Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
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The International Scientific
Conference
ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE AND HIS EPOCH
(Proceedings)
Tbilisi 2008
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saerTaSoriso samecniero
konferencia
`ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa~
(masalebi)
Tbilisi 2008
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edaqtori
irma ratiani
saredaqcio kolegia:
maka elbaqiZe
miranda tyeSelaSvili
maia ciskaZe
© SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
daibeWda gamomcemloba `..........~
ISBN
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Sinaarsi
RUDOLF KREUTNET
Friedrich ruckert (1788-1866) and the East..................................................................
irma ratiani
ilia da misi mkiTxveli...............................................................................................
nana gonjilaSvili
`bazaleTis tbis~ ganmsazRvreli sami saxe-idea
(oqros akvanSi myofi yrma, `vaJkaci saxelovani~
da `deda saxeldebuli~).................................................................................................
kaxaber loria
poemis momxibvleli idumaleba _ ilias `gandegilis
gaazrebisaTvis...................................................................................................................
mixeil qurdiani
ilia WavWavaZis `master klasi~ _
`nikoloz gostaSabiSvili~:
kompozicia da funqcionaluri kadrireba..........................................................
lia wereTeli
tradiciuli gansaxovneba
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi..............................................................................
Tamar SarabiZe
`kvali ganaTlebulis~ motivi
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi................................................................................
iuza evgeniZe
`evropeizmis~, rogorc
kulturul-istoriuli movlenis
ilia WavWavaZiseuli interpretacia...................................................................
dalila bedianiZe
ilia WavWavaZe da ianoS arani...............................................................................
elene gogiaSvili
qarTuli folklori
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis ideologiur samsaxurSi...................................................................
Teimuraz qurdovaniZe
vaJa-fSavelas `xmiT natirali~
ilia WavWavaZeze.....................................................................................................
giorgi maisuraZe
ilia WavWavaZe da
samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebi................................................................................................................
qeTevan elaSvili
`drouloba~, rogorc zneobrivi kategoria,
anu `literaturuli nacnoboba~
iliaseul sivrceSi....................................................................................................
5

inga milorava
mxatvruli sivrcis gamosaxvis principi,
sivrculi modelebi da
orientirebi `mgzavris werilebSi~...................................................................
maia jaliaSvili
marginalobis fenomenis aspeqtebi
ilias `oTaraanT qvrivSi~.......................................................................................
giorgi alibegaSvili
demetre II Tavdadebuli............................................................................................
maia niniZe
igavuri metyvelebis bibliuri principi
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi...............................................................................
vaJa TvalavaZe
ilia WavWavaZe sazRvargareTis qveynebis
axali istoriis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.......................................................................
goCa saiTiZe
ilias `iveria~ da
`osmalos saqarTvelo~...............................................................................................
manana SilakaZe
ilia WavWavaze qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb..........................................................
nana fruiZe
ratom ar daibeWda akakis `Juliko~?....................................................................
merab RaRaniZe
erovnuli erTianobis sakiTxi
ilia WavWavaZis publicistur werilSi
`osmalos saqarTvelo~...............................................................................................
mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia)
giorgi SixaSvili
mamuka SixaSvili
`wm. ilia marTlis (WavWavaZis)
ekonomikuri moZRvreba _
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis erovnuli
koncefciis safuZveli...........................................................................................
eka CikvaiZe
daujdomeli sagalobeli
wmind ilia marTlisa...............................................................................................
rusudan niSnianiZe
ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli emigracia...............................................................
irina modebaZe
Tamar ciciSvili
qarTuli mwerlobis
iliaseuli Sefasebis tipologiisaTvis.........................................................
Tamar paiWaZe
ilias faqtori simbolisturi
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miTmTxzvelobis xanaSi..............................................................................
IRINA PERIANOVA
Politikal Corrctness as the Mouth Wide Shut Phenomen........................................................
naira bepievi
gazeTi `iveria~ da osTa sakiTxi
naTela Citauri
pirovnebis da sazogadoebis
urTierTobis sakiTxi ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi
(fsiqologiur-Teologiuri aspeqti).............................................................
ramaz Wilaia
`Homo somatis~ iliaseuli gaazrebiT.................................................................
darejan menabde
gabriel ratiSvilis `mciredi moTxrobidan~
ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebamde~..........................................................
nestan kutivaZe
XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis
qarTuli saliteraturo kritika
da ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba....................................................
julieta gaboZe
ilias ucnobi werilebi
Tbilisel somexTa Sesaxeb.....................................................................................
Teimuraz doiaSvili
`bednieri eri~:
struqtura da sazrisi...........................................................................................
Tamar barbaqaZe
ilias dramatuli poemebis
(`qarTvlis deda~ da `irakli~) poetika
da `qarTvlis dedis~ metafora...............................................................................
levan bregaZe
ilias bediswera..........................................................................................................
venera kavTiaSvili
ilia WavWavaZisa da
goTHold efraim lesingis
esTetikuri naazrevis tipologiisaTvis.........................................................
sofiko lobJaniZe
ilia WavWavaZe _ germanofiluri
saganmanaTleblo politikis
ideologi saqarTveloSi.......................................................................................................
nino popiaSvili
ilia WavWavaze da misi Tanadrouli
germanuli poeziis Targmanebi...........................................................................
dali kandelaki
ekaterine raisneri
ilia da misi germaneli megobrebi...........................................................................
7

FRIEDRICH RÜCKERT (1788-1866) AND THE EAST
Structure:
1. Rückert’s interest in Oriental languages
2. Rückert’s imagination of the East
3. Rückert the „scholarly poet“
4. Rückert the „poetical scholar“.
5. Conclusion
1. Rückert’s interest in Oriental languages
Rudolf Kreutner PhD, MA
Rückert himself told us how he was inspired to the world of the Orient. In his poetical cycle „Childhood of a
Bailiff’s son“ (Rückert 1837: 317 seq.) he describes how the interest in oriental culture and literature was founded by a
catholic clergyman in the rural environment of his birthplace Schweinfurt in Franconia.
The lasting effect of these early experiences with the exotic world of the Orient proves Rückert’s first dramatic
attempt „The Apparent Death“ in 1812. This three-act comedy in tetrameter trochees, which is based on the legend of
the „dreaming peasant“ of „One Thousand and One Nights“ (already dramatized by William Shakespeare in the „The
Taming of the Shrew“), deals with the romanticized world of Haroon al Rasheed (Erdmann 1988: 339 and Kötting
1993: 49-72). At about the same time oriental world is again picked out as a central theme in the dramatic fragment
„The Turkish Maiden“, which describes the adventures of Archilde, a princess of an oriental town, conquered by
crusaders.
In philosophical manner, Friedrich Rückert expressed his close relationship to foreign – and in particular to
oriental – languages most articulately in his 1811 submitted – and in the same year – published dissertation „De idea
philologiae“, in which he enunciates the idea, that true philology needs true philosophers, who also have to be veritable
poets, because only these dispose of capacity to reunify universal unisonous poetry to the postulated common protolanguage
(Confer Wiener 1994): In a few words: Philologist have to be poets to be able to accomplish their
philosophical mission, the reconstruction of universal proto-language. – And also in his dissertation – almost casually
– Rückert relativizes self-reliance of classic culture by referring explicitly to the oriental roots of Greek language and
literature (Prang 1963: 25) – At that time, as Greek culture was considered as one of the few absolute terms in human
history, Rückert’s assertion meant nothing less than a veritable scandal, all the more Rückert’s statement includes the
clear primacy of oriental culture and literature.
In his 1828 for the first time published „Introduction into Hamâsa, or the Oldest Arabian Folk Songs“ he
repeats his philosophic-philological idea of a common proto-language, which therefore once has to be reconstructed:
„Die Poesie in allen ihren Zungen
Ist dem Geweihten Eine Sprache nur,
Die Sprache, die im Paradies erklungen,
Eh sie verwildert auf der wilden Flur.
[…]“ (Wendt 1830: 284 seq.)
All poetry in all its tongues
Is to adepts One language just,
From paradise this idiom comes,
Now fallen into earthly dust.
[…]
A few years later, in late winter 1818/1819 in Vienna, Rückert was taught the elements of Persian, Arabic and
Turkish language within about six weeks by the at that time famous teacher of oriental languages, Joseph von
Hammer-Purgstall (1774-1856). From there on Rückert should become master of more than forty languages, amongst
others Aramaic, Armenian, Assyrian, Avestan, Azeri, Coptic, Ethiopian, Hawaiian, Kannada (one of the Dravidian
languages), Kurdish, Malayalam, Pali, Prakrit, Urdu, Sanskrit, Tamil (another Dravidian language), Telugu and
Turanian (Erdmann 1988: 92) – but unfortunately not Georgian!
2. Rückert’s imagination of the East
It is in fact very astonishing, that we cannot find any paper on Rückert’s pattern of Orient among these more
than 2000 titles which Rückert-Bibliography actually comprises. But – at least partially – solution seems to be rather
simple: Rückert, who was strongly affected by German romanticism of that time, which again adored middle-ages, met
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in middle-east literatures the same literary subjects as in contemporary German literature: knightly heroism and
religious mysticism (on the other hand Indian literature may have appeared to Rückert as a pendant to classic Greek
literature). This assumption seems to be confirmed by two facts in Rückert’s literary producing: E. g. it is very
striking, that Rückert firstly had chosen the Nibelung-Verse for his translation of the Persian „Rostam and Sohrab-
Episode“ from Abū l-Qasem-e Ferdousī’s (940/1-1020) „Shahnameh“, before he finally decided in favour of
Alexandrines. Perhaps I should add by way of explanation, that the above-named episode as regards content is very
similar to the Middle-High-German „Lay of Hildebrand“, wherein Hildebrand is also unwittingly killing his son
Hadubrand in a duel like Rostam is doing with his son Sohrab.
And is it really to trace back to pure coincidence when Rückert translates „Rostam and Sohrab“ at the same
time as the 20 th Aventiure of the Middle-High-German „Song of the Nibelungs“? In respect of form and content there
seem to be existent certain similarities between Middle-High-German and Middle-Eastern literary subjects, which may
at least have lead to persistence in Rückert’s oriental studies.
3. Rückert the „scholarly poet“
Soon after having returned back to Germany Rückert’s phase as the „scholarly poet“ began. Yet in 1819 he
started with the translation of the „Ghazals of Jalal ad-Din Rumi [(1207-1273)]“. Shortly after, in 1821, followed the
„Eastern Roses“ in the spirit of the other great Persian poet Hafiz (1325/26-1390). – Consciously the emphasis is
placed here on the term „in the spirit“ and instead of translation we should better speak of literary interpretation,
because in the beginning of this period Rückert’s main-intention was, to make accessible oriental poetry to German
readers by imitating eastern verse-art (Ghazals e. g.), communicating oriental spirit (Eastern Roses e. g.) and – at last –
by unifying form and spirit in his masterpiece, the paraphrase of „Hariri’s Maqamat“ in 1826. Firstly Rückert had to
confine himself to imitating pure form by lack of fluency, later he subordinated consciously philological interests to
the purpose of spreading knowledge of the oriental literatures. Here for „Hariri’s Maqamat“ are the best example:
Although Rückert had studied this chef-d’oeuvre of Arabian literature most intensely and even in spite of the fact that
he comprehended very well this as much mannered as sophisticated refinement in style and expression of the Arabic
original, he decided to come up with a „mere“ paraphrase of the Maqamat – and caused a furor among simple
readership – and colleagues – because of his own high poetical capacity he had brought in. In terms of „translations“ –
here as well in quotes – of Indian classic literature he took the same line, e. g. in 1828 with the poetical paraphrase of
„Nal and Damajanti“, a touching love-story taken from the Indian national epic „Mahâbhârata“. This „popular“
paraphrase was much more appreciated by readership than the academic translation by the leading German indologist
Franz Bopp (1791-1867).
By the way Rückert acquired oriental poetical forms so intensely, that he adopted them as his own in his current
lyrical producing. E. g. in the poetical cycle „Love Spring“, composed in 1821 and dedicated to his future wife Luise
Wiethaus-Fischer (1797-1857), there are – believe it or not – 16 poems in form of Persian Quatrains (Rückert 1844:
272-276), 20 Ghazals in Hafizian (Rückert 1844: 250, 276-296 and 406) and one in Rumian style (Rückert 1844: 213).
Even in his „Lyrical diary“ of the years 1846 to 1866, which contains more than 10.000 unpublished poems, we find
the form of the Ghazal as a matter of course.
4. Rückert the „poetical scholar“.
Meanwhile – in 1826 – Rückert has been appointed to the professorship for oriental languages at the university
of Erlangen in Bavaria (from 1841 to 1848 at Berlin-University), and more and more he put stress on philological
accurate translations; this time we call the phase of the „poetical scholar“. In particular the translations of the „Quran“
(completed in 1839), „Amrilkais“ in 1841, the already mentioned „Hamasa, or the Oldest Arabian Folk Songs“
(completed in 1846), „Saadi’s Bostan“ in 1851 and the Indian „Atharvaveda“ in 1858 result from his philological
studies combined with his unique feeling in languages. This creeping change of approach and procedural method was
evidently caused by Rückert’s experience of academic life, and his translation of the „Quran“ may exemplify this
change most obvious. Already in 1823 Rückert had begun to translate the Holy Book of Islam. In the very beginning
his attempt was marked by a lot of concessions to the future reader: In fact he retained the vowel assonances (in
German e. g. Kummer/Hunger, Haupt/Kraut; in English e. g. hunger/slumber, plough/mouth; Bobzin 2000: XVII),
which are very characteristic for the language of the Quran, but otherwise he took the liberty to set the entire text into
continuous rimes which is in no case adequate to the literary style of Quran, that we should better describe as a mix
between rime and prose called „Sağ“ (Erdmann 1988: 256). Later Rückert became aware of his inadequate approach to
the holy text and from now on he translated the Quran respecting the Arabic original in form and subject matter. But it
seems that Rückert anticipated the failure of this edition regarding a broad audience and did not publish it in his
lifetime. – And now, against the background of the feared „clash of cultures“ Rückert’s Quran is a bestseller in
Germany, – among traditionally educated middle-class intellectuals!
By the way the high quality of this translation is confirmed by the professional judgement of the late orientalist
Annemarie Schimmel (1922-2003): „this is the only German translation, which allows to breathe the style and the
spirit of the original“ (Schimmel 1987, 86).
It is evident, the more Rückert gave priority to philological accurate translation the more he lost contemporary
readers. In contrast to the unpublished Quran the repeatedly mentioned „Hamâsa, or the Oldest Arabian Folk Songs“
9

and the ditto old-Arabian epic „Amrilkais“ (1841/1843) were published in Rückert’s lifetime, but they did not find a
ready market. And almost all the rest of Rückert’s translations produced during this second period – the „Quran“
included – e. g. „Djami’s Love Songs (1831/1844-1848)“, „Saadi’s Divan“ (1845/ published 1893), „Saadi’s political
Poems“ (1845/ published 1894), „Saadi’s Bostan“ (1851/ published 1882), the Indian epic „Sakuntala“ (1855/
published 1867) or Hafis Quatrains (1846-1862/1877) remained a long time unpublished.
5. Conclusion
It seems, that Rückert could play his self chosen role as a mediator between different cultures as long as he
gave priority to his poetical capacities, because this talent seems to have been the link between offered foreign
literature and accustomed lyric food. As long as the known poet Rückert shone through the literary texture of exotic
oriental poems, foreign form and content did not become too strange for readership.
In his second phase as „poetical scholar“ Rückert translated in fact more adequate to the oriental originals, but
by following this path of academic life and work he began to „alienate“ his auditory increasingly. But these changes,
corresponded with his own increasing doubts in the chosen role as mediator, as we can read in his poems of the
1830ies, where he is very well aware of the difficulties of intercultural exchange between Orient and Occident.
Nevertheless Rückert should continue in his oriental studies obliviously until the end of his life.
Literature:
Bobzin 2000: Bobzin Hartmut [editor]: Der Koran in der Übersetzung von Friedrich Rückert […], Mit erklärenden Anmerkungen
von Wolfdietrich Fischer. Würzburg:Ergon 3 2000.
Erdmann 1988: Erdmann Jürgen [editor]: 200 Jahre Friedrich Rückert 1788-1866 Dichter und Gelehrter. Coburg: Landesbibliothek,
1988.
Kötting Dagmar: „Dahinter schlief vom Orient mein Strahl“. „Der Scheintod“ eine erste poetische Beschäftigung Friedrich
Rückerts mit dem Orient. Rückert-Studien VII. Würzburg: Ergon, 1993.
Prang 1963: Prang Helmut: Friedrich Rückert. Geist und Form der Sprache. Schweinfurt: Stadt, 1963
Rückert 1837: Rückert Friedrich: Gesammelte Gedichte. Erlangen: Heyder, 1837.
Rückert 1844: Rückert Friedrich: Liebesfrühling. Frankfurt/Main: Sauerländer, 1844.
Schimmel 1987: Schimmel Annemarie: Friedrich Rückert. Lebensbild und Einführung in sein Werk. Freiburg/Brsg: Herder, 1987.
Wendt 1830: Wendt, Amadeus [editor]: Musenalmanach für das Jahr 1831. Zweiter Jahrgang, Mit Tiecks Bildniß. Leipzig:
Weidmann, [1830].
Wiener 1994: Wiener Claudia: Friedrich Rückerts „De idea philologiae“ als dichtungstheoretische Schrift und Lebensprogramm.
Schweinfurt: Stadtarchiv, 1994.
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ilia da misi mkiTxveli
irma ratiani
mxatvruli teqsti xangrZlivobis sam tips iTvaliswinebs: Seqmnis process, romelic
mimdinareobs realuri dro-sivrculi parametrebis farglebSi da teqstis mekavSired avtors
moiazrebs, mxatvrul kontinuums, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli teqstisaTvis niSandoblivi
individualuri mxatvruli qronotopuli modelis formirebas, da aRqmis process, romelic,
agreTve, xorcieldeba realuri dro-sivrcis konteqstSi, mxolod teqstis mekavSired
amjerad gvevlineba mkiTxveli. Sesabamisad, literaturuli nawarmoebi sami temporaluri -
modelis farglebSi funqcionirebs _ avtoriseuli, mxatvruli da mkiTxveliseuli
modelebisa, sadac avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli temporaluri modelebi esadageba
literaturuli teqstis garegan formas da mxatvruli temporaluri modelis gaazrebisa da
aRqmis sxvadasxva poziciebad gvevlineba. am poziciaTa struqturuli urTierTmimarTebis
daregulirebis mizniT, specialur literaturaSi SemuSavebulia fizikuri da mxatvruli
metrikis cnebebi. fizikuri metrika, TumcaRa, TavisTavad, aRniSnavs Txrobisa da aRqmis
xangrZlivobebs, magram mudmivad ganixilavs maT moTxrobilis xangrZlivobasTan, anu
`mxatvrul metrikasTan~ mimarTebaSi: avtori mogviTxrobs konkretul ambavs garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi da, aseve garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, mis monaTxrobs aRiqvams
mkiTxveli, anu nawarmoebSi fiqsirebuli mxatvrul-siuJeturi movlena warmoadgens rogorc
avtoris, ise mkiTxvelis intenciis sagans, magram gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan. ibadeba
kiTxva: ramdenad SesaZlebelia avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqtis dadgena teqstis
konkretul monakveTTan mimarTebaSi da am kontaqtis ra Teoriuli da kompoziciuri formebi
arsebobs?
miuxedavad imisa, rom Txrobis xangrZlivoba avtoris prerogativaa, xolo aRqmisa _
mkiTxvelis, urTierToba maT Soris imTaviTve gansazRvrulia: aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba
pirdapir damokidebulebaSia Txrobis drois xangrZlivobasTan.
aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba, tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, or pozicias ganasxvavebs:
kiTxvis xangrZlivobasa da wakiTxulis cnobierebaSi fiqsaciis xangrZlivobas. aqedan, Tu
kiTxvis xangrZlivoba subieqtisagan damoukidebeli, gareSe mizezebiT ganisazRvreba _
SesaZlebelia kiTxvis Seneleba an aCqareba, wakiTxulisaken mibruneba, Sesveneba kiTxvis
procesSi da sxva, _ wakiTxulis cnobierebaSi fiqsacia, piriqiT, sruliad erTgvarovani
xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba: igi Seesabameba Txrobis xangrZlivobas da wakiTxuli masala
urRvev mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba. aRqmis mTlianoba ganpirobebulia ara marto wakiTxulis
calkeuli detalebis Tanmimdevruli, mwyobri ganlagebiT, aramed maTi organuli
gamTlianebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es aris mudmivi Serwymis procesi, rodesac avtori
teqstis farglebSi iwvevs mkiTxvelis warmosaxvas, xolo mkiTxveli, aseve teqstis farglebSi,
pasuxobs avtoris gamowvevas. Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelisa da avtoris kontaqti individualuri
Teoriuli modelis saxes iZens konkretuli literaturuli epoqis, stilis, problematikisa
da meTodologiis farglebSi: literaturis ganviTarebis nebismieri etapis, rogorc
tipologiurad da struqturulad mowesrigebuli movlenis, konteqstSi avtorisa da
mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTeba konkretuli literaturuli sistemisaTvis niSandoblivi
stilistur da meTodologiur kanonebs emorCileba. gamonakliss am TvalsazrisiT arc me-19
saukunis realisturi literatura warmoadgens.
realizmis literaturuli skola xazgasmuli yuradRebiT moekida avtorisa da
mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. marTalia, mogvianebiT, me-20 saukunis
literaturulma kritikam araerTxel gadasinja `avtoris~ problema literaturaSi da,
rbilad rom vTqvaT, minimalurad Seafasa misi roli teqstSi (t. elioti, r. barti, J. Jeneti da
sxv.), me-19 saukunis literaturuli tradicia ver Tavsdeba am inovaciuri gaazrebis
farglebSi: realisturi literaturis wiaRSi avtori da avtoriseuli qronotopi gvevlineba
Txrobis kompoziciuri da dro-sivrculi orientaciis RerZad. cxadia, aqtualuria
mkiTxvelisa da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopis _ individualuri recefciis procesis _
funqciac, magram, umeteswilad, is regulirebulia avtoris mier: avtori mimarTavs mkiTxvels,
uxsnis, ganumartavs, ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, umtkicebs, anu, sakmaod mwired utovebs, izeris
termini rom moviSvelioT, `bundovan adgilebs~ Tu `teqstualur gaurkvevlobebs~, romlebic
unda Seavsos an TavsatexebiviT amoxsnas mkiTxvelma. cnobilia, rom kiTxvis aqti mudmivad
gaxsnili perspeqtivaa, romelic, erTi mxriv, iTvaliswinebs konteqstualur modifikaciebs,
xolo, meore mxriv, xels uwyobs mkiTxvelis maqsimaluri fleqsiurobisa da transformaciis
unaris realizebas. anu sxvadasxva istoriuli da sociokulturuli konteqstis mkiTxveli
sxvadasxvagvarad erTveba teqstSi da aRqmis procesi individualuri aqtis saxes iZens. me-19
saukunis realisturi literatura, romelic ostaturad iyenebs teqsts social-erovnuli,
eTikuri da filosofiuri xasiaTis problemebis gaxmianebis tribunad, TiTqos xelovnurad
arRvevs recefciis am logikas. realisti mwerali cdilobs mkiTxvelis `dayoliebas~, misi
11

ecefciis procesis garkveul kalapotSi Cayenebas da am miznis misaRwevad, aqtiurad
mimarTavs oratoruli pragmatikis Tumca nacad, magram stilisturad modificirebul xerxs.
* * *
oratoruli pragmatikis safuZvlebi jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Camoayaliba
aristotelem, rodesac maRali ritorikis mraval mniSvnelovan funqciaTa Soris, sagangebod
gamohyo misi stilisturi funqcia: msmenelze zemoqmedebis oratoruli berketebis, sityvaTa
logikuri ganlagebisa da saubrisaTvis Sesaferisi gamometyvelebis SerCeva. stilisturi
funqciis samive z.C. komponenti Tanabrad saWiroa oratorisaTvis, Tumca, maTi xvedriTi wili
bevradaa damokidebuli oratoris konkretul miznebsa da amocanebze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
romeli stilisturi komponentis gaaqtiurebas unda elodes msmeneli maSin, rodesac
oratorad mxatvruli teqstis avtori gvevlineba? literaturuli teqstis avtori mxolod
maSin irgebs oratoris niRabs, Tu mkiTxvelis recefciisaTvis misTvis sasurveli gezis
micemas cdilobs da mTavar iaraRad, cxadia, sityvas aqcevs, sityvaTa ganlagebas _ kavSirsa da
intonacias. sityvis es ritorikuli funqcia gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoiyenes Sua
saukuneebis moRvaweebma. aristoteleseuli Segoneba _ `sityva Sedgeba ori nawilisagan,
radgan aucilebelia daadgino is sagani, razedac msjelob da daamtkico kidec~ (aristotele
1981: 195), amasTan, `sabuTebi damajerebeli unda iyos~ (aristotele 1981: 206) _ adreuli Sua
saukeneebis moazrovneebma ostaturad gadmoanacvles mxatvruli teqstis sibrtyeze da
alegoriuli egzegetikis umTavres ornamentad gardaqmnes. alegoriuli egzegetikis meTodis
Sesabamisad, avtoris pozicia (ZiriTadad, bibliur teqstebTan mimarTebaSi), rogorc utyuari
WeSmariteba, moxerxebulad ganTavsda `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ stilisturi xerxis yalibSi.
aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri teqsti SeiZleba daemorCilos alegoriuli reinterpretaciis
process, romlis wiaRSic ganxorcieldeba movlenis damajerebeli gadaazreba, xolo
warmmarTvel rols Seasrulebs avtoris konceptualuri strategia. am mimarTulebiT
mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies porfiriusma, proklem, netarma avgustinem, mogvianebiT _
dantem, romlebmac, `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ meTodologiis danergviT SeZles aramarto
qristianuli Teologiis tradiciis, aramed teqstebis inerpretaciuli mravalferovnebis
kulturis Camoyalibeba. oratoruli pragmatika warmatebiT modelirda poetikur sistemaSi.
qristianuli azrovnebis wiaRSi fesvCayrili tradicia met-naklebi upiratesobiT
gagrZelda Semdgomi epoqebis literaturul azrovnebaSi: Tu neoklasikuri esTetikuri
koncepti ritorikuli stilis gadaWarbebul dozas iTvaliswinebda, riTac azaralebda
teqstis mxatvrul plans da metad mosawyens, mkacrad didaqtikursa da logikurs xdida
Txrobas, mas TiTqmis ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas romantikosebi, rac meore ukiduresobas
warmoadgenda. XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan gaZlierebulma realisturma tendenciam aRadgina
darRveuli balansi da oratoruli pragmatika kvlavac normirebuli reJimis pirobebSi
Caayena. procesis mowesrigebaSi gadamwyveti roli mieniWa avtorisa da mkiTxvelis
urTierTmimarTebis struqturul daregulirebas: avtori gamoikveTa rogorc
konceptualuri lideri, teqstis warmmarTveli koordinata, oratori, xolo mkiTxveli
warmoCinda rogorc avtorTan aqtiur dialogSi Cabmuli mosaubre, inteleqtualuri
partniori, romelic usmens avtors da romlis mxardaWerasac mudmivad saWiroebs avtori.
gamomdinare aqedan, realisturi literatura da, cxadia, qarTuli realisturi literaturac,
daefuZna oratoruli pragmatikis modificirebul, dialogur meTods da maqsimalurad
gaaaqtiura avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba teqstSi kompoziciuri kveTis meSveobiT.
kompoziciuri kveTis saukeTeso formad mkiTxvelTan avtoris Ria dialogi iqca, saubari e.w.
`gaxsnili teqstiT~, rodesac avtori teqstSive afiqsirebs Tavis urTierTobas mkiTxvelTan
da gulwrfeli saubrisaken mouwodebs mas. urTierTobis fiqsacia, ara marto TvalsaCinoebas
sZens avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqts teqstSi, aramed gamokveTs struqturuli mimarTebis
_ avtoriseuli qronotopi _ mxatvruli qronotopi _ mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi _
Sinaarsobriv da kompoziciur mniSvnelobas.
mkiTxvelTan dialogis mosurne realisti avtori, erTi mxriv, sityvis mesaWis, teqstis
gzamkvlevis, erTgvari mimarTulebis mimcemis funqciiTaa aRWurvili, xolo, meore mxriv, igi
mudmivad saWiroebs da moelodeba mkiTxvelis maqsimalur mxardaWeras. cxadia, mkiTxveli,
SeiZleba arc daeTanxmos mas, magram, valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos igi, rogorc mosaubre da
partniori. msgavsi urTierTobis realizebis saukeTeso formas realistur literaturul
tradiciaSi warmoadgens avtoris mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi, xerxi, romelsac warmatebiT
iTvisebs zogadad realisturi literatura, xolo `qarTuli sakiTxaviT~ mxrebdamZimebuli
qarTuli realizmi mas gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba.
* * *
`qarTuli sakiTxavi~ im saWirboroto problemaTa erTobliobaa, romlebic mudmivad Tan
sdevda (da sdevs) qarTveli erisa da misi literaturis istorias, Tumca XIX saukuneSi,
12

qarTuli realizmis lideris, ilia WavWavaZis naazrevSi, igi mkveTrad gamoxatul sistemad
Camoyalibda da samoqmedo lozungis _ `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~ _ saxe miiRo.
ilia WavWavaZe gacilebiT mets moiTxovda sakuTari Txzulebebisgan, vidre es erTi
mwerlis Semoqmedeba iyo: igi ara martivad `wamkiTxvelT~, aramed Tanamoazreebsa da
gulSematkivrebs, Sesabamisad, saimedo dasayrdens eZiebda qarTul sazogadoebaSi. mas ar
sWirdeboda seiris macqerali mkiTxveli, romelic ramdenime saaTiT Seiqcevda Tavs kiTxviT
da dascildeboda. dasustebuli, modunebuli, `gulgrilobis morevSi~ CaZiruli saqarTvelos
Wirisufals kargad hqonda Segnebuli TanamebrZolTa gamoWedvis aucilebloba. aseT dros
swored rom saukeTeso mokavSired moCanda oratoruli pragmatikis literaturuli
modifikacia avtoris rolis aqcentirebiTa da mkiTxvelTan gaZlierebuli kontaqtiT. iliac
siamovnebiT daeyrdno mas da jiutad Seudga mkiTxvelis `moTvinierebas~.
ilia Riad iwvevs dialogSi Tavis mkiTxvels: uyveba, usabuTebs, uxsnis, ganumartavs,
ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, anu mouRlelad da Tavdauzogavad esaubreba Tavis ers. ilias oratoruli
pragmatikis mTavari berketi zneobriobaa, vinaidan mSvenivrad uwyis: `molaparakis zneobas
udidesi zemoqmedebiTi Zala aqvs msmenelebze, romelTac sityviT aRtaceba SeuZliaT~
(aristotele 1981: 36). mas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom: `sityva, mimarTuli msmenelebisadmi,
gamiznulia an imisaTvis, rom oratorma msmenelTa keTilganwyobileba moipovos, an imisTvis,
rom maTSi brazi gamoiwvios, an maTi yuradReba miipyros, anda piriqiT. radgan msmenelis
yuradRebis mipyroba yovelTvis araa sasurveli, amitom bevri oratori cdilobs msmeneli
gaacinos. yovelive es ki iwvevs imis ukeT gagebas, rasac urCeven da agreTve imas, rom oratori
zneobrivad wminda pirovnebad moCandes. radgan ufro metad aseT oratorebs usmenen xolme.
msmenelebi TanaugrZnoben dids, Taviseburs, sakvirvels, sasiamovnos~ (aristotele 1981: 198).
iliac yvela saSualebiT cdilobs mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobas da ndobis mopovebas.
saetapo mniSvnelobis mqone TxzulebebSi _ `mgzavris werilebi~, `oTaraanT qvrivi~ da `kaciaadamiani?!~_
sadac igi mTelis ZaliTa da energiT utevs `qarTul sakiTxavs~ da ara marto mas,
ilia maqsimalurad aaqtiurebs kontaqts mkiTxvelTan. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis
fiqsacia teqstSi avtoris mkiTxvelisadmi regularul mimarTvebSi xorcieldeba.
TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ igi mTavari personaJis piriT gadmoicema:
`oTxi weliwadi iyo, rac me ruseTSi vimyofebodi da Cemi qveyana ar menaxa. oTxi weliwadi!
. . ici, mkiTxvelo, es oTxi weliwadi ra oTxi weliwadia!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 10).
aRniSnuli mimarTva `mgzavris werilebis~ konceptualur laitmotivs warmoadgens: mas
efuZneba Txzulebis Sinaarsobrivi da kompoziciuri piramida. saxezea mkacrad motivirebuli
ritorikuli dialogi mkiTxvelTan, romelic adgens avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis
CarCos da gansazRvravs am urTierTobis xasiaTs naraciis procesSi. Semdgomi Txrobisas
msgavsi tipis mkveTri mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi Tumca ar fiqsirdeba, magram mZafrad
SeigrZnoba emociuri qveteqstebis meSveobiT. gamonakliss warmoadgens nawarmoebis daskvniTi,
merve Tavi, sadac avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqti teqstis doneze kvlavac aqtiur formas
iZens _ avtori amTavrebs saubars Tavis dakvirvebul mkiTxvelTan da ajamebs naraciis
Sedegebs:
`me, gakvriT, rogorc mgzavri, vixseneb mas, rac misgan gamigonia. Cemi cda marto imaSia,
rom imis azrisaTvis imisive feri SemerCia da imis sityvisaTvis imisive kilo. Tu es Sevasrule,
Cemi ganzraxvac Semisrulebia~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 30).
TxzulebaSi `oTaraanT qvrivi~ avtoris erTaderTi pirdapiri mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi
giorgis personaJs ukavSirdeba, rac warmoaCens mkiTxvelis mier giorgis personaJis gaazrebis
mniSvnelobas avtorisaTvis:
`giorgi ki rogorc CemTvis, mkiTxvelo, ise imaTTvis gamocana iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 295).
mwerali TiTqos Tavazianad epatiJeba mkiTxvels Tavisufali interpretaciis samyaroSi,
magram es `Tavisufleba~ maqsimaluradaa marTuli: ilia nabij-nabij xsnis `deda-Svilobisa~ da
`xidCatexilobis~ problemaTa epicentrSi moqceuli personaJis gamocanas teqstSi da
mkiTxvelsac Tan iaxlebs.
CvenTvis saintereso mesame Txzuleba `kacia-adamiani?!~, gamorCeulad uxvadaa
datvirTuli mkiTxvelisadmi mimarTvebiT. rogorc Cans, Txzulebis problematikis
maqsimaluri eqsponirebiT frTaSesxmulma iliam zedmiwevniT kargad moirgo oratoris
tribuna. mkiTxvelisaTvis gankuTvnili ritorikuli mimarTvebi, SekiTxvebi Tu SeZaxilebi
klasikuri ritorikis stilSia Sesrulebuli da literaturuli ritorikis brwyinvale nimuSs
warmoadgens:
`ar gegonoT, mkiTxvelno, rom es saxli ekuTvnodes erTs vismes Raribsa da mis-gamo iyos
egre gulSeutkivrad Tavminebebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 127); `es qoneba, ymebidan dawyebuli
cxenamdina da miwamdina, imis xelSi, _ vinc gamoyeneba icis, _ kai lukma aris. maS raRad sdgas
egre cudad? mkiTxavs gakvirvebuli mkiTxveli. imitom rom qarTvelia, _ mogigebT sruliad
darwmunebuli, rom kai sabuTi giTxariT~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 128); `mkiTxvelo xom ar mogewyina? . .
magram es unda icode, Sen, mkiTxvelo, rom me amisa qvemore xelis momwereli mkiTxvelis
gasarTvelad ar vwer am uxeiro moTxrobasa. me minda am moTxrobam Caafiqros mkiTxveli da, Tu
moiwyens, amis gamo moiwyinos, imitom rom fiqri da mowyena gauyrelni da-Zmani arian. me minda,
13

om mkiTxvelma imitom ki ar moiwyinos, rom gasarTveli ar ari, aramed imitom rom
Camafiqrebelia. Tu amodena ixerxa da SesZlo am uxeiro werilma, me amis meti ara minda ra da
arc mdomebia, Cemo mowyenilo mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 131); `netavi imaT, mkiTxvelo! . .~
(WavWavaZe 1950: 137); `luarsabi dagviRonda, mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 164); `bolos xom, _
Senc ici, mkiTxvelo, _ rom amaT erTmaneTi SeuyvardaT~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 192); `aRar gaaTaveb?~
_ mkiTxavs mowyenili, da iqneba gajavrebulic, mkiTxveli. _ rogor ara! gavaTaveb, magram
iciT riTa? imiTi, rom luarsabis bedniereba dairRveva. Tu magisTana mtkice bednierebac
dairRveva, maS raRa yofila daurRveveli qveyanazed? _ daiZaxebs CemTan erTad daRonebuli
mkiTxveli. marto qveyanaa, mkiTxvelo, daurRveveli~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 220); `mag Sesandobars da
Sesabraliss Cveulebas Tavisi azri da safuZveli hqonia, magram ar giTargmni ki, mkiTxvelo!~
(WavWavaZe 1950: 221); `me gavaTave da Sen, rac ginda, hqmen, mkiTxvelo~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 221);
`sxvafriv mSvidobiT brZandebodeT da SendobiT ixseniebdeT monasa Tqvensa~. . . (WavWavaZe 1950:
223).
mkiTxvelisadmi avtoris esoden xSiri mimarTvebi, romlebic gajerebulia ara marto
calkeuli frazebiT, aramed seriozuli msjelobebiTa da daskvnebiT (gansakuTrebiT bolo
TavSi), aramarto sruliad aSkarad da daufaravad afiqsirebs kontaqts avtori _ mkiTxveli,
aramed warmoaCens avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopuli modelebis myar poziciur
kavSirs, gamokveTils mxatvrul qronotopul modelTan mimarTebaSi. daculia fizikuri
metrikis norma: avtoris yuradReba, drois garkveul monakveTSi, koncentrirebulia
konkretul sakiTxze da, aseve drois garkveul monakveTSi, aRiqvams mas mkiTxveli. avtorisa da
mkiTxvelis kontaqti teqstis konkretul monakveTTan mimarTebaSi dadgenilia oratoruli
pragmatikis meTodis farglebSi da gamoxatulia kompoziciuri kveTis formiT. avtorisa da
mkiTxvelis urTierToba fiqsirdeba Riad, e.w. `gaxsnili teqstiT~, sadac avtori gvevlineba
dialogis mesaWed, mkiTxveli ki _ mis aqtiur msmenelad. ilia, rogorc WeSmaritad realisti
mwerali, arasodes iviwyebs `Tavis mkiTxvels~, mas, visTvisac qmnis, Sromobs, iRvwis da ibrZvis.
* * *
...avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba tradiciuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi
samkuTxedis _ avtori, teqsti, mkiTxveli _ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da urTulesi
maxasiaTebelia. teqsti iseve ar moiazreba aRmqmeli subieqtis anu mkiTxvelis gareSe, rogorc
ar SeiZleba moazrebul iqnas avtoris gareSe. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqtis specifikas
gansazRvravs da adgens literaturuli epoqa misi esTetikuri principebiTa da
meTodologiuri kanonebiT.
realizmis epoqaSi gansakuTrebulad fasobs avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba
teqstSi. realisti mwerali arc neoklasikuri epoqis diqtatoria, magram arc romantizmis
epoqis liberali _ realisti mwerlebi Zalian hgvanan pultTan mdgom diriJorebs, romlebic,
TumcaRa akontroleben orkestris (teqstis) yovel bgeras (struqturul rgols),
warmatebisaTvis mudmivad saWiroeben mxardamWerTa aplodismentebs. oratoruli pragmatikis
modificirebuli poetikuri sistemis principebiT SeiaraRebuli realisti mwerlebi
mkiTxvelis gulisa da gonebis `dapyrobas~ eswrafvian, cdiloben, Tanamoazreebad aqcion
isini, gulSematkivrebad, romlebTanac yovelTvis SeiZleba konstruqciuli dialogis
warmoeba.
damowmebani:
aristotele 1981: arostotele. ritorika. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981.
WavWavaZe 1950: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT. t. II. Tb.:
saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1950.
14

nana gonjilaSvili
`bazaleTis tbis~ ganmsazRvreli sami saxe-idea
(oqros akvanSi myofi yrma, `vaJkaci saxelovani~ da `deda saxeldebuli~)
RvTiuri madliT cxebuli, qveynad ciT movlenili da eris wiaRSi _ ~miwierSi~ gazrdili
~zecieri~ poeti, qveynis winamZRoli, gzis damsaxavi unda iyos. ilias azriT, am udidesi misiis
tvirTva mxolod eris sulier Svils ZaluZs, rac udidesi movaleoba da pasuxismgeblobaa
zecisa da qveynis mimarT. sulier Svilad _ ~eris moZmed~ myofoba mis bedsa da ubedobaSi,
~Wmunvasa da sixarulSi~ Tanaziarobas niSnavs. Tavad RmerTTan ~molaparake~ ilia, eris
wyluliT dawylulebuli, misi tanjviT nawamebi ssuliTa da Seudrekeli, ~mtkice guliT~
ocnebobs da iswrafvis erisaTvis ~tanjvis cremlis~ mowmendas. gulSi cecxlad gaRvivebuli
es RvTaebrivi misia, mTeli sisruliT unda ~aRfeTqdes~ da gamovlindes kaci-adamianis
arsebaSi. mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli WeSmariti, ara marto tkbili hangebiT aRvsili, ~mRera~
_ mamuliSviloba. ilias es mrwamsi misi sityvisa da saqmis mTlianobis gansxeulebaa. warsulis,
awmyosa da momavlis erT uwyvet mdinarebad, Jamad Wvreta mxolod ilias msgavs pirovnebebs
ZaluZT. am gziT aris SesaZlebeli sulisaTvis aRTqmuli ukvdavebis mopoveba da sicocxlis
filosofiis wvdoma.
~Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes~, - es momavlisken mizanswrafuli, awmyos tkiviliani
sevdaa warsulze. ilias am sityvebSi cxaddeba leibniciseuli azri _ ~awmyo, Sobili
warsulisagan, aris mSobeli momavalisa~, rac oden bunebis RvTaebriv kanonzomierebas rodi
gulisxmobs; Tavisuflebadakarguli, tyvedpyrobili mamulis xsna mxolod TavisuflebaSia.
daCoqili, Tavmodrekili, dacemuli da dakninebuli awmyo yvelaze metad grZnobs da afasebs
warsulis mTavar monapovars. amis SegrZneba da gaTaviseba ki momavlis gzaTa Ziebisa da xsnis
pirobaa. warsul didebaze unda aSendes momavali. am mrwamsiT aRvsili ilia drois uwyaloebiT
danTqmul, gamqral Zlevamosilebaze dardisa da naRvelis ~Cakvlas~ qadagebs, rac fuWi
ocnebaa da drois kargvaa mxolod. erovnuli Rirsebebisa da naklovanebebis Segneba, ~axal
varskvlavs~ midevnebuli jansaRi ~myoobadis~ Soba da momavlis micemaa WeSmarit
mamuliSvilTa mTavari daniSnuleba da ~saRmrTo vali~. ilias safiqrali, ~zrunvis sagani~,
dasmuli kiTxvebi, wamoWrili problemebi da gamxelili satkivari Sesazlebelia sami saxexatiT
warmoCndes: mZinare mamuli, mxsneli gmiri, mZinareba _ ~gazafxuli~.
Tavisuflebadakarguli samSoblo anu nebelobis armqone eri, `suldagubuli~,
`gulgaleuli~, `xorcdamdnari~ qarTveloba — amgvaria iliasdroindeli saqarTvelo.
winaparTagan darCenili sami saunje — mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba — SeibRala, gaveranda, Seirya.
`qriste-RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis da Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesaTvis. am patara
saqarTvelos gadavuReReT mkerdi da am mkerdzed, rogorc kldezed, davudgiT qristianobas
saydari, qvad Cveni Zvlebi vixmareT da kirad Cveni sisxli, da bWeTa jojoxeTisaTa ver
Semusres igi~ (WavWavaZe 1984: 679), _ ambobs ilia da erovnuli Rirsebis gaxsenebiT rwmenis
ganmtkicebas cdilobs.
amqveyniur jojoxeTsa da gansacdelSi Cavardnil ers awmyos uarsayofad da momavlis
Sesaqmnelad sulieri winamZRoli sWirdeba, `cnobierTa dastaqari~ da `sevdis mufaraxi~
raindi, romelic samSoblos RviZl sityvas etyvis da gulistkivils mourCens, davrdomils
aRadgens da unugeSos anugeSebs, cremls moswmends uimedod myof qveyanas. momavlis Sinagani
rwmeniTa da imediT aRvsili ilia, RvTaebrivi nebis aRsasruleblad da dakarguli harmoniis,
`mSvenieri qveynisa~ da `mSvenieri eris~ aRsadgenad daeZebs gmirs `JamiT Jamad~ rom moevlineba
xolme mamuls mxsnelad.
`magram qarTvelno, sad aris gmiri, romelsac veZebT, romlisTvisc vtiriT?~ _ svams
kiTxvas ilia da pasuxi amoikiTxeba missave leqsSi _ `bazaleTis tba~. masSi poetis natvra —
ideali mxatvruladaa xorcSesxmuli da Tavisuflebis mimtani gmiris movlinebaze ocnebaa
gamJRavnebuli.
mecnier-kritikosTa umravlesoba (p.ratiani, al.abaSiZe, g.jiblaZe, g. qiqoZe,
l.minaSvili) am raindad miiCnevs bazaleTis tbis Ziras mdgar akvanSi myof yrmas.
magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT g.jiblaZis sityvebs: `...eris cremli Tu ar edineba gmiris saxels,
Tu man eris tanjva ver gaigo, amave dros, erma Tavisi mfarveli kalTa ar gadaafara, ise kaci
gmirad ver gaizrdeba, xolo gmiri Tavis aRmzrdel ers gmirobas ver gauwevs... leqsis
ukanasknel strofebSi iliam mTlianad gaamJRavna es ideali da legendarul yrmasac momavali
gza dauloca eris sabednierod~ (jiblaZe 1983: 276); an kidev, `bazaleTis tba~, romelic
miZRvnilia im gmiri yrmisadmi, `visac dRe-da-Ram natrulobs Cumis natvriTa qarTveli~
(ratiani 1949: 254).
aseTi mosazreba tradiciul Sexedulebad iqca da zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis
mSobliuri literaturis saxelmZRvaneloSic leqsi amgvari datvirTviTaa mowodebuli.
TavisTavad, `bazaleTis tbis~ idea da problematika sakamaTo araa, magram tradiciul
SexedulebaSi erovnuli gmiris persona dakargulia. leqsis detaluri analizi, Cveni azriT,
15

sxvagvar wakiTxvas warmoaCens. `bazaleTis tbaSi~ sami saxe-simbolo SeiZleba gamoiyos: `deda
saxeldebuli~, `vaJkaci saxelovani~ da oqros akvanSi myofi yrma.
leqsi legendis safuZvelzea Seqmnili, rac poeturi warmosaxvis usazRvro
SesaZleblobas qmnis. masSi mravladaa miTologiur-alegoriuli plasi, romelsac poeti
qristianuli simbolikiT tvirTavs.
l.minaSvili aRniSnavs, rom `bazaleTis tba~ inteleqtualizirebis gamovlenis
Taviseburi saxea: `inteleqtualizirebas aq ukve is faqti ganapirobebs, rom patriotuli
gancda leqsSi legendur formaSia gaxveuli, warsulSi da SoreulSia gadatanili... leqsis
legenduri Sinaarsi, gancdis warsulidan momdinareoba am ideals amaRlebuls, saocnebos da
poeturs xdis~ (minaSvili 1995: 179-180).
leqsi iwyeba bazaleTis tbis Ziras, wylis qveS arsebuli walkotis aRweriT. igi `ucxoa~,
rac mis gansakuTrebulobasa da idumalebas moaswavebs, misken swrafvisa da misi Secnobis
survils aZlierebs. es `ucxooba~ mis araCveulebriobaSia: maradmwvanea walkoti da `qveynisa
droTa trialsa igi ar emorCileba~, sicxe da zamTari mis simwvanes ver xelyofs.
zogadad, gazafxuli da `mwvane~ (simwvane) ganaxlebis, cxovelmyofelobis simboloa da
sulieri SinaarsiT aRdgomas ukavSirdeba. walkotis simwvanis dro-Jams daumorCilebloba,
maradferoba RvTaebriobaze mianiSnebs: `romeli-igi uflebs ZaliTa TÂsiTa saukuneTa~
(fsalm. 65,7).
ilia swored am TvalsazrisiT msWvalavs da aerTianebs `mwvanisa~ da `gazafxulis~
cnebebs:
ver erCis Turme mis mwvanes
verc sicxe, verca zamTari,
da imis mzian CrdilebSi
mudam gazafxuli ari.
(`bazaleTis tba~)
aqve Semodis `mziani Crdilis~ metad tevadi mxatvruli saxe, rac antinomias, naTlisa da
bnelis erTadmyofobas gulisxmobs. igi erTgvarad `mzian Rames~ miemarTeba da moaswavebs,
`rameTu bneli Sen mier ara dabneldes, da Rame, viTarca dRe ganaTldes; viTarca bneli misi,
egreca naTeli misi~ (fsalm. 138,12). swored sibneleSi xdeba naTlis Wvreta da RvTaebrivi
WeSmaritebis Secnoba: `xolo Rame ganmanaTlebel iyos fufunebisa Cemisa~ (fsalm. 138,11).
mirian mefis sulSic xom sibnelis gziT (mzis dabnelebiT) iSva da gamobrwyinda didi naTeli —
qriste: `Sua Ramesa miCuena mze igi simarTlisaÁ brwyinvaled~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 158).
`mziani Crdili~ da `mziani Rame~ erTi da imave Sinaarsis Semcveli saxe-xatebaa.
zemoaRniSnulis mixedviT, leqsSi TandaTanobiT ikveTeba sxvadasxva saxe-simboloebi,
romelTa ganmsazRvrelia RvTaebrioba; walkoti-baRi-samoTxe; simwvane, yvaviloba, gazafxuli
— maradiuloba, ganaxleba — aRdgoma da `mziani Crdili~.
`bazaleTis tbis~ ayvavebul walkotTan, mis maradiul simwvanesTan da gazafxulTan
mimarTebiT sagulisxmoa `ninos cxovrebaSi~ mcxeTis patiosani jvris Sesamqmneli sajvre xis
aRweriloba: `xolo Jamsa mas gazafxulisa pirisasa sxuaÁ xe yovelive Ãmeli iyo da ese
furcel-daucuivnebel da sul-hamoÁ, da xilvaTa Suenier iyo xe igi~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963:
148). qarTlis eri ganecvifrebina `mwvanis ferobasa mas~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 148). `ninos
cxovrebis~ WeliSuri reaqciis avtori aqve ganmartavs xis saxismetyvelebas: `...da Suenieri
friad, viTarca madliTa qriste Semosili~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 86). igi exmianeba fsalmunis
sityvebs: `ufali sufevs, mSveniereba Seimosa~ (fsalm. 92, I). sadac ufalia, iq mSveniereba
madliT imoseba. qristian avtorTa TvalTaxedviT, sajvre xec amitomaa mSvenieri. wyaros
Tavze mdgari es xe (gadmocemiT alva), ar icvlida simwvanes da furclovanebas. mis Sesaxeb
mTavar-diakons uTqvams daviTnis erTi muxli: `es xe ars danerguli Tana warsavalsa kldisasa
zegardmoÁTa cuariTa morwyuli da furcelni misni ara dascÂven ukunisamde~ (~ninos
cxovreba~ 1963: 86). xe sakvirvelia Tavisi xilviT, radgan `zegardmoÁ cvariTaa~ morwyulnasazrdoebi.
amdenad igi RvTaebrivia da ukunisamdea misi simwvane-cxovelmyofeloba.
SemdgomSi es xe mcxeTis patiosan jvarSi agrZelebs sulier sicocxles.
`bazaleTis tbis~ saxismetyvelebiTi saxe-simboloebi metad msgavsobs `ninos cxovrebis~
saxeebs. maT erTianad msWvalavs RvTaeborivi Sinaarsi, miTosuris desakralizebiTa da
qristianuli sulierebiT ametyvelebuli.
leqsi gvamcnobs, rom tbis Ziras, walkotSi oqros akvani `ariso~. es ukanaskneli sityva
imTaviTve migvaniSnebs masSi gadmocemis, Tqmulebis arsebobaze (`amboben~ ariso). ilia
walkotis ucvlelobasa da garindebul simSvides mxolod grZneuli sirinozebiT axmianebs,
romlebic galoba-simReriT Tavs exvevian yrmas. leqsSi miTur arsebaTa — sirinozTa Semoyvana
aramiwier, zRaprul walkotSi myofobis gancdas aZlierebs. amasTanave migvaniSnebs, rom wylis
qveS raRac idumali, kacTagan xeluxlebeli, wminda sicocxlea ara marto maradi yvaviloba —
gazafxuliT, aramed jadosnuri, damatyvevebeli galobiT Sesxmuli da trfobiT aRvsili.
leqsis es epizodi exmianeba mcxeTis samoTxeSi wm.ninos xilvas uSvilo anastosTan
dakavSirebiT: `movidian mfrinvelni cisani, STavidian mdinaresa, daibannian da movidian
16

samoTxesa mas, da babilosa mas moisTulebdian da yuavilsa mas Zovdian, da mowled Cemdamo
RaRadebd, reca Cemi ars samoTxÀ igi. gare momadgian JyRaviliT da Ãmobed Cemda momarT
mravalferad. da Suenierad iyo xilvaÁ maTi~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 123). baRi-samoTxe,
`mfrinvelni cisani~, maTi mdinareSi ganbanva, wm. ninosadmi RaRadeba-JRaviliT `gars modgoma~
da samoTxis xis kuTvnilebad xmobis mTeli es suraTi `bazaleTis tbis~ siRrmeSi ixilveba:
wylis qveSa walkotSi oqros akvnis yrmaze miTur sirinozTa Tavs movleba da galoba-trfobiT
Semkoba samoTxis yrmisagan flobis maCvenebelia.
sainteresoa `bazaleTis tbis~ oqros akvnis istoria. iliam xalxuri Tqmuleba
literaturul nawarmoebad gardasaxa, saerTo modelis SenarCunebiTa da imavdroulad
sxvagvari saxismetyvelebiTi semantikiT. legenda gvamcnobs, rom erT patarZals koSkSi oqros
akvanSi Cawvenili, oqrosqoCriani vaJi hyolia. Widan wylis amoRebis Semdeg, mas piraxdili
darCenia Wa, saidanac Zlieri wyali amovardnila da mTeli sofeli koSkianad CaZirula. leqsis
mixedviT ki oqros akvani Turme Tamar mefes Caudgams, qarTvel ers ki dadenili, tbadqceuli
cremli karvad gadauxuravs oqros akvanSi myofi yrmisaTvis:
amboben, _ Tamar dedofals
is akvani iq Caudgams,
da ers TvisTa cremlT nadeniT
tba karvad zed gaduxuravs.
am aqtiT leqsSi mTavrdeba legenda, romlis idumali arsi gamouTqmeli rCeba da poets
warmosaxvis usazRvro SesaZleblobas utovebs. `bazaleTis tbaSi~ legenda ar gvimxels, Tu vin
wevs akvanSi, an eri ratom Rvris cremls am yrmisaTvis. aq ilia xmamaRla fiqrobs da kiTxvis
forma aqvs mis saTqmels, romelic erTdroulad pasuxsac moicavs:
iqneb, akvanSi is yrma wevs,
visic ar iTqmis saxeli,
visac dRe-da-Ram hnatrulobs
Cumis natvriTa qarTveli?
Tavis mxrivac poeti tabus adebs akvanSi mwolare `yrmis~ vinaobas, riTac xazs usvams
masSi RvTaebrivis, `ucnaurisa da uTqmelis~ arsebobas. igi qarTvelTa mudmivi, mxolod
faruli, Cumi natvraa, romlis xmamaRla warmoTqmis arc moTxovnileba, arc Zalisxmeva-unari
arsebobs ilias Tanamedrove epoqaSi. amitom, realobaSi gamouTqmeli natvra poeturi
warmosaxviT legendis sferoSi gadadis da sasurveli `samoTxis~ mxatvrul models qmnis.
`bazaleTis tbis~ walkotis mTavari gamWoli xatia oqros akvanSi Casvenebuli yrma da igi
sZens sulierebas garemomcvel sivrces. is eris sulieri saunjea, Tavisuflebis Ziria, xsnis
gzaa; umaRles faseulobaTa, zneobrivi idealebis, eris istoriuli mexsierebis
gamaerTianebelia; yovlismomcveli rwmenis, RvTaebriv sulierebaSi ganfenil RirebulebaTa
ganZia, radgan: ~ueWveli sarwmunoeba saunje did ars morwmuneTaTÂs. qristianeTa
sarwmunoebaÁ did moZRureba ars~ (ioane sabanisZe 1963: 48). am samoTxis dabrunebiTaa
SesaZlebeli Tavisuflebadakarguli, ~darRveuli qarTvelobis~ kvlav ganaxleba, Tamaris
epoqis saqarTvelos mopoveba, masTan miaxleba — ziareba. ilia WavWavaZe am mxatvruli saxis
gamamTlianebel, wamyvan funqcias `walkotis SuagulSi~ misi moTavsebiT aRniSnavs. am
mxatvrul fenomenSi samsaxovani simbolikaa: oqro, akvani, yrma, romelTac garkveuli
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva aqvT.
uZvelesi droidan oqro mziurobis Semcveli saxea. igi simboluri TvalsazrisiT xSirad
gamoiyeneba sulis niWis ZalTa aRsaniSnad (iob. 28,15); amasTanave, gamocdil, WeSmarit rwmenasa
(I petr. I,7) da codvaTagan xsnas, gamosyidvas gamoxatavs; akvani ki sicocxlis simbolod
aRiqmeba. maTi gamWoli saxe — xati, yrma — Cvili imTaviTve miemarTeba `yrma~ iesos da ukve
Sobils, myofs niSnavs. mTlianad ki oqros akvanSi dasvenebuli yrma — mziurobiT, sulieri
Zalmosileba-madliT Semosili `tyvisa~ da `tyveTa mxsnelis~ sufevis Semcveli saxe-ideaa.
sirinozTa momajadoebeli simRera da yrmisadmi trfiali ki maCvenebelia imisa, rom ganaxlebaaRdgomis
Jami jer kidev araa damdgari.
`miTologiis Tanaxmad, wyali ganaxleba-aRorZinebas niSnavs. wyalSi mwolare yrma,
cxadia, ganmaaxlebelia. amasTanave vaSinersi adevs da xseneba ar SeiZleba mxsnelis, mesiis~, _
aRniSnavs ak. baqraZe (baqraZe 1983: 74).
amitom hyvavis wylis qveS walkoti, ucvlelia sivrce, gayinulia dro da `mzian
CrdilebSi~ maradiuli gazafxulia — sulis `simwvane~.
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba aixsnas legendis personaJis —
patarZlis saxeSi qristes `sZlis~ _ Tamaris xatiT Canacvlebis mizani. es erTgvari
gafrTxilebaa da Sexsenebac imisa, rom `awmyo Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli momavalisa~;
wrsulis TvalsawieriTa da baZviT awmyoSi unda Sefasdes eris sulieri yofa, daisaxos da
gamoikveTos ukeTesi mermisis gza, momzaddes safuZveli momavali xsnisa. aqve, ilias mier
Tamaris xatis moxmobiT miniSnebulia saqarTvelos istoriuli warsuli _ `oqrovani
17

saukunis~ Zlevamosilebisa da umaRles idealTa zeobis xana. imavdroulad TviT mefeTa-mefis
mier oqros akvanSi yrmis Cawvena da eris gulidan mowurvili cremliT misi dafarva ara
gaqrobasa da dasamarebas, aramed epoqaluri mexsierebis, WeSmariti rwmenisa da faseulobis
`damarxva~ _ Senaxvas unda gulisxmobdes. tbadqceuli eris cremli, miTosurTan erTad
(wyali — ganaxleba), qristianuli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis Semcvelia, axal aRTqmaSi naTloba
(wyliT) codvaTagan ganwmendis saidumlo da axal cxovrebaSi sulieri aRorZinebis simboloa.
oqros akvnis `yrmaze~ dadenili eris cremli sinanulis cremlia, romelic sulis sinedlis
gamoxatulebaa. sinanulSi ki xsnaa: `iqmnes cremli purad Cemda dRe da Rame~ (fsalm. 41,4).
cremli da locva usisxlo msxverplia da eris cremlis `sudaraSi~ `msxverplis~ _ WeSmariti
rwmenis gaxveva, aRdgoma_ganaxlebis rwmena_ imediTaa nasuldgmulebi.
bazaleTis tbis `wylis qveSe~ ayvavebul walkotSia sicocxlis wylis wyaro, romelsac
usasyidlod miiRebs mwyurvali: `me wyurvilsa mivsce wyaroÁsa misgan wylisa cxovelisa
usasyidlod~ (gamocx. 21,6). es `ukvdavebis wyaros wyalia~ sulis sazrdo, aRvseba. ukunisamde
wyurvilis daokeba-cxonebaa masTan ziareba: `xolo romelman suas wylisa misgan, romeli me
mivhsce mas, arRara swyurodes ukunisamde, aramed wyali igi, romeli me mivsce mas, eqmnes mas
Sina wyaro wylis, romeli vidodis cxorebad saukunod~ (gamocx. 4,14).
bibliis mixedviT, karavi uflis saxlia: `mzesa aRdga karavi TÂsi, da Tavadi, viTarca siZe
raÁÁgamovaln ezoT TÂsiT, ixarebdes viTarca gmiri srbad gzasa~ (fsalm. 18,6). uflis wiaRi,
samkvidrebeli _ `karavi~ aris `adgili mwuanviloani~, `gansasuenebeli~, `dafaruli~ da
`damfarveli~: `rameTu damfara me karavsa Sina missa dResa Sina borotTa CemTasa, damifara me
dafarulsa, karvisa misisa~ (fsalm. 26,5).
eris sinanulis, rwmenis cremliT warmoqmnili bazaleTis tba _ `karavi~, bibliuri
simbolikis kvalobaze, uflis saxlis gansaxovnebaa. es ki TvalnaTliv isaxeba misi walkotis _
`samoTxis~ aRwerilobasa da oqros akvanSi `yrmis~ — macxovris, WeSmariti sarwmunoebis
myofobaSi. amdenad, mxatvrul saxeTa wyvili: tba-karavi (`tba karvad zed gaduxuravs~) kravs,
asrulebs mSvenieri walkotis suraTs.
`bazaleTis tbis~ problematika da gansaxovneba exmianeba `aCrdilis~ saxismetyvelebas.
es ukanaskneli sisruliTaa warmoCenili r.siraZis naSromSi `suli, saqmiT metyveli~
(`aCrdilis saxismetyvelebisaTvis~, `lit. saqarTvelo~, 1997, 21.XI) da masze yuradRebas aRar
SevaCerebT.
`bazaleTis tbis~ walkotis sulismieri `samoTxis~ konturebi ixilveba ilias leqsebSi —
`kiTxva-pasuxi~ da `dakarguli edemi~. erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ayvavebuli qveyana — miwieri
samoTze (`me samoTxe var) da RvTis xati-adamiani (jojoxeTadqceuli `samoTxe~ _ `iq TviT
samoTxe jojoxeTia~). adamis ZeTa suli savsea Zmis sisxliT, mtrobiTa da SuriT; RvTaebrivi
madli codviTaa wabilwuli da amdenadaa suli _ `samoTxe~ jojoxeTis samkvidrebeli:
sad daukargavs mSvenier xalxsa
im TviT edemSi Tvisi edemi?
(`dakarguli edemi~)
`Tvisi edemi~ sulis `samoTxes~ aRniSnavs, romlis dakargva usaxovnebas badebs da ori
`edemis~ sruli Seusabamoba myardeba. irRveva RvTaebrivi kavSiri — miwieri (qveyana) da
zeciuri (suli); erTi hyvavis, meore _ `urwyuli~ Wkneba:
iq TviT samoTxis walkoti, mdelo
udabno-Raa urgeb-urwyuli,
sadac ar abnevs Tvis wminda namsa
suli marTali da wrfeli guli.
(`kiTxva-pasuxi~)
ilias mier qveynisa da adamianis am dapirispireba-mxilebaSi sasurveli harmoniis
aRdgenis suraTi ixilveba. RvTis mier Seqmnili qveyana Tavis wiaRSi _ `mzian CrdilSi~
zenaaris danergul da dawesebul siyvaruls iTxovs:
sayvareli var... Cems mzian CrdilSi
siyvaruls unda Tvis taxti edgas.
(`kiTxva-pasuxi~)
leqsSi qveyana—samoTxe, `mziani Crdili~, `gaxarebuli sicocxle~, madli da siuxve
gamoZaxils hpovebs bazaleTis tbis wiaRSi, `ucxo~ walkotis `mziani Crdilebis~ maradiul
gazafxulSi:
da imis mzian CrdilebSi
mudam gazafxuli ari.
(`bazaleTis tba~)
18

qveynad ararsebuli, saocnebo `siyvarulis taxtis~ Sinaarss ki naTels hfens bazaleTis
tbis oqros akvani da masSi myofi yrma: `RmerTi siyvarul ars~ (I ioan. 4,8).
qarTuli miwis gazafxuli — SefoTlili tye, mercxlis `Wyivili~ da baRSi oblad, ~metis
lxeniT~ mtirali vazi, ayvavebuli mdelo da mTebi sayvareli mamulis `ayvavebis~ _
`gazafxulis~ ocnebasa da mwvane molodinis gancdas aRZravs poetSi. `mamulo sayvarelo, Sen
rosRa ayvavdebi?~ _ kiTxulobs ilia da pasuxi bazaleTis tbis `maradiul gazafxulSi~,
ayvavebul walkotSi ipoveba. iq aris Ziri Tavisuflebis, TviT ukvdaveba, mSveniereba,
siyvaruli.
adam da evas dakargul samoTxes simbolurad msgavsobs ilias `dakarguli edemi~ _
RvTaebrivi suli. samoTxis mxatvruli modelia `bazaleTis tbis~ walkoti. amqveyniur
samoTxeSi `mSvenieri xalxis~ mier `dakarguli edemis~ dabruneba da sulis yvaviloba
bazaleTis tbis walkotSi, uflis savaneSia SesaZlebeli. qristianuli moZRvebaa erovnuli
xsnis, sulieri aRdgoma-ganaxlebis upirobo piroba. qarTvelTa `Cumi natvris~ aRsrulebas
sulieri mzadyofna sWirdeba. `adamiani mowodebulia TviTaRzrdisaken da mas ara aqvs amaze
maRali mizani. TviTsrulyofa, Tavisi Tavis gakeTiSobileba, aris yvelaze didi Semoqmedeba...~
(siraZe 1987: 84). adamianis upirvelesi da umTavresi saocnebo ki pirvelxats mimsgavsebaa,
srulyofilebisken swrafvaa. `iyveniT Tquen srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqueni zecaTaÁ ars~ (maT.
548). aq aris xsnis gza da es gza uflis gzaa: `gza ewoda, rameTu Tqua: `me var gzaÁ da
WeSmaritebaÁÁda cxovrebaÁ~(ioane sabanisZe 1963: 52). TiToeulma kacma Tavis TavSi unda
aRmoaCinos `gza~, sakuTar sulSi da daimkvidros ufali, rasac mTeli eris gaTavisufleba
mohyveba. eris dakarguli nebelobis aRdgena, Tavisuflebis mopoveba, darRveuli harmoniis
gamTlianeba uflis wiaRSi dabrunebiTaa SesaZlebeli. ilias mrwamsiT, udabno walkotad
iqceva maSin, rodesac RmerTmimsgavsebuli, znesruli adamianebi _ `suli marTali da wrfeli
guli~ daabnevs `wminda nams~, madls mohfens qveyanas. `-ufalo, vin daeSenos karavsa Sensa, anu
vin daemkvidros mTasa wmidasa Sensa? _ romeli vidodis ubiwod da iqmodis simarTlesa~
(fsalm. 146, 1-2).
`bazaleTis tbis~ `yrma~ ar aris is erovnuli, `fizikuri~ gmiri, romelic qveynis
winamZRolobas gaswevs. swored am mosazrebis dasadastureblad saWirod CavTvaleT,
gamogveyo oqros akvnis saxe-idea da SeZlebisdagvarad warmogveCina misi simboluri
datvirTva. is uwinaresi, `ukvdavi sulia~, Tamaris epoqis `ZlevaÁ sakvirveli~ da amdenad
araviTar `davaJkacebas da namdvil gmirad qcevas~ (mSobliuri literatura 1999: 199-200) igi
ar saWiroebs. ar Cans marTebuli fiqri imisa, rom Tamari mamuliSvilis ideals, gmiris
saocnebo saxes `tbis Ziras~ inaxavdes. aseTi gmiri eris wiaRSi unda iSvas, qveynis tkiviliTa da
cremliT ikvebos da ara saocnebo walkotSi esvenos. maSin sad aris eris gmiri? am kiTxvaze
pasuxs Tavad leqsi iZleva.
bazaleTis tbis walkoti RvTaebrivia. amitomaa igi xeluxlebeli da Seuvali:
da jer kacTagan iq Casvla
aravis gaubednia.
miTosis kvalobaze, misi Sexeba da siaxlove mxolod saTanado uflebiT aRWurvilsa da
siwmindiT gamorCeuls ZaluZs. ilia swored aseT `vaJkacsa da saxelovansa~ natrobs da
daeZebs:
visica xeli pirvelad
daswvdeba ima akvansa!
swored bazaleTis tbidan akvnis amomtani gmiri gaswevs eris winamZRolis did misias.
amaRlebuli gonebiTa da faqizi sulis rCeuli, yvelaze uwin grZnobs da mZafrad ganicdis
eris tkivils; sulieri mRviZarebiT Tvalaxelili Wvrets da gulisyuriT ismens mZinare
mamulis kvnesas. mas pirvels eufleba WeSmariteba, ardaviwyeba `mamulisa Cveulebisaebr
slvisa~ da uflis wiaRSi kvlavmibrunebis aucilebloba, rameTu `keTil ars baZvaÁ
keTilisaTÂs maradis~ (ioane sabanisZe 1963: 60). man pirvelma unda aRimaRlos xma ukeTurebaze,
amxilos codvaSi Cafluli eris znedacemuloba, erovnuli fizionomiis dakargvis safrTxe
SeagrZnobinos xalxs. wm.giorgis saxis mibaZviT, romelmac `mravliT JamTagan uSjuloTagan,
zarganxdilTa qristianeTa aswava simxnÀ Zlieri~(giorgi merCule 1963: 261). man sicocxlis
samsxverplod mitaniT, unda gaaRviZos `zarganxdil qristianeTa~ erovnuli Rirsebebi,
gamoafxizlos miZinebulni, `mrwamsi _ marTali sarwmunoeba~ ganumtkicos, erT duRabad
Sekras eri da uflis wiaRSi dabrunebis wyurvili sasicocxlo moTxovnilebad, `daWrili
irmis~ wyurvilad aqcios: `viTarca saxed surin iremsa wyaroTa mimarT wyalTasa, egre surin
sulsa Cemsa Sendami, RmerTo!~ (fsalm. 41,2).
`saqmiT metyveli sulia~ cxovrebis gamciskrovnebeli da iseTive `ubolo~ _ maradiuli,
viTarca `sulis STamberveli~ _ RmerTi. iliasaTvis `saqmiT metyveli suli~ znesruli
19

adamiania, `vaJkaci saxelovania~, romelic am qveynadve ewafeba ukvdavebis wyaros. znesruli
adamianis, `marTali sulisa da wrfeli gulis~ Semcvel mrwamss ki siyvaruli cxovelhyofs.
mxolod aseT saxelovan vaJkacs aqvs bazaleTis tbaSi Casvlis RvTiuri ufleba da
Zalmosileba; mxolod mas SeuZlia mieaxlos da xeli Seaxos udides siwmindes, `did saunjes~.
Tamar mefis epoqis Semdeg oqros akvnis `yrma~ saukuneTa manZilze elis am misiiT aRWurvil
gmirs, raTa kvlav aRdges da gamobrwyindes. `vaJkaci saxelovani~ qristes siyvarulsa da
sarwmunoebas ganuaxlebs saukuno cxovrebis damviwyebel ers.
g.qiqoZe aRniSnavs, rom `misi (ilias — n. g.) patriotizmi asketuri xasiaTisa iyo.
samSoblos samsaxuri mas ise hqonda warmodgenili rogorc msxverplT Sewirva~ (qiqoZe 1985:
339). aseTive unda iyos ilias `vaJkaci saxelovani~, `oqros akvnis~ pirveli mimaaxlebeli da
`damwvdomi~:
rom win waruZRves WeSmariteba
ukan rCes kvali ganaTebuli.
(`qarTlis dedas~)
amrigad, `bazaleTis tbis~ guldasmiT wakiTxva gviCvenebs im erovnuli gmiris saxesa da
RvTaebriv misias, romelsac, ilias TqmiT, mTeli eri Sehnatris. igi `vaJkaci saxelovania~,
oqros akvnis pirveli mimaaxlebeli da `damwvdomi~, bazaleTis tbis Ziridan `ymis~ amomyvani.
tradiciuli mosazreba ki leqsSi ugulebelyofs erovnuli gmiris saxes da mas oqros akvnis
`yrmas~ uTavsebs, masSi moiazrebs. leqsSi ki ilia garkveviT gamohyofs da ganasxvavebs am or
saxe-xats, `vaJkacsa saxelovansa~ da `yrmas~, maT adgilsa (eris wiaRs da bazaleTis tbis
walkots) da daniSnulebas. amdenad, maTi gaigiveba, urTierTCanacvleba mizanSeuwonlad
migvaCnia.
leqsSi gmiris saxesTan erTad Semodis sasurveli dedis xati:
Tu ese aris, neta mas,
dedasa saxeldebulsa
vinc im yrmas pirvel miawvdis
Tvis ZuZus madliT cxebulsa.
es deda `saxeldebulia~ da amdenad is ar SeiZleba iyos konkretuli pirovneba, realuri
adamiani, ise viT `yrma~. amis Tqmis safuZvels qmnis is, rom kacobrioba bibliur evas
sayovelTao dedad saxelsdebs. `dabadebaSi~ pirveladamianTa saxeldebasTan dakavSirebiT
ikiTxeba: `da uwoda adam saxeli colsa TÂssa: cxovrebaÁ. rameTu igi ars deda yovelTa
macxovrebelTa~ (dab. 3,20).
pirveldedis — evas saxes axal aRTqmaSi RvTismSoblis xati iTavsebs: `kurTxeul xar Sen
dedaTa Soris, da kurTxeul ars nayofi muclisa Senisa, rameTu macxovari gviSev sulTa
CvenTa~ (`locva RvTismSoblisa~).
`ikonografiuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, `deda-RvTismSobeli~ mravalsaxovania: `dedaaRmzrdeli~
(`alma mater~), `deda-gzismkvlevi~ (`odgitria~), `deda-moalerse~ (`eleusa~) da a.
S.~ _ aRniSnavs r. siraZe (siraZe 1987: 102).
bazaleTis walkotiT aRmdgar `yrmas~ `madliT cxebuli~ masazrdoebeli deda sWirdeba.
aq gvaxsendeba `ninos cxovrebaSi~ daba `bodidan~ mcxeTis `sions~ mimavali, mdinare aragvTan
myofi soji dedoflis mimarT Tqmuli: `xolo dedofali tiriliT iareboda kidesa
mdinarisasa, viTarca yrmaÁ ZuZuÁsTvis dedisa TÂsisa, egreT surviel iyo xilvisaTÂs
sasurvelisa TÂsisa~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 99). es epizodi Tavad iZleva simbolur wakiTxvas:
axladmoqceuli dedofali soji — qristes, `yrmis~ savane iswrafvis deda-masazrdoebelTan _
`sionTan~ Sexvedras da `saxlSi~ misvlas, rogorc yrma — dedis ZuZusken.
`bazxaleTis tbis~ `saxeldebuli deda~ RvTismSoblis _ `deda-aRmzrdelis~
analogiidan momdinare `deda-masazrdoeblis~ mxatvruli saxea. imavdroulad igi SesaZloa
simboluri datvirTviT warmoCndes, `dedav RvTisao! es qveyana Seni xvedria~ (WavWavaZe 1983:
121), _ ambobs ilia da saqarTvelos `jvarcmuli RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmul da wamebul~
(WavWavaZe 1983: 117) miwad saxavs. amdenad, mxatvrul saxeSi _ `deda saxeldebuli~
SesaZlebelia saqarTvelo — qveyana da eri moviazroT. mamulis xsnas erTi pirovnebis,
wiamZRoli gmiris znesruloba ver ganapirobebs. mTelma qveyanam unda Seisisxlxorcos,
erovnuli Rirsebebi rwmenad aqcios, `sacnobelni ege yurni gulisa da gonebisa~ `ganhmartos~
(ioane sabanisZe 1963: 49) da `saxelovani vaJkacis~ sityva sakuTar sulis Zaxilad esmas:
`ganiRÂZe didebao Cemo, ganiRÂZe fsalmuniTa da ebniTa~ (fsalm. 50,9). imavdroulad,
TiToeulma adamianma sakuTari Tavi qristes `monad da megobrad~ unda Seicnos, `monad amis
gamo rameTu `patiosanTa sisxliTa misiTa syidul xarT~ Tquen, xolo megobrad amisTÂs,
rameTu misni Seqmnulni varT da dabadebulni da siyvaruliTa misiTa naTel gÂRebies~
(WavWavaZe 1983: 49).
saqarTvelom, uZvelesi droidan `dedad wmidaTa~ saxeldebulma qveyanam, RvTis mimarT
erTxel ukve dadebuli aRTqma unda ganaaxlos, raTa Tavad ganaxldes. `SeiwynareT karavsa
20

guamisa Tquenisasa da savanÀ ganumzadeT, rameTu ufalsa hnebavs damkÂdrebad asoTa Sina
TquenTa (ioane sabanisZe 1963: 49), _ ambobs iovane sabanisZe da es sityvebi ilias saqarTvelos
swvdeba. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelo `deda-masazrdoeblad~ unda iqces, `madliT cxebuli ZuZu
misces~ da mamuli `Tavis misadrekel~ navsayudelad ganumzados mxsnels: `ufalman Zali ersa
TÂssa mosces, ufalman akurTxos eri TÂsi mSÂdobiT~ (fsalm. 28,II). Tamaris eris tbadqceuli,
sinanuliTa da mwuxarebiT mowurvili cremli, bazaleTis tbis siRrmidan amomskdari
ukvdavebis wyaros wylis ZaliT, sixarulis cremlad iqceva:
da axal nergzed axlad Sobili
ese qveyana kvlav ayvavdebis (`aCrdili~)
_ ambobs ilia da am rwmenaSi `fsalmunis~ gamoZaxili ismis: `danergulni saxlsa Sina uflisasa
ezoTa saxlisa RmrTisa CuenisaTa yuaodian~ (fsalm. 91,14).
`bazaleTis tbis~ saxismetyveleba simboluri TvalsazrisiT msgavsobs `ninos
cxovrebis~ kidev erT epizods. mcxeTaSi mosulma wm.ninom bina daido mefis samoTxis —
walkotis karTan, mcvelisa da uSvilo anastos saxlSi. aq wm.ninom ixila Cveneba, romelic
abiaTaris asulma sidoniam ase ganumarta: `...rameTu adgili ese samoTxisaÁÁSen mier iqmnes
samoTxÀ sadideblad RmrTisa~ (~ninos cxovreba~ 1963: 124). WeliSuri redaqciiT ki iakobis
Cvenebis msgavsia igi. orTave wakiTxviT gamokveTilia azri, rom ninos ZalisxmeviT mefis
walkoti saukuno `samoTxed~ _ WeSmariti rwmenis SeuZrav adgilad gadaiqceva. mirian mefe
RvTis saxls _ `sveticxovels~ ninos mayvlovanSi, samefo baRSi aSenebs. mis mTavar burjad
samoTxeSi danergul, `libaniT mosrul~ naZvs svetad aRmarTavs, romelic qristes damarxuli
kvarTis adgilis siaxlovesaa.
orTave nawarmoebidan moyvanili epizodebi erovnuli idealebiTaa aRbeWdili,
warmarTobasTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebiTa da qristianuli simbolikiT datvirTuli.
gamovyofT saerTo, gamWol saxe-ideebs:
1. bunebis ZalTa aRdgomis simbolika: `cxovrebis xe~ _ maradiuli simwvane, gazafxuli;
2. wm. nino zeciuri sulebis ganmasaxovnebeli frinvelebis RaRadebiTa da `JRaviliT~
garemoculi.
`yrma~ _ grZneuli sirinozebis galoba-trfialebiT garSemortymuli;
3. wyali: mdinare — ganmbanveli, ganmwmendeli.
cremlis tba — siwmindis Semnaxavi;
4. sivrculi garemo:
samefo baRi — wm.nino _ `samoTxe~.
bazaleTis tbis walkoti _ `yrma~ _ `samoTxe~ _ savane.
5. `samoTxe~ _ sulieri qorwineba:
zeciuri sasiZo — wm.ninos `sasZlo~.
`yrma~ _ saqarTvelo `sasZlo~.
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `bazaleTis tbis~ sqema msgavsia bibliis
zogierT epizodTa (edemis baRi, mxsnelis mosvla) sqemisa. am mimarTulebiT leqsTan
reminiscirdeba bibliuri warRvnis epizodi, sadac noes kidobani, viTarca akvani axali
sicocxlisa, RvTis nebiT garkveuli droiT inaxeba wyalSi.
`bazaleTis tbis~ sqema ufro metad uaxlovdeba bibliis Txrobas moses SobasTan
dakavSirebiT: levis tomis qalis mier mSvenieri yrmis damalva, misi kidobanSi Cawvena da
mdinaris piras dadgma (wyalSi Senaxva); faraonis asulisagan misi povna, `mzardul~
(ZuZusmawovebel) dedakacad WeSmariti dedis ayvana, yrmis gazrda _ `aRorZineba~, faraonis
asulis mier misi Sviloba da saxeldeba ~mosed~; misi sityvebi: `wylisagan gamovide ege~ (gam.
2,10); SemdgomSi ki mose — winamZRoli erisa da rwmenis ganmaaxlebeli.
bibliasTan leqsis Semxvedri pasaJebi metad saintereso da sagulisxmoa, magram ara
identuri. `bazaleTis tbis~ saxismetyveleba, garkveulwilad, zogad StrixebSi mihyveba
bibliur sqemas, iseve rogorc legendas, magram originalur gansaxovnebas Seicavs. aq
mJRavndeba misi paradigmuli xasiaTi da ilias didi sibrZne, `ena, guli da xelovneba~
`bazaleTis tbis~ saxe-ideis gardasaxva-ganaxlebaSi.
damowmebani:
baqraZe 1983: baqraZe a. ilia WavWavaZe. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~nakaduli~, 1970.
giorgi merCule 1963: giorgi merCule, `cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa~. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli
literaturis Zeglebi, I, dasabeWdad moamzades il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem,
l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da c. jRamaiam ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da
redaqciiT. Tbilisi : saq. ssr akad. gamomcemloba ,1963.
ioane sabanisZe 1963: ioane sabanisZe, `martviloba habo tfilelisa~. Zeglebi. I. Tbilisi : saq. ssr akad.
gamomcemloba,1963.
minaSvili 1995 : minaSvili l. ilia WavWavaZe. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~Tsu~, 1995.
21

