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gilgameSiani

gilgameSiani

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi

Georgian Book Support Foundation

Gilgamesh

The Ancient Mesopotamian Epic

From Akkadian and Sumerian translated

by Zurab Kiknadze

Tbilisi

Memkvidreoba

2009

mxatvari

nugzar meZmariaSvili

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi

“memkvidreoba”

fondis saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofs

giorgi leJava

ISBN 978-9941-9106-0-9 © “memkvidreoba”, 2009

qalaqi

gilgameSis eposi

“gilgameSianis” _ Suamdinaruli eposis asparezi moicavs qalaqs

da mis gareT Soreul sivrces, teritorias qveynis kidis miRma. gmiris

gza qalaqSi iwyeba da qalaqSive, mis galavanTan mTavrdeba. aseve

Zveli epikosi Tavis poemas qalaqis qebiT iwyebs da qebiTve amTavrebs.

amitomac, sanam uSualod eposze da mis personaJebze daviwyebdeT

saubars, visaubroT Sumeris qalaqze da qalaqebze, sadac namdvilad

dairwa civilizaciis, SesaZloa, pirveli akvani.

IV aTaswleulis bolosTvis, roca damwerloba pirvel nabijebs

dgamda, Sumeris 2-3 milioniani mosaxleoba TxuTmetiode mcire da mozrdil,

erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoSi iyo ganawilebuli.

sakuTar landSaftTan, sakulto da kulturul tradiciebTan

erTad, rac maT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda, maTTvis saerTo iyo:

tipuri sistema qalaq-saxelmwifos Sida mowyobisa; yvelasaTvis

saerTo kulti enlilisa nipurSi, romelic warmoadgenda mTeli

Sumeris religiur da nacionalur centrs; saerTo saxelwodeba mTeli

mosaxleobisa – “SavTavianebi” (Sum. sang-giga), rac Semdgom semituri

modgmis xalxzec gavrcelda da, bolos, mTeli kacobriobis

saxelwodebad iqca; saerTo ena da saerTo warmoSobis damwerloba,

5

vuZRvni

lamara gvaramaZes

ana aSaTi ina xud libbi

omelsac, farTo arealze gavrcelebis miuxedavad, identuroba ar

daukargavs, masTan erTad saerTo ganaTlebis sistema, skolebis (eduba)

qseliT warmodgenili, cxadia, adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT; bolos, rac mTavaria, erTiani sarwyavi sistema,

romelic yvela qalaq-saxelmwifos sazrunavi iyo, radgan am erTiani

qselis wesrigze da gamarTulobaze iyo damokidebuli TiToeuli

maTganis keTildReoba.

qalaqi, romelsac am Cvens narkvevSi movixilavT, zogadic aris

da kerZoc, saxeldobr uruqi _ Cveni eposis gmiris samSoblo. igi,

rogorc yvela sxva qalaqi, mdinarisa Tu arxis napirzea gaSenebuli,

gars akravs daba-soflebi, Ria dasaxlebani, romelTaTvisac qalaqi

warmoadgens religiur, ideologiur, ekonomiur da politikur centrs.

qalaqis struqtura, Tu mas TvalsaCinoebisTvis koncentruli

wreebis saxiT warmovidgenT, Semdegi iqneba:

pirveli wre _ es aris sakuTriv qalaqi (uru), romelsac realuradac

daaxloebiT wris forma aqvs: igi SemozRudulia galavniT,

romelic misi imedi da siamayea: igi icavs mas momxduri momTabare

tomebis Semosevisgan da aZlevs mas xilvad formas, ganasxvavebs ra

da gamoyofs mas usazRvro garesamyarosgan. galavani qalaqis Rirs-

SesaniSnaobaa, misi SesaZleblobis maqsimumi, rac mas qalaqad aqcevs.

galavans SigniT da galavans gareT _ gansxvavebuli sivrceebia. erTerTi

Sumeruli qalaqis uruqis ori epiTeti ori sxvadasxva kuTxiT

gansazRvravs mas, rogorc qalaqs: “galavniani uruqi” da “moedniani

uruqi”. wre centrs moiTxovs da es centri, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi ara

geometriuli, qalaqSi taZris saxiT aris warmodgenili. taZris gar-

Semo Tavs ikrebs ara mxolod sakulto-religiuri, aramed sameurneo

cxovrebac. arqaul xanaSi yvelaferi, rac qalaqs abadia _ savargulebi,

saqoneli, baR-venaxebi, saZovrebi, arxebi sataZro sakuTrebaa.

TiToeul qalaqs Tavisi sakuTari panTeoni aqvs qalaqis mTavari

mfarveli RmerTiT saTaveSi, romelic, rogorc wesi, enlilis Zea.

yovel qalaqs hyavs mfarveli deda-qalRmerTi, romelic ganasaxierebs

qalaqs, moqalaqeni ki _ misi Svilebi arian. iseve, rogorc bevr

sxva civilizaciaSi, SumerSic qalaqi dedruli saxiT aris warmodgenili,

romelic Tavis kalTaSi ifarebs moqalaqeebs. am aspeqtSi qalaqis

qalRmerTis epiTetia “mravali Svilis deda” (ama-dumu-dumu-ne).

“Svili” (dumu) SumerSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan, Tavisufali adamianis

metaforaa, Tavisuflebas mxolod dedis (resp. qalaqis) wiaRSi hpoveben.

amitomac am enaSi Sesityveba “dedasTan dabruneba” (ama-ar-gi)

“Tavisuflebis” aRmniSvnel idiomad iqca. sanam tyveobas Tavdaxsnili

dumu ar SeaRwevs qalaqis kedlebs SigniT da simbolurad ar dadebs

Tavs dedis (ama) kalTaSi, ar CaiTvleba Tavisuflad. amrigad, yoveli

qalaqi dasaxlebulia misi SvilebiT anu Tavisufali moqalaqeebiT

da sxvadasxva gradaciis araTavisufali xalxiT, romlebic sxva-

Ta da sxvaTa garemoebaTa (gaRatakeba, valis gadauxdeloba, tyveoba,

motaceba, ltolvileba...) mizeziT gadadian am kategoriaSi. amrigad,

qalaqs hyavs mis wiaRSi, qalRmerTis kalTaze, dabadebulni RviZli

Svilebi, mkvidrebi, romlebic floben sakuTrebaSi uZrav qonebas da

monawileobas iReben qalaqis politikur cxovrebaSi, da qalaqs hyavs

gerebi, xiznebi, monebi Tu moxarkeni, romelTac ar gaaCniaT amgvari

memkvidreobiTi sakuTreba, ris gamoc moklebulni arian mkvidrobis

statuss. mkvidroba anu Tavisufleba dabadebiT eniWeba adamians,

magram igi SeiZleba ewyalobos mas sagangebo ritualiT, romelic

dedis saSodan dabadebis imitaciaSi mdgomareobs (Svilad miRebis rituali

aRwerilia “gilgameSianSi”).

Tavdapirvelad, winaredinastiur an damwerlobamdel da Semdgom

adredinastiur xanaSi (Zv. w. XIX s.-mde), qalaqs (uru) marTavda

sakrebulo (unqen), romelic Sedgeboda ori “palatisgan” _ senatisgan

anu uxucesTa (abba) sabWosgan da moymeTagan (guruS). uxucesebi,

rogorc saxeli mowmobs (abba Sum. “mamebi”), didi ojaxebisa Tu sagvareuloebis

meTaurebi anu maTi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. xolo

moymeni, guruSebi _ es sityva zogadad axalgazrda mamakacs aRniSnavs

_ iaraRis tarebis SemZleni. Tu uxucesebis bageTagan rCeva gamodioda,

guruSebi realurad axorcielebdnen am rCevas. uxucesTa

iaraRi sityva iyo, moymeTa ki _ fizikuri Zala. rogorc romaeli

patriciebi (mamaTa mcodneni) iyvnen qalaqis mamaTa Svilebi, aseve

moymeni qalaqis uxucesTa memkvidreebi iyvnen. moymeobis asakis (anu,

socialur planSi: statusis) gasvlis Semdeg isini uxucesTa sabWo-

Si TavianTi mamebis adgilebze gadainacvlebdnen. eqstremalur da

krizisul viTarebebSi sakrebulo irCevda winamZRols, belads, mxedarTmTavars,

lugals anu “did kacs”, romelic, rogorc wesi, moymeTa

wridan iyo.

lugali qarizmatuli winamZRoli iyo: erTaderTi niSani, risTvisac

mas xalxi irCevda, mxneoba da siqvele iyo, rac adamianebSi ndobas

da darwmunebulobas iwvevda, rom arCeuli adamiani qveyanas krizisidan

gamoiyvanda. magram amomrCevelma isic icioda, rom es Tvisebebi

ara imdenad misi Tandayolili pirovnuli Rirsebebi iyo, ramdenadac

qalaqis panTeonis wyaloba mis mimarT. qalaqis RvTaebebi, TiToeuli

maTgani Tavis sferoSi, lugals aniWebdnen yvelafer imas, rac aucilebeli

iyo winamZRolisTvis. xarizma am niWTa erTobliobaa, romlebsac

is atarebda, vidre qalaqis panTeoni swyalobda mas.

qalaqis mefes religiuri funqciebic akisria. zogierT qalaqSi es

funqciebi win aris wamoweuli anu ar aris mkveTri zRvari samoqalaqo

da religiur xelmZRvanelobas Soris. aseTi gamgebeli ensis wodebas

atarebs. en-si(g) SeiZleba niSnavdes etimologiurad “saZirkvlis

ufals”, igulisxmeba taZris saZirkveli, rac imas niSnavs, rom qalaqis

miwieri patroni taZars uyris safuZvels; is principulad taZris mSenebelia

(uZvelesi romis qurumis saxelwodeba pontifeqs, rac “xidis

mSenebels” niSnavs, aseve religiur moRvaweobasTan aris dakavSirebuli:

qurumi agebs simbolur xids, romelic amqveyniur da miRmur

samyaroebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan).

garda RmerTebis samsaxurisa, mefe-qurums aqvs kidev ori funqcia,

romelic asaxavs Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa meurneobis

saxeebs: igi Tavisi xalxis, romlis patronadac panTeonis mTavarma

RmerTma (qalaqis zeciurma patronma) ganawesa, erTdroulad mwyemsic

aris da miwaTmoqmedic. aman asaxva hpova mis titulaturaSi: igi

aris, Sesabamisad, sipa da engar. rogorc mwyemsi (si pa), is valdebulia,

saukeTeso sacxovrisi mouZios Tavis samwysos (“SavTavianebs”).

arqauli xanis sabeWdavebze Zroxebis win gamosaxulia lugali

Tu ensi, romelsac maTken TavTavebi aqvs gawvdili. is aris Tavisi

xalxis “WeSmariti mwyemsi” (sipa-zi). rogorc engari (miwismuSaki),

mefe-qurumi axorcielebs qveynis guTnisdedis movaleobas, am sityvis

farTo azriT. mas ara mxolod pirveli xnuli gahyavs yana-

Si, aramed axali arxis gayvanac an arsebulis ganaxlebac evaleba.

arxebze zrunva qveynis keTildReobaze zrunvis realuri da simboluri

gamoxatulebaa. mefis koronaciis teqstSi prioritetulad

swored es saqmianobaa wamoweuli (“vin gaTxris arxs, vin gaTxris

arxs?” am ritorikuli sityvebiT iwyeba teqsti, romelic axali mefis

gamefebas auwyebs). mSvidobiani xanis mwyemsi da guTnisdeda

omianobis dros samxedro meTaurad evlineba xalxs.

arqaul xanaSi arCeuli lugali, rogorc ki krizisi daiZleoda,

rigiT moymeobas ubrundeboda. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, gamudmebuli

saSiSroebis pirobebSi, arCeviTi lugaloba (nam-lugal) memkvi-

dreobiT mefobaSi gadadis. safuZvlianad icvleba mefobis koncepcia:

am dros panTeonis mier arCeuli lugalis xarizma mis memkvidreebzec

gadadis da ukve dinastiac xarizmebiT aRWurvili xdeba. dinastiis xarizma

gadadis mis yovel wevrze TaobebSi. amrigad, yoveli pirmSo

dabadebiTve ziarebulia mefobis xarizmas. da isev, sanam panTeoni an

misi meTauri swyalobs da keTili TvaliT uyurebs dinastias, misi yoveli

warmomadgenlis warmateba garantirebulia. da rogorc yovel

mefes aqvs imTaviTve gansazRvruli bala (zeobis xangrZlovoba), aseve

yovel dinastias aqvs sakuTari bala, romlis manZilze is axorcielebs

qveynis patronobas.

mefobis institutma sasaxle (e-gal “saxli didi”) daupirispira ta-

Zars (e-dingir “saxli RvTisa”), romelic warmoadgenda qalaqis yvela

ganzomilebis centrs, da sabolood misi uzurpacia moaxdina. sataZro

meurneobis gverdiT gaCnda samefo meurneoba, ris Sedegadac qalaqis

Svilebi (dumu-dumu), romlebic rogorc Tavisufali meTemeni, Cabmuli

iyvnen mis meurneobaSi, mefis uuflebo da umkvidro msaxurebi aRmoCndnen.

droTa viTarebaSi lugali RvTaebrivi auriT imoseba. SuamdinareTis

istoriam icis gaRmerTebuli mefeebi da dinastiebi. gaRmerTebulni

iyvnen aqadis dinastiis mefeebi _ Sar-qali-Sari (“mefe yvela

mefeTa”), naram-sini (“mTvaris RmerTis nandauri”), romelic “aqadis

RmerTadac” iwodeba. GgaRvTaebrivebulia uris III dinastiis mefe

Sulgi (Zv. w. XXI s.) da yvela misi momdevno mefe am dinastiidan. Tu

lagaSis ensis gudeas warweraSi misi xarizmatuloba tradiciis obieqturi

faqtia, romelic misi pirovnuli TvisebebiT ar aris ganpirobebuli,

RvTaebis rangSi aRzevebuli Sulgi Tavs nebas aZlevs, iamayos

am xarizmebiT, rogorc Tandayolili madliT:

“me mefe var, (dedis) saSoTganve gmiri var,

Sulgi var, SobiTganve Zlieri mamri var...

brwyinvale anis (cis RmerTis) gulSi arCeuli var,

enlilis mier bedgadawyvetili var...”

qalaqis meore wre. galavans gareT qalaqs uSualod ekvris savargulebi

_ saxnav-saTesi, samiwaTmoqmedo teritoria (a-gar, gana)... qalaqi

galavniT aris SemozRudul-daculi, xolo saxnav-saTesi miwebi daucvelia.

isini momTabare urdoebis mudmivi samiznea: isini moiswrafvian

yanebisken, vidre miwismuSakebs mosavali ar auRiaT, raTa Serekon TavianTi

jogebi yanebSi. Cveulebriv, yanebSi qalaqis an dabebis mkvidrTa

saqoneli mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Zovs. am TiTqos simboluri aqtiT

qalaq-saxelmwifos farglebSi mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobs meurneobis

ori fundamenturi sfero _ mwyemsoba da miwaTmoqmedeba. mwyemsobam

didi xania ukan moitova momTabaruli xana da mkvidrobaze gadavida.

magram Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is qveynis ganapiras

mdebareobs, magaliTisTvis, evfratispira ganTqmuli uri, nomaduri

tomebis Semosevis mudmivi safrTxis winaSe iyo.

da, rac yvelaze metad aris mosafrTxilebeli da gansakuTrebuli

zrunvis sagani, es arxebia, Suamdinaruli civilizaciis udidesi, Tumc

efemeruli monapovari, romelic seravs qalaq-saxelmwifos mTels teritorias

da qmnis mis ganumeorebel landSafts, rasac yvelaze metad

atyvia adamianis xeli. maTi funqcionirebis saukeTeso xanaSi arxebi

Tavisi mravalricxovani ruebis Tu rusxmulebis meSveobiT ara mxolod

arwyulebdnen marCenal niadags, aramed qalaq-saxelmwifos SigniT

da qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris komunikaciis saukeTeso saSualeba

iyo. arxebiT ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs ara mxolod adamianebi

Temidan TemSi, dabidan dabaSi, qalaqidan qalaqSi, aramed RmerTebic

arxebis meSveobiT stumrobdnen erTmaneTs (am stumrobaTa amsaxveli

Janric ki Seiqmna Sumerul literaturaSi).

qalaqis mesame wre. yanebi gadadis saZovrebSi... es udabnos piria,

sadac miwas mwiri mcenareuli safarveli mosavs. aq cxovroben mwyemsebi

zustad imgvaradve Tav-TavianT binebSi, rogorc dRes, sadac

mwyemsuri kultura jer kidev boginobs.

qalaqis meoTxe wre. saZovrebs iqiT sanadiro sanaxebia: aq Zoven

qurcikis, kanjaris jogebi. monadires am adgilebSi gaTxrili aqvs ormoebi,

dagebuli aqvs xafangebi... es xelsawyoebi mis samonadireo ostatobasTan

erTad, aris kulturis is minimumi, romliTac qalaqi udabnos

pirze amkvidrebs Tavs da ukacriel tramalebs upirispirdeba.

qalaqis mexuTe wre. udabno (eden). sanadiro adgilebi SeumCnevlad

gadadis udabnoSi... es unayofo zonaa, aq mkvdaria sicocxle.

qalaqs, mis Semogarens, aqedan moelis xifaTi rogorc adamianTagan,

ise mxecTagan da stiqiisgan, rogoric aris samxreTis xorSaki

qari, romelsac moaqvs mxurvaleba da qviSa. bunebas maTi saxiT

ieriSi moaqvs kulturaze, romelsac qalaqi Tavisi zonebiT ganasaxierebs

da am zonebiTve icavs Tavs. aq binadroben, Tu miTosSi

gadavinacvlebT, demonebi, itimebi da udugebi, romlebic Tavs esxmian

adamianebs da asneuleben.

istoria

Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa istoria SeiZleba ramdenime periodad

daiyos:

idiliuri warsuli, romelic miTosma Semoinaxa. Sumereli “istoriosofi”

amgvarad uyurebs warsuls: Tavdapirvelad qalaqebi

erTmaneTTan TanxmobaSi iyvnen, cidan Camosuli mefoba, romelic

moicavs kulturis cnebasac, mSvidobianad gadadioda erTi qalaqidan

meoreSi: eridudan badTibiraSi, badTibiradan larakSi, larakidan

siparSi, siparidan SurupakSi. Zveli koncepciiT, mefoba er-

Tia da amitomac gamoricxulia erTdrouli mefobani. mefobas qalaq

SurupaqSi mouswro warRvnam. warRvnis Semdgom mefoba kvlav

cidan Camovida da pirveli qalaqi, sadac aRdga igi miwis pirisagan

warxocil civilizaciasTan erTad, iyo qiSi. civilizacia ki aRdga,

magram amieridan mefoba brZoliT gadadis erTi qalaqidan meore-

Si. morigeobis warRvnamdel saSualebas _ Tanxmobas cvlis iaraRi

_ rkina.

metoqeobis periodi. qalaq-saxelmwifoTa urTierTobaSi Cndeba

bzari: hegemoniis pretenziiT morigeobiT Tavs wamoyofs xan erTi,

xan meore qalaq-saxelmwifo. Tumca damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoTa

erTi xelmwifebis qveS moqcevis mcdelobebi warumartebelia.

verc erTi qalaqi amas ver axerxebs. erT-erTi dawinaurebuli qalaqis

_ umas mefe mxolod droebiT ipovebs qveynis mefis tituls

(lugal-qalama). metoqeoba, urTierTundobloba, gauTavebeli br-

Zola yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg, urTierTawiokeba (ris magaliTad

ikmarebs teqsti, romelic mogviTxrobs uma-qalaqis mier lagaSis

aklebas), sabolood, katastrofis winaSe ayenebs arxebis sistemas,

romlis simrTele TiToeul qalaqSi gamaval arxzea damokidebuli.

sxva obieqtur da subieqtur faqtorebTan erTad, romlebic saer-

Tod iwvevs imperiis warmoSobas, SumadinareTis pirobebSi aranaklebi

iyo faqtori arxebze zrunvisa, rac axal pirobebSi centralizebuli

xelisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. Sumeris qveyana

unda gamoTxoveboda damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoTa mamapapur

sistemas. roca damwerlobis meoxebiT istoriis konturebi gamoCn-

da, werilobiTma dokumentebma aCvena omis mdgomareoba, romelSic

Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoebi imyofebodnen.

imperiis periodi. qalaq-saxelmwifoTa erTi xelmwifebis qveS

gaerTianeba mxolod gareSe ZaliT moxerxda. pirvelad aqadeli sargoni

(daaxl. Zv. w. 2316-2261) ipyrobs Sumerul qalaqebs da aarsebs

pirvel imperias, romelic as wels gastans. meored uris III dinastia

(Zv. w. XXII-XXI ss.) itvirTavs am amocanas. mis dros adgilobrivi

mefeebi da ensiebi imperators damorCilebuli “gubernatorebi” xdebian.

Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa TavisTavadoba im saxiT, rogoradac

klasikur xanaSi arsebobda, samudamod Cabarda warsuls.

rac ar unda iTqvas qalaq-saxelmwifoTa TviTkmarobis da damoukideblobis

sasargeblod, istoria Zalauflebis erT xelSi moqcevis

mxareze iyo. Sida da gare procesebi imperiebis warmoqmnas uwyobda

xels. istoriis suli gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT aRwevda amas _

Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa SemTxvevaSi es iyo arxebze zrunva, rac

mefeTa erT-erTi miucilebeli movaleoba iyo. istoriam aCvena, rom

tigros-evfratis auzSi irigaciis SenarCunebis erTaderTi piroba

qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris mSvidobiani urTierToba iyo. saocnebo

mSvidoba ki erTi mbrZanebeli xelis gareSe miuRweveli iyo.

imperias SuamdinareTis politikur istoriaSi Seuqcevadi xasiaTi

mieca. sargonis, uris III dinastiis, babilonis, aSuris, kvlav babilonis,

aqemeniduri iranis, aleqsandre makedonelis imperiebi memkvidreobis

principiT erTmaneTs enacvlebian am miwaze. TiToeuli imperia

iyo civilizaciis erTgvari Sejameba Secvlil viTarebaSi da, amavdroulad,

misi axali safexuric, erTgvari pasuxi warsulis mimarT.

TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganmsazRvreli niSani hqonda.

galavniani uruqi da misi mefeni

mdinare evfratis qvemo welze, mis marjvena napiras, mdebareobda

Zveli Sumeruli qalaqi uruqi (unug). igi idga qveynis ganapiras:

samxreTiT da dasavleTiT mis sanaxebs ukacrieli udabno ekra, cxeli

qarebisa da momTabare urdoebis saTareSo, magram es ar abrkolebda

am qalaqs, rom uxsovari droidan vidre Zveli welTaRricxvis dasasrulamde

intensiuri kulturuli cxovrebiT ecxovra. adgilobrivi

gadmocemis Tanaxmad am qalaq-saxelmwifos mefes, legendarul enmerqars,

mzis Svilad wodebuls, Seuqmnia damwerloba _ “naTqvami sityva

solebad uqcevia, Tixis zedapirze aRubeWdavs”, _ damwerloba, romelic

mTels Sumers moedo da mis farglebsac Sors gascda. am soliseburi

(sxvanairad: lursmuli) niSnebiT Caiwera, oRond gacilebiT

gvian, ukve istoriul xanaSi, Sumeruli miTosi da Tqmulebebi, romel-

Ta umetesoba swored uruqis sazogadoebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

uruqi gamorCeulia Sumeris sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoTagan, pirvel

rigSi, imiT, rom misi patroni qalRmerTia, qalaqi inana-iSTaris kal-

Tas aris Sefarebuli, riTac konceptualuri igiveoba dedasa da qalaqs

Soris aq praqtikulad aris xorcSesxmuli. qalRmerTi aris uruqis

civilizaciis damafuZnebeli, rogorc mogviTxrobs miTosi inanas mogzaurobisa

okeanis siRrmeSi, sibrZnis RmerTis enqis samflobeloSi,

saidanac mas Tavisi sapatronebeli qalaqisTvis moaqvs civilizaciis

sawyisebi.

meore Tavisebureba am qalaqisa is aris, rom qalaqis mefe Cabmulia

sakraluri qorwinebis miTosur dramaSi. uruqis mefe, miTosuri

dumuzis rolSi, euRleba inanas taZris qurum-qals, romelic am dros

qalRmerTs ganasaxierebs. maTi yovelwliuri SeuRleba qalaqis samomavlo

keTildReobis saimedo garantiaa. dumuzi-inanas miTosi uru-

qis mefobis legitimaciis mwvervalia. uruqis mefes SeeZlo dumuzis

sityvebi gaemeorebina: “me ubralo kaci ar var, me inanas qmari var”.

mesame niSani uruqis gamorCeulobisa misi literaturuli (epikuri)

tradicaa.

uruqelma rafsodebma mTels SumerSi gauTqves saxeli mis mkvidrT

_ enmerqars, lugalbandas da gilgameSs, _ romelTa saxelebi erTmaneTis

miyolebiT ixsenieba uruqis e. w. I dinastiis mefeTa siaSi.

am sami mefis garSemo sinamdvilisa da miTosuris erTmaneTTan SezavebiT

droTa viTarebaSi dajgufda epikur TqmulebaTa ciklebi. magram

maT Soris ukanasknels _ gilgameSs xvda wilad gamxdariyo gmiri

msoflio mwerlobaSi pirveli eposisa, romelic daiwera aqadurad

Sumeruli poemebis safuZvelze daaxloebiT oriaTasi wlis Semdeg

im xanidan, roca istoriuli gilgameSi uruqis qalaq-saxelmwifoSi

mefobda. ratom maincdamainc gilgameSi gamoirCa am samSi, roca sxvebs

aranakleb warmtaci Tavgadasavali hqondaT, kerZod, lugalbandas,

miuval mTebSi anazdeulad dasneulebuls da martod darCenils,

roca Tanamgzavrebs mkvdari egonaT da Sua gzaze miatoves (im imediT,

rom ukanmobrunebisas waasvenebdnen uruqSi), is ki, gulSeRonebuli,

sasicocxlo sunTqvas evedreboda mzis RmerTs, uTus _

“deda ar maxlavs, mama ara maxlavs,

Zma ar maxlavs, megobari ar maxlavs,

deda ar metyvis: Svilo Cemo,

Zma ar metyvis: Zmao Cemo”.

ratom ara enmerqari, Ze uTusi, mTianeTis yviTeli furis rZiT gamokvebili,

romelsac sami epiuri poema mieZRvna Sumerul enaze, ratom

ar gascilda Sumerul enas misi dideba, rom araferi vTqvaT yru

cnobaze, rom man inana cidan Camoiyvana da mis miwier taZarSi daamkvidra?

ratom ara mesqiagaSeri, Ze uTusi, da mama enmerqarisa, romlis

qmedebani oTxiode sityvas (“zRvaSi Cavida, mTaze avida”) SemorCa?

arc erTi poeti aqaduri xanisa ar dainteresebula mesqiagaSeris,

enmerqarisa da lugalbandas pirovnebebiT da RvawliT. erTaderTi

gilgameSi iyo, romelmac miizida igi.

gilgameSi

ratom maincdamainc gilgameSis Tqmulebebi Sekra erT eposad aqadelma

poetma, Znelia am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. is ki faqtia, rom

sanam gilgameSi aqaduri eposis gmiri gaxdeboda, manamde misi saxeli

Sumeris istoriaSi erT mniSvnelovan dinastias daukavSirda. uris

axalSumeruli saxelmwifos mefeni (Zv. w. XXII-XXI ss.) didebis SaravandiT

mosaven gilgameSis saxels, Seracxaven TavianT “did Zmad”

(SeS-gal), raki eamayebaT uruqeloba da gilgameSis dedis, ninsunas,

wiaRidan warmomavlad Tvlian Tavs; dumiliT gverds uvlian didebul

enmerqars an masze adreul mesqiagaSers, unda vifiqroT, rom

uris ukanaskneli, III dinastiis, mefeebma _ urnamum, Sulgim da sxvebma

_ xeli Seuwyves gilgameSis saxelis gandidebas aqadurenovani kulturis

wreSic. swored maT xanaSi iqna Cawerili Tqmulebebi gilgameSze,

romelTagan mxolod xuTma moaRwia Cvenamde.

Cvenamde SemorCenili mxolod xuTi Sumeruli TqmulebiT vicnobT

uruqeli mefis sagmiro Tavgadasavals. esenia: “inana, alvisxe da gilgameSi”,

“gilgameSi da zeciuri xari” (fragmentulia), e. w. “gilgame-

Sis sikvdili” (fragmentulia) da “gilgameSi da aga”. es Tqmulebebi

calkeuli epizodebia gmiris cxovrebidan, romlebic ar qmnian erT

qronologiur jaWvs. sruliad gaurkvevelia _ rusuli bilinebis msgavsad

_ calke aRebul TavgadasavalTa adgili gmiris biografiaSi.

TiToeuli ambavi xdeba Tavis Caketil droSi, win ar uZRvis, an ar mosdevs

meores. Sumerul mwerlobaSi ar yofila cda am ciklebis gaer-

Tianebisa erT TxrobiT nakadad. maTi monaduri arseboba SeiZleba SevadaroT

isev klasikuri Sumeris erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebul, Tavis

sazRvrebSi Caketil da damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebs, romelTa

gaerTianebas amaod cdilobdnen Sumeris beladebi, vidre sargon aqadelma

(Zv. w. XXIII s.) Tavis imperiaSi ar moaqcia da erTian istoriul

droSi ar CarTo isini. sargon aqadelis politikuri Zalisxmeva mogvianebiT

(daaxl. Zv. w. XVIII s.) ganmeorda sityvier xelovnebaSi, roca

aqadelma poetma erTmaneTs daukavSira Sumeruli poemebi, gaxsna ra

maTi “daxSuli kari” da erT uwyvet droJamul mdinarebaSi moaqcia.

Sumerul TqmulebebSi gacxadebulma ambebma axali motivacia SeiZina:

sruliad garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gadamuSavebulni, isini ganlagdnen

Tanmimdevrul epizodebad, romelTagan erTi inaxavs meoris dvritas,

winamavali amzadebs momdevnos da ase jaWviseburad miedineba erTiani

epikuri dro, romelSic xorcs isxams gmiris Tavgadasavali. mTavari

gmiri _ da es niSandoblivia aqaduri eposisaTvis _ TiTqos xelaxla

ibadeba yoveli epizodis Semdeg, aRmaval gzaze gadis Tavisi ganviTarebis

etapebs, vidre wertili ar daesmis mis Tavgadasavals, romlis

dasasruls epikoss SeuZlia Tqvas masze, rom man “siRrme ixila”. eposi

iwyeba swored am sityvebiT Sa nakba imuru. is mniSvnelovani ram,

rasac gmirma miaRwia Tavisi Tavgadasavlis bolos, naxsenebia eposis

dasawyisSi da amiT ikvris wre epikuri Txrobisa.

ra siRrme ixila gmirma iseTi, rasac sagangebod axsenebs epikosi

pirvelsave striqonebSi? Suamdinaruli miTosidan Cven viciT, ra Sinaarsis

Semcvelia es sityva. “siRrme” aris wyaro sibrZnisa, romelic

Tavis miTosur simbolod okeanis ufskruls saxavs. “siRrme” _ nakbu

_ aris zedwodeba enqis, sibrZnis RmerTisa, romlis samkvidrebeli

okeanis ufskrulebSia, sadac CaRrmavda gmiri siWabukis balaxis amosatanad.

“siRrme” aris kacobriobis ufskero warsuli _ “Rrmaa jurRmuli

warsulisa” (Tomas mani), _ saiTkenac gaemarTa gmiri, roca

eZebda pasuxs adamianuri yofis ukidures saidumloze.

amrigad, roca eposis dasawyisis striqonSi amovikiTxavT, rom man,

romlis saxeli jer ar viciT, “siRrme ixila”, Zveli poetis Txzuleba

warmogvidgeba ara ubralo saTavgadasavlo romanad, aramed filosofiur-eTikuri

mimarTulebis nawarmoebad, sadac mTavari maxvili

gadatanilia gmiris sulier ganviTarebaze. aq pirdapir unda iTqvas,

rom werilobiT pirveldadasturebuli vrceli eposi, romlis mxolod

ori mesamedia Cvenamde moRweuli, amave dros iyo pirveli fausturi

yaidis Txzuleba, romelic mxolod garegnul msgavsebas iCens

sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo eposebTan. aqadur eposSi, gansxvavebiT Sumeruli

TviTkmari poemebisgan, sagmiro epizodebi ar aris TviTmizani,

aramed TiToeuli maTgani emsaxureba gmiris pirovnebis srulyofas,

TandaTanobiT sublimacias _ fizikuri gmirobidan sulier gmirobamde

_ da es gamoxatulia swored dasawyis striqonSi.

“avtorisaTvis, _ wers Tomas mani (gulisxmobs sakuTar Tavs, “jadosnuri

mTis” avtors), _ sikvdilica da sneulebac, da yvela Semzaravi

Tavgadasavali, romelsac igi Tavis gmirs SeamTxvevs, mxolod da

mxolod pedagogiuri saSualebaa, riTac miiRweva uzarmazari Zalis

“aqtivizacia”, Cveulebrivi gmiris amaRleba misi Tavdapirveli donidan”.

im tipis nawarmoebs, sadac amgvari saSualebebiT xorcieldeba

gmiris sulier-inteleqtualuri Zalebis “aqtivizacia”, mwerali “iniciaciur

Txzulebebs” uwodebs. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis “gilgameSianic”. aq

iniciaciis zRurblis rols asrulebs yoveli epizodi, yoveli Tavga-

dasavali, romlis wiaR gavliT gmiri erTi safexuriT maRldeba Tavis

adrindel yofaze. Cvens eposSi iniciaciis (anu zRurblis gadalaxvis)

_ siaxlis ziarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da qmediTi saSualebaa personaJTa

Sexvedrebi, romelTac amave dros Tavisi funqcia aqvT siuJetis

ganviTarebaSi. gmiri xvdeba meore gmirs da am SexvedriT TiToeulis

buneba safuZvlianad icvleba: gmiri eziareba qalis saidumlos,

rac Tavs daaRwevinebs siveluridan da Seqmnis adamianur arsebad; an

eziareba megobrobas, risi wyalobiTac igi Tavisufldeba qvena instiqtebisgan

da masSi zneobrivi kacis dabadebiT iwyeba axali cxovreba;

an igi pirispir dgeba sikvdilis winaSe, romelic SeZravs mis arsebas

da gaaRviZebs masSi moazrovne adamians; an igi xvdeba arsebas, romelic

cdilobs gadafiqrebinos mas SeuZleblis Zieba, Tumca aseTi rCeva kidev

ufro umZafrebs Ziebis wyurvils; an igi, sakvdilis wylebis gadamlaxavi,

Seeyreba Tavis winapars da moismens misgan ukanasknel sityvas.

epizodebisTvis amgvari motivaciis misaniWeblad aqadel poets Sumeruli

masalis safuZvliani gadamuSaveba mouxda. pirvel rigSi unda

SeiniSnos, rom man enqidus pirovnebasa da ambavs sruliad gansxvavebuli

TvaliT Sexeda. gilgameSis erTguli msaxuri, misi Tanamdgomi

da mrCeveli gasaWirSi, magram socialur kibeze erTi safexuriT dabla

mdgari enqidu, romelic sxvagvarad ar ixsenieba Sumerul TqmulebebSi

Tu ar gilgameSis monad (arad), xolo gilgameSi _ mis batonad,

aqadur eposSi gardaiqmneba megobrad da RviZl Zmadac, Tavisi

Zveli batonis Tanasworad. waiSleba socialuri gansxvaveba, daviwyebuli

iqneba, rom gilgameSi uruqis mefea, xolo enqidu _ udabnodan

moyvanili, ufro sworad, Semotyuebuli uruq-qalaqSi monadirisa da

diacis mier. eposis saTanado adgilas sagangebod aris naCvenebi is

sayovelTao zrunva, rasac gamoiCens veluri enqidus mimarT jer diaci

SaSxaTi, mere mwyemsebi da uruqis moqalaqeni, romlebmac TavianTi

mefis oreulad miiCnies gankacebis gzaze Semdgari mxec-kaci, mere gilgameSi,

romelmac orTabrZolis Semde daimegobra igi _ Tumca es ambavi

winaswar iqna moswavebuli gilgameSis sizmrebSi, sadac man ixila

ucxo kacis oranebi, varskvlavebi da najaxi, “viTarca sasZlos rom

exveoda” ukiduresi siyvarulis niSnad, da dedas moutana, _ da ukanasknelad

ninsuna, deda gilgameSisa, romelmac sagangebo ritualiT

sabolood xeli daasxa maT Zmobas da iSvila ucxo kaci, da udabnos

mkvidri uruqis moqalaqed gaxada.

am ori arsebis Zmadnaficoba mTlianad aqadeli poetis Semoqmedebis

nayofia (am motivs igi versad povebda Sumerul TqmulebebSi),

analogiuradve, swored aqaduri xanis xelovnebaSi Cndeba motivi

marCbivi gmirebisa, saxeldobr, cilindrul sabeWdavebze, sadac heraldikuri

wyobiT gamosaxulia ori mamri arseba, TiToeuli Tavis

kerZ nadirs Serkinebuli. ar aris aucilebeli, rom maTSi gilgameSenqidu

vigulisxmoT, Tumca erT maTgans cxadi zoomorfuli niSnebi

aqvs, magram aq niSandoblivia Sumeruli xelovnebisTvis ucxo motivi

marCbivobisa, rac aqadur eposSi ori gmiris Zmadnaficobis saxiT gamovlinda.

am axal motivs uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs: misgan iRebs sa-

Taves eposis mTeli eTikur-filosofiuri paTosi. Zmadnaficoba aris

iniciaciis pirveli zRurbli, romlis gadalaxviT mTavari gmiri

erTi safexuriT maRldeba misi “Tavdapirveli donidan”. es gilgameSs

exeba ufro metad, razec Tavis adgilas iqneba naTqvami. xolo enqidus

rac Seexeba, mas sakuTari Tavgadasavali aqvs am Zmadnaficobamde, da

es ambavic ar ipoveba Cvenamde SemorCenil Sumerul Tqmulebebsa da

miTosSi da, SesaZlebelia, arc ki arsebula.

enqidu

“gilgameSianSi” moTxrobili enqidus ambavi gamodgeboda calke

eposis masalad, vinaidan mis TavgadasavalSi SekumSulad gadmoicema

mTeli kacobriobis gza, imgvarad, rogorc es warmodgenili hqonda

Suamdinarel miTologoss. am mxriv, aqadeli epikosi originalurs

arafers qmnis _ igi eyrdnoba kacTa modgmis gaCenisa da ganviTarebis

miToss. oRond siaxle imaSia, rom man kacobriobis filogenezis xangrZlivi

procesi erTi kerZo kacis magaliTze aCvena.

enqidu ibadeba ara imgvarad, rogorc uruqSi ibadebian ded-mamis

Svilni, dedis saSodan, aramed ise, rogorc gaCnda miTosur xanaSi

pirvelkaci, anu Seiqmna qalRmerTis xeliT miwis mtverisagan, gamoisaxa

danerwyvili Tixisagan; Seiqmna maSin, roca kacobriobas ganvlili

hqonda ganviTarebis xangrZlivi gza da mis erT mcire Stos

uruqSi ukve daefuZnebina qalaquri cxovreba Tavisi sikeTiTa da

ukuRmarTobiT; Seiqmna uruq-qalaqis mosazRvre udabnoSi, sadac jer

ar dadgmuliyo kacis fexi, ar Sexeboda Semoqmedis xeli, ar aRsrulebuliyo

Sesaqmis Rvawli _ udabno ukacrielia da msgavsadve iq

Seqmnili arsebac ar aris gansrulebuli, igi naxevarkacia, romelsac

moelis gankaceba.

amrigad, im udabnoSi, sadac igi gamosaxa qalRmerTma arurum, ukan

mobrunda miTosuri dro pirvelSesaqmisa da gaCnda drouli xarvezi

uruqsa da udabnos Soris. es manZili unda daZlios enqidum, man unda

gaiaros kacobriobis gza udabnodan dabamde, magram amas Tavisi ZalebiT

ver SeZlebs. aq saWiro gaxdeba Sexvedra, romlis sainiciacio

daniSnuleba zemoT iyo naxsenebi. swored aqedan, udabnodan, daiwyeba

da Semdeg erTmaneTs mihyveba sxvadasxva sivrcul monakveTebSi Sexvedrebis

mTeli seria, romelTac paralelurad sxva daniSnulebac

aqvT: Sexvedrebi daZravs gayinuli wertilidan siuJetur dros da

amasTanave warmarTavs gmiris svlas zemoxsenebul or punqts Soris,

xolo Cven viciT, rom es ori punqti, udabno da uruqi, kacobriobis

ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodiT Soraven erTmaneTs. epikosi gamoiyvans

enqidus udabnos uZraobidan da TiTqos “elvis siswrafiT”,

ukanmouxedavad gaatarebs am gzaze.

pirveli Sexvedra _ usaxelo monadirisa da enqidus Seyra udabnos

piras, TiTqos SemTxveviTia da, Tumca mas ar SevyavarT ambis Suagul-

Si, magram amzadebs sxva Sexvedras, ufro mniSvnelovans. amis garda,

es epizodi siuJetisagan damoukideblad sagulisxmo miTosuri azris

Semcvelia: aq erTmaneTs ejaxeba ara ubralod monadire da nadirT

batoni, aramed maTi saxiT _ kultura, umartives formaSi gamovlenili,

rogoricaa Txrilebi da xafangebi, da buneba, romelic daJinebiT

cdilobs waSalos kulturis kvali, _ rogorc monadire Civis: velurma

“aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili; daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli”,

_ da aRidginos Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba. udabno moiwevs win _

enqidu moulodnelad Semodis Tavis jogiTurT monadiris sanaxebSi,

jer auqmebs monadiris namoqmedars, mere, SesaZloa, moadges uruqsac

da udabnod aqcios misi samkvidrebeli. aseTi safrTxe emuqreboda

mtkiced SemozRudul “galavnian uruqs”, amitomac gasagebia monadiris

uzomo SeSfoTebac _ “SiSma daibuda mis SiganSi, saxe gauxda Sori

gziT mavalis”, _ da is gulisyuric, rac gamoiCina am ucxo ambis gamo

jer misma mamam, mere gilgameSma, roca urCies, diaci SamxaTi waeyvana

nadirT batonis Sesacdenad. Tumca gilgameSi arc moeloda, rom is

ucxo moyme mis sabediswerod iyo gaCenili.

misi movlineba udabnos piras gagvaxsenebs gamoCenas sxva ucxo

moymisas, romeli “jda mtirali wylisa pirsa” da romlis ucnaurma

saqcielma da ukvalod gauCinarebam daasevdiana im qveynis mefe,

odesac mis gazrdils winaTgrZnobis natamalic ar hqonia. mefis

asulma moixmo Tavisi satrfo da daakisra im moymis moZebna, rom

misi povniT ukuyroda mis patrons sevda da “arkacuri gardakocna”

warxociliyo. uxalisod wasuli moyme moZebnis sxva moymes da

mxolod amis Semdeg gairkveva, rom mefis danaRvlianeba martooden

sababi iyo am oris Seyrisa da maTi samudamo daZmobilebisa. aseTive

TiTqos umniSvnelo sababia aqadur eposSi monadiris marcxi, misi

yofiTi sazrunavi, ris wyalobiTac udabnos piras gamoCenil ucxo

moymes unda Seyroda uruqis mefe, raTa gacxadebuliyo misi bedi da

gamovleniliyo masSi _ rogorc im ufliswulis rCeulSi _ manamde

faruli eTosis potencia.

