatoris<br />

gansazRvruli moTxovnebi miuTiTebs srulyofas<br />

me-2 etapze. informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis ufro<br />

efeqturi saSualebisaTvis pirvel etapze saWiroa<br />

2,4 mbit|wm-ze meti siCqaris miRweva monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas.<br />

meore etapis realizaciisas xdeba bgeris<br />

monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqaris miRweva drois<br />

realur masStabSi.<br />

d) CDMA 3X<br />

CDMA-2000 3X aris CDMA-2000 stan<strong>da</strong>rtis meore<br />

faza. mocemuli fazis srulyofas uzrunvelyofen<br />

informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqaris gazrdiT mas<br />

zemoT, rac miRweulia 1X-Si, 2bit|wm-mde ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

siCqaris maRalxarisxiani sistemis gamoyenebiT. 3Xis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxeleba warmodgeba terminisagan 3XRTT, e.i.<br />

gamoiyeneba 1,25 mhc-iani 3 sixSiruli zoli 36 momsaxurebis<br />

warmodgenisaTvis. rogorc es gamosaxulia<br />

nax. 5.5-ze.<br />

e) CDMA 2000 sistemis mowyobis MC <strong>da</strong> MS<br />

variantebi sixSiris 3-ze meti ga<strong>da</strong>mtanis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

nax. 4.5-ze mocemulia qselis agebis is SemTxveva,<br />

rodesac saqme gvaqvs sixSiris sam ga<strong>da</strong>mtanTan<br />

mravalsixSiruli meTodis SemTxvevebSi. rogorc<br />

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qselSi gamoiyeneba MS <strong>da</strong> MC<br />

meTodebi. mravalsixSirul CDMA vatiantSi modulirebuli<br />

simboloebi mWidrovdeba ramodenime qvega<strong>da</strong>mtanze<br />

speqtris siganiT 1,25 mghc TiToeul<br />

maTganze. qvega<strong>da</strong>mtanebis ricxvi N SeiZleba Seicva-<br />

121

los speqtris siganisagan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT. (N=1,3,6,9<br />

<strong>da</strong> 12). yovel qvega<strong>da</strong>mtanze informacia ga<strong>da</strong>icema<br />

Cipuri siswrafiT 1,2288 mCip|wm.<br />

cdma 2000 –is agebis aseTi principi iZleva Sesa-<br />

Zleblobas, rom efeqturad iqnas gamoyenebuli mTeli<br />

muSa diapazoni zolis siganiT 5, 10, 15 <strong>da</strong> 20 mhc.<br />

nax. 5.5-ze mocemulia sixSiruli zolis<br />

gamoyenebis sami xerxi cdma 2000 sistemis mowyobis<br />

gansxvavebuli variantebis dros.<br />

1,25 mhc<br />

f1 f2 f3 f4 f f<br />

5<br />

6 f7 Δf f mhc<br />

Δf<br />

a)<br />

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />

b)<br />

Δf<br />

f 1<br />

3,75 mhc<br />

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />

7,5 mhc<br />

122<br />

f mhc<br />

f2<br />

f1<br />

f mhc<br />

Δf<br />

Δf<br />

g)<br />

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />

nax . 4.5. 1 0 mhc sixSiruli zolis g amoyenebis<br />

variantebi sistemis agebis gansxvavebuli variantebis<br />

dros:<br />

a) MC-CDMA (N=7);<br />

b) DS-CDMA (1X+3X+3X) sa<strong>da</strong>c X=1,25mhc;<br />

g) DS-CDMA (1X+6X).<br />

f 2<br />

Δf<br />

rogorc naxazi<strong>da</strong>n Cans 10 mhc sixSirul zolSi<br />

SeiZleba moTavsdes 7 arxi TiToeulis sixSiruli<br />

zoliT 1.25 mhc (DS-CDMA varianti) an kidev 1 arxi<br />

sixSiruli zoliT 1,25 mhc <strong>da</strong> erTi arxi sixSiruli<br />

zoliT 7,5 mhc (DS-CDMA varianti). xolo <strong>da</strong>cvi-<br />

Ti intervalebi Seadgens 625 khc-s.<br />

meore variantSi signali ga<strong>da</strong>icema gafarTovebuli<br />

speqtriT erT qvega<strong>da</strong>mtanze Cipuri siCqariT 1,2288<br />

mCip/wm. amis gamo SeiZleba miviRoT siCqareebis Semdegi<br />

rigi R=NX1,2288 mCip/wm, roca N=1, 3, 6, 9, 12. Cdma2000-<br />

Si bazur siCqared miRebulia R=3,6864 mCip/wm.<br />

v) CDMA-2000-s <strong>da</strong> WCDMA-s Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi<br />

adre ukve iTqva konkurentuli brZolis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic ganviTar<strong>da</strong> CDMA2000 <strong>da</strong> WCDMA proeqtebis<br />

harmonizaciis etapze <strong>da</strong> riTac <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> kompania<br />

Ericsson-sa <strong>da</strong> Qualcomm-s Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispireba.<br />

1999 wels miRebulma kompromisulma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebam<br />

me-3 Taobis teqnologiebs gza gauxsna. samxreT<br />

amerikuli CDMA2000 proeqti srulyofilad SemuSav<strong>da</strong><br />

IMT-MC (MC-CDMA varianti) stan<strong>da</strong>rtis fargleb-<br />

Si, xolo muSaoba WCDMA <strong>da</strong> UTRA-s mxriv gaiyo<br />

ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli starti IMT-DS bazirdeba<br />

WCDMA FDD <strong>da</strong> UTRA FDD teqnikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze<br />

(sixSiris wyvili zolisaTvis), xolo meore<br />

IMT-TC (arawyvili zolisaTvis), <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia evropuli<br />

proeqtis UTRA TDD-s <strong>da</strong> iaponuri proeqtis<br />

TD-SCDMA-s teqnikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze.<br />

CDMA2000-is <strong>da</strong> WCDMA-s sawyisi gansxvaveba,<br />

romelic gax<strong>da</strong> cxare polemikis sagani iyo gansxvavebuli<br />

Cipuri siCqareebi 3,6884 <strong>da</strong> 3,84 mCip|wm. sabazo<br />

sadgurebis signalebis <strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis CDMA2000-<br />

Si gamoiyeneba mokle kodebi sigrZiT 2 15 gansxvavebu<br />

123

li cikluri wanacvlebiT, rac moiTxovs maT urTierT<br />

sinqronizacias. CDMA2000 sistemaSi sawyisi<br />

sinqronizacia uzrunvelyofilia saerTo pilotsignaliT,<br />

romelic gamosxivdeba yoveli sabazo sadguri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

WCDMA-Si sawyisi Ziebis procedura gacilebiT<br />

rTulia. ganxilul teqnologiebSi bevri<br />

ramaa saerTo, amas gar<strong>da</strong>, gatarebis unaris gazrdisaTvis<br />

maTSi gamoiyeneba multikoduri ga<strong>da</strong>cema.<br />

orive stan<strong>da</strong>rti iTvaliswinebs simZlavris dinamiur<br />

marTvas kavSiris pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> uku arxebSi.<br />

CDMA-2000 -is <strong>da</strong> WCDMA-s ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi<br />

mocemulia cxr.4.2-Si.<br />

cxr.4.2.<br />

sistema CDMA2000 WCDMA<br />

sixSiris<br />

diapazoni<br />

sixSiruli zoli<br />

mghc<br />

824-849/869-894 <strong>da</strong> 1900 1920-1980; 2110-2170<br />

3,75(3X1,25)-sabazo; 1,25XN,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c N=1, 6, 9, 12<br />

124<br />

5-sabazo; 1,25; 10 <strong>da</strong> 20<br />

SeRwevis meTodi MC - CDMA DS - CDMA<br />

SeTavsebadoba<br />

Cipuri siswrafe<br />

mCip/wm<br />

kodireba<br />

sabazo sadgurebis<br />

sinqronizacia<br />

orTogonaluri<br />

kodebi<br />

CDMAOne-Tan<br />

ukuSeTavsebadoba<br />

3,6864(3X1,2288) – sabazo;<br />

Nx1,2288, sa<strong>da</strong>c N=1, 6, 9, 12<br />

xvevadi kodi (K=9; R=1/2, 1/3,<br />

1/4), turbokodi (k=4)<br />

GSM-Tan SeTavsebadi<br />

eqspluatacia <strong>da</strong><br />

hendoveris uzrunvelyofa<br />

3,84(sabazo); 7,78 <strong>da</strong> 15,56<br />

xvevadi kodi (K=9; R=112,<br />

113)+ rid-solomonis kodi,<br />

turbokodi (k=3)<br />

sinqronuli muSaoba asinqronuli muSaoba<br />

uolSis funqciebi <strong>da</strong><br />

kvaziorTogonaluri kodebi<br />

cvalebadi sigrZis<br />

orTogonaluri kodebi<br />

OVSF gafarTovebebis<br />

koeficientebiT 1-512<br />

(4-256 UTRA-Si)<br />

gafarTovebuli<br />

mimdevrobebi<br />

mokle kodebi sigrZiT 215 <strong>da</strong><br />

grZeli kodebi sigrZiT (242-1) goldis kodebi<br />

fiWebis Zebnis<br />

sqema<br />

pilot signaliT<br />

samseqtoriani Zebna<br />

(goldis kodis Zebna)<br />

kadris sigrZe mw 5,20 10<br />

monacemTa<br />

pird.<br />

arxi<br />

QPSK QPSK<br />

modulacia uku.<br />

arxi<br />

BPSK BPSK<br />

gafarTove-<br />

pird.<br />

arx.<br />

QPSK QPSK<br />

buli mod. ukuar. OPSK QPSK an MPSK (OCOPSK)<br />

arxebis<br />

avtomaturi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis meTodi<br />

rbili, xisti<br />

(sixSireTaSorisi)<br />

rbili, xisti<br />

(sixSireTaSorisi an<br />

sistemaTaSorisi)<br />

simZlavris marTva<br />

siswrafe 0,8 kbit/wm, marTvis<br />

biji 0,25; 0,5 <strong>da</strong> 1,0<br />

siswrafe 1,6 kbit/wm<br />

marTvis biji 0,25-1,5<br />

Tavi V. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

5.1. momsaxurebebi, romlebsac uzrunvelyofen <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong> maT<br />

mier gaweuli momsaxurebis mixedviT pirobiTad<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos sam ZiriTad jgufad:<br />

_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis paketuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>, romlebic<br />

moicavs: cirkularuli Setyobinebebis mowodebas,<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva obieqtebis (maT Soris satransporto)<br />

mdgomareobaze avtomaturad, monacemis Segrovebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

_ salaparako (radiosatelefono) <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>;<br />

_ momxmarebelTa adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis)<br />

gansazRvris <strong>sistemebi</strong>.<br />

amasTan, zemoaRniSnulTagan monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> gankuTvnilia nebismieri monacemis (teqsturi,<br />

faqsimiluri Setyobinebis, kompiuteruli<br />

monacemebis <strong>da</strong> sxv.) ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis.<br />

monacemTa paketuri ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

Tanamgzavrul sistemaSi Seadgens asobiT<br />

mbt/wm-s. msgavs sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, ar aris<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli momsaxurebis uwyvetoba. aseve<br />

ar aris mkacri moTxovnebi Setyobinebebis operatiulad<br />

mowodebaze. aseT reJimSi muSaobs<br />

`eleqtronuli fosta~ am SemTxvevaSi mowodebul<br />

informacias imaxsovrebs Tanamgzavris bortis kompiuteri<br />

<strong>da</strong> igi korespondents miewodeba dRe-Ramis<br />

gansazRvrul monakveTSi.<br />

125

adiosatelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>as Tanamgzavrul<br />

sistemaSi gamoiyeneba SetyobinebaTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

cifruli forma. amasTan, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />

Sesruldes saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtiT miRebuli<br />

moTxovnebi. aseT sistemebSi signalis <strong>da</strong>yovneba<br />

gavrcelebis trasaze ar un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodes 0,3 wm-s<br />

<strong>da</strong> saubrebi abonentebs Soris ar un<strong>da</strong> wydebodes<br />

telekomunikacis seansis dros, e.i. abonentTa momsaxureba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos uwyveti <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> xorcieldebodes<br />

drois realur masStabSi.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare radiosatelefono<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> qselis agebisas<br />

gaTvaliswinebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnas Semdegi:<br />

_ Tanamgzavrebi aRWurvilni un<strong>da</strong> iqnan orientacis<br />

zemaRali sizustis <strong>sistemebi</strong>T, romlebic<br />

uzrunvelyofen maTi antenebis mier radiotalRebis<br />

winaswar <strong>da</strong>dgenili mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n miRebas;<br />

_ <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemaSi<br />

Tanamgzavrebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos sakmarisi, raTa uzrunvelyofil<br />

iqnas momsaxurebis zonis uwyveti <strong>da</strong> sruli<br />

<strong>da</strong>farva;<br />

_ kavSiris sakmarisi raodenobis arxebiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />

gamoyenebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes mravalarxiani<br />

saanteno <strong>sistemebi</strong>, romlebic muSaoben maRal<br />

sixSireebze (1,5 ghc <strong>da</strong> meti), rac mniSvnelovnad<br />

arTulebs antenebis <strong>da</strong> kosmosuri aparatebis konstruqcias;<br />

_ mravalarxiani saanteno <strong>sistemebi</strong>T aRWurvili<br />

Tanamgzavris meSveobiT radiosatelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

uwyvetobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebelia<br />

meti sakvanZo (sarabo) sadgurebi ZviradRirebuli<br />

sakomutacio mowyobilobebiT.<br />

126<br />

umravles SemTxvevaSi abonents surs icodes Tavisi<br />

adgilmdebareoba (koordinatebi) de<strong>da</strong>miwaze. am<br />

mizniT dReisaTvis gamoiyeneba ori ti pis aparatura:<br />

_ stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli sanavigacio GPS (Global Positioning<br />