mSobliuri literatura 1999: mSobliuri literatura (VII klasis saxelmZRvanelo
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebsaTvis, redaqtori v.rodonaia). Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
~ganaTleba~ , 1999.
`ninos cxovreba~ Satberdul-WeliSuri redaqcia 1963: `ninos cxovreba~ Satberdul-WeliSuri redaqcia.
Zeglebi, I, Tbilisi: saq. ssr akad. gamomcemloba, 1963.
ratiani 1949: ratiani p. ilia WavWavaZe. filofosiuri da socialur-politikuri Sexedulebani. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ , 1949.
siraZe 1987: siraZe r. qarTuli agiografia. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~nakaduli~, 1987.
qiqoZe 1985: qiqoZe g. werilebi, esseebi, narkvevebi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~merani~ , 1985.
WavWavaZe 1984: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ , 1984.
jiblaZe 1983: jiblaZe g. ilia WavWavaZe. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ , 1983.
22

poemis momxiblveli idumaleba _
ilias ,,gandegilis~ gaazrebisaTvis
kaxaber loria
poema ,,gandegili~ aramarto ilia WavWavaZis poeturi memkvidreobis mwvervalia, aramed
erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebia mravalsaukunovan qarTul literaturaSi. am TxzulebaSi
sruli masStabiT gamomJRavnda didi mwerlis azrovnebis ukidegano Tvalsawieri da
gamorCeuli mxatvruli SesaZleblobebi.
,,gandegilis” ideur-Tematikuri Tu mxatvrul-esTetikuri analizisas garkveuli
yuradReba unda mieqces msoflio mniSvnelobis ostatTa iseT literaturul nawarmoebebs,
rogoricaa: g. floberis ,,wminda antonis cdunebani”, e. zolas ,,abe mures Secodeba”, m.
lermontovis ,,mwiri”, l. tolstois ,,mama sergi”, an. fransis ,,Taisi” da sxva. ,,gandegilis”
avtori Tavisi SesaniSnavi poemiT Rirseul adgils ikavebs ukvdav klasikosTa am
TanavarskvlavedSi.
,,gandegilis” gmirebi imdenad reliefuri da sisxlsavse personaJebi arian, rom,
faqtobrivad, gamoricxulic kia maTi gancdebis, fiqrebisa Tu qmedebebis romelime saazrovno
modelze dayvana. vinaidan poemaSi bolomdea daZleuli literaturuli sqematuroba,
romelic ilias metnaklebad axasiaTebda Semoqmedebis garkveul etapze, ,,gandegili”, rogorc
araerTi WeSmariti mxatvruli qmnileba, uamravi sxvadasxva da araerTgvarovani wakiTxvis
saSualebas iZleva.
am mravalplaniani nawarmoebis teqstis amomwuravad interpretireba, principis
TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlebelia: sxvadasxva epoqis, msoflmxedvelobisa Tu temperamentis
mkiTxveli masSi sul axal-axal ,,saTqmels” amoikiTxavs. nurc is dagvaviwydeba, rom genialur
Txzulebas avtorma legenda uwoda, riTac TiTqos winaswarve Semosa teqsti idumalebis
momxiblveli saburveliT.
da mainc, unda yovelgvari moridebis gareSe aRiniSnos, rom ,,gandegilis” problematikis
dayvana ,,mgzavris werilebis” cnobil bipolarul konstruqciaze sakiTxis uaRres
gamartivebad gveCveneba. ra Tqma unda, mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTa da RrmaSinaarsiani
cxovrebiT didi ilia moqmedebis kaci iyo da, faqtobrivad, yvelgan da yvelaferSi Sesabamis
filosofiasac qadagebda, magram zemoxsenebuli, metnaklebad gacveTili sqemiT verafriT
aixsneba is saocari xibli, rac poemas gaaCnia da verc is TiTqmis Seudarebeli interesi
mkvlevarTa da literaturis kritikosTa mxridan, romelsac es nawarmoebi iwvevs da
gamoqveynebis dRidanve iwvevda.
am striqonebis avtori Zalian Sorsaa im azrisagan, rom TiTqos rac literaturuli
nawarmoebis furclebze pirdapir Tu arapirdapir ikiTxeba, yvelaferi mwerlis mier
gacnobierebuli SemoqmedebiTi aqtis Sedegia da Sesabamisad, ama Tu im nawarmoebis
gaazrebisaTvis gasaRebis povna aucileblad mwerlisave cxovrebiseul Tu Teoriul
SexedulebebSi unda vecadoT. da mainc, am konteqstSi ar iqneboda urigo, gagvexsenebina, da es
faqti samecniero literaturaSic aris aRniSnuli(araxamia 2005: 123), rom ilia bermonazvnobasa
da qristianul asketizms umoqmedobisa da pasiurobis gamoxatulebad namdvilad
ar Tvlida. aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod Zneli warmosadgenia, saero cxovrebisa da
gandegilobis moqmedeba-umoqmedobis niSniT dapirispireba poemis gaazrebisaTvis amosaval
wertilad gamodges.
ufro metic, poemaSi ilia pirvelive striqonebidan, SeiZleba iTqvas, gamorCeuli
siTboTi da mowiwebiT ixseniebs im adamianebis sulier moRvaweobas, romelTac lamis
yinulebSi gamoukveTavT RvTis taZari da maTi RvawliT am adgilze RvTis gansakuTrebuli
madlic ki gadmosula(WavWavaZe 1987: 256). aq, albaT, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, rom saubaria
,,ZmaTa krebulze”, anu asketuri cxovrebis TavisTavad uaRresad rTul, sagulisxmo da
mniSvnelovan formaze, magram mainc ara mis ukidures da umkacres gamovlinebaze, razec
poemaSi Semdgom iqneba saubari.
swored am gauqmebul taZars mogvianebiT Sehkedlebia poemis mTavari gmiri, romelic
,,ganSorebia am wuTisofels, sad yovli niWi macdurebaa, sad TviT siturfe da saTnoeba eSmakis
maxe da cdunebaa”. es Sefaseba, albaT, ukve Tavad gandegilis poziciidan unda iyos
gakeTebuli. es ukanasknelic ,,gandegila da am yinulebSi sul martod-marto dayudebula da
gvami misi codvil fiqrTagan im dRidgan aRar SeZrwunebula”. imis miuxedavad, rom mwiris
biografiaze araferi viciT, vfiqrob, am striqonebs Soris aSkarad ikiTxeba, rom gandegili
ara marto ,,codvis sadgurs”, sazogadod, amqveyniur drtvinva_SfoTvas gamohqcevia, aramed
gamohqcevia uSualod sakuTar Tavsac, sakuTar codvil fiqrebsac, sakuTar wadilsa Tu
gulisTqmasac. ,,ganyenebuli wuTisoflisgan aq suli misi aRyvavebula, da xorcieli
gulisTqma yvela damarxula da gansvenebula”, - esec SeiZleba Tavad gandegilis poziciidan
danaxuli realoba iyos, Torem ramdenad srulfasovani anda srulebiTac SesaZlebelia es
23

gaqceva, konkretulad (am sityvas gansakuTrebiT gavusvam xazs) am individisaTvis, poemis
ganviTareba gviCvenebs.
ilia am poemaSi ara marto uaRresad originalur moazrovned, aramed marTlac rom
sworupovar mxatvrad gvevlineba. gandegilis portreti am mosazrebis cnobili dadasturebaa
da amitomac sagangebo yuradRebas masze aRar SevaCereb. Tumca misi Semoqmedi, albaT,
srulebiTac ar iwyebs SemTxveviT gandegilis garegnobis aRweras mis xnovanebaze
aqcentirebiT: ,,ar iyo xnier”, _ acxadebs poeti da miuxedavad imisa, rom es fraza TiTqos
sasxvaTaSorisoTaa naTqvami, qvecnobierad mkiTxvels igi axali peripetiebisaTvis amzadebs.
Zalian male kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeba is faqti, Tu marTlac ramdenad ,,damarxula da
gansvenebula” yvela xorcieli gulisTqma am arcTu xnier kacSi. Tumca jer-jerobiT, rogorc
poeti ambobs, ,,wameba misi RmerTs Seuwiravs, vedreba misi RmerTs usmenia” da gandegilic
Tavisi moRvaweobis da siwmindis Sesamowmeblad yoveldRe daayrdnobs Tavis ,,locvans” senakSi
sarkmliT Semomaval mzis sxivs.
literaturul kritikaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom sinaTlis sxivi ilias mier poemaSi
Cafiqrebulia, rogorc mwiris grandiozuli eWvis gamaqarwylebeli iluzia(araxamia 2005: 77).
xolo es iluzia, Tu niSani RvTis wyalobisa, gandegils maSinve emsxvreva, rodesac mwyemsi qali
ubralo eniT Seaxsenebs mas qristianobisTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebebs an iqneb sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rogorc ki cxovreba mwyemsi qalis saxiT realurad Seaxsenebs mas Tavis
Tavs. arada swored am iluziaze, Tu gnebavT, saswaulze, fanatikuri orientireba xdeba
sabolood mwiris fizikuri daRupvis mizezi. es iluzia, gnebavT saswauli, xdeba
gandegilisTvis ara marto da ara imdenad sulieri siwmindis erTgvari sazomi, aramed sakmaod
aSkarad gamoxatuli fanatikuri TviTmizani, romlis miRweva-SenarCuneba, araa gamoricxuli,
qvecnobierad mainc, gandegilis siamayisa da erTgvari ampartavnebis obieqtsac ki
warmoadgendes. Cven Zalzed kargad gvesmis yovelgvari literaturuli analogiisa da
paralelis garkveuli pirobiToba da isic, rom, Sesabamisad, maT gamorCeulad sifrTxiliT
unda movekidoT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac esa Tu is literaturuli pasaJi Tu wiaRsvla
aSkarad iZleva mravalmxrivi wakiTxvis saSualebas. magram xsenebul konteqstSi mainc unda
gavixsenoT umniSvnelovanesi fragmenti emil zolas SesaniSnavi romanidan ,,abe mures
Secodeba” (zola 1964: 351-354), rodesac am gaxmaurebuli romanis mTavari gmiri, gamoqanculi
Tavisi brZoliT xorciel vnebebTan, TavdaviwyebiT eZleva TviTtkbobasa da
TviTkmayofilebas: ,,erTi farTo sxivi, rogorc oqros mtveri, SemoiWra saydarSi da gaanaTa
misi Suaguli, kedlis saaTi, kaTedra, mTavari sakurTxeveli. SeiZleba es iyo madli uflisa,
cidan naTlis bilikiT rom ubrundeboda?... da abe mure aRitaca usazRvro siamayem. is kerpi
gaxda. mzis sxivi TandaTan zemoT iwevda; mTavari sakurTxeveli gizgizebda. mRvdeli Tavs
arwmunebda, rom es iyo madli, romelic mas ubrundeboda... mis zurgs ukan mxecuri brdRvinva
alersad gadaiqca. kefaze grZnobda mxolod xaverdovani TaTis cacuns, TiTqos romeliRac
veeberTela kata ealerseboda”. Tu visi TaTis cacunia axalgazrda mRvdlis gaxurebul
kefaze, sul ramdenime striqonis Semdeg xdeba cxadi: ,,araferia, araferia, araferia_
warmoTqva man, _RmerTi ar arsebobs. saydars TiTqos Zlierma TrTolam gauara. SeSinebul
mRvdels mkvdrisferi daedo. daayura. vin laparakobda? vin gmobda RmerTs?... mTeli zeca
aRgviliyo, RvTiuri wesebi aRizianebda, saidumleobani Rimils hgvridnen”.
sxvaTaSoris ,,berul pativmoyvareobaze” sakmaod Riadaa saubari da sakmaod uaryofiT
konteqstSic lev tolstois cnobil vrcel moTxrobaSi ,,mama sergi”. ase, magaliTad, mama sergi
ukve iseT wmindanad racxda Tavs, romlis locva (gankurnebisaTvis) uTuod unda axdeniliyo
(tolstoi 1966 ; 298).
araa, albaT, SemTxveviTi, rom swored ,,beruli pativmoyvareobiT” Tavdajerebulia mama
sergi im periodSi, rodesac ukve sakmaod xanSiSesuli umZimes codvas Cadis masTan
gansakurneblad miyvanil, ocdaori wlis gonebamosusto qaliSvilTan. da es maSin, rodesac
manamde, gacilebiT adre, jer kidev SedarebiT axalgazrdam uari Tqva makovkinas aRviraxsnil
da uaRresad momxibvleli qalis mxridan cdunebaze; roca amisTvis sakuTari saCvenebeli
TiTic ki gaimeta mosaWrelad. qali ki am zneobrivi gmirobis magaliTiT monastrisken moaqcia.
magram mama sergica da abe murec acnobiereben ara marto TavianT xorciel codvebs,
aramed acnobiereben, ebrZvian da Trgunaven ampartavnebasac. maT TavianT TavSi hyofniT Zala,
kvlav aRmoaCinon fizikuri arsebobisa da sulieri moRvaweobis azri da sawyisi. isini ara
marto Rrma sinanulSi vardebian, aramed agrZeleben gzebis Ziebas RvTisa da xalxis
samsaxurisaken. aki ipovis kidec sruliad moulodnelad Tavis ideals mama sergi Soreuli
naTesavis, paSenkas daumadlebel saqcielSi (tolstoi 1966: 309). ,,...RmerTisTvis cxovrobs da
hgonia, rom xalxs emsaxureba. diax, keTili samsaxuri, daumadleblad gamowvdili erTi Wiqa
wyali ufro Zvirfasia, vidre Cems mier keTilyofilni saqmeni”,_ase fiqrobs gardaqmnili,
“strannik (странник)” -is samosSi gadacmuli mama sergi, romelic axla ukve madlobis Tqmasac
aRar acdis xolme xalxs, ise gaSordeba, roca rame keTil saqmes Caidens.
ki magram, maSin raRa daemarTa ,,qarTvel gandegils”, romlis Secodeba, yvelafrisda
miuxedavad, mainc mxolod celqobaa imasTan SedarebiT, rac mama sergisa da abe mures
gadaxdaT. ilias poemis gmiri ufalma daindo mruSobis momakvdinebeli codvisagan, ufro
24

metic, imis mtkicebac ki ar aris advili, rom gandegilma Tundac gulSi imruSa. aki ganmartavs
kidec ilia mwiris sulier gancdas: ,,Tu codva aris, egre rada hgavs sulisTvis aRTqmul
ukvdavebasa?” iqneb es mxolod mwyemsi qalisadmi jer kidev gaucnobierebeli siyvarulia;
ufro misi silamazisadmi yovelmxriv bunebrivi ltolvaa, vidre avxorcobis TavisTavad
samarcxvino gancda. Tqma imisa, rom gandegili mxolod an upirveles yovlisa, xorcielma
vnebam gaitaca, Zalzed gadaWarbebulad meCveneba. Tumca Tundac saqme avxorcobis
CanafiqrTan an ganxorcielebul mruSobasTan gvqondes, aris Tu ara es sakmarisi, rom
gandegili ukve sabolood damarcxebulad gamocxadebuliyo? nuTu mas aRar hqonda Sansi Rrma
sinanuliTa da sulieri moRaweobiT uzenaesTan Tavidan miaxlebisa? vfiqrob, am konteqstSi
msgavs Tematikaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebis gaxseneba sruliad gamarTlebuli da upriania.
gavixsenoT, Tu ra umZafres sulier gancdebSi vardebian igive abe mure da mama sergi, an
anatol fransis Tebaideli meudabnoe, saswaulmoqmedi pafnuti, romelmac Tavis droze
,,aleqsandriis cis cqriala mTvare”(fransi 1914:119)_umSvenieresi, magram znedacemuli Taisi
moaqcia samonastro cxovrebis gzaze; anda wmida antoni, romelic aramarto xorciel
ltolvas(amonarias mimarT), aramed umZafres inteleqtualur cdunebebsac ganicdis
floberis cnobil filosofiur dramaSi(floberi 1983). ase rom, msgavsi gansacdelis winaSe
ilias gandegili marto ar aris.
Cemi azriT, sainteresoa isic, rom ilias gandegili ar Cadis arc yvelaze umZimes codvas,
romelic saerToa Cvens mier dasaxelebuli sxva gmirebisaTvis. mama sergisgan, abe muresgan,
pafnutisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic garkveul etapze (rogorc wesi, uSualod codvis
Cadenis Semdeg) Riad vardebian RvTis gmobasa da uzenaesis uaryofaSi, ilias gandegilis
maqsimaluri ,,Secodeba”, am mxriv, imiT Semoifargleba, rom RvTis mimarT sruliad
gaucnobierebeli sayveduri dascdeba: ,,xolo gza xsnisa eseTi mergo me... ubedursao”.
vfiqrob, yovelive zemoxsenebulTan dakavSirebiT unda gadafasdes Sexeduleba,
romliTac TiTqosda gansazRvrulia poema ,,gandegilis”, rogorc erTgvari didaqtikuralegoriuli
nawarmoebis xasiaTi. ar aris aucilebeli am SesaniSnavi nawarmoebis raime
xelovnur Teoriul sqemaze dayvana da TviTmiznuri mtkiceba imisa, rom gandegili da mwyemsi
qali, ginda Tu ara, maincdamainc (an upirveles yovlisa) erTgvar saxe-simboloebsa da saxeideebs
warmoadgenen; aramed umjobesia, yuradReba gamaxvildes mTavari gmirebis gamorCeul
individualobasa da ganumeoreblobaze, romelic gansakuTrebul xibls sZens poemas.
am konteqstSi sagulisxmoa isic, rom poemaSi mwyemsi qali uaRresad daSorebulia im
sqemas, romelic, saerTod, xSirad moqmedebs msgavsi xasiaTis nawarmoebebSi. marTalia, mas
gandegilTan, erTis mxriv, udavod moaqvs sicocxlisa da sinorCis surneli, magram, amave
dros, is umankoebisa da ubiwoebis gansaxierebacaa. mas, faqtobrivad, araferi aqvs saerTo arc
vnebian aleqsandriel mocekvavesa da advilad xelmisawvdom qalTan_ TaisTan, arc marTlac
eSmaSeCenil, cinikos makovkinasTan, mama sergis Secdena rom surda; arc im vaWris axalgazrda
gonebamosusto asulTan, mama sergis vnebianad rom Semoxvia welze xeli da samarcxvino
codvisaken ubiZga da, rac unda ucnauri iyos, arc sicocxliTa da saocari xalisiT aRsavse,
Tumca mainc vulgarul da gavelurebul albinasTan, romelmac Tavis iniciativiT ara mxolod
,,paradus” baRis mSvenierebas aziara celibatSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda kaTolike moZRvari.
mokled, ,,gandegilis” mwyems qals yvelaferi SeiZleba ewodos macduneblis garda (ufro
metic, roca gandegilis ,,cduneba” xdeba, mas ubralod sZinavs). misi marTlac rom bavSvuri
ubraloeba da uSualoba, Tavmdabloba da pirdapiroba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT natif, magram
srulebiTac aravulgarul garegnobaze, calsaxad gvafiqrebinebs, rom masSi aris ara raime
saeWvo da bneli, aramed WeSmaritad RvTaebrivi sawyisi, RvTaebrivi sawyisi Tundac
renesansuli gagebiT mainc da, amdenad, am sawyisisken asketis uneblie gadaxra (gadataniTi Tu
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) sulac ar unda dasrulebuliyo umZafresi dramiTa da miTumetes,
tragediiT. magram arc ilias gandegili hgavs sxvas bevrs. is ukiduresad mgrZnobiare
fsiqikisa da gamorCeuli sulierebis individumia, romelic uTanasworo brZolaSi kidev
erTxel Seerkineba da kidev erTxel daamarcxebs (!!!) cxovrebiseul sinamdviles. magram mwiri
ver ereva mis cnobierebaSi daleqil fanatikur midrekilebebs, Sesabamisad, gamousworebel
dacemad aRiqvams sulieri wrTobis gzaze naxevari nabijiT ukan daxevasac ki, riTac
misdauneburad dauZleveli da uaRresad mkrexeluri eWvi Seaqvs uzenaesis yovlismomcvel
saTnoebasa da mimteveblobaSi. yovelive es ki misi, rogorc morwmunisa da adamianis pirovnuli
tragediis umTavresi mizezi xdeba.
rogorc araerTxel aRniSnula, ilias ,,gandegili” uaRresad Rrma azrobrivi datvirTvis
nawarmoebia. magram is, upirveles yovlisa, uzado ostatobiT Sesrulebuli mxatvruli
Txzulebaa da ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc erTgvari Teoriuli traqtati, romelmac
ama Tu im umniSvnelovanes da umwvaves kiTxvaze unda gasces pasuxi. piriqiT, ,,gandegili”
aranakleb SekiTxvas wamoWris, vidre amomwurav pasuxs iZleva da, mniSvnelovanwilad, swored
amaSia am ukvdavi poemis idumali momxiblveloba, swored amaSia is muxti, riTac didi ilia sul
axali da axali Taobis mkiTxvels uwevs jansaR provocirebas umZafres filosofiur
sakiTxebze fiqrisa Tu gansjisaTvis.
25

damowmebani:
araxamia 2005: araxamia, nana - ilia WavWavaZis “gandegili” qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi, Tb. 2005.
zola 1964: zola, emil- “abe mures Secodeba”, Tb. “literatura da xelovneba”, 1964.
tolstoi 1966: tolstoi, lev - “mama sergi”, Txz. 10 tomad, t. 10, Tb. “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1966.
floberi 1983: floberi, gustav- “wminda antonis cdunebani” (rusul enaze), Txz. 3 tomad, t. 2, moskovi,
1983.
fransi 1914: fransi, anatol- “Taisi”, Tb. 1914.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe, ilia - “gandegili”, Txz. sr. kr. 20 tomad, t.1, Tb. “mecniereba” - “sabWoTa
saqarTvelo”, 1987.
26

mixeil qurdiani
ilia WavWavaZis ‘master klasi” _ “nikolooz gostaSabiSvili”:
kompozicia da funqcionaluri kadrireba
“nikolooz gostaSabiSvili” (saaxalwlo moTxroba) 1890 wels gamoqveynda gazeTSi
“iveria” (1: 2-3), romlis sacenzuro nebarTva 1889 wlis 31 dekembers aris gacemuli. daweris
TariRad mas 1880 weli uzis.
moTxroba ori nawilisagan (resp. Tavisagan) Sedgeba _ pirveli avtobiografiuli
xasiaTisaa, meore istoriuli. orive pirobiTad.
magaliTad meore TavSi istoriulobis efeqtis gamosawvevad moxmobilia qarTlis mefis
giorgi meTerTmetisa da iranis sefiani mefis (“yizilbaSTa yeinis”) Sah-sulTan useinis
saxelebi, romelTa meSveobiT “unda moxdes” moTxrobaSi aRwerili omis “sinqronizacia”: “erT
dros Cvena gvyolia qarTlis mefe giorgi meTerTmete. imis dros yizilbaSebis yeinad dajda
Sah-sulTan-usein. am yeinma gamohgzavna didis jariT Tavisi sardali, rom saqarTvelo aiklos
da Tavisad daiWiros. daiZaxes CvenSiac jarianoba da Tavi moiyares qarTvelebma mtris
dasaxvedrad. ” ( WavWavaZe 1985 : 222-223)
swored giorgi XI-isa da husein I-is zeobis TariRebis Sedareba avlens moTxrobis
kvaziistoriul fons.
giorgi XI mefobda orjer (1676-1688 da 1703-1709), husein I mefobda 1694-1722 wlebSi. e.i.
giorgi XI-is pirveli mefoba (1676-1688) uswrebda huseinis zeobis wlebs (am dros iranis Sahi
suleiman I, igive sefi II iyo: 1666-1694). xelaxla giorgi XI swored huseinma gaamefa, magram
iranidan saqarTveloSi aRar daubrunebia, yandaaris (avRaneTi) beglar-begad da iranis
spasalarad daniSna da ajanyebul avRanelTa dasja daavala.
esabamisad giorgi XI-sa da husein I-s Soris saqarTveloSi omi ar momxdara (huseins ar
uomia agreTve arc erekle pirvelTan, romelic suleiman I-ma gaamefa giorgi XI-s nacvlad da
arc vaxtang VI-sTan, romelic ganagebda qarTls giorgi XI-Tvis qarTlis mefobis aRdgenis
Semdeg).
moTxrobis pirveli da meore Tavebi erTmaneTis stilistur opozicias warmoadgenen.
moTxrobis pirvel TavSi Txroba pirvel pirSi warmoebs TviTmxilvelisa da aqtantis
mier. Txrobis manera lirikulia (nostalgiuri notebiT), rac mkiTxvelSi intimurobis
gancdisa da ndobis faqtoris gamowvevas emsaxureba.
meore TavSi Txroba ukve mesame pirSi warmoebs, redublikatoris mier da Txrobis
manerac xazgasmiT naratiulia (heroikis elementebiT), rasac aseve funqcionaluri datvirTva
aqvs: zemoqmedeba gonebaze da ara gulze.
moTxrobis pirvel TavSi aRwerilia ojaxuri idilia _ bednieri, wevruklebi ojaxis
saaxalwlo samzadisi, romlis procesSi deda xuTi patara xelisSemSleli “damxmarisagan”
Tavis dasaxsnelad avalebs mamas bavSvebi raime ambiT Seiqcios.
mama Svilebs “kargad dasaxsomeblad” uyveba erTi “qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli vaJkacis”
_ nikolooz gostaSabiSvilis ambavs.
mama aRwevs Tavis mizans da swored misi monaTxrobi am istoriis gamo wers ilia WavWavaZe:
“yvelazed metad damaxsovda erTis axalis wlis wina-Rame.” (WavWavaZe 1985 : 221)
ambis Txrobisas gamoyenebulia funqcionaluri kadrirebis principi:
Sori plani _ nikolooz gostaSabiSvili “gacxarebul omSi”, sadac is daunaneblad
xocavda mters (omidan gamoxmobili “Coxis kalTiT gasisxlianebul xmalsa swmendavda”);
saSualo plani _ nikolooz gostaSabiSvilis brZola erTi-erTze yizilbaSTan:
“gostaSabiSvilma axsena RmerTi, aukriba sadave cxens da hkra qusli. cxenma erTi oriode
kamara Sehkra, iskupa da Tvalis daxamxamebis umal vaJkaci vaJkacs win daudga. yizilbaSma
wamouRera Tavisi Subi. gostaSabiSvilma xeli aukra da aicdina. es ise marjved mouvida, rom
qebis kiJina dasces. minam yizilbaSi meored Seutevda SubiT, gostaSabiSvili cxen-da-cxen eca,
waswvda, erTi-ori Ronivrad SehbRerta da cxenidam Zirs dasca, ase rom dacemuls fexzed
adgoma gauZnelda.” ( WavWavaZe 1985 : 224)
msxvili plani _ nokolooz gostaSabiSvili damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis winaSe:
“ Camoxta cxenidam gostaSabiSvili, aayena yizilbaSi fexze da uTxra:
_ nu geSinian, me Tavs ar mogWri. Seni Tavi Senis vaJkacobisaTvis mipatiebia. codvaa
Seni gafuWeba. wadi da RmerTma gza mSvidobisa mogceso.” (WavWavaZe 1985 : 224)
planTa cvalebadobas Semdegi datvirTva aqvs:
27

nikolooz gostaSabiSvili raindia _ is Seupovrad ibrZvis xelCarTul omSic (Sori
plani) da duelSic (saSualo plani), magram dacemuli da uiaraRod darCenili metoqis mokvla
mas ar ZaluZs, radgan is raindia da ara jalaTi (msxvili plani) _ mteri iqceva msxverplad
rogorc ki kargavs iaraRs da/an aRmoCndeba umweo mdgomareobaSi.
vaJkaci (gmiri, raindi) ar SeiZleba iyos jalaTi _ ai mamis mTavari (“kargad
dasaxsomebeli”) saTqmeli SvilebisaTvis Soba-axalwlis kvireulSi _ es Rirsebis saqmea.
qarTuli literatura e.w. “Rirsebis literaturaa” _ “nikolooz gostaSabiSvili” mis
SedevrTa ricxvs ekuTvnis (iseve rogorc SoTa rusTvelis “vefxistyaosani”, akaki wereTlis
“gamzrdeli”, vaJa-fSavelas “aluda qeTelauri”,“ stumar-maspinZeli”, “bakuri”, “gvelis
mWameli” da sxva).
aqve isic unda iTqvas rom qarTul literaturaSive aris povnieri ilia WavWavaZis
moTxrobis gmiris saqcielis alternatiuli Sefaseba sxva mwerlis (jemal qarCxaZe) aseve
mxatvruli nawarmoebis (dadebiTi) personaJis (mowafe mirianis), mier:
“(namdvili vaJkacoba ra aris) amas manam ver mivxvdebiT, sanam romantikuli burusidan ar
gamovZvrebiT da yalb gmirobasa da praqtikul sikeTes erTmaneTisgan ar gavarCevT. aba is
saqcielia kargi, rac nikoloz gostaSabiSvilma Caidina?
ratomRac ara! rainduli, keTilSobiluri saqcielia!
keTilSobiluri! (odnav agdebuli kilo da odnav ironiuli Rimili) is aris
keTilSobileba, rom gaxurebul omSi sicocxle aCuqo mosisxle mters, romelmac saukeTeso
TanamebrZolebi dagixoca! ra mSvenieri vaJkaci yofilxar, yizilbaSo! afsusia Seni mokvla.
midi da xoce qarTvelebi, sanam SegiZlia! Turme nu ityviT, es aris keTilSobileba...” (qarCxaZe
1995 : 77)
ilia WavWavaZis “master klasi” _ moTxrobis “kinematografiul” gadawyvetaSi
mdgomareobs.
cnobisaTvis: pirveli kinomatografiuli premiera Zmebi lumierebisa Sedga parizSi 1895
wels, xolo funqcionaluri kadrirebis (planTa cvalebadobis), rogorc mxatvruli xerxis
gamoyeneba daiwyes ukve xx saukunis ocian wlebSi.
damowmebani:
qarCxaZe 1995: qarCxaZe j. qaravani (romani), Tb. : “merani”, 1995.
WavWavaZe 1985: WavWavaZe i. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi II, moTxrobebebi, Tb.:
“sabWoTa saqarTvelo”.
28

tradiciuli gansaxovneba ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi
lia wereTeli
tradiciuli gansaxovneba uZveles motivTa da siuJetTa gacocxlebaa Semoqmedis mier.
saxe-simboloebi da mza-formulebi, mxatvrul qsovilSi imave funqciiT erTvebian, rac maT
tradiciul azrovnebaSi aqvT.
folklorSi gadaganZulia sulieri saunje, romelic saukuneTa manZilze eris
cnobierebam `SemoqmedebiT quraSi~ gamoawrTo. es procesi hgavs almasis qmnadobas, oqros
`gamoxurvebas~ da iseTi srulqmnilebis miRwevas, romelic drois cvalebadobis miRma dgas.
saxismetyveleba TavisTavad marad ucvleli, ukvdavi saxeebiT azrovnebaa. Semoqmedi
eziareba sakralurs da ganimsWvaleba misi `ze-cnobieri~ ZaliT. `saxe~ TavisTavad arsebobs
yvelasaTvis, magram `metyvelebs~ ara yvelasaTvis erTnairad, rodesac Semoqmedi
folkloridan iRebs am Tu im motivs, Tqmulebas, sagmiro ambavs Tu zRaprul siuJets, misTvis
`saxemetyvelobs~ uZvelesi miTosuri cnobiereba da qristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebi.
tradiciuli gansaxovnebis TvalsawieriT Semoqmedi imdenad axlis Semoqmedi rodia, igi
Semmecnebeli, amTvisebeli da `kargad daviwyebuli Zvelis~ gamacocxlebelia. saxismetyveleba
is `Teslia~, rasac Semoqmedis Tvali miswvda da madliT ganaaxla.
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba tradiciul azrovnebasTan ziareba da `SemoqmedebiT
quraSi~ gardaqmnili xatmetyvelebaa. saxierad, cxovelmyoflad gansaxovndeba folkloruli
motivebi da xatovani mza-formulebi ilias SemoqmedebaSi.
xalxur gadmocemebs, legendebsa da poetur qmnilebebs ilia Tavad agrovebda. duSeTis
mazraSi msaxurobis dros gansakuTrebiT dauaxlovda xalxur Semoqmedebas.
mravalsaukunovani xalxuri sityviereba didi mTlianobis _ qarTuli sulierebis,
sarwmunoebrivi erTianobisa da simtkicis, saxelmwifoebriobis diadi gancdis namsxvrevebad
esaxeboda. uRrmavdeboda xalxur sadideblebs, gamonaTqvamebs, poetur Sedevrebs, `urmulis~
hangi, `erT gabmul godebad~ Caesmoda, folklorul qmnilebebSi xalxis gulisTqmis sWvretda.
tradiciuli gansaxovneba ilias SemoqmedebaSi sakralurobis gancdas, eris `zecnobieri~
madlis ziarebas gulisxmobs.
mzis sxivze dayrdnobili gandegilis `locvani~.
a) mzis sxivs dayrdnobili „locvani“
gandegili beri „locvans“ mzis sxivze ayrdnobs da am saswauliT amowmebs
madlmosilebas.
ra wyaros eyrdnoba i. WavWavaZe am saswaulis ametyvelebisas? saswauls hagiografiaSi
Tavisi gansaxovnebis sistema aqvs. konkretul istoriul realobaSi iWreba iracionaluri,
zedrouli arsi. RvTiuris Semecneba swored saswaulis ZaliT sruldeba. saswauli kavSiria
miwiersa da RvTiurs, realursa da irealurs Soris. amsofliuri dro-sivrcis dasazRvruli
realoba iSleba Txrobis horizontad, xolo saswauli vertikaliT aRimarTeba da
jvarsaxovneba warmodgeba. saswauli srulqmnis adamianis nebisa da RvTiuri nebis Tanxvedras.
amrigad, saswauli RvTiuris aRqmis funqciiT iWreba TxrobaSi.
sxivi, miTopoeturi tradiciiT, mzesTan kavSiris, mzis `wilis~ aRmniSvnelia. `nawiliani~
gmirebi mzis niSniT aRbeWdilni warmodgebian da daumarcxebelni arian, vidre
wilxvdomilobas floben. Saravandedi mzis diskos gansaxierebaa, RvTiuri naTlis Tanxleba,
wmidanobis atributi... mzis sxivis `CamoSveba~, `Camosveteba~, mzis Suqis `dafena~
RvTivkurTxeuloba, madlmosilebaa folklorSi.
ikonografiaSi mzis sxivi svetad eSveba, Suqi vertikaliT ifineba da `naTlis svetad~
cxaddeba.
medievaluri azrovneba mzes `RvTis xatad~ srulqmnis. mefe `RvTis xatia~ da RvTis nebis
momfeni.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ mefeebi mze-mefeebad ixatebian da `naTlis sveti~ axlavT:
`igi Wabukni SuqiTa vnaxen mzisaca metiTa,
maT samTa Svidni mnaTobni hfaraven naTlisa svetiTa~ (1417).
`mze uSenod ver iqmnebis, radgan Sen xar misi wili~.
mzis sxivze dayrdnobili `locvani~ poemaSi i. WavWavaZem sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsiT,
xalxuri tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT srulqmna.
konkretulad ori epizodi cxadyofs folklorul wyaros:
a) Tamar mefis tansacmels, xalxuri legendis Tanaxmad, mzis sxivi iWerda.
b) `erekle mefe locvaze rom dadgeboda, xmals mzis Suqze dahkidebda xolme da roca
locvas gaaTavebda, sxiviTgan isev aiRebda xmalsao~.
29

i. WavWavaZem saswauli poemaSi `gandegili~ am xalxuri tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT
srulqmna.
* * *
`bazaleTisa tbis Ziras~ _ bazaleTis tba i. WavWavaZis leqsSi ori xalxuri tradiciis
Serwymaa. `bazaleTSi daRupva~ formuladqceuli xatovani gamoTqmaa _ srul daRupvas,
saboloo imedgacruebas, veRar gadarCenas aRniSnavs. bazaleTis tba Zalian Rrmaa, bevris
tragikuli sikvdilis mizezi gaxda. wyevlis formadac qceula gamoTqma `bazaleTSi daRupva~.
imavdroulad bazaleTs ukavSirdeba Soba gmirisa, raindisa, romlis dabadebasac moelis
eri. am gmirma unda ixsnas qveyana.
magram gana bazaleTis tbis Ziras darweul akvanSi Cveulebrivi yrma wevs?
xalxuri tradiciiT, oqros akvanSi, batoniSvili wevs, bagrationi yrma ufliswuli:
`am batonebis dedasa iavnaninao,
udgiaT oqros akvani vardo naninao
Sig uwevT batoniSvili iav naninao...~
taxtdakarguli saqarTvelo, bagrationTa samefo sagvareulos ruseTSi gadasaxleba da
mimofantva... bazaleTma TiTqos es tragikuloba Seirwya.
i. WavWavaZe yrma ufliswulis dabadebas, samefo xelisuflebis aRdgenas eris molodins
unda gulisxmobdes.
vfiqrobT, i. WavWavaZe sagangebod arCevs xalxur tradiciaSi damkvidrebul, xatovan
formulebad qceul, Rrmadsulieri Sinaarsis motivebs. unarCunebs maT gansaxovnebis
tradicias da axleburad acocxlebs mxatvrul naazrevSi.
xalxuri legenda, romelsac imowmebs vaxuSti bagrationi `aRweraSi~, oqros akvanSi
mwoliare yrmaze mogviTxrobs. igi uxilavs bers, romelic beTlemis gamoqvabulSi Sesula:
yinulis brwyinvale taZars Weri varskvlavebiT hqonda moWedili, iataki TvalmargalitiT,
SuaSi oqros akvani idga, romelsac mtredi arwevda... beTlemidan wamosul bers Tan wamouRia
abrahamis karvisa da qristes bagis xis naWrebi da mefe ereklesTvis mourTmevia... anu mefe
erekle, rogorc bagrationi mefe, bibliur-saxarebiseuli siwmidis, yrma-macxovris `saunjes~
wildebulia. is daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavalia da memkvidrea im `Zir-Stosi~,
romelsac miekuTvneba RvTismSobeli da macxovari. es mrwamsi tradiciul azrovnebaSi iseve
cxovelmyofelia, rogorc saistorio mwerlobaSi, agiografiaSi, ikonografiasa da
himnografiaSi.
am saidumloebrivi, siwmidiT mosili adgilidan _ beTlemidan iReben dasabams xevsurTa
RvTisSvilni.
rogorc mcxeTa aris ierusalimis analogi (k. kekeliZe) ise xevis beTlemi analogia
palestinis beTlemisa tradiciul azrovnebaSi. beTlemis `kari~ zRurblia sakralurisa:
`beTlemis karze hkidia voJa jurxais faria,
mouvlis omis wadili, xandaxan SesZravs qaria~.
beTlemis karTan, rogorc zRurblTan, hkidia es fari da igi didi winapris mxedruli
suliskveTebiT aris aRvsili, omi swyuria. qari `acocxlebs~ am wadils. beTlemis karTan
dakiduli fari `sam sknelSi~ moiazreba. igi rogorc jaWvi beTlemis qvabSi, or samyaros
aerTebs. mas sakraluris mcvelis funqcia akisria.
erTi xevsuruli andrezi oqros akvanSi RvTiur yrmaze mogviTxrobs da Sobis
cxovelmyofloba ixateba:
`oqros akvani dgaod, Sigav ymawvil iwviv, tred daRbrunevdesav Tavzedao, ifqlis
marcvlebs aWmevdes~ (z. kiknaZe).
amisdakvalad, tradiciul azrovnebaSi `oqros akvanSi~ batoniSvili, yrma ufliswuli
moiazreba. `iavnanebi~ da sadideblebi moixsenieben. bagrationi yrma ufliswuli beTlemis
yrmis darad aris oqros akvanSi moazrebuli, radgan igi bibliuri CamomavlobiT `daviTis
saxlidan~ aris da macxovris `Zir-Stos~ memkvidrea.
oqro da oqroqsovili RvTivkurTxeulobas ganasaxierebs. oqrocurvilia mefis
Saravandi, anu gvirgvini, oqrosfrad ixilveba mefis samosze gadmosuli `madli~, nu diadima,
sartyeli, romelic jvarSemosilad saxavs mefes, oqrosferi foCiT aris garsmovlebuli
RvTismSoblis mewamulisferi Sesamoseli niSnad `zeciuri dedoflobisa~.
oqros miwier samyaroSi sispetakis, siwmindis, uxrwnelobis simboloa. oqros darad mefe
`RvTis xatad~, adamianTa Soris `RvTis nebis~ ganmcxadeblad moiazreba.
tradiciuli azrovneba ganasaxovnebs bagrationTa samefo ideologias, romelic
ganfenilia saistorio mwerlobaSi, agiografiaSi, himnografiasa da Suasaukuneobriv kedlis
mxatvrobaSi. `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-s avtori laSa-giorgis dabadebis adgils
_ tabaxmelas adarebs beTlems da es aris paraleluri Txrobis, ori dro-sivrculi
ganzomilebis wiaRi, plutarqis `paraleluri biografiebis~ darad. RvTismSoblis saxesimbolikiT,
misi amqveyniuri cxovrebis epizodebiT `iwereba~ Tamar mefis `cxovreba~, raTa
daixatos gvirgvinosani bagrationi mefe-Tamaris RvTismSobelTan mimsgavsebuloba,
saqarTvelo warmoadgens RvTismSoblis wiaRSi, misgan kalTagadafarebuli, RvTismSoblis
30

wilxvdomili~ qveyana Tamaris madliT, misi mefobiTa da RvawliT `samoTxed~ ixilveba. es
mrwamsi `vefxistyaosanSic~ ganfenilia. Tamaris `qebiT~ mematiane, rusTvelis darad
RvTismSoblis sagalobels warmoTqvams.
Tu beTlemi gadaganZuli sakraluri ganZTsacavia, klde-yinulebSi, `bazaleTis tba~
wylis wiaRSi CanTqmul saidumlos ifaravs. iliaseuli xedviT (rac xalxur legendebSi ar
dasturdeba), Tamar mefes Caudgams Tavisi xeliT tbis ZirSi `is oqros akvani~.
vfiqrobT, ilia WavWavaZe am tradiciuli gansaxovnebis `gasaRebs~ gvTavazobs: `oqros
xanis~ RvTivkurTxeuli mefe-gvirgvinosani `oqros akvans~ _ asaidumloebs, sakralur
adgilad amkvidrebs, gadaganZavs saunjes. Tu Tamar mefis saqarTvelos ruqas davakvirdebiT,
bazaleTis tba `Suaguls~, Suacentrs qmnis.
ilia WavWavaZe `qarTlis cxovrebis~ darad, qarTvel mefes moiazrebs eris sazRvarTa
`mcvelad~, eris winamZRolad, RvTivrCeul gvirgvinosnad. iliam sami RvTaebrivi saunjis
`mamuli, ena, sarwmunoebis~ ???? qarTveli saxelmwifoebriv saZirkvlad gamoacxada sami saxexati:
`gvirgvini, guTani da xmali~.
gvirgvini _ mefis insignia, simbolo mziurobisa da maradiulobisa miTosuri
cnobierebidan... guTani _ glexis umTavresi sameurneo iaraRi, simbolo miwaTmoqmedi eris
arsebobisa da xmali _ simbolo Tavdacvis, mterTan orTabrZolis, mxedruli suliskveTebisa.
vfiqrobT, leqsSi `bazaleTis tba~ ilia WavWavaZe ganasaxovnebs bagrationis yrma
ufliswulis dabadebas, samefo xelisuflebis aRdgenas saqarTveloSi.
ilias, taxtdakargul saqarTveloSi realurad daekisra mefobis, eris winamZRolobis
misia, man ganvlo golgoTa, ufalTan mimsgavsebiT qarTveli mefe-mowameni rom vlidnen. Rrmad
hqonda gancdili qarTvel bagrationTa xvedri `erTmorwmune~ dampyrobis maxvilqveS ruseTSi
gadasaxlebuli da mimofantuli erekle mefis STamomavalni Tu iranSi gadaxvewili
aleqsandre batoniSvilis `ganwiruli suliskveTeba~.
amrigad, i. WavWavaZe sagangebod arCevs xalxur tradiciaSi damkvidrebul xatovan
formulad qceul, Rrmadsulieri SinaarsiT gamorCeul motivebs. unarCunebs maT
gansaxovnebis tradicias da axleburad acocxlebs mxatvrul naazrevSi.
eris molodini safarveldadebuli, gadaganZuli saidumlos gacxadebis Jamis
molodinia. `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyvelebis darad, raindebs RvTiur Zalas `abjari
sakvirveli~ aniWebT:
`jaWvi, xrmali, muzaradi, sabarkuli maTi mgvani~,
`jaWv-muzaradi almasi, xrmali basrisa mWrelio~.
zRaprul epizods poemaSi qarTvel mefeTa istoriuli suraTebi mxatvruli
ZalmosilebiT usworebs Tvals.
sainteresoa, tradiciul azrovnebaSi gergetis samebis funqcia:
`gergeti ZvelTaganve siwmidiT yofila mosili qarTvelTa TvalSi. im adgilze, sadac
dRes samebis taZari dgas, tradicia andria pirvelwodebulis kvals xedavs, mociquls aq jvari
aRumarTavs, riTac dasabami miucia am aremaris sakraluri istoriisaTvis... Znelbedobis Jams
samebis wmida taZarSi inaxeboda sveticxovlis ganZi, maT Soris wmida ninos jvari vazisa,
gergeti mcxeTis sveticxovlis saufloSi Sedioda. isini TavianT istorias vaxtang
gorgaslidan iwyeben, taZris aSenebas Tamaris andrezul xanas miaweren~. (z. kiknaZe)
es andrezebi da gadmocemebi hqmnian saymos cnobierebas. saymos cnobiereba ki
gamWvirvaled inaxavs mefis cxovelmyofel xats, eris damoukideblobis ideals, pirovnebis
Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis mrwams. vladikavkasidan momavali iliasa da moxevis saubarSi
samebis taZarTan erTad TvalnaTliv cocxldeba `samyos~ tradiciuli azrovneba. lelT-Runia
faqtobrivad `sakraluris mcvelis~ funqcias gulisxmobs.
* * *
TeleToba _ xatovan Tqmad qceuli sityva-formulaa, `areuloba, Rreoba, xmauroba,
uwesoba. (T. saxokia). TeleTobiT aRiniSneba qaosi `erTi sityviT TeleTobaa~ (g. orbeliani).
`TeleTis gorakze warmomdgaria qviTkiris eklesia wmida giorgis saxelobaze aSenebuli.
dReobaze auarebeli mlocveli iyrida Tavs, ikvleboda xatisTvis Sesawiri saklavi. aTevdnen
Rames, imarTeboda qeifi, drostareba, Cxubi... am uwesrigobas, xmaurobas suraTxatovnad
daerqva TeleToba~.
TeleToba, rogorc xatovani Tqma, aurzaurisa da Rreobis aRmniSvneli, gulisxmobs
wmida giorgis dResaswaulis desakralizebas ilias epoqaSi: umTavresi funqcia dResaswauls
dakarguli aqvs da TavSeyris, qeifoba-drostarebis alagad qceula. XIX s-is sasuliero pirTa
qadagebebSi xSirad Cndeba mowodebebi imis Taobaze, rom did dResaswaulebze xalxi salocavad
da wmidanTa pativsacemad rodi ikribeba, umetesad taZris ezoSi saklaviT modis da saero
dResaswaulad aqcevs saeklesio tradicias. am epoqaSi TvalSisacemia sulier faseulobaTa
gadafaseba da sasuliero wodebisadmi undobloba, rac ganapiroba saqarTveloSi ruseTis
imperiulma politikam _ samefo taxtis gauqmebam da avtokefaliis dakargvam, rus egzarxosTa
mier qarTvel sasuliero pirTa Seviwrovebas, sasuliero ganaTlebis mowyvetas
Suasaukuneobriv tradiciasTan da rusulad wirva-locvis, zogadad rusifikaciis politikiT.
31

xalxi inarCunebs dResaswaulis xsovnas, magram TandaTan es dResaswauli emsgavseba
warmarTul, qristanobamdel wes-Cveulebebs.
rodesac i. WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianSi~ TeleTs gamgzavreba ixateba, swored
desakralizebuli, funqciadakarguli dResaswaulis xsovna warmoCndeba. uZvelesi droidan
Svilierebisa da senTagan gankurnebis ZaliT ganTqmuli wmida giorgis salocavSi luarsabi da
darejani rwmeniT aRvsili sasoebiT moZRvris rCeviT rodi mieSurebian, maT iq mkiTxavi
agzavnis.
TeleToba mciredmorwmune col-qmrisTvis wmida giorgis saswaulTa mosmenis,
mravalsaukunovani taZris Tayvaniscemis surviliT rodia aRvsili, aramed isini im mrevlis
RviZli Svilni arian, romelsac TeleToba TavSeyrisa da Rreobis, advilad desakralizebul
dResaswaulad miaCniaT.
rogorc i. WavWavaZis TvalsawierSi luarsabi ar aris wminda mefe luarsabis Rirseuli
memkvidre sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsiT, arc darejania gansaxiereba rusTvelisa, pirovnebisa,
rogorc saxeli luarsabi, ilias Semdgom desakralizebulia, ise TeleToba da TeleTs
gamgzavreba nawarmoebSi komikuria.
ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianSi?!~ es desakralizebuli dResaswauli igulisxmeba,
gaSarJebulia `luarsabisa da darejanis TeleTs gamgzavreba~.
amrigad, ilia WavWavaZe tradiciuli azrovnebis wiaRs siRrmiseulad scdeba,
sakraluris `ze-cnobier~ Zalas SeigrZnobs, acnobierebs da Tavis SemoqmedebaSi axleburad
acocxlebs. tradiciuli gansaxovnebis ZaliT sakralurobis, idumalebis, saidumloebrivis
madli SemoqmedebiTad SenarCunebulia.
32

`kvali ganaTlebulis~
motivi ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi
Tamar SarabiZe
yvela didi poetis SemoqmedebaSi dgeba WeSmaritebis Ziebis sakiTxi, romelsac
TiToeuli Semoqmedi sxvadasxvagvarad gaiazrebs. SesaZlebelia zogadi principebi daemTxves
erTmaneTs, magram niWier mwerals mainc Tavisi gansxvavebuli xedva aqvs; am xedvas ki is iseT
sityaSi ayalibebs, romelic mxolod miseulad aRiqmeba.
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi mTeli simZafriT dgeba WeSmaritebis Ziebis sakiTxi,
romelsac qristianuli msoflxedva udevs safuZvlad. ilias cnobili leqsebis mixedviT
poetis naazrevi ase warmoCndeba: ymawvili axlos dgas ufalTan, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi,
siWabukis Jamis gasvlasTan erTad, igi Sordeba RmerTs da obldeba, radgan wydeba is kavSiri,
romelsac yrma Tavisi ucodvelobiT, gulwrfelobiT, fiqriT, ocnebiT amyarebda ufalTan
(`yvarlis mTebs~). Wabukis TvaliT danaxuli yvarlis mTebi SegviZlia gaviazroT rogorc
zecasTan damakavSirebeli mediumi, qveynisa da cis SemaerTebeli. amgvari funqcia
qristianul taZars eniWeba xolme;. maSin kidev ufro siRrmiseulad SeiZleba gavaanalizoT
ilias mier gamoyenebuli leqsika: zecasTan simboluri qorwineba _ `SeuRlebuli, RmerTTan
misvlis Jami _ siyrme; sxvagari SiSi, romelic ar aixsneba simxdaliT da mxolod uflis winaSe
myofobis SiSad unda aRviqvaT. am azrs kidev ufro aZlierebs cisa da mTebis simaRllis erTad
moazreba, mTaTa `zemo mxaris~ laJvardovani _ xiluli _ cis fonze Wvreta da poetis natvra
`aRmafrenisa~, romelic mxolod `yrmobis simartiviTaa~ misawvdomi. droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba mimarTeba mTebTan. ratom? pasuxi erTia. ymawvilobis Jami gadis, ris gamoc
sxvaferdeba damokidebuleba TviT zecasTan. yrma Tu `ymawvil yrmobis simartiviT~ axerxebda
ufalTan aRsvlas (Tundac ocnebiT), Jamma ymawvilobasTan erTad `simartivec~ daakargvina;
gonebas ki sul sxva miznebi dausaxa _ saWiroa wuTisoflis valis moxda, radgan yrmobiT
veRar mixval ufalTan: zrdasrul adamians, romlis goneba ukve wuTisofelze fiqrs
moucavs, aRar Seswevs Zala RvTaebrivis aRqmisa da eZiebs sxva gzebs.
ilias SemoqmedebaSi ikveTeba ramdenime gza: 1) srulyofilebisaken swrafva, rasac
adamiani uflis baZviT axorcielebs (`rodemdis~); 2) valis moxdisa da kvalis damCnevis gza
(`yvarlis mTebs~, `qarTvlis dedas~, `dae, Tund movkvde~); 3)poeturi procesi (`Citi~, `ciurni
xmebi~, `poeti~; 4)mwuxareba (`mwuxareba~); 5)obloba (`gazafxuli~); 6)locva (`g. abx/azs~, `mamao
Cveno~, `odes demoni~); 7)siyvaruli (`giyvardes~, `risTvis miyvarxar~, `meca mqonia kargi
mamuli~).
WeSmaritebis Ziebis am gzebidan ilias saxe da xasiaTi yvelaze metad valis moxdisa da
kvalis damCnevis gzaSi vlindeba; Tumca yvela gza sabolood erTiandeba da erT mizans isaxavs
_ wuTisoflis valis moxdas. ras iTxovs wuTisofeli adamianisagan? raSi mdgomareobs
misadmi vali? ilia mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiT cdilobs pasuxi gasces am umniSvnelovanes
kiTxvas; rac daaxloebiT amgvarad aRiqmeba _ wuTisofeli amqveyniuri realobaa, amitomac
adamianis valia am qveyanas daamCnios kvali, romelic `ganaTlebuli~ unda iyos, e.i. rwmeniT
ganaTebuli. swored am kvalis damCnevisaTvisaa saWiro yrmobasTan da mTebTan ganSorebac da
Semdeg xelmeored (ukve zrdasruli adamianis) dabruneba maTTan.
uflisgan moSoreba simbolurad Tvalis naTlis dabnelebadac aRiqmeba. poetis Tvalic
`mwuxari~ xdeba, roca kamaras aRar amkoben mTis mwvervalni. leqsis bolo strofebi _
`mSvidobiT, Cemno...~ _ realur yvarlis mTebTan gamosamSvidobeblad naTqvami sityvebia,
romelSiac warmoCndeba sulis swrafva `Sor qveynidam~ (ruseTidan) samSoblomde, an sulac _
am qveynidan im qveynamde (samSoblo da mamuli qristianul literaturaSi /sasulierosa da
saeroSic/ xSirad moiazreba RvTiur kuTxed anu adgilad, sadac RmerTia).
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi adamianis valis sakiTxi mravalmxriv aris moazrebuli.
zogadad ki problema kiTxvis saxiT ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT _ raSi mdgomareobs adamianis
daniSnuleba da vali RvTis winaSe, romelSiac gaerTiandeba sakiTxebi _ adamianis (yrmis,
dedis Tu winamorbedis) vali samSoblos winaSe, aseve _ poetis daniSnuleba da vali?
iliasaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom adamianma Tavisi `ganaTlebuli kvali~
datovos am qveynad, rom misma sicocxlem fuWad ar Caiaros, rom sxvebsac magaliTi misces
`naTeli saqmisa~. amitomac poetis vedrebaa dedisadmi:
`dedav, ismine qarTvlis vedreba;
ise aRzarde Sen Svilis suli,
rom win gauZRves WeSmariteba,
ukan rCes kvali ganaTlebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 67).
33

poeti qristianuli msoflxedvis Tanaxmad wuTisofels mdinared saxavs, Tavis sxeuls
_ navad, romelsac wuTisoflis zvirTebi arxevs, xolo zRvas _ samyarod, romelSiac mis navs
`CaRupva~ elis, kvals ki waSla. kvalis waSla iliasaTvis didi tragediaa:
`Tu es maqvs garduvali,
vswyevli Cem Sobis wamsa.
rad mindoda svla qveynad,
Tu eg bolo mxvda mxvedrad?~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 48)
poeti mzadaa tanjvisaTvis, cremlis RvrisaTvis; bedis muxTlobasa da siyvarulSi
Ralatsac ki aitans. erTaderTi, risi atanac ar SeuZlia, es sakuTari Tavis `arafrobaa~:
`yvelas gavuZleb, rogorc klde qvisa,
bedTana brZola viT meSineba?!
xolo Cem Tavis arafrobisa
ar ZalmiZs, Zmano, versiT gaZleba!~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 69).
ara mxolod tanjvis, ilias sikvdilisac ar eSinia. tanjviTa da sikvdilisaTvis
mzadyofniT igi TiTqos Tavidanve emzadeba wmindanobisTvis:
`dae, Tund movkvde, ar meSinian,
magram ki ise, rom Cemi kvali
naxon maT, vinca Cems ukan vlian,
Tqvan: aRasrula man Tvisi vali~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 66).
leqsSi ilia konkretulad Tavis movaleobaze saubrobs, rasac samSoblos samsaxursa da
poetur moRvaweobas ukavSirebs _ qarTveli saflavSi CasZaxebs Tavis poets:
` ... Seni qnari Sors Cvengan _ CrdilSi _
amaod CvenTvis ar xmaurobda~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 66).
poetis mizania xalxze zrunva poeziis saSualebiT; misi gamofxizleba, gamococxleba.
leqsSi `rodemdis~ ilia mtkivneulad ganicdis, rom ar vcnobT sicocxlis fass, ar vcemT
Tayvans am RvTiur niWs, mis yovel wuTs sifrTxiliT ar vxarjavT da aq yofna amaoebad
gveCveneba. aseT adamians ilia sulels uwodebs. mas daviwyebuli aqvs qristes sityvebi da
Tavis Tavs, mtvriT Seqmnils, isev mtvrad saxavs; sicocxles _ am ukvdav niWs _ ki mtvris
Tanamgzavrad. ilia adamians macxovris sityvebs Seaxsenebs:
`nuTu ar ici, ras gamcnebda RmerTi jvarcmuli,
ros brZana: `viTa mama zecis, iyav Senc sruli~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 61).
srulyofilebisaken anu RmerTisaken swrafva aris adamianis cxovrebis dedaazri, misi
gzis naTeli; is, rac tovebs am qveynad kvals; amitom adamianis mizania, miemsgavsos RmerTs.
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiTa da SemoqmedebiT amisken miiltvis iliac. is amJRavnebs qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobisa da qristianuli saxismetyvelebis udides codnas da ganmartavs `cis
niWs~:
`usuldgmulo cxovreba
igi miwis yofila,
rasac bolo hqonia!
cxovrebas aciskrovnebs
suli, saqmiT metyveli,
da is ubolo aris,
viT sulis STamberveli~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 116).
usulo cxovreba miwisaa, mas bolo aqvs; cis niWi ki sulia, `suli, saqmiT metyveli~.
poeti kargi saqmiT Tavis dros aCens kvals da amasTanave `aqav~ (am sofelSi) ewafeba
ukvdavebis wyals, romelic, saxarebis teqstis wminda mamaTa ganmartebiT, qristes rwmeniT
mopovebuli saukuno cxovrebaa. `saqmiT metyveli suloba~ pirovnebis mier saqmeSi asaxuli
sulierebaa, am qveyanaze `ganaTlebuli kvalis~ damCnevaa, Tavisuflebisaken swrafvaa,
moqmedeba da moZraobaa (Sdr. ilia WavWaZis `mgzavris werilebTan~ _ myinvarisa da Tergis,
dRisa da Ramis dapirispireba).
sainteresoa sulis epiTetad `ubolos~ gamoyeneba, rac aranivTiersa da dausrulebels
unda niSnavdes (romelsac bolo ara aqvs); uflis mxatvruli saxe ki `sulis STambervelia~
(baqraZe 1984 : 63-64). kvalis datoveba am qveynad anu srulyofilebisaken da RvTisaken swrafva
`saqmiT metyvel sulobaSi~ mJRavndeba. mixeil kveselavas TqmiT, `es fausturi paradigmebis
34

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi momentia~, radgan jer iyo sityva, romelic iTargmna gonebad,
goneba Seicvala ZaliT da bolos saqmiT. WeSmaritebis kriteriumad saqme warmoCnda
(kveselava 1961 : 401). saqmiT metyveli sulia is poetic, romlis qnaric `amaod CvenTvis ar
xmaurobda~ (`dae, Tund movkvde~). poets ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi wmindanis funqcia
akisria. is `zecisa kaci da qveyanisa angelozia~. mas ca gzavnis, ca niSnavs da gansakuTrebul
misiasac akisrebs. es misia eris winamZRolobaa; swored amitomac laparakobs poeti RmerTTan,
swored amitomac Rvivis mis gulSi RmerTis siyvaruli, rom eris tanjva da sixaruli mxolod
ki ar gaiziaros, aramed misi `bediT da ubedobiT daedagos kidec mtkice guli~ ... da, ai,
mxolod maSin, rodesac naperwkalic _ suliwmindis madli _ gadmova poetze, SeZlebs is
poeturi procesis aRsrulebas; misi namoRvawari ki is wminda kvali iqneba, romelic ers
tanjvis cremls moswmends (WavWavaZe 1987 : 103).
iliam icis, rom poetoba sapasuxismgeblo movaleobaa — poeti wminda sityvas avrcelebs
xalxSi, romelic `borotT saklavad~ aris mimarTuli. wminda sityva RvTis sityvaa, uflis
mcnebebia, romelTa mizani swored eSmakTan brZolaa. ilia marTlis didi rwmena kidev erTxel
gamomJRavnda farisevlobis dagmobasa da sikeTis farul qmnaSi;
`Tu kacma ver scno Cveni guli, xom icis RmerTma.
rom wminda aris ganzraxva da survili Cveni~ (WavWavaZe 1987 : 120).
es `wminda~ Tu `RviZli~ (am sityvebs iliasaTvis erTi mniSvneloba aqvs. orive RvTiurs
aRniSnavs) sityva qveyanas gulistkivils mourCens, davrdomils aRadgens, unugeSos nugeSs
mohfens, mtirals cremls moswmends, muSas Sromas gauadvilebs da, rac mTavaria, imeds
Caunergavs iveriis ZeT. sityvas saqme mohyveba, saqme, romelic `ganaTlebul kvals~ tovebs _
erT did cecxlad Segrovdeba `is TiToeuli naperwkali, romelic ar SeiZleba rom yovels
kacSi ar Jolavdes~; cecxli anu siyvaruli ki samSoblos guls gauTbobs (`mgzavris
werilebi~). poetis misia ilias mraval leqssa Tu moTxrobaSi sxvadasxva mxatvruli da
simboluri saxeebiTaa warmoCenili, Tumca azri misi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb yvelgan erTia _
poeti `saqmiT metyveli sulia~, man Tavisi kvali unda daamCnios am qveynad, amitomac mieca
niWi da amitomac `laparakobs RmerTTan~.
ilias Semoqmedebis mixedviT, poeturi procesi amgvarad SeiZleba aRviqvaT: dabinduli
cnobiereba, romelsac mohyveba mwuxareba da ganwmenda (RmerTTan miaxleba da laparaki),
Semdeg _ cidan naperwkali (suliwmindis gadmosvla) da laRi simRera anu `wminda sityva~;
sityva, romelic tovebs kvals. es aris poeziiT RmerTTan misvlis gza da RmerTis sityvis
xalxTan mitana. ilias ara erTi, aramed mravali leqsi nimuSia swored xalxisaTvis RvTis
sityvis STagonebis. es leqsebia: `poeti~, `Cemo kalamo~, `ciurni xmebi~, `mwuxareba~,
`giyvardes~, `rodemdis~, `qarTvlis dedas~ da a.S., xolo poetis sityvas RvTisadmi
warmoadgens locva.
poeti mxolod erTi TxovniT mimarTavs ufals _ Seimecnos uflis mier `namcnebi
siyvaruli~. esec ufalTan miaxlebis gzaa, yvelaze nacadi da utyuari. iliam kargad uwyis, ras
niSnavs siyvaruli, rom uflisadmi trfoba mas mxolod moyvasis siyvaruls ar avaldebulebs;
rom moyvruli siyvaruli moicavs moyvrisa da mtris _ orives _ siyvaruls. siyvaruli
sulieri naTlis mopovebis gzaa, naTeli ki gadaarCens pirovnebasac da ersac. amitom dedis
misias, romelsac `saRmrTo valad~ miiCnevs, mkveTrad da zustad ayalibebs ilia:
`aRzarde Svili, miec Zala suls,
sazrdod xmarobde qristesa mcnebas,
STaagonebde kacTa siyvaruls, _
Zmobas, erTobas, Tavisuflebas, _ ~ (WavWavaZe 1987 : 67).
saRvTo siyvarulis CanergviT unda aRizardos Svili; Tu mis gzas win WeSmariteba
gauZRveba, mas namdvilad darCeba `ganaTlebuli kvali~, razedac ocnebobda da risTvisac
mTeli cxovreba iRvwoda ilia WavWavaZe. mTeli misi Semoqmedeba gamoxatulebaa imisa, Tu
rogor unda SeZlos adamianma Tavisi valis imgvarad aRsruleba, rom ukan rCes `kvali
ganaTlebuli~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom me-19 saukunem, gansakuTrebiT 60-ianma wlebma, cnobierebis
diferencireba da integrireba moitana _ ramac xeli Seuwyo azrovnebis ganviTarebas, Tamam
azrsa da sityvas _ qarTvel klasikosTa Semoqmedeba religiuri TvalsazrisiT ara Tu
daSorda qristianul dogmatebs, piriqiT, mTeli siRrmiT gamoxata `Cveulebisaebr mamulisa
slvis~ ucvalebloba. rac Seexeba mxatvrul azrovnebas, TiToeulma Semoqmedma Taviseburad,
individualurad gamoxata saTqmeli. maTi individualizmi sakiTxis dasmaSic advilad
SeimCneva. ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba pirovnuli siZlieris, simtkicisa da rwmenis naTel
gamovlinebad migvaCnia, romlis erT-erTi magaliTicaa `kvali ganaTlebulis~ motivi.
damowmebani:
35

aqraZe 1984 : baqraZe a. `ilia WavWavaZe~. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `merani ~, 1984.
kveselava 1961: kveselava m. `fausturi paradigmebi~. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. I. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987.
36

`evropeizmis~ rogorc kulturul _ istoriuli movlenis
ilia WavWavaZiseuli interpretacia
iuza evgeniZe
ilia WavWavaZe qarTul sinamdvileSi is moazrovne gaxldaT, romelmac pirvelma dasva
`evropeizmis~, rogorc kulturul _ istoriuli movlenis axnis aucilebloba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom CvenSi adrec grZnobdnen aRniSnuli proplemis aqtualobas (s. dodaSvili, gr.
orbeliani, v. orbeliani, n. baraTaSvili), zogierTi avtori iyenebs kidec `evropeizmis~ cnebas
(m. TumaniSvili, n. berZniSvili), amJamad ki garkveuli aspeqtiT Seswavlilia (s. Ciqovani, j.
WumburiZe, i. evgeniZe) da monografiuladaa damuSavebuli _ `evropeizmi qarTul
literaturaSi~ (d. laSqaraZe), Tavis arsebiT nawilSi, roca sakiTxi kulturul _
filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT sazogadod, `evropeizmis~ interpretacias exeba, saWiroa farTo
speqtrSi iqnas gaazrebuli, rogor esmis `evropeizmi~ ilia WavWavaZes.
didi mwerlisa da moazrovnis Tanamedrove ucxoel da qarTvel avtorTa (artur laisti,
daviT kasraZe) gadmocemiT _ `mas surda qarTuli literatura aRmosavleTis gavlenisagan
gaeTavisuflebina~ da saerTod `igi ara marto literaturis, aramed cxovrebis evropeizaciis
momxre iyo~ (artur laisti). amitomac azrovnebisa da mxatvruli gemovnebis metrad saxavda
ara mxolod `goeTes, Silers, bairons, puSkins da gogols~ (WavWavaZe 1998: 337), aramed `did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda nicSesa da Sopenhauersac~ (a. laisti). ilia WavWavaZes, imTaviTve
gacnobierebuli hqonda Tavisi misia amqveynad da amitomac ganucxadebia kidec: `Cems azrebSi
bevri ram indoevropuliao~ (WavWavaZe 1998: 337-346).
am winamZRvrebidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom ilia WavWavaZe mizanmimarTulad
cdilobs, warmatebiTac axerxebs sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi interesebis evropul-filosofiuri
da literaturuli problematikis wiaRSi CarTvas. amitomacaa, rom is ara mxolod Tavisi
mTargmnelobiTi praqtikiT (Seqspiri, goeTe, i. polonski, v. skoti, f. Sileri, j. baironi, a.
puSkini, m. lermontovi, h. haine, riukerti, t. muri, a. Senie, n. nekrasovi, a. dode, j. iakSiCi, a.
buvie, g. ebersi, klareti, i. turgenevi da sxv.)., aramed originaluri Semoqmedebis
problematikiT exmianeba axal droSi evrosivrceSi aqtualur iseT literaturul Temebs,
rogoricaa: gogoliseburi midgoma qarTuli sinamdvilisadmi (kiknaZe 1957:) gandegilobis
Tema (minaSvili 1995:; baqraZe 1990:, kalandariSvili 2006:) faustur ideaTa gamovlenis formebi
(kveselava 1961:), danaSaulisa da sasjelis socialuri meqanizmi (`saxrCobelaze~), Tu axali
drois egzom specifikuri e. w. adamianis `gaucxoebis~ problema (baqraZe 1990:).
ilia WavWavaZe `evropeizms~ ar aRiqvams rogorc manade ucnob kulturul realobas. is
XIX saukunis qarTul garemoSi erTaderTi moazrovnea, vinc obieqturad da miukerZoeblad
scada Caswvdomoda ara mxolod pirovnulad simpatizirebul, aramed qarTuli
mentalobisaTvis organul, misi dakvirvebiT, genetikurad maxlobel evropul samyaros da
praqtikulad etvirTa kulturaTaSorisi mediatoris funqciac. amis gamoa, rom i. WavWavaZe,
erTi mxriv, energiulad Targmnis evropel da rus mwerlebs; meore mxriv, literaturul
megzurobas uwevs qarTul sinamdvileSi misive ZalisxmeviT SemoRweul evropel swavlulebs
(artur laisti, uordropebi da sxv), raTa maT didi mwerlis konsultaciebis wyalobiT
evrosamyaros jerovnad gaacnon qarTuli kultura. rasakvirvelia, ilia WavWavaZe adreve
kargad grZnobs SemdgomSi CvenSi filosofiuri gansjis doneze qarTvelis eTnomenatluri
ier-saxis Sesaxeb gaJRerebuli Sexedulebebis arss, romlis mixedviT: `qarTveli qarTvelia da
sxva aravin. is araa aRmosavleTeli adamiani. magram arc frangia da arc ingliseli. mas
sakuTari saxe aqvs, romlis gamomJRavnebis saSualebas istoria ar aZlevda~ (kodua 1978: 14-15).
ilia WavWavaZem am konteqstSi aseve pirvelma dasva `axali qarTuli literaturis~,
rogorc sruliad garkveuli istoriul-kulturuli movlenis, axsnis aucilebloba.
marTalia, is pirdapir ar imarjvebs `axlis~ cnebas, magram, savsebiT marTebulad, `axali
literaturis~ problemas kanonzomierad ukavSirebs `evropeizmis~ gagebas, anu `axlis~,
rogorc aseTis, kulturul-istoriuli Sinaarsi misTvis `evropeizmis~ ekvivalentia. e. i.
ilias warmodgenaSi, rac am movlenas `siaxlis~ Tvisebas sZens, swored misi `evropeizmia~.
fridrix nicSe, magaliTad, `evropuls~ da `Tanamedroves~ iyenebs rogorc sinonimebs da
fiqrobs, rom `TviT evropaSic ki Cvens kulturul terminSi (`evropeizmi~ _ i.e.) igulisxmeba
ara Soreuli da yvela xalxi, aramed mxolod isini, romelTac aqvT erTiani warsuli _
berZnuli da romauli samyaros, bibliisa da qristianobis saxiT~ (nicSe 1909: 299). amasTan, es
avtori Seudareblad afarToebs `evropulis~ kulturul-istoriul da geografiul
sazRvrebs, roca masSi aqcevs amerikasac, ramdenadac es qveyana, misi TqmiT, `evropuli
kulturis qaliSvilia~(nicSe 1909: 229). am konteqstSi Tavis axsnas moiTxovs `evropeizmis~
37

niSnis matarebeli `axali literaturisa da kulturis~, Tanamedrove, anu sakuTriv `axali
adamianis~ gageba. 1
amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom ranairi relatiuric ar unda iyos `axali droisa~ da, mis
kvalobaze `axali adamianis~, rogorc aseTis, gaCenis konkretul-istoriuli, qronologiuri
CarCos Sesaxeb msjeloba, is mainc renesansis, anu humanizmis epoqas ukavSirdeba: mis arsebiT
Taviseburebad miiCneven, `zogadad rom vTqvaT, individualizms da protests pirovnebis
damonebis winaaRmdeg~ (jivelegovi 1908: 23-25).
grZnobaTa individualizacia, pirovnebis uaRresad intimur gancdaTa socialuri
Rirebulebis aRiareba aris adamianis, rogorc socialuri fenomenis, avtonomiurobis piroba.
es momenti iZens gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas axali drois xelovnebisTvis, romelsac qalaqur
yofas ukavSireben (a. jivelegovi, a. losevi) da Tvlian, rom esaa `adreuli qalaquri
kulturis produqti~ (losevi 1978:).
calkeuli individumis grZnobaTa sacialuri Sinaarsi mainc mogviano xanaSi iqna
aRiarebuli, roca `Невольно бросается в глаза субьективистически-индивидуалистическая жажда
жизненных ощущений независимо от их религиозных или моральных ценnостей, хотя эти последние здесь
формально не только не отрицаются, но часто и выдвигаются на первый план~ (losevi 1978: 57).
`axali adamiani, gasetis azriT, revoluciuria siaxlis TvalsazrisiT. is ara hgavs wina
saukunis adamianebs, axali adamiani warmoSva liberalurma demokratiam, cdiseulma
bunebismetyvelebam da industrializaciam~ (kodua 1976: 165). axali drois niSani adamianSi,
subieqturi sawyisis gamoRviZebasa da mgrZnobiarobis gaRrmavebasTan erTad,
TviTanalizisken miswrafebac aris. rogorc miuTiTeben: `mgrZnobiareba, sinaze WeSmaritad
axali epoqis niSania~ da amitomac garkveviT aRniSnaven: `axalma xelovnebam arsebiTad
aRmoaCina axali adamiani~ (goguaZe 1980: 177). esaa evropis erovnebaTa kulturuli
TviTgamorkvevisa da adamianis bunebriv uflebaTa garkvevis xana, rac `axal dros~ erTgvarad
mijnavs adreuli humanizmis epoqisagan. axali drois xelovnebisa da literaturis specifikur
Tvisebad Cveni saukunis zogierTi moazrovne, swored yofiTi masalisa da mecnieruli,
analizuri interesebis moWarbebis gamo, Semdeg moments saxavs: `XIX saukunis manZilze
mxatvruli procesebi siwmindiT ar gamoirCevoda, xelovanT minimumamde dahyavdaT mxatvruli
elementebi~ (gaseti 1957: 450). rogorc gadmogvcemen (gaseti, `goia~), `axali xelovneba,
filosifiis msgavsad, `ganmcxadebeli misiis suliT iqmneba da `inteleqtis SuadRes~
warmoadgens. misi funqcia sicocxlisa da yofierebis sadumlos axsnaSi, `yofierebis
ieroglifTa gaSifvraSi~ mdgomareobs: `xelovnebis nawarmoebi sicocxlisa da yofierebis
saidumlos gvimJRavnebs~ (WavWavaZe 1973: 144-145). `axali xelovneba — esa xelovneba
xelovanTaTvis~ (gaseti 1957: 450) imitomac, rom axali drois xelovani, mwerali, arsebiTad
xedvis sxvadasxva, xSirad gansxvavebuli wertilebidan cdilobs dainaxos adamiani da samyaro.
aRniSnulis sailustraciod ixseneben faqts, Tu rogor uyurebs da asaxavs, magaliTad,
momakvdavs coli, eqimi, reportiori da xelovani.
am avtoris dakvirvebiT, `adamianis agonia TiToeul maTgans gansakuTrebul aspeqtSi
esaxeba da es aspeqtebi imdenad gansxvavdeba, rom maTi saerTo safuZvlis daZebna Wirs~ (gaseti
1957: 451). aqedan iRebs saTaves stilizebisaken gansakuTrebuli miswrafeba, rac hqmnis
aucileblobas asaxvis TaviseburebaTa msgavsebiT erTmaneTTan daaxloebuli mwerlebi,
xelovanebi garkeul dajgufebebad Camoyalibdnen da bolos, isev mkvlevar-mecnierTaTvis
mosaxerxeblad, efeqturad CaiTvalos maTi gaerTianeba mxatvrul mimdinareobaTa niSniT.
ase rom, axali drois da, mis kvalobaze, axali xelovnebis, axali literaturis erT-erTi
Tavisebureba isicaa, rom mweralma da xelovanma sxvadasxva rakursiT dainaxos da dagvanaxos
adamiani, sinamdvile, rac erTgvar biZgs aZlevs mkvlevrebs gamoyon da ilaparakon calkeul
mxatvrul-literaturul `izm~-ze: iqneba es sentimentalizmi, romantizmi, realizmi,
naturalizmi da sxv.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaxseneba mxolod imisTvis dagvWirda, rom mis fonze ufro
gamoikveTos, Tu qarTuli sinamdvilis magaliTze, rogor esmis ilias `axali drois~, `axali
literaturis~ Sinaarsi da farglebi.
qarTvel mkvlevarTa naSromebSi (jumber WumburiZe, daviT laSqaraZe, revaz siraZe...)
sxvadasxva aspeqtiT gaSuqebulia `evropeizmis~ gamovlenis formebi da ilia WavWavaZis
damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi. ase magaliTad, jumber WumburiZe wers: `sayuradReboa, rom i.
WavWavaZe axali qarTuli mwerlobis dasawyiss `evropeizmis~ Semotanas ukavSirebs da aseT
tendencias ukve d. guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi xedavs. cneba `evropeizmisa~ ilias farTod
esmis. mwerlis gagebiT, es ar gulisxobs mxolod formalur-mxatvrul Taviseburebebs, aramed
evropuli literaturis tendenciebTan, saerTod ki evropul-rusul kulturasTan kavSirs
gamoxatavs. es iyo qarTul niadagze, evropul aspeqtSi warmodgenili axali azrovneba,
ganwyobilebebi, mxatvruli xedva, Tematika, weris manera~ (WumburiZe 1974: 184). es daskvna
gamotanilia i. WavWavaZis daumTavrebeli statiis _ `ciskari~ 1857 wlidan _ 1862 wlamdina~ _
1 am sakiTxis daxasiaTebisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT Semdeg Sromas, Философский энсиклоредический словарь, 2-е
издание, М., 1989, gv. 139.
38

ganxilvis safuZvelze. ilias aRniSnuli werili miCneulia erTgvar monaxazad im gamokvlevisa,
romelic mwerals Cafiqrebuli hqonia axali qarTuli mwerlobis Sesaxeb.
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, am mxriv daviT guramiSvilma `scada TiTqmis pirvelad
zogierTTagan rasakvirvelia, evropeizmis Semotana qarTuli leqsis gamoTqmaSi; aleqsandre
WavWavaZe, romelic ufro xSirad cdilobda mag. evropeizmis ganvrcelebasa, magram magasac
aqvs figuraluri leqsi; gr. orbeliani, gamgrZelebeli evropeizmisa; n. baraTaSvili,
brwyinvale warmomadgeneli evropeizmisa; exlandeli mwerlebi, romelnic baZaven mag.
evropiul gamoTqmasa, magram TavianTi azrebis mimarTulebiT, ideebiT, Zvelebsa hgvanan~
(WavWavaZe 1953: 457; Srd.: WumburiZe 1974: 183). zemoT motanil SexedulebebTan dakavSirebiT,
savsebiT marTebulad aris miTiTebuli isic, rom aq saqme gvaqvs `qarTuli literaturis
istoriis mTliani procesis gaazrebasTan~, rom `ilia pirveli Seecada aRedgina erovnuli
literaturis TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebisa da momwifebis procesi~ (WumburiZe 1974: 182),
magram es TavisTavad sagulisxmo daskvnebi, iq sadac `axali literaturis~, misi gagebis da
sakuTriv `evropeizmis~ iliaseul interpretacias exeba avtori, Tavis arsebiT nawilSi mainc
saWiroebs garkveul axsnas, radgan yvelasaTvis savsebiT naTeli SeiZleba ar iyos gamoTqma
ilias mxriv `evropeizmis~ cnebis `farTod gagebis~ Sesaxeb, Tuki mas ar daerTo ganmarteba, ra
igulisxmeba `farTod gagebul~ `evropeizmis~ cnebaSi.
`evropeizmis~ problemas qarTul literaturaSi, rogorc cnobilia, specialuri
monografia miuZRvna daviT laSqaraZem (laSqaraZe 1977:); masSi detaluradaa gadmocemuli da
dasistemebuli ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-kritikul naazrevSi `evropeizmis~ xsenebis
yvela SemTxeva Tu nagulisxmevi Sinaarsi.
mocemul SemTxevaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imis garkvevas, iliamde vin moimarjva
es cneba qarTul mwerlobaSi. 1 mTavari isaa, Tu ra SinaarsiT itvirTeba is TviT iliasagan da
ramdenad uaxlovdeba didi mwerali am cnebis gagebis Tanamedrove modifikaciebs. amasTan,
savsebiT cxadi araa, Tu ra igulisxmeba `erovnuli literaturis~ `erovnul safuZvelze
ganviTarebaSi~, `erovnuli sulis~ gamoxatvis ukmarisobasa da imaSi, Tu ratom iTvleba
`xalxis sulieri cxovrebis siRrmeSi Caxedva~ maincdamainc `evropeizmis~ niSnad. aqedan
gamomdinare, arc isaa mTlad naTeli mxolod erovnuli Tematikis gaZlierebis gamo, ratom
SeiZleba CaiTvalos daviT guramiSvili `evropeizmis~ pirvel Semomtanad. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarni (menabde 1973; caiSvili 1986; siraZe 1980)
xSirad ixseneben daviT guramiSvilis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZis mosazrebas misi cnobili
werilidan: `ra mizezia, rom kritika ara gvaqvs~: `daviT guramiSvilis... didaqtikuri poezia
pirs ar Seircxvens Tund lukrecis, virgilis da horacios didaqtikur poezias dauyeneT
piris-pir, da romlis sawrmunoebrivi RaRadeba daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunebis
simaRlemdea asuli~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 153).
literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove etapze, axla, roca saguldagulo dakvirvebis
sagnadaa qceuli `daviTianis~ filosofiuri wyaroebi, poetis mimarTeba antikur samyarosTan,
kerZod `filosofos epikuris~ memkvidreobasTan (mosia 1986: 83-90) da SemoqmedebiT naTesaoba
qristianul kulturasTan, sagangebod ki `daviT-fsalmunis avtorTan (mosia 1986: 97-101),
SeiZleba erTgvarad ganzogaddes adre Catarebul StudiaTa Sedegebi da gadauWarbeblad
iTqvas: ilia WavWavaZe qarTul sinamdvileSi pirveli moazrovnea, romelsac savsebiT
gacnobierebuli aqvs `axali drois~, `axali adamianis~ da masTan mimarTebaSi `evropeizmis~,
rogorc kulturul-istoriuli movlenis, problema. rasakvirvelia, CvenSi iliamdec
grZnobdnen am sakiTxis aqtualobas, rogorc Cans, iyenebdnen kidec `axali drois~ gamomxatvel
sayrden cnebas _ `evropeizms~, magram naTlad ar hqondaT warmodgenili misi raoba.
`axali drois~ da, mis kvalobazed, `evropeizmis~ obieqtis _ `axali adamianis~ ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblad ki iTvleba pirovnebis bunebriv uflebaTa da erovnebis kulturuli
TviTgamorkvevisken swrafva. es ki bunebrivad ukavSirdeba `Tanamedroe adamianis~ gagebas.
xolo iungis mixedviT, `Tanamedroveoba qronologiuri movlena ki ar aris, aramed
kulturul-fsiqologiuri. iyo Tanamedrove adamani _ upirveles yovlisa niSnavs gesmodes
awmyo, rac SeiZleba naklebad imyofebode aracnobieris tyveobaSi, SegeZlos momavlis TvaliT
Sexedo da Seafaso Seni dro~ (ix.: yiasaSvili 1988: 24).
aqedan gamomdinare, `rodesac laparakia Tanamedrove adamianze, mis mrwamsze, am mrwamsSi
igulisxmeba mecniereba ara misi Sinaarsis, aramed mecnierebisadmi ndobis, misdami imedis
TvalsazrisiT~ (kodua 1978: 160); ramdenadac esaa azrovnebisa da sinamdvilisadmi imgvari
damokidebuleba, romelic gulisxmobs berZnul-romaul da bibliis kulturul samyaros
memkvidreobas, romelsac axali drois gadasxvaferebul garemoSi erTvis adamianis, rogorc
socialuri ujredisadmi, gamaxvilebuli interesi, rac Rrma fsiqologizmsa da adamianTa
urTierTdamokidebulebaSia gamJRavnebuli, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi
Rrma inteleqtiT da araCveulebrivi intuiciiT unisonSia `evropeizmis~ gagebis Tanamedrove
interpretaciebTan. is aRiarebs mecnierebisa da xelovnebis yovlisSemZle Zalas (ix. misi
1
avtoris azriT, 1852 wels `evropeizmi~ pirvelad gamoiyena m. TumaniSvilma, ix.
laSqaraZe 1977: 27.
39