orivegan Suamavali qalia, orivegan qalis wyalobiT aRmoCndeba

megobari. magram uruqelma qalma jer velurs unda apovninos saku-

Tari Tavi. monadire waiyvans udabnos piras roskip SamxaTs, romlis

sakuTari saxeli gvareobiTi saxelia im diacebisa, iSTaris taZrisadmi

rom arian Sewirulni da am qalRmerTis kults emsaxurebian

uruqSi. SamxaTebi ewodebaT maT anu “mxiarulni”, radgan iSTarisgan

STagonebuli “diacuri saqmiT” (Sifir siniSTi) sixaruli moaqvT

mowifuli mamrisTvis. roskipi SamxaTi erT-erTi am diacTagania.

uruqSi momzadda SeTqmuleba veluri moymis mimarT, magram monadire

Tavisi martivi gonebiT verc ifiqrebda, Tu ra movlenis xel-

Semwyobi gaxdeboda momavalSi misda uneburad. monadires mxolod

erTi ram surda, gaeTavisuflebina Tavisi sanaxebi samonadiro saqmis

mtrisagan, diacis SewevniT moeSinaurebina jogis winamZRoli da daubrkoleblad

enadirna. gilgameSis fiqrebic amaze Sors ar wasula.

amaT Soris yvelaze brZeni da mimxvduri is mxiaruli diaci iyo, romelic

guldajerebiT gahyva monadires udabnosken, raTa aResrulebina

Tavisi misia. ar iqneboda swori imis Tqma, TiTqos roskip SamxaTs

mxolod es “mxiaruli” saqmeni, romlebic “xorcTa xvdebian”, ebara

iSTarisgan.

am qalRmerTis impulsi, erTi himnis umartivesi sityvisamebr, `mamakacis

diacTan mimyvani, diacis mamakacTan mimyvani~, vlindeba adamianis

cxovrebis erT mniSvnelovan xanaSi: dgeba iseTi asaki, roca

mamri aucileblad unda Sexvdes dedrs da am Sexvedram igi unda gamoiyvanos

bavSvobis asakidan, “xeli daasxas” mis mowifulobas da manamde

faruli potencia sinamdviled aqcios. am misteriuli Sexvedris

wyalobiT xorcieldeba veluris saboloo gankaceba am sityvis orgvari

azriT: pirvel yovlisa, enqiduSi sqesis gaRviZeba moaswavebs

mis Sesvlas mowifulobis asakSi; meore mxriv, iSTaris taZris mxevali

SamxaTi agrZelebs enqidus RvTaebrivi gamCenis, arurus, saqmes,

_ qalRmerTma Tu Seqmna enqidu viTarca xorcieli arseba, axla meore

qali, mokvdavi, gardaqmnis mas gonier da zneobriv arsebad, raTa

aziaros uruqis mowiful sazogadoebas. igi ver movidoda uruqSi im

Sinagani da garegnuli saxiT, rogorc gaCnda udabur velze. xolo

gaCnda igi gareuli jogebis batonis, sumukanis, aRiT (“banjgvlebs

daufaravs sxeuli misi... tanT sumukanis samosi mosavs”). qalTan Sexvedra,

romelic aRwerilia yovelgvari narTaulobisa da evfemizmebis

gareSe, sruliad Secvlis mis fizikur da sulier saxes. daibadeba

axali arseba, romelic veRar ivlis Zveli cxovrebis wesze. am feriscvalebas

igrZnobs jogis suli da mas zurgs Seaqceven misi bunebis

Tanaziari mxecebi. amieridan enqidus moeWra ukan dasabrunebeli gza,

samagierod igi ganmzadda uruqSi Sesasvlelad.

qali Seqmnis mas, qali zrunavs masze _ Semosavs, scxebs zeTs surnelovans,

daapurebs, aswavlis qcevas “qveynis wesisamebr”, aswavlis

adamianur sityvas; ucbad ar waiyvans xmaurian qalaqSi, aramed jer

mwyemsebis binebTan miiyvans, raTa nel-nela SeaCvios adamianTa sa-

zogadoebas; aq udabnodan mosuli kaci udabnos Semotevisgan ifaravs

mwyemsTa sabadebels, _ xelSi iaraRi upyria da lomebs ugeriebs maT

faras. gamoxdeba xani da qali Seatyobs, rom dadga dro saZovrebidan

misi daZvrisa, rom metxans misi aq gaCereba aRar iqneboda, rom

aq ar iyo misi samudamo samyofeli, aramed iq, sadac megobars unda

Sexvedroda; qali gaumxels mas gilgameSis arsebobas da megobrobis

mcnebas, xels CasWidebs da “RmerTiviT waruZRveba” uruqis gzaze.

ar aris Zneli imis mixvedra, rom es mokle gza udabnodan uruqamde,

romelsac enqidu gadis Cvens Tvalwin, SekumSuli gameorebaa im

Soreuli gzisa, kacTa modgmam rom gaiara Tavisi arsebobis manZilze.

igic qalRmerTma Seqmna miwis mtverisagan, bunebas gamostaca, moaTviniera,

aswavla wesrigiani cxovreba, qalaqi aaSenebina da samudamod,

SesaZloa, mis sazianodac, iq daamkvidra. enqidus cxovrebis gza udabnodan

uruqamde miTosurad aireklavs mTeli kacobriobis filogenezs.

Sumeruli miTosi icnobs enqidus magvar naxevarkacs, romelsac aseve

qali aziarebs adamianur kulturas. es marTua, RvTaeba, romelic

ganasaxierebs semituri modgmis amorevelTa momTabare toms, romelic

Sumeris miTosur istoriaSi marginalurad aris miCneuli, radgan

igi moklebulia fundamentur koncepts _ “adamianobas” (Sumerulad

nam-lu-ulu, aqadurad ameluTu). marTus, rogorc kulturul

kacobriobas mowyvetili adamianis yofa, romelic arc Tu Sorsaa

enqidus cxovrebis nirisagan, qrestomaTiulia Sumerul mwerlobaSi.

magram gankaceba ar aris marTus problema. misi problema kulturologiuria.

marTus miTosSi gveuwyeba kacis ambavi, romelsac, rogorc mTeli

tomis RvTiur eponims, Tavisi xalxi kacobriul kulturaSi

Sehyavs, Tavad ki Sumer-aqadis panTeonSi imkvidrebs adgils. ai,

ogor axasiaTebs marTus Sumeruli teqstebi. erT kosmogoniur

miTosSi kacobriobis gulSematkivarma RmerTma enqim dovlaTis

ganawilebisas da xalxebis bedis gadawyvetisas “marTus, romelsac

qalaqi ara aqvs, romelsac saxli ara aqvs, cxovelebi aCuqa”. Sumerul

teqstebSi marTus Tansdevs stereotipi: “marTu, romelmac

xorbali ar icis”. am formulaSi xorbali (Se) ara mxolod miwaTmoqmedebis,

mkvidri cxovrebis da civilizaciis, aramed adamianobis

simboloc aris. puris codna da Wamaa, riTac adamiani sxva cocxal

arsebaTagan gamoicnoba. es misi privilegiaa. ai, es privilegia ar

mianiWa marTus yovlis ganmkargvelma RmerTma enqim iseve, rogorc

arurum ar mianiWa enqidus adamianuri sma-Wamis unari, mxolod cxovelebi

misca sapatroneblad. marTus Sumereli adamiani ar Tvlis

srulyofil adamianad. “xorblis umecari” misi mudmivi epiTetia,

Tan sdevs mas teqstidan teqstSi, sadac ki ixsenieba igi. samagierod,

rogorc enqidus, mas aqvs didi Zala, rac SiSis zars scems civilizebul

qveyanas. is eqspansiuria, miiwevs win, rogorc enqidu Tavisi

jogiTurT, magram Sumeri igeriebs mas, rogorc monadire igeriebs

enqidus:

“mas Jams marTu, xorblis umecari, mTels Sumers da aqads Semoadga,

magram uruqis kedeli frinvelTsaWer badesaviT gadaefina udabnos...”

uruqma Tavisi miTosuri badiT moigeria marTu, magram is sxva

gziT SeiWra Sumeris civilizaciaSi. gamoCnda qalRmerTi, Sumeruli

qazalu-qalaqis mefe-RvTaebis asuli, romelmac, miuxedavad imisa, rom

marTu da marTus xalxi

“mudam udabnoSi daexeteba,

tyavebiT arian Semosilni,

karvebia maTi sacxovrebeli,

umi xorcia maTi saWmeli,

ar ician saxli, ar ician qalaqi,

roca kvdebian, ar imarxebian,” _

Seiyvara marTu. daqalebis kiTxvaze, roca maT amgvarad dauxasiaTes

veluri, “kidev mosurveb misTxovde marTus?” qalwuli ar daubrkolebia

marTus barbarosobas, misi pasuxi uryevi da lakoniuri iyo:

“marTus mivTxovdebi”. da CaisiZa Tavis qalaqSi.

gavyveT enqidus gzas. vidre kacobriuli bedis matarebeli es ucxo

kaci udabnodan uruqs miaRwevdes, vnaxoT ra qalaqia igi da ra xdeba

mis galavanSi. uruqi upiratesad qalRmerTis qalaqia. Sumerul epoqaSi

am qalRmerTs inana erqva, “cis dedofali”. uruqSi idga mTeli

SumerisTvis saTayvano taZari eana _ “ciuri saxli”, sadac Tqmulebis

Tanaxmad enmerqaris afqals anu brZenkacs (erT-erTs im miTosur Svid

brZenTagan, Cveni eposis prologSi rom arian naxsenebi) Camouyvania

cidan inana. mas hyavs gulis rCeuli satrfo _ mwyemsi dumuzi, mokvdavi

kaci, romelic qalRmerTis siyvarulis wyalobiT RvTaebis rang-

Si amaRlda, misive sityvebiT “me ubralo kaci ara var, me qalRmerTis

qmari var”. igi Zvel qalaq badTibiridan wamosuli, _ am qalaqis mefed

ixseniebs mas Sumerul mefeTa sia, _ sabediswerod daukavSirda

uruqs, mis mosazRvre velebs, sadac mwyemsavda inanaseul wminda faras

da saidanac periodulad mihyavdaT miwis sulebs qvesknelSi. iseve

rogorc miTosur xanaSi inana airCevs mwyems dumuzis Tavis qmrad,

aseve istoriul xanaSi igi irCevs mefes, agreTve mwyemsad wodebuls,

dumuzis kvalze, da sakraluri qorwinebiT euRleba. Tu dumuzi ambobs

erTgan “me igi var, vinc wmida muxlebze, inanas muxlebze rokavs”, msgavsi

narTaulobiT, riTac gamoxatulia SeuRlebis ukiduresi aqti,

inana mimarTavs Tavis rCeuls, mefes: “brwyinvale xbosaviT irokeb

Cems wmida kalTaze” sakraluri qorwinebis ritualSi, romelic pirvel

biZgs aZlevda qveynis nayofierebas, inanas rolSi gamodioda ta-

Zris mxevali da am dros misi saxeli iyo iSxara, ara mxolod misi,

aramed yoveli qalwulisa siZesTan Sexvedrisas qorwinebis pirvel

Rames. radgan iSxara warmoadgenda inanas aspeqts viTarca xorcieli

siyvarulis qalRmerTisas. mis niSans, Rriankals, davinaxavT saxviT

xelovnebaSi, kerZod, cilindrul sabeWdavebze, gamosaxuls sareclis

qveS, romelzedac SeuRlebuli wyvili wevs.

am wes-Cveulebam, rogorc mravalricxovani teqstebi mowmobs,

axalSumerul epoqamde moaRwia da sruldeboda igi uris III dinastiis

dros qalaq urSi, xolo misi dacemis Semdeg qalaq isinSi, sadac gadainacvla

imperiis dedaqalaqma. magram igi savsebiT qreba sxva Sumerul

tradiciebTan erTad babilonur xanaSi, roca nagulisxmevia gilgameSis

aqaduri eposis Seqmna. am drois adamianTa SegnebaSi, rogorc

Cans, igi gaazrebul iqna barbarosuli xanis amoralur Cveulebad da

amgvarive negatiuri SefasebiT moxvda aqadur eposSi. igi aRar aris

kurTxeuli RvTaebrivi kanoniT da mTlianad miwerilia uruqis mefis

TviTnebobas, rac, eposis mizandasaxulobis mixedviT, unda aRikveTos.

Txrobis dasawyisSive uruqi warmodgenilia gilgameSis barbarosuli

moqmedebis asparezad. mainc ras sCadis iseTs uruqis mefe, rom misi

qveSevrdomni iZulebulni gamxdaran, Seevedron RmerTebs, Seuqmnan

mas Tanaswori Zalis oreuli, romelic win aRudgeba mis Zaladobas

da Sveba miecema uruqs? raSi gamoixateba misi saqcieli? teqstSi ver

SevxvdebiT gilgameSis moqmedebis dawvrilebiT aRweras swored imis

gamo, rom epikoss bundovani warmodgena aqvs im Zvel sakralur ri-

tualze. magram man icis, rom rituali dakavSirebuli iyo seqsualur

momentTan da amitomac am motivze agebs igi gilgameSis daxasiaTebas,

oRond eposis aSurul versiaSi es gadmocemulia sxvagvarTqmiT, nar-

Taulad; warmoCenilia dauokebeli fizikuri energia, romelic, erTi

mxriv, vlindeba brZolis JinSi, meore mxriv, Tavis wminda saxiTac:

“ar uSvebs gilgameS qalwuls dedasTan, // asuls gmirisas, sasZlos

moymisas”. amrigad, gilgameSis energia ori mimarTulebiT icleba,

erTi saxidan meoreSi gadadis, rogorc iSTaris magaliTze vxedavT,

romelic morigeobiT warmarTavda sasiyvarulo da sabrZolo saqmeebs.

erTsa da imave himnSi igi warmodgenilia omis qalRmerTad _

“odes me, qalRmerTi brZolaSi viyivleb” da siyvarulis gamriged _

”mamris diacisTvis damamSvenebeli, diacis mamrisTvis damamSvenebeli”.

iSTaris am ori aspeqtis ukidures da uzomo gamovlenas aujanyda

uruqis mosaxleoba. amgvarad warmosaxavs gilgameSis TviTnebobas

aSuruli versiis avtori.

Zvelbabilonur versiaSi, romelic aSurulze adrindelia, ufro

konkretulad aris warmodgenili es motivi. aq aSkarad ismis gamo-

Zaxili sakraluri qorwinebisa, kerZod, misi erT-erTi saxecvlilebisa,

romelic “pirveli Ramis uflebis” saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili.

uruqis gzaze momaval enqidus Seeyreba daRvremili uruqeli kaci da

kiTxvaze, _ “ra gagWirvebiao”, aseT ambavs moaxsenebs: “sanTioboSi

veravin dadis, // morCilebaa mokvdavTa xvedri. // ers daekisra godrebis

zidva, // mxiarul diacebs eris gamokveba. // mxolod galavnian

uruqis mefisTvis // xmianebs saqorwilo dafdafi...// sxvaTa wilxvedril

sasZlos euRleba, // pirvelad igi, Semdgomad sasiZo...”

enqidus feri ecvleba am ambis mosmenisas. es mniSvnelovani momentia:

gulSi man ukve miiRo gadawyvetileba, igi momzadebuli Sedis

uruqSi, icis, ra unda moimoqmedos, icis am adgilis zusti misamarTic,

sadac gilgameSs unda Sexvdes. marTlac, maTi pirveli Sexvedra san-

TiobosTan xdeba, sadac “gaSlilia iSxarasTvis sareceli” da sadac

gilgameSi apirebs Cveulebisamebr Sesvlas, magram amjerad ver Seva,

radgan enqidu Ronieri muxliT gadauRobavs sanTiobos kars. am aqtiT

enqidum gilgameSis winandel cxovrebas gadauRoba gza da iSTaris

amoralur kultisTvis samudamod zurgi Seaqcevina.

enqidusTan damegobrebiT masSi gaiRviZa SamaSis, mziuri RmerTis,

zneobrivma sawyisma, radgan swored SamaSia megobrobis sulisCamdgmeli,

igia is RmerTi, romelic “martosul moymes megobars apovninebs”.

mis winaSe ideba megobrobis fici, rogorc viciT etanas Tqmulebidan,

sadac megobrobis mowadine gveli da arwivi maRal mTaze adian

da iq, SamaSis TandaswrebiT, aRuTqvamen erTmaneTs erTgulebas. gilgameS-enqidus

megobrobasac SamaSis xeli ifaravs, SamaSi miuZRveba

maT sikeTis damkvidrebis gzaze. man aRZra isini xumbabasken gasalaSqreblad,

raTa gaeCexaT kedaris uRrani da mzis sxivisTvis gza gaekafaT;

SamaSi mfarvelobs maT am saSiS gzaze da SamaSive esarCleba

maT RmerTebis winaSe, roca isini erT-erTis sikvdils gadawyveten.

amieridan, rogorc ityodnen, SamaSis Zali dasadgurda “maT SiganSi”.

iSTari

magram dawunebuli da Seuracxyofili dedofali iSTari ecdeba

aRidginos uruqSi Tavisi Selaxuli uflebebi, ufro sworad, gaaxsenos

gilgameSs mis mier ukugdebuli sakraluri qorwinebis Zveli

wesi. kedaris tyeSi laSqrobidan dabrunebuls, misi didebis apoTeos-

Si, rodesac igi enqidusTan erTad moadgeba uruqis kedlebs, vnebiani

TvaliT gadmoxedavs iSTari da SesTavazebs gaiziaros misi siyvaru-

li. “Sen qmari iyav, me coli viqnebi!” _ ase etyvis saqorwino ritualis

sityvebiT. es winadadeba moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo uruqis

mefisTvis. rogorc viciT, es iyo misi ara mxolod privilegia,

aramed saRvTo vali, romelic Sedioda mefis funqciebSi da usaTuod

unda aResrulebina, Tuki surda qveynis mefed darCeniliyo. gmiris

zneobrivi simaRlis SesanarCuneblad da srulyofilebis kidev erT

safexurze asayvanad epikosma uari aTqmevina mas am winadadebaze, radgan

mis TvalSi es iSTari aRar aris is didebuli qalRmerTi, dedofali,

rogorc Cans igi Sumeruli xanis ZeglebSi an, Tundac, mis Tanadroul

sataZro himnografiaSi. iSTaris is saxe, rasac mkvaxe sityvebiT

amxels gilgameSi, modis ara saRvTo kultidan, aramed desakralizebuli

miTosidan, romelic droTa viTarebaSi Seivso zRapruli

epizodebiT. xalxis warmodgenaSi iSTari, rogorc Cans, gardaisaxa

verag qalRmerTad, romelic boroti ganzraxviT siyvarulis qselSi

abams mimndob da gulubryvilo arsebebs da mere Rupavs, TiToeuls

_ sxvadasxvanairad. moaruli zRaprebis personaJebi iyvnen albaT, is

arsebani, romelTa tragikul beds gauxsenebs gilgameSi misi siveragis

dasamtkiceblad. esenia: “Wreli frinveli”, romelsac ratomRac

frTebi daulewa; “lomi”, ToTxmeti xaro rom gauTxara; “cxeni”, WenebiT

gaoflils wyali rom asva; “mwyemsi”, akteonis msgavsad missave

ZaRlebs rom daaglejina; mebaRe iSulanu, romelmac maTgan gansxvavebiT

uaryo misi siyvaruli, ris gamoc qalRmerTma obobad aqcia;

meeqvsea _ Tamuzi (Sum. dumuzi), Suamdinaruli miTosis tragikuli

figura, udrood daRupuli mwyemsi, rogorc nayoofierebis yvela

RvTaeba, sezonebis gardauval wrebrunvas damorCilebuli, romlis

sikvdilSi aranaklebi wvlili miuZRvis mis satrfo qalRmerTs, Tavis

sanacvlod rom Cagzavna qvesknelSi, Tumca Tavadve marTavs weliwdeul

glovas daRupulze. magram am epizodSi, sadac sekularuli

miTosi eposis logikas aris damorCilebuli, Tamuzi iSTaris umizezo

msxverplia: “Tamuzs, sayvarels Seni siyrmisas, // wlidan wlamde glova

gaduwyvite”. ratom, risTvis? _ ar azustebs epikosi.

aq unda SevniSnoT, rom daRupulTa ricxvi eqvsia, arasruli ricxvi.

sakraluri (Cvens epizodSi: zRapruli), azriT igi arc aris namdvili

ricxvi, damoukidebeli odenoba. igi miiswrafvis Sesavsebad uaxloesi

ricxvisaken. meSvide daRupuli gilgameSi unda iyos. iSTari iwyebs

TamuziT da unda daasrulos gilgameSiT, romliTac Seikvreba misi

avbediTi sasiyvarulo wre. magram, rogorc zRaprebSi xdeba, swored

is imarjvebs, visi cdac sakralur ricxvze modis, iqneba es ricxvi

sami, Svidi, cxra Tu Tormeti. am gardauvali wesis ZaliT gilgameSi

uaryofs qalRmerTis siyvaruls. magram eposSi am aqts sxva motivic

udevs safuZvlad. pirvel rigSi, es aris misi Tavisufali nebis gamovlineba,

radgan igi ara mxolod uaryofs iSTaris siyvaruls, aramed

gmobs kidec, aginebs moaruli andazebiT _ “RriWe kari xar, qaris

verdamWeri, // sasaxle _ mamrTa damRupveli, // kupri _ damsvreli

misi mzidvelis, // ...kirqva xar, zRudiT monaSali, // ...xamlni, patronis

ferxTa mkbenelni”. narTaulad, magram gulisrevamde misuli zizRiT,

roca mebaRe iSulanus sityvebs umeorebs _ “deda Tu ar micxobs, sxva

purs ver SevWam, // puri viT vigemo, avi da binZuri?” am uarisyofaSi,

sabediswero Jams, _ mas mxarSi udgas SamaSi Tavisi mziuri eTosiT, _

gmiri gamoiCens sulier simSvides, rom ar dasces sanTiobis karTan

miRweuli simaRle, igi fxizlobs, ar xiblavs iSTaris macduri dapirebebi

sibilwesTan ziarebis wil _ oqrovani etlebi, qariSxlis

raSebi, ama qveynis dideba (“Sens winaSe muxls moiyrian Tavad xelmwifeni,

zepurni mTavarni”), nayofierebis saswaulni: sam-samad momgebi

Txis arve, marCbivad _ cxvrebi, rasac aRuTqvams sakraluri, misTvis

uwmiduri, qorwineba qalRmerTTan.