System _ pozicionirebis globaluri sistema) <strong>sistemebi</strong>,<br />

romlebic uzrunvelyofen momxmareblis koordinatebis<br />

gansazRvras maRali sizustiT;<br />

_ specialuri sanavigacio aparatura, romelic<br />

personaluri telekomunikacis Tanamgzavris <strong>da</strong> sakvanZo<br />

sadgurebis signalebis meSveobiT saSualebas<br />

iZleva ganisazRvros adgilmdebareoba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali sizustiT.<br />

meore tipis aparaturis gamoyenebisas, SesaZlebelia<br />

ganisazRvros abonentis adgilmdebareoba<br />

(koordinatebi) sami meTodiT:<br />

_ personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> 4 Tanamgzavris<br />

signalebis meSveobiT;<br />

_ de<strong>da</strong>miwis sakvanZo sadgurebis signalebis meSveobiT;<br />

_ personaluri Tanamgzavrebisa <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sakvanZo sadgurebis meSveobiT.<br />

5.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> kosmosuri<br />

aparatebis orbitebi<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d, kosmosuri aparatebis orbitebis klasifikacia<br />

SeiZleba moxdes: misi orbitis formis,<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris konkretul wertilebze gavlis<br />

(ga<strong>da</strong>vlis) periodulobiT <strong>da</strong> orbitis <strong>da</strong>xrilobiT.<br />

ganvixiloT es parametrebi cal-calke.<br />

127

formis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Semdegi ti pis<br />

orbitebs:<br />

_ wriuli, romelic praqtikaSi rTulad realizebadia<br />

<strong>da</strong> moiTxovs kosmosuri aparatebis makoreqtirebeli<br />

mowyobilobebis meSveobiT xSir koreqcias;<br />

_ wriulTan miaxloebuli orbitebi. aseTi orbitebi<br />

principSi yvelaze meta<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli.<br />

msgavsi orbitebisaTvis apogeisa <strong>da</strong> perigeis simaRleebis<br />

umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan<br />

(ramdenime aTeuli kilometriT);<br />

_ elifsuri. am SemTxevaSic simaRleebi Ha (apogea)<br />

<strong>da</strong> Hp (perigea) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />

erTmaneTisagan (Ha=38000...40000 km-s, Hp=400..500 km-s).<br />

aseTi orbitebi, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, xSirad gamoiyeneba <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemebSi (nax. 5.1);<br />

_ geostacionaruli. igi warmoadgens wriul ekvatorul<br />

orbitas, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>miwis xelovnuri<br />

Tanamzavris brunvis periodi emTxveva de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

brunvis periods (T=23 sT. 56 wT.). am orbitaze Tanamgzavri<br />

ganTavsebulia simaRleze: Ha=Hp=36000 km-s,<br />

mudmivad mdebareobs de<strong>da</strong>miwis ekvatoris gansaz-<br />

Rvruli wertilis zeviT. geostacionarul orbitaze<br />

ganlagebuli Tanamgzavri<strong>da</strong>n Cans de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>piris didi nawili <strong>da</strong> amitom isini farTod<br />

gamoiyenebian kosmosuri telkomunikacis sistemeb-<br />

Si (nax.2.2).<br />

_ paraboluri <strong>da</strong> hiperboluri. isini rogorc<br />

wesi gamoiyeneba mzis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s planetebis <strong>da</strong>sxivebisas.<br />

kosmosuri aparatebis de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris wertilebze<br />

gavlis periodulobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben<br />

Semdegi tipis orbitebs:<br />

128<br />

_ sinqronuls. isini Tavis mxriv iyofa sinqronul-izomarSrutul<br />

<strong>da</strong> sinqronul-kvaziizomar-<br />

Srutul orbitebad;<br />

_ izomarSrutuli orbitebi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom<br />

kosmosuri aparatebis proeqciebi de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze<br />

(trasaze) yovelTvis erTmaneTs emTxveva;<br />

_ kvaziizomarSrutuli orbitebi xasiaTdeba imiT,<br />

rom kosmosuri aparatebis proeqciebi de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>pirze erTmaneTs emTxveva ramdenime dReRameSi<br />

erTxel;<br />

_ arasinqronuli orbitebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian<br />

imiT, rom nebismieri kosmosuri aparatis ori<br />

nebismieri bruni de<strong>da</strong>miwis garSemo ar emTxveva<br />

erTmaneTs.<br />

orbitis <strong>da</strong>xrilobis (nax. 5.1.) cnebis qveS igulisxmeba<br />

kuTxe de<strong>da</strong>miwis ekvatoris sibrtyesa <strong>da</strong><br />

kosmosuri aparatis orbitas Soris. <strong>da</strong>xriloba<br />

aiTvleba ekvatoris sibrtyemde saaTis isris brunvis<br />

sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. igi SeiZleba<br />

icvlebodes 0-<strong>da</strong>n 180 0 -mde.<br />

<strong>da</strong>xrilobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba Semdegi tipis<br />

orbitebi:<br />

_ pir<strong>da</strong>piri (orbitis <strong>da</strong>xriloba i90 0 );<br />

_ polaruli (orbitis <strong>da</strong>xriloba i=90 0 );<br />

129

nax. 5.1. Tanamgzavris elifsuri orbita<br />

_ ekavtoruli (orbitis <strong>da</strong>xriloba tolia 0 0 -is<br />

an 180 0 -is). maSin roca i=0 0 -s kosmosuri aparati<br />

moZraobs de<strong>da</strong>miwis brunvis mimarTulebiT aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTisaken, xolo roca i=180 0 -s,<br />

kosmosuri aparati moZraobs de<strong>da</strong>miwis brunvis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savlTisaken. <strong>da</strong>xrilobis<br />

kuTxes i=0 0 -s, Seesabameba geostacionaruli<br />

(wriuli ekvatoruli) orbitebi (nax. 5.2.).<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis formis arasferuloba <strong>da</strong> misi ara-<br />

Tanabroba ganapirobebs kosmosuri aparatebis sibrtyis<br />

cvlilebas (procesias), rac saboloo jamSi<br />

iwvevs orbitis apsidis xazis cvlilebas. amasTan,<br />

orbitis sibrtyis procesia iwevs aRmavali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rmavali<br />

kvanZebis <strong>da</strong>Zvras sawyisi mdgomareobis mimarT<br />

(kosmosuri aparatis orbitaze gayvanis momentisaTvis).<br />

kosmosuri aparatis orbitis procesia<br />

130<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia de<strong>da</strong>miwis gravitaciuli velis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabulobaze. <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis gazr<strong>da</strong> iwvevs orbitis<br />

`gasworebas~ ekvatoris maxloblobaSi ekvatoris<br />

mimarTulebiT kosmosuri aparatis moZraobis siCqaris<br />

gazrdis xarjze. amasTan, kosmosuri aparati,<br />

romelic moZraobs pir<strong>da</strong>pir orbitaze, iwyebs ga<strong>da</strong>xras<br />

marcxniv (moZraobis mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n), xolo<br />

is kosmosuri aparati romelic moZraobs Seqceul<br />

orbitaze _ iwyebs ga<strong>da</strong>xras marjvniv (moZraobis<br />

mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n).<br />

nax.5.2. Tanamgzavr-retranslatoris<br />

geostacionaruli orbita<br />

amrigad, pirvel SemTxvevaSi orbitis sibrtye procesirdeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis mimarTulebiT, xolo meore<br />

SemTxvevaSi _ aRmosavleTiT. polaruli orbitebis<br />

sibrtyeebi (romelTa <strong>da</strong>xriloba i=90 0 -s) ar procesirdeba.<br />

ganvixiloT mokled <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> kosmosuri<br />

aparatebis orbitebis simaRlis sakiTxi calke, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

igi metad mniSvnelovania kosmosuri aparatebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>proeqtebisas, orbitaze gaSvebisas <strong>da</strong><br />

131

ganTavsebisas. kosmosuri aparatebis simaRle SeirCeva<br />

mravali faqtorebis analizis safuZvelze,<br />

romelTagan ZiriTadia: radioarxebis energetikuli<br />

maxasiaTebeli; <strong>da</strong>yovneba radiotalRebis gavrcelebisas;<br />

orbitis siaxlove van alenis radiaciul sartyelebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis teritoriebis ganlageba.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> aRniSnulisa orbitis simaRleze moqmedebs<br />

agreTve <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> organizaciis meTodi <strong>da</strong><br />

moTxovnebi kosmosuri aparatebis adgilmdebareobis<br />

saWiro kuTxeze.<br />

Tu gavaanalizebT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>balorbitiani<br />

kosmosuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s jgufebs, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />

rom am jgufebis kosmosuri aparatebis orbitebis<br />

simaRle ganTavsebulia 700-<strong>da</strong>n 1500-mde km-is diapazonaSi.<br />

es ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT:<br />

_ orbitebze, romlebic ganTavsebulia 700 km-is<br />

qvemoT, atmosferos simkvrike sakmarisad maRalia<br />

<strong>da</strong> amitom es garemoeba praqtikulad gamoricxavs<br />

eqscentrisitetisa <strong>da</strong> apogeis simaRlis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />

Semcirebas. orbitis simaRlis Semdgomi Semcireba<br />

iwvevs saTbobis xarjvisa <strong>da</strong> manevrebis six-<br />

Siris zr<strong>da</strong>s gansazRvruli orbitis SenarCunebis<br />

mizniT;<br />

_ 1500 km-ze met simaRleebze arsebuli Tanamgzavrebi<br />

ganTavsebulia iq sa<strong>da</strong>c aris van alenis pirveli<br />

radiaciuli sartyeli <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c SeuZlebelia<br />

bortis eleqtronuli aparaturis muSaoba.<br />

saSualosimaRliani orbitebi (5000_15000km de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>piri<strong>da</strong>n) ganTavsebulia van alenis pirvel<br />

<strong>da</strong> meore radiaciuli sartyelebs Soris. im sistemebSi,<br />

romlebic iyenebs am orbitebs, signalebis<br />

gavrcelebis <strong>da</strong>yovneba Tanamgzavri-retransliatoris<br />

gavliT Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 130 mwm-s, rac<br />

praqtkulad SeumCnevelia a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier <strong>da</strong> Sesa-<br />

132<br />

bamisad, aris SesaZlebloba msgavsi Tanamgzavrebi<br />

gamoyenebul iqnas radiosatelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>aTvis.<br />

geostacionarul kosmosur sistemebs Tanamgzavrebis<br />

orbitebis simaRliT <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 36000 km<br />

aqvT ori ZiriTadi upiratesoba:<br />

_ Tanamgzavrebi yovelTvis mdebareoben de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

gansazRvruli wertilis Tavze;<br />

_ sistema, romelic Sedgeba sami geostacionaruli<br />

Tanamgzavrisagan praqtikulad uzrunvelyofs<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris globalur mocvas.<br />

orbitaluri jgufebisaTvis, romlebic Sedgeba<br />

geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebisagan, <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />

erTi ZiriTadi nakli _ radiosignalebis<br />

gavrcelebis didi dro, rasac mivyavarT radiotelefonuri<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> dros signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemebis<br />

SeferxebasTan.<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>, romlebic iyeneben Tanamgzavrebs orbitebis<br />

simaRliT 700_1500 km, floben radioxazebis<br />

ukeTes energetikul maxasiaTeblebs, vidre <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

TanamgzavrTa orbitebis simaRliT <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

10000 km, magram isini uTmobs maT kosmosuri aparatebis<br />

aqtiuri arsebobis xangrZlivobaSi. saqme ima-<br />

Sia, rom kosmosur aparats mimoqcevis periodiT _<br />

100 wT (<strong>da</strong>bali orbitebisaTvis), <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30 wT<br />

uwevs de<strong>da</strong>miwis <strong>da</strong>Crdilur mxareze mdebareoba.<br />

amitom, saborto akumuliatorebi mzis batareebis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n ganicdian <strong>da</strong>muxtva/ganmuxtvis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

5000 cikls weliwadSi. 10000 km simaRlis wriuli<br />

orbitebisaTvis mimoqcevis dro Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

6 sT-s, romlis ganmavlobaSic kosmosuri aparati<br />

mxolod ramdenime wuTs imyofeba de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Crdilul mxareze.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRniSnos isic, rom kosmosuri aparati, romelic<br />

mdebareobs <strong>da</strong>bal orbitaze, abonentis pir<strong>da</strong>pi-<br />

133

i xedvis zonaSia mxolod 8-12 wT-is ganmavloba-<br />

Si. e.i. uwyveti kavSiris uzrunvelsayofad sWiroa<br />

bevri kosmosuri aparati, romelTa erTobliobac<br />

Tanamimdevrulad (TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT) un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdes uwyvet kavSirs.<br />

amgvarad, orbitis simaRlis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad izrdeba<br />

momsaxurebis zonis dro <strong>da</strong> zomebi; maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

saWiroa TanamgzavrTa ufro naklebi raodenoba erTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> igive teritoriis asaTviseblad.<br />

5.3 . <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s struqtura <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />

strategia<br />

personalur <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> Tanamgzavrul<br />

sistemebs, momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis saxis-<strong>da</strong><br />

mixedviT, aqvT mravali saerTo niSani <strong>da</strong> aseve gaaCniaT<br />

bevri saerTo miwisze<strong>da</strong> fiWur sistemebTanac.<br />

maT Soris ZiriTadia is rom <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> Tanamgzavrul<br />

sistemebSi yvela saxis informacia ga<strong>da</strong>icema<br />

cifrul formaSi (1200-9600 biti/wm-is siCqariT).<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> nebismier sistemaSi<br />

(nax. 2.3) Sedis Semdegi Semadgeneli nawilebi:<br />

_ kosmosuri segmenti, romelic Sedgeba ramdenime<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> retransliatorisagan;<br />

_ miwisze<strong>da</strong> segmenti, romelic Sedgeba sistemis<br />

marTvis centrisagan; kosmisuri aparatis gaSvebis<br />

centrisgan; mmarTvel-gamzomi sadgurebisagan; kav-<br />

Siris marTvis centrisagan; sakvanZo sadgurebisagan;<br />

134<br />

_ momxareblis (abonentis) segmenti, romelic axorcilebs<br />

kavSirs TanamgzavrTa personaluri terminalebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT;<br />

_ miwisze<strong>da</strong> kavSiris qslebi, romlebTanac kav-<br />

Siris interfeisis gavliT erTdeba kosmosuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

sakvanZo sadgurebi.<br />

kosmosuri <strong>sistemebi</strong>s swrafma ganviTarebam<br />

saWiro gaxa<strong>da</strong> rigi saerTaSoriso konvenciebis, xelSekrulbebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> normebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> miReba.<br />

teqnikuri sakiTxebi, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sixSireTa gamoyenebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> orbitebze Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis<br />

mdebareobasTan, romelTa mowesrigebac uzrunvelyofs<br />

urTierTSeferxebis ararsebobas, wydeba<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saerTaSoriso kavSiris radiostan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis<br />

jgufis ITU-R-is farglebSi.<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis gamoyofili six-<br />

