dumadze V tomi.indd - Dumbadze
dumadze V tomi.indd - Dumbadze
dumadze V tomi.indd - Dumbadze
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madli xalasi niWisa<br />
giorgi ciciSvili<br />
`asi aTassa ajobes, Tu gamorCeviT mqmnelia~ _ ukvdavi<br />
SoTa rusTavelis es brZnuli sityvebi marto sabrZolo<br />
saqmeebs an SromiT praqtikas rodi Seesatyviseba. am sxart<br />
TqmaSi genialurma poetma Rrmad filosofiuri azri Cado:<br />
es sityvebi adamianis yoveli qmnadobis gaadvilebis gzas<br />
migvaniSnebs, adamianTa saqmianobis yvela sferos miesadageba da<br />
SemoqmedebiTi Sromis uZiriTades Taviseburebas gamoxatavs.<br />
sulieri warmoeba imiTac gansxvavdeba materialurisagan,<br />
rom sulieri warmoebis sferoSi ricxobrivi maCvenebeli<br />
gacilebiT nakleb rols TamaSobs. literaturisa da<br />
xelovnebis ganviTarebas arc marto raodenoba ganapirobebs<br />
da arc es raodenoba gadadis ise pirdapir TvisobriobaSi,<br />
rogorc sxvagan. aq simravle ar aris ganmsazRvreli faqtori.<br />
aq mTavaria SemoqmedebiTi simaRle, niWis Zala da gaqaneba, misi<br />
siRrme da siuxve, radgan maRali mxatvruli Semoqmedeba maRali<br />
SemoqmedebiTi individualobis gareSe ver Seiqmneba. erT<br />
did mwerals e. i. iseTs, vinc `gamorCeviT mqmnelia~, verasodes<br />
ver Secvlis aTasi mcire mwerali.<br />
Zlieri SemoqmedebiTi individualurobis mniSvneloba<br />
literaturisa da xelovnebisaTvis ganuzomlad didia. Tu<br />
erovnuli literatura (ra gindac periodisa da sazogadoebisa<br />
ar iyos igi) ver aRmoacenebs, ver aRzrdis namdvilad<br />
masStabur Semoqmeds, Tu igi ver gaaxarebs da ver gaamravlebs<br />
fesvmagarsa da ZarRvmagar niWierebas, Tu ver miscems Tavis<br />
xalxs TviTmyofi mxatvruli pirovnulobis mwerals, aseTi<br />
literatura verasodes amaRldeba epoqis moTxovnebamde. am<br />
samwuxaro movlenas `literaturul udroobas~ uwodeben.<br />
qarTul mwerlobas, erT-erT umdidressa da uZveless<br />
civilizebul samyaroSi, mravali Znelbedobis miuxedavad,<br />
TiTqmis ar gaaCnda `aseTi udroobis~ periodebi da Tu hqonda,<br />
friad cota da friad xanmoklec. qarTuli Semoqmedebis veeba<br />
zRva ganuwyvtliv gamoriyavda xolme uZvirfases margalitebad<br />
mxatvruli sityvis WeSmarit ostatebs.<br />
qarTulma sabWoTa literaturamac mravlad mogvca<br />
maRali SemoqmedebiTi unarisa da mxatvruli TavisTavadobis<br />
mwerlebi, romelTa memkvidreobas azrisa da formis didi<br />
mravalferovneba mosdgams da SemoqmedebiTi siuxviT, wamleki<br />
vnebianobiT, dammuxtveli ZaliT, patriotuli gznebiT da<br />
filosofiuri siRrmiT gamoirCeva.<br />
ormocdaaTiani wlebis damlevs qarTuli sabWoTa mwerlobis<br />
didostatTa saxelebs kidev erTi maRali JReradobis<br />
saxeli Seemata _ madlmosili niWis beletristis, nodar<br />
dumbaZis saxeli.<br />
Tu misi erTob mZime, ekliani, faTerakebiani cxovrebis<br />
mixedviT ver vityviT, bednier varskvlavzea dabadebulio,<br />
samagierod, rogorc mwerali, rogorc Semoqmedi, igi marTlac<br />
svebednieria: man Tavisi naTeli niWierebis wyalobiT, ro gorc<br />
ityvian, erTi dakvriT SeZlo moepovebina is, rasac sxvebi<br />
mTel cxovrebas andomeben da xSirze xSirad, mainc ver moipo veben<br />
xolme. es aris saerTo saxalxo aRiareba, saerTo saxalxo<br />
siyvaruli, da ara marto mSobliur saqarTveloSi (rac<br />
TavisTavad ukve mravlismTqmeli da saamayo iqneboda), aramed<br />
mraval sxva qveyanaSic, socialistursa Tu kapitalisturSi<br />
mraval erTa da xalxTa Soris. mwerlisadmi sayovelTao<br />
siyvaruls ki mis RirsebaTa mokle jaWvi hqmnis, romelsac sul<br />
oTxad oTxi rgoli gaaCnia: bunebiT momadlebuli samwerlo<br />
unari, maRali ostatoba, farTo codna da kacTmoyvruli guli.<br />
nodar dumbaZe oTxive am simdidris mflobelia, amitomac<br />
moaqvs esoden bevri siTbo da sinaTle mis yovel Txzulebas.<br />
nodar dumbaZis Sors gaxmaurebulma nawarmoebebma _ `me,<br />
bebia, iliko da ilarioni~, `me vxedav mzes~, `mziani Rame~, `nu<br />