a moelis gilgameSs am uarisTvis, rasac qalRmerTis Seuracxyofac

daerTo Tan? mis “winamorbeds” iSTaris satrfialo istoriaSi, mebaRe

iSulanus qalRmerTi Seexo RvTiur-magiuri SexebiT da obobad aqcia.

magram igi uSualod ver exeba gilgameSs, romlis sxeulSi ori mesamedi

RvTaebrivi xorci dgas. gamwarebuli qalRmerTi, eposis mixedviT,

ubralod, Wirveuli qali, mieWreba cis RmerTis kars CiviliT _ “gilgameSma

gamixsena Cemi siaveni, // Cemi siaveni da mwikulebani”, razec

cis RmerTi, mis mamad xsenebuli _ “WeSmaritad Sen gamoiwvevdi, // da

gilgameSmac gagixsena siaveni...” _ upasuxebs Tavisi asulis danaSaulSi

darwmunebuli. arafris gagonebis msurveli, isteriamde misuli diaci

Tavisi uarismyofelis dasasjelad moiTxovs “zeciur mozvers”, Tu

arada, imuqreba qveynierebis wesrigis gaukuRmarTebiT: “Sevlewav bWeebs

qvesknelisas, // da axal wesebs davamyareb, // mkvdrebs amoviyvan,

cocxlebis SemWmelT // da mkvdrebi cocxalT aRematebian”. xolo “zeciuri

mozveri”, romelic SeiZleba warmoadgendes iSTaris, “mZvinvare

furis”, mamrul saxecvlilebas, _ igia risxva misi, _ amgvari bunebisaa:

misma gamoCenam Svidwliani unayofoba da SimSili unda daasadguros

qveyanaSi. Tu gavyvebiT miTosis logikas, es asec unda moxdes: sakraluri

qorwinebis gauqmebas gardauvalad unda mohyves stiqiuri ubedureba,

am kerZoobaSi, mozveris saxiT gacxadebuli, romlis cecxlovan

sunTqvaze piri eReba miwas da Tavis napralebSi STanTqmiT emuqreba

qveyanas. mozverma-gvalvam unda gadabugos miwis piri, msgavsad qarTuli

Tqmis wiTeli xarisa, romlis naZovarze balaxi ar amodis. gilgameSma

sakraluri ritualis uaryofiT Tavad gamoiwvia nayofierebis

mteri _ gvalva da Tavadve unda aaridos igi qveyanas.

gmirebi klaven mozvers, rasac iSTaris ufro meti damcireba mohyveba.

axla enqidu megobris mosarCle da misi zneobis damcveli, Sig

SublSi rom aZgera mozvers maxvili, Seutevs iSTars arnaxuli Ta-

vxedobiT: beWs mohglejs mozvers, _ beWs Tu “marjvena mxars”, romelic

samsxverplo nawilad iTvleboda, Cveulebriv, ritualebSi, _ da

esvris qongurze mdgar qalRmerTs mis yurTaTvis manamde gaugonar,

cinikur sityvebTan erTad: “netav SemeZlos Seni Sepyroba, // WeSmaritad

masaviT gagxdidi, // gadagkidebdi mxrebze mis nawlavebs!” ase

moeqceodnen uruq-qalaqis ukanasknel meZavs, xolo iSTari miiRebs am

“Sesawiravs” da SamxaTebiT garSemortymuli masze godebas wamoiwyebs.

amaze Sors sekularizaciiT gamowveuli profanacia ver wavidoda.

magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom epikosi TiTqos TanaugrZnobs da niSnis

mogebiT aRwers am profanaciul qmedebebs, is iZulebulia gza misces

sasjelsac, romelsac siwmidis xelmyofeli gmiri imsaxurebs.

xelixelCakidebuli gilgameS-enqidu Sedian uruqSi, sadac uruqeli

asulni _ winaaRmdeg maTi RvTaebrivi dedoflisa _ xotba-didebiT

egebebian gamarjvebulT: “gilgameS brwyinvalea moymeTa Soris, // enqidu

qebulia mamacTa Soris!” amas mohyveba lxini, lxins _ Zili, Zils

_ sabediswero sizmari, sadac enqidus ecxadeba RmerTebis neba, rom

or megobarSi erTi auciloblad unda mokvdes, enqidu unda mokvdes.

maTi didebisa da sixarulis mwvervalze, roca RmerTebsac ki

Seswvdnen da aRar epuebian, roca daamarcxes daumarcxebeli, swored

maSin daesmeba wertili erT-erTis sicocxles. TerTmetdRiani

agoniisa da sizmareuli koSmarebis Semdeg, roca man ixila sakuTari

Tavi, cocxliv SaveTSi Camavali, _ xolo manamde mwared wyevlida

SamxaTs, Tavis macdunebels da mSobliuri velebidan “sikvdilis qalaqSi”

Semotyuebuls, mere ki SamaSis SegonebiT adamianad sikvdilis

upiratesobaSi dajerebulma, ukan waiRo wyevlis sityvebi da sabolood

daloca qali, Tavisi kacmyofeli, _ meTormete dRes kvdeba

enqidu acremlebuli megobris Tvalwin.

maZiebeli gmiri

am ambis Sedegad eposis zneobrivi paTosi gadairTveba axal registrSi

da cocxlad darCenili gmiric ganicdis fericvalebas. sikvdili

kacisa, romelTanac Sexvedram Tavis droze axali gziT warmarTa

misi cxovreba, axla safuZvelianad SeZravs mis gonebas da

sulis siRrmidan amoutivtivebs manamde ucnob gancdebs, dafarul

SiSs sakuTari arsebobis gamo. Tu adre gilgameSisTvis sikvdili

iyo mudam sxvaTa sikvdili da mas ar exeboda, axla, roca mokvda

misi RviZli, misi oreuli, darwmunda, rom sikvdili ar yofila

ucxo da Soreuli; man axlos igrZno misi sunTqva da, rac igrZno,

aRmoxda _ “sikvdili miwevs saZile oTaxSi!” is gamarTavs glovas,

zariT SeZravs cas da miwas, mouxmobs sagodeblad sulier-usulos,

mTel bunebas, rom Seusvenebliv itiron masTan erTad, TiTqos misi

megobari qveynierebis pirvelmkvdari yofiliyos. mere Tavisi aRsasrulis

garduvalobiT gulSeZruli daagdebs qalaqs, fufunebas,

gacudebul mefobas da gaiWreba velad, udabnoSi, misi megobris mitovebul

samSobloSi. mxecqmnili TiTqos Tavidan iwyebs cxovrebas

axali fiqrebiT da sazrunaviT.

am dasakargavSi vxedavT erTxans (es adgili xarveziania dedanSi)

lomistyaosans, erTi fiqriT gasenils _ “nuTu mec movkvdebi enqidus

darad?”, _ Tavadac simbolurad mkvdars, radgan udabno qvesknelis

winkaria, dumuzis gauCinarebis adgili, adgili sagodebeli, sadac mi-

Tosuri xanidan mis dromde dakargul gulisswors mistiroda inanas

stviri. axla martosuli moyme, axlos arvisgamkarebeli, mistiris Tavis

megobars, _ Tvalwin udgas mxiaruli dReebi, laSqrobebi, xumbabas

ganadgureba, zeciur mozverTan brZola da kidev sxva Tavgadasavalni,

_ mistiris sakuTari Tavisadmi sibraluliT aRvsili: “viT movisveno

anu viT davdumde, // Zmobili Cemi miwad gardaiqca. // nuTu mis msgavsad

mec daviZineb // da verasodes veRar avdgebi?”.

dasruldeba udabnoSi uazrod xetiali da isev sikvdilis SiSi Tu

sikvdil-sicocxlis idumalebaTa Secnobis wyurvili axali laSqrobisken

aRZravs. magram es laSqroba ar hgavs winandels, igi sxvagvar

gmirobas moiTxovs misgan. gzaze ar Sexvdeba STasanTqmelad daRirebuli

gveleSapi, arc asTaviani urCxuli, magram moelis sxva gansacdeli,

ufro saSiSi, vidre xumbaba iyo an zecieri mozveri. ver uSvelis

Tavis anabara darCenils da arc dasWirdeba fizikuri Zal-Rone. sulier

ZalTa ukiduresi mokreba iqneba saWiro, rom Seupovrad gaiaros

moriel-kacebis Semzarav elvarebaSi, ukan mouxedavad ganvlos

Tormetmijniani gvirabi, _ sadac “zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans”,

_ SamaSis kvalze, Zexorciels rom ar gauvlia manamde, isev gaaRwios

samzeoze da ar moixiblos zRapruli walkotis xilviT, iq rom daxvdeba,

da samudamod Sig ar CarCes; ar gautydes guli roca SamaSi, misi

mfarveli, sibraluliT gadmoxedavs da etyvis, rom amoa misi garja

_ “eha, gilgameS, rad daexetebi, // sunTqvas maradiuls ver moipoveb!”

igi mainc midis kacuris zRvars gadacilebuli, _ kiTxva-kiTxviT “marqviT,

maswavleT gza uTanafiSTisken”, _ da miadgeba okeanis napirs,

sadac daxvdeba qali vinme siduri, “meRvine qali”, romelic ecdeba

daabrunos uriqidan daZruli kaci, Seagonos, rom adamiani ar gaCenila

ukvdavebisTvis, arc sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlos saZieblad,

rom ar unda eZebos imaze meti, rac RmerTebs miuciaT misTvis:

“aw savse gqondes stomaqi, gilgameS!

moilxine dRiTa da RamiT,

dReniadag marTavde nadims,

dRiTa da RamiT rokvide, mRerde,

spetaki gecvas tanze samoseli,

Tavs ganibande, tans ganibande,

zrunavde Svilze, xelT rom geWireba,

Sens mkerdze ixaros meuRlem Senma, _

rameTu esaa xvedri mokvdavisa”.

amas STaagonebs sirinozi gilgameSs, yinva-armurisgan saxedamwvars,

Zilmiukarebels, mSier-mwyurvals, tanze samoselSemocve-

Tils, romelsac TiTqos unda monatreboda myudro cxovreba da uruquli

fufuneba. magram man swored amgvari yofa, viTarca araWeSmariti,

moitova ukan da ar dabrundeba, vidre ar miaRwevs adamianur

SesaZleblobaTa ukanasknel zRvars. uTanafiSTis samyofelia es mijna,

im kacisa, romelsac Zveli andrezis Tanaxmad ukvdaveba mianiWes

RmerTebma da amitomac unda flobdes sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlos.

iq misaRwevad Tavs unda idvas Zexorcielisgan Caudenili _ unda gadalaxos

“sikvdilis wylebi”, romelTac erTaderTi ciuri SamaSi

gadalaxavs yoveldRiurad, roca brundeba dedis saxlisken okeanis

siRrmeSi. amrigad, kvlav SamaSis gzas mihyveba igi, Tumca am RmerTma

Suagzaze gadauwyvita TiTqos imedi.

SoreTSi, “mdinareTa dasabams” iqiT aRaraferia, iq aris qveynis

kide, iq mTavrdeba samyaro. uTanafiSTic ukanaskneli arsebaa, romelsac

gzis dasasruls unda Sexvdes. mxolod kacisgan, misi msgavsi

arsebisgan, unda moisminos ukanaskneli pasuxi da gabrundes ukan.

mTeli Tavisi gamwarebuli arsebiT, “sikvdilis wylebis” gadamlaxavi,

wardgeba igi winapris winaSe, ganumeorebs yvelafers, rasac

eubneboda siduris da yvela Semxvedrs, _ Tavgadasavals, ambavs megobrobisas,

im megobarTan gayris ambavs, uruqidan wamosvlis mizezs, _

da gulSi gazepirebulis amoZaxilze _ “aw Sen gixile, uTanafiSTi, //

sikvdils nu vixilav, risac meSinis! // ambavi mamcne sikvdil-sicocxlisa”,

_ winapari, romlis imediT gamoiara tanjvis gzebi, im sidurisirinoziviT

ki ar ecdeba gaaxsenos siameni ama soflisa da dauamos

naRveli, aramed rogorc kaci kacs pirdapir gascems pasuxs kiTxvaze

da dauxatavs amaoebis naRvlian suraTs, etyvis:

“aucdenelia, gilgameS, uwyalo sikvdili.

gana samudamod viSenebT saxlebs?

gana samudamod irtymis beWedi?

gana samudamod iyrebian Zmebi?

gana samudamod mZulvareben mtrebi?...” _

magram mainc, _ ar cxreba STamomavali, _ xom hqonia gamonaklisi

am sastik kanons? maS gamagebine, uTanafiSTi, _ evedreba netar winapars,

_ rogor warudeq RmerTebis krebuls da im krebulma ukvdaveba

rogor moganiWa? STamomavali ver atyobs winapars rame gansxvavebas,

_ SoreTSi dasaxlebuli kaci misi msgavsi aRmoCnda (SesaZloa, gilgameSs

upiratesobis grZnobac ki gauCnda misi xilvisas, rogorc ori

mesamedi RvTaebriobis matarebels); magram garegnul msgavsebaSi rodi

yofila saqme. winapars unikaluri bedi hqonia: misi bedi gadamwydara

qveynierebis tragikul dReebSi; igi yveba sayovelTao katastrofis ambavs,

erTxel kidev gaicocxlebs gancdaSi da msmenelsac ganacdevinebs

warRvnis Semzarav sanaxaobas; mas gauvlia warRvnis wylebi, uxilavs

ukanmoqceuli qaosi, is dasabamieri dro, roca “mTeli samyaro zRva

iyo oden”; xmeleTTan erTad STanTqmula warRvnis morevSi da masTan

erTad kvlav aRmocenebula qaosidan; da is cremli, romelic waskda

Zveli samyaros ganadgurebis mxilvels, sixarulis cremlad Seicvala,

roca xedavda ganaxlebul qveynierebas _ mziT ganaTebul cas da miwas.

am kosmiur saidumloebasTan ziarebuli kaci erTi safexuriT unda

amaRlebuliyo, amitomac akurTxa igi enlilma: “adre uTanafiSTi kaci

iyo, amieridan RmerTi unda iyos Cveni msgavsi”. uTanafiSTis gaukvdaveba

iseTi gamonaklisi iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi, rogorc warRvnis

movlena, rac RmerTebis aRTqmiT aRar ganmeordeba. yovel SemTxeva-

Si, gilgameSis saukunes igi ver mouswrebs, rom misTvis Seikribon

RmerTebi da saswaulebrivad mianiWon ukvdaveba, _ ase etyoda winapari,

misi ukanaskneli imedi. winaparma ara mxolod uTxra sityvierad,

aramed mimarTa ukidures Rones: moulodneli gansacdeli mouvlina,

rom cdaSi daemtkicebina misTvis adamianis ususuroba sikvdilis winaSe,

raki sxvanairad ver daajerebda am Seupovar kacs. man moixmara

grZneulebis unari _ igi xom iyo magiis RmerTis, enqis, mosavi da

rCeuli, da warRvnis dros misganve xsnili, _ mohgvara Zili, sikvdilis

tyupiscali _ “aba, Tu ifxizleb eqvs dRes da Svid dRes”, _ da

gmirTagmiri, romelsac TiTqos araferi darCa qveynad daumarcxebeli,

romelmac uruqidan qveynierebis kidemde Zlevamosilad ganvlo

kacTagan uvali gza, sikvdiliviT waiRo Zilma _ “ha, kaci gmiri, ukvdavebis

mZebneli”, ambobda misi Semyure winapari, _ da ase iqneboda mdebare

usulo gvamiviT da iZinebda “uTvalavi wlebi” (risi gaxsenebac

hzaravda dReniadag), rom kvlav winapris magiur Sexebas ar gamoefxizlebina.

ra Svidi dRe-Rame da ra Svidi saukune, xolo gamofxizlebuls

moeCvena, rom mxolod erT wams moeria ZilquSi.

am ubralo, Tumca sastikma “eqsperimentma” sabolood mouspo mravaltanjul

gmirs ukvdavebis mopovebis yovelgvari imedi. igi miadga

ukanasknel zRvars, romlis miRma ar igulveba arc realuri, arc

zRapruli samyaro. zambara, romelmac gastyorcna igi Soreul gzaze,

bolomde gaiSala, amoiwura yoveli SesaZlebloba, eposis droc iwureba,

_ “aw ra viRono, uTanafiSTi, sad wavide?” _ ekiTxeba winapars.

pirvelad marcxdeba igi Tavis mravalfaTerakian TavgadasavalSi,

xelcarieli brundeba ukan, winaaRmdeg imisa, rogorc xdeba sagmiro

eposSi Tu zRaprebSi, roca gmiri bevri marcxis Semdeg ambis dasasruls

usaTuod imarjvebs, eweva mizans _ miagnebs ukvdavebis wyaros

an xelT igdebs jadosnur sagans da Tavis qveyanaSi miitans faTerakiani

mgzavrobis jildod da dasturad. gilgameSi amgvars verafers

waiRebs uTanafiSTisgan; ver waiRebs ganWabukebis balaxsac, TanamgrZnobelma

winaparma rom apovnina SeuZlebeli ukvdavebis sanacvlod;

man dakarga balaxi, risTvisac okeanis fskeramde CaRrmavda (da “si-

Rrme ixila”), gvelma mostaca igi da iqve mis Tvalwin misi gulis

dasawyvetad gamoscada Tavis Tavze mcenaris Zala: myisve gadaiZro

Zveli perangi, ganiaxla qvewarmavalma siWabuke.

ukuqceva

am ukanaskneli gansacdeliT mTavrdeba eposi, mTavrdeba erTbaSad,

mowyvetiT, TiTqos epikoss ar eyo qani an ar CaTvala saWirod, rom

umwvervales simaRlemde aeyvana xelmocaruli gmiris drama; magiuri

balaxis ase uazrod da SemTxveviT damkargavi, _ Tumca garkveuli

azriT es faqti, SeiZleba, arc CaiTvalos SemTxveviTobad: udabnos

mcxunvarebaSi damaSvralma kacma ver gauZlo cTunebas da civi magrilebeli

wylis gulisaTvis daudevrad miatova napirze Zvirfasi ganZi,

_ xelidan gamSvebi erTaderTi saCuqrisa, risi gamotanebac SeeZlo

“SoreTidan” mis Sembralebel uTanafiSTis, ar SeZravs godebiT cas

da miwas, maSindeliviT, roca megobris dakargvisas kosmiuri glova

gamarTa; xvedrs Serigebuli Caikeceba iqve, sabediswero adgilze da

cremlmdinari Sestiris ur-Sanabis, erTaderT kacs am udabur gzaze:

“risTvis damiSvrnen mklavni, ur-Sanabi?

ZarRvebSi sisxli risTvis mewureba?

sikeTe CemTvis ver movipove _

miwis lomisTvis vzrunavdi Turme.

axla Sors miaqvs zRvis talRebs balaxi...”

uSualod amis Semdeg iwyeba uruqisken ukuqceva, romlis dro

ukiduresad SekumSulia, TiTqos gilgameSi sxva, umoklesi gziT

brundeba Tavis qveyanaSi, _ ar gamoCndeba arc macduri siduri,

niSnis mogebiT rom daxvdes win xelmocarul mogzaurs, arc moriel-kacTa

sadarajos Sexvdeba sadme, “marCbiv mTebs”, romelTa

wiaR gadioda mze-SamaSis yoveldRiuri savali, arc SamaSi Cans mis

ciur Tanamgzavrad, arc sxva saxifaTo mijnebi. mxolod lakonurad

aRiniSneba sivrcis, TiTqos sizmareuli, gadalaxva mxolod

eposisaTvis Cveuli stereotipiT _ “oc berus manZilze amtvries

puri, ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves”. meti araferi. man erTxel

ukve gaiara uZnelesi, adamianur SesaZleblobaTa zRvars gadacilebuli

gza, romelic metad aRar unda ganmeorebuliyo. igi brundeba

sxva gziT, sxva gamocdilebiT, ukve sxva kaci, romelmac Tumca

ver miaRwia Tavidan daTqmul mizans, magram brundeba sxva codniT

da gamocdilebiT aRsavse, mxilveli mokvdavTagan unaxavi

saidumloebisa da siRrmisa, STambeWdeli warRvnamdel ambavTa da

Tavad warRvnisa, rom sabolood marad saxsenebel qvaze amoekve-

Ta “yoveli gancdili” _ aq dedani ambobs: “yoveli danaSromi”,

radgan misi mogzaurobis misteriuli azri am sityvebSi marxia:

“Sori gziT iara, daSvra da dabrunda”.

sagulisxmoa, rom eposi misi prologis striqonebiT mTavrdeba,

magram amjerad am sityvebs Tavad gilgameSi warmoTqvams. uruqis saa-

ako galavniT moqaduli mimarTavs ur-Sanabis, mezRvaurs, romelmac

TiTqos imitom moacila igi xmeleTis gzebiT, rom ukan waeRo uruqis

ambavi, uTanafiSTisTan mis eliziumSi, gaedo xidi warmaval awmyosa

da maradiulobas Soris. iseve rogorc preistoriuli Svidi brZenkacis

Rvawlma uSoresi warsuli awmyosTan daakavSira:

“uruqis zRudeze adi, gaiare, ur-Sanabi,

saZirkvels daxede, aguri mosinje,

iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri,

iqneb Svid brZenkacs libo ar Caedos!”

am mimarTviT mTavrdeba gilgameSis eposis meTermete dafa (Cvens

TargmanSi: eposis bunebrivi dasasruli. magram mogvianebiT, _ albaT

maSin, roca ricxv `Tormets~ sakraluroba mieniWa, _ eposs

daemata meTormete dafa, romelic warmoadgens vrceli Sumeruli

poemis bolo nawilis sityvasityviT Targmans (“enqidu qvesknel-

Si”). oRond es damateba organulad ver eTviseba Sinaarss: am dafaSi

enqidu cocxalia da meored kvdeba, aw sruliad sxva mizeziT.

kvlav aRiZvris sikvdil-sicocxlis Tema: gilgameSi gamoixmobs enqidus

(am dafaSi igi mis monad ixsenieba, rogorc yvela Sumerul

TqmulebaSi) suls qvesknelidan da aambobinebs SaveTis binadarTa

ambavs.

gilgameSis amqveyniur Tavgadasavals sxva dasasrulic aqvs,

oRond es ukve eposs aRar ekuTvnis, aramed kultisa da rwmenis

sferos: rogorc sikvdil-sicocxlis kiTxvis mZafrad ganmcdeli

da gulisxmismyofeli, igi “iniSneba” mkvdarTa msajulad da Save-

Tis sxva RmerTebs amoudgeba mxarSi. gilgameSs vxedavT qvesknel-

Si ara ubralo mkvdrad, aramed misi saxeli ixsenieba SamaSis, ner-

galis _ qvesknelis meufis gverdiT, ufro metic: igi gaTanabrebulia

nergalTan _ “gilgameSi nergalia, romelic qvesknelSi zis”.