`mecniereba da xelovneba~), `cxovrebis moTxovnilebaTa axsnaSi~, maT gadamwyvet rols
pirovnuli da `erovnuli cnobierebis~ `gamofxizlebis~ saqmeSi (`Sinauri mimoxilva~, XXIV,
1883), `saqmis xalxis~ mniSvnelobas da imis aRiarebas, rom is `cnobaSi moiyvans, `axalsa~ da maTi
SemweobiT es `axali gadadis isev cxovrebaSi~ (`ciskari~, 1857 wlidan _ 1862 wlamdina~).
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, raki daviT guramiSvilis kulturuli orientacia gamokveTilad
emyareba antikur, berZnul-romaul samyaros (epikure, lukreciusi, horaciusi) da biblias
(daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunebi), ramdenadac aRniSnuli sulieri winapirobebi ukve ilia
WavWavaZis Semdeg evrosivrceSi `evropuli kulturis~ ganmsazRvrel komponentebad iqcevian,
amdenad, qarTveli moazrovne `evropeizmis~ Sinaarsis miseuli interpretaciiT erTgvarad win
uswrebs `evropuli kulturis~ Tanamedrove definiciebs (fr. nicSe, k. iungi).
ase rom, ilia WavWavaZe `evropeizms~ sayrdenebs qarTul mentalobaSi uZebnis
(antikuroba da bibliasTan Tanaziarobis pirveladoba), riTac migvaniSnebs am kulturulistoriuli
movlenis saTaveebTan sulieri genetikiT dakavSirebuli qarTuli gonis, rogorc
uZvelesi tradicis fenomenis, imTaviTve moazrebis aucileblobaze.
damowmebani:
WavWavaZe 1998: WavWavaZe i. i. WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb, t. II, Tb., 1998;
kodua 1978: kodua e. sergi danelia, 1978.
kodua 1976: kodua e. istoriis sazrisis gagebisTvis, 1976.
nicSe 1909: Ницше, Антибиблиа, Собр. соч. т.5,1909.
WumburiZe 1974: WumburiZe j. qarTuli kritikis istoria, Tb., 1974.
laSqaraZe 1977: laSqaraZe d. è`evropeizmis~ problema qarTul literaturaSi, Tb., 1977.
WavWavaZe 1973: WavWavaZe l. xelovnebis dehumanizaciis erTi arsebiTi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb; kr.
estetikis da xelovnebTmcodneobis sakiTxebi, I, 1973.
goguaZe 1980: goguaZe v. adamiani rogorc esTetikuri fenomeni, Tb., 1980.
losevi 1978: Лосев А. Ф. Эстетика Возрождения, М., 1978.
gaseti 1957: Хосе Ортега и Гасет, Дегуманизация искусства, сб.: Современная книга по эстетике, М., 1957.
jivelegovi 1978: Дживелегов А.К., Начало итальянского Возрождения, М., 1908.
menabde 1973: menabde l. XIX saukunis qarTveli klasikoxebi da Zveli qarTuli mwerloba, Tb., 1973.
caiSvili 1986: caiSvili s., daviT guramiSvili, Tb., 1986.
siraZe 1980: siraZe r., daviT guramiSvilis meore poeturi `me~, werilebi, Tb., 1980.
mosia 1986: mosia t., daviT guramiSvili da qartuli sityvieri kultura, Tb., 1986.
yiasaSvili 1988: yiasaSvili n., Tanamedroveoba da modernizmi. wignSi: dasavleT evropis literatura (XX
saukune), Tb., 1988.
40

ilia WavWavaZe da ianiS arani
dalila bedianiZe
XIX saukunis ungreli klasikosi _ msoflio mniSvnelobis ungreli poeti da sazogado
moRvawe ianoS arani (1817-1882) ufrosi Tanamedrovea Cveni ilia WavWavaZisa (1837-1907). Tumca
ar arsebobs cnoba, rom isini erTmaneTs icnobdnen, magram maT cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze
dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom isini tipologiurad hgvanan erTmaneTs, rac ganpirobebuli unda
iyos saqarTvelosa da ungreTSi arsebuli saerTo epoqaluri movlenebiT, upiratesad —
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZoliT.
XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze moxda epoqaluri gardatexa qarTveli da ungreli xalxis
istoriaSi. dasrulda mwerlobis ganviTarebis erTi cikli. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi am
or qveyanaSi TandaTan gzas ikvalavs da isaxeba axali epoqis Sesatyvisi mwerloba — gviani
romantizmiT da adreuli realizmiT daxasiaTebuli. am literaturis erT-erTi fuZemdeblebi
iyvnen saqarTveloSi ilia WavWavaZe da ungreTSi ianoS arani, romelsac gza didma
romantikosma poetma mixai vereSmartim dauloca.
ianoS aranisa da ilias moRvaweobis periodSi gansakuTrebuli iyo istoriuli viTareba
orives samSobloSi da gansakuTrebuli Seiqmna is misiac, romelic aseT dros unda etvirTa
mwerals da sazogado moRvawes. erovnuli aRorZineba unda Sexeboda TiTqmis yvela sferos —
materialursa Tu suliers. yovelive aman ganapiroba maTi moRvaweobis universaluri
xasiaTic. ilia WavWavaZe da ianoS arani Tavisi RvawliT da Tavisi adgiliT literaturis
istoriaSi metad axlos dganan erTmaneTTan da simbolurad ganasaxiereben Tavisi xalxis,
Tavisi eris sulier misias.
ianoS arani, iseve, rogorc ilia, TavadiSvili iyo. igi daibada gaRatakebuli Tavadis
ojaxSi ungreTis patara qalaq noZsalontSi. Tavisi cxovreba da moRvaweoba man ZiriTadad am
qalaqs daukavSira, Tumca sxvadasxva dros muSaobda pedagogad noZkiorSSi, Tu sxva qalaqebSi,
iyo aseve notariusi noZsalontSi. 1870-1877 wlebSi iyo ungreTis mecnierebaTa akademiis
pasuxismgebeli mdivani da ojaxiTurT cxovrobda peStSi. igi iyo unegreTis erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis aqtiuri wevri, ebrZoda habsburgTa avstrieli dinastiis
mefobas ungreTSi da 1848 wlis ungreTis revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg imaleboda, raTa ar
daepatimrebinaT, rogorc revoluciis momxre. aseve malavda revoluciis momxre megobar
mwerlebs vereSmartisa da baizas.
axalgazrdobis wlebSi, roca debrecenSi swavlobda, TeatriTac iyo gatacebuli da
erTxans msaxiobobda kidevac — iseve, rogorc Cveni ilia WavWavaZe iyo TeatriT gatacebuli:
axalgazrdobaSi mas mefe liris rolic ki Seusrulebia. aranis kalams ekuTvnis mravali
lirikuli leqsi, baladebi, poemebi, romelTaganac gamoirCeva trilogia mikloS toldis —
ungreTis saxalxo gmiris Sesaxeb. ianoS arans, iseve, rogorc ilias, axasiaTebs socialuri
problemebiT daintereseba, folklorTan siaxlove, rigiTi adamianebis siyvaruli, peizaJuri
lirika, revoluciuri ideebiT gataceba. igi iseve, rogorc ilia, gatacebuli iyo
sazRvargareTis mwerlobiT. ganicdida homerosis, osianis, baironis, bernsis, Sotlandieli
poetebis gavlenas. Targmnili aqvs aristofanes, Seqspiris, gogolis nawarmoebebi. iliac xom
Targmnida da brwyinvaledac — valter skoti iqneboda es, baironi, haine, tomas muri Tu sxvebi.
rodesac notariusad muSaobda, arans exeboda sxvadasxva sasamarTlo saqmeebis
gadawyveta da mis Sesaxeb ambobdnen: `RmerTic ver Secvlis, rasac arani gadawyvetso~, imdenad
miukerZoebel da patiosan kacad iyo cnobili. rogorc viciT, amgvar Cinovnikur saqmianobas
ilia WavWavaZec eweoda — igi iyo momrigebeli mosamarTle duSeTSi.
TvalSi sacemi faqtia, rom rogorc i. WavWavaZes, aseve i. arans axasiaTebda iumoristuli
TvalTaxedva, satiramde da groteskamde miyvanili nawarmoebebi — Tumca arans mxatvruli
proza ar dauweria, ilias prozis satiris Zala ki CvenTvis kargad aris cnobili. aranis
satirulma eposma `dakarguli konstitucia~ 1845 wels kiSfaludis sazogadoebis mier
gamocxadebul konkursze satiruli poemebisa brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova. igi dawerilia
ungrel liberalTa da konservatorTa gaafTrebuli urTierTbrZolis Sesaxeb da warmoadgens
sagmiro eposis parodias. arani iumoriT gvixatavs am or partias, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
maT rols, krebebsa da arCevnebSi maT monawileobas. nawarmoebis ena daaxloebulia
yoveldRiur salaparako enasTan da xasiaTdeba xalxuri metyvelebidan aRebuli frazebiT. igi
Tavisi stiliTa da mniSvnelobiT utoldeba ilias leqsebs, dawerils `mamaTa da SvilTa~
brZolasTan dakavSirebiT — oRond ilias leqsebi daiwera ufro gvian, vidre aranis poema — es
iyo ukve 60-70-iani wlebis periodi. aris sxvaobac — ilia Tavisi da Tanamoazreebis pozicias
icavs, arani ki dascinis da akritikebs rogorc liberalebs, aseve konservatorebs. orivegan
TvalSi sacemia mZafri polemikuri toni. ilias `gamocanebi~ (1871), `kidev gamocanebi~ (1871) da
`pasuxis pasuxi~ (1872) Tavisi mniSvnelobiT igivea qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi, rac
ungruli literaturis istoriaSi , aranis satiruli poema `dakarguli konstitucia~. maTi
mizani erTidaigivea — gamoafxizlos eri, moZvelebuli Sexedulebebi Secvalos axalma,
progresulma azrovnebam, demokratiulma ideebma. stiluri TvalsazrisiT es nawarmoebebi
41

warmoadgenen folkloris, imdroindeli Jurnalistikis da politikuri frazebis narevs,
oRond Tu ilias `mamaTa da SvilTa brZolaSi~ Tanamoazreebi hyavda, arani marto ibrZoda
Tavisi kalmiT. rac Seexeba enis sakiTxs, romelic iliam da misma Tanamoazreebma wamoWres,
arani da sxva ungreli patriotebic exebodnen mas, moiTxovdnen ra avstrieli
habsburgebisagan, rom ungreTis saxelmwifo ena ara germanuli, aramed ungruli yofiliyo. es
sakiTxi ungreTSi ufro mwvaved idga.
ilias bevri Tanamoazre da megobari hyavda, romelTa Sorisac gamoirCeoda misi
Tanatoli akaki wereTeli. ilias da akakis saxelebi ise gadaewna erTmaneTs, rogorc Sandor
petefisa da ianoS aranisa, Tumca petefis akakisTan cota ram aqvs saerTo. petefim udidesi
gavlena moaxdina aranis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze. swored misi gavleniT Seqmna aranma
Tavisi pirveli klasikuri nawarmoebi poema `toldi~ (1845), romelic literaturis istoriaSi
sagangebo movlenad Sevida. iseve, rogorc `dakarguli konstitucia~, poema `toldi~ aranma
kiSfaludis sazogadoebis mier gamocxadebul meore konkursze gagzavna da isev moipova
uprecedento gamarjveba. mikloS toldi iyo ungreli saxalxo gmiri. mis Sesaxeb XVI saukunis
ungreTSi Seiqmna xalxuri gadmocemebi. toldis saxeSi aranma Tavi mouyara da aaRorZina
ungreli mSromeli xalxis sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis amsaxveli tradiciebi. poetis
mizani iyo ungreli xalxis ukvdavi suli, misi sulieri faseulobebi eCvenebina. igi
realisturi StrixebiT gvixatavs, Tu rogor moxvda da ras akeTebda toldi mefe laioS XIV-is
karze. poemaSi aseve aRwerilia laioS XIV-is karis brwyinvaleba, mefis demokratiuli xasiaTi
da samefo karis aristokratiuli axalgazrdobis TavaSvebuloba, romelnic Seurcxyofas
ayeneben gmir mikloS toldis, Tumca mefe esarCleba mas. xalxuri Tqmulebebis safuZvelze
ianoS aranamde 1574 wels peter SeimeS iloSvaimac dawera poema toldis Sesaxeb, romelic
aranma SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa, magram iloSvaisgan gansxvavebiT fsiqologiuri siRrme mianiWa
gmiris WeSmaritad xalxur xasiaTs. mikloS toldi realurad arsebuli pirovneba iyo, sofel
noZfaludan da samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi misi popularoba xalxSi ar Sewyvetila. poemaSi
`toldi~ cotaa moqmedi piri — es aris TviTon mikloSi, misi veragi Zma ZorZi, maTi deda —
ukeTilSobilesi qalbatoni, mikloSis erTguli msaxuri bence da brZeni, samarTliani mefe
laioSi. mikloS toldi Tumca warmoSobiT Tavadia, magram ufrosi Zmisgan daCagruli
glexurad cxovrobs da mis saxeSi avtorma Tavi mouyara ungreli glexis saukeTeso Tvisebebs.
aq aqcenti gakeTebulia socialur usamarTlobaze da Cven vxedavT mkrTal msgavsebas
socialuri usamarTlobiT daCagrul arsenas, kako yaCaRisa da zaqros saxeebTan ilia `kako
yaCaRidan~. xolo rodesac arani laioS XIV-is saqmianobas aRwers, gvagondeba Tamar mefis saxe
ilias `aCrdilis~ pirveli variantidan da `bazaleTis tbidan~. iseve, rogorc ilia exeba
saqarTvelos oqros xanas Tamar mefis saxiT, arani ungreTis oqros xanas ixseniebs laioS XIV-is
saxiT. msgavseba aqac mkrTalia, magram mainc arsebobs, Tumca ilias `aCrdili~ aranis poemaze
gvian daiwera. msgavsia folkloruli masalebisadmi am ori avtoris midgomac. maTi gmirebi
folkloruli saxeebidan zogadsakacobrio, idealur gmirebad iqcevian da samarTlis
maZiebeli daumarcxebeli personaJebi arian, amasTan — maT amkobs koloriti, erTs qarTuli,
meores ki — ungruli.
ianoS arani imdenad iyo moxibluli da STagonebuli toldis saxiT, rom mas kidev ori
poema uZRvna: `toldis saRamo~ (toldis trilogiis bolo poema) da `toldis siyvaruli~
(trilogiis Sua poema). `toldis saRamoSi~ igrZnoba poetis SemoqmedebiTi zrda, aq aRwerilia
toldis bolo gmiroba da misi aRsasruli — Tu rogor ausrulda mas ocneba da mefe laioSi mis
winaSe warsdga ara rogorc mefe, aramed — rogorc megobari. Tu rogor moiyvana gons toldis
sasaxlis karis Tavgasuli axalgazrdoba — xolo `toldis siyvaruli~ SedarebiT sustia da mas
araviTari kavSiri aRara aqvs ilias poetur samyarosTan.
iseve, rogorc ilias poeturi ena, ianoS aranis poeturi ena xasiaTdeba ungruli xalxuri
metyvelebis saganZuridan amoRebuli brwyinvale margalitebiT. am sakiTxs araerTi
gamokvleva mieZRvna da Cven mas aRar gamovekidebiT. jer marto arsenas moxsenieba rad Rirs
iliasTan, anda — urmulisa!
iseve, rogorc iliasTvis, aranisTvisac yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani samSoblos bedi
iyo, misi samSoblos Tavisuflebas ki ori Zlieri mteri uSlida xels — mefis ruseTi da
habsburgebis avstria. am sakiTxSic hgavs es ori didebuli figura erTmaneTs. iliac xom
swored mefis ruseTis dampyroblur politikas ebrZoda! aranze didi gavlena moaxdina
ungreTis 1848 wlis revoluciam. igi iaraRiT xelSic ki ibrZoda samSoblos Tavisuflebi
saTvis. es mis SemoqmedebaSic aisaxa, gansakuTrebiT leqsSi `14 aprili~ (14 aprils, 1848 wels
ungreTis revoluciurma mTavrobam koSutis meTaurobiT ungreTis avstriisgan
gaTavisuflebis da habsburgTaTvis ugreTis taxtis memkvidreobis akrZalva izeima). aranis
revoluciur leqsebs miekuTvneba: `Sevedi~, `hai, ara zurgidan, hai, winidan~, `patimari~
(romelSic arani glovobs revoluciis damarcxebas da leqsis lirikul gmirSi gulisxmobs
udrood daRupul gmir megobar poets Sandor petefis). arani sayovelTaod cnobili gaxada
revoluciis dReebSi dawerilma leqsma `erovnuli gvardiis wevris simRera~, romelic
sasimRerod iqca da mTelma ungreTma aitaca. am leqsis suliskveTebas exmaureba ilias leqsi,
dawerili peterburgSi 1858 wels `qarTvlis dedas~. aseve, aranis leqsi `14 aprili~ axlos dgas
42

ilias SemoqmedebasTan. revoluciis damarcxebam arans sabolood gautexa guli da igi didi
xniT dadumda.
ianoS arani, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe, moRvaweobda gviani romantizmis, realizmis
formirebisa da ganmtkicebis periodSi. XIX s-is ungruli literaturis da politikuri
azrovnebis mwvervalad iTvleba Sandor petefi misi xanmokle sicocxlis miuxedavad. petefis
uaxloesi megobari ianoS arani Tavisi lirikuli, Tu epikuri nawarmoebebiT da prozaikosi
ioJef etvioSi petefTan erTad ungrul literaturaSi realizmis fuZemdeblebad iTvlebian.
maTi pirveli nabijebi win uswrebs 1848-1849 wlebis burJuaziul revolucias, romelic
erovnuli Tavisuflebis niSniT moxda da romelsac didi represiebi mohyva Tan. es revolucia
Tavisi daniSnulebiT mohgavs saqarTveloSi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebas, romelic sastikad CaaxSo
mefis ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobam da romelsac aseve masobrivi represiebi mohyva. rogorc
cnobilia, petefi revoluciis dros brZolis velze daiRupa gmiruli sikvdiliT, xolo sxva
revolucionerebi zogi masaviT daiRupa, zogi emigraciaSi wavida, zogic saerTod dadumda.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam XIX s-Si ungreTSic da saqarTveloSic krizisi
ganicada, Tumca mis brZolas mohyva orivegan baton-ymobis gauqmeba, rac TavisTavad win
gadadgmuli nabiji iyo da rac aisaxa rogorc ungreli, aseve — qarTveli mwerlebis
nawarmoebebSi — aranisa da ilias SemoqmedebaSic.
ianoS aranis periiodis gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe iyo laioS koSuti (1802-1894) _
`mama koSutad~ wodebuli, Tavisi gazeTiT `peSti hirlop~ (peStis gazeTi), romelic ormociani
wlebis ungreTSi gamodioda da romelic male miatova koSutma. am gazeTTan
TanamSromlobdnen ioJef etvioSi, laslo salai, antal Cengeri, moric lukaCi, axalgazrda
imre madaCi da sxvebi. male gamosvla daiwyo Jurnalma `iletkipekma~ (cxovrebis suraTebi),
romlis redaqtoric iyo demokratiuli azrovnebiT gamorCeuli adolf frankeburgi. am
JurnalTan TanamSromlobdnen petefi, mor iokai, tompa, albert palfi da sxvebi.
demokratizmis ganviTarebas uwyobdnen xels mihai tanCiCi, ianoS horariki da pal vaSvari.
tanCiCis redaqtorobiT gamodioda `muSaTa gazeTi~, romelsac progresuli ideebis gamo
ebrZoda Tavad-aznaurTa liberaluri banaki. xalxuri simRerebis stilSi werdnen
transilvanieli poetebi ianoS kriza da mihai sentivani. im periodis gamoCenili lirikosi iyo
mihai tompa, romelic agreTve warmatebiT iyenebda ungrul folklors da iyo petefisa da
aranis axlo megobari da Tanamoazre. iyvnen aseve romanistebi da dramaturgebi ignac noZi,
laioS kuti, ede sigligeti, Jigmond kemeni, mor iokai, pal diulai, imre madaCi, romlis
dramamac `adamianis tragedia~ ianoS aranis maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. zemoT CamoTvlili
mwerlebis saqmianoba metad axlos aris ilias periodis `TergdaleulTa~ moZraobasTan,
romelic ibrZoda Cvens qveyanaSi erovnuli sulis gaRvivebisa da sasikeTo ZvrebisaTvis. aseve
— zemoxsenebuli ungreli mwerlebis moRvaweoba mogvagonebs `mamaTa da SvilTa brZolas~
`ciskrisa~ da `saqarTvelos moambis~ furclebze saqarTvelos ganaxlebisaTvis,
demokratiuli ideebis damkvidrebisaTvis, realizmis ganviTarebisaTvis literaturaSi. aqve
unda vTqvaT, rom ianoS arani ar Careula amgvar literaturul paeqrobebSi, xolo ilia
WavWavaZe meTauri iyo `SvilTa~ da `TergdaleulTa~ banakisa. iliasgan gansxvavebiT, aranis
Semoqmedeba or periodad iyofa: XIX s-is 40-ian wlebamde da XIX s-is 50-iani wlebidan
sicocxlis bolomde. Tu pirvel periodSi arani samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis Seudrekel
mebrZolad gvevlineba, meore periodSi misi poeziis lirikuli gmiri ukve
damarcxebagadatanili, gulgatexili, filosofiuri azrebiT da cxovrebis av-kargianobis
Sesaxeb msjelobiT aris aRbeWdili, Tumca swored meore periodSi dawera man Tavisi erT-erTi
uZlieresi poema, trilogiis Sua nawili `toldis siyvaruli~ da araerTi lirikuli leqs-
Sedevri, gaerTianebuli ciklad `Semodgomis yvavilebi~. aranis mebrZoli suliskveTeba
Secvala agreTve yofiTi TemebiT gatacebam da is ukve aRar qmnida iseT leqsebs, romelsac
avstrieli cenzorebi ar ubeWdavdnen, an adre hqonda dabWdili (`Raribi glexi~, `patimari~,
`tyve yaryati~, `qera pani~ da sxva). Tavisi naturiT arani ar iyo revolucioneri da Tavisi
ojaxis keTildReobisaTvis araerTxel wasula mTavrobasTan kompromisze. igi martosuli
darCa sicocxlis bolomde, gansakuTrebiT — petefis Semdeg. bolo Jams igi ungreTis Sinagan
saqmeTa saministroSic ki muSaobda, romelic avstrias eqvemdebareboda — Tumca misi saxeli
ungrelma xalxma samudamod daukavSira revolucias.
garda poeziisa, aranis kalams ekuTvnis publicistur-kritikuli xasiaTis werilebi,
romelnic CvenTvis jer-jerobiT miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda da romelTa Sedarebac ilias
publicistikisaTvis saintereso suraTs mogvcemda. Tumca, es ukve momavlis saqmea.
43

elene gogiaSvili
qarTuli folklori erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
ideologiur samsaxurSi
erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreoba umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda imperiebSi
Semavali patara qveynebisTvis maT ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobebSi.
sakuTari tradiciebis dacva Zlieri iaraRia identobis SesanarCuneblad. tradiciisken
mibrunebis fenomeni SeiZleba politikur elfersac atarebdes. istoria mdidari wyaroa
saimisod, rom Sesabamisi faqtebi politikur programad iqnas SemoTavazebuli. istoriul
dokumentebTan erTad eris siZvelis suraTis Sesaqmnelad warmatebiT gamoiyeneba
folkloruli wyaroebi: xalxuri gadmocemebi, sagmiro Tqmulebebi da baladebi, legendebi,
memoratebi, romlebic nacionalur istoriul gmirebs ukavSirdebian.
folklori erovnuli TviTmyofadobis gamovlenis TvalsaCino saSualebaa, magram
amasTan erTad didia misi gaqrobis saSiSroebac, Tu is droulad ar iqna dafiqsirebuli.
folklorisadmi interesis gaZlierebas yvela qveyanaSi Tavisi mizezi hqonda. dasavleT
evropaSi zepirsityviereba romantizmis STagonebis wyarod iqca. centralur evropaSi
zRaprebis Sekrebas Zmebi grimebis moRvaweobam misca biZgi. berZnebis, bulgarelebis,
serbebisa da balkaneTis sxva xalxebSi, romlebic Turqebis mier iyvnen dapyrobili,
folklorisadmi interesis gaRviZebas ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam Seuwyo xeli (Stegheri
2005: 2-11). rusuli folkloruli masalis Sekreba samecniero mizniT daiwyo.
aRmosavleT evropis xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba inspirirebuli
iyo iohan gotfrid herderis (1744-1803) „ideebiT kacobriobis istoriis filosofiisaTvis“,
ramac slavi xalxebis e. w. erovnul xelaxla dabadebas Seasxa frTebi. herderi xalxur
poeziaSi xalxis sulis WeSmarit gamoxatulebas xedavda. igi miiCnevda, rom eris tradiciebSi
areklilia eris Tvisebebi, romlebic bunebrivi cvlilebebisa da sulieri idealebis Sedegad
Camoyalibdnen (profanova 1999: 219). Volksgeist niSnavda xalxis suls [germaneli mecnieri h.
bauzingeri miiCnevs, rom es sxva enebze es sityva „nacionalur sulad“ unda iTargmnebodes _ e.
g.] da miznad isaxavda axali politikuri reJimis xedvas, romelSic sxvadasxva xalxebi
erTaderTobas miaRwevdnen da sxva xalxebs gamoeyofodnen (bauzingeri 1992: 74).
„folksgaistis“ idea folkloristebisTvis gamowvevad da stimulad iqca. maT yvelafris
Segroveba daiwyes, rasac xalxur siZveled miiCnevdnen, rom axali erovnuli koncefciisTvis
SeewyoT xeli.
me-19 saukune: folklori da erovnuli ideologia
saqarTveloSi folklorisadmi interesi gaCnda ara romantizmis epoqaSi, rogorc es
evropaSi moxda, aramed mogvianebiT, me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. zepiri kulturuli
memkvidreobis mniSvneloba, folkloris mxatvruli, SemecnebiTi da istoriuli Rirebuleba
saTanado doneze manamde ver gaacnobiera qarTulma sazogadoebriobam, sanam samoRvaweo
asparezze ilia WavWavaZe ar gamoCnda.
kavkasia, rogorc ruseTis imperiis urTulesi regioni, me-19 saukunis 40-iani wlebidanve
iyo eTnografiuli Seswavlis obieqti. mis kvlevas rusi mecnierebis mier mkveTrad
gamoxatuli imperialisturi mimarTuleba hqonda (jagodniSvili 2004: 136).
maSin, roca carizmis politika folklorul da eTnografiul aRwerebs
administraciuli dazvervis saSualebad iyenebda, qarTuli folklori erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis erT-erTi iaraRi gaxda. xalxuri Semoqmedebis — rogorc
zepirsityvierebis, ise musikaluri folkloris _ nimuSebis Sekrebas am epoqis udidesi
moRvaweebi moTaveobdnen: i. gogebaSvili, r. erisTavi, al. yazbegi, p. umikaSvili, T.
razikaSvili da sxvebi (Ciqovani 1960: 138-179). ilia WavWavaZem ki eTnografiuli da
folkloruli masalis Sekrebis garda maTi mecnierulad Seswavlis aucileblobis sakiTxi
dasva. werilSi „xalxis zne-CveulebaTa Seswavlis Sesaxeb“ vkiTxulobT:
„xalxis cxovreba yovelmxriv da harmoniulad unda SeviswavloT; imis yovelgvari
gonebiTi nawarmoebi unda SevkriboT [...]. erTis romelisame sagnis amoCemeba, imisi ‚modad‘
daweseba da sxva sagnebis daviwyeba _ kargi arasdros ar yofila da arc CvenTvis iqneba.
saxalxo poezia kargia, magram roca marto imisi Sekreba izidavs mTelis inteligenciis
yuradRebas, roca es Sekreba ‚modad‘ xdeba, maSin saWiroa, rom sxva sagnebisakenac miixedos
ganaTlebulma sazogadoebam. saWiroa, rom Cvenma naswavlma sazogadoebam erTad Tavi
moiyaros, moilaparakos, aswon-daswonos yoveliferi am sagnis Sesaxeb da programa Seadginos
xalxis zne-CveulebaTa SeswavlisaTvis. Tu yvelgan amas misdeven, gana CvenTvis ki dro ar
aris?“ (WavWavaZe 1987: 164). faqtobrivad, am werilSi ilia WavWavaZem axalgazrda mecnierebis
_ folkloristikis programa warmoadgina, romliTac qarTvel mecnierebs momavalSi unda
exelmZRvanelaT.
44

me-20 saukune: folklori da sabWoTa ideologia
me-20 saukunis dasawyisidanve, folkloruli masalis fiqsaciis garda, aqtualuri gaxda
misi mecnieruli Seswavla da sistemuri kvleva. 1901 wels saqarTveloSi Catarda pirveli
samusiko folkloruli eqspedicia kompozitorisa da musikismcodne-eTnografis dimitri
arayiSvilis (1873-1953) xelmZRvanelobiT, riTac safuZveli Caeyara qarTul musikalur
folkloristikas. cnobilia, rom am da momdevno eqspediciebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
1908 wlamde mecenati daviT sarajiSvili afinansebda (xuWua 1980: 92).
1921 wlis Semdeg sabWoTa xelisufleba aqtiurad muSaobda, rom folklori Tavisi
ideologiis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina. folklori _ sityvieri da musikaluri _ saxelmwifos
mier gansazRvrul iqna rogorc muSaTa da glexTa klasis xelovneba, rogorc „mSromeli
xalxis Seqmnili“ da amdenad, mTel sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi popularuli unda gamxdariyo.
mecnierebma yuradReba gadaitanes folkloris apolitikur mxareze, kvlevebi mTlianad
orientirebuli iyo tradiciis Sinagan struqturaze, romelic xelSeuxebeli iyo
politikisgan. 1926 wlidan Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi daiwyo qarTuli
zepirsityvierebis leqciebis kursis kiTxva. 1932 wels saqarTvelos muzeumSi folkloris
ganyofileba daarsda. orive am wamowyebis moTave qarTveli folkloristi, literatori,
xelovnebaTmcodne da moqandake vaxtang kotetiSvili (1893-1937) iyo. misi „sacdeli leqciebis
brwyinvaled Catarebis Semdeg, romlebsac daswrebian cnobili mecnierebi i. javaxiSvili, k.
kekeliZe da sxv., miandes folkloris kursis wakiTxva. [...] 1929 wlidan ki, misive iniciativiT,
universitetis filologiis fakultetze SemoRebul iqna poetikis kursi“ (gamezardaSvili
1969: 4-5).
vaxtang kotetiSvili universitetSic moRvaweobda da imavdroulad saqarTvelos
muzeumSi Tavisive daarsebul folkloris ganyofilebasa da folklorul arqivs
xelmZRvanelobda. mogvianebiT, 1936 wels, am ganyofilebis bazaze enis, literaturisa da
xelovnebis institutis (amJamad SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti)
folkloris ganyofileba da arqivi Seiqmna. vaxtang kotetiSvilma pirvelma Cauyara safuZveli
folklorul samecniero eqspediciebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi winaswar
SemuSavebuli marSrutiT (kotetiSvili 1961: 14).
1936 wels TbilisSi xelovnebis saqmeTa sammarTvelosTan (maSin jer ar arsebobda
kulturis saministro) xalxuri Semoqmedebis kabineti gaixsna. direqtoris movaleobis
droebiT Semsruleblad dainiSna mixeil mgalobliSvili, konsultantad _ vaxtang
kotetiSvili. 1937 wlidan dawesebulebas xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxli ewoda (misi pirveli
direqtori iyo kompozitori, folkloristi, lotbari da sazogado moRvawe grigol
kokelaZe).
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlebi mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT Seiqmna, centri
moskovSi iyo, sadac mokavSire respublikebidan yovelwliurad igzavneboda Catarebuli
muSaobis Sesaxeb angariSebi. saqarTveloSi xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxls filialebi hqonda
soxumSi, baTumsa da cxinvalSi.
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlis konsultanti vaxtang kotetiSvili iyo. man kompozitor
grigol kokelaZesTan, musikos-folkloristebTan _ grigol CxikvaZesa da Tamar
mamalaZesTan erTad Seqmna fondi, romelSic daculia qarTuli musikaluri folklorisa da
zepirsityvierebis unikaluri masalebi (amJamad, saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo
centris arqivi).
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlSi gaixsna lotbarTa, qoreografTa da xalxuri rewvis
ostatTa kursebi. pirvelad saqarTveloSi Seiqmna saxviTi xelovnebis saswavlo kombinati,
romlis damaarseblebi xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlis direqtori grigol kokelaZe da xalxuri
rewvis ostati artem gabunia iyvnen.
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlSi gaixsna gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis muzeumi, romelic Semdeg
qarTuli xalxuri saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis muzeumad Camoyalibda.
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxli sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebis organizatori iyo _ saxalxo
mTqmelTa konkursebis, qarTuli folkloris respublikuri daTvalierebebis, moyvarulTa
Teatrebis (dramatuli, Tojinebis da sabavSvo) festivalebisa da sxva.
1937 wlidan xalxuri Semoqmedebis respublikuri olimpiadebi xalxuri Semoqmedebis
saxlis TaosnobiT da aqtiuri monawileobiT ewyoboda (1937, 1938, 1949, 1951, 1954, 1960-1961,
1979, 1981, 1997, 2001 wlebSi).
olimpiadebis momzadeba evaleboda saorganizacio komitetsa da sarepertuaro komisias.
pirvelad koleqtivebs kulturis raionuli ganyofilebebi TbilisSi Camosvlamde adgilze
amowmebdnen, Semdeg ki maT mier SerCeuli jgufebi xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlidan wargzavnil
komisias unda Seemowmebina. jer sarepertuaro komisia afasebda yvela SemoqmedebiT
koleqtivs, mere — Jiuri.
1959 wlidan moyvarulTa Teatrebisa da folkloruli ansamblebisaTvis „saxalxo
wodebis“ miniWeba xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlis wardginebiT xdeboda.
45

xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxls cocxali kontaqti hqonda xalxuri Semoqmedebis
koleqtivebTan. maTi repertuaris daxvewa-gamdidrebisTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
centris saarqivo fondi, romelSic inaxeboda xalxuri simRerebi, qoreografebis Canawerebi,
piesebi da sxva. sakonsultaciod da arqivis gasacnobad modiodnen gundis xelmZRvanelebi,
dramaturgebi, kompozitorebi.
sabWoTa ideologiuri manqana Tvals adevnebda, Tu rogor xdeboda farTo masebisTvis
xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebis miwodeba da ras aswavlidnen lotbarebi raionebSi
TviTmoqmed koleqtivebs. am mizniT xSirad amowmebdnen arqivs. centraluri komitetidan
gamogzavnil komisias evaleboda xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlis kontroli. arqivSi, ra Tqma
unda, iyo Zveli sagaloblebis krebulebi, romlebic aTeistur saxelmwifoSi ikrZaleboda.
aqve inaxeboda vaxtang kotetiSvilis nawerebic. 1947-2004 wlebSi arqivis mTavari mcveli
TinaTin lobJaniZe iyo. piradad misi damsaxurebaa is, rom 30-iani wlebis represiebis Semdeg
fondSi mainc gadarCa vaxtang kotetiSvilis mier Sekrebili folkloruli masala da misi
ramdenime xelnaweri. TinaTin lobJaniZem gadaarCina agreTve Zveli qarTuli kanonikuri
saeklesio sagaloblebis xelnawerebi, romelTa nawilobrivi gamocema mxolod 1999 wlidan
daiwyo. TinaTin lobJaniZe yvelanair xerxs mimarTavda Zvirfasi masalis gadasarCenad. misgan
pirad saubarSi mosmenili maqvs:
„rac ki ram notebi iyo, yvelas erTad davuwyobdi win komisiis wevrebs da, rom
daiRlebodnen, mere gamomqonda danarCeni _ sagaloblebi, romlebsac an aRar gadaxedavdnen,
anda, Tu SemTxveviT vinme ikiTxavda, sagalobels aq ra undao, vupasuxebdi: es igive simRerebia,
adre simReras galobas eZaxdnen-meTqi. komisiaSi ar iyo didad ganaTlebuli xalxi da es xerxi
Wrida. gacilebiT rTuli mdgomareoba iyo zepirsityvierebaSi. vaxtang kotetiSvilis saxelis
xsenebac ar SeiZleboda, araTu misi nawerebis Senaxva da movla. mis mier Cawerili
folkloruli masala rom gadarCeniliyo, mis saxels da gvars vSlidi. Semdeg, ra Tqma unda,
yvelaferi aRvadgine, mis kaligrafias ra damaviwyebda?!“ (interviu Cawerilia 2006 wlis 9
Tebervals, inaxeba saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centris arqivSi).
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxlSi muSaobda folklorisa da TviTmoqmed kompozitorTa
seqciebi. folkloris seqcia mecnierul safuZvels uqmnida dawesebulebis saqmianobas.
cnobilia, 1938 wels gamocemuli ivane javaxiSvilis „qarTuli musikis istoriis
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi“, romelic samagido wignia qarTuli musikis istoriisa da musikaluri
folkloris mkvlevarisaTvis, „dawerilia saqarTvelos s.s.r. saxkomsabWosTan arsebul
xelovnebis saqmeTa sammarTvelos xalxuri Semoqmedebis kabinetis TaosnobiT“, rogorc es
weria wignis Tavfurcelze (javaxiSvili 1938).
amJamad, saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centris arqivSi daculia musikaluri
folklorisa da zepirsityvierebis masalebi, romelic Sekrebilia qarTuli kulturisa da
mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferos moRvaweebis mier.
imis miuxedavad, rom sabWoTa xelisufleba mudmivad cenzuras axorcielebda xalxur
Semoqmedebaze da Tavisi interesebis sasargeblod gamoyeneba surda, qarTuli kulturisa da
mecnierebis moRvaweebi sabWoTa mTavrobis davalebebis paralelurad erovnuli mniSvnelobis
saqmes emsaxurebodnen da faqtiurad, agrZelebdnen erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
tradicias.
folkloristebisa da eTnologebisTvis saxelmwifo ar aris mTavari sakvlevi Tema,
magram is yovelTvis garkveulwilad figurirebs folklorTan mimarTebaSi. dRes
mecnierebaSi sadao aRar aris, rom folklorisadmi interesi swored saxelmwifodan
momdinareobda (bauzingeri 1992: 73).
folkloristikis mecnieruli orientaciis dasawyisSi, folklors xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi imisTvis iyenebdnen, rom efeqturad ganexorcielebinaT Tavisi ideebi da
politika, rogorc amas akeTebda caristuli reJimi.
me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi folklori erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
samsaxurSi Cadga.
me-20 saukuneSi sabWoTa ideologiam folklori Tavis mxardamWerad gadaaqcia.
miuxedavad politikuri manipulaciebisa, folklori Tavisi bunebiT sruliad
apolitikuri fenomenia, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda dagvaviwydes misi kvlevisas. is, rom
ilia WavWavaZem folkloris mecnierulad Seswavlis aucileblobis sakiTxi dasva, swored
amaze mianiSnebs _ provokaciuli miznebiT folkloris gamoyenebis Tavidan acileba mxolod
misi mecnieruli kvleviT aris SesaZlebeli.
damowmebani:
bauzingeri 1992: Bausinger, Hermann: Change of Paradigms? Comments on the Crisis of Ethnicity. In: Studia Fennica
Folkloristica I. Folklore Processed, in Honour of Lauri Honko on his 60 th Birthday. Helsinki: Suomalaisen
Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1992.
gamezardaSvili 1969: gamezardaSvili, daviT. vaxtang kotetiSvili. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „nakaduli“,
1969.
46

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili, vaxtang. xalxuri poezia. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa mwerali”,
1961.
profanova 1999: Profanová, Zuzana. Historische Genres im Prozess der Mythenbildung in der Slovakei. In: Europaeische
Ethnologie und Folklore im internationalen Kontext. Festschrift fuer Leander Petzoldt zum 65 Geburtstag.
Herausgegeben von Ingo Schneider. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag, 1999.
Stegheri 2005: Stegherr, Marc. „Es ist viel Speise in den Furchen der Armen“. Die Erforschung der Maerchenkultur des
europaeischen Ostens. In: Märchenspiegel. Zeitschrift fuer internationale Märchenforschung und Märchenpflege. Heft
1 (Februar) 2005.
Ciqovani 1960: Ciqovani, mixeil (redaqtori). qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedeba, I. Tbilisi:
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1960.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe, ilia. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. tomi IV. publicisturi werilebi.
Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1987.
xuWua 1980: xuWua, pavle. dimitri arayiSvili. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „xelovneba“, 1980.
jagodniSvili 2004: jagodniSvili, Temur. qarTuli folkloristikis istoria, I. Tbilisi: „Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba“, 2004.
javaxiSvili 1938: javaxiSvili, ivane. qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba „federacia“, 1938.
47

ilia WavWavaZis poetur TemaTa vaJa fSavelaseuli
reminiscencia
Teimuraz qurdovaniZe
ilias mkvlelobas vaJa fSavela ramdenjerme gamoexmaura. pirveli emociurad
datvirTuli werili `ver mohkles!~ (gaz. `isari~, 1907, 195) dawerilia mRelvarebis
mdgomareobaSi da, marTalia, vaJas tkivilisa da ZmaTa danaSaulis miutevleblobis gancda
asazr-doebs, xazgasmulad igrZnoba, rom qarTvel xalxs elaparakeba didi ilias Rvawlis
WeSmariti Semfasebeli da Tavad saqarTvelos bedze dafiqrebuli Svili. werili kiTxviTi
winadadebebiT gawyobili xma-maRali fiqrebia. poeti antiTezisis mxatvruli xerxis
gamoyenebiT mRelvared warmoaCens uRirs qarTvelTa qmedebis Semzaraobas. vaJasTvis ilias
mkvleloba scildeba fizikuri mkvlelobis sta-tuss, igi ideis mkvlelobis cdadaa
moazrebuli. poeti Tvlis, rom iliaze xelis amwevebs Tavad saqarTvelos mkvlelobis
survilic amoZravebT da swored amaSi xedavs poeti gangaSis mizezs.
am werilSi Zalian mniSvnelovani is aris, rom poeti cdilobs swor gzaze daayenos
sazogadoeba, damoZRvros igi. erTi mxriv, vaJa gaxazavs ilias moRvaweobis mniSvnelobas
qarTveli erisTvis, ganamtkicebs Tvalsazriss, rom iliam mamulis winaSe srulad da
umwikvlod moixada vali. meore mxriv, vaJa darwmu-nebulia, rom ilia isev saqarTvelosa da
qarTvelebze fiqriT mama-papaTa winaSe damalavs Tavisi samarcxvino Zmebis `sasiqadulo
ZRvens~ _ tyviebsac da wylulebsac _ raTa winaprebs Cvenze cudi ar aTqmevinos da arc
afiqrebinos, ar gaajavros Cvens saqcielze. im mZime Jams zemoxsenebuli konteqstebis Seqmnas
vaJa fSavela, Cans, sagangebo mniSvnelobas aniWebda.
sainteresoa kidev erTi aspeqti: ilias mkvlelobis pirvelive dReebSi vaJa uars ambobs,
Suri iZion mkvlelebze. poetis motivaciis Tanaxmad, mkvlelebi pirutyvebi arian, romlebsac
adamianebiviT ver dasji. am mxatvruli Sedarebis paralelurad vaJas fiqris warmmar-Tvelia
qristianuli Sendobis logika: `sisxli sisxlisTvis? codva mivumatoT codvas? sircxvils _
sircxvili?~ _ kiTxulobs poeti da askvnis, rom maTi dasja `Cvenive sircxvilia, Cvenis
adamianobis damcirebaa~.
dakrZalvis dRes warmoTqmul sityvaSi (`sityva ilia WavWavaZis cxedarze~, `isari~, 1907,
198) poeti axasiaTebs ilias, rogorc mwe-rlisa da sazogadoebis winamZRolis, Rvawls: `mTeli
50 weli, -wers vaJa,- gansvenebulma saqarTvelos bedi kalTiT atara, iyo misi daraji; rogorc
deda erTaderT Cvils Svilsa, ise... dahkankalebda, an ar Semicivdes, ar momiSivdeso. moseuls
mters, vinc saqarTvelos isrebs esroda, igi pirveli agebebda Tavis mkerds, Semoqneuls xmals
pirveli ufarebda farsa~.
ilias mkvlelebs vaJa fSavela saqarTvelos mkvlelebis, enis, erovnebisa da teritoriis
uarmyoflebis kvalifikacias aZlevs, upirispirebs maT ilias anderZis mimdevrebs, riTac
niadags amzadebs momavalSic ilias saqmisadmi erTgulebis ficis warmosaTqmelad.
mesame, avtografis saxiT SemorCenili werili `yvav-yornebi ilias aCrdilis garSemo~
(Txz. t. IX, 1964, gv. 274), Tavisi SinaarsiT, wamoWrili sakiTxebis xasiaTiTa da SefasebiT, gvian,
1908-1909 wlebSia dawerili. masSi ilias mkvlelobisa da saqarTvelos bedisadmi vaJas
mimarTeba ucvlelia.
da bolos, leqss `ilia WavWavaZis saxsovrad~, romelic poetis mkvlelobisadmia
miZRvnili, vaJa fSavela agebs saqarTvelos mTaSi didi tradiciebis mqone `xmiT tirilis~,
kerZod, `daTvliT~ tiri-lis kompoziciuri kanonis gaTvaliswinebiT. sazogadod, tradiciuli
`daTvliT~ tirilis esTetika motirals avaldebulebs `kai ymis~ yvelasaTvis cnobili
`sagmiro saqmeebis~ gaxseneba-CamoTvlas, anu daTvlas. es gardacvlilis sicocxleSi
namoRvawaris Sexsenebis garda, miznad isaxavda vaJkacis saxelis ukvdavyofaze zrunvas.
vaJa ilias `sagmiro saqmed~ saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebze zrunvas miiCnevs da ixsenebs
poetis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ZiriTad Temebs. raki iliasa da vaJasdroindeli saqarTvelos
umTavresi satkivari erovnuli da socialuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxebi iyo, amitom vaJa ilias
naazrevidan mkiTxvelis yuradRebas aCerebs im problemebze, romlebsac mgosani mTeli
SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba utrialebda da sxvadsxva kuTxiT warmosaxavda.
leqsSi am Temebze saubris dawyebamde vaJa saerTo glovis suraTs xatavs. avtori axlo
warsulis istorias mimarTavs da ambobs, rom ilias naTel saxes daukocnian aragvis saxelovani
gmirebi, Tanamedroveobas ki Svilze mgloviareebad damsxdari alaznis napirebiT warmoadgens.
amis Semdeg vaJa ukve awinaurebs socialur Temas. poeti qmnis konteqsts, romlis Tanaxmad,
ilia usamarTlod CagrulTa qomagadaa gamoyvanili. amitom warmoidgens poeti, rom ilias
dastirian poema `ramdenime suraTi...~-s gmiri kako yaCaRi da mis bedSi myofi glexkacebi.
ilias mkvlelobam ufro gaamZafra Zveli problemebi. vaJa wuxs, rom ilias Zalisxmeva
moakldeba tkivilian erovnul sakiTxs, konkretulad, Tavisuflebis mopovebis imeds. vaJa
ixsenebs ilias mier gacocxlebul xalxur legendas eris cremliT warmoqmnili bazaleTis
tbis Ziras Cadgmuli oqros akvnis Sesaxeb. vaJa Tavis wuxilian saubars oqros akvanze
48

kiTxvebiT aSinaarsebs, rogorc es xalxuri xmiT natiralisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. poetis
leqsi stiluradac amitom waagavs natirals:
vai, rom rCeba akvani
bazaleTis tbis Zirasa,
da didxans kiTxvadve gvrCeba:
vin amoiRebs imasa?
an im balRs vin upatronebs,
ususurs, mtirals bedisa,
akvanSi rom wevs sawyali
da ZuZu swyuris dedisa?
an im cremlis tbas diadsa,
erisgan danadinarsa,
vin dahSrets, vin amoiyvans
im ususursa, mtiralsa?!
vaJas, rogorc sasowarkveTil motirals, pasuxi ar aqvs dasmul kiTxvaze _ am realobaSi
misTvis momavlis suraTi ar ixateba.
ilias gzidan CamoSorebiT,- ambobs vaJa leqsSi, - kidev ufro damZimdeba cocxlad
darCenil qarTvelTa yofa, radgan Cvens qveyanas mtrebi axvevian gars da Cven ki, rogorc
gvCvevia, mtris wisqvilze vasxamT wyals:
gaRma gasvlisa msurvelTa
ukuRma migvyavs borani.
mTavari ki is aris, rom saqarTveloSi
gagvibatonda siregvne Seuwonari.
vaJa fSavelas mier saukunis win dawerili es leqsi mxolod warsuli istoriis farglebSi
Znelad eteva. didi klasikosis gancda dRevandelobaSic xvdeba mkiTxvelis guls.
ilias vaJaseuli datireba, rogorc naxeT, xalxuri xmiT natirlebis msgavsad, mZafri
emociiTaa datvirTuli.
49

ilia WavWavaZe da samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebi
giorgi maisuraZe
1860-iani wlebidan saqarTvelos istoriaSi mniSvnelovani xana daiwyo _ erovnulganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobas saTaveSi Caudga TergdaleulTa Taoba didi qarTveli
mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis _ ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1870-iani wlebidan es
moZraoba gaaqtiurda da mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT daiwyo gavrceleba.mas
TanamgrZnoblebi da mimdevrebi uCndebodnen da umravldebodnen qveynis provinciebSi. maTTan
mWidro kavSirs, TanamSromlobasa da maTTvis daxmarebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
aRniSnuli moZraobis liderebi, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZec. isini did yuradRebas aqcevdnen
saqarTvelos im regionebs, sadac gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qarTveli mosaxleobis mdgomareoba
da sadac metad ganicdida is erovnul Cagvrasa da gadagvarebas.
am mxriv gamorCeul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda samcxe-javaxeTi, romlis dedasamSoblosTan
dabrunebiT ar damTavrebula mxaris mkvidri mosaxleobis erovnuli Cagvra-
Seviwroeba. iliasa da sxva didi qarTveli moRvaweebis yuradReba am problemamac miipyro,
romlis gadawyvetisa da, saerTod, maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis isini Zalisxmevas ar
iSurebdnen. amisaTvis myardeboda da xSirdeboda urTierToba da TanamSromlobamaTsa da
adgilobriv inteligencias Soris. ilia WavWavaZesa da samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebs Soris
urTierTobas Tavis naSromebSi Seexnen mkvlevarebi: i. maisuraZe 1 , S. lomsaZe 2 , d. koJoriZe 3 , e.
bubulaSvili 4 , n. yruaSvili 5 da sxv. Tumca am sakiTxisaTvis yuradRebis sagangebod daTmoba
mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia rogorc misi istoriuli mniSvnelobis, aseve sakiTxis ufro
Tanmimdevrulad gaSuqebis saWiroebis gamoc.
samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveli mosaxleoba XIX saukunis II naxevarSic saWiroebda mowinave
qarTveli sazogadoebis mxriv mxardaWerasa da daxmarebas mraval sferoSi, rameTu
saqarTvelos sxva mxareebTan SedarebiT aq bevrad uaresi iyo mkvidrTa yofa: kvlav mZime iyo
mxareSi osmalTa batonobis Sedegebi, kvlav grZeldeboda maTi mravalmxriv SeWirvebuli
mdgomareoba; ruseTis mTavrobis mxriv ki isev sagrZnobi iyo gulgrili damokidebuleba maT
mimarT.
mxaris qarTveli mosaxleobis amgvari mdgomareoba ki gamoiwvia an xeli Seuwyo aseve
1828-1829 wlebis Semdeg samcxe-javaxeTSi ganviTarebulma procesebma. rogorc cnobilia,
saqarTvelos am ZirZveli mxaris deda-samSoblosTan dabrunebis sixaruli gaafermkrTala
adgilobrivi qarTvelebisaTvis omianobis Sedegad Tavs damtydarma ubedurebam da carizmis
imperiulma politikam. omma aaoxra da Zalze Seamcira mkvidri mosaxleoba. amasTan erTad
mefis ruseTma xeli Seuwyo mkvidrTa ayrasa da gadasaxlebas osmaleTis imperiaSi, maT
sanacvlod ki Semoasaxla didi raodenobiT kolonistebi (osmaleTidan somxebi, mcired _
berZnebi, ruseTidan ki rusi duxoborebi da a. S.). amiT mxareSi mkvidri qarTuli elementi
Zalze Semcirda. amas garda, kolonistebze sagangebod zrunvis fonze is aSkarad yuradRebas
ar aqcevda mZime mdgomareobaSi myof qarTvelebs, maTi gaqristianebisa da danarCen
qarTvelebTan kvlav daaxloebis survilsa da mcdelobebsac.
mxareSi amgvarad ganviTarebul movlenebs emateboda qarTveli mosaxleobis winaSe
mdgari sxva sirTuleebic: adgilobrivi qarTvelebis 3 religiur jgufad dayofa
(mahmadianebad, kaTolikeebad da mcirericxovan marTlmadideblebad). mahmadiani da kaTolike
qarTvelebis sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba, aseve ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiuli politika
qmnida maTi erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxes, romelic sagrZnoblad izrdeboda XIX saukunis II
naxevarSi; qarTveli mosaxleobis kulturuli CamorCena grZeldeboda XIX saukunis Sua
xanebSic, radgan mTavroba naklebad zrunavda maTTvis da, saerTod, mxareSi kulturulsaganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebis dasaarseblad an arsebulis gasaumjobeseblad; socialurekonomiur
sferoSic grZeldeboda mkvidri mosaxleobis gaWirveba, radgan mxaris ekonomiuri
mdgomareoba neli tempiT umjobesdeboda; xolo qarTveli mahmadiani begebis Tavadaznaurul
wodebaSi aRiarebis nacvlad regionSi didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen osmaleTidan
gadmosaxlebuli vaWar-mevaxSeebi da rusi moxeleebi, qarTvel mosaxleobas ki ar hyavda
warCinebuli wodeba mxareSi...
am faqtorebis Sedegad XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveli mosaxleobis
mZime mdgomareobis miuxedavad, XIX saukunis II naxevridan qarTvel sazogadoebas gamouCnda
garkveuli SesaZleblobebi mkvidri mosaxleobis amgvari viTarebis gasaumjobeseblad, maTSi
1 samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumi, ilia maisuraZis fondi, 360, gv. 46-49.
2 SoTa lomsaZe, mixeil TamaraSvili da qarTveli kaTolikeni, Tb., 1984.
3 d. koJoriZe, ganaTleba da kultura samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb., 1986.
4 eldar bubulaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2003, gv. 24-25, 55-59;
5 Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis axalcixis fileali, Sromebis krebuli, 1, 1998, nato yruaSvili,
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saqmianoba samcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 166-171.
50

erovnuli cnobierebis asamaRleblad. yovelive es sazogadoebis did Zalsxmevas, farTo da
nayofier moRvaweobas moiTxovda.
marTlac, 1870-iani wlebidan samcxe-javaxeTSi aSkarad SeimCneoda sxvadasxva saxis
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gamococxleba da
gaaqtiureba. mxareSi imravla inteligenciis ricxvma. maTSi mtkicdeboda erovnuli
cnobiereba; mravali maTgani Tergdaleulebis ideebis momxreni da mimdevrebi xdeboda. isini
ufro da ufro energiulad da nayofierad iwyebdnen moRvaweobas sxvadasxva sferoSi: xsnidnen
sazogado Tu saeklesio saswavlo dawesebulebebs da zrunavdnen arsebuli saswavleblebis
muSaobis gasaumjobeseblad, udides yuradRebas aqcevdnen maTSi mSobliur enaze swavlebas an
qarTuli enis Seswavlas (mag., axalcixeSi qalTa ufaso skolis gaxsna ana RoRoberiZemusxeliSvilisas
iniciativiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT, sazogadoebis mier ki misi Senaxva,
kaTolike mRvdlebis (i. gvaramaZe, s. aslaniSvili,...) mier da moRvaweebis (mag., al. mefisaSvili)
daxmarebiT mxareSi samrevlo skolebis gaxsna); mxareSi moRvawe da aqedan sxvagan wasuli
kaTolike mwignobrebis mier saswavlo-sasuliero literaturis gamocema konstantinepolsa
da monTobanSi, 1880-iani wlebidan qarTuli wignebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis gavrceleba
mxareSi, 1890-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan saxalxo biblioTekebis gaxsna; qarTuli Teatraluri
warmodgenebis gamarTva 1870-iani wlebidan, rasac 1900-ian wlebis Sua xanebSi mohyva qarTuli
Teatraluri dasis Camoyalibeba; adgilobrivi inteligentebi dainteresebulni iyvnen
kulturiT da TviTonac cdilobdnen literaturasa da kulturis zogierT dargSi muSaobas;
adgilobrivi moRvaweebi TergdaleulTa organoSi, gazeT `droebaSi~, Semdeg ki `iveriaSi~
iwyebdnen xangrZlivad TanamSromlobas da publicistur saqmianobas (gansakuTrebiT i.
gvaramaZe, i. alxaziSvili), sadac ayenebdnen mosaxleobis ganaTlebis, maT mier sakuTari
kulturisa da istoriis gacnobis, kulturis ganviTarebisa da mecnierebis safuZvlis Cayris
saWiroebas, xalxis socialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis aucileblobas, maTSi
erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebis sakiTxs da a. S. am amocanebis gadawyvetisaTvis aRniSnulma
moRvaweebma seriozuli wvlili Seitanes. Tavis nayofier saqmianobasTan erTad adgilobrivi
qarTveli inteligentebi xmas imaRlebdnen da iwyebdnen zrunvas erovnuli problemebis
gadasaWrelad, rodesac mTavroba an romelime mxare aZlierebda adgilobriv qarTvelTa
erovnul Seviwroebasa da Cagvras (mag., `marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgeneli
sazogadoebis~ Tu ganaTlebis saministros daqvemdebarebul skolebsa da saswavleblebSi,
ebrZodnen qarTul enas qarTvel kaTolikeTa eklesiebSi, zRudavdnen qarTveli mrevlisaTvis
mSobliur enaze RvTismsaxurebas marTlmadidebel eklesiebSi da a. S.). droTa ganmavlobaSi es
pirovnebebi (saukunis dasasrulisaTvis maTi ricxvi sagrZnoblad izrdeboda) yalibdebodnen
adgilobriv erovnul moRvaweebad da sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi organizebulad moqmed
inteligenciad.
samcxe-javaxeTSi moqmedi mravali qarTveli moRvawisTvisac ilia WavWavaZe
avtoritetuli da didi pirovneba iyo, romlis ideebsa da mimarTulebebs Tavidanve did pativs
scemdnen da misi mimdevrebi xdebodnen. xolo zogierT maTgansa da eris mamas Soris piradi
kavSirebic myardeboda, hqondaT masTan mimowera da Sexvedrebic.
iliasTan rogorc Tanamoazreoba, aseve masTan pirovnuli kavSiris damyarebis survili
XIX saukunis II naxevaris samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebs Soris adreve gaaCnda ivane gvaramaZes.
rogorc i. gvaramaZis mier ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili biografiuli naSromidan irkveva 1 ,
1860-iani wlebis dasawyisSi TbilisSi ivanes iliasTan garkveuli urTierToba hqonia. aq
gvaramaZe xalisiT monawileobda sazogadoebriv SekrebebSi, sadac ukve gamorCeviT Canda
axalgazrda ilia. ivanec did pativs scemda mas da moswonda misi Semoqmedeba. xolo ilias
STagonebiT ivane gvaramaZes samijnuro leqsic dauweria. amis Sesaxeb Tavad ivane ase ixsenebs:
`sityva rom movidoda Cvens SeyrilobaSi me yovelTvis vaqebdi xolme (ilias _ g. m.), erTxel
miTxra Ciqoanman agre, rom mogwons aba erTi Seaqe vinme misi mosiyvarule ymawvil qalisagan,
vnaxoT marTalia Tqveni misi qeba guliT aris Tu piradiao. mec davswere ori-sami muxli mis
gulisad ase, rogorc Tu mis mosiyvarules enaxos erTxel da ar dascalebodes Tavis
siyvarulis gamocxadeba misTvis am rigad:
ax! rad damagde lamazis saxe badris wamwamo.
giSris qoCor ulvaSTa saros zrdilo tano lerwamo
tyve vqmnil var Senis survilis, ra meTqmis an ra viwamo?
momxede wyalobis TvaliTa, satrfovo gulis sawamo!
mfrinvelad gaxdi an jeiranad, gamomiqrole midamod,
dRe Ram guli maqvs darajad, sul warsuli vkrTo mis gamod
Suqi Seni TvalTa wina, jerac midgia saamod
TvalT mibneldeba, naTeli, uSenod miTqvams midamod.
vera vZleb Wiris daTmobas, neta ra meqmen es are,
1 g. leoniZis sax. literaturuli muzeumi, 10589-x, ivane gvaramaZe, ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe;
51