SireTa zolebi warmodgenilia cxr.5.1.-Si.<br />

nax. 5.3. personaluri kavsirgabmulobis<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistemis struqtura<br />

135

nax. 5.3-ze naCvenebia miTiTebuli diapazonebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

zogierTis praqtikuli gamoyenebis magaliTi. Tumca<br />

zogierT <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemaSi<br />

(rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba naCvenebi) siSiris<br />

diapazonebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba yovelTvis ar<br />

emTxveva ganxiluls.<br />

136<br />

cxrili 5.1.<br />

#/# diapazonis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba sixSireTa zoli, ghc<br />

1 L 1,452 – 1,500 <strong>da</strong> 1,61 – 1,71<br />

2 S 1,93 – 2,70<br />

3 C 3,40 – 5,25 <strong>da</strong> 5725 _ 7,075<br />

4 Ku 10,70 _ 12,75 <strong>da</strong> 12,75 _ 14,80<br />

5 Ka 14,40 _ 26,50 <strong>da</strong> 27,00 _ 50,20<br />

6 K 84,00 _ 86,00<br />

ganvixiloT <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telekomunikacis<br />

Semadgeneli nawilebi cal-calke.<br />

a) kosmosuri segmenti<br />

kosmosuri segmenti Seicavs ramdenime Tanamgzavr-retransliators,<br />

romlebic Seadgens kosmosur<br />

jgufebs. Tanamgzavri-retransliatorebi, rogorc<br />

wesi, Tanabra<strong>da</strong> ganlagebuli gansazRvrul orbitebze.<br />

nebismieri <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli kosmosuri aparatis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Semdegi <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />

elementi (nax. 5.4):<br />

_ centraluri procesori;<br />

_ bortis radioeleqtronuli mowyobiloba;<br />

_ saanteno <strong>sistemebi</strong>;<br />

_ orientaciisa <strong>da</strong> stabilizaciis <strong>sistemebi</strong>;<br />

_ moZraobis <strong>da</strong>nadgarebi;<br />

nax.5.4. kosmosuri aparatis saerTo<br />

struqturuli sqema<br />

_ eleqtronuli kvebis sistema (akumulatorebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> mzis batareebi).<br />

nebismier kosmosur aparats _ (nax.5.5) wayenebuli<br />

aqvs gansazRvruli moTxovnebi simaRlis, elenergiis<br />

gamoyenebis, orientaciis, stabilizaciis <strong>da</strong><br />

a.S. mimarT.<br />

ramdenime ganmarteba orbitalur jgufebSi TanamgzavrTa<br />

aucilebeli raodenobis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli<br />

Tanamgzavri mdebareobs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1000 km<br />

simaRleze <strong>da</strong> moZraobs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 7 km/wm-Si siCqariT.<br />

dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Tvalyuris<br />

devneba de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris garkveuli wertili<strong>da</strong>n<br />

14 wT-s ar aWarbebs. amis Semdgom Tanamgzavri<br />

midis horizontis xazs iqiT. uwyveti kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis<br />

(mag. satelefono laparakis dros)<br />

aucilebelia, rom im momentSi, roca pirveli Tanamgzavri<br />

tovebs momsaxurebis zonas, mis Sesacvlelad<br />

movides meore, Semdeg _ mesame <strong>da</strong> a.S. globalur<br />

Tanamgzavrul sistemebs gamudmebiT un<strong>da</strong> ekavos<br />

Tavisi antenebis ganxilvis arealSi planetis mTeli<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>piri. es gvagonebs fiWuri satelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

proncips, oRond sabazo sadgurebis<br />

rols aq asruleben Tanamgzavrebi.<br />

137

nax. 5.5. Tanamgzavri-retransliatorebi<br />

a) <strong>da</strong>balorbituli; b) saSualoorbituli;<br />

g) geostacionaruli<br />

imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelvyoT telekomunikaciiT<br />

abonentebi, aramarto erTi kosmosuri aparatis xedvis<br />

zonaSi, aramed deamiwis mTel teritoriaze, mezobeli<br />

Tanamgzavrebi un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirebodes erTmaneTs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>scemdes informacias specifikurad, manam<br />

sanam is ar miva adresatamde.<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis teritoriis saimedod mocvisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia Tanamgzavrebis didi raodenoba<br />

(rogorc wesi ramdenime aTeuli). Tumca, cnobilia<br />

proeqti Teledisc, romelSic maTi ricxvi aTass uaxlovdeba.<br />

orbitis simaRlis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad mcirdeba<br />

TanamgzavrTa aucilebeli raodenoba, radgan<br />

izrdeba xedvis dro <strong>da</strong> zona. amasTan erTad aucileblad<br />

rTuldeba <strong>da</strong> ufro Zviri xdeba personaluri<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebi (`de<strong>da</strong>miwa-kosmosi-de<strong>da</strong>miwa~<br />

kavSiris siSoris zrdis gamo). amrigad,<br />

orbitalur jgufebSi TanamgzavrTa raodenoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> satelekomunikacio momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofis<br />

moculoba Sedegia kompromisisa, erTi mxriv<br />

-sistemis Rirebulebas, satelekomunikacio momsax-<br />

138<br />

urebis sasurvel moculobas <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv - personaluri<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalis simartives,<br />

fass Soris. es gaTvaliswinebulia ama Tu im <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

sistemaze orientaciis dros.<br />

b) de<strong>da</strong>miwisz<strong>da</strong> segmenti<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwisze<strong>da</strong> segmenti Sedgeba: sistemis marTvis<br />

centrisagan; <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centrisagan;<br />

sakvanZo sadgurebisagan; kosmosuri aparatebis<br />

gaSvebis centrisagan; momxmareblis personaluri<br />

segmentisagan. ganvixiloT isini cal-calke.<br />

sistemis marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs kosmosur<br />

aparatze Tvalyuris devnebas; maTi koordinatebis<br />

gaTvlas; drois <strong>da</strong>mowmebas <strong>da</strong> koreqcias;<br />

saborto aparaturis diagnostikas; <strong>da</strong>mxmare informaciis<br />

(brZanebis) ga<strong>da</strong>cemas <strong>da</strong> a.S. aRniSnuli mar-<br />

Tvis funqciebi sruldeba telemetriuli informaciis<br />

safuZvelze, romelic mas miewo<strong>da</strong> orbitaluri<br />

jgufis yoveli kosmosuri aparati<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

kosmosuri jgufis marTvisaTvis kosmosuri aparatis<br />

muSaobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva reJimebis dros gamoiyeneba<br />

rogorc <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saStato arxebi (ga<strong>da</strong>jvaredinebuli<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

gaTvaliswinebiT), ise teritoriulad ganTavsebuli<br />

sabrZanebo _ gamzomi sadgurebis rigi. amis<br />

gamo arxebs sistemis marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs<br />

sakmaod maRali operatiulobiT, radgan igi<br />

uzrunvelyofs:<br />

_ kotrols gaSvebaze <strong>da</strong> sizustes kosmosuri<br />

aparatis gayvanaze mocemul orbitaze;<br />

_ yoveli kosmosuri aparatis mdebareobis kontrols;<br />

139

_ calkeuli kosmosuri aparatis mier orbitis<br />

marTvasa <strong>da</strong> kontrols;<br />

_ kontrols <strong>da</strong> marTvas kosmosuri aparatis arasaStato<br />

muSaobis reJimSi;<br />

_ kosmosuri aparatis gayvanas orbitaluri<br />

jgufebis Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

kosmosuri jgufebis marTva xorcieldeba mar-<br />

Tvis <strong>da</strong> analizis specialistebis mier. <strong>da</strong>mxmare<br />

informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas axorcieleben sabrZanebogazomvis<br />

sistemis teritoriulad ganlagebuli<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> sarezervo sadgurebis meSveobiT.<br />

g) kosmosuri aparatis gaSvebis centri<br />

kosmosuri aparatis gaSvebis centri gansazRvravs<br />

gaSvebis programas, anxorcielebs xomald-matareblis<br />

awyobas, mis Semowmebas, agreTve (kosmosuri<br />

aparatis) sasargeblo <strong>da</strong>tvirTis mowyobas <strong>da</strong> wina<br />

sastarto Semowmebisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdebis Catarebas.<br />

xomald-matareblis gaSvebis Semdeg axdenen frenis<br />

aqtiuri monakveTis traeqtoriul gazomvas, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

Sualeduri orbitis formirebisaTvis koreqtirdeba<br />

gaTvlili traqetoriuli monacemebi. kosmosuri<br />

aparatis Semdgomi marTva xorcieldeba<br />

sistemis marTvis centris mier sabrZanebo-gazomvis<br />

sadgurebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT Semdegi programiT:<br />

_ brundeba (ixreba) kosmosuri aparatis mzis<br />

batareebi;<br />

_ xdeba makoreqtirebeli Zravebis xanmokle CarTva<br />

ZiriTad kosmosur orbitaze ga<strong>da</strong>sayvanad;<br />

_ iqmneba telemetruli informacia kosmosuri<br />

aparatis saborto mowyobilobebis mdgomareobis<br />

kotrolisaTvis.<br />

140<br />

d) <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centri<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centri uzrunvelyofs<br />

Tanamgzavris resursis gamoyenebas, axdens ra<br />

am operaciis koordinirebas sistemis miRebis centrTan.<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centri erovnuli<br />

sakvanZo sadgurebis saSualebiT axdens <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

analizs <strong>da</strong> kontrols, agreTve marTvas.<br />

orbitalur_<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> jgufebis saStato<br />

muSaobis pirobebSi telekomunikacia sakvanZo sadgurebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> terminalebTan sruldeba avtonomiurad.<br />

arasaStato situaciebSi (calkeuli kosmosuri<br />

aparatis jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n gayvanis SemTxvevaSi, an<br />

sakvanZo sadguris elementebis mwyobri<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis<br />

dros) <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> marTvis centri ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> SenarCunebis reJimSi ga-<br />

Zlierebuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi<br />

gaTvaliswinebulia qselis rekonfigrirebis Sesa-<br />

Zleblobac.<br />

e) sakvanZo sadgurebi<br />

sakvanZo sadguri (rabi) Sedgeba ramdenime mim-<br />

Reb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsisagan (rogorc wesi araumcires<br />

samisa), romelTagan TiToeulSi aris Tvalyuris<br />

madevnebeli paraboluri antena.<br />

ramdenime mimReb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsis gamoyeneba<br />

gvaZlevs praqtkulad uwyveti teleomunikaciis<br />

ganxorcielebis saSualebas erTi kosmosuri aparati<strong>da</strong>n<br />

meoreze Tanmimdevrulad ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas. mim-<br />

Reb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsebi Semdegnairad funqcionirebs:<br />

141

_ pirveli kompleqsi Sedis kavSirSi i-ur kosmosur<br />

aparatTan;<br />

_ meore kompleqsi Sedis kavSirSi i+1 kosmosur<br />

aparatTan;<br />

_ Semdeg, pirveli kompleqsi, i+1 uri aparatis<br />

xedviTi zoni<strong>da</strong>n gasvlis Semdeg Sedis kavSirSi i+2<br />

kosmosur aparatTan;<br />

_ meore kompleqsi i+2 kosmosuri aparatis zoni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gasvlis Semdeg Sedis i+3 kosmosuri aparatTan <strong>da</strong><br />

a.S.;<br />

_ mesame kompleqsi, rogorc wesi, Ta<strong>da</strong>rigSia <strong>da</strong><br />

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia Secvalos pirveli<br />

an meore kompleqsi.<br />

didi informaciis marTvisaTvis sakvanZo sadguris<br />

SemadgenlobaSi CarTulia swrafadmoqmedi<br />

egm-bi, romlebic aris personalur terminalTa<br />

mnecemebis banki. sakvanZo sadgurebis SemadgenlobaSia<br />

agreTve sakomutacio mowyobilobebi (<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

interfeisebi) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva de<strong>da</strong>miwisze<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemebTan SeerTebisaTvis.<br />

nebismieri sakvanZo sadguris ZiriTad amocanas<br />

Seadgens dupleqsuri satelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

organizeba; faqsimaluri informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong><br />

didi moculobis monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema.<br />

v) personaluri momxmareblis segmenti<br />

personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> gankuTvnilia momsaxurebis Semdegi<br />

saxeobebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis (nax. 5.6):<br />

_ personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis<br />

mflobelTa urTierTkavSiri;<br />

_ personalur <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis<br />

142<br />

nax. 5.6. personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telekomuni-<br />

kaciis sistemis momxmareblebi<br />

mflobel abonentTa dupleqsuri kavSiri;<br />

_ saerTo sargeblobis satelefono qselis abonentebTan,<br />

agreTve peijinguri <strong>da</strong> fiWuri qselis<br />

abonentebTan, aseve kerZo kavSiris arxebis abonentebTan<br />

(Tu ukanaskneli qselebi CarTulia sakvan-<br />

Zo sadgurebis interfeisTan) kavSiri;<br />

_ personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

abonentebis adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis)<br />

gansazRvra.<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> organizebisaTvis<br />

gamoiyeneba personaluri ga<strong>da</strong>mtani <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

terminalebi (<strong>da</strong>axl. 700 gr woniT) <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> terminalebi (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2,5 kg-mde woniT)<br />

aRniSnuli terminalebiT SesaZeblia <strong>da</strong>myardes<br />

143

telekomunikacia abonetebs Soris 2 sT-is ganmavlobaSi.<br />

iseve rogorc fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

sistemebSi, dReisaTvis msoflioSi wamyvani kompaniebi<br />

sTavazob momxmarebels <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis<br />