Tavisi vnebuli sicocxlis sanacvlod sikvdilis Semdeg man dideba

daimkvidra, rogorc SaveTs CamavalTa patronma da meoxem. gviandroindel

biblioTekaSi mravlad inaxeboda religiuri Sinaarsis

dafebi, sadac gilgameSi RvTaebis rangSia ayvanili. ai, misi saxe,

viTarca qvesknelis ganmgeblisa:

“gilgameS, srulyofilo mefev, anunaqTa msajulo, romelic moixilav

qveynis kideebs! qvesknelis ganmgebelo, qvemourTa (e. i. mkvdarTa)

batono, Sen msajuli xar da RmerTiviT Wvret yovelives. qvesknelSi

dgaxar da samarTals aRasruleb. Senmieri samarTali ar Seicvleba,

Seni nabrZanebi ar daiviwyeba! Sen dahkiTxav, Sen gamoiZieb, Sen

asamarTleb, Sen Wvret da yovelives awaRmarTeb. SamaSma gangebani

da ganaCenni Sen mogando. mefeni, didebulni, ufliswulni Sens wina-

Se qeds ixrian. Sen Wvret maT niSebs da maT mowevnads Sen ganageb!”

rogorc egviptis faraoni erwymoda sikvdilis Semdeg osirisis bunebas,

aseve gilgameSma Seizava SamaSis arsi, mziuri RmerTisa, romlis

gzaze araerTxel uvlia sicocxleSi.

gilgameSi, gansxvavebiT Sumerulisgan (ix. “gilgameSis sikvdili”),

aqadur eposSi ar kvdeba, ar Cadis qveknelSi, ar xdeba misi erTerTi

msajulTagani. igi adamianad brundeba qveynis dasasrulidan

da adamianadve rCeba. es aris aqaduri eposis paTosi. qvesknelSi

igi msajulia, xolo qveyanaSi mis ukvdavsayofad uruqis kedelia da

asparezobebi, romlebic mis saxelze imarTeba. erTi Sumerul-aqaduri

bilingva gvauwyebs: “gilgameSis Tve. mecxre dRes (an cxra dRes)

Wabukebi erTmaneTTan saWidaod qalaqis karibWesTan gamodian”.

* * *

msoflio mwerlobis uZvelesi eposis “gilgameSianis” aRmomCenad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos londoneli jorj smiTi – yofili stambis mu-

Saki, lursmuli teqstebis amwyobi, SemdgomSi swavluli asiriologi;

aRmoCenis TariRad – 1872 weli, roca jorj smiTma gamoarkvia,

rom mis mier britaneTis muzeumSi mikvleuli dafa, warRvnis ambavi

rom ewera zed, Seadgenda vrceli, Tormetdafiani eposis erT mcire

nawils. mas Semdeg, asi wlis manZilze axali aRmoCenebiT ivseboda

eposis teqsti, da masze dRes ufro meti ram viciT, vidre asi wlis winaT

misma pirvelaRmomCenma icoda. magram sruli saxiT igi mainc ar

moRweula Cvenamde: dResdReobiT xelTa gvaqvs eposis mxolod ori

mesamedi nawili.

Cvenamde SemorCenili fragmentebi mowmobs ramdenime versiis arsebobas:

erTia mokle Zvelbabilonuri versia, romelic Zv. w. XVIII-XVII ss.-iT

TariRdeba. kolofonebis mixedviT misi saTauria “aRmatebuli [kacTa]

zeda” (SuTur eli); meorea – vrceli aSuruli, e. w. ninevuri, romelic

mefe aSurbanifalis (668-627 w. Zv.w.) biblioTekis nangrevebSi aRmoCnda

da XII-XI ss.-iT aris daTariRebuli. es versia Tormeti dafisgan Sedgeba

da biblioTekis katalogebSi Setanili iyo saTauriT “romelma

siRrme ixila” (Sa nakba imuru); mesamea – periferiuli, anu versiebi,

romlebic savaraudod SuamdinareTis (aSurisa da babilonis) farglebs

gareT aris Seqmnili ufro adre (Zv. w. XV-XIV ss.), vidre ninevuri

versia Camoyalibdeboda. aseTebia: fragmentebi Zveli israelis qalaq

megidodan, sulTan-Tefedan da boRaz-qoidan (mcire azia).

eposis popularobas mowmobs misi fragmentebi xeTur da xuritul

enebze, romlebic Tavisufali Targmanebis STabeWdilebas to vebs,

Tumca, SesaZloa, isini damoukidebeli versiebi iyos. gilgameSis epo-

sis fragmentebi aRmoCenilia Crdilo siriis naqalaqar eblaSi, romelic,

rogorc qalaq-saxelmwifo, Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulSi yvaoda. rogorc

fragmentebidan Cans, am qalaq-saxelmwifoSi eposis Taviseburi

varianti Seqmnila, romelic sagrZnoblad unda yofiliyo gansxvavebuli

Zvelbabilonuri versiisgan. samwuxarod, metismeti fragmentulobis

gamo maTi gamoyeneba TargmanSi ver moxerxda.

miuxedavad Zvelbabilonuri versiis aRiarebuli originalobisa

da siZvelisa, aSuruli versia warmoadgens kanonikur teqsts da amosavals

im hipoTeturi mTlianobis dasadgenad, sadac yvela sxva versia

poulobs Tavis adgils. igi gviCvenebs eposis ganviTarebis erT-erT da

saboloo etaps, romlis Semdeg igi aRar gadamuSavebula. aSurbanifalis

biblioTekaSi daculi teqsti (aris azri, rom zogierTi dafa Tavad

aSurbanifalis mier aris Cawerili). warmoadgens gilgameSis eposis ukanasknel

saxes da masSia asaxuli ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi mis Sinaarsze

da mizandasaxulobaze es garemoeba, upirveles yovlisa, Cans prologSi

da gvian damatebul me-12 dafaSi. Tu Zvelbabilonuri versia iwyeboda

uSualod gilgameSis portretiT, rogorc me-2 dafis kolofonidan Cans,

aSuruli versiis avtori garkveuli mxatvruli da ideuri mosazrebebiT

eposs iwyebs prologiT, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari interpolaciad

miiCnevs. amgvari interpretacia amosavlad Zvelbabilonur versias

gulisxmobs, romelic arc SedgenilobiT da arc ideurad ar emTxveva

mogviano aSurul versias. magram ar iqneboda marTebuli am axali gadamuSavebisadmi

interpolaciis cnebis miyeneba, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

ara Tu prologi, aramed bevri sxva pasaJi, rac Zvel versiaSi

ar arsebula, interpolaciad unda CaiTvalos. aq ufro saqme gvaqvs axal

SemoqmedebasTan. aSuruli versiis saTauri (“romelman siRrme ixila...”)

garkveuli Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvelia, iseve rogorc me-12 dafis mimatebis

faqti. dafaTa am ricxvis gamo Zveli mkvlevarebi gilgameSis eposs

miiCnevdnen astraluri mizandasaxulobis Semcvel nawarmoebad, sadac

TiToeuli dafa TiTqos dakavSirebulia zodiakos saxlTan, romelsac

mzesTan erTad gadis solaruli gmiri gilgameSi. Tumca yuradRebas

ipyrobs gmiris Tanaziareba mzis RmerTTan rogorc eposSi, ise xTonur

kultSi, da misi svla mzis gzaze (SamaSis gzaze), magram ramdenadac

es tendencia sxva punqtebSi (dafebis Sefardeba weliwadis TveebTan an

zodiakos niSnebTan) ar Cans, amdenad Zneli xdeba am Tvalsazrisis gaziareba.

dRes igi uaryofilia mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesobis mier.

TiToeuli dafa mTavrdeboda Semdegi Sinaarsis minaweriT, kolofoniT:

“dafa meamdene. vinc siRrme ixila. gilgameSis nakveTi. Tanaxmad

Zveli dednisa Cawerilia da Semowmebuli”. zogierT dafas axlavs

SeniSvna: “ar dasrulebula” (nu-til), bolo dafas – “dasrulda” (al-

Til). zogierTi kolofoni Caweris TariRsac iZleva. uaxlesi Canawerebi

elinistur xanas ekuTvnis (Zv. w. 127 w.). erTi versiis me-10 dafa

selevkosisa da antioqosis babilonSi mefobiT (Zv. w. me-3 s.-is dasawyisi)

aris daTariRebuli. dauzianebeli, sruli saxiT TiTqmis arc erTi

dafa ar aris Semonaxuli. striqonTa Soris intervalis zoma saSualebas

iZleva ganisazRvros striqonTa raodenoba TiToeul dafaSi: 300

striqoni, rac 12 dafis kvalobaze iZleva 3600 striqons (sagulisxmoa,

rom es ricxvi warmoadgens erT-erT mrgval ricxvs Suamdinaruli

Tvlis samocobiT sistemaSi – 60×60).

eposis mTliani teqsti pirvelad gamoica gasuli saukunis dasawyis-

Si – P. Jensen, Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und Epen, Berlin, 1900, axali

fragmentebis SevsebiT – 1930 wels: Reginald Campbell Thompson, The Epic

of Gilgamesh: text, transliteration, and notes, Clarendon Press, Oxford. bolos, didixnis

intervalis Semdeg, 2003 wels kvlav gamoqveynda eposis lursmuli

teqstebis korpusi transkripciiTa da inglisuri sityvasityviTi

TargmaniTurT, romelic samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mopovebul

fragmentebs Seicavs: A.R. George, The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction,

Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

2003, XXXXVI, 986 gv. lursmuli teqstis transkripcia mocemulia wignis

pirvel tomSi (531-741 gv.). Tu 1930 wlis gamocemaSi sxvadasxva versiisa

da redaqciis 108 fragmenti iyo gamoqvenebuli, axali gamocema

184 fragments Seicavs, maTgan 25 manamde sruliad ucnobi iyo.

saqarTveloSi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, didia interesi am uZvelesi

eposisadmi. pirvelad igi Targmna cnobilma sazogado moRvawem da

swavlulma mixeil (mixako) wereTelma (1878-1965), romelic eqvTime TayaiSvilis

rCeviT dainteresda asiriologiiT da swavlobda mecnierebis

am dargs londonis, laipcigisa da haidelbergis universitetebSi,

asiriologiis Zlier centrebSi. ocian wlebSi, im dros, roca germanul,

inglisur da frangul enebze jer kidev TiTo-orola Targmani

arsebobda, xolo sxva evropul enebze saerTod arc iyo Targmnili.

m. wereTelma gamoaqveyna qarTuli Targmani calke wignad, romelic

amJamad bibliografiuli iSviaTobaa da amitomac saWirod mimaCnia misi

satitulo warweris mTlianad motana: “gilgameSiani: babilonuri eposi

mesame aTaswleulisa qr. w. babilonur teqstTagan Targmnili m. wereTlis

mier mTargmnelis SeniSvnebiTurT. gamocema konstantinepolis

q. k. savanisa konstantinepoli. sabeWdavi qarTvelTa kaTolike savanisa

1924”. am wignSi, romelic Seicavs 138 gverds, mTlianad aris naTargmni

im droisaTvis arsebuli fragmentebi gilgameSis eposisa. Targmans

erTvis originaluri gamokvleva, sadac gamovlenilia paralelebi

homerosis poemebTan, dantes “jojoxeTTan”, msoflio folklorul

nimuSebTan da, rac mTavaria, “vefxistyaosanTan”. “movigonoT, – wers

mTargmneli gamokvlevaSi, – Cveni ukvdavi rusTavelis qmnilebac, “vefxistyaosani”:

gaWra tarielisa nestanis saZebnelad, cxovreba misi

mxecebTan, vefxistyaosnoba, lom-vefxis xocva, kveba nadiris xorciTa

– es xom gilgameSis saqmec iyo...” (gv. 107). manve pirvelma gaamaxvila

yuradReba megobrobis saerTo motivze am or eposSi, agreTve sxva motivebze,

gansakuTrebiT: “SevadaroT agreTve locva avTandilisa cis

mnaTobTadmi da locva gilgameSisa SamaSisadmi, sinisadmi da iStarisadmi

– RmerTTadmi, romelnic babilonelTa warmodgeniT cis mnaTobnic

iyvnen” (gv. 108). es usaTuod sagulisxmo paralelia, miT umetes, rom

orivegan locva mnaTobTa mimarT gzaSi xdeba, xolo gzac orive eposSi

mniSvnelovani konceptualuri momentia. Sors wagviyvanda m. wereTliseuli

gamokvlevis Tundac zerele ganxilva, is ki unda aRiniSnos, rom

asiriologiisa da, kerZod, gilgameSis eposis Seswavlis imdroindeli

donisaTvis igi qarTuli filologiuri mecnierebis Zvirfasi SenaZeni

iyo. mecnieri am problematikas Semdgom aRar Sehxebia da, samwuxarod,

arc “gilgameSianis” meore gamocemaze uzrunia.

m. wereTlis “gilgameSianis” Semdeg gilgameSis eposis sami gansxvavebuli

Targmani gamoqveynda:

akademiuri Targmani:

1. gilgameSis eposi, aqaduridan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo

z. kiknaZem, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba,

1963. es aris akademiuri, bwkareduli Targmani yvela versiisa da

fragmentisa, axlavs vrceli filologiuri xasiaTis komentarebi da

gamokvleva.

mxatvruli Targmanebi:

2. gilgameSi, “romelman siRrme ixila...”, aqaduridan Targmna z. kiknaZem,

“nakaduli”, 1963. es aris mxatvruli Targmani.

3. gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, aqaduridan da Sumerulidan

Targmna z. kiknaZem, “ganaTleba”, Tb., 1984. es gamocema sagrZnoblad

aris gadamuSavebuli: gadaxalisebulia enobrivi qsovili,

teqstSi Camatebulia zogierTi, manamde gamouyenebeli fragmenti, zo-

gjer Secvlilia fragmentTa Tanamimdevrobac, ris gamoc dedniseul

dafebs aRar daemTxva Targmaniseuli dayofa Tavebad; swored amitom

Tavebs ewoda ara “dafa”, aramed “kari”; meTormete dafis teqsti, rogorc

eposisTvis araorganuli, gadatanilia damatebaSi, im teqstTan,

romlis nawilsac igi warmoadgens. erTiani teqstis aRqmis gasaadvileblad

calkeuli epizodebi dasaTaurebulia mTargmnelis mier

da frCxilebSia Casmuli imis niSnad, rom isini dedniseuli ar aris.

m. wereTlis kvalze nawarmoebis saTaurad nacvlad “gilgameSisa” an

“gilgameSis eposisa” dasmulia “gilgameSiani”.

oriode sityva Cveni Targmanis axali gamocemis teqstis Sesaxeb. igi

ZiriTadad imeorebs 1984 wlis Targmanis teqsts, magram bunebrivia,

axal gamocemaSi aisaxeboda is masala, romelic eposis originaluri

teqstis ukanasknel gamocemaSia warmodgenili (ix. zemoT: A..R. George,

The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic). kerZod, axali striqonebiT Seivso prologi,

romelic aris gilgameSis erTgvari Curriculum vitae; enqiduze

gilgameSis glovis teqsts aseve Seemata stiqonebi, ramac kidev ufro

dramatuli gaxada es pasaJi. striqonebi Caemata xumbabasa da uTanafiS-

Tis epizodebs, gasworda zogierTi uzustoba. unda iTqvas, rom bevri

axladgamovlenili teqsti imdenad fragmentulia, rom mxatvrul TargmanSi

misi gamoyeneba ar xerxdeba. mas mxolod eposis SeswavlisTvis,

kerZod, epizodebis dasazusteblad SeiZleba hqondes mniSvneloba.

50

zurab kiknaZe

1983/2009

dafa pirveli

(winkari _ Sesxma)

1 romelman siRrme ixila, qveynis safuZveli,

yoveli Seicno, STaibeWda,

idumalebani vinc srulad ganWvrita, –

sibrZnis mflobelma, yovlis mecnaurma,

saunjes miagno, gaxsna dafaruli,

mcneba mogvitana warRvnamdel dReTa.

Sori gziT iara, damaSvrali dabrunda;

qvaze amokveTa yoveli gancdili.

uruqis qalaqs zRude Semoavlo –

10 wmida eanas kurTxeul beRels.

axede zRudes, lariviT gamarTuls!

qvakuTxeds daxede – mis dars vin Seqmnis!

zRurbls xeli Seaxe, Soridan motanils!

eanas moadeq, iSTaris samyofels,

ris dars momavali ver Seqmnis mefe!

uruqis zRudeze adi, gaiare,

saZirkvels Caxede, aguri mosinje, –

iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri?

iqneb Svid brZenkacs libo ar Caedos?

20 ixile dafaTa skivri kedarisa,

gaxseni misi brinjaos saketi,

amoiRe laJvardis dafa, waikiTxe

yvela gasaWiri, gilgameSs rac gadaxda.

yvela mefeze upiratesia,

uruqis mamaci naSieri, mrqeneli xari,

win midis – winamZRolia,

ukan midis – Tavis moZmeTa imedia,

Zlieri napiri, mcveli Tavisi xalxisa,

mZvinvare talRa, qvis kedlis mngreveli,

30 lugalbandas mozveri, srulqmnili Zalisa,

didebuli furis ZuZunawovi, fur-ninsunasi,

maRalia gilgameSi, srulqmnili, zardamcemi,

gamxsneli mTianeTis gadasasvlelTa,

gamTxreli Webisa mTaTa ferdobebze,

vrcel zRvaTa wiaRmsvleli mzis aRmosavlamde,

samyaros kideTa momxilveli, sicocxlis mZebneli.

mpovneli uTanafiSTisa Tavisi ZaliT.

aRmdgeneli sakurTxevelTa, warRvnam rom waleka,

kacTaTvis wesTa damamkvidrebeli.

40 vin aris misi msgavsi mefeTa Soris?

da gilgameSiviT vin ityvis: “mefe var!”

gilgameSi aqvs saxelad SobiTganve,

aRzevebulia kacTa modgmaze,

tanSi RmerTebis xorci Cadgmia,

ori mesamedi RmerTia, erTi mesamedi kaci,

misi sxeulis xati beleTcerim gamosaxa,

misi aRnaqvsi nudimmudma srulyo,

Tavs adgas uruqis samefo gvirgvini,

mozveriviT dadis qedmaRali,

50 toli ara hyavs laxtis moqnevaSi,

uruq-farexSi midi-modis,

(gilgameSis zvaoba)

dafdafis xmaze amxedrebs meomrebs.

idumal drtvinaven uruqis moymeni:

“ar uSvebs gilgameSi vaJs Tavis mamasTan,

asuls dedasTan,

dRedaRam zvaobs qedmaRali.

igi xom mwyemsia uruq-farexis?

igi xom Cveni mwyemsi da mefea?

Zlieri, brwyinvale da brZenTabrZeni?

60 ar uSvebs gilgameSi qalwuls saqmrosTan,

meomris asuls, sasZlos moymisas.”

SeesmaT RmerTebs maTi Civili:

~Tqven SeqmeniT amayi xari uruq-farexSi,

toli ara hyavs laxtis moqnevaSi,

dafdafis xmaze amxedrebs meomrebs.

ar uSvebs gilgameS vaJs Tavis mamasTan,

asuls dedasTan.

dRedaRam mZvinvarebs misi zvaoba,

maTi Civili moesma anus.

70 ~aruru!” SesZaxes, ~didebulo!~

~aruru, Seni Seqmnilia mamaci mamri.

Seqmeni axla misi oreuli,

mis gulis grigals gautoldes!

dawyvildnen, uruqs Sveba moeces!”

(enqidus Seqmna)

ra esma arurus sityvebi igi,

cis RmerTis xati gulSi Caisaxa.

merme ganibana xelni arurum,

Tixa mozila, velze daagdo,

velad moavlina gmiri enqidu,

80 velTa naSieri ninurTas Zalisa.

banjgvlebs daufaravs sxeuli misi,

Tmebi mozrdia dedakaciviT,

nisabas darad ahyria varjebi.

ar icis xalxi, arc mkvidri mxare,

tanT sumukanis samosi mosavs.

qurcikTan erTad saZovrad dadis,

farasTan erTad wyaros ewafeba,

pirutyvTan erTad wyliT guls ijerebs.

(monadiris ambavi)

vinme monadire, maxeTa damgebi,

90 wyaros win Seeyreba enqidus.

erT dRes, meore dRes, mesame dRes

wyaros win Seeyreba enqidus.

Sexedavs monadire, saxe moeqceva:

jogs Semohyolia mis sanaxebSi!