SavTvalT wamwamebT isrebiTa guli glax mwve mwve ganmibasre,
kvlav ficxelis surviliTa Semipyar miT ganmibasre,
aw momxede Sensa mzesa mis droiT cremlni SemaSre.
kidev maCvene eg saxe Cemis gonebis mimRebi,
axlos Tu ar mainc SoriT, Svebi kari ganmeRebi,
ar vin minda Senis meti, ras damxarian vicRebi,
merme Tumc movkvde mzaTa var, SengniT mkvdari warviRebi!~ 1
gvaramaZisve sityvebiT, `Zlier kargaT SeiZleba Tqmul iyos misi mosiyvarulisagan, am
leqsis mimdgomi sityvebi mis dros Cven es xumrobiT CavagdeT. Ciqovanman sTqva: sCans
axalcixes SoTa rusTavelis leqsebis kilo kidev yofila darCenilio. vaxtang tulaSvilma ar
daiwuna!~ 2
rogorc irkveva, Tavidanve ivane gvaramaZes keTilganwyoba hqonda axalgazrda ilias
mimarT. mas Tavisi adreuli leqsebi Sesafaseblad miutania iliasTan. TviTon ase gadmogvcems
amis Sesaxeb: `es mikvirda didaT, raT Semiyvarda isre ymawvili kaci ilia. ar vicnobdi arc
mWiroda da arca rame inTeresi mqonda me imasTan. umfros-umcrosoba Tu vTqvaT, pir iqiT me. 6.
wliT umfrosi viyavi xniTa mas zeda... im xanebSi vswerdi raRac ubralo Txzulebas kavkasiis
mTebis gmirebzeda, romelTagani erTic iyo, `ra aris kavkazis mTebo, ra ferxuli Cagibian.~
merme droebaSi daibeWda. yvelani rom aqebdnen mis swavla maRal azrovnebasa, sacdelad Cemis
avkargian jRabnis gasagebad, avdegi da me Cemis xeliT wavuRe ilias gadasaTvaliereblad is
Cemi rveuli. vTqvi vnaxoT ra SeniSvnas miscems meTqi. masTan ufro misi gacnoba mindoda. maSin
oberianebis ubanSi iyo stumrad Tavis siZesTan, samwuxarod ar damxvda saxlSi. miveci msaxurs
is rveuli da vTxove mierTmia iliasaTvis gardasaTvaliereblad. erTi kviris Semdgom ukanve
damibruna me is rveuli. vnaxe rom arsad ar Sexeboda Cems nawerebs. Tqma iyo ar moswoneboda
arc azri da arc axalcixuli Zveli ena. rac davrCi TbilisSi 61-62 wels Cems sasuliero
wodebis saqmezed, sxva da sxva mizezebis gamo sul ver SeviZel ilias naxva~. 3 amis Semdeg ivane
sxvadasxva adgilebSi eweoda sasuliero-pedagogiur moRvaweobas.
did qarTvel moRvaweebsa da samcxe-javaxeTis inteligencias Soris urTierToba
myardeboda 1880-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, rac kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba
iSleboda mTels saqarTveloSi. misTvis daxmarebisa da koordinaciis gawevas cdilobdnen
saqarTvelos centrSi moRvawe erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi. 1881 wels
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ cdilobda samcxe-javaxeTSi
Tavisi skolebis gaxsnas. 1881 wlis 9 oqtombers ivane gvaramaZem SeTavazeba miiRo mis mier
xizabavraSi gaxsnili samrevlo skolis amave `sazogadoebis~ daqvemdebarebaSi gadasvlis
Sesaxeb 4 . oficialur werils xels awerda aRniSnuli sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris amxanagi ilia
WavWavaZe. `sazogadoeba~ skolis mfarvelobasa da misTvis daxmarebas gawevis valdebulebas
kisrulobda. ivanesac surda, Tavisi skola `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebas~ daqvemdebareboda. magram es gegma ar ganxorcielda am sofelSi ganaTlebis
saministros daqvemdebarebuli skolis gaxsnis gamo. amis Sesaxeb ivane gvaramaZem 1881 wlis 23
oqtombers acnoba aRniSnul `sazogadoebas~ weriliT. imave werilze `sazogadoebis~
rezoluciaSi aRiniSna, rom xizabavris skolas daepatrona saxalxo skolebis direqciao 5 .
1880-ian wlebis damdegs dawyebuli urTierToba TbilisSi myof moRvaweebsa da samcxejavaxeTis
inteligentebs Soris ramdenime wliT Seferxda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebaSi~ Seqmnili mZime viTarebis gamo, aseve, mxaris qarTveli
inteligenciis mxriv kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi SesamCnevi pasiurobis gamo.
Tumca calkeuli kavSirebi mainc myardeboda xolme maT Soris. 1889 wlis 21 ivliss
axalqalaqSi moRvawe provizorma ilia alxaziSvilma TxovniT mimarTa ilia WavWavaZes 6 , rom
daxmareboda da misi samedicino sferoSi dawerili wignis ganxilvis sakiTxi droulad
gadawyvetiliyo, radgan is moskovis universitetSi saswavlad unda gamgzavrebuliyo male.
werilSi i. alxaziSvilma ilias samSoblos bedis gamZRoli uwoda da iqve aRiara misi da misi
mimarTulebis erTguleba: `momiteveT Cemo lmobiero xelmwifev ro ase gikadnierdebiT da
bevrs gawuxebT, magram ravqnaT Tqvens mets vis mivmarToT? naxa gitvirTiaT Cveni sayvareli
samSoblos bedis gaZRola Semwuxebelic bevri geyolebad...~ igi bolos ki ucxadebda i.
WavWavaZes: `davSTebi Tqveni da Tqveni mimarTulebis guliTadi pativismcemeli il.
alxaziSvili~. CvenTvis, samwuxarod ucnobia, ramdenad daexmara ilia i. alxaziSvils
aRniSnuli naSromis profesiul doneze ganxilvaSi, magram, Cans, mas am saqmisaTvis
oficialuri msvleloba miucia _ werils aqvs dasmuli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ beWedi. xolo ilia alxaziSvili Tavisi mravalmxrivi
1 g. leoniZis sax. literaturuli muzeumi, 10589-x, ivane gvaramaZe, ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe, gv. 28.
2 iqve, gv. 28-29.
3 iqve, gv. 33-34.
4 samcxe javaxeTis muzeumi, xelnawerTa fondi 3977.
5 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 481, aRw. I, saq. 10, f. 31.
6 ak. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa insituti, ilia WavWavaZis fondi 443.
52

energiuli moRvaweobiT amtkicebda Tavis erTgulebas ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT
warmarTuli moZraobisadmi. igi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
saqmianobaSi (samcxe-javaxeTSi moRvaweobisas gansakuTrebiT didi kvali daamCnia man
ganaTlebis saqmes), publicistikaSi, farmacevtul sferoSi, aseve, mogvianebiT ekonomikur
saqmianobaSic... is mwuxarebas gamoTqvamda Tanamedrove saqarTvelos (mometebulad samcxejavaxeTis)
dacemis gamo da qarTvel xalxs mouwodebda aqtiuri Sromisken, ganaTlebisken,
kulturis Zeglebis, sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvisken da a. S 1 . amis praqtikul
magaliTs ki TviTonac iZleoda.
ilia WavWavaZisa da mis did TanamoRvaweTa ideebi 1880-1890-ian wlebSi warmatebiT
vrceldeboda samcxe-javaxeTis inteligenciaSi, Tumca cnobebi iliasa da adgilobriv
moRvaweebs Soris piradi kavSirebis Sesaxeb iSviaTad Segvxvda imdroindel dokumentebSi,
aseve, specialur samecniero literaturaSi. amgvari urTierTobidan gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia ivane gvaramaZis urTierToba ilia WavWavaZesTan 1890-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi.
ilia, rogorc Cans, icnobda ivanes, rogorc patriot moRvawes, mis SemoqmedebiT da
pedagogiur saqmianobas, rogorc `iveriis~ publicists, sadac i. gvaramaZe xSirad aqveynebda
Tavis statiebsa da werilebs. rogorc i. gvaramaZe gadmogvcems, 1895 wels is piradad
Sexvedria ilias, miulocavs misTvis mis mowinaaRmdege dasze gamarjveba da Tavisi
gulistkivili gauziarebia qarTuli enis Seviwroebis gamo. iliam ki daamSvida ivane gvaramaZe.
ivanes xelawerSi vkiTxulobT: `1895 w. rogorme SeviZel naxva iliasi daRamebisa, miuloce
gamarjveba Tavis mowinaaRmdege mwerlebzed, gulian gadamkocna, iyvnen masTan orni Cemi
ucnobni pirni, hqondaT sja mwerlebzeda, samduravi vTqvi qarTuli enis Sesaxeb, rom
swunobdnen zogi erTni da ucxo enebs etrfian. gamierTa guli da manugeSa, qarTulsac
eSveleba amas iqiT Caigonebeno~ 2 .
ilias TanagrZnobiT gamxnevebulma ivane gvaramaZem 1896 wlis 20 marts Sehbeda mas
werili, rogorc `iveriis~ redaqtors 3 . aq man Sewuxeba gamoTqva imaze, rom ar daibeWda gazeTSi
axalcixis qarTul biblioTekaSi wakiTxuli samgloviaro sityva gabriel episkoposis Sesaxeb.
amasTanave aqve man mwuxarebiT aRniSna samcxe-javaxeTSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareoba, wamyvani
erovnuli moRvawis aryola; aseve man ilias auwya Tavisi didi survili aqauri qarTvelebis
erovnuli gamofxizlebisa da sinanulic gamoxata, rom ar gaaCnda saamisod nayofieri
moRvaweobis saSualeba. `dRemdis velodi mis dabeWdas (gabriel episkoposis Sesaxeb
warmoTqmuli samgloviaro sityvis _ g. m.) da ar daibeWda, miT rom Cvensken sxva ara vin aris
sazogado saqarTvelos Wir-lxinis gulSematkivari, rom mudam Tanaziar iyos yovels
SemTxvevaSi momaval Tavobis samagaliTod. me xom moxucebul var da vera mirgia ra
samSoblosaTvis da axla raRas vargeb? TiTo orola Tu krints vhsZram, imasac imisTvis, rom
egeb gaiRviZon Cveni mxaris Rrmad miZinebulTa da Tavs uSvelon rame, keTili mwyemsi hsWiriaT
da sad aris?
mander saqarTvelos yovel mxriTgan wardgnen arCeulni pirni TavianT sazogadoebisagan
da axalcixiTgan da javaxeTidgan ara vin gaCnda pativ sacemlad. didi xania me es mawuxebs da
mklavs saSinlad guls, rom samesxeTo ase didad dacemulia da xelis mxlebeli da
aRmadginebeli ki ara vin ara hyavT. gana dasaviwyia gansvenebuli gabriel episkoposisTana kaci
visganme, merme Cveneburis qristianebisgan, rom ramdeni Rvawli miuZRvian win dResac misgan
dawyobili!~
marTalia, ilias XIX saukunis bolos xSiri urTierToba ar hqonda samcxe-javaxeTis
qarTvel moRvaweebTan, magram igi erkveoda mxareSi mimdinare movlenebSi, mkvidri
qarTvelobis mZime mdgomareobaSi da mcdelobas ar aklebda aqauri qarTvelobis ganaTlebis,
maTSi erovnuli interesebis dacvisa da maTSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis saqmes. misi
xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~
aqtiurad moRvaweobda mosaxleobaSi qarTuli wignebis gasavrceleblad 4 , saxalxo
biblioTekebis Sesaqmnelad samcxe-javaxeTSic. `sazogadoebam~ 1895 da 1897 wlebSi gaxsna
saxalxo biblioTeka axalcixesa da udeSi adgilobrivi inteligenciis TanamonawileobiT, 1903
wels ki xizabavraSic cdilobda igives 5 . `sazogadoeba~ da adgilobrivi moRvaweebi Zal-Rones
ar iSurebdnen maTi nayofieri saqmianobisaTvis.
adgilobrivi inteligenciac kargad icnobda ilias Semoqmedeba-moRvaweobas da Tavis
mxriv popularizebas uwevdnen mas. axalcixis biblioTekaSi TvalsaCino adgilze iyo
gamokruli ilias foto 6 , biblioTekaze mzrunvelni ki xels uwyobdnen ilias wignebis xalxSi
1 gaz. `iveria~, 1893, 227, 230, 233; 1894, 259, 260 265, 266; 1897, 46; ilia alxaziSvili, buneba da cxovreba (mgzavris
dRiuridan), Tb., 1897; ilia alxaziSvili, javaxuri legendebi, Tb., 1978.
2 g. leoniZis sax. literaturuli muzeumi, 10589-x, ivane gvaramaZe, ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe, gv. 35.
3 baTumis saxelmwifo universiteti (saqarTvelos istoriis kaTedra), saistorio macne, 8, 2000, baTumi, giorgi
maisuraZe, ivane gvaramaZis werili iliasadmi, gv. 75-78; ak. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa insituti, ilia WavWavaZis
fondi 479.
4 gaz. `droeba~, 1882, 87; sscsa, f. 481, aRw. 2, saq. 64; sscsa, f. 481, aRw. 1, saq. 537, f. 15-17.
5 sscsa, f. 481, aRw. 1, saq. 4491; iveria, 1904, 210.
6 iveria, 1901, 47.
53

gavrcelebas. xalxSic izrdeboda interesi ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis mimarT, did
moTxovnileba iyo mis wignebze 1 .
ilia WavWavaZe ar darCenila gulgrili samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveli kaTolikeebis
patriotuli moZraobis mimarTac. es gamoiwvia mefis ruseTis politikam, somxebad
gamoecxadebinaT mxaris qarTveli kaTolikeebi (somxur-kaTolikur tipikonze myofni) da
maTTvis qarTul enaze aekrZalaT RvTismsaxurebis Catareba da sasuliero saswavleblebSi
swavleba, sanacvlod ki somxuri enis SemoeRoT. amas win aRudgnen mesxi kaTolike moRvaweebi
(p. xarisWiraSvili, i. gvaramaZe, m. TamaraSvili da sxv.), daiwyes mrevlTan qadageba maT
qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da presiT Tu sityvierad yvelasTan amis mtkiceba. amaze
polemika gaiSala qarTul-rusul-somxur gazeTebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ilia WavWavaZis
redaqtorobiT gamomavali gazeTi `iveria~ am Temaze qarTveli (ZiriTadad mesxi) moRvaweebis
statiebs did adgils uTmobda da saredaqcio werilebiTac mxars uWerda maT. xolo rodesac
somxuri tipikonis mqone qarTveli kaTolikeebis laTinur tipikonze gadasvlis imedi
gamoCnda (es daicavda maT erovnuli gadagvarebisagan) tiraspolis kaTolike episkopos
eduard ropis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisas, mas xvdebodnen kaTolike da, aseve,
marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebi da am saqmeSi daxmarebas sTxovdnen. TbilisSi myofi episkoposi
baroni ropi miiwvia ilia WavWavaZem da mas gadasca Tavisi rusulad Targmnili `qvaTa RaRadi~ 2 .
ilia WavWavaZe sxva mxrivac cdilobda kaTolike qarTvelebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis mxardaWeras. Tavisi gazeTis furclebze is adgils uTmobda maT (i. gvaramaZis, m.
TamaraSvilis) samecniero xasiaTis statiebs, sadac moyvanili iyo istoriuli faqtebi
qarTveli kaTolike mrevlis qarTvelobis dasamtkiceblad da TiTqosda maTi somxuri
warmoSobis uarsayofad. xolo ilia apirebda kidec romSi moRvawe mixeil TamaraSvilisaTvis
materialuri daxmarebis gawevas 3 .
mesxi kaTolike moRvaweebic didi pativiscemiT iyvnen ganwyobilni ilias mimarT da
moswondaT misi Semoqmedeba. m. TamaraSvili aRtacebuli iyo misi polemikuri naSromiT `qvaTa
RaRadi~ (aseve i. gvaramaZec) da surda misi piradad gacnoba 4 .
urTierToba ilia WavWavaZesa da samcxe-javaxeTis inteligentebs Soris ufro gaxSirda
mas Semdeg, rac axalcixeSi daiwyo moRvaweoba cnobilma qarTvelma publicistma da
istorikosma aleqsandre fronelma (yifSiZe). is Tavidanve iyo STagonebuli ilias ideebiT da
misi aqtiuri mimdevari iyo 5 . es kargad Canda rogorc mis SemoqmedebaSi (publicistikaSi), ise
mis aqtiur kulturul-saganmamaTleblo moRvaweobaSi (1902 wlidan iyo axalcixis qalTa
ufaso skolis gamgebeli, didad zrunavda axalcixis qarTuli biblioTekis muSaobis
gasaumjobeseblad da xels uwyobda axalcixeSi qarTuli Teatraluri warmodgenebis
gamarTvas) 6 . amasTanave, misma axalcixeSi Casvlam axali biZgi misca adgilobrivi inteligenciis
moRvaweobis gaaqtiurebas. TviT aleqsandre axlos iyo iliasTan, aqtiurad moRvaweobda
`iveriaSi~. axalcixidan is mimoweras ar wyvetda masTan. xolo axalcixeSi gadasvlis win, 1900
wels is estumra i. WavWavaZes, esaubra, gamomSvidobebisas ki SviliviT eambora. igi Tavis Zmas
zaqarias swerda peterburgSi: `SabaTs saRamos iliasTan wavedi aRdgomis misagebeblad Zvelis
Cveulebisamebr, karga xania es bednieri dRe masTan ar gamitarebia, mindoda ukanasknelad
davmtkbariyavi didebuli moxucis cqeriT. marTlac davtkbi, guliT vimxiarule da bolos
gamoTxovebis dros SviliviT veambore. aseTi siamovneba CemTvis dauviwyari iqneba~ 7 .
iliac didad afasebda aleqsandre fronels pirovnulad da mis moRvaweobas. is xom
`iveriis~ aqtiuri TanamSromelic iyo. TviT aleqsandre swerda Tavis Zmas: `levan jandieris
CemTvis gamarTul vaxSamze, iliam sTqa, kviraSi erTxel SevikribnoT xolmeo, Cvens gaWirvebaze
vilaparakoT xolmeo da am saRamoebs saSas saxeli uwodoTo. es ambavi ginda daijere, ginda ara,
namdvili kia...~ 8
aleqsandre mravalmxrivi nayofieri moRvaweoba ufro aqcevinebda yuradRebas mowinave
qarTvel sazogadoebas samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelTa mZime mdgomareobaze. maTTan aleqsandre
Suamdgomlobda xolme mxaris kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisaTvis daxmarebis
gasawevad, rasac dadebiTad exmaurebodnen isini. a. yifSiZem axalcixis qalTa skolis
dasaxmareblad Tbilisis saTavadaznauro banks erTjeradi daxmareba sTxova. amis Sesaxeb is
Tavis Zmas, zaqarias swerda: `wels saqalebo skolisaTvis 300 m. vTxove Tavadaznaurobas.
oratorebma: ilia WavWavaZem, miSo maCabelma... sTqves, rom 10000 m. cotaao. Tu mxolod s (saSa
_ g. m.) Txoulobs _ es amtkicebs `скромность просителя~ ilias sityvebia (500 mogvces) gana es
cotaa? erovnuli grZnoba izrdeba... es didi pliusia...~. 9 1902 wlis Semodgomaze Tbilisis
1 iqve.
2 eldar bubulaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxebi, Tb. 2003, gv. 58.
3 iqve, gv. 57-58.
4 iqve.
5 5 samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumi, ilia maisuraZis fondi, 360, gv. 57.
6 iqve, gv. 50-61.
7 literaturis matiane, wigni 1-2, Tb. 1940, gv. 188.
8 iqve.
9 literaturis matiane, wigni 1-2, Tb. 1940, gv. 188.
54

guberniis saTavadaznauro krebaze dadgenileba miiRes, rom aRniSnuli skolisaTvis 500
maneTi gaegzavnaT 1 .
aleqsandre fronelis msgavsad, ilias q. axalcixis qarTveli sazogadoebac miiCnevda
qarTveli eris winamZRolad da erovnuli interesebis upirveles damcvelad. rodesac
axalcixis wminda marines eklesiaSi qarTuli enis ucodinari berZeni mRvdeli daniSnes, aqaur
qarTvelebisTvis es mZime aRmoCnda, radgan mrevlis umetesi nawili rusulis ucodinarobis
gamo didmarxvaSi uaRsarebod darCa. adgilobrivma sazogadoebam daiwyo Suamdgomloba
saqarTvelos egzarqosTan, rom mas kvlav qarTveli mRvdeli daeniSna aqauri
marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebisaTvis. magram pasuxi igvianebda saegzarqosodan. egzarqoss
1904 wlis 23 marts, vnebis kviraSi kvlav Seaxsenes qarTveli mrevlis mdgomareobis simwvave da
am saqmis droulad gadawyvetis saWiroeba, magram pasuxi ar Canda. maSin adgilobrivma
inteligenciam daiwyo Suamdgomloba am saqmeze mowinave qarTvel sazogadoebasTan. maT jer
mimarTes axalcixis mazris yofil ufross, nikoloz aleqsi-mesxiSvils 2 . misi saSualebiT
aseTive Txovnebi gaugzavnes warCinebul qarTvel TavadiSvilebs da maT Soris ilia
WavWavaZes 3 . 21 aprils ilias miuvida werili axalcixeli mrevlis saxeliT vasil gamrekelis,
iakob orbelianisa da nikoloz asaTianisagan, sadac acnobdnen mas wmida marines eklesiis
mniSvnelobas warsulSi da misi qarTveli mrevlis Tanamedrove problemebs. werilSi
aRniSnuli iyo: osmalTa uRlis dros gamahmadianebas gadarCenili `mcire gundi qarTvelTa
miekedla erTaT erTs ekklesias, sadac yovelive qristianobrivi wesi sruldeboda qarTuls
enaze... am ekklesiis siyvarulma mosca Zala qarTvelTa rom aetanaT yovelive Sewuxeba da
tanjva da ar eRalatebinaT arc sarwmunoebisaTvis da arc samSoblo enisaTvis~. axla aqauri
qarTvelebis mometebulma nawilma rusuli ena ar icis, `Cven vTxoulobT, rom axalcixis wmida
marines ekklesiaSi dainiSnos imisTana samRvdelo piri, romelmanc icodes qarTuli ena da am
enaze SeeZlos saRmrTo wesebis Sesruleba~ 4 . rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi
angariSi gauwies aRiarebuli qarTveli moRvaweebis moTxovnas da imave wlis 30 ivniss
saqarTvelos egzarqosi dekanoz vostorgovTan erTad axalcixeSi Cavida, adgilze gaecno
viTarebas, da cota xanSi wminda marines eklesiaSi dainiSna mRvdeli kandelaki 5 .
ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTveloSi moqmedi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
organizaciebi 1900-ian wlebSic daxmarebas uwevdnen samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelTa Soris
ganaTlebis gavrcelebisa da maTSi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis amaRlebis saqmes
(`gansakuTrebiT qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~).
ilia WavWavaZis tragikuli sikvdili mZimed ganicades samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelma
inteligenciamac. isinic SeuerTdnen mTeli saqarTvelodan wamosul samZimrebs. xolo vasil
gamrekelma ivane gvaramaZes sTxova ilia WavWavaZis biografiis dawera 6 . ivanes maSin xeli ar
miuwvda ilias biografiis Sesaxeb mraval konkretul cnobaze. amis moTxovnis pasuxad v.
gamrekeli swerda i. gvaramaZes, rom i. WavWavaZis `biografia arc me maqvs, da ramdenaTac vici,
aravis vrclaT Sedgenili misi biografia ara aqvsT. mis cxovrebis, ese igi biografiis cnobebi
gakvriT iyo moxsenebuli qarTul mwerlobaSi~. 7 aRniSnuli masalis Sesakrebad ivanes droc
arasakmarisi hqonda. yovelive amis gamo biografiuli naSromi `ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe~ 8
ZiriTadad zogadi da im droisTvisac arasruli gamodga. amis gamo i. gvaramaZem Txzuleba
moixsenia luarsab bocvaZisadmi gasagzavn werilSi, rogorc ilias Soridan mokvleuli
cxovreba mokled 9 , rodesac sTxovda mas Jurnal `ganaTlebaSi~ mis dabeWdvas. avtorma masSi i.
WavWavaZis cxovreba-moRvaweobis suraTebTan erTad gadmosca Tavisi Tbili damokidebuleba
misadmi da misi ideebisadmi Tavisi erTguleba. rogorc biografiis xelnawerSia aRniSnuli,
ivanes Tavisi Txzuleba waukiTxavs 1907 wlis 28 oqtombers axalcixis qalTa skolaSi 10 . 1908
wlis 23 maiss igi Jurnal `ganaTlebis~ redaqtors kvlav swerda: `mgoni mec ar mezraxeba Cemis
nawerebiT pativis cema Cveni marad saxsovari mgosnis T. ilia grigolis Zis WavWavaZisa, miT
gTxovT Tu SeiZlebodes adgili misceT Tqvens pativcemuls ganaTlebis JurnalSi
saxsovrad~ 11 .
1
iveria, 1902, 247.
2
vasil gamrekeli, Tu rogor vipativeT qarTuli ena srulis gauqmebisagan axalcixis wminda marines eklesiaSi,
1905, axalcixe, gv. 5-13.
3
iqve, gv. 13-17.
4
ak. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa insituti, ilia WavWavaZis fondi 476.
5
vasil gamrekeli, Tu rogor vipativeT qarTuli ena srulis gauqmebisagan axalcixis wminda marines eklesiaSi,
1905, axalcixe, gv. 25-31.
6
samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumi, xelnawerTa fondi 1831.
7 iqve.
8 g. leoniZis sax. literaturuli muzeumi, 10859-x.
9 samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumi, xelnawerTa fondi 2283.
10 iqve, gv. 1.
11 iqve.
55

ilia WavWavaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTvelma sazogadoebam mis gaxsenebasTan erTad
daiwyo ilias da sxva TergdaleulTa moRvaweobis Sefasebac. ivane gvaramaZemac aRtacebiT
Seafasa TergdaleulTa roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi. igi 1908 wlis 7 dekembers werilSi
akakis ulocavda Semoqmedebis 50 wlis iubiles da aRniSnavda, rom bolo periodebSi bevri ram
dakarga saqarTvelom, `erTad erTi ena dagvrCenoda pirSi satirel savaglaxo, isic Cvens
moswrebaSi 60-70. wlis winad mixavsebul-mixrwnili iyo, is iyo suli unda daelia, rom RmerTman
sxvaTa Soris am 60. wlis winad mcvel mfarvelad gagviCina, aqeT Zlieri mgosani T. ilia
WavWavaZe da iqiT T. akaki wereTeli RvTis maRal niWmadlebiT dalocvilni da kurTxvilni,
amaT da amaT mowafebman gamomrTel gamokeTebiT gamogvicocxles ena Cveni sicocxle da sul
guli; magram ra, vin dainaxa, vin daafasa amaT ukvdavi keTilSobiluli Rvawli? sul ara vin.
piriqiT SarSan dRisiT mzisiT TbilisiTgan faitoniT kaxeTSi mimavals Tavis meuRliT Sic
gzaSi Tavs daesxnen da mohkles uwyalod qveynis fasi mgosani T. ilia WavWavaZe da meuRle misi
mintvreul milewili daagdes da msaxuric zed waakles, isev CvenganT qarTvelebman. Cven did
savalalod da savaglaxoT, romlis mware mwuxareba dResac wels swyvets mTel saqarTvelos
erobasa da vin icis sidamdis gastans Cveni unugeSoba?... asre gavlil wlis T. ilia WavWavaZis
samwuxaro wamebazed Tval axelilman TviT mcnobierobis saganman erTi orad ufro moamzada
qarTveloba iubilaris didis gulmxurvaleobiT win misagebeblad~. 1
rogorc ilia WavWavaZisa da samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveli sazogadoebis urTierTobisa da
TanamSromlobis amsaxveli faqtebidan Cans, did qarTveli xalxis sulieri mama erkveoda
samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelobis mZime mdgomareobaSi da da zrunavda amis gamosasworeblad da
maTi uflebebis dasacavad. mas hqonda garkveuli kavSirebi mxaris qarTvel inteligenciasTan
da moralurad da saqmiT exmareboda maT moRvaweobas kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
saqmianobaSi, maT zrunvasa da brZolas qarTvelTa interesebis dasacavad, xalxis erovnuli
TviTSegnebis asamaRleblad, riTac did daxmarebas uwevda mxareSi erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis gaZlierebasa da mkvidri qarTvelebis mdgomareobis
TandaTanobiT gaumjobesebas, maT Cabmas saerToqarTul moZraobebSi.
amrigad, XIX saukunis II naxevridan samcxe-javaxeTSi asparezze gamodis adgilobrivi
inteligencia, romelic TergdaleulTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideebis
gamziarebeli da misi praqtikuli ganmaxorcielebeli xdeboda mxareSi (da ara mxolod iq).
isini ufro da ufro aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi,
zrunavdnen aqaur qarTvelTa Soris erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebisaTvis, maTi erovnuli
Cagvra-gadagvarebisgan dasacavad da maTi saerTo mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. am saqmeSi
maT did mxardaWerasa daxmarebas uwevdnen saqarTvelos centrSi moRvawe erovnuli
moRvaweebi, gansakuTrebiT ilia WavWavaZe. masa da samcxe-javaxeTis moRvaweebs Soris
bunebrivad myardeboda urTierToba aRniSnul sferoebSi saqmianobisas, rac ufro da ufro
nayofiers xdida maT moRvaweobas.
1 ak. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa insituti, akakis fondi 434.
56

`drouloba~, rogorc zneobrivi kategoria anu
`literaturuli nacnoboba~ iliaseul sivrceSi
qeTevan elaSvili
drois fenomeni erT-erTi upirvelesia, romelic adamianSi qaotur samyarosTan
mimarTebisas Tanmimdevrobis gancdas badebs. Tumca es `aRqma~ imdenad fardobiTia da
aramyari, rom dro-Jamis absoluturi kriteriumi ar arsebobs — arc filosofiurezoTeriuli
da arc bibliuri interpretaciebiT. oRond erTia, rom Cveni — amqveyniuri drois
gancdis `emociuri amplituda~ adamianuri cnobierebisaTvis safexurebrivia, anda sulac
fragmentuli.
nebismieri avtori drois fenomenis gaTavisebisas, erTgvari dilemis winaSe dgeba,
radganac literaturuli sivrce cxovrebiseuli avanscenebisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebulia. aq avtoris `Tavisufali neba~ ganuzomelia da swored mas, da ara sxvas,
emorCilebian literaturuli personaJebi. amosavali wertili ki, mxolod da mxolod,
avtoris xelweraa da misi cnobierebis diapazoni.
ilias msgavsi masStaburi xedvis Semoqmedni ki am mimarTulebiTac sakuTar
kanonzomierebas amkvidreben (sazogadod — literaturul sivrceSi), sadac droisa Tu asakis
zedmiwevniTi miniSneba personaJis wardginebis ucilobeli pirobaa da `literaturuli
nacnobis~ garanti.
iliaseul mxatvrul sivrceSi `literaturuli sawodeblis~ funqcias SemTxveviT rodi
iTavsebs avtoris mier gamxelili personaJTa asaki, anda sulac — uasakoba. am SemTxvevaSi
literaturuli gmiris wlovaneba avtoris msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciis gamoxatulebas
warmoadgens, risi meSveobiTac ilia axdens Tavisi saTqmelis erTgvar ganzogadebasa Tu
situaciur gamZafrebas. fiqsirebuli, myari asaki, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda ar unda
warmoadgendes Tavsatexsa Tu miT ufro mravlismTqmel miniSnebas. arada, ilia swored
gacxadebuli wlovanebiTac akisrebs zneobriv pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar personaJebs.
`ocdaoTxi wlis Zlivs iqneboda (igulisxmeba oTaraanT qvrivi), roca daqvrivda da erTi
wlis Svili darCa~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 250). `oTaraanT qvrivis Svili giorgi ki ocdaerTis wlis
biWi iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 250). sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom Tavdapirvel avtografSi Tevdores
gardacvalebis Jams, giorgi 5 wlis iyo, xolo oTaraanT qvrivi ki — 25 wlis. am monacemebis
mixedviT 25 wlis giorgis gacilebiT sxvagvari pasuxismgebloba unda dakisreboda da
`surviliT Tmobac~ misi mamakacuri znis ucilobel gamoxatulebad unda qceuliyo. ocdaoTxi
wlis axalgazrda mSvenieri qvrivi qali (`Tumca bevri mTxovneli hyavda, bevri exarbeboda
oTaraanT qvrivis ojaxSi Sesvlas, magram, _ Tqvenc ar momikvdeT, _ ar gaTxovda da ara... ai es
oci weliwadia mxiaruli feri ar miukarebia tanzed...~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 250). Zlier, utex
dedakacad gardaisaxa da iliamac misi es sulieri metamorfoza, erTi SexedviT, asakis
Cveulebrivi, martivi miniSnebiT mogvawoda am nawarmoebSi. Tumca swored am asakiT xdeba
mkiTxvelis aRqmaSi oTaraanT qvrivis aramarto vizualuri portretis gamoZerwva, aramed misi
sulieri samyaros gacxadebac, romelic TiTqosda zneobrivi paTosis fonze qaluri
sinazisagan daclilia. ilias, rogorc virtuozi avtoris, xelweraa wlovanebis definaciis
wyalobiTac moaxdinos `literaturuli wardgineba~ oTaraanT qvrivisa. qmris mamakacur
siZlieresa da Rirsebas Sefarebuli 24 wlis Cveulebrivi usaxelo qali, erT sabediswero dRes
— Tevdores gardacvalebis Semdeg martooden `qaluri sawyisiT~ darCenas da sakuTar TavSi
Zlieri pirovnebis ar gaRviZebas zneobriv upasuxismgeblobad miiCnevs (bunebrivia,
igulisxmeba umamod darCenili erTi wlis giorgi).
ilia giorgis mkiTxvelis winaSe 21 wlis asakSi waradgens da swored es wlovanebaa am
personaJisTvis misi pirovnuli srulyofisa da gansacdelis Jami, romelic Tanmimdevruladaa
Sevsebuli mTeli rigi winare CanarTi epizodebisgan da, rac mTavaria, avtori giorgis, isev da
isev, am asakobriv sivrceSi abrunebs. `ocdaerTi~ yvelaze srulyofilad iTvleboda kent
ricxvTa Soris. piTagorelebic, kabalistebic mas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben~
(abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: 18). Tu 24 wlis oTaraanT qvrivs iliam mizanmimarTulad Cauketa
qaluri gza da dautova martooden gza dedaSvilobisa (TumcaRa erTi Senakadi oTaraanT
qvrivis mSvenierebisa sosia mewisqvilea), samagierod grZnobis sabediswero gzagasayarze
gaiyvana 21 wlis Wabuki giorgi. am literaturul sivrceSi ymawvilqalobac Tu siWabukec, anda
sulac pirquS xandazmulobaSi Cagmanuli cxovrebiseuli sibrZne zneobriv kategoriaTa
rangSia avtoris mier mowodebuli, rogorc pirovnebis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli.
daaxloebiT igive asaki (oTaraanT qvrivis 44 weli, xolo luarsab TaTqariZis
SemTxvevaSi ki _ 40 weli) ukve invesiuli SinaarsiTaa ilias mier gamoyenebuli moTxrobaSi
`kacia-adamiani?!~. mconareobisa da absoluturad arafris keTebis, arafris Seqmnis — anu
sruli statikuri mdgomareobis gamoxatulebaa luarsabis darbaisluri, keTilSobiluri
asaki — 40 weli, `ormoci ritualuri ricxvia, rogorc iudeuri da qristianuli tradiciebis
mixedviT, aseve islamSic da warmoadgens drois im monakveTs, ra periodSic xdeboda gandgoma,
57

marTva, gamocda, uflis Secnoba~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: 18), rac misi absoluturi
upasuxismgeblobis groteskuli formaa, risi erTgvari dagvirgvinebaa ilias uSeRavaTo
ganaCeni luarsabisa da darejanis cxovrebiseuli avanscenidan gasvlis Jams _ `nuTu naxevari
saukune imisTvis icxovres, rom oTxi fiWvis ficari eSovaT da sam-sami adli miwa?~... (WavWavaZe
1988: 128). am tragikuli amoTqmis winapiroba luarsabis siWabukidan modis — 20 wlis
TaTqariZes Tavi xom tarielad warmoudgenia, oRond es SegrZneba yovelgvar realobas
moklebulia (aznaurSvilis msgavsi oTaraanT qvrivis giorgi da butaforiuli ieris mqone
TavadiSvili — luarsabi) da mxolod misi fantaziisa da warmosaxvis nayofia, sadac Wabukuri
impulsi da energia anu `mxurvale guli~ (gavixsenoT 21 wlis giorgis vnebani) am nawarmoebSi
mxolod erTxelaa gaJRerebuli da isic maWanklis meSveobiT siyvarulis Ziebis Jams, romelic
mciredi eqscesebisa da uxerxulobis miuxedavad, mSvidobianad gvirgvindeba — risi
magaliTicaa luarsabis da darejanis `tkbili da aumRvreveli~ cxovreba. am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi literaturul personaJTa asaki daclilia yovelgvari zneobrivi sawyisisagan,
rac maTi sruli upasuxismgelobis sawindari xdeba anu sababi `xorcis dReobisa da sulis
daWleqebisa~.
imav `cxrameti Tu oci weli~ daTikosaTvis (`glaxis naambobi~) sruli TavaSvebulobisa,
uxamsobis, daundoblobis da, rac mTavaria, arakacobis anu absoluturi uzneobis asakia, mamis
sikvdilis Semdeg cudad gagebuli TavadiSviloba anu absoluturi uzneoba — codviT dacema
da sakuTari sikvdiliT ganwmenda.
iliasaTvis ucxo ar aris TiTqmis erTi da igive asakis sxvadasxva zneobrivi Tu moraluri
aspeqtiT Cveneba _ literaturuli sivrcis diapazonis gaTvaliswinebiT. amitomac
literaturul personaJTa wardgineba zogjer Zlier dramatuli da tragikulia; zogjer
sruli upasuxismgeblobisa da absoluturi umoqmedobis gamomsaxveli, xolo zogjer ki
sabediswerod damangreveli. am fonze, iliaseul sivrceSi ikveTeba drois fenomenis
ramdenadme saxecvlili kategoriebic. iqneba es petres `drouloba~ (`sarCobelazed~),
gandegilis `sulis simaRlis~ zedrouloba Tu `xatebs rom hxataven~ (`glaxis naambobi~, gv.
154) imis msgavsi RvTis kacis Wabukuri sidarbaisle `sxvaTa zrunviTa da gulSematkivrobiT~,
cxovrebiseuli naRveliT ganspetakebuli. `drouloba~ Tu `uasakoba~ zemoxsenebul
literaturul personaJebs gansakuTrebul misias aniWebs, rac gamoixateba sxvaTa `sulis
aRzrdasa~ Tu formirebaSi.
erT SemTxvevaSi petres droulobis gaTvaliswinebiT misma gulkeTilobam kinaRam
`madlis Suqi ar Caawvdina (umcrosi Zmis) bnels gulamde~, magram `saqristiano saqarTvelo~
saxecvlilia da cxovrebiseuli gansacdelis swori aRqma da sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebis
Zala ar Seswevs petres — droul kacs, amitomac is realobas warmodgenad miiCnevs, `gonebis
TvaliT~ brmavdeba da egeb, umcrosi Zmac imitom adanaSaulebs Cvens droul petres, xolo
Tavad ilia, rogorc avtori, ganze gadgeba da mkiTxvels erTgvari dilemis winaSe ayenebs...
sulieri sawyisis zeobisas, religiuri cnobierebis absoluturi gaTavisebisas
literaturuli gmiri tovebs sakuTar asaks, erTi SexedviT, ganudgeba mas da iqmneba
zedroulobis gancda anu ikveTeba wmindanis xati, romelic gandegilis SemTxvevaSi, `sulis
simaRlis~ miuxedavad swored Signidan ibzareba; radgan misi es `sulis xsnis gza~ erTgvarad
ibindeba — sasuliero piris misia ki meyseulad SeCerebulia da drois (`zesruli drois~
ukanmimarTuli svla) umZafres gancdas badebs mwyemsi qalis `monologisas~...
ilias mkveTrad gamokveTili pozicia aqvs sasuliero pirTa saero pasuxismgeblobaze —
rom gzaabneul ymawvilebs swored RvTis kacma unda Seuqmnas imgvarad uRrublo dReebi,
rogoric gabrielis cxovreba iyo 17-18 wlis asakSi (`glaxis naambobi~). (16-17 wlisa iyo beJani
moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~, aseve 14-15 wlisa iyo misi umcrosi Zma); zogierT SemTxvevaSi ilia
iyenebs erTgvarad `wlovanebis meryeobas~ swored im personaJTa mimarT, romlebic, Tu
SeiZleba aseve vuwodoT, `zneobriv gzajvaredinze~ imyofebian, ris gamoc ganicdian sulis
danawevrebasa da dabindvas.
saRi pirovnebisTvis aucilebelia Sinagani wonasworoba, rac sulieri simSvidis
ucilobeli pirobaa. es gancda ki WeSmariti rwmenis anareklia, romelic iseve SeiZleba
gaibzaros, daziandes, rogorc adamianis suli. am WidilSi erTiani — maradiuli drois uwyvet
nakadad SemoWra adamianisaTvis, Tundac sasuliero pirisaTvis, xSir SemTxvevaSi, tragikuli
mizanscenebiT mTavrdeba; sulieri resursis sruli amowurviT, anda sulac — qaoturi
ganbneviT. amitomac iliasaTvis mxatvrul sivrceSi `literaturuli nacnobobis~ amgvari
aspeqti `Tavisufali nebis~ SemoqmedebiTi interpretaciaa.
damowmebani:
abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. II, Tb.:
gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2007.
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. moTxrobebi, piesebi. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1988.
58

inga milorava
mxatvruli sivrcis gamosaxvis principi, sivrculi modelebi da orientirebi
`mgzavris werilebSi~
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul teqstSi yvela komponenti — dro, sivrce, moqmedeba,
movlenebi, xasiaTebi, saxeebi, portretebi, anturaJi, interieri, peizaJi, dialogi, monologi
da a.S. _ ideis, saTqmelis srulad gamoxatvas emsaxureba da garkveuli winaswar gansazRvruli
miznis irgvliv ikvreba, mkvrivdeba da mwyobr sistemad yalibdeba. idea, romelic Tavidanve
cocxlobs mwerlis gonebasa da gulSi mTlianad ipyrobs mxatvrul sivrces da mis agebulebasa
da Sinaarss ganapirobebs. sivrce xdeba “mizandasaxuli”. misi struqtura, calkeuli sivrculi
modelebis forma, am modelebze damagrebuli drois segmentis Sinaarsi da mis dinebis ritmi,
tempi, drois gamosaxvis mxatvruli Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia ara empiriuli kanonebiT,
aramed saTqmelis naTlad, zustad da sakuTar warmosaxviT samyarosTan Sesabamisad
gadmocemisadmi daujerebeli swrafviT.
“mgzavris werilebi” saTqmelis siRrmiT da misi naTlad da Seufaravad gadmocemis
TvalsazrisiT marTlac gansakuTrebuli nawarmoebia. TiToeuli saxe-wertili (sivrceSi),
saxe-wami (droSi), moqmedeba, mTliani pasaJi Tu struqturulad martivi (“Tergi”, “myinvari”) an
ufro rTuli modeli (“gza”, “stancia”) erTi SexedviT TiTqos qveteqstiTaa mniSvnelovani,
magram es qveteqsti imdenad “amoweulia” zedapirisaken, imdenad gamWvirvalea zeda Sre (mag.:
saubari rusis oficerTan, saubari leliT RuniasTan), rom arsebiTad is, rac qveteqstad unda
aRqmuliyo, warmosdgeba rogorc “Ria teqstiT” komunikacia mkiTxvelTan, romelmac unda
gaigos da gaiazros ideis Camoyalibebis mxatvruli gza, SeigrZnos mTxrobelis sulis
moZraoba, eziaros mis faseulobaTa sistemas, Caswvdes moqmedebis WeSmarit arss.
“mgzavris werilebi” namdvilad aris srulad gansazRvruli Sinaarsis mqone, karad
Camoyalibebuli moqmedebis programa, romelic erTi mTavari ideis garSemo ikvreba da
ikveTeba, magram mis zemoqmedebis meqanizmi damokidebulia teqstis esTetikur Rirebulebaze.
mweralma Tavisi saTqmelis gadmosacemad Seqmna garkveuli mxatvruli modeli, romelic
drosivrculi parametrebiTaa moniSnuli, miTiTebulia zusti orientirebi, magram
gamudmebiT igrZnoba, rom ara “gare”, aramed “Sidasivrcea”, romelSic Tavisuflad iSleba
azri, ibadebian saxeebi, fiqrebi, SegrZnebebi. zRvari realur da warmosaxviT Sidasamyaros
Soris iSleba da teqstSi ixsneba sulis sivrce, romelmac daitia is qveyana, romelic aris
mwerlis grZnobis da fiqris mudmivi sagani.
calkeul modelebad danawevrebul sivrceSi TandaTanobiT cocxldeba idea. igi
safexurebrivad viTardeba da sxvadasxva etapze iZens gansxvavebul niSnebs. sabolood
Camoyalibebamde igi iZens ganStoebebs (“saiT midis da rogor ruseTi”, “rogor gansazRvravs
rusi civilizacias”, “ra aris Rame”, “ra aris dRe”, “moZraoba”, “uZraoba”, “awina”, “adrida” da
a.S.), romlebic rogorc calkeuli ujredebi ageben mTlian cocxal qsovils. es calkeul
modelebze ganawilebuli, sivrculi orientirebiT zustad moniSnuli da mkveTri “saxewertilebiT”
da “saxe wamebiT” gamokveTili mxatvruli procesi ganapirobebs nawarmoebis
zemoqmedebis Zalas. mxatvruli qsovili igeba ferweruli tilos principiT, roca azri
sivrceSi iZens Sesabamis xats, magram es sityvieri qsovilia, romelsac aqvs dinamika, mudmivad
icvleba, axasiaTebs iliasaTvis ase mniSvnelovani uwyveti moZraoba-sivrceSi ganfenili sulis
musika. amitom ikveTeba ara mxolod saxe-wertilebi; aramed dinamiurobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
isini saxe-wamebicaa, radgan mocemul “wertilSi” da mocemul “wamSi” zusti azrobrivi
datvirTva da mxatvruli funqcia gaaCniaT, romliTac gadadian Semdgom “wertilSi” da
Semdgom “wamSi”, sadac axali mniSvneloba eniWebaT.
“mgzavris werilebSi” mwerali qmnis “damrec” sibrtyes (mTidan barisken), romelzec ...
misrialebs” idea da roca sityvier qsovilSi sabolood gaiSleba milis devizamde Cveni Tavi
Cvenadve gveyudnes”. sxvadasxva Senakadi ganStoebis, xazis, xveulis (fiqris, qmedebis)
SerwymiT agebuli “sxeulis” damagvirgvinebeli es devizi ganmartavs am saprogramo
nawarmoebis “damrec” sibrtyeze ganlagebuli calkeuli sivrculi modelebis, movlenebis,
saxe-wertilebis Sinaarss da amave dros aris maTi funqcionirebis Sedegic—saboloo
wertili—sawyisi etapis dasasruli, mijna, romlis iqiTac iwyeba momavali (qveynis, mwerlis),
iSleba Semdgomi moqmedebis asparezi, “axali sivrce” (qveynis mwerlis). am mijnamde misaRwevad
Semoaqvs mwerlis umTavresi sivrculi modeli “gza”.
kacobriobis sulier biografiaSi Znelad moiZebneba iseTi qmediTi mxatvruli sivrculi
modeli, rogoricaa “gza” (erTaderTi “mTa” Tu miuaxlovdeba). “gzis” modeli saocrad tevadi
da moqnilia mas aqtiurad iyenebs sxvadasxva kulturi da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi
uZvelesi droidan dRemde da mudmivad xdeba masSi raRac axlis, ganumeoreblis aRmoCena
“mgzavris werilebSi” “gzaze” damagrebulia awmyo, xolo siRrmeSi “CatvirTulia” warsuli
“gza” aerTebs or ZiriTad models “mTas” da “bars” erTmaneTTan, aseve akavSirebs calkeuli
59

sivrculi orientirebis (“myinvari”, “Tergi”, “sameba”, “stancia”) da awesrigebs erTi SexedviT
qaoturad gabneul saxe-wertilebs (“povoska”, “iamSCiki”, “aficeri”, “fransieli” lelT Runia).
TiToeuli sivrculi orientirisa da saxe-wertilis irgvliv izrdeba patara
damoukidebeli cocxali qsovili — patara modeli, suraTi, romelic erTi mxriv srulad
damoukidebeli Sinaarsis mqonea, meore mxriv ki — ideis sabolood xorcSesxmisaken mimarTuli
procesis erTi safexuri, maTSi zustad saxeldebuli orientiri emsaxureba am ganviTarebis
xelSesaxebad warmodgenas. naTelia, rom mTeli es procesi mimdinareobs sulSi, SidasivrceSi,
magram mizani ar aris misi dafarva an abstragireba, aramed piriqiT, bolomde gaxsna,
dakonkreteba, sxvisTvisac iolad misaRwevad gadaqceva. amitom azri, fiqri isxams xorcs,
iRebs nivTier saxes, xdeba sivrceSi zusti orientiriT moniSnuli. sulis moZraoba erwymis
miwier process, xdeba misi myar sibrtyeze ganfena, mimagreba (swored im miwaze, im adgilebze,
im saxeebze, romelTac aRZres es sulieri aqtivoba). “gza” uzrunvelyofs nawarmoebis sivrcis
proporciulobis gancdas, sadac yoveli orientiri, saxe-wertili, saxe-wami Tavis adgils
iWers, radgan mTavari saTqmelisaken mimaval erT konkretul Senakads Seesabameba.
mTidan barisken mimaval “gzaze” Semdgar mwerals empiriul awmyoSi Semoaqvs ukiduresad
dakumSuli individualuri dro — “oTxi weliwadi”, romelic SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc
kristali. masSi kristalizebulia “oTxi wlis” gamocdileba, codna, sxva kulturasTan
ziarebis Sedegi. mweralma Tavisi qveynis “awmyoSi” unda “gaxsnas” da bunebrivad ganazavos es
kristali. igi zustad gamoxatavs saTqmels: “oTxi weliwadi” unda gaixsnas ara marto “xilul”
awmyoSi, aramed warsulSic, romelic am “gzis” siRrmeSia ganfenili da romlis gareSec
momavlisken, “axali sivrcisken” sxva ferxdeba. aucilebeli droTa kavSiris SegrZneba lelT
RuniasTan dialogiTaa gamosaxuli.
“oTxi weliwadis” saxe-wertili (saxe-wami) adasturebs am teqstis mxatvrul amocanas —
sulier process mianiWos myari, xelSesaxebi forma. “oTxi weliwadi”, romelic aris sulieri
bargi-kristali, romelic unda gaiSalos da ganzavdes “gzaze” ganfenili drois yvela
plastSi, imavdroulad aris erTi Senakadi, erTi nawili im cocxali qsovilisa, romelic
TandaTan izrdeba sawyisi ideuri xerxemlis irgvliv.
“oTxi weliwadis” ganzavebis process Tan sdevs msjeloba, fiqris nakadi da wertilovani
saxeebis gamosaxva. agreTve, e.w. realobis diskreditacia, rac nawarmoebSi “iamSikis”,
“povoskis” da, rac mTavaria rusi oficris saxeebis SemotaniT xorcieldeba. lelT Rumias
sityvebSi diskreditirebulia awymo. sazogadod, diskretidacia dekonstruqciis wina
safexuria. mwerals sWirdeba diskreditacia, rom Semdeg moaxdinos im realobis
dekonstruqcia, romelic misTvis miuRebelia. mwerali, romelic udavod kargad icnobs
rusul kulturas Tavisi nawarmoebis “damrec” sibrtyeze ganlagebuli modelebis farglebSi
da maTi SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare TiTqmis mTlianad axdens saxe-wertilebis
gaufasurebas. “damrec” sibrtyeze igi gviCvenebs “rusul samyaros” mxolod maxinj proeqtebs
— groteskul saxeebs. aSkaraa, rom isini unda gaqrnen, aRmoifxvran. magram am SemTxvevaSi
diskreditacia da misi Semdgomi dekonstruqcia aris aucilebeli safexuri ufro
mniSvnelovani, keTilSobiluri etapisken mimaval gzaze. procesi ar aris Seuqcevadi. piriqiT,
yvelaferi misi Semobrunebisaken gakeTda da Semdeg etapze gamoikveTeba rekonstruqciis
perspeqtiva da sayrdeni orientiri — “Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso”. es sityvebi iwvevs
tkivils. tkiviliani mijnis iqiT iSleba “axali sivrce”. idea iwyebs srulfasovan arsebobas,
moqmedebas. aqve ikveTeba qvecnobieri codna, mixvedrac im safasurisa, romlis gadaxdac
mouwevs am ideis samsaxurSi Camdgar adamians. ilias “gzis” modeli erTgvarad profetuli
Sinaarsis Semcvelicaa. sivrculi orientirebi “mTa” — myinvari, “mdinare” — Tergi mwerals
warmodgenili aqvs rogorc opozicia dinamika-statika da maT safuZvelze gamokveTs Tavisi
moRvaweobis ideur safuZvels. misi mxatvruli naazrevidan gamomdinare naTlad Cans, Tu
rogor srulad SeigrZnobs igi “mTis” mniSvnelobas. am SemTxvevaSi ki igi arsebiTad uars
ambobs “mTaze”, fiqriTac da qmedebiTac. “mTaze” — sulieri srulyofis, ganwmendis, simSvidis,
sakuTari “mes” gamTlianebis adgilze uaris Tqma da swrafva codviani barisken, sadac “awina”
mxolod dacema da sulieri tkivilebia, zevidan qveviT daSveba Tanac ise, rom adamians Tan
moaqvs dakumSuli dro da informacia (“oTxi weliwadi”), aqvs moqmedebis gegma da survili da
umTavresi devizi (“Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudne”) aRiqmeba rogorc sakuTari “mes” gawirva,
TviTSewirva.
“mgzavris werilebi” saxieri magaliTia im araCveulebrivi, elvare, idumali, amoucnobi
SemoqmedebiTi procesisa, romelic sruliad naTeli samoqmedo programis, gegmis warmoCenas
udidesi esTetikuri Rirebulebis teqstad gardaqmnad aqcevs.
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marginalobis fenomeni ilias `oTaraanT qvrivSi~
maia jaliaSvili
`Cven imnairebi varT, ranairebadac gvaqcevs samyaro. Tu Cvens suls detals SevadarebT,
maSin samyaro yalibi iqneba, romelSiac suli Camoisxmeba da romlis formasac igi inaxavs. eWvs
gareSea, rom arsebobis procesi samyarosTan urTierTobis procesia~ (gaseti 1993: 56),_wers
espaneli moazrone xose ortega i gaseti. es urTierToba ki mravalferovania. zogi cxovrebis
mdinares aRma mihyveba, zogi ki daRma, dinebis sawinaaRmdegod. es mdinareba zogs napirze
gamoriyavs, zogs ki cxovrebis morevSi danTqavs. ase iqceva zogi marginalad da zogi
`adamian_masad~.
ilias prozaSi kargad aris warmoCenili marginalobis socialur_fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebi. marginalobas iwvevs, erTi mxriv, garkveul socialur fenaTa Soris dapirispireba,
meore mxriv, erTsa da imave socialur jgufSi gansxvavebul zneobriv RirebulebaTa
arseboba.
ilias personaJebis marginaloba xasiaTdeba imiT, rom isini ar warmoadgenen mxolod im
socialuri jgufis zneobriv Rirebulebebs, romelSic cxovroben. maT gaaCniaT
individualuri warmodgenebi yofierebis umTavres sakiTxebze, amitomac maTi urTierToba
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan aris gaucxoebuli, xSirad dapirispirebuli da konfliqturi. am
TvalsazrisiT, `oTaraanT qvrivSi~ pirobiTad gamoiyofian ori tipis marginalebi: aqtiuri
da pasiuri. aqtiuri marginalebi arian oTaraanT qvrivi da giorgi, romlebic aRiqvamen da
gaiazreben ra marginalobas, ar cdiloben sazogadoebasTan daaxloebas sakuTar
RirebulebaTa daTmobis xarjze, aramed, piriqiT, miiswrafvian sazogadoebaSi
TviTdamkvidrebisa da sakuTari Sexedulebebis gatanisken. sworedac rom, sakuTari
idealebis aRiarebisken. maTi Zala emyareba mxolod rwmenasa da sindiss, erTgvar idealur
imperativebs, maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba pirovnebaTa mxridan ganxorcielebuli `Setevis~
mosagerieleblad da Tavdasacavad eyrdnoba da iyenebs pragmatul saSualebebs. moTxrobaSi
warmoCenili egzistencialuri problemebi swored am marginalTa da sazogadoebis
dapirispirebaSi gamoikveTeba.
`marginalis (The margin) terminiT moixsenieba sociumis periferiaze myofi, adamiani,
romelic, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ver ewereba sazogadoebis konteqstSi. marginali xSirad
xdeba xalxis kritikis, aRSfoTebis sagani da aseTad rCeba manam, sanam mis problemas ar
aRiarebs da ganixilavs sazogadoeba. rogorc ki marginalis Taviseburebebs gaigebs da
aRiarebs xalxi, igi xdeba sazogadoebis nawili; ase rom, marginaloba ganisazRvreba gareSe
sociumiT. rogor unda ganisazRvros: adamiani marginalia Tu ara? marginaloba aris
dinamikuri movlena, is damokidebulia sociumTan urTierTobis formebze. marginaloba aris
is, rac ver Seegua da Seerwya sociums~ (acmoni 2007: 16)
oTaraanT qvrivi Segnebulad aris ganze gamdgari im sazogadoebisgan, romelic misTvis
misaReb zneobriv Rirebulebebs ver an ar aRiarebs. amitomac maT Soris aris an SiSi, an kidev
gaugebroba. erTi mxriv, aravin icoda, sofelSi sZuldaT Tu uyvardaT oTaraanT qvrivi. qvis
guli aqvso, ambobdnen, meore mxriv, oTaraanT qvrivi ikvirvebda, Cemi ratom unda eSinodeT,
qalaCunebi ariano, amave dros, am qalis saocari, magram bevrisTvis gaugebari iyo zrunva ara
mxolod sakuTari Rirsebis, aramed sxvaTa Tavmoyvareobis dasacavad. soflis fasadur
sikeTes upirispirdeba qvrivis dafaruli, ara TvalSisacemi, xSirad daunaxavi, mware sityvebs
amofarebuli sikeTe. giorgisac ver ugebs sofeli, an giJia, an RvTisgan mogzavnilio. Tavad
arCils ki misi sindisnamusiani qcevis fenomeni auxsnelad miaCnia da dasturad Seqspiris
sityvebs moixmobs, bevri ram aris amqveynad, filosofosebs rom arc ki dasizmrebiaTo.
sul sxvagvarad aixsneba sosia mewisqvilis marginaloba. igi aris pasiuri marginali, mas
sofeli abuCad igdebs da iSorebs, rogorc miuRebels. am TvalsazrisiT, sofeli Tavis
agresias axorcielebs pirovnebis mimarT, romelsac Tavdacvis unari ar gaaCnia, magram igi
mainc nebayoflobiTi marginalia da soflis gacivebul gulSi TanagrZnobis gaRviZebas
cdilobs sityvebiT: `codo var, codo~.
am moTxrobaSi marginalizaciis gza ori mimarTulebiT warimarTeba, erTi mxriv,
marginali sazogadoebis zedapirze, wina rigSi, yvelas dasanaxavad, pativsacem, Tumca
mosaridebel da gaugebar pirovnebad warmoCndeba (oTaraanT qvrivi da giorgi), meore mxriv,
marginali sazogadoebis fskerze eSveba da gairiyeba cxovrebidan (sosia mewisqvile).
amerikeli mecnieris, robert parkis azriT, marginalurni is adamianebi arian, romlebic
zRvarze imyofebian or an met socialur samyaroTa Soris, magram ar miiRebian arc erTis mier,
rogorc maTi sruluflebiani wevrebi~ (kankava 1981: 76).
qarTuli literaturidan cnobil marginalebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT: TaraS emxvari
(konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motaceba~, daTa TuTaSxia (Wabua amirejibis `daTa
TuTaSxia~), Teimuraz xevisTavi (mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~), aluda qeTelauri da
joyola (vaJa fSavelas `aluda qeTelauri~ da `stumar_maspinZeli~... msoflio
61

literaturidan: don kixoti (servantesis `don kixoti~), Tavadi miSkini (dostoevskis
`idioti~), hamleti (Seqspiris `hamleti~) da sxva.
marginalobis paradigmad SeiZleba miviCnioT ieso qriste, romelic sazogadoebam
gainapira da misi axali idealebi saeWvod da miuReblad miiCnia. macxovari TviTonve
gamoarCevda rCeulebs. ase rom, sxvadasxva tipis qristiani marginalebi romelime kuTxiT
imeoreben im gzas, romelic macxovarma gaiara.
ra Tviseba aqcevs oTaraanT qvrivsa da giorgis marginalebad? `oTaraanT qvrivSi~
zedmiwevniTaa gamokveTili da fsiqologiurad damajerebeli detalebiT
axsnil_ganmartebuli pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis rTuli urTierTobis calkeuli aspeqti.
oTaraanT qvrivis zneoba qristianul rwmeniT nasazrdoeb da sindisiT nakarnaxev
principebs emyareba. mas sisxlsa da xorcSi aqvs gamjdari sikeTisa da samarTlianobis rwmena.
is cxovrobs mxolod sakuTari gulisa da gonebis karnaxiT da araviTar angariSs ar uwevs
sofels, sazogadoebas, romlis mravali nabiji ganpirobebulia farisevlobiT,
usamarTlobiTa Tu SeniRbuli borotebiT. gadametebuli rom ar aris aseTi kategoriuli
Sefaseba: `araviTar angariSs ar uwevs sofels~, amas moTxrobis ramdenime epizodi
TvalnaTliv adasturebs.
1. is tkbil sityvas TvalTmaqcobad miiCnevs da amisi axsna_ganmarteba filosofiis
rangSi ahyavs. tkbili sityva adamians `aZinebs~, arada: `Tu wuTisofels erTi bewo xans Tvali
mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs, rogorc didoeli leki nabadsa~.
2. madlobis gadaxdas arafrad miiCnevs: `kargia, muqTaa, Torem magasac xom ver iSovidi,
rom garjiT saSovari iyos~. sityvas saqmes amjobinebs.
3. soflelTa Secxadebas, vis gaugonia dedakacis bari da Toxio, arad dagidevdaT, Tu ar
gaugoniaT, axla gaigono.
4. mamakacobisa da dedakacobis gasarCevad sakmarisad mxolod Zal_Ronis miCnevas ar
iziarebda: `is mamakacia da me_dedakaci. miTam Cemzed win riT aris? imasac ori xeli da fexi
aqvs da mecao~.
5. soflis sasamarTlo giorgis rom gaamarTlebs, gaikvirvebs: `daxe, mag virTagvebsac
zogjer swore samarTali scodniaTo~.
am SefasebiT, is Tavis Tavs sofelze (mosamarTleebze) maRla ayenebs.
5. giorgi saxlidan wasvlisas bargis waRebaze uars ambobs, damcinebeno, deda etyvis:
`Tavs_sicils kaci ar mouklavs. kaci rom sulelebis kbilTa RreWas ahyves, sad wava?~. igi
angariSs ar uwevs, ras ityvis sofeli.
mas aqvs sakuTari, yvelasgan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi:
1. arCilsa da kesos mkvaxed etyvis: `me CemTvis ar vloculob, RmerTi ar
Sevawuxo_meTqi, da TqvenTvis sad vilocebdi~.
2. miiCnevs, rom adamianma nebismier drosa da viTarebaSi simarTle unda Tqvas: `enam
gulisa unda sTqvas, ferumarili ra saWiroa~.
3. `adamians varami da Wiri alaparakebs. qveyanazed rom Wiri ar iyos, adamiani enasac ar
amoidgamda: meti bargia. lxins ra laparaki unda? ZaRls rom uxarian, kudis qneviTac ityvis
xolme~.
4. `adamians minam xel_fexi erCis, marto ar iqneba, saqmea tol_amxanagi martoxelisa,
wuTisofeli vis aclis martoobisaTvis?~
5. giorgis sikvdilisas sosias TanagrZnobaze, RmerTma gilxinos, Tu Svilis mermed
kidev ram salxeni dagrCenia am wuTisofelSio, upasuxebs: `ratom ar damrCenia? sikvdilis
molodini lxena Tu ar ggonia!~
`rodesac vlaparakobT `marginalur pirovnebaze~, realurad vgulisxmobT
`marginalur identifikacias~. pirovnuloba igive TviTidentifikaciaa, rac gulisxmobs
sakuTari Tavis identificirebas, gaigivebas, garkveul ideebTan, SexedulebebTan,
TvalsazrisebTan. pirovnulobis cneba, romelic ase mniSvnelovania postmodernistebisa da
marginaluri TeoretikosebisTvis, miTia~(acmoni 2007: 17)
vfiqrobT, xelovnuria erTmaneTs daacilo marginaluri pirovnuloba da marginaluri
identifikacia. aq ufro metad terminebiT TamaSia da ara arsobrivi gansxvaveba.
moTxrobis pirvelive striqonebidan mwerali gvacnobs oTaraanT qvrivs, rogorc
gamorCeul pirovnebas_mas yvela icnobs, e.i. misi cxovreba yvelas Tvalwinaa, wina rigSia.
misi ridi da pativiscema aqvT. aRiareben mis Zalas, romelic mxolod sulier `Zalauflebas~
emyareba. `oTaraanT qvrivis kar_midamoSi~ mzisa da wvimis mets aravis SeeZlo gavla qvrivis
uneburad~. mwerali amgvari hiperboliT xazs usvams, Tu ra rangSia ayvanili qvrivis neba. misi
winaaRmdegoba mxolod daumorCilebel, adamianze aRmatebul bunebis stiqiur Zalebs
SeuZliaT, an kidev RvTaebriv instancias (`mze~). ase rom, qvrivis `Zalaufleba~ erTgvarad
zRudavs Tanasoflelebs, radgan isini mis nebas emorCilebian, ver arRveven misi pirovnebis
nebiT SemosazRvrul CarCoebs. igulisxmeba, rom sxva SemTxvevaSi, sxvebTan,
TanasoflelebTan urTierTobaSi maTTvis amgvari SezRudva ar arsebobs. sagulisxmoa, rom am
dauwerel wess emorCilebian soflis oficialuri xelisufalnic (nacvali Tu iasauli). isini
ver arRveven qvrivis mier SemosazRvrul mijnebs da Tu `gaiwawanebdnen, da Tu rogorme
62

gahbedavdnen~, qvrivi Tav_beds awyevlinebda. sityva `gawawaneba~ xazs usvams maT Sinagan Tu
garegan kninobiTobas qvrivis znemaRal bunebasTan SedarebiT. oTaraanT qvrivs yvelas
dasanaxad wamoumarTavs Tavisi daurRveveli da xelSeuxebeli cixe_koSki, ara qviTkiriT,
aramed nebisyofiTa da sulieri ZalebiT naSeni, rac mowmobs masze, rogorc Zlier
pirovnebaze. `dee, amas iqiT icodnen, rom me oTaraanT qvrivs meZaxiano~_es aris gamowveva
soflis mimarT. qvrivi darwmunebulia sakuTar ZalebSi da ar ufrTxis, rom martoa da
upirispirdeba mTel sofels. sakiTxavia, risi imediT, upirvelesad, RmerTis (romelsac is
waramara arasodes axsenebs) da patiosnebis, samarTlianobis, siyvarulis, sikeTis imediT. am
SemTxvevaSi, igi erTgvar idealistadac SeiZleba mogveCvenos, romelsac ideis (sikeTisa da
samarTlianobis gamarjvebis) ufro sjera, vidre realobisa. Tanac igi qalia, es ki misgan met
Zalasa da energias saWiroebs tradiciul qarTul patriarqalur SexedulebaTa
sazogadoebaSi, sadac Zalauflebis matarebeli ZiriTadad kacia.
sofeli, sazogadoeba icnobs oTaraanT qvrivs (am gacnobaze TviTon qvrivma izruna, is
gamudmebiT ajerebs sofels Tavis arsebobaSi gamokveTil SexedulebaTa ganuxreli
mtkicebiT).
sofelma icis:
1. `oTaraanT qvrivs tyuilubralod baqiaoba da muqara ar uyvarda~.
2. `imisi Tqma da qmna erTi iyo~,
3. `baraqala dedakacia~.
4. `arc sxvisas SeirCens, arc Tavisas SearCens sxvasa~.
5. `imisi xeli da fexi dilidam saRamomde ar dadgeba~.
6. `visac uqmad moaswrobda, Zirianad amoiRebda, Zirianad mosTxrida~.
7. `Znelad iqneboda, rom tkbili sityva eTqva visTvisme~.
8. `gulis magier qva udevs~.
9. `kaci ver ityvis, sZuldaT Tu uyvardaT oTaraanT qvrivi sofelSi. SiSiT ki yvelas
eSinoda~.
10. `gadareuli~ da `damTxveulia~: `magaTSi an didi codo trialebs, an didi
madli, aq sxva niSanwyalia~.
CamoTvlil SexedulebaTa mixedviT, oTaraanT qvrivi soflelTa TvalSi, marTlac,
sxvanairia, magram ra iwvevs SiSs? albaT, is, rac RvTis SiSs iwvevs_codvis mxilebis,
borotebis verdafarvis SiSi. oTaraanT qvrivis Tvali xom SeumCnevels ar datovebs arafers
gamrudebuls_Tavisi iqneba Tu sxvisi. swored es sxvisTvis gulSematkivroba afrTxobs da
aSinebs sofels.
Tanac, sofelma icis, rom oTaraanT qvrivi Tavisas yovelTvis gaitans, aravis
daeCagvrineba, rkinis qalamans Caicvams, rkinis joxs aiRebs xelSi da xelmwifemde miva. es
idiomi, ra Tqma unda, imaze metyvelebs, rom qvrivi arafers SeuSindeba da samarTals ipovis.
amave dros, rkinis qalamnebi qvrivis simtkicesa, dauRlelobasa da Seuryevlobaze
mianiSnebs, rkinis joxi ki RvTis sjulze, rogorc es meore fsalmunis mecxre muxlSia
naTqvami: `hmwysne igini kuerTxiTa, rkinisaiTa~. wmida mamaTa ganmartebiT, `kuerTx rkinisa
ewodebis mcnebaTa sjulisaTa, rameTu yovelive brZaneba RvTisa Zlier ars, viTarca rkina, da
Semmusvrel winaaRmdgomTa misTa~ (fsalmunTa ganmarteba 1996: 8). ase rom, qvrivis qadili
saRvTo sjulis kanons eyrdnoba, mas swams samarTlianobis aRsrulebisa, uzenaesi
mosamarTlis simbolod ki xelmwife esaxeba.
imisTvis, rom gamokveTos, Tu ra mohyveba qvrivis nebis darRvevas, mwerali xatavs
epizods, qvrivma rogor iara gubernatoramde fexiT da Tavgasulsa da mouridebel gzirs,
erTi warTmeuli qaTami Svideulad dausva. igulisxmeba, rom gzirma sxva soflelebsac
waarTva qaTami diambegisTvis Segrovebis sababiT, magram mxolod qvrivma amoiRo xma da Tavisi
Rirseba daicva.
ras eridebian soflelebi, ratom maTac ar iares gubernatoramde?
pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, es aris SiSi xelisuflebis mimarT (gziri, diambegi,
iasauli_saxelmwifos Zaladobas axorcieleben da mis nebas ganasaxiereben. rasakvirvelia, aq
aris TviTnebobac, magram xalxis TvalSi xSirad ar xdeba amis garCeva. oTaraanT qvrivis
nairebi ki amas arCeven da sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad aqtiurad gamodian). e. i. es aris SiSi
dasjisa.
meore, es aris SiSi masze aRmatebulis (Zalauflebrivi Tu qonebrivi TvalsazrisiT)
mimarT. am SemTxevvaSi, sainteresoa, aqvs Tu ara SiSi qvrivs masze socialurad maRla
mdgomi_Tavadebisa_arCilisa da kesosi.
mesame, es aris laCroba, simxdale adamianebisa, romelnic Rirsebis Selaxvas iolad
eguebian da ar cdiloben winaaRmdegobis gawevas.
oTaraanT qvrivi am samive SiSs gadalaxavs da, amasTan erTad, amsxvrevs sayovelTaod
aRiarebul Sexedulebas fulis yovlisSemZleobaze. rogorc cnobilia, fuli gaCenis dRidan
iqca kerpad da keTildReobis, Zalauflebis, Rirsebis sawindrad. oTaraanT qvrivi
upirispirdeba am Sexedulebasac. `fuli ra aris? xelis WuWyia~. amgvarad, fulis WuWyTan
gaigivebiT is mTlianad aufasurebs mis sazogadoebriv Rirebulebas. WuWyi abinZurebs da
63

amcirebs adamians da amitomac mosaSorebelia, Camosarecxia. samagierod, yvelaferze
aRmatebulia Rirseba: `tyuil_ubralod rom ar daveCagvrine, cotaa?!~ da es ritorikuli
kiTxva gulisxmobs pasuxs, rom swored esaa mTavari_aravis misce ufleba daCagvrisa.
oTaraanT qvrivi rainds emsgavseba, amitomac Tu Seadares igi `kabagadacmul ilias~.
ratom maincdamainc qals atvirTvina mweralma amgvari funqcia? cnobilia ilias
damokidebuleba qarTveli qalis, dedakacis mimarT. gavixsenoT leqsi `qarTvlis dedas~,
drama `qarTvlis deda~, werili `patara saubari~ da sxva. misTvis dedakaci iyo ara mxolod
sicocxlis wyaro, aramed cxovrebis wyaroc, darRveul droTa SemakavSirebeli da eris
gadamrCeni.
`marginaluri aRqma~ marginalur Tvalsazrisad rom gadaiqces, marginalma unda
irwmunos, rom `marginaloba~ realur da WeSmarit pirovnulobas gamoxatavs.
oTaraanT qvrivi pirovnebaa, darwmunebuli sakuTar TvalsazrisTa WeSmaritebaSi,
sxvagvarad, ar iqneboda igi aseTi ukandauxeveli. amave dros, igi sxvaTa Rirsebasac icavs,
roca es sxvani arafrad agdeben amave Rirsebas. am SemTxvevaSi, qvrivi TviTon Rirsebas icavs,
misi gadarCenisTvis ibrZvis, radgan Rirsebis gareSe adamiani araraobad iqceva. amis
dasturia epizodebi, romlebSic moTxrobilia, Tu rogor gaikiTxavs qvrivi
glaxa_maTxovrebs. jer erTi, cdilobs sikeTis sxvaTa daunaxavad gakeTebas: bazarSi
meduqnesTan SoTebs saqalamne Roris tyavze gadacvlis da maTxovars miscems, amoisxio, xolo
meduqnis kiTxvaze, magisi gemarTao, upasuxebs: `maSara_da, magis Tavis mzem. Cems Tavs purs
davaklebdi da magis qalamanSi mivcemdi~. ityueba qvrivi. sanam am tyuilis mizezs gamovkveTT,
misi sxva `tyuilebic~ gavixsenoT. karze mimdgar Sesabralis da Ronemixdil glaxas eubneba:
`wamoeTrie erTi maranSi, Rvinos Cagacecxleb, nu gegonos ki, rom madls giSvrebode rasme~...
ai, qvevrSi raRac wumpe naZirala damrCa, mainc gadasaRvrelia da barem Sen Cascecxle~.
aq yuradRebas iqcevs is, rom: 1. qvrivs ar unda, es gakiTxva glaxas madli egonos; 2.
wumpes gaZlev; 3. `Cagacecxleb~, e.i. qvrivi cdilobs maqsimalurad daamciros adamiani. ratom
iqceva ase? ratom ayris pilpils madls?
pirvel rigSi, is sikeTes RvTis da ara adamianTa dasanaxavad akeTebs. piriqiT, aridebs
kacTa Tvals. am SemTxvevaSi, is pirdapir icavs saxarebiseul mcnebebs. rac Seexeba `wumpes~ da
`Cagacecxleb~_am damamcirebelma sityvebma unda SeZran glaxas guli, daobebuli da
miZinebuli, da gamoaRviZon masSi Rirsebis grZnoba. qvrivi xedavs, rom glaxa wuTisoflisgan
didoeli lekis nabadiviTaa gaTelili, beds Seguebulia da arc aravin zrunavs sofelSi misi
Selaxuli Tavmoyvareobis aRdgenaze. oTaraanT qvrivi ki masSi RvTis Svils, dacemulsa da
ganadgurebuls xedavs, guli Sestkiva da cdilobs fexze wamoyenebas, oRond amisTvis
Taviseburi gza mouZebnia, ufro meti damcirebisa da Seuracxyofisa. es rom asea, amas mowmobs
is, rom glaxas is marTla wumpes ki ara, `erTi oriod Careqa kai Rvinos gadaaxuxebda da
gamoistumrebda Taviseburi qeba_didebiT~.
oTaraanT qvrivs sjeroda sityvis Zalisa, icoda misi fasi, amitom yovel naTqvam sityvas
udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda, is sityviT amaTraxebda adamians, raTa masSi daTrgunuli suli
damcirebis tkivils gaeRviZebina da adamianobis minavluli nakverCxali gaeRvivebina.
daaxloebiT, msgavs `meTods~ mimarTavs Sarl bodleris miniaturis erTi gmiri
(`mivasikvdiloT upovarni~): kabareSi Sesvlisas maTxovars, Cveulebisamebr, ki ar Caugdebs
gamowvdil qudSi fuls, aramed kargad mibegvavs. motivacia ki aseTia: `Tanasworad mxolod
igi unda CaTvalo, vinc dagimtkicebs amas, da Tavisuflebis Rirsic mxolod is aris, vinc
brZoliT moipovebs amas~. kbilebCamsxvreuli, TvalebCalurjebuli maTxovari didxans
iTmens ucxosgan cema_tyepas, mere uceb `gamoiRviZebs~. `me davinaxe, rom es nangrevi
gacocxlda~, Semdeg siZulviliT savse mzera esrola damCagvrels da lazaTianad mibegva
sapasuxod. `amrigad,_ambobs personaJi,_ Cemi energiuli wamlobiT me siamaye gavuRviZe mas
da davubrune igi sicocxles~. amis Semdeg fulsac miscems maTxovars, oRond rogorc
Tanaswors.
vfiqrobT, TaraanT qvrivsac raRac msgavsi `wamlobis meTodi~ aqvs. igi mware,
salanZRavi sityvebiT amcirebs adamians, raTa masSi Cakluli siamaye da Tavmoyvareoba
gaaRviZos, Tumca es didi msxverplis fasad ujdeba, misi ar esmiT da piriqiT, samadlod ki ara,
pilpilmoyrilad uTvlian sikeTes, magram qvrivi amas arad dagidevT, radgan misTvis mTavari
RvTis TvalSi gamarTlebaa. misTvis yvela adamiani moyvarea, romelic Tavisi TaviviT uyvars,
amitomac am ucnauri gziT cdilobs dacemulis fexze wamoyenebas.
marginals unda sjerodes, rom misi Sexedulebebia WeSmariti. amisTvis aucilebelia
rwmena sakuTari pirovnulobisa. SesaZlebelia Tu ara amgvari ram? dekarti Tavisi cnobili
gamoTqmiT amas adasturebs: `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~. Sesabamisad, TviTSemecneba aris
gza pirovnulobisken.
ra qmnis giorgis marginalobas?
oTaraanT qvrivis Sviloba misTvis ukve erTgvari damRa, gamorCeulobis niSania, miT
umetes, rom igi Tavisi qceviTa da sityva_pasuxiT Zalian waagavs dedas, amave dros, `dedis
yurmoWrili ymaa~, rac imas niSnavs, rom mis rCevas iTvaliswinebs da yovel sityvas ujerebs.
gavixsenoT, arCilsa da kesosTan mojamagired mimaval giorgis bargis waReba rom ar unda,
64

magram dedis daJinebul Txovnas, ufro swored, bargis waRebis aucileblobas daeTanxmeba,
Tumca Sinaganad winaaRmdegia. `marTalia da imitomo~_xSirad ambobs giorgi dedaze. Svils
sjera dedis yoveli sityvis mizanSewonilobisa da samarTlianobisa.
ra gamoarCevs giorgis sxvaTagan? ratom miviCnevT mas marginalad? individualuri
marginaloba xasiaTeba individis arasruli SesvliT jgufSi, romelic mas gaiucxoebs,
damnaSavesaviT ukuagdebs. r. parkis azriT, individi aris `kulturuli hibridi~, romelic
iziarebs ori gansxvavebuli jgufis cxovrebasa da tradiciebs. am SemTxvevaSi, giorgi
oTaraanT qvrivis sazogadoebisa (ojaxuri garemo) da soflis sazogadoebis konfliqturi
gadakveTis wertilebis mowmea. is mTlianad iziarebs dedis Sexedulebebs da ar cdilobs
raimes daTmobis xarjze sofelTan harmoniul, ukonfliqto urTierTobas.
giorgi cudsa da avs gverdiT gulgrilad ver Cauvlida, misTvis, am TvalsazrisiT,
sxvisi saqme ar arsebobda. omaraanT mojamagiresTan uTanxmoeba imis gamo mouva, rom dainaxavs
mZinare mojamagires, kameCebs ki wneliT mibmuls. giorgis ukvirs misi saqcieli, mas miaCnia,
rom Tundac patroni arsad iyos axlomaxlo, RmerTi yvelafers xedavs. igi codvad miiCnevs
saqmis mimarT upasuxismgeblobas, patronis motyuebas, pirutyvTa tanjvas. giorgis marad
mRviZare sindisi aqvs, romelic yvelas mimarT Tanabrad mamxilebelia: Tavisi iqneba Tu sxvisi.
yvelaze did danaSaulad giorgis `namusis qudis axda da talaxSi gadagdeba~ miaCnia. namusma
ar unda misces adamians saSualeba ukeTuris Cadenisa.
TiToeuli kacis unamusobas igi qveynis daRupvasTan akavSirebs, am TvalsazrisiTac,
misi xedva qristianul zneobas efuZneba. sodom_gomors sasjeli rom aecilebina, aTiode
marTali kacic ki ar moiZebna. sofeli fiqrobs, rom `giorgi an RvTisagn mogzavnilia~, an
`giJia~. masSi `sxva niSanwyalia~.
giorgi aqtiuri marginalia, radgan cdilobs Tavisi principebis cxovrebaSi gatanas, ar
aSinebs marcxi, imdenad Tavdajerebulia. `SiSi ver ixsnis sikvdilsa~_misi zneobis sayrdenia.
igi rainduli bunebisaa, radgan daCagruls esarCleba da samarTlianobisTvis ibrZvis,
amitomac misi saxis arqetipad saxeldeba rogorc macxovari, aseve wminda giorgi.
giorgis RvTisgan yvelaferi aqvs mimadlebuli imisaTvis, rom sofelSi sxvaTagan
gamoirCeodes da pativiscemas imsaxurebdes. igi moxdenili garegnobisaa, koxtad da faqizad
Cacma_daxurva uyvars (`imisi yaiTnebiT morTuli sacveTebi, Wreli windebi da lamazad
gawyobili fexzed qalamani rom genaxaT, maSin daijerebdiT, rom Cvenebur glexis
fexsacmelsac Tavisi siturfe da silamaze aqvs~), Sromismoyvarea (`muSaobaSi xom mTels
sofelSi amas swori ara hyvanda TiTqmis~; `saqmis guliT amyolia da bolomde gamtanio~),
arCilma Seafasa misi `kaikacoba~ da `Rirsebis cocxal xats~ Seadara. manve warmoidgina
giorgi, rogorc waukiTxavi wigni, mravali saidumloebis momcveli. misi zneobis gasaRebi
rwmenis siRrmeebSi iyo saZiebeli da ara_zedapirze. misi sulis gagebas misive swori da
Tanatoli suli sWirdeboda, rac aravis gaaCnda, radgan aseTni mudam erTeulebi arian.
kesosa da arCilisTvis giorgi glexia da amitomac maTgan ganapirebuli. giorgi arc
eswrafvis maTgan gamyofi kedlis dangrevas, am bariers iRebs, rogorc erTgvar mocemulobas,
romlis Secvla ar SeiZleba, an mxolod pasiuri molodinia gamarTlebuli. misi neba, am
SemTxvevaSi, RvTisas emorCileba da ar miiCnevs, rom es misi gadasawyveti saqmea. vTqvaT,
socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba, Tumca zneobriv usamarTlobas
uSeRavaTod ebrZvis.
keso da arCilic im sazogadoebis konteqstSi erTgvari marginalebi arian. arCili
aRiarebs giorgis zneobriv, sulier upiratesobas. igi am axalgazrda glexSi xedavs RvTis
niWsa da madls. misTvis giorgi `RvTisagn mogzavnilia~, mis winaSe ar dgas sakiTxi: an_an. ar
aeWvebs misi goniereba: `Cven rani varT magasTan!.. dee, gvaswavlos da gvwurTnos~.
arCili xvdeba, rom giorgis sxvanairi guli da goneba aqvs, sindisiT axelili da
nasazrdoebi. igi kesosTan erTad inaniebs Tavis adrindel sibrmaves da eris gajansaRebas,
ufro, metic, momavals glexebsa da Tavadebs Soris Catexili xidis gamTelebaSi xedavs.
sosia mewisqvilis marginaloba iliasTvis pasuxgaucemel, `wyyevla_krulvian~
saiTxavad iqca. simbolurad, sosia mewisqvile gamoxatavs sazogadod am samyaroSi adamianis
marginalobas, mis gaucxoebas samyarosTan, martosulobasa da miusafrobas. sosia amitomac
aris erTgvarad sqematuri, xelovnuri saxe moTxrobisa, radgan igi ufro ideaa, romelic
samyaroSi adamianis dakargulobas, ucxoobas warmoaCens: `vin icis, saidam sad iyo
gadmogdebuli~, `aravin icoda, vin aris da saidam aris... amisi varskvlavi marto amosuliyo~.
`marTla rom codoa,_ambobs ilia masze, magram iqve miayolebs: `magram sxva vin ar aris
codo~. aq Sexmianeba Cans paskalTan: `ra ubadrukni varT, roca Cvensave msgavsTa Soris
daveZebT saSvels: Cvenebr ubedurni, Cvenebr umweoni, isini veras gviSvelian. adamiani marto
kvdeba, maSasadame sicocxleSic martosulad unda icxovros~ da eklesiastes maradiuli
sakiTxavTan. ase rom, sosia mewisqvile gamoxatavs ideas `amaoeba amaoTa da yovelive amao~.
oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi, sosia mewisqvile, arCili da keso sazogadoebis umciresobaa.
isini gamoeyofian adamian_masas, romlis arsi xose ortega i gasetim warmoaCina wignSi
`masebis amboxi~. es personaJebi ar arian iseTni, rogorebic yvelani. maT SeuZliaT sakuTari
65