geSinia deda~, `TeTri bairaRebi~, _ ara marto daimsaxures ma-<br />
Rali Sefaseba mravalerovani sabWoTa mkiTxvelisa, sakav Si ro<br />
presisa, saliteraturo kritikisa, aramed msoflios mravali<br />
qveynis mkiTxvelTa erTsulovani aRiarebac moipoves.<br />
nodar dumbaZis Semoqmedebisadmi iseT interess Tavisi<br />
safuZvliani mizezebi aqvs. jer erTi, yoveli misi Txzuleba<br />
garkveuli SemecnebiTi Rirebulebisaa. es aris cxovrebis<br />
axali plastis, axali `mikrosamyaros~ marTali, gabeduli,<br />
maRalmxatvruli Cveneba. amasTan, mis mikrosamyaroSi yovelTvis<br />
moCans da igulisxmeba gacilebiT ufro didi ram. avtors<br />
ise kargad aqvs momarjvebuli simboluri Cvenebis xerxi, _<br />
128 129<br />
9. n. dumbaZe, t. V
mcires meoxebiT didis naTelyofa, _ rom miseul asaxvas<br />
saocrad didi farglebi da masStabebi gaaCnia. imdenad didi, rom<br />
sxvadasxva erovnebis, socialuri mdgomareobis, ganaTlebis<br />
Tu politikuri mrwamsis adamianebs erTnairad aRelvebT misi<br />
sityva, erTnairad esmiT misi humanisturi suli, demokratiuli<br />
buneba, progresuli miznebi, xalxuroba, erovnuloba da is<br />
maRali idealebi, rasac sabWoTa literatura emsaxureba.<br />
amitom aris, rom nodar dumbaZe dRes ara marto<br />
Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturis warmomCenia, misi<br />
maRali ganviTarebulobis metyveli magaliTi, aramed mTeli<br />
mravalerovani sabWoTa literaturis Rirseuli elCic _<br />
misi ideur-mxatvruli donisa da SemoqmedebiTi principebis<br />
naTelmyofi saerTaSoriso masStabiT.<br />
rac Seexeba mis bolodroindel nawarmoebs, romans<br />
`maradisobis kanoni~, igi mWevrmetyveluri sabuTia mwerlis<br />
SemoqmedebiTi aRmavlobisa, ZalTa sruli gafurCqvnisa,<br />
filosofiuri da mxatvruli sibrZnis dauflebaSi axal<br />
safexurze Sedgomisa.<br />
es uaRresad problematuri romani pozitiuri idealebis<br />
qadagebasTan erTad gamsWvalulia im Sinagani polemikuri<br />
paTosiT, romelic mwerals mxolod maSin eufleba, roca igi<br />
Tavis Rones irwmunebs da asparezze mamaci falavaniviT gamodis,<br />
roca Tavisi ideebisa da kriteriumebis Tamam gamomzeurebas<br />
mimarTavs da am gzaze mzadaa mTels msoflios Seerkinos.<br />
`maradisobis kanonic~ Taviseburi gamowvevaa, paradoqsaluri<br />
xerxis originaluri momarjvebaa. sakuTari idealebis<br />
pirdapiri qadagebis magier avtori SemoiarebiT gzas mimarTavs<br />
da aseTi narTaulobiT ufro did ideur-mxatvrul efeqtsac<br />
aRwevs. mwerali ekamaTeba yvelas, visac mis mier dasmuli da<br />
gadasawyvetad gamiznuli problema sxvagvarad esmis. problema<br />
ki urTulesi da uZnelesia, igi msoflio masStabisaa. igi<br />
adamianis daniSnulebis, bednierebis, adamianTa cxovrebis<br />
ZiriTad kanons _ maradisobis kanons exeba.<br />
rogorc yovelma Tamamma, axalma problemurma Txzulebam,<br />
man SesaZloa kamaTic gamoiwvios, magram mTavari is aris, rom<br />
igi uaRresad mniSvnelovani, uaRresad saintereso, uaRresad<br />
Rrma da drouli nawarmoebia, _ mdidari ideuri SinaarsiT,<br />
originaluri mxatvruli gaazrebiT, mkveTri avtoriseuli<br />
poziciiT.<br />
sanam am rTulsa da saintereso romans SevexebodeT, gvinda<br />
gakvriT aRvniSnoT nodar dumbaZis Semoqmedebis oriode<br />
Tviseba.<br />
pirveli, rac yvelaze `garegnulia~ da amdenad<br />
advildasanaxi, rac mwerlis TxzulebaTa kiTxvis dros pirveli<br />
striqonebidan gecemaT TvalSi, _ es aris keTilSobiluri<br />
sisadave. TiTqosda, ra unda iyos ufro advilad gasarCevi,<br />
magram keTilSobilur sisadavesa da martiv ubraloebas xSirad<br />
jerovnad vera mijnaven, ufro metic, zogjer erTmaneTSic<br />
ki ureven, Tumca, maT Soris aranaklebi zRvaria, vidre or<br />
sruliad sawinaaRmdego movlenas Soris. WeSmariti sisadave<br />
maRali niWierebis erTguli Tanamgzavria, martivi ubraloeba<br />
ki _ uniWoebisa da SezRudulobis naSieri.<br />
nodar dumbaZis yvela nawarmoebi WeSmariti sisadaviT<br />
gamoirCeva. avtori gaurbis TvalismomWrel efeqtebs,<br />