SeSinda, gaxevda, dadumda,

guli SeuRonda, saxe moeRrubla,

wuxili Sevida mis SiganSi,

saxe gauxda Sori gziT mavalis.

monadirem daZra bage, ametyvelda,

100 ase eubneba mamamiss:

“mamav, vixile me moyme vinme,

udabnodan jogs Semohyolia,

mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad,

anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula.

maradJams velad iareba,

maradJams jogTan erTad wyaros ewafeba,

maradJams wyaros win uwyvia fexebi,

SevSindi, axlos ver mivedi.

aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili,

110 daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli,

xelidan maclis udabnos nadirs,

aRar manebebs velze nadirobas.”

daZra mamamisma bage, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba monadires:

“uruq-qalaqSi mkvidrobs gilgameSi,

aravin uvis Tavisze Zlieri,

mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad,

anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebuli.

wadi, uruqisken ibrune piri,

120 amcne ambavi ima moymisa,

roskips mogiCens, Tan waiyole –

velurs gaxednis Zlieri mamriviT.

odes veluri jogs wyalTan miiyvans,

SemoiZarcvos qalma samoseli,

gamoaCinos simwife Tvisi;

Sexedavs veluri, miuaxlovdeba, –

jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.”

esma monadires rCeva mamisa,

gaswia, uruqisken ibruna piri.

130 daZra monadirem bage, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:

“gilgameS, vixile me moyme vinme,

udabnodan jogs Semohyolia,

mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad,

anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula.

maradJams velad iareba,

maradJams jogTan erTad wyaros ewafeba.

maradJams wyaros win uwyvia fexebi,

SevSindi, axlos ver mivedi.

140 aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili,

daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli.

xelidan maclis udabnos nadirs,

aRar manebebs velze nadirobas.”

gilgameSma daZra bage, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba monadires:

“wadi, monadirev, waiyole SamxaT roskipi,

roca veluri jogs wyalTan miiyvans,

SemoiZarcvos qalma samoseli,

gamoaCinos simwife Tvisi.

150 Sexedavs veluri, miuaxlovdeba,

jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.”

(enqidus Secdena)

wavida monadire, waiyola SamxaT roskipi.

gzas gahyvnen, mgzavrobas Seudgnen.

daTqmul velamde sam dReSi mividnen;

Casafrdnen roskipi da monadire;

ori dRe isxdnen wyaros napiras.

bolos movida jogi wylis sasmelad,

movidnen mxecebi, wyliT guls ixareben,

maT mohyva enqiduc, velze naSobi.

160 qurcikTan erTad saZovrad dadis,

gareul jogTan wyaros ewafeba,

mxecebTan erTad wyliT guls ijerebs.

ixila SamxaTma veluri kaci,

moyme gareuli, velTa wiaRisa.

“ha, igi, SamxaT, Seixsen mkerdi

da kalTa Seni gadaiSiSvle;

odes daginaxavs, axlos modgeba.

dae, aiRos simwife Seni,

nu daimorcxveb, waarTvi jani.

170 samosi dafine, zed dagawveba,

diacis saqme uqmeni velurs

ros vneba misi garsSemogenTeba,

jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.”

maSin SamxaTma Seixsna mkerdi,

da kalTa Tvisi gadaiSiSvla,

enqidum aiRo simwife misi,

qalma ar imorcxva, jani waarTva,

samosi dafina, daawva enqidu.

diacis saqme aCvena velurs.

180 da vneba misi garsSemoenTo.

eqvs dRes da Svid Rames nerbavda SamxaTs,

da ra daucxra enqidus vneba,

piri ibruna Tavis jogisaken;

xedavs enqidu – garbis qurciki,

da velur jogsac zurgi uqcevia.

wamoxta enqidu – Sekvria sxeuli,

muxlebi daudga, jogs veRar mihyveba.

dasustda enqidu, ver irbens Zvelebur,

magram gabrZenda, ganevrco goneba.

190 mobrunda, SamxaTs muxlebTan daujda.

Sehyurebs enqidu saxeSi roskips,

da rasac SamxaT roskipi etyvis,

ismenen misni sasmenelni.

ase eubneba enqidus roskipi;

“mSvenieri xar, RvTisdaro enqiduv,

rad daZrwi velad gareul jogTan?

modi, galavnian uruqs wamomyevi,

migiyvan brwyinvale, RvTaebriv saxlSi,

anus da iSTaris binad migiyvan!

200 sad gilgameSia, siqveliT sruli,

xalxze rom mZlavrobs mozveriviT,

Seiyvareb Sens Tavze umetes,

raki Senc misi msgavsi yofilxar.

wamo, daagde udabnos sawoli!”

ase mouTxrobda enqidus SamxaTi.

sityva Seiwynara, miendo naubars

da rCeva qalisa gulSi Cauvarda.

megobars natrobs veluris guli,

da ase etyvis enqidu roskips:

210 “SamxaT, galavnian uruqs wamiyvane,

mimiyvane brwyinvale, RvTaebriv saxlSi,

anus da iSTaris binad mimiyvane.

sad gilgameSia, siqveliT sruli,

xalxze rom mZlavrobs mozveriviT,

ar Sevepuebi, amayad vetyvi,

viyvireb uruqSi: uZleveli var!

es me var, bedi vinac icvala,

Zlevamosilia velTa naSieri!”

“wavideT, enqidu, me Segaxvedreb,

220 vici gilgameSis bina-samyofeli.

wavideT, enqidu, galavnian uruqs,

sad xalxi brwyinavs didebul samosSi,

sadac zeimia maradJamieri,

sadac utkbilesi galoba ismis,

sadac roskipTa turfaa anaqvsi,

simwifiT hyvavian surneliT savseni,

Tavad didkacebsac sawols ar uyofen.

hoi, enqiduv, lxinis unaxavo,

giCveneb gilgameSs kacs dalxinebuls,

230 ixile igi, mis saxes Sexede,

siqveliT mSvenia da mamrul ZaliT,

simwifiT hyvavis sxeuli misi.

ver Seedrebi ZaliT gilgameSs,

igi ar isvenebs arc dRiT, arc RamiT.

enqidu, ganagde Seni siamaye!

zeciur SamaSs uyvars gilgameSi,

anum enlilma da eam ganuvrces goneba.

vidre moxvidodi Seni velebidan,

sizmrad gxedavda uruqSi gilgameSi.

(gilgameSis sizmrebi)

240 adga gilgameSi sizmris asaxsnelad,

ase eubneba dedas:

“dedav, mesizmra wuxel sizmari:

viTa RvTaebrivi anus mxedroba

momvlenodnen zecis varskvlavebi.

Cems win ecemoda varskvlavi erTi:

aweva vcade, simZimem damZala;

waReba vcade, ver davZari.

uruqis eri idga mis ukan,

eri Seikriba mis winaSe,

250 xalxi awydeboda irgvliv,

moymeni axlos jgufdebodnen,

Cvili bavSvebiviT fexebs ukocnidnen.

me ki movexvie viTarca sasZlos,

da Sens winaSe davagde igi,

raTa sworgeyo igi Cems mimarT.”

deda gilgameSisa, brZeni, yovlismcodne,

Tavis Zes ase eubneba;

furi ninsuna, brZeni, yovlismcodne,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:

260 “zecis varskvlavi rom gaCnda Sens winaSe,

anus ZalasaviT Sen win rom daeca,

rom scade aweva, simZimem dagZala,

rom scade waReba, da ver dasZari,

merme Cems winaSe rom daagde,

raTa swormeyo igi Sens mimarT,

viTarca sasZlos rom moexvie, –

sando moyvasia, megobris mxsneli;

didia Zali misi am qveynad,

anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula,

270 viTarca sasZlos rom gadaexvie –

ar migatovebs igi arasodes.

ese ars axsna Seni sizmrisa.”

meored esizmra gilgameSs sizmari,

adga da Sevida qalRmerTTan dedasTan,

ase etyvis mas, dedas, gilgameSi:

“dedav, kvlav mesizmra wuxel sizmari:

najaxi egdo galavnian uruqSi.

Segroviliyvnen garSemo misa,

uruqis eri idga mis axlos,

280 xalxi Seikriba mis winaSe,

moymeni irgvliv awydebodnen.

aviRe, Sens ferxTiT davagde igi,

coliviT Semiyvarda, movexvie,

da Sen sworhyavi igi Cems mimarT.”

deda gilgameSisa, brZeni, yovlismcodne,

furi ninsuna, brZeni, yovlismcodne,

ase eubneba Tavis Zes;

ninsuna brZeni, yovlismcodne,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:

290 “kacia najaxi igi, rom ixile,

sasZlosaviT rom gadaexvie,

merme Cems ferxTiT rom daagde,

raTa swormeyo igi Sens mimarT,

sando moyvasia, megobris mxsneli;

didia Zali misi am qveynad,

anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula.

ese ars axsna Seni sizmrisa.”

daZra gilgameSma bage, dedas eubneba:

~dedav, mrCeveli enlilis nebiT moxdes!

300 iqneb SeviZino mrCeveli megobari~.

am sizmrebs naxulobda gilgameSi.

SamxaTi uambobda gilgameSis sizmrebs,

orni esiyvarulebodnen erTmaneTs.

dafa meore

(enqidus gankaceba)

1 maSin ganipobs samosels SamxaT:

erTi samosliT enqidus Semosavs,

meore samosliT Tavad imoseba.

xels CasWidebs, RmerTiviT miuZRvis

mwyemsTa sadgomisken, sadac farexia.

Semoexvevian mwyemsebi enqidus,

ase izraxaven erTmaneTs Soris:

“es moyme gilgameSs Camohgavs taniT,

taniT maRalia da Zvalmsxvili.

10 albaT enqidua, velebis mkvidri,

anu mxedrobis Zali SesZenia.

rZe velur cxovelTa uwovia,

qurcikis jogTan balaxi uZovia.”

saWmeli daudes, –

dums da akvirdeba:

ar icis enqidum saWmelis Wama

da sma sasmelisa ar uswavlia.

daZra roskipma bage,

ase eubneba enqidus:

20 “igeme, enqidu, Wamadi,

sazrdo sicocxlisa,

da Sesvi sasmeli

qveynis wesisamebr.”

igema enqidum Wamadi ZRomamde,

da Svidi kaTxa sasmeli Sesva.

gancxra, Seecvala guneba,

guli moelxina, saxe gaunaTda.

xeli moisva faCvnier tanze,

zeTiT daizila, kacad gadaiqca.

30 Caicva samosi, siZes daemsgavsa,

moiRo maxvili lomebis devnad,

raTa moesvenaT farexSi mwyemsebs.

mglebs daereoda, lomebs Seipyrobda,

ros sarqlebs eZinaT.

enqidu maTi mfarvelia,

kaci mRviZare, uebro moyme.

ixarebs roskipTan enqidu.

Tvals aRapyrobs, kacs dainaxavs,

ase eubneba roskips:

40 “SamxaT, kacs mouxme! risTvis mosula?

dae, naubari misi movismino.”

kacs dauZaxa SamxaT roskipma,

kaci movida, Sexeda enqidus.

“moymev, sad iswrafvi? ra gagWirvebia?”

daZra moymem bage,

ase eubneba enqidus:

“sanTioboSi veravin dadis,

morCilebaa mokvdavTa xvedri:

ers daekisra godrebis zidva,

50 mxiarul diacebs – eris gamokveba.

mxolod galavnian uruqis mefisTvis

xmianebs saqorwino dafdafi;

gilgameSisTvis, galavnian uruqis mefisTvis,

xmianebs saqorwino dafdafi.

wilxvedril sasZlos igi euRleba,

pirvelad igi, Semdgomad sasiZo.

RvTiuri gangebiT ase brZanebula:

Wipis moWrisas kacs bedi uwydeba.”

ra moismina moymis naubari,

60 feri ecvala saxeze enqidus.

(orTabrZola)

win midis enqidu, ukan roskipi.

ra SeaRwies galavnian uruqSi,

eri garSemo Semoekriba.

galavnian uruqis Sukad ra Sedgnen,

xalxis krebuli ase ityoda:

“es moyme waagavs gilgameSs,

maRalia da Zvalmagari.

velur cxovelTa rZe uwovia,

balaxi uZovia qurcikis jogTan.

70 dReniadag ilocebs uruqi,

gaixareben uruqis moymeni:

Zalgulovani gamoCnda gmiri.

gilgameSs, moymes pirmSveniers,

RvTisdari metoqe moevlina.”

gaSlila iSxaras Ramis sareceli.

miva gilgameSi, RamiT daiZinebs,

SeeuRleba RvTaebriv iSxaras.

Sukad enqidu moemarTeba,

sanTiobosken gilgameSs gzas uRobavs.

80 uruqis qveyana ikribeba mis axlos,

xalxi awydeba irgvliv,

moymeni jgufdebian irgvliv,

Cvili bavSvebiviT fexebs ukocnian.

ixila veluri moyme gilgameSma:

uxvi varjebi mxrebze afenia.

daiZra, pirispir daudga,

erTurTs gauswordnen farTe alagas.

kari Cauketavs enqidus fexiT,

sanTioboSi Sesvlas ar anebebs.

90 maSin Seibnen mozvrebiviT,

zRurbli Searyies, kedeli iZra.

Seibnen enqidu da gilgameSi mozvrebiviT,

zRurbli Searyies, kedeli iZra.

da ra Caimuxla miwad gilgameSma,

imwamsve guli risxvisgan daucxra,

mRelvare mkerdi daumSvidda.

mRelvare mkerdi ra daumSvidda,

ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:

“hgavs, erTaderTi xar dedisgan Sobili,

100 galavnis furis, ninsunasagan.

da mamrTa zeda Tavi agizidavs,

enlils moucia xalxze meufeba.”

akoces erTmaneTs da Zmoba Sehfices.

(enqidus Svileba ninsunasgan)

dedasTan mihyavs gilgameSs enqidu,

farexis furTan mihyavs enqidu.

daZra bage gilgameSma,

ase eubneba dedas:

“ha, kaci igi, udabnoT mosuli,

ZalRoniT savsea igi am qveynad,

110 anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula.

sanTiobos karSi gadamidga,

Sig Sesvla aRar damaneba,

mozvrebiviT SevebiT erTmaneTs,

zRurbli SevaryieT, kedeli iZra.

ara hyolia enqidus sworferi,

velad daibada, toli ar hyolia,

Tmebi ezrdeboda viTarca nisabas,

veluri mxecebis ZuZu uwovia,

balaxi uZovia qurcikis jogTan.

120 aha, moviyvane igi Sens winaSe,

aha, swor hyavi Seni Zis mimarT.”

maSin daZra bage ninsunam,

ase eubneba Tavis Zes, gilgameSs:

“Svilo, megobari SegiZenia,

ar migatovebs igi arasodes!”

merme miubrunda enqidus ninsuna,

ase eubneba galavnis furi,

ase miuTxrobs sasurvel ambavs;

“Zliero enqiduv, me ar miSobixar,

Cemi wiaRis ar xar naSieri.

130 amieridan amiyvanixar,

Cemi Zisadmi SewirulT migaTvli, –

qurum qalebTan da RvTismxevlebTan.”

qedze Camokides enqidus niSani,

qurumma qalebma xeli Cahkides

da adidebdnen RvTiurni asulni.

dafa mesame

(gilgameSi kedaris dapyrobas ganizraxavs)

1 naRveli avsebs enqidus Sigans,

dadardianda, tirilad dajda,

cremliT evseba Tvalebi enqidus,

guli uRondeba da mwared oxravs.

maSin mihxeda Zmobils gilgameSma,

xeli Cahkida, mxarze moexvia.

“cremlebiT Tvalebi rad agvsebia,

ram SegiRona guli, rad oxrav?”

ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:

10 “oxvram, megobaro, yeli SemixuTa,

mklavi momidunda, Zal-Rone meleva.”

maSin daZra bage gilgameSma,

ase eubneba enqidus:

“kedaris tyeSi mkvidrobs xumbaba,

wavideT, movklaT kedaris mcveli,

gavCexoT maRnari kedarisa,

miwis pirisagan aRmovfxraT boroti,

yoveli boroti, raic sZuls SamaSs...”

daZra bage enqidum,

20 ase eubneba gilgameSs:

“mTebSi gadavyrivar xumbabas, Zmobilo,

odes davyvebodi gareul jogebs.

erT berus manZilze tyeebs azanzarebs,

vis Zalucs mis gulSi SeRweva?

xumbabas Rriali – xma grigalisa,

xumbabas piri – piri cecxlisa,

xumbabas sunTqva – sunTqva sikvdilisa,

rad gangizraxavs amgvari saqme,

usworo omi, xumbabas damxoba?”

30 daZra bage gilgameSma,

ase eubneba enqidus:

“me mainc aval mis mTianeTSi,

kedaris tyeSi mainc SevaRwev.

vnaxav bilikebs kedrovanisas,

sadac xumbabas samyofelia.

me win gaviWrebi, Sen ukan momdevde,

didi Cuglugebi gveqneba orives.”

daZra bage enqidum,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:

40 ~rogor SevalT, gilgameS, kedaris tyeSi?

kedaris mcveli mZlavri mebrZolia,

xumbaba SamaSs ganumtkicebia,

adads mrisxanebiT aRuvsia,

da kedrovanis xeTa dasacavad

xalxis daSineba enlils miundvia.”

daZra bage gilgameSma,

ase eubneba enqidus:

“vis auRwevia caTamdi, Zmobilo?

martoden RmerTebi sufeven SamaSTan.

50 kacTa naTesavis dReni daTvlilia,

oden qaria naRvawi misi.

Zmobilo, sikvdils dauSinebixar,

siqveles Sensas Zali gamosclia!

Sens uwinares me gaviWrebi,

ukan momZaxode: midi, nu geSinis!

ukeTu daveci, saxels davimkvidreb:

Seakvdao mefe gilgameSi

kedaris darajs, mZvinvare xumbabas.

Cemma naSierma, Cems saxlSi Sobilma,

60 ros gkiTxos, – gvamcneo igi ambavi,

rogor daecao qveli gilgameSi,

Cemi winapari, Zmobili Seni, –

maSin moixseneb siqveles Cemsas.

axla mag uariT guls nu damiRoneb,

xels me TviT aRvmarTav,

kedrovans davamxob,

maradiul saxels davimkvidreb.

wamo, megobaro, mWedlebi davsaqmoT,

dae, saWurveli Tvalwin Camogvisxan.”

70 wavidnen erTad, mWedlebi dasaqmes.

dasxdnen xelosnebi saqmis aRsrulebad:

Tvalwin Camousxes didi Cuglugebi,

sam-sami bilTu wonis najaxebi.

didi satevrebi Tvalwin Camousxes,

da maxvilebi or-ori bilTu.

qarqaSi maTi – mana ocdaaTi,

oqro ocdaaTi – vadis varayi.

saWurveli moiRes orTavem,

aT-aTi bilTu TiTom itvirTa.

80 uruqis WiSkars, Svidurdulians,

sasmenad misa eri moawyda,

xalxiT aRvsiliyo uruqis Sukebi,

raTa exilaT qveli gilgameSi.

daZra bage gilgameSma,

uruqis moymeebs eubneba:

“mismineT, uruq-farexis moymeno!

uruqis moymeno, brZolebSi gawvrTnilno!

vbedav, mivdivar Soreul gzaze, sadac xumbabaa,

brZolas vapireb, romelic ar vuwyi,

90 gza damiloceT, rom wavide,

kvlav Tqveni saxe mSvidobiT vixilo,

uruqis karibWeSi gulmxiaruli Semovide,

davbrunde da axalwlis zeimi orgzis gavmarTo,

axalwlis dReebi orgzis vizeimo,

fur-ninsunas winaSe dafdafi axmiandes!”

enqidu uxucesebs rCevas aZlevs,

uruqis moymeT, brZolebSi gawvrTnilebs:

“uTxariT, nu wava kedaris tyeSi,

gza igi savali ar aris,

100 kaci igi saxilveli ar aris,

kedaris tyis mcveli ubrZolvelia,

piri misi cecxlia, sunTqva misi – sikvdili,

samoc beruze esmis tyis Sriali,

vin aris mis tyeSi Semsvleli?

pirveli adadia, meore – Tavad.

vin Sehbedavs igigebs Soris?

xelyofisgan kedaris dasacavad

xalxis daSinebad ganawesa enlilma.

mis tyeSi Semsvlels muxli ekeceba.”

110 uruq-farexis uxucesni

movidnen, dasxdnen mis winaSe.

da ase etyoda maT gilgameSi:

“ismineT, galavnian uruqis uxucesno,

galavnian uruqis erno, ismineT!

ase ityvis mefe gilgameSi:

mivdivar, raTa vixilo igi,

visi saxelic qveynebs azanzarebs.

me mas Sevipyrob kedaris tyeSi,

viTar mZlavria Tesli uruqisa,

vamcnob mTel qveyanas.

xels aRvmarTav da kedars gavCexav,

maradiul saxels davimkvidreb.”

uruq-farexis uxucesni

gilgameSs sityvas ubruneben:

“jereT Wabuki xar, gilgameS,

guli gerCis!

ras epirebi, Tavad ar uwyi.

gvsmenia, xumbaba, ucxo qmnilebaa,

vin gauswordeba mis iaraRs?

130 erT berus sivrceze maRnars azanzarebs,

vis Zalucs mis gulSi SeRweva?

xumbabas Rriali – xma grigalisa,

xumbabas piri – piri cecxlisa,

xumbabas sunTqva – sunTqva sikvdilisa.

rad ganizraxe amgvari saqme,

usworo omi, xumbabas damxoba?

samoc beruze esmis tyis Sriali,

vis SeuZlia mis gulSi SeRweva?”

yurad ar iRo mrCevelTa sityva,

140 Tvali miabruna, Zmobils gauRima,

da ase etyvis gilgameS enqidus:

“Tundac gveSinodes, ukan ar davixevT,

wavalT kedrovanSi, xumbabas movklavT,

kedars gavCexavT, saxels davimkvidrebT.

wamo, Zmobilo, egalmaxs mivideT,

ninsunas winaSe, maRal dedoflisa.

brZenia ninsuna, uwyis yoveli,

nabijebs wrfelad wargvimarTavs.”

xeli xels Cahkides, midian,

150 egalmaxs midian gilgameSi da enqidu,

ninsunTan, did dedofalTan.

adga da eaxla qalRmerTs, Tavis dedas, gilgameSi,

da ase etyvis gilgameSi ninsuns:

“ninsun, gamibedavs amgvari saqme:

Sor gzas vadgivar, sadac xumbabaa,

brZolas vapireb, romelic ar vuwyi,

laSqrobad vmxedrdebi, romelic ar vuwyi.

gevedrebi, damloce, rom wavide,

kvlav Seni saxe mSvidobiT vixilo,

160 uruqis karibWeSi gulmxiaruli Semovide,

davbrunde da axalwlis zeimi orgzis gavmarTo,

axalwlis dReebi orgzis vizeimo,

Sens winaSe dafdafi axmiandes!

vidre mivdivar, ar movbrunebulvar,

vidre kedaris tyes mivaRwevde,

vidre mZlavr xumbabas movakvdinebde,

vidre aRmovfxvride miwis pirisagan

yovel borotebas, SamaSis saZulvels, –

SamaSis winaSe meoxad meyav.”

