daviT guramiSvili

adrian marino 

komparativizmi da literaturis 

Teoria 

1

Adrian Marino 

Comparatisme et théorie de 

la littérature 

Traduit du français par 

Rusudan Turnava et Nino Gagochachvili 

2 

Presses Universitaires de France – PUF

adrian marino 

komparativizmi da literaturis Teoria 

frangulidan Targmnes 

rusudan Turnavam da nino gagoSaSvilma 

3

UDC (uak) 82.0 

m-316 

Ouvrage réalisé dans le cadre du Plan d’Aide à la Publication Mérab 

Mamardachvili avec le soutien du Ministère Français des Affaires 

Etrangères, de l’Ambassade de France en Géorgie et du Centre culturel 

français Alexandre Dumas de Tbilissi. 

wigni gamoica safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros, 

saqarTveloSi safrangeTis saelCosa da Tbilisis 

aleqsandre diumas saxelobis franguli kulturis centris 

xelSewyobiT, merab mamardaSvilis saxelobis sagamomcemlo 

programis farglebSi. 

adrian marino 


pirveli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2010 

redaqtorebi: 

irma ratiani, gaga lomiZe 

mTargmnelebi: 

rusudan Turnava, nino gagoSaSvili 

stilisti: miranda tyeSelaSvili 

ydis dizaini: solomon tabucaZe 

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: TinaTin duglaZe 

© literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010 

tiraJi: 500 egzemplari 

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti 

kostavas 5, 0108 Tbilisi 

http://www.iltinstituti.ge 

ISBN 978-9941-0-2633-1 

Adrian Marino 

Comparatisme et théorie de la littérature 

Translated by Rusudan Turnava and Nino Gagoshashvili 

© Presses Universitaires de France – PUF 

First Georgian Edition 

4

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba (literaturuli komparativizmi) 

ganixileboda da axlac farTod aris gamoyenebuli, 

rogorc istoriuli da istoriis Semqmneli disciplina, 

romelsac upiratesad pozitivisturi orientacia aqvs. 

erTi sityviT, saqme exeba saerTaSoriso literaturuli ur- 

TierTobebis istorias (gavlena, moaruli Temebi, moaruli 

tipebi da a.S.), literaturis tradiciuli istoriis met-naklebad 

`kosmopolitur~ dargs. Cven ar uarvyofT amgvari 

kvlevebiT mopovebuli dokumenturi masalis mniSvnelobas. 

miuxedavad amisa, unda SevTanxmdeT, rom es mimarTuleba ve- 

Rar akmayofilebs moTxovnebs. 

SegviZlia Tu ara warmovidginoT literaturuli komparativizmis 

sruli ganaxleba ise, rom man mxari gausworos 

Tanamedroveobas da mis axal moTxovnebs? SeiZleba Tu ara 

SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas mivceT mkacrad gansaz- 

Rvruli specifikuri sagani, Sesaferisi meTodi, romelic am 

miznidan gamomdinareobs da ar imeorebs romelime modur me- 

Tods? am kiTxvebs dadebiTad vpasuxobT, risTvisac unda Sesruldes 

ori piroba: 1) literaturuli komparativizmi gamoviyvanoT 

istoriuli sanaxebidan da misi monapovari (romelic 

mniSvnelovan dokumentur masalas warmoadgens) gardavqmnaT 

Teoriuli xasiaTis, maSasadame, ganmazogadebel amdenive 

wyarod da aTvlis wertilad, komparativizmi SemovabrunoT 

literaturis Teoriisaken; 2) SevqmnaT mTlad axali, 

zedmiwevniT komparativistuli suliskveTebisa da orientaciis 

meTodi, romelic mofiqrebuli iqneba am Teoriuli miznis 

Sesabamisad. `komparativizmisa da literaturis Teoriis~ avtors 

es ori mizani aqvs danaxuli. 

5


adrian marino 

naSromi gamoqveynda lantris 

erovnuli centris daxmarebiT 

6

winasityvaoba 

winamdebare ese literaturuli komparativizmis ganaxlebis 

organizebuli mcdelobis meore ciklia. is agrZelebs 

Cems naSroms ètiambli anu mebrZoli komparativizmi~ (parizi, 

galimari, èseebi~ CCXX, 1982). am disciplinis mier gaTelili 

Zveli, pozitivisturi, àkademiuri~ gzebis mitoveba, 

misi Semobruneba `Teoriuli~ da amasTanave `mebrZoli~ mimar- 

TulebiT literaturis Teoriisaken, gardaqmnisa da gaTanamedrovebis 

ormagi ZalisxmeviT literaturuli komparativizmis 

pirdapir CarTva Cveni epoqis ideologiur sinamdvileSi – 

aseTia Cveni Taosnobis piroba. SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

aRar iqneba literaturis istoriis an saerTaSoriso 

literaturul urTierTobaTa erTi ubralo Tavi; amjerad 

man SeiZina zusti, avtonomiuri sagani da sakuTari 

meTodi. 

Cven ganvizraxeT SevqmnaT literaturis Teoria, romlis 

mizani da saSualebebi iqneba sagangebod da savsebiT `komparativistuli~. 

Cveni Canafiqri, erTi sityviT, aseTia: SevTavazoT 

axali midgoma literaturisa da `literaturulobisadmi~, 

romelic ar gaimeorebs arc erT Tanamedrove meTods. 

perspeqtivisa da meTodologiis amgvari cvlileba, vfiqrobT, 

ufro metad Seesabameba, erTi mxriv, literaturis universalurobas 

da im Teoriul Sexedulebebs, romelsac is 

gvkarnaxobs; meore mxriv, esadageba dargis avtonomiurobas. 

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, da, albaT, swored amaSi mdgomareobs 

Cveni wamowyebis erT-erTi “siaxle”, komparativizmis 

ganaxleba Cafiqrebulia TviT komparativistuli tradiciis 

wiaRSi, misi `wyaroebis~ xelaxali wakiTxviT da misi ramdenime 

ZiriTadi hipoTezis safuZvelze, romlebic TviTon arian 

hermenevtikulad gansazRvruli am tradiciis SigniT. yvela 

komparativistuli adrindeli Tvalsazrisis xelaxla mopoveba, 

ganviTareba da gamTlianeba, Sesabamisad, axali sinTezis 

saxiT, iqneba isini fragmentuli Tu SemTxveviTi – ai, ris 

gakeTeba gvindoda. Cveni samuSao hipoTeza – es aris literaturis 

komparativistuli TeoriisTvis sakuTari sferos 

gansazRvra. axali komparativizmisTvis saukeTeso Sansia, saxe 

Seucvalos amosaval wertils, gamovides sxva principebidan, 

imoqmedos sxva meTodebiT; azrovneba mimarTos `Teoriulisa~ 

da `zogadisaken~, ganimsWvalos am moTxovnilebebiT da gamovides 

farTo asparezze. es ar niSnavs `saboloo~ gadawyvetilebebis 

miRebas, radgan Cven sistematurad unda SeviswavloT 

is pirobebi da perspeqtivebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac SeiZ- 

7

leba marTlac Seiqmnas `Teoria~ da Tundac `komparativistuli 

poetika~ (ratomac ara?) mokled, es unda iyos Tavidan 

bolomde xelaxla gaazrebuli da xelmeored gansazRvruli 

komparativizmis Teoriis da meTodis patara fsevdodiskursi. 

Cveni, aRmosavluri kritika (ufro zustad, ruminuli), 

`marginalur~ mdgomareobaSia. miuxedavad didi naklovanebisa 

(razedac ar vamaxvilebT yuradRebas), mas aqvs Tavisi upiratesobac, 

rac sakmaod mniSvnelovania. pirvel rigSi, Cven Sev- 

ZeliT damoukideblobis SenarCuneba sxvadasxva inteleqtualur 

manerasTan da yvela `modur~ meTodTan mimarTebiT 

(romlebic, sxvaTa Soris, ukve avlenen sisustis niSnebs); Cven 

maT vafasebdiT Soridan, viCendiT aucilebel TavdaWerilobas. 

meore mxriv, ramdenadac is ar ekuTvnis gaqvavebul da 

myarad dafuZnebul komparativistul tradicias (aseTia dasavleTis 

mdgomareoba, sadac Trgunaven mraval iniciativas), 

aRmosavleTis kritikas ufro advilad SeuZlia ganaxorcielos 

tabula rasa, daiwyos nulidan da aaSenos sakuTari Senoba 

zedmeti kompleqsebisa da SiSis gareSe. mesame mxriv, imave 

adgilobrivi ùkmarisobis“ gamo (dogmadqceuli sauniversiteto 

da literaturuli kritikis Teoriuli tradiciis 

ararseboba, Sors yofna dedaqalaqebidan, sadac gamefebulia 

eTnocentrizmi, evrocentrizmi) am kritikas SeuZlia gaixsnas 

ufro Tavisuflad da ufro farTod, rodesac is namdvilad 

ixsneba literaturisa da literaturis Teoriis globaluri 

xedvisaTvis. igi Tavis simdidres iRebs iq, sadac poulobs, 

myarad ikidebs fexs universalur ganzomilebaSi, sakuTar 

universalur garemoSi. es imas niSnavs, rom is zogjer ufro 

advilad gamodis sinTezis iniciativiT, iqamde midis axali 

safuZvlebiT da ùfro maRali~ TvalsazrisiT. ase rom, 

`patara literaturebs~ iwveven literaturis Teoriis sagnisa 

da meTodis gansazRvrisadmi miZRvnil did paeqrobaSi 

monawileobis misaRebad. maTi inteleqtualuri xvedri ar 

aris mudmivad da Zalauneburad imis gameoreba, rac `didma 

literaturebma~ ukve `Tqves~, aramed zogjer maT ekisrebaT 

iseTi iniciativis gamoCena, Tundac didi riskis da safrTxis 

fasad, romelic CaerTveba WeSmaritad zogad Teoriul proeqtSi. 

sxvaTa Soris, SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobisadmi 

interesi xSirad ufro gamoxatulia aRmosavleTis qveyneb- 

Si, vidre did dasavleTevropul literaturebSi, sadac pozitivistur-istoriuli 

pozicia amowuruli Cans, axali meTodebis 

CarTvam ki jer kidev ver gaaZliera es literaturebi. 

Cveni ese mTavrdeba SeniSvnebis mdidari maragiT, romelic 

ormagi daniSnulebisaa: 1) TiToeuli problemis sistemu- 

8

i dosies SemoTavazeba, sakiTxis mdgomareobis dokumenturi 

Cveneba, rasac `damowmebis~ xasiaTi aqvs. Cveni azriT, es aris 

komparativistuli Teoriebisa da meTodologiebis yvelaze 

metad srulyofili sacnobaro aparati, rogoric ki xelmisawvdomia 

amJamad frangul enaze. 2) amave dros naSromis 

dokumenturi infrastruqturis Camoyalibeba, mudmivi mimoqceva 

Cvens wyaroebs, hipoTezebsa da pirovnul mosazrebebs Soris, 

hermenevtikis gziT. 

Cveni `bibliografia~ gamdidrda, gansakuTrebiT germanuli 

nawili, profesor gerhard r. kaizeris (giseni) stumarTmoyvareobis 

wyalobiT. Cven SevZeliT aseve sainformacio sta- 

Jirebis gavla miunxenSi. maSasadame, Cven ormagad varT davalebuli 

da Cveni madliereba gaormagebulia. 

did madlobas vuxdiT da madlierebas gamovxatavT, aseve, 

qalbaton irina mavrodinisa da baton pier rivas mimarT, 

romlebmac inebes da gaaswores Cveni naSromis franguli 

enobrivi stili, agreTve qalbaton dorina radus, romelmac 

itvirTa am teqstis dasabeWdad momzadeba. bolos mivesalmebiT 

baton pier oster susuevs da beatris didies, romlebic 

ar Semoifarglnen mxolod interesiT da meti yuradReba 

gamoiCines Cvens mimarT. 

a.m. 

kluJnapoka, 4 Tebervali, 1983. 

9

I 

komparativistuli poetika 

literaturuli komparativizmis safuZvliani aRdgena moiTxovs 

ara marto axal, aSkarad mebrZol orientacias, aramed agreTve 

Zireul gardaqmnas Teoriis da `poetikis~ ganxriT. es operacia 

gulisxmobs Tanamedrove komparativizmis Teoriuli da me- 

Todologiuri aparatis gadamwyvet reformas, iseve rogorc misi 

`gaaxalgazrdavebis~ Sesaxeb yvela Tvalsazrisis mkacr kritikas. 

Cveni Taosnoba awydeba mraval winaaRmdegobas, romelTagan, 

albaT, umniSvnelovanesia gavrcelebul formulirebaTa dogmaturi, 

Seuvali, winaswar gansazRvruli xasiaTi. roca amboben: 

`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba aris~ an àr aris~, SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneoba (miuxedavad sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebisa) 

`rCeba~ an ùnda darCes~ iseTad, rogorc es iyo gansazRvruli 

aqamde; is ùnda iyos~ esa Tu is, arsebobs mxolod 

erTi `swori komparativistuli perspeqtiva~ da aqedan gamomdinare, 

òrTodoqsuli mimarTulebidan gadaxvevebi...~ da a.S. 1 , maSin 

gvaqvs ufleba vikiTxoT: romeli avtoritetis doqtriniT (an 

sxva ramiT) damtkicda es gancxadebebi? romeli principebi da 

argumentebia gadamwyveti? ramdenad kanonieria Teoriulad amgvari 

dogmaturi komparativizmi? SeiZleba daisvas sxva Seki- 

Txvebic. sakuTari Sexedulebebis gasamarTleblad iSvelieben 

agreTve praqtikas, tradicias, pragmatizms. 2 es faqtobrivi 

mdgomareoba, romelic momdinareobs tradiciidan (magram aseve 

ganpirobebulia inerciiT, CveulebiT, rom araferi vTqvaT inteleqtualur 

sizarmaceze), aseve sakamaToa. aqedan gamomdinare 

ibadeba kiTxva: vin gadawyvita erTxel da samudamod, rom komparativizmi 

àris...“? gana arsebobs SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

gaqvavebuli, ne varietur gansazRvreba? sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi 

TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom SeiZleba gavakritikoT yvela 

dogmaturi, bundovani an usafuZvlo gansazRvreba, rogoric 

ar aklia SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas. aba, vin `daamkvidra~ 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis sagani da meTodi? da 

Tu es koncefcia, ise rogorc literaturuli kvlevis sxva samu- 

Sao koncefciebi, mxolod terminologiuri pirobiTobaa, berketia, 

SeTanxmebuli, istoriulad daTariRebuli formulaa da Tu 

is viTardeba istoriis Sesabamisad, maSin xom SeiZleba misi gadafaseba, 

sxva gadawyvetilebebis SemoTavazeba? aseTia yvela 

komparativistis postulati, vinc eTanxmeba rene ueleks, etiambls 

da sxvebs, 3 romelTa xma ufro metad ismis kvlav. Cveni 

Taosnobac, agreTve, am `reformistul~ perspeqtivaSi Caewereba. 

10

1. Tandayolili krizisi 

meore sakiTxi: SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis Tandayolili 

`krizisi~, romelic ZiriTadad momdinareobs misi 

memkvidreobiTi dogmatizmidan, ar uwyobs xels saqmis mogvarebas. 

gvaxsovs rene uelekis pozicia (1958) (àr aris gamokveTili 

sagani da specifikuri meTodologia~) 4 an etiamblis – 

(1963). `....aris raRac, rac moikoWlebs Cvens disciplinaSi~. 

`Tavisi gaubedavi meTodiTa da gaurkveveli miznebiT. 5 SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneoba, mokled rom vTqvaT, mudam 

gzaabneulis mdgomareobaSia. Tu sauniversiteto komparativizmi 

ase Tu ise avlens garkveul (magram Zalian formalur) 

Tanmimdevrulobas, kritikosebi periodulad xazgasmiT miuTi- 

Teben `misi sagnis uwonadobasa da orazrovnebaze~, rom is 

`danawevrebulia~ da mudam `gzajvaredinze~ imyofeba da a.S. 6 

sxvebi ar eTanxmebian, aSkarad da arc Tu umizezod, SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneobis, rogorc disciplinis, àvtonomiurobas~, 

specifikuri meTodis uqonlobas. 7 bolos, yvelafer 

amas davumatoT `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

saerTaSoriso asociaciis (A.I.L.C.) 8 yrilobebi~, rac sityvasityviT 

aRniSna erTma saqmeSi Caxedulma damkvirvebelma. 

TviT `komparativizmi~ da `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~ 

mTlad `krizisulia~ mxolod im faqtis gamo, rom... 

`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba ar aris literaturuli 

Sedareba~, 9 rac savsebiT marTalia. Tu Sedareba universaluri 

meTodia, Zalian didi xnis win cnobili, yvela mecnieris- 

Tvis saerTo da a.S. (amas davubrundebiT), marTlac, ra safuZvelze 

unda ganvsazRvroT da movnaTloT àxali~ disciplina 

aseTi Zveli terminiT, aseTi gacveTili, ase naklebad 

specifikuri terminiT? amitomac iqneb sjobs, Cven TviTon 

vTqvaT uari masze, gamovricxoT `komparativizmidan~? es did 

uxerxulobas qmnis: sityva unda mivaweboT sagans Tu piriqiT? 

da mere rogor? òrazrovani saxelwodebaa, TiTqmis gaumar- 

Tlebeli, aSkarad~. am disciplinas àrasworad daarqves saxeli~, 

ès unda vaRiaroT~. 10 Tundac ase iyos. arc Tu ìdealuri~ 

etiketia? ra Tqma unda. magram riT SevcvaloT is? 

samwuxarod, ukve Zalian gviania misi Secvla. amis dadastureba 

gulsatkenia, magram savsebiT gasagebi. 11 ar ikmarebs ase- 

Ti ironiuli SekiTxva: rogoria `Sedarebis~ wili SedarebiT 

literaturaTmcodneobaSi 12 (magram ironia aq savsebiT gamar- 

Tlebulia)? unda vipovoT ufro ukeTesi termini an axali 

SinaarsiT, Tavidan SemuSavebuli, ufro akuratuli da zusti 

mniSvnelobiT davtvirToT Zveli saxelgatexili, magram gav- 

11

celebuli termini. es aris semantikuri operacia, romelic 

Zalian dagvexmareba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. 

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ra gasakviria, rom `komparativizmis~ 

TviT gansazRvrebac ki isev rCeba Zalian arazusti, 

13 ganwiruli uTavbolo dasawyisisTvis, gatyavebuli absolutur 

da metadre Zalian xelsayrel gawevgamowevaSi? es 

gansazRvreba uaxlovdeba unapiro ekleqtizms an meryeobs 

uSeRavaTo winaaRmdegobasa da brZnul skepticizms Soris. 

amis Sedegad, termini iqneboda ùsagno~. ar arsebobs `sakuTriv 

disciplina~. 14 sabolood, Zalian moqnili gansazRvrebis 

Semdeg, romelic cdilobs yvela daakmayofilos, aseT sifrTxiles 

iCenen: `TiToeul mkvlevars isRa darCenia, CamoaSoros 

am gansazRvrebas is, rac zedmetad eCveneba da amgvarad 

miiRos Sesaferisi forma~. 15 rogorc Cans, ironia yvelas ar 

moswons, radgan sxva komparativistebi, aseve akademiurebi, 

acxadeben, rom miuxedavad yovelgvari SesaZlo CamoWrisa da 

Sesworebisa SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba upirobod 

rCeba `kiTxvebisa da problemebis gaurkvevel Rrublad~. 16 

u.CerCilis maxvilgonivruli gamoTqmisa ar iyos, es aris 

ìdumalebiT moculi gamocana~. miuxedavad amisa, sityvebisa 

da azrTa TamaSis miRma mTavari kiTxva dasmuli rCeba: Tu 

`sityva~ ganicdis endemur `kriziss~ da Tu arc erTi gansaz- 

Rvreba ar aris misaRebi, 17 vin gviSlis xels, rom sityvasac 

da sagansac axali gansazRvreba movuZebnoT: e.i. komparativistuli 

problematika axleburad ganvsazRvroT? Tu termini 

pirobiTia, ratom ar unda CavanacvloT igi sxva pirobiTi, 

magram ufro adekvaturi da Tanamedrove terminiT? ase rom, 

aRar unda viaroT Zveli, gaTelili gziT. 

2. gadasalaxavi dabrkoleba 

amisTvis unda gadavlaxoT, sul cota, oTxi dabrkoleba: 

a) literaturuli komparativizmi ganisazRvreba, rogorc 

`literaturis Seswavla saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT~, 

rac warmoadgens farTod gaziarebul koncefcias 18 da ar 

qmnis problemas, magram am principis interpretacia dasabuTebas 

moiTxovs. vfiqrobT, sadavo ar aris, rom amgvari Seswavla 

Semoifargleba cnobili `gavlenebiT~, ùrTierTgacvliT~, 

`kavSirebiT~ da a.S. yvelaferi es sinamdviles Seefereba, amas 

aravin uaryofs, magram miuRebelia am tipis gamokvlevebis- 

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli wmindad istoriuli da martivi midgoma. 

faqtobrivad, mas komparativizmi dahyavs mxolod `saerTa- 

12

Soriso literaturul urTierTobaTa istoriamde~. 19 es aris 

arsebiTad kanonieri sfero, Tumca is zRudavs SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas, 

dahyavs is `literaturis istoriis 

martiv da daqvemdebarebul dargamde~. am SemTxvevaSi germanuli 

gamoTqma Vergleichende Literaturgeschichte (SedarebiTi literaturis 

istoria) (da misi ekvivalentebi) SeiZleba ufro zusti 

iyos. gadaWarbeba iqneboda Tu am dromoWmul SezRudvas, rogorc 

gansakuTrebul Tvisebas, mivawerdiT `frangul skolas~ 

(gavrcelebuli saxelwodebis mixedviT), radgan aseTi Sez- 

Rudva Zalian xSiria da TiTqmis yvelgan gvxvdeba. 20 am gamokvlevaSi 

istoriul tradicias didi adgili uWiravs. SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneoba Tavidanve gaazrebulia, rogorc 

istoriuli disciplina; es koncefcia jer kidev sicocxlisunariania 

Tanamedrove komparativizmis sxvadasxva did seqtorSi. 

SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom is kvlav gabatonebulia 

tradiciul komparativizmSi, ramdenadac am koncefcias emxroba 

`yvela istoriulad moazrovne mkvlevari~ (all historically 

minded individuals) .21¹ literaturuli istoria, romlis sagani Zalian 

gafarTovda, mainc rCeba literaturul istoriad (sagani, 

meqanizmi, meTodi). maSasadame, yvela, visac h.r. iausis 

msgavsad, komparativizmi warmoudgenia istoriuli `paradigmis~ 

(Historismus) 22 ilustraciad, savsebiT marTalia. “Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturaTmcodneoba~, romelic aRiarebulia `disciplinad~ 

anu ìstoriuli xasiaTis mecnierebad~, aseTi gansaz- 

Rvrebis Sesabamisad Tavs uyris saerTaSoriso kolokviumebs, 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis saerTaSoriso asociaciis 

(A.I.L.C.) yrilobebs da a.S. amiT ar gvinda literaturuli 

istoriis mniSvnelobis sakamaTod gadaqceva an misi ugulvebelyofa, 

magram imisaTvis, rom ar akeTebdes usasrulod 

sxvis saqmes da ar darCes mudmivad `damatebis~, `damxmares~ 

mdgomareobaSi da a.S., komparativizmma unda scados `paradigmis~ 

Secvla. man unda ipovos sxva gza, itvirTos pasuxismgebloba 

da imavdroulad, daZlios tradiciuli istoria. Tuki 

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaves literaturuli istoria (genetikuri, 

movlenebze damyarebuli da a.S.) da literaturis istoria 

(literaturulobis, mwerlobis, formebis, Janrebis istoria, 

nawarmoebebis istoria avtorTa `saxelebis gareSe~ da a.S.), 

ratom ar SeiZleba gayofis msgavsi operaciis Catareba istoriuli 

midgomis mqone da ~Sinabera~ komparativizmis SigniT? 

meore mxriv, SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis mibma `mentalobis 

istoriis~ 23 buqsirze, arc es aris gamosavali: Tu 

aqamde komparativizmi literaturuli istoriis erTi Tavi 

iyo, axla is gadaiqceva, ubralod, istoriis (kulturis is- 

13

toriis, azrovnebis istoriis da a.S.) erT Tavad. avtonomia 

isev daikargeba. 

b) am tipis literaturuli istoriografiis metad sadavo 

pozitivisturi safuZvlebi, romelsac didxans hqonda upiratesoba, 

kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs tradiciuli komparativizmis 

TviT statuss. unda dasjerdes Tu ara, an unda Semoifarglos 

Tu ara is faqtebis da faqtobrivi urTierTobebis 

SeswavliT? `faqtSi~ igulisxmeba dokumenturi moculoba da 

ùrTierTobaSi~ – genetikuri, mizezobrivi mimarTeba, isic 

agreTve aucileblad dokumenturi. es Zalian viwro koncefcia 

jer kidev avtoritetulia. Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis sagani `ZiriTadad~ aris 

sxvadasxva literaturis nawarmoebebis ùrTierTmimarTebis 

Seswavla~. 24 saqme exeba literaturul kontaqtebs, interferencias, 

literaturuli monacemebis wriul brunvas, rac 

mTavrdeba iseTi movlenebiT rogoricaa `gavlena~, ìnterteqstualoba~, 

`miraJi~ (saidanac Cndeba axali ganStoeba: ìmagologia~), 

urTierTobebi, romlebic TiTqos yovelTvis mizezobrivia 

or an mraval erovnul literaturas Soris. 25 ai, 

gamoCnda sityvagasaRebi: SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

àris saerTaSoriso sulier urTierTobaTa, faqtobrivi kav- 

Sirebis Seswavla, romelic arsebobda baironsa da puSkins, 

goeTesa da karlails Soris da a.S.~ 26 am kategoriul da Seuval 

gansazRvrebas mainc hyavs bevri momxre. miaCniaT, rom 

istoriuli urTierTobebi unda Seiswavlon metadre da meti 

araferi! nebismieri sxva midgoma garda `kontaqtebis~ (contactological) 

Seswavlisa gamocxadebulia `meTodologiurad saeWvo 

midgomad~. 27 maSasadame, is winaswar dagmobilia. 

aseT SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mTavari 

kiTxvebis gvariani raodenoba Cndeba erTbaSad. SedarebiT 

literaturaTmcodneobaSi `faqtis~ cneba terminis mxolod 

mkacrad pozitivisturi mniSvnelobiT ganisazRvreba? is mxolod 

`kontaqtebs~ aRniSnavs _ teqstebs, `Suamavlebs~, avtorebs 

Soris rogorc xorcSesxmul pirovnebebs Soris, romlebic 

mogzauroben, werilebs weren erTmaneTs, Targmnian, kiTxuloben, 

eqcevian àvlenis~ qveS da a.S.? ki magram, invarianti, 

anu paralelizmi, rogorc movlena, e.i. Seqcevadoba (recidivi) 

gana ar aris agreTve faqti im pirobiT, Tu mas faqtad 

miviCnevT yvelaze mkacri filologiuri ganxilviT? amitom 

vambobT, rom ori teqsti, romelTa Soris arasodes yofila 

pirdapiri kontaqti, magram èmTxveva~ erTmaneTs ama Tu im xarisxiT, 

orive warmoadgens faqts, metadre, am sityvis yvelaze 

orTodoqsuli gagebiT! Tuki aris, rac TavisTavad Cans, 

14

faqtobrivi kavSirebi gavlenis, moaruli nawarmoebebis, Temebis 

saxiT da a.S., arsebobs aseve faqtobrivi kavSirebi teqstebis 

agebulebis, mniSvnelobis da a.S. doneze. maSin ra ufleba 

aqvT, gamoricxon es ukanaskneli kavSirebi komparativizmidan? 

ar aris aucilebeli iyo didi swavluli (komparativisti) 

imis misaxvedrad, rom faqtobrivi kavSirebis Seswavlas 

(rac mizezobrivi da dokumenturi xasiaTisaa) mivyavarT 

mxolod iseT empiriul dakvirvebebTan, romelTac ar gaaCniaT 

didi perspeqtiva. maTgan ar gamomdinareobs araferi zogadi, 

arsebiTi, sakuTriv `literaturuli~; araferi garda 

ufro da ufro did gorglad Sekruli informaciisa, romelic 

Zalian xSirad kargad Semowmebulia, mSvenivrad aris 

klasificirebuli, magram elodeba Sefasebas, warmoCenas da 

sabolood raime `TeoriaSi~ CarTvas. amis gareSe es informacia 

darCeba daufasebeli codnis maragad da samudamod gadaeketeba 

gza fenomenologiisaken, morfologiisaken da literaturis 

aqsiologiisaken (ufro maRal dones Tu SevexebiT). 

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

`krizisTan~ dakavSirebuli polemikis Sedegad, 

zogjer pozitivizmisTvis savaldebulo gaxda ukan daxeva, 

Tumca amas ar mohyolia namdvilad gadamwyveti antipozitivisturi 

demarSi. miuxedavad amisa, es mkveTri Semobruneba 

unda Caiweros axali komparativistuli orientaciebis aqtiv- 

Si. rene uelekis mier micemulma niSanma (antifacturalism, scientism, 

etc.) 28 gamoiRo nayofi da ai, iwyeben kidec didi enTuziazmiT 

`faqtobrivi kavSirebis~ Canacvlebas `RirebulebaTa kavSirebiT~, 

ùfro afaseben Sinagan kavSirebs, vidre garegans~. 29 pozitivizmi 

gamocxadda ànaqronizmad~ 30 (1972 weli). komparativizmi 

Semoifargla àvtorebs Soris urTierTobiT~ da 

`literaturul movlenebs Soris pirdapiri kavSiri~ mar- 

Tlac miCneul iqna ùkidures pozitivizmad~. 31 imave reaqciam 

iCina Tavi rumineTSi, sadac pozitivizmTan dapirispireba daiwyo 

60-iani wlebidan (tudor vianu), aseve ungreTSi, aRmosavleTis 

sxva qveynebSi 32 . miuxedavad amisa, partia aris ki 

mogebuli? ver vityviT, rom mogebulia, radgan komparativizmis 

erT-erT saymawvilo sens, `miTs naTesaobis Sesaxeb~ isev 

TavgamodebiT icaven maT winaaRmdeg (rogoric aris rolan 

barti, magaliTad), visac misi damsxvreva surs.... 33 

g) saidan modis es veluri winaaRmdegoba? Zalian advili 

asaxsnelia: istoriuli da pozitivisturi komparativizmi 

aris dasavluri sauniversiteto tradiciis pirdapiri da metad 

gansakuTrebuli nayofi. komparativizmi gamovida asparezze, 

rogorc `kaTedra~, rogorc wmindad da bunebrivad 

15

akademiuri disciplina da is ganagrZobs am suliskveTebiT 

mSvidad arsebobas. `programebi~, `saxelmZRvaneloebi~, `swavlebis 

ciklebi~ da a.S., yvelafers emCneva mkacrad didaqtikuri 

sauniversiteto saqmianobis uwmindesi beWedi da sxva 

araferi. sxva tipis komparativizmis, sxva orientaciis dagegmva 

Znelad warmosadgenia (an SeuZlebelic) komparativistebisaTvis, 

romlebic mxolod profesorebi arian. ase rom, 

`paradigmis~ yovelgvari cvlileba, nebismieri msxvili mutacia 

moiTxovs gansxvavebuli Tezisis Semotanas: komparativizmi 

aris agreTve sxva ram, vidre ubralo sauniversiteto disciplina 

SeiZleba iyos, misi arsi ar aris didaqtikuri moRvaweoba, 

igi gansxvavdeba sxva `sauniversiteto~ specialobebisagan. 

sanam ar daZleven arsebul saazrovno da kulturul 

Cvevas, TvalTaxedvisa da meTodis Secvla praqtikulad SeuZlebeli 

iqneba. komparativizmi aris, agreTve (unda iTqvas, 

rom umTavresad aris), mebrZoli ìdeologia~ da ideebis `Teoria~, 

`sistema~ da aramarto `raRac pedantoba~. am dargSi 

SeiZleba muSaobdnen, aseve, kritikosebi, mwerlebi, publicistebi, 

Tavisufali moazrovneebi, bolos da bolos, isini, vinc 

ar aris profesori da araviTari survili ar aqvs gaxdes 

profesori. amis gamo nuTu unda aekrZaloT maT 

komparativistoba? 

problemis Cvens mier gamoyenebuli gadmocema SeiZleba 

uazrobad mogveCvenos, magram udavo faqtebi Cvens winaSea: 

komparativizmis, rogorc `saswavlo sagnis~, rogorc àkademiur 

da samecniero~ (scholarly), standartul saxelmZRvaneloebSi 

mocemuli disciplinis~ 34 statusisa da organizaciisaTvis 

zrunva rCeba ara marto dRis wesrigSi, aramed komparativistuli 

saqmianobis gulisgulSi. gegonebaT, saqme exeba misi 

arsebobis WeSmarit mizans, mis sasicocxlo centrs. aba, 

sxvagvarad rogor aixsneba mravalricxovani saCivrebi akademiuri 

komparativizmis dasacavad, rac zogjer namdvili traqtatis 

ganzomilebas iZens. 35 iqneb es aixsneba im TvalsaCino 

roliT, romelsac swavleba mudam TamaSobda SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

saerTaSoriso asociaciis (A.I.L.C.) yrilobebsa 

da Sekrebebze? 36 anda ras emsaxureba ìnstituciuri 

komparativizmis~ 37 organizaciaze, administraciul wesrigsa 

da marTvaze zrunva? aRar CamovTvliT maT, visac mtkiced 

swams, rom SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba SeiZleba ganviTardes 

mxolod ìnstitutebis~ saSualebiT, an kidev hgonia, 

komparativizms mxolod misi, rogorc àkademiuri disciplinis~ 

38 statusis fxizlad dacva gadaarCenso... 

16

d) mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris arian iseTebic, vinc uaryofs 

ara mxolod literaturul istorias da mis motivacias 

mTlianad, aramed agreTve isini, visac SeuZleblad miaCnia 

masalis seriebad da kategoriebad dayofa da aqedan gamomdinare, 

literaturul nawarmoebTa nebismieri `ganzogadeba~. 

literaturuli nawarmoebi gaazrebulia rogorc individualuri, 

ganumeorebeli, òriginaluri~ realoba, romlis 

moqceva gansazRvrebis CarCoebSi SeuZlebelia. am konkretul 

wertilSi esTetizmi da impresionizmi iWreba Tanamedrove 

new criticismsa da àxal kritikaSi~. Tu nawarmoebi an literaturuli 

teqsti xelSeuxebeli da unikaluria, imavdroulad 

is aris Seudarebeli (ar SeiZleba misi Sedareba) da maSasadame 

arc ganzogadebas eqvemdebareba. aseT wess rom misdevdnen, 

literaturis Teoriebi moklebuli iqnebodnen yovelgvar 

seriozul safuZvels. gamocdileba gviCvenebs: is, visac 

gamaxvilebuli aqvs òriginalurobis~ SegrZneba da vinc 

ùnikalurisadmi yuradRebas~ gadaaqcevs Tavis devizad, mas 

ar ainteresebs arc istoriuli komparativizmi da arc literaturis 

Teoria. 

3. istoriuli Tu Teoriuli Tvalsazrisi 

yvelaferi, rac zemoT aRvniSneT, TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, 

rom SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba dabadebidanve imyofeba 

mudmivad afeTqebis, Sinagani konfliqtis, gaorebis safrTxis 

winaSe. es `krizisi~ sinamdvileSi ufro Rrma gaugebrobis 

gamomxatvelia. igi moicavs, SeiZleba iTqvas, struqturulad 

da periodulad literaturul istorias da literaturul 

kvlevas erToblivad. saqme exeba, marTlac, arsebiTi 

xasiaTis polemikas pozitivistur-istoriuli midgomis Taobaze, 

romelic, rogorc viciT, `faqtobrivi kavSirebis~ Seswavlas, 

rogorc komparativizmis kerZo sferos, upirispirebs 

literaturul-kritikul da Semfaseblur Tvalsazriss. es 

ukanaskneli dasaSvebad miiCnevs da moiTxovs kidec Sedarebas 

istoriuli kavSirebis gareSe, iseve rogorc ganzogadebas da 

mniSvnelovan dasabuTebas. maSasadame, erTi mxriv `faqtis~ 

upiratesoba, meore mxriv `teqstis~ an literaturuli `Semoqmedebis~ 

upiratesoba, aqedan gamomdinare yvela SedegiT. amas 

mosdevs fundamenturi rRveva da meTodebis mwvave Sejaxeba: 

erTi mxriv _ istoriuli meTodebi, meore mxriv _ Teoriuli 

da formaluri meTodebi. es imitom xdeba, rom literaturuli 

nawarmoebebisadmi kritikuli da esTetikuri midgoma gu- 

17

lisxmobs da warmoadgens literaturis ìdeis~ an `literaturulobis 

ideis~ dazustebis bunebriv mcdelobas. mokled, 

aseT midgomas mivyavarT literaturis Teoriisaken. vin vis 

emorCileba? istoriuli analizi xorcieldeba `TavisTvis~ 

Tu is amzadebs masalebs ganzogadebisa da gansjisaTvis? 

swored amaSi mdgomareobs SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

`krizisis~ arsi, romelmac unda airCios da kidev 

erTxel gansazRvros Tavisi Tavi: istoriuli disciplinaa is 

Tu esTetikur-Teoriuli, `centridanuli~ Tu `centriskenuli~? 

akademiuri, istoriuli midgomis damcveli, pozitivisturi 

Tu `formalisturi~ da `poetikuri~? eqstensiuri Tu 

intensiuri? `dinamikur~ Sedarebebs iyenebs Tu `statikurs~. 39 

metad niSandoblivia, rom igive arCevani, romelmac marTlac 

Zalian swrafad miiRo `frangul~ da àmerikul skolebs~ 

Soris dapirispirebis forma – ìstoriul-pozitivisturi~ 

midgoma da/Tu `kritikul-interpretaciuli, Sinagani~ _ TiTqmis 

yovelTvis dakavSirebulia SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

saerTaSoriso asociaciis (A.I.L.C.) yvela yrilobasTan. 

rogorc Cans komparativizmis TviT `momavali~ amgvarad 

aris mibmuli am gadamwyveti kiTxvis pasuxze. 40 is faqti, 

rom am kiTxvam mtkiced gaikvlia gza TiTqmis yvelgan am bolo 

dros: dasavleT germaniaSi, amerikis SeerTebul Stateb- 

Si, SveicariaSi (Werkimmanenz Historiographie), aRmosavleT evropaSi, 

41 misi aqtualurobis maCvenebelia. 

es kamaTi, romelic kvlav ar cxreba, 42 principulad gadawydeba 

mxolod ori ZiriTadi gardaqmnis safuZvelze. 

a) kritikuli qmedeba (kritika) unda gaviazroT, rogorc 

istoriuli, Teoriuli da Semfasebluri Tvalsazrisebis sin- 

Tezi. Tu kritikis sagania nawarmoebis `pirovnuloba~ (agebuleba, 

xasiaTi, Rirebuleba), am ukanasknelis gacnobiereba SeiZleba 

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad gamoviyenebT, 

rogorc istoriuli xasiaTis wyaroebs – mibaZva, droSi 

damTxveva (=literaturuli istoria), aseve Teoriuls – 

literaturul kategoriebs, rogoric aris stili, mimdinareoba, 

`literaturis~ idea (=literaturuli Teoria); es kategoriebi 

iZleva Rirebulebis Sefasebis saSualebas (kritikuli 

Sefaseba). istoriuli midgomis upiratesoba aucileblad 

unda uarvyoT. Zveleburma literaturulma istoriam, sxvaTa 

Soris, mogvca yvelaferi, ris mocemac SeeZlo. saWiroa sxva 

gzebisa da gadawyvetilebebis gamonaxva. 

b) komparativizmi, Tavis mxriv, unda ganisazRvros (moxdes 

misi identifikacia), ZiriTadad, iseTi kritikuli qmedebis 

mixedviT, rogorc zemoT ganvmarteT. yvelaferi, rac exe- 

18

a mibaZvebs, saTanadod dasabuTebul faqtobriv kavSirebs, 

momdinareobs (saerTaSoriso) literaturuli istoriidan. 

konceptualuri aparati, romelic marTavs `komparativistuli~ 

operaciebis erTobliobas, imave wyaros (an imave gagrZelebas) 

poulobs literaturis TeoriaSi. sabolood, komparativistul 

safuZvelze SemuSavebuli Rirebulebis Sefaseba 

(kritikuli Sefaseba) arsebiTad arafriT gansxvavdeba nebismieri 

sxva literaturuli Sefasebisagan. 

met-naklebad erTguli komparativistebi am radikalur 

gadawyvetilebas saerTod upirispireben sam pozicias. pirveli, 

gansakuTrebiT tradiciuli pozicia, sufTa wylis ubralo 

uaryofaa: isini uars amboben komparativizmis àsimilaciaze~ 

literaturul kritikasa da istoriasTan. 43 meore pozicia 

gvTavazobs kompromisul gadawyvetilebas, sakmaod advils: 

SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas ganixilavs, rogorc 

`saSualo~ anda saTadarigo disciplinas, damxmares 

literaturuli istoriis an kritikis mimarT 44 an kidev miiCnevs 

`superdisciplinad~ (atrofia Tu supertrofia?), romelic 

akontrolebs or `qvedisciplinas`: esTetikurs da kulturul-istoriuls. 

45 am poziciaSi pozitivizms miniWebuli 

aqvs `dokumentalistis` roli (bibliografia, masalebi literaturis 

TeoriisaTvis da a.S.) cxadia, es aris sapatio roli, 

magram ueWvelad mcire da meorexarisxovani. mesame, namdvili 

pozicia eyrdnoba prestiJul kritikul da filosofiur tradicias. 

mas mivyavarT Zmebi Slegelebis da kolrijis intuiciamde, 

romlebic jer kidev maSin mixvdnen, rom literaturuli 

istoria SeuZlebeli iyo ùcxourTan Sedarebis~ gare- 

Se, iseve SeuZlebeli, rogorc literaturuli kritika `Teoriisa~ 

da `principebis~ gareSe. 46 gamoTqma `comparative criticism~, 

sxvaTa Soris, gamoCnda daaxloebiT 1790 wels. sent-bevi 

`SedarebiT literaturul istoriaze~ laparakobda 1868 wlidan, 

maSin, rodesac renanisTvis nebismieri kritika ganuyofelia 

Sedarebisagan. 47 rodesac gamosces `Journal of Comparative 

Literature~ (1903), b. krosma kategoriulad moiTxova istoriulkritikul 

SefasebasTan, rogorc nebismieri srulyofili kritikuli 

midgomis Semadgenel nawilTan komparativizmis arsebiTad 

gaigiveba. es Zireuli erTianoba miCneulia nawarmoebis 

`yvela mimarTebiT~ 48 Seswavlis Sedegad. bolos gavixsenoT, 

rom `CvenSi (mxedvelobaSi gvyavs rusi formalistebi) Teoria 

da istoria ganuyofelia~. 49 

profesionali komparativistebi am mimarTulebas emxrobian 

nela, Wirveulad da mxolod SemTxvevidan SemTxvevamde. 

isini sabolood akeTeben principul gancxadebebs, romlebic 

19

jer saqmed ar qceula, magram es mainc winsvlaa. mkvlevarTa 

jgufi dabneulad mihyveba ramdenime did winamorbeds, romelTa 

Soris ar unda daviviwyoT j.seintsberi 50 saukunis dasawyisSi. 

aseTia sinamdvile. Tu qronologias davicavT cota- 

Ti mainc, sul pirvelad unda davasaxeloT rene ueleki Seer- 

Tebuli Statebidan. mas ver warmoudgenia `komparativizmi... 

kritikis da esTetikis gareSe~. misi azriT, `kritika Tan 

sdevs yovelgvar literaturul diskurss~, `Teoria, kritika 

da literaturuli istoria erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli~. 51 

safrangeTSi am TvalsazrisiT, mSvenieri da martosuli 

mkvlevaria etiambli. is gvTavazobs, `SevqmnaT iseTi SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneoba, romelic istoriul meTods daukavSirebs 

kritikul azrovnebas, sociologis sifxizles – 

esTetikis Teoretikosis gambedaobas da amgvarad, erTi dakvriT 

uzrunvelyofs Cvens disciplinas sapatio sagniT da Sesaferisi 

meTodebiT~. 52 50-iani wlebis ramdenime germaneli 

mkvlevari ukve daviwyebulia: literaturuli istoria Tavis- 

Tavad `komparativistulia~, igi ganuyofelia literaturuli 

kritikisagan. 53 mokled, Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft da Literaturwissenschaft 

an Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft erTi saerTo sxeulis 

nawilebia, Tumca am sami cnebis gaerTianeba SeiZleba 

`tavtologiad~ 54 CaiTvalos. 

zemoT CamoTvlili pirveli nabijebi, axali midgomis 

dasawyisi, simarTle rom vTqvaT, jer kidev Zalian moridebuli, 

wyvetili da marginaluria. Tanxmobas gamoxataven xmadabla 

da erTi xeliT morTmeuli meoreTi gaaqvT: Cveni disciplina 

`moicavs, kerZod, kritikis, Teoriisa da literaturuli 

istoriis aspeqtebs...~, komparativizmi aris, agreTve, `literaturuli 

kritikis erTi waxnagi~ 55 da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, 

literaturuli kvlevebis bazisis (komparativistul-Teoriul-kritikul-istoriuli) 

erTianobis Tezisi Cvens winaSea, is 

ganuwyvetliv viTardeba (unda gvaxsovdes fransua Jostis 

gamonaTqvami – `komparativizmi, rogorc literaturuli kritikis 

novum organum~) rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve aRmosavleT- 

Si. 56 SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis axali Jurnalebis 

– Neohelicon (1973), Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturaTmcodneobis kanaduri Jurnali (1974), Mainzer 

Komparatistische Hefte (1978) – statia – programebSi aRiarebulia 

es Tezisi, Tumca zogjer naZaladevad. sabolood, Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturaTmcodneobis saerTaSoriso asociaciis wesdebebis 

axal teqstSi SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis gamokvlevebi 

xelaxla ganisazRvra, rogorc `literaturuli 

istoriis, literaturis Teoriis Seswavla da teqstebis in- 

20

terpretacia saerTaSoriso komparativizmis mixedviT~. kvlav 

tavtologiaa gamoyenebuli, magram am gancxadebaSi unda davinaxoT 

saerTaSoriso komparativistuli organos didi keTili 

neba, romelic bolos da bolos daiZra dakarguli drois 

saZieblad.... 

4. komparativistuli „poetikisken“ 

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia (Teoriulad) komparativizmis 

`krizisis~ daZleva TviT misi met-naklebad tradiciuli koncefciis 

doneze. miuxedavad amisa, es ar niSnavs mTavari, 

namdvili, komparativizmis Zireul ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli 

`krizisis~ gadawyvetas. amas vambobT, radgan Cveni problema 

gulisxmobs, agreTve, Tu ZiriTadad ara, komparativizmis 

Semobrunebas radikalurad Teoriuli mimarTulebiT, 

`komparativistuli poetikisTvis~ Sesaferisi wesdebis Seqmnas, 

iseve rogorc im pirobebis Seswavlas, romelSic SesaZlebeli 

iqneba misi Camoyalibeba. TviT `krizisidan~ gamosuli 

komparativizmi kvlav eZebs Tavis sagans, radgan igi ganagrZobs 

ganzavebas sakuTriv kritikaSi, romelic literaturuli 

istoriis, Teoriisa da kritikis Semadgeneli nawilia, 

anda – im esTetikaSi an literaturul TeoriaSi, rogori 

saxiTac isini arseboben dRes. srulyofili, avtonomiuri 

komparativizmi, romelic Cveni mizania, unda gaTavisufldes 

am daqvemdebarebisagan, gamoacxados Tavisi avtonomiuroba da 

damoukidebloba, SemogvTavazos specifikuri gadawyvetilebebi. 

Tu ideologiuri brZola mTavari SesaZleblobaa (rac, 

vfiqrobT, davamtkiceT), 57 `Teoriad~ da `poetikad~ gardaqmna 

sxva SesaZleblobas warmoadgens. es jer kidev dasamtkicebelia. 

saqme exeba mniSvnelovan mutacias: faqtobrivi (kerZo) 

kavSirebidan struqturul (universalur) kavSirebze gadasvla, 

ùnikaluridan~ – `sagvareuloze~, faqtebis erTobliobis 

gardaqmna Teoriulad da meTodologiurad mwyobr 

sinTezad. 

literaturis komparativistuli Teoriis Seqmnis mcdeloba, 

`komparativistuli poetikis~ elementebis SemoTavazeba, 

Tundac monaxazis doneze, ar aris ioli operacia. didi 

da patara `poetikuri~ tradicia, didostatebisa da epigonebis 

tradicia, sruliadac ar midis `komparativistuli~ mimar- 

TulebiT. Zalian gaZnelda sayrdenis, miTiTebis, savali bilikis 

povna am mimarTulebaSi. meore mxriv, poetikis Tanamedrove 

specialistebi sul ar icnoben komparativizms an mo- 

21

urideblad acxadeben mas `gardacvlilad~. 58 axlaxan gadavxedeT 

Tormetiode germanul Literaturwissenschaft-is Sesavals 

ise, rom arsad ar iyo moxseniebuli SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba. 

igive mdgomareobaa Tanamedrove poetikebSi, 

sadac gamotovebulia komparativistuli kriteriumi. yovel 

SemTxvevaSi, ar SeimCneva araviTari SesaZlo kavSiri `poetikis~ 

Tanamedrove meTodologias an `literaturaTmcodneobis~ 

(germanul yaidaze, albaT) meTodologias da komparativizms 

Soris; es ukanaskneli moxseniebulic ki ar aris, 

rogorc `meTodi~ sxva meTodebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, misi 

SesaZleblobebi ar aris amowuruli, jer Sorsaa iqamde. poetikis 

istorikosebi aseve duman am sakiTxze. amgvari uyurad- 

Reboba, cxadia, miuTiTebs aRiarebis dakargvaze. amas emateba 

is seriozuli siZneleebi, rac unda gadalaxos literaturis 

Teoriam, Tu mas surs gamoiyenos `klasikuri~ komparativizmis 

jer kidev sasargeblo mdidari monacemebi. es Teoria apirebs 

maT èqspluatacias~ da gardaqmnas saerTo, universaluri 

Teoriuli mimarTulebiT, iseTi sagangebo meTodiT, romelic 

TviTon aris dasazustebeli. sabolood unda ganvasxvavoT 

da Zalian garkveviT, Teoriuli komparativistikis Teoriuli 

safuZvlebi da misi Camoyalibebis teqnikuri da praqtikuli 

SesaZleblobebi, unda ganvasxvavoT es `Teoria~ da 

misi ilustracia Sesaferisi `praqtikiT~. magram amisaTvis sa- 

Wiroa Tavdapirvelad Teoriuli inventaris momzadeba, rac 

sawyis wertilTan migviyvans. saboloo angariSiT yvela am 

siZneles axali gadawyveta unda movuZebnoT. 

gaviTvaliswinoT agreTve erTi gaugebroba, romelic SeiZleba 

seriozuli aRmoCndes. komparativisti Teoretikosis 

winaSe ar dgas poetikis specialistis Canacvlebis sakiTxi, 

arc arsebuli Teoriebisa da meTodebis moSlis, Secvlis, 

miT ufro gauqmebis problema. misi amocana ufro martivi da 

imavdroulad gabedulic aris: saqme isaa, rom axalma komparativistma 

unda SemogvTavazos alternativa, samuSao hipoTeza 

e.i. iseTi perspeqtivis mqone Teoria da meTodi, romelic 

damoukidebelia: ar Seereva sxva Teoriebsa da meTodebs, magram 

arc gaimeorebs romelime met-naklebad modur koncefcias 

(struqturalisturs, semiotikurs da a.S.). misi virtualuri 

roli gulisxmobs mxolod dapirispirebasa da Sevsebas, 

agreTve urTierTkontrols. amjerad literaturis Teoriamde 

unda mivideT sxva gziT, sawyis wertilad unda avir- 

CioT sxva hipoTezebi, xelaxla aRmoCenili da xelmeored 

gansazRvruli sxva komparativistuli tradicia. savaraudod, 

aseTia Cveni Taosnobis òriginaluroba~. 

22

komparativizmis garkveuli `poetikuri~ (poetikasTan dakavSirebuli) 

tradicia, romelic ar unda gavazviadoT, magram 

arc unda davamciroT, mainc arsebobs. saqme exeba intuiciis 

impulsebs, brmad Ziebas, Sewyvetil dasawyiss, magram 

yvelaferi es qmnis erT mokrZalebul mimarTulebas. termini, 

iseve rogorc `SedarebiTi poetikis~ winaTgrZnoba, yvela niSnis 

mixedviT Tavdapirvelad Tavs iCens germaniaSi gasuli saukunis 

bolos (moric haupti). esTetikosebi miznad isaxaven 

poeziis Teoriis Seqmnas komparativistul safuZvelze, induqciis, 

paralelizmis da Sedarebis gziT (moric karieri). komparativizmis 

zogierTi pioneri (lui pol betci) imeorebs sityvas 

da sagans, gzadagza aZlevs mas mokle tipologiur da 

`formalur~ orientacias (metrikis formebi, saxeebi da a.S.). 59 

spekulatiurma esTetikam da tradiciulma ritorikam iseve 

daiWira warmmarTveli pozicia cnebis saTaveebTan safrangeT- 

Si, akademiuri da brma eruduciis zonaSi (`Cveni gamokvlevebi 

SedarebiT poetikaSi~, èsTetikis wesebi... qmnian SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneobis ZiriTad elements~). 60 erTi Rirseuli 

winamorbedi gaxlavT rusi a.n.veselovski misi ìstoriuli 

poetikiT~ (ìstoriuli da SedarebiTi poetika~ 1894, 1899; 

`Temebis poetika~, 1897-1906). es poetika saerTaSoriso literaturul 

process ganixilavs erTianobaSi, cnobili literaturebis 

udides raodenobaSi dadgenili istoriuli paralelebis 

saSualebiT miiswrafis `yvelaze sruli ganzogadebisaken, 

rac ki SesaZlebelia~. 61 aRniSnuli poetikis saboloo mizani 

– `poeziis arsis garkveva misi sakuTari istoriiT~ gaimeora 

zogierTma Tanamedrove komparativistma, romelTac isev surT 

daibrunon, am gziT mainc, literaturuli istoria. 62 winadadebebi 

SeiZleba movida, agreTve, `SedarebiTi esTetikis~ 

mxridan, magram unayofod; miuxedavad amisa, literatura dawinaurda 

dapirispirebul xelovnebis dargebs Soris, raTa 

aRmoeCinaT `saerTo arsi~. 63 es meTodi gameordeba. amas davinaxavT 

qvemoT, magram es aris mcdari gza, ris gamoxatulebasac 

warmoadgens komparativizmis erTi Tanamedrove Semadgeneli 

nawili (`xelovnebis dargebis Sedareba~). 

Tanamedrove komparativizmis mier `poetikuri~ (poetikas- 

Tan dakavSirebuli) Tvalsazrisis miReba nela mimdinareobs. 

es procesi SemTxveviTi xasiaTisaa, ar isaxeba misi gagrZeleba 

da moklebulia Sesaferis meTodologiur Zalisxmevas. 

saqme exeba, gansakuTrebiT, principul gancxadebebs, iqneba es 

axali literaturuli meTodebis zewoliT Tu pozitivizmis 

aSkara marcxiT, istoriuli meTodis mobezrebis gamoc. maSasadame, 

unda vaRiaroT, rom garkveuli `Teoriuli~ miswrafe- 

23

a cxadia, Tumca is aris wyvetili da ar gaaCnia mwyobri doqtrina. 

rac Seexeba sakuTriv gadawyvetilebebs, isini ar scildebian 

epoqis dones: `Semoqmedebis~, `literaturuli Janrebis~ 

an `stilistikuri~ Teoria da a.S. aseTia saxeldobr, Jan 

hankisis 64 mier SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis saerTa- 

Soriso asociaciis (A.I.L.C., 1958) meore yrilobaze warmodgenili 

cnobili moxseneba, romlis saTauri aris swored `literaturis 

Teoria da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~. 

rogorc Cans, franguli komparativizmi ganviTarebas 

iwyebs mxolod 60-iani wlebis dasasruls. swored amaSi 

mdgomareobs `krizisis~ sasargeblo zemoqmedeba. zogierTi 

mowodeba `SedarebiTi esTetikis kvlevebis sasargeblod, cota 

ufro adrec gaisma. 65 es gamokvlevebi ufro zusti gaxda 

marsel bataionis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic, albaT, SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneobis yvelaze gaxsnili universiteteli 

iyo safrangeTSi. is moiTxovs veselovskis ìstoriuli 

poetikis~ ukan Camotovebas iseTi `poetikiT~, romelic gavrceldeboda, 

agreTve, arasaleqso literaturuli formebis 

mimarT. mokled, mas surs, rom orientacia aiRon `literaturaTa 

zogadi mecnierebisaken anu zogadi poetikisaken~. meryeoben, 

jer ar gadadian sapirispiro mxares, magram nabiji sanaxevrod 

gadadgmulia: `komparativizms sWirdeba zogadi literaturul-Teoriuli 

azrovnebis foni: Tundac mas ar gaaCndes 

literaturis Teoria (ratom ar unda gaaCndes? – vityodiT 

Cven) gansakuTrebuli brwyinvalebiT, is mas met-naklebad 

gulisxmobs~ (xazgasma Cvenia). 66 etiambli gansakuTrebuli 

brwyinvalebiT imeorebs da aviTarebs am Teziss: termins – 

`literaturis Teoria~ is amjobinebs – `SedarebiT poetikas`, 

romelic ufro Seesabameba komparativizmisTvis dasaxul 

axal miznebs: `literaturuli formebis komparativistuli 

Seswavla~, Janrebis istoria, `literaturebis SedarebiTi istoria, 

diax, magram agreTve da upiratesad SedarebiTi esTetika~. 

67 misi leqciebi, magaliTad `le babelien~ (`babiloneli~), 

exeba `SedarebiTi poetikis sakiTxebs~, rogorc `nebismieri 

momavali poetikis Sesavali~. 68 am principis gaziareba, 

magaliTad, h.r. iausis mier, romelic emxroboda `SedarebiTi 

poetikis, ritorikisa da esTetikis Camoyalibebas~, 69 niSandoblivia: 

Tu komparativizmi ver Secvlis literaturuli 

kavSiris esTetikas, is mainc SeuZlia, rom misi dasayrdeni 

gaxdes. tradiciuli germanuli komparativizmi, meore mxriv, 

yovelTvis cdilobs `Sedarebis Teoriisa~ da `literaturis 

Teoriis~ 70 gaerTianebas. sakiTxi, marTlac, mxolod sinTezis 

saSualebiT SeiZleba gadaiWras. sxvaTa Soris, swored aseTia 

24

axaldamTavrebuli (da brwyinvale) gamokvlevis daskvna: `SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneobis da literaturis Teoriuli 

kvlevis miznebi principulad identuria~. 71 

rac Seexeba aRmosavleTis komparativizms (romelic arasodes 

gamogvvrCenia mxedvelobidan), arc is ambobs uars `Teoriulobaze~. 

rumineTSi 1937 wlidan Camoyalibebulia azri 

`SedarebiTi literaturuli esTetikis~ Sesaxeb, Tumca is sakmaod 

orazrovania, Tu uTavbolo 72 ara. budapeStis Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturaTmcodneobis konferenciis dros (26-29 oqtomberi, 

1962), `SedarebiTi poetika~ azustebs Tavis sagans Janrebis 

Teoriis, stilistikis, metrikis, SedarebiTi Targmanis 

mimarTulebiT 73 . kidev ufro damuSavebuli Teoriebi (CexeTSi) 

moiTxoven interliteraturuli (literaturaTSorisi) kvlevidan 

(kontaqtebi erovnul literaturebs Soris) intraliteraturul 

(Sidaliteraturul) kvlevaze (literaturis, rogorc 

movlenis, warmoSoba da tipologia) gadasvlas. es ukanaskneli 

gza, romelic gulisxmobs ganzogadebas, warmoadgens 

im Sinagani kanonebis àRmoCenis~ mcdelobas, romlebic 

axasiaTeben literaturis fenomens da àm fenomenis genetikuri 

da tipologiuri Tvisebebis analizs~. masSi imanenturi 

kanonebis arseboba yvela SemTxvevaSi postulatad aris miCneuli 

74 . aseve, poloneTSi `SedarebiT poetikas~ hyavs Tavisi 

mimdevrebi. 75 

miuxedavad amisa, specialistebi sakmaod didi Tavsatexis 

winaSe aRmoCndnen (Tavsatexi evfemizmia). kiTxva romelic 

ganuwyvetliv ismeba, saocrad martivia: riT daviwyoT? romel 

Teorias mivemxroT? ras niSnavs zustad `SedarebiTi poetika?~ 

pasuxi didxans iyo moridebuli da tradiciuli: XIX 

saukunis bolos ukve moiTxovdnen `SedarebiT leqswyobas~; 

eZebdnen `gadasvlas stilistikidan literaturul mecnierebaze~, 

erTgvar `poeturi stilis da poetikis Teorias~, amas- 

Tanave, metrikis formebs, erTgvar `vergleichende Poetik~-s 76 da 

a.S. am mimarTulebiT viTareba didad ar Secvlila Cvens epoqaSi: 

isev moiTxoven `stilistikas~, Tanac romelime vosleris, 

romelime Spiceris, romelime hacfeldis didi avtoritetiT. 

ìstoriuli stilistika~ 77 kvlav ganixileba, rogorc 

`literaturis istoriuli da SedarebiTi kritika~. 78 metrika 

da prosodia, ra Tqma unda, ar aris dRevandeli terminebi, 

magram is faqti, rom isini `kooptaciiT aris Seyvanili~ komparativizmSi, 

miCneulia am disciplinis ganaxlebad. 79 ritorikasTan 

gaerTianeba axla miRebuli Cans, rac aZlierebs 

amgvari komparativistuli programisaken miswrafebas. germaniaSi 

Zlieri stilistikuri tradiciebi amave mimarTulebiT vi- 

25

Tardeba, 80 maSin, rodesac SeerTebul StatebSi stilistika 

`Raribad aRar ixseneba~: amieridan is mTlianad Caewereba 

komparativistul `sauniversiteto disciplinebs~ Soris. 81 

Janrebis tradiciuli kvleva, rac SecdomiT monaTles 

`SedarebiT poetikad~, 82 garkveul imedebs aCens. yvelaze radikaluri 

Cans etiamblis programa. is moiTxovs `Janrebis es- 

Tetikas~, romelic ganxorcieldeba literaturuli Janrebis 

SedarebiTi kvleviT civilizaciebis rac SeiZleba did raodenobaSi, 

`Tundac am Janrebs da civilizaciebs hqondeT an 

ar gaaCndeT faqtobrivi kavSirebi~. 83 komparativizmis mier 

Janrebis Teoriis aneqsia da gansakuTrebiT epikuri Janrebisa 

_ aneqsia, romelic aRiniSneba XIX saukunidanve, 84 _ wamoWris 

ramdenime axal problemas. es ukanasknelebi moiTxoven gansakuTrebul 

gadawyvetas imasTan SedarebiT, vidre amas gvTavazobs 

tradiciuli ritorika Janrebis warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa 

da universalurobis sakiTxebze, TiToeuli Janris ìnvariantebTan~, 

Janrebis terminologiur da/Tu obieqtur gansaz- 

RvrebasTan, axali Janrebis gamoCenasTan dakavSirebiT, maT 

Soris aris audiovizualuri sakiTxebi da es sakiTxebi monacemTa 

raodenobis cvlilebas iwvevs. (es iyo azeleferonSi 

zogadi SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis franguli sazogadoebis 

– (S.F.L.G.C.) kolokviumis msjelobis sagani 1979 

wlis 23 ivniss) da a.S. jer kidev Zlieri tendencia, romelic 

gulisxmobs `Janrebis Teoriis (TviT SedarebiTi Teoriis)~ 85 

warmoCenas, rogorc savsebiT damoukidebeli Teoriisa, ise, 

rom is ar gadaizrdeba literaturis (zogad) TeoriaSi, ar 

gvaZlevs pasuxs am ZiriTad kiTxvaze. es exeba, sxvaTa Soris, 

yvela Tvalsazriss Temebisa 86 da literaturuli tipebis 

Sesaxeb, romlebic miCneulia, aseve, avtonomiur sferoebad. 

dasaxeleba `Teoriuli~ aq mainc SesaZlebelia. 87 anTropologiam, 

arqetipologiam, miTokritikam amaSi unda iTamaSon TavianTi 

roli. is faqti, rom komparativizmi ukve gaixsna warmosaxviTis 

anTropologiuri kvlevisaTvis (aris amis ramdenime 

mcdeloba), aseve aRsaniSnavia. 88 

imave SeniSvnas imsaxurebs komparativistuli midgoma poeturi 

formebisadmi _ termini, romliTac aRniSnuli iyo 

gamoxatvis formaluri saSualebebis mTeli erTobliobis 

Seswavla erT-erT pirvel komparativistul programaSi. 89 ma- 

Ti unikaluroba da erTgvarovneba, individualoba da kategoriis 

xasiaTi teqstebis analizidan gamomdinare, `klasikuri~ 

komparativistuli midgomis safuZvelze aCens axal kiTxvas: 

sad mTavrdeba Sedarebisadmi dauqvemdebarebeli? sad iwyeba 

Sesadarebeli (Sedarebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli, rac eqvemde- 

26

areba Sedarebas)? rogor amovicnoT poeturi formebi erovnuli 

da enobrivi sazRvrebis miRma? SeiZleba Tu ara `Sesadarebeli~ 

daiyos ramdenime did kategoriad, rac Znelad sa- 

Targmnia sxva enebze, rogoric aris, magaliTad, Form, Gestalt, 

Fügung, Haltung? 90 

ver vityviT, rom franguli komparativizmi, TviT yvelaze 

tradiciuli, ar icnobda amgvar demarSs: `gamoxatvis erTi 

da imave saSualebebis xmarebis Sedareba sxvadasxva qveynis 

mixedviT (....) damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobisTvis~. 

an kidev: `surs Tu ar surs mas, SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneoba meordeba SedarebiTi stilistikiT, 

romelic saswaulebrivad SemoqmedebiTi da nayofieria. 

es ukanaskneli Suqs mohfenda nawarmoebebs Soris kavSirs da 

maSasadame, TviT misaRebi nawarmoebis Sinagan xasiaTs~. 91 miuxedavad 

amisa, did uxerxulobas qmnis is, rom ar arsebobs 

am gamokvlevebis `ganmazogadebeli~ Tanxvedra: gamokvlevebi 

tardeba cal-calke da `sakuTar TavSi~. etiamblis reaqcia, 

romelic Tu ver asabuTebs, daJinebiT moiTxovs mainc aseTi 

aucilebeli defisis gavlebas Janrebis, stilebis, struqturebis 

poetikebis Seqmnas (maT Soris metrikis, saxeebis, Targmnis 

xelovnebis) da `zogadad literaturis sinTezur Seswavlas 

Soris~, 92 ver qmnis aminds am dargSi. SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobisa 

da literaturuli teqstebis formalur 

analizs Soris (Tanamedrove) kavSirebis Tavmoyra-dazustebas, 

93 rac, sxvaTa Soris, naTeli da safuZvliania, mainc 

ver mivyavarT iseTi `komparativistuli poetikis~ hipoTezamde, 

romelic erT organizmad gaaerTianebda formaluri Ziebebis 

mTel erTobliobas. 

bolos da bolos aris axali sakvlevi gza, romelsac 

sruliadac ar amouwuravs SesaZleblobebi; es aris literaturuli 

Teoriebis, ideebis, koncefciebis, mokled rom 

vTqvaT, `poetikebis~ Sepirispireba. es is sferoa, romelic 

dasaxelebulia adreul komparativistul naSromebSi, 94 magram 

Semdeg daviwyebas mieca. rodesac am sferos kvlav mimar- 

Taven, is ar scildeba saerTod bilateraluri (ormxrivi) 

urTierTobis, literaturul Teoriebs Soris faqtobrivi kav- 

Sirebis kvlevis farglebs. masSi mZlavrobs istoriuli midgoma. 

95 SedarebiT literaturul kritikas da literaturuli 

ideebis kritikas 96 moaqvs mniSvnelovani Teoriuli da meTodologiuri 

danamati, Tundac es iyos mxolod aucilebeli 

`sistemuri~ orientaciis xazgasma. rodesac profesionali 

komparativistebi hkideben xels saqmes, isaxeba ori gamosavali: 

1) aRiareben saerTaSoriso Tvalsazriss (faqtobrivs Tu 

27

arafaqtobrivs), magram literaturuli Teoriebis Sedarebas 

ar mivyavarT aucileblad èrTiani (unificirebuli) Teoriisaken~; 

dapirispireba moiTxovs, upirveles yovlisa, SedarebiTi 

Teoriebis `Sesabamisobis~ (relevanturobis) xarisxis 

Semowmebas epoqebisa da zonebis mixedviT; 97 2) ufro gabeduli 

da swori mimarTuleba unda iyos literaturuli Teoriebis 

Tanxvedrebisa da cdomilebebis (konvergenciis divergenciis) 

Seswavla garkveuli raodenobis orientirebis mixedviT 

(tradicia, siaxle, forma, Sinaarsi da a.S.). 98 Sedegad miviRebdiT 

sqemas, romelic literaturis SesaZlebeli gansazRvrebis 

tolfasi iqneboda garkveuli hipoTezebisa da naTeli, 

obieqturi, meTodurad Seswavlili parametrebis Sesabamisad: 

araviTari ekleqtizmi, arc nazavi, aramed namdvili kritikuli 

sinTezi, romelic sakuTar kanons emorCileba. `Sedarebi- 

Ti poetikis~ yvela am RonisZiebisa da monaxazis an ufri 

sworad, nawyvetebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa maTi viwro eTnocentruli 

da evrocentruli safuZveli. Tu poetika mimar- 

Tulia universalurobisaken, maSin is unda dafuZndes, Seimosos 

da dakanondes marTlac universalurad. amitom aris 

aucilebeli dialogi da Sepirispireba yoveli mxaris eqstraevropul 

da eqstradasavlur, sxvadasxva literaturul 

naazrevs Soris, mokled, unda gaixsnas WeSmaritad universaluri 

`poetika~. cnobilia evrocentrizmis winaaRmdeg mimar- 

Tuli polemika, romlis did winamorbedad gvevlineba etiambli. 

99 ukve yvelaferi cxadi xdeba. aRar SeiZleba literaturuli 

Teoriebis Seqmna mxolod dasavlur safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT. 

gvesaWiroeba iseTi literaturuli Teoria, romelic 

gascdeba `Cvens kulturul tradiciebs~ da gaiTvaliswinebs 

agreTve sxva kulturebisa da literaturebis kuTvnil 

`paradigmebsa~ da Teoriul Rirebulebebs. 100 aseTia an TiTqmis 

aseTia saRi azri. es ar niSnavs faqtebs Soris meqanikuri 

da zedapiruli kavSirebis damyarebas nebismier fasad anda 

dasavlur da aRmosavlur literaturul esTetikas Soris 

arsebuli didi gansxvavebebis ugulebelyofas; magaliTad, mimezisi, 

romelic gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs evropul azrovnebaSi, 

sul ar arsebobs klasikur iaponur kritikaSi. 101 SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneobis erT dasacav sityvaSi (romelic 

SezRudulobiT xasiaTdeba) moiTxoven mxolod aristoteles 

da sanskritis poetikebis daaxloebas. 102 miuxedavad 

amisa, farTo asparezia gadaSlili iseTi tipis msgavsebisa 

da damTxvevis gamovlinebisaTvis, rogoric aris rasa/gemovneba 

an Cinuri poetika/simbolisturi poetika. 103 am mimarTulebiT, 

sinTezis gzis CaTvliT, saWiro iqneba `literaturis savara- 

28

udo universaluri Teoriis~ Seqmnis SesaZleblobis Zieba, 

imis garkveva, Tu `romeli kritikuli koncefciebia universaluri~, 

aucilebelia `mokle lirikuli Janris~, `realizmis 

tipebis~ da a.S. `SedarebiTi poetikis~ (crosscultural poetics) arsis 

dadgena. 104 

davuSvaT es Zalian Znelia, davuSvaT, rom dasavluraRmosavluri 

poetika jer Zalian norCia. miuxedavad amisa, 

cxadia, diplomiani komparativistebis umravlesobas ar exaliseba 

Teoriuli kvleva da namdvili dabrkolebac amaSi 

mdgomareobs. empiriuli praqtikis mqone istoriuli disciplina 

– tradiciuli Sinaarsis Tanamedrove komparativizmi, 

sazogadod, moklebulia Teoriul cnobismoyvareobas da mowodebas. 

erTi amgvari germanuli Jurnali, sxvaTa Soris, soliduri 

gamocema (Arcadia), gvTavazobs ukiduresad araTeoriul 

programas. rainis gadaRma erTmaneTs (metad gamomwvevi 

sasowarkveTili toniT) ekiTxebian: àqvs Tu ara SedarebiT 

literaturaTmcodneobas Tavisi sakuTari Teoria~ da termini 

Allgemein (=zogadi) aris Tu ara ùSinaarso etiketi~. 105 safrangeTSi, 

aseve, acxadeben, rom komparativizmma sabolood 

aiRo xeli `sinTezis Seqmnis mcdelobaze~, 106 Tumca poziciis 

amgvari daTmoba Znelad asaxsnelia. Tanamedrove komparativistuli 

literaturuli Teoriis arasaimedo mdgomareoba, 

rom ar vTqvaT, `katastrofuli~ (`dawvrilmanebuli~, àd hoc~, 

ìmprovizebuli~, `dauzustebeli~ da mets aRar gavagrZeleb), 

mainc iwvevs aSkarad uaryofiT reaqcias. 107 amdagvari reaqcia, 

samwuxarod, savsebiT samarTliania. komparativizmi warmoudgenelia 

Teoriis gareSe, Tavisi sakuTari literaturis Teoriis 

gareSe; es ukanaskneli unda Seiqmnas. 108 

29

II 

universaluri literatura 

anu literatura 

`poetika~ anu literaturis (namdvili) komparativistuli 

Teoria moiTxovs aTvlis axal wertils, kargad morgebul, 

sruliad ganaxlebuli gansazRvrebis mqone axal safuZvels, 

romelic upasuxebs sammag amocanas: 1) ùniversaluri~ literaturis 

gansazRvreba unda iyos realuri, is unda iyos ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ kargad dasabuTebuli koncefcia; 2) 

komparativizmi unda ganvasxvavoT Sedarebis eqskluziuri 

ideisagan da davakavSiroT (gavuTanabroT kidec) ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ sistemur SeswavlasTan, romelic, mokled 

rom vTqvaT, ubralod, literaturaa; 3) am mizniT unda 

moviZioT ùniversaluri literaturis~ adreuli gansazRvrebebi, 

im elementebis erToblioba, romelic win uswrebs literaturis 

globalur gagebas (istoriuls, morfologiurs 

da, sabolood, Teoriuls); es elementebi xom erTi mimarTulebiT 

moZraoben ùniversaluri literaturisaken~... 

1. „universaluri literaturis“ aRmoCena 

mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT da vecadoT, Teoriul sibrtyeze 

gadavitanoT universaluri literatura, romelic 

Sedgeba literaturebis erTobliobisagan; swored es Taosnoba 

aniWebs saqmes sul sxva ganzomilebas da mimarTulebas. 

sxvaTa Soris, aseTi gafarToeba gardauvalia: ùniversaluri 

literatura~, Tavis mxriv, ise rogorc yvela sxva literaturuli 

idea, aris istoriuli kategoria. maSasadame, sruli 

ufleba gvaqvs, axali formulireba mivceT ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ Zvel gansazRvrebas, zustad ise, rogorc tradiciuli 

komparativizmis mimarT moviqeciT. valdebuli ar 

varT SevinarCunoT dromoWmuli gansazRvrebebi, romlebic 

ver uZleben analizs. 

ganzraxuli ar gvaqvs ùniversaluri literaturisTvis~ 

istoriuli xasiaTis miniWeba, miT ufro, rom es ukve ganxorcielda, 

maT Soris Cveni TvalsazrisiTac. 1 miuxedavad amisa, 

Zalian mokled unda SevajamoT is monacemebi da `niSnebi~, 

romlebic erTianobasa da sayovelTaobaze metyveleben da 

gamomdinareoben literaturis ùniversalurobis~ tradiciidan; 

am SemTxvevaSi winaprebi, rom ar vTqvaT winamorbedebio, 

30

arian, upirveles yovlisa, respublica litteraria-s mimdevrebi da mexotbeebi. 

es aris renesansisa da humanizmis mier Camoyalibebuli 

koncefcia, romelic memkvidreobiT miiRo XVIII-XIX saukuneebma 

(mogvyavs erTi ubralo orientiri: F. Gr. Klopstock, Die 

deutsche Gelehrtenrepublik, 1774). civiltà letteraria-s cneba (da misi semantikuri 

veli sxvadasxva enaSi) arsebobs dRemde. `literaturis 

respublika~ (esec SemorCenili gamoTqmaa) axla ukve 

niSnavs: komunas, erTobas, solidarobas, urTierTgacvlas, saxelis 

moxveWas, kosmopolitizms, `literaturebis~ progresul 

da ormxriv gaxsnilobas yvelgan. XIX saukuneSi es idea 

kidev ufro dazustda da mwvervals miaRwia goeTes Weltliteratur-iT, 

romelmac, rogorc cnobilia, es termini iRblianad 

`wamoayena~: (evropuli) literaturebis Zireuli erTianobis 

koncefcia, maTi yvela mimarTulebiT Tavisufali TanamSromloba 

urTierTgacvlis gziT, Targmanis, mimteveblobis da 

Tanaziari codnis, agreTve konstruqciuli Sejibris saSualebiT. 

mogvianebiT es movlena miiCnies `bunebriv 

simptomad~. 2 

faqtobrivad, saqme exeba, upirveles yovlisa, gamokve- 

Til evrocentristul tendencias, rac Zalian TvalsaCinoa 

novalisTan (Die `Christenheit~ oder Èuropa~, 1799), fr. SlegelTan 

(Europa, Eine Zeitschrift...1800), sxvebTan da rac goeTem gamoiyena 

da ganaviTara ise, rom Tavisi didi saxeli mianiWa mas. ùniversaluroba~ 

im epoqaSi gulisxmobda, upirveles yovlisa, 

èvropul literaturas~ (maZini, vilmeni), romelic yvelaze 

metad cnobili da misawvdomi iyo. TviT kinesTan `Tanamedrove 

literaturaTa erTobliobis~ (1838) dacva exeba mxolod 

did dasavlur literaturebs. 3 sxvadasxva teritoriaze arsebuli 

literaturebis erT sxeulad Sekvris suliskveTeba, 

rasac erTvis imis Segneba, rom literatura erTiania, unitarulia, 

Tundac evropis perimetriT ifarglebodes, yvelaferi 

es aZlierebs rwmenas, rom TiToeuli erovnuli literatura 

sazrdoobs saerTo principebis garkveuli raodenobiT (ganaTleba, 

gemovneba, `poezia~ da a.S.). es ukanaskneli principebi 

uzrunvelyofs literaturaTa erTobliobis aramarto metnaklebad 

mWidro da `kosmopolitur~ mTlianobas, aramed, 

amasTanave, garkveul identurobas, esTetikur èrTgvarovnebasac~ 

ki. am sagnebze msjeloba TandaTanobiT Rebulobs literaturis 

(zogadi) Teoriis formas, Tumca igi jer kidev 

fragmentulia. 

Tu ganmanaTleblobis epoqis met-naklebad dawinaurebulma 

kosmopolitizmma safuZveli Cauyara literaturuli 

esTetikis sust erTianobas (miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba am 

31

momentis damcireba), Tu XIX saukunis didi literaturuli 

mimdinareobebi ganavrcoben da aRrmaveben amave tendencias 

saerTo `poeturi xelovnebisaken~, Tavisi pikis momentiT – 

simbolizmiT, romlis zemoqmedeba aRiares `planetis yvela 

literaturaze~, 4 maSin XX saukunis avangardistebis damsaxurebaa 

(sakmaod uCveulo damsaxureba) yvela esTetikuri „izm“isTvis 

saerTo mniSvnelis moZebna da masze Teoriuli msjeloba. 

cnobilia aseTi sinqronulobis motivacia msoflio 

doneze: zeitgeist-is mZafri aRqma, àxali azrovneba~ an ùniversaluri 

azrovneba~, ase qebuli futuristebidan da apolineridan 

moyolebuli, 5 Tanamedrove gamoTqma – kacobriobis 

universaluri erTianoba (rogorc cnobilia, dada ekuTvnis 

`yvela erovnebas~) 6 da a.S. saerTaSoriso poeturi Semoqmedeba, 

Tavis mxriv, iqneba àxali universaluri poezia~. 7 igi iyenebs 

im poetur kavSirs, romelic `msoflio kavSirs~ uwodebs 

Tavis Tavs da zogjer `Camosxmulia~ aTasgvari nawilebisagan 

(zaumi, konkretuli poezia da a.S.) `Tanamedrove~ poetika anu 

àvangardi~, romelic sul ufro ganzogadebulia, ayalibebs 

am internacionalisturi miswrafebebis mTlianobas. maT 

dasturi da stimuli misca am bolo aTwleulebis globaluri 

masStabis sxva movlenebma, romelTagan ori mainc sakmaod 

msxvilia: masmediis gavrceleba `post tipografiul~ sazogadoebaSi, 

aRmosavleTis qveynebis CaTvliT, romelic saSualebas 

gvaZlevs `vicxovroT~ erTdroulad da mravalmxrivad 

mravalricxovan samyaroebsa da kulturebSi; meore msxvili 

movlena gaxlavT Targmanebisa da erToblivi gamocemebis `saerTo 

bazari~, romelic axorcielebs, ZiriTadad mainc, Zvel 

ocnebas universalur literaturaze. 8 `saerTaSoriso literaturuli~ 

Jurnalebis gamocema amave ùniversalur~ moZraobas 

miewereba, romlis xorcSesxma momavlis saqmea. 

2. ra aris universaluri literatura 

gasarkvevi dagvrCa, upirveles yovlisa, Tu zustad ras 

gulisxmobs ùniversaluri literatura~, ra mniSvnelobas 

unda atarebdes es Sesityveba imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas literaturis 

Teoria? dasabuTebuli da operatiuli gansazRvreba, 

albaT, unda Sedgebodes Semdegi elementebisagan: 

a) universaluri literatura – erTi da ganuyofeli – 

rogorc (logikuri) koncefcia, Sedgeba literaturebis er- 

Tobliobisagan anu `jamisagan” gamonaklisis gareSe. es Tvalsazrisi, 

romelic mTeli msoflios literaturebs erT 

32

mTlianobad ganixilavs, gadaWriT emijneba literaturis istoriul 

da pozitivistur perspeqtivas. 

pirveli mniSvnelobiT, romelic aris yvelaze ufro 

tradiciuli da gavrcelebuli, `mTlianoba~ gulisxmobs raodenobriv 

`jams~, dedamiwis literaturebis àriTmeTikul~ 

Sekrebas. es perspeqtiva sakmaod gamyarda XVIII saukunidan, 

amitomac ukve mihyves xeli am tipis farTo kvlevebs: franCesko 

saverio kvadrios Della storia e della ragione di ogni poesia (1739- 

1752), romelic SezRudvebis miuxedavad, im epoqaSi cnobili 

yvela literaturis universaluri panoramis Seqmnis mcdelobas 

warmoadgens. es idea XIX saukuneSi gaimeores kosmopolitma 

kritikosebma, rogoric aris J.J. amperi, h.m. posnetis an 

S. leturnos tipis evolucionistebma, agreTve istoriuli 

poetikis avtorebma, rogoric aris a.n. veselovski. 9 namdvili 

komparativistuli Semecneba bevrad ufro axalia. 

ufro Zveli anglosaqsuri gansazRvrebebiT, romlebic 

TariRdeba saukunis dasawyisiT, wamoyenebulia azri, rom 

ùniversaluri literatura niSnavs mxolod yvela literaturis 

saerTo jams~. 10 rene ueleki, am koncefciis Tanamedrove 

momxre da yvelaze TvalsaCino atlantis okeanis gaRma, 

isic agreTve am gzas irCevs: universaluri literatura ar 

SeiZleba darCes iq, sadac goeTem datova is. man unda moicvas 

`xuTi kontinenti, axali zelandiidan islandiamde~ _ mokled, 

`mTeli literatura~. 11 ès azri ukve avtoritetulia da 

rogor Cans, gabatonebulic xdeba. es moiTxovs literaturis 

Seswavlas, `rac SeiZleba farTo zonebSi~, `rac SeiZleba didi 

moculobiT~, dasavluri memkvidreobis miRma. 12 aqedan momdinareobs 

Weltliteratur-is mTavari revizia misi istoriul-geografiuli 

CarCoebis garRveviT da Sedegad mosdevs amgvari 

gaxsnis yvelaze aqtiuri momxris, etiamblis survili – `gauRon 

mTels planetas evraziis es pawia naxevarkunZuli~, romelsac 

ewodeba evropa. amgvarad, universaluri literatura 

Rebulobs (namdvil) msoflio moxazulobas da zomebs. universaluri 

literatura agebulia èrovnuli literaturebis 

erTobliobisagan~, `yvela literaturisagan, romelTa werilobiTi 

forma SemogvrCa an mxolod zepiri, amasTanave yvelaferi 

es enobrivi, politikuri da religiuri Cagvris gareSe. 

13 ùniversaluri literatura~, romelic ekumenizmis namdvili 

literaturuli gamoxatulebaa (rac samyaros oTx ZiriTad 

geografiul mxareSi kiTxvis procesis gavrcelebas 

mohyva), etiamblis mixedviT, aris am `raodenobrivi~ koncefciis 

yvelaze radikaluri da sruli varianti. erT-erTi bolo 

franguli saxelmZRvanelo, agreTve, iwonebs àm kanonier gam- 

33

edaobas~, Tumca naklebi enTuziazmiT, rogorc Cans; SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneoba ganixilavs mimarTebas, kavSirs 

`msoflios yvela literaturas Soris. udavod, aseTia misi 

bunebrivi memkvidreoba~. 14 sxva gansazRvrebebi, kidev ufro 

yovlismomcveli (aseTi tipis: `sinTezi~, òrganuli sxeuli~ 15 

da a.S.) unda gamovricxoT maTi metismetad `gamaerTferovnebeli~ 

(ùnifikatoruli~) xasiaTis gamo. TavisTavad cxadia, 

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi universalurisaken miswrafeba kidev 

ufro TvalsaCinoa. iqauri mTavari ideebia: erovnuli literaturebis 

universaluri literaturis `CarCoSi Casma~ da 

`dialeqtikuri kavSiri~ – universaluri literatura/erovnuli 

literatura. 16 

universaluri literaturis eqstensiuri da raodenobrivi 

Sinaarsi (saerTaSoriso literaturul urTierTobaTa er- 

Toblioba, `patara~ da `didi~ literaturebi, msoflios yvela 

literatura) ormagdeba meore kriteriumiT, xarisxobrivi 

anu Sefasebis kriteriumiT: nawarmoebebis an, ufro sworad, 

`Sedevrebis~ erToblioba, romelTac aqvT drois mier gamocdili 

universaluri Rirebuleba, aRiareba da masStabi. rodesac 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba problemas CaeWideba, 

is aRmoCndeba xolme ori sruliad sapirispiro da TiTqmis 

SeuTavsebadi gadawyvetilebis winaSe: erTi mxriv, yvela Sedevri, 

rogorc `saunje~, `ganZi~ da, meore mxriv, maTi saer- 

TaSoriso asparezi da warmateba. es ori orientiri TiTqmis 

arasodes Cndeba wyvilad. Love story ùniversaluri~ wignia? is 

ukve kargad daviwyebuli Cans. SeiZleba principulad SevTanxmdeT 

imaze, rom xarisxi unda iyos `gadamwyveti faqtori~. 17 

ki magram, rogor ganvsazRvroT is? namdvil xarisxs warmateba 

da aRiareba erovnul sazRvrebs gareT gaaqvs, es ar aris 

pativiscemis gamo, gayidviT an recenziebiT miRweuli warmateba, 

aramed aris gonebagamWriaxi adamianebis mxardaWera, SeiZleba 

iTqvas, maTi mxardaWera, vinc warmoadgens kacobriobis 

rCeul esTetikur sindiss. es koncefcia, marTali rom 

vTqvaT, ar aris èlituri~, ufro metad `klasikuria~, im 

sxvadasxva gonebis konsensusia, romlebic iziareben RirebulebaTa 

erTian, stabilur da universalur sistemas. es aris 

literatura aRmatebiT xarisxSi, Seqmnili `brwyinvale gonebis 

adamianebis~ mier, `saukeTeso literatura, rac ki Seqmnila 

mTels msoflioSi~ (meTiu arnoldi), `klasikosebis saunje~, 

ùdidesi wignebis samefo~, mokled, `Sedevrebi~. aseTi 

gansazRvrebiT universaluri literatura awesebs `samagali- 

To nimuSebs~, romlebic Seesabamebian ùniversalur normas~, 

`saukeTeso nawarmoebebis kanons~. amerikuli sauniversiteto 

34

kursebi `diadi wignebis~ Sesaxeb am koncefciiT aris 

STagonebuli. 

advili gasagebia, Tu ratom iyo xarisxis kriteriumi 

ara Tu mimzidveli, aramed Zalian mimzidveli aRmosavleT 

evropis komparativistebisaTvis. maTi literaturebi, zogjer 

Zalian daufasebeli, am SemTxvevaSi aRwevs umaRles dones. 

aqedan momdinareobs aseTi didi mxardaWera `Sedevrebis~ universalurobisadmi, 

`saukeTeso avtorebis~, `goliaTebis~, 

`mwvervalebis~, `sayovelTaod cnobili~ nawarmoebebis mimarT 

yuradReba, TviT bestselerebis mimarTac. am dros gadamwyveti 

sityva yovelTvis aseTia – ùniversaluri literaturuli 

Rirebuleba~. 18 mis nawarmoebebs ixsenieben rogorc dasayrdens, 

moTxovnis, reabilitaciis sagans, zogjer RvarZlis 

sagansac ki. 

b) universaluri literatura, rogorc raodenobrivi da 

Tvisobrivi jami, saerTo memkvidreobaa, kacobriobis warmomadgenlobiTi 

da sanimuSo memkvidreoba. es aris literaturis 

`panTeoni~ (an `pandemoni~), romelic mTlianad àdamianTa 

modgmis~, msoflios ukvdavi `klasikosebis~ ìdealur biblioTekebSia~ 

Caketili. universaluri nawarmoebebis, agreTve 

personaliebis ìstoriisa~ da `leqsikonebis~ sul ufro 

mzardi seria cdilobs axlodan Tu Soridan Semoimtkicos 

da inventarizacia gaukeTos am saerTo memkvidreobas. aseTi 

qmedebis mTavari azria msoflio literaturebis monawileoba 

kacobriobis `kanonieri sacavis~ SeqmnaSi. yoveli literatura 

ekuTvnis mTel msoflios, romelic erTia yvela 

xalxisTvis. 

amgvari msjeloba, cota romantikuli, mesianisturic ki, 

gamoxatavs kargad dasabuTebul sicrues. ùniversaluri literaturis~ 

koncefcias, cxadia, aRar SeuZlia `didi~ dasavluri 

literaturebis (evropulis da amerikulis) Targze gamoWrili 

darCes. aqedan momdinareobs `patara~ literaturebis 

aRiareba im, ase vTqvaT Teoriuli gansxvavebebis gauqmebiT, 

romlebic maT aSorebs `did~ literaturebs. yvelafer 

amas mosdevs aRmasvla komparativistuli da Teoriuli kvlevis 

horizontisaken. `patara~ literaturebis universalur 

ganzomilebaSi moqceva (istoriuli da esTetikuri motiviT, 

rogorc erTobliobis Semadgeneli nawilebisa), amis Sedegad 

maTi aRorZineba da xelmeored mopoveba SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis, 

aseTia ùniversaluri literaturis~ 

axali koncefciis is pirveli da umniSvnelovanesi Sesworeba. 

droa Tavi davaneboT viTomda saxaliso evfemizmebiT 

TamaSs mowyalebisa da zrdilobis gulisTvis, SevwyvitoT 

35

damamcirebeli mfarvelebis mier naZaladevi qebis dros warmoTqmuli 

sityvebiT TamaSi: `patara~, `mcire~, `marginaluri~ 

(an `marginalizebuli~), `naklebad bunebrivi~, `msofliosTvis 

ucnobi~, `TiTqmis uCveulo~, `naklebad cnobili~. unda uarvyoT, 

TiTqos arsebobs Zireuli gansxvaveba `didi` da `patara~ 

literaturebis Rirebulebebs Soris. am mimarTulebiT 

vxedavT aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis, mesame samyaros da 

aRmosavleTis sul ufro mzard reaqcias. TiToeuli am literaturaTagan 

darwmunebulia, rom erTdroulad `Rebulobs~ 

da `gascems~, monawileobs saerTaSoriso literaturuli ur- 

TierTgacvlis did procesSi, msoflio literaturuli Sromis 

ganawilebaSi. 

universaluri literatura TviT misi universalurobis 

faqtis gamo kacobriobisTvis saerTo movlenaa, misi arsi 

(struqturuli, morfologiuri, fenomenologiuri) moiTxovs 

da amarTlebs literaturis, rogorc ganuyofeli mTelis Teoriul 

gansazRvrebas. es aris saukeTeso sinTezuri da imedismomcemi 

perspeqtiva, radgan yvelaze ufro ganzogadebulia. 

am struqturul monacems realurad aqvs Tu ara safuZveli 

(SemoTavazebuli axsna-ganmartebebi met-naklebad metafizikuria: 

ùniversaluri goneba~, ùniversaluri adamianoba~, 

`kacobriobis erToba~ da a.S.), aq es ar gvainteresebs. davimaxsovroT 

mxolod is, rom msgavsi koncefcia gamovida 

mzis sinaTleze da yvelaze Ria komparativizmma is SeiTvisa, 

miiRo. 

literatura amgvarad xdeba universaluri “poeturi” 

Tvisebis gamomxatveli, romelic gonebis Tanaziaria. es Tviseba 

qmediTia nawerebisa da literaturebis erTobliobaSi, 

miuxedavad maTi geografiuli mdebareobisa. es Tezisi sakmaod 

momwifda XVIII saukuneSi iseT moazrovneebs Soris, rogoric 

arian riCard herdi “Dissertation of the Idea of Universal Poetry 

(1766), goldsmiTi, smoleti, romelTaTvis poezia ise moZravia 

`rogorc gadaadgilebis universaluri saSualeba~. 19 Zmebi 

Slegelebi gaxdnen romantikul poeziasTan asimilirebuli 

ùniversaluri progresuli poeziis~ (Ath.Fragm., 116) da 

`mTels kacobriobaSi gavrcelebuli poeturi niWis~ Teoretikosebi. 

ìs xalxebic ki, romelTac barbarosebs da velurebs 

vuwodebT, ar arian am mxriv zeciuri saCuqris gareSe dar- 

Cenili~. 20 aseve moulodnelad Cndeba literaturuli (universaluri) 

intuicia rogorc organuli erToblioba: `didi, 

mwyobri, erTgvarovani erToblioba, romelic Tavis TavSi 

moicavs mraval mxatvrul samyaros..~ 21 gavixsenoT agreTve 

goeTe da Weltliteratur. misTvis msoflio literatura warmoad- 

36

gens potenciur Semoqmeds da kacobriobis saerTo memkvidreobas, 

artistul makrokosmoss, `xelovnebis idealur korpuss~ 

(ideale Kunstkörper). 22 es did Targze gamoWrili mxatvrulliteraturuli 

erToblioba, miuxedavad organicizmis (Warbi 

organizebulobis) mkveTri elferisa, kargad gamoiyureboda 

da moculobiTic iyo. mas acocxlebda literaturis universalurobis 

mZafri SegrZneba da Tavisufali sunTqva, romelic 

mogvianebiT nel-nela Sewyda. 

frangi Tanamoazreebi arian edgar kine, J.J. amperi (àrsisa 

da warmomavlobis erTianoba~), renani (àrsebobs mxolod 

erTi literatura, radgan yvela literatura cocxlobs 

grZnobebisa da azrebis saerTo maragiT~). 23 Tu calke gamovyofT 

winamorbedebs, (magaliTad, J. teqsti), 24 SeiZleba iTqvas, 

rom komparativistebi mxolod bolo dros miemxrnen am 

Tvalsazriss da isic mxolod iseTi mowinave pirovnebebis 

saxiT, rogoric etiamblia. 25 saxelmZRvaneloebSi am sakiTxebze 

aseTive daskvnaa mocemuli: `literaturis saerTo fondi... 

aris Weltliteratur~, `literatura, rogorc adamianis azrovnebis 

gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba~. 26 SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

`krizisi~ aiZulebs mkvlevarebs, xelaxla Camoayalibon 

misi sagani identifikaciis mizniT. saxeldobr, rene 

uelekis azriT, literatura unda iyos èrToblioba~ imisaTvis, 

rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes `msoflio literaturis WeSmaritad 

universaluri Seswavla~, ris safuZvelic iqneboda `nawarmoebebis 

integraluri sistema~, `mTeli literaturuli 

Semoqmedebis erTianoba~. 27 daskvna TavisTavad Cndeba: arsebobs 

mxolod erTi poezia, erTi literatura, romlis Sedareba 

SeiZleba yvela epoqis mixedviT. aseTia literaturis 

SedarebiTi poetikis safuZveli sruli saxiT. 

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi komparativistuli 

azrovneba adasturebs am daskvnas. es faqti, sxvaTa Soris, 

gardauvalia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT universaluri literaturis 

identur struqturas. aRmosavleTis komparativistuli 

azrovneba aseTi xasiaTisaa: msoflio literaturis Seswavlas 

cdiloben (yovel SemTxvevaSi socialistur qveynebSi) 

istoriuli filosofiis farglebSi da misive xerxebiT, romelic 

veRar iqneboda evolucionisturi, aramed deterministuli 

da metadre, materialistur-marqsistuli. es tendencia, an 

ase vTqvaT, es postulati ukve sagrZnobia XIX saukuneSi a.n. 

veselovskisTan, romelic aris pioneri, mogvianebiT ki, XX 

saukuneSi, v.m. JirmunskisTan. orive `literaturuli procesis 

erTianobis~ 28 momxre Teoretikosebi arian. maT mier Semotanil 

postulats mimdevrebi da epigonebi gaimeoreben ufro 

37

ideologiuri da dogmaturi terminebiT. miuxedavad amisa, gaugegebaria, 

ra roli SeiZleba Seasrulon erovnuli xasiaTis 

gansxvavebebma da zogjer dapirispirebebma ùniversaluri 

kulturuli procesis~, am `sistemis~ erTianobaSi an rogor 

unda moergon mas? 29 `kompromisuli~ gadawyvetileba (literaturuli 

procesis erTianoba, magram erovnuli variantebiT) 

mxolod elementaruli monacemia da sxva araferi. ra doneze 

xorcieldeba es dialeqtika faqtobrivad? 30 Tu universaluri 

literatura ar warmoadgens erovnuli literaturebis meqanikur 

jams, maSin zogadi movlenebis gamoxatva, TavisTavad, 

ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCndeba, vidre erovnul TaviseburebaTa 

warmoCena. ungreli komparativistebi daJinebiT moiTxoven 

amas da samarTlianadac. 31 rumineTSi miaCniaT, aseve, rom 

universaluri literatura Sedgeba `msgavsebaTa jamisagan~, 

e.i. yvela erovnuli literaturis `saerTo~ elementebisagan. 32 

erovnuli gansxvavebebi, rasac aravin uaryofs, sul sxva 

safuZvels emyareba. 

3. universaluri literaturis „mowinaaRmdegeebi“ 

principulad uaryofiTi reaqcia, zogjer Zaladobrivi, 

romelic gamoiwvia literaturis radikalurad axleburma 

gaazrebam da formulirebam, Zalian advilad asaxsnelia: is 

pirdapir ejaxeba sauniversiteto tradiciebsa da rutinas, 

literaturuli gamokvlevebis gabatonebul da konformistul 

koncefciebs, SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis gayinul 

da dromoWmul Teoriebs. aqedan gamomdinare, axalma 

midgomam gza unda gaikafos winaaRmdegobis ganuwyvetel cecxlSi 

ufro adre, vidre komparativizmis `kriziss~ da mis 

Sesaxeb polemikas Seexebodes. 

erTi mxriv, ityodiT, rom upirveles yovlisa arian mudmivad 

damTrgunveli erovnuli da regionaluri Taviseburebebis 

da tradiciebis damcvelebi: èrovnuli winaaRmdegobis~ 

es Tema, romelic upirispirdeba Tanwyobas, meqanikur Tavmoyras, 

erTgvarovnebas da aqedan gamomdinare, literaturis mier 

saxis dakargvas, Zalian vrcelia imisaTvis, rom am CarCoebSi 

gavixsenoT, Tundac mokled. davimaxsovroT mxolod ZiriTadi: 

madam de stalidan sismondimde, tomazeodan maZinimde 

(am moazrovneebma gauxsnes gza literaturis universalurobis 

gagebas), Jidamde da Tanamedrove anTropologebamde, 

vinc xazgasmiT aRniSnavs kulturebis `daSorebas gansxvavebis 

gamo~ (`diferencialur daSorebas~), rom erTi wuTiTac 

38

aravis warmoudgenia erovnul TaviseburebaTa waSlis SesaZlebloba. 

33 zeerovnuli Teoriis Seqmnis miznad dasaxva ar 

niSnavs erovnuli sinamdvilis gasaqrobad muSaobas, ise rogorc 

universaluroba ar warmoadgens individualobaze Tavdasxmas. 

es elementaruli sakiTxia, magram komparativistebis 

garkveuli nawili ewinaaRmdegeba amas imisaTvis, rom Tavidan 

aicilos TiTqosda momakvdinebeli `safrTxe~; misgan Tavis 

daRwevis mizniT, komparativizmi unda emsaxuros mxolod 

erovnul literaturul istorias da a.S. 34 es aris yvela 

èrovnuli~ literaturis istorikosis sayvareli Tezisi, 

romlebic ase Tu ise SeniRbuli arian SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

`specialistebad~... 

aranaklebad Seurigeblebi arian evrocentrizmis Tavgamodebuli 

momxreebi, goeTes da dasavleT evropis istoriografiuli 

tradiciis TavdebobiT. Cvens droSi maT mxars uWeren 

e.r. kurciusi da misi mowafeebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac, ar 

unda gavideT dasavleTis istoriisa da kulturuli erTobis 

gareT. 35 Cven ukve ganvixileT (da uarvyaviT) aseTi mikerZoebis 

ideologiuri meqanizmi. 36 unda gavixsenoT, rom am ideologias 

namdvili mowinaaRmdegeebi hyavs mxolod sami mimar- 

TulebiT: avangardis mxridan `poetikis~ CaTvliT (Cexi formalistebis 

Tezisebi uaryofda èvropul egocentrizms~ 1929 

wlidan). 37 aRmosavleT evropis literatorebis saxiT, romlebic 

arian da Tavs acxadeben kidec evropelebad da bolos, 

sxvebTan erTad, laTinuri amerikis saxiT, romelic aris evropis 

miRma mdebare qveynebis literaturebis macne (am SemTxvevaSi 

Cndeba imis safrTxe, rom erTi SemzRudavi regionalizmi 

Seicvalos meoriT). 38 tradiciuli komparativizmi metnaklebad 

rCeba èvropuli Weltliteratur-is~ Zvel poziciaze. 39 

aseTi reaqciebi mniSvnelovanwilad aris gapirobebuli 

fsiqologiuri SekavebiT, cruwmeniT da azrovnebis Cvevebis 

barieriT. planetis sigrZe-siganeze gafarToebuli literatura 

aSinebs, uxerxulobas uqmnis, gzidan gadahyavs, abnevs adamianebs. 

maSin amoefarebian xolme erovnul Taviseburebebs, 

yvelaze metad evropuls, da didi rwmeniT amboben, rom 

Weltliteratur ar aris... gaero. metadre etiamblis pozicia miCneulia 

ùtopiad~, maSin rodesac sxvebi, ufro gulmowyaleni, 

amboben, rom es avtori aris èrTsa da imave dros STambeWdavi, 

paradoqsuli da utopiuri~ da rom is mainc qmnis `nayofier 

utopias~. 40 amgvari Tavazianoba bevria da araerTgzis gadadis 

SeuracxyofaSi: àseTi bavSvuri Sexeduleba, ase fantastikurad 

utopiuri...“ gasul saukuneSi gamoTqmebi ufro 

keTilSobiluri iyo: `mSvenieri sityva, grandiozuli ocne- 

39

a...~ 41 amas emateba `snobizmis~ braldeba, mTeli rigi Sepasuxebani, 

romlebic ukve ganvixileT: enobrivi dabrkolebebi, Zalauneburad 

SezRuduli kompetencia, universitetebis jer kidev 

tradiciuli da eTnocentruli organizacia da a.S. 42 magram 

mTavar winaaRmdegobad rCeba ùniversaluri literaturis~ 

Teoriuli da maSasadame, TavisTavad cxadia, zeistoriuli 

statusi; rogorc Cans, am termins (ùniversaluri literatura~) 

brWyalebi isev sWirdeba.... 

4. „aRmosavluri literaturis“ aRmoCena 

gansazRvrebis dasabuTeba da misi logikurad warmoCena 

ar kmara am konkretul SemTxvevaSi. viciT, rom saqme gvaqvs 

Zlier kulturul tradiciasTan, romelic Tavisi uflebidan, 

faqtobrivad, ùniversalurobidan~ gamoricxavs evropis gareT, 

dasavleTs miRma arsebuli literaturebis mTels er- 

Tobliobas. protestis nacvlad unda gavixsenoT meore tradicia, 

romelic evropis miRma mdebare literaturebis mimarT 

iRebs pasuxismgeblobas. erTi sityviT, aucilebelia, rom Teoriuli 

winadadebebi dadasturdes da Seimosos analitikuri 

TvalsazrisiT. maSasadame, unda gadavideT literaturis universalurobis 

pragmatul ganxilvaze. faqtobrivad, Sesamowmebeli 

gvrCeba ormagi gaxsniloba, romelsac mohyveba ormagi 

aRqma. yvelaferi es migviyvans ZiriTad daskvnamde: aRmosavleT 

da dasavleT evropis literaturebis igiveoba (identuroba) 

àRmosavleTis~ da `dasavleTis~ mier erTmaneTis aRmo- 

Cenis safuZvelze. es simboluri, paradigmuli situacia gansazRvravs 

ùniversalur literaturas~, magram ar kmara misi 

arsebobis mtkiceba da aRiareba. unda davamtkicoT, rom misi 

arseboba efeqturia, radgan literaturis ùniversaluroba~ 

wydeba am doneze. 

es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs evropaSi aRmosavleTmcodneobis 

istoriis da aRmosavluri literaturebis 

aRmoCenis Tundac zerele mimoxilvis gakeTebas, rac, rogorc 

cnobilia, TariRdeba XVIII saukuniT. magram niSandoblivia 

imis dadastureba, rom SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

TiTqmis yvela istorikosi, yovel SemTxvevaSi isini, vinc yvelaze 

ufro darwmunebulia aRmosavleT evropisaken gzis gaxsnis 

aucileblobaSi, aRmoaCens Tavis winamorbeds aRmosavluri 

literaturebis Zvel momxreebs Soris herderis meTaurobiT, 

romelic Morgenländer-is aseTi moyvaruli iyo. 43 Cinuri 

literatura kooptaciiT mTlianad aris Seyvanili `lite- 

40

aturul respublikaSi~. 44 aRiareben im faqts, rom àziasa da 

afrikaSi arian iseTive niWierebi (ingenious), `rogorc sxvagan~, 

45 rac dRes savsebiT cxadia. islandiuri literatura 

1773 wels aRiarebul iqna `mTlianad 46 Weltliteratur-isTvis mniSvnelovan 

SenaZenad~ da es gaxlavT mxolod saxeldaxelo magaliTebi. 

Zmeb Slegelebs didi dafaseba aqvT maTi naSromebidan 

da Targmanebidan gamomdinare, radgan maT daZlies ber- 

Znul-laTinuri tradicia, ùmaRlesi donis romantizmi~ aRmosavleTTan 

gaaigives. 47 goeTes afaseben ara marto misi gan- 

Tqmuli sityvebisaTvis – àRmosavleTi da dasavleTi aRar 

aris gayofili~, 48 aramed agreTve misi aRmosavluri STagonebisa 

da TargmanebisTvis. garda amisa, mas miaCnda, rom germanuli 

suli SeiZleboda gaemdidrebina aRmosavlur sulierebas. 

sxvaTa Soris, es sityva Zalian swrafad gavrcelda 

da am Temaze floberis ironia gvxvdeba mis romanSi `buvari 

da pekiuSe~: `...ori modgma bolos da bolos SeduRabdeba~. 49 

`klasikosebs~ Soris homerosis gverdiT sent-bevi aRiarebs 

`CvenTvis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ucnob am sam homeross~: 

valmiki, viasa, firdousi. `kargia gemovnebis TvalsazrisiT, _ 

acxadebs is dasamSvideblad, _ sul cota imis codna mainc, 

rom aseTi adamianebi arseboben. 50 TviT aRmosavleT evropis 

qveynebSi, rumineTSi, magaliTad, modernizaciisa da evropisaken 

gamalebuli swrafvis fazaSi, XIX saukunis pirvel aTwledebSi 

aRmosavluri literatura aRiarebulia, rogorc 

aucilebeli faqtori àdamianTa modgmis~ gasacnobad. 51 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis pirveli Jurnalebis 

gadafurcvlisas maSinve TvalSi gvxvdeba erTi faqti: ma- 

Ti programebi ufro mowinave iyo, vidre aseTi komparativizmi: 

`faqtobrivi kavSirebi~ an `gavlena~, rac mowmobs seriozul 

ukan daxevas am principuli orientaciebidan. hugo 

melcl de iomnicis komparativizmi da `poliglotoba~ gamoxatavda 

mzadyofnas egzotikuri xalxebis, egviptologiis da 

asirologiis misaRebad. maqs koxi iziarebda aRmosavleT da 

dasavleT evropaSi erTi da imave formebis da wriulad 

moZravi movlenebis arsebobas, maSin rodesac luipol beci 

iTvaliswinebda (principulad mainc) àRmosavluri literaturis 

did nawils~. s.e. vudberis, Tavis mxriv, miaCnda rom, 

àRmosavleTis Zveli literaturebis gamovlineba didi movlenaa 

msoflios istoriaSi~. 52 SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

pirvel TeoriebSi indoeTi da CineTi ukve aRiarebuli 

iyo universaluri literaturis Semadgenel nawilebad. 53 

samwuxarod, sakmaod Rrma ufskruli gaCnda da xangr- 

Zlivma siCumem daisadgura am dasawyisis Semdeg rene uelekis 

41

(da sxvebis) gamoCenamde, romelmac anglosaqsuri mxridan daadastura 

gaxsniloba àraevropuli~ an àRmosavluri~ literaturebis 

mimarT da zogadad gamoavlina `msoflio literaturis 

universalurad, WeSmaritad SeswavlisaTvis mzadyofna~. 

54 es paeqroba, gansakuTrebiT bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, 

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli etiamblis naSromebTan 

Tu ara, mis saxelTan mainc, romlis wyalobiTac araevropuli 

literaturebi farTod gaRebuli karidan Sevidnen ara 

marto komparativistikaSi (frangulSi), aramed agreTve enciklopediebSi 

(Encyclopaedia Universalis) da koleqciebSi (àRmosavleTTan 

Sexvedra~ iuneskos xelSewyobiT, `pleada~; aRsaniSnavia 

agreTve ciurixis – Manesse Bibliothek der Weltliteratur). `saukunis 

sami meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi yvelaferi ise xdeba, _ 

azustebs etiambli, _ TiTqos SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

gulisxmobdes dasavleT evropis mwerlebs Soris faqtobrivi 

kavSirebis Seswavlas; amasTanave, dasavleT evropa 

Zveli koloniuri imperiebis metropoliebamdea dayvanili~. 

aqedan gamomdinare, `Cveni saukunis erT-erT damsaxurebad 

imis Segneba mainc unda CaiTvalos, rom aRmosavleTi ufro 

mets imsaxurebda, vidre gaqceuli mogzaurebis literaturaa, 

aRmosavleTi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre gulCvili turistis 

cnobismoyvareoba~. 55 es regioni aRmosaCeni, Sesaswavli, 

evropul literaturul wyobaSi CasarTavia da es kvleva unda 

gagrZeldes msoflio masStabiT. es aris TviT literaturis 

universalurobis da gaxsnilobis paradigma. mokled rom 

vTqvaT – es aris namdvili universaluri literaturis aRmo- 

Cenis paradigma, radgan es literatura SeuzRudavia da ar 

aRmerTebs evropas... 

mogvianebiT èvropuli SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis~ 

(Comparative European Literature) 56 mSvenier Senobas aqa-iq bzari 

uCndeba. ryevebi, urwmunoba, livlivi, Tavdapirvelad TviT 

èvropis~ da `dasavleTis~ cnebebis gamo. sadamde unda gavavrcoT 

is (evropa)? atlantis okeanedan uralamde, general de 

golis gamonaTqvamis mixedviT? zogierTi sarwmunoebrivi 

mosazrebis Tanaxmad, `dasavleTi, albaT, SeiZleba moicavdes 

agreTve ruseTs da amerikas, magram azias – ara~. mainc unda 

mivesalmoT `dasavleTis adamianis~ 57 am gaxsnilobas, gafar- 

Toebis survils, Tundac mas akldes srulyofa, ar iyos dasrulebuli. 

zogierTi frTxili Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, universaluri 

literaturis `guli~ unda iyos evropuli literatura, 

romlidanac is SeZlebda ganviTarebas, rogorc òrganizmi~. 

58 es midrekileba igrZnoba universaluri literatu- 

42

is TviT saukeTeso istoriebSi, sadac aRmosavleTis mimarT 

gaxsniloba yovelTvis momdinareobs dasavleTis mxridan. 59 

swavleba da komparativistuli saxelmZRvaneloebi sakmaod 

nela dgeba namdvili, Tanmimdevruli universaluri literaturis 

poziciebze. pirveli saerTaSoriso komparativistuli 

bibliografia da pirveli “traqtati”, romlebSic Tamamad, 

programis mixedviT CaerTo aRmosavluri literaturebi 

(aris agreTve adrindeli mcdeloba), gamoCnda 1960 da 1961 

wlebSi. 60 swored amave epoqaSi iwyeba Cinuri literaturis 

ganxilva ùniversaluri literaturis konteqstSi~. 61 miTiTebis 

mizniT, aseve SeiZleba gavixsenoT ènciklopediebisa~ da 

`leqsikonebis~ garkveuli raodenoba (`pleada~, aleqs preminjeri, 

gero fon uilperti da a.S.). am saqmianobis gaaqtiurebas 

adasturebs agreTve `konferenciebisa~ da `simpoziumebis~ 

ricxvis gazrda islamur an Cinur Temebze an kidev SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneobis saerTaSoriso asociaciis yrilobaze 

warmodgenili urTierTobani, saxeldobr, VII yrilobidan 

(monreali-otava, 1973), sadac mTeli ganyofilebebi mieZRvna 

amerikul, afrikul, aziur, Emerging and Neglected 

literaturebs. 62 

proeqtis ganzomileba isev iwvevs SiSs. komparativizmSi 

aRmosavluri literaturebis Semotana, es xom SeuZlebelia! 

ase rom, Cafiqrebuli ìdealuri biblioTeka~ SeiZleba iyos 

mxolod ganuxorcielebeli Mammutwerk-i! aqedan gamomdinare, 

unda SemovifargloT evropuli literaturiT 63 an aRmosavluri 

literatura SeviswavloT calke, specialuri disciplinebis 

farglebSi. 64 nuTu Cinuri literatura universaluri 

literaturis nawili iqneba? es `gazviadeba da provokaciaa~ 

(citata!) iranulic da grenlandiuric? 65 ra sibecea! 

am saqmiT yvelaze dainteresebuli aRmosavleli komparativistebis 

Tvalsazrisi cota gansxvavebulia. ueWvelia: 

zogjer Tavisi cnobismoyvareobiT, kompetenturobiT isini 

uTanabrdebian da win uswreben kidec yvelaze niWier dasavlel 

mkvlevarebs. rodesac vakvirdebiT ananda k. koomarasuamis 

komparativistul naSromebs xelovnebis istoriaze (romelic 

exeba uSualod sami didi kulturis wyaroebs: evropuli, 

arabuli da induri) 66 an kidev hajime nakamuras gamokvlevebs 

ideebis istoriis dargSi, 67 maSinve gveqmneba warmodgena 

maT did codnaze, ise rogorc ukve miRweul warmatebebsa da 

am gaZlierebuli komparativizmis mier gaxsnil axal perspeqtivebze. 

ufro axali publikaciebi, rogoric aris Tamkang 

Review (taipei, taivani, 1970) an yvelaze Zveli: hikaku bungaku 

(Journal of Comparative Literature), hikaku bungaku kenkiu (Studiebi 

43

SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobaSi, tokio), kargad cnobilia 

specialistebisaTvis. aseTi tipis erTi Jurnali aris 

alJirSi, mere – indoeTSi (Jadapour Journal of Comparative Literature), 

axlaxan samxreT koreaSi gamosces – Journal of Comparative 

Literature and Culture. 

ueWvelia: aRmosavleTs ar surs dasavleTisagan izolacia 

da mowyveta, 68 arc universaluri kulturidan da literaturidan 

gamoricxva. protesti da moTxovnebi amasTan dakav- 

SirebiT modis yoveli mxridan: aziidan da CineTidan, filipinebidan, 

moTxovnebi afrikuli literaturebis dasacavad da 

a.S. 69 ai, kidev ufro mniSvnelovani, magram iSviaTad gaTvaliswinebuli 

faqti: arsebobs literaturis mTlianobis tradiciuli 

aRmosavluri gageba, romelic pirdapir an SeparviT 

iyo dadasturebuli iseTi moazrovneebis mier, rogoric arian 

iu Si an lao Zi. 70 Tagori, Tavis mxriv, qmnida iseTi ùniversaluri 

literaturis” koncefcias, romelic goeTes koncefciis 

badalia yovel mxriv (misgan damoukideblad). 71 aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

erToba da Tanaziaroba gacxadda agreTve, 

sxva faqtebTan erTad, imave Tagoris SexvedriT (simboluriT) 

romen rolanTan. 72 arc mesianuri da paTetikuri SeZaxilebi 

aklia am saqmes; `zangebs~ mouwodes Seerwyan universalur 

kulturas misi gamdidrebis mizniT; iaponeli komparativistebi 

laparakoben èrT msoflio erovnebaze~, iseve rogorc 

afrikelebi da afrikanistebi. 73 dasavleT-aRmosavleTis 

gaTanabrebis, erTgvarovan formaSi moqcevis (unifikacia, homogenizacia) 

procesis momxreTa ricxvi sul ufro izrdeba. 74 

rac Seexeba aRmosavluri kulturis TviTmyofadobis aRmoCenis 

(misi identobis aRmoCenis) ideas, romelsac biZgi misca 

Zlierma dasavlurma gavlenam, is ukve eWvs aRar iwvevs. yvelaferi 

gvaZlevs safuZvels vifiqroT, rom msoflio doneze 

gamobrZmedili literaturuli erTobis Segneba amJamad warmoadgens 

mtkice rwmenas, moqmed ideas. 

5. universaluri literaturis erTianoba 

zemoT gansazRvruli poziciebidan naTelia, rom ùniversaluri 

literatura~ dinamikuri koncefciaa, romlis Sinaarsi 

da mniSvneloba ganuwyvetliv farTovdeba. is gamomu- 

Savda ramdenime `didi~ dasavluri literaturis safuZvelze, 

SemoierTa egzotikuri anu àRmosavluri~ sfero Tavis erTian 

sxeulSi. evropuli literatura, rom araferi vTqvaT `dasavlur 

literaturaze~, aRar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos 

44

ùniversaluri literatura~. es ukanaskneli martivad erwymis 

literaturaTa erTobliobas, romelic aucileblad, ueWvelad 

eyrdnoba dasavleT-aRmosavleTis kavSirs, aqedan gamomdinareobs 

radikalurad axali literaturuli xedva. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis 

`Sexvedrebisa~ da `Suamavlobis~ (literarische 

Vermittlung) gariJraJidan dawyebuli, komparativizmis debiutamde 

(Slegeli, goeTe, hameri, pergstoli) 75 didi idea 

amoizarda: universaluri literatura `msgavsia (alike) aRmosavleTsa 

da dasavleTSi~. 76 saqme exeba, bolos da bolos, 

erTaderT da did literaturas. 

istoriuli midgomis momxre pozitivistma komparativistma, 

rogorc viciT, miatova es imedismomcemi daskvna da mas- 

Tan dakavSirebuli kvlevis wesi. am TvalsazrisiT, is ver gauZlebs 

aRmosavleTmcodneebTan, kulturisa da religiis istorikosebTan 

Sedarebas. im epoqaSi, roca met-naklebad komparativistul 

istoriul-literaturul kvlevebSi `faqtobrivi 

kavSirebi~ batonobda, mainc iyvnen dainteresebuli (da sakmaod 

Zlierad) dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis zogierTi filosofiuri 

`poziciis~ raobiT (p. masoniurseli), orive zonis 

saerTo safuZvliTa da ritorikuli analogiebiT (d. masinioni), 

`TanxvedrebiTa~ da paralelizmebiT (l. renu), romanis 

JanrSi saerTo gamocdilebiT (a. levi). amave mimarTulebiT 

iqna mimarTuli Zalisxmeva iranul-islamuri filosofiis 

ùniversaluri filosofiis ciklSi integraciisaTvis~. 77 aseve, 

klasikur komparativistul kvlevasTan SedarebiT bevrad 

ufro mowinave poziciebze idgnen eseistebi da poetebi, romlebsac 

garkveuli upiratesoba hqondaT maTi, ase vTqvaT, `koloniuri~ 

gamocdilebis gamo. es exebaT, magaliTad, ernest 

fenolozas, ezra faunds, t.s. eliots anglosaqsebs Soris. 

maTi amocana iyo òri tipis (kulturis) momavali gaerTianeba~, 

Cinuri da dasavluri werilobiTi niSnebis Sesabamisoba- 

Si moyvana, Zirebis povna CineTsa da egvipteSi, ar daeSorebinaT 

azia evropisagan 78 da a.S. 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis mkveTri Semobruneba 

bevrad ufro axali movlenaa. yvelaze ufro gamocdilebi 

aRar davoben àraevropuli literaturebis~ (SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

saerTaSoriso asociaciaSi gavrcelebuli 

Sesityveba) CarTvis aucileblobaze, araevropuli kulturebis 

wlidan wlamde ufro TvalsaCino gavlenasa da wonaze, 

universaluri literaturisadmi erTdroulad siRrmiseul 

da garegan (intensiur da eqstensiur) gaxsnilobaze. es 

damokidebuleba Cans TviT yvelaze tradiciul saxelmZRvaneloebSi, 

romlebic TavianT bolo gamocemebSi amas agreTve 

45

adastureben, magram zogjer mcire ukmayofilebac vlindeba: 

àmgvar gaxsnilobas sul aRar eyoleba mowinaaRmdege~. 79 

meore mxriv, roca amJamad ganixilaven am principis aRiarebis 

sakiTxs, kidev erTxel irkveva tradiciuli hipoTezebisa 

da meTodebis sruli ukmarisoba, iseve rogorc zogier- 

Ti mowonebuli gadawyvetilebisa. marTlac, SeiZleba Tu ara 

vaiZuloT komparativistebi, integralurad waikiTxon dasavleTis 

da aRmosavleTis literatura, rogorc pozitivisturi, 

aucilebeli winapiroba maTi gaTanabrebisa maTi erTiani 

gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare? am TvaslazrisiT ùtopiurobis~ 

braldeba savsebiT gamarTlebulia. problemis mogvarebis 

dasawyisi mocemulia ramdenime didi sinTezis magaliTze, 

romelic moicavs folklorul literaturebs (metadre zepirs): 

semiturs, afrikuls, indurs, polineziurs da a.S. 80 am 

doneze ufro advilad aRmosaCenia stereotipebi da Seqcevadoba, 

modelebi da invariantebi, literaturis mdgradi 

struqturebi. es is gzaa, romelsac komparativistebi ar gayvnen, 

radgan mas sWirdeboda adekvaturi Teoria da meTodologia, 

romelsac is savsebiT moklebuli iyo (da jer kidev 

moklebulia). amgvari komparativizmis yvelaze Ria da sazriani 

warmomadgenlebi diametralurad sapirispiro poziciaze 

dganan: isini aRiareben, logikuri debulebis saxiT, `literaturas, 

rogorc erTian fenomens, rogorc saerTaSoriso da 

intralingvistur erTobliobas~ da komparativistikis miznad 

Tvlian mis Seswavlas. 81 miuxedavad amisa, aravin zrunavs im 

meTodze, romelic Camosayalibebelia da misaRebia am miznis 

misaRwevad. igi aSkarad aRwerilobiTi (morfologiuri) da 

Teoriuli xasiaTisaa. Tu ùniversaluri literaturis~ da 

`literaturis~ gansazRvrebebi aRiarebulia alternatiulad, 

erTmaneTis Semcvlelad, urTierTSesaferisad, maSasadame 

cnobilad 82 da sabolood identurad, problema SeiZleba 

gadawydes mxolod `literaturis iseTi Teoriidan~ gamomdinare, 

romelic globalur realobas warmoadgens. misi sagani 

Seqmnilia msoflio literaturebis erTianobiTa da erTobliobiT, 

e.i. ubralod literaturiT, msazRvrelis gareSe. es 

daskvna warmoadgens im Teoriuli nagebobis saZirkvels da 

mTavar gasaRebs, romelic qvemoT unda avagoT. 

46

6. universaluri literaturis Teoriisken 

sakiTxavia, komparativizms Tavisi saxiT, rogoric is iyo 

aqamde, SeuZlia Tu ara SemogvTavazos namdvilad am problemis 

Sesaferisi gadawyveta, romelic, faqtobrivad, mas aRemateba 

da Tan Zalianac. `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis~ 

dasabruneblad, anu misi mniSvnelobis aRsadgenad, Cvens wina- 

Se gadaSlili axali perspeqtivebis TvalsazrisiT, ver vxedavT 

sxva saSualebas, garda imisa, rom mivmarToT misi istoriuli 

tradiciis gansakuTrebul aspeqts; ufro zustad rom 

vTqvaT, unda mivmarToT tradiciuli koncefciis (iseTis, rogoric 

aris ùniversaluri literaturis istoria~) zogierT 

Teoriul niuanss, romelasc, Tu sworad wavikiTxavT, jer 

kidev SeuZlia daiwyos da gaaadvilos kidec literaturisadmi 

garkveuli Teoriuli midgoma. es imitom, rom Tu aris 

ùniversaluri literatura id est~ literatura~ da Tu am 

universalur literaturas anu literaturas aqvs istoria, 

literaturis (universaluris) istorias safuZvlad unda daedos 

ganmazogadebeli hipoTezebis garkveuli raodenoba, 

TvalsaCino an nagulisxmevi (eqsplicituri an implicituri). 

saqme exeba, upirveles yovlisa, TviT universaluri literaturis 

koncefcias (kvlevis upirates sagans), magram agreTve 

mraval sxva cnebas, rogoricaa èpoqebi~, `periodebi~, `mimdinareobebi~, 

`Janrebi~, `stilebi~ da a.S. yvelaferi es saWiroebs 

sammagi erTianobis mxedvelobaSi miRebas, romelsac 

qmnis sxvadasxva done: agebulebis, koncefciisa da terminologiis. 

es faqti aSkaraa. maSasadame, SeiZleba fiqri, daskvnebis 

gakeTeba, romlebic exeba literaturis Teorias, universaluri 

literaturis istoriis mixedviT, an mis gareSe. 

Tu SesaZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba `kulturis~ sferoSi, 

rac ase xSirad xdeba, ratom ar SeiZleba imaves gakeTeba 

èsTetikis~ TvalsazrisiT. maSasadame, arc `sinocentrizmi~, 

arc èvrocentrizmi~, 83 aramed, ubralod, integraluri, globaluri, 

ra Tqma unda, idealuri ùniversaluroba~, magram 

Teoriulad misaRebi. 

Cveni amocana aq ar aris universaluri literaturis istoriis 

koncefciis istoriuli aspeqtis Cveneba. sxvaTa Soris, 

es operacia nawilobriv wamowyebulia; arc imis mtkicebas 

vaprebT, rom literaturis istoria ìbadeba~ erTgvarad 

komparativistuli saxiT. kargad cnobilia: SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

pirveli an erT-erTi pirveli gansaz- 

Rvreba (1854) aris swored `SedarebiTi literaturuli istoriis~ 

gansazRvreba (vergleichende Literaturgeschichte), 84 formulire- 

47

a, romelsac didi momavali eqneba mas Semdeg. Cveni azriT, 

ufro mniSvnelovania ori mTavari cnebis dakavSireba (an 

gancalkeveba), romlebic gaTamaSebulia germanuli sityvis – 

allgemeine-s semantikaSi. es aris, erTi mxriv, msoflios literatura 

(Literatur der Welt), romelsac albaT sjobia davarqvaT 

`zogadi literatura~ (allgemeine Literatur) da Weltliteratur goeTes 

gagebiT (erTi an mravali erovnuli literatura, romelic 

gaxsnilia gacvlisTvis, urTierTgavlenebisTvis da a.S.). 85 

maSasadame, sruli da zusti gansazRvreba iqneboda allgemeine 

Weltliteratur, gamoTqma, romelic faqtobrivad, Literatur-is tolfasia 

(da imaves niSnavs). ase rom, istoriaze an am ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ aRweraze gadasvla niSnavs Tavdapirvelad 

literaturis gansazRvrebis problemis gadawyvetas, Semdeg 

ki literaturis Teoriis gansazRvras. 

aseTi unda iyos universaluri literaturis pirveli 

namdvili istorikosebis azri, romlebic, sxvaTa Soris, am 

literaturis erTianobis pivel Teoretikosebs Soris arian. 

es literatura xom miCneulia erTsa da imaved dasavleTsa 

da aRmosavleTSi. fridrix Slegelis magaliTi naTlad adasturebs 

amas. misi TvalsazrisiT, saqme ar exeba mxolod civilizebuli 

xalxebis literaturebis raodenobrivi jamis warmodgenas, 

rogorc `didi mTlianobisa` (ein grosses Ganzes), aramed, 

agreTve, rogorc struqturuli da formiseuli erTianobis 

warmodgenas (ein einzigen innigverbundenen Gebäude und Gebilde), 86 

rac kargad metyvelebs mis globalur koncefciaze literaturis 

Sesaxeb. 

zogadad Tu visaubrebT, yovelTvis (da es xdeba XVIII 

saukunidan), roca universaluri literaturis istoria ir- 

Cevs istoriul, sivrciT da esTetikur kategoriebs, is kars 

uRebs samomavlo ganzogadebas sakiTxisadmi midgomis erT an 

meore doneze. pirvel klass (istoriuls) ekuTvnis ukiduresad 

farTo da gamaerTianebeli koncefciebi, rogoricaa `klasikuri~ 

da `Tanamedrove~ literatura. meore klass (geografiuls) 

ekuTvnis àRmosavluri~, èvropuli~ literaturis 

koncefciebi da a.S. mesame klass (yvelaze mniSvnelovans) – 

`romantikuli~, `popularuli~, `primitiuli~ literaturis 

koncefciebi da a.S. kidev ufro `Teoriulia~ iseTi koncefciebi, 

rogorebicaa, `mxatvruli literatura~, `schöne Literatur~, 

`natifi xelovneba~, poeziis CaTvliT; es koncefciebi erTsa 

da imave princips emorCileba. yvelaferi es, cxadia, kargad 

aris cnobili, albaT, garda im didi masalisa, romelic nagulisxmevia 

(garda implikaciebisa). es imitom, rom, `mTeli poeziis~ 

(ogni poesie) istorias qmnian ise, rogorc kvadrio, an 

48

`literaturuli movlenebisas~ (le vicende della letteratura) ise, rogorc 

denina, an, kidev, `poeturi xelovnebis zogad istorias` 

(allgemeine Geschichte der Dichtkunst, 1776), 87 yvela es warmmarTveli 

idea (poezia, literatura, xelovneba, poetika) pirdapir an 

iribad aris garantirebuli, gansazRvruli, damtkicebuli. 

kidev metic: es ideebi warmoadgenen garkveuli esTetikuri 

azrovnebis sistemis, met-naklebad SemuSavebuli literaturis 

Teoriis nawils. marTlac, aq aris literaturis Teoriis 

preistoria an Sesavali. misi Teatraluri rampa aris 

swored universaluri literaturis istoria misi maxasiaTebeli, 

aRmosavlur-dasavluri komparativizmis CaTvliT. amgvari 

dakvirveba, sxvaTa Soris, ar gamorCenia XVIII saukunis 

aRmosavluri kvlevebis didi pioneris gamWriaxobas: es gaxlavT 

uiliam jounzi. misTvis aRmosavluri literaturebis 

kvleva `xsnis axal da vrcel sferos gansjisaTvis, spekulaciisaTvis~. 

miT ufro, rom amgvari azrebi Suqs hfens literaturis 

arss, identobas (èrTi da imave saxeebis gameoreba~, 

`msgavsebani~). 88 msgavsi pozicia gamoCnda herderTan, romlis- 

Tvisac, magaliTad, ebrauli poeziis suliskveTeba biZgs aZlevs 

`poeziis zogad ganxilvas~ (allgemeine Betrachtung über die 

Poesie). 89 amgvarad, literaturis didi Teoriuli sinTezis gza 

gaxsnilia. 

man kidev unda gaiaros ori TvalsaCino etapi: pirvel 

rigSi moqceva (konversia), ase vTqvaT, literaturis (universaluris) 

istoriis STanTqma literaturis Teoriis mier. aqedan 

gamomdinareobs am ori mcdelobis identifikacia: literaturis 

Teoria Camoyalibebulia misi sakuTari istoriiT da 

piriqiT. am Teziss eqneba warmateba hegelis did sistemaSi, 

magram is ukve Cans da Zalian naTlad, fridrix SlegelTan, 90 

germaniaSi, J.J. amperTan safrangeTSi. 91 meore mxriv, xdeba gadasvla 

poetikisaken, romelsac ar gaaCnia sazRvrebi da romlisTvisac 

poeziis ùniversaluroba~ unda gadaizardos `namdvil 

universalur sistemaSi~ TviT imave Slegelis sityvebis 

Tanaxmad (Ath. Fragm., 434: das wahre Weltsystem der Poesie). ase rom, 

vTqvaT, met-naklebad `kosmiuri~ harmonia `kanonebiTurT~ da 

a.S. am or princips SeiZleba mohyves `Teoria~, `filosofia~ 

an `wminda poetika~ (Ath. Fragm. 252), romlis mxolod erT Tavs 

da erT fragments Seadgens `mecniereba evropuli literaturis~ 

Sesaxeb. 

aRniSnuli viTareba rogor gagrZelda, es kargad aris 

cnobili: literaturuli esTetika TandaTanobiT xdeboda 

mxolod Teoriuli (spekulaciuri), Semdeg `pozitiuri~, masSi 

ramdenime iniciativam poetikurma, `komparativistulma~ (kari- 

49

eri) an ìstoriulma~ (veselovski), ver hpova gagrZeleba. 