Tavis Sefaseba. isini Segnebulad irTuleben cxovrebas, radgan uamrav moTxovnas uyeneben
sakuTar Tavs, raTa RvTisa da xalxis winaSe moixadon vali.
amgvaria marginalobis fenomenis ramdenime aspeqtis moxazvisa da gaanalizebis cda.
damowmebani:
acmoni 2007: acmoni g. sionizmi da sxva marginaluri mimdinareobebi, www.serendipity.li. 2007.
gaseti 1993: gaseti x. `masebis amboxi~. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `xomli~, 1993.
kankava 1981: kankava g. `marginaluri adamiani~. J. `qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi~. Tbilisi: 1981.
fsalmunTa ganmarteba 1996: fsalmunTa ganmarteba, wigni I, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `marTlmadidebeli
qristianis biblioTeka~, 1996.
WavWavaZe 1985: WavWavaZe i. `oTaraanT qvrivi~. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,1985.
66

demetre II Tavdadebuli
giorgi alibegaSvili
mefe demetre II bagrationi gansakuTrebuli RvawliTaa mosili saqarTvelos istoriaSi.
cnobilia, rom sakuTari sicocxlis fasad samSoblo ixsna mtris Semosevisa da aoxrebisagan,
amitom “Tavdadebulad” wodebuli Sevida Cveni eris istoriaSi.
demetre II-is saxe win wamowia ilia WavWavaZem, romelmac gmir mefesa da mis saqcielze
sagangebod Seqmna poema. rogorc ilias mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, mweralze bavSvobaSive didi
STabeWdileba mouxdenia mefe demetres tragikul istorias. poeti Tavis avtobiografiaSi
didi siyvaruliT ixseniebs pirvel maswavlebels, soflis mTavars, romelsac saSinao skola
hqonda gaxsnili da adgilobriv bavSvebs aswavlida. igi Turme didi gatacebiT uyveboda
mowafeebs saqarTvelos istoriul warsulze. “bevri am ambavTagani CamrCa gulSi da erTi maT
Soris, dimitri Tavdadebuli, Temad gamoviyene mravali wlis Semdego”, - aRniSnavs ilia
(WavWavaZe 1957:308).
yuradRebas aRar gavamaxvilebT am poemis Seqmnis istoriaze, mxolod im faqts
gavixsenebT, rom “mefe demetre Tavdadebuli” iliam miuZRvna Tavis uaxloes megobars petre
nakaSiZes, romelsac pirad saubrebSi gauRrmavebia poetis interesi demetre mefis
pirovnebisadmi da STaugonebia poemis daweris idea. amas mowmobs avtografis pirvel gverdze
ilias minaweri: “Zmao petre! Sengan STagonebuls Senve giZRvni!”. sayuradReboa, rom petre
nakaSiZesve miuZRvna iliam poema “qarTvlis deda”.
cnobilia, rom gardasul istoriaTa da gmirTa ambebi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtualurda
romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi, rasac sxvadasxva mizezi hqonda. magram erTi ram ki unda
SeiniSnos: saqarTvelos warsuli romantikosTa mier xSirad isea aRwerili da gaidealebuli,
TiTqos Cvens qveyanas ar hyolia arc moRalateni, arc sulmokle laCrebi da arc Cveulebrivi
adamianuri codvebiT damZimebuli adamianebi. TiTqos esaa erTi gabmuli sagmiro epopea
yovelgvari xinjis gareSe. aseTia grigol orbelianis “sadRegrZelo”, sadac istoriul gmirTa
saxeebi mxolod dadebiTi kuTxiTaa warmodgenili, rac Seexeba nikoloz baraTaSvilis poemas
“bedi qarTlisa”, masSi mxolod gakvriTaa naxsenebi moRalateTa roli krwanisis tragediaSi,
radgan ZiriTadi aqcenti “erTxel suls” daCneul sagmiro saqmeebsa da qarTlis bedzea
gadatanili.
ilias poema mihyveba saqarTvelos warsulis romantikul xedvas da, Tanadroulad,
ZiriTad istoriul faqtebs iTvaliswinebs. unda iTqvas, rom ilia gverds uvlis mefe demetres
adamianur naklovanebebs da mis saxes idealizeburad, romantikulad aRwers, rasac, Tavis
mxriv, ra Tqma unda, gamarTleba aqvs. mefe demetres naklovanebebi ki “qarTlis cxovrebaSi”
JamTaaRmwerels (XIV s.) aqvs warmodgenili.
“JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis metyueleba ars da ara Tualaxma visTvisme”, - werda igi da
iqve ganagrZobda, rom JamTaaRmwerlis movaleobaa, warmoaCinos rogorc keTilismoqmedni, ise
borotismoqmedni. marTalia, ar aris sakadrisi, mefeTa Sesaxeb cudi ram Tqva, magram
iZulebuli var, zogierTi “gansakTromeli moTxroba” movaTavsoo.
saqarTvelos istoriis Znelbedobis Jams literaturul Tu istoriul TxzulebebSi
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT daismoda xolme kiTxva: ra mizeziT moxda Cvens qveyanaSi mtris
agrerigi momZlavreba? umetes SemTxvevaSi amas esqatologiuri motivi eZebneboda. gavixsenoT
Tundac ioane sabanisZe da daviT guarmiSvili, romlebic maRalmxatvruli ostatobiT
gadmoscemdnen am problemas, daurideblad, ulmobeli, piruTvneli mxilebiT da, amave dros,
didi gulistkiviliT.
ioane sabanisZe arabTa momZlavrebas ase xsnis: “mravalni scdebodnen da mravalTa
acdunebdneno”. axla ki damdgara esqatologiuri Jami, rac aRsasrulis gardauvalobas
qadagebda. esqatologia kosmiur pesimizms amkvidrebda, oRond aRsasrulis gardauvalobis
SegnebiT tragikul gancdas anelebda. Tumca ioane sabanisZis (da ara marto mis) sasargeblod
unda iTqvas, rom qarTvel avtorebs arasodes aviwydebodaT xsnis gzis Zieba. “wm. abos
wamebaSic” yvelaferi istoriuli xsnis imediTaa gamsWvaluli da aqeTken mimarTuli. amitom
esqatologiuri motivebis moxmobas fsiqologiuri funqcia eniWeba. igi eris gafrTxilebasa
da gamofxizlebas iTvaliswinebs.
yovel dros Tavisi esqatologia aqvs. TavisTavad Zalze sayuradRebo iyo msoflio
aRsasrulis axsna adamianTa moraluri dacemiT. morali kosmiur Zalad cxaddeboda.
konkretuli funqciebis miRma igulisxmeba adamianTa sayovelTao moraluri pozicia (siraZe
1987:59).
ioane sabanisZis msgavsad, demetre Tavdadebulis cxovrebis JamTaaRmwereli
esqatologiis gasaazreblad iyenebs “drois” cnebas — “Jams”. “Jami” araa movlenaTa mxolod
Tanmxlebi faqtori. igi movlenaTa raobis ganmsazRvrelia. “Jami” aRvsilia
yovlismomaswavebeli Zalis SinaarsiT. amgvari “Jami” zogadad igivea, rac antikuri bediswera
— “moira”, Tumca igi “xronossac” ukavSirdeba (siraZe 1987:60).
67

mefe demetres dros “maT JamTa Sina” batonobdnen TaTar-mongolebi, ris wyalobiTac
iyvnen “soflisa mpyrobelni”. esqatologiuri “Jamis floba” ki, rogorc cnobilia,
romantikosebamde aRwevs. “Jami Cemia da Jamisa me var imedi”, - wers nikoloz baraTaSvili (r.
siraZe).
ra adgili ukavia am JamSi mefe demetres da rodis dgeba misi “Jami”? esaa naCvenebi, erTi
mxriv, JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi da, meore mxriv, ilias poemaSi.
“iyo ese dimitri taniTa axovan, feriTa haerovan, Sesaxedavad turfa, TmiTa da wueriTa
mwyazar da Suenier. TualiTa greman, beW-brtyel da Sewyobil samxedroTa wesiTa, sruli
cxenosani da mSvildosani rCeuli, uxvi, mowyale da mdabali, glaxakTa, qurivTa da
davrdomilTa mowyale, romel ara smenil ars naTesavi mefeTa gina sxuaTa kacTa. rameTu
aqunda Cveuleba, aRiRis safase da aRdgis Rame. da movlis qalaqi, da moixilnis glaxakni da
davrdomilni da obolni, da TvisiTa xeliTa miscemdis, da yovelTa uwyodian mowyaleba
mefisa, da amisTvis glaxakni RamiT folocTa Sina vidodian, raTa SeemTxvevian mefesa; amas
Tana moego marxuloba, RamiT locva da muxlTa — yra friadi, rameTu aTas xuTasi muxli
moagdis mdablad miwasa zeda. esreT yovliTurT gaSuenebuli da ganaTebuli iyo” (qarTlis
cxovreba — 1959:271-272), — ase axasiaTebs mefe demetres JamTaaRmwereli. iqve ki umatebs, rom
“dReTa misTa ara iqmneboda TaTarTagan Zali da usamarTloba, arca didTa noinTagan, arca
elCTagan. da esreT aSenda saqarTvelo da moirWuna”.
SevniSnavT, rom ara mxolod azrobrivad mihyveba am Txrobas ilia WavWavaZe, rac
adasturebs mis mier JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis gamoyenebas:
iqve iliac umatebs:
dimitri erqva saxelad,
mxarbeWprtyeli, tanmaRali,
jiriTSi Tu Svild-isarSi
aravin hyavda badali.
kaci iyo, mefe-kaci,
Tvalad, tanad Svenieri,
gared — risxviT mtrisa msrveli,
Sin — mowyale, RvTisnieri.
RamiT Turme Caicvamda
ubralo kaba-jubasa,
wava da inaxulebda
sawyalis xalxis ubansa.
moivlida qvrivs da oxers,
davrdomilsa da obolsa,
Tavis xeliT urigebda
mowyalebas da sazrdosa.
vis rac gulSi dardi hqonda,
wava — imas SesCivlebda,
glaxis, oblis, Cagrulisas
sarCelsa ar iTakilebda.
yvelgan imis samefoSi
Txa da mgeli erTad sZovda,
eri, beri, obol-qvrivi —
sul imis dRes hloculobda.
mis dros iyo yeinoba,
mefe yeins hmorCilebda,
magram Tavis qveynis saqmes
Tvis nebazed ganagebda. (WavWavaZe 1987: 231).
JamTaaRmwerlisaTvis gansakuTrebulia is faqti, Tu rogori iyo mefe demetre da
Semdeg rogori gaxda. “mefeman .... aRaSenna queyanani mooxrebulni. amanve aRaSena palatsa Sina
monasteri, isanTa, sayofelTa metexTa RmrTismSobelsa, da Seamko gangebiTa didiTa, da
Seswirna sofelni da zuarni, da ganuCina monazonTa sazrdeli da samoseli, da ganago
gangebiTa keTiliTa”. am da sxva saTnoebebSi “mefe dimitri waremateboda RmrTismsaxurebiTa
da kacT-moyuarebiTa”. amas mohyva is, rom “damSvidna queyana da yovliT kerZo iwyo mSvidoba.
mohxedna RmerTman wyalobiT mosavTa misTa, da iyo uxueba purisa da Rvinisa, da mefe dimitri
ganagebda samefoTa saqmeTa”.
swored xorciel fufunebasa da siameSi imaleboda is udidesi safrTxe, romelmac
gamoiwvia momakvdinebeli cduneba: qarTvelebma “viTar moicales mcired WirTagan da
ganisuenebdes, da midrkes gzisagan saRmrTosa, iwyes gandgomad, rameTu mefeman moiyvanna samni
colni.... da kualad sxuanica aRmoscendebodes borotni, rameTu iwyes urTierTas mZlavrebad
da mixueWad, da aravin ipoveboda samarTlis myofeli”...
68

es viTareba ilias poemaSi araa aRwerili. aseve sityvac araa Tqmuli mefis Sesaxeb.
aqcenti sul sxva movlenebzea gakeTebuli da es SemTxveviTi araa. am sakiTxs qvemoT SevexebiT.
JamTaaRmwereli ki, msgavsad mogvianebiT moRvawe daviT guramiSvilisa, Tavsdatexil
ubedurebas qarTvelTagan swored RvTis gzidan gandgomas miiCnevs da ramdenjerme SeniSnavs:
“maSin moiwia samarTali sasjeli codvaTa CuenTaTvis”; “didsa oTxSabaTsa SeiZra mZafrad
queyana, samxileblad usjuloebaTa CuenTaTvis”; “risxviT moxedna RmerTman queyanasa,
simravlisaTvis usamarTlobaTa CuenTasa”.
veranairi zemoqmedeba ver iqonia qarTvelebze sulieri mamebis — nikoloz
kaTolikosisa da nikoloz mawyverelis Segonebebma da mxilebam, rasac Sedegad is mohyva, rom:
“safuZveliTurT SeiZra queyana da SeZrwunda esoden, romel daiqces saydarni da monasterni,
eklesiani, cixeni, saxlni, naSenebni mooxrdes, mTani da borcuni maRalni daizules, kldeni
saxed mtuerisa dagalnes, da miwa ganipo, da Savi wyali msgavsi kuprisa aRmoiWra, xeni maRalni
daecnian da iryeodian Zrvasa queyanisasa. romlisaTvis saydari awyuerisa daiqca, rameTu
yovlad-wminda awyuerisa RmrTismSobeli, litaniobiT Sesuenebuli, saSual saydrisa esuena;
gumbaTi CamoiWra, da viTar qudi kacisa esreT Tavsa daerqua, da darCa uvneblad, ZlierebiTave
misiTa.... mcxeTis saydarica daiqca, samcxes uricxvi suli moswyda, da yovlad saydari, eklesia
da cixe arsad darCa dauqcevari, iqmna glova da tirili uzomo”.
ase maRalmxatvrulad aRwers JamTaaRmwereli im apokaliptur suraTs, rac qarTvelTa
uflisgan gandgomam gamoiwvia da esqatologiuri Jamis gancda dabada.
nikoloz kaTolikosi sxva mizezTa gamoc iyo gulZvirad mefeze — igi “friad abralebda,
da RmrTisa sasjelTa Tualuxobasa aqadebda” mas. JamTaaRmwereli xazgasmiT SeniSnavs, rom
“aqamomde mefe dimitri, keTilad mmarTebeli, skiptraTa samefoTa Semkobili, da mowyalebisa
da mosamarTleobisa, monazonTa da eklesiaTa, yovelTa wesTa saRmrToTa da kacobrivTa
keTilad zedamiwevniT mmarTebeli, sisrulisagan mcired midrka, da aReria warmarTTa. da
iswavna saqmeni maTni, uZRebebisa da siZvisa” da iqve bibliur paralelsac ixmobs: “dedaTa
SeacTunes solomonisebro”.
amaod damaSvralma nikolozma “dauteva kaTalikosoba, da xeliTa TvisiTa akurTxa
juarismtvirTeli mefisa abraham kaTalikosad da TviT warvida mamulad da Tvisad”.
rogorc irkveva, mefis sulier gamoRviZebaSi udidesi roli Seasrula mTawmindidan
mosulma basili monazonma, romelic “gamocxadebiTa yovlad-wmidisa RvTismSobelisaTa, da
viTarca mociquli Zlierad amxilebda da winaaRudgeboda mefesa uwesosa misTvis qorwinebisa,
da aswavebda siwmidesa, da moaxsenebda taZar-RmrTisa yofasa Cuensa”.
demetre mefes trapizonelTa asulisagan hyavda pirmSo daviTi, vaxtangi, laSa da
manoveli, asuli rusudani; TaTris asulisagan ori Ze — baduri da iadgari, asuli jigda; xolo
beqas qaliSvilisagan — “Ze mxolo giorgi” (brwyinvale).
am informaciis Semdeg iwyeba demetre mefis codvaTagan gamoxsna da uflisagan
movlenili udidesi gamocda, romelsac bagratovani xelmwife Rirseulad Sexvda da
mowamebrivad gauZlo. aq isev axlovdeba JamTaaRmwerlis Txzuleba da ilias poema, raSic
igulisxmeba gadawyevtilebis misaRebad sasuliero pirTa da saero didebulTa TavSeyra,
urdoSi gamgzavreba, dagvianebis gamo mongolTa laSqris saqarTvelosken daZvra da a.S. ar
SeiZleba im mSvenieri monologis gverdis avla, romelsac, erTi mxriv, gvawvdis
JamTaaRmwereli da, meore mxriv, ilia warmoaTqmevinebs demetre Tavdadebuls.
JamTaaRmwereli: “mravalmRelvare ars sawuTo ese, daudgromeli da warmavali, dReni
Cuenni sizmrebr da aCrdilebr warvlen, da unebel da mswrafl Tana-guac warsvla soflisa
amisgan. ra sargebel ars cxovreba Cemi, ukeTu CemTvis mraval suli mokudes da me tvirT-mZime
codvaTa ganvide soflisa amisgan, aw mnebavs, raTa warvide yaens winaSe, da iyos neba RmrTisa:
ukeTu momklan, vgoneb, rome queyana uvneblad darCes” (qarTlis cxovreba — 1959 :272-288).
ilia: bolos brZana: “es qveyana
RvTisagan maqvs monabari...
me davrCe da igi warxdes,
miTxariT, ra madli ari!
qveynis amodena codva
Cems Tavzed datrialebda,
wawymdeba aqac da iqac
dimitri mefis xseneba!....
ara! waval, ar davdgebi,
de, asruldes neba RvTisa,
xorci mokvdes, suli cxondes
mefis Tqvenis dimitrisa”.
kaTolikosis rCevac (igulisxmebian sxva sasuliero pirebic) analogiuria:
vstir da girCev RvTis saxeliT,
xorci dasTmo sulisaTvis,
ukvdaveba ar dahkargo
69

wuTis-soflis gulisaTvis.
da kidev ilias msoflmxedvelobis arsebiTi aspeqtis gamomxatveli strofi, romlis
Sinaarsic JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi qveteqsturad ikiTxeba:
gana TviTon qriste-RmerTsa
gadarCena ar Zal-edva,
ar ineba da qveynisTvis —
RmerTi iyo da — jvars ecva (WavWavaZe — 1987 :235-238,245).
am rwmenas ilia am da sxva mxatvrul qmnilebebSic yovelTvis win swevs. gavixsenoT
Tundac “aCrdilis” striqonebi:
jvarcmulis RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmulo da wamebulo,
eklians gzazed Senebr sxvasa romels uvlia?....
da davrwmundebiT, Tu ratom uvlis mwerali gverds mefe demetre Tavdadebulis
adamianur naklovanebebs. im dros, rodesac saqarTveloSi esoden momZlavrebuli iyo qveynis
Ralatic da mxolod piradi interesebis win wamoweva, gaurkveveli da bundovani xedva
samSoblos momavlisa, gautanloba, orpiroba, muxTloba, bunebrivia, ilias sWirdeboda gmiri,
is idealuri pirovneba, romelic ers gamoafxizlebda, siamayisa da Rirsebis grZnobas
gauRviZebda da aumaRlebda. naklovaneba realobaSic sakmaoze meti iyo. aqdan ikveTeba
heroizmis esTetizacia da zneobrivi idealis Zieba, rac ilias Semoqmedebas yovelTvis axlavs.
damowmebani:
siraZe 1987: siraZe r. qarTuli agiografia. Tbilisi: 1987.
qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. t. II. Tbilisi: 1959.
WavWavaZe 1957: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. IX. Tbilisi: 1957.
WavWavaZe 1987: wavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. I. Tbilisi: 1987.
70

igavuri metyvelebis bibliuri principi
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi
mariam niniZe
sxvadasxva religiur-kulturul arealSi esTetikac sxvadasxvagvari yalibdeba.
qarTuli mwerlobis mravalsaukunovan istorias safuZvlad qristianuli tradiciebi da
Rirebulebebi udevs. es exeba rogorc Zvel, ise axal literaturas. sabWoTa periodSi am
faqtis ugulvebelyofa xdeboda, `realizmi~ lamis `materializmTan~ igivdeboda, XIX saukunis
mwerlebis, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba ki aTeisturi poziciidan ganixileboda. es
mniSvnelovnad akninebda imdroindeli literaturaTmcodneobis mecnierul Rirebulebas.
dResdReobiT sarwmunoebriv sakiTxTa kvlevas tabu aexsna magram Zveli kliSeebi mainc
moqmedebs. amis gamo mamuliSviluri siyvarulis iliaseul koncefciaSi, mis mier gatarebul
orTografiul reformasa da qristianuli suliskveTbiT gajerebul mxatvrul simbolikaSi
zogjer kvlav sarwmunoebis desakralizaciasa da sekularizacias vxedavT.
RmerTis Canacvleba amqveyniuri, miwieri faqtorebiT (sekularizacia) _ ar esadageba
ilia WavWavaZis mrwamss. miuxedavad aSkara sakralizaciisa, mamuls mis gulsa da gonebaSi
RmerTis adgili arasodes daukavebia. piriqiT, ilias nawerebSi yvelgan igrZnoba, rom qveynis
siyvaruli RvTisgan naswavlebi, misTvis misaRebi, da ara masTan dapirispirebuli, grZnobaa.
`eha, mamulo, Senis trfobis Zalsa RvTiursa, ra daudgeba?~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 206); `mamuls migca
zecama~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 86); `sazrdod xmarobde qristesa mcnebas~(WavWavaZe 1987: 68) wers igi.
mamuli da ena mis triadaSi sarwmunoebiT aris Sekruli da dagvirgvinebuli (WavWavaZe 1991: 30).
sekularizaciis kvali ar Cans arc mwerlis sazogadoebriv wamowyebebSi, maT Soris
orTografiul reformaSi. Tavisufali neba, romelic RmerTma adamians mianiWa, gulisxmobs
yovel wuTs alternativis winaSe dgomas. es dilema xSirad rTuli gadasawyvetia, magram
orTagan ufro mniSvnelovanze arCevanis gakeTebac macxovarma gvaswavla. miuxedavad imisa,
rom adamianebs SabaTi uqmed ganuwesa, maTTvis sasikeTod (maT gansaswavlad, gansakurneblad
da sxv.) am SezRudvis darRvevac Tavad dauSva, imitom, rom wesebze ufro mniSvnelovani
misTvis adamiani iyo. macxovris TqmiT: `taZrisa ufrois ars aqa... ufal ars Ze kacisai
SabaTisaca~ (m. 12. 6-8). davufiqrdeT, aso-niSanTa sistemaSi cvlilebis ganxorcielebisas ra
unda yofiliyo mniSvnelovani iliasaTvis.
xmarebidan amoRebul asoebs, rogorc grafikul da ara semantikur elementebs, araTu
religiasTan, arcerT konkretul TemasTan an SinaarsTanac ar hqonia raime kavSiri. imis gamo,
rom maT ar gaaCnda sityvaTganmasxvavebeli, distinqturi funqcia, salaparako enam maTze
TavisTavad Tqva uari da ilias drois zepir metyvelebaSi isini aRar ixmareboda. arc am
faqtobrivi viTarebiT da arc ilias mier maTze uaris Tqmis dakanonebiT Cveni enis
gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebi, maT Soris religiuri Sinaarsis gamoxatvis unari,
odnavadac ar dakninebula, dadebiTi mxare ki am movlenas namdvilad hqonda.
XIX saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisSi wera-kiTxva ar icoda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
sakmaod didma nawilma da, rogorc imdroindel dokumentur da mxatvrl masalebSi, Tundac
ilias moTxroba `glaxis naambobSi~ Cans, bevrs misi swavla miuRwevladac ki eCveneboda
(WavWavaZe 1988: 143-145, 148-152). ufunqcio asoebis arseboba saqmes arTulebda,
orTografiulma reformam ki qarTuli wera-kiTxva gacilebiT ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxada
yvela wodebis, asakisa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobis adamianisaTvis. es wamowyeba konkretuli,
praqtikuli interesebidan gamomdinareobda da araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia
sekularizaciasTan.
ilia WavWavaZis dapirispireba ufros TaobasTan religiur niadagze ar momxdara, igi
literaturis sakiTxebze paeqrobiT daiwyo. marTalia, `mamebs~ Tavdapirvelad moeCvenaT, rom
axalgazrdebi ufrosebis esTetikuri principebis saxiT sarwmunoebas upirispirdebodnen,
magram Tavis pasuxSi iliam garkveviT ganmarta, rom misTvis miuRebeli farisevloba iyo da
ara qristianoba (WavWavaZe 1987: 142,143). es ganacxadi movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebamac
daadastura. samocianelebma formalobamde dayvanili rwmena gamoacocxles da mamulis
droSasTan erTad qristes jvaric Rirseulad atares. saintereso faqtia, rom vaxtang da
grigol orbelianebis lirikaSi, religiuri Tematika ilia WavWavaZis `mamao Cvenos...~ Semdeg
gaCnda. axali Taobis gulwrfeloba da simarTle mogvianebiT `mamebmac~ gaacnobieres. amis
dasturia Tundac is, rom grigol orbelianma Tavisi axali leqsi _ `fsalmuni~, udidesi
pativiscemis gamomxatvel pirad werilTan erTad, swored ilias gaugzavna Sesafaseblad da
dasabeWdad.
pirovnebis mrwamsi SesaZloa ara mxolod Teoriul naazrevSi, aramed calkeuli
principebis, struqturebisa da elementebisadmi damokidebulebaSic gamomJRavndes, magram es
yovelive garkveuli Sinaarsis matarebeli unda iyos da maT mowonebas Tu uaryofas Sesabamisi
axsna unda gaaCndes. amis demonstrireba SegviZlia leqsikisadmi ilias damokidebulebis
CvenebiT. sityvieri maragis gasamdidreblad mas saukeTeso gzad swored bibliuri wyaroebiT
sargebloba miaCnda. amas mowmobs mwerlis gamonaTqvami: `ueWvelia, Zriel gonivrad iqceva isa,
vinc mudam Jams kiTxulobs saRmrTo werilsa. imis wamkiTxavi ornairad aris sargeblobaSi,
71

pirvelad: Seiswavebs RvTis vedrebasa da ramdensac momatebulad kiTxulobs, imdenad
mkvidrad dainergeba imis gulSi sarwmunoeba qristesi; da meored: iq Sexvdeba mraval namdvil
qarTul sityvasa, romelnic amJamad bevrni maTganni aRar ixmarebian saero laparakSi, da maSin,
rodesac saRmrTo werili gadmouTargmniaT qarTulad berZnulidgan, xmarebaSi yofila.
mxolod iqidgan gadmotanili sityva unda moixmaros ise, im kiloze, rogorc amJamad
laparakobs xalxi...~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 79).
rodesac ilia WavWavaZem rusul-qarTuli leqsikonis Sedgena gadawyvita, sityvebis
SesarCevad kvlav wminda werils mimarTa. marTalia, Canafiqris ganxorcieleba ar daascalda,
magram, amonawerebi, romlebic mTlianad bibliuri wignebidan aris gakeTebuli, aSkarad
mowmobs mis am ganzraxvas.
avTenturi konteqstidan sityvas Tan mohyveba Sesabamisi asociaciebi da ganwyoba. amitom
iliasaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda, saidan amdidrebda mwerali Tavis leqsikur marags. igi
gansakuTrebiT uqebda grigol orbelians imas, rom man Tavisi nawerebidan `sruliad gandevna
sparsuli kilo da miTologiuri saxelebiT aWreleba sityvierebisa.~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 534) Cveni
msoflmxedvelobisaTvis ucxo _ aRmosavluri da miTosuri elementebi arc ilias
SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba, rasac, ra Tqma unda, ver vityviT qristianul leqsikaze. piriqiT,
mwerali mas savsebiT gacnobierebulad aniWebda upiratesobas, imitom, rom qristianoba
misTvis ara miTosi, aramed `gulis WeSmariteba ~ iyo (WavWavaZe 2007: 279).
mxatvruli tropebis umravlesoba Sedarebazea agebuli, Sedareba ki realur msgavsebas
an asociacias emyareba. vidre rTuli mxatvruli saxeebis axsnas SevecdebiT, vnaxoT, rasTan
mimarTebiT ra asociacia uCndeboda xolme ilia WavWavaZes. mis publicistikaSi xSirad
gvxvdeba adamianTa am Tu im Rirseuli Tu uRirsi saqcielis Sedareba saWurvelTan: Wori da
ciliswameba sisustis iaraRTanaa asocirebuli, kilva da Zageba _ uRonobisasTan, bezRoba _
samarcxvino far-xmalTan, tyuilubralo muqara da qadili _ pirgaReWil xmalTan, codna _
faqiz da wminda iaraRTan, skola _ orpir xmalTan, rjuli _ erovnobis far-xmalTan da sxv.
sabrZolo aRWurvilobis Sedareba adamianur TvisebebTan da qcevasTan araerTgan
gvxvdeba wminda werilSi. magaliTad, pavle mociqulis efeselTa mimarT epistoleSi
moxseniebulia `fari igi sarwmunoebisai~ da `maxvili igi sulisai` (6,11). wminda weriliseuli
martivi Sedarebebi da metaforebi xSirad iqceva xolme simboloebad. davakvirdeT am
movlenas imave iaraRis magaliTze. rodesac macxovari mociqulebs aswavlis: `ganyiden
samoseli Tvisi da iyiden maxvili~ maT sityvebze: `aha, esera arian aqa or danak~ (luka 22. 36) ki
pasuxobs, rom sakmarisia, `maxvili~ da `danaki~ adamianuri Rirsebebis simboluri saxeebia
(erT-erTi ganmartebiT _ WeSmariti rwmenis da sarwmunoebrivi saqmeebis).
sagaloblebSi, xatebsa da freskebze qristes mxedrebis sabrZolo aRWurvilobiT
warmoCenac simbolikaa. magaliTad, wminda giorgis Sesaxeb mis cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT:
`Seimosa yovlad saWurveli igi sulieri... aRiRo fari sarwmunoebisai xelTa TvisTa da
maxvili igi sulisa, romel ars sityuai RmrTisai...~ (gabiZaSvili 1992: 162). rogorc Cans, msgavs
xerxs _ martivi Sedarebidan simboloze gadasvlas mxatvrul TxzulebebSi ilia WavWavaZec
mimarTavs. oTaraSvilebis saWurveli, romelic am ojaxis `uZvirfasesi ganZia~, romelsac
ukavSirdeba sulTmobrZavi mamis _ Tevdores anderZi, romelsac qvrivi yovel kviras
cremliT wmends, avtori ki am process locvas adarebs; iaraRi, romliT mokluli Citic ki ar
aris naxsenebi da misi mflobelebi mainc did `monadireebad~ iTvlebian, warmoudgenelia, rom
simboluri mniSvnelobisa ar iyos, da ras SeiZleba igi ukavSirdebodes, Tu ara imave
qristianul tradicias.
ilia WavWavaZe qarTul naraciaSi sekularuli simbolikis damamkvidrebeli ver iqneba,
radgan misi simbolo-alegoriebis didi nawili wminda werilisa da sasuliero
literaturiseul saxeebs ara mxolod leqsikuri aRmniSvneliT ukavSirdeba, aramed
SinaarsiTac. mxatvrul TxzulebebSi ambisa da azris, gamogonilisa da realuris
Tanaarsebobis, maTi orplanianobis saTaveebs ilia igavuri metyvelebis wminda weriliseul
tradiciebSi xedavda. 1896 wels statiaSi `Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~ igi aRniSnavs, rom
`TiTon saRmrTo werilis igavni... orkec Tvisebisani da Rirsebisani arian...~ da `mTeli egredwodebuli
sityvakazmuli literaturac am safuZvelzea aSenebuli: mogonilis ambiT cxadhyos
marTali~.
ilias TqmiT, `...saba orbelianis sicrue da erTob sityvakazmul literaturisa... azris
amxsnelia, mauwyebelia, gagebis gza da xidia...~ orplanianoba, wminda werilis igavebis darad,
ara mxolod ezopes, lafontenis, Zmebi grimebis, andersonis, krilovis, saba orbelianis igavarakebSi,
aramed mTel mxatvrul literaturaSi avisa da kargis erTmaneTisagan garCevas
emsaxureba. fabula, gamogonili ambavi mxolod garegani formaa, romelSiac gaxveulia
mTavari saTqmeli. mwerlis azriT, amgvari teqstebis kiTxvisas erTi principiT unda
vixelmZRvaneloT _ suls unda vadevnoTgulisyuri da ara xorcs, azrs da ara ambavs, radgan,
`ambavi marto azris gamosasaxavad aris aq CarTuli da mogonili~.
wminda weriliseul mTesvaris igavTan azrobriv kavSirSia RvTis sityvis Tavdapirvelad
sixaruliT mimRebi, Semdeg ki misi uarmyofeli gabrielis dakavSireba kldis saxesTan. Sdr.
keTil TeslTagan erTi davarda `kldoansa zeda, sada ara iyo miwai friad da meyseulad
72

aRmoscenda, da rameTu ara iyo siRrmei miwisai, mzei aRmohxda da dacxa, da rameTu Zirni ara
daebnes, da ganxma.~ macxovris ganmartebiT: `romeli igi kldovansa zeda daeTesa, ese ars:
romelman sityuai igi (sasufevelisai) isminis da meyseulad sixaruliT gulsa Tvissa miiRis
igi, xolo Ziri ara aqun gulsa Tvissa, aramed sawuTrosa arn da raJams arn Wiri anu devnai
sityvisa misTvis, meyseulad dabrkoldian (maTe 13) `romelTa igi Jam erT hrwamn da Jamsa
gansacdelisasa gandgian~ (luka 6).
gabrielis problemac is aris, rom bolomde ver xsnis Tavis klde guls RvTis sityvis
dasamkvidreblad. roca mRvdeli arwmunebs, `kacma rom moindomos, kldes gaarRvevso~, igi jer
WoWmanobs: `kldis gamrRvev kacs sxva feric aZevso~, Semdeg hpirdeba: `vcdi, Tunda kldem qveS
momitanoso~. magram sikvdilis win aRiarebs: `vai rom bedma qveS momitana... da ai, veRar
wamovudeqi, Torem vin icis? iqneba mec SemZleboda kaikacobao~ kldesTan Sedareba aq
arsebiTad imave Sinaarsis matarebelia, rogorisac saxarebis dasaxelebul igavSi da
mizandasaxulobac iseTive aqvs _ gamogonili magaliTiT mogvces sulieri swavleba _
dagvanaxos, rom gakerpebul gulSi Tesli keTili fesvebs ver gaidgams. Tu igi sinanuliT ar
movarbileT, sixaruliT miRebuli madli cxovrebiseuli dabrkolebisTanave dagvekargeba.
wminda weriliseul saxeebs ukavSirdeba TaTqariZeebis asocireba RorebTan da
luarsabis sizmriseuli locvis mimsgavseba mezverisa da farisevlis igaviseul farisevlis
locvasTan (l. 18. 10); darejanis mier `daviTnis~ codniT Tavmowoneba, misi da luarsabis
uazro saubrebi wminda werilze, winaaswarmetyvelebze, xe cnobadisas almasisa da iagundis
nayofze da sxv. marTlac Zalian gavs Rorebis mier margalitebis fexqveS Telvas. sityvebSi:
`nuca daugebT margalitsa winaSe RorTa~ (maTe, 7. 6) ioane oqropiris ganmartebiT macxovari
iseT adamianebs gulisxmobs, `romelni maradis Seginebulsa da bilwsa moqalaqeobasa Sina
iqcevian~ (ioane oqropiri 1996: 77)
saxarebis igaviseuli farisevlis msgavsad lursabis locvac ori Temisgan Sedgeba _
sakuTari damsaxurebis warmoCenisa da sxvisi gankiTxvisagan: `RmerTo!.. Tormet-abaziani
cxvari dagikal, ori abazis wminda sanTeli aginTe... marxva me ar gamitexia... aba Cven mRvdelsa
hkiTxe, Tu me codva miqnia rame...~ ambobs luarsabi. Sdr. `RmerTo... vimarxav or gzis SabaTsa
Sina da aTeulsa Sevswirav yovlisagan monagebisa Cemisa~ (luka 18. 12) daviTis lukma unda
gamxado?! rac imas qveyanazed cdva Caudenia, vin mosTvlis? abezRebs Zmas luarsabi. Sdr.
`gmadlob Sen, rameTu ara var viTarca sxuani kacni mtacebel, cru da memruSe, gina viTarca ese
mezuere...~ ambobs fariseveli (luka 18. 11). am saxeebiTac mwerali igives gvaswavlis, rasac
saxarebiseuli igavi. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom Tanadrouli cxovrebidan pirdapir, cocxlad
aRebuli saxis CvenebiT igi bibliur swavlebas kidev ufro axlobels da gasagebs xdis
mkiTxvelisaTvis.
igavebis simravlis miuxedavad, wminda werilis umetesi nawili mainc realur movlenebs
asaxavs, epikuri mxatvruli Txzulebis fabula ki, faqtobrivad mTlianad igavi, mTlianad
gamonagonia. amitom ilia maqsimalurad iyenebs Tavis SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs da iseTi
realuri piris mixedviTac, rogoric petre mociqulia, moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~ qmnis
sruliad axal, gamogonil mxatvrul saxes, am kavSirze misaniSneblad ki masac petres arqmevs.
Txzulebis gmirs mociqulTan saerTo aqvs is, rom igi Tavis garemocvaSi yvelaze
gamorCeulia, Tavis Tavs qristes mimdevrad Tvlis, madli aqvs da unari Seswevs adamiani
sulierad `moinadiros~, magram masac zedmeti TviTdajerebuloba Seepareba da daiqadis imas,
rasac ver aRasrulebs. erTi maTgani sikvdilis, meore ki dacinvis SiSis gamo, uars amboben im
madlze, romelic sxvebisagan gamoarCevda, uerTdebian codvian masas da uxmod eswrebian
mociquli petre TviT uflis, meurme petre ki RvTis xatad Seqmnili _ `RvTis kerZo~ adamianis
sasikvdilo ganaCens. gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom mamlis yivilma petre mociquli
sinanulSi Caagdo. mas yovel ganTiadze axsendeboda sakuTari Secodeba, ganicdida mas da
madlic daibruna, personaJ petres ki mamlis yivili kidev ufro uRvivebs ampartavnebas da
moTxroba ise mTavrdeba, rom SiSisa da TrTolvis miuxedavad, Tavis danaSauls ar aRiarebs.
rogorc vxedavT, wminda werilTan aluziur kavSirs ilia Tanabari ostatobiT iyenebs rogorc
msgavsebis, ise kontrastis warmosaCenad.
paralelebisaTvis mwerali xSirad mimarTavs agiografiul literaturasac. amis
dasturia is araerTi aluzia, romelic akavSirebs `oTaraanT qvrivs~ wminda giorgisa da wminda
Teodore tironis cxovrebaTa amsaxvel TxzulebebTan (niniZe 2005: 50-65). urmis Tvalze
gacmisTvis Tevdores mzaoba (`eh, netavi ki eg davaJkacebuli menaxa da!.. merme Tunda urmis
Tvalzed gavcmodio...~) da misi Sedareba ToneSi gamomcxvar purTan (`aseTi puri marto imaT
ToneSi cxveba~) aSkarad exmianeba wminda Tevdores aRsasruls. igi urmis Tvlebze mikruli
Seagores cecxlSi da `cecxlsa Sina Seicxo, viTarca puri tkbili da Sewirul iqmna winaSe
samebisa~ (wiqariSvili: )
uflis mier Seqmnil cxovelebsa da mcenareebs arsebobis windawinve gansazRvruli wesi
aqvT. maTi esa Tu is Tviseba TvalsaCino da ioli aRsaqmelia: velis SroSans ulamazesad
mosarTavad arc kerva sWirdeba da arc rTva (luka 12.27), mdogvis umciresi marcvlidan
uzarmazari xe izrdeba (mark. 4.31), leRvis furclis darbileba zafxulis moaxloebis
mauwyebelia (m. 24.32) da a.S. sxva arsebebisa da bunebrivi movlenebisagan gansxvavebiT adamians
73

aqvs Tavisufali neba, mravalferi da winaaRmdegobrivi buneba. sulxan-sabas igavi rom
moviSvelioT, misi ena utkbesic SeiZleba iyos da umwaresic; man SeiZleba siyvarulic Tesos da
mtrobac. amitom ganzogadebulad adamianis verc saTnoebaze vilaparakebT, verc cbierebaze
da verc romelime sxva Tvisebaze. adamians sxva arsebaTa bunebaSi garkveva ufro uadvildeba,
vidre sakuTarSi. amitom qristianulma moZRvrebam da Semdeg kulturamac farTod gamoiyena
usulo da fSvinvier samyarosTan Sedareba imisaTvis, rom adamians daxmareboda sakuTari
rTuli bunebis Semecnebasa da sulier swavlebaTa gaazrebaSi. velis SroSanis magaliTze man
iswavla, rom Tu RmerTi mindvris balaxze ase zrunavs, arc mas datovebs unugeSod, mdogvis
marcvlis magaliTze iswavla, rom RvTisTvis SeuZlebeli araferia da a.S.
saWiroebisda mixedviT, wminda werilis sxvadasxva adgilas adamiani Sedarebulia
gzasTan, kldovan, eklian da keTil niadagTan, RorTan, ZaRlTan, gvelTan, mtredTan da sxv.
TiToeuli amvari SemTxveva gvexmareba adamianuri saqcielis an romelime sulieri swavlebis
aRqmasa da gaazrebaSi. aseTi paralelebi, rogorc martivi Sedarebis, ise rTuli tropebis
saxiT xSirad gvxvdeba ilia WavWavaZis nawerebSi. Zalze STambeWdavia am mxriv Tvalaxveuli,
frTaSekruli, eJvangamobmuli miminos da frTebCamoyrili farSevangis saxeebi `glaxis
naambobSi~, Tevzisa da cxenis simboloebi sxvadasxva nawarmoebebSi da a.S.
imis gamo, rom wminda weriliseuli paralelis safuZveli romeliRac erTi aspeqtia da
ara Sesadareblbs Soris arsobrivi msgavseba. TviT macxovaric ki SeiZleba matlTan an
mparavTan (luka 12.39) iyos Sedarebuli (`ukueTumca icoda saxlisa ufalman, raJams mparavi
movals, iRviZebdamca... da Tquenca iyveniT ganmzadebul, rameTu Jamsa, romelsa ara
hgonebdeT, Ze kacisai movides~), gveli ki dadebiT konteqstSi moixseniebodes: `iyveniT Tquen
mecnier viTarca guelni (m. 10.16). mTavaria, ra niSniT keTdeba paraleli, sxva raime SezRudva,
rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs. amave princips emyareba wminda ilia marTalic, roca personaJTa
sulieri portretebis Sesaqmnelasd axdens bibliaSi gamoyenebuli saxeebis varirebas da
axlebis Semotanas. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia moTxrobaSi `glaxis naambobi~ daTikos iremTan
Sedareba wminda weriliseul, RmerTsmowyurebul irmis saxesTan kontrestis gamosakveTad.
Cven mier ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebidan moxmobilis msgavsi magaliTebi sxva
kulturebSic gvxvdeba, magram iq maT sxva Sinaarsi da mizandasaxuloba aqvs. amas garda,
ramdenadac publicistikaSi mwerali igavuri metyvelebis miseul princips Tavad adarebs
saRvTo werilisas, vfiqrobT, rom swored mas eyrdnoba da ara romelime sxva wyaros.
damowmebani:
gabiZaSvili 1992: wminda giorgi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, gamosacemad moamzada e. gabiZaSvilma, Tb. 1992.
ioane oqropiri 1996: ioane oqropiri, Targmanebai maTes saxarebisai w. II, gamomc. Tsu, 1996.
niniZe 2005: niniZe m. mxatvrul saxeTa sistema da religiuri diskursi `oTaraanT qvrivSi~, Tb. 2005
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.I Tb. gamomc. `mecniereba~, `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1987.
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.II Tb. gamomc. `mecniereba~, `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1988.
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.V Tb. gamomc. `mecniereba~, 1991.
WavWavaZe 2007: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. XIV Tb. gamomc. `ilias fondi~, 2007
74

vaJa TvalavaZe
ilia WavWavaZe sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali istoriis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb
qarTvelma mecnierebma araerTi monografia, samecniero statia Tu werili miuZRvnes XIX
saukunis II naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebis sakiTxebs. am periodis
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris moTaveebad ki qarTveli samocianelebi, anu, rogorc maT
xSirad uwodeben, `Tergdaleulebi~ gvevlinebia. maTi aRiarebuli lideri ilia WavWavaZe iyo.
mkvlevarebi, kvlevis ZiriTad obieqtadqceul problemebTan erTad, `samocianelTa~
socialur-ekonomikuri Sexedulebebis garkvevisas, Seexen, agreTve, maT mosazrebebs
sazRvargareTis qveynebis istoriis calkeuli saki Txebis Sesaxeb,magram specialuri
naSromebi qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris gamoxmaurebisa sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali
istoriis, maTi saSinao Tu sagareo politikis, saerTaSooriso urTierTobebis aqtualuri
problemebis Sesaxeb, jer kidev mcire raodenobiT mogvepoveba. am sakiTxebis Seswavlas ki
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis garkvevisas.
ilia WavWavaZisa da, saerTod, `TergdaleulTa~ sazogadoebriv-politikur da
istoriul koncefciebs pirvelma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da specialuri kvlevis
sagnad gaxada prof. v. donaZem. man mravali monografia, samecniero statia Tu werili miuZRvna
samocianelTa sociologiur SexedulebaTa Tu istoriuli koncefciebis garkvevas. am
naSromTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. Cven aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom prof. v. donaZem maRal
mecnierul doneze gaaSuqa qarTvel samocianelTa moTaveebis i. WavWavaZis, n. nikolaZis, s.
mesxis da g. wereTlis Sexedulebani axaldi istoriis aqtualur sakiTxebze, aCvena maTi
istoriul-filosofiuri da sociologiuri naazrevis adreuli wyaroebi da SemecnebiTi
mniSvneloba (TvalavaZe, donaZe 1992: 22-27).
gamodioda ra istoriuli procesis erTianobis postulatidan, i. WavWavaZe,- mSobliuri
qveynis istoriasTan erTad, yuradRebis gareSe ar tovebda msoflio istoriisa da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis problemelsac. am problemebisadmi seri ozuli yuradReba
mravali garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, magram mTavari iyo is, rom ilia sazRvargareTis
qveynebis xalxTa istoriidan magaliTebis moSveliebiT cdilobda pasuxi gaeca im
saWirboroto sakiTxebze, romlebsac imdroindeli saqarTvelos rTuli sazogadoebrivpolitikuri
da ekonomikuri viTareba ayenebda progresulad moazrovne qarTveli
inteligentis winaSe.
swored am miznebs isaxavda i. WavWavaZe, roca gaz. `iveriis~ saprogramo werilSi werda:
`sazogadoebam scno aucilebeli saWiroeba ucxo xalxTa cxovrebis gacnobisa, dainaxa, rom
Tavisi bedi da ubedoba bevrad damokidebulia ucxo xalxTa bedsa da ubedobaze; dainaxa, rom
xalxTa Soris misvla-mosvla, urTierTis gacnoba Zlieri saSualebaa xalxis win fexis
wadgmisaTvis, cxovrebis ukeT mowyobisaTvis... rogorc adamianisaTvis calke,
sazogadoebrisaTvisac saerTod sxvisi magaliTi didi ram aris, cudi, Tu kargi orive
gamosayenebelia, cuds avicdenT, kargs aviTvisebT. aqedan hsCans, rom yovelma gazeTma, anu
Jurnalma unda Sesaferisi adgili misces da Rirseuli yuradReba miaqcios ucxo xalxTa
cxovrebasa da mdgomareobas, Tu surs sxvisi magaliTiT TviT cneoba gauadvilos
sazogadoebas, bednierebis gza apovninos, ubedurebis mizezi moaspobinos, imitom, rom yovel
amisaTvis magaliTi da cnobani sxvaTa cxovrebaSi auarebelia...~ (gaz. iveria~).
am vrceli citatidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra didi roli ekisra sazRvargareTis xalxebis
istoriis, maTi sagareo da saSinao politikis Seswavlas qarTveli xalxis `fexis win
wadgmisaTvis, cxovrebis ukeT mowyobisaTvis~. ilias Segoneba — ucxo xalxTa cxovrebidan
yvelaferi brmad, gauazreblad ki ar unda gadmoviRoT, aramed cuds avicdenT, kargs
aviTvisebT~ _ gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri da gasaTvaliswinebelia axla, rodesac Tanamedrove
msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciasTan dakavSirebulma procesebma bevri Tavsatexi
problema daayena qarTveli xalxis winaSe.
ilias maxvil Tvals ar gamorCenia imis aRniSvna, rom am axali drois erTi RirsSesaniSnavi
Rirsebac isicaa, rom `sazogadoebam scno aucilebeli saWiroeba ucxo xalxTa cxovrebis
gacnobisa~. magram sazogadoebis mier Secnobili aucilebeli saWiroebis dakmayofileba
SesaZlebeli gaxda im politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturul-socialuri cvlilebebis gamo,
rasac adgili hqonda XIX s. meore naxevris saqarTveloSi. marTalia, batonymobis gauqmebiT
srulad ver daakmayofiles glexTa moTxovnebi, magram maT piradi Tavisufleba mainc miiRes,
rasac Sedegad mohyva aReb-micemobis gamococxleba, gaizarda samrewvelo sawarmoTa ricxvi,
daCqarda teqnikuri progresi, ramac, sxvaTa Soris, gamoiwvia mimosvlis saSualebaTa
gaxSireba-gaiafeba da satelegrafo kavSiris ganviTareba. am cvlilebebs sxva SedegebTan
erTad, ueWvelia, gavlena hqonda imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebriv azris ganviTarebasa
da qarTuli periodikis sainformacio wyaroebis zrdaze.
1860 wels firma `simensma~ aago pirveli telegrafis xazi Tbilisi-quTaisi-foTi
borjomisaken ganStoebiT, 1863 wels ki Tbilisi telegrafiT daukavSirda vladikavkazsa da
stavropols, ramac saSualeba misca saqarTvelos depeSebi gaecvala moskovTa da
75

peterburgTan. 1864 wels Tbilisidan samxreTisaken agebulma telegrafis xazma Tbilisi jer
erevanTan, xolo Semdeg julfasTan daakavSira. amis Semdeg depeSebi gacvales Teiranma da
Tbilisma. 1868 w. `simensma~ eqspluataciaSi gadasca telegrafis xazi Tbilissa da baqos Soris.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda 1870 wels v. simensis mier agebul im droisaTvis
msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli saxmeleTo telegrafis xazs, romelsac indo-evropis telegrafi
uwodes. am xazs dasawyisi londonSi hqonda, gadioda berlinze, varSavaze, odesaze, qerCis
srutis gavliT krasnodars aRwevda, Semdeg Savi zRvisaken uxvevda, soxumze, quTaisze da
Tbilisze gavliT indoeTisaken miemarTeboda (karbelaSvili 1974: 43).
i. WavWavaZe, rodesac sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali istoriis, imdroindeli
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesaxeb Rrma Sinaarsis, mecnierulad argumentirebul
werilebs beWdavda, misi naazrevis ZiriTadi wyaro indoevropuli telegrafiT miRebuli
msoflios cnobili sainformacio saagentoebis mier gadmocemuli cnobebi iyo.
`axali drois~ damsaxureba iyo isic, rom XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan qarTuli
perioduli presa momravlda, ∗ ramac saSualeba misca i. WavWavaZes da sxva qarTvel moRvaweebs
ufro meti yuradReba daeTmoT sazRvarzed mimdinare movlenebis gaSuqebisaTvis. amasTanave
Seiqmna garkveuli sirTuleebic. Tu aqamde qarTuli periodikis mesveurebi korespondentebis
naklebobas uCiodnen, axla sxva dabrkoleba gaCnda — mkiTxvelTa didi nawili moumzadebeli
iyo `seriozuli~ werilebisaTvis. axali drois, axali cxovrebis, axali sagnebisa da
movlenebis aRmniSvneli sityvebi maTTvis gaugebari, Zneli misaxvedri iyo. dakvirvebuli
mkiTxveli SeamCnevs, roca i. WavWavaZe periodul presaSi sazRvargareTis qveynebis istoriis
sakiTxebs, maT sagareo Tu saSinao politikas ganixilavs, mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro gasagebi rom
gaxados, xSirad Tavis werilebSi iyenebs moxdenil aforizmebs, kalamburebs, andazebsa da a. S.
(baluevi 1971: 247). ∗∗
axali drois saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakvanZo sakiTxebisa da ucxo qveynebis
istoriis problematuri kiTxvebis qarTuli periodikis furclebze gaSuqeba, maTi gacnoba
qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis carizmis koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg brZolis
optimaluri gzebis Ziebis saSualebac iyo. amitom mefis ruseTis cenzura amgvari Sinaarsis
werilebis mimarT gansakuTrebul yuradebas da simkacres iCenda. am mxriv i. WavWavaZes da mis
mier daarsebul iverias~ didi dabrkolebebis gadalaxva uxdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom s.
mesxis wyalobiT, qarTuli periodikis organoebma (jer gaz. `droebam~, Semdeg sxvbmac)
sacenzuro komitetisagan garkveuli SeRavaTebi miiRes. ∗
ilias mdidari literaturul-publicisturi memkvidreoba did masalas iZleva
sazRvargareTis qveynebis ara mxolod axali drois istoriuli faqtebisa da movlenebis
SefasebisaTvis, aramed msoflio istoriuli procesebis, istoriisb filosofiis zogadi
problemebis Sesaxebac.
ilia aRiarebs, rom buneba garkveul kanonzomierebebs emorCileba, rom buvneba
ganuwyvetel moZraobaSia, igi warmoSobisa da mospobis mudmiv procesSia. amitom adamiani
bunebas ki ar unda daupirispirdes, aramed man bunebis kanonebis Sesabamisad unda imoqmedos.
i. WavWavaZem mravali naSromi miuZRvna sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da istoiiis
ganviTarebis sakiTxebs: sazogadoebis ganviTarebis formebi, geografiuli garemos roli,
pirovnebis roli istoriaSi, yofierebisa da cnobierebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
sakiTxebi... aseTia im problemebis arasruli nusxa, romlebic misi interesebis sferos
Seadgenda. igi Tavis zogad filosofiur koncefciebze dayrdnobiT ganixilavda msoflioSi
mimdinare istoriul proesebs, maT Soris, axali istoriis sakiTxebs.
imdroindeli saqarTvelos interesebidan gamomdinare, ilia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
iCenda kolonizatorebis winaaRmdeg aziis, afrikis, amerikisa da evropis Cagruli xalxebis
gamanTavisuflebeli brZolebis mimarT.
∗ 1871 wels, qarTul enaze, xuTi perioduli gamocema arsebobda (`droeba~, `mnaTobi~,
`ciskari~, `krebuli~, `sasoflo gazeTi~), maSin, roca sul cota xnis win erTi
Jurnalic ki sanatreli iyo.
∗∗ aseTi mdgomareoba iyo XIX s. 60-iani wlebis ruseTSic.
∗ 1870 wels s. mesxma TxovniT mimarTa kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis mTavar sammarTvelos
imisaTvis, rom gaz. @droebis~ politikuri ganyofilebis gafarToebis ufleba miecaT
misTvis da daerToT neba imisa, rom rusuli periodikidan TviTon amoerCia
politikuri cnobebi da ganemarta isini (aqamde @droebas~ SeeZlo sami rusuli
gazeTidan @russki invalid~, `severnaia poCta~ da `kavkaz~-idan gadmoebeWda mxolod
politikuri cnobebi). s. mesxs misces imis ufleba, rom `droebis~ redaqciisaTvis
Tavis Sexedulebisamebr rusuli gazeTebidan amoerCia masalebi da ganemartTa isini
im pirobiT, Tu es ganmartebebi cenzuris moTxovneba daakmayofilebda. ix. sscia, f.
480, anaw. 1, saq. 172, f. 4.
76

i. WavWavaZem publicistur werilebSi saTanado sisruliTa da obieqturobiT asaxa
ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 ww. omis mimdinareoba da Sedegebi. igi TanaugrZnobda balkaneTis
Cagrul xalxebs maT samarTlian brZolaSi despoturi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, amave dros
samarcxvino boZze akravda yvela juris mtacebel saxelmwifoebs, `mRvrie wyalSi Tevzis
daWeris moyvarulT~, aaSkaravebda maT namdvil zraxvebs da amiT saerTaSoriso urTieTobebis
saSiSi problemebis samarTlianad gadawyvetis momxred gamodioda (TvalavaZe 1981: 61).
i. WavWavaZem araerTi werili miuZRvna gaerTianebul germaniaSi ZaliT moqceuli
xalxebis polonelebisa da elzas-gorenis mosaxleobis brZolas ZaliT gagermanelebis
winaaRmdeg (TvalavaZe 1981: 138).
germaniis imperia raixskancleri bismarki misTvis Cveuli cbierebiTa da simkacriT
cdilobda aRniSnuli mosaxleobis ZaliT gagermanelebas. polonelebiT dasaxlebul miwebze,
maRal Tanamdebobebze germanelebs niSnavda, yovelnairad zRudavda mSobliur enaze
swavlebas, administraciul da sasamarTlo warmoebas da sxv. aseTive meTodebs iyenebda igi
elzas-gorenis aragermanuli mosaxleobis mimarT.
gaerTianebul germaniaSi mcxovrebi aragermanuli mosaxleoba, TavianTi erovnuli
TviTmpyrobelobis SenarCunebisaTvis, medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda germanel Sovinistebs. i.
WavWavaZes Zalian kargad esmoda, rom maT am brZolaSi didi daxmarebis gaweva SeeZlo
msoflios progresul sazogadoebas. swored amitom, igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iCenda
maT mimarT.
msoflio istoriis Rrma codna igrZnoba i. WavWavaZis im werilebSi, romlebic man
miuZRvna irlaindieli xalxis brZolas miwisa da TavisuflebisaTvis. amave dros, aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom es werilebi dawerilia irlandieli xalxis megobris, misi interesebis erTguli
damcvelis poziciebidan (donaZe 1970: 98). igive SeiZleba iTqvas ilias im werilebis mimarT,
romlebic eZRvneba evropis didi kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebis koloniur politikas aziasa
da afrikaSi (donaZe 1970: 127).
ara marto Cagrul xalxTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebli brZolebi da didi
saxelmwifoebis koloniuri politika ipyrobda ilias yuradRebas, aramed evropaSi Seqmnili
iseTi `Tavsatexi problmebi~, rogorebic iyo italieli xalxis gamanTavisuflebli brZolebi
j. garibaldis meTaurobiT, parizis komuna, safrangeT-germaniis 1870-1871 ww. omi da mis
Semdeg evropaSi Seqmnili viTareba da a. S.
1878 wlis berlinis kongresis Semdeg, msoflio istoriuli mniSvnelobis movlena iyo
`samTa kavSiris~ Seqmna da antantis~ safuZvlis Cayra. am kavSirebis Seqmnis mizezebi, istori
uli foni da mosalodneli Sedegebi i. WavWavaZis werilebSi iseT maRal mecnierul donezea
warmodgenili, rom bevr gamoCenil istorikossac ki SeSurdeba. rad Rirs Tundac imis
mixevdra, rom am kavSirebis SeqmniT perspeqtivaSi mosalodneli msoflio omi iyo (TvalavaZe
1981: 115).
ilias im publicisturi werilebis didi nawili, romlebic sazRvargareTis qveynebis
axali istoriis da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebs eZRvneba, xelmouwerelia, magram
maTi stilisturi analizi, literaturis muzeumSi daculi xelnawerebi, agreTve `iveriis~
zogierTi TanamSromlis (a. axnazari, g. lasxiSvili da sxv.) mogonebebi adastureben zogierTi
maTganis iliasadmi kuTvnilebas. miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli ara marto
ilias ucnobi werilebis gamomzeurebisaTvis, aramed, saerTod, misi publicisturi
moRvaweobis SeswavlisaTvis.
ilia avtobiografiaSi, romelic brokhauz-efronis rusuli enciklopediuri
leqsikonisTvisaa dawerili, CamoTvlis poemebs, moTxrobebs, naTargmn mxatvrul
literaturas da bolos wers: `amas garda bevri wvrili werilia kidev Cem mier dawerili
sapolitiko, sapublicisto, sakritikso da sapolemiko Sinaarsisa, agreTve werilebi
sapedagogo sagnebis Sesaxeb~. swored aseTi `wvrili werilebi~ aris Sesuli i. WavWavaZis
Txzulebebis axal akademiur gamocemaSi. dReisaTvis mxolod ramdenime tomia dabeWdili.
imedia, SoTa rusTavelis literaturis institutis TanamSromlebi am saSur saqmes bolomde
miiyvanen.
ilias zogierTi mosazreba da daskvna, imdroindel msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs, magram es odnavadac
ar Crdilavs mis damsaxurebas qarTveli xalxis winaSe.
ilia WavWavaZis dauRalavma moRvaweobam sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali istoriis
kvlevis sferoSi Tavisi nayofi gamoiRo. is razmavda qarTvel xalxs saqarTveloSi carizmis
koloniuri, rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg, is mouwodebda xalxs samSoblos,
mSobliuri enis, kulturisa da damoukideblobis adsacavad; manve Seuqmna qarTveli xalxis
erovnul-gamanTavisuflebel moZraobas jansaRi ideologia-programa, romelsac safuZvlad
diadi sakaciobrio da kacTmoyJvaruli principebi edo.
damowmebani:
baluevi 1971: Балуев Б. П. Политическая реакция 80-х годов XIX века и русская журналистика. М.: 1971.
77

donaZe 1970: donaZe v. qarTveli samocianelebi axali istoriis problemaTa Sesaxeb, Tb.: 1970.
TvalavaZe 1981: Твалавадзе В. Вопросы новой истории Германии и грузинская публицистика. Тб.: 1981.
TvalavaZe 1993: v. donaZe. cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tb.: 1993.
iveria 1877: gaz. `iveria~, 1877, 1.
karbelaSvili 1974: karbelaSvili f. germaneli gamomgonebeli saqarTveloSi. Jurnali `mecniereba da
teqnika~, 3, 1974.
78

ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli musikis sakiTxebi
manana SilakaZe
ilia WavWavaZe — didi qarTveli mwerali, farTo masStabisa da diapazonis moazrovne,
sazogado moRvawe, humanisti, qarTuli eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxuli — ilia marTali,
romlis interesebi da enciklopediuri codna vrcel speqtrs moicavda, SeuZlebeli iyo ar
dafiqrebuliyo erovnuli kulturis iseT fenomenze, rogoricaa qarTuli musika, xalxuri
mravalxmiani simRera. misi gancda da aRqma qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa, mosazrebani mis
Sesaxeb, damokidebuleba musikisadmi rogorc xelovnebis dargisadmi, aisaxa rogorc mis
mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, aseve publicistikaSi.
ilia WavWavaZis poeziaSi gvxvdeba nimuSebi, saidanac Cans, rom musika, simRera mas
warmoudgenia rogorc adamianuri emociebis gamoxatvis forma (magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba
davasaxeloT leqsebi „mefandure“, „muSa“, adgilebi poemidan „ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi
yaCaRis cxovrebidam“, moTxrobidan „oTaraanT qvrivi“ da sxva). moviyvan nawyvets leqsidan
„mefanture“:
„egreT damRerda brma mefanture Tvis martiv fanturs,
egreT iglovda sevdiT, kvnesiTa sayvarel warsuls,
magram mxolod mTa, naRvliT mzirali, mas yurs ugdebda
da Camafiqrvel mwuxare xmiT bans gamoscemda“ da sxv.
es leqsi dawerilia 1860 wlis 12 seqtembers, pavlovskSi. brma „mefanture“ _ rafsodi
warmodgenilia rogorc momswre warsul droebaTa. es leqsi aRZravs asociaciebs lelT
RuniasTanac („iglovda sevdiT, kvnesiTa sayvarel warsuls“) da ufro SoreulTanac (brmaa
mefanture), magram amis analizi Cems kompetencias Sordeba.
SegaxsenebT yvelasTvis kargad nacnob striqonebs „kako yaCaRidan“ (WavWavaZe 1987: 209):
„samSoblos casa bnelad gaSlili [...]
mxolod ki erTgan uremi mZime
miWrialebda, gzas aRviZebda,
da naRvlianad maszed meurme,
mwuxars simReras daRuRunebda.
RuRuni igi CamrCenia guls,
mwuxare aris viT glovis zari...“ da a. S.
aq gadmocemulia araCveulebrivi, momxiblavi Ramis suraTi soflad. TiTqos ismis kidec
urmis Wrialis fonze meurmis „urmuli“. aq musika aris emociis gamoxatvis idealuri forma.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes erTi adgili „oTaraanT qvrividan“, arCilisa da kesos
dialogSi Catexili xidis gacnobierebas rom asaxavs: „Cven raca varT, gakeTebulni varT, isini
ki _ Seqmnilni [...] aba imaTs simReras uyure: erTi grZeli kvnesaa da mainc simReras eZaxian,
Cveni simRera kvnesa ar aris da mainc lxena ver dagvirqmevia“ (WavWavaZe 1988: 302-303).
magaliTebis moyvana kidev SeiZleboda.
ilia WavWavaZis damokidebuleba simRerisadmi kargad unda yofiliyo misi
TanamedroveebisaTvis cnobili. SemTxveviTi ar iqneboda is faqti, rom ilias duSeTSi yofnis
dros mis pativsacemad qalaqidan (Tbilisidan) damkvrelebi hyoliaT miwveuli. amis Sesaxeb
ilia werda Tavis meuRles (werili daTariRebulia 1873 wlis 4 maisiT): „...duSeTSi pirveli
maisidan sul sadilebs gvimarTaven. sazandrebic daibares qalaqidan da vidre me waval, im
dromde sazandrebi aq eyolebaT...“ (WavWavaZe 1979: 282). rogorc Cans, ilia kmayofili iyo amiT,
raki werilSi es faqti aRuniSnavi ar datova.
ilia WavWavaZis seriozuli nafiqri qarTuli xalxuri musikis fenomenis, msoflio
musikalur kulturaSi misi adgilis, qarTuli mravalxmianobis TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb aisaxa
patara moculobis, magram Tavisi mniSvnelobiT did da RrmaSinaarsian werilSi „qarTuli
xalxuri musika“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 275-282). am werilis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia l. minaSvilis monografiaSi (minaSvili 1986: 71, 85-86). aRniSnuli werili
pirvelad gamoqveynda gazeT „iveriaSi“, 1886 wlis 18 da 19 noembris nomrebSi ( 250, 251)
meTauris saxiT. ilia WavWavaZe gamoexmaura qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi iseTi didi
mniSvnelobis movlenas, rogoric iyo lado aRniaSvilis qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis
Semsrulebeli gundis pirveli koncerti, 1886 wlis 15 noembers rom gaimarTa. (gundis
lotbari iyo Cexi musikosi ioseb ratili,. igi saqarTveloSi didxans moRvaweobda, aqve
gardaicvala. dakrZalulia didubis sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi).
gundi asrulebda sxvaxvadasxva, maT Soris i. ratilis damuSavebul simRerebs. am gundis
istoriuli mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom pirvelad, sajarod, scenaze Sesrulda
79

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi. am faqtma sazogadoebis didi mowoneba, yuradReba da madliereba
daimsaxura. 1
cxadia, aseTi mniSvnelovani movlena, rogoric iyo qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis
sajarod, scenaze Sesruleba, didi ilias yuradRebis miRma ver da ar darCeboda.
am werilSi ilia WavWavaZe Zalian mokrZalebulad laparakobs Tavis Tavze. ambobs, rom ar
aris specialisti („Cven musikobaSi Tavs ara vsdebT, imitom rom am xelovnebisa Cven ara viciT
ra“), magram magram werilidanve Cans avtoris erudicia, ganswavluloba, misi, rogorc
msmenelis, maRali done, daxvewili gemovneba, raSic qvemoT moyvanili citatebiTac
davrwmundebiT.
aRniSnuli koncerti gaxda sababi imisaTvis, rom ilias xmamaRla gamoeTqva Tavisi azri
qarTuli musikis, misi mdgomareobis, axalgazrdobis musikaluri aRzrdis safuZvlisa da
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
ilias werili iwyeba ase: „SabaTs, 15 noembers, erTi friad sasiamovno axali ambavi moxda.
qarTuls TeatrSi gamarTuli iyo qarTuli koncerti. qarTulma xorom igaloba Cveni saero
simRerebi“. amis Semdeg igi gadadis musikis, rogorc xelovnebis dargis arsis garkvevaze.
iSveliebs lesingis frazas _ „musika aris utyvi poezia da poezia _ metyveli musika“ da
dasZens:
„Cven kidev imas vityviT, rom simRera, galoba sxva ara aris ra, garda bednierad
Seqsovilis poeziisa da musikisa... xma da sityva cal-calke bevrs SemTxvevaSi uRononi arian
adamianis gulis siRrmidan amoxidon igi sxvili da wvrili margalitebi, romliTac savsea
adamianis guli da romelnic aiSlebian yovelTvis, roca an sevda-mwuxareba, an sixaruli
SesZravs xolme RvTaeburs simebs adamianis sulierebisas“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 276).
am sityvebidan Cans, ra Rrmad hqonda Secnobili ilia WavWavaZes musikis, rogorc
xelovnebis dargis arsi.
ilias msjelobiT, rogorc calke kacis guli, ise erisa, bevrSi sxva calke eris guls ara
hgavs da yovel ers Tavisi kilo, Tavisi hangi aqvs am sxvadasxvaobisaTvis. lesingis musika _
utyvi poezia igive enaa, magram „xorcSesxmuli, sityviT argansazRvruli, sityviT
argamorkveuli... igi Zaxilia aRfrTovanebulis sulisa. es kvnesa, es Zaxili qarTvelisa sul
sxvaa, sxva erisa _ sul sxva, es Zaxili qarTvelisa sul sxvaa, sxva erisa _ sul sxva, rogorc
sxvadasxva ena-metyveloba. qarTveli roca hkvnesis, sxvagvarad, sxva xmiT, sxva kiloTi
hkvnesis, vidre frangi anu germaneli;¸qarTveli roca hxarobs, sul sxvagvarad hxarobs da
sixarulis gamoTqmac sul sxvagvaria“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 277).
„...amitomac aris erTis eris simRera rom meores moewonos, unda misTvis gasagebi iyos da
rom gasagebi iyos, ise unda SeaCvios yuri, rogorc ena _ metyvelebas. SeiyvaneT Cveni
glexkaci, anu imisTana vinme, Tundac Tavadic iyos, romelsac evropuli musika Tavis dReSi ar
gaugonia, SeiyvaneT da Tundac baxisa, mocartisa da beThovenis simfoniebi moasmenineT, imas
ar moewoneba, Tumca ki mTeli evropa aRtacebaSi modis xolme... iginive, romelnic mocartisa
da beThovenis musikiT aRtacebaSi modian, iginive cxvirzeviT aicileben xolme Cvens
simRerasa, Cvens musikasa, maSin rodesac Cven aRtacebaSi movdivarT xolme. aq mizezi marto
gaugebrobaa, arcodnaa, da ara grZnobamoklebuloba, grZnobadaxSuloba“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 277-
278).
moxmobili citatidan Cans agreTve isic, rom ilia WavWavaZe naziarebi iyo klasikur
musikas. amave dros is acnobierebda amas ara mxolod kulturuli msmenelis doneze, aramed
musikismcodnis TvaliTac. misi sityviT, yvela ers ara aqvs musika ganviTarebis Tanabar
doneze. magaliTad, evropam didad gauswro azias da evropuli musika „didad
gabrwyinvebulia... daxelovnebuli da qveynierobazed upiratesobs“, rom evropul da aziur
musikas Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa, rom aziur musikasac Tavisi ganviTarebis gza aqvs
gasavleli.
ilia WavWavaZes, rogorc TviTon ambobs, bevri hqonda nafiqri da mosvenebas ar aZlevda
erTi kiTxva, romelzedac pasuxs ver iRebda specialistebisagan: „siTamamed migvaCnia
warmovTqvaT erTi azri, romelic didi xania mosvenebas ar gvaZlevs da romelzec pasuxi
CvenTvis aravis moucia, Tumca bevrjer da bevrgan Camogvigdia amazed laparaki musikis
mcodne kacTa Soris“. es iyo kiTxva qarTuli xalxuri musikis TviTmyofadobis,
TavisTavadobis sakiTxi, kerZod, saero da saeklesio mravalxmiani simRera, rogorc Tavad
uwodebs, „baniT saTqmelni“, romlebic arc evropulTan da arc aziurTan msgavsebas ar
avlenen.
„rom qarTuli simRera da galoba evropiuls ara hgavs, eg aSkaraa da amas araviTari
damtkiceba ar sWiria, rogorc gvarwmuneben mcodne kacebi... qarTuli simRera xom evropiuls
srulebiT ara hgavs, hgavs ki aziursa? Cven aq saxeSi gvaqvs qarTuli saero, Tu saeklesio, baniT
sagalobelni da ara martod saTqmelni. yovelisfriT unda igulisxmebodes, rom unda aziursa
1 TviT lado aRniaSvili musikosi ar yofila, misi didi damsaxureba qarTuli qarTuli kulturis winaSe mxolod
am gundis CamoyalibebiT ar Semoifargleba. is iyo pirveli qarTveli, romelmac imogzaura fereidnel
qarTvelebSi, maTi yofa aRwera. mas ekuTvnis pirveli naSromi fereidneli qarTvelebis Sesaxeb ix. gociriZe
1987: 5.
80

aSime hgvandes: saqarTvelo ufro aziaa, misi istoria ufro aziis kulturisa da
civilizaciis gavlenis qveS iyo ukanasknel saukunemde. misvla-mosvla, istoriuli
damokidebuleba, istoriuli mezobloba aziis erTa Tana hqonia da ra safiqrebelia, rom
yovels amas ar emoqmedna aqaurs simReraTa mwyobrobasa da agebulebazed. vsTqvaT, rom
saekklesio galobazed zemoqmedeba iqonia saberZneTis galobam mas Semdeg, rac CvenTan
qristianoba Semovida, radganac yovelisferi saekklesio iqidam miviReT. es saero simRera
TviTnaCenia TaviT, TavisiTmyofia, TviTmoaruli, Tu saerTo ramaa aqvs aziis sxva erTa
simRerebTana. magaliTebr, safrangeTis musikas, germaniisas, italiisas _ bevri mgzavseba aqvT
erTmaneTSi, iseTi mgzavseba, rom gauWirveblad sruliad Tavisuflad _ erTis eris musika
meorisaTvis pirdapir gasagebia ... Tumca amasTanave yovelis ama eris musikas Tavisi sakuTari
feri aqvs zed daCneuli. egeve iTqmis, magaliTebr, aqaurs baniT saTqmels simRerebzed da
sparsulebzed? ara gvgonia, sul sxvadasxva aris...“ (WavWavaZe 1991: 279).
amgvarad, ilia WavWavaZe xazs usvams imas, rom saqarTvelos istoriulad mezobloba da
urTierToba hqonda aziis qveynebTan, magram qarTuli musika ar hgavs arc sparsuls da arc
aziis romelime xalxis musikas. amis Semdeg ilia avlebs paralels evropis _ safrangeTis,
germaniis, italiis musikasTan da aRniSnavs maT Soris did msgavsebasac da TiToeuli maTganis
TavisTavadobasac, ris msgavs movlenasac saqarTvelosa da sxva romelime xalxis musikaSi ver
xedavs. ilia dasZens, aramcTu romelime eris simReras hgavs qarTuli „baniT saTqmeli“ (resp.
mravalxmiani) simRera, aramed aris „sakuTari, TviTnaCeni, TviTmyofi“ da qarTuli simRerebi
„sruliad axal ambavs unda warmoadgendes musikis istoriisa da TeoriisaTvis“ (WavWavaZe 1991:
280).
ilia rom kargad iyo Caxeduli im sakiTxebSi, rasac zemoT SevexeT, Cans ramdenime
SeniSvnaSi „qarTuli xoros“ da baton ratilis mimarT. Sesrulebuli TerTmeti qarTuli
simReridan „...ver vityviT, rom yvela qarTuli xmebi kargad iyo gadaRebuli, magram mainc
kidev Cven mier qeba da dideba ekuTvniT am saqmis damwyebTa“ da ganagrZobs _ „igi
naklulevaneba, romelic yovels axal saqmes aucileblad mosdevs xolme, da romelic aq
vaxseneT, ukeTesis surviliT mogvivida da ara wunis dasadebad. amisTana saqmeSi TviTon wunic
ki unda hmdumarebdes, imitom rom TviTon saqme qvelmoqmedebaa TaviT TvisiT“ (WavWavaZe 1991:
281).
es werili dawerilia koncertis (Catarda 15 noembers) mosmenisTanave (daTariRebulia
15-18 noembriT, pirveli nawili gamoqveynda 18 noembers, meore _ 19 noembers), ise rom avtors
mis dasawerad sagangebod momzadebis dro arc hqonia.
werilidan Cans, rom ilia naziarebi iyo klasikur musikas da icnobda mas ara mxolod
gemovnebiani, kulturuli msmenelis doneze. ilias aq dasmuli aqvs qarTuli xalxuri musikis
TviTmyofadobis, TavisTavadobis sakiTxi.
aRniSnuli werili avlens ilia WavWavaZis damokidebulebas saerTod musikisadmi
rogorc xelovnebis dargisadmi, mis ganswavlulobasa da erudicias. am werilidan Cans, rom igi
iyo klasikuri musikis msmeneli. Cans, ra kargad acnobierebda igi evropisa da aziis xalxTa
musikaluri enis Taviseburebebsa da qarTuli mravalxmiani simReris maTgan principulad
gansxvavebulobas, rac aris TavisTavadobis safuZveli, mis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeul
adgils msoflios xalxTa musikalur kulturaSi.
ilia WavWavaZis es werili ar iyo ubralo gamoxmaureba Tundac friad RirsSesaniSnav
movlenaze, aramed es iyo xmamaRali ganacxadi qarTuli musikis fenomenis, misi adgilis Sesaxeb
msoflio musikaluri kulturis saganZurSi.
aqve minda oriode sityviT aRvniSno, rom ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba, misi calkeuli
nawarmoebebi, leqsebi bevri kompozitorisTvis iqca impulsad, STagonebis wyarod. mis
teqstebze Seqmnilia simRerebi, operebi, gundebi. davasaxeleb ramdenimes: niko sulxaniSvilis
gundi „guTnuri“, simRera „gaxsovs turfav“ (romelic xalxurad cxaddeba xolme), vano
gokielis opera „qarTvlis deda“, akaki andriaSvilis opera „kako yaCaRi“, sulxan cincaZis
opera „gandegili“, ioseb keWaymaZis sagundo poemebis cikli ilias teqstebze, Savleg
SilakaZis gundi „Cemi locva“, aleqsi maWavarianis safortepiano poema „bazaleTis tba“,
grigol CxikvaZis simRera „nana“, dabolos, yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili revaz laRiZis „Cemo
kargo qveyanav“.
damowmebani:
WavWavaZe 1987: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi I. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
“mecniereba”, 1987; II, 1988; V, 1991.
WavWavaZe 1988: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi II. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
“mecniereba”, 1988.
WavWavaZe 1991: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi V. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
“mecniereba”, 1991.
WavWavaZe 1979: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, tomi X, Tbilisi 1979.
gociriZe 1987: gociriZe g. qorwineba fereidnel qarTvelebSi, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1987.
minaSvili 1986: minaSvili, l. ilia WavWavaZe. Tbilisi: “nakaduli”, 1986.
81

atom ar daibeWda akakis `Juliko~?
nana fruiZe
iSviaTad, magram mainc moxdeba xolme, rom uflis nebiT erTsa da imave epoqaSi ers ori
didi moRvawe daebadeba. XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi araerTi SesaniSnavi adamiani gamovida
sazogado asparezze, raTa dauRalavad ebrZola qveynis sakeTildReod. erma Tavad gamoarCia
maT Soris ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli. es ori adamiani bedisweram da xalxis nebam erT
uRelSi Seaba, romelic orovem erTgulad zida naxevari saukunis manZilze. es ori didi
mamuliSvili, marTalia, erTmaneTs uaRresad did pativs scemda, magram Tu raime sworad ar
miaCndaT, pirvel rigSi erTmaneTs uTiTebdnen. brbosTvis gaugebari iyo, rogor SeiZleboda
gedava SenTvis sayvarel da pativsacem pirovnebasTan, amitomac aTasgvari Wori vrceldeboda
iliasa da akakis Sesaxeb, rac, cxadia, maT urTierTobaze zegavlenas ver axdenda, Tumca saqmeSi
Cauxedav bevr adamians ubnevda Tavgzas. ilia misTvis Cveuli auRelveblobiT xvdeboda amas,
akakisaTvis, rogorc `fxukiani imerlisaTvis~, gacilebiT rTuli iyo simSvidis SenarCuneba.
gansakuTrebiT garTulda viTareba iliasa da maCabels Soris momxdari ganxeTqilebis Semdeg.
akakim, rogorc Cans, sagangebo ganmartebis gamoqveyneba ganizraxa. am werilSi poeti
SeniSnavda: `ormoc weliwadze metia, rac me da ilia erTmaneTs vicnobT da araodes
erTmaneTTan piradi usiamovneba da ukmayofileba ar gvqonia. piriqiT, garda siam-tkbili
Seyra-Sexvedrisa da zrdilobian, darbaislur sityva-pasuxisa erTi-meorisagan ara gvinaxavsra
da an ki ra gvqonda gasayofi, rom erTmaneTSi usiamovneba mogvsvloda? ra maqvs misTana, rom
imas Seexarbos? da an ras veZeb misTanas, rom ilias aqvs da me momenatros? marTalia, erTsa da
imave ganyenebul mizans sazogados da ara sapirados mivyavarT Tavisken, magram gza sxvadasxvaa
da ar moxerxdeba, rom erTmaneTs gadaveRoboT da msvleloba SevuferxoT erTma meores!
`romSi yoveli gziT SeiZleba Sesvlao~,- naTqvamia da Tu Cvenc, erTi miznis mimdevari, ori
sxvadasxva gziT mivdivarT calcalke — is aRmosavleTis da me dasavleTis gziT, es ar niSnavs
uTanxmoebas da mtrobas. da an ki ra saWiroa, rom roca ilia Tavis sakuTari gziT miiswrafis,
mec maSin Tan vaxlde, misi sagzali mimqondes da abJands davuwevde xolme? an roca me Cemi gziT
mivdivar, raT unda ueWvelad Cem gverdSi idges ilia WavWavaZe?... akaki ilias yovelgvar nawers
qebis taSs ar ukravs da yovel mis sazogado moRvaweobas ar eTanxmeba! sCans, rom emtereba da
sZulso. igive Cem Sesaxebac iliazedac amas hfiqroben... Tu mterzedac kargi iTqmis da
moyvarezec cudi, ver warmoudgeniaT~ (wereTeli 2001: 102-103). es werili akakis ar
daubeWdavs.
samwuxarod, am ori didi adamianis Sesaxeb araswori azris gavrcelebas zogjer iseTi
pirovnebebic uwyobdnen xels, romelTac pirvel rigSi evalebodaT, sxvisTvis gaeqarwylebina
umarTebulo Sexeduleba. amitomac gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda akaki zemoxsenebul werilSi:
`rac soflis miTqma-moTqmas epativeba, is ar daeTmoba mwerlobas da Cveni mwignobrebic rom
cotaoden sifrTxiles daiWerdnen, ar iqneboda urigo~ (wereTeli 2001: 103).
XIX saukunis miwuruls, kerZod, 1899 wels gaz. `iveriis~ furclebze gaxSirda
literaturuli Tavdasxmebi akaki wereTelze. poetis azriT, amis mizezi kvlav da kvlav
cnobili `bankobia~ iyo, romelSic mas Tavisi uaxloesi megobrisa da ilia WavWavaZis
mowinaaRmdegis, ivane maCablis, mxare eWira. `krebulis~ ivnisis nomerSi akakim gamoaqveyna
werili saTauriT `Cveni bankobia~. `iveriis~ 20 ivlisis 153-e nomerSi ki daibeWda feletoni
`Cveni moRvaweebi, anu cixe Signidan gatexili~, romelSic mgosani metad udierad iyo
moxseniebuli. werils xels awerda `silovani~ (silovan xundaZe). akakis igi leqsadac
moZRvravda, romelic ase mTavrdeboda:
Tu saqmiTa Sli sityviT aRbeWdils,
niWiT Tund camdi iyo maRali,
awmyosgan pativs nuras Txoulob,
niWisTvis Tayvans gcems momavali.
agvistoSi Jurnalma `moambem~ gamoaqveyna k. abaSiZis werili `Tavadi akaki wereTeli da
quTaisis banki~. masSi bevri ram iyo usamarTlod gaSuqebuli da poetisaTvis gulsatkeni. am
statiidan garkveuli principiT SerCeuli adgilebi gadmobeWda `iveriamac~.
akakim vrceli weriliT mimarTa ilia WavWavaZes (wereTeli 1899) da scada gaerkvia,
ramdenad Seesabameboda misdami redaqciis damokidebuleba redaqtorisas: `imdeni icocxleT,
ramdeni Tqven Sesaxeb werili `krebulis~ redaqcias mosvlodes da modiodes dResac, magram
Cven-ki ar gamogvqondes saqveynod!.. ar vbeWdavT, radganac zogi maTgani umniSvneloa da zogic
ise wvrilmani, rom imaT gamo TqvenisTana kacis uzrdelad Sexeba da ukadrisad moxseneba
umarTebulobad migvaCnia ... ver davijereb, rom es statia, sadac amdeni umarTebulobaa, Tqven
wakiTxuli gqondeT dabeWdvamde da Tqvenis nebarTviT yofiliyos `iveriaSi~ gadabeWdili?
yovel SemTxvevaSi, vucdiT Tqvens pasuxs, Tqveno brwyinvalebav, batono redaqtoro.~ iliam es
werili upasuxod datova
82

sul male `iveriis~ saaxalwlo damatebaSi (1900, 1) gamoqveynda leqsi `fuliko~,
romelsac xels vinme `z~-i awerda. leqsi faqtobrivad, gaxldaT parodia akakis `sulikos~
Temaze da masSi poetisaTvis metad Seuracxmyofeli azrebi iyo gamoTqmuli. Cven SevecadeT
dagvedgina, vin iyo leqsis avtori. aRmoCnda, rom am fsevdonimiT ramdenime adamiani
sargeblobda. eseni arian: iakob gogebaSvili, filipe gogiCaiSvili, egnate ninoSvili da
aleqsandre yifSiZe. Cven eWvi Tavdapirvelad am ukanasknelze mivitaneT, Tumca veraviTari
xelCasaWidi sabuTi, garda imisa, rom igi am periodSi aqtiurad TanamSromlobda `iveriasTan~,
ver movipoveT. mis publikaciaTa Soris verc erTi leqsi ver moviZieT da, saerTod, aRmoCnda,
rom igi TiTqmis ar exeboda literaturul sakiTxebs. amdenad, fsevdonimi jerjerobiT
gauxsneli darCa.
`fulikos~ wakiTxviT aRSfoTebulma akakim Seqmna `Juliko~. poetma gamoiyena 1899 wlis
ivnisSi momxdari faqti, romelic maSin didi miTqma-moTqmis sababi iyo da erTgvar Crdils
ayenebda ilia WavWavaZis reputacias.
saqme exeboda saTavadaznauro bankis baqos saagentos, romlis gamgec pavle (paliko)
yifiani iyo. 1899 wlis ianvarSi ilia WavWavaZis mier baqoSi Catarebulma reviziam mxolod ori
umniSvnelo darRveva aRmoaCina. raki baqodan p. yifianis Sesaxeb cudi ambebi Camodioda, imave
wlis aprilSi bankma meore komisia miavlina n. andronikaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT (wevrebi: a.
vaxvaxiSvili, g. Juruli, i. WavWavaZe da buxhalteri RvamiCava). komisiam muSaoba 10 maiss
daasrula da uamravi danaSaulebrivi faqti aRnusxa, romelTa safuZvelzec p. yifianis
winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra. igi gadaayenes Tanamdebobidan da mis nacvlad i.
mansvetaSvili daniSnes. p. yifianma moaxerxa parizSi gaqceva. man gaitaca 26 858 maneTi.
saboloo jamSi gamgeobas Tavisi uyuradReboba 53 933 maneTi daujda (Telia 1989: 218-219).
cxadia, es SemTxveva ilias mowinaaRmdegeebisTvis `msuye lukma~ aRmoCnda.
`kvalSi~, romelic qarTveli marqsistebis pirveli legaluri organo iyo (amas imperiis
masStabiT im droisaTvis analogi ar moeZebneboda), es faqti ase gaSuqda: `orSi erTi: mas (i.
WavWavZes _ n.f.) an ar mouxdenia revizia da maSasadame verc rames aRmoaCenda, an moaxdina, mara
imdenaT zereleT, rom aSkara faqtebi ver SeamCnia~. `kvalis~ mxridan Tavdasxma moulodneli
ar iqneboda iliasaTvis. es perioduli organo 1898 wlidan n. Jordanias xelSi iyo da mxolod
erTi wlis manZilze SeinarCuna erTgvari neitraliteti. 1900 wlidan ki `iveriisa~ da `kvalis~
furclebze qarTuli saTavadaznauro bankis gamo iliasa da Jordanias Soris mwvave kamaTi
gaCaRda. sagulisxmoa, rom jer kidev 1897 wels, roca inglisidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma
n. Jordaniam molaparakeba gamarTa `kvalis~ mflobelebTan an. TumaniSvilTan da g.
wereTelTan da xalxSi xma dairxa, `kvali~ social-demokratebis xelSi gadadiso, iliam
daapira movlenaTa ganviTarebisaTvis daeswro da Jordania Tavis banakSi gadmoebirebina.
Tavad Jordanias saintereso mogonebis Tanaxmad, iliam mas miugzavna al. yifSiZe, TavisTan
daibara da `iveriis~ redaqtoroba SesTavaza. Jordaniam dro iTxova mosafiqreblad, Tumca
winadadebis miReba arc ufiqria. roca sabolood uari ganucxada SeTavazebaze, ilias uTqvams:
`Tqveni nebaa. imedi maqvs, erTmaneTs xels ar SevuSliT~. Jordanias TqmiT, man es sityvebi
Tavdausxmelobis pirobad miiRo da daicva manam, sanam Tavad `iveriam~ ar daarRvia igi.
ilia WavWavaZes arc baqos movlenebTan da arc `kvalis~ publikaciasTan dakavSirebiT
aranairi komentari ar gaukeTebia. arc akakis daubeWdavs Tavisi `Juliko~, Tumca igi
sazogadoebis garkveul wreebSi mainc gavrcelebula da `iveriis~ mxardamWerTa imdenad
mZafri ukmayofileba gamouwvevia, rom akakis `sapasuxo werili~ (wereTeli 2001) dauweria.
masSi poeti or garemoebaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas: 1. mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli
`axalmodis raindebi~ orgulsa da moRalates uwodebdnen da mTeli saqarTvelos saxeliT
sTxovdnen, garideboda qveyanas; 2. am adamianebis agresia gaugebari iyo, radgan akaki maT
pirovnulad arasodes Sexebia da arc gaukritikebia; poetis ganmartebiT, garkveuli wreebis
gaRizianeba gamoiwvia misma igavebma. swored im igavebma, romlebic 27 wlis win daiwera da Tavis
droze dRes ganawyenebulTa mamebis risxva daatexa Tavs. `igav-araki cxovrebis sarkea.
mesarkes is ki ara aqvs miznad, esa da es maxinji gavajavroo! ara, is sazogadod hfiqrobs: ai me
am sarkes vakeTeb, dee, yvelam Caixedos Sig, mSveniermac da maxinjmac, wmindamac da gasvrilmac.
Caixedon da sasargeblod gamoiyenono!~ sakvirvelia, magram akakis arc es werili
gamouqveynebia. sakiTxavia, ratom moerida poeti Tavisi samarTliani guliswyromis saqveynod
gamocxadebas? `sapasuxo werili~ daiwera 1900 wlis 5 marts. SesaZloa, akakim angariSi gauwia
`iveriaSi~ maisSi gamoqveynebul cnobas, rom ilia avadaa da samkurnalod germaniaSi unda
gaemgzavros. Tumca, Cveni azriT, garda ilia WavWavaZisadmi uRrmesi pativiscemisa da misi
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebisa, sxva mizezic unda arsebobdes. vfiqrobT, mas
unda Seetyo iseTi ram, rac movlenebs sruliad sxvagvar Suqs mohfenda.
akaki baqraZe Tavis monografiaSi `ilia WavWavaZe~, sxvaTa Soris, exeba baqos saagentos
ucnaur incidentsac da gamoTqvams metad sagulisxmo varauds: vinaidan sarwmuno wyaroebis
mixedviT, emigraciaSi myofi p. yifiani aqtiurad monawileobda SveicariaSi iaraRis Sesyidvisa
da saqarTveloSi Semogzavnis saqmeSi, xom ar miavlina igi TviTon iliam konspiraciulad
sazRvargareT, raTa movmzadebuliyaviT momavali brZolisaTvis? Tu es marTlac asea, cxadia,
83

ilia simarTles ver ityoda. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze gonivruli momxdaris ukomentarod
datoveba iqneboda.
marTalia, Zneli saTqmelia, konkretulad ra moxda, magram garkveuli varaudis gamoTqma
mainc SesaZleblad migvaCnia. saqme isaa, rom qarTuli emigraciis arcTu ise mravalricxovani
wevrebi SesaniSnavad icnobdnen erTmaneTs da Tu romelime maTganis reputacia Selaxuli iyo,
mniSvnelovan saqmes masTan ar daiWerdnen. aw gansvenebulma batonma guram SaraZem
saqarTveloSi Camoitana parizis emigraciis arqivi. masSi p. yifianis Sesaxeb faqtobrivad
veraferi aRmovaCineT (rogorc cnobilia, igi briuselSi cxovrobda, xolo iqauri arqivi
jerac Seuswavlelia), Tumca Cveni yuradReba miiqcia gazeT `TeTri giorgis~ 1931 w. ivnisis 41e
nomerSi dastambulma nekrologma. gazeTis redaqcia mwuxarebiT iuwyeba, rom `briuselSi
(belgia) gardaicvala pavle (paliko) yifiani, `didi xnis emigranti da cnobili patrioti~.
sadavod ar migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom Tu paliko yifians emigrantTa Soris xazinis qurdis
saxeli eqneboda, mas arc iaraRis Sesyidvis saqmeSi Carevdnen da arc nekrologSi
moixseniebdnen rogorc patriots. Cveni azriT, briuselSi daculi qarTvel emigrantTa
arqivis Seswavla Tavis droze daadasturebs ak. baqraZis varauds. migvaCnia, rom swored es
garemoeba unda gamxdariyo akakis dumilis mizezic. raRa Tqma unda, Tuki akakisaTvis cnobili
gaxdeboda, rom momxdari danaSaulebrivi faqtis ukan saqveyno saqme idga, igi Tavs uflebas
aRar miscemda, piradi Tavmoyvareobis dasakmayofileblad gamoeyenebina Seqmnili viTareba.
albaT, amiT unda aixsnas, rom `Julikoca~ da `sapasuxo werilic~ gamouqveynebeli darCa.
damowmebani:
wereTeli 1899: wereTeli a. akakis krebuli 1899, otomberi, 10.
wereTeli 2001: wereTeli a. ucnobi akaki, Tsu gamomcemloba 2001.
Telia 1989: Telia a. qarTuli saTavadaznauro banki da ilia WavWavaZe, Tb., 1989.
84

ilia WavWavaZis “osmalos saqarTvelo”:
erovnuli erTianobis koncefcia
ilia WavWavaZis biografiaSi (1914) grigol yifSiZe (1856-1921) wers:
merab RaRaniZe
“lazistanis interesi ki maSin amtydarma rus-osmalos omma gamoiwvia. am omma sxva
imedebic aRZra, magram bolos im “imedisa didisa” Zirs didi aRara darCa-ra.
saintereso iyo JurnalSi [igulisxmeba: “iveria”] werilebi TviT iliasi. erTs maT
Soris TviTonac gaixsenebda xolme aTasSi erTxel. iq gamoTqmulia, sxvaTa Soris, is
azri, romelic Semdeg, sami-oTxi wlis ukan renanma ganmarta Tavis wignakSi: [“]ra aris
eri[”]. werili gul-Tbilad aris dawerili, gaxsenebulia warsuli, roca mesxni da taoklarjni
CvenTan iyvnen Zmurad erTs ferxulSi Cabmulni da mesveurobdnen,
pirvelobdnen kidec saqarTvelos kulturis aRorZinebaSi” (yifSiZe 1987: 69).
amis mohyveba mozrdili amonaweri xsenebuli werilidan, ris Semdegac ilias pirveli
biografi ganagrZobs:
“renanis wignakis deda-azric es iyo. eris damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba arc erT tomobaa, arc
erT sarwmunoeba, arc erT enianobao. erTis eris erad Semqmneli, erT erad gardamqcevi saerTo
warsulia, im warsulSi gamovlili Wiri da lxiniao” (yifSiZe 1987: 70).
rogorc grigol yifSiZis mier moyvanili citatidan dasturdeba, avtori gulisxmobs
publicistur werils “osmalos saqarTvelo”, romelic anonimurad gamoqveynda 1877 wels
yovelkvireuli “iveriis” 9-e nomerSi (cenzuris nebarTva gacemulia im wlis 28 aprils).
pirvel yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros, ras uwyebas gvawvdis ilias biografi am teqstis
Sesaxeb?
a) atribucia: anonimurad gamoqveynebuli teqstis avtoria ilia WavWavaZe 1 ;
b) istoriuli garemo: teqsti ganapiroba ruseT-TurqeTis omma (1877-1878) da masTan
dakavSirebulma imedebma qarTvelTa Soris, rac gulisxmobs osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi myof
qarTul miwaTa dabrunebas 2 ;
g) avtorismieri damokidebuleba: sakuTar teqsts ilia gamoarCevda _ “gaixsenebda
xolme”, e. i. mniSvnelovnad miaCnda da daimowmebda;
d) Sinaarsi: samcxisa da tao-klarjeTis mkvidr qarTvelTa monawileoba mTliani
qarTvelobis adrindel istoriul, saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul cxovrebaSi, romlebic
erT dros “pirvelobdnen kidec kulturis aRorZinebaSi”;
e) koncefcia: eris (= erovnuli mTlianobis) ganmsazRvreli niSani araa arc
tomobrivoba, arc sarwmunoeba da arc ena, aramed istoriis erToba;
v) evropuli inteleqtualuri konteqsti: teqstis koncefcia enaTesaveba ernest renanis
Semdgomdroindel koncefcias eris Sesaxeb.
ra Tqma unda, werilis arsis gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani am CamonaTvalidan ilias
koncefciis yifSiZiseuli interpretaciaa (renanTan mimarTebaSi), magram mis gasaazreblad da
misi adekvaturobis Sesafaseblad, pirvel yovlisa, im citatis wakiTxvaa aucilebeli,
romelic biografs mohyavs. es citata amgvaria 3 :
“yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs
Tvisis sulis Rones, Tvisis sulis bgeras, Tvis zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas,
Tvis vinaobas, Tvis Tvisebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba
sarwmunoebisa da gvar-tomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan,
rogorc erToba istoriisa. eri, erTis Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi
1 saxelwodebiT “osmalos saqarTvelo” im xanebSi “iveriaSi” cxra teqsti gamoqveynda, magram teqstologebi
iliaseulad mxolod am erT maTgans miiCneven. teqstis atribuciis Sesaxeb ix. WavWavaZe 1955: 395-397; WavWavaZe
1997: 616-617.
2 ilias damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ruseT-TurqeTis omis, masSi qarTvelTa monawileobisa da misi meSveobiT
qarTul miwaTa dabrunebis mimarT ix. ingoroyva 1957: 128-133.
3 teqsti mogvyavs ilias akademiuri octomeulis mixedviT, radgan yifSiZiseuli damowmeba oriod adgilas
ramdenadme gansxvavdeba misgan metad arsebiTi cnebebis mowodebisas: “yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT
suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tvisis sulis Rones, Tvisis gulis bgeras, Tvisis zneobiTs da
gonebiTs aRmatebulebas, Tvis vinaobas, Tvis TviTebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba
sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamianT erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa.
eri erTis Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa da lxinSi
gamotarebuli erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT, Zlieria” (yifSiZe 1987: 70-71, _ gansxvavebani xazgasmulia; Sdr.
WavWavaZe 1955: 9)
85

muli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa da lxinSi gamotarebuli _ erTsulobiT,
erTgulobiT, Zlieria” (WavWavaZe 1997: 56).
yifSiZis mier am monakveTis moyvana savsebiT bunebrivia: is ara marto iwyebs iliaseul
werils, aramed mis mTavar saTqmelsac gamoxatavs.
mainc ra aris es saTqmeli?
ilias miaCnia, rom Tavisi istoria ers aniWebs:
a) “sulis Rones”: sulier Zalas, gamZleobas, moqmedebis unars;
b) “sulis bgeras”: Sinagan tonalobas, cxovrebis Sidastils, Sinagan gancdas;
g) “zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas”: moraluri da inteleqtualuri zrdis,
ganviTarebis, amaRlebis unars;
d) “vinaobas”: identurobas, TviTobas, erovnul meobas, _ imas, rac mas sxva erebisagan
gamoarCevs;
e) “Tvisebas”: erovnul xasiaTs, Taviseburebebs, znes.
yvela am niSnis Camoyalibebas eris gamoxatulebaSi ganapirobebs istoria, xolo am
niSnebis erToblioba anu is saganZuri, saidanac eri Tavisi cxovrebiseuli ganviTarebisas
sazrdoobs, istoriaa. rogorc ilias miaCnia, eris erTianobisaTvis saerTo istoriis
mniSvnelobas ver Seedreba verc enis, verc sarwmunoebis, verc gvartomobis (= sisxlismieri)
erToba. adamianebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs _ da erad kravs! _ swored erTad gavlili
istoria Tavisi WiriTa da lxiniT, Tavisi damarcxebebiTa da warmatebebiT. ilias azriT,
veraferi CamonakvTavs ise adamianTa kavSirs erad, rogorc istoria.
da kidev: marTalia, eris darRveul nawilTa Soris mainc yovelTvis arsebobs
makavSirebeli iracionaluri swrafva (“idumali SemsWvaluleba, idumali mimzidveloba”),
magram erTianobis Sesustebuli grZnobis gasaRviveblad isev aucilebelia, “raTa ifeTqos,
iWeqos daZinebulma istoriam” (56) 1 .
amgvari SemTxvevebi dros moaqvs da erT amgvar SemTxvevad ilias osmalos saqarTvelos
mTlian saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis SesaZlebloba miaCnia (rac ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris 1877
wels gaCaRebulma omma moitana), xolo am garemoebaSi ki kidev erTxel gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba istoriul erTobas, Tumca arc sisxlismieri da arc enismieri erTobaa
daviwyebuli (“garda imisa, rom Cven varT erTis sisxlisa da xorcisani, erTisa da imave eniT
molaparakeni, erTi istoriaca gvqonia” _ 56). teqstSi aq pirveladaa dadasturebuli erTi
eris am orad gaxleCili nawilis sisxlisa da enis erToba, xolo ramdenime striqonis Semdeg
naxsenebi iqneba sarwmunoebac, oRond ara rogorc erTianobis erT-erTi safuZveli (rac
SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleni, ilias cnobiT,
imjerad erTianad muslimebi iyvnen, rasac teqstis bolo nawilSi daeTmoba yuradReba), aramed
rogorc adreuli nimuSi istoriuli erTobisa: sazRvarsaqeTa Tu sazRvarsiqiTa qarTvelebi
erT dros, sxva RirebebulebTan (swavla-ganaTleba, erTmmarTveloba) Tanabrad,
sarwmunoebisaTvisac _ qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis _ mxardamxar da erTad ibrZodnen:
“is saqarTvelos nawili, romelic dRes osmalos xelSia, medgrad ibrZoda Cvenis sarwmunoebis,
ganaTlebis, erT-mTavrobis dadginebisaTvis” (57).
qristianobis Tema Semdgom isev Cndeba teqstSi, rogorc qveynis saerTo istoriaSi
samxreT saqarTvelos pirvelobisa da mewinaveobis niSani: “pirvelad qristianobam iq, samcxeklarjeTSi
moikida fexi andria mociqulis moZRvrebiTa, maSin rodesac qarTl-kaxeTSi jer
kidev kerpmsaxureba sufevda” (57). imJamindeli dapirispirebac qarTlsa da samcxe-klarjeTs
Soris mxolod sarwmunoebrivi yofila: kerpTayvanismcemelma mefe aderkim “saSineli brZola
autexa samcxe-klarjeTs, magram samcxe-klarjeTSi qristianoba aramc Tu moispo, piriqiT
ufro gavrcelda da damkvidrda jer isev wminda ninos mosvlamde” (57). amdenad, Tu qarTlSi
qristianobis gavrceleba wmida ninos saxels ukavSirdeba, samcxesa da klarjeTSi axal
sarwmunoebas _ saukuneebiT adre _ wmida andria mociquli udebs saTaves.
sxvaTa Soris, RirsSesaniSnavia, rom Tavis am werilSi ilia saqarTvelos warsulis
mimoxilvas, faqtobrivad, qveyanaSi qristianobis SemosvliT iwyebs (amjerad yuradRebis
miRma davtovoT ilias am istoriuli mimoxilvis sizuste da wyaroebi, rac imdroindeli
saistorio codniTaa ganpirobebuli, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Tundac mwerlis istoriuli
koncefcia, Tundac mis mier mowodebuli faqtobrivi cnobebi didad sakamaTod arc
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cans).
yuradsaRebia, agreTve, rom erovnuli erTianobis wadilis gamovlinebad da miRwevad
ilia miiCnevs 586 wels qarTveli (da ukve aRara berZeni) kaTalikozis aRsaydrebas da qarTul
miwebze misi samRvdelmTavaro uzenaesobis aRiarebas, Tumca mwerals es faqti amgvari
swrafvis mainc paliativur formad miaCnia: “amgvarad mTelis saqarTvelos erTobis wadils
cotad Tu bevrad kmayofileba mieca, sulierad mainc, Tu ar xorcielad” (57). erovnuli
erTobis gadamwyvet gamovlinebad ufro metad qarTul mxareTa saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebaa miCneuli, rac nel-nela xorcieldeboda kidec, gansakuTrebiT, artanujeli
1 Semdgom gverdebi miTiTebulia wignis dausaxeleblad, _ igulisxmeba Semdegi gamocema: WavWavaZe 1997.
86

agrationebis meTaveobiT. erTianobis impulsi isev klarjeTidan modioda! aq ilia kidev
erTxel ixsenebs qristianobis dacvisaTvis samxrel qarTvelTa Rvawls: roca arabebis mier
qarTul miwaTa dapyrobis Semdeg dampyroblebi qarTvelTa Soris islamis gavrcelebas
cdilobdnen, “exlandeli osmaleTis saqarTvelo qristianobisaTvis iRwvoda bagrationebis
meTaurobiTa da winamZRomelobiTa” (58). am konteqstidan ar mJRavndeba, niSnavs Tu ara am
SemTxvevaSi qristianobisaTvis brZola qarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolas (rac XIX
saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisaTvis sruliad bunebrivad
Cans!): Tu am gabrZolebas religiuri Sinaarsi hqonda, maSin ramdenime saukunis Semdeg isev
amgvari Semoteva _ amjerad ara arabebis, aramed osmaloTa mxriv _ iqaur qarTvelTa Soris
qristianobis damarcxebiT damTavrebula (radgan im mxareSi swored islamma gaimarjva), xolo
Tu es iyo brZola qarTvelobis SesanarCuneblad, maSin osmalos qarTvelebs, sarwmunoebis
dakargvis miuxedavad, qarTveloba mainc mtkiced SeunarCunebiaT, rasac ilia amave teqstSi _
oriod gverdis Semdeg _ ueWvelobiT aRniSnavs da adasturebs.
Semdgom ilia mimoixilavs am mxaris Rvawls qarTuli qristianuli kulturis
CamoyalibebaSi, raSic igi gulisxmobs mis mier moxseniebul qristianuli arqiteqturuli
Zeglebis aRmSeneblobas, swavla-ganaTlebas, qristianuli literaturis Targmnas 1 . amas garda,
Rirebuladaa miCneuli saganmanaTleblo urTierTobani saberZneTTan da isev araa
daviwyebuli samxrel qarTvelTa Rvawli qristianobis dasacavad da gasaZliereblad, oRond
amjerad ara brZolis velze, aramed sulier keraTa meSveobiT: “qristianobis
ganmtkicebisaTvis awesebdnen monastrebs”, magram iqve, sagangebodaa aRniSnuli am monastrebis
saero-samoqalaqo daniSnulebac: “romlebSic ymawvilebisaTvis saswavlebelT marTavdnen”
(58). amave dros, naCvenebia ori religiis dapirispireba inteleqtualur asparezze (“rodesac
tfilissa da garSemo adgilebSi arabebi mahmadianobis gavrcelebas mecadineobdnen Tavisi
arabulis wignebis meSveobiTa”... _ 58) da amjeradac qarTvel qristianTa sulierinteleqtualuri
saqmianobis sarbieli isev samcxe-klarjeTia.
ilia, agreTve, yuradRebas uTmobs samcxis saero kulturas, ris erTaderT, magram
mTavar dasturadac igi moixseniebs “vefxistyaosnis” avtors, romelic, mwerlis
TvalsazrisiT (da tradiciuli SexedulebiT), “im mxris kaci iyo” (58), radgan “rusTavis daba,
romelsac Tavis samSoblod ixseniebs rusTaveli, samcxe-saaTabagoSia” (58). qarTuli
cnobierebis, erovnuli tradiciisa da kulturis centraluri teqstic 2 am mxareSi
warmoSobila!
ilias miaCnia, rom rac ki Zvel saqarTveloSi Rirebulad miCneula adamianuri
moRvaweobis mxriv _ “swavla, ganaTleba, mamulisaTvis Tavgametebuli siyvaruli” (58) _ misi
akvanic da samarec samxreT saqarTveloSi yofila. amdenad, kulturuli erToba (sakuTari
qveynisadmi emociuri damokidebulebis gverdiT) erovnuli erTianobis erTi umTavresi
gamovlinebaa, _ saxelmwifoebriv, religiur, strategiul erTobasTan erTad, rac
mTlianobaSi qmnis swored erovnuli erTianobisaTvis gadamwyvet da ganmapirobebel istoriis
erTobas.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi daSlisa da samxreT saqarTvelos calke gamoyofis
Semdeg SesamCnevi bzari gauCnda am saukunovan erovnul erTianobas, magram karga xans mainc
SenarCunebuli iyo sarwmunoebrivi erToba, radgan es kuTxe jer isev qristianobis myar
simagred rCeboda: “1625 wlamde samcxe-saaTabagos mTavrebs mtkiced epyraT qristianoba” (59),
da am SemTxvevaSi sarwmunoebis erTguleba erovnuli TviTobis erTgulebis Tanabrad
warmoCindeba: “osmalebma ver daakles ra verc sarwmunoebasa, verc qarTvelobis
gvartomobasa” (59), Tumca teqstis am monakveTSi sarwmunoeba da erovneba mkafiodaa
gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan.
raki samcxe-saaTabagos saxelmwifoebrivad calke gamoyofis Semdegac iqauri
qarTvelebi, rogorc aRiniSna, isev inarCuneben qarTvelobas, es imas metyvelebs, rom
saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis daSla ver Slis erovnuli erTianobis Segnebas.
magram momdevno xanaSi iwyeba sarwmunoebrivi erTobis daSlac, _ iwyeba samcxesaaTabagos
TandaTanobiTi gamuslimebis procesi: “iq darCenilTa miaRebines mahmadianoba,
zogs ZaldatanebiTa, zogs motyuebiTa da macdurobiTa” (59). iqaurobis imJamindeli saerTo
religiuri suraTi ki ilias mier amgvaradaa daxatuli: “samRvdeloni da episkopozni
moswyvites, saydrebi dasZarcves, da yoveli samRTo-saero wignebi cecxls mihsces. Cveni moZme
qristiani xalxi darCa uwinamZRvrod, umoZRvrod, ueklesiod da sasowarkveTili, mwared
daCagruli, uwyalod devnuli da ganadgurebuli, nel-nelad mieca mahmadianobasa” (59).
Tumca ilias cnobiT, zog samxrel qarTvels mainc SeunarCunebia farulad qristianoba,
da xandaxan imasac ki axerxeben, rom Svilebi mosanaTlavad qarTlSi gadmoiyvanon, anda isev
1 sxvaTa Soris, ilia aRniSnavs, rom “samcxe-klarjeTis qarTvelni samRTo da saero wignebs qristianobisas
hsTargmnidnen” (58), rac imas metyvelebs, rom ilia qristianul literaturaSi CarTavs rogorc sakraluri
Sinaarsis teqstebs, ise saero, oRond qristianuli mimarTulebis, qristianuli suliskveTebis teqstebs, magram
maT, amave dros, erTmaneTisagan mijnavs kidec, rac _ erTica da meorec _ meTodologiurad sruliad
gamarTlebuli da, albaT, gacnobierebuli midgomaa.
2 Sdr. “glaxis naambobi”: “es wigni aris qarTvelebis gulis saunje” (WavWavaZe 1988: 160).
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idumalad jvari daiweron (59). (rogorc Cans, arc iliam da arc qarTvelma sazogadoebam
imJamad jer ar icoda, rom marTalia, samcxeSi gauCinarda aRmosavlur-bizantiuri eklesiis
kvali, magram osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenil samxreT saqarTvelos miwebze mcxovrebTa
didi wili mtkiced inarCunebda kaTolikur sarwmunoebas da adgilobriv, Tavis samkvidroSi,
wesisamebr misdevda saeklesio cxovrebas 1 .)
magram metad mniSvnelovania, rom aq teqstSi gamoCndeba Tema istoriuli xsovnisa, rac
Taobebs Soris, winaprebTan, tradiciasTan kavSirs ganapirobebs da rac mexsierebismieri
aqtualobis saxiT jer isev arsebobs. am xsovnas ki ueWveli Rirebuleba aqvs, radgan is
erovnuli erTianobis ara marto warsuli sayrdenia, aramed momavali mTlianobis SesaZlo
saZirkvelic. Tu realur sinamdvileSi sarwmunoebrivi tradiciis wyveta Tvalxilulia,
istoriul xsovnaSi _ rogorc xelmisawvdomi faqti _ is isev cocxlad arsebobs. amis Sesaxeb
ilia ase wers: “dResac ician iqaurma qarTvelebma, rom zogis deda, zogis mama, papa jer kidev
maTs xsovnaSi qristianebi yofilan” (59).
raki aRmoCnda, rom, saxelmwifoebrivi daSorebis garda, osmalos saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebTa udidesi nawili sarwmunoebrivadac dascilda danarCen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebT,
bunebrivia, wamoiWreba sakiTxi: SeZlebs Tu ara eris es ori gayofili nawili _ erTmaneTTan
xelaxali SeerTebis Semdeg _ erovnuli erTianobis safuZvlis mopovebas? am sakiTxs ilia
mkafiod upasuxebs, da es pasuxi dadebiTia!
es dasayrdeni ki, ilias TvalsazrisiT, saerTo istoriaa, istoriuli erToba, _
erovnuli cnobierebis is xsovnismieri memkvidreoba, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
sazRvarsaqeTa da sazRvarsiqiTa qarTvelnic iyvnen “erTad sisxlis mRvrelni, erTad Rvawlis
damdebni, erTad tanjulni da erTad molxineni” (60).
rac Seexeba eris or nawils Soris sarwmunoebriv gansxvavebas, aris da iqneba Tu ara is
xelisSemSleli dabrkoleba erovnuli erTianobisaTvis? SeZlebs Tu ara qarTvelobis
qristiani umravlesoba qarTvelobis im nawilis SeTavsebas, romelic islams aRiarebs? sakiTxi
mwvavea da XIX-XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi analogiurma mdgomareobam msoflios sxvadasxva
mxareSi araTu erovnuli erTianoba, aramed mravali gadauWreli da sisxliani konfliqti
warmoSva (saxeldaxelod gasaxseneblad indoeT-pakistanis damokidebulebis magaliTic kmara:
muslimi indoelebi emijnebian indoeTs da brZoliT qmnian TavianT saxelmwifos _ pakistans,
romelic aTwleulebis manZilze mtrul urTierTobaSia Tavis dedasamSoblosTan; anda
SeuZlebelia imis daviwyeba, Tu saqarTvelosTvis ufro axlos, bizantiur samyaroSi, rogor
gaemijnen balkaneli muslimi bosnielebi qristian serbebsa da xorvatebs).
ilias miaCnia, rom sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba araviTar saSiSroebas ar warmoadgens
erovnuli erTianobisaTvis, da misi argumentebi isev istoriulia: “sarwmunoebis
sxvadasxvaoba Cven ar gvaSinebs. qarTvelma, Tavisis sarwmunoebisaTvis jvarcmulma 2 , icis
pativi sxvis sarwmunoebisac. amitomac Cvens istoriaSi ar aris magaliTi, rom qarTvels
survebiyos odesme sxvisa sarwmunoebis daCagvra da devna” (60), magaliTad ki ilia
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb gansxvavebuli konfesiis mimdevrebs _ somxebs, ebraelebsa da
muslimebs imowmebs, romlebic, saukunebis manZilze swored saqarTveloSi poulobdnen,
mwerliseuli gamoTqmiT, “sinidisis Tavisuflebasa” (60).
swored am “sinidisis” xelSeuxeblobas anu srul konfesiur SeuzRudvelobas pirdeba
ilia qarTveli sazogadoebis saxeliT muslim Zmebs, “oRond movides kvlav is bednieri dRe,
rom Cven erTmaneTs kidev SevuerTdeT, erTmaneTi viZmoT” (60).
ra daskvnebi SegviZlia da unda gavakeToT am mcire zomis, magram umniSvnelovanesi
teqstidan, sadac ilia mkafiod ayalibebs erovnuli erTianobis sakuTar koncefcias? rogorc
naTlad Cans, ilia am erTianobis safuZvels istoriul erTobaSi xedavs da TviT im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki erovnuli mTlianoba nawilebad daiSala, xolo es nawilebi moswyda
erTmaneTs da maT Soris aRar arsebobs aRarc saxelmwifoebrivi, aRarc enobrivi, aRarc
sarwmunoebrivi erToba, maSinac ki is duRabi, rac eris TviT am gaxleCil nawilebsac aerTebs,
aris istoriis saerTo grZnoba. xolo Tu am erToblivi istoriuli msvlelobis Jams am
nawilebs erTnairi, erTi sarwmunoeba hqoniaT, es xelisSemwyobi safanelia saerTo istoriis
gancdisaTvis, magram Semdgomi xanis mier motanili sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba aramc da aramc
ar iqceva xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad erovnuli erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. amdenad,
sarwmunoebrivi erTobis ganmsazRvreli Zala danaxulia isev istoriuli da ara religiuri
Tvalsawieridan.
ilias amgvari pozicia uCveulod ar Cans, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, epoqisa da
garemos sekularul damokidebulebas sarwmunoebis mimarT (sxvaTa Soris, isic aRsaniSnavia,
rom qveynis istoriis mokle mimoxilvisas qristianuli saqarTvelos istoriuli movlenebic
1 zaqaria WiWinaZis mravali narkvevi am Temaze mxolod 1890-iani wlebidan ibeWdeba, xolo fundamenturi
wyaroebi samxreT saqarTveloSi kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb kidev ufro mogvianebiT
gamoqveynda (TamaraSvili 1902: 410 Smd.; Sdr. lomsaZe 1979).
2 Sdr. “aCrdili”: “qarTvlis samkvidrov, [...] jvarcmulis RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmulo da wamebulo” (WavWavaZe
1987: 193).
88

ilias mier umTavresad sekularuli poziciidan aris mowodebuli) 1 , xolo, meore mxriv,
aRmosavluri saqristianosaTvis damaxasiaTebel sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis faqtobriv
identifikacias, sadac erovnuli Rirebulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Znelad Tu imijneba
sarwmunoebrivi Rirebulebebisagan. ilias TvalsazrisiT, sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis amgvari
ganuyoflobaa Senaxuli eris istoriul mexsierebaSi, xolo istoriuli mexsierebis swored es
saganZuri warmoadgens erovnuli erTianobis balavars. erTmaneTisagan saxelmwifoebrivad
gaxleCili qarTvelobis odindel saerTo istoriaSi, im istoriuli erTobis saunjeSi, rac,
ilias azriT, erovnuli erTianobis ganmapirobebeli safuZvelia, sarwmunoebrivi erTobac
moipoveba, Tumca am konteqstSi qristianoba aRqmulia ara rogorc cocxali sinamdvile,
aramed rogorc istoriuli memkvidreobis wauSleli da gauuqmebeli Semadgeneli nawili.
isic unda iTqvas, rom marTalia, “osmalos saqarTveloSi” erovnuli erTianobis
upirates safuZvlad ilia erTmniSvnelovnad istoriis erTobas miiCnevs da, Tu ar
gamoricxavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nakleb Rirebulebas aniWebs enasac, sarwmunoebasac,
sisxlismier naTesaobasac (“arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise
ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa” _ 56), magram mis sxva
teqstebSi Zireuli mniSvneloba eniWeba enas. magaliTad, 1881 wlis martis “Sinaur
mimoxilvaSi” igi wers: “arsebiTi niSani erovnebisa, misi guli da suli enaa” (WavWavaZe 1997:
452) 2 .
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom amave mimoxilvaSi ilia erTmaneTisagan mijnavs eris erTianobis
sakiTxs mravalerovani saxelmwifos erTianobis sakiTxisagan, xolo am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi
mas miaCnia, rom araTu sarwmunoeba, TviT enac ki ar warmoadgens saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis
arc dasayrdens da arc aucileblobas:
“iyo dro, roca fiqrobdnen, rom iq, saca erTi da imave saxelmwifos erni
sxvadasxva wesiT adideben RmerTsa, erToba saxelmwifosi ver ixeirebso da dairRvevao.
reformaciam daamtkica, rom eg azri marto umecrebis nayofia [...] mova dro, da gvgonia
_ didi xnis lodinic ar mogvindes, rom enis Sesaxebac imas ityvian, rasac exla rjulis
Sesaxeb brmanica da Tvalxilulnic amboben erTad” (WavWavaZe 1997: 453).
rogorc cxadad Cans, arc mravalerovani saxelmwifos erTianobisaTvis, arc erTi eris
erTianobisaTvis ilia gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda sarwmunoebriv erTobas
(mravalenovani saxelmwifos axlo momavlis perspeqtivaSi ki _ arc enobriv erTobas).
xom ar upirispirdeba erovnuli erTianobis iliaseuli es koncefcia, _ Camoyalibebuli
Tundac 1877 wlis “osmalos saqarTveloSi”, Tundac 1881 wlis “Sinaur mimoxilvaSi”, _
erovnul faseulobaTa dResdReobiT farTod cnobil im samwevrian nusxas, romelic mweralma
Tavis adreul kritikul gamoxmaurebaSi SesTavaza mkiTxvels?
1860 wels Tavis pirvel nabeWd werilSi “oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis
kazlovidgan “SeSlilis” Targmanzeda” 23 wlis ilia WavWavaZe werda:
“sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu
amaTac ar vupatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?”
(WavWavaZe 1991: 31).
magram es sameuli mas araTu ar ganuxilavs, aRarasodes aRarc mihbrunebia mas Tavis
mravalricxovan nawerebSi da, miT umetes, arasodes uqcevia is an sakuTar, an qveynisa da eris
samoqmedo lozungad 3 . sayuradReboa, rom am samerTiani CamonaTvalisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis miniWeba azrad ar mosvlia ilias arc erT Tanamedroves, arc erT mis
Tanamoazres, arc erT mis biografs 4 ! am ueWvel sinamdviles mkafiod adasturebs “iveriis”
redaqtoris iseTi axlo TanamSromelic, rogoric iyo grigol yifSiZe, romelic ilias Tavis
vrcel biografiaSi erTxelac arsad axsenebs am sameuls.
1 Sdr. zurab kiknaZe: “TavisTavad rwmena, rasac ilia sarwmunoebas uwodebda, rogorc wminda religiuri gancda,
yvelaze naklebad iyo misTvis aqtualuri, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi naklebad CarTuli. sarwmunoeba misTvis
iyo istoriuli kategoria, rogorc ganviTarebis erT-erTi faqtori, magram ara egzistencialuri momenti
adamianTa da eris cxovrebaSi” (kiknaZe 2006: 50).
2 iakob mansvetaSvilic Tavis mogonebebSi ase gadmoscems ilias sityvebs, sadac gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba enis
mniSvneloba swored erovnul erTianobasTan dakavSirebiT: “ena aris deda boZi saqarTvelos erTianobisa,
mTlianobisa da Tu es deda boZi gamovacaleT, [...] Cveni mSobeli qveyana, Cveni saqarTvelo ganadgurdeba,
ganiavdeba deda-miwis zurgzeo” (mansvetaSvili 1985: 74).
3 Sdr. zurab kiknaZe: “es triada erTaderTxel gaaxmiana sruliad axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZem da SemdgomSi igi
aRarasodes gaumeorebia. garda amisa, gavixsenoT konteqsti [...]. avtori aq ar saubrobs arc sazogadoebis
mowyobaze da arc garkveul droze gaTvlil (an, miT umetes, zedroul, yvela epoqaSi gamosadeg) samoqmedo
programaze. es aris, ubralod, qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli faseulobebis CamonaTvali. ase rom, [...] ar unda
vifiqroT, TiTqos igi iliasaTvis uryev princips an samoqmedo gegmas warmoadgenda” (diskusia 2006: 17; Sdr.
kiknaZe 2006: 28-52).
4 ix. Tundac iona meunargias sityvebi ilias Sesaxeb: “mas Canergoda gulSi mamulisa da enis siyvaruli”
(meunargia 1987: 490).
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ilias arasodes auxsnia, Tu ras gulisxmobda, roca ymawvilkacobis droindel werilSi
erovnul RirebulebaTa Soris gamoyofda “sam RvTaebriv saunjes”: mamuls, enasa da
sarwmunoebas 1 , _ ra Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas aniWebda maT an cal-calke an erTad, _ magram
man mogvianebiT vrclad daasabuTa Tvalsazrisi, rom erovnuli erTianobis saZirkvels
istoriuli erToba warmoadgens, xolo rac Seexeba sarwmunoebriv gansxvavebas, man is
xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad ar miiCnia arc erovnuli da, miT umetes, arc saxelmwifoebrivi
erTianobisaTvis.
rogorc Cans, erovnuli erTianobis met-naklebad msgavs koncefcias iziarebda iakob
gogebaSvilic: Tavis fundamentur teqstSi “burji erovnebisa” (1890) mas ara imdenad
sarwmunoeba, ramdenadac ena da erovneba (= erovnuli TviTSegneba) miaCnda erovnuli
TviTobis ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad. sxvaTa Soris, konteqsti, sadac igi Tavis am
Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams, igivea, rac iliaseul “osmalos saqarTveloSi”, _ sakiTxi isev
samxrel muslim qarTvelebs Seexeba:
“marTalia, aWarelebmac sarwmunoeba Seicvales, magram enasa da erovnebas ar
uRalates da TaviT fexebamdis darCnen qarTvelebad” (gogebaSvili 1990: 35).
gogebaSvili mkafiod acxadebs, rom aWarlebi sruli qarTvelebi arian rame danaklisis
gareSe, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini im sarwmunoebas ar misdeven, romelsac qarTvelobis
umravlesoba aRiarebs. amave dros, mniSvnelovania, rom igi maTgan ganasxvavebs SavSelebsa da
eruSelebs, romlebmac
“Zala-uneburad uRalates erovnebas da deda-enas, gascvales igi osmalurs
enazed da Cveulebazed” (gogebaSvili 1990: 34).
es gamonaTqvami konceptualurad didad ar gansxvavdeba zemore moyvanili
gamonaTqvamisagan (_ aWarelTa Sesaxeb), magram, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi erovnul Tvisebas
(da mis dakargvas!), gogebaSvilis azriT, gansazRvravs ena da tradicia (“Cveuleba”).
ilia WavWavaZis “osmalos saqarTvelos” daweridan Svidi aTeuli wlis Semdeg, roca XX
saukunis SuaxanebSi meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Sedegad gaCenili politikuri
koniunqtura warmoSobs TurqeTis saqarTvelos (zemo qarTlis) teritoriebis saqarTvelos
sabWoTa respublikisaTvis SemoerTebis imedebs, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi
kalistrate cincaZe mimarTavs tao-klarjeTis qarTvel mcxovrebT (“saqarTvelos
sakaTalikozos zemo qarTlis eparqiebisaTvis”) 2 , moemzadon dedasamSoblosTan Sesarwymelad,
“raTa sisxliTa da xorciT SekavSirebulma adamianebma moiyaron Tavi mSobliur miwa-wyalze”
(vardosaniZe 2001: 193). saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTauri qarTvelobis gaxleCil nawilTa
erTianobis safuZvlad kulturul erTobas miiCnevs da yuradRebas miapyobs, rom TurqeTis
saqarTvelo “is mxarea, sadac dairwa qarTuli kulturis akvani” da, “Tu raime mogvagonebs im
qarTvelobas, es didebul taZarTa nangrevebia...” (iqve). mimarTva mTavrdeba dapirebiT, rom
saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis Semdeg aravin Seexeba muslim qarTvelTa sarwmunoebas da aravin
aiZulebs maT, uaryon islami (iqve) 3 .
sxvaTa Soris, am ori teqstis TiTo konkretuli monakveTis stilisturi siaxlove, _
gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli gamoxmaureba, _ amZafrebs istoriul-faqtobriv
kontrasts:
“osmalos saqarTvelo”: [samxrel qarTvelebs] “miaRebines mahmadianoba, zogs
ZaldatanebiTa, zogs motyuebiTa da macdurobiTa” (WavWavaZe 1997: 59);
kaTolikos-patriarqis mimarTva: “Cven aRTqmas vdebT: gabriyvebiT,
mzakvrobiTa da cdunebiT arcerTi muslimani ar iqneba gaqristianebuli” (vardosaniZe
2001: 193).
patriarqis mimarTvis teqsti adasturebs ara oden iliaseuli ideuri
memkvidreobiTobis SenarCunebasa da erTgulebas TviT komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, aramed
kidev erTxel imasac, rom Tavad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelic ki,
ilias erovnuli erTianobis koncefciis kalapotSi, erovnuli mTlianobis ideidan
gamoricxavs sarwmunoebriv erTobas, xolo erovnuli erTianobis _ rogorc Cans _ erTaderT
safuZvels igi kulturis erTobaSi xedavs.
1 Sdr. ivane abxazis sityvebi, gadmocemuli grigol orbelianis CanawerebSi “mgzavroba Cemi tfilisidam
peterbuRamdis”: “Tavadni da aznaurni, romelTaca uyvardaT mamuli, sarwmunoeba, mefe...” (orbeliani 1959: 172).
2 Sdr. papuaSvili 1986: 105.
3 Sdr. “osmalos saqarTvelo”: “qarTveli, Cvenda sasiqadulod, kvlav daumtkicebs qveyanasa, rom igi ar erCis
adamianis sinidiss” (60).
90

dabolos: ra akavSirebs erovnuli erTianobis ilia WavWavaZiseul koncefcias ernest
renanis erT gviandel naSromTan, romelTanac “osmalos saqarTvelos” arapirdapir
gadaZaxils miapyrobs yurs grigol yifSiZe.
frangi pozitivisti filosofosisa da religiaTa istorikosis, erT dros metad
saxelmoxveWili da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ernest renanis (1823-1892) naSromi “ra aris eri?”
(“u’est-ce qu’une nation?”) faqtobrivad misi sajaro leqciaa, romelic man sorbonis
universitetSi waikiTxa 1882 wlis 11 marts 1 (sxvaTa Soris, renans ekuTvnis XIX saukuneSi
daumsaxureblad farTod gavrcelebuli wigni “iesos cxovreba”, romelic mimarTulia
qristianobis arsis winaaRmdeg da romelic pozitivisturi poziciidan afasebs ieso qristes
pirovnebas, misiasa da moZRvrebas).
renans miaCnia, rom “eris arsia, individuumebs hqondeT bevri saerTo bevri ramis
dasaviwyeblad” (92), magram ras SeiZleba efuZnebodes es erTianoba? istoriulad eris
erTianoba warmoiSoboda an dinastiis safuZvelze, an provinciaTa uSualo surviliT, an
saerTo suliskveTebiT, daemarcxebinaT feodalizmis axirebebi (93), magram mainc, XVIII
saukunemde erebis warmoSobis mTavari mamoZravebel-makavSirebeli muxti iyo dinastia.
Tanamedrove xanaSi ki erovnuli TviToba SesaZloa eyrdnobodes:
a) an rasas (magram renani ar iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom myari da mudmivi mxolod
adamianTa rasebia da rom rasis ufleba pirveladia; mas amgvari Sexeduleba miuRebladac
miaCnia da saxifaTodac, radgan Tanamedrove erebi TavisTavad arc erTgvarovanni arian da Tan
rasis cnebas sxvadasxva Sinaarss aniWeben, erTi mxriv, anTropologebi da fiziologebi,
romlebic sisxlismier naTesaobas gulisxmoben, xolo, meore mxriv, istorikosebi da
filologebi, romelTaTvisac niSneulia enobrivi naTesaoba, _ ase nairgvarad gamijnuli
rasobrivi dajgufebani ki ar emTxveva erTmaneTs; Sesabamisad, rasa nel-nela kargavs Tavis
mniSvnelobas);
b) an enas (Tumca renans miaCnia, rom adamianSi aris raRac, rac enaze maRla dgas: Tavad
adamianis swrafva; xolo erovnuli politikis dafuZneba enaze niSnavs damokidebulebas
filologiaze, iseve rogorc dafuZneba rasaze niSnavs damokidebulebas eTnografiaze; misi
azriT, enasTan SedarebiT ufro mniSvnelovania kultura, radgan “adamiani gonieri da
zneobrivi arsebaa... da igi sakuTar Tavs ama Tu im kulturas miakuTvnebs” _ 98);
g) an religias (magram, renanis azriT, religias ara aqvs sakmarisi safuZveli
Tanamedrove erovnebaTa dasafuZneblad da ver SeakavSirebs erovnul mTlianobas, radgan
“Cven aRar gvyavs masebi, romelTac erTnairad swamT, _ yovels swams Taviseburad, rogorc
SeuZlia, rogorc unda”, ris Sedegadac “religia gaxda sruliad individualuri” _ 99);
d) an interesTa erTobas (romelic frang filosofoss aseve ar miaCnia sakmaris pirobad
eris Sesaqmnelad);
e) an geografias (Tumca, renanis sityvebiT, “teritoria, iseve rogorc rasa, ar qmnis
erebs” da “eri sulieri sawyisia, istoriis Rrma garTulebaTa Sedegi, sulieri ojaxi da ara
jgufi, romelic ganpirobebulia zedapiris formiT” _ 100).
erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb am TvalsazrisTa ganxilvisa da miuReblobis Semdeg renani
ayalibebs sakuTar koncefcias. mas miaCnia, rom ers mTlianobad warsuli da momavali kravs:
“Tu pirveli maTgani mogonebaTa mdidari memkvidreobis erToblivi flobaa, meore aris
saerTo SeTanxmeba, survili, erToblivad icxovron, erToblivad gaagrZelon wilad xvdomili
daunawilebeli memkvidreobiT sargebloba” (100); “erovnebebi, rogorc individuumebi, Sedegia
xangrZlivi Zalisxmevisa, msxverplisa da TviTSezRudvisa” (100); “winaparTa kulti yvelaze
kanonieria yvela kults Soris, _ Cven winaprebma gagvxades imgvarni, rogorebic amJamad varT”
(100); “gmiruli warsuli, didi adamianebi, dideba (magram namdvili) _ ai, mTavari kapitali,
romelsac efuZneba erovnuli idea” (100); “saerTo didebis qona warsulSi, saerTo swrafvani
momavalSi diad qmedebaTa erTad Casadenad, maTi survili momavalSi _ ai, mTavari pirobebi
erad yofnisaTvis” (100); “amdenad, eri diadi solidarobaa, damyarebuli msxverplis grZnobaze,
romelic ukve gaRebulia da romlis gaRebasac apireben momavalSi. eri gulisxmobs warsuls,
magram awmyoSi is Sejamdeba xelSesaxebi faqtiT: esaa aSkarad gamoxatuli survili,
gagrZeldes erToblivi cxovreba” (101); “Cven gavaZeveT politikidan metafizikuri da
Teologiuri abstraqciebi. ra rCeba amis Semdeg? rCeba adamiani, misi swrafvani, misi
moTxovnilebani” (101); “diadi Sejgufeba adamianebisa saRi azriTa da mgznebare guliT qmnis
moralur cnobierebas, romelsac ewodeba eri” (102).
advilad ver vityviT, rom eris renaniseuli koncefcia, romelic gamoiTqva (an, ufro
sworad, _ warmoiTqva) ilias teqstis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, _ ernest renanis “ra aris eri?”
xuTi wliT CamorCeba ilia WavWavaZis “osmalos saqarTvelos”, _ mTlianad emTxveodes
erovnuli erTianobis iliaseul koncefcias, Tumca msgavsebanic SesamCnevia. gansakuTrebiT es
iTqmis im poziciaze, sadac sisxlismieri naTesaobac (ese igi gvartomoba), enac da
sarwmunoebac gamoricxulia eris warmomSob niSanTa wyebidan. magram SesamCnevia, rom ilia,
1 teqstis gverdebs wignis dausaxeleblad Semdgom mivuTiTebT im gamocemis mixedviT, romelsac, savaradod,
icnobda da eyrdnoboda grigol yifSiZe (ix. renani 1902: 87-101).
91

enanisagan gansxvavebiT, nakleb yuradRebas miapyrobs momavals rogorc eris erTianobis
ganmsazRvrel niSans. mTavari mainc isaa, rom iq, sadac renani msjelobs erisaTvis saerTo
istoriuli warsulis ganmapirobebeli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, orive moazrovnis naTesaoba
ueWvelia.
ilias Tanamoazresa da mis pirvel biografs, grigol yifSiZes, uTuod hqonda safuZveli,
amgvar naTesaobaze elaparaka, rac mis dakvirvebul da gamWriax mzeraze metyvelebs.
sruliad bunebrivia, rom ilias publicisturi memkvidreobidan igi gansakuTrebiT
gamoarCevs “osmalos saqarTvelos”; sruliad bunebrivia am mcire moculobis werilis mwerlis
erT-erT fundamentur teqstad miCneva, sadac koncefcia erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb ase
mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli.
damowmebani:
gogebaSvili 1990: gogebaSvili i. rCeuli Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. II, Tb.: ganaTleba, 1990.
diskusia 2006: “mamuli ena sarwmunoeba”: diskusia _ 17 dekemberi, 2002, saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa
gasayarze, Tb.: arete, 2006.
vardosaniZe 2001: vardosaniZe s. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi,
Tb.: mecniereba, 2001.
TamaraSvili 1902: TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf., 1902.
ingoroyva 1957: ingoroyva p. ilia WavWavaZe: narkvevi, Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1957.
kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. ilias mamuli, saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze, Tb.: arete, 2006.
lomsaZe 1979: lomsaZe S. gviani Suasakuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan; axalcixuri qronikebi, Tb.:
mecniereba, 1979.
mansvetaSvili 1985: mansvetaSvili i. mogonebebi: naxuli da gagonili, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1985.
meunargia 1987: meunargia i. [ilia WavWavaZe], ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa, Tb.: merani, 1987.
orbeliani 1959: orbeliani g. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tb.: sabWoTa mwerali, 1959.
papuaSvili 1986: papuaSvili n. k. m. cincaZis cxovreba da mecnieruli memkvidreoba, mravalTavi:
filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, XIII, Tb.: mecniereba, 1986.
renani 1902: Ренан Э. Собрание сочинений в 12-ти томах. Т.6. Киев, 1902.
yifSiZe 1987: yifSiZe g. ilia WavWavaZe 1837-1907 (biografia), ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa, Tb.:
merani, 1987.
WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 4, Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1957.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1987.
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi II, Tb.: mecniereba, 1988.
WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, tomi VI, Tb.: mecniereba, 1997.
92

mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia),
giorgi SixaSvili, mamuka SixaSvili.
wm. ilia marTlis (WavWavaZe) sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi
moZRvreba da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
erovnuli koncefcia
biblia gvaswavlis:
`Tu vinmes ar surs muSaoba, maSin nurca Wams~ (2 Tes. 3, 10)
`Rirsia maSvrali Tavisi sazRaurisa~ (luk. 10, 7)
`netar arian mowyaleni, vinaidan isini Sewyalebul iqnebian~ (maT. 5, 7)
`umjobesia gasce, vidre miiRo~ (saqme. 20, 34-35)
,,miageT keisars keisrisa, xolo RmerTs RmrTisa” (maT. 22, 21)
Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTvelos normaluri socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba
warmoudgenelia fundamenturi erovnuli koncefciis gareSe, romlis SemuSavebisaTvis
aucilebelia adgilobriv da zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa optimaluri SeTanawyoba
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis procesSi.
zogadsakacobrio da erovnul faseulobaTa Soris zeaRmatebuli adgili biblias,
qristianul zneobas da masze dafuZnebul saTanado samurneo-mmarTvelobiT saqmianobas
ukavia.
saqarTvelos WeSmariti progresisaTvis aucilebelia bibliuri da religiur-eTikuri
poziciebidan gaviazroT sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebi. saWiroa qarTuli
tradiciuli msoflmxedvelobisaken Semobruneba da TanamedroveobasTan harmoniulad
Sexamebuli qristianuli ekonomikuri azrovnebisa da Sesabamisi sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi
saqmianobis aRorZineba-ganviTareba.
swored aseT saZirkvels efuZneboda saukuneebis manZilze Cveni socialur-ekonomikuri
yofa, ramac istoriul qartexilebSi fizikur gadarCenasTan erTad, Tavis droze, msoflioSi
mowinave da TviTmyofadi ekonomikuri kulturis eradac warmogvaCina.
amis Sesaxeb wm. ilia marTali (WavWavaZe) werda: `ueWvelia, Cveni uwindeli ekonomiuri
wyoba iseTi yofila, rom xalxs iqidam hqonia is qonebiTi Zal-Rone, romliTac igi gasZRolia
amodena vai-vaglaxsa da omebsa amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi. ai, sagani Rirs SesaniSnavi da metad
saintereso gamosakvlevad. es sagani rom Tval-win hqondes Cvens exlandel meistories, am
saganzed rom ueWveli pasuxi mogvces vinme, bevrs naTels mohfenda awmyosa da momavalsac
gzas gaunaTebda~ (WavWavaZe 1955a: 176),
` ...warsuli _ mkvidri saZirkvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo momavlisa. ...es samTa JamTa
erTmaneTzed damokidebuleba kanonia iseTive Seuryeveli da garduvali, rogorc yovelive
buneburi kanoni. ...aRdgena istoriisa _ eris gamococxlebaa, gamomxnevebaa awmyos gageba da
warmarTvaa, mermisis gamorkvevaa sibnelisagan~ (WavWavaZe 1955a: 200,204), `cxovreba erTiani
mdinarea oris didis totisa: erTs rom xorcisaTvis moaqvs sazrdo, meores _ sulisaTvis. Tu
an erTi daSra, an meore, _ gvami erisa mkvdaria, viTarca usulod xorci da uxorcod suli,
saaqaosaTvis mainca. amitomac, vinca sCivis da hRaRadebs saxorcielo purisaTvis, is
amdenadve, Tu ar metad, unda iRwvodes sasuliero purisaTvisac. adamiani, Tu mTeli eri,
imisaTvis ki ar aris gaCenili, rom puri sWamos, aramed pursa sWams imitom, rom kacur-kacad
icxovros da acxovros Tavis STamomavali~ (WavWavaZe 1955b: 342).
adamianis cxovelqmedebis procesSi gamorCeuli adgili sameurneo-mmarTvelobiT
saqmianobas ukavia, igi sazogadoebis socialuri organizaciis umTavres Semadgenel nawils
warmoadgens.
kacobrioba da saarsebo garemo, ekonomikuri potencialis CaTvliT, RmerTis mier
Seqmnili samyaros Semadgeneli nawilebia. sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela procesi,
maT Soris, sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobac, saRvTo nebis, ganmgeblobis, zrunvis,
ganCinebebisa da daSvebis safuZvelze mimdinareobs.
sarwmunoebriv safuZvelze damyarebul sameurneo-mmarTvelobiT saqmianobas Seiswavlis
da warmarTavs saTanado samecniero-praqtikuli da saswavlo disciplina — Teologiuri
(qristianuli) ekonomika, romelsac aqvs Tavisi kvlevis sagani, mizani, amocanebi, principebi,
paradigmebi, meTodebi da a.S.
Teologiuri (qristianuli) ekonomika RvTismetyvelur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis
samecniero disciplinaa. igi Seiswavlis sameurneo procesebSi adamianis da sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro nivTieri da aranivTieri dovlaTis Seqmnis da
gamoyenebis gonivrul gzebs RvTivdadgenil im zneobriv safuZvelze, romelic adamianis da
eris saukuno netarebas uzrunvelyofs. Teologiuri ekonomika aris sameurneommarTvelobiTi
saqmianobis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZveli, romlis praqtikuli
93

ealizacia uzrunvelyofs calkeuli adamianis, sazogadoebis, eris, saxelmwifos da
kacobriobis RvTivsulier harmoniul socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
didi sjulis kanonis debulebebidan gamomdinare, qristianuli ekonomikis umTavresi
principia — faseulobaTa (maT Soris fulis, qonebis, simdidris) simarTliT (RvTivdadgenili
zneobiT) mopoveba da sikeTeSi gamoyeneba (Rangris... 1987: 194, 536).
Teologiur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani da
aucilebela wmindanebis cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi
sakiTxebis Seswavla.
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teologiur-marTlmadidebluri gaazrebis
safuZvlebi, sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis Teoriul-meTodologiuri paradigmebi,
koncefciebi da principebi, Sesabamisi praqtikis analizi, samecniero-ekonomikuri kvlevis
meTodikis sakiTxebi da, mTlianobaSi, wm. ilia marTlis sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi moZRvreba
gadmocemul-Camoyalibebulia qarTveli eris am saTayvanebeli wmindanis, mecnieris da
praqtikosi ekonomistis (bankiris) mraval naSromSi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: `Zveli
saqarTvelos ekonomiuri wyobis Sesaxeb~, `eri da istoria~, `sameurneo dabali skolebis
Sesaxeb~, `winamZRvrianT-karis qarTuli sameurneo skola~, `xilnarobisa da mevenaxeobis
saswavlebelTa Sesaxeb~, `oZisis sameurneo skolis Sesaxeb~, `sateqniko da saxelosno
sawavlebelTa Sesaxeb~, `mecxramete saukune~, `ra giTxraT?, riT gagaxaroT?~, sxvadasxva
wlebis Sinauri mimoxilvebi, `cxovreba da kanoni~, `xiznebis saqme~, `kerZo da saTemo
miwaTmflobeloba~, `sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis naklni da misi ekonomiuri mizezebi~,
`polemika noe JordaniasTan~, `Cveni qveynis ekonomiuri cxovrebis sazrunavi~, `Zveli da axali
Cveni ekonomiuri cxovrebisa~, `kavkasiis sasoflo meurneobis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb~, `Cveni
soflis meurneoba da SekavSirebis saqme~, `Zvirfasi saaRebmicemo Wirnaxulis saqme~,
`melioraciis saqme~, `mevenaxeobis da meRvineobis saqme~, `mebambeobis saqme~, `pureulis saqme~,
`mesaqonleobis saqme~, `Cveni meurneoba da gzebisa da bazris sakiTxi~, `mrewvelobis saqme~,
`werilebi saqarTvelos sabanko-sakredito da safinanso saqmeebze~, `sagazeTo SeniSvnebi
Tbilisis qalaqis gamgeobis mimdinare saqmeebzed~, `Cveni glexoba da tyiT sargeblobis saqme~,
`soflis moxeleTa arCevani~, `soflis mmarTvelobis reformis sakiTxze~, `gazeTi `meurne~ da
sxv.
wm. ilia marTlis sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi moZRvrebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlebic aqtualurad exmianebian Tanamedroveobas (veSapiZe 1999: 23-24):
• iliaseuli midgomebi da meTodebi ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Seswavlisas;
• zogadsakacobrio miRwevebis gamoyeneba, rogorc sisworis ZiriTadi kriteriumi
ekonomikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas;
• yvela sazogadoebis ekonomikuri wyobilebis safuZveli sakuTrebrivi urTierTobebia;
• progresuli socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da erovnuli ekonomikuri
modelis Seqmnis umTavresi amocanebi;
• saerTo ekonomikuri keTildReobis Teoria da misi gamoyenebis gzebi;
• saSinao da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis harmoniuli kavSiri da efeqtianoba;
• ekonomikuri reformis Seswavla-Sefasebis meTodologia.
bibliuri moZRvrebis safuZvelze wm. ilia marTali miiCnevs, rom `sulier RonesTan
erTad unda vlides Rone xorcielic~. xorciel Rones igi `saekonomio moqmedebasac~ uwodebs.
yoveli adamianis, eris da qveynis WeSmariti, RvTivsulieri progresi mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, rodesac es ori Zal-Rone harmoniulad SeerTdeba da `erTad da ganuyrelad~
gveqneba. wmindani wers: `momwifda CvenSi is azri, rom sulier RonesTan erTad unda vlides
Rone xorcielic, rom sulis, Wkuisa da gonebis gaZlierebas mxar-da mxar unda mosdevdes
qonebisa, jibis gaZlierebaca, rom eri da qveyana, romelTac an erTi aklia, an meore, calfexa
kacsa hgavs, da, rogorc cal-fexa kaci Sors manZils saWiro simaliT ver gaivlis, isec eri,
qveyana veras gaxdeba, Tu Tavis warmatebis sayevarSi es ori uRladi, yovelT-SemZlebeli Zal-
Rone ar eyoleba Sebmuli erTad da ganuyrelad~ (WavWavaZe 1955b: 337).
wmindani gvaswavlis Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT warmatebebs axal droSi: ` ...exla an adli
unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, an Carxi qarxanisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacoba
omisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba unda Sromisa, rom ofli hRvaros. kidev
vityviT, qveyana exla imisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi garjisa, vinc ufro
ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavs naRvaws... xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver
wagvarTva Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana. ...xmliT moseulma vera dagvaklo-ra, _ SromiT da
garjiT, codniT da xerxiT moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fex-qveSidam miwas gamogvaclis, saxels
gagviqrobs, gagviwyvets, saxsenebeli qarTvelisa amoikveTeba, da Cvens mSveniers qveyanas,
rogorc upatrono saydars, sxvani daepatronebian. Sromasa da garjas, codnasa da xerxs
veravin-Ra gauZlebs, Tu Sroma da garja, codna da xerxi win ar mivagebeT, win ar davaxvedreT,
win ar davuyeneT~ (WavWavaZe 1955b: 12-13).
wm. ilia marTlis azriT, qarTuli sazogadoeba saerTo-erovnuli ekonomikuri
keTildReobis bunebisa da potencialis matarebelia, rac sxva faqtorebTan erTad
94

dasturdeba imiT, rom saqarTveloSi ar yofila mwvave wodebriv-qonebrivi dapirispireba,
`ekonomiuri Zali ki, romelic dRes CvenSi marto miwismflobelobidan warmosdgeba, da,
yovelive, rac am Zalis Sedegi odesme iqneba, CvenSi verc erTma wodebam, RvTis madliT, ver
gaisakuTra da dRes CvenSi glexic imisTana mflobelia miwisa, rogorc Tavadi, aznauri,
eklesia; dRes CvenSi glexi memkvidreobiT binadaria im mamulzed, romelic yovel glexs mamapapiT
daCemebuli aqvs. TiTon baton-ymobis uflebac ki ar yofila CvenSi kuTvnilebad erTisa
da imave wodebisa: glexTac, rogorc Tavad-aznaurTa da eklesias, SeeZloT ymebis yola. ...raki
eseni iyo, raki ufleba qveynis gamgeobisa marto xelmwifes hqonda da aravis sxvas, _ erTsa ra
unda SehSureboda meoreSi, erTi imisTanas ras daexarbeboda meores, rom amiT erTi wyoba
meores ganzed gasdgomoda da Caenerga is ganTviTeulebis, gancalkevebis grZnoba wodebaTa
Soris, romelic exlandelis evropis mwvavs tkivils Seadgens. ...CvenSi glexTa da sxva wodebaTa
Soris keTili midrekileba sufevs; rom erTmaneTs aramc Tu eucxoebian, aramed erTmaneTisken
miizidebian~ (WavWavaZe 1956a: 55-56).
iuridiul-ekonomikuri, wodebriv-qonebrivi, organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi da
sasoflo-sameurneo sakiTxebis Teologiur-istoriuli analizis safuZvelze wm. ilia
marTali miiCnevs, rom `...Cvens cxovrebaSi aris imisTana fesvni, romelTa zedac SeiZleba
amovides sikeTe erTobisa da yvelasaTvis saxeirod gaiSalos. amas unda davtrfodeT da
SevxarodeT da ara vTakilobdeT da vmtrobdeT. amas xelis Sewyoba hmarTTebs da ara xelis
SemarTva~ (WavWavaZe 1956a: 56).
aseTi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT wmindani daaskvnis, rom sayovelTao socialurekonomikuri
keTildReobis miRweva mxolod saerTo, SeerTebuli ZalisxmeviT aris
SesaZlebeli.
yovelgvari gaWirvebis, maT Soris, socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis daZlevis
saSualebad wmindans swavla, codna da mecniereba miaCnia. sazogadoebis `umTavres senad~ igi
umecrebas, gaunaTleblobas asaxelebs da aRniSnavs, rom imisaTvis, rom sxvas ar SevyurebdeT
xelSi da Cvens Tavs Cvenve virCendeT, swavla-ganaTlebaa saWiro, amisaTvis araferi ar unda
davzogoT _ `Raribni Tu varT, swavla-ganaTlebis uqonlobis mizezia. swavla-ganaTleba
TiTon aris saTave simdidrisa, maSasadame, aq arafris dazogva ar unda, rom am saTavidam
simdidris wyaro movadinoT~ (WavWavaZe 1955a: 357).
wm. ilia marTlis socialur-ekonomikuri kvleva, misi azrovneba eyrdnoba obieqturi
istorizmisa da istoriis RvTismetyvelebis kanonzomierebebsa da principebs. dRevandeli
movlenebis analizs igi iwyebs warsulis SefasebiT, saidanac gamokveTs saTanado paradigmas,
koncepcias, magistralur gzas, romelic awmyos waiyvans win momavlisaken. wmindani
gvisabuTebs, rom xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze saqarTvelos swori gzebiT uvlia, sakuTari
rwmeniT da imediT ucxovria. Cveni sazogadoebrivi mowyobis mravali mxare, maT Soris
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba didi xnis nacadi da Semowmebulia. es aris fasdaudebeli
ganZi, ganuzomeli sulier-xorcieli faseuloba, romelsac aucileblad unda vuwevdeT
angariSs. saWiroa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli Cveni arseboba yovelmxriv `gamoviZioT~,
`gamovikvlioT~, `mecnierebamde aviyvanoT~, konceptualur safuZvlad davisaxoT da win
wavimZRvaroT samomavlo warmatebebis mosapoveblad.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa obieqturi kvlevis Sedegad
wm. ilia marTalma gamokveTa soflis meurneobis upiratesi roli qveynis ekonomikuri
aRorZineba-gaZlierebisa da sulier-xorcieli winsvlis saqmeSi: `soflis meurneobas, adgilmamulis
patronobis warmoebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs xalxis simdidrisaTvis yvelgan da CvenSi
ufro gansakuTrebiT. imitom, rom CvenSi sxva TvalsaCino ekonomiuri warmoeba ara aris ra,
Tvinier soflis meurneobis warmoebisa. Tavi da bolo xalxis cxovrebisa, sazrdoebisa,
simdidrisa, magazed aris damyarebuli. ...xalxis simdidrezed kidev dafuZnebulia yovelis
mTavrobis sulieri da xorcieli keTildReoba. aqedam advilad misaxdomia, rom mTels
evropaSi yovelis xalxis mTavrobas didi yuradReba, didi zrunva aqvs miqceuli Tvisis xalxis
soflis meurneobazed da did fulsac xarjven, rom mag umTavress wyaros xalxis simdidrisas
farTo, rigiani da Seuferxebeli dena hqondes~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 257-258). sazogadoebis
upirvelesi zrunvisa da dacvis obieqtad wmindanma soflis meurneoba da, kerZod,
miwaTmoqmedeba aRiara, radgan xedavda, rom `erTaderTi Rone Cvenis qonebis gaZlierebisa jer
xanad marto mowaTmoqmedebaa CvenSi~. `...Telavis Tavad-aznaurobas es saWiroeba ugrZvnia da
sagnad Semdgar amxanagobisa daudvia gankargeba da gaZliereba miwaTmoqmedebisa. gankargeba da
gaZliereba swored im mxares unda mieqces, rom miwaTmoqmedebas CvenSi sxva gza da mimarTuleba
auCinon, gaumravalgvaron kultura havisa da miwis Sesaferad, yovelive axlad SemosaRebi
saWirnaxulo Seuwonon saSinao da sagareo bazris moTxovnilebas, Zvirfasi ram Wirnaxuli
daudvan sagnad miwismomqmeds da iefis fasis Wirnaxulze xeli aaRebinon, an gauadvilon xarji
da muSaoba~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 40,42).
wmindani xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: `...Cveni Zal-Rone, Cvenis cxovrebis da vinaobis burji,
Cveni mkvidri da utyuari Semnaxveli, Cveni sikeTe da simdidre, _ miwa da guTania. romels
ersac es ori sagani xelT SerCenia, imas Tavi imodenad kidev Seunaxavs, rom SeuZlian
TavmowonebiT sTqvas: me eri var da mkvidri bina maqvs sadReisodac da samermisodac. sxva
95

yovelive fuWia da warmavali, verc eris vinaobas daedeba saZirkvlad, da verc erTi jiSis,
erTis sisxlisa da xorcis adamianT Tavs erTad mouyris da verc erad Sehqmnis. saqme miwaa da
guTani. ... istoria marto im ers ekiTxeba, romelsac miwazed fexi udgas da xeli guTans uvlia.
Tavdapirveli Semomqmedi erovnobisa da eris simdidrisa marto guTani da miwa yofila da
iqneba kidec. radganac istorias da CvenTa mama-papaTa mxneobas da Tavganwirvas es ori
Zvirfasi ganZi CvenTvis SeurCenia, radganac sapolitiko da saekonomio yofa-cxovreba am oris
sagniT suldgmulobs, amitomac yoveli warmateba, yoveli win wadgmuli biji am or sagnis
mimarT, CvenTvis didis yuradRebis Rirsi unda iyos~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 173, 176).
socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi warmoebis (kerZod, miwaTmoqmedebis) da vaWrobis
sferoebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba-analizis safuZvelze wm. ilia marTali askvnis: `vaWrobac,
rasakvirvelia, saWiroa eris cxovrebisaTvis, imodenad, ramodenadac igi ezideba saqonels
iqidam, saca metia, iq, _ saca uWirT da am gziT Svelis simdidris mofenas da morigebas
yovelgan. xolo vaWroba, wesieradac gawyobili, amis mets samsaxurs ver gauwevs adamiansa da
bunebiTad imisTana ram aris, rom erTs binazed ar ayenebs kacs; saca gamorComaa da xeiri, iq
aris imisi mamuli, imisi miwa-wyali. amitomac eri, marto vaWrobazed miqceuli, darRveulia,
gaqsuebuli, gafantuli. ...amisTana ers aucilebel bedad is uweria, rom sxvis kedlad unda
iyos, sxva ers Seexiznos, sxvisiT icxovros. amitomac sapolitiko moqmedebisaTvis igi Ronemoklebulia,
erad yofnobisaTvis niadagi ara aqvs da xelcarielia, Tundac jibeebi oqroebiT
hqondes gatenili. amisTana eris ekonomiuri yofa-cxovrebac im erzed aris damokidebuli,
romelsac Sehkedlebia da romelsac xelT upyria miwa da guTani, imitom _ rom vaWroba ara
hqmnis simdidresa; mas marto erTis adgilidam moWarbebuli simdidre gadaaqvs meore adgilas,
saca naklebia, da am gadatan-gadmotanaSi Tavis gasamrjelod doiaqs iRebs iqidamac _
saidamac gadaaqvs da iqidamac _ saca miaqvs. am saxiT, vaWroba arc eris simdidris
gaZlierebaSi aris TviTmomqmedi monawile, maSasadame, igi, rogorc sapolitiko, isec
saekonomio saqmeebSi, mudam sxvis mayurebelia, sxvis pirSi macqerali, da namdvil ganaTlebul
vaWars yovelTvis win gamosaxuli isa aqvs, rom misi keTildReoba im eris bedTan aris
Sexorcebuli, romelsac Sehxiznebia. amitomac igi ar erideba da Tavisad miaCnia im eris Wirica
da lxinica~ (WavWavaZe 1955b: 174-175).
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebas Soris
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi urTierTobebis harmonizaciis mizniT wmindani gvirCevs:
`mTavrobas imisTana wyobileba unda hqondes, rom erTis gziT, Tavis xalxis meurneobis
namdvils, utyuars da aucilebels saWiroebas dRemudam hscnobdes, da meores gziT _ mzad
iyos fuliT, codniT, rCeviT dauyovnebliv Semweoba miaSvelos iq mainc, saca kerZo pirTa
SeZleba ver gaswvdeba~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 258); amave dros, saWiroa uSualo mwarmoeblebi
gaverTiandeT sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi, kooperativebSi da `...vecadoT, rom rac
TviTeul calke kacisaTvis miuwdomelia, is erTianis Sekrul-SeboWvil RoniT vimoqmedoT:
TviTeulis calke groSi erTad SevagrovoT, Rone Rones SevakecoT, Sroma Sromas mivuyenoT
da am gziT bevrni erTad SevebneT uRelSi cxovrebis avkargianobis sawevlad, rom Cveni
naofli, Cveni naRvawi Cvenve gvrCebodes, Cvenve gvrgebodes~ (WavWavaZe 1956b: 13). aseTi
organizaciebis magaliTad wmindans mohyavs: `kavkasiis sasoflo meurneobis sazogadoeba~,
`kaxeTis soflis meurneTa kavSiri~, `xilisa da bostneulis gamsaRebeli sazogadoeba~,
Wirnaxulis momyvanTa amxanagobebi, saglexo gamsesxebel-Semnaxveli sazogadoebebi da sxv.
rig naSromebSi wm. ilia marTali ganixilavs zogadad monarqiuli mmarTvelobis
institutis da, konkretulad, misi socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis ganxorcielebis
udides mniSvnelobas saqarTvelosaTvis. magaliTad, miwaTmflobelobis sistemis samarTliani
da optimaluri mowyoba-regulirebis saqmeSi saqarTvelos mefeTa rolis Sesaxeb igi wers:
`sikeTe Cvenis ekonomiuris agebulebisa da wyobisa imaSi yofila, rom miwa, ese igi mamuldeduli,
cotad Tu bevrad ufro samarTlianad morigebuli yofila Cvens xalxSi, vidre sadme
sxvagan. sakvirvelia, rom dRes-aqamomde umamulo, ubinao kaci CvenSi TiTqmis arsad ar
moiZeveba. amisTana wyobam mihmarTa usaTuod Cveni xalxi miwaTmoqmedebas, romelic ufro
dauSromeli da mkvidri wyaroa xalxisa da qveynis sazrdoebisaTvis, vidre sxva ram. xsna Cvenis
qveynisa am wyobaSi unda yofiliyo, da vidre am wyobas ufrTxildebodnen Cveni mefeebi, im
dromde qveyana Cveni Ronieri yofila da gasZRolia mters ase Tu ise~ (WavWavaZe 1955a: 177).
wmidanis aRweriT, Cveni saxelovani mefeebi Semkulni iyvnen Zlieri qarTuli
saxelmwifos mmarTvelisaTvis aucilebeli da damaxasiaTebeli iseTi pirovnuli TvisebebiT,
rogoricaa: eklesiuroba, suliereba, zneobrivi siwminde, didbunebovneba, guliT da azriT
goniereba, ganswavluloba, lideroba, samarTlianoba, simSvide, meurnis niWi, gamrjeoba,
qvelmoqmedeba, gaWirvebulTa da sneulTa daxmareba, ucxoTSemwynarebloba.
Tanaxmad bibliuri zneobrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri swavlebisa, rasac efuZneba wm.
ilia marTlis sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi Teoria da misi pirovnuli praqtikuli moRvaweoba,
yovelma adamianma da calkeulma organizaciam Semdegi movaleobebi da saqmeebi unda
aRasrulos SeZlebisamebr:
1. pativi miagos RmerTs da saxsari Seswiros eklesiis ganviTarebas;
2. daexmaros sxva adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT — gaWirvebulebs;
96

3. moixados movaleoba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis winaSe;
4. izrunos RmerTis qmnilebis — bunebis dacva-SenarCunebisaTvis;
5. daikmayofilos piradi da saojaxo moTxovnilebebi;
6. gamonaxos, SeinarCunos da ganaviTaros Semosavlis wyaro;
7. izrunos micvalebulTa sulebis saoxad.
es RvTaebrivi sibrZne unda daedos safuZvlad yoveli adamianis, sazogadoebisa da
eris saqmianobas cxovelqmedebis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris, upirvelesad, sameurneommarTvelobiT
praqtikaSi.
aRniSnuli movaleobebi uflismierad akisria yvelas — calkeul adamians, ojaxs,
samTavrobo, samewarmeo Tu arasamTavrobo, arasamewarmeo organizaciebs, parlaments,
sasamarTlos, masmedias, mTlianad saxelmwifos, mis liderebs, mefeebs, prezidentebs,
premier-ministrebs da TviT eklesiasac.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos RvTivsulieri,
harmoniuli socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis
radikaluri srulyofisaTvis aucilebeli da SesaZlebelia muSaobis gaSla Semdegi ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebiT (SixaSvili 2003: 270-271):
• harmoniuli socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli
RvTivdadgenili sibrZnis, wmindanTa cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi sakiTxebis Seswavla;
• fuZemdebluri bibliuri swavlebis, qristianuli zneobis, socialuri da
sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi paradigmebis, koncefciebis da principebis
Sexamebuli gamoyeneba;
• saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriuli aspeqtebis siRrmiseuli
gaazreba;
• saeklesio-samonastro meurneobriobis gamocdilebis Seswavla-gamoyeneba;
• Tanamedrove msoflios uaxlesi socialur-ekonomikuri koncefciebis
(Teologiuri ekonomika, neoekonomika, metaekonomika, mdgradi ganviTareba da
sxv.) da progresuli sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi praqtikis saTanado Seswavlagamoyeneba;
• saqarTveloSi mTeli sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis kompleqsuri
Teologiur-socialur-ekonomikur-eTikuri analizis Catareba;
• aRniSnulis safuZvelze sazogadoebis harmoniuli RvTivsulieri ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis erovnuli koncefciis, strategiis da Sesabamisi samTavrobo
programis SemuSaveba;
• erovnuli meurneobis yoveli calkeuli sferosaTvis saTanado samoqmedo
qveprogramebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erovnul koncefcias safuZvlad unda daedos wm.
ilia marTliseuli, qristianuli moZRvrebidan gamomdinare paradigmebis erTianoba: `mamuli,
ena, sarwmunoeba~, ,,warsuli, awmyo, momavali~, `sulieri da xorcieli puri~, `sulieri da
xorcieli Ronis erTianoba~, `wodebriv-qonebrivi Tanasworoba~, `saerTo-erovnuli
ekonomikuri keTildReoba~, `Sroma, garja, codna da xerxi~, `swavla, codna da mecniereba~,
`Rone _ Rones, Sroma _ Sromas~, `soflis meurneobis upiratesoba~, `miwa da guTani~,
`ekonomikuri siZliere _ saadgilmamulo mrewveloba~, `monarqiis roli ekonomikaSi~,
`harmonia: mTavroba, xalxi, meurneoba~, `urTierTsiyvaruli~ (SixaSvili... 2007: 112).
wm. ilia marTlis memkvidreoba sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da yofierebis yvela
sferos moicavs, romelTa Soris umTavresia socialur-ekonomikuri problematika. wmindanma
da mecnierma, pirvelma qarTvel mkvlevarebs Soris, Cveni mravalsaukunovani ekonomikuri
safuZvlebis gamorkveva aRiara saqmianobis Zireul miznad. man Tavisi SemoqmedebiTa da
SromiT dagvanaxa, Tu ra unda vakeToT qveynis sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis aRorZinebisa da
Semdgomi srulyofisaTvis (mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia) 2000: 87).
wm. ilia marTlis sameurneo-mmarTvelobiTi moZRvreba dRevandeli saqarTvelos
ZiriTad saWiroebebs esadageba da gvaZlevs swor gezs qveynis harmoniuli RvTivsulieri
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, globalur sistemaSi misi WeSmariti misiis
dadgenisa da Rirseuli adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis.
damowmebani:
veSapiZe 1999: veSapiZe S. ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri kvlevis meTodologia da Tanamedrove ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tb., 1999.
mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia) 2000: mRvdel-monazoni ioane (kalandia). socialur-ekonomikuri
sakiTxebi wm. ilia marTlis SemoqmedebaSi. sadiplomo naSromi. Tbilisis sasuliero akademiaseminaria,
2000.
Rangris krebis kanonebi 1987: Rangris krebis kanonebi. wignSi: saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1987.
saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. Tb., 1987.
97

SixaSvili 2003: SixaSvili g. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erovnuli koncefciis da sagadasaxadosafinanso
saqmianobis bibliuri gaazreba. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne.
ekonomikis seria. t. 11, 3., 2003.
SixaSvili g., SixaSvili m. 2007: SixaSvili g., SixaSvili m. wm. ilia marTlis (WavWavaZe) ekonomikuri
moZRvreba _ saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erovnuli koncefciis
safuZveli. saerTaSoriso konferencia `ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa~. Tezisebis krebuli.
saiubileo RonisZiebaTa samTavrobo komisia. Tb., 2007.
WavWavaZe 1955a: WavWavaZe i. Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomiuri wyobis Sesaxeb. Txz., t. 4, Tb., 1955a.
WavWavaZe 1955°: WavWavaZe i. eri da istoria. Txz., t. 4, Tb., 1955a.
WavWavaZe 1955°: WavWavaZe i. Tavad-aznaurobis gulgriloba swavla-ganaTlebis saqmeSi. Txz., t. 4, Tb.,
1955a.
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?. Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1955b.
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. Sinauri mimoxilva. 1882 weli, ivlisi-agvisto. Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1955b.
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. Sinauri mimoxilva 1892 wlisa. Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1955b.
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. Sinauri mimoxilva 1895 wlisa. Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1955b.
WavWavaZe 1956°: WavWavaZe i. cxovreba da kanoni. Txz., t. 6, Tb., 1956a.
WavWavaZe 1956°: WavWavaZe i. Zveli da axali Cveni ekonomiuri cxovrebisa. Txz., t. 7, Tb., 1956b.
WavWavaZe 1956b: WavWavaZe i. kaxeTis soflis meurneTa kavSiri. Txz., t.7, Tb., 1956b.
WavWavaZe 1956b: WavWavaZe i. kavkasiis sasoflo meurneobis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Txz., t. 7, Tb., 1956b.
98

daujdomeli sagalobeli wmidisa ilia marTlisa
eka CikvaiZe
1987 wlis 20 ivliss sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m sveticxovlis
taZarSi brZana: `RvTis gangebiT mogvevlina ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc winaswarmetyveli da
mqadagebeli, rogorc `xma mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina~, sityva marTali da WeSmariti, raTa
bibliur mosesaviT aeRo mowamebrivi tvirTi eris winamZRvrobisa. man itvirTa jvari sruliad
saqarTvelosi da Seudga golgoTis aRmarTs. swamda, rom misi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos
gadarCena mxolod qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebas SeeZlo. wmindanad aRiarebis Semdeg
ilia aris ara marto poeti, mwerali, sazogado moRvawe, aramed gamorCeuli moZRvari,
mqadagebeli sikeTisa da simarTlisa, rwmenis. wmindanad aRiarebis Semdeg igi aris didi
sulieri mfarveli Cveni kulturis, Cveni mwerlobis, Cveni axalgazrdobis, Cveni momavali
Taobebisa~. 1997 wels sasuliero akademiis studentma merab galdavam (dRes, dekanozma miqael
galdavam) Seadgina wminda ilia marTlis daujdomeli sagalobeli.
sasuliero mwerloba mWidrod ukavSirdeba saeklesio cxovrebas da yovelTvis asaxavs Tu
exmianeba im dakveTas, rasac eklesia, mrevli iTxovs misgan. cnobilia, rom saeklesio
literaturam mravali Janri SesZina mwerlobas. zogi maTgani dResac viTardeba, zogi ki_aRar.
magaliTisTvis agiografiuli literatura gamogvadgeba, romelic, faqtobrivad, Caanacvla
biografiam (TumcaRa, ideuri aspeqtiT biografia agiografiis datvirTvas ver SeiZens, radgan
sxvaa mizani agiografiuli Txzulebisa_Seqmnas xati, gvaCvenos gza idealis msgavseba-wvdomisa
da sxva biografiisa, romelic mxolod aRwers faqtebs ganurCevlad datvirTvisa). egzegetikur
Txzulebebs, ZiriTadad, SemkrebelobiTi xasiaTi aqvT, cocxalia qadageba da a.S. qarTuli
mwerlobis organuli nawilia himnografia. sasuliero sagaloblebSi gamoikveTa Cveni eris
SemoqmedebiTi potenciali, daixvewa da ganviTarda qarTvel poetTa gemovneba Tu stili.
himnografia aris sasuliero poezia, sadac poeturi teqsti, Cveulebriv, galobiT sruldeba.
miuTiTeben, rom `simReris is gvari, romelic RvTaebisadmi mimarTuli locva iyo, iwodeboda
himnad. himnebiT RvTaebas scemdnen Tayvans.~ 1 sasuliero poezia RvTismsaxurebas ukavSirdeba.
amitom yvela qristian ers Tavisi nacionaluri himnografia aqvs. qarTuli sasuliero poeziis
dasawyisad meSvide saukunes varaudoben. originalurma himnografiam Tavisi ganviTarebis
umaRles mwvervals miaRwia meaTe saukuneSi. XVIII saukunidan ki sasuliero himnebi, ise, rogorc
sasuliero mwerlobis sxva Janris Txzulebebi, mwirad iqmneba. TumcaRa, XX saukunis bolos
qarTul saeklesio mwerlobaSi am TvalsazrisiT didi gamococxleba igrZnoba. sasuliero
xasiaTis Txzulebebi ara mxolod iqmneba qarTul enaze, aramed intensiurad iTargmneba. am
process isic uwyobs xels, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda sinodis dadgenilebiT, qarTulma
eklesiam Seimata axal wmindanTa dasi. amitom bunebrivad gaCnda saWiroeba tropar-kondakTa da
sagalobelTa Seqmnisa (TumcaRa, aris meore gzac, sazogado tropar-kondakTa da sagalobelTa
moSvelieba, radgan wmindanis msaxureba gansazRvrulia misi rangiT). sagalobelTa Seqmna-
Targmnis process calsaxad dadebiTad ver SevafasebT, radgan dagrovda xelaRebiT,
samwuxarod, xSirad ugemovnod, arasaTanado codniT, sifrTxiliT, stiliT, eniTa da leqsikiT
Sesrulebuli mdare xarisxis himnebi da sakiTxavebi. swored amitom saqarTvelos sapatriarqom
sagangebo komisiac Seqmna, romelsac axalTargmnil da axlad Seqmnil TxzulebaTa cenzireba
evaleba. am TvalsazrisiT, ilia marTlis daujdomeli gamonaklisia. sagalobelTa avtorma
mSvenivrad gaarTva Tavi im problemebs, romelTa umetesobac, upiratesad, XVIII-XX saukuneebSi
TavCenili sirTuleebiT aris ganpirobebuli. mniSvnelovani iyo sami ZiriTadi sakiTxis
gadawyveta: 1. kompozicia, radgan daujdomeli sagaloblis specifika rTulia, xolo im wyvetis
fonze problemad warmoCndeba rogorc teqnikuri mxare sagaloblisa, ise formisa da Sinaarsis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi; 2. enobriv-stiluri sakiTxebi, radgan sagalobeli sruliad axal
enobriv-literaturul sivrceSi iqmneba, mrevlisTvis, romelsac daujdomelma saTanado
locviTi ganwyoba unda Seuqmnas, amitom, erTi mxriv, leqsikuri qsovili, enobrivi saSualebebi
ar unda iyos xelovnuri (risi bunebrivi saSiSroebac aris), mZime da arqauli, meore mxriv, unda
SeinarCunos ganwyobis aRmatebuloba, zeaweuli intonacia da, rac mTavaria, saeklesio stili
(rac arabunebrivia dRevandeli saliteraturo enisTvis), e.i. saTqmeli stilurad da
formobrivad zustad, saTanado eniTa da adekvaturi stiliT unda gadmoices, ise, rom ar
dairRves mTavari_(3), warmoCndes wmindanis xati, rac rTulia rogorc zogadad, ise am
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, radgan unda moxdes yoveli CvenganisTvis nacnobi mwerlis, sazogado
moRvawis aRqma, transformacia wmindanad, unda Seiqmnas xati ilia marTlisa, rogorc
wmindanisa. Seasbamisad, unda gamoikveTos wmindanis sulieri portreti, cxonebis gza, Rvawlis
is saxe, riTac daimkvidra sasufeveli.
1. akaTisto aris sagalobeli, romelic sruldeba daujdomlad. misi qarTuli
saxelwodeba swored daujdomelia. igi Tavisi specifikiT, struqturiTa da SinaarsiT
1 platoni, citata mogvyavs l. grigolaSvilis werilidan `qarTuli himnografia~ (qarTuli ena da literatura
skolaSi, 1983 w. 1, gv. 87 )
99

gansxvavdeba himnografiuli kanonisgan, formobrivad ki kondaks uaxlovdeba. Tavdapirvelad
akaTisto erqva saRvTismetyvelo-qebiTi xasiaTis Txzulebas, romelic RvTismSobels eZRvneba.
swored RvTismSoblis daujdomelma daudo saTave am Janrs himnografiaSi (daujdomels ikossa
da xairetizms/gixarodensac uwodeben). sauflo dResaswaulTa Tu wmindanTa daujdomlebi
gvian_XII saukunidan iqmneba. qarTul enaze RvTismSoblis daujdomeli XI saukuneSi iTargmna.
XII saukuneSi nikoloz gulaberisZem Seqmna sveticxovlis sakiTxavi, romelsac erTvis
gixarodenis muxlebi. mogvianebiT es muxlebi, calke gamokrebili, sveticxovlis daujdomlad
Camoyalibda. ZiriTadi nawili qarTul enaze arsebuli akaTistoebisa naTargmnia. akaTistos
qarTuli Targmani Seswavlili ar aris, rac kidev ufro arTulebs ilia marTlis daujdomlis
rogorc modelze, ise formobriv-kompoziciuri struqturis sakiTxebze saubars. akaTisto,
kondakis msgavsad, 24 nawilisgan Sedgeba da ikos-kondakis monacvleobazea agebuli. es aris,
faqtobrivad, 12 didi da 12 mcire strofi, ikoss mosdevs 12 gixarodeni. pirvel kondaks
mohyveba gixarodenis muxli, romelic yvela ikosis Semdeg meordeba, xolo danarCen 11 kondaks
refrenad gasdevs `aliluia~ (n. sulava, `qarTuli himnografia: tradicia da poetika~).
RvTismSoblis akaTistos win uZRvis Sesavali. berZnuli enis Sinagani struqturidan da
melodiurobidan gamomdinare, daujdomlis (RvTismSoblis akaTistos) yvela ikoss erTnairi
ritmuli modeli aqvs da emyareba izosilabizms, maxviliani da umaxvilo marcvlebis
raodenobas. garkveul kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba misi metruli struqturac: gixarodenis
eqvsi wyvilidan pirveli aTmarcvliania, meore cameti, mesame-Teqvsmeti, meoTxe_TxuTmeti,
mexuTe da meeqvse_TerTmeti. rogoria Cveni sagaloblis kompoziciuri mxare? unda iTqvas,
rom daujdomlis avtori formobriv mxares ufro Tavisuflad epyroba. aq ar gvaqvs
akrostiquli Sesavali, romelic win uZRvis RvTismSoblis akaTistos. sagalobeli Sedgeba 13
(da ara 12) kondakisa da 12 ikosisgan, I kondaks mosdevs gixarodenis muxli: `gixaroden,
ganrRveulisa mamulisa sulisa ganmacxovelebelo da gonebaTa CvenTa zecad aRmyvanebelo
wmidao ilia marTalo!~ daujdomeli sruldeba bolo locviT. pirveli da meTormete ikosebis
gixarodeni 11 mimarTvisgan Sedgeba, danarCeni_12_12. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, akaTistos
ar axasiaTebs izosilaburi metruli struqtura da marcvalTa kanonzomieri monacvleoba.
Sinagani ritmika, dinamizmi mokle da vrcel frazaTa Tavisufal monacvleobazea damyarebuli.
mag.: `gixaroden, samzeosa zeda aRmobrwyinebulo moRvaweo sakvirvelo; gixaroden, iberiisa
venaxisa keTilmemtileo~.
2. enobriv-stiluri TvalsazrisiT akaTisto axloa homiletikasTan. sagaloblis sulieri
datvirTvis mniSvneloba izrdeba, Tuki Txzulebis avtori zustad grZnobs saTqmelis Sinaarss
da arCevs saTanado leqsikas, saWiro stils. sabolood, es yovelive formisa da Sinaarsis
urTierTobamde daiyvaneba. cnobilia, rom sasuliero literatura formobrivgamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT ufro statikuria, vidre saero.
rogorc wesi, sasuliero TxzulebaTa avtorni meti sifrTxiliT epyrobian Sinaarsis
leqsikur-stilur mxares. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom imata mdare xarisxis TxzulebaTa ricxvma. es
ki ramdenime mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxlavT kadnieri
midgoma, radgan saTanado codnis gareSe hkideben xels nebismieri sirTulis masalas. meore
faqtoria wyveta, e.i. tradiciis darRveva, rac enobriv da leqsikur maxasiaTeblebzec isaxeba.
SeuZlebelia locviTi ganwyobaSegiqmnas amgvari Sinaarsis frazam: `TviTmfrinaviT
CamogabrZanes...~ (RvTismSoblis xatis erT-erTi axladSeqmnili paraklisidan). samwuxarod,
aseTi ram arcTu iSviaTia. akaTistos `daxvewil stils gansazRvravs antikuri ritorikisa da
poetikis tropuli metyveleba: antinomiuroba, sinonimia, etimologiuri figurebi~ (n. sulava,
dasax. naSr.). rogoria ilia marTlis daujdomelis ena da stili? cxadia, enobriv-stilur
analizs ar SevudgebiT da mokled SevniSnavT, riT aRwevs sagaloblis avtori sasurvel mizans.
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sruli bruneba (RmrTivkurTxeulisa codnisa sasumelsa dawafebulo);
postpoziciuri wyoba (gulisa Cvenisa gansatfobelad amomzevebulo); savrcobiani formebi
(mowevnulsa xmovanebasa...Tanamexme veqmneT); funqciaaRdgenili nawevari (sixaruliTa miT
simSvidisaiTa); TandebulTa, zmniswinTa, wevr-kavSirTa da kavSirTa arqauli formebi
(aRmyvanebelo, ganmacxovelebelo, esreT,...); Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis
gacocxlebuli leqsikuri fondi (`metrfe, saTnoCenili, Tanamexme, marcvali lxinebuli,
sulieriTa tvifariTa dabeWduli...~); mniSvnelovania isic, rom stilisa da leqsikis xarjze
TviT biografiuli elementebic Zalze faqizad Semodis qebaSi da tlanq biografiul
aqcentebad aRar aRiqmeba: `mamulisa SenisaTvis mamulisave dateveba saTno-iCine da
peterburgsa Sina swavlulebisa beReli igi Seni uvrcelesi mwignobrobisa ifqliTa xvavrielhqmen~.
ebiani mravlobiTis paralelurad didia nar-Taniani mravlobiTis wili, rac poeturmanerul
stils gamokveTs. gvaqvs saxarebiseuli paradigmebi Tu tipuri antinomiebi
(`aRsasruliTa SeniTa beliarisa manqanebisa Semmusrvelo~); locviTi ganwyobis misaRwevad da
xatis Sesaqmnelad daujdomelis avtori mimarTavs semantikur, azrobriv sinonimiasac:
`eklesiisa sagalobelisa keTilxmovano Zlispiro, romelsaca Segamkoben mefsalmuneni,
romlisaTvisca enani amod Znoben...~ miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, mniSvnelovania zomiereba
arqaul formaTa Tu leqsemaTa, sintaqsuri wyobisa Tu tropTa moxmobisas, rac sazeimo,
aRmatebul ganwyobas yvalasTvis misawvdoms xdis. es aris ena, romelic gasagebia yvelasTvis,
100

visac waukiTxavs locva, fsalmuni, daswrebia RvTismsaxurebas da ara zogierTi
axalgadmoqarTulebuli ZegliviT mZime da gaugebari.
3. miuTiTeben, rom `himnografi, romelic sagalobels miuZRvnis, vTqvaT, macxovris Sobas,
sxva amocanis winaSe dgas, xolo wmindanis ganmadidebeli ramdenadme gansxvavebul situaciaSia,
qristianuli dResaswaulis mniSvneloba yvelasTvis erTnairad cxadia. misi gandidebis
tradicia ukve Seqmnilia, am Temaze axali sagaloblis damweri agrZelebs tradicias, wmindanis
Rvawlis ganzogadeba ki maTi cxovreba-moRvaweobis pirvel aRmwerTa mier xorcieldeba.
tradicias axla eyreba saZirkveli. Tumca am tradiciisTvis sqema udidesi qristianuli
dResaswaulebis Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi ukve moxazulia~. 1 saanalizo sagaloblis
specifikas gansazRvravs swored is, rom igi ganadidebs axal wmindans, romlis moRvaweobisa da
cxovrebis detalebi met-naklebad yvelam icis. pozicia gansazRvrulia, Sefasebac ki
wmindanisa_TiTqos ukve ganvlili etapi. daujdomlis avtori ilia marTlis cxovrebis
pirveli Semfasebeli ar aris. magram himnografi qmnis mowamis zedroul da zesivrcul models,
xats. unda ganzogaddes martvilis saxe da msmenlis locviTi mimarTeba damyardes masTan.
garda amisa, unda gviCvenos wmindanis konkretuli adgili zeciur ierarqiasTan mimarTebaSi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, avtoris winaSe dgeba droisa da sivrcis problema (rac sagalobelSi
sxvadasxva kuTxiT warmoCndeba). amdenad, sainteresoa, ra momentebi gamoikveTeba ilia
WavWavaZis RvawlSi da rogor transformirdeba ilia-sazogado moRvawe ilia marTlad: ilia
uflis (`dauvalisa mis uqmnelisa mnaTobisa~) qadagia; igi `axovani mRviZarebiT Cven, udebTa da
sawyalobelTa warmwymedeli sulieri Zilis ganmafrTxobelia~; `dauRamebeli naTlis metrfea~;
`uflis (sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa mZlevelisa) mobaZavia; suliT mRviZarea~; `suliwmidis madliT
aRbeWduli mamulis siyvarulis yrmobidanve SemsakuTrebelia~; `marcvali lxinebuli~
(gaRvivebuli); `Cveni gonebis mzrdeli~; `sarwmunoebis mecnierebiT ganmamtkicebeli da
mecnierebis nayofierisa sarwmunoebiTa ganmacxovelebelia~; `slvis qristesmier
wrfelmyofelia~; `ganrRveuli mamulis sulisa ganmacxovelebelia~, `mamulisaTvis muSakia~,
`iberiisa mWmunvariTa bediTa damwuxrebuli aRvsebuli dauSreteli lamparia~, `sulieri
trapezis zedaSea, romelic eris simrTelisTvis wyurielia~, `umecrebaTa zeda mgloviarea,
romlis namuSakevsac angelozni caTa Sina xmovaneben~. xazis gagrZeleba usasrulod SeiZleba,
radgan TiToeuli fraza axali plastiT warmoaCens ilias, rogorc wmindans. msmenelis
locviTi ganwyoba Zalian kargad nacnob aspeqtsac axali ganwyobiT aRiqvams, ris Sedegadac
`daRamebadi wiwamuridan maradisi ciskrisaken msrboli~ ukve ara ilia_mwerali da sazogado
moRvawe, aramed wminda ilia marTalia, romlis rangic ganisazRvra simarTliT RvTis, erisa da
sakuTari sindisis winaSe.
1 l. grigolaSvili, droisa da sivrcis poetikisaTvis Zv. qarTul himnodrafiaSi, ivironi 1000, Tb. 1983, gv. 107
101

ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli emigracia
rusudan niSnianiZe
,,ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos naxevari saukunis istoriaa”, - am sityvebiT daiwyebs Tavis
werils cnobili qarTveli mecnieri, rusTvelologi viktor nozaZe parizSi gamomaval Jurnal
,,qarTlosis“ saiubileo (merve) nomerSi da iqve: kaci, ,,vinc” hqmnida istorias” (nozaZe 1937:3).
es ukve SefasebiTi kategoriidanaa. qveynis istoria — seriozuli Tema.
yoveli ganzogadeba mecnierul sifrTxiles iTxovs da TavisTavad, rTuli saqmea. miT
ufro im SemTxvevaSi, roca gansxvavebulia samoqmedo da saazrovno sivrce. isic
angariSgasawevia, rom adamianebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi icvlian azrs, pozicias, Sexedulebebs.
kvlevis procesSi sainteresoa imis garkveva, ramdenad logikuria (an gulwrfeli ) es ,,cvla’’.
ilia WavWavaZe — gamorCeuli saxeli XIX da XX saukuneebis gzasayarze. misadmi miZRvnili
publicisturi werilis Tu narkvevis araerTi avtori erTad aRmoCnda ucxoeTis miwaze. isini
sxvadasxva partiuli kuTvnilebis Tu inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis adamianebi iyvnen.
,,ilias Temam’’ kidev ufro gaamZafra maTi pirovnuli urTierTobebic; gansxvavebulma
msoflmxedvelobebma mkveTrad iCina Tavi. samSobloSi es ufskruli TiTqos ase Rrma ar iyo. es
polemika sazRvargareT ar dawyebula, iq gagrZelda mxolod. kontrastebis im sibrtyeze
dayvana — dadebiTia es Tu uaryofiTi, gaaubraloebs emigrantuli publicistikis paToss.
literaturis istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovania sazRvargareT moRvawe araerTi
politikosis, mecnieris da mwerlis mosazreba. statiebi, narkvevebi, leqsebi — es
mravalferovani masala msoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSia dastambuli (gaz.,,TeTri giorgi”
9 1927, 16 1929, 13 1928, 27 1930, 31 1930, 80 1934, 81—82-83 1934, parizi J. ,,brZolis xma” 39 1934,
parizi, ,,kavkasioni” X 1965, parizi, r.gabaSvili ,,rac maxsovs”, miunxeni, 1959, noe Jordania
,,Cemi warsuli”, parizi, 1953, s.bereJiani ,,nawerebi”, berlini, 1943, gr. robaqiZe ,,krebuli”,
karlo inasariZis gamocema, miunxeni, 1984, al.sulxaniSvili ,,ra xdeboda metexis cixeSi
qarTveleb Soris 1923 da 1924 wlebSi da ilias mkvlelobis sinamdvile”, san francisko, 1985 da
mravali sxv.).
,,vinc dakarga samSoblo, man dakarga yvelaferi,”_ esaa sityvebi parizSi gamomaval
gazeTSi dabeWdili werilidan: ,,saxelmwifoebrioba Tu individualizmi.” avtori Tavis gvars
bolomde ar amxels (d. k_Svili). saintereso statia gamorCeul ganwyobas qmnis: ,,Cven
davkargeT samSoblo da misi dakargviT, rom Cven yvelaferi davkargeT amas gansakuTrebuli
simwvaviT vgrZnobT aq, emigraciaSi myofi da iq, rusul komunistur monobaSi myofi
qarTveloba”(k_Svili 1929:1).
epoqaluri faqtebis Sefaseba arcTu iSviaTad, drois distancias gulisxmobs, magram
arseboben movlenebi, romelTac maSinve daerqmevaT zusti saxeli. gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”
farTod aSuqebs ilias Temas. v. emuxvaris werili saTauriT: ,,5 ivlisis kanoni”: ,,ilia WavWavaZe
iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis ideologi! xom faqtia, rom i. WavWavaZis mTeli
muSaoba iyo am saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis niadagis momzadeba!”(emuxvari 1928: 4). kontrasti
saxezea. statiaSi meore gvari amotivtivdeba: ,,xom faqtia, rom n. Jordania iyo ideologi
qarTveli eris nacionalur gadagvarebis... n. Jordania mTels mis moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi
niadags uTxrida saqarTvelos politikur Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobas.”
werilis avtori am xelisuflebas sayvedurobda uzarmazari qonebis da udevrad
gaflangvas da magaliTad mohyavda is istoriuli faqti, roca 1917 wels erovnul yrilobaze
gamosul kote afxazs didxans usaubria saxelmwifoebriobis Sesaxeb, nacionalizmze da Turme
urCevda damswreT saqveyno saqmeebis gadawyvetisas ar exelmZRvanelaT mxolod partiuli
mosazrebebiT. aqve, ilias mier daarsebuli tfilisis guberniis saTavadaznauro bankis qoneba
,,30 oqros milioni maneTi” gadaucia. es ilias saqarTvelos mier Seqmnili qoneba ganadgurda
Jordaniasa da misi partiis mier, Tvlis avtori. istoriuli suraTis aRsadgenad davsZendi,
roca es werili iwereba kote afxazi _ didi erovnuli moRvawe, ilias diswuli saqarTveloSi
ukve daxvretilia.
sainteresoa saredaqcio werili ,,Cveni pasuxi ,,damoukidebel saqarTvelos” da 30
martis koloniis gmirebs,” romelic gamoqveynda gaz. ,,TeTri giorgis”27 nomerSi
(redaqciisagan 1930: 3). kategoriuloba marto toniT ar cnaurdeba, aramed leqsikoniT. ras da
rogor elaparakebian isini erTmaneTs: ,,Tqven... tyuilebis guda xarT. erTmaneTsac ki atyuebT.
raindi aravis cils ara swamebs. Tqven ki profesionaluri cilismwamlebi xarT.
gaixseneT, ra cili daswameT ilia WavWavaZes... raindi zurgidan, qurdulad aravis mohklavs,
Tqven ki teroristebis mTeli kasta SehqmeniT da saukeTeso qarTvelebs qurdulad xocavdiT.”
es araa TaobaTa Soris brZola. asakobrivi sxvaoba danaxvis sxvadasxva rakurss rom
gansazRvravs. es adamianebi, aw ukve miuxedavad RirebulebebTan damokidebulebis mkveTri
gansxvavebisa, erTad aRmoCndnen ,,sxva” miwaze. garemom gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia.
samSoblodan geografiulad Sors myofma adamianebma sityva ,,patriotizmi” ufro mtkivneul
konteqstSi gaiazres. ,,Tqveni patriotizmi _ klasTa brZolaa, kaenoba... Cven rom rusebs
102

vlanZRavT es raindoba ar ariso da Tqven rom ilias lanZRavdiT, sicocxle mouwamleT, cili
swameT _ es ki raindoba iyo?”
zogadad aRvniSnavdi, rom emigraciaSi dabeWdili werilebis ZiriTadi paTosi
xazgasmulad cxadia; iqneba es cnobili fraza: ,,tyes Wrian, nafotebi scviva!” romlis Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ,,personirebul istorias” (anu, ra viTarebaSi da vis ,,braldeboda” misi
avtoroba wlebis monacvleobiT) SegviZlia, gavadevnoT Tvali (gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”, 31 parizi,
1930 r. gabaSvili ,,rac maxsovs”, miunxeni,1959 gaz. ,,erToba”13 (1253)714 XII 1997 da sxv.); Tu ilia
WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli faqtebis gaanalizeba da detalebis
gamokveTa (kreb. ,,kavkasioni” X parizi, 1965 al. sulxaniSvili ,,ra xdeboda metexis cixeSi
qarTveleb Soris 1923 da 1924 wlebSi da ilias mkvlelobis sinamdvile” san francisko, 1985
vlasa mgelaZe ,,mogonebebi” wigni II parizi, 1972 Jurn. ,,omega”9 (47) IX 2003 da sxv.). TiToeul am
TemasTan dakavSirebiT damoukidebeli, calke naSromebi daideba, albaT. amjerad, minda
wamovwio es Temebi da erT saazrovno sivrceSi warmovadgino. kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic
qarTuli emigraciisTvisaa mniSvnelovani, esaa partiuli (samoqalaqo) dapirispirebis
mtkivneuli aspeqti. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Semdegi gamocemebi: ,,kavkasioni” X parizi,
1965 gaz.
,,TeTri giorgi”69. 70. 71 X_XII parizi, 1933 gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”80 IX parizi, 1934 gaz.
,,TeTri giorgi”81. 82. 83 X_XII parizi, 1934 gaz. ,,brZolis xma”29 I parizi, 1933 gaz. ,,brZolis
xma”39 I parizi, 1934 saqarTvelos faSisturi darazmuloba, debulebani moRvaweobisa da
brZolisaTvis, parizi, 1937.
rac Seexeba mwerlobas. qarTul emigrantul poeziaSi zogadad, miZRvniTi xasiaTis
leqsebi sakmaod uxvadaa, magram ,,ilias Tema” mainc gamorCeulia. isini momxdari tragediidan
mravali wlis Semdeg daiwera; anu, es ar gaxlavT imwuTieri afeqtis, datirebis nimuSebi.
garkveuli emociuri Tu ideuri biZgiT Seqmnili poeturi nawarmoebebi sayuradReboa da
vfiqrob, mniSvnelovanic.
1932 wels parizSi daiwera giorgi yifianis leqsi saTauriT: ,,ilias”. aq im tragediis
gaxsenebaa, rasac marcval-marcval inaxavs xsovna.
Tavze dagvengra didebis dila,
lega Rrublebi aqsovs arSias,
bazaleTis tbas cremlebSi sZinavs,
oqros akvanic qariSxalSia.(yifiani 1930_1965: 27)
SeuZlebelia, samSoblos dacilebulma poetma garkveuli paraleli ar gaavlos. misTvis
ubedurebaTa seria xom ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobiT daiwyo da avadsaxsenebeli Tebervlis
dReebiT damTavrda. Tumca, amas damTavreba kacma rom Tqvas, arc ki hqvia, roca fiqriT,
biografiiT, cxovrebis wesiT es TariRebi gansazRvravs arsebobis grZel gzas. es ara
mxolod poeturi kavSiria:
Sewyda brZola da xmam daiZira,
Tebervlis qari moTqvams qaliviT,
jvreb _ gadamtvreul saflavebs sZinavs,
mkerd _ garRveuli gorgaslaniviT.
qarTvel emigrant poets isev didi winapris aCrdili rCeba imedad, ufro zusti
Semdegi naTqvami iqneba, albaT, misi Seurigebeli brZola, is erovnuli ZarRvmagari idea,
romlis ganadgureba ar SeiZleba. eri isev mxsnels elodeba. ,,mamis molodini”, rogorc aseT
SemTxvevaSi ityvian xolme:
dRes saqarTvelo Tav daxrilia,
Senze natyviar ganwirul bediT,
isev geZaxis: _dido ilia!
Semusrul droTa Saravandedi.
marTalia, xana ferSecvlilia da gaZarcvuli, magram Soreuli naTeli jer kidev
mkrTalad cimcimebs. swored es eimedeba leqsis avtors.
1958 wels dawers giorgi gamyreliZe leqss, romelsac aseT minawers gaukeTebs: ,,ilias
daRupvis 50 wlis Tavze” (gamyreliZe 1960: 18).
es poeturi nawarmoebic droismieri gaxsenebiT iwyeba:
iyo is xana
kurTxeulTa welTa rigebis,
roca cxovrobdi aq, Cven Soris,
Cveno iliav!
103

qarTvel emigrants daviwyebia, rom ,,aq, Cven Soris,” ukve is adgili araa, sadac axla
Tundac TviTon cxovrobs. axla es ,,iq”_aa, saqarTveloSi. avtori aqebs am mamuliSvilis
Rvawlsa da damsaxurebas eris winaSe; is arc im garemos gaTvaliswinebas iviwyebs, romelic
ilias da mis Tanamoazreebs daxvdaT; is winaaRmdegobebi, siZneleebi. amgvari winapirobis
aRweraa misive leqsSi, saTauriT ,,ori meuRle” (dasax. kreb.).
avtori cdilobs, poetur nawarmoebs sazogadoebrivi datvirTva misces.
leqsis finali ganazogadebs qveyanaSi datrialebuli tragediis masStabebs da
mniSvnelobas; aqvea xazgasmiT Tqmuli umTavresi saTqmelic: es erTi kacisaTvis damiznebuli
tyvia ar iyo:
roca gesroles wiwamurSi muxTali tyvia,
gana Sen mogkles? Cvenc dagvkodes SenTan
ziarad;
Cvenc gulSi mogvxvda Seni tyvia,
Cveno iliav,
da gulSi dagvaqvs Sen saxelTan mware iarad.
Sen _ Cven!... am or sxvadasxva sityvas amjerad erTi mniSvneloba aqvs; tyviis samiznec,
niSac da msxverplic saziarod gaunawilebiaT. axsna martivicaa da bunebrivic: maT xom erTi
qveyana, erTi miwa da erTi fesvi aqvT.
,,vinaoba”_es sityva arc aq moasvenebs gadmoxvewil qarTvelobas. marTalia, erTianoba
darRveulia, magram am sityvis mniSvnelobis gancda ar dakargula. dRis wesrigidan ar
moxsnila yoveli erisaTvis Tu pirovnebisTvis mravlisdamtevi kiTxva: vin var? da es mxolod
sakuTari Tavis obieqtizacia ar aris. es ufro farTo masStabis pasuxs iTxovs. istoria
warsuls gulisxmobs, ukve ganvlils, momxdars. TiTqmis aswleulis gadasaxedidan faqtebi
ufro sxvagvarad aRiqmeba. XX saukunis dasawyisidan sxva xana dgeba. TiToeuli movlena Tu
Sefaseba mZime xasiaTs iRebs. macduria ,,socialuri winsvlis” azri. ,,saamuri qveynis”
mSeneblobisTvis momwodebelT sxva ideologia amoZravebT da sakiTxavia: realobis
Semmecnebeli da gasaazrebelia igi Tu xelisuflebis dauflebis instrumenti.
da am sruliad gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis adamianebs, bedis ironiiT, saerTo
istoriuli warsuli da sadReisod ,,saziaro” awmyo aqvT. ,,ilias sikvdili angelozma
mimxila sizmarSi, meore dRes mamcno gazeTma”,_ dawers grigol robaqiZe, xolo mogvianebiT,
1944 wels berlinSi ityvis: ,,saqarTvelos Tavs atydeba didi ubedureba: wiwamuris veli
irwyeba didi qarTvelis sisxliT. mkvleli qarTvelTa naSieria, raic kidev ufro amZafrebs
tkivils. didia glova da vaeba. xolo saocari da sacnauri: eris mier Rrmad gancdil tanjvaSi
mkvleloba TandaTan ,,msxverplis” saxes iRebs _ msxverplis, romlis saidumloeba
sinamdvilis gardamqmneli Zalaa... yovel qarTvelSi iRviZebs saqarTvelo _ iRviZebs ara
wilobiT, aramed mTlad: iRviZebs mTeli saqarTvelo, mTeli misi bediT. arc erTi meqme
qarTveli ar rCeba ganze ganapirebuli. yoveli maTganis gza midis amieridan am msxverplis
niSniT” ( robaqiZe 1984: 64).
dameTanxmebiT, mkacri ganaCenia da umZimesi xvedri. ,,am msxverplis niSniT” _ Tumca,
meoce saukunis urTules gzaze Semdgari jer kidev ar fiqrobs ase. marTalia, emigraciis
periods es ar ekuTvnis, igi saqarTveloSia dastambuli 1913 wlis 12 aprils, magram
TvalSisacemia gansxvaveba, mwerali sxvagvarad miiCnevs: ,,saqarTvelo aRar aris mTeli da
rogorc cocxali arsi, igi qarTvelSi ar arsebobs. samagierod, darCenilan nawilni da nawilni
TviTonve cdiloben mTelobas. saqarTvelo me var, _ai, fsixiuri gancda qarTvelisa... Suri,
mZulvareba, gautanloba da quCis _ rogorc sicocxlis simbolos gamefeba... is, vinc mTels
Taviss sicocxleSi gmiri _Svilis dabadebas eloda, Svili_qamis movlenas moeswro:
didebuli moxucis sisxliT moirwyo mSobeli miwa”(robaqiZe 1913:3).
grigol robaqiZem kargad icis, ras niSnavs ilia WavWavaZis ideis erTguleba da misi
saqmis gagrZeleba saqarTveloSi. roca arc TviTon darCa ,,ganze ganapirebuli” da aqtiurad
Seudga moRvaweobas, emigrantis mware yofa iwvnia, Tumca arc iq dauyria far_xmali da Tavisi
saqmianobiT, didi literaturuli memkvidreobiT Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad axla ,,iqedan”
ismoda misi mamuliSviluri yiJina.
am poetur teqstebSi araerTgzis ganmeordeba ,,gancda moxevis.”
qarTul emigrantul mwerlobaSi ilia WavWavaZis monumenturi figura araerTi rakursiT
(istoriuli moRvawe, lirikuli leqsis gmiri, literaturuli personaJi, mimarTvis obieqti)
daixateba. sazRvargareT avtorebisaTvis ar arsebobs saxelmwifo (ideologiuri) cenzura.
yoveli maTgani axla ukve imas wers, rogorc Tvlis sworad. am teqstebis gaanalizeba da kvleva
sainteresoa da mniSvnelovani ara mxolod literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed qveynis
istoriis gaazrebis TvalTaxedviTac.
damowmebani:
gamyreliZe 1960: gamyreliZe g. ,,gviani rTveli”. santiago de Cile: 1960.
104

emuxvari 1928: emuxvari v. ,,5 ivlisis kanoni”. gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”, 13. X. parizi: 1928.
k._Svili 1929: k_Svili d. ,,saxelmwifoebrioba Tu individualizmi”. gaz. ,,TeTri giorgi”, 16. II. 1929.
nozaZe 1937: nozaZe vik. J. ,,qarTlosi”, 8, parizi: 1937.
redaqciisagan 1930: ,,Cveni pasuxi ,,damoukidebeli saqarTvelos” da 30 martis koloniis gmirebs. gaz.
,,TeTri giorgi” , 27, parizi: 26.V .1930.
robaqiZe 1913: robaqiZe gr. gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi,” Tbilisi: 12. IV. 1913.
robaqiZe 1984: robaqiZe gr. krebuli. k. inasariZis gamocema, miunxeni: 1984.
yifiani 1930-1965: yifiani g. ,,leqsebi”. parizi: 1930-1965.
105

qarTuli mwerlobis iliaseuli Sefasebis tipologiisaTvis
i.modebaZe
T.ciciSvili
literaturaTmcodneobis calke mecnierebad Camoyalibeba XIX saukunidan iwyeba,
TandaTan gamoikveTa Seswavlis sagani, Seiqmna literaturis erTiani Teoria (erTiandeba
“poetika” da “ritorika”), damuSavda mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi kanonebi,
literaturaTmcodneobiTi cnebebi da sxva. didi yuradReba daeTmo mwerlobisa da
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis urTierTkavSirs.
me-XIX saukunis kritikas axasiaTebs yuradRebis mkveTri gaZliereba Tanadrouli
literaturuli movlebebis mimarT. jer kidev lesingi, didro, Sileri, goeTe, frangi socialutopistebi,
herderi, romantikosebi, haine, “axalgazrda germanuli” kritika, Semdgom ki sentbevi,
hiugo, balzaki, bestuJevi, kiuxelbekeri, kireevski, nadeJdini da mravali sxva,
cdilobdnen gaecnobierebinaT mimdinare literaturuli movlenebi, maTi specifika,
progresuli sawyisebi da formebi. yovel maTgans Taviseburad esmoda literaturisa da
cxovrebis urTierTkavSiri, yvela aRiarebda cxovrebis ama Tu im mxaris zegavlenas mweralze,
mis Semoqmedebaze, magram Tanamedrove literaturuli procesis sistematizaciis principebi,
rogorc dasrulebuli koncefcia, arcerT maTgans ar SeumuSavebia.
Seiqmna “literaturis istoriebi”. mecnieruli azri nel-nela dascilda sinkretizms,
magram im periodis kritikosebi literaturuli movlenebis sistematizaciisas erT-erTi
romelime principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen: biografiuliT, istoriuliT, esTetikuriT,
kritikul-esseisturs da a.S. iseTi zogadi xasiaTis naSromebSic ki, rogoric aris vilmenis
“franguli literaturis kursi”, sent-bevis sistematuri mecnieruli Sromebi, hetneris “XVIII
saukunis literaturis istoria”, Selis “poeziis dacva” da sxva. kvleva mxolod XVIII saukuniT
Semoifargla ∗ . Tumca, TiTqmis yoveli maTgani, gansakuTrebiT ki sent-bevi da vilmeni, xSirad
ganixilavdnen Tanamedrove literaturuli procesis movlenebsa da problemebs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom XIX saukunis 30-40-iani wlebidan dasavlur kritikaSi gaZlierda socialuristoriuli
tendencia, Tanamedrove saxogadoebrivi procesebisa da literaturis
urTierTSefardeba mainc epizodur saxes atarebda. mas lokaluri (da ara sistematuri)
xasiaTi hqonda. Tavis erT-erT werilSi iseTma gamoCenilma moazrovnemac ki, rogoric iyo
sent-biovi, aRiarebs, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da literaturis kavSiris damyarebis
mcdeloba mxolod mcdelobad, “dausrulebel xidad” darCa (sent-bevi 1970:99).
XIX saukunis literaturaTmcodneobaSi besarion belinskim, erT-erTma pirvelma, Seqmna
meTodologiuri koncefcia, romlis safuZvelzec Semdgom ganaxorciela rusuli
literaturis periodizacia-Seswavla. belinski mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze misi
Tanadrouli literaturis Seswavlis meTodologiur sistemas amuSavebda, romelic daefuZna
esTetikur, istoriul da kritikul-publicistur principebs. Tanamedrove literaturis,
rogorc erTiani sagnis, sistemur-mecnieruli Seswavla (anu uaxlesi literaturis istoriis
Seswavlis mecnieruli koncefciis Seqmna) sruliad axal mimarTulebas warmoadgenda
imdroindel esTetikur-kritikul azrovnebaSi. kritikis ZiriTad principad b. belinskim
“monizmi” (istoriuli da esTetikuri meTodebis gaerTianeba) gamoacxada. g. plexanovi Tvlida,
rom is amuSavebda iseT “sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan gamomdinare sistemas, romelic
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiTve aixsneboda da, Tavis mxriv, am cxovrebas ganmarTavda da masze
farTo da nayofieri zegavlenis saSualebasac ki iZleoda” (plexanovi 1975: 213).
XIXs. qarTuli kritikis kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani Tanadrouli qarTuli mwerlobis winaSe
mdgomi problemebisa da literaturis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis gaazreba iyo. cnobili
qarTveli moRvaweebis (s.dodaSvilis, al. cagarelis, al. xaxanaSvilis, k.abaSiZis da sxv.)
werilebSi gamoikveTa Tu ra gzebiT viTardeboda mSobliuri literaturis istoriis
sistematizaciis ZiriTadi principebis damuSavebis procesi.
solomon dodaSvilma, pirvelma mogvca qarTuli literaturis istoriis sistematizacia
naSromSi -“mokle ganxilva qarTuli literaturisa anu sityvierebisa” (ix. dodaSvili 1832).
qarTveli mecnierebi miiCneven, rom s. dodaSvilma pirvelma mimoixila da farTo sazogadoebas
gaacno qarTuli mwerlobis da azrovnebis istoriis mTavari sakiTxebi, rom misi mizani iyo
qarTuli sulieri kulturis ruseTisa da evropisaTvis gacnobis aucilebloba. dodaSvili
mimoixilavs qarTul mwerlobas uZvelesi droidan XVIII saukunis CaTvliT da gamoyofs misi
ganviTarebis Semdeg periodebs:
∗ magaliTad, Selis “poeziis dacvis” pirveli nawili Seicavs antikuri da aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobis poeziis
zogadi principebis mimoxilvas, xolo meore nawili, romelic unda daTmoboda Tanamedrove inglisuri
literaturis daxasiaTebas poets ar Seuqmnia.
106

1. Zveli saeklesio mwerloba;
2. oqros epoqa, (Tamar mefi xana), romelsac s.dodaSvili uwodebs ,,tkbilxmovan”
mwerlobas, igi oqros epoqis ganviTarebis umaRles safexurad “vefxistyaosans”
miiCnevs.
3. qarTuli mwerlobis dacemis xana anu dekadensis periodi.
4. XVIII s. qarTuli mwerloba.
aleqsandre cagareli ki Tavis periodizaciis sistemis safuZvlad iyenebs istoriuli (IV-
XVIII ss. mwerloba) da mxatvrul-esTetikuri (XIX s. literatura) principebis Tavisebur
sinTezs. werilSi ,,Cveni ubeduri mwerloba am saukuneSi’’ (ix. cagareli 1870). igi gamoyofs oTx
periods:
1. IV-XI saukuneebi — “uZvelesi xana”;
2. XII-XIV ss. — “Zveli,” anu klasikuri xana, romelic moicavs ,,saqarTvelos politikuri da
literaturuli Zlierebis” saukuneebs;
3. XVII-XIII ss.- “axali”, anu “qarTuli mwerlobis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis aRorZinebis
xana”;
4. XIX s. — “uaxloesi”.
XIX s. literaturas al. cagareli Tavisi xasiaTiTa da mimarTulebiT 3 periodad yofs.
pirveli periodis warmomadgenlebi arian: al. WavWavaZe da bes. gabaSvili, romlebic:
,,gamoxataven TavianTi poeziiT imgvar xasiaTs anu mimarTulebas, romelsac anakreontuli anu
herotikuli hqvian’’.
meore periods ganekuTvnebian: g. erisTavi, z. antonovi da sxva. cagareli miiCnevda, rom
g. erisTavma: ,,daiwyo Cven enaze komediebisa da dramebis wera, iman dahqna es mSvenieri qarTuli
saliteraturo ena”. al. cagarelis azriT, giorgi erisTavma Seqmna namdvili erovnuli
komedia. da amis gamo meore periods aqvs ,,komikuri mimarTuleba’’.
mesame periods ganekuTvnebian: ilia da akaki, romelTa Semoqmedebas mkvlevari xazgasmiT
gamoyofs da ,,ganusazRvrel mniSvnelobas” aniWebs. al. cagarelisaTvis nikoloz baraTaSvili
,,gancalkavebulad dgas” da sruliad gamorCeuli da gansxvavebuli movlenaa qarTul
mwerlobaSi, romelmac sakuTari periodi Seadgina literaturaSi da mas mecnieri
,,dramatikuls” uwodebs: ,,n. baraTaSvils sakuTari periodi Seadgina Cven axal literaturaSi,
unda yofiliyo dramatikuli, rogorc sCans imis did xelovnur da hazrovan nimuSTagan ,,bedi
qarTlisa’’ (cagareli 1870: 4).
XIX saukunis damlevs Seiqmna araerTi Semajamebeli xasiaTis Sroma, romelSic
kritikosebma im saukunis literaturuli procesis daxasiaTeba qarTuli mwerlobis
ganviTarebis farTo konteqstSi scades. davasaxelebT am tipis mxolod erT, Cveni azriT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sromas. es gaxlavT al. xaxanaSvilis ,,narkvevebi” (ix. xaxanaSvili 1887;
1901; 1907), romelic aris - erTerTi pirveli cda qarTuli mwerlobis Semajamebeli erTiani
suraTis gadmosacemad. Cven viziarebT qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi damkvidrebul
azrs, rom qarTuli mwerlobis periodizaciisaTvis al. xaxanaSvili safuZvlad iRebda
nawarmoebTa qronologiur-Janrobriv princips. is TviTonve aRniSnavda, rom gansaxilvel
Zeglebs udgeboda ,,xan mravalmxrivi istoriul-literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, xan ki marto
Sinaarsis gadmocemiTa da garegnuli aRweriT” (xaxanaSvili 1901) am principebze dayrdnobiT
mkvlevarma miiRo Semdegnairi suraTi (,,nakveTebis’’ pirveli tomi qarTul xalxur eposis
Seswavlas eZRvneba):
II t. — “Zveli qarTuli mwerloba” (IV-XII ss.);
a. xaxanaSvili am periodis Zeglebs hyofda oTx ZiriTad jgufad:
1. hagiografiuli,
2. istoriuli,
3. sakuTriv literaturuli,
4. samecniero, RvTismetyveluri da iuridiuli.
III t. — “XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli literatura”.
am epoqas mkvlevari kulturuli da politikuri dacemis xanad miiCnevs. misi azriT, XIII-
XVII saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi ar gamoirCevodnen originalurobiTa da mxatvruli
RirsebiT. is umetaswilad didaqtikuri da zRapruli Sinaarsis Semcvelia. al. xaxanaSvili
swored am periods miiCnevs erovnuli motivis aRorZinebis epoqad. qarTulma mwerlobam ki al.
xaxanaSvilis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul didebas XVIII-e saukuneSi miaRwia da am periods
mecnieri ,,vercxlis epoqas’’ uwodebs.
IV t. - XIX s. literaturas eZRvneba, romelSic mkvlevari sam safexurs gamoyofs:
1. - samocian wlebamde,
2. - samociani wlebidan oTxmoacdaaTian wlebamde,
3. - oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan iwyeba.
107

kita abaSiZis Txzulebebma, romelic 90-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda fuZemdebluri roli
Seasrula qarTuli literaturis istoriis periodizaciis saqmeSi. man pirvelma Seqmna me-19s.
qarTuli literaturis istoriis sistemuri kursi, romelic TiTqmis ucvlelad damkvidrda
Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi. misi mizani iyo me-19s. qarTuli literaturis evoluciis
saerTo suraTis Cveneba, raTa literaturuli procesi daxasiaTebuliyo mTlianad mis
ganviTarebaSi (ix. abaSiZe k. 1962).
kita abaSiZis koncefcias safuZvlad daedo mxatvrul-esTetikuri da qronologiuristoriuli
princepebis Serwyma. mis nawerebSi me-19s. qarTuli mwerlobis Seswavla
qronologiuri principiTaa Sedgenili da istoriul - SedarebiTi meTodiTaa ganxiluli.
k.abaSiZe iziarebs Sexedulebas literaturis ganviTarebis evoluciuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb. igi
literaturuli procesis evoluciis Semdeg safexurebs gamoyofs.
1) iwyeba romantizmiT - ,,romlis meTauria aleqsandreWavWavaZe, ganmaviTarebeli
grigol orbeliani, umaRles wertilamde amyvani nikoloz baraTaSvili, misi dacemis,
dekadensis gamomxatveli ki vaxtang orbeliani” (abaSiZe k. 1962: 85).
2) romantizmi gadadis realizmSi - ,,realizmis damwyebia giorgi erisTavi, am
mimarTulebis udidesi warmatebis gamomxatvelni ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli, xolo
realizmis dacema, uferuli naturalizmi giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebaSia asaxuli” (abaSiZe k.
1962: 100).
3) kritikosi miiCnevda, rom al. yazbegi da vaJa-fSavela Cvens mwerlobaSi neoromantizms
amkvidrebden, romelic realizmisa da romantizmis saukeTeso Tvisebebis Serwymad esaxeboda
avtors. vaJa-fSavelas ki kita abaSiZe simbolizmis meTaurad miiCnevda.
rac Seexeba neoromantizmsa da simbolizms, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kita abaSiZe
cdilobda eCvenebina, daemtkicebina da epovna evropuli literaturis yoveli mimdinareobis
gamoZaxili da Sesatyvisi Cvens mwerlobaSi. Tumca kritikosis azriT, es ar iyo evropuli
literaturis ganviTarebis etapebis meqanikuri gadmoReba.
Cven veTanxmebiT mkvlevar giorgi abaSiZes (abaSiZe g. 1962) rom etiudebSi ver SexvdebiT
biografiul cnobebs, radgan kritikosi miiCnevda, rom biografia bevr arafers eubneboda
literaturis mkvlevarT.
XIX saukuneSi qarTuli literaturis periodizaciisa da istoriis kursis principebis
damuSavebis Teoriuli safuZvlebis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom es procesi (rogorc
qronologiurad, iseve arsobrivad) zogadevropuli kritikuli azrovnebis farglebSi
viTardeboda, xolo am ZiebaTa saerTo konteqstSi naTlad gamoikveTa iliaseuli midgomis
specifika.
literaturuli procesis periodebad dayofa (periodizacia) ara mxolod misi
sistematizaciis, aramed Sefasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebis dadgenac gaxlavT. literaturul
process ilia mTlianobaSi ixilavs da gansazRvravs, rogorc “matebasa da winsvlas”
(”werilebi qarTul literaturaze”) ∗ . igi mas ramdenime “xanad” yofs (ZiriTadia maT Soris -
”pirveli”, “meore” da “axali”), romlebic ara mxolod qronologiuri, aramed farTo
mniSvnelobis sazogadoebriv-istoriuli cnebebicaa. faqtiurad “werilebSi” Sejamebulia
ilias Sexedulebebi XIX saukunis mwerlobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebze da maTi Sefasebisas
araerTxel vxvdebiTterminebs “pirvali xana”, “meore xana”, romlebic qronologiurad win
uswreben “axal xanas”.
ilia ZiriTad yuradRebas mainc ,,axal xanas” uTmobs. es cneba TviT ilias ekuTvnis da im
periodis arc erT kritikoss TavianT TxzulebebSi ar uxmariaT. cnobilia, rom nebismieri
axali cnebis Seqmna yovelTvis ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom kritikoss ar akmayofilebs
arsebuli terminologia da axali azrebis “gasaformeblad” Sesabamisad axal terminebs eZiebs.
cneba “axali xanis” meSveobiT ilia mimoixilavs XIX saukunis 60-ani wlebis mwerlobas. masSi
naTlad gamosWvivis literaturuli procesebis iliaseuli Sefaseba, midgoma da
meTodologia. imdroindel kritikaSi gamoiyeneboda cnebebi “mamebi da Svilebi” an “axali da
Zveli Taoba”. ilia WavWavaZes ar akmayofilebda amgvari midgoma da miaCnda, rom es
terminologia ar iyo sakmarisad mkafio, garkveuli, zusti, da aqedan gamomdinare
Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebis amgvari gaazreba miuReblad miaCnda. “werilebSi”
ilia Tavidanve kategoriulad ayalibebs Tavis Sexedulebebs am sakiTxebis garSemo. igi wers:
“ara erTxel atexila fexmokle literaturaSi saubari axal da Zvel Taobaze. zogi mwerali
sayvedurs aZlevs axal Taobas, - ratom aras akeTebo, zogi Zvels Taobas, - ratom ara gaakeTerao.
iqneba erTic marTali iyos da meorec, xolo dRemde ki aravis gamourkvevia — ra aris da
vin aris da vin ar aris an axali an Zveli Taoba; da aravin icis — visze laparakoben, roca an
aerTs, an meores axseneben” (WavWavaZe 1986:177) da kidev: “droa Tavi davaneboT am gacveTils
saxelebs da movikiTxoT marto is, guSin ras vsdevdiT Zvelnica da axalnica da dRes rasa
vsdevT, ras iTxovda wina-dRe da ra pasuxi misca dRevandelma” (WavWavaZe 1986:180).
zemomoyvanili sityvebi cxadyobs, rom ilias meTodologiuri midgoma mniSvnelovani
istoriul-literaturuli movlenebisadmi da esTetikur-kritikuli Sefasebis miseuli
∗ nawilobriv gamoqveynda gazeT “iveriis” furclebze: pirveli nawili - 1892w. №39, xolo meoTxe — 1892w. №77.
108

kriteriumebi sruliad axleburia, rac mis leqsikaSic ki aisaxa axali terminis Semotanis
saxiT.
“axali xana”, cneba, romelic moicavs problemebis gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtrs da
sWirdeba kritikos ara “Taobebisa” da maTi mxatvruli miswrafebebis dasapirispireblad,
aramed XIX saukunis periodizaciisaTvis. cnobilia, Tu ra did mniSvnelibas aniWebda ilia
sazogadoebisa da literaturis urTierTzemoqmedebas. gazeT “iveriis” furclebze
gamoqveynebul werilSi “Cveni literaturis dRevandeli yofa” (1886, №6) igi werda: “yvelam
viciT, rom literaturas asazrdoebs sazogadoeba”. da iqve asabuTebs literaturis
ganviTarebis auciloblobas sazogadoebisaTvis da imedovnebs, “rom qarTuli literatura
gavrceldeba CvenSi da maSin Cveni egreT-wodebuli maRali wodebis xalxi, Tunda sruliad
daeTxovos kidec Cvens literaturas, didi arafrisaa. saqme is aris, Cveni eri momzaddes,
gonebis gaxsnis gzazed imodenad warimarTos, rom rogorc puris saWiroebas hgrZnobs
xorcisaTvis, isec literatura miiCnios sulisa da gulisaTvis... ueWvelia gamravldeba
rogorc muSaki literaturisa, isec muStari da maSin literatura da sazogadoeba ukeT
moewyoba, ukeT morigdeba da moTavsdeba erTmaneTSi” (WavWavaZe 1986:77).
udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda ilia mwerlobas eris sazogadoebriv-politikur
ganviTarebaSi da yovel literaturul movlenasa Tu calkeul mwerlis Semoqmedebas
miiCnevda “sayovelTao saqmed” (WavWavaZe 1986:185). amitom XIX saukunis literaturuli
procesis Sefasebas igi udgeba ara mxolod esTetikuri principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed
did yuradRebas aqcevs literaturaSi erovnul-patriotuli Temis ganviTarebas (modebaZe
1998:251-259).
amgvari msoflmxedveloba safuZvlad daedo mis mier damuSavebul meTodologias.
aseT rTul moTxovnebs termini “axali da Zveli Taoba”, ra Tqma unda, ver akmayofilebda,
da yovelive aman ganapiroba axali cnebis Semotanis aucilebloba.
amas efuZvneba XIX saukunis literaturuli procesis iliaseuli ramdenime “xanad”
dayofa:
“pirveli xana” grZeldeba “mecxramete saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebis TiTqmis meore
naxevramde” (WavWavaZe 1986:184) da xasiaTdeba imiT, rom am periodSi “moswyda orkeci dena
cxovrebisa da dacarielda sazogado moqmedTa sarbielica, raki warsulsa da maSindel awmyos
Sua dedamiwa gairRva, warsul anderZebTan erTad yvelaferi davkargeT” (WavWavaZe 1986:183).
“orkec denaSi” ilia gulisxmobs cxovrebis or mxares, rogorc TviTon ambobs, “or did tots”,
- erTi toti moazre cxovrebaa (идейная жизнь), meore - mosaqme (практическая)” (WavWavaZe 1986:183).
am xanas igi afasebs, rogorc “Teslad darCenilisas, romelic roca amindi daudgeboda,
xelaxlad unda gaRuebuliyo aRmosacenad, Tu cxovrebas hsurda Tavisi maxlobeli saTave ar
dahkargoda samudamod, xolo raca vTqviT, - agrZelebs mwerali, - isic sakmaoa gvacodinos,
rom am Teszlze gaswyda jaWvi cxovrebis zed-miyolebisa, awmyosa da warsuls Sua Castyda
xidi, Semdegs saTave da dasabami mouwyda” (WavWavaZe 1986:183).
“meore xana” - 30-40-ani wlebis literaturaa. misi calke periodad gamoyofa-ganxilva
imave midgomiTaa ganpirobebuli. ocdaaTiani wlebis mwerlobas ilia “xelaxlad fexadgmul
mwerlobad” (WavWavaZe 1986:185) miiCnevs. misi azriT, “meore xana” ara mxolod literaturuli
periodia, aramed “meore xanaa Cvenis cxovrebisa”. “Cvenma azrTa svlam, mimarTulebam,
saqmianobam aq Seifara Tavi da amitomac maTis gamonaskvis, zrdis da matebis ambavi aq unda
veZioT”, amtkicebs igi da mis ZiriTad yvelaze damaxasiaTebel “niSnad” asaxelebs “enas”. am
periodSi “upasuxod darCenili sakiTxi: “vina varT da rani varT” — xelaxlad unda gamosuliyo
moedanze. pirveli aseTi niSani eris vinaobisa — enaa da, ai, swored pirvelman aman aidga fexi
CvenSi, Semdeg karga xnis dumilisa” (WavWavaZe 1986:184-185).
“axali xana” - ilias sityvebiT, “dawyebul iqna 60-an wlebSi”, misi yvelaze mkafiod
damaxasiaTebeli niSania, “rom samocian wlebSi yvelaze uwinares gamobrwyinda daviwyebuli
sityva “mamuli”, mTeli Tavis gulT-mimzidvel da didebul mniSvnelobiTa” (WavWavaZe 1986:201).
Semdgom mwerali ganagrZobs am periodis daxasiaTebas da “realuri mimarTulebis”
ganviTarebasTan mas akavSirebs: ”proziT Tu leqsiT, yvela hRaRadebda adamianobis darRveul
uflebis saxeliTa da TviT mosaqme cxovrebis gankargebis wyurviliTa. am egreT-wodebul
“realurma mimarTulebam” Cvenis azrianobisam, Cveni goneba daakvirva Cvens miwier avkargianobas
da samocian wlebidan dRevandlamde am ocdaaTi wlis manZilze, bevri
sayuradRebo Rvawli dasdo, bevri nayofieri Tesli dahyara samermisod” (WavWavaZe 1986:202).
amrigad, naTelia, rom 60-iani wlebis literaturis Taviseburebad ilia WavWavaZe
erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli da socialuri (“realuri”) Temebis gaerTianebas miiCnevda. XIX
saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis dayofa etapebad aq ar Semoifargleba mxolod
qronologiuri principiT, aramed moicavs gacilebiT rTuli cnebebis kompleqss.
ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur koncefciaSi cneba “axali xana” naTlad gamoirCeva missave
sxva saxis qronologiuri terminebisagan (“xana”, “xanebi”, “droni” da a.S.). “axali”-s gageba
gaigivebulia progresulTan. “axali xana” aris axali etapi, rogorc mxatvrul literaturaSi,
iseve eris sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, is ara marto erovnuli da mxatvruli cnobierebis
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi etapia, aramed sruliad axali etapia erovnul TviTSegnebaSi.
109

igi Tanamedrove literaturis periodizaciis saZirkvalia da moicavs sakiTxTa farTo wres:
“realuri mimarTulebis” Camoyalibebas, “mamulis” Temis aRorZinebasa da mraval sxvas.
ufro adreuli literaturuli procesebi ilias dayofili aqvs etapebad, xolo 60-ani
wlebidan 90-ian wlebamde ki, misi azriT, mimdinareobda uwyveti ganviTareba, rodesac
iqmneboda realisturi tendenciebi (“realuri mimarTuleba”) da yalibdeboda erovnulpatriotuli
mimarTuleba, romlis damkvidrebis procesi mas dasrulebulad ar miaCnda. “...
iZulebulni varT es samocian wlebis mdidari xana, da ara nakleb nayofierni mis Semdegni
droni, marto zogadis niSnebiT zepirad aRvniSnoT, ese igi ise, rogorc Cagvsaxia gulSi,
radganac mas aqeT aqamomde Cven Cvenis azris moZraobisaTvis, rogorc droTa mowames,
gvidevnebia Tvali imodenad, ramodenadac TviTon Tvali gviWrida” (WavWavaZe 1986:202).
“werilebSi” swored amgvarma midgomam ganapiroba XIX saukunis literaturuli procesis,
rogorc ganuyofeli mTlianobis aRqma. mwerali ar iziarebs imdroindel esTetikur
koncefciebSi sakmaod gavrcelebul azrs literaturuli procesis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb,
romlis mixedviTac am procesis periodizacia-dayofa gulisxmobs axali da Zveli
tendenciebis konfliqts. is miiCnevs, rom XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis mimarT aseTi
midgoma miuRebelia: ”mTeli es mecxrameti saukune ise dagvelia, rom am sakmaod dids manZilze
arc erTi xana Cvenis cxovrebisa TiTqmis ar yofila imisTana, rom ori saxsenebelad Rirsi
azri, ori mimarTuleba, ori saqme, erTmaneTis mopirispire, erTmaneTs dasjaxebodes
cxovrebis moedanze adgilis dasaWerad, Tu sxva risTvisme. ver vityviT, rom am grZel drois
ganmavlobaSi ar yofiliyos xana da xana, romelnic ganirCevian TvisTa azrTa wyobiT,
mimarTulebiT, Tu saqmoanobiT, xolo Cven imis Tqma gvinda, rom Cven ver vipoviT erTsa da
imave xanaSi imisTana sxvadasxvaobas azrTa wyobisas da mimarTulebisas, rom cal-valke
banakebad gasvla-gamosvlas sazogado moRvaweobisas raime saWiroeba win gasZRoloda ”
(WavWavaZe 1986:180).
amgvari Sefaseba aaSkaravebs, rom ilia WavWavaZisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebrivsocialuri
da erovnul-patriotuli ideebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba nebismier sxva
kriteriumebTan SedarebiT. swored mamulisadmi gulrwfeli siyvaruli aerTianebs ilias
TvalSi sxvadasxva Taobebisa da mimarTulebebis warmomadgenlebs: “am mravalgvar sagnebSi,
romelic mamulma, mamulis siyvarulma da mamulis-Svilobam Tvalwin gamogvifina, TviTeulma
maTganma (“Zvel mweralTa”- i.m.) Tavisi sxivosani Suqi Seitana imisda mixedviT, vis ra ufro
exerxeboda da sadamde Tvali uwvdeboda” (WavWavaZe 1986:203). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
literaturis memkvidreobis Tezisi, romelic formulirebulia ilias mier, rogorc “mateba
da winsvla”, ar gamoricxavs ama Tu im mwerlis Semoqmedebis an romelime literaturuli
movlenis kritikul Sefasebas, razec metyvelebs mwerlis nebismieri kritikuli xasiaTis
werili.
xolo TviT iliaseuli cneba “axali xanis” Sedareba mxolod b. belinskisuel “Век”-Tan
(“saukunesTanaa”) SesaZlebeli. marTalia, b. belinskic iziarebda dasavleTevropuli kritikis
socialur-istoriul mimarTulebas, magram Tavis esTetikur naazrevSi Tanamedroveobis
princips warmoaCenda da Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebis periodizaciisas mas
Semoaqvs cneba «Век» (ix. modebaZe, 1999: 39-40).
ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisi belinskis esTetikur-kritikuli koncefciis mimarT
kargadaa Seswavlili. aq mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom misi zogierTi debuleba da
gansakuTvrebiT mimdinare literaturuli procesebis iliaseuli aRqma belinskis koncefciis
ZiriTad debulebebs uaxlovdeba. miuxedavad amisa cnebebi “axali xana” da “Век” araidenturia.
magram maT Soris garkveuli ideur-Sinaarsobrivi msgavseba ueWvelia. orive moazrovne
ganavrcobs am sityvebis mniSvnelobas da gulixsmobs problemaTa rTul kompleqss. amave dros
akonkretebs maT da swored am problemaTa kompleqsis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs. belinskis “Век”
iseve rogorc ilias “axali xana” ara mxolod qronologiuri, aramed istoriulsazogadoebrivi
kategoriaa, romelic Tanamedrove literaturis sistematizaciis safuZvels
warmoadgens da pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs ganviTarebis Tvisobriv siaxles. magram am or cnabas
Soris SeimCneva arsebiTi gansxvavebac, romelic umTavresad qronologiaSi vlindeba.
“Век” mTlianad moicavs XIX saukunes. b. belinskisTan xazgasmiT gamijnulia XIX da XVIII
saukuneebis literaturul procesebi, xSirad isini erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. belinski ilia
WavWavaZisagan gansxvavebiT siaxlis damkvidrebas arsebul tradiciebTan brZolad aRiqvams.
rogorc zemod aRvniSneT, iliaseuli “axali xana” 60-an wlebSi iwyeba da ar upirispirdeba
ganvlil etaps vinaidan iliaseuli “axali xana” Seicavs erovnuli TviTSegnebis cnebasac,
romelic sityva “mamuliT” gamoixateba.
amrigad, ilia WavWavaZis meTodologia, romliTac igi sargeblobs XIX saukunis qarTuli
literaturis sistematizaciis dros, ganpirobebulia erovnul-patriotuli, socialuristoriuli
da esTetikuri Sefasebebis erTianobiT. xolo mwerlis koncefciaSi erT-erT
ZiriTad kriteriumad win “mamulis” cnebis wamoweva, umTavresi ganmasxvavebeli niSania iliasa
da yvela mis Tanamedrove kritikosebs Soris.
literatura:
110

abaSiZe 1962: abaSiZe giorgi. kita abaSiZis cxovreba da literaturuli moRvaweoba. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba”, 1962.
abaSiZe 1962: abaSiZe kita. etiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba ,,Tsu”, 1962.
dodaSvili 1832: dodaSvili solomon. “mokle ganxilva qarTuli literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”. gaz.:
,,saliteraturo nawilni Tfilisis uwyebaTani”, 1,2, 1832
modebaZe, 1998: modebaZe irina. ilia WavWavaZis kritikuli naazrevis ideur-esTetikuri koncefciis
sakiTxisadmi. kreb. “literaturuli Ziebani”, XIX. Tbilisi: 1998.
modebaZe, 1999: modebaZe irina. О некоторых особенностях критико-публицистической лексики И. Чавчавадзе —
Доклады и материалы международной научной конференции «Актуальные вопросы филологических наук».
ТГУ, 1999.
plexanovi 1975: Плеханов Г.В. Сочинения, т. X. — wignSi: Возникновение русской науки о литературе. М., «Наука»,
1975.
sent-bevi 1970: Сент-Бев. Литературные портреты. Критические очерки. М., 1970.
xaxanaSvili 1887, 1901; 1907: xaxanaSvili al. narkvevebi, tomi II. Tbilisi, 1887.; tomi III. Tbilisi: 1901; tomi
IV, Tbilisi, 1907.
xaxanaSvili 1901: xaxanaSvili al. narkvevebi, t.II, Tbilisi: 1901.
cagareli, 1870: cagareli aleqsandre. Cveni ubeduri mwerloba am saukuneSi. gaz. droeba, 2,3,4,6,7, 1870.
WavWavaZe 1986: WavWavaZe ilia. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. III, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa
saqarTvelo”, 1986.
111

ilias faqtori simbolisturi miTTamTxzvelobis
xanaSi
Tamar paiWaZe
ilias Semdeg, sityvebiT: “epoqa gaTavda didi” galaktionma axali mwerlobis
qronologiuri zRvari, “logosis“ Ziebis axali mosaxvevi aRniSna, Torem problema, tkivili da
azri kvlav erTi rCeboda.
XX saukunis qarTuli leqsis istoria aTiani wlebidan iwyeba, SemoqmedebiT ZiebaTa gza,
maSin kvlav ilias, akakis, vaJas poetur gakveTilebze gadioda da im xanebSi qarTvel poetebs
verc warmoedginaT da arc undodaT sxva arCevani, Tvinier iliasa da akakis poeturi saxeebisa.
iyo meore mimarTulebac, e.w. Tbilisuri poezia, rac Tbilisuri cxovrebis gariTmul saxes
warmoadgenda. xelosanTa, vaWarTa, yaraCoRelTa, CarCTa, kintoTa, sazandarTa, aSuRTa,
daxlTa, bazarTa TbilisSi maSin ZiriTadad somxebi da rusebi cxovrobdnen; aSuRuri baiaTebi,
muxambazebi, robaiebi, zurna—dudukis xmaze Seqmnili simRerebi da iaffasiani saflirto—
salonuri mimarTvebi maSin Zalian popularuli iyo da wignebadac ibeWdeboda. mesame, ki iyo
daselTa poeturi eqsperimentebi, aralegaluri pirebi, rusi narodnikebis da
internacionalistebis kvalSi Camdgari qarTveli revolucionerebi mocaleobis Jams (cixeSi
jdomisas ZiriTadad) „poeturi xelovnebisTvis iRwvodnen“ da politikuri proklamaciebis
msgavs leqsebSi lumpen — proletariatis da politikuri tusaRebis yofas aRwerdnen da
yvelas brZolisaken mouwodebdnen.
poezia ki sul sxvebma gadaarCines — eseni quTaiseli seminarelebi da gimnazielebi iyvnen,
mZime fizikur da sulier atmosferoSi mouxdaT mosvla qarTvel poetebs, TiTqos maT arc
elodnen da kidec gaukvirdaT maTi gamoCena. gakvirvebis mizezi pirvelyovlisa maTi poezia
iyo — axali sityviT, saxiT da mimarTulebiT moazrovne poetebisadmi arasaerTazrovani
reaqcia hqonda sazogadoebas, maSin isini cotas moswonda, bevrs—ara.
swored aqedan daiwyo didi laSqroba poeziis mwvervalebisaken...
ilias Semdeg SemoqmedebiT citadels erTmaneTismiyolebiT gaecalnen XIX saukunis
literaturis klasikosebi da im drois SemoqmedebiTi vakuumis Sevseba “TavzexelaRebulma
biWebma” — qarTvelma simbolistebma ikisres. Tamami da xmamaRali gamosvlebi
TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis ara mxolod mxatvrul producirebaSi vlindeboda, aramed poziciur
antagonizmSic cxaddeboda. _ igulisxmeba qarTvel simbolistTa cnobili damokidebuleba
“TergdaleulTa” mimarT, riTac literaturul kritikaSi gaxmaurebuli gancxadebiT “maT is
toti moiWres, romelzec isxdnen”.
Tavdapirvelad “cisferi opiumiT mTvralni” TavianT mkiTxvelebs poetur _ mxatvruli
instalirebis gansxvavebul gzebze da maTTan Sesaxvedrad mkiTxvelis gansakuTrebuli
mzaobis saWiroebaze miuTiTebdnen, isini acxadebdnen, rom Zveli hangebis motrfiale Tu
yursmiCveuli mkiTxvelisaTvis sakmaod rTuli iqneboda maTi gageba, da Tanamzraxvelebad e.w.
“elitarul mkiTxvels” uxmobdnen.
„...es Semdeg: aplodismentebi, xmauroba, aRtacebuli an mrisxane saxeebi, magram poeti
Semoqmedebis dros yovelTvis martoa... lirika iZleva nirvanis grZnobas da arcerT
xelovnebas ar gadahyavs suli nirvanaSi ase, rogorc lirikas, mosalodnelia, rom munjebi
yvelaze ukeT gaigeben da daafaseben lirikul atirebas, radganac lirika yovelTvis aris
preludia damSvidebisa da siCumis...
... rogorc dekembris vefxvi movardnili sparseTidan saqarTveloSi lirika xSirad
gaicxrileba tyviebiT, magram mis gansasveneblad ver gamodgeba uremi, saWiroa Savi baldaxini,
edgaris cxenebiT. saWiroa rogorc parteri — didi zRva — daisebis loJebiT da ukanaskneli
fardiT.
TviTon lirika aravisTvis savaldebulo ar aris, is aristokratiulia zedmiwevniT...” —
werda valerian gafrindaSvili 1916 wels („lirikis eliziumi“).
am damokidebulebidan sul erTi nabiji iyo poetur RirsebaTa warmoCenis mizniT
“cisferyanwelTa” mier ganxorcielebul ybadaRebul literaturul ganoxSirvamde, romlis
Sedegic qarTuli poeturi azrovnebisa da gansaxovnebis istoria amgvari magistraluri xaziT
warmoCenas gulisxmobda: rusTaveli > besiki da guramiSvili > baraTaSvili (Tumca arc misi
Sefasebisas iyvnen erTsulovanni) da > vaJa-fSavela (vaJas literaturuli memkvidreoba
poeturi niWis, ostatobis da mxatvruli aRqmis Zalmosilebis universalur koncentraciad
aRiares).
am siaSi ver moxvdnen Tergdaleuli poetebi. akakis ugulvelyofa poeturi sityvis
formaciis istoriidan qarTvelma simbolistebma sityvis mxatvruli srulyofis dabali
xarisxiT axsnes, xolo rac Seexeba ilias, faqtia, misi poieturi memkvidreobis aSkara
daufaseblobis miuxedavad, misi saxelisadmi sifrTxilesa da moridebas mainc iCendnen
maSinac, roca am SefasebaTa yvelaze xazgasmuli xana _ maTi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis pirveli
periodi idga.
112

ase rom, qarTvel simbolistebi, romelTa adreuli SemoqmedebiTi nabijebi gavlenebisa
da manerulobisagan bolomde dazRveuli ar iyo, mxatvruli gamosaxvis axali formebisa da
saSualebebis ZiebaSi xmamaRal gancxadebebTan erTad, qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis maTTvis
misaRebi mxatvrul_ formaluri niSniT seleqcias Tu sistematizacias cdilobdnen. faqtia,
swored am dros maT verc maqsimalizmisagan daizRvies Tavi da taqtmac uRalataT. isic aqve
unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi
`cisferyanwelebma~ ams Semdeg daayenes, rac Jurnal `cisferi yanwebis~ gamosvlisTanave
kosmopolitebad da nihilistebad monaTles.
yovel iWvneul pozicias TergdaleulTa an konkretulad ilias poeturi Zalmosilebis
SesaZleblobebze Tanve mosdevda e.w. ganmarteba, rom maTi pretenzia aramcdaaramc ar exeboda
ilias Rvawls erovnul _ sazogadoebrivi Semecnebis an zogadad mwerlobis genviTarebis
saqmeSi.
Tumca amgvarma poziciam da `mosaWrel totze jdomam~ isedac `denTiT savse
kasrsdamsgavsebul~, asafeTqeblad dayursul, `cisferyanwuli azrebiT~ gaRizianebul
sazogadoebaSi negatiuri rezonansi didxans ar daaxana. `cisferyanwelTa~ winaaRmdeg
gamarTuli umowyalo sasamarTlos Tu sazogadoebrivi anaTemis ZiriTadi mizezic swored maT
mier iliasa da akakis saxelebis aramxatvrul anturaJSi moqcevis mcdeloba gaxda.
`mecxramete saukunis qarTuli mwerloba uTuod aris yvelaze didi literatura amave
epoqis axlo aRmosavleTis maStabiT... magram es literatura mainc ver idga evropuli
xelovnebis mTel simaRleze da ver Seefereba saqarTvelos brwyinvale tradiciebs. Cven viciT
epoqebi, roca qarTuli mwerloba warmoadgenda uaRresad mniSvnelovan movlenas msoflio
xelovnebis sazomiT, xolo mecxramete saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, msoflio, am SemTxvevaSi
evropuli radiusiT aris pronvinciuli literatura: Tavisi viwro SemofargvliT
pronvinciuli interesebiT da esTetikuri gaumarTaobiT~ (s. cirekiZe `rubikoni~ 1.1923)
`sruliad SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti rom samociani wlebis TaobaTa omi poeziis
garSemo atyda, aq ara marto TaobaTa brZola aramed kulturaTa brZolaa Zveli qarTulis da
axali ruseTis ideologebis. qarTuli poeziis yvavils dauwyes Secvala `rusul xorblad...”
ilia WavWavaZe SeiaraRebuli ruseTis `esTetikis damrRvevTa~ argumentebiT gamodis brZolis
damwyebad. erTi xma ar yofila Semdeg modgmaSi damarcxebulTa dasacavad. samudamod
gadawyvetilad cnes sakiTxi. grigol orbelianis aRelveba aq yvelaze ufro gasagebia masSi
aimRvra konservatori qarTveli da qarTveli poeti. ilia WavWavaZis mokamaTe qali kn. barbare
jorjaZe ver idga im simaRleze, rom daecva Tavisi pozicia... iyo gamarjveba sruli
„TergdaleulTa“, magram es iyo damarcxeba mTeli Semdgomi xelovnebisa... am `cru
rusTavelebma da liberalebma“ mwerloba gaixades samitingo Zalad da poezia gazeTad _
werda tician tabiZe („cisferi yanwebi“ № 2). Tumca avtori aqve amatebs: `akakis da ilias is
upiratesoba hqondaT, rom moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandisxan naxulobdnen namdvil poezias,
Semdeg maTma skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe... da dRes uimedod gahkivis moqalaqeobrivi
arRani kakafonias~.
`poeturi gvirgvinebi daadges iseT mgosnebs, romelTac araviTari kavSiri poeziasTan ar
hqoniaT imis garda, rom beWdavdnen TavianT leqsebs~ _ werda valerian gafrindaSvili
(rubikoni 8 1923).
`miuxedavad ilias didi qarTuli saxelisa, Tanamedrove poezia ver miiRebs ilias
leqsebs, sadac poeti yovel wuTas uxerxulia, yovel striqonze wamoiCoqebs... magram ilias
poezias mainc aqvs kultura baironis, giotes, puSkinis, roca akaki wereTeli moklebulia
literaturasac ki...~ (giorgi leoniZe, baxtrioni 10 1923).
aqamde (igulisxmeba XVIII s_is miwuruli, romantizmamde) qarTuli poezia kidev grZnobs
kavSirs Zvel poeziasTan. maTi SemaerTebeli swori xazi iRuneba, mruddeba, magram gamosavali
isev ZvelSi aqvs, ase vuaxlovdebiT mesamoce wlebs, sadac es kavSiri samudamod wydeba da
iqmneba axali ideologia... (tician tabiZe „cisferi yanwebi“ № 2).
sabolood ki braldebebma amgvari saxe miiRo: `qarTvelma samocianelebma TavianTi
gaadvilebuli orTografiiT damarxes qarTuli leqsi...~
... da paolo iaSvilis ritorikuli SekiTxva: `qarTuli leqsi an poeti miaRwevs XX
saukunis naxevramdis? baraTaSvilis merani ukve daiRala WenebiT, axla is beberia
tyavgamxmari... `qarTlis dedis~ ZuZuebi daSra, saidumlo baraTs ki Cveni saukune aRar
upasuxebs~ (`poetebi saqarTveloSi~ `baxtrioni~1 1922).
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom simbolistTa amgvari pozicia imTaviTve uaryves galaktionma
da konstantine gamsaxurdiam.
`maT [igulisxmeba qarTveli simbolistebi] `manifestebiT~ da `pernamentuli
konferenciebiT~ mTel qarTvel sazogadoebas da `Zvel poezias~ omi gamoucxades `Seqspiris
uariT...~ Cveulebriv tradicias ar Ralatoben... ilias, akakis, baraTaSvilis lanZRva
monopoliad gamoacxades, cota frTxilad unda iyvnen es poeziis reportiorebi... (`ilioni 1.
1922)~.
`micvalebulni ganageben awmyos vidre cocxalni — ambobs deboni, da ilia swored is
micvalebulia, romelic dRes anaTebs qarTvelis suls... naxevari saukune udga igi darajad
113