(ninsunas Tanadgoma)

170 fur ninsuns emwara gilgameSis sityvebi.

Svidgzis Sevida sabanelSi,

surnelovan wyalSi Tavi ganibana,

samosi Caicva sxeulis saSveni,

Caicva faragi, gulmkerdis saSveni,

daidga Tavze brwyinvale gvirgvini,

da wmida wyali apkura miwas.

ahyva safexurebs, banze avida,

banze avida da sakmeveli miarTva SamaSs.

ukmia SamaSs sakmeveli da xelni aRapyro:

180 “raki margune Svilad gilgameSi,

daucxromeli suli rad Caudgi!

aw Sen aRgiZravs da miemarTeba

Soreul gzaze, sadac xumbabaa,

pirispir dgeba ucnobi brZolis,

ucnob laSqrobad amxedrebula.

vidre midis da ar mobrunebula,

vidre kedaris tyes miaRwevdes,

vidre mZlavr xumbabas moakvdinebdes,

vidre aRmofxvrides miwis pirisagan

190 yovel borotebas, Sens saZulvels, –

im dRes dabrundes, romelsac dauTqvam.

aias Seni ar eSinodes,

sZali aia marad gaxsenebdes,

ando gilgameSi Ramis modarajeT,

odes mimwuxrisas Caesvenebi.

[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

kedaris tyeSi gilgameSis laSqrobisas,

dRe gaxangrZlivdes, Rame gaxanmokldes,

sartyeli ertyas, farTed abijebdes,

RamiT karavi mzad hqondes sayofelad,

200 odes gilgameS-enqidu da xumbaba Seibmebian

miuqrole, SamaS, xumbabas didi qariSxlebi,

cameti qari aRiZras, xumbabas saxe daubnelon,

da gilgameSis iaraRi miswvdes xumbabas,

[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

dae, RmerTebma, Senma Zmebma, ZRveni mogarTvan,

aiam, didma sZalma, Tavisi sufTa kalTiT

ofli mogwmidos!”

furi ninsuni SamaSis winaSe saTxovars imeorebs:

“SamaS, gilgameSi ar aris RmerTi, erTi Tqvengani?

SenTan erTad cas ar inawilebs?

mTvaresTan erTad kverTxs ar inawilebs?

210 afsus easaviT brZeni ar aris?

irninisTan erTad SavTavian xalxs ar ganagebs?

ningiSzidasTan erTad ukanmouqcevel

qveynad ar mkvidrobs?”

[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

(gzis dalocva uxucesTagan)

maSin moutanes didi satevari,

mSvildi da kaparWi xelSi Caabares,

veeba mSvildi anSanis qveynisa.

xelSi moimarjva didi Cuglugi,

da satevari sartyelSi gairWo.

vidre gavidodnen uruqis WiSkars,

vidre Soreul gzas daadgebodnen,

220 gars awydeboda uruqis eri,

hkiTxavdnen: uruqs rodis dabrundebi?

uxucesoba erTxmad akurTxebda,

da rCevas atanda gzaze gilgameSs:

“mSvidobiT daubrundi uruqis yures.

nu daendobi sakuTar Zalas,

Tvali giWrides, Tavi daicav,

win mimavali Tanamgzavrs ixsnis,

icis bilikebi, megobars daifaravs,

enqidu mudam win migiZRodes:

230 gzebze navalia, icis misadgomni,

da yvela xveuli xumbabas bilikTa.

brZolis mnaxvelia, omSi gamocdili.

enqidum megobari daicvas, Tanamgzavri ixsnas!

misi Tavi mis colebs daubrunos!

dae, agisrulos SamaSma natvra,

da Sengan Tqmuli TvaliT gaxilvinos.

SenTvis ganamzados gzebi gauvali,

gaTelos gzebi Senda savalad,

SenTa ferxTaTvis Selewos mTebi.

240 Ramem mogitanos nanatri ambavi,

lugalbandas marjvena gfaravdes,

mxarSi amogidges Senda gamarjvebad.

ra moklav xumbabas, ase rom eswrafvi,

gaxsovdes, ferxni ganibane.

Jams mimwuxrisas Wa amoTxare,

ankara wyali gedgas maTaraSi,

raTa maradRe SamaSs uRvride.

enqiduv, Cveni krebulidan gabarebT mefes,

dagvibrune, Cagvabare mefe!”

250 maSin daZra bage enqidum,

ase eubneba uxucesTa krebuls:

“es me var, enqidu, vinac gilgameSs

mZlavr xumbabasken salaSqrod mihyveba!

vidre midis da ar mobrunebula,

vidre kedaris tyes miaRwevdes,

vidre mZlavr xumbabas moakvdinebdes,

Tundac Tve gavides, – ar mivatoveb,

Tund weli gavides, – ar mivatoveb!

axla ki gahyev Sens gzas, gilgameS!

260 nu SegeSindeba, mcvelad migule:

me vuwyi xumbabas bina-samyofeli,

yvela biliki, sadac is dadis.”

maSin daZra bage gilgameSma,

ase mimarTavs uxucesTa krebuls:

“imediT mavsebs Zmobili Cemi,

enqidu, Cemi Tanamavali.

aw ki WeSmaritad getyviT, uxucesno:

aha, mivdivar gulmxiaruli.”

odes moismines misi naTqvami,

270 Soreul gzaze ase gaistumres:

“gvale, gilgameS, gza mSvidobisa!

RvTaeba Seni Sens gverdiT vlides,

da natvras TvaliT gaxilvinebdes,

SamaSi borots agaSorebdes,

nabijebs brZnulad wargimarTavdes!”

dafa meoTxe

(mgzavruli sizmrebi)

1 oc berus manZilze gatexes puri,

ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves.

sam dReSi ganvles Tvenaxevris savali.

SamaSis winaSe Wa amoTxares,

Sesawiravi Cayares WaSi.

mere gaemarTnen Ramis gasaTevad.

SuaRamisas gautydaT Zili.

adga gilgameSi sizmris asaxsnelad

da ase etyvis megobars, enqidus:

10 “adeq, gahxede mTaTa mwvervalebs!

RvTismieri Zili ganmeSora.

Zmobilo Cemo, vixile sizmari,

raoden ucxo, mZime, saSineli!

vebuRravebodi gareul xarebs,

xmeleTs aryevda maTi Rmuili,

buRi miwidan camde adioda,

erTis winaSe muxlebze CaviCoqe,

Semipyro, mklavSi CameWida

da Ronemixdili miwad daveci.

20 merme movida viRac, aRmadgina,

wyali Semasva Tavis maTaridan.”

amgvarad uxsnis enqidu sizmars:

“RmerTi yofila, vinac migviZRveba,

da xari igi xari ar yofila!

xari rom ixile, mcveli SamaSia,

gaWirvebaSi xels gamogviwvdis.

vinc wyali gasva Tavis maTaridan,

Seni sakuTari RvTaebaa,

lugalbandaa Seni mwyalobeli.

30 imgvari saqmis gviwevs aRsruleba,

raic am qveynad jer ar momxdara.”

oc berus manZilze gatexes puri,

ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves.

SamaSis winaSe Wa amoTxares,

Sesawiravi Cayares WaSi.

mere gaemarTnen Ramis gasaTevad.

da Zili, Ramis niaRvari,

Rvarad mieRvara gilgameSs.

SuaRamisas gautyda Zili

40 da amgvar sizmars uambobs enqidus:

“xom ar maRviZebdi? ratom gameRviZa?

enqidu, megobaro, vixile sizmari.

pirvel sizmarze Semzaravia

meored zmanebuli sizmari.

sizmrad, Zmobilo, mTa momiaxlovda,

Zirs damca, ferxni gamikava.

imZlavra Suqma Semzaravma

da moyme vinme Tvalwin momevlina,

moyme amqveynad umSvenieresi.

50 gorakis ZirTan mimiyvana,

wyali masva da gulze momeSva,

miwas damadgina Cemive terfebiT.”

ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:

“wamo, megobaro, azri movikriboT.

ucxoa yoveli zmanebuli,

mxolod mTa igi ar aris ucxo.

nu SegeSindeba, SiSi ganiSore,

keTili niSani gamogiCndeba:

moyme, vinc ixile, gmiri SamaSia,

60 visac miapyar mzera Seni,

sxeuli Seni vinc ixsna jadosgan,

is ivlis SenTan yovel gasaWirSi.

mTa, Sengan xiluli, aris xumbaba.

SevipyrobT xumbabas, movakvdinebT,

da mis gvams velad gadavagdebT.”

odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa,

kvlav gzas gaudga ori megobari.

oc berus manZilze gatexes puri,

ocdaT beruze saTevi moawyves.

70 SamaSis winaSe Wa amoTxares

da miwayrilze Sedga gilgameSi,

Sesawiravi Cayara WaSi.

“mTao, moavline sizmari...”

da mTam moavlina sizmari...

swrafad gadiqrola grilma niavqarma,

da gilgameSi miwad miawvina,

xorblis TavTaviviT Tavi daumZima.

nikapiT daeyrdno muxlis Tavebze.

da Ramis Rvari – Zili CaeRvara.

80 SuaRamisas gautyda Zili,

adga, eubneba megobars Tvisas:

“xom ar mixmobdi? ratom gameRviZa?

ar momkarebixar, raRatom SevkrTi?

RmerTs ar Cauvlia? raRam gamaSeSa?

Zmobilo, vixile mesame sizmari,

sizmari igi, romelic vixile,

Tavidan bolomde Semzaravia:

grgvinavda zeca, miwa gugunebda,

dRe iRrubleboda, wyvdiadi dgeboda,

90 elavda elva, ali enTeboda,

zrqeli Rrubeli sikvdils awvimebda.

elva ra gaqra, xanZaric Caqra,

da rac ecemoda, nacrad iqceoda.

gavideT velad, azri movikriboT.”

ase auxsna enqidum sizmari:

“keTilad axdeba Seni sizmari,

niSani misi keTilad moCans:

davamxobT xumbabas, gavCexavT kedars,

da borots aRmovfxvriT miwis pirisgan.”

100 ra miuaxlovdnen tevris misadgomebs,

ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:

“gaixsenebde uruqSi naTqvams,

droa, aRsruldes igi danaqadi.

qveyanas amcne, razom Zlieri xar,

gilgameS, uruqis Rirso naSiero!”

ra esma gilgameSs Zmobilis sityvebi,

gauxalisda imediT guli.

mZvinvare xariviT Tavi ra aRmarTa,

erTi iyvira mTeli xmiT xumbabam,

110 Soridan yviris tyeTa modaraje.

meored iyvira mTeli xmiT xumbabam.

xumbaba – xma misi grigali.

mesamed iyvira mTeli xmiT xumbabam...

maSin ganaxvna enqidum bageni, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:

“tyis gulSi nu Sevalo, Zmobilo Cemo,

guli SemiRonda, mklavebi momerRva.”

maSin gilgameSma ganaxvna bageni, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba enqidus:

120 “enqiduv, guli ram SegiRona?

xom gagivlia bevri gansacdeli,

gamocdili xar mraval brZolaSi!

samosels Cemsas ra Seexebi,

myisve dagtovebs sikvdilis SiSi.

lomis xmas baZavdes Seni xmianeba,

TiTqos dafdafze vcemdeT yiJinas,

guli agevseba brZolis surviliT,

ganrRveul mklavebSi Zala aRgidgeba.

aRdeg, megobaro, erTad SevideT,

130 momyevi, sikvdils nuRar axseneb,

sifxizle marTebs gulad mebrZolsac,

ufrore frTxilobs win mimavali,

rom daifaros Tavis Tanamgzavri.

omSi dacemulni didebas ixveWen.”

ase miadgnen goraks amwvanebuls,

dadumdnen, Sedga ori megobari.

dafa mexuTe

(kedaris tyeSi)

1 dganan da maRnars Sescqerian,

akvirdebian kedaris wverokins,

akvirdebian tyeSi Sesasvlels.

xumbabas navalze kvali daCenila,

gzebi gamarTula keTilsavali.

xedaven goraks kedrovanisas,

irninis saydars – RvTaebriv samyofels.

kedars siuxve maT win aRumarTavs:

Crdili aqvs keTili, SvebiT aRsavse.

10 izrdeba eklnari, izrdeba buCqnari,

kedars usurvazi gars Semoxvevia.

erT berus manZilze Sevidnen tyeSi.

da ra gaiares ori mesamedi,

culi imarjva xelSi gilgameSma

da erTi kedari wamoaqcia.

odes moesma xma igi xumbabas,

ganrisxda xumbaba, mTeli xmiT yviris:

“Cems kedrovanSi vin Semosula!

xe vin Seuracxyo Cems mTebSi gazrdili?

20 kedari Cemi vin wamoaqcia?”

xumbabas Rriali – xma grigalisa,

xumbabas piri – piri cecxlisa,

xumbabas sunTqva – sunTqva sikvdilisa.

Svidmagi perangi mosavs xumbabas,

Svidmagi elviT elavs xumbaba,

Svidmagi elva anaTebs kedrovans.

ase eubneba gilgameSi enqidus:

“Zmobilo, ukeTu SevebiT xumbabas,

elva gaqreba am koriantelSi,

30 elva gaqreba, sinaTle Caqreba.”

ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:

“Zmobilo Cemo, Seipyar frinveli,

sad gageqcevian bartyebi misi?

merme moviZioT elvis naperwklebi,

bartyebiviT rom ifantebian.”

cremli eRvreba TvalTagan gilgameSs,

ase evedreba zecier SamaSs:

“Sen aRmZar, SamaS, da mec gavemarTe

Soreul gzaze, sadac xumbabaa,

40 pirispir vdgavar ucnobi brZolis.

dRem moawia uruqSi daTqmulma:

momakvlevine mZlavri xumbaba,

raTa amovZirkvo miwis pirisagan

yoveli boroti, Seni saZulveli.

axla Semewie, he, gmiro SamaS,

axla dagvifare xumbabas risxvisgan.”

SamaSma Seismina gilgameSis vedreba,

maRliT CamosZaxis zeciuri SamaSi:

“miuaxlovdiT, nu SeSindebiT,

50 mihyeviT, vidre binad Sevidodes.

Svidkec perangSi igi imoseba,

erTi Caucvams, eqvsi darCenia.”

auSva SamaSma mZafri qarebi,

rva qari uberavs xumbabas irgvliv,

qarni uberaven xumbabas Tvalebs,

zurgSi uberaven xumbabas qarebi,

da mas ar Zalucs win waweva,

da arc gabruneba ukan ar Zalucs.

maSin ki dacxra mrisxane xumbaba,

60 ase evedreba mefe gilgameSs:

“gamiSvi, gilgameS, batonad meyav.

da me viqnebi msaxuri Seni.

kedaris xeebi xarkad momiZRvnia,

kedaris xeebi, Cems tyeSi gazrdili.

kedars mogiWri, saxlebs agigeb...”

daZra bage enqidum, ase eubneba gilgameSs:

“xumbabas sityvas nu daujereb,

xumbabas cocxlad nu dastoveb.

xumbabas Tu ar moakvdineb,

70 uruq-qalaqSi veRar dabrundebi.”

Seesma gilgameSs megobris sityva,

marjvena xelSi najaxi imarjva,

da qedze dasca igi xumbabas,

Semdeg enqidum, misma megobarma.

mesame dartymaze daeca xumbaba,

dadumda xumbaba cnobamixdili.

xumbaba, mcveli, ra miwad dasces,

or berus sivrceze Seirxa kedari.

masTanve dasca kedari enqidum,

80 xmauri miswvda xermons da libans,

Semdeg damSvidda mTeli mTianeTi,

damSvidda yvela mTagrexili.

moiRes bade vrcelze uvrcelesi,

Camoxsnes rva gu wonis satevari,

da sxva saWurveli imave wonisa.

gaxsnes idumali bina anunaqTa.

wamoaqcevda xeebs gilgameSi,

totebs ki enqidu kafavda.

ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:

90 “gilgameS, gavCexeT kedaris tevri,

axla ki gavidoT mxrebze namorebi

da gavatanoT evfratis dinebas.

SamaSis winaSe wyali davRvaroT.”

Subze aages xumbabas Tavi,

da ZRvnad miarTves zecier SamaSs.

dafa meeqvse

(iSTaris Segineba)

1 da ra iSromes, wviri ganiSores,

uxvi varjebiT mxrebi ganimSvenes.

yria warwymedili, hmosavT ganwmedili,

ride mousxamT, balTebi SeukravT..

odes daidgams gvirgvins gilgameSi,

maRali iSTari vnebiT gadmohxedavs

da Tvals daadgams mSvenebas misas.

“modi gilgameS, meuRled meyav!

me momiZRveni nayofi Seni!

10 Sen qmari iyav, me coli viqnebi.

oqros da lilaqvis etls avagebineb,

borblebad – oqro, xelnebad – TiTberi.

etlSi Segikazmav qariSxlis raSebs.

Semo Cvens saxlSi, kedaris surnelSi!

da Cvens sasaxleSi Seni Semosvlisas,

ferxT dagikocnian zRurbli da taxti.

da Sens winaSe muxlebs moiyrian

Tavad xelmwifeni, zepurni mTavarni.

xarkad mogiZRvnian nayofs mTa-barisas,

20 Txis arve Seni sam-samad giSobs,

marCbivad giSoben cxovarni.

viri datvirTuli jors wamoeweva,

etlis cxenebi srboliT ganiTqmian,

Sens uRlis xarebs tols vin mouZebnis”!

daZra bage gilgameSma, ityvis,

ase eubneba didebul iSTars:

“ra Zalmics mocemad, ukeTu giTxove?

uxvad gaqvs sxeulis zeTi da samosi,

uxvad gaqvs puri da sazrdeli,

30 Wamadi, RvTaebaTa saSveni,

sasmeli, meufeTa saSveni,

me wmida xorbliT agivseb beRlebs,

Zvirfasi samosiT kerpebs Segimosav,

magram colad ki ver wagiyvan.

vis daifarav qarSi da avdarSi?

RriWe kari xar, qaris verdamWeri,

sasaxle – mamrTa damRupveli,

xaro xar, mzakvrulad gaTxrili,

kupri – damsvreli misi mzidvelis,

40 tiki – damsvelebeli misi mzidvelis,

kirqva xar, zRudiT monaSali,

Sana, ucxoeTSi vermfaravi,

xamlni, patronis ferxTa mkbenelni.

omeli mwyemsi giyvarda marad?

romeli mwyemsi, rom saTno eyav?

aha, sayvarlebs Sensas CamogiTvli:

Tamuzs, sayvarels Seni siyrmisas,

wlidan wlamde glova gaduwyvite.

erTxel frinveli Wreli Segiyvarda,

50 Seexe, frTeni daulewe,

~Cemi frTebi!” – gahyviris tyeebSi.

srulZalovani lomi Segiyvarda,

Svidi da Svidi xaro gauTxare.

giyvarda cxeni, omSi didebuli,

dezebi, aRviri, Solti gaduwyvite,

Svid beruze Weneba gaduwyvite,

gaoflils wylis sma gaduwyvite,

dedamiss, RvTaebriv sililis,

glova gaduwyvite.

60 mwyemsi Txis arveTa giyvarda,

marad rom gicxobda nacarSi purebs,

maradRe Tiknebs rom giklavda,

Seexe, mglad gadaaqcie,

edevnebodnen misive biWebi

da misiv ZaRlebi TeZoebs uglejdnen.

iSulanu, mamaSenis mebaRe giyvarda,

maradRe finikis nayofs rom giZRvnida,

maradRe tablas rom gimkobda.

Tvali daadgi da vnebiT aRivse:

70 vigemoT Zali Seni, iSulanu!

xolo getyoda Sen iSulanu:

deda Tu ar micxobs, sxva purs ver SevWam,

puri viT vigemo avi da binZuri?

yinvaSi lerwami vis daifaravs?

odes moismine naTqvami misi,

Seexe, obobad aqcie,

wisqvilis borbalSi daasaxle,

maRla ver adis, verc dabla eSveba.

Tu Semiyvare, msgavsad momeqcevi.”

(qalRmerTis risxva)

80 ra gaigona es iSTarma,

ganrisxda iSTari, zecad aiwia.

warudga iSTari mamamiss, anus,

anTus, dedamiss, warudga iSTari.

“mamav, Seuracxmyo gilgameSma,

gilgameSma gamixsena Cemi siaveni,

Cemi siaveni da mwikulebani.”

daZra bageni anum, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba didebul iSTars:

“WeSmaritad Sen gamoiwvevdi,

90 da gilgameSma gagixsena Seni siaveni,

Seni siaveni da mwikulebani.”

100

ganaxvna iSTarma bageni, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba mamamiss, anus:

“mamav, Semiqmen zecieri mozveri,

gilgameSi, dae, moakvdinos.

da Tu zecier mozvers ar Semiqmni,

Sevlewav bWeebs qvesknelisas,

da axal wesebs davamyareb:

mkvdrebs amoviyvan cocxlebis SemWmelT,

100 da mkvdrebi cocxalT aRematebian.”

anum daZra bage, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba didebul iSTars:

“Tu Segisrule, rasac Sen moiTxov,

Svid weliwads bze mova futuro,

xalxisTvis xorbali Tu daagrove?