ùniversalur literaturaze~ dafuZnebuli literaturis 

gansazRvrebis Teoriuli gadawyveta kvlav ver xerxdeba, miuxedavad 

aSkara Tu Sefaruli moTxovnisa. es mdgomareoba 

ucvleli darCa Cvens dromde. viciT, rom komparativistikaSi, 

romelic ormagad ìstoriulia~, rogorc meTodologiuri 

mimarTuleba da rogorc daTariRebis wyaro, Weltliteratur miCneulia 

sxvadasxva literaturis raodenobriv jamad, romelic 

zogjer aRiqmeba `kanonikuri~ xarisxis matareblad (`didi 

wignebi~), magram Tan axlavs Zlieri javSani Teoriis an literaturuli 

`sistemis~ winaaRmdeg, rac aqedan gamomdinareobs. 

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, miT ufro mniSvnelovani 

iqneba yoveli gaxsna `SedarebiTi poetikis~ mimarTulebiT, 

romlis aTvlis wertilia ùniversaluri literatura~ 

– erTaderTi operatiuli gamonaTqvami dRemde. aq gabatonebulia 

farTod gaSlili evropuli foni. `ganazogadeben”, magram 

mxolod ramdenime didi dasavluri literaturis safuZvelze: 

arkveven SesaZlebelia Tu ara `sinTezuri` zogadi poetika, 

magram wyaroebi isev eTnocentruli 92 rCeba. miuxedavad 

amisa, xvdebian, rom namdvili `SedarebiTi poetika~ ar SeiZleba 

iyos Semofargluli erovnuli sazRvrebiT, arc evropuli 

poetikuri `korpusiT”, piriqiT, is unda iyos ùniversaluri 

poeziis berketi”. 93 aqedan modis alterenativa: `Komparatistik~ 

an Àbsolutistik~ (= literaturis Teoria, Literatur Kunde, 

`gramatologia~ da a.S.)? 94 sanatrel mTavar gasaRebad rCeba 

kvlav infrastruqturis problemis mogvareba da misi amosavali 

wertili. 

am mxriv etiamblis pozicia aris yvelaze ufro Sedegiani, 

radikaluri da naTeli. didi xania ukve, rac is ganuwyvetliv 

acxadebs, rom arsebobs „...istoriuli SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba, 

diaxac, magram aris agreTve da metadre, 

SedarebiTi esTetika...~ 95 erovnuli literaturebis `SedarebiTma~ 

Seswavlam, romelTa erToblioba qmnis universalur 

literaturas, `sabolood literaturisagan zogadi literaturis 

Camoyalibebis saSualeba unda mogvces~. 96 yvelaferi 

kidev erTxel TamaSdeba am ormag doneze: Teoria da praqtika. 

kvlav ismis kiTxvebi: gana saWiroa `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis” 

gardaqmna mecnierebad literaturis Sesaxeb, 

romlis sagania ès umaRlesi literaturuli erTeuli: Weltliteratur?~. 

97 komparativistebi gauTaveblad usvamen erTmaneTs SekiTxvebs, 

zogjer dakompleqsebuli arian, zogjer SeSfoTebuli 

am amocanis winaSe, romelic logikurad avlens Tavis 

Zalas, magram awydeba mTeli maTi saqmianobiT gamowveul ba- 

50

ierebs. ar aris gasakviri, rom garda ramdenime principuli 

SeTanxmebisa, gadamwyveti nabiji jer ar gadadgmula. sakiTxi 

kvlav rCeba dRis wesrigSi bevri kiTxvis niSniTa da orWofobiT, 

isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme ar exeba, ubralod, 

wminda uars... 

aTiode welia, miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, garkveuli 

konsensusi gamoCnda. `SedarebiTi esTetika~, saerTo jam- 

Si, Tu praqtikad ara, SesaZleblobad mainc aris aRiarebuli. 

mas zogadi esTetikisagan ganasxvavebs is faqtori, rom `misi 

kriteriumebi gamomdinareoben nawarmoebTa yvelaze didi er- 

Tobliobidan, rac ki SesaZlebelia~. imavdroulad “igi ar eyrdnoba 

mxolod erTi qveynidan, erTi istoriuli periodidan, 

erTi civilizaciidan aRebul magaliTebs...“. 98 maSasadame, xelmeored 

vubrundebiT ùniversalizmis” Teziss, amjerad, mTeli 

pasuxismgeblobiT. misi momxreebi ekuTvnian komparativistebis 

bolo talRas da amitomac zogjer moiTxoven ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ `saerTo poetikas~, zogjer `Weltliteratur-is 

zogad sinTezs~, an kidev `mTeli literaturis~ Teorias. 

99 es Tanxvedra (konvergencia) niSandoblivia. argumentacia, 

sazogadod, ori mimarTulebiT midis: 1) wamoayeneben erT 

udavo koncefcias (ùniversaluri literatura~), romelic 

miCneulia damtkicebulad; am koncefciis Sesabamisi erovnuli 

nimuSebi mxolod damxmare xasiaTs unda atarebdes; 

2) gvTavazoben aseve, rom arsebobs ùniversaluri literatura~, 

magram amis damtkiceba moiTxovs aRwerilobiT da 

analitikur mimoxilvas da am mimoxilvam aucileblad unda 

`gaiaros~ aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gzaze. 

sxvaTa Soris, aRmosavluri literaturebis komparativizmis 

horizontze gamoCena gadaiqca am disciplinis ganaxlebis 

brwyinvale nimuSad, romelic moiTxovs amave Targze 

gamoWril, Sesabamisi ganzomilebis Teorias. Tundac am orientacias 

erqvas `kulturuli fardobiToba (relativizmi)~, 100 

an ufro zustad da ubralod – `literaturuli kritika, romelic 

universalurobisaken miiswrafis”, 101 mTavaria is, rom 

monacemebi, kategoriebi da àRmosavluri~ literaturuli 

Teoriebi sul ufro metad aris miRebuli ara marto rogorc 

TavisTavad SesaZlebeli da moqmedi, aramed amave dros Sesadareblad 

vargisi da sabolood, msgavsebis niSniT aRbeWdili 

– homologiuri movlena. es imas niSnavs, rom maTi ùniversaluroba~, 

rac maTive literaturebis savsebiT aRiarebuli 

universalurobis gagrZelebaa, mwyobrSi mihyveba sayovel- 

Taod miRebul literaturis Teoriebs. am sferoebis dapirispireba 

arsebiTad gadaizrdeba ormag operaciad: jer erTi, 

51

ormxriv Sesworebebad, iseTi empiriuli faqtebis safuZvelze 

Setanil Sesworebebad, rasac SeuZlia principis Secvla orive 

mimarTulebiT, 102 meore saxis operacia gulisxmobs sxvadasxva 

identobis dadgenas, romelic mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. 

magaliTad, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT erovnulisa da 

universaluris literaturuli mimarTeba (erovnuli/universaluri), 

romelic TvalsaCinod aris gadmocemuli IX saukunis 

iaponur kritikul teqstebSi; es aris `sacdeli da formalisturi~ 

periodi iaponur literaturaSi da a.S. 103 CineTSi 

aris `primitivizmi~, romelic axlos dgas evropulTan, maSin 

rodesac Cinuri Teoriebi narativsa da istoriografiaSi `gamosadegia 

universalur doneze~. 104 msgavsi cdebi unda Catardes 

arabuli poeziis mimarT 105 da a.S. 

aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom tolobis niSani komparativizms, 

universalur literaturasa da literaturis Teorias 

Soris gavlebulia, agreTve, aRmosavleTis komparativistebis 

mier maTi dasavleli kolegebis amave qmedebis paralelurad. 

maT universalistur midrekilebas aqvs, sxvaTa Soris, ideologiurad 

Zalian zusti motivacia. masSi mudmivad xazgasmulia 

sami idea: `mTeli literatura~ (mis erTobliobaSi) 

damokidebulia istoriulad gansxvavebul pirobiT formebze; 

`literaturis Teoria aucileblad emyareba erTze met literaturas; 

amieridan literaturis Teoria ganuyoflad aris 

dakavSirebuli komparativistuli meTodebis gamoyenebasTan~. 106 

zemoT aRniSnulze Tanxmoba farTod aris gaziarebuli, 

axla isRa dagvrCenia, ufro konkretulad da meTodurad ganvsazRvroT 

es sami sfero; unda moiZebnos agreTve maTi Seer- 

Tebis Teoriuli safuZveli. eWvs aRar iwvevs, rom mTeli 

msoflios literaturebi qmnian erTobliobas, romelsac 

hqvia, ubralod, `literatura~ da es èrToblioba~ moiTxovs 

ganxilvas da xelmeored gansazRvras. Tu es arsebiTi Tviseba 

mravalgzis iyo dadasturebuli warsulSi, araferi gviSlis 

xels, rom kidev erTxel CamovayaliboT sxvagvarad. bolos 

gvinda vTqvaT, rom am safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli da swored 

am safuZvelze unda arsebobdes literaturis Teoria an WeSmaritad 

universaluri poetika, romelsac SeimuSaveben sinqronulad, 

ùniversaluri literaturis~ Sesaxeb codnis gafarToebasTan 

erTad. 

52

III 

literaturis Teoria 

Cveni Tezisi literaturis komparativistuli Teoriis 

Sesaxeb ukve sakmaod motivirebuli gveCveneba imisaTvis, rom 

axla pirdapir gadavideT mis ganxilvaze. miuxedavad amisa, 

Cven ar ugulvebelvyofT amgvari wamowyebis siZneleebs, rac 

ukve aRvniSneT (gv. 15); magram gvjera, rom SeiZleba naTlad 

ganvsazRvroT aramarto literaturis komparativistuli Teoriis 

zogadi arsi, am problemis nebismieri komparativistuli 

gadawyvetis pirobebi, aramed amasTanave, arsebobs misi 

ganxorcielebis `teqnikuri~ SesaZlebloba. mokled gavixsenoT 

Cveni amosavali wertili: 1) saerTo azris Tanaxmad, literaturis 

komparativistul Teorias aqvs Tavisi specifika, 

Tavisi daniSnuleba da damoukidebeli saboloo mizani. 2) es 

Teoria unda aigos sakuTar tradiciaze dayrdnobiT, mavne 

meqanikuri gadaxvevebis gareSe, romlebic momdinareobs ama 

Tu im kulturuli gamocdilebidan. is ar unda imeorebdes 

romelime `Tanamedrove Teorias~, magram ar aris gamoricxuli 

zogierTi aucilebeli da sasargeblo kavSiri, monacemTa 

Sepirispireba Tu gavlena. 3) literaturis Teoriis sagania 

literatura, romlis statusi emTxveva ùniversaluri literaturis~ 

statuss: yvela literaturis erTianoba. 

marTlac, Tu integraluri literaturuli erToba amgvarad 

aris agebuli, ra unda iyos imaze normluri da logikuri, 

vidre saubari, ubralod, sakuTriv `literaturaze~ da 

universaluri literaturis (saxeldobr, yvela literaturis 

erTobliobis) gaTanabreba `literaturasTan~ yovelgvari specifikis 

gareSe? arsebobs mxolod èrTi poezia, erTi literatura, 

romlis Sedarebac SeiZleba yvela epoqaSi~ da es 

literatura, rogorc `zogadi~ movlena, aris mxolod literatura 

(just literature 1 itself, all literature). es gamonaTqvamebi ukve 

Sablonad 2 iqca. es aris SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

Teoriis mTavari gasaRebi, misi ZiriTadi koncefcia, misi warmmarTveli 

idea, rom bolos da bolos SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

icvleba Sinaganad. sabolood SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneoba niSnavs, ubralod, literaturis Seswavlas 

yovelgvari enobrivi gansxvavebebis gareSe, literaturis 

agebulebis, universalurobis da stabilurobis koncefciaze 

dayrdnobiT. 

yvela am hipoTezas didi Sedegebi mosdevs: 

53

1. komparativistuli wanamZRvrebi 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis Cveulebrivi naSromebi 

momdinareobs literaturuli Teoriidan, romelic Sem- 

Txvevebis umravlesobaSi implicituria da masSi aSkarad 

aris evrocentrizmis, eTnocentrizmis wili. saqme exeba am 

mdgomareobis `moSlas~ da eqsplicituri literaturis Teoriis 

SemuSavebas, romlis Sinaarsi iqneba zogadi, e.i. universaluri 

da ormagi safuZvliT: a) sayrden da sakontrolo 

wertilad unda hqondes literaturebis erToblioba im meTodis 

mixedviT, romelic dasazustebelia; b) miznad isaxavs 

iseTi literaturis Teoriis an Teoriuli sinTezis Seqmnas 

mainc, romliTac SeiZleba naTlad gamoCndes saboloo saxis 

literaturis agebuleba da sistema, misi morfologia da fenomenologia, 

mokled literaturis esTetika da àrsi~ (ubralod, 

itself da a.S.). 

samagierod, rac TvalSi gvxvdeba SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

Tanamedrove mdgomareobaSi, es aris Zalian 

aSkara kontrasti universaluri literaturis, rogorc movlenis, 

Teoriul aRiarebas, ase vTqvaT, misi momxreebis garkveul 

ùniversalistur~ miswrafebasa da am universalur 

literaturaze morgebuli literaturis Teoriis naklebobas 

Soris: ar arsebobs yvela cnobili saerTo faqtis gaerTianebis 

mcdeloba, romelsac SeuZlia warmoSvas literaturis 

kargad dasabuTebuli koncefcia da Semdeg literaturis 

Tanmimdevruli Teoria. 

cxadia, rogorc yovelTvis, arc winamorbedebis da Sexebis 

wertilebis nakleboba igrZnoba, magram sakvanZo sakiTxi, 

romelic or safexurad moqmedebas moiTxovs, aseTia: 1) universaluri 

literaturuli istoriidan ùniversaluri literaturis 

Teoriaze~ gadasvla (Weltliteratur Wissenschaft), ùniversaluri 

literaturis mecnierebaze~ (Wissenschaft von der Weltliteratur), 

im operaciaze gadasvla, romelic araerTgzis gauTvaliswinebiaT 

3 da 2) es `Teoria~, zemoT mocemuli da komparativizmis 

tradiciuli saxeldebis mimarT yvelaze adekvaturi 

etiketis mixedviT, ubralod, gavuTanabroT literaturis Teorias, 

rogorc aseTs, rac jer ar gakeTebula. aRiareben universaluri 

literaturis arsebobas, magram jer ar aRiareben 

(universaluri) literaturis Teorias. 

komparativizmidan literaturul esTetikaze Sedegiani 

gadasvla, sabolood da srulad xdeba mxolod am stadiaze; 

es procesi sakmaod gviandeba, radgan SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

programuli sinTezi iwyeba pirveli statia- 

54

manifestebidan, romlebic daiwera XIX saukunis bolo aTwledebSi. 

am periodamde ganixilavdnen mxolod literaturis 

istoriuli da socialuri evoluciis zogad kanonebs. 

esTetikuri kanonebi, rodesac maTi arseboba mxedvelobaSi 

iyo miRebuli, mxolod igulisxmeboda. Zalian iSviaTad Riad 

(ufro metad SemTxveviT) laparakobdnen `xelovnebasa da literaturaSi~ 

kanonebis arsebobaze. 4 amis Sedegad, `kanonis~ 

koncefcia daviwyebul iqna, SemorCa mxolod da nayofi gamoiRo 

ganmazogadebelma da universalurma elementma;5 es ukanaskneli 

TiTqosda amzadebda niadags Teoriul-esTetikuri 

naadrevi ganzogadebisTvis (eqstrapolaciisaTvis). ìstoriul 

poetikasTan~ (am axali fazis pirveli stadia), cxadia, yvelaze 

axlos dgas renani, roca is aqebs vulfs imisaTvis, 

rom `man erTi da imave kanonebiT axsna homerosi da „ramaiana“, 

„nibelungebi“ da „Sah-name“, „romansebi sidze“, sagmiro 

poemebi, Sotlandiuri da skandinaviuri sagmiro simRerebi”. 6 

`SedarebiTi poetikis~ proeqtis qmediToba da upiratesoba 

(saxeldobr, etiamblis proeqtisa) kidev ufro naTlad 

Cans, Tu mas SevadarebT winamorbed iniciativas, dawyebuli 

franguli yaidis SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobidan. es 

ukanaskneli travmirebuli iyo lansonizmiT (cudad gagebuli 

lansonozmiT) da pozitivizmiT, romlebmac frTebi Seukveces 

yovelgvar Teoriul aRmafreanas. miuxedavad amisa, ukve gauCndaT 

winaTgrZnoba, rom SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

ar aris wminda da martivi `filologia~ da maSasadame, manac 

unda dasvas sakuTari Tavis winaSe `Teoriuli sakiTxebi da 

zogadi problemebi~. 7 ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturaTmcodneoba moiTxovs ganzogadebas, universaluri 

literaturis sinTezsac ki. 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba miubrunda literaturis 

gansazRvrebas da gamococxlda `ganzogadebisaken Zlieri 

miswrafebiT~. 8 maSasadame, udavoa, rom am programam gamoiwvia 

garkveuli principis aRiareba. am aRtyinebiT miaRwies 

naTeli da zusti poziciebis dakavebas: SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis sagans, 

romelic Sua gzazea literaturis istoriasa da literaturis 

Sesaxeb mecnierebas Soris. sxvaTa Soris, is Tanda- 

TanobiT eufleba literaturul Teorias. 9 da mainc, Tanamedrove 

franguli komparativizmis saxelmZRvanelo, Tundac is 

aRiarebdes `literaturuli filosofiis~ kanonierebas da 

komparativisti miaCndes `ganzogadebaTa specialistad~, 10 faqtobrivad, 

ar asaxavs araviTar zust gadawyvetilebas, arc 

erT kargad gansazRvrul mizans. 

55

anglosaqsuri komparativizmis globaluri mimoxilva 

saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali mivadevnoT erTgvar vardnas (involucias), 

did daSorebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierT orientirsa 

(ukve XIX saukuneSi naCvenebs) da momdevno komparativistul 

mimdinareobas Soris (ase vTqvaT, baldensperjerkares 

tipis, cocxlebs rom ar SevexoT). posnetis mier Semo- 

Tavazebul evolucionizms, sul cota, Semdegi upiratesoba 

hqonda: komparativizmis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli misi `kanonebi~, 

an e.w. `kanonebi~ miesadageboda literaturas (da mis 

evolucias) 11 rogorc unitarul, universaluri koncefciiT 

da principebiT marTul fenomens; es perspeqtiva Semdeg daikarga. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom is Zalian sakamaTo iyo, mainc 

gvTavazobda literaturis globalur `Teorias~. meore winamorbedi, 

aseve miviwyebuli, Carlz Consi Sekfordi, romelic 

laparakobda agreTve `kanonebze~. misi mosazrebebi ufro na- 

Teli iyo, radgan iTvaliswinebda `yvela drois erTi da imave 

universalur principebs~, `literaturis filosofias~, SemuSavebuls 

komparativituli gziT. 12 amerikuli literaturaTmcodneobis 

pirveli Jurnalis programa, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobda 

literaturis komparativistul Teoriebs da cdilobda 

literaturis Teoriisa da kritikisaken mimarTuli 

sferos Semofargvlas. 13 

yvelaferi, rac xdeba Semdeg, ZiriTadi monaxazis saxiT 

imeorebs im mcdelobas, romelic TandaTan saerTo gaxda komparativistTa 

jgufisaTvis: mowodebebi, dabejiTebiT moTxovnac 

ki imisa, rom `RmoaCinon yoveli literaturis miRma mdebare 

zogadi kanonebi~, 14 eraturis ògadi principebi~ magram 

laparakoben yovelgvari Teoriuli gegmis gareSe, romelic 

am survilis gansaxorcieleblad aris saWiro. sibejiTe, romliTac 

ubrundebian aRniSnul sakiTxs, mowmobs, rom tradiciuli 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis dro amoiwura, Tanamedrove 

komparativistuli azrovneba ara marto egueba da 

Rebulobs literaturis Teorias, aramed daJinebiT moiTxovs 

mas. komparativistikaSi dasaSvebad miiCneven, rom es disciplina 

SeiZleba ukeTes poziciaSi aRmoCndes, sxva dargebTan 

SedarebiT, `literaturis zogadi Seswavlis~, literaturis 

zogadi Teoriis~ amosawyebad, raTa gaxdes `yovelgvari literaturis 

Teoriis mTavari laboratoria~. 15 

es gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovan mxardaWeras poulobs 

ara marto anglosaqs 16 komparativistebs Soris, aramed agreTve 

germanel komparativistebs Sorisac, romlebic eyrdnobian 

bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan filosofiur da esTetikur tradicias. 

igi TavisTavad airekleba iseT koncefciebSi, rogo- 

56

icaa: `yvela drois poeziis Sinagani erTgvarovneba~ da poezia, 

rogorc `Taurfenomeni~ (Urpoesie); Tezisi, romelic erTdroulad 

exeba Weltliteratur-s¹7, `literaturuli Semoqmedebis 

TviT bunebas~, literaturas, rogorc àbsoluturs~ da `totalurs~ 

(Eine Literatur ist keine Literatur) an literaturis uamravi 

formis `fundamentur erTobas~, aseve èrT da ganuyofel 

literaturas~, mxatvrulad da istoriulad ganuyofels, 18 

mTlianad gankuTvnils `literaturis zogadi TeoriisaTvis.” 

(Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft). 19 am rwmenas Zalian axlos mivyavarT 

zogierT ideasTan, romelic CvenTvis Cveulebrivia. 

miuxedavad garkveuli dogmatizmisa da sqematurobisa, 

ideebis urTierTgavlenas ganuxrelad mivyavarT msgavs gadawyvetilebamde 

aRmosavleT evropaSic. amosavali wertili, misi 

erT-erTi saukeTeso gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, aris universaluri 

literaturis ìstoriuli, ideologiuri da mxatvruli 

evoluciis Zireuli erTianoba~. 20 swored amaSi mdgomareobs 

`literaturis adekvaturi koncefciis~ dakanoneba, `literaturis 

zogadi problemebis~, `literaturis imanenturi kanonebis~ 

aRmoCena. mokled, `literaturis Teoriis~ aRmoCena. 

mas aqvs unari SemogvTavazos èrTiani~ (unitaruli) koncefcia 

`literaturuli Semoqmedebis integralurobaze~, daadginos 

`literaturis universaluri Tvisebebi~, safuZveli Cauyaros 

zogad mxatvrul ideals da msoflio literaturis es- 

Tetikur RirebulebaTa sistemas, warmoaCinos ùniversaluri 

literaturis mxatvruli saxe~. 21 bolos vityviT, rom rekomendacias 

winaswar uweven ùniversaluri literaturis zogad 

konspeqts~, romelic eyrdnoba yvela `Sedevrs~. 22 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis mier `poetikis aRmoCenis 

TariRi aseve Soreulia: is Tavidanve mosdevs komparativistikas. 

misi tradiciuli mniSvnelobebidan ori mainc 

(literaturis Teoria da literaturis normatiuli kodi) Seesabameba 

komparativizmis yvelaze `klasikur~ mniSvnelobas. 

erTi mxriv, samarTlianad aRniSnaven, rom wminda erovnuli 

`poetika~, mxolod erTi erovnuli literaturidan gamomdinare, 

SeuZlebelia da `mecniereba literaturis Sesaxeb~ yovel- 

Tvis iyenebda `komparativistul~ meTodebs, rodesac cdilobda 

`zedrouli esTetikuri sistemis Seqmnas, romelic dafuZnebuli 

iyo literaturuli Janrebis saerTo faqtorebze, 

formalur kanonebze~. 23 meore mxriv, imedi aqvT, rom èsTetikuri 

kanonebis~ msgavsad ganaaxleben, magaliTad, dramatuli 

Janris kanonebsac. 24 es sakmaod sakamaTo normatiuli orientacia, 

ekuTvnis agreTve etiambls: `roca momzadebuli eqnebaT 

sakuTari poetika, komparativistebi SeZleben daexmaron 

57

adamianebs yvelaze naklebad yalbi faseulobebis SerCevaSi, 

ufro sarwmunos uqonlobis gamo. 25 Tundac `poetikis~ yvelaze 

aqtualur gansazRvrebebsa da programebSi ar iyos komparativizmis 

araviTari xseneba, 26 es ar cvlis saqmis viTarebas; 

komparativizmis poetikasTan SeerTeba uzrunvelyofilia 

TviT misi Teoriuli miznebiT. yvelaze gamocdili poetikosebis 

msgavsad, agreTve literaturis Teoriis momxre komparativistebi 

cdiloben SeimuSaon sqemebi da kategoriebi nebismieri 

literaturuli diskursis struqturaze mosargebad, 

Tundac `literaturulobis~ Sesaferisad. rusi formalistebisagan 

gansxvavebiT, romlebic erTmaneTs aSorebdnen `komparativistul 

poetikas~ (an istoriuls) da `Teoriul poetikas~, 

27 Cven migvaCnia, rom es ori sfero ara marto avsebs, 

aramed erwymis erTmaneTs, bolo analizis Tanaxmad. am sakiTxs 

davubrundebiT. 

2. literaturis Teoriis statusi 

rogoria zustad literaturuli Teoriis statusi im 

komparativizmis TvalsazrisiT, romelic Cven ganvsazRvreT? 

sazogadod, `Teoria~ gulisxmobs inteleqtualuri wyobis or 

tips: 1) farTo mniSvnelobiT: meToduri da sistematuri koncefcia 

codnisa da kvlevis sferoSi, axsna-ganmartebiTi an 

aRwerilobiTi xasiaTis, romlis mizania obieqturi codna da 

kontroli (`politikuri Teoria~, `valutis Teoria~); 2) viwro 

mniSvnelobiT: mecnieris an filosofosis Tezisi an savaraudo 

koncefcia, romelic exeba sadavo sakiTxs (`darvinis 

Teoria~). literaturis Teoriebi, cxadia, moergeba orive situacias, 

magram termins saxeli Seulaxa `mecnieruli~ an 

`logikuri~ Teoriis cnebis didma prestiJma, romelic miCneulia 

erTaderT qmediT an `Tanamedrove~ cnebad. 

aqve unda davazustoT: literaturis Teoria (komparativistuli) 

ar eswrafvis logikur-maTematikuri an zusti statusis 

miRebas. amis mizezi sakmaod martivia: misi sagani (`literatur~) 

gverds uvlis yovelgvar `mecnierul~ midgomas, am 

terminis Tanamedrove kategoriuli mniSvnelobiT. kategoriul 

mniSvnelobas aqvs Tavisi gamarTleba sakuTari wyaroebis 

doneze, magram literaturas ar aqvs da es termini (literatura) 

ar gansazRvravs logikuri arsis mqone realobas. 

ase rom, maincdamainc ar erideba gamanadgurebel braldebas, 

romlis mixedviTac is aris `winaremecnieruli~ an `mecnieruli~ 

da rac ar unda iyos, literaturis Teorias ar SeuZlia 

win gauswros misi sagnis mocemulobas: 1) romlis koefici- 

58

entic Sefasebulia, rogorc ganusazRvreli, upirveles yovlisa, 

gamomdinare misi gansazRvrebis wesidan, ise rogorc 

misi aRqmis maneridan (`gemovneba~, èmocia~, èniT uTqmeli~ 

da a.S.); 2) romelic arasodes aris `sruli~, romelic `Tvi- 

Ton iqneba~ yovelTvis da romlis cvalebad kanonebs sWirdeba 

axsna; 3) arasodes SeiZleba misi mTlianad dadastureba an 

Semowmeba logikuri an epistemologiuri xasiaTis mkacr pirobebSi, 

rasac moiTxovs mecnieruli eqsperimenti. es niSnavs, 

rom literaturis logikuri Teoriebi, faqtobrivad, bolomde 

arasodes Seesabameba sinamdviles, romelic mouxelTebelia. 

am mkacri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, ar arsebobs 

28 (da arasodes iarsebebs) literaturis namdvili `mecnieruli 

Teoria~, radgan misi kriteriumebi am SemTxvevaSi araadekvaturia 

29 da misi statusi ar SeiZleba iyos wminda logikur 

kanonebTan asimilirebuli. 30 meore mxriv, arc `tradiciul~ 

da `Tanamedrove~ literaturis Teoriebs Soris gavlebuli 

paralelebia damajerebeli, Tumca es paralelebi 

ukiduresad zustia formaluri logikis mixedviT. magali- 

Tad, `tradiciuli~ Teoriebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani, 

saxeldobr, maTi `normatiuloba~ àRwerilobiTobis~ sapirispirod, 

31 aRar miesadageba `Cvens~ komparativistul literaturul 

Teorias, romelic uaryofs aseve yovelgvar kanonikur, 

normatiul Tvisebas. am sqemis mixedviT, metadre komparativistuli 

poetika iqneboda `Tanamedrove~ radgan isic, aseve, garkveulwilad 

mimarTulia aRwerisaken, rasac qvemoT davinaxavT. 

es imas ar niSnavs, rom literaturis Teoria, Tavis 

mxriv, ar mihyveba sakuTar wessa da logikas. is unda iyos 

mwyobri TavisTavad, mkafio da `Sejerebuli~ `koordinirebuli~. 

misi agebuleba moiTxovs `sistemas~, `modelsac~ ki (am 

sakiTxs davubrundebiT). komparativistuli Teoria awesrigebs, 

erTgvarovans xdis da ajgufebs (unifikacias da klasifikacias 

ukeTebs) monacemebs, romlebzedac iRebs pasuxismgeblobas, 

misi Sinagani kriteriumebis da sabaziso hipoTezebis 

mixedviT. mas aqvs `centri~ da `periferia~. es Teoria er- 

Ti da imave sistematuri debulebis mixedviT aerTianebs mis 

mier Tavmoyrili movlenebis `klasis~ erT, sxvadasxva an yvela 

aspeqts. is yvela viTarebaSi gvTavazobs racionalur da 

universalur suraTs. es ar aris ìmpresionistuli~ daudevroba. 

is, sxvaTa Soris, mTavar rols TamaSobs literaturul 

kvlevaSi: Teoria yovelTvis win uswrebs meTodologias, 

mas aZlevs mizans da safuZvels; is xsnis perspeqtivebs, 

xelmZRvanelobs da mimarTulebas aZlevs sxvadasxva mcdelobas 

(demarSebs). es aris “Tvalsazrisi, romelsac aucileb- 

59

lad moaqvs axali sinaTle, axali literaturuli àRqma~. 32 

misi evristikuli unari (siaxleTa maZiebeli disciplinis 

unari) aranakleb mniSvnelovania: aseTi (an kidev sxva saxis) 

literaturuli Teoriis wyalobiT, Cven CavwvdebiT literaturis 

zogierT aspeqts (da xelovnebis aspeqtebs) Zalian 

zusti xerxiT. 33 igi gvawvdis aucilebel operatiul miTiTebebs. 

bolos gamovyoT literaturis Teoria (terminis ontologiuri 

mniSvnelobiT) literaturebis Teoriisagan (terminis 

fenomenologiuri mniSvnelobiT). 34 `SedarebiTi~ literaturaTmcodneobis 

Teoria mTlianad Tavsdeba am bolo kategoriaSi. 

`SedarebiTi poetikis~ bedi (romelic aris an TiTqmis 

aris literaturuli Teoriis sinonimi), ZiriTadad, cnobilia 

CvenTvis. komparativizmis mier `literaturis Teoriis~ miReba 

expressis verbis-is statusiT, misdevs imave gzas da cxadia, imave 

miznebs isaxavs. swored amaSi mdgomareobs, amasTanave, TviT 

Literaturwissenschaft-is, rogorc terminis daniSnuleba, romelic 

daaxloebiT 1842 wels Seqmna t. mundtma 35 da misi Teoriuli 

konotacia progresiis wesiT Zlierdeba. dRes, sazogadod, 

aRiareben, rom literaturis Teoria aris `literaturis 

principebis, misi kategoriebis, kriteriumebis Seswavla~ da 

a.S. 36 magram aq truizmi moCvenebiTia, radgan komparativizmze 

dayrdnobiT amgvari Seswavla xdeba eqspliciturad (garegnulad) 

da programulad ùniversaluri~. Tu arsebobs mxolod 

erTi literatura, SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod erTi literaturuli 

Teoria: literaturis Teoria, sul ubralod. 37 

saboloo angariSiT, ikveTeba principuli Tanxmoba SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneobis da literaturis Teoriis 

igiveobis Sesaxeb: literatura ganmartebulia, rogorc `xelovneba~, 

magram xelovneba universaluria; maSasadame, masSi 

ganxorcielebulia an ganxorcielebadia msoflios yvela literatura. 

38 dasanania, rom es Teoriuli da meTodologiuri 

migneba, romelic faseulia da gadamwyvetic ki, jer ar aris 

gamoyenebuli ise, rogorc mosalodneli iyo TvalsaCino da 

Tanmimdevrul gamokvlevebSi. magram am ideis Sinagani dinamizmi, 

romelsac sakuTari avtonomia aqvs, TavisTavad warmoadgens 

mniSvnelovan winsvlas. es imiT aixsneba, rom `mTeli 

kacobriobisTvis gamosadegi literaturis filosofiis~ 39 er- 

TaderT proeqts warmoadgens samudamod miRebuli memkvidreoba. 

`formulirebis~ pirobebi, ra Tqma unda, dasadgenia. sxva 

SemTxvevaSi, risTvis unda Seiswavlon yvela literaturis saerTo 

(an zogadi) problemebi, Tu ara imisaTvis, rom miiRon, 

zustad rom vTqvaT, `literaturis Teoriis principebi~ (an 

Principles Criticism) an kidev saerTo èsTetikuri mniSvneli? 40 mi- 

60

uxedavad garkveuli TavSekavebisa, rac SeiZleba aixsnas istoriuli 

TvalsazrisiT~, 41 Teoriuli, ùniversalisturi~ miswrafeba 

sul ufro TvalsaCino xdeba Tanamedrove komparativistikaSi. 

ase pirdapir, `literaturis Teoriis mTlianad~ 42 an misi 

`mTavari da sistematuri~ aspeqtebis Seswavlis moTxovna ganxorcielebis 

saSualebebze zrunvis gareSe, am etapze mainc, ar 

aris sakmarisi. miuxedavad amisa, es imis niSania, rom literaturis 

universalurobis gageba TandaTan zogadi sinamdvile xdeba. 

igi Cveni epoqis, Cveni Zeitgeist-is ideologiuri aspeqtis nawilia. 

SedarebiTi poetikis `miznebi amJamad moicavs mxolod 

sakvlevi winadadebebisa da gegmebis CamonaTvals, rac mocemulia, 

rogorc ritorikisa da `formalisturi~ poetikis avtonomiebis 

alternativa. `SedarebiTi poetika~, ZiriTadad, SeiZleba 

daviyvanoT `formebisa da Janrebis~ iseT Teoriamde 

(romelic)... zustad iTvaliswinebs yvela literaturas~. am 

kuTxiT es terminebi erTmaneTs akontrolebs. 43 es Teoria, 

stilistikis, metrikis, saxeebis SedarebiTi Seswavlis da 

sxva `formaluri~ kvlevebis daxmarebiT, poeziis eqstensiur 

gansazRvrebamde miva. masSi erTnairad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli 

ioane qrizostomis `homiliebi”, òdisea~, `tanka~ da `haiku~. 

44 amis misaRwevad faqtobrivi kavSirebi (pozitivisturi) 

Zireulad Seicvala struqturuli kavSirebiT, rac savsebiT 

cvlis perspeqtivas da `komparativizmis~ wils. 

zogierTi cnoba enaTmecnierebidan da gramatikidan xels 

Seuwyobs am mosazrebis ukeTesad morgebas da gagebas. mas Zlieri 

analogebi aqvs ùniversalurobis~ gagebasTan enaTa umravlesobaSi, 

45 ènasTan~, rogorc sistemasTan, romelic upirispirdeba 

`metyvelebas~, an yvela enis àbstraqtul mdgomareobas- 

Tan~, rac naTlad aris gamoyofili maTi `konkretuli mdgomareobidan~. 

`translingvistika~, romelic ar Seiswavlis yovel gamonaTqvams, 

rogorc konkretuls, aramed misi gamoyenebis kanonebs, 

46 aseve SeiZleba davimowmoT, ise rogorc unda mivmarToT 

(albaT gansakuTrebiT) ùniversaluri gramatikis~ metad tradiciul 

ideas, romelic exeba ara marto prozis Seswavlas, aramed 

yovelgvari simboloebis gamoyenebas.47 ratom ar unda arsebobdes 

disciplinaTa zRvarze `literaturis~ (universaluris) 

gramatika (universaluri)? literaturis zogadi Teoriis 

Sesabamisad, aseTi gramatikuli analizi iqneba `totaluri~, 

Tu mas Seqmnian yvela literaturis safuZvelze, Zvelis 

Tu axlis, dasavluris Tu aRmosavluris. am Tamam, magram Zalian 

kanonier mosazrebas gauCnda momxreebi TviT literaturis 

vrcel qronikebSi (etiamblis TezisebTan dakavSirebiT). 48 

61

3. aucilebeli ganzogadeba 

Cven ukve mravalgzis Segvxvda termini “zogadi”. amdenad, 

unda vcadoT misi SemosazRvra da axlo xediT gansazRvra. 

ase unda moviqceT miT ufro, rom komparativistuli literaturis 

Teoriis kritika yovelTvis mdgomareobs `zogadis~ 

daJinebul uaryofaSi, am sityvis ukiduresad kninobiTi mniSvnelobiT. 

miuxedavad misi semantikuri arasrulfasovnebisa 

da zogjer ùniversalurTan~ aRrevisa, romlis sinonimic is 

sabolood xdeba, `zogadi~, `ganzogadebuli~, `ganzogadeba~ 

gadaiqca... sayovelTaod gamoyenebul, aucilebel terminad. 

`zogadi~ (ganzogadebuli) gamoxatavs mdgomareobas, Tvisebas 

an moqmedebas, romelic exeba yvela SemTxvevas an yvela individs 

yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe~. kerZo SemTxvevebis 

did umravlesobaSi SemCneuli saerTo Tvisebebi `ganzogadebis~ 

saSualebiT ukavSirdeba erTsa da imave ideas (rogorc 

aRniSnaven leqsikografebi). xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom 

ganzogadebis procesi, romelic exeba mTel klass (is, rac 

ekuTvnis klasis yvela individs), faqtobrivad, miesadageba ama 

Tu im klasis mxolod did umravlesobas. swored ase yalibdeba 

koncefciebi, maT Soris literaturulic. arsebobs agreTve 

tendencia, rom tipizacia, idealizacia, simbolizacia da a.S. 

miCneul iqnas `mxatvruli ganzogadebis~ calkeul formebad. 

am terminis ase gafarToeba, meore mxriv, momdinareobs misive 

semantikuri agebulebidan. literaturuli Teoriebis dargSi 

aranakleb sayuradReboa mkveTrad gamoxatuli midrekileba 

myisieri, empiriuli, veluri ganzogadebisaken. mourideblad 

gadasvla zogad daskvnebze, mxolod ramdenime magaliTis 

safuZvelze, sakmaod gavrcelebul meTodad gadaiqca. 

kavSiri zogadsa (universalurs) da kerZos (individualurs, 

gansakuTrebuls) Soris, romelic gansazRvravs yovelgvar 

farul Tu aSkara eqstrapolacias, naadrev ganzogadebas 

(ix. gavrcelebuli SemTxveva: literaturuli gansaz- 

Rvreba èrovnuli~ Rebulobs ipso Facto ùniversaluris` ganzomilebas 

da mniSvnelobas.), moiTxovs ramdenime dazustebas. 

es kavSiri, upirveles yovlisa, aris dialeqtikuri. igi moicavs 

dapirispirebas da monacvleobas, urTierTganpirobebas, 

Seqcevadobas, urTierTmonacvle poziciebs, urTierTSevsebas 

(komplementarulobas). zogadi (universaluri) ekuTvnis nebismier 

sivrces, nebismier dros da sakuTari Tavis identuria. 

igi aris erTdroulad TiToeul literaturul nawarmoebSi 

da yvela literaturul nawarmoebSi, maSasadame mTel literaturaSi 

anu literaturaSi. literaturis Teoria eyrdnoba 

62

(da imavdroulad naTels hfens) yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebis, 

yoveli literaturis `zogad~ elements. es `zogadi~ 

elementi, romelic arsebobs calke da yovelTvis mimar- 

Tulia zeindividualuri, zeerovnuli, zedrouli planisaken, 

garkveul zRvarze uTanabrdeba TviT literaturul `zogads~. 

yvelaferi es cnobilia, SeiZleba Zalian kargadacaa 

cnobili, magram kargia misi mokled gaxseneba da aRniSvna, 

isev am gardamaval etapze, rom komparativistuli literaturis 

Teoria arc zogad elements ugulvebelyofs. misi sagania 

`zogadi mecniereba literaturis Sesaxeb~, literatura 

mTlianad da ara misi adgilobrivi an kerZo saxeoba. maSasadame, 

uazroba iqneboda gansazRvrebisa da meTodis Zieba yoveli 

literaturuli nawarmoebisaTvis an yoveli leqsisaTvis. 49 

nuTu unda ugulvebelvyoT kerZo, individualuri, literaturuli? 

uSualo literaturuli praqtikis doneze, es, samagierod, 

erTaderTi sagrZnobi realobaa. misi kerZo Taviseburebis, 

misi `pirovnebis~ mignebisa da gansazRvrisaTvis 

aucilebelia zogad kriteriumTan mimarTebis dadgena. es dapirispireba 

yovelTvis gardauvalia; igi gansazRvravs ker- 

Zosa da zogads Soris (kerZo/zogadi) mimarTebis TviT statuss, 

ris Sedegadac operireben mxolod da mxolod dakonkretebuli 

zogadiT da gankerZoebuli universaluriT. 50 swored 

am CarCoSi (romelic gulisxmobs mudmiv dapirispirebas 

da Sedarebas), mxolod am farglebSi, romelic gveZleva istoriuli 

da pirdapiri empiriuli gamocdilebiT, xdeba gasagebi 

esa Tu is Tavisebureba da SesaZlebelia gansxvavebis aRqma. 

universaluris kerZod dakonkreteba cnobili iyo Zalian 

didi xnis winaT, induri klasikuri gramatikis CaTvliT. 51 am 

mxriv ar unda CamovrCeT. amasTanave, SeiZleba Rirdes imis 

gaxseneba, rom es mimarTeba naTlad aris gansazRvruli komparativizmis 

horizontze gamoCenis droidan XVIII saukuneSi: 

kacobriobis idea gulisxmobs Sedarebas – `zogadi~/àdgilobrivi~, 

erT sqemaSi ewereba agreTve induri da nebismieri sxva 

literatura; romantikuli esTetika aRiarebs, aseve, universaluri 

arsis da erovnuli gamoxatulebis arsebobas da a.S. 52 

Tanamedrove komparativizmi myarad dgas am mimdinareoba- 

Si. erTi mxriv, udavoa misi erTaderTi Tezisi: msoflio literaturaSi 

SeuZlebelia istoriuli an sxva kvlevebis warmarTva 

erovnuli literaturis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe; Ti- 

Toeuli Teoria unda sazrdoobdes `konkretuli~ kerZo gamokvlevebiT 

da a.S. albaT es aris erTi da imaves gameoreba, 

Sabloni. 53 kargad aris cnobili, rom arsebobs koleqtiuri 

Temebi da maTi individualuri xorcSesxma, yoveli miTi kom- 

63

inaciis istoriuli nayofia, zogadisa da kerZos dapirispirebis 

tipobrivi magaliTia da a.S. 54 magram, mere mxriv, Tu 

literaturuli kvleva mTlianobaSi damokidebulia ormag 

memkvidreobaze (ganmazogadebel da ganmasxvavebel memkvidreobaze), 

sadac Sedareba `gardauvali~ xdeba, rogorc gancalkevebisa 

da daaxloebis sagangebo meTodi, 55 Tavdapirvelad es 

Sedareba kargavs yovelgvar komparativistul specifikas da 

Semdeg xdeba literaturis nebismieri Teoriis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli 

nawili. an kidev, kerZo aris Seuqcevadi, absoluturi, 

ganumeorebeli da am SemTxvevaSi Sedareba usargeblo, 

Seuferebeli da uazroa. garda amisa, TiToeul literaturul 

nawarmoebSi aris agreTve saerTo elementebi da maSin 

Sedareba SeiZleba gadaiqces universalur ganzogadebul berketad. 

maSasadame, kidev erTxel, termini `komparativizmi~ aRmoCnda 

arazusti, umarTebulo da susti. 

ganzogadeba, rogorc erTi da imave ideis irgvliv saerTo 

Tvisebebis Sekrebisa da `naRebis moxdis~ operacia, moiTxovs 

agreTve dakvirvebas. saqme exeba ara mis `reabilitacias~, 

aramed mxolod misTvis saWiro pirobebis, misi saboloo 

miznis dazustebas. ratom ganazogadeben da rogor ganazogadeben? 

imitom, rom sWirdebaT upirveles yovlisa, koncefciebi 

da zogadi codna; imitom, rom ùniversalurisaken~ 

midrekileba `savaldebuloa~ `WeSmariti inteleqtualisaTvis~ 

(eigentlichen Gelehrten) (rac odiTganve cnobilia: novalisi); 

bolos da bolos imitom, rom esTetika (literaturuli da 

a.S.) sazrdoobs TeoriiT da miznad isaxavs misi Sinagani bunebidan 

gamomdinare, saerTo struqturebis dafuZnebas (rac 

TavisTavad cxadia) da a.S. 56 

rac Seexeba ZiriTad meqanizms, is warmoadgens mxedvelobaSi 

miRebuli monacemebis daaxloebas, kavSirs, integracias 

yovelgvari gansxvavebis sapirispirod. misi nayofia abstraqcia 

(kategoriebi, kanonebi da a.S.), erTsa da imave dros 

transistoriuli, transkulturuli da transmorfologiuri 

inteleqtualuri konstruqcia. ganzogadeba ar èmTxveva~ nawarmoebs 

an nawarmoebTa nakrebs. igi gvTavazobs mxolod gasagebsa 

da erTgvarovans, raRac globalurs, rac ùxilavi~ 

darCenila saganSi Tu saganTa jgufSi. is, rac ganisazRvra, 

rogorc `struqturalisturi kvleva~, am tipis azrovnebaa. 57 

mis Zlierebas ganapirobebs simwyobre, logikuri struqtura, 

Sedegi da Sinagani Rirebuleba. zogierTi epistemologis azriT, 

swored amaSi mdgomareobs misi vargisianobis `testurobis~ 

pirveli kriteriumi. 58 aqedan momdinareobs misi `genetikuri~ 

xasiaTi. mas SeuZlia Seavsos raime erTobliobis xvre- 

64

lebi, dafaros TeTri laqebi sistemis rukaze, Secvalos or 

an mraval termins Soris im korespondenciis mkrTali an 

gamotovebuli terminebic ki, romelic funqcionaluria. amgvarad, 

ganzogadeba aris safexurebrivi, mzardi, is Tovlis 

gundas hgavs, maqsimaluri gafarToebis SesaZleblobamde. komparativistebi 

TandaTan eCvevian msgavs mdgomareobas. 59 cnobilia, 

rom yoveli Teoria, TviT yvelaze ufro pirovnuli, subieqturi, 

miiswrafis universalurobisaken, Tavisi àbsolutisaken~ 

da amgvari ukiduresoba gardauvalia. es imas niSnavs, 

rom ganzogadeba TavisTavad SemTavsebluria, krebiTia, igi 

yovelTvis mimdinareobs ufro da ufro farTod da aRmaval 

doneebze, magram imavdroulad aris fragmentuli, droebiTi 

da gaumjobesebadi. mxolod erTi magaliTi: `sagmiro poeziis~ 

gansazRvreba, romelic evropul magaliTebzea morgebuli 

da didxans sargeblobda avtoritetiT, unda gafarTovdes 

imisaTvis, rom SeiTavsos agreTve Cinuri klasikuri eposi. 60 

aqedan gamomdinare, zogadma gansazRvrebebma da Teoriebma saxe 

unda icvalos, gaxdes advilad adaptirebadi, gamoavlinos 

moqniloba da dinamiuroba: es aris sifrTxile mimarTuli 

gaqvavebisa da dogmatizmis winaaRmdeg. bolo komparativistuli 

`talRa~ iwyebs am pirobebze daTanxmebas, Tumca es pirobebi 

minimaluria. 61 Tanamedrove literaturuli Teoria moiTxovs 

aseve àdaptirebis unaris mqone koncefciebs~. 62 

amave dros, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom komparativizmi, 

TviT yvelaze tradiciulic, yovelTvis sargeblobda (da 

Zalian farTod) erTgvari kategoriiT, romelsac uwodebda 

`zogads~. es iyo savaldebulo, SeiZleba iTqvas, savsebiT bunebrivi 

procedura. amgvari ganzogadeba moicavs yvela cnebas, 

romelic miRebulia istoriis dargSi (`mimdinareoba~, 

`periodi~ da a.S.), teritoriasTan dakavSirebiT (“zona” da 

a.S.), stilis Sesaxeb (`baroko~, `manierizmi~, `ganmanaTlebloba~ 

da a.S.). saqme exeba, faqtobrivad, istoriul urTierToba- 

Si CarTul an iqedan gamomdinare ganzogadebas. rogorc viciT, 

aseTi ganzogadeba didi xania dasabuTebuli da ganxorcielebulia 

farTo masStabiT. memkvidreobiT miRebul am 

terminologiur aparats, Tavis mxriv, saxes ucvlian misi semantikisadmi 

gansakuTrebuli moridebis gareSe, rac xSirad 

iwvevs aRrevas. yvelaferi es savsebiT bunebrivi Cans da aravin 

uyurebs eWviT aseTi `ganzogadebis~ kanonierebas. samagierod, 

saqme fuWdeba da pozitivisturi komparativizmi yalyze 

dgeba, roca ganzogadeba miznad isaxavs faqtobrivi kavSirebis 

gadalaxvas, faqtebis ignorirebas an gverdis avlas: gana 

arsebobs maradiuli `modernizmi~, Tundac àvangardi~? an 

65

transistoriuli `baroko~ Tu arsebobs? an kidev, ai gaugonari 

daudevroba! – arsebobs Tu ara ùniversaluri literatura~, 

romelic ar ganirCeva `literaturisagan~? Tu aRiareben 

iseT farTo da erTmaneTTan axlos mdgom kategoriebs, rogoricaa 

`sasuliero~ da/an saero, `zepiri~ da/an `werilobi- 

Ti~, rom araferi vTqvaT èrovnul~, èvropul~, àRmosavlur~ 

da a.S. literaturaze, gaugebaria, WeSmaritad... zogadi 

literaturuli `ganzogadeba~, e.i. ùniversaluri~, ratom ar 

SeiZleba iyos, aseve, winaswar mofiqrebuli da kanonieri, 

cxadia, im pirobiT, rom unda Seicvalos Tvalsazrisi da 

meTodologiuri aparati. 

4. zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba 

ar unda gamogvrCes, agreTve, rom komparativistikaSi arsebobs 

`ganzogadebis~ garkveuli tradicia, TviT termini 

`zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba~ jer kidev mowonebiT sargeblobs. 

ufro metic: miuxedavad yvelafrisa, zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba 

warmoadgens yvelaze vrcel `Teoriul~ 

sawyiss, romelic aqamde yofila komparativistul praqtikaSi, 

magram igi jer kidev Zalian SezRudulia. Cveni azriT, es 

metad CamorCenili stadia mravali eWvisa da gaugebrobis wyaroa, 

rasac naTeli unda moefinos. es bundovani, cudan gansazRvruli 

gamoTqma erTdroulad bevr rames gulisxmobs. 

Cven Tanaxma varT, rom es aris `zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~, 

magram ra azriT aris `zogadi~ da ra 

azriT – `SedarebiTi~? 

Zalian adre, gasul saukuneSi, es cneba niSnavda mxolod 

literaturisadmi globalur midgomas: `literaturis 

es propedevtikuli kursi iyo Zalian zogadi da Zalian enciklopediuri~. 

63 aRniSnuli momentisaTvis ar iyo gamokveTili 

araviTari zusti an sagangebo mimarTuleba. nabiji maSin 

gadaidga win, rodesac germanuli enis semantikis wyalobiT, 

`msoflios literatura~ an ùniversaluri literatura~ TandaTan 

xdeboda àllgemeine Literatur~. 64 Ees aris ukve `zogadi literatura~ 

– literaturebis an saerTaSoriso literaturuli 

movlenebis jami, romlis erTianoba veRar unda daisvas 

kiTxvis niSnis qveS. amave dros, am epoqaSi istoriisa da pozitivizmisadmi 

midrekilebis gamo, `zogadi literaturis istoria 

an... Weltliteratur-is istoria~ 65 gadaiqceva mxolod erT 

disciplinad. aqedan daiwyo mzardi, Zalian neli, magram uwyveti 

universalisturi midgomis damkvidreba, romelic daupi- 

66

ispirda literaturis `zogadi~ masalis dayofas erovnuli 

literaturebis mixedviT. am ideebs, romlebic TandaTan met 

aRiarebas poulobs bolo aTwleulebSi moRvawe komparativistebs 

Soris, mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom èrTi da ganuyofeli 

literatura iqca Cveulebriv, banalur gamoTqmad~. 66 

swored es aris winamdebare eses perspeqtiva. 

garkveuli winsvla aris aRwerilobiTi da metadre istoriuli 

sinTezis mimaraTulebiT, magram yvelaferi, isev da 

isev, terminologiur gaugebrobas efuZneba. `zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba~ 

jer kidev ar niSnavs `literaturis (zogad) 

Teorias~, aramed mxolod `faqtobrivi kavSirebis~ Seswavlis 

stadiaa: `binaruli kavSirebis daZleva~, kvlevis gafarToeba 

literaturuli analogiebisa da paralelizmebis 

erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT an am tipis sxva mimarTebebis 

safuZvelze. 67 

azrovnebis manera kvlav pozitivisturia da ewinaaRmdegeba 

Teorias, magram vlindeba garkveuli winaswari xedva: es 

aris gamokvlevebis `wyeba, romelic exeba mravali literaturisaTvis 

saerTo faqtebs; es literaturebi ganixileba an ma- 

Ti erTmaneTze damokidebulebis an damTxvevebis TvalsazrisiT~ 

da isini inarCuneben `silamazes da mimzidvelobas, miuxedavad 

gansxvavebuli idiomebisa. imavdroulad, aseT Tvalsazriss 

yvelaze didi adgili uWiravs~. 68 es aris, avad Tu 

kargad, esTetikur-literaturul erTianobamde da universalurobamde 

misvla mimdinareobebis, tendenciebis, Temebis, formebisa 

da literaturuli stilebis gavliT, romlebic gadalaxaven 

erovnul sazRvrebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, es niSnavs 

`zogadi literaturaTmcodneobis~ WeSmarit sagnamde miRwevas. 

kidev ufro imedis momcemia gzis gaxsna analogiebisaken, 

69 damTxvevebis, paralelizmebis da sinqronizmebisaken. es 

aris is movlenebi, romlebic Sors gascda `gavlenebis~ sferos. 

sayuradReboa, agreTve, zeerovnuli sinTezis idea. 70 zogadi 

literaturaTmcodneoba iqneb unda yofiliyo Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturuli kvlevebis sinTezi da dagvirgvineba: saer- 

TaSoriso tipebi, Temebi, Janrebi. 71 garkveul zRvarze SeiZleboda 

sinTezis am saSualebebis ganWvreta. 72 `zogad literaturaTmcodneobas~, 

anu general literature-s, kvlav iTvaliswineben 

am gansazRvrebiT; SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis yvela 

Sesavali bolo `traqtatebamde~ mis Temebs gadmoscems mokled. 

73 masze isev laparakoben sauniversiteto wreebSi, sadac 

darwmunebuli arian, rom SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

àr unda daSordes zogad literaturaTmcodneobas~. 74 es 

tendencia gulisxmobs am ori disciplinis srul da martiv 

67

identifikacias, ramdenadac miCneulia, rom maTi miznebi, Ziri- 

Tadad, erTi da igivea. komparativizmis erT-erTi pioneris 

(luipol becis) 75 es intuiciuri migneba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, 76 

sabolood damtkicebul iqna mogvianebiT, rogorc cnobilia, 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis saerTaSoriso asociaciis 

axali wesdebebiT, romlebsac saxe Seucvales IX yrilobaze 

(1979). garkveuli evolucia amave mimarTulebiT bolo xans 

SeiniSneba safrangeTSic, sadac administraciuli RonisZiebiT 

gadawyda `zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

evropuli kavSiris~ Camoyalibeba; es gaerTianeba gameorda 

`zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis franguli 

sazogadoebis~ 77 sxvadasxva samuSao dokumentSi. axali 

sintagma amkvidrebs ara marto erTi mimarTulebiT Tavmoyras 

da urTierTSevsebas, aramed metadre meTodologiur sinTezs, 

romelic TviT sagnis bunebidan momdinareobs. sxvaTa Soris, 

`praqtikulad qreba yovelgvari gansxvaveba~, ise rogorc am 

ori terminis Tanamedrove gamoyenebaSi. 78 komparativizmi da 

`ganzogadeba~ amieridan erTia mxolod. 

ratom ar mivmarToT maSin sxva termins? `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas~ 

isev Seesabameba misi saxeli? Tu `ganzogadeba~ 

bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre `Sedareba~? iqneb 

sjobs sxva saxelwodeba mieniWos am axal komparativizms, 

romelic aRwerisa da ganzogadebis unars iCens da wyvets im 

jaWvs, romelic mas genetikur da istoriul komparativizmTan 

akavSirebda? es kiTxva marTlac unda daisvas da etiamblma 

ar daayovna – erT-erTma pirvelma gaakeTa es. 79 meryeobam 

`SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobasa~ da `zogad literaturaTmcodneobas~ 

Soris, rac aSkarad gamoikveTa, terminebisadmi 

undobloba gauCina komparativizmis erT-erT wamyvan 

mecniers, marsel bataions: `Sedareba aris mxolod erT-erTi 

saSualeba imisa, rasac Cven vuwodebT SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas, 

romelic cudad gamoxatavs saTqmels. xSirad vfiqrob, 

rom zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba ukeTesi iqneboda, magram 

amis Semdeg maSinve vxedav im uxerxulobas, rac mosdevs am 

axali terminis gamoyenebas, romelic ganzogadebaze miuTiTebs 

da ara cocxal nawarmoebebs Soris konkretul kavSirebze~. 80 

miuxedavad amisa, `konkretuli~ kavSirebi ar gamoricxavs 

àbstraqtul~ kavSirebs, riTac `ganzogadeba~ yovelTvis sazrdoobs. 

am ukanasknels maxvili `fardobiTidan~ àbsoluturisaken~, 

e.i. ZiriTadisaken gadaaqvs, rasac mosdevs Zveli gansazRvrebis 

kanonieri revizia. Tu erovnuli literaturis da 

misi kavSirebis istoria qmnis Relativistik-is sferos, Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturaTmcodneoba mizandasaxuli ganzogadebiT mi- 

68

iswrafis, rom SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi (erTi sakmaod axali, 

magram uSedego SemoTavazebis Tanaxmad), Absolutistik gaxdes. 

iseTi termini, rogoric aris àbsoluturi literaturaTmcodneoba 

Zalian uaxlovdeba TviT disciplinis Sinaars~, 

81 romelic cdilobs gaxdes mecniereba zogadi literaturis 

Sesaxeb, Tavisi gansazRvrebiTa da aRwerilobiT. es 

aris, ZiriTadad, zeistoriuli, ganmazogadebeli azrovnebis 

manera, romelsac mivyavarT literaturis totaluri koncefciisaken. 

winadadeba, romelic miznad isaxavda sxva terminis 

SemoRebas, romelic kidev ufro ukeTesad moergeboda am Sinaarss 

– Generalistica 82 aseve uaryofil iqna. 

ar igrZnoba sawinaaRmdego azrebis nakleboba da zogierTi 

maTgani seriozulia. upirveles yovlisa, arsebobs ase- 

Ti mudmivi gaugebroba: `zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba~ 

ùniversaluri literaturis~ sagani Tu meTodia (Seswavlis)? 

ZiriTadad ra tipis meTods gulisxmobs is: istoriuls Tu 

aRwerilobiT-fenomenologiurs? Tu sagans qmnian `saerTo~ 

faqtebi, es ukanasknelebi istoriuli rigisa arian Tu esTetikuri 

rigisa? es konfliqti, romelic gaiziara TviT van 

tigemma. 83 maSinve gastexes welSi im disciplinas, romelmac 

Tavidanve gadauxvia gzas an ver azustebs Tavis sagans. 

vinaidan SeuZlebelia erovnuli literaturis Seswavla `komparativistikis~ 

sazRvrebs iqiT, romlis ganfeniloba iWreba 

TviT `zogadi literaturaTmcodneobis~ sferoSi, es gansxvavebebi 

aRmoCndeba xelovnuri da arapraqtikuli. aseTi viwro 

mniSvnelobiT, TviT es termini iqneboda uarsayofi. 84 meore 

mxriv, Tu `zogad literaturaTmcodneobas~ iseTi miznebi 

aqvs, romelTac araviTari saerTo ar aqvT literaturis istoriasTan, 

rogorc tradiciuli komparativistikis saganTan, 

maSin umjobesi iqneboda am ori sferos mkacrad gamijvna: 

`ganzogadeba~ daeTmoba èsTetikas~ da es ukanaskneli savsebiT 

gaZevebuli iqneba komparativistikidan, rac ganxorcielda 

kidec. 85 Tavi unda davaRwioT da rac SeiZleba swrafad am 

daupatiJebel stumars! – aseTi iyo sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba. 

es viwro Tvalsazrisi TiTqmis ar aris daZleuli, radgan 

namdvil `komparativizmisa~ da `ganzogadebis Teoriis~ 

`Senadnobs~ – e.i. `SedarebiT poetikas~, romlis ZiriTadi hipoTezebi 

da meTodebi sagangebod komparativistulia, jer kidev 

bevri aklia ganxorcielebamde. es Zalian kargad Cans 

standartuli reaqciebis garkveuli raodenobis saSualebiT, 

romlebic pirdapir ayeneben kiTxvis niSnis qveS `ganzogadebis~ 

statuss. Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT, Tu rogor miiRes 

komparativistebma `ganzogadeba~. marTalia, maT is aRiares, 

69

magram mxolod garkveuli istoriuli da sxva kanonebis saxeliT, 

romelTa wmindad filosofiuri an ideologiuri Sefardeba 

uaryofs erTdroulad rogorc esTetikis avtonomias, 

aseve komparativistuli Tvalsazrisebis Sinagan Tvisebas, 

yovelTvis sxvagan rom aris mimarTuli. 86 

esTetikosebi, Tavis mxriv, rogorc Cans, (ufro sworad, 

marTlac arian) ukeTes poziciaSi arian am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. 

kargi iqneba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom terminis `literatura~ 

(=literaturis Seswavla) erT-erTi Zveli mniSvneloba 

moicavda agreTve `principebs~, anu `literaturis elementebs~, 

e.i. literaturis zogad Teorias. es orientacia ukve 

dazustebuli iyo XVIII saukuneSi da grZeldeboda momdevno 

saukuneSi. 87 `zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba~ mxolod Caer- 

To am procesSi, Taviseburad gaagrZela es tradicia. mas mivyavarT 

problemis realuri gadawyvetisken: zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba 

gzas uxsnis literaturis zogad Teorias 

da sabolood ganicdis asimilacias – nawilobriv an mTlianad 

erwymis am ukanasknels (literaturis zogad Teorias). 

germanuli komparativizmis filosofiuri tradiciebi 

ufro xelsayrelia `TeoriebisTvis~, vidre zogadi xasiaTis 

SexedulebebisTvis. amis dadasturebaa `Teoriis, istoriisa 

da kritikis~ Zireuli sinTezi, romelic, romantizmis epoqidan 

dawyebuli, Kunstlehre-s 88 ganStoebad miCneuli literaturuli 

gamokvlevebis safuZvels warmoadgens. es triada meordeba 

Literaturwissenschaft-is farTo ganyofilebebSi imis CaTvliT, 

romelic Seesabameba komparativistul orientacias. 89 

Cveni azriT, kidev ufro mniSvnelovania vergleichende-s asimilacia 

allgemeine-sTan (gvinda SevinarCunoT germanuli terminologia), 

rogorc unitaruli (erTgvarovani) disciplinisa, 

romlis mizania poetikis an literaturis zogadi Teoriis 

Seqmna. maSasadame, SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba qmnis 

ara marto sabaziso literaturul koncefciebs da adekvatur 

meTods, aramed gansakuTrebiT disciplinis Teoriuli 

safuZvlebis kritikas, romelsac `literaturis~ axali koncefciis 

Seqmnis Tu ara, zogadad literaturuli azrovnebis 

Camoyalibebis unari mainc aqvs. aseTi azrovneba ki yovelTvis 

komparativistulia (KurtWais). 90 swored ase miiRweva TiTqmis 

sruli identifikacia, rasac axorcielebs `zogadi~ da, imavdroulad, 

`SedarebiTi~ `mecniereba literaturis Sesaxeb~, 

romlis daniSnuleba unda iyos `totalizacia~ (gamTlianeba) 

– (Ergänzungsfunktion). 91 unda davasaxeloT agreTve Tanamedrove 

poetika (Emil Staiger, Grundbegriffe der Poetik, 1946, Roger Caillois, 

Esthétique généralisée, 1962). erT-erT laTinoamerikul poetikas 

70

(Jose Antonio Portuondo) Zalian msgavsi mizani aqvs: literaturuli 

xelovnebis Teoria, romelic unda moicavdes yvela literaturis 

struqturas. 92 rac Seexeba sxva poetikas, isev kuburs, 

igi zustad imave mizans isaxavs: `zogadi literaturis 

zogadi Teoria~. 93 es aris bolomde miyvanili msjelobis savsebiT 

logikuri daskvna. 

Tanamedrove komparativistika, misi ramdenime progresuli 

miRweviT, imave mimarTulebiT midis, magram isev da isev 

meryeobs. aris gadaWarbebis SemTxvevebic. acxadeben, rom termini 

`literaturis Teoria~, rogorc viciT, marTlac zogjer 

gamosayenebeli da miRebuli, ùCveulo~, `problemuri~, pedanturi 

da esTetikurad `SezRuduliao~. am termins bevrad ufro 

amjobineben ufro pretenziul da mkacr – `literaturis 

filosofias~. 94 magram am SemTxvevaSic ki mizani rCeba daqvemdebarebuli 

da gverdiTi: es aris erT-erTi sxva miznebs Soris 

da meti araferi, is liberaluradaa gankuTvnili Sagrenis 

tyavSi gamoWrili komparativizmisaTvis. namdvili progresi 

iqneboda miznebis ierarqiulad ganlageba da metadre, sagangebo 

Semobruneba Teoriisaken. es moZraoba TiTqos sabolood 

ramdenime Tanamedrove poziciaSi ikveTeba. am SemTxvevaSi 

aRiareben ZiriTad gantolebas: erTmaneTis ekvivalenturia 

– general literature, poetics da theory of literature; literaturis 

`saSualo enis~ aRwerilobiTi `ganzogadeba~ miCneulia savsebiT 

SeasaZleblad da sasurveladac ki; maSasadame, komparativizmisa 

da literaturis Teoriis miznebi aRiarebulia identur 

miznebad. 95 am profilis bolo germanul JurnalSi statia-programa 

Riad uWers mxars komparativizmis gadaqcevas `namdvil 

zogad literaturaTmcodneobad~ (wirklich allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft), 

romlis sagani aucileblad iqneba ùniversaluri 

literatura~ an `literatura~. es gulisxmobs im SemTxvevasac, 

Tu ùniversaluri literatura~ ar aris saZiebeli sakuTar 

TavSi, aramed mxolod `literaturebSi~ (erovnul literaturebSi 

da a.S.) (nie als solche sondern nur in `Literaturen~ sich zeigt). 96 magram 

Tu eZeb rames, unda icode ras eZeb, gqondes, sul mcire, konceptualuri 

sqema `zurgs ukan~. amis Sesaxeb qvemoT visaubrebT. 

safrangeTSi poetikis specialistebma gauswres komparativistebs 

_ yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi `SedarebiTi poetikis 

centriT~ da maTi `SedarebiTi poetikis rveulebiT~ (1/1973). 97 

`komparativistuli poetikis~ ratifikacia sabolood miRweulia: 

nihil obstat-ic ki miiRo `zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

franguli sazogadoebisagan~. 98 yvelaze imedismomcemi proeqtebis 

avtorebi dainteresebuli arian SedarebiTi poetikis 

ùniversaluri meTodebiT~ da `yvelaze zogadi principebiT~. 99 

71

Tu gadavxedavT tradicias am dargSi, daskvnisTvis vipoviT 

mxolod ori naTeli da efeqturi programis mqone pozicias. 

`zogadi literaturaTmcodneobis~ Zvel, uaryofil 

mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT 100 garkveuli meryeobis Semdeg, 

rene ueleki veraviTar gansxvavebas veRar xedavs (semantikurad 

mainc) zogad literaturaTmcodneobasa da literaturis 

Teorias Soris, `poetikas~ Tu literaturis `principebs~ Soris. 

101 rac Seexeba etiambls, is gabedul gadawyvetilebas Rebulobs 

`Zveli yaidis SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobasa~ 

da `momavlis zogad literaturaTmcodneobas~ Soris, 102 rac 

imas niSnavs, rom is `zogadi literaturaTmcodneobidan~ gadadis 

èsTetikasa~ da `ritorikaze~. 103 misi mravalricxovani 

gancxadebebidan unda davimaxsovroT es ukanaskneli, yvelaze 

sxarti da zusti: erovnuli literaturebis SedarebiTma Seswavlam 

`zogadi literaturaTmcodneobisa da literaturis 

Teoriis Seqmnis saSualeba unda mogvces sabolood~. arsebi- 

Tad saqme exeba `yoveli literaturis mkacrad analitikuri 

Seswavlidan zogadad sinTezur Seswavlaze gadasvlas. 104 filosofosebi, 

romlebic romantizmis safuZvlebTan arian dakavSirebuli, 

emxrobian Tavis droze zedapirulad moxazul 

am Canafiqrs. 105 

5. dapirispireba da uaryofiTi Sefaseba 

gadaWarbebuli iqneboda gvefiqra, rom komparativistuli 

literaturis Teoriis miRebuli gansazRvreba srulyofilad 

Camoyalibebuli da damtkicebulia. sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebis 

garkveuli raodenoba, romelTa Soris zogierTi seriozuli 

Cans, kidev erTxel unda ganvixiloT, raTa naTeli 

movfinoT maT motivacias. es xels Seuwyobda ara mxolod 

dasaSvebi, aramed praqtikuli, kontrolirebadi `Teoriis~ Camoyalibebas 

misi safuZvlebisa da gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. 

eWvgareSea: komparativistul `ganzogadebaTa~ qedmouxreli 

mowinaaRmdegis namdvili saxelia istoriuli midgomis 

damcveli pozitivizmi, rac ukve aRiniSna. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 

pozitivizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi faqtisa 

da `faqtobrivi kavSirebis~ kults, `mecnierul~ neitralurobas, 

`Tezisebze~, abstraqtul `principebsa~ da `Rirebulebebze~ 

nebayoflobiT uaris Tqmas, istoriuli tendenciis mqone 

pozitivizmma, romelic miCneuli iyo komparativizmis miznad 

da gamarTlebad, yvelaferi gaakeTa zogadi midgomis dasaTrgunad. 

Cven gagvafrTxiles sakmaod didi xnis win: `SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneoba ar aris zogadi literaturaT- 

72

mcodneoba~, 106 maT Soris arc van tigemis metad SezRudul 

variantSi. es ukanaskneli akeTebs sawinaaRmdego azris citirebas, 

moixmobs `literaturis Sesaxeb mecnierebis~ momxreTa 

Tvalsazriss: ìstoriul meTods ar Seswvs Zala, mecnierulad 

Seiswavlos literatura~ (miSel dragomiresku). 107 `literaturis 

Seswavlis istoriuli meTodis~ mimarT undobloba 

mainc rCeba gadamwyvet momentad. lansonizmma Tavisi 

rwmeniT `mecnieruli codnis simtkicisadmi~, Tavisi winaaRmdegobiT 

`ganmazogadebeli formulirebis~ gamoyenebis mimarT, 

`sarwmunos, utyuaris~ ZiebiT, romelic “sustdeba ganzogadebis 

matebis kvalobaze, 108 literaturis kvlevas mxolod 

empiriuli, araTeoriuli orientacia misca. aqedan momdinareobs 

interesis dakargva an zizRi, viTarebis Sesabamisad, 

`spekulaciis” yovelgvari mcdelobis mimarT, Tundac es 

exebodes literaturul kategorias, `klasicizmis~, `romantizmis~ 

cnebebs da a.S. maTTvis momakvdinebeli safrTxe iqneboda 

àbstraqciaze, pirobiTobaze an CamonaTvalze gadasvla~ 

109 da es safrTxe Tavidan unda aecilebinaT, radac ar 

unda dajdomodaT. es xmebi, zogjer mbrZanebluri, saerTod 

sakmaod sasacilo da saxaliso, odnav CaxleCili, kvlav ismis: 

àraviTari nimuSebi, araviTari winaswargaazrebuli ganzogadeba...~ 

110 vnaxoT, rogori Sedegi mohyva amas... 

pirveli da umniSvnelovanesi Sedegi, romelic ganapirobebs 

momdevno Sedegebs, aris yovelgvari ganzogadebis wmindad 

da martivad akrZalva, radgan ganzogadeba ganixileba, 

rogorc komparativistikisTvis SeuZlebeli da SeuTavsebeli 

procesi. uari unda vTqvaT `ganzogadebaze~ (sityva yovelTvis 

brWyalebSia moqceuli ironiulad), `raTa davubrundeT ufro 

Cveulebriv komparativistul saqmianobas~. 111 es aris wminda 

da martivi winaaRmdegoba Teoriis nebismieri formisadmi. ma- 

Sasadame gamoacxadeben, rom komparativizmi ucxoa literaturis 

TeoriisaTvis. ès saSiSi filosofiuri abstraqcia~ aRmoCndeba 

`gulubryviloba da Sarlatanoba~. 112 amasTan dakav- 

SirebiT etiambls sifrTxilis mSvenieri gakveTili Cautares 

mecnieruli principebis dacvis moTxovniT: `komparativistika- 

Si yovelTvis ismis kiTxva, SeiZleba Tu ara (WeSmaritad) zogadi 

literaturuli eseebis SeTxzva~. aq ar mTavrdeba etiamblis 

codvebi: is Zalian midrekilia `sinTezuri kritikisaken~. 

aqedan gamomdinareobs Semdegi rCeva: àmjerad unda SevwyvitoT 

amgvari ganzogadebani~. cxadia, literaturaTmcodneobis 

(SedarebiTis) profesorisTvis (namdvili profesoris- 

Tvis) aseTi ganzogadeba seriozulobas moklebuli Cans, 113 

73

zemoT aRniSnulis meore Sedegia TavisTavad ganmazogadebeli 

bunebis mqone gansazRvrebebis gadaWriT uaryofa an 

ukiduresi undobloba maT mimarT. magaliTad, àmao~ iqneboda 

romantizmis 114 an literaturis Zireuli principebis gansaz- 

Rvra rom gvindodes. `TviT zogadi literaturaTmcodneobis 

idea xelovnuria da ufro metad warmoadgens adamianis Teoriul 

Sexedulebas vidre grZnobad sinamdviles~. misi ambiciebi 

`gadaWarbebulia~. 115 `zepirsityvieri gansazRvrebebis an 

Teoriuli konstruqciebis~ 116 ukugdeba, sxvaTa Soris, damaxasiaTebelia 

im literatorebisaTvis, vinc ver gascda, an visac 

ar surs gascdes materialuri monacemebis stadias an wminda 

gankerZoebul aRweras, rac erTaderT miznad aris miCneuli. 

ramdenadac yoveli literaturuli azri gulisxmobs 

garkveulwilad Sekvecas, saerTo da/an ùniversaluri~ elementebis 

aucilebel gaerTianebas, maTi homogenurobis dadgenas, 

Cven aseTi `gaTanabrebis~ winaaRmdeg erTgvari protestis 

mowme vxvdebiT. maSasadame, SeuZlebeli iqneboda da ver moviTxovdiT 

`yvela saxis zepiri poeziisaTvis gamosadeg ganzogadebaTa 

serias~, yvela teqstis, rogorc erTi sxeulis 

ganxilvas pindares odebidan dawyebuli, kedlis politikur 

warwerebamde. 117 amave dros, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, arc ki 

uCndebaT kiTxva, Tu rogor Camoyalibda da ratom iyeneben 

iseTi cnebebs, rogoric aris `zepiri poezia~ an `teqsti”, 

romelTa gareSec am winadadebebis gaazreba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. 

kidev erTxel gaTamaSda pozitivisturi refleqsi: cdidan 

gamomdinare Tu vimsjelebT (anu praqtikulad), yovelTvis 

iqneba zepiri leqsi an teqsti, romelsac ver moergeba ama Tu 

im TvalsazrisiT SerCeuli gansazRvreba, maSin rodesac unda 

iyos sruli sizuste mecnieruli kanonebis msgavsad, rac 

gamoricxavs gamonakliss da a.S. swored aRniSnul viTarebas 

mosdevs meryeoba da sifrTxile, naxevrad miRebuli zomebi 

da didi TavSekaveba. zogjer ganzogadeba xdeba literaturuli 

`gvarebis~ da `Janrebis” doneze, magram ukan ixeven, Tu 

yvela Janris gansazRvreba xdeba saWiro. saubroben literaturuli 

nawarmoebis àgebulebaze~, magram ver bedaven mis 

gamoyenebas yvela literaturuli nawarmoebis mimarT (araerovnuli, 

aRmosavluri da a.S.). es naxtomi ùcnobisaken~, `sicarielisaken~ 

anaTemas imsaxurebs maTgan (pozitivistebisagan). 

maTi azriT, Teoriebi, gansazRvrebebi, ganzogadebani, 

rogorc Cans, Zalian arazusti da damyolia, cvalebadia. darwmunebuli 

arian, rom `SeTanxmeba advilia bundovani ideebis 

fonze~ da nebismieri ùniversaluri Teoria~, maSasadame, `Teoriulad 

naklebad naTeli da naklebad operatiulia~. 118 sam- 

74

wuxarod, es ukanaskneli SeniSvna gakeTebulia absoluturad 

Teoriul, abstraqtul narkvevSi, romelSic ar gvTavazoben 

arc erT konkretul magaliTs! mokled, yvelafers akeTeben 

imisaTvis, rom CanasaxSive Caklan yovelgvari Teoriuli azrovneba. 

amgvari araspekulaciuri mentalitetiT arasodes Seiqmneboda 

aristotelizmi, platonizmi, Tomizmi, hegelianizmi, 

marqsizmi! ar iqneboda araviTari xelovnebis Teoria an xelovnebis 

zogadi filosofia; didi xania cnobilia, rom mis 

safuZvels warmoadgens ars una specie mille. literaturuli Teoriebi 

gana `saSineli gammartiveblebis~, `gamanadgurebeli 

ganmazogadeblebis~ Seqmnilia? miuxedavad amisa, maTi Teoriebi 

ar aris ufro zogadi, vidre mimezisi, forma an arsi, ma- 

Tive pirvel Tu meore variantSi. es an unda miiRo, an unda 

uaryo. magram, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros kvlevis 

plani, daisvas kiTxva – seriozuli ganzogadebis romel 

doneze mimdinareobs kamaTi. tipologia, morfologia, fenomenologia 

(danarCens aRar CamovTvli) nuTu unda gamoiricxos 

kanonieri literaturuli azrovnebidan? yvelaferi es gvafiqrebinebs, 

rom Tavis poziciebze gamagrebuli pozitivisturi 

komparativizmi moqmedebs daxurul sivrceSi, mTlianad izolirebulia 

epoqis inteleqtualuri garemosagan, misi azrebis 

mimdinareobisa da filosofiuri tendenciebisagan. kidev gavixsenoT 

es anbanuri WeSmariteba: sxvadasxva kulturas da literaturis 

mTlianobaSi, Tu maT esaWiroebaT zusti istoriuli, 

dokumenturi an TviT faqtologiuri kvleva, nebismier SemTxveva- 

Si, miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba moklebuli iyvnen sxvadasxva 

saxis spekulacias, Teorias da axal meTodologias. pozitivizmis 

Sejaxebas komparativizmTan mainc aqvs èrTi damsaxureba~: 

aSiSvles mis ganvlil miznebs, mis Secdomebs da saz- 

Rvrebs. es aadvilebs kamaTs da sabolood, maT gabaTilebas. 

Tu `Teoriis~ dosie aRar aris sakamaTo, zogierTi faqtobrivi 

sabuTi kidev moiTxovs Seswavlas. Zalian Zlieri da 

dauZlevelic ki rCeba nawarmoebis individualuroba, misi 

originaluroba yovelgvari ganzogadebis pirispir. `genia~ 

mudam `gaugebaria~. esTetikuri emocia yovelTvis àuwerelia~. 

miuxedavad amisa, unda SevTanxmdeT: esTetebs, ùnikaluris~ 

Tayvanismcemlebs maincdamainc ar sWirdebaT Teoria, es 

maTi uflebaa; magram maTi reaqcia kanonieri da qmediTia 

mxolod nawarmoebis pirveladi aRqmis planSi. gulgriloba, 

sibrmave, uunaroba, xiblis an Teoriuli kulturis uqonloba 

ar gvaZlevs imis uflebas, rom azrovneba, gonebrivi aqtivoba 

avukrZaloT vinmes, romlis kanoniereba codnis sxva doneze 

ganisazRvreba. TviT b. kroCem, literaturuli nawarmo- 

75

ebebisadmi savsebiT individualuri kritikuli midgomis yvelaze 

erTgulma momxrem, 119 uyoymanod Seqmna (esTetika, poeziisa 

da literaturis Teoria) zedmiwevniT individualuri es- 

Tetikuri faqtebis `Teoria~. amgvari midgoma ar uaryofs nawarmoebebis 

Taviseburebas, mxolod da mxolod meTodologiurad 

moaqcevs mas frCxilebSi analizisa da sinTezis zeindividualur 

planSi. Tuki enobrivi sistemis gverdiT arsebobs 

individualuri, saubris kerZo aqti – metyveleba, sadac 

SeiZleba gadmoices `molaparake individis ersTetikuri aRtyineba~, 

120 aris aseve gamorCeuli nawarmoebebi, romlebmac 

SeiZleba literaturaTmcodneobis `sistemaSi~ cdomilebebi da 

kerZo cvlilebebi gamoiwvion ise, rom sistema ar uaryon. amas 

xels ar uSlis `sistemis~ mudmivi Sevseba moulodneli faqtebiT 

da misi gansazRvra a posteriori, rogorc Teoriul-mecnieruli 

abstraqciisa. Tu RmerTi, rogorc ityvian, aris detaleb- 

Si, is, agreTve, aucileblad aris did gaerTianebebSic, ansamblebSic. 

maSasadame, ar tyuis zogierTi komparativisti, roca 

ambobs: `koncentracia (yuradRebis gadatana) unikalurze 

logikurad SeuTavsebelia komparativistul meTodTan~. 121 zogierTi 

filosofosis azriT: `yvelaferi es gulisxmobs si- 

Zulvils, sxvaTa Soris, gacxadebuls, literaturuli klasifikaciebis 

mimarT; aqedan modis SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba, 

kritikis upiratesad inteleqtualuri forma, pativiscema 

mxolod individualuri (kerZo) kritikisadmi, romelic bevrad 

ufro sasiamovnoa~. 122 amiT TiTqmis yvelaferia naTqvami. 

Zalian xSiria, aseve, braldeba erovnuli gansxvavebebis 

ugulvebelyofis, dakninebis, sruliad uaryofis Sesaxeb da 

rom es gansxvavebebi Semdeg TviTneburad aris gaerTianebuli 

pirobiT sinTezad an zeerovnul Teoriad. maTi azriT, unda 

arsebobdes `SeuzRudavi gansxvavebebi~, waruSleli òriginaluri 

aspeqtebi~, 123 romlebic winaaRmdegobas gauwevs istoriul, 

aRwerilobiT Tu ganmazogadebel gaTanabrebas. aravin 

uaryofs am erovnul gansxvavebebs, romelTac agreTve aTavseben 

frCxilebSi (principulad da meTodologiurad) Teoriuli 

damuSavebis procesSi imisaTvis, rom miiRon erTiani suraTi, 

sinTezi an unitaruli (erTgvarovani) da mwyobri aRwera. 

yvelaferi es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod `naRebis 

moxdis” xerxiT, saerTo elementebis mowesrigebuli nusxiT; 

is, vinc gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulia kerZo TaviseburebiT, 

Zalauneburad ugulvebelyofs zogads da piriqiT; magram 

SeuZlebelia universaluri literaturis arsebobis da 

kvlevis winaaRmdegi viyoT im sababiT, rom namdvilad arsebobs 

individualuri. es ori mosazreba, faqtobrivad, kargad 

76

avsebs erTmaneTs, TanafardobiTia da dialeqtikuri kavSiris 

mqone. aqamde asjer iTqva es da isev gaimeoreben amdenjerve. 

da mainc, es argumenti nawarmoebebis Seudarebeli originalurobis 

momxreTa winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli; am sakiTxs 

ukve SevexeT. es aris saocrad gavrcelebuli mosazreba 

ganaTlebuli komparativistebis, pozitivistebis, istorikosebis 

wreSi. igi imdenad moCvenebiTia, rom tradiciul komparativistul 

praqtikaSi arasodes aqceven `yuradRebas unikalurs~, 

ar amJRavneben literaturul gemovnebas. miuxedavad 

amisa, Zalian xSiria braldeba, rom panoramuli da universaluri 

xedva ar iTvaliswinebs nawarmoebis TviTmyofadobas 

da cdilobs mis dafarvas ise, rogorc SeSlilis daSoSminebas 

cdiloben xolme misi mdgomareobis dasafaravad. 124 Tu 

TiToeuli literatura Seudarebelia Tavis erTobliobaSi 

(da is marTlac aris aseTi), aqedan gamomdinare, ar unda arsebobdes 

da ver iarsebebs verc SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

da misi Teoria. maT ar eqnebaT sagani. ukeTes Sem- 

TxvevaSi, es sagani momwyvdeulia gamouval `krizisSi~. 125 ase- 

Ti mZlavri argumentiT SeiZleba kidev erTxel uaryon nebismieri 

Teoriis, nebismieri esTetikis, nebismieri literaturis 

filosofiis da xelovnebis TiToeuli dargis arsebobis ufleba. 

Soridan meti ndobisa da yuradRebis Rirsi, miuxedavad 

yvelafrisa, iqnebodnen profesionali kritikosebi, gansxvavebis, 

Taviseburebis da inovaciebis namdvili specialistebi. 

unikalurobis aficionado (Tayvanismcemeli) ar aris dainteresebuli 

arc zogadi TeoriebiT, arc esTetikuri sistemebiT, 

magram am ukanasknelma ar unda daiviwyos arc is, rom TiToeuli 

literaturuli nawarmoebi, TviT yvelaze originaluri, 

aris mxolod tradiciuli da novatoruli elementebis, Sesadarebeli 

da Sedarebas dauqvemdebarebeli aspeqtebis usaz- 

Rvrod cvalebadi sinTezi, rac dasazustebelia TiToeul 

SemTxvevaSi. man ar unda daiviwyos, agreTve, rom komparativizmis 

literaturuli Teoria unda moTavsdes, TviT misi mowodebidan 

gamomdinare, mxolod SedarebiTis sferoSi. 

bolos unda aRvniSnoT Zalian mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi 

damokidebuleba im Tezisis momxreebisagan, romlis mixedvi- 

Tac `literaturis Teoria aris erTi literaturis Teoria~. 

126 patiosnad unda vaRiaroT, rom yovelTvis ase iyo: 

Zalian bevr literaturis Teorias hqonda erTi amosavali 

wertili da asi procentiT evrocentruli gaxldaT; maSasadame, 

is iyo SezRuduli, Zalian mikerZoebuli, arauniversaluri; 

magram raRa winsvlaa, Tu ukiduresad evrocentruli 

Teoria (samwuxaroa es faqti) Seicvala, ise, rogorc amas qa- 

77

dageben wmindad espanur-amerikuli TeoriiT? es niSnavs erTi 

ukiduresobis meoreTi Secvals, nebismieri namdvili dialeqtikis 

ugulvebelyofas, romelic exeba Semdegi saxis kavSirebs: 

mravalferovneba – msgavseba, individualuroba – universaluroba. 

es dapirispireba sinamdvileSi wyals asxams 

evrocentrizmis wisqvilze, xels uwyobs viwro adgilobriv 

interesebs, yvela saxis adgilobriv partikularizms. literaturis 

namdvili Teoria, rogorc aRvniSneT xazgasmiT, 

sxvaTa Soris, amerikaSi da aseve evropaSi, miznad unda isaxavdes 

mxolod zeerovnuli, zeregionaluri, yovelgvar akviatebul 

ideologiaze maRla mdgom ganzogadebaTa sistemas. 127 

universalurs biZgs aZlevs erTi literatura, magram sabolood 

is erT-erTi misi waxnagiT asimilirebuli da integrirebuli 

xdeba yvela literaturaSi. es isev yalbi dilemaa, 

radgan ganmazogadebel, zogadi midgomis mqone komparativizms, 

arc dasawyisSi, arc mogvianebiT, ar dausaxavs miznad 

erovnul TaviseburebaTa waSla, aramed is cdilobda ìdealuri~ 

sinTezis miRwevas, romelic gamarTlebulia Tavisi 

sakuTari kanonierebiT. anglosaqsuri analitikuri filosofiis, 

araTeoriuli, araspekulaciuri da araideologiuri filosofiis 

mxridan sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi sruliad sxva 

xasiaTisaa. xelovnebisa da literaturis buneba eurCeba yovelgvar 

gansazRvrebas. literaturuli nawarmoebebi amJRavneben 

mxolod bundovan òjaxur saxes~ da odnav miaxloebul 

`damTxvevebs~. amitomac SeuZlebelia arsebobdes raime literaturuli 

an mxatvruli Teoria. vitgenStaini aRiarebs, rom 

arsebobs sabavSvo da sazogadoebrivi TamaSebi da ara TviT 

TamaSi. 128 rogorc Cans, yvelaferi gamomdinareobs gansazRvrebis 

statusidan da realuri, absoluturi gansazRvrebisa da 

fardobiTi, deskrifciuli gansazRvrebis erTmaneTSi aRrevidan. 

realuri gansazRvreba moicavs yvela SemTxvevas da gamoricxavs 

yvela sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevas, maSin rodesac fardobiTi 

gansazRvreba Camoyalibebis procesSia da mxolod istoriuli 

procesis nayofs Seesabameba. 129 meore mxriv, Tu yvela 

termini `bundovania~ da ar aris logikurad gamarTuli, 

araferi krZalavs imas, rom kritikosebma da esTetikosebma, 

romlebic ase Tu ise iZulebuli arian Taviseburad gamoiyenon 

es terminebi, maqsimalurad daazuston isini SesaZleblobis 

mixedviT, maTi kompetenciis da damakavSirebeli sistemis 

doneze pirobiTi inteleqtualuri, funqcionaluri, gasagebi 

komunikaciis farglebSi. 

garda amisa, vin laparakobs da vin wers `logikurad~, 

vitgenStainis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT? isev aRmaSfoTebelia 

78

(magram mxolod garegnulad) SeniSvna, romlis Tanaxmadac, 

nebismier Teorias sWirdeba gasworeba. maSasadame, is mcdaria 

im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom TiToeulma nawarmoebma SeiZleba 

gamoamJRavnos xelovnebis axali, ucnobi mxare. 130 dae, yvela 

gansazRvreba iyos droebiTi, literaturis yoveli Teoria 

aucileblad darCes `Ria~, dae, aspeqtebis cvalebadoba 

ver eguebodes literaturis gayinul gansazRvrebas 131 – yvelaferi 

es kargad cnobilia; magram araferi uSlis xels 

operaciebsa da modelebze morgebuli, aRwerilobiTi gansaz- 

Rvrebebis Seqmnas, romlebic mudmivad Semowmdeba dokumenturad 

da meTodologiurad. es unda gameordes am procesSi 

teqstis da epistemologiuri kontrolis mTeli sizustiT. 

amjerad davimaxsovroT (zogierTi komparativistis azris 

sapirispirod, romlebic mTeli am Teoriul-meTodologiuri 

aurzauriT Zalian gaRizianebulebi, qedmaRlurad arideben 

Tavs zogad ideebs, meTodologiur sakiTxebs da nanoben 

amgvar umniSvnelo rameze energiis daxarjvas im sababiT, 

rom saerTod Zalian bevrs laparakoben komparativizmze da 

Zalian cotas muSaoben sakuTriv am dargSi 132 ), diax, davimaxsovroT 

mxolod es: komparativistuli praqtika arafrad 

Rirs, Tu is brmad miyveba dinebas, empiriulad, koWli da ukritikod 

miRebuli sqemebiT, zustad gansazRvruli sagnis gareSe 

da SemTxveviTi meTodebiT. `komparativizmi~? – keTili! 

magram risTvis? gana ucnauri ar aris, rom isini, vinc SiSiT 

Sehyurebs literaturis Teorias (da aseTebi bevri arian), xom 

mudam iyeneben mTlad abstraqtul sqemebs? ra aris imaze bundovani, 

ufro zogadi, vidre zogierTi iseTi termini, rogoricaa 

èpoqa~, `periodi~, `mentaloba~ da sxva am tipis terminebi? 

amiT imis Tqma rodi gvinda, rom meTodis dasabuTebisas 

ar gaviTvaliswinoT misi sazRvrebi, ar vaRiaroT, rom ganzogadeba 

yovelTvis met-naklebad mikerZoebuli da nawilobrivia. 

arsebobs agreTve riski: zedmet ganzogadebas SeiZleba 

mohyves kerZo movlenebis damaxinjeba an maTi saxis Secvla 

im ganzraxviT, rom Sesadareblad an homologiuri rigis Sesaqmnelad 

vargisi gavxadoT, anda baxtinis msgavsad, TiTqmis 

yvelaferSi `karnavali~ davinaxoT da a.S. komparativistul 

TeoriaSi bevria cduneba. maT winaaRmdegoba unda gavuwioT, 

Tumca es macduri mimzidveloba ar aris ufro Zlieri, vidre 

nebismier sxva TeoriaSi, esTetikaSi an sxvagan. arc is unda 

dagvaviwydes, rom Teoria ver moicavs yvela kerZo SemTxvevas, 

mas Tavisi sakuTari sinTezuri Sinaarsi aqvs. saboloo 

angariSiT, Teoria ar aris da arasodes iqneba praqtika an 

raime `pragmatika~. 

79

IV 

invariantebi 

literaturis Teoria, aris Tu ara is komparativistuli, 

yovelTvis Seicavs im elements, romelic erTsa da imave 

dros, zogadia da ganmazogadebelic. mas SeiZleba vuwodoT 

ìnvarianti~. es aris (amas qvemoT davinaxavT) Zalian gavrcelebuli 

cneba codnisa da kvleva-Ziebisa zogierT dargSi, 

magram komparativistikaSi ar aris Tanxmoba am terminis Sesaxeb. 

meore mxriv, CvenTvis gasagebia, ramdenad miaxloebiTi da 

bundovania es termini, magram imavdroulad myari da `xelovnuri~. 

aucilebelia misi `miTis~ gaqarwyleba da misTvis kargi 

gansazRvrebis SerCeva. miuxedavad amisa, misi didi operatiuloba 

udavoa. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom es termini literaturis 

globaluri realobis an realobebis kargi `simboloa~. 

es termini Cveni kvlevis perspeqtivis safuZvelia. 

1. invariantis gansazRvrebebi 

upirveles yovlisa, viwyebT mravalgzis dadasturebuli 

dakvirvebiT: mimdinere literaturuli cxovreba, ùkve waki- 

Txulis~ SegrZneba (ùkve nanaxis~ msgavsad) aris is, rac `rCeba~, 

raRac saerTo `danaleqi~ nawarmoebTa garkveuli raodenobis 

wakiTxvis Semdeg (Temebi, tipebi, ideebi, `grZnobebi~ da 

a.S.). mravali moazrovne gauocebia (da araerTgzis) literaturuli 

damTxvevebis, msgavsebis, gadakveTis da Sesatyvisobis 

arsebobas, amitom am movlenas ver vuwodebT ubralo... 

damTxvevas. saerTo elementebis (Tundac zedapirulad SemCneuli 

elementebis) arseboba literaturul movlenaTa romelime 

jgufSi, eWvs ar iwvevs. ìnvarianti~ swored maT aRsaniSnad 

gamogvadgeba. 

dakvirvebis ufro maRal da organizebul doneze (magram 

isev empiriul da obieqtur doneze) am faqtebs amjerad 

hqviaT `gansakuTrebuli da seriozuli analogebi~, `damTxvevebi~, 

`Tanamonawileoba~. es terminebi ekuTvnis etiambls, romelic 

gaxlavT, albaT, erTaderTi komparativisti, vinc gaiazra 

problemis mniSvneloba. 1 nuTu umniSvnelod unda miviCnioT 

da gavCumdeT, an arafrad CavagdoT udavo, zogadi xasiaTis 

faqtebi, romelTa gameoreba SeiniSneba yvelgan da yvela 

literaturaSi? unda gamovricxoT isini `komparativistuli~ 

amocanebidan? magram ra mizeziT? `damTxveva~, `parale- 

80

lizmi~, `saerTo~ elementi, esec xom faqtebia, namdvili faqtebi, 

romlebic mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli imave pozitivisturi 

logikiT? sad movaTavsoT, rogor SemovfargloT 

da SeviswavloT es zogadi movlenebi, romlebic aranakleb 

obieqturi aRmoCnda? kidev meti: isini miT ufro mniSvnelovania, 

ramdenadac aRmoCenilia iseTi kulturis raionebSi, 

romelTac ar gaaCniaT kavSiri erTmaneTs Soris (gavlena, 

mibaZva, gadmowera), istoriuli kontaqtis armqone evropul 

da evropis miRma mdebare zonebSi. 

maSasadame, amosavali wertili aris Zalian zogadi faqti, 

romelic yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia: enebs, nawarmoebebs, 

literaturul mimdinareobebs Soris arsebobs msgavseba, 

paralelizmebi, analogiebi, “saerTo xasiaTebi”, “saerTo 

faqtorebi”. maT aqvT “stereotipebi”. 2 rogorc Cans, komparativistuli 

Tu arakomparativistuli analizi Seexo maT, dRis 

sinaTleze gamoitana, magram es saqme bolomde arasodes misula. 

SegviZlia, Zalian mokled, axlave ganvsazRvroT invarianti, 

rogorc literaturis da literaturuli azrovnebis 

universaluri elementi, rogorc literaturuli diskursis 

an literaturuli azrovnebis `xasiaTi~, `saerTo~ elementi 

an niSani. swored aqedan gamomdinare aris es saerTo Semadgeneli 

nawili stabiluri, mudmivi faqtori, is aris `yvela 

drois~ 3 mudmivmoqmedi faqtori, romelic amave dros, droebi- 

Tia da yvelgan SeiZleba misi Semowmeba _ maSasadame, geografiulad 

universaluria: `...Tu SemiZlia XVIII saukunis evropuli 

preromantizmis yvela Tema naTeli gavxado qristianobamdeli 

pirveli Cinuri da qristianobis pirveli Tormeti saukunis 

poeziis citirebiT, maSin, cxadia, arsebobs formebi, 

Janrebi, invariantebi~. 4 etiambls miaCnia, rom kvleva unda warimarTos 

`yvela qveyanaSi~, `yvela civilizaciaSi~, 5 yvela 

drosa da tradiciaSi. amgvarad, invariantebi gvevlineba erTdroulad 

universalurobis meTodologiur da ìstoriul~ 

formebad. es aris universaluri literaturis Semadgeneli 

saerTo, ucvleli, stabiluri da Seqcevadi, maSasadame, mudmivi 

elementi. vinc waikiTxavs, magaliTad, evropuli literaturis 

istorias, Semdeg afrikuli literaturis istorias, 

Cinuri literaturis istorias da a.S. dainaxavs, rom `literaturuli 

problemebi~, ZiriTadad, yvelgan erTnairia. 

davazustoT, agreTve, rom invariantebi qmnian mxolod 

infrastruqturas, ZiriTad sqemas mravaldoniani da mravaletapiani 

Teoriuli ganmazogadebeli procesisaTvis, romlis 

mizania literaturis universaluri kategoriis an kategoriebis 

obieqturad Semotana. is aris mxolod eskizi, diagrama, 

81

gansxeulebuli abstraqcia, romlis meqanizmia mudmivi gafar- 

Toeba. igi TviTon aris ganzogadebis nayofi da zogadis mawarmoebelic, 

yvelaferi erTad. es aris ganzogadebis procesis 

Sedegi da progresuli fazebis mqone ganzogadebis sawyisi 

wertili. Cveni azriT, es mdgomareoba gadamwyvetia: invarianti 

miRebulia garkveuli ganzogadebis saSualebiT da igi 

avtomaturad gardaiqmneba hipoTezad da yovelgvari momavali 

ganzogadebis berketad. ganzogadeba, romelic xorcieldeba 

da mowmdeba invariantebis saSualebiT, am maRalnayofieri 

komparativistuli berketis saSualebiT xdeba qmediTi, rogorc 

qveda aseve zeda safexurze. invarianti, amave dros, is 

adgilia, sadac literaturuli ganzogadeba da, sabolood, 

literaturis `koncentracia~ xdeba da ris saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia 

literaturis aRqma da gansazRvra. 

2. invariantebi da literaturis Teoria 

ìnvariantis~ koncepts, romelsac yvelgan Semoaqvs nebismieri 

literaturuli struqturisa Tu gansazRvrebis stabilurobisa 

da mudmivobis elementi (an elementebi), misi Taviseburebebis 

gamo, SeuZlia safuZveli Cauyaros `literaturis 

Teorias~. rogorc aRvniSneT, 6 is ar aris mxolod romelime 

Teoriis nayofi, aramed aris agreTve TviTmwarmoebluri 

qmedebis Sedegi. wina fazaSi, romelic Seesabameba komparativistuli 

azrovnebis evolucias, `zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba... 

gulisxmobs literaturebis universaluri istoriidan 

konstantebis, anu invariantebis (rogoricaa swored 

romantizmi, klasicizmi, baroko, ritorika, preciozuloba) 

mcire raodenobis gamoyofas an Janrebis Teoriis gamoyofas: 

rogori iqneboda, magaliTad, saerTo faqtorebi, romelTa 

gamocalkeveba SeiZleba faraonis TeatrSi, berZnul tragediaSi, 

frangul Sua saukuneebis misteriebSi, espaneTis autos 

sacramentales-Si da a.S.~ 7 

amave dros, Tu invariants aqvs universaluri genezisi 

da realoba, SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba zogad literaturaTmcodneobasTan 

gaTanabrebis Sedegad, mowodebulia 

gaxdes `teqnika~ anu `meTodi~, romelsac universaluri literaturis 

farglebSi da misi istoriis safuZvelze, unari Seswevs 

moxazos da gansazRvros literaturis Teoria (universaluri), 

ganzogadebis erTi da imave procesis sami stadia. es 

aris gza, romelic sabolood midis `SedarebiT poetikamde~: 

ìm bednier dRes, rodesac literaturebis komparativistuli 

82

Seswavla (...) saSualebas mogvcems gamovyoT yvela elementi, 

romelic nebismieri literaturisTvis saerTo faqtors warmoadgens, 

yvela literaturaSi, yvela JanrisTvis SevqmniT utyuar, 

udavo ritorikas~. amiT Cven vambobT, rom SedarebiTi 

poetika, romelSic `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~ aucileblad 

gadaizrdeba, ZiriTadad, ìnvariantebis sistemisgan~ 

Sedgeba. 8 misi daniSnulebaa literaturis aRwerilobiT-fenomenologiuri 

gansazRvrebis Semotana. es operacia unda dasruldes 

obieqturi literaturuli ritorikisa da poetikis 

SeqmniT. 

amgvarad gaazrebuli invarianti gadaiqceva saerTo da 

ZiriTad literaturul elementad, romelzedac SesaZlebeli 

da aucilebeli iqneba literaturis “namdvili” Teoriis ageba, 

sistemad Camoyalibeba da damtkiceba. invarianti gulisxmobs 

ase gadasinjuli SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

ganzogadebis unaris bolomde gamovlinebas, raTa mTlianad 

Sekribos gabneuli literaturuli cnebebi, rac man SeiZina 

ganviTarebis gzaze. moaxdinos maTi integrireba globalur 

ganzogadebaSi da amgvarad miaRwios mwyobr literaturis Teoriamde. 

amis gansaxorcieleblad SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

mkveTrad unda Semobrundes Teoriisaken da SedarebiTi 

invariantuloba gadaaqcios literaturis SedarebiT 

ìnvariantul~ Teoriad. 

tradiciuli an modernizebuli (struqturalisturi, semiologiuri 

da a.S.) tipis pozitivizmma, nawarmoebisa da literaturuli 

movlenebis erTobliobisadmi istoriulma da 

zogadad pragmatulma midgomam daabnela (rom ar vTqvaT 

mTlad waSalao) literaturis ùniversalisturi~ suraTebi. 

amgvari suraTebi, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, gulisxmobs 

piriqiT, Teoriul aRmafrenas, ùniversalur~ gamaerTianebel, 

struqturul abstraqtul xedvas; mokled, literaturul azrovnebas, 

romelic erTdroulad universaluric aris da universalisturic. 

universaluri, rogorc fenomeni, qmnis 

abstraqtul stabilur da antiistoriul `danaleqs~ yvelgan, 

sadac gamoyenebulia es Tvalsazrisi, romelic miiswrafis 

mwyobri erTobisaken da warmoadgens epistemologiur kriteriums. 

sabolood, invarianti damatebiT moiTxovs imis gansazRvras 

da TvalsaCinod Cvenebas, rac mudmivia, ZiriTadia, 

universaluria literaturaSi. es aris Teoriuli komparativizmis 

mTavari elementi anu gasaRebi. 

am perspeqtiviT invarianti gadaiqceva ZiriTad saSualebad, 

romliTac literatura universaluris, rogorc fenomenis 

nawili xdeba. invarianti misi berketi iqneba yvela saer- 

83

To elementisTvis universaluri mniSvnelobis misaniWeblad. 

invarianti ar moicavs yvela SesaZlebel da savaraudo kerZo 

SemTxvevas, aramed yvela iseT kerZo SemTxvevas, romlis ùniversalurad 

gadaqceva~ SesaZlebelia. rogorc cnobilia, invarianti, 

Tavisi bunebiT, statistikuria (am sakiTxs davubrundebiT), 

magram misi gamoyenebis wesi aris universaluri, 

radgan mis mier marTuli sfero mTlianad moicavs literaturul 

sinamdviles. invariantebi ufro xSirad dakavSirebulia 

SemosazRvrul zonasTan, magram isini yovlTvis gaazrebulia 

sub specie universalitatis, maSasadame, aqvs universaluri daniSnuleba 

da mniSvneloba. 

mTeli es xaraCoebi imisTvis aRvmarTeT, rom literatura 

warmogvedgina rogorc universaluri movlena. es faqti 

unda gaxdes xelmosaWidi, unda ganisazRvros da damtkicdes. 

amasTanave, literaturis gaazreba universalur movlenad _ 

niSnavs am TvalsazrisisaTvis saerTo elementebis mTeli er- 

Tobliobis daqvemdebarebas, romlebsac vxvdebiT literaturebis 

gacnobisas drosa da sivrceSi. es niSnavs gezis aRebas 

pirdapir ZiriTadisaken: es aris invariantebis mier mowodebuli 

monacemebis erTobliobis ganzogadeba universaluri 

literaturis, rogorc globaluri da unitaruli movlenis 

gaTvaliswinebiT. mxolod im variantebis mikvlevas SeuZlia 

mogvces efeqturad da obieqturad universaluri literaturis 

koncepti da, imavdroulad, yvela literaturas gauCinos 

Sansi, monawileobdes am erTobaSi, ìnvariantuli~ Tanasworobis 

safuZvelze. 

amgvarad, mizani mimarTulia TviT literaturis arsis 

gagebisaken. `saerTo Tvisebebis~ arseboba gansazRvravs, sxva 

momentebs Soris, Janris struqturas da arss, mis mTavar Tvisebas 

da ufro Sors Tu wavalT, TviT literaturis Taviseburebas. 

ase rom, etiambli (rogorc tipobrivi nimuSi), romelmac 

airCia es perspeqtiva, saubrobs `romanis Janris invariantebze~, 

riTac amovicnobT `romanis Tvisebebs~ an imas, 

rac èkuTvnis sakuTriv epopeas~. saqme exeba imis `saerTo 

faqtorad warmoCenas, rac ekuTvnis sakuTriv epoepas vergiliusis, 

homerosis, lukianes, kamoensis, tasos, miltonis, don 

alonso de ersilas da sxvaTa poeziis mixedviT~, 9 rogorc es 

gaakeTa volterma, met-naklebad, Tavis naSromSi èse epikuri 

poeziis Sesaxeb~. meore mxriv, SeiZleba vikiTxoT (isev amave 

azriT), àrsebobs Tu ara raRac, rasac samarTlianad SeiZleba 

mieces lirikis kvalifikacia; Tu arsebobs, rogori iqneboda 

misi ZiriTadi niSnebi da Tu SesaZlebelia, invariante- 

84

ic~. igive SekiTxva unda daisvas haikus, malaiziuri pantunis 

10 damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Sesaxeb da a.S. 

invariantis ontologiuri statusi saboloo angariSiT 

gadawyvetda komparativistuli poetikis safuZvlebis orazrovnebas. 

invarianti metia, vidre erTi specifikuri niSani, 

vidre erTi damaxasiaTebeli elementi. mas SeuZlia gamoxatos 

romelime Janris, romelime literaturis, zogadad, literaturis 

TviT arsi. kidev meti, invarianti yofierebis garantia. 

`Tu arsebobs formebi, Janrebi, invariantebi, maSasadame, arsebobs 

adamiani da literatura~. 11 invarianti aris nebismieri 

sagnis, maT Soris literaturis ucvleli, Tanaziari elementi: 

rac aris `zustad” mimdinareoba, an is, rac `namdvilad 

ekuTvnis saxeobas~. 12 literaturuli Janrebi aRar aris miCneuli 

oden taqsonomiur (klasifikaciis) saSualebad, aramed, 

agreTve, obieqtur realobad, organul sinamdviledac ki iTvleba, 

rogorc myari èleuri~ struqturebi. sakiTxisadmi 

aseT midgomaSi, romelic xelaxla Camoyalibda àrqetipebi- 

Ta~ da `konstantebiT~ dainteresebuli esTetikosebisa da filosofosebis 

damokidebulebis safuZvelze (igive sakiTxi 

awuxebs agreTve yvela fenomenologs), ueWvelad aris, ase 

vTqvaT, `platonuri~ azrovnebis bunebrivi, Canasaxiseburi 

safuZveli. 

Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT grosso modo es midgoma, rogorc 

èideturi~ (abstraqtuli) da `fenomenologiuri~: arsebiTisaken 

mimarTuli, TavisTavad SezRuduli da sqematuri aRwera, 

romlis mniSvneloba imanenturia teqstebisa da literaturuli 

struqturebis garkveuli kategoriebisaTvis da maTTan 

erTad aris mocemuli. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 

is, agreTve, àucilebelia~, radgan invarianti samudamo, gardauvali 

da `savaldebuloa~. is aris ganxiluli faqtis sine 

que non. es pirobiToba, Tavis mxriv, aris mudmivi da universaluri 

faqti: àm gagebiT, _ ambobs etiambli, _ SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

imdenad nayofieri mainc aris, rom imis 

aRmoCenis saSualebas iZleva, rasac me literaturul invariantebs 

vuwodeb; es aris pirobebi, romelTa gareSe, sadac da 

romel droSic ar unda iyos, ar arsebobs namdvili forma~. 13 

ufskruli, romelic tradiciul komparativitikas aSorebs 

SedarebiTi poetikisagan, swored am gamaerTianebel, universalur, 

èsencialistur~ perspeqtivaSi mdgomareobs. 

didi Secdoma iqneboda, rom `Teoriis naRebis~ amgvari 

moxda istoriuli perspeqtivis gakritikebas an pirwmindad da 

martivad uaryofas niSnavdes. invariantis winaaRmdeg tradiciuli 

da kargad cnobili braldeba swored aqedan gamomdi- 

85

nareobs: igi dagmobilia, rogorc gaqvavebuli, statikuri, antiistoriuli 

elementi, rogorc akviatebuli iluzia da a.S. 

sinamdvileSi saqme exeba or radikalurad gansxvavebul midgomas, 

romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi gamarTleba aqvs. istoriuli 

Tvalsazrisi, romlis kanoniereba ar SeiZleba dadges 

kiTxvis niSnis qveS, ar aris erTaderTi SesaZlebeli, misaRebi 

da sasargeblo midgoma komparativistikaSi da metadre 

`SedarebiT poetikaSi~. mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia `Tanaarseboba~ 

nebismier `statikur~ perspeqtivasTan. oRond amisaTvis 

naTlad unda ganisazRvros am or termins Soris rogorc dapirispirebis 

xasiaTi, aseve maT Soris kavSiri – arsi/istoria, 

rac gaaqarwylebs dapirispirebas. 

ra aris invarianti, Tu ara fenomenologiuri da istoriuli 

planebis Tanxvedra? es niSnavs, rom is amodis ormagi 

struqturidan: mudmivi da gardamavali struqturidan, rogorc 

Tanamedroveoba _ bodleris mixedviT: `...xelovneba Tavisi 

erTi naxevriT gardamavali, wamieri da SemTxveviTia, meore 

naxevari ki – maradiuli da myari~. 14 invarianti aris mudmivisa 

da cvalebadis, ZiriTadisa da istoriuli SemTxvevi- 

Tobis mravalferovani sinTezi. ganvixiloT romanis Janris 

invariantebi, romlebic swored am perspeqtivaSia gansazRvruli. 

erTi mxriv, saqme exeba èlementebs, romelTa gareSe ar 

arsebobs romani; meore mxriv, Janris im Tvisebebs, romlebic 

met-naklebad nebismierad momdinareobs istoriuli SemTxvevebidan~. 

an kidev, literaturuli formebis Taobaze vimsjeloT: 

ùnda SegveZlos im nawilis gamoyofa, romlis saerTo 

faqtors warmoadgens mocemuli formis an Janris yvela nairsaxeobisaTvis 

da romelic, garkveulwilad, mas gansazRvravs 

mkacrad; meore nawili ki icvleba xan enobrivi garemos Sesabamisad, 

xan istoriuli SemTxveviTobis mixedviT~. 15 maSasadame, 

invarianti saSualebas gvaZlevs, istoriis zRvasaviT uxv 

moqcevaSi gamovyoT patara kunZulebi, literaturis istoriis 

faqtebiT moqargul qsovilSi gamovWraT struqturebi da 

formebi, romlebic dakvirvebis am doneze ar icvlebian. 

kavSiri, romelic arsebobs calkeul nawarmoebsa (romelic 

gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, cvalebadia) da ucvlels, rogorc 

movlenas, anu invariantebs Soris, gvexmareba problemis 

arsis gagebaSi. oridan erTi unda iyos: an literaturuli 

nawarmoebi, aRiarebuli da gansazRvruli, rogorc originaluri, 

Sedarebas ar eqvemdebareba, maSasadame, ar gaaCnia 

arc erTi ZiriTadi, gansazRvrebas daqvemdebarebuli da saer- 

To elementi sxva nawarmoebebTan mimarTebiT; an kidev igi moicavs 

saerTo elementebis garkveul raodenobas, romelTa 

86

gansazRvra SesaZlebelia: am SemTxvevaSi nawarmoebi, TavisTavad, 

ase Tu ise, dakavSirebulia invariantebis reJimTan. nawarmoebi 

an erTaderTi da ganumeorebelia, an is “meordeba” 

sxvadasxva doneze da rogorc inconstantia constans-is fenomeni, 

gzas uxsnis Sedarebebs, daaxloebas, msgavsebis dadgenas _ 

maSasadame, invariantebs. 

Tu literaturuli nawarmoebidan ar qmnian sruli avtonomiurobis 

koncefcias, romelic mistikas emsgavseba, unda 

vaRiaroT yovel literaturul struqturaSi ucvlelisa da 

cvalebadis, gansxvavebisa da msgavsebis, erTianobisa da erTferovnebis, 

siaxlisa da stabilurobis dialeqtika, unda davinaxoT 

usasrulod cvalebadi proporciis ori veqtori. araerTxel 

uTqvamT: `poeturi enisTvis mudmivi ideali aris mudmivi 

cvlileba~. 16 es norma gamosadegia mTeli literaturisaTvis. 

garda amisa, mxolod invariantuli elementebis arseboba 

iZleva variaciebis aRmoCenis saSualebas, e.i. siaxlis, 

gansxvavebis koeficientis amocnobis saSualebas invariantTa 

mimarTebiT, ramdenadac mimarTeba: invarianti/varianti qmedi- 

Tia mxolod am sqemis doneze. 17 es xom davadgineT, axla mokled 

CamovayaliboT invariantis saboloo mizani: igi qmnis 

kvlevis wess ise, rom ar uaryofs cvalebadi elementebis arsebobas, 

asaxavs, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT Tu vityviT, 

mxolod identurobas da msgavsebas, nawarmoebis mxolod saerTo 

elementebs. misi sfero moicavs yvelafers, riTac SeiZleba 

aixsnas Sedareba (faqtobrivi da metadre arafaqtobrivi), 

analogiebi, paralelebi da bolos yvela `ganzogadeba~, 

rac literaturul nawarmoebze axdens gavlenas. 

amgvarad, invarianti aRmoCnda gadabmis, gadakveTisa da 

Tanxvedris wertili nawarmoebis ori Tu mravali donisa da 

misi struqturuli identobisa. invarianti asaxavs mxolod Zalian 

erTgvarovan faqtebs, garegan Tu Sinagan msgavsebas, 

mravalricxovans Tu piriqiT. mouwesrigebel realobaSi, ukidures 

literaturul mravalferovnebaSi mas Semoaqvs garkveuli 

wesrigis principi, namdvili tipobrivi ganawesi. invariantebis 

komparativizmi zogadisa da universalurisaken mimar- 

Tuli TvalTaxedvis anareklia da ara kerZosi da individualurisa, 

Tumca axdens am gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebis korelacias. 

meore mxriv, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, universaluri 

gaviazroT individualuris saSualebiT. arsebobs konkretuli 

universaluroba, amdenad, mxolod erTi leqsis wakiTxvi- 

Tac SeiZleba CavwvdeT poeziis (universalur) arss. maSasadame, 

mcdaria braldeba invariantebis mkvlevarTa mimarT, TiTqosda 

isini eZeben mxolod analogiebs sruliad sxvadasxva 

87

cis qveS~, 18 eZeben identurobas da saerTo faqtebs, erTi sityviT, 

invariantebs, maSin rodesac sinamdvileSi isini programis 

mixedviT, miznad isaxaven specifikuri xasiaTis faqtebis 

aRmoCenas. ra Tqma unda, am kategoriul braldebas Tu davujerebT, 

konstantebis Seswavla ugulvebelyofs (ufro sworad, 

TiTqosda ugulvebelyofs, wmindad meTodologiuri miznebiT) 

maT `kerZo gamoyenebas~. oponentebi amboben, rom aTasobiT 

formaa dayvanili mxolod erT `formamde~, aTasobiT 

Sinaarsi – mxolod erT `Sinaarsamde~. 19 amas aqvs Tavisi safuZveli, 

es gamokvlevebi moicavs (èsTetikosis~ an `poetikosis~ 

da ara literaturis ìstorikosis~ suliskveTebidan gamomdinare) 

mxolod im sferos, romelic scildeba kerZo movlenis 

farglebs. maSasadame, ar SegviZlia maTi dadanaSauleba 

nawarmoebis organuli da individualuri erTianobis dar- 

RvevaSi, ugulvebelyofaSi an aTvalwunebaSi, ramdenadac isini 

Tavidanve mtkiced dganan sul sxva safuZvelze. es ukanaskneli 

an unda avirCioT an uari unda vTqvaT masze. magram Tu 

daveyrdnobiT am safuZvels, zemoT moxmobili mizezebis gamo, 

maSin sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi òrganizmis~ unikaluri da 

ganumeorebeli literaturuli faqtis dasacavad azrs moklebuli 

iqneba. Cven ar gvinda im literaturuli ideebis kritikis 

sagnad qceva, saidanac momdinareobs invariantebi. im kriteriumebisa 

da kategoriebis gadmotana, romlebic ekuTvnis 

sakuTriv literaturul teqstebs, aseTebi zemoT davimowmeT. 

Tuki invarianti, zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, amave 

dros aris recidivuli, wriuli, `mudam ganmeorebadi~ literaturuli 

faqti, 20 maSin pozitivisturi istoriuli midgoma 

xelaxla uaryofilia ZiriTad punqtSi. tradiciuli qronologiuri 

Tanmimdevroba aRar aris mxedvelobaSi misaRebi, 

radgan invariantebi meordeba. invariantebi gamodian arenaze 

da Zirs dascemen prioritetebs, klasifikacias, istoriul 

ierarqias. iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa pre, neo, post, romlebic 

momdinareobs aseve invariantebis struqturidan, kargaven sizustes. 

am dros ucnobi winamorbedebi SeiZleba gamoCndnen 

nebismieri mxridan. rac Seexeba komparativist poetikoss, is 

uars ar ityvis amgvar aRmoCenebze. imasac ityodiT, Tavs iwonebs 

amiTo, midis ucnob winamorbedebze sanadirod im rwmeniT 

da surviliT, rom ipovos axal invariantebs da erTi 

dartymiT or saqmes gaakeTebs da, imavdroulad, safuZvels 

gamoaclis CamorCenil komparativizms, `romelic faqtobriv 

kavSirebs eyrdnoba~. 

tradiciuli mudmivi da elementaruli kavSiri – Zveli/ 

axali 21 _ xels uwyobs invariantebs. Tu TiToeuli nawarmo- 

88

ebi, TviT yvelaze gankerZoebuli, yvelaze òriginaluri~, sinamdvileSi 

mxolod amsxvrevs da xelaxla gadaadnobs Zvel 

wess (sazogadod, am àRmoCenas~ formalistebs miaweren, magram 

is ufro Zvelia da ufro ganzogadebuli), invarianti, 

faqtobrivad, mxolod miyveba uwyveti, misaRebi tradiciis 

jaWvs da saTanado sicxades aniWebs mas. yoveli literaturuli 

evolucia mimdinareobs axlis dakanonebis mizniT, es 

winaswar igrZno Cinuri klasicizmis Teoretikosma liu qsim 

(Zv. w. 522-465 w.w.). 22 Tu varianti aris àxali~ an òriginaluri~, 

invarianti ki – `Zveli~, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli sistematurad 

mimarTulia tradiciisaken, amiT savsebiT emsaxureba 

literaturis mudmivi elementebis gamovlinebas da, imavdroulad, 

inarCunebs nawarmoebebis esTetikur da kerZo Taviseburebas. 

es ukanaskneli Tvisebebi, ubralod, frCxilebSia 

moTavsebuli demonstrirebis dros. saqme exeba kanonier arCevans 

Zireuli mimarTebis mxareebs Soris: axali nacnobi, wesrigi/SemTxveviToba, 

organizacia/deformacia, tradicia/inovacia. 

invarianti aris `ConCxi~, nawarmoebis struqtura an misi 

`ZarRvebi~; varianti aris maTi specifikuri dajgufeba, òriginali~. 

literaturis Teoria aigeba mxolod saerTo da stabiluri 

elementebis safuZvelze. 

nuTu savsebiT ucxoa es dakvirvebebi tradiciuli komparativizmisaTvis? 

ara, radgan am magaliTs nebismierad vimowmebT: 

jer kidev brunetieri amCnevda, rom “araviTari gamogoneba 

ar aris namdvili gamogoneba”, 23 terminis zusti mniSvnelobiT 

_ arafrisagan Seqmna, ex nihilo da a.S. Tu ne-bismier Sem- 

TxvevaSi arsebobda mudmivi Temebi, maSin invariantebis Zieba 

kanonieria da aucilebeli am ubralo faqtis gamo. es dakvirveba 

imisTvis gavimeoreT, rom dagvemtkicebina tradiciul 

komparativistikaSi mudmivi elementebis, tipologiuri konstantebis, 

sxvadasxva literaturuli stilis (maTTan mimarTebaSi 

inovaciebi `cvladebis~ saxes Rebuloben) arseboba, magram 

amas ar mosdevs araviTari Rrma Teoriuli Canafiqri. 24 

kidev erTxel vxedavT, rom aris mxolod sarwmuno, obieqturad 

dadasturebuli faqtebi da sxva araferi. 

3. winamorbedebi 

miuxedavad amisa, mdgomareoba ufro sasikeToa, vidre es 

erTi SexedviT Cans. zogierTi Tanamedrove komparativisti sakmaod 

keTilganwyobilia ìnvariantebis~ Teoriis mimarT, komparativistuli 

azrovnebis, SeiZleba iTqvas, bunebrivi gagrZelebis 

mimarT, rogoradac Cven is ganvsazRvreT. TviT cneba 

89

ìnvarianti~, zustad rom vTqvaT, axal komparativistul azrovnebaSi 

sakmaod miRebulia an expressis verbis-iT an sinonimebiT, 

roca is SefarviT aris naxmari da mxolod igulisxmeba. 

unda mivaweroT Tu ara etiambls termin ìnvarianti~-s 

mudmivi da Sesabamisi xmareba komparativistikaSi misi naSromis 

_ `Sedareba ar aris mizezi~ 25 pirveli versiis gamoqveynebis 

Semdeg? am terminis xmarebis SemTxvevebi, romelTa moZebnac 

SevZeliT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, naSromis gamoqveynebis momdevno 

periods ekuTvnis. etiamblis msgavsad, danarCenebic 

aRiareben `mniSvnelobas, romelic zogadad eniWeba paralelizmebs, 

azris, formis Sedarebas universaluri literaturis 

farglebSi yovelgvari sagrZnobi istoriuli gavlenis 

gareSe, imgvarad, rom aRmoaCinon literaturuli invariantebi, 

mTeli kacobriobisTvis saerTo mxatvruli tipebi da 

arqetipebi~ 26 . am terminis gamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebic, aseve, 

Semdgomi periodisaa. 27 

bevrad ufro Zveli, garkveuli tradiciis mqonec ki 

aris winamorbedi termini – konstanta, rogorc invariantis 

sinonimi da ekvivalenti, rome-lsac, sxvaTa Soris, gasuli 

saukunidan iyeneben: `...mravalferovnebasa da cvalebadobaSi 

msgavsi elementisa da konstantis Zieba (il conforme e il constante)~. 

28 `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis Jurnalis~ redaqciaSi 

da sorbonis wreebSi es azri gzas ikafavs gansakuTrebiT 

marsel bataionis da bazil munteanos wyalobiT. pirveli 

maTgani warmogvidgeba, rogorc sakmaod gavrcelebuli 

msoflxedvis macne: `yvela vgrZnobT, rom Cveni azrebi Janrebis 

Sesaxeb safuZvlianad moiTxovs konstantebs nebismieri 

literaturisTvis~. 29 meore maTgani, romelic win uswrebs 

marsel bataions, qmnis konstantebis Teoriis sakmaod damuSavebul 

eskizs. igi ganasxvavebs konstantebis Semdeg saxeebs: 

`struqturuls~ da `cvalebads~, statikurs da mobilurs, dialeqtikurs, 

mdgrads da moqnils, faqtobrivs (egzistencialurs 

da metafizikurs), arsobrivs, magram ar aZlevs am 

termins mkacr gansazRvrebas. Zieba exeba ufro metad ritorikuli 

invariantuli struqturebisa da principebis serias, 

magram avtoris, rogorc istorikosis, SiSi xels uSlis mas, 

rom sabolood gamoiyenos ùniversaluri~, rogorc literaturuli 

cneba. is am cnebas evropuli ideebis istoriaSi miuCens 

adgils. 30 miuxedavad amisa, udavoa am wamowyebis seriozuloba: 

iniciativis mecnierulma xasiaTma xeli Seuwyo am 

konceptis popularizacias sauniversiteto wreebSi, romlebmac 

sabolood miiRes igi: SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba 

`gamoyofs literaturuli morfologiis konstantebsa 

90

da cvladebs~. 31 am terminis erTgvari empiriuli, `veluri~ 

xmareba (ama Tu im mimdinareobis `didi konstantebi~ an kidev 

`mxatvruli sityvis zogierTi konstanta~) 32 TandaTan ufro 

xSiri gaxda. Tandayolili istoriuli midgomis miuxedavad, 

arc aRmosavleTis qveynebis komparativizmi eurCeba konstantebis 

SemoRebas. aRmosavlur komparativizmSi konstantebis 

Seswavla wina planzea wamoweuli bazil munteanos da etiamblis 

magaliTze. 33 

karga xania, gavrcelebulia saerTo faqtebze dakvirveba, 

romlebic invariantis Sinaarss iZenen im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu 

Teoriul miznebs ar isaxaven. sxvaTa Soris, komparativizmis 

aTvlis wertils warmoadgens rogorc gavlenebis, aseve `dam- 

Txvevebis~ arseboba, àzrovnebisa da xelovnebis saerTo da 

Tanmimdevruli mdgomareobis~, `mravali literaturis saerTo 

faqtebis warmoCena~. 34 nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Sua gzaze Cerdebian, 

mxolod CamonaTvalis raodenoba ainteresebT. es gamowveulia, 

ubralod, faqtebis siyvaruliT da ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ namdvili perspeqtivis uqonlobiT. rac Seexeba 

etiambls, is imeorebs, agrZelebs da ganazogadebs imave me- 

Tods. etiambli yuradRebas amaxvilebs, rogorc vTqviT, mxolod 

èrTgvarovnebasa da msgavsebaze~, imis aRmoCenaze, rac 

saerTo aqvT literaturebs. 35 amiT is miznad isaxavs dafaros 

uxerxuli `faqtobrivi kavSirebi~, romlebic ver aRwevs veraviTar 

ganzogadebamde, radgan ar gaaCnia araviTari Teoriuli 

mniSvneloba. 

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, fsoni anu komparativistebis 

wvlili axal Teoriul azrovnebaSi igive rCeba. komparativistebis 

amocana, gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, 

aseTia: “gamoikvlion is, rac saerToa dRevandel erovnul 

literaturebSi da is, rac damaxasiaTebelia mxolod TiToeuli 

maTganisaTvis; yvelaferi es savsebiT sworia, magram 

gamovlenili saerTo faqtebi, Tavis mxriv, ar xdeba araviTari 

gansxvavebuli azrovnebis, araviTari Teoriuli ganzogadebis 

safuZveli. xelaxla Cndeba kiTxva: aba ra saWiroa `saerTosken~ 

mimarTuli es dakvirveba? unda darCes Tu ara is 

wminda istoriuli, aRwerilobiTi da neitraluri xasiaTis? 

cxadia, `ZiriTadi Tvisebebi, romlebic saerToa literatura- 

Ta erTobliobisaTvis~ (es is WeSmaritebaa, romelsac ukve am- 

Cnevs zogierTi bolo komparativistuli programa) mimarTulia 

universalurisaken, ùmaRlesi literaturuli erTobis, 

Weltliteratur-is~ 36 SemuSavebisaken. es ukanaskneli (msoflio literatura) 

aucileblad unda àRvweroT~ da `ganvsazRvroT~, 

rac jer ar gakeTebula. 