Semdeg saxeobebs:<br />

_ portatiuli terminalebi (<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

telefoni);<br />

_ persoaluri profesionaluri terminalebi;<br />

_ <strong>mobiluri</strong> telefonebi avto, avia <strong>da</strong> sazRvao<br />

saSualebebisaTvis;<br />

_ mciremoculobiani peijinguri terminalebi;<br />

_ terminalebi koleqtiuri moxmarebisaTvis.<br />

telekomunikacis <strong>mobiluri</strong> personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

terminalebi muSaobs 137-900 <strong>da</strong> 1970-<br />

2520 mhc sixSiris diapazonSi, romlebic faqtiurad<br />

ar gansxvavdeba fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sixSiris<br />

diapazonisagan (450-1800 mhc). ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis saSualo<br />

simZlavre araa didi <strong>da</strong> Seadgens, mag., Iridium-is <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

terminalisaTvis 15-40 mvt-s. es niSanvs,<br />

rom terminalis mflobels SeuZlia ar inerviulos<br />

Tavis janmrTelobaze. <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminali<br />

Cveulebriv, fiWur radiotelefonze ufro<br />

usafrTxoa. momxmarebelTaTvis gansakuTrebul interess<br />

warmoadgens portatuli <strong>da</strong> personaluri<br />

terminalebi.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> avRniSnoT, rom dReisTvis personaluri<br />

terminalebis sawarmoo nimuSebi araa bolomde optimizebuli.<br />

mimdiareobs muSaoba maT srulyofaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebis speqtris gafar-<br />

Toebaze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, iseTi teminalebis Ziri-<br />

Tadi Tvisebebi ukve gansazRvrulia.<br />

144<br />

Iridium-is <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telefoni, warmoadgens<br />

mcremoculobian konstruqcias mierTebuli anteniT,<br />

romelic ar moiTxovs Tanamgzavrze orientacias.<br />

woniT is <strong>da</strong>xloebiT 800 gr-is, e.i. ramdenjerme<br />

ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi fiWuri telefoni.<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telefonebi telekomunikacias<br />

fiWur mobilur qselebTan axorcieleben <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

Sim-baraTiT. jer-jerobiT aseTi baraTebi SemuSavebulia<br />

GSM-is <strong>da</strong> D-AMPS-is stan<strong>da</strong>rtis telefonebisaTvis.<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telefonebis kveba<br />

avtonomiuria (batareebisagan).<br />

Tanamgzavrul telefons aqvs marTvis martivi<br />

sistema. nomeris akrefa xdeba Rilakuri velis meSveobiT.<br />

sistema avtomaturad poulobs Tavisufal<br />

arxs <strong>da</strong> aerTebs masze abonents laparakis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

rogorc wesi, aseT telefonebSi gamoiyeneba<br />

arxebis droiTi an sixSiruli SemWidroeba.<br />

bolo dros ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tanamgzavrul<br />

sistemaTa <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> Seqmnas VSAT<br />

(Very Small Aperture Terminal) teqnologiis safuZvelze,<br />

romelic qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc `patara<br />

Tanamgzavrul terminalebTan telekomunikacis<br />

sistema~. mocemuli teqnologia saSualebas iZleva<br />

<strong>da</strong>mzaddes <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebi antenis<br />

mcire diametriT.<br />

dReisaTvis mTel msoflioSi aRiricxeba milimflobel<br />

abonentTa dupleqsuri kavSiri;onze meti<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminali. mxolod erTma firmam<br />

Hughes Network Systems-ma (aSS) gayi<strong>da</strong> 85-aTasze meti<br />

VSAT _ terminali. praqtikulad yvela msxvil banks,<br />

sawarmoo kompanias <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs aqvT amJamad<br />

sakuTari korporaciuli qseli, romlebSic Tanamg-<br />

145

zavrul telekomunikacias uzrunvelyofs VSAT _<br />

terminalebi.<br />

yvelaze mTavari isaa rom <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminali,<br />

rogorc wesi, yendeba momxmareblis samuSao<br />

adgilis uSualo siaxloves <strong>da</strong> arsebiTad warmoadgens<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> personalur saSualebas.<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>s momxmarebelTa<br />

umetesobas esaWiroeba ara informaciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis maRali siCqare, aramed terminalis mierTebis<br />

(CarTvis) saSualeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periferiul<br />

aparaturasTan.<br />

globaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

yvela sistema moicavs momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong> igive nakrebs:<br />

_ laparakis ga<strong>da</strong>cema (satelefono kavSirSi);<br />

_ faqsimilur monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema;<br />

_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema;<br />

_ personaluri radiogamoZaxeba (peijingi);<br />

_ abonentis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra;<br />

_ globaluri roumingi.<br />

es momsaxurebebi realizdeba moTxovnis mixedviT<br />

arxis gamoyofiT. amasTan, misi miwodebis dro<br />

yvelaze ufro srulyofil Tanamgzavrul sistemebSi<br />

Seadgens araumetes 2 wT-s. zogierT sistemaSi<br />

arsebobs garkveuli gansxvavebebi informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

siCqareSi. ase, magaliTad, Iridium-is <strong>da</strong> Inmarsat-D-s<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s siCqare Seadgens 2,4 kbits/w-Si, xolo<br />

sistemaSi Globalstar _1,2-9,6 kbits/wm-Si. aseTi maxasiaTeblebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels SeuZlia miiRos:<br />

met-naklebad xarisxiani satelefono kavSiri;<br />

faqsimilur monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> monacemebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>balxarisxiani ga<strong>da</strong>cema. personaluri teleko-<br />

146<br />

munikaciis <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminali<strong>da</strong>n mierTebisas<br />

SesaZlebeli iqneba failebis gacvla drois<br />

realur masStabSi 0,5-1 teqsturi gverdi wamSi.<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

uzrunvelyofs sakmarisad maRal sizustes abonentis<br />

adgilmdebareobis (koordinatis) gansazRvrisas,<br />

romelic Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 300 m-s (dRe-<br />

Ramis drois, amindis pirobebis <strong>da</strong> a.S. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad).<br />

uaxloes wlebSi <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> kavSiris sitemebi<br />

yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba, xolo maTi<br />

xarisxi fiWuri qselebis <strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

momsaxurebis xarisxis Sesabamisi iqneba.<br />

5.4. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

dReisaTvis msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi<br />

inergeba personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> mravali<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema. qvemoT cxrilSi (cxr. 5.2)<br />

mocemulia am <strong>sistemebi</strong>s Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi.<br />

90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

ganviTarebis erT-erTi uaxlesi mimarTuleba<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> ksmosuri aparatis <strong>da</strong>bali orbitis<br />

bazaze agebuli telekomunikacis <strong>sistemebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />

<strong>da</strong>balorbitul Tanamgzavrebs _ LEO (Low Earth<br />

Orbit) ganekuTvneba kosmosuri aparatebi, romelTa orbitis<br />

simaRle mdebareobs 700-1500 km-is farglebSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>balorbituli jgufebi SeiZleba Sedgebodes<br />

erTi<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime aTeulamde patara Tanamgzavrebisagan<br />

woniT 500 kg-mde. de<strong>da</strong>miwis didi teritoriis<br />

telekomunikaciiT mocvisaTvis gamoiyenes orbitebi<br />

(sa<strong>da</strong>c SeiZleba ramdenime kosmosuri<br />

aparati mdebareobdes), romlebic ganlagebuli<br />

147

cxrili 5.2<br />

148<br />

cxrili 5.2 (gagrZeleba)<br />

149

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sibrtyeebSi. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mimarT mzardi<br />

interesi aixsneba personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

momsaxurebebis uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebiT<br />

radio-satelefono kavSiris CaTvliT <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

iafi, mciregabaritiani <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis<br />

gamoyenebiT. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

iZleva uwyvet terminalebTan (romlebic ganlagebulia<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis nebismier wertilSi) uwyvet kav-<br />

Sirs, <strong>da</strong> praqtikulad ar gaCniaT alternativa <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

uzrunvelsayofad sustad ganviTarebuli<br />

infrastruqturis mqone qveynebSi <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali simWidrovis regionebSi <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

organizaciaSi.<br />

erT-erT mTvar upiratesobas romelic xels uwyobs<br />

<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telekomunikacis<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTarebas, warmoadgens biologiuri<br />

faqtori. ase, magaliTad, zemaRali six-<br />

Siruli <strong>da</strong>sxivebisagan a<strong>da</strong>mianis biologiuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvis moTxovnilebis uzrunvelsayofad radiotelefonis<br />

uwyveti gamosxivebis rekomendirebuli<br />

simZlavris done un<strong>da</strong> Seadgendes araumetes 50<br />

mvt-s. aseTi simZlavris signalis miRebis SesaZlebloba,<br />

magaliTad, geostacionaruli TanamgzavriT,<br />

ganpirobebulia kosmosuri aparatis mniSvnelovani<br />

garTulebebiT, antenebis didi gaSliT, maTi zusti<br />

pozicionirebiT. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>saTvis radioxazebis sigrZe ramodenimejer<br />

ufro naklebia <strong>da</strong> mravalsxiviani antenebis<br />

Seqmnis problemac naklebad mwvavea. am sistemebs<br />

ganekuTvneba, pirvel rigSi, Iridium-is <strong>da</strong> Clobastar-is<br />

sitemebi, romlebic agebulia mowinave konsorci-<br />

150<br />

umebis mier. mTavar rols aq Sesabamisad TamaSobs<br />

iseTi msxvili mwarmoebeli kompaniebi rogorebicaa<br />

Motorola/Lockeneed <strong>da</strong> Zualcomm/Loral.<br />

<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>sistemebi</strong> specialistebis mier<br />

ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> jer kidev <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

Seqmnis sawyis etapze. magram uaxles dromde<br />

ar sargeblob<strong>da</strong> didi popularobiT. amas gaaCn<strong>da</strong><br />

rigi mizezebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelia<br />

Sexedulebebisa <strong>da</strong> mosazrebebis garkveuli inercia,<br />

romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c `Tanamgzavri un<strong>da</strong> Candes<br />

didxans <strong>da</strong> uwyvetad~, an umjobesia, rom `<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblisaTvis<br />

iyos umoZrao~, e.i. un<strong>da</strong> mdebareobdes<br />

geostacionalur orbitaze.<br />

Tumca, ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi<br />

Seiqmna ramdenime <strong>da</strong>balorbituli sistema, magram<br />

gansazRvruli (viwro) <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT, rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia,<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, mokle <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iSviaTi gancxadebebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemasTan. mxolod globaluri personaluri<br />

telekomunikaiis mimzidvelma ideam,<br />

romelic efuZneba Tanamedrove teqnologias, warmoSva<br />

interesi <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s mimarT. Iridium-is sistemis proeqtSi kosmosuri<br />

segmenti Tavis SemadgenlobaSi un<strong>da</strong> flobdes<br />

66 Tanamgzavr-retransliators, romlebic ganlagebulia<br />

orbitebze 780 km simaRleze. Clobalstar-is<br />

sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebuli 48 Tanamgzavr-retransliatori,<br />

romlebic mdebareobs orbitaze <strong>da</strong>xloebiT<br />

1400 km simaRleze. TanamgzavrTa aseTi ricxvi<br />

aucilebelia uwyveti kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis<br />

romelic aqvs nebismier abonents de<strong>da</strong>miwis mTel<br />

teritoriaze, radgan <strong>da</strong>balorbituli TanamgzavrretranslatorTagan<br />

TiToeuli mdebareobs abonen-<br />

151

tis xedvis zonaSi sul ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

TanamgzavrTa erTimeoreze miyolebiT <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sistemebSi ganlagebiT uzrunvelyofili<br />

xdeba de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris sruli ga<strong>da</strong>farva, mimoxilvis<br />

zonebis <strong>da</strong> Tanamgzavrebis uwyveti xedva<br />

miwisze<strong>da</strong> sadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n. amasTan erTi Tanamgzavr<strong>da</strong>n<br />

meoreze ga<strong>da</strong>rTva teqnikis saqmea, xolo maTi<br />

ricxvis gazr<strong>da</strong> kompensirdeba mocemul orbitaze<br />

maTi gaSvebis (ramdenime Tanamgzavri erT gaSvebaze)<br />

xarjebis SemcirebiT. amJamd telekomunikacis<br />

bazarze iseTi situaciaa, rom <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

ganviTarebuli infrastruqturis qveynebSic momsaxurebis<br />

miaxloebiT 35% ganekuTvneba <strong>da</strong>balorbitul<br />

Tanamgzavrul sistemebs. bolo dros kerZo<br />

kompaniebis mier wardgenilia <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 40 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

proeqti <strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s Seqmnaze,<br />

romlebic savsebiT realizebadia. qvemoT ganxilulia<br />

<strong>da</strong>balorbitiani telekomunikacis is <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

romlebic miRebis an ganviTarebi stadiaSia.<br />

5.4.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Iridium<br />

1987 wels kompania Motorola Inc. Seudga Iridium-is<br />

<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telekomunikacis<br />

sistemis SemuSavebas. Iridium-is proeqti efuZneba<br />

farTo saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas. Iridium Inc.is<br />

saerTaSoriso konsorciumSi kompania Motorola<br />

Inc.-is partiorebia iseTi wamyvani kompaniebi, rogorebicaa<br />

DDI (iaponia), Sprint-i, Lockheed-i <strong>da</strong> Paytheon-i<br />

(aSS), m.v. xruniCevis saxelobis saxelmwifo kosmosuri<br />

samecniero-sawarmoo centri (ruseTi) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

152<br />

SemuSavebul proeqtSi <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis 77 Tanamgzavris<br />

gamoyeneba iyo gaTvalsiwinebuli. swored<br />

TanamgzavrTa pirvelad arCeul raodenobas un<strong>da</strong><br />

umadlodes proeqti Tavisi saxelwodebis miRebaSi,<br />

radgan mendeleevis cxrilis 77-e elementis saxelwodebaa<br />

iridiumi. Tumca Semdgom, rigi mizezebis<br />

gamo orbitalur <strong>da</strong>jgufebaSi TanamgzavrTa raodenobaa<br />

66-mde Semcir<strong>da</strong>, magram proeqtis saxelwodeba<br />

igive <strong>da</strong>rCa (nax. 5.7).<br />

orbitaluri jgufebis ZiriTadi parametrebia:<br />

_ kvazipolaruli orbitebi <strong>da</strong>xriT i=86,4;<br />

_ sibrtyeebis ricxvi _ 6;<br />

_ kosmosuri aparatis ricxvi erT sibrtyeSi _ 11;<br />

_ erT sibrtyeSi mdebare kosmosur aparatebs<br />

Soris kuTxuri <strong>da</strong>Soreba _ 32,7 gradusi;<br />

_ orbitebis simaRle _ 780 km;<br />

_ kosmosuri aparatebis de<strong>da</strong>miwis garSemo mimoqcevis<br />

periodi 100 wT.<br />

nax. 5.7. sistema Iradium-is 66 Tanamgzavri<br />

6 orbitaze<br />

153

Iridium-is sistema gaTvalisiwnebulia globaluri<br />

moZravi personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>Tvis principiT<br />