iaffasian silamazes, Sinnazard filosofias, cru sibrZnes.<br />
swored keTilSobiluri sisadavis wyalobiT aRwevs igi<br />
Zalum zemoqmedebas da STambeWdaobas. Tandayolili Sinagani<br />
taqti, lakoniuroba, yovelgvari zedmetobisagan,<br />
hipertrofirebisagan droulad ganridebis unari, esoden<br />
aucilebeli realisti mwerlisaTvis, mwerlis erTgul<br />
mokavSireebad gvevlinebian da gamarjvebas uadvileben.<br />
sisadavisa da bunebriobis moTxovna gemovnebis kaprizi ar<br />
aris, igi xalxurobis swori gagebidan gamomdinare kriteriumia.<br />
xalxurobis erT umTavres moTxovnas ki mxatvruli formis<br />
demokratizmi warmoadens. xolo formis demokratiuloba<br />
warmoudgenelia gasagebiTobis gareSe, iseve rogorc<br />
gasagebiToba _ sisadavis gareSe. amitom, nodar dumbaZis<br />
stilis, misi nawarmoebebis formis sinaTle da garkveuloba<br />
esTetikur principebamde maRldeba da mwerlisaTvis uaRre sad<br />
originaluri xalxurobis erT-erT gamapirobebel faqtorad<br />
gvevlineba.<br />
nodar dumbaZis stilis momxibvleli sisadave moCans TviT<br />
iseT, erTi SexedviT `neitralur~ komponentSic, rogoric<br />
aris kompozicia. swored kompozicia warmoadgens mxatvruli<br />
formis Semadgenels, romelmac yvelaze arsebiTi cvlileba<br />
ganicada prozis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze.<br />
130 131
nodar dumbaZis Txzulebebis struqtura, maTi kompozi ci -<br />
u ri agebuleba (zogierTi moulodnelobisa da Senebis principe<br />
bis cvladobis miuxedavad) yovelTvis sicxadiT gamoirCeva<br />
da arasodes ar abnelebs azrs, ar ayenebs mkiTxvelis winaSe<br />
`gamoucnoblobis~, `auxsnelobis~ problemas, rac esoden<br />
gavrcelebulia Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul beletristikaSi.<br />
maSinac ki, roca nodar dumbaZe moqmedebis ganviTarebisas<br />
calkeul epizodebs gadaanacvlebs xolme maTi logikuri<br />
Tanamimdevrobis sawinaaRmdegod (drois Tu moqmedebis<br />
adgilis TvalsazrisiT), igi mainc axerxebs moqmedebis sicxade<br />
SeinarCunos, gasagebiTobas ar uRalatos, bunebrioba daicvas.<br />
asea `maradisobis kanonSic~. aq dasawyisidanve vlindeba is<br />
Taviseburi xerxi, romelic epizodTa kompoziciur Senacvlebagadaadgilebas<br />
gulisxmobs.<br />
esaa realurad mimdinare moqmedebis CvenebasTan<br />
paralelurad maTi proeqcireba warmosaxvaSi, roca realur<br />
yofiT ambebs enacvleba mTavari moqmedi piris sizmriseuli<br />
Cvenebebi, buranSi yofnisas gaelvebuli azrebi, zogjer<br />
qvecnobieric. orive es elementi realobaa (erTi _ obieqturi,<br />
_ meore subieqturi), da realisturadac aris gadmocemuli.<br />
aseTi monacvleoba obieqturi da subieqturi realobisa, ori<br />
amgvari plani dRes sruliad gavrcelebuli mxatvruli xerxia<br />
da odnavadac ar warmoadgens gadaxvevas realizmisagan. ufro<br />
metic, es xerxi xSirad realuris Cvenebis yvelaze moqnil<br />
xerxadac ki gvevlineba da nawarmoebs fsiqologiur siRrmes,<br />
damajereblobas hmatebs.<br />
asea `maradisobis kanonSic~. infarqtiT daavadebuli,<br />
uRonod qmnili baCana ramiSvili drodadro gonebas hkargavs,<br />
xan cnobaze modis, xanac daviwyebaSi gadadis. mwerali am<br />
viTarebas e.w. `ori planiT~ gviCvenebs: avadmyofis irgvliv<br />
Seqmnili obieqturi sinamdvilis aRweriTa da misi subieqturi<br />
mdgomareobis CvenebiT. orive es `plani~ erTmaneTs avsebs<br />
da zrdis Cvens emociur ganwyobasac da movlenis Semecnebis<br />
xarisxsac.<br />
ase icis kargad momarjvebulma, aratrafaretulad<br />
gamoyenebulma xerxma. Tumca es xerxi sakmaod rTulia da<br />
`orplaniani~, fragmentebis aRmqmelsac garkveuli done da<br />
yuradRebis koncentracia sWirdeba, magram mwerali endoba<br />
mkiTxvels, ara SiSobs, rom mas arasworad gaigeben da es<br />
siTamame, es ndoba exmareba iyos gasagebi, advilad Secnobadi.<br />
nodar dumbaZe xSirad mimarTavs rTul siuJetur svlebs da<br />
naxtomebs TxrobaSi. xSirad ama Tu im sayuradRebo detalis,<br />
fragmentis Tu ambis gaazrebas mTlianad mkiTxvels andobs<br />