91

didi, naxtomiseburi winsvla ar Cans arc SedarebiT 

axal komparativistul teqstebsa da konteqtebSi. zogjer iTvaliswineben 

literaturebis `saerTo elementebs~ (common 

features), `literaturul kanonzomierebas zogadad~, sxvadasxva 

zonis mkiTxvelebis “Seqcevad reaqciebs” da a.S.; 37 magram, rogorc 

Cans, saqme ar midis saerTo `horizontalur~ (saerTa- 

Soriso) an `vertikalur~ (erovnul) moZraobamde. kerZod, Cven 

gvesaxeba am mdgomareobis oTxi sxvadasxva mizezi: 1) `Teoretikosisa~ 

da `komparativistis~ mkacri da sruli gamijvna er- 

TmaneTisagan, rac wmindad pragmatuli xasiaTisaa; aseTi da- 

Soreba SeimCneva imaT Sorisac ki, visac savsebiT Segnebuli 

aqvs `ganzogadebis~ mniSvneloba; 38 2) gulgriloba nebismieri 

samuSao hipoTezisadmi, literaturis nebismieri aRiarebuli 

da universalisturi konceptisadmi; 3) ritorikis tradicia, 

Tu mas SevxedavT invariantebze dayrdnobiT, Semobrunebulia 

mxolod ùniversaluri kanonebisaken~. 39 4) “zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba~, 

romelic moicavs ìnvariantebis aspeqtebs~, 40 

(es Tviseba mas yovelTvis axasiaTebs), verasodes axerxebs 

maT sinTezs. Zireuli kavSiri Teorias, kritikasa da komparativistul 

Tu arakomparativistul literaturul istorias 

Soris xelaxla gviCvenebs am problemis WeSmariti gadawyvetis 

gzas. 

mosazrebebi SeiZleba modiodes, agreTve, momijnave disciplinebis 

mxridan, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian msgavsi 

xasiaTis ìnvariantebTan~. esTetika, Tavis mxriv, warmoSobidanve 

iyenebs mudmiv da transistoriul gansazRvrebebs, naTesaobis 

Tu identurobis cnebebs STagonebis, formis da stilis 

TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva kulturaSi. es perspeqtiva 

Cndeba isev, mas icaven da Teoriad gardaqmnian. 41 amasTan dakavSirebiT 

Cven mo-vixmeT etiamblis dakvirvebebi. imavdroulad 

da zustad am azriT, roJe kaiua laparakobda `poeziis 

ucvlel da sayovelTao Tvisebebze~, radgan `miuxedavad yvelafrisa, 

homerossa da malarmes Soris arsebobs raRac saerTo~.42 

es `saerTo raRac~ aris swored poeturi invarianti. 

`SedarebiTi poetika~ jer kidev Sesaqmnelia. `komparativistuli 

esTetika~, romelmac win gauswro mas, dainteresebulia 

agreTve identuri, e.w. permanentuli TvisebebiT, 43 saerTo 

struqturebis kavSiriT. amasTan, es struqturebi Secvlilia 

iseTi elementebiT, romelTa ìnvariantuloba~ eWvs ar unda 

iwvevdes. 

Tanamedrove poetika, Tavis mxriv, gverds ver auvlis am 

termins an mis ekvivalentebs, romelTac is sakmaod farTod 

iyenebs. roman iakobsonTan, magaliTad, `konstanta~ da ìnva- 

92

ianti~ erTmaneTs cvlis. maTi mniSvneloba aseTia: àucilebeli 

Semadgeneli nawilebi~, erTi nawarmoebis an erTi avtoris 

yvela nawarmoebis `mudmivi principebi~, ìnvariantebisa~ 

da `cvladebis nazavi~. 44 maSasadame, romans eqneba Tavisi `ZiriTadi 

struqturuli Taviseburebani~, 45 anu Tavisi invariantebi, 

iseve rogorc poeturi enis struqtura: `yvela poetis 

enaSi arsebobs invarianti, romelic SenarCunebulia individualur 

variaciebSi~. 46 es dakvirveba SeiZleba gavrceldes 

literaturuli diskursebis erTobliobaze. Tavdapirvelad 

movixmoT citata Jerar Jenetis mixedviT: `dasaSvebad mimaCnia, 

marTlac, antiistoriuli an, ufro sworad, transistoriuli 

konstantebis arseboba, fardobiTi arseboba mainc, ara marto 

gamoTqmis saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed, agreTve, ramdenime 

didi Tematuri kategoriis TvalsazrisiT, rogoric 

aris gmirulis, sentimentaluris, komikuris kategoria da 

a.S.~ 47 es mosazrebebi Tavisuflad SeiZleba Seerwyas SedarebiT 

poetikas. 

aviRoT msgavsi magaliTi Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebidan, 

romelic aseve Teoriulad xsnis ìnvariantis arsebobas variaciaSi~ 

(invariant in variation) enaTa tipologiasTan dakavSirebiT. 

48 lingvistur leqsikonebSi es cneba gaigivebulia ìm 

elementebTan, romlebic cvladebisagan gansxvavebiT, mudmivad 

arseboben (an romelTac miiCneven mudmivad); ufro farTo 

mniSvnelobiT aq invarianti ganmasxvavebeli anu permanentuli 

niSnebis tolfasia, romlebic sxvadasxvanairad aris kombinirebuli 

enaSi arsebuli ocdaaTiode fonemis saSualebiT~. 49 

TiToeuli ZiriTadi fonema aris ZiriTadi forma anu `xmovani~ 

invarianti. iseTi movlenebi, rogoric aris izoglosebi, 

izomorfizmebi, izotopiebi da a.S., imavdroulad warmoadgenen 

ìnvariantebs~ da maTi meTodologiuri Rirebuleba ukve 

gamocdilia. Zalian farTo mniSvnelobiT, mTeli poeziis yvelaze 

ufro invariantuli elementi aris misi instrumenti da 

TviT misi enobrivi garemo. 

aqedan gamomdinare, invarianti SeiZleba iyos da unda 

iyos kidec gaazrebuli agreTve rogorc universaluri kategoria. 

amgvari asimilacia gamarTlebulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, 

logikurad mainc. SemTxveviTobis gamoricxva da identuriT 

dakmayofileba, rasac gulisxmobs yovelgvari ganzogadeba da 

yovelgvari konstanta, romlebic gadmocemulia yvela logikuri 

klasis, erTi saxeobis Tu mTeli gvaris yvela gamovlinebis 

amsaxveli terminebiT, safuZvlianad akavSirebs invariants 

universaluri kategoriebis problemasTan. aseTi kavSiri 

ukve ganxorcielebulia anTropologiasa da kulturis Te- 

93

oriaSi, 50 morfologiasa da religiaTa istoriaSi. 51 gansakuTrebiT 

lingvistikaSi, iakobsonisa da Comskis wyalobiT, metyvelebis 

universaluri kategoriebis Teoria sargeblobs ara 

marto mxardaWeriT, aramed didi aRiarebiT. pirveli maTgani 

fonemebs ganixilavs, rogorc birTvuli fizikis èlementaruli 

nawilakebis~ msgavs universalur erTeulebs da qmnis 

ùniversaluri~ da `naxevrad universaluri~ kategoriebis Teorias 

yvelaze ufro maRali statistikuri albaTobis safuZvelze. 

52 meore maTganis azriT, arsebobs garkveuli fonologiuri, 

sintaqsuri, semantikuri universaluri erTeulebi, 

romlebic SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT yvela enaSi, metyvelebis zogadi 

Teoriis, universaluri semantikuri Teoriis da universaluri 

fonetikuri Teoriis safuZvelze. 53 `metyvelebis universaluri 

kategoria aris yvela enis an metyvelebis saerTo 

Tviseba an Tavisebureba~. 54 enaTa saerTo warmoSobis Teoria 

viTardeba amave mimarTulebiT. 

gaugebaria, ratom ar SeiZleba es Teoria ganmeordes da 

gadamuSavdes komparativistul perspeqtivad da/an literaturis 

Teoriad. Tu arsebobs kulturisa da lingvistikis universaluri 

kategoriebi, ratom ar unda arsebobdes, agreTve, 

poetikisa da literaturis universaluri kategori-ebi? da 

marTlac, es termini maSinve wina planze wamoiwevs, rogorc 

ki davapirebT `literaturis~ universaliebis, rogorc fenomenis 

identifikacias (universals of literature, as a specific phenomenon), 

55 literaturul urTierTobaTa universaliebis (universals 

of literary contacts), 56 literaturuli nawarmoebis warmoSobisa da 

agebulebis gansazRvras. asea yvelgan: boliviaSi, safrangeT- 

Si, gvineaSi, vietnamSi. 57 `literaturis universaluri kategoriebis~ 

asimilacia literaturis àrsis~ an èonis~ formiT, 

cxadia, ufro Znelia, magram am mimarTulebiT sagulisxmo 

mcdelobanic unda aRiniSnos. 58 

kidev erTxel unda iTqvas: yvelaferi damokidebulia 

Tvalsazrisis Secvlaze. es aris erTaderTi, rasac SeuZlia 

daZlios iseTi ganzogadebis akrZalva, romelic `faqtobriv 

kavSirebs~ scildeba. am perspeqtiviT, enis konstantebisa da 

cvladebis msgavsad, SeiZleba Zalian kanonierad warmovidginoT 

erTgvari literaturuli `gramatika~, SedarebiT stabiluri 

`sintaqsi~: kanonikuri da arakanonikuri elementebis 

sistema; Janrebi, gamoxatvis saSualebebi, sxvadasxva stili, 

`ritorikuli figurebi~. 59 es niSnavs literaturis Teoriis, 

ise rogorc misi programis TviT SesaZleblobis in ovo Camoyalibebas. 

amave suliskveTebiT SeiZleba vilaparakoT struqturul, 

semiotikur, teqstobriv da nebismieri sxva tipis in- 

94

variantebze, im pirobiT, Tu, upirveles yovlisa, miRebuli iqneba 

ùniversaluri kategoriebis~ principi, romelic win uswrebs 

maT gansazRvras, arCevas da dalagebas. TavisTavad cxadia, 

rom invariantebis genezisis an poligenezisis, maTi moZraobisa 

da gavrcelebis problema (wmindad istoriuli xasiaTis) 

am SemTxvevaSi meore planze gadadis, rodesac mas 

mTlianad ar ugulvebelyofen meTodologiuri mosazrebebiT. 

4. invariantebis tipologia 

invariantebis analizs pirdapir mivyavarT invariantebis 

tipologiisaken. 60 zogadad, maTi klasifikacia SeiZleba Semdegi 

saxis invariantebad: 1) anTropologiuri; 2) Teoriul-ideologiuri; 

3) Teoriul-literaturuli da 4) literaturuli. 

isini moicavs universaluri xasiaTis saerTo elementebis 

yvela kategorias, romlebic xarisxis mixedviT, miekuTvnebian 

gonebisa da azrovnebis nayofs, dawyebuli sawyisi, fsiqikisa 

da warmosaxvis anTropologiuri struqturebis donidan. 

anTropologiuri tipis invariantebi aRadgenen da awesrigeben 

`primitiul~, umniSvnelovanes, mudmiv monacemebs, romelsac 

vxvdebiT uZvelesi istoriuli fenebis siRrmeSi, rac 

saerToa mTeli kacobriobisTvis; es aris yvela kulturis 

yvelaze ufro àrqeologiuri Sreebi~. es aris miTebidan, legendebidan, 

simboloebidan, `wminda~ sityvebidan momdinare 

arqetipebi da prototipebi, romelTa universaluri ganzomileba 

ueWvelia. amiT realurad dadasturebuli da ganmtkicebulia 

kidec Tezisi, romlis Tanaxmadac, rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT 

TviTmyofads da arsebiTs, invarianti ufro aqtiurad 

vlindeba. 

Teoriul-ideologiuri tipis invariantebi viTardeba gamonaTqvamebidan, 

`mTavari ideebidan~, sqemebidan an `saerTo 

adgilebidan~ (locus communis), romlebSic vlindeba samyaros 

da cxovrebis farTo xedva (Weltanschauung). isini exeba adamianis 

ZiriTad, sawyis gamocdilebas da problemebs – sicocxles, 

sikvdils, siyvaruls da a.S. (Ur-probleme); aseve, yoveli 

epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel ideologiur sferos, `drois suliskveTebis~ 

CaTvliT. amave kategorias miekuTvneba agreTve 

universaluri rigis yvela `WeSmariteba~, mniSvnelovani Sablonadqceuli 

azrebi (`yvelaferi warmavalia~, àraferia axali 

am mzis qveS~ da a.S.), iseve rogorc fundamenturi konceptebis 

erToblioba da dualuri formiT gamoxatuli maTi 

95

urTierTmimarTeba: sagani/Tema, materia/suli, Tavisufleba/ 

aucilebloba, sikeTe/boroteba da a.S. 

literaturis komparativistul Teorias eqneba ormagi 

amosavali wertili invariantebis im kategoriebis saxiT, romlebic 

moicavs mis sakuTar dargs: Teoriul-literaturuli 

invariantebi gvaZlevs srul an nawilobriv literaturul 

Teoriebs, romelic ukve damuSavebulia, maSin rodesac literaturuli 

invariantebi amgvari midgomiT masalebsa da elementarul 

cnebebs moicaven pirveladi da elementaruli sistematizaciis 

formiT. dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT es ori 

mdgomareoba. 

a) literaturisa da literaturuli kvlevis konceptualuri, 

Teoriuli da ideologiuri aparati, romelic momdinareobs 

literaturuli ideebis infrastruqturidan, gvexmareba 

literaturul-Teoriuli invariantebis gamoyofaSi. es 

saxeli unda vuwodoT Teoriul literaturul azrovnebas 

da mTlianad literaturis Sesaxeb Teoriul azrovnebas, rasac 

aqvs kategoriis, gameorebis, stabilurobis, moaruli da 

fsevdo-originaluri xasiaTi da gamoxatulia yvela formiT 

(TvalsaCino da dafaruli formiT). 

cxadia, SeniSvnebis, azrebis, principebis, literaturuli 

Teoriebis, TviT gavrcelebuli myari gamonaTqvamebis garkveuli 

raodenoba meordeba, gadadis erTmaneTisagan Zalian 

daSorebul literaturebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, albaT, unda 

gavixsenoT, rom `saerTo adgilebis~ (locus communis), `toposis~ 

Teoria antikurobidan modis da, TavisTavad, literaturuli 

azrovnebis namdvil invariants warmoadgens. 

invariantebi, romlebic gansazRvraven literaturuli 

azrovnebis saerTo elementebs, ase vTqvaT, TviTon qmnian literaturis 

invariantul Teorias imdenad, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli 

SeiZleba gamoikveTos da dagvanaxos samomavlo perspeqtiva 

sakuTar formulirebaTa safuZvelze drosa da sivrceSi, 

universalur doneze. es formulirebebi moicaven literaturuli 

Teoriis da meTodologiis sferos mTlianad da 

aqvT literaturis universaluri ritorikis an poetikis (implicituris 

da eqsplicituris) Seqmnis midrekileba. arqetipuli 

realobis winaSe aucilebeli xdeba, aseve, àrqetipuli~ 

gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelTan mimarTebiTac winamorbedi 

elementebis erToblioba operaciis mxolod fragmentuli, 

nawilobrivi da presistemuri (sistemis winmswrebi) stadiaa. 

arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom invarianti yovelTvis 

warmoadgens danaleq elements, damuSavebis Sedegs, romelic 

yovelgvar TaviseburebaTa gamoricxviT miiReba da yvela dam- 

96

Txvevas, analogias, Tanxvedras, yvela literaturul sinqrons 

da paralels gulisxmobs, romlis mizania literaturisa 

da literaturuli azrovnebis universalurobis dadastureba. 

Tu faqtobriv kavSirebsa da istoriaze dayrdnobili 

komparativizmi axdens gankerZoebas, aviwroebs mxedvelobis 

ares, ramdenadac is mimarTulia gansxvavebisa da Taviseburebis 

warmoCenisaken, amis sapirispirod, invariantebis komparativizmi 

eZebs kerZo erTeulebis gaerTianebis gzas, variacieb- 

Si dafarul permanentul elementebs. is zRudavs gadaxvevebs, 

sabolood aRwevs yvela elementisa da yvela saerTo mniSvnelis 

globalur sinTezamde, romelTa gamovlineba SesaZlebelia. 

igi ganixilavs kavSiris aRmniSvnel yvela termins, romelTac 

moaqcevs `koleqtiuris~, zogadis, universaluris 

cnebaSi da gaTvaliswinebuli faqtebis seriebi misTvis warmoadgens 

`variaciis amdenive Temas~. invariantulobaSi CarTva 

yvela literaturuli ideis xvedria da am axali topos-is 

gavrceleba kidev erTxel adasturebs am Teziss. igi bevrad 

ufro adre gvxvdeba esTetikosebTan (rogoric aris kroCe) da 

didi xnis Semdeg kritikosebTan (rogoric aris norTrop 

frai, magaliTad), Tumca arc erTi da arc meore ar iyo dainteresebuli 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobiT. 61 

am meTodis aucilebloba aSkaraa komparativizmisaTvis. 

igi amtkicebs literaturuli ideebisa da azrovnebis struqturul 

erTianobas, loci critici-s arsebobas, romlebic gaerTianebis 

SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes ara marto SedarebiTi 

poetikis mravali naSromis ganzogadebiT miRebul universalur 

ritorikad da poetikad, aramed agreTve universalur 

esTetikad. SedarebiTma literaturaTmcodneobam `miznad 

unda daisaxos imis Camoyalibeba, rac erT dRes SeiZleba 

gadaiqces universalur esTetikad~. 62 araviTari manifestebi 

da pirovnuli gadawyvetilebebi, aramed zogadi mimoxilva, 

romelic aranakleb `pirovnulia~ (amas mogvianebiT davinaxavT); 

igi SeZlebisdagvarad unda Seivsos kacobriobis literaturuli 

da esTetikuri naazrevidan momdinare yvela WeSmaritebiT. 

xom SeZles philosophia perennis-is da literature perennis-is 

gaazreba, ratom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes agreTve, amave azriT, 

poetica da aesthetica perennis? cxadia, es Tvalsazrisi universaliebis 

(ise rogorc formaluri da antiistoriuli azrovnebis 

sxva formebis) dabrunebis analogiuri an masTan 

miaxloebulia. 

rodesac namdvili komparativistuli gamocdileba er- 

Tveba saqmeSi, dadastureba, ase vTqvaT, TavisTavad modis. 

farTo da Rrma, WeSmaritad inteleqtualuri gamokvlevebis 

97

Seqmnis Semdeg, rene ueleki amave daskvnebamde mivida: `gamocdilebis 

Sedegad aRmovaCine, rom kritikuli Teoriebis istoriaSi 

ar arsebobs evolucia, ufro metad kritikis istoria 

aris kamaTi Seqcevadi konceptebis Sesaxeb...~ an kidev: `gansakuTrebiT 

literaturul TeoriaSi vxvdebiT mudmivad gansaxilveli 

poziciebis garkveul raodenobas, romlebic exeba 

literaturis istorias, aseve gvxvdeba ZiriTadi sadavo konceptebi, 

romlebic ar SeiZleba iyos absoluturad axali~. 63 

Cven TviTon vilaparakeT amgvari invariantis Sesaxeb, Teoriul-literaturuli, 

universaluri, nominaluri da Teoriuli 

konstantebis Sesaxeb; aqedan gamomdinareobs sammagi recidivi: 

sakuTriv konstantebis gameoreba, terminologiis da Teoriuli 

programebis gameoreba. 64 miuxedavad amisa, am tipis mravalricxovan 

SeniSvnebs aklia invariantis zogadi Teoria. 

komparativistebis erTi kategoria iwyebs am axali tipis 

komparativizmiT dainteresebas, romelic awyobilia ùniversalur 

modelebze~ da `poetikur kategoriebze~ (poetological 

category); es maT winaaRmdeg da maTi gamoricxvis mizniT rodi 

xdeba, rogorc aqamde iyo xolme umravles SemTxvevaSi, 65 aramed 

am modelebisa da kategoriebis ase Tu ise mxedvelobaSi 

misaRebad da gasaTaviseblad. ris gagebis imedi gvaqvs SedarebebiT 

an metadre mxolod miaxloebebiTi kontaqtebisa da 

gavlenebis miRma? `rogorc erT-erTi pirvelTagani _ jeimz 

robert haitaueri amtkicebs, amiT Cven aRmovaCenT, Tu ras 

warmoadgens literaturuli konstantebi (the constants), invariantebi 

(the invariables) an formebi, stilebi, tropebi, meTodebi, 

romlebic maSin Cndebian, rodesac metyveleba Segnebulad aris 

gamoyenebuli literaturuli miznebisaTvis~. 66 amas davamatoT 

iseTi mosazrebebi, `sadac arqetipebis Teoria ukavSirdeba 

aristoteles “poetikas~, 67 an kidev `teqstis Semadgeneli 

elementebis Ziebas~ komparativizmisa da literaturuli esTetikis 

mtkice kavSiris safuZvelze~. 68 aqedan gamomdinareobs 

literaturis Teoriis asimilacia zogadi kategoriebis TeoriasTan, 

romelic ar Cans (zogadi kategoriebis istoriuli 

Teoriis SesaZlo modelis mixedviT) 69 invariantebis TiTqmis 

`srul~ CamonaTvalSi. 

am TvalsazrisiT sakmarisad xazgasmiT ar aRniSnula 

praqtikuli komparativistuli gamokvlevebis Rirebuleba da 

mniSvneloba, romlebic adastureben da warmoaCenen am princips. 

isini SeiZleba daiyos or kategoriad: jer erTi, arsebobs 

didi evrocentristuli gaerTianeba, romelsac ganixilaven, 

rogorc saerTo Teoriul tradicias da romlis Sesaxebac 

warmodgenas gviqmnis e.r. kurciusis gamokvlevebi `saer- 

98

To adgilebis~ (locus communis) Sesaxeb (literaturul-Teoriulis 

CaTvliT). es saerTo Teoriuli tradicia SeiZleba 

TvalsaCino gaxdes gamokvlevebiT zogierTi Zveli da Tanamedrove 

esTetikuri Tezebis (magaliTad, ostranenie) 70 Sesaxeb 

an naSromebiT Tanxvedrebis Tanamedrove faqtebis Sesaxeb 

imave dasavlur samyaroSi (formalizmi da axali kritika 71 

a.S.). zogjer amgvari daaxloeba gamoyenebulia wminda polemikis 

mizniT (`formalizmi, samyarosaviT Zveli~) an prodomo (cf. 

isev etiambli, romelic `puritanuli~ ideebiT icavs Tavis – 

`laparakobT frangul-inglisurs?~, ideebiT, romlebic renesansis 

Semdeg gavrcelda safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, inglisSi, 

kanadaSi). 72 

am gamokvlevebis meore frTa (amjerad yovelmxriv mniSvnelovani) 

exeba aRmosavlur-dasavluri homologiebis did 

sferos, sivrces, sadac invarianti mTlad Tavisuflad vlindeba. 

TiTqmis identuri, Zalian zusti gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic 

xSirad gvxvdeba, uflebas gvaZlevs sruliad samar- 

Tlianad vilaparakoT `saerTo adgilebis~ (locus communis) namdvil 

gagrZelebaze, dawyebuli poeturi enisa da metyvelebis 

problemidan. iseTi jaWvi, rogoricaa: aristotele – lu Si – 

roman iakobsoni, gviCvenebs miaxloebis procentul wils, ma- 

Sin rodesac meore Teza (arabuli) _ `poezia aris gamonaTqvami~ 

73 _ unda davukavSiroT zepiri poeziis dasavlur homologiur 

problematikas. metyvelebis logikuri da eTikuri 

koreqcia, ZiriTadad, identurad aris gaazrebuli da Camoyalibebuli 

arabebisa da evropelebis mier. 74 stilis da intuiciis 

gamoxatvis problemas savsebiT homologiuri gadawyveta 

aqvs zogierTi indoelis, Cinelis, iaponelis 75 mxridan (da 

es gaxlavT mxolod naCqarevi Seswavlis Sedegi). 

am gabeduli wamowyebis sagani, erTdroulad Teoriuli 

da polemikuric, yvelasTvis gasagebia: universaluri literaturuli 

azrovnebis rentgenografiiT ZiriTadi suraTis Seqmna. 

magram amave dros kiTxvis niSnis qveS unda daeyenebinaT 

mudmivi dasavluri literaturuli konceptebi (romlebic ase 

gansakuTrebulia), gaelaSqraT, faqtobrivad, erTgvari `monopoliis~ 

winaaRmdeg: mxolod ramdenime Tanamedrove dasavleli 

`poetikosis~ (moduri mkvlevris) mudmivi citirebis winaaRmdeg. 

am ukanasknelebs eWvic ki ar SeparviaT, rom maTi 

`problemebi~ zogjer dasmuli da gaazrebuli iyo sxvagan: 

rom agreTve arsebobs (samwuxarod!) induri semiotika an is, 

rom `gramatikis poezia~, ase vTqvaT, mTlad ucnobi ar iyo 

sanskritisTvis. 76 yovel SemTxvevaSi, kargad damtkicebuli 

Cans, rom sanskrituli da Cinuri ritorikis garda, romelic 

99

Zalian hgavs evropuls, arsebobda sxvac (rac orientalistebma 

didi xania ician). maSasadame, ciceronTan, kvintilianesTan 

da xan fei czisTan ZiriTadi problemebi arsebiTad erTi da 

igivea, magram arsebobs, agreTve, zepiri metyvelebis tradiciuli 

an bunebrivi ritorika Rrma anTropologiur doneze, 

rac cota naklebadaa cnobili. 77 

Cveni Tezisis Tanaxmad, msgavsi homologiuri momentebis 

sixSire ar wamoWris meTodis sakiTxs, aramed exeba mxolod 

ganaTlebasa da kompetencias. saxeldaxelo magaliTis saxiT 

aviRoT mxolod savaraudo SedarebiTi poetikis ramdenime 

Tema, daviwyoT, magaliTad, RvTiuri STagonebis didi toposidan, 

romelic Cvens drosac vlindeba polineziaSi, afrikaSi, 

centralur aziaSi. 78 iseTi induri konceptebis `miaxloebiTi~ 

Targmanic ki, rogoricaa rasa, dhvani an alamkara – `gemovneba~, 

`STagoneba~, `mxatvruli figurebi~, adasturebs problematikis 

identurobas, iseve rogorc `SedarebiTi poetikis~ mar- 

Tlzomierebas. 79 aseve dadginda sxva Teoriul-literaturuli 

paralelebi indoeTsa da evropas Soris (paradoqsi aqtiorze, 

idealuri portretis Teoria). 80 Cinur samyaroSi aRmoCnda homologiuri 

an identuri reaqciebi bunebisa da bunebis amsaxveli 

romantikuli poeziis mimarT; saerTo damokidebuleba 

romanis mimarT (romelic zneobas amdablebs), iseve rogorc 

Semoqmedebis mimarT (xelovanis da SemoqmedebiTi aqtis Serwyma) 

an àxlis~, anu dialeqtis `dakanoneba~, romelic am faqtiT 

klasikuri xdeba. 81 

zogierTi `dasavluri~ cneba, rasac sinologebi brWyalebiT 

moixsenieben, exeba Tanamedroves da Zvelis maradiul 

da sayovelTao dapirispirebas (amavdroulad, Tavs izRveven 

Zvelis mibaZvisagan, rac Zalian uswrebs win `polemikas~) an 

literaturul fantazias, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos `plagiatad~ 

(`klasikosebis Tanamedrove winamorbedebis~ msgavsi 

raRac: lu Si xom qristemde IV saukuneSi werda). 82 Tvalsazrisi 

iseTi `wesis~ Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs da amowuravs 

yvela kerZo SemTxvevas (erTgvari “invarianti”) arsebobs agreTve 

Cinur klasikur poetikaSi, 83 iseve rogorc sxva aRmosavlur 

poetikebSi. iaponiaSi IX saukunidan gvxvdeba erovnuli 

Taviseburebis principi, romelic ganapirobebs prozis 

formebs, imavdroulad aris zogadadamianuri WeSmaritebis 

principi (universaluri) da misi gamoxatvis aucilebloba 84 

(aranakleb universaluri) da a.S. momavalSi saWiro iqneba 

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis sxva magaliTebis moxmoba: Cven aq, ra 

Tqma unda, mivuTiTebT mxolod gzas da isic Zalian mokled. 

sami stilis Teoria arsebobs agreTve arabul ritorikaSi, 85 

100

iseve rogorc poeziisa da prozis, gamonagonisa da sinamdvilis 

`gamijvna~. aseve aRiareben `teqnikis~ mniSvnelobas, rogorc 

TavisTavad faseul samSveniss an SemoqmedebiTi mibaZvis 

princips.86 

swored am kuTxiT unda gavigoT aRmosavlur-dasavluri 

urTierTobebis wina planze wamowevis kvalobaze poetikebis 

SedarebiTi Seswavlis sapolemiko moTxovna (saxeldobr, etiamblis 

moTxovna): ueWvelia, dagvWirdeba Cveni poetebis “poeturi 

xelovnebis~ Sedareba ibn kotaibas `Muqaddim-ata Kitabi Š- 

ŠI’ ra wa š- šua ra-sTan, l’Arte nueva de hacer comedias-Tan da traqtatebTan 

Nô de Zéami Motokiyo-s Sesaxeb~. es Sepirispireba saSualebas 

mogvcems gamovyoT invariantebis erTi seria da Semdeg 

isini davalagoT zogad SedarebiT poetikaSi. ùelekis 

da uorenis~ mimarT mTavari kritika zustad aseTia: èrTi 

ibn-ic ki ar aris `literaturuli Teoriis~ sarCevSi. diax, 

ra unda ifiqro iseTi literaturuli Teoriis Sesaxeb, romelic 

ugulvebelyofs arabul, indur ritorikebs, moxerxebulad 

ayalbebs Cinur, iaponur nawarmoebebs?~ msgavsi `dasavlur-aRmosavluri 

divanis~ programebisa da teqstebis Seswavla 

(rac komparativistebis kidev erTi didi ocnebaa) warimar- 

Teba aqtiurad, raTa Tavidan aicilon Secdoma da gankerZoeba, 

rac mxolod evropuli movlenebis Seswavlaze dafuZnebul 

literaturul Teorias axasiaTebs. 87 dasavlur Cveulebebs 

Seejaxnen pirdapir da Seuties. is rac jer kidev (sami 

aTeuli wlis win) ùCveulo~ Canda, sabolood miiRes, rekomendaciac 

ki gauwies (am bolo dros). es kargad Cans gamokvlevebis 

erT-erT krebulSi ramdenime aRmosavluri poetikis 

Sesaxeb: `gana yvelaze `Tanamedrove~ Teoriebi (struqturalisturi, 

poetikuri, semiologiuri) ar rCebian dasavleTis 

metafizikuri racionalizmis tyveebad?~ daskvna TavisTavad 

Cndeba: `maSasadame franguli literaturisa da, zogadad, dasavluri 

literaturis mkvlevarebs da studentebs unda davanaxoT 

didi civilizaciebis: CineTis, indoeTis, islamis, 

iudaizmis... mier Seqmnili `metyvelebisa~ da `literaturis~ 

koncefciebi; isini ufro da ufro exmaurebian Cvens civilizacias~. 

88 bolos da bolos, TviT rene ueleki aRiarebs, rom 

ùniversaluri poetika~ 89 SeiZleba warmovidginoT `Teoriulad~. 

Tu gavixsenebT dasavleTSi dawerili esTetikis istoriebs 

da im mcire adgils, rac aRmosavlur literaturul es- 

Tetikas uWiravs iq, unda vaRi-aroT, rom mas Semdeg garkveuli 

winsvla aris (principulad mainc). wyaroebis miuwvdomloba 

mTavari winaaRmdegobaa da is kvlav qmnis siZneleebs. 

magram XIX saukunis bolodan aRmosavluri poetikebis Ses- 

101

wavlis rekomendacia kargis niSani iyo. 90 miuxedavad amisa, ma- 

Ti komparativistuli kvleva mxolod 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba. 

am Temebze mxolod aRmosavlur-dasavluri kolokviumebis 

mowyoba (Literary Theory and Criticism East and West) da `Cinuri, iaponuri, 

sanskrituli da evropuli artes poeticae-ebis komparativistuli 

Seswavlis dawyeba~ 91 ar aris umTavresi, aramed saWiroa 

zogierTi problemisa da ZiriTadi amocanis garkveva: 

mTels literaturis TeoriaSi aucileblad mxedvelobaSi iqnas 

miRebuli aRmosavluri faqtebi; daisvas sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, 

Tu ramdenad miesadageba dasavluri konceptebi aRmosavleTs 

da ramdenad gamarTlebulia maTi gamoyeneba; 92 `rogor 

davafuZnoT saerTo safuZvelze ori kulturis – arabuli 

da berZnul-romauli kulturebis Seswavla~; 93 bolos unda 

aRmovaCinoT rac SeiZleba meti SesamCnevi Teoriul-literaturuli 

invarianti da movaxdinoT maTi sinTezi, raTa erTgvari 

aesthetica litteraria universalis et perennis miviRoT (Cven ukve 

ganvixileT es hipoTeza). sakiTxisadmi amgvar midgomaSi SeiZleba 

davinaxoT literaturis deduqciuroba. ai, ramdeni SesaZlebloba 

ixsneba SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis winaSe... 

invariantebis Teoriis susti wertili sxvaganaa _ mis 

miswrafebaSi normatiulobisaken da puritanizmis anu dogmatizmis 

gzaze dadgomis saSiSroebaSi, rac zogjer uneblieT 

xdeba, zogjer ki Teoriidan gamomdinareobs. es iwvevs invariantebis 

gadaqcevas à priori~-ebad, `kanonebad~ an `sine qua non~ pirobebad, 

romelTa mixedviT, `Zalian lamazi literaturuli 

invariantebi~ 94 gaxdebian namdvili `klasikuri~ normatiuli 

kanonebis muxlebi. etiamblis naazrevi am sqemaSi 95 eqceva, ramac 

SeiZleba mZime Sedegebi moitanos: `normatiuli esTetikis 

zogadi aspeqti~, istoriuli gamokvleva, romelic `SeiZleba 

normatiuli gaxdes~, ìstoriuli da dogmaturi gamokvleva~. 

96 invariants, rogorc viciT, aqvs midrekileba, SeumCnevlad 

da aucileblad gaxdes norma yovelTvis, roca misi universalurobis 

dadastureba uzrunvelyofilia: “rodesac dakvirveba 

xdeba universaluri, igi gansazRvravs konstantebs, 

romlebic ar warmoadgenen wesebs, magram miuTiTeben iseT garemoebaze, 

romlis gauTvaliswineblobas mosdevs cudi Sedegi. 

amiT aixsneba ganmazogadebeli dakvirvebis vadis gaxangrZliveba. 

97 es orientacia gamovlinda komparativizmis saTaveebTan, 

romelic Tavidanve eZebda `normebs~. goeTes azriT, 

ùniversaluri literatori~ ukve sanimuSo xdeba. 98 erT-erTi 

pirveli, faruli normatiuli azrebiT aRsavse programa gulisxmobs 

literaturuli formebis Seswavlis gardaqmnas 

`kritikis kanonad~, romelic Camoayalibebs àxal da ufro 

102

farTo klasicizms~. ukve acxadeben, rom „komparativistuli 

meTodi yovelgvari klasicizmis dedaa~, da etiambls didi 

mondomebiT mohyavs es sentencia, romelic adasturebs am 

Teziss. 99 

igive azri wamotivtivdeba xolme yvela SemTxvevaSi, roca 

`ritorikis Zveli normatiuli disciplinebis meTodi gardaiqmneba 

`zogad poetikad, romelic aris homo literatus-is filosofia~, 

erTi preceptiva. 100 saqme unda exebodes normativs a 

posteriori, logikurs da aucilebels, `romelmac unda gvapovninos 

mravali erovnuli literaturisaTvis gamosadegi wesebi 

da kanonebi~. 101 sxvaTa Soris, komparativizmi, iseTi rogoric 

is unda iyos, ewinaaRmdegeba kodifikacias, rac didi xania 

cnobilia. 102 problemis namdvili gadawyveta mdgomareobs SedarebiTi 

poetikisa da misi invariantebis gardaqmnaSi erTgvar 

farul mrCevlad da ara literaturis sindisad (mkacr 

sindisad). mas Semdeg, rac invariantebi ganisazRvreba da maTi 

SemecnebiTi xasiaTi uzrunvelyofilia, isini iwyeben farulad 

moqmedebas, rogorc nebayoflobiTi àucilebloba~, magram 

mxolod iseT mwerlebTan, romlebic maT Rebuloben. ma- 

Sasadame, saqme ar unda mivides iseT normatiul kanonebamde, 

romelTac samarTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba nebismieri literaturuli 

Semoqmedeba, romelic am saxelis Rirsia; aq unda 

moxdes mxolod nebayoflobiTi asimilacia. am ukumoqmed 

efeqtebs grZnoben isini, vinc iziarebs am ideas da gamocdilia 

am `disciplinaSi~, Signidan uyurebs mas. mxolod amgvarad 

SeiZleba, rom wesebi Tavdapirvelad `Tavisufali~ iyos 

da bolos aRmoCndes `nayofieri~ da iqces yvelaze gonivrul 

wesebad~ 103 

b) es komparativistuli Tema ormagdeba meore, ufro zogadi 

masStabis TemiT: sakuTriv literaturuli invariantebiT, 

romlebic moicavs mTeli msoflios `teqstualuri~ elementebis 

erTobliobas, terminis yvelaze farTo gagebiT ki – 

zepiri da werilobiTi formis yvela nawarmoebs erTad aRebuls, 

romlebic Tavidanve `mxatvrulobis~ niSniT iqmneba an 

Semdgom eZleva es Sefaseba. literaturuli invariantebi 

cxadyofs saerTo literaturul fonds, literaturis did 

struqturul erTeuls. invariantebi TvalsaCinod gviCveneben 

literaturuli analogiebisa da sinqronizmebis, Tanadroulobis, 

damTxvevebis, paralelizmebisa da erTgvarovnebis 

siRrmiseul TamaSs, romlebic uaxlovdebian srul identurobas. 

amgvarad, komparativistuli poetika gviwvevs erTi SexedviT 

gasaocar warmodgenaze: es aris universaluri literatura, 

rogorc `mudmivi~ sinamdvile, romelsac safuZvlad 

103

udevs warmosaxvis da poeturi aqtis yvela a priori. es mtkicebuleba 

uflebas gvaZlevs, literaturis sferoSi SemovitanoT 

èleelTa~ koncefcia sui generis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es 

koncefcia dasturdeba, rogorc ki gezs viRebT sawyisi an 

universaluri masStabis movlenisaken. 

`literaturuli invariantis~ cnebis aucilebloba, komparativistuli 

literaturuli Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, eWvgareSea: 

igi gvexmareba, upirveles yovlisa, literaturuli nawarmoebis 

agebulebis aRweraSi, misi Semadgenlobisa da kompoziciis 

dadgenaSi da amgvarad literaturuli analizis 

doneebis dazustebaSi. meore mxriv, yoveli literaturuli 

invarianti aRniSnavs ganzogadebis horizonts, romlis Sedgeniloba 

da xarisxobrivi maCvenebeli sabolood damokidebulia 

literaturis ganzogadebis masStabze. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli 

xdeba tradiciuli komparativizmis mier gamoyenebuli 

asobiT cnebis axleburad `wakiTxva~ (`wyaro~, `gavlena~, `Tema~, 

`tipi~ da a.S.). `faqtebi~ da `faqtobrivi kavSirebi~ adgils 

uTmoben, ase vTqvaT, `saerTo mimoqcevis~ literaturul 

movlenebs. `gavlena~ misi anekdoturistoriuli, `SemTxvevi- 

Ti~ xasiaTis garda, im Sesatyvisobebisa da kavSirebis saSualebiT, 

romelsac is qmnis, moicavs agreTve saerTo elementebis 

qsels, romlebic Sesabamisi ganzogadebiT vrceldeba 

da universaluri mniSvnelobis movlenad iqceva. saboloo 

angariSiT, TiToeuli invarianti aris konotaciuri universalurobis 

erTi fragmenti garkveuli xarisxiT, rogorc Tavisi 

`nawilebiT~ (TiToeuli invariantidan gamomdinare), aseve 

Tavisi `mTeliT~ (yvela invariantis jamiT). am hermenevtikuli 

rigis kavSirs Cven kvlav SevexebiT momdevno TavSi. 

literaturuli invariantebis klasifikacia daiwyeba im 

ZiriTadi realobebidan, romlebic aqamde gaviTvaliswineT: 

literaturuli nawarmoebi (individualuri), literaturuli 

nawarmoebebis erToblioba (=universaluri literatura, e.i. 

literatura) da tipobrivi kavSirebis erToblioba, romlebic 

Cndeba am sferoebs Soris. amgvarad, SegviZlia SemogTavazoT 

literaturuli invariantebis tipebisa da qvetipebis wmindad 

operatiuli xasiaTis Semdegi sqema: 

1. struqturuli _ a. literaturuli nawarmoebis 

(individualuris) 

invariantebi _ b. literaturis (universaluris) 

2. urTierTobebis _ a. kontaqtebi nawarmoebebs Soris 

(individualuri) 

invariantebi _ b. kontaqtebi literaturebs Soris 

(erovnuli) 

104

Tuki TandaTanobiT iqmneba struqturuli invariantebis 

kargi da aRiarebuli gansazRvrebebi, urTierTobebis invariantebi 

jer kidev naklebad Seswavlili, naklebad cnobili 

da cudad gansazRvrulia. cxadia, SeiZleba maTi moTavseba 

intraliteraturuli (erovnul literaturebs Soris) da 

ìnerliteraturuli~ (nawarmoebebs Soris) kontaqtebis ùniversalur~ 

kategoriaSi, am problemisadmi yvelaze ufro gonivruli 

midgomis Sesabamisad. 104 am Suqze `Zveli~ komparativizmis 

naSromebis erTobliobis (romelic zogjer Zalian dawinaurebulia), 

a da b tipis mravalricxovani literaturuli 

urTierTobebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebis `dabruneba~ savsebiT 

SesaZlebeli xdeba: rogorc istoriul-dokumenturi infrastruqtura 

da baraTebze gawerili repertuari, romlidanac 

SegviZlia ama Tu im faqtobrivi kavSirebis mixedviT gamovyoT 

invariantis koeficienti. mTeli problema mdgomareobs 

imis gansazRvraSi, Tu romel saazrovno dones (poetikur 

komparativistuls) ekuTvnis es Sexedulebebi. 

gasuli saukunidan yuradReba gaamaxviles literatura- 

Si `gavrcelebul gamonaTqvamebze~, `mudmiv motivebze~ da 

ùcvlel formebze~, rasac sagulisxmo gagrZelebebi mohyva, 

gansakuTrebiT narativis formalistur TeoriaSi. am stadiidan 

moyolebuli, es cneba Zalian gavrcelda Tanamedrove 

formalizmsa da semiotikaSi. 105 am tipis gamokvlevas emateba 

literaturuli istoriis koncefcia evropuli literaturis 

saerTo adgilebisa (locus communis) da `konstantebis~ bazaze 

(e.r. kurciusi, e. auerbaxi). am konceptebma, iseve rogorc sxva 

monaTesave konceptebma, romlebic gadmoscemen `Temebs~, `tipebs~, 

`motivebs~, `literaturul meTodebs~ TviT “nimuSsac” 

(patterns) da a.S., garkveulwilad win waswies SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

meTodologia, 106 magram es ar yofila 

dakavSirebuli literaturis TeoriasTan. zogjer aRniSnaven 

am cnebebis arsebobas da... meti araferi. gaocebas iwvevs, roca 

vxedavT, rom Stoff-und Motivgeschichte, Stoff-Mythen-und Motivforschung 

(germanuli) an `Tematologia~ (franguli) Tavidan bolomde 

gaazrebulia istoriuli midgomiT, 107 romelic kategoriulad 

ewinaaRmdegeba yovelgvar ganzogadebas, ìnvariantebis~ 

da `konstantebis~ CaTvliT. 108 araviTari realuri `poetikuri~ 

progresi ar modis am mimarTulebidan. 

miuxedavad amisa Tematologia, romelic pirveli programebidanve 

SeuerTda 109 SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas, 

SeiZleba argumentebisTvis gamoviyenoT am TemasTan dakavSirebiT. 

Teoriebis ganviTareba epoqebis da sxvadasxva qveynebis 

105

mixedviT adasturebs, rom isini warmoadgens mxolod àdamianuri 

yofis~ formebis damatebiT gamoxatulebas, misi universalurobis 

gamoxatulebas. Tu gamoTqmas `zogadsakacobrio~ 

aqvs srulyofili mniSvneloba, igi swored didi Temebis 

istoriaSi, promeTedan dawyebuli faustamde, poulobs 

mas. Tu saqme exeba Stoffgeschichte-s dacvas SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

terminebiT, amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia misi 

`zogadi~, `mdgradi~, `maradiuli~ da `mudmivi~ xasiaTis 

gamomJRavnebiT yvela SemTxvevaSi. 110 Tu SedarebiT Tematologias 

111 aqvs namdvili mniSvneloba, is mas amJRavnebs SedarebiT 

invariantulobasTan da literaturul TeoriasTan asimilaciis 

wyalobiT. Tema, saboloo angariSiT warmoaCens nebismieri 

nawarmoebis mxolod erT-erT aspeqts da zogierTi Tematologiuri 

gamokvleva naTlad gviCvenebs am principis rogorc 

literaturis erTi struqturuli elementis arsebobas. 

112 sabolood, `SemoqmedebiTi aqti mTlianobaSi SeiZleba 

gagebul iqnas, rogorc erTaderTi Temis usazRvro modulacia~. 

113 literaturis zogad Teorias SeiZleba mxari davuWiroT 

am perspeqtiviT. 114 es metaistoriuli mizani kidev erTxel 

mkacrad gamijnavs nebismier tradiciul da faqtebze 

damyarebul komparativizms. 

zustad aseTivea ritualebis, kliSeebis, motivebis mdgomareoba. 

maTi Seswavla iRebs aSkarad komparativistul xasiaTs, 

rogorc ki scildeba erTi an ramdenime erovnuli saz- 

Rvris farglebs da gadadis ìnternacionalur kliSeebze~. 115 

Tanamedrove komparativistikaSi am tipis gamokvlevebi sabolood 

dasaSvebad miiCnies, nawilobriv e.r. kurciusis gavleniT. 

am gamokvlevebis namdvili swrafva ìnvariantebis~ gamovlenisken 

gamoixateba agreTve arCeul gansazRvrebebsa da 

miznebSi: universaluri literaturis `standartizacia~, `literaturuli 

konstantebi~, `recidivuli saxeebi~, `suliskve- 

Tebis mdgradobis~ niSnebi da a.S. 116 miznebi mimarTulia, erTi 

mxriv, kategoriisa da klasifikaciisaken; amis ilustracias 

da stimuls warmoadgens zogadi kategoriebis Teoria, 117 saidanac 

literaturis Teoria sargeblobs; meore mxriv, mimar- 

Tulia literaturul iastoriaze, romelic nawarmoebebis 

“miRma” xdeba SemTxvevebisagan damoukidebuli istoriografiis 

analogi. 118 tipologia, misi saxasiaTo stereotipebiT, gmirebis 

da personaJebis paradigmatuli biografiebiT, momdinareobs 

imave midgomidan. 

agreTve mxedvelobaSia misaRebi 119 literaturuli tipis 

simboluri xasiaTi, romelic ganasaxierebs im poetikas, saidanac 

modis. davukvirdeT rembos `miTs~, romelic ase dama- 

106

xasiaTebelia avangardisaTvis. misi Semadgeneli invariantebi, 

romlebic yvelgan SesamCnevia, gaxlavT: poetis da revolucioneri 

poetis gaRmerTeba, Tavgadasavlebis moyvarulis, vaJkacobis 

da bavSvobis kulti, garkveuli mistika da a.S. 120 rogorc 

cnobilia, am gamokvlevebisTvis gamorCeuli sferoa 

literatura stereotipuli, koleqtiuri, tradiciuli, zepiri, 

primitiuli, `folkloruli~ formebiT. gansakuTrebiT 

swored am ukanasknel sferoSi aris invariantis cneba TvalsaCino 

da sxvaTa Soris, xSiradac gamoiyeneba. yovelmxriv 

identuri situacia gvaqvs iseTi sinonimebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa 

`gavrcelebuli gamoTqmebi~, `motivebi~ da a.S. maTma 

anglosaqsurma ekvivalentebmac – Framework an box pattern daimkvidres 

adgili Tanamedrove komparativistul gamokvlevebsa 

da TeoriebSi. rac Seexeba `saerTo adgilebs~ (locus communis), 

folkloruls Tu arafolkloruls, isini xelaxla adastureben 

permanentulobis, sayovelTaobis da poligenezisis realurobas, 

iseve rogorc kacobriobis saerTo bunebas, misi 

pirobebisa da reaqciebis saerTo xasiaTs yvela epoqaSi garkveul 

doneze. 121 TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi srulad mJRavndeba 

literaturuli invariantulobis esa Tu is aspeqti. 

literaturuli Janrebi (da maTi Teoria) miekuTvneba imave 

literaturul invariantebs. daculi unda iyos aseTi piroba 

(romelic fundamenturia) – maTi tradiciuli socialur-istoriuli 

xasiaTi unda Seicvalos tipologiuri, 

morfologiuri da struqturuli 122 planiT; es plani ukve CamoSorda 

istoriul da pozitivistur komparativizms. misi CamoSorebis 

(SesamCnevi rom xdeba Janrebis Tanamedrove komparativistul 

TeoriaSi 123 ) ilustracia SeiZleba movaxdinoT 

etiamblis zogierTi winadadebiT, romelTac gavixsenebT miniSnebis 

saxiT. epopeis, epikuri Janris Camoyalibeba pasuxobs 

zust pirobebs, romlebic yovelTvis axloa mis miTologiur 

da gmirul warmoSobasTan; imavdroulad miesadageba mis “mi- 

Toistoriul struqturas, rasac yvelgan vpoulobT am stadiaze. 

radgan arsebobs romanis Janris invariantebi, am ukanasknels 

eqneba TiTqmis identuri formebi rogorc CineTSi, 

aseve Cvens `realist~ romanistebTan. aseve SeiZleba “gamovyoT 

elementebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, epopeas ekuTvnis”. 124 es 

elementebi qmnian epopeis `sqemas~, misi ganviTarebis etapebs, 

mis tipologias da Tematikas, misi gavrcelebis ares – identur 

(erTgvarovan) movlenebs safrangeTSi, tibetSi da yvelgan. 

125 am monacemebiT SeiZleba gaswordes tradiciuli istoriografiis 

zogierTi Secdoma, romelic dakavSirebulia epopeis, 

rogorc feodaluri an kidev reaqciuli Janris gansaz- 

107

RvrebasTan, rogorc romanis aucilebel sawyis matricasTan 

(iaponiaSi romani ufro adre gaCnda, vidre epopea). romani 

SeiZleba Seiqmnas agreTve hagiografiis romanizebiT 126 da a.S. 

movlenaTa msgavsi tipi vlindeba, agreTve, nawarmoebis 

`formalur~ doneze, Tu ar vityviT, yvela formalistTan er- 

Tad, rom is gansakuTrebiT ikveTeba am doneze. stilistika, 

rodesac is orientirebulia stilisturi meTodebis mudmivobasa 

da recidivulobis (Seqcevadobis) 127 an stilisturi doneebis 

homologiurobis Seswavlaze, naTels hfens da damatebiTi 

mtkicebulebebi moaqvs literaturuli invariantebis dasadastureblad. 

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi agreTve hipoTeza 

`teqstis tipobrivi struqturis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb. 128 literaturuli 

pirobiTobani da normebi, romlebic imanenturia 

TiToeuli mTavari literaturuli sistemisaTvis, iqneba isini 

warmoebuli, interpretirebuli Tu uaryofili, yvela ekuTvnis 

mainc mudmiv da universalur literaturul process. 

rac Seexeba `funqciebs~, romlebic Zalian naTeli gaxda rusi 

formalistebis wyalobiT, maTi invariantulobis xarisxi, 

yvelaze elementarul doneze, e.i. yvelaze zogad doneze, ar 

iwvevs araviTar kamaTs. saboloo angariSiT, ar arsebobs araviTari 

motivi imis winaaRmdeg, rom iseTi gavrcelebuli terminebi, 

rogoric aris, magaliTad, `formaluri kategoriebi an 

poetikuri meTodebi~ gavaTanabroT zogierTi Tanamedrove 

komparativistuli programiT aRiarebul `formalur konstantebTan`. 

129 am operaciis saboloo mizania literaturuli me- 

Todebis nusxis, literaturuli Semoqmedebis yvela sferosa 

da SesaZleblobis Teoriuli CamonaTvalis dadgena: Janrebi, 

formebi, xerxebi, stilebi, tipobrivi xasiaTebi da situaciebi, 

motivebi, Temebi, kontaqtebi, simboloebi (da a.S.), romlebzec 

SeiZleba avagoT literaturis deskrifciuli (aRwerilobiTi) 

gansazRvreba. 130 es gansazRvreba jer kidev dadasturebuli 

meTodis mixedviT, sabolood Seerwymeba literaturis 

induqciur-deduqciur gansazRvrebas. Cveni eses dasasruls 

davubrundebiT am sakvanZo problemas. 

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, amowurulia Tu ara literaturuli 

invariantebis vrceli sfero? axali klasifikacia 

da sistematizacia jer kidev SesaZlebelia droisa da sixSiris 

maCveneblis mixedviT mraval doneze. Cven SevecadeT Segveqmna 

amgvari cxrili avangardis invariantebis SemTxvevaSi. 

is miT ufro gadamwyvetia, ramdenadac am saxis komparativistuli 

analizis sagani jer ar gamxdara: `1) avangardis erTi 

nawarmoebis invariantebi; 2) avangardis erTi mimdinareobis 

invariantebi; 3) avangardis mravali mimdinareobis invariante- 

108

i, romlebic miekuTvneba erT erovnul literaturas; 4) avangardis 

mravali mimdinareobis invariantebi, romlebic miekuTvneba 

sxvadasxva erovnul literaturas; 5) avangardis yvela mimdinareobis 

invariantebi, romlebic miekuTvneba erTi da imave 

periodis yvela erovnul literaturas; 6) erTi, mravali an 

yvela literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mimdinareobis winamorbedi 

yvela movlenisa Tu elementis invariantebi~. 131 es 

sqema SeiZleba gamodges `nimuSad~ (ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba misi 

srulyofa) yvela literaturuli mimdinareobisaTvis. 

xSirad varT aseTi mdgomareobis mowme: tradiciul komparativizms 

mxars umagreben da araerTgzis win uswreben kidec 

momijnave Tu monaTesave disciplinebi. am mxriv literaturuli 

invarinatebis gamovlineba ar aris gamonaklisi. rodesac 

vfiqrobT, magaliTad imaze, rom valeri larbo literaturis 

saerTaSoriso donis kritikosi da eseisti ase kargad 

Cawvda (da Tanac bevr diplomian komparativistze adre) 

invariantuli Temebis mniSvnelobas (arqetipuli, formaluri, 

arsebiTi Temebis), moiTxova `yvela qveynisa da mravali epoqis 

formaluri poetikuri Temebis aRnusxva~, 132 mxneobas gvmatebs 

aseTi iniciativa. Tuki evropul realizms, Tavis mxriv, 

aqvs damaxasiaTebeli Temebi, ase vTqvaT `stabiluri~ Temebi 

(auerbaxis Tanaxmad), sxva nebismieri qveynis realizmi ratom 

iqneba gamonaklisi? aq aRar vilaparakebT universalur literaturaze, 

realisturi iqneba is Tu ararealisturi... literaturis 

arqetipuli Teoria, norTrop frais formulirebiT, 

zustad amave mimarTulebiT midis – e.i. literaturuli 

ìdentifikaciebis~ mimarTulebiT. 133 aseve, iseTi universaluri 

`formaluri monacemebis~ analizi, rogoricaa: kreSCendo, 

kontrasti, Sedareba, wonasworoba, gameoreba, seria, simetria 

da a.S. (keneT burke) 134, momdinareobs msgavsi Tvalsazrisidan. 

sxvaTa Soris, poetikosebi komparativisti literaturis 

Teoretikosebis bunebrivi mokavSireebi arian. gavixsenoT v.i. 

propis `funqciebi~, romelTac miniWebuli aqvT `konstantis~ 

mniSvneloba; aseve, misi Zalisxmeva xalxuri zRapris `mTavari 

elementebis~, misi “mTavari Semadgeneli nawilebis~ gamosayofad. 

135 es elementebi, imavdroulad, warmoadgenen literaturul 

invariantebs, Tundac ar erqvaT es saxeli. gvagondeba 

agreTve erTi Tvalsazrisi, romelsac Semdegi dakvirveba 

gadmogvcems: `poeturi aqti arsebiTad ar Secvlila saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi~. 136 aseve arsebobs dakvirvebebi literaturul 

ìzomorfizmebze~, recidivebze (Seqcevadobaze), xangr- 

Zlivobaze; es aris operatiuli cnebebi rogorc literatura- 

Si, aseve literaturul kvlevaSi. yovelTvis, roca analizi 

109

(struqturuli, arqetipologiuri, miTologiuri da a.S.) avlens 

sayrden elementebs, formulebs, saxeebs, formebs, romlebic 

meordeba, qmnis `kanons~ an `kliSes~, literaturuli 

invarianti, am saxeliT Tu usaxelod, aucileblad figurirebs. 

137 igive SeiZleba ioTqvas m. baxtinis literaturuli 

Janrebis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiTac, sadac Teoretikosis azriT, 

TiToeul Janrs aqvs Tavisi àrsi~, `logika~ da amJRavnebs 

literaturis yvelaze mdgrad tendencias, `maradiul~ 

tendenciasac ki. albaT arsebobs `Janris erTgvari obieqturi 

xsovna~, romelic ise ìWreba~ nawarmoebebSi, rom es ukanasknelebi, 

ase vTqvaT, `verc ki amCneven amas~. igive iTqmis `saxeobrivi 

sistemebis~ (xalxuri, groteskuli da a.S.) 

imanenturi efeqturobis Sesaxeb. 138 roman iakobsoni gadaWriT 

ayenebs TviT SedarebiTi poetikis problemas metrikis tipologiasTan 

dakavSirebiT. `SedarebiTi poetika miaRwevs metrikis 

tipologiis TandaTanobiT ganviTarebamde da SeiZleba 

literaturebis da kulturebis SedarebiT Seswavlamdec ki 

mivides~. 139 es is Tvalsazrisia, romelic sul ufro gavrcelda 

da Seesabameba TviT Tanamedrove poetikis logikas. magaliTad, 

misaRebi gaxda is azri, rom àrsebobs mudmivi struqturuli 

maxasiaTeblebi... iseTi, rogoric aqvT evropul, afrikul 

da aziur andazebsa da gamocanebs~. 140 bolos gagacnobT 

erTi moduri poetikosis friad sasiamovno uneblie 

aRiarebas: `sworia varaudi, rom literaturis Tematuri mravalferovneba 

mxolod moCvenebiTia; yvela literaturas safuZvlad 

udevs erTi da igive, ase vTqvaT, mcire raodenobis 

universaluri Tematika, magram maTi kombinaciebi da gardaqmnebi 

gvaZlevs arsebuli teqstebis mTels mravalferovnebas~. 141 

Tu es programa mTlianobaSi identuria, maSin Sedarebi- 

Ti poetika xom ar imeorebs mas da xom ar moqmedebs Ria karis 

mtvrevis principiT? cxadia, ara, radgan misi terminologia 

da fundamenturi hipoTezebi gansxvavebulia, iseve rogorc 

misi meTodi da kontrolis sfero. sxvaTa Soris, amas 

exeba momdevno Tavebis masala. literaturuli invariantebis 

Sesaxeb debatebis dasamTavreblad xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT maTi 

gamoyenebis sferos progresuli gafarToeba TviT komparativistul 

velSi. evrocentristuli tradicia, romelic jer kidev 

Zlieria, moiTxovs saerTo tipologiebs da mniSvnelebs, 

magram Semofargluls monaTesave literaturebis (magaliTad, 

slavuri literaturebis) 142 mxolod erTi jgufiT, an yvelaze 

meti rom aviRoT, evropulenovani literaturebis erTobliobiT. 

143 kurciusis literaturuli `konstantebi~ da `saerTo 

adgilebi~ (locus communis) SemosazRvrulia dasavleTevropuli 

110

kulturiT, magram maTi erTdroulad kiTxva, rasac mosdevs 

qronologiis gadasvla sistematur aRwerasa da tipologiaSi, 

miuTiTebs erT-erT im gzas, romelsac unda gavyveT. magaliTad, 

`manierizmi~ evropuli literaturis konstanta xdeba. 

maSin ratom ar unda iyos aseTive konstanta `baroko~ an 

TviT ~avangardi`? aRiarebulia (impliciturad mainc), rom Ti- 

Toeul invariants aqvs horizontaluri (sivrciTi) ganzomileba 

da vertikaluri ganzomileba (istoriuli) da maTi er- 

Toblioba adasturebs unitaruli (erTgvarovani) literaturuli 

struqturis arsebobas. sxvaTa Soris, kurciusis Teoria 

TavisTavad Tavsdeba invariantis TeoriaSi im faqtis gamo, 

rom xelovnebasa da bunebaSi `saerTo adgilebis~ (locus 

communis) Teorias aqvs Zveli klasikuri da renesansuli 

memkvidreoba~. 44 

Tuki literaturuli `saerTo adgilebis~ (locus communis) 

arseboba ar iwvevs eWvs, ratom ar SeiZleba am perspeqtivis 

gaSla evropis miRma mTlianad? amisaTvis saWiroa mtkicebuleba 

da isic gvaqvs im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom romelime 

`dasavlelma~ mweralma SeiZleba Tavis TavSi aRmoaCinos axlo 

naTesaoba àRmosavlur~ sulierebasTan (Tundac im Sem- 

TxvevaSi, Tu mas ar ucxovria am garemoSi) an kidev: berZnulromauli 

Temebi vrceldeba manilamde da vladivostokamde. 145 

ras adasturebs es? upirveles yovlisa, saerTo sakacobrio 

gamocdilebis arsebobas, Semdeg – literaturuli Temebis 

garkveul ìnternacionalurobas~. arsebobs `saerTo Temebis 

uzarmazari fondi... poeturi arqetipebis maragi~, xangrZliv 

periodSi moqceuli Seqcevadoba, `46 poeturi kategoriebi da 

literaturuli Janrebi, romlebic sayovelTaod aRiarebulia. 

tanis epoqis poetebi Zalian did siaxloves amJRavneben 

XVI saukunis barokos inglisel poetebTan, 147 iraneli nizami 

da italieli j.b. bazili qmnian `concetti~-s (manerul gamonaTqvamebs), 

romlebic aaxloebs maT, maSin rodesac evropuli 

elegiis homologiuri Cinuri elegia 148 mas savsebiT Seesabameba. 

aseve, Cinuri romani imave problemebs warmoaCens, rasac 

evropuli romanebi 149 da a.S. 

yvelafer amas mivyavarT banalur realobasTan, romelic 

arafers gveubneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu veyrdnobiT met-naklebad 

farTo dokumentur pozitivizms; anda mivyavarT mravalmniSvnelovan 

daskvnebamde, rogorc ki maT literaturis Teoriis 

sferoSi movaqcevT, sadac yuradReba gadatanilia ùniversalurze~ 

da ara `kerZoze~. swored am dasasrulidan gamomdinareobs 

eqsperimentulad dadasturebuli Tezisi poeziaSi 

saerTo elementebis Sesaxeb; Tezisi, romlis ilustra- 

111

ciacaa iaponuri, centraluri aziis, vedas masalebi 150 da a.S. 

ritualuri sqemebis arseboba (indoeTSi, saberZneTSi da a.S.), 

romlebic gadaiqcevian xolme kanonikur Txzulebebad da 

Semdeg – `poeziad~, naTels hfens sxva universalur movlenas, 

literaturis istoriis namdvil `kanons~: sasuliero poeziidan 

saero poeziaze gadasvlas. alegoriis meqanizmi erTi da 

igivea Sua saukuneebis qristianul da indur poeziaSi, iseve 

rogorc didi epikuri poemebis Temebis agebuleba. 151 dasavleT 

evropeli bardebis msgavsad, winareislamuri periodis arabi 

poetebi arian agreTve omis istoriisa da genealogiis mTxrobelebi 

152 da a.S. Tu gnebavT, es enciklopediuri codnaa, magram 

mxolod erTi SexedviT. es aris universaluri literaturis 

Teoria da, ubralod, literaturis Teoria, radgan mizna 

isaxavs invariantebis garkvevas da Semdeg literaturis garkveuli 

tipis gansazRvrebis (universaluris) Camoyalibebas. 

5. kritika da uaryofiTi Sefaseba 

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom invariantebis 

Teoria, rogorc axali komparativistuli midgomis sayrdeni, 

iyo da kvlavac aris Znelad asaTvisebeli. es koncefcia 

mudam iwvevs mkacr kritikas tradiciuli komparativizmis 

momxreebisgan da, zogadad, Zveli skolebis warmomadgenlebisgan. 

es kritika imave xasiaTisaa, rogoric gamoiwvia komparativistulma 

literaturulma Teoriam da misma ganzogadebebma, 

romelTac gavecaniT zemoT, an kidev nebismierma `poetikurma~ 

midgomam, romelic ìstoriul~ perspeqtivas uswrebs 

da masze maRla dgas. ase rom, invariantebis dasacavi 

argumentaciis xelaxla Sedgena da sinTezurad CarTva ar 

aris damokidebuli mWevrmetyvelebaze, aramed Seqcevadobis, 

aucilebeli Teoriuli da meTodologiuri invariantulobis 

kidev erTi da zusti SemTxvevaa (winamdebare eses suliskve- 

Tebisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT). 

kargad aris cnobili reaqcia am axali radikalurad Teoriuli 

perspeqtivis mimarT: sifrTxile, SiSi, mtruli damokidebuleba. 

istorikosebi, cxadia, ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen 

bundovani da zedapiruli ganzogadebebis, Tavisufali arCevanis, 

istoriuli sulis uqonlobis, anaqronizmis da amqveynad 

arsebuli yvela codvis gamo. qvemoT moxmobil citatebSi ma- 

Sinve amoicnobT istoriuli midgomis momxreTa Zvel pozitivistur, 

konkretul SemTxvevaze damyarebul `simReras~: `Cven 

ubralod uars vambobT, rom Tanmimdevrulobas safuZvlad 

davudoT anaqronizmi~. 153 ar arsebobs istoriuli Tanmimdev- 

112

uloba, aramed mxolod `yalbi safuZvliseuli azrebi, romliTac 

savsea ararsebuli universaluri movlenebis istoria~. 

154 maSasadame, fenomenologia da istoriuli morfologia, 

metaistoriuli kategoriebi, sazogadoebaTa da saxelmwifoTa 

tipologia (toinbiseuli Janri), stilistikis konceptebi 

da sxva ram, rac istoriulad gadmogvecema, mTlianad unda 

moviSoroT. katulusi – `romantikosi~? ki magram, is xom 

mxolod erTxel gamoCnda istoriaSi! kidev metic, gamoCnda 

im epoqaSi, roca ar arsebobda... romantizmi. 155 ai, meore istorikosic, 

Tavis mxriv, uaryofs `msoflio eklesiis, universaluri 

saxelmwifos an barbarosebis Semosevis gaugebar abstraqtul 

konceptebs, ambobs: SevadaroT imisTvis, rom safuZvlianad 

SevZloT am mxolobiTi SemTxvevebis Canacvleba 

mravlobiTiT~. 156 is ubralo faqti, rom miuxedavad yvelafrisa, 

arsebobs pirdapiri da aucilebeli dialeqtikuri kavSiri 

`mravlobiTsa~ da `mxolobiTs~ Soris, ar afiqrebs am 

profesionalebs. 

romc movindomoT, mainc verafers gavxdebiT im komparativistebTan, 

romlebic jiutad emxrobian meorexarisxovan da 

genetikur faqtobriv kavSirebs (àman gamoiwvia es~), ganxiluls 

mkacrad pozitivisturi maneriT, invarianti rCeba ra- 

Rac Zvelmanad. maTi azriT, igi tradiciuli da, imavdroulad, 

internacionaluri xasiaTisaa, ar gaaCnia araviTari 

myari dokumenturi safuZveli. invarianti erTgvar Tavbrusxvevasac 

ki iwvevs yovelTvis, roca jiuti komparativistebi 

grZnoben rogor mieqanebian terrae incognitae-sken. aqedan gamomdinare, 

ganmeorebad Tematologias uwodeben `naCqarevs da banalurs~ 

(hastly and trivial), 157 maSin rodesac invariantebis Zieba, 

maTi azriT, iqneboda `moCvenebiTi da amao mizani~; ufro metic, 

amgvari midgoma SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis- 

Tvis iqneboda namdvili ìdeologiuri da meTodologiuri 

TviTmkvleloba~ 158 (sic!). miuxedavad amisa, ukanaskneli cnobebis 

Tanaxmad, komparativistika mSvenivrad ganagrZobs arsebobas, 

TviTmkvlelobis araviTari survili ar gaaCnia... mainc 

saWiroa misi dacva `mouxelTebeli jaSuSebisagan, romelTa 

saqcieli yovlad upatiosnoa...~. 159 

literaturis istorikosTa (romelTac, rogorc cnobilia, 

arasodes umuSaviaT gemovnebis da RirebulebaTa Sefasebis 

kritikaSi), literaturis esTetikosTa da antierudit 

kritikosTa saocari kavSiris ZaliT, sawinaaRmdego polusze 

gaerTianda yvela SeniSvna, romelic gamomdinareobs nawarmoebebis 

gankerZoebulobidan Tu erovnuli literaturebidan. 

maTi azriT, arsebobs mxolod mkacrad gankerZoebuli lite- 

113

aturuli struqturebi, romelic gancalkevebuli arian TavianTi 

unikalurobiT. mgoni aRar aris saWiro imis gameoreba, 

rom nawarmoebis unikaluroba ewinaaRmdegeba yovelgvar invariants. 

es imas niSnavs, rom invarianti moqceulia ormxriv 

cecxlSi, kritikis ormag seriaSi, rac Tavs iyris erT wertilSi: 

invarianti ar arsebobs. igi aris wminda wylis iluzia, 

mecnieruli da meTodologiuri Secdoma. 

am SemTxvevaSi cxadia, SeuZlebelia analogia da invariantuloba! 

`gansxvavebuli da TviT kontrastuli elementebi 

sxvadasxva erovnul literaturebs Soris asjer ufro sagrZnobia 

vidre garegnuli msgavsebani, romlebic maT aaxloebs~. 

160 es SeiZleba swori an mcdari iyos Tvalsazrisis da 

perspeqtivis mixedviT, agreTve magaliTebis damowmebis wesis 

Sesabamisad. nebismieri meTodologiuri da Teoriuli unifikaciisadmi 

aseTi winaaRmdegoba, rogorc mosalodnelia iyo, 

gaCnda `saerTo adgilebis~ (locus communis) mimarTac, romlebic 

miCneulia ìnertul~, `mkvdar~ adgilebad literaturul nawarmoebSi, 

sadac Warbobs ìndividualuri midrekileba~, `saerTo 

adgilebidan~ (locus communis) gaucxoeba-gancalkeveba. 161 

es savsebiT sworia, magram ar exeba invariantis statuss. yvela 

ganxiluli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, invarianti dakavSirebulia 

mxolod erTi nawarmoebis an nawarmoebTa jgufis saerTo 

elementebTan, rasac aseve ver uarvyofT. invariantis 

savsebiT uarsayofad Tavdapirvelad da umTavresad uari unda 

vTqvaT am tipis gamokvlevebze, rac literaturis yovelgvari 

esTetikisa da Teoriis wminda da martivi uaryofis 

tolfasi iqneboda. cxadia, imave replikas vismenT Tematologiis 

an konteqstis mixedviT cvalebadi funqciebis poziciebze 

mdgomTagan. magram Tu èrTsa da imave elements~ sxvadasxva 

konteqstSi gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvs (udavo Tezisia), 

gana es imas niSnavs, rom yvelafris miuxedavad, mudmivobisa 

da Tanmimdevrulobis faqtori arsebobs? kidev erTxel vxedavT, 

rom es aris mxolod meTodologiuri problema: invarianti 

gamomdinareobs ramdenime elementis identurobidan, 

misi funqcionaluri istoriuli statusidan. isev da isev 

mxolod sakiTxisadmi midgomaSi gvaqvs gansxvaveba. es aris 

mTavari problema ganzogadebis nebismieri procesis dros. ar 

uaryofen `garkveul ganmeorebadobas~, `raRac saerTos~ yvela 

zepir literaturaSi. magram gansxvavebuli stili, kulturis 

simbolika, sajarod warmoTqmis gansxvavebuli pirobebi, 

socialuri konteqsti nebismier ganzogadebas gadaaqcevs 

ùbralo spekulaciad, sicxadis (obieqturis) nacvlad, an 

tavtologiamde dahyavs is~. am rkinis logikis ZaliT, araso- 

114

des iqneboda leqsikonebSi (da sxvagan) zepiri literaturis 

gansazRvrebebi an kidev amave (semantikurad motivirebuli) 

saTauris mqone wignebi. isec xdeba, rom erTi da igive avtorebi 

uaryofen (zepiri) literaturis globalur gansazRvrebas 

da aRiareben mis konkretul gansazRvrebas Janrebis mixedviT 

(lirikuli da a.S.), 162 am dros aviwydebaT, rom ganmazogadebeli 

gansazRvrebis meqanizmi orive SemTxvevaSi 

identuria! 

komparativistikis axali programis mamoZravebeli Zala 

aris tipologiuri kvleva da kategoriebis gansazRvra. es 

aris mis mier Riad, meTodologiurad aRiarebuli sagangebo 

saxelmZRvanelo gegma. SeiZleba misi safuZvlebis uaryofa, 

magram maTi aRiarebisTanave saWiroa, agreTve, Sedegebis dadastureba: 

unda gadailaxos kerZo literaturul individualobaTa 

horizonti imisaTvis, rom gadavideT yvelaze zogad 

literaturul kategoriebze. Tu `sistema~ viwrovdeba mis qveda 

zRvarze, Tu is mimarTulia kerZosa da gansxvavebulisaken, 

is Tvalmiuwvdenlad farTovdeba mis zeda zRvarze, rogorc 

ki mtkiced iqneba mimarTuli kategoriebisa da erTgvarovnebisaken. 

faqtobrivad, yvelaferi mimarTulia ganzogadebisa 

da abstraqciisaken, literaturis Teoriuli da zogadi 

Sekvecisaken~. vis SeuZlia zusti zRvaris gavleba poetikasa 

da poetikis `metismet~ ganzogadebas Soris? am Tvalsazriss 

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba kidev erTxel gadahyavs 

sruliad axal, mTeli Tanamedrove poetikis niadagze anu literaturis 

universalurobaze, rac literaturis Teoriis safuZvelia. 

istoriasa da faqtebze dayrdnobili komparativistika, 

rogorc vxedavT, miznisa da meTodis Zireuli cvlilebis 

wyalobiT xdeba universalisturi da kategoriebiT datvirTuli. 

ìnvariantis~ TviT idea ganzogadebis Sedegia, daaxloebaTa 

mTeli seriis arsebiTi da koncefciadqceuli 

nayofia. amgvarad, am abstraqtul planSi (romelsac aqvs misi 

arsebobis ZiriTadi motivebi) literatura dayvanilia saerTo 

mniSvnelebamde, romlebic erTdroulad pirobiTic aris da 

tradiciulic. magram konceptebi rom ar iyos mTlianad an 

nawilobriv adekvaturi da misaRebi, isini, vinc maT iyenebs, 

didi xnis win TviTon ityodnen uars maTze (es xdeba zogjer), 

rogorc yalbsa da araadekvaturze. maSasadame, saerTo 

elementebis garkveuli raodenoba yovelTvis aris miCneuli 

aseTad da, rac ar unda iyos, amarTlebs literaturis Teoriuli 

`trafaretebis~ arsebobas. 

zustad am sakiTxis gamo xdeba yvela savaraudo ganxeTqileba 

da uTanxmoeba Zvel da axal komparativistikas Soris. 

115

literaturuli kategoriebi, invariantiT dawyebuli, realuria 

mxolod konceptebis doneze, radgan maTi struqtura da 

saboloo mecnieruli mizandasaxuloba (amas davubrundebiT 

momdevno TavSi) gulisxmobs Teoriul da meTodologiur 

miznebs, romlebic konceptis bunebidan gamomdinareobs; koncepti 

xom abstraqtuli da zogadi warmodgenaa, romelic 

grZnobadi sinamdvilidan arsebiTs iRebs. SeiZleba kidev er- 

Txel Segvepasuxon, rogorc, sxvaTa Soris, xSirad iqceodnen 

xolme: Cven ar gvWirdeba arc literaturis Teoriuli gansazRvreba 

an literaturuli kategoriebis dadgena (Janri, 

forma da a.S.); Cven literatura gvainteresebs mxolod rogorc 

`teqsti~, rogorc `siamovneba~, rogorc ùtile dulci~ da 

a.S. magram rogorc ki dainteresdeba vinme literaturis TeoriiT, 

rac kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli, veRar uaryofs, rom 

srulyofili ìndividualoba~ (e.i. invariantuloba) ganxorcieldeba 

mxolod ideologiebis doneze (rac namdvilad 

sworia, magram ar qmnis araviTar uxerxulobas), an kidev ver 

uaryofs, rom paralelebze dayrdnobili ganzogadeba daiyvaneba 

martiv `saerTo adgilebze~ (locus communis). 163 es gardauvalia 

TviT im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom es `saerTo adgilebi~ 

(locus communis), e.i. zogadi elementebi – konceptebi da invariantebi 

sagangebod aris gamokvleuli principulad da meTodurad. 

amgvari kritika niSnavs Cveni problemis specifikuri 

gegmis srul ucodinarobas. zogadi dakvirvebani, `saerTo 

faqtorebis~ Zieba da a.S., ra Tqma unda, ar aris didi codva 

(tradiciuli komparativistebis TvalsazrisiT)¹64, aramed qmnis 

komparativistuli poetikis sayrden aparats. cxadia, saqme ar 

exeba uzustes monacemebs, absolutur daskvnebs, srul damajereblobas, 

rasac pozitivisturi xedva moiTxovs. invarianti 

xasiaTdeba garkveuli relativizmiT, radgan misi realuroba, 

upirveles yovlisa, dasturdeba mxolod zogad sistemasTan 

erTobliobaSi, romelSic CarTulia igi da namdvilad 

xdeba qmediTi. manamde is unda aviRoT da ganvsazRvroT cum 

grano salis, niuansebiTa da sifrTxiliT. 

rogorc vxedavT, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas, rom saerTo 

elementebi ar iyos moCvenebiTi, saeWvo da ganzogadeba 

– gaumarTlebeli. 

116

V 

komparativistuli meTodi 

Cveni mTavari mizani – literaturis Teoriis anu komparativistuli 

`poetikis~ Seqmna _ moiTxovs meTodis dazustebas, 

romelic aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcielebis saSualebas 

iZleva. martivi `Sedareba~ ar aris sakmarisi. amiT aris gamowveuli 

Zalian (gana saWiroa amis gameoreba?) miaxloebiTi da 

Seusabamo, Zalian gavrcelebuli sityvieri etiketis (`komparativizmi~) 

gamoyeneba, romelic mTlianad moicavs am operaciebs. 

albaT, es Cvevaa an inercia. 

1. gansakuTrebuli meTodi 

Tavidanve unda gavarkvioT ramdenime ZiriTadi problema. 

Tu `komparativizmi~ warmoadgens literaturuli kritikisa 

da istoriis aucilebel nawils, maTi tradiciuli gansaz- 

Rvrebebis Tanaxmad, maSin misi `meTodi~ `Cveulebrivi~ literaturuli 

kritikisa da istoriis Sesabamisi iqneba. am mxriv 

araviTari realuri meTodologiuri progresi mosalodneli 

ar aris. magram komparativizmi mowodebulia wmindad Teoriuli 

mimarTulebisTvis, orientacia aRebuli aqvs literaturisaken 

(universalurisaken), is varaudobs, is moiTxovs kidec 

axali miznis Sesaferis meTods, romelsac mivyavarT literaturis 

Teoriamde. swored aq unda aRiniSnos xazgasmiT, 

rom es axali `komparativizmi~ moiTxovs avtonomiur meTodologias. 

cxadia, is Tavis saunjes miiRebs iq, sadac ipovis 

mas, magram mopovebuli meTodebis erToblioba iqneba dasaxuli 

miznis Sesabamisad xelaxla gansazRvruli, readaptirebuli 

da reorganizebuli. mxolod amgvarad SeiZleba aseTi Sedegis 

misaRwevad saWiro gansakuTrebuli teqnikis axali daniSnulebiT 

gansazRvra. 

am axali komparativizmis mTavari amocana iqneba ama Tu 

im arsebuli meTodis gameorebis Tavidan acileba, Tundac 

mas mouxdes Tavis msvlelobaSi an gzis dasasruls imave Sedegebamde 

misvla, rac cnobili meTodebiT aris miRweuli. am 

TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia, rom meTodi ufro metad Rirebuli 

iyos, vidre Sedegi, radgan igi Semofarglavs da gakvalavs 

codnis axal sferos. meore mxriv, ar unda dagvaviwydes, 

rom meTodi fasobs imiT, Tu vin iyenebs mas, ar arsebobs 

117

saswaulebrivi gadawyvetileba, magram meTodologiuri orientaciis 

gareSe yvelaferi wyalSi Caiyreba. miaxloebiToba da 

improvizacia gardauvalia. Tavi unda davizRvioT, agreTve da 

amTaviTve, zogierTi bunebrivi maxisa da dabrkolebisagan, 

romelsac SeuZlia Cafiqrebuli operaciis CaSla. 

pirvel rigSi, dauSvebelia winamorbedTa Rvawlis ucodinaroba 

an qedmaRlurad ugulvebelyofa. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, 

arsebobs garkveuli komparativistuli meTodologiuri 

tradicia da saWiroa misgan masalebis SerCeva. SeuZlebelia 

as welze meti xnis komparativistuli azrovnebisa da 

praqtikis wyalSi gadayra: forToxali jer kargad unda gamovwuroT 

da qerqi mere unda gadavagdoT. komparativizms, Tu 

is `namdvilia~, ar sWirdeba didi sesxis, meqanikuri saSualebebis 

sxvagan Zieba, vidre wvril badeSi ar gaatarebs yvela 

arsebul did da patara elements, romlebis gamoyenebac isev 

SeiZleba; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sanam ar Seiswavlis Rrmad 

sakuTar `Sinagan resursebs~. es ukanaskneli jer kidev Sesaswavlia 

da, ra Tqma unda, dasaxvewi da ara savsebiT dasaviwyebeli 

ama Tu im inteleqtualuri Tu meTodologiuri modis 

sanacvlod. 

Tavidan unda aviciloT kidev erTi gaugebroba: xSirad 

erevaT erTmaneTSi tradiciuli filologiuri da istoriuli 

meTodebis mTeli seria (romelic ar SeiZleba, rom 

komparativistikam ugulebelyos) da sakuTriv komparativistuli 

meTodi, romelic unda iyos avtonomiuri da romlis- 

Tvisac sxva danarCeni meTodebi globalur ganxilvaSi Car- 

Tuli mxolod nawilobrivi da gardamavali procedurebi da 

xerxebia. rodesac amboben, rom komparativizms ara aqvs `mxolod 

erTi meTodi~, 1 is farTod iyenebs aRweras, interpretacias, 

axsna-ganmartebas, Sedarebas, paralelebs da sxva, es 

erTdroulad marTalic aris da tyuilic. simarTlea imitom, 

rom es meTodebi, romelTa gamoyeneba komparativistikis sferos 

cildeba da romelTac ar gaaCniaT araviTari sagangebo 

komparativistuli niSani, nebismieri meToduri kvlevebisTvis 

aucilebelia, rogorc Semadgeneli nawilebi; tyuilia imis 

gamo, rom es Tezisi gamoricxavs erTbaSad axali da specifikuri 

komparativistuli meTodis hipoTezas, romelsac SeuZlia 

axali TvalsazrisiT moawyos da gamarTos Zveli meTodebis 

erToblioba. amis gamo, komparativistika mijaWvulia 

gansakuTrebiT istoriul da genetikur meTodebze, romelTa 

sicocxlisunarianoba ufro didi aRmoCnda; aman gamoiwvia 

komparativizmis Semofargvla literaturis istoriis martivi 

dargis CarCoebiT. amgvar midgomas mivyavarT SedarebiTi 

118

literaturuli esTetikis sruliad sxva JanrTan, romelic, 

ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, dayvanilia martiv literaturul 

stilistikamde. 

aranakleb aucilebelia ekleqtikisadmi mtkice winaaRmdegobis 

gaweva. im pirobebSi, roca originaluri komparativistuli 

meTodologiuri azrovneba naklebad ganviTarebulia, 

axali meTodebis wnexis qveS vawydebiT sapirispiro movlenas 

– sul ufro mravalricxovan hibridul wanazardebs; 

isini unda moviSoroT, radgan xelovnuria da maTi asimilacia 

(Serwyma) SeuZlebelia. Sedegad, axali meTodebis uzomo 

SemoTavazebebis gamo (struqturalizmi, semiotika, romlebic 

gamomdinareobs recefciis an komunikaciis Teoriidan), komparativizmi 

gadaiqca sakuWnaod; amas aucileblad mosdevs ama 

Tu im moduri disciplinis mier komparativistikis aneqsia da 

sabolood STanTqma. aravin edaveba maT sakuTar sferoSi, 

magram ra jadoqrobiT xdebian es meTodebi TandaTan `komparativistuli~, 

rodesac komparativizmi moulodnelad 

`struqturalistur~ an `semiotikur~ saxes iRebs? aucilebeli 

da nayofieri gavlenaa es Tu samuSao sqemebis meqanikuri 

gadmotana, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebuli miznebisTvis 

aris SemuSavebuli? normaluri meTodolologiuri evolucia 

Tu heterogenuli teqnikis konglomerati, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba 

sinTezs? (rom ar vifiqroT, saqme exeba, ubralod, zedapirul 

terminologiur `nakrebso~). 

simarTle rom vTqvaT, komparativistikis kavSiri axal 

tendenciebTan dRevandeli dRiT ar TariRdeba: 2 es aris Tanamedrove 

kulturuli konteqstis Zlieri gavlenisa da komparativizmis 

mudmivad susti meTodologiuri avtonomiis Sedegi. 

arsebobs `Ria karis~ tradicia, romelzec mudam aris mo- 

Txovna da romlis specifikuri argumentebi daaxloebiT qvemoT 

iqneba CamoTvlili, axla ki daviwyoT erT-erTi savaldebuloTi 

– `meTodebis pluralizmiT~. mas mxars uWeren, rogorc 

faqtobriv situacias; meore mxriv ki imitom hyavs momxreebi, 

rom arCevani SeuZlebeli iqneboda an imitom, rom er- 

Ti meTodi meoris garantiaa. Tanamedrove kvleva meTodologiis 

sferoSi 3 pirdapir Tu iribad dadebiTad afasebs meTodebis 

Tanaarsebobas. amasTanave, saSualebas iZleva, rom 

daviwyebas mieces `komparativistuli~ meTodi, Tundac is 

dayvanil iqnas martiv `Sedarebamde~. 

gana es sakvirvelia mas Semdeg, rac komparativistebi 

TviTon ilaSqreben mxolod erTi meTodis `monopoliis~ winaaRmdeg, 

rac niSnavs ekleqtizmis daufarav qebas? 4 aqedan 

gamomdinareobs yvelaze TvalsaCino meTodebis ìntegraciis~ 

119

an `STanTqmis~ taqtika (`Tuki komparativizms surs darCes inteleqtualuri 

progresis centrSi~). 5 tipobrivi argumenti 

ormagad sagulisxmoa, romlis Tanaxmadac, erTi mxriv, yvela 

meTodi iqneboda `meorexarisxovani~, meore mxriv ki, es meTodebi 

`gaacocxlebda Cvens dargs~. 6 erTi SexedviT, ufro damajerebeli 

Cans kidev erTi Tvalsazrisi: radgan komparativizmi 

aris `literaturis Seswavla~ (all literature), man `principulad 

unda dauSvas yvela meTodis gamoyeneba~ (all methods of 

approach). 7 magram es mosazreba, upirveles yovlisa, ver uZlebs 

TviT `literaturis~ (all literature) gansazRvrebis martiv 

moTxovnas. es iseTi mizania, romlis miRweva SeuZlebelia 

`yvela meTodis~ ganurCeveli gamoyenebiT. igi ganxorcieldeba 

mxolod erTi meTodiT, specifikuri, am miznisaken mimar- 

Tuli meTodiT, rogoric Cven warmogvidgenia an sxva meTodiT, 

magram isev `monisturiT~. maSasadame, marTali arian 

komparativistebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian Zneladmosanelebel 

Methodenpluralismus, ar eTanxmebian sxva dargebis Teoriul 

poziciebs da ocneboben erT meTodze, romelic iqneba 

`nawilobriv an mTlianad Cveni~ (partly or wholly our own). 8 miuxedavad 

amisa, isini jer kidev dganan Rrma tradiciul poziciebze 

an kidev xsnas imagologiaSi da mentalobis Semswavlel 

mecnierebaSi xedaven. cxadia, am disciplinebs aqvT saku- 

Tari interesis sfero, magram isini orientirebuli ar arian 

komparativistuli poetikis mizanze: literaturis, rogorc 

azrovnebisa da gamoxatvis specifikuri formis gansazRvrisa 

da Seswavlisaken. 

am TvalsazrisiT, problema kvlav Riad rCeba. mosalodnelia, 

rom mdgomareoba ucvleli iqneba, sanam romelime axali 

meTodi ar gamoCndeba Sesaferis komparativistul perspeqtivaSi, 

rogoric Cven ganvsazRvreT da safuZvlianad miviCnieT. 

Tu komparativistebi maTi midgomis centrSi ar daayeneben 

literaturis sagans, literaturas da Tu isini uars 

ityvian mis gansazRvraze an CaaxSoben mas rTul msjelobaSi, 

romelic, faqtobrivad, sxva tipis sakiTxebs pasuxobs, gamosavali 

karga xans ar gamoCndeba. 

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sxvaTa Soris, sarwmuno araferi 

isaxeba aqamde; es imitom xdeba, rom yvela dasaxelebuli me- 

Todi: struqturalizmi, semiologia, `komunikacia~, `recefcia~, 

teqstis Teoria da a.S. Camoyalibda avtonomiur disciplinad, 

komparativizmisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli meTodebi- 

Ta da miznebiT. maT mier miRweuli saboloo Sedegi gaxlavT 

literaturis, rogorc terminologiis, Teoriuli tradiciis, 

specifikuri avtonomiuri gansazRvrebisa da struqturis bo- 

120

lomde `daSla~. literatura gadaiqca `struqturad~, `niSnad~, 

`komunikaciad~, `teqstad~ da a.S. savsebiT kanonieri safuZvelia, 

ueWvelad, magram komparativizmTan misi gaerTianeba 

im pirobiT, rom es dargi isev SeinarCunebs sakuTar Teoriul, 

epistemologiur da kulturul safuZvlebs – jer kidev 

ganuxorcielebelia. 

aviRoT struqturalizmis magaliTi, romlis moqmedebis 

are iseTi universaluri gaxda, rom literatura TiTqmis gaqra 

TvalTaxedvidan. ra gansxvavebaa Teoriuli, `poetikuri~ 

Tu sxva saxis komparativizmis sferoSi arsebul literaturul 

struqturasa (davuSvaT, rom arsebobs aseTi struqtura) 

da nebismier sxva `struqturas~ Soris? anda literaturul 

komunikaciasa da ubralod `komunikacias~ Soris? 9 erTi saukeTeso 

mcdelobis miuxedavad, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 

mainc verafers mivaRwieT (imedi viqonioT, rom es droebiTia), 

radgan yvela gamoyenebul sintagmaSi (`literaturuli teqsti~, 

`literaturuli komunikacia~, `literaturuli sistema~, 

`literaturuli kodi~), sityva `literaturuli~ jer kidev 

ar aris kargad gansazRvruli. ra safuZvelze gamoyofen mas 

`komunikaciisagan~ an `teqstisagan~? mankieri wre Sekrulia: 

`literaturuli komunikaciis~ Sedegebs ipovnian operaciis 

bolos, magram niadagi winaswar ar aris momzadebuli mkafio 

da naTeli hipoTezebiT: gvTavazoben komunikaciis Teorias, 

magram agreTve Teoriul-literaturuli komunikaciis, komparativistuli 

komunikaciis Teorias (ratomac ara?) da a.S. ra 

gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, Revue de literature comparée-s (`Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturaTmcodneobis Jurnali~) statiebSi mocemul 

`komunikaciasa~ da Génie civil-Si (`samoqalaqo mSenebloba~) mocemul 

“komunikacias” Soris? komparativizmis gaTanamedrovebis 

mizniT, gvirCeven `faqtobrivi kavSirebis~ `literaturuli 

kodebis~ SeswavliT Secvlas. metad sasurveli operaciaa, 

magram mainc ganuxorcielebelia, Tu yoveli kodisaTvis 

calke ar gansazRvraven `literaturis~ gansakuTrebul ideas, 

saidanac es kodebi momdinareoben. amitom aris savaldebulo 

am ideis istoriasTan da istoriul semantikasTan dabruneba. 

es aris ZiriTadi operacia, romelic `kodebis~ Teoretikosebs 

(da ara literaturuli ideebis istorikosebs, romlebic 

ufro ganswavluli arian am sferoSi), rogorc Cans, gamorCaT 

mxedvelobidan. 

mdgomareoba kvlav saorWofoa da yovel wuTs SeiZleba 

movtyuvdeT. erTi SexedviT, ufro misaRebi Cans (am momentis- 

Tvis mainc) ìnterteqstualobis~ Teoria. zogierTebi (arc 

Tu umciresoba) amaSi xedaven myar safuZvels an erTaderT 

121

SesaZleblobas komparativizmisTvis. 10 magram, saukeTeso Sem- 

TxvevaSi, ìnterteqstualoba~ moicavs mxolod komparativizmis 

Zalian mcire fragments. faqtobrivad, saqme exeba mxolod 

axal termins Zalian nacnobi da tradiciuli `gavlenebis- 

Tvis~ (plagiati, citireba, reminiscencia, aluzia, imitacia, 

parodia, mibaZva, parafrazi, mokled, `literaturiT Seqmnili 

literaturis~ mTeli sfero). 11 es igive mRvdelia, magram WilofSi. 

am mxriv komparativizmis problematika rCeba Zalian 

SezRuduli; dapirebuli ganaxleba da gafarToeba isev survilebis 

doneze rCeba mxolod. iqneb recefciis Teoriam gamogviyvanos 

gasaWiridan? Soridan is yvelaze mwyobri, sakuTari 

sferos mqone Cans, sadac ueWvelad SeiZleba `gavlenis~ cneba 

Seicvalos `recefciiT~ da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, xelaxla 

Cndeba gadamwyveti dilema: `komparativizmi~ an unda iyos Se- 

Tavsebadi meTodi da darCes martiv saxeldebiT, terminologiur 

pirobiTobad; Sesabamisad, is Zalian marTebulad SeiZleba 

Seicvalos `semiotikiT~, ìnterteqstualobiT~, `recefciiT~ 

da a.S.; anda komparativizmi unda aRniSnavdes specifikur 

operaciebs da am SemTxvevaSi es termini SesanarCunebelia 

da dasazustebeli. interferenciis, Tanxvedris, Sepirispirebis 

SemTxvevaSi, ris uaryofac SeuZlebelia, romeli kriteriumi 

gadawyvets aRiarebuli terminologiis Secvlas Tu 

SenarCunebas, ase vTqvaT, arCevans semiotikur komparativizmsa 

da komparativistul semiotikas Soris? dasaSvebia erTaderTi 

pasuxi: meTodi unda iyos specifikuri, romelic yvela SemTxvevaSi 

gamoricxavs hibriduli, naZaladevi, xelovnuri gavlenebis 

Semotevas. meTodebis specifikurobis da avtonomiis SenarCuneba 

aris, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi meTodi, romelsac 

SeuZlia uzrunvelyos codnis gafarToeba. 

miuxedavad garkveuli gadatvirTvisa da aranakleb sagrZnobi 

gajerebisa struqturalistur-semiotikuri cnebebiT, 

komparativistul meTodologias (namdvils) bevri ram aqvs 

saswavli àxali meTodebisagan~, pirvel rigSi, maTi simtkice 

da ukompromisoba, gansakuTrebiT maTi universalisturi 

miswrafeba. Tuki arsebobs `zogadi semiotika~, ratom ar unda 

arsebobdes, agreTve, `zogadi SedarebiTi poetika~? SeiZleba 

visargebloT TviT maTi SezRudvis unariTac, anu reduqcionizmiT, 

im azriT, rom win wamovwioT, ase vTqvaT, garkveuli 

(da nayofieri) komparativistuli reduqcionizmi. Tu `mecnierul~ 

meTodebs literatura dahyavT enobriv faqtamde, kargad 

gagebuli komparativizmi gamoricxavs am mavne asimilacias, 

am uzomo panlingvizms. 12 igi `SezRudavs~ mis miznebs mebrZoli 

literaturuli ideologiisa da sruluflebiani li- 

122

teraturis Teoriis donemde, romlisTvisac ena mxolod da 

mxolod instrumentia. am TeoriisTvis mxolod `dasrulebuli 

produqcia~ rCeba Seswavlis privilegirebul sagnad. vinaidan 

literatura ufro metia, vidre romelime enobrivi monacemi, 

enaTmecnierebas ar SeuZlia pasuxi gasces literaturis 

yvela sakiTxs, TviT yvelaze specifikursac ki, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

rom specifikuroba, `literaturuloba~ sxvagan 

unda veZioT, rasac SemogTavazebT winamdebare eses dasasruls. 

amgvarad, es iSviaTi konceptualuri da meTodologiuri 

aparati aucileblad scildeba mizans, upirveles yovlisa, 

gaurkvevlobis, meryeobis an centraluri konceptis, literaturis 

konceptis sruli uqonlobis gamo. SedarebiTi poetika, 

pirvel rigSi, miznad isaxavs swored literaturis 

konceptis TvalsaCinod gamoyofas. xelmeored gavamaxvilebT 

yuradRebas, Tu ratom ar exeba pirdapir literaturis SedarebiT 

Teorias arc `miTebis~, arc `saxeebis~ da arc `mentalobis~ 

Seswavla; imitom, rom es movlenebi ar aris specifikurad 

`literaturuli~; maT xSirad aklia TviT teqstobrivi 

gamoxatuleba, romelic dakavSirebulia damwerlobasTan. ufro 

metic, am kvlevebis perspeqtiva yovelTvis da savsebiT 

istoriulia. 

ai, ramdeni argumenti gvaqvs imisTvis, rom erTdroulad 

gamovricxoT ekleqtizmi da meTodologiuri xelCaqneuloba 

_ komparativistuli (specifikurad) meTodis es ori didi 

dabrkoleba. SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis saerTaSoriso 

asociaciis bolo yrilobebis aqtebis sarCevi gviCvenebs 

meTodologiuri Cxirkedelaobis srul suraTs, maSin rodesac 

universaluri literaturis SeswavlisTvis saWiro àxali 

meTodebis~ srulyofili aTviseba mxolod sawyis etapzea. 

13 ekleqtizmi, imis CaTvliT, romelic moqmedebs `literaturul 

mecnierebaSi~, safuZvels uryevs da ayalbebs kvlevebis 

mimarTulebas ise, rom ver iqmneba axali sinTezi, `meta- 

Teoria~. 14 rac Seexeba komparativizmis meTodologiur `kapitulacias~, 

es aris Tanamedrove filosofiebisa da meTodologiebis 

usazRvro avtoritetis winaSe misi `ganiaraRebis~ 

Sedegi; es ukanasknelni, rogorc Cans, zRudaven mis horizonts. 

erT-erTi analitikuri filosofiis Tanaxmad, literaturul 

mecnierebas arc unda hqondes meTodi, radgan logikis 

meTodi unda iyos erTaderTi SesaZlebeli meTodi. 15 

cxadia, roca ar gaaCniaT zusti mizani, roca vera da 

ver daudgeniaT komparativizmis sfero, verc Tanamedrove me- 

Todebis Sesabamis adgils miuCenen mas 16 da verc daakanoneben 

amgvari xasiaTis kvlevas. sxvaTa Soris, istoriuli kvleve- 

123

is momxre komparativistebisTvis `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas 

ar gaaCnia specifikuri meTodologia da unda ganixilebodes 

literaturis istoriis specializebul ganStoebad~: 

aqedan gamomdinareobs qedmaRluri gulgriloba `meTodologiis 

Seqmnis unarisadmi~ (methodische Erregbarkeit). 17 sxvebi 

saubroben `meTodis Ziebaze, rogorc mosabezrebel saqmeze` 

da frTxilad gamoTqvamen eWvs `specifikurad komparativistuli 

meTodis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, romelic ar iqneba miCneuli 

àSkarad ganvlil~ 18 etapad. zogierTi ufro Semrigebluri 

Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, specifikuri komparativistuli 

meTodebi (maTi arsebobis kvalobaze) mainc gamoiyeneba, magram 

maTi ricxvi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, `SedarebiT mcirea~. 19 saboloo 

angariSiT, Tu sagani cudad aris gansazRvruli, veraviTari 

specifikuri meTodologia ver Camoayalibebs mas – 

aseTia obieqturi komparativistebis palinodia. 20 amiT aixsneba 

sawinaaRmdego poziciebis mniSvneloba (rogoric ar unda 

iyos SemoTavazebuli gadawyvetilebebi). am poziciebSi sayveduria 

gamoTqmuli èmpiriuli disciplinis~ Sesaxeb (romelic 

mowodebulia, rom viTarebis mixedviT, droebiT gadawyvitos 

èrTi SemTxveva meoris Semdeg~) an `meTodologiuri 

deficitis~ da gansxvavebuli kritikuli meTodologiebis 

martivi `Tanwyobis~ gamo. 21 

2. axali `paradigma~ 

rogorc vxedavT, aucilebeli gaxda meTodologiuri 

perspeqtivis `paradigmis~ (dRevandel enaze Tu vityviT) Zireuli 

cvlileba. keTili, magram rogoria es axali `paradigma~? 

upirveles yovlisa, es aris iseTi `paradigma~, romelic 

moiTxovs axal sagans da axal komparativistul meTods, rac 

niSnavs (namdvil) komparativistul `poetikas~. amasTanave, es 

axali `paradigma~ sxvagan, mezobel an Soreul disciplineb- 

Si ki ar aris saZebari, aramed TviT komparativistuli tradiciis 

SigniT, misi konceptualuri da meTodologiuri velis 

farglebSi, romelic mTlianad unda gardaiqmnas. 

cnobilia cneba `paradigmis~ xvedriTi wili gansakuTrebiT 

anglo-saqsuri da germanuli, Tomas s.kunis naSromebis 

gagrZelebaSi. `paradigma~ igivea, rac `sanimuSo~ meTodebis, 

problemebis da gadawyvetilebebis erToblioba, romelic 

garkveul epoqaSi batonobs samecniero sferoSi da romlis 

cvlilebas mosdevs `samecniero revuluciebi~. 22 misi yvelaze 

srulyofili gamoyeneba literaturul gamokvlevebSi, ker- 

Zod, h.r.iausis naSromebSi, cxadyofs sami `paradigmis~ Tanmim- 

124

devrobas: dogmatikuris, klasikuris, istoriulis. samive maTgani 

momdinareobs stilistikidan da imanenturis esTetikidan 

(werkimmanente Ästhetik). am sqemis mixedviT, `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~ 

meore paradigmis nawilia: Historismus. 23 es 

problema miCneulia, rogorc gadawyvetili da ganvlili, 

radgan h.r. iausis an sxvebis 24 mier ganxiluli axali perspeqtivebidan 

(hermenevtikuli, sociologiuri, arqetipuli, 

struqturalisturi) arcerTi ar mianiSnebs komparativizmis 

arc gagrZelebas da arc gaaxalgazrdavebas. komparativizmis 

àxal paradigmasTan~ dakavSirebis gabedulma mcdelobam 

(rogoric iyo d.u.fokemas mcdeloba, romelic komparativizmis 

aucileblobis da misi pirobebis 25 mkafio SegnebiT iyo 

gamsWvaluli) gadawyveta hpova komunikaciis TeoriaSi, rogorc 

ukve aRvniSneT. 

`paradigmis~ Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli cvlileba gulisxmobs 

literaturis komparativistul Teorias, romelsac 

aqvs damoukidebeli epistemologiuri, meTodologiuri da 

istoriuli safuZvlebi. rogorc nebismier `poetikas~, am Teoriasac 

miznad eqneba mxolod nawarmoebebis zeindividualuri 

aspeqtebis kvleva. aqedan momdinareobs ùniversaluri poetikis~ 

mcdeloba, romelmac xidi unda gados individualur 

nawarmoebs, erovnul literaturas (literaturebs) da Saliteraturo 

enas Soris. SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas 

SeuZlia am ùfskrulis~ 26 amovseba, magram am miznis gansaxorcieleblad 

meTodologiurma instrumentebma feri unda 

icvalon. `faqtobrivi kavSirebis~ nacvlad, wmindad Teoriuli 

mimarTebebi; SeuzRudavi literaturuli realobebis magivrad, 

saerTo elementebis Zieba ìnvariantebis~ formiT; 

dogmaturi da normatiuli ùniversaliebis~ nacvlad, aRwerilobiTi 

da progresuli ùniversaliebi~; erTxel da samudamod 

mocemuli universaluri sinamdvilisaken mimarTuli me- 

Todis magivrad, sinamdvilis universaluri SesaZleblobis 

gamovlinebis meTodi; xazgasmiT `pirovnuli~, intuiciuri, impresionistuli 

gadawyvetilebebis nacvlad, winamorbedebis 

meToduri SerCeva; tradiciul safuZvlebs moklebuli Teoriis 

magivrad, Teoria, romlic ubrundeba wina monapovars istoriuli 

perspeqtividan; meTodebisa da am `paradigmis~ 27 

pluralizmis sanacvlod, meTodologiuri monizmis upiratesoba; 

pozitivisturi da neopozitivisturi `mecnieruli~ cdunebis 

magivrad, aSkarad `pre~ anu Tu gnebavT, `post~ `samecniero~ 

Teoria da meTodi, romlis mizania mxolod `miaxloebi- 

Ti~, magram Sesabamisi, e.i. dasabuTebuli hipoTezebi. es imas 

niSnavs, rom hipoTezebi unda iyos mwyobri, Camoyalibebuli 

125

da statistikurad damowmebuli Tavis saorientacio gegmaSi. 

am sakiTxs davubrundebiT dawvrilebiT gansaxilvelad, magram 

Sesavlis nacvlad, axlave aRvniSnavT xazgasmiT, rom amgvari 

komparativistuli poetika ar gardaiqmneba arc abstraqtul 

poetikad da arc poetikebis istoriad, aramed am 

ori Tvalsazrisis Sualedur sinTezad iqceva da gaagrZelebs 

winsvlas mxolod Sualeduri gadawyvetilebebiT invariantisa 

da istoriuli viTarebis mijnaze. mokled, paradigmis 

yvelaze gadamwyveti cvlileba, Cveni azriT, es aris komparativizmis 

svla literaturis Teoriisaken miuxedavad yvela 

sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebisa (`metismetad farTo~ Teoria, 

`bundovani` da a.S.). 28 arian ufro kompetenturi komparativistebi, 

romlebic eTanxmebian Teoriul ganzogadebas, principis 

29 an istoriuli Tvalsazrisis gamo: literaturuli `kanonis~ 

cvlilebas Cvens epoqaSi aucileblad unda mohyves 

igive cvlileba literaturul gamokvlevebSi. 30 Tundac mcire 

eWvi specifikuri komparativistuli meTodis aucileblobis 

Sesaxeb xazgasmiT aris aRsaniSnavi, radgan, ZiriTadad, `Cveni 

dargi sagangebod ar aris mowodebuli yvela saxis kritikis 

praqtikisaTvis~. 31 

meore mxriv, axali midgoma, upirveles yovlisa da rac 

SeiZleba garkveviT, warmogvidgeba, rogorc evristikuli hipoTeza, 

rogorc kvleviTi da operatiuli muSaobis instrumenti. 

es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs safexurebad dayofil 

daskvnebs, romelTa gasworeba SeiZleba masalebis dagrovebis 

paralelurad; imavdroulad TiToeuli etapi ganapirobebs 

momdevnos. SemTxveviTi dakavirvebebis safuZvelze iqmneba hipoTezebi, 

romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mowmdeba ufro da ufro mizanmimarTuli 

dakvirvebebiT. amgvarad Seqmnili yvela Teoria 

warmoadgens mxolod `Ria~ hipoTezebs faqtebis mimarT, maSin 

rodesac maTi Seqmnis meTodi viTardeba TviT meTodologiis 

daxvewis paralelurad. es aris daaxloebiT èse~ (`mcdeloba~) 

terminis etimologiuri mniSvnelobiT. es meTodi far- 

Tod gamoiyeneba operaciebSi, romlebic miCneulia, rogorc 

`winare mecnieruli~, swored maTi hipoTezur-deduqciuri da 

statistikuri xasiaTis gamo. 32 magram aRniSnul operaciebs xeli 

ar SeuSlia, magaliTad, enaTmecnierebaSi nayofieri hipo- 

Tezebis SeqmnisTvis, rogoricaa Tavdapirveli ìndoevropulis~ 

rekonstruqcia (hipoTezis saxiT), an, ase vTqvaT, `kombinaciisa~ 

da `seleqciis~ `RerZebis~ aRdgenis hipoTeza, romelTa 

ekvivalenturoba (roman iakobsonis azriT) warmoSobda 

poetur funqcias. `formaluri meTodis~ Teoria poetikaSi 

aris, aseve, `mxolod da mxolod samuSao hipoTeza, romlis 

126

saSualebiTac miuTiTeben da axsnian faqtebs: maTi sistematuri 

xasiaTis dadgenis Semdeg iwyeben faqtebis kvlevas`. 33 gaugebaria, 

SedarebiTi poetika ratom ar iyenebs imave meTods, 

Tundac sakuTari riskis fasad, ratom ar xdeba aSkarad evristikuli, 

rac zogjer uyoymanod gaukeTebiaT. 34 TviT invariantebi 

da maTi klasifikacia, agreTve, evristikuli produqciaa, 

amiT aixsneba maTi adgilebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba, 

maTi urTierTCanacvlebis Tviseba. 

gavixsenoT Cveni ZiriTadi hipoTeza: universaluri literatura 

(romelic Sedgeba msoflios yvela literaturisagan, 

didi da patara literaturebisagan, romlebic, erTad Serwymuli, 

qmnian wminda da martiv literaturas), warmoadgens SedarebiTi 

literaturaTmcodneobisa da poetikis obieqtur safuZvels. 

Tu ZiriTadi principi, rogoricaa ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ principi, romelic adre ganvixileT (Tavi II), 

sul ufro misaRebi xdeba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, savaldebulo 

hipoTezis saxiT mainc), 35 misi ganxorcielebis meTodi axla 

iqmneba rCevisa da cdis saxiT. am meTodis damaxasiaTebeli 

niSnebi aucileblad evristikulia: dasaxuli miznebisa da 

Sedegebis misaRwevad adaptirebuli meTodi, literaturis TeoriaSi 

miRebuli xerxi; 36 am meTodis Sedegebi (Teoriebi, zogadi 

da nawilobrivi daskvnebi da a.S.) ar aris `namdvili~, 

aramed _ mxolod `sasargeblo~, ramdenadac upiratesoba eni- 

Weba yvelaze damakmayofilebel ganmartebebs. 37 Teoria miT 

ufro damakmayofilebelia, rac ufro farTo SesaZleblobas 

iZleva ganxiluli literaturuli movlenebis wakiTxvis, ma- 

Ti gaerTianebisa da dalagebisaTvis. saklasifikacio invariantebis 

wyalobiT, SeiZleba yvela saerTo elementis povna, 

Semofargvla da dalageba gansxvavebul da kargad Semosaz- 

Rvrul klasebad CamonaTvalis saSualebiT. es saerTo elementebi 

ekuTvnian erTsa da imave erTgvarovan kategorias, 

progresuli ganzogadebisa da tipologiis doneebs. 

Semowmeba moiTxovs kriteriumebis garkveul raodenobas, 

romlebsac am Tavis dasasruls CamovTvliT. amjerad xazi gavusvaT 

yvelaze mniSvnelovan pirobas, romelic gamomdinareobs 

Cveni meTodis hipoTezuri xasiaTidan: hipoTeza miCneulia 

misaRebad da misi kritikiT unda damtkicdes misi siyalbe da 

ara piriqiT. cxadia, SeiZleba nebismieri hipoTezis uaryofa, 

magram dasabuTeba yovelTvis aris per a contrario: unda davamtkicoT, 

rom esa Tu is invarianti ararealuria, rom esa Tu 

is ganzogadeba uxeiroa da a.S. literaturuli hipoTezis Semowmeba 

namdvilad SesaZlebelia obieqturi mtkicebulebebiT, 

ise rogorc sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, magram yovel- 

127

Tvis a posteriori: rodesac erTi sapirispiro magaliTi gadamwyvetia, 

unda SeimuSaon axali hipoTeza ad hoc 38 da ase Semdeg. 

hipoTeza Seswordeba an Seivseba mTeli rigi kritikuli SeniSvnebiT, 

magram igi arasodes dakargavs iniciativas da metadre 

mis umaRles mizans: literaturisadmi globalur 

midgomas. 

zemoT aRniSnulis miuxedavad, literaturis Teoriis hipoTezuri 

statusi TandaTanobiT misaRebi xdeba am sakiTxiT 

dainteresebuli komparativistebisaTvis. 39 aqedan gamomdinareobs 

Sedegebis garkveuli raodenoba, maT Soris zogierTi sagulisxmo 

Sedegic: komparativistuli poetikis dasawyisi da 

mis mier ganvlili gza zustad iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc 

Sedegebi; am poetikis statusi aris ara `logikuri~, 

aramed Teoriuli da ideologiuri, ase vTqvaT funqcionalur-evristikul 

doneze; literaturuli hipoTezebi ar gulisxmobs 

raime Sesabamis prognozs; 40 misi mudmivi Sesworebebi 

gamoricxavs srulyofis hipoTezas; sabolood, meTodi – 

ès aris gza mas Semdeg, rac is ganvlilia~ (marsel grane). 

Cveni axali `paradigma` amave dros da Tavidanve moiTxovs 

axal damokidebulebas literaturuli terminologiisadmi, 

dawyebuli im magiuri da pirobiTi sityvidan, rogoric 

aris `komparativizmi`. saqme exeba Zireul cvlilebas 

axali miznebis Sesabamisad: istoriuli tipis terminologiidan 

kategoriebis, tipologiis, mokled rom vTqvaT, ganzogadebis 

terminologiaze gadasvla. amas mosdevs seriozuli Zalisxmeva 

yvela gamoyenebuli terminis semantikis gasarkvevad 

da maTi axali gansazRvrebis dasadgenad. es aris umTavresi 

operacia, radgan literaturis SedarebiTi Teoriis sagani da 

meTodi gansazRvrulia iseTi sityvebiT, romelTac xSirad 

aqvT axali, am miznebis Sesabamisi mniSvneloba. 

saboloo angariSiT, terminologiis gansazRvris sfero- 

Si yvelaze metad funqcionaluri evristikuli pirobebi ase- 

Tia: a) im teqstebis umravlesobisaTvis misaRebi saerTo mniSvneloba, 

romelTac aqvT Sesabamisi sametyvelo etiketi; b) 

mniSvneloba, romelic miRebulia kiTxvis Sesaferisi da 

mwyobri sistemis saSualebiT; g) terminologiuri tradiciis 

SigniT gansazRvruli mniSvneloba; d) mniSvneloba, romlis 

sawyisi wertilia teqstis pirdapiri mniSvneloba, expressis verbis; 

arsebiTad saqme exeba an sazogadod miRebul, obieqtur da 

ùpirovno~ gansazRvrebas an kerZo, pirovnul (personalizebul) 

gansazRvrebas, imavdroulad, orive SemTxvevaSi Riad 

aris xazgasmuli maTi xasiaTi. orive situaciaSi aucilebeli 

xdeba mniSvnelobis garkveva literaturul terminTa leqsi- 

128

konSi an Zalian kerZo mokle leqsikonSi, rogoric aris new 

criticism-is an norTrop frais leqsikonebi. rene uelekis naSromebis 

msgavsi gamokvlevebi istoriul semantikaSi (barokoze, 

klasicizmze, romantizmze, simbolizmze da a.S.) pasuxoben 

swored am upirveles aucileblobas, romelic didi xania igrZnes 

komparativistebma. 41 literaturul terminologias aqvs 

ori susti wertili: erTi mxriv, igi SeiZleba iyos stereotipuli 

da banaluri, meore mxriv, metismetad Tavisufali, ase 

vTqvaT, òriginaluri~. am or poluss Soris aris niuansebis 

mTeli gama, radgan literaturul terminologias, romelic 

am mxriv Zalian gansxvavdeba logikuri an samecniero terminologiisagan, 

axasiaTebs Rrma orazrovneba. amis erT-erTi 

mizezia misi jaWvuri kavSirebi, ramdenadac yvela termini 

sxva terminebiT an sxva terminebis daxmarebiT aris gansaz- 

Rvruli. 42 am TvalsazrisiT, ar aris da arasodes iqneba erTmniSvnelovani 

terminebi, analitikuri filosofiis moTxovnebis 

miuxedavad. 43 axali mniSvnelobebi mudmivi terminebis 

mudmivi `gamogonebiT` miiReba. maSin rodesac maTi gamoyeneba 

aseve mxolod pirobiTi terminologiiTaa SesaZlebeli; misi 

gansazRvreba ki òrazrovania~. 

rogor ìbadeba~ literaturuli termini? SevecdebiT 

swrafad movxazoT sqema. Tu invarianti warmoadgens statikur 

arss, èleur~ literaturul fenomens, es ganpirobebulia 

garkveuli terminologiuri stabiluribiT. sxvaTa Soris, 

nebismieri gansazRvreba aqedan momdinareobs. im sityvis 

wyalobiT, romelic ukavSirdeba literaturuli elementebis 

romelime klass an kategorias, Cven SegviZlia am klasebis an 

kategoriebis identifikacia drosa da sivrceSi. aqedan gamomdinare, 

SesaZlebelia romanis, lirikis da a.S. invariantebis 

amocnoba im martivi faqtis gamo, rom invariantis stabilur 

saxels SeuZlia identificireba da dakanoneba. yovelTvis, 

roca saxeli èwebeba~ sinamdviles, romelzedac is miuTi- 

Tebs da romelsac aRniSnavs, invarianti iwyebs moqmedebas, is 

arsebiTi xasiaTis aris da Sesabamisi. am mimarTulebiT terminologiur 

praqtikaSi miRebulia erTi martivi wesi, erTi 

enobrivi tradicia. magram es ar niSnavs, rom pirobiTobas 

araviTari gamarTleba ar aqvs. Tu poetur moRvaweobas aqvs 

`saerTo mniSvnelebi~, Tu leqsi Seicavs `konstantebs~, es 

literaturuli faqtebi imiT aixsneba, rom isini gansazRvruli 

arian erTi da imave gamaerTianebeli konceptebiT. kidev 

metic: am konceptebis ùkan~ aris farul identobaTa mTeli 

sistema, romelic yovelTvis ar Cans, magram realuri da sagrZnobia; 

igi imdenad amarTlebs ama Tu im gamoyenebas, rom 

129

amgvari gamoyeneba arc ki iyos `dasabuTebuli~. es aris nominaluri 

pirobiToba, rogorc yvela literaturuli kategoriis 

SemTxvevaSi. magram igi operatiulia, radgan yovelTvis 

upirispirdeba invariantebis garkveul raodenobas, anu eniT 

gamoTqmul namdvil realis-s. ritorikis terminologia SeiZleba 

Seicvalos, ritorikis elementebi igive rCeba. etiketi icvleba, 

magram arsi igivea. es sui generis nominalizmi uzrunvelyofs 

saidumlo kavSirs literaturul ùniversaliebTan~. 

maSasadame, saqme exeba terminologiuri transferis ormag 

pirobiTobas, romlis mxolod motivacia da sazRvrebia 

cnobili. ras eyrdnoba es pirobiToba? igi eyrdnoba movlenaTa 

sam serias: 1) iseTi terminebis gamoCena, romlebic xdeba 

tradiciuli da romelTa istoriuli “warmoSoba” (sakmaod 

rTuli) SeiZleba dadgindes da daTariRdes; zogjer aseTi 

termini yvela detals moicavs (mTliania) (magaliTad, `bovarizmi~); 

2) iseTi terminebis miReba, romlebic èwebeba~ istoriuli 

normebis sistemas (`klasicizmi~, `romantizmi~, `simbolizmi~ 

da a.S.), 44 magram am SemTxvevaSi saerTo elementebis 

garkveuli raodenobis identifikacia (mkvlevris azrovnebaSi 

an misi saCvenebeli sistemis mixedviT) erTi an mravali invariantis 

arsebobas da, aqedan gamomdinare, sawyisi istoriuli 

movlenebis ganmazogadebeli gansazRvrebis arsebobasac amar- 

Tlebs; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ratom aris misaRebi “romantizmis 

maxasiaTeblebi Zalian mravalferovani, rTuli, sakmaod 

xangrZlivi periodisa da TiTqmis yvelgan gavrcelebuli 

movlenebis mimarT? da bolos, rogor ganvsazRvroT `klasicizmi~, 

`romantizmi~ an `simbolizmi~, vidre ar ganvsaz- 

RvravT iseT konceptebs, rogorebicaa: `tendencia~, `moZraoba~, 

`periodi~, `mimdinareoba~ an èpoqa~, romlebic aSkarad 

gamaerTianebeli, ganmazogadebeli da kategoriis rangis 

struqturebia? 3) erTi an ramdenime invariantis momcveli 

terminebis gafarToeba faqtobrivi kavSirebis, qronologiisa 

da geografiuli garemos miRma erTi niSniT dajgufebuli 

obieqturad moZiebuli yvela faqtis aRsaniSnavad. sxvagvarad 

rogor gaamarTlebdnen maSin iseT gamonaTqvams, rogoricaa 

àrturis romani~, is xom Sua saukuneebis vesternia”? 45 Tu 

saqme ar exeba ubralo maxvilgonivrul sityvas (romelsac 

aqvs agreTve Tavisi gamarTleba), garkveuli inteleqtualuri 

procesi iZleva amgvari daaxloebis obieqtur saSualebas. 

am `gafetiSebuli sityvebis~, am `CanTosani sityvebis~ mimarT 

(romlebic aerTianebdnen `nebismierad~ 46 da romelTa 

istoriuli foni Zalian TvalsaCinoa) didi tradiciuli winaaRmdegobis 

gadalaxvis Semdeg, kompetenturma komparativis- 

130

tebma mTlianad moiwones SemoTavazebuli sqema. magaliTad, 

cnebebi – `barokaluri~ an `pikareskuli~ naxevrad mdgradi, 

naxevrad cvalebadi (istoriuli) struqturebia im azriT, 

rom terminologiuri pirobiToba moicavs daTariRebul da 

imavdroulad ganzogadebisaTvis vargis literaturul sistemas, 

romlis gafarToeba sul ufro da ufro did koncentrul 

wreebad savsebiT SesaZlebelia. 47 es gafarToeba anu 

gavrceleba erTsa da imave dros aris droiTi da retroaqtiuri 

im elementebis mopovebis gziT, romelTac mogianebiT daarqmeven 

`barokos~, `moderns~, àvangards~ an `dekadenturs~; 48 

es gafarToeba aris sivrciTi, imitom, rom igi warmoaCens, ase 

vTqvaT, aziur `romantizms~, romelic Cvens droSi dadginda 

CineTSi, Tumca es movlena didi xniT ufro adre arseboda, 

vidre es sityva gamoCnda evropaSi an Cinur enaze; da bolos, 

es gafarToeba aris Teoriuli, saerTo da zogadi, maSasadame 

ùniversaluri~; igi eyrdnoba literaturuli terminologiis 

SemuSavebas da miRebas. 

sxvaTa Soris, ganzogadeba SeuZlebelia saerTo terminologiis 

gareSe, romelic TviT ganzogadebis ZiriTad etaps 

warmoadgens. meore mxriv, Tu ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sruli 

terminologiuri Sesabamisoba literaturul sinamdvileSi, 49 

an kidev, Tu universaluri donis terminologia (romelic 

ocneba da, albaT, utopiuri hipoTezaa) 50 verasodes Secvlis 

èrovnul~ terminologias, yovela erovnul literaturasa 

da yvela periodSi, es sul sxva sakiTxia. miuxedavad amisa, 

ZiriTadi atributebis Segrovebisa da kombinirebis gareSe 

araviTari literaturuli ganzogadeba, araviTari gansaz- 

Rvreba da Teoria ar iqneboda SesaZlebeli. am TvalsazrisiT, 

literatura, rogorc ùniversaluri~ movlena, upirveles 

yovlisa, warmoCndeba terminologiis doneze, radgan 

terminologiis ùniversaluri~ daniSnuleba misi Sinagani 

Tvisebaa. 

es meqanizmi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa dasavleT-aRmosavleTis 

terminologiuri urTierTgacvlisa da homogenizaciis 

pirobebSi. Tanamedrove, mkacrad evrocentristuli terminologia 

saeqsporto produqciaa. specializebul terminologias 

qmnian evropul sinamdvileze dayrdnobiT, cdiloben 

mis ase Tu ise gadmoRebas araevropuli literaturebis sivrceSi. 

es procesi, romelic ufro xSirad TviTneburia, Ziri- 

Tadad, gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, empiriulad mimdinareobs. 

samagierod, axali `paradigma~ moiTxovs sistemur da metadre 

ganmazogadebel operacias. igi unda modiodes, upirveles 

yovlisa, Teoriuli sistemidan, am SemTxvevaSi komparativis- 

131

tuli poetikidan, amis Semdeg ki – aSkarad universalisturi 

orientacia unda hqondes. amisaTvis saWiroa, erTi mxriv, 

araevropuli gaerTianebis mier aRiarebuli terminologiis 

meToduri gafarToeba, romelic CvenTvis sul ufro zrdadi 

progresuli kontrolis saSualebiT xdeba misawvdomi, meore 

mxriv, am terminologias unda SeuerTdes rac SeiZleba meti 

araevropuli literaturuli teqsti. saboloo mizania yvelaze 

mniSvnelovani pirobiTi terminologiis dadgena: `literatura~ 

wakiTxul iqnas ùniversaluri literaturis~ TvalsazrisiT, 

rogorc misi gagrZeleba. es gulisxmobs erTian 

literaturul terminologias, romlisTvisac erovnuli gansxvavebebi 

saboloo daskvnis Tanaxmad, mxolod `sinonimebia~, 

romlebic aseTad aRiares da miiRes (pirobiTad). literaturuli 

terminebis gadmotana anu homologizacia SeiZleba, an 

adgilobrivi Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia maTi 

Targmna (pjesma, dor, doina). is terminebi, romlebic iTargmneba, 

ormagad ganzogaddeba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT: dasavluri 

terminebi SeiWreba aRmosavlur literaturebSi, rogorc neologizmebi 

an sinonimebi, maSin rodesac aRmosavluri terminologia 

iwyebs evropul literaturebSi SeWras, rogorc 

specifikuri, teqnikuri, egzotikuri terminologia. 51 rogorc 

vxedavT, am operaciis fons qmnis an aq igulisxmeba is mosazreba, 

rom yvelgan gvaqvs erTi da igive literaturuli 

struqtura da rom literaturis zogadi gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, 

mas erTi saxeli unda ewodos. daaxloebis saerTo safuZvlisa 

da saerTo terminologiis gareSe dasavlur-aRmosavluri 

komparativistuli komunikacia da ganzogadeba 

SeuZlebelia. 52 

Tu operacia aris ara marto ganxorcielebadi, aramed 

xangrZlivi praqtikiT dadasturebuli, maSin is SeiZleba miviCnioT 

paradigmad; Cinuri magaliTi amas gviCvenebs. Cinuri 

literatura misi àRmoCenis~ droidanve mTlianad aRwerilia 

evropuli terminebiT (Th. Spicelius, De re literaria Sinensium, 1660). res 

literaria im epoqaSi terminis – `literatura` tolfasi iyo, 

farTo gagebiT. CinurSi ar aris sityva imisaTvis, rom es 

cneba iTargmnos misi erT-erTi Tanamedrove mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad, 

53 amitom termins `literatura` yovelTvis unda 

mivmarToT, rogorc Semcvlels da rogorc fundamentur hipoTezas. 

aseTi terminologiuri asimilacia farTod inergeba, 

yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ukiduresi saSualeba. eyrdnobian 

istoriis, epopeis, romanis, novelis, elegiis evropaSi miRebul 

gansazRvrebas da am cxrilis saSualebiT adgenen Cinuri 

literaturis yvela Sesabamis elements, Znelad saTargmn 

132

TaviseburebaTa CaTvliT. 54 igive meTodi gamoiyeneba saerTa- 

Soriso moxmarebis, gavrcelebuli, didi literaturuli kategoriebis 

SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, narativis Teoriis gamoyeneba 

Cinuri literaturis mimarT. 55 Cineli mkvlevarebi, Tavis 

mxriv, adastureben terminebis _ baroko, klasicizmi an 

romantizmi _ gamoyenebis safuZvlianobas da Sesabamisobas 

maTi literaturis mimarT. 56 Cven, evropelebs, ratom unda gagviWirdes 

ufro amis gakeTeba? erTi evropeli mTargmneli, 

sxvaTa Soris, erT klasikos Cinel poets (pan ngo) ùfro rokokos 

warmomadgenlad~ miiCnevs. 57 aseve, unda arsebobdes Cinuri 

modernis stili. 58 rac Seexeba realizms, igi arsebobs 

CineTSi, sul mcire, WJen Sis droidan. 59 rogorc yovelTvis, 

axlac mtkicdeba, rom sqemisa da dadgenili terminologiis 

saSualebiT, invariantebi `daseirnoben` drois RerZze da Semoivlian 

kulturis yvela zonas. amave meqanizmis dasadastureblad 

gamodgeba magaliTebi iaponuridan, hindudan an 

arabulidan. 

3. komparativistuli hermenevtika 

Cveni mTavari amocanis gansaxorcieleblad – komparativistuli 

poetikis Sesaqmnelad, romlis sagani iqneba ùniversaluri 

literatura~ e.i. `literatura`, vxedavT mxolod 

erT qmediT gadawyvetilebas: hermenevtikis tipis perspeqtivisa 

da meTodologiis danergvas. aseTi iqneboda, Tu gnebavT, 

Cveni àxali paradigma~. is motivirebulia, upirveles yovlisa, 

im ZiriTadi faqtiT, rom literatura (universaluri) Tavdapirvelad 

unda àigos~ rogorc koncepti, rom Semdeg mas 

mieces interpretacia da `mosmenil~ iqnas mTlianad da nawilebis 

saxiT; unda `gavigoT~ rogor ibadeba, viTardeba da 

moqmedebs es idea; rogoria am terminis mniSvnelobebi, rogor 

unda aRmovaCinoT isini, aRvweroT da ganvmartoT imisaTvis, 

rom swori interpretacia mivceT. aseTi unda iyos mTlianobaSi 

programa, romelic literaturis (universaluris) axali 

recefciuli da, imavdroulad, produqtiuli `wakiTxvis~ 

tolfasi iqneboda. sakuTar sferoSi yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi 

sistemis detalurad gansazRvra niSnavs komparativistuli 

hermenevtikis dafuZnebas. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom es proeqti saaSkaraoze jer aravis 

gamoutania, hermenevtika ar aris ucxo im komparativistuli 

amocanebisaTvis, romelic ukve ganvixileT. zustad aris 

miTiTebuli daaxloebis Sesaxeb, magram marginalurad da 

Cvengan gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT. 60 meore mxriv, cotani 

133

arian is komparativistebi, vinc Tanamedrove meTodebs Soris 

irCevs hermenevtikas da isini veraviTar kavSirs ver xedaven 

komparativizmTan. 61 literaturis Teoretikosebi da meTodologebi, 

rasakvirvelia, ufro win arian da zogierTi maTgani 

TiTqos Seexo kidec Cvens midgomas. saxeldobr, es exeba 

h.r.iauss, romelic xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom saWiroa ara marto 

istoriuli hermenevtika, aramed agreTve sistemuri midgomis 

hermenevtika: `roca saqme gvaqvs evropuli warmomavlobis 

xelovnebis tradiciisaTvis ucxo kulturasTan, romelic 

ewinaaRmdegeba yovelgvar istoriul gagebas, maSin mivmar- 

TavT sistemur Tvalsazriss, rasac gviadvileben literaturis 

Teoriisa da komparativistikis mier SemoTavazebuli literaturuli 

da zepiri Janrebi~. 62 miuxedavad amisa, problema 

isev aseTia: `rogor unda Seiqmnas erTiani (united) literaturis 

koncepti~. 63 Cveni mxriv, gvinda SemogTavazoT sacdeli 

gadawyvetileba. 

SesavlisaTvis saWiroa ramdenime mokle cneba, dawyebuli 

hipoTezis mTavari cnebidan (Voraussetzung, Vorverständniss, winaswari 

koncefcia), TviT 

à priori~, romelic marTavs mTel operacias. es is kuTxea, 

romelic gansazRvravs faqtebis aRqmas da mowesrigebas da 

hermenevtikuli procesis da, sabolood, mTeli codnis amosavali 

wertilia. hipoTezis arCeva niSnavs erTdroulad problemis 

moxazvas da misi gadawyvetis moTxovnas. es operacia 

gardauvlad unda ganxorcieldes, arCeuli meTodi rom daiZras, 

amoZravdes da Semdeg Tavi rom davaRwioT tavtologiasa 

da SemoTavazebebis mankier wres, romlebic isev sawyis wertils 

ubrundebian. problemis gadasaWrelad gvWirdeba raime 

meTodi; meTodis problemis gadasaWrelad gvWirdeba meTodis 

meTodi. 64 Teoriis SemosaTavazeblad da Sesamowmeblad gvWirdeba 

sxva Teoria da rasakvirvelia, Teoriidan gamomdinare 

konceptebi an formulebi. 65 Teoriuli Tvalsazrisebi gadaiqcevian 

`faqtebad~, romelTa saSualebiT aageben axal Teoriebs 

da ase Semdeg. am epistemologiuri principis Suqze, `yoveli 

dakvirveba aris Teoriis safuZvelze mocemuli ~interpretacia~, 

romelic SemoTavazebis Semdeg unda Semowmdes, gaiaros 

empiriuli testebi. saqme exeba mxolod samuSao hipo- 

Tezebs, magram SegviZlia (gavixsenoT karl poperi) gamov- 

TqvaT `gabeduli hipoTezebi, romlebic, Tu SesaZlebelia, 

gaxsnian dakvirvebis axal sferoebs, rac ver moxerxdeba dakvirvebiT 

miRebuli `monacemis~ im frTxili ganzogadebebiT, 

romlebic yvela gulubryvilo empiristis kerpebad rCebian 

(bekonis Semdeg)~. 66 

134

maSasadame, gvWirdeba konkretulad komparativistuli 

hipoTezebi; komparativistuli poetikisa da misi hipoTezebis 

TvalsazrisiT (romelTagan zogierTi ukve gamoiTqva Tavis- 

Tavad), pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovania universaluri literaturis 

hipoTeza: universaluri literatura arsebobs, 

igi Seqmnilia literaturebis erTobliobisagan, igi igivea, 

rac literatura yovelgvari sxva ganmartebis gareSe. is, rac 

iTqva da ris Tqmasac qvemoT vapirebT imas niSnavs, rom Cven 

ar gvWirdeba sxva varaudi, semiotikuri, struqturalisturi 

an sxva. meore hipoTeza exeba universaluri literaturis 

Seswavlis meTods. universaluri literaturis Teorimade misasvlelad 

gvWirdeba meTodi, romelic win uswrebs mas da 

misi (universaluri literaturis Teoriis) Camoyalibebis sa- 

Sualebas iZleva. es aris misi sakuTari meTodis Teoria da 

misi sakuTari Teoriis meTodi. yovelTvis aris saWiro Teoria, 

romelic daakanonebs literaturis Teorias. 67 aseTivea 

invariantis, rogorc hipoTezis statusi: invarianti aris `zogadis~ 

nayofi da `zogadis~, `literaturis Teoriis~ Semqmneli; 

aqedan gamomdinare, universaluri literaturis invariantebis 

erToblioba sabolood emTxveva TviT ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ invariantebs. 

ori sityviT SevexoT hipoTezis `geneziss~. rogor yalibdeba 

is? igi ibadeba hermenevtikuli kiTxvis, misi inteleqtualuri 

formirebis, universalur literaturasTan dakavSirebuli 

Teoriebis istoriis, teqstis interpretaciebisa 

da analizebis Sejerebis Sedegad; igi ixsneba da gasagebi 

xdeba intuiciuri `mignebiT~, romelsac SevyavarT problemis 

centrSi globaluri gadawyvetilebis moulodneli daCqarebiT. 

68 es iseTi intuiciaa, romelic ibadeba teqstebis xangrZlivi 

praqtikiT, misi gamoricxva SeuZlebelia literaturis 

yvelaze `racionaluri~ mecnierebebidan, 69 mas aRiarebs 

zogierTi komparativisti, Tundac zereled, 70 rom araferi 

vTqvaT sxva disciplinebze, maT Soris yvelaze `mecnierul~ 

dargebze. yvela hermenevtikuli meTodis aRwera, romelsac 

Cven gamoviyenebT, dawvrilebiT gviCvenebs, rogor ìbadeba~ 

hipoTeza, ise rogorc Cveni kvlevis perspeqtivis es sruli 

cvlileba. 

pozitivizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli epistemologiuri 

da hermenevtikuli gulubryviloba moiTxovs, rom 

damtkicdes pretenziuli òbieqturoba~: garkveuli neitraluri 

damokidebuleba, wesebis mkacri dacviT, sxvaTa Soris, 

savsebiT miTologiuri, romelic gulisxmobs `faqtebis Seswavlis~ 

Sedegebis miukerZoeblad Segrovebas, obieqturoba, 

135

omelic, ase vTqvaT, gamomdinareobs TviT obieqturobidan. 

sinamdvileSi, Teoriuli da meTodologiuri arCevanis gare- 

Se, mokled, nayofieri Tvalsazrisebis da saxelmZRvanelo 

konceptebis gareSe, gansazRvrebisa da terminis TiToeul ar- 

CevanSi mocemuli kategoriebisa da klasifikaciis gareSe (dawyebuli 

literaturidan da universaluri literaturidan) 

raime codnis mopoveba SeuZlebelia da, cxadia, arc hermenevtika 

da interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. amis Semdeg meTodi Tavidan 

bolomde icvleba: faqtebis CamonaTvalis nacvlad, romelsac 

ar gaaCnia saboloo mizani da kategoriebis wre, unda 

iyos intuiciiT, gansjiTa da SefasebiT gakeTebuli arCevani, 

romelic orientirebuli iqneba saerTaSoriso doneze damtkicebuli 

da zusti saxelis mqone kriteriumebze, winaswar konceptebsa 

da hipoTezebze. datoveben mxolod im nawarmoebebs, 

citirebas an `mTavar~ teqstebs, romlebic pasuxoben yvelaze 

ufro misaReb gansazRvrebebs, gamomdinares erTi da imave es- 

Tetikuri konceptidan da erTi da imave terminiT aRniSnuls. 

sainteresoa, rogoria diplomiani komparativistebis 

Tvalsazrisi. gadaWarbebuli iqneboda imis Tqma, rom problema, 

sazogadod, kargad aris gagebuli da gansazRvruli. hipo- 

Teza aqa-iq mainc aris miRebuli, Tumca daskvnebi naklebad 

aris gakeTebuli. zogjer dasaSvebad miaCniaT `maregulirebeli~ 

ideebi, kantis gagebiT, `Teoriuli arCevani~, `winaswari 

gadawyvetilebebi~. 71 miuxedavad yvelafrisa, imasac xvdebian, 

rom SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas sWirdeba “literaturis~ 

da TviT `Teoriis` koncepti, romelic misi winmswrebi 

iqneba, Tundac is zogjer sociologiis perspeqtividan 

iyos danaxuli. 72 am mxriv, saukeTeso da yvelaze naTeli pozicia 

aqvs rene ueleks: `Tezisis gareSe` arc erTi kritikuli 

operacia ar aris SesaZlebeli~. 73 literaturis Teoriis 

gareSe arc araviTari Sefaseba ar aris SesaZlebeli. 74 viTareba 

daaxloebiT aseTi rCeba, meti winsvla ar SeimCneva. Teoriis 

TvalsazrisiT, Sefasebebi, ZiriTadad, uaryofiTia, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom, praqtikulad, mainc iyeneben winare-konceptebs. 

es imitom xdeba, rom rogorc ki iwyeben laparaks, 

vTqvaT, `klasicizmze~ an `romantizmze~, rogorc ki `ganmanaTleblobis~ 

SigniT gamoyofen dajgufebebs, Spätaufkärung-is, 

`preromantizmisa~ da `neoklasicizmis~ saxiT, rac sakmaod 

rTuli Cans; faqtobrivad yvela asset SemTxvevaSi da identuri 

SemTxvevebis dros iyeneben gamaerTianebel, kategoriis 

da sqematur konceptebs. es winaswari monacemebi warmoadgens 

pirobebs sine qua non nebismieri donis klasifikaciisa da ganzogadebisaTvis. 

miuxedavad aseTi sicxadisa, Tuki cnoben hi- 

136

poTezebis arsebobas lingvistikaSi, mainc ver warmoudgeniaT, 

rom analogiuri an igive hipoTezebi gamoiyenon literaturis 

istoriaSi an SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobaSi. 75 argumenti? 

argumenti aseTia: es Tvalsazrisi rogorc Cans momdinareobs 

`platonuri` apriorizmidan, `kantizmidan~, ìdealizmidan~ 

da sxva momakvdinebeli codvebidan (`yalbi arsi~ da 

a.S.), 76 rac istoriulma perspeqtivam da sinamdvilem ketis 

dakvriT unda gandevnos. ki magram, am qveynad yvelaze genetikuri 

da pozitivisturi literaturis istoriac ki ver Seasrulebs 

Tavis daniSnulebas Tu ar mimarTavs, yvelafris miuxedavad, 

zogierT zogad koncefts. aviRoT, `literaturis~ 

gansazRvreba, gana is uaryofilia istoriuli gamocdilebiT? 

mas SevcvliT `literaturis` sxva konceftiT, ufro dasabu- 

TebuliT, magram aranakleb zogadiT. TviT imanenturi kritikac 

varaudobs `monaxazisa da garemocvis winaswar codnas~. 

garkveuli tipis franguli komparativistuli azris dRevandeli 

momxreebi mainc orWofoben: SedarebiTi analizi unda 

Catardes Tu ara àrsebiTi saxelebiT~ an maTi kvlevisTvis. 77 

es TavSekaveba daaxloebiT zogadia mudmivi konfliqtis 

gamo, erTi mxriv, evristikuli da wmindad praqtikuli saxeldebiTi, 

operatiuli, damadasturebeli, analogiebisa da paralelizmebis 

safuZvlis Semqmneli kategoriebis aucileblobasa 

da, meore mxriv, nawarmoebebis Taviseburi struqturebis 

simtkices Soris, iseve, rogorc maT specifikur istoriul 

garemos Soris. maSasadame, saWiroa dajgufeba, homogenizacia, 

gaerTianeba da diferencireba, imavdroulad ki nawarmoebis 

Taviseburebis SenarCuneba. am or moTxovnas Soris, romlebic 

Tanabrad kanonieria, saWiroa mtkice gadawyvetilebis miReba. 

sxva gamosavali ar arsebobs, radgan Tavidanve unda davazustoT 

Cveni wamowyebis masStabi da mizani. 

miuxedavad amisa, davukvirdeT, rogor iqcevian komparativistebi 

da ufro mikerZoebuli mkvlevarebi: eTanxmebian 

`stilis~ koncepts, magram yoymanoben xelovnebis yvela dargSi 

mis Semotanaze. iyeneben Zalian zust konceptebs, romlebic 

gavrcelebuli terminebiTaa gansazRvruli (`Janri~, 

`formebi`), 78 magram ar swavloben mimarTebebs, romlebic arsebobs 

mkvlevris, misi `skolis~, misi epoqis terminologiasa 

da nawarmoebebs Soris, Tumca es mimarTebebi, mkvlevarebis 

nebiT, Seesabameba (an, albaT, Seesabameba) am terminologias 

(romelic, Tavis mxriv, iZleva garkveul istoriul gansxvavebas). 

msgavsi gamokvleva, albaT, gviCvenebs, rom kvlevis yovel 

doneze, yovel etapze, yovel dadasturebul an SemoTavazebul 

ganzogadebaze universaluri masStabis 79 zogadi 

137

konceptebi aucilebelia da absoluturad aucilebeli iqneba 

momavalSi. ase SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT yalbi dilemebi 

(kvercxi Tu qaTami? poezia Tu poetika?), radgan yvela Sem- 

TxvevaSi iyeneben `poeziis~, `poetikis~ da `literaturis~ 

garkveul cnebas. es ukanaskneli cneba (`literatura~) ar 

aris aucilebeli, rom mxolod sartridan an mokle leqsikonebidan 

gamoviyvanoT, Tundac aseTi saswrafo procedura 

`literaturis~ cnebis saerTod uqonlobas jobia. misi rac 

SeiZleba naTlad gansazRvra _ es aris yvela saxis literaturuli 

kvlevis, maT Soris komparativistulis, mTavari amocana. 

80 maSasadame, unda davaskvnaT, rom hipoTeza TamaSobs 

mTavar rols yovelgvari paralelebis, Sedarebebis, dam- 

Txvevebis da analogiebis kvlevaSi, 81 swored amas davinaxavT 

qvemoT. rac Seexeba hipoTezis rols poetikasa da sakuTriv 

literaturis TeoriaSi (`zogierTi Teoriuli wanamZRvari~, 

`literaturuli teqstis zogadi koncefcia~ da a.S.), 82 misi 

damtkiceba aRar aris saWiro; sxvaTa Soris, arc sxva 

dargebSi. 

axla ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT hipoTezis, rogorc 

aseTis, meqanizmi, romelic sruliad ucxo sazrunavia pozitivisturi 

komparativizmisaTvis. igi warmoadgens mxolod analizis 

saSualebiT gasarkvevi urTierTdamokidebuli funqciebis 

nakrebs, dawyebuli savaraudo sferos moxazviTa da sqemis 

agebiT. aseTi maneriT SeiZleba kvlevis obieqtis gansaz- 

Rvra da aRniSvna, ramdenadac TiToeuli Teoria Semofarglavs 

da amtkicebs ganxilvis `farglebs~. 83 romelime leqsi 

an literaturuli teqsti aRiarebuli iqneba leqsad an literaturul 

teqstad, Tuki isini Seesabamebian `poeziisa~ da 

“literaturis” Cven mier dadgenil koncefcias. es konceptebi 

(da yvela sxva) aucileblad win uswrebs ara marto yvela 

teqstis realur codnas (rac savsebiT normaluria), aramed, 

agreTve, arCeuli teqstebis codnas (rac hermenevtikuli hipo- 

Tezis safuZvelia). aqedan gamomdinare, ùniversaluri literaturis~ 

konceptis Camoyalibeba win uswrebs ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ praqtikul codnas. vis SeuZlia daiCemos, rom 

wakiTxuli aqvs msoflios literatura? sakmarisia (winaswar) 

vicodeT, rom arsebobs universaluri literatura, yoveli 

erovnuli literatura universaluri literaturis nawilia, 

komparativistul meTods SeuZlia universaluri literaturis 

Teoriulad Seswavla. misi realoba ar aris statistikuri, 

aramed mxolod `CamonaTvalia~. yvelaferi TamaSdeba terminologiuri 

pirobiTobis (konvenciis) da àbstraqciis~, 84 

`modelirebuli konceptis~ 85 doneze. 

138

imavdroulad, hipoTeza isev damoukidebeli rCeba literaturuli 

sinamdvilis mimarT. is modis garedan da, ase 

vTqvaT, moulodnelad. Teoriuli struqtura – `literaturidan~ 

da `literaturaze~ ar faravs TviT empiriul literaturas, 

iseve, rogorc socialuri mecnierebebi sruli TanwyobiT 

ver moicaven empiriul socialur realobas. evropaSi 

`saberZneTisa~ da àRmosavleTis~ winaswar Sedgenili sura- 

Tebis istoria, bevr sxva magaliTTan erTad, adasturebs, rom: 

sinamdvilesTan Sedarebis Semdeg, es suraTebi mxolod imedgacruebas 

iwvevs; 86 vai, rom sinamdvile gacilebiT dabal doneze 

aRmoCnda, mis winaswar, idealizebul suraTTan SedarebiT. 

yuradRebas ipyrobs, agreTve, sxva Tvisebebi: hipoTezis, 

rogorc gamaerTianeblis, momwesrigeblis da aRmdgenelis 

Tvisebebi. kargad aris cnobili `martivi~, magiuri, miTologiuri 

da a.S. teqstebis ambavi, romlebic CvenTvis `poeziad” 

gadaiqca, radgan `poetikam~ dagvibruna isini, `poeziis~ Tanamedrove 

hipoTezis mixedviT. iseTi konceptebis, rogoric 

aris, magaliTad, aleqsandriuli an induisturi `baroko~, 

analogiuri gamoyeneba naklebad damajerebeli Cans, Tumca 

igi momdinareobs imave meqanizmidan. literaturuli da xelovnebis 

terminebis amgvari gadatana drosa da sivrceSi, 

rogorc cnobilia, Zalian aRizianebs istoriuli midgomis 

momxre literaturis istorikosebs. miuxedavad amisa, gaugebari 

rCeba, ratom ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli igive pirobiTi 

terminologia yvelgan, sadac gamovlenilia igive invariantebi, 

an Tundac Zalian zogadi invariantebi. Tu dasaSvebad migvaCnia, 

magaliTad, vTargmnoT evropuli cnebiT – `klasikuri~ 

iseTi Cinuri saTauri, romelic mxolod `wess~ an `kanonTa 

krebuls~ niSnavs, 87 vinaidan ganzogadeba da analogia naTelia 

am SemTxvevaSi, ratom ar unda moviqceT aseve àleqsandriuli 

barokos~ mimarT? yovelgvari Sekveca erTeulis donemde 

gulisxmobs garkveul nominalur pirobiTobas. ra 

mniSvneloba aqvs, rom `romantizmis~ Sesabamisi Cinuri gamonaTqvami 

– (lang-mang-ti) ar Camoyalibebula dasavluri gavleniT, 

88 Tuki literaturuli sinamdvile, romelsac is gadmoscems, 

homologiuria da SeiZleba ganisazRvros imave, sayovelTaod 

qmediTi invariantebis saSualebiT? ityvian, es SemzRudavi 

meTodiao? saqme ar exeba imis codnas, aris Tu ara 

aRiarebuli terminologia xSiri an iSviaTi ama Tu im epoqa- 

Si da qveyanaSi. gana sakmarisi ar aris, rom am terminologiam 

Seasrulos is operatiuli daniSnuleba, risTvisac is Seiqmna 

da gamoiyeneba sxvagan? ar unda SegveSindes, Tu pragmatizms 

gamoviCenT, radgan nebismier hipoTezas, komparativis- 

139

tulis CaTvliT, yovelTvis aqvs uaRresad evristikuli daniSnuleba. 

am tipis kvlevis statusi, romelic upirveles 

yovlisa terminologiur invariantebs exeba, operatiuli da, 

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saklasifikacioa; es sayovelTaod 

cnobilia. meTodi bolomde unda iqnas miyvanili. Tu klasifikaciis 

kriteriumisTvis aucilebelia winaswari gansaz- 

Rvreba, 89 Tu taqsinomia ganWvrets da gadawyvets yvela im 

problemas, romelic momdinareobs dasavleT-aRmosavleTis 

literaturebis daaxloebidan, igi imavdroulad gadawyvets 

yvela literaturis klasifikaciis problemasac _ aRmosavleTisas, 

iseve rogorc dasavleTisas. rac ufro zogadia 

kategoriebi da kriteriumebi, miT ukeTesad eqvemdebareba interpretacias. 

humanitarul mecnierebaTa taqsinomia ar aris 

iseTi zusti, rogoric sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisa; taqsinomia 

qmnis statistikur miaxloebas, 90 magram nebismieri 

klasifikacia azrs kargavs universalobis gareSe, ramdenadac 

yvela kriteriumi farulad da Sinaganad universaluria. 

sxvaTa Soris, taqsinomia da tipologia ùniversalurisgan~ 

ganuyofelia. msoflios yvela literaturidan iReben `tragediis~ 

saerTo elementebs da erTsa da imave `klasSi~ aTavseben. 

amgvarad, WeSmariteba TavisTavad RaRadebs, rom `...periodizacia, 

taqsinomia da terminologia Cveni disciplinis ZiriTadi 

sayrdenia~. 91 

CvenTvis gasagebia, Tu erTsa da imave dros ratom qmnis 

da arRvevs hipoTeza hermenevtikul wres: imitom, rom igi 

gvTavazobs da Tavs gvaxvevs, upirveles yovlisa, arCevans; 

igi Tavidan bolomde warmarTavs arCevans da gadarCevas. Teoriuli 

hipoTeza gadawyvets, Tu ra aris (an ar aris) mniSvnelovani, 

axali da sarwmuno. Teoria, Tavisi gansazRvrebis 

Tanaxmad, seleqciuria da misi arseboba misi dakvirvebebis 

princips da TviT kriteriums qmnis. 92 komparativistuli gamokvlevebis 

poetika savsebiT adasturebs meTodologias; 

sxvaTa Soris, Teoriidan gamomdinare meTodologias: `sagmiro 

poeziis~ hipoTezis mixedviT irCeven yvela aRsadgen elements 

da iseTs, romelic am farglebSi Tavsdeba; aseve iqcevian 

`realizmis~ SemTxvevaSi da a.S. 93 

zemoaRniSnuli hipoTezis statusis ufro zustad moxazvas 

iTvaliswinebda. rac Seexeba Cveni poetikisa da komparativistuli 

hermenevtikis specifikur hipoTezebs, romlebic 

awesrigeben da marTaven process mTlianobaSi, maT ormagi saxe 

aqvT: Teoriuli da ideologiuri. 

140

1. modiT, ufro axlodan SevxedoT tipur hipoTezas, universaluri 

literaturis sayrden koncepts an literaturis 

universalistur Teorias. upirveles yovlisa, yoveli uzustoba 

Tu gaurkvevloba SedarebiTi literaturis dargSi ZiriTadi 

konceptis ararsebobidan gamomdinareobs. SedarebiT 

literaturaSi arsebuli mravalricxovani kvlevebi, Teoriuli 

da meTodologiuri `Sesavlebi~, Sors arian imisagan, 

rom zustni iyvnen am mimarTulebiT, rac mainc umTavresad 

migvaCnia. aris Tu ara `literaturis~ centraluri koncepti 

istoriul-tradiciuli, esTetikuri (`beletristika~) an formalisturi? 

Zalian xSirad SimSili dauokebeli rCeba .94 maSasadame, 

am konceptis legitimuroba literaturis komparativistuli 

Teoriis upirvelesi da ZiriTadi davalebaa. mas 

unda hqondes, rogorc iTqva, `zogadad literaturis zusti 

koncefcia~. 95 amave dros, is, rac gvaocebs SedarebiTi literaturis 

Tanamedrove mdgomareobaSi, aris Zalian Tvalxiluli 

kontrasti ùniversalistur~ swrafvas an universaluri 

literaturis principis cnobasa da Ziebis meTods Soris, romelsac 

es realoba iTxovs da rac amJamad kvlav gamouval 

mdgomareobaSi gvagdebs. 

literaturuli Ziebis yoveli meTodi orientirebulia 

universalurobaze, gvTavazobs universalur gasaRebs (kvlevis 

obieqtis universaluri mniSvneloba) imisTvis, rom mxolod 

ori ZiriTadi amocaniT dakavdes. orive universalisturi 

hipoTezis rigisaa da, sabolood, erTdebian: Tu aTvlis 

wertili aris universaluri (Teoriuli rwmena imisa, rom 

arsebobs universaluri literatura), bolo wertili _ miT 

ufro _ universaluria, rac niSnavs: eqsperimentul rwmenas 

imisa, rom bolos da bolos marTlac arsebobs universaluri 

literatura, romelic amgvarad Sedgenili gamokvlevebis, 

ganzogadebebisa da daskvnebis gamotanis mTeli seriis Sedegia. 

sxva mxriv, individualuri naSromis SemTxvevaSi, igive 

gapirobebuloba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs da `literaturis~ 

hipoTeza gvWirdeba misi aRqmis, misi realobis damtkicebis, 

misi gansazRvrisTvis da a.S. upirveles yovlisa, unda 

vicodeT, Tu ra aris `literatura~. magram rom gvqondes 

es hipoTeza, saWiroa kidev erTxel Seikras universaluri 

rkali, saWiroa mivideT ùniversaluri literaturis~ konceptamde, 

romelic TamaSobs (`literaturis~ aseTi roli mar- 

Tlac arsebobs). maSasadame, individualuri midgoma wyvets 

zogad midgomas, kerZo universalurs uerTdeba da masTan dialeqtikur 

urTierTobaSi Sedis. amgvarad, `yvela nawarmoebis~ 

specifikuri niSnebi ereva literaturuli `nawarmoebis~ 

141

Strixebs, rac erTdroulad aris individualuri realoba da 

universaluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli. rasakvirvelia, yovelive 

es arcTu Zalian àxalia~ da, Sesabamisad, miRebuli 

daskvna komparativist-generalistis Sinagan fiqrebs Seesabameba. 

Tumca ufro àxali~ SeiZleba iyos zogierTi misgan 

gamomdinare Sedegi. 

romel `literaturul universalobazea saubari ukanasknel 

analizSi? Cveulebrivi, ukve ganxiluli mniSvnelobebi 

(`didi wignebi~, `farTod gavrcelebuli `zeerovnuli~ literatura 

da a.S.) jerjerobiT ganze unda gavwioT, radgan isini 

(es mniSvnelobebi) ver uaxlovdebian fundamentur urTier- 

Tobas, romelic erTdroulad aris obieqturic da operatiulic 

da es gaxlavT: erovnuli/universaluri literatura. 

universaluri literatura Sedgeba erovnul literaturaTa 

erTobliobisagan, saidanac gamomdinareobs mTeli rigi daskvnebi, 

ueWvelad pirveladi WeSmaritebebi, romlebic inarCuneben 

demonstraciul dasabuTebas imisa, rom nacionaluri 

literatura, ase vTqvaT, pirveladi, ZiriTadi ujredi, aris 

mxolod fragmenti, universaluri literaturis nawili; es 

ukanaskneli arsebobs uwinares _ da amave dros _ mas Semdeg, 

rac esa Tu is nacionaluri literatura Seiqmna; universalur 

literaturul erTobliobasTan SedarebiT yoveli 

erovnuli literaturidan amoRebuli literaturuli gansaz- 

Rvrebani, SemdegSi SezRuduli, arasruli da arasakmarisia; 

saWiroa, rom isini yovelTvis globaluri struqturis Sesabamisad 

ganvixiloT; universalurisken gaxsniloba SesaZlebelia 

nebismieri nacionaluri konteqstis SigniT, aseve msoflios 

nebismieri literaturis saSualebiT, Tundac igi Zalian 

bundovani iyos; dabolos, literaturuli universalizacia 

SeuZlebelia garkveuli ganwyobilebisa da ùniversalisturi~ 

mgrZnobelobis gareSe. is (literaturuli universalizacia) 

mogviwodebs internacionaluri literaturuli sazogadoebis 

mimarT Riaobisaken. es aris nacionaluri literaturebis 

integraciis unari universaluri literaturis konceptsa 

da erTian literaturul TeoriaSi. 

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, Cven vimyofebiT uSualod 

ori bundovanebis gafantvis procesSi, rac komparativistebisaTvis 

jer kidev problemad rCeba. pirvelis mcdelobaa mxari 

dauWiros, metic _ daamtkicos, rom universaluri literatura, 

faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs, radgan is empiriuli realobaa. 

Tu es marTlac asea, maSin gamodis, rom mxolod nacionaluri 

literaturebi iarsebebdnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi 

mniSvnelovani iqneboda `sruliad uargveyo idealisturi xed- 

142

va~, romlis mixedviTac, yoveli naSromi `sxva araferia, Tu 

ara universaluri literaturis erT-erTi kerZo SemTxveva, 

romlis buneba aRsadgenia~. sinamdvileSi ki es Teza uaryofs 

komparativizmisagan sruliad Tavisufali konceptualizaciis, 

generalizaciisa da taqsonomiis process, radgan erTmaneTSi 

urevs, ase vTqvaT, spiloebis saxeobebsa da xerxemlianebis 

jgufs. maSasadame, ras emsaxureba konceptebi da klasifikaciebi 

zogad da SedarebiT literaturaSi? TiTqos arafers. 

mkvlevarisaTvis, romelic kargad icnobs universaluri 

literaturis koncepts, es aris erTdroulad Teoriuli da 

faqtobrivi realoba, vinaidan am badis miRma yvela individualuri 

da nacionaluri Txzuleba (rogorc specifikuri 

gansxvavebebi) _ identuria, aRiarebuli da monawileobs erT 

JanrSi (universaluri literaturisa). 

meore aRreva momdinareobs hipoTezidan, romlis mixedvi- 

Tac adamians SeuZlia gaigos mxolod sakuTari, nacionaluri 

literatura (magram amis sawinaaRmdegod mravali magaliTi 

arsebobs) da swored es hipoTeza aris erTaderTi, romelic 

operatiulia. Tu es asea, maSin ucxoenovani mkiTxvelebi 

TiTqmis verasodes gaigebdnen sxvaTa nacionalur literaturebs. 

aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa moviSoroT yoveli universalisturi 

hipoTeza 97 . realurad, erTi hipoTeza sxvas ar 

gamoricxavs. isini warmoudgenelnic ki arian erTmaneTis gareSe, 

vinaidan nacionalur/universaluri urTierToba Seum- 

Cnevlad versad daimaleba. is, rasac zogierTebi xalisiT 

aRiareben, Semdegia: ar SeiZleba nacionaluri literatura 

ganisazRvros universaluri hipoTezis gareSe, arc ormagi me- 

Todis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli: vTqvaT, erTi _ universaluri 

literaturisa da meore _ nacionaluri literaturisaTvis; 

SeuZlebelia davweroT evropuli literaturis istoria, Tu 

ar davdgebiT germanul Tu inglisur xedvaze maRla da arc 

universaluri literaturis istoriis dawera moxerxdeba am 

konceptis flobis gareSe, maT Soris `tradiciisa~ da `Tavis- 

Tavadobis~ konceptebis CaTvliT 98 da a.S. 

miuxedavad amisa, pozitivisturi poziciidan momdinare 

Seferxeba kvlav aSkaraa: vinaidan ar SeiZleba yvela universaluri 

faqti Semowmdes igive meTodiT, romelsac nacionaluri 

faqtebisTvis viyenebT, amdenad, aranairi universaluri 

faqti ar arsebobs! da ar dagvaviwydes, rom universalisturi 

hipoTeza SeiZleba Caenacvlos sxvas, tipurad pozitivisturs: 

literaturebs Soris aris mxolod `meqanikuri kavSiri~. da 

radgan am ukanasknelis aRdgena ver moxdeba internacionalur 

doneze 99 , veranairi `kavSiri~, `Tviseba~ da a.S. ver mo- 

143

xerxdeba, meqanikuri kanonis postulati ver gadaisinjeba da 

universalisturi midgoma miuRebeli gaxdeba... 

magram gadamwyveti mtkicebuleba, rom universalisturi 

hipoTeza _ miuxedavad yvelafrisa _ aucileblad evrocentrizmis 

sazRvrebs gareT gasvlaa, usaTuod igulisxmeba aseve 

mis demarSSi. yovel jerze, roca aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

literaturuli mimarTebebi gansazRvrulia urTierTSenacvlebadi, 

homologiuri, alternatiuli terminebiT, adgilmonacvleobiTi 

universaluri literaturis Teoriulad `homogenuri~ 

sivrce ukve arsebuli da aRiarebulia. swored amgvarad 

dafuZnda ukanasknel analizSi TviT ùniversaluri literaturis~ 

koncepti (III Tavi), romelic implicitur-universalisturi 

wakiTxviT ganuwyvetel gavrcobas emorCileba. es 

aris erTgvari Teoriuli work in progress-i, romelic gafarToebiT, 

ganzogadebiTa da nominaluri konvenciiT moqmedebs. aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

es unifikacia mimdinareobs hipoTezis 

ufro da ufro farTo doneze (`Janri~, `stili~, `periodi~ da 

a.S), romlebic TandaTanobiT Tanxvdebian Secnobisa da ùnikaluri~ 

literaturis Teoriis gzaze. 

marTlac, universalisturi komparativizmis gaxsnilobebi 

(arsebiTad) yovelTvis am sqemis mixedviT moqmedeben. XVIII 

saukunidan CineTi evropelebisTvis ocnebis did sizmars warmoadgenda, 

upirveles yovlisa _ ideologiurs, da es gaxldaT 

am qveynis sibrZne, goni, stabiluroba, wonasworoba, 

erToba da a.S. yovelive es evropuli terminebiT `ganimarta~, 

risTvisac didi Zalisxmeva gaxda saWiro 100 . Tanamedrove komparativistebic, 

ZiriTadad, msgavsi maneriT moqmedeben: aRmosavluri 

literatura ìkiTxeba~ universalurad vargisi (savaraudod) 

konceptualuri aparatis daxmarebiT, iqneba es 

klasikuri, aristoteluri kategoriebi Tu terminebi, rac, magaliTad, 

Teatr Nô-Si 101 ganxorcielda, Teoriulad (rac 

òriginalobas~ an `srulyofilebas~ gulisxmobs), universaluri 

standartebis Sesabamisad. igive SeiZleba iTqvas evropisgare 

literaturisa Tu kategoriebis da Zalian Tanamedrove 

terminebis Sesaxeb, rac formaluri analizis, semiologiis, 

naratologiis da a.S. aparatis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebs; 

xolo universalisturi implikacia yovelTvis igive rCeba: 

yvela ganxiluli literaturuli fenomeni SeiZleba daiyvanebodes 

analizis yvelgan gamosadeg erTsa da imave sistemebamde. 

isRa rCeba, rom ganzogadebuli implicituri praqtika eqsplicitur 

meTodad gardavqmnaT da amgvarad, kargad gansaz- 

Rvruli programa CamovayaliboT. gana sxvas ras warmoadgens 

didi literaturuli erTobebi (àziuri~, àfrikuli~, `laTi- 

144

no-amerikuli~, romlebsac ase xSirad axseneben Cvens droSi 

da a.S), Tu ara universalistur formulebs, sabolood Sesakrebs 

did da erTaderT literaturul pool-Si? kidev erTxel 

vadasturebT: literaturuli mimarTulebebis internacionalizaciisa 

da literaturuli Semecnebis unifikaciiis Sedegi 

aris igive postulatis gamovlena, anu: arsebobs erTiani universaluri 

literatura. rac, amave dros, warmoadgens universalobaSi 

monawileobis erTaderT SesaZleblobas, romelic 

eZleva iseT `mcire~ Tu ucnob literaturebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, 

Tanamedrove arabuli poezia. ès niSnavs, rom yoveli 

arabi ibadeba dasavleTTan erTad an garkveuli idea 

dasavleTisa, Camouyalibebeli, Tu naTlad ganWvretili, mis 

SigniT~ 105 . amgvarad, nawarmoebSi yovelTvis gvxvdeba hipoteza. 

demonstraciis logikas kidev erTxel mivyavarT ukanasknel 

daskvnamde, Cvens sawyis da saboloo hipoTezamde: universaluri 

literaturis yvelaze zogadi, yvelaze ùniversaluri~ 

SeniSvnebi Seesabameba yvelaze universaluri literaturuli 

naSromis umTavres SeniSvnebs. ori realoba da ori 

gansazRvreba erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba da ukanasknel analizSi 

erTmaneTs Seereva. sibrtyeze mdebareoba, rodesac ukanasknel 

momentSi erTi da igive jaWvis ori bolos erTdeba, niSnavs 

sxva sibrtyeze mdebareobas. hipoTeza gulisxmobs sxvas da 

oriveni erTad _ sxva `Teoriebsa~ da daqvemdebarebul winare 

`hipoTezebs~, saidanac sakmaod didi raodenoba ukve gamoyenebuli 

da ganxiluli iyo. amgvarad, literatura (universaluri) 

terminologiur doneze, erTsa da imave dros, xdeba 

warmosaxviTi konstruqcia, erTgvari verbaluri fiqcia, xolo 

fenomenologiur doneze _ Zalian konkretuli realoba: 

literaturuli naSromebis erTobliobas yovelTvis da yvelgan 

hqonda erTi da igive struqtura, morfologia, fenomenologia, 

tipologia da a.S., rac SesamCnevia analizisa da ganzogadebulobis 

yovel doneze. ai, ratom aris malarmes, emineskusa 

da hafezis poezia _ upirvelesad poezia da arsebiTad 

ìgive~ poezia. emineskus da hafezis gandevna malarmes 

sasargeblod (da piriqiT) motivirebulia ara esTetikuri, 

aramed kulturuli da ideologiuri azriT (rogorc amas 

Semdeg vnaxavT). 

garkveuli winare komparativistuli kvlevebi, miuxedavad 

maTi fragmentuli da SemTxveviTi xasiaTisa, am tipis gamosavals 

winaswarmetyveleben. mas Semdeg, rac komparativizmi 

weltliteratur‐is codnasTan gaaigives da komparativizmi Weltliteratur-is 

perspeqtivaSi analizs saWiroebs, es kriteriumi yvela 

sxvas win uswrebda da xdeboda ipso facto funqciuri, anu hipo- 

145

Teza moiTxovda literaturul kvleva-Ziebas. universaluri 

literaturis Sexeduleba xandaxan formulirebulia ufro 

radikaluri saxiT: Cven gvWirdeba ès universaluri suliskveTeba, 

romlis gareSe am disciplinis didi da mTavari 

kiTxvebi ver daismeba~; mogveTxoveba `maregulirebeli principi~; 

dasturdeba aucilebloba imisa, rom `Camoyalibdes 

universaluri gageba (universelle Verständigung) 107 ; gvTxoven `saboloo 

mizans, erTaderTsa da gamaerTianebels~ (ein-einheitliches 

Ziet) 108 . aq TavisTavad dgeba sicxadis sakiTxi, radgan arsebobs 

mravali literaturuli `fenomeni~, romlebic mxolod nacionaluri 

literaturiT 109 ver àixsnebian~. sagulisxmoa, rom 

literatura, rogorc globaluri realoba, axsnadia da mas, 

upirveles yovlisa, sWirdeba gansazRvreba `qua literature~ (cneba, 

romelic morcxvad iCens Tavs) 110 . amis gareSe SeuZlebeli 

iqneba literaturulis gamoyofa araliteraturulisagan 111 , 

ar moxdeba _ vTqvaT – afrikuli da evropuli zepiri literaturebis 

112 Seswavlis gaerTianeba da ar ganTavsdebian isini 

erTsa da imave sibrtyeze. rogorc ki gamoviyenebT Teoriul 

da ganmazogadebel hipoTezebTan asimilirebul zogierT es- 

Tetikur kategorias da ganvalagebT mas Semdegi sqemis mixedviT: 

metonimia-metafora, rac Seesabameba realizm/romantizmsimbolizmis 

113 mimarTebas, aSkara gaxdeba, rom literaturis 

zogadi `modeli~ ukve Cvens winaSea. arsebobs aseve sxva universaluri 

modelebi, vTqvaT, èsTetikuri~; magaliTad, Cven 

viciT, rom krosis mixedviT _ classicitá da liricitá mTeli poeziis 

kondicias warmoadgens. 

Tumca, da es faqti aRsaniSnavia (vinaidan is aZlierebs 

komparativistuli hermenevtikis iseT tradicias, rogorsac 

Cven ganvixilavT), tradicionalisti esTetikosebi da Tanamedrove 

poetebi yovelTvis iyenebdnen zogad, qvemoT moxmobili 

tipis hipoTezebs: èrToblivi xedva~, `kompleqsuri~ (Gesamtschau), 

`fundamenturi struqturuli Taviseburebebi~ (m. baxtini) 

an `mxatvruli enis struqtura~ (i. lotmani) da a.S. nebismier 

SemTxvevaSi saubaria _ da swored es aris arsebiTi _ 

wamyvan meTodologiur, sabaziso principebze, romlebic 

yovelTvis winasityvobis an daskvnis saxiT gadmoicema. 

2. universalisturi hipoTeza ar aris da arc SeiZleba 

iyos neitraluri. is komparativistul hermenevtikas aqtiur, 

`mebrZol~ mimarTulebas aZlevs. marTlac, komparativizmis 

yoveli gansazRvreba gamodis fundamenturi ideologiuri 

arCevanidan, romelsac Zlieri meTodologiuri optacia mohyveba. 

dRevandlamde Cven viyaviT met-naklebad dagvianebuli 

146

pozitivistebi da zogierTebTan am konvencias veraferi Searyevs. 

obieqturobas, romelsac vimowmebT, aqvs forma da es 

aris _ pozitivizmi. amgvarad, pirveli kiTxva, rac warmoiSoba, 

Semdegia: gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba, gvqondes filosofia, eqsplicituri 

an implicituri, gvqondes sxva ideologiuri 

orientacia, sxva arCevani, sxva rwmena? Tu amaze dadebiT pasuxs 

gavcemT, maSin mTeli pozitivisturi nageboba CamoiSleba 

da, masTan erTad (gadaWriT unda iTqvas), tradiciuli komparativizmis 

safuZvlebic. 

am principul sakiTxs (rac SeiZleba ritorikulad Cav- 

TvaloT) faqtebi adasturebs. Cvens yvela inteleqtualur 

mcdelobaSi yovelTvis Cans ìdeologiuri~ motivacia da 

mTlianoba. ideaTa erTgvari `sistema~, ramdenime postulati, 

ori an sami aqsioma, gvinda Tu ara, Segnebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad, 

organizebuli formiT Tu araorganizebulad, Cvens 

yvela nabijsa da kvleva-Ziebas warmarTavs. igive `kanons~ 

emorCileba yoveli gansazRvreba, tendencia, mimdinareoba da 

literaturuli programa. maS, ratom dauSvebda gamonakliss 

komparativizmi? CavTvaloT, rom zogjer es procesi burusi- 

Taa moculi da Jurnalistebs, Zalian sulswrafebsa da Zalian 

zedapirulebs, romlebsac ar aqvT aranairi orientacia 

am sferoSi, ar surT da arc SeuZliaT miiRon, rom etiambls, 

magaliTad, miuxedavad Tavisi Tamami da èseisturi~ ierisa, 

aqvs sakuTari ìdeologia~ 116 , amasTan, Zalian naTlad gamoxatulic 

ki, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavis sawyis principebSi mainc 

117 . sxva mxriv, ìdeologiis~ semantika icvleba. tradiciuli 

Tu modernistuli mniSvnelobebi, romlebic arasodes 

eTanxmeba erTmaneTs, Cvens droSi dogmatizmSi CaZirvis gare- 

Se erTaderT gansazRvrebamde ar daiyvaneba. Cvens sferoebSi 

ideologia dadis literaturuli swavlebis Teoriul infrastruqturamde, 

romelic maT garkveuli mimarTulebiT gadaxris 

da ukanasknel analizSi gansazRvravs garkveul pozicias, 

rasac qmedeba mohyveba. es aris mamoZravebeli energia, 

biZgi, saboloo motivacia, rac win uZRvis Cvens kvlevebs da 

mas sicocxles aniWebs. 

miuxedavad zogierTi Tanamedrove Teoriisa, romlic 

ìdeologiaTa sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb saubrobs da im logikuri 

pozitivizmis ganawesisa, romlsac surs Semecneba yoveli 

ìdeologiuri~ narCenisagan gaaTavisuflos, savsebiT ganwmedili, 

utopiurad miukerZoebeli poziciis sasargeblod, ideologiuri 

orientacia moZvelebulad mainc ar iTvleba, vinaidan 

is yvela garemoebaSi aris da rCeba gardauvali. obieqtivisturi 

`logikuri~ arCevanic ki arCevania; igi gamomdina- 

147

eobs garkveuli gadawyvetilebebidan, romelTa Sorisac sapirispiro 

gadawyvetilebis uaryofa (valdebuleba, kulturuli 

hipoTeza da a.S) mTavari da ganmsazRvrelia. rac Seexeba 

literaturis Teorias, zogjer vxvdebiT, rom Semecnebis obieqti 

aq nakarnaxevia `wminda ideologiuri mosazrebebiT (risi 

formulirebac saWiro iqneboda)~ 119 ; amasTan, yovelTvis 

gvxvdeba masSi sociologiuri da ideologiuri hipoTezebi 

(Voraussettzungen) 120 . evropuli da Suasaukuneebis laTinuri literaturis 

kvlevebi e. r. kurciusis mier Riad mimdinareobda 

èvropuli kuTxiT~ (roca qveyndeba anTologiebi, vTqvaT ase- 

Ti saTauriT: A Christian Approach to Western Literature (1961), erTveba 

igive meqanizmi). es aris `Tvalsazrisis kuTxis~ damowmeba 

(sxvebs Soris), romelic sicxadiT gamoirCeva. igi TandaTanobiT 

misaRebi xdeba komparativistul kvlevebSic, kerZod, Tu 

gadavxedavT frankfurtis skolas an garkveuli istoriuli 

materializmis interpretacias; is mkveTrad vlindeba maSinac, 

roca literaturis yoveli gansazRvreba ideologiuradaa 

motivirebuli. 

Cveni Tvalsazrisi ewereba imave mimarTulebaSi, romlis 

Teoriuli dasabuTeba gardauvalia: Tu `Zvel~ komparativizms 

hqonda Tavisi sakuTreba, ratom ar SeiZleba igi hqondes aseve 

àxals~? da Tu is iyo ufro xSirad implicituri da nagulisxmevi, 

ratom ar gavSaloT karti da ar ganvacxadoT amis 

Sesaxeb Tavidanve, rac SeiZleba naTlad, aSkarad da gulaxdilad? 

saubaria literaturis universalisturi cnobierebis 

miRebasa da mis transformaciaze aqtiur Zalad, romelic 

uSualodaa CarTuli Cveni epoqis ideologiur realobaSi. 

swored aqedan xdeba komparativizmis gadaxra `mebrZoli~ mimarTulebisaken, 

romlis Sinaarsi iqneboda: aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

urTierTobebi, antinacionalizmi, evrocentrizmis 

pozicia, brZola imperializmisa da kolonializmis winaaRmdeg, 

internacionalizmis, kosmopolitizmis, kontaqtebis, gacvlebisa 

da TanamSromlobisaTvis, literatorTa Soris Tavisufali 

urTierTobebisaTvis, axali humanizmisTvis, axali 

komparativizmisTvis. Cveni etiambli, anu mebrZoli komparativizmi 

(1982), sakuTari mrwamsiT mainc, pasuxobs am programas 

(rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba arsebobdes sxvebic), romelic SeiZleba 

yovelTvis ukana planze iyos da komparativizmis Teoriul-poetikuri 

Ziebis globaluri ideologiuri biZgis 

funqcias asrulebdes. 

universalisturi ideologiuri hipoTezisa da universaluri 

literaturis Teoriis (=literatura) mimarTeba korelaturia. 

literaturis (universaluri) Teoriis dinamika uni- 

148

versalur literaturas àsimilaciisaken~ ubiZgebs. sabolood 

ki Cven aRmovCndebiT axali mdgomareobis winaSe, romelic 

literaturis ùniversalurobas~ ukavSirdeba. Tu marTalia 

is, rom universaluri SeiZleba ilustrirebuli iyos nebismieri 

gansakuTrebuli aspeqtiT, maSin ratom SeirCeva es 

ìlustraciebi~ mxolod `dasavlur~ sartyelSi? miviRebdiT 

pasuxs: xelsayrelobis gamo, CveulebiT, kulturuli da istoriuli 

TvalsazrisiT, rasac hipoTezis logika uSvebs, metic, 

moiTxovs. magram ufro `namdvili, swori~ aris hipoTeza, 

romelic universaluri literaturis gansazRvrebidan gamomdinareobs. 

is Seicavs `yvela~ `did~ da `mcire~ literaturebs 

da aRiarebs literaturis uflebasa da `literaturulobas~, 

magaliTad, xorvatul Tu malagasur literaturaSi. 

es aris Tanasworobis ideologia msoflios literaturaTa 

Soris, romelic amsxvrevs dasavleTis monopolias. esaa Tavisufali 

metoqeobis ideologia literaturul Rirebulebebs 

Soris, maTi (literaturebis) CaTvliT, romlebic ipso fakto 

`qvemdgomebad~ im ubralo faqtis gamo gvevlinebian, rom dasavlur 

sistemebSi maT Sesaxeb jer araferia cnobili. damoukidebeli 

literaturuli Teoriis ideologia, romelic aranakleb 

vargisia, mainc konkurentunariani rCeba, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom SemuSavebulia ori Tu sami didi tradiciis centrSi, 

dominantur kulturaTa miRma. dabolos, es aris ritualebis, 

stereotipebis, ganaxlebisa da cvlilebebis ideologia, 

malarmes, apolineris, joisis uzomod banalizebuli citaciebi, 

esaa ideologia, romelic aseve moiTxovs sxva magaliTebisa 

da sxva demonstraciebis CarTvas Teoriul wredSi, 

gamyarebuls sxva, aseve Tanabrad Rirebuli teqstebiT. nebismieri 

aRmosavluri citireba ueWvelad Canacvldeba dasavluri 

citaciiT da piriqiT. poeziis arsis gansazRvra mxolod 

apolineris `saTovlias~ tipis leqsebis saSualebiT, mcdari 

hipoTezis tolfasia, vinaidan masSi poeziis arsis povna mxolod 

amgvari leqsebis (da maTi ekvivalentebis) daxmarebiTaa 

SesaZlebeli, Tu ar CavTvliT omar haiamis robaiebsa da 

macuo basios `haikais~. Sedegad, aRmoCndeba, rom yvelaferi, 

rac ar aris `rembo~ safrangeTSi, evropaSi Tu sxvagan, naklebad 

sainteresoa, qvemdgomi, araaqtualuri da a.S. rasakvirvelia, 

am ideologiuri crurwmenis winaaRmdeg aucilebelia 

raRac ideologiuri reaqcia. amasTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis 

unda gavixsenoT dasavleTis mier aRmosavleTis aRqmis istoria, 

rac gaxldaT: `siaxle~, `saxeTa repertuari~ Tu ukiduresad 

distanciuri da mkacri uaryofa 122 . 

149

SevajamoT es hermenevtikuli mdgomareoba: aq ar gvaqvs 

moulodneli interpretacia, kiTxvis niSnebi. obieqtivisturi 

istorizebuli iluziebi kvlav erTi dartymiT imsxvreva, vinaidan 

yovelTvis winamavali konceptebiT, met-naklebad formulirebuli 

da SeniRbuli Teoriuli aprioriT operireben. 

mokled, ar arsebobs ùwyinari~ komparativistuli diskursi 

da `yvela interpretacia hipoTezuri an winaswarganzraxulia. 

Tumca sabolood mainc vipoviT imas, rasac ganmkargulebel 

konceptebsa da winaswarganmWvret epistemologiebSi veZebT, 

xolo daskvnis sityvebi da magaliTebi (vityodiT, Cvenda 

uneburad) ukve `mocemul~ daskvnas daeyrdnoba. 

yovelives ki universaluri literaturis, anu iseT literaturis 

`povniT~ vamTavrebT, rogoric iyo ganWvretili, 

sasurveli. da Tuki movisurvebdiT, rom mmarTveli konceptebi 

Camogvecilebina, romlebic win uZRvian operacias, komparativistis 

kulturuli, Teoriuli da terminologiuri tradicia 

sabolood masze mainc gaimarjvebda. aqedan modis im 

mkvlevarTa Secdomebi, romelTac sjeraT, rom wmindad `logikuri~ 

da deskrifciuli literaturis Teoriebi SeuZliaT 

SeimuSaon literaturis winaswarmofiqrebuli konceptis gareSe, 

im motiviT, rom is (koncepti) yovelTvis normatiulia 

123 , rac realobas sulac ar Seesabameba; an maTi cdomilebebi, 

romlebic `filosofias~ ganixilaven, rogorc `literaturis 

swavlebis sasrul da ara _ sawyis wertils~. 124 

winaswar Seqmnili azri, romlis mixedviTac SeuZlebelia 

universalur perspeqtivaSi ganTavseba, imTaviTve aris ganwiruli 

yoveli Tavdapirveli prekonceptis (absoluturi piroba) 

naTeli, zusti formulirebiT da axsniT 125 , romelic ipso 

facto gvikvalavs gasavlel gzas. es ar niSnavs, rom zogierTi 

meTodi da midgoma saboloo Sedegis misaRebad ufro adekvaturia, 

vidre sxvebi. mebrZoli komparativizmi mxolod da 

mxolod amuSavebs, magaliTad, formalistur da neopozitivistur 

meTodebs; komunikaciis Teoria ki ufro morgebulia 

literaturul ùniversalurobas~, romelsac is miemarTeba. 

aseve mxedvelobaSia misaRebi kulturuli mdgomareobac, ra- 

Ta universaluri literaturas Teoria marTlac universaluri 

gaxdes. 

150

4. hermenevtikuli xerxebi da wreebi 

1. sinqronuli kiTxva 

komparativistuli hermenevtikis axali orientaciebi uSvebs 

analizis sistemis srul cvlilebas. qronologiuridan, 

Tanmimdevrulidan Tu seriulidan is sinqronulSi 126 gadadis. 

Cveni formula axerxebs imas, rom Zalian zustad Semoxazos 

literaturis meTodi, romelsac universaluri da globaluri 

xedvis pretenzia aqvs da rac kiTxvis sinqronul wesrigs 

gulisxmobs. am sinqronulobas ori ganzomileba aqvs: 

a) misi sinTezuri da gamamTlianebeli perspeqtiva, pirvel 

rigSi, axerxebs imas, rom warsuli/awmyos (Zveli/Tanamedrove) 

wesrigis literaturuli urTierTobebis erToba identurobisa 

da nivelirebisaken miiswrafvodes ise, TiTqos 

msoflios mTeli literatura da literaturis Teoria Cvens 

droSi iyos dawerili 127 . es niSnavs kiTxvisaken swrafvas, rac 

gamudmebiT xorcieldeba igive referenciul sibrtyeze da 

gulisxmobs `gaTavisuflebuli anaqronizmis teqnikas~ (xelaxla 

mivmarTavT garegnulad paradoqsul formulas borxesis 

fiqciebidan (Ficciones). is Zalian xSirad gamoiyenebs adgilmonacvleobebs, 

retrospeqciebsa da aqtualizaciebs da es 

aris _ warsuli-awmyo/awmyo-warsulis tipi 128 . swored es mar- 

Sruti, es uwyveti mimosvla uSvebs yvela SesaZlo komparativistul 

varauds, msgavsebasa da kavSiris aRdgenas. swored 

aqedan momdinareobs zedrouli, meTodologiurad motivirebuli 

unitaruli wesrigis, yoveli hermenevtikuli wesrigis 

realizacia. amgvarad, nebismieri hermenevtikuli wakiTxva Tavis 

Tavze iRebs da aqtualurs xdis sakuTar SenaZenT, romlebic 

integraciis saSualebiT arian `warmodgenilni~ kiTxvis 

erTaderT aqtSi. am sinqronul wesrigSi ki yoveli citata 

da yoveli damowmeba amtkicebs yvela sxvas, da yvelani 

erTad, TanxmierebiT, interpretaciis erTsa da imave sqemas. 

amave dros, Tavidan aviridoT gaugebroba, rac TavisTavad 

mniSvnelovania. kiTxvis es tipi ar aris warmodgenili 

istoriis gareSe. ufro metic: is aRniSnulia istoriis yoveli 

momentiT, vinaidan komparativistuli aqti `horizontebis 

Serwymis~ relizebas axdens, raTa xelaxla Seudges Tanamedrove 

hermenevtikis gamoxatvas. es niSnavs, rom komparativistuli 

hipoTeza _ romelic sakuTari istoriuli momentisa da 

istoriuli tradiciis anabeWds atarebs da gansazRvravs mis 

definiciasa da Sinaarss _ Sejerebulia adreuli epoqis nawarmoebebis 

istoriul horizontze, rac qmnis misi `Sedare- 

151

is~ obieqts da mas Seerwymis. erTgvar uwyvetad gadaadgilebad 

istoriul tradiciaSi CarTuli komparativist-hermenevtikosi 

sakuTari badis daSifvriT Tavs uyris istoriuli da 

tradiciuli monacemebis mTlianobas da aRadgens maT. maSasadame, 

ori ìstoriuloba~ erTmaneTs emTxveva sinTezis, kontinuumis 

SigniT, sadac warsuli xdeba awmyo da awmyo, asimilaciis 

saSualebiT, aqtualizebuli warsulis saxes iRebs. es 

progresul-regresiuli moqmedeba saSualebas iZleva sinqronulad 

Cawvdes Zvelsa da modernistul literaturas da, 

imavdroulad, ipso facto gaigos universaluri literatura. SemoTavazebuli 

gansazRvreba `niSandadebulia~, magram mas SeuZlia 

iyos mxolod da mxolod `niSandadebuli~, istoriis 

beWdiT daRdasmuli. es dakvirveba vargisia komparativizmis 

terminologiuri da meTodologiuri aRWurvisa, da saerTod, 

yoveli istoriuli meTodisaTvis. 

aqedan gamomdinareobs ori Sedegi: pirveli _ sinamdvileSi, 

e.w. `gamrudebuli wre~ ar arsebobs, vinaidan hermenevtikis 

yoveli momenti da yoveli wre gansxvavebulad ìwyeba~; 

da meore: istoria/invariantis mimarTeba da istoriasa da 

arss Soris arsebuli `geometriul adgili~ iwereba imave 

transistoriul midgomaSi, romelzec garkveuli istoriuli 

momentebis nakvalevi aRibeWdeba. yoveli invarianti muSavdeba 

epoqis mkvlevaris mier SeZenil codnasa da sakuTar Ziebebze 

dayrdnobiT, romlebic literaturis mier mowodebuli istoriiT 

retroaqtiurad miemarTebian mocemulobebis erTobliobisaken. 

ra aris ufro `Tanamedrove~, vidre dolce vita-s retroaqtiuri 

gardasaxvis xilva XIII saukunis sakmaod msubuq 

adaT-wesebSi, an Jil blas auto-stop-iT umiznod xetialSi? 

(rogorc etiambli ityoda). 

Tanamedrove terminebiT ganmartebuli am tipis komparativistuli 

meTodi funqciuradac sinqronuli iqneba. es problematika 

erTbaSad jdeba sinqronia/diaqroniis didi debatebis 

(rac ar unda vTqvaT, amgvari debatebi mainc realobaa) 

CarCoSi. sinqronuli kiTxva cvlis diaqronul-horizontalur 

perspeqtivas sinqronul-vertikaluri perspeqtivis sasargeblod, 

rogorc fundamenturad istoriuli mdgomareobis sinqronuli 

proeqcia. literatura (universaluri) `yalibdeba~ 

diaqronulad da `funqcionirebs~ sinqronulad, vinaidan kiTxvis 

aqtis struqtura yovelTvis sakuTar sinqronul cxrils 

adgens. agreTve, yovel hipoTezas aqvs diaqronuli genezisi, 

rasac Tan axlavs gaormagebuli sinqronuli praqtika. es hermenevtikuli 

mimarTeba arsebiTia, magram: iqneb sinqronuli ki- 

Txva awydeba sinqronul faqtebs, romlebic mas am tipis waki- 

152

Txvas aiZulebs an obieqtur realobaSi asaxavs sakuTari Car- 

Co-cxrilis SemzRudvel da gamaerTianebel faqtebs? sinamdvileSi 

es mimarTeba alternatiuli da korelaturia, is gulisxmobs 

ormxriv wesrigs, rac niSnavs, rom sinqronuli komparativistuli 

kiTxva Tavad regulirdeba da ufro da ufro 

zustdeba faqtebis wyalobiT, romlebic SesamCnevni, mkafioni, 

mniSvnelovanni mxolod am midgomis wyalobiT xdebian. 

amgvarad, yovelTvis, roca komparativizmi universalurad, 

ganmazogadeblad da `horizontalurad~ gvesaxeba, is 

aucileblad sinqronuli xdeba. sasurvelia Tu ara sinqrounli 

swavlebis kombinireba (sinqronuli fenomenebis analizi) 

da diaqronuli swavleba (cvlilebebis Seswavla), Tu sakmarisia 

`SedarebiTi poetikis~ gzaze ukanasknel analizSi orientirebuli 

kiTxvis sinqronuli midgomiT SemovifargloT? 

literaturis (universaluri) koncepti, romelic am operacias 

warmarTavs, aucileblad sinqronulia; nacionaluri literaturebis 

diaqronia mas mxolod gadaamowmebs, avsebs an 

niuansebs sZens. 

amgvarad, komparativizmsa da literaturis istorias Soris 

arsebuli arsebiTi mimarTeba, sabolood SeiZleba ukeT 

iyos dazustebuli. istoria (literaturulisa da komparativistulis 

CaTvliT) retrospeqtiul/prospeqtiul moZraobaSi 

Tavisi epistemologiuri struqturiTac iwereba. is moqmedebs 

winaT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gadasinjviT 129 , cnobebis Semowmebis, 

Sepirispirebis gziT, ZaliT gaTanamedrovebuli winamorbedis 

ZiebiT. saubaria uwyvet ùkumoZraobaze~, romelic 

sawyis wertilad iRebs àrqaul realobebs~, raTa mzera awmyodan 

warsulisaken mimarTos, alternatiuli moqmedebas, 

`mTeli lingvisturi, komparativistuli Tu sxva operaciis 

yvelaze ufro sasargeblo fazas~ 130 . amgvarad, tipologiurkomparativistuli, 

simultanuri Tu sinqronuli kiTxva, sruli 

ànaqronizmiT~ mkvidrdeba da es anaqronizmi ganixileba, 

rogorc `bunebrivi~, ucvleli da gardauvali 131 . is ganpirobebulia 

istoriulad, misi gamoyeneba momdinareobs garkveuli 

istoriuli da ideologiuri momentidan, rac mas Tavis daRs 

asvams, magram misi meqanizmi yovelTvis igive rCeba, cxrili 

Tu dayofa retroaqtiurad aris gadatanili istoriaze. sinqronuloba 

gadrdaiqmneba aqroniad da Semdeg, intrepretaciul 

doneze, metaqroniad. 

Tu istoria aris `gardauvali~, is aris gardauvlad 

`Tanamedrove~ da `sinqronuli~ 132 , yovelTvis ze (supra) an metaistoriuli. 

am Tvalsazrisis dagmobas agrZeleben im mizezebiT, 

romlebic ideologiuri da istoriuli pirobiTobebi- 

153

dan da nacionaluri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinareoben. am 

dros mxedvelobis ares miRma toveben imas, rom yoveli istoriuli 

momenti, rogoric ar unda iyos misi Sinaarsi, meTodologiuri 

gamomsaxvelobiT axorcielebs warsulis igive 

wakiTxvas, rac erTsa da imave dros aris reduqciuli, aRdgenili 

da `moZvelebuli~. gana SesaZlebelia arsebobdes `literaturis 

SedarebiTi istoria~, rogorc avtonomiuri disciplina, 

romelsac warsulis aRdgena akisria? amas metad 

aRar gavimeorebT 133 , vinaidan yoveli istoria, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba 

iyos mxolod SedarebiTi, sxva mxriv ki, warsuli aRdgeba 

mxolod awmyos saSualebiT, romelic yovelTvis Zlieria 

Tavisi moTxovnilebebiT. 

amave dros, istoriuli wakiTxvis es tipi xsnis, Tu ratom 

xdeba literaturis SedarebiTi Teoriis damfuZneblebis 

uwyveti damowmeba am komparativistuli meTodis pirdapiri 

Sedegi, rac Cvens eseSic Cans. sinamdvileSi, analizsa da demonstraciaSi 

maTi aqtualizaciiTa da TandaTanobiT Car- 

TviT, hermenevtikis Tanmimdevrul wesrigs vaxorcielebT. es 

interpretacia aRmoaCens, agrZelebs da amdidrebs komparativistul 

tradicias. igi aris Cveni `horizonti~, sadac gansakuTrebulad 

fasoben `klasikosebi~ da `modernistebi~. goeTem 

es ukve icis: `dae, Zveli gaxdes axali~, iseve, rogorc 

amas a.Slegeli Zvel da axal literaturasTan dakavSirebiT 

ambobda 134 . butervekis literaturuli Janrebis sinoptikuri 

tabulebi miuTiTebda igive `sinqronuli gadamuSavebis~ (synchronistischen 

Bearbeitung) 135 aucileblobaze. es terminologia 

CvenTvis ukve nacnobia (iseve rogorc `horizontaluri~ da 

`SedarebiTi~ Tvalsazrisi), romlis gareSec literaturuli 

ganzogadeba da `poeziis àrsis~ gansazRvra SeuZlebeli iqneboda~ 

(g. sensburi) 136 . 

realurad, vin amaxvilebs yuradRebas sinqronul midgomaze 

Tanamedrove komparativizmSi? auditoria sakmaod mokrZalebulia, 

es vaRiaroT. Tuki arsebul naSromebs gadavxedavT, 

davinaxavT, rom isev Zalian uwesrigod iyeneben am koncepts. 

cxadia, zogjer xelaxla vubrundebiT sinqronulobis 

cnebas, viTxovT, rom SedarebiTi literatura aRar iyos 

aucileblad diaqronuli 137 , xotbas vasxmaT `sinqronul komparativizms~ 

138 , magram SesamCnevi efeqtis gareSe. Tumca vaRiaroT, 

gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTSi, rom sinqronuloba awonasworebs 

(yovel SemTxvevaSi, Teoriulad mainc) istorizmis 

garkveul gadaWarbebebsa da eqskluzivebs. swored amis gamo 

veTanxmebiT garkveul aspeqtamde sinqronul analogiebs, romlebsac 

ar uaryofdnen Zveli rusuli da sabWoTa komparati- 

154

vistuli skolebi (a. n. veselovski, v. Jirmunski). zogjer gamovxatavT 

kidec crurwmenas maT sasargeblod da vambobT: me- 

Todologiuri progresi moxseniebis Rirsia 139 . TiTqmis er- 

TaderTi wamowyeba, romelic dReisaTvis seriozulia da mas- 

Staburad Teorizebuli, ufro metic, am suliskveTebiTaa realizebuli, 

gaxlavT (sxva proeqtebi momzadebis procesSia) 

ori tomi seriisa evropuli enebis literaturaTa SedarebiTi 

istoria, rasac xelmZRanelobs komparativistikis saerTaSoriso 

asociacia da literaturuli avangardebi me-20 saukune- 

Si, Jan vaisgerberis redaqtorobiT. Tu pirveli tomi `diaqronulia~ 

(istoriuli, qronologiuri), meore tomi calsaxad 

`sinqronuli~ da `fenomenologiuria~ 140 . 

zogjer am ganxilvebs `zogadi literaturis~ iarliys 

vakerebT. magram isini zedapirze amodian yovel jerze, roca 

elementaruli dakvirveba sakmarisia `literaturaSi sinqronuli 

wesrigis~ amosacnobad, xolo adeqvaturi wakiTxva mas 

literaturuli esTetikisken mimarTavs 141 . bolos, rogorc 

Cans, àxali meTodebisa~ da, ufro metad, axali terminologis 

cxadi gavleniT (`gavlenis~ tipuri fenomeni!), literaturuli 

kvlevebis sinqronuli da diaqronuli midgoma internacionaluri 

kuTxiT (ukeT rom vTqvaT, supranacionaluriT) 

ZalaSi Sedis 142 . 

aranakleb aRsaniSnavia sirTule, romlis wyalobiTac 

tradiciuli SedarebiTi literatura `simultanuri da Tanmimdevruli 

reaqciebis~ 143 xangrZlivad warmodgenil koncepts 

iTvisebs. mas vxvdebiT marginalur bundovanebaSi (imTaviTve 

da sporadulad); zogjer sul axali mignebebis drosac, ri- 

Tac cdiloben `miaRwion literaturuli fenomenis mTlianobis 

simultanur da sinTezur xedvas~ 144 . auditoria ufro da 

ufro farTovdeba: `yvela literaturis erTdrouli Seswavla~ 

dRis wesrigSi dgeba 145 . 

kidev erTxel vimeorebT: faqtebis rigi wyvets faqtebis 

wakiTxvas. ori sistema erTimeores edeba da dialeqtikurad 

ormxrivad ganpirobebuli xdeba. erTi iwvevs da gansazRvravs 

meores. magaliTad, mivyveT Tundac Jozef teqtes proeqts: 

warmovadginoT `yvela literaturis erTdrouli ganviTareba~ 

146 . cxadia, erTdroulobis hipoTeza erTsa da imave dros 

awesrigebs ordo rerum da ordo rerum idearum. sul mTlad daviwyebul 

intuicias kvlav vpoulobT (da didi zar-zeimiT) Tanamedrove 

gamoCenil adamianebTan, rogorebicaa Tomas elioti, 

ezra paundi Tu norTrop frai, romlebic zustad igives amboben. 

erTi _ evropul literaturas miiCnevs, rogorc `simultanuri 

yofierebisa da simultanuri wesrigidan Seq- 

155

mnils~, maSin, rodesac sxvebisaTvis _ `yvela epoqa aris Tanamedrove... 

rac gansakuTrebiT dasturdeba literaturaSi~, romelic 

mxolod da mxolod `totaluri wesrigia~ _ Tavisi gariJraJidan 

_ Cvens dromde 147 . SeiZleba igive iTqvas Tanamedroveobaze, 

`msoflios simultanobis~ fenomenze Tu zogierT 

avangardul wamowyebaze, rac iqneboda èrTdroulad SeZenili 

unikaluri universaluri literatura~ 148 da a.S. yvela am 

SemTxvevaSi, simultanuri literaturis ganviTareba da simultanuri 

aRdgenis sistema erT mTlianobas Seadgens, rac 

araferia, Tu ara mxolod erTi hermenevtikuli procesi. aq 

kvlav vpoulobT mis centralur hipoTezas Tu mis meqanizms 

(warsuli/awmyos ormxrivi gaSuqeba, xelaxali gamogonebis, 

xelaxali aRmoCenis, winaswari ganWvretis, gaTanamedroveobis 

dadastureba, rac xSirad warmoaCens siurprizs, paradoqss 

da a.S) rene velekTan (da sxva anglo-saqs avtorebTan), dabolos 

_ etiamblTan. es avtori marTlac ganWvrets `didroseul 

suls X saukunis arab enciklopedistebTan~ 150 . 

ukve aRaraferi rCeba, Tu ara ukanaskneli nabijis gadadgma: 

komparativizmSi vaRiaroT `sinqronuli poetikis~ 151 

saxesxvaoba (sui generis), romelic unda aigos ara lingvistur 

bazaze, aramed sinqronul-struqturalisturi aRwerilobebisa 

da invariantebis daxmarebiT, dawyebuli mudmivi, maradiuli 

gameorebebiT, romelTa mizania universaluri literaturis, 

istorizirebuli istoriis sazRvrebis gacdena da literaturis 

Teoriisa da Teoriulobis mizanSi amoReba. es meTodologiuri 

cvlileba TandaTanobiT, nawilobriv miiReba: 

`SedarebiTi literatura rCeba farTod istoriul disciplinad, 

Tumca istoria misi Seswavlis mTavari obieqti ar aris. 

am Temebsa Tu Janrebze kvleva Seicavs sinqronul dajgufebebsa 

da Sedarebebs, romlebic SedarebiT literaturas gansakuTrebul 

xasiaTs aniWebs, aTavsebs maT literaturis istoriasa 

da literaturis codnas Soris~ (robert eskarpiti) 152 . 

es axali komparativistuli organoni asagebi rCeba da 

Cveni esec am mimarTulebiT midis. Tumca Tavisi principiT 

mas mainc uswrebs win zogierTi Tanamedrove poetikosebis 

naSromebi, kerZod, iseTebis, rogorebic rusi formalistebi 

arian. es naSromebi unda movaTavsoT `literaturis sinqrounli 

sistemis~ 153 , `droismiRmurobis~ da `reversuli wesrigis~ 

kategoriaSi. igivea JenetTanac, romelic e. r kurciuss eyrdnoba 

154 ; h. r. iausTan da mis recefciul esTetikaSi, romlis 

programa `diaqroniis sxvadasxva wertilebSi sinqronul 

kveTebs 155 ~ moiTxovs da sxv. agreTve, andre malros msgavsad, 

unda gavixsenoT universaluri literaturis `warmosaxviTi 

156

muzeumi~, rac yvela Sedevris interpretaciiTa da sinqrounli 

aRdgeniT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli. maSasadame, SegviZlia va- 

RiaroT, rom yvela literaturuli gansazRvreba axleburad 

wyvets istoriul da Teoriul gegmas; da yvela literaturuli 

koncepti, iseve, rogorc yvela wakiTxva, Tanabrad sinqronulia 

da yovelTvis erT sinqronul yalibSia moTavsebuli 

(gamartivebuli modeli 157 ). 

b) aRmosavleT-dasavleTis simultanuri analizi aormagebs 

am sinqronul midgomas, gadaWimavs mas did zedapirze, 

universaluri ganzomilebis mqone sazRvramde. amgvarad, vertikaluri 

kveTa (warsuli/awmyo) uerTdeba horizontalur 

sivrcul kveTas, (aRmosavleT/dasavleTi), imave tipis hermenevtuli 

mimarTulebebis dasafuZneblad da gadasamowmeblad. 

Cinuri da Suasaukuneebis monacemebi SeiZleba kargad iyos 

asimilirebuli evropuli da Tanamedrove suliT. da roca 

vaxsenebT aRmosavleT-dasavleTis ganzomilebas, aucilebelia 

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is aRniSnavs ara mxolod aRmosavleT/dasavleTis, 

aramed aseve aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis 

Sexvedrasac. maSasadame, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis polaruloba 

SegviZlia ganvixiloT sinqronul-diaqronuli polarulobis 

tolfasad 158 , im azriT, rom dasavluri literaturuli 

konceptebi gardauvlad sinqronuli xdebian yovel 

jerze, roca isini axleburad ganixilaven aRmosavlur faqtebs, 

gancdilT (da saxeldebulT), rogorc maT Tanafards. 

l. masinioni Tavis orientalizms amgvaradve gansazRvravda: 

àrc egzotizmiT uazro gataceba, arc evropis uaryofa, 

aramed Cveni Ziebis meTodebisa da antikuri civilizaciebis 

mier gavlili tradiciebis gaTanabreba~ 159 . 

aqedan gamomdinare, ra daskvnebi SegviZlia gavakeToT 

SedarebiTi literaturis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT? Zalian 

mokled rom SevajeroT: 1) arsebobs Cinuri, arabuli poetikebi 

da ara mxolod dasavluri; es xom gacveTili WeSmaritebaa. 

2) isini warmoaCenen garkveul analogiebsa da Sexebis 

wertilebs dasavleTis poetikebTan; 3) sabolood, aqedan SeiZleba 

gamovitanoT, saerTo an, Tu gvsurs, `latanturi~ daskvna 

poetikis arsebobis Sesaxeb, rac Cadebulia yvela `regionalur~ 

poetikaSi. poetika am safuZvelze ikveTeba ganzogadebuli, 

universaluri mniSvnelobiTa da vargisianobiT. Tu 

zogierTi orientalisti msgavs `ganzogadebas~ aRiarebs aziur 

da evropul literaturasTan mimarTebiT 160 , ratom ar 

iqneba es SesaZlebeli literaturis TeoriisaTvis? 

marTlac, ganmazogadebeli xerxebi (III,3), dawyebuli terminologiuri 

gadaadgilebiT, igive rCeba. aRmosavleT-dasav- 

157

leTis komparativizmi, evropul invariantebze nadiroba CineTSi 

da piriqiT, ormxrivad SeuZlebeli iqneba am xerxis mi- 

Rebis gareSe (romelic arsebiTsa da universalurs umiznebs). 

es aris identifikaciebisa da eqstrapolaciebis daxmarebiT 

identurobebis Zieba, rac ganxorcielebulia jaWvis orive 

bolodan. ukve gavixseneT, rom zogierTi komparativisti, rogorc 

aRmosavleTSi, aseve dasavleTSi, am meTods Tanxmdeba. 

axla amis `teqnikuri~ dasabuTebac gvaqvs. rodesac vamtkicebT, 

rom `Suasaukuneebisa da aRmosavleTis xelovnebis 

principebi identuria~ an arsebobs `realuri analogia~ maister 

ekhartis azrovnebasa da induisturi filosofiis zogierT 

aspeqts Soris, teqstebis dawvrilebiTi analizi warmoaCens 

yvela rigis Tanxvedrasa da Tanamonawileobas, rac am 

mtkicebulebas amarTlebs. maSasadame, araferia ufro legitimuri, 

vidre maTi gadmocema yvelgan tolfasi terminebiT. 

zogierTi nawarmoebis wyoba nimuSebis SerCevis igive meqanizms 

amtkicebs. Zveli/axlis, originaluroba/tradiciis, 

wesrigi/avantiuris, norma/Tavisuflebis Sejereba SeiZleba 

miRebuli iyos universalur poetikur `kanonad~; da is Tavisuflad 

mowmdeba rogorc dasavleTis areSi, aseve aRmosavleTSi, 

magaliTad, arabul poetikaSi (saerTo esTetikuri 

problemebi marTlac rom ufro metia). mimarTeba _ maRali 

kultura-damwerloba/xalxuri kultura-zepirsityviereba _ 

Tavisi literaturuli da Teoriuli implikaciebis erTobliobiT, 

agreTve aRmosavleT-dasavleTis rigisaa, maSasadame, 

struqturulad universaluri. amis damowmebebi uamravia, 

magram naklebad gamoyenebuli. igive daskvnas viRebT maSinac, 

rodesac gadavdivarT gansakuTrebul Teoriebze: Txrobis naratiulobis 

zogadi Teoria SeuZlebelia gamomuSavdes, magaliTad, 

Cinuri magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. 163 es dakvirveba 

aseve vargisia Janrebis TeoriisaTvis, romanisaTvis 164 , 

piradi dRiuri 165 , elegiisaTvis da a.S. aqedan gamomdinareobs 

is, rom amiT Seiryeva da saxes Seicvlis yvela evropuli Teoria 

da sqema. iaponiaSi romani win uswrebs epopeas da piradi 

dRiuri aris fiqcia prozaSi, literaturuli konvencia, 

rac 8 saukuniT adreulia, vidre igive fenomeni evropaSi; xolo 

CineTSi drama karga xniT win uswrebs berZnul tragedias. 

spontanuri STagonebis Teoriis siuJetSi, eseSi, avtobiografiaSi, 

werilSi (literaturuli), Cven vxvdebiT igive 

prioritets (iaponurs). CineTSi, da saerTod, aRmosavlur literaturaSi, 

epikuri poema lirizmisaken, elegiisaken ixreba, 

maSin, roca lirikuli poezia warmoaCens epikur tendenciebs, 

romlebic elegiisa da elegiuri epigramebisken arian midre- 

158

kilni. saberZneTSi literatura iwyeba epopeiT, CineTSi _ lirikuli 

poeziiT da ambis sawyisi maTSi sruliad sxvadasxvaa 

da a.S. 167 yvela am SemTxvevaSi sakmarisi ar aris iTqvas: `lirikuli 

poezia yvelgan erTi da igivea~. 168 is, rac TavisTavad 

Cans, magram warmoiSoba yoveli poetikuri problemis Sem- 

TxvevaSi (forma, saxe, stili da sxv.) aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

komparativistuli SejerebebiT, zogadi gansazRvrebis win wamowevamde, 

gamomdinareobda `SedarebiTi poetikidan~. 169 yovel 

SemTxvevaSi, am droisaTvis dasavleTis orientalistebi bevrad 

ufro win wasulni arian am sferoSi, vidre maTi komparativisti 

kolegebi. 

modiT, am sakiTxs sxva mxridan SevxedoT, kerZod, movi- 

ZioT igi aRmosavluri literaturis TeoretikosebTan. midgoma 

aq arsebiTad igivea. warmoCenili saerTo elementebi an 

aRiqmeba, rogorc daprogramebuli, an SemTxveviTi, rasac igive 

tipis daskvnebamde mivyavarT, esenia: ganzogadebuli esTetikuri 

Teoriebi, CarCoSi moqceuli kategoriuli aRmosavluri 

mocemulobebi, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis Sesabamisobebi poetikis 

an Janrebis Teoriis gansazRvrul sakiTxebSi da a.S., 

rac Camoyalibebuli komparativistuli Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, 

zogjer mkveTrad aris miTiTebuli. 170 rasakvirvelia, 

sfero, romelzec vsaubrobT, jer ar gamoukvleviaT da 

igi arc SemTxveviTi `kaTolikuri~ esTetikisagana saimedod 

daculi. 171 literaturuli ekumenizmi, kodirebuli, normatiuli? 

amaze laparakic zedmetia. magram ganzogadebis SeTanxmebuloba, 

dawyebuli saerTo hipoTezidan da saCvenebeli 

teqstebidan, romelTa mniSvnelobac Seqcevadia, eWvqveS ar 

dgeba. roca Cven viRebT amgvar perspeqtivas, uecrad warmoiSoba 

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis Sedarebebi da homologiebi. 

isRa dagvrCenia, Tvali gadavavloT, magaliTis saxiT, Zveli 

Cinuri tradiciis or klasikoss: lu Sisa da lui sies. rac 

Seexeba WeSmariti saxisa da arsis erTgvarovnebebis winaswar 

ganWvretebs, `siaxlisa~ da originalobis~ poetikur moTxovnebs 

(`wyaroebis gareSe~), rasac Cven vuwodeT (evropaSi) foni-formis 

Sesabamisoba, `dumilis ritorika~, lamazi ena, literaturul 

emocia da eqspresia, damwerloba _ Tavidan funqciuri, 

Semdeg èsTetizebuli~, zepirTqma da a.S 172 , imisTvisaa, 

rom warmoCndes meTodis funqcionireba, romlis ganyenebuli 

vargisianoba win uswrebs Tavis Sedegebs. 

159

2. induqcia _ deduqcia 

komparativisti Teoretikosi literaturis istoriasa da 

universalur literaturaze Tvalis gadavlebiT, simultanuri 

kiTxviT, yovel wuTs induqcia/deduqciis meTodiT moqmedebs. 

es meTodi srulebiT ar aris damaxasiaTebeli Sedarebi- 

Ti literaturisTvis, romelic misi gansakuTrebuli funqciebidan 

erT-erTia da dazustebuli rCeba. Tavad Cvenc igivenairad 

vimoqmedebT, induqciebiTa da deduqciebiT, progresuli 

da regresuli msjelobebiT, ganuwyveteli mimosvliT: Cveni 

centraluri hipoTezidan misi gansakuTrebul implikaciebisa 

da gamoyenebebisaken, safuZvlidan dawyebuli, ufro da ufro 

gavrcobili ganzogadebisaken. orive es momenti ganuyofelia 

da maTi korelacia yovelTvis xorcieldeba. qvemoT vnaxavT, 

rom amasTan dakavSirebiT logikosebi da hermenevtikosebi 

srul TanxmobaSi arian 173 . 

literaturis TeoriisaTvis am ganuwyveteli procesis 

zogierTi aspeqti Zalian sainteresoa. upirvelesad, is cvlis 

imas, rasac Cven `gafarToebadi~ Tu àvTenturi induqcia~ vuwodeT 

da yoveli daskvna winamavals moicavs. CamonaTvalis 

nusxa amomwuravi ar aris, dawyebuli individualuri SemTxvevebis 

erTobliobidan, warmarTuli zogadisken (`sruli~ induqcia), 

magram miemarTeba igive klasis elementebis gansaz- 

Rvrul raodenobas. ZiriTadad, induqcia SerCeviTia da arasodes 

_ amomwuravi. is yovelTvis moqmedebs arCevanis gziT 

(gadamwyveti faqtebi, arsebiTi xasiaTi, ukiduresad gamomsaxvelobiTi 

monacemebi), gadarCeva Tavidanve, sabaziso hipoTeza- 

Sia mocemuli, romlis funqcia erTdroulad aris gamomricxavic 

da reduqciulic. moqmedebis meTodi Zalian hgavs von 

unten (g.T. feSneri) SemuSavebul esTetikas, qvemodan _ zemoT, 

ukiduresad SezRuduli faqtebidan da teqstebidan, ufro da 

ufro ganzogadebuli STagonebebisaken. induqcia amodis 

izolirebuli, danawevrebuli, tranzituli elementebidan, ra- 

Ta mivides per ascensum globalur, erTian da mudmiv daskvnebamde. 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, simartivisTvis, is erToblivad 

viTardeba nacnobidan da identuridan _ ucnobisa da 

gansxvavebulisaken. 

maSasadame, induqcia aris TandaTanobiTi, aRmavali, ganmazogadebeli. 

Tavisi daskvnebis sazRvrebi mas mihyavs kerZodan 

_ zogadisaken, Zalian konkretulidan _ Zalian zogadisaken. 

dawyebuli erTi Tu mravali faqtidan, is adis erTi da 

igive Janris yvela faqtis kanonamde, originaluri Sinaarsidan 

_ universalur Sinaarsamde. yovelive es jer kidev aris- 

160

toteledan moyolebuli viciT (topikebi, 1, 12, 105 a, 13). da 

mainc, Cvens kerZo SemTxvevaSi, `Sejameba~ (an `Semajamebeli 

universaluri~) da `Teoria~... `kanons~ vamjobinoT, samecniero 

dakvirvebebisa da eqsperimentebis gamosayofad gadavideT 

literaturuli monacemebis sferoSi, globalur formulaze, 

sadac isini Sejamdebian, magram es ganmazogadebeli gansja 

ar aris WeSmariti `kanoni~, vinaidan literaturaSi Cven maradiuli 

gamonaklisis sferoSi vimyofebiT. ufro metic, literaturis 

Teoriis safuZveli araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris 

mizezobriobis principi. sxva mxriv, nebismier `Teorias~, centris 

msgavsad, yovelTvis aqvs principi, romlisakenac miiswrafvis 

an romelsac SeiZleba miebas hipoTezebisa da aRniSnuli 

faqtebis erToblioba. maSasadame, mas SeuZlia erTmaneTs 

daakavSiros (rogorc es swored literaturis Teoriis 

SemTxvevaSi xdeba) hipoTezis qmediToba da monacemTa SerCevi- 

Toba. es aris Teoria, romelic Tavis mTlianobaSi awesrigebs 

induqciisa da deduqciis procesebs da axdens maT 

modelirebas. 

saerTod, saubaria induqcia-deduqciis gansakuTrebul 

aspeqtze, romelsac aqvs didi SesaZlebloba, Riaobisa, rektifikaciisa 

da retroaqciisa, Cven vadgildebiT a-dan c-ze, b-dan 

c-ze da c-dan d-ze, Cveni codnis zrdis Sesabamisad (induqciuri 

momenti), radgan vaskvniT, rom e, f, g, h identurni da 

msgavsni arian a, b, c, d-si (deduqciuri momenti). da amis sapirispirod, 

Tu mocemuloba e‐s ewinaaRmdegeba, a, b, c, d-s seriis 

rigi mTlianad icvleba, raTa mas adgili gauTavisuflos. Sedegad, 

yoveli literaturuli Teoria sapirispiros damtkicebamde 

ganagrZobs moqmedebas, aranairi induqciis SenarCuneba 

ar xdeba naZaladevad da misgan arc raimes sabolood daskvnaa 

SesaZlebeli. swored misTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRdgeni- 

Ti monacemebis, adaptaciisa da absorbaciis moqnilobis wyalobiT, 

induqciuri ganzogadeba yovelTvis retroaqtiuri da 

retroperspeqtulia. yoveli SemTxvevisas Cven ganvazogadebT 

SebrunebiT _ viwyebT ukanaskneli da ukve miRweuli umaRlesi 

wertilidan, magaliTad, SeviswavliT Tanamedrove 

iugoslaviur xalxur epikur poezias (peri, lordi) im rwmeniT, 

rom misi saSualebiT homerosiseuli antikuri `kreaciis~ 

meqanizms CavwvdebiT. da vinaidan ukanaskneli `momenti~ am 

gzisa (sadac gadaxlarTulia prekoncepti, sabaziso hipoTeza 

da materialuri monacemebi) yovelTvis markirebulia istoriiT, 

ganmazogadebeli induqciis istorizmTan Serigeba ara 

marto SesaZlebelia, aramed, ufro metic, gardauvli da 

aucilebeli. 

161

meore mxriv, crurwmenebiT, e.i. Teoriuli hipoTezebiT 

SeiaraRebuli induqcia, imTaviTve winaswargansazRvrulia; is 

gamomdinareobs garkveuli àpriorizmidan~, yovelTvis orientirebulia 

prekonceptze, winaswar ìcis~, Tu ra aris literatura 

da komparativizmi da sad surs literaturas yofna. 

imis gamo, rom mdgomareoba winaswar ganWvretilia da sxva 

hipoTezas eyrdnoba, mas statusi ar ecvleba. rogorc ki bazisuri 

hipoTeza Cerdeba, induqcia-deduqciis meqanizmi mihyveba 

Tavis wmindad logikur gzas, 176 maklasificirebels, ganmazogadebelsa 

da damajamebels. roca is cdilobda, erTdroulad 

Caeyara safuZveli empiriuli da WvretiTi, gamWirvale 

da gamoyenebiTi poetikisaTvis, fr. Slegels ukve hqonda erTgvari 

induqciur-deduqciuri poetikis intuicia: `xelovnebis 

dargSi deduqcias win unda uZRvodes istoriuli an empiriuli 

monacemi, rac klasifikaciis princips afuZnebs logika- 

Si, poeziasa da eTikaSi~. 177 istoriuli monacemebis `poetikuri~ 

klasifikaciis kriteriumi aris bazisuri hipoTeza. `swored 

generalur da kritikul xedvas, swored universalur 

induqcias~ iTvaliswinebda renanis meTodic. 178 eqsperimentulma 

mecnierebam da Tanamedrove logikam aseve ician, rom `winaswarganWvretili 

idea an hipoTeza yovelgvari eqsperimentuli 

gansjis aucilebeli aTvlis wertilia~ da rom induqciis 

principi ar aris gamocdilebiT Tavsmoxveuli, mas SeuZlia 

amgvarad gascdes wriul moZraobas da damoukidebel logikas 

emorCileba. 179 isinic ki, romlebic ukuagdeben miTis 

mdgomareobamde dayvanil induqcias, Tanxmdebian, rom hipoTeza 

SeiZleboda empiriul cdebs damorCileboda (kontrolis 

deduqciuri meTodi), `mxolod ganviTarebis Semdeg~. 180 ase 

rom, xels araferi gviSlis ganvaviTaroT Cveni hipoTezebi, 

oRondac SevZloT maTi Semowmeba. aseve, mxedvelobaSi unda 

gvqondes is faqti (rasac am Tavis bolos davubrundebiT), 

rom `Semowmebas~ literaturis Teoriis sferoSi aqvs sruliad 

sxva statusi, vidre `Semowmebas~, romelic eqsperimentul 

mecnierebebSi moqmedebs. 

amgvarad, Cveni fundamenturi hipoTeza mSvenivrad aris 

cnobili: arsebobs universaluri literatura, romelic ukanasknel 

analizSi literaturasTanaa gaigivebuli. am centraluri 

hipoTezis wyalobiT, induqcia-deduqciis meTods iyeneben 

literaturuli monacemebis mTlianobisTvis, risi aRqmac 

mas Tavisi specifikuri `logikis~ Tanaxmad SeuZlia. maSasadame, 

universaluri literaturis koncepti araferia, Tu ara 

induqciuri ganzogadeba, dawyebuli garkveuli ucvlelobebidan, 

romlebic induqciis saSualebiT TavisTavad dgindebian. 

162

Zveli WeSmariteba, an TiTqmis Zveli WeSmariteba, gacxadebuli 

komparativistuli meTodologiis erT-erT pirvel statiaSi: 

`...induqciis saSualebiT aRwevs Weltiliteratur-is xasiaTs~. 181 

amas garda, TavisTavad cxadi xdeba meTodis saWiroeba da 

Cven viwyebT `jer mxolod erTi literaturis Seswavlas, mere 

_ sxva literaturebisa; SemdegisTvis ki orientirs viRebT 

yvela literaturis erTobliobisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, 

literaturisaken. rogorc yvela iduqciuri gansazRvreba da 

hipoTeza, isini farTovdebian da niuansebs iZenen am gzaze, 

dawyebuli TavianTi hipoTezis konceptidan~. 182 Tu SevZeliT 

am safuZvelze SegvemuSavebina `primitiuli poeziis~ Teoria, 

erTdroulad induqciuri (cnobilidan ucnobisaken) da deduqciuri 

(aseve yvelaze Zveli literaturis tipebisTvis vargisi) 

ise, rom aravis miuTiTebia Secdomasa da meTodologiur 

eresze, ratomac ar unda gvecada igive meTodiT mivsuliyaviT 

ùniversaluri poeziis Teoriamde~? saWiroa mxolod 

gavcdeT evropocentrizms, miviCnioT, rom arsebobs sxva literaturebic, 

romlebic aseve sainteresoa Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, 

gavafarTovoT induqcia eqstraevropul sferoSi 

da eqstrapolacia movaxdinoT ori mimarTulebiT: dasavleTidan 

aRmosavleTisaken da piriqiT. movixmoT erTaderTi magaliTi 

am ormagi transferisa. Cven SegviZlia CineTis tradiciul 

kritikaSi induqciurad aRmovaCinoT literaturis Teoriis 

eqvsi tipi, romlebic gansazRvrulni arian evropuli terminebisa 

da sqemebis daxmarebiT (metafizikuri, deterministuli, 

eqspresiuli, teqnikuri, esTetikuri da pragmatuli). 184 

kerZod, sadamde SeuZlia migviyvanos induqciam msgavs 

sferoebSi? zustad universaluri msgavsebis limitamde, anu 

universaluri literaturis ideamde da mis gansazRvrebamde. 

ganzogadeba gardauvalia, vinaidan misi sawyisi, mTavari koncepti 

literaturisa, amave dros efuZneba Tavis sasrul 

zRvars, rac dasabams aZlevs komparativistuli inerpretaciis 

process mTlianobaSi. induqcia varaudobs zogads kerZoSi 

da maT urTierTmimarTebas, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT 

literaturis universalurobaze _ dawyebuli nebismieri 

momentidan da ara is, rom mTlianad `movicvaT~ universaluroba. 

am azriT, sakmarisia yvelaferSi konkretuli moviZioT 

da `ganzogadebis elementebi TavisTavad cxadi gaxdeba~ 

(goeTe) 185 . maSasadame, induqcia aris marad progresuli, Ria, 

srulyofis unaris mqone. mxolod mas SeuZlia gamudmebiT 

gafarTovdes, aRmoaCinos da winaswarWvretis suliskveTebiT 

daibrunos Tavisi winamorbedni. 

163

intuicia gajerebulia ìnduqciuri poetikiT~, rac komparativistis 

gzis mizans warmoadgens da gvxvdeba am disciplinis 

pirvel TeoretikosebTan, vfiqrob, a. n. veselovkidan 

dawyebuli. Tavis mxriv, j. seintsberi surs Caanacvlos `deduqciurad 

navaraudebi kanonebi, romlebic `literaturebs~ 

`literaturuli induqciis~ inversiuli moZraobiT marTaven. 

187 poetika, romelsac es safuZveli aqvs, mowodebulia 

imisken, rom `gadaamowmos da moaxdinos literaturis saerTo 

bunebis sistematizacia~. ès maxasiaTeblebi SeTvisebulia 

àrsTan~ da `literaturis fenomenis kanonebTan~. m. karieri 

(Die Poesie, 1984) ukve praqtikaSi iyenebs am meTods 188 . msgavsi 

Wvretebi Cans yvelgan, sadac erTveba istoriuli Ziebebi, ris 

Sedegadac: àpriorulad ar ganvsazRvravdiT Tvisebebs, magram 

gavxdebodiT istoridan Janrebis aorTqlebis mowme~. 189 

igive problema wamoiWreba literaturis istorikosebis, istoruli 

orientaciis mqone yvela komparativistis winaSe. 

yovelive es ufro metad aqtualuria maTTan, romlebic 

am midgomis funqcionalur Rirebulebas acnobiereben. Tu 

isini ipovnian `msgavsebebs~, axsna martivi iqneba: erTdrouli 

kritikuli dakvirveba uciloblad moqmedebs ìnduqciis~ me- 

TodiT. 190 meTodi, interpretaciul-hermenevtikuli 191 perspeqtivis 

CaTvliT, ufro da ufro miRebuli xdeba da induqciuri 

sinTezebi, romlebic dResac arseboben, citirebis uflebis 

mopovebiT amTavreben. 192 imgvari winadadeba, romelic qvemoT 

aris warmodgenili, SeiZleba miviCnioT, rogorc saki- 

Txis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis warmosaCeni magaliTi: `saWiroa 

iTqvas, rom mas Semdeg, rac literaturuli kvlevebi er- 

Ti saukunis ganmavlobaSi nacionalizmiT iyo dasneulebuli, 

bolos da bolos miagnes internacionalur Tvalsazriss, 

romelTan mimarTebaSi yvelaferi sxva meoreuli da misgan 

gamomdinarea~ (amis gamoyofa Cven miviCnieT saWirod; a. m.). 193 

am mcdelobidan yvelaze amaRlebuli da yvelaze mravlismetyveli 

aris induqciuri literaturis esTetikuri SesaZleblobis 

damowmeba. es idea aRadgines rene uelekma (romelic 

amtkicebs literaturis esTetikas von unten da mihyveba 

ìnduqciuri kritikiT~ gaxsnil gzas) 194 da etiamblma, romlis 

gegmasac warmoadgens ìnduqciuri Tu deduqciuri ritorikis~ 

SeZlebisdagvarad progresuli istoriuli swavleba~ 

da aseve SeZlebisdagvarad mowinave `SedarebiTi poetika~, romelsac 

zedmiwevniTi kvleva-ZiebiT, `SedarebiTi literaturis 

mravali naSromiT~ CavrTavT am mcdelobaSi. 195 pozitivistur 

mtkicebulebebSi warmoqmnili sicariele TvalSisacemia, 

vinaidan, am jerze, ukanaskneli komparativistuli talRebis 

164

momxreebs Soris Cven ufro da ufro mivdivarT im ideamde, 

rom arsebobs `teqstebis yuradRebiT wakiTxvis induqciur 

wesebsa da zogad kodebs Soris wonasworoba~ 196 , gansakuTrebiT 

ki `mivdivarT axal paradigmaSi gavrcobili literaturuli 

velis induqciur Seswavlasa da individualuri struqturaluri 

elementebis unifikaciamde, romelic maRali doniT~ 

197 gamoirCeva. am procesis gamarTleba da mis SedegebSi 

daeWveba _ SeuZlebelia. sxvaTa Soris, is gamoZaxils hpovebs 

mudmivad gamoyenebul meTodSi, romelsac mivmarTavT epistemologiaSi, 

anTropologiaSi, esTetikaSi, lingvistikaSi, hermenevtikasa 

da a.S. 

3. analizi _ sinTezi 

rac Seexeba analizsa da sinTezs, am wyvilis problemebi 

komparativistebis diskusiis sagani Zalian xSirad xdeba; 

es ukanaskneli meTodi ganxilulia, rogorc SedarebiTi literaturis 

mTavari da saboloo amocana. misi saboloo mizania 

_ migviyvanos sinqronul sinTezamde, romelic Tavidan 

istoriuli iqneba, Semdeg Teoriuli, dawyebuli `yvela~ literaturis 

identificirebuli da meTodologiurad dapirispirebuli 

niSnebidan. sinTezur midgomas istoriis garkveul 

monakveTSi uciloblad mivyavarT sinqronuli danawevrebisaken, 

qronologiis darRvevamde, kavSirebamde, romlebic Slian 

mocemuli Janris istoriuli faqtebis jaWvebs, esenia: gadamcemi-mimRebi, 

mizezi-Sedegi, winamavali-momdevno da a.S. rogorc 

ki vaRiarebT Tanxvedrebis, homologiebisa Tu struqturuli 

paralelizmebis realobas, moqmedeba ukve cxadia: invariantebis 

jgufebi am Tanxvedrebs, am mimarTebebs, garkveuli 

sinTezuri sqemebis mixedviT ganacalkeveben. es aris ara mxolod 

taqsonomiuri SesaZlebloba, aramed erTaderTi efeqturi 

da warmatebuli meTodic ki invariantebis galagebisa da 

organizaciisaTvis, erTaderTi saSualeba, raTa isini erTiani 

eqskluziuri principis mixedviT moawesrigos. es moqmedeba 

SesaZleblad gvesaxeba mxolod istoriuli monacemebis simultanuri 

wakiTxviT, romlebic TavianTi gansakuTrebuli 

konteqstidan izolirebulni arian da Semdeg integrirebulni 

aRmoCndebian wakiTxvis gansakuTrebulad zogad kategoriaSi. 

Cveni miznisTvis saWiro ar aris davyovndeT analiz/sin- 

Tezis mimarTebebze, rac saerTo epistemologiuri sivrcidan 

momdinareobs 198 da romelTa urTierTdamokidebuleba ase cxadia. 

gamoviyenebT breies sityvebs (rac, Tavis mxriv, kantis si- 

165

tyvebis perifrazia) da vityviT mxolod, rom `sinTezis gare- 

Se analizi brmaa da analizis gareSe sinTezi _ carieli~, da 

rom analizi xelmisawvdomi da mniSvnelobis mqone mxolod 

sinTezis perspeqtivaSia. is yovelTvis unda rCebodes sinTezze 

kocentrirebuli, es aris misi saboloo mizani da arsebobis 

azri. analizi anawevrebs faqtebs, romelsac sinTezi 

Tavis finalur konstruqciaSi iyenebs da romelTa konturi 

latantur mdgomareobaSi Tavidanvea mocemuli. sinTezi (iqneba 

is frTxili Tu gabeduli, kritikuli Tu wmindad hipoTezuri, 

TavSekavebuli Tu warmosaxviTi) yvela garemoebaSi 

warmoadgens makroskopul xedvas, romelic mowodebulia 

orientacia gauwios Camoyalibebisa da Sesworebis analizis 

mikroskopul pulverizacias. Tu axali sinTezi yovelTvis 

SesaZlebelia, igive iTqmis ¿literaturis Tanamedrove meTodologiebzec 

199 da Cvens meTods aqvs ufleba, warmoCndes, 

rogorc axali komparativistuli sinTezi. 

rogor ganlagdeba tradiciuli komparativizmi am saWiro 

sinTezis pirispir? is TiTqmis yovelTvis daiyvaneba istoriuli 

wesrigis gamosavlamde, rac kargad gasagebia (Tu 

mxedvelobaSi miviRebT disciplinis pozitivistur memkvidreobas). 

am gamosavals warmoadgens wamowyebis evrocentrizmi, 

rasac Znelad Tu aviridebT Tavidan, magram teqstes, beTzis 

da brunetieridan dawyebuli, limitirebulis miRmac ki, `sin- 

Tezuri TvalsazrisiT~, 200 igi ukve progresulia. imisaTvis, 

rom pol van tiegemis cdebi paraleluri literaturuli istoriebis 

Tanwyobas gascdenoda, isini erTi mimarTulebiT midian. 

201 es Teza amasobaSi iZenda axal mimdevrebs 202 da drodadro 

SedarebiTi literaturis internacionaluri asociaciis 

`doqtrinis~ WeSmariti nawili xdeboda. 203 

sinTezis sferoSi, magaliTad, XIX saukunis Poznet-Letourneur-is 

periodis evolucionizmi riskiani, ufro metic, gambedavic 

ki iyo, vidre Semdgomi drois analitikuri, fragmentuli, 

wyvetili, ukiduresad windaxedul da ukiduresad 

frTxil minorSi Cawerili pozitivizmi. ai, amitom aris yovelTvis 

kargi sinTezis dacva, maSinac ki, roca istoriuli 

teleologia kvlav msgavsi demarSebiT dominirebs. 

im momentidan, rogorc ki universaluri literaturis 

perspeqtivaSi gadavinacvlebT, sinTezi xdeba meTodologiuri 

ìdeali~ da `SedarebiTi literaturis yvela gamokvleva, mikerZoebulic 

ki, universalur sinTezur aspeqtSi xorcieldeba. 

204 anglo-saqsuri (romelTa Soris zogierTi sakmaod gavleniania), 

germanuli Tu italiuri damowmebebi am orientacias 

adastureben: `Cven gvWirdeba sinTezebi, romelTa gareSec 

166

literaturis Seswavla, usasrulo fragmentarizmisa da izolirebis 

gamo, dasaRupadaa ganwiruli~. mokled, aucileblad 

gvesaWiroeba ìnduqciuri sinTezebi~. roca literatura cdilobda 

ànalitikur filologias~ dapirispireboda, germanuli 

Geistesgeschichte sinTezis upiratesobas da primats 

moiTxovda 209 . 

am orientacias Tavs verc aRmosavluri komparativizmi 

aRwevs. rogorc SeiZleboda gvevarauda, TvalTaxedva _ romlis 

avtoriteti da upiratesoba sakamaTo ar aris 210 _ upirveles 

yovlisa, istoriulia. evropuli Tu universaluri literaturis 

istoria realizebadia regionaluri sinTezebiTa da 

mimdinareobebiT. Tanwyoba gverdzea gadaweuli, magram sinTezis 

statusi, simarTle rom vTqvaT, jer kidev Sors aris 

gansazRvrisagan. unda iyos Tu ara is Semofargluli nacionaluri 

literaturiT? am SemTxvevaSi, araferia sakamaTo, 

magram zogjer igi raRac ufro mets gvkarnaxobs, metiT STagvagonebs. 

iqneba es `horizontaluri~, `vertikaluri~, `globaluri~ 

da a.S. sinTezebi Tu gansakuTrebiT, `msoflio literaturis 

procesebis kanonebi~. 212 arian ki es kanonebi ìstoriulni~ 

an ìstoriul-esTetikurni~? refleqsiis am stadiaze 

kiTxva zusti pasuxis gareSe rCeba. Cven gverdze vwevT 

literaturis istoriis analizsa da literaturis esTetikis 

sinTezs Soris arsebul disociacias 213 , magram jer kidev ver 

vxedavT efeqturi Serigebis formas. 

aseve moulodnelad da axali ZaliT Cndeba sinTezis 

problema da es xdeba ufro metad internacionaluri urTierTTanamSromlobis 

`teqnikur~ doneze. es aris didi raodenobis 

krebulebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, evropuli enebis literaturis 

istoriis avtorebisagan aRebuli mimarTuleba, romelTac 

komparativistikis saerTaSoriso asociacia mfarvelobs; 

es avtorebi wamoWrian yovelTvis Znelad misaRwevi koordinaciis 

problemas, romlis gadawyveta sakmaod rTulia. 

msoflios yvelaze ukeT informirebul gunds pirvel rigSi 

sinTezuri da koordinaciuli suliskveTeba sWirdeba. 214 am 

droisTvis ki yvelaferi jer kidev miTisa da dogmis mdgomareobaSi 

rCeba da mxolod gunduri muSaobaa SesaZlebeli. 

magram es SesaZleblobac, samwuxarod, kvlav samomavlo 

sakiTxia! 

Tu raRac miRweulia istoriul sibrtyeze, igive ar SegviZlia 

vTqvaT literaturis Teoriis dargSi. Tuki sinTezi 

aerTianebs zogad komparativistul miRwevebs, SedarebiTi poetika 

mxolod da mxolod universalurad ganxiluli, teqstualurad 

da sistematurad gadamowmebuli literaturuli 

167

fenomenebis yvelaze ufro zogadi niSnebis produqti iqneba. 

poezia, rogorc teqsti, ar aris universaluri invariantebis 

Sedegad miRebuli, magram poezia, rogorc sulieri naRvawi, 

uSvebs invariantebs. etiamblTan, am mimdinareobis yvelaze 

reprezentaciul komparativistTan, sinTezisken orientacia 

gamomdinareobs ara marto universaluri hipoTezidan, rac 

fundamenturia, aramed misi maradiulad polemikuri komparativizmis 

ZiriTadi amocanidan, rac fragmentulobas ukavSirdeba. 

saWiroa `gamoicados istoriis, kritikisa da literaturuli 

esTetikis sinTezi, romelTa damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli 

codnisagan jer kidev Sors varT, radgan saSualebebis 

uqonlobiT, aseve gamWriaxobisa da warmosaxvis ararsebobiT, 

kvlav Zvel, Selamazebul CveulebebSi trials vagrZelebT~ 216 . 

Cven, aseve, gvWirdeba ara mxolod nacionaluri literaturis 

istoriis `Tavmoyra~, aramed (da gansakuTrebiT) saerTaSoriso 

masStabiT literaturis komparativistuli sinTezic, iseve, 

rogorc SedarebiTi poetika. es aris samSriani sinTezi, 

romelTagan pirveli ori Sre mesames dokumenturi baziT 

uzrunvelyofs. 

raki vaRiarebT `literaturul istorias, rogorc SedarebiTi 

literaturis mier mopovebuli Sedegebis jams~, 217 ratom 

ar unda vaRiaroT igive literaturis esTetikis jami, 

romlis Sedegebi aseve SedarebiTi literaturis damsaxurebaa? 

zogjer STagonebuli varT imiT, rom ìnternacionaluri 

suli~ ùbralod kosmopoliturma ritorikam da poetikam~ 218 

unda Caanacvlos; nebismier SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa vipovoT WeSmaritad 

komparativisuli bazisis mqone Teoriuli sinTezis 

meTodi da Semdeg moxdes ritorikasa da poetikasTan integrireba. 

ara ekleqtizmi, ara snoburi Tu saero kosmopolitizmi, 

aramed kargad Camoyalibebuli, koherentuli poetika, 

romelsac meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, daxmarebas gauwevs 

poetikuri monacemebis analizi/sinTezi. Tu SevZlebT invariantis 

saSualebiT ganvmartoT germanuli termini Ansatz (ganisazRvreba, 

rogorc `centraluri fenomeni~) da misi daxmarebiT 

mivideT Weltliteratur-is samecniero-filologiur sinTezamde~ 

219 (iqneb igive Weltliteratur-is `Teoriul~ sinTezamdec ki), 

hipoTeza, romelic komparativizmis sawyisebidan TariRdeba 

220 , SesaZlebelia didi xnis winaT napovni gamosavali iyos. 

es problema, rac `literaturaTmcodneobaSi~ srulad warmoCndeba, 

jer kidev ar aris mogvarebuli da drodadro 

kvlav iCens xolme Tavs 221 . aesthetica perennis, romelic orTodoqsul 

wyaroebs 222 efuZneba, SeiZleba igive sinTezur perspeqtivaSi 

ganixilebodes. 

168

dRes rom `komparativizmebis~ namdvili daqsaqsva mimdinareobs, 

dasturdeba dabrkolebebiT, rasac sinTezi Tavis 

gzaze awydeba. sinTezi aris empirizmis frangmentulobis, antiTeoriis 

obieqti. Zveli skolis mosazrebaTa zedapiruli 

analizic ki sakmarisia, rom isini aseTi epiTetebiT movixsenioT: 

`layboba~, `xelis ceceba~, `gamartiveba~ da a.S. 223 aqedan 

savalalo meTodologiuri daskvna gamomdinareobs: analizis 

aTwleuli, sinTezis mxolod erTi saaTisTvis (ra 

Tqma unda, aq gvaxsendeba fiustel kulanJis sityvebi: `sinTezis 

erTi dRisTvis saWiroa analizis wlebi~). erTi sityviT, 

sinTezebi `naadrevad mwifdebian~ an mokle `periodiT SemoisazRvrebian~ 

224 . rac Seexeba zogad sinTezebs, `Tu literaturas 

SeuZlia isini moamzados, SedarebiT literaturas ma- 

Ti dalodeba ar ZaluZs.~ saWiroa amaze ufro xSirad 

`vTqvaT uari~. 225 ironiis daxmarebiT (e. troelSis `buchbindersynthese~) 

226 Cven isev vigebT, rom sinTezebi Slian sxvaobebs, 

rom isini gamomdinareoben miRebuli gadawyvetilebebidan, 

rom srulyofili sinTezi da am Janris sxva xrikebi, romlebic 

yvela sinTezur mcdelobas ewinaaRmdegebian _ iluziuria. 

Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, roca is `droulia~. 227 eWvgare- 

Sea, rom sinTezis am winaaRmdegobas ufro damajerebeli axsna 

unda moeZebnos universitetebis struqturebSi, 228 pozitivisturi 

tradiciis erTguli damcvelebis mier. Tu sinTezi 

ar ìswavleba~, misi arsi da meTodi marTlac rom CanasaxSive 

kvdeba. 

4. mTeli _ nawili 

invariant/literaturis, anu literaturuli fragmenti/ 

literaturuli erTobis urTierToba, aris nawili/mTelis 

hermenevtikuli urTierTobis analogia, cnebebi da arsebi, 

romlebic naTels hfenen erTmaneTs da romlebic, mTlianobaSi, 

komparativistul meTods mimarTaven. nacionaluri da 

universaluri literaturebis urTierToba, upiratesad ki 

literaturuli èrToblioba~, iseve, rogorc warsul/awmyos 

mimarTeba, CarTulia aziisa da evropis simultanur wakiTxva- 

Si, raTa ori èrTianoba~ vaRiaroT da yvelaferi am farglebSi 

ganvixiloT. saWiroa aqve davamatoT, rom èrTianobis~ 

es erTaderTi idea sakmarisia yoveli Teoriis gasamar- 

Tleblad, Tavad literaturulisac ki. am èrTianobis~ koncepts 

aqvs sammagi funqcia: raodenobiTi, xarisxobrivi, aqtiuri 

da is qmedebis mTel programas gansazRvravs. ukanasknel 

analizSi misi safuZveli ontologiuria: es aris azrovnebis 

169

mTlianobis postulati, romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs èr- 

Tobliobis~ ideas, rogorc arqetipis saxes. 

mTeli/nawilis urTierTobis meqanizmi _ WeSmariti `gadaadgilebis 

rituali~ _ gvexmareba gavigoT arsebiTi komparativistuli 

svlebis seria, rac yovelTvis sakamaToa. pirveli 

Tavad praqtikas Seexeba: teqstebsa da hipoTezebs Soris 

mimosvlebs da nawilebsa da mTels Soris gamudmebuli mimar- 

Tebebis dadgenis Sedegad SemuSavebul gansazRvrebebs. nawilebi 

mTelis arssa da saxes gamokveTen, xolo mTeli nawilebs 

induqciisa da retroaqciis gziT aerTianebs. amgvari 

moqmedeba mxolod istoriuli ZiebebiT ar Semoifargleba: 230 

is exeba yvela humanitarul mecnierebas, komparativistuli 

midgomis CaTvliT. igive xdeba, roca ganvsazRvravT, magali- 

Tad, XVIII saukunes `mTlianobaSi~, Tavisi `ganmanaTleblebiT~, 

sadac rokoko warmodgenilia, rogorc ganmanaTleblobis 

`stili~. Teoriuli ganzogadebac igive dinebas mihyveba; 

aTvlis wertilad viRebT kerZo magaliTs da Semdeg vaniWebT 

mas zogad mniSvnelobas. e. auerbaxi dasavleTis literatura- 

Si realobis asaxvamde swored amgvari qmedebiT mivida: is 

gamodioda `mcire raodenobis Temebidan~, romlebic àucileblad 

unda yofiliyo napovni nebismier realistur teqstSi~. 231 

igive wyoba aqvs teqstebSi arsebul invariant/totalobis 

mimarTebas: `mTlianobaSi~ CarTuli `nawili~ ganxilulia 

xan rogorc damoukidebeli mTlianoba (rogorc teqstebis 

ariTmetika), xan universaluroba (globaluri simboluri 

mdgomareoba). yoveli integracia da koordinacia am kanons 

emorCileba: induqciiT `nawili~ iTvaliswinebs `mTels~, deduqciiT 

_ yvelaferi emorCileba wess, sakuTar centralur 

princips, nawilebs, saidanac modis fragmentebis hermenevtikuli 

mniSvnelovneba da ufro advilad ukavSirdebian danar- 

Cenebsa da mTlianobas. 232 es umTavresi problemaa yoveli istoriuli 

da kritikuli sinTezisTvis. Tu komparativizmi ufro 

xSirad iyo orientirebuli fragmentulisa da danawevrebulis 

analizze, zogierTi gamorCeuli winamorbedis meSveobiT, 

is zogjer mainc qmnida erTianobis gancdas. am TvalsazrisiT, 

mniSvnelovania herderis saxeli: `jer unda Seqmna 

zogadi istoria, rom SemdegSi detalebi gansajo~; fr. Slegeli 

ki ukve saubrobda `mTlianobis Sefasebaze~ (Übersicht des 

Ganzen), rogorc nawilebis urTierTgagebis unaris savaldebulo 

pirobaze. 233 Tanamedrove hermenevtikac igive princips moiTxovs. 

234 SedarebiTi poetikis sferoSi is unda ganimartos 

literaturis wakiTxvis terminebiT, romelic literaturis 

globalur konteqstSia Seqmnili, rogorc èrTiani wesrigi~, 

170

an _ norTrop frais sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: `literaturuli 

nawarmoebebis interpretacia aucileblad unda moxdes yoveli 

cnobili literaturis Suqze.~ 235 es aris universaluri 

kriteriumi, rac Sinaarssa da azrs aniWebs calkeul literaturul 

fragmentebs. 

maSasadame, sulac ar aris gasakviri, Tuki erToblioba 

komparativistis arsebiTi mocemuloba gaxdeba, im principis 

Tanaxmad, rom `yvelaferi dgas~ (formula, romelic a.o.lavjois 

The Great Chain of Being-s gvagonebs). `literaturebis istoriaSi 

komparativisti arasodes gulisxmobda mxolod erT 

literaturas, mxedvelobaSi maqvs gageba, romlis Camoyalibebasac 

didad Seuwyves xeli gamoCenilma mkvlevarebma (etiambli). 

236 fragmenti an romelime nacionaluri literatura, 

romelic gansakuTrebulobis gamoxatvas eswrfavis, TavisTavad 

totalizaciis produqtia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis 

erToblioba erTian homogenur xedvas gvTavazobs, rac 

konotaciur wreebad airekleba `yvela~ literaturis erTianobaSi. 

problema gardauvlad Cndeba yovel jerze, roca 

ùniversaluri~ literaturis hipoTeza `nacionaluri~ fragmentiskenaa 

mimarTuli da piriqiT. maSasadame, saWiroa ganvixiloT 

literaturebi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli realobebi, 

an rogorc nawilebi, romlebic ekuTvnian did erTobebs, rasac 

èvropuli~ (da/an `msoflio~?) ewodeba. 238 

sinamdvileSi es xedvebi ufro Zvelia. ar unda daviviwyoT, 

rom fr. Slegeli uSvebda poeziis `nacionalur nawilebs~, 

rac nawili/mTelis urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi aRiqmeboda, 

rogorc `globaluri fenomeni~. maSin, rodesac goeTe 

nacionalur literaturas mxolod `yvela am pirobiTobebis 

kompleqsSi~ 239 warmoidgenda (Zustandes). sami Tanmimdevruli 

rkalis mier warmoqmnili universaluri literaturis koncepti 

(nacionaluri, evropuli _ evrocentrizmis hipoTezaSi 

_ da universaluri), msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs yvela doneze 

hfens Suqs. literaturis zeerovnuloba (Teoriuli) aris 

mxolod TiToeuli nacionaluri literaturis specifikuri 

sxvaobebis Janri (logikuri). 

rogorc ki wvrilman detalebze gadavdivarT, didi erTobebi 

iSleba, magram ukiduresi specializacia, mainc Secdomad 

rCeba, vinaidan is maSin malavs tyis xeds, roca xeebis daTvlas 

mivyofT xels. Tu ganmazogadebel wamowyebas praqtika- 

Si ar viyenebT, es niSnavs, rom `specializaciis~ refleqsi 

kidev erTxel anelebs gamTlianebis process. roca Cven mTeli 

cxovreba SeviswavliT erT avtors da erT epoqas (da kidev 

erTxel!), rogor mivalT raime gafarToebis perspeqtivamde? 

171

5. tipologia 

invariantebis kvleva da gansazRvreba iseve gansazRvravs 

`stereotipis~ fenomens, rogorc literaturis komparativistuli 

Teoriis Seqmna ganapirobebs tipologiur midgomas. am 

konteqstSi mokled ganvixiloT tipi, rogorc specifikuri 

Taviseburebebis sinTezi, romelic saerToa literaturuli 

nawarmoebebis kategoriisaTvis; is sinTezi, romelsac sagnebis 

dakvirvebas damorCilebul saxesxvaobaSi ganlagebis, 

klasifikaciisa da ganzogadebis principi Semoaqvs. cneba `tipi~ 

SegviZlia gavafarTovoT literaturis yvela aspeqtSi, 

romlis zrdadi da ganviTarebadi sfero, praqtikulad, Seuz- 

Rudavia da yovelTvis Riaa ganzogadebis ufro da ufro ma- 

Rali safexurebisaTvis. 

tipologiuri midgoma gulisxmobs yvela ganmazogadebel 

mimarTulebas, universaluris yovel konkretul proeqcias. 

amave dros, tipi uzrunvelyofs, rom istoriul da me- 

Todologiur sferoebs Soris areuloba ar moxdes. is amar- 

Tlebs da ganamtkicebs or komparativizms, romlebic yovel- 

Tvis upiratesni arian da yovelTvis brZolaSi CarTulni (am 

eses CaTvliT). es aris: erTi mxriv, istoriul-komparativistuli 

tipologia; da, meore mxriv, sinqronul-sinTezuri; 241 

tipologia aucileblad cdeba istorias: aseve yoveli tipologiuri 

orientaciis komparativizmi ixsneba universalur 

sqemaSi (stilistika, tipebi, Temebi, saxeebi, xerxebi da a.S.); 

amave dros, is agvarebs erT romelime nawarmoebze, erT periodsa 

Tu erT gansazRvrul literaturaze mikerebuli terminologiuri 

etiketis sakiTxs. tipologiidan gamomdinareobs 

agreTve yvela saxis SeTanxmebebi da izomorfizmebi. 

Cven SegviZlia es meTodologia SevajeroT mTel tradiciaSi, 

romelTagan veberiseuli idealtipus gamorCeul adgils 

ikavebs. saubaria (es viciT) àsimptotur sakiTxze~ (=ìdeals~), 

rac sakmaod farTo interpretaciis sqemas gvTavazobs 

imisaTvis, rom gansaxilveli fenomeni aRweros. idealtypus aer- 

Tianebs didi raodenobis izolirebul SeniSvnebs. is calmxrivad 

amaxvilebs yuradRebas erT Tu mraval TvalTaxedvaze, 

romlis Sedegad, yvela moZiebuli individualuri SeniSvna 

erT konceptSi, erTi homogenuri azrovnebis farglebSi 

wesrigdeba. èmpiriuli TvalsazrisiT Cven versad vipoviT 

msgavs suraTs sakuTar konceptualur siwmindeSi~. es aris 

rCeuli evristikuli, ùtopiuri~ konstruqcia, ganyenebuli, 

hipoTezuri, `gadaWarbebuli~, arsebiTi elementebiT Camoyalibebuli, 

romlis Sesabamisi empiriuli realoba problemuri 

172

Ceba. is gamodis calkeuli SemTxvevebidan, Tumca mas ver 

aRmovaCenT calkeul SemTxvevebSi. idealur `tips~ aqvs empiruli 

konceptis, konceptualuri fiqciis Rirebuleba da realobazea 

dafuZnebuli. mokled, idealuri tipis rolia 

kvlevis orientacia da Camoayalibeba. 242 es aris raRac ùniversalurad 

abstraqtul/konkretuli~, rasac SeuZlia gaaer- 

Tianos literaturis dausrulebeli variaciebi da erTmane- 

Tisagan gamoyos arsebiTi niSnebi, Tundac sqemis ama Tu im 

adgilze konkretuli individualuri fenomenebi arsebobdes. 

243 aseve sagulisxmoa, rom ìdealuri tipis~ cnebas iyeneben 

literaturis TeoriaSic 244 , maT Soris Tanamedrove komparativistebic. 

245 SedarebiTi poetikis did operatiul konceptebs 

aqvT erTi da igive funqcia: literatura zepiri/werilobiTi, 

sasuliero/saero, klasikuri/modernistuli da a.S. 

yovel jerze saubaria sinTezebze, romlebic ver aRnusxavdnen 

dokumentebs (sinTezebs SeuZliaT Sevsebis gziT Caanacvlon 

individualuri fenomenebi da literaturis konceptis 

idealuri gza gamoimuSavon), ìdealuri tipi~ ki Tavis saqmes 

akeTebs. 

maSasadame, amgvarad Cafiqrebuli komparativizmi da, zogadad, 

`literaturis mecniereba~, gardaiqmnebian `tipologiur 

mecnierebebad~ (v. tatarkeviCis mixedviT, romelic am sakiTxSi 

v. dilTais misdevs), romlebic erTsa da imave dros 

ìstoriuli~ da `sistemuria~. 246 literaturul induqcias ar 

SeuZlia hqondes kanoni, rogorc mizani, misi ganzogadeba 

orientirebulia mxolod tipis mudmivobaze. Zlieri pozitivisturi 

warmomavlobis mqone tradiciul tipologiasa (romelsac 

sent-biovis 247 Tanaxmad, àzrTa klasifikacia~ Tavis 

xarks uxdida) da idealtypus-s Soris interferenciis gaanalizeba 

gadaaWarbebda Cvens pirobas. iseve, rogorc am evristikis 

gadamowmeba humanitarul mecnierebebSi, kerZod: anTropologiaSi, 

religiaTa SedarebiT istoriaSi, hermenevtikaSi, lingvistikaSi 

da a.S., sadac igi xSirad xorcieldeba. aseve ar 

gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas (Tumca axlos aris Cvens pirobas- 

Tan) tipis konceptis gamoyenebaze istoriul da literaturul 

ZiebebSi, sadac mas SeuZlia CarCoSi moaqcios nawarmoebis 

pasaJebi, moniSnos universaluri sakiTxebi, gaamartivos 

Temebi, tipebi, meTodebi. 248 samagierod, `tipis CarTva~ xSirad 

gvxvdeba komparativizmSi, TviT ìdeluri tipisac~ ki. 

kriteriumebis aTvlis gareSe, romlebic win uZRvian did 

poetikur sistemebsa da Janrebis klasifikacias (romelTagan 

fundamenturi tipologiis sferoSi ufro STambeWdavia hegelis 

klasifikacia: epikuri, lirikuli, dramatuli), SevCer- 

173

deT mxolod sabaziso monacemze: literaturuli Teoria Tu 

esTetika ar arsebobs tipologiuri CarCos gareSe. yoveli 

poetika (Tu yoveli esTetikuri problema) aucileblad bolovdeba 

(Tu `simbolizdeba~) garkveuli refleqsiuri, kreaciuli 

Tu personifikaciuri literaturuli `tipiT~. 249 magaliTad, 

klasikuri tipi. es aris Tanamedrove poetikis ZalisxmeviT 

sayovelTaod damtkicebuli faqti, imisaTvis, rom SeZlebisdagvarad 

naTlad daazustos da gansazRvros `poeziis 

tipuri formebi~, `Janrebi~ da `stilebi~. saidan modis maradiuli 

alternativa wmindad istoriul konceptebisa Tu tipologiuri 

da stilisturi kategoriebisa? Cven ukve araerTgzis 

SevxvdiT am tipis problemas. 

istoriulobasa da ganzogadebas Soris konfrontacia _ 

komparativizmis yvela problemis WeSmariti invarianti _ 

kvlav axlad aRmocendeba. SegviZlia Tu ara vaRiaroT egzistencia, 

davuSvaT antikuri realizmi, barokos an elinuri xanis 

manierizmi, vixiloT klasicizmisa Tu romantizmis periodizaciebi 

istoriulad aRiarebuli lokalizaciebis miRma? 

stendali, romelic ar iyo `komparativisti~ da `poeti~, 

sofoklesa da evripides, aseve Seqspirs, mainc ùdides romantikosebad~ 

miiCnevda, radgan is romantizms ganixilavda, rogorc 

Cvevebisa da rwmenebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, rac 

yovel epoqaSi, yvela did avtorTanaa gamoxatuli. 250 amgvari 

gaxldaT tipologiis kriteriumi. ase rom, stendalis mixedviT, 

romantikuli invarianti iqneboda yoveli epoqis eqspresia 

da mis gemovnebasTan sinqronizacia. ìyo Tu ra es ase 

àbsurduli~? miT ufro, rom zogjer igivegvarad viqceviT 

Cvens droSi, rodesac SemoqmedebiTi unarebidan gamomdinare 

sxva koordinatebs varCevT: Tuki davarRvevT qronologias, 

romantikuli esTetika 1600 wlidan gamoCndeba. 251 msgavsi magaliTebis 

damowmeba kidev mravlad SeiZleba. 

`tipologiur~ garantad gvevlineba aseve Tanamedrove 

poetika. rusuli formalistebis epoqidan ukve saaSkaraoze 

gamohqondaT literaturis yofiereba, SezRuduli raodenobis 

`realurad mocemuli struqturuli tipebi (an struqturebis 

evoluciuri tipebi diaqroniaSi).~ 252 literaturis yvela ganzomileba 

(rogorc formaluri, aseve istoriuli) moiTxovs 

tipizacias da mas emorCileba. igive problema komparativizmis 

mimarTulebiT ganaxlda axlaxans, kerZod, J. a. greimasis 

semiotikaSi. am avtoris mixedviT: `tipologiuri komparativizmi 

Cvens droSi erTaderT misaReb meTodologiad gvesaxeba, 

romelic Tavis Tavze aiRebda interteqstualur Ziebebs.~ 253 

Cven mier gansazRvruli komparativizmi ar dadis ìnterteq- 

174

stualur kvlevebamde~, rac axali sityvaa Zveli praqtikis- 

Tvis. magram mainc mivmarTavT tipologiuri komparativizmis 

mier gamoyenebul `zedroul~ meTodologias. 254 amave meTods 

emxroba garkveulwilad Jerar Jenetic 255 . 

ùniversaluri literatura~, anu literatura aris namdvili 

ìdealuri tipi~, yvela nacionalur literaturaze winamavali 

da zemdgomi, romelsac SeuZlia misaRebi gansaz- 

Rvreba misces `literaturas~, maSinac ki, roca esa Tu is 

literatura msoflioSi ar aris cnobili (magaliTad, bantus 

literatura). Tumca mainc SesaZlebelia literaturis arqetipuli 

gansazRvrebis SeTavazeba legitimuri ganzogadebis 

maRal safexurze. azrovnebis wriuli moZraobiT tipologiuri 

komparativizmi meTodologiurad aRadgens xelovnebisa 

da literaturisTvis tradiciul, odindel viTarebas. vubrundebiT 

prototipebs, paradigmatul modelebs, literaturis 

arqetipul mdgomareobas. Tu ìnternacionaluri forma 

aris nacionaluris garegani forma~, universaluri literatura 

literaturuli tipebis modelebSi unda veZioT. 256 

tipologiuri midgomis asimilacia komparativizmis saSualebiT 

vlindeba, magram miuxedavad dabrkolebebisa, mainc 

progresia. literaturis ganviTarebis tipebis Sesaxeb jer 

kidev fuZemdeblebis epoqidan saubrobdnen. magram ratom 

arafers ambobdnen literaturuli formebis Sesaxeb? aranakleb 

legitimuri gaxldaT `poeturi tipis definicia~, rac 

SedarebiTi literaturis saxeliT, 1930-ian wlebamde moiTxova 

T. s. eliotma. 258 am dargis profesionalebi, germanuli me- 

Todologiis gavleniT (h. kizarci), 259 kvlevas warmoaCenen, 

rogorc geometriul vels àxalsa~ da `mudmivs~ Soris. tipi 

aris sinTezuri principi, romelic Tavisi sqemis Sesabamisad 

ajgufebs da àfiqsirebs~ yvela `dawmendil~ elements, garkveuli 

realobisa da mocemuli istoriuli mdgomareobis 

ìnvariantebs~. 

Sedegad, erTgvarovnebebi, msgavsebebi da `tipologiuri 

analogiebi~ masSi ara mxolod daSvebuli da aRiarebulia, 261 

aramed Zalian farTo masStabiT ganxorcielebulic, `primitiuli~ 

literaturebidan _ Tanamedrove literaturamde. 262 

etiamblis Essais de littérature-s mixedviT didi kategoriebi: Weltliteratur, 

zepiri klerikaluri literaturebi, erotikuli, libertinuli, 

simbolisturi, epopea, lirizmi, novela, romani, 

kritika da a.S. Seadgenen literaturul tipebs, e.i. sqemebs, 

romlebic garkveuli kategoriebis ganmasxvavebeli xasiaTebis 

erTobas invariantebis msgavsebis daxmarebiT ganazogadeben. 

universaluri literatura aris Tavad literaturis `tipic~, 

175

is àtipurebs~ nacionaluri literaturebis mTlianobas, vinaidan 

yvela dakanonebul da gadamowmebul tipologias zogierT 

aziur, afrikul, slavur Tu sxva literaturaSi midrekileba 

aqvs, rom gaerTiandes sxva, rac SeiZleba farTo 

tipologiebSi. 263 amgvarad, lokaluri tipologia xdeba zogadi 

tipologiis simbolo, vinaidan tipologiuri definicia 

yovelTvis saboloo definicias uaxlovdeba. 264 rac Seexeba 

tipis agebas, is iyenebs SedarebiTi poetikis yvela meTods: 

induqcias (kroCem da sxvebma kargad dainaxes, rom komparativistuli 

meTodi induqciuri gziT miemarTeba tipebis SemuSavebisken) 

265 iseve, rogorc hipoTezebs, kategoriebs da winaswar 

gansazRvrul sqemebs, romlebic `kompromisebs~ uSveben 

calkeul struqturebsa da fuZe struqturas Soris 266 . 

rac Seexeba aRmosavlel komparativistebs, maT saTaveSi 

sruliad samarTlianad dgas v. Jirmunski (veselovskis kvalze). 

igi ambobda: `tipologiur analogiebsa Tu igive bunebis 

TanadamTxvevebs sxvadasxva xalxis literaturaTa Soris, 

romlebic pirdapir kavSirSi ar arian erTmaneTTan, ufro meti 

saerTo aqvT, vidre zogadad gvgonia~. sxvagan igi ufro 

mkafiod saubrobda ìstoriul-tipologiur Sedarebebze~. 267 

komparativizmisaTvis aseve sainteresoa lotmanis kvlevebi 

teqstis tipologiasa da kulturebTan dakavSirebiT. 268 sxva 

komparativistebma (marqsistebi) moaxerxes SeeTvisebinaT da 

daenergaT garkveuli semiotikuri da struqturaluri kvlevis 

Sedegebi. CexeTSi gamoirCeva `tipologiuri struqturebis~ 

`sociologiur-tipologiuri~ kvlevebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia 

analogiis, msgavsebis gziT, kontaqtebis gaTvaliswinebis 

gareSe. tipologiur struqturebs Soris, romlebic 

CvenTvis ufro niSandoblivi arian, movixmobT `pirdapir 

kontaqtebs, romlebic warmoebulia ufro ganzogadebuli tipologiuri 

analogiebidan da romelTac ìnterliteraturul 

tipologiur analogiebs~ uwodeben. 269 Semdeg identur 

Tu analogiur remarkebs gavakeTebT poloneTsa da, rasakvirvelia, 

ssrk-sTan mimarTebaSi, sadac, aRvniSnavT, rom Sesamu- 

Savebulia `tipologiuri msgavsebebi~, ìstoriul-tipologiuri~ 

evristikuli konceptebi, zogadi kanonebi gamoxatulia 

erTgvarovani tipologiuri procesebiT. unda mivaqcioT yuradReba 

aseve m.b. xrapCenkos SesaniSnav naSroms: Die Typologische 

Literaturforschung und ihre Prinzipien, romelic warmoaCens, rom 

SedarebiT literaturaSi marqsizmsa da tipologiur Ziebas 

Soris arsebobs SeTavsebadoba. aseve SevexebiT imave Janris 

ufro axali kvlevebs. 272 tipologiuri midgoma invariantebiTa 

da nawilebiT awonasworebs istorizmis koncefcias 273 , rome- 

176

lic yvela SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs ueWvel progresze. 

SegviZlia, aseve, yuradReba mivapyroT, rogor xdeba 

yovelive es ungreTSi, rumineTSi 274 da a.S. 

amgvari progresi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom tipologia 

kvlav Zlier winaaRmdegobas ejaxeba. mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebSi 

arian xan struqturebisa da literaturuli naSromebis 

nacionaluri TavisTavadobis momxreebi, xan pozitivisti istorikosebi, 

romlebic arakeTilganwyobilebas gamoxataven 

komparativistuli tipologiisa da homologiuri konceptebis 

mimarT. 275 isini yovelTvis mzad arian amxilon safuZvels 

moklebuli tipologiebi, winaaRmdegoba gauwion volfliniseuli 

kategoriebis gadayvanas literaturaSi. bolos da bolos, 

amgvari reaqcia, vinaidan is fundamenturi tipologiidan 

momdinareobs, SeiZleba erTi mizeziT aixsnas: maSin, rodesac 

sinTezuri tipi zogadsa da mudmivs mravalferovnebaSi 

eZebs, analitikuri tipi mravalferovan erTobaSi mxolod 

kerZoTi interesdeba. es aris maradiuli konfrontacia `Teoriul~ 

da `grZnobismier~ suliskveTebas Soris, an, paskaliseuli 

sityvebiT: `geometriul~ da `natif~ suls Soris. 

6. modeli da struqtura 

uaxlovdeba Tu ara komparativistuli meTodi (gansaz- 

Rvrebis mixedviT) `modelebis~ Teoriasa da praqtikas Tanamedrove 

mniSvnelobiT? cxadia, ar vsaubrobT Zalian formalizebul 

logikur-maTematikur modelebze, Tavisi tipologiuri 

operaciebiT, sabazo `modelisturi~ sqemebiT, idealuri 

maketebiT, romlebic Sualedur adgils ikaveben teqstebsa da 

zogad Teorias Soris (= literaturuli idea, romelic moicavs 

teqstis, `sagnebis~ mTel klass). arsebiTad, ìdealuri 

tipis~ statusi erTgvaria. invaranti TavisTavad araferia, Tu 

ara `modeli~, magaliTad, lirizmisa, romlic yvela lirikuli 

nawarmoebis magivrad gvTavazobs invariantebs, orientaciis 

erTaderTi sistemisa da àqsiomaturi~ aRweris urTierTdaqvemdebarebuli 

da funqcionaluri formiT. 

am TvalsazrisiT, aseTi modeli aigeba rogorc evrestikuli, 

aseve hermenevtikuli midgomiT. rogorc viciT, Cven 

vmoqmedebT centrze orientirebuli intuiciiTa da zogierTi 

invariantis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvriT, romelsac maSinve 

mosdevs kiTxvis induqcia-deduqciebi, analiz-sinTezi, gamaerTianebeli 

wevrebi, konkretuli Taviseburebebi da tipizaciebi, 

rac sabolood sqemebamde daiyvaneba. 276 epikur teqsteb- 

177

Tan SedarebiT eseni warmoadgenen `wminda Txzulebis~ an teqstebTan 

SedarebiT _ teqstis `gramatikis~ Semoklebul da 

filigranul ekvivalentebs. Cven sqemis SigniT vaerTianebT, 

vamWidroebT da gamovyofT elementebs, romlebic mas Seesabamebian, 

es aris meTodi, romelic SeWras iwyebs komparativistis 

kvleveebSi 277 . mokled, modeli Sedgeba myar TanavarskvlavedSi 

dajgufebuli invariantebisgan. amgvarad, invarianti 

SeiZleba iyos marginaluri Tu meoradi im nawarmoebsa 

an kategoriaSi, saidanac is moixmes, magram mas yovelTvis 

aqvs mniSvneloba da arsebiToba Tavisi `modelis~ SigniT, 

romelSic is Canergilia an romlis safuZvelzec aigo. Tavis 

mxriv, hipoTezebis, àrqetipebis~ Tu sxva prekonceptebis 

safuZvelze gamomuSavebuli `modelebi~, imave saxis sxva konstruqciebisaTvis 

xdebian hipoTezebi da winapirobebi. literaturis 

TeoriasTan dakavSirebul risks, dawyebuls modelebidan, 

SesaZlebelia hqondes logikur-formaluri buneba, magram 

ara Teoriul-hermenevtuli rigis. 

miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara es terminologiuri wesi, 

faqtia, rom `modeli~ ukve aTvisebulia literaturis Teoriis 

an Tanamedrove komparativistuli meTodologiis mier. igi, 

rogorc taqsonomiuri, aRweriTi da kiTxvis sistema, gamoyenebulia 

ganmazogadebel da evrestikul perspeqtivebSi. mar- 

Tlac, Tu modelebis Teoria, lingvistikis msgavsad, miRebulia 

kulturis anTropologiaSi, ratom ar SeiZleba is aseve 

arsebobdes SedarebiT literaturaSi? `komparativistuli samuSaosaTvis 

naklebad mniSvnelovania tipis (literaturuli) 

modelebi~. 279 kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom am ukanasknel xans es 

termini marTlac Cndeba yovel jerze, roca saubaria kargad 

awyobili sinoptikuri cxrilis SemuSavebaze, maT Soris ki- 

Txvis sistemebze, stereotipul da ukuqcevad elementebze 

(romelTac saerTo mniSvnelis mravalricxovani Tanmxvedri 

aspeqtebis qveS SeuZliaT gaerTianeba da orientireba, mowesrigeba, 

Camoyalibeba), winaswar sistematizaciebsa da struqturalizaciebze. 

280 zogjer misi gamoyeneba sakamaToa, pirdapir 

Tu arapirdapir. Cven am ùfro `Tanamedrove~ meTodologias 

vupirispirebT Zvel komparativizms, sadac gabatonebuli 

iyo faqtebis martivi mimarTebebi, amave dros, vcdilobT davazustoT, 

ganvsazRvroT da maTTan erTad CarCoSi movaqcioT 

wmindad istoriuli modelebi, im modelebTan erTad, romlebic 

istoriuli da kulturuli wesrigidan gamomdinareoben, 

an romlebic `mentalobebs~ exeba. am midgomidan 281 xelovneba- 

Ta Sedarebac ki momZlavrebuli gamovidoda. aseve miniSnebulia 

interferencia, Tu wminda da martivi aRreva normatiul 

178

modelebsa (àdamianuri modelebi~ _ gmiri, raindi da a.S.) da 

Teoriul-deskrifciul modelebs Soris, 282 da bolos, komparativistuli 

ìmagologia~ 283 `modelizaciis~ garkveul formebsac 

gulisxmobs. 

amjerad SemovifargloT Teoriul-literaturuli modelebiT, 

im mniSvnelobebiT, romlebic maT ukve mivaniWeT. Janrebisa 

da literaturuli dargebis saxeobebSi isini ueWvelad 

gvaZleven Sedegebs (zogjer araTanabars), magaliTad, 

romani, romelic mTlianobaSi ganixileba, rogorc nacionalur 

literaturaSi arsebuli avtonomiuri struqtura. 284 am 

midgomas axasiaTebs aseve metaistoriuli kategoriebis rangSi 

ayvanili literaturuli `stilebi~ da `mimdinareobebi~. 

ra msgavsebebis mixedviT unda SevupirispiroT erTmaneTs evropeli 

preromantikuli periodis poetebi da Cineli poetebi, 

dawyebuli kiu iuanidan _ sonamde, 285 Tu ara `preromantizmis~ 

universaluri modeli? aSkaraa, rom am `modelis~ gamoyofa 

etiamblis damsaxurebaa, romelmac mas terminologiuri 

etiketi miakera (=preromantizmi) da arsebobs, rogorc mudmivebis 

sistema (=invariantebi), romelic ukuqmedebiT gadis 

(kiu ianidan _ sonamde) qronologiuri istoriis miRma. ètiamblze~ 

cota adre, rene grusetma zustad imave ganwyobiT 

isaubra Cineli poetebis `did romantikul Temebze~. 286 

marTlac, yvela didi literaturuli kategoriebi Seadgenen 

`modelebs~, koordinatebis stabilur sistemebs, romlebic 

drosa da sivrceSi funqcionireben. ra Tqma unda, eWvgareSea, 

rom arsebobs romantizmis ukve SemuSavebuli evropuli 

modeli (single unit-is momxre zogierTi komparativistis mixedviT) 

287 , iseve, rogorc romantizmis universaluri modeli, 

romelsac etiambli imowmebs. aseve unda gavixsenoT TiTqmis 

Tanadrouli realizmis precedenti auerbaxis mixedviT, romelsac 

SeiZleba yvela teqstSi mivakvlioT da romlebic am 

modelebis CarCoSi rCebian 288 . SegviZlia movixmoT barokos Sem- 

Txveva, antikuri Tu elinuri manierizmi, modernizmi Tu avangardi, 

rogorc Tanamedrove modelebi. Cndeba rTuli kiTxva, rac 

kidev erTxel gviTrevs terminologiuri mudmivebis gamoyenebis 

kanonierebasTan dakavSirebul kamaTSi. ratom arsebobs preromantizmi 

Tu neoklasicizmi? imitom, rom, rogorc Cans, zogierTi 

invarianti arsebobs ise, rogorc kritikosebma istoriis 

manZilze gansazRvres da rac gamoixateboda cnebebiT _ 

winare da Semdeg, maTi gansazRvris momentidan gamomdinare. 

modelebi `farTovdeba~, ufro da ufro izrdeba da moicavs 

mraval literaturas 289 , romelTa Soris aRmosavleTdasavleTis 

literaturul erTobas didi Teoriuli mniSvne- 

179

loba eniWeba. mzardi gafarToebis wyalobiT, romelic yovelgvar 

evrocentrizmsa da partikularizms aRemateba, mraval 

e.w. àrqetipSi~, Tu ukve dafuZnebul universalur modelebSi 

Sesatania aziuri an Cinuri gamocdileba 290 . meTodi ki 

ase aris aRwerili: aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis literaturebis 

wakiTxva, teqstebisTvis saerTo modelebis agebamde da 

maT Soris `msgavsebebis~ gamovlenamde. 291 aq kidev erTi etapia 

dasaZlevi, ris Semdegac ukve SesaZlebelia `literaturis 

modelis~ gamoyeneba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is CarTulia Cveni 

meTodis logikasa da mis demonstraciaSi. gavixsenoT, rom 

arsebobs universaluri literatura (da/an literatura), rac 

gulisxmobs garkveul `saerTo Tvisebebs~, arsebiTsa da internacionalurs 

da es aris literaturebis saerTo xasiaTi. 

maTi sinTezi axorcielebs literaturis `models~, universaluri 

struqturis gamartivebul saxes. am perspeqtivaSi ganxiluli 

`literatura~ da gadmocemuli `literaturuli procesi~, 

iseve, rogorc oTxi etapis moqmedeba (samyaro _ nawarmoebi 

_ mwerali _ wakiTxva) 292 , yvelaze zogadi da stabiluri 

literaturis modelebia, romelTa farglebSic Tavsdeba 

yvela sxva kategoriebi. es modeli simboluri xdeba literaturuli 

nawarmoebebis modelisaTvis da orive polaruli modeli 

erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba da Sereva. sabolood komparativistuli 

meTodologiuri inventari mTlianad `modelis” farglebSi 

moeqcoda da, aseve, am `modelis~ TvisebebiT isargeblebda. 

SegviZlia Tu ara ganvsazRvroT `modeli~, rogorc 

`struqtura~, gansakuTrebulad farTo da legitimuri azriT? 

ukidures SemTxvevaSi, monacemis nawilebis funqcionaluri 

urTierTdamokidebulobis struqturis SigniT arsebuli elementaruli 

struqturalisturi monacemi (ris gamoc elementebi 

mTlianisgan damoukideblad ar arseboben), mkveTri meTodologiuri 

CareviT sisavses amJRavnebs. cxadia, arsebobs gamosaTavisuflebeli 

struqturaluri homologiebi sosiuris 

`sinqronuli modelidan~ da `maTi ideal-tipuri modelizaciidan~ 

293 . am dadgenili Sesabamisobebis sayrdeni, invariantebis 

daxmarebiT, aris solidaroba, urTierTdamokidebuleba yvela 

organuli, ori an mravalwevriani nawilisa, romlebic erTmaneTTan 

dakavSirebuli arian da eqvivalentobebs amarTleben. 

formalisti lingvistebi pirvelebi iyvnen, romlebmac am perspeqtivaSi 

ènisa da literaturis struqturul kanonebze~ 

isaubres 294 . `komparativisti unda SeCerdes `struqturebze~ 

da unda SeeZlos homologiuri struqturebis sxva dargebSi 

gamoyeneba, magaliTad, SedarebiT miTologiaSi 295 . maSin, ratom 

iqneba gamonaklisi SedarebiTi literaturis Teoria? 

180

Tanamedrove komparativizms marTlac SeuZlia gamoiyenos 

garkveuli struqturuli mocemulobebi, dawyebuli struqturuli 

erToba/komponentebis mimarTebiT, saidanac hermenevtikuli 

nawili/mTeli araferia, Tu ara etimologiuri oreuli. 

zogierTma komparativistma icis am arsebiTi damokidebulebis 

gamoyeneba 296 (Teoriulad da TavianT kvlevebSi). amasTan dakavSirebiT 

aseve gavixsenebT etiamblis miTis struqturas 

rembosTan (1957). sxva mimarTuleba exeba `struqturas~, rogorc 

`formaluri erTobisa~ da esTetikuri Rirebulebebis 

sayrdens (magaliTad, swavlebas zogadsa da kerZo formebs 

Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb, universalurobas, erTobasa da 

literaturul Taviseburebebs Soris da a.S). aqedan, `struqturebis 

aRmoCenidan~, gadavdivarT personaJebis, Temebis, motivebis, 

konfliqtebis, Txrobis tipebis, literaturis `tipizaciisa~ 

da `struqturizaciis~ sxva formebis tipologiaze, 

dabolos, literaturis Teoriaze. 297 daskvna iqneba is, rom 

komparativistis meTodi aris àrsebiTad aRweriTi, struqturalisturi 

da esTetikuri~, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven Sors 

varT ubralo, martivi `Strixebis Sefardebebisa~ da faqtobrivi 

urTierTobebisagan, romelTac upirispirdeba axali tendencia 

_ `komparativistis sameufo gza~. 298 

amgvarad SemuSavebuli `modeli~ Tu `struqtura~, iseve, 

rogorc literaturis nebismieri Teoria, komparativistulis 

CaTvliT, miiswrafvis iqiTken, rom Seqmnas sistema. es aris 

sistemis suli, romelic nebismieri fundamenturi mosazrebidan, 

nebismieri hermenevtikuli hipoTezidan gamomdinareobs. 

sistema aris Cveni manera, rom ganvWvritoT da ganvazogadoT 

yvela misaRebi monacemi da yoveli interpretacia SesaZlebelia 

mxolod sistemis SigniT, rac aris ganmsazRvreli hermenevtuli 

principi, saidanac xdeba kiTxvis garkveuli sistemisa 

miReba, keTdeba arCevani meTodisa da meTodis orientirebisa, 

rogorc warmonaqmnebisa am sistemaSi, anu: òrganuli~ 

erTobis konstruqcia, sadac yvelaferi urTierTmorgebulia. 

amgvarad, modelebi da struqturebi gaxdebodnen sistemebi 

an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, `sistemis msgavsebi~, es aris sistema, 

romelic winaswar Wvrets nawili/mTelis urTierTobis problemas, 

da maSasadame, fragmentebisa da winamorbedebis aRdgenas, 

maT gadarCevasa da integracias mTlianobaSi; swored 

is gadawyvets, Tu ra aris tipuri, arsebiTi da/an SemTxvevi- 

Ti, marginaluri; aseve, is SesaZlebels xdis monacemebis organizacias, 

iseve, rogorc Teoriul ganzogadebas. amave 

dros, Teoria da sistema aris alternatiuli da eqvivalenturi 

terminebi. ukanasknel analizSi yvelaferi daiyvaneba 

181

erT konceptualur da terminologiur, dominantur da konvenciur 

sistemamde. 

sistemis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, dawyebuli Tavisi 

imanenturi, ganuyofeli `logikiT~, SesanarCunebelia. misi gamarTleba, 

upirveles yovlisa, mdgomareobs misive funqciurad 

mudmiv principSi. aris Tu ara igi imgvarad SemuSavebuli, 

rom gaiTvaliswinos yvela elementi, romelsac aRmoaCens? 

SeiZleba Tu ara daiyvanos isini mTlianobamde, harmoniulobamde, 

funqciur vargisianobamde? Tu SeuZlia, maSin 

sistema gaxdeba operatiuli nageboba, romelic gamocdas gauZlebs. 

maSasadame, is vargisia da gamosadegi. da mainc, unda 

SevCerdeT terminze _ `logika~, mxolod imitom, rom arsebobs 

verifikacia, ganyenebuli SeTanxmebulobiT, garkveulobiTa 

da mizanswrafviT. yoveli sistema funqcionirebs Tavisi 

sakuTari principiT Tu principisaTvis, saidanac komparativisti 

TeoretikosisaTvis modis arsebiTi valdebuleba _ 

iyos Tavisi principebisa da aTvisebuli meTodebis SesabamisobaSi. 

wmindad formaluri logikuri sistema gadis am mo- 

Txovnebis gareT da gvTavazobs sul sxva `models~, Tavisi 

sqematizmiTa da simbolozmiT; es aris elementaruli mtkicebuleba 

imisa, rom literaturis Teoriebs aqvT sakuTri Taviseburebebi. 

isini yovelTvis gadmogvcemen farul koherentulobas, 

gvisaxaven sqemas, romelsac axasiaTebs mudmivi efeqturoba 

da saidanac modis garkveuli SesaZlebloba TviTregulirebisa, 

TviTSemowmebisa, da es xdeba maSin, roca naSrom- 

Si invarianti an modeli moiZeveba. sistemis meqanizmi iZleva 

imis SesaZleblobas, rom SearCios da Tavis nebiT gaaerTianos 

(rom yvelgan Seqmnas `msgavsi~ 299 ) yvela elementi, e.i. 

aris ormagi: a posteriori da a fortiori, rasac Sedegad mohyveba Tavisi 

sqemisaTvis sarCulis dadeba, napralebis da struqturis 

sicarieleebis amovseba. maSasadame, misi roli aris garkveulwilad 

`ganmazogadebeli struqtura~, iduqciur/deduqciuri 

baziTa da `kodiT~. `poetikuri kodebi~ 300 , arsebiTad, igive 

sistemuri meqanizmidan momdinareoben. 

literaturis komparativistulma Teoriam aseve SeiZleba 

gamoiyenos `modelebi~ da struqturebi~, rogorc ganzogadebis 

formebi, romlebic sxvadasxva doneebze moqmedeben da 

isargeblos `sistemebis sistemis~ pirobiT. es formula gansakuTrebiT 

miesadageboda ùniversalur literaturas~, romelTan 

SedarebiTac nacionaluri literaturebi mxolod da 

mxolod danawevrebuli sistemebi iqnebodnen. ufro adre amgvar 

mosazrebebs vpoulobT rus formalistebTan. 301 aranakleb 

mniSvnelovania lotmanis wvlili. marTlac, es avtori 

182

iTvaliswinebs `literaturis organizacias, rogorc `simbolur 

meqanizms~, ìntegralurs~, sruls, `romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia 

literaturebis tipologiuri Sedareba da universaluri 

literaturis istoriis Seqmna~. 302 `literaturuli 

sistemis~ perspeqtivaSi sinqronulad arian warmodgenili h. 

r. iausi, c. todorovi da sxvebi. gvrCeba is, rom gamovyoT 

sagrZnobi gansxvaveba meTodisa da hipoTezisa: im dros, rodesac 

literaturis am sistemur Teorias aqvs lingvisturi 

aTvlis wertili, literaturis SedarebiTi Teoria (romelic 

CvenTvis warmoadgens sistemur xasiaTs) cdilobs ipovos Tavisi 

cogito da refleqsiis meTodi Tavad komparativistuli 

tradiciis interierSi. xolo disciplinebi, romlebsac komparativistuli 

kuTxiT (SedarebiTi miTologia, magaliTad) TavianT 

arsenalSi aqvT: `tipebi~, `kavSirebi~, `seriebi~ da `sistemebi~ 

305 , Tavis mxriv, daxmarebas gvTavazobs. 

rasakvirvelia, ar unda ugulebelvyoT axali gamocdilebebi, 

piriqiT! magram _ da Cven kidev erTxel davubrundebiT, 

Cveni azriT, am mniSvnelovan kiTxvas _ alternativa 

kvlav arsebobs: xdeba Tu ara komparativistuli literaturis 

Teoriis gansakuTrebulad gaZliereba an misi daSla sxva 

miTiTebebsa da meTodebSi? yvela Riaobebi, romlebsac gamovyofT 

(da isini ufro da ufro mravlad Cndebian), ueWvelad 

iTviseben `modelis~, `sistemis~ da `struqturis~ cnebas, magram 

obieqti, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, saorWofo rCeba. yvelaze 

progresuli `mamodelebeli~ hipoTezebi, rogorc Cans, ar 

cdebian dakvirvebis, aRwerisa da analitikuri damxmarebis 

badeebis stadias, maSasadame, evristikuls (stadias). mizani 

yovelTvis erTi da igive ar aris; Cven vmeryeobT mxolod er- 

Ti literaturis meTods, gansazRvruli raodenobis zenacionalursa 

da literaturuli komunikaciis zogad Teorias 

Soris, 306 romlebic `literaturas~ gansazRvraven, rogorc 

komunikaciis aqts, rac SesaZloa, maTTvis misaRebia. magram 

komparativistebi, romlebic ganixilaven literaturas, rogorc 

niSnebisa da warmosaxviTi samyaros Rirebulebebis sistemas 

(amas davubrundebiT), am perspeqtivas Zalian viwrod da 

`ganze dgomiT~ ganixilaven. Tumca, mainc gaviziaroT, rom 

garkveul damajamebel sistematizaciaSi internacionaluri 

literaturuli kavSirebi, ùniversaluri literatura~, Cveni 

arsebiTi obieqti, gansazRvrulia, xan rogorc `megapolissistema~, 

xan `zesistema~, romelTa daqvemdebarebaSia `sistemebi~ 

(internacionaluri literaturebis mimdinareobebi) da 

`qvesistemebi~ (stilebi, Janrebi, Temebi da a.S.). 307 

183

yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven globaluri gziT vaRwevT literaturuli 

fenomenis xedvas (zepiri, werilobiTi, institucionalizebuli 

da maTi mimarTebis erTobaSi), ganxiluls ara rogorc 

mxolod literaturis Teoriis savaldebulo safuZvels, 

aramed mTlianad literaturuli procesisa. rogorc Cans, am 

TvalsazrisiT umjobesia `msoflio literaturis sistemaze vilaparakoT 

Tundac zogadi terminebiT~, vidre uarvyoT `modelis~ 

esa Tu is idea. zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi `literaturuli 

struqturalizms~ irCeven (`Tanamedrove, pedanti~) alalbedze 

da ar Cans tradiciuli procedurebi (Sedareba, Tematologia 

da sxv.). aseve, ar iqneba swori, rom `struqturas ar hqondes 

sxva interesi, garda imisa, rom gardaisaxos~. 309 samagierod, 

komparativistuli poetikis TvalTaxedviT, mas ainteresebs mxolod 

is, rom àr gardaisaxos.~ TiTqmis truizmia imis ganmeoreba, 

rom Teoria Tu `literaturis mecniereba~, romelic 

agebs teqstebis zogad modelebs, ver axerxebs maT esTetikur 

Tu istoriul originalobaSi wvdomas. 310 aseve, arcerTi `struqtura~, 

arc `modeli~ da arc `tipi~ integralurad ar emTxveva 

teqstis konkretul struqturas, modelsa Tu nebismier tips. 

SedarebiTi literaturis nebismier meTodologiur aspeqtze 

metad Tavs warmoaCens modelizacia, rogorc Teoriuli 

konstruqcia an, Tu gnebavT, rogorc `komparativistuli qmnileba~. 

konstatacia axali ar aris, vinaidan is ukve gamoviyeneT 

`cvlad mudmivebTan~ mimarTebaSi. didi komparativistuli kategoriebis 

SemuSaveba, dawyebuli evropuli Tu ùniversaluri~ 

literaturiT, iseve, rogorc `kodebis~ SemuSavebiT (periodebi, 

mimdinareobebi da a.S.), aseve ganxilulia terminebiT _ `Teoriuli~ 

an `spiritualuri konstruqcia~. 311 `konstruqcia moicavs, 

rogorc samoqmedo sqemisa da taqsonomiuri komparativizmis 

sqemebis erTianobas, aseve am sinTezuri da Teoriuli moqmedebebis 

erTobas. maTi arseboba SeuZlebelia `damatebuli~ 

eqstrapolaciebis, totalizaciebis (e.w. `zogadi~ literatura, 

rogorc `moZraobebis damajamebeli Teoria~) regulirebis 

meqanizmebisa da Teorizebis gareSe. es ukanasknelni moqmedeben 

konceptualuri eqstrapolaciis gziT, romlebic ayvanilni 

arian ukidures koherentulobamde (am mizniT agebuli invariantebis 

sistemidan gamomdinare). ìdealuri literaturis 

struqturebi~ _ razec zogierTi komparativisti bolos da 

bolos Tanxmdeba _ aRaribebs gamartivebis gziT aRweril 

obieqtebs, Tan zedmetad awesrigebs. 313 rogorc viciT, es aris 

mTeli sistemuri muSaobis Sedegi. am TvalTaxedviT is yovelTvis 

met-naklebad àraadekvaturia~. es aris am didi da 

gadamwyveti upiratesobebis xarki, romelic gadasaxdelia. 

184

7. deskrifcia da morfologia 

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, komparativistuli meTodi 

didwilad deskrifciulia. marTlac, arc erTi damajamebeli 

sinTezi, tipologia, modelizacia Tu struqturalizacia SesaZlebeli 

ar iqneba, Tu ar mivmarTavT maTi obieqtebis xasiaTebis 

gacalkavebasa da aRnusxvas, raTa isini ufro naTeli 

terminebiT ganisazRvron da moxdes maTi individualizeba. 

marTebuli deskrifcia erTdroulad aris specifikuri da 

maindividualizebeli, warmoaCens Tvisebebs, rac Tavis obieqts 

sxva aRwerili obieqtebisagan gamohyofs da erTgvari nivelirebisken, 

iqneb garkveuli `ganzogadebisakenac ki~ ubiZgebs. 

deskrifciebi arasdrosa `sruli~, amomwuravi. isini warmoaCenen 

mxolod garkveuli raodenobis gamorCeul Tvisebebs, 

romlebic erTobliobis konteqstSi ganixilebian, rogorc 

Sesamowmebelni da mniSvnelovanni. problema, romelic amis 

Semdeg Cndeba, aseTia: rogor unda moxdes deskrifcia SedarebiTi 

literaturis TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare? sakmarisi 

aRar aris gadavwyvitoT, rom komparativistuli meTodi `deskrifciulia~, 

vinaidan: mravalma winamorbedma da Tanamedrove 

praqtikosebma es ukve Tqves. 314 amdenad, metad aRar visaubrebT 

tradiciul, empiriul deskrifciaze. swori iqneba vnaxoT, 

ra aris deskrifcia, romelic komparativistul poetikas 

sWirdeba. 

Tu marTlac arsebobs Teoriuli (literaturuli naSromebis 

zogad TaviseburebebTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi da 

hipoTezebi) da deskrifciuli poetika (specifikuri literaturuli 

naSromebis deskrifcia), maSin komparativizmi erTdroulad 

momdinareobs pirvelidanac da meoridanac 315 . Tumca, 

garkveuli ganmasxvavebeli niSniT: SedarebiTi poetika eyrdnoba 

ganmazogadebel deskrifciebs, mimarTulT iqiTken, 

rom erTgvarad daadginon da gansazRvron literaturis gamoxatvis 

saSualeba _ ena. mas Tavis gankargulebaSi unda 

hqondes rac SeiZleba mowinave, kargad Camoyalibebuli deskrifciuli 

inventari da yovelive es unda moxdes poetikis, 

universaluri deskrifciuli procedurebisa da misi funqcionirebis 

wyalobiT, `werilobiTi Tu zepiri literaturebis 

rac SeiZleba didi raodenobiT~, raTa xelaxla gamoviyenoT 

am saxis erT-erTi iSviaTi (Zalian iSviaTi!) programa. 316 am 

monaxazis arsebiTi obieqtebi literaturis Teoriis saz- 

RvrebSi SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc ìnvariantebi~, romelTa 

zogadi da ganzogadebuli deskrifcia literaturis 

rukas (universalurs) SemogvTavazebda. amgvarad gansazRvru- 

185

li deskrifciis statusi Tavidan bolomde icvleba. erTi 

mxriv (da Cven es viciT), is ver iqneba sruli vercerT garemoebaSi, 

radgan empiriuli gziT verasodes miiRweva WeSmariti 

inventarizacia, am terminis pozitivisturi, faqtobrivi 

mniSvnelobiT. sxva mxriv, saboolod unda ukuvagdoT sruliad 

neitraluri, òbieqturi~ deskrifciis iluziuri hipoTeza. 

komparativistul gzas, rogorc nebismier sxvas, imTaviTve 

aqvs Tavisi warmmarTveli ideebi, sakuTari hermenevtuli hipoTezebiT, 

romlebic operacias xelmZRvaneloben. aseve Tavidan 

avicilebT mcdar dilemas: àn avagebT koherentul, magram 

sterilur Teorias; an davkmayofildebiT faqtebis aRweriT 

da imis warmodgeniT, rom yoveli patara kenWi mecnierebis 

didi Senobis agebas emsaxureba~. 317 

morfologiuri deskrifcia, Tavisi Zlieri tradiciiT, 318 

didwilad gansazRvravs am programis warmatebulobas. misi 

mizania literaturuli formebis Teoriis aRwera, dawyebuli 

enaSi spontanurad warmoSobili e.w. `martivi~ formebiT, poetis 

mxridan yovelgvari `SemoqmedebiTi~ Carevis gareSe. 

goeTes mixedviT, Cvenc miviCnevT, rom forma zRudavs da rTavs 

elementebs, radgan Sinagani konstituciuri da SemzRudveli 

principis ZaliT moqmedebs. yovel poeziaSi `forma gamoinaskva 

da ganxorcielda~. es gamosavali, andre Joles mixedviT 

(romelic kvlav aqtualurs xdis morfologiur meTods literaturis 

TeoriaSi), SeiZleba dadgindes zogadi poetikuri 

principebiT: `poeziis mTlianobis pirispir mdgarni, Cvens 

Tavs vekiTxebiT: ramdenad Seadgens aRiarebuli da rCeuli 

formebis erToblioba homogenur mTlianobas, romelic kavSirebiTa 

da Sinagani artikulaciebiT uSvebs wesrigis princips, 

e.i. sistemas~? 319 swored aq SegveZlo dagvesaxelebina 

`sistemebis sistemaze~ kalkirebuli `formebis forma~. yuradReba 

unda gavamaxviloT Tanamedrove komparativistul azrovnebaze, 

romelic `literaturis morfoliogias~ eTmoba; 

miuxedavad imisa, rom misi buneba metwilad kvlav istoriuli 

(Temebisa da Jarebis migracia) an wmindad deskrifciuli me- 

TodiT SemosazRvruli rCeba. 320 am SedarebiTi morfologiis 

gafarToeba nacionaluri sazRvrebis iqiT, universaluri literaturis 

zRvramde, ai, es iqneboda misi idealuri mizani. 

rogorc ki Cvens samiznes literaturis arsebiT gansaz- 

Rvrebaze mivmarTavT, aqcenti deskrifciidan da morfologiidan 

mkveTrad gadainacvlebs fenomenologiisaken. maSin es 

qmedebebi SemogvTavazebdnen mxolod organizebul masalebs 

intuiciisaTvis (Wesensghau), romelic obieqtis ganyenebul, 

struqturul erTobas yvela Tavisi individualuri variaci- 

186

ebis miRma warmoaCenda. radikalurad antipozitivisturi, antiistorizebuli, 

antifsiqologiuri, antisociologiuri da 

a.S. meTodi warmoadgens (CvenTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi) did 

upiratesobas imisaTvis, rom SevZloT gavcdeT mxolod erTi 

stilis, mxolod erTi mimdinareobis, mxolod erTi nacionaluri 

literaturis eqskluziur gansazRvrebebs, sivrciTsa 

da droismiers, Tundac yovel am literaturul faqts Tavisi 

sakuTari `fenomenologia~ hqondes. upiratesad, ra iqneba 

`komparativistuli fenomeni~ (zu den Sachen selbst)? 321 arsebiTi, 

fenomenologiuri deskrifcia enacvleba empiriul da morfologiur 

deskrifcias. is literaturuli nawarmoebebis deskrifciiT 

Sreebad bolovdeba (roman ingardenis Tvalsazris- 

Si, magaliTad: fonetikur-leqsikuri, azris mTlianoba, warmodgenili 

obieqtebi, obieqtebis xedebi), romlebic SeiZleba 

vargisi gavxadoT nebismier literaturul nawarmoebSi _ 

parizidan _ balimde, sabaziso hipoTezebis mixedviT. 

literaturuli kvlevebis es ucilobeli piroba, sine qua 

non, uaryofs imis fenomenologiur mtkicebulebas, rom winaswar 

gansazRvruli konceptebisgan gaTavisufleba SesaZlebelia. 

magram, am rezervis garda, wmindad deskrifciuli `modelebisa 

da `tipebis~ samiznes, romlis sqema maT gamorCeulobas 

gamoxatavs, SeuZlia sakmaod wvlili Seitanos literaturis 

globalur midgomaSi. amgvarad, araferia gasaocari, rom 

fenomenologia ironiulad uyurebs zogierT komparativists, 

romelic sakuTar Tavs swored msgavs perspeqtivaSi ayenebs. 

midgomebis formebi sxvadasxvagvaria da warmoaCens `mudmiv 

Tu ukuqceviT fenomenebs~; amgvar topoi-s SeuZlia ufro zusti 

codna gamoxatos `literaturuli sakiTxisa da misi struqturisa, 

wvlili Seitanos literaturis fenomenologiaSi~; 322 

aCvenos modelebi ingardenis sqemis mixedviT; tipisa Tu `gmiris~ 

324 da literaturuli qmnilebis fenomenologia `mTeli 

literaturis imitaciuri magaliTebiT~ 325 da a.S. sxva mxriv, 

arsebobs `fenomenologia, romelic Rrmad wvdeba istoriul 

suls da, amave dros, ufro winaaRmdegobrivia, vidre es komparativists~ 

326 hgonia, vinaidan is ganmartebiT SeniSvnebs 

moiTxovs. 

187

8. analogia da erTgvarovnebani 

komparativisti poetikosi (saWiroa sabolood vaRiaroT, 

rom aseve arsebobs es sakmaod uCveulo tipi _ poetikosi) 

Tavis gzaze yovelTvis Sexvedria analogiisa da msgavsebis, 

TanadamTxvevisa da sinqronizmis fenomenebs. mas ar aqvs mizezi, 

rom mxedvelobaSi ar miiRos isini da literaturis SedarebiT 

TeoriaSi ar CarTos. spontanur empiriul analogiebs 

(mravalricxovanT) Tan unda sdevdes sistematuri da Teoriuli 

midgoma, rasac, rasakvirvilia, garkveuli siZneleebi axlavs. 

`msgavseba~ da ànalogia~ eqvivalenturi, alternatiuli 

da urTierTmonacvle terminebia, romlebic erTdroulad 

mianiSneben `moqmedebasa~ da `produqtze~. analogia 

(moqmedeba) iZleva Sedegebs (msgavsebebs), magram _ ormxrivoba 

aranakleb realuria: msgavseba (faqtis realoba) xsnis analogiebs 

da a.S. sxva mxriv, am fenomenis simdidre da polisemia 

(gadmocemuli aseve `TanadamTxveviT~, `SesabamisobiT~, `SerwymiT~ 

da am Janris sxva terminebiT) aRwers mas, rogorc Zalian 

orazrovans. is iwvevs da STaagonebs erTianobis, Tanxvdomisa 

da Tanwyobis elementebs, Tumca msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis, 

Tanxvedrisa da acilebis dialeqtika masSi aranakleb 

aris warmodgenili; aqedan modis garkveuli sirTule, 

rac Sorsaa imisagan, rom martivi `pozitiuri~ faqtis kompleqsurobas 

warmoadgendes. 

analogiiT miaxloeba evrestikuli proceduraa, rac SedarebiTi 

literaturisa da misi refleqsiebis sawyisebidanvea 

aSkaraa. mas praqtikaSi spontanurad da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi 

iyenebdnen, anu, klasikuri da ritorikuli `paralelebis~ 

gamoCenisTanave. igive midgoma dResdReobiT ufro da 

ufro miRebuli xdeba da SeaqvT garkveul programebsa da 

sinTezur kvlevebSi, 328 rogorc ori komparativizmis Sexebis 

wertili, warmoqmnili `gavlenebisa~ da ànalogiebis~ bazaze 

(influentalisti da analogisti komparativistebi anglo-saqsonuri 

saxeldebis mixedviT). swored aqedan amodis istoriuli 

da araistoriuli komparativizmi, romelic praqtikaSi 

`struqturis paralelebisa da analogiebis wyalobiT gamoiyeneba; 

es aris situacia, romelic araerTgzis Segvxvedria 

dRemde da romelic faqtis tipologiidan gamomdinareobs. 329 

am Janris dakvirvebebi _ empiriuli, danawevrebuli, Sem- 

TxveviTi _ ukve garkveuli siZveliT xasiaTdeba. rogorc ki 

sayrdeni mticebulebebiT vsaubrobT `mravalmxriv Tanadam- 

Txvevaze~, ànalogiur miTiTebebze~, 330 gavlena – urTierTmimarTebebis 

idea ukve gavlilia. igive mdgomarebaa msgavsebe- 

188

isTvis, erTdroulobebisTvis, SexvedrebisTvis, romlebic 

ase xSiria literaturul istoriaSi da romlebze miniSnebasac 

TiTqmis yvelgan vxvdebiT. 311 mas aRiareben yvelaze konservatori 

pozitivistebic, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierT ufro 

gaxsnil komparativists, romlebic winaswar Wvreten etiamblis 

Tezebs (frangi komparativisti yvelaze ukeT aris ganwyobili 

am faqtebis mimarT). ideebis istoria maT iseve icnobs, 

333 rogorc sxva disciplinebs. 

Tavisi poziciis gasamyareblad etiambli imowmebs precedents, 

romelsac mas religiaTa SedarebiTi istoria awvdis, 

iseTs rogorsac praqtikaSi iyenebdnen JorJ dumezili da 

mirCa eliade 333 da arcTu umizezod. 334 marTlac, daaxloebis, 

Sesabamisobisa da msgavsebebis teqnika gamudmebiT gvxvdeba 

naSromSi damajarebeli meTodologiuri dasabuTebiT. 335 homologia 

SesaZlebeli, metic, saWiroc kia erTi da igive sistemis 

SigniT: arasakmarisad cnobili faqtebi, romlebic erT 

religias miekuTvnebian, SeiZleba Sevsebuli da/an ganmartebuli 

iyos urTierTSenacvlebiTa da ukeT cnobili faqtebiT, 

romlebic sxva religiebs miekuTvneba. sxvaTa Soris, igive 

gamosavali, Tavisi polemikuri aqcentebiT, Seswavlili iyo 

trakodasebis religiasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis axsnasac, 

miuxedavad jer kidev arasakmarisi dokumentaciisa, `stilistikuri 

analogiebisa~ da arielebis `spiritualur-stilisturi 

aRweris~ daxmarebiT 336 ecadnen. TumcaRa, igive problema 

Cndeba istoriaSi, 337 kulturul anTropologiaSi, SedarebiT 

filosofiaSi (evropa, indoeTi, CineTi), sadac `pozitivistur 

da analogiur cnebebs~ 338 movixmobT. es disciplinebi gamudmebiT 

moqmedeben urTierTSenacvlebadi struqturebis SepirispirebiT 

(`sakmarisia, rom problemebi iyos urTierTSenacvlebadi) 

da Camoyalibebuli analogiuri tipologiiT ise, rom 

mxedvelobaSi ar iReben aranair faqtobriv kavSirs. 

amgvarad, Cveni gansazRvrebebis CarCoebSi am teqnikis 

mniSvnelobas viTvaliswinebT aRmosavleT-dasaleTis literaturuli 

urTierTobebisa, da sabolood, ùniversaluri literaturis~ 

erTobisaTvis. es midgomebi ar unda ganvixiloT 

(arafaqtiseuli komparativizmis TvalTaxedviT) mxolod analogiisa 

da msgavsebebis kuTxiT, romlebic invariantebis 

substancias qmnian. vinaidan invarianti marTlac araferia, 

Tu ara analogiuri produqti, Tu ara konkretuli msgavseba, 

saidanac kidev erTxel gamomdinareobs misi meTodologiurad 

mniSvnelovani pozicia. invarianti, analogia da msgavseba 

faseulia da am situaciis sirTule yvela Sedegis asimilirebaSi 

mdgomareobs. Cinuri stilis asimilacia goTikur 

189

stilTan, rac XVII-XVIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba, warmoadgens 

ideas, romelmac sxvaTa Soris goeTec 340 ki daafiqra. magram 

aris ki es aseTi absurduli? evropul gons im dros ar hqonda 

referenciisa da asimilaciis sxva cneba, garda goTikisa 

da is _ SeiZleba iTqvas spontanurad _ amyarebda kavSirs, 

rasac zogierTi naCqarevi da zedapiruli analogiebi ara 

mxolod SesaZlebels, aramed, garkveulwilad `savaldebulosac~ 

ki xdida. analogia ar iyenebs identurobis dadgenis 

meTods, magram mimarTavs struqturis Sesabamisobis analizis 

gzas, romelic SesaZlebelia gamousadegari aRmoCndes. ufro 

dakvirvebiT gamovikvlioT es mdgomareoba. 

davuSvaT, SesaZlebelia, rom `gavlenebisgan~ gansxvavebiT, 

analogiebi mizezobrivi kavSirebisa da pirdapiri urTierTobebis 

gareSe arsebobdnen. isini msgavsebis kavSirebs 

aRadgenen or, èrTmaneTisTvis garegnulad ucxo realobaTa 

Soris~, romlebic araidenturni arian, ar Sedian kontaqtSi _ 

arc pirdapir, arc iribad, 341 iwveven daaxloebas erTi an mravali 

saerTo elementiT, xan ad unum (erTi da igive rigis or 

faqts Soris), xan ad tertium (erTi da igive rigis or an mraval 

faqts Soris, mesame gansxvavebul rigTan erTad). 342 `barokoebs~ 

Soris analogia aris pirveli tipi; goTikasa da sqolastikas 

Soris analogia – meore. analogiuri fenomenebis saer- 

To Tu arasaerTo warmoSoba SeiZleba momdinareobdes identuri, 

regularuli Tu SemTxveviTi mizezebidan, poligenezuridan 

da/an difuziuridan (problema, romelzec aq ar Sev- 

CerdebiT) iseve, rogorc am fenomenebis funqciebi SeiZleba 

dagvexmaros ganvacalkavoT (SemTxveviT) sakuTriv analogia 

da homologia. maSin, roca pirveli mxedvelobaSi miiRebda 

erTgvarovan funqciebs, Tavisi warmoSobis miRma, homologia 

warmoCenda eqvivalentur faqtebs, romelTac saerTo warmomavloba 

aqvT, magram struqturisa Tu saerTo funqciebis 

flobis gareSe. sxva mxriv, analogia SeiZleba induqcia-deduqciis 

gareSe gavides fons, vinaidan is cxadyofs urTier- 

Tobebs, romlebic am operaciebs ar gulisxmoben: magaliTad, 

paralelur seriebs. arsebiT komparativistul analogias SeuZlia 

davides bundovan, Zalian daSorebul msgavsebamde an 

Zalian zust Sesabamisobamde. magram is miT ufro nayofieria, 

rac ufro daSorebuli da izolirebulia erTmaneTisagan ur- 

TierTdakavSirebuli elementebi. 344 

yvelaferi damokidebulia arCeul koordinatebze. vinaidan 

yovel analogiaSi, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, daSvebulia 

damowmebebis garkveuli sistema, romelic yovelTvis 

stabiluri da identuri paradigmebis mixedviT erTi da imave 

190

taqsonomiuri sqemis SigniT unda darCes, romelic Tavidan 

bolomde igive logikis mixedviT funqcionirebs. maSasadame, 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli analogia ukve `mocemulia~ hipo- 

Tezis mixedviT da imTaviTve miRebulia sqema. msgavseba yovelTvis 

moiTxovs erT Tvalsazriss, 345 im pirobiT, rom erTmaneTTan 

dakavSirebuli faqtebi msgavsia, roca isini dana-xulia 

erTsa da imave WrilSi da roca gamoyenebulia saerTo 

da stabiluri terminologia. amgvarad, analogiis vargisianoba 

da damajerebloba, iseve, rogorc msgavseba, efuZneba safuZvlebsa 

da principebs, romlebic maTTvis aucileblad garegania. 

aranairi skepticizmis motivi aq ar arsebobs. Tu mov- 

TavsdebiT universaluri analogiebis doneze, Cven ver vikamaTebT 

imaze, rom saubaria mxolod ganzogadebaze, vinaidan 

referentad nebayofilobiT (da marTebulad) SevarCieT universaluri 

kriteriumi. Teoriul-ganmazogadebel tipur komparativizmSi, 

maqsimaluri analogiebi erTdroulad saWironic 

arian da gardauvalnic. 

maSasadame, Sedegebidan gamomdinare (ar vsaubrobT `srul~ 

an `met-naklebad srul~ analogiebze, rogorc amas zogjer 

sul ubralo mizeziT iTxoven 347 ): 1) analogia arasdros aris 

amomwuravi, is mxolod urTierTmsgavsebebs iTxovs; 348 2) ànalogia 

arasdros aris sruli, Tu ar aris SerCeuli sistemis 

orientirebis mixedviT; 3) WeSmariti analogia unda iyos ara 

mxolod `sruli~, aramed dasabuTebuli, damajerebeli, es 

niSnavs: Tavis winamorbedTan SedarebiT logikur da Sedegobriv, 

reversiul, ormxriv da universalurad gamosayenebels; 

mxolod msgavsebis logika moiTxovs damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, 

aucileblad mizezis saWiroebisaTvis SerCeulsa da struqturis 

mTavari mniSvnelobis mixedviT gacxadebuls. 349 analogia 

aris Ria, TiTqmis amouwuravi da yovelTvis sakuTar Tav- 

Tan SesabamisobaSi myofi. Tanasworoba Tu erTgvarovneba mizezebisa 

da istoriuli, kulturuli da literaturuli pirobebisa 

_ aucilebeli moTxovna ar aris, vinaidan komparativistuli 

analogiebi moqmedeben sakuTar referentul sivrceSi, 

rac avtonomiuria da misi ganyenebuli struqturidan 

gamomdinareobs. 350 

problema mniSvnelovnad mwvavea literaturis dargSi, 

sadac Txzulebebi _ individualurni, ganumeoreblebi _ ar 

aaSkaraveben aranair identurobas, aranair homogenurobas. yovelgvari 

zogadi rigis ganxilva Tu gansja exeba mxolod 

msgavsebebs, nawilobriv identurobebs, metnaklebad ganfenil 

TanadamTxvevebs, maSasadame, analogiebsa da sxvadasxvagvar 

msgavsebebs. amgvarad, yvela ganzogadeba da literaturis Te- 

191

orizacia aucileblad analogiuri rigisaa; da misi daskvnebi 

araferia, Tu ara ganzogadebuli analogiebi. yoveli jerovnad 

damtkicebuli analogia Tu homologia aris argumenti 

da raRac Teoriuli ganzogadobisken biZgi, rac mTlianobaSi 

(at large) 351 literaturis midgomas ukavSirdeba. 

amgvarad, komparativistuli velis gafarToeba cxadia 

da sasikeTo: `TanadamTxvevam~ (gancalkevebulma an/da ganmeorebiTma) 

SeiZleba komparativistuli kvlevis obieqtis statuss 

miaRwios. invarianti da yvelaferi, rasac is iwvevs, kidev 

erTxel xdeba kontrolirebadi hipoTeza. magram sirTule, 

romelTan erTadac TanadamTxvevebis meTodologiuri 

asimilacia wamoaCens, rom es ukanasknelni garkveulwilad 

martiv `sxvadasxvad~ rCebian; maTi gamoaSkaraveba _ sporadulia, 

xolo zogadi interpretacia _ TiTqmis ar arsebobs. 

marTlac, ra daskvna unda gamovitanoT imis mtkicebidan, 

rom èrTdroulobebi Tu gamravlebuli TanadamTxvevebi evropaSi 

analogiuri niSnebiT arsebobs?~ 352 garegnulad, aranairi. 

Tu mas mainc ar mivakravdiT imedismomcem daskvnebs! `Tu 

Cven viciT, rogor miviRoT Cveni disciplinis struqturaSi 

TanadamTxvevis, Tanadroulobis cneba, rogorc pirveladi, 

maSin aRmovCndebiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani instrumentis 

mflobeli, raTa wavikiTxoT wesebi, romlebic sulier cxovrebas 

marTavs”. 353 es kargia, magram jer kidev cotaa zogadi 

komparativizmis TvalTaxedviT. gza, romelsac unda mivyveT, 

ufro isaa, rasac rusi formalistebi Cagvagonebdnen: ueWvelad 

arsebobs `Tanadamxvevebis~, `damTxvevebis faqtebi~, `funqciurebis~ 

CaTvliT~, 354 rac iwvevs tipur sizustes paraleluri 

da msgavsi konteqstebis mixedviT. nebismieri kanonieri 

msgavseba niSnavs imas, rom sruli uflebiT SegviZlia 

ganzogadeba. 

rogorc ki ori an mravali termini, `faqtobrivi kavSirebis~ 

gamoyenebis gareSe, magram moTxovnil pirobebSi er- 

TmaneTs analogiiT daukavSirdeba, isini komparativistuli 

Teoriis TvalsazrisiT Sesabamisni xdebian. maT aqvT tendencia, 

daamtkicon erToba literaturul dargSi, daadginon eqvivalentebi, 

msgavsebebi, da bolos da bolos, universalurobebi, 

sicxade SesZinon izomorfizmebsa da homologiebs, romlebic 

umaRles safexurzea ayvanili; analogia, Tavisi qmedebebis 

erTobiT, upiratesad warmoadgens instruments, imas, 

ris miRebasac damamtkicebeli magaliTebiT viwyebT (groteski 

hiugosTan da hainesTan; dasavluri Suasakuneebis epikuri da 

rusuli poezia da a.S.), magram igi ganzogadebuli, nawilobrivi 

mniSvnelobis matarebelia. 355 igive mdgomareobaa analo- 

192

giebis tipologiis TvalsazrisiTac (negatiuri, pozitiuri, 

istoriuli, antiistoriuli; sistemuri, arasistemuri) 356 . mTavari 

daskvna SeiZleba gavakeToT analogiis calkeuli tipebidan 

an analogiis tipebis erTobidan. es meTodi ar uSvebs 

mxolod paralelizmebsa da evristikul daaxloebebs, kategoriebisa 

da tipologiebis SemuSavebas istoriuli da geografiuli 

moTxovnilebis miRma: mas aseve SeuZlia daadginos 

kavSirebi, aagos xidebi da amoavsos sicarieleebi. 357 amgvari 

operaciis gareSe aranairi sqematizacia (Tu Teoriuli konstruqcia) 

ar moxdeba. 

rasakvirvelia, omnis analogia claudet. analogiis uaryofa 

samarTliania da aseTi iqneba Cveni daskvna mxolod mkacrad 

istoriul-pozitivistur perspeqtivaSi. am midgomisTvis, romelic 

momdinareobs komparativistuli D.S.T.-dan (ganviTarebis 

sistemis Teoria) da sakmaod `mkacrad~ gvesaxeba, ànalogiebze 

dafuZnebuli kvlevebi saeWvoa~... 358 amdenad, es aris aSkara 

idiosinkrazia, crurwmena, subieqturi TviTneburoba, romelic 

kritikosebis umetesobas axasiaTebs. amgvari kritikosebi 

uaryofen e.w. `profesionalur~ naSromebs da aviwydebaT, rom 

WeSmaritad `profesionaluri~ naSromebi namdvilad Seqmnilia. 

es argumenti, ànarqiis~ braldebasTan erTad, momxibvlelia, 

rac Ordnung-is suliskveTebas Slis. 359 sxvebi gulubryvilod 

ganacxadeben: `Cven sulac ar gviyvars amgvari msgavsebebi~ 

360 , romlebic pozitivisturi tradiciis mixedviT, `namdvili~ 

an/da `yalbi~ unda iyos. analogiebi, Sesabamisobebi, 

Tanxvedrebi, yvelaze aSkaranic ki, ueWvelad `yalbia~. 361 ratom? 

pirvel rigSi imitom, rom isini SemTxveviT ar arian 

damtkicebulni, Semdeg imitom, rom maT axasiaTebT `bundovaneba~ 

da `dauzustebloba~ da sxva araferi SeuZliaT _ rogorc 

amas brunetieri ambobda _ garda imisa, rom yovelive 

`naadrevi, bundovani da TviTneburi ganzogadebebiT daasrulon~. 

362 vinaidan paralelizmi, msgavseba da analogia sinqronul 

mamodelizebel kiTxvis sistemaSi aucileblad iwvevs 

zogad daskvnebs, rac aranakleb legitimuria, vidre yovelive 

istoriuli. es meTodebi da midgomebi, gansazRvrebis mixedviT 

_ `moCvenebiTi~, àmao~, `naZaladevi~ da `gadaWarbebulia~. 

rodesac vadasturebT aSkara daaxloebas, magram jer kidev 

`dausabuTebels~ (mizezobrivs), oridan erTia: an mizezobrivi 

seriis rgoli jer kidev ar iyo aRmoCenili an es `SemTxveviTi~ 

paralelizmi ar arsebobs. amgvari mtkicebulebis dogmatizmi 

ukve dasabuTebulia. 

193

9. paralelebi 

miuxedavad arcTu kargi `Sexedulebisa~, rac Cvens dro- 

Si `paralelebTan~ dakavSirebiT Warbobs, mas, rogorc mosalodneli 

iyo, mainc iyenebs msoflios yvela kritikosi, istorikosi 

da komparativisti. pirvel rigSi, saubaria terminologiur 

varaudze: paralelebis Zveli rotorikuli meTodi 

(sakmaod xSirad meqanikuri da gadaWarbebiT gamoyenebuli), 

aRireva im aucilebel meTodTan, romelsac literaturuli 

kvlevebis sferoSi Tavidan ver avicilebT. daaxloebebis, kav- 

Sirebis, Sexvedrebis, homologiebis, analogiebis erToblioba 

da a.S., eWvgareSea, `paralelebia~. aqedan modis terminologiuri 

meryeoba, romelic Tandayolil orazrovnebas avlens: 

msgavsebebisa da analogiebis problema Tavad `paralelebis~ 

problemaa. 

ra aris maTi sfero da ra wesrigidan gamomdinareoben 

isini? jerovnad dokumenturi kavSirebis gamoxatvis garda, 

pirvel rigSi, saubaria `TanadamTxvevis~, `Tanamonawileobis~, 

ùcnauri~ bunebis faqtebze: vTqvaT, Cinur romansa da evropul 

erotikul stils Sors korelaciebis arsebobaze. 363 ai, 

Cven erTbaSad CaviZireT `gansakuTrebuli da mniSvnelovani 

analogiebis~ 364 okeaneSi da mTavaria imis gadawyveta, amgvari 

dakvirveba vargisia komparativizmisTvis Tu ara. yvela dRemde 

moxmobils mizezs, zemoT dasaxelebuli mizeziT, ar SegviZlia 

mxolod dadebiTad vupasuxoT. marTlac, ra uflebiT 

avukrZaloT `dasavlel kritikoss~ iyos, magaliTad, `sienasa 

da Cinur peizaJebs Soris analogiebiT gancvifrebuli~? `Camoyalibebuli 

komparativizmis poziciidan is xedavs analogiebs~. 

365 misi momatebuli gamocdileba, ra Tqma unda, saWiroebisamebr, 

aucileblad imoqmedebs analogiebiTa da homologiebiT. 

misTvis, universaluri literatura ayalibebs erTobas 

da unitaruli struqturebis SigniT, Semadgenlebi (Cven 

es viciT), aucileblad pouloben ekvivalentebs. sxva mxriv, 

analogiebis mixedviT Seqmnili kavSirebi enacvlebian faqtobrivi 

kavSirebis iSviaTobasa da umniSvnelobas. pirvelebi homologiur 

da sul ufro da ufro farTo da SemTxveviT 

struqturebs Soris moZraoben, meoreni _ saWiro kvals mihyvebian, 

romelic sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba. èsTetikurad 

_ aRniSnavs etiambli _ analogiebi mainc aucilebelia~. 366 vinaidan, 

am SemTxvevaSi, referentul esTetikuri TvalTaxedva 

istoriuls Warbobs. erTs aqvs yovelTvis zogadi eqvivalentobis 

ena, maSin, roca meore nawilobrivi identurobebiT sa- 

194

ubrobs. orive moqmedeba faqtebiT xorcieldeba da oriveni 

Taviseburad òbieqturi~ arian. 

Tumca paralelebi axla ar gamougoniaT, es xerxi damokidebulia 

garkveul meTodologiur ucvlelobaze, romlis 

precedenti jer kidev antikur epoqaSi gvxvdeba, sadac ori an 

mravali seriis erT Tu ramdenime istoriul, literaturul 

Tu kulturul faqtebs Soris arsebobs cxadi sistemurobebi 

Tu identurobebi, eqvivalenturi da mizezobrivi kavSirebi 

(ix. plutarqes paraleluri biografiebi, fsevdo-longines 

traqtatis amaRlebulisTvis XXXIV Tavi da a.S.). 367 komparativizmis 

sawyisebTan rom mivideT (Zvelebisa da axlebis kamaTisa 

da klasikuri ritorikis paralelebis gavliT) davimowmebT, 

saxeldobr, f. buterveksa da a.v. Slegels, iseve, rogorc 

herders, elias Slegels, stendals da a.S. aq ar aris 

problema. problemaa stabuluri da aRiarebuli `komparativistuli~ 

statusi mivaniWoT amgvar kvlevebs da erTgvarad 

uzrunvelvyoT paralelebis sworad gamoyeneba. erTi sityviT, 

saubaria paralelebis reabilitaciaze sxva WrilSi, empiriuli, 

spontanuri, tradiciuli stadiis ugulvebelyofiT. Teorizebuli 

da praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli pirveli komparativistuli 

programebis epoqidan axali orientacia midis, sul 

mcire, a. n. veselovskimde (fsiqologiuri paralelizmebi 

xalxur simRerebSi, paraleluri literaturuli ganviTareba, 

cikluri nasesxobebis gareSe, msgavsi faqtebis paraleluri 

seriebi da a.S.). 369 maT Soris zogierTisTvis `paraleluri 

kvlevebi da komparativistuli~ kvleva ukve gamaerTianebeli, 

sabolood analogiuri operaciaa. 370 am meTodis aqtualizebis 

ufro Tanamedrove mcdeloba warmogvidgeba fsevdo-`paradoqsis~ 

formiT 371 (aSkara akrZalvis formiT). 

maSasadame, paralelizmi obieqturi fenomenia, yvelgan 

SesamCnevi, gamoTqmuli sinqronizmebiT, sinqronulobiT, damoukidebeli, 

spontanuri gamoxatulebebiT, `gasaocari erTgvarovnebiT~. 

xolo `paraleli~, rogorc kritikuli da evristikul 

midgoma, Tavisi meqanizmiT ar gansxvavdeba da arc SeiZleba 

gavarCioT yovelive imisagan, rac axali komparativistuli 

paradigmis Sesaxeb viciT da es aris: saerTo TvisebebisaTvis 

sistemuri Rirebulebebis miniWeba da sul bolos, invariantebis, 

sqemisa Tu interpretaciuli sistemis arCeva, romelTa 

SigniT paralelizmebi gamudmebiT eqvemdebarebian klasifikaciisa 

da organizaciis erTsa da imave princips, igive 

hipoTezisa da igive terminologiis mixedviT. WeSmariti komparativistuli 

paralelebis sferoSi faqtebi imdenad ar miiReba 

mxedvelobaSi, ramdenadac maTi amocnoba da SeTanxme- 

195

aSi moyvana. rac ar niSnavs imas, rom faqtebis materialuroba 

da maTi mizezobrioba umniSvneloa, piriqiT: Cven iZulebuli 

varT ganvacalkevoT paralelizmis da, maSasadame, `paralelebis~ 

ori zusti tipi: 

1. pirveli amtkicebs da xsnis paralelizmebis arsebobas 

ori mizeziT; esenia: 

a/ identuri istoriuli mizezebi an Zalian msgavsni, magram 

damoukidebelni, genetikuri kavSirebisa da kontaqtebis, 

gavlenebis, difuziuri fenomenebis da a.S. CarTvis gareSe. amgvari 

midgoma, romelsac Tan axlavs xolme TanadamTxvevebi, 

erTdroulad ganamtkicebs rogorc istoriuli mizezobriobis 

princips, aseve tradiciul pozitivistur svlas da realobas, 

romlebic eqsplikaciur sqemas angreven. genetikuri 

meqanizmi gulisxmobs socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs da 

ganviTarebis Tanaswor, magram lokalizaciis mixedviT avtonomiur 

formebs. gasaTvaliswinebeli gansazRvrebidan erTerTi 

marTlac miuTiTebs `kerZo an erovnuli literaturuli 

ganviTarebis erTsa da imave mdgomareobaze~. ès paraleluri 

da damoukidebeli gamoxatulebebi aranakleb sainteresoa, 

vidre isini, romlebic amocnobad gavlenebs miekuTvnebian. 372 

maSasadame, Cndeba kiTxva: paraleluri poligenizmi Tu monogenizmi 

da saerTo warmomavloba internacionaluri urTier- 

Tobis qselSi? tradiciuli komparativizmi mxolod im gamosavals 

Tanxmdeba, rac yvelaze metadaa gajerebuli ànalogiebiT~ 

373 da rac kontaminaciis faqtebs ufro xsnis, vidre 

SeTanxmebulT da paralelurT. mkacri sociologiuri determinizmis 

Sesaxeb ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is amaod upirispirdeba 

damokidebul Tu damoukidebel `pirobebs~, `tipiur~ 

socialur evoluciebsa da msgavsebebs, romelTa korelacia 

mxolod istoriul-tipologiuri analogiebiTa da siaxloveebiT 

iqneba daRdasmuli 374 . 

b) Semdegia zusti faqtobrivi kavSirebis wesrigis mkacrad 

gadamowmebuli istoriuli mizezebi, anu: gavlenebi, wyaroebi, 

pirdapiri da arapirdapiri kavSirebi, `romlebic arsebobdnen 

baironisa da puSkinis, goeTesa da karlails, valter 

skotsa da de vinis nawarmoebebSi, STagonebebSi, mweral- 

Ta cxovrebebSic ki, romlebic sxvadasxva literaturebs 

miekuTvnebodnen 375 . 

yvelaze ufro sruli sqema am sferoSi, romelic Jirmunskis 

ekuTvnis, arCevs istoriul-tipologiur kvlevebs (identur 

fenomenebs identur socialur pirobebSi), istoriul-genetikur 

kvlevebsa (identur genetikur fenomenebs gansxvave- 

196

ul socialur pirobebSi) da ormxriv kulturul gavlenebs. 

376 msgavsebebisa da mizezobriobis orive principi, amgvarad, 

continuum comparatiste-s tipSi moqmedebs. 

2. meore `modeli~ amtkicebs da aRwers aramizezobriv 

sinqronul TanadamTxvevebs (fsiqikuri paralelizmebi, maT 

Soris paralelizmebis siRrmeebis fsiqologia), mTlianad 

aTavisuflebs tipologiebsa da universalur struqturebs. 

is cdilobs naTeli mohfinos `wminda~ erTgvarovnebebs, romlebic 

erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad warmoaCens imas, rac 

nebismieri pirdapiri mizezobriobisagan sruliad ucxoa. am 

TvalsazrisiT, vadasturebT, rom genezisisa da mizezobriobis 

problema SeiZleba iTqvas umniSvneloa. dasturdeba aseve 

invariantebis, paralelizmebis arsebiTi TanadamTxvevebis 

arseboba da maTi mizezobrioba arc ki gvaSfoTebs. gansakuTrebiT 

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia imis obieqturi konstatacia, 

rom paralelizmi da identurobebi arseboben da maTi Semowmeba 

SesaZlebelia. mizezobriobis romel wesrigamde unda mivideT, 

bolos da bolos? situacia, romelic SedarebiT mi- 

TologiaSi xSrad gvxvdeba, SedarebiT literaturaSic meordeba: 

jorj diumezilis dakvirvebiT, `kacobriobis ori jgufis 

tradiciebs Soris arsebuli, istoriulad gancalkavebuli, 

magram erTi da igive preistoriuli jgufidan momdinare 

SeTanxmebebi SeiZleba oTxgvarad aixsnas: an SemTxveviT, an 

bunebiTi adaT-wesebiT da kacobriobis sulis maradiulobiT, 

an pirdapiri da arapirdapiri nasesxobiT, an saerTo memkvidreobis 

dacviT~. 378 

unda vTqvaT, rom komparativistebs Sors aRiarebuli es 

midgoma yvelaze uniadago da ususuria. msgavseba _ yovelgvari 

gavlenis miRma, misi `mravalricxovani da ganmacvifrebeli 

sinqronizmebi~ mwerlebs Soris, `romlebic erTmaneTis- 

Tvis ucnobia~, isev gvxvdeba `zogad literaturaSi~ 379 (rac 

TavisTavad naklebad dasafasebelia), zogjer etiamblis pirdapiri 

gavleniTac. 380 yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven mainc vaRiarebT 

garkveuli realobis analogias, romelic mxolod gavlenebis 

manipulaciiT ar aixsneba. 381 meTodi ar miesadageba anTropologiur 

da struqturalistur kvlevebs. 382 anglo-saqsuri 

komparativizmis ukanaskneli talRa ufro Riaa: moxerxebulad 

gaSuqebul analogiebsa da araistoriuli paralelizmebs 

SeuZliaT daxvewon ukve aRiarebuli konceptebi da literaturuli 

Janrebis gageba, azrovnebisa da gamoxatvis 

TvalsazrisiT Suqi mohfinon msgavsebebs erTmaneTisgan gamijnul 

lingvistur da geografiul sakiTxebSi. Tanamedrove 

197

debatebamde ufro adre, èrTgvarovnebebis~ Sesaxeb swavlebas 

`yovelTvis aRiarebdnen an mxedvelobaSi mainc iRebdnen. 

384 magram es swavleba SeuZlebelia `wminda~, aragenetikuri 

paralelebis gareSe. Cven SegveZlo agreTve mogvexmo midgoma, 

romelic `kontaqtis gareSe analogiebze~, `damoukidebel 

evoluciaze~, `literaturul analogiebsa~ da `gavlenis 

gareSe paralelebze~ migviTiTebs. es midgoma met-naklebad 

amarTlebs, magaliTad, slavuri literaturis kvlevisas. 386 

igive problema warmoiSoba yvelgan, sadac pirobiToba 

da istoriuli mizezobrioba ver xsnis paralelizmebis aranakleb 

cxad obieqtur realobas. aRmosavlelma komparativistebma 

gaiges, rom maTac unda moisrolon balasti, iseTebi, 

rogorebicaa cnebebi: `damTxvevebi~, paralelizmebi, analogiebi. 

`swavleba paralelizmis Sesaxeb, gavlenebisa da wyaroebis 

fenomenebis miRma~, `SeTanxmebebi~ _ yvelafris miuxedavad 

_ mainc ar unda uarvyoT. tradiciuli Teza, rom ar arsebobs 

SemTxveviTi `TanadamTxvevebi~, romlebic moklebuli 

arian yovelgvar Sinagan istoriul mizezobriobas~, ukve warsuls 

Cabarda. 387 zogjer amgvar swavlebebs am sferoSi aqvT 

gasagebi `diplomatiuri~ aspeqti, romelic protokolur demarSsa 

da samecniero kvlevebs Soris moqmedebs. 388 

komparativistuli paralelebis Tavsakidur qvad, rogorc 

yovelTvis, mainc rCeba aRmosavleT/dasavleTis sfero, 

sadac gardauvlad gvesaxeba midgoma, romelic regularulad 

eyrdnoba evristikul dajgufebebsa da mwkrivebs da gadaadgilebebi 

damokidebulia kiTxvis Tanadroulobaze, msgavsebebze, 

SeTanxmebebsa da jaWvur analogiebze. paralelurad 

dawyobis gareSe (Tundac arasrulyofilad), definiciiT ucxo 

arcerTi aRmosavluri literaturuli fenomeni ar SeiZleba 

iyos `miRebuli~ da CarTuli dasavlur dasamowmebel 

sistemaSi. amasTan, es aris asimilaciis erTaderTi SesaZlebloba: 

mwkrivSi Caayenos ucnobi/nacnobis mixedviT da erTmaneTs 

saTiTaod daukavSiros yvela identuroba da/an msgavseba. 

erTi SexedviT es xerxi paradoqsulia, arakanonikuri, magram 

igi realurad ufro farTod gavrcelebuli da ufro 

funqciuria, vidre warmogvidgenia. misi xSirad gameoreba SesaZlebelia 

Semowmdes aRmosavleT-dasavleTis komparativistul 

kvlevebSi: literaturaSi, folklorSi, anTropologiaSi, 

filosofiaSi, kulturisa da xelovnebis morfologiaSi 

da a.S. 

Semowmdes aRmosavleT-dasavleTis komparativistul kvlevebSi: 

literaturaSi, folklorSi, anTropologiaSi, filosofiaSi, 

kulturisa da xelovnebis morfologiaSi da a.S. 

198

ac Seexeba misi Seqmnis xanas, is TariRdeba daaxloebiT 

XVIII saukuniT, rac àRmosavleTis filosofiis~ aRmavlobis 

epoqad iTvleba. magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT Tundac goldmi- 

Cis aRmosavleT-dasavleTis paraleli, The Citizen of the World. 

letters from a Chinese Philosopher residing in London, to his Friends in the East 

(XIII, 1762). SegveZlo aRgveniSna, rom aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

Sedarebebi ufro Teorizebulia, vidre gamoyenebiTi. es eWvgareSea. 

magram, rogorc Cans, saWiroa pirvel rigSi gamoiyos 

Sedarebis sadavo tipi da amgvarad SemuSavdes meTodologia, 

rac safrangeTSi yvelaze ukeT etiamblma gamoxata: iun ius 

amaRelvebeli Txrobis xerxebi `mogvagonebs marivos, dostoevskis, 

prusts~; Cinuri Tavisufali romani gvaxsenebs frankionisa 

Tu de sadis vnebaTa cixe-simagreebs~ 389 da a.S. 

anglo-saqsuri komparativizmi TiTqos ufro gaxsnilia, 

yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavs uyris problemis aRmosavleTis da 

Soreuli aRmosavleTis monacemebs. aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

paralelebi ara mxolod gacxadebulia (J. r. haitaueri) da 

Teorizebuli (r. ueleki, s. praueri) 390 , aramed adgens am sferoSi 

gadasaWreli sakiTxebis nusxasac. igive tipis problemebi 

dasmulia a. lavjois `romantizmis Cinuri warmomavloba~- 

Sic. 391 SedarebiTi literaturis saerTaSoriso asociaciam 

ukanasknel kongresze SemogvTavaza gansakuTrebuli Tema, romelic 

eZRvneba evropa-afrikis, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis literaturuli 

Tu sxva interkulturuli kavSirebis Seswavlas. 392 

aRniSnuli sakiTxebi ganixileboda konferenciebsa da mrgval 

magidebzec, sadac Warbobda anglo-saqsuri warmomadgeloba 

(Tu ufro amerikuli). 393 amave problemebs exeba iseTi Jurnalebi, 

rogorebicaa Literature East and West (1946) Tu Philosophy East 

and West (1950), romlebic cdiloben, gaaRrmavon am Janris 

kvlevebi, rac jer kidev Canasaxis stadiaSia. ra Tqma unda, 

yvelgan didi moTxovnaa progresul samecniero formirebebze, 

magram aseve, da vitodiT, gansakuTrebiT, warmosaxvis 

unarze, asociaciuri kritikis WeSmarit talantsa da inteleqtualur 

gambedaobaze. movixmoT aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

paralelizmebisa da urTierTobebis dargis araCveulebrivi 

Teoretikosi da praqtikosi – mirCa eliade, romelic ambobs: 

`me viziareb... maT rwmenas, vinc fiqrobs, rom saWiroa dantesa 

Tu Seqspiris, dostoevskisa Tu TviT prustis Seswavla kalidasas, 

nosa Tu u-Cenienis `dasavleTSi mogzaurobis” codnis~ 

gaTvaliswinebiT. magram vin gabedavs, `magaliTad, gaavlos 

paralelebi nicSesa da mioritas mwyemss Soris? miuxedavad 

imisa, rom maT Soris msgavsebis arseboba SedarebiTia~ 394 , 

msgavsi teqstebis simultanur wakiTxvaze fiqri mainc saWiroa. 

199

Tu tradiciuli komparativizmi SeiZleba Sejamdes wmindad 

pozitivisturi suliskveTebiT, zogierTi paralelizmis 

konstataciiTa da daskvnebis gamotanis gareSe, komparativistuli 

literaturis Teoria gulisxmobs maT bolomde gamoyenebas 

ormagi ganzraxviT, rac komparativistuli (poetikuri) 

paralelebis or gansxvavebul tips Sesabameba, esenia: 

a) kontrastuli paralelebi (am formulas zogjer iyeneben) 

sicxades aniWebs individualobebsa da gansxvavebebs. es 

aris kritikis saSualeba _ yvelaze ufro klasikuri nawarmoebebidan 

gamoyos, daaxasiaTos da originalobis mixedviT SearCios 

ori an meti naSromi. kargad viciT, rom: `...xelovnebis 

TiToeuli nawarmoebi Seqmnilia raime modelis paralelurad 

da misgan gansxvavebiT. 396 Cantar de mio Cid, cxadia, ar aris mahabarata 

da Zveli ar igivdeba modernTan. araferia imdenad 

kerZo da imdenad zogadi, rom ar Sediodes individualizaciisa 

Tu generalizaciis procesSi. amitom yvela kontrastuli 

konfrontaciis `narCeni~ yovelTvis iwvevs ganzogadebisa da 

garkveuli `modelizaciis~ doneze ganlagebul globalur 

daskvnas. 

b) ganmazogadebeli paralelebi, TavianTi erTianobisa 

da ekvivalentebis elementebiT, pirvel rigSi asabuTeben da 

aZliereben TavianT argumentebs, rasac mohyveba ganzogadeba, 

bolos reduqcia da igive sqemebisa da principebis zogadi 

Teoriis CarCoSi moqceva. maTi meqanizmi ukve cnobilia: zogadi 

literaturis prekoncepti amoicnobs invariantebis simravles, 

romelTa daxmarebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba analogiebis, 

homologiebisa da identurobebis `horizontalurad~ dalageba. 

maSasadame, Teoriuli dabrkoleba gamarTlebuli ar aris, 

Tumca, Cven xom viciT, rom ukanasknel saukuneSi a. n. veselovski, 

istoriuli paralelebis wyalobiT, miznad isaxavda, 

rom uamrav cnobil literaturaSi `rac SeiZleba sruli ganzogadeba” 

397 moexdina. zogadi literaturis wyalobiT, pol 

van tigemis xedva daskvnebisaTvis Ria iyo. es xedva komparativistul 

poetikas ukavSirdeba (ase Tu ise). Teoriuli 

TvalsazrisiT, paralelizmebis gamoyenebas sxva mkvlevarebic 

aRiarebdnen. 398 etiamblis Tavisufali, ufro sworad, Zalian 

Tamami Sedarebebi amzadebs Teoriul Tu ùniversaluri swavlebas 

ama Tu im literaturul Janrze damokidebuli ama Tu 

im fenomenis Sesaxeb~: `me araferi vici _ azustebs frangi 

generalisti _ berZnul Teatronsa da faraoniseul Teatrebs 

Soris urTierTobebis Sesaxeb _ iyo Tu ara maT Sors istoriuli 

mimarTebebi, magram, zogadad, dramaturgiuli TvalsazrisiT, 

amis dadgena ueWvelad sargeblis momtani iqnebo- 

200

da~. 399 im momentidan, rogorc ki davuSvebT tipologiur da 

`fenomenologiur~ paralelebs~, 400 sistemuri induqcia-deduqcia 

am safuZvelze sruliad gamarTlebuli gaxdeba. 

gadasalaxavi rCeba aRmosavleT-dasavleTis urTierTobebis 

didi zRurbli, kidev erTi didi sfero. Tu SevZlebT dasavleT/aRmosavleTis 

paralelebis daxmarebiT sruli daskvnebi 

gamovitanoT mistikuri fenomenebis Sesaxeb (sakmarisia 

gavixsenoT oto rudolfis, ananda ¿k. komarsvamis, luis 

masinonis Tu anri korbinis mier Catarebuli samuSaoebi) an 

ideebis komparativistul istoriaSi (hajim nakamura), maSin 

mivuaxlovdebiT garkveul `saerTo Strixebsa~ da `met-naklebad 

identur problemebs~ 401 ; da ratom ar viyenebT igive me- 

Tods Cvens sferoSi? cxadia, am mxriv iniciativebi ar gvaklia, 

xan zogadi esTetikis mimarTulebiT, aesthetica perennis-Si, 

xan literaturis esTetikis dargSi. kvlevebis zogadi gadar- 

Ceva, romlis saboloo mizanic gaxlavT `literaturis universaluri 

bunebis~ gagebis ganmtkiceba, eyrdnoba iaponur, 

Cinur, arabul nawarmoebebs, romlebic evropulis analogiuria. 

esenia: simbolisturi, romantikuli da a.S. 403 zogjer, 

SeiZleba eWvi gaCndes detalebTan dakavSirebiT, magram Tavad 

meTodi arasodes iqneba saeWvod miCneuli. 

radikaluri SeniSvnebi mravladaa (!) da analogiebsa da 

msgavsebebs miemarTeba, romlebic, saerTo jamSi, daiyvaneba 

istoriuli da pozitivisturi mentalitetis winaaRmdegobamde, 

mentalitetisa, romelic moiTxovs, rom yoveli Sedareba 

dafuZnebuli iyos kargad damtkicebul mizezobriv kavSirze, 

faqtobrivsa da konteqstualurze. paralelebis komparativizmi 

gafantulia: `zedapiruli~ meTodi, `diletantizmi~, naCqarevi 

`dekadenturi gemovneba~, Sedarebebis gauTvaliswinebeli 

kontaqtebi, faqtebis gansxvavebuli ideebi da aspeqtebi. 

es ar gaxlavT komparativizmi bona fide, magram aris gza, imTaviTve 

`meTodologiurad arasando~ 404 . es meTodi damarcxebis- 

Tvisaa ganwiruli yvela tradiciuli komparativizmis momxre- 

Ta mxridan (amasTan, moZvelebulicaa), romlebic msgavsebebSi 

xedaven `xangamoSvebiT gaelvebebs~, misTvis “damaxasiaTebel” 

ubralo `gonebis fantaziebs~ 405 da a.S. aseve xazgasmulia `paraleluri 

analizebis martiv ritorikasa~ 406 da WeSmarit 

komparativistul paralelizms Soris aRreva, iseTi, rogoric 

axlaxan ganvsazRvreT. Cven aseve vewinaaRmdegebiT imis SeuZleblobas, 

rom paraleli gavavloT or originalur nawarmoebs 

Soris, sadac individualuri TavisTavad uaryofda yovelgvar 

Sedarebas. rasakvirvelia, aseT dros saWiroa goniereba, 

raTa gadaWarbebebi Tavidan aviciloT. 407 

201

10. Sedareba 

paralelis Semdeg, am komparativistuli konturebis mimoxilva 

davasruloT SedarebiT (paraleli da Sedareba aris 

am disciplinis met-naklebad yvelaze `klasikuri~ ori midgoma). 

Tu SedarebiTi literatura vargisi terminia (vinaidan 

gamoyofilia specifikur obieqtur sibrtyeze da mis meTodebs 

farTod iyeneben), Sedareba rCeba meoreuli, umciresoba- 

Si myofi, marginaluri. SeuZlebelia man moiTxovos raime 

upiratesoba, ganisazRvros raimegvarad. Cven amis Sesaxeb ukve 

araerTgzis aRvniSneT. 408 samwuxaroa, rom es termini Caanacvla 

da ukeT moirgo universaluri literaturis, weltliteraturis 

kvlevam. 409 

sxva argumentebi igive azrs Seicavs. erTi mxriv, ar arsebobs 

specifikuri meTodologiuri gansxvaveba komparativizmisa 

da nebismieri sxva disciplinis mier ganxorcielebul 

Sedarebas Soris, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xerxis universalobasa 

da siZveles, romelsac uklebliv yvela sabunebismetyvelo 

da humanitarul mecnierebebSi vxvdebiT. komparativistebis 

mxridan mravalgzisia 410 Tavisufali lingvistikis, mi- 

Tologiis Tu `SedarebiTi~ anTropologiis konstatacia, rasac 

Tan axlavs xSiri referencia. sxva mxriv, Sedareba literaturis 

Seswavlis im saSualebebis nawils Seadgens, romelsac 

win uZRvis istoria da literaturuli kritika. kritikuli 

Sefasebani da istoriuli analiz/sinTezebi yovelTvis 

aucileblad komparativistulia. am pirvel WeSmaritebaze sruli 

SeTanxmebaa krosidan _ uelekamde da kidev mravali sxva 

komparativistis CaTvliT. 411 

`Sedarebis~ universaluri xedvidan, mudmivobidan da 

moqnilobidan gamomdinare, TavisTavad cxadia, rom Cven mar- 

Tlac ver SevZlebT ganvixiloT istoriis manZilze Seqmnili 

literaturuli Sedarebebis erToblioba ise, TiTqos igi 

`prekomparativizmis~ sferos ekuTvnodes, rogorc amas zogierTebi 

amtkiceben. Cven Sedarebis xangrZliv praqtikas vamtkicebT 

aRmosavlur da Zvel evropul literaturaSi, ufro 

sistematuri monaxazebiT ki _ XVIII saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT 

herderTan. 414 rac Seexeba mis transformaciasa da literaturul 

meTodologias, is agrZelebs humboldtis (plan einer vergleichenden 

Antropologie, 1795), kiuvies (SedarebiTi anatomia, 1800), 

de gerandos (filosofiis sistemebis SedarebiTi istoria, 

1804) gakvalul gzas. Cven vicnobT e.w. pirvel `SedarebiT literaturul~ 

naSromebs, romlebic uSvebs an gvafiqrebinebs 

Sedarebis arsebobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, TavianTi saTaurebiT 

202

mainc, esenia: noeli da laplasi (1816), Sarl puJensi (1826) 

vilemeni (1828-1829), J. amperi (1830), aseve pozitivizmisa da istorizmis 

aRmavloba XIX saukuneSi, ramac kidev ufro win 

waswia es saqme. magram, rogorc Cans, unda davelodoT pirvel 

komparativistul efeqtur programas, raTa Riad davadasturoT 

`Sedarebis principis~ (Prinzip der Vergleichung), rogorc 

specifikuri meTodis moTxovna am sferoSi. 

vin ras adarebs? da rogor? sakiTxi Sors aris gadaWrisagan: 

es ver moxda verc komparativizmis sawyis etapze, verc 

_ simarTle rom vTqvaT _ ufro mogvianebiT. vinaidan sakmarisi 

ar aris mtkiceba imisa, rom Sedarebis meqanizmi yvelgan 

erTi da igvea. 416 zogadad, es marTalia. magram `komparativistuli 

Sedareba~ gamoavlens Taviseburebebs, romlebic unda 

davimaxsovroT. upirveles yovlisa, mTlianobaSi misi kiTxvis 

sistema amocnobiTa da SedarebiTi poetikis meTodiT aris 

gapirobebuli. Tavidan is uSvebs saukeTesod garantirebul 

aTvlis wertils, romelic saerToa Sedarebis yvela terminisaTvis. 

es aris stabiluri kriteriumi, romelsac dasamowmebeli 

invariantuli punqti iTxovs da romelic hipoTezebiT 

Tu arsebiTi `varaudiT~ aris gansazRvruli, esenia: literaturis 

globaluri gansazRvra, universaluri kategoriebi, 

`modelebi~. SedarebisTvis aucilebelia universaluri kategoriebi: 

isini mas referentuli invariantebis terminebiT amarageben; 

rac ufro ukeTesad SeirCeva universaluri, urTierTSedarebiTi 

kategoriebi, miT ufro win wava kvleva. 417 meore 

mxriv, tertium comparation yovelTvis winaswar aris damokidebuli 

interpretaciasa da RirebulebaTa safexurebze. 418 

rac Seexeba mis droiT perspeqtivas, igi mkveTrad sinqronulia: 

Sedarebebi, antikurobidan dawyebuli _ dRemde, moulodnelad 

xsnian qronologiis urduls: avtori, gmirebi, epoqebi 

_ Camwkrivebulni arian kriteriumisa da SerCeuli orientiris 

mixedviT. 

sakuTriv moqmedeba romeliRac or termins Soris imyofeba 

im mizniT, rom Camoayalibdes saerTo punqtebi da gansxvavebebi: 

identuroba da/an gansxvaveba (A da B, rogorc C; ar 

aris A, arc B da arc C). Cven es viciT da vimeorebT, magram 

Sedegebis miRebis gareSe: Sedareba gansazRvravs msgavsebebsa 

da gansxvavebebs, SeTanxmebebsa da SeuTanxmeblobebs. 419 am Sem- 

TxvevaSi is (Sedareba) aris asociaciuri; sxvagan ki _ winaaRmdegobrivi. 

amave dros, Sedareba agrZelebs yvela meTodologiur 

operacias, dawyebuli analizidan da sinTezidan. Tu 

zRapris dekompozicia niSandoblivia Sedarebis yvela samuSaosTvis 

420 , monacemebis gadajgufeba, SerCeuli funqciis Tval- 

203

sazrisisa da moqmedebis teleologiis mixedviT, aranakleb 

gardauvalia. Sedareba, erTsa da imave dros (an alternatiulad), 

aris `negatiuri~, vinaidan is klavs Taviseburebebs da 

_ `pozitiuri~, roca enacvleba da amdidrebs am Taviseburebebs. 

radgan yoveli `sruli~ Sedareba 421 zrdis sakuTar monacemebs, 

xan Tavisi xvrelebis amovsebiT, faqtebidan an homologiuri 

sistemebidan gamomdinare elementebiT, xan maTTvis 

micemuli ganzomilebebiTa da damaxasiTebeli mniSvnelobebiT 

_ `stereoskopiuli~ rigis efeqtiT. 

es ukanaskneli Strixi gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa SedarebiTi 

poetikisTvis, vinaidan is Tavdapirvel analizs sTavazobs 

ganzogadebebs. marTlac, yoveli Sedareba aris imedismomcemi 

ganzogadeba, im TandaTanobiTi daaxloebebidan gamomdinare, 

rasac is iwvevs. gamartivebulad, sqematurad rom 

iTqvas, Sedareba nel-nela miiwevs ufro da ufro maRali 

safexurebisaken: gvxvdeba nawarmoebebi, romelTa Sedarebac 

SeuZlebelia, aris iseTebic, romelTa Sedarebac SeiZleba, 

aseve, yvela naSromi SeiZleba SedarebiTi iyos. am kuTxiT 

ganxiluli naSromebi ama Tu im doneze Sedarebis `msgavsia~. 

Cven vtovebT etapebs, vamoklebT distanciebs. magram aris ki 

Sedareba marTlac induqciuri Tavisi agebulebiT? gamomdinareobs 

ki igi raRac garkveuli msgavsebebidan, raTa identur 

Tu homologiur kavSirebamde mivides? 422 Sedareba _ es aris 

aragenetikuri msgavsebebis zedapirze amoweva, `Seusabamisobis~ 

gardaqmna `Sesabamisobad~ 423 . rogorc viciT, induqcia 

operirebs zogadi terminebiT, didi raodenobis msgavsi da 

gamorCeuli atributebiT, rac Sedarebas metaforasTan aaxloebs 

(ritorikulad rom vTqvaT). marTlac, paralelizmebi 

kritikos-komparativistis `metaforebia~; isini xom yovelTvis 

induqciurni arian. roca komparativistis Zieba aRmoaCens, 

rom mahabatas garkveul epizodi `skandinaviur TxrobaSi mosalodnel 

paralels~ 424 gvawvdis, es niSnavs, rom induqcia 

hipoTezis mier winaswar gvamcnobs am paralelizmis arsebobas. 

`Sedarebadisa~ da àraSedarebadis~ mimarTebis sakiTxi 

harmoniulia garkveul etapamde. problema aris is (maT Soris 

komparativistebisTvisac), rom yvelaferi yvelaferTan ar 

SevadaroT, ar SemovisazRvroT mxolod `bunebrivi~, obieqturi~ 

da a.S. SedarebebiT, Tumca aqac napovnia gamosavali, romelic 

Cagonebuli gaxldaT im komparativistebis mier, romlebic 

iRebdnen volens/nolens elementebis Sedarebis SesaZleblobas, 

rac oden ànalogiebia~ 425 : 1) Sedareba SesaZlebelia 

mxolod `sistemis~ Tu `modelis~ (koherentuli, stabiluri da 

a.S.) SigniT; sinamdvileSi, Cven vadarebT `modelebsa~ da kiTx- 

204

vis sistemebs da ara individualur nawarmoebebs 426 . 2) `sistemisa~ 

Tu `modelis~ SigniT vadarebT yvela xelmisawvdomsa 

da aRdgeniT elements; da ar arsebobs aranairi SezRudva, 

garda funqciur CarCoSi moqcevisa, dalagebisa da harmoniaSi 

moyvanisa. Sedareba SesaZlebelia Txzulebis Tu literaturis 

nebismier doneze, oRondac man unda Seasrulos es mo- 

Txovnebi. da vinaidan Sedareba xorcieldeba, rogorc erovnuli 

literaturis SigniT, aseve or Tu mraval nawarmoebsa 

Tu erovnul literaturas Soris, dgeba sakiTxi internacionalur 

literaturuli Sedarebis statusis Camoayalibebisa, 

rac, ubralod, literaturis statusTan aRireva. maSasadame, 

literaturaTa SedarebiTi Seswavla, rac Zalian sasurvelia 

CvenTvis, miiRebs `poetikur~ mimarTulebas. komparativistebi, 

romlebic nawilobriv mainc gacdnen Zvel komparativistul 

paradigmas (kontaqtebs, kavSirebs, gavlenebis paradigmas da 

a.S.) da romlebmac gamoiZies pasuxi Tavad literaturuli 

naSromebis struqturis analizSi (rac erTaderTia, romelsac 

SeuZlia mogvawodos Sedarebis namdvilad `literaturuli~ 

elementebi), cxadia, sworad iqcevian. 428 maSasadame, Tu 

Sedarebas mivakuTvnebT `gansjis, klasifikaciis, ganmartebis~ 

429 erTaderT funqcias, es iqneba SemzRudavi da sabolood 

moZvelebuli. 

Cvens yuradRebas aseve ipyrobs SedarebiTi literaturis 

kategoriebi. arsebobs araerTi modaluroba, romelTa ganawileba 

or did klasad SeiZleba: 

1. upirvelesad, tradiciuli klasifikacia sxvaobebs adgens 

genetikur da tipologiur Sedarebebs Soris. erTni arian 

mizezobrivni, eqsplikaciurni, sxvebi _ taqsinomiurebi. 

pirvelebs sawyis da saboloo wertilebad aqvT gansakuTrebulad 

binaruli, pirdapir naTesaobiTi, istoriul memkvidreobiTi 

kavSirebis konstatacia; meoreni warmoaCenen mxolod 

`wminda~, anu aramizezobriv Sedarebebs, rac ar aixsneba arc 

Tavdapirveli erTobebiT da arc ormxrivi gavlenebiT. isini 

adgenen saerTo xasiaTebs, TanadamTxvevebs, `struqturebsa~ 

da `tipebs~. `tipi~ saukeTeso SedarebiTi konceptia, vinaidan 

misi sqemis SigniT da am sqemis logikiT, yvela korelacia 

vargisia da SesaZlebelic. 

karga xania, rac yvelaze tradiciuli komparativizmi 

aramizezobrivi Sedarebebis SesaZleblobas aRiarebs, sivrci- 

Ti da droiTi SezRudvis gareSe, 430 magram ver moaxerxa, rom 

mxolod aRiarebas gascdenoda. Sedarebis es liberalizacia, 

gansakuTrebiT anglo-saqsur komparativizmSi (rene uelekis 

205

meTaurobiT), sakmaod niSandoblivia. arafaqtobrivi komparativizmis 

amerikeli momxreebis (romlebic mravlad arian da 

gavleniannic) saerTo gadawyvetilebiT, dasaSvebia `Tavisufali 

komparativistuli midgoma~ da àrafaqtobrivi istoriuli 

midgoma~. 431 mas ganvsazRvravT zogadi formulebiT: `Sedarebis 

araSekavSirebuli sferoebi~, magram àrsebiTad naTesauri~, 

romelTa `saerTo elementebi~ amarTlebs da mimarTulebas 

aZlevs SedarebiT meTods. 432 es konstatacia TandaTan 

mkvidrdeba. Jurnali _ Comparative Literature _ igive orientacias 

iRebs, magram Tavisi kvlevebis saboloo mizniT sakmaod bundovani 

rCeba. amitom vaRiaroT Semdegi daskvna: àr aris sa- 

Wiro Sesadarebel Sromebs erTmaneTTan genetikuri kavSirebi 

hqondeT~; es Teza, kerZod, rilkesa da valerisTan dakavSirebiT 

aris gancxadebuli. `wminda Sedarebaze~, ìmanentur midgomaze~ 

dafuZnebuli es meTodi mdgomareobs sruliad aramizezobriv 

ìntensiur teqstualur Sedarebasa~ an ìntensiur 

TanwyobaSi~. 433 magram konkretulad ras emsaxureba igi? amis 

Sesaxeb araferi viciT. Cven `gvaqvs ufleba yovelgvari gancdebis 

gareSe SevadaroT erTmaneTs kvietizmi da daoizmi, 

ise, rom ar veZeboT istoriuli kavSirebi da saerTo wyaroebi~, 

434 magram zogadi daskvnebi moqmedebis saboloo mizans 

mainc elodeba. 

am dargSi aRmosavleTis komparativizmi upiratesobas 

aniWebs rusul formalistur tradicias, romlisTvisac ukontaqto 

TanadamTxvevis faqtebi ìmdenad mniSvnelovania, rom 

isini mTlianad gadian gavlenis fsiqologiuri axsnis farglebidan~. 

literaturuli evolucia `regularuli xasiaTisaa~ 

da am regularobis yvelaze damajerebeli magaliTebi 

gaxlavT swored `sxvaobebis gaCena erovnul literaturebSi; 

analogiuri mimdinareobebis, Janrebisa da literaturuli 

nawarmoebebis arseboba erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, umciresi 

literaturuli kontaqtis gareSe~. 435 dogmatur deterministuli 

winaswari azris Seqmna uaryofs msgavsebebis arsebobas 

istoriuli korelaciebis gareSe, magram am mtkice poziciis 

Serbileba mxedvelobaSi iRebs faqts, rom sxva situaciebSi, 

sinamdvileSi, vexebiT Sedarebis or wesrigs, romlebic 

erTdroulada SesaZlebelicaa da saWiroc. CexeTSi, ungreT- 

Si, rumineTSi 437 gamocdilma komparativistebma ician, Tu rogor 

unda moxdes am arsebiTi gansxvavebis warmoCena, vinaidan 

mizezobrivi Sedareba ar krZalavs tipologiur, Tematur, 

struqturul, teqstualur Sedarebas. saubaria mxolod kargad 

gamokveTil orientirebsa da gadasawyvet amocanebze. 

206

wminda Sedarebis arafaqtobrivi magaliTi-tipi (romelsac 

Cven ukve araerTgzis SevxvdiT) aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

paralelizmebiT ikvebeba. meTodi, romelic ukontaqto Sejerebidan 

gamomdinareobs, praqtikaSi XVI saukunidan, aemulacio-s 

saxeliT 438 arsebobs da XVIII saukunis bolos ukve SakuntalasTan 

439 dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba. am meTods goeTec kargad 

icnobda. 440 Tanamedrove orientalistebTan amgvari midgoma 

miT umetes Cveulebrivia. magaliTad: `CineTi cxovrobs daosuri 

lirizmiT, rac ucnaurad hgavs romantizmis lirizms~; es 

gulixmobs, rom `Tanxvdomebi da paralelizmebi (...) SeiZleba 

instruqciuli iyos, Tu maT yovelgvari istoriul-demonstraciuli 

sazrunavisagan gavaTavisuflebT~ da inteleqtualuri 

analogiebis niadagze movaTavsebT. 441 

konservatori komparativistebi ¿saerTod yoymanoben an 

gadaWriT mtroben yovelive zemoTqmuls, saidanac am radikaluri 

poziciis winaswarganWvretadi Rirebuleba gamomdinareobs. 

da mainc, Cven mas vxvdebiT yvelasTan, vinc uyoymanod 

Tanxmdeba àm saxis Sedarebas~ (mag.iaponia/evropa). aseve ganvixilavT 

Weltliteratur-is SesaZleblobas, realizebuls swored 

am safuZvelze, zeerovnuli literaturuli stilebis CaTvliT. 

442 Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs aseve msgavsebebisa da `gamogonebuli~ 

paralelizmebis arseboba garkveul aspeqtebsa 

da Cinur da evropul literaturaTa Soris. marTlac, araferi 

gviSlis xels SevadaroT `drosa da sivrceSi daSorebuli 

Tu ardaSorebuli~ damoukidebeli literaturuli tradiciebi; 

ganvixiloT `xelovneba da mwerloba, rogorc evropul-aziuris 

Serwymis elementebi~. 444 SesaZlebelia, rom aRmosavleTis 

romelime qveynaSi ucxo politikuri mosazrebebi 

igive mimarTulebiT moqmedebdnen, magram ukanasknel analiz- 

Si yovelTvis aris daskvnebi, romlebic angariSgasawevia. 445 

rac Seexeba aRmosavlel mklvlevarebs, maTi moqmedeba amtkicebs 

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis SedarebiTi paralelizmebis universalurobasa 

da reversiulobas. amgvarad, am mxrivac vadasturebT 

aziur da evropul literaturebs Soris arsebul 

mkveTrad homologiur problemebsa da konceptebs, midgomebs, 

mimarTulebebs, poetikur kamaTebs 446 (magaliTad, Zveli/ 

Tanamedrove). 

2. tradiciuli komparativizmi aranakleb meryeobs Sedarebis 

or sxva tips Soris. cxadia, erTic da meorec legitimuria, 

magram gansxvavebul prioritetebs warmoaCenen. maSin, 

rodesac erTi tipi zrunavs mxolod gansxvavebul, gansakuTrebul, 

originalur aspeqtebze, meore mimarTulia identuro- 

207

aze da iswrafvis iqiTken, rom zedapirze amowios rac SeiZleba 

meti saerTo, msgavsi Tu analogiuri elementebi. am 

mxriv, Sedareba aris diferenciuli, `kontrastuli~; misi mcdelobebi 

midis iqiT, rom Sedarebuli nawarmoebebis Taviseburebebs 

Rirebuleba mianiWos; sxva mxriv, is aris gamaerTianebeli 

da ganmazogadebeli. am hipoTezaSi Sedareba mimarTavs Se- 

Tanxmebebsa da Sedarebuli nawarmoebebis gamaerTianebel 

elementebs; sabolood ki literaturas (universalurs) miemarTeba. 

mokled, Sedareba meryeobs unikalursa da tipurs, 

gansxvavebasa da damTxvevas Soris. Tanamedrove komparativistuli 

azrovneba siaxleebs fexdafex mihyveba. 447 da àRmoCenis~ 

pretenzia ar gaaCnia, is ufro gamomdinareobs saerTo 

epistomologiuri sivrcidan. amasTan, ase vTqvaT, Sedarebis 

ambivalenturoba (romelic individualurs totalurs xdis 

da piriqiT), wina saukunidan moyolebuli, naTlad iyo gan- 

Wvretili poetikaSi da met-naklebad `komparativizmis~ saxeliT 

gamodioda; 448 es sakiTxi gamoikveTa sabunebismetyvelo 

da humanitarul mecnierebaTa Soris debatebSi (rikerti, vindelbandi, 

dilTai da a.S) 449 . `SedarebiTi esTetikis~ Tanamedrove 

mcdelobebi aseve efuZneba `gansxvavebebsa~ da `msgavsebebs~, 

romlebsac xelovnebaTa nebismieri Sedareba warmoqmnis. 

Tu ganvsazRvravT Tanamedrove komparativizmis adgils, 

davadgenT, rom diferencialuri gansxvavebebis qomagoba da 

is, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT literaturuli sxvaoba 451 xSirad 

da intensiurobiT cdeba gaRebul wvlils, rac Rirebulebas 

matebs Sedarebis meore mxares, es aris: `saerTo, komunaluri~, 

gamaerTianebeli faqti. saukeTesod gasagebi mdgomareoba, 

Tu SevxedavT, erTi mxriv, nacionaluri literaturis 

tradicias (romelic imTaviTve cdilobs gamoyos àma Tu im 

poeziis àrsi~ sxva erovnul poeziebTan SedarebiT; rac Tavad 

romantikuli literaturis istoriografiis arss warmoadgens) 

da, meore mxriv, literaturis kritikis praqtikas 

gaaZlierdeba detalebis pozitivizmiTa da eniT aRuwereli 

esTetizmiT. 

es ar niSnavs, rom Txzulebis gansakuTrebuloba saintereso 

ar aris. is sainteresoa (mkacrad meTodologiuri mizezebis 

gamo) azrovnebis gansakuTrebul wesrigsa da komparativistul 

damowmebebSi, iseTebSi, rogorc isini ganvsaz- 

RvreT. bolos, `TavisTavadobis~ koncepti (Eigentümlichkeit) mecnierebebSi 

Tavidanve komparativistul meTodSi gvxvdeba. 452 

qvemoT am cnebas xSirad vaxsenebT, roca normidan acdenaze, 

kanonis darRvevaze, tradiciisgan mowyvetaze, Zvelis nangrevebze 

àxlis~ danergvaze visaubrebT 453 . zogierT specifikur 

208

formulas ki (Sungularität, Differenzqualität, altéritié) niSandoblivi 

sixSire eqneba 454 . 

meore mxriv, kontrastuli Sedareba efuZneba ierarqiis 

mniSvnelovani gansjebis safuZvelsa da kriteriums. 455 agreTve 

arsebobs axali tendencia _ rom Sedareba ganixilebodes, 

rogorc `gardauvali~ (Cven mas daJinebiT moviTxovT), raTa 

SeZlos naSromebis arareduqciuli mxareebis individualizacia 

da naTlad gamoyofa, 456 rac zogjer yovelgvari `msgavsebis 

gandidebis~ an uaresi _ ìdenturobis~ mcdelobis aSkara 

mtrobaSi gadadis. 457 igive TvalsazrisiT, komparativizmi ewinaaRmdgeba 

ìnterteqstualobis~ yovelgvar fenomens da amgvarad, 

teqstis, rogorc mTlianobis gagebas, xolo misi eqskluziuri 

valdebulebaa damoukidebeli, izolirebuli literaturuli 

struqturis Seqmna. 458 cxadia, es xedvebi gada- 

Warbebuli da calmxrivia. yvela SemTxvevaSi, roca komparativizmi 

individualur `saxasiaTo~ gansxvavebebsa da fenomenebze 

akeTebs aqcents (da amgvari gafrTxilebebi mravalia 

komparativizmis sawyisebidanve), 459 darwmunebuli unda viyoT, 

rom universaliebisken mimarTuli komparativizmis arsi da 

meTodi ar aris gansazRvruli da saTanadod Seswavlili. 

aseve saubroben perspeqtivis radikaluri cvlilebis 

aucileblobaze. etiamblis axirebis miuxedavad, Cven SegviZlia 

(vTqvaT aseve: savaldebuloa) Sedarebis reabilitacia: 

Sedareba aris mizezi, marad gasameorebeli WeSmariteba. 460 

magram ra azriT? mTavaric esaa. gamosavali, romelic ixateba, 

midis Teorizebuli da ganmazogadebeli mimarTulebiT. 

Tu Sedareba samyaros Seqmnidanve arsebobs, mas SeuZlia safuZveli 

Cauyaros an gaxdes literaturis universaluri xedvis 

sayrdeni. SedarebiTi meTodis sakvanZo adgili swored aq 

aris: Sedarebis azri icvleba. upirveles yovlisa, is gvevlineba 

gamaerTianeblad da ganmazogadeblad. miznad aRar isaxavs 

gansxvavebebs, literaturis Sida erTobasa da mis invariantebs. 

erTi sityviT, ganmazogadebeli Sedareba xdeba 

aucilebeli da literaturis nebismieri Teoriisa da, saxeldobr, 

literaturis Teoriis eqstremalurad mastimulirebeli 

sayrdeni. arafaqtobrivi, `wminda~ Sedarebebis Skalis mixedviT, 

Teoriisa da literaturis gansasazRvrad universaluri 

literaturis (aRmosavleT-dasavleTis) ganmasxvavebel 

elementebs saerTo elementebisagan vacalkevebT. am saxis Sedarebas 

SeiZleba vuwodoT araistoriuli da fenomenologiuri, 

`struqturaluri~, Teoriuli~, ukeT rom vTqvaT, `Teorizebuli~. 

marTlac, Sedareba mxolod maSin aris qmediTi, Tu 

is ori mimarTulebiT midis _ xan nawarmoebebis Tavisebure- 

209

is gamokveTisaken, xan Txzulebebis Tandayolili erTobisa 

an globaluri gansazRvrisaken: am SemTxvevaSi _ analitikuri 

da `partikularistuli~, sxvagan _ sinTezuri da ùniversalisturi~. 

cxadia, rom komparativizmi, romelic eZiebs universalurobas 

da am gziT _ literaturis Teorias, zrunavs 

mxolod Sedarebaze, romelic, rogorc Cans, iqneba ganmazogadebeli 

da ara iseTi, romelic `Taviseburebis mimniWebelia~. 

modiT, ufro axlodan SevxedoT am meqanizms. 

Sedareba aris impliciturad `maTeorizebeli~; is Tavis 

TavSi gulisxmobs sawyiss da mowodebulia ganzogadebisaken. 

yovelTvis, roca is sakuTari daskvnebiT Taviseburebebs gascdeba, 

ixsneba ganzogadebisaTvis. erTiani sivrcidan gasvla 

– es aris ganzogadebisa da Teorizebis dawyeba garkveul 

saerTo elementebze dayrdnobiT. am elementebs naTels hfens 

Sedareba. amgvarad, gansxvavebis komparativizmi adgils uTmobs 

identurobis komparativizms. Tavidan is empiriulad 

moqmedebs, spontanurad dadgenili homologiebiTa da paralelebiT, 

ufro da ufro organizebuliTa da Teoriulad orientirebuliT. 

Sedarebadi da araSedarebadi elementebis proporcia 

indiferentulia, rogorc statistikur, ise individualur 

doneze. ganzogadebis procesis dasawyebad sakmarisia 

Sesabamisi elementebis garkveuli `procentulobis~ efeqturad 

dadgena. is moqmedebs asimilaciisa da ara diferenciaciis 

gziT, msgavsi da ara TavasTavadi Semadgeneli nawilebis 

SedarebiT. WeSmariteba TiTqmis banaluria da sayovelTaod 

miRebuli. `Seadaro, es niSnavs ganWvrito (e.i. daadgino) ra- 

Rac kavSiri da, gansakuTrebiT, msgavsebis kavSiri~. 461 is dadgenilia 

zonebis, qveynebis, periodebis, stilebis, mimdinareobebisa 

da Sedarebis sxva CarCoebis mixedviT, im pirobiT, 

rom igi orientirebuli unda iyos erTnairi principiT da/an 

Tavisi funqcia erTnairi sistemis SigniT Seasrulos. es aris 

sabaziso hipoTeza da misi maorganizebeli sqema, romelic 

qmedebis erTobliobas marTavs da xelaxla adasturebs imas, 

rom Sedareba aris ganmazogadebeli da ormagad ganmazogadebelic 

ki Tavis amosaval da sasrul wertilSi. nawarmoebeb- 

Si, romlebic arian: Tematuri, tipologiuri, genealogiuri, 

mxatvruli rigisani da sxv., yoveli Sedareba asrulebs gamaerTianebel 

da ganmazogadebel rols, dadgenilia garkveul 

doneze da damowmebis specifikuri sistemis mixedviT. es sinqronuli 

kiTxva aris erTdroulad maregulirebeli da garkveulwilad 

`xelovnuri~. magram misi `modelizacia~ TamaSis 

wesis nawilia. 

210

zogierTi winaswari formulirebani da gaerTianeba àqtiuri~ 

Sedarebis principze, romelic upirispirdeba `pasiur~ 

Sedarebas 462 (neitralursa da martivi TanwyobebiTa da mwkrivebiT 

moqmeds) cdilobs damkvidrdes da gamoitanos zogadi 

daskvnebi, rac marTlac met yuradRebas imsaxurebs. komparativizmis 

sawyisidanve Cven gvaqvs imedi, rom `literaturis 

bunebas~ `SedarebiTi kvleva-Ziebis~ daxmarebiT CavwvdebiT, 463 

Tumca amaSia TviT (komparativistuli) arsi: Sedareba xels 

uwyobs ganzogadebas; da is (ganzogadeba), miuxedavad yvelafrisa, 

rCeba komparativizmis saboloo mizani. Zvel `paradigmasa~ 

da axals Soris swored esaa erT-erTi siRrmiseuli gayofis 

wertili. Sedarebis upiratesoba aris is, rom moqmedebs 

`msgavsebebis~ principiT, metic _ adgens `saerTo~ faqtebs, 

464 magram yvelaferi amiT mTavrdeba. Cven ver gadavdgiT 

gadamwyveti nabiji: identurobebis daaxloeba niSnavs `ganzogadebebTan~ 

SerTvas, vinaidan yoveli `wminda~ Sedareba, romelic 

ubralo `faqtobriv kavSirs~ cdeba, sul mcire, ganzogadebis 

pirobasa da misken mowodebas Seadgens; saidanac 

kvlav momdinareobs istorizmis svla literaturis Teoriisaken, 

465 Tumca misi zusti, WeSmaritad komparativistuli Sinaarsi 

kvlav dasazustebeli rCeba. 

Tundac Seicvalos terminologia _ rogorc es ukanasknel 

droSi xdeba, rodesac sul ufro xSirad ismis saubari 

`teqstis literaturul kodebze~ _ Sedareba mainc TandaTanobiT 

unda mivides `teqstebis~ `literaturul kodamde~, ris 

gamoc igi zusti, ganmazogadebeli funqciiT aris aRWurvili. 

misasalmebelia axlaxan SemoTavazebuli `gansjiTi Sedarebis~ 

(reflektierende Vergleich) 467 formula, romelic Sedarebis Teoriuli 

winsvlas warmoaCens. miuxedavad Tavisi xasiTisa, is 

dRemde mkvidrdeba, rogorc sakmaod ganmazogadebeli da gansakuTrebiT 

damajerebeli. 468 Sedarebis xedvis radiusis gafarToeba, 

internacionaluri literaturis (ubralod, ùniversaluri 

literaturis~) ganzomilebamde, mniSvnelovani argumentia 

igive mimarTulebiT. am arguments imTaviTve iTvaliswinebda 

komparativizmi da xelmZRvanelobda `literaturis 

esTetikis~ principiT. 469 marTlac, yovelTvis, roca vaRiarebT 

Rirebul msjelobebs aRmosavleT-dasavleTis erTobliobasTan 

470 an àRmosavleT-dasavleTis Txzulebebis~ 471 SedarebadobasTan 

dakavSirebiT, mZlavrad erTveba universaluri 

hipoTeza (kriteriumebi, gansazRvreba `literaturuli~ da 

sxv.). SedarebiT gamowveuli eqstrapolacia TavisTavSi atarebs 

mniSvnelovan ganmazogadebel potencials. 

211

epistemologiuri TvalsazrisiT, saboloo jamSi, saubaria 

ufro metze, vidre truizmia. ukve didi xania viciT, rom 

arsebobs mecniereba zogadisa da amgvarad, Sedarebulisa da 

Sedarebadisa (`kanonis~ Tu `tipis~ gaTvaliswinebiT). es aris 

daskvna, romelic komparativistulma kvlevebma warmoaCines. 

swrafi SerCeviToba amtkicebs, rom Teoriuli da ganmazogadebeli 

Sedareba moxmobilia sabaziso meTodologiuri monacemis 

kulturul eTnografiaSi, istoriul lingvistikaSi, mi- 

TologiaSi, istoriasa da sociologiaSi, da saerTod, yvela 

humanitarul mecnierebaSi. 472 isini ganlagdebian poziciaze, 

romelic ukan Camoitovebs (Tanac didi manZiliT) tradiciul 

komparativistul midgomas: wmindad empiriulsa da ganzogadebasa 

da literaturis Teoriaze daumorCilebels. Sedareba 

aris yovelTvis raRac ufro meti, vidre ubralo Sedareba. 

amave TvalsazrisiT, romelic aseve sinTezs miemarTeba, 

bolos da bolos, Cven SevZlebT SevudgeT xelovnebaTa TanamSromlobisa 

da ormxrivi gaSuqebis problemas, 473 rac Zalian 

ainteresebs zogierT komparativists, romlebic, amave 

dros, gakvriT exebian Tavad `SedarebiTi poetikis~ problemebsac. 

474 am ìnterdisciplinuri~ samuSaoebis dros ufro da 

ufro vxvdebiT erTgvar axal miTsa da panaceas, romlebic 

Zlier moduria im sferoebSic, romlebic farTod cdebian 

komparativizms. magram rom SemovifargloT am ukanaskneliTa 

da gansakuTrebiT, literaturis SedarebiTi TeoriiT, sakmarisia 

davimaxsovroT Semdegi: am samuSaoebs ar aqvT azri da 

ar SeuZliaT niSandoblivi Sedegebis motana mxolod or garemoebaSi: 

Tu isini èsTetikis~ TvalsazrisiT orintirebuli 

arian xelovnebaTa zogadi Teoriisaken, an yoveli xelovnebis 

bunebis diferenciaciuli gamokvlevisaken (Cvens SemTxvevaSi 

literaturisaken, rogorc `xelovnebisaken~). marTlac, Cven 

SegviZlia, kontrastuli da SedarebiTi gziT, zogadi paralelebis 

daxmarebiT, romlebic moicavs xelovnebis dargebs 

(magaliTad, rogorc roman ingardenTan da oskar valzel- 

Tan), mivaRwioT Sedegebs, romelTac SeuZliaT bolos literaturis 

`xelovnebis~ mkacr gansazRvrebamde mividnen. magram 

sanam vjerdebiT xelis cecebasa da empiriul aRwerebs, zusti 

programisa da gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli Tanxvdomisa da 

saerTos daZebnis gareSe (rogorc es TiTqmis yovelTvis xdeba 

`komparativistebTan~), literaturis Taviseburebas ver ganvsazRvravT. 

Tu xelovnebis SedarebiTi Seswavla (gamosavali, 

rac iqneboda `mkacrad semiotikuri samuSao~) mdgomareobs 

`SedarebiT semiotikaSi~, 475 maSin Sedarebis am tipis Sedegi 

ar SeiZleba iyos araferi sxva _ da logikuradac _ Tu ara 

212

`SedarebiTi literaturuli semiotika~. Cven sul amis molodini 

gvaqvs... 

rasakvirvelia, Sedareba (Tundac literaturis Teoriis 

mier integralurad Secvlili) ar aris TviTkmari, rogorc 

es am paragrafSi, komparativistul meTodSi vnaxeT. wminda da 

martivma Sedarebam, nawilobrivma da naklebad specifikurma 

meTodma _ SeuZlebelia yvelaferi gaakeTos. amisgan jer 

Sors varT! is araferia, Tu ara RerZis mTavari nawili kompleqsur 

meqanizmSi, romelic Cven davamtkiceT da aRvwereT. 

rac metia ganxiluli Tu CarTuli am erTobaSi, Sedarebas 

miT meti aqvs sakuTari SemzRudveli pirobebi da sazRvrebi. 

nebismieri Sedareba koWlia, rac kargadaa cnobili. magram 

naTlismomfeni Sedareba, Tundac sakmaod gaumarTavi, sjobs 

neitralur, araniSandobliv `WeSmaritebas~, romelic sinamdvileSi 

arafers fens naTels da arafers amtkicebs. sxva 

mxriv, komparativistul gzebs aqvs Tandayolili safrTxeebi: 

aq, gvinda Cven es Tu ara, saWiroa `xan msgavsebebis gaZliereba, 

xan gansxvavebebis Semsubuqeba~ 476 . agreTve, jer kidev 

goeTedan dawyebuli, 477 gamoikveTa, rom ukiduresad ganfenili 

Sedareba Secdomaa da Sedarebis Rirebuleba pirdapirproporciulia 

Tavisi zusti, konkretuli, gansakuTrebuli 

da mkacrad SemosazRvruli xasiaTisa. realurad, Sedarebis 

Rirebuleba da vargisianoba harmoniulobiT, misi parametrebis 

stabilurobiTa da ganzogadebis miRebuli koeficientis 

procentuli SemcvelobiTaa garantirebuli. Tu mxedvelobaSi 

miviRebT universalur literaturas, misi ganzogadeba aucileblad 

cdeba nebismier sxva `ganzogadebulobas~, Semosaz- 

Rvruls erTi literaturiT, erTi stiliT, JanriT, literaturuli 

mimdinareobiTa da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT, Sedareba 

ueWvelad aris gonivruli da safuZvliani. 

11. verifikacia 

komparativistuli meTodi verifikaciis problemas ukav- 

Sirdeba da es ori sakiTxi erTmaneTTan dialeqtikur kavSir- 

Sia. amasTan, komparativistulma literaturulma Teoriam 

mTlianobaSi unda gamoiaros verifikaciis cecxli, romlis 

gareSec is mxolod da mxolod komparativistuli meTodis 

hipoTeza iqneboda. maSasadame, Teoriis vargisianoba da efeqturoba 

damokidebulia mis `gamocdaze~. faqtobrivad, yvelaze 

rTuli operacia, romelsac is iTxovs, erTi mxriv, aris 

gansakuTrebuli instrumentis, specialuri tipis gamoyeneba, 

213

omelic jer kidev ganusazRvreli da aRuwerelia Tavisi detalebiT. 

meore sirTule ki gaxlavT Tavad Sesamowmebeli 

hipoTezebi da `filologiuri~ masala. es ukanaskneli aspeqti 

sulac ar aris umniSvnelo: istoriul-pozitivisturi winaaRmdegobebis 

didi nawili swored am sakiTxze koncentrirdeba 

da, cxadia, rom garkveuli Zalac aqvs. 

maSasadame, Tavidanve aRvniSnoT, rom upirvelesad aq saubaria 

verifikaciis specialur tipze, romelic eqsperimentuli 

mecnierebis azriT arc `gulubryviloa~ da arc àramecnieruli~; 

daviwyoT am pirveladi faqtiT: arsebiTi hipoTeza, 

iseve, rogorc teqstualuri masala, romelic mas afuZnebs da 

amowmebs (rac ukve viciT) aris universaluri literatura (id 

aris `literatura~). es warmoadgens literaturis SedarebiTi 

Teoriis amosaval da bolo wertils. magram nebismier fasad 

Tavidan unda aviciloT erTi mniSvnelovani maxe: ocneba 

imaze, rom amomwuravad, Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT wavikiTxavT 

`mTel~ universalur literaturas. da, vinaidan es aSkarad 

utopiuri gegma SeuZlebelia praqtikaSi gamoviyenoT, saWiroa 

vipovoT specialuri meTodi, romelic mis gadamowmebas mis- 

Tvis damaxasiaTebel pirobebSi SeZlebda; iseTi meTodi, romelic 

mimarTuli iqneba avtoritetuli Teoriis yvela gasa- 

Reb elementze, dawyebuli invariantebidan. Tavisi bunebiT 

SemzRudveli kontrolis es procedura winaswar iTxovs garkveul 

pirobebs. 

upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa mtkiced davadginoT es 

principi: verifikacia aris, per a contratio, yovelTvis negatiuri. 

Cven hipoTezebs gamovTqvamT mxolod pirobiTad, maSin, rodesac 

verifikacia a posteriori fundamenturad Tu nawilobriv ewinaaRmdegeba 

hipoTezas (Cvens SemTxvevaSi, literaturis komparativistuli 

Teoriis sabaziso hipoteca). magram yovelTvis 

gvaqvs ufleba, rogorc ki amas mdgomareoba moiTxovs, gamoveqomagoT 

da SevamowmoT igi yvela im masalis daxmarebiT, romelic 

Cvens gankargulebaSia, misi adekvaturia da mas amtkicebs. 

rac Seexeba dokumentur bazas, viciT, rom is dausruleblad 

iklebs, 478 da rom Teoria (hipoTeza efuZneba teqstebs, 

romlebic mas safuZvels uqmnis da mis dokumentur sayrdens 

uzrunvelyofs) aris specialuri mimarTeba, rac ori 

sityviT unda gavixsenoT. 

gansakuTrebiT hermenevtikuli produqti, hipoTeza (mocemul 

SemTxvevaSi komparativistuli) efuZneba teqstebs, rogorc 

realobas da, imavdroulad, gamoeyofa mas. teqstebidan 

gamoyofili (rogorc ki dadgindeba da gamoiTqmeba), igi iwyebs 

teqstebis, rogorc realobis rRvevas, axdens maT manipu- 

214

lacias Tavis nebaze da saWiroebis mixedviT iyenebs. rasakvirvelia, 

saWiroa Tavidan aviciloT riski imisa, rom erTmaneTisagan 

gavyoT Teoria da teqstebis materialuri buneba 

da aseve, teqstebis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebis safrTxe. cxadia, 

teqstebis morCileba arsebiTi valdebulebaa, magram hermenevtikuli 

suliskveTebiT ganxorcielebuli es valdebuleba 

sruliad cvlis problemis tradiciul (pozitivistur) monacemebs, 

rac ase damaxasiaTeblia Zveli skolis komparativizmisaTvis. 

maSasadame, unda daveTanxmoT im faqtebs, romlebic, 

ase vTqvaT, TanxmobaSi modian TavisTavad miRebul `model- 

Tan~. marTlac, yvelaferi imTaviTvea ganzogadebuli induqciur-deduqciurad, 

analitikurad, sinTezurad da a.S. Sedegad, 

yvela gamokvleva, yvela SesaZlebeli teqstualuri verifikacia, 

realurad agebs pasuxs mxolod met-naklebad winaswardafuZnebuli 

ganzogadebis cvalebad safexurebze. vinaidan 

garkveuli raodenobis zogadi mtkicebulebebiT dasawyisidanvea 

SerCeuli yvelaze ufro frTxili gamokvleva, amitom umjobesia 

(da gardauvalicaa) imTaviTve davTanxmdeT ganzogadebas, 

rac Cveni sazrunavis centrs warmoadgens. 

amgvarad, Semowmebis arsebiTi hermenevtikuli kriteriumi 

xdeba (rogorc es sxvagan iyo naTqvami modelizaciisa da 

monacemTa struqturizaciasTan dakavSirebiT) sqemis sicxade 

da ganlagebis harmoniuloba; axali damamtkicebeli sabuTi 

ganzogadebis winaswar arsebobaa, vinaidan praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli 

teqstebis verifikacia, yoveli gamokvleva, TavisTavad 

midis deskrifciuli, sinTezuri da Teoriuli harmoniis nebismier 

donemde. sxva mxriv, es ori verifikacia erToblivi 

da urTierTdamoukidebelia: pirvel rigSi, Teoriuli verifikacia 

Tavisi damaxasaTebeli harmoniulobiT mtkicdeba da 

Semdeg, retroaqtiurad, im dokumentebis donezec, romelsac 

is warmoSobs. es aris sinqronuli kiTxvis kriteriumis gamogonebisa 

da dafuZnebis (harmoniulisa da sistemuris) Sedegi. 

ai, ratom aris araaqtualuri pozitivisturi cnebebi _ òbieqturoba~ 

da `WeSmariteba~. vsaubrobT komparativistul individualur 

konstruqciebze _ ara òbieqturebze~, aramed `subieqturebze~ 

_ verbi gratia! _ da mainc `WeSmaritebze~ im mniSvnelobiT, 

romliTac aseTi SeniSvna `marTalia~ an `mcdari~ 

partituraSi, romelic `WeSmaritebisa~ da verifikaciis Tavis 

sakuTar kriteriums gvaZlevs. komparativistuli qmnileba yovelTvis 

TavisiT Wris im problemebs, romelsac svams. maSasadame, 

iyo òbiqturi~, aRar niSnavs Seagrovo sxvaTa Tvalsazrisebi 

da gamosavlebi, iyo ekleqturi, yvela gaamarTlo, partniorebTan 

mimarTebiT geWiros diplomatiuri pozicia da 

215

a.S. realuri obieqturoba amgvarad konvenciur da gardasuli 

drois komparativizmis tradiciul obieqturobas scdeba. misi 

moTxovnebi aris sxva rigisa da Seicavs sxva donis damowmebebsa 

da verifikacias. isini moiTxoven midgomis dones, 

dokumentur bazas da specifikur teqnikas. 

a) ra doneze ganlagdeba igi (literatura) verifikaciis 

operaciasTan erTad? ZiriTadad, miRebuli hipoTezebis er- 

Tobliobidan gamomdinare, yvelaze `maRal~ da yvelaze `dabal~ 

doneebze: yvelaze `maRla~ _ universaluri literaturis 

doneze, e.i. ubralod literaturisa. yvelaze `dabla~ _ 

konkretuli literaturuli nawarmoebis doneze, romlis 

zogadi struqtura da mniSvneloba mTlianad literaturis 

mdgomareobisTavis ganixileba, rogorc simboluri. am or dones 

Soris arsebobs ormagi hermenevtikuli marSruti: mzardi, 

literaturuli nawarmoebidan _ yvela literaturis nawarmoebisaken; 

daRmavali, yvela (universaluri) literaturuli nawarmoebidan 

_ erTaderTi literaturuli nawarmoebisaken (individualuri). 

am or poluss Soris uamravi, praqtikulad 

usasrulo Sualeduri situaciebia. magram rom SemovitanoT 

wmindad evrestikuli orientaciis sqema, davimaxsovroT Cveni 

samoqmedo donis Sesabamis ori didi kategoria. 

maSasadame, rogor `SevutioT~ universalur literaturas, 

Cvens polarul varskvlavs? zogierTi kategoriebi maSinve 

warmogvidgeba gonebaSi, rogorc didi xnis manZilze praqtikaSi 

gamoyenebuli. Cven vWriT namcxvars naWrebad, romel- 

Tac ewodebaT: mimdinareobebi, Janrebi, Temebi, tipebi, stilebi, 

universaluri literaturuli formebi da a.S. dRemde axali 

araferia, imitom, rom komparativistebi yovelTvis amgvarad 

moqmedeben. magram isini amas akeTeben yovelTvis dokumenturad, 

deskrifciulad, istoriulad, xSirad TiTqmis bibliografiuli 

maneriT. amjerad unda SevcvaloT perspeqtiva da 

kvlevis am yvela kategoriis erTobas gansxvavebuli Teoriuli 

mimarTuleba mivceT: erTi literaturuli Janris internacionaluri 

(ùniversaluri~) kvleva am Janris Teoriamde, 

dabolos, erTi Janris Teoriis moqceva yvela Janrebis TeoriaSi, 

mokled, literaturis CarCoSi. es aris TvisebiTi 

naxtomi deskrifciidan _ aRmniSvnelisaken. rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia 

msoflios yvela literaturis yvela Janris Seswavla. 

magram SegviZlia universaluris, universaluri simbolikis 

mizanSi amoReba, dawyebuli erTi Janris gamocdiT, romelic 

CvenTvis ufro Sinauria. individualuri/universaluris, 

kerZo/zogadis mimarTeba gvexmareba Cveni simarTlis garkvevasa 

da dasabuTebaSi. amasTan, TiTqmis yvela èsTetika~: 

216

epikuri, dramatuli, lirikuli Janrisa da a.S. wamZRvarebulia 

istoriuli TavebiT, romelTagan ikveTeba (miRebuli me- 

Todis Tanaxmad da yovel kerZo SemTxvevaSi) epikuri Janris, 

naratiulobis, dramatulis, lirikis Teoriebi da a.S. ratom 

ar moqmedebda literaturis komparativistuli Teoria igivenairad, 

rogorc moqmedebdnen Jeneti, todorovi da sxvebi ama 

Tu im literaturul JanrTan dakavSirebiT? 

makroskopiidan gavideT literaturul mikroskopiaze: 

makrostruqturaluri analizi adgils uTmobs mikrostruqturalur 

ganxilvas, magram midgomis teleologia identuri 

rCeba: gavCerdeT literaturuli nawarmoebis gansazRvrebaze, 

romelic Tanabrad simboluria literaturisTvis an rogorc 

azrovnebis forma, an rogorc xelovneba, intuicia Tu sxv. 

gavamaxviloT yuradReba literaturis SedarebiTi TeoriisaTvis 

gadamwyvet mdgomareobaze, romelic garkveuli hipo- 

Tezidan gamomdinareobs da gansazRvravs literaturul nawarmoebs, 

e.i. literaturas da iq yovel garemoebaSi brundeba. 

Tavis mxriv, nawarmoebi Seicavs garkveul doneebs, romlebic 

am sqemaSi aranakleb simbolurni xdebian mTlianad literaturis 

doneebisTvis, vinaidan es ori sibrtye homologiuri, 

alternatiulia da Seicavs wriul verifikacias. es doneebi, 

meore mxriv, TandaTanobiT warmoiSoba literaturis 

miRebuli gansazRvrebidan. is, rac Rirebulia am konteqstSi 

(am droisTvis) TviT gansazRvrebis Sinaarsi ki ar aris, aramed 

misi meqanizmi, elementebi da misgan gamomdinare Sedegebi. 

sabolood unda SevCerdeT `fonisa~ da `formis~, Tu `formisa~ 

da `mniSvnelobis~ tipis gansazRvrebidan erT-erTze (metnaklebad 

tradiciulze), misi aRuracxeli variantebidan. magram, 

nebismier SemTxvevaSi Cven vimyofebiT universalur sibrtyeze 

proecirebul simetriul mdgomareobaSi: literaturul 

nawarmoebsac, Tavis mxriv, aqvs Tavisi doneebi, iqneba is 

`fenomenologiuri~ (ingardeni), ìkonologiuri~ (panovski) Tu 

sxva, romlebic _ eqstrapolaciiT, ganzogadebiT, simbolizaciiT 

xdeba eo ipso mniSvnelobis matarebeli, rac mas literaturad 

aqcevs, Tundac uari vTqvaT am tipis gansazRvrebaze. 

Tu miviRebT sxva, wmindad formalur, struqturalistur, semiologiur 

gansazRvrebas, romelic literaturul nawarmoebs 

`meTodebad~, `funqciebad~, `mniSvnelobis mqone fenebad~ 

da a.S. hyofs, warmoiSoba igive problema: nawarmoebis ra donezea 

ùniversalizacia~ SesaZlebeli da nebadarTuli? yovelive 

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia gavceT mxolod 

erTi pasuxi: orientacia unda aviRoT universalurobaze, nebismieri 

literturuli donidan da Cveni argumentebi yovel- 

217

Tvis unda efuZnebodes hipoTezurobas, Tanmimdevrulobas, 

harmoniulobas. dae, yoveli ganxiluli meTodi gaiazrebodes 

da Seiswavlebodes universaluri kuTxiT. cxadia, es aris 

mTavari Teoriuli gamosavali, romelsac SeuZlia sruliad 

fantastikuri Sedegebi mogvces. swored amitom gvmarTebs 

didi sifrTxile. 

b) Sedegad, aucilebeli piroba xdeba sarwmuno dokumenturi 

safuZvlis SemuSaveba; romelmac, upirvelesad, Tavidan 

unda aicilos Caketiloba, garkveuli TviTkmayofilebiT gajerebuli 

umecreba, romlis yvelze moxSirebuli da yvelaze 

farTod gavrcelebuli formaa evrocentrizmi da qvemdgomobisa 

da upiratesobis yvela kompleqsi, romlebic aqedan momdinareobs. 

479 zogjer aseT pozicias Tan axlavs mcdari, swor 

gzas acdenili formulebi: àrasworia imis Tqma, rom literatura 

mxolod dasavleT evropaSia an misi magaliTis mixedviTaa 

Seqmnili...~ 480 vaRiaroT, citirebuli fraza mcdaria, 

magram mdgomareoba, romelzec is miuTiTebs, aqtualuria. Tu 

upiratesobas mivaniWebT `poeturi enis struqturas~ mxolod 

frangul magaliTebze (isev da isev!), evrocentrizmis Sedegi 

igive iqneba. ar arsebobs aranairi mtkicebuleba (aranairi!), 

rom miRebuli Sedegebi sayovelTaod vargisi iqneba. ar aris 

swori (robert eskarpitis dakvirvebiT Weltliteratur-Tan dakav- 

SirebiT), rom Taviseburebebis kriteriumebi, romlebic samu- 

Sao terminad miviReT, aris msoflio an universaluri~. 481 

sxva mxriv, Cven ar SegviZlia `yvelafris~ codna. ùniversaluri~ 

literaturis primati utopiaa. fatalurad Zalian viwro 

samoqmedo bazasa da universalur eqstrapolacias Soris 

winaaRmdegoba, rogorc Cans, gadauWreli darCeba. rogor gamovideT 

Cixidan? SegviZlia warmovidginoT ori erTmaneTTan 

dakavSirebuli gamosavali. 

pirveli, Cveni azriT, arsebiTia. is mdgomareobs ideologiuri 

`winaRobis~ gadalaxvaSi, misi `kulturuli~ blokirebis, 

eqskluziuri damowmebebisa da ritualuri citatebis 

uaryofaSi, maT danawevrebaSi (`rogorc ambobs rolan barti...~), 

radgan yvelas _ maT Soris literaturis Teoriis sferoSi _ 

aqvs meti goni, vidre m. volters. sabolood, saWiroa vaRiaroT 

palisis es WeSmariteba: yvela literatura monawilobs 

an SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos literaturis gansazRvrebaSi; 

es difinicia ar SeiZleba gavavrceloT mxolod or an sam 

dasavlur magaliTze. mniSvnelovani dapirispireba ar exeba, 

vTqvaT, aRmosavleT-evropuli, sparsuli, Cinuri Tu bengaluri 

magaliTebis arqonas poeziisa da/Tu literaturis amJamindel, 

`Tanamedrove~ gansazRvrebebSi, magram faqtia, rom es 

218

eferenciebi principulad yovelTvis ugulvebelyofilia da 

msgavsi tendencia fexs ikidebs erTgvari crurwmenis gamo: 

esenia qvemdgomi literaturebi, romlebic aravis ainteresebs, 

graecum est non legitur da a.S. amis Sedegia _ gamouTqmeli, ufro 

xSirad implicituri, magram mTavari _ rwmena imisa, rom es 

literaturebi, poeziebi, ar aris `literatura~ da `poezia~. 

amgvari dabrkoleba erTbaSad amsxvrevs literaturisa da 

poeziis universalur Teoriul midgomas (WeSmaritad). 

cxadia, Cven SegviZlia SemovabrunoT argumenti da aseve 

Zalian logikurad moviTxovoT, rom universaluri midgoma 

SesaZlebelia da sul erTia saidan modis igi _ dasavleTidan 

Tu aRmosavleTidan; rom am ori zonis magaliTebi faseulia 

da poeziis gansazRvreba SeiZleba movipovoT rogorc 

malarmedan, rembodan, aseve saadisa Tu tu fusgan. Cven vikvlevT 

im saSualebebiT, rac Cvens xelTaa, arsebuli kulturuli 

memkvidreobiT, vinaidan Sedegebi yovelTvis da yvelgan 

igivea. misaRebi argumenti ki ori, erTmaneTTan axlos myofi 

pirobiT arsebobs: 1) `yoveli ganzogadeba, romelic survilisamebr 

iyenebs evropul, aziur Tu sxva magaliTebs, Tavisuflad 

unda miemarTebodes (da Tu SesaZlebelia eqsplicituradac) 

zogad daskvnas, poeziis ùniversalobas~. sapirispiro 

SemTxvevSi es kvlevebi darCeba nawilobrivi, fragmentuli, 

marginaluri, wmindad dokumenturi. marTlac, isini ar umizneben 

arsebiTs, e.i. universaluri mniSvnelobis mqone daskvnas, 

romelic gavrceldeba universalur literaturaze da 

damokidebulia ama Tu im kulturul modaze _ rogorc ùniversaluri 

WeSmariteba~; 2) `dasavluri~ Tu aRmosavluri literaturis 

gansazRvrebebi, romlebic universaluri literaturis 

perspeqtivis or garemoebaSi iqmneba, unda miviRoT, rogorc 

Tvisobrivad ekvivalenturni da msgavsni. ar arsebobs 

aranairi mizezi imisa, rom poeziis gansazRvra àpolineris~ 

Tu `pesoas~ mixedviT SevafasoT, rogorc arsebiTad ucxouri, 

dablamdgomi Tu upiratesi, vTqvaT, tanis xanis poeziasTan 

SedarebiT. roca vambobT `franguli poezia~, `rusuli~ Tu 

`Cinuri~, Cven vadasturebT saerTo arsisa da struqturis arsebobas. 

gansazRvrebebis ilustrireba SeiZleba gansxvavebuli 

enebidan amoRebuli, magram identuri mniSvnelobis mqone 

magaliTebiT. swored es gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, maleve vipovoT 

sxva gamosavali. 

es gamosavalia ormxrivi konfrontacia da verifikacia, 

romlis scenari SeiZleba daaxloebiT Semdeggvarad aigos 

(mas aqvs igive monacemebi, rasac Cven `komparativistuli me- 

Todi~ vuwodeT): 

219

1. yoveli verifikacia aris fragmentuli, iqneba is aRmosavleTis 

Tu dasavleTis magaliTebis mixedviT Seqmnili. eqstrapolaciis 

amosaval wertilad SegviZlia gamoviyenoT rogorc 

erTi regioni, ise meore. Tu dasavluri testi legitimuria, 

rac xSirad gagvicxadebia, 482 aranakleb SesaZlebeli 

da legitimuria inversiuli testi, eqskluziurad aRmosavluri, 

msoflios yvela `mcire~ literaturebis CaTvliT. aq xdeba 

yovelgvari gansakuTrebulobis gaZeveba. 

2. Tavis mxriv, yovelgvari fragmentuli ilustracia ar- 

Ceuli, gaanalizebuli da perspeqtivaSi gansazRvruli unda 

iyos universaluri simbolikiT. amgvarad, is daakmayofilebs 

TiToeul mis moTxovnas, universalur, simbolur mniSvnelobas. 

Tu literaturis universaluroba gamoixateba yovel regionalur 

TavisTavadobaSi, regionaluri realobebi da kategoriebi 

aranakleb vargisia universaluri literaturis er- 

TobisTvis. Tundac ar vicodeT birmuli literatura, SegviZlia 

ganvacxadoT, rom is aris universaluri literaturis 

nawili da rom am universalurma Teoriam is, ase Tu ise, 

unda moicvas. amgvari msjeloba vargisia literaturuli universalobis 

yvela donisaTvis: zepiris, xalxuris, sasulieros, 

saero/profanulis, eqstraevropulis Tu sxv. Tumca arian 

afrikelebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom maTi literatura 

Zalian specifikuria imisTvis, rom daeqvemdebaros zogadi 

literaturis gansazRvrebas. magram poeziisa da literaturis 

universaluri koncepti unda iyos sakmarisad `farTo~, 

raTa SeZlos moicvas amgvari Taviseburebebi _ realurad myari 

(romelic ganzogadebas ar eqvemdebareba) Tu moCvenebiTi. 

sartris gansjebi Sav orfeosze, miuxedavad specifikuri xasiaTisa, 

amtkicebs, rom msgavsi qmedebebi SesaZlebelia. sxva 

argumentebi imave azris matarebelia, magram Tu maT ufro specifikuri 

xasiaTi miecema, ukeTesi iqneba. 485 aqve aRvniSnavT, 

rom `komparativizmi, rogorc akademiuri disciplina~, kvlavac 

ewinaaRmdegeba am gaxsnilobas da mZime ironiiT uyurebs 

àfrikuli Tu polineziuri literaturis gulSematkivrebs~. 486 

3. dasavleTsa Tu aRmosavleTSi dadgenili yoveli zogadi 

literaturuli winadadeba moiTxovs Sepirispirebas teqstTan 

Tu teqstebis kategoriasTan (teqstebi simbolurad miiCneva, 

rogorc universaluri) _ yoveli faqtobrivi kavSirisa 

da yovelgvari saerTo kulturuli konteqstis miRma. aseT 

sifrTxiles viCenT yovelTvis, rodesac eWvi gvipyrobs 

malarmes, rembos, apolineris maradiuli citaciebis mniSvnelobasTan 

dakavSirebiT. vai da, daskvnebi romlebic maTgan 

220

gamodis, ar aRmoCnda, vTqvaT, braziliur, bulgarul Tu 

malagasur poeziaSi? ra iqneboda epopeis Teoria, magaliTad 

(jer kidev brunetieris dakvirvebiT), romelic mxedvelobaSi 

ar miiRebda mahabharatasa da ramaianas, an lirizmis Teoria, 

Tu ar moicavda `fsalmunebsa~ da `qebaTa qebas~? 487 maSasadame, 

sakmarisi ar aris mxolod erTi nacionaluri literaturis 

monacemebi. saWiroa maTi gadatana da Semowmeba universalurobis 

TeoriiT, sul mcire, kidev erTi sxva, sruliad ucxo 

nacionaluri literaturis daxmarebiT da Sedegis CarTva 

sxva Teoriul sinTezSi. amgvarad, `nacionaluri~ gansazRvrebebi, 

sapirispiros damtkicebamde, miRebuli iqneba, rogorc 

SedarebiTi, droebiTi, `provinciuli~. Tu ucxouri monacemebi 

lokalur `nacionalur~ gansazRvrebas ewinaaRmdegeba, es 

ukanaskneli unda ukuvagdoT an seriozulad SevasworoT. Jan 

ruse swavlobs epikur Temas (`maTi Tvalebi Sexvdnen~) da ganixilavs 

universaluri `situacias~. moulodnelad, mas ipyrobs 

eWvi da gverdis bolos patara SeniSvnas amatebs, romelic 

yovelives naTels hfens: ùniversaluri? kiTxvis niSani 

kvlav Cndeba: Sexvedris scena-Tema TiTqmis dainerga Cvens 

kulturaSi. da mxolod Cvens kulturaSi? me gadavxede Cinur 

da iaponur literaturebs dasavleTis gavlenamde, sistemuri 

gamokvlevis gareSe. momaqvs citireba _ sizmari wiTel pavilionidan 

_ magram Targmani saeWvoa. CemTvis kiTxva Riad rCeba~. 

488 amgvari damokidebuleba yovelmxriv legitimuri da samagaliToa. 

eTnocentrul kvlevebs Wirdeba sxva kultureb- 

Tan Sejereba, anTropologiaSic 489 da literaturaSic. 

4. yovelma literaturulma winadadebam bolos unda gaiaros 

alternatiuli, komutaciuri verifikacia dasavleTidan 

aRmosavleTisaken da piriqiT. saubaria reversiul Sejerebaze, 

romelic wriul marSruts varaudobs. aRmosavluri 

monacebi Sejerdeba dasavlur monacemebTan da piriqiT. magaliTad, 

evropuli romanidan Cinuri romanisken da sawinaaRmdegod. 

xdeba or nawarmoebsa Tu or zonas Soris Sepirispireba, 

faqtobrivi kavSiris gareSe, rasac erTgvari ormagi 

SedarebiToba mosdevs. wina SemTxvevaSi Sedareba iyo calmxrivi, 

erTi an meore mimarTulebiT. am ufro sarwmuno Sem- 

TxvevaSi ki Sedareba aucileblad ormxrivia da sistemuri 

rogorc erTi, aseve meore mimarTulebiT. Tu amgvari literaturuli 

`modeli~, romelic dadgenilia dasavleTSi da dasavluri 

literaturisTvis, romlis erT-erTi Semadgeneli, 

mimezisi, magaliTad, ar mowmdeba Cinur literaturaSi, Sedegad, 

mimezisi ar SeiZleba CaerTos literaturis zogad Te- 

221

oriaSi. igive dakvirveba vrceldeba sxva dasavlur `modelebze~ 

(pragmatuli, eqspresiuli, obieqturi). 490 yovel SemTxveva- 

Si, literaturuli Janrebis Teoria veRar iqneba ilustrirebuli 

eqskluziurad evropuli magaliTebiT, rogorc amas Cveulebisamebr 

akeTeben. garkveuli gamosworebebs vxedavT ukanasknel 

periodSi, vinaidan ukve movixmobT damowmebebs garkveuli 

zepiri Janrebidan, magaliTad, afrikulidan, lubas 

kulturidan. 491 kidev erTxel vomeorebT, cxadia, rom literatura 

ar SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos sul mTlad araevropuli 

literaturis gareSe da rom marginaluri `kontr-literaturebi~ 

aucileblad gardaqmnian (da legitimuradac) literaturis 

koncefcias, 492 romlis Sinaarsi _ TviT yvelaze gaxsnil 

sinTezebSi _ kvlav tradiciuli da evrocentrulia. saerTo 

jamSi, literaturis Teoria aris mxolod evropuli 

literaturis Teoria (gansakuTrebiT dasavluri), Seqmnili 

(dasavleT) evropelebis mier. 493 sxva mxriv, Tu `dasavleli~ 

kritikosi ar icnobs àRmosavlurs~, araferi uSlis xels, 

rom mouxmos kompetencias, romelic midgomis ori wyaros Tanasworobisa 

da legitimurobis principidan gamomdinareobs: 

universaluri poetikuri `WeSmariteba~ aris mtkicebadi, xan 

dasavluri magaliTiT, xan sxva, aRmosavluriT da erTmaneTs 

Suqs hfenen. roca isini erTmaneTs Seesabamebian, erTmaneTs 

fexs uwyoben da erTmaneTiT mtkicdebian, universaluri induqcia 

vargisia. da rac metad mravldeba alternatiuli magaliTebi, 

universaluri literaturis aspeqtebi miT ufro 

naTeli da ganzogadebulia. 

amgvarad, davubrundeT (da amas Tavidan ver avicilebdiT) 

aTvlis wertils: ùniversalur literaturas~, anu literaturuli 

realobebisa da kavSirebis aRmosavleT-dasavle- 

Tis erTobas. es aris literaturis nebismieri TeoriisaTvis 

aucilebeli dokumenturi baza da `mcire~ literaturebis Teoriuli 

universalizaciis WeSmariti SesaZlebloba, razec 

naklebad an saerTod ar aris moTxovna. marTlac, saWiroa 

`sakiTxis dasma, romelsac araevropuli samyaro ganzogadebis 

yoveli mcdelobisas~ svams. 494 amaze zogierTi orientalisti 

da araorientalisti savsebiT Tanaxmaa, saidanac modis 

Teoriuli da praqtikuli 495 daskvnebis mTeli mwkrivi, 

romelic SegviZlia mokled gadmovceT: movaxdinoT Teorizeba 

_ dawyebuli literaturis geografiis nebismieri wertilidan; 

SevTanxmdeT legitimurobaze, konfrontaciasa da yvela 

zonis midgomebis Tvisobrivi Tansaworobis principze. 

universalur poetikaSi wvlilis Setana SeiZleba momdinareobdes 

yoveli mxridan, magaliTad, arabuli samyaros CaT- 

222

vliT; 496 yvela kvleva evropul literaturebze Cinur-iaponuri 

ègzotikuri~ gavlenebisa da a.S. _ osmosi principidan da 

erToblivi literaturul àrsSi~ monawileobidan; poeturi 

buneba yvelgan msgavsia, xolo specifikuri gansxvavebebi _ 

SemTxveviTi, eqstraliteraturul (istoriuli, kulturuli, 

socialuri da a.S.) mizezobriobas damorCilebuli. swored am 

mimarTulebiTaa saWiro kvlevebis interpretacia aRmosavleTdasavleTis 

`teleologiaze~ (iaponizmebi da gonkurebi, paundi, 

frobeniusi da afrikuli poezia da a.S.). 497 magram es maraosebr 

gafarToebuli verifikacia, sxva upiratesobebsac warmoaCens 

da es aris: obieqturobis sul ufro mzardi xarisxi; 

Seviwroebuli literaturuli realoba; universaloba _ ufro 

metad da metad `srulfasovani~; SesaZlebelia niuansebis, 

Sesworebebis, damatebebis, koreqciebis CarTva. gaqvavebuli 

definiciebi adgils umzadebs formulebs, ufro gaxsnilebs, 

dinamikurT da a.S. amgvarad, Cven davadgineT `xelovnebis Tanamedrove 

sistema~, evropuli esTetikis istoriis erTi Tavi. 

498 aseve gadamowmdeba Tu ara is eqstraevropul esTetikeb- 

Si? amas ver vityviT... 

garegnulad yvelaze susti wertili _ invariantebis Zalian 

viwro dokumenturi baza, zogjer SemTxveviTi, Tu ara 

Zalian sakamaTo _ mouxmobs agreTve ramdenime dazustebul 

cnobas. xSirad winaaRmdegobrivad amtkiceben, rom SeuZlebelia 

yvela invariantis aRicxva da, amave dros, SeuZlebelia 

realurad, anu zustad gadavamowmoT erTi swori invarianti. 

pirvel winaaRmdegobas (ernest robert kurciusis, damaso 

alansosa da sxvebis) SegviZlia davupirispirdeT da vTqvaT, 

rom ar arsebobs sakmao raodenobis `saerTo adgili~ (locus 

communis) literaturaSi, kacobriobis cxovrebasa da socialur 

qcevaSi, yvela epoqasa da yvela xalxSi~, 499 raTa sul 

cota mainc aikrZalos literaturuli toposebis mkacri aRricxva. 

rac Seexeba meore kritikas, erTbaSad davazustoT invariantis 

WeSmaritad `dokumenturi~ statusi: realurad, misi 

arseboba mtkicdeba sul cota or literaturasa Tu literaturuli 

faqtebis miRebul or seriaSi, rogorc heterogenebi, 

romlebic arasodes yofilan pirdapirsa Tu arapirdapir 

kontaqtSi. 

namdvili dokumenturi strategia, invariantebis CaTvliT, 

erTbaSad `zonaluri~ da `droiTia~. gamokvleva, romelic 

orientirebulia ganzogadebaze, pirvelad regionaluri 

`zonebis~ mixedviT imoqmedebs (evropuli, amerikuli 500 da a.S.) 

da gafarTovdeba ufro da ufro eqscentruli kulturuli 

zonebisaken (aRmosavleT-dasavleTi, ganxiluli, rogorc sim- 

223

oluri, ganapira sazRvrebi). vuwodoT Tu ara `faqtobriv~ 

invariants, romelic ajamebs elementebs (orsa da mraval literaturas 

Soris gadamowmebuli kontaqtebiT warmoqmnils, 

rasac etiamblic eTanxmeba) àsimptoturi~ invarianti, romelic 

aranair faqtobriv kavSirs ar gulisxmobs? magaliTad, 

tangis epoqis `preromantizmi~. 502 Tqmac ar unda, rom ar SegviZlia 

yvela SesaZlebeli invariantis mopoveba yvela literaturidan. 

magram adekvaturi momzadebiT SegviZlia vcnoT 

garkveuli invariantebi araerT literaturaSi. maSasadame, 

komparativistuli monacemi (invarianti Tu sxva) ùxvadaa~ da 

gadamowmebulia, rodesac: 1) is moicavs ori an meti zonis 

avtonomiur (ara gavlenis qveS myofs) literaturul realobebs, 

ganxiluls maT struqturebSi da ara istoriul mimar- 

TebebSi; 2) cxadhyofs erTi da igive rigis nawarmoebebs; 3) 

gadadis erTi an mravali zonidan _ yvela zonaSi, ganazogadebs, 

gvevlineba rogorc `totaluri~, raTa SeaTanxmos universaluri 

literaturis konkretuli Sinaarsi da misi globaluri 

Teoriuli gansazRvreba; 4) gamoyenebulia igive samoqmedo 

wesis mixedviT, igive meTodiT. gamokvleva imave 

cxrilis midevnebiT ufro da ufro farTo koncentrul wreebad 

gagrZeldeba da iq moipoveba moqmedebis WeSmariti `saidumlo~. 

bolos da bolos, igive dokumenturi statusi verifikaciisaTvis 

xom `droiT~ aris miniWebuli: literaturuli 

503 da komparativistuli. istoriuli tradiciis mixedviT 

is moqmedebs TaobebiT, periodebiT, epoqebiT da sxva istoriuli 

CarCoebiT. yoveli `periodizacia~ TavisTavad warmoadgens 

sqematizaciasa da ganzogadebis monaxazs, rogorc ki 

gacdeba nacionalur sazRvrebs, maT qronologiur, mkacr Car- 

Coebs, rogorc ki mxedvelobaSi miiRebs analogiebis, msgavsebebis, 

paralelebis da a.S. fenomenebs. 

g) sabolood ase gansazRvruli dokumenturi baza moiTxovs, 

rom igi specialurad morgebuli teqnikis daxmarebiT 

gamoviyenoT. faqtobrivi da raodenobiTi verifikacia gulisxmobs 

kontaqtis garkveul tips, teqstebisa da citirebuli 

da ganmartebuli teqstebis damuSavebasTan erTad. saubaria 

yovelTvis lokalizebul teqstebTan mimarTebaze, romlebsac 

aranakleb lokalizebul sxva teqstebTan ajereben. es ori 

hermenevtuli qmedeba gardauvalia. aseve, SesaZlebelia Tavidan 

aviciloT kontaqtebis darRveva teqstebTan, arafris momtani 

Teorizeba. aq ori mizezi erTiandeba: 1) imisaTvis, rom 

warmoCndes nebismieri invarianti, saWiroa teqstis an teqstebis 

citireba, romlebic mis arsebobas daadastureben; Sedegad, 

invarianti konkretdeba, iZens konkretuli magaliTis 

224

formas; 2) Zalian xilul, Zalian gamWirvale anTropologiur, 

arqetipul, miTiur doneze, invarianti xdeba ufro da ufro 

gaumWirvale, imdenad, ramdenadac naSromi konkretdeba; 

invariantis eqsplicituroba gadadis impliciturobaSi; is ar 

qreba, magram ufro rTulad SesamCnevia; es aris swored is 

momenti, roca komparativisti Teoretikosis SorsmWvreteloba 

droulad da SesaZlebeli efeqturobiT unda Caerios. 

komparativistuli poetika, Tu mas davakisrebT `mTeli~ 

universaluri literaturis Tvalis gadavlebis funqcias, 

marTlac efloba utopiasa da aporiaSi. aq ar vsaubrobT yvela 

wyaros gadaxedvaze, warmosaxviTi iqneba es Tu praqtikaSi 

gamoyenebiTi, aramed literaturis gansazRvrebis SemuSavebaze, 

rac xelmisawvdomia wyaroebis erTobaze dayrdnobiT da 

rac axleburad wyvets da amtkicebs wakiTxvis arCeul universalur 

sistemas. verifikaciis es teqnika, romelic radikalurad 

cvlis parametrebs, damokidebulia or principze (Cven 

gvjera, rom es davamtkiceT): centraluri winapiroba, rogorc 

bazisuri hipoTezis stabiluroba da mtkicebis Sekruloba. 

am TvalTaxedviT, literaturis Teoriisa da samecniero 

aRmoCenis logika da misi verifikacia 504 arsebiTad erTmaneTisagan 

ar gansxvavdeba. misi piroba amgvaria: argumentebiT, 

dokumenturi masaliT dadasturebuli struqturuli 

logika, romlis sisavse Tavad misi harmoniulobis pirdapirproporciulia. 

sxva mxriv, literaturis Teoriis gamomuSaveba 

da verifikacia erTsa da gverdigverd midian. maT aqvT 

Tanxmoba, inarCuneben mWidro dialeqtikur kavSirs. 

aTvlis wertili, yoveli verifikaciis sawyisi, aucileblad 

ganfenilia kvlevaSi (`klasikuri~ Tu `Tanamedrove~). 

amovdivarT monacemTa erTobliobidan, romelic eyrdnoba me- 

Todologiur rwmenas imisa, rom isini ewinaaRmdegebian sabaziso 

winapirobas, sawyis universalur hipoTezas. masSi formaluri 

(Tu formismieri?) winaaRmdegobis gamovlena SeuZlebelia 

da praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba yvelgan, sadac komparativistis 

kompentencia amas SesaZlebels xdis. 

amgvar kvlevas Zalauneburad virCevT da vawarmoebT reduqciuli 

badeebis daxmarebiT, vmoqmedebT daxarisxebis principiT, 

vakeTebT arCevans, romelTa wyalobiTac universaluroba 

da simbolizacia lokalizdeba. etiambli ironiiT aRniSnavda, 

rom SegviZlia vikiTxoT cxovrebis TxuTmeti weliwadi, 

anu 18262 dRe, avadmyofobisa da dasvenebis gareSe, rac, 

rasakvirvelia, `cotaa~ im erTobliobasTan SedarebiT, rasac 

yvela enaze dawerili wignebi qmnis. es niSnavs: `msoflioSi 

gaxmaurebuli aTasi cudi wignis wasakiTxad drois dakargvis 

225

nacvlad, umjobesia, SevarCioT didi nawarmoebebi. yvelaze 

xarbi mkiTxvelic ki `ver waikiTxavs xuT Tu eqvs milion 

gverdze mets~. amasTan, generalisti namdvilad aukrZalavda 

mkiTxvels `Tavisi dro umniSvnelo wignebze daekarga~. 505 

SerCeviTobis aucilebloba jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi 

dadga, 506 romlis aqtualoba miT ufro mZafria Cvens droSi, 

rodesac, garkveulwilad, Tavgzas gvibnevs literaturuli 

warmoeba, saidanac modis sxva materialuri dabrkolebac: 

universaluri literatura swrafad ìmatebs~; am raodenobrivi 

afeTqebis fonze ganzogadeba uares utopiaSi an sulac 

absurdSi CaZirvas niSnavs. maSasadame, nimuSebis gadarCevis 

gardauvalobas ver gaveqceviT. saWiroa vimoqmedoT dayofis 

principiTa da universaluri masStabis ZiebiT im teqstebis 

safuZvelze, romlebic asabuTeben centralur hipoTezas da 

legitimurs xdian universalistis induqcias. SerCeva moxdeba 

tipuri `reprezentaciulobis~, Sesabamisobis, mniSvnelobis 

kriteriumebisa da harmoniulobis mixedviT erTi sistemisa 

da erTi `modelis~ farglebSi. 

amgvari iyo `literaturis~ viTareba da aseTivea ùniversaluri 

literaturis~, rogorc `literaturis~ mdgomareoba 

XX saukunis dasasruls. amave dros, saWiroa gamoviyenoT 

Tvalsazrisi imis Taobaze, rom arsebobs `didi wignebi~, `didi 

nawarmoebebi~, rasac gansakuTrebul qeba-didebas asxamda 

anglo-saqsuri komparativizmi da rasac literaturis gansaz- 

Rvreba gverds ver auvlis, Tumca, oriode koreqtiviT: 1) is 

unda gacdes eTnocentrizmisa da evrocenrtizmis nebismier 

formas; yvela kulturul da literaturul zonaSi SearCios 

`didi~ teqstebi; 2) ganlagdes pirdapiri kontaqtebis miRma; 

ganzogadebis TiToeul mcdelobas aTvlis wertilad hqondes, 

sul mcire, ori magaliTi, ùciloblad~ sruliad sxvadasxva 

zonebidan SerCeuli. igive midgomiT isargebleben invariantebi: 

yoveli zona, sul cota, erT ìnvariant~ teqsts 

mogvawodebs; da seria SesabamisobaSi mova erTaderT TanavarskvlavedTan, 

romelic moicavs rac SeiZleba met msgavs literaturul 

monacems, da bolos, moxdeba maTi identifikacia 

da universaluri literaturis istoriaSi maT adgili mieCineba. 

rogor unda ganisazRvros epopea? Cven gamoviyenebT epopeis 

yvela mniSvnelovan nimuSs, romelsac Cveni hermenevtikuli 

meTodis saSualebiT SevarCevT. Tumca zemoTqmuls mainc 

ewinaaRmdegebian pozitivisturi, perfeqcionisturi, skeptikuri 

da rutinuli argumentebiT. saWiroa sazRvris dadeba (magram 

wmindad SezRuduli, materialuri mniSvnelobiT), radgan 

viciT, rom ufro usafrTxoa (safer) naklebis codna, vidre me- 

226

tis (sic). paskali mainc sxva azrisaa da marTalicaa: vinaidan 

ar SegviZlia viyoT universalurni da vicodeT yvelaferi, 

risi codnac SeiZleba ama Tu im sagansa Tu sakiTxze, amitom, 

saWiroa cota mainc vicodeT yvelaferze, magram es `mcire~, 

hermenevtikuli meTodis mixedviT, Rirebuli unda iyos... pozitivizmi 

gulisxmobs gadamowmebas; verifikaciis gamoricxva 

_ apriorulia. samagierod, induqciuri da hermenevtikuli 

analizi Teoriuli komparativizmis safuZvelia. 

maSasadame, ramdeni wyaro, teqsti, damowmeba unda movixmoT, 

rom seriozuli Sedegi miviRoT, vinaidan am ukanasknel 

analizSi yvelaferi dadis sakmaod elementarul kriteriumamde? 

gana ramden esTetikur citatasa Tu magaliTs gvawvdis 

kanti `gansjis kritikaSi~ an Tundac hegeli? TiTqmis 

arc erTs, an _ Zalian cotas. CvenTvis ufro axloa v.i. 

propis meTodi, romelmac Tavs neba misca da gaaanaliza rusuli 

zRaprebis SezRuduli raodenoba (asiode) da moaxerxa 

maTze mTeli zRapris Teoria aego! 

danarCeni sakontrolo korpusia mkvlevarisaTvis, magram 

misi interesi ufro Sorsac midis~, 510 rogorc goldmanis 

genetikuri struqturalizmis mkacrad dokumenturi bazis 

ganfeniloba. unda iTqvas, rom is aris Zalian SezRuduli da 

umetesad frankofonuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, literaturuli 

nawarmoebebis SezRudul raodenobaze koncentrirebuli analizi 

(yovelTvis erTi da igive nawarmoebebis sul ufro moxerxebuli 

interpretacia). 511 magram am midgomisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

aleqsandriuli formalizmis garda, swored versifikaciis 

meqanizmi TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols. 

Tu pozitivisturi refleqsia yovelTvisaa warmodgenili 

iseT saxelganTqmul folkloristTan, magaliTad, rogoric 

smiT tomsonia, romelic¿darwmunebulia, rom Cven SegviZlia 

sakiTxi ganvazogadoT zustad asi problemis gadaWriT 

an iseT gamoCenil lingvistTan, rogoricaa roman iakobsoni, 

romelic Tavs aridebs dokumentaciis seleqciur, nawilobriv, 

gamoiyenebas, 513 mainc ar aris saWiro gadavxedoT yvela 

teqsts da vicodeT yvela ena. aucilebelia praqtikaSi viyenebdeT 

erT-erT maTgans, raTa mivaRwioT im donemde, sadac 

induqcia moqmedebs da arCeuli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba Sev- 

ZloT. universaluroba, totaluroba unda veZeboT iq, sadac 

isini xelmisawvdomi da ganxorcielebulia sistemaSi an misi 

saSualebiT. da maSin ukve aRar daaxanebs ùniversaluri Sedegebi~. 

514 Tu am `daskvnebis~ arseboba damowmebulia 1,2,3 Sem- 

TxvevaSi, SegviZlia davuSvaT (zustad im momentamde, roca 

movixmobdiT materialur mtkicebulebas, romelic sawinaaR- 

227

mdego mimarTulebiT wavidoda), rom is aseve damowmebuli iqneba 

4,5,6 SemTxvevaSic. marTlac, Cven yovelTvis eqstrapolaciisa 

da ganzogadebis saSualebiT vmoqmedebT. amgvarad, unda 

mivideT gaxsnil induqciur sqemamde, romelsac SeuZlia gzadagza 

CarTos yvela nawilobrivi induqciis Tavmoyrili Tu 

Tavmosayreli Sedegebi. saubaria induqciiT dasabuTebuli 

daskvnis mopovebaze, ricxobrivad `sakmarisad cvalebadi nimuSebis~ 

safuZvelze, 515 rogorc es komparativistuli literaturis 

Teoriis sawyisebidanve viwinaswametyveleT. zemo- 

Tqmulis mixedviT, cxadia, rom `sakmarisi~ niSnavs saxeobaSi 

mocemuls _ Sesabamiss, operatiuls, sistemurs, modelizebuls, 

romlis funqcia yovelTvis evristikulia. am doneze 

citaciebis raodenoba aranair gadamwyvet rols ar TamaSobs; 

da universaluri poetika SesaZlebelia ìdealurad~ Caisaxos 

universaluri dokumentaciis mogrovebamde. miT umetes, 

rom es ukve realizebulia literturuli folkloris doneze. 

516 aristotelem SeZlo tragediis Teoria mxolod ramdenime 

berZnuli teqstis safuZvelze SeemuSavebina. magram misi 

magaliTi ar SeiZleba movixmoT evrocentrizmis mxardasaWerad, 

vinaidan: 

1. mas ar SeeZlo emoqmeda sxvagvarad, radgan xelT ar 

hqonda sxva tragediis magaliTebi; 2. Cven valdebuli ar varT 

aristoteles ase didi xnis winandeli qmedeba gavimeoroT. 

sxva mxriv, ukve viciT, rom ar SegviZlia yvela SesaZlebeli 

invariantis aRricxva (es aris sakiTxis kvanZi), aseve 

isic gasagebia, rom komparativistuli ganzogadebis yoveli 

Zalisxmeva, Tavisi bunebiT, SerCevis Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs, 

rac Ziebis yvela etapze literaturis universalobisa 

da am midgomis upiratesobis ormag gaazrebas gulisxmobs. 

magaliTad, aviRoT etiamblis ese _ ùrwmunoeba~, romelic 

CarTulia zogadi literaturis eseebSi. is iwyebs urwmunoebis 

gansazRvrebebis gadmocemiT safrangeTSi da misi saxasiaTo 

niSnebiT (= hipoTeza); Semdeg amowmebs am gansazRvrebebs 

sxva literaturebSi (=induqcia/deduqcia). amgvarad, `mTlianoba~ 

ireva komparativizmis mxedvelobis aresTan. SeuZlebelia 

(da amao) aRiweros yvela teqsti. amitomac, invarianti da 

invariantebis sistema zedmetad gafarTovdeba, rogorc ki igi 

erT an mraval terminologiur, nacionalur, esTetikur `saz- 

Rvars~ gascdeba da gaiTvaliswinebs im monacems, romelic gamonaklisis 

gareSe moipoveba yvela teqstSi (es teqstebi miekuTvneba 

Tu ukavSirdeba ganxilul kategorias da komparativistis 

gankargulebaSia). maSasadame, gulubryviloba iqneba 

228

moviTxovoT yvela SesaZlebeli invarianti, roca upirvelesad 

mxolod erTaderTi invariantisa da misi funqcionirebis 

wesis gansazRvraa saWiro. imisaTvis, rom erTi tipis invarianti 

sayovelTao masStabiT veZeboT, mniSvnelovania codna 

yvelafrisa, rac erT invariants ukavSirdeba _ es kargia, magram 

gadaWarbebuli; ukiduresobamde misuli specializacia, 

yovelgvar azrs kargavs. 517 

maSasadame, aucilebelia ori arsebiTi maCveneblis Ser- 

CeviToba, esenia: sixSire da statistika. pirveli izomeba mxolod 

gansaxilveli sistemis SigniT: amovdivarT postulatidan, 

rom invarinti aris ganmeorebuli fenomeni da sruliad 

sakmarisia misi sixSire sakuTari sistemis SigniT dadasturdes; 

meore damokidebulia procentulobasa da statistikur 

albaTobaze. `ganzogadebebs~ Soris ar arsebobs Tvisobrivi 

gansxvaveba, magram aris raodenobrivi; vTqvaT, roca ganvzogadebT 

50% Tavisufali magaliTis saSualebiT, mas SeuZlia 

miaRwios 100%-mde. igive problema dgeba lingvisturi kanonebisTvis, 

sadac vTanxmdebiT TiTqmis universaluri kanonis 

principze; rac Seexeba tipur sixSires, igi dgindeba aproqsimaciebisa 

da gamonaklisebis dasaSvebi procentulobiT. kanoni, 

romelic Sesworebebs Seicavs, ufro gamoyenebadia, vidre 

kanonis sruli ararseboba. 518 Cven ar gvesmis, Tu ratom unda 

iyos gansxvavebuli literaturis komparativistuli esTetikis 

`kanonTa~ reJimi; isini (kanonebi) unda efuZnebodnen zogad 

winadadebebs da xdebodnen gamoyenebadni rac SeiZleba 

didi raodenobis magaliTebisaTvis. davakvirdeT mniSvnelovan 

sxvaobas, rac arsebobs e.w. `filosofiur~ esTetikas, romelic 

yovelTvis aZlevs Tavs didi Teoriuli da ganmazogadebeli 

aRmafrenis nebas da e.w. `literaturuli~ esTetikis 

mokrZalebulobas Soris, romelsac Tavisi istoriuli da pozitivisturi 

memkvidreoba aferxebs. saidan modis aseTi gansxvavebuli 

midgoma, romelic sinamdvileSi arafriTaa 

gamarTlebuli? 

operacia, romelic arasdros mTavrdeba, gamudmebiT gadavaddeba 

da Cveni ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens; anu verifikacia 

SeiZleba iyos mxolod etapobrivi da, ra Tqma unda, saguldagulo. 

is mainc progresirebs, Tumca literaturis saz- 

Rvrebis SigniT (sivrculi da formaluri) da SeuCereblad 

farTovdeba sayovelTaod dadgenili daskvnis mixedviT. 519 Tavad 

invarianti, romlis struqturaSic `platoniseuls~ verafers 

vpoulobT, garkveuli raodenobis nawilobrivi, droebi- 

Ti, erTsa da imave dros eqstensiuri da intensiuri ganzogadebis 

Sedegia. rac Seexeba invariantebis aRricxvis gegmas, 

229

TavisTavad, is aris mxolod `dasawyisi yvelaze enTuziasti 

generalistis bejiTi da organizebuli mZime samuSaoebisa~ 

(etiamblis TqmiT). 520 SeiZleba viocneboT Tu ara hipereleqtronul 

xanaSi komparativistuli kompiuteriT integraluri 

aRricxvis Sesaxeb? jerjerobiT es SeuZlebelia, Tumca am 

etapze arc es hipoTeza gvWirdeba da arc muSaobis es meTodi. 

garda amisa, viciT, rom sazRvrebis dacva naklebad damaxasiaTebelia 

sakuTriv meTodebisaTvis, vidre literaturuli 

wyaroebisTvis. Tu evropuli meTodebi nawilobriv araadekvaturia 

Cinuri literaturis Sesaswavlad, 521 cxadia, yvelaze 

did dabrkolebad mainc rCeba Tavad Cinuri literaturis 

ucodinroba, rac paradigmuli situaciaa yovelmxrivi gadamowmebisaTvis. 

WeSmariti SezRudva ki sxvaganaa: Tu literaturis 

Teoriuli midgoma unda daixvewos, ar varT darwmunebulni, 

rom es ukanaskneli gauZlebs faqtebis Semowmebas an 

SeZlebs, rom damajerebeli iyos _ vinaidan yovelTvis ufro 

advilia konceptebis, programebis, literaturuli ideebis 

universalobis damtkiceba, vidre konkretuli literaturuli 

gamocdilebis universalobisa, ègzistencialurobisa~. arsebobs 

aseve didi xnis winaT gacxadebuli saSiSroeba: `Cveni 

gemovneba~ izrdeba da yvelafers moicavs, didi TavazianobiT 

Tanxmdeba yvelafers, vinaidan yvelaferi sainteresoa da cnobismoyvareobis 

aRmZvreli~. 522 magram komparativistma Teoretikosma 

ukve gaakeTa Tavisi arCevani: vidre `Seiyvarebde~, saWiroa 

Secnoba. 

230

VI 

literaturis gansazRvreba 

1. gansazRvrebis problema 

yvelaferi miiswrafvis iqiTken, rom literaturis axali 

gansazRvreba SevimuSaoT, ukeT rom vTqvaT, axali meTodi, 

romelic mTeli literaturis Teoriisa da misi ZiriTadi 

obieqtis gansazRvrebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. es axali 

midgoma nebas gvaZlevs Tavi davaRwioT literaturis tradiciul 

da Tanamedrove ganmartebebs; kidev erTxel ganvaviTaroT 

komparativistuli literaturuli azris uwyveti Zafi, 

rac Cveni mcdelobis fonia. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom dRemde ar arsebobs literaturis 

ideis istoriis aranairi sinTezi, mainc SegviZlia, Secdomis 

daSvebis riskis gareSe, uxeSad davamtkicoT gamosavlis sami 

kategoria: 1) istoriuli, anu istoriis manZilze, antikurobidan 

dawyebuli, Cvens dromde aRmocenebuli literaturis 

gansazRvrebebi. naCqarevi aRricxvis mixedviT, SeiZleba Zalian 

lakonurad gaviziaroT Semdegi mniSvnelovani safuZvlebi, 

romlebic gamomJRavndebian formaTa cvalebadobiTa da yvela 

SesaZlebel metamorfozaSi, esenia: littera (graphé) = werilobiTi 

Txzulebebis erToblioba; werilobiTi Txzulebebis erToblioba, 

sasuliero da saero (divenarum et saecularium litterarum); 

literatura, Semdeg `gramatika~ =swavleba werilobisa da 

wakiTxvisa, farTo gagebiT, `kultura~ da `filologia~, literaturis 

Seswavla; litterae humaniores; bonnes lettres; litteraria; respublica 

litteraria; mxatvrul literatura; poezia (Dictung, Dichtart, 

poetry); literaturuli xelovneba; antiliteratura (da alittérature); 

literaturis Teoria=literatura iqceva TviTrefleqsiad, 

Teoriad, kritikad, romelic gaigivebulia Tavis interpretaciasa 

da hermenevtikasTan. 1 literatura _ rogorc ìnstitucia~ 

_ `warmodgenilia~ erTi Tu mravali formiT. literaturis 

komparativistuli gansazRvra SesaZlebelia igive 

statusisaken iswrafvodes. 2) personaluri, anu romlis formulirebac 

scildeba Zvel Cveulebebs. xan intuiciuri, òriginaluri~, 

paradoqsuli, xSirad fantastikuri, xan `personaluri~ 

esTetikis sistemis CarCoSi moTavsebuli, damokidebuli 

azrovnebis sistemaze. gansazRvrebis es tipi TiTqos XIX 

saukunis dasawyisidan miiRes, magram dakvirvebuli Tvali SeamCnevs, 

rom zogierTi am ganmartebebidan (an Zalian empiri- 

231

uli, an Zalian `filosofiuri~) gaucnobierebladac ki monawileobs 

(srulad Tu nawilobriv) igive ìstoriul~ gansaz- 

RvrebaSi, rac axlaxan ganvixileT. intuiciur gansazRvrebas 

SeiZleba Tan axldes sakuTari òriginalobis~ subieqturi 

gacnobiereba, romelic realurad araferia Tu ara iluzia, 

ubralo miTi. 3) bolos, ekleqturoba, warsulSi iseve, rogorc 

Cvens droSi. ubralo, spontanuri Tu `meTodologiuri~ 

ekleqtika mainc ekleqtizmad rCeba. 

literaturis komparativistulma gansazRvrebam ama Tu 

im saxiT aucileblad unda miiRos monawileoba erT-erT am 

kategoriaSi. ekleqtizmis Tavidan acilebiT, Tavisi formulis 

Sesabamisad, is agrZelebs da aviTarebs tradiciul da 

istoriul monacemebs. magram komparativistis mier SemuSavebuli 

literaturis gansazRvreba upirvelesad mainc iswrafvis 

axali tipis gansasazRvrebisken, romelic gansxvavebulia 

imaTgan, romlebic TiTqmis yvelgan aris, komparativistuli 

saxelmZRvaneloebis CaTvliT. mas pretenzia aqvs, rom xangrZlivi 

Tu mokle drois ganmavlobaSi, gavlena moaxdinos 

literaturuli ideis istoriaze. unda aRiniSnos, rom am 

tipis gansazRvreba jerjerobiT arc Seswavlilia, arc mxedvelobaSi 

miRebuli, Tumca misi logika msgavsi iqneboda nebismieri 

sxva ganmartebisa, romelic Cvens droSi arsebobs. 

SesaZlebelia is ukeT CamovayaliboT, vidre bevri sxva, raTa 

mniSvnelovani Tu ara, gadamwyveti wvlili mainc Seitanos am 

sabaziso problemaSi. vinaidan, am konceptis amoxsnis gareSe 

Tanamedrove Teoriebidan arcerTs ar SeuZlia miuaxlovdes 

literaturul teqsts, literaturul niSans, literaturul 

struqturas da a.S. 

mTel wina TavSi (III) Cven ukve warmovaCineT mosazrebebi, 

romlebic literaturis komparativistuli Teoriis sasargeblod 

metyvelebs da isic, Tu rogor gamoiyena zogierTma komparativistma 

es proeqti. mxolod kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, 

rom literaturis komparativistuli Teoria aucileblad unda 

mivides literaturis gansazRvrebamde da rom komparativistebSi, 

romlebic am orientacias icaven, ufro da ufro 

naTlad ikveTeba misi aRiarebac; fsoni daiyvaneba gadamwyvet 

arCevanamde: aris Tu ara komparativizmi mowodebuli literaturis 

`garegnuli~ Tu `Sinagani~, heteronomiuli Tu avtonomiuri 

midgomisaken? da am hipoTezaSi, romelic sulac ar 

aris yovlismomcveli, unda darCes Tu ara adgili literaturis 

istoriis paragrafis, ganStoebisa an literaturis kritikis 

danamatisaTvis, Tu sruliad ganaxlebulma, Teoriis 

zRurbli unda gadalaxos? ukan dabrunebas azri ar aqvs. es 

232

SesaZleblobebi komparativizmis winaSe mTeli Tavisi istoriis 

manZilze idga, dawyebuli renanis epoqidan, romelsac 

`literaturaTa SedarebiTi SeswavliT~ 2 surda primitiuli 

poeziis Teoriamde misuliyo an kidev fuZemdeblebisa, romlebic 

SedarebiT literaturas ukve akavSirebdnen `literaturul 

esTetikasTan~, romelsac `saerTod literaturis 

principebi~ 3 aRmoCena evaleboda. rogorc viciT, samizne mitovebulia 

`faqtebisa~ da `kontaqtebis~ pozitivisturi komparativizmiT~, 

romelsac literaturis arsobrivi Seswavla sadavos 

xdis 4 da romelsac `literaturis mecnierebiT~ Seferili 

komparativizmi xelaxla aRmoaCens da kvlav Tavis Tavze 

iRebs. 5 rasakvirvelia, radgan is sargeblobs am SenaZeniT da 

iTvisebs mas, literaturis SedarebiTi Teoria Semoxazavs da 

gansazRvravs Tavis obieqts sxva donezec, romelsac mas sTavazoben 

da romelic literaturis ùniversalur~ realobas 

Seesabameba. 

2. gansazRvrebis doneebi 

sad aris literaturis komparativistuli gansazRvrebis 

adgili? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT arsebul mdgomareobas, iseve, 

rogorc naxseneb debatebs, SemoTavazebuli iqneba midgomis 

erTbaSad sami done da es mogvcems SesaZleblobas, jaWvis 

ori bolos SevaerToT: literaturuli nawarmoebi, nacionaluri 

literatura da universaluri literatura. individualuri 

literaturuli nawarmoebis struqtura reprezentaciulia 

(simboluri, signifikaciuri) yvela literaturuli nawarmoebisTvis: 

e.i. literaturisaTvis, mTlianobaSi. komparativistebi, 

romlebic literaturuli nawarmoebis ucvlel 

Taviseburebas qadageben (isini mravlad arian da zogjer 

àxali kritikis~ gavlenis qveS imyofebian), 6 ar acnobiereben, 

rom ganzogadebis mniSvnelobis sruli ukugdebiT, realurad 

Zirs uTxrian TavianT komparativizms da mis safuZvlebs. literatura 

rom ùnikaluri~ yofiliyo yvela sakuTar aspeqtSi, 

paralelebi, meTodebi, kavSirebi, yvelaze banaluri Sedarebebi 

_ yovelTvis obieqtis gareSe gamomJRavndebodnen, 

vinaidan yvela es operacia acalkevebs da Semoxazavs literaturis 

saerTo, unitarul elementebs da maSin, komparativizmi, 

TviT yvelaze tradiciulic ki, CixSi Segviyvanda. Tu 

naSromi marTlac `Seudarebelia~, komparativizmisa da Sedarebis 

arsebobas azri aRar aqvs. 

233

ac Seexeba nacionalur literaturebs, romelTa done 

cdeba sakuTar erTobas, universaluri literaturisaken svlas, 

aqac igive xdeba. aravin uaryofs nacionaluri literaturebis 

unikalurobasa da specifikurobas, maTi maxasiaTeblebiT, 

tradiciebiT, istoriiT. magram rogorc ki saubars viwyebT 

`literaturis~ Tvisebis amocnobasa da gansazRvraze nebismieri 

nacionaluri literaturisaTvis, iqneba es specifikuri, 

istoriuli, socialuri da sxv. gansxvavebebi meore mxares gadadis 

da adgili eTmoba struqturul Tu formismier msgavsebebs, 

Teoriul gaerTianebas, aRniSnuls gamaerTianebeli 

terminologiiT. Cven kargad vxedavT, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs 

am nabijs, rac ase SegviZlia SevajamoT: mivaRwioT literaturis 

tipologiamde, morfologiasa da zogad Teoriamde 

rac SeiZleba metad `komparativistuli~ aqcentebiT, romlebic 

ganfenilia `yvela~ literaturaSi da mzadaa sistemuri 

kvlevisaTvis. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, unda moxdes: 1) ker- 

Zodan zogadisken, literaturis obieqturad vargisi zogadi 

gansazRvrebisken svla; 2) literaturaTa erTobis, e.i. ùniversaluri 

literaturis~ asimilireba literaturaSi _ zedsarTavis 

gareSe, rac araerTgzis gavimeoreT. maSasadame, konkretulad, 

eqsperimentulad da istoriulad davadasturoT, 

rom universaluri literatura aris realoba; rom is Seadgens 

arsebiT erTobas; rom misi namdvili saxeli aris literatura; 

dabolos, misi Teoriuli realoba ver ganisazRvreba 

da ver warmoCndeba Teoriuli saSualebebis gareSe, ver iqneba 

yvelaze òbieqturi~ da yvelaze `sruli~ gansazRvreba 

sxvebTan SedarebiT. 

ai, Cven movediT erTgvar romantizmamde, momentamde, sadac 

koncepti poeziisa, Dichtung-isa, yovelTvis ufro mZlavrad, 

ufro niSandoblivad vlindeba, vidre nacionaluri specifikurobis 

koncepti; da sadac novalisis mier ukve naxsenebi 

ùniversaluri poetikis~ koncepti (Universale Poëtik) 8 xdeba 

Teoriulad misaRebi da gardauvalic ki. Tu amgvari gansaz- 

Rvreba vinmes `zedmetad farTo~, `zedmetad zogadi~ eCveneba, 

SegviZlia SevekamaToT, rom is ar aris ufro `farTo~, vidre 

hegelis, kroCes, fenomenologebis, zogierTi Tanamedrove 

struqturalistebisa da a.S. gansazRvrebebi. da rodesac zogierTebi 

acxadeben, rom am tipis gansazRvrebebi mainc `moZvelebuli~, 

`modidan gasulia~, SegviZlia maTi yuradReba mivapyroT 

imaze, rom is `moZvelebuli~, `modidan gasuli~ mxolod 

Tanamedrove neopozitivizmisaTvisaa; rom es ukanaskneli 

Tavadaa ukusvlis, modidan gasvlis procesSi, rom mas vuwodebT 

ànalitikur filosofias~, `struqturalizms~ Tu 

234

`semiotikas~ da a.S. yoveli analitikuri meTodis `bedia~, rom 

adre Tu gvian met-naklebad araaqtualuri xdeba da yvela 

SemTxvevasa Tu yvela garemoebaSi sakiTxis WeSmariti kvanZic 

aq aris: analitikuri, fragmetuli gadaWarbebani moiTxovs 

sinTezisa da totalizaciis sawinaaRmdego polusian koreqtivs. 

es aris SemTxveva, rasac swored Tanamedrove `poetikuri~ 

da/Tu `poesisTan~ dakavSirebuli kvlevebis mdgomareoba 

gamoxatavs. 

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis Teoriul-literaturuli saki- 

Txis garkveuli nivelireba Tavad universalizmis bunebrivi 

Sedegia. literaturis komparativistuli gansazRvreba aRar 

SeiZleba ganlagdes mxolod èvrocentristuli~ da `provinciuli~ 

literaturebis doneze. amave dros, is mxedvelobaSi 

miiRebs (Cven ukve aRvniSneT amis Sesaxeb) `mcire~ da `sustad 

ganviTarebul~ literaturebs imisTvis, rom moiZios, Tu ras 

niSnavs literatura (rogoradac is SemoisazRvra Cvens samu- 

Sao hipoTezebSi) mesopotamiaSi, afrikaSi, indoeTSi, CineTsa 

Tu iaponiaSi. 9 rac Seexeba `literaturis mecnierebas~, rac 

jer kidev namdvilad `dasavluria~, Tavis mxriv, iswrafvis 

ùniversalobisken~ (germanuli terminologiiT, abendländische 

Literaturwissenschaft-idan Weltliteraturwissenschaft-isken). 10 bolo periodis 

daskvnebi, romlebic aqeTkenaa mimarTuli _ momravlda. 

es amtkicebs, rom literaturis Teoriam, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, 

unda Seicvalos profili da, ase vTqvaT, Ria zRvaSi 

`gavides~: marTlac, new criticism-i aris ànglocentristuli, 

provinciulic ki~ (rene ueleki amas aRiarebs 11 ), maSin, rodesac 

laTinuri amerikis literatura veRar itans èvrocentrizmis~ 

kategoriebad dayofil da reduqciul Teoriul 

cxrilebs, 12 afrikuli romani aRar Seesabameba dasavlur `koloniur~ 

gansazRvrebebs 13 da a.S. yovelive es Zalian marTebulia. 

mxolod erTi, Tumca aranakleb saWiro SesworebiTa Tu 

dazustebiT: aucilebeli ar aris ama Tu im qveynis legitimuri 

swrafvebis gardaqmna/Secvla, romlebic sapirispiro mimarTulebiT, 

e.i. yovelgvari realuri universalizmis sapirispirod 

moqmedeben. 

WeSmariti ùniversaluri poetika~ _ lingvistikuri saz- 

Rvrebis miRma _ SeiZleba Camoyalibdes zustad sami kondiciiT: 

1) upirveles yovlisa, daTanxmdes am hipoTezas da aiRos 

igi, rogorc aTvlis wertili; 2) moaxdinos misi verifikacia 

aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis Teoriul-literaturuli invariantebis 

daxmarebiT; 3) Seamowmos is ormxrivi omologaciiT, 

aRmosavluri da dasavluri poetikebis orive mimarTulebiT, 

e.i. ori zonis poetikebis `saerTo~ elementebiT. es aris 

235

problema, romlis koreqtul sazRvrebSi ganlageba delikaturobas 

moiTxovs. rasakvirvelia, Tavidan unda aviciloT nebismieri 

zedmeti unifikacia, mxedvelobaSi miviRoT yvela arsebiTi 

gansxvaveba. magaliTad, mxatvruli erTobis harmoniulobis, 

erTiani struqturis cnebebi (shape, model, plot, mythe) 

arasodes figurirebs klasikuri Cinuri kritikis principebs 

Soris. magram, sxva mxriv, epikuri Janris yvela `dasavluri~ 

gageba funqcionalurad gvevlineba epikuri poeziis Cinur 

klasikur TeoriaSi. 14 

aseve, davimaxsovroT, rom yoveli midgoma midis dasavleTidan 

aRmosavleTisaken da, piriqiT, aucileblad gamodis 

(orive mxridan) monacemTa seriidan, rac Teoriul-kulturuli 

da specifikuri terminologiuri situaciebiTaa gapirobebuli. 

15 rogorc aravis SeuZlia gaeqces Tavis aCrdils, aseve 

xdeba komparativistuli literaturis Teoriis sferoSi. tradiciebi 

da kulturuli da terminologiuri konvenciebi Zalian 

mZlavri rCeba, xolo maTi cxrilebi _ ganmsazRvreli. 

aRmosavluri teqstebi yovelTvis ikiTxeba dasavluri kategoriebis 

daxmarebiT, radgan gamoiyeneba ganmazogadebeli homologiebi, 

reduqciebi da gamartivebebi. amgvar faqts vxedavT 

Cinur poeziasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic SgviZlia movargoT 

aristotelur 16 Tu iaponur gansazRvrebas, sadac 

gvxvdeba `kurtuazuli siyvarulic~ 17 da a.S. Tavad àRmosavluri 

literaturis~ konceptebic asi procentiT dasavluria, 

rac xels ar uSlis mas, rom Zalian legitimuri iyos. etiamblis 

mosazrebebi tanis xanis poetebis `preromantizmze~ 

zogierTs SeiZleba paradoqsulad moeCvenos, iqneb `yuriT 

moTreulad~, naZaladevadac. Tumca 1799 wlidan 18 fr. Slegelis 

mier 19 firdousis `Sah-name~ gamocxadebuli iyo ìse romantikulad~ 

(so romantic), rogorc aRmosavluri poezia mTlianobaSi 

(Zalian maRal safexurzec ki). es aris is, rac Zalian 

bunebrivad gveCveneba da mTlianad Tavsdeba ègzotikuris~ 

miRebis logikaSi. Tu Cven daveTanxmebiT romantizmis 

mTel evropaSi gamosadeg 20 romeliRac gansazRvrebas, is aseve 

gamoyenebadi iqneba mTels msoflioSi, sadac igive Tvisebebi 

moiniSneba da Sedegad, amoicnoba. 

ùniversaluri poetikis~ SemuSaveba mihyveba igive gansjas: 

poezia, rogorc àrsi~, `buneba~, `struqtura~ da a.S. (terminologia 

icvleba adgilobrivi poetikebis mixedviT) yvelgan 

igivea, xolo misi `principebi~ Tu `Zirebi~ _ universaluri. epikuri 

poezia aris `Ziri da dasabami mTeli poeziisa~, bunebrivi 

lirizmi afuZnebs `poezias yvelgan~ (überall) (fr. Slegelis 21 

citaciiT, romelic am universalisturi poetikis didi wina- 

236

morbedia). sxvaTa Soris, zogierTi komparativizmis sul pirveli 

programuli teqstebi evropul great epic‐is Teorias indur 

epopeebTan igive `poetikuri~ homologiiT akavSirebda. 22 

`literaturis zogadi principebi~ gulisxmobs evropuli da 

araevropuli literaturebidan safuZvliseuli sakiTxebis wina 

planze wamowevas, igive programis mixedviT. 23 

rodesac komparativistuli azrovneba intensiurdeba, er- 

Tgvari pirveladi sicxade ufro da gansakuTrebulad uZlurs 

xdis `dasavlur~ literaturul Teorias. ra Tqma unda, 

saubaria ara sapirispiro eqskluzivizmis xelSewyobaze, aramed 

`didi xalxebis~ regionaluri normebis uaryofaze, rac 

universaluri literaturis normebSia ayvanili. 24 principebi, 

romlebic ùniversalurad~ miiCneva, erTdroulad iTxovs 

ipso facto verifikacias evropaSi, aziaSi, amerikaSi da aseve relativizmisaken 

mimarTul qmedebas. marTlac, zogierTi literaturuli 

Janri, maTi Teoriis CaTvliT, zogjer ukeT aris 

warmodgenili aRmosavleTSi, vidre dasavleTSi, magaliTad, 

elegia (Cinuri). 25 am orientaciis sasargeblod unda aRiniSnos, 

rom SedarebiTi literaturuli Teoria ufro da ufro 

miiswrafvis erTobisaken, ganzogadebisa da universalurobisaken. 

etiambli aq citirebulia araerTgzis, rogorc azrovnebis 

metri da amosavali wertili. 26 maSasadame, literaturis 

Teoria aRar unda iyos damyarebuli `samrevlo~ safuZvlebze, 

ori an sami literaturis gamocdilebaze; nacionaluri 

literaturebi, afrikuli da sxvebi, wamoWrian igive 

problemebs, rasac evropuli. Tu vlaparakobT WeSmaritad 

zogad literaturaze, araevropuli literaturebi ar unda 

movisroloT; magaliTad, novelis gansazRvreba unda gafar- 

Tovdes ara mxolod afrikuli magaliTebiT, aramed induriT, 

CinuriT, indoneziuriT, amerikuliT da a.S. konfliqti Zvelsa 

da Tanamedroves, normebsa da inovaciebs Soris azrs iZens, 

Tu mas mivedevnebiT aRmosavleTSic, vinaidan is siRrmiseulad 

gansazRvravs universaluri literaturuli procesis 

erT-erT arsebiT aspeqtTagans, saidanac Cven vadgenT ekvivalentobas 

rusi formalistebis ostranenie-sa (`gaucnaureba~) da 

ck'i-is (`marvel-lous~, òdd~, `partikularized~) Cinur klasikur poetikas 

Soris 27 da cxadi xdeba, rom meTodi praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba. 

rasakvirvelia, mtkicebuleba, romelsac gansakuTrebuli 

siRrmeebisaken mivyavarT, amieridan mxedvelobaSi unda mivi- 

RoT: garkveuli niSnebi miuTiTeben, rom ùniversaluri poetikis~ 

hipoTeza winaswarganWvretili iyo aRmosavleTSic da 

rac Zalian mniSvnelovania ¿_ didi xnis win. Tu Cven mivmar- 

TavT averoess, romelic aristoteles 28 komentirebisas saub- 

237

obda `zogadad poeziis universalur wesebze, romelic saerToa 

sxvadasxva erovnebisaTvis~, an ibn qoTaibas, romlis- 

Tvis poezia iyo ùniversaluri ZRveni~, Seqmnili `yvela xalxisaTvis~, 

29 an gavixsenebT Cinuri wen-is (damwerloba, stili, 

literaturis ganuyofeli sxeuli) globalur cnebas, cxadi 

gaxdeba, rom poetikis universalurobis idea ukve karga xnis 

win iyo nawinaswarmetyvelebi. maSasadame, sworedac misaRebia, 

rom Tanamedrove aRmosavleli esTetikosebi _ romlebic dasavleTsa 

Tu aRmosavleTSi iRvwian _ enobrivi da kulturuli 

konteqstualuri gansxvavebebis miRma xelmeored adastureben 

(da gadaWriTac) literaturis arsebiTi erTobis igive 

princips. ueWvelia, arsebobs `literaturebi~, 30 magram aseve, 

arsebobs `literatura~. 30 es cneba Cinuri kritikis klasikosis, 

kerZod, liu ses naSromSi _ literaturis drakonis nawilebi 

31 _ pirdapir dakavSirebuli da eqspliciturad asimilirebulia 

`yvela literaturul TxzulebasTan~. maSasadame, 

Cven ver vityodiT, rom Cinelebi analogiebs pouloben mxolod 

sxva kulturebSi da mxolod dasavluri sinologiis 32 

gavlenis gamo, rac, cxadia, Zalian mZlavrad arsebobs `modernistul 

da axlandel epoqaSi~. sxva mxriv, es aris periodi, 

sadac Cven momswreni vxdebiT igive universaluri literaturis 

realobisa da Tanaziarobebis Secnobisa, ideologiuris 

CaTvliT, `revoluciurisac~ ki, kerZod, hu sesa da 

sxvaTa 33 TxzulebebSi. rac Seexeba aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 

paralelizmebs literaturuli Teoriis dargSi (simbolizmi, 

formalizmi, esTetizmi da a.S.), aRmosavleli mkvlevarebis 

mxridan igi moiazreba da gamarTlebas poulobs mxolod 

`literaturisa~ da `poetikis~ konceptebis garemoSi, rac ufro 

xSirad implicituria, xolo misi safuZveli _ universaluri, 

miuxedavad garkveuli winaaRmdegobebisa. 35 

mTeli am Teoriuli konfrontaciebis gamokveTili morali 

aris is, rom `literaturis evropuli idea~, iseTi, rogorsac 

mas Tanamedrove epoqa gvTavazobs, cxadia, Sesworebas, 

gafarToebas, gamdidrebas da, sabolood, gadasinjvas moiTxovs 

(Tu aris amis adgili da adgili TiTqmis yovelTvisaa) 

iaponuri Tu laTinuri amerikis magaliTebiT 36 da a.S. ma- 

Sinac, roca `literaturis koncepts~ mxolod pirobiTad, empiriulad, 

araanalitikurad viyenebT da vamjobinebT iseT cnebebs, 

rogoricaa `damwerloba~, `teqsti~ Tu `niSani~, lokalizaciisa 

da universaluri verifikaciis problema am SemTxveveb- 

Sic wamoiWreba, rasac kidev erTxel mivyavarT ùniversaluri 

literaturisken~, rogorc `literaturisa~ da mTel misi sinonimebisagan 

damoukidebeli operatiuli bazisaken. 

238

3. gansazRvrebis alternativebi 

maSasadame, saWiroa vicodeT, Tu ra aris literatura 

da ratomaa, rom misi gansazRvreba yovelTvis saZiebelia. 

amasTan, es gaxlavT TviT literaturis SedarebiTi Teoriis 

dasasrulic. magram, rogor avagoT aseTi gansazRvreba, roca 

literaturuli gansazRvrebebi integralurad arc erTi 

`klasikuri~ tipisken ar miemarTebian? arsebiT problemad 

rCeba komparativistul perspeqtivaSi SemuSavebuli literaturis 

nebismieri SesaZlo gansazRvrebis pirobebis dadgena. 

aq ar vsaubrobT universaluri gansazRvrebis gamoWedvaze, 

romelic erTxel da samudamodaa mocemuli, aramed gadawyvetilebebis 

miRebis im pirobebze, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli 

iqneboda komparativistuli TvalTaxedviT misaRebi 

ganmarteba, misi gadmocema da yvela specifikur garemoebaSi 

gadamowmeba. amgvari wamowyeba SesaZleblad gvesaxeba 

mxolod hipoTezur mdgomareobaSi da ara, rogorc saboloo 

pasuxi. is `Sesamowmebeli~ rCeba `literaturis mecnierebis~ 

aqtualuri moTxovnebis mixedviT, romelic erTdroulad empiriulicaa 

da Teoriulic. maSasadame, saWiroa vcadoT mcire 

komparativistuli `meTodis diskursi~, vnaxoT, rogor 

ìqmneba~ am tipis gansazRvreba, ras gulisxmobs misi `xerxebi~ 

da ra TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba is literaturis sxva, ukve 

arsebuli Tu warmosaxviTi gansazRvrebebisagan. es gaxlavT 

literaturis gansazRvrebis istoriuloba, romelic pirvel 

rigSia mxedvelobaSi misaRebi. es aris ormagi istoriuloba: 

1) specifikuri mdgomareoba Teoretikosi komparativistisa, 

romelic SeimuSavebs amgvar gansazRvrebas, mocemuls zust 

istoriul, ideologiur, kulturul momentSi da romlis pirobiToba 

ganmsazRvreli iqneba; 2) Tavad literaturis ideis 

evolucia, gansazRvruli Tavisi ganviTarebis aranakleb zust 

momentSi. literturis idea aris istoriuli procesis nayofi, 

daqvemdebarebuli Tavad istoriul Teorizaciaze, ris Sedegadac 

axali sinTezebi da axali literaturuli realobebi 

erTmaneTs uwyvet seriad mihyveba. maSasadame, saWiroa yovelTvis 

vikiTxoT: vis mier, visTvis, ra momentSi da romel 

mocemul mdgomareobaSi Camoyalibda gansazRvreba. 37 

maSasadame, pirveli moqmedeba (Tumca is arasodes iyo 

moqmedi dRevandelobamde), Tu es SesaZlebeli iqneboda, aris 

literaturis gansazRvrebebis sruli inventarizacia, maTi 

dajgufeba tipur gansazRvrebebad da `Cvens~ mier ukanasknelad 

SemuSavebuli (aseve istoriulad `daTariRebuli~) gansazRvrebis 

moTavseba am erTobaSi. male SevamCnevT, rom `Cve- 

239

ni~ gamosavali (aRiarebuli, rogorc `personaluri~) realurad 

araferia, Tu ara CarCoSi, raRac sazomSi, ukve mocemuli 

gansazRvrebis tipSi Casma an masSi monawileoba; realurad aq 

saubaria ukve gacxadebul mraval gamosavals Soris arsebul 

gardauval arCevanze. Cven isev da isev vxvdebiT invariantul 

viTarebaSi, romelsac marTavs garkveuli raodenobis istoriul-literaturuli 

invariantebi. Tu miviRebT universaluri 

sabaziso ritorikis hipoTezas (common ground), 38 ratom ar unda 

vaRiaroT aseve literaturis universaluri Teoria? literaturis 

is gansazRvrebac ki, romelic subieqturi TvalsazrisiT, 

àvangardulad~ warmogvidgeba, mxolod ramdenime 

mudmivi elementis axal kombinaciaa. es aris mdgomareoba, 

romlis literaturuli suli ukve didi xania gacnobierebulia. 

39 am dargSi arsebuli miTi gadaxrili originalobis Sesaxeb, 

romelic realurad `fsevdo-originalobaa~, unda ugulvebelvyoT. 

swrafva tipizaciisken, romlis struqtura gulisxmobs 

saerTo niSnebis amocnobas, ganzogadebisken gvibiZgebs. 

rogorc ki daviwyebT moqmedebas kategoriis CarCoSi moTavsebiTa 

da swored tipis daqvemdebarebiT, monacemebi TavisTavad 

Semobrundeba Sedarebis, mudmivobis, msgavsebisa da ganzogadebis 

mimarTulebiT. 

centraluri hipoTezis Careva, matriculi koncepti _ 

ukve Semdeg unda movixmoT. erTdroulad personalizebuli 

da istoriulad warmodgenili es hipoTeza warmoSobs literaturis 

yoveli gansazRvrebis Teoriuli elementebis seleqciasa 

da dajgufebas. swored is uZRvis win am operaciebs, 

romelic Tavis adgils miuCens yvela mtkicebulebas da formulis 

SemuSavebisaken mivyavarT. xelmisawvdom gamosavalTa 

Soris igi SearCevs gamorCeulad `komparativistuls~. yvelaferi 

unda gavakeToT srulyofili aRwerisaTvis. Tu prekoncepti 

icvleba, aseve Seicvleba literaturis gansazRvrebac. 

`literatura~ SeiZleba niSnavdes an dawerili Txzulebebis 

mTlianobas (yvela faseuli ganxilvisa Tu esTetikuri teleologiis 

miRma) an dawerili Txzulebebis mTlianobas, damokidebuls 

literaturul xelovnebaze: aq saubaria mniSvnelovan 

aqsiologiur mutaciaze, rac niSnavs, rom sinamdvileSi 

yoveli gansazRvreba winaswaraa gansazRvruli, Tu ar vityviT, 

rom wmindad da martivad mocemuli; da rom literatura 

aris yovel wamsa da momentSi winaswargansazRvruli, da igi 

aRniSnavs imas, rasac gvsurs, rom aRniSnavdes; mokled, is er- 

Tsa da imave dros aris saboloo, èleuri~ da ìstoriuli~. 

paradoqsi mxolod moCvenebiTia. erTi mxriv, vinaidan 

`yvelaferi naTqvamia~ (invariantebis adre gaanalizebuli lo- 

240

gikis mixedviT), literaturis axali gansazRvrebebi mxolod 

ajamebs da gadaarCevs winamaval mniSvnelobebs. zogierTebs 

amoaklebs _ mTlianad an nawilobriv, xolo zogierTebs _ 

imeorebs, aseve mTlianad Tu nawilobriv. sxva mxriv, literaturuli 

naSromebis umetesoba arsebiTad axals arafers avlens; 

maSasadame, literaturis gansazRvrebaSi isini mniSvnelovnad 

arafers cvlian an es cvlilebebi Zalian iSviaTia. 

aqedan gamomdinare, ukve miRebuli yvela gansazRvreba, Tavis- 

Tavad, xangrZlivi droiT arsebobs. Sedegad viRebT imas, rom 

literaturis globalurad aRiarebuli gansazRvreba, Tavisi 

tipuri instanciebis erTobliobis doneze, erT adgilze ga- 

Cerdeba da erTgvar Teoriul `stasad~ gardaiqmneba, xolo 

literaturasa da literaturis TeoriaSi yvelaferi potenciurad 

ìdenturi~ iqneba. amgvarad, literaturuli kvlevis 

istorizmi kvlavac CamorCeba arsebiTi kuTxiT. naTelia, rom 

istoriuli monacemi ar amowuravs `literaturis~ mTel Sinaarss. 

da Teoriul komparativizms, iseTs, rogorsac warmovidgenT, 

bolos da bolos, SeuZlia SemogvTavazos poetikis 

istoria/arsis 40 tradiciuli konfliqtidan gamosavali. 

yvelaferi es met-naklebad vicodiT. samagierod, universaluri 

literaturis hipoTezis aReba aTvlis wertilad 

(rogorc literaturisa, geografiuli da istoriuli specifikis 

gareSe) imas niSnavs, rom literaturis ideasa da gansazRvrebas 

sul sxva ganzomileba mivceT. vinaidan yoveli 

gansazRvreba mocemuli elementebis daxmarebiT Tu misgan 

gamomdinare moqmedebs, saWiroa am elementebis Tavmoyra Cveni 

miznis Sesabamisi midgomiT. is miemarTeba universalurobisaken 

or doneze, kerZod: komparativistuli Teoriis doneze, 

romelic gansazRvravs mis pozicias am konceptis mimarT, 

romlis mniSvneloba konkretdeba nebismieri xelaxali formulaciis 

WrilSi da ùniversaluri literaturis~ obieqturad 

gansazRvruli konceptis Tanamedrove statusis doneze. 

Sedegad, hipoTeza iqneba am ori sibrtyis geometriuli adgili: 

istoriul gzaze, TiToeuli misi sinTezis mwvervalze 

Tavsdeba `Cveni~ hipoTeza, romlis obieqtia igive literatura 

(universaluri). yvelaferi, rac amas mosdevs, uCvenebs, Tu 

rogor muSavdeba is literaturis SedarebiTi Teoriis dargSi 

da ra Sedegebi SuZlia mogvces. meTodis es punqti gadamwyvetad 

meCveneba, vinaidan igi arsebiT sirTules gvaSorebs: 

saWiroa literaturis gansazRvreba aTvlis wertilad mivi- 

RoT. damaxinjebuli wre SeiZleba gawydes mxolod im arCevaniT, 

romelic erTdroulad upiratesobas mianiWebs aTvlis 

wertilsa da induqciur ganzogadebas, damkvidrdeba universa- 

241

lurSi da gamoitans misgan gamomdinare daskvnebs. yovelive 

amaSi araferia WvretiTi da dogmaturi, piriqiT, yovelTvis 

eqsperimentulia da deduqciuri. 

mesame piroba, romelsac literaturis gansazRvreba sa- 

Tanadod unda asrulebdes, aris is, rom hqondes mkafiod Camoyalibebuli 

azri `ganzogadebebis~ Sinaarsisa da funqciis 

Sesaxeb, rasac igi Tavis TavSi atarebs. saqme exeba Teoriul, 

zogad struqturas, agebuls imiT, rasac `Teoriul-literaturul~ 

viTarebaSi invariantebi vuwodeT. maTi identifikacia, 

verifikacia, dajgufeba da gamoyeneba niSnavs, rom sabolood 

miviRoT literaturis gansazRvreba, romelic literaturis 

(universaluri) Teoriuli modelis tolfasi iqneboda. 

Tumca misi detalurad warmoCena da ageba jer kidev adreulia 

Ziebebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobisTvis, Tumca mainc SesaZlebelia 

ganvsazRvroT yvelaze zogadi Strixebis monaxazi, 

romelsac literaturis gansazRvreba atarebs. aseve gansazRvroT 

misi struqtura da asparezi. 

SegviZlia gamovideT hipoTezidan _ romelic erTdroulad 

konstataciacaa da sabaziso monacemic _ rom literaturas 

marTavs normebisa da Rirebulebebis eqsplicituri Tu 

implicituri sistema, romlis meqanizmi da safuZveli mas amkvidrebs 

da mis ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs. midgoma, rac 

ukavSirdeba am fundamentur mdgomareobas, gansazRvravs or 

yvelaze zogad Teoriul-literaturuls invariants, romel- 

Ta amocnobac SegviZlia: 1. mocemuli normebi da imitaciisa 

da ganmeorebis procesi gadmocemulia SeTanxmebebiT, `kanonebiT~, 

`klasicizmebiT~. 2. rodesac normebi ukve miuRebelia, 

Teoriuli reaqciebi imosaven winaaRmdegobis, dekanonizaciis, 

araakademiuri polemikis formas, maSin, rodesac `SemoqmedTa~ 

reaqcias uwodeben gadaxrebs, gansxvavebebs, inovaciebs. es 

ori midgoma urTierTmonacvle, alternatiuli da wriulia. 

isini avlenen permanentul konfliqts, kerZod: Tavisufleba/ 

SezRudva, inovacia/tradicia, siaxle/konformizmi, àvantiura~/`wesrigi~. 

aRniSnul invariantSi monawileobs swrafad 

tipizebuli da WeSmarit kliSeebad qceuli misi formulirebebi 

da maT iyeneben poetikosebic da komparativisti Teoretikosebic: 

`yoveli mwerali eqceva modelebis seriis CarCoSi, 

raTa praqtikaSi ganaxorcielos igi, gardaqmnas an ukuagdos~. 

41 Cveni ganzraxva sulac ar aris am istoriulobis gadakeTeba 

(operacia, romelic Rirda Zalisxmevad), aramed mxolod 

garkveuli saorientacio niSnebis moniSvna. 

242

imisaTvis, rom SemovisazRvroT `moderniT~, cxadia, unda 

gavixsenoT `formalisturi~ Ddaskvnebi moxsenebidan sityva/ 

ena, romelic literaturazea misadagebuli, sadac saubaria 

konfliqtze, erTi mxriv, àrsebul normasa~ da, meore mxriv, 

ìndividualur formulirebebs~ Soris, 42 struqturuli da 

Seurigebeli antagonizmi àrqaistebsa~ da `novatorebs~ Soris. 

axal formulirebaSi, sadac axali araferia, ufro metad 

gvxvdeba ìdenturobisa~ da winaaRmdegobis esTetikas 

Soris konfrontacia da opozicia, romelic TamaSad gardaiqmneba. 

43 universalur literaturaze gavrcelebuli igive kanoni 

fenomenebsa da `pirvelad~ (pirvelwyaroebi, nimuSebi) da 

`meorad~ literaturebs (Targmani, gavlena, da a.S.) identuri 

sqemis (romelsac xangrZlivi tradicia aqvs) mixedviT mar- 

Tavs; es sqemaa: kanonizebulisa da arakanonizebulis mimarTeba, 

rac maRali/dabali rigisaa. 44 universaluri literatura 

farTo asparezs uxsnis am dakvirvebas, romlis stereotipi 

mxolod situaciis ucvlelobas gadmogvcems. maSasadame, am 

TvalTaxedviT, SesaZloa `literaturas~ ewodos am konfliqtis 

morfologia da tipologia, rac zepiri da werilobiTi 

Semoqmedebisa da maTi Rirebulebebis sistemis donezea 

ganlagebuli. 

roca komparativistebi da komparativisti Teoretikosebi 

igive problemas awydebian, TiTqosda, orientaciebi gaziarebulia. 

erTi mxriv, arsebobs met-naklebad empiriuli midgoma, 

romelic personaluri induqciur-deduqciuri gadamowmebebiT 

mTavrdeba, meore mxriv, gamzadebul sqemas pirdapir sesxuloben. 

cxadia, rom pirveli tendencia ufro nayofieria, vinaidan 

is gvTavazobs universaluri literaturis erTianobaSi 

gamokvlevas, 45 romlis Sedegebi `moZiebulia~ teqstebsa da 

pirdapir literaturul eqsperimentebze dayrdnobiT. rodesac 

goeTe da valeri SemoqmedebiTi emansipaciis SezRudvaze 

saubrobdnen, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom orive amas saqmis 

codniT akeTebdnen. etiamblisTvis, rogorc komparativist generalistisTvis, 

Cinuri magaliTi garkveul rols or SemTxvevaSi 

TamaSobs. erTi mxriv, savsebiT marTalia, rom Cineli 

klasikosi poetebi (bolos da bolos, klasikosi poetebis 

SemTxvevaSi es yvelgan xdeba) `garkveul kanonebs emorCilebian~. 

sxva mxriv, Tu Zveli klasikosebis wesebi `kargia~, maTi 

meTodi ar Seesabameba Cvens saukunes da ìsini, romlebic gadawyvetdnen 

maT kvaldakval evloT, veranair warmatebas ver 

miaRwevdnen~. `yovelTvis ar vikargebiT, roca gakvalul gzas 

vcildebiT da yvelas SeuZlia riskze wavides, Tu safrTxes 

ar SeuSindeba~. 46 mokled, Tu SegviZlia fons formebiTa da 

243

normebiT gavideT, `WeSmarit Semoqmedebs~ ZaluZT maTi dar- 

Rveva, risi gakeTebac araerTxel mouxerxebiaT kidec~. 47 es 

aris Tavad WeSmariteba. da saWiroa madlobeli viyoT yvela 

im adamianis, vinc naTels hfens amave procesis universalur 

parametrebs _ im procesisa, romelic baZavs sxvebs (evropuli 

modeli/reorganizacia, autoxtonuri/nacionaluri) da gamyarebulia 

Cinuri, ebrauli 48 Tu sxva magaliTebiT. 

hipoTeza, Tundac is yovelTvis TamaSobdes garkveul 

rols, Cven mainc vgrZnobT, rom am viTarebaSi mxolod sabaziso 

orientacias iZleva. yvelaferi danarCeni ki TiTqos Sesabamisadaa 

aRmoCenili. es mdgomareoba gansxvavdeba (miuxedavad 

sqemebis simtkicisa da damowmebebis seriozulobisa) imisagan, 

rac, magaliTad, i. lotmanis skolisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. 

49 am avtors avangardis esTetikis mTavari principi 50 

gadaaqvs literaturul teqstebsa da aseve Zvelis/axlis Zalian 

tradiciul dialeqtikaze, rac, upirvelesad, mis sawyisebSivea 

mosaZiebeli. 51 odnav gansxvavebul formulaciaSi, 

romelic, amave dros, `komparativistuli~ aTvlis wertiliT 

sargeblobs, am `kanons~ deformacia/organizacia 52 ewodeba. es 

aris erT-erTi arsebiTi mamoZravebeli Zala literaturuli 

evoluciisa, romlis ukanasknelad SemoTavazebuli modeli _ 

igive nayofier komparativistul perspeqtivaSi 53 _ ufro kompleqsuri 

da srulia, vidre rusi formalistebis winamavali 

modeli. 

amgvarad Cafiqrebuli literaturis gansazRvreba damokidebulia, 

aseve, terminologiur SeTanxmebaze. es aris verbaluri 

modelis mier miRebuli winaswari piroba, romelic amtkicebs 

ara realia-s mixedviT, aramed nomina‐s mixedviT, es 

aris konvencia, romelic Tavs obieqturobad miiCnevs, anu aRniSnuli 

da gadamowmebulia uamrav teqstSi. maSasadame, amgvari 

gansazRvreba mxedvelobaSi miiRebda: 1) yvela Teoriul 

mniSvnelobebs da yvela literaturul-Teoriul invariantebs, 

romlebic SegviZlia amovicnoT, vaRiaroT, gavaanalizoT, 

raTa maTgan davtovoT mxolod realurad cnobili 

elementebi, romlebsac ufro xSirad iyeneben TviT yvelaze 

bundovansa da yvelze elementarul gansazRvrebebSi; 2) mTel 

msoflioSi Sekrebili yvela teqsti Tu fragmenti, romlebic 

upasuxebdnen _ terminologiuri SeTanxmebis igive aqtiT _ 

Teoriul mniSvnelobas, terminologiurs, nominalurs, gaziarebuls 

lirizmis, romanis, novelis SemTxvevaSi da a.S. 

am or garemoebaSi saubaria narCen produqtze. misi rezultatia 

saerTo mniSvnelis/niSnis arseboba sayovelTaod 

aRiarebul Teoriul gansazRvrebebSi, rac mxedvelobaSi mi- 

244

iReba da miiRweva teqstebisa da am Teoriuli gansazRvrebebis 

SepirispirebiT. es aris formula (invariantis SemTxveva 

identuria), romelsac SeuZlia, Tavi mouyaros da gansaz- 

Rvros universalurad Semowmebadi yvelaze meti mTavari da 

mudmivi literaturuli elementebi. maSasadame, `kanonieri~ 

gansazRvreba ori aRmdgeni moZraobis _ terminologiurisa 

da teqstualuris urTierTkveTaSia. saWiroa ori sityviT gavixsenoT 

misi istoriuli mdgomareoba: es aris gansazRvreba, 

Teoretikosebis mier konkretul istoriul momentSi, sityvis 

semantikuri evoluciis aranakleb specifikur etapze warmodgenili, 

romelic aseve personaluri, kulturuli, nacionaluri 

ìstoriis~ wiaRSia. erTi sityviT, literatura ganisazRvra 

X epoqaSi, Semcvelia Y modalobisa, Seqmnilia Z-is 

mier. sixSirisa (simravle, simcire) da gavrcelebis maCvenebeli 

meorexarisxovania. is arsebiTs ar exeba. 

aseve, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT literaturis gansaz- 

Rvrebis `sistemuri~ mdgomareoba. misi siswore misive vargisianobis 

tolfasia sistemis SigniT, `modelirebis~ zRvarze. 

es sistema aris literaturis SedarebiTi Teoriis sistema, 

romlis SemoTavazebebis erToba Sekrul mTlianobas Seadgens. 

misi elementebi erTmaneTs ormxrivad efuZneba funqciur 

urTierTdamoukideblobaSi, sadac sabaziso principebi 

yvela Sedegs amarTlebs. gamartiveba, gaerTgvarovneba da gamamdidrebuli 

sinTezi, uflebamosilebas gvaniWebs globalurad 

vifiqroT literaturaze, rogorc universalur erTobaze, 

adgilobrivi specifikurobis antinomiuri elementebis 

miRma. es gansazRvreba literaturis sinqronuli da wriuli 

kiTxvis produqtia _ literaturisa, rogorc ZiriTadi ucvlelobisa. 

ucvlelobaSi vgulisxmobT ganmeorebas, maSasadame, 

literaturuli fenomenebisa da ideebis wriulobas. winamorbedTa 

nebismieri aRricxva, invariantebis topoi, SesaZlebelia 

erTiani da wriuli stabiluri sistemis SigniT. WeSmaritad, 

cneba _ literaturuli `sistema~ _ axlaxan aRmoCenili 

ar aris. is Zalian kargadaa cnobili, magaliTad, formalistebisTvis. 

54 igi zedapirze amodis komparativistuli orientaciis 

Tanamedrove literaturis TeoriaSi, sadac `gvaqvs pretenzia, 

mTeli literaturuli sistemidan, sul mcire, erTi 

seria mainc gamovyoT~. 55 Tumca sistemis cneba literaturis 

gansazRvrebis amowurvamde gafarToebuli ar yofila. magram, 

vinaidan yvela gansazRvreba pirobiTia sistemis SigniT, ratom 

ar unda davuSvaT, aseve, am saxis komparativistuli 

konvencia? 

245

amgvari universalisturi nabiji, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT 

(III paragrafi), kargad SemuSavebul ganzogadebis process iwvevs, 

rasac SeuZlia literaturis yvelaze metad daxvewili 

ganzogadebis `kanonis~ gansazRvraSi dagvexmaros. maSasadame, 

ar arsebobs mizezi imisaTvis, rom mxedvelobaSi ar miviRoT 

WeSmaritad ganmazogadebeli da universaluri literaturis 

koncepti, romelsac Tavisi adgili aqvs miCenili Tavad literaturuli 

kvlevebis centrSi. mokled rom vTqvaT, saubaria 

`sarTulebad dawyobil ganzogadebaze~, romelic gaSlilia 

or safexursa Tu or doneze: a) invariantis, rogorc 

SemzRudveli ganzogadebis produqtis doneze da b) eqstensiuri 

ganzogadebis doneze, dawyebuli invariantebidan da mimarTuli 

ZiriTadsa da fenomenologiaze. 

universaluri literatura aris invariantebis sivrce, 

invariantebis epifaniuri samyaro. magram swored aq vpoulobT 

Teoriul da meTodologiur gamosavals, romelic warmoiSoba 

garkveuli `sistemidan~, romlis codna da mniSvneloba (yovel 

SemTxvevaSi, Tavis Tezisebsa da zogad konturebSi) imTaviTve 

aucilebelia. literaturis am gafarToebuli konceptis 

miRebiT komparativizmi Tavisufldeba sakuTari tabusagan, 

dogmisgan da yvela literaturas erTsa da imave literaturis 

samyaroSi ganixilavs. saWiroa Ria zRvaSi gasvla, 

magram vidre es moxdeba, unda mivubrundeT erT principul 

sakiTxs. Tu universaluri SeiZleba ganWvretili iyos nebismieri 

indiviudualobis saSualebiT, e.i. an mxolod erTi literaturidan 

gamomdinare, an mis SigniT, maS, ratom moviZiebdiT 

mas xandaxan naklebad cnobil, egzotikur, aRmosavlur 

literaturebSi? risTvis gvWirdeba aseTi avantiuruli naxtomi 

antipodebisaken? aq gadamwyvetia sami principuli mizezi: 

1. Tu marTalia, rom yvela literaturuli Teoria 

mxolod `ganzogadebebSi~ gardasaxavs nacionalur, ufro 

viwro gamocdilebebs (franguls, inglisurs, germanuls da 

a.S.), am Teoriebis obieqturi verifikacia mainc SeuZlebeli 

iqneba sxva literaturul zonebSi ganfenili gamokvlevisa 

da Sejerebis gareSe. es operaciebi miT ufro damajerebelia, 

Tu faqtobriv mimarTebebs cdebian. ganzogadebebis safuZveli 

xSirad viwroa, da Cndeba kiTxva, ra uflebiT ganvazogadebT 

or Tu sam magaliTze dayrdnobiT (xSirad uTavbolod), romlebic 

eqskluziurad arian moxmobilni ori Tu sami literaturidan 

da swored amitom erTgvarad SemzRudvel da damamaxinjebel 

Teoriul monopolias qmnian? e.i. invariantebisa 

da zogadi Teoriebis ilustrireba aucilebelia agreTve 

246

sxva magaliTebiT da ara mxolod dominanturi literaturebisa. 

amjerad ar vsaubrobT sxvadasxva enebsa da literaturebSi 

moZiebul SesaZlebel magaliTebze, romlebic odesme 

arsebobdnen an axlac arian, aramed gadarCevisa da Sesabamisobis 

kriteriumebis mixedviT (rac gansazRvruli iyo ufro 

zemoT) maT moZiebasa da povnaze, raTa Tavidan aviciloT 

àRiarebuli~ magaliTebi, Tundac yvelaze `Tanamedroveebisa~ 

(semiotikuri, struqturalisturi da a.S.). es xedva gamoasworebs 

maT SemTxveviT xasiaTsa da siviwroves (xSirad 

gansacvifrebels). 

2. maSasadame, Cven mivdivarT arsebiT moTxovnamde: universalurma 

hipoTezam (dokumentirebuli universaluri invariantebis 

mixedviT SemuSavebuli azri) SeiZleba saukeTesod 

ganaxorcielos universalurobis piroba. is bolomde aRasrulebs 

induqciur da ganzogadebul SesaZleblobas sakvanZo 

hipoTezisa, romelic saTaveSi udgas operacias da mas ayalibebs. 

midgoma wyvets wmindad induqciur yofierebas. amave 

dros, xdeba deduqciuri da ufro da ufro obieqturi, ramdenadac 

universaloba gafarToebulad da siRrmiseulad gamoiyeneba 

yvela mis Teoriul, lingvistur, geografiul ganzogadebaSi, 

sazRvrebisa da yovelgvari barierebis miRma. 

3. dabolos, universaloba ar aris mxolod Teoriuli 

koncepti, wmindad WvretiTi, is aris aseve _ da vityodiT, 

gansakuTrebiT _ sulis mdgomareoba, cxovrebis koncefcia, 

teleologia, internacionalisturi da humanisturi arsis 

mebrZoli ideologia. es ukanaskneli ver Tavsdeba erTi 

literaturis an Tundac ori an sami nacionaluri literaturis 

farglebSi, rogori mniSvnelovannic ar unda iyvnen isini. 

literaturis universaluri gansazRvreba aris ufro metad 

arsebiTi Tavisi motivaciiT, suliTa da meqanizmiT, vidre 

misi Sedegebi, romlebic gadaWriT iTxoven nacionaluri 

Semofargvlisa Tu nacionalisturi SezRudvebis dasazRvras. 

Sedegad, regionaluri literaturuli Teoriebi (laTino-amerikuli, 

aRmosavleT-evropuli), saukeTeso SemTxvevebSi 

warmoadgenen mxolod erTi Teoriis induqciur etapebs: literaturisa 

_ didi l-iT. Tu arsebobs laTino-amerikuli literaturis 

Teoria, ratom ar SeiZleba iyos dasavleT-evropuli, 

arabuli, afrikuli, aziuri da a.S. Teoriebi, konkurentunarianni, 

Tu antagonisturebi, romlebic erTmaneTs ormxrivad 

gaabaTilebdnen, vinaidan zogierTi komparativisti ukve 

aRiarebs, rom èrTiani suraTi aucileblad iwyoba heterogenuli 

elementebiT, rodesac saubaria erT geografiul sar- 

247

tyelze, erT epoqasa Tu erT mimdinareobaze 57 da ar arsebobs 

aranairi meTodologiuri mizezi _ marTlac aranairi _ imis- 

Tvis, rom igive gaerTianebuli heterogenulobis logika Tavis 

rols ar asrulebdes aseve universaluri literaturisa 

da misi `ganzogadebebis~ erTobis SemTxvevaSi. im momentidan, 

rodesac Cven SevTanxmdebiT zonalur ganzogadebaze, aseve 

unda davuSvaT zogadi ganzogadebac, vidre ideologiis myari 

borkilebi amas ar SeewinaaRmdegeba. maSasadame, yvelaferi 

damokidebuli iqneba ganzogadebis kuTxesa da mis poziciaze. 

sabolood, masSi aireva warsuli da awmyo; `sqematizmi da 

ganmeoreba mTel dinebas gahyveba~ (a.n. veselovski). 59 

SedarebiT literaturaSi erTxel miRebuli ganzogadeba, 

romelic invariantebze dayrdnobiT literaturis Teoriul 

universalobas amJRavnebs, aRarafers gvitovebs, garda 

imisa, rom ukanaskneli daskvnebi gamovitanoT: 1) im pirobiT, 

rom yvela gansazRvreba aris zogadi, ganzogadebas metad 

aRar Seawuxebs individualuri `winaaRmdegobebi~; abstraqciisa 

da universalobis dacviT is aiyvaneba Tavis ukidures 

zRvramde, ùnikaluri~ literaturuli Txzulebis sapirispirod, 

rac Teoriuli komparativizmis arCevanis sferoa; 2) im 

pirobiT, rom yvela literaturuli kategoria taqsonomiuria, 

mas aRar eqneba aranairi mizezi imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli 

klasifikaciebis mTlianoba taxonomia universales-iT ar Semoifarglos; 

da SedarebiTma literaturam da SedarebiTma poetikam 

dasaxmareblad ar mimarTos am meTods da saboloo 

Sedegi ar iyos literaturis universaloba, rogorc Sesabamisi 

uzenaesi kategoria. Cven kargad vxedavT, rom yvela gzas 

kvlav Weltliteratur-amde, ùniversalur literaturamde~ mivyavarT. 

davbrundeT odnav ukan da gavixsenoT literaturis gansazRvrebasTan 

dakavSirebuli zogierTi kargad cnobili faqti, 

rac gansxvavebulobis erTianobas uzrunvelyofs. es aris 

Sualeduri mdgomareoba abstraqciasa da erTaderTobas, zogad 

da individualur mniSvnelobebs Soris. gasaRebi konceptis 

SemuSaveba, rasac ùniversaluri literaturis~ koncepti 

warmoadgens, aris tipuri magaliTi ganzogadebisa, universalizaciisa, 

erTi an mravali calkeuli literaturuli gamocdilebebisa 

(Tundac iyos kontinentaluri, zonaluri, nacionaluri, 

gansazRvruli mimdinareobisa, skolisa, jgufisa, 

personaluric ki). fr. Slegelamde, romlisTvisac `mTeli poezia 

romantikulia~, daskvna abstraqciis Zalian maRal dones 

gulisxmobs; riCard herdsac surda, rom ùniversalur poeziasTan 

dakavSirebiT ramdenime zogadi daskvna~ 60 gamoetana. im 

dros es proeqti sruliad legitimurad Canda, miuxedavad ama 

248

Tu im poeziis aramdgradobisa, epoqisa, gansakuTrebiT ki konkretuli 

enobrivi gamocdilebisa. swored am mimarTulebiT 

midis Tavad Semecnebis logika. XIX saukuneSi, rodesac sulis 

mecnierebaTa meTodologia erTdroulad TiSavda da 

aerTianebda kidec generalistur (nomothetischen) da individualur 

aRweriT (idiographischen) 61 meTodebs, konkretuli poetikuris 

SedarebiTi ganxilva zogadi poetikuri WeSmaritebis 

Suqze epistomologiur statuss iRebda. am gzaze win waiwia 

yvelam, vinc literaturuli gansazRvrebebis vargisianobis 

problema dasva (literaturuli msgavsebebis gamokveTa, amgebi 

principisa da gamaerTianebeli sqemis povna) 62 iseve, rogorc 

Tavad `poetikis~ legitimurobisa. holderlinis poezia, 

sabolood, mxolod da mxolod poeziis konkretuli SemTxvevaa. 

da mainc, haidegerma moaxerxa epova da ganesazRvra poeziis 

zogadi arsi (das wasen der Dichtung). `gana arsebobs permanentuli 

da obieqturad identificirebadi Tvisebebi mTeli 

poeziisa?~ _ Tavis mxriv kiTxulobda roJe kaiua da cdilobda 

`moeca poeziis gansazRvreba, romelic gamosadegi iqneboda 

yvela droisa da mdgomareobisTvis~. 63 ufro metic: aseve 

dasaSvebia ganzogadebuli esTetikis mcdelobani, vinaidan 

SegviZlia `problema gavafarTovoT da (...) is Tavis yvelaze 

vrcel ganzogadebaSi ganvixiloT~. 64 ratom ar vcadoT eqsperimenti 

literaturis dargSi? an SedarebiT poetikaSi gardasaxuli 

SedarebiTi literatura ratom gaCerdeboda am zRurblze? 

mocemuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, mas sworedac 

rom ZaluZs am zRurblis gadalaxva. Tu literaturis Teoriis 

moqmedebis mizani aris `sqemis an universalurad vargisi 

literaturis universaluri matricis ageba~, 65 maSin SedarebiTi 

poetika aq kargad aris SerCeuli am gegmis gansaxorcieleblad. 

tradiciuli komparativizmi orWofobs am alternativis 

winaSe; mas aviwydeba, rom gaTavisuflebuli arCevanis arsebobis 

gamo kargavs Tavis mizans, sakuTari arsebobis azrs. Tu 

is amtkicebs, rom Txzulebis doneze swored zogadi monawileobs 

individualurSi da ara piriqiT, 66 upirvelesi obieqti 

(Tu ara erTaderTi) individualuri Txzuleba xdeba; da komparativizms 

metad aRar SeuZlia gamoeyos kritikas, romlis 

pirispir is warmoCndeba, rogorc erTgvari danamati, met-naklebad 

gatacebuli internacionaluri sakiTxebiT. amgvaria 

Sedegi Teoriisaa, romlis mixedviTac `mTeli universaluroba 

kondensirdeba intimurobaSi (nawarmoebisa)~, maSin, roca 

`formalur kritikas ar SeuZlia sabolood moipovos individualuri 

da nacionaluri aspeqtebis mravalferovneba zogad 

249

klasifikaciebSi~. 67 sxva mxriv, ukve sakmarisi ar aris ubralo 

`kavSirebis~ arsebobis dadastureba individualursa da 

universalurs da maT `msgavsebebs~ (analogebs) 68 Soris. saWiroa 

terminebis Sebruneba: Tu marTalia, rom individualuri 

sakuTar keraze Tavs uyris universaluris sxivebs, xels araferi 

gviSlis movaxdinoT universaluris sistematizacia, aRviqvaT 

igi, rogorc konkretuli universaloba (anu “saerTo~ 

elementebi, das Allgemeine, les invariants da a.S.) da mivideT literaturis 

Seswavlis `finalur etapamde~, àbstraqciamde da ganzogadebamde~. 

mokled, ùniversaluri Rirebulebis” SemoTavazebebamde. 

magram aris ki `finaluri etapi~ am sferoebSi? universaluri 

literatura, romelic mudmivad qmnadobis mdgomareobaSia 

(da amgvarad, progresulia), Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs 

universalur Teorias, progresuls, WeSmarit work in progress-s, 

maradiulad weris procesSi myofi didi, dausrulebeli wignis 

eqstrapolacias. es niSnavs, rom meTodi iTxovs uwyvet, 

etapobriv ganzogadebas, dawyebuli axali SeZenili elementebiT, 

midgomebis doneebiTa da gafarToebuli ganzogadebiT. 

am tipis sqema SesaZlo klasifikaciaSi Seicavda meorexarisxovan 

(naSromebis mixedviT), mniSvnelovan (epoqebis mixedviT) 

da `zogad~ (literaturis Semswaveli mecnierebis mixedviT) 

poetikas. 69 maSasadame, istoriuli procesi, misi sqemebi, rCeba 

potenciuri, dinamikuri, gaxsnili, mzadmyofi srulyofisaTvis 

_ moyolebuli aristoteledan da dogmadqceuli mxolod 

renesansis periodidan. gansazRvrebebi mdidrdeba progresulad, 

dawyebuli ùniversaluri~ Tu `msoflio~ literaturiT, 

romlis Sesaxebac vambobT _ Tu mxolod komparativistebiT 

SemovisazRvrebiT _ rom is àr aris saboloo~, rom is gaxlavT 

`marad Ria~, romelic uwyvetliv farTovdeba 70 da a.S. 

gansazRvrebebi sul ufro sruli da ufro kompleqsuri, 

ufro niuansirebuli xdeba TandaTan Semomatebuli monacemebis 

kvaldakval da SemuSavebuli sistemebis efeqturoba mtkicdeba 

Tavisi moqnilobiT, sakuTari unariT _ STanTqas yvela 

napovni elementi. amgvarad, gansazRvrebebi aRar aris viwro 

gagebiT evropuli da iswrafvian moicvan eqstra-evropuli 

gamocdilebebi. invariantic igivegvaradaa agebuli, anu: progresulad, 

induqciurad, deduqciurad, Tanmimdevruli istoriis 

mdinarebaSi, romelic yovelTvis gvamaragebs siurprizebiT, 

SesworebebiT, TvalsaCino SedegebiT. yoveli ganzogadeba 

am koleqtiur tradicias amatebs Tavis wils, romlis ukanaskneli 

wevri gardauvlad qmnis axal SenaZens. universalisturi 

postulati gadamowmebulia invariantebiT, romelTa aR- 

250

nusxva da ganlagebis modeli, erTroulad aris stabiluri 

da gaxsnili. misi funqciuroba vrceldeba iqamde, sadamdec 

monacemTa SeZena amis saSualebas miscems. 

misi xarisxi mowmdeba im SesaZleblobis mixedviT, Tu 

ramdenad aerTianebs mimobneul komparativistul SenaZenebs, 

romlebic mis CarCoSi gafarToebuli mniSvnelobiT warmoCndeba. 

ukve vicodiT, rom literaturuli Teoria gamudmebiT 

mdidrdeba yoveli axali TvalsazrisiT, yoveli axali aTvisebuli 

meTodiT. iseve, rogorc universaluri literaturis 

koncepti zustdeba kvlevebis kvaldakval da mas mza gansaz- 

Rvreba ki ar unda SevTavazoT, aramed TandaTanobiT SemuSavebuli. 

saerTo jamSi, komparativizmis Teoriuli horizontis 

progresulad gafarToeba Cafiqrebulia mTeli Tavisi 

axali eqstra-evropuli meTodologiuri monacemebis mixedviT. 

4. komparativistuli poetika 

saboloo Sedegi, romelic komparativistuli poetikis 

arsebiT obieqtsac warmoaCens, Seadgens literaturis gaazrebis, 

misTvis garkveuli adgilis MmiCenis, misi Seswavlis, 

gansazRvris, misi problebis dasmis gansxvavebul modalobas. 

Tu arsebobs literaturis specifikurad komparativistuli 

midgoma _ ris damtkicebasac Cven am eseSi vcdilobT _ maSin 

literatura gansazRvruli iqneboda mxolod specifikuri 

midgomis farglebSi, xolo literaturis komparativistuli 

Teoria da misi daskvnebi Seesabameboda mxolod Tavisive 

`sistemas~. 

davubrundeT SedarebiTi literaturis sagans. eWvgare- 

Sea, es aris literatura, wminda da ubralo literatura. ma- 

Sasadame, kidev erTxel, ra aris literatura? kiTxva garegnulad 

amouxsnelia da erTdroulad wamoWris aranaklebad 

damabrkolebel kidev or sxva kiTxvas. Tu tradiciuli komparativizmi 

`sakuTriv literaturas~ 72 dagvaSorebs, gadasaWreli 

problema gaormagdeba: 1) rogor uzrunvelvyoT literaturis 

upiretesoba yvela garemoebaSi? 2) raSi mdgomareobs 

`sakuTriv~ literaturis `TavisTavadoba~? amasTan dakavSirebiT 

kidev erTxel movixmoT etiambli, romelTanac es dabrkolebebi 

yvelaze ufro basr formulacias iRebs: `SedarebiT 

literaturaSi arasodes viviwyeb sityvas _ SedarebiTi. 

Zalian xSirad aRarc gvaxsovs, rom literatura arsebobs~. 

sintagmaSi SedarebiTi literatura _ aranakleb mniSvnelovania 

sityva literatura, vidre Sedareba. 73 es aris gasaRebi 

251

mTeli `sistemisa~, truizmic, garkveuli azriT, magram arasworad 

moazrovne komparativistebis wreebSi. saubaria literaturuli 

Txzulebisa da misi gamocdilebis moTavsebaze 

Tavad komparativistuli midgomis centrSi. magram amis gasakeTeblad 

Zveli skolis meTodologiuri detalebi (gavlenebi, 

wyaroebi, Suamavlebi da a.S.) sul mTlad araadekvaturi 

da araefeqturi rCeba. 

literaturis tradiciuli gansazRvrebebi (romelTa saxeldaxelo 

aRwera, SeiZleba iTqvas, Zalian saxeldaxeloc 

ki ar gaurbis zogierT sinTezs), 74 romlebsac komparativistebi 

Zalian moxerxebulad iyeneben TavianT angariSSi, literaturuli 

specifikurobis `centrSi aTavseben `xelovnebas~, 

`Rirebulebas~, `mSvenierebas~ _ Sesabamisad yvelaze ufro 

tradiciuli esTetikuri principebisa. literatura upirvelesad 

gvevlineba `xelovnebad~, romelsac aqvs `literaturuli 

Rirebuleba~, aris `xelovnebis~, `literaturuli xelovnebis~ 

an `sityvieri xelovnebis nawarmi~ (sprachliche Kunstwerk). es is 

formulebia, romelTac mravlad vpoulobT orive kontinentis 

komparativistebTan. 75 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom tradiciuli 

komparativizmi _ istoriul-pozitivisturi _ naklebad 

zrunavs (an sulac ara) literaturis esTetikur mxareze, ma- 

Sin vnaxavT, rom arcTu xSiria literaturul `mSvenierebas- 

Tan~ ziareba da literaturis mizans yovelTvis ar warmoadgens 

`mSvenieri nawarmoebebis Seqmna~. 76 Sedegad, SedarebiTi 

literatura unda `wavides istoriidan mSvenierebisaken~, e.i. 

literaturuli nawarmoebis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebisaken, 

anu: `Seiswavlos mSveniereba nawarmoebisa, romelsac vadarebT~. 

77 zogadad, literaturuli nawarmoebis `mSveniereba~ 

sityvaTa specifikuri terminebiT ganisazRvreba. literaturuli 

nawarmoebi niSnavs enobriv nawarmoebs. 

aqedan gamomdinare, `SedarebiTma literaturam suli 

lingvisturi mSvenierebis yvela formisaken unda gagvixsnas. 78 

is Zalian didi xania, rac daxelovnebulia `kargis~ aRqmasa 

da SefasebaSi, esaa: `gemovneba~, èsTetikuri siamovneba~, `RirebulebaTa 

Sefaseba~. `SedarebiTi literatura, romelic 

WeSmaritad internacionaluria da soliduradaa gamyarebuli 

istoriisa da sociologiis zusti monacemebiT, saSualebas 

gvaZlevs Zalian delikaturad davtkbeT mSvenieri nawarmoebebiT~, 

ufro metad ki _ `codnisa~ da `gemovnebis~ 79 sinTezis 

wyalobiT. inteleqtualizebuli subieqturoba, didi tkboba, 

mecnieruli netareba _ aseTi iqneboda mizezi da mizani am 

filtrebis saSualebiT gaZlierebuli komparativizmisa, rac 

Rimils iwvevs. erTi mxriv, es aris kulturuli ànaqroniz- 

252

mi~, magram aseve _ esaa ucvleloba. iseTi gamoTqmebi Tu 

terminebi, rogorebicaa: me ar vici, ra? da gemovneba, grZnobidan 

da gamouTqmelidan _ polisemiamde da enTropiamde, 

literaturuli Setyobinebis ganusazRvrelobamde, daurwmunebloba, 

sadac wamkiTxveli gadacemuli Sinaarsis gagebas 

cdilobs _ mudmivi realobaa, rasac gansxvavebulad gansaz- 

Rvraven evropul kulturaSi. aq nu gavixsenebT indur razas... 

gana SesaZlebelia literaturuli teqstidan srulad gamoidevnos 

`grZnobadi~, `subieqturi~ reaqciebi an `Rirebuli~ 

Sefaseba da metad aRar davinteresdeT maTi Teoriuli statusiT? 

rogorc amas Tavisi yvela formiT gulisxmobs xelovnebis 

da/an literaturis Semswavleli `mecniereba~ (erTi 

ufro pozitivisturi, vidre meore), yvelaze ufro Tanamedrove 

tendenciebamde (semiotika, kibernetika, komunikaciebi, teqsti 

da a.S.)? eWvi gvepareba. simarTle rom iTqvas, am `samecniero~ 

disciplinebisTvis Tavad `literaturis~ koncepti azrmoklebuli 

da araarsebiTia. 

da mainc, saWiroa misi SenarCuneba. rogorc ki mas ganvixilavT 

èsTetikuri~, `mxatvruli~ an wmindad `literaturuli~ 

kuTxiT, gvaqvs ufleba SevamowmoT (da samarTlianadac) 

literaturuli Tvisobrioba, literaturis specifikuroba. 

midgomis es tipi, romelic `ganyenebulad~ Tu `formalisturad~ 

iTvleba, cdeba Tavad rusi formalistebis samizneebs, 

romlebic, zogierTi avtoris gamocdilebiT, mas kvlevebSi 

rTavdnen. magaliTad, rumineli esTetikosi, maTi Tezisebisgan 

sruliad damoukideblad, ukve 1928 wels sinqronulad swavlobda 

`literaturuls~, rogorc `konkretulad literaturul 

elements~. 80 SeiZleba movixmoT am Janris sxva magaliTebic. 

vkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs, aris Tu ara komparativistebTan igive 

konceptis gamovlena da xSirad ganmeoreba romelime gavlenis 

Sedegi, Tu ufro konkretul aRqmebze dayrdnobili, `ganyenebulad~ 

komparativistuli gansjaa? yovelive amaSi farToda 

CarTuli drois qrolva, Zeitgeist, ormxrivi sulieri osmosi. 

maSasadame, gamovyoT enisa da koncefciiis msgavsebebi, 

romlebic yovelive amaze naTlad miuTiTebs: etiambli gvarwmunebs, 

rom `SedarebiTi literatura mTavrdeba, sruldeba _ 

da, sxva mxriv, iwyeba _ im momentSi, roca is swavlobs nawarmoebs, 

rogorc aseTs~. 81 mTavari sityvaa: ìnteleqti, rac 

gansazRvravs nawarmoebs, rogorc aseTs~. 82 miuxedavad komparativizmis 

Zveli Tezebisa, romelTac ase didxans eWiraT gabatonebuli 

pozicia (`sityva _ SedarebiTi _ daclili unda 

iyos yovelgvari esTetikuri Rirebulebisagan~), 83 mas aqvs 

midrekileba ufro da ufro ganaxldes, xelaxla gaiazros 

253

da axlad gansazRvros Tavisi miznebi literaturuli nawarmoebebis 

mixedviT, rac aRqmulia, rogorc `xelovnebis qmnileba~ 

da `pirveladi Rirebuleba~. is metad aRar jerdeba 

literaturis istoriis, ideebis, kulturis moxeled msaxurebas; 

pasuxismgeblobas iRebs àvtonomiur~, ìmanentur~, 

`ganyenebul~ literaturul naSromze (Seswavlili mTeli Tavisi 

arsiT da sakuTar elementebSi, èsTetikurad~ aRqmul 

TaviseburebebSi); 84 mas surs icodes `ra aris literatura~ 85 

da aseve naTeli mohfinos werilobiTi xelovnebis arss~. 86 amgvarad, 

is sakuTar Tavs uyenebs sakiTxs, amoicnos `literaturuli 

Txzulebis Tvisebis kriteriumebi~, survilis gareSe 

gaerTiandes isev literaturis TeoriasTan da cdilobs `bolo 

drois~ komparativizmi `literaturis Teoriis mTavar laboratoriad~ 

87 iqces. amdenad, progresi yovelmxriv mniSvnelovania. 

es moZraoba sagrZnobia rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve aRmosavleT 

evropaSi. (romlis ganviTareba Zlier formalistur 

(rusuli, Cexuri) da fenomenologiur (polonuri) tradiciebs 

miscemda SesaZleblobas, komparativizmisTvis gansakuTrebulad 

xelsayrel pirobebSi gamorCeulad mravlismetyveli 

perspeqtivebi gaexsna. Tumca Sedegebi am droisaTvis sakmaod 

mokrZalebulia. Cven kvlavac vixsenebT `literaturis specifikurobas~ 

Ästhetik-is mixedviT; georg lukaCis Die Eigenart des 

Ästhetik-s, Tu literaturuli fenomenebis uzenaes kanonebs mukarJovskis 

mimdevrobiT, magram siRrme mainc arasakmarisia. 88 

poloneTSi, ungreTSi, rumineTSi _ komparativistuli kuTxiT 

_ met-naklebi warmatebiT iwyeben msgavsi mcdelobebis ganxorcielebas 

literaturis `xelovnebis~ an ènisaken~. es tendenciebi 

ufro metad aris aRsaniSnavi im mxriv, rom maT 

uTanxmoeba aqvT zogierT dogmatur orientaciasTan, romlebic 

zogjer diametralurad gansxvavebulni arian. 89 

amgvarad, komparativizmis gardasaxva SedarebiTi literaturis 

Teoriasa da, sul bolos, poetikaSi (SedarebiTi), 

poulobs arsebiT mizans, rac mas amarTlebs. ra Tqma unda, 

es `poetika~ ar aris is, rac dRes zogadad am terminiT aRiniSneba 

xolme. magram vinaidan poetikis kanonikuri gansaz- 

Rvreba ar arsebobs, ar gvesmis, Tu ratom ar SeiZleboda amgvar 

garemoebaSi migvemarTa `komparativistuli~ analizis- 

Tvis. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, am `SedarebiT poetikas~ aqvs 

ufro metad farTo da obieqturi safuZveli, vidre Tanamedrove 

poetikebs, romlebic met-naklebad modaSi mxolod Semdegi 

mizeziT arian: maTi invariantebisagan Camoyalibebuli 

ConCxi isea Cafiqrebuli, rom Tavis erTobaSi faravs poetikis 

dargs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTavarSi), anu Tavis sivrcul 

254

da droiT universalurobaSi. misi gza, simarTle rom iTqvas, 

arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove poetikosebis gzisagan. 

Tu es ukanasknelni (Tanamedrove poetikosebi) Tavs uflebamosilad 

miiCneven, `literaturuli diskursi~ 90 literaturuli 

teqstebis konkretuli realurobidan gamoyon, Cven 

ratom ar unda vcnoT igive kanoni SedarebiT poetikaSi, e.i. 

vaRiaroT ufleba, amoiRos `yvela~ nacionaluri literaturidan 

(aprobirebuli meTodiT, romelic ganzogadebebze gadis) 

Tavisi idea `literaturuli diskursisa~ an, Tu gvsurs, 

literaturis àrsisa~, yoveli poetikis, Literaturwissenschaft, 

Theory of Literature-sTvis da a.S. damaxasiaTebeli operacia? morfologia 

gardaiqmneba fenomenologiad, e. i. arsad da literaturis 

gansazRvrebad, ùniversaluri literaturis~ kanonier 

eqstrapolaciebad. 

daskvnisaTvis, amgvari SedarebiTi poetikis sagani aris 

ormagi damTxvevisa da ormagi totalizaciis nayofi: 1) nacionaluri 

literaturebis erTobisa _ universaluri literaturisaken, 

rogorc universaluri literaturuli erTobliobisaken; 

2) erTobis calkeuli Teoriuli monacemebisa _ universaluri 

literaturuli fenomenis sruli Teoriisaken. 

mokled, saubaria imaze, rom universaluri literaturidan, 

iseTidan, rogorc is gansazRvruli iyo (II Tavi), gamovitanoT 

Teoriul-esTetikuri-literaturuli rigis yvela daskvna. am 

CarCoSi ikveTeba geografiuli da Teoriuli universaluroba; 

literaturis koncepti erTdroulad poulobs universalur 

obiqtur safuZvels (=literaturuli invariantebis er- 

Tobas) da universalur Teoriul ganzomilebas (= literaturis 

Teorias, romelsac Zala Seswevs aRniSnos literaturuli 

Txzulebebis erToblioba, romlebic upasuxeben `Tzulebebis~ 

da/an `literaturuli xelovnebis~ miRebul gansaz- 

Rvrebas). amgvarad, literaturis konceptis raodenobrivi da 

Tvisobrivi aspeqti erTmaneTs avsebs da SedarebiTi literaturis 

literaturis TeoriaSi gardasaxva _ garantirebulia. 

es tendencia ukve SemCneuli iyo komparativizmis adrindel 

etapze: `maSinac ki, Tu is literaturul doqtrinas ar gvTavazobs, 

met-naklebad mainc varaudobs mas~. 91 progresi kvlav 

cxadia. 

globaluri gamosavali Zalian Tanmimdevruli gaxlavT, 

raSic eWvi ar unda SevitanoT: Tu universaluri literatura 

moicavs yvela literaturebs, maTi CaTvliT, romlebic `Soridan 

modian~, maSin `SedarebiTi literatura~ SeiZleba wavides 

mxolod Weltliteratur-is konceptis fundamenturi gadasinjvisaken, 

rac amgvarad gaerTiandeba literaturaSi, `zedsar- 

255

Tvis gareSe~. es aris momavlis Weltliteratur, e.i. `literatura~. 

92 literaturis gansazRvrebis amoReba sityvieri da 

werilobiTi literaturebis erTobliobidan _ literaturebidan, 

romlebic `literaturis~ koncepts Tavis Sinaarssa da 

yvelaze farTo ganzomilebebs aZlevs _ gaxlavT am Teoriuli 

komparativizmis fsoni. Tu SedarebiTi literaturis internacionaluri 

asociaciis kongresze (belgradi, 1967, me-5 

kongresi) SeZles farTod emsjelaT sityvieri literaturis 

Teoriaze mTlianobaSi, geografiuli da qronologiuri Sez- 

Rudvebis gareSe, ratom ar unda esargebla `werilobiTi literaturis~ 

Teorias igive statusiT? amgvari msjelobebi 

xSiria, maT Soris `komparativistuli da tipologiuri 

TvalTaxedviTac~. 93 

maSasadame, aseTi Teorizacia marTebulia da ukve Semowmebas 

eqvemdebareba. ratom ar gavafarTovoT is bolomde, mis 

realur zomebamde, zomebamde `literaturisa, romelic, bolos 

da bolos, mTels planetas moicavs~? metad aRar davkmayofideT 

gansazRvrebebiT, romlebic amoRebulia mxolod 

ori Tu sami didi literaturidan da vcadoT mivideT literaturis 

(universaluri literaturis) konceptamde. amaze sa- 

Wiro iyo fiqri, warmosaxvis unaris gamoCena da garkveuli 

inteleqtualuri Seupovroba: `komparativistuli meTodi aris 

is meTodi, romelic saSualebas mogvcems yoveli literaturis 

mkacrad analitikuri Seswavlidan _ zogadad literaturis 

sinTezur Seswavlaze gadavideT~. 94 etiambliseuli polemikis 

didi Zalisxmeva (rac pirvel rigSi unda movixmoT) 

gvTavazobs `zogad literaturaSi~ (es saukeTeso sinonimi 

ùniversaluri literaturisa~) `yvela literaturis CarTvas 

_ rogorc sityvierisa, ise werilobiTisa, malaiziurisa iseve, 

rogorc romanulisa, sino-tibeturisa, iseve rogorc germanikulisa, 

Turqmenul-monRolurisa, slavurisa~, _ amgvarad 

Tavis Teoriul gamarTlebas poulobs: `TiTqos SeiZleba am 

sinTezidan gamoiricxos puluri lirika, fiqsirebuli formis 

mqone Cinuri literaturuli Janrebi, Turqul-monRoluri 

da kavkasiuri eposebi! da mainc, literaturis yovel Teorias 

arc fasi aqvs da arc momavali, Tu is gasagebi ar iqneba~. 

etiamblic ki midis iqamde, rom isaubros `nebismieri literaturuli 

Teoriis absurdulobaze, romelic mxolod evropul 

fenomenebs eyrdnoba~, rac erTdroulad aris seriozuli da 

sruliad damsaxurebuli braldeba. 95 amgvarad, komparativizmi 

ipovnis Tavis Teoriul da meTodologiur avtonomias da 

mogvcems literaturis gansazRvrebas, specifikurs, originalurs 

da ara nasesxebs sxva esTetikebidan da poetikebidan; 

256

an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, aRar iqneba maTze mijaWvuli da 

amgvarad, misi poetika aRar daemsgavseba Rarib naTesavs, àncilla 

poeticae~-s literaturis Tanamedrove Teoriebis konteqstSi. 

mTavari problema gaCndeba mas Semdeg, Tu specifikurad 

komparativistuli modaloba Tavad literaturis midgomisa, 

rogorc aseTisa, gadmoveciT amJamad dakanonebuli gamoTqmiT 

`literaturuloba~ (rusuli `литературност~-is mixedviT); es 

termini ekuTvnis r. iakobsons da niSnavs imas: `rac mocemuli 

nawarmoebidan literaturul nawarmoebs qmnis~? 96 es aris eqvivalenti 

cnebaTa erTobisa, romlebic cdiloben rac SeiZleba 

meti sizustiT Semoxazon literaturis àvtonomia~: misi 

`poetikuri~ xasiaTi (Poetizität, poetisità, ixileT aristisità), `ganyenebuli 

specifika~, àrsebiTi~ Tviseba da a.S. aqedanaa swored 

garkveuli meryeoba `poetikurobasa~ da `literaturulobas~ 

Soris; es gamoTqmebi xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc sinonimebi 

an urTierTSenacvlebadni. 97 Tu daviyvanT literaturulobas 

`ganyenebul literaturul~ èfeqtamde~, iseTamde, 

rogorc is gvesmis, misi Zirebi antikurobamde migviyvans. 98 ukve 

v. begoti 1864 wels gvTavazobda ferwerulis (picturesque) 

analogiiT kalkirebul inglisur sityvas _ literatesque. 99 amgvari 

monacemebi mravladaa da aaSkaravebs mudmiv Zalisxmevas, 

raTa gancalkevdes da ganisazRvros specifikurad literaturuli 

aspeqti Tu aspeqtebi literaturisa, `literaturuloba~ 

literaturisa, poeziis specifikurad poetikuri aspeqtebi, 

romlebic uflebamosilebas gvaniWebs igive konteqstiT 

movixsenioT dante, kitsi, bodleri, puSkini, li tai po da 

a.S. _ erTi sityviT, `zogadi xasiaTi yoveli literaturuli 

faqtisa, misi reJimi, literaturuloba~. 100 Cvens droSi mas 

yvelgan veZebT: integraluri urTierTobis aqtebSi da ara 

mxolod teqstualurSi, `recefciasa~ da `literaturul faqtSi~, 

literaturis `semiotikur statusSi~ da a.S. is (literaturuloba) 

kamaTis sagnadaa qceuli neopozitivisturi, 

ànalitikuri~ TvalTaxedviT da ara mxolod literaturuli 

diskursisaTvis. 101 Txzulebebis da teqstebis umetesobis mniSvneloba, 

romelTac ama Tu im istoriul-kulturuli mniSvnelobis 

mixedviT “literaturulobis” Tvisebas miaweren, qmnis 

problemas _ da swored amave rigis movlenaa komparativizmis 

mier `literaturulobis~ cnebis reabilitacia. 

maSasadame, ara mxolod SesaZlebelia, aramed kanonieric, 

ilaparako `komparativistul literaturulobaze~, rogorc 

komparativistuli poetikis saganze, iseTze, rogorc 

ganvsazRvreT. rasakvirvelia, saubaria sul sxva `literaturulobaze~, 

romlis Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba aranakleb ga- 

257

marTlebulia komparativistuli programiT, `sistemiTa~ da 

`meTodiT~. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs literaturis Seswavlas 

axal Tezisebze dayrdnobiTa da aTvisebuli meTodologiuri 

midgomebiT; Semdegia maTgan momdinare yvela daskvnis 

aRiareba. sxva mxriv, ar arsebobs erTaderTi gamosavali; sabaziso 

principebma SeiZleba ganicadon araerTi interpretacia 

da hqondeT sxvadasxvagvari gamosavali. Cven mxolod mokled 

mimovixilavT komparativistuli literaturulobis yoveli 

SesaZlebeli gansazRvrebis arsebiTi kondiciebis mkacrad 

procedurul winaswar strategias, romelic kvlevis Car- 

Co da gegmaa. 

pirveli mTavari kiTxvaa: sad movZebnoT? `geografiuli 

TvalsazrisiT~ Tu vityviT, erTi pasuxia: yvelgan, sadac 

aris literatura, universalurad _ msoflios `yvela~ literaturaSi. 

aq qreba adgilobrivi da nacionaluri Taviseburebebi 

da rCeba mxolod yvela literaturis mTavari maxasiaTebelis, 

maTi àrsis~. zogadi narCeni, Teoriuli, sistemuri, 

transistoriuli. literatura aris globaluri erToba, er- 

Ti da ganuyofeli ara mxolod Tavisi raodenobiTi da planetaruli 

mniSvnelobiT, aramed sakuTari struqturiTac, Tavisi 

Tvisobrivi _ sulieri, formaluri, aqsiologiuri mTlianobiT. 

sabolood, arsebobs erTi literatura, erTaderTi 

da universaluri literaturuli struqtura, dabolos, erTi 

literaturuloba: universaluri literaturis literaturuloba. 

swored aqedan modis yovelgvari eTnocentrizmis, yovelgvari 

`mkafio evropocentrizmis~ 102 uaryofa. literaturuloba 

ukve veRar ganisazRvreba mxolod dasavleTis korpusidan, 

an kidev, ori an sami priviligirebuli literaturis 

an poeziis poziciidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, referentebidan 

erTi eqtra-dasavluri unda iyos; amdagvarad da, amave dros, 

miniWebuli unda hqondes universalurisaken mimarTuli globaluri 

mniSvneloba. amgvari saerTo literaturuloba, rac 

simbolurad aRmosavleT-dasavleTs aerTianebs, xdeba saWiro 

midgoma, erTsa da imave dros winaswari da arsebiTi. nebismierma 

naSromma SeiZleba gamoavlinos da moaxdinos literaturulobis 

konotacia am asparezze, oRondac yvela Tavis signifikaciur 

doneze am xarisxs unda aRwevdes. 

zonaluri Tu sivrciTi lokalizaciis gverdiT arsebobs 

droiTi ganzomileba, Cdeba kiTxva _ rodis? literaturuloba 

Seesabameba yvela dros. maSasadame, sruliad legitimuria 

saubari àntikur~, `Suasaukuneebis~, `renesansis~ literaturebze 

da a.S., magram ara mxolod finalisturi mniSvnelobiT, 

romelic mzardi literaturulobis erTi `kanonis~ 

258

arsebobas igulisxmebda. garkveuli gaazreba literaturulobisa 

da imisa, rac aris sakuTriv poezia da literatura da 

is, rac ar aris, yvela epoqisTvisaa niSandoblivi. es ar niSnavs 

imas, rom literaturuloba, transistoriuli aspeqtebis 

gverdiT, ar waramoadgens garkveul istoriul Tu ganpirobebul 

aspeqtebs, rasac aseve naTeli unda moefinos. rogorc 

ukve aRvniSneT, terminologiuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, 

literaturuloba Seicavs mTel semantikur arqeologias, 

103 istoriul mniSvnelobaTa safuZvels, romelic mar- 

Tlac Seereva istorias Tu literaturis ideis mTavar 

`biografias~. 

bolos, Cndeba mesame SekiTxva: rogor vimoqmedoT, rom 

dasasruls mivaRwioT? Tanamedrove Teoriul komparativizmSi 

arsebobs gamosavlis ori tipi. upirvelesad gvaqvs literaturuli 

fenomenologia, rac miemarTeba literaturis 

arss, romelic gamosayofia konkretul komparativistuli eqsperimentebidan, 

vityodiT imasac, rom eidetikuri reduqcia, 

romelsac drodadro vixsenebT, gaiolebulia komparativistuli 

kontrastebis erTianobiT, frCxilebSi CasmiT, literaturebis 

gansxvavebebisa da saxesxvaobebis, invariantebis mopovebiT, 

moqmedebebiT, romlebic damokidebulia deskrifciebsa 

da sqematizaciebze, romlebic _ yoveli Tavis instanciaze 

_ erTi arsisaken arian mimarTuli. fenomenologiuri midgoma, 

romelsac ukve SevxvdiT Cvens naSromSi (V Tavi; 4, 7), amgvarad 

ixveWs gazrdil komparativistul legitimurobas, Cven 

mas vpoulobT yovelTvis, roca mivmarTavT literaturuli 

Txzulebebis `fenebs~ (Sdr. ingardeni), an ufro zogadi formiT 

(`veluri~ fenomenelogiis sasargeblod), `poeziisaTvis 

damaxasiTebel sakuTar Tvisebebs~, `poemis aucilebel pirobebs~, 

`literaturas sakuTriv~. arsi _ Tu ganTavsdeba am perspeqtivaSi 

_ gaxlavT literaturuli, universaluri, zeistoriuli, 

romelic arcerT konteqstze ar aris damokidebuli, 

Tavad literaturis empiriul realobazec ki, is `gamosacalkevebelia~ 

`wminda mdgomareobiT~ 105 (rogorc lirizmisa). meore 

tipi, romelic metad gavrcelebulia, ritorikuli da 

tradiciuli poetikuri rigisaa. komparativizmsa da am disciplinebs 

Soris mimarTebebi araerTxel mivuTiTeT. saWiroa 

mas davamatoT `formebisa~ da `Janrebis~ kvlevebi, literaturuli 

stilistika, mTeli `molekuluri struqturalizmis interdisciplinaruli 

laboratoriac ki SedarebiT literaturaSi~. 

107 etiambli, Tavis mxriv, am formalur Ziebebs warmoidgens, 

rogorc SesaZlebelsa da aucilebels; is iZleva aseve 

programis eskizss naSromSi `Sedareba ar aris motivi~. 

259

sxva mxriv, radikaluri reduqcia, romelic Semosaz- 

Rvravs literaturulobas ènis gakeTilSobilebiT~, `sityvis 

poetur nawarmoebad gardaqmniT~, 108 da a.S. _ uarsayofia. literatura 

da, maSasadame, literaturuloba, aris ufro meti 

_ rogorc struqturul, ise mniSvnelobis doneze _ vidre 

formaluri xerxebis ubralo erToba. literaturis dayvana 

wmindad verbalur sayrdenamde, fenomenebisa da leqsemebis 

mowyobamde, mTeli Tavisi mniSvnelobebis, Rirebulebebebisa 

da Tavisi warmosaxviTi samyaros moSorebiT, aris misi gaRaribeba, 

daknineba. wmindad lingvisturi literaturuloba verasodes 

moaxerxebs literaturis `yofierebaSi~, mis gulSi 

Cawvdomas. da Tu literaturis kiTxva, ase vTqvaT, misi mniSvnelobebisa, 

SesaZlebelia ama Tu im azriT, ukanasknel procesSi 

igi sulac ar aris damokidebuli arc mis enaze, arc 

mis materialur teqstze. komparativistebi, rogorc wesi, ganze 

dganan amgvari polemikebisagan. rac Seexeba poetikosebsa 

da semiotikosebs, zogierTi maT Soris Tavad iwyebs poetika- 

Si lingvisturi analizis sazRvrebis gamorCevas. 109 

komparativisti Teoretikosebis mier `literaturulobis~ 

miReba jer kidev iSviaTad da nel-nela mimdinareobs; 

zogadad, is ar cdeba ubralo principuli Tanxmobis dones _ 

frTxilsa da zomiers. saWiroa maT sasargeblod aRvniSnoT 

is TavSekavebuloba, rasac isini yoveli gadaWarbebuli panlingvizmis 

winaSe gviCveneben; iSviaTad xdeba ise, rom komparativistebi 

ar mimarTaven aranair seriozul mcdelobas, 

raTa siRrmiseulad miiRon literaturuloba, moaTavson is 

komparativistuli literaturis Teoriis centrSi, Seiswavlon 

da bolos, gansazRvron. zogadad, mdgomareoba aseTia: 

literaturuloba aris ufro postulirebuli, ufro Teorizebuli, 

vidre magaliTebiT ilustrirebuli. zogierTi gaxsniloba, 

romelTa Soris iseTebicaa, romlebic mniSvnelovnad 

gvesaxeba, mainc xazgasasmelia. yvelaze progresuli amerikeli 

komparativistebi misdeven rene ueleks, xelovnebis 

nawarmoebze (literaturuli `TavisTavad~ an sich) 110 mimarTuli 

`ganyenebuli~ moqmedebis mtkice momxres; es aris demarSi, 

romelic sabolood literaturulobis cnebas uaxlovdeba. 

saWiroa Tu ara `CamoerTvas~ mas amgvari gabatonebuli pozicia? 

erTi amerikeli literaturis istorikosi (ase vTqvaT, 

araprogresuli frTis warmomadgeneli), 1911 wlidan moyolebuli 

111 , mainc saubrobs `ganyenebul (Sinagan) literaturul 

interesze~ (Intrinsic Literary Interest). rene uelekis wyaroebi (kantizmi, 

fenomenelogia, formalizmi) Tavs uyris da aZlierebs 

Tavis sabaziso Tezas, romlis mixedviTac `xelovnebis xaris- 

260

xi~ da `specifikuri literaturuloba~ literaturis dargSi 

aireva. 112 es Teza disociaciasa da xelovnebaTa da RirebulebaTa 

antinomias eyrdnoba da literaturuloba postulatis 

garkveul saxeSi gardaiqmneba (literaturuloba, rogorc 

aseTi, die eigene Literarität). 113 es aris mniSvnelovani, arsebiTic 

ki, magram mainc ar kmara: sad unda moxdes misi lokalizeba 

da rogor movxazoT is, aRvweroT im pirobiT, rom literaturuloba 

moicavs aRweras, morfologias da a.S.? frangul komparativizmSi 

etiambli yvelaze ufro axlos dgas am `programasTan~: 

mxolod universalur literaturas SeuZlia `xeli 

Seuwyos literaturulobis gansazRvrebas, rac SedarebiT 

naklebad arasaimdo iqneba, vidre isini, romlebiTac guluxvad 

gvavseben evropuli kulturis momxreebi~. 114 es Canafiqrebi 

miiswrafvis `sakuTriv literaturisaken~ (rasac rusi 

formalistebi uwodeben literaturnost-s, literatur-is sawinaaRmdegod); 

mokled, enisaken, rom ar avurioT `lingvistikasTan~. 115 

ukanasknel siaxleebSi, literaturuli teqstebis formaluri 

analizi win iwevs sxva komparativistebs Soris, vinaidan, 

zustad ise, `rogorc formalistebi, yovelTvis vcdilobT, 

gzadagza movxazoT literaturulobis cneba~. 116 `literaturuli 

faqtis~ `specifikuroba~ amieridan S.E.L.G.C-is sazrunavia. 

117 magram mxolod gzis dasawyisSi varT da am droisTvis 

damajerebeli Sedegebis gareSe. yovelive aqedan momdinareobs 

is, rom e.w. `teqstis literaturulobasTan dakavSirebuli 

komparativistuli diskursebis~ kritika jer kidev obieqtis 

gareSea, naadrevi, areuli, Seujamebeli, amasTan, pretenziuli 

JargoniT formulirebuli. 118 

maSasadame, im wertilSi, sadac Cven vimyofebiT, arsebiTi 

problemaa literaturulobis kargad gansazRvra komparativistuli 

TvalTaxedviT da misi ilustrirebis SesaZlebloba, 

realobis damowmebiT. roca Teoritikosi komparativisti, 

wminda sisxlis poetikosad gardaqmnis survilis gareSe axerxebs, 

rom mogvces literaturulobis gancalkevebuli gansaz- 

Rvreba, Tavis kerZo poziciebze dayrdnobiTa da `xelovneba- 

Ta ormxrivi gaSuqebiT~, masSi aRireva. `zogads~ literaturaSi 

ara mxolod `supernacionaluris~ mniSvneloba aqvs, 

aramed àrsebiTisa~, 119 specifikurisa (esTetikuri): es aris 

literaturuloba, romelic radikalurad ganacalkevebs mas 

sxva xelovnebaTagan. yovelTvis, roca Cven vecdebiT naTeli 

movfinoT `literaturuli nawarmoebis arss~, `literaturis 

struqturas~ 120 da am saxis sxva sinonimebs, Teoriuli komparativizmi 

srulfasovan poetikad gardaiqmneba. miveaxloT 

literaturas ìgive statusiT~, rac xelovnebaa, iseTi midgo- 

261

miT, rac àr iTvaliswinebs arc drosa da arc sivrces~ _ ai, 

zogierTi nabiji, romlebsac SeuZlia naTeli mofinos sakuTriv 

literaturas, `literaturulobasa da paraliteraturulobas~. 

survili _ Seadaro literatura ìmas, rac is ar 

aris _ imis miCneviT, rom Cven ukve viciT, ra aris `literatura~ 

da ra ar aris 121 _ es ukve TavisTavad warmoadgens pirvel 

mniSvnelovan progress. 

meore punqti (raTa gabedulad SevajamoT); saWiroa Tavis 

ukanasknel Sedegebamde miviRoT da safuZvlianad gamoviyenoT 

`supranacionaluri literaturulobis~ (Welt-Literarität) 

Tu universalurobis koncepti. es aris centraluri hipoTeza, 

romelic marTavs komparativistul literaturul Teorias 

Tavis erTobaSi. rogorc viciT, is aq erTveba pozitivizmTan 

da istorizmTan erTad. es ukanaskneli, TviT `literaturulobis~ 

hipoTezis aRiarebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba universaluri 

terminebiT Camoyalibebul nebismier statikur gansazRvrebas, 

123 saidanac modis literaturulobis dilema, TiTqmis 

àporia~: mas ZaluZs SemogvTavazos wmindad Teoriuli da, 

amave dros, misaRebi gansazRvreba, magram romelmac urTier- 

Toba dakarga universaluri literaturis multiformul realobebTan; 

an kidev piriqiT, SemogvTavazos literaturulobis 

gansazRvrebaTa wyeba, iseTi, rogorsac mas esa Tu is epoqa 

da adgili gamoavlenda da romelic marTlac gardaqmnida 

am operacias literaturululobis istoriad; Tumca es ar 

aris Cveni ganzraxva da SegviZlia warmovidginoT aseve sxva 

procedurac, romelic am or moTxovnas upasuxebda. 

davuSvaT, rom nacionaluri literaturebis erToba 

(sxvagvarad, universaluri literatura) ayalibebs erTaderT 

msoflio literaturas, romelic realurad ireva literaturasTan. 

amgvarad, literatura xdeba totaluri realoba, zogadi 

da struqturalurad erTiani, aRmniSvneli literaturulobis 

sivrculi da droiTi ganzomilebisa. is qmnis sinqronul 

`sistemas~, romlis `modeli~ iqneba swored es literaturuloba. 

literaturulobis modeli, yovelive imis mixedviT, 

rac modelizaciis Sesaxeb viciT (V Tavi), SesaZlebelia 

arsebobdes. Tu amgvarad gansazRvruli literaturis Teoria 

SeiZleba asimilirdes `literaturis zogad gramatikasTan~, 

ratom ar SeiZleba aseve vaRiaroT misi àRweriTi~ xasiaTi, 

Tundac iseTi modelis mniSvnelobiT, romelsac dasaSvebi 

formebis genezisi SeuZlia marTos? bolos da bolos, literaturuli 

nawarmoebebis aRweriTi modeli yvela SesaZlebeli 

literaturis nawarmoebTa erTobaSi `Caweril~ suraTamde 

mividoda, rac Cafiqrebuli iqneboda, rogorc wesebis damTav- 

262

ebuli sistema, romelTac SeuZliaT eqspliciturad warmoSvan 

literaturis yvela invarianti. yovel SemTxvevaSi, samu- 

Sao hipoTezis praqtikaSi danergva, romelic garkveuli prestiJiT 

sargeblobs (romelsac aseve formalistebic xSirad 

mimarTavdnen), literaturis Teorias ar aklia. 124 maSasadame, 

Cven SegviZlia warmovidginoT àRweriTi poetika~, romelic 

unda aRvmarToT ara komparativizmis nangrevebze, aramed amoviRoT 

misi monacemebidan. es sabaziso `modeli~ erTdroulad 

mogvcemda komparativistuli literaturulobis niSans, 

CarCos, struqturas da centralur hipoTezas. 

sxva mxriv, invariantebi, romlebic TavianT struqturas 

ayalibeben, adgilebisa da epoqebidan gamomdinare, mravalgvari 

ilustraciebiT sargebloben. maSasadame, yoveli literaturuli 

invarianti Tavisi lokalizaciis mixedviT, gansxvavebul 

morfologiur saxes miiRebs, da amave dros, TavisTavadi 

darCeba. magaliTad, saWiro gaxdeba lirizmis ucvleli Teoriis 

SemuSaveba, `sadac pantuni, zajali, haiku, dveeCo, taiani, 

hainteni, kopla, afrikuli spiriCuelzi, kiu, tanka, Ce, 

iatu, Tu afrikeli xalxis leqsebi, iqneba igive mniSvnelobis, 

rac soneti, balada, `trobar clus~. es aris Janri, romelsac 

komparativistebi yvela qveynaSi aRmoaCenen. epikuri Janri moiTxovs 

identur safuZvels da verifikacias. etiambli ambobs: 

ìs, risi Setyobac SemiZlia afrikelebisa Tu berberebis 

zRaprebidan an aseve Jatakebidan, romelic mogviTxrobs budas 

wina cxovrebebs, iZulebuls mxdis davadasturo, rom sa- 

Wiroa SeviZino axali funqciebi. amis Semdeg, rac ukve gavake- 

TeT zogierTi afrikuli zRaprebisTvis, unda SevadginoT 

kompleqsuri sqemebi~, 125 saidanac gamomdinareobs is, rom modeli 

iqneba zogadi sqemisa da misi nimuSebis geometriuli 

adgili; da misi monaxazi, ase vTqvaT, in situ ganxiluli invariantebi, 

yvela gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi (geografiulsa 

da istoriulSi), romlebic maT warmoaCens. es aris gawmenda 

mravalsaxovani literaturuli fenomenebisa, sistematurad 

wakiTxuli maTi saerTo literaturulobis mixedviT an, Tu 

gvsurs, mravalsaxovani litteratura perennis, romelTagan TiToeuli 

saxe amosaval wertilSi gvabrunebs. 

ra aris is, rasac SegviZlia davakvirdeT am àgenti Tanamgzavris~ 

simaRlidan, rom cotaTi mainc gardavqmnaT `siriusis 

TvalTaxedva~? zogadad, es aris literaturuli invariantebis 

ori tipi: pirvel rigSi _ universaluri literaturis 

gazrdili velebis invariantebi, romlebic literaturis 

yvelze zogad mimarTebebs marTaven, isini, romlebic formas 

aZleven mis struqturas literaturuli nawarmoebis am Tu im 

263

doneze. am mimarTulebiT ukve arsebobs garkveuli gaRrmavebuli 

mosazrebebi, da ueWvelia, amgvari mimarTuleba nayofieri 

iqneba; esenia: tradicia/originaloba, seleqcia/Serwyma, 

forma/mniSvneloba, realoba/fiqcia, gadamcemi/daniSnulebis 

adgili 126 da a.S., romlebic, rasakvirvelia, ar ganlagdebian 

literaturulobis igive sibrtyeze, magram TiToeuli erTerT 

mis waxnagTagans gansazRvravs. maTi sinTez-modeli mar- 

Tlac Sesaswavlia. meore mxriv _ formaluri kategoriebis 

garda, romlebic didi xania praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba, kerZod: 

formula, topos, leqsi, saxe, motivi, Tema, tipi da a.S. _ literaturuloba 

iqneba aseve moqmedebaTa rigis, rogoricaa paralelizmi, 

rac ukve didi xania ganxilulia, rogorc `poeziis 

sawyisi forma~, 127 ganmeoreba an Sebruneba, perioduli 

ganmeorebebi, 128 magaliTad, refreni. 129 operaciis saidumlo iqneboda 

gadasvla aRwerebidan da nawilobrivi deskrifciuli 

kvlevebidan _ ganmazogadebel aRwerebze. amave dros, es daemorCileboda 

universalur da universalistur Semowmebas 

(Tavi V,5). cxadia, es gaxlavT momavlis poetikis monaxazi, 

romelsac eqneba Zlieri SesaZlebloba _ mivides srulfasovan 

komparativistul gansazRvrebamde, romelic gamocalkevebulia 

mTlianad literaturulobis sxva aqtualuri Tu SesaZlebeli 

mniSvnelobebisagan. monacemTa kompiuteruli damu- 

Savebis sul ufro mzardma srulyofam SeiZleba aseve gaxsnas 

mravlismomaswavebeli perspeqtivebi... 

5. saboloo kritikebi da dakvirvebebi 

yovelive es, erTdroulad, aris àqeT~ da `miRma~ imisa, 

rasac Cven dRes literaturis TeoriaSi `vakeTebT~. literaturis 

komparativistuli Teoria kvlavac moiTxovs Tavis 

gansakuTrebul da srulfasovan statuss sakuTari damowmebis 

sibrtyeSi, Tavis principebsa da specifikur koherentulobaSi. 

zogadad, man Tvali unda gausworos literaturuli 

Teoriisa da kerZod, komparativistuli Teoriis mier 

wamoWril winaaRmdegobebs; SeewinaaRmdegos skepticizms, romelsac 

vupirispirebT literaturis nebismier zogad Teorias 

130 da, amave dros, pasuxi gaeces komparativistebis tradiciul, 

istorizirebul cecxlis Robeebs: dayofa aris Rrma 

da is mTel xazs mihyveba. sabolood ki saubaria or komparativizmze, 

TiToeuls aqvs Tavisi sakuTari legitimuroba, 

romlebic erTxel da samudamod unda ganvacalkevoT da romelsac 

zustad gadmoscems germanuli terminologiuri dayo- 

264

fa: `SedarebiTi literaturuli istoria~ (vergleichende Literaturgeschichte) 

da `SedarebiTi literaturuli Teoria~ (vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft). marTlac, es aris ori disciplina, gansxvavebuli 

sagnebiTa da meTodebiT. 

antagonizmi erTdroulad Teoriulicaa da meTodologiuric: 

maSin, roca istoriul midgomas surs arCevani mxolod 

faqtobriv kavSirebze SeaCeros, mkacri qronologiis, 

socialur-kulturuli situaciebis mravalferovnebis da a.S. 

pirobebSi, Teoriuli miaxloeba Tanxmdeba, metic, moiTxovs 

struqturul kavSirebs, Tavisufal anaqronizms, istoriuli 

faqtebis simultanur kiTxvas, tipologias, istoriuli morfologiisa 

da aseve Teoriuli reduqciis universaluri 

principebis daxmarebiT. radikalurad gansxvavebuli ori midgoma, 

romelsac axasiaTebs umetesad Teoriuli sulisa da 

sinTezis nakleboba, aseve arakompetenturoba Tu ganzogadebebis 

simcire, nebismieri demarSisas epistemologiuri da me- 

Todologiuri blokireba, miCneulia, rogorc winaremecnieruli, 

vinaidan araempiriulia an gamomdinareobs ara-`logikuri~ 

mtkicebidan. 

gamovitanoT daskvna: Zalian mZime kritikis sami kategoria, 

rac ukve Segvxvda ama Tu im formaSi, zogadad miemarTeba 

SedarebiT literaturas da kerZod, mis Teoriul orientacias. 

pozitivizmi (dromoWmuli, magram isev Zlieri) da istorizmi 

alergiulni rCebian yvela ganmzogadebeli mcdelobis 

mimarT, im preteqstiT, rom mas upirispirdeba `faqtebisa~ da 

maTi `kavSirebis~ Semowmeba, rom lingvistikuri da profesionaluri 

dabrkoleba dauZlevelia, rom specializaciam unda 

gandevnos yovelgvari diletantizmi da a.S. Cven vcxovrobT 

im droSi, roca arsebobs specializaciis kerpi da gvyavs 

`WeSmariti specialistebi~ ara mxolod erTi literaturisa, 

ara erTi epoqisa, ara erTi avtorisa _ rac iqneboda sruliad 

marTebuli da sasurveli _ aramed didi specialisti romeliRac 

erTi avtoris nawarmoebebisa, erTi avtoris erTi nawarmoebisa, 

erTi avtoris erTi nawarmoebis erTi Tavis an er- 

Ti aspeqtisa da a.S. rac Tavad specializaciis karikaturaa 

literaturuli kvlevebis dargSi. araranairi erToba; yvela 

mTavari idea gandevnilia; erTianobis yovelgvari xedva _ akrZaluli; 

cxadia, oqros Sualedi mTelsa da nawils Soris 

rTulad dasacavia. magram masterilizebeli specializacia 

ganaxlebuli komparativizmis uares mtrad rCeba... 

am tendencias aqvs zusti etiketi: `nacionaluri~ literaturis 

istorikosis Camoyalibeba komparativistSi; TiTqmis 

eqskluziuri upiratesobis miniWeba sakuTari, nacionaluri 

265

literaturisaTvis. 131 Cven ar SegviZlia ganvazogadoT, vinaidan 

nacionaluri literaturebi (es gadawyvetilia) ar iZleva 

gaerTianebis saSualebas. maSasadame, `Cven aRar vkiTxulobT 

abstraqtulad, Tu ra aris literatura (saerTod)? magram 

gviCndeba kiTxva: ra aris es erTi literatura? realuri, 

konkretuli literatura(...) 132 ? vaRiaroT, rom `ganzogadebebis 

unari ar gagvaCnia~ (sic!). Tu literaturuli nawarmoebi ar 

SeiZleba iyos amoglejili sakuTari garemodan, saxeldobr, 

garkveuli nacionaluri Tu eTikuri literaturidan, literaturis 

universaluri istoria (da Semdeg, literaturis universaluri 

Teoria) rCeba qimera, aSkara SeuZlebloba, àmao 

da fantastikuri~ (super sic!). es araferia, Tu ara `bundovani 

ambicia~, rac, rasakvirvelia, seriozulma kompatarivistebma 

Tavidan unda aicilon. 133 amgvarad, relativisturi empirizmi 

uerTdeba absolutur istorizms, raTa uaryos literaturis 

yvela naZaladevad universaluri gansazRvreba. amgvarad, iarsebebda 

mxolod ukiduresad cvalebadi istoriuli gansaz- 

Rvrebebi imisa, rasac Cven `literaturad~ vaRiarebT garkveul 

kulturaSi, erT literaturaSi, erT zust istoriul momentSi, 

maTi istoriulad gansazRvruli da Sepirobebuli instituciebis 

WrilSi. maSasadame, yovel epoqas eqneboda Tavisi 

gansazRvreba, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi, ueWvelia; rac ar 

gviSlis xels, rom literaturis SedarebiTi Teoria Tanabrad 

SesaZlebeli iyos sxva `TeoriebTan~ erTad da rom man, 

Tavis mxriv, istoriulad ganlagebulma, Tavisi meTodisa da 

invariantebis mixedviT gamoiyenos ganaxlebadi istoriuli 

elementebis erToba, raTa universalobis sakuTari parametrebidan 

gamomdinare sakuTar sinTezamde mivides. 

Sedegad maT, romelTac araerTgzis ganacxades, rom Tavad 

terminic ki _ ùniversaluri literatura~ `naklebad xelsayreli~, 

èqstravagantuli~ Tu `saSiSia~ (metic facile and arogant!) 

134 da sqemebisa da `ganzogadebebis~ mimarT undoblobas 

gamoxataven, uerTdebian literaturuli originalobis momxreebi, 

individualuri nawarmoebis specifikurobis damcvelebi 

(yvela kategoriis). mogvianebiT, rodesac es mecnierebi pozitivistur 

midgomas uaryofen (komparativizmSi yvelaze 

cnobilia arturo farinelis SemTxveva), isini wvaven yvelafers, 

rasac Tayvans scemdnen da literaturis yovel `msoflio~ 

koncefcias uwodeben qimerasa da sizmrs, Teoriulad 

homogenurs. 135 magram am ukiduresobamde misul xedvasTan er- 

Tad (romelic jiutad da eqskluziurad miemarTeba `gansxvavebas~, 

`sxvaobas~, àRudgenels~ da a.S.), literaturisa Tu 

poeziis nebismieri gansazRvreba, metic nebismieri literatu- 

266

uli Teoria Tu poetika SeuZlebeli da warmoudgeneli iqneboda, 

radgan ganzogadebis procesi (Canasaxis mdgomareoba- 

Si myofi) CanasaxSive mokvdeboda. 

am pozitivistur-istorizirebul-esTetikur Tanxvdomas 

mivyavarT `totaluri ambiciis~ 136 SeuZleblobisaken, rac sayovelTaodaa 

aRiarebuli. sistemis suli cxaddeba mkvdrad, 

vcxovrobT analizisa da fragmentis epoqaSi, ufro da ufro 

iSviaTia totalizaciis, literaturis ganzogadebis tendenciebi 

da ZlivsRa iwvevs `qeba-didebas~, arc wyalia, arc Rvino. 

137 yovelive amis pirdapiri Sedegia literaturis sferoSi 

`saerTo mniSvnelis~ uaryofa, rac CvenTvis sacduri aRmoCndeboda, 

vinaidan daefuZneboda Sedevris normatiul cnebas, 

maSasadame, Sefasebebs, Rirebulebis gansjebs, romelTa warmomavloba 

yovelTvis sakamaToa. 138 realurad, rogorc amis 

damtkiceba SevZeliT, misi meqanizmi aris Zalian gansxvavebuli, 

vinaidan is eyrdnoba ara normatiul aqsiologias, aramed 

axal meTodologiur paradigmasa da hermenevtikas. garda amisa, 

TviT azrovnebis dineba amyarebs analiz-sinTezis an individualoba-ganzogadebis 

rigis korelaciebs, rac xsnis meryeobas, 

metic, Cveni sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebel zogierT winaaRmdegobas; 

erTi mxriv, xdeba universaluri literaturis 

ganmartebis SesaZleblobis uaryofa, magram, amave dros, ar 

gamovricxavT ùniversaluri literaturis~ gansazRvrebas, 

da amis gakeTebas SevecadeT erTsa da imave TavSi. 139 

aRniSnuli mdgomareoba, rac arcTu iSviaTia, gvaZlevs 

saSualebas, Zalian miaxloebiT movxazoT winaaRmdegobaTa mesame 

kategoria, rac, arsebiTad, erT gadauWrel dilemamde 

daiyvaneba: sruliad literaturisaTvis SeuZlebelia erTaderTi 

`kodis~ gamomuSaveba, magram arc is aris SesaZlebeli, 

rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebisaTvis saTiTaod dadgindes 

`kodebi~. igive dilema Cndeba sxva doneebzec: Tu Cven 

ganvsazRvravdiT literaturas, rogorc ìmitaciisa~ da `fiqciis~ 

nayofs, es saSualebas mogvcemda _ rogorc SevniSneT _ 

`didi raodenobis nawarmoebebi gagvcnobierebina, rogorc Cveulebriv 

literaturulad kvalificirebuli, magram ara yvela~. 

140 maSasadame, rogor SevaTanxmoT literaturis gansaz- 

Rvrebis `yvelaferi~ _ igive literaturis `kerZosTan~ (èsTetikuri~ 

Tu àrtistuli~, istoriuli da a.S.)? 

aris mxolod erTi gamosavali: moviSvelioT _ ase 

vTqvaT _ Sua `kodi~, centraluri hipoTeza, romelic moTavsebulia 

istoriulad daTariRebul monacemebis Soris. mas 

aqvs SesaZlebloba daemorCilos Tavis wess, Tavis sistemas. 

saubaria isev garkveul relativizmze: wmindad intuiciur hi- 

267

poTezidan, subieqturidan komparativistulze gadasvlis Sesaxeb; 

inteleqtualuri, personaluri, istoriuli da hermenevtikuli 

situaciis sinTezi gamudmebuli misvala-mosvliT 

ganvaxorcieloT Cvens universalistur literaturul hipo- 

Tezasa da mis istoriul SenaZenTa erTobliobas Soris, rasac 

gadaviazrebT meTodologiuri wredebis WrilSi. magram 

Tanmimdevruli istorizmi, romelic amoiwureboda `pozitiuri~ 

monacemebis aRweriT, ukve amowurulia da is igivegvarad 

daamsxvrevda literaturis globaluri midgomis nebismier 

SesaZleblobas da amgvarad, aRmosavleTis mTeli korpusi 

erTi xelis mosmiT iqneboda gaZevebuli. am pirobebSi ra 

universaluri literaturis èrTobaze~ SegveZleboda saubari? 

swored aqedan modis usafuZvloba winaaRmdegobisa, romlis 

mixedviTac, msgavsi procedura, dafuZnebuli zogad midgomaze, 

mxolod universalur Strixebs amogvacnobinebda nawarmoebis 

SigniT da dausruleblad `warmogvaCeninebda~ silogizmebs, 

141 vinaidan (da es asecaa) mxolod msgavsi procedura 

aris warmatebuli. 

maSasadame, gamosavali SezRudulia, rac gardauvlad 

SemzRudavi situaciidan momdinareobs. Tumca, mainc saWiroa 

miviRoT, radgan is tipuria msoflios yvela TeoriisaTvis. 

gardauvlad relatiuri xasiTis literaturis komparativistul 

Teorias aqvs aseve Tavisi sazRvrebi, barierebi, xSirad 

gadaulaxavi, rac kargada cnobili. mTeli literaturuli zonebi 

`Seudarebelni~ arian, ver daiyvanebian konceptebis er- 

Tobliobamde, vinaidan isini erTmaneTisTvis ara mxolod 

ùcxoni~ arian, aramed sruliad da gadaWriT `miusadagebelni~. 

amasTan dakavSirebiT Cven movixmobT arabul, Cinur magaliTebs 

142 da a.S. amave dros, universaluri literatura SeuCereblad 

`farTovdeba~, grZeldeba Ria da uwyveti procesebi 

_ formebis, Janrebis, modalobebis, axali stilebis Seqmnisa. 

bevri fiqrobs, rom swored amitomac aris SeuZlebeli 

literaturis statikuri da Seucvleli konceptis arseboba. 

da mainc, saubaria literaturis yoveli droebiTi universaluri 

midgomis donisaTvis legitimurad gardamaval gansaz- 

Rvrebaze, maSinac ki, roca axali literaturuli realobebi, 

romlebic adre Tu gvian saxes Seucvlian Cvens Temasa da 

Cvens gansazRvrebas, uciloblad warmoCndebian. da Tu Cven 

xandaxan mainc vyoymanobT da gviWirs arCevanis gakeTeba mraval 

SesaZlebel gamosavals Soris, es xdeba imitom, rom yvela 

fundamenturad axali mcdeloba midis sakuTari Tavis Ziebisaken, 

eZebs sakuTar Tavs; zogjer erT adgils tkepnis an 

gzas scdeba. 

268

sxva mxriv, `literatura~ aris Zalian nairferi, is niSnavs 

Zalian bevr rames da warmoCndeba Zalian orazrovnad, 

raTa SevZloT, rom am polisemiur mdgomareobaSi warmatebulad 

visaubroT WeSmarit gansazRvrebaze. xvavdeba semantikuri 

dabrkolebebi, axali niuansebi, axali faqtebis anareklebi, 

gardauvali personaluri gansazRvrebebi da ganmartebebi, 

Zalian rTuli terminologiuri unifikacia da standartizacia. 

ras vgulisxmobT zustad `literaturuli fenomenis~ 

cnebaSi (Phänomen des Literarischen), romelic yovelTvis ganxilulia, 

rogorc SedarebiTi literaturis sagani? 143 rogoria 

wili istoriulisa, TviTneburisa, legitimurisa, personalurisa, 

SeTanxmebulisa iseT formulaSi, romelic polivalenturia 

gansazRvrebis mixedviT, vinaidan upirvelesad aglutinaciuria? 

SeuZlebeli iqneboda saerTo mniSvnelebisaken migvebrunebina 

yvela arsebuli Teza da antiTeza. universaluri 

literaturisa da literaturis gansazRvrebebi aris aucileblad 

axsnadi, mravalmxrivi, maSasadame, miaxloebiTi, metnaklebad 

gaurkveveli. yvela principis, kanonis, literaturuli 

gansazRvrebis bedia, iyvnen erTbaSad zustni da arazustni 

da niSandadebulni platonis, hegelis, kroCes, lukaCis 

da a.S. mier. 

yovelive aqedan gamogvaqvs argumenti, magram garkveuli 

`sadisturi~ kmayofilebis gareSe (rac SeiZleba fsiqoanalitikurad 

gaviazroT), rom literatura ar SeiZleba iyos gansazRvruli, 

vitgenStainis rwmeniTac, sxvaTa Soris, 144 da rom 

`literaturuli sagani~ xasiaTdeba ganusazRvrelobis Sefasebadi 

koeficientiT, esenia: 1) SeuZlebeli integraluri inventari; 

2) TiTqmis usasrulo polisemiis verbaluri masala; 

3) verbaluri gamoxatva marad Camoyalibebis mdgomareobaSi. 

maSasadame, SeuZlebeli iqneboda gvepasuxa mTavari kiTxvisaTvis: 

ra aris literatura, wmindad logikuri, formaluri modelis 

miRma, romelsac amis garda eqneboda didi upiratesoba 

gaeTavisuflebina literaturis mecniereba (komparativistulis 

CaTvliT, cxadia), `kacobriobis~ `geto~ (sic). 145 

yvela xsenebuli mizezis gamo, `poetikuri~ komparativizmi 

mainc gvTavazobs literaturis yoveli zogadi gansaz- 

Rvrebis sul mcire misaReb da vargis CarCos. is saSualebas 

iZleva Tavi davaRwioT ukidures specializacias, formalistur 

aleqsandrizms, SezRudul fragmentulobas, Teoriul 

Seferxebas, garkveuli obieqtivizmis ugemovnobas, romelic 

Tavs `mecnierulad~ Tvlis. is exmaureba garkveul nostalgias, 

rac damaxasiaTebelia yoveli Teoriuli azrovnebisaTvis. 

esaa eqspliciturad universalisturi Tvalsazrisi, romelic 

269

Riaa msoflios yvela literaturis mimarT (dasavleTisa da 

aRmosavleTisa), barierebis, akrZalvebis Tu tabus gareSe. mas 

stereotipul da ukiduresad banalizebul sistemebSi Semoaqvs 

cvlileba maradiuli citatebis damowmebisa. bolos da 

bolos, is aris specifikuri meTodologia, romelsac uflebrivad 

da faqtobrivad arsebul meTodebTan Tanaarseboba SeuZlia, 

amasTan, ar qmnis maTTan ormagi gamoyenebis precedents, 

romlis wyaro erTdroulad istoriuli da heremenevtikulia. 

ase mravalferovania is SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac 

yovelgvari iluziis gareSe ZaluZT daakanonon misi (komparativizmis) 

wamowyebani, aucileblad gansaxorcielebeli Tu 

meorexarisxovani; vfiqrobT, ufro gansaxorcilebeli... 

270

ibliografia 

I. komparativistuli `poetika~, gv. 10-21. 

1. Jean-Marie Carré, Préface, in: Marius-François Guyard, La Littérature 

comparée (Paris, 1965), 4 -e éd., p. 5; Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, La 

Littérature comparée (Paris, 1967), p. 77; Ulrich Weisstein, Comparative 

Literature and Literary Theory (Bloomington-London, 1973), p. 29. 

2. Al. Dima, Principii de literatura comparatä (« Principes de littérature 

comparée ») (Bucuresti, 1969), p. 95. 

3. Dernièrement, entre autres, en faveur de la possibilité d'une redéfinition de la 

littérature comparée: Haskell M. Block, c.r., Guy Laflèche, Petit manuel des 

études littéraires, in: Canadian Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne 

de littérature comparée, VI, (1979), p. 84 

4. René Wellek, The Crisis of Comparative Literature, in: Concepts of Criticism 

(New Haven and London, 1965), p. 282, 290; mêmes objections chez John 

Fletcher, The Criticism of Comparison, in: Contemporary Criticism (London, 

1970), p. 107; François Jost, La Littérature comparée, une philosophie des 

lettres, in: Essais de littérature comparée (Fribourg, 1968), 11, p. 314 etc. 

5. Etiemble, Rimbaud dans le monde slave et communiste (Paris, 1964), I, p. 4; 

Comparaison n'est pas raison (Paris, nouv. éd., 1977); Pour des maisons de 

tolérants, in: Le Nouvel Observateur, mai-juin, 1971, p. 19. 

6. Alfred Owen Alridge, The Comparative Literature Syndrome, in The Modem 

Language Journal, LUI, 2/1969, p. 110; dernièrement: Anna Balakian, The 

Presidential Address : Comparative Literature at the Crossroads, in: Bulletin 

de la S.F.L.G.C., 1-2 / 1980, p. 29. 

7. D. DuriSin, Vergleichende Literaturforschung (Berlin, 1976), pp. 31-32. 

8. Manfred Gsteiger, Littérature comparée et esthétique de la réception, in: 

Actes du VHP Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1980), II, p. 538. 

9. Jean-Marie Carré, Op. cit., p. 5. 

10. Luigi Foscolo Benedetto, La « Letteratura Mondiale », in: Il Ponte, II (1946), 

p. 127; Robert Escarpit, La Littérature comparée, in: Le Monde, 22 juin 1952. 

11. Calvin S. Brown, Comparative Literature, in: The Georgia Review, 13 (1959), 

p. 168. 

12. David H. Malone, «Comparative» in Comparative Literature, in: Y.C.C.L., III 

(1954), pp. 13-20. 

13. Le «programme» de la revue américaine, d'ailleurs d'excellente tenue, 

Comparative Literature, définit son objet dans une petite note éditoriale « de 

la manière la plus large possible». 

14. D. DuriSin, Op. cit., p. 162; Henri Gifford, Comparative Literature (London, 

1969), p. XI. 

15. Claude Pichois-André-M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 174. 

16. Daniel'Henri Pageaux, c.r., Manfred Schmeling (Hrsg.), Vergleichende 

Literaturwissenchaft, in : Komparatistische Hefte, 4 / 1981, p. 117. 

271

17. Horst Rüdiger, Grenzen und Aufgaben der vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, 

in; Zum Theorie der vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft 

(Berlin-New York, 1971), p. 8. 

18. Pour plus de détails: Adrian Marino, Repenser la littérature comparée, in: 

Synthesis, VII (1980), pp. 16-21. 

19. Marius-François Guyard, Op. cit., p. 7. 

20. Seulement quelques exemples glanés à tout hasard: Paul Van Tieg-hem, La 

Littérature comparée (Paris, 1951), 4 -e éd. revue, p. 23; Jean-Marie Carré, Op. 

cit., p. 5, 7, etc. 

21. Ulrich Weisstein, Influences and Parallels. The Place and Function of 

Analogy Studies in Comparative Literature, in: Teilnahme und Spiegelung. 

Festschrift für Horst Rüdiger (Berlin, 1975), p. 606. 

22. Hans Robert Jauss, Paradigmawechsel in der Literaturwissenschaft, in : 

Methoden der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Hrsg. Victor Zmegac 

(Frankfurt am Main, 1972), pp. 279-280. La même orientation « historiciste » 

chez Gerhard Bauer, Theorie der Literatur in der allgemeinen und 

vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, in: Zur Theorie der vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft, Hrsg. Horst Rüdiger (Berlin-New York, 1971), pp. 15- 

41; Gerhard R. Kaiser, Einführung in die vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft. 

Forschungstand-Kritik-Auf gaben (Darmstadt, 1980); Alvaro Manuel 

Machado — Daniel-Henri Pageaux, Literatura portuguesa. Literatura 

comparada e teoria da Literatura (Lisboa, 1981), p. 117. 

23. Par exemple, Alexandra Dutu, Niveaux temporels, niveaux culturels et 

comparaison littéraire, in: R.L.C., 1/1982, pp. 5-20; Literatura comparatà 

istoria mentalitàfilor («La littérature comparée et l'histoire des mentalités») 

(Bucuresti, 1982). 

24. Paul Van Tieghem, Op. cit., p. 57. 

25. Alejandro Cioranescu, Principios de literatura comparada (Universi-dad de 

La Laguna, 1964), p. 29, 38, 74. 


27. Ulrich Weisstein, Verbal Paintings, Fugal Poems, Literary Collages and the 

Metamorphic Comparât ist, in: Y.C.G.L., 27/1978, p. 1; Comparative 

Literature and Literary Theory, pp. 4-6, 157-158. 

28. René Wellek, Concepts of Criticism, p. 257, 282-283, 285, 290; Discriminations 

(New Haven and London, 1970), p. 38. 

29. Haskell M. Block, Nouvelles tendances en littérature comparée (Paris, 1970), 

p. 47. 

30. W. Wolfgang Holdheim, Komparatistik und Literaturtheorie, in: Arcadia, 7 

(1972), p. 303. 

31. François Jost, Introduction to Comparative Literature (Indianopolis and New 

York. 1974), p. 37. 

32. Pour plus de détails: Gerhard R. Kaiser, Tendenzen vergleichenden 

Literaturforschung in dem sozialistischen Länder, in: Arcadia, 13, (1978), p. 

298, texte repris avec des retouches: Einleitung, in: Vergleichende 

Literaturforschung in den sozialistischen Länder 1963-1979 (Stuttgart, 1980), 

pp. 1-20; Adrian Marino, Op. cit., pp. 14-15. 

272

33. Anna Balakian, op. cit., p. 31. 

34. Ulrich Weisstein, c.r, Actes du VI' Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, in: Canadian Review 

of Comparative Literature / Revue canadienne de littérature comparée, 

3/1977, p. 378. 

35. Erwin Koppen, Die vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft als akademisch Fach, 

in: Mainzer komparatistische Hefte, 2/1978, pp. 26-38; Robert J. Clements, 

Comparative Literature as Academic Discipline (New York, 1978). 

36. Yves Chevrcl, Le Problème de l'évaluation dans l'enseignement de la 

littérature comparée, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 

1980), II, pp. 561-571. 

37. Gerhard R. Kaiser, Einführung..., p. 159. 

38. Deux exemples parmi les derniers : Armand Nivelle, Wozu vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft?, in: Manfred Schaiding (Hrsg.), Vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft. Theorie und Praxis (Wiesbaden, 1981), p. 186; D. W. 

Fokkema, Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, in: Canadian 

Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature 

comparée, 1/1982, p. 18. 

39. Une mise au point chez Henry H.H. Remak, Comparative Literature at the 

Crossroads: Diagnostics, Therapy and Prognosis, in: Y.C.C.L., IX (1960), pp. 

1-28. 

40. Idem, The Future of Comparative Literature, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1980), II, p. 429. 

41. Cf. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., p. 20. 

42. Thomas Cramer-Horst Wenzel, Hrsg., Literaturwissenschaft und 

Literaturgeschichte (München, 1975), pp. 7-8. 

43. Un écho chez Manfred Gsteiger, Werkimmanenz und Historiographie, in: 

Arcadia, 8 (1973), p. 169, mais les références possibles sont très nombreuses. 

44. René Wellek, Discriminations, p. 17; Eduardo Nunez, Literatura comparada 

en Hispanoamérica, in: Comparative Literature Studies, I (1964), p. 43. 

45. Hugo Dyserinck, Komparatistik. Eine Einführung (Bonn, 1978), p. 9, 11; 

Über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Komparatistik, in: Mainzer 

Komparatistische Hefte, 2/1978, p. 15. 

46. Friedrich Schlegel, Charakteristiken und Kritiken, II. Hrsg. Hans Eichner 

(München.... 1975), pp. 271-273; A. W. Schlegel, Kritische Schriften und 

Briefe, Hrsg. Edgar Lohner (Stuttgart, 1965), II, p. 36; S. T. Coleridge, 

Biographia Literaria, ed. John Shawcross (Oxford, 1907), II, p. 85; I. 14. 

47. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits contemporains (Paris, 1889), III, p. 367; 

1. Ernest Renan, L'Avenir de la science (Paris, 1890), p. 296. 

48. Benedetto Croce, La « letteratura comparata », in: Problemi di este-tica 

(Bari, 1966), sesta ed., p. 71, 73, 75-76; des prolongements jusqu'à l'époque 

actuelle: Antonio Porta, La letteratura comparata nella storia e nella critica 

(Milano, 1951), pp. 30, 35-39. 

49. Théorie de la littérature, tr. (Paris, 1965), p. 74. 

50. Georges Saintsbury, A History of Criticism and Literary Taste in Europe 

(Edinburgh-London, 1904), III, p. 294. 

273

51. R.(ené) W.(ellek), in: Comparative Literature, IV (1952), p. 279; Concepts of 

Criticism, pp. 1-20, 292; Discriminations, pp. 296-297; The Attack on 

Literature and other Essays (Chapel Hill, 1982), pp. 138-140, etc. 

52. Etiemble, Comparaison n'est pas raison, p. 77. 

53. Werner Milch, Europäische Literaturgeschichte, ein Arbeitsprogramm, in : 

Schriftenreihe der Europäische Akademie. Heft 4/1949, p. 12; Kurt Wais, 

Vergleichende Literaturbetrachtung, in : Forschungsprobleme der 

vergleichende Literaturgeschichte (Tübingen, 1951), I, p. 9. 

54. Herbert Seidler, Was ist vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft? (Wien, 1973), 

p. 13; Thomas Bleicher, Allgemeine und vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft : 

Grundlegung und Modell, in: Neohelicon, VI, 2/1979, p. 88, 98-100; Armand 

Nivelle, Op. cit., p. 181. 

55. Comparatists at Work. Studies in Comparative Literature. Ed. by Stephen G. 

Nichols, Jr., Richard B. Vowels (Waltham-London, 1978), p. V; Henry H. H. 

Remak, Op. cit., p. 436. 

56. Pour plus de détails, cf. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., pp. 32-35. 

57. Adrian Marino, Etiemble ou le comparatisme militant (Paris, 1982). 

58. Présentation, in: Poétique, 1/1970, p. 2. 

59. Cf. René Wellek, Discriminations, p. 32; Moriz Carrière, Die Poesie: Ihr 

Wesen und Ihre Formen mit Grundzügen des vergleichen den 

Literaturgeschichte (Leipzig, 1884), pp. V-VI. 191-193,268, 272, 275, etc.; 

Louis Paul Betz, Literaturvergleichung, in : Studien zur vergleichenden 

Literaturgeschichte der neuren Zeil (Frankfurt, 1902), pp. 11-12. 

60. Raoul de la Grasscrie, Essai de rythmique comparée, in : Le Museon, X 

(1891), p. 300; H. C. Müller, L'étude scientifique de la littérature comparée, in 

: Revue internationale de l'enseignement, XXXV (1898), pp. 296-297. 

61. Alexander Nikolaevich Veselovsky, On the Methods and Aims of Literary 

History as Science, tr., in: Y.C.G.L., 16/1967, p. 48; cf. René Wellek, A 

History of Modern Criticism, (New Haven and London, 1971), IV, pp. 278- 

280. 

62. Dionyz DuriSin, Sources and Systematics of Comparative Literature 

(Bratislava, 1974), p. 26, 33, 42; Carlos Rincôn, El cambio actual de la nociôn 

de literatura (Caracas, 1978), pp. 65-66. 

63. Etienne Souriau, La Correspondance des arts. Éléments d'esthétique 

comparée (Paris, ed. 1969), pp. 26-33; Emile Schaub-Koch, Valeurs de 

rappels d'esthétique comparative (Lisbonne, 1958), p. XV, 1, 56. 

64. Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), 1, pp. 98-112. 

65. Henri Roddier, La Littérature comparée et l'histoire des idées, in: R.L.C., 27 

(1933), p. 48. 

66. Marcel Bataillon, Nouvelle jeunesse de la philologie à Chapel Hill, in: R.L.C., 

35 (1961), p. 295; Nouvelle étape, idem, 43 (1969), p. 6; Pour une 

bibliographie internationale de littérature comparée, idem, 30 (1967). p. 140. 

67. Etiemble, Savoir et goût (Paris, 1958), p. 168; L'Orient philosophique au XVII - 

e 'siècle (Paris, 1957), I, p. 20; Histoire des genres et littérature comparée, in: 

Acta Litteraria, V (1962), p. 207. 

68. Le Babélien (Paris, 1961), II. p. 34. 

274

69. Hans Robert Jauss, Esthétique de la réception et communication littéraire, in; 

Critique, 418/1981, p. 1130 (avec référence directe à Etiemble). 

70. H. N. Függen, Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (Düsseldorf -Wien, 1973), 

p. 14; Herbert Seidler, Op. cit., p. 12. 

71. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., р. 3, 5. 

72. N. I. Popa, Un umanism modern (« Un humanisme moderne »), in: Insemnàri 

iesene, II (1978), p. 249, 251. 

73. Acta Litteraria. V (1962), pp. 77-82; 203-242. 

74. Dionyz DuriSin, Op. cit., p. 116, 118, 119-120, 128, 165. 

75. Cf. Desiderio Navarro, En ejemplo de lucha contra el esquematismo 

eurocentrista en la ciencia Iitéraria de la America latinay Europa, in: Casa de 

las Americas. 122/1980, p. 86. 

76. Charles Mills Gayley-Fred Newton Scott, An Introduction to the Methods and 

Materails of Literary Criticism (Boston, 1899), p. 458; Charles Mills Gayley, 

What is Comparative Literature? (1903), in: Comparative Literature. The 

early Years, Eds. Hans-Joachim Schulz, Philipp H. Rhein (Chapel Hill, 1973), 

p. 103; Louis Paul Betz, Op. cit., p. 12. 

77. Janos Hankiss, Op. cit., p. 107. 

78. Harry Levin, Grounds of Comparison (Cambridge Mass..., 1972), p. 121 ; 

Heinrich F. Plett, Rhétorique et stylistique, in : Théorie de la littérature. 

Ouvrage collectif présenté par A. Kibédi Varga (Paris, 1981), p. 174. 

79. J. Craig La Drière, The Comparative Method in the Study of Prosody, in: 

Comparative Literature, I, pp. 160-175. 

80. Wolfgang Bernard Fleischmann, Das Arbeitsgebiet der vergleichenden 

Literaturwissenschaft, in: Komparatistik..., Hrsg. Horst Rüdiger (Stuttgart, 

1973), pp. 81-83; Horst Rüdiger, Comparative Literature in Germany, in: 

Y.C.G.L., 20/1971, p. 18. 

81. Georges Joyaux — Herbert Weisinger, Foreword, in: Etiemble, The Crisis in 

Comparative Literature, tr. (East Lansing, 1956), p. XV; Haskell M. Block, 

Op. cit., p. 40; Robert J. Clements, Op. cit., p. 124. 

82. Michel Cadot et Jacques Voisine, La Littérature comparée en Europe 

orientale, in: R.L.C., 38 (1864), p. 595. 

83. Etiemble, Histoire des genres et littérature comparée, p. 205. 

84. Charles Chauncey Shackford, Comparative Literature (1876), in: 

Comparative Literature. The early Years, p. 48; Artur Richmond March, The 

Comparative Study of Literature (1896), idem, p. 129. 

85. Par exemple: Willy R. Berger, Gattungstheorie und vergleichende 

Gattungsforschung, in: Manfred Schmeling, Op. cit., pp. 94-124; Armand 

Nivelle, Op. cit., p. 182. 

86. Cf. la dernière synthèse de Raymond Trousson, Thèmes et mythes. Questions 

de méthode (Bruxelles, 1981). 

87. Michel Potet, Place de la /hématologie, in: Poétique, 35/1978, pp. 374-384. 

88. Henri Roddier, De l'emploi de la méthode génétique en littérature comparée, 

in: Comparative Literature, I, pp. 113-124; Principes d'une histoire comparée 

des littératures, in: R.L.C., 39 (1965), pp. 178-225. 

275

89. G. E. W. (oodberry), Editorial, in: Journal of Comparative Literature, I 

(1903), pp. 5-6. 

90. Walter Höllerer, Methoden und Probleme vergleichender Literaturwissenschaft, 

in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift, Neue Folge, II 

(1951/1952). p. 128. 

91. (F.B.), La Littérature comparée et ses rapports avec la « rythmique », la 

«métrique », la « stylistiqu », etc., in: R.L.C., 10 (1930), pp. 527-529; Henri 

Roddier, De l'emploi de la méthode génétique en littérature comparée, p. 118; 

B. Munteano, in: R.L.C., 26 (1952), p. 278; Constantes dialectiques en 

littérature et en histoire (Paris, 1967), pp. 77-78. 

92. Etiemble, Comparaison n'est pas raison, pp. 89-100, L'Orient philosophique..., 

I, p. 18; Le Babélien, III, p. 77; Littérature comparée, in: 

Encyclopaedia Universalis (Paris, 1971), 10, p. 11. 

93. André-Michel Rousseau, La Littérature comparée et l'analyse formelle des 

textes littéraires: bilan et perspective, in : Actes du VIII' Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. 

(Stuttgart, 1980), II, pp. 457-460. 

94. Frank Wadley Chandler, 77ie Comparative Study of Literature (1911), in: 

Y.C.G.L. 15 (1965), pp. 51-62. 

95. Deux exemples: Eva M. Thompson, Russian Formalism and Anglo-American 

New Formalism: a Comparative Study (The Hague-Paris, 1971); Comparative 

Poetics, ed. by D. W. Fokkema, Elrud Kunne-Ibsch and A. J. A. Van Zoest 

(Amsterdam, 1979); un des thèmes du X -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (New York, 

22-29 août 1982) a été également la « Poétique comparée ». 

96. Joseph Strelka, Vergleichende Literaturkritik (Bern-München, 1970), p. 5; 

Adrian Marino, La critique des idées littéraires, tr. (Bruxelles, 1977). 

97. Bernard F. Scholz, Comparing the Theories of Literature? Some Remarks on 

the new Task Description of the I.C.L.A., in: Y.C.G.L., 28 (1979), pp. 26-30. 

98. D. W. Fokkema, The Problem of Generalization and the Procedure of the 

Literary Evaluation, in: Neophilologus, 58 (1974), p. 268. 

99. Adrian Marino, Etiemble ou le comparatisme militant, pp. 51-62. 

100. James J. Y. Liu, Chinese Theories of Literatures (Chicago, 1975), p. 3; D. W. 

Fokkema, The Linguistic classification of texts and the study of value systems 

as complimentary aspects of comparative literature, in: Actes du VII -e Congrès 

de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, p. 313. 

101. Francesco Yosio Nomura, Oriental and Occidental Problems of Comparative 

Aesthetics, in: Atti del III Congresso Internationale di Estetica (Torino, 1957), 

p. 715; Earl Miner, Concepts of Value in Japanese and Western Literary 

Criticism, in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C, II, pp. 626-627. 

102. K. Viswanathan, A Plea for Comparative Poetics, in: Essays in Criticism and 

Comparative Poetics (Waltair, 1977), pp. 484-488. 

103. K. Viswanathan, Op. cit., p. 486; James J. Y. Liu, Op.cit., p. 296-297, 299- 

300. 

104. James J. Y. Liu, Op. cit., p. 2, 5; Asia and the Humanities, ed. by Horst Frenz 

(Bloomington, 1959), p. 15; Pauline R. Yu, Chinese and Symbolist Poetic 

Theories, in: Comparative Literature, XXX (1978), p. 291, 312. 

276

105. Erwin Koppen, Hat die vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft eine eigene 

Theorie?, in: Zur Theorie der vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, pp. 41-64. 

106. Daniel-Henri Pageaux, er., Manfred Schmeling (Hrsg.), Vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft, in: Komparatistische Hefte, 4(1981), p. 119. 

107. D. W. Fokkema, Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, p. 8, 18; 

José Lambert, Plaidoyer pour un programme des études comparatistes, 

littérature comparée et théorie du polysystème, communication à la 

S.F.L.G.C., Congrès 1980, Montpellier, p. 1. (copie xerox). 

108. W. Wolfgang Holdheim, Op. cit., p. 299; D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., p. 9. 

II universaluri literatura anu literatura, gv. 30-47. 

1. Nous avons recueilli les données du problème dans: Où situer la littérature 

universelle? in: Cahiers roumains d'études littéraires, 3/1975, pp. 64-81 et 

Réviser la littérature universelle, I, II, in: Synthesis, VIII, (1981), pp. 187-200; 

IX (1982), pp. 41-53. 

2. G. G. Gervinus, Handbuch der Geschichte der poetischen National-Literatur 

der Deutschen (Leipzig, 1842), p. 578. 

3. Des détails et des précisions chez notre Etiemble ou le comparatisme militant 

(Paris, 1982), les chapitres 4, 6, 7, 8, pp. 51-148. 

4. Etiemble, Essais de littérature (vraiment) générale, III -e éd. (Paris, 1975), p. 

130. 

5. Guillaume Apollinaire, L'Esprit Nouveau et les poètes, in: Mercure de France, 

491/1" déc. 1918, p. 388. 

6. Deux indications: Karel Taige, L'Union de la culture moderne, tr., in: Change, 

10/1972, pp. 91-93; Francis Picabia, Ecrits (Paris, 1975), I, p. 220. 

7. Cf. Michel Décaudin, Le Dossier d'« Alcools » (Paris-Genève, 1960), p. 229; 

Karel Taige, Manifeste du poétisme, tr., in: Change, 10/1972, p. 121. 

8. Marshall McLuhan, The Gutemberg Galaxy (New York, 1969), pp. 42-43; 

Cultures et traditions d'Asie, in: Cultures, 4/1974. 

9. Victor Erlich, Russian Formalism. History. Doctrine (The Hague-Paris, 1969), 

pp. 28-29. 

10. RichardG. Moulton, World Literature and its Place in General Culture (New 

York, 1911), p. 6. 

11. René Wellek-Austin Warren, Theory of Littérature (New York, 

1. 1966) , pp. 48-49; Discriminations (New Haven and London, 1970), p. 15. 

12. Pour plus de détails et pour l'ensemble de la question: Adrian Marino, Op. cit., 

in : Synthesis, IX (1982), pp. 45-47. 

13. Etiemble, Bilan (mars 1979), in: Le mythe d'Etiemble (Paris, 1979), p. 3lA; 

Essais de littérature (vraiment) générale, p. 18, 20. 

14. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, La littérature comparée, (Paris, 

2. 1967) , p. 20, 173. 

15. Wolfgang Eisiedel, Vorbemerkung, in: Die Lietraturen der Welt in ihren 

mündlichen und schriftlichen Überlieferung (Zürich, 1964), p. XIX. 

277

16. N. I. Popa, Spre tncadrarea literaturii nationale In literatura universale (« 

Vers l'encadrement de la littérature nationale dans la littérature universelle »), 

in: Revista de istorie si teorie literarà, 1/1966, pp. 18-20; Literaturen 

europäischen sozialistischer Länder (Berlin und Weimar, 1975), pp. 7-39; 

Adrian Marino, Op. cit., p. 44, 47-50. 

17. Claude Pichois-André Rousseau, Op. cit., pp. 102-103. 

18. Cf Adrian Marino, Op. cit., p. 51-52. 

19. René Wellek, The Rise of English Literary History (Chapel Hill, 1941), p. 70. 

20. Friedrich Schlegel, Kritische Ausgabe. Charakteristiken und Kritiken. Hrsg. 

Hans Eichner (München, 1967), II, p. 182; August Wilhelm Schlegel, 

Sämmtliche Werke, Hrsg. Eduard Böcking (Leipzig, 1846), V, p. 5; Ernst 

Behler, Friedrich Schlegels Theorien der Universalpoesie, in : Jahrbuch der 

deutschen Schillergesellschaft, I, (1957), pp. 211-240. 

21. Fr. Schlegel, Lessings Gedanken und Meinungen (1804), in : Kritische 

Ausgabe, Hrsg. Hans Eichner (München, 1975), III, p. 83. 

22. J. W. Goethe, Gespräche mit Eckermann (31 Januar 1827), Hrsg. Ernst 

Beutler (Zürich, 1949), p. 228; Werke (Weimar, 1896), XLVII, p. 35. 

23. Edgar Quinet, De l'unité des littératures modernes, in : Revue des Deux 

Mondes, XV (1838), pp. 318-325; J.-J. Ampère, Mélanges d'histoire littéraire 

et de littérature (Paris, 1867), I, p. 30; Ernest Renan, L'Avenir de la science 

(Paris, 1890), p. 176. 

24. Joseph Texte, Études de littérature européenne (Paris, 1898), p. 3. 

25. Dernièrement: Etiemble, Quelques essais de littérature universelle (Paris, 

1982), pp. 253-254; cf. aussi Adrian Marino, Etiemble ou le comparatisme 

militant, pp. 172-173. 

26. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 13, 176. 

27. René Wellek-Austin Warren, Op. cit., p. 49, 255; Discriminations, p. 15, 19, 

32-53. 

28. Cf. René Wellek, A History of Moderne Criticism (New Haven and London, 

1971), IV, p. 279; V. M. Zhirmunsky, On the Study of Comparative 

Literature, in: Oxford Slavonic Papers, XIII (1967), p. 13. 

29. Des références bibliographiques récentes (tchèques, etc.), cf. Canadian Review 

of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature comparée, 

Revue des Revues, 3/1979, p. 284, 294, 297, 3/1980, p. 306; plus souple: 

Robert Weimann, The Future of Comparative Literature reconsidered, in: 

Neohelicon, 2/1981, pp. 233-242. 

30. I. Neupokoeva, The Comparative Aspects of Literature in the History of World 

Literature, in: Actes du V -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Amsterdam, 1969), p. 38, 

41; Borbàla H. Lukàcs, Recent Comparative Research in the Soviet Union, in: 

Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 369, 374. 

31. Lâszlô Kardos, Sur les problèmes de la littérature mondiale, in: Acta 

Litteraria, XI (1969), pp. 137-138, etc. 

32. Tudor Vianu, Studii de Literatura universale si comparatà, (« Études de 

littérature universelle et comparée ») (Bucuresti, 1963), pp. 277-280. 

33. Cf. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., pp. 48-50. 

278

34. Dionys DuriSin, Zu aktuelle Problemen der marxistisch-leninistischen Theorie 

der vergleichenden Literaturforschung, in : Weimarer Beiträge, 2/1975, p. 11; 

Hugo Dyserinck, Komparatistik. Eine Einführung (Bonn, 1978), pp. 73-74. 

35. Susanne Schröder, Deutsche Komparatistik in Wilhelminischer Zeitalter, 

1871-1918, (Bonn, 1979), pp. 118-119, 125; Werner Milch, Europäische 

Literaturgeschichte, ein Arbeitsprogramm, in: Schriftenreihe der Europäische 

Akademie, Heft 4, (Wiesbaden, 1949). 

36. Adrian Marino, Etiemble ou le comparatisme militant, ch. 4, Contre 

l'européocentrisme, pp. 51-62. 

37. Les thèses de 1929, tr. in: Change, 3/1969, p. 38. 

38. Roberto Fernandez Retamar, Para una teoria de la literatura hispanoamericana 

y otras aproximaciones (La Habana, 1975), pp. 61-62; Desiderio 

Navarro, En ejemplo de lucha contra el esquematismo eurocentriste en la 

ciencia literaria de la America latina y Europa, in: Casa de las Americas, 

122/1980, pp. 79-91; Guillermo Rodriguez Rivera, America Latina y la 

ciencia de la literatura, in: Union, 4/1979, pp. 51-52. 

39. Thomas Bleicher, Literaturkomplexe in komparatistischer Perspektive, in: 

Neohelicon, 2/1981, p. 17, 28; Horst Rüdiger, Erupäische Literatur- 

Weltliteratur. Goethes Konzepten und die Forderung unserer Epoche, in: 

Komparatistik... Festschrift für Zoran Konstantino-vié (Heidelberg, 1981), 

pp.27-41. 

40. Horst Rüdiger, Op. cit., p. 36, 39; J. Voisine, er., Ulrich Weisstein, Einführung 

in die vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1968), in: R.L.C., 47 

(1973), p. 466; A.-M. Rousseau, Vingt ans de littérature comparée en France, 

in: L'Information littéraire 5/1969, p. 204; Erwin Koppen, er., Actes du IV -e 

Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, in: Ardacia, 3 (1968), p. 104, etc. 

41. Theodor Mündt, Geschichte der Literatur der Gegenwart (Berlin, 1842), p. 

431. 

42. Horst Rüdiger, Op. cit., p. 41; Adrian Marino, Op. cit., ch. 10, Pour un 

nouveau comparatisme, pp. 182-201; Gerhard R. Kaiser, Einführung in die 

vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft... (Darmstadt, 1980), p. 10, 20-21. 

43. René Wellek, Discriminations, p. 28, 31; Robert S. Mayo, Herder and the 

Beginnings of Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1969), p. 56; Weltliteratur 

(Marbach, 1982), p. 127. 

44. Un exemple: Cr. Aug. Heumann, Conspectus Reipublicae Litera-riae, caput 

IV, LXXIV: De sinesium literatura (Hanover, 1733), pp. 193-195 (la première 

édition: 1718; pour l'ensemble de la question: Etiemble, L'Orient 

philosophique au XVIII' siècle, surtout la III e partie: Sinophiles et sinophobes 

(Paris, 1959). 

45. Fray Martin Sarmiento, Demostraciôn critico-apologetica del teatro critico 

universal (Madrid, 1739), II, p. 238. 

46. Cf. Sigmund von Lempicki, Geschichte der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft 

bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1920), p. 418. 

47. Friedrich Schlegel, Rede über die Mythologie (1800), in : Kritische Ausgabe... 

Hrsg. Hans Eichner (München, 1967), II, p. 320; Über die Spracheund 

Weisheit der Indier (1808), idem (München, 1975), VIII, pp. 295-301; 

279

August-Guillaume de Schlegel, Oeuvres... écrites en français (Leipzig, 1846), 

pp. 247-352; Sämmtliche Werke (Leipzig, 1846), V, p. 6, etc. 

48. Goethes Weltliteratur, in : Acta comparationis litterarum universa-rum, VIII, 

(1882), p. 67. 

49. Gustave Flaubert, Oeuvres, ed. A. Thibaudet et R. Dumesnil (Paris, 1953), II, 

p. 985. 

50. Sainte-Beuve, Qu'est-ce qu'un classique? (1850), in: Causeries du lundi 

(Paris, Garnier), III, p. 51. 

51. Cf. Mircea Anghelescu, Literatura româna fi Orientul (« La Littérature 

roumaine et l'Orient »), (Bucuresti, 1975) p. 65. 

52. Hugo Metel de Lomnitz, Vorläufige Aufgabe der vergleichende Literatur, in: 

Acta comparationis litterarum universarum, 1 (1877), p. 309, 311; Max Koch, 

Zur Einführung, in: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Literaturgeschichte, I (1887), 

p. 6-7; Louis Paul Betz, Studien zur vergleichende Literaturgeschichte der 

neueren Zeit (Frankfurt, 1902), p. 335; G. E. W.(oodberry), Editorial, in: 

Journal of Comparative Literature I (1903), p. 8. 

53. Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, Comparative Literature (London, 1886), pp. 

288-336; voir ensuite: Charles Mills Gayley, What is Comparative Literature? 

(1903), in: Comparative Literature. The early Years. Eds. Hans-Joachim 

Schulz-Philipp H. Rhein (Chapel Hill, 1973), p. 86. 

54. René Wellek, Discriminations, pp. 19-20, 44, 52-53; Harry Levin, Grounds 

for Comparison (Cambridge Mass., 1972), p. 84. 

55. Claude Couffon, Rencontre avec Etiemble, in: Les Lettres Françaises, 1006, 

5-11 décembre 1963; Retours du monde (Paris, 1961), p. 88; des détails 

supplémentaires chez Adrian Marino, Op. cit., in: Synthesis, VIII (1981), pp. 

191-192. 

56. Harry Levin, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot and the Idea of Comparative Literature, 

in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, p. 547. 

57. J. B. Priestley, Literature and Western Man (London-Melbourne-Toronto, 

1960), p. IX. 

58. Cf. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., in: Synthesis, IX (1982), pp. 43-44. 

59. Erwin Laaths, Geschichte der Weltliteratur (München-Zürich, 1953). p. 12. 

60. Fernand Baldensperger-Werner P. Friedrich, Bibliography of Comparative 

Literature (New York, 1960), pp. 215-232, passim; Hazel S. Alberson, Non- 

Western Literature in the World Literature Program, Werner P. Friedrich, On 

the Integrity of our Planing, in: The Teaching of World Literature, ed. by 

Haskell M. Block (Chapel Hill, 1960), pp. 20-22, 46-48; Arthur E. Kunst, 

Literature of Asia, in: Comparative Literature. Method and Perspectives. Ed. 

by Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz (Carbondale-Edwardsville, revised 

ed., 1973), pp. 312-325. 

61. James Robert Hightower, Chinese Literature in the Context of World 

Literature, in: Comparative Literature, V (1953), pp. 117-124. 

62. Par exemple: Symposium: « Islam in the World Literature », in: Y.C.G.L., 

20/1971, pp. 57-83; A. Owen Alridge, The second China Conference: a 

recapitulation, idem, 25/1976, p. 42-48; Bernth Lind-fors, Introduction to the 

panel discussion: « Emerging and Neglected Literature »: Their Place in the 

280

Traditional Spectrum of Comparative Literature, in: Actes du VI -e Congrès de 

l'A. I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, pp. 727-728; John J. Deeney, 

Comparativisation: the Example of China, idem, pp. 687-688. 

63. Horst Rüdiger, Literatur und Weltliteratur in der modernen Kompa-ratistik, 

in: Weltliteratur und Volksliteratur, Hrsg. Albert Schaefer (München, 1972), 

pp. 42-44. 

64. Gerhard R. Kaiser, Op. cit., p. 159. 

65. Hugo Dyserinck, Über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Komparatis-tik. in: 

Mainzer Komparatistische Hefte, 2/1978, p. 23; Arno Kappler, Der 

literarische Vergleich... (Frankfurt/M., 1976), p. 40, etc. 

66. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, The Philosophy of Medieval and Oriental Art, in: 

Zalmoxis, I (1938), pp. 20-49; Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art (New 

York, 1956). 

67. Hajime Nakamura, Parallel Developments: A Comparative History of Ideas 

(Tokyo-New York, 1975). 

68. Edward W. Saïd, L'Orientalisme. L'Orient crée par l'Occident, tr. (Paris, 

1980), p. 84. 

69. Shan Wing Chan, in: Asia and the Humanities, ed. by Horst Frenz 

(Bloomington, 1959), pp. 203-206; Lucila Hossillos, Nationalism and the 

Literary Process in South-Est Asia, in: Actes du VIII -e Congres de l'A.I.L.C. 

(Stuttgart, 1980), II, p. 418; I. Nikiforova, Problèmes d'études comparées des 

littératures africaines contemporaines, idem, II, p. 260; surtout: Albert 

Gérard, African Language Literatures: An Introduction to the Literary History 

of Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington-London, 1981). 

70. The Art of Letters: Lu Chi's « Wen Fu », tr., E. R. Hughes (New York, 1951), 

p. 282; cf. Hort Frenz, Introduction, in: Asia and Humanities (sans 

pagination). 

71. R. S. Dasgupta, Concept of World Literature: a Comparative Study of the 

Views of Goethe and Tagore, in: Actes du X -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. 

(Amsterdam, 1969), pp. 399-404. 

72. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, The Dance of Shiva (New Delhi, 1975), p. 11. 

73. L. S. Senghor, La Littérature d'expression française d'Outre-mer, in: 

Littératures ultramarines de langue française. Genèse et Jeunesse (Otawa, 

1974), p. 19; Kodo Yahagi, Eastern Literature versus Western Literature. 

Matsuo Bashô against William Wordsworth, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 403; E. C. Nwezeh, The Comparative Approach to Modem 

African Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., 28 (1979), p. 23. 

74. Adrian Hsia, Introduction to the panel discussion on « Western Literary 

Theories and the Study on Chinese Literature ». in: Actes du VI -e 'Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 673; Edward W. Said, Op. cit., p. 97, 110, 116, etc. 

75. Friedrich Schlegel, Kritische Ausgabe, III, p. 119; XVI, pp. 405-406; cf. 

Weltliterature, p. 404, 617. 

76. Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, Op. cit., p. 236. 

77. Paul Masson-Oursel, La Philosophie comparée (Paris, 1931), 2 -e éd.; Mouis 

Massignon, Comment ramener à une base commune l'étude textuelle de deux 

cultures : l'arabe et la gréco-latine, in: Lettres d'Humanité, II (1943), p. 125, 

281

128; Louis Renou, Orient et Occident, in: Diogène, 5/1954, p. 137: André 

Lévy, Études sur le conte et le roman chinois (Paris, 1971), pp. 1-13; Henri 

Corbin, Philosophie iranienne et philosophie comparée (Téhéran, 1977), p. 

105. 

78. Earl Roy Miner, The Japanese Tradition in British and American Literature 

(Princeton, 1958), p. 22; Ezra Pound, Literary Essays (London, 1963), p. 215, 

224; T. S. Eliot, Notes towards the Definition of Culture (London, 1972), p. 

121. 

79. Pour des références, cf. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., p. 195. 

80. H. Munro Chadwick-N. Kershaw Chadwick, The Growth of Literature 

(Cambridge, I, 1932; II, 1936; III, 1940); S. Gandz, The Dawn of Literature. 

Prolegomena to a History of Unwritten Literature, in: Osiris, 7 (1939), p. 429. 

81. Calvin S. Brown, Comparative Literature, in: The Georgia Review, 13 (1959), 

p. 168. 

82. Thomas Bleicher, Allgemeine und vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft: 

Grundlegung und Modell, in: Neohelicon, 2/1979, pp. 123-124. 

83. André Lefevere, Some Tactical Steps Toward a Common Poetics, in: New 

Asia Academic Bulletin, 1 (1978), p. 15. 

84. Cf. René Wellek, Comparative Literature, in: Dictionnaire international des 

termes littéraires (The Hague-Paris, 1973), L 56. 

85. Richard M. Meyer, Die Weltliteratur in zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (Stuttgart 

und Berlin, 1913), p. 7. 

86. Friedrich Schlegel, Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier (1808), in : 

Kritische Ausgabe (München, 1975), VIII, p. 314, 315. 

87. Cf. Sigmund von Lempicki, Op. cit., pp. 447-448. 

88. Cf. John D. Johannan, The Persain Poetry Fad in England, 1770-1825, in: 

Comparative Literature, IV (1962), p. 142. 

89. Cf. Weltliterature, p. 126. 

90. Friedrich Schlegel, Wissenschaft der europäische Literatur, in: Kritische 

Ausgabe, Hrsg. Ernst Behler (München, 1958), XI, p. 6, 13. 

91. Cf. Alfred Michiels, Histoire des idées littéraires en France au dix-neuvième 

siècle (Paris et Leipzig, 1842), II, p. 448. 

92. Richard M. Meyer, Op. cit., p. 16-17, 159; Julius Petersen, Die Wissenschaft 

von der Dichtung. System und Methodenlehre der Literaturwissenschaft 

(Berlin, 1944), pp. 465-467. 

93. A. Denat, Note sur une poétique comparée, in: R.L.C, 37 (1963), pp. 89-91. 

94. François Jost, « Komparatistik » oder « Absolutistik », in: Arcadia, 3 (1968), 

pp. 229-234. 

95. Etiemble, Tong yeou ki ou Le Nouveau Singe pèlerin (Paris, 1958), p. 118. 

96. Idem, Littérature comparée, in: Encyclopaedia Universalis (Paris, 1971), 10, 

p. 11. 

97. Roger Bauer, Der Fall der vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, in: 

Kontinuität — Diskontinuität in der Geisteswissenschaften. Hrsg. Hans 

Trumpy (Darmstadt, 1973), p. 177; Lectori salutem, in: Neo-helicon, 1- 

2/1973, p. 10. 

282

98. C. S. Durer, Complementation and Formulation of Ideal Literary Structures, 

in: Actes du VIII' Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, 11, p. 615. 

99. André Lefevere, Op. cit., p. 9; Thomas Bleicher, Literaturkomplexe in 

komparatistischen Perspektiven, in: Neohelicon, 2/1981, p. 42; D. W. 

Fokkema, Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, in: Canadian 

Review of Comparative Literature / Revue canadienne de littérature 

comparée, l/1982,p. 9. 

100. D. W. Fokkema, Cultural Relativism and Comparative Literature, in: 

Tamkang Review, 111, 2, October 1972, pp. 59-71; idem, Op. cit., pp. 6-7. 

101. André Levy, in: T'oung Pao, LV1 (1970), p. 175. 

102. A. E. Kunst, c.r., James S. Fu, Mythic and Comic Aspect of the Ouest: Hsi-yu 

chi as seen through Don Quixote and Huckleberry Finn (Singapore, 1977), in: 

Y.C.G.L., 29 (1980), p. 50. 

103. Robert H. Browner-Earl Miner, Japanese Court Poetry (London, 1921), p. 

478; Earl Miner, Lierary Diaries and the Boundaries of Literature, in: 

Y.C.G.L., 21 (1972), p. 26; Earl Miner, The Japanese Tradition in British and 

American Literature, p. 269. 

104. James Baird, Critical Problems in the Orientalism of Western Poetry, in: Asia 

and the Humanities, p. 38, 39; Cyril Birch, Foreword, in: Andrew H. Plaks, 

ed., Chinese Narrative: Critical and Theoretical Essays (Princeton, 1977), p. 

XI. 

105. R. Park, « And Heard Great Argument ». An Essay in the Practical Criticism 

of Arabic Poetry, in: Journal of Arabic Literature, I, (1970), pp. 49-69. 

106. Janos Hankiss, Théorie de la littérature et littérature comparée, in: 

Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), I, p. 106; Jan Muka-rovsky, 

Obligations de la science littéraire envers la littérature mondiale 

contemporaine, in: Acta Litteraria, V (1962), p. 186; Adrian Marino, 

Literature comparatà sau esteticà literarà? (« Littérature comparée ou 

esthétique littéraire? »), in: Cronica, 45/1968. 

III. literaturis Teoria, gv. 53-72 

1. René Wellek-Austin Warren, Theory of Literature (New York, 1956), p. 35, 

49. 

1. 2. Harry Levin, Grounds of Comparison (Cambridge Mass., 1972), pp. 69-70; 

Henry H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature. Its Definition and Function, in: 

Comparative Literature. Method and Perspective. Revised edition. Ed. by 

Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz (Carbondale-Edwardsville, 1973), p. 

20; John Fletcher, The Criticism of Comparison, the Approach through 

Comparative Literature and Intellectual History, in: Comtemporary Criticism, 

ed. Malcolm Bradbury and David Palmer (London, 1975), pp. 108-109. 

2. Walter Höllerer, Methoden und Probleme vergleichender Literaturwissenschaft, 

in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift, II (1951/1952), p. 

118; Fritz Strich, Goethe und die Weltliteratur (Bern, 1946), pp. 22-23; Horst 

Rüdiger, Grenzen und Aufgaben der vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, in: 

283

Zur Theorie der vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (Berlin-New York, 

1971), p. 8. 

3. J.-J. Ampère, Mélanges d'histoire littéraire et de littérature (Paris, 1967), I, p. 

10 (texte de 1830). 

4. Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, The Science of Comparative Literature (1901), 

in : Comparative Literature. The Early Years..., Eds. Hans-Joachim Schulz- 

Philip H. Rhein (Chapel Hill, 1973), pp. 188-189; Charles Mills Gayley, What 

is Comparative Literature? (1903), idem, p. 90. 

5. Ernest Renan, L'Avenir de la Science (Paris, 1890), p. 265. 

6. Louis Paul Betz, Kritische Betrachtungen über Wesen, Aufgabe und 

Bedeutung der vergleichenden Literaturschichte, in: Zeitschrift für 

französische Sprache und Literatur, XVIII (1896), p. 142; Joseph Texte, 

Introduction, in: Louis P. Betz, La Littérature comparée. Essai 

bibliographique (Strasbourg, 1900), p. XXI. 

7. B. Munteano, Constantes dialectiques en littérature et en histoire (Paris, 

1967), pp. 30-31; Marcel Bataillon, Discurso inaugural, in: 1616, I (1978), p. 

14, 15. 

8. Robert Escarpit, L'Histoire de la littérature, in: Littérature et genres littéraires 

(Paris, 1978), p. 51. 

9. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, La Littérature comparée (Paris, 1967), p. 

119, 175 

10. Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, Comparative Literature (London, 1886), p. 81, 

91. 


Comparative Literature. The Early Years, p. 43, 45-47, cf. aussi p. 83. 

12. C. E. W. (oodberry), Editorial, in: Journal of Comparative Literature, I 

(1903), pp. 3-4. 

13. Oscar J. Campbell, cf. Henry H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature at the 

Crossroads..., in: Y.C.G.L., XX (1966), p. 9. 

14. Douwe W. Fokkema, Method and Program of Comparative Literature, in: 

Synthesis, I (1974), p. 51; S. S. Prawer, Comparative Literary Studies: An 

Introduction (London, 1973), p. 11; Henry H. H. Remak, The Future of 

Comparative Literature, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, (Stuttgart, 

1980), II, p. 436. 

15. Voir aussi : David H. Malone, The « Comparative » in Comparative 

Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., XII (1954), p. 15; John Fletcher, Op. cit., p. 124, 125. 

16. Richard M. Meyer, Die Weltliteratur und die Gegenwart, in: Deutsche 

Rundschau, 26, Heft H/1900, p. 270, 272; Fritz Strich, Weltliteratur und 

vergleichende Literaturgeschichte, in: Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft, 

Hrsg. Emil Ermatinger (Berlin, 1930), p. 438. 

17. François Jost, La littérature comparée, une philosophie des lettres. in: Essais 

de littérature comparée (Fribourg, 1968), II, p. 324; 'Kom-paratistik' oder 

'Absolutistik'?, in: Acadia, 3 (1968), p. 233; Manfred Csteiger, Pourquoi la 

littérature comparée, in: Etudes de lettres, 7 (1974), p. 13. 

18. Helmut Motekat, Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, in: Germanisch- 

Romanische Monatschrift, XXXIII (1950-1952), p. 336. 

284

19. Borbéta H. Lukâcs, Recent Comparative Research in the Soviet Union, in: 

Neohelicon. I, l-2/1973,p. 372. 

20. Un expose poussé de Lajos Nyirö, Problèmes de littérature comparée et 

théorie de la littérature, in: Littérature européenne. Littérature hongroise 

(Budapest, 1964), p. 506, 508, 515, 523; Littérature mondiale, in : 

Dictionnaire international de termes littéraires (The Hague-Paris, 1973), L 

67-68; une anticipation dans le même sens: Jean Han-kiss. Littérature 

universelle?, in : Helicon, 1, 1-2/1933, p. 170. 

21. Michel Dragomirescou, La Science de la littérature (Paris, 1928), I, p. 58. 

22. Horst Rüdiger, Nationalliteraturen und europäische Literatur, in: 

Definitionen. Essays zur Literatur. Hrsg. Adolphe Frisé (Frankfurt/M., 1963), 

p. 44; Walter Höllerer, La littérature comparée en Allemagne depuis la 

guerre, in : R.L.C., XXVII (1953), p. 28. 

23. Charles Mills Gayley, A Society of Comparative Literature, in: Comparative 

Literature. The Early Years, pp. 84-85, 101. 

24. Etiemble, Littérature comparée, in: Encyclopaedia Universalis (Paris, 1971), 

10, p. 13. 

25. Par exemple: Osvald Ducrot-Tzvetan Todorov, Dictionnaire encyclopédique 

des sciences du langage (Paris, 1972), p. 106; F. Svej-kovsky. Theoretical 

poetics in the twentieth century, in: Current Trends in Linguistics (The Hague, 

1974), 12, II, pp. 864-866. 

26. B. Tomachevski, Thématique, in: Théorie de la littérature, tr., (Paris, 1965), p. 

169. 

27. R. D. Jameson, A Comparison of Literature (London, 1935), pp. 12-13; 

Cornells J. van Rees, Une théorie à la recherche de son objet, in: Du 

linguistique au textuel. Études réunies par Charles Grivel et A. Kibédi Varga 

(Assen/Amsterdam, 1974), pp. 156-158. 

28. J. J. A. Mooij, The Nature and Functions of Literary Theories, in: Poetics 

Today. I (1979). pp. 114-118. 

29. Siegfried J. Schmidt, On a Theoretical Basis for a Rational Science of 

Literature, in: P.T.L.. 1 (1976), p. 260. 

30. Heide Göttner-Joachim Jacobs, Der logische Bau von Literaturtheorien 

(München, 1978), pp. 247-253. 

31. M. H. Abrams, What's the Use of Theorizing about the Arts?, in: In Search of 

Literary Theory. Ed. by Morton W. Blommfield (Ithaca and London, 1976), 

pp. 21-22, 25; J. J. A. Mooij, Op. cit., pp. 121-123. 

32. Morris Weitz, The Role of Theory in Aesthetics, in: J.A.A.C., XV (1956), p. 

35. 

33. James J. Y. Liu, Chinese Theories of Literature (Chicago, 1975), p. I. 

34. Hans-Joachim Schulz, Max Koch and Germany's first Journals of 

Comparative Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., 21 (1972), p.25. 

35. René Wellek, Literary Theory. Criticism and History, in: Concepts of 

Criticism (New Haven and London, 1963), p. 1. 

36. René Wellek-Austin Warren, Op. cit., p. 49; René Wellek, The Concept of 

Comparative Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., 2/1953, p. 5; Comparative Literature, 

in: Dictionnaire international des termes littéraires, L. 58. 

285

37. Henry H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature. Its Definition and Functions, p. 

17; S. S. Prawer, Op. cit., p. 8, 11; A. Owen Alridge, The second China 

Conference..., in: Y.C.G.L., 25 (1976), p. 48; Thomas Bleicher, 

Grenzüberschreitende Literatur als Komparatistis-chen Gegenstand, in : 

Neohelicon, 2/1979,p. 68. 

38. François Jost, Op. cit., II, p. 329. 

39. Albert Guérard, Comparative Literature?, in: Y.C.G.L., VII (1958), p. 6; 

Henry H. Wells, World Literature Today, idem, I (1958), p. 26. 

40. Gerhard R. Kaiser, Einführung in die vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft... 

(Darmstadt, 1980), p. 160, 161. 

41. José Lambert, Plaidoyer pour un programme des études comparatis-tes. 

Littérature comparée et théorie du polysystème, communication à la 

S.F.L.G.C., Congres 1980, Montpellier, p. 3, copie xerox; D. W. Fokkema, 

Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, in: Canadian Review of 

Comparative Literature / Revue canadienne de littérature comparée, 1/1982, 

p. 2. 

42. Etiemble, Essais de littérature (vraiment) générale (Paris, 1975), p. 340. 

43. Evgueni Polivanov, Le Principe phonétique commun à toute technique 

poétique, in: Change, 6/1970, p. 33. 

44. Ferdinand de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (Paris, 1969), p. 44. 

45. Tsvetan Todorov, Mikhaïl Bakhtine. Le principe dialogique... (Paris. 1971), p. 

8, 47. 

46. Idem, La Grammaire du récit, in: Langages, 12/1968, pp. 94-95. 

47. Bertrand Poirot-Delpech, Etiemble l'Emmerdeur, in : Le Monde, 5 mai 1974; 

Le Comparatisme est-il un humanisme?, idem, 16 juillet 1982. 

48. Ulrich Schulz-Buschhaus, Die Unvermeidlichkeit der Komparatistik, in: 

Arcadia, 14 (1979), pp. 223-224; Thomas Bleicher, Allgemeine und 

vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft. Grundlegung und Modell, in: 

Neohelicon, 2/1979, p. 85, 89, 90; Walter Höllerer, Op. cit., p. 131. 

49. Le comparatisme de l'Est s'attache, parfois, à cette thèse : Michail B. 

Chraptschenko, Die typologische Erforschung der Literatur, in: Schriftsteller, 

Weltanschauung, Kunstforschritt (Berlin, 1975), pp. 248-255. 

50. Sergiu Al-George, Limbà si gtndire în cultura indianà. Introduces în 

semiologia indianà (« Langue et pensée dans la culture indienne. Introduction 

dans la sémiologie indienne »), (Bucuresti, 1976), pp. 11-12. 

51. Johann George Forster, Vorrede zu « Sakuntala »... (1791), in: . Meisterwerke 

Deutscher Literaturkritik. Hrsg. Hans Mayer (Berlin, 1956), I, p. 543; Victor 

Hell, Originalité nationale et cosmopolitisme chez Jean-Paul, in: Actes du IV -e 

Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Paris-The Hague, 1966), I, p. 440. 

52. Armand Nivelle, Wozu vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft?, in : 

53. Manfred Schmeling, Hrsg., Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, pp. 176-177; 

Alvaro Mannuel Machado-Daniel-Henri Pageaux, Lite-ratura portuguesa. 

Literatura comparada. Teoria de literatura (Lis-boa, 1981), p. IIS. 

54. Raymond Trousson, Thèmes et mythes (Bruxelles, 1981); Jacques Geninasca, 

Réflexions sur la comparabilité, in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C 

(Stuttgart, 1979), II, p. 320. 

286

55. Ulrich Schulz-Buschhaus, Op. cit.. pp. 224-225, 231, 235. 

56. Novalis, Schriften, Hrsg. Richard Samuel (Stuttgart, 1968), II, p. 601; Roman 

Ingarden, Studii de esteticà (« Études d'esthétique ») tr., (Bucuresti, 1978), p. 

107. 

57. Roland Barthes, Essais critiques (Paris, 1964), p. 214-215; cf. aussi: Gérard 

Genot, Niveaux de la comparaison, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, 

p. 748. 

58. Karl R. Popper, La Logique de la découverte scientifique, tr., (Paris, 1973), p. 

29; ensuite J. J. A. Mooij, Op. cit., p. 125. 

59. Henryk Markiewicz, Forschungsbereich und Systematik der vergleichender 

Literaturwissenschaft, in : Weimarer Beiträge, 14 (1968), pp. 1327-1328; C. 

S. Durer, Complementation and Formulation of Ideal structures, in: Actesdu 

VIII'Congrès de l'A.I.C.L., II, p. 611; Gerhard R. Kaiser, Op. cit., p. 57. 

60. Marie Chan, Chinese Heroic Poems and European Epic, in: Comparative 

Literature, 2/1974, p. 143, 167. 

61. Gerhard Bauer, Theorie der Literatur in der allgemeinen und vergleichenden 

Literaturwissenschaft, in: Zur Theorie der vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft, Hrsg. Horst Rüdiger (Berlin-New York, 1971), p. 16; 

D. W. Fokkema, The Problem of Generalization and the Procedure of 

Literary Evolution, in: Neophilologus, 58 (1974), p. 257; André Lefevere, 

Some Tactical Steps Toward a Common Poetics, in: New Asia Academic 

Bulletin, I (1978), p. 10, 11. 

62. Paul Hernadi, Beyond Genre. New Directions in Literary Classification 

(Ithaca-London, 1972), p. 9. 

63. H. C. Müller, L'étude scientifique de la littérature comparée, in: Revue 

internationale de l'enseignement, XXX (1898), p. 71. 

64. Parmi les premiers: Richard M. Meyer, Die Weltliteratur in zwanzigsten 

Jahrhundert (Stuttgart und Berlin, 1913), p. 7. 

65. Joseph Texte, Introduction, in: Louis P. Betz, La Littérature comparée. Essai 

bibliographique, p. XXVII. 

66. A. Owen Alridge, The Purpose and Perspective of Comparative Literature, in: 

Comparative Literature. Matter and Method (Urbana, 1969), p. 3; François 

Jost, Introduction to Comparative Literature (Indianopolis and New York, 

1974), p. XI, 21, 29; Henry H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature. Its 

Definition and Function, p. 8. 

67. Paul Van Tieghem, La Littérature comparée (Paris, 1951), p. 169,174. 

68. Idem, La Synthèse en histoire littéraire. Littérature comparée et littérature 

générale, in : Revue de synthèse historique, 31/1920, p. 18, 24. 

69. Idem, Premier congrès international d'histoire littéraire, in: Bulletin of 

International Committee of Historial Sciences, IV, 14/1932, pp. 2-3. 

70. Idem, La Littérature comparée, p. 169,174. 

71. Simon Jeune, Littérature générale et littérature comparée (Paris, 1968), p. 39, 

62; Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., pp. 95-101; Alfred Owen 

Alridge, The Comparative Literature Syndrome, in: The Modem Language 

Journal, vol. LUI, 2/1969, p. 111. 

72. Hugo Dyserinck, Komparatistik. Eine Einführung (Bonn, 1978), pp. 142-143. 

287

73. René Wellek-Austin Warren, Op. cit., p. 48; Henry H. H. Remak, 

Comparative Literature. Its Definition and Function, p. 14; S. S. Prawer, Op. 

cit., p. 3, etc. 

74. J. Voisine, « Wozu vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft? », in: R.L.C., 2/1982, 

pp. 213, 215. 

75. Louis Paul Betz, Kritische Betrachtungen über Wesen, Aufgabe und 

Bedeutung der vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, in : Zeitschrift für 

französische Sprache und Literatur, XVIII (1896), p. 142. 

76. Jean Gillet, Cosmopolitisme et littérature comparée, in: A.F.L.C., Actes du 

second congrès national (Paris, 1958), p. 49; Simone Jeune, Op. cit., p. 38. 

77. S.F.L.G.C. Projet de rapport sur l'état actuel de la recherche en littérature 

comparée (1978), copie xerox, p. 4; D. H. Pageaux, Avant-Propos, in: La 

Recherche en littérature générale et comparée, aspects, problèmes, 

perspectives, in: Bulletin de la S.F.L.G.C, 4/1979, p. VIII. 

78. François Jost, Op. cit., II, p. 340; George Steiner, A Footnote to Weltliteratur, 

in: Le Mythe d'Etiemble (Paris. 1979), p. 266, etc. 

79. Etiemble, Savoir et goût (Paris, 1958), p. 172. 

80. Marcel Bataillon, Pour une bibliographie internationale de littérature 

comparée, in: R.L.C, XXX (1956), p. 140. 

81. François Jost, 'Komparatistik' oder 'Absolutistik'?, p. 232, 234; Essais de 

littérature comparée, II, p. 320. 

82. S. Petrovic, Littérature générale, in: Dictionnaire international des termes 

littéraires, L. 59-60; Manfred Gsteiger, Zum Begriff und über das Studium der 

Literatur in vergleichender Sicht, in : Zur Theorie der vergleichenden 

Literaturwissenschaft, p. 78. 

83. Paul Van Tieghem, Le Premier congrès international d'histoire littéraire, in : 

Revue de Synthèse, III, 1/1932, pp. 58-60. 

84. René Wellek, Concepts of Criticism, p. 283; Henry H. H. Remak, Op. cit., p. 

15-17; Ulrich Weisstein, Comparative Literature and Literature Theory 

(Bloomington-London, 1968), p. 16. 

85. Jacques Voisine, Les Études de la littérature comparée, in: Revue de 

l'enseignement supérieur, 3/1957, p. 63. 

86. Cf. la synthèse de Gerhard R. Kaiser, Op. cit., p. 45. 

87. L. Benloew, Introduction à l'histoire comparée des littératures (Dijon, 1849), 

p. 4, 6, 7; René Wellek, Discriminations (New Haven-London, 1970), p. 14. 

88. A. W. Schlegel, Vorlesungen über schöne Literatur und Kunst, Hrsg. von J. 

Minor (Heilbron, 1884), I, p. 3; II, pp. 266-267. 

89. Horst Rüdiger, Nationalliteraturen und europäische Literatur, p. 42; Joseph 

Strelka, Vergleichende Literaturkritik (Bern-München, 1970), 

90. p. 86, 90. 

91. Julius Petersen, Nationale oder vergleichende Literatur geschichte, in: 

D.V.L.G., VI (1928), pp. 57-60; W. Wolgang Holdheim, Komparatistik und 

Literaturtheorie, in: Arcadia 7 (1972), p. 302; 

92. Gerhard Bauer, Op. cit., p. 15-16; cf. Waller Höllerer, Op. cit., p. 34; 

Literaturwissenschaft, 6, in: Reallexikon der Deutschen Literaturgeschichte 

(Berlin, 1959), II, 1, pp. 209-210. 

288

93. 91. Horst Rüdiger, Grenzen und Aufgaben der vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, 

p. 57; Nationalliteratur und europäische Literatur, p. 45; 

François Jost, Op. cit., p. 233-235; Hugo Dyserinck, Op. cit., p. 167, etc. 

94. 92. José Antonio Portuondo, Concepto de la poesia (La Habana, 1972), pp. 

166-167. 

95. 93. Roberto Fernandez Retamar, Para una teoria de la literatura Hispanoamericana... 

(La Habana, 1975), p. 93. 

96. 94. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 113. 

97. 95. D. W. Fokkema, The Problem of Generalization and the Procedure of 

Literary Evaluation, p. 254, 255; Comparative Literature and the New 

Paradigm, in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue 

canadienne de littérature comparée, 1/1982, p. 3, 5; cf. Idem, 3/1980: Revue 

des revues, pp. 303-304. 

98. 96. Janos Riesz, Editorial, in : Komparatistische Hefte, 1 (1980), pp. 4-5. 

99. 97. Leon Robel-Jacques Roubaud, Introduction, in: Cahiers de poétique 

comparée, vol. I, fasc. 1/1973, pp. 1-2. 

100. 98. S.F.L.G.C. Projet de rapport sur I état actuel de la recherche en littérature 

comparée (1978), copie xerox, p. 5; D.-H. Pageaux Avant-Propos, in: La 

Recherche en littérature générale et comparée: aspects, problèmes, 

perspectives, in: Bulletin de la S.F.L.G.C, 4/1979, p. VII, 

101. 99. Par exemple, Agnes Sola, Recherche en littérature générale et comparée, 

idem, p. 70; cf. aussi, et surtout les Cahiers de poétique comparée (1/1973- 

3/1975, les seuls que nous connaissons). 

102. 100. René Wellek-Austin Warren, Op. cit., p. 49. 

103. 101. René Wellek, Concepts of Criticism, p. 19; Discriminations, p. 17; 

Comparative Literature, in : Dictionnaire International des termes littéraires. 

L 56. 

104. 102. Etiemble, Savoiretgoût (Paris, 1958), p. 162, 172; L'Orient philosophique 

au XVIII -e siècle (Paris, 1961), I, p. 14; Lettre à LeopoldSédar Senghor, in: 

Hommage à Leopold Sédar Senghor homme de culture (« Présence africaine 

», 1976), p. 91. 

105. 103. Idem, Lettre à Leopold Sédar Senghor, p. 91: Comparaison n 'est pas 

raison (Paris, 1963), p. 72. 

106. 104. Idem, Littérature comparée, in: Encyclopaedia Universalis (Paris, 1971), 

10. p. 11. 

107. 105. Georges Gusdorf, Fondements du savoir romantique (Paris, 1982), p. 

304. 320-321. 

107. Jean-Marie Carré, Préface, in: Marius- François Guyard, La Littérature 

comparée, 4« éd. (Paris, 1965). p. 6. 

108. Cf. Paul Van Tieghem, Histoire littéraire générale et comparée, in: Revue de 

synthèse historique, 46 (1928), p. 128. 

109. G. Lanson, Essais de méthode de critique et d'histoire littéraire, rassemblés et 

présentés par Henri Peyre (Paris, 1965), p. 41, 54, 55. 

110. Jean-Marie Carré, Op. cit., p.6. 

111. Zdrenko Skreb, Valeur scientifique du terme « Avant-Garde » en littérature, 

in: Neohelicon, 3-4/1974, p. 305. 

289

112. Manfred Gsteiger, Pourquoi la littérature comparée, p. 10; Werkimmanenz 

und Historiographie, in : Arcadia, 8 (1973), p. 170. 

113. André-Michel Rousseau, La Littérature comparée et l'analyse for. mette des 

textes littéraires: bilan et perspectives, in : Actes du VIII -e Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C, (Stuttgart, 1980), II. p. 462. 

114. Yves Chevrel, Littérature générale et comparée et rénovation des étu. Des 

études des lettres, in: L'Information littéraire, 28, 5/1976, p. 236; Man. fred 

Gsteiger, Pourquoi la littérature comparée?, p. 10. 

115. Simon Jeune, Op. cit., p. 87. 

116. Henri Roddier, De l'emploi de la méthode de génétique en littérature 

comparée, in: Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), I, p. 12; La 

Littérature comparée et l'histoire des idées, in: R.L.C., 27 (1953), p. 44. 

117. Ruth Finnegan, Oral Poetry in Africa (Oxford, 1970), p. 22. 

118. Cf. Ruth Finnegan, Op. cit., p. 15; André-Michel Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 458. 

119. Pierre Francastel, Peinture et société (Paris, 1965), p. 133; Dionyz Durisin, La 

conception comparatiste de l'histoire littéraire, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 491. 

120. Entre autres références: B. Croce, Nuovi saggi di estetica, sec. ed. (Bari, 

1926), pp. 170-171. 

121. Roman Jakobson, Questions de poétique (Paris, 1973), pp. 59-60. 

122. Alfred Owen Alrigde, The Comparative Literature Syndrome, p. 115. 

123. Julien Benda, La France byzantine (Paris, 10/18, 1970), p. 75. 

124. Paul Hazard, Quatre études (New York, 1940), p. 22; Paul Van Tieghem, La 

Littérature comparée, pp. 180-181, etc. 

125. Par exemple: Arturo Farinelli, Petrarca, Manzoni, Leopardi (Torino, 1925), p. 

136, 140; Paul Van Tieghem, Op. cit., p. 46; Wer. ner Krauss, Intervention, in 

: Actes du colloque international de civi. Lisation, littératures et langues 

romanes (Bucarest, 1959), p. 95, etc. 

126. Charles V. Aubrun, Incomparable literatura o la crisis de la literatura 

comparada, in: Cuadernos, 85, Junio 1964, p. III-XI. 

127. Roberto Fernandez Retamar, Op. cit., p. 48. 

128. Guillermo Rodriguez Rivera, America Latina y la ciencia de la literatura, in: 

Union, 4/1979, pp. 52-53; Adrian Marino, c.r., in: C.R.E.L., 4/1976, pp. 135- 

137; Richard A. Young, c.r., in: Carta-dian Review of Comparative Literature 

/ Revue Canadienne de littérature comparée, 4/1981, pp. 568-569. 

129. Morris Weitz, Op. cit., pp. 27-28, 30-31; M. H. Abrams, Op. cit., p. 3. 5, 8. 

130. D. W. Fokkema-Elrud Kunne-Ibsch, Theories of Literature in the Twentieth 

Century (London, 1977), pp. 2-3. 

131. Morris Weitz, Op. cit., p. 27. 

132. M. H. Abrams, Op. cit., pp. 9-10; Paul Hernadi, Op. cit., p. 41; Ruth Finnegan, 

Op. cit., p. 270. 

133. Un exemple: Harry Levin, Grounds for Comparison (Cambridge, Mass., 

1972), pp. 89-90. 

290

IV. invariantebi, gv. 80-112. 

1. Etiemble, Comparaison n'est pas raison (Paris, 1963), p. 100; Connaissonsnous 

la Chine? (Paris, 1964), p. 19, 90. 

2. Etiemble, Essais de littérature (vraiment) générale (Paris, 1975), p. 45, 210; 

Littérature comparée, in: Encyclopaedia Universalis (Paris 1971), p. 11. 

3. Idem, Prosateurs du XVIII -e siècle, in: Histoire des littératures (Paris, 1958), 

III, p. 825. 

4. Idem, Comparaison n'est pas raison, pp. 70-71. 

5. Etiemble, Essais..., p. 205, 226. 

6. Jacques Geninasca, Réflexions sur la comparabilité, in: Actes du VII' Congrès 

de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, p. 320. 

7. Etiemble, Littérature comparée, p. 11. 

8. Idem, Savoir et goût (Paris, 1958), p. 167, 173; Comparaison n'est pas raison, 

p. 101. 

9. Etiemble, Comparaison n'est pas raison, p. 99; Essais..., p. 298; L'Orient 

philosophique..., I, p. 20; La Poésie au XVIII -e siècle, in: Histoire des 

littératures. III, p. 794. 

10. Idem, Essais..., p. 205, 341; Du « Pantun » malais au « Pantoum » à la 

française, in: Zagadnienia Rodzajôw Literaskih, 2/1979, p. 21. 

11. Etiemble, Comparaison n 'est pas raison, p. 71. 

12. Idem, Littérature comparée, p. 11 ; Préface, in: Jeou-p'ou t'ouan ou la chair 

comme tapis de prière (Paris, 1962), p. IX. 

13. Idem, Savoir et goût, pp. 166-167. 

14. Baudelaire, Oeuvres complètes, (Paris, 1966), p. 1163. 

15. Etiemble, Histoire des genres et littérature comparée, in: Acta Litte-raria, V 

(1962), p. 206; L'Orient philosophique..., I, p. 20. 

16. Jean Mukarovsky, On Poetic Language, tr., (Lisse, 1976), p. 18. 

17. Roman Jakobson, Essais de linguistique générale, tr., (Paris, 1963), p. 39; 

Lubomir Doleïel, From Motifemes to Motifs, in: Poetics, 4/1972, p. 61. 

18. Carlo Pellegrini, Considerazionisulla letteratura comparata in Italia, in: 

Letteratura e critica. Studi in onore di Natalino Sapegno (Roma, 1974), I, p. 

120. 

19. Henri Gifford, Comparative Literature (London, 1979), p. 74; Charles V. 

Aubrun, Incomparable literatura o la crisis de la literatura comparada, in: 

Cuadernos, 85, Junio, 1964, pp. IX-X. 

20. Pour l'ensemble du problème: Adrian Marino, La Critique des idées 

littéraires, tr., (Bruxelles, 1977), pp. 81-114. 

21. Idem, Aux sources de la dialectique sémantique ancien/nouveau, in: Cahiers 

roumains d'études littéraires, 1/1975, pp. 50-59. 

22. Chi Ch'iu-lang, The Concepts of Classicism and Romanticism: their 

Application to Chinese Littérature, in: Tamkang Review, III, 2 October 1972, 

p. 271. 

23. Fernand Brunetière, La Littérature européenne, in: Revue des Deux Mondes, 

XLXI(1900), p. 353. 

291

24. René Wellek, Russian Formalism, in: Arcadia 6 (1971), p. 184; Alas-tair 

Fowler, Periodisation and Interart Analogies, in: N.L.H., 3/1972, p. 488; 

Roger Bauer, La Topologie et la thématologie au service de l'histoire, in: 

Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, p. 78-79. 

25. Annales de l'Université de Paris, avril-juin 1957, pp. 169-180. 

26. Jean Frappier, Littératures médiévales et littérature comparée: problèmes de 

recherche et de méthode, in: Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), I, p. 

30. 

27. Claudio Guillen, Literature as System (Princeton, 1971), p. 56; D. W. 

Fokkema, The Problem of Generalization and the Procedure of Literary 

Evaluation, in: Neophilologus, 58 (1974), p. 255. 

28. Arturo Graf, Storia letteraria e comparazione (Torino, 1877), p. 13. 

29. Marcel Bataillon, Pour une histoire exigente des formes, le cas de La 

Celestine, in: Comparative Literature, I, p. 35. 

30. B. Munteano, Conclusion provisoire, in: R.L.C., 27 (1953), pp. 56-57; 

Constantes dialectiques en littérature et en histoire (Paris, 1967), p. 3, 7-8, 32. 

31. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, La Littérature comparée (Paris, 1967), p. 

158. 

32. Andrew H. Plaks, Traditional Chinese Fiction and Contemporary Narrative 

Theory, in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1980), II, p. 387. 

33. Mihàly A. Szegedy-Maszak, The Conditions and Stages of Comparative 

Study, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 100; Al. Dima, Principii de literatura 

comparata (« Principes de littérature comparée ») (Bucu-resti, 1969), p. 21, 

etc. 

34. Paul Van Tieghem, Littérature comparée et littérature générare, in: Revue de 

synthèse historique, XXXI (1920), p. 17; Influences et simultanéité en histoire 

littéraire, in: The Romanic Review, XX (1929), p. 138-139; La Littérature 

comparée (Paris, 1951), p. 45, 174. 

35. Georges Joyaux-Herbert Weisinger, Foreword, in: Etiemble, The Crisis in 

Comparative Literature, tr., (East Lansing, 1966), p. XX. 

36. Jan Mukarovsky, Obligations de la science littéraire envers la littérature 

mondiale contemporaine, in: Acta Litteraria, V (1962), pp. 186-187; 

LectoriSalutem, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 13-14; Al. Dima, Op. cit., p. 39. 

37. Harry Levin, Grounds for Comparison (Cambridge Mass., 1972), p. 22; D. W. 

Fokkema, Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, idem, 1/1982, p. 

15. 

38. D. W. Fokkema, The Problem of Generalization and the Procedure of 

Literary Evaluation, p. 259; Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm , 

pp. 3-4. 

39. Simon Jeune, Littérature générale et littérature comparée (Paris, 1868), pp. 

91-82. 

40. Manfred Schmeling, Einleitung : Allgemeine und vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, 

in : Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (Wiesbaden, 

1981), p. 9. 

292

41. Un seul exemple: Marcel Brion, L'Esthétique et les constantes de l'esprit 

humain, in: Le Deuxième Congrès International d'Esthétique et de Science de 

l'Art (Paris, 1936), I, p. 86-90. 

42. Roger Caillois, Approche de la poésie (Paris, 1978), p. 170. 

43. Emile Schaub-Koch, Valeurs de rappels d'esthétique comparative (Lisbonne, 

1958), p. XV. 

44. Roman Jakobson, Op. cit., pp. 72-73, 152, 153, 271, 284. 

45. Mikhaïl Bakhtine, Esthétique et théorie du roman, tr., (Paris, 1978), pp. 447- 

448. 

46. Jean Cohen, Structure du langage poétique (Paris, 1966), p. 14. 

47. Gerard Genette, Introduction à l'architexte (Paris, 1979), p. 81. 

48. Roman Jakobson, Selected Writings ('S-Gravenhage, 1962), I, p. 530; II, p. 

587. 

49. Dictionnaire de linguistique (Paris, 1973), p. 269; Oswald Ducrot-Tzvetan 

Todorov, Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage (Paris, 1972), 

p. 370. 

50. Joseph B. Casagrante, Language Universals in Anthropological Perspective, 

in: Universals of Language, Ed. Joseph H. Greenberg (Cambridge Mass.,- 

London, 1968), pp. 279-298. 

51. Mircea Eliade, Occultism, Witchcraft and Cultural Fashions (Chicago- 

London, 1976), Preface. 

52. R. Jakobson, On the identification of Phonemic Entities, in: Travaux du Cercle 

linguistique de Copenhague, 5/1948, p. 212; Op. cit., I, p. 526. 

53. Noam Chomsky, De quelques constantes de la théorie linguistique, in: 

Problèmes du langage (Paris, 1966), pp. 14-21; un résumé de ces théories: 

John Lyons, Noam Chomsky (New York, 1970), pp. 110-118. 

54. Charles F. Hockett, The Problem of Universals in Language, in: Universals of 

Language, p. I. 

55. Yury Lot man, The Content and Structure of the Concept of Literature, in: 

P.T.L., 1 (1976), p. 347. 

56. Hamar Even-Zohar, Papers in Historical Poetics (Tel Aviv, 1978), pp. 45-54. 

57. Guillermo Rodriguez Rivera, America Latinay la ciencia de la litera-tura, in: 

Union, 4/1979, p. 54. 

58. S. S. Prawer, Comparative Literary Studies. An Introduction (London, 1973), 

pp. 164-165; Claude Pichois-André M. Rouseau, Op. cit., pp. 107-108. 

59. Hans Robert Jauss, Literaturgeschichte als Provokation (Frankfurt am Main, 

1970), p. 197. 

60. Pour une première esquisse de classification et d’analyse: Adrian Marino, La 

Critique des idées littéraires, pp. 57-80. 

61. Benedetto Croce, Conversazioni critiche (Bari, 1932), III, pp. 85-86; Northrop 

Frye, Fables of Identity (New York-Burlingame, 1963), p. 31. 

62. Etiemble, Intervention, in: Acta Litteraria, V (1962), p. 47; Claude Couffon, 

Rencontre avec Etiemble, in: Les Lettres Françaises, 1006, 5-11 décembre 

1963. 

63. René Wellek, The Attack on Literature and Other Esays (Chapel Hill, 1982), 

p. 77, 122, 140. 

293

64. S. S. Prawer, Op. cit.. p. 53; Adrian Marino, Op. cit., pp. 74-80. 

65. Par exemple, Ulrich Weisstein, Influences and Parallels. The Place and 

Function of Analogy Studies in Comparative Literature, in: Teilnahme und 

Spiegelung. Festschrift für Horst Rüdiger (Berlin, 1975), p. 605. 

66. James Robert Hightower, Chinese Literature in Context of World Literatures, 

in: Comparative Literature, V (1953), pp. 122-123. 

67. Henri Roddier, Principes d'une histoire comparée des littératures 

européennes, in: R.L.C., 39/1965, p. 220. 

68. Douwe W. Fokkema, Method and Program of Comparative Literature, in: 

Synthesis, I (1974), p. 51, 54. 

69. Paul Veyne, Comment on écrit l'histoire (Paris, 1979), pp. 146-147, 152. 

70. Peter Rossbacher, Sklovskij Concept of « ostranenie » and Aristotle's « 

Admiratio », in: M.L.N., 92 (1977), pp. 1038-1043. 

71. Zbigniew Folejevski, Symposium: Slavic and Western Literary Theories in 

Contact, in: KC.G.Z,., 21 (1972), pp. 57-58; Eva M. Thompson, Russian 

Formalism and Anglo-American New Formalism. A Comparative Study (The 

Hague-Paris, 1971). 

72. Etiemble, Essais..., p. 275; Un Nouveau Garap: la nouvelle critique, in: 

Raison présente, 9/1969, p. 11; Parlez-vous franglais? (Paris, 1969), pp. 347- 

571. 

73. D. W. Fokkema, The Problem of Generalization and the Procedure of the 

Literary Evaluation, p. 225 ; Abd El-Fattah Kilito, Sur le méta-langage 

métaphorique des poéticiens arabes, in : Poétique, 38/1979, p. 168. 

74. G. E. von Grunebaum, The Aesthetic Foundation of Arabie Literature, in: 

Comparative Literature, 4/1952, p. 331. 

75. V. K. Chari, Style and Emotion in Poetry: an Indian View, in: Actes du VIII -e 

Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1980), II, pp. 917-919; Donald A. Gibbs, M. 

H. Abrams' four artistic co-ordinates applied to literary theory in early China, 

in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de I. 'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, p. 675,678; Earl 

Miner, Concepts of Value in Japanese and Western Literary Criticism, idem, 

II, p. 626-627. 

76. Par exemple Sergiu Al-George, Limbà si Gîndire tn cultura Indiana. 

Introducere tn semiologia Indiana (« Langue et pensée dans la culture 

indienne. Introduction à la sémiologie indienne ») (Bucuresti, 1976); Leonard 

Nathan, Conjectures on Structural Principles of Vedic Poetry, in: 

Comparative Literature, 2/1976, p. 123, 130. 

77. George A. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular 

Tradition (Chapel Hill, 1980), p. 6. 

78. Nora K. Chadwick-V. Zhirmunsky, Oral Epics of Central Asia (Cambridge, 

1969), pp. 261-262, 332-333. 

79. K. Viswanathan, Essays in Criticism and Comparative Poetics (Wal-tair, 

1977), pp. 385-536, 413, 464, 477, etc.; Pierre Sylvain Filliozat, La poétique 

sanskrite, in: La Traversée des «'g/ies

Sanscrit ans European Theory of Literature, in: Zagadnienia Rodzajàw 

Literackich, 1/1979, pp. 73-103. 

81. J. D. Frodsham, Landscape Poetry in China and Europe, in: Copt-parative 

Literature, XIX (1967), p. 201, 212; André Levy, Études sur le conte et le 

roman chinois (Paris, 1971), p. 1-13; Donald A. Gibbs, Op. cit., p. 679; Roger 

Garaudy, Esthétique et invention du futur (Paris, 1971), p. 268; Chi Ch'iulang, 

The Concepts of Classicism and Romanticism. Their Application to 

Chinese Literature, in: Tam-Kang Review, III, 2/1972, p. 241; Eugène 

Eoyang, Coming to terms: The popular as pejorative, in : Y.C.G.L., 28 (1979), 

p. 43. 

82. François Cheng, L'Écriturepoétique chinoise (Paris, 1977), p. 51, 73; cf. David 

J. Chen, Theory and Practice of Modem Chinese Poetry, in: Literary History 

and Literary Criticism. Actes of the Ninth Congress International Federation 

for Modern Languages and Literatures (New York, 1966), p. 158; The Art of 

Letters : Lu Chi's « Wen Fu », tr., E. R. Hughes (New York, 1951), p. 103. 

83. James J. Y. Liu, Chinese Theories of Literature (Chicago and London, 1975), 

p. 95. 

84. Robert H. Browner-Earl Miner, Japanese Court Poetry (London, 1962), p. 3, 

478. 

85. Louis Massignon, Comment ramener à une base commune l'étude textuelle de 

deux cultures: l'arabe et la gréco-latine, in: Lettres d'Humanité, II (1943), p. 

134; Amjad Trabulsi, La Critique poétique des Arabes jusqu'au V -e siècle de 

l'Hégire (Damas, 1956); Amina Rachid, Invariants et variations: l'art d'écrire 

et /'« inimitabilité du Coran », in: Le Mythe d'Etiemble (Paris, 1979), p. 222. 

86. Hamadi Sammond, Rachid Ghozzi, La Définition de la poésie dans l'ancienne 

poétique arabe, in: Poétique. 38/1979, pp. 150-152, 159-160; Abd El-Fattah 

Kilito, Op. cit., p. 165-166. 

87. Etiemble, Savoir et goût. p. 168; Essais..., pp. 12-13, 14. 

88. La Traversée des signes (Paris, 1975), p. 7. 

89. René Wellek, Op. cit.. p. 56. 

90. Charles Mills-Gayley-Fred Newton Scott, An Introduction to the methods and 

materials of literary criticism (Boston, 1899), p. 450. 

91. Claudio Guillen, Some Observations on Parallel Poetic Forms, in: Tamkang 

Review, II-III, 1971-1972, p. 395; A. Owen Alridge, The Second China 

Conference: a Recapitulation, in: Y.C.G.L., 25/1976, p. 42, 46, 48; Douwe W. 

Fokkema, 77ie Comparative Study of Asian and African Literature, in: 

Neohelicon, 1/1977, p. 284; Adrian Hsia, Introduction to the panel discussion 

on « Western Lete-rary Theories and the Study of Chinese Literature », in: 

Actes du VII -e Congres de l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, pp. 673-674. 

92. Charles Witke, Comparative Literature and the Classics: East and West, in: 

Tamkang Review, II-III, 1971-1972, p. 13; Arthur E. Kunst, Literatures of 

Asia, in: Comparative Literature. Method and Perspectives. Ed. by Newton P. 

Stallknecht and Horst Frenz (Carbondale-Edwardsville, 1974), p. 33, 321-327. 

93. Louis Massignon, Op. cit., pp. 122-140. 

94. Ftiemble, Essais..., p. 14. 

295

95. Idem, Peaux de couleuvres (Paris, 1948), p. 8;Afes Contre-poisons (Paris, 

1974), p. 125; Poètes ou faiseurs? (Paris, 1966), p. 16; Préface, in: L'Art 

d'écrire (Paris, 1970), p. 15. 

96. Etiemble, Intervention, in: ActaLitteraria, V (1962), p. 48; L'Orient 

philosophique..., I, p. 18. 

97. Jean Starobinski, On the fundamental Gestures of Criticism, in: N.L.H., 

3/1974, p. 513. 

98. Goethes Weltliterat. Neun Thesen zur semisaecularfeier des Todes Goethes, 

in: Acta Comparationis Litterarum Universarum. VII (1882), p. 68. 

99. G. E. W. (oodberry), Editorial, in: Journal of Comparative Literature, I 

(1903), p. 7; Comparaison n'est pas raison, p. 103. 

100. Marcel Bataillon, Nouvelle jeunesse de la philologie à Chapel Hill, in: R.L.C., 

35 (1961), p. 298; Discurso inaugural, in: 1616.1 (1978), p. 16. 

101. François Jost, La Littérature comparée, une philosophie des lettres, in: Essais 

de littérature comparée (Fribourg, 1968), II, p. 317. 

102. Fritz Strich, Weltliteratur und vergleichende Literaturgeschichte, in: 

Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (Berlin, 1930), p. 439. 

103. Etiemble, Peaux de couleuvres, p. 8. 

104. Hamar Even-Zohar, Interference in dependent literary polysistems, in: Actes 

du VIII' Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 617; il faut se rapporter aussi, du même 

auteur, à sa Polysistem Theory, in: Poetics Today, 1-2/1979, pp. 287-310. 


History as Science (1870), tr., in: Y.C.G.L., 16/1967, pp. 41-42; Victor Erlich, 

Russian Formalism. History-Doctrine (The Hague-Paris, 1969), pp. 29-31; 

Heda Jason, Precursors of Propp: Formalist Theories of Narrative in Early 

Russian Ethno-Poetics, in: P.T.L., 3 (1977), pp. 486-487, 490, 504. 

106. Claudio Guillen, Op. cit., p. 32,403; John Fletcher, The Criticism of 

Comparison: the Approach through Comparative Literature and Intellectuel 

History, in: Contemporary Criticism (London, 1975), p. 126. 

107. Par exemple: Roger Bauer, La Topologie et la (hématologie au service de 

l'histoire, in -.Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, pp. 

177-181. 

108. Un dernier exemple: Raymond Trousson, Thèmes et Mythes. Questions de 

méthode (Bruxelles, 1981), p. 66, 97. 

109. Max Koch, Zur Einführung, in: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Literaturgeschichte, 

I (1887), p. 10. 

110. HO. S. S. Prawer, Op. cit., p. 56; Hugo Dyserinck, Komparatistik Eine 

Einführung (Bonn, 1978), p. 103; Robert J. Clements, Comparative Literature 

as Academic Discipline (New York, 1978), p. 7, 91, 166; Al. Dima, Op. cit., 

pp. 100-103. 

111. Manfred Beller, Von der Stoff geschickte zur Thematologie, in: Arcadia, 

1/1970, p. 7, 9. 

112. François Jost, Grundbegriffe der Thematologie, in: Theorie und Kritik. 

Festschrift für Gerhard Loose (Bern und München, 1974), pp. 4142. 

113. Jean-Paul Weber, Thème et modulation, in: Domaines thématiques (Paris, 

1963), pp. 9-33. 

296

114. Michel Potet, Place de la thematologie, in: Poétique, 35/1978, p. 374; voir 

aussi: Leo Pollmann, Literaturwissenschaft und Methode. Zweite verbesserte 

Auflage (Frankfurt/M., 1973), pp. 192-197. 

115. Viktor Schirmunski, Vergleichende Epenforschung (Berlin, 1981), I, p. 9. 

116. Henry H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature. Its Definition and Function, in: 

Comparative Literature. Method and Perspective. Ed. Newton P. Stallknecht- 

H. Frenz (Southern Illinois University Press, 1973), p. 32; S. S. Prawer, Op. 

cit., p. 174; Manfred Bélier, Op. cit., p. 28. 

117. Conrad Widmann. Topik als Vorschule der Interpretation. Überlegungen zur 

Fonktion von Toposkatalogen, in: Topik, Hrsg. Dieter Breuer-Helmut Schauze 

(München, 1981), p. 242. 

118. Paul Veyne, Op. cit., p. 149. 

119. Luciano Anceschi, A Debate on « Literary Types », in: J.A.A.C., XIV (1955), 

p. 330. 

120. Etiemble, Le Mythe de Rimbaud. Structure du mythe (Paris, 1970); Rimbaud 

dans le monde slave et communiste, I. Le Mythe de Rimbaud en Pologne 

(Paris, 1964), p. 67. 

121. Nora K. Chadwick-Victor Zhirmunsky, Op. cit., p. 261; John Fletcher, Op. 

cit., p. 126; S. S. Prawer, Op. cit., p. 55; Damàso Alonso, « Tradition or 

Polygenesis? », in: M.H.R.A., 32 (1960), p. 19,20. 

122. Quelques indications sur ce genre d'études: Emile Staiger, Grundbegriffe der 

Poetik (Zürich-Freiburg, Br., 1968), pp. 203-256; Klaus Weissenberger, A 

Morphological Genre Theory : An Answer to a Pluralism of Forma, in: 

Theories of Literary Genre, Ed. Joseph P. Strelka (University Park and 

London, 1978), pp. 229-253; Thomas G. Wiener, Structural and Semiotic 

Genre Theory, idem, pp. 254-268. 

123. Willy R. Berger, Gattungstheorie und vergleichende Gattungstheorie, in: 

Vergleichende Literaturwisenschaft, Hrsg. Manfred Schmeting (Wiesbaden, 

1981), pp. 99-124. 

124. Etiemble, Histoire des genres et littérature comparée, in: Acta Litte-raria, V 

(1962), p. 206; Connaissons-nous la Chine? (Paris, 1964), p. 9. 

125. Idem, D'une épopée tibétaine, in: N.R.F., 129, 1" sept. 1963, p. 482, 485-486; 

Poètes ou faiseurs? (Paris, 1966), pp. 126-127, 132, 134. 

126. Idem, D'une épopée tibétaine, p. 485; Essais..., p. 269; Quarante ans de mon 

maoïsme (Paris, 1976), p. 225. 

127. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis, (Berlin und München, 1964), p. 510, 516; Helmuth 

Hatzfeld, Comparative Literature as a Necessary Method, in : Disciplines of 

Criticism, ed. Peter Demetz (New Haven-London, 1968), p. 80. 

128. Robert Escarpit, Avant-Propos, in: Analyse de la périodisation littéraire (Paris, 

1972), p. 9. 

129. D.-H. Pageaux, Avant-Propos, in: La Recherche en littérature générale et 

comparée: aspects, problèmes, perspectives, in: Bulletin de ta S.F.L.G.C., 

4/1979, p. IX. 

130. André Lefevere, Some Tactical Steps Toward a Common Poetics, im: New 

Asia Academic Bulletin, I (1978), p. 13. 

297

131. Adrian Marino, Le Comparatisme des avant-gardes: le cas des avant-gardes, 

in: Cahiers roumains d'études littéraires, 1/1976, p. 93; cf. aussi notre 

Critique des idées littéraires, tr. (Bruxelles, 1977), pp. 61-70. 

132. Valéry Larbaud, Sous l'invocation de Saint-Jerôme (Oeuvres complètes, 8) 

(Paris, 1953), p. 339; pour l'ensemble de« données, cf. l'excellent article de 

Pierre Rivas, Valéry Larbaud et le comparatisme, in: Valéry Larbaud, La 

prose du Monde (Paris, 1982), pp. 65-74. 

133. Northrop Frye, The Archetypes of Literature, in: Fables of Identity (New 

York-Burlingame, 1963), pp. 7-20. 

134. Cf. André-Michel Rousseau, Arts et littérature: un « État présent » et 

quelques réflexions, in: Synthesis, IV (1977), p. 40. 

135. V. I. Propp, Morphologie du conte, tr. (Paris, 1970), pp. 14-15, 23, 31, 173. 

136. Peul Zumthor, Poésie médiévale et poésie moderne, in: Cahiers du Sud, 50 

(1962), p. 271. 

137. V. I. Propp, Op. cit., p. 25, 107; Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism 

(Princeton, 1971), p. 17; Fables of Identity (New York-Burlingame, 1963); 

Marshall McLuhan, Du Cliché à l'archétype, tr. (Paris, 1973), p. 129, etc. 

138. M. Bakhtine, Problemelepoeticii lui Dostoïevski (« Les problèmes de la 

poétique de Dostoïevski »), tr. (Bucuresti, 1970), p. 146, 190, 197, 219; 

François Rabelais si cultura popularà tn Evul Mediu si Renastere (« François 

Rabelais et la culture populaire au Moyen Age et à l'époque de la Renaissance 

»), tr. (Bucuresti, 1974), p. 31, 33,233-234. 

139. Roman Jakobson, Le dessin prosodique ou le principe modulaire dans les vers 

réguliers chinois, in: Change, 2/1969, p. 39. 

140. Algirdas Julien Greimas, Maupassant (Paris, 1976), p. 11. 

141. Tzvetan Todorov, Poétique de la prose (Paris, 1971), p. 117. 

142. Dumitry Cizewsky, Outline of Comparative Slavic Literatures (Boston, 1952), 

p. 4; Roman Jakobson, The Kernel of Comparative Slavic Literature, in : 

Harvard Slavic Studies, I (1953), p. 2. 

143. Istvàn Söter, L'Application de la méthode comparative a l'histoire d'une 

littérature nationale, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1980), 

II, p. 452. 

144. A. J. Close, Commonplace theories of art and nature in classical antiquity and 

in the Renaissance, J.H.I., XXX (1969), pp. 467-486. 

145. Claudio Guillen, Op. cit., p. 471. 

146. P. Demiéville, Introduction, in: Anthologie de la poésie chinoise classique 

(Paris, 1962), p. 19; Michelle Loi, Poésie et politique en Chine, in: La 

Traversée des signes, p. 85. 

147. James J. Y. Liu, The Poetry of Li Shang-yin. Ninth Century Baroque Poet 

(Chicago-London, 1969), p. 254; S. S. Prawer, op. cit., p. 52; G. G. von 

Grunebaum, Op. cit., p. 329. 

148. F. Tökey, Naissance de l'élégie chinoise (Paris, 1967), pp. 196-211. 

149. Etiemble, Quelques eessais de littérature universelle (Paris, 1982), p. 156. 

150. Robert H. Browner and Earl Miner, Op. cit., p. 447; Nora K.Chadwick-Victor 

Zhirmunsky, Op. cit.; Leonard Nathan, Conjectures on a Structural Principle 

of the Vedic Poetry, in : Comparative Literature, 2/1976, p. 125, 132. 

298

151. Sisir Kumar Das, The Mystic Eros Problems of Allegorization in Indian 

Religious Poetry, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C, II, pp. 357-363; 

Nabaneta Dev Sen, Structure of Epic Poems in the East and the West: A 

Comparative Study, in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.C.L., II, pp. 607-612. 

152. S. Gandz, The Dawn of Literature. Prolegomena to a History of Unwritten 

Literature, in: Osiris, 7 (1939), p. 483, 485. 

153. Lucien Fevre, Combats pour l'histoire (Paris, 1953), p. 85. 


155. Giuseppe Petronio, Les Problèmes actuels de l'histoire des littératures 

romanes, in: Actes du colloque international de civilisations, littératures et 

langues romanes (Bucarest, 1959), p. 87; R. M. Samarin, Conceptul de 

literature universale (« Le Concept de littérature universelle »), in : Secolul 

20, 10/1962, p. 89. 

156. Lucien Febvre, Op. cit., p. 140. 

157. Robert J. Clements, Op. cit., p. 170. 

158. Ulrich Weisstein, Influences and Parallels. The Place and Function of 

Analogy Studies in Comparative Literature, in: Teilnahme und Spiegelung. 

Festschrift für Horst Rüdiger (Berlin, 1975), p. 605. 

159. André-Michel Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 43. 

160. Henri Peyre, Les Générations littéraires (Paris, 1948), p. 20. 

161. Maria Rosa Linda De Markiel, Perduraciôn de la literatura antigua en 

Occidente, in: Romance Philology, V (1951-1952), p. 113; Dâmaso Alonso, 

Op. cit., p. 19. 

162. Ruth Finnegan, Oral Literature in Africa (London, 1970), pp. 8-9, 15. 

163. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 95; Ulrich Weisstein, 

Comparative Literature and Literary Theory, p. 8. 

164. Harry Levin, La littérature comparée, point de vue d'Outre-Atlantique, in: 

R.L.C., 27 (1953), p. 21; Walter HöUerer, La Littérature comparée en 

Allemagne depuis la fin de la guerre, idem, p. 28. 

165. A ce propos, aussi, en matière de mythologie comparée: Georges Dumézil, 

Loki (Paris, 1948), p. 7. 

166. Certaines idées de ce chapitre ont été exprimées dans des contributions 

antérieures: Etiemble, la typologie des invariants et la littérature comparée, 

in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/Revue Canadienne de 

littérature comparée, vol. V, 3, Fall, 1979, pp. 323-345; Etiemble, les « 

invariants » et la littérature comparée, in: Le Mythe d'Etiemble (Paris, 1979), 

pp. 157-167; et Etiemble et les invariants, in: Komparatistische Hefte, 1 

(1980), pp. 14-20. 

299

V. komparativistuli meTodi, gv. 117-213. 

1. René Wellek, Discriminations (New Haven and London, 1970), p. 19. 

2. Une synthèse représentative: Haskell M. Block, Nouvelles tendances en 

littérature comparée (Paris, 1970), p. 27, 33, 50-51, etc. 

3. Par exemple: I. M. Bochénski, The Methods of Contemporary Thought 

(Dodrecht, 1965); Joseph Strelka, Methodologie der Literaturwissenschaft 

(Tübingen, 1978); Manon Maren-Crisebach, Methoden der 

Literaturwissenschaft (München, 1982), etc. 

4. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, La Littérature comparée (Paris, 1967), 

pp. 173-174; Manfred Schmeling, Einleitung..., in: Vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft (Wiesbaden, 1981), p. 17. 

5. Henry H. H. Remak, The Future of Comparative Literature, in: Actes du VIII e 

Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1980), 11, pp. 434-435; Daniel-Henri 

Pageaux, c.r., Manfred Schmeling (Hrsg.) Vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft, in : Komparatistische Hefte, 4/1981, p. 118. 

6. D. W. Fokkema, The Linguistic Classification of Texts and the Study of Value 

Systems as Complimentary Aspects of Comparative Literature, in: Actes du 

VII -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, pp. 310-313; Robert Wiemann, 

The Future of Comparative Literature reconsidered, in : Neohelicon, 2/1981, 

p. 235. 

7. Henry H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature. Its Definition and Function, in: 

Comparative Literature. Method and Perspective. Ed. by Newton P. 

Stallknecht and Horst Frenz (Carbondale-Edwardsville, 1973), p. 20; bien 

avant et dans le même sens: Calvin S. Brown, Comparative Literature, in: The 

Georgia Review, 13 (1959), p. 181. 

8. Jacques Voisine, « Wozu vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft? », in: R.L.C., 

2/1982, p. 214, 215; Ulrich Weisstein, c.r., Proceedings of the Montreal- 

Ottawa Congress of I.C.L.A., in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 

/ Revue Canadienne de littérature comparée, 2/1982, p. 232, 233. 

9. José Lambert-André Lefevere, Traduction, Traduction littéraire et littérature 

comparée, in: La Traduction. Une Profession. Actes du VIII -e Congrès 

mondial de la Fédération Internationale des Traducteurs (Montreal, 1977), p. 

337; D. W. Fokkema, Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, in: 

Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de 

littérature comparée, 1/1982, p. 3, 4, 16, 18. 

10. A. J. Greimas et J. Courtes, Comparatisme, in: Sémiotique. Dictionnaire 

raisonné de la théorie du langage (Paris, 1979), p. 49. 

11. Comme le souligne très à propos Etiemble, Quelques essais de littérature 

universelle (Paris, 1982), p. 221: Daniel-Henri Pageaux, Op. cit., p. 118. 

12. Une réaction justifiée en ce sens; Haskell M. Block, c.r., Guy Laflè-che, Petit 

manuel des études littéraires, in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 

/ Revue canadienne de littérature comparée, 1/1979, pp. 82-83. 

13. Un point de départ chez Zoran Konstantinovic, Weltliteratur. Strukturen. 

Modellen. Systeme (Freyburg-Basel-München, 1979). 

300

14. Cf. Wilhelm Solms, Die Methodologiesierung der Literaturwissenschaft, in: 

Friedrich Nemec, Wilhelm Solms (Hrsg.) Literaturwissenschaft heute 

(München, 1979), pp. 34-35. 

15. Siegfried J. Schmidt, Literary Science as a Science of Argument, in: N.L.H., 

3/1976, p. 478. 

16. Une tentative pourtant: Zoran Konstantinovic, Der reflektierende Vergleich..., 

in: Mainzer Komparatistische Hefte, 2/1978, pp. 7-8. 

17. Ulrich Weisstein, Comparative Literature and Literary Theory (Bloomington- 

London, 1973), p. IX; cf. Erwin Koppen, in: Arcadia, 3/1968, p. 104. 

18. Robert Escarpit, La Littérature comparée, in: Le Monde, 22 janvier 1952; 

Manfred Gsteiger, Littérature comparée et esthétique de la réception, in: 

Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C, II, p. 528; voir aussi: W. Wolgang 

Holdheim, Komparatistik und Literaturtheorie,in: Arcadia, 7 (1972), p. 299. 

19. Yves Chevrel, Le Problème de l'évaluation dans l'enseignement de la 

littérature comparée, in: Actes du VIII -e Congres de t'A.I.L.C, II, p. 566; 

Calvin S. Brouwn, Op. cit., p. 176. 

20. Cf. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de 

littérature comparée. Revue des Revues, 3/1980, p. 304. 

21. Erwin Koppen, Hat die vergleichende Literatuwissenschaft eine eigene 

Theorie?, in: Zur Theorie der vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, Hrsg. H. 

Rüdiger (Berlin-New York, 1971), p. 42; Gerhard R. Kaiser, Einführung in die 

vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (Darmstadt, 1980), p. VII; Alvaro 

Manuel Machado-Daniel-Henri Pageaux, Literatura portuguesa. Literatura 

comparada e teoria da literatura (Lisboa, 1981), p. 116. 

22. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago-London, 

1966), p. X-XI. 

23. Hans Robert Jauss, Paradigmawechsel in der Literaturwissenschaft, in: 

Methoden der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Hrsg. Viktor ZmegaC 

(Frankfurt am Main, 1972), pp. 279-280. 

24. Leo Pollmann, « Paradigmawechsel » in der Literaturwissenschaft, in: 

Literaturwissenschaft und Methode (Frankfurt an Main, 1973), pp. 163-171. 

25. D. W. Fokkema, Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, in: 

Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue canadienne de littérature 

comparée, 1/1982, pp. 13-14. 

26. André Lefevere, Théorie littéraire et littérature traduite, idem, 2/1982, p. 145. 

27. Wilhelm Solms, Op. cit., p. 28. 

28. Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / 

Revue Canadienne de Littérature comparée, 2/1982, p. 230. 

29. Dionysz DuriSin, Comparative Investigation in Literature and in Art, in: 

Neohelicon, 1/1977, p. 137. 

30. Elinor Shaffer, Comparative Literature in Britain, in: Comparative Criticism. 

A Yearbook. Ed. by..., (Cambridge, 1979), sans pagination. 

31. Walter Höherer, Methoden und Probleme vergleichender Literaturwissenschaft, 

in : Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift, ХХХЩ1952), p. 

118; Yves Chevrel, Op. cit., p. 567. 

301

32. Cornelius J. van Rees, Une Théorie à la recherche de son objet, in: Du 

linguistique au textuel. Études réunies par Charles Grivel et A. Kibédi-Varga 

(Assen/Amsterdam, 1974), p. 156, 158, 162-163. 

33. Théorie de la littérature, tr. (Paris, 1965), p. 32. 

34. Par exemple : Zoran Konstantinoviô, Op. cit., p. 11,12; André Lefevere, Op. 

cit., p. 143; James J. Y. Liu, Chinese Theories of Literature (Chicago, 1975), 

p. 3. 

35. Un nouvel exemple: D. W. Fokkema-Elrud Kunne-Ibsch, Theories of 

Literature in the Twentieth Century (London, 1977), p. 6. 

36. Heide Göttner, Structures of Theory in the Study of Literature, in: P.T.L., 

2/1977, p. 311. 

37. D.W.Fokkema, The Forms and Values of Contemporary Chinese Literature, 

in: N.L.H., 3/1973, p. 603; André Lefevere, Op. cit., p. 150. 

38. J. J. A. Mooij, The Nature and Functions of Literary Theories, in: Poetics 

Today, I (1979), p. 126. 

39. José Lambert, Plaidoyer pour un programme des études comparatis-tes. 

Littérature comparée et théorie du polysystème, in: Société Française de 

Littérature Générale et Comparée, Congrès 1980, p. 3 (copie xerox); Armand 

Nivelle, Wozu vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft?, in: Manfred Schmeling 

(Hrsg.) Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (Wiesbaden, 1981), p. 185. 

40. Cornelius J. Van Rees, Op. cit., p. 159. 

41. Adrian Marino, Dicfionar de idei literare (« Dictionnaire des idées littéraires 

»), A-G, (Bucursti, 1973), I, pp. 24-28, 794-795. 

42. Svetozar Petrovic, The Dictionary of Literary Terms and the concept of 

literary terminology, in: The Art of the Word (Umjetnost Rijeci), Selected 

Studies, 1957-1967, ed. by Zdrenko Skreb (Zagreb, 1969), pp. 280-282. 

43. H. Verdaasdonk, Conceptions of Literature as Frames?, in: Poetics, 11 

(1982), p. 88. 

44. Helmuth Hatzfeld, Comparative Literature as a Necessary Method, in: The 

Disciplines of Criticism, ed. Peter Demetz (New Haven and London, 1968), 

pp. 82-83, 89; René Wellek, What is Symbolism?, in: The Symbolist movement 

in the Literature of European Languages, Ed. Anna Balakian (Budapest, 

1982), p. 18. 

45. Robert Escarpit, Lecture passive et lecture active, in: Bulletin des 

Bibliothèques de France, 14 (1969), p. 367. 

46. Ulrich Weisstein, Verbal Paintings, Fugal Poems, Literary Collages and the 

Metamorphic Comparatist, in: Y.C.G.L., 27/1978, p. 9. 

47. A. Cioranescu, cf. D. Dalla Valle, Baroque, comparatisme, utopie, propos 

recueillis par..., in: Micromegas, 1-2/1980, p. 1-2/1980, p.196; C. S. Durer, 

Complementation and formulation of ideal literary structures, in : Actes du 

VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 614; René Wellek, Op. cit., p. 18, 28. 

48. Matei Cälinescu, Faces of Modernity (Bloomington and London, 1977). 

49. Charles E. Whitmore, 77ie Validity of Literary Definition, in: P.M.L.A., 

XXXIX (1924), p. 725, 727-728. 

50. Svetozar Petrovic, Op. cit., p. 308. 

51. Svetozar Petrovic, Op. cit., pp. 283-287, 295-2%. 

302

52. Yuan Heh-Hsiang, East-West Communication and Cooperation, in: 

Comparative Literature Studies, 15 (1978), pp. 166-176. 

53. James J. Y. Liu, Op. cit., p. 7. 

54. Quelques exemples: Jaroslav PruSek, L'Histoire et l'épopée en Chine et dans 

le monde occidental, in: Diogène, 42/1963, p. 27, 36-37, 39; Etiemble, Op. 

cit., p. 160, 162; Frenc Tökey, Genre Theory in China in the 3-rd - 6th 

Centuries (Budapest, 1971), p. 14, 125-127; Naissance de l'élégie chinoise 

(Paris, 1957), p. 89; André Lévy, Études sur le conte et le roman chinois 

(Paris, 1971), pp.147-152. 

55. Andrew H. Plaks, ed., Chinese Narrative. Critical and Theoretical Essays 

(Princeton, 1977). 

56. Anthony C. Yu, Problems and Prospects in Chinese Western Literary 

Relations, in : Y.C.G.L., 23 (1974), pp. 50-51; James J. Y. Liu, 77te Poetry of 

Li Shang-yin, Ninth Century Baroque Chinese Poet (Chicago-London, 1969); 

Chi Ch'iu-lang, The Concepts of Classicism and Romanticism: Their 

Application to Chinese Literature, in : Tamkang Review, III, 2/1972, pp. 235- 

251. 

57. The Art of Letters: Lu Chi's « Wen Fu », tr. E. R. Hugues (New York, 1951), 

p. 155. 

58. Cyril Birch, The Language of Chinese Poetry, in: N.L.H., 1/1972, p. 141. 

59. D. W. Fokkema, Literary Doctrine in China and Soviet Influence, 1956-1960, 

(The Hague, 1965), pp. 197-198. 

60. Cf. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de 

littérature comparée, Revue des Revues, 3/1980, p. 307. 

61. Zoran Konstantinovic, Op. cit., p. 7. 

62. Hans Robert Jauss, Esthétique de la réception et communication littéraire, tr., 

in: Critique, 413/1981, pp. 1129-1130. 

63. D. W. Fokkema, The Problem of genralization and the procedure of literary 

evaluation, in: Neophilologues, 58 (1974), p. 261. 

64. Marin Stefanesco, Le problème de la méthode (Paris, 1938), p. 13. 

65. M. H. Abrams, What's the Use of Theorizing about the Arts, in : In Search of 

Literary Theory, Ed. by Martin W. Bloomfield (Ithaca and London, 1976), pp. 

39-41; J. J. A. Mooij, The Nature and Functions of Literary Theory, in ; 

Poetics Today, I (1979), p. 125; P. Swiggers, Methodological Innovation in 

the Comparative Study of Literature, in: Canadian Review of Comparative 

Literature / Revue Canadienne de littérature comparée, 1/1982, p. 20. 

66. Karl R. Popper, La logique de la découverte scientifique, tr., (Paris, 1973), p. 

20, 57; cf. Alain Boyer, K. R. Popper: Une épistémologie laïque (Paris, 1978), 

p. 68. 

67. Cornelius J. van Rees, Op. cit., p. 160. 

68. Une analyse plus poussée du statut du préconcept chez Adrian Marino, La 

Critique des idées littéraires, tr. (Bruxelles, 1977), pp. 271-274. 

69. Cf. Siegfried J. Schmidt, On a Theoretical Basis for a Rational Science of 

Literature, in: P.T.L., 1 (1976), p. 255. 

70. Yves Chevrel, Littérature au tournant du siècle: proposition sur une histoire 

comparée synchronique, in: Neohelicon, 2/1981, p. 249; André-Michel 

303

Rousseau, La Littérature comparée et l'analyse formelle des textes littéraires: 

bilan et perspectives, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 461. 

71. René Wellek, Op. cit., p. 18; Bernard F. Scholz, Comparing the Theories of 

Literature? Some Remarks on the new Description Of the I.C.L.A., in: 

Y.C.G.L., 28/1979, p. 28. 

72. Cf. Gerhard R. Kaiser, Op. cit., p. 52; Manfred Gsteiger, Op. cit., in : Actes du 

VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 528. 

73. René Wellek, The Attack on Literature and other Essays (Chapel Hill, 1982), 

p. 136. 

74. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., in: Neophilologus 58 (1974), p. 260. 

75. Jean-Louis Backès, Quelques usages possibles de la notion de présupposé, in: 

Littérature, 19/1975.p. 51; R.L.C., 4/1971, pp. 401-402. 

76. Paul Veyne, Comment on écrit l'histoire (Paris, 1979), pp. 91-96. 

77. Henri Roddier, Principes d'une histoire comparée des littératures 

européennes, in: R.L.C., 39 (1965), p. 180, 182, 199. 

78. Jacques Body, Les Comparatismes vus de France, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, 

p. 356; Agnès Sola, Recherche en littérature générale et comparée, in: La 

Recherche en littérature comparée. Bulletin de la S.F.L.G.C., 4/1979, pp. 69- 

70. 

79. Alastair Fowler, Periodization and Interart Analogies, in: N.L.H., 3/1972, p. 

493, 509; Jan Brandt Corstius, Introduction to the Comparative Study of 

Literature (New Yord, 1968), p. 90, 182. 

80. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., in: Neophilologus, 58 (1974), p. 259. 

81. Mario Muner, La crisi delta letteratura compara ta e l'epistemologia criticoletteraria, 

in: Motivi, 4/1965, p. 338. 

82. Arpad Vigh, Comparaison et analogie, in: Neohelicon, 1/1977, p. 202. 

83. Un seul exemple français: Tzvetan Todorov, Littérature et signification (Paris, 

1967), p. 7; idem, Poétique de la prose (Paris, 1971), p. 243. 

84. H. Verdaasdonk, Op. cit., p. 87. 

85. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., p. 281; même situation pour l'anthropologie 

structurale: Claude Lévi-Strauss, La Pensée sauvage (Paris, 1962), p. 340. 

86. René Canat, L'Hellénisme des Romantiques II. Le Romantisme des Grecs. 

1826-1840 (Paris, 1953), p. 49, 61; Edward W. Saïd, L'Orientalisme. L'Orient 

créé par L'Occident, tr. (Paris, 1980), p. 120. 

87. Ferenc Tökey, Genre Theory in China in the 3rd - 6th Centuries (Budapest, 

1971), p. 46; voir aussi: Daisaku Ikela, On the Japanese Classics, tr., (New 

York-Tokyo 1979). 

88. Chi Ch'iu-lang, The Concepts of Classicism and Romanticism: Their 

Application to China Literature, in: Tamkang Review, III, 2 (1972), p. 237. 

89. Clayton Koelb, Some Problems of Literary Taxinomy, in: Canadian Review of 

Comparative Literature/Revue Canadienne de Littérature comparée, 3/1977, 

p. 236, 241; Paul Veyne, Op. cit., pp. 84-85. 

90. Benison Gray, The Phenomenon of Literature (The Hague-Paris, 1975), pp. 

208-209; Edmund R. Leach, The Comparative Method in Anthropology, in: 

International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, ed. David L. Sills 

(Macmillan, 1968). I, p. 310. 

304

91. André-M. Rousseau, in: R.L.C., 49 (1975), p. 151. 

92. A propos des theses de Karl R. Popper, cf. Alain Boyer, Op. cit., pp. 70-71. 

93. C. M. Bowra, Heroic Poetry (New York, 1966), pp. V-VI; Rainer Rosenberg, 

Some Theoretical and Methodological Problems of the Comparative Study of 

the 19-th Century European Literature, in: Actes du XIII -e Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 706. 

94. Un seul et assez récent exemple : Hugo Dyserinck, Komparatistik. Eine 

Einführung, (Bonn, 1978), pp. 58-59. 

95. Lajos Nyirö, Problèmes de littérature comparée en théorie de la littérature, 

in: Littérature européenne, littérature hongroise (Budapest, 1964), p. 523. 

96. Yves Chevrel, Littérature générale et comparée et rénovation des études de 

lettres, in: L'Information littéraire, 5/1976, p. 238. 

97. Yves Chevrel, Le Discours de la critique sur les œuvres étrangères. 

Littérature comparée, esthétique de la réception et histoire littéraire, in: 

Romanische Zeitschrift für Literaturgeschichte, 3/1977, pp. 349-350. 

98. Janos Riesz, Editorial, in : Komparatistische Hefte, 1 (1980), pp. 4-5; Werner 

Milch, Europäische Literaturgeschichte, ein Arbeitsprogramm, in: 

Schriftenreihe der Europäische Akademie, Heft 4 (Wiesbaden, 1949), p. 13, 

16, 24; Erwin Laaths, Geschichte der Weltlitera tur (München-Zürich, 1953), 

p. 8, 10. 

99. Carlo Pellegrini, Consideration! sulla letteratura comparata in Italia, in: 

Letteratura e critica. Studi in onore di Natalino Sapegno (Roma, 1974), 1, p. 

20. 

100. José Freches, La sinologie (Paris, 1935), p. 13. 

101. Basil Busacca, Noh and Aristotle. Where the « Action » is, in: Actes du V -e 

Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), pp. 585-589. 

102. Erwin Laaths, Op. cit., p. 8. 

103. François Cheng, Analyse formelle de l'œuvre poétique d'un auteur de Tang: 

Zhang Ruo-Xu (Paris-La Haye, 1970), idem, L'Écriture poétique chinoise 

(Paris, 1977); Winston L. Y. Yang, Western Critical and Comparative 

Approaches to the Study of Traditional Chinese Fiction, in: Actes du VII -e 

Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979). pp. 681-686; Andrew H. Plaks, ed., 

Op. cit., etc. 

104. M. M. Badawi, A Critical Introduction to Modem Arab Poetry (Cambridge, 

1975), p. 262. 

105. J. E. Bencheikh, De l'imitation à la création : les littératures de langue arabe 

et l'Occident, in : Actes du XI -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1975), p. 118. 

106. Par exemple : cf. Susanne Schröder, Deutsche Komparatistik in Wilhelminischen 

Zeitalter 1871-1918 (Bonn, 1979), p. 116; Arno Kappler, Der 

literarische Vergleich. Beiträge zu einer Vorgeschichte der Komparatistik 

(Frankfurt/M., 1976), pp. 46-48; Gerhard R. Kayser, Op. cit., p. 174. 


Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), I, p. 109; cf. Manfred Schmeling 

(Hrsg.) Op. cit., p. 18. 

108. Cf. Susanne Schröder, Op. cit., p. 118. 

305

109. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / 

Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée, 1/1982, p. 7. 

110. G. L. Anderson, in: Asia and the Humanities, Ed. by Horst Frenz 

(Bloomington, 1959), p. 211. 

111. Cf. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue canadienne de 

littérature comparée. Revue des Revues 3/1980, p. 304. 

112. Albert Gérard, The Study of African Literature: Birth and Early Growth of a 

New Branch of Learning, idem 1/1980, p. 74. 

113. Henry H. H. Remak, The Future of Comparative Literature, p. 434. 

114. Julius Petersen, Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung, 2. Auflage (Berlin, 1944). 

p. 11. 

115. Mikhaïl Bakhtine, Esthétique et théorie du roman, tr., (Paris, 1978), pp. 

447.448; louri Lotman, La Structure du texte artistique, tr., (Paris, 1973), p. 

31. 

116. F.(rédéric) F.(erney), Un voyageur sans doctrine, in: Nouvel Observateur, 28 

août-3 sept. 1982 (la compétence de l'auteur en matière de comparatisme, en 

passant soit dit, est nulle). 

117. Adrian Marino, Etiemble ou le comparatisme militant (Paris, 1982). 

118. Idem, Conscience idéologique-conscience littéraire, in: Cahiers roumains 

d'études littéraires, 2/1976, pp. 54-70. 

119. Tzvetan Todorov, La notion de littérature, in: Langage, discours, société. 

Pour E. Benveniste (Paris, 1975), p. 364. 

120. Friedrich Nemec-Wilhelm Solms (Hrsg.) Literaturwissenschaft heute 

(München, 1979), p. 36, 185, 228. 

121. Gerhard Bauer, Theorie der Literatur in der allgemeinen und vergleichenden 

Literaturwissenschaft, in: Zur Theorie der vergleichenden 

Literaturwissenschaft, Hrsg. Horst Rüdiger (Berlin-New York, 1971), p. 37; 

Ulrich Schulz-Buschauss, er., Gerhard R. Kayser, Op. cit., in: Arcadia, 

3/1981, p. 306. 

122. Edward W. Said, L'Orientalisme. L'Orient créé par l'Occident, tr. (Paris, 

1980), pp. 72-73, 80, 178-179. 

123. Heide Göttner-Joachim Jacobs, Der Logische Bau von Literaturtheorien 

(München, 1978), p. 92. 

124. Leonhard Maria Fiedler, V -e Congrès de l'Association Internationale de 

littérature comparée, in: R.L.C., 41(1967), p. 692. 

125. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., in: Neophilologues, 58 (1974), p. 255. 

126. Adrian Marino, La lecture simultanée, in: La Critique des idées littéraires (ch. 

VIII, 8), tr. Fr., (Bruxelles, 1977), pp. 308-522. 

127. René Wellek, Op. cit., p. 135, 143. 

128. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., p. 294-305. 

129. Paul Veyne, Op. cit., p. 147; Adrian Marino, Op. cit., p. 60. 

130. Georges Dumézil, Mythe et épopée (Paris, 1971), II, p. 10. 

131. Paul Veyne, Op. 

cit., p. 16, 95, 237. 

132. Par exemple: Arno Peters, L'Histoire mondiale synchronoptique, version 

française sous la direction de Robert Minder (Bâle, s.d./1963). 

306

133. Certains comparatistes commencent à s'en rendre compte (B. Mun-teano). 

Conclusion provisoire, in: R.L.C.. XXVIII (1953), p. 51. 

134. Cf. Weltliteratur (Marbach, 1982), p. 599; A. W. Schlegel, Vorlesungen über 

schöne Literatur und Kunst, Hrsg. L. Miner (Heilbronn, 1884), II, p. 381. 

135. Friedrich Bouterwek, Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit (Göttingen, 

1801), I, p. VI. 

136. George Saintsbury, A History of Criticism and Literary Taste in Europe 

(Edinburgh-London, 1904), III, p. 119. 

137. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 96; Manfred Gstei-ger, 

Werkimmanenz und Historiographie, in : Arcadia, 8/1973, p. 171. 

138. John Fletcher, The Criticism of Comparison..., in: Contemporary Criticism, 

ed. Malcolm Bradbury-David Palmer (London, 1975), p. 129; George Szanto, 

Comparative Diachronics, in: Actes du VIP Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgard, 

1979), II, p. 67; Gilberto Men-donca Teles, Para uma teoria da literatura 

comparada, in: A Retô-rica do sitêncio (Sâo Paulo, 1979), pp. 71-72. 

139. I. Neupokoeva, The Comparative Aspects of Literature in the History of World 

Literature, in : Actes du V Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Amsterdam-Belgrade, 1969), 

pp. 40-41; Borbâla H. Lukâcs, Recent Comparative Research in the Soviet 

Union, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 373. 

140. Jean Weisgerber, Mines et contre-mines aux avant-postes, in: Revue de 

l'Université de Bruxelles, 1/1975, p. 8. 

141. Claudio Guillen, Literature as System (New Jersey, 1971), pp. 51-52; S. S. 

Prawer, Comparative Literary Studies: An Introduction (London, 1973), p. 

162. 

142. C. S. Durer, Complementation and Formulation of Ideal Literary Structures, 

in : Actes du VIII' Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. II, p. 612; Zoran Konstant inoviè, Der 

literarische Vergleich und die komparatis-tische Reflexion, in : Beiträge zur 

Romanischen Philologie, 1/1978, p. 125, etc. 

143. Joseph Texte, Études de littérature européenne (Paris, 1898), p. I. 

144. Alice Berthet, Tout ce qu'il faut savoir de la littérature universelle (Paris, 

1922), p. 5; François Jost, Littérature comparée et littérature universelle, in: 

Orbis Litterarum, 27 (1972), p. 22. 

145. Istvân Soter, The Dilemma of Literary Science (Budapest, 1973), p. 28; 

György M. Vajda, Present Perspectives of Comparative Literature, in: 

Neohelicon, 1/1977, p. 267. 

146. Joseph Texte, Introduction, in: Louis P. Betz, La Littérature comparée. Essai 

bibliographique (Strasbourg, 1900), p. XXIII. 

147. T. S. Eliot, Tradition and the Individual Talent (1919), in: Selected Essays 

(London, 1966), p. 14; cf. John L. Brown, Ezra Pound comparait, in: 

Y.C.G.L., 20 (1971), p. 40; Northrop Frye, Literary Criticism, in: The Aims 

and Methods of Scholarship in Language and Literature, ed. James Thorpe 

(New York, 1960), p. 67. 

148. Guillermo da Torre, Historia de las titeraturas de vanguardia (Madrid, 1971), 

III, p. 125. 

149. René Wellek, Op. cit., p. 143; Calwin Brown, Op. cit., p. 181. 

150. Etiemble, Mes contre-poisons (Paris, 1974), pp. 81-82. 

307

151. Roman Jakobson, Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics, in: Style in 

Language, Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok (Cambridge Mass., 1966), p. 352. 

152. Robert Escarpit, L'Histoire de la littérature, in: Littérature et genres littéraires 

(Paris, 1978), p. 57. 

153. J. Tynianov, R. Jakobson, Les Problèmes des études littéraires et linguistiques, 

in: Théorie de la littérature, tr. (Paris, 1965), p. 139. 

154. Gérard Genette, Figures (Paris, 1966), p. 131; Ernst Robert Curtius, La 

Littérature européenne et le moyen âge latin, tr., (Paris, 1956), p. 16-17. 


1970), pp. 194-195. 

156. André Malraux, Le Musée imaginaire (Paris, 1965), p. 139. 160,201. 

157. Paul Hernadi, Beyond Genre. New Directions in Literary Classification 

(Ithaca-London, 1972), pp. 2-3. 

158. Conclusion implicite, aussi, chez Claude Lévi-Strauss, Op. cit.. pp. 212-213. 

159. Cf. Edward W. Saïd, Op. cit., p. 301. 

160. Jaroslav PruSek, A Confrontation of Traditional Oriental Literature with 

Modem European Literature in the Context of the Chinese Literary 

Revolution, in: Literary History and Literary Criticism (New York, 1960), p. 

166. 

161. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, The Philosophy of Medieval and Oriental Art, in: 

Zalmoxis, I (1938), p. 20; The Transformation of Nature in Art (New York, 

1956), p. 61. 

162. G. E. von Grunebaum, The Aesthetic Foundation of Arabic Literature, in: 

Comparative Literature, 4/1952, pp. 328-329, 331. 

163. Andrew H. Plaks, Traditional Chinese Fiction and Contemporary Narrative 

Theory, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. II, p. 387. 

164. Idem, Towards a Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative, in: Chinese Narrative: 

Critical and Theoretical Essays (Princeton, 1977), p. 319, 322. 

165. Earl Miner, Literary Diaries and the Boundaries of Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., 

21 (1972), pp. 46-49; Japanese Poetic Diaries (Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1969), 

pp. 3-20. 

166. F. Tökey, Naissance de l'élégie chinoise (Paris, 1967), p. 205, 208-209, 211. 

167. Jaroslav PruSek, L'Histoire et l'épopée en Chine et dans le monde occidental, 

in: Diogène, 42/1963, p. 35, 43. 

168. Robert H. Browner and Earl Miner, Japanese Court Poetry (London, 1962), p. 

436. 

169. C. H. de Fouchécour, La Description de la nature dans la poésie persane du 

XI' siècle. Inventaire et analyse des thèmes (Paris, 1969), pp. 245-246, 249; 

Marie-Claude Percher, Systématique de la comparaison dans la poétique 

sanscrite, in : Poétique, 38/1979, p. 175. 

170. Quelques exemples: James J. Y. Liu, Op. cit., p. 87; Makoto Ueda, The Modes 

of Progression in English and Japanese Poetry, in: Y.C.G.L., 15 (1966), p. 

166, 172; David J. Chen, The Trilogy of Ts'ao Yii and Western Drama, in: 

Asia and the Humanities, Ed. Horst Frenz (Bloomington, 1959), p. 50; Amiya 

Chakravarty, Form and Imagery in Modem Lyrical Poetry. East and West, in: 

Third Conference on Oriental-Western Literary and Cultural Relations, in : 

308

Y.C.G.L., 11 (1962), pp. 159-162; A. K. Ramanujan, Varieties of Bhakti, idem, 

15 (1965), p. 185. 

171. Francesco Yosio Nomura, Oriental and Occidental Problems of Comparative 

Aesthetics, in: Atti del III Congreso Internationale di estetica (Torino, 1957), 

p. 718. 

172. The Art of Utters: Lu Chi's « Wen Fu », tr. E. R. Hughes (New York, 1951); 

Liu Hsich, The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons, tr. Vincent Yuchung 

Shih (New York, 1959). 

173. Les données introductives chez: André Lalande, Les Théories de l'induction et 

de l'expérimentation (Paris, 1929), p. 234-235; Maurice Dorolle, Les 

Problèmes de l'induction (Paris, 1933), p. 74; Heide Göttner, Logik der 

Interpretation (München, 1973), pp. 27-28. 

174. J. M. Bochenski, The Methods of Contemporary Thought, tr., (Dordrecht, 

1965), p. 108; André Lalande, Op. cit., p. 6. 

175. Emile Drukheim, Les Règles de la méthode sociologique, 5' éd. (Paris, 1938), 

pp. 98-99; J. M. Bochenski, Op. cit., p. 92-109. 

176. Heide Göttner, Structure of Theory in the Study of Literature, in: P.T.L., 

2/1967, p. 299. 

177. Friedrich Schlegel, Literary Notebooks 1797-1801, Ed. H. Eichner (London, 

1957), IV, 39 (Fragm., 224). 


179. Claude Bernard, Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale, éd. 

François Dagognet (Paris, 1966), p. 65; Bertrand Russell, History of Western 

Philosophy, 10-th ed. (London, 1967), p. 647. 

180. Karl R. Popper, La Logique de la découverte scientifique, tr., (Paris, 1973), p. 

26. 

181. Charles Mills Gayley, What is Comparative Literature? (1903), in: 

Comparative Literature. The Early Years. Ed. Hans-Joachim Schulz-Philipp 

H. Rhein (Chapel Hill, 1973), p. 93. 

182. Marcel Bataillon, in: R.L.C., 39 (1965), p. 177; Dionyz DuriSin, Sources and 

Systematica of Comparative Literature, tr., (Bratislava,1974) , p. 121. 

183. C. M. Bowra, Primitive Song (London, 1962), p. XIII; avant lui: Francis B. 

Gummere, The Beginnings of Poetry (New York, 1901), p. 23. 

184. James J. Y. Liu, Op. cit., p. 14. 

185. Cf. Fernand Baldensperger, Les Études de littérature comparée, in : La 

Science française (Paris, 1933), I, p. 388. 

186. Victor Erlich, Russian Formalism. History-Doctrine (The Hague-Paris, 1969), 

p. 29. 

187. G. Saintsbury, Op. cit., III, p. 409, 413. 

188. Charles Mills Gayley, Op. cit., pp. 92-93. 

189. Ferdinand Brunetiére, La Littérature européenne, in : Revue des Deux 

Mondes, CLXI (1900), p. 338. 

190. Jan Brandt Corstius, Introduction to the Comparative Study of Literature 

(New York, 1968), p. 27. 

191. François Jost, Introduction to Comparative Literature (Indianopolis-New 

York, 1974), p. 24; D. W. Fokkema-Elrud Kunne-Ibsch, Theories of 

309

Literature in the Twentieth Century (London, 1977), pp. 141; D. W. Fokkema, 

Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, p. 12. 

192. Henry H. H. Remak, The Future of Comparative Literature, in: Actes du VlII -e 

Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1980), II, p. 436. 

193. André-Michel Rousseau, Arts et littératures: un « État présent » et quelques 

réflexions, in: Synthesis, IV, (1977), p. 44. 

194. René Wellek, A History of Modem Criticism (London, 1961), I, p. V; IV, p. 

333; cf. Concepts of Criticism (New Haven-London, 1963), p. 52. 

195. Etiemble, Histoire des genres et littérature comparée in: Acta Litte-raria, V 

(1962), p. 205; Comparaison n'est pas raison (Paris, 1953) p. 101; Claude 

Couffon, Rencontre avec Etiemble, in: Les Lettres françaises, 1006, 5-11 

décembre 1963. 


textes littéraires: bilan et perspectives, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 401. 

197. C. S. Durer, Op. cit., in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, pp. 612-613. 

198. Jean Lechat, Analyse et synthèse (Paris, 1962); Adrian Marino, Analysesynthèse, 

in : La Critique des idées littéraires, tr., (Bruxelles, 1977), pp. 305- 

308. 

199. Wilhelm Solms, Die Methodologiesierung der Literaturwissenschaft, in : 

Literaturwissenschaft heute, Friedrich Nemec, Wilhelm Solms (Hrsg.) 

(München, 1979), pp. 29-30. 

200. Joseph Texte, Études de littérature européenne (Paris, 1898), p. 13; Louis 

Paul Betz, Studien zur vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte der neueren Zeit 

(Frankfurt, 1902), p. 13. 

201. Paul Van Tieghem, La Synthèse en histoire littéraire: littérature-comparée et 

littérature générale, in: Revue de synthèse historique, 31 (1921), pp. 1-27; 

Vers une histoire synthétique de la littérature moderne, in: Helicon, I, 1- 

2/1938, pp. 205-209; La Littérature comparée 4 -e éd. (Paris, 1951), p. 80, 200, 

207. 

202. Simon Jeune, Littérature générale et littérature comparée (Paris, 1968), p. 39. 

203. B. Munteano, Situation de la littérature comparée..., in: Comparative 

Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), I, p. 136; Claude Pichois André-M. Rousseau, 

Op. cit., p. 41, 94, 102, 104, 176; Jacques Voisine, Le Premier volume de la 

série « Histoire comparée des littératures en langues européennes », in: 

Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 377; « Wozu vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft? », 

in: R.L.C, 2/1952, p. 213, etc. 

204. Lectori salutem, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 10. 

205. R. D. Jameson, A Comparison of Literature (London, 1935), p. 5; René 

Wellek-Austin Warren, Theory of Literature (New York, 1956), p. 42, 48-51, 

81; François Jost, Op. cit., p. 37, 126; Claudio Guillen, Literature as System 

(New Jersey, 1971), p. 57, 486. 

206. Hans W. Epelsheimer, Zur « Geschichte einer europäischer Weltliteratur », 

in: Ideen und Formen. Festschrift für Hugo Friedrich (Frankfurt/M., 1965), p. 

87; Hugo Dyserinck, Komparatistik. Eine Einführung (Bonn, 1978), p. 61, 65; 

Gerhard R. Kaiser, Op. cit., p. 161; Armand Nivelle, Wozu vergleichende 

310

Literaturwissenschaft?, in : Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (Manfred 

Schmeling, Hrsg.), p. 182. 

207. Luigi Foscolo Benedetto, Uomini e tempi (Milano-Napoli, 1953), p. 16. 

208. Henry H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature. Its Definition and Function, p. 

3; The Future of Comparative Literature, p. 436. 

209. Julius Petersen, Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung, 2. Auflage (Berlin, 1944), 

p. 466. 

210. Henryk Markiewicz, Forschungdbereich und Systematik der vergleichenden 

Literaturwissenschaft, in: Weimarer Beiträge, 14, (1968), p. 1329. 

211. G. M. Vajda-J. Voisine, Rapport sur le projet d'histoire comparée des langues 

européennes, in : Actes du VI' Congrès de l'A.I.L.C (Stuttgart, 1975), p. 140, 

142; Istvân Söter, Comparaison-Confrontation, in : Acta Litteraria, 13 (1971), 

p. 463, 471; Al. Dima, Principii de literaturä comparais (« Principes de 

littérature comparée »), (Bucuresti, 1969), pp. 231-232. 

212. Irina Neupokoeva, Dialectics of Historical Development of National and 

World Literature, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, pp. 116-118, 129. 

213. Ion Ianosi, Historische-besondere und ästhetisch-allgemeine Literaturbetrachtung, 

idem, 1-2/1973, p. 84. 

214. Adrian Marino, Etiemble ou le comparatisme militant (Paris, 1982), p. 191. 

215. Deux exemples récents: Jacques Voisine, Op. cit., in : R.L.C", 2/1982,p. 215; 

Henry H. H. Remak, General Preface to all volumes published as Part of the « 

Comparative History of Literature », in : The Symbolist Movement in the 

Literature of European Languages ed. by Anna Balakian (Budapest, 1982), p. 

5. 

216. Etiemble, Essais de littérature (vraiment) générale, p. 31. 

217. Valéry Larbaud, Sous l'invocation de Saint-Jérôme (Paris, 1953), p. 176. 

218. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 170. 

219. Erich Auerbach, Philologie de la Weltliteratur, in : Weltliteratur. Festgabe für 

Fritz Strich..., (Bern, 1952), p. 44-49. 

220. Cf. Susanne Schroder, Deutsche Komparatistik im Wilhelminischen Zeitalter, 

1871-1918 (Bonn, 1979), p. 118; H. V. Routh, God, Man and Epic Poetry. A 

Study in Comparative Literature (Cambridge, 1927) I, p. 13. 

221. Hugo Dyserinck, Op. cit., p. 150. 

222. Fabian Gudas, Ananda K. Coomaraswamy : The Perennial Philosophy of Art, 

in : Studies in Comparative Literature, Ed. by Waldo F. McNeir (Baton 

Rouge, 1962), p. 277. 

223. F.(emand) B.(aldensperger), in : R.L.C., 4/1948, p. 577;Marie-Jeanne Dury, 

Synthèse, idem, XVIII (1938), pp. 534-540, etc. 

224. H. P. Teesing, Dos Problem der Perioden in der Literaturgeschichte 

(Groningen, 1949), p. 130. 

225. Paul Van Tieghem, La Littérature comparée, pp. 182-183; Jean-Marie Carré, 

Préface, in: Marius-François Guyard, Op. cit., p. 6; Robert Escarpit, La 

Littérature comparée, in: Le Monde, 22 janvier 1952. 

226. Cf. Julius Petersen, Op. cit., p. 7. 

227. Alvaro Manuel Machado-Daniel-Henri Pageaux, Op. cit., p. 110. 

311

228. H. H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature at the Crossroads, in : Y.C.G.L., IX 

(1960), p. 11; The Impact of Nationalism and Cosmopolitism as Comparative 

Literature from 1880's to the post World War II Period, in : Actes du IV -e 

Congres de l'A.I.L.C, I, p. 395. 

229. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., pp. 285-294. 

230. Paul Veyne, Comment on écrit l'histoire (Paris, 1979), p. 103, 106, 147. 

231. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis, tr. (Paris, 1977), p. 543, 548. 

232. Bernard Weinberg, c.r., René Wellek, A History of Modem Criticism. 1750- 

1950, MV, in: J.H.I., XXX (1969), p. 128. 

233. Cf. Joseph Texte, Op. cit., p. 11; François Jost, Littérature comparée et 

littérature universelle, in: Orbis Litterarum, XXVII (1972), p. 27; Friedrich 

Schlegel, Wissenschaft der europäischen Literatur, Hrsg. Emst Behler 

(München, 1958), Kritische Ausgabe, XI, p. 11. 

234. Un seul exemple : E. D. Hirsch, Validity in interpretation (New Haven and 

London, 1967), pp. 76-87. 

235. Northrop Frye, Literary Criticism, in: The Aims and Methods of Scholarship in 

Languages and Literatures. Ed. James Thorpe (New York, 1960), p. 67. 

236. Etiemble, Comparaison n'est pas raison, p. 29. 

237. Yves Chevrel, Le Problème de l'évaluation dans l'enseignement de la 

littérature comparée, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 564. 

238. Manfred Gsteiger, Zum Begriff und über das Studium der Literatur in 

vergleichender Sicht, in: Zur Theorie der vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, 

Hrsg. H. Radiger (Berlin-New York, 1971), p. 85; Istvan 

Söter, L'Application de la méthode comparative à l'histoire d'une littérature 

nationale, in: Actesdu VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, pp. 449-450. 

239. Cf. Horst Rüdiger, Nationalliteraturen und europäische Literatur, in: 

Definitionen, Essays zur Literatur. Hrsg. Adolf Frisé (Frankfurt/M., 1964), p. 

40; J. W. Goethe, Werke, (Weimar, 1957), IX, p. 427. 

240. Emst Robert Curtius, Op. cit., p. 630; François Jost, La littérature comparée, 

une philosophie des lettres, in: Essais de littérature comparée (Fribourg, 

1968), II, p. 320. 

241. On peut se référer, pour un domaine voisin, à Joseph H. Greenberg, The 

Typological Method, in : Current Trends in Linguistics (The Hague-Paris, 

1973), 11, pp. 149-193, plus particulièrement pp. 151-161. 

242. Max Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftlehre. Zweite Auflage 

(Tübingen, 1951), pp. 190-193 , 202-203; Thomas Burger, Max Weber's 

Theory of Concept Formation. History Laws and Ideal Types (Durham, 1976), 

p. 131, 133-134, 154. 

243. Sur ce point précis, aussi György Rànki, Problems of Comparative History, in: 

Neohelicon. 1-2/1974, pp. 42-43. 

244. Par exemple, René Wellek, Concepts of Criticism, p. 252; Paul Her-nadi, Op. 

cit., p. 8. 

245. Alexandra Dutu, Littérature et histoire des mentalités: les modèles 

d'humanité, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 518. 

312

246. W. Tatarkiewicz, Nomological and Typological Sciences, in: Journal of 

Philosophy. LVII (1960), pp. 237-239; Manfred Schmeling, Op. cit., p. 7, fait 

également référence à cette double approche possible. 

247. Sainte-Beuve, Mes poisons (Paris, 10/18, 1965), p. 123. 

248. Henri-Irénée Marrou, De la connaissance historique (Paris, 1975), pp. 153- 

154, 158-159; Paul Veyne, Op. cit., p. 84; E. Mélitinski, L'Étude structural et 

typologique du conte, in: Vladimir Propp, Morphologie du conte, tr., (Paris, 

1971), p. 219, etc. 

249. Luciano Anceschi, A Debate on « Literary Types », in: J.A.A.C., XIV (1955), 

pp. 326-327. 

250. Stendhal, Racine et Shakespeare, ed. Roger FayoUe (Paris, 1970), p. 81. 

251. Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz, The Romantic Aesthetics of 1600, in: 77te British 

Journal of Aesthetics, 2/1967, pp. 137-149. 

252. I. Tynianov, R. Jakobson, Les Problèmes des études en linguistique (1928), in: 

Théorie de la littérature (Paris, 1965), p. 140. 

253. A. J. Greimas, J. Courtes, Sémiotique, Dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du 

langage (Paris, 1979), p. 194. 

254. A. J. Greimas, Du sens (Paris, 1970), p. 112. 

255. Gérard Geneue, Introduction à l'architexte (Paris, 1979), p. 84. 

256. Vladimir Propp, Op. cit., p. 183; Mircea Eliade, Littérature orale, in: Histoire 

des littératures (Paris, 1955), I, pp. 3-26. 

257. H. M. Posnett, The Science of Comparative Literature, in: Contemporary 

Review, LXXIX (1901), p. 864. 

258. T. S. Eliot, Note sur Mallarmé et Poe. In : N.R.F.. 27 (1926), p. 527. 

259. Henri Lichtenberger, Une Méthode d'histoire littéraire, in: Mélanges Fernand 

Baldensperger (Paris, 1930), II, p. 55. 

260. B. Munteano, Constantes dialectiques en littérature et en histoire (Paris, 

1967), pp. 7-8; Robert Escarpit, Avant-Propos, in: Analyse de la périodisalion 

littéraire (Paris, 1972), p. 8. 

261. S. S. Prawer, Comparative Literary Studies. An Introduction (London, 1973), 

p. 56; Gerhard R. Kaiser, Op. cit., p. 49,115; D. W. Fok-kema, Comparative 

Literature and the New Paradigm, in: Canadian Review of Comparative 

Literature / Revue Canadienne de littérature comparée, 1/1982, pp. 10-11. 

262. H. Munro Chadwick-N. Hershaw Chadwick, The Growth of Literature 

(Cambridge, 1940), III, pp. 716-726; Jean Weisgerber, Les Avant-gardes 

littéraires: état présent des études, in: Canadian Review of Comparative 

Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature comparée, 4/1979, p. 396. 

263. Douwe W. Fokkema, The Comparative Study of Asian and African Literature, 

in: Neohelicon, 1/1977, pp. 283-284; Walter Schams-chula, On Types of 

Historical Narrative in Slavonic Literature, in: P.T.L.. 4 (1979), p. 134, 143. 

264. Claudio Guillen, Op. cit., p. 472. 

265. Benedetto Croce, La « Letteratura comparata », in: Problemi di estetica, sesta 

ed. (Bari, 1966), p. 72; Charles Mills Gayley, Op. cit., p. 85. 

266. Ravena Fowler, Comparative Matrics and Comparative Literature, in: 

Comparative Literature, XXIX (1977), p. 293. 

313

267. V. H. Zhirmounsky, On the Study of Comparative Literature, in: Oxford 

Slavonic Papers, XIII (1967), p. 2; dans le même sens: Les Courants 

littéraires en tant que phénomènes internationaux, in: Actes du V -e Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C. (Amsterdam-Belgrade, 1969), p. 4. 

268. I. Lotman, Studii de tipologie a culturii (« Etudes de typologie de la culture ») 

tr., (Bucuresti, 1974). 

269. Dionyz DuriSin, Sources and Systematics of Comparative Literature 

(Bratislava, 1974), p. 28, 126, 159-160, 162, 165, 176. 

270. Henryk Markiewicz, Op. cit., p. 1325. 

271. I. Neupokoeva, The Comparative Aspect of Literature in « The History of 

World Literature », in : Actes du V -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, p. 39, etc. 

272. Aktuelle Probleme..., Hrsg. Gerhardt Ziegengeist (Berlin, 1968), pp. 18-37; 

Borbàla H. Lukacs, Recent Comparative Research in the Soviet Union, in: 

Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, pp. 370-371, 374. 


274. Entre autres: György M. Vajda, Present Perspectives of Comparative 

Literature, in: Neohelicon, 1/1977, p. 272, 278; Al. Dima, Prin-cipii de 

literature comparatà (« Principes de littérature comparée ») (Bucuresti, 1969), 

pp. 181-182, etc. 

275. L. T. Milié, Against the Typology of Styles, in: Essays on the Language of 

Literature, ed. S. Charman-S. R. Levin (Boston, 1967), p. 450; André 

Stegman, Problèmes méthodologiques et terminologiques pour une 

périodisalion de la littérature, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 282-283. 

276. Adrian Marino, Op. cit., p. 274. 

277. C. S. Durer, Complementation and formulation of ideal literary structures, in: 

Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 615. 

278. Cornells J. van Rees, Une théorie à la recherche de son objet, in: Du 

linguistique au textuel..., (Assen/Amsterdam, 1974), p. 168. 

279. V. Propp, Ràdàcinile istorice ale basmului fantastic (« Les racines historiques 

du conte fantastique ») tr., (Bucuresti, 1973), p. 28. 

280. J. C. Brandt Corstius, Writing History of World Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., 126 

(1963), p. 11; Claudio Guillen, Op. cit., pp. 485-486; C. S. Durer, Op. cit., p. 

613, etc. 

281. Alexandra Duju, Eseu tn istoria modelelor umane (« Essai de l'histoire des 

modèles humains »), (Bucuresti, 1972); Modèle heuristique et modèle 

historique, in: Revue des études sud-est européennes, XI1 (1979), p. 718, 720, 

722. 

282. Adrian Marino, Comparatism si model (« Comparatisme et modèle »), in: 

Convorbiri literare, 2 et 3/1975. 

283. Pour un dernier état de la question, Literarische Imagologie-Formen und 

Funktionen nationaler Stereotype in der Literatur, in: Kompa-ratistische 

Hefte, 2/1980. 

284. Mikhaïl Bakhtine, Esthétique et théorie du roman, tr., (Paris, 1978), p. 447, 

452; Elöd Halàsz, Romanmodelle und vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, in: 

Acta Litteraria, V (1962), pp. 213-223. 

285. Etiemble, Comparaison n'est pas raison, pp. 70-71. 

314

286. René Grousset, Bilan de l'histoire (Paris, 1962), p. 148. 

287. W. T. Jones, The Romantic Syndrome. Toward a New Method in Cultural 

Anthropology and History of Ideas (The Hague, 1961); V. A. Zhirmunsky, On 

the Study of Comparative Literature, p. 7; Calvin Brown, Comparative 

Literature, in : The Georgia Review, 13 (1959), p. 187. 

288. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 101; John Fletcher, The 

Criticism of Comparison..., in: Contemporary Criticism, ed. Malcolm 

Bradbury and David Palmer (London, 1975), p. 122. 

289. Stefan Zolkiewski, Los modelos de la literatura contemporanea en el periodo 

inicial de su desarrollo, tr., in: Criterios, Tercera epoca, 1/1982, pp. 33-51; D. 

W. Fokkema, Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, p. 4. 

290. François Martel, Reconstruction d'un modèle prosodique chinois, in: Poetics, 

4 (1975), pp. 29-45; John J. Deeny, Comparativisation : The Exemple from 

China, in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, p. 688. 

291. A. E. Kunst, in : Y.C.G.L., 29 (1980), p. 50. 

292. James J. Y. Liu, Chinese Theories of Literature (Chicago and London, 1975), 

pp. 9-10. 

293. Michel de Coster, L'Analogie en sciences humaines (Paris, 1978), p. 31. 

294. Théorie de la littérature, p. 140; Les Thèses de 1929, tr., in: Change, 3/1969, 

p. 24. 

295. Georges Dumézil, Matière, objet et moyens d'étude, in: L'Héritage indoeuropéen 

à Rome (Paris, 1949), pp. 38-39. 

296. 2%. René Wellek, The Attack on Literature..., p. 33, 94, 98; Henry H. H. 

Remak, Rilke and Valéry on Autumn. A Comparative Explication of Textes, in: 

Herkommen und Erneuerung. Essays für Oskar Seidlin (Tübingen, I977),p. 

366. 

297. Lajos Nyirö, Problèmes de littérature comparée et théorie de la littérature, in: 

Littérature européenne, littérature hongroise (Budapest, 1964), p. 518, 521; 

Sorin Alexandrescu, Structuralismul si literatura comparatà (« Le 

Structuralisme et la littérature comparée ») in: Studii de leteraturà comparatà 

(« Études de littérature comparée ») (Bucuresti, 1968), pp. 43-48; D. Markov, 

Fragen der Theorie und Methodologie der vergleichenden Untersechungen 

der Literaturen in: Kunst und Literatur, XIX (1971), p. 1191, 1192. 

298. André M. Rousseau, c.r., Comparative Literature. Method and Perspective, 

Ed. by Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz, in: R.L.C., 37 (1963), p. 112. 

299. Karl R. Popper, La Logique de la découverte scientifique, tr., (Paris, 1973). p. 

430. 

300. Un exemple « moderniste »: D. W. Fokkema, Nijhoff's Modernist Poetics in 

European Perspective, in: Comparative Poetics (Amsterdam, 1980), p. 71. 

301. Théorie de la littérature, p. 123, 140. 

302. Luri Lotman, The Content and Structure of the Concept of « Literature ». in: 

P.T.L., 1 (1976), p. 355, 356. 


1970), p. 197. 

304. Tzvetan Todorov, La Notion de littérature, in: Langage, discours, société. 

Pour E. Benveniste (Paris, 1975), p. 357. 

315

305. Georges Dumézil, Op. cit., pp. 34-36. 

306. D. W. Fokkema, 77ie Form and Values of Contemporary Chinese Literature, 

in: N.L.H., 3/1973, p. 592; Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, p. 

9. 

307. Itamar Even-Zohar, Polysystem Theory, in : Poectics Today, 1-2/1979, p. 301; 

Henryk Markiewicz, Le Processus littéraire à la lumière du structuralisme et 

du marxisme, in: Actes du VHP Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 589. 

308. Dionyz Durftin, cf. Revue des Revues, in : Canadian Review of Comparative 

Literature / Revue Canadienne de littérature comparée 3/1981, p. 425; D. 

Markov, Op. cit., p. 1196. 

309. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., pp. 141-171. 

310. Luri Lotman, La structure du texte artistique, tr., (Paris, 1973), p. 62. 

311. B.Munteano, Constantes dialectiques en littérature et en histoire (Paris, 

1967), p. 131; Sorin Alexandrescu, Op. cit., p. 43; Douwe W. Fokkema, 

Method and Programme of Comparative Literature, in : Synthesis, I (1974), p. 

60. 

312. C. S. Durer, Op. cit., p. 615. 

313. I. M. Lotman, Un modèle dynamique du système sémiotique, in: Travaux sur 

les systèmes de signes, tr., (Bruxelles, 1976), p. 79. 

314. Valéry Larbaud, Sous l'invocation du Saint-Jérôme (Paris, 1953), p. 176; D. 

W. Fokkema, The Problem of Generalization and the Procedure of Literary 

Evaluations, in: Neophilologus, 58 (1974), pp. 254; André-Michel Rousseau, 

La Littérature et I'analyse formelle des textes littéraires: bilan et perspective, 

in : Actes du VHP Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 462. 

315. Teun A. Van Dijk, Some Aspects of Text Grammars (The Hague-Paris, 1972), 

p. 170. 

316. Léon Robel-Jacques Roubaud, Introduction, in: Cahiers de poétique 

comparée, I, 1/1973. 

317. Tzvetan Todorov, Poétique de la prose (Paris, 1971), p. 225. 

318. Horst Oppel, Morphologische Literaturwisenschaft. Goethes Ansicht und 

Methode (Mainz, 1947), p. 34, 38: Manon Maren-Grisebach, Methoden der 

Literaturwissenschaft (München, 1982), 8. Auflage, pp. 68-79. 

319. André Jolies, Formes simples, tr. (Paris, 1972), p. 15, 18, 26. 

320. Tasso da Silveira, Literature comparada (Rio de Janeiro, 1964), p. 34, 57-71; 

Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., pp. 154-160. 

321. Zoran Konstantonovic, Phenomùnologie und Literaturwissenschaft (München, 

1973); Manon Maren-Grisebach, Op. cit., pp. 39-52; René Wellek, Op. cit., p. 

67, 83, 139. 

322. Ernst Robert Curtius, Op. cit., p. XI, 278. 

323. C. S. Durer, Op. cit., p. 615. 

324. Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (New York, 1956). 

325. Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 160. 

326. Marcel Bataillon, Pour une histoire exigente des formes, le cas de La 

Célestine, in: Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959) I, p. 35. 

316


Comparative Literature. The Early Years..., (Chapel Hill, 1973), p. 42; Hugo 

Dyserinck, Op. cit., p. 32. 

328. Par exemple : Lectori Salutem, in : Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 10-11; Claude 

Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 174; François Jost, Introduction to 

Comparative Literature (Indianopolis-New York, 1974), p. 33. 37-40. 

329. Ulrich Weisstein Influences and Parallels. The Place and Function of Analogy 

Studies in Comparative Literature, in : Teilnahme und Spiegelung. Festschrift 

für Horst Rädiger (Berlin, 1975), p. 594, 596, 608; A.-M. Rousseau, Vingt ans 

de littérature comparée en France..., in: L'Information littéraire, 21, 5 nov.déc. 

1969, p. 201. 

330. F. Baldensperger, Hypothèse et vérification en histoire littéraire, in: Helicon, I 

(1938), p. 6; La « Couleur des noms propres » selon K. Ch. Moritz et M. 

Proust, in: R.L.C.. 3/1948, pp. 329-339. 

331. Deux exemples, à titre d’échantillonnage: Constantin Th. Dimaras, Les 

Coïncidences dans l'histoire des lettres et dans l'histoire des idées, in: Actes 

du IV -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (I-a Haye-Paris, 1966), II, p. 1227; Alicia G. 

Weiden, Algunos escortes comparativos de la poética de Gongoray Garcia 

Lorca a trescientos anos de distancia, in: Cua-dernos Hispanoamericanos, 

384/1982, pp. 625-639. 

332. Paul Van Tieghem, Influences et simultanéités en histoire littéraire, in: The 

Romanic Review, XX, (1929), pp. 138-139; Premier Congrès International 

d'Histoire Littéraire, in: Bulletin of International Committee of Historical 

Sciences, IV, 14, 1932, pp. 6-7. 

333. Un seul exemple: G. Wylie Sypher, Similarities between the scientific and the 

historical revolutions at the end of the Renaissance, in : The Journal of 

History of Sciences, XXV (1965), pp. 354-368. 

334. Etiemble, Lettre, in: Zagadnienia Rodzajôw Literackich, 2/1972, p. 14. 

335. Quelques exemples: Georges Dumézil, Loki (Paris, 1948), p. 176; Mythe et 

épopée (Paris, 1971), II, p. 19, 76-78; Mircea Eliade, La Nostalgie des 

origines (Paris, 1971), p. 77; Adrian Marino, L 'Herme neutique de Mircea 

Eliade, tr. (Paris, 1981), p. 86-95; Gilbert Durand, Les Structures 

anthropologiques de I"imaginaire (Paris, 1969), pp. 4041. 

336. Lucian Blaga, Getica, in: Izvoade (« Répertoires ») (Bucuresti, 1972), p. 76, 

79. 

337. Henri-Irene« Marrou, De la connaissance historique (Paris, 1975), pp. 150- 

151. 

338. Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture (Boston, 1959), p. XV, 79, 175; Paul 

Masson-Oursel, La Philosophie comparée, 2 -e éd. (Paris, 1931), pp. 20-25, 26- 

34, 45; Hajime Nakamura, Parallel Developments : A Comparative History of 

Ideas (Tokyo-New York, 1975), p. 13; René-Grousset, Bilan de l'histoire 

(Paris, 1962), p. 153. 

339. Mircea Eliade, Le Yoga, (Paris, 1968), p. 10. 

340. Adolf Reichwein, China and Europe. Intellectual and Artistic Contacts in the 

Eighteenth Century, IT. (London-New York, 1925), p. 132, 140; William W. 

317

Appleton, A Cycle of Cathay. The Chinese Vogue in England during the 

Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New York, 1951), p. 91. 

341. Michel de Coster, L'Analogie en sciences humaines (Paris, 1978), pp. 11-12, 

19, 21, 47, 146; Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., p. 599. 

342. Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., p. 602. 

343. Cf. Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., p. 600. 

344. Paul Masson-Oursel, Op. cit., pp. 29-30, 32. 

345. Karl R. Popper, Op. cit., p. 429-430. 

346. Cf. Fritz Wagner, Analogie ab Methode geschichtlichen Verstehens, in : 

Studium Generale, VIII, 11/1955. p. 705. 

347. Vladimir Propp, Morphologie du conte, tr., (Paris, 1970), pp. 180-181. 

348. Paul Masson-Oursel, Op. cit., p. 29, 32. 

349. Michel Foucault, Les Mots et les choses (Paris, 1966), pp. 36-37; Michel de 

Coster, Op. cit., p. 35, 87. 

350. Michel Foucault, L'Archéologie du savoir (Paris, 1969), pp. 209-210. 

351. Paul Hernadi, Op. cit., p. 9. 

352. Daniel Mornet, cf. Paul Van Tieghem, Premier Congrès International 

d'histoire littéraire, pp. 6-7; F. Baldensperger, Hypotheseset vérifications en 

histoire littéraire, in : Helicon, I (1938), p. 6. 

353. Constantin Th. Dimaras, Op. cit., p. 1230. 

354. I. Tymianov, De l'évolution littéraire, in: Théorie de la littérature, pp. 135- 

136. 

355. S. S. Prawer, Comparative Litarary Studies: an Introduction (New York. 

1973), p. 52-56. 

356. Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., p. 604, 608. 

357. Paul Veyne, Op. cit., pp. 85-86. 

358. Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., p. 603. 

359. Idem, Op. cit., p. 606; Werner Krauss, Grundprobleme der Literaturwissenschaft 

(Reinbeck bei Hamburg, 1969), p. 115. 

360. Jean-Marie Carré, Préface, in: Marius-Francois Guyard, La littérature 

comparée, 4 -e éd. (Paris, 1965), p. 5. 

361. Ulrich Weisstein, Comparative Literature and Literary Theory (Bloomington- 

London, 1973), pp. 38-39. 

362. Ferdinand Brunetière, La Littérature européenne, in: Revue des Deux Mondes. 

CLXI (1900), p. 331. 

363. Etiemble, Connaissons-nous la Chine? (Paris, 1964), p. 19, 20; Essais de 

littérature (vraiment) générale (Paris, 1975), p. 111. 

364. Idem, Comparaison n'est pas raison (Paris, 1963), p. 100. 

365. Idem, L'Orient philosophique au XVIII -e siècle (Paris, 1961), I, p. 149; Tong 

Yeou-ki ou le Nouveau Singe Pèlerin (Paris, 1958), p. 125. 

366. Idem, Comparaison n'est pas raison, p. 75. 

367. Pour plus de détails: Thomas Bleicher, Literary comparison in classical 

antiquity: a contribution to the prehistory of comparative literature, in: 

Y.C.G.L., 28 (1979), pp. 31-40; à ajouter pour le domaine arabe classique: 

Amjad Trabulsi, La Critique poétique des Arabes jusqu'au V -e siècle de 

l'Hégire (XI -e siècle de J.-C), (Damas, 1956), pp. 92-95. 

318

368. Friedrich Bouterwek, Parallelen vom griechischen und modernen Genius. Nur 

Fragmente (Göttingen, 1791); A. W. Schlegel, Comparaison entre la Phèdre 

de Racine et celle d'Euripide (Paris, 1807), la définition du parallèle, pp. 3-4. 


History as Science (WO), tr., in: Y.C.G.L., 16/1967, p. 38. 

370. Joseph Texte, Études de littérature européenne (Paris, 1898), p. 6; G. E. 

W.(oodberry), Editorial, in: Journal of Comparative Literature, 1 (1903), pp. 

5-6. 

371. Léon Cellier, Paradoxe sur le parallèle, in: R.L.C., 38 (1964), pp. 238-247. 

372. G.E.W.(oodberry), Op. cit., p. 6; Julius Petersen, Nationale oder 

vergleichende Literaturgeschichte, in: D.V.L.G., VI (1928), p. 61; Paul Van 

Tieghem, La Littérature comparée, p. 139, 141. 

373. Dâmaso Alonso, « Tradition or Polygenesis »?, in: M.H.R.A., 32 (1960), p. 

18, 21, 23; Jan Brandt Corstius, Op. cit., p. 8; Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., p. 

597. 

374. Dionyz DurfSin, Sources and Systematics of Comparative Literature 

(Bratislava, 1974), p. 125; Werner Krauss, Op. cit., p. 116, etc. 


376. V. M. Zhirmunsky, On the Study of Comparative Literature, in : Oxford 

Slavonic Papers, XIII (1967), pp. 1-13. 

377. Ihab H. Hassan, The Problem of Influence in Literary History. Notes toward a 

Definition, in: Y.C.G.L., XIV (1955), p. 67. 

378. Georges Dumézil, Mythe et épopée (Paris, 1971), II, pp. 79-80. 

379. Paul Van Tieghem, Avant-Propos, in: Histoire littéraire de l'Europe et de 

l'Amérique. De la Renaissance à nos jours (Paris, 1941), p. V; La littérature 

comparée, pp. 190-191. 

380. Jean Frappier, Littérature médiévale et littérature comparée, in: Comparative 

Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), I, p. 30. 

381. Fernand Baldensperger, La Littératqre comparée,. Le mot et la chose, in : 

R.L.C. (1921), p. 26; Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 93. 

382. Gilbert Durand, Op. cit., p. 418; Michel Foucault, L'Archéologie du savoir, p. 

211. 

383. Haskell M. Block, Nouvelles tendances en littérature comparée (Paris, 1970), 

p. 26. 

384. D. Nichol Smith, The Function of Criticism (Oxford, 1909), pp. 7-8. 

385. Jan Brandt Corstius, Op. cit., p. 183; A. Owen Alridge, The Purpose and 

Perspective of Comparative Literature, in: Comparative Literature. Matter 

and Method (Urbana, 1969), p. 5; S. S. Prawer, Op. cit., 9,52, 54, 56; Claudio 

Guillén, Op. cit., pp. 34-35; John O. McCor-mick, Notes on a Comparative 

American Literary History, in: Comparative Literature Studies 5 (1958), p. 

167, 176. 

386. Dumitry Cizevsky, Outline of Comparative Slavonic Literature (Boston, 

1952), p. 6. 

387. Henryk Markiewicz, Op. cit., p. 1326, 1332; Istvân Söter, The Dilemma of 

Literary Science (Budapest, 1973), p. 22; Victor Gir-mounsky, Les Courants 

littéraires en tant que phénomènes internationaux, in: Actes du V -e Congrès de 

319

l'A.l.L.C. (Amsterdam-Belgrade, 1969), p. 16; Paul Cornéa, Conceptul de « 

concordant » tn literaturà comparatà si categoriile sale (« Le Concept de 

'concordance' en littérature comparée et ses catégories »), in: Studii de literaturà 

comparatà (« Études de littérature comparée ») (Bucuresti, 1968), p. 

37, 38. 

388. Istvàn Söter, Phénomènes parallèles de la littérature hongroise et de la 

littérature russe du XIX -e siècle, in: Actes du III -e Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. ('S- 

Grahenhage, 1962), pp. 277-279; Parallélisme entre le romantisme hongrois 

et polonais, in: Aspects et Parallélismes de la littérature hongroise (Budapest, 

1966), pp. 151-160. 

389. Etiemble, Yun Yu. Essai sur l'érotisme et l'amour dans la Chine ancienne 

(Genève-Paris-Munich, 1969), p. 7, 139, 168. 


Literature, in: Comparative Literature V (1963), pp. 118-119; René Wellek, 

Comparative Literature, in: Dictionnaire international des termes littéraires 

(The Hague-Paris, 1973), L. 57; S. S. Prawer, Op. cit., p. 52, etc. 

391. Arthur E. Kunst, Literatures of Asia, in: Comparative Literature. Method and 

Perspective: pp. 321-323; Arthur O. Lovejoy, Essays in the History of Ideas 

(New York, 1960), pp. 99-135. 

392. Actes du VI'Congrès de l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, p. 585-696. 

393. Asia and the Humanities, ed. by Horst Frenz (Bloomington, 1959), 

Symposium; « Islam in World Literature », in: Y.C.G.L., 20/1971, pp. 57-83; 

A. Owen Alridge, The Second China Conference: A Recapitulation, ibidem, 

25/1976, pp. 42-48, ere. 

394. Mircea Eliade, Histoire des croyances et des idées religieuses (Paris, 1976), I, 

p. 10; Fragments d'un journal. II, 1970-1978 (Paris, 1981), p. 127; pour 

l'ensemble de la question : Adrian Marino, L'Herméneutique de Mircea 

Eliade, ch. V, 2, Orient et Occident, tr. (Paris, 1981), pp. 293-306. 

395. M. A. Manzalaoui, Tragic ends of lovers: medieval Islam and the Latin West, 

in: Comparative Criticism, I, p. 37; Manfred Schme-ling, Einleitung..., in: Op. 

cit., p. 8. 

396. 37. B. Eikhenbaum, La Théorie de la « méthode » formelle, in: Théorie de la 

littéraure, p. 50. 

397. Alexander Nikolaevich Veselovsky, Op. cit., p. 48. 

398. Jean Hankiss, Littérature universelle, in: Helicon, I, 1-2, (1938), pp. 168-170; 

Dionyz Durisin, Op. cit., p. 160; Alexandra Dima, Principii de literaturà 

comparatà (« Principes de littérature comparée ») (Bucuresti 1969), p. 193. 

399. Claude Couffon, Rencontre avec Etiemble, in: Les Lettres Françaises, 1006, 

5-11 décembre 1963. 

400. Arno Kappler, Der literarische Vergleich. Beiträge zur einer Vorgeschichte 

der Komparatistik (Frankfurt/M., 1976), p. 209. 

401. Hajime Nakamura, Parallel Developments. A Comparative History of Ideas 

(Tokyo-New-York, 1975), p. 565. 

402. Fabian Gudas, Ananda K. Coomaraswamy: The Perennial Philosophy of Art, 

in : Studies in Comparative Literature. Ed. By Waldo F. McNeir (Boston 

Rouge, 1962), pp. 1-28, particulièrement, p. 25. 

320

403. Armando Martins Janeiry, Japanese and Western Literature. A Comparative 

Study (rutland-Tokyo, 1970), spécialement, pp. 13-14, 19-23; James J. Y. Liu, 

Chinese Theories of Literature (Chicago, 1975), pp. 53-56; M. M. Badawi, A 

Critical Introduction to Modem Arab Poetry, (Cambridge, 1975) pp. 261-264. 

404. Ulrich Weisstein, Comparative Literature and Literary Theory, tr. 

(BIoomington-London, 1973), pp. 38-39, 157; Op. cit., in : Teilnahme und 

Spiegelung, p. 600; Lucien Febvre, Combats pour l'histoire (Paris, 1953), p. 

135. 

405. Fernand Baldensperger, Op. cit., p. 7; Michel Cadot et Jacques Voisine, La 

Littérature comparée en Europe orientale, in: R.L.C., 38 (1964), p. 599. 

406. Robert Escarpit, La littérature comparée, in: Le Monde, 22 janvier 1952; 

Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., p. 607, 608; Marius-François Guyard, La 

Littérature comparée 6 -e éd. (Paris, 1978), p. 5. 

407. Etiemble, Jean Paulhan et le « Gegensinn der Unvorte », in: Jean -Paulhan. 

Colloque de Cérisy (Paris, 1976), p. 355; L'Orient philosophique..., II, p. 125, 

177. 

408. Deux nouveaux exemples: Haskell M. Block, in: Comparative Literature 

Studies, I (1964), pp. 78-79; Calvin S. Brown, Op. cit., p. 168. 

409. K.W.M (aurer), Weltlieratur, in: Caselfs Encyclopedia of World literature. 

Revised and enlarged in three volumes (London, 1973) I, pp. 582-583. 

410. Dernièrement: Manfred Schmeling, Op. cit., p. 7. 

411. Par exemple: Janos Hankiss, Op. cit., pp. 101-102. 

412. Arno Kappler, Op. cit. 

413. Idem, Op. cit., p. 43, 47; René Wellek, Discriminations (New York, 1970), p. 

21, 23. 

414. Robert S. Mayo, Herder and the Beginnings of Comparative Literature 

(Chapel Hill, 1969), p. 43,61. 

415. Hugo Metzl de Lomnitz, Vorläufige Aufgabe der vergleichenden Literatur, in 

; Acta Comparationis Litterarum Universarum, I (1977), c. 180. 

416. Henry H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature. Its Definition and Function, in : 

Comparative Literature. Method and Perpective, p. 8; Alejandro Cioranescu, 

Principios de literaturà comparada (Universi-dad de la Laguna, 1975), p. 58, 

66. 

417. Gideon Sjoberg, Comparative Method in the Social Sciences, in: Comparative 

Perspective. Theories and Methods. Ed. with Introduction by Amitai Etzioni 

— Frederic L. Dubow (Boston, 1970), p. 26, 29, 30, 37. 

418. Volker Bischoff, Grenzen und Möglichkeiten des Vergleichs, in: Sprachkunst, 

V (1974), Heft 3-4, pp. 162-183. 

419. Sven Linnér, The Structure and Functions of Literary Comparison, in: 

J.A.A.C., 26 winter 1967, pp. 172-173. 

420. V. Propp, Op. cit., pp. 26-27. 

421. Paul Veyne, Op. cit., p. 80, 146-147. 

422. Arpàd Vigh, Comparaison et similitude, in: Neohelicon, 1/1977, p. 203, 209- 

212. 

423. Pierre Fontanier, Les Figures du discours. Introduction par Gérard Genette 

(Paris, 1968), p. 377. 

321

424. Georges Dumézil, Op. cit., in: L'Héritage indo-européen à Rome (Paris, 

1949), p. 42. 

425. Par exemple: cf. Anna Balakian, The Presidential Address: Comparative 

Literature at the Crossroads, in: Bulletin de la S.F.L.G.C. 1-2/1980, p. 31; 

Ulrich Weisstein, Op. cit., p. 60. 

426. A. J. Greimas, Du Sens (Paris, 1970), p. 112; Jacques Geninasca, Réflexions 

sur la comparabilité, in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 321. 

427. René Welleck, The Attack on Literature and other Essays, p. 14. 

428. P. Swiggers, Methodological Innovation in the Comparative Study of 

Literature, in : Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue 

Canadienne de littérature comparée, 1/1982, pp. 21-22; Walter Höl-lerer, 

Methoden und Probleme vergleichender Literatuwissenschaft, in: 

Germanisch-Romanische Monatchrift, Neue Folge, II (1951/52), pp. 126-128. 

429. Maurice Bémol, Goethe et Valéry. Leurs vues comparatives sur la 

comparaison littéraire, in: R.L.C., 32 (1958), p. 174. 

430. Par exemple : Fernand Baldensperger, Op. cit., p. 14; W. Wolgang Holdheim, 

Komparatistik und Literaturtheorie, in : Arcadia 7 (1972). p. 303. 

431. René Wellek, Discriminations, p. 19; Comparative Literature, in: 

Dictionnaire de termes littéraires (The Hague-Paris, 1973), L. 57. 

432. Harry Levin, Grounds for Comparison (Cambridge Mass., 1972), p. 83; J. D. 

Frodsham, Landscape Poetry in China and Europe, in: Comparative 

Literature, XIX (1967), p. 213; Charles H. Long, Oral Literature and 

Folklore: a Review Article, in: History of Religion, 14 (1974), p. 70. 

433. Hans Robert Jauss, Literaturgeschichte als Provokation (Franfurt / M., 1970), 

p. 142; H. H. Remak, Comparative Literature at the Crossroads, p. 8; 

Comparative Literature. Its Definition and Functions, p. 3, 36; Rilke and 

Valéry on Autumn. A Comparative Explication of Texts, in: Herkommen und 

Erneuerung (Tübingen, 1977), p. 365, 368; The Future of Comparative 

Literature, p. 436. 

434. Jacques Body, Les comparatismes vus de France, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 

356. 

435. J.Tynianov, De l'évolution littéraire, in: Théorie de la littérature, p. 135; 

Victor Girmounsky, Les Courants littéraires en tant que phénomènes 

internationaux, in: Actes du V -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Amsterdam-Belgrade, 

1969), p. 16. 

436. Werner Krauss, Grundprobleme der Literatuwissenschaft (Reinbeck bei 

Hambourg, 1969), pp. 113-115. 

437. Dionyz DuriSin, Op. cit., pp. 124-125; György Ranki, Problems of 

Comparative History, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1974, p. 43; Al. Dima, Conceptul de 

literature universale si comparatà (« Le Concept de littérature universelle et 

comparée ») (Bucuresti, 1966), p. 135, etc. 

438. Michel Foucault, Les Mots et les Choses (Paris, 1966), pp. 34-35; Michel de 

Coster, Op. cit., p. 31. 

439. Johann Georg Forster, Vorrede zu « Sakontala »... (1791), in: Meisterwerke 

Deutscher Literaturkritik. Hrsg. Hans Mayer (Berlin, 1956), I, p. 544. 

440. Cf. Maurice Bémol, Op. cit.. pp. 181-183. 

322

441. Paul Masson-Oursel, La Philosophie comparée, 2 -e éd. (Paris, 1931), p. 87; 

Louis Renou, Orient et Occident, in: Diogène, 5/1954, p. 133; René Grousset, 

Bilan de l'histoire, p. 172. 

442. Julius Petersen, Nationale oder vergleichende Literaturgeschite, in: C. V.L.G., 

VI (1928), p. 58; Fritz Strich, Goethe und die Weltliteratur, 2 -e Auflage 

(Berne, 1957), p. 424. 


Literature, in: Comparative Literature V (1953), pp. 118-119; J. D. Frodsham, 

Landscape in China and Europe, idem, XIX (1967), p. 197. 

444. Arthur E. Kunst, Literatures of Asia, in: Comparative Literature. Method and 

Perspective. Revised Edition, Ed. by Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz 

(Carbondale-Edwardsville, 1977).p. 312; Claude Pichois-André M. Rousseau, 

Op. cit., p. 174; Jean Christian, in: France-Asie, XVII (1960), pp. 2133-2138. 

445. Marian Gâlik, Some Remarks on Comparative Literature in Czechoslovak 

Oriental Studies, in: Neohelicon, 3-4/1975, pp. 113-114;Slavo-mir 

Cieslikowsky, On some Correspondances between the Sanskrit and European 

Theory of Literature, in : Zagadnienia Rodzajôw Lite-rackich, XXII, (1979), 

pp. 79-103. 

446. Hajime Nakamura, Op. cit., p. 6-8; Pauline R. Yu, Chinese and Symbolist 

Theories, in: Comparative Literature, XXX, (1978), p. 1296, 312; Abd 

ElFattah Kilito, Sur le métalangage métaphorique des poéticiens arabes, in: 

Poétique, 38/1979, pp. 164-165. 

447. Jacques Geninasca, Op. cit., p. 320; Armand Nivelle, Wozu vergleichende 

Literaturwissenschaft?, in: Manfred Schmeling (Hrsg.), Op. cit., p. 178 

448. Moriz Carrière, Die Poesie: Ihr Wesen und ihre Formen mit Grundzügen der 

vergleichender Literaturgeschichte (Leipzig, 1884), p. 16. 

449. Erich Rothacker, Die vergleichende Methode in den Geissteiswissens-chaften, 

in: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtwissenschaft. 60 (1957), p. 17, 19. 

450. Etienne Souriau, La Correspondance des arts. Éléments d'esthétique 

comparée (1947), (Paris, 1969), p. 9. 

451. John J. Deeny, Comparativisation: the Example from China, in: Actes du VII -e 

Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 688. 

452. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Plan einer vergleichenden Anthropologie, in: 

Gesammelte Schriften (Berlin, 1903), I, p. 378, 379, 405. 

453. Alexander Nikolaevich Veselovsky, Op. cit., p. 42; Jan Mukafovsky, cf. 

Dionyz DuriSin, Op. cit., pp. 81-83; Alejandro Cioranescu, Op. cit., pp. 37-38, 

etc. 

454. Thomas Bleicher, Literaturkomplexe in Komparatistischer Perspektive, in: 

Neohelicon, 2/1981, p. 9; Manfred Schmeling, Op. cit., p. 11; Alexandra Duju, 

Literature comparatà si is to n'a mentalitàfilor (« Littérature comparée et 

l'histoire des mentalités ») (Bucuresti, 1982), p. 137. 

455. Arno Kappler, Op. cit., p. 204, 207, 209. 

456. Ulrich Schulz-Buschhaus, Die Unvermeidlichkeit der Komparatistik, in: 

Arcadia, 14 (1979), pp. 223-236; Zoran Konstantinovic, Der reflektierende 

Vergleich..., in: Mainzer Komparatistische Hefte, 2/1978, p. 8; Armand 

Nivelle, Op. cit., p. 177, 178. 

323

457. Haskell M. Block, The Alleged Parallel of Metaphysical and Symbolist 

Poetry, in: Comparatists at Work, Ed. by Stephen G. Nichols, J. Richard B. 

Vowels (Waltham-London, 1978), p. 214, 227. 

458. Anna Balakian, Op. cit., in: Bulletin de la S.F.L.G.C.. 1-2/1980, pp. 30-31. 

459. J.-J. Ampere, Mélanges d'histoire littéraire et de littérature (Paris, 1867), I, p. 

27; Fritz Strich, Weltliteratur und vergleichende Literaturgeschichte, in: 

Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (Berlin, 1930), p. 422, etc. 

460. Editorial, in Mainzer Komparatistische Hefte, 2/1978, p. 5. 

461. Gérard Genette, Figures (Paris, 1972), III, p. 38. 

462. Manfred Behler, Vond der Stoffgeschichte zur Thematologie, in: Arcadia. V 

(1970), p. 21. 

463. Charles Mills Gayley, What is Comparative Literature? (1903) in: 

Comparative Literature. The Early Years... Ed. Hans-Joachim Schulz, Philip 

H. Rhein (Chapel Hill. 1973), p. 85. 

464. Walter Hollerer, Methoden und Probleme vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, 

in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift, XXXII (1952), p. 

125; Kurt Waiss, Vergleichende Literaturbetrachtung, in: 

Forschungsprobleme der vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte (Tübingen, 

1951), I, p. 11; Maurice Bémol, Op. cit., p. 174, 183-184; Claude Pichois- 

André M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 143. 


Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), I, p. 102. 

466. Douwe W. Fokkema, Method and Programme of Comparative Literature, in: 

Synthesis, I (1974), pp. 55-56. 

467. Zoran Konstaminovic, Op. cit., in: Mainzer Komparatistische Hefte. 2/1978, 

pp. 6-14. 

468. Arno Kappler, Op. cit., p. 200; Gérard Genot, Niveaux de la comparaison, in: 

Actes du VHP Congrès de l'A.l.L.C, II, p. 748; Yves Chevrel, Le Problème de 

l'évaluation dans l'enseignement de la littérature comparée, idem, I, p. 562. 

469. Louis Paul Betz, Studien zur vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte der neueren 

Zeit (Frankfurt, 1902), p. 11. 

470. Kurt Waiss, Op. cit., p. 19. 

471. Winston L. Y. Yang, Western Critical and Comparative Approaches to the 

Study of Traditional Chinese Fiction, in: Actes du VII' Congrès de l'A.l.L.C, II, 

pp. 685-686. 

472. Par exemple: H.-J. C. Duijker — N. H. Frijda, National Character and 

National Stereotypes (Amsterdam, I960), p. 140; A. Meillet, La Méthode 

comparative en linguistique historique (Oslo, 1925), p. 1; Georges Dumézil, 

Op. cit., p. 32; Erich Rothacker, Op. cit., pp. 19-20. 23. 

473. Beate Pinkernell, Selbstproduktion als Verfahren. Zur Methodologie und 

Problematik der sogennanten «Wechselseitigen Erhelung der Künste», in: Zur 

Kritik literaturwissenschaftlicher Methodologie. Hrsg. Viktor Zmegac- 

Zdrenko Skreb (Frankfurt/M., 1973), pp. 95-114. 

474. On trouvera une bonne synthèse, avec des renseignements bibliographiques 

très poussés, chez André-Michel Rousseau, Arts et littérature : un «état 

présent » et quelques réflexions, in: Synthesis, IV (1977), pp. 35-51; parmi les 

324

études postérieures: Jean Weisgerber, Remarques sur l'esthétique rococo: 

littérature et beaux arts, in: Annales de l'Histoire de l'An et d'Archéologie, III 

(1981), pp. 139-152; Formes rococo: littérature et beaux-arts, in: R.L.C., 

2/1981, pp. 141-167. 

475. A. Kibédi-Varga, Réception et classement: lettres-arts-genres, in: Théorie de 

la littérature (Paris, 1981), p. 210, 216. 

476. Georges Dumézil, Préface, in: Joël H. Grisward, Archéologie de l'épopée 

médiévale (Paris, 1981), p. 12. 

477. Cf. Maurice Bémol, Op. cit., p. 18. 

478. Karl R. Popper, Op. cit., p. 25. 

479. Adrian Marino, Contre l'européocentrisme, in: Etiemble ou le comparatisme 

militant (Paris, 1982), pp. 51-62. 

480. René M. Guastalla, Le Mythe et le livre (Paris, 1940), p. 45. 

481. Robert Escarpit, Le Littéraire et le social (Paris, 1970), p. 15. 

482. Dernièrement: René Wellek, The Attack on Literature and other Essays, p. 46. 

483. Ernest Emenyonu, African Literature revisited, in: R.L.C., 3-4/1974, p. 397. 

484. Jean-Paul Sartre, Situations (Paris, 1949), III, pp. 251-252, 233. 

485. Jourdain-Innocent Noah, De la littérature orale négro-aj'ricaine et de ses 

chances de survie, in: Études littéraires, 3/1974, p. 355. 

486. Robert J. Clements, Comparative Literature as Academic Discipline (New 

York, 1978), p. 32. 

487. Ferdinand Brunetière, La Littérature européenne, in: Revue des Deux Mondes, 

CLXI (1900), pp. 320-327. 

488. Jean Rousset, Leurs yeux se rencontrèrent (Paris, 1981), p. 12. 

489. Gideon Sjoberg, Op. cit., p. 25. 

490. Adrian Hsia, Introduction to the panel discussion in « Western Literary 

Theories and the Study of Chinese Literature », in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de 

l'A.l.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1979), II, p. 674; Donald A. Gibbs, M. H. Abram's four 

artistic co-ordinates applied to literary theory of early China, in: Op. cit., II, 

p. 675. 

491. Tzvetan Todorov, L'Origine des genres, in: Les Genres du discours (Paris, 

1978), pp. 54-57; voir ausi: Theories of Literary Genre, ed. Joseph P. Strelka 

(University Park and London, 1978). 

492. Raymond Schwab, Domaine oriental, in: Histoire des littératures (Paris, 

1955), 1, p. 104; Bernard Mouralis, Les Contre-Littératures (Paris, 1975), p. 9. 

493. Les considérations théoriques, par exemple, de H. Munro Chadwik-N. 

Kershaw Chadwik, The Growth of Literature (Cambridge, 1932), I, p. IX, se 

résument programmatiquement à 1'« Ouest »; de même Rosario Assunto, 

Theorie der Literatur bei Schriftstellern des 20. Jahrhunderts, tr. (Reinbeck 

bei Hamburg, 1975), p. 13. 

494. André Lévy, Études sur le conte et le roman chinois (Paris, 1971). 

495. Emil Staiger, Grundbegriffe der Poetik (Zürich und Freiburg i.Br., 1968), p. 

11. 

496. Hamadi Sammond, Rachid Ghozzi, La définition de la poésie dans l'ancienne 

poétique arabe, in: Poétique, 38/1979, p. 149. 

325

497. Ingrid Schuster, Effects of Japanese Art on French and German Literature in 

the Nineteenth Century, in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / 

Revue Canadienne de littérature comparée 1/1974, pp. 79-81; Mary de 

Rachewiltz, Pound and Frobenius, in: Kompara-tislische Hefte, 2 (1980). pp. 

92-101. 

498. 498. Paul Oskar Kristeller, The Modern System of the Arts in the History of 

Aesthetics, in: Ideas in Cultural Perspective, Ed. by Philip P. Wiener and 

Aaron Noland (New Brunswick, 1962), pp. 145-206. 

499. 499. Damaso Alonso, « Tradition or Polygenesis »?, in : M.H.R.A., 32 (1960), 

p. 23. 

500. 500. Larry Shouldice, Wide Latitudes: Comparing New World Literature, in: 


Littérature comparée, 1/1982, pp. 48-49. 

501. 501. Etiemble, Histoire des genres et littérature comparée, in: Acta Litterana, 

V (1962), p. 207. 

502. 502. Idem, L'Orient philosophique au XVIII -e siècle (Paris, 1957), I, p. 15. 

503. 503. Les données de base (mais les références possibles sont de loin plus 

nombreuses) chez: H. P. Teesing, Das Problem der Perioden in der 

Literaturgeschichte (Groningen, 1949). 

504. 504. Karl R. Popper, Op. cit.. p. 29. 

505. 505. Etiemble, Essais de littérature (vraiment) générale, 3 -e éd. (Paris, 1975), 

p. 29-30, 33-34, 342; démonstration reprise par François Jost, Littérature 

comparée et littérature universelle, in: Orbis Litterarum, XXVII (1972), p. 19. 

506. 506. Abbé Desfontaines, Observations sur les écrits modernes (Paris, 1738). 

XII, pp. 94-95. 

507. 507. Par exemple, dernièrement: Charles Leslie Wrenn, The Idea of 

Comparative Literature (Cambridge, 1968), p. 17. 

508. 508. Archibald A. Hill, A Program for the Definition of Literature, in: The 

University of Texas Studies in English, 37 (1958), p. 46. 

509. 509. Ulrich Weisstein, Verbal Paintings, Fugal Poems, Literay Collages and 

the Metamorphic Comparatist, in: Y.C.G.L., 27/1978, p. 7, 16. 

510. 510. Vladimir Propp, Morphologie du conte, tr. (Paris, 1970), p. 34. 

511. 511. Hans Robert Jauss, Paradigmawechsel in der Literaturwissenschaft, in: 

Methoden der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Viktor Zmegac (Hrsg.) 

(Frankfurt am Main, 1972), p. 281. 

512. 512. Stith Thompson, Comparative Problems of Oral Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., 

VII (1958), p. 12. 

513. 513. Roman Jakobson, Questions de poétique (Paris, 1973), p. 489. 

514. 514. Cf. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., p. 258, sur la foi de Teun A. Van Dijk, 

Some Aspects of Text Grammars (The Hague-Paris, 1972), pp. 177-178. 

515. 515. Charles Mills Gayley, What is Comparative Literature? (1903), in: 

Comparative Literature : The Early Years. Ed. Hans Joachim Schulz, Philipp 

H. Rhein (Chapel Hill, 1973), p. 92. 

516. 516. René Wellek, Op. cit., p. 56. 

517. 517. François Jost, La Littérature comparée, une philosophie des lettres, in: 

Essais de littérature comparée (Fribourg, 1968), II, p. 320. 

326

518. 518. Roman Jakobson, Op. cit., p. 38, 72-73. 

519. 519. Thomas Bleicher, Grenzüberstreitende Literatur als Komparatistis-cher 

Gegenstand, in: Neohelicon, 2/1979, pp. 82-83. 

520. 520. Etiemble, Littérature comparée, in: Encyclopaedia Universalis (Paris, 

1971), 10, p. 11. 

521. 521. John J. Deeny, Op. cit., in: Actesdu VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 687. 

522. 522. Petit de Julleville, Histoire de la langue et de la littérature française des 

origines à 1900 (Paris, 1899), VIII, p. 894. 

VI literaturis gansazRvreba, gv. 231-264. 

1. Adrian Marino, Pentru o hermeneuticà a ideii de literature (« Pour une 

herméneutique de l'idée de littérature »), in: Caiete critice, 11/1982, pp. 5-6. 


3. Frank Wadleigh Chandler, The Comparative Study of Literature (1911), in: 

Y.C.G.L., 15 (1966), p. 37. 

4. Frederic Will, Comparative Literature and the Challenge of Modern 

Criticism, idem, IX (1966), p. 29. 

5. Thomas Bleicher, Op. cit., in: Neohelicon, 2/1979-1980, p. 68; Armand 

Nivelle, Op. cit., in: Manfred Schmeling, Op. cit., (Hrsg.), p. 180. 

6. Par exemple: Ulrich Leo, Literaturvergleichung und Monographie, in: 

Romanische Forschungen, 52 (1964), p. 423; Bernard Weinberg, er. René 

Wellek, History of Modern Criticism, in: J.H.I., XXX (1969), pp. 127-128; D. 

W. Fokkema, Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm, in: Canadian 

Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature 

comparée, 1/1982, p. 7, etc. 

7. Anna Balakian, Op. cit., in: Bulletin de la S.F.L.G.C., 1-2/1980, p. 33. 

8. Thomas Bleicher, Novalis und die Idee der Weltliteratur, in: Arcadia, 14 

(1979), p. 266. 

9. D. W. Fokkema, The Problem of Generalization and the Procedure of 

Literary Evaluation, in: Neophilologus, 58 (1974), p. 261. 

10. Walter Höllerer, Op. cit., in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift, XXXII 

(1952), p. 118. 

11. René Wellek, Op. cit., p. 102. 

12. Desiderio Navarro, Eurocentrismo y antieurocentrismo en la teoria de 

America Latina y Europa, in: Revista de Critica Literaria Latino-noamericana 

(Lima), 16/1982. 

13. E. C. Nwezeh, The Comparative Approach to Modem African Literature, in: 

Y.C.G.L., 28 (1979), p. 23. 

14. Andrew H. Plaks, Towards a Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative: Critical 

and Theorical Essays. With a Foreword by Cyril Bich (Princeton, 1977), p. 

309, 331-333. 

15. D.W. Fokkema, The Forms and Values of Contemporary Chinese Literature, 

in: N.L.H., 3/1973, p. 592. 

16. A. Owen Alridge, Comparative Literature East and West. An 

327

1. Appraisal of the Tamkang Conference, in: Y.C.G.L., 21 (1972), p. 

66. 

17. Earl Miner, Japanese and Western Images of Courtly Love, idem, XV (1966), 

pp. 174-179. 

18. John D. Yohannan, The Persian Poetry Fad in England, 1770-1825, in: 

Comparative Literature, IV (1952), p. 141. 

19. Plusieurs references chez Edward W. Said, L'Orientalisme. L'Orient créé par 

l'Occident, tr., (Paris, 1980), p. 118, 364. 

20. Rene Wellek, The Concept of Romanticism, in: Concepts of Criticism (New 

Haven and London, 1965), p. 160. 

21. Friendrich Schlegel, Kritische Ausgabe, Hrsg. Hans Eichner (München, 1975), 

Band 3, p. 141; Band XIV, p. 329. 

22. Charles Chauncey Shackford, Op. cit., in: Comparative Literature. The Early 

Years, p. 48; Arthur Richmond Marsh, The Comparative Study of Literature 

(1896), idem, p. 129. 

23. H. Munro Chadwick — N. Kershaw Chadwick, The Growth of Literature 

(Cambridge, 1932), I, p. 5. 

24. Joseph Remenyi, Literature of «small nations », in: Y.C.G.L., XII (1953). p. 

120. 

25. Renato Poggioli, Poetics and Metrics, in: Comparative Literature (Chapel 

Hill, 1959), I, p. 197; Frenc Tökey, Genre Theory in China in the 3rd-6th 

Centuries (Budapest, 1971), p. 14. 

26. John Fletcher, The Criticism of Comparison..., in: Contemporary Criticism, 

ed. Malcolm Bradbury and Davis Palmer (London, 1975), p. Ill; Arthur E. 

Kunst, Literatures of Asia, in: Comparative Literature. Method and 

Perspective..., pp. 319-320, 323; Douwe W. Fok-kema, Method and 

Programme of Comparative Literature, in: Synthesis, I, (1974), pp. 58-59; 

Hugo Dyserinck, Komparatistik. Eine Einführung. (Bonn, 1978), pp. 148-149; 

Über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Komparatistik, in : Mainzer 

Komparatistische Hefte, 2/1978, pp. 23-24; Carlos Rincôn, El cambio actual 

de la nociôn de leteratura (Caracas, 1978), p. 42. 

27. Andrew H. Plaks, Op. cit., p. 351. 

28. Classical and Medieval Literary Criticism. Translations and Interpretations. 

Ed. by Alex Preminger, O. B. Hardison Jr., Kevin Kerrane (New York. 1974), 

p. 329. 

29. Ibn Qotalba, Introduction au livre de la poésie et des poètes. Ed. Gaudefroy- 

Demombynes (Paris, 1947), p. 4. 

30. James J.Y. Liu, Chinese Theories of Literature (Chicago, 1975), p. 97, 140; 

Mokoto Ueda, The Nature of Poetry: Japanese and Western Views, in: 

Y.C.G.L., 11/1962. p. 142; Kenichi Yoshida, Literary Theory in Contemporary 

Japan, in: Literary History and Literary Criticism (New York, 1966), p. 208. 

31. Liu Hsieh, The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons, tr. with an 

Introduction and notes by Vincent Yu-chung Shih (New York, 1959), p. 7. 

238. 

328

32. Arthur F. Wright, The Study of Chinese Civilisation, in: Ideas in Cultural 

Perspective, ed. Philip P. Wiener and Aaron Noland (New Brunswick, 1962), 

p. 373. 

33. David Y. Chen, Theory and Practice of Modern Chinese Poetry, in: Literary 

History and Literary Criticism, pp. 152-153. 

34. Pauline R. Yu, Chinese and Symbolist Poetic Theories, in: Comparative 

Literature, XXX (1978), pp. 291-312; James J. Y. Liu, Op. cit., pp. 104-105. 

35. A. Owen Alridge, East-West Relations. Universal Literature, Yes; Common 

Poetics, No. in: Tamkang Review, 10 (1979), pp. 17-33. 

36. Earl Miner, Literary Diaries and the Boundaries of Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., 

21 (1972), pp. 48-49; Roberto Fernandez Retamar, La Contribution des 

littératures de l'Amérique Latine à la littérature universelle au XX -e siècle, in: 

Actes du VHP Congrès de l'A.I.L.C. (Stuttgart, 1980), II, p. 27, 29. 

37. Jens Ihwe, Grammaires du texte, typologie du texte, traitement et didactique 

textuels: critères pour une science de la littérature en tant que science 

empirique et théorique, in: Du linguistique au textuel (Assen/Amsterdam, 

1974), pp. 82-83. 

38. George A. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular 

Tradition (Chapel Hill, 1980), p. 8. 

39. Adrian Marino, La Critique des idées littéraires, pp. 107-114. 

40. Julius Petersen, Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung. System und 

Methodenlehre der Literaturwissenschaft, 2. Auflage, (Berlin, 1944), p. 467. 

41. André Lefevere, Some Tactical Steps Toward a Common Poetics, in: New 

Asia Academic Bulletin, I (1978), p. 14. 

42. I. Tynianov, R. Jakobson, Les Problèmes des études littéraires et linguistiques 

(1928), in: Théorie de la littérature, p. 140. 

43. Iouri Lotman, La Structure du texte artistique, tr., (Paris, 1973), pp. 397-404. 

44. Iiamar Even-Zohar, Polysystem Theory, in: Poetics Today, 1-2/1979, p. 295, 

302-303. 

45. Michael Wegner, Literary Tradition and Innovation: a Theoretical Problem of 

Comparative Literary Research, in: Actes du VHP Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, pp. 

511-515. 

46. Etiemble, Poètes ou faiseurs? (Paris, 1966), p. 194; C'est le bouquet! (Paris, 

1967), p. 235. 

47. Idem, Lettre, in: Zagadnienia Rodzajôw Literackich, XV, (1973), p. 15. 

48. Jaroslav Pruïek, A Confrontation of Traditional Oriental Literature with 

Modem European Literature in the Context of the Chinese Literary 

Revolution, in: Literary History and Literary Criticism (New York University 

Press. 1960), p. 167; Ziva Ben-Porat, The Transformation of Canonical and 

Non-Canonical European Texts in Modern Hebrew Poetry, in: Actes du VHP 

Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, pp. 853-859. 

49. D. W. Fokkema, Nijkoff's Modemist Poetics in European Perspective, in: 

Comparative Poetics, ed. by D. W. Fokkema, Elrud Kunne-Ibsch and A.J.A. 

Van Zoest (Amsterdam, 1980), p. 65, 75; Anton Popovic, Aspects of 

Metatexts, in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue 

Canadienne de littérature comparée, 3/1976, p. 235. 

329

50. Adrian Marino, L'Avant-garde, la révolte et la tradition artistique, in: 

Synthesis, III (1976), pp. 165-178. 

51. Idem, Aux sources de la dialectique sémantique ancien / nouveau, in: Cahiers 

roumains d'études littéraires, 1/1975, pp. 50-59. 


53. José Lambert et André Lefevere, Traduction, traduction littéraire et littérature 

comparée, in: La Traduction. Une Profession. Actes du VIII -e Congrès 

Mondial de la Fédération Internationale des traducteurs (Montreal, 1977), pp. 

329-341. 

54. J. Tynianov, De l'évolution littéraire (1927), in: Théorie de la littérature, p. 

123. 

55. José Lambert, Plaidoyer pour un programme des études comparantes. 

Littérature comparée et théorie du polysystéme. Communication à : 

S.F.L.G.C., Congres 1980, Montpellier, copie xerox, p. 5. 

56. Roberto Fernandez Retamar, Para una teoria de la literatura hispanoamericana... 

(La Habana, 1975); Carlos Rincôn, Op. cit., (Caracas, 1978), 

p. 200. 

57. Istvân Söter, Littératures européennes comparées, in : 1616, 1 (1978), p. 47- 

50. 

58. Irina Neupokoeva, Dialectics of Historical Development of National and 

World Literature, in: Neohelicon, 1-2/1973, p. 123. 

59. Cf. Vladimir Propp, Morphologie du conte, p. 145. 

60. Richard Hurd, On the Idea of Universal Poetry (1765), in: The Works 

(London, 1811), II, p. 5. 

61. W. Dilthey, Die geistige Welt. Einleitung in die Philosophie des Lebens. Erste 

Hälfte: Abhandlungen zur Grundlegung der Geisteswissenschaften (Stuttgart- 

Göttingen, 1957), pp. 241-316. 

62. Charles E. Whitmore, The Validity of Literary Definitions, in: P.M.L.A., 

XXXIX (1924), p. 724, 729, 731. 

63. Roger Caillois, Approches de la poésie (Paris, 1978), pp. 259-260. 

64. Idem, Cohérences aventureuses (Paris, 1976), pp. 23-24. 


66. Claude Cuénot, Une application de la morphologie goethéenne à l'histoire 

littéraire en Allemagne, in: R.L.C., 14 (1934), p. 250. 

67. Arturo Farinelli, //sogno di una letteratura mondiale, in: Petrarca, Manzoni, 

Leopardi (Torino, 1925), p. 126; Henri Roddier, De l'emploi de la méthode 

génétique en littérature comparée, in: Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 

1959), 1, p. 123. 

68. B. Munteano, Situation de la littérature comparée. Sa portée humaine et sa 

légitimité, idem, I, p. 136. 

69. Gilberto Mendonça Teles, Camoes e la poesia brasileira, 3 -a ediçao revista 

(Rio de Janeiro, 1979), p. 19. 

70. Dionyz DuriÇin, La Conception comparatiste de l'histoire littéraire, in: Actes 

du VIII -e ' Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 491; Yves Chevrel, Les Problèmes de 

l'évaluation dans l'enseignement de la littérature comparée, idem, II, p. 563; 

Armand Nivelle, Op. cit., in: Manfred Schmeling (Hrsg.) Op. cit., p. 180. 

330

71. René Wellek, Discriminations, p. 252; Anni Carlson, Die Entfaltung der 

Weltliteratur als Prozess, in: Weltliteratur. Festgabe für Fritz Strich..., (Bern, 

1952), p. 58; B. Munteano, Op. cit., p. 137. 

72. Etiemble, Comparaison n'est pas raison (Paris, 1963), p. 78. 

73. Etiemble, Savoir et goût (Paris, 1958), p. 163; Le Japon des jésuites et des 

philosophes, in: Le Japon et la France (Paris, 1974), p. 11; L'Orient 

philosophique au XVIII -e siècle (Paris, 1957), I, p. 16; rigoureusement dans les 

mêmes termes : Alfred Owen Alridge, The Comparative Literature Syndrome, 

in: The Modem Language Journal, 2/1969, p. 79. 

74. Claude Pichois et A. M. Rousseau, Op. cit., p. 116. 

75. Un très rapide échantillonnage donnerait: Frank Wadleigh Chandler, The 

Comparative Study of Literature (1911), in : Y.C.G.L., 15 (1965), p. 54; Paul 

Van Tieghem, La Littérature comparée, 4 -e éd. (Paris, 1951), p. 10; L. A. 

Willoughby, Stand und Aufgaben der vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte in 

England, in : Forschungsprobleme der vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte, 

Hrsg. Kurt Wais (Tübingen, 1951), I, pp. 26-27; Herbert Seidler, Was ist 

vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft? (Wien, 1973), p. 11, etc. 

76. Etiemble, Hygiène des lettres (Paris, 1952), p. 14. 

77. Idem, Intervention, in: Acta Litteraria, V (1962), p. 145; L'Approche 

comparatiste, in: Tendances principales de la recherche dans les sciences 

sociales et humaines (Paris-La Haye-New York, 1978), I, p. 633. 

78. Idem, Le Babélien (Paris, 1960), 1, p. 2. 

79. Idem, Histoire des genres et littérature comparée, in: Acta Litteraria, V 

(1962), p. 207; L'Orient philosophique, I, p. 21; Savoir et goût (Paris, 1958), 

p. 32, 33; même orientation chez Charles Leslie Wrenn Op. cit., (Cambridge, 

1968), p. 8. 

80. Michel Dragomirescou, La Science de la littérature (Prais, 1928), II, pp. 22- 

24. 

81. Etiemble, Histoire des genres et littérature comparée, p. 205; Comparaison 

n'est pas raison, p. 79. 

82. Idem, L'Orient philosophique..., I, p. 16, 20. 

83. Paul Van Tieghem, Op. cit., p. 21. 

84. René Wellek, Concepts of Criticism (New Haven and London, 1963), p. 293; 

Roger Bauer, Continuité et discontinuité dans l'histoire et la matière de la 

littérature comparée, in: Études littéraires, 7 (1947), 2, pp. 259-260; Zoran 

Konstantinovic, Der literarische Vergleich und die komparatistische 

Reflexion, in : Beiträge zur Romanischen Philologie, 1/1978, p. 126, etc. 

85. Maurice Bataillon, Pour une bibliographie internationale de littérature 

comparée, in: R.L.C., XXX (1956), p. 140. 

86. John Fletcher, The Criticism of Comparison..., in: Contemporary Criticism 

(London, 1975), p. 121. 

87. Henry H. H. Remak, The Future of Comparative Literature, in: Actes du VHP 

Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, pp. 435-436. 

88. M. B. Chrapcenko, Typologische Literaturforschung und ihre Prinzipien, in: 

Aktuelle Probleme der vergleichenden Literaturforchung. Hrsg. G. 

Ziegengeist (Berlin, 1968), p. 22; Dionyz buriSin, Sources and Systematica of 

331

Comparative Literature (Bratislava, (1974), p. 126, 128, 132, 137; György M. 

Vadja, Present Perspectives of Comparative Literature, in: Neohelicon, 

1/1977, p. 270. 

89. Dionyz DuriXin, Op. cit., pp. 95-96; Stefania Skwarczynska, L'Aspect 

esthétique dans les recherches de la littérature comparée, in: Neohelicon, 1- 

2/1973, p. 52, 60, 63; Lajos Nyirö, Problèmes de littérature comparée et 

théorie de la littérature, in : Littérature européenne. Littérature hongroise 

(Budapest, 1964), p. 514; Paul Cornea, Communication des « valeurs » et 

langage d'« équivalences », in : Neohelicon. 1-2/1973, p. 93. 

90. Par exemple: Tzvetan Todorov, Poétique, in: Qu'est-ce que le structuralisme? 

(Paris, 1968), pp. 99-106. 

91. Marcel Bataillon, Op. cit.. p. 140. 

92. Etiemble, L'Approche comparatiste, p. 638; Essais de littérature (vraiment) 

générale, p. 18, 28, 29. 

93. J. Gelb, Pour une théorie de l'écriture, tr., (Paris, 1973), p. V. 

94. Etiemble, Préface, in: Manfred Gsteiger, La Nouvelle littérature romande 

(Lausanne et Zürich, 1978), p. 9; Littérature comparée, in : Encyclopaedia 

Universalis (Paris, 1971), 10, p. 11. 

95. Idem, Essais..., p. 13, 340, 342; dans le même sens: Lettre à Leopold Sédar 

Senghor, in: Hommage à Leopold Sédar Senghor, homme de culture 

(Présence africaine, 1976), pp. 91-92. 

96. Roman Jakobson, Op. cit., p. 15. 

97. Victor Erlich, Russian Formalism. History-Doctrine, sec. ed. The Hague- 

Paris, 1969), p. 173, 198-199, 276; Tzvetan Todorov, Poétique de la prose 

(Paris, 1971), p. 46. 

98. Vasile Florescu, La Rhétorique et la néorhétorique, tr., (Paris-Bucuresti, 

1982), p. 43. 

99. Cf. René Wellek, A History of Modem Criticism (New Haven and London, 

1971), IV, p. 183. 

100. Mircea Marghescou, Le Concept de littérarité (The Hague-Paris, 1974), p. 64. 

101. Cornells J. van Rees, Une Théorie à ta recherche de son objet, in: Du 

Linguistique au textuel..., (Assen/Amsterdam, 1974), pp. 157-169. 

102. A. J. Greimas, Pour une théorie du discours poétique, in: Essais de sémiotique 

poétique (Paris, 1972), p. 6. 

103. Mircea Marghescou, Op. cit., p. 98-99, 110-111, etc. 

104. C. S. Durer, Complementation and formulation of ideal literary structures, in: 

Actesdu VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C., II, pp. 612-613. 

105. Etiemble, Essais..., p. 206, 291. 

106. Marcel Bataillon, Op. cit., p. 140; Gilberto Mendonça Teles, Para una teoria 

da literatura comparada, in: A Rétôrica do silêncio (Sâo Paulo, 1979), p. 67. 

107. Etiemble, Notes à propos d'Edmund Wilson, in: N.R.F., 188/1968, p. 125. 

108. Mikhaïl Bakhtine, Esthétique et théorie du roman, tr., (Paris, 1978), pp. 195- 

196; Roman Jakobson, Op. cit., p. 486. 

109. Nicolas Ruwet, Langage, musique, poésie (Paris, 1972), pp. 210-227; Jean- 

Claude Coquet, Poétique et linguistique, in: Essais de sémiotique poétique 

(Paris, 1972), pp. 30-31, 41-42; Mircea Marghescou, Op. cit., pp. 19-20, 49. 

332

110. René Wellek-Austin Warren, Theory of Literature (New York, 1956), p. 139; 

René Wellek, Discriminations, p. 47. 

111. Richard G. Moulton, World Literature and its Place in General Cul-ture (New 

York, 1911), p. 8. 

112. René Wellek, The Attack on Literature and other Essays, p. 62. 

113. Thomas Bleicher, Grenzäberstreitende Literature als Komparatistis-cher 

Gegenstand, in: Neohelicon, 2/1979, p. 80. 

114. Etiemble, Quelques essais de littérature universelle (Paris, 1982), p. 9, 324. 

115. Idem, Jean Paulhan ou le langagier contre le linguistique, in: N.R.F., 186- 

187/1968, pp. 984-985. 


textes littéraires, bilan et perspectives, in: Actes du VIII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, 

II, p. 458. 

117. D.-H. Pageaux, Avant-Propos. La Recherche en littérature générale et 

comparée: aspects, problèmes, perspectives, in : Bulletin de la S.F.L.G.C., 

4/1979, p. XXI. 

118. Charles Bouazis, Critique du semblant discours (comparatiste sur la littérarité 

du texte), in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, pp. 303-307. 

119. Hugo Dyserinck, Op. cit., p. 56, 61, 158-159. 

120. Henry H. H. Remak, Op. cit., in: Comparative Literature. Method and 

Perspective, ed. by Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz (Carbondale- 

Edwardsville, 1973), p. 17. 

121. Simon Jeune, Littérature générale et littérature comparée (Paris, 1968), p. 85; 

Claude Pichois-André M. Rouseau, Op. cit., p. 176; D.-H. Pageaux, Op. cit., 

pp. X-XI; A. Peyronie et Cl. Gaugain, Pour une recherche comparatiste en 

paralittérature, in: Bulletin de la S.F.L.G.C., 4/1979, p. 22-23. 

122. Thomas Bleicher, Literaturkomplexe in komparatistischer Perspektive, in: 

Neohelicon, 2/1981, p. 9, 35-42. 

123. Eva Kushner, Chute ou renouvellement de l'histoire littéraire, in: Actes du 

VHP Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 484; D. W. Fokkema, Comparative Literature 

and the New Paradigm, in: Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / 

Revue Canadienne de littérature comparée, 1/1982, p. 13. 

124. Iouri Lotman, Op. cit., p. 396; Teun A. Van Dijk, Modèles généra-tifs en 

théorie littéraire, in: Essais de la théorie du texte (Paris, 1973), p. 87, passim. 

125. Etiemble. Essais..., p. 205, 348; Préface, in : M. Coyaud, 180 contes 

populaires du Japon (Paris, 1975), p. 8. 

126. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., in: Neophilologus 58/1974, p. 259; Op. cit., in: 


littérature comparée, 1/1982, p. 9. 

127. Eduard Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa (Leipzig, 1898), II, pp. 813-824; 

ensuite: Roman Jakobson, Op. cit., p. 240. 

128. Iouri Lotman, Op. cit., p. 162, 200; Roman Jakobson, Op. cit., p. 234. 

129. Evgueni Polivanov, Le Principe phonétique commun à toute technique 

poétique, in: Change, 6/1970, p. 40. 

130. Morris Weitz, The Role of Theory in Aesthetics, in: J.A.A.C, XV (1956), pp. 

27-35; A. J. Greimas, Op. cit., pp. 6-7. 

333

131. Claude Pichois, Littérature comparée et histoire littéraire national : le cas de 

la France, in: Actes du IV -e Congrès de l'A.I.L.C, (Paris-The Hague, 1977), I, 

p. 367-368. 

132. Henri Roddier, De l'emploi de la méthode génétique en littérature comparée, 

in: Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 1959), I, p; 122; Principes d'une 

histoire comparée des littératures européennes, in: R.L.C., 39 (1965), p. 185. 

133. Arturo Farinelli, Gl'influssi letterari e l'insuperbia délie nazioni, in: Mélanges 

Fernand Baldensperger (Paris, 1930), I, pp. 283-285, 296; Henri Roddier, La 

Littérature comparée et l'histoire des idées, in: R.L.C, 27 (1953), p. 45,49; J. 

C. Brandt Corstius, Writing Histories of World Literature, in: Y.C.G.L., 

12/1962, p. 14. 

134. Werner P. Friedrich, The Challenge of Comparative Literature (Chapel Hill, 

1970), p. 16, 21, 30, 38; Horst Rüdiger, 'Literatur' und 'Weltliteratur' in der 

modernen Komparatistik, in: Weltliteratur und Volksliteratur. Hrsg. Albert 

Schaefer (München, 1972), p. 41. 

135. Arturo Farinelli, // sogno di una letteratura mondiale, in: Petrarca, Manzoni, 

Leopardi (Torino, 1925), pp. 131-138. 

136. La Traversée des signes, (Paris, 1975), p. 8; on lit par ailleurs cette opinion 

méprisante qui est typique : «L'Universalité est laissée aux prophètes, aux 

auteurs des encyclopédies et des manuels (C. E. Black, 77ie dynamics of 

Modernisation, New York, 1966, p. 36). 

137. Un exemple : H. G. Ruprecht, er., Adrian Marino, Kritik der literarischen 

Begriff (Cluj-Napoca, 1976), in : Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 

/ Revue Canadienne de littérature comparée V (1978), p. 360. 

138. Jens Ihwe, Op. cit., in: Du linguistique au textuel..., (Assen / Amsterdam, 

1974), p. 81. 

139. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue 

Canadienne de littérature comparée, 1/1982, p. 13, 17. 

140. Tzvetan Todorov, La Notion de littérature, in: Langue, discours, société... 

(Paris, 1975), p. 361. 

141. Idem, Poétique de la prose (Paris, 1971), p. 243. 

142. Samuel C. Chew, The Crescent and the Rose (New York, 1937), p. 7 sq., 387- 

451; Winston L. Y. Yang, Western Critical and Comparative Approaches to 

the Study of Traditional Chinese Fiction, in: Actes du VII -e Congrès de 

l'A.I.L.C, II, p. 685-686. 

143. Manfred Gsteiger, Wandlung Werthers und andere Essays zur vergleichenden 

Literaturgeschichte (Bern und München, 1980), p. 11. 

144. D. W. Fokkema, Op. cit., in: Neophilologus, 58 (1974), p. 254. 

145. Siegfried J. Schmidt, Literary Science as a Science of Argument, in: N.L.H., 

3/1976, p. 467, 477. 

334

abd el-fatahi (kilito) 

abeli (karli) 

abramsi (m. Hh.) 

averoesi 

aizideli (volfgang) 

albersoni (hazeli s.) 

aleqsandresku (sorin) 

al-jorji (sergiu) 

alonso (damaso) 

amperi (J.-J.) 

anseski (l) 

andersoni (g.l.) 

angelesku (mirsea) 

apolineri (g) 

aristotele 

arnoldi (meTiu) 

asunto (rozario) 

auerbaxi (erixi) 

badavi (m.m.) 

bazili (j.b.) 

baironi (lord) 

balakiani (ana) 

baldenspergeri (fernand) 

barti (rolan) 

basio (macuo) 

bataioni ( marsel) 

baueri (gerhard) 

baueri (rojer) 

baxtini (m) 

beiksi j.l. 

bekoni (frensis) 

beleri (ernst) 

beleri (manfred) 

bemoli (moris) 

benda (Julien) 

benedeto (l.f.) 

benediqti (ruTi) 

benvenisti (e.) 

benlovi (l.) 

ben-pora (ziva) 

benSeixi (J. e.) 

bergeri (vili r.) 

saxelTa saZiebeli 

bernari (klod) 

berte (a.) 

betci (l.p.) 

bejoti (v.) 

biokingi (e.) 

birCi (siril) 

biSofi (folker) 

blaga (lusian) 

blaiheri (Tomas) 

bleki (s.e.) 

bloki (haskel m.) 

blumfildi (morton u.) 

bodleri (Sarl) 

bodi (J.) 

borxesi (x. l.) 

boura (s.m.) 

boCenski (J. m.) 

brandt (korstiusi) 

brauni (kalvin) 

brauni (joni l.) 

brauneri (robert Hh.) 

bredberi (malkom) 

breieri (l.) 

brioni (marsel) 

broieri (diter) 

brunetieri (f.) 

buazisi (Sarl) 

buaie (alen) 

burgeri (T.) 

burki (qeneT) 

busaka (b.) 

buterveki (f.) 

galiki (marian) 

ganZi (salomon) 

gareseri (raul de la) 

garodi (roJe) 

geili (Carlz mils) 

gelbi (i. i.) 

gervinusi (g.g.) 

giari (marius-fransua) 

gibsi (donald h.) 

gileni (klaudio) 

335

gioTneri (haide) 

gifordi (henri) 

gogeni (klod) 

godefrua-demombinesi 

goeTe (iohan volfgang fon) 

goli (Sarl de) 

goldmani (lusien) 

goldsmiTi (olivie) 

gongora (i argote) (luis de) 

gonkuri (Jiuli da edmon) 

goci (raSid) 

graneti (marsel) 

grafi (arturo) 

grei (benison) 

greimasi (a. J.) 

griveli (Carlz) 

grinbergi (jozef h.) 

grisuordi (joel h.) 

grunebaumi (fon g.e.) 

gruseti (rene) 

guastala (rene m.) 

gudasi (f.) 

gumeri (fransis b.) 

gusdorfi (JorJ) 

gStaigeri (manfred) 

dala vale (d.) 

danie (fransua) 

dante (alegieri) 

darvini (Carlz) 

dasgupta (r.s.) 

dasi (sisir kumar) 

deikeri (h.-.j. s.) 

dekodini (m.) 

demetci (peter) 

demivili (p.) 

denati (a.) 

denina (karlo) 

defonteni (abe) 

dilTai (vilhelm) 

dima (al.) 

dimarasi (st.) 

dini (joni j.) 

diserinki (hugo) 

diukro (osvald) 

336 

diumezili (jorj) 

diumesnili (r.) 

diurani (Jilber) 

diureri (k.s.) 

diuri (mari-Jani) 

diurkhaimi (emil) 

doloJi (lubomir) 

doroli (moris) 

dostoevski (f.) 

dragomiresku (m.) 

dubovi (frederik l.) 

durizini (dionis) 

duJu (al.) 

even-zohari (iTamar) 

evripide 

eixenbaumi (boris) 

eihneri (hans) 

ekermani (iohan peter) 

ekharti (maister) 

eliade (mirCa) 

elioti (Tomas) 

emenionu (ernest) 

eminesku (mihai) 

eoiangi (eJen) 

epelshaimeri (hans v.) 

erlihi (viqtor) 

ermatingeri (e.) 

ersila (alonso de) 

eskarpiti (roberi) 

etiambli (rene) 

etcioni (a.) 

eflToni (uiliam u.) 

vagneri (miSel) 

vagneri (fric) 

vai (arpad) 

vaida (diordi mihali) 

vaisi (kurt) 

vainbergi (bernard) 

vaimani (robert) 

vaisgerberi (Jan) 

vaizingeri (herbert) 

vaisenbergeri (klaus) 

vaisStaini (ulrix)

vaitci (moris) 

vaideni (alisia g.) 

valeri (pol) 

valmiki 

valceli (oskar) 

van daiki (tion a.) 

van zosti (a.i.a.) 

van reesi (kornels i.) 

van tiegemi (pol) 

veberi (maqs) 

veberi (Jan-pol) 

veini (pol) 

venceli (horst) 

verdansdonki (h.) 

verni (Carlz lesli) 

veselovski (aleqsandre) 

vianu (tiudor) 

viasa 

vidmani (konrad) 

vieneri (filip p.) 

vieneri (Tomas g.) 

vilperti (gero fon) 

vildelbandi (vilhelm) 

vilemini (fransua) 

vini (alfred de) 

virgiliusi 

vitke (Carlz) 

vitgenStaini (ludvig) 

viSvanaTani (k.) 

volfi (fr. aug.) 

volflini (hainrix) 

volteri (fransua- mari arue) 

vouelsi (riCard) 

vuazani (Jak) 

vudberi (g. i.) 

zaidleri (herbert) 

zaidlini (oskar) 

zvigersi (p.) 

zioteri (iStvan) 

Tagori (rabindranaT) 

Tomsoni (eva m.) 

Tomsoni (stiv) 

Torpi (jeims) 

iakobsi (ioahim) 

iakobsoni (roman) 

iangi (riCard a.) 

iangi (uinston l.i.) 

ianosi (ioni) 

iasoni (heda) 

iausi (hans robert) 

iahagi (kodo) 

iahanani (jon d.) 

ibn qoTaiba 

iven-zohari (hamar) 

ive (iens) 

ikela (daisaku) 

ingardeni (roman) 

ioane oqropiri 

ioSida (keniCi) 

iu (enToni) 

iu (polin r.) 

iuan he Siangi 

iu-Cun Si (vinsent) 

kado (m.) 

kaizeri (gerhard r.) 

kaiua (roJe) 

kalidaSa 

kalinesku (m.) 

kamoensi (lui de) 

kanati (rene) 

kanti (imanuel) 

kardoSi (laslo) 

kare (J. m.) 

karieri (moric) 

karlaili (Tomas) 

karlsoni (eni) 

kasagranti (J. b.) 

katuli kapleri (arno) 

kenedi (jorj a.) 

keno (klod) 

kerani (qevin) 

kvadrio (franCesko saverio) 

kvineti (edgar) 

kvintiliane 

kitsi (jon) 

kizarci (h.) 

klementsi (robert j.) 

337

klopStoki (f. g.) 

koelbi (kleiton) 

koeni (Jan) 

koke (Jan-klod) 

kolriji (s.t.) 

korbeni (anri) 

korni (pol) 

kosteri (m. de) 

koxi (maqs) 

konstantinoviCi (zoran) 

kopeni (ervin) 

krausi (verner) 

kristeleri (pol oskar) 

krameri (tomasi) 

kroCe (benedito) 

kreg la drieri (J) 

kristiani (Jani) 

kuaio (d.) 

kuvie (JorJ) 

kumarasvami (ananda k.) 

kuni (Tomas) 

kune-ibSi (elrud) 

kunsti (artur e.)kurti (J) 

kurciusi (ernst-robert) 

kufoni (klod) 

kuSneri (eva) 

laatsi (ervin) 

lavjoi (a.o.) 

laibnici (gotfrid vilhelm) 

lalandi (andre) 

lamberi (Joze) 

lansoni (gustav) 

lao Zi 

laplasi 

larbo (valeri) 

lafleSi (gi) 

levi (andre) 

levini (hari) 

levini (s.r.) 

levi-strosi (klod) 

lempiki (zigmund fon) 

leo (ulrix) 

leopardi (jakomo) 

lesingi (gothold efraim) 

338 

leturneri (Sarl) 

lefevri (andre) 

leSa (Jan) 

lindforsi (bernT) 

lineri (sven) 

lionsi (jon) 

li tai po 

liu (jeims j. i.) 

liCi (edmund r.) 

li Sang-ini 

lihtenbergeri (henri) 

longi (Carlz h.) 

loneri (edgar) 

loosi (gerhard) 

lorka (federiko garsia) 

lordi (alberi) 

lotmani (iuri) 

lua (miSel) 

lukani 

lukaCi (borbala h.) 

lukaCi (georg) 

lu Si 

lu Ci 

magresku 

maineri (l.) 

maieri (hans) 

maio (robert s.) 

maineri (erl-roi) 

makkormiki (jon o.) 

maklueni (marSal) 

makneiri (valdo f.) 

malarme (stefan) 

maloni (david h.) 

malro (andre) 

manzalui (m.a.) 

manZoni (alesandro) 

maren-grisbaxi (marion) 

marivo (pier karle de Samblen 

de) 

marino (adrian) 

markieviCi (henrik) 

markieli (maria rosa linda 

de) 

markovi (d.)

maru (anri-irine) 

marteli (fransuaz) 

martins Jeineiri (armado) 

marSi (artur riCmond) 

masinioni (luis) 

mason urseli (pol) 

maureri (k.v.) 

maCado (alvaro manuel) 

maZini (juzepe) 

meie (ogiust) 

meieri (riCard m.) 

meletinski (e.) 

mecl de lomnici (hugo) 

miltoni (jon) 

minderi (robert) 

minori (jeikob)milie (l.t.) 

milxi (verner) 

miuleri (h. k.) 

miundti (Teodor) 

mihielsi (a.) 

mooi (i.i. a.) 

morici (k. S.) 

morne (daniel) 

motekati (helmut) 

motokio (Zami) 

moultoni (riCard g.) 

mukarJovski (ian) 

muneri (mario) 

munteano (bazil) 

muralisi (bernard) 

navaro (deziderio) 

naTani (leonard) 

nakamura (ajim) 

nameki (fridrix) 

neupokoeva (irina) 

nveze (e. k.) 

niveli (arman) 

nizami 

niiro (laioS) 

nikiforova (i.) 

nikolsi (umcr.) (stiven j.) 

niJkovi (martinus) 

nicSe (fridrix) 

noa (Jurden-inoseni) 

novalisi (fridrix leopold 

fraier fon hardenbergi) 

nolandi (aaron) 

nomura (franCesko iosio) 

nordeni (eduard) 

nuniesi (eduardo) 

obreni (Sarli v.) 

olriji (a. oueni) 

omar xaiami 

opeli (horst) 

oto (rudolf) 

palmeri (devid) 

p’an ngo 

panofski (ervin) 

paJo (daniel-anri) 

parki (r.) 

paskali (blez) 

paundi (ezra) 

peiri (anri) 

peironi (a.) 

pelegrini (karlo) 

peri (milman) 

perSe (mari-klod) 

pesoa (fernando) 

petersi (arno) 

petersoni (iulius) 

petit de Julevili (Jiul) 

petrarka (franCesko) 

petroviCi (svetozar) 

petronio (juzepe) 

pikabia (fransis) 

pinkerneli (beate) 

piSua (klod) 

plaki (andre h.) 

platoni 

pleti (heinrix f.) 

plutarqe 

po (edgar alan) 

polani (Jan) 

polivanovi (evgeni) 

polmani (leo) 

popa (n.i.) 

poperi (karli r.) 

339

popoviCi (anton) 

porta (antonio) 

portuondo (Joze antonio) 

posneti (haTCeson makolei) 

pote (miSel) 

pojoli (renato) 

praveri (s.s.) 

premingeri (aleqs) 

pristli (j.b.) 

propi (vladimir) 

prusti (marsel) 

pruSeki (iaroslav) 

puaro-delpeSi (bertran) 

puJensi (Sarl) 

puSkini (aleqsandre) 

Jeneti (Jerar) 

Jeno (Jerar) 

Jerari (alber) 

Jeraru (alber) 

Jidi (andre) 

Jile (Jan) 

Joni (simon) 

Jirmunski (viqtor m.) 

JmegaCi (viktor) 

Joli (andre)Josti (fransuaz) 

Jolkievski (stefan) 

Juaio (JorJ) 

rabele (fransua) 

raiTi (artur f.) 

raini (filipi h.) 

ramanujani (a.k.) 

ranki (diord) 

rasini (lui) 

raSidi (amina) 

raxevilci (maria de) 

raihvaini (adolf) 

remaki (henri) 

rembo (artur) 

remeni (ioseb) 

renani (ernest) 

renu (lui) 

retamari (roberto fernandes) 

rivasi (pier) 

340 

rivera (gilermo rodriges) 

rikerti (hainrix) 

rilke (rainer maria) 

rinkoni (karlos) 

riobeli (leon) 

riudigeri (horst) 

riuseli (berTran) 

riSi (ianoS) 

rodie (anri) 

rozenbergi (rainer) 

roTakeri (erix) 

rolani (romen) 

rosbaxeri (peter) 

rubo (Jak) 

ruverti (nikolas) 

ruTi (h.v.) 

ruprexti (hans georg) 

ruse (Jan) 

ruso (andre-miSel) 

saadi 

sadi (markiz de) 

saidi (edvard v.) 

saiferi (j. uaili) 

samarini (r.m.) 

samondi (hamadi) 

santo (georg) 

sapenio (natalino) 

sarmiento (frei martin) 

sartri (Jan-pol) 

segdi-masaki (mihali) 

selie (leon) 

semiueli (riCard) 

sengori (leopold sedar) 

sent biovi (S. o.) 

sentsberi (jorj) 

sveikovski (f.) 

sibioki (Tomas a.) 

sizevki (d.) 

silveira (taso) 

silzi (devid l.) 

siobergi (gideon) 

sismondi (simond de) 

skvarCinska (stefania) 

skoti (valter)

skoti (fred niuton) 

skrebi (zdrenko) 

smiTi (d. nikoli) 

smoleti (tobias) 

sola (agnes) 

solmsi (vilhelm) 

sosiuri (ferdinand de) 

sofokle 

staigeri (emil) 

stali (madam de) 

starobinski (Jan) 

stegmani (andre) 

stendali (anri beil) 

stefanesko (marin) 

stolknexti (niuton) 

strelka (iozef) 

surio (etien)spitceri (leo) 

taige (karel) 

taso (tarkvato) 

tatarkeviCi (vladislav) 

teezingi (h.p.) 

telesi (Jilberto mendonsa) 

teqste (iozef) 

tibode (alber) 

tioki (ferenc) 

tinianovi (iuri) 

todorovi (cvetan) 

toinbi (arnold) 

tomazeo (nikolo) 

tomaSevski (boris) 

tore (gilermo da) 

trabulsi (amjad) 

tramfi (hans) 

trolSi (ernest) 

trusoni (reimon) 

tu fu 

uaiTmori (Carlz) 

ueda (mokoto) 

ueleki (rene) 

uelsi (henri h.) 

uili (frederik) 

uiloubi (l.a.) 

uilsoni (edmund) 

uordsvorTi (uiliam) 

uoreni (ostin) 

faioli (roJe) 

farineli (arturo) 

fauleri (elister) 

fevri (lusien) 

femi (federik) 

fenoloza (ernest) 

fehneri (g. T.) 

fidleri (leonard maria) 

filioza (pier silven) 

finegani (ruT) 

firdousi 

fiugeni (h. n.) 

flaiSmani (volfgang bernard) 

fletCeri (jon) 

floberi (gustav) 

floresku (vasil) 

fokema (d. v.) 

foleevski (zbignev) 

fontanie (pier) 

forsteri (iohan georg) 

fosleri (karl) 

fouleri (ravena) 

frai (norTrop) 

frankasteli (pier) 

frapie (Jan) 

frenci (horst) 

freSe (Joze) 

frida (n.h.) 

fridrixi (verneri p.) 

frize (adolf) 

frobeniusi (leo) 

frodshemi (J.d.) 

fu (jeims) 

fuko (miSel) 

fustel de kulanJe (numa 

denis) 

fuSekuri (S. de) 

qemfbeli (oskar j.) 

qemfbeli (j.) 

qibedi-varga (aron) 

qlouzi (a.) 

341

Sakfordi (C. Consi) 

SamSula (valter) 

San ving Cani 

Sance (helmuti) 

Saub-koxi (emili) 

Saferi (elinor) 

Sevreli (iv) 

Seni (nabanite dev) 

Seferi (albert) 

Seqspiri (uiliam) 

Svabi (raimond) 

Sklovski (viqtor) 

Slegeli (august vilhelm) 

Slegeli (elias) 

Slegeli (fridrixi) 

Slegeli (Zmebi: a.-v. da fr.) 

Smelingi (manfred) 

Smidti (zigfrid) 

Sovkrosi (jon) 

Solci (bernard f.) 

Spiceliusi (T.) 

Sroderi (siuzan) 

Susteri (ingrid) 

Staineri (georg) 

Strixi (fric) 

Suldaisi (lari) 

Sulci (hans ioaxim) 

Sulc-buShausi (ulrix) 

Cakravarti (amia) 

Cani (mari) 

Cari (v.k.) 

Carmani (s.) 

Cedviki (nora qerSo) 

Cedviki (h. manro) 

Cengi (fr.) 

Cendleri (frank vadlei) 

Ceni (david j.) 

CerCili (u.) 

Cioranesku (alexandro) 

Ciu samuel 

Ci Ciu (lang) 

Comski noam 

CJan ruo-xu 

342 

cao i 

ceslikovski (slavomir) 

cigengaisti (gerhard) 

ciceroni 

cumtori (pol) 

xrapCenko (m.b.) 

jeimsoni (r.d.) 

jeninaska (j.) 

jerando (de) 

joisi (jeims) 

jonsi (uiliam) 

jonsi (v. T.) 

johanani (jon d.) 

hazardi (pol) 

haidegeri (martin) 

haiTaueri (jems roberti) 

haine (hainrix) 

halaSi (eliod) 

hamer-purgstaali (iosef) 

hankisi (Jan) 

han fei czi 

hardisoni (umcr. o. b.) 

hasan (ihab Hh.) 

hatcfeldi (helmut) 

haupti (moric) 

hafezi 

hegeli (georg-vilhelmfridrix) 

heli (viqtor) 

herderi (iohan gotfrid) 

herdi (riCard) 

hernadi (paul) 

hili (arCibald) 

hirSi (umcr e.d.) 

hiugo (viqtor) 

hiuzi (e.r.) 

hoimani (q. a.) 

hoke (Sarl f.) 

holderlini (iohan qristian 

fridrix) 

holdhaimi (v. volfgang) 

holereri (valter)

homerosi 

hosilosi (lusila) 

hsia (adrian) 

humboldti (vilhelm fon) 

hu Si 

343

Sinaarsi 

winasityvaoba..........................................................................................................................7 

I komparativistuli `poetika~............................................................................10 

1. mudmivi krizisi............................................................................................................11 

2. gadasalaxavi dabrkolebebi...........................................................................12 

3. istoriuli Tu Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT?.....................................17 

4. komparativistuli `poetikisaken~.............................................................21 

II universaluri literatura anu literatura..............................30 

1. ùniversaluri literaturis~ aRmoCena.............................................30 

2. ra aris universaluri literatura?...................................................32 

3. universaluri literaturis `mowinaaRmdegeebi~......................38 

4. àRmosavluri literaturis~ aRmoCena..............................................40 

5. universaluri literaturis erTianoba............................................44 

6. universaluri literaturis Teoriisaken.......................................47 

III. literaturis Teoria..........................................................................................53 

1. komparativistuli wanamZRvrebi..................................................................54 

2. literaturis Teoriis statusi.................................................................58 

3. aucilebeli ganzogadeba..................................................................................62 

4. zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba...............................................................66 

5. dapirispireba da uaryofiTi Sefaseba................................................72 

IV. invariantebi.................................................................................................................80 

1. invariantis gansazRvrebebi.............................................................................80 

2. invariantebi da literaturis Teoria................................................82 

3. winamorbedebi................................................................................................................89 

4. invariantebis tipologia..................................................................................95 

5. kritika da uaryofiTi Sefaseba...............................................................112 

344

V. komparativistuli meTodi............................................................................117 

1. gansakuTrebuli meTodi....................................................................................117 

2. axali `paradigma~...................................................................................................124 

3. komparativistuli 

hermenevtika..........................................................................................................................133 

4. hermenevtikuli xerxebi da wreebi.........................................................151 

1. sinqronuli kiTxva.........................................................................................151 

2. induqcia _ deduqcia...................................................................................160 

3. analizi _ sinTezi.........................................................................................165 

4. mTeli _ nawili................................................................................................169 

5. tipologia..............................................................................................................172 

6. modeli da struqtura..............................................................................177 

7. deskrifcia da morfologia...............................................................185 

8. analogia da erTgvarovneba.................................................................188 

9. paralelebi...........................................................................................................194 

10. Sedareba.................................................................................................................202 

11. verifikacia..........................................................................................................213 

VI literaturis gansazRvreba........................................................................231 

1. gansazRvrebis problema...................................................................................231 

2. gansazRvrebis doneebi.......................................................................................233 

3. gansazRvrebis alternativebi 

(viTarebebi/pirobebi/mdgomareobani?/)......................................................239 

4. komparativistuli poetika............................................................................251 

5. saboloo kritikebi da dakvirvebebi...................................................64 

bibliografia....................................................................................................................271 

avtorTa saxelTa saZiebeli..............................................................................335 

345

daviT guramiSvili

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