`TiToeuli-TiToeuls~ TanamgzavrTaSorisi<br />

kavSiris safuZvelze. Iridium-is sistema gansazRvrulia<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis Semdegi saxeobebisTvis:<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saxeobebi:<br />

_ dupleqsuri radiosatelefono telekomunikacia;<br />

_ faqsimiluri telekomunikacia;<br />

_ monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema,<br />

momsaxurebebis saxeobebi:<br />

_ personaluri terminalebis mflobel abonentebs<br />

Soris kavSiri;<br />

_ saerTo satelefono qselis abonentebis kavSiri<br />

personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> terminalebis momxarebel-abonentebTan;<br />

_ Setyobinebebis signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema peijerze;<br />

_ abonentTa adgilmdebareobis (koordinatebis)<br />

gansazRvra.<br />

zemoT CamoTvlili momsaxurebis saxeebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />

kompania Motorola gvTavazobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>satan mciregabaritian (700 gr-mde wonis) <strong>da</strong><br />

mobilur (2,5 kg-de woniT) personalur terminalebs.<br />

TiToeuli samomxmareblo terminali registrirdeba<br />

erovnul sakvanZo sadgurSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas eniWeba<br />

grifuli nomeri <strong>da</strong> Tanxmdeba sawyisi teritoriuli<br />

mdebareoba.<br />

a ) radioxazebis sixSireebis diapazonebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> zolebi<br />

orbituli jgufis nebismieri kosmosuri aparatiT<br />

(nax. 5.7) 48 sxivi yalibdeba. yoveli sxivi de<strong>da</strong>miwais<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>pirze warmoiqmnis 640 m diametris fiWs.<br />

154<br />

48 sxivis SerwymiT iqmneba Tanamgzavrqve<strong>da</strong> 4 zona<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 4500 km-is diametriT. mTeli orbitaluri<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufebiT yalibdeba kvazimTliani Tanamgzavrqve<strong>da</strong><br />

zona, romelic faravs de<strong>da</strong>miwis mTel<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>pirs. Tanamgzavrqve<strong>da</strong> zonis Camoyalibeba xdeba<br />

TiToeul kosmour aparatze ganTavsebuli eqvsi<br />

fazirebuli saanteno meseris meSveobiT. TiToeuli<br />

aseTi meseris saSualebiT yalibdeba rva sxivi.<br />

mravalsxiviani antenebi <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis fiWuri<br />

principi Iridium sistemaSi muSa sixSireebis mravaljeradi<br />

gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. amasTan,<br />

SeuRlebul fiWebSi gamoiyeneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSire,<br />

xolo yovel merve fiWaSi, romelic orbitaluri<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufebis mieraa organizebuli, SesaZloa sixSire-<br />

Ta ganmeoreba. amis Semdeg 1616,0_1626,5 mhc diapazonis<br />

sixSireebi gamoiyeneba 150-ze metjer.<br />

komerciuli radioxazebis sixSiruli diapazoni<br />

iyofa:<br />

_ `abonenti-kosmosuri aparati~. ayalibebs 64 six-<br />

Sirul arxs, romelTa Soris gatareba tolia 160<br />

khc-is (TiToeuli arxis sixSiruli zolia 126 khc);<br />

_ `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ ayalibebs 29 arxs<br />

maT Soris gatareba 350 khc-is tolia (yoveli arxis<br />

sixSiruli zolia 280 khc).<br />

b) SeRwevis meTodebi<br />

radioxazebSi `abonenti-kosmosuri aparati~ <strong>da</strong><br />

`kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ gamoiyeneba arxebis<br />

droiTi gancalkeveba. mravasadguriani SeRwevis<br />

formati akavSirebs arxebis droiT gancalkevebas<br />

TiToeuli fiWisaTvis <strong>da</strong> sixSirul gancalkevebas<br />

momijnave fiWisaTvis. fazuri manipulaciis FM-4 –<br />

is meSveobiT sruldeba informaciis kodireba,<br />

155

omelic zrunvelyofs salaparako informaciis<br />

SemWidrvebas cifrul formaSi. informacia<br />

SemWidrovebaze, agreTve cikluri <strong>da</strong> taqturi sinqronizaciis<br />

signalebi ga<strong>da</strong>icema marTvis arxiT,<br />

risTvisac radioxazSi `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~<br />

moqmedebs 4 radioarxi. informaciis SemWdiroebis<br />

(SekumSvis) koeficienti (2,211) radioxazSi<br />

`kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~ 55 sasaubro arxis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis saSualebas iZleva 25 sixSireze. Secdomis<br />

albaToba TiToeul bitze araumetes 10 -3 , cifruli<br />

monacemebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisas ki 10 -6 ia.<br />

kosmosuri aparatebis orbitaluri <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis<br />

gamoyenebiT yalibdeba de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

2150 fiWa, TiToeuli kosmosuri aparatis<br />

meseris 48 sxivis gamoyenebiT. ase, rom 1616,0-1626,5<br />

mhc sixSiruli zolis gamoyenebisas sistemis<br />

gamtarunarianoba Seadgens 3835 dupleqsur satelefono<br />

kavSiris arxs.<br />

g) TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris radioxazi<br />

orbitaluri jgufebis yovel kosmosur aparats<br />

aqvs kavSiris radioxazebi or im mezobel kosmosur<br />

aparatTan, romlebic imave orbitalur sibrtyeSi<br />

mdebareobs <strong>da</strong> or mezobel (marcxniv <strong>da</strong> marjvniv)<br />

orbitalur sibryeebSi ganTavsebul kosmosur<br />

aparatTan. TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis<br />

yovel kosmosur aparatze aris oTxi jvriani<br />

saanteno meseri 36 db gaZlierebis koeficientiT.<br />

yoveli antenis mimarTulebis diagramis sigane Seadgens<br />

0<br />

5 -s. gamoiyeneba sixSiruli zoli 200 mhc<br />

23,18-23,38 ghc sixSirul diapazonSi. urTierT xelSeSlebis<br />

gamosaricxavad TanamgzavrTaSoris kav-<br />

Siris arxebSi sixSiris zoli 200 mhc siganiT <strong>da</strong>y-<br />

156<br />

ofilia 8 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sixSirul zolad, romlebic<br />

warmoqmnis kavSiris <strong>da</strong>moukidebel arxebs. informaciis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis siCqare yovel arxSi Seadgens<br />

25 mbit/wm-s. modulaciis meTodi <strong>da</strong> kodireba igivea,<br />

rac radioxazze `kosmosuri aparati-abonenti~. Secdomis<br />

SesaZlebloba 1 bit informaciaze Seadgens<br />

ara umetes 10 -6 -s. TanamgzavrTaSorisi kavSiris yoveli<br />

arxi moicavs 600 satelefono arxs SemWidroebis<br />

gareSe (1300 arxs informaciis SemWidroebis<br />

koeficiantiT _2,211).<br />

d) sakvanZo sadgurebi<br />

sakvanZo sadgurebi Sedegba 3 mimReb ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi<br />

kompleqsisagan. TiToeul kompleqss gaaCnia swrafmoqmedi<br />

kompiuteri (romelSic inaxeba personalur<br />

terminalebze monacemTa banki) <strong>da</strong> sakomutacio mowyobiloba<br />

saerTo sargeblobis satelefono<br />

qselTan kavSirisaTvis. uwyvet reJimSi muSaobs ori<br />

mimReb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsi, romlebic morigeobiT<br />

asrulebs kosmosur aparatTan (romelic pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

xedvis areSi mdebareobs) kavSris. mesame mimRebga<strong>da</strong>mcemi<br />

kompleqsi saTa<strong>da</strong>rigoa. saWiroebis<br />

SemTvevaSi mas SeuZlia Secvalos pirveli an meore<br />

kompleqsi.<br />

5.4.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Globastar<br />

personaluri kavSiris <strong>da</strong>balorbituli globaluri<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Globastar-i SemuSavebulia<br />

korporaciebis Qualcom-is, Loral-is <strong>da</strong> agreTve<br />

mTeli rigi satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebis<br />

industriis sxva cnobili warmomadgenlebis mier.<br />

157

a) kosmosuri segmenti<br />

orbitaluri jgufis Globalstar-is SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sedis 48 <strong>da</strong>balorbituli Tanamgzavr-retransliatori,<br />

romlebic ganlagebulia 8 wriul orbitaze<br />

(TiToeulze eqvsi TanamgzavriT) orbitis simaRle<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piri<strong>da</strong>n 1414 km-s Seadgens. orbitis<br />

parametrebi (maTi <strong>da</strong>xra i=52 0 ) isea arCeuli, rom<br />

SeZlon saSualo ganedebze abonentTa momsaxureba<br />

maqsimalur siSoreze. polarul areebs (70 0 Cg-ze <strong>da</strong><br />

70 0 sg-ze zeviT) kosmosuri segmenti ar emsaxureba.<br />

(nax. 5.8).<br />

nax. 5.8. sistema Globalstar 48 Tanamgzavri<br />

8 orbitaze<br />

Globalstar-is TiToeuli Tanamgzavris funqcionirebis<br />

va<strong>da</strong> metia 7,5 weliwadze (nax. 5.9). Globalstar-is<br />

sitemaSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli TanamgzavrTaSorisi<br />

158<br />

kavSirebi, samagierod is gaTvlilia de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris<br />

uwyvet ormag ga<strong>da</strong>farvaze ( 70 0 Cg-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> 70 0 sgmde<br />

CarTul sartyelSi), romelic saSualebas iZleva:<br />

_ uzrunvelyofil iqnas uwyveti kavSiri abonentis<br />

erTi sxivis moqmedebis zoni<strong>da</strong>n meore sxivis<br />

moqmedebis zonaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas (erTi <strong>da</strong> igive Tanamgzavris<br />

SemTxvevaSi) <strong>da</strong> erTi Tanamgzavris moqmedebis<br />

zoni<strong>da</strong>n meore Tanamgzavris moqmedebis zonaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas;<br />

_ mniSvnelovnad gaizardos moZrav abonentebTan<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saSualeba, abonentis terminalis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bnelebis efeqtis gamoricxvis meSveobiT ramdenime<br />

Tanamgzavris signalebis koherentuli gamravlebis<br />

xarjze, agreTve signalebiT, romlebic<br />

airekleba de<strong>da</strong>miwisze<strong>da</strong> sxvadsxva winaaRmdegobebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

nax. 5.9. Globalstar-is kosmosuri aparatis<br />

gare xedi<br />

159

sistemas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos rogorc samomsaxuro<br />

(brZanebebis) informaciis signalebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />

agreTve uzrunvelyos momsaxurebis ori<br />

saxeoba:<br />

_ satelefono, faqsimiluri <strong>da</strong> peijinguri telekomunikacia;<br />

_ abonentis adgilmdebareobis (koordinatis)<br />

gansazRvra.<br />

kavSiris kargi xarisxi miiRweva xmauris msgavsi<br />

farTzolovani siganlebis saSualebiT arxebis<br />

koduri <strong>da</strong>yofiT. es saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebuli<br />

iqnas sixSiris erTi <strong>da</strong> igive diapazoni yovel<br />

16 sxivSi romlebic yalibdeba mravalsxivuri saborto<br />

antenis meSveobiT.<br />

xmauris msgavsi farTozolovani siganlebis<br />

CamoyalibebisaTvis uolSis Tanmimdevroba gamoiyeneba.<br />

yvela signali yalibdeba erTi wyaro<strong>da</strong>n, magram<br />

TiToeuls aqvs Tavisi gansazRvruli droiTi<br />

Zvra pilot-signalTan mimarTebaSi. polit-signali<br />

uolSis funqciis nulovani mimdevrobiT ga<strong>da</strong>icema<br />

(yvela niSani 0-ia).<br />

xmauris msgavsi farTzolovani signalebis gamoyenebisas<br />

sxva ucxo obieqtebi<strong>da</strong>n areklili signalebi<br />

jamdeba ZiriTad signalTan mravalmxriani<br />

mimRebebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis<br />

sistemis mdgradobas xelSeSlis mimarT. es Sesa-<br />

Zlebels xdis agreTve uzrunvelvyoT abonentis<br />

e.w. rbili ga<strong>da</strong>svla erTi sxivis moqmedebis zoni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

meore sxivis moqmedebis zonaSi <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>ukargavad (nax. 5.10)<br />

160<br />

am SemTxvevaSi arxebis droiTi an sixSiruli<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofis sitemebisagan gansxvavebiT ga<strong>da</strong>svlis procesSi<br />

abonentTan kavSiri narCundeba orive sxivis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n manam, sanam erT-erTi maTganis signalis<br />

done gansazRvrul mniSvnelobaze <strong>da</strong>bali ar gaxdeba.<br />

amgvari alogriTmi abonentis terminalSi ga<strong>da</strong>rTvis<br />

xmauris gamoricxvis saSualebas iZleva. es faqtori<br />

sxva sistemebSi SeiZleba iyos smenadi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

komunikaciis gawyvetis albaTobac Semcirebulia.<br />

signalebis koduri <strong>da</strong>yofisa <strong>da</strong> cifruli nakadis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis cvladi siCqaris (1200-9699 bit/wm-Si)<br />

gamo yoveli arxis gamtanurianoba Zalian maRalia.<br />

cifruli nakadis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis cvladi siCqare laparakis<br />

pauzebSi samosamsaxuro signalebis (brZanebebis)<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemis saSualebas iZleva.<br />

nax. 5.10. sistema Globalstar-is mravalsxiviani<br />

anteniT de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris <strong>da</strong>farvis struqtura<br />