da, Tqven warmoidgineT, arasodes ar zaraldeba! es imitom,<br />
rom mwerlis Zval-rbilSi gamjdari erTguleba realisturi<br />
amsaxvelobisadmi, bunebriobisa da movlenaTa logikurad<br />
gaazrebisadmi uadvilebs mis mkiTxvels Txrobis jaWvSi<br />
gamotovebuli rgolis aRdgenas.<br />
magram Txrobis Zafis aseTi uwyvetoba odnavadac ar<br />
gamoricxavs moulodnelobas nodar dumbaZis TxzulebebSi.<br />
igi Sedegia ara moulodneli naxtomebisa TxrobaSi, aramed<br />
moqmedebis moulodneli geziT warmarTvisa, moulodneli<br />
ambisa, asaxvis axleburi aspeqtisa. nodar dumbaZesTan<br />
moulodnelobac ki `kanonzomieria~, ramdenadac yoveli<br />
SemTxveviToba garkveuli kanonzomierebis gamovlinebaa.<br />
swored aseT SemTxveviTobasTan gvaqvs saqme `maradisobis<br />
kanonSi~. mxatvruli simarTle da mxatvruli logika (rac<br />
damajereblobis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgens) arasodes<br />
Ralatoben mwerals.<br />
nodar dumbaZis prozaSi zogierT qveTavTa Tu epizodTa<br />
siuJeturi daSoriSoreba mowodebulia gvagrZnobinos<br />
cxovrebis mimdinareobis araTanabroba, kontrastuloba, misi<br />
dinebis cvla da moulodneloba. cxovreba arasodes gaclis<br />
erTi saqmis savsebiT damTavrebas, raTa meore sruliad<br />
moclilma daiwyo. mxolod erT saqmes verc miecemi, radgan<br />
ramdenimes erTdroulad keTeba giwevs. zogjer iZulebuli<br />
xar mesame Tu meoTxe ise daiwyo, rom pirveli da meore jer<br />
damTavrebuli ara gvaqvs (es cxovrebiseuli siZnele yvelaze<br />
mZafrad genialurma vaJam igrZno `gvelis-mWamelSi~). amito -<br />
maa, rom mwerlebi, gansakuTrebiT, ucxoeTSi, sul ufro xSirad<br />
mimarTaven Txrobis iseT danawevrebas, rom TviT struqturaSic<br />
igrZnobodes Tanamedrove cxovrebis aCqarebuli ritmi,<br />
winaaRmdegobrioba, araTanabroba. am mxriv nodar dumbaZis<br />
Txzulebebidan gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa `maradisobis<br />
kanoni~.<br />
es rTuli ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mizandasaxulobis nawar-<br />
132 133
moebi, Txrobis xalisianobis, mimzidveli suraTovnebis da<br />
naperwkliani iumoris miuxedavad, mZafrad dramatizebulia.<br />
nodar dumbaZis prozaSi dramatizmma imTaviTve iCina Tavi.<br />
xalisiani iumoris ukan, romliTac gamoirCeva `me, bebia,<br />
iliko da ilarioni~, ukve moCanda personaJTa didi vnebebiT<br />
damuxtuloba, maTi xasiaTebis Sinagani dramatizeba. mwerlis<br />
yovel sityvaSi igrZnoba didi Sinagani daZabuloba. iseTi<br />
STabeWdileba grCeba, TiTqos avtori yovel frazaSi sakuTar<br />
guls debs. misi sicilic xSirad cremlnarevia, magram es cremli<br />
usaSvelo sevdis an mourCeneli tkivilis gamonaJuri ki ar<br />
aris, aramed gancdis maRali xarisxidan, misi araCveulebrivi<br />
eqspresiidan momdinareobs.<br />
nodar dumbaZis evolucia dramatizmisaken `me vxedav mzeTi~<br />
daiwyo. aseTi saxecvlileba ramdenadme sayovelTaoc ki aris:<br />
warsulis gamoCenil mwerlebs araerTxel aRuniSnavT, rom<br />
WeSmariti niWi aucileblad ganicdis evolucias lirizmidan<br />
_ dramatizmisaken, dramatizmidan _ tragizmisaken.<br />
mosazreba, viTomc nodar dumbaZem zurgi aqcia iumors da<br />
tragizmisaken ibruna piri, movlenaSi Cauxedavobis Sedegia.<br />
jer erTi, igi arasodes yofila `iumoristi mwerali~. mis mier<br />
xalxuri sawyisebiT gapirobebuli iumoris momarjveba arc<br />
iumoristul prozas niSnavs da arc seriozulisagan ganridebas.<br />
piriqiT, nodar dumbaZis iumori seriozulis, xSirad mZafrad<br />
dramatiulis gadmocemis xerxia. iumori arasodes yofila<br />
misTvis Janruli kategoria. igi misi originaluri stilis erTerTi<br />
Tvisebaa; arc is aris marTebuli, viTomc nodar dumbaZem<br />
`sicili miiviwya~. usagno sicili arasodes yofila misTvis<br />
TviTmizani. nodar dumbaZis `sicili~ Tavidanve ganuyofeli<br />
iyo seriozulisagan, iseve, rogorc seriozuli mis nawerebSi<br />
xSirad Tanaarsebobs iumorTan da komizmTan. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