Tu aRmoacene jogisTvis balaxi?”

daZra bage iSTarma, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba mamamiss, anus:

110 “jogisTvis balaxi aRmovacene.

Tu Svid weliwads bze mova futuro,

xalxisTvis xorbali mogrovili maqvs,

balaxi, jogisTvis aRmocenebuli.”

101

(cis xari)

ra esma anus naTqvami misi,

Txovna aRusrula didebul iSTars.

zecieri mozveri uruqs Camogzavna,

moadga evfrats zecieri mozveri.

mozvris sunTqvaze gaipo miwa,

asi uruqeli napralSi Cavarda.

120 meore sunTqvaze gaipo miwa,

orasi uruqeli napralSi Cavarda.

mesame sunTqvaze gaipo miwa,

enqidu Cavarda napralis gulSi.

amoxta enqidu, rqebSi moeWida,

dorbli miaSxefa mozverma saxeSi

da miutylaSuna sizrqe kudisa.

daZra bage enqidum, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:

“bevrgan visaxeleT, moyvaso, Tavi,

130 aw rogor vZlioT zecier mozvers?”

“Zmobilo, mivuxvdi xrikebs mozvrisas,

Cven Zalgvics misi mokvdineba.

amovglej guls da SamaSs mivarTmev,

xelosnebs movuxmob – rqebi Seufason.

zeTiT savse rqebs lugalbandas mivarTmev.

Tu xari meZgera, kudze moeWide,

102

me ki rqebs Sua vugmirav maxvils.”

misdevs enqidu zecier mozvers

da eWideba kudis sizrqeSi.

140 maSin moixelTa Jami gilgameSma –

rqebs Sua ugmira maxvili.

ra mokles mozveri, guli amoglijes

da dadves igi SamaSis winaSe.

ukan daixies, SamaSs dauCoqes

da Semdeg dajda ori megobari.

avida iSTari uruqis zRudeze,

qongurze Sedga, wyevla gadmoRvara:

“vai, gilgameSs, rom Seuracxmyo,

momikla zecieri mozveri!”

150 ra esma enqidus iSTaris sityvebi,

xars beWi mohglija, win daugdo:

“netav SemeZlos Seni Sepyroba,

WeSmaritad mas dagamsgavsebdi,

gadagkidebdi mxrebze mis nawlavebs!”

ixmo iSTarma Sewiruli asulni,

ixmo SamxaTebi da xarimaTebi,

da xaris beWze glova wamoiwyo.

xolo gilgameSma xelosnebs uxmo,

mesaWurWleni Sekriba yvela.

160 sizrqes rqebisas aqeben ostatni:

“ocdaaTi mana maTi safironi,

103

varayi – sizrqe ori TiTisa.

eqvs gur zeTs daitevs yanwi TiTeuli.”

sanelsacxebled uZRvnis gilgameSi

did lugalbandas, Tavis RvTaebas,

da mis brwyinvale sadgomSi dahkidebs.

evfratis wyalSi xeli ganibanes

da ukumoiqcnen xelCakidebulni –

ase vidodnen uruqis SukebSi.

170 maT mzerad Sekrba mTeli uruqi.

uruqel asulT, meCange qalebs,

ase uyioda gilgameSi:

“vin aris brwyinvale moymeTa Soris?

vin aris qebuli mamacTa Soris?”

ase pasuxobdnen meCange asulni:

“gilgameS brwyinvalea moymeTa Soris!

enqidu qebul ars mamacTa Soris!”

sasaxleSi gamarTa lxini gilgameSma.

eZinaT moymeT, sawolSi mwolareT,

180 eZina enqidus: xedavda sizmars.

da aRdga enqidu sizmris asaxsnelad,

ase eubneba megobars:

“megobaro, ras bWoben didi RmerTebi?

104

dafa meSvide

(enqidus vnebani)

1 ismine, megobaro, wuxandeli sizmari:

krebulad isxdnen didi RmerTebi,

anu, enlili, ea da SamaSi.

ase mimarTavda anu gmir enlils:

rameTu mokles zecieri xari,

mokles xumbaba, kedrovanis mkvidri,

erTi maTgani, vinc kedars kodavda,

unda mokvdinebul iqnas.

enlili ityvis: “mokvdes enqidu!

10 xolo gilgameSi ar unda mokvdes!”

maSin miubrunda SamaSi gmir enlils:

“gana ar mokles Senive brZanebiT

xumbaba da zecieri mozveri?

rad unda mokvdes ucodveli enqidu?”

risxviT miubrunda SamaSs enlili:

“Sen Tavad msgavsi xar erTi maTganisa,

raki dRe cismare dadixar maTTan!”

105

gilgameSis win iwva enqidu,

Rvarad sdioda gilgameSs cremli:

20 “tkbilo megobaro, Sens wil gamamarTles!

nuTu momelis mkvdris sulTan jdoma,

sikvdilis sulis bWeTa winaSe?

nuTu Cems Zmobils veRar vixilav?”

ganaxvna bageni enqidum, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:

“megobaro, saqmeni Cveni gavixsenoT,

raic CavidineT SamaSis rCeviT.

kedaris xisgan kari gamovTaleT,

mis gamo SememTxva seni ukurneli.”

30 Tvalni ze aRapyro sneulma enqidum,

kars esityveba viTarca suliers:

“hoi, usulgulo karo xisao,

ar gagaCnia Sesmenis niWi –

oc berus manZilze xe gamogiZebne,

gamogirCie maRali kedari.

Sens ficrebs am qveynad toli ar udevT,

eqvsi garia Seni simaRle,

da ori gari sigane Seni.

Segqmen, wamogiRe, nipurSi gakurTxe,

40 Rirsi urdulebiT frTebi dagimSvene.

mcodnoda, karo, es dRe bedkruli,

da sazRauri Cemi Sromisa,

106

najaxs aRvmarTavdi, movWridi lelians,

lerwmiT Segikravdi wyeul karedebs.

dae, wagiRos ucxoTa mefem,

dae, amoSalos saxeli Cemi,

Cems wil saxeli Tvisi amokveTos!”

ra Semoesma naTqvami ese,

myis mwared atirda;

50 ra esma gilgameSs enqidus naTqvami,

myisve TvalTagan cremli daedina.

daZra bage gilgameSma, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba enqidus:

“ucnaurs rad ambob galavnian uruqSi,

brZenkaco, ucnaurs guli rad gizraxavs?

keTil ars sizmari, Tumc SiSi moaqvs,

kacs SiSi igi xesaviT aSrobs.

keTili sizmaric SiSis momtania,

sizmari cocxals anaRvlianebs,

60 cocxals mwuxareba wilad xvdomia,

aw me viloceb RmerTebis mimarT,

RvTaebas Sensas me Sevevedrebi,

vinZlo Segiwyalos RmerTebis mamam,

vinZlo gulmowyale geqmnes enlili,

uricxvi oqroTi Sevumkob qandaks.”

ase eubneba gilgameSs enqidu:

“fuWad daxarjav, Zmobilo, oqros,

107

RmerTebis sityva garduvalia,

mokvdavTa naTqvams igi ara hgavs.

70 sityva, gamosuli maT bageTagan,

ar Sebrundeba, garduvalia.

nayari wili ar Sebrundeba.

Zmao, gadamiwyda igi bediswera,

mokvdavs rac eweva adre Tu gvian.”

Tavi aRapyro sneulma enqidum,

mzera miapyro SamaSis Zalas,

SamaSis winaSe eRvreba cremlebi.

ase evedreba enqidu SamaSs:

“dovlaTi dauvse wyeul monadires,

80 mklavi moudune, mzera dauSrite,

gza-kvali aebnas Sens win monadires,

Tvalwin gaurbodes nanatri nadiri,

survils ver ewios monadire!”

guli miuwevs SamxaTis wyevlad:

“aw modi, SamxaT, beds gadagiwyvet,

samaradisod rom ar Sewydeba,

saSineli wyevliT dagwyevli,

da wyevla igi swrafad migxvdeba:

satrfom alersi Seni moiZulos,

90 dae, Segiyvardes Senive nayofi,

mona qalebis bedi SegSurdes!

saxlSi dagisvaros ezos saqonelma,

108

Tavad isvrebode Sensav ganavalSi.

mekecis qurasTan ZaRliviT Tbebode.

gzis piri iyos Seni samyofeli

da zRudis Crdili sadgomad geqmnes.

Sens ferxTa winaSe Sardavdes kaci,

mTvrali da fxizeli saxeSi gcemdes,

uSveri sityviT saxels gixsenebdnen,

100 rameTu macduri safrxe damige,

ukurnebeli seni SemamTxvie.”

moesma SamaSs misi naTqvami

da CamosZaxa Soreul zeciT:

“rad SeaCveneb SamxaTs, enqiduv,

vinac RvTaebis Rirsad dagapura,

vinc Rvino gasva mefeTa saSveni,

vinac didebuli samosiT Segmosa,

gilgameS qveli mogca Tanamgzavrad.

axla gilgameSi, RviZli megobari,

110 gangasvenebs didebul sawolze,

Rirseul sawolze gangasvenebs.

dagavanebs Svebis samyofelSi,

samyofelSi marcxena mxarisa.

miwis mTavarni ferxT dagikocnian,

SenTvis aatirebs ers uruqisas,

Rirseul glovas gagimarTavs,

da RvTis mxevalni wesebs agigeben.

109

Tavad Sens Semdgomad tans aRar ganibans,

lomis tyavs Caicvams velad moaruli.”

120 ra esma enqidus gmiri SamaSisa,

myisve daucxra mrisxane guli.

da ra daucxra mZvinvare guli,

da ra Seinana enqidum wyeva,

daZra bage, ametyvelda:

“modi, SamxaT, beds gadagiwyvet,

Cemma bagem rom dagwyevla, axla daglocavs:

dae, sayvareli Seni dagibrundes,

dae, sanatrels gulisas ewio,

dae, uyvarde mefeT da didebulT,

130 dae, geSoros Seuracxmyofeli.

beri Sens xilvaze wverebs Searxevdes,

Wabuki sartyels Seixsnides.

dae, mogarTmevdnen oqros da safirons.

dae, Semginebels miezRos sasjeli,

kera daeSritos, beReli daevsos.

RmerTebis winaSe Sehyavde qurums.

Seni trfobisaTvis coli dautevon,

Tund iyos deda Svidi Svilisa.”

110

(SaveTSi)

wevs sarecelze sneuli enqidu,

140 wevs sarecelze sruliad marto.

diliT gaando megobars satkivari:

“megobaro, wuxel sizmari vixile,

grgvinavda zeca, miwa bans aZlevda,

videqi marto am xmaurSi.

bnelsaxiani gamoCnda kaci,

pirisaxiT anzus msgavsi iyo,

xelebi misi – TaTebi lomisa,

tanT esxa frTebi arwivisa,

frCxilebad arwivisve klanWebi.

TmebSi CameWida, damZlia.

150 samosi Cemi tans SemomaZarcva

da ase SiSvlad CamZira ufskruls.

Tvisi sxeulis oreulad maqcia,

mxrebi damifara frinvelis nakrteniT.

Semipyro, SaveTs Camiyvana,

wyvdiadis saxlSi, irqalas binad,

saxlSi, sad Semsvleli ukan ver brundeba,

saxlSi, sad mkvidrTa Suqi warTmeviaT,

mtveri aqvT sasmelad, saWmelad – Tixa,

mosavT frTosanTa nakrtenis samosi

160 da naTels ver Wvreten wyvdiadis mkvidrni.

mtveri afenia karebs da urdulebs.

111

da mtveris saxlSi, sadac me Sevedi,

damxvdnen mefeni gvirgvinmoxdilni,

da gvirgvinosanni, vinac ganagebdnen

cocxalTa qveynebs gardasul dReebSi,

vinac anus da enlilis winaSe

Semwvari xorciT awyobdnen sufras,

samsxverplo purebiT tablas amkobdnen,

da msxverplad ankara wyals uRvridnen.

170 da mtveris saxlSi, sadac me Sevedi,

mkvidrobs qurumi da mgalobeli,

mkvidrobs qadagi da Semlocveli,

mkvidroben saRmrTo WurWlebze mzrunvelni,

mkvidrobs eTana, mkvidrobs sumukani,

mkvidrobs qvesknelis dedofali ereSqigali,

da beliT-ceris, qvesknelis mwerals,

muxli mouyria dedoflis winaSe.

xelT upyrav dafa da aRmoikiTxavs.

Tavi ra aRapyro, me daminaxa,

180 mzera momapyro, mzera sikvdilisa:

“beds mougvria es kaci CemTan...”

aha, Zmobilo, sizmari Cemi.”

112

(sasikvdilo sareceli)

ra dResac sizmari ixila,

dRe igi mwuxrad miiwura.

wevs enqidu erT dRes, meore dRes,

sarecelze mZimdeba seni.

wevs enqidu mesame dRes, meoTxe dRes,

sarecelze mZimdeba seni.

wevs enqidu mexuTe dRes, meeqvse dRes,

190 sarecelze mZimdeba seni.

wevs enqidu meSvide dRes, merve dRes,

sarecelze mZimdeba seni.

wevs enqidu mecxre dRes, meaTe dRes,

sarecelze mZimdeba seni.

wevs enqidu meTerTmete dRes, meTormete dRes,

sarecelze mZimdeba seni.

kvlav wevs enqidu Tavis sarecelze,

da bolos uxmobs gilgameSs, Zmobils:

“Zmobilo, enlils davuwyevlivar,

200 ar vkvdebi omSi dacemulTa darad,

rameTu brZolis mudam meSinoda.

vinc omSi mokvda, kurTxeulia,

me ki sarecelze sikvdili melis.”

113

dafa merve

(enqidus glova)

1 odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa,

amgvarad iglovda Zmobils gilgameSi:

“enqidu, dedas – qurciks uSobixar,

da mamas – kanjars, velad moaruls.

veluri virebi rZes gawovebdnen,

Sen gzrdida yvela kuddamSvenebuli,

veluri jogi yvela saZovrisa!

enqidu, gitiron kedaris bilikTa,

dRedaRam gitiron Seusvenebliv!

gitiron uxucesTa farTo uruqisa,

10 gitiros yvelam, vinc ki gvlocavda!

gitiron mwvervalTa tyiani mTebisa!

sadac me da Sen erTad avdiodiT!

moTqvamdnen saZovrebi, viTarca deda,

fisiT cremloodnen kedaris xeni,

romelTa Soris risxviT gaviareT!

114

gitiros daTvma, jiqma da afTarma,

vefxma da lomma, jixvma da iremma,

qurcikma, xarma da qvewarmavalma!

gitiros ulam, wmida mdinarem.

20 romlis napirebi erTad mogvivlia!

gitiron wmida wylebma evfratisa,

riTac dReniadag maTarebs vavsebdiT!

gitiron uruqis vaJTa da asulTa,

romelTa Tvalwin cis xari movkaliT!

gitiros guTnisdedam Tavis guTanTan,

tkbil alalaSi gididos saxeli!

gitiros mwyemsma Tavis farexSi,

rZesa da erbos pirSi rom gawvdida!

gitiros meludem, luds rom Segasmevda,

30 gitiros, vinac purs mogawvdida,

gitiros, vinac sasmels Segasmevda!

gitiros roskipma, vinac sxeulze

zeTs tkbilsurnelovans gacxebda!

gitiros siZem, vinc Seni rCeviT

gulis sasurvel sasZlos iZenda!

gitiron Zmebma, viTarca debma,

Sens gamo Tmebi gaiSalon!

dagtiri, enqiduv, viT Seni ded-mama

Sens Zvel sanaxebSi dagitirebda!

115

40 mismineT, moymeno, mismineT me,

mismineT, farTo uruqis uxucesno, mismineT me!

Cems megobars, enqidus davtiri,

motirali qaliviT cxared movTqvam!

culi marjvenisa, imedi mklavisa,

maxvili sartyelisa, fari Cems winaSe,

samosi gancxromisa, qamari Svebisa,

borotma qarma SemomaZarcva.

Zmobilo Cemo umrwemeso, kanjarTa mdevaro,

mdevaro udabnos lomebisa!

50 enqiduv, umrwemeso, kanjarTa mdevaro,

mTebi rom erTad gadagvilaxavs,

zecieri mozveri rom mogviklavs,

xumbaba mogviklavs, kedrovanis mkvidri, –

axla ra Zili gWirs, rom Seupyrixar,

cnoba migxdia da veRar mismen?”

enqidus Tavi ver auwevia;

mkerdze exeba – guli ar uZgers.

saxe daufara viTarca sasZlos,

rogorc arwivi zed daboinobs,

60 midamouvlis megobris cxedars

rogorc Zu lomi, lekvebwagvrili.

Tmebs iglejs, irgvliv mimofantavs,

xevs da ganagdebs sxeulis mSvenebas.

eqvs dRes da Svid Rames ase dastiroda,

116

magram ver aRdga mis xmaze Zmobili.

ar miabara igi samares,

vidre nestoebSi matli ar SeuZvra.

odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa,

ZaxiliT Sehyara eri gilgameSma:

70 “eha, qvismTlelno da oqromWedelno,

brinjaos ostatno, movediT CemTan!

megobars Cemsas qandaki augeT!

amgvari iyos megobris qandaki:

saxe – alebastri da Tvalni – lilaqva,

gulmkerdi – oqro, kidurni – brinjao.”

daZra gilgameSma bage, ametyvelda:

“axla ki RviZlma Zmobilma Senma

gangasvene didebul sawolze,

Rirseul sawolze gangasvene,

80 da Svebis samyofelSi dagsvi,

samyofelSi marcxena mxarisa.

miwis mTavarni ferxT dagikocnian,

Sens gamo uruqis ers avatireb,

Sens gamo mxiarul xalxs wuxiliT avavseb.

Tavad Sens Semdgomad tans aRar ganviban,

lomis tyavs Cavicvam, velad gaviWrebi!”

117

odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa,

sartyeli Seixsna gilgameSma...

(fragmentuli teqstidan Cans, rom gilgameSma Tavisi saganZuridan

gamoitana uzomo oqro-vercxli da Zvirfaseuloba RmerTebisTvis

Sesawiravad, mere daxoca nasuqali xarebi da cxvrebi da megobris-

Tvis daaxvava, raTa megobris sulis mosaoxad mTeli xorci qvesknelis

mTavrebisTvis waeRoT.)

118

dafa mecxre

(velad gaWra)

1 gilgameS enqidus, megobars Tvisas,

cxared dastiris velad moaruli:

“nuTu mec movkvdebi enqidus msgavsad?

SiganSi wuxili Semepara,

sikvdils SevuSindi, velad viarebi.”

ubara-TuTus Zisken, uTanafiSTisken

gzas daadga, swraf miemarTeba.

RamiT miadga mTis uReltexilebs,

lomebs Seeyara da SeSinda.

10 Tavi aRmarTa sinisadmi vedrebad,

RvTiuri naTlisken vidodnen locvani:

“hoi, sin, Sen damifaravde!”

da ra iloca, dawva gilgameSi.

odes gamoerkva Rameul sizmridan,

xedavs, lomebi xaroben sicocxliT.

maSin gilgameSma xelT ipyra najaxi

119

da sartyelidan maxvili iSiSvla.

maT Soris Sevarda viTarca isari,

gaJlita lomebi, nakuwad aqcia.

[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

(Rriankal-kacebi)

20 maSu ars saxeli marCbivi mTebisa,

romelTa mwvervalni cargvals ebjineba,

romelTa fesvebi qvesknels eskvneba.

maT bWeebs icaven Rriankal-kacebi

da dReniadag darajad udganan

ciuri SamaSis Casvla-amosvlas.

mrisxane mzera Semzaravi aqvT,

maT gamoxedvas sikvdili moaqvs,

da elva maTi mTagrexilT evleba.

maSus mTisZirTan odes mivida,

30 Tvali Seavlo maT gilgameSma,

SiSiT da ZrwoliT saxe daubnelda.

Zali moikriba, axlos mivida.

Rriankal-kaci Tavis cols SesZaxis:

“Cvenken momavals RmrTis xorci mosavs!”

ase esityveba Rriankal-qali:

“ori mesamedi RmerTia igi,

erTi mesamedi – mokvdavi kaci.”

120

mamrs exmianeba Rriankal-kaci

RmerTebis naSiers sityvas eubneba:

40 “rad gamogivlia egzom Sori gza,

ras mouyvanixar winaSe Cemsa?

mTa gadmogilaxavs wiaRsvlad Zneli,

saiT midixar, dae, mec vicode.”

ganaxvna gilgameSma bageni, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba Rriankal-kacsa:

“uTanafiSTisken gamiwevia, Cemi winaprisken,

romelic warudga RmerTTa sakrebulos

da maradiuli sunTqva moipova.

sikvdil-sicocxlis ambavs gamovkiTxav.”

50 daZra Rriankal-kacma bage, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:

“aravin yofila gaRma gamsvleli,

am mTebis wiaR aravin gasula:

Tormeti berua mTebs Soris savali,

zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans.

mzis amoxdomisas iReba WiSkari,

mzis Caxdomisas iReba WiSkari,

mzis Caxdomisas gagiReb WiSkars,

mTebs Soris gagiSveb SamaSis kvalze.”

121

(SamaSis gzaze)

60 kvlav etyvis gilgameSi Rriankal-kacs:

“naRveliT savsea Cemi Sigani,

yinviT da armuriT saxedamwvari

sulTqmiT da vaebiT am gzas gadavivli.

axla ki gamiRe mTebis WiSkari.”

ganaxvna Rriankal-kacma bageni, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba mefe gilgameSs:

“mihyev, gilgameS, kvals SamaSisas,

da maSus mTebi uSiSrad ganvle,

mTebi udaburi uSiSrad ganvle,

70 mSvidobiT dasruldes Seni mgzavroba.

aha, gaxsnilia mTebis WiSkari!”

da ra moismina ese gilgameSma,

miendo sityvas Rriankal-kacisas,

swrafad gaemarTa SamaSis kvalze.

erT berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: