Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti<br />
<strong>Shota</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgian</strong> <strong>Literature</strong><br />
1
The International Scientific<br />
Conference<br />
ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE AND HIS EPOCH<br />
(Proceedings)<br />
Tbilisi 2008<br />
2
saerTaSoriso samecniero<br />
konferencia<br />
`ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa~<br />
(masalebi)<br />
Tbilisi 2008<br />
3
edaqtori<br />
irma ratiani<br />
saredaqcio kolegia:<br />
maka elbaqiZe<br />
miranda tyeSelaSvili<br />
maia ciskaZe<br />
© SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti<br />
daibeWda gamomcemloba `..........~<br />
ISBN<br />
4
Sinaarsi<br />
RUDOLF KREUTNET<br />
Friedrich ruckert (1788-1866) and the East..................................................................<br />
irma ratiani<br />
ilia da misi mkiTxveli...............................................................................................<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ ganmsazRvreli sami saxe-idea<br />
(oqros akvanSi my<strong>of</strong>i yrma, `vaJkaci saxelovani~<br />
da `deda saxeldebuli~).................................................................................................<br />
kaxaber loria<br />
poemis momxibvleli idumaleba _ ilias `gandegilis<br />
gaazrebisaTvis...................................................................................................................<br />
mixeil qurdiani<br />
ilia WavWavaZis `master klasi~ _<br />
`nikoloz gostaSabiSvili~:<br />
kompozicia da funqcionaluri kadrireba..........................................................<br />
lia wereTeli<br />
tradiciuli gansaxovneba<br />
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi..............................................................................<br />
Tamar SarabiZe<br />
`kvali ganaTlebulis~ motivi<br />
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi................................................................................<br />
iuza evgeniZe<br />
`evropeizmis~, rogorc<br />
kulturul-istoriuli movlenis<br />
ilia WavWavaZiseuli interpretacia...................................................................<br />
dalila bedianiZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe da ianoS arani...............................................................................<br />
elene gogiaSvili<br />
qarTuli folklori<br />
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
moZraobis ideologiur samsaxurSi...................................................................<br />
Teimuraz qurdovaniZe<br />
vaJa-fSavelas `xmiT natirali~<br />
ilia WavWavaZeze.....................................................................................................<br />
giorgi maisuraZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe da<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebi................................................................................................................<br />
qeTevan elaSvili<br />
`drouloba~, rogorc zneobrivi kategoria,<br />
anu `literaturuli nacnoboba~<br />
iliaseul sivrceSi....................................................................................................<br />
5
inga milorava<br />
mxatvruli sivrcis gamosaxvis principi,<br />
sivrculi modelebi da<br />
orientirebi `mgzavris werilebSi~...................................................................<br />
maia jaliaSvili<br />
marginalobis fenomenis aspeqtebi<br />
ilias `oTaraanT qvrivSi~.......................................................................................<br />
giorgi alibegaSvili<br />
demetre II Tavdadebuli............................................................................................<br />
maia niniZe<br />
igavuri metyvelebis bibliuri principi<br />
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi...............................................................................<br />
vaJa TvalavaZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe sazRvargareTis qveynebis<br />
axali istoriis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.......................................................................<br />
goCa saiTiZe<br />
ilias `iveria~ da<br />
`osmalos saqarTvelo~...............................................................................................<br />
manana SilakaZe<br />
ilia WavWavaze qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb..........................................................<br />
nana fruiZe<br />
ratom ar daibeWda akakis `Juliko~?....................................................................<br />
merab RaRaniZe<br />
erovnuli erTianobis sakiTxi<br />
ilia WavWavaZis publicistur werilSi<br />
`osmalos saqarTvelo~...............................................................................................<br />
mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia)<br />
giorgi SixaSvili<br />
mamuka SixaSvili<br />
`wm. ilia marTlis (WavWavaZis)<br />
ekonomikuri moZRvreba _<br />
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis erovnuli<br />
koncefciis safuZveli...........................................................................................<br />
eka CikvaiZe<br />
daujdomeli sagalobeli<br />
wmind ilia marTlisa...............................................................................................<br />
rusudan niSnianiZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli emigracia...............................................................<br />
irina modebaZe<br />
Tamar ciciSvili<br />
qarTuli mwerlobis<br />
iliaseuli Sefasebis tipologiisaTvis.........................................................<br />
Tamar paiWaZe<br />
ilias faqtori simbolisturi<br />
6
miTmTxzvelobis xanaSi..............................................................................<br />
IRINA PERIANOVA<br />
Politikal Corrctness as the Mouth Wide Shut Phenomen........................................................<br />
naira bepievi<br />
gazeTi `iveria~ da osTa sakiTxi<br />
naTela Citauri<br />
pirovnebis da sazogadoebis<br />
urTierTobis sakiTxi ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
(fsiqologiur-Teologiuri aspeqti).............................................................<br />
ramaz Wilaia<br />
`Homo somatis~ iliaseuli gaazrebiT.................................................................<br />
darejan menabde<br />
gabriel ratiSvilis `mciredi moTxrobidan~<br />
ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebamde~..........................................................<br />
nestan kutivaZe<br />
XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis<br />
qarTuli saliteraturo kritika<br />
da ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba....................................................<br />
julieta gaboZe<br />
ilias ucnobi werilebi<br />
Tbilisel somexTa Sesaxeb.....................................................................................<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili<br />
`bednieri eri~:<br />
struqtura da sazrisi...........................................................................................<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
ilias dramatuli poemebis<br />
(`qarTvlis deda~ da `irakli~) poetika<br />
da `qarTvlis dedis~ metafora...............................................................................<br />
levan bregaZe<br />
ilias bediswera..........................................................................................................<br />
venera kavTiaSvili<br />
ilia WavWavaZisa da<br />
goTHold efraim lesingis<br />
esTetikuri naazrevis tipologiisaTvis.........................................................<br />
s<strong>of</strong>iko lobJaniZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe _ german<strong>of</strong>iluri<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis<br />
ideologi saqarTveloSi.......................................................................................................<br />
nino popiaSvili<br />
ilia WavWavaze da misi Tanadrouli<br />
germanuli poeziis Targmanebi...........................................................................<br />
dali kandelaki<br />
ekaterine raisneri<br />
ilia da misi germaneli megobrebi...........................................................................<br />
7
FRIEDRICH RÜCKERT (1788-1866) AND THE EAST<br />
Structure:<br />
1. Rückert’s interest in Oriental languages<br />
2. Rückert’s imagination <strong>of</strong> the East<br />
3. Rückert the „scholarly poet“<br />
4. Rückert the „poetical scholar“.<br />
5. Conclusion<br />
1. Rückert’s interest in Oriental languages<br />
Rudolf Kreutner PhD, MA<br />
Rückert himself told us how he was inspired to the world <strong>of</strong> the Orient. In his poetical cycle „Childhood <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Bailiff’s son“ (Rückert 1837: 317 seq.) he describes how the interest in oriental culture and literature was founded by a<br />
catholic clergyman in the rural environment <strong>of</strong> his birthplace Schweinfurt in Franconia.<br />
The lasting effect <strong>of</strong> these early experiences with the exotic world <strong>of</strong> the Orient proves Rückert’s first dramatic<br />
attempt „The Apparent Death“ in 1812. This three-act comedy in tetrameter trochees, which is based on the legend <strong>of</strong><br />
the „dreaming peasant“ <strong>of</strong> „One Thousand and One Nights“ (already dramatized by William Shakespeare in the „The<br />
Taming <strong>of</strong> the Shrew“), deals with the romanticized world <strong>of</strong> Haroon al Rasheed (Erdmann 1988: 339 and Kötting<br />
1993: 49-72). At about the same time oriental world is again picked out as a central theme in the dramatic fragment<br />
„The Turkish Maiden“, which describes the adventures <strong>of</strong> Archilde, a princess <strong>of</strong> an oriental town, conquered by<br />
crusaders.<br />
In philosophical manner, Friedrich Rückert expressed his close relationship to foreign – and in particular to<br />
oriental – languages most articulately in his 1811 submitted – and in the same year – published dissertation „De idea<br />
philologiae“, in which he enunciates the idea, that true philology needs true philosophers, who also have to be veritable<br />
poets, because only these dispose <strong>of</strong> capacity to reunify universal unisonous poetry to the postulated common protolanguage<br />
(Confer Wiener 1994): In a few words: Philologist have to be poets to be able to accomplish their<br />
philosophical mission, the reconstruction <strong>of</strong> universal proto-language. – And also in his dissertation – almost casually<br />
– Rückert relativizes self-reliance <strong>of</strong> classic culture by referring explicitly to the oriental roots <strong>of</strong> Greek language and<br />
literature (Prang 1963: 25) – At that time, as Greek culture was considered as one <strong>of</strong> the few absolute terms in human<br />
history, Rückert’s assertion meant nothing less than a veritable scandal, all the more Rückert’s statement includes the<br />
clear primacy <strong>of</strong> oriental culture and literature.<br />
In his 1828 for the first time published „Introduction into Hamâsa, or the Oldest Arabian Folk Songs“ he<br />
repeats his philosophic-philological idea <strong>of</strong> a common proto-language, which therefore once has to be reconstructed:<br />
„Die Poesie in allen ihren Zungen<br />
Ist dem Geweihten Eine Sprache nur,<br />
Die Sprache, die im Paradies erklungen,<br />
Eh sie verwildert auf der wilden Flur.<br />
[…]“ (Wendt 1830: 284 seq.)<br />
All poetry in all its tongues<br />
Is to adepts One language just,<br />
From paradise this idiom comes,<br />
Now fallen into earthly dust.<br />
[…]<br />
A few years later, in late winter 1818/1819 in Vienna, Rückert was taught the elements <strong>of</strong> Persian, Arabic and<br />
Turkish language within about six weeks by the at that time famous teacher <strong>of</strong> oriental languages, Joseph von<br />
Hammer-Purgstall (1774-1856). From there on Rückert should become master <strong>of</strong> more than forty languages, amongst<br />
others Aramaic, Armenian, Assyrian, Avestan, Azeri, Coptic, Ethiopian, Hawaiian, Kannada (one <strong>of</strong> the Dravidian<br />
languages), Kurdish, Malayalam, Pali, Prakrit, Urdu, Sanskrit, Tamil (another Dravidian language), Telugu and<br />
Turanian (Erdmann 1988: 92) – but unfortunately not <strong>Georgian</strong>!<br />
2. Rückert’s imagination <strong>of</strong> the East<br />
It is in fact very astonishing, that we cannot find any paper on Rückert’s pattern <strong>of</strong> Orient among these more<br />
than 2000 titles which Rückert-Bibliography actually comprises. But – at least partially – solution seems to be rather<br />
simple: Rückert, who was strongly affected by German romanticism <strong>of</strong> that time, which again adored middle-ages, met<br />
8
in middle-east literatures the same literary subjects as in contemporary German literature: knightly heroism and<br />
religious mysticism (on the other hand Indian literature may have appeared to Rückert as a pendant to classic Greek<br />
literature). This assumption seems to be confirmed by two facts in Rückert’s literary producing: E. g. it is very<br />
striking, that Rückert firstly had chosen the Nibelung-Verse for his translation <strong>of</strong> the Persian „Rostam and Sohrab-<br />
Episode“ from Abū l-Qasem-e Ferdousī’s (940/1-1020) „Shahnameh“, before he finally decided in favour <strong>of</strong><br />
Alexandrines. Perhaps I should add by way <strong>of</strong> explanation, that the above-named episode as regards content is very<br />
similar to the Middle-High-German „Lay <strong>of</strong> Hildebrand“, wherein Hildebrand is also unwittingly killing his son<br />
Hadubrand in a duel like Rostam is doing with his son Sohrab.<br />
And is it really to trace back to pure coincidence when Rückert translates „Rostam and Sohrab“ at the same<br />
time as the 20 th Aventiure <strong>of</strong> the Middle-High-German „Song <strong>of</strong> the Nibelungs“? In respect <strong>of</strong> form and content there<br />
seem to be existent certain similarities between Middle-High-German and Middle-Eastern literary subjects, which may<br />
at least have lead to persistence in Rückert’s oriental studies.<br />
3. Rückert the „scholarly poet“<br />
Soon after having returned back to Germany Rückert’s phase as the „scholarly poet“ began. Yet in 1819 he<br />
started with the translation <strong>of</strong> the „Ghazals <strong>of</strong> Jalal ad-Din Rumi [(1207-1273)]“. Shortly after, in 1821, followed the<br />
„Eastern Roses“ in the spirit <strong>of</strong> the other great Persian poet Hafiz (1325/26-1390). – Consciously the emphasis is<br />
placed here on the term „in the spirit“ and instead <strong>of</strong> translation we should better speak <strong>of</strong> literary interpretation,<br />
because in the beginning <strong>of</strong> this period Rückert’s main-intention was, to make accessible oriental poetry to German<br />
readers by imitating eastern verse-art (Ghazals e. g.), communicating oriental spirit (Eastern Roses e. g.) and – at last –<br />
by unifying form and spirit in his masterpiece, the paraphrase <strong>of</strong> „Hariri’s Maqamat“ in 1826. Firstly Rückert had to<br />
confine himself to imitating pure form by lack <strong>of</strong> fluency, later he subordinated consciously philological interests to<br />
the purpose <strong>of</strong> spreading knowledge <strong>of</strong> the oriental literatures. Here for „Hariri’s Maqamat“ are the best example:<br />
Although Rückert had studied this chef-d’oeuvre <strong>of</strong> Arabian literature most intensely and even in spite <strong>of</strong> the fact that<br />
he comprehended very well this as much mannered as sophisticated refinement in style and expression <strong>of</strong> the Arabic<br />
original, he decided to come up with a „mere“ paraphrase <strong>of</strong> the Maqamat – and caused a furor among simple<br />
readership – and colleagues – because <strong>of</strong> his own high poetical capacity he had brought in. In terms <strong>of</strong> „translations“ –<br />
here as well in quotes – <strong>of</strong> Indian classic literature he took the same line, e. g. in 1828 with the poetical paraphrase <strong>of</strong><br />
„Nal and Damajanti“, a touching love-story taken from the Indian national epic „Mahâbhârata“. This „popular“<br />
paraphrase was much more appreciated by readership than the academic translation by the leading German indologist<br />
Franz Bopp (1791-1867).<br />
By the way Rückert acquired oriental poetical forms so intensely, that he adopted them as his own in his current<br />
lyrical producing. E. g. in the poetical cycle „Love Spring“, composed in 1821 and dedicated to his future wife Luise<br />
Wiethaus-Fischer (1797-1857), there are – believe it or not – 16 poems in form <strong>of</strong> Persian Quatrains (Rückert 1844:<br />
272-276), 20 Ghazals in Hafizian (Rückert 1844: 250, 276-296 and 406) and one in Rumian style (Rückert 1844: 213).<br />
Even in his „Lyrical diary“ <strong>of</strong> the years 1846 to 1866, which contains more than 10.000 unpublished poems, we find<br />
the form <strong>of</strong> the Ghazal as a matter <strong>of</strong> course.<br />
4. Rückert the „poetical scholar“.<br />
Meanwhile – in 1826 – Rückert has been appointed to the pr<strong>of</strong>essorship for oriental languages at the university<br />
<strong>of</strong> Erlangen in Bavaria (from 1841 to 1848 at Berlin-University), and more and more he put stress on philological<br />
accurate translations; this time we call the phase <strong>of</strong> the „poetical scholar“. In particular the translations <strong>of</strong> the „Quran“<br />
(completed in 1839), „Amrilkais“ in 1841, the already mentioned „Hamasa, or the Oldest Arabian Folk Songs“<br />
(completed in 1846), „Saadi’s Bostan“ in 1851 and the Indian „Atharvaveda“ in 1858 result from his philological<br />
studies combined with his unique feeling in languages. This creeping change <strong>of</strong> approach and procedural method was<br />
evidently caused by Rückert’s experience <strong>of</strong> academic life, and his translation <strong>of</strong> the „Quran“ may exemplify this<br />
change most obvious. Already in 1823 Rückert had begun to translate the Holy Book <strong>of</strong> Islam. In the very beginning<br />
his attempt was marked by a lot <strong>of</strong> concessions to the future reader: In fact he retained the vowel assonances (in<br />
German e. g. Kummer/Hunger, Haupt/Kraut; in English e. g. hunger/slumber, plough/mouth; Bobzin 2000: XVII),<br />
which are very characteristic for the language <strong>of</strong> the Quran, but otherwise he took the liberty to set the entire text into<br />
continuous rimes which is in no case adequate to the literary style <strong>of</strong> Quran, that we should better describe as a mix<br />
between rime and prose called „Sağ“ (Erdmann 1988: 256). Later Rückert became aware <strong>of</strong> his inadequate approach to<br />
the holy text and from now on he translated the Quran respecting the Arabic original in form and subject matter. But it<br />
seems that Rückert anticipated the failure <strong>of</strong> this edition regarding a broad audience and did not publish it in his<br />
lifetime. – And now, against the background <strong>of</strong> the feared „clash <strong>of</strong> cultures“ Rückert’s Quran is a bestseller in<br />
Germany, – among traditionally educated middle-class intellectuals!<br />
By the way the high quality <strong>of</strong> this translation is confirmed by the pr<strong>of</strong>essional judgement <strong>of</strong> the late orientalist<br />
Annemarie Schimmel (1922-2003): „this is the only German translation, which allows to breathe the style and the<br />
spirit <strong>of</strong> the original“ (Schimmel 1987, 86).<br />
It is evident, the more Rückert gave priority to philological accurate translation the more he lost contemporary<br />
readers. In contrast to the unpublished Quran the repeatedly mentioned „Hamâsa, or the Oldest Arabian Folk Songs“<br />
9
and the ditto old-Arabian epic „Amrilkais“ (1841/1843) were published in Rückert’s lifetime, but they did not find a<br />
ready market. And almost all the rest <strong>of</strong> Rückert’s translations produced during this second period – the „Quran“<br />
included – e. g. „Djami’s Love Songs (1831/1844-1848)“, „Saadi’s Divan“ (1845/ published 1893), „Saadi’s political<br />
Poems“ (1845/ published 1894), „Saadi’s Bostan“ (1851/ published 1882), the Indian epic „Sakuntala“ (1855/<br />
published 1867) or Hafis Quatrains (1846-1862/1877) remained a long time unpublished.<br />
5. Conclusion<br />
It seems, that Rückert could play his self chosen role as a mediator between different cultures as long as he<br />
gave priority to his poetical capacities, because this talent seems to have been the link between <strong>of</strong>fered foreign<br />
literature and accustomed lyric food. As long as the known poet Rückert shone through the literary texture <strong>of</strong> exotic<br />
oriental poems, foreign form and content did not become too strange for readership.<br />
In his second phase as „poetical scholar“ Rückert translated in fact more adequate to the oriental originals, but<br />
by following this path <strong>of</strong> academic life and work he began to „alienate“ his auditory increasingly. But these changes,<br />
corresponded with his own increasing doubts in the chosen role as mediator, as we can read in his poems <strong>of</strong> the<br />
1830ies, where he is very well aware <strong>of</strong> the difficulties <strong>of</strong> intercultural exchange between Orient and Occident.<br />
Nevertheless Rückert should continue in his oriental studies obliviously until the end <strong>of</strong> his life.<br />
<strong>Literature</strong>:<br />
Bobzin 2000: Bobzin Hartmut [editor]: Der Koran in der Übersetzung von Friedrich Rückert […], Mit erklärenden Anmerkungen<br />
von Wolfdietrich Fischer. Würzburg:Ergon 3 2000.<br />
Erdmann 1988: Erdmann Jürgen [editor]: 200 Jahre Friedrich Rückert 1788-1866 Dichter und Gelehrter. Coburg: Landesbibliothek,<br />
1988.<br />
Kötting Dagmar: „Dahinter schlief vom Orient mein Strahl“. „Der Scheintod“ eine erste poetische Beschäftigung Friedrich<br />
Rückerts mit dem Orient. Rückert-Studien VII. Würzburg: Ergon, 1993.<br />
Prang 1963: Prang Helmut: Friedrich Rückert. Geist und Form der Sprache. Schweinfurt: Stadt, 1963<br />
Rückert 1837: Rückert Friedrich: Gesammelte Gedichte. Erlangen: Heyder, 1837.<br />
Rückert 1844: Rückert Friedrich: Liebesfrühling. Frankfurt/Main: Sauerländer, 1844.<br />
Schimmel 1987: Schimmel Annemarie: Friedrich Rückert. Lebensbild und Einführung in sein Werk. Freiburg/Brsg: Herder, 1987.<br />
Wendt 1830: Wendt, Amadeus [editor]: Musenalmanach für das Jahr 1831. Zweiter Jahrgang, Mit Tiecks Bildniß. Leipzig:<br />
Weidmann, [1830].<br />
Wiener 1994: Wiener Claudia: Friedrich Rückerts „De idea philologiae“ als dichtungstheoretische Schrift und Lebensprogramm.<br />
Schweinfurt: Stadtarchiv, 1994.<br />
10
ilia da misi mkiTxveli<br />
irma ratiani<br />
mxatvruli teqsti xangrZlivobis sam tips iTvaliswinebs: Seqmnis process, romelic<br />
mimdinareobs realuri dro-sivrculi parametrebis farglebSi da teqstis mekavSired avtors<br />
moiazrebs, mxatvrul kontinuums, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli teqstisaTvis niSandoblivi<br />
individualuri mxatvruli qronotopuli modelis formirebas, da aRqmis process, romelic,<br />
agreTve, xorcieldeba realuri dro-sivrcis konteqstSi, mxolod teqstis mekavSired<br />
amjerad gvevlineba mkiTxveli. Sesabamisad, literaturuli nawarmoebi sami temporaluri -<br />
modelis farglebSi funqcionirebs _ avtoriseuli, mxatvruli da mkiTxveliseuli<br />
modelebisa, sadac avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli temporaluri modelebi esadageba<br />
literaturuli teqstis garegan formas da mxatvruli temporaluri modelis gaazrebisa da<br />
aRqmis sxvadasxva poziciebad gvevlineba. am poziciaTa struqturuli urTierTmimarTebis<br />
daregulirebis mizniT, specialur literaturaSi SemuSavebulia fizikuri da mxatvruli<br />
metrikis cnebebi. fizikuri metrika, TumcaRa, TavisTavad, aRniSnavs Txrobisa da aRqmis<br />
xangrZlivobebs, magram mudmivad ganixilavs maT moTxrobilis xangrZlivobasTan, anu<br />
`mxatvrul metrikasTan~ mimarTebaSi: avtori mogviTxrobs konkretul ambavs garkveuli<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi da, aseve garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, mis monaTxrobs aRiqvams<br />
mkiTxveli, anu nawarmoebSi fiqsirebuli mxatvrul-siuJeturi movlena warmoadgens rogorc<br />
avtoris, ise mkiTxvelis intenciis sagans, magram gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan. ibadeba<br />
kiTxva: ramdenad SesaZlebelia avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqtis dadgena teqstis<br />
konkretul monakveTTan mimarTebaSi da am kontaqtis ra Teoriuli da kompoziciuri formebi<br />
arsebobs?<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Txrobis xangrZlivoba avtoris prerogativaa, xolo aRqmisa _<br />
mkiTxvelis, urTierToba maT Soris imTaviTve gansazRvrulia: aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba<br />
pirdapir damokidebulebaSia Txrobis drois xangrZlivobasTan.<br />
aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba, tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, or pozicias ganasxvavebs:<br />
kiTxvis xangrZlivobasa da wakiTxulis cnobierebaSi fiqsaciis xangrZlivobas. aqedan, Tu<br />
kiTxvis xangrZlivoba subieqtisagan damoukidebeli, gareSe mizezebiT ganisazRvreba _<br />
SesaZlebelia kiTxvis Seneleba an aCqareba, wakiTxulisaken mibruneba, Sesveneba kiTxvis<br />
procesSi da sxva, _ wakiTxulis cnobierebaSi fiqsacia, piriqiT, sruliad erTgvarovani<br />
xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba: igi Seesabameba Txrobis xangrZlivobas da wakiTxuli masala<br />
urRvev mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba. aRqmis mTlianoba ganpirobebulia ara marto wakiTxulis<br />
calkeuli detalebis Tanmimdevruli, mwyobri ganlagebiT, aramed maTi organuli<br />
gamTlianebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es aris mudmivi Serwymis procesi, rodesac avtori<br />
teqstis farglebSi iwvevs mkiTxvelis warmosaxvas, xolo mkiTxveli, aseve teqstis farglebSi,<br />
pasuxobs avtoris gamowvevas. Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelisa da avtoris kontaqti individualuri<br />
Teoriuli modelis saxes iZens konkretuli literaturuli epoqis, stilis, problematikisa<br />
da meTodologiis farglebSi: literaturis ganviTarebis nebismieri etapis, rogorc<br />
tipologiurad da struqturulad mowesrigebuli movlenis, konteqstSi avtorisa da<br />
mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTeba konkretuli literaturuli sistemisaTvis niSandoblivi<br />
stilistur da meTodologiur kanonebs emorCileba. gamonakliss am TvalsazrisiT arc me-19<br />
saukunis realisturi literatura warmoadgens.<br />
realizmis literaturuli skola xazgasmuli yuradRebiT moekida avtorisa da<br />
mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. marTalia, mogvianebiT, me-20 saukunis<br />
literaturulma kritikam araerTxel gadasinja `avtoris~ problema literaturaSi da,<br />
rbilad rom vTqvaT, minimalurad Seafasa misi roli teqstSi (t. elioti, r. barti, J. Jeneti da<br />
sxv.), me-19 saukunis literaturuli tradicia ver Tavsdeba am inovaciuri gaazrebis<br />
farglebSi: realisturi literaturis wiaRSi avtori da avtoriseuli qronotopi gvevlineba<br />
Txrobis kompoziciuri da dro-sivrculi orientaciis RerZad. cxadia, aqtualuria<br />
mkiTxvelisa da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopis _ individualuri recefciis procesis _<br />
funqciac, magram, umeteswilad, is regulirebulia avtoris mier: avtori mimarTavs mkiTxvels,<br />
uxsnis, ganumartavs, ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, umtkicebs, anu, sakmaod mwired utovebs, izeris<br />
termini rom moviSvelioT, `bundovan adgilebs~ Tu `teqstualur gaurkvevlobebs~, romlebic<br />
unda Seavsos an TavsatexebiviT amoxsnas mkiTxvelma. cnobilia, rom kiTxvis aqti mudmivad<br />
gaxsnili perspeqtivaa, romelic, erTi mxriv, iTvaliswinebs konteqstualur modifikaciebs,<br />
xolo, meore mxriv, xels uwyobs mkiTxvelis maqsimaluri fleqsiurobisa da transformaciis<br />
unaris realizebas. anu sxvadasxva istoriuli da sociokulturuli konteqstis mkiTxveli<br />
sxvadasxvagvarad erTveba teqstSi da aRqmis procesi individualuri aqtis saxes iZens. me-19<br />
saukunis realisturi literatura, romelic ostaturad iyenebs teqsts social-erovnuli,<br />
eTikuri da filos<strong>of</strong>iuri xasiaTis problemebis gaxmianebis tribunad, TiTqos xelovnurad<br />
arRvevs recefciis am logikas. realisti mwerali cdilobs mkiTxvelis `dayoliebas~, misi<br />
11
ecefciis procesis garkveul kalapotSi Cayenebas da am miznis misaRwevad, aqtiurad<br />
mimarTavs oratoruli pragmatikis Tumca nacad, magram stilisturad modificirebul xerxs.<br />
* * *<br />
oratoruli pragmatikis safuZvlebi jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Camoayaliba<br />
aristotelem, rodesac maRali ritorikis mraval mniSvnelovan funqciaTa Soris, sagangebod<br />
gamohyo misi stilisturi funqcia: msmenelze zemoqmedebis oratoruli berketebis, sityvaTa<br />
logikuri ganlagebisa da saubrisaTvis Sesaferisi gamometyvelebis SerCeva. stilisturi<br />
funqciis samive z.C. komponenti Tanabrad saWiroa oratorisaTvis, Tumca, maTi xvedriTi wili<br />
bevradaa damokidebuli oratoris konkretul miznebsa da amocanebze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
romeli stilisturi komponentis gaaqtiurebas unda elodes msmeneli maSin, rodesac<br />
oratorad mxatvruli teqstis avtori gvevlineba? literaturuli teqstis avtori mxolod<br />
maSin irgebs oratoris niRabs, Tu mkiTxvelis recefciisaTvis misTvis sasurveli gezis<br />
micemas cdilobs da mTavar iaraRad, cxadia, sityvas aqcevs, sityvaTa ganlagebas _ kavSirsa da<br />
intonacias. sityvis es ritorikuli funqcia gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoiyenes Sua<br />
saukuneebis moRvaweebma. aristoteleseuli Segoneba _ `sityva Sedgeba ori nawilisagan,<br />
radgan aucilebelia daadgino is sagani, razedac msjelob da daamtkico kidec~ (aristotele<br />
1981: 195), amasTan, `sabuTebi damajerebeli unda iyos~ (aristotele 1981: 206) _ adreuli Sua<br />
saukeneebis moazrovneebma ostaturad gadmoanacvles mxatvruli teqstis sibrtyeze da<br />
alegoriuli egzegetikis umTavres ornamentad gardaqmnes. alegoriuli egzegetikis meTodis<br />
Sesabamisad, avtoris pozicia (ZiriTadad, bibliur teqstebTan mimarTebaSi), rogorc utyuari<br />
WeSmariteba, moxerxebulad ganTavsda `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ stilisturi xerxis yalibSi.<br />
aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri teqsti SeiZleba daemorCilos alegoriuli reinterpretaciis<br />
process, romlis wiaRSic ganxorcieldeba movlenis damajerebeli gadaazreba, xolo<br />
warmmarTvel rols Seasrulebs avtoris konceptualuri strategia. am mimarTulebiT<br />
mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies porfiriusma, proklem, netarma avgustinem, mogvianebiT _<br />
dantem, romlebmac, `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ meTodologiis danergviT SeZles aramarto<br />
qristianuli Teologiis tradiciis, aramed teqstebis inerpretaciuli mravalferovnebis<br />
kulturis Camoyalibeba. oratoruli pragmatika warmatebiT modelirda poetikur sistemaSi.<br />
qristianuli azrovnebis wiaRSi fesvCayrili tradicia met-naklebi upiratesobiT<br />
gagrZelda Semdgomi epoqebis literaturul azrovnebaSi: Tu neoklasikuri esTetikuri<br />
koncepti ritorikuli stilis gadaWarbebul dozas iTvaliswinebda, riTac azaralebda<br />
teqstis mxatvrul plans da metad mosawyens, mkacrad didaqtikursa da logikurs xdida<br />
Txrobas, mas TiTqmis ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas romantikosebi, rac meore ukiduresobas<br />
warmoadgenda. XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan gaZlierebulma realisturma tendenciam aRadgina<br />
darRveuli balansi da oratoruli pragmatika kvlavac normirebuli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
Caayena. procesis mowesrigebaSi gadamwyveti roli mieniWa avtorisa da mkiTxvelis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis struqturul daregulirebas: avtori gamoikveTa rogorc<br />
konceptualuri lideri, teqstis warmmarTveli koordinata, oratori, xolo mkiTxveli<br />
warmoCinda rogorc avtorTan aqtiur dialogSi Cabmuli mosaubre, inteleqtualuri<br />
partniori, romelic usmens avtors da romlis mxardaWerasac mudmivad saWiroebs avtori.<br />
gamomdinare aqedan, realisturi literatura da, cxadia, qarTuli realisturi literaturac,<br />
daefuZna oratoruli pragmatikis modificirebul, dialogur meTods da maqsimalurad<br />
gaaaqtiura avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba teqstSi kompoziciuri kveTis meSveobiT.<br />
kompoziciuri kveTis saukeTeso formad mkiTxvelTan avtoris Ria dialogi iqca, saubari e.w.<br />
`gaxsnili teqstiT~, rodesac avtori teqstSive afiqsirebs Tavis urTierTobas mkiTxvelTan<br />
da gulwrfeli saubrisaken mouwodebs mas. urTierTobis fiqsacia, ara marto TvalsaCinoebas<br />
sZens avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqts teqstSi, aramed gamokveTs struqturuli mimarTebis<br />
_ avtoriseuli qronotopi _ mxatvruli qronotopi _ mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi _<br />
Sinaarsobriv da kompoziciur mniSvnelobas.<br />
mkiTxvelTan dialogis mosurne realisti avtori, erTi mxriv, sityvis mesaWis, teqstis<br />
gzamkvlevis, erTgvari mimarTulebis mimcemis funqciiTaa aRWurvili, xolo, meore mxriv, igi<br />
mudmivad saWiroebs da moelodeba mkiTxvelis maqsimalur mxardaWeras. cxadia, mkiTxveli,<br />
SeiZleba arc daeTanxmos mas, magram, valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos igi, rogorc mosaubre da<br />
partniori. msgavsi urTierTobis realizebis saukeTeso formas realistur literaturul<br />
tradiciaSi warmoadgens avtoris mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi, xerxi, romelsac warmatebiT<br />
iTvisebs zogadad realisturi literatura, xolo `qarTuli sakiTxaviT~ mxrebdamZimebuli<br />
qarTuli realizmi mas gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba.<br />
* * *<br />
`qarTuli sakiTxavi~ im saWirboroto problemaTa erTobliobaa, romlebic mudmivad Tan<br />
sdevda (da sdevs) qarTveli erisa da misi literaturis istorias, Tumca XIX saukuneSi,<br />
12
qarTuli realizmis lideris, ilia WavWavaZis naazrevSi, igi mkveTrad gamoxatul sistemad<br />
Camoyalibda da samoqmedo lozungis _ `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~ _ saxe miiRo.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe gacilebiT mets moiTxovda sakuTari Txzulebebisgan, vidre es erTi<br />
mwerlis Semoqmedeba iyo: igi ara martivad `wamkiTxvelT~, aramed Tanamoazreebsa da<br />
gulSematkivrebs, Sesabamisad, saimedo dasayrdens eZiebda qarTul sazogadoebaSi. mas ar<br />
sWirdeboda seiris macqerali mkiTxveli, romelic ramdenime saaTiT Seiqcevda Tavs kiTxviT<br />
da dascildeboda. dasustebuli, modunebuli, `gulgrilobis morevSi~ CaZiruli saqarTvelos<br />
Wirisufals kargad hqonda Segnebuli TanamebrZolTa gamoWedvis aucilebloba. aseT dros<br />
swored rom saukeTeso mokavSired moCanda oratoruli pragmatikis literaturuli<br />
modifikacia avtoris rolis aqcentirebiTa da mkiTxvelTan gaZlierebuli kontaqtiT. iliac<br />
siamovnebiT daeyrdno mas da jiutad Seudga mkiTxvelis `moTvinierebas~.<br />
ilia Riad iwvevs dialogSi Tavis mkiTxvels: uyveba, usabuTebs, uxsnis, ganumartavs,<br />
ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, anu mouRlelad da Tavdauzogavad esaubreba Tavis ers. ilias oratoruli<br />
pragmatikis mTavari berketi zneobriobaa, vinaidan mSvenivrad uwyis: `molaparakis zneobas<br />
udidesi zemoqmedebiTi Zala aqvs msmenelebze, romelTac sityviT aRtaceba SeuZliaT~<br />
(aristotele 1981: 36). mas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom: `sityva, mimarTuli msmenelebisadmi,<br />
gamiznulia an imisaTvis, rom oratorma msmenelTa keTilganwyobileba moipovos, an imisTvis,<br />
rom maTSi brazi gamoiwvios, an maTi yuradReba miipyros, anda piriqiT. radgan msmenelis<br />
yuradRebis mipyroba yovelTvis araa sasurveli, amitom bevri oratori cdilobs msmeneli<br />
gaacinos. yovelive es ki iwvevs imis ukeT gagebas, rasac urCeven da agreTve imas, rom oratori<br />
zneobrivad wminda pirovnebad moCandes. radgan ufro metad aseT oratorebs usmenen xolme.<br />
msmenelebi TanaugrZnoben dids, Taviseburs, sakvirvels, sasiamovnos~ (aristotele 1981: 198).<br />
iliac yvela saSualebiT cdilobs mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobas da ndobis mopovebas.<br />
saetapo mniSvnelobis mqone TxzulebebSi _ `mgzavris werilebi~, `oTaraanT qvrivi~ da `kaciaadamiani?!~_<br />
sadac igi mTelis ZaliTa da energiT utevs `qarTul sakiTxavs~ da ara marto mas,<br />
ilia maqsimalurad aaqtiurebs kontaqts mkiTxvelTan. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis<br />
fiqsacia teqstSi avtoris mkiTxvelisadmi regularul mimarTvebSi xorcieldeba.<br />
TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ igi mTavari personaJis piriT gadmoicema:<br />
`oTxi weliwadi iyo, rac me ruseTSi vimy<strong>of</strong>ebodi da Cemi qveyana ar menaxa. oTxi weliwadi!<br />
. . ici, mkiTxvelo, es oTxi weliwadi ra oTxi weliwadia!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 10).<br />
aRniSnuli mimarTva `mgzavris werilebis~ konceptualur laitmotivs warmoadgens: mas<br />
efuZneba Txzulebis Sinaarsobrivi da kompoziciuri piramida. saxezea mkacrad motivirebuli<br />
ritorikuli dialogi mkiTxvelTan, romelic adgens avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis<br />
CarCos da gansazRvravs am urTierTobis xasiaTs naraciis procesSi. Semdgomi Txrobisas<br />
msgavsi tipis mkveTri mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi Tumca ar fiqsirdeba, magram mZafrad<br />
SeigrZnoba emociuri qveteqstebis meSveobiT. gamonakliss warmoadgens nawarmoebis daskvniTi,<br />
merve Tavi, sadac avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqti teqstis doneze kvlavac aqtiur formas<br />
iZens _ avtori amTavrebs saubars Tavis dakvirvebul mkiTxvelTan da ajamebs naraciis<br />
Sedegebs:<br />
`me, gakvriT, rogorc mgzavri, vixseneb mas, rac misgan gamigonia. Cemi cda marto imaSia,<br />
rom imis azrisaTvis imisive feri SemerCia da imis sityvisaTvis imisive kilo. Tu es Sevasrule,<br />
Cemi ganzraxvac Semisrulebia~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 30).<br />
TxzulebaSi `oTaraanT qvrivi~ avtoris erTaderTi pirdapiri mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi<br />
giorgis personaJs ukavSirdeba, rac warmoaCens mkiTxvelis mier giorgis personaJis gaazrebis<br />
mniSvnelobas avtorisaTvis:<br />
`giorgi ki rogorc CemTvis, mkiTxvelo, ise imaTTvis gamocana iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 295).<br />
mwerali TiTqos Tavazianad epatiJeba mkiTxvels Tavisufali interpretaciis samyaroSi,<br />
magram es `Tavisufleba~ maqsimaluradaa marTuli: ilia nabij-nabij xsnis `deda-Svilobisa~ da<br />
`xidCatexilobis~ problemaTa epicentrSi moqceuli personaJis gamocanas teqstSi da<br />
mkiTxvelsac Tan iaxlebs.<br />
CvenTvis saintereso mesame Txzuleba `kacia-adamiani?!~, gamorCeulad uxvadaa<br />
datvirTuli mkiTxvelisadmi mimarTvebiT. rogorc Cans, Txzulebis problematikis<br />
maqsimaluri eqsponirebiT frTaSesxmulma iliam zedmiwevniT kargad moirgo oratoris<br />
tribuna. mkiTxvelisaTvis gankuTvnili ritorikuli mimarTvebi, SekiTxvebi Tu SeZaxilebi<br />
klasikuri ritorikis stilSia Sesrulebuli da literaturuli ritorikis brwyinvale nimuSs<br />
warmoadgens:<br />
`ar gegonoT, mkiTxvelno, rom es saxli ekuTvnodes erTs vismes Raribsa da mis-gamo iyos<br />
egre gulSeutkivrad Tavminebebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 127); `es qoneba, ymebidan dawyebuli<br />
cxenamdina da miwamdina, imis xelSi, _ vinc gamoyeneba icis, _ kai lukma aris. maS raRad sdgas<br />
egre cudad? mkiTxavs gakvirvebuli mkiTxveli. imitom rom qarTvelia, _ mogigebT sruliad<br />
darwmunebuli, rom kai sabuTi giTxariT~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 128); `mkiTxvelo xom ar mogewyina? . .<br />
magram es unda icode, Sen, mkiTxvelo, rom me amisa qvemore xelis momwereli mkiTxvelis<br />
gasarTvelad ar vwer am uxeiro moTxrobasa. me minda am moTxrobam Caafiqros mkiTxveli da, Tu<br />
moiwyens, amis gamo moiwyinos, imitom rom fiqri da mowyena gauyrelni da-Zmani arian. me minda,<br />
13
om mkiTxvelma imitom ki ar moiwyinos, rom gasarTveli ar ari, aramed imitom rom<br />
Camafiqrebelia. Tu amodena ixerxa da SesZlo am uxeiro werilma, me amis meti ara minda ra da<br />
arc mdomebia, Cemo mowyenilo mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 131); `netavi imaT, mkiTxvelo! . .~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1950: 137); `luarsabi dagviRonda, mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 164); `bolos xom, _<br />
Senc ici, mkiTxvelo, _ rom amaT erTmaneTi SeuyvardaT~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 192); `aRar gaaTaveb?~<br />
_ mkiTxavs mowyenili, da iqneba gajavrebulic, mkiTxveli. _ rogor ara! gavaTaveb, magram<br />
iciT riTa? imiTi, rom luarsabis bedniereba dairRveva. Tu magisTana mtkice bednierebac<br />
dairRveva, maS raRa y<strong>of</strong>ila daurRveveli qveyanazed? _ daiZaxebs CemTan erTad daRonebuli<br />
mkiTxveli. marto qveyanaa, mkiTxvelo, daurRveveli~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 220); `mag Sesandobars da<br />
Sesabraliss Cveulebas Tavisi azri da safuZveli hqonia, magram ar giTargmni ki, mkiTxvelo!~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1950: 221); `me gavaTave da Sen, rac ginda, hqmen, mkiTxvelo~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 221);<br />
`sxvafriv mSvidobiT brZandebodeT da SendobiT ixseniebdeT monasa Tqvensa~. . . (WavWavaZe 1950:<br />
223).<br />
mkiTxvelisadmi avtoris esoden xSiri mimarTvebi, romlebic gajerebulia ara marto<br />
calkeuli frazebiT, aramed seriozuli msjelobebiTa da daskvnebiT (gansakuTrebiT bolo<br />
TavSi), aramarto sruliad aSkarad da daufaravad afiqsirebs kontaqts avtori _ mkiTxveli,<br />
aramed warmoaCens avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopuli modelebis myar poziciur<br />
kavSirs, gamokveTils mxatvrul qronotopul modelTan mimarTebaSi. daculia fizikuri<br />
metrikis norma: avtoris yuradReba, drois garkveul monakveTSi, koncentrirebulia<br />
konkretul sakiTxze da, aseve drois garkveul monakveTSi, aRiqvams mas mkiTxveli. avtorisa da<br />
mkiTxvelis kontaqti teqstis konkretul monakveTTan mimarTebaSi dadgenilia oratoruli<br />
pragmatikis meTodis farglebSi da gamoxatulia kompoziciuri kveTis formiT. avtorisa da<br />
mkiTxvelis urTierToba fiqsirdeba Riad, e.w. `gaxsnili teqstiT~, sadac avtori gvevlineba<br />
dialogis mesaWed, mkiTxveli ki _ mis aqtiur msmenelad. ilia, rogorc WeSmaritad realisti<br />
mwerali, arasodes iviwyebs `Tavis mkiTxvels~, mas, visTvisac qmnis, Sromobs, iRvwis da ibrZvis.<br />
* * *<br />
...avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba tradiciuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi<br />
samkuTxedis _ avtori, teqsti, mkiTxveli _ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da urTulesi<br />
maxasiaTebelia. teqsti iseve ar moiazreba aRmqmeli subieqtis anu mkiTxvelis gareSe, rogorc<br />
ar SeiZleba moazrebul iqnas avtoris gareSe. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqtis specifikas<br />
gansazRvravs da adgens literaturuli epoqa misi esTetikuri principebiTa da<br />
meTodologiuri kanonebiT.<br />
realizmis epoqaSi gansakuTrebulad fasobs avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba<br />
teqstSi. realisti mwerali arc neoklasikuri epoqis diqtatoria, magram arc romantizmis<br />
epoqis liberali _ realisti mwerlebi Zalian hgvanan pultTan mdgom diriJorebs, romlebic,<br />
TumcaRa akontroleben orkestris (teqstis) yovel bgeras (struqturul rgols),<br />
warmatebisaTvis mudmivad saWiroeben mxardamWerTa aplodismentebs. oratoruli pragmatikis<br />
modificirebuli poetikuri sistemis principebiT SeiaraRebuli realisti mwerlebi<br />
mkiTxvelis gulisa da gonebis `dapyrobas~ eswrafvian, cdiloben, Tanamoazreebad aqcion<br />
isini, gulSematkivrebad, romlebTanac yovelTvis SeiZleba konstruqciuli dialogis<br />
warmoeba.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
aristotele 1981: arostotele. ritorika. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981.<br />
WavWavaZe 1950: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT. t. II. Tb.:<br />
saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1950.<br />
14
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ ganmsazRvreli sami saxe-idea<br />
(oqros akvanSi my<strong>of</strong>i yrma, `vaJkaci saxelovani~ da `deda saxeldebuli~)<br />
RvTiuri madliT cxebuli, qveynad ciT movlenili da eris wiaRSi _ ~miwierSi~ gazrdili<br />
~zecieri~ poeti, qveynis winamZRoli, gzis damsaxavi unda iyos. ilias azriT, am udidesi misiis<br />
tvirTva mxolod eris sulier Svils ZaluZs, rac udidesi movaleoba da pasuxismgeblobaa<br />
zecisa da qveynis mimarT. sulier Svilad _ ~eris moZmed~ my<strong>of</strong>oba mis bedsa da ubedobaSi,<br />
~Wmunvasa da sixarulSi~ Tanaziarobas niSnavs. Tavad RmerTTan ~molaparake~ ilia, eris<br />
wyluliT dawylulebuli, misi tanjviT nawamebi ssuliTa da Seudrekeli, ~mtkice guliT~<br />
ocnebobs da iswrafvis erisaTvis ~tanjvis cremlis~ mowmendas. gulSi cecxlad gaRvivebuli<br />
es RvTaebrivi misia, mTeli sisruliT unda ~aRfeTqdes~ da gamovlindes kaci-adamianis<br />
arsebaSi. mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli WeSmariti, ara marto tkbili hangebiT aRvsili, ~mRera~<br />
_ mamuliSviloba. ilias es mrwamsi misi sityvisa da saqmis mTlianobis gansxeulebaa. warsulis,<br />
awmyosa da momavlis erT uwyvet mdinarebad, Jamad Wvreta mxolod ilias msgavs pirovnebebs<br />
ZaluZT. am gziT aris SesaZlebeli sulisaTvis aRTqmuli ukvdavebis mopoveba da sicocxlis<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iis wvdoma.<br />
~Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes~, - es momavlisken mizanswrafuli, awmyos tkiviliani<br />
sevdaa warsulze. ilias am sityvebSi cxaddeba leibniciseuli azri _ ~awmyo, Sobili<br />
warsulisagan, aris mSobeli momavalisa~, rac oden bunebis RvTaebriv kanonzomierebas rodi<br />
gulisxmobs; Tavisuflebadakarguli, tyvedpyrobili mamulis xsna mxolod TavisuflebaSia.<br />
daCoqili, Tavmodrekili, dacemuli da dakninebuli awmyo yvelaze metad grZnobs da afasebs<br />
warsulis mTavar monapovars. amis SegrZneba da gaTaviseba ki momavlis gzaTa Ziebisa da xsnis<br />
pirobaa. warsul didebaze unda aSendes momavali. am mrwamsiT aRvsili ilia drois uwyaloebiT<br />
danTqmul, gamqral Zlevamosilebaze dardisa da naRvelis ~Cakvlas~ qadagebs, rac fuWi<br />
ocnebaa da drois kargvaa mxolod. erovnuli Rirsebebisa da naklovanebebis Segneba, ~axal<br />
varskvlavs~ midevnebuli jansaRi ~myoobadis~ Soba da momavlis micemaa WeSmarit<br />
mamuliSvilTa mTavari daniSnuleba da ~saRmrTo vali~. ilias safiqrali, ~zrunvis sagani~,<br />
dasmuli kiTxvebi, wamoWrili problemebi da gamxelili satkivari Sesazlebelia sami saxexatiT<br />
warmoCndes: mZinare mamuli, mxsneli gmiri, mZinareba _ ~gazafxuli~.<br />
Tavisuflebadakarguli samSoblo anu nebelobis armqone eri, `suldagubuli~,<br />
`gulgaleuli~, `xorcdamdnari~ qarTveloba — amgvaria iliasdroindeli saqarTvelo.<br />
winaparTagan darCenili sami saunje — mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba — SeibRala, gaveranda, Seirya.<br />
`qriste-RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis da Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesaTvis. am patara<br />
saqarTvelos gadavuReReT mkerdi da am mkerdzed, rogorc kldezed, davudgiT qristianobas<br />
saydari, qvad Cveni Zvlebi vixmareT da kirad Cveni sisxli, da bWeTa jojoxeTisaTa ver<br />
Semusres igi~ (WavWavaZe 1984: 679), _ ambobs ilia da erovnuli Rirsebis gaxsenebiT rwmenis<br />
ganmtkicebas cdilobs.<br />
amqveyniur jojoxeTsa da gansacdelSi Cavardnil ers awmyos uarsay<strong>of</strong>ad da momavlis<br />
Sesaqmnelad sulieri winamZRoli sWirdeba, `cnobierTa dastaqari~ da `sevdis mufaraxi~<br />
raindi, romelic samSoblos RviZl sityvas etyvis da gulistkivils mourCens, davrdomils<br />
aRadgens da unugeSos anugeSebs, cremls moswmends uimedod my<strong>of</strong> qveyanas. momavlis Sinagani<br />
rwmeniTa da imediT aRvsili ilia, RvTaebrivi nebis aRsasruleblad da dakarguli harmoniis,<br />
`mSvenieri qveynisa~ da `mSvenieri eris~ aRsadgenad daeZebs gmirs `JamiT Jamad~ rom moevlineba<br />
xolme mamuls mxsnelad.<br />
`magram qarTvelno, sad aris gmiri, romelsac veZebT, romlisTvisc vtiriT?~ _ svams<br />
kiTxvas ilia da pasuxi amoikiTxeba missave leqsSi _ `bazaleTis tba~. masSi poetis natvra —<br />
ideali mxatvruladaa xorcSesxmuli da Tavisuflebis mimtani gmiris movlinebaze ocnebaa<br />
gamJRavnebuli.<br />
mecnier-kritikosTa umravlesoba (p.ratiani, al.abaSiZe, g.jiblaZe, g. qiqoZe,<br />
l.minaSvili) am raindad miiCnevs bazaleTis tbis Ziras mdgar akvanSi my<strong>of</strong> yrmas.<br />
magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT g.jiblaZis sityvebs: `...eris cremli Tu ar edineba gmiris saxels,<br />
Tu man eris tanjva ver gaigo, amave dros, erma Tavisi mfarveli kalTa ar gadaafara, ise kaci<br />
gmirad ver gaizrdeba, xolo gmiri Tavis aRmzrdel ers gmirobas ver gauwevs... leqsis<br />
ukanasknel str<strong>of</strong>ebSi iliam mTlianad gaamJRavna es ideali da legendarul yrmasac momavali<br />
gza dauloca eris sabednierod~ (jiblaZe 1983: 276); an kidev, `bazaleTis tba~, romelic<br />
miZRvnilia im gmiri yrmisadmi, `visac dRe-da-Ram natrulobs Cumis natvriTa qarTveli~<br />
(ratiani 1949: 254).<br />
aseTi mosazreba tradiciul Sexedulebad iqca da zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis<br />
mSobliuri literaturis saxelmZRvaneloSic leqsi amgvari datvirTviTaa mowodebuli.<br />
TavisTavad, `bazaleTis tbis~ idea da problematika sakamaTo araa, magram tradiciul<br />
SexedulebaSi erovnuli gmiris persona dakargulia. leqsis detaluri analizi, Cveni azriT,<br />
15
sxvagvar wakiTxvas warmoaCens. `bazaleTis tbaSi~ sami saxe-simbolo SeiZleba gamoiyos: `deda<br />
saxeldebuli~, `vaJkaci saxelovani~ da oqros akvanSi my<strong>of</strong>i yrma.<br />
leqsi legendis safuZvelzea Seqmnili, rac poeturi warmosaxvis usazRvro<br />
SesaZleblobas qmnis. masSi mravladaa miTologiur-alegoriuli plasi, romelsac poeti<br />
qristianuli simbolikiT tvirTavs.<br />
l.minaSvili aRniSnavs, rom `bazaleTis tba~ inteleqtualizirebis gamovlenis<br />
Taviseburi saxea: `inteleqtualizirebas aq ukve is faqti ganapirobebs, rom patriotuli<br />
gancda leqsSi legendur formaSia gaxveuli, warsulSi da SoreulSia gadatanili... leqsis<br />
legenduri Sinaarsi, gancdis warsulidan momdinareoba am ideals amaRlebuls, saocnebos da<br />
poeturs xdis~ (minaSvili 1995: 179-180).<br />
leqsi iwyeba bazaleTis tbis Ziras, wylis qveS arsebuli walkotis aRweriT. igi `ucxoa~,<br />
rac mis gansakuTrebulobasa da idumalebas moaswavebs, misken swrafvisa da misi Secnobis<br />
survils aZlierebs. es `ucxooba~ mis araCveulebriobaSia: maradmwvanea walkoti da `qveynisa<br />
droTa trialsa igi ar emorCileba~, sicxe da zamTari mis simwvanes ver xely<strong>of</strong>s.<br />
zogadad, gazafxuli da `mwvane~ (simwvane) ganaxlebis, cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>elobis simboloa da<br />
sulieri SinaarsiT aRdgomas ukavSirdeba. walkotis simwvanis dro-Jams daumorCilebloba,<br />
maradferoba RvTaebriobaze mianiSnebs: `romeli-igi uflebs ZaliTa TÂsiTa saukuneTa~<br />
(fsalm. 65,7).<br />
ilia swored am TvalsazrisiT msWvalavs da aerTianebs `mwvanisa~ da `gazafxulis~<br />
cnebebs:<br />
ver erCis Turme mis mwvanes<br />
verc sicxe, verca zamTari,<br />
da imis mzian CrdilebSi<br />
mudam gazafxuli ari.<br />
(`bazaleTis tba~)<br />
aqve Semodis `mziani Crdilis~ metad tevadi mxatvruli saxe, rac antinomias, naTlisa da<br />
bnelis erTadmy<strong>of</strong>obas gulisxmobs. igi erTgvarad `mzian Rames~ miemarTeba da moaswavebs,<br />
`rameTu bneli Sen mier ara dabneldes, da Rame, viTarca dRe ganaTldes; viTarca bneli misi,<br />
egreca naTeli misi~ (fsalm. 138,12). swored sibneleSi xdeba naTlis Wvreta da RvTaebrivi<br />
WeSmaritebis Secnoba: `xolo Rame ganmanaTlebel iyos fufunebisa Cemisa~ (fsalm. 138,11).<br />
mirian mefis sulSic xom sibnelis gziT (mzis dabnelebiT) iSva da gamobrwyinda didi naTeli —<br />
qriste: `Sua Ramesa miCuena mze igi simarTlisaÁ brwyinvaled~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 158).<br />
`mziani Crdili~ da `mziani Rame~ erTi da imave Sinaarsis Semcveli saxe-xatebaa.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis mixedviT, leqsSi TandaTanobiT ikveTeba sxvadasxva saxe-simboloebi,<br />
romelTa ganmsazRvrelia RvTaebrioba; walkoti-baRi-samoTxe; simwvane, yvaviloba, gazafxuli<br />
— maradiuloba, ganaxleba — aRdgoma da `mziani Crdili~.<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ ayvavebul walkotTan, mis maradiul simwvanesTan da gazafxulTan<br />
mimarTebiT sagulisxmoa `ninos cxovrebaSi~ mcxeTis patiosani jvris Sesamqmneli sajvre xis<br />
aRweriloba: `xolo Jamsa mas gazafxulisa pirisasa sxuaÁ xe yovelive Ãmeli iyo da ese<br />
furcel-daucuivnebel da sul-hamoÁ, da xilvaTa Suenier iyo xe igi~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963:<br />
148). qarTlis eri ganecvifrebina `mwvanis ferobasa mas~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 148). `ninos<br />
cxovrebis~ WeliSuri reaqciis avtori aqve ganmartavs xis saxismetyvelebas: `...da Suenieri<br />
friad, viTarca madliTa qriste Semosili~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 86). igi exmianeba fsalmunis<br />
sityvebs: `ufali sufevs, mSveniereba Seimosa~ (fsalm. 92, I). sadac ufalia, iq mSveniereba<br />
madliT imoseba. qristian avtorTa TvalTaxedviT, sajvre xec amitomaa mSvenieri. wyaros<br />
Tavze mdgari es xe (gadmocemiT alva), ar icvlida simwvanes da furclovanebas. mis Sesaxeb<br />
mTavar-diakons uTqvams daviTnis erTi muxli: `es xe ars danerguli Tana warsavalsa kldisasa<br />
zegardmoÁTa cuariTa morwyuli da furcelni misni ara dascÂven ukunisamde~ (~ninos<br />
cxovreba~ 1963: 86). xe sakvirvelia Tavisi xilviT, radgan `zegardmoÁ cvariTaa~ morwyulnasazrdoebi.<br />
amdenad igi RvTaebrivia da ukunisamdea misi simwvane-cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eloba.<br />
SemdgomSi es xe mcxeTis patiosan jvarSi agrZelebs sulier sicocxles.<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ saxismetyvelebiTi saxe-simboloebi metad msgavsobs `ninos cxovrebis~<br />
saxeebs. maT erTianad msWvalavs RvTaeborivi Sinaarsi, miTosuris desakralizebiTa da<br />
qristianuli sulierebiT ametyvelebuli.<br />
leqsi gvamcnobs, rom tbis Ziras, walkotSi oqros akvani `ariso~. es ukanaskneli sityva<br />
imTaviTve migvaniSnebs masSi gadmocemis, Tqmulebis arsebobaze (`amboben~ ariso). ilia<br />
walkotis ucvlelobasa da garindebul simSvides mxolod grZneuli sirinozebiT axmianebs,<br />
romlebic galoba-simReriT Tavs exvevian yrmas. leqsSi miTur arsebaTa — sirinozTa Semoyvana<br />
aramiwier, zRaprul walkotSi my<strong>of</strong>obis gancdas aZlierebs. amasTanave migvaniSnebs, rom wylis<br />
qveS raRac idumali, kacTagan xeluxlebeli, wminda sicocxlea ara marto maradi yvaviloba —<br />
gazafxuliT, aramed jadosnuri, damatyvevebeli galobiT Sesxmuli da trfobiT aRvsili.<br />
leqsis es epizodi exmianeba mcxeTis samoTxeSi wm.ninos xilvas uSvilo anastosTan<br />
dakavSirebiT: `movidian mfrinvelni cisani, STavidian mdinaresa, daibannian da movidian<br />
16
samoTxesa mas, da babilosa mas moisTulebdian da yuavilsa mas Zovdian, da mowled Cemdamo<br />
RaRadebd, reca Cemi ars samoTxÀ igi. gare momadgian JyRaviliT da Ãmobed Cemda momarT<br />
mravalferad. da Suenierad iyo xilvaÁ maTi~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 123). baRi-samoTxe,<br />
`mfrinvelni cisani~, maTi mdinareSi ganbanva, wm. ninosadmi RaRadeba-JRaviliT `gars modgoma~<br />
da samoTxis xis kuTvnilebad xmobis mTeli es suraTi `bazaleTis tbis~ siRrmeSi ixilveba:<br />
wylis qveSa walkotSi oqros akvnis yrmaze miTur sirinozTa Tavs movleba da galoba-trfobiT<br />
Semkoba samoTxis yrmisagan flobis maCvenebelia.<br />
sainteresoa `bazaleTis tbis~ oqros akvnis istoria. iliam xalxuri Tqmuleba<br />
literaturul nawarmoebad gardasaxa, saerTo modelis SenarCunebiTa da imavdroulad<br />
sxvagvari saxismetyvelebiTi semantikiT. legenda gvamcnobs, rom erT patarZals koSkSi oqros<br />
akvanSi Cawvenili, oqrosqoCriani vaJi hyolia. Widan wylis amoRebis Semdeg, mas piraxdili<br />
darCenia Wa, saidanac Zlieri wyali amovardnila da mTeli s<strong>of</strong>eli koSkianad CaZirula. leqsis<br />
mixedviT ki oqros akvani Turme Tamar mefes Caudgams, qarTvel ers ki dadenili, tbadqceuli<br />
cremli karvad gadauxuravs oqros akvanSi my<strong>of</strong>i yrmisaTvis:<br />
amboben, _ Tamar ded<strong>of</strong>als<br />
is akvani iq Caudgams,<br />
da ers TvisTa cremlT nadeniT<br />
tba karvad zed gaduxuravs.<br />
am aqtiT leqsSi mTavrdeba legenda, romlis idumali arsi gamouTqmeli rCeba da poets<br />
warmosaxvis usazRvro SesaZleblobas utovebs. `bazaleTis tbaSi~ legenda ar gvimxels, Tu vin<br />
wevs akvanSi, an eri ratom Rvris cremls am yrmisaTvis. aq ilia xmamaRla fiqrobs da kiTxvis<br />
forma aqvs mis saTqmels, romelic erTdroulad pasuxsac moicavs:<br />
iqneb, akvanSi is yrma wevs,<br />
visic ar iTqmis saxeli,<br />
visac dRe-da-Ram hnatrulobs<br />
Cumis natvriTa qarTveli?<br />
Tavis mxrivac poeti tabus adebs akvanSi mwolare `yrmis~ vinaobas, riTac xazs usvams<br />
masSi RvTaebrivis, `ucnaurisa da uTqmelis~ arsebobas. igi qarTvelTa mudmivi, mxolod<br />
faruli, Cumi natvraa, romlis xmamaRla warmoTqmis arc moTxovnileba, arc Zalisxmeva-unari<br />
arsebobs ilias Tanamedrove epoqaSi. amitom, realobaSi gamouTqmeli natvra poeturi<br />
warmosaxviT legendis sferoSi gadadis da sasurveli `samoTxis~ mxatvrul models qmnis.<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ walkotis mTavari gamWoli xatia oqros akvanSi Casvenebuli yrma da igi<br />
sZens sulierebas garemomcvel sivrces. is eris sulieri saunjea, Tavisuflebis Ziria, xsnis<br />
gzaa; umaRles faseulobaTa, zneobrivi idealebis, eris istoriuli mexsierebis<br />
gamaerTianebelia; yovlismomcveli rwmenis, RvTaebriv sulierebaSi ganfenil RirebulebaTa<br />
ganZia, radgan: ~ueWveli sarwmunoeba saunje did ars morwmuneTaTÂs. qristianeTa<br />
sarwmunoebaÁ did moZRureba ars~ (ioane sabanisZe 1963: 48). am samoTxis dabrunebiTaa<br />
SesaZlebeli Tavisuflebadakarguli, ~darRveuli qarTvelobis~ kvlav ganaxleba, Tamaris<br />
epoqis saqarTvelos mopoveba, masTan miaxleba — ziareba. ilia WavWavaZe am mxatvruli saxis<br />
gamamTlianebel, wamyvan funqcias `walkotis SuagulSi~ misi moTavsebiT aRniSnavs. am<br />
mxatvrul fenomenSi samsaxovani simbolikaa: oqro, akvani, yrma, romelTac garkveuli<br />
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva aqvT.<br />
uZvelesi droidan oqro mziurobis Semcveli saxea. igi simboluri TvalsazrisiT xSirad<br />
gamoiyeneba sulis niWis ZalTa aRsaniSnad (iob. 28,15); amasTanave, gamocdil, WeSmarit rwmenasa<br />
(I petr. I,7) da codvaTagan xsnas, gamosyidvas gamoxatavs; akvani ki sicocxlis simbolod<br />
aRiqmeba. maTi gamWoli saxe — xati, yrma — Cvili imTaviTve miemarTeba `yrma~ iesos da ukve<br />
Sobils, my<strong>of</strong>s niSnavs. mTlianad ki oqros akvanSi dasvenebuli yrma — mziurobiT, sulieri<br />
Zalmosileba-madliT Semosili `tyvisa~ da `tyveTa mxsnelis~ sufevis Semcveli saxe-ideaa.<br />
sirinozTa momajadoebeli simRera da yrmisadmi trfiali ki maCvenebelia imisa, rom ganaxlebaaRdgomis<br />
Jami jer kidev araa damdgari.<br />
`miTologiis Tanaxmad, wyali ganaxleba-aRorZinebas niSnavs. wyalSi mwolare yrma,<br />
cxadia, ganmaaxlebelia. amasTanave vaSinersi adevs da xseneba ar SeiZleba mxsnelis, mesiis~, _<br />
aRniSnavs ak. baqraZe (baqraZe 1983: 74).<br />
amitom hyvavis wylis qveS walkoti, ucvlelia sivrce, gayinulia dro da `mzian<br />
CrdilebSi~ maradiuli gazafxulia — sulis `simwvane~.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba aixsnas legendis personaJis —<br />
patarZlis saxeSi qristes `sZlis~ _ Tamaris xatiT Canacvlebis mizani. es erTgvari<br />
gafrTxilebaa da Sexsenebac imisa, rom `awmyo Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli momavalisa~;<br />
wrsulis TvalsawieriTa da baZviT awmyoSi unda Sefasdes eris sulieri y<strong>of</strong>a, daisaxos da<br />
gamoikveTos ukeTesi mermisis gza, momzaddes safuZveli momavali xsnisa. aqve, ilias mier<br />
Tamaris xatis moxmobiT miniSnebulia saqarTvelos istoriuli warsuli _ `oqrovani<br />
17
saukunis~ Zlevamosilebisa da umaRles idealTa zeobis xana. imavdroulad TviT mefeTa-mefis<br />
mier oqros akvanSi yrmis Cawvena da eris gulidan mowurvili cremliT misi dafarva ara<br />
gaqrobasa da dasamarebas, aramed epoqaluri mexsierebis, WeSmariti rwmenisa da faseulobis<br />
`damarxva~ _ Senaxvas unda gulisxmobdes. tbadqceuli eris cremli, miTosurTan erTad<br />
(wyali — ganaxleba), qristianuli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis Semcvelia, axal aRTqmaSi naTloba<br />
(wyliT) codvaTagan ganwmendis saidumlo da axal cxovrebaSi sulieri aRorZinebis simboloa.<br />
oqros akvnis `yrmaze~ dadenili eris cremli sinanulis cremlia, romelic sulis sinedlis<br />
gamoxatulebaa. sinanulSi ki xsnaa: `iqmnes cremli purad Cemda dRe da Rame~ (fsalm. 41,4).<br />
cremli da locva usisxlo msxverplia da eris cremlis `sudaraSi~ `msxverplis~ _ WeSmariti<br />
rwmenis gaxveva, aRdgoma_ganaxlebis rwmena_ imediTaa nasuldgmulebi.<br />
bazaleTis tbis `wylis qveSe~ ayvavebul walkotSia sicocxlis wylis wyaro, romelsac<br />
usasyidlod miiRebs mwyurvali: `me wyurvilsa mivsce wyaroÁsa misgan wylisa cxovelisa<br />
usasyidlod~ (gamocx. 21,6). es `ukvdavebis wyaros wyalia~ sulis sazrdo, aRvseba. ukunisamde<br />
wyurvilis daokeba-cxonebaa masTan ziareba: `xolo romelman suas wylisa misgan, romeli me<br />
mivhsce mas, arRara swyurodes ukunisamde, aramed wyali igi, romeli me mivsce mas, eqmnes mas<br />
Sina wyaro wylis, romeli vidodis cxorebad saukunod~ (gamocx. 4,14).<br />
bibliis mixedviT, karavi uflis saxlia: `mzesa aRdga karavi TÂsi, da Tavadi, viTarca siZe<br />
raÁÁgamovaln ezoT TÂsiT, ixarebdes viTarca gmiri srbad gzasa~ (fsalm. 18,6). uflis wiaRi,<br />
samkvidrebeli _ `karavi~ aris `adgili mwuanviloani~, `gansasuenebeli~, `dafaruli~ da<br />
`damfarveli~: `rameTu damfara me karavsa Sina missa dResa Sina borotTa CemTasa, damifara me<br />
dafarulsa, karvisa misisa~ (fsalm. 26,5).<br />
eris sinanulis, rwmenis cremliT warmoqmnili bazaleTis tba _ `karavi~, bibliuri<br />
simbolikis kvalobaze, uflis saxlis gansaxovnebaa. es ki TvalnaTliv isaxeba misi walkotis _<br />
`samoTxis~ aRwerilobasa da oqros akvanSi `yrmis~ — macxovris, WeSmariti sarwmunoebis<br />
my<strong>of</strong>obaSi. amdenad, mxatvrul saxeTa wyvili: tba-karavi (`tba karvad zed gaduxuravs~) kravs,<br />
asrulebs mSvenieri walkotis suraTs.<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ problematika da gansaxovneba exmianeba `aCrdilis~ saxismetyvelebas.<br />
es ukanaskneli sisruliTaa warmoCenili r.siraZis naSromSi `suli, saqmiT metyveli~<br />
(`aCrdilis saxismetyvelebisaTvis~, `lit. saqarTvelo~, 1997, 21.XI) da masze yuradRebas aRar<br />
SevaCerebT.<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ walkotis sulismieri `samoTxis~ konturebi ixilveba ilias leqsebSi —<br />
`kiTxva-pasuxi~ da `dakarguli edemi~. erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ayvavebuli qveyana — miwieri<br />
samoTze (`me samoTxe var) da RvTis xati-adamiani (jojoxeTadqceuli `samoTxe~ _ `iq TviT<br />
samoTxe jojoxeTia~). adamis ZeTa suli savsea Zmis sisxliT, mtrobiTa da SuriT; RvTaebrivi<br />
madli codviTaa wabilwuli da amdenadaa suli _ `samoTxe~ jojoxeTis samkvidrebeli:<br />
sad daukargavs mSvenier xalxsa<br />
im TviT edemSi Tvisi edemi?<br />
(`dakarguli edemi~)<br />
`Tvisi edemi~ sulis `samoTxes~ aRniSnavs, romlis dakargva usaxovnebas badebs da ori<br />
`edemis~ sruli Seusabamoba myardeba. irRveva RvTaebrivi kavSiri — miwieri (qveyana) da<br />
zeciuri (suli); erTi hyvavis, meore _ `urwyuli~ Wkneba:<br />
iq TviT samoTxis walkoti, mdelo<br />
udabno-Raa urgeb-urwyuli,<br />
sadac ar abnevs Tvis wminda namsa<br />
suli marTali da wrfeli guli.<br />
(`kiTxva-pasuxi~)<br />
ilias mier qveynisa da adamianis am dapirispireba-mxilebaSi sasurveli harmoniis<br />
aRdgenis suraTi ixilveba. RvTis mier Seqmnili qveyana Tavis wiaRSi _ `mzian CrdilSi~<br />
zenaaris danergul da dawesebul siyvaruls iTxovs:<br />
sayvareli var... Cems mzian CrdilSi<br />
siyvaruls unda Tvis taxti edgas.<br />
(`kiTxva-pasuxi~)<br />
leqsSi qveyana—samoTxe, `mziani Crdili~, `gaxarebuli sicocxle~, madli da siuxve<br />
gamoZaxils hpovebs bazaleTis tbis wiaRSi, `ucxo~ walkotis `mziani Crdilebis~ maradiul<br />
gazafxulSi:<br />
da imis mzian CrdilebSi<br />
mudam gazafxuli ari.<br />
(`bazaleTis tba~)<br />
18
qveynad ararsebuli, saocnebo `siyvarulis taxtis~ Sinaarss ki naTels hfens bazaleTis<br />
tbis oqros akvani da masSi my<strong>of</strong>i yrma: `RmerTi siyvarul ars~ (I ioan. 4,8).<br />
qarTuli miwis gazafxuli — SefoTlili tye, mercxlis `Wyivili~ da baRSi oblad, ~metis<br />
lxeniT~ mtirali vazi, ayvavebuli mdelo da mTebi sayvareli mamulis `ayvavebis~ _<br />
`gazafxulis~ ocnebasa da mwvane molodinis gancdas aRZravs poetSi. `mamulo sayvarelo, Sen<br />
rosRa ayvavdebi?~ _ kiTxulobs ilia da pasuxi bazaleTis tbis `maradiul gazafxulSi~,<br />
ayvavebul walkotSi ipoveba. iq aris Ziri Tavisuflebis, TviT ukvdaveba, mSveniereba,<br />
siyvaruli.<br />
adam da evas dakargul samoTxes simbolurad msgavsobs ilias `dakarguli edemi~ _<br />
RvTaebrivi suli. samoTxis mxatvruli modelia `bazaleTis tbis~ walkoti. amqveyniur<br />
samoTxeSi `mSvenieri xalxis~ mier `dakarguli edemis~ dabruneba da sulis yvaviloba<br />
bazaleTis tbis walkotSi, uflis savaneSia SesaZlebeli. qristianuli moZRvebaa erovnuli<br />
xsnis, sulieri aRdgoma-ganaxlebis upirobo piroba. qarTvelTa `Cumi natvris~ aRsrulebas<br />
sulieri mzady<strong>of</strong>na sWirdeba. `adamiani mowodebulia TviTaRzrdisaken da mas ara aqvs amaze<br />
maRali mizani. TviTsruly<strong>of</strong>a, Tavisi Tavis gakeTiSobileba, aris yvelaze didi Semoqmedeba...~<br />
(siraZe 1987: 84). adamianis upirvelesi da umTavresi saocnebo ki pirvelxats mimsgavsebaa,<br />
sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebisken swrafvaa. `iyveniT Tquen srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqueni zecaTaÁ ars~ (maT.<br />
548). aq aris xsnis gza da es gza uflis gzaa: `gza ewoda, rameTu Tqua: `me var gzaÁ da<br />
WeSmaritebaÁÁda cxovrebaÁ~(ioane sabanisZe 1963: 52). TiToeulma kacma Tavis TavSi unda<br />
aRmoaCinos `gza~, sakuTar sulSi da daimkvidros ufali, rasac mTeli eris gaTavisufleba<br />
mohyveba. eris dakarguli nebelobis aRdgena, Tavisuflebis mopoveba, darRveuli harmoniis<br />
gamTlianeba uflis wiaRSi dabrunebiTaa SesaZlebeli. ilias mrwamsiT, udabno walkotad<br />
iqceva maSin, rodesac RmerTmimsgavsebuli, znesruli adamianebi _ `suli marTali da wrfeli<br />
guli~ daabnevs `wminda nams~, madls mohfens qveyanas. `-ufalo, vin daeSenos karavsa Sensa, anu<br />
vin daemkvidros mTasa wmidasa Sensa? _ romeli vidodis ubiwod da iqmodis simarTlesa~<br />
(fsalm. 146, 1-2).<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ `yrma~ ar aris is erovnuli, `fizikuri~ gmiri, romelic qveynis<br />
winamZRolobas gaswevs. swored am mosazrebis dasadastureblad saWirod CavTvaleT,<br />
gamogveyo oqros akvnis saxe-idea da SeZlebisdagvarad warmogveCina misi simboluri<br />
datvirTva. is uwinaresi, `ukvdavi sulia~, Tamaris epoqis `ZlevaÁ sakvirveli~ da amdenad<br />
araviTar `davaJkacebas da namdvil gmirad qcevas~ (mSobliuri literatura 1999: 199-200) igi<br />
ar saWiroebs. ar Cans marTebuli fiqri imisa, rom Tamari mamuliSvilis ideals, gmiris<br />
saocnebo saxes `tbis Ziras~ inaxavdes. aseTi gmiri eris wiaRSi unda iSvas, qveynis tkiviliTa da<br />
cremliT ikvebos da ara saocnebo walkotSi esvenos. maSin sad aris eris gmiri? am kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxs Tavad leqsi iZleva.<br />
bazaleTis tbis walkoti RvTaebrivia. amitomaa igi xeluxlebeli da Seuvali:<br />
da jer kacTagan iq Casvla<br />
aravis gaubednia.<br />
miTosis kvalobaze, misi Sexeba da siaxlove mxolod saTanado uflebiT aRWurvilsa da<br />
siwmindiT gamorCeuls ZaluZs. ilia swored aseT `vaJkacsa da saxelovansa~ natrobs da<br />
daeZebs:<br />
visica xeli pirvelad<br />
daswvdeba ima akvansa!<br />
swored bazaleTis tbidan akvnis amomtani gmiri gaswevs eris winamZRolis did misias.<br />
amaRlebuli gonebiTa da faqizi sulis rCeuli, yvelaze uwin grZnobs da mZafrad ganicdis<br />
eris tkivils; sulieri mRviZarebiT Tvalaxelili Wvrets da gulisyuriT ismens mZinare<br />
mamulis kvnesas. mas pirvels eufleba WeSmariteba, ardaviwyeba `mamulisa Cveulebisaebr<br />
slvisa~ da uflis wiaRSi kvlavmibrunebis aucilebloba, rameTu `keTil ars baZvaÁ<br />
keTilisaTÂs maradis~ (ioane sabanisZe 1963: 60). man pirvelma unda aRimaRlos xma ukeTurebaze,<br />
amxilos codvaSi Cafluli eris znedacemuloba, erovnuli fizionomiis dakargvis safrTxe<br />
SeagrZnobinos xalxs. wm.giorgis saxis mibaZviT, romelmac `mravliT JamTagan uSjuloTagan,<br />
zarganxdilTa qristianeTa aswava simxnÀ Zlieri~(giorgi merCule 1963: 261). man sicocxlis<br />
samsxverplod mitaniT, unda gaaRviZos `zarganxdil qristianeTa~ erovnuli Rirsebebi,<br />
gamoafxizlos miZinebulni, `mrwamsi _ marTali sarwmunoeba~ ganumtkicos, erT duRabad<br />
Sekras eri da uflis wiaRSi dabrunebis wyurvili sasicocxlo moTxovnilebad, `daWrili<br />
irmis~ wyurvilad aqcios: `viTarca saxed surin iremsa wyaroTa mimarT wyalTasa, egre surin<br />
sulsa Cemsa Sendami, RmerTo!~ (fsalm. 41,2).<br />
`saqmiT metyveli sulia~ cxovrebis gamciskrovnebeli da iseTive `ubolo~ _ maradiuli,<br />
viTarca `sulis STamberveli~ _ RmerTi. iliasaTvis `saqmiT metyveli suli~ znesruli<br />
19
adamiania, `vaJkaci saxelovania~, romelic am qveynadve ewafeba ukvdavebis wyaros. znesruli<br />
adamianis, `marTali sulisa da wrfeli gulis~ Semcvel mrwamss ki siyvaruli cxovelhy<strong>of</strong>s.<br />
mxolod aseT saxelovan vaJkacs aqvs bazaleTis tbaSi Casvlis RvTiuri ufleba da<br />
Zalmosileba; mxolod mas SeuZlia mieaxlos da xeli Seaxos udides siwmindes, `did saunjes~.<br />
Tamar mefis epoqis Semdeg oqros akvnis `yrma~ saukuneTa manZilze elis am misiiT aRWurvil<br />
gmirs, raTa kvlav aRdges da gamobrwyindes. `vaJkaci saxelovani~ qristes siyvarulsa da<br />
sarwmunoebas ganuaxlebs saukuno cxovrebis damviwyebel ers.<br />
g.qiqoZe aRniSnavs, rom `misi (ilias — n. g.) patriotizmi asketuri xasiaTisa iyo.<br />
samSoblos samsaxuri mas ise hqonda warmodgenili rogorc msxverplT Sewirva~ (qiqoZe 1985:<br />
339). aseTive unda iyos ilias `vaJkaci saxelovani~, `oqros akvnis~ pirveli mimaaxlebeli da<br />
`damwvdomi~:<br />
rom win waruZRves WeSmariteba<br />
ukan rCes kvali ganaTebuli.<br />
(`qarTlis dedas~)<br />
amrigad, `bazaleTis tbis~ guldasmiT wakiTxva gviCvenebs im erovnuli gmiris saxesa da<br />
RvTaebriv misias, romelsac, ilias TqmiT, mTeli eri Sehnatris. igi `vaJkaci saxelovania~,<br />
oqros akvnis pirveli mimaaxlebeli da `damwvdomi~, bazaleTis tbis Ziridan `ymis~ amomyvani.<br />
tradiciuli mosazreba ki leqsSi ugulebely<strong>of</strong>s erovnuli gmiris saxes da mas oqros akvnis<br />
`yrmas~ uTavsebs, masSi moiazrebs. leqsSi ki ilia garkveviT gamohy<strong>of</strong>s da ganasxvavebs am or<br />
saxe-xats, `vaJkacsa saxelovansa~ da `yrmas~, maT adgilsa (eris wiaRs da bazaleTis tbis<br />
walkots) da daniSnulebas. amdenad, maTi gaigiveba, urTierTCanacvleba mizanSeuwonlad<br />
migvaCnia.<br />
leqsSi gmiris saxesTan erTad Semodis sasurveli dedis xati:<br />
Tu ese aris, neta mas,<br />
dedasa saxeldebulsa<br />
vinc im yrmas pirvel miawvdis<br />
Tvis ZuZus madliT cxebulsa.<br />
es deda `saxeldebulia~ da amdenad is ar SeiZleba iyos konkretuli pirovneba, realuri<br />
adamiani, ise viT `yrma~. amis Tqmis safuZvels qmnis is, rom kacobrioba bibliur evas<br />
sayovelTao dedad saxelsdebs. `dabadebaSi~ pirveladamianTa saxeldebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
ikiTxeba: `da uwoda adam saxeli colsa TÂssa: cxovrebaÁ. rameTu igi ars deda yovelTa<br />
macxovrebelTa~ (dab. 3,20).<br />
pirveldedis — evas saxes axal aRTqmaSi RvTismSoblis xati iTavsebs: `kurTxeul xar Sen<br />
dedaTa Soris, da kurTxeul ars nay<strong>of</strong>i muclisa Senisa, rameTu macxovari gviSev sulTa<br />
CvenTa~ (`locva RvTismSoblisa~).<br />
`ikonografiuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, `deda-RvTismSobeli~ mravalsaxovania: `dedaaRmzrdeli~<br />
(`alma mater~), `deda-gzismkvlevi~ (`odgitria~), `deda-moalerse~ (`eleusa~) da a.<br />
S.~ _ aRniSnavs r. siraZe (siraZe 1987: 102).<br />
bazaleTis walkotiT aRmdgar `yrmas~ `madliT cxebuli~ masazrdoebeli deda sWirdeba.<br />
aq gvaxsendeba `ninos cxovrebaSi~ daba `bodidan~ mcxeTis `sions~ mimavali, mdinare aragvTan<br />
my<strong>of</strong>i soji ded<strong>of</strong>lis mimarT Tqmuli: `xolo ded<strong>of</strong>ali tiriliT iareboda kidesa<br />
mdinarisasa, viTarca yrmaÁ ZuZuÁsTvis dedisa TÂsisa, egreT surviel iyo xilvisaTÂs<br />
sasurvelisa TÂsisa~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 99). es epizodi Tavad iZleva simbolur wakiTxvas:<br />
axladmoqceuli ded<strong>of</strong>ali soji — qristes, `yrmis~ savane iswrafvis deda-masazrdoebelTan _<br />
`sionTan~ Sexvedras da `saxlSi~ misvlas, rogorc yrma — dedis ZuZusken.<br />
`bazxaleTis tbis~ `saxeldebuli deda~ RvTismSoblis _ `deda-aRmzrdelis~<br />
analogiidan momdinare `deda-masazrdoeblis~ mxatvruli saxea. imavdroulad igi SesaZloa<br />
simboluri datvirTviT warmoCndes, `dedav RvTisao! es qveyana Seni xvedria~ (WavWavaZe 1983:<br />
121), _ ambobs ilia da saqarTvelos `jvarcmuli RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmul da wamebul~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1983: 117) miwad saxavs. amdenad, mxatvrul saxeSi _ `deda saxeldebuli~<br />
SesaZlebelia saqarTvelo — qveyana da eri moviazroT. mamulis xsnas erTi pirovnebis,<br />
wiamZRoli gmiris znesruloba ver ganapirobebs. mTelma qveyanam unda Seisisxlxorcos,<br />
erovnuli Rirsebebi rwmenad aqcios, `sacnobelni ege yurni gulisa da gonebisa~ `ganhmartos~<br />
(ioane sabanisZe 1963: 49) da `saxelovani vaJkacis~ sityva sakuTar sulis Zaxilad esmas:<br />
`ganiRÂZe didebao Cemo, ganiRÂZe fsalmuniTa da ebniTa~ (fsalm. 50,9). imavdroulad,<br />
TiToeulma adamianma sakuTari Tavi qristes `monad da megobrad~ unda Seicnos, `monad amis<br />
gamo rameTu `patiosanTa sisxliTa misiTa syidul xarT~ Tquen, xolo megobrad amisTÂs,<br />
rameTu misni Seqmnulni varT da dabadebulni da siyvaruliTa misiTa naTel gÂRebies~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1983: 49).<br />
saqarTvelom, uZvelesi droidan `dedad wmidaTa~ saxeldebulma qveyanam, RvTis mimarT<br />
erTxel ukve dadebuli aRTqma unda ganaaxlos, raTa Tavad ganaxldes. `SeiwynareT karavsa<br />
20
guamisa Tquenisasa da savanÀ ganumzadeT, rameTu ufalsa hnebavs damkÂdrebad asoTa Sina<br />
TquenTa (ioane sabanisZe 1963: 49), _ ambobs iovane sabanisZe da es sityvebi ilias saqarTvelos<br />
swvdeba. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelo `deda-masazrdoeblad~ unda iqces, `madliT cxebuli ZuZu<br />
misces~ da mamuli `Tavis misadrekel~ navsayudelad ganumzados mxsnels: `ufalman Zali ersa<br />
TÂssa mosces, ufalman akurTxos eri TÂsi mSÂdobiT~ (fsalm. 28,II). Tamaris eris tbadqceuli,<br />
sinanuliTa da mwuxarebiT mowurvili cremli, bazaleTis tbis siRrmidan amomskdari<br />
ukvdavebis wyaros wylis ZaliT, sixarulis cremlad iqceva:<br />
da axal nergzed axlad Sobili<br />
ese qveyana kvlav ayvavdebis (`aCrdili~)<br />
_ ambobs ilia da am rwmenaSi `fsalmunis~ gamoZaxili ismis: `danergulni saxlsa Sina uflisasa<br />
ezoTa saxlisa RmrTisa CuenisaTa yuaodian~ (fsalm. 91,14).<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ saxismetyveleba simboluri TvalsazrisiT msgavsobs `ninos<br />
cxovrebis~ kidev erT epizods. mcxeTaSi mosulma wm.ninom bina daido mefis samoTxis —<br />
walkotis karTan, mcvelisa da uSvilo anastos saxlSi. aq wm.ninom ixila Cveneba, romelic<br />
abiaTaris asulma sidoniam ase ganumarta: `...rameTu adgili ese samoTxisaÁÁSen mier iqmnes<br />
samoTxÀ sadideblad RmrTisa~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 124). WeliSuri redaqciiT ki iakobis<br />
Cvenebis msgavsia igi. orTave wakiTxviT gamokveTilia azri, rom ninos ZalisxmeviT mefis<br />
walkoti saukuno `samoTxed~ _ WeSmariti rwmenis SeuZrav adgilad gadaiqceva. mirian mefe<br />
RvTis saxls _ `sveticxovels~ ninos mayvlovanSi, samefo baRSi aSenebs. mis mTavar burjad<br />
samoTxeSi danergul, `libaniT mosrul~ naZvs svetad aRmarTavs, romelic qristes damarxuli<br />
kvarTis adgilis siaxlovesaa.<br />
orTave nawarmoebidan moyvanili epizodebi erovnuli idealebiTaa aRbeWdili,<br />
warmarTobasTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebiTa da qristianuli simbolikiT datvirTuli.<br />
gamovy<strong>of</strong>T saerTo, gamWol saxe-ideebs:<br />
1. bunebis ZalTa aRdgomis simbolika: `cxovrebis xe~ _ maradiuli simwvane, gazafxuli;<br />
2. wm. nino zeciuri sulebis ganmasaxovnebeli frinvelebis RaRadebiTa da `JRaviliT~<br />
garemoculi.<br />
`yrma~ _ grZneuli sirinozebis galoba-trfialebiT garSemortymuli;<br />
3. wyali: mdinare — ganmbanveli, ganmwmendeli.<br />
cremlis tba — siwmindis Semnaxavi;<br />
4. sivrculi garemo:<br />
samefo baRi — wm.nino _ `samoTxe~.<br />
bazaleTis tbis walkoti _ `yrma~ _ `samoTxe~ _ savane.<br />
5. `samoTxe~ _ sulieri qorwineba:<br />
zeciuri sasiZo — wm.ninos `sasZlo~.<br />
`yrma~ _ saqarTvelo `sasZlo~.<br />
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `bazaleTis tbis~ sqema msgavsia bibliis<br />
zogierT epizodTa (edemis baRi, mxsnelis mosvla) sqemisa. am mimarTulebiT leqsTan<br />
reminiscirdeba bibliuri warRvnis epizodi, sadac noes kidobani, viTarca akvani axali<br />
sicocxlisa, RvTis nebiT garkveuli droiT inaxeba wyalSi.<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ sqema ufro metad uaxlovdeba bibliis Txrobas moses SobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT: levis tomis qalis mier mSvenieri yrmis damalva, misi kidobanSi Cawvena da<br />
mdinaris piras dadgma (wyalSi Senaxva); faraonis asulisagan misi povna, `mzardul~<br />
(ZuZusmawovebel) dedakacad WeSmariti dedis ayvana, yrmis gazrda _ `aRorZineba~, faraonis<br />
asulis mier misi Sviloba da saxeldeba ~mosed~; misi sityvebi: `wylisagan gamovide ege~ (gam.<br />
2,10); SemdgomSi ki mose — winamZRoli erisa da rwmenis ganmaaxlebeli.<br />
bibliasTan leqsis Semxvedri pasaJebi metad saintereso da sagulisxmoa, magram ara<br />
identuri. `bazaleTis tbis~ saxismetyveleba, garkveulwilad, zogad StrixebSi mihyveba<br />
bibliur sqemas, iseve rogorc legendas, magram originalur gansaxovnebas Seicavs. aq<br />
mJRavndeba misi paradigmuli xasiaTi da ilias didi sibrZne, `ena, guli da xelovneba~<br />
`bazaleTis tbis~ saxe-ideis gardasaxva-ganaxlebaSi.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
baqraZe 1983: baqraZe a. ilia WavWavaZe. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~nakaduli~, 1970.<br />
giorgi merCule 1963: giorgi merCule, `cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa~. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli<br />
literaturis Zeglebi, I, dasabeWdad moamzades il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem,<br />
l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da c. jRamaiam ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da<br />
redaqciiT. Tbilisi : saq. ssr akad. gamomcemloba ,1963.<br />
ioane sabanisZe 1963: ioane sabanisZe, `martviloba habo tfilelisa~. Zeglebi. I. Tbilisi : saq. ssr akad.<br />
gamomcemloba,1963.<br />
minaSvili 1995 : minaSvili l. ilia WavWavaZe. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~Tsu~, 1995.<br />
21
mSobliuri literatura 1999: mSobliuri literatura (VII klasis saxelmZRvanelo<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebsaTvis, redaqtori v.rodonaia). Tbilisi: gamomcemloba<br />
~ganaTleba~ , 1999.<br />
`ninos cxovreba~ Satberdul-WeliSuri redaqcia 1963: `ninos cxovreba~ Satberdul-WeliSuri redaqcia.<br />
Zeglebi, I, Tbilisi: saq. ssr akad. gamomcemloba, 1963.<br />
ratiani 1949: ratiani p. ilia WavWavaZe. fil<strong>of</strong>osiuri da socialur-politikuri Sexedulebani. Tbilisi:<br />
gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ , 1949.<br />
siraZe 1987: siraZe r. qarTuli agiografia. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~nakaduli~, 1987.<br />
qiqoZe 1985: qiqoZe g. werilebi, esseebi, narkvevebi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~merani~ , 1985.<br />
WavWavaZe 1984: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ , 1984.<br />
jiblaZe 1983: jiblaZe g. ilia WavWavaZe. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ , 1983.<br />
22
poemis momxiblveli idumaleba _<br />
ilias ,,gandegilis~ gaazrebisaTvis<br />
kaxaber loria<br />
poema ,,gandegili~ aramarto ilia WavWavaZis poeturi memkvidreobis mwvervalia, aramed<br />
erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebia mravalsaukunovan qarTul literaturaSi. am TxzulebaSi<br />
sruli masStabiT gamomJRavnda didi mwerlis azrovnebis ukidegano Tvalsawieri da<br />
gamorCeuli mxatvruli SesaZleblobebi.<br />
,,gandegilis” ideur-Tematikuri Tu mxatvrul-esTetikuri analizisas garkveuli<br />
yuradReba unda mieqces ms<strong>of</strong>lio mniSvnelobis ostatTa iseT literaturul nawarmoebebs,<br />
rogoricaa: g. floberis ,,wminda antonis cdunebani”, e. zolas ,,abe mures Secodeba”, m.<br />
lermontovis ,,mwiri”, l. tolstois ,,mama sergi”, an. fransis ,,Taisi” da sxva. ,,gandegilis”<br />
avtori Tavisi SesaniSnavi poemiT Rirseul adgils ikavebs ukvdav klasikosTa am<br />
TanavarskvlavedSi.<br />
,,gandegilis” gmirebi imdenad reliefuri da sisxlsavse personaJebi arian, rom,<br />
faqtobrivad, gamoricxulic kia maTi gancdebis, fiqrebisa Tu qmedebebis romelime saazrovno<br />
modelze dayvana. vinaidan poemaSi bolomdea daZleuli literaturuli sqematuroba,<br />
romelic ilias metnaklebad axasiaTebda Semoqmedebis garkveul etapze, ,,gandegili”, rogorc<br />
araerTi WeSmariti mxatvruli qmnileba, uamravi sxvadasxva da araerTgvarovani wakiTxvis<br />
saSualebas iZleva.<br />
am mravalplaniani nawarmoebis teqstis amomwuravad interpretireba, principis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlebelia: sxvadasxva epoqis, ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobisa Tu temperamentis<br />
mkiTxveli masSi sul axal-axal ,,saTqmels” amoikiTxavs. nurc is dagvaviwydeba, rom genialur<br />
Txzulebas avtorma legenda uwoda, riTac TiTqos winaswarve Semosa teqsti idumalebis<br />
momxiblveli saburveliT.<br />
da mainc, unda yovelgvari moridebis gareSe aRiniSnos, rom ,,gandegilis” problematikis<br />
dayvana ,,mgzavris werilebis” cnobil bipolarul konstruqciaze sakiTxis uaRres<br />
gamartivebad gveCveneba. ra Tqma unda, mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTa da RrmaSinaarsiani<br />
cxovrebiT didi ilia moqmedebis kaci iyo da, faqtobrivad, yvelgan da yvelaferSi Sesabamis<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iasac qadagebda, magram zemoxsenebuli, metnaklebad gacveTili sqemiT verafriT<br />
aixsneba is saocari xibli, rac poemas gaaCnia da verc is TiTqmis Seudarebeli interesi<br />
mkvlevarTa da literaturis kritikosTa mxridan, romelsac es nawarmoebi iwvevs da<br />
gamoqveynebis dRidanve iwvevda.<br />
am striqonebis avtori Zalian Sorsaa im azrisagan, rom TiTqos rac literaturuli<br />
nawarmoebis furclebze pirdapir Tu arapirdapir ikiTxeba, yvelaferi mwerlis mier<br />
gacnobierebuli SemoqmedebiTi aqtis Sedegia da Sesabamisad, ama Tu im nawarmoebis<br />
gaazrebisaTvis gasaRebis povna aucileblad mwerlisave cxovrebiseul Tu Teoriul<br />
SexedulebebSi unda vecadoT. da mainc, am konteqstSi ar iqneboda urigo, gagvexsenebina, da es<br />
faqti samecniero literaturaSic aris aRniSnuli(araxamia 2005: 123), rom ilia bermonazvnobasa<br />
da qristianul asketizms umoqmedobisa da pasiurobis gamoxatulebad namdvilad<br />
ar Tvlida. aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod Zneli warmosadgenia, saero cxovrebisa da<br />
gandegilobis moqmedeba-umoqmedobis niSniT dapirispireba poemis gaazrebisaTvis amosaval<br />
wertilad gamodges.<br />
ufro metic, poemaSi ilia pirvelive striqonebidan, SeiZleba iTqvas, gamorCeuli<br />
siTboTi da mowiwebiT ixseniebs im adamianebis sulier moRvaweobas, romelTac lamis<br />
yinulebSi gamoukveTavT RvTis taZari da maTi RvawliT am adgilze RvTis gansakuTrebuli<br />
madlic ki gadmosula(WavWavaZe 1987: 256). aq, albaT, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, rom saubaria<br />
,,ZmaTa krebulze”, anu asketuri cxovrebis TavisTavad uaRresad rTul, sagulisxmo da<br />
mniSvnelovan formaze, magram mainc ara mis ukidures da umkacres gamovlinebaze, razec<br />
poemaSi Semdgom iqneba saubari.<br />
swored am gauqmebul taZars mogvianebiT Sehkedlebia poemis mTavari gmiri, romelic<br />
,,ganSorebia am wuTis<strong>of</strong>els, sad yovli niWi macdurebaa, sad TviT siturfe da saTnoeba eSmakis<br />
maxe da cdunebaa”. es Sefaseba, albaT, ukve Tavad gandegilis poziciidan unda iyos<br />
gakeTebuli. es ukanasknelic ,,gandegila da am yinulebSi sul martod-marto dayudebula da<br />
gvami misi codvil fiqrTagan im dRidgan aRar SeZrwunebula”. imis miuxedavad, rom mwiris<br />
biografiaze araferi viciT, vfiqrob, am striqonebs Soris aSkarad ikiTxeba, rom gandegili<br />
ara marto ,,codvis sadgurs”, sazogadod, amqveyniur drtvinva_SfoTvas gamohqcevia, aramed<br />
gamohqcevia uSualod sakuTar Tavsac, sakuTar codvil fiqrebsac, sakuTar wadilsa Tu<br />
gulisTqmasac. ,,ganyenebuli wuTis<strong>of</strong>lisgan aq suli misi aRyvavebula, da xorcieli<br />
gulisTqma yvela damarxula da gansvenebula”, - esec SeiZleba Tavad gandegilis poziciidan<br />
danaxuli realoba iyos, Torem ramdenad srulfasovani anda srulebiTac SesaZlebelia es<br />
23
gaqceva, konkretulad (am sityvas gansakuTrebiT gavusvam xazs) am individisaTvis, poemis<br />
ganviTareba gviCvenebs.<br />
ilia am poemaSi ara marto uaRresad originalur moazrovned, aramed marTlac rom<br />
sworupovar mxatvrad gvevlineba. gandegilis portreti am mosazrebis cnobili dadasturebaa<br />
da amitomac sagangebo yuradRebas masze aRar SevaCereb. Tumca misi Semoqmedi, albaT,<br />
srulebiTac ar iwyebs SemTxveviT gandegilis garegnobis aRweras mis xnovanebaze<br />
aqcentirebiT: ,,ar iyo xnier”, _ acxadebs poeti da miuxedavad imisa, rom es fraza TiTqos<br />
sasxvaTaSorisoTaa naTqvami, qvecnobierad mkiTxvels igi axali peripetiebisaTvis amzadebs.<br />
Zalian male kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeba is faqti, Tu marTlac ramdenad ,,damarxula da<br />
gansvenebula” yvela xorcieli gulisTqma am arcTu xnier kacSi. Tumca jer-jerobiT, rogorc<br />
poeti ambobs, ,,wameba misi RmerTs Seuwiravs, vedreba misi RmerTs usmenia” da gandegilic<br />
Tavisi moRvaweobis da siwmindis Sesamowmeblad yoveldRe daayrdnobs Tavis ,,locvans” senakSi<br />
sarkmliT Semomaval mzis sxivs.<br />
literaturul kritikaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom sinaTlis sxivi ilias mier poemaSi<br />
Cafiqrebulia, rogorc mwiris grandiozuli eWvis gamaqarwylebeli iluzia(araxamia 2005: 77).<br />
xolo es iluzia, Tu niSani RvTis wyalobisa, gandegils maSinve emsxvreva, rodesac mwyemsi qali<br />
ubralo eniT Seaxsenebs mas qristianobisTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebebs an iqneb sxva<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rogorc ki cxovreba mwyemsi qalis saxiT realurad Seaxsenebs mas Tavis<br />
Tavs. arada swored am iluziaze, Tu gnebavT, saswaulze, fanatikuri orientireba xdeba<br />
sabolood mwiris fizikuri daRupvis mizezi. es iluzia, gnebavT saswauli, xdeba<br />
gandegilisTvis ara marto da ara imdenad sulieri siwmindis erTgvari sazomi, aramed sakmaod<br />
aSkarad gamoxatuli fanatikuri TviTmizani, romlis miRweva-SenarCuneba, araa gamoricxuli,<br />
qvecnobierad mainc, gandegilis siamayisa da erTgvari ampartavnebis obieqtsac ki<br />
warmoadgendes. Cven Zalzed kargad gvesmis yovelgvari literaturuli analogiisa da<br />
paralelis garkveuli pirobiToba da isic, rom, Sesabamisad, maT gamorCeulad sifrTxiliT<br />
unda movekidoT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac esa Tu is literaturuli pasaJi Tu wiaRsvla<br />
aSkarad iZleva mravalmxrivi wakiTxvis saSualebas. magram xsenebul konteqstSi mainc unda<br />
gavixsenoT umniSvnelovanesi fragmenti emil zolas SesaniSnavi romanidan ,,abe mures<br />
Secodeba” (zola 1964: 351-354), rodesac am gaxmaurebuli romanis mTavari gmiri, gamoqanculi<br />
Tavisi brZoliT xorciel vnebebTan, TavdaviwyebiT eZleva TviTtkbobasa da<br />
TviTkmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas: ,,erTi farTo sxivi, rogorc oqros mtveri, SemoiWra saydarSi da gaanaTa<br />
misi Suaguli, kedlis saaTi, kaTedra, mTavari sakurTxeveli. SeiZleba es iyo madli uflisa,<br />
cidan naTlis bilikiT rom ubrundeboda?... da abe mure aRitaca usazRvro siamayem. is kerpi<br />
gaxda. mzis sxivi TandaTan zemoT iwevda; mTavari sakurTxeveli gizgizebda. mRvdeli Tavs<br />
arwmunebda, rom es iyo madli, romelic mas ubrundeboda... mis zurgs ukan mxecuri brdRvinva<br />
alersad gadaiqca. kefaze grZnobda mxolod xaverdovani TaTis cacuns, TiTqos romeliRac<br />
veeberTela kata ealerseboda”. Tu visi TaTis cacunia axalgazrda mRvdlis gaxurebul<br />
kefaze, sul ramdenime striqonis Semdeg xdeba cxadi: ,,araferia, araferia, araferia_<br />
warmoTqva man, _RmerTi ar arsebobs. saydars TiTqos Zlierma TrTolam gauara. SeSinebul<br />
mRvdels mkvdrisferi daedo. daayura. vin laparakobda? vin gmobda RmerTs?... mTeli zeca<br />
aRgviliyo, RvTiuri wesebi aRizianebda, saidumleobani Rimils hgvridnen”.<br />
sxvaTaSoris ,,berul pativmoyvareobaze” sakmaod Riadaa saubari da sakmaod uary<strong>of</strong>iT<br />
konteqstSic lev tolstois cnobil vrcel moTxrobaSi ,,mama sergi”. ase, magaliTad, mama sergi<br />
ukve iseT wmindanad racxda Tavs, romlis locva (gankurnebisaTvis) uTuod unda axdeniliyo<br />
(tolstoi 1966 ; 298).<br />
araa, albaT, SemTxveviTi, rom swored ,,beruli pativmoyvareobiT” Tavdajerebulia mama<br />
sergi im periodSi, rodesac ukve sakmaod xanSiSesuli umZimes codvas Cadis masTan<br />
gansakurneblad miyvanil, ocdaori wlis gonebamosusto qaliSvilTan. da es maSin, rodesac<br />
manamde, gacilebiT adre, jer kidev SedarebiT axalgazrdam uari Tqva makovkinas aRviraxsnil<br />
da uaRresad momxibvleli qalis mxridan cdunebaze; roca amisTvis sakuTari saCvenebeli<br />
TiTic ki gaimeta mosaWrelad. qali ki am zneobrivi gmirobis magaliTiT monastrisken moaqcia.<br />
magram mama sergica da abe murec acnobiereben ara marto TavianT xorciel codvebs,<br />
aramed acnobiereben, ebrZvian da Trgunaven ampartavnebasac. maT TavianT TavSi hy<strong>of</strong>niT Zala,<br />
kvlav aRmoaCinon fizikuri arsebobisa da sulieri moRvaweobis azri da sawyisi. isini ara<br />
marto Rrma sinanulSi vardebian, aramed agrZeleben gzebis Ziebas RvTisa da xalxis<br />
samsaxurisaken. aki ipovis kidec sruliad moulodnelad Tavis ideals mama sergi Soreuli<br />
naTesavis, paSenkas daumadlebel saqcielSi (tolstoi 1966: 309). ,,...RmerTisTvis cxovrobs da<br />
hgonia, rom xalxs emsaxureba. diax, keTili samsaxuri, daumadleblad gamowvdili erTi Wiqa<br />
wyali ufro Zvirfasia, vidre Cems mier keTily<strong>of</strong>ilni saqmeni”,_ase fiqrobs gardaqmnili,<br />
“strannik (странник)” -is samosSi gadacmuli mama sergi, romelic axla ukve madlobis Tqmasac<br />
aRar acdis xolme xalxs, ise gaSordeba, roca rame keTil saqmes Caidens.<br />
ki magram, maSin raRa daemarTa ,,qarTvel gandegils”, romlis Secodeba, yvelafrisda<br />
miuxedavad, mainc mxolod celqobaa imasTan SedarebiT, rac mama sergisa da abe mures<br />
gadaxdaT. ilias poemis gmiri ufalma daindo mruSobis momakvdinebeli codvisagan, ufro<br />
24
metic, imis mtkicebac ki ar aris advili, rom gandegilma Tundac gulSi imruSa. aki ganmartavs<br />
kidec ilia mwiris sulier gancdas: ,,Tu codva aris, egre rada hgavs sulisTvis aRTqmul<br />
ukvdavebasa?” iqneb es mxolod mwyemsi qalisadmi jer kidev gaucnobierebeli siyvarulia;<br />
ufro misi silamazisadmi yovelmxriv bunebrivi ltolvaa, vidre avxorcobis TavisTavad<br />
samarcxvino gancda. Tqma imisa, rom gandegili mxolod an upirveles yovlisa, xorcielma<br />
vnebam gaitaca, Zalzed gadaWarbebulad meCveneba. Tumca Tundac saqme avxorcobis<br />
CanafiqrTan an ganxorcielebul mruSobasTan gvqondes, aris Tu ara es sakmarisi, rom<br />
gandegili ukve sabolood damarcxebulad gamocxadebuliyo? nuTu mas aRar hqonda Sansi Rrma<br />
sinanuliTa da sulieri moRaweobiT uzenaesTan Tavidan miaxlebisa? vfiqrob, am konteqstSi<br />
msgavs Tematikaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebis gaxseneba sruliad gamarTlebuli da upriania.<br />
gavixsenoT, Tu ra umZafres sulier gancdebSi vardebian igive abe mure da mama sergi, an<br />
anatol fransis Tebaideli meudabnoe, saswaulmoqmedi pafnuti, romelmac Tavis droze<br />
,,aleqsandriis cis cqriala mTvare”(fransi 1914:119)_umSvenieresi, magram znedacemuli Taisi<br />
moaqcia samonastro cxovrebis gzaze; anda wmida antoni, romelic aramarto xorciel<br />
ltolvas(amonarias mimarT), aramed umZafres inteleqtualur cdunebebsac ganicdis<br />
floberis cnobil filos<strong>of</strong>iur dramaSi(floberi 1983). ase rom, msgavsi gansacdelis winaSe<br />
ilias gandegili marto ar aris.<br />
Cemi azriT, sainteresoa isic, rom ilias gandegili ar Cadis arc yvelaze umZimes codvas,<br />
romelic saerToa Cvens mier dasaxelebuli sxva gmirebisaTvis. mama sergisgan, abe muresgan,<br />
pafnutisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic garkveul etapze (rogorc wesi, uSualod codvis<br />
Cadenis Semdeg) Riad vardebian RvTis gmobasa da uzenaesis uary<strong>of</strong>aSi, ilias gandegilis<br />
maqsimaluri ,,Secodeba”, am mxriv, imiT Semoifargleba, rom RvTis mimarT sruliad<br />
gaucnobierebeli sayveduri dascdeba: ,,xolo gza xsnisa eseTi mergo me... ubedursao”.<br />
vfiqrob, yovelive zemoxsenebulTan dakavSirebiT unda gadafasdes Sexeduleba,<br />
romliTac TiTqosda gansazRvrulia poema ,,gandegilis”, rogorc erTgvari didaqtikuralegoriuli<br />
nawarmoebis xasiaTi. ar aris aucilebeli am SesaniSnavi nawarmoebis raime<br />
xelovnur Teoriul sqemaze dayvana da TviTmiznuri mtkiceba imisa, rom gandegili da mwyemsi<br />
qali, ginda Tu ara, maincdamainc (an upirveles yovlisa) erTgvar saxe-simboloebsa da saxeideebs<br />
warmoadgenen; aramed umjobesia, yuradReba gamaxvildes mTavari gmirebis gamorCeul<br />
individualobasa da ganumeoreblobaze, romelic gansakuTrebul xibls sZens poemas.<br />
am konteqstSi sagulisxmoa isic, rom poemaSi mwyemsi qali uaRresad daSorebulia im<br />
sqemas, romelic, saerTod, xSirad moqmedebs msgavsi xasiaTis nawarmoebebSi. marTalia, mas<br />
gandegilTan, erTis mxriv, udavod moaqvs sicocxlisa da sinorCis surneli, magram, amave<br />
dros, is umankoebisa da ubiwoebis gansaxierebacaa. mas, faqtobrivad, araferi aqvs saerTo arc<br />
vnebian aleqsandriel mocekvavesa da advilad xelmisawvdom qalTan_ TaisTan, arc marTlac<br />
eSmaSeCenil, cinikos makovkinasTan, mama sergis Secdena rom surda; arc im vaWris axalgazrda<br />
gonebamosusto asulTan, mama sergis vnebianad rom Semoxvia welze xeli da samarcxvino<br />
codvisaken ubiZga da, rac unda ucnauri iyos, arc sicocxliTa da saocari xalisiT aRsavse,<br />
Tumca mainc vulgarul da gavelurebul albinasTan, romelmac Tavis iniciativiT ara mxolod<br />
,,paradus” baRis mSvenierebas aziara celibatSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda kaTolike moZRvari.<br />
mokled, ,,gandegilis” mwyems qals yvelaferi SeiZleba ewodos macduneblis garda (ufro<br />
metic, roca gandegilis ,,cduneba” xdeba, mas ubralod sZinavs). misi marTlac rom bavSvuri<br />
ubraloeba da uSualoba, Tavmdabloba da pirdapiroba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT natif, magram<br />
srulebiTac aravulgarul garegnobaze, calsaxad gvafiqrebinebs, rom masSi aris ara raime<br />
saeWvo da bneli, aramed WeSmaritad RvTaebrivi sawyisi, RvTaebrivi sawyisi Tundac<br />
renesansuli gagebiT mainc da, amdenad, am sawyisisken asketis uneblie gadaxra (gadataniTi Tu<br />
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) sulac ar unda dasrulebuliyo umZafresi dramiTa da miTumetes,<br />
tragediiT. magram arc ilias gandegili hgavs sxvas bevrs. is ukiduresad mgrZnobiare<br />
fsiqikisa da gamorCeuli sulierebis individumia, romelic uTanasworo brZolaSi kidev<br />
erTxel Seerkineba da kidev erTxel daamarcxebs (!!!) cxovrebiseul sinamdviles. magram mwiri<br />
ver ereva mis cnobierebaSi daleqil fanatikur midrekilebebs, Sesabamisad, gamousworebel<br />
dacemad aRiqvams sulieri wrTobis gzaze naxevari nabijiT ukan daxevasac ki, riTac<br />
misdauneburad dauZleveli da uaRresad mkrexeluri eWvi Seaqvs uzenaesis yovlismomcvel<br />
saTnoebasa da mimteveblobaSi. yovelive es ki misi, rogorc morwmunisa da adamianis pirovnuli<br />
tragediis umTavresi mizezi xdeba.<br />
rogorc araerTxel aRniSnula, ilias ,,gandegili” uaRresad Rrma azrobrivi datvirTvis<br />
nawarmoebia. magram is, upirveles yovlisa, uzado ostatobiT Sesrulebuli mxatvruli<br />
Txzulebaa da ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc erTgvari Teoriuli traqtati, romelmac<br />
ama Tu im umniSvnelovanes da umwvaves kiTxvaze unda gasces pasuxi. piriqiT, ,,gandegili”<br />
aranakleb SekiTxvas wamoWris, vidre amomwurav pasuxs iZleva da, mniSvnelovanwilad, swored<br />
amaSia am ukvdavi poemis idumali momxiblveloba, swored amaSia is muxti, riTac didi ilia sul<br />
axali da axali Taobis mkiTxvels uwevs jansaR provocirebas umZafres filos<strong>of</strong>iur<br />
sakiTxebze fiqrisa Tu gansjisaTvis.<br />
25
damowmebani:<br />
araxamia 2005: araxamia, nana - ilia WavWavaZis “gandegili” qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi, Tb. 2005.<br />
zola 1964: zola, emil- “abe mures Secodeba”, Tb. “literatura da xelovneba”, 1964.<br />
tolstoi 1966: tolstoi, lev - “mama sergi”, Txz. 10 tomad, t. 10, Tb. “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1966.<br />
floberi 1983: floberi, gustav- “wminda antonis cdunebani” (rusul enaze), Txz. 3 tomad, t. 2, moskovi,<br />
1983.<br />
fransi 1914: fransi, anatol- “Taisi”, Tb. 1914.<br />
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe, ilia - “gandegili”, Txz. sr. kr. 20 tomad, t.1, Tb. “mecniereba” - “sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo”, 1987.<br />
26
mixeil qurdiani<br />
ilia WavWavaZis ‘master klasi” _ “nikolooz gostaSabiSvili”:<br />
kompozicia da funqcionaluri kadrireba<br />
“nikolooz gostaSabiSvili” (saaxalwlo moTxroba) 1890 wels gamoqveynda gazeTSi<br />
“iveria” (1: 2-3), romlis sacenzuro nebarTva 1889 wlis 31 dekembers aris gacemuli. daweris<br />
TariRad mas 1880 weli uzis.<br />
moTxroba ori nawilisagan (resp. Tavisagan) Sedgeba _ pirveli avtobiografiuli<br />
xasiaTisaa, meore istoriuli. orive pirobiTad.<br />
magaliTad meore TavSi istoriulobis efeqtis gamosawvevad moxmobilia qarTlis mefis<br />
giorgi meTerTmetisa da iranis sefiani mefis (“yizilbaSTa yeinis”) Sah-sulTan useinis<br />
saxelebi, romelTa meSveobiT “unda moxdes” moTxrobaSi aRwerili omis “sinqronizacia”: “erT<br />
dros Cvena gvyolia qarTlis mefe giorgi meTerTmete. imis dros yizilbaSebis yeinad dajda<br />
Sah-sulTan-usein. am yeinma gamohgzavna didis jariT Tavisi sardali, rom saqarTvelo aiklos<br />
da Tavisad daiWiros. daiZaxes CvenSiac jarianoba da Tavi moiyares qarTvelebma mtris<br />
dasaxvedrad. ” ( WavWavaZe 1985 : 222-223)<br />
swored giorgi XI-isa da husein I-is zeobis TariRebis Sedareba avlens moTxrobis<br />
kvaziistoriul fons.<br />
giorgi XI mefobda orjer (1676-1688 da 1703-1709), husein I mefobda 1694-1722 wlebSi. e.i.<br />
giorgi XI-is pirveli mefoba (1676-1688) uswrebda huseinis zeobis wlebs (am dros iranis Sahi<br />
suleiman I, igive sefi II iyo: 1666-1694). xelaxla giorgi XI swored huseinma gaamefa, magram<br />
iranidan saqarTveloSi aRar daubrunebia, yandaaris (avRaneTi) beglar-begad da iranis<br />
spasalarad daniSna da ajanyebul avRanelTa dasja daavala.<br />
esabamisad giorgi XI-sa da husein I-s Soris saqarTveloSi omi ar momxdara (huseins ar<br />
uomia agreTve arc erekle pirvelTan, romelic suleiman I-ma gaamefa giorgi XI-s nacvlad da<br />
arc vaxtang VI-sTan, romelic ganagebda qarTls giorgi XI-Tvis qarTlis mefobis aRdgenis<br />
Semdeg).<br />
moTxrobis pirveli da meore Tavebi erTmaneTis stilistur opozicias warmoadgenen.<br />
moTxrobis pirvel TavSi Txroba pirvel pirSi warmoebs TviTmxilvelisa da aqtantis<br />
mier. Txrobis manera lirikulia (nostalgiuri notebiT), rac mkiTxvelSi intimurobis<br />
gancdisa da ndobis faqtoris gamowvevas emsaxureba.<br />
meore TavSi Txroba ukve mesame pirSi warmoebs, redublikatoris mier da Txrobis<br />
manerac xazgasmiT naratiulia (heroikis elementebiT), rasac aseve funqcionaluri datvirTva<br />
aqvs: zemoqmedeba gonebaze da ara gulze.<br />
moTxrobis pirvel TavSi aRwerilia ojaxuri idilia _ bednieri, wevruklebi ojaxis<br />
saaxalwlo samzadisi, romlis procesSi deda xuTi patara xelisSemSleli “damxmarisagan”<br />
Tavis dasaxsnelad avalebs mamas bavSvebi raime ambiT Seiqcios.<br />
mama Svilebs “kargad dasaxsomeblad” uyveba erTi “qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli vaJkacis”<br />
_ nikolooz gostaSabiSvilis ambavs.<br />
mama aRwevs Tavis mizans da swored misi monaTxrobi am istoriis gamo wers ilia WavWavaZe:<br />
“yvelazed metad damaxsovda erTis axalis wlis wina-Rame.” (WavWavaZe 1985 : 221)<br />
ambis Txrobisas gamoyenebulia funqcionaluri kadrirebis principi:<br />
Sori plani _ nikolooz gostaSabiSvili “gacxarebul omSi”, sadac is daunaneblad<br />
xocavda mters (omidan gamoxmobili “Coxis kalTiT gasisxlianebul xmalsa swmendavda”);<br />
saSualo plani _ nikolooz gostaSabiSvilis brZola erTi-erTze yizilbaSTan:<br />
“gostaSabiSvilma axsena RmerTi, aukriba sadave cxens da hkra qusli. cxenma erTi oriode<br />
kamara Sehkra, iskupa da Tvalis daxamxamebis umal vaJkaci vaJkacs win daudga. yizilbaSma<br />
wamouRera Tavisi Subi. gostaSabiSvilma xeli aukra da aicdina. es ise marjved mouvida, rom<br />
qebis kiJina dasces. minam yizilbaSi meored Seutevda SubiT, gostaSabiSvili cxen-da-cxen eca,<br />
waswvda, erTi-ori Ronivrad SehbRerta da cxenidam Zirs dasca, ase rom dacemuls fexzed<br />
adgoma gauZnelda.” ( WavWavaZe 1985 : 224)<br />
msxvili plani _ nokolooz gostaSabiSvili damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis winaSe:<br />
“ Camoxta cxenidam gostaSabiSvili, aayena yizilbaSi fexze da uTxra:<br />
_ nu geSinian, me Tavs ar mogWri. Seni Tavi Senis vaJkacobisaTvis mipatiebia. codvaa<br />
Seni gafuWeba. wadi da RmerTma gza mSvidobisa mogceso.” (WavWavaZe 1985 : 224)<br />