swored es aris misi SemoqmedebiTi individualobis erTi niSan-<br />
Tviseba.<br />
es niSani `maradisobis kanonSic~ mkafiod gamomJRavnda, rac<br />
araa SemTxveviTi: iumors _ inteleqtis sabuTs, inteleqtis<br />
gvirgvins uwodeben, qarTvelTaTvis ki igi erovnuli xasiaTis<br />
moucilebeli Tvisebaa. amitomaa, rom saqarTveloSi yovel<br />
kuTxes Taviseburi iumori mosdgams. gansakuTrebiT fasobs igi<br />
nodar dumbaZis mSobliur kuTxeSi. esec friad sagulisxmoa:<br />
sxva xalxs rom imdeni ubedureba gadaetana, ramdenic<br />
saqarTvelom da, kerZod, guriam, egebis iq sulac daviwynodaT<br />
iumoric da sicilic. magram gautexelma qarTvelma xalxma<br />
imdeni istoriuli ubedurebac iwvnia, rom verc dramatizmsa<br />
da tragizms miiviwyebs. amitom aris, rom Cvens xalxur<br />
zepirsityvierebas orive es niSani mosdgams da ra gasakviria,<br />
iseTma mgrZnobiare da saTuTi sulis Semoqmedma, rogoric<br />
dumbaZea, sruliad SeigrZnos mSobliuri xalxis erovnuli<br />
stiqionis es Taviseburebani!<br />
mxatvrul literaturas adamianTmcodneobas uwodeben da<br />
asec aris. magram mwerlobis obieqtad marto adamianebi rodi<br />
xdebian. xSirad wina planze didi mniSvnelobis sazogadoebrivi<br />
movlenebi inacvleben da am garegnuli oromtrialis aRwerisas<br />
adamianis suli mwerlebs ganze rCebaT. nodar dumbaZis<br />
yuradRebis centrSi ki, rac ar unda mZafr sazogadoebriv<br />
problemas asaxavdes igi, yovelTvis adamiani dgas, misi<br />
pirovnuli TaviseburebebiT, fiqriT, gancdiT, qceviT, sxvebTan<br />
urTierTobiT, sazogadoebrivi roliT, moqalaqeobrivi<br />
raobiT. nodar dumbaZe, upirveles yovlisa, adamianis sulis<br />
mweralia, amaSia misi Tavisebureba, misi cincxali niWis Zala.<br />
mwerali dajildoebulia fsiqologiuri daxasiaTebis,<br />
gancdaTa aRweris, maTi niuansirebis iseTi unariT, rom<br />
yoveli misi nawarmoebi Tavis Janrul kuTvnilebasTan erTad<br />
fsiqologiuri romanis niSandobliobasac iZens. magram<br />
nodar dumbaZe arasodes ifargleba fsiqoanaliziT. mis<br />
nawarmoebebSi marto adamianis suli ki ar vlindeba, mTeli<br />
cxovreba moCans Tavisi av-kargiT, Tavisi tendenciebiT. esec<br />
sanaqebo TvisebaTagania mwerlisa: personaJTa fsiqologiuri<br />
daxasiaTebis moxerxebuli Serwyma cxovrebiseul movlenaTa<br />
panoramul CvenebebTan da orive am momentis gauTiSavi<br />
realisturi asaxva.<br />
`maradisobis kanoni~ mxatvruli amsaxvelobis am ori<br />
momentis SesaniSnavi Serwymis, maTi mtkice erTianobis nimuSia.<br />
es nawarmoebi uaRresad epoqiseuli, uaRresad Tanamedrove<br />
movlenaa. mas safuZvlad dRevandeli qarTuli sinamdvile<br />
udevs. romani ukanaskneli aTwleulis ambebs eZRvneba da im<br />
radikalur Zvrebsa da cvlilebebze mogviTxrobs, romelic<br />
Cvens sazogadoebriv yofaSi moxda. saqarTvelos kompartiis<br />
134 135
meTaurobiT wamowyebuli saerTo-saxalxo laSqroba<br />
respublikaSi moralur-fsiqologiuri klimatis gajansaRebis<br />
safuZvlad gadaiqca da uaRresad TvalsaCino nayofi mogvca.<br />
romani am movlenaTa Cvenebas isaxavs miznad.<br />
magram am romanSi nodar dumbaZe Tavisi Cveuli saxiT ver<br />
warmogvidgeboda, mas rom mxolod sazogadoebrivi movlenebis<br />
garegnuli abrisi gadmoeca da imas ar Sexeboda, rac misTvis,<br />
rogorc mwerlisaTvis, yovelTvis upirvelesi iyo _ adamianis<br />
suls. amitom romanis ZiriTadi mizandasaxuloba im zemoqmedebis<br />
CvenebaSi mdgomareobs, rac didma, WeSmaritad istori ulma<br />
movlenebma adamianTa Segnebasa da qcevaze moaxdina.<br />
amdenad es nawarmoebi Tanamedrove sabWoTa adamianis<br />
sulieri formirebis uaqtualures problemas eZRvneba da im<br />
axali niSan-Tvisebis warmoqmnis Cvenebas isaxavs miznad, rasac<br />
Secvlili garemo da aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi zemoqmedeba<br />
adamianis SegnebaSi iwvevs. magram es rTuli amocana avtorma<br />
gadawyvita ara viwro moralur-eTikur planSi, zneobriobis<br />