161

abonentis koordinatebis gansazRvris sizuste<br />

sakvanZo sadgurebis monawileobis gareSe Seadgens<br />

10 km-s, xolo sakvanZo sadgurebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamgzavrretransliatorebis<br />

erToblivi gamoyenebiT abonentis<br />

adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris sizustem Sei-<br />

Zleba miaRwios 300 m-s.<br />

a) saabonento terminalebi<br />

dReisaTvis SemuSavebulia sabonento terminalebi,<br />

romlebic uzrunvelyofs rogorc kavSiriT<br />

momsaxurebas, ise obieqtis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras.<br />

saaboento terminalebi ori tipisaa: <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> stacionaruli. <strong>mobiluri</strong> saabonento<br />

terminalebi, rogorc wesi, portatulia <strong>da</strong> SeTavsebulia<br />

fiWuri kavSiris moZrav sadgurebTan. Sesa-<br />

Zlebelia saabonento terminalebis Semdegi variantebi:<br />

_ ormoduliani varianti _ Globalstar (GS) <strong>da</strong> AMPS;<br />

_ ormoduliani varianti _ GS <strong>da</strong> GSM;<br />

_ sammoduliani varianti _ GS, AMPS <strong>da</strong> CDMA;<br />

_ stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli saabonento terminali _ mxolod<br />

GS-sTvis.<br />

portatiuli saaboneto terminalis simZlavre<br />

Seadgens 0,6 vt-s, stacionarulisa – 3 vt-s.<br />

g) sakvanZo sadgurebi<br />

sakvanZo sadgurebi Sedgeba oTxi identuri mim-<br />

Reb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcemi kompleqsisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli<br />

aRWurvilia midevnebis paraboluri anteniT 3,4<br />

m-is diametriT.<br />

162<br />

TanamgzavrTaSorisi komunikacis uqonloba Globalstar-is<br />

sistemaSi iwvevs sakvanZo sadgurebis ricxvis<br />

mniSvnelovan zr<strong>da</strong>s (ramdenime aseulamde).<br />

sakvanZo sadgurebis ZiriTadi amocanebia: satelefono<br />

<strong>da</strong> peijinguri arxebis, monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

arxebis organizeba <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, agreTve moZravi<br />

(<strong>mobiluri</strong>) obieqtebis koordinatebis gansazRvris<br />

samsaxuris uzrunvelyofa.<br />

sakvanZo sadgurebis sxva funqciebs Soris un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamoiyos saabonento termnalebis simZlavris donis<br />

regulireba. sakvanZo sadgurebis mimRebebiT<br />

izomeba TiToeuli saabonento terminalisagan miRebuli<br />

signalis done <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rdeba zRurblurTan,<br />

Semdgom saabonento terminals ga<strong>da</strong>ecema brZaneba<br />

misi simZlavris gazr<strong>da</strong>ze an Semcirebaze. es procedura<br />

sSualebas iZleva gaTanabrdes signalis<br />

done Tanamgzavr-retransliatoris Sesasvlelze <strong>da</strong><br />

gaizardos saabonento terminalebis batareebis<br />

muSaobis va<strong>da</strong>.<br />

arsebuli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistemis aqtiuri eqsploataciis<br />

va<strong>da</strong>a _ 1997-2012 ww.<br />

kompiuteruli modelirebis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom<br />

Globalstar-is sistemis saorbito nagebobani optimaluria<br />

aSS-is <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis teritoriisaTvis.<br />

5.5. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

saSualorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

saSualorbituli telekomunikacis Tanamgzavrebs<br />

(MEO-Mean Earth Orbit) ganekuTvneba kosmosuri aparate-<br />

163

i 5-15 aTas km simaRleze. saSualorbitul jgufeb-<br />

Si SeiZleba iyos 12 Tanamgzavri, romelTa wona 1000<br />

kg-mde aRwevs.<br />

aseTi orbitebis SemTxvevaSi erTi Tanamgzavrretranslatoris<br />

xilvadobis dro ramdenime saaTs<br />

aRwevs, rac TanamgzavrTa ricxvis 10-12-mde Semcirebis<br />

saSualebas iZleva <strong>da</strong> amasTanave iZleva saabonento<br />

terminalebi<strong>da</strong>n maTi `Tvalyuris devnebis~<br />

kuTxeebis gazrdis saSualebas. msgavsi proeqtebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

yvelaze cnobilia Inmarsat, ICO <strong>da</strong> Odyssey, romlebic<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis <strong>da</strong><br />

koncernebis mieraa <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli.<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s arqiteqtura, gar<strong>da</strong> kosmosuri <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo<br />

segmentebisa (Tanamgzavrebis orbituli<br />

jgufebi <strong>da</strong> sabonento terminalebi) moicavs<br />

kvanZuri sadgurebis radiosixSirul, xazur, komutaciur<br />

mowyobilobaTa kompleqsebs, romlebic<br />

gankuTvnilia personaluri <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> an uZravi abonentebis saer-<br />

To sargeblobis satelefono qselis <strong>da</strong> sxva miwisze<strong>da</strong><br />

qselebis <strong>da</strong> samsaxurebis, maT Soris radiokavSiris<br />

fiWuri sistemis abonentebTan <strong>da</strong>sakav-<br />

Sireblad.<br />

saSualorbituli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>s ganviTarebas<br />

ganapirobebs is faqtoric, rom kosmosuri<br />

aparatis jgufebi mdebareobs bunebrivad warmoSobil<br />

ori sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva simaRlis radiaciul sartyels<br />

Soris, rac iZleva eqsploataciis drois gazrdis<br />

saSualebas (10 wlamde). es Zalian mniSvnelovania,<br />

radgan saSualo simaRlis orbitaze TanamgzavrTa<br />

gayvana, <strong>da</strong>bal orbitasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, gacilebiT<br />

ufro Zviri jdeba. kosmosur aparatTa jgufebis<br />

164<br />

ganlagebis simaRlis mixedviT signalis gavrcelebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>yovneba meryeobs 40-<strong>da</strong>n 140 mwm-de, rac SeumCnevelia<br />

laparakis smeniTi aRqmisaTvis. saimedo <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

uzrunvelsayofad de<strong>da</strong>miwis umetes<br />

regionebze sakmarisia TanamgzavrTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire<br />

raodenoba _ 9 (maTi ricxvis 12-mde gazrdis SemTxvevaSi<br />

xdeba globaluri momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa).<br />

5.5.1. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Inmarsat<br />

pirveli globaluri <strong>mobiluri</strong> telekomunikacis<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Inmarsat-A saeqspluataciod<br />

Seyvanil iqna 1982 w-s, sazRvao <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong><br />

telekomunikacis organizaciis Inmarsat-is (International<br />

Maritime Satelite Telecommunications Organization) mier.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis sitemis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba iyo curvaSi<br />

myof sazRvao xomaldebTan saimedo <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

uzrunvelyofa. mogvianebiT misi gamoyeneba<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyes saxmeleTo <strong>da</strong> sahaero samsaxurebmac. magram<br />

maSinve cxadi iyo, rom imis gamo, rom gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong><br />

ZviradRirebuli specialuri aparatura, am<br />

sistemis komerciul gamomyenebelTa ricxvi<br />

SezRuduli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. dReisaTvis saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

Inmarsat komerciul safuZvelze gvTavazobs<br />

globalur radiosatelefono, satelefaqso,<br />

faqsimiluri kavSiris, monacemTa <strong>da</strong> specialuri<br />

radiogamoZaxebis gacvlis momsaxurebebs. organizacia<br />

Inmarsat-s gaaCnia saerTaSoriso statusi. sistemis<br />

mier SeTavazebuli momsaxurebebi farTod gamoiyeneba<br />

mraval qveyanaSi mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod mSvidobiani<br />

miznebisaTvis.<br />

165

saerTaSoriso organizacia Inmarsat-Si Semavali<br />

qveynebis interesebs warmoadgenen mTavrobis mier<br />

uflebamosili mowinave saxelmwifo organizaciebi.<br />

1993 wlis ivlisSi saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

Inmarsat-ma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita aeSenebina satelekomunikacio<br />

sistema MEO-sa <strong>da</strong> GEO-s gamoyenebiT. ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> Semdegi faqtorebis fun<strong>da</strong>metaluri<br />

gamokvlevebis Sedegebs: Rirebuleba, sistemasTan<br />

urTierTqmedeba, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi sirTule <strong>da</strong> riski,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia TanamgzavrTa didi ricxvis<br />

warmoeba-<strong>da</strong>nergvasa <strong>da</strong> marTvasTan.<br />

1994 wlis maisSi, yovelmxrivi analizis Semdeg,<br />

miRebul iqna ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba satelekominikacio<br />

sistemis safuZvelSi CaedoT koncefcia <strong>da</strong> CaetarebinaT<br />

gamokvlevebi perspeqtiuli sistemis Inmarsat-<br />

P-s SemuSavebis mizniT, romelic eqspluataciaSi<br />

Sevi<strong>da</strong> 2000 w-s.<br />

dReisaTvis sistema Inmarsat moicavs 6 mudmivmoqmed<br />

Tanamgzavr-retransliators, romelic ganTavse-<br />

nax. 5.11. Inmarsat-is perspeqtiuli <strong>da</strong> momqmedi<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong><br />

166<br />

bulia geostacionarul orbitaze, rac atlantis,<br />

wynari <strong>da</strong> indoeTis okeaneebis ekvatoriebis srulad<br />

momsaxurebis saSualebas iZlevva. (nax. 5.11).<br />

a) sistemaSi uzrunvelyofili momsaxurebebi<br />

rogorc aRiniSa, dReisaTvis moqmedebs telekomunikacis<br />

6 sistema, romlebic gamoiyenebs geostacionalur<br />

kosmosur aparatebs sazRvao <strong>da</strong> saxmele-<br />

To moZravi obieqtebis komerciuli momsaxurebis<br />

uzrunvelsayofad: Inarsat-A, B, C, D, P. sistema Inmarsat-<br />

P sruliad integrirebulia miwisze<strong>da</strong> fiWur ra-<br />

SemoRebis<br />

weli<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> saSualeba sistmeuri stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />

1982 monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

saxomaldo terminalebi<br />

Inmarsat-A<br />

1991 monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis ga<strong>da</strong>satani<br />

portatiuli terminali<br />

Inmarsat-C<br />

1993 cifruli satelefono kavSiris<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>satani prtatuli terminali<br />

Inmarsat-M<br />

1994-95 cifruli satelefono kavSiris <strong>da</strong><br />

monacemTa nakadTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

saxomaldo terminalebi<br />

Inmarsat-B<br />

1996-97 ga<strong>da</strong>satani Laptop-is tipis cifruli<br />

telefoni<br />

Inmarsat-M (min)<br />

1996 peijeri Inmarsat-D<br />

1999-2000 xelis cifruli telefoni `pocet-sice” <strong>da</strong><br />

abonentis adgilmdebareobis<br />

ganmsazRvreli terminali<br />

Inmarsat-P<br />

diosistemebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis kosmosuri<br />

segmentis gamoyenebis moqnilobas. personaluri<br />

saSualebebis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva Inmarsat-is<br />

sistemaSi naCvenebia cxr. 5.3-Si.<br />

b) sistema Inmarsat-A<br />

sistema Inmarsat-A, rogorc globaluri sistema<br />

1982 wli<strong>da</strong>n muSaobs. amJamad sistema uzrunvelyofs<br />

17 aTasze met saxomaldo sadgurs satelefono,<br />

sateleqso <strong>da</strong> faqsimiluri kavSiriT, agreTve<br />

167<br />

cxrili 5.3.

uzrunvelyofs monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis maRal siCqares.<br />

Inmarsat-A-s terminalebs gamoiyeneben naklebad<br />

moZrav obieqtebze (xomaldebze <strong>da</strong> komerciul TviTmfrinaveze)<br />

agreTve stacionarul obiqtebze, romlebic<br />

mdebareoben monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis mwisze<strong>da</strong><br />

samsaxurebis moqmedebis zonis gareT.<br />

g) sistema Inmarsat-C<br />

sistema Inmarsat-C komerciul eqsploataciaSi Seyvanilia<br />

1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n. is uzrunvelyofs monacemTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sateleqso SetyobinebaTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemas Sualeduri<br />

SenaxviT SF (Store an Forward) mcire zomis <strong>da</strong> msubuqi<br />

terminalebis saSualebiT. dReisaTvis muSaobs Inmarsat-C-s<br />

10 aTasamde terminali, romlebic ganlagebulia<br />

sxv<strong>da</strong>sxva moZrav obieqtebze. sistema Inmarsat-C<br />

iTvleba mniSvnelovan saSualebad globaluri<br />

sazRvao telekomunikacis uzrunvelyofisaTvis,<br />

ubedurebis (katastrofis) SemTxvevaSi, aseve maTi<br />

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.<br />

d) sistema Inmarsat-M<br />

sistema Inmarsat-M komerciul eqsploataciaSi<br />

Sesulia 1993 wels <strong>da</strong> ormxrivi cifruli satelefono<br />

kavSiris gar<strong>da</strong>, uzrunvelyofs monacemTa <strong>da</strong><br />

sateleqso informaciebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas iaffasiani <strong>da</strong><br />

msubuqi terminalebis saSualebiT (siCqare 2,4 kbit/<br />

wm). sistema Inmarsat-M uzrunvelyofs agreTve interfeiss<br />

eleqtronuli fostis paketuri komunikacis<br />

qselebSi monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis. dReisaTvis<br />

moqmedebs Inmarsat-M-is 1000-ze meti terminali, romlebic<br />

ganTavsebulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moZrav obieqtebze.<br />

sistemaSi gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove cifruli<br />

168<br />

teqnologia, rac gamoyofili sixSiris diapazonis<br />

<strong>da</strong> bortuli ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis gamoyenebis efeqturobis<br />

gazrdis sSualebas iZleva. terminali Inmarsat-M<br />

portatul SesrulebaSi Tavsdeba keisSi.<br />

am terminals <strong>da</strong>matebiT SeuZlia CarTos portatuli<br />

Notebook-is tipis kompiuteruli an mcire<br />

gabarituli printeri. Inmarsat-M-is (mini) terminalebi<br />

warmoadgens cifrul telefonebs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 700<br />

gr. woniT. romelic Tavisi formiT gvagonebs mciregabaritian<br />

radiosadgurebs.<br />

e) sistema Inmarsat-B<br />

sistema Inmarsat-B Sesulia eqsploataciaSi 1994-95<br />

ww-Si <strong>da</strong> gaTvaliswinebulia sistema Inmarsat-A-s SecvlisaTvis.<br />

is gvTavazobs analogiur momsaxurebas<br />

(telefoni, teleqsi, faqsi, monacemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>cema), magram<br />

ufro <strong>da</strong>bali tarifebiT, rac miiRweva Tanamgzavr-retranslatorebis<br />

ufro efeqturi gamoyenebiT.<br />

1994 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis eqsploataciaSi<br />