planTa cvalebadobas Semdegi datvirTva aqvs:<br />
27
nikolooz gostaSabiSvili raindia _ is Seupovrad ibrZvis xelCarTul omSic (Sori<br />
plani) da duelSic (saSualo plani), magram dacemuli da uiaraRod darCenili metoqis mokvla<br />
mas ar ZaluZs, radgan is raindia da ara jalaTi (msxvili plani) _ mteri iqceva msxverplad<br />
rogorc ki kargavs iaraRs da/an aRmoCndeba umweo mdgomareobaSi.<br />
vaJkaci (gmiri, raindi) ar SeiZleba iyos jalaTi _ ai mamis mTavari (“kargad<br />
dasaxsomebeli”) saTqmeli SvilebisaTvis Soba-axalwlis kvireulSi _ es Rirsebis saqmea.<br />
qarTuli literatura e.w. “Rirsebis literaturaa” _ “nikolooz gostaSabiSvili” mis<br />
SedevrTa ricxvs ekuTvnis (iseve rogorc SoTa rusTvelis “vefxistyaosani”, akaki wereTlis<br />
“gamzrdeli”, vaJa-fSavelas “aluda qeTelauri”,“ stumar-maspinZeli”, “bakuri”, “gvelis<br />
mWameli” da sxva).<br />
aqve isic unda iTqvas rom qarTul literaturaSive aris povnieri ilia WavWavaZis<br />
moTxrobis gmiris saqcielis alternatiuli Sefaseba sxva mwerlis (jemal qarCxaZe) aseve<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebis (dadebiTi) personaJis (mowafe mirianis), mier:<br />
“(namdvili vaJkacoba ra aris) amas manam ver mivxvdebiT, sanam romantikuli burusidan ar<br />
gamovZvrebiT da yalb gmirobasa da praqtikul sikeTes erTmaneTisgan ar gavarCevT. aba is<br />
saqcielia kargi, rac nikoloz gostaSabiSvilma Caidina?<br />
ratomRac ara! rainduli, keTilSobiluri saqcielia!<br />
keTilSobiluri! (odnav agdebuli kilo da odnav ironiuli Rimili) is aris<br />
keTilSobileba, rom gaxurebul omSi sicocxle aCuqo mosisxle mters, romelmac saukeTeso<br />
TanamebrZolebi dagixoca! ra mSvenieri vaJkaci y<strong>of</strong>ilxar, yizilbaSo! afsusia Seni mokvla.<br />
midi da xoce qarTvelebi, sanam SegiZlia! Turme nu ityviT, es aris keTilSobileba...” (qarCxaZe<br />
1995 : 77)<br />
ilia WavWavaZis “master klasi” _ moTxrobis “kinematografiul” gadawyvetaSi<br />
mdgomareobs.<br />
cnobisaTvis: pirveli kinomatografiuli premiera Zmebi lumierebisa Sedga parizSi 1895<br />
wels, xolo funqcionaluri kadrirebis (planTa cvalebadobis), rogorc mxatvruli xerxis<br />
gamoyeneba daiwyes ukve xx saukunis ocian wlebSi.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
qarCxaZe 1995: qarCxaZe j. qaravani (romani), Tb. : “merani”, 1995.<br />
WavWavaZe 1985: WavWavaZe i. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi II, moTxrobebebi, Tb.:<br />
“sabWoTa saqarTvelo”.<br />
28
tradiciuli gansaxovneba ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
lia wereTeli<br />
tradiciuli gansaxovneba uZveles motivTa da siuJetTa gacocxlebaa Semoqmedis mier.<br />
saxe-simboloebi da mza-formulebi, mxatvrul qsovilSi imave funqciiT erTvebian, rac maT<br />
tradiciul azrovnebaSi aqvT.<br />
folklorSi gadaganZulia sulieri saunje, romelic saukuneTa manZilze eris<br />
cnobierebam `SemoqmedebiT quraSi~ gamoawrTo. es procesi hgavs almasis qmnadobas, oqros<br />
`gamoxurvebas~ da iseTi srulqmnilebis miRwevas, romelic drois cvalebadobis miRma dgas.<br />
saxismetyveleba TavisTavad marad ucvleli, ukvdavi saxeebiT azrovnebaa. Semoqmedi<br />
eziareba sakralurs da ganimsWvaleba misi `ze-cnobieri~ ZaliT. `saxe~ TavisTavad arsebobs<br />
yvelasaTvis, magram `metyvelebs~ ara yvelasaTvis erTnairad, rodesac Semoqmedi<br />
folkloridan iRebs am Tu im motivs, Tqmulebas, sagmiro ambavs Tu zRaprul siuJets, misTvis<br />
`saxemetyvelobs~ uZvelesi miTosuri cnobiereba da qristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebi.<br />
tradiciuli gansaxovnebis TvalsawieriT Semoqmedi imdenad axlis Semoqmedi rodia, igi<br />
Semmecnebeli, amTvisebeli da `kargad daviwyebuli Zvelis~ gamacocxlebelia. saxismetyveleba<br />
is `Teslia~, rasac Semoqmedis Tvali miswvda da madliT ganaaxla.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba tradiciul azrovnebasTan ziareba da `SemoqmedebiT<br />
quraSi~ gardaqmnili xatmetyvelebaa. saxierad, cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>lad gansaxovndeba folkloruli<br />
motivebi da xatovani mza-formulebi ilias SemoqmedebaSi.<br />
xalxur gadmocemebs, legendebsa da poetur qmnilebebs ilia Tavad agrovebda. duSeTis<br />
mazraSi msaxurobis dros gansakuTrebiT dauaxlovda xalxur Semoqmedebas.<br />
mravalsaukunovani xalxuri sityviereba didi mTlianobis _ qarTuli sulierebis,<br />
sarwmunoebrivi erTianobisa da simtkicis, saxelmwifoebriobis diadi gancdis namsxvrevebad<br />
esaxeboda. uRrmavdeboda xalxur sadideblebs, gamonaTqvamebs, poetur Sedevrebs, `urmulis~<br />
hangi, `erT gabmul godebad~ Caesmoda, folklorul qmnilebebSi xalxis gulisTqmis sWvretda.<br />
tradiciuli gansaxovneba ilias SemoqmedebaSi sakralurobis gancdas, eris `zecnobieri~<br />
madlis ziarebas gulisxmobs.<br />
mzis sxivze dayrdnobili gandegilis `locvani~.<br />
a) mzis sxivs dayrdnobili „locvani“<br />
gandegili beri „locvans“ mzis sxivze ayrdnobs da am saswauliT amowmebs<br />
madlmosilebas.<br />
ra wyaros eyrdnoba i. WavWavaZe am saswaulis ametyvelebisas? saswauls hagiografiaSi<br />
Tavisi gansaxovnebis sistema aqvs. konkretul istoriul realobaSi iWreba iracionaluri,<br />
zedrouli arsi. RvTiuris Semecneba swored saswaulis ZaliT sruldeba. saswauli kavSiria<br />
miwiersa da RvTiurs, realursa da irealurs Soris. ams<strong>of</strong>liuri dro-sivrcis dasazRvruli<br />
realoba iSleba Txrobis horizontad, xolo saswauli vertikaliT aRimarTeba da<br />
jvarsaxovneba warmodgeba. saswauli srulqmnis adamianis nebisa da RvTiuri nebis Tanxvedras.<br />
amrigad, saswauli RvTiuris aRqmis funqciiT iWreba TxrobaSi.<br />
sxivi, miTopoeturi tradiciiT, mzesTan kavSiris, mzis `wilis~ aRmniSvnelia. `nawiliani~<br />
gmirebi mzis niSniT aRbeWdilni warmodgebian da daumarcxebelni arian, vidre<br />
wilxvdomilobas floben. Saravandedi mzis diskos gansaxierebaa, RvTiuri naTlis Tanxleba,<br />
wmidanobis atributi... mzis sxivis `CamoSveba~, `Camosveteba~, mzis Suqis `dafena~<br />
RvTivkurTxeuloba, madlmosilebaa folklorSi.<br />
ikonografiaSi mzis sxivi svetad eSveba, Suqi vertikaliT ifineba da `naTlis svetad~<br />
cxaddeba.<br />
medievaluri azrovneba mzes `RvTis xatad~ srulqmnis. mefe `RvTis xatia~ da RvTis nebis<br />
momfeni.<br />
`vefxistyaosanSi~ mefeebi mze-mefeebad ixatebian da `naTlis sveti~ axlavT:<br />
`igi Wabukni SuqiTa vnaxen mzisaca metiTa,<br />
maT samTa Svidni mnaTobni hfaraven naTlisa svetiTa~ (1417).<br />
`mze uSenod ver iqmnebis, radgan Sen xar misi wili~.<br />
mzis sxivze dayrdnobili `locvani~ poemaSi i. WavWavaZem sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsiT,<br />
xalxuri tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT srulqmna.<br />
konkretulad ori epizodi cxady<strong>of</strong>s folklorul wyaros:<br />
a) Tamar mefis tansacmels, xalxuri legendis Tanaxmad, mzis sxivi iWerda.<br />
b) `erekle mefe locvaze rom dadgeboda, xmals mzis Suqze dahkidebda xolme da roca<br />
locvas gaaTavebda, sxiviTgan isev aiRebda xmalsao~.<br />
29
i. WavWavaZem saswauli poemaSi `gandegili~ am xalxuri tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
srulqmna.<br />
* * *<br />
`bazaleTisa tbis Ziras~ _ bazaleTis tba i. WavWavaZis leqsSi ori xalxuri tradiciis<br />
Serwymaa. `bazaleTSi daRupva~ formuladqceuli xatovani gamoTqmaa _ srul daRupvas,<br />
saboloo imedgacruebas, veRar gadarCenas aRniSnavs. bazaleTis tba Zalian Rrmaa, bevris<br />
tragikuli sikvdilis mizezi gaxda. wyevlis formadac qceula gamoTqma `bazaleTSi daRupva~.<br />
imavdroulad bazaleTs ukavSirdeba Soba gmirisa, raindisa, romlis dabadebasac moelis<br />
eri. am gmirma unda ixsnas qveyana.<br />
magram gana bazaleTis tbis Ziras darweul akvanSi Cveulebrivi yrma wevs?<br />
xalxuri tradiciiT, oqros akvanSi, batoniSvili wevs, bagrationi yrma ufliswuli:<br />
`am batonebis dedasa iavnaninao,<br />
udgiaT oqros akvani vardo naninao<br />
Sig uwevT batoniSvili iav naninao...~<br />
taxtdakarguli saqarTvelo, bagrationTa samefo sagvareulos ruseTSi gadasaxleba da<br />
mim<strong>of</strong>antva... bazaleTma TiTqos es tragikuloba Seirwya.<br />
i. WavWavaZe yrma ufliswulis dabadebas, samefo xelisuflebis aRdgenas eris molodins<br />
unda gulisxmobdes.<br />
vfiqrobT, i. WavWavaZe sagangebod arCevs xalxur tradiciaSi damkvidrebul, xatovan<br />
formulebad qceul, Rrmadsulieri Sinaarsis motivebs. unarCunebs maT gansaxovnebis<br />
tradicias da axleburad acocxlebs mxatvrul naazrevSi.<br />
xalxuri legenda, romelsac imowmebs vaxuSti bagrationi `aRweraSi~, oqros akvanSi<br />
mwoliare yrmaze mogviTxrobs. igi uxilavs bers, romelic beTlemis gamoqvabulSi Sesula:<br />
yinulis brwyinvale taZars Weri varskvlavebiT hqonda moWedili, iataki TvalmargalitiT,<br />
SuaSi oqros akvani idga, romelsac mtredi arwevda... beTlemidan wamosul bers Tan wamouRia<br />
abrahamis karvisa da qristes bagis xis naWrebi da mefe ereklesTvis mourTmevia... anu mefe<br />
erekle, rogorc bagrationi mefe, bibliur-saxarebiseuli siwmidis, yrma-macxovris `saunjes~<br />
wildebulia. is daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavalia da memkvidrea im `Zir-Stosi~,<br />
romelsac miekuTvneba RvTismSobeli da macxovari. es mrwamsi tradiciul azrovnebaSi iseve<br />
cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>elia, rogorc saistorio mwerlobaSi, agiografiaSi, ikonografiasa da<br />
himnografiaSi.<br />
am saidumloebrivi, siwmidiT mosili adgilidan _ beTlemidan iReben dasabams xevsurTa<br />
RvTisSvilni.<br />
rogorc mcxeTa aris ierusalimis analogi (k. kekeliZe) ise xevis beTlemi analogia<br />
palestinis beTlemisa tradiciul azrovnebaSi. beTlemis `kari~ zRurblia sakralurisa:<br />
`beTlemis karze hkidia voJa jurxais faria,<br />
mouvlis omis wadili, xandaxan SesZravs qaria~.<br />
beTlemis karTan, rogorc zRurblTan, hkidia es fari da igi didi winapris mxedruli<br />
suliskveTebiT aris aRvsili, omi swyuria. qari `acocxlebs~ am wadils. beTlemis karTan<br />
dakiduli fari `sam sknelSi~ moiazreba. igi rogorc jaWvi beTlemis qvabSi, or samyaros<br />
aerTebs. mas sakraluris mcvelis funqcia akisria.<br />
erTi xevsuruli andrezi oqros akvanSi RvTiur yrmaze mogviTxrobs da Sobis<br />
cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>loba ixateba:<br />
`oqros akvani dgaod, Sigav ymawvil iwviv, tred daRbrunevdesav Tavzedao, ifqlis<br />
marcvlebs aWmevdes~ (z. kiknaZe).<br />
amisdakvalad, tradiciul azrovnebaSi `oqros akvanSi~ batoniSvili, yrma ufliswuli<br />
moiazreba. `iavnanebi~ da sadideblebi moixsenieben. bagrationi yrma ufliswuli beTlemis<br />
yrmis darad aris oqros akvanSi moazrebuli, radgan igi bibliuri CamomavlobiT `daviTis<br />
saxlidan~ aris da macxovris `Zir-Stos~ memkvidrea.<br />
oqro da oqroqsovili RvTivkurTxeulobas ganasaxierebs. oqrocurvilia mefis<br />
Saravandi, anu gvirgvini, oqrosfrad ixilveba mefis samosze gadmosuli `madli~, nu diadima,<br />
sartyeli, romelic jvarSemosilad saxavs mefes, oqrosferi foCiT aris garsmovlebuli<br />
RvTismSoblis mewamulisferi Sesamoseli niSnad `zeciuri ded<strong>of</strong>lobisa~.<br />
oqros miwier samyaroSi sispetakis, siwmindis, uxrwnelobis simboloa. oqros darad mefe<br />
`RvTis xatad~, adamianTa Soris `RvTis nebis~ ganmcxadeblad moiazreba.<br />
tradiciuli azrovneba ganasaxovnebs bagrationTa samefo ideologias, romelic<br />
ganfenilia saistorio mwerlobaSi, agiografiaSi, himnografiasa da Suasaukuneobriv kedlis<br />
mxatvrobaSi. `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-s avtori laSa-giorgis dabadebis adgils<br />
_ tabaxmelas adarebs beTlems da es aris paraleluri Txrobis, ori dro-sivrculi<br />
ganzomilebis wiaRi, plutarqis `paraleluri biografiebis~ darad. RvTismSoblis saxesimbolikiT,<br />
misi amqveyniuri cxovrebis epizodebiT `iwereba~ Tamar mefis `cxovreba~, raTa<br />
daixatos gvirgvinosani bagrationi mefe-Tamaris RvTismSobelTan mimsgavsebuloba,<br />
saqarTvelo warmoadgens RvTismSoblis wiaRSi, misgan kalTagadafarebuli, RvTismSoblis<br />
30
wilxvdomili~ qveyana Tamaris madliT, misi mefobiTa da RvawliT `samoTxed~ ixilveba. es<br />
mrwamsi `vefxistyaosanSic~ ganfenilia. Tamaris `qebiT~ mematiane, rusTvelis darad<br />
RvTismSoblis sagalobels warmoTqvams.<br />
Tu beTlemi gadaganZuli sakraluri ganZTsacavia, klde-yinulebSi, `bazaleTis tba~<br />
wylis wiaRSi CanTqmul saidumlos ifaravs. iliaseuli xedviT (rac xalxur legendebSi ar<br />
dasturdeba), Tamar mefes Caudgams Tavisi xeliT tbis ZirSi `is oqros akvani~.<br />
vfiqrobT, ilia WavWavaZe am tradiciuli gansaxovnebis `gasaRebs~ gvTavazobs: `oqros<br />
xanis~ RvTivkurTxeuli mefe-gvirgvinosani `oqros akvans~ _ asaidumloebs, sakralur<br />
adgilad amkvidrebs, gadaganZavs saunjes. Tu Tamar mefis saqarTvelos ruqas davakvirdebiT,<br />
bazaleTis tba `Suaguls~, Suacentrs qmnis.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe `qarTlis cxovrebis~ darad, qarTvel mefes moiazrebs eris sazRvarTa<br />
`mcvelad~, eris winamZRolad, RvTivrCeul gvirgvinosnad. iliam sami RvTaebrivi saunjis<br />
`mamuli, ena, sarwmunoebis~ ???? qarTveli saxelmwifoebriv saZirkvlad gamoacxada sami saxexati:<br />
`gvirgvini, guTani da xmali~.<br />
gvirgvini _ mefis insignia, simbolo mziurobisa da maradiulobisa miTosuri<br />
cnobierebidan... guTani _ glexis umTavresi sameurneo iaraRi, simbolo miwaTmoqmedi eris<br />
arsebobisa da xmali _ simbolo Tavdacvis, mterTan orTabrZolis, mxedruli suliskveTebisa.<br />
vfiqrobT, leqsSi `bazaleTis tba~ ilia WavWavaZe ganasaxovnebs bagrationis yrma<br />
ufliswulis dabadebas, samefo xelisuflebis aRdgenas saqarTveloSi.<br />
ilias, taxtdakargul saqarTveloSi realurad daekisra mefobis, eris winamZRolobis<br />
misia, man ganvlo golgoTa, ufalTan mimsgavsebiT qarTveli mefe-mowameni rom vlidnen. Rrmad<br />
hqonda gancdili qarTvel bagrationTa xvedri `erTmorwmune~ dampyrobis maxvilqveS ruseTSi<br />
gadasaxlebuli da mim<strong>of</strong>antuli erekle mefis STamomavalni Tu iranSi gadaxvewili<br />
aleqsandre batoniSvilis `ganwiruli suliskveTeba~.<br />
amrigad, i. WavWavaZe sagangebod arCevs xalxur tradiciaSi damkvidrebul xatovan<br />
formulad qceul, Rrmadsulieri SinaarsiT gamorCeul motivebs. unarCunebs maT<br />
gansaxovnebis tradicias da axleburad acocxlebs mxatvrul naazrevSi.<br />
eris molodini safarveldadebuli, gadaganZuli saidumlos gacxadebis Jamis<br />
molodinia. `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyvelebis darad, raindebs RvTiur Zalas `abjari<br />
sakvirveli~ aniWebT:<br />
`jaWvi, xrmali, muzaradi, sabarkuli maTi mgvani~,<br />
`jaWv-muzaradi almasi, xrmali basrisa mWrelio~.<br />
zRaprul epizods poemaSi qarTvel mefeTa istoriuli suraTebi mxatvruli<br />
ZalmosilebiT usworebs Tvals.<br />
sainteresoa, tradiciul azrovnebaSi gergetis samebis funqcia:<br />
`gergeti ZvelTaganve siwmidiT y<strong>of</strong>ila mosili qarTvelTa TvalSi. im adgilze, sadac<br />
dRes samebis taZari dgas, tradicia andria pirvelwodebulis kvals xedavs, mociquls aq jvari<br />
aRumarTavs, riTac dasabami miucia am aremaris sakraluri istoriisaTvis... Znelbedobis Jams<br />
samebis wmida taZarSi inaxeboda sveticxovlis ganZi, maT Soris wmida ninos jvari vazisa,<br />
gergeti mcxeTis sveticxovlis saufloSi Sedioda. isini TavianT istorias vaxtang<br />
gorgaslidan iwyeben, taZris aSenebas Tamaris andrezul xanas miaweren~. (z. kiknaZe)<br />
es andrezebi da gadmocemebi hqmnian saymos cnobierebas. saymos cnobiereba ki<br />
gamWvirvaled inaxavs mefis cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>el xats, eris damoukideblobis ideals, pirovnebis<br />
Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis mrwams. vladikavkasidan momavali iliasa da moxevis saubarSi<br />
samebis taZarTan erTad TvalnaTliv cocxldeba `samyos~ tradiciuli azrovneba. lelT-Runia<br />
faqtobrivad `sakraluris mcvelis~ funqcias gulisxmobs.<br />
* * *<br />
TeleToba _ xatovan Tqmad qceuli sityva-formulaa, `areuloba, Rreoba, xmauroba,<br />
uwesoba. (T. saxokia). TeleTobiT aRiniSneba qaosi `erTi sityviT TeleTobaa~ (g. orbeliani).<br />
`TeleTis gorakze warmomdgaria qviTkiris eklesia wmida giorgis saxelobaze aSenebuli.<br />
dReobaze auarebeli mlocveli iyrida Tavs, ikvleboda xatisTvis Sesawiri saklavi. aTevdnen<br />
Rames, imarTeboda qeifi, drostareba, Cxubi... am uwesrigobas, xmaurobas suraTxatovnad<br />
daerqva TeleToba~.<br />
TeleToba, rogorc xatovani Tqma, aurzaurisa da Rreobis aRmniSvneli, gulisxmobs<br />
wmida giorgis dResaswaulis desakralizebas ilias epoqaSi: umTavresi funqcia dResaswauls<br />
dakarguli aqvs da TavSeyris, qeifoba-drostarebis alagad qceula. XIX s-is sasuliero pirTa<br />
qadagebebSi xSirad Cndeba mowodebebi imis Taobaze, rom did dResaswaulebze xalxi salocavad<br />
da wmidanTa pativsacemad rodi ikribeba, umetesad taZris ezoSi saklaviT modis da saero<br />
dResaswaulad aqcevs saeklesio tradicias. am epoqaSi TvalSisacemia sulier faseulobaTa<br />
gadafaseba da sasuliero wodebisadmi undobloba, rac ganapiroba saqarTveloSi ruseTis<br />
imperiulma politikam _ samefo taxtis gauqmebam da avtokefaliis dakargvam, rus egzarxosTa<br />
mier qarTvel sasuliero pirTa Seviwrovebas, sasuliero ganaTlebis mowyvetas<br />
Suasaukuneobriv tradiciasTan da rusulad wirva-locvis, zogadad rusifikaciis politikiT.<br />
31
xalxi inarCunebs dResaswaulis xsovnas, magram TandaTan es dResaswauli emsgavseba<br />
warmarTul, qristanobamdel wes-Cveulebebs.<br />
rodesac i. WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianSi~ TeleTs gamgzavreba ixateba, swored<br />
desakralizebuli, funqciadakarguli dResaswaulis xsovna warmoCndeba. uZvelesi droidan<br />
Svilierebisa da senTagan gankurnebis ZaliT ganTqmuli wmida giorgis salocavSi luarsabi da<br />
darejani rwmeniT aRvsili sasoebiT moZRvris rCeviT rodi mieSurebian, maT iq mkiTxavi<br />
agzavnis.<br />
TeleToba mciredmorwmune col-qmrisTvis wmida giorgis saswaulTa mosmenis,<br />
mravalsaukunovani taZris Tayvaniscemis surviliT rodia aRvsili, aramed isini im mrevlis<br />
RviZli Svilni arian, romelsac TeleToba TavSeyrisa da Rreobis, advilad desakralizebul<br />
dResaswaulad miaCniaT.<br />
rogorc i. WavWavaZis TvalsawierSi luarsabi ar aris wminda mefe luarsabis Rirseuli<br />
memkvidre sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsiT, arc darejania gansaxiereba rusTvelisa, pirovnebisa,<br />
rogorc saxeli luarsabi, ilias Semdgom desakralizebulia, ise TeleToba da TeleTs<br />
gamgzavreba nawarmoebSi komikuria.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianSi?!~ es desakralizebuli dResaswauli igulisxmeba,<br />
gaSarJebulia `luarsabisa da darejanis TeleTs gamgzavreba~.<br />
amrigad, ilia WavWavaZe tradiciuli azrovnebis wiaRs siRrmiseulad scdeba,<br />
sakraluris `ze-cnobier~ Zalas SeigrZnobs, acnobierebs da Tavis SemoqmedebaSi axleburad<br />
acocxlebs. tradiciuli gansaxovnebis ZaliT sakralurobis, idumalebis, saidumloebrivis<br />
madli SemoqmedebiTad SenarCunebulia.<br />
32
`kvali ganaTlebulis~<br />
motivi ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
Tamar SarabiZe<br />
yvela didi poetis SemoqmedebaSi dgeba WeSmaritebis Ziebis sakiTxi, romelsac<br />
TiToeuli Semoqmedi sxvadasxvagvarad gaiazrebs. SesaZlebelia zogadi principebi daemTxves<br />
erTmaneTs, magram niWier mwerals mainc Tavisi gansxvavebuli xedva aqvs; am xedvas ki is iseT<br />
sityaSi ayalibebs, romelic mxolod miseulad aRiqmeba.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi mTeli simZafriT dgeba WeSmaritebis Ziebis sakiTxi,<br />
romelsac qristianuli ms<strong>of</strong>lxedva udevs safuZvlad. ilias cnobili leqsebis mixedviT<br />
poetis naazrevi ase warmoCndeba: ymawvili axlos dgas ufalTan, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi,<br />
siWabukis Jamis gasvlasTan erTad, igi Sordeba RmerTs da obldeba, radgan wydeba is kavSiri,<br />
romelsac yrma Tavisi ucodvelobiT, gulwrfelobiT, fiqriT, ocnebiT amyarebda ufalTan<br />
(`yvarlis mTebs~). Wabukis TvaliT danaxuli yvarlis mTebi SegviZlia gaviazroT rogorc<br />
zecasTan damakavSirebeli mediumi, qveynisa da cis SemaerTebeli. amgvari funqcia<br />
qristianul taZars eniWeba xolme;. maSin kidev ufro siRrmiseulad SeiZleba gavaanalizoT<br />
ilias mier gamoyenebuli leqsika: zecasTan simboluri qorwineba _ `SeuRlebuli, RmerTTan<br />
misvlis Jami _ siyrme; sxvagari SiSi, romelic ar aixsneba simxdaliT da mxolod uflis winaSe<br />
my<strong>of</strong>obis SiSad unda aRviqvaT. am azrs kidev ufro aZlierebs cisa da mTebis simaRllis erTad<br />
moazreba, mTaTa `zemo mxaris~ laJvardovani _ xiluli _ cis fonze Wvreta da poetis natvra<br />
`aRmafrenisa~, romelic mxolod `yrmobis simartiviTaa~ misawvdomi. droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
icvleba mimarTeba mTebTan. ratom? pasuxi erTia. ymawvilobis Jami gadis, ris gamoc<br />
sxvaferdeba damokidebuleba TviT zecasTan. yrma Tu `ymawvil yrmobis simartiviT~ axerxebda<br />
ufalTan aRsvlas (Tundac ocnebiT), Jamma ymawvilobasTan erTad `simartivec~ daakargvina;<br />
gonebas ki sul sxva miznebi dausaxa _ saWiroa wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis valis moxda, radgan yrmobiT<br />
veRar mixval ufalTan: zrdasrul adamians, romlis goneba ukve wuTis<strong>of</strong>elze fiqrs<br />
moucavs, aRar Seswevs Zala RvTaebrivis aRqmisa da eZiebs sxva gzebs.<br />
ilias SemoqmedebaSi ikveTeba ramdenime gza: 1) sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebisaken swrafva, rasac<br />
adamiani uflis baZviT axorcielebs (`rodemdis~); 2) valis moxdisa da kvalis damCnevis gza<br />
(`yvarlis mTebs~, `qarTvlis dedas~, `dae, Tund movkvde~); 3)poeturi procesi (`Citi~, `ciurni<br />
xmebi~, `poeti~; 4)mwuxareba (`mwuxareba~); 5)obloba (`gazafxuli~); 6)locva (`g. abx/azs~, `mamao<br />
Cveno~, `odes demoni~); 7)siyvaruli (`giyvardes~, `risTvis miyvarxar~, `meca mqonia kargi<br />
mamuli~).<br />
WeSmaritebis Ziebis am gzebidan ilias saxe da xasiaTi yvelaze metad valis moxdisa da<br />
kvalis damCnevis gzaSi vlindeba; Tumca yvela gza sabolood erTiandeba da erT mizans isaxavs<br />
_ wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis valis moxdas. ras iTxovs wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli adamianisagan? raSi mdgomareobs<br />
misadmi vali? ilia mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiT cdilobs pasuxi gasces am umniSvnelovanes<br />
kiTxvas; rac daaxloebiT amgvarad aRiqmeba _ wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli amqveyniuri realobaa, amitomac<br />
adamianis valia am qveyanas daamCnios kvali, romelic `ganaTlebuli~ unda iyos, e.i. rwmeniT<br />
ganaTebuli. swored am kvalis damCnevisaTvisaa saWiro yrmobasTan da mTebTan ganSorebac da<br />
Semdeg xelmeored (ukve zrdasruli adamianis) dabruneba maTTan.<br />
uflisgan moSoreba simbolurad Tvalis naTlis dabnelebadac aRiqmeba. poetis Tvalic<br />
`mwuxari~ xdeba, roca kamaras aRar amkoben mTis mwvervalni. leqsis bolo str<strong>of</strong>ebi _<br />
`mSvidobiT, Cemno...~ _ realur yvarlis mTebTan gamosamSvidobeblad naTqvami sityvebia,<br />
romelSiac warmoCndeba sulis swrafva `Sor qveynidam~ (ruseTidan) samSoblomde, an sulac _<br />
am qveynidan im qveynamde (samSoblo da mamuli qristianul literaturaSi /sasulierosa da<br />
saeroSic/ xSirad moiazreba RvTiur kuTxed anu adgilad, sadac RmerTia).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi adamianis valis sakiTxi mravalmxriv aris moazrebuli.<br />
zogadad ki problema kiTxvis saxiT ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT _ raSi mdgomareobs adamianis<br />
daniSnuleba da vali RvTis winaSe, romelSiac gaerTiandeba sakiTxebi _ adamianis (yrmis,<br />
dedis Tu winamorbedis) vali samSoblos winaSe, aseve _ poetis daniSnuleba da vali?<br />
iliasaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom adamianma Tavisi `ganaTlebuli kvali~<br />
datovos am qveynad, rom misma sicocxlem fuWad ar Caiaros, rom sxvebsac magaliTi misces<br />
`naTeli saqmisa~. amitomac poetis vedrebaa dedisadmi:<br />
`dedav, ismine qarTvlis vedreba;<br />
ise aRzarde Sen Svilis suli,<br />
rom win gauZRves WeSmariteba,<br />
ukan rCes kvali ganaTlebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 67).<br />
33
poeti qristianuli ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvis Tanaxmad wuTis<strong>of</strong>els mdinared saxavs, Tavis sxeuls<br />
_ navad, romelsac wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis zvirTebi arxevs, xolo zRvas _ samyarod, romelSiac mis navs<br />
`CaRupva~ elis, kvals ki waSla. kvalis waSla iliasaTvis didi tragediaa:<br />
`Tu es maqvs garduvali,<br />
vswyevli Cem Sobis wamsa.<br />
rad mindoda svla qveynad,<br />
Tu eg bolo mxvda mxvedrad?~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 48)<br />
poeti mzadaa tanjvisaTvis, cremlis RvrisaTvis; bedis muxTlobasa da siyvarulSi<br />
Ralatsac ki aitans. erTaderTi, risi atanac ar SeuZlia, es sakuTari Tavis `arafrobaa~:<br />
`yvelas gavuZleb, rogorc klde qvisa,<br />
bedTana brZola viT meSineba?!<br />
xolo Cem Tavis arafrobisa<br />
ar ZalmiZs, Zmano, versiT gaZleba!~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 69).<br />
ara mxolod tanjvis, ilias sikvdilisac ar eSinia. tanjviTa da sikvdilisaTvis<br />
mzady<strong>of</strong>niT igi TiTqos Tavidanve emzadeba wmindanobisTvis:<br />
`dae, Tund movkvde, ar meSinian,<br />
magram ki ise, rom Cemi kvali<br />
naxon maT, vinca Cems ukan vlian,<br />
Tqvan: aRasrula man Tvisi vali~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 66).<br />
leqsSi ilia konkretulad Tavis movaleobaze saubrobs, rasac samSoblos samsaxursa da<br />
poetur moRvaweobas ukavSirebs _ qarTveli saflavSi CasZaxebs Tavis poets:<br />
` ... Seni qnari Sors Cvengan _ CrdilSi _<br />
amaod CvenTvis ar xmaurobda~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 66).<br />
poetis mizania xalxze zrunva poeziis saSualebiT; misi gam<strong>of</strong>xizleba, gamococxleba.<br />
leqsSi `rodemdis~ ilia mtkivneulad ganicdis, rom ar vcnobT sicocxlis fass, ar vcemT<br />
Tayvans am RvTiur niWs, mis yovel wuTs sifrTxiliT ar vxarjavT da aq y<strong>of</strong>na amaoebad<br />
gveCveneba. aseT adamians ilia sulels uwodebs. mas daviwyebuli aqvs qristes sityvebi da<br />
Tavis Tavs, mtvriT Seqmnils, isev mtvrad saxavs; sicocxles _ am ukvdav niWs _ ki mtvris<br />
Tanamgzavrad. ilia adamians macxovris sityvebs Seaxsenebs:<br />
`nuTu ar ici, ras gamcnebda RmerTi jvarcmuli,<br />
ros brZana: `viTa mama zecis, iyav Senc sruli~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 61).<br />
sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebisaken anu RmerTisaken swrafva aris adamianis cxovrebis dedaazri, misi<br />
gzis naTeli; is, rac tovebs am qveynad kvals; amitom adamianis mizania, miemsgavsos RmerTs.<br />
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiTa da SemoqmedebiT amisken miiltvis iliac. is amJRavnebs qristianuli<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobisa da qristianuli saxismetyvelebis udides codnas da ganmartavs `cis<br />
niWs~:<br />
`usuldgmulo cxovreba<br />
igi miwis y<strong>of</strong>ila,<br />
rasac bolo hqonia!<br />
cxovrebas aciskrovnebs<br />
suli, saqmiT metyveli,<br />
da is ubolo aris,<br />
viT sulis STamberveli~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 116).<br />
usulo cxovreba miwisaa, mas bolo aqvs; cis niWi ki sulia, `suli, saqmiT metyveli~.<br />
poeti kargi saqmiT Tavis dros aCens kvals da amasTanave `aqav~ (am s<strong>of</strong>elSi) ewafeba<br />
ukvdavebis wyals, romelic, saxarebis teqstis wminda mamaTa ganmartebiT, qristes rwmeniT<br />
mopovebuli saukuno cxovrebaa. `saqmiT metyveli suloba~ pirovnebis mier saqmeSi asaxuli<br />
sulierebaa, am qveyanaze `ganaTlebuli kvalis~ damCnevaa, Tavisuflebisaken swrafvaa,<br />
moqmedeba da moZraobaa (Sdr. ilia WavWaZis `mgzavris werilebTan~ _ myinvarisa da Tergis,<br />
dRisa da Ramis dapirispireba).<br />
sainteresoa sulis epiTetad `ubolos~ gamoyeneba, rac aranivTiersa da dausrulebels<br />
unda niSnavdes (romelsac bolo ara aqvs); uflis mxatvruli saxe ki `sulis STambervelia~<br />
(baqraZe 1984 : 63-64). kvalis datoveba am qveynad anu sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebisaken da RvTisaken swrafva<br />
`saqmiT metyvel sulobaSi~ mJRavndeba. mixeil kveselavas TqmiT, `es fausturi paradigmebis<br />
34
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi momentia~, radgan jer iyo sityva, romelic iTargmna gonebad,<br />
goneba Seicvala ZaliT da bolos saqmiT. WeSmaritebis kriteriumad saqme warmoCnda<br />
(kveselava 1961 : 401). saqmiT metyveli sulia is poetic, romlis qnaric `amaod CvenTvis ar<br />
xmaurobda~ (`dae, Tund movkvde~). poets ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi wmindanis funqcia<br />
akisria. is `zecisa kaci da qveyanisa angelozia~. mas ca gzavnis, ca niSnavs da gansakuTrebul<br />
misiasac akisrebs. es misia eris winamZRolobaa; swored amitomac laparakobs poeti RmerTTan,<br />
swored amitomac Rvivis mis gulSi RmerTis siyvaruli, rom eris tanjva da sixaruli mxolod<br />
ki ar gaiziaros, aramed misi `bediT da ubedobiT daedagos kidec mtkice guli~ ... da, ai,<br />
mxolod maSin, rodesac naperwkalic _ suliwmindis madli _ gadmova poetze, SeZlebs is<br />
poeturi procesis aRsrulebas; misi namoRvawari ki is wminda kvali iqneba, romelic ers<br />
tanjvis cremls moswmends (WavWavaZe 1987 : 103).<br />
iliam icis, rom poetoba sapasuxismgeblo movaleobaa — poeti wminda sityvas avrcelebs<br />
xalxSi, romelic `borotT saklavad~ aris mimarTuli. wminda sityva RvTis sityvaa, uflis<br />
mcnebebia, romelTa mizani swored eSmakTan brZolaa. ilia marTlis didi rwmena kidev erTxel<br />
gamomJRavnda farisevlobis dagmobasa da sikeTis farul qmnaSi;<br />
`Tu kacma ver scno Cveni guli, xom icis RmerTma.<br />
rom wminda aris ganzraxva da survili Cveni~ (WavWavaZe 1987 : 120).<br />
es `wminda~ Tu `RviZli~ (am sityvebs iliasaTvis erTi mniSvneloba aqvs. orive RvTiurs<br />
aRniSnavs) sityva qveyanas gulistkivils mourCens, davrdomils aRadgens, unugeSos nugeSs<br />
mohfens, mtirals cremls moswmends, muSas Sromas gauadvilebs da, rac mTavaria, imeds<br />
Caunergavs iveriis ZeT. sityvas saqme mohyveba, saqme, romelic `ganaTlebul kvals~ tovebs _<br />
erT did cecxlad Segrovdeba `is TiToeuli naperwkali, romelic ar SeiZleba rom yovels<br />
kacSi ar Jolavdes~; cecxli anu siyvaruli ki samSoblos guls gauTbobs (`mgzavris<br />
werilebi~). poetis misia ilias mraval leqssa Tu moTxrobaSi sxvadasxva mxatvruli da<br />
simboluri saxeebiTaa warmoCenili, Tumca azri misi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb yvelgan erTia _<br />
poeti `saqmiT metyveli sulia~, man Tavisi kvali unda daamCnios am qveynad, amitomac mieca<br />
niWi da amitomac `laparakobs RmerTTan~.<br />
ilias Semoqmedebis mixedviT, poeturi procesi amgvarad SeiZleba aRviqvaT: dabinduli<br />
cnobiereba, romelsac mohyveba mwuxareba da ganwmenda (RmerTTan miaxleba da laparaki),<br />
Semdeg _ cidan naperwkali (suliwmindis gadmosvla) da laRi simRera anu `wminda sityva~;<br />
sityva, romelic tovebs kvals. es aris poeziiT RmerTTan misvlis gza da RmerTis sityvis<br />
xalxTan mitana. ilias ara erTi, aramed mravali leqsi nimuSia swored xalxisaTvis RvTis<br />
sityvis STagonebis. es leqsebia: `poeti~, `Cemo kalamo~, `ciurni xmebi~, `mwuxareba~,<br />
`giyvardes~, `rodemdis~, `qarTvlis dedas~ da a.S., xolo poetis sityvas RvTisadmi<br />
warmoadgens locva.<br />
poeti mxolod erTi TxovniT mimarTavs ufals _ Seimecnos uflis mier `namcnebi<br />
siyvaruli~. esec ufalTan miaxlebis gzaa, yvelaze nacadi da utyuari. iliam kargad uwyis, ras<br />
niSnavs siyvaruli, rom uflisadmi trfoba mas mxolod moyvasis siyvaruls ar avaldebulebs;<br />
rom moyvruli siyvaruli moicavs moyvrisa da mtris _ orives _ siyvaruls. siyvaruli<br />
sulieri naTlis mopovebis gzaa, naTeli ki gadaarCens pirovnebasac da ersac. amitom dedis<br />
misias, romelsac `saRmrTo valad~ miiCnevs, mkveTrad da zustad ayalibebs ilia:<br />
`aRzarde Svili, miec Zala suls,<br />
sazrdod xmarobde qristesa mcnebas,<br />
STaagonebde kacTa siyvaruls, _<br />
Zmobas, erTobas, Tavisuflebas, _ ~ (WavWavaZe 1987 : 67).<br />
saRvTo siyvarulis CanergviT unda aRizardos Svili; Tu mis gzas win WeSmariteba<br />
gauZRveba, mas namdvilad darCeba `ganaTlebuli kvali~, razedac ocnebobda da risTvisac<br />
mTeli cxovreba iRvwoda ilia WavWavaZe. mTeli misi Semoqmedeba gamoxatulebaa imisa, Tu<br />
rogor unda SeZlos adamianma Tavisi valis imgvarad aRsruleba, rom ukan rCes `kvali<br />
ganaTlebuli~.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom me-19 saukunem, gansakuTrebiT 60-ianma wlebma, cnobierebis<br />
diferencireba da integrireba moitana _ ramac xeli Seuwyo azrovnebis ganviTarebas, Tamam<br />
azrsa da sityvas _ qarTvel klasikosTa Semoqmedeba religiuri TvalsazrisiT ara Tu<br />
daSorda qristianul dogmatebs, piriqiT, mTeli siRrmiT gamoxata `Cveulebisaebr mamulisa<br />
slvis~ ucvalebloba. rac Seexeba mxatvrul azrovnebas, TiToeulma Semoqmedma Taviseburad,<br />
individualurad gamoxata saTqmeli. maTi individualizmi sakiTxis dasmaSic advilad<br />
SeimCneva. ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba pirovnuli siZlieris, simtkicisa da rwmenis naTel<br />
gamovlinebad migvaCnia, romlis erT-erTi magaliTicaa `kvali ganaTlebulis~ motivi.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
35
aqraZe 1984 : baqraZe a. `ilia WavWavaZe~. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `merani ~, 1984.<br />
kveselava 1961: kveselava m. `fausturi paradigmebi~. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.<br />
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. I. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba<br />
`mecniereba~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987.<br />
36
`evropeizmis~ rogorc kulturul _ istoriuli movlenis<br />
ilia WavWavaZiseuli interpretacia<br />
iuza evgeniZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe qarTul sinamdvileSi is moazrovne gaxldaT, romelmac pirvelma dasva<br />
`evropeizmis~, rogorc kulturul _ istoriuli movlenis axnis aucilebloba. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom CvenSi adrec grZnobdnen aRniSnuli proplemis aqtualobas (s. dodaSvili, gr.<br />
orbeliani, v. orbeliani, n. baraTaSvili), zogierTi avtori iyenebs kidec `evropeizmis~ cnebas<br />
(m. TumaniSvili, n. berZniSvili), amJamad ki garkveuli aspeqtiT Seswavlilia (s. Ciqovani, j.<br />
WumburiZe, i. evgeniZe) da monografiuladaa damuSavebuli _ `evropeizmi qarTul<br />
literaturaSi~ (d. laSqaraZe), Tavis arsebiT nawilSi, roca sakiTxi kulturul _<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iuri TvalsazrisiT sazogadod, `evropeizmis~ interpretacias exeba, saWiroa farTo<br />
speqtrSi iqnas gaazrebuli, rogor esmis `evropeizmi~ ilia WavWavaZes.<br />
didi mwerlisa da moazrovnis Tanamedrove ucxoel da qarTvel avtorTa (artur laisti,<br />
daviT kasraZe) gadmocemiT _ `mas surda qarTuli literatura aRmosavleTis gavlenisagan<br />
gaeTavisuflebina~ da saerTod `igi ara marto literaturis, aramed cxovrebis evropeizaciis<br />
momxre iyo~ (artur laisti). amitomac azrovnebisa da mxatvruli gemovnebis metrad saxavda<br />
ara mxolod `goeTes, Silers, bairons, puSkins da gogols~ (WavWavaZe 1998: 337), aramed `did<br />
mniSvnelobas aniWebda nicSesa da Sopenhauersac~ (a. laisti). ilia WavWavaZes, imTaviTve<br />
gacnobierebuli hqonda Tavisi misia amqveynad da amitomac ganucxadebia kidec: `Cems azrebSi<br />
bevri ram indoevropuliao~ (WavWavaZe 1998: 337-346).<br />
am winamZRvrebidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom ilia WavWavaZe mizanmimarTulad<br />
cdilobs, warmatebiTac axerxebs sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi interesebis evropul-filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />
da literaturuli problematikis wiaRSi CarTvas. amitomacaa, rom is ara mxolod Tavisi<br />
mTargmnelobiTi praqtikiT (Seqspiri, goeTe, i. polonski, v. skoti, f. Sileri, j. baironi, a.<br />
puSkini, m. lermontovi, h. haine, riukerti, t. muri, a. Senie, n. nekrasovi, a. dode, j. iakSiCi, a.<br />
buvie, g. ebersi, klareti, i. turgenevi da sxv.)., aramed originaluri Semoqmedebis<br />
problematikiT exmianeba axal droSi evrosivrceSi aqtualur iseT literaturul Temebs,<br />
rogoricaa: gogoliseburi midgoma qarTuli sinamdvilisadmi (kiknaZe 1957:) gandegilobis<br />
Tema (minaSvili 1995:; baqraZe 1990:, kalandariSvili 2006:) faustur ideaTa gamovlenis formebi<br />
(kveselava 1961:), danaSaulisa da sasjelis socialuri meqanizmi (`saxrCobelaze~), Tu axali<br />
drois egzom specifikuri e. w. adamianis `gaucxoebis~ problema (baqraZe 1990:).<br />
ilia WavWavaZe `evropeizms~ ar aRiqvams rogorc manade ucnob kulturul realobas. is<br />
XIX saukunis qarTul garemoSi erTaderTi moazrovnea, vinc obieqturad da miukerZoeblad<br />
scada Caswvdomoda ara mxolod pirovnulad simpatizirebul, aramed qarTuli<br />
mentalobisaTvis organul, misi dakvirvebiT, genetikurad maxlobel evropul samyaros da<br />
praqtikulad etvirTa kulturaTaSorisi mediatoris funqciac. amis gamoa, rom i. WavWavaZe,<br />
erTi mxriv, energiulad Targmnis evropel da rus mwerlebs; meore mxriv, literaturul<br />
megzurobas uwevs qarTul sinamdvileSi misive ZalisxmeviT SemoRweul evropel swavlulebs<br />
(artur laisti, uordropebi da sxv), raTa maT didi mwerlis konsultaciebis wyalobiT<br />
evrosamyaros jerovnad gaacnon qarTuli kultura. rasakvirvelia, ilia WavWavaZe adreve<br />
kargad grZnobs SemdgomSi CvenSi filos<strong>of</strong>iuri gansjis doneze qarTvelis eTnomenatluri<br />
ier-saxis Sesaxeb gaJRerebuli Sexedulebebis arss, romlis mixedviT: `qarTveli qarTvelia da<br />
sxva aravin. is araa aRmosavleTeli adamiani. magram arc frangia da arc ingliseli. mas<br />
sakuTari saxe aqvs, romlis gamomJRavnebis saSualebas istoria ar aZlevda~ (kodua 1978: 14-15).<br />
ilia WavWavaZem am konteqstSi aseve pirvelma dasva `axali qarTuli literaturis~,<br />
rogorc sruliad garkveuli istoriul-kulturuli movlenis, axsnis aucilebloba.<br />
marTalia, is pirdapir ar imarjvebs `axlis~ cnebas, magram, savsebiT marTebulad, `axali<br />
literaturis~ problemas kanonzomierad ukavSirebs `evropeizmis~ gagebas, anu `axlis~,<br />
rogorc aseTis, kulturul-istoriuli Sinaarsi misTvis `evropeizmis~ ekvivalentia. e. i.<br />
ilias warmodgenaSi, rac am movlenas `siaxlis~ Tvisebas sZens, swored misi `evropeizmia~.<br />
fridrix nicSe, magaliTad, `evropuls~ da `Tanamedroves~ iyenebs rogorc sinonimebs da<br />
fiqrobs, rom `TviT evropaSic ki Cvens kulturul terminSi (`evropeizmi~ _ i.e.) igulisxmeba<br />
ara Soreuli da yvela xalxi, aramed mxolod isini, romelTac aqvT erTiani warsuli _<br />
berZnuli da romauli samyaros, bibliisa da qristianobis saxiT~ (nicSe 1909: 299). amasTan, es<br />
avtori Seudareblad afarToebs `evropulis~ kulturul-istoriul da geografiul<br />
sazRvrebs, roca masSi aqcevs amerikasac, ramdenadac es qveyana, misi TqmiT, `evropuli<br />
kulturis qaliSvilia~(nicSe 1909: 229). am konteqstSi Tavis axsnas moiTxovs `evropeizmis~<br />
37
niSnis matarebeli `axali literaturisa da kulturis~, Tanamedrove, anu sakuTriv `axali<br />
adamianis~ gageba. 1<br />
amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom ranairi relatiuric ar unda iyos `axali droisa~ da, mis<br />
kvalobaze `axali adamianis~, rogorc aseTis, gaCenis konkretul-istoriuli, qronologiuri<br />
CarCos Sesaxeb msjeloba, is mainc renesansis, anu humanizmis epoqas ukavSirdeba: mis arsebiT<br />
Taviseburebad miiCneven, `zogadad rom vTqvaT, individualizms da protests pirovnebis<br />
damonebis winaaRmdeg~ (jivelegovi 1908: 23-25).<br />
grZnobaTa individualizacia, pirovnebis uaRresad intimur gancdaTa socialuri<br />
Rirebulebis aRiareba aris adamianis, rogorc socialuri fenomenis, avtonomiurobis piroba.<br />
es momenti iZens gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas axali drois xelovnebisTvis, romelsac qalaqur<br />
y<strong>of</strong>as ukavSireben (a. jivelegovi, a. losevi) da Tvlian, rom esaa `adreuli qalaquri<br />
kulturis produqti~ (losevi 1978:).<br />
calkeuli individumis grZnobaTa sacialuri Sinaarsi mainc mogviano xanaSi iqna<br />
aRiarebuli, roca `Невольно бросается в глаза субьективистически-индивидуалистическая жажда<br />
жизненных ощущений независимо от их религиозных или моральных ценnостей, хотя эти последние здесь<br />
формально не только не отрицаются, но часто и выдвигаются на первый план~ (losevi 1978: 57).<br />
`axali adamiani, gasetis azriT, revoluciuria siaxlis TvalsazrisiT. is ara hgavs wina<br />
saukunis adamianebs, axali adamiani warmoSva liberalurma demokratiam, cdiseulma<br />
bunebismetyvelebam da industrializaciam~ (kodua 1976: 165). axali drois niSani adamianSi,<br />
subieqturi sawyisis gamoRviZebasa da mgrZnobiarobis gaRrmavebasTan erTad,<br />
TviTanalizisken miswrafebac aris. rogorc miuTiTeben: `mgrZnobiareba, sinaze WeSmaritad<br />
axali epoqis niSania~ da amitomac garkveviT aRniSnaven: `axalma xelovnebam arsebiTad<br />
aRmoaCina axali adamiani~ (goguaZe 1980: 177). esaa evropis erovnebaTa kulturuli<br />
TviTgamorkvevisa da adamianis bunebriv uflebaTa garkvevis xana, rac `axal dros~ erTgvarad<br />
mijnavs adreuli humanizmis epoqisagan. axali drois xelovnebisa da literaturis specifikur<br />
Tvisebad Cveni saukunis zogierTi moazrovne, swored y<strong>of</strong>iTi masalisa da mecnieruli,<br />
analizuri interesebis moWarbebis gamo, Semdeg moments saxavs: `XIX saukunis manZilze<br />
mxatvruli procesebi siwmindiT ar gamoirCevoda, xelovanT minimumamde dahyavdaT mxatvruli<br />
elementebi~ (gaseti 1957: 450). rogorc gadmogvcemen (gaseti, `goia~), `axali xelovneba,<br />
filosifiis msgavsad, `ganmcxadebeli misiis suliT iqmneba da `inteleqtis SuadRes~<br />
warmoadgens. misi funqcia sicocxlisa da y<strong>of</strong>ierebis sadumlos axsnaSi, `y<strong>of</strong>ierebis<br />
ieroglifTa gaSifvraSi~ mdgomareobs: `xelovnebis nawarmoebi sicocxlisa da y<strong>of</strong>ierebis<br />
saidumlos gvimJRavnebs~ (WavWavaZe 1973: 144-145). `axali xelovneba — esa xelovneba<br />
xelovanTaTvis~ (gaseti 1957: 450) imitomac, rom axali drois xelovani, mwerali, arsebiTad<br />
xedvis sxvadasxva, xSirad gansxvavebuli wertilebidan cdilobs dainaxos adamiani da samyaro.<br />
aRniSnulis sailustraciod ixseneben faqts, Tu rogor uyurebs da asaxavs, magaliTad,<br />
momakvdavs coli, eqimi, reportiori da xelovani.<br />
am avtoris dakvirvebiT, `adamianis agonia TiToeul maTgans gansakuTrebul aspeqtSi<br />
esaxeba da es aspeqtebi imdenad gansxvavdeba, rom maTi saerTo safuZvlis daZebna Wirs~ (gaseti<br />
1957: 451). aqedan iRebs saTaves stilizebisaken gansakuTrebuli miswrafeba, rac hqmnis<br />
aucileblobas asaxvis TaviseburebaTa msgavsebiT erTmaneTTan daaxloebuli mwerlebi,<br />
xelovanebi garkeul dajgufebebad Camoyalibdnen da bolos, isev mkvlevar-mecnierTaTvis<br />
mosaxerxeblad, efeqturad CaiTvalos maTi gaerTianeba mxatvrul mimdinareobaTa niSniT.<br />
ase rom, axali drois da, mis kvalobaze, axali xelovnebis, axali literaturis erT-erTi<br />
Tavisebureba isicaa, rom mweralma da xelovanma sxvadasxva rakursiT dainaxos da dagvanaxos<br />
adamiani, sinamdvile, rac erTgvar biZgs aZlevs mkvlevrebs gamoyon da ilaparakon calkeul<br />
mxatvrul-literaturul `izm~-ze: iqneba es sentimentalizmi, romantizmi, realizmi,<br />
naturalizmi da sxv.<br />
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaxseneba mxolod imisTvis dagvWirda, rom mis fonze ufro<br />
gamoikveTos, Tu qarTuli sinamdvilis magaliTze, rogor esmis ilias `axali drois~, `axali<br />
literaturis~ Sinaarsi da farglebi.<br />
qarTvel mkvlevarTa naSromebSi (jumber WumburiZe, daviT laSqaraZe, revaz siraZe...)<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqtiT gaSuqebulia `evropeizmis~ gamovlenis formebi da ilia WavWavaZis<br />
damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi. ase magaliTad, jumber WumburiZe wers: `sayuradReboa, rom i.<br />
WavWavaZe axali qarTuli mwerlobis dasawyiss `evropeizmis~ Semotanas ukavSirebs da aseT<br />
tendencias ukve d. guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi xedavs. cneba `evropeizmisa~ ilias farTod<br />
esmis. mwerlis gagebiT, es ar gulisxobs mxolod formalur-mxatvrul Taviseburebebs, aramed<br />
evropuli literaturis tendenciebTan, saerTod ki evropul-rusul kulturasTan kavSirs<br />
gamoxatavs. es iyo qarTul niadagze, evropul aspeqtSi warmodgenili axali azrovneba,<br />
ganwyobilebebi, mxatvruli xedva, Tematika, weris manera~ (WumburiZe 1974: 184). es daskvna<br />
gamotanilia i. WavWavaZis daumTavrebeli statiis _ `ciskari~ 1857 wlidan _ 1862 wlamdina~ _<br />
1 am sakiTxis daxasiaTebisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT Semdeg Sromas, Философский энсиклоредический словарь, 2-е<br />
издание, М., 1989, gv. 139.<br />
38
ganxilvis safuZvelze. ilias aRniSnuli werili miCneulia erTgvar monaxazad im gamokvlevisa,<br />
romelic mwerals Cafiqrebuli hqonia axali qarTuli mwerlobis Sesaxeb.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, am mxriv daviT guramiSvilma `scada TiTqmis pirvelad<br />
zogierTTagan rasakvirvelia, evropeizmis Semotana qarTuli leqsis gamoTqmaSi; aleqsandre<br />
WavWavaZe, romelic ufro xSirad cdilobda mag. evropeizmis ganvrcelebasa, magram magasac<br />
aqvs figuraluri leqsi; gr. orbeliani, gamgrZelebeli evropeizmisa; n. baraTaSvili,<br />
brwyinvale warmomadgeneli evropeizmisa; exlandeli mwerlebi, romelnic baZaven mag.<br />
evropiul gamoTqmasa, magram TavianTi azrebis mimarTulebiT, ideebiT, Zvelebsa hgvanan~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1953: 457; Srd.: WumburiZe 1974: 183). zemoT motanil SexedulebebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
savsebiT marTebulad aris miTiTebuli isic, rom aq saqme gvaqvs `qarTuli literaturis<br />
istoriis mTliani procesis gaazrebasTan~, rom `ilia pirveli Seecada aRedgina erovnuli<br />
literaturis TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebisa da momwifebis procesi~ (WumburiZe 1974: 182),<br />
magram es TavisTavad sagulisxmo daskvnebi, iq sadac `axali literaturis~, misi gagebis da<br />
sakuTriv `evropeizmis~ iliaseul interpretacias exeba avtori, Tavis arsebiT nawilSi mainc<br />
saWiroebs garkveul axsnas, radgan yvelasaTvis savsebiT naTeli SeiZleba ar iyos gamoTqma<br />
ilias mxriv `evropeizmis~ cnebis `farTod gagebis~ Sesaxeb, Tuki mas ar daerTo ganmarteba, ra<br />
igulisxmeba `farTod gagebul~ `evropeizmis~ cnebaSi.<br />
`evropeizmis~ problemas qarTul literaturaSi, rogorc cnobilia, specialuri<br />
monografia miuZRvna daviT laSqaraZem (laSqaraZe 1977:); masSi detaluradaa gadmocemuli da<br />
dasistemebuli ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-kritikul naazrevSi `evropeizmis~ xsenebis<br />
yvela SemTxeva Tu nagulisxmevi Sinaarsi.<br />
mocemul SemTxevaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imis garkvevas, iliamde vin moimarjva<br />
es cneba qarTul mwerlobaSi. 1 mTavari isaa, Tu ra SinaarsiT itvirTeba is TviT iliasagan da<br />
ramdenad uaxlovdeba didi mwerali am cnebis gagebis Tanamedrove modifikaciebs. amasTan,<br />
savsebiT cxadi araa, Tu ra igulisxmeba `erovnuli literaturis~ `erovnul safuZvelze<br />
ganviTarebaSi~, `erovnuli sulis~ gamoxatvis ukmarisobasa da imaSi, Tu ratom iTvleba<br />
`xalxis sulieri cxovrebis siRrmeSi Caxedva~ maincdamainc `evropeizmis~ niSnad. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, arc isaa mTlad naTeli mxolod erovnuli Tematikis gaZlierebis gamo, ratom<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos daviT guramiSvili `evropeizmis~ pirvel Semomtanad. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarni (menabde 1973; caiSvili 1986; siraZe 1980)<br />
xSirad ixseneben daviT guramiSvilis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZis mosazrebas misi cnobili<br />
werilidan: `ra mizezia, rom kritika ara gvaqvs~: `daviT guramiSvilis... didaqtikuri poezia<br />
pirs ar Seircxvens Tund lukrecis, virgilis da horacios didaqtikur poezias dauyeneT<br />
piris-pir, da romlis sawrmunoebrivi RaRadeba daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunebis<br />
simaRlemdea asuli~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 153).<br />
literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove etapze, axla, roca saguldagulo dakvirvebis<br />
sagnadaa qceuli `daviTianis~ filos<strong>of</strong>iuri wyaroebi, poetis mimarTeba antikur samyarosTan,<br />
kerZod `filos<strong>of</strong>os epikuris~ memkvidreobasTan (mosia 1986: 83-90) da SemoqmedebiT naTesaoba<br />
qristianul kulturasTan, sagangebod ki `daviT-fsalmunis avtorTan (mosia 1986: 97-101),<br />
SeiZleba erTgvarad ganzogaddes adre Catarebul StudiaTa Sedegebi da gadauWarbeblad<br />
iTqvas: ilia WavWavaZe qarTul sinamdvileSi pirveli moazrovnea, romelsac savsebiT<br />
gacnobierebuli aqvs `axali drois~, `axali adamianis~ da masTan mimarTebaSi `evropeizmis~,<br />
rogorc kulturul-istoriuli movlenis, problema. rasakvirvelia, CvenSi iliamdec<br />
grZnobdnen am sakiTxis aqtualobas, rogorc Cans, iyenebdnen kidec `axali drois~ gamomxatvel<br />
sayrden cnebas _ `evropeizms~, magram naTlad ar hqondaT warmodgenili misi raoba.<br />
`axali drois~ da, mis kvalobazed, `evropeizmis~ obieqtis _ `axali adamianis~ ZiriTad<br />
maxasiaTeblad ki iTvleba pirovnebis bunebriv uflebaTa da erovnebis kulturuli<br />
TviTgamorkvevisken swrafva. es ki bunebrivad ukavSirdeba `Tanamedroe adamianis~ gagebas.<br />
xolo iungis mixedviT, `Tanamedroveoba qronologiuri movlena ki ar aris, aramed<br />
kulturul-fsiqologiuri. iyo Tanamedrove adamani _ upirveles yovlisa niSnavs gesmodes<br />
awmyo, rac SeiZleba naklebad imy<strong>of</strong>ebode aracnobieris tyveobaSi, SegeZlos momavlis TvaliT<br />
Sexedo da Seafaso Seni dro~ (ix.: yiasaSvili 1988: 24).<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, `rodesac laparakia Tanamedrove adamianze, mis mrwamsze, am mrwamsSi<br />
igulisxmeba mecniereba ara misi Sinaarsis, aramed mecnierebisadmi ndobis, misdami imedis<br />
TvalsazrisiT~ (kodua 1978: 160); ramdenadac esaa azrovnebisa da sinamdvilisadmi imgvari<br />
damokidebuleba, romelic gulisxmobs berZnul-romaul da bibliis kulturul samyaros<br />
memkvidreobas, romelsac axali drois gadasxvaferebul garemoSi erTvis adamianis, rogorc<br />
socialuri ujredisadmi, gamaxvilebuli interesi, rac Rrma fsiqologizmsa da adamianTa<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebaSia gamJRavnebuli, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi<br />
Rrma inteleqtiT da araCveulebrivi intuiciiT unisonSia `evropeizmis~ gagebis Tanamedrove<br />
interpretaciebTan. is aRiarebs mecnierebisa da xelovnebis yovlisSemZle Zalas (ix. misi<br />
1<br />
avtoris azriT, 1852 wels `evropeizmi~ pirvelad gamoiyena m. TumaniSvilma, ix.<br />
laSqaraZe 1977: 27.<br />
39
`mecniereba da xelovneba~), `cxovrebis moTxovnilebaTa axsnaSi~, maT gadamwyvet rols<br />
pirovnuli da `erovnuli cnobierebis~ `gam<strong>of</strong>xizlebis~ saqmeSi (`Sinauri mimoxilva~, XXIV,<br />
1883), `saqmis xalxis~ mniSvnelobas da imis aRiarebas, rom is `cnobaSi moiyvans, `axalsa~ da maTi<br />
SemweobiT es `axali gadadis isev cxovrebaSi~ (`ciskari~, 1857 wlidan _ 1862 wlamdina~).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, raki daviT guramiSvilis kulturuli orientacia gamokveTilad<br />
emyareba antikur, berZnul-romaul samyaros (epikure, lukreciusi, horaciusi) da biblias<br />
(daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunebi), ramdenadac aRniSnuli sulieri winapirobebi ukve ilia<br />
WavWavaZis Semdeg evrosivrceSi `evropuli kulturis~ ganmsazRvrel komponentebad iqcevian,<br />
amdenad, qarTveli moazrovne `evropeizmis~ Sinaarsis miseuli interpretaciiT erTgvarad win<br />
uswrebs `evropuli kulturis~ Tanamedrove definiciebs (fr. nicSe, k. iungi).<br />
ase rom, ilia WavWavaZe `evropeizms~ sayrdenebs qarTul mentalobaSi uZebnis<br />
(antikuroba da bibliasTan Tanaziarobis pirveladoba), riTac migvaniSnebs am kulturulistoriuli<br />
movlenis saTaveebTan sulieri genetikiT dakavSirebuli qarTuli gonis, rogorc<br />
uZvelesi tradicis fenomenis, imTaviTve moazrebis aucileblobaze.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
WavWavaZe 1998: WavWavaZe i. i. WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb, t. II, Tb., 1998;<br />
kodua 1978: kodua e. sergi danelia, 1978.<br />
kodua 1976: kodua e. istoriis sazrisis gagebisTvis, 1976.<br />
nicSe 1909: Ницше, Антибиблиа, Собр. соч. т.5,1909.<br />
WumburiZe 1974: WumburiZe j. qarTuli kritikis istoria, Tb., 1974.<br />
laSqaraZe 1977: laSqaraZe d. è`evropeizmis~ problema qarTul literaturaSi, Tb., 1977.<br />
WavWavaZe 1973: WavWavaZe l. xelovnebis dehumanizaciis erTi arsebiTi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb; kr.<br />
estetikis da xelovnebTmcodneobis sakiTxebi, I, 1973.<br />
goguaZe 1980: goguaZe v. adamiani rogorc esTetikuri fenomeni, Tb., 1980.<br />
losevi 1978: Лосев А. Ф. Эстетика Возрождения, М., 1978.<br />
gaseti 1957: Хосе Ортега и Гасет, Дегуманизация искусства, сб.: Современная книга по эстетике, М., 1957.<br />
jivelegovi 1978: Дживелегов А.К., Начало итальянского Возрождения, М., 1908.<br />
menabde 1973: menabde l. XIX saukunis qarTveli klasikoxebi da Zveli qarTuli mwerloba, Tb., 1973.<br />
caiSvili 1986: caiSvili s., daviT guramiSvili, Tb., 1986.<br />
siraZe 1980: siraZe r., daviT guramiSvilis meore poeturi `me~, werilebi, Tb., 1980.<br />
mosia 1986: mosia t., daviT guramiSvili da qartuli sityvieri kultura, Tb., 1986.<br />
yiasaSvili 1988: yiasaSvili n., Tanamedroveoba da modernizmi. wignSi: dasavleT evropis literatura (XX<br />
saukune), Tb., 1988.<br />
40
ilia WavWavaZe da ianiS arani<br />
dalila bedianiZe<br />
XIX saukunis ungreli klasikosi _ ms<strong>of</strong>lio mniSvnelobis ungreli poeti da sazogado<br />
moRvawe ianoS arani (1817-1882) ufrosi Tanamedrovea Cveni ilia WavWavaZisa (1837-1907). Tumca<br />
ar arsebobs cnoba, rom isini erTmaneTs icnobdnen, magram maT cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze<br />
dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom isini tipologiurad hgvanan erTmaneTs, rac ganpirobebuli unda<br />
iyos saqarTvelosa da ungreTSi arsebuli saerTo epoqaluri movlenebiT, upiratesad —<br />
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZoliT.<br />
XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze moxda epoqaluri gardatexa qarTveli da ungreli xalxis<br />
istoriaSi. dasrulda mwerlobis ganviTarebis erTi cikli. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi am<br />
or qveyanaSi TandaTan gzas ikvalavs da isaxeba axali epoqis Sesatyvisi mwerloba — gviani<br />
romantizmiT da adreuli realizmiT daxasiaTebuli. am literaturis erT-erTi fuZemdeblebi<br />
iyvnen saqarTveloSi ilia WavWavaZe da ungreTSi ianoS arani, romelsac gza didma<br />
romantikosma poetma mixai vereSmartim dauloca.<br />
ianoS aranisa da ilias moRvaweobis periodSi gansakuTrebuli iyo istoriuli viTareba<br />
orives samSobloSi da gansakuTrebuli Seiqmna is misiac, romelic aseT dros unda etvirTa<br />
mwerals da sazogado moRvawes. erovnuli aRorZineba unda Sexeboda TiTqmis yvela sferos —<br />
materialursa Tu suliers. yovelive aman ganapiroba maTi moRvaweobis universaluri<br />
xasiaTic. ilia WavWavaZe da ianoS arani Tavisi RvawliT da Tavisi adgiliT literaturis<br />
istoriaSi metad axlos dganan erTmaneTTan da simbolurad ganasaxiereben Tavisi xalxis,<br />
Tavisi eris sulier misias.<br />
ianoS arani, iseve, rogorc ilia, TavadiSvili iyo. igi daibada gaRatakebuli Tavadis<br />
ojaxSi ungreTis patara qalaq noZsalontSi. Tavisi cxovreba da moRvaweoba man ZiriTadad am<br />
qalaqs daukavSira, Tumca sxvadasxva dros muSaobda pedagogad noZkiorSSi, Tu sxva qalaqebSi,<br />
iyo aseve notariusi noZsalontSi. 1870-1877 wlebSi iyo ungreTis mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
pasuxismgebeli mdivani da ojaxiTurT cxovrobda peStSi. igi iyo unegreTis erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
moZraobis aqtiuri wevri, ebrZoda habsburgTa avstrieli dinastiis<br />
mefobas ungreTSi da 1848 wlis ungreTis revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg imaleboda, raTa ar<br />
daepatimrebinaT, rogorc revoluciis momxre. aseve malavda revoluciis momxre megobar<br />
mwerlebs vereSmartisa da baizas.<br />
axalgazrdobis wlebSi, roca debrecenSi swavlobda, TeatriTac iyo gatacebuli da<br />
erTxans msaxiobobda kidevac — iseve, rogorc Cveni ilia WavWavaZe iyo TeatriT gatacebuli:<br />
axalgazrdobaSi mas mefe liris rolic ki Seusrulebia. aranis kalams ekuTvnis mravali<br />
lirikuli leqsi, baladebi, poemebi, romelTaganac gamoirCeva trilogia mikloS toldis —<br />
ungreTis saxalxo gmiris Sesaxeb. ianoS arans, iseve, rogorc ilias, axasiaTebs socialuri<br />
problemebiT daintereseba, folklorTan siaxlove, rigiTi adamianebis siyvaruli, peizaJuri<br />
lirika, revoluciuri ideebiT gataceba. igi iseve, rogorc ilia, gatacebuli iyo<br />
sazRvargareTis mwerlobiT. ganicdida homerosis, osianis, baironis, bernsis, Sotlandieli<br />
poetebis gavlenas. Targmnili aqvs arist<strong>of</strong>anes, Seqspiris, gogolis nawarmoebebi. iliac xom<br />
Targmnida da brwyinvaledac — valter skoti iqneboda es, baironi, haine, tomas muri Tu sxvebi.<br />
rodesac notariusad muSaobda, arans exeboda sxvadasxva sasamarTlo saqmeebis<br />
gadawyveta da mis Sesaxeb ambobdnen: `RmerTic ver Secvlis, rasac arani gadawyvetso~, imdenad<br />
miukerZoebel da patiosan kacad iyo cnobili. rogorc viciT, amgvar Cinovnikur saqmianobas<br />
ilia WavWavaZec eweoda — igi iyo momrigebeli mosamarTle duSeTSi.<br />
TvalSi sacemi faqtia, rom rogorc i. WavWavaZes, aseve i. arans axasiaTebda iumoristuli<br />
TvalTaxedva, satiramde da groteskamde miyvanili nawarmoebebi — Tumca arans mxatvruli<br />
proza ar dauweria, ilias prozis satiris Zala ki CvenTvis kargad aris cnobili. aranis<br />
satirulma eposma `dakarguli konstitucia~ 1845 wels kiSfaludis sazogadoebis mier<br />
gamocxadebul konkursze satiruli poemebisa brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova. igi dawerilia<br />
ungrel liberalTa da konservatorTa gaafTrebuli urTierTbrZolis Sesaxeb da warmoadgens<br />
sagmiro eposis parodias. arani iumoriT gvixatavs am or partias, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
maT rols, krebebsa da arCevnebSi maT monawileobas. nawarmoebis ena daaxloebulia<br />
yoveldRiur salaparako enasTan da xasiaTdeba xalxuri metyvelebidan aRebuli frazebiT. igi<br />
Tavisi stiliTa da mniSvnelobiT utoldeba ilias leqsebs, dawerils `mamaTa da SvilTa~<br />
brZolasTan dakavSirebiT — oRond ilias leqsebi daiwera ufro gvian, vidre aranis poema — es<br />
iyo ukve 60-70-iani wlebis periodi. aris sxvaobac — ilia Tavisi da Tanamoazreebis pozicias<br />
icavs, arani ki dascinis da akritikebs rogorc liberalebs, aseve konservatorebs. orivegan<br />
TvalSi sacemia mZafri polemikuri toni. ilias `gamocanebi~ (1871), `kidev gamocanebi~ (1871) da<br />
`pasuxis pasuxi~ (1872) Tavisi mniSvnelobiT igivea qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi, rac<br />
ungruli literaturis istoriaSi , aranis satiruli poema `dakarguli konstitucia~. maTi<br />
mizani erTidaigivea — gamoafxizlos eri, moZvelebuli Sexedulebebi Secvalos axalma,<br />
progresulma azrovnebam, demokratiulma ideebma. stiluri TvalsazrisiT es nawarmoebebi<br />
41
warmoadgenen folkloris, imdroindeli Jurnalistikis da politikuri frazebis narevs,<br />
oRond Tu ilias `mamaTa da SvilTa brZolaSi~ Tanamoazreebi hyavda, arani marto ibrZoda<br />
Tavisi kalmiT. rac Seexeba enis sakiTxs, romelic iliam da misma Tanamoazreebma wamoWres,<br />
arani da sxva ungreli patriotebic exebodnen mas, moiTxovdnen ra avstrieli<br />
habsburgebisagan, rom ungreTis saxelmwifo ena ara germanuli, aramed ungruli y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. es<br />
sakiTxi ungreTSi ufro mwvaved idga.<br />
ilias bevri Tanamoazre da megobari hyavda, romelTa Sorisac gamoirCeoda misi<br />
Tanatoli akaki wereTeli. ilias da akakis saxelebi ise gadaewna erTmaneTs, rogorc Sandor<br />
petefisa da ianoS aranisa, Tumca petefis akakisTan cota ram aqvs saerTo. petefim udidesi<br />
gavlena moaxdina aranis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze. swored misi gavleniT Seqmna aranma<br />
Tavisi pirveli klasikuri nawarmoebi poema `toldi~ (1845), romelic literaturis istoriaSi<br />
sagangebo movlenad Sevida. iseve, rogorc `dakarguli konstitucia~, poema `toldi~ aranma<br />
kiSfaludis sazogadoebis mier gamocxadebul meore konkursze gagzavna da isev moipova<br />
uprecedento gamarjveba. mikloS toldi iyo ungreli saxalxo gmiri. mis Sesaxeb XVI saukunis<br />
ungreTSi Seiqmna xalxuri gadmocemebi. toldis saxeSi aranma Tavi mouyara da aaRorZina<br />
ungreli mSromeli xalxis sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis amsaxveli tradiciebi. poetis<br />
mizani iyo ungreli xalxis ukvdavi suli, misi sulieri faseulobebi eCvenebina. igi<br />
realisturi StrixebiT gvixatavs, Tu rogor moxvda da ras akeTebda toldi mefe laioS XIV-is<br />
karze. poemaSi aseve aRwerilia laioS XIV-is karis brwyinvaleba, mefis demokratiuli xasiaTi<br />
da samefo karis aristokratiuli axalgazrdobis TavaSvebuloba, romelnic Seurcxy<strong>of</strong>as<br />
ayeneben gmir mikloS toldis, Tumca mefe esarCleba mas. xalxuri Tqmulebebis safuZvelze<br />
ianoS aranamde 1574 wels peter SeimeS iloSvaimac dawera poema toldis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
aranma SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa, magram iloSvaisgan gansxvavebiT fsiqologiuri siRrme mianiWa<br />
gmiris WeSmaritad xalxur xasiaTs. mikloS toldi realurad arsebuli pirovneba iyo, s<strong>of</strong>el<br />
noZfaludan da samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi misi popularoba xalxSi ar Sewyvetila. poemaSi<br />
`toldi~ cotaa moqmedi piri — es aris TviTon mikloSi, misi veragi Zma ZorZi, maTi deda —<br />
ukeTilSobilesi qalbatoni, mikloSis erTguli msaxuri bence da brZeni, samarTliani mefe<br />
laioSi. mikloS toldi Tumca warmoSobiT Tavadia, magram ufrosi Zmisgan daCagruli<br />
glexurad cxovrobs da mis saxeSi avtorma Tavi mouyara ungreli glexis saukeTeso Tvisebebs.<br />
aq aqcenti gakeTebulia socialur usamarTlobaze da Cven vxedavT mkrTal msgavsebas<br />
socialuri usamarTlobiT daCagrul arsenas, kako yaCaRisa da zaqros saxeebTan ilia `kako<br />
yaCaRidan~. xolo rodesac arani laioS XIV-is saqmianobas aRwers, gvagondeba Tamar mefis saxe<br />
ilias `aCrdilis~ pirveli variantidan da `bazaleTis tbidan~. iseve, rogorc ilia exeba<br />
saqarTvelos oqros xanas Tamar mefis saxiT, arani ungreTis oqros xanas ixseniebs laioS XIV-is<br />
saxiT. msgavseba aqac mkrTalia, magram mainc arsebobs, Tumca ilias `aCrdili~ aranis poemaze<br />
gvian daiwera. msgavsia folkloruli masalebisadmi am ori avtoris midgomac. maTi gmirebi<br />
folkloruli saxeebidan zogadsakacobrio, idealur gmirebad iqcevian da samarTlis<br />
maZiebeli daumarcxebeli personaJebi arian, amasTan — maT amkobs koloriti, erTs qarTuli,<br />
meores ki — ungruli.<br />
ianoS arani imdenad iyo moxibluli da STagonebuli toldis saxiT, rom mas kidev ori<br />
poema uZRvna: `toldis saRamo~ (toldis trilogiis bolo poema) da `toldis siyvaruli~<br />
(trilogiis Sua poema). `toldis saRamoSi~ igrZnoba poetis SemoqmedebiTi zrda, aq aRwerilia<br />
toldis bolo gmiroba da misi aRsasruli — Tu rogor ausrulda mas ocneba da mefe laioSi mis<br />
winaSe warsdga ara rogorc mefe, aramed — rogorc megobari. Tu rogor moiyvana gons toldis<br />
sasaxlis karis Tavgasuli axalgazrdoba — xolo `toldis siyvaruli~ SedarebiT sustia da mas<br />
araviTari kavSiri aRara aqvs ilias poetur samyarosTan.<br />
iseve, rogorc ilias poeturi ena, ianoS aranis poeturi ena xasiaTdeba ungruli xalxuri<br />
metyvelebis saganZuridan amoRebuli brwyinvale margalitebiT. am sakiTxs araerTi<br />
gamokvleva mieZRvna da Cven mas aRar gamovekidebiT. jer marto arsenas moxsenieba rad Rirs<br />
iliasTan, anda — urmulisa!<br />
iseve, rogorc iliasTvis, aranisTvisac yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani samSoblos bedi<br />
iyo, misi samSoblos Tavisuflebas ki ori Zlieri mteri uSlida xels — mefis ruseTi da<br />
habsburgebis avstria. am sakiTxSic hgavs es ori didebuli figura erTmaneTs. iliac xom<br />
swored mefis ruseTis dampyroblur politikas ebrZoda! aranze didi gavlena moaxdina<br />
ungreTis 1848 wlis revoluciam. igi iaraRiT xelSic ki ibrZoda samSoblos Tavisuflebi<br />
saTvis. es mis SemoqmedebaSic aisaxa, gansakuTrebiT leqsSi `14 aprili~ (14 aprils, 1848 wels<br />
ungreTis revoluciurma mTavrobam koSutis meTaurobiT ungreTis avstriisgan<br />
gaTavisuflebis da habsburgTaTvis ugreTis taxtis memkvidreobis akrZalva izeima). aranis<br />
revoluciur leqsebs miekuTvneba: `Sevedi~, `hai, ara zurgidan, hai, winidan~, `patimari~<br />
(romelSic arani glovobs revoluciis damarcxebas da leqsis lirikul gmirSi gulisxmobs<br />
udrood daRupul gmir megobar poets Sandor petefis). arani sayovelTaod cnobili gaxada<br />
revoluciis dReebSi dawerilma leqsma `erovnuli gvardiis wevris simRera~, romelic<br />
sasimRerod iqca da mTelma ungreTma aitaca. am leqsis suliskveTebas exmaureba ilias leqsi,<br />
dawerili peterburgSi 1858 wels `qarTvlis dedas~. aseve, aranis leqsi `14 aprili~ axlos dgas<br />
42
ilias SemoqmedebasTan. revoluciis damarcxebam arans sabolood gautexa guli da igi didi<br />
xniT dadumda.<br />
ianoS arani, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe, moRvaweobda gviani romantizmis, realizmis<br />
formirebisa da ganmtkicebis periodSi. XIX s-is ungruli literaturis da politikuri<br />
azrovnebis mwvervalad iTvleba Sandor petefi misi xanmokle sicocxlis miuxedavad. petefis<br />
uaxloesi megobari ianoS arani Tavisi lirikuli, Tu epikuri nawarmoebebiT da prozaikosi<br />
ioJef etvioSi petefTan erTad ungrul literaturaSi realizmis fuZemdeblebad iTvlebian.<br />
maTi pirveli nabijebi win uswrebs 1848-1849 wlebis burJuaziul revolucias, romelic<br />
erovnuli Tavisuflebis niSniT moxda da romelsac didi represiebi mohyva Tan. es revolucia<br />
Tavisi daniSnulebiT mohgavs saqarTveloSi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebas, romelic sastikad CaaxSo<br />
mefis ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobam da romelsac aseve masobrivi represiebi mohyva. rogorc<br />
cnobilia, petefi revoluciis dros brZolis velze daiRupa gmiruli sikvdiliT, xolo sxva<br />
revolucionerebi zogi masaviT daiRupa, zogi emigraciaSi wavida, zogic saerTod dadumda.<br />
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam XIX s-Si ungreTSic da saqarTveloSic krizisi<br />
ganicada, Tumca mis brZolas mohyva orivegan baton-ymobis gauqmeba, rac TavisTavad win<br />
gadadgmuli nabiji iyo da rac aisaxa rogorc ungreli, aseve — qarTveli mwerlebis<br />
nawarmoebebSi — aranisa da ilias SemoqmedebaSic.<br />
ianoS aranis periiodis gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe iyo laioS koSuti (1802-1894) _<br />
`mama koSutad~ wodebuli, Tavisi gazeTiT `peSti hirlop~ (peStis gazeTi), romelic ormociani<br />
wlebis ungreTSi gamodioda da romelic male miatova koSutma. am gazeTTan<br />
TanamSromlobdnen ioJef etvioSi, laslo salai, antal Cengeri, moric lukaCi, axalgazrda<br />
imre madaCi da sxvebi. male gamosvla daiwyo Jurnalma `iletkipekma~ (cxovrebis suraTebi),<br />
romlis redaqtoric iyo demokratiuli azrovnebiT gamorCeuli adolf frankeburgi. am<br />
JurnalTan TanamSromlobdnen petefi, mor iokai, tompa, albert palfi da sxvebi.<br />
demokratizmis ganviTarebas uwyobdnen xels mihai tanCiCi, ianoS horariki da pal vaSvari.<br />
tanCiCis redaqtorobiT gamodioda `muSaTa gazeTi~, romelsac progresuli ideebis gamo<br />
ebrZoda Tavad-aznaurTa liberaluri banaki. xalxuri simRerebis stilSi werdnen<br />
transilvanieli poetebi ianoS kriza da mihai sentivani. im periodis gamoCenili lirikosi iyo<br />
mihai tompa, romelic agreTve warmatebiT iyenebda ungrul folklors da iyo petefisa da<br />
aranis axlo megobari da Tanamoazre. iyvnen aseve romanistebi da dramaturgebi ignac noZi,<br />
laioS kuti, ede sigligeti, Jigmond kemeni, mor iokai, pal diulai, imre madaCi, romlis<br />
dramamac `adamianis tragedia~ ianoS aranis maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
mwerlebis saqmianoba metad axlos aris ilias periodis `TergdaleulTa~ moZraobasTan,<br />
romelic ibrZoda Cvens qveyanaSi erovnuli sulis gaRvivebisa da sasikeTo ZvrebisaTvis. aseve<br />
— zemoxsenebuli ungreli mwerlebis moRvaweoba mogvagonebs `mamaTa da SvilTa brZolas~<br />
`ciskrisa~ da `saqarTvelos moambis~ furclebze saqarTvelos ganaxlebisaTvis,<br />
demokratiuli ideebis damkvidrebisaTvis, realizmis ganviTarebisaTvis literaturaSi. aqve<br />
unda vTqvaT, rom ianoS arani ar Careula amgvar literaturul paeqrobebSi, xolo ilia<br />
WavWavaZe meTauri iyo `SvilTa~ da `TergdaleulTa~ banakisa. iliasgan gansxvavebiT, aranis<br />
Semoqmedeba or periodad iy<strong>of</strong>a: XIX s-is 40-ian wlebamde da XIX s-is 50-iani wlebidan<br />
sicocxlis bolomde. Tu pirvel periodSi arani samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis Seudrekel<br />
mebrZolad gvevlineba, meore periodSi misi poeziis lirikuli gmiri ukve<br />
damarcxebagadatanili, gulgatexili, filos<strong>of</strong>iuri azrebiT da cxovrebis av-kargianobis<br />
Sesaxeb msjelobiT aris aRbeWdili, Tumca swored meore periodSi dawera man Tavisi erT-erTi<br />
uZlieresi poema, trilogiis Sua nawili `toldis siyvaruli~ da araerTi lirikuli leqs-<br />
Sedevri, gaerTianebuli ciklad `Semodgomis yvavilebi~. aranis mebrZoli suliskveTeba<br />
Secvala agreTve y<strong>of</strong>iTi TemebiT gatacebam da is ukve aRar qmnida iseT leqsebs, romelsac<br />
avstrieli cenzorebi ar ubeWdavdnen, an adre hqonda dabWdili (`Raribi glexi~, `patimari~,<br />
`tyve yaryati~, `qera pani~ da sxva). Tavisi naturiT arani ar iyo revolucioneri da Tavisi<br />
ojaxis keTildReobisaTvis araerTxel wasula mTavrobasTan kompromisze. igi martosuli<br />
darCa sicocxlis bolomde, gansakuTrebiT — petefis Semdeg. bolo Jams igi ungreTis Sinagan<br />
saqmeTa saministroSic ki muSaobda, romelic avstrias eqvemdebareboda — Tumca misi saxeli<br />
ungrelma xalxma samudamod daukavSira revolucias.<br />
garda poeziisa, aranis kalams ekuTvnis publicistur-kritikuli xasiaTis werilebi,<br />
romelnic CvenTvis jer-jerobiT miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda da romelTa Sedarebac ilias<br />
publicistikisaTvis saintereso suraTs mogvcemda. Tumca, es ukve momavlis saqmea.<br />
43
elene gogiaSvili<br />
qarTuli folklori erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis<br />
ideologiur samsaxurSi<br />
erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreoba umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda imperiebSi<br />
Semavali patara qveynebisTvis maT ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobebSi.<br />
sakuTari tradiciebis dacva Zlieri iaraRia identobis SesanarCuneblad. tradiciisken<br />
mibrunebis fenomeni SeiZleba politikur elfersac atarebdes. istoria mdidari wyaroa<br />
saimisod, rom Sesabamisi faqtebi politikur programad iqnas SemoTavazebuli. istoriul<br />
dokumentebTan erTad eris siZvelis suraTis Sesaqmnelad warmatebiT gamoiyeneba<br />
folkloruli wyaroebi: xalxuri gadmocemebi, sagmiro Tqmulebebi da baladebi, legendebi,<br />
memoratebi, romlebic nacionalur istoriul gmirebs ukavSirdebian.<br />
folklori erovnuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis gamovlenis TvalsaCino saSualebaa, magram<br />
amasTan erTad didia misi gaqrobis saSiSroebac, Tu is droulad ar iqna dafiqsirebuli.<br />
folklorisadmi interesis gaZlierebas yvela qveyanaSi Tavisi mizezi hqonda. dasavleT<br />
evropaSi zepirsityviereba romantizmis STagonebis wyarod iqca. centralur evropaSi<br />
zRaprebis Sekrebas Zmebi grimebis moRvaweobam misca biZgi. berZnebis, bulgarelebis,<br />
serbebisa da balkaneTis sxva xalxebSi, romlebic Turqebis mier iyvnen dapyrobili,<br />
folklorisadmi interesis gaRviZebas ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam Seuwyo xeli (Stegheri<br />
2005: 2-11). rusuli folkloruli masalis Sekreba samecniero mizniT daiwyo.<br />
aRmosavleT evropis xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba inspirirebuli<br />
iyo iohan gotfrid herderis (1744-1803) „ideebiT kacobriobis istoriis filos<strong>of</strong>iisaTvis“,<br />
ramac slavi xalxebis e. w. erovnul xelaxla dabadebas Seasxa frTebi. herderi xalxur<br />
poeziaSi xalxis sulis WeSmarit gamoxatulebas xedavda. igi miiCnevda, rom eris tradiciebSi<br />
areklilia eris Tvisebebi, romlebic bunebrivi cvlilebebisa da sulieri idealebis Sedegad<br />
Camoyalibdnen (pr<strong>of</strong>anova 1999: 219). Volksgeist niSnavda xalxis suls [germaneli mecnieri h.<br />
bauzingeri miiCnevs, rom es sxva enebze es sityva „nacionalur sulad“ unda iTargmnebodes _ e.<br />
g.] da miznad isaxavda axali politikuri reJimis xedvas, romelSic sxvadasxva xalxebi<br />
erTaderTobas miaRwevdnen da sxva xalxebs gamoey<strong>of</strong>odnen (bauzingeri 1992: 74).<br />
„folksgaistis“ idea folkloristebisTvis gamowvevad da stimulad iqca. maT yvelafris<br />
Segroveba daiwyes, rasac xalxur siZveled miiCnevdnen, rom axali erovnuli koncefciisTvis<br />
SeewyoT xeli.<br />
me-19 saukune: folklori da erovnuli ideologia<br />
saqarTveloSi folklorisadmi interesi gaCnda ara romantizmis epoqaSi, rogorc es<br />
evropaSi moxda, aramed mogvianebiT, me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. zepiri kulturuli<br />
memkvidreobis mniSvneloba, folkloris mxatvruli, SemecnebiTi da istoriuli Rirebuleba<br />
saTanado doneze manamde ver gaacnobiera qarTulma sazogadoebriobam, sanam samoRvaweo<br />
asparezze ilia WavWavaZe ar gamoCnda.<br />
kavkasia, rogorc ruseTis imperiis urTulesi regioni, me-19 saukunis 40-iani wlebidanve<br />
iyo eTnografiuli Seswavlis obieqti. mis kvlevas rusi mecnierebis mier mkveTrad<br />
gamoxatuli imperialisturi mimarTuleba hqonda (jagodniSvili 2004: 136).<br />
maSin, roca carizmis politika folklorul da eTnografiul aRwerebs<br />
administraciuli dazvervis saSualebad iyenebda, qarTuli folklori erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
moZraobis erT-erTi iaraRi gaxda. xalxuri Semoqmedebis — rogorc<br />
zepirsityvierebis, ise musikaluri folkloris _ nimuSebis Sekrebas am epoqis udidesi<br />
moRvaweebi moTaveobdnen: i. gogebaSvili, r. erisTavi, al. yazbegi, p. umikaSvili, T.<br />
razikaSvili da sxvebi (Ciqovani 1960: 138-179). ilia WavWavaZem ki eTnografiuli da<br />
folkloruli masalis Sekrebis garda maTi mecnierulad Seswavlis aucileblobis sakiTxi<br />
dasva. werilSi „xalxis zne-CveulebaTa Seswavlis Sesaxeb“ vkiTxulobT:<br />
„xalxis cxovreba yovelmxriv da harmoniulad unda SeviswavloT; imis yovelgvari<br />
gonebiTi nawarmoebi unda SevkriboT [...]. erTis romelisame sagnis amoCemeba, imisi ‚modad‘<br />
daweseba da sxva sagnebis daviwyeba _ kargi arasdros ar y<strong>of</strong>ila da arc CvenTvis iqneba.<br />
saxalxo poezia kargia, magram roca marto imisi Sekreba izidavs mTelis inteligenciis<br />
yuradRebas, roca es Sekreba ‚modad‘ xdeba, maSin saWiroa, rom sxva sagnebisakenac miixedos<br />
ganaTlebulma sazogadoebam. saWiroa, rom Cvenma naswavlma sazogadoebam erTad Tavi<br />
moiyaros, moilaparakos, aswon-daswonos yoveliferi am sagnis Sesaxeb da programa Seadginos<br />
xalxis zne-CveulebaTa SeswavlisaTvis. Tu yvelgan amas misdeven, gana CvenTvis ki dro ar<br />
aris?“ (WavWavaZe 1987: 164). faqtobrivad, am werilSi ilia WavWavaZem axalgazrda mecnierebis<br />
_ folkloristikis programa warmoadgina, romliTac qarTvel mecnierebs momavalSi unda<br />
exelmZRvanelaT.<br />
44
me-20 saukune: folklori da sabWoTa ideologia<br />
me-20 saukunis dasawyisidanve, folkloruli masalis fiqsaciis garda, aqtualuri gaxda<br />
misi mecnieruli Seswavla da sistemuri kvleva. 1901 wels saqarTveloSi Catarda pirveli<br />
samusiko folkloruli eqspedicia kompozitorisa da musikismcodne-eTnografis dimitri<br />
arayiSvilis (1873-1953) xelmZRvanelobiT, riTac safuZveli Caeyara qarTul musikalur<br />
folkloristikas. cnobilia, rom am da momdevno eqspediciebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi<br />
1908 wlamde mecenati daviT sarajiSvili afinansebda (xuWua 1980: 92).<br />
1921 wlis Semdeg sabWoTa xelisufleba aqtiurad muSaobda, rom folklori Tavisi<br />
ideologiis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina. folklori _ sityvieri da musikaluri _ saxelmwifos<br />
mier gansazRvrul iqna rogorc muSaTa da glexTa klasis xelovneba, rogorc „mSromeli<br />
xalxis Seqmnili“ da amdenad, mTel sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi popularuli unda gamxdariyo.<br />
mecnierebma yuradReba gadaitanes folkloris apolitikur mxareze, kvlevebi mTlianad<br />
orientirebuli iyo tradiciis Sinagan struqturaze, romelic xelSeuxebeli iyo<br />
politikisgan. 1926 wlidan Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi daiwyo qarTuli<br />
zepirsityvierebis leqciebis kursis kiTxva. 1932 wels saqarTvelos muzeumSi folkloris<br />
gany<strong>of</strong>ileba daarsda. orive am wamowyebis moTave qarTveli folkloristi, literatori,<br />
xelovnebaTmcodne da moqandake vaxtang kotetiSvili (1893-1937) iyo. misi „sacdeli leqciebis<br />
brwyinvaled Catarebis Semdeg, romlebsac daswrebian cnobili mecnierebi i. javaxiSvili, k.<br />
kekeliZe da sxv., miandes folkloris kursis wakiTxva. [...] 1929 wlidan ki, misive iniciativiT,<br />
universitetis filologiis fakultetze SemoRebul iqna poetikis kursi“ (gamezardaSvili<br />
1969: 4-5).<br />
vaxtang kotetiSvili universitetSic moRvaweobda da imavdroulad saqarTvelos<br />
muzeumSi Tavisive daarsebul folkloris gany<strong>of</strong>ilebasa da folklorul arqivs<br />
xelmZRvanelobda. mogvianebiT, 1936 wels, am gany<strong>of</strong>ilebis bazaze enis, literaturisa da<br />
xelovnebis institutis (amJamad SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti)<br />
folkloris gany<strong>of</strong>ileba da arqivi Seiqmna. vaxtang kotetiSvilma pirvelma Cauyara safuZveli<br />
folklorul samecniero eqspediciebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi winaswar<br />
SemuSavebuli marSrutiT (kotetiSvili 1961: 14).<br />
1936 wels TbilisSi xelovnebis saqmeTa sammarTvelosTan (maSin jer ar arsebobda<br />
kulturis saministro) xalxuri Semoqmedebis kabineti gaixsna. direqtoris movaleobis<br />
droebiT Semsruleblad dainiSna mixeil mgalobliSvili, konsultantad _ vaxtang<br />
kotetiSvili. 1937 wlidan dawesebulebas xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxli ewoda (misi pirveli<br />
direqtori iyo kompozitori, folkloristi, lotbari da sazogado moRvawe grigol<br />
kokelaZe).<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlebi mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT Seiqmna, centri<br />
moskovSi iyo, sadac mokavSire respublikebidan yovelwliurad igzavneboda Catarebuli<br />
muSaobis Sesaxeb angariSebi. saqarTveloSi xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxls filialebi hqonda<br />
soxumSi, baTumsa da cxinvalSi.<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlis konsultanti vaxtang kotetiSvili iyo. man kompozitor<br />
grigol kokelaZesTan, musikos-folkloristebTan _ grigol CxikvaZesa da Tamar<br />
mamalaZesTan erTad Seqmna fondi, romelSic daculia qarTuli musikaluri folklorisa da<br />
zepirsityvierebis unikaluri masalebi (amJamad, saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo<br />
centris arqivi).<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlSi gaixsna lotbarTa, qoreografTa da xalxuri rewvis<br />
ostatTa kursebi. pirvelad saqarTveloSi Seiqmna saxviTi xelovnebis saswavlo kombinati,<br />
romlis damaarseblebi xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlis direqtori grigol kokelaZe da xalxuri<br />
rewvis ostati artem gabunia iyvnen.<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlSi gaixsna gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis muzeumi, romelic Semdeg<br />
qarTuli xalxuri saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis muzeumad Camoyalibda.<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxli sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebis organizatori iyo _ saxalxo<br />
mTqmelTa konkursebis, qarTuli folkloris respublikuri daTvalierebebis, moyvarulTa<br />
Teatrebis (dramatuli, Tojinebis da sabavSvo) festivalebisa da sxva.<br />
1937 wlidan xalxuri Semoqmedebis respublikuri olimpiadebi xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />
saxlis TaosnobiT da aqtiuri monawileobiT ewyoboda (1937, 1938, 1949, 1951, 1954, 1960-1961,<br />
1979, 1981, 1997, 2001 wlebSi).<br />
olimpiadebis momzadeba evaleboda saorganizacio komitetsa da sarepertuaro komisias.<br />
pirvelad koleqtivebs kulturis raionuli gany<strong>of</strong>ilebebi TbilisSi Camosvlamde adgilze<br />
amowmebdnen, Semdeg ki maT mier SerCeuli jgufebi xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlidan wargzavnil<br />
komisias unda Seemowmebina. jer sarepertuaro komisia afasebda yvela SemoqmedebiT<br />
koleqtivs, mere — Jiuri.<br />
1959 wlidan moyvarulTa Teatrebisa da folkloruli ansamblebisaTvis „saxalxo<br />
wodebis“ miniWeba xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlis wardginebiT xdeboda.<br />
45
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxls cocxali kontaqti hqonda xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />
koleqtivebTan. maTi repertuaris daxvewa-gamdidrebisTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda<br />
centris saarqivo fondi, romelSic inaxeboda xalxuri simRerebi, qoreografebis Canawerebi,<br />
piesebi da sxva. sakonsultaciod da arqivis gasacnobad modiodnen gundis xelmZRvanelebi,<br />
dramaturgebi, kompozitorebi.<br />
sabWoTa ideologiuri manqana Tvals adevnebda, Tu rogor xdeboda farTo masebisTvis<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebis miwodeba da ras aswavlidnen lotbarebi raionebSi<br />
TviTmoqmed koleqtivebs. am mizniT xSirad amowmebdnen arqivs. centraluri komitetidan<br />
gamogzavnil komisias evaleboda xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlis kontroli. arqivSi, ra Tqma<br />
unda, iyo Zveli sagaloblebis krebulebi, romlebic aTeistur saxelmwifoSi ikrZaleboda.<br />
aqve inaxeboda vaxtang kotetiSvilis nawerebic. 1947-2004 wlebSi arqivis mTavari mcveli<br />
TinaTin lobJaniZe iyo. piradad misi damsaxurebaa is, rom 30-iani wlebis represiebis Semdeg<br />
fondSi mainc gadarCa vaxtang kotetiSvilis mier Sekrebili folkloruli masala da misi<br />
ramdenime xelnaweri. TinaTin lobJaniZem gadaarCina agreTve Zveli qarTuli kanonikuri<br />
saeklesio sagaloblebis xelnawerebi, romelTa nawilobrivi gamocema mxolod 1999 wlidan<br />
daiwyo. TinaTin lobJaniZe yvelanair xerxs mimarTavda Zvirfasi masalis gadasarCenad. misgan<br />
pirad saubarSi mosmenili maqvs:<br />
„rac ki ram notebi iyo, yvelas erTad davuwyobdi win komisiis wevrebs da, rom<br />
daiRlebodnen, mere gamomqonda danarCeni _ sagaloblebi, romlebsac an aRar gadaxedavdnen,<br />
anda, Tu SemTxveviT vinme ikiTxavda, sagalobels aq ra undao, vupasuxebdi: es igive simRerebia,<br />
adre simReras galobas eZaxdnen-meTqi. komisiaSi ar iyo didad ganaTlebuli xalxi da es xerxi<br />
Wrida. gacilebiT rTuli mdgomareoba iyo zepirsityvierebaSi. vaxtang kotetiSvilis saxelis<br />
xsenebac ar SeiZleboda, araTu misi nawerebis Senaxva da movla. mis mier Cawerili<br />
folkloruli masala rom gadarCeniliyo, mis saxels da gvars vSlidi. Semdeg, ra Tqma unda,<br />
yvelaferi aRvadgine, mis kaligrafias ra damaviwyebda?!“ (interviu Cawerilia 2006 wlis 9<br />
Tebervals, inaxeba saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centris arqivSi).<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlSi muSaobda folklorisa da TviTmoqmed kompozitorTa<br />
seqciebi. folkloris seqcia mecnierul safuZvels uqmnida dawesebulebis saqmianobas.<br />
cnobilia, 1938 wels gamocemuli ivane javaxiSvilis „qarTuli musikis istoriis<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi“, romelic samagido wignia qarTuli musikis istoriisa da musikaluri<br />
folkloris mkvlevarisaTvis, „dawerilia saqarTvelos s.s.r. saxkomsabWosTan arsebul<br />
xelovnebis saqmeTa sammarTvelos xalxuri Semoqmedebis kabinetis TaosnobiT“, rogorc es<br />
weria wignis Tavfurcelze (javaxiSvili 1938).<br />
amJamad, saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centris arqivSi daculia musikaluri<br />
folklorisa da zepirsityvierebis masalebi, romelic Sekrebilia qarTuli kulturisa da<br />
mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferos moRvaweebis mier.<br />
imis miuxedavad, rom sabWoTa xelisufleba mudmivad cenzuras axorcielebda xalxur<br />
Semoqmedebaze da Tavisi interesebis sasargeblod gamoyeneba surda, qarTuli kulturisa da<br />
mecnierebis moRvaweebi sabWoTa mTavrobis davalebebis paralelurad erovnuli mniSvnelobis<br />
saqmes emsaxurebodnen da faqtiurad, agrZelebdnen erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis<br />
tradicias.<br />
folkloristebisa da eTnologebisTvis saxelmwifo ar aris mTavari sakvlevi Tema,<br />
magram is yovelTvis garkveulwilad figurirebs folklorTan mimarTebaSi. dRes<br />
mecnierebaSi sadao aRar aris, rom folklorisadmi interesi swored saxelmwifodan<br />
momdinareobda (bauzingeri 1992: 73).<br />
folkloristikis mecnieruli orientaciis dasawyisSi, folklors xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi imisTvis iyenebdnen, rom efeqturad ganexorcielebinaT Tavisi ideebi da<br />
politika, rogorc amas akeTebda caristuli reJimi.<br />
me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi folklori erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis<br />
samsaxurSi Cadga.<br />
me-20 saukuneSi sabWoTa ideologiam folklori Tavis mxardamWerad gadaaqcia.<br />
miuxedavad politikuri manipulaciebisa, folklori Tavisi bunebiT sruliad<br />
apolitikuri fenomenia, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda dagvaviwydes misi kvlevisas. is, rom<br />
ilia WavWavaZem folkloris mecnierulad Seswavlis aucileblobis sakiTxi dasva, swored<br />
amaze mianiSnebs _ provokaciuli miznebiT folkloris gamoyenebis Tavidan acileba mxolod<br />
misi mecnieruli kvleviT aris SesaZlebeli.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
bauzingeri 1992: Bausinger, Hermann: Change <strong>of</strong> Paradigms? Comments on the Crisis <strong>of</strong> Ethnicity. In: Studia Fennica<br />
Folkloristica I. Folklore Processed, in Honour <strong>of</strong> Lauri Honko on his 60 th Birthday. Helsinki: Suomalaisen<br />
Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1992.<br />
gamezardaSvili 1969: gamezardaSvili, daviT. vaxtang kotetiSvili. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „nakaduli“,<br />
1969.<br />
46
kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili, vaxtang. xalxuri poezia. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa mwerali”,<br />
1961.<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>anova 1999: Pr<strong>of</strong>anová, Zuzana. Historische Genres im Prozess der Mythenbildung in der Slovakei. In: Europaeische<br />
Ethnologie und Folklore im internationalen Kontext. Festschrift fuer Leander Petzoldt zum 65 Geburtstag.<br />
Herausgegeben von Ingo Schneider. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag, 1999.<br />
Stegheri 2005: Stegherr, Marc. „Es ist viel Speise in den Furchen der Armen“. Die Erforschung der Maerchenkultur des<br />
europaeischen Ostens. In: Märchenspiegel. Zeitschrift fuer internationale Märchenforschung und Märchenpflege. Heft<br />
1 (Februar) 2005.<br />
Ciqovani 1960: Ciqovani, mixeil (redaqtori). qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedeba, I. Tbilisi:<br />
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1960.<br />
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe, ilia. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. tomi IV. publicisturi werilebi.<br />
Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1987.<br />
xuWua 1980: xuWua, pavle. dimitri arayiSvili. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „xelovneba“, 1980.<br />
jagodniSvili 2004: jagodniSvili, Temur. qarTuli folkloristikis istoria, I. Tbilisi: „Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba“, 2004.<br />
javaxiSvili 1938: javaxiSvili, ivane. qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. Tbilisi:<br />
gamomcemloba „federacia“, 1938.<br />
47
ilia WavWavaZis poetur TemaTa vaJa fSavelaseuli<br />
reminiscencia<br />
Teimuraz qurdovaniZe<br />
ilias mkvlelobas vaJa fSavela ramdenjerme gamoexmaura. pirveli emociurad<br />
datvirTuli werili `ver mohkles!~ (gaz. `isari~, 1907, 195) dawerilia mRelvarebis<br />
mdgomareobaSi da, marTalia, vaJas tkivilisa da ZmaTa danaSaulis miutevleblobis gancda<br />
asazr-doebs, xazgasmulad igrZnoba, rom qarTvel xalxs elaparakeba didi ilias Rvawlis<br />
WeSmariti Semfasebeli da Tavad saqarTvelos bedze dafiqrebuli Svili. werili kiTxviTi<br />
winadadebebiT gawyobili xma-maRali fiqrebia. poeti antiTezisis mxatvruli xerxis<br />
gamoyenebiT mRelvared warmoaCens uRirs qarTvelTa qmedebis Semzaraobas. vaJasTvis ilias<br />
mkvleloba scildeba fizikuri mkvlelobis sta-tuss, igi ideis mkvlelobis cdadaa<br />
moazrebuli. poeti Tvlis, rom iliaze xelis amwevebs Tavad saqarTvelos mkvlelobis<br />
survilic amoZravebT da swored amaSi xedavs poeti gangaSis mizezs.<br />
am werilSi Zalian mniSvnelovani is aris, rom poeti cdilobs swor gzaze daayenos<br />
sazogadoeba, damoZRvros igi. erTi mxriv, vaJa gaxazavs ilias moRvaweobis mniSvnelobas<br />
qarTveli erisTvis, ganamtkicebs Tvalsazriss, rom iliam mamulis winaSe srulad da<br />
umwikvlod moixada vali. meore mxriv, vaJa darwmu-nebulia, rom ilia isev saqarTvelosa da<br />
qarTvelebze fiqriT mama-papaTa winaSe damalavs Tavisi samarcxvino Zmebis `sasiqadulo<br />
ZRvens~ _ tyviebsac da wylulebsac _ raTa winaprebs Cvenze cudi ar aTqmevinos da arc<br />
afiqrebinos, ar gaajavros Cvens saqcielze. im mZime Jams zemoxsenebuli konteqstebis Seqmnas<br />
vaJa fSavela, Cans, sagangebo mniSvnelobas aniWebda.<br />
sainteresoa kidev erTi aspeqti: ilias mkvlelobis pirvelive dReebSi vaJa uars ambobs,<br />
Suri iZion mkvlelebze. poetis motivaciis Tanaxmad, mkvlelebi pirutyvebi arian, romlebsac<br />
adamianebiviT ver dasji. am mxatvruli Sedarebis paralelurad vaJas fiqris warmmar-Tvelia<br />
qristianuli Sendobis logika: `sisxli sisxlisTvis? codva mivumatoT codvas? sircxvils _<br />
sircxvili?~ _ kiTxulobs poeti da askvnis, rom maTi dasja `Cvenive sircxvilia, Cvenis<br />
adamianobis damcirebaa~.<br />
dakrZalvis dRes warmoTqmul sityvaSi (`sityva ilia WavWavaZis cxedarze~, `isari~, 1907,<br />
198) poeti axasiaTebs ilias, rogorc mwe-rlisa da sazogadoebis winamZRolis, Rvawls: `mTeli<br />
50 weli, -wers vaJa,- gansvenebulma saqarTvelos bedi kalTiT atara, iyo misi daraji; rogorc<br />
deda erTaderT Cvils Svilsa, ise... dahkankalebda, an ar Semicivdes, ar momiSivdeso. moseuls<br />
mters, vinc saqarTvelos isrebs esroda, igi pirveli agebebda Tavis mkerds, Semoqneuls xmals<br />
pirveli ufarebda farsa~.<br />
ilias mkvlelebs vaJa fSavela saqarTvelos mkvlelebis, enis, erovnebisa da teritoriis<br />
uarmy<strong>of</strong>lebis kvalifikacias aZlevs, upirispirebs maT ilias anderZis mimdevrebs, riTac<br />
niadags amzadebs momavalSic ilias saqmisadmi erTgulebis ficis warmosaTqmelad.<br />
mesame, avtografis saxiT SemorCenili werili `yvav-yornebi ilias aCrdilis garSemo~<br />
(Txz. t. IX, 1964, gv. 274), Tavisi SinaarsiT, wamoWrili sakiTxebis xasiaTiTa da SefasebiT, gvian,<br />
1908-1909 wlebSia dawerili. masSi ilias mkvlelobisa da saqarTvelos bedisadmi vaJas<br />
mimarTeba ucvlelia.<br />
da bolos, leqss `ilia WavWavaZis saxsovrad~, romelic poetis mkvlelobisadmia<br />
miZRvnili, vaJa fSavela agebs saqarTvelos mTaSi didi tradiciebis mqone `xmiT tirilis~,<br />
kerZod, `daTvliT~ tiri-lis kompoziciuri kanonis gaTvaliswinebiT. sazogadod, tradiciuli<br />
`daTvliT~ tirilis esTetika motirals avaldebulebs `kai ymis~ yvelasaTvis cnobili<br />
`sagmiro saqmeebis~ gaxseneba-CamoTvlas, anu daTvlas. es gardacvlilis sicocxleSi<br />
namoRvawaris Sexsenebis garda, miznad isaxavda vaJkacis saxelis ukvdavy<strong>of</strong>aze zrunvas.<br />
vaJa ilias `sagmiro saqmed~ saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebze zrunvas miiCnevs da ixsenebs<br />
poetis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ZiriTad Temebs. raki iliasa da vaJasdroindeli saqarTvelos<br />
umTavresi satkivari erovnuli da socialuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxebi iyo, amitom vaJa ilias<br />
naazrevidan mkiTxvelis yuradRebas aCerebs im problemebze, romlebsac mgosani mTeli<br />
SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba utrialebda da sxvadsxva kuTxiT warmosaxavda.<br />
leqsSi am Temebze saubris dawyebamde vaJa saerTo glovis suraTs xatavs. avtori axlo<br />
warsulis istorias mimarTavs da ambobs, rom ilias naTel saxes daukocnian aragvis saxelovani<br />
gmirebi, Tanamedroveobas ki Svilze mgloviareebad damsxdari alaznis napirebiT warmoadgens.<br />
amis Semdeg vaJa ukve awinaurebs socialur Temas. poeti qmnis konteqsts, romlis Tanaxmad,<br />
ilia usamarTlod CagrulTa qomagadaa gamoyvanili. amitom warmoidgens poeti, rom ilias<br />
dastirian poema `ramdenime suraTi...~-s gmiri kako yaCaRi da mis bedSi my<strong>of</strong>i glexkacebi.<br />
ilias mkvlelobam ufro gaamZafra Zveli problemebi. vaJa wuxs, rom ilias Zalisxmeva<br />
moakldeba tkivilian erovnul sakiTxs, konkretulad, Tavisuflebis mopovebis imeds. vaJa<br />
ixsenebs ilias mier gacocxlebul xalxur legendas eris cremliT warmoqmnili bazaleTis<br />
tbis Ziras Cadgmuli oqros akvnis Sesaxeb. vaJa Tavis wuxilian saubars oqros akvanze<br />
48
kiTxvebiT aSinaarsebs, rogorc es xalxuri xmiT natiralisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. poetis<br />
leqsi stiluradac amitom waagavs natirals:<br />
vai, rom rCeba akvani<br />
bazaleTis tbis Zirasa,<br />
da didxans kiTxvadve gvrCeba:<br />
vin amoiRebs imasa?<br />
an im balRs vin upatronebs,<br />
ususurs, mtirals bedisa,<br />
akvanSi rom wevs sawyali<br />
da ZuZu swyuris dedisa?<br />
an im cremlis tbas diadsa,<br />
erisgan danadinarsa,<br />
vin dahSrets, vin amoiyvans<br />
im ususursa, mtiralsa?!<br />
vaJas, rogorc sasowarkveTil motirals, pasuxi ar aqvs dasmul kiTxvaze _ am realobaSi<br />
misTvis momavlis suraTi ar ixateba.<br />
ilias gzidan CamoSorebiT,- ambobs vaJa leqsSi, - kidev ufro damZimdeba cocxlad<br />
darCenil qarTvelTa y<strong>of</strong>a, radgan Cvens qveyanas mtrebi axvevian gars da Cven ki, rogorc<br />
gvCvevia, mtris wisqvilze vasxamT wyals:<br />
gaRma gasvlisa msurvelTa<br />
ukuRma migvyavs borani.<br />
mTavari ki is aris, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
gagvibatonda siregvne Seuwonari.<br />
vaJa fSavelas mier saukunis win dawerili es leqsi mxolod warsuli istoriis farglebSi<br />
Znelad eteva. didi klasikosis gancda dRevandelobaSic xvdeba mkiTxvelis guls.<br />
ilias vaJaseuli datireba, rogorc naxeT, xalxuri xmiT natirlebis msgavsad, mZafri<br />
emociiTaa datvirTuli.<br />
49
ilia WavWavaZe da samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebi<br />
giorgi maisuraZe<br />
1860-iani wlebidan saqarTvelos istoriaSi mniSvnelovani xana daiwyo _ erovnulganmaTavisuflebel<br />
moZraobas saTaveSi Caudga TergdaleulTa Taoba didi qarTveli<br />
mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis _ ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1870-iani wlebidan es<br />
moZraoba gaaqtiurda da mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT daiwyo gavrceleba.mas<br />
TanamgrZnoblebi da mimdevrebi uCndebodnen da umravldebodnen qveynis provinciebSi. maTTan<br />
mWidro kavSirs, TanamSromlobasa da maTTvis daxmarebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen<br />
aRniSnuli moZraobis liderebi, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZec. isini did yuradRebas aqcevdnen<br />
saqarTvelos im regionebs, sadac gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qarTveli mosaxleobis mdgomareoba<br />
da sadac metad ganicdida is erovnul Cagvrasa da gadagvarebas.<br />
am mxriv gamorCeul mdgomareobaSi imy<strong>of</strong>eboda samcxe-javaxeTi, romlis dedasamSoblosTan<br />
dabrunebiT ar damTavrebula mxaris mkvidri mosaxleobis erovnuli Cagvra-<br />
Seviwroeba. iliasa da sxva didi qarTveli moRvaweebis yuradReba am problemamac miipyro,<br />
romlis gadawyvetisa da, saerTod, maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis isini Zalisxmevas ar<br />
iSurebdnen. amisaTvis myardeboda da xSirdeboda urTierToba da TanamSromlobamaTsa da<br />
adgilobriv inteligencias Soris. ilia WavWavaZesa da samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebs Soris<br />
urTierTobas Tavis naSromebSi Seexnen mkvlevarebi: i. maisuraZe 1 , S. lomsaZe 2 , d. koJoriZe 3 , e.<br />
bubulaSvili 4 , n. yruaSvili 5 da sxv. Tumca am sakiTxisaTvis yuradRebis sagangebod daTmoba<br />
mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia rogorc misi istoriuli mniSvnelobis, aseve sakiTxis ufro<br />
Tanmimdevrulad gaSuqebis saWiroebis gamoc.<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveli mosaxleoba XIX saukunis II naxevarSic saWiroebda mowinave<br />
qarTveli sazogadoebis mxriv mxardaWerasa da daxmarebas mraval sferoSi, rameTu<br />
saqarTvelos sxva mxareebTan SedarebiT aq bevrad uaresi iyo mkvidrTa y<strong>of</strong>a: kvlav mZime iyo<br />
mxareSi osmalTa batonobis Sedegebi, kvlav grZeldeboda maTi mravalmxriv SeWirvebuli<br />
mdgomareoba; ruseTis mTavrobis mxriv ki isev sagrZnobi iyo gulgrili damokidebuleba maT<br />
mimarT.<br />
mxaris qarTveli mosaxleobis amgvari mdgomareoba ki gamoiwvia an xeli Seuwyo aseve<br />
1828-1829 wlebis Semdeg samcxe-javaxeTSi ganviTarebulma procesebma. rogorc cnobilia,<br />
saqarTvelos am ZirZveli mxaris deda-samSoblosTan dabrunebis sixaruli gaafermkrTala<br />
adgilobrivi qarTvelebisaTvis omianobis Sedegad Tavs damtydarma ubedurebam da carizmis<br />
imperiulma politikam. omma aaoxra da Zalze Seamcira mkvidri mosaxleoba. amasTan erTad<br />
mefis ruseTma xeli Seuwyo mkvidrTa ayrasa da gadasaxlebas osmaleTis imperiaSi, maT<br />
sanacvlod ki Semoasaxla didi raodenobiT kolonistebi (osmaleTidan somxebi, mcired _<br />
berZnebi, ruseTidan ki rusi duxoborebi da a. S.). amiT mxareSi mkvidri qarTuli elementi<br />
Zalze Semcirda. amas garda, kolonistebze sagangebod zrunvis fonze is aSkarad yuradRebas<br />
ar aqcevda mZime mdgomareobaSi my<strong>of</strong> qarTvelebs, maTi gaqristianebisa da danarCen<br />
qarTvelebTan kvlav daaxloebis survilsa da mcdelobebsac.<br />
mxareSi amgvarad ganviTarebul movlenebs emateboda qarTveli mosaxleobis winaSe<br />
mdgari sxva sirTuleebic: adgilobrivi qarTvelebis 3 religiur jgufad day<strong>of</strong>a<br />
(mahmadianebad, kaTolikeebad da mcirericxovan marTlmadideblebad). mahmadiani da kaTolike<br />
qarTvelebis sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba, aseve ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiuli politika<br />
qmnida maTi erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxes, romelic sagrZnoblad izrdeboda XIX saukunis II<br />
naxevarSi; qarTveli mosaxleobis kulturuli CamorCena grZeldeboda XIX saukunis Sua<br />
xanebSic, radgan mTavroba naklebad zrunavda maTTvis da, saerTod, mxareSi kulturulsaganmanaTleblo<br />
dawesebulebebis dasaarseblad an arsebulis gasaumjobeseblad; socialurekonomiur<br />
sferoSic grZeldeboda mkvidri mosaxleobis gaWirveba, radgan mxaris ekonomiuri<br />
mdgomareoba neli tempiT umjobesdeboda; xolo qarTveli mahmadiani begebis Tavadaznaurul<br />
wodebaSi aRiarebis nacvlad regionSi didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen osmaleTidan<br />
gadmosaxlebuli vaWar-mevaxSeebi da rusi moxeleebi, qarTvel mosaxleobas ki ar hyavda<br />
warCinebuli wodeba mxareSi...<br />
am faqtorebis Sedegad XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveli mosaxleobis<br />
mZime mdgomareobis miuxedavad, XIX saukunis II naxevridan qarTvel sazogadoebas gamouCnda<br />
garkveuli SesaZleblobebi mkvidri mosaxleobis amgvari viTarebis gasaumjobeseblad, maTSi<br />
1 samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumi, ilia maisuraZis fondi, 360, gv. 46-49.<br />
2 SoTa lomsaZe, mixeil TamaraSvili da qarTveli kaTolikeni, Tb., 1984.<br />
3 d. koJoriZe, ganaTleba da kultura samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb., 1986.<br />
4 eldar bubulaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2003, gv. 24-25, 55-59;<br />
5 Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis axalcixis fileali, Sromebis krebuli, 1, 1998, nato yruaSvili,<br />
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saqmianoba samcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 166-171.<br />
50
erovnuli cnobierebis asamaRleblad. yovelive es sazogadoebis did Zalsxmevas, farTo da<br />
nay<strong>of</strong>ier moRvaweobas moiTxovda.<br />
marTlac, 1870-iani wlebidan samcxe-javaxeTSi aSkarad SeimCneoda sxvadasxva saxis<br />
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gamococxleba da<br />
gaaqtiureba. mxareSi imravla inteligenciis ricxvma. maTSi mtkicdeboda erovnuli<br />
cnobiereba; mravali maTgani Tergdaleulebis ideebis momxreni da mimdevrebi xdeboda. isini<br />
ufro da ufro energiulad da nay<strong>of</strong>ierad iwyebdnen moRvaweobas sxvadasxva sferoSi: xsnidnen<br />
sazogado Tu saeklesio saswavlo dawesebulebebs da zrunavdnen arsebuli saswavleblebis<br />
muSaobis gasaumjobeseblad, udides yuradRebas aqcevdnen maTSi mSobliur enaze swavlebas an<br />
qarTuli enis Seswavlas (mag., axalcixeSi qalTa ufaso skolis gaxsna ana RoRoberiZemusxeliSvilisas<br />
iniciativiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT, sazogadoebis mier ki misi Senaxva,<br />
kaTolike mRvdlebis (i. gvaramaZe, s. aslaniSvili,...) mier da moRvaweebis (mag., al. mefisaSvili)<br />
daxmarebiT mxareSi samrevlo skolebis gaxsna); mxareSi moRvawe da aqedan sxvagan wasuli<br />
kaTolike mwignobrebis mier saswavlo-sasuliero literaturis gamocema konstantinepolsa<br />
da monTobanSi, 1880-iani wlebidan qarTuli wignebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis gavrceleba<br />
mxareSi, 1890-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan saxalxo biblioTekebis gaxsna; qarTuli Teatraluri<br />
warmodgenebis gamarTva 1870-iani wlebidan, rasac 1900-ian wlebis Sua xanebSi mohyva qarTuli<br />
Teatraluri dasis Camoyalibeba; adgilobrivi inteligentebi dainteresebulni iyvnen<br />
kulturiT da TviTonac cdilobdnen literaturasa da kulturis zogierT dargSi muSaobas;<br />
adgilobrivi moRvaweebi TergdaleulTa organoSi, gazeT `droebaSi~, Semdeg ki `iveriaSi~<br />
iwyebdnen xangrZlivad TanamSromlobas da publicistur saqmianobas (gansakuTrebiT i.<br />
gvaramaZe, i. alxaziSvili), sadac ayenebdnen mosaxleobis ganaTlebis, maT mier sakuTari<br />
kulturisa da istoriis gacnobis, kulturis ganviTarebisa da mecnierebis safuZvlis Cayris<br />
saWiroebas, xalxis socialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis aucileblobas, maTSi<br />
erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebis sakiTxs da a. S. am amocanebis gadawyvetisaTvis aRniSnulma<br />
moRvaweebma seriozuli wvlili Seitanes. Tavis nay<strong>of</strong>ier saqmianobasTan erTad adgilobrivi<br />
qarTveli inteligentebi xmas imaRlebdnen da iwyebdnen zrunvas erovnuli problemebis<br />
gadasaWrelad, rodesac mTavroba an romelime mxare aZlierebda adgilobriv qarTvelTa<br />
erovnul Seviwroebasa da Cagvras (mag., `marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgeneli<br />
sazogadoebis~ Tu ganaTlebis saministros daqvemdebarebul skolebsa da saswavleblebSi,<br />
ebrZodnen qarTul enas qarTvel kaTolikeTa eklesiebSi, zRudavdnen qarTveli mrevlisaTvis<br />
mSobliur enaze RvTismsaxurebas marTlmadidebel eklesiebSi da a. S.). droTa ganmavlobaSi es<br />
pirovnebebi (saukunis dasasrulisaTvis maTi ricxvi sagrZnoblad izrdeboda) yalibdebodnen<br />
adgilobriv erovnul moRvaweebad da sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi organizebulad moqmed<br />
inteligenciad.<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi moqmedi mravali qarTveli moRvawisTvisac ilia WavWavaZe<br />
avtoritetuli da didi pirovneba iyo, romlis ideebsa da mimarTulebebs Tavidanve did pativs<br />
scemdnen da misi mimdevrebi xdebodnen. xolo zogierT maTgansa da eris mamas Soris piradi<br />
kavSirebic myardeboda, hqondaT masTan mimowera da Sexvedrebic.<br />
iliasTan rogorc Tanamoazreoba, aseve masTan pirovnuli kavSiris damyarebis survili<br />
XIX saukunis II naxevaris samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebs Soris adreve gaaCnda ivane gvaramaZes.<br />
rogorc i. gvaramaZis mier ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili biografiuli naSromidan irkveva 1 ,<br />
1860-iani wlebis dasawyisSi TbilisSi ivanes iliasTan garkveuli urTierToba hqonia. aq<br />
gvaramaZe xalisiT monawileobda sazogadoebriv SekrebebSi, sadac ukve gamorCeviT Canda<br />
axalgazrda ilia. ivanec did pativs scemda mas da moswonda misi Semoqmedeba. xolo ilias<br />
STagonebiT ivane gvaramaZes samijnuro leqsic dauweria. amis Sesaxeb Tavad ivane ase ixsenebs:<br />
`sityva rom movidoda Cvens SeyrilobaSi me yovelTvis vaqebdi xolme (ilias _ g. m.), erTxel<br />
miTxra Ciqoanman agre, rom mogwons aba erTi Seaqe vinme misi mosiyvarule ymawvil qalisagan,<br />
vnaxoT marTalia Tqveni misi qeba guliT aris Tu piradiao. mec davswere ori-sami muxli mis<br />
gulisad ase, rogorc Tu mis mosiyvarules enaxos erTxel da ar dascalebodes Tavis<br />
siyvarulis gamocxadeba misTvis am rigad:<br />
ax! rad damagde lamazis saxe badris wamwamo.<br />
giSris qoCor ulvaSTa saros zrdilo tano lerwamo<br />
tyve vqmnil var Senis survilis, ra meTqmis an ra viwamo?<br />
momxede wyalobis TvaliTa, satrfovo gulis sawamo!<br />
mfrinvelad gaxdi an jeiranad, gamomiqrole midamod,<br />
dRe Ram guli maqvs darajad, sul warsuli vkrTo mis gamod<br />
Suqi Seni TvalTa wina, jerac midgia saamod<br />
TvalT mibneldeba, naTeli, uSenod miTqvams midamod.<br />
vera vZleb Wiris daTmobas, neta ra meqmen es are,<br />
1 g. leoniZis sax. literaturuli muzeumi, 10589-x, ivane gvaramaZe, ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe;<br />
51
SavTvalT wamwamebT isrebiTa guli glax mwve mwve ganmibasre,<br />
kvlav ficxelis surviliTa Semipyar miT ganmibasre,<br />
aw momxede Sensa mzesa mis droiT cremlni SemaSre.<br />
kidev maCvene eg saxe Cemis gonebis mimRebi,<br />
axlos Tu ar mainc SoriT, Svebi kari ganmeRebi,<br />
ar vin minda Senis meti, ras damxarian vicRebi,<br />
merme Tumc movkvde mzaTa var, SengniT mkvdari warviRebi!~ 1<br />
gvaramaZisve sityvebiT, `Zlier kargaT SeiZleba Tqmul iyos misi mosiyvarulisagan, am<br />
leqsis mimdgomi sityvebi mis dros Cven es xumrobiT CavagdeT. Ciqovanman sTqva: sCans<br />
axalcixes SoTa rusTavelis leqsebis kilo kidev y<strong>of</strong>ila darCenilio. vaxtang tulaSvilma ar<br />
daiwuna!~ 2<br />
rogorc irkveva, Tavidanve ivane gvaramaZes keTilganwyoba hqonda axalgazrda ilias<br />
mimarT. mas Tavisi adreuli leqsebi Sesafaseblad miutania iliasTan. TviTon ase gadmogvcems<br />
amis Sesaxeb: `es mikvirda didaT, raT Semiyvarda isre ymawvili kaci ilia. ar vicnobdi arc<br />
mWiroda da arca rame inTeresi mqonda me imasTan. umfros-umcrosoba Tu vTqvaT, pir iqiT me. 6.<br />
wliT umfrosi viyavi xniTa mas zeda... im xanebSi vswerdi raRac ubralo Txzulebas kavkasiis<br />
mTebis gmirebzeda, romelTagani erTic iyo, `ra aris kavkazis mTebo, ra ferxuli Cagibian.~<br />
merme droebaSi daibeWda. yvelani rom aqebdnen mis swavla maRal azrovnebasa, sacdelad Cemis<br />
avkargian jRabnis gasagebad, avdegi da me Cemis xeliT wavuRe ilias gadasaTvaliereblad is<br />
Cemi rveuli. vTqvi vnaxoT ra SeniSvnas miscems meTqi. masTan ufro misi gacnoba mindoda. maSin<br />
oberianebis ubanSi iyo stumrad Tavis siZesTan, samwuxarod ar damxvda saxlSi. miveci msaxurs<br />
is rveuli da vTxove mierTmia iliasaTvis gardasaTvaliereblad. erTi kviris Semdgom ukanve<br />
damibruna me is rveuli. vnaxe rom arsad ar Sexeboda Cems nawerebs. Tqma iyo ar moswoneboda<br />
arc azri da arc axalcixuli Zveli ena. rac davrCi TbilisSi 61-62 wels Cems sasuliero<br />
wodebis saqmezed, sxva da sxva mizezebis gamo sul ver SeviZel ilias naxva~. 3 amis Semdeg ivane<br />
sxvadasxva adgilebSi eweoda sasuliero-pedagogiur moRvaweobas.<br />
did qarTvel moRvaweebsa da samcxe-javaxeTis inteligencias Soris urTierToba<br />
myardeboda 1880-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, rac kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba<br />
iSleboda mTels saqarTveloSi. misTvis daxmarebisa da koordinaciis gawevas cdilobdnen<br />
saqarTvelos centrSi moRvawe erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi. 1881 wels<br />
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ cdilobda samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
Tavisi skolebis gaxsnas. 1881 wlis 9 oqtombers ivane gvaramaZem SeTavazeba miiRo mis mier<br />
xizabavraSi gaxsnili samrevlo skolis amave `sazogadoebis~ daqvemdebarebaSi gadasvlis<br />
Sesaxeb 4 . <strong>of</strong>icialur werils xels awerda aRniSnuli sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris amxanagi ilia<br />
WavWavaZe. `sazogadoeba~ skolis mfarvelobasa da misTvis daxmarebas gawevis valdebulebas<br />
kisrulobda. ivanesac surda, Tavisi skola `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli<br />
sazogadoebas~ daqvemdebareboda. magram es gegma ar ganxorcielda am s<strong>of</strong>elSi ganaTlebis<br />
saministros daqvemdebarebuli skolis gaxsnis gamo. amis Sesaxeb ivane gvaramaZem 1881 wlis 23<br />
oqtombers acnoba aRniSnul `sazogadoebas~ weriliT. imave werilze `sazogadoebis~<br />
rezoluciaSi aRiniSna, rom xizabavris skolas daepatrona saxalxo skolebis direqciao 5 .<br />
1880-ian wlebis damdegs dawyebuli urTierToba TbilisSi my<strong>of</strong> moRvaweebsa da samcxejavaxeTis<br />
inteligentebs Soris ramdenime wliT Seferxda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis<br />
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebaSi~ Seqmnili mZime viTarebis gamo, aseve, mxaris qarTveli<br />
inteligenciis mxriv kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi SesamCnevi pasiurobis gamo.<br />
Tumca calkeuli kavSirebi mainc myardeboda xolme maT Soris. 1889 wlis 21 ivliss<br />
axalqalaqSi moRvawe provizorma ilia alxaziSvilma TxovniT mimarTa ilia WavWavaZes 6 , rom<br />
daxmareboda da misi samedicino sferoSi dawerili wignis ganxilvis sakiTxi droulad<br />
gadawyvetiliyo, radgan is moskovis universitetSi saswavlad unda gamgzavrebuliyo male.<br />
werilSi i. alxaziSvilma ilias samSoblos bedis gamZRoli uwoda da iqve aRiara misi da misi<br />
mimarTulebis erTguleba: `momiteveT Cemo lmobiero xelmwifev ro ase gikadnierdebiT da<br />
bevrs gawuxebT, magram ravqnaT Tqvens mets vis mivmarToT? naxa gitvirTiaT Cveni sayvareli<br />
samSoblos bedis gaZRola Semwuxebelic bevri geyolebad...~ igi bolos ki ucxadebda i.<br />
WavWavaZes: `davSTebi Tqveni da Tqveni mimarTulebis guliTadi pativismcemeli il.<br />
alxaziSvili~. CvenTvis, samwuxarod ucnobia, ramdenad daexmara ilia i. alxaziSvils<br />
aRniSnuli naSromis pr<strong>of</strong>esiul doneze ganxilvaSi, magram, Cans, mas am saqmisaTvis<br />
<strong>of</strong>icialuri msvleloba miucia _ werils aqvs dasmuli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis<br />
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ beWedi. xolo ilia alxaziSvili Tavisi mravalmxrivi<br />
1 g. leoniZis sax. literaturuli muzeumi, 10589-x, ivane gvaramaZe, ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe, gv. 28.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 28-29.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 33-34.<br />
4 samcxe javaxeTis muzeumi, xelnawerTa fondi 3977.<br />
5 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 481, aRw. I, saq. 10, f. 31.<br />
6 ak. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa insituti, ilia WavWavaZis fondi 443.<br />
52
energiuli moRvaweobiT amtkicebda Tavis erTgulebas ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
warmarTuli moZraobisadmi. igi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />
saqmianobaSi (samcxe-javaxeTSi moRvaweobisas gansakuTrebiT didi kvali daamCnia man<br />
ganaTlebis saqmes), publicistikaSi, farmacevtul sferoSi, aseve, mogvianebiT ekonomikur<br />
saqmianobaSic... is mwuxarebas gamoTqvamda Tanamedrove saqarTvelos (mometebulad samcxejavaxeTis)<br />
dacemis gamo da qarTvel xalxs mouwodebda aqtiuri Sromisken, ganaTlebisken,<br />
kulturis Zeglebis, sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvisken da a. S 1 . amis praqtikul<br />
magaliTs ki TviTonac iZleoda.<br />
ilia WavWavaZisa da mis did TanamoRvaweTa ideebi 1880-1890-ian wlebSi warmatebiT<br />
vrceldeboda samcxe-javaxeTis inteligenciaSi, Tumca cnobebi iliasa da adgilobriv<br />
moRvaweebs Soris piradi kavSirebis Sesaxeb iSviaTad Segvxvda imdroindel dokumentebSi,<br />
aseve, specialur samecniero literaturaSi. amgvari urTierTobidan gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia ivane gvaramaZis urTierToba ilia WavWavaZesTan 1890-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi.<br />
ilia, rogorc Cans, icnobda ivanes, rogorc patriot moRvawes, mis SemoqmedebiT da<br />
pedagogiur saqmianobas, rogorc `iveriis~ publicists, sadac i. gvaramaZe xSirad aqveynebda<br />
Tavis statiebsa da werilebs. rogorc i. gvaramaZe gadmogvcems, 1895 wels is piradad<br />
Sexvedria ilias, miulocavs misTvis mis mowinaaRmdege dasze gamarjveba da Tavisi<br />
gulistkivili gauziarebia qarTuli enis Seviwroebis gamo. iliam ki daamSvida ivane gvaramaZe.<br />
ivanes xelawerSi vkiTxulobT: `1895 w. rogorme SeviZel naxva iliasi daRamebisa, miuloce<br />
gamarjveba Tavis mowinaaRmdege mwerlebzed, gulian gadamkocna, iyvnen masTan orni Cemi<br />
ucnobni pirni, hqondaT sja mwerlebzeda, samduravi vTqvi qarTuli enis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
swunobdnen zogi erTni da ucxo enebs etrfian. gamierTa guli da manugeSa, qarTulsac<br />
eSveleba amas iqiT Caigonebeno~ 2 .<br />
ilias TanagrZnobiT gamxnevebulma ivane gvaramaZem 1896 wlis 20 marts Sehbeda mas<br />
werili, rogorc `iveriis~ redaqtors 3 . aq man Sewuxeba gamoTqva imaze, rom ar daibeWda gazeTSi<br />
axalcixis qarTul biblioTekaSi wakiTxuli samgloviaro sityva gabriel episkoposis Sesaxeb.<br />
amasTanave aqve man mwuxarebiT aRniSna samcxe-javaxeTSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareoba, wamyvani<br />
erovnuli moRvawis aryola; aseve man ilias auwya Tavisi didi survili aqauri qarTvelebis<br />
erovnuli gam<strong>of</strong>xizlebisa da sinanulic gamoxata, rom ar gaaCnda saamisod nay<strong>of</strong>ieri<br />
moRvaweobis saSualeba. `dRemdis velodi mis dabeWdas (gabriel episkoposis Sesaxeb<br />
warmoTqmuli samgloviaro sityvis _ g. m.) da ar daibeWda, miT rom Cvensken sxva ara vin aris<br />
sazogado saqarTvelos Wir-lxinis gulSematkivari, rom mudam Tanaziar iyos yovels<br />
SemTxvevaSi momaval Tavobis samagaliTod. me xom moxucebul var da vera mirgia ra<br />
samSoblosaTvis da axla raRas vargeb? TiTo orola Tu krints vhsZram, imasac imisTvis, rom<br />
egeb gaiRviZon Cveni mxaris Rrmad miZinebulTa da Tavs uSvelon rame, keTili mwyemsi hsWiriaT<br />
da sad aris?<br />
mander saqarTvelos yovel mxriTgan wardgnen arCeulni pirni TavianT sazogadoebisagan<br />
da axalcixiTgan da javaxeTidgan ara vin gaCnda pativ sacemlad. didi xania me es mawuxebs da<br />
mklavs saSinlad guls, rom samesxeTo ase didad dacemulia da xelis mxlebeli da<br />
aRmadginebeli ki ara vin ara hyavT. gana dasaviwyia gansvenebuli gabriel episkoposisTana kaci<br />
visganme, merme Cveneburis qristianebisgan, rom ramdeni Rvawli miuZRvian win dResac misgan<br />
dawyobili!~<br />
marTalia, ilias XIX saukunis bolos xSiri urTierToba ar hqonda samcxe-javaxeTis<br />
qarTvel moRvaweebTan, magram igi erkveoda mxareSi mimdinare movlenebSi, mkvidri<br />
qarTvelobis mZime mdgomareobaSi da mcdelobas ar aklebda aqauri qarTvelobis ganaTlebis,<br />
maTSi erovnuli interesebis dacvisa da maTSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis saqmes. misi<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~<br />
aqtiurad moRvaweobda mosaxleobaSi qarTuli wignebis gasavrceleblad 4 , saxalxo<br />
biblioTekebis Sesaqmnelad samcxe-javaxeTSic. `sazogadoebam~ 1895 da 1897 wlebSi gaxsna<br />
saxalxo biblioTeka axalcixesa da udeSi adgilobrivi inteligenciis TanamonawileobiT, 1903<br />
wels ki xizabavraSic cdilobda igives 5 . `sazogadoeba~ da adgilobrivi moRvaweebi Zal-Rones<br />
ar iSurebdnen maTi nay<strong>of</strong>ieri saqmianobisaTvis.<br />
adgilobrivi inteligenciac kargad icnobda ilias Semoqmedeba-moRvaweobas da Tavis<br />
mxriv popularizebas uwevdnen mas. axalcixis biblioTekaSi TvalsaCino adgilze iyo<br />
gamokruli ilias foto 6 , biblioTekaze mzrunvelni ki xels uwyobdnen ilias wignebis xalxSi<br />
1 gaz. `iveria~, 1893, 227, 230, 233; 1894, 259, 260 265, 266; 1897, 46; ilia alxaziSvili, buneba da cxovreba (mgzavris<br />
dRiuridan), Tb., 1897; ilia alxaziSvili, javaxuri legendebi, Tb., 1978.<br />
2 g. leoniZis sax. literaturuli muzeumi, 10589-x, ivane gvaramaZe, ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe, gv. 35.<br />
3 baTumis saxelmwifo universiteti (saqarTvelos istoriis kaTedra), saistorio macne, 8, 2000, baTumi, giorgi<br />
maisuraZe, ivane gvaramaZis werili iliasadmi, gv. 75-78; ak. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa insituti, ilia WavWavaZis<br />
fondi 479.<br />
4 gaz. `droeba~, 1882, 87; sscsa, f. 481, aRw. 2, saq. 64; sscsa, f. 481, aRw. 1, saq. 537, f. 15-17.<br />
5 sscsa, f. 481, aRw. 1, saq. 4491; iveria, 1904, 210.<br />
6 iveria, 1901, 47.<br />
53
gavrcelebas. xalxSic izrdeboda interesi ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis mimarT, did<br />
moTxovnileba iyo mis wignebze 1 .<br />
ilia WavWavaZe ar darCenila gulgrili samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveli kaTolikeebis<br />
patriotuli moZraobis mimarTac. es gamoiwvia mefis ruseTis politikam, somxebad<br />
gamoecxadebinaT mxaris qarTveli kaTolikeebi (somxur-kaTolikur tipikonze my<strong>of</strong>ni) da<br />
maTTvis qarTul enaze aekrZalaT RvTismsaxurebis Catareba da sasuliero saswavleblebSi<br />
swavleba, sanacvlod ki somxuri enis SemoeRoT. amas win aRudgnen mesxi kaTolike moRvaweebi<br />
(p. xarisWiraSvili, i. gvaramaZe, m. TamaraSvili da sxv.), daiwyes mrevlTan qadageba maT<br />
qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da presiT Tu sityvierad yvelasTan amis mtkiceba. amaze<br />
polemika gaiSala qarTul-rusul-somxur gazeTebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ilia WavWavaZis<br />
redaqtorobiT gamomavali gazeTi `iveria~ am Temaze qarTveli (ZiriTadad mesxi) moRvaweebis<br />
statiebs did adgils uTmobda da saredaqcio werilebiTac mxars uWerda maT. xolo rodesac<br />
somxuri tipikonis mqone qarTveli kaTolikeebis laTinur tipikonze gadasvlis imedi<br />
gamoCnda (es daicavda maT erovnuli gadagvarebisagan) tiraspolis kaTolike episkopos<br />
eduard ropis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisas, mas xvdebodnen kaTolike da, aseve,<br />
marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebi da am saqmeSi daxmarebas sTxovdnen. TbilisSi my<strong>of</strong>i episkoposi<br />
baroni ropi miiwvia ilia WavWavaZem da mas gadasca Tavisi rusulad Targmnili `qvaTa RaRadi~ 2 .<br />
ilia WavWavaZe sxva mxrivac cdilobda kaTolike qarTvelebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
moZraobis mxardaWeras. Tavisi gazeTis furclebze is adgils uTmobda maT (i. gvaramaZis, m.<br />
TamaraSvilis) samecniero xasiaTis statiebs, sadac moyvanili iyo istoriuli faqtebi<br />
qarTveli kaTolike mrevlis qarTvelobis dasamtkiceblad da TiTqosda maTi somxuri<br />
warmoSobis uarsay<strong>of</strong>ad. xolo ilia apirebda kidec romSi moRvawe mixeil TamaraSvilisaTvis<br />
materialuri daxmarebis gawevas 3 .<br />
mesxi kaTolike moRvaweebic didi pativiscemiT iyvnen ganwyobilni ilias mimarT da<br />
moswondaT misi Semoqmedeba. m. TamaraSvili aRtacebuli iyo misi polemikuri naSromiT `qvaTa<br />
RaRadi~ (aseve i. gvaramaZec) da surda misi piradad gacnoba 4 .<br />
urTierToba ilia WavWavaZesa da samcxe-javaxeTis inteligentebs Soris ufro gaxSirda<br />
mas Semdeg, rac axalcixeSi daiwyo moRvaweoba cnobilma qarTvelma publicistma da<br />
istorikosma aleqsandre fronelma (yifSiZe). is Tavidanve iyo STagonebuli ilias ideebiT da<br />
misi aqtiuri mimdevari iyo 5 . es kargad Canda rogorc mis SemoqmedebaSi (publicistikaSi), ise<br />
mis aqtiur kulturul-saganmamaTleblo moRvaweobaSi (1902 wlidan iyo axalcixis qalTa<br />
ufaso skolis gamgebeli, didad zrunavda axalcixis qarTuli biblioTekis muSaobis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad da xels uwyobda axalcixeSi qarTuli Teatraluri warmodgenebis<br />
gamarTvas) 6 . amasTanave, misma axalcixeSi Casvlam axali biZgi misca adgilobrivi inteligenciis<br />
moRvaweobis gaaqtiurebas. TviT aleqsandre axlos iyo iliasTan, aqtiurad moRvaweobda<br />
`iveriaSi~. axalcixidan is mimoweras ar wyvetda masTan. xolo axalcixeSi gadasvlis win, 1900<br />
wels is estumra i. WavWavaZes, esaubra, gamomSvidobebisas ki SviliviT eambora. igi Tavis Zmas<br />
zaqarias swerda peterburgSi: `SabaTs saRamos iliasTan wavedi aRdgomis misagebeblad Zvelis<br />
Cveulebisamebr, karga xania es bednieri dRe masTan ar gamitarebia, mindoda ukanasknelad<br />
davmtkbariyavi didebuli moxucis cqeriT. marTlac davtkbi, guliT vimxiarule da bolos<br />
gamoTxovebis dros SviliviT veambore. aseTi siamovneba CemTvis dauviwyari iqneba~ 7 .<br />
iliac didad afasebda aleqsandre fronels pirovnulad da mis moRvaweobas. is xom<br />
`iveriis~ aqtiuri TanamSromelic iyo. TviT aleqsandre swerda Tavis Zmas: `levan jandieris<br />
CemTvis gamarTul vaxSamze, iliam sTqa, kviraSi erTxel SevikribnoT xolmeo, Cvens gaWirvebaze<br />
vilaparakoT xolmeo da am saRamoebs saSas saxeli uwodoTo. es ambavi ginda daijere, ginda ara,<br />
namdvili kia...~ 8<br />
aleqsandre mravalmxrivi nay<strong>of</strong>ieri moRvaweoba ufro aqcevinebda yuradRebas mowinave<br />
qarTvel sazogadoebas samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelTa mZime mdgomareobaze. maTTan aleqsandre<br />
Suamdgomlobda xolme mxaris kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisaTvis daxmarebis<br />
gasawevad, rasac dadebiTad exmaurebodnen isini. a. yifSiZem axalcixis qalTa skolis<br />
dasaxmareblad Tbilisis saTavadaznauro banks erTjeradi daxmareba sTxova. amis Sesaxeb is<br />
Tavis Zmas, zaqarias swerda: `wels saqalebo skolisaTvis 300 m. vTxove Tavadaznaurobas.<br />
oratorebma: ilia WavWavaZem, miSo maCabelma... sTqves, rom 10000 m. cotaao. Tu mxolod s (saSa<br />
_ g. m.) Txoulobs _ es amtkicebs `скромность просителя~ ilias sityvebia (500 mogvces) gana es<br />
cotaa? erovnuli grZnoba izrdeba... es didi pliusia...~. 9 1902 wlis Semodgomaze Tbilisis<br />
1 iqve.<br />
2 eldar bubulaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxebi, Tb. 2003, gv. 58.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 57-58.<br />
4 iqve.<br />
5 5 samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumi, ilia maisuraZis fondi, 360, gv. 57.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 50-61.<br />
7 literaturis matiane, wigni 1-2, Tb. 1940, gv. 188.<br />
8 iqve.<br />
9 literaturis matiane, wigni 1-2, Tb. 1940, gv. 188.<br />
54
guberniis saTavadaznauro krebaze dadgenileba miiRes, rom aRniSnuli skolisaTvis 500<br />
maneTi gaegzavnaT 1 .<br />
aleqsandre fronelis msgavsad, ilias q. axalcixis qarTveli sazogadoebac miiCnevda<br />
qarTveli eris winamZRolad da erovnuli interesebis upirveles damcvelad. rodesac<br />
axalcixis wminda marines eklesiaSi qarTuli enis ucodinari berZeni mRvdeli daniSnes, aqaur<br />
qarTvelebisTvis es mZime aRmoCnda, radgan mrevlis umetesi nawili rusulis ucodinarobis<br />
gamo didmarxvaSi uaRsarebod darCa. adgilobrivma sazogadoebam daiwyo Suamdgomloba<br />
saqarTvelos egzarqosTan, rom mas kvlav qarTveli mRvdeli daeniSna aqauri<br />
marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebisaTvis. magram pasuxi igvianebda saegzarqosodan. egzarqoss<br />
1904 wlis 23 marts, vnebis kviraSi kvlav Seaxsenes qarTveli mrevlis mdgomareobis simwvave da<br />
am saqmis droulad gadawyvetis saWiroeba, magram pasuxi ar Canda. maSin adgilobrivma<br />
inteligenciam daiwyo Suamdgomloba am saqmeze mowinave qarTvel sazogadoebasTan. maT jer<br />
mimarTes axalcixis mazris y<strong>of</strong>il ufross, nikoloz aleqsi-mesxiSvils 2 . misi saSualebiT<br />
aseTive Txovnebi gaugzavnes warCinebul qarTvel TavadiSvilebs da maT Soris ilia<br />
WavWavaZes 3 . 21 aprils ilias miuvida werili axalcixeli mrevlis saxeliT vasil gamrekelis,<br />
iakob orbelianisa da nikoloz asaTianisagan, sadac acnobdnen mas wmida marines eklesiis<br />
mniSvnelobas warsulSi da misi qarTveli mrevlis Tanamedrove problemebs. werilSi<br />
aRniSnuli iyo: osmalTa uRlis dros gamahmadianebas gadarCenili `mcire gundi qarTvelTa<br />
miekedla erTaT erTs ekklesias, sadac yovelive qristianobrivi wesi sruldeboda qarTuls<br />
enaze... am ekklesiis siyvarulma mosca Zala qarTvelTa rom aetanaT yovelive Sewuxeba da<br />
tanjva da ar eRalatebinaT arc sarwmunoebisaTvis da arc samSoblo enisaTvis~. axla aqauri<br />
qarTvelebis mometebulma nawilma rusuli ena ar icis, `Cven vTxoulobT, rom axalcixis wmida<br />
marines ekklesiaSi dainiSnos imisTana samRvdelo piri, romelmanc icodes qarTuli ena da am<br />
enaze SeeZlos saRmrTo wesebis Sesruleba~ 4 . rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi<br />
angariSi gauwies aRiarebuli qarTveli moRvaweebis moTxovnas da imave wlis 30 ivniss<br />
saqarTvelos egzarqosi dekanoz vostorgovTan erTad axalcixeSi Cavida, adgilze gaecno<br />
viTarebas, da cota xanSi wminda marines eklesiaSi dainiSna mRvdeli kandelaki 5 .<br />
ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTveloSi moqmedi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />
organizaciebi 1900-ian wlebSic daxmarebas uwevdnen samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelTa Soris<br />
ganaTlebis gavrcelebisa da maTSi erovnuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis amaRlebis saqmes<br />
(`gansakuTrebiT qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis tragikuli sikvdili mZimed ganicades samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelma<br />
inteligenciamac. isinic SeuerTdnen mTeli saqarTvelodan wamosul samZimrebs. xolo vasil<br />
gamrekelma ivane gvaramaZes sTxova ilia WavWavaZis biografiis dawera 6 . ivanes maSin xeli ar<br />
miuwvda ilias biografiis Sesaxeb mraval konkretul cnobaze. amis moTxovnis pasuxad v.<br />
gamrekeli swerda i. gvaramaZes, rom i. WavWavaZis `biografia arc me maqvs, da ramdenaTac vici,<br />
aravis vrclaT Sedgenili misi biografia ara aqvsT. mis cxovrebis, ese igi biografiis cnobebi<br />
gakvriT iyo moxsenebuli qarTul mwerlobaSi~. 7 aRniSnuli masalis Sesakrebad ivanes droc<br />
arasakmarisi hqonda. yovelive amis gamo biografiuli naSromi `ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe~ 8<br />
ZiriTadad zogadi da im droisTvisac arasruli gamodga. amis gamo i. gvaramaZem Txzuleba<br />
moixsenia luarsab bocvaZisadmi gasagzavn werilSi, rogorc ilias Soridan mokvleuli<br />
cxovreba mokled 9 , rodesac sTxovda mas Jurnal `ganaTlebaSi~ mis dabeWdvas. avtorma masSi i.<br />
WavWavaZis cxovreba-moRvaweobis suraTebTan erTad gadmosca Tavisi Tbili damokidebuleba<br />
misadmi da misi ideebisadmi Tavisi erTguleba. rogorc biografiis xelnawerSia aRniSnuli,<br />
ivanes Tavisi Txzuleba waukiTxavs 1907 wlis 28 oqtombers axalcixis qalTa skolaSi 10 . 1908<br />
wlis 23 maiss igi Jurnal `ganaTlebis~ redaqtors kvlav swerda: `mgoni mec ar mezraxeba Cemis<br />
nawerebiT pativis cema Cveni marad saxsovari mgosnis T. ilia grigolis Zis WavWavaZisa, miT<br />
gTxovT Tu SeiZlebodes adgili misceT Tqvens pativcemuls ganaTlebis JurnalSi<br />
saxsovrad~ 11 .<br />
1<br />
iveria, 1902, 247.<br />
2<br />
vasil gamrekeli, Tu rogor vipativeT qarTuli ena srulis gauqmebisagan axalcixis wminda marines eklesiaSi,<br />
1905, axalcixe, gv. 5-13.<br />
3<br />
iqve, gv. 13-17.<br />
4<br />
ak. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa insituti, ilia WavWavaZis fondi 476.<br />
5<br />
vasil gamrekeli, Tu rogor vipativeT qarTuli ena srulis gauqmebisagan axalcixis wminda marines eklesiaSi,<br />
1905, axalcixe, gv. 25-31.<br />
6<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumi, xelnawerTa fondi 1831.<br />
7 iqve.<br />
8 g. leoniZis sax. literaturuli muzeumi, 10859-x.<br />
9 samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumi, xelnawerTa fondi 2283.<br />
10 iqve, gv. 1.<br />
11 iqve.<br />
55
ilia WavWavaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTvelma sazogadoebam mis gaxsenebasTan erTad<br />
daiwyo ilias da sxva TergdaleulTa moRvaweobis Sefasebac. ivane gvaramaZemac aRtacebiT<br />
Seafasa TergdaleulTa roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi. igi 1908 wlis 7 dekembers werilSi<br />
akakis ulocavda Semoqmedebis 50 wlis iubiles da aRniSnavda, rom bolo periodebSi bevri ram<br />
dakarga saqarTvelom, `erTad erTi ena dagvrCenoda pirSi satirel savaglaxo, isic Cvens<br />
moswrebaSi 60-70. wlis winad mixavsebul-mixrwnili iyo, is iyo suli unda daelia, rom RmerTman<br />
sxvaTa Soris am 60. wlis winad mcvel mfarvelad gagviCina, aqeT Zlieri mgosani T. ilia<br />
WavWavaZe da iqiT T. akaki wereTeli RvTis maRal niWmadlebiT dalocvilni da kurTxvilni,<br />
amaT da amaT mowafebman gamomrTel gamokeTebiT gamogvicocxles ena Cveni sicocxle da sul<br />
guli; magram ra, vin dainaxa, vin daafasa amaT ukvdavi keTilSobiluli Rvawli? sul ara vin.<br />
piriqiT SarSan dRisiT mzisiT TbilisiTgan faitoniT kaxeTSi mimavals Tavis meuRliT Sic<br />
gzaSi Tavs daesxnen da mohkles uwyalod qveynis fasi mgosani T. ilia WavWavaZe da meuRle misi<br />
mintvreul milewili daagdes da msaxuric zed waakles, isev CvenganT qarTvelebman. Cven did<br />
savalalod da savaglaxoT, romlis mware mwuxareba dResac wels swyvets mTel saqarTvelos<br />
erobasa da vin icis sidamdis gastans Cveni unugeSoba?... asre gavlil wlis T. ilia WavWavaZis<br />
samwuxaro wamebazed Tval axelilman TviT mcnobierobis saganman erTi orad ufro moamzada<br />
qarTveloba iubilaris didis gulmxurvaleobiT win misagebeblad~. 1<br />
rogorc ilia WavWavaZisa da samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveli sazogadoebis urTierTobisa da<br />
TanamSromlobis amsaxveli faqtebidan Cans, did qarTveli xalxis sulieri mama erkveoda<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelobis mZime mdgomareobaSi da da zrunavda amis gamosasworeblad da<br />
maTi uflebebis dasacavad. mas hqonda garkveuli kavSirebi mxaris qarTvel inteligenciasTan<br />
da moralurad da saqmiT exmareboda maT moRvaweobas kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />
saqmianobaSi, maT zrunvasa da brZolas qarTvelTa interesebis dasacavad, xalxis erovnuli<br />
TviTSegnebis asamaRleblad, riTac did daxmarebas uwevda mxareSi erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
moZraobis gaZlierebasa da mkvidri qarTvelebis mdgomareobis<br />
TandaTanobiT gaumjobesebas, maT Cabmas saerToqarTul moZraobebSi.<br />
amrigad, XIX saukunis II naxevridan samcxe-javaxeTSi asparezze gamodis adgilobrivi<br />
inteligencia, romelic TergdaleulTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideebis<br />
gamziarebeli da misi praqtikuli ganmaxorcielebeli xdeboda mxareSi (da ara mxolod iq).<br />
isini ufro da ufro aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi,<br />
zrunavdnen aqaur qarTvelTa Soris erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebisaTvis, maTi erovnuli<br />
Cagvra-gadagvarebisgan dasacavad da maTi saerTo mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. am saqmeSi<br />
maT did mxardaWerasa daxmarebas uwevdnen saqarTvelos centrSi moRvawe erovnuli<br />
moRvaweebi, gansakuTrebiT ilia WavWavaZe. masa da samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebs Soris<br />
bunebrivad myardeboda urTierToba aRniSnul sferoebSi saqmianobisas, rac ufro da ufro<br />
nay<strong>of</strong>iers xdida maT moRvaweobas.<br />
1 ak. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa insituti, akakis fondi 434.<br />
56
`drouloba~, rogorc zneobrivi kategoria anu<br />
`literaturuli nacnoboba~ iliaseul sivrceSi<br />
qeTevan elaSvili<br />
drois fenomeni erT-erTi upirvelesia, romelic adamianSi qaotur samyarosTan<br />
mimarTebisas Tanmimdevrobis gancdas badebs. Tumca es `aRqma~ imdenad fardobiTia da<br />
aramyari, rom dro-Jamis absoluturi kriteriumi ar arsebobs — arc filos<strong>of</strong>iurezoTeriuli<br />
da arc bibliuri interpretaciebiT. oRond erTia, rom Cveni — amqveyniuri drois<br />
gancdis `emociuri amplituda~ adamianuri cnobierebisaTvis safexurebrivia, anda sulac<br />
fragmentuli.<br />
nebismieri avtori drois fenomenis gaTavisebisas, erTgvari dilemis winaSe dgeba,<br />
radganac literaturuli sivrce cxovrebiseuli avanscenebisagan radikalurad<br />
gansxvavebulia. aq avtoris `Tavisufali neba~ ganuzomelia da swored mas, da ara sxvas,<br />
emorCilebian literaturuli personaJebi. amosavali wertili ki, mxolod da mxolod,<br />
avtoris xelweraa da misi cnobierebis diapazoni.<br />
ilias msgavsi masStaburi xedvis Semoqmedni ki am mimarTulebiTac sakuTar<br />
kanonzomierebas amkvidreben (sazogadod — literaturul sivrceSi), sadac droisa Tu asakis<br />
zedmiwevniTi miniSneba personaJis wardginebis ucilobeli pirobaa da `literaturuli<br />
nacnobis~ garanti.<br />
iliaseul mxatvrul sivrceSi `literaturuli sawodeblis~ funqcias SemTxveviT rodi<br />
iTavsebs avtoris mier gamxelili personaJTa asaki, anda sulac — uasakoba. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
literaturuli gmiris wlovaneba avtoris ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobiTi poziciis gamoxatulebas<br />
warmoadgens, risi meSveobiTac ilia axdens Tavisi saTqmelis erTgvar ganzogadebasa Tu<br />
situaciur gamZafrebas. fiqsirebuli, myari asaki, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda ar unda<br />
warmoadgendes Tavsatexsa Tu miT ufro mravlismTqmel miniSnebas. arada, ilia swored<br />
gacxadebuli wlovanebiTac akisrebs zneobriv pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar personaJebs.<br />
`ocdaoTxi wlis Zlivs iqneboda (igulisxmeba oTaraanT qvrivi), roca daqvrivda da erTi<br />
wlis Svili darCa~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 250). `oTaraanT qvrivis Svili giorgi ki ocdaerTis wlis<br />
biWi iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 250). sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom Tavdapirvel avtografSi Tevdores<br />
gardacvalebis Jams, giorgi 5 wlis iyo, xolo oTaraanT qvrivi ki — 25 wlis. am monacemebis<br />
mixedviT 25 wlis giorgis gacilebiT sxvagvari pasuxismgebloba unda dakisreboda da<br />
`surviliT Tmobac~ misi mamakacuri znis ucilobel gamoxatulebad unda qceuliyo. ocdaoTxi<br />
wlis axalgazrda mSvenieri qvrivi qali (`Tumca bevri mTxovneli hyavda, bevri exarbeboda<br />
oTaraanT qvrivis ojaxSi Sesvlas, magram, _ Tqvenc ar momikvdeT, _ ar gaTxovda da ara... ai es<br />
oci weliwadia mxiaruli feri ar miukarebia tanzed...~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 250). Zlier, utex<br />
dedakacad gardaisaxa da iliamac misi es sulieri metamorfoza, erTi SexedviT, asakis<br />
Cveulebrivi, martivi miniSnebiT mogvawoda am nawarmoebSi. Tumca swored am asakiT xdeba<br />
mkiTxvelis aRqmaSi oTaraanT qvrivis aramarto vizualuri portretis gamoZerwva, aramed misi<br />
sulieri samyaros gacxadebac, romelic TiTqosda zneobrivi paTosis fonze qaluri<br />
sinazisagan daclilia. ilias, rogorc virtuozi avtoris, xelweraa wlovanebis definaciis<br />
wyalobiTac moaxdinos `literaturuli wardgineba~ oTaraanT qvrivisa. qmris mamakacur<br />
siZlieresa da Rirsebas Sefarebuli 24 wlis Cveulebrivi usaxelo qali, erT sabediswero dRes<br />
— Tevdores gardacvalebis Semdeg martooden `qaluri sawyisiT~ darCenas da sakuTar TavSi<br />
Zlieri pirovnebis ar gaRviZebas zneobriv upasuxismgeblobad miiCnevs (bunebrivia,<br />
igulisxmeba umamod darCenili erTi wlis giorgi).<br />
ilia giorgis mkiTxvelis winaSe 21 wlis asakSi waradgens da swored es wlovanebaa am<br />
personaJisTvis misi pirovnuli sruly<strong>of</strong>isa da gansacdelis Jami, romelic Tanmimdevruladaa<br />
Sevsebuli mTeli rigi winare CanarTi epizodebisgan da, rac mTavaria, avtori giorgis, isev da<br />
isev, am asakobriv sivrceSi abrunebs. `ocdaerTi~ yvelaze sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad iTvleboda kent<br />
ricxvTa Soris. piTagorelebic, kabalistebic mas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben~<br />
(abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: 18). Tu 24 wlis oTaraanT qvrivs iliam mizanmimarTulad Cauketa<br />
qaluri gza da dautova martooden gza dedaSvilobisa (TumcaRa erTi Senakadi oTaraanT<br />
qvrivis mSvenierebisa sosia mewisqvilea), samagierod grZnobis sabediswero gzagasayarze<br />
gaiyvana 21 wlis Wabuki giorgi. am literaturul sivrceSi ymawvilqalobac Tu siWabukec, anda<br />
sulac pirquS xandazmulobaSi Cagmanuli cxovrebiseuli sibrZne zneobriv kategoriaTa<br />
rangSia avtoris mier mowodebuli, rogorc pirovnebis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli.<br />
daaxloebiT igive asaki (oTaraanT qvrivis 44 weli, xolo luarsab TaTqariZis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki _ 40 weli) ukve invesiuli SinaarsiTaa ilias mier gamoyenebuli moTxrobaSi<br />
`kacia-adamiani?!~. mconareobisa da absoluturad arafris keTebis, arafris Seqmnis — anu<br />
sruli statikuri mdgomareobis gamoxatulebaa luarsabis darbaisluri, keTilSobiluri<br />
asaki — 40 weli, `ormoci ritualuri ricxvia, rogorc iudeuri da qristianuli tradiciebis<br />
mixedviT, aseve islamSic da warmoadgens drois im monakveTs, ra periodSic xdeboda gandgoma,<br />
57
marTva, gamocda, uflis Secnoba~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: 18), rac misi absoluturi<br />
upasuxismgeblobis groteskuli formaa, risi erTgvari dagvirgvinebaa ilias uSeRavaTo<br />
ganaCeni luarsabisa da darejanis cxovrebiseuli avanscenidan gasvlis Jams _ `nuTu naxevari<br />
saukune imisTvis icxovres, rom oTxi fiWvis ficari eSovaT da sam-sami adli miwa?~... (WavWavaZe<br />
1988: 128). am tragikuli amoTqmis winapiroba luarsabis siWabukidan modis — 20 wlis<br />
TaTqariZes Tavi xom tarielad warmoudgenia, oRond es SegrZneba yovelgvar realobas<br />
moklebulia (aznaurSvilis msgavsi oTaraanT qvrivis giorgi da butaforiuli ieris mqone<br />
TavadiSvili — luarsabi) da mxolod misi fantaziisa da warmosaxvis nay<strong>of</strong>ia, sadac Wabukuri<br />
impulsi da energia anu `mxurvale guli~ (gavixsenoT 21 wlis giorgis vnebani) am nawarmoebSi<br />
mxolod erTxelaa gaJRerebuli da isic maWanklis meSveobiT siyvarulis Ziebis Jams, romelic<br />
mciredi eqscesebisa da uxerxulobis miuxedavad, mSvidobianad gvirgvindeba — risi<br />
magaliTicaa luarsabis da darejanis `tkbili da aumRvreveli~ cxovreba. am konkretul<br />
SemTxvevaSi literaturul personaJTa asaki daclilia yovelgvari zneobrivi sawyisisagan,<br />
rac maTi sruli upasuxismgelobis sawindari xdeba anu sababi `xorcis dReobisa da sulis<br />
daWleqebisa~.<br />
imav `cxrameti Tu oci weli~ daTikosaTvis (`glaxis naambobi~) sruli TavaSvebulobisa,<br />
uxamsobis, daundoblobis da, rac mTavaria, arakacobis anu absoluturi uzneobis asakia, mamis<br />
sikvdilis Semdeg cudad gagebuli TavadiSviloba anu absoluturi uzneoba — codviT dacema<br />
da sakuTari sikvdiliT ganwmenda.<br />
iliasaTvis ucxo ar aris TiTqmis erTi da igive asakis sxvadasxva zneobrivi Tu moraluri<br />
aspeqtiT Cveneba _ literaturuli sivrcis diapazonis gaTvaliswinebiT. amitomac<br />
literaturul personaJTa wardgineba zogjer Zlier dramatuli da tragikulia; zogjer<br />
sruli upasuxismgeblobisa da absoluturi umoqmedobis gamomsaxveli, xolo zogjer ki<br />
sabediswerod damangreveli. am fonze, iliaseul sivrceSi ikveTeba drois fenomenis<br />
ramdenadme saxecvlili kategoriebic. iqneba es petres `drouloba~ (`sarCobelazed~),<br />
gandegilis `sulis simaRlis~ zedrouloba Tu `xatebs rom hxataven~ (`glaxis naambobi~, gv.<br />
154) imis msgavsi RvTis kacis Wabukuri sidarbaisle `sxvaTa zrunviTa da gulSematkivrobiT~,<br />
cxovrebiseuli naRveliT ganspetakebuli. `drouloba~ Tu `uasakoba~ zemoxsenebul<br />
literaturul personaJebs gansakuTrebul misias aniWebs, rac gamoixateba sxvaTa `sulis<br />
aRzrdasa~ Tu formirebaSi.<br />
erT SemTxvevaSi petres droulobis gaTvaliswinebiT misma gulkeTilobam kinaRam<br />
`madlis Suqi ar Caawvdina (umcrosi Zmis) bnels gulamde~, magram `saqristiano saqarTvelo~<br />
saxecvlilia da cxovrebiseuli gansacdelis swori aRqma da sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebis<br />
Zala ar Seswevs petres — droul kacs, amitomac is realobas warmodgenad miiCnevs, `gonebis<br />
TvaliT~ brmavdeba da egeb, umcrosi Zmac imitom adanaSaulebs Cvens droul petres, xolo<br />
Tavad ilia, rogorc avtori, ganze gadgeba da mkiTxvels erTgvari dilemis winaSe ayenebs...<br />
sulieri sawyisis zeobisas, religiuri cnobierebis absoluturi gaTavisebisas<br />
literaturuli gmiri tovebs sakuTar asaks, erTi SexedviT, ganudgeba mas da iqmneba<br />
zedroulobis gancda anu ikveTeba wmindanis xati, romelic gandegilis SemTxvevaSi, `sulis<br />
simaRlis~ miuxedavad swored Signidan ibzareba; radgan misi es `sulis xsnis gza~ erTgvarad<br />
ibindeba — sasuliero piris misia ki meyseulad SeCerebulia da drois (`zesruli drois~<br />
ukanmimarTuli svla) umZafres gancdas badebs mwyemsi qalis `monologisas~...<br />
ilias mkveTrad gamokveTili pozicia aqvs sasuliero pirTa saero pasuxismgeblobaze —<br />
rom gzaabneul ymawvilebs swored RvTis kacma unda Seuqmnas imgvarad uRrublo dReebi,<br />
rogoric gabrielis cxovreba iyo 17-18 wlis asakSi (`glaxis naambobi~). (16-17 wlisa iyo beJani<br />
moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~, aseve 14-15 wlisa iyo misi umcrosi Zma); zogierT SemTxvevaSi ilia<br />
iyenebs erTgvarad `wlovanebis meryeobas~ swored im personaJTa mimarT, romlebic, Tu<br />
SeiZleba aseve vuwodoT, `zneobriv gzajvaredinze~ imy<strong>of</strong>ebian, ris gamoc ganicdian sulis<br />
danawevrebasa da dabindvas.<br />
saRi pirovnebisTvis aucilebelia Sinagani wonasworoba, rac sulieri simSvidis<br />
ucilobeli pirobaa. es gancda ki WeSmariti rwmenis anareklia, romelic iseve SeiZleba<br />
gaibzaros, daziandes, rogorc adamianis suli. am WidilSi erTiani — maradiuli drois uwyvet<br />
nakadad SemoWra adamianisaTvis, Tundac sasuliero pirisaTvis, xSir SemTxvevaSi, tragikuli<br />
mizanscenebiT mTavrdeba; sulieri resursis sruli amowurviT, anda sulac — qaoturi<br />
ganbneviT. amitomac iliasaTvis mxatvrul sivrceSi `literaturuli nacnobobis~ amgvari<br />
aspeqti `Tavisufali nebis~ SemoqmedebiTi interpretaciaa.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. II, Tb.:<br />
gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2007.<br />
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. moTxrobebi, piesebi. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1988.<br />
58
inga milorava<br />
mxatvruli sivrcis gamosaxvis principi, sivrculi modelebi da orientirebi<br />
`mgzavris werilebSi~<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul teqstSi yvela komponenti — dro, sivrce, moqmedeba,<br />
movlenebi, xasiaTebi, saxeebi, portretebi, anturaJi, interieri, peizaJi, dialogi, monologi<br />
da a.S. _ ideis, saTqmelis srulad gamoxatvas emsaxureba da garkveuli winaswar gansazRvruli<br />
miznis irgvliv ikvreba, mkvrivdeba da mwyobr sistemad yalibdeba. idea, romelic Tavidanve<br />
cocxlobs mwerlis gonebasa da gulSi mTlianad ipyrobs mxatvrul sivrces da mis agebulebasa<br />
da Sinaarss ganapirobebs. sivrce xdeba “mizandasaxuli”. misi struqtura, calkeuli sivrculi<br />
modelebis forma, am modelebze damagrebuli drois segmentis Sinaarsi da mis dinebis ritmi,<br />
tempi, drois gamosaxvis mxatvruli Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia ara empiriuli kanonebiT,<br />
aramed saTqmelis naTlad, zustad da sakuTar warmosaxviT samyarosTan Sesabamisad<br />
gadmocemisadmi daujerebeli swrafviT.<br />
“mgzavris werilebi” saTqmelis siRrmiT da misi naTlad da Seufaravad gadmocemis<br />
TvalsazrisiT marTlac gansakuTrebuli nawarmoebia. TiToeuli saxe-wertili (sivrceSi),<br />
saxe-wami (droSi), moqmedeba, mTliani pasaJi Tu struqturulad martivi (“Tergi”, “myinvari”) an<br />
ufro rTuli modeli (“gza”, “stancia”) erTi SexedviT TiTqos qveteqstiTaa mniSvnelovani,<br />
magram es qveteqsti imdenad “amoweulia” zedapirisaken, imdenad gamWvirvalea zeda Sre (mag.:<br />
saubari rusis <strong>of</strong>icerTan, saubari leliT RuniasTan), rom arsebiTad is, rac qveteqstad unda<br />
aRqmuliyo, warmosdgeba rogorc “Ria teqstiT” komunikacia mkiTxvelTan, romelmac unda<br />
gaigos da gaiazros ideis Camoyalibebis mxatvruli gza, SeigrZnos mTxrobelis sulis<br />
moZraoba, eziaros mis faseulobaTa sistemas, Caswvdes moqmedebis WeSmarit arss.<br />
“mgzavris werilebi” namdvilad aris srulad gansazRvruli Sinaarsis mqone, karad<br />
Camoyalibebuli moqmedebis programa, romelic erTi mTavari ideis garSemo ikvreba da<br />
ikveTeba, magram mis zemoqmedebis meqanizmi damokidebulia teqstis esTetikur Rirebulebaze.<br />
mweralma Tavisi saTqmelis gadmosacemad Seqmna garkveuli mxatvruli modeli, romelic<br />
drosivrculi parametrebiTaa moniSnuli, miTiTebulia zusti orientirebi, magram<br />
gamudmebiT igrZnoba, rom ara “gare”, aramed “Sidasivrcea”, romelSic Tavisuflad iSleba<br />
azri, ibadebian saxeebi, fiqrebi, SegrZnebebi. zRvari realur da warmosaxviT Sidasamyaros<br />
Soris iSleba da teqstSi ixsneba sulis sivrce, romelmac daitia is qveyana, romelic aris<br />
mwerlis grZnobis da fiqris mudmivi sagani.<br />
calkeul modelebad danawevrebul sivrceSi TandaTanobiT cocxldeba idea. igi<br />
safexurebrivad viTardeba da sxvadasxva etapze iZens gansxvavebul niSnebs. sabolood<br />
Camoyalibebamde igi iZens ganStoebebs (“saiT midis da rogor ruseTi”, “rogor gansazRvravs<br />
rusi civilizacias”, “ra aris Rame”, “ra aris dRe”, “moZraoba”, “uZraoba”, “awina”, “adrida” da<br />
a.S.), romlebic rogorc calkeuli ujredebi ageben mTlian cocxal qsovils. es calkeul<br />
modelebze ganawilebuli, sivrculi orientirebiT zustad moniSnuli da mkveTri “saxewertilebiT”<br />
da “saxe wamebiT” gamokveTili mxatvruli procesi ganapirobebs nawarmoebis<br />
zemoqmedebis Zalas. mxatvruli qsovili igeba ferweruli tilos principiT, roca azri<br />
sivrceSi iZens Sesabamis xats, magram es sityvieri qsovilia, romelsac aqvs dinamika, mudmivad<br />
icvleba, axasiaTebs iliasaTvis ase mniSvnelovani uwyveti moZraoba-sivrceSi ganfenili sulis<br />
musika. amitom ikveTeba ara mxolod saxe-wertilebi; aramed dinamiurobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
isini saxe-wamebicaa, radgan mocemul “wertilSi” da mocemul “wamSi” zusti azrobrivi<br />
datvirTva da mxatvruli funqcia gaaCniaT, romliTac gadadian Semdgom “wertilSi” da<br />
Semdgom “wamSi”, sadac axali mniSvneloba eniWebaT.<br />
“mgzavris werilebSi” mwerali qmnis “damrec” sibrtyes (mTidan barisken), romelzec ...<br />
misrialebs” idea da roca sityvier qsovilSi sabolood gaiSleba milis devizamde Cveni Tavi<br />
Cvenadve gveyudnes”. sxvadasxva Senakadi ganStoebis, xazis, xveulis (fiqris, qmedebis)<br />
SerwymiT agebuli “sxeulis” damagvirgvinebeli es devizi ganmartavs am saprogramo<br />
nawarmoebis “damrec” sibrtyeze ganlagebuli calkeuli sivrculi modelebis, movlenebis,<br />
saxe-wertilebis Sinaarss da amave dros aris maTi funqcionirebis Sedegic—saboloo<br />
wertili—sawyisi etapis dasasruli, mijna, romlis iqiTac iwyeba momavali (qveynis, mwerlis),<br />
iSleba Semdgomi moqmedebis asparezi, “axali sivrce” (qveynis mwerlis). am mijnamde misaRwevad<br />
Semoaqvs mwerlis umTavresi sivrculi modeli “gza”.<br />
kacobriobis sulier biografiaSi Znelad moiZebneba iseTi qmediTi mxatvruli sivrculi<br />
modeli, rogoricaa “gza” (erTaderTi “mTa” Tu miuaxlovdeba). “gzis” modeli saocrad tevadi<br />
da moqnilia mas aqtiurad iyenebs sxvadasxva kulturi da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi<br />
uZvelesi droidan dRemde da mudmivad xdeba masSi raRac axlis, ganumeoreblis aRmoCena<br />
“mgzavris werilebSi” “gzaze” damagrebulia awmyo, xolo siRrmeSi “CatvirTulia” warsuli<br />
“gza” aerTebs or ZiriTad models “mTas” da “bars” erTmaneTTan, aseve akavSirebs calkeuli<br />
59
sivrculi orientirebis (“myinvari”, “Tergi”, “sameba”, “stancia”) da awesrigebs erTi SexedviT<br />
qaoturad gabneul saxe-wertilebs (“povoska”, “iamSCiki”, “aficeri”, “fransieli” lelT Runia).<br />
TiToeuli sivrculi orientirisa da saxe-wertilis irgvliv izrdeba patara<br />
damoukidebeli cocxali qsovili — patara modeli, suraTi, romelic erTi mxriv srulad<br />
damoukidebeli Sinaarsis mqonea, meore mxriv ki — ideis sabolood xorcSesxmisaken mimarTuli<br />
procesis erTi safexuri, maTSi zustad saxeldebuli orientiri emsaxureba am ganviTarebis<br />
xelSesaxebad warmodgenas. naTelia, rom mTeli es procesi mimdinareobs sulSi, SidasivrceSi,<br />
magram mizani ar aris misi dafarva an abstragireba, aramed piriqiT, bolomde gaxsna,<br />
dakonkreteba, sxvisTvisac iolad misaRwevad gadaqceva. amitom azri, fiqri isxams xorcs,<br />
iRebs nivTier saxes, xdeba sivrceSi zusti orientiriT moniSnuli. sulis moZraoba erwymis<br />
miwier process, xdeba misi myar sibrtyeze ganfena, mimagreba (swored im miwaze, im adgilebze,<br />
im saxeebze, romelTac aRZres es sulieri aqtivoba). “gza” uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s nawarmoebis sivrcis<br />
proporciulobis gancdas, sadac yoveli orientiri, saxe-wertili, saxe-wami Tavis adgils<br />
iWers, radgan mTavari saTqmelisaken mimaval erT konkretul Senakads Seesabameba.<br />
mTidan barisken mimaval “gzaze” Semdgar mwerals empiriul awmyoSi Semoaqvs ukiduresad<br />
dakumSuli individualuri dro — “oTxi weliwadi”, romelic SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc<br />
kristali. masSi kristalizebulia “oTxi wlis” gamocdileba, codna, sxva kulturasTan<br />
ziarebis Sedegi. mweralma Tavisi qveynis “awmyoSi” unda “gaxsnas” da bunebrivad ganazavos es<br />
kristali. igi zustad gamoxatavs saTqmels: “oTxi weliwadi” unda gaixsnas ara marto “xilul”<br />
awmyoSi, aramed warsulSic, romelic am “gzis” siRrmeSia ganfenili da romlis gareSec<br />
momavlisken, “axali sivrcisken” sxva ferxdeba. aucilebeli droTa kavSiris SegrZneba lelT<br />
RuniasTan dialogiTaa gamosaxuli.<br />
“oTxi weliwadis” saxe-wertili (saxe-wami) adasturebs am teqstis mxatvrul amocanas —<br />
sulier process mianiWos myari, xelSesaxebi forma. “oTxi weliwadi”, romelic aris sulieri<br />
bargi-kristali, romelic unda gaiSalos da ganzavdes “gzaze” ganfenili drois yvela<br />
plastSi, imavdroulad aris erTi Senakadi, erTi nawili im cocxali qsovilisa, romelic<br />
TandaTan izrdeba sawyisi ideuri xerxemlis irgvliv.<br />
“oTxi weliwadis” ganzavebis process Tan sdevs msjeloba, fiqris nakadi da wertilovani<br />
saxeebis gamosaxva. agreTve, e.w. realobis diskreditacia, rac nawarmoebSi “iamSikis”,<br />
“povoskis” da, rac mTavaria rusi <strong>of</strong>icris saxeebis SemotaniT xorcieldeba. lelT Rumias<br />
sityvebSi diskreditirebulia awymo. sazogadod, diskretidacia dekonstruqciis wina<br />
safexuria. mwerals sWirdeba diskreditacia, rom Semdeg moaxdinos im realobis<br />
dekonstruqcia, romelic misTvis miuRebelia. mwerali, romelic udavod kargad icnobs<br />
rusul kulturas Tavisi nawarmoebis “damrec” sibrtyeze ganlagebuli modelebis farglebSi<br />
da maTi SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare TiTqmis mTlianad axdens saxe-wertilebis<br />
gaufasurebas. “damrec” sibrtyeze igi gviCvenebs “rusul samyaros” mxolod maxinj proeqtebs<br />
— groteskul saxeebs. aSkaraa, rom isini unda gaqrnen, aRmoifxvran. magram am SemTxvevaSi<br />
diskreditacia da misi Semdgomi dekonstruqcia aris aucilebeli safexuri ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani, keTilSobiluri etapisken mimaval gzaze. procesi ar aris Seuqcevadi. piriqiT,<br />
yvelaferi misi Semobrunebisaken gakeTda da Semdeg etapze gamoikveTeba rekonstruqciis<br />
perspeqtiva da sayrdeni orientiri — “Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso”. es sityvebi iwvevs<br />
tkivils. tkiviliani mijnis iqiT iSleba “axali sivrce”. idea iwyebs srulfasovan arsebobas,<br />
moqmedebas. aqve ikveTeba qvecnobieri codna, mixvedrac im safasurisa, romlis gadaxdac<br />
mouwevs am ideis samsaxurSi Camdgar adamians. ilias “gzis” modeli erTgvarad pr<strong>of</strong>etuli<br />
Sinaarsis Semcvelicaa. sivrculi orientirebi “mTa” — myinvari, “mdinare” — Tergi mwerals<br />
warmodgenili aqvs rogorc opozicia dinamika-statika da maT safuZvelze gamokveTs Tavisi<br />
moRvaweobis ideur safuZvels. misi mxatvruli naazrevidan gamomdinare naTlad Cans, Tu<br />
rogor srulad SeigrZnobs igi “mTis” mniSvnelobas. am SemTxvevaSi ki igi arsebiTad uars<br />
ambobs “mTaze”, fiqriTac da qmedebiTac. “mTaze” — sulieri sruly<strong>of</strong>is, ganwmendis, simSvidis,<br />
sakuTari “mes” gamTlianebis adgilze uaris Tqma da swrafva codviani barisken, sadac “awina”<br />
mxolod dacema da sulieri tkivilebia, zevidan qveviT daSveba Tanac ise, rom adamians Tan<br />
moaqvs dakumSuli dro da informacia (“oTxi weliwadi”), aqvs moqmedebis gegma da survili da<br />
umTavresi devizi (“Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudne”) aRiqmeba rogorc sakuTari “mes” gawirva,<br />
TviTSewirva.<br />
“mgzavris werilebi” saxieri magaliTia im araCveulebrivi, elvare, idumali, amoucnobi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi procesisa, romelic sruliad naTeli samoqmedo programis, gegmis warmoCenas<br />
udidesi esTetikuri Rirebulebis teqstad gardaqmnad aqcevs.<br />
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marginalobis fenomeni ilias `oTaraanT qvrivSi~<br />
maia jaliaSvili<br />
`Cven imnairebi varT, ranairebadac gvaqcevs samyaro. Tu Cvens suls detals SevadarebT,<br />
maSin samyaro yalibi iqneba, romelSiac suli Camoisxmeba da romlis formasac igi inaxavs. eWvs<br />
gareSea, rom arsebobis procesi samyarosTan urTierTobis procesia~ (gaseti 1993: 56),_wers<br />
espaneli moazrone xose ortega i gaseti. es urTierToba ki mravalferovania. zogi cxovrebis<br />
mdinares aRma mihyveba, zogi ki daRma, dinebis sawinaaRmdegod. es mdinareba zogs napirze<br />
gamoriyavs, zogs ki cxovrebis morevSi danTqavs. ase iqceva zogi marginalad da zogi<br />
`adamian_masad~.<br />
ilias prozaSi kargad aris warmoCenili marginalobis socialur_fsiqologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi. marginalobas iwvevs, erTi mxriv, garkveul socialur fenaTa Soris dapirispireba,<br />
meore mxriv, erTsa da imave socialur jgufSi gansxvavebul zneobriv RirebulebaTa<br />
arseboba.<br />
ilias personaJebis marginaloba xasiaTdeba imiT, rom isini ar warmoadgenen mxolod im<br />
socialuri jgufis zneobriv Rirebulebebs, romelSic cxovroben. maT gaaCniaT<br />
individualuri warmodgenebi y<strong>of</strong>ierebis umTavres sakiTxebze, amitomac maTi urTierToba<br />
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan aris gaucxoebuli, xSirad dapirispirebuli da konfliqturi. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, `oTaraanT qvrivSi~ pirobiTad gamoiy<strong>of</strong>ian ori tipis marginalebi: aqtiuri<br />
da pasiuri. aqtiuri marginalebi arian oTaraanT qvrivi da giorgi, romlebic aRiqvamen da<br />
gaiazreben ra marginalobas, ar cdiloben sazogadoebasTan daaxloebas sakuTar<br />
RirebulebaTa daTmobis xarjze, aramed, piriqiT, miiswrafvian sazogadoebaSi<br />
TviTdamkvidrebisa da sakuTari Sexedulebebis gatanisken. sworedac rom, sakuTari<br />
idealebis aRiarebisken. maTi Zala emyareba mxolod rwmenasa da sindiss, erTgvar idealur<br />
imperativebs, maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba pirovnebaTa mxridan ganxorcielebuli `Setevis~<br />
mosagerieleblad da Tavdasacavad eyrdnoba da iyenebs pragmatul saSualebebs. moTxrobaSi<br />
warmoCenili egzistencialuri problemebi swored am marginalTa da sazogadoebis<br />
dapirispirebaSi gamoikveTeba.<br />
`marginalis (The margin) terminiT moixsenieba sociumis periferiaze my<strong>of</strong>i, adamiani,<br />
romelic, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ver ewereba sazogadoebis konteqstSi. marginali xSirad<br />
xdeba xalxis kritikis, aRSfoTebis sagani da aseTad rCeba manam, sanam mis problemas ar<br />
aRiarebs da ganixilavs sazogadoeba. rogorc ki marginalis Taviseburebebs gaigebs da<br />
aRiarebs xalxi, igi xdeba sazogadoebis nawili; ase rom, marginaloba ganisazRvreba gareSe<br />
sociumiT. rogor unda ganisazRvros: adamiani marginalia Tu ara? marginaloba aris<br />
dinamikuri movlena, is damokidebulia sociumTan urTierTobis formebze. marginaloba aris<br />
is, rac ver Seegua da Seerwya sociums~ (acmoni 2007: 16)<br />
oTaraanT qvrivi Segnebulad aris ganze gamdgari im sazogadoebisgan, romelic misTvis<br />
misaReb zneobriv Rirebulebebs ver an ar aRiarebs. amitomac maT Soris aris an SiSi, an kidev<br />
gaugebroba. erTi mxriv, aravin icoda, s<strong>of</strong>elSi sZuldaT Tu uyvardaT oTaraanT qvrivi. qvis<br />
guli aqvso, ambobdnen, meore mxriv, oTaraanT qvrivi ikvirvebda, Cemi ratom unda eSinodeT,<br />
qalaCunebi ariano, amave dros, am qalis saocari, magram bevrisTvis gaugebari iyo zrunva ara<br />
mxolod sakuTari Rirsebis, aramed sxvaTa Tavmoyvareobis dasacavad. s<strong>of</strong>lis fasadur<br />
sikeTes upirispirdeba qvrivis dafaruli, ara TvalSisacemi, xSirad daunaxavi, mware sityvebs<br />
am<strong>of</strong>arebuli sikeTe. giorgisac ver ugebs s<strong>of</strong>eli, an giJia, an RvTisgan mogzavnilio. Tavad<br />
arCils ki misi sindisnamusiani qcevis fenomeni auxsnelad miaCnia da dasturad Seqspiris<br />
sityvebs moixmobs, bevri ram aris amqveynad, filos<strong>of</strong>osebs rom arc ki dasizmrebiaTo.<br />
sul sxvagvarad aixsneba sosia mewisqvilis marginaloba. igi aris pasiuri marginali, mas<br />
s<strong>of</strong>eli abuCad igdebs da iSorebs, rogorc miuRebels. am TvalsazrisiT, s<strong>of</strong>eli Tavis<br />
agresias axorcielebs pirovnebis mimarT, romelsac Tavdacvis unari ar gaaCnia, magram igi<br />
mainc nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiTi marginalia da s<strong>of</strong>lis gacivebul gulSi TanagrZnobis gaRviZebas<br />
cdilobs sityvebiT: `codo var, codo~.<br />
am moTxrobaSi marginalizaciis gza ori mimarTulebiT warimarTeba, erTi mxriv,<br />
marginali sazogadoebis zedapirze, wina rigSi, yvelas dasanaxavad, pativsacem, Tumca<br />
mosaridebel da gaugebar pirovnebad warmoCndeba (oTaraanT qvrivi da giorgi), meore mxriv,<br />
marginali sazogadoebis fskerze eSveba da gairiyeba cxovrebidan (sosia mewisqvile).<br />
amerikeli mecnieris, robert parkis azriT, marginalurni is adamianebi arian, romlebic<br />
zRvarze imy<strong>of</strong>ebian or an met socialur samyaroTa Soris, magram ar miiRebian arc erTis mier,<br />
rogorc maTi sruluflebiani wevrebi~ (kankava 1981: 76).<br />
qarTuli literaturidan cnobil marginalebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT: TaraS emxvari<br />
(konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motaceba~, daTa TuTaSxia (Wabua amirejibis `daTa<br />
TuTaSxia~), Teimuraz xevisTavi (mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~), aluda qeTelauri da<br />
joyola (vaJa fSavelas `aluda qeTelauri~ da `stumar_maspinZeli~... ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
61
literaturidan: don kixoti (servantesis `don kixoti~), Tavadi miSkini (dostoevskis<br />
`idioti~), hamleti (Seqspiris `hamleti~) da sxva.<br />
marginalobis paradigmad SeiZleba miviCnioT ieso qriste, romelic sazogadoebam<br />
gainapira da misi axali idealebi saeWvod da miuReblad miiCnia. macxovari TviTonve<br />
gamoarCevda rCeulebs. ase rom, sxvadasxva tipis qristiani marginalebi romelime kuTxiT<br />
imeoreben im gzas, romelic macxovarma gaiara.<br />
ra Tviseba aqcevs oTaraanT qvrivsa da giorgis marginalebad? `oTaraanT qvrivSi~<br />
zedmiwevniTaa gamokveTili da fsiqologiurad damajerebeli detalebiT<br />
axsnil_ganmartebuli pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis rTuli urTierTobis calkeuli aspeqti.<br />
oTaraanT qvrivis zneoba qristianul rwmeniT nasazrdoeb da sindisiT nakarnaxev<br />
principebs emyareba. mas sisxlsa da xorcSi aqvs gamjdari sikeTisa da samarTlianobis rwmena.<br />
is cxovrobs mxolod sakuTari gulisa da gonebis karnaxiT da araviTar angariSs ar uwevs<br />
s<strong>of</strong>els, sazogadoebas, romlis mravali nabiji ganpirobebulia farisevlobiT,<br />
usamarTlobiTa Tu SeniRbuli borotebiT. gadametebuli rom ar aris aseTi kategoriuli<br />
Sefaseba: `araviTar angariSs ar uwevs s<strong>of</strong>els~, amas moTxrobis ramdenime epizodi<br />
TvalnaTliv adasturebs.<br />
1. is tkbil sityvas TvalTmaqcobad miiCnevs da amisi axsna_ganmarteba filos<strong>of</strong>iis<br />
rangSi ahyavs. tkbili sityva adamians `aZinebs~, arada: `Tu wuTis<strong>of</strong>els erTi bewo xans Tvali<br />
mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs, rogorc didoeli leki nabadsa~.<br />
2. madlobis gadaxdas arafrad miiCnevs: `kargia, muqTaa, Torem magasac xom ver iSovidi,<br />
rom garjiT saSovari iyos~. sityvas saqmes amjobinebs.<br />
3. s<strong>of</strong>lelTa Secxadebas, vis gaugonia dedakacis bari da Toxio, arad dagidevdaT, Tu ar<br />
gaugoniaT, axla gaigono.<br />
4. mamakacobisa da dedakacobis gasarCevad sakmarisad mxolod Zal_Ronis miCnevas ar<br />
iziarebda: `is mamakacia da me_dedakaci. miTam Cemzed win riT aris? imasac ori xeli da fexi<br />
aqvs da mecao~.<br />
5. s<strong>of</strong>lis sasamarTlo giorgis rom gaamarTlebs, gaikvirvebs: `daxe, mag virTagvebsac<br />
zogjer swore samarTali scodniaTo~.<br />
am SefasebiT, is Tavis Tavs s<strong>of</strong>elze (mosamarTleebze) maRla ayenebs.<br />
5. giorgi saxlidan wasvlisas bargis waRebaze uars ambobs, damcinebeno, deda etyvis:<br />
`Tavs_sicils kaci ar mouklavs. kaci rom sulelebis kbilTa RreWas ahyves, sad wava?~. igi<br />
angariSs ar uwevs, ras ityvis s<strong>of</strong>eli.<br />
mas aqvs sakuTari, yvelasgan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi:<br />
1. arCilsa da kesos mkvaxed etyvis: `me CemTvis ar vloculob, RmerTi ar<br />
Sevawuxo_meTqi, da TqvenTvis sad vilocebdi~.<br />
2. miiCnevs, rom adamianma nebismier drosa da viTarebaSi simarTle unda Tqvas: `enam<br />
gulisa unda sTqvas, ferumarili ra saWiroa~.<br />
3. `adamians varami da Wiri alaparakebs. qveyanazed rom Wiri ar iyos, adamiani enasac ar<br />
amoidgamda: meti bargia. lxins ra laparaki unda? ZaRls rom uxarian, kudis qneviTac ityvis<br />
xolme~.<br />
4. `adamians minam xel_fexi erCis, marto ar iqneba, saqmea tol_amxanagi martoxelisa,<br />
wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli vis aclis martoobisaTvis?~<br />
5. giorgis sikvdilisas sosias TanagrZnobaze, RmerTma gilxinos, Tu Svilis mermed<br />
kidev ram salxeni dagrCenia am wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSio, upasuxebs: `ratom ar damrCenia? sikvdilis<br />
molodini lxena Tu ar ggonia!~<br />
`rodesac vlaparakobT `marginalur pirovnebaze~, realurad vgulisxmobT<br />
`marginalur identifikacias~. pirovnuloba igive TviTidentifikaciaa, rac gulisxmobs<br />
sakuTari Tavis identificirebas, gaigivebas, garkveul ideebTan, SexedulebebTan,<br />
TvalsazrisebTan. pirovnulobis cneba, romelic ase mniSvnelovania postmodernistebisa da<br />
marginaluri TeoretikosebisTvis, miTia~(acmoni 2007: 17)<br />
vfiqrobT, xelovnuria erTmaneTs daacilo marginaluri pirovnuloba da marginaluri<br />
identifikacia. aq ufro metad terminebiT TamaSia da ara arsobrivi gansxvaveba.<br />
moTxrobis pirvelive striqonebidan mwerali gvacnobs oTaraanT qvrivs, rogorc<br />
gamorCeul pirovnebas_mas yvela icnobs, e.i. misi cxovreba yvelas Tvalwinaa, wina rigSia.<br />
misi ridi da pativiscema aqvT. aRiareben mis Zalas, romelic mxolod sulier `Zalauflebas~<br />
emyareba. `oTaraanT qvrivis kar_midamoSi~ mzisa da wvimis mets aravis SeeZlo gavla qvrivis<br />
uneburad~. mwerali amgvari hiperboliT xazs usvams, Tu ra rangSia ayvanili qvrivis neba. misi<br />
winaaRmdegoba mxolod daumorCilebel, adamianze aRmatebul bunebis stiqiur Zalebs<br />
SeuZliaT, an kidev RvTaebriv instancias (`mze~). ase rom, qvrivis `Zalaufleba~ erTgvarad<br />
zRudavs Tanas<strong>of</strong>lelebs, radgan isini mis nebas emorCilebian, ver arRveven misi pirovnebis<br />
nebiT SemosazRvrul CarCoebs. igulisxmeba, rom sxva SemTxvevaSi, sxvebTan,<br />
Tanas<strong>of</strong>lelebTan urTierTobaSi maTTvis amgvari SezRudva ar arsebobs. sagulisxmoa, rom am<br />
dauwerel wess emorCilebian s<strong>of</strong>lis <strong>of</strong>icialuri xelisufalnic (nacvali Tu iasauli). isini<br />
ver arRveven qvrivis mier SemosazRvrul mijnebs da Tu `gaiwawanebdnen, da Tu rogorme<br />
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gahbedavdnen~, qvrivi Tav_beds awyevlinebda. sityva `gawawaneba~ xazs usvams maT Sinagan Tu<br />
garegan kninobiTobas qvrivis znemaRal bunebasTan SedarebiT. oTaraanT qvrivs yvelas<br />
dasanaxad wamoumarTavs Tavisi daurRveveli da xelSeuxebeli cixe_koSki, ara qviTkiriT,<br />
aramed nebisy<strong>of</strong>iTa da sulieri ZalebiT naSeni, rac mowmobs masze, rogorc Zlier<br />
pirovnebaze. `dee, amas iqiT icodnen, rom me oTaraanT qvrivs meZaxiano~_es aris gamowveva<br />
s<strong>of</strong>lis mimarT. qvrivi darwmunebulia sakuTar ZalebSi da ar ufrTxis, rom martoa da<br />
upirispirdeba mTel s<strong>of</strong>els. sakiTxavia, risi imediT, upirvelesad, RmerTis (romelsac is<br />
waramara arasodes axsenebs) da patiosnebis, samarTlianobis, siyvarulis, sikeTis imediT. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, igi erTgvar idealistadac SeiZleba mogveCvenos, romelsac ideis (sikeTisa da<br />
samarTlianobis gamarjvebis) ufro sjera, vidre realobisa. Tanac igi qalia, es ki misgan met<br />
Zalasa da energias saWiroebs tradiciul qarTul patriarqalur SexedulebaTa<br />
sazogadoebaSi, sadac Zalauflebis matarebeli ZiriTadad kacia.<br />
s<strong>of</strong>eli, sazogadoeba icnobs oTaraanT qvrivs (am gacnobaze TviTon qvrivma izruna, is<br />
gamudmebiT ajerebs s<strong>of</strong>els Tavis arsebobaSi gamokveTil SexedulebaTa ganuxreli<br />
mtkicebiT).<br />
s<strong>of</strong>elma icis:<br />
1. `oTaraanT qvrivs tyuilubralod baqiaoba da muqara ar uyvarda~.<br />
2. `imisi Tqma da qmna erTi iyo~,<br />
3. `baraqala dedakacia~.<br />
4. `arc sxvisas SeirCens, arc Tavisas SearCens sxvasa~.<br />
5. `imisi xeli da fexi dilidam saRamomde ar dadgeba~.<br />
6. `visac uqmad moaswrobda, Zirianad amoiRebda, Zirianad mosTxrida~.<br />
7. `Znelad iqneboda, rom tkbili sityva eTqva visTvisme~.<br />
8. `gulis magier qva udevs~.<br />
9. `kaci ver ityvis, sZuldaT Tu uyvardaT oTaraanT qvrivi s<strong>of</strong>elSi. SiSiT ki yvelas<br />
eSinoda~.<br />
10. `gadareuli~ da `damTxveulia~: `magaTSi an didi codo trialebs, an didi<br />
madli, aq sxva niSanwyalia~.<br />
CamoTvlil SexedulebaTa mixedviT, oTaraanT qvrivi s<strong>of</strong>lelTa TvalSi, marTlac,<br />
sxvanairia, magram ra iwvevs SiSs? albaT, is, rac RvTis SiSs iwvevs_codvis mxilebis,<br />
borotebis verdafarvis SiSi. oTaraanT qvrivis Tvali xom SeumCnevels ar datovebs arafers<br />
gamrudebuls_Tavisi iqneba Tu sxvisi. swored es sxvisTvis gulSematkivroba afrTxobs da<br />
aSinebs s<strong>of</strong>els.<br />
Tanac, s<strong>of</strong>elma icis, rom oTaraanT qvrivi Tavisas yovelTvis gaitans, aravis<br />
daeCagvrineba, rkinis qalamans Caicvams, rkinis joxs aiRebs xelSi da xelmwifemde miva. es<br />
idiomi, ra Tqma unda, imaze metyvelebs, rom qvrivi arafers SeuSindeba da samarTals ipovis.<br />
amave dros, rkinis qalamnebi qvrivis simtkicesa, dauRlelobasa da Seuryevlobaze<br />
mianiSnebs, rkinis joxi ki RvTis sjulze, rogorc es meore fsalmunis mecxre muxlSia<br />
naTqvami: `hmwysne igini kuerTxiTa, rkinisaiTa~. wmida mamaTa ganmartebiT, `kuerTx rkinisa<br />
ewodebis mcnebaTa sjulisaTa, rameTu yovelive brZaneba RvTisa Zlier ars, viTarca rkina, da<br />
Semmusvrel winaaRmdgomTa misTa~ (fsalmunTa ganmarteba 1996: 8). ase rom, qvrivis qadili<br />
saRvTo sjulis kanons eyrdnoba, mas swams samarTlianobis aRsrulebisa, uzenaesi<br />
mosamarTlis simbolod ki xelmwife esaxeba.<br />
imisTvis, rom gamokveTos, Tu ra mohyveba qvrivis nebis darRvevas, mwerali xatavs<br />
epizods, qvrivma rogor iara gubernatoramde fexiT da Tavgasulsa da mouridebel gzirs,<br />
erTi warTmeuli qaTami Svideulad dausva. igulisxmeba, rom gzirma sxva s<strong>of</strong>lelebsac<br />
waarTva qaTami diambegisTvis Segrovebis sababiT, magram mxolod qvrivma amoiRo xma da Tavisi<br />
Rirseba daicva.<br />
ras eridebian s<strong>of</strong>lelebi, ratom maTac ar iares gubernatoramde?<br />
pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, es aris SiSi xelisuflebis mimarT (gziri, diambegi,<br />
iasauli_saxelmwifos Zaladobas axorcieleben da mis nebas ganasaxiereben. rasakvirvelia, aq<br />
aris TviTnebobac, magram xalxis TvalSi xSirad ar xdeba amis garCeva. oTaraanT qvrivis<br />
nairebi ki amas arCeven da sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad aqtiurad gamodian). e. i. es aris SiSi<br />
dasjisa.<br />
meore, es aris SiSi masze aRmatebulis (Zalauflebrivi Tu qonebrivi TvalsazrisiT)<br />
mimarT. am SemTxevvaSi, sainteresoa, aqvs Tu ara SiSi qvrivs masze socialurad maRla<br />
mdgomi_Tavadebisa_arCilisa da kesosi.<br />
mesame, es aris laCroba, simxdale adamianebisa, romelnic Rirsebis Selaxvas iolad<br />
eguebian da ar cdiloben winaaRmdegobis gawevas.<br />
oTaraanT qvrivi am samive SiSs gadalaxavs da, amasTan erTad, amsxvrevs sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebul Sexedulebas fulis yovlisSemZleobaze. rogorc cnobilia, fuli gaCenis dRidan<br />
iqca kerpad da keTildReobis, Zalauflebis, Rirsebis sawindrad. oTaraanT qvrivi<br />
upirispirdeba am Sexedulebasac. `fuli ra aris? xelis WuWyia~. amgvarad, fulis WuWyTan<br />
gaigivebiT is mTlianad aufasurebs mis sazogadoebriv Rirebulebas. WuWyi abinZurebs da<br />
63
amcirebs adamians da amitomac mosaSorebelia, Camosarecxia. samagierod, yvelaferze<br />
aRmatebulia Rirseba: `tyuil_ubralod rom ar daveCagvrine, cotaa?!~ da es ritorikuli<br />
kiTxva gulisxmobs pasuxs, rom swored esaa mTavari_aravis misce ufleba daCagvrisa.<br />
oTaraanT qvrivi rainds emsgavseba, amitomac Tu Seadares igi `kabagadacmul ilias~.<br />
ratom maincdamainc qals atvirTvina mweralma amgvari funqcia? cnobilia ilias<br />
damokidebuleba qarTveli qalis, dedakacis mimarT. gavixsenoT leqsi `qarTvlis dedas~,<br />
drama `qarTvlis deda~, werili `patara saubari~ da sxva. misTvis dedakaci iyo ara mxolod<br />
sicocxlis wyaro, aramed cxovrebis wyaroc, darRveul droTa SemakavSirebeli da eris<br />
gadamrCeni.<br />
`marginaluri aRqma~ marginalur Tvalsazrisad rom gadaiqces, marginalma unda<br />
irwmunos, rom `marginaloba~ realur da WeSmarit pirovnulobas gamoxatavs.<br />
oTaraanT qvrivi pirovnebaa, darwmunebuli sakuTar TvalsazrisTa WeSmaritebaSi,<br />
sxvagvarad, ar iqneboda igi aseTi ukandauxeveli. amave dros, igi sxvaTa Rirsebasac icavs,<br />
roca es sxvani arafrad agdeben amave Rirsebas. am SemTxvevaSi, qvrivi TviTon Rirsebas icavs,<br />
misi gadarCenisTvis ibrZvis, radgan Rirsebis gareSe adamiani araraobad iqceva. amis<br />
dasturia epizodebi, romlebSic moTxrobilia, Tu rogor gaikiTxavs qvrivi<br />
glaxa_maTxovrebs. jer erTi, cdilobs sikeTis sxvaTa daunaxavad gakeTebas: bazarSi<br />
meduqnesTan SoTebs saqalamne Roris tyavze gadacvlis da maTxovars miscems, amoisxio, xolo<br />
meduqnis kiTxvaze, magisi gemarTao, upasuxebs: `maSara_da, magis Tavis mzem. Cems Tavs purs<br />
davaklebdi da magis qalamanSi mivcemdi~. ityueba qvrivi. sanam am tyuilis mizezs gamovkveTT,<br />
misi sxva `tyuilebic~ gavixsenoT. karze mimdgar Sesabralis da Ronemixdil glaxas eubneba:<br />
`wamoeTrie erTi maranSi, Rvinos Cagacecxleb, nu gegonos ki, rom madls giSvrebode rasme~...<br />
ai, qvevrSi raRac wumpe naZirala damrCa, mainc gadasaRvrelia da barem Sen Cascecxle~.<br />
aq yuradRebas iqcevs is, rom: 1. qvrivs ar unda, es gakiTxva glaxas madli egonos; 2.<br />
wumpes gaZlev; 3. `Cagacecxleb~, e.i. qvrivi cdilobs maqsimalurad daamciros adamiani. ratom<br />
iqceva ase? ratom ayris pilpils madls?<br />
pirvel rigSi, is sikeTes RvTis da ara adamianTa dasanaxavad akeTebs. piriqiT, aridebs<br />
kacTa Tvals. am SemTxvevaSi, is pirdapir icavs saxarebiseul mcnebebs. rac Seexeba `wumpes~ da<br />
`Cagacecxleb~_am damamcirebelma sityvebma unda SeZran glaxas guli, daobebuli da<br />
miZinebuli, da gamoaRviZon masSi Rirsebis grZnoba. qvrivi xedavs, rom glaxa wuTis<strong>of</strong>lisgan<br />
didoeli lekis nabadiviTaa gaTelili, beds Seguebulia da arc aravin zrunavs s<strong>of</strong>elSi misi<br />
Selaxuli Tavmoyvareobis aRdgenaze. oTaraanT qvrivi ki masSi RvTis Svils, dacemulsa da<br />
ganadgurebuls xedavs, guli Sestkiva da cdilobs fexze wamoyenebas, oRond amisTvis<br />
Taviseburi gza mouZebnia, ufro meti damcirebisa da Seuracxy<strong>of</strong>isa. es rom asea, amas mowmobs<br />
is, rom glaxas is marTla wumpes ki ara, `erTi oriod Careqa kai Rvinos gadaaxuxebda da<br />
gamoistumrebda Taviseburi qeba_didebiT~.<br />
oTaraanT qvrivs sjeroda sityvis Zalisa, icoda misi fasi, amitom yovel naTqvam sityvas<br />
udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda, is sityviT amaTraxebda adamians, raTa masSi daTrgunuli suli<br />
damcirebis tkivils gaeRviZebina da adamianobis minavluli nakverCxali gaeRvivebina.<br />
daaxloebiT, msgavs `meTods~ mimarTavs Sarl bodleris miniaturis erTi gmiri<br />
(`mivasikvdiloT upovarni~): kabareSi Sesvlisas maTxovars, Cveulebisamebr, ki ar Caugdebs<br />
gamowvdil qudSi fuls, aramed kargad mibegvavs. motivacia ki aseTia: `Tanasworad mxolod<br />
igi unda CaTvalo, vinc dagimtkicebs amas, da Tavisuflebis Rirsic mxolod is aris, vinc<br />
brZoliT moipovebs amas~. kbilebCamsxvreuli, TvalebCalurjebuli maTxovari didxans<br />
iTmens ucxosgan cema_tyepas, mere uceb `gamoiRviZebs~. `me davinaxe, rom es nangrevi<br />
gacocxlda~, Semdeg siZulviliT savse mzera esrola damCagvrels da lazaTianad mibegva<br />
sapasuxod. `amrigad,_ambobs personaJi,_ Cemi energiuli wamlobiT me siamaye gavuRviZe mas<br />
da davubrune igi sicocxles~. amis Semdeg fulsac miscems maTxovars, oRond rogorc<br />
Tanaswors.<br />
vfiqrobT, TaraanT qvrivsac raRac msgavsi `wamlobis meTodi~ aqvs. igi mware,<br />
salanZRavi sityvebiT amcirebs adamians, raTa masSi Cakluli siamaye da Tavmoyvareoba<br />
gaaRviZos, Tumca es didi msxverplis fasad ujdeba, misi ar esmiT da piriqiT, samadlod ki ara,<br />
pilpilmoyrilad uTvlian sikeTes, magram qvrivi amas arad dagidevT, radgan misTvis mTavari<br />
RvTis TvalSi gamarTlebaa. misTvis yvela adamiani moyvarea, romelic Tavisi TaviviT uyvars,<br />
amitomac am ucnauri gziT cdilobs dacemulis fexze wamoyenebas.<br />
marginals unda sjerodes, rom misi Sexedulebebia WeSmariti. amisTvis aucilebelia<br />
rwmena sakuTari pirovnulobisa. SesaZlebelia Tu ara amgvari ram? dekarti Tavisi cnobili<br />
gamoTqmiT amas adasturebs: `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~. Sesabamisad, TviTSemecneba aris<br />
gza pirovnulobisken.<br />
ra qmnis giorgis marginalobas?<br />
oTaraanT qvrivis Sviloba misTvis ukve erTgvari damRa, gamorCeulobis niSania, miT<br />
umetes, rom igi Tavisi qceviTa da sityva_pasuxiT Zalian waagavs dedas, amave dros, `dedis<br />
yurmoWrili ymaa~, rac imas niSnavs, rom mis rCevas iTvaliswinebs da yovel sityvas ujerebs.<br />
gavixsenoT, arCilsa da kesosTan mojamagired mimaval giorgis bargis waReba rom ar unda,<br />
64
magram dedis daJinebul Txovnas, ufro swored, bargis waRebis aucileblobas daeTanxmeba,<br />
Tumca Sinaganad winaaRmdegia. `marTalia da imitomo~_xSirad ambobs giorgi dedaze. Svils<br />
sjera dedis yoveli sityvis mizanSewonilobisa da samarTlianobisa.<br />
ra gamoarCevs giorgis sxvaTagan? ratom miviCnevT mas marginalad? individualuri<br />
marginaloba xasiaTeba individis arasruli SesvliT jgufSi, romelic mas gaiucxoebs,<br />
damnaSavesaviT ukuagdebs. r. parkis azriT, individi aris `kulturuli hibridi~, romelic<br />
iziarebs ori gansxvavebuli jgufis cxovrebasa da tradiciebs. am SemTxvevaSi, giorgi<br />
oTaraanT qvrivis sazogadoebisa (ojaxuri garemo) da s<strong>of</strong>lis sazogadoebis konfliqturi<br />
gadakveTis wertilebis mowmea. is mTlianad iziarebs dedis Sexedulebebs da ar cdilobs<br />
raimes daTmobis xarjze s<strong>of</strong>elTan harmoniul, ukonfliqto urTierTobas.<br />
giorgi cudsa da avs gverdiT gulgrilad ver Cauvlida, misTvis, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
sxvisi saqme ar arsebobda. omaraanT mojamagiresTan uTanxmoeba imis gamo mouva, rom dainaxavs<br />
mZinare mojamagires, kameCebs ki wneliT mibmuls. giorgis ukvirs misi saqcieli, mas miaCnia,<br />
rom Tundac patroni arsad iyos axlomaxlo, RmerTi yvelafers xedavs. igi codvad miiCnevs<br />
saqmis mimarT upasuxismgeblobas, patronis motyuebas, pirutyvTa tanjvas. giorgis marad<br />
mRviZare sindisi aqvs, romelic yvelas mimarT Tanabrad mamxilebelia: Tavisi iqneba Tu sxvisi.<br />
yvelaze did danaSaulad giorgis `namusis qudis axda da talaxSi gadagdeba~ miaCnia. namusma<br />
ar unda misces adamians saSualeba ukeTuris Cadenisa.<br />
TiToeuli kacis unamusobas igi qveynis daRupvasTan akavSirebs, am TvalsazrisiTac,<br />
misi xedva qristianul zneobas efuZneba. sodom_gomors sasjeli rom aecilebina, aTiode<br />
marTali kacic ki ar moiZebna. s<strong>of</strong>eli fiqrobs, rom `giorgi an RvTisagn mogzavnilia~, an<br />
`giJia~. masSi `sxva niSanwyalia~.<br />
giorgi aqtiuri marginalia, radgan cdilobs Tavisi principebis cxovrebaSi gatanas, ar<br />
aSinebs marcxi, imdenad Tavdajerebulia. `SiSi ver ixsnis sikvdilsa~_misi zneobis sayrdenia.<br />
igi rainduli bunebisaa, radgan daCagruls esarCleba da samarTlianobisTvis ibrZvis,<br />
amitomac misi saxis arqetipad saxeldeba rogorc macxovari, aseve wminda giorgi.<br />
giorgis RvTisgan yvelaferi aqvs mimadlebuli imisaTvis, rom s<strong>of</strong>elSi sxvaTagan<br />
gamoirCeodes da pativiscemas imsaxurebdes. igi moxdenili garegnobisaa, koxtad da faqizad<br />
Cacma_daxurva uyvars (`imisi yaiTnebiT morTuli sacveTebi, Wreli windebi da lamazad<br />
gawyobili fexzed qalamani rom genaxaT, maSin daijerebdiT, rom Cvenebur glexis<br />
fexsacmelsac Tavisi siturfe da silamaze aqvs~), Sromismoyvarea (`muSaobaSi xom mTels<br />
s<strong>of</strong>elSi amas swori ara hyvanda TiTqmis~; `saqmis guliT amyolia da bolomde gamtanio~),<br />
arCilma Seafasa misi `kaikacoba~ da `Rirsebis cocxal xats~ Seadara. manve warmoidgina<br />
giorgi, rogorc waukiTxavi wigni, mravali saidumloebis momcveli. misi zneobis gasaRebi<br />
rwmenis siRrmeebSi iyo saZiebeli da ara_zedapirze. misi sulis gagebas misive swori da<br />
Tanatoli suli sWirdeboda, rac aravis gaaCnda, radgan aseTni mudam erTeulebi arian.<br />
kesosa da arCilisTvis giorgi glexia da amitomac maTgan ganapirebuli. giorgi arc<br />
eswrafvis maTgan gamy<strong>of</strong>i kedlis dangrevas, am bariers iRebs, rogorc erTgvar mocemulobas,<br />
romlis Secvla ar SeiZleba, an mxolod pasiuri molodinia gamarTlebuli. misi neba, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, RvTisas emorCileba da ar miiCnevs, rom es misi gadasawyveti saqmea. vTqvaT,<br />
socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba, Tumca zneobriv usamarTlobas<br />
uSeRavaTod ebrZvis.<br />
keso da arCilic im sazogadoebis konteqstSi erTgvari marginalebi arian. arCili<br />
aRiarebs giorgis zneobriv, sulier upiratesobas. igi am axalgazrda glexSi xedavs RvTis<br />
niWsa da madls. misTvis giorgi `RvTisagn mogzavnilia~, mis winaSe ar dgas sakiTxi: an_an. ar<br />
aeWvebs misi goniereba: `Cven rani varT magasTan!.. dee, gvaswavlos da gvwurTnos~.<br />
arCili xvdeba, rom giorgis sxvanairi guli da goneba aqvs, sindisiT axelili da<br />
nasazrdoebi. igi kesosTan erTad inaniebs Tavis adrindel sibrmaves da eris gajansaRebas,<br />
ufro, metic, momavals glexebsa da Tavadebs Soris Catexili xidis gamTelebaSi xedavs.<br />
sosia mewisqvilis marginaloba iliasTvis pasuxgaucemel, `wyyevla_krulvian~<br />
saiTxavad iqca. simbolurad, sosia mewisqvile gamoxatavs sazogadod am samyaroSi adamianis<br />
marginalobas, mis gaucxoebas samyarosTan, martosulobasa da miusafrobas. sosia amitomac<br />
aris erTgvarad sqematuri, xelovnuri saxe moTxrobisa, radgan igi ufro ideaa, romelic<br />
samyaroSi adamianis dakargulobas, ucxoobas warmoaCens: `vin icis, saidam sad iyo<br />
gadmogdebuli~, `aravin icoda, vin aris da saidam aris... amisi varskvlavi marto amosuliyo~.<br />
`marTla rom codoa,_ambobs ilia masze, magram iqve miayolebs: `magram sxva vin ar aris<br />
codo~. aq Sexmianeba Cans paskalTan: `ra ubadrukni varT, roca Cvensave msgavsTa Soris<br />
daveZebT saSvels: Cvenebr ubedurni, Cvenebr umweoni, isini veras gviSvelian. adamiani marto<br />
kvdeba, maSasadame sicocxleSic martosulad unda icxovros~ da eklesiastes maradiuli<br />
sakiTxavTan. ase rom, sosia mewisqvile gamoxatavs ideas `amaoeba amaoTa da yovelive amao~.<br />
oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi, sosia mewisqvile, arCili da keso sazogadoebis umciresobaa.<br />
isini gamoey<strong>of</strong>ian adamian_masas, romlis arsi xose ortega i gasetim warmoaCina wignSi<br />
`masebis amboxi~. es personaJebi ar arian iseTni, rogorebic yvelani. maT SeuZliaT sakuTari<br />
65
Tavis Sefaseba. isini Segnebulad irTuleben cxovrebas, radgan uamrav moTxovnas uyeneben<br />
sakuTar Tavs, raTa RvTisa da xalxis winaSe moixadon vali.<br />
amgvaria marginalobis fenomenis ramdenime aspeqtis moxazvisa da gaanalizebis cda.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
acmoni 2007: acmoni g. sionizmi da sxva marginaluri mimdinareobebi, www.serendipity.li. 2007.<br />
gaseti 1993: gaseti x. `masebis amboxi~. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `xomli~, 1993.<br />
kankava 1981: kankava g. `marginaluri adamiani~. J. `qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi~. Tbilisi: 1981.<br />
fsalmunTa ganmarteba 1996: fsalmunTa ganmarteba, wigni I, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `marTlmadidebeli<br />
qristianis biblioTeka~, 1996.<br />
WavWavaZe 1985: WavWavaZe i. `oTaraanT qvrivi~. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,1985.<br />
66
demetre II Tavdadebuli<br />
giorgi alibegaSvili<br />
mefe demetre II bagrationi gansakuTrebuli RvawliTaa mosili saqarTvelos istoriaSi.<br />
cnobilia, rom sakuTari sicocxlis fasad samSoblo ixsna mtris Semosevisa da aoxrebisagan,<br />
amitom “Tavdadebulad” wodebuli Sevida Cveni eris istoriaSi.<br />
demetre II-is saxe win wamowia ilia WavWavaZem, romelmac gmir mefesa da mis saqcielze<br />
sagangebod Seqmna poema. rogorc ilias mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, mweralze bavSvobaSive didi<br />
STabeWdileba mouxdenia mefe demetres tragikul istorias. poeti Tavis avtobiografiaSi<br />
didi siyvaruliT ixseniebs pirvel maswavlebels, s<strong>of</strong>lis mTavars, romelsac saSinao skola<br />
hqonda gaxsnili da adgilobriv bavSvebs aswavlida. igi Turme didi gatacebiT uyveboda<br />
mowafeebs saqarTvelos istoriul warsulze. “bevri am ambavTagani CamrCa gulSi da erTi maT<br />
Soris, dimitri Tavdadebuli, Temad gamoviyene mravali wlis Semdego”, - aRniSnavs ilia<br />
(WavWavaZe 1957:308).<br />
yuradRebas aRar gavamaxvilebT am poemis Seqmnis istoriaze, mxolod im faqts<br />
gavixsenebT, rom “mefe demetre Tavdadebuli” iliam miuZRvna Tavis uaxloes megobars petre<br />
nakaSiZes, romelsac pirad saubrebSi gauRrmavebia poetis interesi demetre mefis<br />
pirovnebisadmi da STaugonebia poemis daweris idea. amas mowmobs avtografis pirvel gverdze<br />
ilias minaweri: “Zmao petre! Sengan STagonebuls Senve giZRvni!”. sayuradReboa, rom petre<br />
nakaSiZesve miuZRvna iliam poema “qarTvlis deda”.<br />
cnobilia, rom gardasul istoriaTa da gmirTa ambebi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtualurda<br />
romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi, rasac sxvadasxva mizezi hqonda. magram erTi ram ki unda<br />
SeiniSnos: saqarTvelos warsuli romantikosTa mier xSirad isea aRwerili da gaidealebuli,<br />
TiTqos Cvens qveyanas ar hyolia arc moRalateni, arc sulmokle laCrebi da arc Cveulebrivi<br />
adamianuri codvebiT damZimebuli adamianebi. TiTqos esaa erTi gabmuli sagmiro epopea<br />
yovelgvari xinjis gareSe. aseTia grigol orbelianis “sadRegrZelo”, sadac istoriul gmirTa<br />
saxeebi mxolod dadebiTi kuTxiTaa warmodgenili, rac Seexeba nikoloz baraTaSvilis poemas<br />
“bedi qarTlisa”, masSi mxolod gakvriTaa naxsenebi moRalateTa roli krwanisis tragediaSi,<br />
radgan ZiriTadi aqcenti “erTxel suls” daCneul sagmiro saqmeebsa da qarTlis bedzea<br />
gadatanili.<br />
ilias poema mihyveba saqarTvelos warsulis romantikul xedvas da, Tanadroulad,<br />
ZiriTad istoriul faqtebs iTvaliswinebs. unda iTqvas, rom ilia gverds uvlis mefe demetres<br />
adamianur naklovanebebs da mis saxes idealizeburad, romantikulad aRwers, rasac, Tavis<br />
mxriv, ra Tqma unda, gamarTleba aqvs. mefe demetres naklovanebebi ki “qarTlis cxovrebaSi”<br />
JamTaaRmwerels (XIV s.) aqvs warmodgenili.<br />
“JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis metyueleba ars da ara Tualaxma visTvisme”, - werda igi da<br />
iqve ganagrZobda, rom JamTaaRmwerlis movaleobaa, warmoaCinos rogorc keTilismoqmedni, ise<br />
borotismoqmedni. marTalia, ar aris sakadrisi, mefeTa Sesaxeb cudi ram Tqva, magram<br />
iZulebuli var, zogierTi “gansakTromeli moTxroba” movaTavsoo.<br />
saqarTvelos istoriis Znelbedobis Jams literaturul Tu istoriul TxzulebebSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT daismoda xolme kiTxva: ra mizeziT moxda Cvens qveyanaSi mtris<br />
agrerigi momZlavreba? umetes SemTxvevaSi amas esqatologiuri motivi eZebneboda. gavixsenoT<br />
Tundac ioane sabanisZe da daviT guarmiSvili, romlebic maRalmxatvruli ostatobiT<br />
gadmoscemdnen am problemas, daurideblad, ulmobeli, piruTvneli mxilebiT da, amave dros,<br />
didi gulistkiviliT.<br />
ioane sabanisZe arabTa momZlavrebas ase xsnis: “mravalni scdebodnen da mravalTa<br />
acdunebdneno”. axla ki damdgara esqatologiuri Jami, rac aRsasrulis gardauvalobas<br />
qadagebda. esqatologia kosmiur pesimizms amkvidrebda, oRond aRsasrulis gardauvalobis<br />
SegnebiT tragikul gancdas anelebda. Tumca ioane sabanisZis (da ara marto mis) sasargeblod<br />
unda iTqvas, rom qarTvel avtorebs arasodes aviwydebodaT xsnis gzis Zieba. “wm. abos<br />
wamebaSic” yvelaferi istoriuli xsnis imediTaa gamsWvaluli da aqeTken mimarTuli. amitom<br />
esqatologiuri motivebis moxmobas fsiqologiuri funqcia eniWeba. igi eris gafrTxilebasa<br />
da gam<strong>of</strong>xizlebas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
yovel dros Tavisi esqatologia aqvs. TavisTavad Zalze sayuradRebo iyo ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
aRsasrulis axsna adamianTa moraluri dacemiT. morali kosmiur Zalad cxaddeboda.<br />
konkretuli funqciebis miRma igulisxmeba adamianTa sayovelTao moraluri pozicia (siraZe<br />
1987:59).<br />
ioane sabanisZis msgavsad, demetre Tavdadebulis cxovrebis JamTaaRmwereli<br />
esqatologiis gasaazreblad iyenebs “drois” cnebas — “Jams”. “Jami” araa movlenaTa mxolod<br />
Tanmxlebi faqtori. igi movlenaTa raobis ganmsazRvrelia. “Jami” aRvsilia<br />
yovlismomaswavebeli Zalis SinaarsiT. amgvari “Jami” zogadad igivea, rac antikuri bediswera<br />
— “moira”, Tumca igi “xronossac” ukavSirdeba (siraZe 1987:60).<br />
67
mefe demetres dros “maT JamTa Sina” batonobdnen TaTar-mongolebi, ris wyalobiTac<br />
iyvnen “s<strong>of</strong>lisa mpyrobelni”. esqatologiuri “Jamis floba” ki, rogorc cnobilia,<br />
romantikosebamde aRwevs. “Jami Cemia da Jamisa me var imedi”, - wers nikoloz baraTaSvili (r.<br />
siraZe).<br />
ra adgili ukavia am JamSi mefe demetres da rodis dgeba misi “Jami”? esaa naCvenebi, erTi<br />
mxriv, JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi da, meore mxriv, ilias poemaSi.<br />
“iyo ese dimitri taniTa axovan, feriTa haerovan, Sesaxedavad turfa, TmiTa da wueriTa<br />
mwyazar da Suenier. TualiTa greman, beW-brtyel da Sewyobil samxedroTa wesiTa, sruli<br />
cxenosani da mSvildosani rCeuli, uxvi, mowyale da mdabali, glaxakTa, qurivTa da<br />
davrdomilTa mowyale, romel ara smenil ars naTesavi mefeTa gina sxuaTa kacTa. rameTu<br />
aqunda Cveuleba, aRiRis safase da aRdgis Rame. da movlis qalaqi, da moixilnis glaxakni da<br />
davrdomilni da obolni, da TvisiTa xeliTa miscemdis, da yovelTa uwyodian mowyaleba<br />
mefisa, da amisTvis glaxakni RamiT folocTa Sina vidodian, raTa SeemTxvevian mefesa; amas<br />
Tana moego marxuloba, RamiT locva da muxlTa — yra friadi, rameTu aTas xuTasi muxli<br />
moagdis mdablad miwasa zeda. esreT yovliTurT gaSuenebuli da ganaTebuli iyo” (qarTlis<br />
cxovreba — 1959:271-272), — ase axasiaTebs mefe demetres JamTaaRmwereli. iqve ki umatebs, rom<br />
“dReTa misTa ara iqmneboda TaTarTagan Zali da usamarTloba, arca didTa noinTagan, arca<br />
elCTagan. da esreT aSenda saqarTvelo da moirWuna”.<br />
SevniSnavT, rom ara mxolod azrobrivad mihyveba am Txrobas ilia WavWavaZe, rac<br />
adasturebs mis mier JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis gamoyenebas:<br />
iqve iliac umatebs:<br />
dimitri erqva saxelad,<br />
mxarbeWprtyeli, tanmaRali,<br />
jiriTSi Tu Svild-isarSi<br />
aravin hyavda badali.<br />
kaci iyo, mefe-kaci,<br />
Tvalad, tanad Svenieri,<br />
gared — risxviT mtrisa msrveli,<br />
Sin — mowyale, RvTisnieri.<br />
RamiT Turme Caicvamda<br />
ubralo kaba-jubasa,<br />
wava da inaxulebda<br />
sawyalis xalxis ubansa.<br />
moivlida qvrivs da oxers,<br />
davrdomilsa da obolsa,<br />
Tavis xeliT urigebda<br />
mowyalebas da sazrdosa.<br />
vis rac gulSi dardi hqonda,<br />
wava — imas SesCivlebda,<br />
glaxis, oblis, Cagrulisas<br />
sarCelsa ar iTakilebda.<br />
yvelgan imis samefoSi<br />
Txa da mgeli erTad sZovda,<br />
eri, beri, obol-qvrivi —<br />
sul imis dRes hloculobda.<br />
mis dros iyo yeinoba,<br />
mefe yeins hmorCilebda,<br />
magram Tavis qveynis saqmes<br />
Tvis nebazed ganagebda. (WavWavaZe 1987: 231).<br />
JamTaaRmwerlisaTvis gansakuTrebulia is faqti, Tu rogori iyo mefe demetre da<br />
Semdeg rogori gaxda. “mefeman .... aRaSenna queyanani mooxrebulni. amanve aRaSena palatsa Sina<br />
monasteri, isanTa, say<strong>of</strong>elTa metexTa RmrTismSobelsa, da Seamko gangebiTa didiTa, da<br />
Seswirna s<strong>of</strong>elni da zuarni, da ganuCina monazonTa sazrdeli da samoseli, da ganago<br />
gangebiTa keTiliTa”. am da sxva saTnoebebSi “mefe dimitri waremateboda RmrTismsaxurebiTa<br />
da kacT-moyuarebiTa”. amas mohyva is, rom “damSvidna queyana da yovliT kerZo iwyo mSvidoba.<br />
mohxedna RmerTman wyalobiT mosavTa misTa, da iyo uxueba purisa da Rvinisa, da mefe dimitri<br />
ganagebda samefoTa saqmeTa”.<br />
swored xorciel fufunebasa da siameSi imaleboda is udidesi safrTxe, romelmac<br />
gamoiwvia momakvdinebeli cduneba: qarTvelebma “viTar moicales mcired WirTagan da<br />
ganisuenebdes, da midrkes gzisagan saRmrTosa, iwyes gandgomad, rameTu mefeman moiyvanna samni<br />
colni.... da kualad sxuanica aRmoscendebodes borotni, rameTu iwyes urTierTas mZlavrebad<br />
da mixueWad, da aravin ipoveboda samarTlis my<strong>of</strong>eli”...<br />
68
es viTareba ilias poemaSi araa aRwerili. aseve sityvac araa Tqmuli mefis Sesaxeb.<br />
aqcenti sul sxva movlenebzea gakeTebuli da es SemTxveviTi araa. am sakiTxs qvemoT SevexebiT.<br />
JamTaaRmwereli ki, msgavsad mogvianebiT moRvawe daviT guramiSvilisa, Tavsdatexil<br />
ubedurebas qarTvelTagan swored RvTis gzidan gandgomas miiCnevs da ramdenjerme SeniSnavs:<br />
“maSin moiwia samarTali sasjeli codvaTa CuenTaTvis”; “didsa oTxSabaTsa SeiZra mZafrad<br />
queyana, samxileblad usjuloebaTa CuenTaTvis”; “risxviT moxedna RmerTman queyanasa,<br />
simravlisaTvis usamarTlobaTa CuenTasa”.<br />
veranairi zemoqmedeba ver iqonia qarTvelebze sulieri mamebis — nikoloz<br />
kaTolikosisa da nikoloz mawyverelis Segonebebma da mxilebam, rasac Sedegad is mohyva, rom:<br />
“safuZveliTurT SeiZra queyana da SeZrwunda esoden, romel daiqces saydarni da monasterni,<br />
eklesiani, cixeni, saxlni, naSenebni mooxrdes, mTani da borcuni maRalni daizules, kldeni<br />
saxed mtuerisa dagalnes, da miwa ganipo, da Savi wyali msgavsi kuprisa aRmoiWra, xeni maRalni<br />
daecnian da iryeodian Zrvasa queyanisasa. romlisaTvis saydari awyuerisa daiqca, rameTu<br />
yovlad-wminda awyuerisa RmrTismSobeli, litaniobiT Sesuenebuli, saSual saydrisa esuena;<br />
gumbaTi CamoiWra, da viTar qudi kacisa esreT Tavsa daerqua, da darCa uvneblad, ZlierebiTave<br />
misiTa.... mcxeTis saydarica daiqca, samcxes uricxvi suli moswyda, da yovlad saydari, eklesia<br />
da cixe arsad darCa dauqcevari, iqmna glova da tirili uzomo”.<br />
ase maRalmxatvrulad aRwers JamTaaRmwereli im apokaliptur suraTs, rac qarTvelTa<br />
uflisgan gandgomam gamoiwvia da esqatologiuri Jamis gancda dabada.<br />
nikoloz kaTolikosi sxva mizezTa gamoc iyo gulZvirad mefeze — igi “friad abralebda,<br />
da RmrTisa sasjelTa Tualuxobasa aqadebda” mas. JamTaaRmwereli xazgasmiT SeniSnavs, rom<br />
“aqamomde mefe dimitri, keTilad mmarTebeli, skiptraTa samefoTa Semkobili, da mowyalebisa<br />
da mosamarTleobisa, monazonTa da eklesiaTa, yovelTa wesTa saRmrToTa da kacobrivTa<br />
keTilad zedamiwevniT mmarTebeli, sisrulisagan mcired midrka, da aReria warmarTTa. da<br />
iswavna saqmeni maTni, uZRebebisa da siZvisa” da iqve bibliur paralelsac ixmobs: “dedaTa<br />
SeacTunes solomonisebro”.<br />
amaod damaSvralma nikolozma “dauteva kaTalikosoba, da xeliTa TvisiTa akurTxa<br />
juarismtvirTeli mefisa abraham kaTalikosad da TviT warvida mamulad da Tvisad”.<br />
rogorc irkveva, mefis sulier gamoRviZebaSi udidesi roli Seasrula mTawmindidan<br />
mosulma basili monazonma, romelic “gamocxadebiTa yovlad-wmidisa RvTismSobelisaTa, da<br />
viTarca mociquli Zlierad amxilebda da winaaRudgeboda mefesa uwesosa misTvis qorwinebisa,<br />
da aswavebda siwmidesa, da moaxsenebda taZar-RmrTisa y<strong>of</strong>asa Cuensa”.<br />
demetre mefes trapizonelTa asulisagan hyavda pirmSo daviTi, vaxtangi, laSa da<br />
manoveli, asuli rusudani; TaTris asulisagan ori Ze — baduri da iadgari, asuli jigda; xolo<br />
beqas qaliSvilisagan — “Ze mxolo giorgi” (brwyinvale).<br />
am informaciis Semdeg iwyeba demetre mefis codvaTagan gamoxsna da uflisagan<br />
movlenili udidesi gamocda, romelsac bagratovani xelmwife Rirseulad Sexvda da<br />
mowamebrivad gauZlo. aq isev axlovdeba JamTaaRmwerlis Txzuleba da ilias poema, raSic<br />
igulisxmeba gadawyevtilebis misaRebad sasuliero pirTa da saero didebulTa TavSeyra,<br />
urdoSi gamgzavreba, dagvianebis gamo mongolTa laSqris saqarTvelosken daZvra da a.S. ar<br />
SeiZleba im mSvenieri monologis gverdis avla, romelsac, erTi mxriv, gvawvdis<br />
JamTaaRmwereli da, meore mxriv, ilia warmoaTqmevinebs demetre Tavdadebuls.<br />
JamTaaRmwereli: “mravalmRelvare ars sawuTo ese, daudgromeli da warmavali, dReni<br />
Cuenni sizmrebr da aCrdilebr warvlen, da unebel da mswrafl Tana-guac warsvla s<strong>of</strong>lisa<br />
amisgan. ra sargebel ars cxovreba Cemi, ukeTu CemTvis mraval suli mokudes da me tvirT-mZime<br />
codvaTa ganvide s<strong>of</strong>lisa amisgan, aw mnebavs, raTa warvide yaens winaSe, da iyos neba RmrTisa:<br />
ukeTu momklan, vgoneb, rome queyana uvneblad darCes” (qarTlis cxovreba — 1959 :272-288).<br />
ilia: bolos brZana: “es qveyana<br />
RvTisagan maqvs monabari...<br />
me davrCe da igi warxdes,<br />
miTxariT, ra madli ari!<br />
qveynis amodena codva<br />
Cems Tavzed datrialebda,<br />
wawymdeba aqac da iqac<br />
dimitri mefis xseneba!....<br />
ara! waval, ar davdgebi,<br />
de, asruldes neba RvTisa,<br />
xorci mokvdes, suli cxondes<br />
mefis Tqvenis dimitrisa”.<br />
kaTolikosis rCevac (igulisxmebian sxva sasuliero pirebic) analogiuria:<br />
vstir da girCev RvTis saxeliT,<br />
xorci dasTmo sulisaTvis,<br />
ukvdaveba ar dahkargo<br />
69
wuTis-s<strong>of</strong>lis gulisaTvis.<br />
da kidev ilias ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis arsebiTi aspeqtis gamomxatveli str<strong>of</strong>i, romlis<br />
Sinaarsic JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi qveteqsturad ikiTxeba:<br />
gana TviTon qriste-RmerTsa<br />
gadarCena ar Zal-edva,<br />
ar ineba da qveynisTvis —<br />
RmerTi iyo da — jvars ecva (WavWavaZe — 1987 :235-238,245).<br />
am rwmenas ilia am da sxva mxatvrul qmnilebebSic yovelTvis win swevs. gavixsenoT<br />
Tundac “aCrdilis” striqonebi:<br />
jvarcmulis RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmulo da wamebulo,<br />
eklians gzazed Senebr sxvasa romels uvlia?....<br />
da davrwmundebiT, Tu ratom uvlis mwerali gverds mefe demetre Tavdadebulis<br />
adamianur naklovanebebs. im dros, rodesac saqarTveloSi esoden momZlavrebuli iyo qveynis<br />
Ralatic da mxolod piradi interesebis win wamoweva, gaurkveveli da bundovani xedva<br />
samSoblos momavlisa, gautanloba, orpiroba, muxTloba, bunebrivia, ilias sWirdeboda gmiri,<br />
is idealuri pirovneba, romelic ers gamoafxizlebda, siamayisa da Rirsebis grZnobas<br />
gauRviZebda da aumaRlebda. naklovaneba realobaSic sakmaoze meti iyo. aqdan ikveTeba<br />
heroizmis esTetizacia da zneobrivi idealis Zieba, rac ilias Semoqmedebas yovelTvis axlavs.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
siraZe 1987: siraZe r. qarTuli agiografia. Tbilisi: 1987.<br />
qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. t. II. Tbilisi: 1959.<br />
WavWavaZe 1957: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. IX. Tbilisi: 1957.<br />
WavWavaZe 1987: wavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. I. Tbilisi: 1987.<br />
70
igavuri metyvelebis bibliuri principi<br />
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
mariam niniZe<br />
sxvadasxva religiur-kulturul arealSi esTetikac sxvadasxvagvari yalibdeba.<br />
qarTuli mwerlobis mravalsaukunovan istorias safuZvlad qristianuli tradiciebi da<br />
Rirebulebebi udevs. es exeba rogorc Zvel, ise axal literaturas. sabWoTa periodSi am<br />
faqtis ugulvebely<strong>of</strong>a xdeboda, `realizmi~ lamis `materializmTan~ igivdeboda, XIX saukunis<br />
mwerlebis, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba ki aTeisturi poziciidan ganixileboda. es<br />
mniSvnelovnad akninebda imdroindeli literaturaTmcodneobis mecnierul Rirebulebas.<br />
dResdReobiT sarwmunoebriv sakiTxTa kvlevas tabu aexsna magram Zveli kliSeebi mainc<br />
moqmedebs. amis gamo mamuliSviluri siyvarulis iliaseul koncefciaSi, mis mier gatarebul<br />
orTografiul reformasa da qristianuli suliskveTbiT gajerebul mxatvrul simbolikaSi<br />
zogjer kvlav sarwmunoebis desakralizaciasa da sekularizacias vxedavT.<br />
RmerTis Canacvleba amqveyniuri, miwieri faqtorebiT (sekularizacia) _ ar esadageba<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mrwamss. miuxedavad aSkara sakralizaciisa, mamuls mis gulsa da gonebaSi<br />
RmerTis adgili arasodes daukavebia. piriqiT, ilias nawerebSi yvelgan igrZnoba, rom qveynis<br />
siyvaruli RvTisgan naswavlebi, misTvis misaRebi, da ara masTan dapirispirebuli, grZnobaa.<br />
`eha, mamulo, Senis trfobis Zalsa RvTiursa, ra daudgeba?~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 206); `mamuls migca<br />
zecama~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 86); `sazrdod xmarobde qristesa mcnebas~(WavWavaZe 1987: 68) wers igi.<br />
mamuli da ena mis triadaSi sarwmunoebiT aris Sekruli da dagvirgvinebuli (WavWavaZe 1991: 30).<br />
sekularizaciis kvali ar Cans arc mwerlis sazogadoebriv wamowyebebSi, maT Soris<br />
orTografiul reformaSi. Tavisufali neba, romelic RmerTma adamians mianiWa, gulisxmobs<br />
yovel wuTs alternativis winaSe dgomas. es dilema xSirad rTuli gadasawyvetia, magram<br />
orTagan ufro mniSvnelovanze arCevanis gakeTebac macxovarma gvaswavla. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom adamianebs SabaTi uqmed ganuwesa, maTTvis sasikeTod (maT gansaswavlad, gansakurneblad<br />
da sxv.) am SezRudvis darRvevac Tavad dauSva, imitom, rom wesebze ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
misTvis adamiani iyo. macxovris TqmiT: `taZrisa ufrois ars aqa... ufal ars Ze kacisai<br />
SabaTisaca~ (m. 12. 6-8). davufiqrdeT, aso-niSanTa sistemaSi cvlilebis ganxorcielebisas ra<br />
unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo mniSvnelovani iliasaTvis.<br />
xmarebidan amoRebul asoebs, rogorc grafikul da ara semantikur elementebs, araTu<br />
religiasTan, arcerT konkretul TemasTan an SinaarsTanac ar hqonia raime kavSiri. imis gamo,<br />
rom maT ar gaaCnda sityvaTganmasxvavebeli, distinqturi funqcia, salaparako enam maTze<br />
TavisTavad Tqva uari da ilias drois zepir metyvelebaSi isini aRar ixmareboda. arc am<br />
faqtobrivi viTarebiT da arc ilias mier maTze uaris Tqmis dakanonebiT Cveni enis<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebi, maT Soris religiuri Sinaarsis gamoxatvis unari,<br />
odnavadac ar dakninebula, dadebiTi mxare ki am movlenas namdvilad hqonda.<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisSi wera-kiTxva ar icoda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
sakmaod didma nawilma da, rogorc imdroindel dokumentur da mxatvrl masalebSi, Tundac<br />
ilias moTxroba `glaxis naambobSi~ Cans, bevrs misi swavla miuRwevladac ki eCveneboda<br />
(WavWavaZe 1988: 143-145, 148-152). ufunqcio asoebis arseboba saqmes arTulebda,<br />
orTografiulma reformam ki qarTuli wera-kiTxva gacilebiT ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxada<br />
yvela wodebis, asakisa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobis adamianisaTvis. es wamowyeba konkretuli,<br />
praqtikuli interesebidan gamomdinareobda da araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia<br />
sekularizaciasTan.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis dapirispireba ufros TaobasTan religiur niadagze ar momxdara, igi<br />
literaturis sakiTxebze paeqrobiT daiwyo. marTalia, `mamebs~ Tavdapirvelad moeCvenaT, rom<br />
axalgazrdebi ufrosebis esTetikuri principebis saxiT sarwmunoebas upirispirdebodnen,<br />
magram Tavis pasuxSi iliam garkveviT ganmarta, rom misTvis miuRebeli farisevloba iyo da<br />
ara qristianoba (WavWavaZe 1987: 142,143). es ganacxadi movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebamac<br />
daadastura. samocianelebma formalobamde dayvanili rwmena gamoacocxles da mamulis<br />
droSasTan erTad qristes jvaric Rirseulad atares. saintereso faqtia, rom vaxtang da<br />
grigol orbelianebis lirikaSi, religiuri Tematika ilia WavWavaZis `mamao Cvenos...~ Semdeg<br />
gaCnda. axali Taobis gulwrfeloba da simarTle mogvianebiT `mamebmac~ gaacnobieres. amis<br />
dasturia Tundac is, rom grigol orbelianma Tavisi axali leqsi _ `fsalmuni~, udidesi<br />
pativiscemis gamomxatvel pirad werilTan erTad, swored ilias gaugzavna Sesafaseblad da<br />
dasabeWdad.<br />
pirovnebis mrwamsi SesaZloa ara mxolod Teoriul naazrevSi, aramed calkeuli<br />
principebis, struqturebisa da elementebisadmi damokidebulebaSic gamomJRavndes, magram es<br />
yovelive garkveuli Sinaarsis matarebeli unda iyos da maT mowonebas Tu uary<strong>of</strong>as Sesabamisi<br />
axsna unda gaaCndes. amis demonstrireba SegviZlia leqsikisadmi ilias damokidebulebis<br />
CvenebiT. sityvieri maragis gasamdidreblad mas saukeTeso gzad swored bibliuri wyaroebiT<br />
sargebloba miaCnda. amas mowmobs mwerlis gamonaTqvami: `ueWvelia, Zriel gonivrad iqceva isa,<br />
vinc mudam Jams kiTxulobs saRmrTo werilsa. imis wamkiTxavi ornairad aris sargeblobaSi,<br />
71
pirvelad: Seiswavebs RvTis vedrebasa da ramdensac momatebulad kiTxulobs, imdenad<br />
mkvidrad dainergeba imis gulSi sarwmunoeba qristesi; da meored: iq Sexvdeba mraval namdvil<br />
qarTul sityvasa, romelnic amJamad bevrni maTganni aRar ixmarebian saero laparakSi, da maSin,<br />
rodesac saRmrTo werili gadmouTargmniaT qarTulad berZnulidgan, xmarebaSi y<strong>of</strong>ila.<br />
mxolod iqidgan gadmotanili sityva unda moixmaros ise, im kiloze, rogorc amJamad<br />
laparakobs xalxi...~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 79).<br />
rodesac ilia WavWavaZem rusul-qarTuli leqsikonis Sedgena gadawyvita, sityvebis<br />
SesarCevad kvlav wminda werils mimarTa. marTalia, Canafiqris ganxorcieleba ar daascalda,<br />
magram, amonawerebi, romlebic mTlianad bibliuri wignebidan aris gakeTebuli, aSkarad<br />
mowmobs mis am ganzraxvas.<br />
avTenturi konteqstidan sityvas Tan mohyveba Sesabamisi asociaciebi da ganwyoba. amitom<br />
iliasaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda, saidan amdidrebda mwerali Tavis leqsikur marags. igi<br />
gansakuTrebiT uqebda grigol orbelians imas, rom man Tavisi nawerebidan `sruliad gandevna<br />
sparsuli kilo da miTologiuri saxelebiT aWreleba sityvierebisa.~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 534) Cveni<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobisaTvis ucxo _ aRmosavluri da miTosuri elementebi arc ilias<br />
SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba, rasac, ra Tqma unda, ver vityviT qristianul leqsikaze. piriqiT,<br />
mwerali mas savsebiT gacnobierebulad aniWebda upiratesobas, imitom, rom qristianoba<br />
misTvis ara miTosi, aramed `gulis WeSmariteba ~ iyo (WavWavaZe 2007: 279).<br />
mxatvruli tropebis umravlesoba Sedarebazea agebuli, Sedareba ki realur msgavsebas<br />
an asociacias emyareba. vidre rTuli mxatvruli saxeebis axsnas SevecdebiT, vnaxoT, rasTan<br />
mimarTebiT ra asociacia uCndeboda xolme ilia WavWavaZes. mis publicistikaSi xSirad<br />
gvxvdeba adamianTa am Tu im Rirseuli Tu uRirsi saqcielis Sedareba saWurvelTan: Wori da<br />
ciliswameba sisustis iaraRTanaa asocirebuli, kilva da Zageba _ uRonobisasTan, bezRoba _<br />
samarcxvino far-xmalTan, tyuilubralo muqara da qadili _ pirgaReWil xmalTan, codna _<br />
faqiz da wminda iaraRTan, skola _ orpir xmalTan, rjuli _ erovnobis far-xmalTan da sxv.<br />
sabrZolo aRWurvilobis Sedareba adamianur TvisebebTan da qcevasTan araerTgan<br />
gvxvdeba wminda werilSi. magaliTad, pavle mociqulis efeselTa mimarT epistoleSi<br />
moxseniebulia `fari igi sarwmunoebisai~ da `maxvili igi sulisai` (6,11). wminda weriliseuli<br />
martivi Sedarebebi da metaforebi xSirad iqceva xolme simboloebad. davakvirdeT am<br />
movlenas imave iaraRis magaliTze. rodesac macxovari mociqulebs aswavlis: `ganyiden<br />
samoseli Tvisi da iyiden maxvili~ maT sityvebze: `aha, esera arian aqa or danak~ (luka 22. 36) ki<br />
pasuxobs, rom sakmarisia, `maxvili~ da `danaki~ adamianuri Rirsebebis simboluri saxeebia<br />
(erT-erTi ganmartebiT _ WeSmariti rwmenis da sarwmunoebrivi saqmeebis).<br />
sagaloblebSi, xatebsa da freskebze qristes mxedrebis sabrZolo aRWurvilobiT<br />
warmoCenac simbolikaa. magaliTad, wminda giorgis Sesaxeb mis cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`Seimosa yovlad saWurveli igi sulieri... aRiRo fari sarwmunoebisai xelTa TvisTa da<br />
maxvili igi sulisa, romel ars sityuai RmrTisai...~ (gabiZaSvili 1992: 162). rogorc Cans, msgavs<br />
xerxs _ martivi Sedarebidan simboloze gadasvlas mxatvrul TxzulebebSi ilia WavWavaZec<br />
mimarTavs. oTaraSvilebis saWurveli, romelic am ojaxis `uZvirfasesi ganZia~, romelsac<br />
ukavSirdeba sulTmobrZavi mamis _ Tevdores anderZi, romelsac qvrivi yovel kviras<br />
cremliT wmends, avtori ki am process locvas adarebs; iaraRi, romliT mokluli Citic ki ar<br />
aris naxsenebi da misi mflobelebi mainc did `monadireebad~ iTvlebian, warmoudgenelia, rom<br />