problemiT SemozRudvis gziT, aramed misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
mxatvruli principis daxmarebiT: Rrma fsiqologizmis<br />
SerwymiT sazogadoebrivi movlenebis farTo CvenebasTan.<br />
...romanis mTavar gmirs, baCana ramiSvils, infarqti daemar-<br />
Ta. igi Rrma buranSi imyofeba da rogorRac Soridan aRiqvams<br />
yovelives, rac mis irgvliv xdeba. sikvdil-sicocxlis brZolis<br />
es retroskopiuli `Cveneba~ erTbaSad qreba da mas sruliad<br />
moulodnelad enacvleba jer moxetiale artistebis mier<br />
ezo Si speqtaklis gamarTvis scena, Semdeg ki saSinel zmanebasaviT<br />
cocxldeba mZime gansacdeli, romelic qariSxaliviT ara -<br />
erT xel SemoWrila nodar dumbaZis romanebSi.<br />
amrigad, `maradisobis kanonSi~ Tavidanve mJRavndeba<br />
mwerlis Cveuli xerxi kontrastuli xatvisa, Sorsgamiznuli<br />
monacvleoba dramatiulisa da iumorulisa, komediurisa<br />
da tragediulisa, obieqturi realobisa da subieqturi<br />
realobisa.<br />
moqmedebis rkali, romelic romanis siuJetur CarCos<br />
qmnis, saavadmyofos palatis oTx kedels ara Sordeba, magram<br />
palataSi mwoliareTa da maT sanaxavad mosulTa CvenebiT<br />
mwerali moqmed pirTa mTel galereas qmnis. es galerea kidev<br />
ufro izrdeba baCanas mogonebaTa, sizmriseul xilvaTa da<br />
CvenebaTa wyalobiT. amgvari wiaRsvlebi avrcoben romanis<br />
farglebsac, mis droul CarCoebsac, moqmed pirTa raodenobasac<br />
da samoqmedo asparezsac.<br />
nodar dumbaZis ostatoba, upirveles yovlisa, mJRavndeba<br />
personaJTa iseTi damajereblobiT, bunebriobiT da simarTliT<br />
gamoZerwvaSi, rom misi moqmedi pirebi cocxlebiviT dgebian<br />
mkiTxvelis Tvalwin. swored aseTia romanis mTavari gmiri<br />
mwerali baCana ramiSvili. igi upiratesad e.w. `rikoSetuli~<br />
xerxiTaa daxasiaTebuli, roca misi pirovnebis raobas an sxva Ta<br />
sityviT vigebT, anda TviT misi damokidebulebiT sxvebisadmi.<br />
gmiris warmoCenis aseTi rTuli gza imgvar personaJebsac<br />
moiTxovs, romelnic Taviseburi sarkis rols iTamaSeben<br />
da mTavari gmiris saxes gagvixsnian. romanSi aseTebad warmogvidgebian<br />
erT-erTi Tbilisuri eklesiis moZRvari mama<br />
iorami da vakeli xelosani _ mejRane bulika. samive es adamiani<br />
sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze imyofeba, samives infarqti aqvs<br />
da aravin uwyis, romeli maTgani gadarCeba, romeli _ ara.<br />
mZime gansacdeli avtorma ganzrax mouvlina Tavis<br />
moqmed pirebs: man icis, rom amgvar pirobebSi usaTuod<br />
gamoCndeba adamianebis `namdvili~ saxe. Tavze damdgarma<br />
sikvdilma ar SeiZleba gulwrfeli ar gagxados, is niRabi<br />
ar Camogaxsnevinos, romelic, SesaZloa Senda uneburad<br />
(SesaZloa SenTvis SeumCnevladac), mTeli sicocxle saxeze<br />
gaqvs afarebuli. Cveni brZeni winaprebisa ar iyos, kacuri kaci<br />
mxolod isaa, visac sikvdilisTvis TvalebSi Cauxedavs, xolo<br />
brZenze brZeni isaa, visac sikvdilze gaumarjvnia, avtorma<br />
isic icis, rom `maradisobis kanonis~ mTavari sameulis ori<br />
wevri, mRvdeli da mejRane (idealisti da Tanamedrove meSCani)<br />
SesaZloa, ver amaRldnen verc WeSmarit gmirobamde da verc<br />
WeSmarit sibrZnemde, magram usaTuod gamodgebian im lakmusis<br />
qaRaldad, romelic baCana ramiSvilis bunebas gamoamJRavnebs<br />
da `sikvdils gacnobili~ adamianis sibrZneSi Cagaxedebs.<br />
ratom airCia mweralma baCanas xasiaTis gamosavlineblad<br />
iseTi `katalizatorebi~, rogoricaa patara inteleqtis<br />
mqone xelosani-mejRane da friad ganaTlebuli, Tanamedrove<br />
sinamdvileSi kargad garkveuli idealisti? raxan avtori<br />
`maradisobis kanonis~ gamoyvanisaken iswrafvis, igi mxolod<br />
dRevandeli rwmeniT, mxolod Tanamedrove msoflmxedvelobiT<br />
136 137
ver Semoifargleboda. `maradisobis kanoni~ moiTxovs ukan<br />
mixedvasac, warsulis kanonTa gaTvaliswinebasac. qristianuli<br />
religia ki swored isaa, rac im `Zveli kanonebis~ gagebis<br />
gasaRebs iZleva. mRvdeli mas sWirdeba imisaTvisac, rom<br />