Seyvanil iqna sistema Inmarsat-B-s 11 sanapiro sadguri,<br />

romlebic axorcielebs interfeiss saerTo<br />

gamoyenebis satelefono qselebTan. maTi, raodenoba<br />

swrafad izrdeba. seriuli warmoeba aTvisebulia<br />

msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis mravali firmis mier.<br />

v) sistema Inmarsat-D<br />

sistema Inmarsat-D _ abonentebisagan Setyobineba-<br />

Ta ga<strong>da</strong>cemis calmxrivi samsaxuri _ warmoadgens<br />

peijinguri qslebis bunebriv gafarToebas. aq<br />

gaTvalswinebulia peijerebis ramdenime varianti:<br />

_ peijeri informaciis printerze dokumentirebuli<br />

gamosasvleliT;<br />

169

_ ori peijeri, romlebic CaSenebulia keisSi mis<br />

sigrZeze ganlagebiT, moZraobis dros miRebis xarisxis<br />

gazrdisaTvis <strong>da</strong> momxmareblis sxeulis mier<br />

blokirebisagan <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis;<br />

_ peijeri, romelic gaerTianebulia Laptop-is tipis<br />

Inmarsat-M (mini)-s terminalTan;<br />

_ peijeri avtomobilisaTvis, yovelmxrivi mimarTulobis<br />

antenasTan CarTviT;<br />

_ stacionaluri peijeri koleqtiuri gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />

z) sistema Inmarsat-P<br />

sistema Inmarsat-P XXI saukunis saerTaSoriso<br />

proeqtia, romelic organizacia Inmarsat-is yvela<br />

monawilis TanamSromlobas <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebebs efuZneba,<br />

agreTve kosmosuri warmoebis <strong>da</strong> satelekomunikacio<br />

mowyobilobebis <strong>da</strong>mamzadebeli kompaniebis<br />

eqspertebis <strong>da</strong>skvnebs. proeqtis koncefcia warmoadgens<br />

sistema Inmarsat-is <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> satelekomunikacio<br />

samsaxuris personalur terminalebis<br />

mTeli ojaxis swrafad <strong>da</strong>negvis strategias.<br />

eqspertebis SefasebiT Inmarsat-is <strong>sistemebi</strong>s (strategiuli<br />

moZravi telekomunikacia) gamomyeneblebis<br />

ricxvi aWarbebs 25 mln-s. XXI saukuneSi maTi ricxvi<br />

mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba.<br />

sistema Inmarsat-P viTardeba, pirvel rigSi, rogorc<br />

samsaxuri, romelSic ufro farTo gavrcelebas<br />

poulobs <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> telefonebi. misi saSualebiT<br />

agreTve SesZlebelia cifruli telekomunikacis<br />

erovnul fiWur sistemebTan integracia: GSM,<br />

DAMPS <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

170<br />

5.5.2. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

T anamgz avr ul i si st ema Odyssey<br />

saSualoorbituli personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema Odyssey SemuSavebulia<br />

firmebis TRW <strong>da</strong> Teleglobe Inc-is mier, romlebmac<br />

kosmosur sistemaSi 12 Tanamgzavr-retrasliatori<br />

CarTes <strong>da</strong> isini wriul orbitazea ganlagebuli.<br />

orbitaTa simaRle Seadgens 10,4 aTas km-s. de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

globaluri mocvis uzrunvelsayofad Tanamgzavrebi<br />

ganlagebulia sam sibrtyeSi i=55 0 -is <strong>da</strong>xriT. Ti-<br />

Toeul orbitaze mdebareobs 4 Tanamgzavri (nax.<br />

5.12), rac de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris metad saWiro regionebis<br />

teritorii<strong>da</strong>n (momsaxurebis bazris TvalsazrisiT)<br />

erTdroulad ori kosmosuri aparatis<br />

xedvis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas iZleva. erTdroulad<br />

ori Tanamgzavris xedvis saSualeba<br />

miwisze<strong>da</strong> terminalebs nebas rTavs imuSaos adgi-<br />

nax. 5.12. sistema Odussey 12 Tanamgzavri 3<br />

orbitaze<br />

171

lis maRali kuTxiT (45 0 -ze meti) de<strong>da</strong>miwis TiTqmis<br />

nebismier wertilSi. es movlena mniSvnelovnad<br />

zrdis radiokavSiris saimedobas, radgan maRlivi<br />

Senobebi <strong>da</strong> sxva winaaRmdegobebi praqtikulad ver<br />

moqmedeben signalebis gavrcelebaze.<br />

sistemaSi gamoiyeneba farTozolovani signalebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> mravalsadguriani SeRwevis meTodi arxebis<br />

koduri <strong>da</strong>yofiT. ga<strong>da</strong>cemis oqmi mTlianad Seesabameba<br />

fiWuri radiotelefonebis satelekomunikacio<br />

sistemis oqms.<br />

sistema Odyssey-is proeqtirebisas gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

iyo personaluri terminalebis potenciuri<br />

gamomyeneblebis Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebi:<br />

_ dupleqsuri satelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

uzrunvelyofa laparakis maRalxarisxovani kodirebis<br />

gamoyenebiT;<br />

_ de<strong>da</strong>miwis nebismieri wertili<strong>da</strong>n sistemaSi<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri SeRwevis uzrunvelyofa;<br />

_ SeTavsebadobis uzrunvelyofa miwisze<strong>da</strong> fi-<br />

Wur sistemebTan (miwisze<strong>da</strong> terminalebis muSaobis<br />

ori rejimis uzrunvelyofa);<br />

_ peijinguri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> momsaxurebis<br />

uzrunvelyofa asoiT monacemTa cifrul ga<strong>da</strong>cemebTan<br />

erTad;<br />

_ ekologiuri normebis <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />

kvanZuri sadgurebi<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> abonetebis saerTo momsaxurebis miwisze<strong>da</strong><br />

satelefono qselebis abonentebTan kav-<br />

Siris uzrunvelsayofad, iseve rogorc sxva<br />

sistemebSi, gamoiyeneba kvanZuri sadgurebi. yoveli<br />

172<br />

aseTi sadgurebis SemadgenlobaSia 4 mimdevni antena<br />

3,3 m diametriT, romlebic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>cilebul<br />

iqnas ZiriTadi mowyobilobisgan 30 km-iT. 3 antena<br />

gamoiyeneba TanamgzavrebTan operatiuli <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>Tvis,<br />

xolo meoTxe-Tanamgzavrze samomsaxuro<br />

(<strong>da</strong>mxmare) informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis. radganac<br />

Odyssey-is sistemaSi ar gamoiyeneba TanamgzavrTaSorisi<br />

telekomunikacia, amitom, zona, romelsac<br />

emsaxureba TiToeuli Tanamgzavri, mkacra<strong>da</strong>a<br />

mibmuli de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris gansazRvrul adgilebTan.<br />

amis uzrunvelyofa xdeba imiT, rom Tanamgzavris<br />

antenebi warmoqmnis 10 sxivs mimarTulobis<br />

diagramis siganiT 5 0 , romelTagan TiToeuli mimarTulia<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Sesabamisi zonisaken. radganac<br />

sagamomyeneblo terminali yovelTvis mdebareobs<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis erT-erT zonaSi, telekomunikacia<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva antenebTan xorcieldeba Tanamgzavrisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kvanZuri sadguris saSualebiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />

saerTo momsaxurebis satelefono qselSi<br />

SeRwevas. mosalodnelia, rom sistemis ZiriTadi<br />

momxmarebeli iqneba saxelmwifo samsaxurebi <strong>da</strong><br />

marTvis organoebi, romlebic saWiroebs garkveul<br />

mobilur telekomunikacias, agreTve mosaxleobis<br />

is nawili, romelic cxovrobs Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT moSorebul<br />

teritoriaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c cu<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>a ganviTarebuli<br />

miwisze<strong>da</strong> satelefono qselebi.<br />

5.5.3. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> sistema ELLIPSO<br />

sistema ELLIPSO SemuSavebulia korporacia EL-<br />

LIPSAT Corp (aSS)-is mier israelis, kanadis, meqsikis<br />

<strong>da</strong> avstraliis kompaniebTan erTad. sistema ELLIP-<br />

173

SO-s <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa ganaviTaros satelekomunikacio<br />

samsaxuri im momxmarebelTa sasargeblod, romlebic<br />

cu<strong>da</strong>d arian uzrunvelyofilni <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>da</strong> satel<br />

eko muni kac i o samsaxur ebi T . ami saT vi s 1995 wl i d an<br />

Sei qmna ko smo sur i segment i , r o mel i c Sed geba T anamgz<br />

avr -r et r ansl i at o r ebi sagan, r o ml ebi c ganl agebu<br />

l i a saSu al o si maRl i s (8 aT asi km) el i f sur<br />

o r bi t ebz e d a abo nent ebi s si st emaSi pi r d api r i<br />

SeRwevi s mi wi sz ed a saSual ebebi sagan.<br />

a) orbituli jgufebis ganlagebis Taviseburebebi<br />

sistema ELLIPSO unikaluria momsaxurebis TiTqmis<br />

globaluri zonis <strong>da</strong>yofis mxriv. de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>piris CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT nawilebad pirobiTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofis dros SemmuSaveblebma gaiTvaliswines,<br />

rom CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi (40 0 Cg) mosaxleobis<br />

simWidrove gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre<br />

samxreTSi. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi 40 0 C.g-is zeviT<br />

ganlagebulia TiTqmis mTeli evropa, aSS-s naxevari,<br />

iaponiis nawili <strong>da</strong> mTlianad yofili ssrk <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>.<br />

samxreT naxevarsferoSi mosaxleoba Tavmoyrilia,<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, 0-<strong>da</strong>n 40 0 sg-mde teritoriaze.<br />

zemoT aRniSnuli Taviseburebebi gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

iyo <strong>sistemebi</strong>s proeqtirebisas, ramac ganapiroba<br />

kosmosuri aparatis orbitaluri jgufebis Seqmna.<br />

orive orbitaluri jgufis kosmosuri aparatis<br />

orbitebis parametrebi mocemulia cxr. 5.4-Si.<br />

sistema ELLIPSO-s kosmosuri segmenti de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>piris globaluri mimoxilvisaTvis Sedgeba kosmosuri<br />

aparatis ori orbitaluri jgufisaTvis.<br />

174<br />

orbitebis parametrebi Or Barealis Or Concordia<br />

apogeis simaRle, km. 7840 7840<br />

perigeis simaRle, km. 520 7840<br />

<strong>da</strong>xra, grad. 116,6 0<br />

sibrtyeTa ricxvi 2 1<br />

kosmosuri aparatebis<br />

ricxvi erT orbitaze<br />

4 6<br />

mimarTvis periodi, sT. 3 4,67<br />

kosmosuri aparatis pirveli orbitaluri jgufi<br />

(Or Borealis) Sedgeba 8 Tanamgzavrisagan, romlebic<br />

ganlagebulia or <strong>da</strong>xril (i=116,6 0 ) elifsur orbitaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaTvaliswinebulia naxevarsferos momsaxurebisaTvis.<br />

orbitebis apogeas <strong>da</strong> perigeas Sesabamisad<br />

gaaCniaT simaRleebi 7840 <strong>da</strong> 520 km, amasTan<br />

Tanamgzavris Semovlis dro Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

3 sT-s.<br />

meore orbitaluri jgufi (Or Concordia) Sedgeba<br />

Tanamgzavrebisagan, romlebic ganlagebulia wriul<br />

ekvatorul orbitaze 8 aTas km simaRleze <strong>da</strong><br />

emsaxureba umTavresad de<strong>da</strong>mimiwis samxreT naxevarsferos,<br />

mTlianad moicavs ra CrdiloeTis <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreTis subzonebis tropikebs (nax. 5.13).<br />

nax. 5.13. sistema Elipso 14 Tanamgzavri 3<br />

orbitaze<br />

175<br />

cxrili 5.4

momavlisaTvis <strong>da</strong>gegmilia CrdiloeT naxevarsferos<br />

momsaxurebisaTvis TanamgzavrTa ricxvis 12mde<br />

gazr<strong>da</strong>. isini ganlagdeba or elifsur orbitaze.<br />

3 <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Tanamgzavris gayvana saSualebas<br />

iZleva uzrunvelyofil iqnas CrdiloeT naxevarsferos<br />

mTeli moculobis <strong>da</strong> nawilobriv samxreT<br />

naxevarsferos momsaxurebis realizeba. ekvatoriul<br />

orbitaze 6 Tanamgzavris ganlagebis SemTxveva-<br />

Si xdeba uwyveti <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> uzrunvelyofa<br />

orive naxevarsferos tropikul zonaSi. TanamgzavrTa<br />

ricxvis 9-mde gazr<strong>da</strong> mogvcems 40 0 sg-s <strong>da</strong> 40 0<br />

Cg-s Soris regionebis ormagi <strong>da</strong>farvis realizebis<br />

saSualebas.<br />

sistemis Tanamgzavrebs gaaCniT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT patara<br />

wona (688-730 kg). Tanamgzavris antena ayalibebs 8<br />

sxivs, romlebic abonentTan kavSirisaTvis muSaoben<br />

L <strong>da</strong> S diapazonebSi. saborto ga<strong>da</strong>mcemis gamosxivebis<br />

simZlavre Seadgens 20-25 vt-s. TanamgzavrTa (5mde)<br />

samuSao orbitebze gayvanisaTvis SesaZlebelia<br />

erTi raketamatareblis gamoyeneba.<br />

b) saabonento sadgurebi.<br />

sistema ELLIPSO gamiznulia ara marto <strong>mobiluri</strong><br />

personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> momsaxurebisaTvis,<br />

aramed telefaqsebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemisaTvis peijinguri<br />

<strong>da</strong> eleqtronuli fostis <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong>aTvis.<br />

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sistemas SeuZlia<br />

momsaxurebis gaweva abonentTa adgilmdebareobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sadgenad.<br />

amisaTvis gamoiyeneba fsevdoSemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobebi,<br />

romelbic ayalibeben farTozolovan<br />

signalebs L <strong>da</strong> S-diapazonebSi (nax. 5.14). farTozolovani<br />

signalebis gamoyenebis cnobili upiratesobebis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> Elipso-s sistemaSi arsebobs saabonento<br />

antenis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxivebSi signalebis polar-<br />

176<br />

izaciis Secvlis saSualeba, rac mniSvnelovnad<br />

zrdis <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> arxebis raodenobas.<br />

farTozolovani signalebis parametrebi ar-<br />

Ceulia koduri <strong>da</strong>yofiT momuSave miwisze<strong>da</strong> fi-<br />

Wuri qselebis rekomendirebul stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan miaxloebaSi.<br />

aseTi midgoma moiTxovs minimalur <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs<br />

saabonento terminalebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebisas<br />

maTi radiosatelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiWur<br />

qselebSi gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />

telekomunikacia Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebTan<br />

xorcieldeba, rogorc kvanZuri sadgurebis, ise<br />

saabonento terminalebis (romlebsac SeuZliaT or<br />

reJimSi muSaoba) meSveobiT. pirvel reJimSi xorcieldeba<br />

telekomunikaca Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebTan,<br />

xolo meore reJimSi xdeba miwisze<strong>da</strong><br />

fiWuri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemebSi muSaobis<br />

uzrunvelyofa.<br />

nax. 5.14. sistema Elipso-s kavSiris struqtura<br />

177

Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis eqspluataciaSi<br />

Seyvanis procesi moicavs ramodenime tips. pirvel<br />

etapze gaSvebuli iqneba 8 Tanamgzavri eliptikur<br />

orbitaze de<strong>da</strong>miwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferos telekomunikaciiT<br />

mocvis mizniT. meore etapze ekvatorul<br />

orbitaze gayvanili un<strong>da</strong> iqnes 6 <strong>da</strong>matebi-<br />

Ti Tanamgzavri.<br />

TanamgzavrTa Semdgomi gaSvebebi ganxorcieldeba<br />

bazris moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. yvela qveyanaSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>gegmilia Ellipso-s sistemis gamoyeneba,<br />

aucilebelia ara nakleb erTi kvanZuri sadguris<br />

<strong>da</strong> regionaluri qseluri centris <strong>da</strong>dgma, raTa ganxorcieldes<br />

urTierTqmedeba fiWur <strong>da</strong> saerTo<br />

sargeblobis satelefono qselTan.<br />

5.6. <strong>mobiluri</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong> geostacionaruli<br />

Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT<br />

personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> realizeba Sesa-<br />

Zlebelia im Tanamgzavr-retransliatorTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT,<br />

romlebic ganTavsebulia geostacionarul orbitaze<br />

GEO (Geostationary earth Orbit) <strong>da</strong> romlebic `<strong>da</strong>kidulia~<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis winaswar arCeuli wertilebis<br />

Tavze. aseTi `<strong>da</strong>kidva~ uzrunvelyofilia orbitis<br />

simaRliT (35 875 km), romelze<strong>da</strong>c kosmosuri aparatis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis siCqare emTxveva de<strong>da</strong>miwis brunvis<br />

siCqares. geostacionaruli Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT<br />

agebuli <strong>sistemebi</strong> (de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris<br />

gansazRvruli wertilebis Tavze maTi mdebareobis<br />

mudmivobis gamo) ganapirobebs rig upiratesobebs<br />

globaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> dros. esenia:<br />

178<br />

_ <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> Seferxebis ar arseboba kosmosuri<br />

aparatisa <strong>da</strong> momxmareblis terminalis<br />

erTdrouli ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis gamo <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

seansis dros;<br />

_ de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris 95%-is telekomunikaciiT<br />

mocva im <strong>sistemebi</strong>s mier, romlebic mxolod 3 geostacionaruli<br />

Tanamgzavrisagan Sedgeba;<br />

_ TanamgzavrTaSorisi <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> ganxorcielebis<br />

aucileblobis ar arseboba, mag. <strong>da</strong>balorbituli<br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>sagan gansxvavebiT.<br />

cnobilia, rom <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> saabonento terminalebis<br />

umetesobas, romlebic gamoiyeneben VSAT-is<br />

teqnologias, emsaxureba Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebi,<br />

romelbic geostacionarul orbitaze mdebareobs.<br />

geostacionaruli orbitis simaRle sakmaod<br />

didia, amitom aseT Tanamgzavrul sistemebs gaaCnia<br />

erTi didi nakli-signalis ga<strong>da</strong>cemasa <strong>da</strong> miRebas<br />

Soris didi <strong>da</strong>yovneba. amas gar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi <strong>da</strong>yovneba<br />

Seaqvs atmosferos <strong>da</strong> VSAT terminalebis <strong>da</strong><br />

Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis mimReb-ga<strong>da</strong>mcem<br />

aparaturas. <strong>da</strong>yovnebis warmoSobas praqtikaSi mivyavarT<br />

imasTan, rom ori mosaubris satelefono<br />

saubris dros gamudmebiT warmoiSoba pauzebi, rac<br />

Zalian aRizianebs abonentebs. <strong>da</strong>yovnebis arsebobam<br />

SeiZleba migviyvanos satelefono <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

gamoyenebis winaaRmdegobasTan, radgan amis Sedegad<br />

SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedeba monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />

sxva qselebTan.<br />

sinamdvileSi vinai<strong>da</strong>n geostacionaruli orbita<br />

mdebareobs de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piri<strong>da</strong>n 36000 km-is<br />

manZilze, amitom <strong>da</strong>yovneba, radiosignalis gavrcelebis<br />

siCqaris SezRudulobis gamo, Seadgens <strong>da</strong>ax-<br />

179

loebiT 520 mwm-s. Tu signali erTxel gaivlis gzas<br />

Tanamgzavr-retransliatoramde <strong>da</strong> ukan (2X260=520<br />

mwm). Seferxebis sxva CamoTvlili mizezebi did<br />

rols ar TamaSobs. monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>cemis dros<br />

<strong>da</strong>yovneba sruliad SeumCnevelia <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba gamoixatos<br />

urTierTgacvlis siCqaris mcire vardniT.<br />

am naklis ugulvebelsayofad gamoiyeneba specialuri<br />

oqmebi. rac Seexeba satelefono telekomunikacias,<br />

signalis <strong>da</strong>yovneba igrZnoba Zalian Zlierad<br />

<strong>da</strong> satelekomunikacio arxis mimarT maRali<br />

moTxovnebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba miuRebeli iyos.<br />

ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze SemuSavebulia<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> GEO sistemis ramdenime proeqti, personaluri<br />

<strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> uzrunvelsayofad es<br />

aris proeqtebi: APMT (Asia Pacific Mobil Telecommunications),<br />

ASC (Afro-Asian Satellite Communications), ACS (Asia Cellular<br />

Satellite) <strong>da</strong> sxva. maTi ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebaa<br />

mravalsxiviani antenebiani (diametriT 12 m <strong>da</strong><br />

meti) Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis gamoyeneba.<br />

personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemebs geostacionaruli<br />

Tanamgzavrebis safuZvelze potencialurad<br />

SeuZliaT im momsaxurebebis miniWeba, romlebic<br />

<strong>da</strong>balorbituli <strong>sistemebi</strong>s momsaxurebebis<br />

tolfasia, Tu de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze Camoyalibebuli<br />

fiWebi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT erTnairi iqneba. amasTan<br />

kosmosuri aparatis saabonento antenis zomebi,<br />

romlebic aucilebelia mimarTulobis viwro diagramis<br />

CamoyalibebisaTvis, un<strong>da</strong> iyos didi, magram<br />

Tanamedrove teqnologiis SesaZleblobis farglebSi.<br />

aseTi rTuli antenis kosmosSi gaSla (Semotrialeba)<br />

<strong>da</strong> geostabilizacia <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia did<br />

teqnologiur riskTan, rac ganmsazRvreli faqtoria<br />

SemuSavebadi proeqtebis ekonomikuri efeqtu-<br />

180<br />

robis Sefasebis dros. mocemul monakveTSi Semotanilia<br />

saTanamgzavro personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

<strong>sistemebi</strong>s rigi proeqtebi geostacionaruli<br />

Tanamgzavrebis gamoyenebiT.<br />

5.6.1. <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

sistemis Comsat-is ganviTarebis<br />

koncefcia<br />

firma Comsat Laboratories (aSS) gamokvlevebi personaluri<br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemis<br />

agebis Semqnis saSualebas iZleva geostacionaluri<br />

Tanamgzavr-retransliatorebis safuZvelze. Semo-<br />

Tavazebuli <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> jgufi Sedgeba 3 kosmosuri<br />

aparatisagan <strong>da</strong> gankuTvnilia de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris<br />

kvaziglobaluri aTvisebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />

(nax.5.15).<br />

nax. 5.15. sistema Comsat 3 geostacionalur<br />

orbitaze<br />

181

kosmosuri aparatis <strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> qve<strong>da</strong> zona<br />

yalibdeba erTmaneTTan Serwymuli eqvswaxnagovani<br />

fiWebis Seqmnis gziT. amasTan yoveli fiWis forma<br />

ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi bortuli saanteno sistemis<br />

sxivis diagramiT. imisaTvis,rom Camoyalibdes<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze erTmaneTTan Serwymuli eqvswaxnagovani<br />

fiWebi kosmosuri aparatis bortuli<br />

antena un<strong>da</strong> iyos didi. nax. 5.16-ze mocemulia<br />

eqvskuTxa (gegsagonaluri) fiWebis Serwymis (er-<br />

Tobliobis) fragmenti <strong>da</strong> maTi Sesabamisi garemocva,<br />

wertilebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c signalis Sesustebis done<br />

(centrTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) Seadgens 4 <strong>da</strong> 3 db-s.<br />

nax. 5.16. eqvskuTxa fiWebis erToblioba<br />

Tanamgzavris mimoxilvis qve<strong>da</strong> zonaSi fiWuri<br />

struqturis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs sixSireebis<br />

mravaljerad gamoyenebas. fiWis forma <strong>da</strong> zoma<br />

ganisazRvreba antenis mimarTulobis diagramis erTi<br />

sxiviT.<br />

182<br />

nax. 5.17. fiWis formireba erTeuli sxiviT<br />

nax. 5.17-ze warmodgenilia momsaxurebis zonis<br />

fragmenti antenis mimarTulobis diagramis siganiT<br />

1,1 0 , romlis sxivic skanirebas axdens adgilis<br />

kuTxiT 14 0 ekvatori<strong>da</strong>n CrdiloeT polusisaken.<br />

de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze sxivis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas iqmneba<br />

600 <strong>da</strong>n 19200 km-mde zomis fiWebi. bortuli saanteno<br />

sistemis konstruqciuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />

gasamartiveblad <strong>da</strong> regionebis momsaxurebaSi zedmetobis<br />

SemcirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Tanamgzavris<br />

mimoxilvis qve<strong>da</strong> zonis kontinentebis <strong>da</strong> okeaneebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofa <strong>da</strong> maTTvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zomis fiWebis<br />

Camoyalibeba. xmeleTis zemoT yalibdeba mimarTulobis<br />

diagrama 1 0 siganiT, xolo okeanis zemoT _<br />

3 0 -iT.<br />

183

nax. 5.18. xmeleTis, atlantikis <strong>da</strong> wynari<br />

okeaneebis akvatoriis Tanamgzavrsqve<strong>da</strong> fiWuri<br />

struqtura<br />

nax. 5.18-ze warmodgenilia atlantikis <strong>da</strong> wynari<br />

okeaneebis akvatoriebis fiWuri struqtura.<br />

a) sixSireebis mravaljeradi gamoyeneba<br />

arxebis <strong>da</strong>yofisaTvis<br />

mravaljeradi gamoyenebadi sixSireebis ricxvi<br />

GEO-s sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia interferenciuli<br />

xelSeSlebis <strong>da</strong>saSveb doneze, romelic warmoiqmneba<br />

im sxivebs Soris, romlebic Serwymul fiWebs<br />

emsaxureba. am sxivebis Sesabamisi fiWebi aRiniSneba<br />

asoebiT A-<strong>da</strong>n G-mde. sixSiruli diapazonis gamoyenebis<br />

efeqturoba <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> sistemaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia SeRwevis meTodze, sixSiruli arxebis<br />

ricxvze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganisazRvreba<br />

moTxovnebiT, romlebsac <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> xarisxs<br />

uyeneben.<br />

184<br />

sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT arxebis droiTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofis meTodi 7 droiTi kadris gamoyenebiT, Sesabamisad<br />

fiWebisaTvis indeqsiT A-<strong>da</strong>n G-mde.<br />

amasTan, arxebis droiTi <strong>da</strong> sixSiruli <strong>da</strong>yofis<br />

safuZvelze SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong><br />

maRali saimedoba.<br />

b) bortuli antenis SemuSavebis teqnkuri<br />

aspeqtebi<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> uku radioxazebSi gamoiyeneba L<br />

diapazoni. 1 0 -iani mimarTulobis diagramis gaangariSebuli<br />

farTisaTvis L diapazonis bortuli<br />

antenis zoma Seadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 14 m-s. ufro<br />

viwro sxivebisaTvis (0,5 0 <strong>da</strong> naklebi) antenis zoma<br />

mkveTrad izrdeba <strong>da</strong> aWarbebs praqtikuli<br />

realizaciis saSualebebs uaxloesi momavlisaTvis.<br />

185

literatura<br />

1. g. murjikneli, T. vekua, a. robitaSvili.<br />

<strong>mobiluri</strong> fiWuri telekomunikacia. principebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong>. Tb., i/m `momavli<strong>da</strong>n~, 2006 w.,<br />

121 gv. il.<br />

2. personaluri <strong>telekomunikaciis</strong> fiWuri <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>Tanamgzavruli</strong> <strong>sistemebi</strong> /n. TamazaSvilis, g.<br />

gabeskiria, n. goTua, T. vekua, T. kvinikaZe, i.<br />

kubecia, n. nozaZe, b. Rvinjilia, n. TamazaSvilis<br />

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Tbilisi, 1998, `de<strong>da</strong>ena~.<br />

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// Радио, № 5. 1997. С. 58­61.<br />

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teqnologiebSi. l. adeiSvili, a. robitaSvili,<br />

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`cotne~.<br />

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ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eca warmoebas 28.05.2009. xelmowerilia <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d<br />

15.06.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 12.<br />

tiraJi 100 egz.<br />

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,<br />

kostavas 77<br />

gamomcemloba `momavli<strong>da</strong>n~,<br />

q. Tbilisi, 26 maisis moe<strong>da</strong>ni #1

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