simboluri mniSvnelobisa ar iyos, da ras SeiZleba igi ukavSirdebodes, Tu ara imave<br />
qristianul tradicias.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe qarTul naraciaSi sekularuli simbolikis damamkvidrebeli ver iqneba,<br />
radgan misi simbolo-alegoriebis didi nawili wminda werilisa da sasuliero<br />
literaturiseul saxeebs ara mxolod leqsikuri aRmniSvneliT ukavSirdeba, aramed<br />
SinaarsiTac. mxatvrul TxzulebebSi ambisa da azris, gamogonilisa da realuris<br />
Tanaarsebobis, maTi orplanianobis saTaveebs ilia igavuri metyvelebis wminda weriliseul<br />
tradiciebSi xedavda. 1896 wels statiaSi `Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~ igi aRniSnavs, rom<br />
`TiTon saRmrTo werilis igavni... orkec Tvisebisani da Rirsebisani arian...~ da `mTeli egredwodebuli<br />
sityvakazmuli literaturac am safuZvelzea aSenebuli: mogonilis ambiT cxadhyos<br />
marTali~.<br />
ilias TqmiT, `...saba orbelianis sicrue da erTob sityvakazmul literaturisa... azris<br />
amxsnelia, mauwyebelia, gagebis gza da xidia...~ orplanianoba, wminda werilis igavebis darad,<br />
ara mxolod ezopes, lafontenis, Zmebi grimebis, andersonis, krilovis, saba orbelianis igavarakebSi,<br />
aramed mTel mxatvrul literaturaSi avisa da kargis erTmaneTisagan garCevas<br />
emsaxureba. fabula, gamogonili ambavi mxolod garegani formaa, romelSiac gaxveulia<br />
mTavari saTqmeli. mwerlis azriT, amgvari teqstebis kiTxvisas erTi principiT unda<br />
vixelmZRvaneloT _ suls unda vadevnoTgulisyuri da ara xorcs, azrs da ara ambavs, radgan,<br />
`ambavi marto azris gamosasaxavad aris aq CarTuli da mogonili~.<br />
wminda weriliseul mTesvaris igavTan azrobriv kavSirSia RvTis sityvis Tavdapirvelad<br />
sixaruliT mimRebi, Semdeg ki misi uarmy<strong>of</strong>eli gabrielis dakavSireba kldis saxesTan. Sdr.<br />
keTil TeslTagan erTi davarda `kldoansa zeda, sada ara iyo miwai friad da meyseulad<br />
72
aRmoscenda, da rameTu ara iyo siRrmei miwisai, mzei aRmohxda da dacxa, da rameTu Zirni ara<br />
daebnes, da ganxma.~ macxovris ganmartebiT: `romeli igi kldovansa zeda daeTesa, ese ars:<br />
romelman sityuai igi (sasufevelisai) isminis da meyseulad sixaruliT gulsa Tvissa miiRis<br />
igi, xolo Ziri ara aqun gulsa Tvissa, aramed sawuTrosa arn da raJams arn Wiri anu devnai<br />
sityvisa misTvis, meyseulad dabrkoldian (maTe 13) `romelTa igi Jam erT hrwamn da Jamsa<br />
gansacdelisasa gandgian~ (luka 6).<br />
gabrielis problemac is aris, rom bolomde ver xsnis Tavis klde guls RvTis sityvis<br />
dasamkvidreblad. roca mRvdeli arwmunebs, `kacma rom moindomos, kldes gaarRvevso~, igi jer<br />
WoWmanobs: `kldis gamrRvev kacs sxva feric aZevso~, Semdeg hpirdeba: `vcdi, Tunda kldem qveS<br />
momitanoso~. magram sikvdilis win aRiarebs: `vai rom bedma qveS momitana... da ai, veRar<br />
wamovudeqi, Torem vin icis? iqneba mec SemZleboda kaikacobao~ kldesTan Sedareba aq<br />
arsebiTad imave Sinaarsis matarebelia, rogorisac saxarebis dasaxelebul igavSi da<br />
mizandasaxulobac iseTive aqvs _ gamogonili magaliTiT mogvces sulieri swavleba _<br />
dagvanaxos, rom gakerpebul gulSi Tesli keTili fesvebs ver gaidgams. Tu igi sinanuliT ar<br />
movarbileT, sixaruliT miRebuli madli cxovrebiseuli dabrkolebisTanave dagvekargeba.<br />
wminda weriliseul saxeebs ukavSirdeba TaTqariZeebis asocireba RorebTan da<br />
luarsabis sizmriseuli locvis mimsgavseba mezverisa da farisevlis igaviseul farisevlis<br />
locvasTan (l. 18. 10); darejanis mier `daviTnis~ codniT Tavmowoneba, misi da luarsabis<br />
uazro saubrebi wminda werilze, winaaswarmetyvelebze, xe cnobadisas almasisa da iagundis<br />
nay<strong>of</strong>ze da sxv. marTlac Zalian gavs Rorebis mier margalitebis fexqveS Telvas. sityvebSi:<br />
`nuca daugebT margalitsa winaSe RorTa~ (maTe, 7. 6) ioane oqropiris ganmartebiT macxovari<br />
iseT adamianebs gulisxmobs, `romelni maradis Seginebulsa da bilwsa moqalaqeobasa Sina<br />
iqcevian~ (ioane oqropiri 1996: 77)<br />
saxarebis igaviseuli farisevlis msgavsad lursabis locvac ori Temisgan Sedgeba _<br />
sakuTari damsaxurebis warmoCenisa da sxvisi gankiTxvisagan: `RmerTo!.. Tormet-abaziani<br />
cxvari dagikal, ori abazis wminda sanTeli aginTe... marxva me ar gamitexia... aba Cven mRvdelsa<br />
hkiTxe, Tu me codva miqnia rame...~ ambobs luarsabi. Sdr. `RmerTo... vimarxav or gzis SabaTsa<br />
Sina da aTeulsa Sevswirav yovlisagan monagebisa Cemisa~ (luka 18. 12) daviTis lukma unda<br />
gamxado?! rac imas qveyanazed cdva Caudenia, vin mosTvlis? abezRebs Zmas luarsabi. Sdr.<br />
`gmadlob Sen, rameTu ara var viTarca sxuani kacni mtacebel, cru da memruSe, gina viTarca ese<br />
mezuere...~ ambobs fariseveli (luka 18. 11). am saxeebiTac mwerali igives gvaswavlis, rasac<br />
saxarebiseuli igavi. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom Tanadrouli cxovrebidan pirdapir, cocxlad<br />
aRebuli saxis CvenebiT igi bibliur swavlebas kidev ufro axlobels da gasagebs xdis<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis.<br />
igavebis simravlis miuxedavad, wminda werilis umetesi nawili mainc realur movlenebs<br />
asaxavs, epikuri mxatvruli Txzulebis fabula ki, faqtobrivad mTlianad igavi, mTlianad<br />
gamonagonia. amitom ilia maqsimalurad iyenebs Tavis SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs da iseTi<br />
realuri piris mixedviTac, rogoric petre mociqulia, moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~ qmnis<br />
sruliad axal, gamogonil mxatvrul saxes, am kavSirze misaniSneblad ki masac petres arqmevs.<br />
Txzulebis gmirs mociqulTan saerTo aqvs is, rom igi Tavis garemocvaSi yvelaze<br />
gamorCeulia, Tavis Tavs qristes mimdevrad Tvlis, madli aqvs da unari Seswevs adamiani<br />
sulierad `moinadiros~, magram masac zedmeti TviTdajerebuloba Seepareba da daiqadis imas,<br />
rasac ver aRasrulebs. erTi maTgani sikvdilis, meore ki dacinvis SiSis gamo, uars amboben im<br />
madlze, romelic sxvebisagan gamoarCevda, uerTdebian codvian masas da uxmod eswrebian<br />
mociquli petre TviT uflis, meurme petre ki RvTis xatad Seqmnili _ `RvTis kerZo~ adamianis<br />
sasikvdilo ganaCens. gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom mamlis yivilma petre mociquli<br />
sinanulSi Caagdo. mas yovel ganTiadze axsendeboda sakuTari Secodeba, ganicdida mas da<br />
madlic daibruna, personaJ petres ki mamlis yivili kidev ufro uRvivebs ampartavnebas da<br />
moTxroba ise mTavrdeba, rom SiSisa da TrTolvis miuxedavad, Tavis danaSauls ar aRiarebs.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, wminda werilTan aluziur kavSirs ilia Tanabari ostatobiT iyenebs rogorc<br />
msgavsebis, ise kontrastis warmosaCenad.<br />
paralelebisaTvis mwerali xSirad mimarTavs agiografiul literaturasac. amis<br />
dasturia is araerTi aluzia, romelic akavSirebs `oTaraanT qvrivs~ wminda giorgisa da wminda<br />
Teodore tironis cxovrebaTa amsaxvel TxzulebebTan (niniZe 2005: 50-65). urmis Tvalze<br />
gacmisTvis Tevdores mzaoba (`eh, netavi ki eg davaJkacebuli menaxa da!.. merme Tunda urmis<br />
Tvalzed gavcmodio...~) da misi Sedareba ToneSi gamomcxvar purTan (`aseTi puri marto imaT<br />
ToneSi cxveba~) aSkarad exmianeba wminda Tevdores aRsasruls. igi urmis Tvlebze mikruli<br />
Seagores cecxlSi da `cecxlsa Sina Seicxo, viTarca puri tkbili da Sewirul iqmna winaSe<br />
samebisa~ (wiqariSvili: )<br />
uflis mier Seqmnil cxovelebsa da mcenareebs arsebobis windawinve gansazRvruli wesi<br />
aqvT. maTi esa Tu is Tviseba TvalsaCino da ioli aRsaqmelia: velis SroSans ulamazesad<br />
mosarTavad arc kerva sWirdeba da arc rTva (luka 12.27), mdogvis umciresi marcvlidan<br />
uzarmazari xe izrdeba (mark. 4.31), leRvis furclis darbileba zafxulis moaxloebis<br />
mauwyebelia (m. 24.32) da a.S. sxva arsebebisa da bunebrivi movlenebisagan gansxvavebiT adamians<br />
73
aqvs Tavisufali neba, mravalferi da winaaRmdegobrivi buneba. sulxan-sabas igavi rom<br />
moviSvelioT, misi ena utkbesic SeiZleba iyos da umwaresic; man SeiZleba siyvarulic Tesos da<br />
mtrobac. amitom ganzogadebulad adamianis verc saTnoebaze vilaparakebT, verc cbierebaze<br />
da verc romelime sxva Tvisebaze. adamians sxva arsebaTa bunebaSi garkveva ufro uadvildeba,<br />
vidre sakuTarSi. amitom qristianulma moZRvrebam da Semdeg kulturamac farTod gamoiyena<br />
usulo da fSvinvier samyarosTan Sedareba imisaTvis, rom adamians daxmareboda sakuTari<br />
rTuli bunebis Semecnebasa da sulier swavlebaTa gaazrebaSi. velis SroSanis magaliTze man<br />
iswavla, rom Tu RmerTi mindvris balaxze ase zrunavs, arc mas datovebs unugeSod, mdogvis<br />
marcvlis magaliTze iswavla, rom RvTisTvis SeuZlebeli araferia da a.S.<br />
saWiroebisda mixedviT, wminda werilis sxvadasxva adgilas adamiani Sedarebulia<br />
gzasTan, kldovan, eklian da keTil niadagTan, RorTan, ZaRlTan, gvelTan, mtredTan da sxv.<br />
TiToeuli amvari SemTxveva gvexmareba adamianuri saqcielis an romelime sulieri swavlebis<br />
aRqmasa da gaazrebaSi. aseTi paralelebi, rogorc martivi Sedarebis, ise rTuli tropebis<br />
saxiT xSirad gvxvdeba ilia WavWavaZis nawerebSi. Zalze STambeWdavia am mxriv Tvalaxveuli,<br />
frTaSekruli, eJvangamobmuli miminos da frTebCamoyrili farSevangis saxeebi `glaxis<br />
naambobSi~, Tevzisa da cxenis simboloebi sxvadasxva nawarmoebebSi da a.S.<br />
imis gamo, rom wminda weriliseuli paralelis safuZveli romeliRac erTi aspeqtia da<br />
ara Sesadareblbs Soris arsobrivi msgavseba. TviT macxovaric ki SeiZleba matlTan an<br />
mparavTan (luka 12.39) iyos Sedarebuli (`ukueTumca icoda saxlisa ufalman, raJams mparavi<br />
movals, iRviZebdamca... da Tquenca iyveniT ganmzadebul, rameTu Jamsa, romelsa ara<br />
hgonebdeT, Ze kacisai movides~), gveli ki dadebiT konteqstSi moixseniebodes: `iyveniT Tquen<br />
mecnier viTarca guelni (m. 10.16). mTavaria, ra niSniT keTdeba paraleli, sxva raime SezRudva,<br />
rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs. amave princips emyareba wminda ilia marTalic, roca personaJTa<br />
sulieri portretebis Sesaqmnelasd axdens bibliaSi gamoyenebuli saxeebis varirebas da<br />
axlebis Semotanas. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia moTxrobaSi `glaxis naambobi~ daTikos iremTan<br />
Sedareba wminda weriliseul, RmerTsmowyurebul irmis saxesTan kontrestis gamosakveTad.<br />
Cven mier ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebidan moxmobilis msgavsi magaliTebi sxva<br />
kulturebSic gvxvdeba, magram iq maT sxva Sinaarsi da mizandasaxuloba aqvs. amas garda,<br />
ramdenadac publicistikaSi mwerali igavuri metyvelebis miseul princips Tavad adarebs<br />
saRvTo werilisas, vfiqrobT, rom swored mas eyrdnoba da ara romelime sxva wyaros.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
gabiZaSvili 1992: wminda giorgi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, gamosacemad moamzada e. gabiZaSvilma, Tb. 1992.<br />
ioane oqropiri 1996: ioane oqropiri, Targmanebai maTes saxarebisai w. II, gamomc. Tsu, 1996.<br />
niniZe 2005: niniZe m. mxatvrul saxeTa sistema da religiuri diskursi `oTaraanT qvrivSi~, Tb. 2005<br />
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.I Tb. gamomc. `mecniereba~, `sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo~, 1987.<br />
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.II Tb. gamomc. `mecniereba~, `sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo~, 1988.<br />
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.V Tb. gamomc. `mecniereba~, 1991.<br />
WavWavaZe 2007: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. XIV Tb. gamomc. `ilias fondi~, 2007<br />
74
vaJa TvalavaZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali istoriis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb<br />
qarTvelma mecnierebma araerTi monografia, samecniero statia Tu werili miuZRvnes XIX<br />
saukunis II naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebis sakiTxebs. am periodis<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris moTaveebad ki qarTveli samocianelebi, anu, rogorc maT<br />
xSirad uwodeben, `Tergdaleulebi~ gvevlinebia. maTi aRiarebuli lideri ilia WavWavaZe iyo.<br />
mkvlevarebi, kvlevis ZiriTad obieqtadqceul problemebTan erTad, `samocianelTa~<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri Sexedulebebis garkvevisas, Seexen, agreTve, maT mosazrebebs<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynebis istoriis calkeuli saki Txebis Sesaxeb,magram specialuri<br />
naSromebi qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris gamoxmaurebisa sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali<br />
istoriis, maTi saSinao Tu sagareo politikis, saerTaSooriso urTierTobebis aqtualuri<br />
problemebis Sesaxeb, jer kidev mcire raodenobiT mogvepoveba. am sakiTxebis Seswavlas ki<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mwerlis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis garkvevisas.<br />
ilia WavWavaZisa da, saerTod, `TergdaleulTa~ sazogadoebriv-politikur da<br />
istoriul koncefciebs pirvelma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da specialuri kvlevis<br />
sagnad gaxada pr<strong>of</strong>. v. donaZem. man mravali monografia, samecniero statia Tu werili miuZRvna<br />
samocianelTa sociologiur SexedulebaTa Tu istoriuli koncefciebis garkvevas. am<br />
naSromTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. Cven aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom pr<strong>of</strong>. v. donaZem maRal<br />
mecnierul doneze gaaSuqa qarTvel samocianelTa moTaveebis i. WavWavaZis, n. nikolaZis, s.<br />
mesxis da g. wereTlis Sexedulebani axaldi istoriis aqtualur sakiTxebze, aCvena maTi<br />
istoriul-filos<strong>of</strong>iuri da sociologiuri naazrevis adreuli wyaroebi da SemecnebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba (TvalavaZe, donaZe 1992: 22-27).<br />
gamodioda ra istoriuli procesis erTianobis postulatidan, i. WavWavaZe,- mSobliuri<br />
qveynis istoriasTan erTad, yuradRebis gareSe ar tovebda ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriisa da<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis problemelsac. am problemebisadmi seri ozuli yuradReba<br />
mravali garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, magram mTavari iyo is, rom ilia sazRvargareTis<br />
qveynebis xalxTa istoriidan magaliTebis moSveliebiT cdilobda pasuxi gaeca im<br />
saWirboroto sakiTxebze, romlebsac imdroindeli saqarTvelos rTuli sazogadoebrivpolitikuri<br />
da ekonomikuri viTareba ayenebda progresulad moazrovne qarTveli<br />
inteligentis winaSe.<br />
swored am miznebs isaxavda i. WavWavaZe, roca gaz. `iveriis~ saprogramo werilSi werda:<br />
`sazogadoebam scno aucilebeli saWiroeba ucxo xalxTa cxovrebis gacnobisa, dainaxa, rom<br />
Tavisi bedi da ubedoba bevrad damokidebulia ucxo xalxTa bedsa da ubedobaze; dainaxa, rom<br />
xalxTa Soris misvla-mosvla, urTierTis gacnoba Zlieri saSualebaa xalxis win fexis<br />
wadgmisaTvis, cxovrebis ukeT mowyobisaTvis... rogorc adamianisaTvis calke,<br />
sazogadoebrisaTvisac saerTod sxvisi magaliTi didi ram aris, cudi, Tu kargi orive<br />
gamosayenebelia, cuds avicdenT, kargs aviTvisebT. aqedan hsCans, rom yovelma gazeTma, anu<br />
Jurnalma unda Sesaferisi adgili misces da Rirseuli yuradReba miaqcios ucxo xalxTa<br />
cxovrebasa da mdgomareobas, Tu surs sxvisi magaliTiT TviT cneoba gauadvilos<br />
sazogadoebas, bednierebis gza apovninos, ubedurebis mizezi moaspobinos, imitom, rom yovel<br />
amisaTvis magaliTi da cnobani sxvaTa cxovrebaSi auarebelia...~ (gaz. iveria~).<br />
am vrceli citatidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra didi roli ekisra sazRvargareTis xalxebis<br />
istoriis, maTi sagareo da saSinao politikis Seswavlas qarTveli xalxis `fexis win<br />
wadgmisaTvis, cxovrebis ukeT mowyobisaTvis~. ilias Segoneba — ucxo xalxTa cxovrebidan<br />
yvelaferi brmad, gauazreblad ki ar unda gadmoviRoT, aramed cuds avicdenT, kargs<br />
aviTvisebT~ _ gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri da gasaTvaliswinebelia axla, rodesac Tanamedrove<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi mimdinare globalizaciasTan dakavSirebulma procesebma bevri Tavsatexi<br />
problema daayena qarTveli xalxis winaSe.<br />
ilias maxvil Tvals ar gamorCenia imis aRniSvna, rom am axali drois erTi RirsSesaniSnavi<br />
Rirsebac isicaa, rom `sazogadoebam scno aucilebeli saWiroeba ucxo xalxTa cxovrebis<br />
gacnobisa~. magram sazogadoebis mier Secnobili aucilebeli saWiroebis dakmay<strong>of</strong>ileba<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxda im politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturul-socialuri cvlilebebis gamo,<br />
rasac adgili hqonda XIX s. meore naxevris saqarTveloSi. marTalia, batonymobis gauqmebiT<br />
srulad ver daakmay<strong>of</strong>iles glexTa moTxovnebi, magram maT piradi Tavisufleba mainc miiRes,<br />
rasac Sedegad mohyva aReb-micemobis gamococxleba, gaizarda samrewvelo sawarmoTa ricxvi,<br />
daCqarda teqnikuri progresi, ramac, sxvaTa Soris, gamoiwvia mimosvlis saSualebaTa<br />
gaxSireba-gaiafeba da satelegrafo kavSiris ganviTareba. am cvlilebebs sxva SedegebTan<br />
erTad, ueWvelia, gavlena hqonda imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebriv azris ganviTarebasa<br />
da qarTuli periodikis sainformacio wyaroebis zrdaze.<br />
1860 wels firma `simensma~ aago pirveli telegrafis xazi Tbilisi-quTaisi-foTi<br />
borjomisaken ganStoebiT, 1863 wels ki Tbilisi telegrafiT daukavSirda vladikavkazsa da<br />
stavropols, ramac saSualeba misca saqarTvelos depeSebi gaecvala moskovTa da<br />
75
peterburgTan. 1864 wels Tbilisidan samxreTisaken agebulma telegrafis xazma Tbilisi jer<br />
erevanTan, xolo Semdeg julfasTan daakavSira. amis Semdeg depeSebi gacvales Teiranma da<br />
Tbilisma. 1868 w. `simensma~ eqspluataciaSi gadasca telegrafis xazi Tbilissa da baqos Soris.<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda 1870 wels v. simensis mier agebul im droisaTvis<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi yvelaze grZeli saxmeleTo telegrafis xazs, romelsac indo-evropis telegrafi<br />
uwodes. am xazs dasawyisi londonSi hqonda, gadioda berlinze, varSavaze, odesaze, qerCis<br />
srutis gavliT krasnodars aRwevda, Semdeg Savi zRvisaken uxvevda, soxumze, quTaisze da<br />
Tbilisze gavliT indoeTisaken miemarTeboda (karbelaSvili 1974: 43).<br />
i. WavWavaZe, rodesac sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali istoriis, imdroindeli<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesaxeb Rrma Sinaarsis, mecnierulad argumentirebul<br />
werilebs beWdavda, misi naazrevis ZiriTadi wyaro indoevropuli telegrafiT miRebuli<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios cnobili sainformacio saagentoebis mier gadmocemuli cnobebi iyo.<br />
`axali drois~ damsaxureba iyo isic, rom XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan qarTuli<br />
perioduli presa momravlda, ∗ ramac saSualeba misca i. WavWavaZes da sxva qarTvel moRvaweebs<br />
ufro meti yuradReba daeTmoT sazRvarzed mimdinare movlenebis gaSuqebisaTvis. amasTanave<br />
Seiqmna garkveuli sirTuleebic. Tu aqamde qarTuli periodikis mesveurebi korespondentebis<br />
naklebobas uCiodnen, axla sxva dabrkoleba gaCnda — mkiTxvelTa didi nawili moumzadebeli<br />
iyo `seriozuli~ werilebisaTvis. axali drois, axali cxovrebis, axali sagnebisa da<br />
movlenebis aRmniSvneli sityvebi maTTvis gaugebari, Zneli misaxvedri iyo. dakvirvebuli<br />
mkiTxveli SeamCnevs, roca i. WavWavaZe periodul presaSi sazRvargareTis qveynebis istoriis<br />
sakiTxebs, maT sagareo Tu saSinao politikas ganixilavs, mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro gasagebi rom<br />
gaxados, xSirad Tavis werilebSi iyenebs moxdenil aforizmebs, kalamburebs, andazebsa da a. S.<br />
(baluevi 1971: 247). ∗∗<br />
axali drois saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakvanZo sakiTxebisa da ucxo qveynebis<br />
istoriis problematuri kiTxvebis qarTuli periodikis furclebze gaSuqeba, maTi gacnoba<br />
qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis carizmis koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
optimaluri gzebis Ziebis saSualebac iyo. amitom mefis ruseTis cenzura amgvari Sinaarsis<br />
werilebis mimarT gansakuTrebul yuradebas da simkacres iCenda. am mxriv i. WavWavaZes da mis<br />
mier daarsebul iverias~ didi dabrkolebebis gadalaxva uxdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom s.<br />
mesxis wyalobiT, qarTuli periodikis organoebma (jer gaz. `droebam~, Semdeg sxvbmac)<br />
sacenzuro komitetisagan garkveuli SeRavaTebi miiRes. ∗<br />
ilias mdidari literaturul-publicisturi memkvidreoba did masalas iZleva<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynebis ara mxolod axali drois istoriuli faqtebisa da movlenebis<br />
SefasebisaTvis, aramed ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriuli procesebis, istoriisb filos<strong>of</strong>iis zogadi<br />
problemebis Sesaxebac.<br />
ilia aRiarebs, rom buneba garkveul kanonzomierebebs emorCileba, rom buvneba<br />
ganuwyvetel moZraobaSia, igi warmoSobisa da mospobis mudmiv procesSia. amitom adamiani<br />
bunebas ki ar unda daupirispirdes, aramed man bunebis kanonebis Sesabamisad unda imoqmedos.<br />
i. WavWavaZem mravali naSromi miuZRvna sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da istoiiis<br />
ganviTarebis sakiTxebs: sazogadoebis ganviTarebis formebi, geografiuli garemos roli,<br />
pirovnebis roli istoriaSi, y<strong>of</strong>ierebisa da cnobierebis urTierTdamokidebulebis<br />
sakiTxebi... aseTia im problemebis arasruli nusxa, romlebic misi interesebis sferos<br />
Seadgenda. igi Tavis zogad filos<strong>of</strong>iur koncefciebze dayrdnobiT ganixilavda ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi<br />
mimdinare istoriul proesebs, maT Soris, axali istoriis sakiTxebs.<br />
imdroindeli saqarTvelos interesebidan gamomdinare, ilia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />
iCenda kolonizatorebis winaaRmdeg aziis, afrikis, amerikisa da evropis Cagruli xalxebis<br />
gamanTavisuflebeli brZolebis mimarT.<br />
∗ 1871 wels, qarTul enaze, xuTi perioduli gamocema arsebobda (`droeba~, `mnaTobi~,<br />
`ciskari~, `krebuli~, `sas<strong>of</strong>lo gazeTi~), maSin, roca sul cota xnis win erTi<br />
Jurnalic ki sanatreli iyo.<br />
∗∗ aseTi mdgomareoba iyo XIX s. 60-iani wlebis ruseTSic.<br />
∗ 1870 wels s. mesxma TxovniT mimarTa kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis mTavar sammarTvelos<br />
imisaTvis, rom gaz. @droebis~ politikuri gany<strong>of</strong>ilebis gafarToebis ufleba miecaT<br />
misTvis da daerToT neba imisa, rom rusuli periodikidan TviTon amoerCia<br />
politikuri cnobebi da ganemarta isini (aqamde @droebas~ SeeZlo sami rusuli<br />
gazeTidan @russki invalid~, `severnaia poCta~ da `kavkaz~-idan gadmoebeWda mxolod<br />
politikuri cnobebi). s. mesxs misces imis ufleba, rom `droebis~ redaqciisaTvis<br />
Tavis Sexedulebisamebr rusuli gazeTebidan amoerCia masalebi da ganemartTa isini<br />
im pirobiT, Tu es ganmartebebi cenzuris moTxovneba daakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebda. ix. sscia, f.<br />
480, anaw. 1, saq. 172, f. 4.<br />
76
i. WavWavaZem publicistur werilebSi saTanado sisruliTa da obieqturobiT asaxa<br />
ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 ww. omis mimdinareoba da Sedegebi. igi TanaugrZnobda balkaneTis<br />
Cagrul xalxebs maT samarTlian brZolaSi despoturi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, amave dros<br />
samarcxvino boZze akravda yvela juris mtacebel saxelmwifoebs, `mRvrie wyalSi Tevzis<br />
daWeris moyvarulT~, aaSkaravebda maT namdvil zraxvebs da amiT saerTaSoriso urTieTobebis<br />
saSiSi problemebis samarTlianad gadawyvetis momxred gamodioda (TvalavaZe 1981: 61).<br />
i. WavWavaZem araerTi werili miuZRvna gaerTianebul germaniaSi ZaliT moqceuli<br />
xalxebis polonelebisa da elzas-gorenis mosaxleobis brZolas ZaliT gagermanelebis<br />
winaaRmdeg (TvalavaZe 1981: 138).<br />
germaniis imperia raixskancleri bismarki misTvis Cveuli cbierebiTa da simkacriT<br />
cdilobda aRniSnuli mosaxleobis ZaliT gagermanelebas. polonelebiT dasaxlebul miwebze,<br />
maRal Tanamdebobebze germanelebs niSnavda, yovelnairad zRudavda mSobliur enaze<br />
swavlebas, administraciul da sasamarTlo warmoebas da sxv. aseTive meTodebs iyenebda igi<br />
elzas-gorenis aragermanuli mosaxleobis mimarT.<br />
gaerTianebul germaniaSi mcxovrebi aragermanuli mosaxleoba, TavianTi erovnuli<br />
TviTmpyrobelobis SenarCunebisaTvis, medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda germanel Sovinistebs. i.<br />
WavWavaZes Zalian kargad esmoda, rom maT am brZolaSi didi daxmarebis gaweva SeeZlo<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios progresul sazogadoebas. swored amitom, igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iCenda<br />
maT mimarT.<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriis Rrma codna igrZnoba i. WavWavaZis im werilebSi, romlebic man<br />
miuZRvna irlaindieli xalxis brZolas miwisa da TavisuflebisaTvis. amave dros, aRsaniSnavia<br />
isic, rom es werilebi dawerilia irlandieli xalxis megobris, misi interesebis erTguli<br />
damcvelis poziciebidan (donaZe 1970: 98). igive SeiZleba iTqvas ilias im werilebis mimarT,<br />
romlebic eZRvneba evropis didi kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebis koloniur politikas aziasa<br />
da afrikaSi (donaZe 1970: 127).<br />
ara marto Cagrul xalxTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebli brZolebi da didi<br />
saxelmwifoebis koloniuri politika ipyrobda ilias yuradRebas, aramed evropaSi Seqmnili<br />
iseTi `Tavsatexi problmebi~, rogorebic iyo italieli xalxis gamanTavisuflebli brZolebi<br />
j. garibaldis meTaurobiT, parizis komuna, safrangeT-germaniis 1870-1871 ww. omi da mis<br />
Semdeg evropaSi Seqmnili viTareba da a. S.<br />
1878 wlis berlinis kongresis Semdeg, ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriuli mniSvnelobis movlena iyo<br />
`samTa kavSiris~ Seqmna da antantis~ safuZvlis Cayra. am kavSirebis Seqmnis mizezebi, istori<br />
uli foni da mosalodneli Sedegebi i. WavWavaZis werilebSi iseT maRal mecnierul donezea<br />
warmodgenili, rom bevr gamoCenil istorikossac ki SeSurdeba. rad Rirs Tundac imis<br />
mixevdra, rom am kavSirebis SeqmniT perspeqtivaSi mosalodneli ms<strong>of</strong>lio omi iyo (TvalavaZe<br />
1981: 115).<br />
ilias im publicisturi werilebis didi nawili, romlebic sazRvargareTis qveynebis<br />
axali istoriis da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebs eZRvneba, xelmouwerelia, magram<br />
maTi stilisturi analizi, literaturis muzeumSi daculi xelnawerebi, agreTve `iveriis~<br />
zogierTi TanamSromlis (a. axnazari, g. lasxiSvili da sxv.) mogonebebi adastureben zogierTi<br />
maTganis iliasadmi kuTvnilebas. miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli ara marto<br />
ilias ucnobi werilebis gamomzeurebisaTvis, aramed, saerTod, misi publicisturi<br />
moRvaweobis SeswavlisaTvis.<br />
ilia avtobiografiaSi, romelic brokhauz-efronis rusuli enciklopediuri<br />
leqsikonisTvisaa dawerili, CamoTvlis poemebs, moTxrobebs, naTargmn mxatvrul<br />
literaturas da bolos wers: `amas garda bevri wvrili werilia kidev Cem mier dawerili<br />
sapolitiko, sapublicisto, sakritikso da sapolemiko Sinaarsisa, agreTve werilebi<br />
sapedagogo sagnebis Sesaxeb~. swored aseTi `wvrili werilebi~ aris Sesuli i. WavWavaZis<br />
Txzulebebis axal akademiur gamocemaSi. dReisaTvis mxolod ramdenime tomia dabeWdili.<br />
imedia, SoTa rusTavelis literaturis institutis TanamSromlebi am saSur saqmes bolomde<br />
miiyvanen.<br />
ilias zogierTi mosazreba da daskvna, imdroindel ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi mimdinare movlenebis<br />
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs, magram es odnavadac<br />
ar Crdilavs mis damsaxurebas qarTveli xalxis winaSe.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis dauRalavma moRvaweobam sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali istoriis<br />
kvlevis sferoSi Tavisi nay<strong>of</strong>i gamoiRo. is razmavda qarTvel xalxs saqarTveloSi carizmis<br />
koloniuri, rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg, is mouwodebda xalxs samSoblos,<br />
mSobliuri enis, kulturisa da damoukideblobis adsacavad; manve Seuqmna qarTveli xalxis<br />
erovnul-gamanTavisuflebel moZraobas jansaRi ideologia-programa, romelsac safuZvlad<br />
diadi sakaciobrio da kacTmoyJvaruli principebi edo.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
baluevi 1971: Балуев Б. П. Политическая реакция 80-х годов XIX века и русская журналистика. М.: 1971.<br />
77
donaZe 1970: donaZe v. qarTveli samocianelebi axali istoriis problemaTa Sesaxeb, Tb.: 1970.<br />
TvalavaZe 1981: Твалавадзе В. Вопросы новой истории Германии и грузинская публицистика. Тб.: 1981.<br />
TvalavaZe 1993: v. donaZe. cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tb.: 1993.<br />
iveria 1877: gaz. `iveria~, 1877, 1.<br />
karbelaSvili 1974: karbelaSvili f. germaneli gamomgonebeli saqarTveloSi. Jurnali `mecniereba da<br />
teqnika~, 3, 1974.<br />
78
ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli musikis sakiTxebi<br />
manana SilakaZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe — didi qarTveli mwerali, farTo masStabisa da diapazonis moazrovne,<br />
sazogado moRvawe, humanisti, qarTuli eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxuli — ilia marTali,<br />
romlis interesebi da enciklopediuri codna vrcel speqtrs moicavda, SeuZlebeli iyo ar<br />
dafiqrebuliyo erovnuli kulturis iseT fenomenze, rogoricaa qarTuli musika, xalxuri<br />
mravalxmiani simRera. misi gancda da aRqma qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa, mosazrebani mis<br />
Sesaxeb, damokidebuleba musikisadmi rogorc xelovnebis dargisadmi, aisaxa rogorc mis<br />
mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, aseve publicistikaSi.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis poeziaSi gvxvdeba nimuSebi, saidanac Cans, rom musika, simRera mas<br />
warmoudgenia rogorc adamianuri emociebis gamoxatvis forma (magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba<br />
davasaxeloT leqsebi „mefandure“, „muSa“, adgilebi poemidan „ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi<br />
yaCaRis cxovrebidam“, moTxrobidan „oTaraanT qvrivi“ da sxva). moviyvan nawyvets leqsidan<br />
„mefanture“:<br />
„egreT damRerda brma mefanture Tvis martiv fanturs,<br />
egreT iglovda sevdiT, kvnesiTa sayvarel warsuls,<br />
magram mxolod mTa, naRvliT mzirali, mas yurs ugdebda<br />
da Camafiqrvel mwuxare xmiT bans gamoscemda“ da sxv.<br />
es leqsi dawerilia 1860 wlis 12 seqtembers, pavlovskSi. brma „mefanture“ _ rafsodi<br />
warmodgenilia rogorc momswre warsul droebaTa. es leqsi aRZravs asociaciebs lelT<br />
RuniasTanac („iglovda sevdiT, kvnesiTa sayvarel warsuls“) da ufro SoreulTanac (brmaa<br />
mefanture), magram amis analizi Cems kompetencias Sordeba.<br />
SegaxsenebT yvelasTvis kargad nacnob striqonebs „kako yaCaRidan“ (WavWavaZe 1987: 209):<br />
„samSoblos casa bnelad gaSlili [...]<br />
mxolod ki erTgan uremi mZime<br />
miWrialebda, gzas aRviZebda,<br />
da naRvlianad maszed meurme,<br />
mwuxars simReras daRuRunebda.<br />
RuRuni igi CamrCenia guls,<br />
mwuxare aris viT glovis zari...“ da a. S.<br />
aq gadmocemulia araCveulebrivi, momxiblavi Ramis suraTi s<strong>of</strong>lad. TiTqos ismis kidec<br />
urmis Wrialis fonze meurmis „urmuli“. aq musika aris emociis gamoxatvis idealuri forma.<br />
aqve ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes erTi adgili „oTaraanT qvrividan“, arCilisa da kesos<br />
dialogSi Catexili xidis gacnobierebas rom asaxavs: „Cven raca varT, gakeTebulni varT, isini<br />
ki _ Seqmnilni [...] aba imaTs simReras uyure: erTi grZeli kvnesaa da mainc simReras eZaxian,<br />
Cveni simRera kvnesa ar aris da mainc lxena ver dagvirqmevia“ (WavWavaZe 1988: 302-303).<br />
magaliTebis moyvana kidev SeiZleboda.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis damokidebuleba simRerisadmi kargad unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo misi<br />
TanamedroveebisaTvis cnobili. SemTxveviTi ar iqneboda is faqti, rom ilias duSeTSi y<strong>of</strong>nis<br />
dros mis pativsacemad qalaqidan (Tbilisidan) damkvrelebi hyoliaT miwveuli. amis Sesaxeb<br />
ilia werda Tavis meuRles (werili daTariRebulia 1873 wlis 4 maisiT): „...duSeTSi pirveli<br />
maisidan sul sadilebs gvimarTaven. sazandrebic daibares qalaqidan da vidre me waval, im<br />
dromde sazandrebi aq eyolebaT...“ (WavWavaZe 1979: 282). rogorc Cans, ilia kmay<strong>of</strong>ili iyo amiT,<br />
raki werilSi es faqti aRuniSnavi ar datova.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis seriozuli nafiqri qarTuli xalxuri musikis fenomenis, ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
musikalur kulturaSi misi adgilis, qarTuli mravalxmianobis TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis Sesaxeb aisaxa<br />
patara moculobis, magram Tavisi mniSvnelobiT did da RrmaSinaarsian werilSi „qarTuli<br />
xalxuri musika“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 275-282). am werilis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia l. minaSvilis monografiaSi (minaSvili 1986: 71, 85-86). aRniSnuli werili<br />
pirvelad gamoqveynda gazeT „iveriaSi“, 1886 wlis 18 da 19 noembris nomrebSi ( 250, 251)<br />
meTauris saxiT. ilia WavWavaZe gamoexmaura qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi iseTi didi<br />
mniSvnelobis movlenas, rogoric iyo lado aRniaSvilis qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis<br />
Semsrulebeli gundis pirveli koncerti, 1886 wlis 15 noembers rom gaimarTa. (gundis<br />
lotbari iyo Cexi musikosi ioseb ratili,. igi saqarTveloSi didxans moRvaweobda, aqve<br />
gardaicvala. dakrZalulia didubis sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi).<br />
gundi asrulebda sxvaxvadasxva, maT Soris i. ratilis damuSavebul simRerebs. am gundis<br />
istoriuli mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom pirvelad, sajarod, scenaze Sesrulda<br />
79
qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi. am faqtma sazogadoebis didi mowoneba, yuradReba da madliereba<br />
daimsaxura. 1<br />
cxadia, aseTi mniSvnelovani movlena, rogoric iyo qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis<br />
sajarod, scenaze Sesruleba, didi ilias yuradRebis miRma ver da ar darCeboda.<br />
am werilSi ilia WavWavaZe Zalian mokrZalebulad laparakobs Tavis Tavze. ambobs, rom ar<br />
aris specialisti („Cven musikobaSi Tavs ara vsdebT, imitom rom am xelovnebisa Cven ara viciT<br />
ra“), magram magram werilidanve Cans avtoris erudicia, ganswavluloba, misi, rogorc<br />
msmenelis, maRali done, daxvewili gemovneba, raSic qvemoT moyvanili citatebiTac<br />
davrwmundebiT.<br />
aRniSnuli koncerti gaxda sababi imisaTvis, rom ilias xmamaRla gamoeTqva Tavisi azri<br />
qarTuli musikis, misi mdgomareobis, axalgazrdobis musikaluri aRzrdis safuZvlisa da<br />
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.<br />
ilias werili iwyeba ase: „SabaTs, 15 noembers, erTi friad sasiamovno axali ambavi moxda.<br />
qarTuls TeatrSi gamarTuli iyo qarTuli koncerti. qarTulma xorom igaloba Cveni saero<br />
simRerebi“. amis Semdeg igi gadadis musikis, rogorc xelovnebis dargis arsis garkvevaze.<br />
iSveliebs lesingis frazas _ „musika aris utyvi poezia da poezia _ metyveli musika“ da<br />
dasZens:<br />
„Cven kidev imas vityviT, rom simRera, galoba sxva ara aris ra, garda bednierad<br />
Seqsovilis poeziisa da musikisa... xma da sityva cal-calke bevrs SemTxvevaSi uRononi arian<br />
adamianis gulis siRrmidan amoxidon igi sxvili da wvrili margalitebi, romliTac savsea<br />
adamianis guli da romelnic aiSlebian yovelTvis, roca an sevda-mwuxareba, an sixaruli<br />
SesZravs xolme RvTaeburs simebs adamianis sulierebisas“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 276).<br />
am sityvebidan Cans, ra Rrmad hqonda Secnobili ilia WavWavaZes musikis, rogorc<br />
xelovnebis dargis arsi.<br />
ilias msjelobiT, rogorc calke kacis guli, ise erisa, bevrSi sxva calke eris guls ara<br />
hgavs da yovel ers Tavisi kilo, Tavisi hangi aqvs am sxvadasxvaobisaTvis. lesingis musika _<br />
utyvi poezia igive enaa, magram „xorcSesxmuli, sityviT argansazRvruli, sityviT<br />
argamorkveuli... igi Zaxilia aRfrTovanebulis sulisa. es kvnesa, es Zaxili qarTvelisa sul<br />
sxvaa, sxva erisa _ sul sxva, es Zaxili qarTvelisa sul sxvaa, sxva erisa _ sul sxva, rogorc<br />
sxvadasxva ena-metyveloba. qarTveli roca hkvnesis, sxvagvarad, sxva xmiT, sxva kiloTi<br />
hkvnesis, vidre frangi anu germaneli;¸qarTveli roca hxarobs, sul sxvagvarad hxarobs da<br />
sixarulis gamoTqmac sul sxvagvaria“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 277).<br />
„...amitomac aris erTis eris simRera rom meores moewonos, unda misTvis gasagebi iyos da<br />
rom gasagebi iyos, ise unda SeaCvios yuri, rogorc ena _ metyvelebas. SeiyvaneT Cveni<br />
glexkaci, anu imisTana vinme, Tundac Tavadic iyos, romelsac evropuli musika Tavis dReSi ar<br />
gaugonia, SeiyvaneT da Tundac baxisa, mocartisa da beThovenis simfoniebi moasmenineT, imas<br />
ar moewoneba, Tumca ki mTeli evropa aRtacebaSi modis xolme... iginive, romelnic mocartisa<br />
da beThovenis musikiT aRtacebaSi modian, iginive cxvirzeviT aicileben xolme Cvens<br />
simRerasa, Cvens musikasa, maSin rodesac Cven aRtacebaSi movdivarT xolme. aq mizezi marto<br />
gaugebrobaa, arcodnaa, da ara grZnobamoklebuloba, grZnobadaxSuloba“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 277-<br />
278).<br />
moxmobili citatidan Cans agreTve isic, rom ilia WavWavaZe naziarebi iyo klasikur<br />
musikas. amave dros is acnobierebda amas ara mxolod kulturuli msmenelis doneze, aramed<br />
musikismcodnis TvaliTac. misi sityviT, yvela ers ara aqvs musika ganviTarebis Tanabar<br />
doneze. magaliTad, evropam didad gauswro azias da evropuli musika „didad<br />
gabrwyinvebulia... daxelovnebuli da qveynierobazed upiratesobs“, rom evropul da aziur<br />
musikas Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa, rom aziur musikasac Tavisi ganviTarebis gza aqvs<br />
gasavleli.<br />
ilia WavWavaZes, rogorc TviTon ambobs, bevri hqonda nafiqri da mosvenebas ar aZlevda<br />
erTi kiTxva, romelzedac pasuxs ver iRebda specialistebisagan: „siTamamed migvaCnia<br />
warmovTqvaT erTi azri, romelic didi xania mosvenebas ar gvaZlevs da romelzec pasuxi<br />
CvenTvis aravis moucia, Tumca bevrjer da bevrgan Camogvigdia amazed laparaki musikis<br />
mcodne kacTa Soris“. es iyo kiTxva qarTuli xalxuri musikis TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis,<br />
TavisTavadobis sakiTxi, kerZod, saero da saeklesio mravalxmiani simRera, rogorc Tavad<br />
uwodebs, „baniT saTqmelni“, romlebic arc evropulTan da arc aziurTan msgavsebas ar<br />
avlenen.<br />
„rom qarTuli simRera da galoba evropiuls ara hgavs, eg aSkaraa da amas araviTari<br />
damtkiceba ar sWiria, rogorc gvarwmuneben mcodne kacebi... qarTuli simRera xom evropiuls<br />
srulebiT ara hgavs, hgavs ki aziursa? Cven aq saxeSi gvaqvs qarTuli saero, Tu saeklesio, baniT<br />
sagalobelni da ara martod saTqmelni. yovelisfriT unda igulisxmebodes, rom unda aziursa<br />
1 TviT lado aRniaSvili musikosi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila, misi didi damsaxureba qarTuli qarTuli kulturis winaSe mxolod<br />
am gundis CamoyalibebiT ar Semoifargleba. is iyo pirveli qarTveli, romelmac imogzaura fereidnel<br />
qarTvelebSi, maTi y<strong>of</strong>a aRwera. mas ekuTvnis pirveli naSromi fereidneli qarTvelebis Sesaxeb ix. gociriZe<br />
1987: 5.<br />
80
aSime hgvandes: saqarTvelo ufro aziaa, misi istoria ufro aziis kulturisa da<br />
civilizaciis gavlenis qveS iyo ukanasknel saukunemde. misvla-mosvla, istoriuli<br />
damokidebuleba, istoriuli mezobloba aziis erTa Tana hqonia da ra safiqrebelia, rom<br />
yovels amas ar emoqmedna aqaurs simReraTa mwyobrobasa da agebulebazed. vsTqvaT, rom<br />
saekklesio galobazed zemoqmedeba iqonia saberZneTis galobam mas Semdeg, rac CvenTan<br />
qristianoba Semovida, radganac yovelisferi saekklesio iqidam miviReT. es saero simRera<br />
TviTnaCenia TaviT, TavisiTmy<strong>of</strong>ia, TviTmoaruli, Tu saerTo ramaa aqvs aziis sxva erTa<br />
simRerebTana. magaliTebr, safrangeTis musikas, germaniisas, italiisas _ bevri mgzavseba aqvT<br />
erTmaneTSi, iseTi mgzavseba, rom gauWirveblad sruliad Tavisuflad _ erTis eris musika<br />
meorisaTvis pirdapir gasagebia ... Tumca amasTanave yovelis ama eris musikas Tavisi sakuTari<br />
feri aqvs zed daCneuli. egeve iTqmis, magaliTebr, aqaurs baniT saTqmels simRerebzed da<br />
sparsulebzed? ara gvgonia, sul sxvadasxva aris...“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 279).<br />
amgvarad, ilia WavWavaZe xazs usvams imas, rom saqarTvelos istoriulad mezobloba da<br />
urTierToba hqonda aziis qveynebTan, magram qarTuli musika ar hgavs arc sparsuls da arc<br />
aziis romelime xalxis musikas. amis Semdeg ilia avlebs paralels evropis _ safrangeTis,<br />
germaniis, italiis musikasTan da aRniSnavs maT Soris did msgavsebasac da TiToeuli maTganis<br />
TavisTavadobasac, ris msgavs movlenasac saqarTvelosa da sxva romelime xalxis musikaSi ver<br />
xedavs. ilia dasZens, aramcTu romelime eris simReras hgavs qarTuli „baniT saTqmeli“ (resp.<br />
mravalxmiani) simRera, aramed aris „sakuTari, TviTnaCeni, TviTmy<strong>of</strong>i“ da qarTuli simRerebi<br />
„sruliad axal ambavs unda warmoadgendes musikis istoriisa da TeoriisaTvis“ (WavWavaZe 1991:<br />
280).<br />
ilia rom kargad iyo Caxeduli im sakiTxebSi, rasac zemoT SevexeT, Cans ramdenime<br />
SeniSvnaSi „qarTuli xoros“ da baton ratilis mimarT. Sesrulebuli TerTmeti qarTuli<br />
simReridan „...ver vityviT, rom yvela qarTuli xmebi kargad iyo gadaRebuli, magram mainc<br />
kidev Cven mier qeba da dideba ekuTvniT am saqmis damwyebTa“ da ganagrZobs _ „igi<br />
naklulevaneba, romelic yovels axal saqmes aucileblad mosdevs xolme, da romelic aq<br />
vaxseneT, ukeTesis surviliT mogvivida da ara wunis dasadebad. amisTana saqmeSi TviTon wunic<br />
ki unda hmdumarebdes, imitom rom TviTon saqme qvelmoqmedebaa TaviT TvisiT“ (WavWavaZe 1991:<br />
281).<br />
es werili dawerilia koncertis (Catarda 15 noembers) mosmenisTanave (daTariRebulia<br />
15-18 noembriT, pirveli nawili gamoqveynda 18 noembers, meore _ 19 noembers), ise rom avtors<br />
mis dasawerad sagangebod momzadebis dro arc hqonia.<br />
werilidan Cans, rom ilia naziarebi iyo klasikur musikas da icnobda mas ara mxolod<br />
gemovnebiani, kulturuli msmenelis doneze. ilias aq dasmuli aqvs qarTuli xalxuri musikis<br />
TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis, TavisTavadobis sakiTxi.<br />
aRniSnuli werili avlens ilia WavWavaZis damokidebulebas saerTod musikisadmi<br />
rogorc xelovnebis dargisadmi, mis ganswavlulobasa da erudicias. am werilidan Cans, rom igi<br />
iyo klasikuri musikis msmeneli. Cans, ra kargad acnobierebda igi evropisa da aziis xalxTa<br />
musikaluri enis Taviseburebebsa da qarTuli mravalxmiani simReris maTgan principulad<br />
gansxvavebulobas, rac aris TavisTavadobis safuZveli, mis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeul<br />
adgils ms<strong>of</strong>lios xalxTa musikalur kulturaSi.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis es werili ar iyo ubralo gamoxmaureba Tundac friad RirsSesaniSnav<br />
movlenaze, aramed es iyo xmamaRali ganacxadi qarTuli musikis fenomenis, misi adgilis Sesaxeb<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio musikaluri kulturis saganZurSi.<br />
aqve minda oriode sityviT aRvniSno, rom ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba, misi calkeuli<br />
nawarmoebebi, leqsebi bevri kompozitorisTvis iqca impulsad, STagonebis wyarod. mis<br />
teqstebze Seqmnilia simRerebi, operebi, gundebi. davasaxeleb ramdenimes: niko sulxaniSvilis<br />
gundi „guTnuri“, simRera „gaxsovs turfav“ (romelic xalxurad cxaddeba xolme), vano<br />
gokielis opera „qarTvlis deda“, akaki andriaSvilis opera „kako yaCaRi“, sulxan cincaZis<br />
opera „gandegili“, ioseb keWaymaZis sagundo poemebis cikli ilias teqstebze, Savleg<br />
SilakaZis gundi „Cemi locva“, aleqsi maWavarianis safortepiano poema „bazaleTis tba“,<br />
grigol CxikvaZis simRera „nana“, dabolos, yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili revaz laRiZis „Cemo<br />
kargo qveyanav“.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
WavWavaZe 1987: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi I. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba<br />
“mecniereba”, 1987; II, 1988; V, 1991.<br />
WavWavaZe 1988: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi II. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba<br />
“mecniereba”, 1988.<br />
WavWavaZe 1991: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi V. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba<br />
“mecniereba”, 1991.<br />
WavWavaZe 1979: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, tomi X, Tbilisi 1979.<br />
gociriZe 1987: gociriZe g. qorwineba fereidnel qarTvelebSi, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1987.<br />
minaSvili 1986: minaSvili, l. ilia WavWavaZe. Tbilisi: “nakaduli”, 1986.<br />
81
atom ar daibeWda akakis `Juliko~?<br />
nana fruiZe<br />
iSviaTad, magram mainc moxdeba xolme, rom uflis nebiT erTsa da imave epoqaSi ers ori<br />
didi moRvawe daebadeba. XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi araerTi SesaniSnavi adamiani gamovida<br />
sazogado asparezze, raTa dauRalavad ebrZola qveynis sakeTildReod. erma Tavad gamoarCia<br />
maT Soris ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli. es ori adamiani bedisweram da xalxis nebam erT<br />
uRelSi Seaba, romelic orovem erTgulad zida naxevari saukunis manZilze. es ori didi<br />
mamuliSvili, marTalia, erTmaneTs uaRresad did pativs scemda, magram Tu raime sworad ar<br />
miaCndaT, pirvel rigSi erTmaneTs uTiTebdnen. brbosTvis gaugebari iyo, rogor SeiZleboda<br />
gedava SenTvis sayvarel da pativsacem pirovnebasTan, amitomac aTasgvari Wori vrceldeboda<br />
iliasa da akakis Sesaxeb, rac, cxadia, maT urTierTobaze zegavlenas ver axdenda, Tumca saqmeSi<br />
Cauxedav bevr adamians ubnevda Tavgzas. ilia misTvis Cveuli auRelveblobiT xvdeboda amas,<br />
akakisaTvis, rogorc `fxukiani imerlisaTvis~, gacilebiT rTuli iyo simSvidis SenarCuneba.<br />
gansakuTrebiT garTulda viTareba iliasa da maCabels Soris momxdari ganxeTqilebis Semdeg.<br />
akakim, rogorc Cans, sagangebo ganmartebis gamoqveyneba ganizraxa. am werilSi poeti<br />
SeniSnavda: `ormoc weliwadze metia, rac me da ilia erTmaneTs vicnobT da araodes<br />
erTmaneTTan piradi usiamovneba da ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba ar gvqonia. piriqiT, garda siam-tkbili<br />
Seyra-Sexvedrisa da zrdilobian, darbaislur sityva-pasuxisa erTi-meorisagan ara gvinaxavsra<br />
da an ki ra gvqonda gasay<strong>of</strong>i, rom erTmaneTSi usiamovneba mogvsvloda? ra maqvs misTana, rom<br />
imas Seexarbos? da an ras veZeb misTanas, rom ilias aqvs da me momenatros? marTalia, erTsa da<br />
imave ganyenebul mizans sazogados da ara sapirados mivyavarT Tavisken, magram gza sxvadasxvaa<br />
da ar moxerxdeba, rom erTmaneTs gadaveRoboT da msvleloba SevuferxoT erTma meores!<br />
`romSi yoveli gziT SeiZleba Sesvlao~,- naTqvamia da Tu Cvenc, erTi miznis mimdevari, ori<br />
sxvadasxva gziT mivdivarT calcalke — is aRmosavleTis da me dasavleTis gziT, es ar niSnavs<br />
uTanxmoebas da mtrobas. da an ki ra saWiroa, rom roca ilia Tavis sakuTari gziT miiswrafis,<br />
mec maSin Tan vaxlde, misi sagzali mimqondes da abJands davuwevde xolme? an roca me Cemi gziT<br />
mivdivar, raT unda ueWvelad Cem gverdSi idges ilia WavWavaZe?... akaki ilias yovelgvar nawers<br />
qebis taSs ar ukravs da yovel mis sazogado moRvaweobas ar eTanxmeba! sCans, rom emtereba da<br />
sZulso. igive Cem Sesaxebac iliazedac amas hfiqroben... Tu mterzedac kargi iTqmis da<br />
moyvarezec cudi, ver warmoudgeniaT~ (wereTeli 2001: 102-103). es werili akakis ar<br />
daubeWdavs.<br />
samwuxarod, am ori didi adamianis Sesaxeb araswori azris gavrcelebas zogjer iseTi<br />
pirovnebebic uwyobdnen xels, romelTac pirvel rigSi evalebodaT, sxvisTvis gaeqarwylebina<br />
umarTebulo Sexeduleba. amitomac gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda akaki zemoxsenebul werilSi:<br />
`rac s<strong>of</strong>lis miTqma-moTqmas epativeba, is ar daeTmoba mwerlobas da Cveni mwignobrebic rom<br />
cotaoden sifrTxiles daiWerdnen, ar iqneboda urigo~ (wereTeli 2001: 103).<br />
XIX saukunis miwuruls, kerZod, 1899 wels gaz. `iveriis~ furclebze gaxSirda<br />
literaturuli Tavdasxmebi akaki wereTelze. poetis azriT, amis mizezi kvlav da kvlav<br />
cnobili `bankobia~ iyo, romelSic mas Tavisi uaxloesi megobrisa da ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mowinaaRmdegis, ivane maCablis, mxare eWira. `krebulis~ ivnisis nomerSi akakim gamoaqveyna<br />
werili saTauriT `Cveni bankobia~. `iveriis~ 20 ivlisis 153-e nomerSi ki daibeWda feletoni<br />
`Cveni moRvaweebi, anu cixe Signidan gatexili~, romelSic mgosani metad udierad iyo<br />
moxseniebuli. werils xels awerda `silovani~ (silovan xundaZe). akakis igi leqsadac<br />
moZRvravda, romelic ase mTavrdeboda:<br />
Tu saqmiTa Sli sityviT aRbeWdils,<br />
niWiT Tund camdi iyo maRali,<br />
awmyosgan pativs nuras Txoulob,<br />
niWisTvis Tayvans gcems momavali.<br />
agvistoSi Jurnalma `moambem~ gamoaqveyna k. abaSiZis werili `Tavadi akaki wereTeli da<br />
quTaisis banki~. masSi bevri ram iyo usamarTlod gaSuqebuli da poetisaTvis gulsatkeni. am<br />
statiidan garkveuli principiT SerCeuli adgilebi gadmobeWda `iveriamac~.<br />
akakim vrceli weriliT mimarTa ilia WavWavaZes (wereTeli 1899) da scada gaerkvia,<br />
ramdenad Seesabameboda misdami redaqciis damokidebuleba redaqtorisas: `imdeni icocxleT,<br />
ramdeni Tqven Sesaxeb werili `krebulis~ redaqcias mosvlodes da modiodes dResac, magram<br />
Cven-ki ar gamogvqondes saqveynod!.. ar vbeWdavT, radganac zogi maTgani umniSvneloa da zogic<br />
ise wvrilmani, rom imaT gamo TqvenisTana kacis uzrdelad Sexeba da ukadrisad moxseneba<br />
umarTebulobad migvaCnia ... ver davijereb, rom es statia, sadac amdeni umarTebulobaa, Tqven<br />
wakiTxuli gqondeT dabeWdvamde da Tqvenis nebarTviT y<strong>of</strong>iliyos `iveriaSi~ gadabeWdili?<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, vucdiT Tqvens pasuxs, Tqveno brwyinvalebav, batono redaqtoro.~ iliam es<br />
werili upasuxod datova<br />
82
sul male `iveriis~ saaxalwlo damatebaSi (1900, 1) gamoqveynda leqsi `fuliko~,<br />
romelsac xels vinme `z~-i awerda. leqsi faqtobrivad, gaxldaT parodia akakis `sulikos~<br />
Temaze da masSi poetisaTvis metad Seuracxmy<strong>of</strong>eli azrebi iyo gamoTqmuli. Cven SevecadeT<br />
dagvedgina, vin iyo leqsis avtori. aRmoCnda, rom am fsevdonimiT ramdenime adamiani<br />
sargeblobda. eseni arian: iakob gogebaSvili, filipe gogiCaiSvili, egnate ninoSvili da<br />
aleqsandre yifSiZe. Cven eWvi Tavdapirvelad am ukanasknelze mivitaneT, Tumca veraviTari<br />
xelCasaWidi sabuTi, garda imisa, rom igi am periodSi aqtiurad TanamSromlobda `iveriasTan~,<br />
ver movipoveT. mis publikaciaTa Soris verc erTi leqsi ver moviZieT da, saerTod, aRmoCnda,<br />
rom igi TiTqmis ar exeboda literaturul sakiTxebs. amdenad, fsevdonimi jerjerobiT<br />
gauxsneli darCa.<br />
`fulikos~ wakiTxviT aRSfoTebulma akakim Seqmna `Juliko~. poetma gamoiyena 1899 wlis<br />
ivnisSi momxdari faqti, romelic maSin didi miTqma-moTqmis sababi iyo da erTgvar Crdils<br />
ayenebda ilia WavWavaZis reputacias.<br />
saqme exeboda saTavadaznauro bankis baqos saagentos, romlis gamgec pavle (paliko)<br />
yifiani iyo. 1899 wlis ianvarSi ilia WavWavaZis mier baqoSi Catarebulma reviziam mxolod ori<br />
umniSvnelo darRveva aRmoaCina. raki baqodan p. yifianis Sesaxeb cudi ambebi Camodioda, imave<br />
wlis aprilSi bankma meore komisia miavlina n. andronikaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT (wevrebi: a.<br />
vaxvaxiSvili, g. Juruli, i. WavWavaZe da buxhalteri RvamiCava). komisiam muSaoba 10 maiss<br />
daasrula da uamravi danaSaulebrivi faqti aRnusxa, romelTa safuZvelzec p. yifianis<br />
winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra. igi gadaayenes Tanamdebobidan da mis nacvlad i.<br />
mansvetaSvili daniSnes. p. yifianma moaxerxa parizSi gaqceva. man gaitaca 26 858 maneTi.<br />
saboloo jamSi gamgeobas Tavisi uyuradReboba 53 933 maneTi daujda (Telia 1989: 218-219).<br />
cxadia, es SemTxveva ilias mowinaaRmdegeebisTvis `msuye lukma~ aRmoCnda.<br />
`kvalSi~, romelic qarTveli marqsistebis pirveli legaluri organo iyo (amas imperiis<br />
masStabiT im droisaTvis analogi ar moeZebneboda), es faqti ase gaSuqda: `orSi erTi: mas (i.<br />
WavWavZes _ n.f.) an ar mouxdenia revizia da maSasadame verc rames aRmoaCenda, an moaxdina, mara<br />
imdenaT zereleT, rom aSkara faqtebi ver SeamCnia~. `kvalis~ mxridan Tavdasxma moulodneli<br />
ar iqneboda iliasaTvis. es perioduli organo 1898 wlidan n. Jordanias xelSi iyo da mxolod<br />
erTi wlis manZilze SeinarCuna erTgvari neitraliteti. 1900 wlidan ki `iveriisa~ da `kvalis~<br />
furclebze qarTuli saTavadaznauro bankis gamo iliasa da Jordanias Soris mwvave kamaTi<br />
gaCaRda. sagulisxmoa, rom jer kidev 1897 wels, roca inglisidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma<br />
n. Jordaniam molaparakeba gamarTa `kvalis~ mflobelebTan an. TumaniSvilTan da g.<br />
wereTelTan da xalxSi xma dairxa, `kvali~ social-demokratebis xelSi gadadiso, iliam<br />
daapira movlenaTa ganviTarebisaTvis daeswro da Jordania Tavis banakSi gadmoebirebina.<br />
Tavad Jordanias saintereso mogonebis Tanaxmad, iliam mas miugzavna al. yifSiZe, TavisTan<br />
daibara da `iveriis~ redaqtoroba SesTavaza. Jordaniam dro iTxova mosafiqreblad, Tumca<br />
winadadebis miReba arc ufiqria. roca sabolood uari ganucxada SeTavazebaze, ilias uTqvams:<br />
`Tqveni nebaa. imedi maqvs, erTmaneTs xels ar SevuSliT~. Jordanias TqmiT, man es sityvebi<br />
Tavdausxmelobis pirobad miiRo da daicva manam, sanam Tavad `iveriam~ ar daarRvia igi.<br />
ilia WavWavaZes arc baqos movlenebTan da arc `kvalis~ publikaciasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
aranairi komentari ar gaukeTebia. arc akakis daubeWdavs Tavisi `Juliko~, Tumca igi<br />
sazogadoebis garkveul wreebSi mainc gavrcelebula da `iveriis~ mxardamWerTa imdenad<br />
mZafri ukmay<strong>of</strong>ileba gamouwvevia, rom akakis `sapasuxo werili~ (wereTeli 2001) dauweria.<br />
masSi poeti or garemoebaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas: 1. mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli<br />
`axalmodis raindebi~ orgulsa da moRalates uwodebdnen da mTeli saqarTvelos saxeliT<br />
sTxovdnen, garideboda qveyanas; 2. am adamianebis agresia gaugebari iyo, radgan akaki maT<br />
pirovnulad arasodes Sexebia da arc gaukritikebia; poetis ganmartebiT, garkveuli wreebis<br />
gaRizianeba gamoiwvia misma igavebma. swored im igavebma, romlebic 27 wlis win daiwera da Tavis<br />
droze dRes ganawyenebulTa mamebis risxva daatexa Tavs. `igav-araki cxovrebis sarkea.<br />
mesarkes is ki ara aqvs miznad, esa da es maxinji gavajavroo! ara, is sazogadod hfiqrobs: ai me<br />
am sarkes vakeTeb, dee, yvelam Caixedos Sig, mSveniermac da maxinjmac, wmindamac da gasvrilmac.<br />
Caixedon da sasargeblod gamoiyenono!~ sakvirvelia, magram akakis arc es werili<br />
gamouqveynebia. sakiTxavia, ratom moerida poeti Tavisi samarTliani guliswyromis saqveynod<br />
gamocxadebas? `sapasuxo werili~ daiwera 1900 wlis 5 marts. SesaZloa, akakim angariSi gauwia<br />
`iveriaSi~ maisSi gamoqveynebul cnobas, rom ilia avadaa da samkurnalod germaniaSi unda<br />
gaemgzavros. Tumca, Cveni azriT, garda ilia WavWavaZisadmi uRrmesi pativiscemisa da misi<br />
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebisa, sxva mizezic unda arsebobdes. vfiqrobT, mas<br />
unda Seetyo iseTi ram, rac movlenebs sruliad sxvagvar Suqs mohfenda.<br />
akaki baqraZe Tavis monografiaSi `ilia WavWavaZe~, sxvaTa Soris, exeba baqos saagentos<br />
ucnaur incidentsac da gamoTqvams metad sagulisxmo varauds: vinaidan sarwmuno wyaroebis<br />
mixedviT, emigraciaSi my<strong>of</strong>i p. yifiani aqtiurad monawileobda SveicariaSi iaraRis Sesyidvisa<br />
da saqarTveloSi Semogzavnis saqmeSi, xom ar miavlina igi TviTon iliam konspiraciulad<br />
sazRvargareT, raTa movmzadebuliyaviT momavali brZolisaTvis? Tu es marTlac asea, cxadia,<br />
83
ilia simarTles ver ityoda. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze gonivruli momxdaris ukomentarod<br />
datoveba iqneboda.<br />
marTalia, Zneli saTqmelia, konkretulad ra moxda, magram garkveuli varaudis gamoTqma<br />
mainc SesaZleblad migvaCnia. saqme isaa, rom qarTuli emigraciis arcTu ise mravalricxovani<br />
wevrebi SesaniSnavad icnobdnen erTmaneTs da Tu romelime maTganis reputacia Selaxuli iyo,<br />
mniSvnelovan saqmes masTan ar daiWerdnen. aw gansvenebulma batonma guram SaraZem<br />
saqarTveloSi Camoitana parizis emigraciis arqivi. masSi p. yifianis Sesaxeb faqtobrivad<br />
veraferi aRmovaCineT (rogorc cnobilia, igi briuselSi cxovrobda, xolo iqauri arqivi<br />
jerac Seuswavlelia), Tumca Cveni yuradReba miiqcia gazeT `TeTri giorgis~ 1931 w. ivnisis 41e<br />
nomerSi dastambulma nekrologma. gazeTis redaqcia mwuxarebiT iuwyeba, rom `briuselSi<br />
(belgia) gardaicvala pavle (paliko) yifiani, `didi xnis emigranti da cnobili patrioti~.<br />
sadavod ar migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom Tu paliko yifians emigrantTa Soris xazinis qurdis<br />
saxeli eqneboda, mas arc iaraRis Sesyidvis saqmeSi Carevdnen da arc nekrologSi<br />
moixseniebdnen rogorc patriots. Cveni azriT, briuselSi daculi qarTvel emigrantTa<br />
arqivis Seswavla Tavis droze daadasturebs ak. baqraZis varauds. migvaCnia, rom swored es<br />
garemoeba unda gamxdariyo akakis dumilis mizezic. raRa Tqma unda, Tuki akakisaTvis cnobili<br />
gaxdeboda, rom momxdari danaSaulebrivi faqtis ukan saqveyno saqme idga, igi Tavs uflebas<br />
aRar miscemda, piradi Tavmoyvareobis dasakmay<strong>of</strong>ileblad gamoeyenebina Seqmnili viTareba.<br />
albaT, amiT unda aixsnas, rom `Julikoca~ da `sapasuxo werilic~ gamouqveynebeli darCa.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
wereTeli 1899: wereTeli a. akakis krebuli 1899, otomberi, 10.<br />
wereTeli 2001: wereTeli a. ucnobi akaki, Tsu gamomcemloba 2001.<br />
Telia 1989: Telia a. qarTuli saTavadaznauro banki da ilia WavWavaZe, Tb., 1989.<br />
84
ilia WavWavaZis “osmalos saqarTvelo”:<br />
erovnuli erTianobis koncefcia<br />
ilia WavWavaZis biografiaSi (1914) grigol yifSiZe (1856-1921) wers:<br />
merab RaRaniZe<br />
“lazistanis interesi ki maSin amtydarma rus-osmalos omma gamoiwvia. am omma sxva<br />
imedebic aRZra, magram bolos im “imedisa didisa” Zirs didi aRara darCa-ra.<br />
saintereso iyo JurnalSi [igulisxmeba: “iveria”] werilebi TviT iliasi. erTs maT<br />
Soris TviTonac gaixsenebda xolme aTasSi erTxel. iq gamoTqmulia, sxvaTa Soris, is<br />
azri, romelic Semdeg, sami-oTxi wlis ukan renanma ganmarta Tavis wignakSi: [“]ra aris<br />
eri[”]. werili gul-Tbilad aris dawerili, gaxsenebulia warsuli, roca mesxni da taoklarjni<br />
CvenTan iyvnen Zmurad erTs ferxulSi Cabmulni da mesveurobdnen,<br />
pirvelobdnen kidec saqarTvelos kulturis aRorZinebaSi” (yifSiZe 1987: 69).<br />
amis mohyveba mozrdili amonaweri xsenebuli werilidan, ris Semdegac ilias pirveli<br />
biografi ganagrZobs:<br />
“renanis wignakis deda-azric es iyo. eris damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba arc erT tomobaa, arc<br />
erT sarwmunoeba, arc erT enianobao. erTis eris erad Semqmneli, erT erad gardamqcevi saerTo<br />
warsulia, im warsulSi gamovlili Wiri da lxiniao” (yifSiZe 1987: 70).<br />
rogorc grigol yifSiZis mier moyvanili citatidan dasturdeba, avtori gulisxmobs<br />
publicistur werils “osmalos saqarTvelo”, romelic anonimurad gamoqveynda 1877 wels<br />
yovelkvireuli “iveriis” 9-e nomerSi (cenzuris nebarTva gacemulia im wlis 28 aprils).<br />
pirvel yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros, ras uwyebas gvawvdis ilias biografi am teqstis<br />
Sesaxeb?<br />
a) atribucia: anonimurad gamoqveynebuli teqstis avtoria ilia WavWavaZe 1 ;<br />
b) istoriuli garemo: teqsti ganapiroba ruseT-TurqeTis omma (1877-1878) da masTan<br />
dakavSirebulma imedebma qarTvelTa Soris, rac gulisxmobs osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong><br />
qarTul miwaTa dabrunebas 2 ;<br />
g) avtorismieri damokidebuleba: sakuTar teqsts ilia gamoarCevda _ “gaixsenebda<br />
xolme”, e. i. mniSvnelovnad miaCnda da daimowmebda;<br />
d) Sinaarsi: samcxisa da tao-klarjeTis mkvidr qarTvelTa monawileoba mTliani<br />
qarTvelobis adrindel istoriul, saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul cxovrebaSi, romlebic<br />
erT dros “pirvelobdnen kidec kulturis aRorZinebaSi”;<br />
e) koncefcia: eris (= erovnuli mTlianobis) ganmsazRvreli niSani araa arc<br />
tomobrivoba, arc sarwmunoeba da arc ena, aramed istoriis erToba;<br />
v) evropuli inteleqtualuri konteqsti: teqstis koncefcia enaTesaveba ernest renanis<br />
Semdgomdroindel koncefcias eris Sesaxeb.<br />
ra Tqma unda, werilis arsis gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani am CamonaTvalidan ilias<br />
koncefciis yifSiZiseuli interpretaciaa (renanTan mimarTebaSi), magram mis gasaazreblad da<br />
misi adekvaturobis Sesafaseblad, pirvel yovlisa, im citatis wakiTxvaa aucilebeli,<br />
romelic biografs mohyavs. es citata amgvaria 3 :<br />
“yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs<br />
Tvisis sulis Rones, Tvisis sulis bgeras, Tvis zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas,<br />
Tvis vinaobas, Tvis Tvisebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba<br />
sarwmunoebisa da gvar-tomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan,<br />
rogorc erToba istoriisa. eri, erTis Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi<br />
1 saxelwodebiT “osmalos saqarTvelo” im xanebSi “iveriaSi” cxra teqsti gamoqveynda, magram teqstologebi<br />
iliaseulad mxolod am erT maTgans miiCneven. teqstis atribuciis Sesaxeb ix. WavWavaZe 1955: 395-397; WavWavaZe<br />
1997: 616-617.<br />
2 ilias damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ruseT-TurqeTis omis, masSi qarTvelTa monawileobisa da misi meSveobiT<br />
qarTul miwaTa dabrunebis mimarT ix. ingoroyva 1957: 128-133.<br />
3 teqsti mogvyavs ilias akademiuri octomeulis mixedviT, radgan yifSiZiseuli damowmeba oriod adgilas<br />
ramdenadme gansxvavdeba misgan metad arsebiTi cnebebis mowodebisas: “yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT<br />
suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tvisis sulis Rones, Tvisis gulis bgeras, Tvisis zneobiTs da<br />
gonebiTs aRmatebulebas, Tvis vinaobas, Tvis TviTebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba<br />
sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamianT erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa.<br />
eri erTis Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa da lxinSi<br />
gamotarebuli erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT, Zlieria” (yifSiZe 1987: 70-71, _ gansxvavebani xazgasmulia; Sdr.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955: 9)<br />
85
muli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa da lxinSi gamotarebuli _ erTsulobiT,<br />
erTgulobiT, Zlieria” (WavWavaZe 1997: 56).<br />
yifSiZis mier am monakveTis moyvana savsebiT bunebrivia: is ara marto iwyebs iliaseul<br />
werils, aramed mis mTavar saTqmelsac gamoxatavs.<br />
mainc ra aris es saTqmeli?<br />
ilias miaCnia, rom Tavisi istoria ers aniWebs:<br />
a) “sulis Rones”: sulier Zalas, gamZleobas, moqmedebis unars;<br />
b) “sulis bgeras”: Sinagan tonalobas, cxovrebis Sidastils, Sinagan gancdas;<br />
g) “zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas”: moraluri da inteleqtualuri zrdis,<br />
ganviTarebis, amaRlebis unars;<br />
d) “vinaobas”: identurobas, TviTobas, erovnul meobas, _ imas, rac mas sxva erebisagan<br />
gamoarCevs;<br />
e) “Tvisebas”: erovnul xasiaTs, Taviseburebebs, znes.<br />
yvela am niSnis Camoyalibebas eris gamoxatulebaSi ganapirobebs istoria, xolo am<br />
niSnebis erToblioba anu is saganZuri, saidanac eri Tavisi cxovrebiseuli ganviTarebisas<br />
sazrdoobs, istoriaa. rogorc ilias miaCnia, eris erTianobisaTvis saerTo istoriis<br />
mniSvnelobas ver Seedreba verc enis, verc sarwmunoebis, verc gvartomobis (= sisxlismieri)<br />
erToba. adamianebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs _ da erad kravs! _ swored erTad gavlili<br />
istoria Tavisi WiriTa da lxiniT, Tavisi damarcxebebiTa da warmatebebiT. ilias azriT,<br />
veraferi CamonakvTavs ise adamianTa kavSirs erad, rogorc istoria.<br />
da kidev: marTalia, eris darRveul nawilTa Soris mainc yovelTvis arsebobs<br />
makavSirebeli iracionaluri swrafva (“idumali SemsWvaluleba, idumali mimzidveloba”),<br />
magram erTianobis Sesustebuli grZnobis gasaRviveblad isev aucilebelia, “raTa ifeTqos,<br />
iWeqos daZinebulma istoriam” (56) 1 .<br />
amgvari SemTxvevebi dros moaqvs da erT amgvar SemTxvevad ilias osmalos saqarTvelos<br />
mTlian saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis SesaZlebloba miaCnia (rac ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris 1877<br />
wels gaCaRebulma omma moitana), xolo am garemoebaSi ki kidev erTxel gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba istoriul erTobas, Tumca arc sisxlismieri da arc enismieri erTobaa<br />
daviwyebuli (“garda imisa, rom Cven varT erTis sisxlisa da xorcisani, erTisa da imave eniT<br />
molaparakeni, erTi istoriaca gvqonia” _ 56). teqstSi aq pirveladaa dadasturebuli erTi<br />
eris am orad gaxleCili nawilis sisxlisa da enis erToba, xolo ramdenime striqonis Semdeg<br />
naxsenebi iqneba sarwmunoebac, oRond ara rogorc erTianobis erT-erTi safuZveli (rac<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleni, ilias cnobiT,<br />
imjerad erTianad muslimebi iyvnen, rasac teqstis bolo nawilSi daeTmoba yuradReba), aramed<br />
rogorc adreuli nimuSi istoriuli erTobisa: sazRvarsaqeTa Tu sazRvarsiqiTa qarTvelebi<br />
erT dros, sxva RirebebulebTan (swavla-ganaTleba, erTmmarTveloba) Tanabrad,<br />
sarwmunoebisaTvisac _ qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis _ mxardamxar da erTad ibrZodnen:<br />
“is saqarTvelos nawili, romelic dRes osmalos xelSia, medgrad ibrZoda Cvenis sarwmunoebis,<br />
ganaTlebis, erT-mTavrobis dadginebisaTvis” (57).<br />
qristianobis Tema Semdgom isev Cndeba teqstSi, rogorc qveynis saerTo istoriaSi<br />
samxreT saqarTvelos pirvelobisa da mewinaveobis niSani: “pirvelad qristianobam iq, samcxeklarjeTSi<br />
moikida fexi andria mociqulis moZRvrebiTa, maSin rodesac qarTl-kaxeTSi jer<br />
kidev kerpmsaxureba sufevda” (57). imJamindeli dapirispirebac qarTlsa da samcxe-klarjeTs<br />
Soris mxolod sarwmunoebrivi y<strong>of</strong>ila: kerpTayvanismcemelma mefe aderkim “saSineli brZola<br />
autexa samcxe-klarjeTs, magram samcxe-klarjeTSi qristianoba aramc Tu moispo, piriqiT<br />
ufro gavrcelda da damkvidrda jer isev wminda ninos mosvlamde” (57). amdenad, Tu qarTlSi<br />
qristianobis gavrceleba wmida ninos saxels ukavSirdeba, samcxesa da klarjeTSi axal<br />
sarwmunoebas _ saukuneebiT adre _ wmida andria mociquli udebs saTaves.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, RirsSesaniSnavia, rom Tavis am werilSi ilia saqarTvelos warsulis<br />
mimoxilvas, faqtobrivad, qveyanaSi qristianobis SemosvliT iwyebs (amjerad yuradRebis<br />
miRma davtovoT ilias am istoriuli mimoxilvis sizuste da wyaroebi, rac imdroindeli<br />
saistorio codniTaa ganpirobebuli, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Tundac mwerlis istoriuli<br />
koncefcia, Tundac mis mier mowodebuli faqtobrivi cnobebi didad sakamaTod arc<br />
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cans).<br />
yuradsaRebia, agreTve, rom erovnuli erTianobis wadilis gamovlinebad da miRwevad<br />
ilia miiCnevs 586 wels qarTveli (da ukve aRara berZeni) kaTalikozis aRsaydrebas da qarTul<br />
miwebze misi samRvdelmTavaro uzenaesobis aRiarebas, Tumca mwerals es faqti amgvari<br />
swrafvis mainc paliativur formad miaCnia: “amgvarad mTelis saqarTvelos erTobis wadils<br />
cotad Tu bevrad kmay<strong>of</strong>ileba mieca, sulierad mainc, Tu ar xorcielad” (57). erovnuli<br />
erTobis gadamwyvet gamovlinebad ufro metad qarTul mxareTa saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
gaerTianebaa miCneuli, rac nel-nela xorcieldeboda kidec, gansakuTrebiT, artanujeli<br />
1 Semdgom gverdebi miTiTebulia wignis dausaxeleblad, _ igulisxmeba Semdegi gamocema: WavWavaZe 1997.<br />
86
agrationebis meTaveobiT. erTianobis impulsi isev klarjeTidan modioda! aq ilia kidev<br />
erTxel ixsenebs qristianobis dacvisaTvis samxrel qarTvelTa Rvawls: roca arabebis mier<br />
qarTul miwaTa dapyrobis Semdeg dampyroblebi qarTvelTa Soris islamis gavrcelebas<br />
cdilobdnen, “exlandeli osmaleTis saqarTvelo qristianobisaTvis iRwvoda bagrationebis<br />
meTaurobiTa da winamZRomelobiTa” (58). am konteqstidan ar mJRavndeba, niSnavs Tu ara am<br />
SemTxvevaSi qristianobisaTvis brZola qarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolas (rac XIX<br />
saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisaTvis sruliad bunebrivad<br />
Cans!): Tu am gabrZolebas religiuri Sinaarsi hqonda, maSin ramdenime saukunis Semdeg isev<br />
amgvari Semoteva _ amjerad ara arabebis, aramed osmaloTa mxriv _ iqaur qarTvelTa Soris<br />
qristianobis damarcxebiT damTavrebula (radgan im mxareSi swored islamma gaimarjva), xolo<br />
Tu es iyo brZola qarTvelobis SesanarCuneblad, maSin osmalos qarTvelebs, sarwmunoebis<br />
dakargvis miuxedavad, qarTveloba mainc mtkiced SeunarCunebiaT, rasac ilia amave teqstSi _<br />
oriod gverdis Semdeg _ ueWvelobiT aRniSnavs da adasturebs.<br />
Semdgom ilia mimoixilavs am mxaris Rvawls qarTuli qristianuli kulturis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi, raSic igi gulisxmobs mis mier moxseniebul qristianuli arqiteqturuli<br />
Zeglebis aRmSeneblobas, swavla-ganaTlebas, qristianuli literaturis Targmnas 1 . amas garda,<br />
Rirebuladaa miCneuli saganmanaTleblo urTierTobani saberZneTTan da isev araa<br />
daviwyebuli samxrel qarTvelTa Rvawli qristianobis dasacavad da gasaZliereblad, oRond<br />
amjerad ara brZolis velze, aramed sulier keraTa meSveobiT: “qristianobis<br />
ganmtkicebisaTvis awesebdnen monastrebs”, magram iqve, sagangebodaa aRniSnuli am monastrebis<br />
saero-samoqalaqo daniSnulebac: “romlebSic ymawvilebisaTvis saswavlebelT marTavdnen”<br />
(58). amave dros, naCvenebia ori religiis dapirispireba inteleqtualur asparezze (“rodesac<br />
tfilissa da garSemo adgilebSi arabebi mahmadianobis gavrcelebas mecadineobdnen Tavisi<br />
arabulis wignebis meSveobiTa”... _ 58) da amjeradac qarTvel qristianTa sulierinteleqtualuri<br />
saqmianobis sarbieli isev samcxe-klarjeTia.<br />
ilia, agreTve, yuradRebas uTmobs samcxis saero kulturas, ris erTaderT, magram<br />
mTavar dasturadac igi moixseniebs “vefxistyaosnis” avtors, romelic, mwerlis<br />
TvalsazrisiT (da tradiciuli SexedulebiT), “im mxris kaci iyo” (58), radgan “rusTavis daba,<br />
romelsac Tavis samSoblod ixseniebs rusTaveli, samcxe-saaTabagoSia” (58). qarTuli<br />
cnobierebis, erovnuli tradiciisa da kulturis centraluri teqstic 2 am mxareSi<br />
warmoSobila!<br />
ilias miaCnia, rom rac ki Zvel saqarTveloSi Rirebulad miCneula adamianuri<br />
moRvaweobis mxriv _ “swavla, ganaTleba, mamulisaTvis Tavgametebuli siyvaruli” (58) _ misi<br />
akvanic da samarec samxreT saqarTveloSi y<strong>of</strong>ila. amdenad, kulturuli erToba (sakuTari<br />
qveynisadmi emociuri damokidebulebis gverdiT) erovnuli erTianobis erTi umTavresi<br />
gamovlinebaa, _ saxelmwifoebriv, religiur, strategiul erTobasTan erTad, rac<br />
mTlianobaSi qmnis swored erovnuli erTianobisaTvis gadamwyvet da ganmapirobebel istoriis<br />
erTobas.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi daSlisa da samxreT saqarTvelos calke gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
Semdeg SesamCnevi bzari gauCnda am saukunovan erovnul erTianobas, magram karga xans mainc<br />
SenarCunebuli iyo sarwmunoebrivi erToba, radgan es kuTxe jer isev qristianobis myar<br />
simagred rCeboda: “1625 wlamde samcxe-saaTabagos mTavrebs mtkiced epyraT qristianoba” (59),<br />
da am SemTxvevaSi sarwmunoebis erTguleba erovnuli TviTobis erTgulebis Tanabrad<br />
warmoCindeba: “osmalebma ver daakles ra verc sarwmunoebasa, verc qarTvelobis<br />
gvartomobasa” (59), Tumca teqstis am monakveTSi sarwmunoeba da erovneba mkafiodaa<br />
gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan.<br />
raki samcxe-saaTabagos saxelmwifoebrivad calke gamoy<strong>of</strong>is Semdegac iqauri<br />
qarTvelebi, rogorc aRiniSna, isev inarCuneben qarTvelobas, es imas metyvelebs, rom<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis daSla ver Slis erovnuli erTianobis Segnebas.<br />
magram momdevno xanaSi iwyeba sarwmunoebrivi erTobis daSlac, _ iwyeba samcxesaaTabagos<br />
TandaTanobiTi gamuslimebis procesi: “iq darCenilTa miaRebines mahmadianoba,<br />
zogs ZaldatanebiTa, zogs motyuebiTa da macdurobiTa” (59). iqaurobis imJamindeli saerTo<br />
religiuri suraTi ki ilias mier amgvaradaa daxatuli: “samRvdeloni da episkopozni<br />
moswyvites, saydrebi dasZarcves, da yoveli samRTo-saero wignebi cecxls mihsces. Cveni moZme<br />
qristiani xalxi darCa uwinamZRvrod, umoZRvrod, ueklesiod da sasowarkveTili, mwared<br />
daCagruli, uwyalod devnuli da ganadgurebuli, nel-nelad mieca mahmadianobasa” (59).<br />
Tumca ilias cnobiT, zog samxrel qarTvels mainc SeunarCunebia farulad qristianoba,<br />
da xandaxan imasac ki axerxeben, rom Svilebi mosanaTlavad qarTlSi gadmoiyvanon, anda isev<br />
1 sxvaTa Soris, ilia aRniSnavs, rom “samcxe-klarjeTis qarTvelni samRTo da saero wignebs qristianobisas<br />
hsTargmnidnen” (58), rac imas metyvelebs, rom ilia qristianul literaturaSi CarTavs rogorc sakraluri<br />
Sinaarsis teqstebs, ise saero, oRond qristianuli mimarTulebis, qristianuli suliskveTebis teqstebs, magram<br />
maT, amave dros, erTmaneTisagan mijnavs kidec, rac _ erTica da meorec _ meTodologiurad sruliad<br />
gamarTlebuli da, albaT, gacnobierebuli midgomaa.<br />
2 Sdr. “glaxis naambobi”: “es wigni aris qarTvelebis gulis saunje” (WavWavaZe 1988: 160).<br />
87
idumalad jvari daiweron (59). (rogorc Cans, arc iliam da arc qarTvelma sazogadoebam<br />
imJamad jer ar icoda, rom marTalia, samcxeSi gauCinarda aRmosavlur-bizantiuri eklesiis<br />
kvali, magram osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenil samxreT saqarTvelos miwebze mcxovrebTa<br />
didi wili mtkiced inarCunebda kaTolikur sarwmunoebas da adgilobriv, Tavis samkvidroSi,<br />
wesisamebr misdevda saeklesio cxovrebas 1 .)<br />
magram metad mniSvnelovania, rom aq teqstSi gamoCndeba Tema istoriuli xsovnisa, rac<br />
Taobebs Soris, winaprebTan, tradiciasTan kavSirs ganapirobebs da rac mexsierebismieri<br />
aqtualobis saxiT jer isev arsebobs. am xsovnas ki ueWveli Rirebuleba aqvs, radgan is<br />
erovnuli erTianobis ara marto warsuli sayrdenia, aramed momavali mTlianobis SesaZlo<br />
saZirkvelic. Tu realur sinamdvileSi sarwmunoebrivi tradiciis wyveta Tvalxilulia,<br />
istoriul xsovnaSi _ rogorc xelmisawvdomi faqti _ is isev cocxlad arsebobs. amis Sesaxeb<br />
ilia ase wers: “dResac ician iqaurma qarTvelebma, rom zogis deda, zogis mama, papa jer kidev<br />
maTs xsovnaSi qristianebi y<strong>of</strong>ilan” (59).<br />
raki aRmoCnda, rom, saxelmwifoebrivi daSorebis garda, osmalos saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovrebTa udidesi nawili sarwmunoebrivadac dascilda danarCen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebT,<br />
bunebrivia, wamoiWreba sakiTxi: SeZlebs Tu ara eris es ori gay<strong>of</strong>ili nawili _ erTmaneTTan<br />
xelaxali SeerTebis Semdeg _ erovnuli erTianobis safuZvlis mopovebas? am sakiTxs ilia<br />
mkafiod upasuxebs, da es pasuxi dadebiTia!<br />
es dasayrdeni ki, ilias TvalsazrisiT, saerTo istoriaa, istoriuli erToba, _<br />
erovnuli cnobierebis is xsovnismieri memkvidreoba, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
sazRvarsaqeTa da sazRvarsiqiTa qarTvelnic iyvnen “erTad sisxlis mRvrelni, erTad Rvawlis<br />
damdebni, erTad tanjulni da erTad molxineni” (60).<br />
rac Seexeba eris or nawils Soris sarwmunoebriv gansxvavebas, aris da iqneba Tu ara is<br />
xelisSemSleli dabrkoleba erovnuli erTianobisaTvis? SeZlebs Tu ara qarTvelobis<br />
qristiani umravlesoba qarTvelobis im nawilis SeTavsebas, romelic islams aRiarebs? sakiTxi<br />
mwvavea da XIX-XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi analogiurma mdgomareobam ms<strong>of</strong>lios sxvadasxva<br />
mxareSi araTu erovnuli erTianoba, aramed mravali gadauWreli da sisxliani konfliqti<br />
warmoSva (saxeldaxelod gasaxseneblad indoeT-pakistanis damokidebulebis magaliTic kmara:<br />
muslimi indoelebi emijnebian indoeTs da brZoliT qmnian TavianT saxelmwifos _ pakistans,<br />
romelic aTwleulebis manZilze mtrul urTierTobaSia Tavis dedasamSoblosTan; anda<br />
SeuZlebelia imis daviwyeba, Tu saqarTvelosTvis ufro axlos, bizantiur samyaroSi, rogor<br />
gaemijnen balkaneli muslimi bosnielebi qristian serbebsa da xorvatebs).<br />
ilias miaCnia, rom sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba araviTar saSiSroebas ar warmoadgens<br />
erovnuli erTianobisaTvis, da misi argumentebi isev istoriulia: “sarwmunoebis<br />
sxvadasxvaoba Cven ar gvaSinebs. qarTvelma, Tavisis sarwmunoebisaTvis jvarcmulma 2 , icis<br />
pativi sxvis sarwmunoebisac. amitomac Cvens istoriaSi ar aris magaliTi, rom qarTvels<br />
survebiyos odesme sxvisa sarwmunoebis daCagvra da devna” (60), magaliTad ki ilia<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb gansxvavebuli konfesiis mimdevrebs _ somxebs, ebraelebsa da<br />
muslimebs imowmebs, romlebic, saukunebis manZilze swored saqarTveloSi poulobdnen,<br />
mwerliseuli gamoTqmiT, “sinidisis Tavisuflebasa” (60).<br />
swored am “sinidisis” xelSeuxeblobas anu srul konfesiur SeuzRudvelobas pirdeba<br />
ilia qarTveli sazogadoebis saxeliT muslim Zmebs, “oRond movides kvlav is bednieri dRe,<br />
rom Cven erTmaneTs kidev SevuerTdeT, erTmaneTi viZmoT” (60).<br />
ra daskvnebi SegviZlia da unda gavakeToT am mcire zomis, magram umniSvnelovanesi<br />
teqstidan, sadac ilia mkafiod ayalibebs erovnuli erTianobis sakuTar koncefcias? rogorc<br />
naTlad Cans, ilia am erTianobis safuZvels istoriul erTobaSi xedavs da TviT im<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki erovnuli mTlianoba nawilebad daiSala, xolo es nawilebi moswyda<br />
erTmaneTs da maT Soris aRar arsebobs aRarc saxelmwifoebrivi, aRarc enobrivi, aRarc<br />
sarwmunoebrivi erToba, maSinac ki is duRabi, rac eris TviT am gaxleCil nawilebsac aerTebs,<br />
aris istoriis saerTo grZnoba. xolo Tu am erToblivi istoriuli msvlelobis Jams am<br />
nawilebs erTnairi, erTi sarwmunoeba hqoniaT, es xelisSemwyobi safanelia saerTo istoriis<br />
gancdisaTvis, magram Semdgomi xanis mier motanili sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba aramc da aramc<br />
ar iqceva xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad erovnuli erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. amdenad,<br />
sarwmunoebrivi erTobis ganmsazRvreli Zala danaxulia isev istoriuli da ara religiuri<br />
Tvalsawieridan.<br />
ilias amgvari pozicia uCveulod ar Cans, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, epoqisa da<br />
garemos sekularul damokidebulebas sarwmunoebis mimarT (sxvaTa Soris, isic aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom qveynis istoriis mokle mimoxilvisas qristianuli saqarTvelos istoriuli movlenebic<br />
1 zaqaria WiWinaZis mravali narkvevi am Temaze mxolod 1890-iani wlebidan ibeWdeba, xolo fundamenturi<br />
wyaroebi samxreT saqarTveloSi kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb kidev ufro mogvianebiT<br />
gamoqveynda (TamaraSvili 1902: 410 Smd.; Sdr. lomsaZe 1979).<br />
2 Sdr. “aCrdili”: “qarTvlis samkvidrov, [...] jvarcmulis RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmulo da wamebulo” (WavWavaZe<br />
1987: 193).<br />
88
ilias mier umTavresad sekularuli poziciidan aris mowodebuli) 1 , xolo, meore mxriv,<br />
aRmosavluri saqristianosaTvis damaxasiaTebel sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis faqtobriv<br />
identifikacias, sadac erovnuli Rirebulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Znelad Tu imijneba<br />
sarwmunoebrivi Rirebulebebisagan. ilias TvalsazrisiT, sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis amgvari<br />
ganuy<strong>of</strong>lobaa Senaxuli eris istoriul mexsierebaSi, xolo istoriuli mexsierebis swored es<br />
saganZuri warmoadgens erovnuli erTianobis balavars. erTmaneTisagan saxelmwifoebrivad<br />
gaxleCili qarTvelobis odindel saerTo istoriaSi, im istoriuli erTobis saunjeSi, rac,<br />
ilias azriT, erovnuli erTianobis ganmapirobebeli safuZvelia, sarwmunoebrivi erTobac<br />
moipoveba, Tumca am konteqstSi qristianoba aRqmulia ara rogorc cocxali sinamdvile,<br />
aramed rogorc istoriuli memkvidreobis wauSleli da gauuqmebeli Semadgeneli nawili.<br />
isic unda iTqvas, rom marTalia, “osmalos saqarTveloSi” erovnuli erTianobis<br />
upirates safuZvlad ilia erTmniSvnelovnad istoriis erTobas miiCnevs da, Tu ar<br />
gamoricxavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nakleb Rirebulebas aniWebs enasac, sarwmunoebasac,<br />
sisxlismier naTesaobasac (“arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise<br />
ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa” _ 56), magram mis sxva<br />
teqstebSi Zireuli mniSvneloba eniWeba enas. magaliTad, 1881 wlis martis “Sinaur<br />
mimoxilvaSi” igi wers: “arsebiTi niSani erovnebisa, misi guli da suli enaa” (WavWavaZe 1997:<br />
452) 2 .<br />
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom amave mimoxilvaSi ilia erTmaneTisagan mijnavs eris erTianobis<br />
sakiTxs mravalerovani saxelmwifos erTianobis sakiTxisagan, xolo am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi<br />
mas miaCnia, rom araTu sarwmunoeba, TviT enac ki ar warmoadgens saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis<br />
arc dasayrdens da arc aucileblobas:<br />
“iyo dro, roca fiqrobdnen, rom iq, saca erTi da imave saxelmwifos erni<br />
sxvadasxva wesiT adideben RmerTsa, erToba saxelmwifosi ver ixeirebso da dairRvevao.<br />
reformaciam daamtkica, rom eg azri marto umecrebis nay<strong>of</strong>ia [...] mova dro, da gvgonia<br />
_ didi xnis lodinic ar mogvindes, rom enis Sesaxebac imas ityvian, rasac exla rjulis<br />
Sesaxeb brmanica da Tvalxilulnic amboben erTad” (WavWavaZe 1997: 453).<br />
rogorc cxadad Cans, arc mravalerovani saxelmwifos erTianobisaTvis, arc erTi eris<br />
erTianobisaTvis ilia gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda sarwmunoebriv erTobas<br />
(mravalenovani saxelmwifos axlo momavlis perspeqtivaSi ki _ arc enobriv erTobas).<br />
xom ar upirispirdeba erovnuli erTianobis iliaseuli es koncefcia, _ Camoyalibebuli<br />
Tundac 1877 wlis “osmalos saqarTveloSi”, Tundac 1881 wlis “Sinaur mimoxilvaSi”, _<br />
erovnul faseulobaTa dResdReobiT farTod cnobil im samwevrian nusxas, romelic mweralma<br />
Tavis adreul kritikul gamoxmaurebaSi SesTavaza mkiTxvels?<br />
1860 wels Tavis pirvel nabeWd werilSi “oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis<br />
kazlovidgan “SeSlilis” Targmanzeda” 23 wlis ilia WavWavaZe werda:<br />
“sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu<br />
amaTac ar vupatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?”<br />
(WavWavaZe 1991: 31).<br />
magram es sameuli mas araTu ar ganuxilavs, aRarasodes aRarc mihbrunebia mas Tavis<br />
mravalricxovan nawerebSi da, miT umetes, arasodes uqcevia is an sakuTar, an qveynisa da eris<br />
samoqmedo lozungad 3 . sayuradReboa, rom am samerTiani CamonaTvalisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvnelobis miniWeba azrad ar mosvlia ilias arc erT Tanamedroves, arc erT mis<br />
Tanamoazres, arc erT mis biografs 4 ! am ueWvel sinamdviles mkafiod adasturebs “iveriis”<br />
redaqtoris iseTi axlo TanamSromelic, rogoric iyo grigol yifSiZe, romelic ilias Tavis<br />
vrcel biografiaSi erTxelac arsad axsenebs am sameuls.<br />
1 Sdr. zurab kiknaZe: “TavisTavad rwmena, rasac ilia sarwmunoebas uwodebda, rogorc wminda religiuri gancda,<br />
yvelaze naklebad iyo misTvis aqtualuri, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi naklebad CarTuli. sarwmunoeba misTvis<br />
iyo istoriuli kategoria, rogorc ganviTarebis erT-erTi faqtori, magram ara egzistencialuri momenti<br />
adamianTa da eris cxovrebaSi” (kiknaZe 2006: 50).<br />
2 iakob mansvetaSvilic Tavis mogonebebSi ase gadmoscems ilias sityvebs, sadac gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba enis<br />
mniSvneloba swored erovnul erTianobasTan dakavSirebiT: “ena aris deda boZi saqarTvelos erTianobisa,<br />
mTlianobisa da Tu es deda boZi gamovacaleT, [...] Cveni mSobeli qveyana, Cveni saqarTvelo ganadgurdeba,<br />
ganiavdeba deda-miwis zurgzeo” (mansvetaSvili 1985: 74).<br />
3 Sdr. zurab kiknaZe: “es triada erTaderTxel gaaxmiana sruliad axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZem da SemdgomSi igi<br />
aRarasodes gaumeorebia. garda amisa, gavixsenoT konteqsti [...]. avtori aq ar saubrobs arc sazogadoebis<br />
mowyobaze da arc garkveul droze gaTvlil (an, miT umetes, zedroul, yvela epoqaSi gamosadeg) samoqmedo<br />
programaze. es aris, ubralod, qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli faseulobebis CamonaTvali. ase rom, [...] ar unda<br />
vifiqroT, TiTqos igi iliasaTvis uryev princips an samoqmedo gegmas warmoadgenda” (diskusia 2006: 17; Sdr.<br />
kiknaZe 2006: 28-52).<br />
4 ix. Tundac iona meunargias sityvebi ilias Sesaxeb: “mas Canergoda gulSi mamulisa da enis siyvaruli”<br />
(meunargia 1987: 490).<br />
89
ilias arasodes auxsnia, Tu ras gulisxmobda, roca ymawvilkacobis droindel werilSi<br />
erovnul RirebulebaTa Soris gamoy<strong>of</strong>da “sam RvTaebriv saunjes”: mamuls, enasa da<br />
sarwmunoebas 1 , _ ra Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas aniWebda maT an cal-calke an erTad, _ magram<br />
man mogvianebiT vrclad daasabuTa Tvalsazrisi, rom erovnuli erTianobis saZirkvels<br />
istoriuli erToba warmoadgens, xolo rac Seexeba sarwmunoebriv gansxvavebas, man is<br />
xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad ar miiCnia arc erovnuli da, miT umetes, arc saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
erTianobisaTvis.<br />
rogorc Cans, erovnuli erTianobis met-naklebad msgavs koncefcias iziarebda iakob<br />
gogebaSvilic: Tavis fundamentur teqstSi “burji erovnebisa” (1890) mas ara imdenad<br />
sarwmunoeba, ramdenadac ena da erovneba (= erovnuli TviTSegneba) miaCnda erovnuli<br />
TviTobis ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad. sxvaTa Soris, konteqsti, sadac igi Tavis am<br />
Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams, igivea, rac iliaseul “osmalos saqarTveloSi”, _ sakiTxi isev<br />
samxrel muslim qarTvelebs Seexeba:<br />
“marTalia, aWarelebmac sarwmunoeba Seicvales, magram enasa da erovnebas ar<br />
uRalates da TaviT fexebamdis darCnen qarTvelebad” (gogebaSvili 1990: 35).<br />
gogebaSvili mkafiod acxadebs, rom aWarlebi sruli qarTvelebi arian rame danaklisis<br />
gareSe, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini im sarwmunoebas ar misdeven, romelsac qarTvelobis<br />
umravlesoba aRiarebs. amave dros, mniSvnelovania, rom igi maTgan ganasxvavebs SavSelebsa da<br />
eruSelebs, romlebmac<br />
“Zala-uneburad uRalates erovnebas da deda-enas, gascvales igi osmalurs<br />
enazed da Cveulebazed” (gogebaSvili 1990: 34).<br />
es gamonaTqvami konceptualurad didad ar gansxvavdeba zemore moyvanili<br />
gamonaTqvamisagan (_ aWarelTa Sesaxeb), magram, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi erovnul Tvisebas<br />
(da mis dakargvas!), gogebaSvilis azriT, gansazRvravs ena da tradicia (“Cveuleba”).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis “osmalos saqarTvelos” daweridan Svidi aTeuli wlis Semdeg, roca XX<br />
saukunis SuaxanebSi meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis damTavrebis Sedegad gaCenili politikuri<br />
koniunqtura warmoSobs TurqeTis saqarTvelos (zemo qarTlis) teritoriebis saqarTvelos<br />
sabWoTa respublikisaTvis SemoerTebis imedebs, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi<br />
kalistrate cincaZe mimarTavs tao-klarjeTis qarTvel mcxovrebT (“saqarTvelos<br />
sakaTalikozos zemo qarTlis eparqiebisaTvis”) 2 , moemzadon dedasamSoblosTan Sesarwymelad,<br />
“raTa sisxliTa da xorciT SekavSirebulma adamianebma moiyaron Tavi mSobliur miwa-wyalze”<br />
(vardosaniZe 2001: 193). saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTauri qarTvelobis gaxleCil nawilTa<br />
erTianobis safuZvlad kulturul erTobas miiCnevs da yuradRebas miapyobs, rom TurqeTis<br />
saqarTvelo “is mxarea, sadac dairwa qarTuli kulturis akvani” da, “Tu raime mogvagonebs im<br />
qarTvelobas, es didebul taZarTa nangrevebia...” (iqve). mimarTva mTavrdeba dapirebiT, rom<br />
saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis Semdeg aravin Seexeba muslim qarTvelTa sarwmunoebas da aravin<br />
aiZulebs maT, uaryon islami (iqve) 3 .<br />
sxvaTa Soris, am ori teqstis TiTo konkretuli monakveTis stilisturi siaxlove, _<br />
gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli gamoxmaureba, _ amZafrebs istoriul-faqtobriv<br />
kontrasts:<br />
“osmalos saqarTvelo”: [samxrel qarTvelebs] “miaRebines mahmadianoba, zogs<br />
ZaldatanebiTa, zogs motyuebiTa da macdurobiTa” (WavWavaZe 1997: 59);<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqis mimarTva: “Cven aRTqmas vdebT: gabriyvebiT,<br />
mzakvrobiTa da cdunebiT arcerTi muslimani ar iqneba gaqristianebuli” (vardosaniZe<br />
2001: 193).<br />
patriarqis mimarTvis teqsti adasturebs ara oden iliaseuli ideuri<br />
memkvidreobiTobis SenarCunebasa da erTgulebas TviT komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, aramed<br />
kidev erTxel imasac, rom Tavad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelic ki,<br />
ilias erovnuli erTianobis koncefciis kalapotSi, erovnuli mTlianobis ideidan<br />
gamoricxavs sarwmunoebriv erTobas, xolo erovnuli erTianobis _ rogorc Cans _ erTaderT<br />
safuZvels igi kulturis erTobaSi xedavs.<br />
1 Sdr. ivane abxazis sityvebi, gadmocemuli grigol orbelianis CanawerebSi “mgzavroba Cemi tfilisidam<br />
peterbuRamdis”: “Tavadni da aznaurni, romelTaca uyvardaT mamuli, sarwmunoeba, mefe...” (orbeliani 1959: 172).<br />
2 Sdr. papuaSvili 1986: 105.<br />
3 Sdr. “osmalos saqarTvelo”: “qarTveli, Cvenda sasiqadulod, kvlav daumtkicebs qveyanasa, rom igi ar erCis<br />
adamianis sinidiss” (60).<br />
90
dabolos: ra akavSirebs erovnuli erTianobis ilia WavWavaZiseul koncefcias ernest<br />
renanis erT gviandel naSromTan, romelTanac “osmalos saqarTvelos” arapirdapir<br />
gadaZaxils miapyrobs yurs grigol yifSiZe.<br />
frangi pozitivisti filos<strong>of</strong>osisa da religiaTa istorikosis, erT dros metad<br />
saxelmoxveWili da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ernest renanis (1823-1892) naSromi “ra aris eri?”<br />
(“u’est-ce qu’une nation?”) faqtobrivad misi sajaro leqciaa, romelic man sorbonis<br />
universitetSi waikiTxa 1882 wlis 11 marts 1 (sxvaTa Soris, renans ekuTvnis XIX saukuneSi<br />
daumsaxureblad farTod gavrcelebuli wigni “iesos cxovreba”, romelic mimarTulia<br />
qristianobis arsis winaaRmdeg da romelic pozitivisturi poziciidan afasebs ieso qristes<br />
pirovnebas, misiasa da moZRvrebas).<br />
renans miaCnia, rom “eris arsia, individuumebs hqondeT bevri saerTo bevri ramis<br />
dasaviwyeblad” (92), magram ras SeiZleba efuZnebodes es erTianoba? istoriulad eris<br />
erTianoba warmoiSoboda an dinastiis safuZvelze, an provinciaTa uSualo surviliT, an<br />
saerTo suliskveTebiT, daemarcxebinaT feodalizmis axirebebi (93), magram mainc, XVIII<br />
saukunemde erebis warmoSobis mTavari mamoZravebel-makavSirebeli muxti iyo dinastia.<br />
Tanamedrove xanaSi ki erovnuli TviToba SesaZloa eyrdnobodes:<br />
a) an rasas (magram renani ar iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom myari da mudmivi mxolod<br />
adamianTa rasebia da rom rasis ufleba pirveladia; mas amgvari Sexeduleba miuRebladac<br />
miaCnia da saxifaTodac, radgan Tanamedrove erebi TavisTavad arc erTgvarovanni arian da Tan<br />
rasis cnebas sxvadasxva Sinaarss aniWeben, erTi mxriv, anTropologebi da fiziologebi,<br />
romlebic sisxlismier naTesaobas gulisxmoben, xolo, meore mxriv, istorikosebi da<br />
filologebi, romelTaTvisac niSneulia enobrivi naTesaoba, _ ase nairgvarad gamijnuli<br />
rasobrivi dajgufebani ki ar emTxveva erTmaneTs; Sesabamisad, rasa nel-nela kargavs Tavis<br />
mniSvnelobas);<br />
b) an enas (Tumca renans miaCnia, rom adamianSi aris raRac, rac enaze maRla dgas: Tavad<br />
adamianis swrafva; xolo erovnuli politikis dafuZneba enaze niSnavs damokidebulebas<br />
filologiaze, iseve rogorc dafuZneba rasaze niSnavs damokidebulebas eTnografiaze; misi<br />
azriT, enasTan SedarebiT ufro mniSvnelovania kultura, radgan “adamiani gonieri da<br />
zneobrivi arsebaa... da igi sakuTar Tavs ama Tu im kulturas miakuTvnebs” _ 98);<br />
g) an religias (magram, renanis azriT, religias ara aqvs sakmarisi safuZveli<br />
Tanamedrove erovnebaTa dasafuZneblad da ver SeakavSirebs erovnul mTlianobas, radgan<br />
“Cven aRar gvyavs masebi, romelTac erTnairad swamT, _ yovels swams Taviseburad, rogorc<br />
SeuZlia, rogorc unda”, ris Sedegadac “religia gaxda sruliad individualuri” _ 99);<br />
d) an interesTa erTobas (romelic frang filos<strong>of</strong>oss aseve ar miaCnia sakmaris pirobad<br />
eris Sesaqmnelad);<br />
e) an geografias (Tumca, renanis sityvebiT, “teritoria, iseve rogorc rasa, ar qmnis<br />
erebs” da “eri sulieri sawyisia, istoriis Rrma garTulebaTa Sedegi, sulieri ojaxi da ara<br />
jgufi, romelic ganpirobebulia zedapiris formiT” _ 100).<br />
erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb am TvalsazrisTa ganxilvisa da miuReblobis Semdeg renani<br />
ayalibebs sakuTar koncefcias. mas miaCnia, rom ers mTlianobad warsuli da momavali kravs:<br />
“Tu pirveli maTgani mogonebaTa mdidari memkvidreobis erToblivi flobaa, meore aris<br />
saerTo SeTanxmeba, survili, erToblivad icxovron, erToblivad gaagrZelon wilad xvdomili<br />
daunawilebeli memkvidreobiT sargebloba” (100); “erovnebebi, rogorc individuumebi, Sedegia<br />
xangrZlivi Zalisxmevisa, msxverplisa da TviTSezRudvisa” (100); “winaparTa kulti yvelaze<br />
kanonieria yvela kults Soris, _ Cven winaprebma gagvxades imgvarni, rogorebic amJamad varT”<br />
(100); “gmiruli warsuli, didi adamianebi, dideba (magram namdvili) _ ai, mTavari kapitali,<br />
romelsac efuZneba erovnuli idea” (100); “saerTo didebis qona warsulSi, saerTo swrafvani<br />
momavalSi diad qmedebaTa erTad Casadenad, maTi survili momavalSi _ ai, mTavari pirobebi<br />
erad y<strong>of</strong>nisaTvis” (100); “amdenad, eri diadi solidarobaa, damyarebuli msxverplis grZnobaze,<br />
romelic ukve gaRebulia da romlis gaRebasac apireben momavalSi. eri gulisxmobs warsuls,<br />
magram awmyoSi is Sejamdeba xelSesaxebi faqtiT: esaa aSkarad gamoxatuli survili,<br />
gagrZeldes erToblivi cxovreba” (101); “Cven gavaZeveT politikidan metafizikuri da<br />
Teologiuri abstraqciebi. ra rCeba amis Semdeg? rCeba adamiani, misi swrafvani, misi<br />
moTxovnilebani” (101); “diadi Sejgufeba adamianebisa saRi azriTa da mgznebare guliT qmnis<br />
moralur cnobierebas, romelsac ewodeba eri” (102).<br />
advilad ver vityviT, rom eris renaniseuli koncefcia, romelic gamoiTqva (an, ufro<br />
sworad, _ warmoiTqva) ilias teqstis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, _ ernest renanis “ra aris eri?”<br />
xuTi wliT CamorCeba ilia WavWavaZis “osmalos saqarTvelos”, _ mTlianad emTxveodes<br />
erovnuli erTianobis iliaseul koncefcias, Tumca msgavsebanic SesamCnevia. gansakuTrebiT es<br />
iTqmis im poziciaze, sadac sisxlismieri naTesaobac (ese igi gvartomoba), enac da<br />
sarwmunoebac gamoricxulia eris warmomSob niSanTa wyebidan. magram SesamCnevia, rom ilia,<br />
1 teqstis gverdebs wignis dausaxeleblad Semdgom mivuTiTebT im gamocemis mixedviT, romelsac, savaradod,<br />
icnobda da eyrdnoboda grigol yifSiZe (ix. renani 1902: 87-101).<br />
91
enanisagan gansxvavebiT, nakleb yuradRebas miapyrobs momavals rogorc eris erTianobis<br />
ganmsazRvrel niSans. mTavari mainc isaa, rom iq, sadac renani msjelobs erisaTvis saerTo<br />
istoriuli warsulis ganmapirobebeli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, orive moazrovnis naTesaoba<br />
ueWvelia.<br />
ilias Tanamoazresa da mis pirvel biografs, grigol yifSiZes, uTuod hqonda safuZveli,<br />
amgvar naTesaobaze elaparaka, rac mis dakvirvebul da gamWriax mzeraze metyvelebs.<br />
sruliad bunebrivia, rom ilias publicisturi memkvidreobidan igi gansakuTrebiT<br />
gamoarCevs “osmalos saqarTvelos”; sruliad bunebrivia am mcire moculobis werilis mwerlis<br />
erT-erT fundamentur teqstad miCneva, sadac koncefcia erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb ase<br />
mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
gogebaSvili 1990: gogebaSvili i. rCeuli Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. II, Tb.: ganaTleba, 1990.<br />
diskusia 2006: “mamuli ena sarwmunoeba”: diskusia _ 17 dekemberi, 2002, saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa<br />
gasayarze, Tb.: arete, 2006.<br />
vardosaniZe 2001: vardosaniZe s. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi,<br />
Tb.: mecniereba, 2001.<br />
TamaraSvili 1902: TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf., 1902.<br />
ingoroyva 1957: ingoroyva p. ilia WavWavaZe: narkvevi, Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1957.<br />
kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. ilias mamuli, saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze, Tb.: arete, 2006.<br />
lomsaZe 1979: lomsaZe S. gviani Suasakuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan; axalcixuri qronikebi, Tb.:<br />
mecniereba, 1979.<br />
mansvetaSvili 1985: mansvetaSvili i. mogonebebi: naxuli da gagonili, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1985.<br />
meunargia 1987: meunargia i. [ilia WavWavaZe], ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa, Tb.: merani, 1987.<br />
orbeliani 1959: orbeliani g. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tb.: sabWoTa mwerali, 1959.<br />
papuaSvili 1986: papuaSvili n. k. m. cincaZis cxovreba da mecnieruli memkvidreoba, mravalTavi:<br />
filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, XIII, Tb.: mecniereba, 1986.<br />
renani 1902: Ренан Э. Собрание сочинений в 12-ти томах. Т.6. Киев, 1902.<br />
yifSiZe 1987: yifSiZe g. ilia WavWavaZe 1837-1907 (biografia), ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa, Tb.:<br />
merani, 1987.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 4, Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1957.<br />
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1987.<br />
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi II, Tb.: mecniereba, 1988.<br />
WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi VI, Tb.: mecniereba, 1997.<br />
92
mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia),<br />
giorgi SixaSvili, mamuka SixaSvili.<br />
wm. ilia marTlis (WavWavaZe) sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi<br />
moZRvreba da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
erovnuli koncefcia<br />
biblia gvaswavlis:<br />
`Tu vinmes ar surs muSaoba, maSin nurca Wams~ (2 Tes. 3, 10)<br />
`Rirsia maSvrali Tavisi sazRaurisa~ (luk. 10, 7)<br />
`netar arian mowyaleni, vinaidan isini Sewyalebul iqnebian~ (maT. 5, 7)<br />
`umjobesia gasce, vidre miiRo~ (saqme. 20, 34-35)<br />
,,miageT keisars keisrisa, xolo RmerTs RmrTisa” (maT. 22, 21)<br />
Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTvelos normaluri socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba<br />
warmoudgenelia fundamenturi erovnuli koncefciis gareSe, romlis SemuSavebisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia adgilobriv da zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa optimaluri SeTanawyoba<br />
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis procesSi.<br />
zogadsakacobrio da erovnul faseulobaTa Soris zeaRmatebuli adgili biblias,<br />
qristianul zneobas da masze dafuZnebul saTanado samurneo-mmarTvelobiT saqmianobas<br />
ukavia.<br />
saqarTvelos WeSmariti progresisaTvis aucilebelia bibliuri da religiur-eTikuri<br />
poziciebidan gaviazroT sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebi. saWiroa qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobisaken Semobruneba da TanamedroveobasTan harmoniulad<br />
Sexamebuli qristianuli ekonomikuri azrovnebisa da Sesabamisi sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi<br />
saqmianobis aRorZineba-ganviTareba.<br />
swored aseT saZirkvels efuZneboda saukuneebis manZilze Cveni socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
y<strong>of</strong>a, ramac istoriul qartexilebSi fizikur gadarCenasTan erTad, Tavis droze, ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi<br />
mowinave da TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adi ekonomikuri kulturis eradac warmogvaCina.<br />
amis Sesaxeb wm. ilia marTali (WavWavaZe) werda: `ueWvelia, Cveni uwindeli ekonomiuri<br />
wyoba iseTi y<strong>of</strong>ila, rom xalxs iqidam hqonia is qonebiTi Zal-Rone, romliTac igi gasZRolia<br />
amodena vai-vaglaxsa da omebsa amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi. ai, sagani Rirs SesaniSnavi da metad<br />
saintereso gamosakvlevad. es sagani rom Tval-win hqondes Cvens exlandel meistories, am<br />
saganzed rom ueWveli pasuxi mogvces vinme, bevrs naTels mohfenda awmyosa da momavalsac<br />
gzas gaunaTebda~ (WavWavaZe 1955a: 176),<br />
` ...warsuli _ mkvidri saZirkvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo momavlisa. ...es samTa JamTa<br />
erTmaneTzed damokidebuleba kanonia iseTive Seuryeveli da garduvali, rogorc yovelive<br />
buneburi kanoni. ...aRdgena istoriisa _ eris gamococxlebaa, gamomxnevebaa awmyos gageba da<br />
warmarTvaa, mermisis gamorkvevaa sibnelisagan~ (WavWavaZe 1955a: 200,204), `cxovreba erTiani<br />
mdinarea oris didis totisa: erTs rom xorcisaTvis moaqvs sazrdo, meores _ sulisaTvis. Tu<br />
an erTi daSra, an meore, _ gvami erisa mkvdaria, viTarca usulod xorci da uxorcod suli,<br />
saaqaosaTvis mainca. amitomac, vinca sCivis da hRaRadebs saxorcielo purisaTvis, is<br />
amdenadve, Tu ar metad, unda iRwvodes sasuliero purisaTvisac. adamiani, Tu mTeli eri,<br />
imisaTvis ki ar aris gaCenili, rom puri sWamos, aramed pursa sWams imitom, rom kacur-kacad<br />
icxovros da acxovros Tavis STamomavali~ (WavWavaZe 1955b: 342).<br />
adamianis cxovelqmedebis procesSi gamorCeuli adgili sameurneo-mmarTvelobiT<br />
saqmianobas ukavia, igi sazogadoebis socialuri organizaciis umTavres Semadgenel nawils<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
kacobrioba da saarsebo garemo, ekonomikuri potencialis CaTvliT, RmerTis mier<br />
Seqmnili samyaros Semadgeneli nawilebia. sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela procesi,<br />
maT Soris, sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobac, saRvTo nebis, ganmgeblobis, zrunvis,<br />
ganCinebebisa da daSvebis safuZvelze mimdinareobs.<br />
sarwmunoebriv safuZvelze damyarebul sameurneo-mmarTvelobiT saqmianobas Seiswavlis<br />
da warmarTavs saTanado samecniero-praqtikuli da saswavlo disciplina — Teologiuri<br />
(qristianuli) ekonomika, romelsac aqvs Tavisi kvlevis sagani, mizani, amocanebi, principebi,<br />
paradigmebi, meTodebi da a.S.<br />
Teologiuri (qristianuli) ekonomika RvTismetyvelur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis<br />
samecniero disciplinaa. igi Seiswavlis sameurneo procesebSi adamianis da sazogadoebis<br />
moTxovnilebaTa dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebisaTvis saWiro nivTieri da aranivTieri dovlaTis Seqmnis da<br />
gamoyenebis gonivrul gzebs RvTivdadgenil im zneobriv safuZvelze, romelic adamianis da<br />
eris saukuno netarebas uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s. Teologiuri ekonomika aris sameurneommarTvelobiTi<br />
saqmianobis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZveli, romlis praqtikuli<br />
93
ealizacia uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s calkeuli adamianis, sazogadoebis, eris, saxelmwifos da<br />
kacobriobis RvTivsulier harmoniul socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas.<br />
didi sjulis kanonis debulebebidan gamomdinare, qristianuli ekonomikis umTavresi<br />
principia — faseulobaTa (maT Soris fulis, qonebis, simdidris) simarTliT (RvTivdadgenili<br />
zneobiT) mopoveba da sikeTeSi gamoyeneba (Rangris... 1987: 194, 536).<br />
Teologiur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani da<br />
aucilebela wmindanebis cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi<br />
sakiTxebis Seswavla.<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teologiur-marTlmadidebluri gaazrebis<br />
safuZvlebi, sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis Teoriul-meTodologiuri paradigmebi,<br />
koncefciebi da principebi, Sesabamisi praqtikis analizi, samecniero-ekonomikuri kvlevis<br />
meTodikis sakiTxebi da, mTlianobaSi, wm. ilia marTlis sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi moZRvreba<br />
gadmocemul-Camoyalibebulia qarTveli eris am saTayvanebeli wmindanis, mecnieris da<br />
praqtikosi ekonomistis (bankiris) mraval naSromSi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: `Zveli<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomiuri wyobis Sesaxeb~, `eri da istoria~, `sameurneo dabali skolebis<br />
Sesaxeb~, `winamZRvrianT-karis qarTuli sameurneo skola~, `xilnarobisa da mevenaxeobis<br />
saswavlebelTa Sesaxeb~, `oZisis sameurneo skolis Sesaxeb~, `sateqniko da saxelosno<br />
sawavlebelTa Sesaxeb~, `mecxramete saukune~, `ra giTxraT?, riT gagaxaroT?~, sxvadasxva<br />
wlebis Sinauri mimoxilvebi, `cxovreba da kanoni~, `xiznebis saqme~, `kerZo da saTemo<br />
miwaTmflobeloba~, `sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis naklni da misi ekonomiuri mizezebi~,<br />
`polemika noe JordaniasTan~, `Cveni qveynis ekonomiuri cxovrebis sazrunavi~, `Zveli da axali<br />
Cveni ekonomiuri cxovrebisa~, `kavkasiis sas<strong>of</strong>lo meurneobis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb~, `Cveni<br />
s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneoba da SekavSirebis saqme~, `Zvirfasi saaRebmicemo Wirnaxulis saqme~,<br />
`melioraciis saqme~, `mevenaxeobis da meRvineobis saqme~, `mebambeobis saqme~, `pureulis saqme~,<br />
`mesaqonleobis saqme~, `Cveni meurneoba da gzebisa da bazris sakiTxi~, `mrewvelobis saqme~,<br />
`werilebi saqarTvelos sabanko-sakredito da safinanso saqmeebze~, `sagazeTo SeniSvnebi<br />
Tbilisis qalaqis gamgeobis mimdinare saqmeebzed~, `Cveni glexoba da tyiT sargeblobis saqme~,<br />
`s<strong>of</strong>lis moxeleTa arCevani~, `s<strong>of</strong>lis mmarTvelobis reformis sakiTxze~, `gazeTi `meurne~ da<br />
sxv.<br />
wm. ilia marTlis sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi moZRvrebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlebic aqtualurad exmianebian Tanamedroveobas (veSapiZe 1999: 23-24):<br />
• iliaseuli midgomebi da meTodebi ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Seswavlisas;<br />
• zogadsakacobrio miRwevebis gamoyeneba, rogorc sisworis ZiriTadi kriteriumi<br />
ekonomikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas;<br />
• yvela sazogadoebis ekonomikuri wyobilebis safuZveli sakuTrebrivi urTierTobebia;<br />
• progresuli socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da erovnuli ekonomikuri<br />
modelis Seqmnis umTavresi amocanebi;<br />
• saerTo ekonomikuri keTildReobis Teoria da misi gamoyenebis gzebi;<br />
• saSinao da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis harmoniuli kavSiri da efeqtianoba;<br />
• ekonomikuri reformis Seswavla-Sefasebis meTodologia.<br />
bibliuri moZRvrebis safuZvelze wm. ilia marTali miiCnevs, rom `sulier RonesTan<br />
erTad unda vlides Rone xorcielic~. xorciel Rones igi `saekonomio moqmedebasac~ uwodebs.<br />
yoveli adamianis, eris da qveynis WeSmariti, RvTivsulieri progresi mxolod maSin aris<br />
SesaZlebeli, rodesac es ori Zal-Rone harmoniulad SeerTdeba da `erTad da ganuyrelad~<br />
gveqneba. wmindani wers: `momwifda CvenSi is azri, rom sulier RonesTan erTad unda vlides<br />
Rone xorcielic, rom sulis, Wkuisa da gonebis gaZlierebas mxar-da mxar unda mosdevdes<br />
qonebisa, jibis gaZlierebaca, rom eri da qveyana, romelTac an erTi aklia, an meore, calfexa<br />
kacsa hgavs, da, rogorc cal-fexa kaci Sors manZils saWiro simaliT ver gaivlis, isec eri,<br />
qveyana veras gaxdeba, Tu Tavis warmatebis sayevarSi es ori uRladi, yovelT-SemZlebeli Zal-<br />
Rone ar eyoleba Sebmuli erTad da ganuyrelad~ (WavWavaZe 1955b: 337).<br />
wmindani gvaswavlis Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT warmatebebs axal droSi: ` ...exla an adli<br />
unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, an Carxi qarxanisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacoba<br />
omisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba unda Sromisa, rom <strong>of</strong>li hRvaros. kidev<br />
vityviT, qveyana exla imisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi garjisa, vinc ufro<br />
ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavs naRvaws... xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver<br />
wagvarTva Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana. ...xmliT moseulma vera dagvaklo-ra, _ SromiT da<br />
garjiT, codniT da xerxiT moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fex-qveSidam miwas gamogvaclis, saxels<br />
gagviqrobs, gagviwyvets, saxsenebeli qarTvelisa amoikveTeba, da Cvens mSveniers qveyanas,<br />
rogorc upatrono saydars, sxvani daepatronebian. Sromasa da garjas, codnasa da xerxs<br />
veravin-Ra gauZlebs, Tu Sroma da garja, codna da xerxi win ar mivagebeT, win ar davaxvedreT,<br />
win ar davuyeneT~ (WavWavaZe 1955b: 12-13).<br />
wm. ilia marTlis azriT, qarTuli sazogadoeba saerTo-erovnuli ekonomikuri<br />
keTildReobis bunebisa da potencialis matarebelia, rac sxva faqtorebTan erTad<br />
94
dasturdeba imiT, rom saqarTveloSi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila mwvave wodebriv-qonebrivi dapirispireba,<br />
`ekonomiuri Zali ki, romelic dRes CvenSi marto miwismflobelobidan warmosdgeba, da,<br />
yovelive, rac am Zalis Sedegi odesme iqneba, CvenSi verc erTma wodebam, RvTis madliT, ver<br />
gaisakuTra da dRes CvenSi glexic imisTana mflobelia miwisa, rogorc Tavadi, aznauri,<br />
eklesia; dRes CvenSi glexi memkvidreobiT binadaria im mamulzed, romelic yovel glexs mamapapiT<br />
daCemebuli aqvs. TiTon baton-ymobis uflebac ki ar y<strong>of</strong>ila CvenSi kuTvnilebad erTisa<br />
da imave wodebisa: glexTac, rogorc Tavad-aznaurTa da eklesias, SeeZloT ymebis yola. ...raki<br />
eseni iyo, raki ufleba qveynis gamgeobisa marto xelmwifes hqonda da aravis sxvas, _ erTsa ra<br />
unda SehSureboda meoreSi, erTi imisTanas ras daexarbeboda meores, rom amiT erTi wyoba<br />
meores ganzed gasdgomoda da Caenerga is ganTviTeulebis, gancalkevebis grZnoba wodebaTa<br />
Soris, romelic exlandelis evropis mwvavs tkivils Seadgens. ...CvenSi glexTa da sxva wodebaTa<br />
Soris keTili midrekileba sufevs; rom erTmaneTs aramc Tu eucxoebian, aramed erTmaneTisken<br />
miizidebian~ (WavWavaZe 1956a: 55-56).<br />
iuridiul-ekonomikuri, wodebriv-qonebrivi, organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi da<br />
sas<strong>of</strong>lo-sameurneo sakiTxebis Teologiur-istoriuli analizis safuZvelze wm. ilia<br />
marTali miiCnevs, rom `...Cvens cxovrebaSi aris imisTana fesvni, romelTa zedac SeiZleba<br />
amovides sikeTe erTobisa da yvelasaTvis saxeirod gaiSalos. amas unda davtrfodeT da<br />
SevxarodeT da ara vTakilobdeT da vmtrobdeT. amas xelis Sewyoba hmarTTebs da ara xelis<br />
SemarTva~ (WavWavaZe 1956a: 56).<br />
aseTi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT wmindani daaskvnis, rom sayovelTao socialurekonomikuri<br />
keTildReobis miRweva mxolod saerTo, SeerTebuli ZalisxmeviT aris<br />
SesaZlebeli.<br />
yovelgvari gaWirvebis, maT Soris, socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis daZlevis<br />
saSualebad wmindans swavla, codna da mecniereba miaCnia. sazogadoebis `umTavres senad~ igi<br />
umecrebas, gaunaTleblobas asaxelebs da aRniSnavs, rom imisaTvis, rom sxvas ar SevyurebdeT<br />
xelSi da Cvens Tavs Cvenve virCendeT, swavla-ganaTlebaa saWiro, amisaTvis araferi ar unda<br />
davzogoT _ `Raribni Tu varT, swavla-ganaTlebis uqonlobis mizezia. swavla-ganaTleba<br />
TiTon aris saTave simdidrisa, maSasadame, aq arafris dazogva ar unda, rom am saTavidam<br />
simdidris wyaro movadinoT~ (WavWavaZe 1955a: 357).<br />
wm. ilia marTlis socialur-ekonomikuri kvleva, misi azrovneba eyrdnoba obieqturi<br />
istorizmisa da istoriis RvTismetyvelebis kanonzomierebebsa da principebs. dRevandeli<br />
movlenebis analizs igi iwyebs warsulis SefasebiT, saidanac gamokveTs saTanado paradigmas,<br />
koncepcias, magistralur gzas, romelic awmyos waiyvans win momavlisaken. wmindani<br />
gvisabuTebs, rom xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze saqarTvelos swori gzebiT uvlia, sakuTari<br />
rwmeniT da imediT ucxovria. Cveni sazogadoebrivi mowyobis mravali mxare, maT Soris<br />
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba didi xnis nacadi da Semowmebulia. es aris fasdaudebeli<br />
ganZi, ganuzomeli sulier-xorcieli faseuloba, romelsac aucileblad unda vuwevdeT<br />
angariSs. saWiroa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli Cveni arseboba yovelmxriv `gamoviZioT~,<br />
`gamovikvlioT~, `mecnierebamde aviyvanoT~, konceptualur safuZvlad davisaxoT da win<br />
wavimZRvaroT samomavlo warmatebebis mosapoveblad.<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa obieqturi kvlevis Sedegad<br />
wm. ilia marTalma gamokveTa s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis upiratesi roli qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
aRorZineba-gaZlierebisa da sulier-xorcieli winsvlis saqmeSi: `s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobas, adgilmamulis<br />
patronobis warmoebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs xalxis simdidrisaTvis yvelgan da CvenSi<br />
ufro gansakuTrebiT. imitom, rom CvenSi sxva TvalsaCino ekonomiuri warmoeba ara aris ra,<br />
Tvinier s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis warmoebisa. Tavi da bolo xalxis cxovrebisa, sazrdoebisa,<br />
simdidrisa, magazed aris damyarebuli. ...xalxis simdidrezed kidev dafuZnebulia yovelis<br />
mTavrobis sulieri da xorcieli keTildReoba. aqedam advilad misaxdomia, rom mTels<br />
evropaSi yovelis xalxis mTavrobas didi yuradReba, didi zrunva aqvs miqceuli Tvisis xalxis<br />
s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobazed da did fulsac xarjven, rom mag umTavress wyaros xalxis simdidrisas<br />
farTo, rigiani da Seuferxebeli dena hqondes~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 257-258). sazogadoebis<br />
upirvelesi zrunvisa da dacvis obieqtad wmindanma s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneoba da, kerZod,<br />
miwaTmoqmedeba aRiara, radgan xedavda, rom `erTaderTi Rone Cvenis qonebis gaZlierebisa jer<br />
xanad marto mowaTmoqmedebaa CvenSi~. `...Telavis Tavad-aznaurobas es saWiroeba ugrZvnia da<br />
sagnad Semdgar amxanagobisa daudvia gankargeba da gaZliereba miwaTmoqmedebisa. gankargeba da<br />
gaZliereba swored im mxares unda mieqces, rom miwaTmoqmedebas CvenSi sxva gza da mimarTuleba<br />
auCinon, gaumravalgvaron kultura havisa da miwis Sesaferad, yovelive axlad SemosaRebi<br />
saWirnaxulo Seuwonon saSinao da sagareo bazris moTxovnilebas, Zvirfasi ram Wirnaxuli<br />
daudvan sagnad miwismomqmeds da iefis fasis Wirnaxulze xeli aaRebinon, an gauadvilon xarji<br />
da muSaoba~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 40,42).<br />
wmindani xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: `...Cveni Zal-Rone, Cvenis cxovrebis da vinaobis burji,<br />
Cveni mkvidri da utyuari Semnaxveli, Cveni sikeTe da simdidre, _ miwa da guTania. romels<br />
ersac es ori sagani xelT SerCenia, imas Tavi imodenad kidev Seunaxavs, rom SeuZlian<br />
TavmowonebiT sTqvas: me eri var da mkvidri bina maqvs sadReisodac da samermisodac. sxva<br />
95
yovelive fuWia da warmavali, verc eris vinaobas daedeba saZirkvlad, da verc erTi jiSis,<br />
erTis sisxlisa da xorcis adamianT Tavs erTad mouyris da verc erad Sehqmnis. saqme miwaa da<br />
guTani. ... istoria marto im ers ekiTxeba, romelsac miwazed fexi udgas da xeli guTans uvlia.<br />
Tavdapirveli Semomqmedi erovnobisa da eris simdidrisa marto guTani da miwa y<strong>of</strong>ila da<br />
iqneba kidec. radganac istorias da CvenTa mama-papaTa mxneobas da Tavganwirvas es ori<br />
Zvirfasi ganZi CvenTvis SeurCenia, radganac sapolitiko da saekonomio y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovreba am oris<br />
sagniT suldgmulobs, amitomac yoveli warmateba, yoveli win wadgmuli biji am or sagnis<br />
mimarT, CvenTvis didis yuradRebis Rirsi unda iyos~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 173, 176).<br />
socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi warmoebis (kerZod, miwaTmoqmedebis) da vaWrobis<br />
sferoebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba-analizis safuZvelze wm. ilia marTali askvnis: `vaWrobac,<br />
rasakvirvelia, saWiroa eris cxovrebisaTvis, imodenad, ramodenadac igi ezideba saqonels<br />
iqidam, saca metia, iq, _ saca uWirT da am gziT Svelis simdidris m<strong>of</strong>enas da morigebas<br />
yovelgan. xolo vaWroba, wesieradac gawyobili, amis mets samsaxurs ver gauwevs adamiansa da<br />
bunebiTad imisTana ram aris, rom erTs binazed ar ayenebs kacs; saca gamorComaa da xeiri, iq<br />
aris imisi mamuli, imisi miwa-wyali. amitomac eri, marto vaWrobazed miqceuli, darRveulia,<br />
gaqsuebuli, gafantuli. ...amisTana ers aucilebel bedad is uweria, rom sxvis kedlad unda<br />
iyos, sxva ers Seexiznos, sxvisiT icxovros. amitomac sapolitiko moqmedebisaTvis igi Ronemoklebulia,<br />
erad y<strong>of</strong>nobisaTvis niadagi ara aqvs da xelcarielia, Tundac jibeebi oqroebiT<br />
hqondes gatenili. amisTana eris ekonomiuri y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovrebac im erzed aris damokidebuli,<br />
romelsac Sehkedlebia da romelsac xelT upyria miwa da guTani, imitom _ rom vaWroba ara<br />
hqmnis simdidresa; mas marto erTis adgilidam moWarbebuli simdidre gadaaqvs meore adgilas,<br />
saca naklebia, da am gadatan-gadmotanaSi Tavis gasamrjelod doiaqs iRebs iqidamac _<br />
saidamac gadaaqvs da iqidamac _ saca miaqvs. am saxiT, vaWroba arc eris simdidris<br />
gaZlierebaSi aris TviTmomqmedi monawile, maSasadame, igi, rogorc sapolitiko, isec<br />
saekonomio saqmeebSi, mudam sxvis mayurebelia, sxvis pirSi macqerali, da namdvil ganaTlebul<br />
vaWars yovelTvis win gamosaxuli isa aqvs, rom misi keTildReoba im eris bedTan aris<br />
Sexorcebuli, romelsac Sehxiznebia. amitomac igi ar erideba da Tavisad miaCnia im eris Wirica<br />
da lxinica~ (WavWavaZe 1955b: 174-175).<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebas Soris<br />
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi urTierTobebis harmonizaciis mizniT wmindani gvirCevs:<br />
`mTavrobas imisTana wyobileba unda hqondes, rom erTis gziT, Tavis xalxis meurneobis<br />
namdvils, utyuars da aucilebels saWiroebas dRemudam hscnobdes, da meores gziT _ mzad<br />
iyos fuliT, codniT, rCeviT dauyovnebliv Semweoba miaSvelos iq mainc, saca kerZo pirTa<br />
SeZleba ver gaswvdeba~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 258); amave dros, saWiroa uSualo mwarmoeblebi<br />
gaverTiandeT sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi, kooperativebSi da `...vecadoT, rom rac<br />
TviTeul calke kacisaTvis miuwdomelia, is erTianis Sekrul-SeboWvil RoniT vimoqmedoT:<br />
TviTeulis calke groSi erTad SevagrovoT, Rone Rones SevakecoT, Sroma Sromas mivuyenoT<br />
da am gziT bevrni erTad SevebneT uRelSi cxovrebis avkargianobis sawevlad, rom Cveni<br />
na<strong>of</strong>li, Cveni naRvawi Cvenve gvrCebodes, Cvenve gvrgebodes~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 13). aseTi<br />
organizaciebis magaliTad wmindans mohyavs: `kavkasiis sas<strong>of</strong>lo meurneobis sazogadoeba~,<br />
`kaxeTis s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneTa kavSiri~, `xilisa da bostneulis gamsaRebeli sazogadoeba~,<br />
Wirnaxulis momyvanTa amxanagobebi, saglexo gamsesxebel-Semnaxveli sazogadoebebi da sxv.<br />
rig naSromebSi wm. ilia marTali ganixilavs zogadad monarqiuli mmarTvelobis<br />
institutis da, konkretulad, misi socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis ganxorcielebis<br />
udides mniSvnelobas saqarTvelosaTvis. magaliTad, miwaTmflobelobis sistemis samarTliani<br />
da optimaluri mowyoba-regulirebis saqmeSi saqarTvelos mefeTa rolis Sesaxeb igi wers:<br />
`sikeTe Cvenis ekonomiuris agebulebisa da wyobisa imaSi y<strong>of</strong>ila, rom miwa, ese igi mamuldeduli,<br />
cotad Tu bevrad ufro samarTlianad morigebuli y<strong>of</strong>ila Cvens xalxSi, vidre sadme<br />
sxvagan. sakvirvelia, rom dRes-aqamomde umamulo, ubinao kaci CvenSi TiTqmis arsad ar<br />
moiZeveba. amisTana wyobam mihmarTa usaTuod Cveni xalxi miwaTmoqmedebas, romelic ufro<br />
dauSromeli da mkvidri wyaroa xalxisa da qveynis sazrdoebisaTvis, vidre sxva ram. xsna Cvenis<br />
qveynisa am wyobaSi unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, da vidre am wyobas ufrTxildebodnen Cveni mefeebi, im<br />
dromde qveyana Cveni Ronieri y<strong>of</strong>ila da gasZRolia mters ase Tu ise~ (WavWavaZe 1955a: 177).<br />
wmidanis aRweriT, Cveni saxelovani mefeebi Semkulni iyvnen Zlieri qarTuli<br />
saxelmwifos mmarTvelisaTvis aucilebeli da damaxasiaTebeli iseTi pirovnuli TvisebebiT,<br />
rogoricaa: eklesiuroba, suliereba, zneobrivi siwminde, didbunebovneba, guliT da azriT<br />
goniereba, ganswavluloba, lideroba, samarTlianoba, simSvide, meurnis niWi, gamrjeoba,<br />
qvelmoqmedeba, gaWirvebulTa da sneulTa daxmareba, ucxoTSemwynarebloba.<br />
Tanaxmad bibliuri zneobrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri swavlebisa, rasac efuZneba wm.<br />
ilia marTlis sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi Teoria da misi pirovnuli praqtikuli moRvaweoba,<br />
yovelma adamianma da calkeulma organizaciam Semdegi movaleobebi da saqmeebi unda<br />
aRasrulos SeZlebisamebr:<br />
1. pativi miagos RmerTs da saxsari Seswiros eklesiis ganviTarebas;<br />
2. daexmaros sxva adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT — gaWirvebulebs;<br />
96
3. moixados movaleoba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis winaSe;<br />
4. izrunos RmerTis qmnilebis — bunebis dacva-SenarCunebisaTvis;<br />
5. daikmay<strong>of</strong>ilos piradi da saojaxo moTxovnilebebi;<br />
6. gamonaxos, SeinarCunos da ganaviTaros Semosavlis wyaro;<br />
7. izrunos micvalebulTa sulebis saoxad.<br />
es RvTaebrivi sibrZne unda daedos safuZvlad yoveli adamianis, sazogadoebisa da<br />
eris saqmianobas cxovelqmedebis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris, upirvelesad, sameurneommarTvelobiT<br />
praqtikaSi.<br />
aRniSnuli movaleobebi uflismierad akisria yvelas — calkeul adamians, ojaxs,<br />
samTavrobo, samewarmeo Tu arasamTavrobo, arasamewarmeo organizaciebs, parlaments,<br />
sasamarTlos, masmedias, mTlianad saxelmwifos, mis liderebs, mefeebs, prezidentebs,<br />
premier-ministrebs da TviT eklesiasac.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos RvTivsulieri,<br />
harmoniuli socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis<br />
radikaluri sruly<strong>of</strong>isaTvis aucilebeli da SesaZlebelia muSaobis gaSla Semdegi ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebiT (SixaSvili 2003: 270-271):<br />
• harmoniuli socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
RvTivdadgenili sibrZnis, wmindanTa cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli<br />
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi sakiTxebis Seswavla;<br />
• fuZemdebluri bibliuri swavlebis, qristianuli zneobis, socialuri da<br />
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi paradigmebis, koncefciebis da principebis<br />
Sexamebuli gamoyeneba;<br />
• saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriuli aspeqtebis siRrmiseuli<br />
gaazreba;<br />
• saeklesio-samonastro meurneobriobis gamocdilebis Seswavla-gamoyeneba;<br />
• Tanamedrove ms<strong>of</strong>lios uaxlesi socialur-ekonomikuri koncefciebis<br />
(Teologiuri ekonomika, neoekonomika, metaekonomika, mdgradi ganviTareba da<br />
sxv.) da progresuli sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi praqtikis saTanado Seswavlagamoyeneba;<br />
• saqarTveloSi mTeli sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis kompleqsuri<br />
Teologiur-socialur-ekonomikur-eTikuri analizis Catareba;<br />
• aRniSnulis safuZvelze sazogadoebis harmoniuli RvTivsulieri ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis erovnuli koncefciis, strategiis da Sesabamisi samTavrobo<br />
programis SemuSaveba;<br />
• erovnuli meurneobis yoveli calkeuli sferosaTvis saTanado samoqmedo<br />
qveprogramebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba.<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erovnul koncefcias safuZvlad unda daedos wm.<br />
ilia marTliseuli, qristianuli moZRvrebidan gamomdinare paradigmebis erTianoba: `mamuli,<br />
ena, sarwmunoeba~, ,,warsuli, awmyo, momavali~, `sulieri da xorcieli puri~, `sulieri da<br />
xorcieli Ronis erTianoba~, `wodebriv-qonebrivi Tanasworoba~, `saerTo-erovnuli<br />
ekonomikuri keTildReoba~, `Sroma, garja, codna da xerxi~, `swavla, codna da mecniereba~,<br />
`Rone _ Rones, Sroma _ Sromas~, `s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis upiratesoba~, `miwa da guTani~,<br />
`ekonomikuri siZliere _ saadgilmamulo mrewveloba~, `monarqiis roli ekonomikaSi~,<br />
`harmonia: mTavroba, xalxi, meurneoba~, `urTierTsiyvaruli~ (SixaSvili... 2007: 112).<br />
wm. ilia marTlis memkvidreoba sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da y<strong>of</strong>ierebis yvela<br />
sferos moicavs, romelTa Soris umTavresia socialur-ekonomikuri problematika. wmindanma<br />
da mecnierma, pirvelma qarTvel mkvlevarebs Soris, Cveni mravalsaukunovani ekonomikuri<br />
safuZvlebis gamorkveva aRiara saqmianobis Zireul miznad. man Tavisi SemoqmedebiTa da<br />
SromiT dagvanaxa, Tu ra unda vakeToT qveynis sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis aRorZinebisa da<br />
Semdgomi sruly<strong>of</strong>isaTvis (mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia) 2000: 87).<br />
wm. ilia marTlis sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi moZRvreba dRevandeli saqarTvelos<br />
ZiriTad saWiroebebs esadageba da gvaZlevs swor gezs qveynis harmoniuli RvTivsulieri<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, globalur sistemaSi misi WeSmariti misiis<br />
dadgenisa da Rirseuli adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
veSapiZe 1999: veSapiZe S. ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri kvlevis meTodologia da Tanamedrove ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tb., 1999.<br />
mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia) 2000: mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia). socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
sakiTxebi wm. ilia marTlis SemoqmedebaSi. sadiplomo naSromi. Tbilisis sasuliero akademiaseminaria,<br />
2000.<br />
Rangris krebis kanonebi 1987: Rangris krebis kanonebi. wignSi: saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1987.<br />
saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. Tb., 1987.<br />
97
SixaSvili 2003: SixaSvili g. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erovnuli koncefciis da sagadasaxadosafinanso<br />
saqmianobis bibliuri gaazreba. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne.<br />
ekonomikis seria. t. 11, 3., 2003.<br />
SixaSvili g., SixaSvili m. 2007: SixaSvili g., SixaSvili m. wm. ilia marTlis (WavWavaZe) ekonomikuri<br />
moZRvreba _ saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erovnuli koncefciis<br />
safuZveli. saerTaSoriso konferencia `ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa~. Tezisebis krebuli.<br />
saiubileo RonisZiebaTa samTavrobo komisia. Tb., 2007.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955a: WavWavaZe i. Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomiuri wyobis Sesaxeb. Txz., t. 4, Tb., 1955a.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955°: WavWavaZe i. eri da istoria. Txz., t. 4, Tb., 1955a.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955°: WavWavaZe i. Tavad-aznaurobis gulgriloba swavla-ganaTlebis saqmeSi. Txz., t. 4, Tb.,<br />
1955a.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?. Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1955b.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. Sinauri mimoxilva. 1882 weli, ivlisi-agvisto. Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1955b.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. Sinauri mimoxilva 1892 wlisa. Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1955b.<br />
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. Sinauri mimoxilva 1895 wlisa. Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1955b.<br />
WavWavaZe 1956°: WavWavaZe i. cxovreba da kanoni. Txz., t. 6, Tb., 1956a.<br />
WavWavaZe 1956°: WavWavaZe i. Zveli da axali Cveni ekonomiuri cxovrebisa. Txz., t. 7, Tb., 1956b.<br />
WavWavaZe 1956b: WavWavaZe i. kaxeTis s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneTa kavSiri. Txz., t.7, Tb., 1956b.<br />
WavWavaZe 1956b: WavWavaZe i. kavkasiis sas<strong>of</strong>lo meurneobis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Txz., t. 7, Tb., 1956b.<br />
98
daujdomeli sagalobeli wmidisa ilia marTlisa<br />
eka CikvaiZe<br />
1987 wlis 20 ivliss sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m sveticxovlis<br />
taZarSi brZana: `RvTis gangebiT mogvevlina ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc winaswarmetyveli da<br />
mqadagebeli, rogorc `xma mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina~, sityva marTali da WeSmariti, raTa<br />
bibliur mosesaviT aeRo mowamebrivi tvirTi eris winamZRvrobisa. man itvirTa jvari sruliad<br />
saqarTvelosi da Seudga golgoTis aRmarTs. swamda, rom misi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos<br />
gadarCena mxolod qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebas SeeZlo. wmindanad aRiarebis Semdeg<br />
ilia aris ara marto poeti, mwerali, sazogado moRvawe, aramed gamorCeuli moZRvari,<br />
mqadagebeli sikeTisa da simarTlisa, rwmenis. wmindanad aRiarebis Semdeg igi aris didi<br />
sulieri mfarveli Cveni kulturis, Cveni mwerlobis, Cveni axalgazrdobis, Cveni momavali<br />
Taobebisa~. 1997 wels sasuliero akademiis studentma merab galdavam (dRes, dekanozma miqael<br />
galdavam) Seadgina wminda ilia marTlis daujdomeli sagalobeli.<br />
sasuliero mwerloba mWidrod ukavSirdeba saeklesio cxovrebas da yovelTvis asaxavs Tu<br />
exmianeba im dakveTas, rasac eklesia, mrevli iTxovs misgan. cnobilia, rom saeklesio<br />
literaturam mravali Janri SesZina mwerlobas. zogi maTgani dResac viTardeba, zogi ki_aRar.<br />
magaliTisTvis agiografiuli literatura gamogvadgeba, romelic, faqtobrivad, Caanacvla<br />
biografiam (TumcaRa, ideuri aspeqtiT biografia agiografiis datvirTvas ver SeiZens, radgan<br />
sxvaa mizani agiografiuli Txzulebisa_Seqmnas xati, gvaCvenos gza idealis msgavseba-wvdomisa<br />
da sxva biografiisa, romelic mxolod aRwers faqtebs ganurCevlad datvirTvisa). egzegetikur<br />
Txzulebebs, ZiriTadad, SemkrebelobiTi xasiaTi aqvT, cocxalia qadageba da a.S. qarTuli<br />
mwerlobis organuli nawilia himnografia. sasuliero sagaloblebSi gamoikveTa Cveni eris<br />
SemoqmedebiTi potenciali, daixvewa da ganviTarda qarTvel poetTa gemovneba Tu stili.<br />
himnografia aris sasuliero poezia, sadac poeturi teqsti, Cveulebriv, galobiT sruldeba.<br />
miuTiTeben, rom `simReris is gvari, romelic RvTaebisadmi mimarTuli locva iyo, iwodeboda<br />
himnad. himnebiT RvTaebas scemdnen Tayvans.~ 1 sasuliero poezia RvTismsaxurebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
amitom yvela qristian ers Tavisi nacionaluri himnografia aqvs. qarTuli sasuliero poeziis<br />
dasawyisad meSvide saukunes varaudoben. originalurma himnografiam Tavisi ganviTarebis<br />
umaRles mwvervals miaRwia meaTe saukuneSi. XVIII saukunidan ki sasuliero himnebi, ise, rogorc<br />
sasuliero mwerlobis sxva Janris Txzulebebi, mwirad iqmneba. TumcaRa, XX saukunis bolos<br />
qarTul saeklesio mwerlobaSi am TvalsazrisiT didi gamococxleba igrZnoba. sasuliero<br />
xasiaTis Txzulebebi ara mxolod iqmneba qarTul enaze, aramed intensiurad iTargmneba. am<br />
process isic uwyobs xels, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda sinodis dadgenilebiT, qarTulma<br />
eklesiam Seimata axal wmindanTa dasi. amitom bunebrivad gaCnda saWiroeba tropar-kondakTa da<br />
sagalobelTa Seqmnisa (TumcaRa, aris meore gzac, sazogado tropar-kondakTa da sagalobelTa<br />
moSvelieba, radgan wmindanis msaxureba gansazRvrulia misi rangiT). sagalobelTa Seqmna-<br />
Targmnis process calsaxad dadebiTad ver SevafasebT, radgan dagrovda xelaRebiT,<br />
samwuxarod, xSirad ugemovnod, arasaTanado codniT, sifrTxiliT, stiliT, eniTa da leqsikiT<br />
Sesrulebuli mdare xarisxis himnebi da sakiTxavebi. swored amitom saqarTvelos sapatriarqom<br />
sagangebo komisiac Seqmna, romelsac axalTargmnil da axlad Seqmnil TxzulebaTa cenzireba<br />
evaleba. am TvalsazrisiT, ilia marTlis daujdomeli gamonaklisia. sagalobelTa avtorma<br />
mSvenivrad gaarTva Tavi im problemebs, romelTa umetesobac, upiratesad, XVIII-XX saukuneebSi<br />
TavCenili sirTuleebiT aris ganpirobebuli. mniSvnelovani iyo sami ZiriTadi sakiTxis<br />
gadawyveta: 1. kompozicia, radgan daujdomeli sagaloblis specifika rTulia, xolo im wyvetis<br />
fonze problemad warmoCndeba rogorc teqnikuri mxare sagaloblisa, ise formisa da Sinaarsis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi; 2. enobriv-stiluri sakiTxebi, radgan sagalobeli sruliad axal<br />
enobriv-literaturul sivrceSi iqmneba, mrevlisTvis, romelsac daujdomelma saTanado<br />
locviTi ganwyoba unda Seuqmnas, amitom, erTi mxriv, leqsikuri qsovili, enobrivi saSualebebi<br />
ar unda iyos xelovnuri (risi bunebrivi saSiSroebac aris), mZime da arqauli, meore mxriv, unda<br />
SeinarCunos ganwyobis aRmatebuloba, zeaweuli intonacia da, rac mTavaria, saeklesio stili<br />
(rac arabunebrivia dRevandeli saliteraturo enisTvis), e.i. saTqmeli stilurad da<br />
formobrivad zustad, saTanado eniTa da adekvaturi stiliT unda gadmoices, ise, rom ar<br />
dairRves mTavari_(3), warmoCndes wmindanis xati, rac rTulia rogorc zogadad, ise am<br />
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, radgan unda moxdes yoveli CvenganisTvis nacnobi mwerlis, sazogado<br />
moRvawis aRqma, transformacia wmindanad, unda Seiqmnas xati ilia marTlisa, rogorc<br />
wmindanisa. Seasbamisad, unda gamoikveTos wmindanis sulieri portreti, cxonebis gza, Rvawlis<br />
is saxe, riTac daimkvidra sasufeveli.<br />
1. akaTisto aris sagalobeli, romelic sruldeba daujdomlad. misi qarTuli<br />
saxelwodeba swored daujdomelia. igi Tavisi specifikiT, struqturiTa da SinaarsiT<br />
1 platoni, citata mogvyavs l. grigolaSvilis werilidan `qarTuli himnografia~ (qarTuli ena da literatura<br />
skolaSi, 1983 w. 1, gv. 87 )<br />
99
gansxvavdeba himnografiuli kanonisgan, formobrivad ki kondaks uaxlovdeba. Tavdapirvelad<br />
akaTisto erqva saRvTismetyvelo-qebiTi xasiaTis Txzulebas, romelic RvTismSobels eZRvneba.<br />
swored RvTismSoblis daujdomelma daudo saTave am Janrs himnografiaSi (daujdomels ikossa<br />
da xairetizms/gixarodensac uwodeben). sauflo dResaswaulTa Tu wmindanTa daujdomlebi<br />
gvian_XII saukunidan iqmneba. qarTul enaze RvTismSoblis daujdomeli XI saukuneSi iTargmna.<br />
XII saukuneSi nikoloz gulaberisZem Seqmna sveticxovlis sakiTxavi, romelsac erTvis<br />
gixarodenis muxlebi. mogvianebiT es muxlebi, calke gamokrebili, sveticxovlis daujdomlad<br />
Camoyalibda. ZiriTadi nawili qarTul enaze arsebuli akaTistoebisa naTargmnia. akaTistos<br />
qarTuli Targmani Seswavlili ar aris, rac kidev ufro arTulebs ilia marTlis daujdomlis<br />
rogorc modelze, ise formobriv-kompoziciuri struqturis sakiTxebze saubars. akaTisto,<br />
kondakis msgavsad, 24 nawilisgan Sedgeba da ikos-kondakis monacvleobazea agebuli. es aris,<br />
faqtobrivad, 12 didi da 12 mcire str<strong>of</strong>i, ikoss mosdevs 12 gixarodeni. pirvel kondaks<br />
mohyveba gixarodenis muxli, romelic yvela ikosis Semdeg meordeba, xolo danarCen 11 kondaks<br />
refrenad gasdevs `aliluia~ (n. sulava, `qarTuli himnografia: tradicia da poetika~).<br />
RvTismSoblis akaTistos win uZRvis Sesavali. berZnuli enis Sinagani struqturidan da<br />
melodiurobidan gamomdinare, daujdomlis (RvTismSoblis akaTistos) yvela ikoss erTnairi<br />
ritmuli modeli aqvs da emyareba izosilabizms, maxviliani da umaxvilo marcvlebis<br />
raodenobas. garkveul kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba misi metruli struqturac: gixarodenis<br />
eqvsi wyvilidan pirveli aTmarcvliania, meore cameti, mesame-Teqvsmeti, meoTxe_TxuTmeti,<br />
mexuTe da meeqvse_TerTmeti. rogoria Cveni sagaloblis kompoziciuri mxare? unda iTqvas,<br />
rom daujdomlis avtori formobriv mxares ufro Tavisuflad epyroba. aq ar gvaqvs<br />
akrostiquli Sesavali, romelic win uZRvis RvTismSoblis akaTistos. sagalobeli Sedgeba 13<br />
(da ara 12) kondakisa da 12 ikosisgan, I kondaks mosdevs gixarodenis muxli: `gixaroden,<br />
ganrRveulisa mamulisa sulisa ganmacxovelebelo da gonebaTa CvenTa zecad aRmyvanebelo<br />
wmidao ilia marTalo!~ daujdomeli sruldeba bolo locviT. pirveli da meTormete ikosebis<br />
gixarodeni 11 mimarTvisgan Sedgeba, danarCeni_12_12. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, akaTistos<br />
ar axasiaTebs izosilaburi metruli struqtura da marcvalTa kanonzomieri monacvleoba.<br />
Sinagani ritmika, dinamizmi mokle da vrcel frazaTa Tavisufal monacvleobazea damyarebuli.<br />
mag.: `gixaroden, samzeosa zeda aRmobrwyinebulo moRvaweo sakvirvelo; gixaroden, iberiisa<br />
venaxisa keTilmemtileo~.<br />
2. enobriv-stiluri TvalsazrisiT akaTisto axloa homiletikasTan. sagaloblis sulieri<br />
datvirTvis mniSvneloba izrdeba, Tuki Txzulebis avtori zustad grZnobs saTqmelis Sinaarss<br />
da arCevs saTanado leqsikas, saWiro stils. sabolood, es yovelive formisa da Sinaarsis<br />
urTierTobamde daiyvaneba. cnobilia, rom sasuliero literatura formobrivgamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT ufro statikuria, vidre saero.<br />
rogorc wesi, sasuliero TxzulebaTa avtorni meti sifrTxiliT epyrobian Sinaarsis<br />
leqsikur-stilur mxares. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom imata mdare xarisxis TxzulebaTa ricxvma. es<br />
ki ramdenime mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxlavT kadnieri<br />
midgoma, radgan saTanado codnis gareSe hkideben xels nebismieri sirTulis masalas. meore<br />
faqtoria wyveta, e.i. tradiciis darRveva, rac enobriv da leqsikur maxasiaTeblebzec isaxeba.<br />
SeuZlebelia locviTi ganwyobaSegiqmnas amgvari Sinaarsis frazam: `TviTmfrinaviT<br />
CamogabrZanes...~ (RvTismSoblis xatis erT-erTi axladSeqmnili paraklisidan). samwuxarod,<br />
aseTi ram arcTu iSviaTia. akaTistos `daxvewil stils gansazRvravs antikuri ritorikisa da<br />
poetikis tropuli metyveleba: antinomiuroba, sinonimia, etimologiuri figurebi~ (n. sulava,<br />
dasax. naSr.). rogoria ilia marTlis daujdomelis ena da stili? cxadia, enobriv-stilur<br />
analizs ar SevudgebiT da mokled SevniSnavT, riT aRwevs sagaloblis avtori sasurvel mizans.<br />
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sruli bruneba (RmrTivkurTxeulisa codnisa sasumelsa dawafebulo);<br />
postpoziciuri wyoba (gulisa Cvenisa gansatfobelad amomzevebulo); savrcobiani formebi<br />
(mowevnulsa xmovanebasa...Tanamexme veqmneT); funqciaaRdgenili nawevari (sixaruliTa miT<br />
simSvidisaiTa); TandebulTa, zmniswinTa, wevr-kavSirTa da kavSirTa arqauli formebi<br />
(aRmyvanebelo, ganmacxovelebelo, esreT,...); Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis<br />
gacocxlebuli leqsikuri fondi (`metrfe, saTnoCenili, Tanamexme, marcvali lxinebuli,<br />
sulieriTa tvifariTa dabeWduli...~); mniSvnelovania isic, rom stilisa da leqsikis xarjze<br />
TviT biografiuli elementebic Zalze faqizad Semodis qebaSi da tlanq biografiul<br />
aqcentebad aRar aRiqmeba: `mamulisa SenisaTvis mamulisave dateveba saTno-iCine da<br />
peterburgsa Sina swavlulebisa beReli igi Seni uvrcelesi mwignobrobisa ifqliTa xvavrielhqmen~.<br />
ebiani mravlobiTis paralelurad didia nar-Taniani mravlobiTis wili, rac poeturmanerul<br />
stils gamokveTs. gvaqvs saxarebiseuli paradigmebi Tu tipuri antinomiebi<br />
(`aRsasruliTa SeniTa beliarisa manqanebisa Semmusrvelo~); locviTi ganwyobis misaRwevad da<br />
xatis Sesaqmnelad daujdomelis avtori mimarTavs semantikur, azrobriv sinonimiasac:<br />
`eklesiisa sagalobelisa keTilxmovano Zlispiro, romelsaca Segamkoben mefsalmuneni,<br />
romlisaTvisca enani amod Znoben...~ miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, mniSvnelovania zomiereba<br />
arqaul formaTa Tu leqsemaTa, sintaqsuri wyobisa Tu tropTa moxmobisas, rac sazeimo,<br />
aRmatebul ganwyobas yvalasTvis misawvdoms xdis. es aris ena, romelic gasagebia yvelasTvis,<br />
100
visac waukiTxavs locva, fsalmuni, daswrebia RvTismsaxurebas da ara zogierTi<br />
axalgadmoqarTulebuli ZegliviT mZime da gaugebari.<br />
3. miuTiTeben, rom `himnografi, romelic sagalobels miuZRvnis, vTqvaT, macxovris Sobas,<br />
sxva amocanis winaSe dgas, xolo wmindanis ganmadidebeli ramdenadme gansxvavebul situaciaSia,<br />
qristianuli dResaswaulis mniSvneloba yvelasTvis erTnairad cxadia. misi gandidebis<br />
tradicia ukve Seqmnilia, am Temaze axali sagaloblis damweri agrZelebs tradicias, wmindanis<br />
Rvawlis ganzogadeba ki maTi cxovreba-moRvaweobis pirvel aRmwerTa mier xorcieldeba.<br />
tradicias axla eyreba saZirkveli. Tumca am tradiciisTvis sqema udidesi qristianuli<br />
dResaswaulebis Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi ukve moxazulia~. 1 saanalizo sagaloblis<br />
specifikas gansazRvravs swored is, rom igi ganadidebs axal wmindans, romlis moRvaweobisa da<br />
cxovrebis detalebi met-naklebad yvelam icis. pozicia gansazRvrulia, Sefasebac ki<br />
wmindanisa_TiTqos ukve ganvlili etapi. daujdomlis avtori ilia marTlis cxovrebis<br />
pirveli Semfasebeli ar aris. magram himnografi qmnis mowamis zedroul da zesivrcul models,<br />
xats. unda ganzogaddes martvilis saxe da msmenlis locviTi mimarTeba damyardes masTan.<br />
garda amisa, unda gviCvenos wmindanis konkretuli adgili zeciur ierarqiasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, avtoris winaSe dgeba droisa da sivrcis problema (rac sagalobelSi<br />
sxvadasxva kuTxiT warmoCndeba). amdenad, sainteresoa, ra momentebi gamoikveTeba ilia<br />
WavWavaZis RvawlSi da rogor transformirdeba ilia-sazogado moRvawe ilia marTlad: ilia<br />
uflis (`dauvalisa mis uqmnelisa mnaTobisa~) qadagia; igi `axovani mRviZarebiT Cven, udebTa da<br />
sawyalobelTa warmwymedeli sulieri Zilis ganmafrTxobelia~; `dauRamebeli naTlis metrfea~;<br />
`uflis (sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa mZlevelisa) mobaZavia; suliT mRviZarea~; `suliwmidis madliT<br />
aRbeWduli mamulis siyvarulis yrmobidanve SemsakuTrebelia~; `marcvali lxinebuli~<br />
(gaRvivebuli); `Cveni gonebis mzrdeli~; `sarwmunoebis mecnierebiT ganmamtkicebeli da<br />
mecnierebis nay<strong>of</strong>ierisa sarwmunoebiTa ganmacxovelebelia~; `slvis qristesmier<br />
wrfelmy<strong>of</strong>elia~; `ganrRveuli mamulis sulisa ganmacxovelebelia~, `mamulisaTvis muSakia~,<br />
`iberiisa mWmunvariTa bediTa damwuxrebuli aRvsebuli dauSreteli lamparia~, `sulieri<br />
trapezis zedaSea, romelic eris simrTelisTvis wyurielia~, `umecrebaTa zeda mgloviarea,<br />
romlis namuSakevsac angelozni caTa Sina xmovaneben~. xazis gagrZeleba usasrulod SeiZleba,<br />
radgan TiToeuli fraza axali plastiT warmoaCens ilias, rogorc wmindans. msmenelis<br />
locviTi ganwyoba Zalian kargad nacnob aspeqtsac axali ganwyobiT aRiqvams, ris Sedegadac<br />
`daRamebadi wiwamuridan maradisi ciskrisaken msrboli~ ukve ara ilia_mwerali da sazogado<br />
moRvawe, aramed wminda ilia marTalia, romlis rangic ganisazRvra simarTliT RvTis, erisa da<br />
sakuTari sindisis winaSe.<br />
1 l. grigolaSvili, droisa da sivrcis poetikisaTvis Zv. qarTul himnodrafiaSi, ivironi 1000, Tb. 1983, gv. 107<br />
101
ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli emigracia<br />
rusudan niSnianiZe<br />
,,ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos naxevari saukunis istoriaa”, - am sityvebiT daiwyebs Tavis<br />
werils cnobili qarTveli mecnieri, rusTvelologi viktor nozaZe parizSi gamomaval Jurnal<br />
,,qarTlosis“ saiubileo (merve) nomerSi da iqve: kaci, ,,vinc” hqmnida istorias” (nozaZe 1937:3).<br />
es ukve SefasebiTi kategoriidanaa. qveynis istoria — seriozuli Tema.<br />
yoveli ganzogadeba mecnierul sifrTxiles iTxovs da TavisTavad, rTuli saqmea. miT<br />
ufro im SemTxvevaSi, roca gansxvavebulia samoqmedo da saazrovno sivrce. isic<br />
angariSgasawevia, rom adamianebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi icvlian azrs, pozicias, Sexedulebebs.<br />
kvlevis procesSi sainteresoa imis garkveva, ramdenad logikuria (an gulwrfeli ) es ,,cvla’’.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe — gamorCeuli saxeli XIX da XX saukuneebis gzasayarze. misadmi miZRvnili<br />
publicisturi werilis Tu narkvevis araerTi avtori erTad aRmoCnda ucxoeTis miwaze. isini<br />
sxvadasxva partiuli kuTvnilebis Tu inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis adamianebi iyvnen.<br />
,,ilias Temam’’ kidev ufro gaamZafra maTi pirovnuli urTierTobebic; gansxvavebulma<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobebma mkveTrad iCina Tavi. samSobloSi es ufskruli TiTqos ase Rrma ar iyo. es<br />
polemika sazRvargareT ar dawyebula, iq gagrZelda mxolod. kontrastebis im sibrtyeze<br />
dayvana — dadebiTia es Tu uary<strong>of</strong>iTi, gaaubraloebs emigrantuli publicistikis paToss.<br />
literaturis istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovania sazRvargareT moRvawe araerTi<br />
politikosis, mecnieris da mwerlis mosazreba. statiebi, narkvevebi, leqsebi — es<br />
mravalferovani masala ms<strong>of</strong>lios sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSia dastambuli (gaz.,,TeTri giorgi”<br />
9 1927, 16 1929, 13 1928, 27 1930, 31 1930, 80 1934, 81—82-83 1934, parizi J. ,,brZolis xma” 39 1934,<br />
parizi, ,,kavkasioni” X 1965, parizi, r.gabaSvili ,,rac maxsovs”, miunxeni, 1959, noe Jordania<br />
,,Cemi warsuli”, parizi, 1953, s.bereJiani ,,nawerebi”, berlini, 1943, gr. robaqiZe ,,krebuli”,<br />
karlo inasariZis gamocema, miunxeni, 1984, al.sulxaniSvili ,,ra xdeboda metexis cixeSi<br />
qarTveleb Soris 1923 da 1924 wlebSi da ilias mkvlelobis sinamdvile”, san francisko, 1985 da<br />
mravali sxv.).<br />
,,vinc dakarga samSoblo, man dakarga yvelaferi,”_ esaa sityvebi parizSi gamomaval<br />
gazeTSi dabeWdili werilidan: ,,saxelmwifoebrioba Tu individualizmi.” avtori Tavis gvars<br />
bolomde ar amxels (d. k_Svili). saintereso statia gamorCeul ganwyobas qmnis: ,,Cven<br />
davkargeT samSoblo da misi dakargviT, rom Cven yvelaferi davkargeT amas gansakuTrebuli<br />
simwvaviT vgrZnobT aq, emigraciaSi my<strong>of</strong>i da iq, rusul komunistur monobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i<br />
qarTveloba”(k_Svili 1929:1).<br />
epoqaluri faqtebis Sefaseba arcTu iSviaTad, drois distancias gulisxmobs, magram<br />
arseboben movlenebi, romelTac maSinve daerqmevaT zusti saxeli. gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”<br />
farTod aSuqebs ilias Temas. v. emuxvaris werili saTauriT: ,,5 ivlisis kanoni”: ,,ilia WavWavaZe<br />
iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis ideologi! xom faqtia, rom i. WavWavaZis mTeli<br />
muSaoba iyo am saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis niadagis momzadeba!”(emuxvari 1928: 4). kontrasti<br />
saxezea. statiaSi meore gvari amotivtivdeba: ,,xom faqtia, rom n. Jordania iyo ideologi<br />
qarTveli eris nacionalur gadagvarebis... n. Jordania mTels mis moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi<br />
niadags uTxrida saqarTvelos politikur Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobas.”<br />
werilis avtori am xelisuflebas sayvedurobda uzarmazari qonebis da udevrad<br />
gaflangvas da magaliTad mohyavda is istoriuli faqti, roca 1917 wels erovnul yrilobaze<br />
gamosul kote afxazs didxans usaubria saxelmwifoebriobis Sesaxeb, nacionalizmze da Turme<br />
urCevda damswreT saqveyno saqmeebis gadawyvetisas ar exelmZRvanelaT mxolod partiuli<br />
mosazrebebiT. aqve, ilias mier daarsebuli tfilisis guberniis saTavadaznauro bankis qoneba<br />
,,30 oqros milioni maneTi” gadaucia. es ilias saqarTvelos mier Seqmnili qoneba ganadgurda<br />
Jordaniasa da misi partiis mier, Tvlis avtori. istoriuli suraTis aRsadgenad davsZendi,<br />
roca es werili iwereba kote afxazi _ didi erovnuli moRvawe, ilias diswuli saqarTveloSi<br />
ukve daxvretilia.<br />
sainteresoa saredaqcio werili ,,Cveni pasuxi ,,damoukidebel saqarTvelos” da 30<br />
martis koloniis gmirebs,” romelic gamoqveynda gaz. ,,TeTri giorgis”27 nomerSi<br />
(redaqciisagan 1930: 3). kategoriuloba marto toniT ar cnaurdeba, aramed leqsikoniT. ras da<br />
rogor elaparakebian isini erTmaneTs: ,,Tqven... tyuilebis guda xarT. erTmaneTsac ki atyuebT.<br />
raindi aravis cils ara swamebs. Tqven ki pr<strong>of</strong>esionaluri cilismwamlebi xarT.<br />
gaixseneT, ra cili daswameT ilia WavWavaZes... raindi zurgidan, qurdulad aravis mohklavs,<br />
Tqven ki teroristebis mTeli kasta SehqmeniT da saukeTeso qarTvelebs qurdulad xocavdiT.”<br />
es araa TaobaTa Soris brZola. asakobrivi sxvaoba danaxvis sxvadasxva rakurss rom<br />
gansazRvravs. es adamianebi, aw ukve miuxedavad RirebulebebTan damokidebulebis mkveTri<br />
gansxvavebisa, erTad aRmoCndnen ,,sxva” miwaze. garemom gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia.<br />
samSoblodan geografiulad Sors my<strong>of</strong>ma adamianebma sityva ,,patriotizmi” ufro mtkivneul<br />
konteqstSi gaiazres. ,,Tqveni patriotizmi _ klasTa brZolaa, kaenoba... Cven rom rusebs<br />
102
vlanZRavT es raindoba ar ariso da Tqven rom ilias lanZRavdiT, sicocxle mouwamleT, cili<br />
swameT _ es ki raindoba iyo?”<br />
zogadad aRvniSnavdi, rom emigraciaSi dabeWdili werilebis ZiriTadi paTosi<br />
xazgasmulad cxadia; iqneba es cnobili fraza: ,,tyes Wrian, nafotebi scviva!” romlis Tu<br />
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ,,personirebul istorias” (anu, ra viTarebaSi da vis ,,braldeboda” misi<br />
avtoroba wlebis monacvleobiT) SegviZlia, gavadevnoT Tvali (gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”, 31 parizi,<br />
1930 r. gabaSvili ,,rac maxsovs”, miunxeni,1959 gaz. ,,erToba”13 (1253)714 XII 1997 da sxv.); Tu ilia<br />
WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli faqtebis gaanalizeba da detalebis<br />
gamokveTa (kreb. ,,kavkasioni” X parizi, 1965 al. sulxaniSvili ,,ra xdeboda metexis cixeSi<br />
qarTveleb Soris 1923 da 1924 wlebSi da ilias mkvlelobis sinamdvile” san francisko, 1985<br />
vlasa mgelaZe ,,mogonebebi” wigni II parizi, 1972 Jurn. ,,omega”9 (47) IX 2003 da sxv.). TiToeul am<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebiT damoukidebeli, calke naSromebi daideba, albaT. amjerad, minda<br />
wamovwio es Temebi da erT saazrovno sivrceSi warmovadgino. kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic<br />
qarTuli emigraciisTvisaa mniSvnelovani, esaa partiuli (samoqalaqo) dapirispirebis<br />
mtkivneuli aspeqti. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Semdegi gamocemebi: ,,kavkasioni” X parizi,<br />
1965 gaz.<br />
,,TeTri giorgi”69. 70. 71 X_XII parizi, 1933 gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”80 IX parizi, 1934 gaz.<br />
,,TeTri giorgi”81. 82. 83 X_XII parizi, 1934 gaz. ,,brZolis xma”29 I parizi, 1933 gaz. ,,brZolis<br />
xma”39 I parizi, 1934 saqarTvelos faSisturi darazmuloba, debulebani moRvaweobisa da<br />
brZolisaTvis, parizi, 1937.<br />
rac Seexeba mwerlobas. qarTul emigrantul poeziaSi zogadad, miZRvniTi xasiaTis<br />
leqsebi sakmaod uxvadaa, magram ,,ilias Tema” mainc gamorCeulia. isini momxdari tragediidan<br />
mravali wlis Semdeg daiwera; anu, es ar gaxlavT imwuTieri afeqtis, datirebis nimuSebi.<br />
garkveuli emociuri Tu ideuri biZgiT Seqmnili poeturi nawarmoebebi sayuradReboa da<br />
vfiqrob, mniSvnelovanic.<br />
1932 wels parizSi daiwera giorgi yifianis leqsi saTauriT: ,,ilias”. aq im tragediis<br />
gaxsenebaa, rasac marcval-marcval inaxavs xsovna.<br />
Tavze dagvengra didebis dila,<br />
lega Rrublebi aqsovs arSias,<br />
bazaleTis tbas cremlebSi sZinavs,<br />
oqros akvanic qariSxalSia.(yifiani 1930_1965: 27)<br />
SeuZlebelia, samSoblos dacilebulma poetma garkveuli paraleli ar gaavlos. misTvis<br />
ubedurebaTa seria xom ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobiT daiwyo da avadsaxsenebeli Tebervlis<br />
dReebiT damTavrda. Tumca, amas damTavreba kacma rom Tqvas, arc ki hqvia, roca fiqriT,<br />
biografiiT, cxovrebis wesiT es TariRebi gansazRvravs arsebobis grZel gzas. es ara<br />
mxolod poeturi kavSiria:<br />
Sewyda brZola da xmam daiZira,<br />
Tebervlis qari moTqvams qaliviT,<br />
jvreb _ gadamtvreul saflavebs sZinavs,<br />
mkerd _ garRveuli gorgaslaniviT.<br />
qarTvel emigrant poets isev didi winapris aCrdili rCeba imedad, ufro zusti<br />
Semdegi naTqvami iqneba, albaT, misi Seurigebeli brZola, is erovnuli ZarRvmagari idea,<br />
romlis ganadgureba ar SeiZleba. eri isev mxsnels elodeba. ,,mamis molodini”, rogorc aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi ityvian xolme:<br />
dRes saqarTvelo Tav daxrilia,<br />
Senze natyviar ganwirul bediT,<br />
isev geZaxis: _dido ilia!<br />
Semusrul droTa Saravandedi.<br />
marTalia, xana ferSecvlilia da gaZarcvuli, magram Soreuli naTeli jer kidev<br />
mkrTalad cimcimebs. swored es eimedeba leqsis avtors.<br />
1958 wels dawers giorgi gamyreliZe leqss, romelsac aseT minawers gaukeTebs: ,,ilias<br />
daRupvis 50 wlis Tavze” (gamyreliZe 1960: 18).<br />
es poeturi nawarmoebic droismieri gaxsenebiT iwyeba:<br />
iyo is xana<br />
kurTxeulTa welTa rigebis,<br />
roca cxovrobdi aq, Cven Soris,<br />
Cveno iliav!<br />
103
qarTvel emigrants daviwyebia, rom ,,aq, Cven Soris,” ukve is adgili araa, sadac axla<br />
Tundac TviTon cxovrobs. axla es ,,iq”_aa, saqarTveloSi. avtori aqebs am mamuliSvilis<br />
Rvawlsa da damsaxurebas eris winaSe; is arc im garemos gaTvaliswinebas iviwyebs, romelic<br />
ilias da mis Tanamoazreebs daxvdaT; is winaaRmdegobebi, siZneleebi. amgvari winapirobis<br />
aRweraa misive leqsSi, saTauriT ,,ori meuRle” (dasax. kreb.).<br />
avtori cdilobs, poetur nawarmoebs sazogadoebrivi datvirTva misces.<br />
leqsis finali ganazogadebs qveyanaSi datrialebuli tragediis masStabebs da<br />
mniSvnelobas; aqvea xazgasmiT Tqmuli umTavresi saTqmelic: es erTi kacisaTvis damiznebuli<br />
tyvia ar iyo:<br />
roca gesroles wiwamurSi muxTali tyvia,<br />
gana Sen mogkles? Cvenc dagvkodes SenTan<br />
ziarad;<br />
Cvenc gulSi mogvxvda Seni tyvia,<br />
Cveno iliav,<br />
da gulSi dagvaqvs Sen saxelTan mware iarad.<br />
Sen _ Cven!... am or sxvadasxva sityvas amjerad erTi mniSvneloba aqvs; tyviis samiznec,<br />
niSac da msxverplic saziarod gaunawilebiaT. axsna martivicaa da bunebrivic: maT xom erTi<br />
qveyana, erTi miwa da erTi fesvi aqvT.<br />
,,vinaoba”_es sityva arc aq moasvenebs gadmoxvewil qarTvelobas. marTalia, erTianoba<br />
darRveulia, magram am sityvis mniSvnelobis gancda ar dakargula. dRis wesrigidan ar<br />
moxsnila yoveli erisaTvis Tu pirovnebisTvis mravlisdamtevi kiTxva: vin var? da es mxolod<br />
sakuTari Tavis obieqtizacia ar aris. es ufro farTo masStabis pasuxs iTxovs. istoria<br />
warsuls gulisxmobs, ukve ganvlils, momxdars. TiTqmis aswleulis gadasaxedidan faqtebi<br />
ufro sxvagvarad aRiqmeba. XX saukunis dasawyisidan sxva xana dgeba. TiToeuli movlena Tu<br />
Sefaseba mZime xasiaTs iRebs. macduria ,,socialuri winsvlis” azri. ,,saamuri qveynis”<br />
mSeneblobisTvis momwodebelT sxva ideologia amoZravebT da sakiTxavia: realobis<br />
Semmecnebeli da gasaazrebelia igi Tu xelisuflebis dauflebis instrumenti.<br />
da am sruliad gansxvavebuli ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis adamianebs, bedis ironiiT, saerTo<br />
istoriuli warsuli da sadReisod ,,saziaro” awmyo aqvT. ,,ilias sikvdili angelozma<br />
mimxila sizmarSi, meore dRes mamcno gazeTma”,_ dawers grigol robaqiZe, xolo mogvianebiT,<br />
1944 wels berlinSi ityvis: ,,saqarTvelos Tavs atydeba didi ubedureba: wiwamuris veli<br />
irwyeba didi qarTvelis sisxliT. mkvleli qarTvelTa naSieria, raic kidev ufro amZafrebs<br />
tkivils. didia glova da vaeba. xolo saocari da sacnauri: eris mier Rrmad gancdil tanjvaSi<br />
mkvleloba TandaTan ,,msxverplis” saxes iRebs _ msxverplis, romlis saidumloeba<br />
sinamdvilis gardamqmneli Zalaa... yovel qarTvelSi iRviZebs saqarTvelo _ iRviZebs ara<br />
wilobiT, aramed mTlad: iRviZebs mTeli saqarTvelo, mTeli misi bediT. arc erTi meqme<br />
qarTveli ar rCeba ganze ganapirebuli. yoveli maTganis gza midis amieridan am msxverplis<br />
niSniT” ( robaqiZe 1984: 64).<br />
dameTanxmebiT, mkacri ganaCenia da umZimesi xvedri. ,,am msxverplis niSniT” _ Tumca,<br />
meoce saukunis urTules gzaze Semdgari jer kidev ar fiqrobs ase. marTalia, emigraciis<br />
periods es ar ekuTvnis, igi saqarTveloSia dastambuli 1913 wlis 12 aprils, magram<br />
TvalSisacemia gansxvaveba, mwerali sxvagvarad miiCnevs: ,,saqarTvelo aRar aris mTeli da<br />
rogorc cocxali arsi, igi qarTvelSi ar arsebobs. samagierod, darCenilan nawilni da nawilni<br />
TviTonve cdiloben mTelobas. saqarTvelo me var, _ai, fsixiuri gancda qarTvelisa... Suri,<br />
mZulvareba, gautanloba da quCis _ rogorc sicocxlis simbolos gamefeba... is, vinc mTels<br />
Taviss sicocxleSi gmiri _Svilis dabadebas eloda, Svili_qamis movlenas moeswro:<br />
didebuli moxucis sisxliT moirwyo mSobeli miwa”(robaqiZe 1913:3).<br />
grigol robaqiZem kargad icis, ras niSnavs ilia WavWavaZis ideis erTguleba da misi<br />
saqmis gagrZeleba saqarTveloSi. roca arc TviTon darCa ,,ganze ganapirebuli” da aqtiurad<br />
Seudga moRvaweobas, emigrantis mware y<strong>of</strong>a iwvnia, Tumca arc iq dauyria far_xmali da Tavisi<br />
saqmianobiT, didi literaturuli memkvidreobiT Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad axla ,,iqedan”<br />
ismoda misi mamuliSviluri yiJina.<br />
am poetur teqstebSi araerTgzis ganmeordeba ,,gancda moxevis.”<br />
qarTul emigrantul mwerlobaSi ilia WavWavaZis monumenturi figura araerTi rakursiT<br />
(istoriuli moRvawe, lirikuli leqsis gmiri, literaturuli personaJi, mimarTvis obieqti)<br />
daixateba. sazRvargareT avtorebisaTvis ar arsebobs saxelmwifo (ideologiuri) cenzura.<br />
yoveli maTgani axla ukve imas wers, rogorc Tvlis sworad. am teqstebis gaanalizeba da kvleva<br />
sainteresoa da mniSvnelovani ara mxolod literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed qveynis<br />
istoriis gaazrebis TvalTaxedviTac.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
gamyreliZe 1960: gamyreliZe g. ,,gviani rTveli”. santiago de Cile: 1960.<br />
104
emuxvari 1928: emuxvari v. ,,5 ivlisis kanoni”. gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”, 13. X. parizi: 1928.<br />
k._Svili 1929: k_Svili d. ,,saxelmwifoebrioba Tu individualizmi”. gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”, 16. II. 1929.<br />
nozaZe 1937: nozaZe vik. J. ,,qarTlosi”, 8, parizi: 1937.<br />
redaqciisagan 1930: ,,Cveni pasuxi ,,damoukidebeli saqarTvelos” da 30 martis koloniis gmirebs. gaz.<br />
,,TeTri giorgi” , 27, parizi: 26.V .1930.<br />
robaqiZe 1913: robaqiZe gr. gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi,” Tbilisi: 12. IV. 1913.<br />
robaqiZe 1984: robaqiZe gr. krebuli. k. inasariZis gamocema, miunxeni: 1984.<br />
yifiani 1930-1965: yifiani g. ,,leqsebi”. parizi: 1930-1965.<br />
105
qarTuli mwerlobis iliaseuli Sefasebis tipologiisaTvis<br />
i.modebaZe<br />
T.ciciSvili<br />
literaturaTmcodneobis calke mecnierebad Camoyalibeba XIX saukunidan iwyeba,<br />
TandaTan gamoikveTa Seswavlis sagani, Seiqmna literaturis erTiani Teoria (erTiandeba<br />
“poetika” da “ritorika”), damuSavda mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi kanonebi,<br />
literaturaTmcodneobiTi cnebebi da sxva. didi yuradReba daeTmo mwerlobisa da<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis urTierTkavSirs.<br />
me-XIX saukunis kritikas axasiaTebs yuradRebis mkveTri gaZliereba Tanadrouli<br />
literaturuli movlebebis mimarT. jer kidev lesingi, didro, Sileri, goeTe, frangi socialutopistebi,<br />
herderi, romantikosebi, haine, “axalgazrda germanuli” kritika, Semdgom ki sentbevi,<br />
hiugo, balzaki, bestuJevi, kiuxelbekeri, kireevski, nadeJdini da mravali sxva,<br />
cdilobdnen gaecnobierebinaT mimdinare literaturuli movlenebi, maTi specifika,<br />
progresuli sawyisebi da formebi. yovel maTgans Taviseburad esmoda literaturisa da<br />
cxovrebis urTierTkavSiri, yvela aRiarebda cxovrebis ama Tu im mxaris zegavlenas mweralze,<br />
mis Semoqmedebaze, magram Tanamedrove literaturuli procesis sistematizaciis principebi,<br />
rogorc dasrulebuli koncefcia, arcerT maTgans ar SeumuSavebia.<br />
Seiqmna “literaturis istoriebi”. mecnieruli azri nel-nela dascilda sinkretizms,<br />
magram im periodis kritikosebi literaturuli movlenebis sistematizaciisas erT-erTi<br />
romelime principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen: biografiuliT, istoriuliT, esTetikuriT,<br />
kritikul-esseisturs da a.S. iseTi zogadi xasiaTis naSromebSic ki, rogoric aris vilmenis<br />
“franguli literaturis kursi”, sent-bevis sistematuri mecnieruli Sromebi, hetneris “XVIII<br />
saukunis literaturis istoria”, Selis “poeziis dacva” da sxva. kvleva mxolod XVIII saukuniT<br />
Semoifargla ∗ . Tumca, TiTqmis yoveli maTgani, gansakuTrebiT ki sent-bevi da vilmeni, xSirad<br />
ganixilavdnen Tanamedrove literaturuli procesis movlenebsa da problemebs. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom XIX saukunis 30-40-iani wlebidan dasavlur kritikaSi gaZlierda socialuristoriuli<br />
tendencia, Tanamedrove saxogadoebrivi procesebisa da literaturis<br />
urTierTSefardeba mainc epizodur saxes atarebda. mas lokaluri (da ara sistematuri)<br />
xasiaTi hqonda. Tavis erT-erT werilSi iseTma gamoCenilma moazrovnemac ki, rogoric iyo<br />
sent-biovi, aRiarebs, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da literaturis kavSiris damyarebis<br />
mcdeloba mxolod mcdelobad, “dausrulebel xidad” darCa (sent-bevi 1970:99).<br />
XIX saukunis literaturaTmcodneobaSi besarion belinskim, erT-erTma pirvelma, Seqmna<br />
meTodologiuri koncefcia, romlis safuZvelzec Semdgom ganaxorciela rusuli<br />
literaturis periodizacia-Seswavla. belinski mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze misi<br />
Tanadrouli literaturis Seswavlis meTodologiur sistemas amuSavebda, romelic daefuZna<br />
esTetikur, istoriul da kritikul-publicistur principebs. Tanamedrove literaturis,<br />
rogorc erTiani sagnis, sistemur-mecnieruli Seswavla (anu uaxlesi literaturis istoriis<br />
Seswavlis mecnieruli koncefciis Seqmna) sruliad axal mimarTulebas warmoadgenda<br />
imdroindel esTetikur-kritikul azrovnebaSi. kritikis ZiriTad principad b. belinskim<br />
“monizmi” (istoriuli da esTetikuri meTodebis gaerTianeba) gamoacxada. g. plexanovi Tvlida,<br />
rom is amuSavebda iseT “sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan gamomdinare sistemas, romelic<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiTve aixsneboda da, Tavis mxriv, am cxovrebas ganmarTavda da masze<br />
farTo da nay<strong>of</strong>ieri zegavlenis saSualebasac ki iZleoda” (plexanovi 1975: 213).<br />
XIXs. qarTuli kritikis kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani Tanadrouli qarTuli mwerlobis winaSe<br />
mdgomi problemebisa da literaturis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis gaazreba iyo. cnobili<br />
qarTveli moRvaweebis (s.dodaSvilis, al. cagarelis, al. xaxanaSvilis, k.abaSiZis da sxv.)<br />
werilebSi gamoikveTa Tu ra gzebiT viTardeboda mSobliuri literaturis istoriis<br />
sistematizaciis ZiriTadi principebis damuSavebis procesi.<br />
solomon dodaSvilma, pirvelma mogvca qarTuli literaturis istoriis sistematizacia<br />
naSromSi -“mokle ganxilva qarTuli literaturisa anu sityvierebisa” (ix. dodaSvili 1832).<br />
qarTveli mecnierebi miiCneven, rom s. dodaSvilma pirvelma mimoixila da farTo sazogadoebas<br />
gaacno qarTuli mwerlobis da azrovnebis istoriis mTavari sakiTxebi, rom misi mizani iyo<br />
qarTuli sulieri kulturis ruseTisa da evropisaTvis gacnobis aucilebloba. dodaSvili<br />
mimoixilavs qarTul mwerlobas uZvelesi droidan XVIII saukunis CaTvliT da gamoy<strong>of</strong>s misi<br />
ganviTarebis Semdeg periodebs:<br />
∗ magaliTad, Selis “poeziis dacvis” pirveli nawili Seicavs antikuri da aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobis poeziis<br />
zogadi principebis mimoxilvas, xolo meore nawili, romelic unda daTmoboda Tanamedrove inglisuri<br />
literaturis daxasiaTebas poets ar Seuqmnia.<br />
106
1. Zveli saeklesio mwerloba;<br />
2. oqros epoqa, (Tamar mefi xana), romelsac s.dodaSvili uwodebs ,,tkbilxmovan”<br />
mwerlobas, igi oqros epoqis ganviTarebis umaRles safexurad “vefxistyaosans”<br />
miiCnevs.<br />
3. qarTuli mwerlobis dacemis xana anu dekadensis periodi.<br />
4. XVIII s. qarTuli mwerloba.<br />
aleqsandre cagareli ki Tavis periodizaciis sistemis safuZvlad iyenebs istoriuli (IV-<br />
XVIII ss. mwerloba) da mxatvrul-esTetikuri (XIX s. literatura) principebis Tavisebur<br />
sinTezs. werilSi ,,Cveni ubeduri mwerloba am saukuneSi’’ (ix. cagareli 1870). igi gamoy<strong>of</strong>s oTx<br />
periods:<br />
1. IV-XI saukuneebi — “uZvelesi xana”;<br />
2. XII-XIV ss. — “Zveli,” anu klasikuri xana, romelic moicavs ,,saqarTvelos politikuri da<br />
literaturuli Zlierebis” saukuneebs;<br />
3. XVII-XIII ss.- “axali”, anu “qarTuli mwerlobis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis aRorZinebis<br />
xana”;<br />
4. XIX s. — “uaxloesi”.<br />
XIX s. literaturas al. cagareli Tavisi xasiaTiTa da mimarTulebiT 3 periodad y<strong>of</strong>s.<br />
pirveli periodis warmomadgenlebi arian: al. WavWavaZe da bes. gabaSvili, romlebic:<br />
,,gamoxataven TavianTi poeziiT imgvar xasiaTs anu mimarTulebas, romelsac anakreontuli anu<br />
herotikuli hqvian’’.<br />
meore periods ganekuTvnebian: g. erisTavi, z. antonovi da sxva. cagareli miiCnevda, rom<br />
g. erisTavma: ,,daiwyo Cven enaze komediebisa da dramebis wera, iman dahqna es mSvenieri qarTuli<br />
saliteraturo ena”. al. cagarelis azriT, giorgi erisTavma Seqmna namdvili erovnuli<br />
komedia. da amis gamo meore periods aqvs ,,komikuri mimarTuleba’’.<br />
mesame periods ganekuTvnebian: ilia da akaki, romelTa Semoqmedebas mkvlevari xazgasmiT<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>s da ,,ganusazRvrel mniSvnelobas” aniWebs. al. cagarelisaTvis nikoloz baraTaSvili<br />
,,gancalkavebulad dgas” da sruliad gamorCeuli da gansxvavebuli movlenaa qarTul<br />
mwerlobaSi, romelmac sakuTari periodi Seadgina literaturaSi da mas mecnieri<br />
,,dramatikuls” uwodebs: ,,n. baraTaSvils sakuTari periodi Seadgina Cven axal literaturaSi,<br />
unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo dramatikuli, rogorc sCans imis did xelovnur da hazrovan nimuSTagan ,,bedi<br />
qarTlisa’’ (cagareli 1870: 4).<br />
XIX saukunis damlevs Seiqmna araerTi Semajamebeli xasiaTis Sroma, romelSic<br />
kritikosebma im saukunis literaturuli procesis daxasiaTeba qarTuli mwerlobis<br />
ganviTarebis farTo konteqstSi scades. davasaxelebT am tipis mxolod erT, Cveni azriT,<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sromas. es gaxlavT al. xaxanaSvilis ,,narkvevebi” (ix. xaxanaSvili 1887;<br />
1901; 1907), romelic aris - erTerTi pirveli cda qarTuli mwerlobis Semajamebeli erTiani<br />
suraTis gadmosacemad. Cven viziarebT qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi damkvidrebul<br />
azrs, rom qarTuli mwerlobis periodizaciisaTvis al. xaxanaSvili safuZvlad iRebda<br />
nawarmoebTa qronologiur-Janrobriv princips. is TviTonve aRniSnavda, rom gansaxilvel<br />
Zeglebs udgeboda ,,xan mravalmxrivi istoriul-literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, xan ki marto<br />
Sinaarsis gadmocemiTa da garegnuli aRweriT” (xaxanaSvili 1901) am principebze dayrdnobiT<br />
mkvlevarma miiRo Semdegnairi suraTi (,,nakveTebis’’ pirveli tomi qarTul xalxur eposis<br />
Seswavlas eZRvneba):<br />
II t. — “Zveli qarTuli mwerloba” (IV-XII ss.);<br />
a. xaxanaSvili am periodis Zeglebs hy<strong>of</strong>da oTx ZiriTad jgufad:<br />
1. hagiografiuli,<br />
2. istoriuli,<br />
3. sakuTriv literaturuli,<br />
4. samecniero, RvTismetyveluri da iuridiuli.<br />
III t. — “XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli literatura”.<br />
am epoqas mkvlevari kulturuli da politikuri dacemis xanad miiCnevs. misi azriT, XIII-<br />
XVII saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi ar gamoirCevodnen originalurobiTa da mxatvruli<br />
RirsebiT. is umetaswilad didaqtikuri da zRapruli Sinaarsis Semcvelia. al. xaxanaSvili<br />
swored am periods miiCnevs erovnuli motivis aRorZinebis epoqad. qarTulma mwerlobam ki al.<br />
xaxanaSvilis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul didebas XVIII-e saukuneSi miaRwia da am periods<br />
mecnieri ,,vercxlis epoqas’’ uwodebs.<br />
IV t. - XIX s. literaturas eZRvneba, romelSic mkvlevari sam safexurs gamoy<strong>of</strong>s:<br />
1. - samocian wlebamde,<br />
2. - samociani wlebidan oTxmoacdaaTian wlebamde,<br />
3. - oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan iwyeba.<br />
107
kita abaSiZis Txzulebebma, romelic 90-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda fuZemdebluri roli<br />
Seasrula qarTuli literaturis istoriis periodizaciis saqmeSi. man pirvelma Seqmna me-19s.<br />
qarTuli literaturis istoriis sistemuri kursi, romelic TiTqmis ucvlelad damkvidrda<br />
Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi. misi mizani iyo me-19s. qarTuli literaturis evoluciis<br />
saerTo suraTis Cveneba, raTa literaturuli procesi daxasiaTebuliyo mTlianad mis<br />
ganviTarebaSi (ix. abaSiZe k. 1962).<br />
kita abaSiZis koncefcias safuZvlad daedo mxatvrul-esTetikuri da qronologiuristoriuli<br />
princepebis Serwyma. mis nawerebSi me-19s. qarTuli mwerlobis Seswavla<br />
qronologiuri principiTaa Sedgenili da istoriul - SedarebiTi meTodiTaa ganxiluli.<br />
k.abaSiZe iziarebs Sexedulebas literaturis ganviTarebis evoluciuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb. igi<br />
literaturuli procesis evoluciis Semdeg safexurebs gamoy<strong>of</strong>s.<br />
1) iwyeba romantizmiT - ,,romlis meTauria aleqsandreWavWavaZe, ganmaviTarebeli<br />
grigol orbeliani, umaRles wertilamde amyvani nikoloz baraTaSvili, misi dacemis,<br />
dekadensis gamomxatveli ki vaxtang orbeliani” (abaSiZe k. 1962: 85).<br />
2) romantizmi gadadis realizmSi - ,,realizmis damwyebia giorgi erisTavi, am<br />
mimarTulebis udidesi warmatebis gamomxatvelni ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli, xolo<br />
realizmis dacema, uferuli naturalizmi giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebaSia asaxuli” (abaSiZe k.<br />
1962: 100).<br />
3) kritikosi miiCnevda, rom al. yazbegi da vaJa-fSavela Cvens mwerlobaSi neoromantizms<br />
amkvidrebden, romelic realizmisa da romantizmis saukeTeso Tvisebebis Serwymad esaxeboda<br />
avtors. vaJa-fSavelas ki kita abaSiZe simbolizmis meTaurad miiCnevda.<br />
rac Seexeba neoromantizmsa da simbolizms, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kita abaSiZe<br />
cdilobda eCvenebina, daemtkicebina da epovna evropuli literaturis yoveli mimdinareobis<br />
gamoZaxili da Sesatyvisi Cvens mwerlobaSi. Tumca kritikosis azriT, es ar iyo evropuli<br />
literaturis ganviTarebis etapebis meqanikuri gadmoReba.<br />
Cven veTanxmebiT mkvlevar giorgi abaSiZes (abaSiZe g. 1962) rom etiudebSi ver SexvdebiT<br />
biografiul cnobebs, radgan kritikosi miiCnevda, rom biografia bevr arafers eubneboda<br />
literaturis mkvlevarT.<br />
XIX saukuneSi qarTuli literaturis periodizaciisa da istoriis kursis principebis<br />
damuSavebis Teoriuli safuZvlebis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom es procesi (rogorc<br />
qronologiurad, iseve arsobrivad) zogadevropuli kritikuli azrovnebis farglebSi<br />
viTardeboda, xolo am ZiebaTa saerTo konteqstSi naTlad gamoikveTa iliaseuli midgomis<br />
specifika.<br />
literaturuli procesis periodebad day<strong>of</strong>a (periodizacia) ara mxolod misi<br />
sistematizaciis, aramed Sefasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebis dadgenac gaxlavT. literaturul<br />
process ilia mTlianobaSi ixilavs da gansazRvravs, rogorc “matebasa da winsvlas”<br />
(”werilebi qarTul literaturaze”) ∗ . igi mas ramdenime “xanad” y<strong>of</strong>s (ZiriTadia maT Soris -<br />
”pirveli”, “meore” da “axali”), romlebic ara mxolod qronologiuri, aramed farTo<br />
mniSvnelobis sazogadoebriv-istoriuli cnebebicaa. faqtiurad “werilebSi” Sejamebulia<br />
ilias Sexedulebebi XIX saukunis mwerlobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebze da maTi Sefasebisas<br />
araerTxel vxvdebiTterminebs “pirvali xana”, “meore xana”, romlebic qronologiurad win<br />
uswreben “axal xanas”.<br />
ilia ZiriTad yuradRebas mainc ,,axal xanas” uTmobs. es cneba TviT ilias ekuTvnis da im<br />
periodis arc erT kritikoss TavianT TxzulebebSi ar uxmariaT. cnobilia, rom nebismieri<br />
axali cnebis Seqmna yovelTvis ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom kritikoss ar akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs<br />
arsebuli terminologia da axali azrebis “gasaformeblad” Sesabamisad axal terminebs eZiebs.<br />
cneba “axali xanis” meSveobiT ilia mimoixilavs XIX saukunis 60-ani wlebis mwerlobas. masSi<br />
naTlad gamosWvivis literaturuli procesebis iliaseuli Sefaseba, midgoma da<br />
meTodologia. imdroindel kritikaSi gamoiyeneboda cnebebi “mamebi da Svilebi” an “axali da<br />
Zveli Taoba”. ilia WavWavaZes ar akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebda amgvari midgoma da miaCnda, rom es<br />
terminologia ar iyo sakmarisad mkafio, garkveuli, zusti, da aqedan gamomdinare<br />
Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebis amgvari gaazreba miuReblad miaCnda. “werilebSi”<br />
ilia Tavidanve kategoriulad ayalibebs Tavis Sexedulebebs am sakiTxebis garSemo. igi wers:<br />
“ara erTxel atexila fexmokle literaturaSi saubari axal da Zvel Taobaze. zogi mwerali<br />
sayvedurs aZlevs axal Taobas, - ratom aras akeTebo, zogi Zvels Taobas, - ratom ara gaakeTerao.<br />
iqneba erTic marTali iyos da meorec, xolo dRemde ki aravis gamourkvevia — ra aris da<br />
vin aris da vin ar aris an axali an Zveli Taoba; da aravin icis — visze laparakoben, roca an<br />
aerTs, an meores axseneben” (WavWavaZe 1986:177) da kidev: “droa Tavi davaneboT am gacveTils<br />
saxelebs da movikiTxoT marto is, guSin ras vsdevdiT Zvelnica da axalnica da dRes rasa<br />
vsdevT, ras iTxovda wina-dRe da ra pasuxi misca dRevandelma” (WavWavaZe 1986:180).<br />
zemomoyvanili sityvebi cxadyobs, rom ilias meTodologiuri midgoma mniSvnelovani<br />
istoriul-literaturuli movlenebisadmi da esTetikur-kritikuli Sefasebis miseuli<br />
∗ nawilobriv gamoqveynda gazeT “iveriis” furclebze: pirveli nawili - 1892w. №39, xolo meoTxe — 1892w. №77.<br />
108
kriteriumebi sruliad axleburia, rac mis leqsikaSic ki aisaxa axali terminis Semotanis<br />
saxiT.<br />
“axali xana”, cneba, romelic moicavs problemebis gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtrs da<br />
sWirdeba kritikos ara “Taobebisa” da maTi mxatvruli miswrafebebis dasapirispireblad,<br />
aramed XIX saukunis periodizaciisaTvis. cnobilia, Tu ra did mniSvnelibas aniWebda ilia<br />
sazogadoebisa da literaturis urTierTzemoqmedebas. gazeT “iveriis” furclebze<br />
gamoqveynebul werilSi “Cveni literaturis dRevandeli y<strong>of</strong>a” (1886, №6) igi werda: “yvelam<br />
viciT, rom literaturas asazrdoebs sazogadoeba”. da iqve asabuTebs literaturis<br />
ganviTarebis auciloblobas sazogadoebisaTvis da imedovnebs, “rom qarTuli literatura<br />
gavrceldeba CvenSi da maSin Cveni egreT-wodebuli maRali wodebis xalxi, Tunda sruliad<br />
daeTxovos kidec Cvens literaturas, didi arafrisaa. saqme is aris, Cveni eri momzaddes,<br />
gonebis gaxsnis gzazed imodenad warimarTos, rom rogorc puris saWiroebas hgrZnobs<br />
xorcisaTvis, isec literatura miiCnios sulisa da gulisaTvis... ueWvelia gamravldeba<br />
rogorc muSaki literaturisa, isec muStari da maSin literatura da sazogadoeba ukeT<br />
moewyoba, ukeT morigdeba da moTavsdeba erTmaneTSi” (WavWavaZe 1986:77).<br />
udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda ilia mwerlobas eris sazogadoebriv-politikur<br />
ganviTarebaSi da yovel literaturul movlenasa Tu calkeul mwerlis Semoqmedebas<br />
miiCnevda “sayovelTao saqmed” (WavWavaZe 1986:185). amitom XIX saukunis literaturuli<br />
procesis Sefasebas igi udgeba ara mxolod esTetikuri principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed<br />
did yuradRebas aqcevs literaturaSi erovnul-patriotuli Temis ganviTarebas (modebaZe<br />
1998:251-259).<br />
amgvari ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba safuZvlad daedo mis mier damuSavebul meTodologias.<br />
aseT rTul moTxovnebs termini “axali da Zveli Taoba”, ra Tqma unda, ver akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebda,<br />
da yovelive aman ganapiroba axali cnebis Semotanis aucilebloba.<br />
amas efuZvneba XIX saukunis literaturuli procesis iliaseuli ramdenime “xanad”<br />
day<strong>of</strong>a:<br />
“pirveli xana” grZeldeba “mecxramete saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebis TiTqmis meore<br />
naxevramde” (WavWavaZe 1986:184) da xasiaTdeba imiT, rom am periodSi “moswyda orkeci dena<br />
cxovrebisa da dacarielda sazogado moqmedTa sarbielica, raki warsulsa da maSindel awmyos<br />
Sua dedamiwa gairRva, warsul anderZebTan erTad yvelaferi davkargeT” (WavWavaZe 1986:183).<br />
“orkec denaSi” ilia gulisxmobs cxovrebis or mxares, rogorc TviTon ambobs, “or did tots”,<br />
- erTi toti moazre cxovrebaa (идейная жизнь), meore - mosaqme (практическая)” (WavWavaZe 1986:183).<br />
am xanas igi afasebs, rogorc “Teslad darCenilisas, romelic roca amindi daudgeboda,<br />
xelaxlad unda gaRuebuliyo aRmosacenad, Tu cxovrebas hsurda Tavisi maxlobeli saTave ar<br />
dahkargoda samudamod, xolo raca vTqviT, - agrZelebs mwerali, - isic sakmaoa gvacodinos,<br />
rom am Teszlze gaswyda jaWvi cxovrebis zed-miyolebisa, awmyosa da warsuls Sua Castyda<br />
xidi, Semdegs saTave da dasabami mouwyda” (WavWavaZe 1986:183).<br />
“meore xana” - 30-40-ani wlebis literaturaa. misi calke periodad gamoy<strong>of</strong>a-ganxilva<br />
imave midgomiTaa ganpirobebuli. ocdaaTiani wlebis mwerlobas ilia “xelaxlad fexadgmul<br />
mwerlobad” (WavWavaZe 1986:185) miiCnevs. misi azriT, “meore xana” ara mxolod literaturuli<br />
periodia, aramed “meore xanaa Cvenis cxovrebisa”. “Cvenma azrTa svlam, mimarTulebam,<br />
saqmianobam aq Seifara Tavi da amitomac maTis gamonaskvis, zrdis da matebis ambavi aq unda<br />
veZioT”, amtkicebs igi da mis ZiriTad yvelaze damaxasiaTebel “niSnad” asaxelebs “enas”. am<br />
periodSi “upasuxod darCenili sakiTxi: “vina varT da rani varT” — xelaxlad unda gamosuliyo<br />
moedanze. pirveli aseTi niSani eris vinaobisa — enaa da, ai, swored pirvelman aman aidga fexi<br />
CvenSi, Semdeg karga xnis dumilisa” (WavWavaZe 1986:184-185).<br />
“axali xana” - ilias sityvebiT, “dawyebul iqna 60-an wlebSi”, misi yvelaze mkafiod<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSania, “rom samocian wlebSi yvelaze uwinares gamobrwyinda daviwyebuli<br />
sityva “mamuli”, mTeli Tavis gulT-mimzidvel da didebul mniSvnelobiTa” (WavWavaZe 1986:201).<br />
Semdgom mwerali ganagrZobs am periodis daxasiaTebas da “realuri mimarTulebis”<br />
ganviTarebasTan mas akavSirebs: ”proziT Tu leqsiT, yvela hRaRadebda adamianobis darRveul<br />
uflebis saxeliTa da TviT mosaqme cxovrebis gankargebis wyurviliTa. am egreT-wodebul<br />
“realurma mimarTulebam” Cvenis azrianobisam, Cveni goneba daakvirva Cvens miwier avkargianobas<br />
da samocian wlebidan dRevandlamde am ocdaaTi wlis manZilze, bevri<br />
sayuradRebo Rvawli dasdo, bevri nay<strong>of</strong>ieri Tesli dahyara samermisod” (WavWavaZe 1986:202).<br />
amrigad, naTelia, rom 60-iani wlebis literaturis Taviseburebad ilia WavWavaZe<br />
erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli da socialuri (“realuri”) Temebis gaerTianebas miiCnevda. XIX<br />
saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis day<strong>of</strong>a etapebad aq ar Semoifargleba mxolod<br />
qronologiuri principiT, aramed moicavs gacilebiT rTuli cnebebis kompleqss.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur koncefciaSi cneba “axali xana” naTlad gamoirCeva missave<br />
sxva saxis qronologiuri terminebisagan (“xana”, “xanebi”, “droni” da a.S.). “axali”-s gageba<br />
gaigivebulia progresulTan. “axali xana” aris axali etapi, rogorc mxatvrul literaturaSi,<br />
iseve eris sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, is ara marto erovnuli da mxatvruli cnobierebis<br />
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi etapia, aramed sruliad axali etapia erovnul TviTSegnebaSi.<br />
109
igi Tanamedrove literaturis periodizaciis saZirkvalia da moicavs sakiTxTa farTo wres:<br />
“realuri mimarTulebis” Camoyalibebas, “mamulis” Temis aRorZinebasa da mraval sxvas.<br />
ufro adreuli literaturuli procesebi ilias day<strong>of</strong>ili aqvs etapebad, xolo 60-ani<br />
wlebidan 90-ian wlebamde ki, misi azriT, mimdinareobda uwyveti ganviTareba, rodesac<br />
iqmneboda realisturi tendenciebi (“realuri mimarTuleba”) da yalibdeboda erovnulpatriotuli<br />
mimarTuleba, romlis damkvidrebis procesi mas dasrulebulad ar miaCnda. “...<br />
iZulebulni varT es samocian wlebis mdidari xana, da ara nakleb nay<strong>of</strong>ierni mis Semdegni<br />
droni, marto zogadis niSnebiT zepirad aRvniSnoT, ese igi ise, rogorc Cagvsaxia gulSi,<br />
radganac mas aqeT aqamomde Cven Cvenis azris moZraobisaTvis, rogorc droTa mowames,<br />
gvidevnebia Tvali imodenad, ramodenadac TviTon Tvali gviWrida” (WavWavaZe 1986:202).<br />
“werilebSi” swored amgvarma midgomam ganapiroba XIX saukunis literaturuli procesis,<br />
rogorc ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli mTlianobis aRqma. mwerali ar iziarebs imdroindel esTetikur<br />
koncefciebSi sakmaod gavrcelebul azrs literaturuli procesis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romlis mixedviTac am procesis periodizacia-day<strong>of</strong>a gulisxmobs axali da Zveli<br />
tendenciebis konfliqts. is miiCnevs, rom XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis mimarT aseTi<br />
midgoma miuRebelia: ”mTeli es mecxrameti saukune ise dagvelia, rom am sakmaod dids manZilze<br />
arc erTi xana Cvenis cxovrebisa TiTqmis ar y<strong>of</strong>ila imisTana, rom ori saxsenebelad Rirsi<br />
azri, ori mimarTuleba, ori saqme, erTmaneTis mopirispire, erTmaneTs dasjaxebodes<br />
cxovrebis moedanze adgilis dasaWerad, Tu sxva risTvisme. ver vityviT, rom am grZel drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi ar y<strong>of</strong>iliyos xana da xana, romelnic ganirCevian TvisTa azrTa wyobiT,<br />
mimarTulebiT, Tu saqmoanobiT, xolo Cven imis Tqma gvinda, rom Cven ver vipoviT erTsa da<br />
imave xanaSi imisTana sxvadasxvaobas azrTa wyobisas da mimarTulebisas, rom cal-valke<br />
banakebad gasvla-gamosvlas sazogado moRvaweobisas raime saWiroeba win gasZRoloda ”<br />
(WavWavaZe 1986:180).<br />
amgvari Sefaseba aaSkaravebs, rom ilia WavWavaZisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebrivsocialuri<br />
da erovnul-patriotuli ideebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba nebismier sxva<br />
kriteriumebTan SedarebiT. swored mamulisadmi gulrwfeli siyvaruli aerTianebs ilias<br />
TvalSi sxvadasxva Taobebisa da mimarTulebebis warmomadgenlebs: “am mravalgvar sagnebSi,<br />
romelic mamulma, mamulis siyvarulma da mamulis-Svilobam Tvalwin gamogvifina, TviTeulma<br />
maTganma (“Zvel mweralTa”- i.m.) Tavisi sxivosani Suqi Seitana imisda mixedviT, vis ra ufro<br />
exerxeboda da sadamde Tvali uwvdeboda” (WavWavaZe 1986:203). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
literaturis memkvidreobis Tezisi, romelic formulirebulia ilias mier, rogorc “mateba<br />
da winsvla”, ar gamoricxavs ama Tu im mwerlis Semoqmedebis an romelime literaturuli<br />
movlenis kritikul Sefasebas, razec metyvelebs mwerlis nebismieri kritikuli xasiaTis<br />
werili.<br />
xolo TviT iliaseuli cneba “axali xanis” Sedareba mxolod b. belinskisuel “Век”-Tan<br />
(“saukunesTanaa”) SesaZlebeli. marTalia, b. belinskic iziarebda dasavleTevropuli kritikis<br />
socialur-istoriul mimarTulebas, magram Tavis esTetikur naazrevSi Tanamedroveobis<br />
princips warmoaCenda da Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebis periodizaciisas mas<br />
Semoaqvs cneba «Век» (ix. modebaZe, 1999: 39-40).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisi belinskis esTetikur-kritikuli koncefciis mimarT<br />
kargadaa Seswavlili. aq mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom misi zogierTi debuleba da<br />
gansakuTvrebiT mimdinare literaturuli procesebis iliaseuli aRqma belinskis koncefciis<br />
ZiriTad debulebebs uaxlovdeba. miuxedavad amisa cnebebi “axali xana” da “Век” araidenturia.<br />
magram maT Soris garkveuli ideur-Sinaarsobrivi msgavseba ueWvelia. orive moazrovne<br />
ganavrcobs am sityvebis mniSvnelobas da gulixsmobs problemaTa rTul kompleqss. amave dros<br />
akonkretebs maT da swored am problemaTa kompleqsis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs. belinskis “Век”<br />
iseve rogorc ilias “axali xana” ara mxolod qronologiuri, aramed istoriulsazogadoebrivi<br />
kategoriaa, romelic Tanamedrove literaturis sistematizaciis safuZvels<br />
warmoadgens da pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs ganviTarebis Tvisobriv siaxles. magram am or cnabas<br />
Soris SeimCneva arsebiTi gansxvavebac, romelic umTavresad qronologiaSi vlindeba.<br />
“Век” mTlianad moicavs XIX saukunes. b. belinskisTan xazgasmiT gamijnulia XIX da XVIII<br />
saukuneebis literaturul procesebi, xSirad isini erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. belinski ilia<br />
WavWavaZisagan gansxvavebiT siaxlis damkvidrebas arsebul tradiciebTan brZolad aRiqvams.<br />
rogorc zemod aRvniSneT, iliaseuli “axali xana” 60-an wlebSi iwyeba da ar upirispirdeba<br />
ganvlil etaps vinaidan iliaseuli “axali xana” Seicavs erovnuli TviTSegnebis cnebasac,<br />
romelic sityva “mamuliT” gamoixateba.<br />
amrigad, ilia WavWavaZis meTodologia, romliTac igi sargeblobs XIX saukunis qarTuli<br />
literaturis sistematizaciis dros, ganpirobebulia erovnul-patriotuli, socialuristoriuli<br />
da esTetikuri Sefasebebis erTianobiT. xolo mwerlis koncefciaSi erT-erT<br />
ZiriTad kriteriumad win “mamulis” cnebis wamoweva, umTavresi ganmasxvavebeli niSania iliasa<br />
da yvela mis Tanamedrove kritikosebs Soris.<br />
literatura:<br />
110
abaSiZe 1962: abaSiZe giorgi. kita abaSiZis cxovreba da literaturuli moRvaweoba. Tbilisi:<br />
gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba”, 1962.<br />
abaSiZe 1962: abaSiZe kita. etiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. Tbilisi:<br />
gamomcemloba ,,Tsu”, 1962.<br />
dodaSvili 1832: dodaSvili solomon. “mokle ganxilva qarTuli literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”. gaz.:<br />
,,saliteraturo nawilni Tfilisis uwyebaTani”, 1,2, 1832<br />
modebaZe, 1998: modebaZe irina. ilia WavWavaZis kritikuli naazrevis ideur-esTetikuri koncefciis<br />
sakiTxisadmi. kreb. “literaturuli Ziebani”, XIX. Tbilisi: 1998.<br />
modebaZe, 1999: modebaZe irina. О некоторых особенностях критико-публицистической лексики И. Чавчавадзе —<br />
Доклады и материалы международной научной конференции «Актуальные вопросы филологических наук».<br />
ТГУ, 1999.<br />
plexanovi 1975: Плеханов Г.В. Сочинения, т. X. — wignSi: Возникновение русской науки о литературе. М., «Наука»,<br />
1975.<br />
sent-bevi 1970: Сент-Бев. Литературные портреты. Критические очерки. М., 1970.<br />
xaxanaSvili 1887, 1901; 1907: xaxanaSvili al. narkvevebi, tomi II. Tbilisi, 1887.; tomi III. Tbilisi: 1901; tomi<br />
IV, Tbilisi, 1907.<br />
xaxanaSvili 1901: xaxanaSvili al. narkvevebi, t.II, Tbilisi: 1901.<br />
cagareli, 1870: cagareli aleqsandre. Cveni ubeduri mwerloba am saukuneSi. gaz. droeba, 2,3,4,6,7, 1870.<br />
WavWavaZe 1986: WavWavaZe ilia. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. III, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo”, 1986.<br />
111
ilias faqtori simbolisturi miTTamTxzvelobis<br />
xanaSi<br />
Tamar paiWaZe<br />
ilias Semdeg, sityvebiT: “epoqa gaTavda didi” galaktionma axali mwerlobis<br />
qronologiuri zRvari, “logosis“ Ziebis axali mosaxvevi aRniSna, Torem problema, tkivili da<br />
azri kvlav erTi rCeboda.<br />
XX saukunis qarTuli leqsis istoria aTiani wlebidan iwyeba, SemoqmedebiT ZiebaTa gza,<br />
maSin kvlav ilias, akakis, vaJas poetur gakveTilebze gadioda da im xanebSi qarTvel poetebs<br />
verc warmoedginaT da arc undodaT sxva arCevani, Tvinier iliasa da akakis poeturi saxeebisa.<br />
iyo meore mimarTulebac, e.w. Tbilisuri poezia, rac Tbilisuri cxovrebis gariTmul saxes<br />
warmoadgenda. xelosanTa, vaWarTa, yaraCoRelTa, CarCTa, kintoTa, sazandarTa, aSuRTa,<br />
daxlTa, bazarTa TbilisSi maSin ZiriTadad somxebi da rusebi cxovrobdnen; aSuRuri baiaTebi,<br />
muxambazebi, robaiebi, zurna—dudukis xmaze Seqmnili simRerebi da iaffasiani saflirto—<br />
salonuri mimarTvebi maSin Zalian popularuli iyo da wignebadac ibeWdeboda. mesame, ki iyo<br />
daselTa poeturi eqsperimentebi, aralegaluri pirebi, rusi narodnikebis da<br />
internacionalistebis kvalSi Camdgari qarTveli revolucionerebi mocaleobis Jams (cixeSi<br />
jdomisas ZiriTadad) „poeturi xelovnebisTvis iRwvodnen“ da politikuri proklamaciebis<br />
msgavs leqsebSi lumpen — proletariatis da politikuri tusaRebis y<strong>of</strong>as aRwerdnen da<br />
yvelas brZolisaken mouwodebdnen.<br />
poezia ki sul sxvebma gadaarCines — eseni quTaiseli seminarelebi da gimnazielebi iyvnen,<br />
mZime fizikur da sulier atmosferoSi mouxdaT mosvla qarTvel poetebs, TiTqos maT arc<br />
elodnen da kidec gaukvirdaT maTi gamoCena. gakvirvebis mizezi pirvelyovlisa maTi poezia<br />
iyo — axali sityviT, saxiT da mimarTulebiT moazrovne poetebisadmi arasaerTazrovani<br />
reaqcia hqonda sazogadoebas, maSin isini cotas moswonda, bevrs—ara.<br />
swored aqedan daiwyo didi laSqroba poeziis mwvervalebisaken...<br />
ilias Semdeg SemoqmedebiT citadels erTmaneTismiyolebiT gaecalnen XIX saukunis<br />
literaturis klasikosebi da im drois SemoqmedebiTi vakuumis Sevseba “TavzexelaRebulma<br />
biWebma” — qarTvelma simbolistebma ikisres. Tamami da xmamaRali gamosvlebi<br />
TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis ara mxolod mxatvrul producirebaSi vlindeboda, aramed poziciur<br />
antagonizmSic cxaddeboda. _ igulisxmeba qarTvel simbolistTa cnobili damokidebuleba<br />
“TergdaleulTa” mimarT, riTac literaturul kritikaSi gaxmaurebuli gancxadebiT “maT is<br />
toti moiWres, romelzec isxdnen”.<br />
Tavdapirvelad “cisferi opiumiT mTvralni” TavianT mkiTxvelebs poetur _ mxatvruli<br />
instalirebis gansxvavebul gzebze da maTTan Sesaxvedrad mkiTxvelis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mzaobis saWiroebaze miuTiTebdnen, isini acxadebdnen, rom Zveli hangebis motrfiale Tu<br />
yursmiCveuli mkiTxvelisaTvis sakmaod rTuli iqneboda maTi gageba, da Tanamzraxvelebad e.w.<br />
“elitarul mkiTxvels” uxmobdnen.<br />
„...es Semdeg: aplodismentebi, xmauroba, aRtacebuli an mrisxane saxeebi, magram poeti<br />
Semoqmedebis dros yovelTvis martoa... lirika iZleva nirvanis grZnobas da arcerT<br />
xelovnebas ar gadahyavs suli nirvanaSi ase, rogorc lirikas, mosalodnelia, rom munjebi<br />
yvelaze ukeT gaigeben da daafaseben lirikul atirebas, radganac lirika yovelTvis aris<br />
preludia damSvidebisa da siCumis...<br />
... rogorc dekembris vefxvi movardnili sparseTidan saqarTveloSi lirika xSirad<br />
gaicxrileba tyviebiT, magram mis gansasveneblad ver gamodgeba uremi, saWiroa Savi baldaxini,<br />
edgaris cxenebiT. saWiroa rogorc parteri — didi zRva — daisebis loJebiT da ukanaskneli<br />
fardiT.<br />
TviTon lirika aravisTvis savaldebulo ar aris, is aristokratiulia zedmiwevniT...” —<br />
werda valerian gafrindaSvili 1916 wels („lirikis eliziumi“).<br />
am damokidebulebidan sul erTi nabiji iyo poetur RirsebaTa warmoCenis mizniT<br />
“cisferyanwelTa” mier ganxorcielebul ybadaRebul literaturul ganoxSirvamde, romlis<br />
Sedegic qarTuli poeturi azrovnebisa da gansaxovnebis istoria amgvari magistraluri xaziT<br />
warmoCenas gulisxmobda: rusTaveli > besiki da guramiSvili > baraTaSvili (Tumca arc misi<br />
Sefasebisas iyvnen erTsulovanni) da > vaJa-fSavela (vaJas literaturuli memkvidreoba<br />
poeturi niWis, ostatobis da mxatvruli aRqmis Zalmosilebis universalur koncentraciad<br />
aRiares).<br />
am siaSi ver moxvdnen Tergdaleuli poetebi. akakis ugulvely<strong>of</strong>a poeturi sityvis<br />
formaciis istoriidan qarTvelma simbolistebma sityvis mxatvruli sruly<strong>of</strong>is dabali<br />
xarisxiT axsnes, xolo rac Seexeba ilias, faqtia, misi poieturi memkvidreobis aSkara<br />
daufaseblobis miuxedavad, misi saxelisadmi sifrTxilesa da moridebas mainc iCendnen<br />
maSinac, roca am SefasebaTa yvelaze xazgasmuli xana _ maTi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis pirveli<br />
periodi idga.<br />
112
ase rom, qarTvel simbolistebi, romelTa adreuli SemoqmedebiTi nabijebi gavlenebisa<br />
da manerulobisagan bolomde dazRveuli ar iyo, mxatvruli gamosaxvis axali formebisa da<br />
saSualebebis ZiebaSi xmamaRal gancxadebebTan erTad, qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis maTTvis<br />
misaRebi mxatvrul_ formaluri niSniT seleqcias Tu sistematizacias cdilobdnen. faqtia,<br />
swored am dros maT verc maqsimalizmisagan daizRvies Tavi da taqtmac uRalataT. isic aqve<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi<br />
`cisferyanwelebma~ ams Semdeg daayenes, rac Jurnal `cisferi yanwebis~ gamosvlisTanave<br />
kosmopolitebad da nihilistebad monaTles.<br />
yovel iWvneul pozicias TergdaleulTa an konkretulad ilias poeturi Zalmosilebis<br />
SesaZleblobebze Tanve mosdevda e.w. ganmarteba, rom maTi pretenzia aramcdaaramc ar exeboda<br />
ilias Rvawls erovnul _ sazogadoebrivi Semecnebis an zogadad mwerlobis genviTarebis<br />
saqmeSi.<br />
Tumca amgvarma poziciam da `mosaWrel totze jdomam~ isedac `denTiT savse<br />
kasrsdamsgavsebul~, asafeTqeblad dayursul, `cisferyanwuli azrebiT~ gaRizianebul<br />
sazogadoebaSi negatiuri rezonansi didxans ar daaxana. `cisferyanwelTa~ winaaRmdeg<br />
gamarTuli umowyalo sasamarTlos Tu sazogadoebrivi anaTemis ZiriTadi mizezic swored maT<br />
mier iliasa da akakis saxelebis aramxatvrul anturaJSi moqcevis mcdeloba gaxda.<br />
`mecxramete saukunis qarTuli mwerloba uTuod aris yvelaze didi literatura amave<br />
epoqis axlo aRmosavleTis maStabiT... magram es literatura mainc ver idga evropuli<br />
xelovnebis mTel simaRleze da ver Seefereba saqarTvelos brwyinvale tradiciebs. Cven viciT<br />
epoqebi, roca qarTuli mwerloba warmoadgenda uaRresad mniSvnelovan movlenas ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
xelovnebis sazomiT, xolo mecxramete saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, ms<strong>of</strong>lio, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
evropuli radiusiT aris pronvinciuli literatura: Tavisi viwro Sem<strong>of</strong>argvliT<br />
pronvinciuli interesebiT da esTetikuri gaumarTaobiT~ (s. cirekiZe `rubikoni~ 1.1923)<br />
`sruliad SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti rom samociani wlebis TaobaTa omi poeziis<br />
garSemo atyda, aq ara marto TaobaTa brZola aramed kulturaTa brZolaa Zveli qarTulis da<br />
axali ruseTis ideologebis. qarTuli poeziis yvavils dauwyes Secvala `rusul xorblad...”<br />
ilia WavWavaZe SeiaraRebuli ruseTis `esTetikis damrRvevTa~ argumentebiT gamodis brZolis<br />
damwyebad. erTi xma ar y<strong>of</strong>ila Semdeg modgmaSi damarcxebulTa dasacavad. samudamod<br />
gadawyvetilad cnes sakiTxi. grigol orbelianis aRelveba aq yvelaze ufro gasagebia masSi<br />
aimRvra konservatori qarTveli da qarTveli poeti. ilia WavWavaZis mokamaTe qali kn. barbare<br />
jorjaZe ver idga im simaRleze, rom daecva Tavisi pozicia... iyo gamarjveba sruli<br />
„TergdaleulTa“, magram es iyo damarcxeba mTeli Semdgomi xelovnebisa... am `cru<br />
rusTavelebma da liberalebma“ mwerloba gaixades samitingo Zalad da poezia gazeTad _<br />
werda tician tabiZe („cisferi yanwebi“ № 2). Tumca avtori aqve amatebs: `akakis da ilias is<br />
upiratesoba hqondaT, rom moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandisxan naxulobdnen namdvil poezias,<br />
Semdeg maTma skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe... da dRes uimedod gahkivis moqalaqeobrivi<br />
arRani kakafonias~.<br />
`poeturi gvirgvinebi daadges iseT mgosnebs, romelTac araviTari kavSiri poeziasTan ar<br />
hqoniaT imis garda, rom beWdavdnen TavianT leqsebs~ _ werda valerian gafrindaSvili<br />
(rubikoni 8 1923).<br />
`miuxedavad ilias didi qarTuli saxelisa, Tanamedrove poezia ver miiRebs ilias<br />
leqsebs, sadac poeti yovel wuTas uxerxulia, yovel striqonze wamoiCoqebs... magram ilias<br />
poezias mainc aqvs kultura baironis, giotes, puSkinis, roca akaki wereTeli moklebulia<br />
literaturasac ki...~ (giorgi leoniZe, baxtrioni 10 1923).<br />
aqamde (igulisxmeba XVIII s_is miwuruli, romantizmamde) qarTuli poezia kidev grZnobs<br />
kavSirs Zvel poeziasTan. maTi SemaerTebeli swori xazi iRuneba, mruddeba, magram gamosavali<br />
isev ZvelSi aqvs, ase vuaxlovdebiT mesamoce wlebs, sadac es kavSiri samudamod wydeba da<br />
iqmneba axali ideologia... (tician tabiZe „cisferi yanwebi“ № 2).<br />
sabolood ki braldebebma amgvari saxe miiRo: `qarTvelma samocianelebma TavianTi<br />
gaadvilebuli orTografiiT damarxes qarTuli leqsi...~<br />
... da paolo iaSvilis ritorikuli SekiTxva: `qarTuli leqsi an poeti miaRwevs XX<br />
saukunis naxevramdis? baraTaSvilis merani ukve daiRala WenebiT, axla is beberia<br />
tyavgamxmari... `qarTlis dedis~ ZuZuebi daSra, saidumlo baraTs ki Cveni saukune aRar<br />
upasuxebs~ (`poetebi saqarTveloSi~ `baxtrioni~1 1922).<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom simbolistTa amgvari pozicia imTaviTve uaryves galaktionma<br />
da konstantine gamsaxurdiam.<br />
`maT [igulisxmeba qarTveli simbolistebi] `manifestebiT~ da `pernamentuli<br />
konferenciebiT~ mTel qarTvel sazogadoebas da `Zvel poezias~ omi gamoucxades `Seqspiris<br />
uariT...~ Cveulebriv tradicias ar Ralatoben... ilias, akakis, baraTaSvilis lanZRva<br />
monopoliad gamoacxades, cota frTxilad unda iyvnen es poeziis reportiorebi... (`ilioni 1.<br />
1922)~.<br />
`micvalebulni ganageben awmyos vidre cocxalni — ambobs deboni, da ilia swored is<br />
micvalebulia, romelic dRes anaTebs qarTvelis suls... naxevari saukune udga igi darajad<br />
113
Tavis ers. es devi Cveni literaturisa... `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso~ sTqva man. mTelma<br />
saqarTvelom gaigona da Seiyvara kidevac es lozungi. dRes, Cven vinc vdgevarT qarTuli<br />
kulturisa da Tvisebriobis sadarajozed — gvamxnevebs ilias simamace da gvitacebs misi<br />
brZolis stiqia. misi aCrdili dagvtrialebs Tavs da mudam gvTxovs angariSs `ra vakeTeT, ras<br />
vSvebodiT~ saqarTvelosTvis, misi warsulisa da ganviTarebisaTvis... viyoT isev medgarni,<br />
rogorc ilia, viyoT isev sastikni Cveni kulturis dacvaSi~ - werda konstantine gamsaxurdia.<br />
(`ilioni 1. 1922)~.<br />
xolo rac Seexeba galaktions, savaraudoa, rom misi 1916 wlis cnobili gandgoma<br />
`cisferyanwelebisagan~ da e.w. `saukunis Cxubi~, swored qarTuli literaturuli<br />
tradiciebisadmi maTi damokidebulebrivi da deklarirebuli poziciebisagan absoluturi<br />
gansxvavebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. galaktionma, romelic sakuTar Tavs (miT umetes im dros)<br />
`akakis qnaris~ poetTa rigSi moiazrebda, ver gaiziara `cisferyanwelTa~ Tavdajerebuli da<br />
pretenziuli gancxadebani sityvakazmuli mwerlobis maT mier dawyebuli axali<br />
welTaRricxvis Taobaze, maTi damokidebuleba qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebisa da<br />
gansakuTrebiT iliasa da akakis misamarTiT, elitarulobisa da klanurobis xmamaRla<br />
gacxadebuli Tezisebi. `me ar vnanob~ _ werda is olia okujavas da am nabijis erTgvar<br />
argumentaciad Tu dadasturebad unda CaiTvalos 1919 wels gamoqveynebuli esse: `Zvirfasi<br />
saflavebi~, sadac galaktionma nikoloz baraTaSvilis, mamia gurielis, vaJas, yazbegis, da<br />
gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT iliasa da akakis Rvawli Seafasa, kidev erTxel gausva ra xazi maT<br />
fassa da mniSvnelobas ara mxolod Tavad misTvis, rogorc poetisaTvis aramed sazogadod<br />
qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am droidan galaktioni TiTqos calsaxad unda gamijvnoda<br />
`simbolistur xilvebs~, yovel SemTxvevaSi `cisferyanwelTa~ ideebisagan xazgasmulad<br />
gansxvavebuli mosazrebani araerTxel gamoTqva: `me ar vici ra aris `cisferyanwelebis~<br />
mimdinareoba me vici ufro mSobliuri tradiciao~ - acxadebda. Tumca, es gamijvna rogorc<br />
Cans, iyo oden pirovnuli da poziciuri da arcerT SemTxvevaSi ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi, radgan<br />
am droidan galaktioni kidev ufro dauaxlovda simbolisturi ms<strong>of</strong>laRqmis `kanonikas~.<br />
Seqmnili uxerxuli, konfliqturi Tu araerTazrovani garemoebiT yvelaze metad<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, saTavisod~ III Zalam isargebla. qarTveli simbolistebis amgvari tendencia<br />
Tu `esTetikuri poza~ da konfliqti amis gamo qarTuli mwerlobis Rirssacnobi nawilis orive<br />
mxares Soris, bevrad ufro mzakvruli da Sorsmimavali Canafiqris nawilad iqca, warmatebiT<br />
iqna ra gamoyenebuli sabWoTa ideologebisa da wiTeli saliteraturo kritikis mier,<br />
rodesac qarTveli simbolistebisagan “xalxis mtris xatis” Sesaqmnelad maTi e.w. “saymawvilo<br />
seni” — ilias faqtori gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiTa da kategoriulobiT iqna rakursirebuli.<br />
im umZimes braldebebs Soris, romlebic mogvianebiT qarTvel simbolistebs wauyenes,<br />
erTi isic iyo, rom maT xelaRebiT uaryves qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebi da brZola<br />
gamoucxades XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis klasikosebs - iliasa da akakis. da rac ar<br />
unda paradoqsuli iyos, es braldebani jer kidev saqarTvelos mweralTa I yrilobaze (-1926<br />
wlidan) gaisma: jer cnobili partmuSakebis, rappel-napostovelTa mxardamWerebis,<br />
iliasmoZuleTa — f. maxaraZisa da v.baxtaZis gamosvlebSi da Semdgom l. berias sadamsjelo<br />
aparatis mier SeTiTxil braldebebSic gaxmianda.<br />
Tumca `cisferyanwelTa~ mxatvrul — publicisturi memkvidreobis Tundac gadaxedvisas<br />
imTaviTve cnaurdeba is faqti, rom aRniSnuli pozicia maTi ara mxolod e.w. “saymawvilo seni”<br />
iyo, aramed am literaturuli jgufis cnobili artistuli individualizmis da<br />
miTosmeikerobis erTgvari gamovlinebac (am SemTxvevaSi arcTu warmatebuli), radgan calke<br />
ilia WavWavaZis saxeli, Rvawli da avtoriteti da zeddarTuli TavianTive “metacirebuli”<br />
gancxadebani SemdgomSi niadag awvalebda “cisferyanwelebs”. aqedan gamomdinare iliasadmi<br />
gansakuTrebul pativiscemas da mis mniSvnelobas qarTuli sazogadoebrivi Tu SemoqmedebiTi<br />
sazrisisaTvis mudmivad acxadebdnen: `ilia cnobilia qarTul mwerlobaSi rogorc<br />
mamamTavari realizmisa da fuZemdebeli axali saliteraturo enisa... cnobilia ilias<br />
enamzeoba, is SesaniSnavi oratori iyo, magram is iyo agreTve SesaniSnavi mcodne qarTuli<br />
enisa... is aris xalxuri poeti am sityvis maRali mniSvnelobiT. ilias xalxurobis garda<br />
amSvenebssisadave- igi popularulia Tavisi formiT da misawvdomia ubralo<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvisac. ilia didi ostati da xelovani iyo. misi nawarmoebni yovelTvis gauweven<br />
metoqeobas ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturis saukeTeso Sedevrebs... arc erT qarTvel poets ar Seuqmnia<br />
iseTi mZlavri patriotuli lirika, rogoric Seqmna iliam. iliam gvaswavla, Cven siyvaruli<br />
samSoblosaadmi maSin, rodesac Cveni qveyana gminavda monarqiuli reJimis quslis qveS. me<br />
davwere 15 wlis winaT da axlac gavimeoreb, rom ilias patara leqsSi `tyem moisxa foToli~<br />
ismis gasaocari simfonia. iliam Tavisi SemoqmedebiT daidga xelTuqmneli Zegli madlieri<br />
STamomavlobis gulSi. ar darCenila arcerTi poeti, rom ar eZRvnas leqsi iliasaTvis,<br />
CvenTvis, qarTveli mwerlobisaTvis ilia gaxda namdvili Tanamedrove. iliam Seasrula Tavis<br />
epoqis socialuri dakveTa, Seqmna ra udidesi mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, gamsWvaluli farTe<br />
socialuri problemebiT, amiT igi gascilda Tavis epoqas da Tavis klass. misi sityvebi<br />
Tqmulni genialuri gulwrfelobiT gauZleben saukuneebs da sanam ki feTqs Cveni guli, ilias<br />
114
saxeli aRbeWdili iqneba am gulis ficarze, rogorc uwmindesi da umSvenieresi saxeli Cveni<br />
erisa _es Sefasebani valerian gafrindaSvils (`SeniSvnebi iliaze~) ekuTnis da isic unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom 1937- Sia dawerili, roca erovnul Rirebulebebs Calis fasi daedo da misi<br />
damcvelnic _ valerianis umrwmesi Zmebi: paolo da ticiani politikur- represiuli wnexis<br />
msxverplad iqcnen.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT vfiqrobT aRniSvnis Rirsia giorgi leoniZis redaqtorobiT gamomavali<br />
simbolisturi gazeTi `baxtrioni~,romelmac gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula qarTvel<br />
simbolistTa ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi Tu istoriuli imijis Sesaqmnelad, rameTu saqarTveloSi<br />
modernistuli skolebis da maTSi mimdinare procesebis aqtiur propagandasTan erTad igi<br />
xazgasmuli sifrTxiliTa da taqtiT epyroboda erovnul Rirebulebebsa da saxelebs, Tumca<br />
xsenebuli maqsimalisturi tendenciebi aqac gaJRerda.<br />
gazeTis 1923 wlis me-10 nomeri mieZRvna ilias mkvlelobis 15 wlisTavs, swored aq<br />
gaxmianda gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebi pozicia, rom TergdaleulTa Soris ilias<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad ekuTnoda `cisferyanwelTa~ pativi. `ilia WavWavaZe aris baraqa da jiSi<br />
qarTuli mwerlobis da ai bedma arguna ilias Tavisi ganieri mxarbeWiT kolosiviT Camdgariyo<br />
qarTul sinamdvileSi da gamxdariyo morgvi qarTuli mwerlobisa... ilia WavWavaZem amoavso XIX<br />
saukunis carieli saqarTvelo, Tavis gaxeTqil SubliT azri misca qarTuli mwerlobas da<br />
saqarTvelos svindiss~-werda giorgi leoniZe.<br />
...da bolos tician tabiZis ganacxadi:<br />
`gadaumeteblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukune saqarTveloSi iliam kidec moigona,<br />
kidec Seqmna, da kidec Tavis sisxliT dahkira. Cven SeiZleba am saukunis Seswavlis dros bevri<br />
defeqtebic aRmovaCinoT, gansakuTrebiT poeziaSi, magram erTi ki mainc ucilobelia, am didi<br />
epopeis mTavari mbrZanebeli iyo mxolod ilia WavWavaZe.<br />
Cven eqvsi wlis win ganvacxadeT, rom ilia rogorc poeti miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
emorCileboda Tavis saukunes acda namdvili poeziis rkals, SeuZlebelic iqneboda ilia<br />
y<strong>of</strong>iliyo marto poeti maSin, roca ers ar hqonda arcerTi atributi mwerlobisa da<br />
kulturis, romelic mis dros gawyvetili iyo (Cven ar vexebiT warsuls).<br />
ilias poeziidan marto wiwamuri rom darCeniliyo, mainc samudamod aatirebda qarTvels<br />
da samudamod darCebida Tema poeziisaTvis. amiT iliam daamtkica rom mwerloba aris wameba,<br />
rom saqarTveloSi TviTmkvleloba da mkvleloba orive bunebrivi xvedria poetebisTvis~<br />
cxadia, amgvari `aRiarebebiT~ qarTveli simbolistebi ara mxolod “saymawvilo<br />
senisagan” ganikurnen da sakuTar SexedulebaTa revizia ganaxorcieles, aramed isic gaacxades,<br />
rom rac ar unda deklarirebuli y<strong>of</strong>iliyo maTi ganzidva XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis<br />
klasikosTagan, gansakuTrebiT ki ilias saxelisagan simbolisturi miTTamTxzvelobis xanaSi,<br />
es mainc xelovnuri poza Tu erTgvari manera iyo, es damokidebulebani qarTvel simbolistTa<br />
ara mxolod publicistur diskursebSi gacxadda, aramed mxatvrul qmnilebebSic aisaxa.<br />
amdenad, “sisxliT naweri leqsebi”, “mwerlobasTan sxvanairi misvla“ da ilias gziT siaruli<br />
ucxo odesme arc qarTveli simbolistebisTvis y<strong>of</strong>ila.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
tabiZe 1975: tabiZe g. Txzulebani 12 tomad, Tb.: 1975.<br />
tabiZe 1973: tabiZe t. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb.: 1973.<br />
gafrindaSvili 1990: gafrindaSvili v. poezia, proza, werilebi, esseebi. Tb.:1990.<br />
cisferi yanwebi 1916: „cisferi yanwebi“. № 2, 1916.<br />
rubikoni 1923: `rubikoni~ .1.1923.<br />
rubikoni 1923: `rubikoni~ 8.1923.<br />
baxtrioni 1922: `baxtrioni~. 1. 1922.<br />
baxtrioni 1923: `baxtrioni.~ 10. 1923.<br />
ilioni 1922: `ilioni~. 1. 1922.<br />
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Irina Perianova<br />
POLITICAL CORRECTNESS AND THE LANGUAGE OF AVOIDANCE<br />
Key words: political correctness, avoidance language, taboo, communicative code, EU accession and Eastern<br />
Europe, globalization, consumer capitalism, ex-nomination, mind control, accommodation, otherisation, trust<br />
Abstract<br />
In this paper I aim to discuss political correctness as a communicative and behavioural code. Firstly, I intend to<br />
outline its interrelationship with the language <strong>of</strong> avoidance in general, and more specifically its specific place as its<br />
subgroup. .Secondly, I’ll dwell on the rationale <strong>of</strong> pc in the context <strong>of</strong> R.Barthes’ theory <strong>of</strong> ex-nomination, H.Giles’<br />
CAT theory and the philosophy <strong>of</strong> trust. Last but no least, I will attempt to analyse the gradual emergence <strong>of</strong> pc in<br />
post-communist space - the adoption <strong>of</strong> new rules and the intercultural perspective <strong>of</strong> pc in the wake <strong>of</strong> Bulgarian<br />
accession to the EU as well as some <strong>of</strong> its peculiarities.<br />
Political correctness (pc) is one <strong>of</strong> the most important phenomena <strong>of</strong> the 20th century and one <strong>of</strong> the presentday<br />
buzz words. Googling pc produces millions <strong>of</strong> entries referring to its history, philosophy and description.<br />
Sometimes political correctness is traced back to the totalitarian regimes <strong>of</strong> Nazi Germany with its ruthless<br />
euphemisms such as the final solution for the annihilation <strong>of</strong> the Jews, or communist Russia with its double sets <strong>of</strong><br />
terms for what was good “for us” and “for them”. It is such a common term that it means everything and nothing: in<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the on-line entries Bob Dylan was described as no longer pc – meaning not popular.<br />
Short <strong>of</strong> being described as taboo, some “objects” are now also prohibitive in their use. This is why Prince<br />
Charles is staging a campaign for healthier, more politically correct snacks in school vending machines – fruits and<br />
nuts, rather than candy and chips – and describes Brussels sprouts and leeks, as pc vegetables.<br />
However it must be emphasized that although avoidance language is a hyponym <strong>of</strong> political correctness, the<br />
latter inhabits a separate niche, with its specificity and its own areas <strong>of</strong> use. The first point I would like to make is that<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> avoidance language is universal, and like any speech behaviour it is governed by social norms and by social<br />
contexts. Significantly, there are culture-specific rules relating to taboo subjects. Thus, death, sex, even foods, may or<br />
may not be taboo in certain cultures, yet these taboos are not the same in every single cultural community and will<br />
reflect on a diversity <strong>of</strong> manifestations – from everyday rhetoric to advertising. For example, condom advertising,<br />
which is widespread in most parts <strong>of</strong> Europe, is taboo in Vietnam and other parts <strong>of</strong> Asia. Certain nationalities or<br />
minorities may be unmentionable, and thus made invisible. The best known example is probably the untouchables in<br />
India, shunned at a certain time in history. Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda avoided using each others’ names, especially<br />
after the genocide, and were referred to as “short people” and “tall people”. Soviet Jews described themselves as<br />
“invalids <strong>of</strong> the 5th group” (the 5th item in Soviet passports was nationality). In socialist Bulgaria gypsies were <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
referred to simply as “a minority”.<br />
To throw some light on different examples <strong>of</strong> avoidance language let us, for example compare these 3<br />
statements:<br />
“People have just been freed. A little untidiness is not important.” (Donald Rumsfeld about looting in Iraq.)<br />
“Where’s the restroom? I’d like to powder my nose.” (Asked by a guest at a restaurant)<br />
“We carry medium, large and extra-large eggs.”(An announcement at a Bulgarian supermarket)<br />
No doubt, all <strong>of</strong> these phrases are euphemisms and their meaning is implied, rather than explicit. The<br />
pragmatic and semantic assumptions we make are based on something tangible – our knowledge <strong>of</strong> the world and the<br />
shared codes with the interlocutor. These codes make it unnecessary or socially unacceptable to spell out everything.<br />
Implicature, the term propounded by H.P.Grice more than 40 years ago is a very important concept for pragmatics,<br />
discourse analysis and the ethnography <strong>of</strong> communication. It is closely related to the meta-message which can only be<br />
interpreted correctly if one has the same “background knowledge” as one’s interlocutors. Charles Fillmore recounts<br />
two anecdotes concerning the fixed phrase “I thought you’d never ask” illustrating different meta-messages for<br />
speakers <strong>of</strong> British English and American English: “While in American English it is a fairly innocent teasing<br />
expression it could be taken as insulting by people who did not know its status as a routine formula. In one case a<br />
European man asked an American woman to join him in the dance, and she, being playful said “I thought you’d never<br />
ask”. Her potential dancing partner withdrew his invitation in irritation. In another case a European hostess <strong>of</strong>fered an<br />
American guest something to drink when he … said “I thought you’d never ask. He was asked to leave the party for<br />
having insulted his host.” (Fillmore, 1984)<br />
According to Grice, for a full identification <strong>of</strong> what the speaker has said, one would need to know not only the<br />
conventional meaning <strong>of</strong> the words used together with the identity <strong>of</strong> any references that may be involved but a) the<br />
identity <strong>of</strong> the speaker b) the time <strong>of</strong> utterance, c) the meaning, or the particular occasion <strong>of</strong> utterance (Grice, 1999:77).<br />
Lexical euphemisms abound in many spheres – especially business and social life. Common business avoidance<br />
clichés are, amongst others, He is in a meeting which means “He doesn’t want to answer”; business is business, as an<br />
excuse for something bad done in the course <strong>of</strong> transactions, or a formula used when one does not want to accept that<br />
one has done something unethical. It is socially unacceptable for a waiter to say: “Give me my tip now because<br />
somebody else will take over”, but the meaning is implied in the sentence: “I am leaving now”. (Findlay, 1998)<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> euphemisms is a psychological must. In ostensibly deviating from certain conversational maxims<br />
(see Grice, Ibid) the implicated statements become indirect and thus in many cases are related to politeness–related<br />
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avoidance. Thus, the 2nd example -Where can I powder my nose? implies “where is the toilet?. The psychological<br />
euphemisms, such as restroom, part with the baby, harvest wildlife; in Bulgarian: водни пъдпъдъци (literally: “water<br />
grouse,” i.e. frogs as food), бели бъбреци (“white kidneys” – i.e. testicles), have to do with avoiding unpleasant or<br />
indecent subjects, or are used for the sake <strong>of</strong> what is perceived as politeness. Furthermore, some euphemisms give an<br />
insight into the nature and practice <strong>of</strong> different political systems, as well as people’s mentality and cultural<br />
characteristics. Consequently, when President Bush says there will be serious consequences it means “war”; when<br />
Donald Rumsfeld mentions a little untidiness, its meaning is transparent: “loot and plunder.”<br />
This type <strong>of</strong> mind control by means <strong>of</strong> lexical mis/use has always been a social fact: cf. the final solution for<br />
“annihilation <strong>of</strong> the Jews by the Nazis,” collateral damage for “civilian casualties,” friendly fire for “bombs or bullets<br />
which accidentally kill people on the side which has fired the weapons” (LDELC); wildlife management, harvesting,<br />
depopulation for “large-scale killing <strong>of</strong> animals or trees.” (Pei, 1973) Cf. also some other examples culled from CNN:<br />
“efforts are under way to get the population to settle down” (stop looting), “a major disaster” (murder, death), “respect<br />
ceasefire” (do not shoot).<br />
As Noam Chomsky noted in a BBC interview about his famous book Rogue States: When the Americans say<br />
“we are doing it to protect NATO’s credibility,” any don will tell you it means “do as we say, or else.” For this very<br />
reason the UN language is an interesting study in euphemisms: unlawful use <strong>of</strong> force against … or illegal war in…<br />
means “aggression”; when K<strong>of</strong>i Annan would say: “I have qualms about this decision,” what he really meant was that<br />
he was against it.<br />
In these cases, the avoidance language serves either to justify inaction – if it is aggression or slaughter <strong>of</strong> the<br />
civilians, the international organizations should put their foot down and act; 1 or as a means to brainwash the public, to<br />
hide the meaning <strong>of</strong> what is happening, to neutralize the importance <strong>of</strong> an event by verbal means. Not coming to the<br />
point is part <strong>of</strong> the political culture in many countries. The desire to justify and control accounts for the following<br />
statement made by Lidia Shouleva, the one-time Bulgarian Minister <strong>of</strong> Economy, who was proud to point out in a TV<br />
interview (purportedly as a sign <strong>of</strong> progress): “Вече не говорим за намаляване на безработицата, а за увеличаване<br />
на заетостта“: (We no longer talk about decreasing unemployment but about increasing employment.) 2<br />
Indeed, language or even silence as a means <strong>of</strong> control, may be traced back to totalitarianism: e.g. in the culture<br />
<strong>of</strong> secrecy <strong>of</strong> totalitarian Bulgaria, demography was taboo (no statistics could be divulged about the population breakdown<br />
into ethnic groups, the altitude <strong>of</strong> unmapped mountain tourist shelters, the depth <strong>of</strong> the Black Sea in certain<br />
areas, etc.), while in the Soviet Union there was no sex or diseases. The Russian writer Sergei Dovlatov describes an<br />
interview given to a group <strong>of</strong> American congressmen by the then Party Secretary <strong>of</strong> Leningrad. When the party <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
was asked about the mortality rate in Leningrad the answer was that in Leningrad there was no mortality rate. This<br />
situation still rings some bells. In the 2003 film Spinning Boris directed by Roger Spottiswoode, which features Boris<br />
Yeltsin’s re-election campaign conducted using American expertise, the American consultant played by Jeff Goldblum<br />
says, -“Don’t say Yeltsin is having the flu, because in Russia everybody would think he is on his deathbed!”<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> another group <strong>of</strong> euphemisms is due to advertising and marketing reasons. Thus, in Bulgarian<br />
supermarkets there are no small eggs any more - only medium, large or extra-large, while in the USA they are<br />
described as medium, large, extra-large and jumbo. The euphemisms which you have “to see through” (like medium<br />
eggs with the meaning <strong>of</strong> “small”) cater for the market situation and aim to attract more customers. Another<br />
manifestation <strong>of</strong> avoidance is in hyper-inflation <strong>of</strong> English. According to Neil Tweedie, to make an impact now you<br />
have to be a superhero, vegetables must be dew-fresh, market-fresh or seasonal. ”Uptitling” is an <strong>of</strong>fence in which<br />
employees are given elevated titles to keep them happy. Thus managers become executive managers, associate<br />
managers or managers at large (see also vice president <strong>of</strong> a company – IP) Post room workers are now dispatch<br />
services facilitators. “As part <strong>of</strong> the ‘bigging-up’ or ‘supersizing’ trend the prefixes “ova, uber or mega prefixes are<br />
used to beef up words.”<br />
(Tweedie, 2005)<br />
In all the above examples, the most common reasons for implicating, instead <strong>of</strong> saying directly or overtly, is<br />
avoidance <strong>of</strong> what is regarded as taboo or unpleasant, as socially unacceptable or impolite or for manipulative<br />
purposes – to play down or to play up the importance <strong>of</strong> the event or object. What is being referred to is being<br />
implicated, not explicitly stated, and can only be interpreted correctly given the existence <strong>of</strong> shared codes which may<br />
range from a dialogue between two interlocutors to a cultural community at large. I would also like to postulate that<br />
the degree <strong>of</strong> indirectness differs in different cultures, amongst other things depending on the cultural dimension <strong>of</strong><br />
high and low context propounded by E.T.Hall (Hall, 1981). In fact, different communication styles <strong>of</strong> British English<br />
and American English have been noted by researchers: thus, Dunkerley and Robinson point out that the British<br />
communication style is characterized by the opaqueness <strong>of</strong> the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. “To<br />
interpret successfully requires an understanding <strong>of</strong> the particular Gricean implicatures <strong>of</strong> particular comments in which<br />
the overt context may bear a variety <strong>of</strong> relationships to the intended meaning. For example, to expect an outsider to<br />
interpret “not bad at all” as meaning “very good indeed” is to expect too much …just as the interpretation <strong>of</strong> “It might<br />
be an idea, if you were to do x” as an urgent imperative requires long acculturation to decode” (Dunkerley et al, 2002).<br />
1 Cf. “calling a spade a spade would have mattered, because if it was genocide, how could you not act, however difficult it was?” Barnaby<br />
Mason, “The Language <strong>of</strong> Diplomacy” From Our Own Correspondents:May 2004,<br />
http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools.print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/<br />
2 There are numerous interesting examples as well as the rationale <strong>of</strong> “language demagogy” in Стефана Димитрова, 1999, pp.29-31.<br />
117
Different avoidance strategies are not only peculiar to different ethnic groups but are gender specific. Discourse<br />
styles differ – pausing or avoiding pauses, using “I” or “we” is different for men and women, as was shown by Robin<br />
Lak<strong>of</strong>f and D.Tannen. For example, women are more likely than men to say “we”, rather than “I.” Other<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> women’s conversation include avoiding direct requests: “It’s cold in here with the window left<br />
open,” instead <strong>of</strong> “please close the window,” which represents syntactical avoidance. Moreover, women use more<br />
euphemisms – i.e. they favour lexical avoidance. These differences in avoidance patterns are, <strong>of</strong> course, not confined<br />
to gender only but apply to different cultural communities <strong>of</strong> the same ethnic background.<br />
In many cases avoidance is also a sign <strong>of</strong> differentiation between “your own” and “alien,” “you” and “the<br />
other.” It would seem that the difference between speech codes is a sign <strong>of</strong> distancing from somebody who is not part<br />
<strong>of</strong> “my group.” Consequently, even though the phenomenon <strong>of</strong> avoidance is universal, the objects <strong>of</strong> avoidance (and<br />
the degrees <strong>of</strong> avoidance) may differ in different languages and in different cultures.<br />
Unlike avoidance language in general, which is universal although governed by culture-specific social norms<br />
and contexts, pc is undoubtedly a product <strong>of</strong> globalization and, in my opinion, it should be viewed as its<br />
communicative code. The area <strong>of</strong> pc which embraces not only language but also the entire attitude <strong>of</strong> equality is new in<br />
post-communist discourse, while what is described as socialist pc was <strong>of</strong>ten the language <strong>of</strong> inequality, rather than<br />
equality. In the present-day context it is quite apparent that avoidance is relative and depends on one’s social and<br />
linguistic community and identification.<br />
Due to such core values <strong>of</strong> globalization as a denial <strong>of</strong> hierarchy, an emphasis on a culturally pluralistic and<br />
interconnected global society lacking any single dominant center <strong>of</strong> political power, communication, or intellectual<br />
production, pc has turned into new behaviour codification, and has taken on the function <strong>of</strong> a new commodified<br />
language which, at least on the surface, aims to discontinue any form <strong>of</strong> Otherisation. It fits the following definition:<br />
“[…] correct according to a set <strong>of</strong> liberal opinions, e.g. that black people and women should have equal chances to get<br />
jobs, education, etc.” (LDELC) According to the rules <strong>of</strong> PC we are all supposed to be treated as equal. The urge to<br />
endorse equality has permeated all spheres <strong>of</strong> life .Even some forms <strong>of</strong> address are suspect: dear and darling, for<br />
example, are banned in the National Opera in London because they may be classified as sexual harassment. In many<br />
cases overzealousness in the pursuit <strong>of</strong> what is regarded as political correctness is likely to hurt the feelings <strong>of</strong> a<br />
majority group. Thus, according to online sources, one store in Sydney was once banned from displaying a traditional<br />
Christmas nativity scene because “it would be wrong to push any one religious belief.” Fortunately sanity prevailed<br />
after a public outcry. “We tried to be politically correct and that was overzealous,” said the store chief executive.<br />
Most pc language has to do with race, rank, ethnic background, gender, age, or appearance. The ab/users <strong>of</strong><br />
un/pc terms are accused <strong>of</strong> sexism, chauvinism, rankism, and ageism. The pc trademark is real or perceived equality.<br />
The epitome <strong>of</strong> PC is the term affirmative action which is “the practice or principle, when choosing people for a job or<br />
an education course, <strong>of</strong> favouring people who are <strong>of</strong>ten treated unfairly especially because <strong>of</strong> their sex or race; positive<br />
discrimination.” (LDELC) By definition any kind <strong>of</strong> hierarchy is to be avoided as not pc. For this reason certain lowstatus<br />
jobs have been made to sound grand to avoid rankism. Thus in American English “garbage collector” was<br />
replaced by “garbologist,” “bootblack” - by “bootblack maintenance engineer,” and “dogcatcher” by “animal welfare<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer.” (Pei, Ibid: 142). According to some scholars, elitism is probably the dirtiest word in present-day American<br />
parlance. (Berman 2001), Its UK use is also marked as derogatory in contemporary dictionaries. Political correctness<br />
as defined in this way was unknown as recently as early and mid-20th century. To argue the case one only needs to<br />
look at the titles <strong>of</strong> the books written by anthropologists in early and mid- 20th century, e.g. The Savage Mind<br />
(1962/1966) by Claude Levi Strauss or The Sexual Life <strong>of</strong> Savages (1929) by Bronislaw Malinowski. These volumes<br />
abound with such terms as primitive tribes, natives etc. which are currently most emphatically considered un-pc.<br />
Another illustration <strong>of</strong> the equality principle is forms <strong>of</strong> address in different countries. In a North American<br />
school a common Bulgarian greeting, “Hello, boys and girls!” would be taboo. The preferred alternative is likely to use<br />
no name at all, or address students by their first names. Even “darling” and “dear” were regarded as suspect and<br />
banned in the London opera as instigating sexual harassment. Many people <strong>of</strong> Britain were flabbergasted by George<br />
Bush’s use <strong>of</strong> the title “Mr.” when he was talking about the dictator Saddam Hussein during his November 2003 visit<br />
in London. However, in the American culture <strong>of</strong> equality this form <strong>of</strong> address applies across the board - from<br />
condemned criminals to the Presidents.<br />
Race PC<br />
According to Mario Pei, at a certain stage there was a whole list <strong>of</strong> “UN-condemned words,” which have to do<br />
with race, including “backward, pagan, native, primitive, underdeveloped race, savage, colored (Pei, 1975: 145).<br />
“Colored” used to be the American euphemism for “black” when one didn’t want to say “Negro.” It is used differently<br />
in South Africa, to refer to groups that are neither white, nor black, like the numerous East Indians. The accepted term<br />
now seems to be “a person <strong>of</strong> color” or “African American”. Race pc language is so wide-spread that the famous<br />
novel by Agatha Christie Ten Little Niggers, known also as Ten Little Indians was published in Germany as And Then<br />
There Were None. Even the expressions like “a Dutch treat,” “a French letter” or “WASPs” are sometimes included on<br />
the “proscribed” list. Racial taboo words in North American society are contrasted with other words that have lost at<br />
least part <strong>of</strong> their taboo content. Thus “First Nations” is now <strong>of</strong>ficially used in Canada instead <strong>of</strong> “native Americans”.<br />
Gender PC<br />
118
Gender PC is characterized by the absence <strong>of</strong> any emphasis <strong>of</strong> gender – making it seem irrelevant: “they,” “he<br />
or she”, or a neutral expression is to be preferred: e.g. “chair person.” Gender inequality crops up in language making<br />
it necessary to overstate the affirmative action approach at the expense <strong>of</strong> the sense <strong>of</strong> humor.<br />
A case in point is the following item in The New York Times Sunday column “Metropolitan Diary”:<br />
“Dear Diary,<br />
Visiting an editor at Random House, I stepped into a crowded elevator and found myself pressed close to the<br />
control panel.<br />
“Has everybody got their floors?” I asked.<br />
After a moment’s silence, a young female voice from the rear said, “His or her.”<br />
“I beg your pardon? “, I said,<br />
“His or her. It’s “Has everybody got his or her floors?” Your pronouns don’t agree.”<br />
“And shouldn’t it be “his or her floor,” not “floors,” a young man piped up. “Each <strong>of</strong> us gets <strong>of</strong>f at only one<br />
floor.”<br />
“And wouldn’t it be better to say “Does everybody have?” rather than “Has everybody got?” a third voice<br />
chimed in.<br />
I stood corrected – and red faced. But I was glad to know that good grammar is alive and well”(quoted by<br />
Lak<strong>of</strong>f, 2001:78)<br />
While “affirmative action” is no doubt the epitome <strong>of</strong> PC, it should be noted that the concept is definitely a oneway<br />
street: if a “women only” meeting, for example, would be viewed as okay, a “men only” meeting would not be<br />
acceptable.<br />
Age, disability, appearance PC<br />
The pc term for those who used to be “old people” is “senior citizens.” “Differently-abled” or “challenged” are<br />
commonly used instead <strong>of</strong> “physically and mentally disabled,” - e.g. “visually challenged” for “blind,” “vertically<br />
challenged” – for “shorter or taller than average”, horizontally challenged” or differently-sized for “fat,” “follicularly<br />
challenged” for “bald,” and even “morally challenged” for “corrupt,” “special needs children” for “handicapped<br />
children.” (OPCDH) Along these lines, note also this announcement at the KLM airline counter: “Will passengers<br />
needing assistance please come to the counter first.”<br />
Education PC<br />
Another peculiarity <strong>of</strong> pc words involves positive feed-back – no implied criticism is permitted. This is<br />
especially important in academia, and it gives rise to many euphemisms. It has been noted by critics <strong>of</strong> the American<br />
educational system that for many reasons, more specifically because tuition in the US is mostly funded by students or<br />
their parents, certain terms are avoided and a new type <strong>of</strong> so-called school pc has emerged: e.g. “co-learners” instead<br />
<strong>of</strong> students,” temporally challenged” for “chronically late,” and “alternatively schooled” for “uneducated.” (Berman,<br />
2000: 124-125) “As brought out by the author <strong>of</strong> Up the Down Staircase, Bel Kaufman, ‘Let it be a challenge to you’<br />
means ‘You’re stuck with it’; ‘It has come to my attention’ means ‘You are in trouble’; ‘interpersonal relationships’ is<br />
translated as a ‘fight between kids’; and ‘ancillary civic agencies for supportive discipline’ is, in effect, ‘Call the<br />
cops!’” (Pei, 1973: 64) Note also this example from a reader’s letter:<br />
“Have you noticed how teachers never disparage children any more? My son had a note on his report that he<br />
was “very adept in the creative use <strong>of</strong> visual aids for learning.” I telephoned his teacher and asked: “What does that<br />
mean – the creative use <strong>of</strong> visual aids for learning?” She answered, “He copies from the child in the next seat”<br />
(Reader’s Digest, June, 1982) See more examples <strong>of</strong> similar euphemisms in Perianova (2002).<br />
The importance <strong>of</strong> PC cannot be overstated: it has become a practical matter – crucial for the success at work<br />
and as such an integral part <strong>of</strong> many textbooks. The following list is indicative <strong>of</strong> the tendency: (Outhart et al,<br />
2000:340)<br />
Don’t say Say instead<br />
A cripple disabled person<br />
Invalid disabled person<br />
Handicapped disabled<br />
Mentally retarded/handicapped person with learning<br />
difficulties<br />
Deaf aid hearing aid<br />
The disabled people with impaired mobility/a disability<br />
Spastic person with cerebral palsy<br />
Confined to a wheelchair wheelchair user<br />
wheelchair bound<br />
Deaf and dumb pr<strong>of</strong>oundly deaf<br />
Disabled toilet accessible toilet<br />
In all probability, pc euphemisms originated in the US. In present-day anthropology, sociology, intercultural<br />
communication, organizational behaviour and cross-cultural management different cultures are viewed and assessed in<br />
terms <strong>of</strong> so-called cultural dimensions. According to one <strong>of</strong> the topmost gurus <strong>of</strong> the new approach, Geert H<strong>of</strong>stede,<br />
119
the US has a very low power distance index 1 and therefore the main features <strong>of</strong> North American culture are equality<br />
and positive feed-back. According to many scholars equality “should be considered an assumption <strong>of</strong> American<br />
culture, social conventions tend to be more informal and social reciprocities are much less clearly defined (.Stewart et<br />
al., 1998). Hierarchy, inequality in power and influence, are seen as man-made (Storti, 2001).<br />
Significantly, the emergence <strong>of</strong> pc in the post-communist world matches B.Fay’s non-essentialist view <strong>of</strong><br />
cultures as open systems: i.e. “cultures are ideational entities, as such they are permeable, susceptible to influence from<br />
other cultures” (Fay, 1996). Grotesque, rude and inconsiderate Sacha Barron Cohen’s film Borat may arguably be, but<br />
it does mirror a certain innocence apparent in the <strong>of</strong>ficial approach to all kinds <strong>of</strong> minorities during the communist<br />
regime. Retarded, invalids, cripples – all these words were used in Russia, Bulgaria and other socialist countries<br />
indiscriminately, without fear that they may cause <strong>of</strong>fence. Thus there is a lot to be said for new political correctness.<br />
At the same time in post-communist countries such as Bulgaria pc doesn’t embrace all the subjects referred to<br />
above in the same degree, i.e. fewer objects and concepts are un-pc. A case in point: the global reality is post-modern<br />
and anti-elitist. As opposed to North America, in Bulgarian parlance elite is a very positive word and not only schools<br />
are described as elite but such unlikely products as doors and window frames. It should also be stressed that the<br />
otherisation <strong>of</strong> some signally unequal groups is still prominent. The objects <strong>of</strong> in/equality may coincide or differ. Thus<br />
in Bulgaria some race pc is prominent: цигани (gypsies) is a new taboo, still alien to many people. In a radio interview<br />
the author <strong>of</strong> a nostalgic new novel called When Romas Were Gypsies claims not to be anti-gypsy (or anti-roma);<br />
however he insists on the old label and voices his dislike <strong>of</strong> the new one. At the same time, a Bulgarian gypsy ranger<br />
who claims to be assimilated says: “I do not mind being called a gypsy, but I’d rather be referred to by a more<br />
international term.” (i.e. “roma” – IP). 2 Significantly, there is quite a range <strong>of</strong> derogatory expressions for gypsies in<br />
Bulgarian: циганин – ром – мангал –мангасар and even the borrowing джипси. The expression като бял човек (as<br />
a white man/person) is still very common and it implies the kind <strong>of</strong> praise which would be considered racist in US or<br />
Europe. The language reflects some kind <strong>of</strong> national inferiority complex as evidenced by the expression – “хубава<br />
работа, ама българска” (a nice thing/job, etc. but the way it happens in Bulgaria, i.e. it is bad or faulty).<br />
Conversely, the category which has made a lot <strong>of</strong> progress in Bulgaria is gender pc, as evidenced by a change in<br />
addresses and a greater awareness <strong>of</strong> the likelihood <strong>of</strong> an <strong>of</strong>fence and in advertising strategies: for instance, the macho<br />
beer advertising <strong>of</strong> Zagorka beer: – What does a man need – a good house, a good car, a good woman … good beer -<br />
is now safely relegated to the past because <strong>of</strong> a successful court case won by a businesswoman from Stara Zagora, the<br />
seat <strong>of</strong> the brewery.<br />
While rankism and the resulting pc are common in Bulgaria, ageism pc is currently not very prominent. There<br />
are, however, many examples <strong>of</strong> rankism pc in Bulgaria: инспекторка (“female inspector”) instead <strong>of</strong> секретарка<br />
(“secretary”), хигиенисткa (“hygiene worker”) instead <strong>of</strong> чистачка (“cleaning woman.”) The only typically<br />
Bulgarian pc example may be traced back to the time <strong>of</strong> socialism when S<strong>of</strong>ia – the capital – was opposed to other<br />
towns and villages, the “provinces,” and was viewed as “more equal” than other places. There is a still perceived<br />
inequality between S<strong>of</strong>ia universities and “provincial” universities. This is why a pr<strong>of</strong>essor from the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Veliko Tarnovo in Central Bulgaria urged colleagues from the University <strong>of</strong> S<strong>of</strong>ia at a meeting to be politically correct<br />
and not to talk about S<strong>of</strong>ia University and other universities. Note that nothing similar exists e.g. in the UK where the<br />
opposition “urban-rural” is not based on the principle <strong>of</strong> equality, and even “urban-suburban” (in the meaning <strong>of</strong><br />
“narrow-minded”, “boring”) is not a pc area.<br />
By and large, PC stops at home, which cannot but testify to its use as some kind <strong>of</strong> behavioural regulator.<br />
Hence, on BBC World Service news one can hear the following comment: “They (the Belgian rightist party declared<br />
racist - IP) are popular because they are not afraid not to be politically correct and say what ordinary people think.”<br />
Moreover, one cannot help but note that “there are a lot more places where you can say “spic” and “bitch” with<br />
impunity than places where you can smoke a cigarette.” 3 My own survey also shows that political correctness is only<br />
used in the public space – for example at home hardly anybody uses the phrase хора с увреждания (“handicapped,”<br />
“challenged”). Out <strong>of</strong> 55 Bulgarians polled only two said they used the word рома (“romani”) at home.<br />
And now to discuss the rationale <strong>of</strong> political correctness I would bring up Roland Barthes and his concept <strong>of</strong><br />
ex-nomination. If one is a member <strong>of</strong> the dominant group that group’s attributes are invisible, as one’s role in making<br />
things the way they are is not noticeable. This process is called ex-nomination. Roland Barthes discusses the<br />
bourgeoisie as an ex-nominated group: “As an ideological fact the bourgeoisie completely disappears: the bourgeoisie<br />
has obliterated its name in passing from reality to representation.” Ex-nominated groups, says Barthes, become<br />
“normalized,” they become apolitical and non-ideological. They just are. Their rules become “the rules.” (Barthes,<br />
1957) The same claims may be made <strong>of</strong> white middle-class males in contemporary America. In fact, “whites<br />
sometimes feel as if they have been ex-nominated into oblivion.” (Lak<strong>of</strong>f, 2001:.55) The process may be described as<br />
a kind <strong>of</strong> default value. As a consequence, there are attempts at what may be called re-nomination, e.g. the formation<br />
<strong>of</strong> white studies departments at some American universities. Another example: young black males in the US may call<br />
themselves “nigger” which is a taboo word for white Americans (personal communication). As the culture <strong>of</strong> the West<br />
is a victorious culture in our part <strong>of</strong> Europe, we are using their pc as a means <strong>of</strong> control and accommodation to the<br />
1 Geert H<strong>of</strong>stede outlines several sets <strong>of</strong> cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity<br />
/femininity, etc. See, for example, H<strong>of</strong>stede, 1997. On the other hand, Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden Turner outline their own sets<br />
<strong>of</strong> cultural dimensions, some <strong>of</strong> them commensurate with H<strong>of</strong>stede’s. ( Trompenaars and Hampden Turner, 1998).<br />
2 Cf. LDELC: most gypsies prefer to be called romanies.<br />
3 This was noted by the British journalist Catharine Whitehorn: 30.5.2004 http://members.aol.com.williwfank/pc-essay.htm<br />
120
patterns <strong>of</strong> the perceived winner, in line with the Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) developed by<br />
Howard Giles (see for example, Giles and Smith, 1979). This theory represents a broad set <strong>of</strong> linguistic and extralinguistic<br />
signals which enable us to adapt our communicative acts to those <strong>of</strong> our partners, shifting them along a<br />
convergent or divergent direction in the sequence <strong>of</strong> exchange.<br />
However, there is a logical objection to the use <strong>of</strong> PC: some men do not approve <strong>of</strong> the fact that “men only”<br />
meetings, unlike “women only” meetings, are taboo. Hence, using PC language is a Catch-22 situation – if you do it, it<br />
means that you are painfully aware <strong>of</strong> the differences between you and the pc-ed concept and either disapprove or<br />
pretend to disapprove. And if you don’t, you are a racist, a rankist, or a male chauvinist. At the same time, it is always<br />
a moot point, whether you say what you think, pretend to do so, or are keen to pretend nothing is wrong. Semantic<br />
bleaching <strong>of</strong>ten dilutes political correctness statements, thus conjuring up the well-known words by Baudrillard that<br />
the meaning is eroded via its excess.<br />
In his seminal book Modernity and Self-Identity Anthony Giddens refers to consumer capitalism and its<br />
efforts to standardize consumption and to shape tastes through advertising and to new ‘paternalism’ in which experts<br />
<strong>of</strong> all types minister to the needs <strong>of</strong> the lay population (Giddens, 1994). Consequently, in conclusion I’d like to state<br />
that the political correctness is a way <strong>of</strong> shaping attitudes within the context <strong>of</strong> this new ‘paternalism’ which can only<br />
be achieved provided a degree <strong>of</strong> trust is generated in the ‘lay population’ by the western experts, As recipients and<br />
developers <strong>of</strong> the new code we in Eastern Europe are supposed to trust the new shared discourse which reflects<br />
standardized and globalized language. The world <strong>of</strong> the market is full <strong>of</strong> the “language <strong>of</strong> lies” and to get to the<br />
meaning behind this language <strong>of</strong> lies we need a new grammar <strong>of</strong> communication. Pc is an essential part <strong>of</strong> it. Since<br />
expertise and transaction are the determinants <strong>of</strong> the modern world which is increasingly becoming pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
(Moscovici), and expert-oriented (Giddens) – the new code makes the minds easier to control.<br />
Pc is a strategy used to preserve personal images mutually, achieve a symmetry within relationships by hiding<br />
(revealingly) any real or perceived inequality. It is an essential part <strong>of</strong> a new grammar <strong>of</strong> communication with its<br />
underlying structure <strong>of</strong> wishful thinking; a new post-modernist discourse, poly-semic in the Bakhtinian sense – it both<br />
reveals and hides one’s ideology simultaneously, i.e. it is the Mouth Wide Shut phenomenon.<br />
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gazeTi „iveria“ da osTa sakiTxi<br />
naira bepievi<br />
„sakuTari keTildReoba Cvenis mezoblis keTildReobazea damokidebuli, mezoblis<br />
ubedurebaze Cveni bedniereba ver dafuZndeba, ver aSendeba,“ _ werda didi ilia gazeT „iveriis“<br />
furclebze 1886 wels („iveria“ 1886: 16. 10).<br />
gazeT „iverias“ imTaviTve miznad hqonda dasaxuli aesaxa ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed<br />
saerTod, kavkasiel xalxTa cxovreba, igi yurs ugdebda mezobeli eris sunTqvas, mis majiscemas.<br />
swored am gazeTis furclebze isaxeboda kavkasiel erTa kulturis, ganaTlebis, y<strong>of</strong>is amsaxveli<br />
masalebi, riTic xels uwyobda qarTveli xalxisa da kavkasiaSi mcxovreb sxva xalxTa<br />
TviTgamorkvevas, TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobas, urTierTobis ganmtkicebas, maT Soris megobruli, Zmuri<br />
urTierTobis gamyarebas. ilias natvra xom mis sityvebSic naTlad mJRavndeba: „mTeli kavkasi...<br />
erTisa azriT, erTis grZnobiT“ gamsWvaluli exila.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom mravali masala qveyndeboda gazeT „iveriaSi“ osTa y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovrebis, maTi<br />
kulturis, ganaTlebisa Tu religiis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
gazeTi „iveria“ aqveynebda masalebs ara mxolod saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi, aramed kavkavSi<br />
mcxovrebi osebis Sesaxeb. iSviaTi iyo nomeri, romelSic ar iqneboda masala kavkavidan. gazeTi<br />
amyarebda sainformacio kavSirs CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan, kerZod, CrdiloeT oseTTan, exmaureboda<br />
yovel saintereso siaxles, aSuqebda TiToeul mniSvnelovan movlenas da mxars uWerda yovel<br />
sasikeTo wamowyebas. gazeTi nergavda da zrdida am xalxis mimarT Tanadgomas, pativiscemas,<br />
siyvaruls.<br />
gazeT „iveriis“ furclebze isaxeboda yoveli moZraoba, kulturuli winsvla osi erisa,<br />
gazeTi Tvals adevnebda osTa cxovrebas, cdilobda SeumCneveli ar darCenoda maTi cxovrebis<br />
amsaxveli detalebi, yovel movlenas aucileblad exmaureboda da Taviseburi wvlili Sehqonda am<br />
eris winsvlasa da ganviTarebaSi.<br />
sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom gazeTma „iveriam” pirvelma miaqcia sagangebo yuradReba osTa<br />
swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxebs. am gazeTs SeumCneveli ar rCeba sul patara warmatebac ki „ganaTlebis<br />
gzazed” damdgari am erisa: „erTi sasiamovno moZraoba aRiniSna Cvens mosazRvre xalxSi,<br />
romelTanac saqarTvelos ucxovria mravali saukune da es moZraoba gulisxmieria CvenTvisac. me<br />
mogaxsenebT osebis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“, _ werda didi qarTveli mamuliSvili al. xaxanaSvili gaz.<br />
„iveriis“ furclebze („iveria“ 1899: 136).<br />
cnobilia, Tu ra didia sakuTar, mSobliur enaze saxelmZRvaneloebis arsebobis mniSvneloba.<br />
„iveria“ wuxiliT aRniSnavda, rom osebis swavla-ganaTlebas xels didad uSlida is garemoeba, rom<br />
ar arsebobda mSobliur enaze Seqmnili saxelmZRvaneloebi. es mtkivneuli sakiTxi aqvs win<br />
wamoweuli Tavis statiaSi al.xaxanaSvils: „Tumca skolebi sakmarisia, mainc am ukanasknel dromdis<br />
ganaTlebam ver moikida fexi oseTSi, mizezi is iyo, rom ar arsebobda osurs enazed<br />
sakiTxavi wigni saRmrTo werilis garda da skolidan gamosuli bavSvi advilad iviwyebda imasac, rac<br />
SeiZina saswavlebelSi rusuls enazed Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebis SemweobiT“ („iveria“ 1899:<br />
136).<br />
sakuTari enis Rrmad dauflebis gareSe, sxvaTa enaze Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebiT<br />
mecnierebis Seswavla urTulesi saqmea. amitomac pr<strong>of</strong>. al xaxanaSvili miuTiTebda im<br />
aucileblobaze, rom saWiro iyo mSobliur, osur enaze y<strong>of</strong>iliyo Sedgenili sxvadasxva saxis<br />
saxelmZRvanelo. rac dRemde ganuxorcielebeli rCeboda: „saWiroa Sedgenil iqmnas osurs enazed<br />
geografiuli, istoriuli, sameurneo da sxva sakiTxavi wignebi, radganac saswavlebelSi rusuls<br />
imdenad vera swavloben, rom am enazed SeiTvison saWiro cnobani. erTis sityviT, saWiroa samSoblo<br />
enazed mwerlobis Seqmna“ („iveria“ 1899: 136) (xazgasma Cemia, n. b.)<br />
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom marTalia, upirvelesad mSobliuri, osuri enis swavlebis<br />
aucileblobaze miuTiTebda gazeTi, magram aqve sxva enebis Seswavlis saWiroebasac ar iviwyebda.<br />
imisaTvis, rom os bavSvebs mSobliurTan erTad rusulic SeeTvisebinaT, statiis avtors saWirod<br />
miaCnda bilingvuri swavlebis SemoReba da amisaTvis did upiratesobas aniWebda orenovan<br />
gamocemebs: „osebis saukeTeso warmomadgenelni (amaTi moTave aris iuristi Rappo baevi) zrunaven<br />
am Jamad iseT saswavlo wignebis Sedgenas, romlebic erTsa da imave dros aswavlides rusulsa da<br />
osurs enebs. amisaTvis saWiroa gverdigverd moyvanili iyos rusuli da osuri teqstebi, anu<br />
moTxroba.“ („iveria“ 1899: 136).<br />
osi xalxis yovel winsvlas, yovel nabijs ganaTlebisa da kulturis gzaze „iveria“<br />
Taviseburad exmianeboda. swored gazeTi “iveria” iyo pirveli, romelmac aRniSna kosta<br />
xeTagurovis “iron fandiris” gamosvlis didi mniSvneloba. swored didi ilias dakveTa iyo, rom<br />
gamoCenili osi mwerlis, osi xalxis sulieri megzuris kosta xeTagurovis leqsTa krebulis<br />
gamocemis mniSvneloba sagangebod aRniSnuliyo.. al. xaxanaSvili dadebiTad afasebs im faqts, rom<br />
osur enaze gamoica saero Sinaarsis wignebi, rac erTgvar movlenad miiCnia osTa ganaTlebisa da<br />
saerTod winsvlis saqmeSi. igi gansakuTrebuli sixaruliT aRniSnavs kosta xeTagurovis wignis<br />
“iron fandiris” gamosvlis mniSvnelobas: “axla pirvelad ibeWdeba osurs enazed saekklesio<br />
122
wignebis garda, saero nawerebic. am gvari wigni jerjerobiT ori gamosula 1897 w. Rappo baevis<br />
safasiT “Ёвхёрдты Хёсанё“ al. kubaltis naweri da am wels k. xeTagurovis leqsTa krebuli „Ирон<br />
фёндыр“ (osebis fandiri). Sinaarsi am krebulisa mravalferovania. igi Seicavs leqsebs, andazebs da<br />
sxv.” („iveria“ 1899: 136).<br />
al. xaxanaSvili sagangebod Cerdeba da dawvrilebiT saubrobs am krebulze, sakuTar<br />
STabeWdilebas gviziarebs masze: “pirvel nawilSi b-n xeTagurovs mohyavs leqsebi, romelnic<br />
elegiuri kiloTi da mamuliSviluri grZnobiT aris gamsWvaluli. kargia leqsi "Мёгуыры зёрдё“<br />
(Raribis guli”), "А-лол-лёй “ (“iavnana”) da leqsi m. z. yifianis saxsovrad, romelmac aRuZra osebs<br />
siyvaruli erisa. meore nawili uWiravs epikur nawerebs....” („iveria“ 1899: 136)<br />
rac mTavaria, es werili gamsWvalulia osi xalxis mimarT uaRresi siTboTi da siyvaruliT,<br />
maTi sikeTisa da winsvlis gulwrfeli surviliT.<br />
am werilis paToss aaSkaravebs da aRrmavebs werilis bolo fraza: „vusurvoT osebs warmateba<br />
am patiosans gzazed da vinatroT imaTis saero mwerlobis gafurCqvna.“<br />
ase dauloca gza gazeTma “iveriam” kosta xeTagurovs, romelic iyo ara marto mwerali da<br />
sazogado moRvawe, aramed osi xalxis sulieri megzuri. albaT niSandoblivia, rom “iveriam” osTa<br />
“saero mwerlobis gafurCqvna” swored kostas qnars daukavSira, rac man brwyinvaled Seasrula<br />
kidec.<br />
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom krebuli gamovida 1899 wels. aRniSnuli werilic imave wels, 29 ivniss<br />
daibeWda “iveriaSi,” aRiniSna misi didi mniSvneloba osuri literaturis istoriisaTvis. es maSin,<br />
roca sul sxvagvarad miiRes zogan es krebuli. yvelgan ase aRtacebiT rodi Sexvdnen am marTlac<br />
didebuli krebulis gamosvlas: Tergis olqis ufrosamde miuRwevia cnobebs, rom krebuli Seicavs<br />
mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego da aRmaSfoTebel-uzneo Sinaarsis leqsebs, rom leqsebi saTauriT<br />
“jariskaci” da “Sineli” mimarTulia samxedro begaris winaaRmdeg. maSinve kaxanovis gankargulebiT<br />
wignisTvis yadaRa daudviaT da gaugzavniaT sacenzuro komitetSi. male kaxanovs Seatyobines, rom<br />
aRniSnuli leqsebi krebulSi ar ariso da mxolod Semdeg gauTavisuflebiaT “iron fandiri”<br />
yadaRisagan.<br />
gazeTi “iveria” arc Semdeg wlebSi tovebs uyuradRebod kostas nawerebs. cnobilia, Tu ra<br />
didi megobroba akavSirebdaT qarTvel moRvawes mixeil yifiansa da kosta xeTagurovs. mixeil<br />
yifianis cxedarTan, 1891 wlis 4 marts kostam leqsi warmoTqva. gazeTi “iveria” werda:<br />
“didis grZnobiT warmoTqva leqsi jer osurad da Semdeg meore leqsi rusulad kosta<br />
xeTagurovma. Sinaarsi osuri leqsisa mokled aseTi iyo: “gza mSvidobisa qveynad gvrCeba Seni<br />
saxeli. Seni momduravi erTic ar aris CvenSi. saxeli Seni saukuno iyo. marto Sen SesZel da ers<br />
Seswire keTildReoba Seni... anTebuli lampari geWira da gvinaTebdi bnel gzas. saca saWiro iyo<br />
ibrZodi, magram ufro xSirad alersi gexerxeboda. dedasaviT giyvarda samSoblo. keTili mwyemsi<br />
iyav RaribTaTvis. riT gadagixadoT sikeTis samagiero? saukunod iyos xseneba Seni: ubedurni varT<br />
Cven. asjer ubeduria is, vinc uSenod stiris aqa.” damswre osni am leqsis warmoTqmis dros smenad<br />
gadaiqcnen, cdilobdnen gaegonaT TiToeuli sityva leqsisa, romelmac ise Zlier imoqmeda, rom maT<br />
Soris TviT gulmagrebmac ki ver Seikaves cremli,” _ ase dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems gazeTi kostasa<br />
da osi xalxis glovas mixeil yifianis gardacvalebis gamo (“iveria,” 1891: 53).<br />
sainteresoa, rom kostas rusul enaze dawerili xuTstr<strong>of</strong>iani leqsi (m. yifianisadmi<br />
miZRvnili) mTlianad daubeWdavs gazeT “iverias.”<br />
rogorc Cans, ilia WavWavaZe icnobda kosta xeTagurovis Semoqmedebas, afasebda, grZnobda mis<br />
did rolsa da mniSvnelobas erovnuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi da amitomac ibeWdeboda am<br />
gazeTis furclebze misi nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb. kosta xeTagurovis Semoqmedebas ilia WavWavaZe,<br />
aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, al. yazbegi da sxvebi mixeil yifianis saSualebiT unda gacnobodnen (aqve<br />
unda SevniSnoT, rom kostas axlos icnobda dim. arayiSvilic, romelmac mis leqsze “mTieli qalis<br />
sikvdili” pirveli musikaluri nawarmoebi Seqmna. “fatimas” nawyvetebze daweril mis or romanss ki<br />
_ “Cavida mze” da “mwyemsis simRera” asrulebda vano sarajiSvili).<br />
aseve safiqrebelia, rom ilia kostas icnobda peterburgSi mcxovrebi sona elasis asul<br />
TarxniSvilisagan. sona (erovnebiT osi) iyo qarTveli generlis TarxniSvilis meuRle da is ilia<br />
WavWavaZesTan erTad aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda saTavadaznauro bankis muSaobaSi. amave<br />
dros sona iyo peterburgSi mcxovrebi kavkasieli studentebis mfarveli da TanamgrZnobi. swored<br />
man ixsna kosta Soreul cimbirSi gadasaxlebisagan.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom gazeTi “iveria” iyo is pirveli gazeTi, romelic osTa swavla-ganaTlebis,<br />
maTi y<strong>of</strong>is, kulturisa da sxva sakiTxebiT iyo dainteresebuli da es ganpirobebuli iyo imiTi, rom<br />
ilia WavWavaZe Tavad amkvidrebda sxva eris siyvaruls, kacTmoyvareobas, humanizms da amas<br />
emsaxureboda misi gazeTi “iveriac”:<br />
“yoveli adamiani, ra wodebaTa kibis safexurzedac gind idges, mainc adamiania da viTarca<br />
adamiani, _ yvelasTan Tanaswori, Tanasworad Sesawynarebeli da gulSesatkivari”(WavWavaZe 1927: 6).<br />
osTa sasuliero swavla-ganaTlebaSi Taviseburi wvlili SehqondaT qarTvel moRvaweebs,<br />
pedagogebs, misionerebs. cnobilia, rom me-XVIII saukuneSi Crd. oseTSi moRvaweobdnen iveriis<br />
eklesiis wminda mamebi _ ioseb samebeli, ioane mangneli. xolo mogvianebiT es gza gaagrZela<br />
imereTis episkoposma, didma saeklesio ganmanaTlebelma ”kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli<br />
qristianobis aRmdgeneli” sazogadoebis misionerma leonidma. swored misi iniciativiT<br />
123
Camoyalibda osuri skolebi oseTis s<strong>of</strong>lebSi _ rokasa da edisaSi. am faqtis Sesaxeb gazeTi<br />
“iveria” wers:<br />
“am TxuTmetiode wlis win CrdiloeT oseTSi sul aTi-TxuTmeti skola moipoveboda da isic<br />
“kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis” xarjiT aSenebuli. maSindeli osebi didi<br />
xalisiT ki ar gzavnidnen TavianT Svilebs skolebSi, aramed, TiTqmis sayveduriT. magram<br />
CrdiloeTis mxaris osebma swavlis mniSvneloba male Seignes, mometebulad mas dRes aqeT, rac<br />
CrdiloeT osebis inspeqtorad dainiSna pativcemuli exlandeli imereTis episkoposi, yovlad<br />
samRvdelo leonidi, maSin isev mRvdel-monazoni. maTi meufeba mobrZandeboda Tu ara aqaurs<br />
skolebSi, maSinve s<strong>of</strong>lis yrilobas axdenda, da mcxovrebT tkbilis moZRvrebiT esaubreboda, Tu<br />
swavla-ganaTlebas ra mniSvneloba aqvs. ase eqceoda maTi meufeba leonidi osebs yovels wels, roca<br />
ki skolebis sareviziod mobrZandeboda xolme. keTilma Teslma nay<strong>of</strong>i keTili gamoiRo da es rCevadarigeba<br />
unay<strong>of</strong>od ar darCa... dRes ki aq skolaSi bavSvebs kenWis yriT iReben. dRes CrdiloeT<br />
oseTis yvela samrevloSi arsebobs skola” (iveria 1901).<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom gaz. “iverias” mravali saintereso cnoba Semounaxavs meufe leonidze,<br />
rogorc osTa Soris swavla-ganaTlebis erT-erT Tavdadebul iniciatorze:<br />
“ori skolis gamarTvisaTvis tfilisidgan gvewvia komisia, romelSic sami wevri iyo.<br />
inspeqtori mRvdel-monazoni mama leonidi, dekanozi mama kalistovi da polkovniki b-ni kamarovi.<br />
skolebis gasamarTavad kamisiam airCia ori s<strong>of</strong>eli: erTi Tergs gaRma s<strong>of</strong>eli Ciristonyau da<br />
meore Tergs gamoRma, s<strong>of</strong>eli xumelaga... mama leonidma, rogorc kvlav, ise axlac, xalxs dauwyo<br />
tkbili saubari. ganumarta skolis mniSvneloba da sargebloba... Sesabamisi ganaCenic Sesdga da saqme<br />
damTavrda.” sainteresoa is enTuziazmi, rac maSin arsebobda qarTvelTa da osTa Soris. gazeTi<br />
wers: “sadilzed warmoTqves sadRegrZeloebi saqarTvelos egzarxosisa, axalis dedaTa skolisa da<br />
sxv. yvela sadRegrZelos zed mosdevda “mravalJamier” da “bira xorzaxTa”. (iveria 1891)<br />
sxva drosac bevrjer swvevia mama leonidi osur skolebs da, rogorc Cans, iqaurebis<br />
gansakuTrebuli siyvarulic daumsaxurebia: 11 ianvars s<strong>of</strong>el beslans mibrZanda kavkavis<br />
episkoposi, yovlad samRvdelo petre, axalis skolis dasaTvaliereblad. Tan axlda mama leonidi<br />
da blaRoCini mama suxievi. gaemgzavrnen skolisaken, saca miegebnen beslanSi mcxovrebi osebi<br />
purmariliT... Segirdebis gamocdis Semdeg maTma meufebam dauwyo xalxs laparaki qristianulsagnebis<br />
Sesaxeb. am dros qristianebis garda mahmadiani osebic bevrni ugdebdnen yurs maTi<br />
meufebis saubars.<br />
sainteresoa, rom Tbilisidan mivlinebuli misioneri, mama leonidi xSirad cdida Segirdebs,<br />
maTi waxalisebis mizniT urigebda maT jvrebs, wignebs da amave dros osur s<strong>of</strong>lebSi skolebis<br />
gaxsnis erT-erTi iniciatori iyo.<br />
“mama leonidma daaTvaliera vaJebis skola da gamoscada Segirdebi. rogorc sxva dros, ise<br />
exlac mama leonids egebebodnen yvela skolaSi didis sixaruliT. mama leonidi, Cveulebisamebr<br />
tkbilad da mamaSvilurad scdida Segirdebs. aZlevda darigebas qristianuli wesrigis Sesaxeb.<br />
yovelive es aris mizezi, rom es skolebi dids warmatebaSia.” (iveria 1891: 23)<br />
gazeTi Semdegac aRniSnavs:<br />
“es skolebi dids warmatebaSia. visac unaxavs am sami wlis winad baris osebSi skolebi, swored<br />
gahkvirdeba exla rom hnaxos, ise didia gansxvaveba. winandelze exla erTi-orad da samad ukeT midis<br />
baris osebis skolebis saqme.” (iveria 1893)<br />
gazeTi “iveria” sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevda osuri skolebis gaxsnis sakiTxs saqarTveloSi.<br />
mRvdelmonazoni leonidi uSualod xelmZRvanelobda am sakiTxs. man usayvedura edisisa da vanaTis<br />
mamasaxlisebsa, romelTac “gazafxulzedve unda gaekeTebinaT ediselebis skolis Senoba da<br />
vanaTelebis skolis galavani. amitom mama leonidi or-ori dRe darCa iq da sanam Tavis Tvalwin ar<br />
daasrulebina edisSi skolis saxli da vanaTSi galavani, fexic ar moucvlia iqidan. sasiamovno iyo,<br />
_ wers “”iveria,” _ rodesac oTxi s<strong>of</strong>lis sazogadoeba vanaTis skolas galavans artyamda, rigi<br />
qvas ezideboda iqve liaxvis piridan, rigi margilebs, rigi jaljas da rigi kidev tkbili simReriT<br />
galavans avlebda.”(iveria 1891: 297).<br />
“iveriaSi” xSirad ibeWdeboda masalebi osTa swavla-ganaTlebis Semaferxebel mizezebzec:<br />
vanaTis skola osur skolad iTvleboda, magram masSi mxolod 11 osi bavSvi swavlobda. “iveria”<br />
aRniSnavda:<br />
“osebi Sors cxovroben skolazed da bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT siaruli skolaSi. meored, rom<br />
osebi siRaribis gamo ver uWeren Tavis Svilebs calke saxlsa. TavSesafari rom gakeTdes, orive<br />
damabrkolebeli mizezi moispoba da osebs advilad SeeZlebaT TavianTi Svilebi SkolaSi<br />
gamozardon xolme.” (iveria 1891: 214).<br />
aseve aRfrTovanebiT miesalma “iveria” os qalTa skolis gaxsnas: 1890-91 wlebSi arsebobda<br />
javis, rokisa da edisis skolebi. amas male miemata koSkis qalTa saswavlebeli, romlis<br />
maswavleblad miavlines Tbilisis saeparqio saswavleblis kursdamTavrebuli qali a. sanakoSvili.<br />
gazeTi “iveria“ werda:<br />
“saqalaqo saswavleblis daarseba oseTSi sayuradRebo da sasiamovno saqmed unda CaiTvalos,<br />
radgan dRes am qveyanaSi qali metad duxWirs mdgomareobaSi imy<strong>of</strong>eba” (iveria 1891: 227).<br />
rogorc Cans, osTa swavla-ganaTlebas sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevdnen Tbilisidan Casuli<br />
misionerebi. isini os moswavleTa warmatebas sixaruliT aRniSnavdnen.<br />
124
gazeTma sagangebo statia uZRvna vladikavkazis skolebSi galobis SemoRebas:<br />
“iveria” periodulad aqveynebda osur legendebs, gadmocemebs, folklorul Canawerebs,<br />
eTnografiuli saxis masalebs. gazeTSi sagangebod, dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili erT-erT osur<br />
s<strong>of</strong>elSi RvTismSoblis saswaulTmoqmedi xatis mosvenebis ceremonia. rogorc gazeTi aRniSnavs, es<br />
xati<br />
oseTis calkeul s<strong>of</strong>lebze gazeTi sakmaod vrcel informacias gvTavazobs da garkveul<br />
warmodgenas gviqmnis iq macxovrebelTa y<strong>of</strong>isa Tu swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxebze.<br />
“am s<strong>of</strong>els ori mRvdeli da ori medaviTne hyavs, _ agrZelebs werilis avtori, ekklesia ki<br />
erTi. meore ekklesiis agebisTvisac ganaCeni daadgines da aSenebas apireben. am s<strong>of</strong>lis Svils bevrsa<br />
aqvs miRebuli swavla, romelnic sxvadasxva alagas arian. isini sazafxulod dResaswaulebze<br />
Camodian da warmodgenebs, saRamoebs marTaven. ianvris sams gamarTes warmodgena rusuls enazed<br />
aqauri skolis sasargeblod. moqmedebis Sesrulebis dros saero simRerebsac mRerodnen lotbar<br />
berdievis xelmZRvanelobiT. xalxi ardonidanac Camovida” (iveria 1899: 43. 15 02.).<br />
am s<strong>of</strong>lis eklesiaSi, rogorc sxva statiaSi vkiTxulobT, galoba osur da rusul enebze<br />
sruldeboda. eklesias hyavda qalTa da mamakacTa gundi. amave dros s<strong>of</strong>els hyolia osi da<br />
qarTveli mRvdeli (a. cagolovi da n. bakuraZe).<br />
saintereso statia miuZRvna “iveriam” osTa dResaswauls “sanebobas”, sadac qristianebi da<br />
mahmadianebi erTad loculoben da es misabaZ, sanimuSo magaliTad aris miCneuli.<br />
gazeT “iveriaSi” saintereso cnobebia mowvdili osebSi qristianobis ganmtkicebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
sainteresoa is faqti, rom gazeTi “iveria” xSirad aqveynebs osTa y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovbrebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel wes-Cveulebebs. iqneboda es qalis gaTxovebis, misi gamziTvebisa Tu urvadis<br />
gadaxdis SemTxvevebi. am gazeTis furclebze qveyndeboda osuri legendebi, Tqmulebebi.<br />
gazeTi sagangebo statiebs gvTavazobs im pirvel sasceno warmodgenebze, romlebic osur<br />
enaze idgmeboda. gvacnobs im droindel moRvaweTa vinaobas.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, gazeTi xSirad aqveynebda osur andazebs, legendebs, sxvadasxva<br />
Tqmulebebs:<br />
“samlocvelos qveviT (saubaria „reqomze“) prtyel WaWeb (Txeli vebis) Sua devs erTi saqvabesakideli„<br />
marTlac mSvenieris Zvelebur xelovnebisa. ai am saqvabezed ra legenda miambes osebma:<br />
erTxel erTi osi, gvarad esenovi Tivis mosatanad wavida saTibSi. patara Tivis Ziri daudo kia<br />
esenovma xarebs, magram xarebma ver gaswies. gadmoiRo amxanagebis daxmarebiT Tiva da Sig TivaSi<br />
naxa, rom saqvabe-sakidi iyo. s<strong>of</strong>els uambo. s<strong>of</strong>elma es aitana samebis samlocvelosTan, sadac<br />
dResac inaxeba. xalxs dResac swams, roca didi gvalva iqneba, qvabs didi locviT Camoxsnian,<br />
wyaroSi Cadeben, romelsac „xatis wyaros“ eZaxian, saklavs daklaven, dailocebian da gaavdrdebao.<br />
kidev erTi legenda: erT mRvdels wauRia es qvabi aryis gamosaxdelad da ucbad ifeTqa am sakidma da<br />
qvabi WerSi miartyao. mRvdelma uambo s<strong>of</strong>els, rom ase moviqeci da RmerTma ar miyabulao da<br />
dResac aravin axlebs xels, mxolod gvalvis droso. (1899: 181).<br />
gazeTi “iveria” emsaxureboda sxvadasxva erovnebis xalxTa interesebis dacvas, maTi<br />
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis saWirboroto sakiTxebs. am mxriv sainteresoa is statiebi, romlebSic<br />
osTa say<strong>of</strong>acxovrebo sakiTxebzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba.<br />
cnobilia, Tu rogori axlo urTierToba arsebobda cnobil os poetsa da sazogado moRvawe<br />
kosta xeTagurovsa da qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris.<br />
“iveriaSi” ibeWdeboda qarTveli da osi xalxebis Zmobisa da erTobis amsaxveli mravali<br />
masala.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe ayenebda ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed yvela Tavisuflebismoyvare erTa<br />
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxs. es ki sagubernio Jandarmeriis saidumlo moxsenebebSi xSirad<br />
ixileboda:<br />
“darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mTavari xelmZRvaneli mimarTulebisa, romelsac miznad<br />
dausaxavs erovnuli moZraobis gaRrmaveba, aris kniazi ilia WavWavaZe ...romelic didi<br />
avtoritetiT sargeblobs ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed TavisufladmoazrovneTa Soris” (WavWavaZe<br />
1951: XXXVII).<br />
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis ki aucilebeli iyo eris niWis, unaris, misi monapovaris<br />
asparezze gamotana. amitomac iyo, rom osTa yvela wamowyeba, iqneboda es skolis gaxsna,<br />
warmodgenebis gamarTva Tu erovnul enaze wignis gamosvla, “iveria” aqtiurad aSuqebda.<br />
gazeT “iverias “wminda cnebad” Seugnia “siyvaruli da saTnoeba.” am sazomiT udgeboda es<br />
gazeTi mezobeli xalxebis winsvlasa da warmatebas.<br />
„kacobriobis cxovrebas erTi maRali azri awarmoebs. es azri ganyenebulia, idealia da mis<br />
ganxorcieleba Seadgens sagans ganaTlebisas. am azris deda-ZarRvs gamohxatavs ori sityva<br />
„siyvaruli da saTnoeba“ kacTa Soris. visac es wminda cneba Seugnia, imisTvis mezoblis da<br />
TanamoZmis bedniereba sasixaruloa da misi mwuxareba savalalo“ (iveria 1899: 136) _ ase werda a.<br />
xaxanaSvili osTa Sesaxeb saukuneze meti xnis win gazeT „iveriaSi“.<br />
amrigad, ilia WavWavaZis „iveria“ swored is gazeTi iyo, romelic swavlobda da ecnoboda osTa<br />
y<strong>of</strong>as, maT kulturul tradiciebsa da Rirebulebebs, am gazeTis furclebze qveyndeboda osuri<br />
Tqmulebebi, legendebi, osTa mdidari eTnografiuli masala. gazeTi Tval-yurs adevnebda osi<br />
125
xalxebis ganviTarebas, swavlobda maTs socialur-ekonomikur viTarebas, miaCnda, rom osi glexi<br />
mSromeli, muyaiTi, mcdeli meurne iyo da ikvlevda maTi duxWiri cxovrebis ZiriTad mizezebs.<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ki gazeTi aSuqebda osTa swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxebs, osuri<br />
skolebis gaxsnas, osuri wignebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocemas, ganaTlebis donis gaRrmavebas,<br />
rasac osi erisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda. igi pirveli iyo, romelmac aRniSna osuri<br />
saero literaturis dasawyisis mniSvneloba osi xalxis istoriaSi. gazeTis furclebze<br />
gamoqveynebul statiebSi ikiTxeboda umTavresi azri: yvela statia, rac ki am gazeTSi qveyndeboda<br />
gamTbari iyo osisa da qarTveli xalxebis saukunovani Zmobis siTboTi.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis urTierToba oseTTan specialuri kvlevis sagani jer ar gamxdara. Cveni<br />
naSromi ver iqneba am mxriv amomwuravi da yovlismomcveli, magram, vfiqrobT, garkveul<br />
warmodgenas Segviqmnis imaze, Tu rogori yuradRebiT ekideboda ilia WavWavaZe osTa swavlaganaTlebis,<br />
maTi y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovrebis, istoriisa da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. rogor zrunavda<br />
aemaRlebina maTi codnisa da ganaTlebis done, STaenerga maTTvis erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis,<br />
erovnuli TviTSegnebis gancda da xeli Seewyo maTTvis.<br />
am mxriv ilia WavWavaZe da misi „iveria“ dRemde rCeba mezobel os xalxze zrunvis, maTi<br />
swavla-ganaTlebisa da keTildReobisaTvis xelisSewyobis, qarTveli da osi xalxebis megobruli<br />
ureTierTobis ganmtkicebis magaliTad.<br />
iveria 1886: gaz. „iveria“, 1886 w. 16 oqtomberi.<br />
iveria 1899: gaz. „iveria,“ 1899 w. 136.<br />
iveria: 1899: gaz. “iveria”, 1899 43. 15 Tebervali.<br />
iveria 1891: gaz. „iveria“ 1891 w. 4 marti.<br />
iveria 1891: gaz. „iveria“ 1891 w. 23.<br />
iveria 1891: gaz. “iveria,” 1891 w. 10 marti, 53.<br />
iveria 1891:gaz. “iveria”, 1891 w. 214.<br />
iveria 1891: gaz. “iveria”, 1891 w. 227.<br />
iveria 1891: gaz. “iveria”, 1891 w. 297.<br />
iveria 1893: gaz. “iveria”, 1893 w.<br />
iveria 1901: gaz. “iveria”, 1901 w.<br />
WavWavaZe 1927: WavWavaZe i. t. VI, Tb., 1927 w.<br />
WavWavaZe 1951: WavWavaZe i. t. 1, 1951 w. gv. XXXVII.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
126
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis sakiTxi<br />
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
(fsiqologiur-Teologiuri aspeqti)<br />
naTela Citauri<br />
1. pirovnebas ayalibebs, erTi mxriv, social-politiuri garemo; meore mxriv ki,<br />
pirovneba — esaa individi, individualuri cnobiereba Tavisi biologiuri, genetikuri kodiT.<br />
yovelive amis safuZvelze pirovneba amyarebs urTierTobas sazogadoebasTan. pirovnebasa da<br />
sazogadoebas Soris ormxrivi kavSiria. sxvaTa Soris, dRes sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi bevrs<br />
msjeloben am `ormxrivi kavSiris~ Sesaxeb; mis aRsaniSnavad terminicaa miRebuli _<br />
`fsiqocialuri identoba~ (pavlova 2002).<br />
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis ormxrivi kavSiri SesaniSnavad aisaxa ilia WavWavaZis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi. misi nawarmoebebis personaJebi, marTalia, konkretuli social-politikuri<br />
garemos pirmSoni arian, magram ilias Semoqmedebis arc erTi sakiTxi ar rCeba mxolod socialpolitikuri<br />
problemebis farglebSi; personaJebis xasiaTi zogadfsiqologiuria, rTulia da<br />
saintereso. pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis problemaTa iliaseuli gaazreba<br />
adamianuri cnobierebis, sulierebisa da zneobriobis Rrma da urTules Sreebs moiZiebs. ilias<br />
nawarmoebebidan gamomdinare, pirovnebis sazogadoebasTan mimarTebas aucileblad<br />
gansazRvravs adamianis `mravalferi buneba~, rogorc Sedegi sxvadasxva zneobisa da moralisa.<br />
erT werilSi ilia ambobs: `viTa mama zecisa, iyavn Senc sruli — ai, Tavi da bolo adamianis<br />
cxovrebisa. vis ra manZili gauvlia ... am sisrulis gzaze, vin ramodenad win wamdgara, vis<br />
ramodenad aRfrTovanebuli aqvs sulTa swrafva am gzazed dauRalavi siarulisaTvis~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1959: 342).<br />
`mravalfer bunebaTagan~ sxvadasxvaa TaTqariZe, daTiko, gabrieli, oTaraanT qvrivi,<br />
arCili, keso, petre, lelT Runia. amitomac sxvadasxvaa maTi poziciebi, urTierToba<br />
adamianebTan. isini ara mxolod tipebi, aramed xasiaTebi, individualuri fsiqologiuri<br />
portretebi arian. zogierTis sulieri samyaro da morali piradi cxovrebis mowyobasa da<br />
gadarCenazea orientirebuli (luarsab TaTqariZe mebatonea, sut-kneina araa batoni, orives<br />
sazrunavi mxolod sakuTari Tavia); zogierTi ki zneobrivi sisrulis gzaze win wamdgara,<br />
sazogadoebasTan damokidebuleba misi moraliT, zneobrivi kriteriumebiTaa gansazRvruli.<br />
es zneobrivi normebi `WkuiT ki ar aris axilebuli, aramed `guliT gamokvebilia~. iliasaTvis<br />
`WkuiT axilebuli~ ar aris xasiaTi. `mravalferi bunebis~ safuZveli swored `guliT<br />
gamokvebili~ xasiaTia; namusia, romelic `mTelis gvamis, mTelis agebulebis wyurvilia~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1988: 282). amitomac luarsabiseuli, misi mouraviseuli `Sen ra~-s, `Cumad moxdeni~-s<br />
da sxva principebi Secvlilia sul sxva moraliT (giorgi, oTaraanT qvrivi, lelT Runia,<br />
`glaxis naambobis~ mRvdeli da a. S.); adamianebTan, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobac im `did<br />
namuszea~ damyarebuli, romelic `sxvisasac ise erCis, rogorc Tavisas~.<br />
adamianTa individualuri cnobierebidan gamomdinare, ilias arasodes dauyvia ase:<br />
uzneo batoni da zneobrivi glexi. amis dasturad ilias Semoqmedebidan mravali magaliTis<br />
motana SeiZleba. Tundac gavixsenoT arCilisa da kesos dialogi `oTaraanT qvrividan~. an<br />
kidev: Tavadi luarsabi `crumosaqmea~, magram aseve Tavadi arCili, romel socialurpolitikur<br />
garemoSic ar unda cxovrobdes (batonymobamde Tu batonymobis gadavardnis<br />
Semdeg), arasodes iqneba `crumosaqme~ (cnobilia, rom ilia momxre iyo ymebis<br />
ganTavisuflebisa, magram ara sxva adamianebis, sxva wodebis — Tavadaznaurobis da _ Cagvris<br />
xarjze).<br />
iliam, rogorc realistma mweralma da SesaniSnavma fsiqologma, pirovnebisa da<br />
sazogadoebis urTierTobis konteqstSi moiZia ara mxolod adamianTa `mravalferi buneba~,<br />
aramed erovnuli fsiqologiac, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi qarTveli kacis sazogadoebasTan<br />
mimarTebis zogierTi mkveTrad gamomJRavnebuli, garkveulwilad damaxasiaTebeli forma.<br />
`etyoba, rom qarTvelia~, _ es fraza xSirad gvxvdeba `kacia-adamianSi~. akaki baqraZis<br />
sityviT rom vTqvaT, TaTqariZeoba iliam `zogadqarTul movlenad miiCnia~ (baqraZe 1984). am<br />
zogadqarTulobidan ki gansakuTrebiT gamoyo TviTkmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis Tviseba, rac iliam<br />
gulgrilobis, qarTveli kacis sazogadoebasTan indiferentuli damokidebulebis safuZvlad<br />
aRiara.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi saintereso Semdegicaa: ilia migvaniSnebs, rom kmay<strong>of</strong>ili da, aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, pasiuri, umoqmedo, gulgrili TaTqariZe uceb ar gaCenila, anda qarTvel ers<br />
formulireba `bednieri eri~ ironiul konteqstSi uceb ar miuRia. gavixsenoT `kaciaadamianis~<br />
is adgili, sadac mwerali kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebaze saubrobs da edaveba `darbaisel Zvel<br />
qarTvels~, romelic kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas bednierebad aRiqvamda: `kmay<strong>of</strong>ileba bedniereba ariso, _<br />
bevrjer uTqvamT moxucebs, Tanac darbaisel moxucebs CemTvis, _ ambobs ilia, _ axal Taobas<br />
imiTi mainc vjobivarT, rom Cven cotas kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebi varTo~. darbaiseli qarTveli am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, marTalic iyos da mas istoriuli Wirvarami alaparakebdes, faqtia:<br />
127
qarTvel kacs mudam enatreboda simSvide. kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas is, albaT, zogjer simSvidis<br />
pirobadac miiCnevda, Semdeg ki bednierebad moiazrebda, aRar undoda brZola, vaivaglaxi. es,<br />
albaT, arc ilias gamorCeboda mxedvelobidan. amitomac daafiqsira qarTveli darbaiseli<br />
moxucis azri kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebaze anu istoriul WrilSi, warsul dro-sivrcesTan mimarTebaSi<br />
ganixila qarTuli xasiaTis Tavisebureba, qarTveli kacis realobasTan damokidebulebis<br />
Camoyalibebis procesi.<br />
magram ilia Seedava moxuc qarTvels, radgan kmay<strong>of</strong>ileba simSvidis, bednierebis<br />
pirobad ar darCa, nel-nela TaTqariZeobis saxe miiRo; qarTvelebs, maT Soris darbaiselTac,<br />
brZolis, aqtiurobis survili da unari CauxSo. ilia amaze Tvals ver daxuWavda. amotomac mas<br />
`momakvdinebeli seni~ uwoda, brZola gamoucxada; moxuci darbaiseli qarTvelis<br />
kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebam da masze damyarebulma bednierebam ironiuli Seferiloba miiRo da iliam amas<br />
`umadloba~, xolo adamianebs `umadloni~ uwoda.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi Zalian sainteresod gveCveneba viqtor nozaZis dakvirvebani qarTul<br />
xasiaTze. didi rusTvelologis ucnob gamouqveynebel naSromSi (`qarTuli modgma da xasiaTi.<br />
qarTveli kaci~) mSvenivradaa axsnili qarTuli bunebis am Taviseburebis _ kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis,<br />
Semgueblobis Camoyalibebis mizezebi. amis warmosaCenad moxmobilia termini `esTetikuri<br />
upasuxismgebloba~. ganmartebulia Sinaarsi: qarTveli xalxi xSirad y<strong>of</strong>ila sxvadasxva saxis<br />
politikur batonobaSi. mas xSirad ipyrobda mteri. isini batonobes emorCilebian, magram mas<br />
arasodes seriozulad ar uyureben, xdebian Semgueblebi, TiTqos udardelnic. es<br />
garkveulwilad maTi upasuxismgeblobaa. rodesac am batonobas bolo eReba, es xalxi Tavisi<br />
xasiaTiT iseTive rCeba, rogorc uwin iyo. SesaZloa, ufro Zlieric ki (`rac ver mZlevs, mxdis<br />
ufro Zliers~) esaa maTi esTetizmi. qarTvelobis am `esTetikur upasuxismgeblobaSi~ imaleba<br />
saidumloeba, erTi mxriv, maTi gadarCenisa, meore mxriv, maTi mimzidvelobisa, rogorc xalxisa<br />
(nozaZe 1954: 17). mesame mxriv ki, rogorc iliam SeniSna, imaleba saidumloeba qarTuli xasiaTi,<br />
qarTveli kacis sazogadoebasTan amgvari mimarTebis Camoyalibebisa.<br />
2. adamianis `mravalfer bunebaTagan~ erT-erTi ilias poema `gandegilis~ personaJia.<br />
saerTod ki, zemoaRniSnuli problemebis fsiqologiur-Teologiuri safuZvlebis<br />
moZiebas aucileblad mivyavarT mwerlis sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsis gaTvaliswinebamde.<br />
araerTxel aRniSnula samecniero literaturaSi, rom `qristianuli morali udevs<br />
safuZvlad ilias nawarmoebebSi asaxul yvela motivs~ (niniZe 1997: 10). igive azri gvxvdeba bevr<br />
sxva naSromSic (baqraZe 1984; kalandariSvili 2006 da sxv.).<br />
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis problemaTa Teologiuri aspeqtebi<br />
waarmoCenilia umetesad `gandegilsa~ da `glaxis naambobSi~.<br />
`gandegilis~ Tematika gvaiZulebs masSi moviZioT ara raime alegoriuli sqema,<br />
dakavSirebuli Tundac saqarTvelos cxovrebasTan, konkretul epoqasTan, aramed zogadi<br />
problema — pirovnebis sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi. poemaSi iseve, rogorc<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturaSi arsebul ramdenime nawarmoebSi, warmodgenilia konkretuli<br />
adamianis, am SemTxvevaSi beris fsiqologiuri portreti. `gandegilis~ zogadfsiqologiur<br />
problemebze, SesaZloa, ufro gabedulad vimsjeloT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
literaturaSi arsebobs nawarmoebi, romelic SegviZlia miviCnioT poemis literaturul<br />
pirvelwyarod. es aris iliasve Targmnili cnobili germaneli egviptologisa da romanistis<br />
georg ebersis romani `rameTu kaci var~. iliam romani Targmna 1878-1879 wlebSi. marTalia, q-ni<br />
gulnara kalandariSvili dasaxelebul metad saintereso wignSi uary<strong>of</strong>s Cven mier adreve<br />
gamoTqmul mosazrebas amis Sesaxeb (kalandariSvili 2006: 108), magram am uary<strong>of</strong>as ver<br />
gaviziarebT, radgan nawarmoebTa Sedareba sul sxvas laparakobs.<br />
da mainc rogoria gandegilis fsiqologiuri portretiT, an misi mimarTeba<br />
sazogadoebasTan~? mravaljer aRniSnula gandegili beris nebisy<strong>of</strong>is sisuste (baqraZe 1984:<br />
108), gauwonasworebeli, disharmoniuli xasiaTi, magram ratomaa unebisy<strong>of</strong>o~ ratom iqca<br />
tragikul pirovnebad~ nuTu is, rom bolomde darCe mtkice asketad, maTi xvedria, romelTac<br />
xorcis gvema miznad daisaxes~ gandegilis nebisy<strong>of</strong>is sisuste, misi tragedia — esaa<br />
konkretuli pirovnebis tragedia, romelmac araswori pozicia daikava garesamyarosTan; rac<br />
mTavaria, ararealurad, arajansaRad Seafasa sazogadoeba, romelSic is cxovrobda.<br />
qrestomaTiul donezec ki yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom poemis gmirma qveyana `borotebis<br />
samflobelod~ miiCnia. imdenad muq ferebSi warmogvidgina iliam gandegilis TvaliT<br />
danaxuli wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli, rom iq adgili aRar rCeba aranairi madlisaTvis. arada, es qveyana xom<br />
marto `codvis sadguri~ ar aris~ `siturfe da saTnoeba~ xom yovelTvis ar aris `eSmakis maxe<br />
da cduneba~. gandegilma wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli, sazogadoeba datova, rogorc pesimistma. beroba,<br />
gandegiloba am SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda mxolod saSualeba wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSi arsebul<br />
borotebaTagan gaqcevisa, ioli xerxi, rom amqveyniuri borotebani daeviwyebina. arada, saRad<br />
unda Seefasebina yovelive: is, rom borotebis gverdiT sikeTec arsebobs, rom mSveniereba<br />
sikeTea. ase vTqvaT, `ZaliT daviwyebulma~ faqtebma Tavi Seaxsena.<br />
poemis teqstidan aSkaraa, rom gandegilis sulis foriaqi ar aris mudmivi sifxizle,<br />
yovelwuTieri mRviZareba. nawarmoebis bevri epizodi da niuansi warmoaCens gmiris<br />
disharmoniul, gauwonasworebel, eWvian unebisy<strong>of</strong>o bunebas da xasiaTs. es yvelaferi da<br />
128
olos tragedia Sedegia beris garesamyarosTan qristianulad araswori damokidebulebisa.<br />
aravis, miT umetes, sulier mamas, ar Seefereba RvTis Seqmnili qveynis borotebad gamocxadeba<br />
(mwyemsi qali: `gana swyins, rom kaci Sehxaris qveyanas, RvTiTve dabadebulsa~~).<br />
ilias imis Tqma unda, rom adamiani, romelic arasworad Seafasebs movlenebs, saRad ver<br />
iazrovnebs, ver gaarkvevs, ra aris misi mizani, ratom airCia amgvari cxovreba, mtkice ver<br />
iqneba, yovelTvis daeWvdeba sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi, arCeuli gzis sisworeSi, Tavs igrZnobs<br />
ubedurad, tragikulad.<br />
saRi azri ersac sWirdeba da bersac. saRi azrovneba, realuri cnobiereba emyareba<br />
gonebas da ara grZnobebs, impulsebs.<br />
gandegili beri erT-erTia adamianTa `mravalfer bunebaTagan~. ilia bevrjer aRniSnavs<br />
amqveynad gansxvavebul, Tandayolil xasiaTTa arsebobis kanonzomierebas. gavixsenoT<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis da amasTan dakavSirebiT svimeon mesvetis cxovrebis iliaseuli<br />
Sefasebac: `svimeon mesvetis ambavsac ki sxva mizezi aqvs, romelic Tavs ifaravs adamianis<br />
mravalfer bunebaSi... es farulni mizezni Sors arian ubralo ... TvalTaTvis, maTi povna da<br />
migneba xvedria ... rCeulTa~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 372).<br />
ilias saTqmeli isicaa, rom pesimizmi pirovnebas ubiZgebs gaeqces realobas,<br />
sazogadoebas. pesimizms moaqvs individualizmi, egoizmi, ambiciuroba, TviTkmay<strong>of</strong>ileba,<br />
sulieri ukontaqtoba, rac mizezia gandegilis msgavsi `gulmSralobisa~. oprtimizmi<br />
TavisTavad ubiZgebs adamians adamianebze zrunvisaken, borotebasTan brZolisaken. optimists<br />
sjera brZolis aucileblobisa da Sedegisa. amas ki mosdevs sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba, sulieri<br />
kontaqtebis survili, sabolood ki — Tanaziaroba. Tanaziaroba pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis<br />
urTierTobis saukeTeso formaa. ilias nawarmoebebidan Cans, rom pirovnebas sWirdeba<br />
Tanaziaroba. Tanaziaroba, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis Tanamdevia. am faqtis mSvenieri<br />
formulirebaa `oTaraanT qvrivSi~: `madli marto ors Sua hsaqmobs~.<br />
TanaziarobaSi ilia, upirveles yorvlisa, ganaTlebis, Wkuis, gonebis gacemas moiazrebs.<br />
mTavari ki isaa, rom mwerali swored sulier mamas, mRvdels did misias akisrebs da sxvebze<br />
metad avaldebulebs: misi goneba xom mets miswvda, man meti Seimecna. es codna ki ar unda<br />
damalos, Caketos individualur `me~-Si, gonebis, rwmenis aRmatebiT gamowveul ampartavnebaSi,<br />
adamianebamde unda miitanos. rwmeniT gaZlierebuls ufro evaleba zrunva sxvebze.<br />
iliasaTvis misaRebia oTaraanT qvrivis, giorgis, lelT Runias, rac mTavaria, `glaxis<br />
naambobis~ mRvdlis sazogadoebasTan urTierToba. `mRvdeli TiTqos cidam iyo Camosuli, rom<br />
kacs qveyanazed aCvenos kacoba~. pirovnebisagan sazogadoebisaTvis gacemuli sulieri sazrdo<br />
iliasaTvis metad mniSvnelovania. `kaci is aris, romelic Tavisi gonebis namuSevars xidad<br />
gasdebs~, _ esec mRvdlis anu ilias sityvebia.<br />
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis Teologiur safuZvlad ilias qristianuli<br />
faseulobani miaCnia, romelTagan mTavaria: ganTavisufleba egoizmisagan, gaumarTlebeli<br />
pesimizmisa da TviTkmay<strong>of</strong>ilebisagan, sulieri ukontaqtobisagan. es exeba ersac da bersac.<br />
ilia swored qristianobis safuZvelze upirispirdeba ukidures individualizms (aravin<br />
aRanTis sanTeli da Sedgas igi queSe xvmirsa, aramed zed sasanTlesa gadgian, raÁTa hnaTobdes<br />
yovelTa~. maTe 5,15).<br />
3. sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis konteqstSi ikveTeba codnisa da rwmenis<br />
sakiTxebi.<br />
rogorc iTqva, pirovnebam saRad unda Seafasos movlenebi, saWiroa realuri codna<br />
samyaros, sociumis Sesaxeb. realuri codna ara mxolod `WkuiT axilebulia~, aramed `guliTac<br />
gamokvebilia~; esaa cnobiereba, romelic emyareba gonebriv, inteleqtualur, praqtikul<br />
SesaZleblobebs. amgvari codna aZlierebs rogorc sakuTari Tavis, aseve RvTis rwmenasac (aqve<br />
sainteresoa gavixsenoT javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebis~ Teimurazi, misi sityvebia: `codnam<br />
momwyvita uflisadmi asafreni frTebi... codna da rwmena ver movarige erTmaneTs~. Teimurazis<br />
codna ararealuri, arajansaRi, haerSi gamokidebuli iyo, amitomac gandevna rogorc RvTis,<br />
ise sakuTari Tavis rwmena. rogorc iTqva, igive daemarTa gandegilsac).<br />
rwmenas da realuri codnis, saRi azris safuZvelze Camoyalibebul cnobierebas<br />
morigeba ar sWirdeba.<br />
`glaxis naambobis~ mRvdelma, oTaraanT qvrivma, lelT Runiam ician, vin vin aris, maTTvis<br />
yvelaferi garkveulia. amitomac swamT sakuTari Tavisa, RvTis rwmena nebisy<strong>of</strong>is gamocdas ar<br />
saWiroebs. isini advilad ar Tmoben poziciebs, sakuTar Rirebulebebs, ar arian daeWvebulni<br />
da gauwonasworebelni, miiswrafvian TviTdamkvidrebisaken; Sesabamisia maTi urTierToba<br />
sazogadoebasTan.<br />
oTaraanT qvrivma icis, rom amqveynad virTagvebic arian. `daxe, mag virTagvebsac zogjer<br />
mware simarTle scodniaTo~, magram exmareba maT. gana qvrivma ar icis, rom wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli mkacri<br />
da borotebis sadguricaa~ rom `Tu wuTis<strong>of</strong>els erTi bewo xans Tvali mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs,<br />
rogorc didoeli leki nabadsa~, magram adamianebis tkivili mainc stkiva. amitomacaa qvrivis<br />
damokidebuleba adamianebTan madli, magram im realuri codnis gamo, romelic sazogadoebis<br />
daundoblobas amxels, pilpilmoyrili.<br />
129
anda giorgi ratom mimarTavs zogjer fizikur angariSsworebas. misi codnac realuria.<br />
icis, laparaki amao iqneba, tkbili sityviT ver uSvelis garSemomy<strong>of</strong>Ta gulgrilobas.<br />
realuria `glaxis naambobis~ mRvdlis codna sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. gandegilisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, man icis, rom amqveynad borotebac arsebobs da sikeTec. is ar gaurbis<br />
borotebas, ebrZvis mas. xvdeba, rom adamianebs sulieri sazrdo sWirdebac. gandegils ki aRar<br />
ufiqria misgan uary<strong>of</strong>il adamianebze. `glaxis naambobis~ mRvdlis mier danaxuli samyaro sul<br />
sxvaa. is gonierad, TviTSemecnebis safuZvelze aRqmuli realobaa. `yvelas RvTis suli gvidga.<br />
yvelas gulSi, batonia Tu yma, me var Tu Sen, RvTisagan anTebuli cecxli anTia... is cecxli ar<br />
unda gavaqroT. is cecxli xandaxan imisTana saqmes gaqnevinebs, rom qveyanas akvirvebs~.<br />
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis jansaRi, iliasaTvis misaRebi urTierToba emyareba<br />
samyaros, adamianebis Sesaxeb realur codnas da masze damyarebul gonebiT mimwvdar<br />
morwmuneobas anu `gamecnierebul sarwmunoebas da gasarwmunoebul mecnierebas~.<br />
4. ilias nawarmoebebSi sakmaod sainteresod da Rrmaazrovnad aisaxa pirovnuli<br />
Tavisuflebisa da gaucxovebis sakiTxi.<br />
`glaxis naambobis~ daTiko pirovnuli ambiciebisa da cxoveluri instiqtebis monaa.<br />
daaxloebiT aseTivea TaTqariZeoba. TaTqariZeebisaTvis RmerTs niWi, ganaTleba ar miucia,<br />
arc realuri cnobiereba gaaCniaT, TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis brZola uazro fusfusiT, uazro<br />
trabaxiT, TavmomwoneobiT, crumorwmuneobiTa da SuriT uxdebaT. gaqrobis gaucnobierebeli<br />
SiSi aqvT, radgan ar gaaCniaT realobis SegrZneba, saRi azrovneba, movlenebis jansaRad<br />
Sefasebis unari. yovelive amis gamo pirovnulad Tavisufalni ar arian. marTalia, socialuri<br />
garemoc mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, magram isini Tavad Trgunaven TavianT pirovnul<br />
Tavisuflebas, maTi morali ZirSive spobs pirovnuli `me~-s SegrZnebis unars. sazogadoeba<br />
naklebadaa damnaSave maTi pirovnuli Tavisuflebis SezRudvaSi.<br />
gandegilis tragedias Tu gaviazrebT, arc is araa pirovnulad Tavisufali.<br />
pirovnulad Tavisufalia oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi, Tundac arCili. qvarivs sikvdilis<br />
SiSic ara aqvs. znesruloba, movlenebis sworad aRqmisa da Sefasebis unari, sakuTari Rirsebis<br />
SegrZneba, Tundac am Rirsebas sazogadoeba ar an ver xedavdes, adamians xdis ufro<br />
Tavisufals, damoukidebels.<br />
TaTaqriZeebi wamdauwum RmerTs uxmoben saSvelad, mfarvelad. qvrivis pirovnuli<br />
Tavisufleba pirovnul Zlierebamde maRldeba: `me CemTvis ar vloculob, RmerTi ar SevawuxomeTqi~,<br />
_ eubneba kesos. `RmerTma adamiani gaaCina, ubZana: wadi, Sens Tavs Senve mouareo ... aq,<br />
CemTan rom amoxval, maSin sxva ariso~, _ eubneba giorgis.<br />
TaTqariZeebi sazogadoebisaTvis safrTxes ar warmoadgenen. luarsabs Tavad eSinia<br />
sazogadoebisa. daTikosac eSinia momavlisa, radgan sindisma SeiZleba Seawuxos.<br />
meore mxriv, sazogadoebas eSinia oTaraanT qvrivisa. `bavSvebsac ki oTaraanT qvrivis<br />
saxeliT aSinebdnen~. gavixsenoT, rogor martivad ganmartavs qvrivi Tavisi pirovnuli<br />
Tavisuflebisa da amis gamo sazogadoebis reaqciis mizezs: `Cemi rad unda eSinodeT~ ra<br />
baybaydevi me mnaxeso~ me marto isa var, rom Cems javrs aravis SevarCen, tyuilubralod aravis<br />
daveCagvrinebi~.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, sazogadoeba cdilobs daTrgunos giorgisa da qvrivis<br />
pirovnuli Tavisufleba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini gariyulni rCebian sazogadoebisagan.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, ilias SemoqmedebaSi ikveTeba gaucxovebis sakiTxi. mis nawrmoebebSi<br />
ufro SesamCnevia wodebrivi gaucxoveba (giorgi, qvrivi — arCili, keso; daTiko — gabrieli),<br />
SeumCnevelia Rrma fesvebi anu adamianis fsiqologia, sulis uRrmesi fenebi (sosia mewisqvile<br />
— qvrivi; deda — Svili). am konteqstSi ikveTeba `sazogadoebrivi fsiqologiac~, misi<br />
Rirebulebebi; TvalsaCinoa, vin an ratom SesaZloa ucxo gaxdes sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
TaTqariZeebi, daTikoebi, mejinibeebi, mewisqvileebi (mejinibe, mewisqvile _ `oTaraanT<br />
qvrivis~ personaJebi) da a. S. ucxoni ar arian sazogadoebisaTvis. oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi,<br />
mRvdeli, lelT Runia ucxoni arian; sazogadoebas maTi ar esmis: `es kaci an giJia, an RvTisagan<br />
mogzavnili~, _ ambobs xalxi giorgize. `bevri ram aris, Cemo horacio, am qveynierobaSi ...<br />
saidumlo~, _ arCili hamletis sityvebs iSveliebs giorgis pirovnebaze msjelobisas, TiTqos<br />
masac ver gaugia, glexi aseTi rogor `daiwna~. sazogadoeba ucxoobs giorgis, qvrivis<br />
znesrulobas, radgan es misTvis deficitia. qvrivi, giorgi Tavadac gaurbian sazogadoebas,<br />
romelic mis Rirebulebebs, zneobriv normebs ver an ar afasebs.<br />
sazogadoebas amave mizeziT ar esmis arCilisa da kesosi. am `mousminari~ sazogadoebis<br />
wevrebi mebatoneebic arian da glexebic. `kaci moidnes da amiT ubmen qveyanas Tvalsao~, _<br />
aseTia s<strong>of</strong>lis Sexeduleba. sazogadoebisagan gaucxovebuli SesaZloa iyos mebatonec da<br />
glexic. sworedac rom glexobas ar esmis giorgisa. mas arCili ufro ugebs. `axali cocxi<br />
kargad hgviso~, _ ase Seafases glexebma giorgis saqcieli arCilis cxenTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
`magisi namusi guliTaa gamokvebili... mTeli agebulebis wyurvilia~, _ es arCilis azria<br />
giorgis znesrulobaze.<br />
amdenad, gaucxoveba ilias nawarmoebebSi moiazreba rogorc Sedegi ara mxolod<br />
wodebrivi uTanasworobisa, aramed aseve rogorc Sedegi adamianTa `mravalferi bunebisa~,<br />
130
ogorc Sedegi adamianTa da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi sxvadasxva zneobriv RirebulebaTa<br />
arsebobisa.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, bolodroindel literaturul kritikaSi gacxovebis sakiTxi marTebulad<br />
moiazreba personaJis individualur qronotopTan erTad anu gaucxovebis momenti<br />
dakavSirebulia mxatvrul-prognozirebad dro-sivrcesTan, rogorc yoveli socialuri<br />
garemos maxasiaTebeli (ratiani 2006: 109).<br />
5. ilias, rogorc mrvalmxriv sazogado moRvawes da rogorc mwerals, hqonda realuri<br />
miznebi. amdenad, mis nawarmoebebSi wamoWrili nebismieri problema samomavlo perspeqtivebs<br />
aucileblad moiazrebs.<br />
social-politikuri, ekonomikuri Zvrebi iwvevs moralur-zneobrivi faseulebis cvlas,<br />
zogjer ki am faseulobaTa krizissac. ilias SemoqmedebaSi pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis<br />
urTierTobis perspeqtiva ormxrivia; efuZneba, ase vTqvaT, fsiqosocialur faqtors anu, erTi<br />
mxriv, gulisxmobs social-politikuri garemos mowesrigebas, samarTliani principebis<br />
arsebobas; meore mxriv, Sesabamisad sworad unda warimarTos adamianTa fsiqologiac.<br />
sazogadoebriv qaosTan brZolis ZiriTadi iaraRi swored zneobriv-moralur faseulobaTa<br />
SenarCunebaa.<br />
TavisTavad: mowesrigebuli, samarTliani garemo pirovnebas ar aiZulebs gaeqces<br />
sazogadoebas, aseTi sociumisaTvis ucxo ar iqneba Tundac znesruloba anu naklebad iqneba<br />
gaucxovebis momenti, magram, vfiqrobT, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobaSi ilia did<br />
rols pirovnebis fsiqologias, mis sulier samyaros akisrebs, am urTierTobaTa mowesrgebis<br />
persreqtiva mainc pirovnebis cnobierebazea orientirebuli. ilias `sulis wvrTna~,<br />
fsiqologiuri mzaoba ufro myar sayrdenad miaCnia (gavixsenoT erTi amgvari `sulis wvrTna~<br />
_ arCilisa da kesos dialogi). Semoqmeds ki realobis fonze `sulis sawvrTnelad~ adamianis<br />
sulieri samyaros uRrmesi fenebis moZieba evaleba.<br />
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis zogadadamianuri da konkretulfsiqologiur<br />
safuZvelTagan ilia, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs TviTSemecnebas.<br />
realobis aRqma, movlenebis cnobierad Sefasebis unari, saRi azrovneba ubiZgebs adamians<br />
TviTSemecnebisaken. pirovnebas sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisaTvis sWirdeba, ra Tqma unda,<br />
imis garkveva, sad cxovrobs, rogoria misi garemo (social-politikuri, kulturuli);<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovania imis Semecnebac, TviTon ra unda, rogoria misi funqcia amqveynad,<br />
romelia misi moralur-zneobrivi kriteriumebi. gavixsenoT daviT guramiSvili: `ymawvili<br />
unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao: vin aris,sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao~. Tavad<br />
iliac ambobs: `vidre Ze Seni ar gaikvlevs zogads cxovrebas da mcnebis naTliT zeaRzidul,<br />
amaRlebuli, WkviT ar ganWvritavs sazoado cxovrebis dens, im dromde igi uimedo,<br />
Sewuxebuli...~ is, vinc `WkviT ganWvrets sazogado cxovrebis denas~ (cdilobs gaarkvios<br />
sazogadoebis raoba (vin vin aris), sakuTari adgili (TviTon vin aris), miiswrafvis<br />
TviTSemecnebisaken. aseTni TviT axdenen garemos modificirebas, zogjer, gansakuTrebul<br />
SemTxvevaSi, mis xelaxal formirebas, Tavad karnaxoben sazogadoebas urTierTobis formebs<br />
(TviTon qmnian TavianT drosa da sivrces).<br />
TviTSemecnebadni arian oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi, arCili, lelT Runia, `glaxis<br />
naambobis~ mRvdeli...<br />
TaTqariZeoba TviTSeumecnebadia. am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs realuri codna,<br />
Sesabamisad, araa saRi azri. amgvar adamianebs akliaT pirovnuli individualoba,<br />
TviTiniciativa. isini Tavad Trgunaven TavianT pirovnul Tavisuflebas, ar SeuZliaT<br />
sakuTari `me~-s povna. TviTSemecnebis unaris arqona igive pasiurobaa; arada qmedebaa saWiro,<br />
Tundac nabijebi TviTSemecnebisaken; SesaZloa, Camoyalibebuli stereotipebis ngrevac<br />
gaxdes saWiro (kvlav gavixsenoT arCilisa da kesos dialogi).<br />
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT Sesabamisia pirovnebaTa urTierToba sazogadoebasTan<br />
(kvlav gavixsenoT oTaraanT qvrivis, giorgis, mRvdlis, TaTqariZeebis, gandegilis<br />
urTierToba garesamyarosTan, sazogadoebasTan).<br />
erTic: ilias Semoqmedebidan da zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, TviTSemecneba ar aris<br />
mxolod individualur cnobierebaze orientirebuli. pirovnebis TviTSemecnebis mizani<br />
garkveulwilad sakuTari da sazogadoebrivi pozitiuri cnobierebis SeTanxmeba unda iyos.<br />
adamianma xom ara mxolod individualuri, aramed Tavisi socialuri rolis mopovebazec unda<br />
izrunos. vfiqrobT, esec mSvenivrad Cans ilias nawarmoebebSi.<br />
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis sakiTxebi ilias SemoqmedebaSi aris ara abstraqtuli<br />
modelebi, aramed nebismieri mkiTxvelisaTvis yoveldRiuri problemebia. mkiTxveli<br />
mweralTan erTad fiqrobs, masTan erTad moiazrebs am saintereso urTierTobebis arsebul Tu<br />
mosalodnel formaTa fsiqologiur-Teologiur aspeqtebs, saxavs am formaTa ganviTarebis,<br />
sruly<strong>of</strong>is SesaZlo perspeqtivebsac. amdenad, aRniSnuli sakixebis iliaseuli gaazreba<br />
ifargleba ara mxolod mis nawarmoebebSi realurad warmodgenili droiTa da sivrciT, aramed<br />
Zaldautaneblad moicavs esTetikurad da ideurad faseul mxatvrul, warmosaxul, momaval<br />
drosa da sivrcesac.<br />
131
damowmebani:<br />
baqraZe 1984: baqraZe a. ilia WavWavaZe. Tb.: 1984.<br />
bokani 2002: Бокан Б. Социальные конструирование реальности. Москва: 2002.<br />
kalandariSvili 2006: kalandariSvili g. tradicia da Tanamedroveoba axal qarTul literaturaSi. Tb.:<br />
2006.<br />
niniZe 1997: niniZe m. madlis wyaro. Tb.: 1997.<br />
nozaZe 1954: nozaZe v. ucnobi nawerebi. avtografi. qarTuli emigraciis muzeumi. 1954.<br />
pavlova 2001: Павлова О. Идентичность: история формирования взгладов и её структурные особенности. Москва: 2001.<br />
ratiani 2006: ratiani i. qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. Tb.: 2006.<br />
WavWavaZe 1959 WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli aT tomad. t. V, Tb.: 1959.<br />
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli xuT tomad. Tb.: 1988.<br />
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli xuT tomad. Tb.: 1991.<br />
132
“Homo somatis” iliaseuli gaazrebiT<br />
ramaz Wilaia<br />
Tanamedrove samyaro swrafad icvleba; imavdroulad, es procesi sulac ar aris<br />
yovlismomcveli. cvlilebebi naklebad Seexeba sabaziso ikonur (xatismier) sistemebs.<br />
siaxleTa gaazrebisas naTeli xdeba, rom `novaciebi~ siRrmiseuli, mdgradi da Camoyalibebuli<br />
saxeobrivi sistemebis reprezentaciaa ufro. informaciis Senaxvisa da gadacemis Tanamedrove<br />
saSualebebic ki ara Tu ver jabnian, aramed yovel jerze adastureben ukve arsebuli saxexatebis<br />
arqetipurobis ganmeorebiTobas. siaxle axleburi reprezentaciis daxvewaSia<br />
mxolod. ras warmoadgens xsenebuli `sabaziso xati~? es arc sagania, arc raime mocemuloba, es<br />
arc kodia. savaraudod, es epoqismieri istoriis farglebSi, garkveul dros mimdinare<br />
movlenaa, romelic SeiZleba sasruli iyos an arc dasruldes. sabaziso xati movlenis droSi<br />
arsebobis xerxi Tu saSualebaa. misi reprezentireba mravalgvaria da ar daiyvaneba<br />
dasrulebul erTianobamde, erT geStaltamde [1,67]. mkvlevarTa upirveles, TiTqmis<br />
dauZlevel sirTules swored Sesaswavli movlenis istoriuloba warmoadgens.<br />
`Homo somatis~ anu `homo sxeulebrivis~ Sesaxeb azris ganviTareba iseve mravalferovania,<br />
rogorc adamianuri y<strong>of</strong>is sxva ganzomilebaTa Sesaxeb ideaTa ganviTarebis istoria. amis<br />
dasturia is, rom `somaturi ideologia~ sxvadasxvagvar konteqstSia CarTuli. iqneba es<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iur-ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobrivi, socialur-institucionaluri Tu kulturulnormatiuli<br />
konteqstebi. rogorc materialuri substati, sxeuli interess iwvevs adamianis<br />
cxovrebis kvlevis mxriT. kerZod, esaa fsiqosomatika da fsiq<strong>of</strong>iziologia.<br />
sadReisod, socialur praqtikaSi, sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba istoriulad<br />
Camoyalibebuli racionalisturi tradicia, `sxeulebrivs mimswrafi adamianis~ da<br />
`sulismieri adamianis~ dapirispirebisa.<br />
sulismieri movlenebis adamianis sxeulismier moqmedebaze asaxvis meqanizmebis<br />
Camoyalibebis kvleva, Tanamedrove fsiqologiis aqtualuri problemaa. miuTiTeben, rom<br />
adamianSi warmoqmnili azri, cxovrebaSi areklili xatisa da kunTovani sistemis daZabvis<br />
mTlianobaa, romelic sxeulisa da xatis urTierTSedarebiT proecirdeba. xati (iersaxe) da<br />
sxeulismieri daZabuloba gauTiSavia erTurTisagan.: sxeulebrivi vibraciebis gamosaxva<br />
cnobierebaSi uciloblad badebs xatebsa da iersaxeebs[1,624].<br />
m. mamardaSvili wers, rom adamiani, viTarca adamiani, arsebobs an ar arsebobs<br />
sindisierebisa da azris gagebis velSi. es misgan damoukideblad arsebuli velia, romelSic igi<br />
ibadeba da igebs, rom suli gaaCnia. anu mas stkiva, umizezod stkiva. is, rac umizezod gtkiva<br />
sulia. rac ar unda vuwodoT am vels, swored masSi ibadeba an meored ibadeba adamiani, amis<br />
Semdgom aris SesaZlebeli mxolod sulismierze saubari. araerTi moazrovne miuTiTebda<br />
adamianis meore, WeSmarit dabadebas. dante aRniSnavda, rom mxolod meore dabadebisas isaxeba<br />
suli. mamardaSvils didad ar awuxebs sulis adgilsamy<strong>of</strong>eli, Tumc ki swored masSi eguleba<br />
sindisi. miseuli TvalTaxedviT, sulis aRmocenebasa Tu gaxsnas uciloblad esaWiroeba<br />
garkveuli veli, veli romelic sindisiTa da azris gagebiT iqneba saxeldebuli; veli<br />
kulturismieri, sulismieri atmosfero anu pnevmatosfero. aqve vityviT, rom amgvar vels<br />
mecnieri adamianiseuli istoriis koleqtiur `sxeulsac~ uwodebda. umTavresi ki mainc isaa,<br />
rom am velSi garkveuli aqtebi unda xorcieldebodes. aseTad gvesaxeba qarTul saazrovno<br />
sivrceSi arc Tu iSviaTi `sulis uSurveloba~. amaves gulisxmobs swored luka maxaroblis<br />
sityvebic: `visac surs sulis xsna, dahkargavs mas; da vinc Cemi gulisTvis dahkargavs suls, is<br />
hpovebs mas.~ (luka 9.24).<br />
codnis sxvadasxva sferoebis miRwevebs, modificirebuli saxiT, aqtiurad iyenebs<br />
Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneoba. am mxriT sainteresoa ilia WavWavaZis pozicia, erT<br />
polemikur werilSi gamoTqmuli: `yovelive axlad aRmoCenilni sikeTeni, ra Tqma unda,<br />
momzadebul niadagzed ibadebian da Cndebian. xolo raki erTxel gaCndnen erTs romelsame<br />
niadagzed, sxva niadagzedac saxeironi arian, sxva niadagsac ar eucxoebian. saqme mxolod<br />
imaSia, rom arseba, buneba axlad SemosaRebisa, romelic Tund sxva niadagzed iyos nacadi da<br />
aRmocenili, TavisTavad sargo da xeiriani iyos.~ [3,373]<br />
istoria cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom nawarmoebi saukuneebiT inaxavs xolme masSi asaxul iseT<br />
viTarebebs, romelTa damajerebloba da sicxade imdenad Zalmosilia, rom gadis teqstidan da<br />
damoukidebel arsebobas iwyebs. amas ganapirobebs rogorc nawarmoebiseulad, ise<br />
sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli viTarebis asaxva. yoveli amgvari movlena datvirTulia zusti<br />
fsiqologiuri motiviT, romelic kravs naTxrobs. marjved napovni motivi samudamod<br />
imkvidrebs adgils istoriul mexsierebaSi. mkiTxvelTa axali Taoba axleburad, axal<br />
esTetikur normaTa Sesatyvisad aRiqvams nawarmoebs; magram vidre axleburi wakiTxva mainc<br />
erTgzis morgebul situaciur-stilistur moments utrialebs, teqsti araTu inarCunebs,<br />
aramed kidev ufro imyarebs pirvandel saxes.<br />
133
mwerali da misi nawarmoebi, romelsac damoZRvriT iwyebs: `moyvares pirSi uZraxe, mters<br />
pirs ukanao.~ naTxrobSi sinamdvile imdenad gazviadebulia, rom xelTa gvaqvs naskvi<br />
realurisa da fantastikuris, tragikulisa da komikuris. es yovelive mimarTulia qarTvelTa,<br />
zogadad adamianTa, kacTa gamosafxizleblad, dasafiqreblad _ rani viqnebiT xval, Tu Cvens<br />
y<strong>of</strong>as fuZe-balavrad mxolod `somatur ideologias~ davudebT.<br />
samarTlianad aRniSnaven, rom `kacia-adamiani?!~ ar gamoirCeva mZafri siuJeturi<br />
svlebiT. moTxrobaSi mocemulia `martivi~ y<strong>of</strong>iTi suraTebi. Tavad avtoric aRniSnavs amas<br />
teqstismierad (`aq ar aris arc siyvarulis eSmakoba, arc kaciskvla~...). amdenad, unda<br />
gamoiZebnos iseTi saSualeba, romelic daainteresebs mkiTxvels, daakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs mis<br />
moTxovnas. i. WavWavaZes mTeli yuradReba gadaaqvs personaJebze, axdens maTi samyaros<br />
detalizacias. detalebisadmi gamaxvilebuli yuradReba gapirobebulia realuri y<strong>of</strong>iT, am<br />
niSniT ainteresebs igi avtors. xSirad, aramyvirala Strixi did Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas<br />
iZens. t.s. elioti naSromSi `religia da literatura~ [4,97] werda, rom teqstis<br />
literaturulobis xarisxi mxolod esTetikuri kriteriumiT unda ganisazRvros, xolo<br />
literaturuli teqstis mniSvneloba araestetikuri kriteriumiT; igulisxmeba _ eTikuri,<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iuri, religiuri da sxva normebi. mkiTxvelis teqstSi saboloo CarTvisaTvis<br />
saWiroa myari saZirkveli,<br />
romelsac daefuZneba mTeli nawarmoebi. konkretul SemTxvevaSi, esaa<br />
tipizaciis erT-erTi saxe _ groteski (groteski gulisxmobs karikaturul<br />
gazviadebas, avtoriseuli fantaziiT deformirebul sinamdviles); moTxrobaSi maxinjia<br />
yovelive, fizikuric da suldgmulic. maxinjia Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari, misi patroni,<br />
diasaxlisi; saerTo suraTs avseben _ lamaziseuli, samovris meTvalyure patara biWi, daviT<br />
TaTqariZe RviZl Zmas aT Tumnad hyidis, misi meuRle ki sixaruls ver faravs mazls maxinji<br />
qali rom SeaCeCes. yovlad usiamoa moxuci maWankali sutkneina, romelic diswulsac ki<br />
agiravebs, oRond fuli iSovos.<br />
es deformirebuli saarsebo Tu saazrovno garemo, calsaxad erTiani mainc ar aris.<br />
yovelives garkveuli `individualobis~ beWedi azis. `is cxoveli, romelsac darejani<br />
lamaziseuls eZaxis, imdenad gadagvarebulia, rom ver axerxebs sakuTari naTxrobis drois<br />
umcires monakveTSi (igulisxmeba manZili cnobili `Wiis-karidam~ luarsabis samy<strong>of</strong>elamde)<br />
gonebaSi Sekavebas. gaqnili mkiTxavi, wuTis win mosmenils, ukanve `ubrunebs~ lamaziseuls, rac<br />
did STabeWdilebas axdens masze. mesamovre biWi ZaRlur y<strong>of</strong>as Senatris...<br />
tansruloba da Warbi wona srulaid ar moaswavebs adamianis degradirebas. kacis,<br />
zogadad pirovnebis, iliaseuli gaazrebac ar gulisxmobs amas. xorcsavseoba (pirdapiri da<br />
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) aq meore rigis movlenaa, pirovnuli Tvisebebis mosakliseba,<br />
pirovnuli deformaciaa yovelives Tavi da Tavi. TaTqariZeebis cxovreba somaturi zeimia da<br />
am zeimis apoTeozia sxeulebrivi metaforiiT gamoxatuli aseve somaturi epifania: `uraa! _<br />
daiyvira luarsabma da, radganac guldaRma iwva, Taviseburad, taxtzed, erTi fexic aiSvira<br />
maRla da manam ura ar gaaTava, fexi ar CamouRia.~<br />
TaTqariZeobis kritika `somaturi ideologiis~ kritikaa. yoveli msgavsi msgavssa Sobs _<br />
omo somatis anu homo sxeulebrivi Sobs mxolod omo otiosus-s, anu homo usaqmos (cxadia,<br />
luarsabTan miamrTebaSi ar igulisxmeba e.w. aristrokratiuli otium-i); amitomac ar aZlevs<br />
ilia Svils luarsabs.<br />
da, mainc, `cxovreba erTiani mdinarea oris didis totisa. erTs rom xorcTaTvis moaqvs<br />
sazrdo, meores sulisaTvis. Tu an erTi daSra, an meore _ gvami erisa mkvdaria, viTarca<br />
usulod xorci da uxorcod suli, saaqaosTvis mainca.~ [5,342]<br />
დამოწმებანი:<br />
Gjljhjuf 2005, D\ F\ Gjljhjuf= Gjkbnbrb тtkf\ C,jhybr| Gcb[jkjubz ntktcnyjcnb= V\ 2005= cnh\ 67<br />
Gjljhjuf 2005, D\ F\ Gjljhjuf= iqve gv. 624<br />
WavWavaZe, i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. kr. aT tomad, t.VII, gv. 373<br />
Eliot 1975, T.S. Eliot, Religion and <strong>Literature</strong> (1935), Selected Prose, 1975, p.97.<br />
WavWavaZe, i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. kr. aT tomad, t. V, gv. 342<br />
134
gabriel ratiSvilis `mciredi moTxrobidan~<br />
ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebamde~<br />
darejan menabde<br />
1863 wels, `saqarTvelos moambis~ XI-XII nomrebSi, ilia WavWavaZem gamoaqveyna gabriel<br />
ratiSvilis samogzauro-memuaruli Janris Txzuleba `mciredi ram moTxroba rosiisa~. g.<br />
ratiSvili (1771-daaxl. 1825) qarTuli literaturis e. w. gardamavali xanis saintereso poeti,<br />
prozaikosi da memuaristia. misimisi biografia naklebadaa cnobili da arc mis Semoqmedebaze<br />
gvaqvs sruli warmodgena.<br />
g. ratiSvilis literaturuli memkvidreoba cnobilia erTi mozrdili krebuliT (S #<br />
2910), romelic avtograful xelnaweradaa miCneuli (ruxaZe 1966; qarTul xelnawerTa<br />
aRweriloba 1965). misi Sedgeniloba aseTia:<br />
1. mciredi raime moTxroba rosiisa (1r-92v).<br />
2. [kalendaruli cnobebi] (92v-104v).<br />
3. [gabriel ratiSvilis leqsebi] (105r-119r).<br />
4. [svimon ratiSvilis leqsi] (119r).<br />
5. [baraTebi]: `megobarTan misaweri baraTi~, `samRvdeloTa Tana misaweri~, `batonTan da<br />
batonis SvilTan misaweri baraTi~, `dasTan misaweri baraTi ars ese~, `samZimris baraTi ars ese~,<br />
`qalTan misaweri baraTi ars ese~ (120v-133v) (qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba 1965).<br />
`saqarTvelos moambeSi~ daibeWda am Txzulebis pirveli (arasruli) publikacia,<br />
romelsac iliam aseTi SeniSvna daurTo: `es werili ekuTvnis T. gab. ratiSvils, romelic Cven<br />
mefis Svilebs Tana xlebia, roca isini gadausaxlebiaT ruseTSi. rac unaxavs tfilisidam<br />
peterburgamde, rac gadaxdenia, yvelafers gviambobs, _ da is naambobi uintereso ar ari~<br />
(`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863). i. WavWavaZem Txzulebis beWdva ki daiwyo, magram Jurnalis<br />
daxurvis gamo veRar daasrula. igi mxolod 1962 wels gamoaqveyna v. Sadurma krebulSi<br />
`qarTveli mwerlebi ruseTis Sesaxeb~ (Saduri 1962: 156-301). gamomcemelma `mciredi moTxroba~<br />
mcireodeni SemoklebiT dabeWda — gamotovebulia aleqsandre pirvelis manifesti da platon<br />
moskovelis sityva (Saduri 1962: 254; 260). `mciredi moTxroba~ ZiriTadad prozauli teqstia,<br />
romelSic CarTulia ramdenime aTeuli leqsi. Txzuleba 1801-1802 wlebSi unda iyos dawerili.<br />
g. ratiSvili farTo sazogadoebisaTvis arcTu kargad nacnobi avtoria, amitom,<br />
SevecdebiT avxsnaT, Tu ratom unda dainteresebuliyo i. WavWavaZe am TxzulebiT.<br />
g. ratiSvili XIX s. damdegs ioane batoniSvils adiutantad axlda ruseTSi, iyo<br />
peterburgsa da moskovSi, daeswro imperator aleqsandre I-is kurTxevas da axali imperatoris<br />
mier 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris cnobili manifestis gamocxadebas. misi marSruti iyo: Tbilisi,<br />
mcxeTa, larsi, mozdoki, moskovi, sanqt-peterburgi da ukan: moskovi, caricini, astraxani,<br />
mozdoki, vladikavkazi, larsi, stefanwminda... mis TxzulebaSi Txroba iwyeba Tbilisidan<br />
gamgzavrebiT (7.III.1801), mTavrdeba g. ratiSvilis samSobloSi, sakuTar mamulSi (zogi cnobiT,<br />
s<strong>of</strong>. qsovrisi) dabrunebiT. Txzulebis faqtobrivi masala uTuod drois am monakveTSi<br />
daiwera, misi literaturuli gaformeba, damTavreba da saboloo redaqtireba ki avtoris<br />
dabrunebisTanave, cocxali STabeWdilebiT moxda. safiqrebelia, g. ratiSvili mogzaurobisas<br />
werda dRiurs, romelSic Sehqonda STabeWdilebebi da dakvirvebebi. sxvagvarad<br />
warmoudgenelia iseTi detalizacia, iseTi dawvrilebiTi aRweriloba faqtebisa da<br />
movlenebisa, rogoric `mciredi moTxrobis~ TiTqmis yovel gverdze gvxvdeba. miuxedavad<br />
mokrZalebuli saTaurisa, is srulebiTac araa `mciredi moTxroba~, piriqiT, es aris vrceli,<br />
leqsCarTuli aRweriloba qarTveli mwerlis ruseTSi mogzaurobisa, vrceli Txroba<br />
ruseTze, Zvirfasi saistorio wyaro, romelSic uxvadaa cnobebi ruseTis imdroindel<br />
saxelmwifoebriv-politikur cxovrebaze, socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze,<br />
saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaze da sxv.<br />
g. ratiSvilis saxiT Cven winaSea Zveli qarTuli literaturis tradiciebze aRzrdili da<br />
erovnul satkivarze Rrmad dafiqrebuli memuaristi, romelic gvacnobs Tavisi mogzaurobis<br />
mizezebs, gvixsnis, Tu ram aiZula batoniSvilebi, XIX saukunis damdegs daetovebinaT<br />
saqarTvelo, rogor moxvda ruseTSi da rogor ganicada ucxoeTSi y<strong>of</strong>na, ram gadaawyvetina<br />
memuarebis wera da sxv.<br />
`mciredi raime moTxroba rossiisa~ mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani Txzulebaa. Tavis<br />
winamorbed memuaristTagan (g. gelovani, v. orbeliani da sxv.) gansxvavebiT, g. ratiSvils<br />
politikuri alRoc hqonda gamaxvilebuli. man igrZno ruseTis mxridan mosalodneli<br />
safrTxe, tragizmi arsebuli viTarebisa da es yovelive STambeWdavad gadmosca kidec Tavis<br />
TxzulebaSi.<br />
g. ratiSvili imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom es aris erTaderTi avtori, uSualod momswre<br />
da monawile aleqsandre I-is manifestis gamocxadebisa. mwerali, romelmac mTeli sicxadiT<br />
dainaxa mosalodneli istoriuli movlenebi.<br />
135
miuxedavad imisa, rom `mcire moTxrobaSi~ dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili ruseTis qalaqebi da<br />
s<strong>of</strong>lebi, xalxi, tradiciebi, zne-Cveulebebi da RirsSesaniSnaobani, mTel Txzulebas gasdevs<br />
avtoris ukiduresad sevdiani da sasowarkveTili ganwyoba. g.ratiSvili gvacnobs mogzaurobis<br />
mizezebs, Tu ram aiZula batoniSvilebi daetovebinaT saqarTvelo, rogor moxvda TviTon<br />
avtori ruseTSi da rogor ganicada ucxoeTSi y<strong>of</strong>na, ram gadaawyvetina memuarebis wera da sxv.<br />
mogzaurobis aRwera misTvis iyo `mizezi... mxiarul hy<strong>of</strong>isa~ da `ganmdevneli sevdisa~,<br />
amasTanave, gamiznuli iyo `gansaRviZeblad gonebisa~.<br />
nostalgiuri ganwyoba saerTod axlavs `mcired moTxrobas~. g. ratiSvilis sityviT:<br />
`davagdeT Cveni areni, gvxvda dReni gasamwareni~, `dadga dRe mwuxarebisa~, rom igi `cruman<br />
s<strong>of</strong>elman uwyalod dasaja~, `xelni magrad Seukra~, `ucxos Temsa~ gadakarga, anda _ `visdami<br />
mogviyvana Cven mwuxarebisa saxlad da sevdisa sadgurad~. aqedan gamomdinare, g. ratiSvili<br />
svams kiTxvas: `viT iqmnebis da viT moxdebis saqme Cvenni bednierad da anu ubedurad~ _ es iyo<br />
misi safiqrali da sawuxari. xolo rodesac moskovSi, aleqsandre pirvelis mefed kurTxevis<br />
ceremonialze Casul batoniSvilebsa da maTi amalis wevrebs 12 seqtembris manifesti gaacnes,<br />
g. ratiSvili mwuxarebiT werda: `daibeWda manifesti da gamoxda brZaneba ese, viTa arRa<br />
iqmnebis mefoba saqarTvelosa memkvidreTa mefeTa mier, aramed iqmnebian brZanebasa qveSe<br />
rosiisasa da dapyrobil kanoniTa maTTaebr, romel aw yovelive TiToeulad scnaT<br />
warkiTxviTa amiT, xolo Cven aramciredi mwuxareba miviReT momlodineTa sixarulisa wil da<br />
ukanasknel ganagos RmerTman, viTa iqmnebis~ (Saduri 1962:259) da iqve: `mefobisa wil<br />
saqarTveloisa miviReT lenti ese wiTeli annasi da ara uwyiT Cven da varT gankvirvebul,<br />
rameTu rai vyaviT nacvlad amissa mefobisa damkargavTa da ojaxisa gamaubedurebelTa~<br />
(Saduri 1962: 263-264).<br />
ase miiRes, _ g. ratiSvilis TqmiT, _ qarTvelma batoniSvilebma `mefobisa wil<br />
saqarTveloisa... lenti wiTeli annasi~ da sxva da sxva... ai, am suliskveTebiTaa dawerili g.<br />
ratiSvilis `mciredi moTxroba~, ase Wvretda TviTmxilveli mwerali Tavisi samSoblos<br />
momavals.<br />
vfqrobT, i. WavWavaZis daintereseba g. ratiSvilis `mciredi moTxrobiT~ SemTxveviTi ar<br />
unda iyos. `is naambobi uintereso ar ari~ _ werda ilia mravalmniSvnelovnad, radgan g.<br />
ratiSvilis mier saukunis dasawyisSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi Tu varaudebi gacilebiT ufro<br />
mwvaved aRiqmeboda XIX s. 60-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi. sagulisxmoa, rom TviTon iliamac igive<br />
gza _ `vladikavkasidam tfilisamde~ _ airCia imisaTvis, raTa qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
Tavisi samoqmedo programa gaecno.<br />
peterburgidan dabrunebuli 24 wlis ilia WavWavaZe imave gziT brundeba samSobloSi,<br />
romelic Tavis droze gaiara g. ratiSvilma — vladikavkazi, larsi, stefanwminda, fasanauri...<br />
modis da fiqrobs Tavisi samSoblos warsulze, awmyosa da momavalze, fiqrobs: `... rogor<br />
Seveyrebi me Cems qveyanas da rogor Semeyreba igi me~, aqvs sruliad konkretuli mizani:<br />
`...SeviZleb ki, rom mas RviZli sityva vuTxra... im sityviT vasmino, rom aris mravali qveynebi,<br />
Cvenzed ufro ubedurad gaCenilni, magram ufro bednierad mcxovrebni; da is TiToeuli<br />
naperwkali, romelic ar SeiZleba rom yovels kacSi ara Jolavdes, erT did cecxlad<br />
Sevagrovo Cemis qveynis gaciebulis gulis gasaTboblad~ (WavWavaZe 1980: 14).<br />
gzas, romelic mweralma unda gaiaros, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi datvirTva aqvs (ratiani<br />
2006: 64-67; 74; 82-88; 121-123; 154-156). am gzaze unda naxos man `iamSCiki~ da moxeve lelT Runia,<br />
Tvali Seavlos Tergsa da myinvars, inatros Tavisi qveynis wiaRSi `adamiani, romelsac ZilSiac<br />
ara sZinavs, qveynis ubedurobiT gul-aRtyinebulsa~ da Sewuxdes imis fiqriT, rom `warxda,<br />
moisra qveyanai~...<br />
i. WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebs~ g. ratiSvilis `mcire moTxrobisgan~ samoci weli<br />
aSorebs. Tu movlenebis ganviTarebiT dabneuli g. ratiSvili Tavis TxzulebaSi SiSiTa da<br />
eWviT kiTxulobs: `ra moxdeba da anu amisa Semdgomad viTa iqnebis...~, imave peterburgidan<br />
momavali 24 wlis i. WavWavaZe, acnobierebs ra saxelmwifoebriobadakargul saqarTveloSi<br />
Seqmnil sazogadoebriv-politikur viTarebas, kiTxvas pirdapir svams: `rodemdis? ox,<br />
rodemdis, rodemdis?.. Cemo sayvarelo miwa-wyalo, momec amis pasuxi~.<br />
da kidev erTi:<br />
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, g. ratiSvilis TxzulebaSi CarTulia aleqsandre<br />
pirvelis manifestis teqsti, romelic, rogorc minaweridan Cans, dednidan uTargmnia vasil<br />
maTes Ze Cilaevs (WilaZes). es is vasil Cilaevia, romelic miamagres ruseTSi Casul qarTvelebs<br />
Tarjimnad (`preoCikad~). igi batoniSvilebTan erTad eswreboda aleqsandre I-is mefed<br />
kurTxevas, manifestis gamocxadebas da Semdegac araerTxel Cans TxzulebaSi. es aris<br />
aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestis pirveli Targmani, romelic v. Cilaevs<br />
Seusrulebia ruseTSi my<strong>of</strong>i batoniSvilebisaTvis dokumentis gacnobis mizniT. aq aris erTi<br />
saintereso detali: `manifesti aleqsandre I-isa saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb~<br />
rusul enaze orjer gamoica, rusul-qarTuli paraleluri teqsti pirvelad daibeWda<br />
moskovSi, 1801 wels, saidanac igi gadmoRebuli aqvs platon ioselians. vasil maTes Ze<br />
Cilaeviseuli Targmani ki aqamde am bolo dromde ar gamoqveynebula. igi zemoxsenebuli<br />
<strong>of</strong>icialuri Targmanisagan gansxvavdeba frazeologiur-leqsikuri wyobiTa da<br />
136
TaviseburebebiT, amas garda, mTargmnelisa Tu `mciredi moTxrobis~ avtoris mier<br />
Camatebulia ramdenime saintereso detali. ilias `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ g. ratiSvilis<br />
`mciredi moTxrobis~ mxolod pirveli nawilia dabeWdili (mogzauroba Tbilisidan<br />
moskovamde), amitom manifesti masSi ver moxvda. manifestis teqsti gamotovebulia `mciredi<br />
moTxrobis~ v. Saduriseul gamocemaSic, rac, vfiqrobT, imdroindeli politikurideologiuri<br />
koniunqturiT unda iyos gamowveuli (menabde 2005: 200-207).<br />
irkveva, rom aRniSnuli manifesti saqarTveloSi qarTul enaze daibeWda mxolod 1867<br />
wels (cxovreba mefis giorgis XIII-isa... 1867: 287-294), e. i. mas Semdeg, rac iliam `saqarTvelos<br />
moambeSi~ `mciredi moTxrobis~ beWdva daiwyo (1863 w.), manamde ki aRniSnuli manifesti<br />
qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis jer kidev ar iyo qarTul enaze xelmisawvdomi. vfiqrobT, es<br />
garemoebac SeiZlebodaa gamxdariyo i. WavWavaZis am TxzulebiT dainteresebis erT-erTi<br />
mizezi, Tumca, samwuxarod, `mciredi moTxrobis~ es monakveTi maSin veRar gamoqveynda.<br />
TavisTavad is faqti, rom `mciredi moTxrobis~ beWdva i. WavWavaZem wamoiwyo da<br />
`saqarTvelos moambem~ mas Tavisi furclebi dauTmo, ukve mowmobs g. ratiSvilis Txzulebis<br />
maRal Sefasebasa da aRiarebas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom, rodesac a. cagarelma Seadgina<br />
qarTveli poetebis TxzulebaTa xelnaweri krebuli, masSi besikis, al. WavWavaZis, gr.<br />
orbelianis, n. baraTaSvilis, i. WavWavaZis, a. wereTlis leqsebTan erTad Seitana erTi `Sairi~<br />
(`RmerTo, romelsa gaqeben...~) `mciredi moTxrobidan~ (konkretulad, i. WavWavaZis<br />
publikaciidan _ A 1753, 27 r) (saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis... 1955: 223).<br />
rogorc davinaxeT, orive Txzulebas safuZvlad udevs mogzauroba ruseTsa da<br />
saqarTvelos Soris. magram mTavari da arsebiTi, rac maT aerTianebs, aris avtorTa<br />
damokidebuleba `qarTlis bedisadmi~. am or teqstze dakvirveba naTeli magaliTia imisa, Tu<br />
rogor viTardeboda saqarTvelos politikuri cxovreba da, Sesabamisad, rogor viTardeboda<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi, eqvsi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
menabde 2005: menabde d. gabriel ratiSvili _ saqarTvelos tragediis mematiane. literaturuli Ziebani,<br />
XXVI, Tb.: 2005.<br />
ratiani 2006: ratiani i. qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. Tb.: `universali~, 2006.<br />
ratiSvili 1863: ratiSvili g. mciredi ram moTxroba rosiisa. `saqarTvelos moambe~, 11, 12, 1863.<br />
ruxaZe 1966: ruxaZe t. gabriel ratiSvili. wignSi: qarTuli literaturis istoria (eqvs tomad), II, Tb.:<br />
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis... 1955: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa<br />
aRweriloba, y<strong>of</strong>ili saeklesio muzeumis xelnawerebi (A koleqcia), V (tomi<br />
Seadgina l. quTaTelaZem), a. baramiZis redaqciiT, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1955.<br />
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba 1965: qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, y<strong>of</strong>ili qarTvelTa Soris werakiTxvis<br />
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleqcia. IV, Sedgenilia da dasabeWdad<br />
damzadebuli: T. bregaZis, l. kiknaZis, m. qavTarias, l. qajaias, m. SaniZis, q.<br />
SaraSiZis, c. Wankievis mier, e. metrevelis redaqciiT. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1965.<br />
Saduri 1962: Saduri v. qarTveli mwerlebi ruseTis Sesaxeb. Semdgenli v. Saduri. Tb.: `sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo~, 1962.<br />
cxovreba mefis giorgis XIII-isa... 1867: cxovreba mefis giorgis XIII-isa, aRwerili platon ioselianisagan.<br />
Tfilisi, Cyiz [1867].<br />
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. II, Tb.: `mecniereba~, `sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo~, 1988.<br />
137
XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis qarTuli saliteraturo<br />
kritika da ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba<br />
nestan kutivaZe<br />
qarTul sazogadoebriv da kulturul y<strong>of</strong>aSi ilia WavWavaZis Rvawlis<br />
gansakuTrebulobas, bevr sxva faqtTan erTad, cxady<strong>of</strong>s qarTuli saliteraturo kritikis<br />
damokidebuleba `Cemo kalamos” avtoris mimarT. poetis erT-erT pirvel leqss maSinve mohyva<br />
XIX saukunis 50-iani wlebis cnobili kritikosis nikoloz berZniSvilis dadebiTi<br />
gamoxmaureba. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos ki am periodis, aseve, erT-erTi cnobili<br />
kritikosi giorgi TumaniSvili werda, rom 10-15 wlis winaT ilia WavWavaZe axdenda yvelaze<br />
did gavlenas qarTul literaturaze, Tumca am droisaTvis mas gauCnda gancda, rom qarTuli<br />
mwerloba `Sesdga `kacia-adamiansa” da `mgzavris werilebze”. ilias Tanamedrove kritika<br />
araerTgvarovani, xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi da zogjer subieqturic iyo misi calkeuli<br />
nawarmoebis SefasebaSi, Tumca arasdros gulgrili.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul memkvidreobaze TanamedroveTa mier Seqmnilia Zalze<br />
sayuradRebo, dRevandeli gadasaxedidanac ki STambeWdavi werilebi, romlebic nawilobriv<br />
manic aRadgens ilias mSfoTvare epoqas. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa: a. wereTlis, a.<br />
furcelaZis, n. nikolaZis, al. cagarelis, d. janaSvilis, al. sarajiSvilis, gr. volskisa da<br />
sxvaTa werilebi.<br />
1877 wels gazeT `kavkazSi” daibeWda n. berZniSvilis werili: `ramdenime sityva qarTuli<br />
literaturis Sesaxeb”, romelSic avtori mimoixilavda Jurnal `ciskris” pirvel wigns.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, masSi dabeWda iliam Tavisi erT-erTi pirveli leqsi `Citi”. cnobilma<br />
kritikosma damwyebi avtoris publikacias maSinve miaqcia yuradReba da aRniSna, rom<br />
`ukanaskneli leqsi mogvewona, gansakuTrebiT, bunebis umwikvlo siwmindis aRweriT,<br />
simsubuqisa da gamoTqmis xmovanebis gamoo” (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1955: 67). magram am<br />
mosazrebis gamoqveynebidan sul oriode wlis Semdeg, swored ilias poezia gaxda<br />
gansakuTrebuli Tavdasxmis sagani. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, es gapirobebuli iyo<br />
ufro metad 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mimdinare TaobaTa Soris dapirispirebiT da im<br />
SexedulebaTa xSirad radikaluri sxvaobiTac, romliTac mamebisa da Svilebis banakebi<br />
gamoirCeodnen, vidre ilias mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, kerZod ki poeziis RirsebanaklovanebebiT.<br />
Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom ilias leqsebis<br />
`ugarmonioba, undiloba da simZime” swored akakis, romelic aseve ilias Tanamoazre iyo,<br />
poeziis `simardesTan” SedarebiT sabuTdeboda (g. baraTaSvili) an is, rac mieteveboda giorgi<br />
erisTavs, romlis `galobac,_anton furcelaZis azriT, gaTavebuli iyo”, ar epatieboda ilia<br />
WavWavaZes, radgan `is TiTonac axals xalxsa da sazogadoebaSia gazrdili da axals<br />
elementebSi gamosuli” (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1955: 358). is faqti ki, rom ilias leqsebi<br />
sxvebisas sjobda, poetis Tanamedrove kritokisebisaTvis SeRavaTis sagans ar warmoadgenda.<br />
amgvarad ganisjeboda ilias: `poeti”, `mas aqeT, raki”, `ciuri xmebi”, `mZinare qali”,<br />
`usuldgmulo cxovreba”, `guTnis deda”, `muSa”, `locva”. am leqsebs, kritikosis TqmiT,<br />
etyoboda mcdeloba imisa, rom `ZalaTi suli Caudgas da aSkaraTa hxedavT, rom aq niWi ki ar<br />
muSaobs, xelovneba muSaobs. Cven ar vityviT, rom esec Rirseba ar iyves, esec Tavis mxriv<br />
Rirsebaa avtorisa, _magram poetur niWSi da amaSi didi garCevaa”,-werda anton furcelaZe<br />
(qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1955: 359).<br />
swored anton furcelaZesa da mis Tanamoazreebs pasuxobda meore didi `Tergdaleuli”<br />
akaki wereTeli Tavis cnobil werilSi `ramdenime sityva Canguris Sesaxeb”, rodesac<br />
aRniSnavda: `Tu WavWavaZis leqsebSi marto xelovnebas mivaqcevT yuradRebas, maSin mis<br />
leqsebs ar eqneba didi Rirseba, magram Cven marto xelovnebas ar veZebT” (wereTeli 1990: 23).<br />
akakis es werili sayurdReboa wminda xelovnebisa da xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi<br />
Rirebulebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmiT (es problema saerTod aqtualuria XIX<br />
saukunis qarTvel mweralTa publicistikaSic da mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic). poeti<br />
`bulbulobas” da `kacobas”upirispirebs erTmaneTs da qveynisaTvis, Tavisi droisaTvis<br />
gaweuli samsaxuris gamo misTvis umTavresi mxatvrulad asaxuli s<strong>of</strong>lis sazrunavia. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ilias poezias gamorCeulad Tvlis: `WavWavaZe aris baraTaSvilis mokananaxe da<br />
misi didi Rirsebac amazed aris dafuZnebuli”,-wers akaki(wereTeli 1990: 21). ufro<br />
mogvianebiT amgvari Sexeduleba gamoTqva anton furcelaZemac. isic aRniSnavda, rom ilias<br />
Semoqmedebis pasaJebs aqvT Tanxvedra grigol orbelianisa da nikoloz baraTaSvilis<br />
poeziasTan, magram sakiTxis amgvar WrilSi gadatana upirvelesad akaki wereTlis saxelTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli.<br />
sagangebod gvinda SevCerdeT aleqsandre cagarelis werilze: `Cveni ubeduri<br />
mwignobroba am saukuneSi”, romelic 1870 wels daibeWda `droebis” xuT nomerSi. al. cagareli<br />
Tvlida, rom 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi umTavresi vnebebi ukve damcxrali iyo, gansxvavebiT im<br />
periodisa, rodesac asparezze axladgamosuli ilias arc qeba da arc Zageba ar iyo<br />
138
gaazrebuli. misi azriT, roca `TviTon WavWavaZec ki Tvals moefara” SesaZlebelia misi<br />
Semoqmedebis obieqturi gaanalizeba, amisaTvis ki saWiroa XIX saukunis qarTul<br />
literaturaze `Tvalis gadavleba mainc”.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom al. cagarelis am mimoxilvaSi bevri sakamaTo da miuRebeli<br />
Sexedulebaa gamoTqmuli, werili mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs,<br />
masSi lesingisa da tenis esTetikur Teoriebze dayrdnobiT, mocemulia XIX saukunis I naxevris<br />
qarTuli literaturis analizi.<br />
cagarelma XIX saukunis qarTuli literatura sam periodad dayo. pirvel periods man<br />
al. WavWavaZis samijnuro mimarTulebis periodi uwoda. calke mdgomad miiCnia n. baraTaSvili,<br />
romelic `ar saWiroebda sxvis mibaZvas da imas ki veravin mihbaZa” (qarT. lit. krit.<br />
istoriidan 1956: 73). meore periods g. erisTavis, komikuri mimarTulebis periodi uwoda,<br />
mesamed ki ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis Semoqmedeba miiCnia, Tan iqve aRniSna: `exla<br />
yvelasaTvis cxadi Seiqna, rom ilia WavWavaZes marTla toli, uRlis gamwevi ara hyavs Cven<br />
literaturaSi”( qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 3,85).<br />
bunebrivia, rom cagarelma ilias Semoqmedebas am werilSi didi adgili dauTmo da<br />
isaubra rogorc Rirsebebze, ise naklovanebebze.<br />
kritikosis TqmiT, WavWavaZis poezia aCvenebs avtoris `Rrma poetur bunebas, amas versad<br />
ver ipovnis da ver SeiZens kaci, Tu bunebiT ar aris dajildoebuli, Tund kacma Tavis dReni<br />
imis ZebnaSi daaRamos; marTalia bejiTobiT da cdiT kaci bevrs Seimatebs, magram il.<br />
WavWavaZeebi marto ibadebian...” (wereTeli 1990: 86). cagarelis azriT, `udidesi Rirseba imis<br />
poeziisa aris sityva_gamoTqmaT saSineli da Seumagrebeli Zala, gulwrfeloba da<br />
gulRiaoba,_aqedan warmodgeba imis poeziis Rrma grZnoba da yovlis SemZvreli zed<br />
moqmedeba” (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 88). am RirsebebTan erTad ilias poezias gaaCnda<br />
naklovanebac, romelzedac amaxvildeba yuradRebas cagareli da romelic, winamorbedTa<br />
Sexedulebebis msgavsad, ilias leqsis formis garSemo fokusirdeboda. `umetesi nawili<br />
naklulovanoba aqvs il. WavWavaZis poeziasa garegani formis, xelovnebis, enisa da leqsTwyobis<br />
SeumuSavebloba, agreTve Sinagani Tvisebis Seufardebloba cota grZnobis qona zog<br />
leqsSi da bevri msjelobis CaCra...”,_aRniSnavda kritikosi (wereTeli 1990: 89), rac, misi<br />
azriT, poezias `filos<strong>of</strong>iur gansjad” aqcevda, poets ki `msjelad”.<br />
cagarels ilias `samoqalaqo simamacis” nimuSad miaCnda misi `agviyolia siyrmidanve Cven<br />
qarTlis bedma”, magram, amasTanave, qalis teqstad Tvlida frazas: `dae, Tund gvZraxon”.<br />
poeti pirveli qristianebis msgavsad, unda werdes, "gvdevnono”( qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan<br />
1956: 95).<br />
am da sxva SeniSvnebis miuxedavad, cagareli marTebulad xedavda ilias gamorCeulobas,<br />
Rvawlis mniSvlobasac da swored amitom usurvebda mas dawyebuli saqmeebis bolomde<br />
warmatebiT gasrulebas, rom misi `ukuwirva uRvTo ar y<strong>of</strong>iliyo”.<br />
amave periodSi ilias poezia kidev araerTxel gamxdara cxare msjelobis sagani. magram<br />
amjerad gvinda SevexoT im polemikas, romelic 1870-iani wlebis bolos ilias poemis `mefe<br />
dimitri Tavdadebulis” gamoqveynebas mohyva.<br />
giorgi TumaniSvilis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ilia WavWavaZe kvlav `moqmedobs<br />
qarTuli literaturis asparezze” da veravin ityvis, rom misi poeturi niWi dasustda, risi<br />
dasturic `dimitri Tavdadebulia” ufro msubuqia misi leqsi da ufro xalxuria ena, vidre<br />
Tundac `muSisa” an `poetisa”, mainc maSindeli sazogadoebisaTvis iliasa da akakis poezias<br />
winandeli mniSvneloba aRar hqonda, radgan winaT `isini upasuxebdnen im kiTxvebze, romelnic<br />
dRe da Ram mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen Cven ganaTlebulobas. Cven vpoulobT am leqsebSi axal<br />
grZnobas, axal azrebs”,- werda TumaniSvili (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 311).<br />
misi TqmiT, `dimitri TavdadebulSi” axali azri aRar ido. miuxedavad imisa, rom poeti<br />
mefis gmirobas asxamda xotbas, am gamorCeul gmirobaSic ki axali aRaraferi iyo. Tu imasac<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kritikosis azriT, umjobesi iyo avtors glexTa cxovrebaze<br />
gaemaxvilebina yuradReba, naTeli iqneba social_demokratiuli ideebis gavlena ra Zalumad<br />
ikidebda fexs XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi.<br />
giorgi TumaniSvilis am werils gamoexmaura aleqsandre Wyonia, romelic Tvlida, rom<br />
kritikosi ver gansjida, ra unda eqadaga poets da ra ara.<br />
sagangebod exeba poemas al. sarajiSvilic. 1879 wlis `iveriis” pirveli nomris<br />
mimoxilvaSi is aRniSnavs, rom `ucnauri gmiria dimitri Tavdadebuli”. mas TavSi mxolod<br />
mamulis daxsnis azri utrialebs, gulSi ki sicocxlis siyvaruli. misi azriT, mefe gmiri ki ar<br />
aris, mamulis msxverplia, romelic ver xvdeba, rom am msxverplSewirviT mamuls ver uSvelis,<br />
mas mxolod umefod datovebs da amiT ufro daRupavs. magram, kritikosis azriT, poemis<br />
umTavresi nakli ambis brma mefanduris poziciidan Txrobaa, radgan swored igi ver Caswvda<br />
mefis gmirul suls, samagierod kritikosma leqsTwyobis mxriv poema rusTvelis<br />
`vefxistyaosansac” ki Seadara (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 320-321).<br />
al. sarajiSvilis am recenzias Seexo da Tavisi mosazrebebi gamoTqva gr. volskim,<br />
romelic ar eTanxmeboda recenzents da miaCnda, rom poema rigian analizs moiTxovda, ris<br />
139
saSualebasac mas `droebis” (romelSic gamoqveynda es werili) formati ar aZlevda, Tumca man<br />
mainc sakmaod detalurad imsjela dimitri Tavdadebulis gmirobasa da poemis Rirsebebze.<br />
literaturaTmcodneebma "mefe dimitri Tavdadebuls" jerovani yuradReba dauTmes<br />
ilias poeziis Temebis, mxatvruli Taviseburebebisa Tu sxva damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebis<br />
Seswavlisas. TavisTavad cxadia, rom literaturul kritikas SemdgomSi samsjelod ar<br />
gauxdia, iyo Tu ara poemaSi aRwerili ambavi gmiroba, Tumca es sakamaTod arc ilias<br />
Tanamedrove bevr kritikoss miaCnda.<br />
dRes am SexedulebaTa umravlesoba Zalze gulubryviloa da mxolod imis dasturad Tu<br />
gamogvadgeba, raoden mgrZnobiare iyo ilias epoqa Tavisi saukeTeso Svilis Semoqmedebisadmi.<br />
calke unda SevexoT 60-70-iani wlebis literaturuli kritikis damokidebulebas ilias<br />
prozis mimarT. rogorc cnobilia, am periodSi daibeWda ilias `glaxis naambobi”, `kaciaadamiani?!”<br />
da `mgzavris werilebi”, romlebsac imTaviTve miaqcies yuradReba da, poeziisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, saukeTeso prozaul nawarmoebebadac Seafases.<br />
niko nikolaZe Tvlida, rom anton furcelaZes 60-ian wlebSi iliasTan dapirispirebis<br />
gamo edo imgvari codva, romelsac igi verafriT ver gamoisyidda da samareSi Caitanda.<br />
cxadia, aseTi mZime braldeba upasuxod ar datova adresatma da Seaxsena nikolaZes, rom mas<br />
moswonda rogorc ilias `glaxis naambobi”, ise misi Semoqmedebis sxva mxareebi, Tumca<br />
aRiarebda imasac, rom arasdros ahyavda sxvebiviT caSi da xedavda misi Semoqmedebis naklsac,<br />
romlis aRniSvnac aucileblad miaCnda, radgan yovelTvis udavod icoda, rom `avtoriteti i.<br />
WavWavaZisa ise moqmedebs, rom mwerlebi brmad baZven masa Tavis naklulovanebiTa” (qarT. lit.<br />
krit. istoriidan 1956: 193).<br />
swored anton furcelaZem miuZRvna pirveli vrceli werili ilias `kacia_adamians?!”<br />
saTauriT `kacia, adamiani”-moTxroba m. jimSeriZisa”. am statiidan vgebulobT, rom `glaxis<br />
naambobTan erTad am Txzulebasac TanamedroveTa araCveulebrivi gamoxmaureba mohyolia da<br />
bevrs igi ms<strong>of</strong>lio mniSvnelobis nawarmoebadac miuCnevia. kritikosma vrclad isaubra `kaciaadamianis?!”<br />
mTavari gmirebis Sesaxeb. aRniSna, rom moTxrobaSi zogadi suraTi iyo aRwerili<br />
da TaTqariZeebi mravlad iyvnen mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, aseve, gamoiyena terminebi:<br />
"TaTqariZeoba", "TaTqariZevSCina", romelsac, misive TqmiT, mravali mxare hqonda, magram ar<br />
gaiziara avtoris Sexeduleba "TaTqariZevSCinis" qarTul movlenad warmosaxvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT da dauwuna mas Zlieri sulieri vnebebis gadmocemis unari. Cveni azriT, a.<br />
furcelaZis es Sexeduleba winaaRmdegobrivia. erTi mxriv, igi aRiarebs, rom "TaTqariZeobas"<br />
saerTo xasiaTi aqvs, magram, meore mxriv, ar Tvlis mas zogad qarTul problemad. am movlenas<br />
Semdgomi periodis kvlevebiT ufro Rrma gaazreba mieca, swored, rogorc sazogado<br />
movlenas, rasac dRes sakamaTod aRaravin xdis.<br />
Tu ilias leqsebTan SedarebiT a. furcelaZe upiratesobas akakis poezias aniWebda,<br />
prozaul TxzulebebSi igi pirvelobas jimSeriZes akuTvnebda. Tavis cnobil `ramdenime<br />
sityvaSi” akakic amjobinebda ilias prozad eTqva saTqmeli da darbaislurad emusaifa,<br />
amasTan miaCnda, rom `kacia-adamiani?!” da `glaxis naambobi” im periodis qarTuli mwerlobis<br />
obol margalitebs warmoadgendnen (wereTeli 1990: 23). aseve fiqrobda dimitri janaSvilic.<br />
igi ilias `saqarTvelos moambis” daxurvis gamo sayvedurobda, Tan aRniSnavda, rom `kaciaadamiani?!”<br />
da `glaxis naambobi” calke wignebad unda daestambaT, rom am nawarmoebebs is<br />
sargebloba moetanaT, romelzec Tavad ilia werda `poetSi”.<br />
al. cagareli ki `kacia-adamianis” msgavsebas poulobda `micvalebul sulebTan” da<br />
swored is miaCnda `yvelaze did da SesaniSnav” nawarmoebad, rac ilias dauweria. Tumca iqve<br />
aRniSnavda, rom es msgavseba mxolod garegnulia da mweralma qarTlis cxovrebis Sig gulSi<br />
Caixeda. misi azriT, `kacia-adamiani?!” aris patar-patara didi xelovnebiT aRwerili scenebi<br />
da suraTebi erTad Sekrebili. magram, rom avcdeT TaTqariZeobas, mweralma umjobesia<br />
istorias mimarTos, radgan didi azris gamosaxatavad didi sagania saWiro (qarT. lit. krit.<br />
istoriidan 1956: 103).<br />
`suraTebis ostaturi Sezaveba” miiCnia niko nikolaZemac `kacia-adamianis?!” erT-erT<br />
umTavres Rirsebad. `kacia, adamianSi” gamorCeuli sagani swored isea aRwerili, rogorc<br />
namdvil cxovrebaSi arsebobs da dafasebulia pirdapir sjiT ki ara, suraTebis ostaturi<br />
SezavebiT da erTmaneTze gadabmiT”,- wers niko nikolaZe (qarTuli mwerloba 1997: 82), `glaxis<br />
naambobze” sagangebod gamoqveynebul werilSi. am nawarmoebSi, rogorc aRniSnavs kritikosi,<br />
`gamourCeveli mwerali dgas”. misi azriT, `glaxis naambobi” ufro publicisturi xasiaTisaa,<br />
xolo `kacia-adamiani?!” mxatvruli. miuxedavad amisa, miaCnia, rom ilia WavWavaZis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi `glaxis naambobi” saukeTeso nawarmoebad darCeboda, rom mas `kacia aadmiani?!”<br />
ar daewera.<br />
unda aRvniSnoT, rom ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis mimarTeba XIX saukunis rusul<br />
literaturasTan ar y<strong>of</strong>ila mxolod 60-70-iani wlebis qarTuli literaturuli kritikis<br />
interesis sagani. ilia kargad icnobda rusul kulturas, razec Tavadac mianiSnebda. es<br />
sakiTxi uyuradRebod arc momdevno saukunis mkvlevrebs dautovebiaT, Tumca am<br />
TvalsazrisiT bevri ram jer kidev Sesaswavlia.<br />
140
mowoneba da aRiareba xvda wilad ilias `mgazavris werilebsac”. niko yifianma<br />
TanamedroveTa yuradReba gansakuTrebiT `oTxi weliwadis” epizodze gaamaxvila da sevdianad<br />
aRniSna, rom `qarTvelebSi naklebadaa cxovrebisaTvis saWiro swavla-miRebuli adamianebi”<br />
(qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 123). albaT, amis gamoc iyo, rom petre umikaSvils ilias<br />
`oriode sityvidan” sul raRac aTiode wlis Semdeg ukvirda kidec, ratom gacxardnen maSin<br />
aseTi `mSvidobiani guliT nawerze”.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis literaturulma kritikam SeZlo<br />
ZiriTadad marTebulad daenaxa da Seefasebina Tavisi gamorCeuli Tanamedrovis Rvawli da is<br />
vnebaTaRelvac, arcTu iSvaiaTad rom axlda mis Semoqmedebas, swored amgvari<br />
damokidebulebiT iyo gapirobebuli.<br />
1877 wels `droebis” furclebidan niko nikolaZe `Tavs uflebas aZlevda erTi rCeva<br />
mieca uf. WavWavaZisaTvis”: `nu daiviwyebda, rom xangrZlivia marto Sinagani Zala, marto<br />
dedaazri”. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad saWiroebda ilia amis Sexsenebas, magram erTi ram udavoa:<br />
swored Tavisi nawarmoebebis Sinagani Zalisa da dedaazris gamo iqca ilia WavWavaZe<br />
saqarTvelos ukvdav Tanamdev sulad, raSic im periodis saliteraturo kritikamac Seitana<br />
wvlili.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoriidan 1955: qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoriidan,<br />
qrestomaTia, t. I, Tb., 1955.<br />
qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoriidan 1956: qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoriidan,<br />
qrestomaTia, t. II, Tb., 1956.<br />
qarTuli mwerloba 1997: qarTuli mwerloba 30 tomad, t. XIV, Tb., 1997.<br />
wereTeli 1990: akaki wereTeli, rCeuli nawerebi xuT tomad, t.IV, Tb.,1990.<br />
141
ilias ucnobi werilebi Tbilisel somexTa Sesaxeb<br />
juli gaboZe<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis 90_ian wlebSi ilia WavWavaZem didi<br />
kamaTi gamarTa im somex vai mecnierebTan, romlebic urcxvad, aTasi xrikebiT cdilobdnen<br />
saqarTvelos istoriis gayalbebas da Cveni erovnuli siamayis daCemebas. ilia Zalian<br />
principulad gamoexmaura maT am mcdelobas da uZRvna werilebis mTeli cikli saTauriT:<br />
somexTa mecnierni da “qvaTa RaRadi”,(WavWavaZe, iveria: 1899 64_76 ) esaris asgverdiani<br />
naSromi, romelic imave wels calke broSuradac daibeWda( iveria 1899). da Semdgom wlebSic<br />
ara erTgzis gamoqveynda. es naSromi amjerad ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa octomeulis XIV<br />
tomSi daibeWda.( WavWavaZe 2007 b: 177) Tumca, rogorc irkveva, ilias kidev ufro adre<br />
dauwyia eris Rirsebis dacva. jer kidev maSin, rodesac Tbiliselma somxebma qalaqis<br />
TviTmmarTvelobaSi moiyares Tavi da gamoacxades: “Tbilisi Cveniao”!<br />
albaT, advili warmosadgenia, rogor daicavda ilia qarTvelTa am siwmindes, aRniSnuli<br />
polemika 1897 wlis gazafxulze daiwyo da “iveriaSi” gaCnda ilias morigi xelmouwereli da<br />
usaTauro werilebi. Cveni kvlevis interess swored es meTaurebi warmoadgens, romlebic<br />
pirvelad qveyndeba ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa octomeulis XIII tomSi. (tomi Seadgines da<br />
komentarebi daurTes eTer SaraSeniZem da julieta gaboZem). dadgenilia, rom “iveriis” yvela<br />
xelmouwereli meTauri werili ilias kalams ekuTvnis. dRemde arsebul yvela<br />
bibliografiaze dayrdnobiT mecnierma levan WrelaSvilma Seiswavla “iveriis”<br />
xelmouwereli meTaurebis atribuciis sakiTxi, ris Sedegadac ilias Txzulebani ramdenime<br />
aTeuli tomiT gamdidrda.( WrelaSvili :43 ). Tbiliseli somxebisadmi miZRvnili werilebi<br />
ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa XIII tomSi ibeWdeba. (WavWavaZe2007 a: 300_356) somexTa sakiTxs<br />
iliam 12 werili miuZRvna. isini erTmaneTis miyolebiT ibeWdeboda da bevr maTgans Tavad<br />
avtori imowmebs momdevno werilebSi. am meTaurebis atribuciis sakiTxs Cven sagangebod<br />
ganvixilavT. amjerad, gvinda SevniSnoT ilias polemikis is saocari manera, rac albaT, bevr<br />
mecniersa da politikoss daamSvenebda. patriotizmi da humanizmi, didi codna da ufro<br />
didi gansjisa da analizis unari. mouridebloba mowinaaRmdegesTan da imavdroulad saocari<br />
taqti da TavSekaveba. ilia erTsa da imave dros aris bralmdebelica da damcvelic,<br />
Wirisufalica da kargi mezobelic. igi didi ostatobiT axerxebs yvela sakiTxis siRrmiseul<br />
analizs da mxolod amis Semdeg akeTebs saTanado daskvnebs problemis Sesaxeb.<br />
“gvetyvian, rom aq mTels somxobaze aris laparaki da ara calke kacze, marTalia,<br />
somxobaze aris, magram ara mTels somxobaze. sxva somexTan, romelnic vin icis sad ar arian<br />
dasaxlebulni, Cven ra xeli gvaqvs! RmerTma imaTs kacurkacobas da adamianurs sulTa<br />
swrafvas xeli moumarTos yvelgan. Cven pirvelni guliTadis sixaruliT mivegebebiT am<br />
marTla-da sasixarulo ambavs. aqaur somxobaze Tu vilaparakebT an sxvani hlaparakoben, eg<br />
sul sxva saqmea. aq mTels erTan saqme aravis ara aqvs ra. yvelam kargad icis, rom ar aris<br />
qveyanaze imisTana eri, romel Sorisac kargic ar iyos da avic. ueWvelia, somxebsac eyolebaT<br />
imisTana kacni, romlis winaSe Cvenc quds movixdiT pativiscemis niSnad. aq Cven vlaparakobT<br />
marto Cvens somxobaze, romelic, Cvenda samwuxarod, raRac calke razmad daewyo da imisTana<br />
moZRvrebas adgia, rom TviT gonebagaxsnil somexsac ki unda eTakilebodes, ar moswondes.”(<br />
WavWavaZe.a2007a: 304).<br />
pirveli werilis pirobiTi saTauri aseTia: “TbilisSi somxobam xelT igdo qalaqis<br />
marTveloba” (igive) ilias sawuxari swored isaa, rom Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba mxolod<br />
somxebiT dakompleqtda da xmosnebs im niSniT ki ar irCevdnen, vin risi gamkeTebeli iyo,<br />
aramed imiT, somexia Tu ara. ilia imasac aRniSnavs, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis 53%<br />
araqarTulia “gagvibatondnen tfilisis TviTmarTvelobaSi, qalaqi xelT igdes da TiTqo<br />
siciliT gveubnebian: Tu cxonebaa, Cven, somxebic kargad gacxonebTo.” ( iqve).<br />
ilia Tanmimdevrulad cdilobs am sakiTxis analizs. is mSvenivrad xvdeba, rom somxebis<br />
ase dajgufeba da mmarTvelobaSi gamoketva sulac araa ganpirobebuli qalaqis ukeTesad<br />
movlis mizniT. maT programac ar gaaCniaT, erTaderTi survili aqvT: “ qalaqi Cveniao..<br />
tfilisi romeli somxeTia an sazRvarmdebareobiT an xelmwifebiT rom ase kadnierad<br />
Cemuloben somxebi, _ Cveniao? saidam sada? sad somexi da somxeTi da sad tfilisis qalaqi?<br />
saidam sad iwvdian xelsa! kidev vityviT, aq marto saxlebia somxebisa, isic, vin icis, ramdenad,<br />
da ara qalaqi, romelic saqarTvelos miwa-wyalzea da saqarTvelosTan erTad ekuTvnis<br />
ruseTsa. aq somexs, rogorc erovnebas somxobisas, krintic ar SeuZlian dasZras, somxis<br />
saxeliT aq droSas ver gaSlis da somxobiT ver ibatonebs. aq somxisa ara aris ra, aq yvelani<br />
tfilisis Tanaswori mkvidrni arian, ganurCevlad qarTvelisa, somexisa, rusisa da sxvisa da<br />
sxvisa. aq laparaki qalaqis mkvidris saxeliT aris marto Sesawynarebeli da ara somexisiT, da<br />
nametnavad somexisiT, romelic aq xizania da sxva arara.”<br />
ilias es werilic 1897 wels daibeWda xelmouwerelad da da dasaTaurebulia ilias<br />
fraziTve; “sad somxeTi da sad Tbilis qalaqi? (WavWavaZe 2007a: 309) es werilic imis dasturia<br />
Tu, rogor wuxs ilia qveynis bedze, Tumca rogorc Cans, mezobel erTan amgvari saubari arc<br />
142
Tu ise did siamovnebas aniWebs: ” vwuxvarT, rom somxebis dauWerelma saubarma iZulebuli<br />
gagvxada yovelive es gveTqva da ara gvgonia, rom yoveli gonebamixvedrili somexic amasve ar<br />
swuxdes.”<br />
“movida somexi da moitana sxva mexio” (WavWavaZe 2007a: 316) wers ilia erT-erTi<br />
xelmouwerel meTaurSi.” rogorc ilia ambobs, somxebma esec ar ikmares da qarTvelebs<br />
sizarmace da uqnaroba daswames. Turme maTi TqmiT “exlandel droSi ,,humanoba~,<br />
kacTmoyvareoba da sxva amisTana tkbil-tkbili da adamianis sasaxelo madli zRaparia da<br />
tyuil-ubralo laqlaqi moclil da usaqmo kacisao. esec ar ikmares da iqamde Tavs gavidnen,<br />
rom gveubnebian: kulturis warmomadgenelni kavkasiaSi Cvena varTo da Cveni madlobelni<br />
iyaviT, rom kultura Cven Semogvaqvs saqarTveloSio”.<br />
ilia aRSfoTebulia mezobeli xalxis amgvari gancxadebebiT. ufro ki is ukvirs, ratom<br />
ar exmianebian am ugunur gancxadebas Wkviani somxebi, ratom uyrueben: “Tu kultura marTla<br />
imaSia, rom kacTmoyvareoba sulelobaa da gandevnil unda iyos kacTa sacxovrebelidam,<br />
RmerTma is kulturac Searcxvinos da misi momgonica. ramdeni sikeTe warmosdgeba amisTana<br />
kulturul moZRvrebisagan, RmerTma mSvidobaSi moaxmaroT da Cven, qarTvelebs ki sxva ara<br />
dagvrCenia garda imisa, rom vTqvaT: movida somexi da moitana sxva mexio. Tu amisi Tqma ar<br />
undodaT, TviTon somxobas unda gamoedva aq Tavi da uareyo eseTi kulturuli moZRvreba da<br />
qadageba imav gziT, ra gziTac gamoqveynda.”<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, ilia mowinaveebs usaTaurod beWdavda, da es kidev erTi niSania<br />
maTi atribuciis sakiTxis dasadgenad. yvela im mowinaves, romelic ilias kalams ar ekuTvnis<br />
axlavs xelmowera. mag “a. f-li” ( aleqsandre froneli), “kita” ( kita abaSiZe) , farnaozi .<br />
arsebobs artem axnazarovis mogonebac, romlis mixedviT irkveva, rom “iveriis” gazeTad<br />
gadakeTebis pirvel or-sam weliwads ilia TiTqmis yoveldRe meTaur werilebsa werda<br />
gazeTisaTvis da es werilebi xelmouwerlad ibeWdeboda. Tu sxva vinme dawerda meTaurs,<br />
mxolod maSin aRiniSneboda werilis boloSi damweris vinaoba, fsevdonimi an saxelisa da<br />
gvaris inicialebi.”(WrelaSvili 1981: 43).<br />
iliam ramdenime werili gamoaqveyna amgvari rubrikiT “patara saubari” ( WavWavaZe<br />
2007a: 321). amjerad Cveni yuradReba miiqcia orma aseTma werilma. erTSi moTxrobilia im<br />
samoswavlo gegmis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos saeqsarxosoSi qarTul samrevlo<br />
skolebSi slavianuri enis magier qarTuli saeklesio ena unda aswavlon da radgan saWiro<br />
raodenobis saxelmZRvaneloebi ara hqoniaT, TxovniT miumarTavT sinodis samoswavlo<br />
komitetisaTvis: qarTuli saxareba da fsalmunebi gamogvigzavneTo. 1892 uwmindes sinods<br />
gamougzavnia ramdenime aseuli saxareba, oRond somxuri.<br />
meore patara saubari (WavWavaZe 2007a: 334). aseve somex-qarTvelTa urTierTobas exeba<br />
da mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac aq moTxrobil ambavs franguli gazeT “ Temps “<br />
korespondentis kutulis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisa da somexTa mier misi maspinZlobis<br />
Sesaxeb (rogorc ilia wers, bevri ramiT mouxiblavT stumari, Tumca igi s<strong>of</strong>. SindisSi<br />
qorwilSi qalebis grZel cxvirebs gauocebia, razedac maspinZlebs uTqvamT, egeni qarTveli<br />
qalebi ariano). ilia TiTqmis sityva-sityviT imeorebs “qvaTa RaRadSi”, rac utyuari<br />
argumentia am werilebis atribuciis dasadgenad (WavWavaZe2007 b: 177).<br />
“qarTvelebisa da somxebis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi da interesi” (WavWavaZe 2007 a:321) es<br />
xelmouwereli usaTauro werili iliam 1897 rlis 5 aprils dabeWda. werili metad saintereso<br />
dakvirvebebs Seicavs da igi obieqturi, civiluri kamaTis nimuSia. es aris analitikuri<br />
msjelobiT gajerebuli werili. roca adamians ar aviwydeba sakuTar TvalSi dires SemCneva,<br />
sxvisi Rirsebisa da damsaxurebis aRiareba. ilia Rrma analizis Sedegad xsnis im sxvaobebsa da<br />
maT mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs, rac am or ers gamoarCevs erTmaneTisagan. rac ganapirobebs<br />
am ori eris xasiaTis sxvadasxvaobas. ilia exmaureba somexTa gancxadebebs, rom kavkasiaSi<br />
kulturis Semomtani eri varT da bevri ganaTlebuli adamiani gyavso. “ qeba da dideba<br />
somxebs, rom Taviss Svilebs uswavlelad ara stoveben. amisaTvis, swored unda vTqvaT, somexi<br />
ded-mama arafersa hzogavs SvilisaTvis da welebze fexs idgams, Svils codna risame misces,<br />
saswavlebelSi fexi Seadgmevinos. yvelaferSi xelmoWerili da yairaTiani somexi aq Tavisis<br />
Svilis sikeTisaTvis xelgaSlilia da meti ar iqneba vTqvaT, rom TiTqmis guluxvica. TviTon<br />
iqneba xmeli puric ikmaros da erTi dRec sixarulisa da siamovnebisa ar gamoiaros da Svilis<br />
swavlisaTvis araferi hSurs: groSs groSze akowiwebs, marcvals marcvalze sdebs, rom Svils<br />
swavlisa da codnis SeZenis gza misces. sasaxelod somexisa esec unda iTqvas, rom arc Svilebi<br />
hyavT umadurni. esenic Taviss mxriT ded-mamas samagieros imiT uxdian, rom rac SeiZleba<br />
bejiToben, TavgamodebiT bolomde gulgautexelad da gulaucrueblad ebrZvian siZneles<br />
swavla-codnisas, dawyebuli bolomde gaaqvT.”(iqve, 324).<br />
iliam mSvenivrad icis, rom bavSvi pirvel yovlisa, ojaxidan iRebs yovelgvar zne-<br />
Cveulebas, amitomac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogor garemoSi izrdeba is. ilia am mxriv,<br />
somex mSoblebsa da maT gulmodginebas gansakuTrebiT afasebs: “RmerTma nuravis nu<br />
mouSalos aseTi ojaxoba, aseTi saojaxo anderZi, aseTi wurTvna Svilisa saxlSive, ojaxSive da<br />
143
aseTi gulmodgine ded-mama, _ es pirveldamwyebi da uebro mwurTvneli, romlis magierobas<br />
Znelad Tu gauwevs vinme SemdegSi, rac gind karg saswavlebelSi iyos mibarebuli.”<br />
ilia WavWavaZe piruTvneli Semfasebelia sakuTari eris mdgomareobisa. igi uary<strong>of</strong>iT<br />
epiTetebsac ar iSurebs Tavisi xalxis mankierebis warmosaCenad: “qarTvelebs es unari ara<br />
gvaqvs. Cveni ojaxi am dargze ar aris dayenebuli, Cvenda saubedurod. qarTveli ded-mama jer<br />
yvelaze uwinares bedovlaTia”<br />
Tumca ilia aqac ar Ralatobs Tavisi msjelobis Cveul stils da igi gamowvlilviT,<br />
siRrmiseulad eZebs ama Tu im problemis mizezebs. am SemTxvevaSi ilia cdilobs auxsnas<br />
mkiTxvels, ra aris qarTvelTa bedovlaTobis mizezebi: “iqneba aq Cveni istoriac iyos mizezi.<br />
istoriulma bedma aseTs mdgomareobaSi daayena qarTveli, rom dRes ar icoda, xvale misi<br />
iqneba Tu ara. igeriebda yoveldRe mters, yovel wuTs moeloda, rom ai an exla amiklebs mteri<br />
an exlao, sarCo-qonebas gadamibugavs, wamglejs, waiRebs da exla rom cocxali var, ar vici,<br />
wuTis Semdegac viqnebiRa cocxali Tu arao. sakvirvelic ar aris, rom dRiTi dRidam, wliTiwlobiT<br />
da saukunidam saukunemde amisTana y<strong>of</strong>am xvalis uimedobisam ver SeuCvia fiqri _<br />
dRevandeli dRe igulvos xvalisaTvis, dRevandeli dahzogos merme gamoyenebisaTvis,<br />
radganac igi ,,merme~, ar icoda, mis xelT iqneba Tu ara. amitomac rac dRes hqonda, dResve<br />
Tavis Tavs axmarebda, sjobia Cemi meve virgo, vidre Cems mters darCeso. ers, romelic<br />
imisTana y<strong>of</strong>aSia, rom yovel dRe da yovels wuTs moelis gansacdeli an gaZarcul iqmnas<br />
mtrisagan, an sulamoxdili da sadme mokluli, da romelsac es lodini gansacdelisa mTeli<br />
saukunoebi gamouklebliv guls ucruebda yvelaferze, sakvirveli ar aris, rom dasCemda<br />
xasiaTi dRevandelis dauzogvelobisa, dRevandelis daklebiT da xelmoWeriT cxovrebisa.<br />
visTvis da risTviso? CemiT gavamdidro Cemi mterio? me dRes daviklo, davzogo imisaTvis,<br />
rom xval gamarjvebulma mterma daavlos xeli da sul gaxvetoso.”( iqve, 325).<br />
“Cveneburi somxebic xom am dReSi iyvnen da ratom imaTze ki ar imoqmeda amisTana<br />
istoriulma garemoebamao? ikiTxaven. rac somxis saxelmwifo daeca, somexi xmliT aRaravis<br />
dasdgomia win, sasikvdilod Tavi aRar gamoumetnia, asaklebad aRaravin misevia. isini zogi sad<br />
Seixiznen da zogi sad da yvelgan imisTana xelobas mohkides xeli, romelic odesRac<br />
saTakilod miaCndaT meomarT erTa da rogorc ukadriss, dabals, maSindelis azriT, xelobas<br />
aravin Seecilnen. exlaa vaWroba, aRebmicemoba dids pativSi, Torem maSin ra iyo da vin<br />
Seecileboda. saca ciloba ar aris, iq arc SiSia, arc lodini Tavdasxmisa, mosevisa da sisxlis<br />
Rvrisa. garda amisa, TviT igi xeloba, romelsac vaWrobas, aRebmicemobas eZaxian, imisTana<br />
bunebisaa, imisTana Tvisebisa, rom dauzogvelad erTs dResac ver iWaWanebs qveyanaze. xeloba,<br />
romelic imazea marto damyarebuli, rom dRes iyide xvale gasasyidad, xvalezea<br />
damokidebuli da amitom dReisas zogva unda, rom xvale sagzali hqondes. aq xvalis imedi rom<br />
ar iyos, arc dReisi iqneba, aq xvale gvirgvinia dReisa, viTarca dasawyisi dasasrulisa,” es<br />
vrceli amonaweri sagangebod movitaneT, raTa amgvari Tanmimdevruli SedarebiTi analiziT<br />
vaCvenoT mkiTxvels ilias ukompromisoba. es mowinave werili imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom<br />
ilia aqve msjelobs qarTvelisa da somxis xasiaTsa da sxva Tvisebebze “somxis erTi didi<br />
Tviseba is aris, rom igi batoni da mbZanebelia gulTa-Tqmisa, Tvalwin gamorkveuli sagani<br />
aqvs cxovrebisa. unda gavmdirdeo, iZaxis da amis misaRwevad arafers erideba, yovels<br />
dabrkolebas ebrZvis, yovelisfers iTmens: SimSils, wyurvils, wvimas, Tovls, sicxes, sicives,<br />
ybadaRebas, dacinebas, oRond naTqvami ki Seisrulos. raki erTxel dasdo, dReSi erTi groSi<br />
xvalisaTvis gadasdos, dRes mSieri darCeba, Tu gauWirda, da mainc gadasdebs. eseTis mtkice<br />
da dadgromilis xasiaTis kacia da viRacama sTqva, istorias marto xasiaTi hqmniso. igia<br />
batoni Tavisis wadilebisa da survilebisa. gana iman ki ar icis sitkboeba lxinisa,<br />
siamovnebisa, Seqcevisa, magram minam yovels amas miecema, gaetacineba, valad hracxs jer<br />
saWiro iqonios, jer mamasaxlisoba gauwios ojaxs, col-Svils, jer saxli, ojaxi kargad<br />
daabinavos, Svilebs gza misces da lxini da siamovneba arsad wauva. qarTveli ki jer yvelaze<br />
uwinaress bedovlaTobas emsaxureba. igi qeifisaTvis, Seqcevisa da lxinisaTvis, erTis<br />
mxolod baraqalaobisaTvis saWirosac anacvalebs xolme da zed waaklavs. wadili, survili,<br />
gulTaTqmani arian misi batonebi da bZanebelni da TviTon ymaa yurmoWrili. qarTvels<br />
imodena xasiaTi ara aqvs, rom lxinisa da Seqcevis macdurobas ar daeZlevinos. vaJkaci Tavis<br />
gulTaTqmas xelSi mCvrad uxdeba da eTelvineba. tabla gared gaaqvs maSin, rodesac Sin col-<br />
Svilni utirian.” (iqve: 325 ). ilia somxebis siZunwesac exeba da Tvlis, rom es saZraxisi<br />
Tviseba sulac araa. isini Zunwebi arian tyuil-ubralod flangvisaTvis. ilia im mdidari<br />
somxebis Sesaxebac msjelobs, romlebic uangarod exmarebian Tavisianebs? “ aba axla hnaxeT,<br />
raki somexi qons moicxobs, gamdidrdeba, ramodenad guluxvia Tavisis erisaTvis, Tavisis eris<br />
swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis. ise ar mokvdeba, rom karga zorbad fuli an qoneba rame ar Seswiros<br />
Tavisis eris sazogado saWiroebisaTvis, somexTa SvilTa swavla-codnisaTvis saerTod. aq<br />
aramc Tu mzrunveloba da naRveli sCans Tavisis sakuTaris SvilisaTvis, sCans sxvaTa<br />
SvilTaTvisac fiqri da naRveli gulidam, cocxalia Tu mkvdari, moSorebuli ara hqonia, sxva<br />
somxis SvilisaTvisac is wyurvili hqonia, rac Tavisis sakuTarisaTvis da Tavisis<br />
naWirnaxulevis nametanobisagan xels umarTavs. ras ityviT? gana codvaa, rom kacma amisTana<br />
madlisaTvis iZunwos, TviTon iklos da Tavisis erisaTvis ase sasaxelod imetos.”<br />
144
ilias azriT somxebs isic exmarebaT Svilebis swavla-ganaTlebaSi, rom TbilisSi binis<br />
xarji ar aqvT. gansxvavebiT s<strong>of</strong>lelisagan( rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba<br />
dRevandeliviT mxolod TbilisSi ar iyo Tavmoyrili j.g.).<br />
swavla-ganaTlebisa da “diplomiani codnis” mniSvnelobas iliam ramdenime werili<br />
uZRvna. misi dakvirvebiT somxebi ZiriTadad sam specialobas etanebian, esenia: advokatis,<br />
inJinrisa da eqimis. es ki imitom, rom samive fuliani pr<strong>of</strong>esiaa, Tumca ilia iqve da Semdeg<br />
mowinaveebSic aseve dawvrilebiT ganixilavs am sakiTxs da mkiTxvels aCvenebs randenad<br />
adgebian qveyanas es “diplomiani” eqimebi, veqilebi da inJinrebi. “yovelive is sikeTe da<br />
sidiade codnisa gvwams da Cven mxolod imas vambobT, rom gulgaunaTlebeli, marto<br />
saxveWavad mimarTuli codna ufro mosaridebelia, vidre sanatreli, Tu TavSi gaiwia, piridam<br />
lagami namusisa wamoiyara da ganaTlebulma gulma sadave ar aukriba. codna daufasebeli<br />
madlia mxolod marTla ganaTlebul kacis xelSi. marTalia, ganaTleba ucodnelad Znelad<br />
sagulvebelia, magram marto codna ganaTleba ar aris. codna marto Wkua-gonebis Tvalis<br />
axilebaa da ganaTleba ki masTan erTad gulisac, romelic saTnoebis sadguria. codna Tu<br />
cxovrebis gzas gvinaTebs, saTnoeba gviTbobs. ganaTleba hgavs mzesa, romelic ise ar anaTebs,<br />
rom imave dros ar aTbos da ise ar aTbos, rom ar anaTos.<br />
aba am sawyaoTi miviwyoT aqauri inJeneroba, mkurnaloba da advokatoba _ qarTvelisa<br />
iqneba Tu somxebisa da maSin gamoCndeba, ra didi xvavi dadgeba. “ maSin, roca Tbilisi<br />
Cabnelebulia, inJineri ganaTebis sakeTeblad ucxoeTidan mogvyavs, roca gzaa dasagebi, Tu<br />
kanalizacia gasayvani, isev ucxoel specialistebs mivmarTavT,_ wuxs ilia. mkurnalis<br />
funqcia daavadebis mecnieruli kvlevac unda iyos. “CvenSi diplomia niSani mkurnalis<br />
codnisa da ara TviT codna” (WavWavaZe 2007 a:352), “swavla-codna, rogorc mxolod fulis<br />
xveWis sagani”(WavWavaZe 2007 a: 338) ase dasaTaurda ilias 19 aprilis mowinave. “usicocxlo<br />
codna xvedria uniWobisa “ ( iqve :343) acxadebs ilia 25 aprilis mowinaveSi. amrigad, ilia<br />
WavWavaZe piruTvnelad, mourideblad akritikebs sazogadoebis yvela mankier Tvisebebs,<br />
ganurCevlad imisa, romeli erisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli igi. amis Sesaxeb sayvedurobdnen<br />
kidec: aqaur ,,kulturis~ moZRvarni ,,iverias~ codvad uTvlian, qarTvelebs wuni daunaxeso.<br />
amasac ,,abrundi~ daarqves. namusi mwerlobisa ras iTxovda, raki amaze laparaki saWirod<br />
danaxuli iqmna? marTla daunaxes wuni Tu moigones? ai sakiTxi da saZiebeli ra iyo. amis<br />
magier ras gveubnebian? avzneobaao qarTvelis mier qarTvels wuni ram SeamCnioso. es,<br />
rasakvirvelia, qarTvelis siyvaruliT ki ar mosdiT, aramed SemCnevelis SesaCveneblad.<br />
gamodis, rom qarTvelma qarTvels yvelaferi unda uqos. aba, amaSi azria rame gauTlel<br />
sibriyvis meti?! somexma rom somexs yvelaferi uqos, Cven ra dava gvaqvs: Cveuleba rjulT<br />
umtkicesia. Cven qarTvelebs ki dagvexsnan da mowyaleba moiRon, Tu magisTana ,,kulturul~<br />
anderZebs ar SeviferebT da arc miviRebT” (iqve).<br />
Cven sagangebod SeviswavleT gaz. ,,iveriis~ 1894-1897 wlebSi dabeWdili meTauri<br />
werilebi. kvlevisas dadginda: ,,iveriaSi~ ibeWdeboda meTaurebi xelmowerebiT: kita,<br />
farnaozi, al. froneli. xSirad qveyndeboda meTaurebi xelmouwerlad. aseve xelmouwerlad<br />
daibeWda ramdenime patara saubari, feletoni da narkvevi (Jurnal-gazeTebidan). kvlevam<br />
cxadyo rom yvela xelmouwereli meTauri ilias kalams ekuTvnis. yvela es werili, oriode<br />
gamonaklisis garda (mag. patara saubari da feletoni) usaTaurodaa dabeWdili da<br />
dasaTaurda Cven mier avtoris frazebiTve.<br />
am werilebs sxvebisagan aSkarad gamoarCevs ramdenime niSani. esenia: Sinaarsobrivstruqturuli<br />
_ ilias interesTa speqtri Zalian farToa, misi werilebi exeba politikas,<br />
ekonomikas, s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobas, ganaTlebas, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis y<strong>of</strong>as, mezobel<br />
erebTan urTierTobas, Tbilisis komunalursa da finansur sakiTxebs da mraval sxvas.<br />
yvela es werili dawerilia amgvari TanmimdevrobiT: sakiTxis zogadi mimoxilva,<br />
arsebuli viTarebis analizi, problemis dasma da gamosavlis Zieba. ilias<br />
publicistikisaTvis niSandoblivia agreTve zogadis mimarTeba konkretulisaken.<br />
teqstologiuri kvleva cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom tomSi warmodgenili meTaurebis mTeli cikli<br />
eZRvneba im droisaTvis ramdenime aqtualur da problemur sakiTxs; mag: werilebis seria<br />
,,Saumovis seldebisa da aruTinovis trixiniani Rorebisa da lorebis sakiTxi~ (WavWavaZe 2007<br />
a:357). garda imisa, rom T. saxokias mogonebiT dgindeba am werilTa iliaseuloba, yoveli<br />
werilis dasawyisSi avtori uTiTebs (WavWavaZe 2007 a: 534-535) wina werilis Sesaxeb.<br />
werilebis seria Tbilisel somexTa Sesaxeb, rom ilias kalams ekuTvnis amis Sesaxeb<br />
ixileT vrclad ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis XIII tomiss SeniSvnebi “teq<br />
stisaTvis”( WavWavaZe2007 a :534). xSirad werilis atribuciisaTvis utyuari wyaroa oponentis<br />
werilis Sinaarsi. am SemTxvevaSi J. ,,kvalSi~ dabeWdili g. wereTlis weriliT irkveva, rom<br />
somexTa sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawerili yvela xelmouwereli mowinave iliasia.<br />
enobriv-stilisturi formebi aris erT-erTi yvelaze sarwmuno argumenti atribuciis<br />
sakiTxis dadgenisaTvis. ilias ena Zalian mdidaria, misi nawerebi gajerebulia xalxuri<br />
gamonaTqvamebiTa da frazeologizmebiT. mag: ,,ozma-ozmad uwyviaT~, ,,zahla waiRo~,<br />
,,abrundis eZaxiano~, ,,mtreduli uguneboba~, ,,dafoleba~, ,,TabauTi~, baSvi, ,,sameurnoe~,<br />
145
,,erTbamad~, ,,ufros-erTi~, ,,kazuistoba~, ,,orWobad laparaki”, ‘dalabrebuli bejiToba’<br />
sarTadaudeblad, fexmokle ostatoba, urgeniaT, ,,aberCxardeba venaxi~, ,,napolioni~, da<br />
mravali sxva. vfiqrobT, ilias publicisturi nawerebi SesaniSnavi wyaro iqneba misi enis<br />
Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis.<br />
dasasrul, gvinda siamovnebiT aRvniSnoT, rom dReisaTvis, ilias saiubileod,<br />
gamocemulia ilia WavWavaZis 15 tomi, gamoqveynda sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi asobiT werili,<br />
dadginda gaz. “droebisa” da “iveriis” meTauri werilebis avtorobis sakiTxi, gamoqveynda<br />
dRemde tabudadebuli da bevri koniunqturuli werili, rac saSualebas miscems Cvens<br />
mecnierebsa da sazogadoebas, rom Tvali gausworon sinamdviles da ukeT Seiswavlon istoria.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
WavWavaZe 2007 a: WavWavaZe i.TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad t.XIII Tb. 2007.<br />
WavWavaZe 2007 b: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.XIV.<br />
WrelaSvili macne: WrelaSvili l. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa atribuciisa da gamocemis istoriis<br />
sakiTxebi J. macne els 1981 2-3.<br />
iveria 1999: gaz. “iveria” 1999 64-76.<br />
WavWavaZe 1899: WavWavaZe i. somexTa mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi” iveria 1899.<br />
146
`bednieri eri~: struqtura da sazrisi<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili<br />
ilia WavWavaZis `bednieri eris~ struqtura arasodes gamxdara specialuri dakvirvebis<br />
sagani. amis mizezi, albaT, isicaa, rom Tvalis erTi SevlebiT, forma leqsisa, Tundac<br />
versifikaciis doneze, arafriT iqcevs yuradRebas: klasikuri da romantikuli tradiciis<br />
fonze, rvamarcvliani maRali Sairi (4/4) SidariTmebiT da modernizebuli grafikiT raime<br />
siaxles ar amJRavnebs. ramdenadme moulodneli _ ilias evropeizmze orientirebuli<br />
esTetikis konteqstSi _ mxolod SidariTmis aqtualizeba Cans.<br />
`bednieri eris~ teqsti erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli oTxi monakveTisagan Sedgeba. pirveli<br />
sami, formis mxriv, urTierTidenturia: TiToeuli Seicavs 14 taeps, metrulad igiveobrivia<br />
da imeorebs gariTmvis specifikur sistemas. bolo, meoTxe monakveTi orstriqoniania, vrceli<br />
monakveTebisagan grafikulad gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili da damoukidebeli:<br />
CvenisTana bednieri<br />
kidev aris sadme eri?!<br />
sivrcobrivad araTanadi ortaepedis xazgasmuli avtonomiuroba Ria signalia<br />
specifikuri struqturuli organizaciisa, rac teqstis dakvirvebuli wakiTxvis drosac<br />
aRqmadi da TvalsaCinoa: es ortaepedi, gameorebuli samive vrceli monakveTis dasawyisSi,<br />
yvela parametris mixedviT, refrens warmoadgens.<br />
marTlac, leqsSi oTxgzis dafiqsirebuli kiTxviTi winadadeba, rogorc es tipiur<br />
refrens moeTxoveba, Tematurad gamokveTilia, metrulad gaformebuli da sintaqsurad<br />
dasrulebuli. amgvar kvalifikacias xels ver SeuSlis gavrcelebuli warmodgena, TiTqos<br />
refreni mxolod mosdevs, aboloebs ZiriTad str<strong>of</strong>ebs, maSin, roca `bednier erSi~ igi yvelgan<br />
sawyis poziciaSi dgas. rogorc folkloruli, ise literaturuli faqtebi mowmobs, rom<br />
refrens ara aqvs mkacrad moniSnuli adgili: igi xSiradaa boloSi, magram SesaZloa<br />
garemoicavdes ZiriTad str<strong>of</strong>s an win uZRodes mas. konkretulad, ilias winare da Tanadroul<br />
poeziaSi refreni str<strong>of</strong>is dasawyisSi iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenda (guramiSvili, besiki, al.<br />
WavWavaZe, gr. orbeliani, akaki).<br />
refrenis Tavisebureba `bednier erSi~ isicaa, rom igi Tematur-Sinaarsobrivad<br />
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ZiriTad teqstTan, metrulad ar gansxvavdeba misgan da vrcel<br />
monakveTebSi arc grafikuladaa gamocalkevebuli. albaT, es garemoebani iyo mizezi imisa, rom<br />
ganmeorebadi fraza, arcTu usafuZvlod, 14-taepiani kompoziciuri monakveTebis organul<br />
nawilad aRiqmeboda da ara _ refrenad.<br />
refrenis, rogorc Tematuri, metruli da sintaqsuri erTobis, ganmsazRvreli niSani<br />
mainc is aris, rom igi ar moiazreba im ZiriTadi kompoziciuri sididis (str<strong>of</strong>is) Semadgenel<br />
nawilad, romlis refrensac warmoadgens (v. Jirmunski). refrenuli struqturis teqstSi<br />
arsebobs, erTi mxriv, ZiriTadi saleqso forma da, meore mxriv, misgan met-naklebad<br />
damoukidebeli, gankerZoebuli erTeuli _ refreni.<br />
Tu `bednier ers~ am kuTxidan SevxedavT anu erTmaneTs davaSorebT refrens da ZiriTad<br />
teqsts, gzas gavikvlevT nawarmoebis sawyisi, amosavali saleqso formisaken. saanalizo leqsis<br />
14-taepian, identur kompoziciur monakveTebSi, refrenis gareSe, inakvTeba Zveli qarTuli<br />
poeziis erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis amosacnobad teqsts Tavdapirveli grafikuli formiT<br />
warmovadgenT:<br />
mZime yalniT, lamaz falniT morTuli da mSvenieri;<br />
uwyinari, uCinari, qeddrekili, madlieri;<br />
uSfoTveli, qvemZromeli, rigiani, wesieri;<br />
yovlad mTmeni, viT jor-cxeni, naxedni da Ronieri.<br />
vinc qarTuli klasikuri leqsis saxeebs icnobs, mas aq ar gauWirdeba Zveli, amosavali<br />
formis danaxva _ esaa Teqvsmetmarcvlovani maRali Sairi winacezuruli riTmebiT, romlis<br />
erTaderTi zusti versifikaciuli analogi CaxruxaZis `TamarianSi~ dasturdeba. marTalia, es<br />
saxotbo poema, TiTqmis TaviT bolomde (sami str<strong>of</strong>is gamoklebiT), ocmarcvlediT (55/55)<br />
aris dawerili, magram maRali SairiT gamarTuli es unikaluri str<strong>of</strong>i odiTganve erTgvari<br />
esTetikuri parolia CaxruxaZis poeziisa:<br />
Tamar wynari, Sesawynari, xma-narnari, pir-mcinari,<br />
mze-mcinari, saCinari, wyali mqnari, momdinari.<br />
misTvis qnari ra ars? _ qnari arsiT mTqnari, uCinari.<br />
vard-Sambnari, Samb-maRnari, Rawv-mwyazari, Suq-mfinari.<br />
147
damowmebuli str<strong>of</strong>i imiTac iqcevs yuradRebas, rom aq aramarto savaldebulo<br />
winacezuruli riTmebia realizebuli, aramed uCveulo siWarbea riTmebisa: yoveli muxli _<br />
oTxmarcvliani segmenti _ evfoniurad erTmaneTTanaa Sewyobili. amis gamo, `Tamarianis~ es<br />
fragmenti _ mesame oda _ Zveli droidan harmoniulobisa da miuwvdomeli poeturi<br />
xelovnebis misabaZ nimuSad miiCneoda.<br />
amrigad, `bednier erSi~ sayrden saleqso formad SerCeulia `Tamarianis~ unikaluri<br />
str<strong>of</strong>i _ e.w. Sairi-Caxruxauli. marTalia, ilias leqsSi mxolod savaldebulo<br />
winacezuruli riTmebia, yvela muxli erTmaneTTan gariTmuli araa, magram aSkaraa analogia<br />
stilis doneze _ orive teqstSi gansazRvreba-epiTetebis (`zedSesrulebis~) gabmuli<br />
mwkrivia. ilia amodis saxotbo odis formidan, rogorc versifikaciul-stiluri erTobidan,<br />
oRond leqss grafikulad modernizebul saxes aZlevs.<br />
tradiciuli formis aRdgena-gamoyenebaSi TavisTavad uCveulo araferia, rom ara erTi<br />
gansakuTrebuli garemoeba _ ilias mkveTrad uary<strong>of</strong>iTi damokidebuleba CaxruxaZisa da<br />
`Tamarianisadmi~, Caxruxaulis saleqso formisa da stilisadmi, rac man Cveuli pirdapirobiT<br />
gamoTqva statiaSi `oriode sityva~. gamodis, rom poetma mxatvrul praqtikaSi, `bednieri eris~<br />
Seqmnisas, im poetikas mimarTa, romelsac, rogorc Teoretikosi, principulad gaemijna. es<br />
ucnauri faqti axsnas moiTxovs.<br />
* * *<br />
`oriode sityva~, romelSic mocemulia CaxruxaZisa da misi poemis negatiuri Sefaseba,<br />
1861 wels, `bednieri eris~ daweramde aTi wliT adre gamoqveynda da saqarTveloSi kritikuli<br />
realizmis manifests warmoadgens. am istoriul statiaSi iliam ganaCeni gamoutana uZraobis<br />
ideologias (`CineTis filos<strong>of</strong>ias~), romelic arsebobis erTaderT wess aRiarebda: `rac mamapapas<br />
uqnia, is Cven unda vqnaTo~. Zveli, konservatiuli ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis Taoba ver amCnevda,<br />
an ar surda daenaxa cvlilebani cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris _ mwerlobaSic da axal,<br />
Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul epoqaSi gardasuli xanis esTetikisa da poetikis erTgulebas<br />
qadagebda. anton kaTalikosis mimdevrebma, misive avtoritetis zegavleniT, CaxruxaZe da misi<br />
poezia gamoacxades idealad da normad da rogorc Seuval WeSmaritebas, ise imowmebdnen<br />
antonis cnobil iambikos:<br />
Caxruxais Ze _ ucxo piitikosi;<br />
Tamar didisa mmkobi SairebiTa;<br />
SoTas SairTa, Tu sTqua, ukeTesTaca<br />
mTqmeli mestixe, didi sibrZnis-moyuare,<br />
yovlad saqebi, ritorT-mestixT guirguini.<br />
ilia Tvlida, rom is, rac warsulSi nimuSad iyo miCneuli, miT ufro, `warsul droTa<br />
sicrue da cTomileba~, axal mwerlobas ar gamoadgeboda. arc ZvelTa kerpTa ganusjeli<br />
Tayvaniscema iyo misTvis misaRebi mxolod imitom, rom sazogadoebis aRiareba hqonda, miT<br />
ufro, im sazogadoebisa, romelic ar iyo `estetikurad gaxsnili da ganviTarebuli~.<br />
swored am konteqstSi ikiTxeba `oriode sityvaSi~ CaxruxaZis Sefaseba:<br />
`Tamaris qeba mTel moTxrobis odenaa, zedSesruliT daiwyoba da TiTqmis zedSesruliT<br />
Tavdeba. ra vai-vaglaxiT da kisris mtvreviT mogogavs davardnil cxensaviT misi ocmarcvlovani<br />
tyviasaviT mZime leqsebi!.. arc azri, arc suraTi, arc mSveniereba, arc Wkua, arc<br />
guli, arafrisTana araferi, garda zedSesrulebis raxa-ruxisa!~<br />
`Tamarians~ ilia WavWavaZe axali esTetikis _ kritikuli realizmis poziciidan<br />
afasebda, amitom misTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda saxotbo Janris paTosi, ritorika da poetika,<br />
moklebuli cocxali poeziis arsebiT niSnebs _ azrs, grZnobas, suraTovnebas, mSvenierebas.<br />
ilias damokidebuleba Caxruxaulisadmi ufro naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom man<br />
`Tavidanve sastikad dascina `mwyobr xmovan braxabruxs riTmebisa~, `ubralo sityvebisa da<br />
riTmebis raxaruxs~, _ aseT poetebs man `axali riTmebis moraxuneblebi~ uwoda da<br />
aRSfoTebiT Seutia yovelgvar `maSriy-maRribuli enis konstruqcias~ da `uTavbolod<br />
aSenebul sityvis yores~ (grigol kiknaZe). gamoTqma `axali riTmebis moraxuneblebi~<br />
gulisxmobda, rom arsebobdnen maTi winamorbedni _ Zveli riTmebis moraxuneblebi, romlebic<br />
riTmis, zogadad formis `trfialebisa gamo~, gulgrilni iyvnen azris, Sinaarsis mimarT.<br />
`Tamarianis~ umkacresi Sefaseba (`arafrisTana araferi~) ekuTvnoda axali formaciis<br />
poet-moqalaqes, visTvisac poezia cxovrebis sarkea, xalxis cxovrebis gamomTqmelia, amitom<br />
igi, cxadia, ver iguebda iseT nawarmoebs, romelic mefis saxotbod da gansadideblad (`Tamars<br />
vaqebdeT mefed cxebulsa~) riTmebis yores agebda.<br />
klasikuri xanis poemis Sefasebas axali esTetikuri Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, zogi<br />
mkvlevari istorizmis principis darRvevad Tvlis, rac, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos asecaa. magram<br />
dasaviwyebeli araa, rom ilias mizani ar iyo CaxruxaZis adgilis gansazRvra qarTuli poeziis<br />
istoriaSi. `oriode sityva~, rogorc literaturuli manifesti, aaSkaravebda Zveli<br />
esTetikuri warmodgenebis SeuTavseblobas TanamedroveobasTan, asabuTebda, rom awmyoSi<br />
148
warsulis kanonebiT cxovreba ar SeiZleba, `Tamariani~, rogorc literaturuli faqti,<br />
warsuls ekuTvnis...<br />
istorizmi ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli niSania ilia WavWavaZis azrovnebisa. statiaSi `pasuxi~ igi anton<br />
kaTalikosis istoriuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb wers: `antoni dids alags daiWers Cvens<br />
literaturaSi, rogorc warmomadgeneli im drois saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa~... magram es rodi<br />
niSnavda, rom axal droSic misi Sexedulebani Seuval dogmebad unda darCeniliyo! ilia<br />
ganagrZobs: `exla rom poeziis ganxilva im drois kanonebiT movindomoT, Zalian SevcdebiT.<br />
maSin sxva-rigad esmodaT, exla sxva-rigad~.<br />
ueWvelia, ilias CaxruxaZis istoriuli rolis gansazRvra rom ganezraxa, ar daukargavda<br />
Rvawls `misi drois saqarTvelos~ mwerlobaSi, magram realizmis medroSis winaSe sul sxva<br />
amocana idga. ilia WavWavaZem xma aRimaRla ara istoriuli CaxruxaZis, aramed `im drois<br />
kanonebis~ _ moZvelebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac konservatorebi<br />
CaxruxaZis saxeliT Tavs axvevdnen axal mwerlobas. es iyo Tanamedroveobis interesebis dacva<br />
warsulis pretenziebisagan, Torem Znelia antiistorizmi usayveduro im pirovnebas, visac ase<br />
Rrmad esmoda, rom `WeSmariti meistorie, viTarca gamkiTxveli, jer im droebis qerqSi unda<br />
Cajdes da mere ganikiTxos TviT droebis Svilnica~.<br />
da mainc, ilias radikalizmis asaxsnelad, polemikis specifikasTan erTad, isic<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `Tamariani~ im droisaTvis mecnierulad ar iyo Seswavlili, ar iyo<br />
amokiTxuli urTules poetur formaSi moqceuli ideologiuri koncefcia, rac CaxruxaZis<br />
poemas `qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriisa da frTaSesxmuli<br />
patriotizmis udides Zeglad~ warmoaCens (korneli kekeliZe).<br />
amrigad, `Tamarianis~ Sefaseba ilias mier ar iyo subieqturi, antiistoriuli midgomis<br />
Sedegi. igi gamoTqvamda axali, realisturi esTetikis verdiqts, gamotanils e.w. klasicisturi<br />
esTetikisadmi. konceptualuri dapirispirebis simaRlidan ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens<br />
kiTxva, ratom mimarTa ilia WavWavaZem Caxruxaulis saleqso formasa da stilistikas.<br />
* * *<br />
`bednier erSi~ dominanturia axali esTetikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani _ kriticizmi.<br />
ukve `oriode sityvaSi~ werda axalgazrda ilia:<br />
`maS, rogor unda gavswordeT, Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba? netavi oriode kaci<br />
iyos saqarTveloSi, rom Cveni boroteba erTianad asweros da dagvanaxos... aba, is iqneba<br />
namdvili saqebari mamulis-moyvare, da ara is, vinc metis-metad damJavebuli siyvarulisa gamo,<br />
angeloziviT asaxelebs saqarTvelosa. borotebis Rviareba naxevari gasworebaa~.<br />
hegelis dialeqtikas naziarebi ilia WavWavaZe sinamdviles, cxovrebas aRiqvamda,<br />
rogorc dapirispirebulTa erTianobas da Widils, sadac siaxle Zvelis uary<strong>of</strong>iT, nabijnabij<br />
miiwevs myoobadisaken. mwerlobis sarkeSi `sicudec da sikargec~ unda aisaxos, xolo<br />
visac sakuTari eris winsvla surs, man WeSmariti siyvarulis saxeliT unda amxilos is, rac<br />
CvenSi `cudia da sazizRari~. marto `umecar siyvaruls~ miaCnia siqveled `Cveni cxovrebis<br />
siborotis damalva~, mamuliSvilisTvis ki mxolod pirSi Zraxvis, marTlis Tqmis zneobrivi<br />
kanoni moqmedebs:<br />
vaJkac igia, vinc marTals<br />
etyvis qveyanas mcdomsao.<br />
cdomilebaTa uary<strong>of</strong>a, naklis mxileba, rogorc gza gamosworebisa, kritika, rogorc<br />
pozitiuri Zala ilias literaturuli mrwamsis erT-erTi arsebiTi komponentia.<br />
`bednieri eri~ mTels qarTul poeziaSi unikaluri nimuSia `mcdomi qveynisaTvis~<br />
simarTlis Tqmisa. aq kritikuli gansjis obieqtia ara pirovneba, aramed mTeli eri. iliam<br />
Tavdapirveli saTauri _ `bednieri xalxi~ Secvala, radgan warsul epoqebSi `xalxi~ mxolod<br />
aristokratias gulisxmobda da ara ers, rogorc eTnikur erTobas. Secvlili saTauri<br />
mTlianad moicavda mxilebis obieqts _ ara mxolod elitas, Tavadaznaurobas, aramed<br />
uklebliv yvelas _ sruliad qarTvelobas.<br />
eris, rogorc poeturi gansjis obieqtis, SerCeva logikuri Sedegi iyo axali istoriuli<br />
sazrisis damkvidrebisa, rasac, dimitri yifianTan da dimitri baqraZesTan erTad, ilia<br />
WavWavaZemac didad Seuwyo xeli.<br />
poema `aCrdilis~ istoriul nawilze muSaobisas, iliam qarTuli istoriuli qronikebis<br />
erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas miaqcia yuradReba. jer daviT erisTavisadmi gagzavnil pirad<br />
werilSi (1872), ramdenadme mogvianebiT (1880) ki erT-erT publicistur statiaSi man `qarTlis<br />
cxovrebis~ ZiriTad tendenciaze mianiSna:<br />
`Cveni `qarTlis cxovreba~ xalxis istoria ki ar aris, mefeTa istoriaa, da xalxi ki,<br />
rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa, CrdilSia miyenebuli. TiTqo xalxis istoriis<br />
Sesamecneblad sakmaoa kacma icodes marto mefeTa istoria~.<br />
149
Zneli saTqmelia, icnobda Tu ara ilia volteris analogiur azrs _ ` TiTqmis yvelgan<br />
mxolod mefeebis istorias vxedav, me ki adamianebis istoriis dawera msurso~, magram<br />
sadReisod erTi ram garkveulia _ `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da misi istoriuli sazrisis kritika<br />
axali, evropuli pozitivisturi istoriografiis poziciidan warmoebda (SoTa badriZe).<br />
ilias istoriulma koncefciam zegavlena moaxdina mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebaze. kerZod,<br />
poetma mniSvnelovnad Sekveca da Secvala istoriuli nawili `aCrdilis~ adrindeli<br />
variantisa, sadac didi adgili eTmoboda farnavazis, daviT aRmaSeneblis, Tamaris, demetre<br />
Tavdadebulis da sxva istoriul pirTa gaxsenebas (XXII-XXVIII Tavebi). dadgenilia, rom<br />
`aCrdilis~ saboloo redaqciaSi, `gadamuSavebuli saxiT, mxolod is adgilebia datovebuli,<br />
romlebic zogadad mianiSnebdnen Cveni xalxis qvelobaze, mis simamacesa da mamulisTvis<br />
Tavganwirulebaze. am variantSi ukve aRar gvxvdeba saxelovan qarTvel mefeTadmi mimarTuli<br />
aRtacebis striqonebi~ (lado minaSvili).<br />
iliam poema `aCrdilis~ istoriuli nawili im Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad Seaswora, rac d.<br />
erisTavisadmi gagzavnil baraTSi gamoTqva: `eg oxeri Cveni istoria... marto omebisa da<br />
mefeebis istoriaa, eri arsada Cans, me ki aseTis agebulebis adamiani var, rom mefeebis da<br />
omebis saxe ar mimizidavs xolme. saqme xalxia da xalxi ki Cvens istoriaSi ara Cans. vwuxvar da<br />
vdrtvinav da gankiTxva arsaiT ari~.<br />
`bednieri eri~ TiTqmis imave xanebSi Seiqmna, rodesac es baraTi daiwera, amitom<br />
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leqsis Temis _ gansjis obieqtis SerCeva ilias axali<br />
istoriuli sazrisidan gamomdinare gadawyvetileba iyo: ara mefeTa istoria, aramed `xalxi,<br />
rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa~!<br />
istoria iliasaTvis eris saganZe iyo, `sadac eri poulobs Tavisis sulis Rones~, magram<br />
misTvis aseve mniSvnelovani iyo `winaparTa cdomilebani~, istoriis gakveTilebi. `istoriis<br />
saZirkvelSi, magarTan erTad, bevri uvargisi da fxvieri qvaa Cadebuli~, amitom visac<br />
myoobadze pretenzia aqvs, mas unda SeeZlos warsulis misxlobiT awonva da gojiT gazomva _<br />
istoriisadmi kritikuli midgoma, fxizeli gansja.<br />
`bednier erSi~ gaerTianebulia ori umniSvnelovanesi ram _ istoriuli procesis<br />
axleburi xedva da kriticizmi. igi yuradRebis arealSi moaqcevs istoriis axal subieqts _<br />
ers da mis sulier wyobas, rogorc istoriuli procesis logikur Sedegs. ras warmoadgens, ra<br />
mdgomareobaSia qarTveli eri, rogorc sakuTari istoriis Semoqmedi? _ pasuxi am kiTxvaze<br />
istoriis siRrmeebSia ganfenili, daskvna ki, romelic iliam gamoitana, Tavzardamcemi<br />
aRmoCnda, diametrulad gansxvavebuli romantikuli xedvisagan.<br />
warsulisadmi mowiwebis miuxedavad, ilia Sors idga eris istoriis idealizaciisgan. eri<br />
da misi istoria realisti mwerlisTvis arasodes gamxdara Wvretisa da oden aRtacebis<br />
obieqti, rogorc es grigol orbelianis didebul striqonebSia:<br />
sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qveynisa?<br />
eri _ guladi, puradi, mebrZoli Savis bedisa?!<br />
SavTa droT vera Sescvales mis guli andamatisa,<br />
igiv mxne, igiv mRerali, moyvare Tavis miwisa!..<br />
`bednieri eri~ erTgvari mxatvruli antiTezaa `sadRegrZelos~ mgznebare paTosisa _<br />
romantikul aRtyinebas da xotbas, idiliur Wvretas, ilias satiraSi, eris fizikuri da<br />
sulieri mdgomareobis realuri daxasiaTeba cvlis, kritikis mizani ki Semgueblobisa da<br />
inertulobis daZleva, moqmedebisaken waqezebaa. istoria, rogorc myari safuZveli momavlisa,<br />
magari qvebiT, `uvargisi da fxvieri qvebis~ gangdebiT unda amoSendes. es mizani aqvs ironias,<br />
kriticizms, e.w. siZulvils, romelic mamuliSvilis uangaro siyvarulis nay<strong>of</strong>ia.<br />
`bednier erSi~, satiruli Janris nawarmoebisaTvis, iliam sagangebod SearCia da<br />
gamoiyena mis mier uary<strong>of</strong>ili saxotbo Janris saleqso forma da stili, rac imis niSania, rom<br />
poetma-realistma Seqmna anti-`Tamariani~ _ parodia CaxruxaZis `Tamarianze~! Zvel,<br />
panegirikul tradiciasTan dakavSirebul formaSi man axali Sinaarsi _ axali esTetikuristoriuli<br />
sazrisi Seitana, ganaxorciela parodiuli Canacvleba struqturuli ierarqiis<br />
yvela doneze: odur Janrs cvlis satira, odis obieqts (mefe) _ eris koncepti, xotbas _<br />
ironia, maidealizebel stilistikas _ parodiuli Seferilobis zedSesrul-epiTetebi.<br />
ilia rom CaxruxaZis saxotbo odis parodirebas mimarTavs, amas mxars uWers erTi<br />
sagulisxmo detalic. SavTelurs da Caxruxauls, rogorc klasikuri qarTuli poeziis<br />
saleqso formebs, mxolod erTi ram ganasxvavebs: SavTelurSi gareriTma erTi str<strong>of</strong>iT<br />
Semoifargleba, erT str<strong>of</strong>ze vrceldeba, Caxruxauli ki _ mTeli oda! _ erT gareriTmazea<br />
agebuli anu monorimulia (pavle ingoroyva). ilias `bednieri eric~ monorimuli anti-odaa,<br />
romelic TaviT bolomde erT riTmazea agebuli: bednieri _ eri _ mSvenieri _ madlieri _<br />
wesieri _ Ronieri da a.S. gareriTmaSi gatanili `eri~ uwyvetad xmianobs da mkiTxvels<br />
gamudmebiT axsenebs konceptualurad umniSvnelovanes cnebas, romelsac miemarTeba<br />
satirul-ironiuli nakadi.<br />
`bednieri eris~ dasawerad, SemoqmedebiTi impulsi ilias, Cemi varaudiT, mefe-poetis _<br />
arCilis erTma ucnaurma str<strong>of</strong>ma misca, romelic, Tavis mxriv, `Tamarianis~ cnobili str<strong>of</strong>is<br />
150
(`Tamar wynari, Sesawynari~) mibaZvas warmoadgens. arCili, vinc Semogvinaxa ZiriTadi<br />
biografiuli cnobebi CaxruxaZis Sesaxeb, mas rusTvelis badal poetad saxavda da misi<br />
poetikis gavlenasac ganicdida.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe did pativs miagebda arCilis `RirsSesaniSnav gonebriv Rvawls~, arcTu<br />
iSviaTad imowmebda mis striqonebs Tavis statiebSi. 70-iani wlebis mijnaze, rodesac ilia<br />
intensiurad muSaobda saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebze, igi `arCiliansac~ gadaxedavda da,<br />
gasageb mizezTa gamo, SeuZlebelia, yuradReba ar mieqcia iseTi TxzulebisaTvis, rogoricaa<br />
`mefeTa saqebelni da samxilebelni~. tipiuri ocmarcvliani CaxruxauliT daweril am xotbaTa<br />
nakrebSi mxilebuli mxolod Sah abasia, sxva mefeebi ki _ maT Soris, Tamari _ gandidebulni<br />
arian. swored am TxzulebaSia ucnauri str<strong>of</strong>i, romlis pirveli sami taepi Sairi-Caxruxaulis<br />
formiTaa warmodgenili, bolo taepi ki ocmarcvledia. str<strong>of</strong>i Sinaarsobrivad ruseTis<br />
imperatoris _ petre didis qebas eZRvneba da ase ikiTxeba:<br />
gonieri, mecnieri, bednieri, kadnieri,<br />
Svenieri, nivTieri, armcbieri, saxnieri,<br />
mqonieri, cnobieri, mZnobieri, mgrZnobieri!<br />
amdoni eri amqveynieri monebri ari, gamgonieri.<br />
petres ganmadidebel am str<strong>of</strong>Si, `Tamarianis~ msgavsad mijriT gariTmuli epiTetebis<br />
am wyebaSi, aramarto `bednieri eris~ mTavari sityva-koncepti `eri~ xmianobs, aramed zogi<br />
epiTeti (bednieri, mSvenieri) iliasTan _ ironiuli intonaciiT _ meordeba kidec.<br />
arCili petres gansakuTrebul siqveled uTvlis, rom man mravali eri daimona,<br />
`gamgonieri~ qmna. ilia Tavis satiraSi, faqtiurad, im istoriul Sedegebs gviCvenebs, rac<br />
qarTvel ers `gamgonierobam~ moutana anu ramac gaxada igi `yovlad mTmeni, viT jor-cxeni~.<br />
parodireba aq ukve evfoniur donezec vrceldeba, Sinaarsobrivad ki naCvenebia sadamde dasca<br />
`gonieri, mecnieri, saxnieri da mgrZnobieri~ imperatorebis `zrunvam~ saqarTvelo.<br />
parodireba sakmaod damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa ilias lirikuli memkvidreobisa. `bednier<br />
erSi~ igi ganxorcielebulia axali esTetikur-istoriuli sazrisis SetaniT `klasicisturi<br />
mexsierebis~ mqone saleqso formaSi (CaxruxaZe, arCili), rac amjerad ukve poetur praqtikaSi<br />
_ `versifikaciuli ironiiT~ cxady<strong>of</strong>s Zveli esTetikis anaqronizms, misi transformirebis<br />
aucileblobas.<br />
* * *<br />
parodireba `bednier erSi~ substruqturis doneze SeiniSneba, leqsis 14-taepiani<br />
mTliani monakveTebi ki, romlebSic refreni da Sairi-Caxruxauli davafiqsireT, sxva<br />
principiTaa agebuli. TiToeuli maTgani iwyeba SekiTxviT, romelic Tematuri laitmotivia<br />
nawarmoebisa. Riad dasmul SekiTxvas (ritorikul kiTxvas) mosdevs teqsti-ganmarteba, xolo<br />
maTi Sinaarsobrivi kontrasti _ erTi mxriv, epiTeti `bednieri~ da, meore mxriv, obieqtis<br />
detaluri negatiuri daxasiaTeba _ qmnis leqsis ironiul-satirul tonalobas.<br />
`bednieri eris~ Sinaarsobriv-Tematurad da intonaciurad dakavSirebuli vrceli<br />
monakveTebi kompoziciuri mTlianobebia, romlebic leqsis axal formas qmnian. es forma,<br />
vfiqrob, zustad Seesabameba ilias axal istoriul sazriss pirovnebisa da xalxis Sesaxeb.<br />
istorias xalxi qmnis, magram mxolod rCeuli pirovneba, geniosi `Semoibertyavs droebis<br />
mtversa~, mxolod mas ZaluZs `Sorsmxedveloba da droebazed ufleba~, _ fiqrobda ilia.<br />
geniosi misTvis is ki ar aris, vinc `Rrublis curvas da caSi bolTis cemas asdevnebia~, aramed<br />
cxovrebis, xalxis Svili, vinc drois karnaxiT acnobierebs, `rac TviTon cxovrebas amouriyavs<br />
Tavis mdinarebaSi~.<br />
`bednieri eri~, tradiciulad, gaiazreba, rogorc poetis monologi _ poeti, viTarca<br />
mose ebraelebs, win miuZRvis xalxs, Rrmad swvdeba mis gulisTqmas da, saWiroebisas, amxels,<br />
afxizlebs kidec mas. ilias satirul leqsSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani isaa, rom subieqti<br />
ar mijnavs Tavs kritikis obieqtisagan, igi ar aris brbosTan dapirispirebuli `me~<br />
romantizmisa. poetis `me~ ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli Semadgeneli nawilia ganusazRvreli mravlobiTobisa<br />
(`Cven~) anu xalxisa, erisa. sityva `CvenisTana~, riTac iwyeba leqsi da meordeba yoveli<br />
kompoziciuri monakveTis dasawyisSi, mudmivad gvagrZnobinebs, rom ganzemdgomi mkacri<br />
bralmdebeli ki ar gvesaubreba, aramed `eris moZme~ da pasuxismgeblobis moziare. poeti<br />
mxolod problemas ar svams _ mosalodnel katastr<strong>of</strong>aze ar mianiSnebs, igi xalxTan erTad<br />
monawileobs TviTmxilebis kaTarzisul procesSi.<br />
`bednier erSi~ axali Sinaarsobrivi sazrisisaTvis ilia, Cemi azriT, axal formas<br />
gvTavazobs. ise, rogorc xalxur sagundo simReraSi korifes individualuri xma gadadis<br />
gundis koleqtiur xmaSi, ilias satiraSic poetis kritikul-ironiuli SekiTxva-refreni<br />
bunebrivad gadaizrdeba xalxis TviTSefasebaSi, TviTmxilebaSi. dialeqtikurad gagebuli<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>a, uary<strong>of</strong>a, rogorc progresis mamoZravebeli, erovnuli optimizmis, imedis wyaroa.<br />
151
xalxuri sagundo simReris formas, romlis literaturuli saTave antikuri diTirambia,<br />
qmnis refrenisa da ZiriTadi teqstis erTianoba. dialoguri mimarTeba korifesa da gunds<br />
Soris, kiTxva-pasuxis antifonuri struqtura xalxuri poeziis erT-erT uZveles formad aris<br />
miCneuli (a. veselovski). iliam, Tavisi esTetikur-istoriuli sazrisis Sesabamisad,<br />
didostaturad gamoiyena sagundo simReris forma _ eris, xalxis Temas xalxur SemoqmedebaSi<br />
mouZebna saWiro struqturuli wyoba.<br />
xalxur formas unda ukavSirdebodes Caxruxaulis ZiriTadi metris _ ocmarcvledis<br />
Canacvleba SairiT. marTalia, amis saSualebas `Tamarianis~ unikaluri str<strong>of</strong>i iZleoda, magram<br />
gadamwyveti, albaT, axali formis moTxovna iyo: xalxuri kilosaTvis arabunebrivi da<br />
xelovnuri iqneboda aSkarad samwerlobo tradiciis sazomi.<br />
`is xalxi, is cxovreba, romelic ar izrdeba, (...) misCanCalebs samarisaken~, _ werda ilia.<br />
amitomac ar epueboda `patriotTa~ risxvas, Seupovrad miuyveboda arCeul gzas, radgan<br />
swamda: `rac ufro mkafiod da daundobelad aris gamoTqmuli boroteba da naklulovaneba<br />
cxovrebisa, zogjer miT ufro sCans gamomTqmelis gulis simxurvale, mouTmeneli, cxari<br />
wadili gasworebisa~.<br />
`bednier erSi~ sworedac rom samSoblos gasworeba-aRdginebis surviliT anTebuli<br />
gulis simxurvale igrZnoba, gvesmis didi eriskacis xma _ eris xmaSi gardasaxuli.<br />
`bednieri eri~ nimuSia imisa, Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda `utilitaristi~,<br />
`Sinaarsis poeti~ ilia WavWavaZe mxatvrul formas, forma-Sinaarsis erTianobis princips.<br />
152
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
ilias dramatuli poemebis (`qarTvlis deda~ da `irakli~) poetika da<br />
`qarTvlis dedis~ metafora<br />
ilia WavWavaZis orive dramatuli poema: `deda da Svili~ (`qarTvlis dedis~ I varianti) da<br />
`irakli~ (`mama da Svili~) erTi da imave sazomiT (5/4/5) aris Sesrulebuli 1860 wels. amave<br />
metriT, 1859 wels, iliam dawera poema `aCrdilis~ avtografis `ZRvna~.<br />
poetma am epikur TxzulebebSi gamokveTa Tavisi Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi koncefcia:<br />
mSoblis mier SvilisaTvis msxverplSewirvis ideis STagoneba, TviTSewirvisaTvis mzady<strong>of</strong>na<br />
da `saRmrTo ZRvenis~ (poeziis) Sewirva poetis mier sazogadoebisaTvis; semantikis<br />
(dramatizmis) da metrikis (5/4/5) urTierTgapirobebuloba gansazRvravs ilias dramatuli<br />
poemebis poetikas.<br />
msxverplSewirvisa da dramis Teoriis ucxoeli da qarTveli mkvlevarebi (r. Jirari, p.<br />
raseli, g. lomiZe, i. ratiani, r. canava da sxv.) aRniSnaven, erTi mxriv, sikvdil-sicocxlis<br />
Seuqcevadobas Tavganwirvis ritualis funqcionirebisas da, meore mxriv, ilias rols dramis<br />
Janris Teoriis ganviTarebaSi; Tumca ilias Teoriuli naazrevi TviTSewirvis ideis recefciis<br />
Taobaze missave dramebSi dRemde saTanadod ar gaanalizebula.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis poetikis kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod miviCnieT misi<br />
Txzulebebis SemoqmedebiTi istoriis Seswavla nikoloz baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisas~<br />
fonze. kerZod, ilias poezia 1858-1860 wlebSi STagonebuli da ganpirobebulia romantikosi<br />
poetis poemis saTauriTa da personaJebiT (s<strong>of</strong>io, irakli).<br />
rogorc cnobilia, nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da ilias poetikuri Ziebani, ZiriTadad,<br />
erTiania. viziarebT Teimuraz doiaSvilis Tvalsazriss: `ilias lirika principuli siaxlis<br />
matarebeli iyo, amitom misi moazreba SeiZleboda ara moqmedi poeturi kanonis farglebSi,<br />
aramed qarTuli klasikuri poeziis tradiciebTan Sepirispirebisas. poetis Tanamedrove<br />
mkiTxvelma ver igua inteleqtualur principze dafuZnebuli axali saazrovno sistema,<br />
romlis safuZvlis damdebi CvenSi nikoloz baraTaSvili iyo, magram misi damkvidrebisaTvis<br />
mTeli simZime, cnobili mizezebis gamo, ilia WavWavaZem itvirTa~ (doiaSvili 1999: 346).<br />
nikoloz braTaSvilis poeturi gzis memkvidred ilia WavWavaZe pirvelad akaki<br />
wereTelma miiCnia, rodesac mas `baraTaSvilis kvalSi Camdgari poeti~ uwoda.<br />
baraTaSvilma, rogorc viciT, qarTul poetur sityvas `sibrZnis erTi dargis~ Tviseba<br />
daubruna. igi, erTdroulad, arqaistic iyo da novatoric: man rusTvelis epikuri poemis<br />
sibrZne, aforistuloba axali, evropuli lirikuli poeziis formats Seuxama da axal,<br />
romantikul poemasTan erTad, lirikul Sedevrebsac mianiWa ufleba sibrZnis gamoxatvisa.<br />
nikoloz baraTaSvilis mier sibrZned gardaqmnili misi Tanamedrove cxovrebis suraTebi<br />
lirikul poemasa da filos<strong>of</strong>iur lirikaSi eziara ukvdavebas. daviT guramiSvilis `qarTlis<br />
Wirs~, baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisas~ da ilias `aCrdils~ erTi trilogiis nawilebad<br />
moixsenieben CvenSi, magram amjerad sxva ram gvinda aRvniSnoT: tradiciulad, epikisaTvis<br />
dasaSvebi da SesaZlebeli ganzogadebis Zala da siRrme itvirTa baraTaSvilis lirikam.<br />
galaktionamde nik. baraTaSvili iqca qarTuli poeziis `axal rusTavelad~. swored es Seicno<br />
iliam, rodesac 1858 wels Wabukma poetma Tavisi sulieri Zma aRmoaCina: ekaterine WavWavaZedadianisam<br />
waskiTxad misca nikoloz baraTaSvilis sakuTari xeliT naweri: `bedi qarTlisa~ da<br />
`merani~. koxta afxazis mogonebis meoxebiT, dRes yvela qarTvelma icis, ra gamaognebeli<br />
STabeWdileba moaxdina am Txzulebebma samSoblosagan Sors my<strong>of</strong> iliaze: `TiTqmis erTi kvira<br />
ymawvili hbodavda baraTaSviliT~. isic warmoudgenelia, rom ilias manamde ar waekiTxa<br />
Jurnal `ciskarSi~ dabeWdili baraTaSvilis 4 leqsi (1852 wels), da Semdeg, isev `ciskarSi~, 1858<br />
wels gamoqveynebuli poetis kidev ori leqsi. cxadia, rom damwyeb poetze yvelaze metad<br />
imoqmeda swored poemam `bedi qarTlisa~ da `meranma~.<br />
Cveni azriT, poemis saTauri `bedi qarTlisa~ gansakuTrebuli dramatizmiT ixsneba<br />
Txzulebis bolos, avtoris poziciis gamokveTisas, Tanamedrove qarTveli dedebis<br />
Sefasebisas. s<strong>of</strong>ios suliskveTeba tragikulad aRiqmeba XIX s. 30-iani wlebis bolos, 32 wlis<br />
SeTqmulebis marcxis Semdeg, rodesac nel-nela ikargeba `Svilis~, `mamulis~, `qarTvelobis~<br />
tradiciuli cnebebi.<br />
`bedi qarTlisas~ aRniSnuli Tormettaepedi (`hoÁ, dedano, marad netarno... miTom ras<br />
gvavnebs ucxo tomoba!~), poemis lirikuli CanarTi, eTanxmeba ilias patriotuli lirikis<br />
Sedevris `qarTvlis dedis~ struqturasa da suliskveTebas: `qarTvlis dedis~ teqsti,<br />
pirobiTad, 3 nawilad iy<strong>of</strong>a: I _ 12 taepedi, II _ 6 taepedi, III _ 14 taepedi. pirvel nawilSi<br />
warmodgenilia qarTveli dedisa da gmiris roli warsulSi; meore nawili poetis mowodebaa,<br />
xolo III _ mTlianad qarTvlis dedis `saRmrTo valis~ naTely<strong>of</strong>aa.<br />
baraTaSvilis msgavsad, iliac xSirad poeturi mimarTviT iwyebs leqsebs (`samSoblo<br />
mTebo! Tqveni Svili ganebebT Tavsa...~, `erTs beds qveSa varT, labav, me da Sen~, `qarTvlis<br />
dedao! ZuZu qarTlisa~). baraTaSvilis poeziaSi taepebis dasawyisSi Sorisdebulebis siWarbes<br />
153
ak. gawerelia s. dodaSvilis gramatikuli sistemis didi zegavleniT xsnis (gawerelia 1978: 168).<br />
s. dodaSvilis azriT, Sorisdebuli aris `sulis grZnobelobis anu moZraobis~ gamomxatveli<br />
`nawili sityvisa~. Cveni azriT ki, baraTaSvilis poeziaSi ufro himnografebis enisa da<br />
metyvelebis anarekli unda iyos es Sorisdebulebi da poeturi mimarTvebi.<br />
`qarTvlis deda~ ilias poeziaSi, xTonuri `didi dedis~ analogiurad, sicocxlis<br />
momniWebelic aris da sikvdilis ufalic, rogorc berZnul miTologiasa da literaturaSi<br />
heras saxeSi moiazreboda (canava 2005: 96).<br />
gmiri wminda msxverplia, xolo `qarTvlis deda~ _ am msxverplis aRmzrdeli — es aris<br />
Cveni eris uwmindesi tradicia da vali, romelsac ukve didi xania miTis mniSvneloba mieniWa.<br />
sulieri kavSiri ki enasa da miTs Soris swored metaforiT iqmneba. metaforis saTaves ki xan<br />
enaSi, xan ki miTologiis fantaziaSi eZieben, amitomac aRiarebdnen metaforis Seqmnis or gzas:<br />
logikur-diskursulsa da lingvo-miTologiurs (kasireri 1990: 8). `qarTvlis dedis~<br />
metaforis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi orive gza igulisxmeba: logikur-sityvieri, semanti kuri<br />
Sinaarsi `dedisa~ gautolda mis uZveles, miTologiur, `didi dedis~ mniSvnelobas, rogorc<br />
sikvdil-sicocxlis gamaerTianebels, gmiris mSobels.<br />
80-ian wlebSi ilia, qarTul Teatrze saubrisas, sagangebod aRniSnavda: `gmiroba, ra<br />
saxisac unda iyos, sulis Ronea da ara xorcisa da amitom gmiris siyvaruli marto suliTve<br />
Roniers SeuZlian. aq xorciels Tvals ver gaaWrevinebT, sulieri Tvali unda~ (`qarTuli<br />
Teatri~, 1886). `poeziis mixvedra aris sulis saqme~, _ werda ilia, romelic `qarTlis dedis~<br />
metaforas ukavSirebda s<strong>of</strong>ios, qarTvel dedebs da amiT baraTaSvilis poeturi sulis<br />
Tanaziari xdeboda.<br />
1858 wlis 15 dekembriT aris daTariRebuli ilias leqsi `qarTvlis dedas~, xolo imave<br />
dRoT leqsi `s...s~ pirveli varianti: `leqsi `s...s~ daweridan male, 30 dekembers, imave<br />
saTauriT dawera man TiTqmis axali leqsi, romelic ilias akademiur gamocemaSi poetis mier<br />
dawunebul leqsebSia Setanili. am leqsis (`s...s~) qaragmis gaxsna da adresatis Zieba karga xania,<br />
sagonebelSi agdebs ilias lirikis mkvlevarT: zogi mas poetis imdroindeli satrfos<br />
aleqsandra (saSa) Caikovskaiasadmi (saSensakasadmi) miZRvnilad miiCnevs, maia niniZe ki ase ar<br />
fiqrobs, rasac savsebiT samarTlianad, damajereblad asabuTebs. misi azriT, es leqsi<br />
`samSoblos~, `saqarTvelos~ eZRvneba da ara satrfos, qaragmiTac am ori sityvidan erT-erTi<br />
unda iyos daqaragmebuli (niniZe 1997: 131).<br />
mogvianebiT mweralma am leqsis avtografi gadaxaza da miawera: `ritorika~. amgvarive<br />
minaweriT: `ritorika~ gadaxazulia 1858 wels dawerili: `pavlovskis parkisaTvis~; aseve<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>iTi konteqstiT moixseniebs sityva `ritorikas~ ilia 1864 wels kirile<br />
lorTqifaniZisadmi miweril baraTSi poema `qarTvlis dedis~ adreuli redaqciis Sefasebisas.<br />
`kacia-adamianSic?!~ axsenebs ilia `ritorikas~ da Tavis sadebiuto kritikul werilSic, 1861<br />
wlis `ciskris~ aprilis nomerSi. vfiqrobT, 1858-1861 wlebSi ilia intensiurad fiqrobs<br />
qarTvel mkiTxvelTan salaparako, saTqmeli masalis ara marto Sinaarsze (`ras vetyvi me Cems<br />
qveyanas?~), aramed — formaze. am formis Ziebisas `bedi qarTlisas~ sada metyveleba, sasaubro<br />
intonacia, dialoguroba, gadaWarbebuli ritorobisagan sruliad Tavisufali, kritikuli,<br />
miukerZoebeli gansja. 1858 wlis Semdeg, nik. baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisas~ teqstis<br />
STagonebasa da zemoqmedebas ilias sulze gvidasturebs `aCrdilis~ avtografi, romelic 1859<br />
wlis 26 ianvriT aris daTariRebuli.<br />
`aCrdilis~ cnobili, saboloo, II variantis avtografisagan gansxvavebiT, B avtografs<br />
axlavs `ZRvna~ da bolosityva: `qarTvelTadmi~, romelic Taviseburad exmianeba `bedi<br />
qarTlisas~ miZRvnas: `kaxTa mimarT~. versifikaciuli Tanxvedrac TvalsaCinoa orive<br />
teqstisa: ZiriTadi teqsti orive poemisa 5/4/5-iT aris Sesrulebuli: miZRvna `aCrdilSi~<br />
5/4/5-iT, `bedi qarTlisaSi~ ki _ 5/5/5-iT.<br />
aqve gvinda SevniSnoT sazomis 5/4/5-is Taobaze: ilias mier baraTaSvilisaTvis am erTerTi<br />
sayvareli sazomis, dramatuli SinarsiT datvirTvis Taobaze sagangebod miuTiTeben: ak.<br />
gawerelia, ak. xinTibiZe, T. doiaSvili. 5/4/5 — e. w. `besikuri~ sul sxva Sinaarsis gadmosacemad<br />
iyo momarjvebuli besarion gabaSvilis lirikaSi, baraTaSvilma ki mas sxva datvirTva mianiWa,<br />
magram iqneb isic vifiqroT, rom es sazomi besikis poeziaSic sasuliero mwerlobidan<br />
aRmoCnda: e. w. `abukurasa~ da `ninos sagaloblis~ striqonebis meSveobiT:<br />
`da abukura / axalnergi / sabawmidisaÁ~.<br />
an: `romelsa Sina / mgalobelni / ganmaZlieren~.<br />
an iqneb: baraTaSvilma, qarTuli himnografiisa da sasuliero mwerlobis saukeTeso<br />
mcodnem, TviTon miagno am sazoms besikisagan damoukideblad~?<br />
`aCrdilis~ B avtografSi ramdenimegzis meordeba striqonebi, romelic `bedi<br />
qarTlisas~ cnobili taepis `warvidnen welni mosvenebisa~ perifrazi unda iyos:<br />
`nu SiSob, velo! Sens mSvenier xalxs<br />
154
waruvlen weli Zilis Jamisa~.<br />
(T. XXX)<br />
`warvlen es welni Zilis Jamisa~.<br />
(T. XXXI)<br />
baraTaSvilis `welni mosvenebisa~ da ilias `welni Zilis Jamisa~ identuri cnebebia, rac<br />
qarTvel ers, samwuxarod, drodadro, xangrZlivad eufleba xolme.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa `aCrdilis~ am avtografis XXVI da XXVIII Tavebi, romlebic<br />
Tamar mefes eZRvneba (rogorc cnobilia, `aCrdilis~ saboloo variantSi es Tavebi da Tamar<br />
mefe aRar moixsenieba). `didi Tamari~ `aCrdilis~ am teqstSi `qarTvlis dedad~ igulisxmeba:<br />
`garna Tamaris Zlier saxelma<br />
ganhfanta mtveri saukunebis...~<br />
qarTveli dedis saxesTan erTad, `aCrdilis~ am avtografis naTesaobas `bedi qarTlisas~<br />
teqstTan cxady<strong>of</strong>s is faqtic, rom 1859 wels Jurnal `ciskarSi~ (# 10) gamoqveynda poemis<br />
mxolod VI Tavi (`Cveno aragvo...~), saTauriT `aragvi~ (sakuTari poemidan `aCrdili~). ilias<br />
striqonebi:<br />
`ras veZebdi me?.. Cem qveynis warsuls,<br />
Sen win daRupul Cem Zvelsa mamuls...~<br />
iraklisa da solomonis droindeli aragvispiris aRdgenis cdaa. saqarTvelos, rogorc<br />
satrfos, ise Sehyurebs aCrdili B avtografis mixedviT (T. VII):<br />
sul saqarTvelo moCanda Sorsa...<br />
da is moxuci, rogorc satrfosa,<br />
TvaliTa sWamda, TrToliT umzerda<br />
da ufro, ufro guli uZgerda...<br />
es trfiali, rogorc m. niniZec miuTiTebs, samSoblos ekuTvnis, xolo leqsSi `s...s~,<br />
rogorc Cven vfiqrobT, konkretul qaTvel qals, _ s<strong>of</strong>io leoniZes eZRvneba.<br />
s<strong>of</strong>io, metaforulad, qarTvlis dedaa, misi konkretuli saxe. sxva saqmea, rom es<br />
metafora Semdgom, XIX s. II naxevarsa da XX s-Si qarTvelma erma erTgvar simbolod aqcia, mas<br />
sakuTari erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoxatvis funqcia mianiWa.<br />
qarTvelTa didi dedis — Tamaris — droindeli istoriuli suraTi cocxldeba ilias<br />
dramatul poemaSi `qarTvlis deda~, romlis I variants `deda da Svili~ uwoda poetma.<br />
`qarTvlis dedis~ saboloo variantSi (1871) Secvlilia am dramis epigrafic: `sjobs<br />
sicocxlesa nazraxsa sikvdili saxelovani~ nacvlad, aris: `gagviZex, bero mindiav...~ albaT,<br />
imitom, rom xalxis xma, jaris simReriT poemaSi gamoxatuli, gansakuTrebiT moswonda ilias.<br />
avtors surda, xalxis xma gaeZlierebina da mkacri da sastiki bediswerisaTvis sikvdilis arad<br />
Camgdebi xalxi daepirispirebina. ara mxolod zogadad idealia faseuli da saocnebo<br />
avtorisaTvis, aramed, konkretulad, am idealis ganmaxorcielebeli qarTveli.<br />
ilias dramatuli poema `qarTvlis deda~ klasicisturi dramaturgiis principebs<br />
eyrdnoba da misi gmirebic: deda da kiazo saxe-ideebi arian, msjeloba-Sefasebaze<br />
damyarebulni. amJamad Cven gvsurs yuradReba gavamaxviloT msxverplSewirvis obieqtis<br />
Taviseburebaze, erTi mxriv, poema `qarTvlis dedisa~ da, meore mxriv, `aCrdilis~ avtografis<br />
`ZRvnis~ mixedviT. Tu poemis gmiri dedis mier Svilis msxverplad Sewirvis motivacia emTxveva<br />
kiazos mier TviTSewirvis motivacias — patriotizms, mamulis dacvas, momavlis gadarCenas,<br />
`aCrdilSi~ poeti Seswiravs mkiTxvels Tavis Txzulebas. poetur sityvas, romelsac avtori<br />
Tavis `pirmSos~, `Zes~ uwodebs. `aCrdili~ marTlac pirmSo, pirveli poemaa poetisa: pirveli<br />
epikuri Txzuleba, romelic, Cveni azriT, `bedi qarTlisas~ sulieri ganwyobilebis<br />
gagrZelebaa. `aCrdilis~ B avtografSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
ZRvna<br />
miiReT, Cemo megobrebo, pirmSo Ze Cemi<br />
axlad Sobili, nugeSis da imedT momcemi!..<br />
igi mogiTxrobT Cemsa tanjvas da Cemsa fiqrsa,<br />
ra mamis cremli zed atyvia loyebzed Svilsa.<br />
ueWvelia, rom `mama~ poetia, xolo _ `Svili~ _ Txzuleba. ToTxmetmercvledis 5/4/5<br />
misadageba dramatuli SinaarsisaTvis iliam pirvelad `aCrdilis~ `ZRvnaSi~ 1859 wels scada,<br />
xolo Semdeg am metriT dawera poema `qarTvlis deda~, sadac es sazomi aris `Sinaganad<br />
motivirebuli da masalis specifikiT ganpirobebuli~ (doiaSvili 1999: 354). amave sazomiT aris<br />
155
Sesrulebuli 1860 wels ilias daumTavrebeli poema, romelsac, pirobiTad [�`irakli~] hqvia,<br />
SesaZloa, mas `mama da Svili~ vuwodoT, radgan fragmentSi mxolod es ori personaJi<br />
monawileobs. sagulisxmoa rom mama, qarTvlis dedis msgavsad, orgvar siyvaruls Soris eZiebs<br />
arCevans:<br />
`su! veRar SevZel or siyvarulT erTad tareba:<br />
erTi RvTisadmi da meore TviT Cem Zisadmi~.<br />
ukvdavebas irakli im wignSi eZebs, `romlisac aso varskvlavebia~. varskvlavTa, mTiebTa<br />
Soris sakuTari adgilis Zieba romantikosTa idealebisaken gvibiZgebs. safiqrebelia, rom<br />
bediswerisa da gangebis urTierTdapirispirebis problemam ubiZga ilias 1860 wels, eTargmna<br />
baironis `kaenisa~ da `manfredis~ nawyvetebi , 1859-60 wlebSi ki _ lermontovis `mwiri~ da sxva<br />
romantikuli leqsebi. romantikul da antiklasicistur dramaSi, antikuri tragediebis<br />
msgavsad, aqtualuria mamebisa da Svilebis damokidebuleba, idealebisadmi erTguleba. ilias<br />
1859-1860 wlebis SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTs gauTanabrda eris sulieri Tvalis asaxelad poetis<br />
mier sakuTari qmnilebis msxverplad Sewirvis aucilebloba da dedis mier Svilis<br />
mamulisaTvis msxverplSewirvis gardauvaloba: `sityvisa~ da `Zis~ gaTanabreba `aCrdilis~<br />
avtografsa da dramatul poemebSi mkiTxvelis sulis ganwyobilebis gamowvevas emsaxureba.<br />
ilias naklebad cnobili werili `(kargad wakiTxva wasakiTxisa)~ gviCvenebs, rom mwerali<br />
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda teqstis msmenelamde mitanis xelovnebas: `xma-Sewyobilad gamoTqma<br />
sityvisa, Tu mTlad musika ar aris, misi erTi dargia mainc, radgan mis kanons cotad Tu bevrad<br />
eqvemdebareba~. saRmrTo werilis eklesiaSi kiTxvis xelovnebazea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.<br />
iliam wakiTxvis xelovneba Tavis dramatul poemaSic `qarTvlis deda~ gamoikveTa, rodesac igi<br />
`sam xmas~ dauqvemdebara: dedis, Svilisa da jaris xmebs. `irakli~ ki mamisa da Svilis xmebs<br />
eyrdnoba mxolod, igi dausrulebeli poemaa, Targmansa da originalur Txzulebas Soris<br />
zRvargadaulaxavi. `iraklis~ teqsti erTgvari safexuria poema `qarTvlis dedis~ saboloo<br />
variantisaTvis.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, xelovnebis qmnileba CarTulia aRmqmeli subieqtis cnobierebaSi.<br />
amave dros, is monawileobs istoriis obieqtur msvlelobaSic. mxatvruli Txzuleba<br />
ukukavSirSia Tavis adresatTan da am faqts, Cans, ukavSirdeba misi gamZleoba droSi da ama Tu<br />
im epoqisaTvis (agreTve — erTi da imave epoqis adamianebisaTvis) gansxvavebuli informaciis<br />
miwodeba.<br />
CvenTvis, XXI saukunis mkiTxvelisaTvis poema `qarTvlis dedis~ dasasruli<br />
msxverplSewirvis, TviTSewirvis dausrulebel molodinad qceula, romelic Cveni eris<br />
maradiuli arsebobis aucileblobas ganapirobebs.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
doiaSvili 1999: doiaSvili T. ilias leqsTwyoba. `literaturuli Ziebani~. XX, Tb.: 1999.<br />
gawerelia 1978: gawerelia ak. rCeuli nawerebi. t. II, Tb.: `merani~, 1978.<br />
canava 2005: canava r. miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlobaSi da qarTul<br />
literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi. Tb.: `logosi~, 2005.<br />
Кассирер 1990: Кассирер Э. Сила метафоры. В кн.: Теория метафоры. М.: "Прогресс", 1990.<br />
niniZe 1997: niniZe m. madlis wyaro. Tb.: 1997.<br />
156
ilias bediswera<br />
levan bregaZe<br />
ocdaoTxi wlis ilia WavWavaZe 1861 wlis oqtomberSi wers usaTauro leqs-Sedevrs `Cemo<br />
kalamo, Cemo kargo, rad gvinda taSi~ (daibeWda 1863 wels, `saqarTvelos moambis~ 1-Si),<br />
romelSic Tematizebulia misi damokidebuleba im faqtTan, rom mSobeli xalxis erT nawils igi<br />
samSoblos moZuled Seuracxavs:<br />
`Cemzed amboben: is siaves qarTvlisas ambobs,<br />
Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia!~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1951: 75).<br />
ram gamoiwvia aseTi risxva axalgazrda poetis mimarT? jer xom arc `kacia-adamiani?!~-a<br />
dawerili, arc `bednieri eri~, arc `ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT~, romlebSic mSobeli xalxis<br />
naklovanebaTa kritikam mwvervals miaRwia. jerjerobiT (am leqsis daweris droisTvis) ilias<br />
xelidan gamosul im mraval `aRmaSfoTebel~ teqstTagan, romelTac SeZres qarTvelobis guli<br />
da goneba, sazogadoebisTvis mxolod kritikuli statia `oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas<br />
Zis erisTavis kazlovis-mier `SeSlili~-s Targmnazeda~ aris cnobili; igi `Cemo kalamos...~<br />
daweramde ramdenime TviT adre gamoqveynda.<br />
`oriode sityvaSi~ ukve mkafiod igrZnoba, rom misi avtori aramarto qarTuli anbanis,<br />
aramed cxovrebis modernizaciis mosurnea, modernis momxrea, rac yvelgan da yovelTvis<br />
winaaRmdegobas awydeba konservatorTa mxridan.<br />
citata `oriode sityvidan~:<br />
`rac mama-papas uqnia, is Cven unda vqnaTo, _ eg CineTis filos<strong>of</strong>ia aris; Tu magas<br />
mivyeviT, Cvenc CinebsaviT SevsdgebiT erT alagzed da win fexs veRar wavsdgamT~ (WavWavaZe<br />
1953: 12).<br />
sami wlis Semdeg `kacia-adamianSic~ amasve imeorebs:<br />
`marto qveyanaa, mkiTxvelo, daurRveveli, da erTi lamazi, gonieri qarTvelis andaza: `is<br />
urCevnia mamulsa, rom Svili sjobdes mamasa~, Torem `nu daagdeb Zvelsa gzasao~ _ es<br />
CineTidam Semogvepara da rasac CineTis feri adevs, is, rasakvirvelia, dairRveva...~ (WavWavaZe<br />
1950: 220).<br />
sityva `moderns~ ilia WavWavaZe ar xmarobs. giorgi kankavas dakvirvebiT, imJamad<br />
qarTul enaSi modernis Sesatyvisi gamoTqma y<strong>of</strong>ila `gamocvlili dro~; mas iyeneben<br />
`Zvelebic~ da `axlebic~, oRond maTi damokidebuleba am movlenis mimarT, bunebrivia,<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia (giorgi kankavas sityviT, `uTuoa, rom `Zvelebma~ saTanadod,<br />
mTeli siRrmiT ver Seafases `gamocvlili drois~ raoba da mniSvneloba qarTvelobis<br />
arsebobis Tu warmatebis saqmeSi~. _ kankava 2001: 30). mkvlevaris SetyobiT, `gamocvlili<br />
drois~ cneba mTavaria ilias saazrovno sistemaSi~ (iqve).<br />
yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli ilias oponentTaTvis albaT devizis _ `rac mama-papas uqnia, is<br />
Cven unda vqnaT~ _ `CineTis filos<strong>of</strong>iad~ (anu umarTebulo mowodebad) gamocxadeba unda<br />
y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, Tumca amaze isini TavianT sapasuxo werilebSi sityvas ar Zraven, dumiliT uvlian<br />
mas gverds.<br />
(mxolod erTgan, barbare jorjaZis pasuxSi, igrZnoba faruli dapirispireba am<br />
TvalsazrisTan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs es adgili ilias oponentis statiis pirvelive<br />
winadadebidan: `...Cven movmdinareobT mamapapaT Cveulebazed da umaRles poezias, gina<br />
filas<strong>of</strong>ias vpovebT umetesad saRmrTo wignebSi...~. _ jorjaZe 1988: 127. xazgasma Cvenia. _ l.<br />
b.).<br />
am principul sakiTxze Wabuk poetTan mopaeqreTa dumilis mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom<br />
`oriode sityvis~ bolos ilia WavWavaZe mkafiod acxadebs: `sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa<br />
Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba, Tu amaTac ar upatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra<br />
pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 26-27).<br />
oponentebs SeeZloT ekiTxaT, Tuki mama-papis gza davagdeT, mama-papaTagan datovebul<br />
saunjes rogorRa vupatronoTo? razedac ilias mouwevda ganemarta maTTvis Sinagani<br />
winaaRmdegobis, viTarca mamoZraveblis, mniSvneloba progresisaTvis sazogadod, xolo, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi winaparTagan datovebuli saunjis saTanadod, drois Sesaferisad mosavlelad da<br />
sapatroneblad.<br />
yvelaze sagulisxmo leqsSi `Cemo kalamo...~ mSobeli xalxisa da mSobeli qveynisadmi<br />
ilias ambivalenturi damokidebulebaa. igi ar uary<strong>of</strong>s, rom mas raRac sZuls mis Tanamedrove<br />
samSobloSi, magram iqve dasZens, kargi guli maSinve grZnobs `am siZulvilSi raodenic<br />
siyvaruliao~ (WavWavaZe 1951: 75). xolo ra sZuls da ra uyvars mas samSobloSi, mkafiod<br />
gamoTqva poetma am leqsis avtografis minawerSi:<br />
`exlandeli qarTveli rom Zaliana mZuls, amiT vamtkiceb, rom saqarTvelo Zalian<br />
miyvars~ (WavWavaZe 1951: 455).<br />
157
saerTod, ilias uyvars da exerxeba ambivalenturi, winaaRmdegobrivi gancdebis<br />
gadmocema, romlebic antonimebiT gamoixatebian da paradoqsis forma aqvT (gavixsenoT<br />
`gulSi raRac mziani Crdili iyo~ _ `glaxis naambobidan~ [WavWavaZe 1950: 80], Sdr. `..da imis<br />
mzian CrdilebSi...~ _ `bazaleTis tbidan~ [WavWavaZe 1951: 104]; an kidev: `magram Tu naRvels<br />
mohbers daCagruls, uku-hyris kidec, viT Rrubels qari~ _ `kako yaCaRidan~ [WavWavaZe 1951:<br />
159]).<br />
`Cemo kalamoSi~ Tematizebuli es siZulvil-siyvaruli gasdevs bolomde ilia WavWavaZis<br />
cxovrebasac da Semoqmedebasac _ es misi bedisweraa. amis gamo am leqsis mniSvneloba<br />
gansakuTrebulia rogorc ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis, ise mTeli qarTuli poeziisTvisac.<br />
modernis epoqis (`gamocvlili drois~) umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia moZraoba, is<br />
Tviseba, riTac moderni TvalsaCinod gansxvavdeba uZraobisken, stagnaciisken midrekili<br />
premodernisagan. `oriode sityvaSi~ vkiTxulobT:<br />
`baironis gmirebi kazlovis berisaviT ar knavian da Civian, raTa nugeSi sces vinme, (...)<br />
isini ar Seekedlebian monastris kedlebsa mosasveneblad, imaT sul moZraoba undaT~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1953: 10. xazgasma Cvenia. _ l. b.), xolo imave xanebSi daweril, Tumca mogvianebiT<br />
gamoqveynebul, `mgzavris werilebSi~ igi am azrs, anu moZraobis mniSvnelobas, ase ganmartavs<br />
bunebis movlenaTa simbolikis moSveliebiT:<br />
`didebulia [myinvari], myudro da mSvidobiani, magram (...) ar maRelvebs, maciebs da ar<br />
maTbobs. (...) qveynis yayani, qveynis qariSxali, qrolva, qveynis av-kargi mis maRals Sublzed erT<br />
ZarRvsac ar aatokebs. (...) ganzed gamdgara, miukarebelia. (...) myinvari did getes magonebs da<br />
Tergi ki mrisxane da Seupovars baironsa. netavi Sen, Tergo! imiTi xar kargi, rom mousvenari<br />
xar. aba patara xans dadeg, Tu myral gubed ar gardaiqce da eg Seni saSiSari xmauroba bayayebis<br />
yiyinzed ar Segecvalos. moZraoba da marto moZraoba aris, Cemo Tergo, qveynis Ronisa da<br />
sicocxlis mimcemi...~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 20-21).<br />
amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom `mamebis~ brZola ilias winaaRmdeg, arsebiTad,<br />
modernis winaaRmdeg brZolaa.<br />
oponentebisTvis aSkara iyo meore mxarec ilias ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobisa _ misi liberalizmi<br />
(`is liberali, burTiviT mrgvali...~, dawers mis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT grigol orbeliani. _<br />
orbeliani 1959: 151), ris gamoc ilia miuRebeli iyo ara marto konservatori `mamebis~, aramed<br />
social-demokrati `SvilebisTvisac~.<br />
imave `mgzavris werilebSi~ vkiTxulobT:<br />
`sityvam `revolucia~ ar SegaSinos, mkiTxvelo! revolucia imisTvis aris gaCenili, rom<br />
mSvidobianoba moaqvs. Rvino jer unda aduRdes, airios-dairios da mere dawmndeba xolme. esea<br />
yvelaferi am qveyanazed~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 11).<br />
magram social-demokratebma kargad icodnen, rom es is revolucia ar iyo, rasac isini<br />
eswrafodnen. ilias liberalizmi, yovlad miuRebeli ram imdroindel socialdemokratTaTvis,<br />
mkafiod Cans mis am sityvebSi:<br />
`...kerZo sakuTreba jer kidev qvakuTxedad udevs aramcTu mTels saxelmwifurs da<br />
sazogadoebur wyobas ruseTisas, aramed mTels cxovrebas dawinaurebul qveynebisas mTel<br />
dedamiwis zurgze. (...) kerZo sakuTreba, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod, Cvenda sabednierod Tu<br />
saubedurod, jer kidev did xans iqneba dids pativSi da mis sarbielze Zalmomreoba,<br />
erTmaneTze miseva, vinc gind iyos, iafad ar daujdeba~ (WavWavaZe 1957: 279-280).<br />
istoriam savsebiT daadastura ilia WavWavaZis am Tvalsazrisis marTebuloba. am<br />
striqonebis daweridan TiTqmis asi wlis Semdeg Cven Tvalwin kraxiT damTavrda kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli grandiozuli eqsperimenti, ideologiurad, politikurad<br />
da ekonomikurad maqsimalurad uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa kavSirsa da `socialisturi banakis~<br />
sxva qveynebSi.<br />
* * *<br />
bernSi guverniorad muSaobisas axalgazrda hegels Sveicariis alpebSi umogzauria da<br />
Tavisi STabeWdilebebi dRiurSi Cauweria. am Canawerebze dayrdnobiT arseni guliga wers:<br />
`mudmivi TovliT dafarulma goliaTma mTebma hegeli gulgrili datova... filos<strong>of</strong>oss,<br />
romlis azrebic mTlianad daepyro saukunis mCqefare politikur da sulier cxovrebas,<br />
alpebis landSaftis uZravi didebuleba ar itacebs, is arc siwynares eZebs da arc mosvenebas,<br />
da mTeli guliT xarobs, roca bunebaSi iseT raRacas aRmoaCens, rac misi azrebis daucxromel<br />
mdinarebas Seesatyviseba. ase gaixara man raixenbaxis CanCqeris xilvisas. aq yovelive moZraobs,<br />
da, Tumca gveCveneba, TiTqos Cven Tvalwin sul erTi da igive suraTia, sinamdvileSi igi<br />
ganuwyvetliv icvleba~ (guliga 1970: 26).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebSic~ bunebis movlenebisadmi aseTive damokidebulebaa<br />
gamJRavnebuli _ yvelas kargad gvaxsovs qrestomaTiuli `myinvarisa da Tergis<br />
dapirispireba~ (zemoT nawilobriv citirebuli).<br />
26 wlis hegelisa da 24 wlis ilia WavWavaZis msgavsma sulierma ganwyobam, bunebis<br />
movlenebisadmi maT msgavs damokidebulebaSic iCina Tavi. orive erTnairad `kiTxulobs~<br />
158
landSafts, orive simboloebis erTi da imave leqsikoniT sargeblobs, orive boboqari<br />
cxovrebisTvis aris dabadebuli...<br />
damowmebani:<br />
guliga 1970: Гулыга А. Гегель. М., 1970.<br />
kankava 2001: kankava g. ilias erovnuli cnobierebis Taviseburebis gamo. Jurn. `saguramo~, 2001,<br />
1.<br />
orbeliani 1959: orbeliani g., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1959.<br />
WavWavaZe 1951: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 1. Tb., 1951.<br />
WavWavaZe 1950: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 2. Tb., 1950.<br />
WavWavaZe 1953: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 3. Tb., 1953.<br />
WavWavaZe 1957: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 9. Tb., 1957.<br />
jorjaZe 1988: jorjaZe b. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1988.<br />
159
venera kavTiaSvili<br />
ilia WavWavaZisa da goThold efraim lesingis esTetikuri naazrevis<br />
tipologiisaTvis<br />
rodesac ori sxvadasxva qveynis Semoqmedis esTetikuri naazrevis tipologiurobaze<br />
vsaubrobT, pirvel rigSi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im socialur-politikur da kulturul<br />
garemoze, romelSic maT uxdebaT moRvaweoba, radgan garemo pirobebis msgavseba problemaTa<br />
da azrovnebis msgavsebasac iwvevs da Semdeg — im komunikaciebze, romlebic am qveynebsa da<br />
pirovnebebs Soris arsebobs, Tu, rasakvirvelia, aseTsac aqvs adgili. is, rom germania<br />
imTaviTve saqmis kursSi iyo, Tu ra procesebi mimdinareobda saqarTveloSi, amas mowmobs is<br />
oTxi wigni, romelic me-18 saukuneSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb germaniaSi gamoica. aqedan ori Cven<br />
movipoveT germaniis biblioTekebSi. esenia: `Geschichte des Unruhen in Persen und Georgien~<br />
(sparselebsa da saqarTvelos Soris SfoTis istoria), romelic 1755 wels frankfurtSi<br />
gamoica da `Kurze Geschichte des Prinzen Heraklius und des gegenwärtigen Zustandes von Georgien~ (princ<br />
ereklesa da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos viTarebis mokle istoria), gamocemuli laipcigSi 1793<br />
wels da kidev: Tavad lesingis cnobili drama `mina fon barnhelmi~, sadac metad saintereso<br />
miniSnebebia saqarTveloze. kerZod, piesis mTavari moqmedi gmiris, maior telhaimis msaxur<br />
iusts vaxmistri verneri ekiTxeba: `Hast du von Prinzen Heraklius gehört?~ (gsmenia rame princ<br />
erekleze?), xolo iustis pasuxze — araferio, metad mniSvnelovania vaxmistris replika:<br />
`etnsch, ich glaube, du liesest ebensowenig die Zeitungen als die Bibel~ (adamiano, vfiqrob, iseve iSviaTad<br />
kiTxulob gazeTebs, rogorc biblias) (lesingi 1954: 52). aqedan Cans, rom lesingisdroindel<br />
germanul presaSi xSirad ibeWdeboda cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. amas adasturebs<br />
vernerisave momdevno msjeloba. igi mefe erekles moixseniebs, rogorc `groβen elden~-s — did<br />
gmirs, romelmac `daimorCila sparselebi~ (`den Persen weggenommen~) da `am dReebSi otomanTa<br />
portas karibWesac Selewavs (`nächsten Tage die ottomanische Pforte einsprengen wird~). mas gadauwyvetia<br />
aRmosavleTSi wasvla, `misi mefuri udidebulesobis~ (Seiner Königleichen Hoheit) (lesingi 1954: 52)<br />
armiaSi Caricxva da otomanTa winaaRmdeg brZola. verneris mTeli am msjelobidan naTlad<br />
ikveTeba dasavleTSi Seqmnili swori azri qarTvelTa ganmaTavisuflebel brZolebze<br />
aRmosavleTis Zlieri dampyrobluri qveynebis winaaRmdeg. am azrs axmianebs swored lesingi<br />
da es aris am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis umTavresi.<br />
rac Seexeba ilia WavWavaZes, igi zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda Zveli da Tavisi<br />
Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis, filos<strong>of</strong>iis, ekonomikis, sociologiis da sxva sferos<br />
met-naklebad mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebis naRvaws, magram xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom misi<br />
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans germanuli klasikuri literatura warmoadgenda, rasac<br />
Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi hqonda. kerZod, me-19 saukuneSi germaniis klasikuri filos<strong>of</strong>ia da<br />
literatura mTeli evropisa da ruseTis mowinave moazrovneTa yuradRebis centrSi iyo<br />
moqceuli da gansazRvravda kidec axal mimarTulebebs. bunebrivia, es procesi SeumCneveli ar<br />
darCeboda peterburgSi ganaTlebamiRebuli iliasaTvis, magram am interess bunebrivad da<br />
SesaZlebelia, qvecnobieradac gansazRvravda ucxoel dampryrobTa mudmivi SemosevebiTa da<br />
ruseTis imperiis Zlieri wnexis qveS moqceuli saqarTvelosa da ocdaaTwliani omebiT<br />
gapartaxebuli germaniis politikur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli dakninebiT nasazrdoebi<br />
zneobrivi simdable, ramac am erebis Sinagani daSla-daqucmaceba gamoiwvia. swored<br />
analogiuri istoriuli konteqstiT gamowveuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im tipologiuri<br />
SesabamisobiT unda aixsnas holderlinisa da ilia WavWavaZis mier sakuTari qveynebis<br />
mdgomareobis Sefasebis msgavseba. holderlinis hiperioni swers belarmins: `mware sityvaa,<br />
magram mainc unda vTqva, radgan WeSmaritebaa: me ver warmomidgenia sxhva xalxi, romelic ufro<br />
dafleTili (zerriβner) iyos, vidre germanelebia. xelosans xedav aq, magram ara adamianebs,<br />
moazrovneebs, magram ara adamianebs, moZRvrebs, magram ara adamianebs, batonebs da msaxurebs,<br />
axalgazrdebs da moxucebs, magram ara adamianebs. gana es ar hgavs brZolis vels, sadac sxeulis<br />
yvela nakvTi nakuwebad erTmaneTze hyria, maSin, roca macocxlebeli sisxli miwaSi Jonavs~<br />
(holderlini 1966: 635). aki iliac moTqvamda, rom saqarTveloSi `arian Tavadni, aznaurni,<br />
mRvdelni, vaWarni, glexni, Cinianni da uCinoni — yvelani arian da qarTveli ki arsad aris... vai<br />
im xalxs, romelsac saerTo ZarRvi gauwyda, vai im qveyanas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli<br />
gaSra...~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 163, 165). aseT viTarebaSi ilias Sexedulebebze ar SeiZleba Rrma kvali<br />
ar daeCnia germanul literaturas, romlis erT-erTi umTavresi sazrunevi swored erovnuli<br />
mTlianoba iyo. amitomac aqtiurad iyenebda igi germaneli korifeebis naazrevs da mxatvruli<br />
praqtikis gamocdilebebs. maT Soris ki, uwinares yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia misi mimarTeba<br />
germanuli ganmanaTleblobis uTvalsaCinoes warmomadgenelTan — lesingTan. lesings,<br />
rogorc `gonebis saukunis~ Svils, adamianobis umTavres ganmsazRvrelad azrovneba miaCnda da<br />
werda: `didxans icocxlo, ar niSnavs, rom mravali weli icxovro, xolo didxans Tu giazrovnia,<br />
didxansac gicocxliao~ (ritceli 1966: 320. amas unda daematos brZolis is uSreti vneba, ramac<br />
haines aTqmevina: `igi (lesingi v.k.) Tavisi drois cocxali kritika iyo da mTeli misi cxovreba<br />
160
polemikas warmoadgenda~ (haine 1962: 86). cxadia, es sityvebi mTlianad esadageba ilia<br />
WavWavaZis pirovnul xats da aseTi sulieri Tanaziarobac, garemo pirobebTan erTad,<br />
gansazRvravda maTi azrovnebis tipologiurobas.<br />
lesingma ukve 24 wlis asakSi gansazRvra Tavisi socialur-politikuri da SemoqmedebiTi<br />
mizani, rac mokled Semdegi sityvebiT gamoxata `Die edelste Beschäftigung des Menschen ist der Mensch~<br />
(adamianis ukeTilSobilesi saqme adamiania). iliamac Tavisi samoRvaweo mizani adamianebs<br />
daukavSira: `Cveni saqme saqarTvelos xalxis cxovrebaa. misi gamomjobineba Cveni pirveli da<br />
ukanaskneli survilia~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 129). am `gamomjobinebisaTvis~ maTi brZola Tu<br />
meamboxuri suliskveTebiT daiwyo (gavixsenoT ilias `mgzavris werilebi~ da lesingis `samuel<br />
henci~ da `spartavi~, romelic aRar daumTavrebia, radgan Seicvala azri da cxovrebis<br />
humanistur-demokratiul safuZvelze mowyobisaTvis adamianTa moralur-inteleqtualuri<br />
srulqmna miiCnia, ramac Tavisi asaxva hpova kidec TxzulebaSi `adamianuri modgmis aRzrda~.<br />
aseve evoluciuri gardaqmnebisaken gadaixara mogvianebiT iliac. igi safuZvlianad rom<br />
icnobda lesingis Semoqmedebas, es kargad Cans Tavis werilebSi misi naazrevis citaciiT, xolo<br />
statiaSi `ra mizezia, rom kritika ara gvaqvs~ igi wers: `Cveni swavlulni, ganaTlebulni<br />
darvinis Teorias zedmiwevniT gacodineben, hegelis esTetikas, lesingisa da tenis<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>ias xelovnebisas xelisguliviT gadagiSlian... erTs pawawina leqss ki Cvenis<br />
romelime poetisas ver gauZRvebian, rogorc rigia~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 344) (es seni xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi dResac ganukurnebelia).<br />
lesingis esTetikuri naazrevis mwvervals warmoadgens misi ori Sroma: `laokooni, anu<br />
ferwerisa da poeziis sazRvrebisaTvis~ da `hamburgis dramaturgia~. `laokoonSi~ igi<br />
akritikebda bualosa da rasins, maT kvalad ki germaniaSi franguli klasicizmis epigon<br />
gotSeds, rogorc sakaro klasicizmis Teoretikosebs, romlebsac TavianTi esTetikis<br />
amosavlad aurCeviaT horaciusis gamoTqma _ `upictura poesis~ (poezia mxatvrobis msgavsia). es,<br />
unda iTqvas, rom maT mxolod abstraqtul-racionalisturad esmodaT, rac garegani formis<br />
mSvenierebasa da sagnis calkeul nawilTa harmoniulobaSi gamoixateboda. amas lesingma<br />
daupirispira Sinaarsis, grZnobis, gancdis momenti da amis safuZvelze gaavlo paralelebi<br />
poeziasa da ferweras Soris. man, miuxedavad asasaxad gamoyenebuli masalis da saSualebebis<br />
sxvadasxvaobisa, xelovnebisa da literaturis yoveli dargis saerTo amocanad `ideis saxeSi~<br />
(sinnliches Bild) gadmocema miiCnia, xolo poezias upiratesoba mianiWa, rogorc dinamiurs,<br />
moZravs, droSi ganviTarebads ferweris statikurobasTan SedarebiT.<br />
Tu gavixsenebT ilias `pasuxs~ da statias _ `werilebi literaturis Sesaxeb~, igi<br />
mTlianad iziarebs lesingis aRniSnul mosazrebebs da Tavis Sexedulebebs `laokoonSi~<br />
ganviTarebuli azris Sesabamisad ayalibebs. kerZod, `pasuxSi~ wers: `xelovneba aris<br />
ganxorcieleba saxeSi ideisa, azrisa. musika, mxatvroba, poezia — eseni sul saxeSi gamoTqvamen<br />
ideas, mxolod imiT ganiy<strong>of</strong>ebian, rom Tavisi ideis gamosaTqmelad sxvadasxva masalas xmaroben<br />
— musika —xmasa, mxatvroba — xazsa, poezia — sityvebsa~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 34).<br />
lesingi, bualos Teoriis sapirispirod, romelic sakaro cxovrebis Seswavlas da mis<br />
asaxvas saxavda xelovnebis miznad, iRwvoda cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Rrmad Seswavlisa da<br />
misi asaxvisaTvis. amitomac germanuli literaturisaTvis inglisuri da kerZod, Seqspiris<br />
dramebs miiCnevda ufro sasargneblod, vidre frangi klasicistebisaTvis mibaZvas. iliac<br />
ebrZoda ra sentimentalur mimarTulebas, rogorc uvargiss da arafris momcems Cveni<br />
literaturisaTvis, moiTxovda cxovrebis morevSi SeWras, misi av-kargis gamowvilviT<br />
Seswavlas da mxolod mis asaxvas literaturaSi. igi gadaWriT ambobda: `Tvalni ze zecisa da<br />
qveynis saidumloTa mxedvelad, yurni zesknelisa da qvesknelisa ucnaur xmaTa msmenelad,<br />
xelni cisa da qveynis majiscemis Semtyvebrad da ena yovlisa amis aRmomTqmelad da<br />
mTargmnelad~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 31).<br />
mxatvorobasTan SedJarebiT poezias imitomac aniWebda upiratesobas, rom mxatvrovbas<br />
mxolod xilulis asaxva SeuZlia, poezias ki xilulisac da uxilavisac da roca igi klod<br />
keliuss ekamaTeba miltonis `dakarguli samoTxis~ gamo, wers: `...Tu Cemi xorcieli Tvalis (das<br />
leibliche Auge) xilvis sfero iqneboda Cemi Sinagani Tvalis (das innerliche Auge) xilvis sferos<br />
ganmsazRvreli, Cems Rirsebad CavTvlidi pirvelis dakargvas, oRondac am SezRudulobisagan<br />
gavTavisuflebuliyavio~ (lesingi 1954: 246). aki iliac or Tvals ganasxvavebda — garegansa da<br />
Sinagans, suliersa da xorciels. amisi brwyinvale magaliTia oTaraanT qvrivis usityvo<br />
mwuxareba, razec ilia wers: `...amas marto Tvali gulisaRa Tu xedavda da yuri gulisa Tu<br />
ismenda... xorcieli smena, xorcieli xedva amisi uRonoao~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 294). igive azrs<br />
araerTgzis aviTarebs `werilebSi Teatrze~ (`gaviyareniT~, `vefxistyaosnis gmirebTan ninos<br />
Sedareba), sadac daaskvnis: `CvenSi xorcieli Tvali ufro moqmedebs, vidre Tvali sulisao~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1991: 327).<br />
raki orive SemoqmedisaTvis mTavari cxovrebis Rrma Seswavla iyo Tavisi av-kargiT da<br />
Semdeg misi maRalmxatvruli aRwera, am moTxovnas isini bunebrivad mihyavda tipsa da tipurze<br />
msjelobasTan, radgan konkretulis ganzogadebis safuZvelze individualur saxeebSi<br />
Seijleba zogadkacobriulis gamoxatva, rac sabolood ganapirobebs kidec aseTi nawarmoebis<br />
adgils ms<strong>of</strong>lio kulturis saganZurSi. am azris dasasabuTeblad lesingi msjelobs kornelis<br />
161
`rodigunaSi~ kleopatras saxeze, axasiaTebs metismetad uary<strong>of</strong>iTad da ambobs, rom es ar aris<br />
tipuri saxe da madloba RmerTs, rom aseTi qalebi aTas weliwadSi erTi Tu daibadebiT. igi<br />
kleopatras `cTomil qmnilebas~ (Miβgeschopfte) uwodebs. iliac im azrs aviTareba, rom mweralma<br />
`rac ar unda zedmiwevniT da mSvenvrad dagvixatos erTi romelime calke aRebuli kaci — ivane<br />
Tu petre. yovelTvis upiratesoba unda daeTmos imas, vinc zogadis gamoxatvis SemZlebeliao.<br />
tipze gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ilias msjeloba, roca igi akakis werils _ `vefxistyaosani~<br />
aanalizebs. igi swored imas uwunebs poets, rom man `vefxistyaosnis gmirebi<br />
eTnografiul gmirebad warmogvidginao da askvnis, rom homerosi, rusTaveli, Seqspiri,<br />
baironi da baraTaSvili imitom arian `ms<strong>of</strong>lio geniosebi, rom isini `kacad-kacobis vrcel<br />
mindors~ swvdebodnen da gamoxatavdnen `zogad tipebs, romlebic `erovnuli samkauliT~<br />
individualizebulni `zogadkacoboriul tipebs~ warmoadgeneno. es mosazreba man<br />
brwyinvaled ganaxorciela sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi praqtikiTac. man iseTi cocxali da<br />
metyveli tipebi Seqmna garkveuli Tvisebebis da xasiaTebis matarebeli adamianebisa, rom<br />
mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi samudamod aRibeWdnen luarsab TaTqariZe, rogorc uqnarobis,<br />
uvicobis, sibnelis, uZraobis; oTaraanT qvrivis, rogorc garjis, azrianobis, patiosnebis,<br />
samarTlianobis; glaxa WriaSvili, rogorc gonebaSezRudulobis, uazro, Tavmoubmeli<br />
metyvelebis, cxovrebisagan fexqveSgaTelili adamianis simboluri saxeebi.<br />
lesingisa da ilias SexedulebaTa msgavseba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa maT nawerebSi<br />
Teatrze. rogorc cnobilia, lesingi 1767-69 wlebSi muSaobda hamburgis TeatrSi da<br />
sistematurad aqveynebda recenziebs warmodgenil speqtaklebze, romlebic erTad Sekrebili<br />
cnobilia `hamburgis dramaturgiis~ saxeliT. msgavsad lesingisa, iliac 1886-92 wlebSi<br />
qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis mier warmodgenili speqtaklebis Sesaxeb aqveynebda<br />
recenziebs, romlebic cnobilia cikluri saxeliT `werilebi qarTul Teatrze~ (sul oci<br />
werilia aseTi), romlebic Seexebian repertuars, msaxiobTa TamaSs da xalxis sulier Tu<br />
pirovnul daxvewaSi Teatris rols. lesingi werda, rom `Teatri moraluri aRzrdis kera unda<br />
iyos~ da amave dros mSobliuri enis siwmindis dacvasa da ganviTarebas unda emsaxurebodeso.<br />
am azrs TiTqmis sityva-sityviT gadmoscems ilia Tavis `Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~: `scena igive<br />
Skolaa, romelic cxovelis suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da Wkuasa~ (WavWavaZe 1897: 275)<br />
da Semdeg: `Cven Cvens scenas or Rvawlsa vsTxovT. pirveli — rom marTla ganmwmendeli iyos<br />
Cvenis cxovrebisa, Cvenis Wkuis da gulis ganmanaTlebeli da mwvrTneli da meore — igi unda<br />
iqmnas im adgilad, sadac Cveni ena fexzed unda wamodges mTelis Tavisi mSvenebiTa da<br />
simdidriTa~ (WavWavaZe 1897: 276). Teatris mier am rolis Sesruleba ki mTlianad<br />
damokidebulia repertuarze, risTvisac orive moRvawis mTavar sazrunavs erovnuli<br />
repertuaris Seqmna Seadgenda da rogorc lesingi germaniaSi, ise ilia saqarTveloSi<br />
miiCnevda, rom vidre erovnuli dramaturgia fexs aidgamda, iseTi nawarmoebebi unda<br />
eTargmnaT, romlebic eris interesebs Seesatyvisebodnen da mayureblis zneobriv sruly<strong>of</strong>as<br />
xels Seuwyobdnen. aseve urTierTs Tanxvdeba maTi msjeloba dramatul nawarmoebebSi<br />
istoriuli faqtebis gamoyenebisa da personaJebis xasiaTebis Zerwvis Sesaxebac. lesingis<br />
azriT, tragedia ar aris dialogis formiT gadmocemuli istoria. istoriuli misTvis mxolod<br />
saxelebis nusxaa (Reportorium von Namen), romelSic Tuki Semoqmedi Tavisi siuJetisaTvis<br />
Sesatyvis situaciebs da individualizebisaTvis tipaJebs ipovis, ... SeuZlia gamoiyenos igi~.<br />
iliac Sesabamisad werda: `dramaturgi istorikosi xom ar aris, rom istoria gvaswavlos,<br />
istoriuli qronika gviweros... xolo Tu surs istoriuli Rirseba mianiWos Tavis dramas,<br />
usaTuod... suli epoqisa... unda gadagvixsnas~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 498). maTi azriT, raki Teatrma<br />
cxovreba unda asaxos Tavisi av-kargiT, xolo cxovrebaSi tragikuli momentebic gvxvdeba da<br />
komikuric, amitom komediac iseTsave rols asrulebs adamianims sulis ganwmendaze, rogorsac<br />
tragedia da amitom orives erTnairi ufleba unda hqondes scenaze, oRond es aris, rom<br />
komedia `farsad ar unda iqceso~ _ ambobda lesingi. igive azrs aviTarebs ilia, roca wers:<br />
`yvela sicili~ ver iqneba `sagani xelovnebisa~. qveynad bevri ram aris sasacilo, magram esTeti<br />
kuri grZnoba yvela sicils ver Seiwynarebs, Tavis Svilad ver gaixdiso~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 314) da<br />
mkacrad gmobs `lazRandarobad gardaqmnil~ sicils.<br />
dramatuli nawarmoebis sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad aRqmis sakiTxSi lesingi udides mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebda msaxiobs. igi werda: `msaxiobi yovelTvis avtorTan erTad unda azrovnebdes da<br />
valdebulia, sadac avtori subieqturi mosazrebiT Secdomas uSvebs, mis magivrad ifiqroso<br />
(lesingi 1954: 273). ilia l. mesxiSvils swored imas uqebs, rom `SeSlilSi~ gmiris rolSi<br />
`Seavso, ganaviTara~ avtolris Canafiqrio. kerZod, eqimis winaSe, roca coli qmarze `erTi<br />
sityviTac ar mianiSnebs, es kaci SeSliliao, mesxiSvilma iseTi scena gaiTamaSa, rom `SesZra<br />
mayurebelio~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 285). rac Seexeba Jestikulacias, romelzec lesingi Zalian<br />
frTxil da zomier midgomas moiTxovs, `Warbi Jestikulacia afuWebs saqmeso~ _ ambobs igi,<br />
iliac, Tumca k. yifians uaRresad niWier da daxelovnebul msaxiobad miiCnevs, swored imas<br />
uwunebs, rom `metad xSirad da uadgilo adgilas icis xelebis da TiTebis moZraobao~<br />
(WavWavaZe 1991: 269).<br />
da bolos gvinda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom, rogorc ekonomikurad, politikurad da<br />
kulturulad daZabunebul germanias moevlina lesingi, romelmac ise gadmonerga Tavisi<br />
162
epoqis mowinave, upirvelesad inglisel da frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi da suliskveTebani,<br />
rom maT axali Sinaarsi SesZina mSobliur niadagze, aseve iliamac, rogorc sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis nebismier dargSi, esTetikis sakiTxebSic meqanikurad ki ar gadmohqonda evropel<br />
moazrovneTa da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi lesingis naazrevi, aramed SemoqmedebiTad iyenebda<br />
da qarTuli sulis Sesatyvisad, axal Sinaarss sZenda maT, ris gamoc sruliad originalur<br />
naazrevad gvevlinebian isini.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
lesingi 1954: Gotthold Ephreim Lessing. Ausgewählte Werke. Verlag für Fremdsprachige Literatur. Moskau: 1954.<br />
ritceli 1966: Ritzel. G. E. Lessing. Stuttgart: 1966.<br />
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. V, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,<br />
1991.<br />
WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. VI, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,<br />
1997.<br />
haine 1962: Heinrich Heines. Werke in fünf Bänben. Bnd 5., Volks Verlag Weimar: 1962.<br />
holderlini 1962: Johann Chr. H. Hölderlin. Sämtliche Werke, herausgegeben von Friedrich Beisner. Stuttgart: 1966.<br />
163
s<strong>of</strong>iko lobJaniZe<br />
ilia WavWavaZe german<strong>of</strong>iluri saganmanaTleblo politikis ideologi<br />
saqarTveloSi<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebSi orma urTierTsapirispiro procesma _ erTi mxriv didi imperiebis<br />
mier mcirericxovan xalxTa saxelmwifoebis dapirispirebis xarjze sazRvrebis gafarToebam<br />
da meores mxriv priqiT, didi imperiebis kolonialuri uRlidan Tavis daxsnam, bunebrivad<br />
daayena orive am procesSi monawile xalxebisaTvis erovnuli (dedaenovani) skolis problema.<br />
pirvelTaTvis es aucilebeli iyo Tavis dasacavad kulturulad mZlavri an mzardi da<br />
militaristulad aRmatebuli imperiis maasimilirebeli meqanizmisagan, meoreTaTvis ki<br />
gardauvali _ axalSeqmnili, damoukidebeli saxelmwifos kulturuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobisa da<br />
aRmavlobisaTvis.<br />
pirvelTa rigSi moxvda saqarTvelo, romelic TiTqmis mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />
(1801 wlidan _ 1875 wlis CaTvliT) nawil-nawil da TandaTanobiT okupaciisa da aneqsiis gziT<br />
xdeboda ruseTis imperiis nawili.<br />
ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis droisaTvis saqarTveloSi sul ori<br />
seminaria arsebobda: Tbilisisa (1755) da Telavis (1782). qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da<br />
ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg (1801) orive es qarTuli seminaria daixura da ganaTlebis enad 1918<br />
wlamde saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad rusuli iqca.<br />
ruseTis imperiis kavkasiaSi gabatoneba saqarTvelos kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo<br />
institutebis absoluturi arakonkurentunarianobis periods daemTxva. kulturulad nela,<br />
magram mainc mzardi imperiis zewolas saqarTvelo ver gauZlebda, miT umetes, rom qarTuli<br />
ganaTlebisa da kulturis iseTi tradiciuli burji, rogoric avtokefaluri eklesia iyo,<br />
rusulma marTlmadideblobam daiqvemdebara da iqidan qarTuli, rogorc RvTismsaxurebis ena,<br />
gamoaZeva.<br />
samagierod, ruseTma scada qarTveli eris Semadgenel nawilebad daSla da saanbano<br />
wignebi megrulad da svanuradac gamosca (mogvianebiT amas ruseTis sabWoTa imperiac<br />
gaimeorebs da saanbano wignebisa da gazeTebis gamocemas wamoiwyebs megrulad da lazurad),<br />
Tumca Zv. w. 284 wlidan moyolebuli qarTuli ena qarTuli saxelmwifos da yvela qarTveluri<br />
tomis erTaderTi samwerlo ena iyo.<br />
agresiulma da ukompromiso rusifikatorulma politikam kavkasiaSi qarTuli<br />
inteleqtualuri elitis dRis wesrigSi daayena iseTi precenden- tis povnis aucilebloba<br />
evropul imperiaTa saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi, romlis dapirispireba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli<br />
rusulisaTvis, rogorc eTnikuri da lingvisturi tolerantobis, aseve sakuTriv pedagogiuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT. da aseTi precendenti iqna kidec napovni ganaTlebis germanuli (resp.<br />
prusiuli) imperiuli sistemis saxiT.<br />
rogorc ucnauradac ar unda JRerdes, saqarTveloSi germanuli skolisa da<br />
pedagogiuri azrisadmi interesis gacxoveleba oto eduard leopold bisamarkis (1815-1898)<br />
saxels ukavSirdeba da ara imdenad mis samxedro da politikur warmatebebs, ramdenadac<br />
keTilSobilur Jests, romliTac man Tavisi epoqaluri gamarjvebis dafnis gvirgvini<br />
uyoymanod gauyo germanuli skolis maswavlebels.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe amasTan dakavSirebiT werda: “1870 welsa, roca germaniam Tavs-zari dasca<br />
minamde TiTqmis uZlevels safrangeTsa da saca Sexvda, bre gaadina, sTqves, rom germaniis<br />
skolis maswavlebelma sZlia safrangeTsa da daamarcxao. amiTi imis Tqma undaT, rom uxvad<br />
m<strong>of</strong>enilma da kargad mowyobilma skolebma da swavla-ganaTlebam germaniisam misca ers is<br />
sulieri da xorcieli Zal-Rone, romelmac Semusra safrangeTio. mas aqeT germaniam axla sxva<br />
gzaze iCina Tavisi Zlevamosileba da winsvla imave RonisZiebiT. aqac, rogorc etyoba, mizezi<br />
Zlevamosilobisa igiv skolis maswavlebelia, igiv swavla da ganaTleba” (WavWavaZe 1997: 375-<br />
376).<br />
1889 wels ilia WavWavaZe ase axasiaTebs germanelTa midrekilebas swavlaganaTlebisadmi,<br />
da Tanac ara abstraqtul germanelTa, aramed saqarTvelos germanuli<br />
kolonistebisas:<br />
“germaneli purs daiklebs, Rvinos daiklebs, SimSils, wyurvils ar SeuSindeba da Svilis<br />
gasazrdelad-ki Tavis monagars groSs gadasdebs, Svilis mcodne kacad qcevisaTvis arafers<br />
dahzogavs da yvelafers gaimetebs. germanelma icis, rom Svilis kacad gamosvla, maZRrad<br />
y<strong>of</strong>na da utkivrad rCena swavla-ganaTlebazea damokidebuli.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 351)<br />
is amasve moiTxovs Tavisi Tanamemamuleebisgan, misi mizani am “germanuli” Tvisebis<br />
gamomuSavebis miRwevaa qarTvel adamianSi. igi germanelebs qarTvelTa misabaZ magaliTad<br />
saxavs, radgan TbilisSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa mxolod mesamedma icis wera-kiTxva, xolo<br />
TbilisSi mcxoveb xalxTagan: “wera-kiTxvis codnis kvalobazed yvelaze win arian germanelni,<br />
romelTa Soris mcodinari oTxSi samia.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 351)<br />
germanelebs is uwonebs SvilTa ganaTlebisTvis zrunvas:<br />
164
“raki germanelisaTvis codna, swavla-ganaTleba aucilebeli saWiroebaa, mis saekonomio<br />
angariSSi, mis saRvawosa da saamagoSo Svilis gasazrdelad saxarjos mopvebas TiTqmis<br />
upirvelesi adgili uWiravs. jafas, garjas iorkecebs da, Tu amiT veras gamxdara, sxvagan<br />
iklebs da am saxarjos ki hmatebs.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 351-352)<br />
qarTvelebze ki gulistkiviliT ambobs:<br />
“Cven yovels amazed Zalian Sorsa varT. Cvens saekonomio angariSSi, Cvenis cxovrebis<br />
“CotkSi” Svilis gasazrdels saxarjos araviTari adgili ar uWiravs.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 352)<br />
ilia urCevs qarTvelebs germanelebiviT miudgnen SvilTa swavla-ganaTlebis saqmes:<br />
“tanT moikal, fexT moikal, mSier-mwyurvali iare da nu Cadgebi-ki jer Svilisa da mere<br />
qveynis codvaSi, _ ai ra unda eweros gulis ficarzed im wminda saqmes, romelsac mama-<br />
Svilobas eZaxian.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 353)<br />
ilia germanelebs idealad usaxavs Tavis Tanamemamuleebs swored am Tvisebis,<br />
ganaTlebisadmi swrafvisa da saganmanaTleblo saqmis organizaciis unaris gamo, da aseT<br />
prognozs akeTebs germanelTa da germaniis momavalTan dakavSirebiT:<br />
“germanelni axovanni da Zlierni arian suliTa da xorciT. amaTi mermisi didia da<br />
TvalTgauwvdeneli. me mgonia, rom kacobrioba pirvelobas amaT dauTmobs qveynierebaze Tavis<br />
droze. didi janiani eria, rogorc vTqvi, suliTa da xorciT. didi mermisi moeliT.” (WavWavaZe<br />
1997: 146)<br />
TavisTavad cxadia, rom saqarTvelo, romelic daqucmacebuli samefo-samTavroebad<br />
nawil-nawil iyo okupirebuli da aneqsirebuli ruseTis imperiis mier, grZnobda ra Tavisi<br />
mravalsaukunovani sasuliero saganmanaTleblo tradiciasTan ganuwyveteli kavSiris<br />
aRdgenis SeuZleblobas, eZebda axal orientirebs ganaTlebis sferoSi. umZimesi pirobebi,<br />
romelSic imperiis rusificirebulma politikam Caagdo saqarTvelo (qarTuli eklesiis<br />
avtokefaliis gauqmeba da qarTul enaze liturgiis akrZalva, qarTuli sasuliero<br />
seminariebis daxurva, saxelmwifo skolebSi da gimnaziebSi qarTuli enis faqtobrivi akrZalva<br />
da a. S.), rogorc vTqviT, aiZulebdnen qarTvel inteleqtualebs, evropisken miepyroT mzera da<br />
axali erovnuli ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis Sesaferisi modeli SeerCiaT.<br />
saero ganaTlebis sistemis organizaciis TvalsazrisiT ki evropaSi yvelaze saintereso<br />
da mimzidveli germaniasa da SveicariaSi mimdinare procesebi Canda da qarTuli presac<br />
maqsimalurad cdilobda am procesebis Sesaxeb operatiuli informacia miewodebina qarTveli<br />
sazogadoebisTvis.<br />
ai ramdenime nimuSi XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnis yvelaze popularuli qarTuli JurnalgazeTebidan:<br />
gadaRmeli (am fsevdonimis ukan idga anTimoz juReli)<br />
“ucxo cxovrebidan” _ statia exeboda berlinSi “saskolo sazogadoebis daarsebas”,<br />
germanelTa Soris ganaTlebis gavrcelebis mizniT. gaz. “droeba” 1883. XII. 13. 251. gv. 1-2.<br />
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda ilia WavWavaZis mier daarsebuli gazeTi “iveria”:<br />
1890. 17. 06. 127:3 “germaniis dedaTa peticia” _ medicines Seswavlis nebarTvis Sesaxeb:<br />
1890. 27. 11 252:3 „germania“ — saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb; 1891. 4. 04. 73:3 “germania”<br />
— ganaTlebis saqmisaTvis berlinis mmarTvelobis mier gadadebuli Tanxebis ganawilebis<br />
Sesaxeb; 1892. 12. 02. 33:3-4 “germania” — qalTa ganaTlebis saqmis Sesaxeb; 1893. 7. 04 69:3<br />
“germania” — istorikosTa kreba miunhenSi saSualo saswavleblebSi istoriis swavlebis<br />
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb; 1893. 8. 09. 192:4 “saero skolebi germaniaSi”; 1898. 31. 05. 113:1-2<br />
“saswavlebeli mermisisa” — axali tipis saswavleblebis daarsebis sakiTxi evropaSi. aseTi<br />
skolebi inglissa da germaniaSi; 1900. 1. 01. 1:3 “qarTveli moswavle axalgazrdobis<br />
sayuradRebod” — umaRlesi sakomercio saswavleblis daarsebis Sesaxeb laipcigSi; 1901. 14. 09<br />
199:1-3; 26. 09. 209:1-4 (filipe gogiCaiSvili) “kerZo iniciativa saxalxo swavla-ganaTlebis<br />
saqmeSi germanelTa Soris”; 1902. 1. 09. 185:2-3 “saero skola prusiaSi ”; 1903. 13. 04. 80:2-3<br />
“saxalxo saswavlebeli germaniaSi”; 1904. 25. 04. 98:2-3 “saero maswavlebelTa kursebi<br />
SveicariaSi”. da a.S.<br />
gazeTi “cnobis furceli”:<br />
1898. 24. 01. 436:3 S. froneli “savaldebulo swavla germaniaSi”; 1989. 11. 11. 676:3-4 iv.<br />
kavTeli (jajanaSvili) “samagaliTo oblebis skola germaniaSi”; 1898. 19. 11. 684:4, 20. 11. 685:4 iv.<br />
kavTeli “pestaloci-frebelis instituti berlinSi”; 1901. 28. 08. 1566:1-3; 29.08. 1567:1-3; 1.09.<br />
1569:1-3; 6. 09. 1574: 1-3 p. paWkoria “pedagogiuri dakvirvebani SveicariaSi”; 1902. 12. 04. 1779:3-4<br />
“germaniis politeqnikumebis gamo”; 1902. 23-25. 1817: 3 “sazRvargareTeli politeqnikumebi” —<br />
germaniis politeqnikumebSi miRebis Sesaxeb. da a.S.<br />
1873 wels jurnal krebulSi 8: 141-166, 16: 49-94 gamoqveynda ivane mesxis gamokvleva<br />
“ymawvilebis aRzrda SveicariaSi”.<br />
Cven sagangebod SevarCieT Tematurad gansxvavebuli statiebi, raTa gveCvenebina, Tu<br />
rogori farTo iyo qarTuli sazogadoebis interesis speqtri germanuli (da germanulenovani<br />
Sveicariis) saganmanaTleblo sistemis struqturebis efeqturobisa da siaxleebisadmi.<br />
yovelive es ibeWdeba im mizniT, rom qarTul sazogadoebas miebaZa germanulisaTvis<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi da aeTvisebina misi gamocdileba _ es ase xdeboda kidec, miT umetes, rom<br />
165
germanul (prusiul) skolas sanimuSod saxavdnen imdroindeli saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri<br />
liderebi, upirveles yovlisa Tavad ilia WavWavaZe da rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, axali<br />
qarTuli skolisa da mecniereuli pedagogikis fuZemdebeli iakob gogebaSvili (1840-1912).<br />
ilia germanul saero skolas, iseve rogorc Tavad germanelebs, qarTvelTaTvis<br />
samagaliTod miiCnevs. mas ar akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs saqarTvelos saero skolebSi dakanonebuli<br />
swavlebis samwliani kursi da 1881 wels misi gazrdis moTxovnisas isev germaniis precendents<br />
iSveliebs:<br />
“germania, da nametnavad prusia, aris is qveyana, saca saero skolis gansakuTrebuli<br />
Tviseba misxlobiT gamokvleuli aqvT gamoCenilTa mecnierTa SemweobiT, misi Tavi da bolo,<br />
sigrZe da sigane didis codniT da sifrTxiliT gazomili aqvT; iq saero skolis<br />
gansakuTrebuli saqme imdenad Znelad da samZimod aqvT aRiarebuli da cnobili, rom misi<br />
kursi xuTisa da eqvsis, zogan rva wlobiTac aris xolme. Tu iq, saca, rac unda vsTqvaT, eris<br />
gonebrivi da qonebrivi y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovreba gacilebiT Cvenzed metia da ukeTesi, saca, eri ufro<br />
mixvedrilia da goneba-gaxsnili, saca daxelovnebuli da kargad momzadebuli ostatebi<br />
mravalia da maSasadame, saca, yovel am mizeziT, skolis saqme ufro gaadvilebulia, xuTs<br />
weliwadzed aranakleb axmaren saero skolis pirdapir daniSnulebas, _ nuTu es CvenSi es sami<br />
weliwadi, es mokle xani, imisTvisac sakmarisia, rom saero skolam Tavisi pirdapiri<br />
daniSnulebac aasrulos da rusuli enac imodenad acodinos bavSvs, rom umaRles<br />
saswavlebelSi Sesvla SesZlos?!” (WavWavaZe 1938: 225).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mier ganaTlebis sferoSi aRebul german<strong>of</strong>ilur kurss, rogorc im<br />
droisaTvis erTaderT swor orientirs, iseTi avtoritetuli momxre da mimdevari gamouCnda,<br />
rogoric iyo iakob gogebaSvili. iakobma iliaseul argumentebs rusulTan SedarebiT<br />
germanuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis upiratesobis damadasturebeli axali, da rac mTavaria,<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovani argumentebi moiyvana.<br />
upirispirdeboda ra ruseTis agresiul da ukompromiso rusifikatorul politikas<br />
kavkasiasa da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi, iakob gogebaSvili ruseTis aseT Sovinistur pozicias<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi adarebda da amsgavsebda avstrielTa gamocdilebas da sanimuSod isic<br />
germanul (resp. prusiul) skolas miiCnevda:<br />
“avstria da prusia ors sxva-da-sxva gvars wess misdevdnen ucxo-Temelebis ganaTlebaSi.<br />
avstria xSirad winaaRmdegobas uwevda pirvel-dawyebiTs skolebSi deda-enis swavlebas da<br />
cdilobda, rac SeiZleba adre daewyoT nemcurs enazed swavleba. prusia ki deda-enas yovelgvars<br />
uflebas aZlevda da iTxovda kidec rom swavla yovels saxalxo skolaSi bavSvebis dedaenazed<br />
y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. da ra moxda? avstriam am gvaris moqmedebiT aramc Tu Tavis wadili ver<br />
Seasrula da Tavis qveSevrdomi ucxo xalxebi ver gaanemca, aramed ufro auyara guli<br />
nemcobazed. prusiam ki mWidrod daakavSira qveSevrdomi ucxo-Temelebi.” (gogebaSvili 1955:<br />
243)<br />
swored am TvalsazrisiT, e. i. saero skolebSi deda-enaze swavlebis aucileblobis<br />
dasasabuTeblad, ara marto ilia WavWavaZe da iakob gogebaSvili, aramed mTeli qarTuli<br />
pedagogiuri azri mimarTavs prusiisa da germanulenovani Sveicariis gamocdilebas.<br />
saqarTveloSi ewevian henrix pestalocis, fridrix frebelis, fridrix adolf distervegis,<br />
karl rixteris da sxvaTa pedagogiuri naazrevis popularizaciasa da gaTavisebas.<br />
saero skolebisTvis, pirvel rigSi dawyebiTi klasebisTvis qarTuli<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenisas iakob gogebaSvili iTvaliswinebs sinqroniaSi arsebul<br />
saukeTeso germanuli saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebis, kerZod klauvelisa da Sindleris<br />
gamocdilebas.<br />
1896 wels TbilisSi qarTulad gamodis pestalocis mTavari pedagogiuri Txzuleba,<br />
romani “lingardi da hertruda”, Targmnili pedagog iv. rostomaSvilis (1852-1924) mier. imave<br />
wels gamodis ernst bemes “aRzrda Svilisa, pedagogiuri werilebi dedasTan ernst bemesi” da<br />
sxv.<br />
iwereba sagangebo gamokvlevebi: “henrix pestaloci, rogorc kaci da pedagogi” (v.<br />
algandaSvili, J. “mogzauri” 1903, 5-6: 347-355), “fridrix frebeli” (al. naTaZe J. “pedagogiuri<br />
furceli”, 1905, 6: 12-18) da sxv.<br />
zemoT Cven vaCveneT ilia WavWavaZis pozicia saqarTvelos germanuli kolonistebisa da<br />
kerZod maTi damokidebulebis mimarT swavla-ganaTlebisadmi. germaneli kolonistebi<br />
saqarTveloSi XIX saikuneSi, 1817-1819 wlebSi iqnen gadmosaxlebulni da maT aq rva kolonias<br />
Cauyares safuZveli. germaneli kolonistebi ZiriTadaT luTeranebi iyvnen, magram maT Soris<br />
seqtebis (“separatistebi” igive “hiliastebi”) angariSgasawevi raodenobac iyo, es<br />
ukanasknelebi saqarTvelosken (resp. kavkasiisken) miiswrafodnen, rogorc aRTqmuli miwisken<br />
“qveynierebis dasasrulisgan” Tavdasaxsnelad, maTi religiuri lideris iung-Stilingis (1740-<br />
1818) winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad. (manjgalaZe 1968: 155)<br />
rac Seexeba luTeranebs, maTi misionerebis pirveli gamoCenas saqarTveloSi XVI s. meore<br />
naxevarSi hqonda adgili (martin krusiusi, stefane gerlaxi, iakob andrea da sxv.) da Tavidan<br />
maT, rogorc Cans, sakmao warmatebiTac umoRvawiaT.<br />
166
am warmatebis mizezi isev qarTvelTaTvis esoden mtkivneul problemas, deda-enaze<br />
swavlebas ukavSirdeba _ saqarTvelos istoriul samxreT-dasavleTSi, romelic im dros<br />
Turqebis mier iyo okupirebuli, <strong>of</strong>icialurad ikrZaleboda qarTulenovani mRvdelmsaxureba<br />
(qarTvel marTlmadideblebs mxolod berZnulad unda ewarmoebinaT liturgia, qarTvel<br />
kaTolikebs mxolod somxurad), luTeranebze es akrZalva ar vrceldeboda, garda amisa,<br />
luTeranoba principuli momxre iyo liturgiis erovnul enaze Catarebisa, rac mas qarTuli<br />
enisa da eTnikuri TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis mxsnelis funqcias aniWebda xsenebul regionSi (javaxia<br />
2005: 146). politikuri koniunqturis cvlilebam luTeranobis gavrcelebas aRar Seuwyo xeli.<br />
saqarTveloSi luTeranobis gadmosaxlebis Semdeg qarTvelTa interesi<br />
luTeranobisadmi ufro pedagogiuri niSniT aris aRbeWdili, vidre TeologiuriT an<br />
religiuriT.<br />
1884 wels Jurnal “iveria”-Si qveyndeba gadaRmelis (anTimoz juReli) statia “liuteri,<br />
rogorc pedagogi” (“iveria” 5-6: 127-150)<br />
1820 wels TbilisSi daarsda luTeranuli skola, romelmac 1919 wlis ivnisSi Tavisi 100<br />
wlisTavi izeima (kutalia 1993: 217; kutalia 2004: 33). luTeranuli skolebi saqarTveloSi<br />
bolSevikuri ruseTis mier misi okupaciisa da aneqsiis (1921 w.) Semdeg daixura.<br />
luTeranul skolebs Tbilisis guberniaSi pastorebi uwevdnen kuratorobas, rogorc es<br />
saerTod iyo miRebuli. Tavdapirvelad pastorebad bazelis samisionero institutes<br />
kursdamTavrebulebs niSnavdnen (kolonistebis wridan), XIX saukunis meore naxevridan<br />
ruseTis xelisuflebis moTxovniT kolonistebi ukve derptSi agzavnidnen Tavis<br />
axalgazrdebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad da pastorad mosamzadeblad. (kutalia 1993: 214;<br />
kutalia 2004: 31).<br />
orklasiani samrevlo tipis germanulenovani skolis (saswavleblis) damTavrebis Semdeg<br />
germanel kolonistTa bavSvebi, iseve rogorc maTi qarTveli Tanatolebi rusulenovan<br />
skolebsa da gimnaziebSi agrZeleben swavlas da isini erTnairad gamocdidnen xolme sakuTar<br />
Tavze gansxvavebas rusul da germanul (resp. prusiul) saskolo ganaTlebis sistemebsa da<br />
principebs Soris.<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze germanuli saskolo da sauniversteto ganaTlebis<br />
sistemebisadmi gansakuTrebuli simpaTia qarTul inteleqtualur wreebSi, swrafva<br />
axalgazrdoba saswavleblad swored germanul universitetebSi gaegzavnaT swavlis misaRebad<br />
da qarTvel mecnierTa, maT Soris 1918 wels Tbilisis universitetis dafuZnebelTa<br />
umravlesobis orientacia germanul samecniero skolebze, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc<br />
inteleqtualuri german<strong>of</strong>iloba, ramac XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ruseTis imperiis<br />
uRlisagan saqarTvelos daxsnisaTvis moRvawe erovnul ZalebSi politikuri german<strong>of</strong>ilobis<br />
Seuqcevadi saxe miiRo. Tumca, es ukve sxva gamokvlevis sagania.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
gogebaSvili 1955: gogebaSvili i. Txzulebani 10 tomad, tomi pirveli, Tbilisi: “institutis<br />
gamomcemloba”, 1955.<br />
kutalia 1993: kutalia g. martin luTeris sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebani, Tbilisi: “Tbilisis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba”, 1993.<br />
kutalia 2004: kutalia g. narkvevebi da mogonebebi, Tbilisi: “meridiani”, 2004.<br />
manjgalaZe 1968: manjgalaZe guram, seqtanturi moZraoba amierkavkasiis germanul kolonistebSi,<br />
krebuli “religiis istoriisa da aTeizmis sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi”, Tbilisi, 1968.<br />
WavWavaZe 1938: WavWavaZe i. pedagogiuri Txzulebani, Tbilisi: “saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, 1938.<br />
WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. amas vambob da vRaRadeb, quTaisi: “s.s. stamba”, 1997.<br />
javaxia 2005: javaxia b. saqarTveloSi luTeranobis gavrcelebis mcdelobis istoriidan, Jurnali:<br />
“kriteriumi”, 2005.<br />
167
ilia WavWavaZe da misi Tanadrouli<br />
germanuli poeziis Targmanebi<br />
nino popiaSvili<br />
ilia WavWavaZe studentobis periodidan iyo dainteresebuli da Targmnida germenul<br />
poezias. ilia iyo fridrix Sileris, hainrix haines, iohan goeTes leqsebis pirveli qarTveli<br />
mTargmneli.<br />
ilias ekuTvnis cnobili germaneli romantikosi poetis, fridrix riukertis (1788-1866)<br />
leqsebis pirveli qarTuli Targmanebi. ilias 1859 wlis 18 ianvars peterburgSi uTargmnia<br />
leqsi usaTaurod “Crdilni maRal mTebisa”. leqsis xelnaweri avtografi Senaxulia 108 (); 17<br />
501 (C). saTauris qveS ilias miuweria “riukertiT”, TariRic TviTon dausvams: “1859-sa welsa,<br />
19-sa ianvars, s. peterburRi”. (WavWavaZe 1988: 669-670) leqsi gamoqveynda “iveriaSi”, xolo 1892<br />
wels ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebis pirvel tomSi (WavWavaZe 1892: 48).<br />
leqsi, romelsac iliam TargmanSi “Crdilni maRal mTebisa” uwoda pirveli striqonis<br />
analogiiT, germaniaSi pirvelad 1835 wels gamoqveynda q. StutgartSi, xolo 1838 wels Sevida<br />
riukertis rCeuli Txzulebebis mexuTe tomSi. leqss hqvia “saRamos mgzavruli” “Abendlied des<br />
Wanderers“, meore variantiT: „Wanderers Abendlied.“<br />
Abendlied des Wanderers<br />
Wie sich Schatten dehnen<br />
Vom Gebirg zum See,<br />
Fühlt das Herz ein Sehen<br />
Und ein süßes Weh.<br />
Wie die Möven fliegen<br />
Fluter uferwärts,<br />
Möchte ich nun mich schmiegen<br />
An ein treues Herz.<br />
Froh im Morgenschimmer<br />
Zieht ein Wanderer aus,<br />
Aber abends immer<br />
Möchte er sein zuhaus (riukerti: 1835: 124).<br />
am leqsis iliaseuli Targmani Tavisebur Tavisufal Targmans warmoadgens.<br />
***<br />
(riukertisa)<br />
Crdilni maRal mTebisa<br />
ager wyalze gadmovlen<br />
da gundi batebisa<br />
TeTrad Sorsa aRmoCndnen.<br />
siCumea... daRlilad<br />
mkerdSi sustad guli hscems...<br />
aw megobars rarigad<br />
magrad mivapyrobdi mkerds!<br />
gzazeda sixaruliT<br />
gamodis mgzavri diliT,<br />
magram ki saRamoJams<br />
Sin natrobs gansvenebas. (WavWavaze 1988: 24)<br />
rogorc vxedavT, leqsis saTauri ar aris Targmnili. TavisTavad cxadia, rom ilias<br />
leqsis Targmanisas saTauris Targmna ar gauWirdeboda. vfiqrobT, man saWirod ar CaTvala<br />
leqsis saTauris Targmna, radgan es leqsi ideurad ufro farTo Sinaarsis momcvelia, vidre<br />
mgzavris simRera. cnobilia, rom ilia Targmanis dros garkveuli Tavisuflebis momxre iyo.<br />
1858 wels ilias uTargmnia fridrix Sileris balada “Des Mädchens Klage” baladis saTauri ilias<br />
ar uTargmnia da misTvis daurqmevia “cremlTa Sina nugeSi,” rac Sileris baladis finalis<br />
bolo striqonebis analogiiTaa gadmoRebuli.<br />
“baladis rogorc saTauri aseve, finaluri ori striqoni ilias mxatvruli mignebis<br />
genialur unarze metyvelebs da originalSi Rrma wvdomis gareSe baladis ZiriTadi arsis<br />
168
aseTi lakonuri da brZnuli gaazreba albaT SeuZlebeli iqneboda”, _ miiCnevs mkvlevari j.<br />
gagniZe (gagniZe 1979: 76.).<br />
Targmani mihyveba originals. riukertiseuli leqsi jvaredini riTmiT aris dawerili.<br />
jvaredini riTma aris SenarCunebuli ilias TargmanSic. leqsi dawerilia eqvsmarcvliani<br />
sazomiT, ilias TargmanSi sazomi Svidmarcvliania, rogorc Cans, Targmani maqsimalurad<br />
daaxloebulia dedniseul sazoms. leqsi sam str<strong>of</strong>iania, str<strong>of</strong>ebis raodenoba TargmanSic<br />
zustad aris daculi, Tumca striqonebi iliaseul TargmanSi xSirad aris adgilSecvlili.<br />
pirveli ori striqonis Sinaarsi aseTia:<br />
ilias uTargmnia:<br />
“rogor iweleba Crdili mTidan tbaze.”<br />
“Crdilni maRal mTebisa<br />
ager wyalze gadmowvnen”.<br />
ilias zustad da poeturad uTargmnia germanuli “dehnen“ _ gawelva, Crdilis gawelvis<br />
magier man „gadmowvnen“ ufro Sesaferisad miiCnia, Tumca germanuli „der See (zum See)“ _<br />
qarTulad tba ilias ratomRac uTargmnia rogorc „wyalze“, Tumca TargmanSi marcvali ar<br />
daakldeboda da arc JReradobas SeuSlida xels nacvlad „wyalze“, tbaze rom y<strong>of</strong>iliyo.<br />
riukertis leqsis Semdegi ori striqoni:<br />
“Fühlt das Herz ein Sehen<br />
Und ein süßes Weh“.<br />
“guls avsebs naRvliTa da tkbili tkiviliT” iliaseul TargmanSi gamotovebuli an<br />
gadaadgilebuli Cans, xolo mis adgils ikavebs meore str<strong>of</strong>is pirveli ori striqoni:<br />
“rogor dafrinaven Toliebi, farfateben napirze”<br />
ilias uTargmnia:<br />
“da gundi batebisa<br />
TeTrad Sorsa aRmoCndnen”.<br />
aq saqme gvaqvs Tavisufal TargmanTan. germanuli “öven“, Toliebi ilias uTargmnia<br />
„gundi batebisa“, xolo striqoni „luter uferwärts“ farfateben, frenen napirze ilias<br />
uTargmnia ara pirdapir Sinaarsoblivad, aramed Taviseburi poeturi interpretaciiT, magram<br />
SinaarsTan axlos.<br />
vfiqrobT, ilias meore str<strong>of</strong>is pirveli da meore striqonebi<br />
“siCumea... daRlilad<br />
mkerdSi sustad guli hscems...”<br />
riukertiseuli pirveli str<strong>of</strong>is mesame da meoTxe striqonebis<br />
“Fühlt das Herz ein Sehen<br />
Und ein süßes Weh“.<br />
“guls avsebs naRvliTa da tkbili tkiviliT” Taviseburi da Tavisufali interpretaciaa,<br />
sadac mxolod gulis naRvliani gancdebia riukertis dedanTan axlo kavSirSi, xolo siCume da<br />
daRla ilias Tavisufali Targmanis Sedegia.<br />
originalis meore str<strong>of</strong>is mesame-meoTxe striqonebis Sinaarsi aseTia:<br />
ilias uTargmnia:<br />
“minda erTgul guls mivekra”,<br />
“aw megobars rarigad<br />
magrad mivapyrobdi mkerds”.<br />
germanuli sityva “schmiegen“ _ qarTulad _ mikvra, moxuteba ilias poeturad savsebiT<br />
gamarTlebulad da Sesabamisad uTargmnia „mivapyro“, Tumca riukertiseuli „treues Herz“ _<br />
erTguli guli ilias uTargmnia, rogorc megobris mkerdi.<br />
mesame str<strong>of</strong>is Targmani yvelaze axlos aris originalTan. riukertTan vkiTxulobT:<br />
169
“gariJraJze (dilis sust Suqze) gamodis gaxarebuli mgzavri, magram saRamos mudam surs<br />
Sin y<strong>of</strong>na”.<br />
ilias uTargmnia:<br />
“gzazeda sixaruliT<br />
gamodis mgzavri diliT,<br />
magram ki saRamoJams<br />
Sin natrobs gansvenebas”.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, leqsis Targmani ar aris originalisagan Zalze daSorebuli, Tumca<br />
garkveuli Tavisufleba Targmanis dros aSkaraa. kerZod, “Morgenschimmer“ _ gariJraJi, dilis<br />
susti Suqi, ilias gadmoutania, rogorc dila, danarCeni mTlianad mihyveba dedans.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom fridrix riukertis am leqsis iliaseuli Targmanis Sesaxeb dRemde<br />
ar y<strong>of</strong>ila sagangebo msjeloba qarTul mecnierebaSi. ufro metic, ilia WavWavaZis<br />
octomeulis mesame tomSi, sadac ilias aRniSnuli Targmania gamoqveynebuli, SeniSvnebSi (gv.<br />
670) araswored aris miTiTebuli, rom TiTqos fridrix riukertis namdvili gvari fraimund<br />
raimari iyos. sinamdvileSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, fridrix riukerti fraimund raimeris<br />
fsevdonimiT aqveynebda nawarmoebebs napoleonis winaaRmdeg.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, ilia WavWavaZe didi novatori da gansakuTrebuli niWiT<br />
dajildoebuli adamiani iyo. es iTqmis ara mxolod originaluri nawarmoebebis Seqmnis niWze,<br />
aramed im niWzec, rom ilias Zalze advilad SeeZlo sxvisi niWis, gansakuTrebulobis,<br />
gamorCeulobis Secnoba. cnobilia, rom swored ilia WavWavaZes ekuTvnis sulxan-saba<br />
orbelianis „sibrZne sicruisas“ saTauris pirveli ideur-filos<strong>of</strong>iuri gaazreba, ilia<br />
WavWavaZem ganixila pirvelma aleqsandre WavWavaZis leqsebi, xolo leqsSi „vah, s<strong>of</strong>elsa amas<br />
da misTa mdgmurTa“ iliam dainaxa eklesiasteseuli „amaoeba amaoTa“, riTac es leqsi<br />
socialur uTanasworobaze ufro maRal ideas dauqvemdebara. swored iliam amoicno<br />
baraTaSvilis genia, gza dauloca vaJa-fSavelas da sxva. rac Seexeba germanulenovan avtorebs,<br />
rogorc ukve aRvnisneT, qarTul enaze pirvelad iliam aametyvela hainrix haines, goeTes,<br />
Silerisa da sxva cnobili poetebis Semoqmedeba.<br />
udavod sainteresoa Tavad is, rom germaneli poeti fridrix riukerti mis sicocxleSive<br />
iTargmna qarTulad da isic, rom swored ilia WavWavaZes ekuTvnis riukertis pirveli<br />
Targmanebi. es faqti kidev ufro zrdis iliaseuli Targmanis mniSvnelobas.<br />
imis gasarkvevad, germanuli enidan Targmna Tu ara iliam es leqsi, pirvel rigSi,<br />
sainteresoa, icoda Tu ara man germanuli ena. mecnierTa Soris am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar<br />
arsebobs erTgvarovani azri. mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom iliam ar icoda germanuli ena,<br />
xolo nawilis azriT, “ilia germanul enas imdenad flobda, rom SeeZlo nawarmoebebi uSualod<br />
germanulidan eTargmna” (kalandaZe 1965: 337).<br />
TbilisSi swavlis dros 1848-1851 wlebSi ilia swavlobda germaneli maswavleblis, hakes<br />
pansionSi, 1852 wels ilia saswavleblad gadavida gimnaziaSi, magram kvlavac hakes saxlSi<br />
cxovrobda. garda amisa, arsebobs ilias minawerebi sxvadasxva wignis germanulenovan<br />
citatebze, ilia germanul enaze iRebda cnobili qarTvelologis, avstrieli mkvlevris hugo<br />
Suxartis werilebs. es da sxva cnobebi ilias germanul enasTan kavSirze miuTiTebs. sakiTxs<br />
icoda Tu ara germanuli ena iliam, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia doqtorma v.<br />
kavTaSvilma. igi fiqrobs: “ilias SeeZlo yvela saxis literaturis kiTxva germanul enaze. amas<br />
uTuod gvafiqrebinebs isic, rom ilias Targmnili haines leqsebi originalidan Sesrulebuli<br />
Cans. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTargmnels sakontrolo Sedareba mainc unda moexdina dedanTan”.<br />
(kavTiaSvili 1978: 33).<br />
fridrix Sileris baladis “cremlTa Sina nugeSi” iliaseuli Targmanis germanul<br />
dedanTan siaxloveze da manamde arsebul erTaderT rusul Jukovskiseul TargmanTan<br />
originalisa da ilias Targmanis SepirispirebiT mkvlevari j. gagniZe askvnis, rom ilias ar<br />
usargeblia Sileris baladis im droisaTvis arsebuli erTaderTi rusuli TargmaniT.<br />
“Sileris baladis qarTuli da rusuli citirebuli teqstebis urTierTSejereba,<br />
vfiqrobT, sakmao safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom ilias xsenebuli rusuli TargmaniT ar<br />
usargeblia... Targmani uSualod germanuli originalidan momzadda” (gagniZe 1979: 75).<br />
Targmani SemoqmedebiTi procesia, amitom igi xSirad gansxvavdeba originalisgan. ilias<br />
mier Targmnili riukertis leqsi “saRamos mgzavruli” ar aris arc Sinaarsoblivad, arc<br />
ideurad da arc formis mxriv originalisagan daSorebuli. leqsSi saTanadodaa gadmotanili<br />
poetis sulieri mdgomareoba, Sin, saxlSi y<strong>of</strong>nis survili, rac, rogorc Cans, riukerts<br />
sakmaod xSirad uCndeboda, radgan bevrs mogzaurobda da sxvadasxva qalaqSi uwevda cxovreba.<br />
es gancda ki, rogorc Cans, sruliad Seefereboda peterburgSi my<strong>of</strong>i ilias ganwyobas (es leqsi<br />
iliam peterburgSi Targmna).<br />
1859 wels qarTul enaze iTargmna riukertis kidev erTi leqsi “karebTan”<br />
170
“Vor den Thüren“<br />
Ich habe geklopft an des Reichtums Haus!<br />
Man Reicht es mir einen Pfenning zum Fenster heraus.<br />
Ich habe geklopft an der Liebe Thür!<br />
Da standen schon funfzehn andere dafür.<br />
Ich klopfte leise an der Ehre Schloss;<br />
„Hier thut man nur auf dem Ritter zu Ross“.<br />
Ich habe gesucht der Arbeit Dach;<br />
Da hörte ich drinnen nur Weh und Ach!<br />
Ich suchte das Haus der Zufriedenheit;<br />
Es kannte es niemand weit und breit.<br />
Nun weis ich noch ein Häuslein still,<br />
wo ich zuletzt anklopfen will.<br />
Zwar wohnt darin schon mancher Gast,<br />
Doch ist für viele im Grab noch Rast.<br />
(riukerti 1837: 221)<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom es leqsi pirvelad daibeWda 1816 wels. aRniSnuli leqsi Sesulia<br />
riukertis rCeul TxzulebebSi (tomi mexuTe, 1838 w).<br />
“karebTan”, aseTi saTauriT uTargmnia giorgi erisTavs riukertis leqsi qarTul enaze<br />
1859 wlis 7 ianvars s<strong>of</strong>el giorgianSi y<strong>of</strong>nis dros da igive leqsi 26 ivliss uTargmnia ilia<br />
WavWavaZes TbilisSi.<br />
giorgi erisTaviseuli Targmani<br />
iliaseuli Targmani<br />
“karebTan”<br />
(riukertiT)<br />
“im didris karTan mivedi, ageb saunje moeca,<br />
didxansa vrekdi karebsa, fanjariT fexT groSi dameca.<br />
siyvarulisa karebsa Tumc Sesavalad viwie,<br />
magram metisa xalxisgan SigniT ki ver Sevawie.<br />
mivel sasaxles, sadaca dideba ganisvenebda,<br />
magram sabralos, miTxariT, me iq viRa SemiSvebda.<br />
Sromisa saxlsa ra mivel, WmunviTa iyo moculi,<br />
Tavi ra Sevyav, mec SevkrTi, davbrundi SeSinebuli.<br />
bednierebis sasaxle, bevrjel me sizmrad meCvena,<br />
Tumca veZebdi fxizeli, magram gza arvin miCvena.<br />
erTi-Ra damrCa karebi, jer is ara maqvs dacdili:<br />
saflavs Tumc bevrni stumroben, magram aqvs CemTvis adgili”.<br />
(erisTavi 1936: 52).<br />
“karTa Tana”<br />
(riukertisa)<br />
“simdidris kari varakune didxansa meca,<br />
fanjridam groSi trialiT Cem fex win daeca.<br />
siyvarulis saxls ver miuvel me karamdisa,<br />
ise WediT gugunebda iq grova xalxisa.<br />
davkar cixis kars, sadac kacis dideba scxovrobs:<br />
“qveiTi xaro, ar gagiRebT, iq miTxres, karebs”.<br />
Sromis saxlidam kvnesis xmani me momesmoda<br />
da me iq Sesvla saSiSrada meCveneboda.<br />
171
ednierebis saxlis qveynad daviwye Zebna,<br />
da veravina imisken gza me ver miCvena.<br />
erTi saxliRa damrCenia exla sawyalsa,<br />
aqac gamovcdi, Camovrekav karisa zarsa;<br />
iq ki uTuod, _ Tumc stumari bevri hqavs saflavs, _<br />
vpoveb sawyali CamTvisaca mciredsa alags”. (WavWavaZe 1988: 44)<br />
Zalze sainteresoa Tavad is faqti, rom cnobili germaneli poetis leqsi mis<br />
sicocxleSive iTargmna qarTulad da isic, rom qarTul enaze erTi leqsis ori Targmani erTsa<br />
da imave wels aris Sesrulebuli. sanam Targmanebs ganvixilavdeT, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom<br />
fridrix riukertis leqsze “karebTan” orma sxvadasxva kompozitorma dawera musika. fridrix<br />
hainrix tiriotma (1838-1919) am leqsze Seqmna sagundo nawarmoebi, xolo rixard Strausma<br />
(1864-1949) amave leqsze dawera musika mamakacTa triosaTvis.<br />
fridrix riukertis leqsis “karebTan” giorgi erisTavisa da ilia WavWavaZis Targmanebi<br />
amJRavneben originalTan siaxloves, garkveulwilad, hgvanan kidec erTmaneTs, Tumca maT<br />
Soris gansxvaveba ufro didia.<br />
Cven sagangeboT SevCerdebiT riukertis am leqsis orive Targmanze.<br />
riukertis leqsi gariTmulia paraleluri riTmiT, rac rogorc giorgi erisTavis, ise<br />
ilia WavWavaZis TargmanebSi daculia da orivegan paraleluri riTma gvxvdeba. leqsi<br />
dawerilia Tormetmarcvliani sazomiT. giorgi erisTavs igi uTargmnia Teqvsmetmarcvlovani<br />
sazomiT, xolo ilias _ ToTxmetmarcvlovani sazomiT. rogorc Cans, ilias mier arCeuli<br />
sazomi ufro axlosaa originalTan. garda amisa, riukertis leqsi Sedgeba ToTxmeti<br />
striqonisagan, giorgi erisTavisaTvis Targmani sul Tormet striqons Seicavs, iliaseuli ki<br />
imeorebs leqsis originalur Semcvelobas da ToTxmeti striqonisagan Sedgeba.<br />
bunebrivia, sainteresoa, ra kavSirSia originalTan da erTmaneTTan giorgi erisTavisa da<br />
ilia WavWavaZis Targmanebi. amitomac, orive Targmans originalTan da erTmaneTTan<br />
mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT. Tavdapirveladve unda iTqvas, rom iliaseuli Targmani garda imisa,<br />
rom axloa originalTan, gacilebiT ufro poeturia. amaze TviT leqsis saTauris Targmanic<br />
metyvelebs. riukertiseuli saTauri: “karebTan” giorgi erisTavs uTargmnia: “karebTan”, xolo<br />
ilias _ “karTa Tana”.<br />
mivyveT leqsis Targmanebs:<br />
pirveli striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“davakakune simdidris saxlis karze”.<br />
“im didris karTan mivedi, ageb saunje moeca”.<br />
“simdidris kari varakune didxansa meca”.<br />
rogorc Cans, riukertiseuli “habe geklopft” _ davakakune mxolod ilias gadmoutania.<br />
meore striqoni, originali:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“fanjridan mxolod erTi pfeningi makmares”.<br />
“didxansa vrekdi karebsa, fanjriT fexT groSi dameca”.<br />
“fanjridan groSi trialiT Cem fex win daeca”.<br />
germanuli pfeningi (xurda fuli) giorgi erisTavsac da iliasac uTargmniaT, rogorc<br />
groSi. aseve, orive TargmanSi saerToa is, rom orivegen naxsenebia fex(eb)Tan Tumca<br />
originalSi ase araa.<br />
mesame striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
“me davakakune siyvarulis karze”.<br />
172
ilia:<br />
“siyvarulisa karebsa Tumc Sesavalad viwie”.<br />
“siyvarulis saxls ver miuvel me karamdisa”.<br />
am striqonis Targmnisas arcerTi mTargmneli monurad ar mihyveba germanul originals,<br />
Tumca ilia Targmanis dros kidev ufro met Tavisuflebas iCens. riukerti wers, “davakakune<br />
siyvarulis karze”, xolo ilia Targmnis: “siyvarulis saxls ver miuvel me karamdisa”.<br />
meoTxe striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“amisaTvis iq ukve idga TxuTmeti sxva”.<br />
“magram metisa xalxisagan SigniT ki ver Sevawie”.<br />
“ise WediT iq gugunebda grova xalxisa”.<br />
am striqonSi giorgi erisTavica da iliac ZiriTad azrs Targmnian. sainteresoa, rom<br />
riukertTan ar aris sityva xalxi, rac orive mTargmnelTan gvxvdeba.<br />
mexuTe striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“Cumad davakakune didebis sasaxleze”.<br />
“mivel sasaxles, sadaca dideba ganisvenebda”.<br />
“davkar cixis kars, sadac kacis dideba scxovrobs”.<br />
sainteresoa, rom es striqoni Zalze axloa dedanTan orive TargmanSi. sainteresoa, rom<br />
germanuli “Schloss” qarTulad niSnavs sasaxlesac da cixe-simagresac. ase rom, es erTi<br />
sityva giorgi erisTavs uTargmnia “sasaxle”, xolo ilias _ “cixe”. gamomdinare aqedan,<br />
vfiqrobT, rom giorgi erisTavma da ilia WavWavaZem erTmaneTisgan sruliad damoukideblad<br />
Targmnes es leqsi da Tu romelime an orive maTgani sargeblobda rusuli TargmaniT, maSin an<br />
mTargmnelebi amowmebdnen Targmans germanul originalSic, an sargeblobdnen riukertis am<br />
leqsis sxvadasxva rusuli TargmaniT.<br />
meeqvse striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“aq mxolod cxenze Semjdar mxedrebs uSveben”.<br />
“magram sabralos, miTxariT, me iq viRa SemiSvebda”.<br />
“qveiTi xaro, ar gagiRebT, iq miTxres, karebs”.<br />
am striqonis iliaseuli Targmani ufro axloa dedanTan, vidre giorgi erisTaviseuli.<br />
jer erTi, riukerts es striqoni, rogorc iribi naTqvami, brWyalebSi Causvams. brWyalebSia<br />
Casmuli es striqoni ilias TargmanSic. garda amisa, riukertiseuli sityvebi: “ier thut man<br />
nur auf dem Ritter zu Ross” qarTulad _ “aq mxolod cxenze Semjdar mxedrebs uSveben”-<br />
ilias uTargmnia alegoriulad “qveiTi xaro...”<br />
meSvide striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
“me veZebdi Sromis Wers (saxls)”.<br />
173
ilia:<br />
“Sromisa saxlsa ra mivel, WmunviTa iyo moculi”.<br />
“Sromis saxlidam kvnesis xmani me momesmoda”.<br />
sainteresoa, rom am striqons orive mTargmneli riukertiseuli merve striqonis “a<br />
hörte ich drinnen nur Weh und ch!“ „iqidan mesmoda mxolod wuxili da oxvra“ SinaarsiT<br />
avseben. aseve, dedniseuli „habe gesucht“ _ veZebdi da „ach“ Weri arcerT TargmanSi ar aris<br />
gadmotanili. sainteresoa, rom orive TargmanSi gvxvdeba sityva „saxli“, romelic originalSi<br />
ar aris.<br />
merve striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“iqidan mesmoda mxolod wuxili da oxvra”.<br />
“Tavi ra Sevyav, mec SevkrTi, davbrundi SeSinebuli”<br />
“da me iq Sesvla saSiSrada meCveneboda”.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, riukertiseuli merve striqoni orive mTargmnelma meSvide<br />
striqonTan erTad Targmna da, Sesabamisad, orivegan merve striqonis Tavisufali Targmania.<br />
mecxre striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“me veZebdi bednierebis saxls”.<br />
“bednierebis sasaxle, bevrjel me sizmrad meCvena”.<br />
“bednierebis sasaxlis qveynad daviwye Zebna”.<br />
es striqoni iliasTan ufro zustad aris Targmnili. riukertiseuli “Ich suchte“<br />
veZebdi iliasTan Sesabamisad aris gadmotanili „daviwye Zebna“, Tumca germanuli sityva „das<br />
aus“ _ saxli orive mTargmnels naTargmni aqvs, rogorc „sasaxle“.<br />
meaTe striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“aravin icnobda mTel sigrZe-siganeze”.<br />
“Tumca veZebdi fxizeli, magram gza arvin miCvena”.<br />
“da veravina imisken gza me ver miCvena”.<br />
germanuli “weit und breit“ _ sigrZe-siganiT arcerT avtors ar uTargmnia sityvasityviT.<br />
ucnauria is, rom orivegan amis Sesatyvisad erTi da igive formulireba gvxvdeba _<br />
giorgi erisTavi: „gza arvin miCvena“, ilia: „gza me ver miCvena“.<br />
meTerTmete striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“axla ki vici erTi myudro qoxi (saxlaki)”.<br />
“erTiRa damrCa karebi, jer is ara maqvs dacdili”.<br />
174
“erTi saxliRa damrCenia axla sawyalsa”.<br />
am striqonis Targmani iliasTan ufro zustia. riukertiseuli “äuslein“ _ patara<br />
saxli giorgi erisTavs ar uTargmnia zustad da dauweria „karebi“, xolo ilias uTargmnia,<br />
rogorc „saxli“.<br />
meTormete striqoni, riukerti:<br />
“sadac sul bolos minda davakakuno”.<br />
giorgi erisTavs es striqoni calke ar aqvs Targmnili, magram giorgi erisTavis<br />
Targmnili meTerTmete striqonis „jer is ara maqvs dacdili,“ Targmania riukertis am<br />
striqonisa.<br />
ilia:<br />
“iqac gamovcdi, Camovrekav karisa zarsa”.<br />
Cans, rom giorgi erisTavis Targmnili, “jer is ara maqvs dacdili,” ufro axloa<br />
originalis SinaarsTan, Tumc arc ilias Targmania Zalze daSorebuli.<br />
mecamete striqoni, riukerti:<br />
giorgi erisTavi:<br />
ilia:<br />
“Tumca iq ukve cxovrobs zogi stumari”.<br />
“saflavs Tumc bevrni stumroben, magram aqvs CemTvis adgili”.<br />
“iq ki uTuod, _ Tumc stumari bevri hyavs saflavs”.<br />
riukertiseuli “Zwar“ _ „Tumca“ giorgi erisTavsac da iliasac zustad aqvs<br />
gadmotanili. orive Targmani axlos aris dedanTan., Tumca germanuli „mancher“ _ „zogi“<br />
orive TargmanSi gadmotanilia, rogorc bevri.<br />
meToTxmete striqoni, riukerti:<br />
“magram bevrisTvis aris saflavSi gansasvenebeli”.<br />
giorgi erisTavs es striqoni calke ar uTargmnia, Tumca misi Targmanis meTormete<br />
striqonSi es azri Cautevia: “magram aqvs CemTvis adgili”.<br />
ilia:<br />
“vpoveb sawyali CamTvisaca mciredsa alags”.<br />
riukertiseuli “Doch ist für viele im Grab noch Rast“, „bevrisTvis aris adgili“ orive<br />
mTargmnels gadmoutania piervel pirSi.<br />
riukertis leqsis giorgi erisTaviseuli Targmani pirvelad daibeWda g. erisTavis<br />
TxzulebaTa 1867 wlis gamocemis pirvel nawilSi.<br />
giorgi erisTavis “TxzulebanSi”, “federacia”, tfilisi, 1936, S. radianisa da i.<br />
balaxaSvilis redaqciiT, SeniSvnebSi miTiTebulia: “es leqsi germanulidan Targmna v. a.<br />
Jukovskom, xolo g. erisTavma misgan gadmoiRo” (erisTavi 1936: 394).<br />
iliaseuli Targmani “karTa Tana” xelnaweri 217 pirvelad daibeWda “ciskarSi”, 1859<br />
wels 12. 1892 wels Sevida ilia WavWavaZis “TxzulebanSi”, “Tbilisis amxanagobis<br />
gamomcemloba”, tfilisi, t. I, gv. 46. imave 1882 wels es leqsi kidev gamoica. iliaseul<br />
avtografSi leqss aqvs xelmowera da TariRi, aseve, saTauris qveS miTiTeba, rom leqsi<br />
riukertisaa.<br />
fridrix riukertis “karebTan” savsea filos<strong>of</strong>iuri gancdebiT. poeti agviwers, rom<br />
mraval karTan daakakuna, ewvia simdidris, siyvarulis, didebis, Sromis, bednierebis karebs,<br />
magram arsad SeuSves, mas mxolod erTi kariRa eguleba, romelsac gauReben da es aris<br />
sikvdilis saxlis kari. leqsis mTeli filos<strong>of</strong>iur-ideuri gaazreba gadmotanilia rogorc<br />
giorgi erisTavis, aseve ilia WavWavaZis TargmanebSi. leqsis mTavari saTqmeli, romelic ar<br />
aris religiur aspeqtSi gadatanili da metad realisturia, sevdiani da cxovrebiseuli, orive<br />
mTargmnelma SeZlo gadmoetana. es aris Civili adamianisa, romelsac yvelgan kari gamouxures,<br />
arsad miiRes, romelsac TiTqos aRaraferi darCenia sikvdilis garda. am ideas orive Targmani<br />
Tanabrad uziarebs qarTvel mkiTxvels, Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, Targmanebi garkveul<br />
Taviseburebasac amJRavneben.<br />
175
iukertis leqsis „karebTan“ giorgi erisTavisa da ilia WavWavaZiseuli Targmanebi,<br />
rogorc Cans, erTi mxriv, Zalze gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. giorgi erisTavi leqss Targmnis<br />
Sinaarsis sruli dacviT, magram misi ena ufro xelovnuria, gacilebiT arqauli da mZime. ilias<br />
Targmani mihyveba riukertiseul originals, Tumca ufro poeturi da daxvewilia, enac ufro<br />
Tanamedrove. meore mxriv, orive Targmani amJRavnebs garkveul siaxloves, rac, pirvel rigSi,<br />
Targmanebis leqsikaSi vlindeba. kerZod, leqsis meore, meoTxe, meSvide, mecxre, meaTe,<br />
mecamete da meToTxmete striqonebSi TargmanebSi vxvdebiT sityvebis damTxvevas, rac,<br />
SesaZloa, ar iyos SemTxveviTi saxis.<br />
Targmnes Tu ara giorgi erisTavma da ilia WavWavaZem riukertis “karebTan”<br />
originalidan, Tu orive mTargmneli, an erT-erTi maTgani rusul Targmans iyenebda, Znelia<br />
dadgindes, radgan Cven amJamad xelT ar gvaqvs riukertis leqsis rusulenovani Targmanebi.<br />
Tumca aqve gvsurs aRvniSnoT, riukertis Txzulebebis ramdenime gamocemas, rogorc Cans,<br />
poetis sicocxleSive mouRwevia saqarTvelomde. arsebobs riukertis TxzulebaTa<br />
octomeuli, Svidtomeuli, ortomeuli gamocemebi, romlebic wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli<br />
sazogadoebis mier aris Semonaxuli da amJamad daculia saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnul<br />
biblioTekaSi. SesaZlebelia, es gamocemebi swored ilia WavWavaZis an giorgi erisTavis<br />
Camotanilia. miT ufro, rom, rogorc cnobilia, ilia WavWavaZeca da giorgi erisTavic<br />
imy<strong>of</strong>ebodnen germaniaSi, kerZod, miunxenSi, sadac riukertic moRvaweobda da sadac fridrix<br />
riukerti da misi Semoqmedeba Zalze cnobili iyo.<br />
sainteresoa is faqti, rom dRemde aranairi samecniero kvleva-Zieba fridrix riukertis<br />
leqsebis iliaseul TargmanebTan da riukertis erTi leqsis or TargmanTan dakavSirebiT ar<br />
y<strong>of</strong>ila. aravin dainteresebula imiT, Tu ra mimarTebaSia Targmanebi originalTan da<br />
erTmaneTTan.<br />
fridrix riukertis avtoris sicocxleSive qarTuli Targmanebis arseboba dRemde<br />
ucnobi iyo germanuli sazogadoebisTvisac. riukertis sazogadoebam, romelic mudmivad<br />
zrunavs fridrix riukertis Semoqmedebis popularizaciaze, awyobs Sexvedrebs,<br />
konferenciebsa da seminarebs, aqveynebs yovelTviur biuletens, riukertis bibliografiasa<br />
da anTologiebs, maT Soris, Targmanebsac uwevs popularizacias, aseve qalaq Svainfurtis<br />
ganaTlebisa da kulturis administraciulma gany<strong>of</strong>ilebam, sadac yovelwliurad garkveuli<br />
RonisZiebebi ewyoba riukertTan dakavSirebiT, aseve riukertis muzeumma da sxva kulturulsaganmanaTleblo<br />
dawesebulebam, agreTve ramdenime doqtorma da docentma, romlebic<br />
riukertis Semoqmedebas ikvleven, araferi icodnen imis Sesaxeb, rom fridrix riukerti mis<br />
sicocxleSive iTargmna qarTul enaze da rom riukertis pirveli qarTveli mTargmneli ilia<br />
WavWavaZe iyo.<br />
aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 2005 wels goeTes institutma gamosca “germanulenovani<br />
mxatvruli literaturis qarTuli Targmanebis bibliografia”, sadac Sesulia<br />
germanulenovani literaturis qarTuli Targmanebi 1852 wlidan 2002 wlamde rogorc<br />
calkeul wignebad gamocemuli, agreTve krebulebi da rCeuli Txzulebebi, ise anTologiebi,<br />
aseve Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli germanulenovani mxatvruli literaturis<br />
Targmanebi qarTul enaze, magram masSi ar aris Setanili riukertis leqsebis iliaseuli<br />
Targmani da arc giorgi erisTavis mier Targmnili riukertis “karebTan”.<br />
garda am metad saintereso Targmanebisa, qarTul enaze arsebobs fridrix riukertis<br />
sxva Targmanebi, romlebic meoce saukunis bolos aris Sesrulebuli. is, rom dRemde ar<br />
daukargavs interesi fridrix riukertis Semoqmedebas qarTveli mTargmnelebisa da<br />
mkiTxvelebisaTvis, Zalze mniSvnelovania, magram, bunebrivia, uyuradRebod ar unda darCes<br />
riukertis adreuli qarTuli Targmanebi.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
gagniZe... 1979: gagniZe j., kenWoSvili i... evropuli literaturis qarTuli Targmanebi XIX saukunis meore<br />
naxevarSi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „mecniereba“, 1979.<br />
goeTes... goeTes instituti, qecba-xundaZe l., germanulenovani mxatvruli literaturis qarTuli<br />
Targmanebis bibliografia. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba“.<br />
erisTavi 1936: erisTavi g. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „federacia“, tf. 1936.<br />
kavTiaSvili 1987: kavTiaSvili v. hainrix haine qarTul literaturaSi, Tbilisi: gamomcamloba<br />
„mecniereba“, 1978.<br />
kalandaZe 1965: kalandaZe al., qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, Tbilisi: 1965.<br />
riukerti 1816: Rückert F. Für müssige Studien. Erste Bändchen, Hildburghausen, im Comptoir für Literatur 1816.<br />
riukerti 1835: Friedrich Rückerts Werke in sechs Bänden, Herausgeber: Ludwig Laistner, J.G.Cotta´sche Buchhandlung<br />
Nachfolger, Stuttgart und Berlin, o.J. 1835 Dritter Band.<br />
riukerti 1837: Rückert F. Gesammelte Werke von Friedrich Rückert, Dritter Band, Erlangen: Carl Heyder 1837.<br />
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaze i., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „mecniereba“<br />
sabWoTa saqarTvelo 1988.<br />
WavWavaZe, 1892: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebebi, t. I, Tb., 1892.<br />
176
ilia da misi germaneli megobrebi<br />
kandelaki dali<br />
raisneri ekaterine<br />
“pirveli, vinac germanuli sistemiT da iSviaTi gamZleobiT siberemde miitana<br />
saqarTvelos mwerlobisa da istoriis siyvaruli, es aris mxolod artur laisti.. am ormoci<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi b-ni artur laisti Seucvleli elCia germaniis erisa saqarTveloSi. man<br />
bevri daTesa Tavisi eris siyvarulisaTvis Cvens mxareSi 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi. artur laisti<br />
iyo ganuyreli megobari ilia WavWavaZisa, is icnobda da megobrobda agreTve bevr gamoCenil<br />
maSindel qarTvelTan da yvelgan aqvs damsaxurebuli iSviaTi erTgulebis grZnoba — saWiro<br />
iyo artur laistis keTilSobileba da gamZleoba, rom Tavisi megobroba ilia WavWavaZisadmi<br />
daemtkicebina misi sikvdilis Semdegac, roca ilias ojaxi Cavarda ubedurebaSi da ilias<br />
meuRle avadmy<strong>of</strong>i SimSilobda kidec da am cameti wlis ganmavlobaSi artur laists da mis<br />
ojaxs cameti dRec ar gamoutovebia, rom ar enugeSebinos bedisagan ase datanjuli ilias<br />
ojaxi,”(tabiZe 1966: 259-260) — aseTi siyvaruliT ixsenebda tician tabiZe qarTveli eris<br />
ucxoel megobars.<br />
ras werdnen artur laistis Sesaxeb XX saukunis miwurulSi misi Tanamemamuleebi?<br />
1987 wels germaniaSi gamocemul wignSi “mogzaurobebi kavkasiaSi” Tavmoyrilia me-19<br />
saukunis germanel mogzaurTa da moRvaweTa Canawerebi kavkasiis Sesaxeb. artur laistisadmi<br />
miZRvnil statiaSi mcdaradaa warmodgenili misi biografiuli cnobebi: “1906 wels man<br />
TbilisSi daaarsa pirveli germanulenovani gazeTi kavkasiaSi “kaukaziSe post”. Semdeg<br />
ramodenimejer imogzaura italiaSi, saberZneTsa da TurqeTSi. misi cxovrebis Semdgomi wlebi<br />
ucnobia”(Breuste J., Malich . 1987: 175) statiaSi moyvanili zogierTi cnoba uzustobas Seicavs,<br />
amitom saWirod CavTvaleT germaneli mkiTxvelisaTvis damatebiTi cnobebi migvewodebina<br />
artur laistis Sesaxeb. JurnalSi “georgika” gamovaqveyneT statia, sadac aRvniSneT, rom<br />
“1892 wlidan artur laisti saqarTveloSi damkvidrda. is aqtiurad monawileobda qveynis<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. 1918 wlidan igi Tbilisis universitetSi moiwvies germanuli enis<br />
leqtorad. 1922 wels qarTulma sazogadoebam mas saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis 40 wlis iubile<br />
gadauxada. 1923 da 1927 wlebSi gamoica artur laistis TxzulebaTa krebuli “saqarTvelos<br />
guli” or wignad. artur laisti 1927 wlis 22 marts gardaicvala da dakrZalulia TbilisSi,<br />
sazogado moRvaweTa didubis panTeonSi.”( Kandelaki 1990-1991: 103-106)<br />
artur laistis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze araerTi gamokvlevaa<br />
gamoqveynebuli. qarTveli eri arasodes daiviwyebs Tavis germanel megobars, romelsac jer<br />
kidev ucxoeTSi moRvawes, ilia WavWavaZem “Soreuli Tvisiani” uwoda.<br />
artur laistma gaacno ilias TvalsaCino germaneli mecnieri, asiriologi da<br />
urartologi - karl leman-haupti. misi saxeli xSirad ixsenieba im qarTvel istorikosTa<br />
SromebSi, vinc Zveli welTaRricxvis periodis Cven winaparTa cxovrebas ikvlevs.<br />
saqarTveloSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebi da Sexvedrebi ilia WavWavaZesTan karl lemanhauptma<br />
aRwera narkvevSi “saqarTvelodan”, romelic oTxi werilad gamoaqveyna 1901 wels<br />
JurnalSi “ie Zeit”. es narkvevi qarTul enaze pirvelad iTargmneba.<br />
1967 wels JurnalSi “droSa” gamoqveynda r.niJaraZis statia “ilia WavWavaZe da karl<br />
leman-haupti” (niJaraZe 1967: 9). avtors Targmnili aqvs germanulenovan JurnalSi “Die ilfe”-<br />
Si 1910 wels dabeWdili leman-hauptis narkvevi, romelic “ie Zeit”-Si gamoqveynebuli statiis<br />
sakmaod Semoklebul variants warmoadgens.<br />
pirvel werilSi germaneli mecnieri saqarTveloSi sami wlis win gatarebul dros da<br />
TbilisSi ilias saxlSi Sexvedris detalebs ixsenebs: “TiTqmis sami welia, rac kavkasiasa da<br />
somxeTSi weliwadnaxevriani vizitis Semdeg isev samSobloSi davbrundi. nanaxisa da<br />
gancdilis, wvalebisa da warmatebebis, bednieri aRmoCenebis saaTebisa da dReebis, kvirebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi uSedego kvlevebis mogonebebi sul ufro da ufro ileqeba mexsierebaSi da<br />
warsulis burusiT imoseba. drodadro sizmariviT amomitivtivdeba xolme calkeuli<br />
epizodebi da SemTxvevebi. aseve sizmariviT momeCvena amas win berlinSi dalanduli qali,<br />
romelic qarTul samosSi gamowyobili megona. ufro axlos misvlisas aRmovaCine, rom<br />
marTali viyavi: Tavze viwro, diademismagvari xaverdis lenti, saidanac nazi TeTri vuali<br />
kefisaken eSveboda, mxrebze kululebad dafenili muqi Tma da abreSumis mosaxvevi namdvilad<br />
qarTul samosze mianiSnebda. Tbilissa da mis midamoebSi mcxovrebi somexi qalebic qarTul<br />
samosSi gamowyobilni ufro dadian, vidre sxva tansacmelSi, Tumca xandaxan evropuladac<br />
imosebian da Tanac gamomwvevad usvamen xazs TavianTi sxeulis simdidres. magram male gairkva,<br />
rom am SemTxvevaSi, samosi namdvilad Seesabameboda nacionalobas. kidev ufro gamaoca erT<br />
dRes qarTveli Tavadis ilia WavWavaZis stumrobam. 1899 wlis seqtemberSi masTan TbilisSi da<br />
dedaqalaqTan axlos mdebare mis mamulSi gatarebuli ori dRe, Cemi somxur-kavkasiuri<br />
mogzaurobisa da TbilisSi bolo, wvalebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT savse, nawilobriv<br />
iZulebiTi stumrobis naTeli dasasrulia. Tavadis gacnobas TbilisSi mcxovreb Cvens<br />
177
Tanamemamules baton laists unda vumadlode, romelic qarTuli literaturis safuZvliani<br />
mcodnea da saukeTesod Sesrulebuli germanuli TargmanebiT gagvacno qarTuli poeziis<br />
uZvirfasesi nimuSebi, maT Soris qarTuli nacionaluri eposi „vefxistyaosani“. sul axlaxans<br />
gamovida baton laistis Targmanebis axali krebuli.” (Lehman-Haupt 1901: I, 466)<br />
germaneli mecnieri sakmaod dadebiTad axasiaTebs ilias da ambobs: “batonma laistma<br />
TbilisSi TavadTan stumrobamde bevri ram miambo WavWavaZis Sesaxeb, romelsac, rogorc Cans,<br />
savsebiT samarTlianad moixseniebda qarTvelebis winamZRolad. aseTi daskvna mxolod<br />
wodebidan „Tavadi“ ar modis. aseTi wodebiT aq mravalni arian. odesRac damoukidebeli<br />
qarTvelebi (rusulad-gruzinebi; orive forma Zveli saxelidan „iberebi“ modis) ruseTis<br />
qveSevrdomebi rom gaxdnen, qarTvelma Tavad-aznaurma Tavadis rusuli saxeli „kniaz“-i<br />
miiRo. Tavadi WavWavaZe erTdroulad poeti, politikosi da finansistia; xelmZRvanelobs<br />
banks, uSvebs mowinave qarTul Jurnal „iverias“ da s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobasac misdevs Tavis did<br />
mamulSi. Tavadi WavWavaZe warmoSobiT kavkasiuri saukeTeso Rvinis samSoblodan — kaxeTidan,<br />
kerZod ki wiTeli RviniT ganTqmul s<strong>of</strong>el yvarelidanaa.” (Lehman-Haupt 1901: I,466)<br />
karl leman-haupti ilias Tbilisis saxls da zogadad dedaqalaqis saxlebis<br />
arqiteqturazec saubrobs: “Tavadis saxli, romelSic man TbilisSi mimiRo, garedan arafriT<br />
gamoirCeva, magram Sig Sesul stumars, qarTuli arqiteqturis TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adoba gadaeSleba<br />
Tvalwin. s<strong>of</strong>lebsa da Tbilisis qarTul ubnebSi saxlebis mTel siganeze minimum erT, xandaxan<br />
ki ramdenime sarTulze miSenebuli lojiebis msgavsi aivnebi da verandebi mogxvdebaT TvalSi,<br />
magram aq calkeuli danay<strong>of</strong>ebi qviT naSenebi svetebiT ki ara, ubralo xis boZebiTaa<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili erTmaneTisagan da horizontaluri gadaxurvis sayrdens warmoadgens. amgvar<br />
aivnebs xandaxan Sveicariul saxlebzec naxavT, magram qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT iq ar aris<br />
mwvane da TeTri moxatuloba da aivnebic iSviaTad Tua ase organulad Serwymuli Senobis<br />
fasadTan. aq, qalaqis axali ubnis erT-erT mTavar quCaze, aivani baRis mxaresaa miSenebuli da<br />
orive mxriv gasdevs saxls. Cafskvnilma, Zlieri aRnagobisa da erTob sasiamovno garegnobis<br />
Tavadma guliTadad mimiRo da amixsna, rom es araCveulebrivi lojia zamTrobiT imineba da<br />
daxurul verandad gadakeTdeba. kedlebze gam<strong>of</strong>enil naxatebs Soris gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba qarTveli mxatvris gabaSvilis erT tiloze SemaCerebines. masze xalxi sazamTros<br />
Seeqceva. amgvari suraTi araerTxel minaxavs da Tavadac xSirad gavreulvar am xalxSi, radgan<br />
mtkvrisa da aragvis dablobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sicxeSi mwyurvale adamianisaTvis<br />
sazamTro Seudarebeli da Seucvleli siamovnebaa.” ( Lehman-Haupt 1901:I, 467)<br />
germaneli stumari iliasa da misi ojaxis wevrebis Cacmulobaze saubrobs: “Tavad<br />
WavWavaZes evropuli samosi ecva da ara qarTvelebSi popularuli „Cerqezka“. evropuladve<br />
iyo Cacmuli misi sandomiani meuRle; Tavadis da ki, romelic generlis qvrivi gaxldaT,<br />
erovnul samosSi iyo gamowyobili. orive qalbatons mogvianebiT kvlav Sevxvdi berlinSi.” (<br />
Lehman-Haupt 1901:I, 467)<br />
leman-haupti ilias ojaxis stumarTmoyvareobaze, qarTul sufrasa da tradiciebze<br />
didi siyvaruliT saubrobs: “male Cems sapativcemulod SeZlebisdagvarad qarTulad<br />
gawyobil sufras mivusxediT da saubaric gaiba. ruseTSi miRebuli wesisamebr aqac pirvelad<br />
„zakuska“ da „vodka“ moitanes. davagemovneT qarTuli, Tumca albaT ufro kavkasiuri kerZi<br />
„CixirTma“ — zafraniT, ZmriT, mwvaniliTa da sxva ingredientebiT Sekmazuli qaTmis xorcis<br />
momJavo wvniani. amas mosdevda „boiani“, gansakuTrebulad momzadebuli bostneuli naRebiTa<br />
da dariCiniT. ufro internacionaluri kerZebic vigemeT - Semwvari xorci mJave kombostoTi,<br />
da kavkasielebSi, TurqebSi, TaTrebSi, somxebsa da sparselebSi gavrcelebuli brinjis flavi,<br />
romelsac SoTxvi da Sindi gansakuTrebul aromats aZlevda. Tavadi da Cveni Tanamemamule<br />
batoni laisti sufrasTan eweodnen, magram Cemma maspinZelma xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom es ar<br />
gaxldaT qarTuli tradicia. aqve iyo Tixis forebian WurWelSi civad Senaxuli wyali, magram<br />
qarTuli tradiciisamebr Cven adgilobriv, mZime wiTelsa da qarvisfer Rvinos ufro<br />
vetanebodiT. amasTanave arc qeifis moyvarul qarTvelebSi gavrcelebuli da<br />
germanelebisaTvis ucxo sadRegrZeloebi da qarTuli melodiuri simRerebi iyo daviwyebuli.<br />
batoni laisti aqve Sevipire Tavadis mamulSi stumrobaze da erT naSuadRevs mas Tbilisis<br />
sadgurSi Sevxvdi. aTi wuTis Semdeg matarebelma mtkvris marcxena sanapiroTi avWalaSi<br />
Cagviyvana, sadac Cveni maspinZlis etli gvelodeboda. yvela Semxvedri didi mowiwebiT<br />
esalmeboda Tavad WavWavaZes.” ( Lehman-Haupt 1901:I, 467)<br />
meore werilSi avtori iliasTan saguramoSi stumrobasa da mis Tvalwin gadaSlil<br />
xedebs aRwers: “mTis ferdobze zurgiT tyisaken mdgari qarTul stilSi agebuli Tavadis<br />
s<strong>of</strong>lis saxli ukve Soridan moCans. saxlis aivnidan saucxoo xedi iSleba: nacrisfrad<br />
molivlive aragvi, romlis kalapotSi qviSis borcvebi Cans; iqve ki saqarTvelos samxedro<br />
gzis rux-TeTri silueti; marjvniv, gzis gayolebaze aRmarTuli kldeebi SedarebiT ukeT<br />
moCans, Tumca mainc ibureba Semodgomis Camavali mzis Suqze. es iseTi uCveulo, TiTqmis<br />
SemaSfoTebeli sinaTlea, rom gzad gavlili Semodgomis daburuli tye masTan SedarebiT<br />
simSvidis savaned meCveneba. sufra saxlis ukan, baRSi, Wis maxloblad iyo gaSlili.<br />
mobinadreebi mudam erTnairi temperaturis gamo (+11 gradusi) Was gansakuTrebiT afaseben.<br />
178
aqvea kaklis xec, romlis totebidan, Cemda gasakvirad, bayayebis yiyini ismoda da drodadro<br />
musikasaviT JRerda sufrasTan.” (Lehman-Haupt 1901:II, 503)<br />
germaneli mecnieri mesame werilSi qarTvelTa ukvdav poemaze “vefxistyaosani” da ilias<br />
“gandegilze” saubrobs da saTanado Sefasebebsac aZlevs: “mogvianebiT saxlis aivnidan<br />
sasiamovnod ganaTebul oTaxebSi gadavinacvleT. vidre vaxSmisTvis Cais, kalaTebSi Cawyobil<br />
saucxoo xils, Sav, TeTr da moyviTalo-moyavisfro yurZensa da saukeTeso atmebs<br />
mogvarTmevdnen, Tavadis wignebma qarTul mwerlobaze gadagvatanina yuradReba. ukve<br />
naxsenebi „vefxistyaosani“ namdvili xalxuri eposia, mas yanis lewvis drosac amboben.<br />
qarTvelebma am poemis mTliani str<strong>of</strong>ebi ician zepirad. iseTi SemTxvevebic y<strong>of</strong>ila, roca<br />
poemis citirebisas mTqmels ramdenjerme Seuwyvetia leqsi sityvebiT: „ki, namdvilad asea, me<br />
iq viyavi!“. bavSvobidan naswavli eposis Sinaarsi ise aqvT gamjdari sisxlsa da xorcSi, rom<br />
poemaSi asaxuli gancdilad miaCniaT da am gancdilis axlebur warmosaxvas pouloben leqsSi.<br />
maSin vinane, rom qarTuli mxolod anbani vicodi da ar SemeZlo, Zveli nawarmoebebisa Tu<br />
WavWavaZiseuli Txzulebebis originalSi Sefaseba. gamacnes Tavadis erT-erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebis „gandegilis“ inglisuri Targmani, romelsac SesavalSi poetis<br />
biografiuli cnobebi erTvis. poemis mTargmneli qali ZmasTan erTad kavkasiaSi cxovrobs da<br />
piradad icnobs Tavadsa da mis ojaxs.<br />
poema yazbegis erT-erT gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebi, yvelasagan pativcemuli gandegilis<br />
cdunebis ambavs gvamcnobs. nawarmoebis fsiqologiuri qarga, sidiadiTa da silamaziT<br />
aRvsili bunebis grandiozuli warmosaxva, enis moqniloba da Zala, Targmanidanac rom<br />
gamosWvivis, mSobel xalxSi fesvgadgmul, sakuTari azris Tamamad gamomxatvel da eris<br />
ganmanaTlebel WeSmarit poets warmoaCens.“ (Lehman-Haupt 1901: III, 531)<br />
meoTxe werilSi moTxrobilia aragvis piras gamarTul pikniksa da qarTuli erTi Zveli<br />
wes-Cveulebis Sesaxeb: „meore diliT CrdiloeTidan TeTrad gabrwyinebuli kavkasionis<br />
mTavari mTa, saqarTvelos samxedro gzis guSagi - yazbegi gvesalmeba da aragvze dagegmili<br />
TevzaobisTvis karg dRes gviqadis. daaxloebiT naxevari saaTi dagvWirda cxenebiT mdinareze<br />
Casasvlelad. sanovage da fardagebi daitvirTa uremze, aqaur tvirTis gadamzidze, romelic<br />
Cvensas Camohgavs da xSirad tilos naWriTaa gadafarebuli. male gairkva, rom Tevzaoba<br />
mxolod sababi iyo aragvis piras, buCqebTan xavsian molze gaSlili piknikisaTvis.<br />
vidre maspinZlebi nadimisaTvis emzadebian da qarTveli meTevzeebs TavianTi badeebi<br />
wesrigSi mohyavT, stumrebi aremares vaTvalierebT. Cveni nivTebi iqve SegviZlia davtovoT,<br />
radgan Tavad WavWavaZis TqmiT qarTul s<strong>of</strong>lSi qurdoba ar arsebobs. marTlac, qarTveli<br />
kaci saukeTeso TvisebebiT - gulwrfelobiTa da gulRiaobiT gamoirCeva. Tavadma WavWavaZem<br />
ramdenime Zveli, magram dRemde SemorCenili qarTuli wes-Cveulebis Sesaxeb miambo, maT<br />
Soris erT ucnaur SemTxvevazec: saqarTvelos samxedro gzis yazbegis sadgurTan mdebare<br />
s<strong>of</strong>el gergetSi erTxel patara saxnavi miwis gamo dava wamoWrila. mflobelisaTvis miwis<br />
CamorTmeva gadawyvetili iyo, roca gamoCnda Tormeti wlis ymawvili da ganacxada: me var imis<br />
mowme, rom sadao miwa mis axlandel mflobels yvela wesis dacviT aqvs Sesyiduli da<br />
namdvilad misi sakuTreba ariso!<br />
- es ambavi Seni cxovrebisas moxda?<br />
- ara!<br />
- maS sadauri mowme xar, albaT mowmeebisagan gaqvs es ambavi mosmenili!“<br />
- ara, me piradad var amis mowme!<br />
- SeuZlebelia! ramdeni xnis win moxda es ambavi?<br />
- zustad ar vici, albaT ramdenime saukunis win.“<br />
- ki magram, maSin rogor xar TviTmxilveli am ambis, es xom savsebiT SeuZlebelia!<br />
biWi ki Tavisas amtkicebda: uSualo mowme var saukuneebis win momxdari am ambiso.<br />
ukve yvela im azrs daadga, rom es ymawvili aranormaluri iyo, roca man aCvena xeli<br />
mokveTili TiTis wina saxsriT.<br />
Semdeg ki aseTi ram gairkva: damowmebis es niSani Taobidan Taobaze ufros Svilze<br />
gadaiodaa da amisaTvis isini TiTs isaxiCrebdnen. ase moeqca Tavis droze pirveli namdvili<br />
mowme Tavis Svils; am biWunasac mamam sikvdilis win damowmebis es niSani dautova. xalxma scno<br />
es damowmeba da rus mosamarTlesac sxva aRaraferi darCenoda.<br />
gasagebia, rom Tavadis piridan da im situaciaSi mosmenilma am ambavma gansakuTrebiT<br />
damainteresa da berlinSi Cveni Sexvedrisas Cemi wiwamurSi stumroba gamaxsena.“ (Lehman-Haupt<br />
1901: IV, 562-564)<br />
Cven madlierebis grZnobiT gvsurda kidev erTxel mogvegonebina ilia WavWavaZis germaneli<br />
megobrebi, didi mecnierebi da sazogado moRvaweebi — artur laisti da karl leman-haupti,<br />
romlebmac didi siyvaruliTa da siTboTi aRweres Cveni qveyana, misi adamianebi da buneba. maTi<br />
Txzulebebi warmoadgenda im wyaros, romliTac evropelebi saqarTvelos istorias,<br />
kulturasa da literaturas ecnobodnen.<br />
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />
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Breuste…1987: BJ., Breuste J., Malich B., Reisen im Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1987.<br />
Kandelaki 1990-1991: Kandelaki D., Einige ungeneuigkeiten in der neueren deutschen Fachliteratur . “Georgica”, 1990-1991, N<br />
13-14.<br />
Lehman-Haupt 1901: Lehman-Haupt C., Aus Georgien. “Die Zeit”, 1901.<br />
niJaraZe 1967: niJaraZe r., ilia WavWavaZe da karl leman-haupti. Jurnali “droSa”, 1967. 10.<br />
tabiZe 1966: tabiZe t., Txzulebani sam tomad, t.II, Tbilisi, 1966.<br />
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