naTelhyos adamianuri arsobis religiur-asketuri gageba,<br />
raTa naTelhyos dogmatur cnebaTa dromoWmuloba, maTi<br />
anaqronizmi, reaqciuloba.<br />
magram yovelive mowinaves, progresuls aucileblad upirispirdeba<br />
meSCanuri gulcivoba da obivateluri instinqtebi,<br />
rogorc Zvelis gadanaSTebi, rogorc momxmarebluri, kerZomesakuTruli<br />
Sigabunebis gamovlineba. amitomac Semohyavs<br />
avtors baCanas palataSi rigi adamianebisa, vinc am mavne<br />
instinqtebisa da tendenciebis ganmasaxierebelni arian. ise, rom<br />
baCanas palataSi ori mtruli banakis war momadgenelni iyrian<br />
Tavs: erT banakSi arian isini, vinc Cven ma Tanamedroveobam maTi<br />
xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli niSnis mixed viT `antipodebad~ monaTla<br />
da isinic, vinc Tavisi inertulobiT Tu mavne neitralizmiT<br />
maT Cum xelSemwyobad gvevlineba.<br />
am banakSi sxva, ufro saSiSi siavis adamianebic imyofebian:<br />
gangsteruli bunebis nugzar daraxveliZe, avtonomiuri<br />
respublikis Tambaqos damzadebis ufrosi, milionobiT maneTs<br />
rom ijibavs da erTaderT RmerTad fuli rom gauxdia. mwerali<br />
metyveli StrixebiT gvixatavs am gaTamamebul Saragzis yaCaRs,<br />
Rrmad gvaxedebs mis bilw sulSi. aseTive didi `masStabis~<br />
borotmoqmedi, magram kidev ufro veragi da gaiZveraa sandro<br />
maRlaferiZe, bewveulis kombinatis mmarTveli, SemdegSi erTerTi<br />
restornis direqtori. igi iseve, rogorc daraxveliZe,<br />
saSiSia Tavisi ulmoblobiT, Tavze xelaRebuli siTamamiT, saziano<br />
energiiT da usazRvro sulmdablobiT. aseTive yalibi saa<br />
gaiZvera nadiakvnari, abel arjevaniZe, piradi gamorCenisaTvis<br />
qarTveli xalxis istoriul ZvirfaseulobaTa xelyofasac<br />
rom ar erideba. maT arc nina sanebliZisTana mandilosnebi CamorCebian.<br />
aseTi mokekluco qalebis moxerxebuloba, wag lejgaZarcvis<br />
Tu `saqmis Cawyobis~ unari yovelgvar dabrkolebebs<br />
laxavs. es adamianebi maT mier motanili sazogadoebrivi zianiT<br />
odnavadac ar CamorCebian tyeSi gavardnil yaCaRs, manuCara<br />
kikvaZes, saocrad keTili adamianisa da spetaki pirovnebis _<br />
glaxuna qerqaZis sicocxles rom Seiwiravs.<br />
mwerali ara marto daundoblad aSiSvlebs borot arsebebs,<br />
aramed cocxlad, STambeWdavad gviCvenebs im dadebiT gmirebsac,<br />
romelnic borotebas win aRudgebian da siaves amarcxeben.<br />
aseTia pirvel rigSi TviT baCana ramiSvili da ara marto imitom,<br />
rom igi fizikurad spobs yaCaR manuCars, ebrZvis daraxveli Zes,<br />
saaSkaraoze gamohyavs maRlaferiZe, aramed imitom, rom yove li<br />
misi zraxva Tu ocneba, swrafva Tu saqme zneobrivi siwmindis,<br />
amaRlebuli idealebis da moqalaqeob rivi aqtivobis nimuSia.<br />
dadebiTi gmiris cocxlad warmosaxva gacilebiT ufro<br />
Znelia uaryofiTze. `maradisobis kanonis~ erTi yvelaze didi<br />
miRweva is aris, rom masSi metyvelad arian naCvenebi aqtiuri,<br />
qmediTi, dadebiTi sawyisis ganmasaxiereblebi. ara stiqiuri,<br />
ara ganyenebuli zneobriobis mqadagebelni, ara nacnobi sqemiT<br />
Seqmnili rezonerebi da plakatebad qceuli manekenebi, aramed<br />
xorcSesxmuli, cocxali adamianebi Tanamedrove gagebiT,<br />
Tanamedrove idealebiT.<br />
baCana ramiSvilis saxis STambeWdaoba, misi sruli aRqmadoba<br />
gapirobebulia imiTac, rom mwerali uaRresad ekonomiurad,<br />
magram metad saxeobrivad warmogvidgens mTel mis cxovrebas.<br />
ara litoni TxrobiT, aramed yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
cxovrebiseuli epizodebis saocrad eqspresiuli xatviT,<br />
moqmedebis CvenebiT, adamianebis metyvel garemoSi moqceviT.<br />
romanSi baCana ramiSvili marto ar aris da arc marto<br />
ebrZvis avi sulis adamianebs. misi kacuri kacoba jer kidev<br />
babua lomkacam da mamobilma glaxunam Seayenes mkvidr niadagze.<br />
Semdeg misi maRali kacoba Tanasoflelma glexebma zardes,<br />
mere Tbiliseli biWebis megobruli wabiZgeba waexmara, xolo<br />
Semdeg cxovrebis gzaze Semoyrilma uamravma keTilma adamianma<br />
ganumtkica rwmena sikeTis gamarjvebaSi, adamianuri siTbos<br />
sargeblianobaSi, megobrobis ZalaSi. bolos ki isev wminda<br />
siyvarulma daagvirgvina misi kacur-kacad Camoyalibeba.<br />
siavesTan principul, Segnebul brZolaSi xdeba baCanas<br />
xasiaTis formireba da swored es aris yvelaze didi Tamasuqi<br />
misi sulieri simyarisa da maRali zneobriobisa. mxolod aseT<br />
adamians SeiZleba ainteresebdes zneobriobis umaRlesi kanoni,<br />
mxolod aseT adamians SeuZlia eZios da gamoiyvanos aseTi<br />
`kanoni~ da baCana ramiSvili `aRmoaCens~ kidec mas. mwerlis<br />
mier maradisobis kanonad monaTluli kredo warmoadgens<br />
138 139
maRa li humanizmis, WeSmariti kacTmoyvareobis, urTierTxelSewyobis<br />
keTilSobilur moTxovnas, adamianTa qcevis<br />
umTavres wesad misi dakanonebis qadagebas.<br />
`maradisobis kanons~ uzarmazari simboluroba mosdgams:<br />
martosuli adamiani ver gaimarjvebs, mas xelis SeSveleba,<br />
daxmareba sWirdeba. es ki mxolod siyvaruls ZaluZs. amitom<br />
siyvaruli kacTa Soris _ erTaderTi xsnaa kacobriobisa. ai,<br />
amas qadagebs baCana ramiSvilis piriT nodar dumbaZe da amiT<br />
kvlav agrZelebs Tavisi Semoqmedebis ZiriTad xazs.<br />
yovelive amasTan erTad `maradisobis kanoni~ ar aris<br />
Caketili moralur-eTikuris viwro rkalSi. igi mebrZoli<br />
Txzulebaa, aRsavse mZafri kriticizmiT, cxare polemikiT,<br />
uaryofiTis mxilebiT, naklovanebaTa gakicxviT, yovelive<br />
dromoWmulisa da uvargisis uaryofiT.<br />
magram, amasTan erTad, igi aRsavsea umtkicesi rwmeniT da<br />
Za lu mi siyvaruliT. rwmeniT adamianebis Zalasa da keTil-<br />
SobilebaSi, siyvaruliT _ keTili nebis adamianebisadmi.<br />
nodar dumbaZiseuli daubindavi optimizmi, misi mCqefare<br />
siyvaruli sicocxlisa, misi vnebiani temperamenti, mwerlis<br />
yovel nawarmoebs rom axasiaTebs da sinaTliT, sixaruliT<br />
avsebs, am TxzulebaSic araCveulebrivi ZaliT igrZnoba,<br />
moqmedi pirebis erovnuloba, Txzulebis saocrad momxiblavi<br />
nacionaluri koloriti, iSviaTi sizustiTa da plastikurobiT<br />
gamorCeuli detalebi, `maradisobis kanons~ mxatvrulobis<br />
Cinebul nimuSad xdis.<br />
magram nodar dumbaZem ara marto aago es didi da mwyazari<br />
Senoba, aramed masSi didi da naTeli sulis adamianebic Caasaxla,<br />
romelTa gareSec Txzuleba ukacriel saxls daemgvaneboda.<br />
es adamianebi ver eguebian veraviTar umsgavsobas da mTeli<br />
Tavisi rwmeniT, unariT, gulis cecxliT ibrZvian Cveni maRali<br />
idealebisaTvis da, maSasadame, mTeli kacobriobis bednieri<br />
momavlisaTvis.<br />
yoveli erovnuli mwerloba, Tavisi ganviTarebis axal<br />
mosaqcevze, axal etapze sakuTari wiaRidan warmoSobs<br />
literaturuli procesis `gamTanadroveblebs~, romelTac<br />
mSobliuri xalxis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba Tanamedroveobis<br />
moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi mohyavT da epoqisaTvis niSandoblivi<br />
moTxovnebis yvelaze srulsa da metyvel mxatvrul<br />
xorcSesxmas axerxeben. literaturis gamTanadrovebelni<br />
mowodebulni arian Rrmad Caswvdnen yoveli axali etapis arssa<br />
da raobas, Rrmad asaxon ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi tendenciebi,<br />
sworad migvaniSnon maTi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze.<br />
qarTul mwerlobas, misda sabednierod, bevri hyavda<br />
aseTi gamTanadrovebeli. isini gulTmisnurad grZnobdnen<br />
yovelive axals, unarianad ubamdnen mxars epoqis moTxovnebs,<br />
droulad exmaurebodnen droSi Zaxils. maTi wyalobiT<br />
qarTuli literatura istoriis yovel axal Semosabrunze<br />
xalxis damkvalianeblad gamodioda. Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />
mwerlobis erTi aseTi didad saxelovani gamTanamedrovebeli<br />
nodar dumbaZea da misi `maradisobis kanoni~ amis Cinebuli<br />
dadasturebaa.<br />
140 141<br />
1980 w.
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