Tavis ers. es devi Cveni literaturisa... `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso~ sTqva man. mTelma
saqarTvelom gaigona da Seiyvara kidevac es lozungi. dRes, Cven vinc vdgevarT qarTuli
kulturisa da Tvisebriobis sadarajozed — gvamxnevebs ilias simamace da gvitacebs misi
brZolis stiqia. misi aCrdili dagvtrialebs Tavs da mudam gvTxovs angariSs `ra vakeTeT, ras
vSvebodiT~ saqarTvelosTvis, misi warsulisa da ganviTarebisaTvis... viyoT isev medgarni,
rogorc ilia, viyoT isev sastikni Cveni kulturis dacvaSi~ - werda konstantine gamsaxurdia.
(`ilioni 1. 1922)~.
xolo rac Seexeba galaktions, savaraudoa, rom misi 1916 wlis cnobili gandgoma
`cisferyanwelebisagan~ da e.w. `saukunis Cxubi~, swored qarTuli literaturuli
tradiciebisadmi maTi damokidebulebrivi da deklarirebuli poziciebisagan absoluturi
gansxvavebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. galaktionma, romelic sakuTar Tavs (miT umetes im dros)
`akakis qnaris~ poetTa rigSi moiazrebda, ver gaiziara `cisferyanwelTa~ Tavdajerebuli da
pretenziuli gancxadebani sityvakazmuli mwerlobis maT mier dawyebuli axali
welTaRricxvis Taobaze, maTi damokidebuleba qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebisa da
gansakuTrebiT iliasa da akakis misamarTiT, elitarulobisa da klanurobis xmamaRla
gacxadebuli Tezisebi. `me ar vnanob~ _ werda is olia okujavas da am nabijis erTgvar
argumentaciad Tu dadasturebad unda CaiTvalos 1919 wels gamoqveynebuli esse: `Zvirfasi
saflavebi~, sadac galaktionma nikoloz baraTaSvilis, mamia gurielis, vaJas, yazbegis, da
gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT iliasa da akakis Rvawli Seafasa, kidev erTxel gausva ra xazi maT
fassa da mniSvnelobas ara mxolod Tavad misTvis, rogorc poetisaTvis aramed sazogadod
qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am droidan galaktioni TiTqos calsaxad unda gamijvnoda
`simbolistur xilvebs~, yovel SemTxvevaSi `cisferyanwelTa~ ideebisagan xazgasmulad
gansxvavebuli mosazrebani araerTxel gamoTqva: `me ar vici ra aris `cisferyanwelebis~
mimdinareoba me vici ufro mSobliuri tradiciao~ - acxadebda. Tumca, es gamijvna rogorc
Cans, iyo oden pirovnuli da poziciuri da arcerT SemTxvevaSi msoflmxedvelobrivi, radgan
am droidan galaktioni kidev ufro dauaxlovda simbolisturi msoflaRqmis `kanonikas~.
Seqmnili uxerxuli, konfliqturi Tu araerTazrovani garemoebiT yvelaze metad
SeiZleba iTqvas, saTavisod~ III Zalam isargebla. qarTveli simbolistebis amgvari tendencia
Tu `esTetikuri poza~ da konfliqti amis gamo qarTuli mwerlobis Rirssacnobi nawilis orive
mxares Soris, bevrad ufro mzakvruli da Sorsmimavali Canafiqris nawilad iqca, warmatebiT
iqna ra gamoyenebuli sabWoTa ideologebisa da wiTeli saliteraturo kritikis mier,
rodesac qarTveli simbolistebisagan “xalxis mtris xatis” Sesaqmnelad maTi e.w. “saymawvilo
seni” — ilias faqtori gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiTa da kategoriulobiT iqna rakursirebuli.
im umZimes braldebebs Soris, romlebic mogvianebiT qarTvel simbolistebs wauyenes,
erTi isic iyo, rom maT xelaRebiT uaryves qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebi da brZola
gamoucxades XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis klasikosebs - iliasa da akakis. da rac ar
unda paradoqsuli iyos, es braldebani jer kidev saqarTvelos mweralTa I yrilobaze (-1926
wlidan) gaisma: jer cnobili partmuSakebis, rappel-napostovelTa mxardamWerebis,
iliasmoZuleTa — f. maxaraZisa da v.baxtaZis gamosvlebSi da Semdgom l. berias sadamsjelo
aparatis mier SeTiTxil braldebebSic gaxmianda.
Tumca `cisferyanwelTa~ mxatvrul — publicisturi memkvidreobis Tundac gadaxedvisas
imTaviTve cnaurdeba is faqti, rom aRniSnuli pozicia maTi ara mxolod e.w. “saymawvilo seni”
iyo, aramed am literaturuli jgufis cnobili artistuli individualizmis da
miTosmeikerobis erTgvari gamovlinebac (am SemTxvevaSi arcTu warmatebuli), radgan calke
ilia WavWavaZis saxeli, Rvawli da avtoriteti da zeddarTuli TavianTive “metacirebuli”
gancxadebani SemdgomSi niadag awvalebda “cisferyanwelebs”. aqedan gamomdinare iliasadmi
gansakuTrebul pativiscemas da mis mniSvnelobas qarTuli sazogadoebrivi Tu SemoqmedebiTi
sazrisisaTvis mudmivad acxadebdnen: `ilia cnobilia qarTul mwerlobaSi rogorc
mamamTavari realizmisa da fuZemdebeli axali saliteraturo enisa... cnobilia ilias
enamzeoba, is SesaniSnavi oratori iyo, magram is iyo agreTve SesaniSnavi mcodne qarTuli
enisa... is aris xalxuri poeti am sityvis maRali mniSvnelobiT. ilias xalxurobis garda
amSvenebssisadave- igi popularulia Tavisi formiT da misawvdomia ubralo
mkiTxvelisaTvisac. ilia didi ostati da xelovani iyo. misi nawarmoebni yovelTvis gauweven
metoqeobas msoflio literaturis saukeTeso Sedevrebs... arc erT qarTvel poets ar Seuqmnia
iseTi mZlavri patriotuli lirika, rogoric Seqmna iliam. iliam gvaswavla, Cven siyvaruli
samSoblosaadmi maSin, rodesac Cveni qveyana gminavda monarqiuli reJimis quslis qveS. me
davwere 15 wlis winaT da axlac gavimeoreb, rom ilias patara leqsSi `tyem moisxa foToli~
ismis gasaocari simfonia. iliam Tavisi SemoqmedebiT daidga xelTuqmneli Zegli madlieri
STamomavlobis gulSi. ar darCenila arcerTi poeti, rom ar eZRvnas leqsi iliasaTvis,
CvenTvis, qarTveli mwerlobisaTvis ilia gaxda namdvili Tanamedrove. iliam Seasrula Tavis
epoqis socialuri dakveTa, Seqmna ra udidesi mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, gamsWvaluli farTe
socialuri problemebiT, amiT igi gascilda Tavis epoqas da Tavis klass. misi sityvebi
Tqmulni genialuri gulwrfelobiT gauZleben saukuneebs da sanam ki feTqs Cveni guli, ilias
114

saxeli aRbeWdili iqneba am gulis ficarze, rogorc uwmindesi da umSvenieresi saxeli Cveni
erisa _es Sefasebani valerian gafrindaSvils (`SeniSvnebi iliaze~) ekuTnis da isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom 1937- Sia dawerili, roca erovnul Rirebulebebs Calis fasi daedo da misi
damcvelnic _ valerianis umrwmesi Zmebi: paolo da ticiani politikur- represiuli wnexis
msxverplad iqcnen.
am TvalsazrisiT vfiqrobT aRniSvnis Rirsia giorgi leoniZis redaqtorobiT gamomavali
simbolisturi gazeTi `baxtrioni~,romelmac gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula qarTvel
simbolistTa msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu istoriuli imijis Sesaqmnelad, rameTu saqarTveloSi
modernistuli skolebis da maTSi mimdinare procesebis aqtiur propagandasTan erTad igi
xazgasmuli sifrTxiliTa da taqtiT epyroboda erovnul Rirebulebebsa da saxelebs, Tumca
xsenebuli maqsimalisturi tendenciebi aqac gaJRerda.
gazeTis 1923 wlis me-10 nomeri mieZRvna ilias mkvlelobis 15 wlisTavs, swored aq
gaxmianda gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebi pozicia, rom TergdaleulTa Soris ilias
erTmniSvnelovnad ekuTnoda `cisferyanwelTa~ pativi. `ilia WavWavaZe aris baraqa da jiSi
qarTuli mwerlobis da ai bedma arguna ilias Tavisi ganieri mxarbeWiT kolosiviT Camdgariyo
qarTul sinamdvileSi da gamxdariyo morgvi qarTuli mwerlobisa... ilia WavWavaZem amoavso XIX
saukunis carieli saqarTvelo, Tavis gaxeTqil SubliT azri misca qarTuli mwerlobas da
saqarTvelos svindiss~-werda giorgi leoniZe.
...da bolos tician tabiZis ganacxadi:
`gadaumeteblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukune saqarTveloSi iliam kidec moigona,
kidec Seqmna, da kidec Tavis sisxliT dahkira. Cven SeiZleba am saukunis Seswavlis dros bevri
defeqtebic aRmovaCinoT, gansakuTrebiT poeziaSi, magram erTi ki mainc ucilobelia, am didi
epopeis mTavari mbrZanebeli iyo mxolod ilia WavWavaZe.
Cven eqvsi wlis win ganvacxadeT, rom ilia rogorc poeti miuxedavad imisa, rom
emorCileboda Tavis saukunes acda namdvili poeziis rkals, SeuZlebelic iqneboda ilia
yofiliyo marto poeti maSin, roca ers ar hqonda arcerTi atributi mwerlobisa da
kulturis, romelic mis dros gawyvetili iyo (Cven ar vexebiT warsuls).
ilias poeziidan marto wiwamuri rom darCeniliyo, mainc samudamod aatirebda qarTvels
da samudamod darCebida Tema poeziisaTvis. amiT iliam daamtkica rom mwerloba aris wameba,
rom saqarTveloSi TviTmkvleloba da mkvleloba orive bunebrivi xvedria poetebisTvis~
cxadia, amgvari `aRiarebebiT~ qarTveli simbolistebi ara mxolod “saymawvilo
senisagan” ganikurnen da sakuTar SexedulebaTa revizia ganaxorcieles, aramed isic gaacxades,
rom rac ar unda deklarirebuli yofiliyo maTi ganzidva XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis
klasikosTagan, gansakuTrebiT ki ilias saxelisagan simbolisturi miTTamTxzvelobis xanaSi,
es mainc xelovnuri poza Tu erTgvari manera iyo, es damokidebulebani qarTvel simbolistTa
ara mxolod publicistur diskursebSi gacxadda, aramed mxatvrul qmnilebebSic aisaxa.
amdenad, “sisxliT naweri leqsebi”, “mwerlobasTan sxvanairi misvla“ da ilias gziT siaruli
ucxo odesme arc qarTveli simbolistebisTvis yofila.
damowmebani:
tabiZe 1975: tabiZe g. Txzulebani 12 tomad, Tb.: 1975.
tabiZe 1973: tabiZe t. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb.: 1973.
gafrindaSvili 1990: gafrindaSvili v. poezia, proza, werilebi, esseebi. Tb.:1990.
cisferi yanwebi 1916: „cisferi yanwebi“. № 2, 1916.
rubikoni 1923: `rubikoni~ .1.1923.
rubikoni 1923: `rubikoni~ 8.1923.
baxtrioni 1922: `baxtrioni~. 1. 1922.
baxtrioni 1923: `baxtrioni.~ 10. 1923.
ilioni 1922: `ilioni~. 1. 1922.
115

Irina Perianova
POLITICAL CORRECTNESS AND THE LANGUAGE OF AVOIDANCE
Key words: political correctness, avoidance language, taboo, communicative code, EU accession and Eastern
Europe, globalization, consumer capitalism, ex-nomination, mind control, accommodation, otherisation, trust
Abstract
In this paper I aim to discuss political correctness as a communicative and behavioural code. Firstly, I intend to
outline its interrelationship with the language of avoidance in general, and more specifically its specific place as its
subgroup. .Secondly, I’ll dwell on the rationale of pc in the context of R.Barthes’ theory of ex-nomination, H.Giles’
CAT theory and the philosophy of trust. Last but no least, I will attempt to analyse the gradual emergence of pc in
post-communist space - the adoption of new rules and the intercultural perspective of pc in the wake of Bulgarian
accession to the EU as well as some of its peculiarities.
Political correctness (pc) is one of the most important phenomena of the 20th century and one of the presentday
buzz words. Googling pc produces millions of entries referring to its history, philosophy and description.
Sometimes political correctness is traced back to the totalitarian regimes of Nazi Germany with its ruthless
euphemisms such as the final solution for the annihilation of the Jews, or communist Russia with its double sets of
terms for what was good “for us” and “for them”. It is such a common term that it means everything and nothing: in
one of the on-line entries Bob Dylan was described as no longer pc – meaning not popular.
Short of being described as taboo, some “objects” are now also prohibitive in their use. This is why Prince
Charles is staging a campaign for healthier, more politically correct snacks in school vending machines – fruits and
nuts, rather than candy and chips – and describes Brussels sprouts and leeks, as pc vegetables.
However it must be emphasized that although avoidance language is a hyponym of political correctness, the
latter inhabits a separate niche, with its specificity and its own areas of use. The first point I would like to make is that
the use of avoidance language is universal, and like any speech behaviour it is governed by social norms and by social
contexts. Significantly, there are culture-specific rules relating to taboo subjects. Thus, death, sex, even foods, may or
may not be taboo in certain cultures, yet these taboos are not the same in every single cultural community and will
reflect on a diversity of manifestations – from everyday rhetoric to advertising. For example, condom advertising,
which is widespread in most parts of Europe, is taboo in Vietnam and other parts of Asia. Certain nationalities or
minorities may be unmentionable, and thus made invisible. The best known example is probably the untouchables in
India, shunned at a certain time in history. Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda avoided using each others’ names, especially
after the genocide, and were referred to as “short people” and “tall people”. Soviet Jews described themselves as
“invalids of the 5th group” (the 5th item in Soviet passports was nationality). In socialist Bulgaria gypsies were often
referred to simply as “a minority”.
To throw some light on different examples of avoidance language let us, for example compare these 3
statements:
“People have just been freed. A little untidiness is not important.” (Donald Rumsfeld about looting in Iraq.)
“Where’s the restroom? I’d like to powder my nose.” (Asked by a guest at a restaurant)
“We carry medium, large and extra-large eggs.”(An announcement at a Bulgarian supermarket)
No doubt, all of these phrases are euphemisms and their meaning is implied, rather than explicit. The
pragmatic and semantic assumptions we make are based on something tangible – our knowledge of the world and the
shared codes with the interlocutor. These codes make it unnecessary or socially unacceptable to spell out everything.
Implicature, the term propounded by H.P.Grice more than 40 years ago is a very important concept for pragmatics,
discourse analysis and the ethnography of communication. It is closely related to the meta-message which can only be
interpreted correctly if one has the same “background knowledge” as one’s interlocutors. Charles Fillmore recounts
two anecdotes concerning the fixed phrase “I thought you’d never ask” illustrating different meta-messages for
speakers of British English and American English: “While in American English it is a fairly innocent teasing
expression it could be taken as insulting by people who did not know its status as a routine formula. In one case a
European man asked an American woman to join him in the dance, and she, being playful said “I thought you’d never
ask”. Her potential dancing partner withdrew his invitation in irritation. In another case a European hostess offered an
American guest something to drink when he … said “I thought you’d never ask. He was asked to leave the party for
having insulted his host.” (Fillmore, 1984)
According to Grice, for a full identification of what the speaker has said, one would need to know not only the
conventional meaning of the words used together with the identity of any references that may be involved but a) the
identity of the speaker b) the time of utterance, c) the meaning, or the particular occasion of utterance (Grice, 1999:77).
Lexical euphemisms abound in many spheres – especially business and social life. Common business avoidance
clichés are, amongst others, He is in a meeting which means “He doesn’t want to answer”; business is business, as an
excuse for something bad done in the course of transactions, or a formula used when one does not want to accept that
one has done something unethical. It is socially unacceptable for a waiter to say: “Give me my tip now because
somebody else will take over”, but the meaning is implied in the sentence: “I am leaving now”. (Findlay, 1998)
The use of euphemisms is a psychological must. In ostensibly deviating from certain conversational maxims
(see Grice, Ibid) the implicated statements become indirect and thus in many cases are related to politeness–related
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avoidance. Thus, the 2nd example -Where can I powder my nose? implies “where is the toilet?. The psychological
euphemisms, such as restroom, part with the baby, harvest wildlife; in Bulgarian: водни пъдпъдъци (literally: “water
grouse,” i.e. frogs as food), бели бъбреци (“white kidneys” – i.e. testicles), have to do with avoiding unpleasant or
indecent subjects, or are used for the sake of what is perceived as politeness. Furthermore, some euphemisms give an
insight into the nature and practice of different political systems, as well as people’s mentality and cultural
characteristics. Consequently, when President Bush says there will be serious consequences it means “war”; when
Donald Rumsfeld mentions a little untidiness, its meaning is transparent: “loot and plunder.”
This type of mind control by means of lexical mis/use has always been a social fact: cf. the final solution for
“annihilation of the Jews by the Nazis,” collateral damage for “civilian casualties,” friendly fire for “bombs or bullets
which accidentally kill people on the side which has fired the weapons” (LDELC); wildlife management, harvesting,
depopulation for “large-scale killing of animals or trees.” (Pei, 1973) Cf. also some other examples culled from CNN:
“efforts are under way to get the population to settle down” (stop looting), “a major disaster” (murder, death), “respect
ceasefire” (do not shoot).
As Noam Chomsky noted in a BBC interview about his famous book Rogue States: When the Americans say
“we are doing it to protect NATO’s credibility,” any don will tell you it means “do as we say, or else.” For this very
reason the UN language is an interesting study in euphemisms: unlawful use of force against … or illegal war in…
means “aggression”; when Kofi Annan would say: “I have qualms about this decision,” what he really meant was that
he was against it.
In these cases, the avoidance language serves either to justify inaction – if it is aggression or slaughter of the
civilians, the international organizations should put their foot down and act; 1 or as a means to brainwash the public, to
hide the meaning of what is happening, to neutralize the importance of an event by verbal means. Not coming to the
point is part of the political culture in many countries. The desire to justify and control accounts for the following
statement made by Lidia Shouleva, the one-time Bulgarian Minister of Economy, who was proud to point out in a TV
interview (purportedly as a sign of progress): “Вече не говорим за намаляване на безработицата, а за увеличаване
на заетостта“: (We no longer talk about decreasing unemployment but about increasing employment.) 2
Indeed, language or even silence as a means of control, may be traced back to totalitarianism: e.g. in the culture
of secrecy of totalitarian Bulgaria, demography was taboo (no statistics could be divulged about the population breakdown
into ethnic groups, the altitude of unmapped mountain tourist shelters, the depth of the Black Sea in certain
areas, etc.), while in the Soviet Union there was no sex or diseases. The Russian writer Sergei Dovlatov describes an
interview given to a group of American congressmen by the then Party Secretary of Leningrad. When the party official
was asked about the mortality rate in Leningrad the answer was that in Leningrad there was no mortality rate. This
situation still rings some bells. In the 2003 film Spinning Boris directed by Roger Spottiswoode, which features Boris
Yeltsin’s re-election campaign conducted using American expertise, the American consultant played by Jeff Goldblum
says, -“Don’t say Yeltsin is having the flu, because in Russia everybody would think he is on his deathbed!”
The use of another group of euphemisms is due to advertising and marketing reasons. Thus, in Bulgarian
supermarkets there are no small eggs any more - only medium, large or extra-large, while in the USA they are
described as medium, large, extra-large and jumbo. The euphemisms which you have “to see through” (like medium
eggs with the meaning of “small”) cater for the market situation and aim to attract more customers. Another
manifestation of avoidance is in hyper-inflation of English. According to Neil Tweedie, to make an impact now you
have to be a superhero, vegetables must be dew-fresh, market-fresh or seasonal. ”Uptitling” is an offence in which
employees are given elevated titles to keep them happy. Thus managers become executive managers, associate
managers or managers at large (see also vice president of a company – IP) Post room workers are now dispatch
services facilitators. “As part of the ‘bigging-up’ or ‘supersizing’ trend the prefixes “ova, uber or mega prefixes are
used to beef up words.”
(Tweedie, 2005)
In all the above examples, the most common reasons for implicating, instead of saying directly or overtly, is
avoidance of what is regarded as taboo or unpleasant, as socially unacceptable or impolite or for manipulative
purposes – to play down or to play up the importance of the event or object. What is being referred to is being
implicated, not explicitly stated, and can only be interpreted correctly given the existence of shared codes which may
range from a dialogue between two interlocutors to a cultural community at large. I would also like to postulate that
the degree of indirectness differs in different cultures, amongst other things depending on the cultural dimension of
high and low context propounded by E.T.Hall (Hall, 1981). In fact, different communication styles of British English
and American English have been noted by researchers: thus, Dunkerley and Robinson point out that the British
communication style is characterized by the opaqueness of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. “To
interpret successfully requires an understanding of the particular Gricean implicatures of particular comments in which
the overt context may bear a variety of relationships to the intended meaning. For example, to expect an outsider to
interpret “not bad at all” as meaning “very good indeed” is to expect too much …just as the interpretation of “It might
be an idea, if you were to do x” as an urgent imperative requires long acculturation to decode” (Dunkerley et al, 2002).
1 Cf. “calling a spade a spade would have mattered, because if it was genocide, how could you not act, however difficult it was?” Barnaby
Mason, “The Language of Diplomacy” From Our Own Correspondents:May 2004,
http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools.print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/
2 There are numerous interesting examples as well as the rationale of “language demagogy” in Стефана Димитрова, 1999, pp.29-31.
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Different avoidance strategies are not only peculiar to different ethnic groups but are gender specific. Discourse
styles differ – pausing or avoiding pauses, using “I” or “we” is different for men and women, as was shown by Robin
Lakoff and D.Tannen. For example, women are more likely than men to say “we”, rather than “I.” Other
characteristics of women’s conversation include avoiding direct requests: “It’s cold in here with the window left
open,” instead of “please close the window,” which represents syntactical avoidance. Moreover, women use more
euphemisms – i.e. they favour lexical avoidance. These differences in avoidance patterns are, of course, not confined
to gender only but apply to different cultural communities of the same ethnic background.
In many cases avoidance is also a sign of differentiation between “your own” and “alien,” “you” and “the
other.” It would seem that the difference between speech codes is a sign of distancing from somebody who is not part
of “my group.” Consequently, even though the phenomenon of avoidance is universal, the objects of avoidance (and
the degrees of avoidance) may differ in different languages and in different cultures.
Unlike avoidance language in general, which is universal although governed by culture-specific social norms
and contexts, pc is undoubtedly a product of globalization and, in my opinion, it should be viewed as its
communicative code. The area of pc which embraces not only language but also the entire attitude of equality is new in
post-communist discourse, while what is described as socialist pc was often the language of inequality, rather than
equality. In the present-day context it is quite apparent that avoidance is relative and depends on one’s social and
linguistic community and identification.
Due to such core values of globalization as a denial of hierarchy, an emphasis on a culturally pluralistic and
interconnected global society lacking any single dominant center of political power, communication, or intellectual
production, pc has turned into new behaviour codification, and has taken on the function of a new commodified
language which, at least on the surface, aims to discontinue any form of Otherisation. It fits the following definition:
“[…] correct according to a set of liberal opinions, e.g. that black people and women should have equal chances to get
jobs, education, etc.” (LDELC) According to the rules of PC we are all supposed to be treated as equal. The urge to
endorse equality has permeated all spheres of life .Even some forms of address are suspect: dear and darling, for
example, are banned in the National Opera in London because they may be classified as sexual harassment. In many
cases overzealousness in the pursuit of what is regarded as political correctness is likely to hurt the feelings of a
majority group. Thus, according to online sources, one store in Sydney was once banned from displaying a traditional
Christmas nativity scene because “it would be wrong to push any one religious belief.” Fortunately sanity prevailed
after a public outcry. “We tried to be politically correct and that was overzealous,” said the store chief executive.
Most pc language has to do with race, rank, ethnic background, gender, age, or appearance. The ab/users of
un/pc terms are accused of sexism, chauvinism, rankism, and ageism. The pc trademark is real or perceived equality.
The epitome of PC is the term affirmative action which is “the practice or principle, when choosing people for a job or
an education course, of favouring people who are often treated unfairly especially because of their sex or race; positive
discrimination.” (LDELC) By definition any kind of hierarchy is to be avoided as not pc. For this reason certain lowstatus
jobs have been made to sound grand to avoid rankism. Thus in American English “garbage collector” was
replaced by “garbologist,” “bootblack” - by “bootblack maintenance engineer,” and “dogcatcher” by “animal welfare
officer.” (Pei, Ibid: 142). According to some scholars, elitism is probably the dirtiest word in present-day American
parlance. (Berman 2001), Its UK use is also marked as derogatory in contemporary dictionaries. Political correctness
as defined in this way was unknown as recently as early and mid-20th century. To argue the case one only needs to
look at the titles of the books written by anthropologists in early and mid- 20th century, e.g. The Savage Mind
(1962/1966) by Claude Levi Strauss or The Sexual Life of Savages (1929) by Bronislaw Malinowski. These volumes
abound with such terms as primitive tribes, natives etc. which are currently most emphatically considered un-pc.
Another illustration of the equality principle is forms of address in different countries. In a North American
school a common Bulgarian greeting, “Hello, boys and girls!” would be taboo. The preferred alternative is likely to use
no name at all, or address students by their first names. Even “darling” and “dear” were regarded as suspect and
banned in the London opera as instigating sexual harassment. Many people of Britain were flabbergasted by George
Bush’s use of the title “Mr.” when he was talking about the dictator Saddam Hussein during his November 2003 visit
in London. However, in the American culture of equality this form of address applies across the board - from
condemned criminals to the Presidents.
Race PC
According to Mario Pei, at a certain stage there was a whole list of “UN-condemned words,” which have to do
with race, including “backward, pagan, native, primitive, underdeveloped race, savage, colored (Pei, 1975: 145).
“Colored” used to be the American euphemism for “black” when one didn’t want to say “Negro.” It is used differently
in South Africa, to refer to groups that are neither white, nor black, like the numerous East Indians. The accepted term
now seems to be “a person of color” or “African American”. Race pc language is so wide-spread that the famous
novel by Agatha Christie Ten Little Niggers, known also as Ten Little Indians was published in Germany as And Then
There Were None. Even the expressions like “a Dutch treat,” “a French letter” or “WASPs” are sometimes included on
the “proscribed” list. Racial taboo words in North American society are contrasted with other words that have lost at
least part of their taboo content. Thus “First Nations” is now officially used in Canada instead of “native Americans”.
Gender PC
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Gender PC is characterized by the absence of any emphasis of gender – making it seem irrelevant: “they,” “he
or she”, or a neutral expression is to be preferred: e.g. “chair person.” Gender inequality crops up in language making
it necessary to overstate the affirmative action approach at the expense of the sense of humor.
A case in point is the following item in The New York Times Sunday column “Metropolitan Diary”:
“Dear Diary,
Visiting an editor at Random House, I stepped into a crowded elevator and found myself pressed close to the
control panel.
“Has everybody got their floors?” I asked.
After a moment’s silence, a young female voice from the rear said, “His or her.”
“I beg your pardon? “, I said,
“His or her. It’s “Has everybody got his or her floors?” Your pronouns don’t agree.”
“And shouldn’t it be “his or her floor,” not “floors,” a young man piped up. “Each of us gets off at only one
floor.”
“And wouldn’t it be better to say “Does everybody have?” rather than “Has everybody got?” a third voice
chimed in.
I stood corrected – and red faced. But I was glad to know that good grammar is alive and well”(quoted by
Lakoff, 2001:78)
While “affirmative action” is no doubt the epitome of PC, it should be noted that the concept is definitely a oneway
street: if a “women only” meeting, for example, would be viewed as okay, a “men only” meeting would not be
acceptable.
Age, disability, appearance PC
The pc term for those who used to be “old people” is “senior citizens.” “Differently-abled” or “challenged” are
commonly used instead of “physically and mentally disabled,” - e.g. “visually challenged” for “blind,” “vertically
challenged” – for “shorter or taller than average”, horizontally challenged” or differently-sized for “fat,” “follicularly
challenged” for “bald,” and even “morally challenged” for “corrupt,” “special needs children” for “handicapped
children.” (OPCDH) Along these lines, note also this announcement at the KLM airline counter: “Will passengers
needing assistance please come to the counter first.”
Education PC
Another peculiarity of pc words involves positive feed-back – no implied criticism is permitted. This is
especially important in academia, and it gives rise to many euphemisms. It has been noted by critics of the American
educational system that for many reasons, more specifically because tuition in the US is mostly funded by students or
their parents, certain terms are avoided and a new type of so-called school pc has emerged: e.g. “co-learners” instead
of students,” temporally challenged” for “chronically late,” and “alternatively schooled” for “uneducated.” (Berman,
2000: 124-125) “As brought out by the author of Up the Down Staircase, Bel Kaufman, ‘Let it be a challenge to you’
means ‘You’re stuck with it’; ‘It has come to my attention’ means ‘You are in trouble’; ‘interpersonal relationships’ is
translated as a ‘fight between kids’; and ‘ancillary civic agencies for supportive discipline’ is, in effect, ‘Call the
cops!’” (Pei, 1973: 64) Note also this example from a reader’s letter:
“Have you noticed how teachers never disparage children any more? My son had a note on his report that he
was “very adept in the creative use of visual aids for learning.” I telephoned his teacher and asked: “What does that
mean – the creative use of visual aids for learning?” She answered, “He copies from the child in the next seat”
(Reader’s Digest, June, 1982) See more examples of similar euphemisms in Perianova (2002).
The importance of PC cannot be overstated: it has become a practical matter – crucial for the success at work
and as such an integral part of many textbooks. The following list is indicative of the tendency: (Outhart et al,
2000:340)
Don’t say Say instead
A cripple disabled person
Invalid disabled person
Handicapped disabled
Mentally retarded/handicapped person with learning
difficulties
Deaf aid hearing aid
The disabled people with impaired mobility/a disability
Spastic person with cerebral palsy
Confined to a wheelchair wheelchair user
wheelchair bound
Deaf and dumb profoundly deaf
Disabled toilet accessible toilet
In all probability, pc euphemisms originated in the US. In present-day anthropology, sociology, intercultural
communication, organizational behaviour and cross-cultural management different cultures are viewed and assessed in
terms of so-called cultural dimensions. According to one of the topmost gurus of the new approach, Geert Hofstede,
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the US has a very low power distance index 1 and therefore the main features of North American culture are equality
and positive feed-back. According to many scholars equality “should be considered an assumption of American
culture, social conventions tend to be more informal and social reciprocities are much less clearly defined (.Stewart et
al., 1998). Hierarchy, inequality in power and influence, are seen as man-made (Storti, 2001).
Significantly, the emergence of pc in the post-communist world matches B.Fay’s non-essentialist view of
cultures as open systems: i.e. “cultures are ideational entities, as such they are permeable, susceptible to influence from
other cultures” (Fay, 1996). Grotesque, rude and inconsiderate Sacha Barron Cohen’s film Borat may arguably be, but
it does mirror a certain innocence apparent in the official approach to all kinds of minorities during the communist
regime. Retarded, invalids, cripples – all these words were used in Russia, Bulgaria and other socialist countries
indiscriminately, without fear that they may cause offence. Thus there is a lot to be said for new political correctness.
At the same time in post-communist countries such as Bulgaria pc doesn’t embrace all the subjects referred to
above in the same degree, i.e. fewer objects and concepts are un-pc. A case in point: the global reality is post-modern
and anti-elitist. As opposed to North America, in Bulgarian parlance elite is a very positive word and not only schools
are described as elite but such unlikely products as doors and window frames. It should also be stressed that the
otherisation of some signally unequal groups is still prominent. The objects of in/equality may coincide or differ. Thus
in Bulgaria some race pc is prominent: цигани (gypsies) is a new taboo, still alien to many people. In a radio interview
the author of a nostalgic new novel called When Romas Were Gypsies claims not to be anti-gypsy (or anti-roma);
however he insists on the old label and voices his dislike of the new one. At the same time, a Bulgarian gypsy ranger
who claims to be assimilated says: “I do not mind being called a gypsy, but I’d rather be referred to by a more
international term.” (i.e. “roma” – IP). 2 Significantly, there is quite a range of derogatory expressions for gypsies in
Bulgarian: циганин – ром – мангал –мангасар and even the borrowing джипси. The expression като бял човек (as
a white man/person) is still very common and it implies the kind of praise which would be considered racist in US or
Europe. The language reflects some kind of national inferiority complex as evidenced by the expression – “хубава
работа, ама българска” (a nice thing/job, etc. but the way it happens in Bulgaria, i.e. it is bad or faulty).
Conversely, the category which has made a lot of progress in Bulgaria is gender pc, as evidenced by a change in
addresses and a greater awareness of the likelihood of an offence and in advertising strategies: for instance, the macho
beer advertising of Zagorka beer: – What does a man need – a good house, a good car, a good woman … good beer -
is now safely relegated to the past because of a successful court case won by a businesswoman from Stara Zagora, the
seat of the brewery.
While rankism and the resulting pc are common in Bulgaria, ageism pc is currently not very prominent. There
are, however, many examples of rankism pc in Bulgaria: инспекторка (“female inspector”) instead of секретарка
(“secretary”), хигиенисткa (“hygiene worker”) instead of чистачка (“cleaning woman.”) The only typically
Bulgarian pc example may be traced back to the time of socialism when Sofia – the capital – was opposed to other
towns and villages, the “provinces,” and was viewed as “more equal” than other places. There is a still perceived
inequality between Sofia universities and “provincial” universities. This is why a professor from the University of
Veliko Tarnovo in Central Bulgaria urged colleagues from the University of Sofia at a meeting to be politically correct
and not to talk about Sofia University and other universities. Note that nothing similar exists e.g. in the UK where the
opposition “urban-rural” is not based on the principle of equality, and even “urban-suburban” (in the meaning of
“narrow-minded”, “boring”) is not a pc area.
By and large, PC stops at home, which cannot but testify to its use as some kind of behavioural regulator.
Hence, on BBC World Service news one can hear the following comment: “They (the Belgian rightist party declared
racist - IP) are popular because they are not afraid not to be politically correct and say what ordinary people think.”
Moreover, one cannot help but note that “there are a lot more places where you can say “spic” and “bitch” with
impunity than places where you can smoke a cigarette.” 3 My own survey also shows that political correctness is only
used in the public space – for example at home hardly anybody uses the phrase хора с увреждания (“handicapped,”
“challenged”). Out of 55 Bulgarians polled only two said they used the word рома (“romani”) at home.
And now to discuss the rationale of political correctness I would bring up Roland Barthes and his concept of
ex-nomination. If one is a member of the dominant group that group’s attributes are invisible, as one’s role in making
things the way they are is not noticeable. This process is called ex-nomination. Roland Barthes discusses the
bourgeoisie as an ex-nominated group: “As an ideological fact the bourgeoisie completely disappears: the bourgeoisie
has obliterated its name in passing from reality to representation.” Ex-nominated groups, says Barthes, become
“normalized,” they become apolitical and non-ideological. They just are. Their rules become “the rules.” (Barthes,
1957) The same claims may be made of white middle-class males in contemporary America. In fact, “whites
sometimes feel as if they have been ex-nominated into oblivion.” (Lakoff, 2001:.55) The process may be described as
a kind of default value. As a consequence, there are attempts at what may be called re-nomination, e.g. the formation
of white studies departments at some American universities. Another example: young black males in the US may call
themselves “nigger” which is a taboo word for white Americans (personal communication). As the culture of the West
is a victorious culture in our part of Europe, we are using their pc as a means of control and accommodation to the
1 Geert Hofstede outlines several sets of cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity
/femininity, etc. See, for example, Hofstede, 1997. On the other hand, Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden Turner outline their own sets
of cultural dimensions, some of them commensurate with Hofstede’s. ( Trompenaars and Hampden Turner, 1998).
2 Cf. LDELC: most gypsies prefer to be called romanies.
3 This was noted by the British journalist Catharine Whitehorn: 30.5.2004 http://members.aol.com.williwfank/pc-essay.htm
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patterns of the perceived winner, in line with the Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) developed by
Howard Giles (see for example, Giles and Smith, 1979). This theory represents a broad set of linguistic and extralinguistic
signals which enable us to adapt our communicative acts to those of our partners, shifting them along a
convergent or divergent direction in the sequence of exchange.
However, there is a logical objection to the use of PC: some men do not approve of the fact that “men only”
meetings, unlike “women only” meetings, are taboo. Hence, using PC language is a Catch-22 situation – if you do it, it
means that you are painfully aware of the differences between you and the pc-ed concept and either disapprove or
pretend to disapprove. And if you don’t, you are a racist, a rankist, or a male chauvinist. At the same time, it is always
a moot point, whether you say what you think, pretend to do so, or are keen to pretend nothing is wrong. Semantic
bleaching often dilutes political correctness statements, thus conjuring up the well-known words by Baudrillard that
the meaning is eroded via its excess.
In his seminal book Modernity and Self-Identity Anthony Giddens refers to consumer capitalism and its
efforts to standardize consumption and to shape tastes through advertising and to new ‘paternalism’ in which experts
of all types minister to the needs of the lay population (Giddens, 1994). Consequently, in conclusion I’d like to state
that the political correctness is a way of shaping attitudes within the context of this new ‘paternalism’ which can only
be achieved provided a degree of trust is generated in the ‘lay population’ by the western experts, As recipients and
developers of the new code we in Eastern Europe are supposed to trust the new shared discourse which reflects
standardized and globalized language. The world of the market is full of the “language of lies” and to get to the
meaning behind this language of lies we need a new grammar of communication. Pc is an essential part of it. Since
expertise and transaction are the determinants of the modern world which is increasingly becoming professional
(Moscovici), and expert-oriented (Giddens) – the new code makes the minds easier to control.
Pc is a strategy used to preserve personal images mutually, achieve a symmetry within relationships by hiding
(revealingly) any real or perceived inequality. It is an essential part of a new grammar of communication with its
underlying structure of wishful thinking; a new post-modernist discourse, poly-semic in the Bakhtinian sense – it both
reveals and hides one’s ideology simultaneously, i.e. it is the Mouth Wide Shut phenomenon.
Bibliography:
Barthes 1957: Barthes, R. “Mythologies“, Editions du Seul, 1957
Berman 2001: Berman, M. “The Twilight of American Culture”, NY, 2001, 29
Chomsky 2000: Chomsky, N. “Rogue States, the Rule of Force in World Affairs” .South End Press, Cambridge, 2000
Dunkerley et al, 2002: Dunkerley, K. et al. “Similarities and Differences in Perceptions and Evaluations if the Communication
Styles of American and British Managers”, Journal of Language and Social Psychology. Vol.21, No.4, 2002, p. 407
Fay 1996: Fay, B. Contemporary Philosophy of Social Science: A Multicultural Approach, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996, p.59
Fillmore 1984: Fillmore, C. “Remarks on Contrastive Pragmatics” in J.Fisiak (ed.) Contrastive Linguistics: Prospects and Problem.
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gazeTi „iveria“ da osTa sakiTxi
naira bepievi
„sakuTari keTildReoba Cvenis mezoblis keTildReobazea damokidebuli, mezoblis
ubedurebaze Cveni bedniereba ver dafuZndeba, ver aSendeba,“ _ werda didi ilia gazeT „iveriis“
furclebze 1886 wels („iveria“ 1886: 16. 10).
gazeT „iverias“ imTaviTve miznad hqonda dasaxuli aesaxa ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed
saerTod, kavkasiel xalxTa cxovreba, igi yurs ugdebda mezobeli eris sunTqvas, mis majiscemas.
swored am gazeTis furclebze isaxeboda kavkasiel erTa kulturis, ganaTlebis, yofis amsaxveli
masalebi, riTic xels uwyobda qarTveli xalxisa da kavkasiaSi mcxovreb sxva xalxTa
TviTgamorkvevas, TviTmyofadobas, urTierTobis ganmtkicebas, maT Soris megobruli, Zmuri
urTierTobis gamyarebas. ilias natvra xom mis sityvebSic naTlad mJRavndeba: „mTeli kavkasi...
erTisa azriT, erTis grZnobiT“ gamsWvaluli exila.
unda aRiniSnos, rom mravali masala qveyndeboda gazeT „iveriaSi“ osTa yofa-cxovrebis, maTi
kulturis, ganaTlebisa Tu religiis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
gazeTi „iveria“ aqveynebda masalebs ara mxolod saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi, aramed kavkavSi
mcxovrebi osebis Sesaxeb. iSviaTi iyo nomeri, romelSic ar iqneboda masala kavkavidan. gazeTi
amyarebda sainformacio kavSirs CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan, kerZod, CrdiloeT oseTTan, exmaureboda
yovel saintereso siaxles, aSuqebda TiToeul mniSvnelovan movlenas da mxars uWerda yovel
sasikeTo wamowyebas. gazeTi nergavda da zrdida am xalxis mimarT Tanadgomas, pativiscemas,
siyvaruls.
gazeT „iveriis“ furclebze isaxeboda yoveli moZraoba, kulturuli winsvla osi erisa,
gazeTi Tvals adevnebda osTa cxovrebas, cdilobda SeumCneveli ar darCenoda maTi cxovrebis
amsaxveli detalebi, yovel movlenas aucileblad exmaureboda da Taviseburi wvlili Sehqonda am
eris winsvlasa da ganviTarebaSi.
sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom gazeTma „iveriam” pirvelma miaqcia sagangebo yuradReba osTa
swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxebs. am gazeTs SeumCneveli ar rCeba sul patara warmatebac ki „ganaTlebis
gzazed” damdgari am erisa: „erTi sasiamovno moZraoba aRiniSna Cvens mosazRvre xalxSi,
romelTanac saqarTvelos ucxovria mravali saukune da es moZraoba gulisxmieria CvenTvisac. me
mogaxsenebT osebis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“, _ werda didi qarTveli mamuliSvili al. xaxanaSvili gaz.
„iveriis“ furclebze („iveria“ 1899: 136).
cnobilia, Tu ra didia sakuTar, mSobliur enaze saxelmZRvaneloebis arsebobis mniSvneloba.
„iveria“ wuxiliT aRniSnavda, rom osebis swavla-ganaTlebas xels didad uSlida is garemoeba, rom
ar arsebobda mSobliur enaze Seqmnili saxelmZRvaneloebi. es mtkivneuli sakiTxi aqvs win
wamoweuli Tavis statiaSi al.xaxanaSvils: „Tumca skolebi sakmarisia, mainc am ukanasknel dromdis
ganaTlebam ver moikida fexi oseTSi, mizezi is iyo, rom ar arsebobda osurs enazed
sakiTxavi wigni saRmrTo werilis garda da skolidan gamosuli bavSvi advilad iviwyebda imasac, rac
SeiZina saswavlebelSi rusuls enazed Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebis SemweobiT“ („iveria“ 1899:
136).
sakuTari enis Rrmad dauflebis gareSe, sxvaTa enaze Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebiT
mecnierebis Seswavla urTulesi saqmea. amitomac prof. al xaxanaSvili miuTiTebda im
aucileblobaze, rom saWiro iyo mSobliur, osur enaze yofiliyo Sedgenili sxvadasxva saxis
saxelmZRvanelo. rac dRemde ganuxorcielebeli rCeboda: „saWiroa Sedgenil iqmnas osurs enazed
geografiuli, istoriuli, sameurneo da sxva sakiTxavi wignebi, radganac saswavlebelSi rusuls
imdenad vera swavloben, rom am enazed SeiTvison saWiro cnobani. erTis sityviT, saWiroa samSoblo
enazed mwerlobis Seqmna“ („iveria“ 1899: 136) (xazgasma Cemia, n. b.)
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom marTalia, upirvelesad mSobliuri, osuri enis swavlebis
aucileblobaze miuTiTebda gazeTi, magram aqve sxva enebis Seswavlis saWiroebasac ar iviwyebda.
imisaTvis, rom os bavSvebs mSobliurTan erTad rusulic SeeTvisebinaT, statiis avtors saWirod
miaCnda bilingvuri swavlebis SemoReba da amisaTvis did upiratesobas aniWebda orenovan
gamocemebs: „osebis saukeTeso warmomadgenelni (amaTi moTave aris iuristi Rappo baevi) zrunaven
am Jamad iseT saswavlo wignebis Sedgenas, romlebic erTsa da imave dros aswavlides rusulsa da
osurs enebs. amisaTvis saWiroa gverdigverd moyvanili iyos rusuli da osuri teqstebi, anu
moTxroba.“ („iveria“ 1899: 136).
osi xalxis yovel winsvlas, yovel nabijs ganaTlebisa da kulturis gzaze „iveria“
Taviseburad exmianeboda. swored gazeTi “iveria” iyo pirveli, romelmac aRniSna kosta
xeTagurovis “iron fandiris” gamosvlis didi mniSvneloba. swored didi ilias dakveTa iyo, rom
gamoCenili osi mwerlis, osi xalxis sulieri megzuris kosta xeTagurovis leqsTa krebulis
gamocemis mniSvneloba sagangebod aRniSnuliyo.. al. xaxanaSvili dadebiTad afasebs im faqts, rom
osur enaze gamoica saero Sinaarsis wignebi, rac erTgvar movlenad miiCnia osTa ganaTlebisa da
saerTod winsvlis saqmeSi. igi gansakuTrebuli sixaruliT aRniSnavs kosta xeTagurovis wignis
“iron fandiris” gamosvlis mniSvnelobas: “axla pirvelad ibeWdeba osurs enazed saekklesio
122

wignebis garda, saero nawerebic. am gvari wigni jerjerobiT ori gamosula 1897 w. Rappo baevis
safasiT “Ёвхёрдты Хёсанё“ al. kubaltis naweri da am wels k. xeTagurovis leqsTa krebuli „Ирон
фёндыр“ (osebis fandiri). Sinaarsi am krebulisa mravalferovania. igi Seicavs leqsebs, andazebs da
sxv.” („iveria“ 1899: 136).
al. xaxanaSvili sagangebod Cerdeba da dawvrilebiT saubrobs am krebulze, sakuTar
STabeWdilebas gviziarebs masze: “pirvel nawilSi b-n xeTagurovs mohyavs leqsebi, romelnic
elegiuri kiloTi da mamuliSviluri grZnobiT aris gamsWvaluli. kargia leqsi "Мёгуыры зёрдё“
(Raribis guli”), "А-лол-лёй “ (“iavnana”) da leqsi m. z. yifianis saxsovrad, romelmac aRuZra osebs
siyvaruli erisa. meore nawili uWiravs epikur nawerebs....” („iveria“ 1899: 136)
rac mTavaria, es werili gamsWvalulia osi xalxis mimarT uaRresi siTboTi da siyvaruliT,
maTi sikeTisa da winsvlis gulwrfeli surviliT.
am werilis paToss aaSkaravebs da aRrmavebs werilis bolo fraza: „vusurvoT osebs warmateba
am patiosans gzazed da vinatroT imaTis saero mwerlobis gafurCqvna.“
ase dauloca gza gazeTma “iveriam” kosta xeTagurovs, romelic iyo ara marto mwerali da
sazogado moRvawe, aramed osi xalxis sulieri megzuri. albaT niSandoblivia, rom “iveriam” osTa
“saero mwerlobis gafurCqvna” swored kostas qnars daukavSira, rac man brwyinvaled Seasrula
kidec.
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom krebuli gamovida 1899 wels. aRniSnuli werilic imave wels, 29 ivniss
daibeWda “iveriaSi,” aRiniSna misi didi mniSvneloba osuri literaturis istoriisaTvis. es maSin,
roca sul sxvagvarad miiRes zogan es krebuli. yvelgan ase aRtacebiT rodi Sexvdnen am marTlac
didebuli krebulis gamosvlas: Tergis olqis ufrosamde miuRwevia cnobebs, rom krebuli Seicavs
mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego da aRmaSfoTebel-uzneo Sinaarsis leqsebs, rom leqsebi saTauriT
“jariskaci” da “Sineli” mimarTulia samxedro begaris winaaRmdeg. maSinve kaxanovis gankargulebiT
wignisTvis yadaRa daudviaT da gaugzavniaT sacenzuro komitetSi. male kaxanovs Seatyobines, rom
aRniSnuli leqsebi krebulSi ar ariso da mxolod Semdeg gauTavisuflebiaT “iron fandiri”
yadaRisagan.
gazeTi “iveria” arc Semdeg wlebSi tovebs uyuradRebod kostas nawerebs. cnobilia, Tu ra
didi megobroba akavSirebdaT qarTvel moRvawes mixeil yifiansa da kosta xeTagurovs. mixeil
yifianis cxedarTan, 1891 wlis 4 marts kostam leqsi warmoTqva. gazeTi “iveria” werda:
“didis grZnobiT warmoTqva leqsi jer osurad da Semdeg meore leqsi rusulad kosta
xeTagurovma. Sinaarsi osuri leqsisa mokled aseTi iyo: “gza mSvidobisa qveynad gvrCeba Seni
saxeli. Seni momduravi erTic ar aris CvenSi. saxeli Seni saukuno iyo. marto Sen SesZel da ers
Seswire keTildReoba Seni... anTebuli lampari geWira da gvinaTebdi bnel gzas. saca saWiro iyo
ibrZodi, magram ufro xSirad alersi gexerxeboda. dedasaviT giyvarda samSoblo. keTili mwyemsi
iyav RaribTaTvis. riT gadagixadoT sikeTis samagiero? saukunod iyos xseneba Seni: ubedurni varT
Cven. asjer ubeduria is, vinc uSenod stiris aqa.” damswre osni am leqsis warmoTqmis dros smenad
gadaiqcnen, cdilobdnen gaegonaT TiToeuli sityva leqsisa, romelmac ise Zlier imoqmeda, rom maT
Soris TviT gulmagrebmac ki ver Seikaves cremli,” _ ase dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems gazeTi kostasa
da osi xalxis glovas mixeil yifianis gardacvalebis gamo (“iveria,” 1891: 53).
sainteresoa, rom kostas rusul enaze dawerili xuTstrofiani leqsi (m. yifianisadmi
miZRvnili) mTlianad daubeWdavs gazeT “iverias.”
rogorc Cans, ilia WavWavaZe icnobda kosta xeTagurovis Semoqmedebas, afasebda, grZnobda mis
did rolsa da mniSvnelobas erovnuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi da amitomac ibeWdeboda am
gazeTis furclebze misi nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb. kosta xeTagurovis Semoqmedebas ilia WavWavaZe,
aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, al. yazbegi da sxvebi mixeil yifianis saSualebiT unda gacnobodnen (aqve
unda SevniSnoT, rom kostas axlos icnobda dim. arayiSvilic, romelmac mis leqsze “mTieli qalis
sikvdili” pirveli musikaluri nawarmoebi Seqmna. “fatimas” nawyvetebze daweril mis or romanss ki
_ “Cavida mze” da “mwyemsis simRera” asrulebda vano sarajiSvili).
aseve safiqrebelia, rom ilia kostas icnobda peterburgSi mcxovrebi sona elasis asul
TarxniSvilisagan. sona (erovnebiT osi) iyo qarTveli generlis TarxniSvilis meuRle da is ilia
WavWavaZesTan erTad aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda saTavadaznauro bankis muSaobaSi. amave
dros sona iyo peterburgSi mcxovrebi kavkasieli studentebis mfarveli da TanamgrZnobi. swored
man ixsna kosta Soreul cimbirSi gadasaxlebisagan.
unda aRiniSnos, rom gazeTi “iveria” iyo is pirveli gazeTi, romelic osTa swavla-ganaTlebis,
maTi yofis, kulturisa da sxva sakiTxebiT iyo dainteresebuli da es ganpirobebuli iyo imiTi, rom
ilia WavWavaZe Tavad amkvidrebda sxva eris siyvaruls, kacTmoyvareobas, humanizms da amas
emsaxureboda misi gazeTi “iveriac”:
“yoveli adamiani, ra wodebaTa kibis safexurzedac gind idges, mainc adamiania da viTarca
adamiani, _ yvelasTan Tanaswori, Tanasworad Sesawynarebeli da gulSesatkivari”(WavWavaZe 1927: 6).
osTa sasuliero swavla-ganaTlebaSi Taviseburi wvlili SehqondaT qarTvel moRvaweebs,
pedagogebs, misionerebs. cnobilia, rom me-XVIII saukuneSi Crd. oseTSi moRvaweobdnen iveriis
eklesiis wminda mamebi _ ioseb samebeli, ioane mangneli. xolo mogvianebiT es gza gaagrZela
imereTis episkoposma, didma saeklesio ganmanaTlebelma ”kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli
qristianobis aRmdgeneli” sazogadoebis misionerma leonidma. swored misi iniciativiT
123

Camoyalibda osuri skolebi oseTis soflebSi _ rokasa da edisaSi. am faqtis Sesaxeb gazeTi
“iveria” wers:
“am TxuTmetiode wlis win CrdiloeT oseTSi sul aTi-TxuTmeti skola moipoveboda da isic
“kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis” xarjiT aSenebuli. maSindeli osebi didi
xalisiT ki ar gzavnidnen TavianT Svilebs skolebSi, aramed, TiTqmis sayveduriT. magram
CrdiloeTis mxaris osebma swavlis mniSvneloba male Seignes, mometebulad mas dRes aqeT, rac
CrdiloeT osebis inspeqtorad dainiSna pativcemuli exlandeli imereTis episkoposi, yovlad
samRvdelo leonidi, maSin isev mRvdel-monazoni. maTi meufeba mobrZandeboda Tu ara aqaurs
skolebSi, maSinve soflis yrilobas axdenda, da mcxovrebT tkbilis moZRvrebiT esaubreboda, Tu
swavla-ganaTlebas ra mniSvneloba aqvs. ase eqceoda maTi meufeba leonidi osebs yovels wels, roca
ki skolebis sareviziod mobrZandeboda xolme. keTilma Teslma nayofi keTili gamoiRo da es rCevadarigeba
unayofod ar darCa... dRes ki aq skolaSi bavSvebs kenWis yriT iReben. dRes CrdiloeT
oseTis yvela samrevloSi arsebobs skola” (iveria 1901).
unda aRiniSnos, rom gaz. “iverias” mravali saintereso cnoba Semounaxavs meufe leonidze,
rogorc osTa Soris swavla-ganaTlebis erT-erT Tavdadebul iniciatorze:
“ori skolis gamarTvisaTvis tfilisidgan gvewvia komisia, romelSic sami wevri iyo.
inspeqtori mRvdel-monazoni mama leonidi, dekanozi mama kalistovi da polkovniki b-ni kamarovi.
skolebis gasamarTavad kamisiam airCia ori sofeli: erTi Tergs gaRma sofeli Ciristonyau da
meore Tergs gamoRma, sofeli xumelaga... mama leonidma, rogorc kvlav, ise axlac, xalxs dauwyo
tkbili saubari. ganumarta skolis mniSvneloba da sargebloba... Sesabamisi ganaCenic Sesdga da saqme
damTavrda.” sainteresoa is enTuziazmi, rac maSin arsebobda qarTvelTa da osTa Soris. gazeTi
wers: “sadilzed warmoTqves sadRegrZeloebi saqarTvelos egzarxosisa, axalis dedaTa skolisa da
sxv. yvela sadRegrZelos zed mosdevda “mravalJamier” da “bira xorzaxTa”. (iveria 1891)
sxva drosac bevrjer swvevia mama leonidi osur skolebs da, rogorc Cans, iqaurebis
gansakuTrebuli siyvarulic daumsaxurebia: 11 ianvars sofel beslans mibrZanda kavkavis
episkoposi, yovlad samRvdelo petre, axalis skolis dasaTvaliereblad. Tan axlda mama leonidi
da blaRoCini mama suxievi. gaemgzavrnen skolisaken, saca miegebnen beslanSi mcxovrebi osebi
purmariliT... Segirdebis gamocdis Semdeg maTma meufebam dauwyo xalxs laparaki qristianulsagnebis
Sesaxeb. am dros qristianebis garda mahmadiani osebic bevrni ugdebdnen yurs maTi
meufebis saubars.
sainteresoa, rom Tbilisidan mivlinebuli misioneri, mama leonidi xSirad cdida Segirdebs,
maTi waxalisebis mizniT urigebda maT jvrebs, wignebs da amave dros osur soflebSi skolebis
gaxsnis erT-erTi iniciatori iyo.
“mama leonidma daaTvaliera vaJebis skola da gamoscada Segirdebi. rogorc sxva dros, ise
exlac mama leonids egebebodnen yvela skolaSi didis sixaruliT. mama leonidi, Cveulebisamebr
tkbilad da mamaSvilurad scdida Segirdebs. aZlevda darigebas qristianuli wesrigis Sesaxeb.
yovelive es aris mizezi, rom es skolebi dids warmatebaSia.” (iveria 1891: 23)
gazeTi Semdegac aRniSnavs:
“es skolebi dids warmatebaSia. visac unaxavs am sami wlis winad baris osebSi skolebi, swored
gahkvirdeba exla rom hnaxos, ise didia gansxvaveba. winandelze exla erTi-orad da samad ukeT midis
baris osebis skolebis saqme.” (iveria 1893)
gazeTi “iveria” sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevda osuri skolebis gaxsnis sakiTxs saqarTveloSi.
mRvdelmonazoni leonidi uSualod xelmZRvanelobda am sakiTxs. man usayvedura edisisa da vanaTis
mamasaxlisebsa, romelTac “gazafxulzedve unda gaekeTebinaT ediselebis skolis Senoba da
vanaTelebis skolis galavani. amitom mama leonidi or-ori dRe darCa iq da sanam Tavis Tvalwin ar
daasrulebina edisSi skolis saxli da vanaTSi galavani, fexic ar moucvlia iqidan. sasiamovno iyo,
_ wers “”iveria,” _ rodesac oTxi soflis sazogadoeba vanaTis skolas galavans artyamda, rigi
qvas ezideboda iqve liaxvis piridan, rigi margilebs, rigi jaljas da rigi kidev tkbili simReriT
galavans avlebda.”(iveria 1891: 297).
“iveriaSi” xSirad ibeWdeboda masalebi osTa swavla-ganaTlebis Semaferxebel mizezebzec:
vanaTis skola osur skolad iTvleboda, magram masSi mxolod 11 osi bavSvi swavlobda. “iveria”
aRniSnavda:
“osebi Sors cxovroben skolazed da bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT siaruli skolaSi. meored, rom
osebi siRaribis gamo ver uWeren Tavis Svilebs calke saxlsa. TavSesafari rom gakeTdes, orive
damabrkolebeli mizezi moispoba da osebs advilad SeeZlebaT TavianTi Svilebi SkolaSi
gamozardon xolme.” (iveria 1891: 214).
aseve aRfrTovanebiT miesalma “iveria” os qalTa skolis gaxsnas: 1890-91 wlebSi arsebobda
javis, rokisa da edisis skolebi. amas male miemata koSkis qalTa saswavlebeli, romlis
maswavleblad miavlines Tbilisis saeparqio saswavleblis kursdamTavrebuli qali a. sanakoSvili.
gazeTi “iveria“ werda:
“saqalaqo saswavleblis daarseba oseTSi sayuradRebo da sasiamovno saqmed unda CaiTvalos,
radgan dRes am qveyanaSi qali metad duxWirs mdgomareobaSi imyofeba” (iveria 1891: 227).
rogorc Cans, osTa swavla-ganaTlebas sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevdnen Tbilisidan Casuli
misionerebi. isini os moswavleTa warmatebas sixaruliT aRniSnavdnen.
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gazeTma sagangebo statia uZRvna vladikavkazis skolebSi galobis SemoRebas:
“iveria” periodulad aqveynebda osur legendebs, gadmocemebs, folklorul Canawerebs,
eTnografiuli saxis masalebs. gazeTSi sagangebod, dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili erT-erT osur
sofelSi RvTismSoblis saswaulTmoqmedi xatis mosvenebis ceremonia. rogorc gazeTi aRniSnavs, es
xati
oseTis calkeul soflebze gazeTi sakmaod vrcel informacias gvTavazobs da garkveul
warmodgenas gviqmnis iq macxovrebelTa yofisa Tu swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxebze.
“am sofels ori mRvdeli da ori medaviTne hyavs, _ agrZelebs werilis avtori, ekklesia ki
erTi. meore ekklesiis agebisTvisac ganaCeni daadgines da aSenebas apireben. am soflis Svils bevrsa
aqvs miRebuli swavla, romelnic sxvadasxva alagas arian. isini sazafxulod dResaswaulebze
Camodian da warmodgenebs, saRamoebs marTaven. ianvris sams gamarTes warmodgena rusuls enazed
aqauri skolis sasargeblod. moqmedebis Sesrulebis dros saero simRerebsac mRerodnen lotbar
berdievis xelmZRvanelobiT. xalxi ardonidanac Camovida” (iveria 1899: 43. 15 02.).
am soflis eklesiaSi, rogorc sxva statiaSi vkiTxulobT, galoba osur da rusul enebze
sruldeboda. eklesias hyavda qalTa da mamakacTa gundi. amave dros sofels hyolia osi da
qarTveli mRvdeli (a. cagolovi da n. bakuraZe).
saintereso statia miuZRvna “iveriam” osTa dResaswauls “sanebobas”, sadac qristianebi da
mahmadianebi erTad loculoben da es misabaZ, sanimuSo magaliTad aris miCneuli.
gazeT “iveriaSi” saintereso cnobebia mowvdili osebSi qristianobis ganmtkicebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom gazeTi “iveria” xSirad aqveynebs osTa yofa-cxovbrebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel wes-Cveulebebs. iqneboda es qalis gaTxovebis, misi gamziTvebisa Tu urvadis
gadaxdis SemTxvevebi. am gazeTis furclebze qveyndeboda osuri legendebi, Tqmulebebi.
gazeTi sagangebo statiebs gvTavazobs im pirvel sasceno warmodgenebze, romlebic osur
enaze idgmeboda. gvacnobs im droindel moRvaweTa vinaobas.
rogorc aRvniSneT, gazeTi xSirad aqveynebda osur andazebs, legendebs, sxvadasxva
Tqmulebebs:
“samlocvelos qveviT (saubaria „reqomze“) prtyel WaWeb (Txeli vebis) Sua devs erTi saqvabesakideli„
marTlac mSvenieris Zvelebur xelovnebisa. ai am saqvabezed ra legenda miambes osebma:
erTxel erTi osi, gvarad esenovi Tivis mosatanad wavida saTibSi. patara Tivis Ziri daudo kia
esenovma xarebs, magram xarebma ver gaswies. gadmoiRo amxanagebis daxmarebiT Tiva da Sig TivaSi
naxa, rom saqvabe-sakidi iyo. sofels uambo. sofelma es aitana samebis samlocvelosTan, sadac
dResac inaxeba. xalxs dResac swams, roca didi gvalva iqneba, qvabs didi locviT Camoxsnian,
wyaroSi Cadeben, romelsac „xatis wyaros“ eZaxian, saklavs daklaven, dailocebian da gaavdrdebao.
kidev erTi legenda: erT mRvdels wauRia es qvabi aryis gamosaxdelad da ucbad ifeTqa am sakidma da
qvabi WerSi miartyao. mRvdelma uambo sofels, rom ase moviqeci da RmerTma ar miyabulao da
dResac aravin axlebs xels, mxolod gvalvis droso. (1899: 181).
gazeTi “iveria” emsaxureboda sxvadasxva erovnebis xalxTa interesebis dacvas, maTi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis saWirboroto sakiTxebs. am mxriv sainteresoa is statiebi, romlebSic
osTa sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba.
cnobilia, Tu rogori axlo urTierToba arsebobda cnobil os poetsa da sazogado moRvawe
kosta xeTagurovsa da qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris.
“iveriaSi” ibeWdeboda qarTveli da osi xalxebis Zmobisa da erTobis amsaxveli mravali
masala.
ilia WavWavaZe ayenebda ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed yvela Tavisuflebismoyvare erTa
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxs. es ki sagubernio Jandarmeriis saidumlo moxsenebebSi xSirad
ixileboda:
“darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mTavari xelmZRvaneli mimarTulebisa, romelsac miznad
dausaxavs erovnuli moZraobis gaRrmaveba, aris kniazi ilia WavWavaZe ...romelic didi
avtoritetiT sargeblobs ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed TavisufladmoazrovneTa Soris” (WavWavaZe
1951: XXXVII).
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis ki aucilebeli iyo eris niWis, unaris, misi monapovaris
asparezze gamotana. amitomac iyo, rom osTa yvela wamowyeba, iqneboda es skolis gaxsna,
warmodgenebis gamarTva Tu erovnul enaze wignis gamosvla, “iveria” aqtiurad aSuqebda.
gazeT “iverias “wminda cnebad” Seugnia “siyvaruli da saTnoeba.” am sazomiT udgeboda es
gazeTi mezobeli xalxebis winsvlasa da warmatebas.
„kacobriobis cxovrebas erTi maRali azri awarmoebs. es azri ganyenebulia, idealia da mis
ganxorcieleba Seadgens sagans ganaTlebisas. am azris deda-ZarRvs gamohxatavs ori sityva
„siyvaruli da saTnoeba“ kacTa Soris. visac es wminda cneba Seugnia, imisTvis mezoblis da
TanamoZmis bedniereba sasixaruloa da misi mwuxareba savalalo“ (iveria 1899: 136) _ ase werda a.
xaxanaSvili osTa Sesaxeb saukuneze meti xnis win gazeT „iveriaSi“.
amrigad, ilia WavWavaZis „iveria“ swored is gazeTi iyo, romelic swavlobda da ecnoboda osTa
yofas, maT kulturul tradiciebsa da Rirebulebebs, am gazeTis furclebze qveyndeboda osuri
Tqmulebebi, legendebi, osTa mdidari eTnografiuli masala. gazeTi Tval-yurs adevnebda osi
125

xalxebis ganviTarebas, swavlobda maTs socialur-ekonomikur viTarebas, miaCnda, rom osi glexi
mSromeli, muyaiTi, mcdeli meurne iyo da ikvlevda maTi duxWiri cxovrebis ZiriTad mizezebs.
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ki gazeTi aSuqebda osTa swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxebs, osuri
skolebis gaxsnas, osuri wignebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocemas, ganaTlebis donis gaRrmavebas,
rasac osi erisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda. igi pirveli iyo, romelmac aRniSna osuri
saero literaturis dasawyisis mniSvneloba osi xalxis istoriaSi. gazeTis furclebze
gamoqveynebul statiebSi ikiTxeboda umTavresi azri: yvela statia, rac ki am gazeTSi qveyndeboda
gamTbari iyo osisa da qarTveli xalxebis saukunovani Zmobis siTboTi.
ilia WavWavaZis urTierToba oseTTan specialuri kvlevis sagani jer ar gamxdara. Cveni
naSromi ver iqneba am mxriv amomwuravi da yovlismomcveli, magram, vfiqrobT, garkveul
warmodgenas Segviqmnis imaze, Tu rogori yuradRebiT ekideboda ilia WavWavaZe osTa swavlaganaTlebis,
maTi yofa-cxovrebis, istoriisa da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. rogor zrunavda
aemaRlebina maTi codnisa da ganaTlebis done, STaenerga maTTvis erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis,
erovnuli TviTSegnebis gancda da xeli Seewyo maTTvis.
am mxriv ilia WavWavaZe da misi „iveria“ dRemde rCeba mezobel os xalxze zrunvis, maTi
swavla-ganaTlebisa da keTildReobisaTvis xelisSewyobis, qarTveli da osi xalxebis megobruli
ureTierTobis ganmtkicebis magaliTad.
iveria 1886: gaz. „iveria“, 1886 w. 16 oqtomberi.
iveria 1899: gaz. „iveria,“ 1899 w. 136.
iveria: 1899: gaz. “iveria”, 1899 43. 15 Tebervali.
iveria 1891: gaz. „iveria“ 1891 w. 4 marti.
iveria 1891: gaz. „iveria“ 1891 w. 23.
iveria 1891: gaz. “iveria,” 1891 w. 10 marti, 53.
iveria 1891:gaz. “iveria”, 1891 w. 214.
iveria 1891: gaz. “iveria”, 1891 w. 227.
iveria 1891: gaz. “iveria”, 1891 w. 297.
iveria 1893: gaz. “iveria”, 1893 w.
iveria 1901: gaz. “iveria”, 1901 w.
WavWavaZe 1927: WavWavaZe i. t. VI, Tb., 1927 w.
WavWavaZe 1951: WavWavaZe i. t. 1, 1951 w. gv. XXXVII.
damowmebani:
126

pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis sakiTxi
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi
(fsiqologiur-Teologiuri aspeqti)
naTela Citauri
1. pirovnebas ayalibebs, erTi mxriv, social-politiuri garemo; meore mxriv ki,
pirovneba — esaa individi, individualuri cnobiereba Tavisi biologiuri, genetikuri kodiT.
yovelive amis safuZvelze pirovneba amyarebs urTierTobas sazogadoebasTan. pirovnebasa da
sazogadoebas Soris ormxrivi kavSiria. sxvaTa Soris, dRes sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi bevrs
msjeloben am `ormxrivi kavSiris~ Sesaxeb; mis aRsaniSnavad terminicaa miRebuli _
`fsiqocialuri identoba~ (pavlova 2002).
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis ormxrivi kavSiri SesaniSnavad aisaxa ilia WavWavaZis
SemoqmedebaSi. misi nawarmoebebis personaJebi, marTalia, konkretuli social-politikuri
garemos pirmSoni arian, magram ilias Semoqmedebis arc erTi sakiTxi ar rCeba mxolod socialpolitikuri
problemebis farglebSi; personaJebis xasiaTi zogadfsiqologiuria, rTulia da
saintereso. pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis problemaTa iliaseuli gaazreba
adamianuri cnobierebis, sulierebisa da zneobriobis Rrma da urTules Sreebs moiZiebs. ilias
nawarmoebebidan gamomdinare, pirovnebis sazogadoebasTan mimarTebas aucileblad
gansazRvravs adamianis `mravalferi buneba~, rogorc Sedegi sxvadasxva zneobisa da moralisa.
erT werilSi ilia ambobs: `viTa mama zecisa, iyavn Senc sruli — ai, Tavi da bolo adamianis
cxovrebisa. vis ra manZili gauvlia ... am sisrulis gzaze, vin ramodenad win wamdgara, vis
ramodenad aRfrTovanebuli aqvs sulTa swrafva am gzazed dauRalavi siarulisaTvis~
(WavWavaZe 1959: 342).
`mravalfer bunebaTagan~ sxvadasxvaa TaTqariZe, daTiko, gabrieli, oTaraanT qvrivi,
arCili, keso, petre, lelT Runia. amitomac sxvadasxvaa maTi poziciebi, urTierToba
adamianebTan. isini ara mxolod tipebi, aramed xasiaTebi, individualuri fsiqologiuri
portretebi arian. zogierTis sulieri samyaro da morali piradi cxovrebis mowyobasa da
gadarCenazea orientirebuli (luarsab TaTqariZe mebatonea, sut-kneina araa batoni, orives
sazrunavi mxolod sakuTari Tavia); zogierTi ki zneobrivi sisrulis gzaze win wamdgara,
sazogadoebasTan damokidebuleba misi moraliT, zneobrivi kriteriumebiTaa gansazRvruli.
es zneobrivi normebi `WkuiT ki ar aris axilebuli, aramed `guliT gamokvebilia~. iliasaTvis
`WkuiT axilebuli~ ar aris xasiaTi. `mravalferi bunebis~ safuZveli swored `guliT
gamokvebili~ xasiaTia; namusia, romelic `mTelis gvamis, mTelis agebulebis wyurvilia~
(WavWavaZe 1988: 282). amitomac luarsabiseuli, misi mouraviseuli `Sen ra~-s, `Cumad moxdeni~-s
da sxva principebi Secvlilia sul sxva moraliT (giorgi, oTaraanT qvrivi, lelT Runia,
`glaxis naambobis~ mRvdeli da a. S.); adamianebTan, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobac im `did
namuszea~ damyarebuli, romelic `sxvisasac ise erCis, rogorc Tavisas~.
adamianTa individualuri cnobierebidan gamomdinare, ilias arasodes dauyvia ase:
uzneo batoni da zneobrivi glexi. amis dasturad ilias Semoqmedebidan mravali magaliTis
motana SeiZleba. Tundac gavixsenoT arCilisa da kesos dialogi `oTaraanT qvrividan~. an
kidev: Tavadi luarsabi `crumosaqmea~, magram aseve Tavadi arCili, romel socialurpolitikur
garemoSic ar unda cxovrobdes (batonymobamde Tu batonymobis gadavardnis
Semdeg), arasodes iqneba `crumosaqme~ (cnobilia, rom ilia momxre iyo ymebis
ganTavisuflebisa, magram ara sxva adamianebis, sxva wodebis — Tavadaznaurobis da _ Cagvris
xarjze).
iliam, rogorc realistma mweralma da SesaniSnavma fsiqologma, pirovnebisa da
sazogadoebis urTierTobis konteqstSi moiZia ara mxolod adamianTa `mravalferi buneba~,
aramed erovnuli fsiqologiac, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi qarTveli kacis sazogadoebasTan
mimarTebis zogierTi mkveTrad gamomJRavnebuli, garkveulwilad damaxasiaTebeli forma.
`etyoba, rom qarTvelia~, _ es fraza xSirad gvxvdeba `kacia-adamianSi~. akaki baqraZis
sityviT rom vTqvaT, TaTqariZeoba iliam `zogadqarTul movlenad miiCnia~ (baqraZe 1984). am
zogadqarTulobidan ki gansakuTrebiT gamoyo TviTkmayofilebis Tviseba, rac iliam
gulgrilobis, qarTveli kacis sazogadoebasTan indiferentuli damokidebulebis safuZvlad
aRiara.
am SemTxvevaSi saintereso Semdegicaa: ilia migvaniSnebs, rom kmayofili da, aqedan
gamomdinare, pasiuri, umoqmedo, gulgrili TaTqariZe uceb ar gaCenila, anda qarTvel ers
formulireba `bednieri eri~ ironiul konteqstSi uceb ar miuRia. gavixsenoT `kaciaadamianis~
is adgili, sadac mwerali kmayofilebaze saubrobs da edaveba `darbaisel Zvel
qarTvels~, romelic kmayofilebas bednierebad aRiqvamda: `kmayofileba bedniereba ariso, _
bevrjer uTqvamT moxucebs, Tanac darbaisel moxucebs CemTvis, _ ambobs ilia, _ axal Taobas
imiTi mainc vjobivarT, rom Cven cotas kmayofilebi varTo~. darbaiseli qarTveli am
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, marTalic iyos da mas istoriuli Wirvarami alaparakebdes, faqtia:
127

qarTvel kacs mudam enatreboda simSvide. kmayofilebas is, albaT, zogjer simSvidis
pirobadac miiCnevda, Semdeg ki bednierebad moiazrebda, aRar undoda brZola, vaivaglaxi. es,
albaT, arc ilias gamorCeboda mxedvelobidan. amitomac daafiqsira qarTveli darbaiseli
moxucis azri kmayofilebaze anu istoriul WrilSi, warsul dro-sivrcesTan mimarTebaSi
ganixila qarTuli xasiaTis Tavisebureba, qarTveli kacis realobasTan damokidebulebis
Camoyalibebis procesi.
magram ilia Seedava moxuc qarTvels, radgan kmayofileba simSvidis, bednierebis
pirobad ar darCa, nel-nela TaTqariZeobis saxe miiRo; qarTvelebs, maT Soris darbaiselTac,
brZolis, aqtiurobis survili da unari CauxSo. ilia amaze Tvals ver daxuWavda. amotomac mas
`momakvdinebeli seni~ uwoda, brZola gamoucxada; moxuci darbaiseli qarTvelis
kmayofilebam da masze damyarebulma bednierebam ironiuli Seferiloba miiRo da iliam amas
`umadloba~, xolo adamianebs `umadloni~ uwoda.
am SemTxvevaSi Zalian sainteresod gveCveneba viqtor nozaZis dakvirvebani qarTul
xasiaTze. didi rusTvelologis ucnob gamouqveynebel naSromSi (`qarTuli modgma da xasiaTi.
qarTveli kaci~) mSvenivradaa axsnili qarTuli bunebis am Taviseburebis _ kmayofilebis,
Semgueblobis Camoyalibebis mizezebi. amis warmosaCenad moxmobilia termini `esTetikuri
upasuxismgebloba~. ganmartebulia Sinaarsi: qarTveli xalxi xSirad yofila sxvadasxva saxis
politikur batonobaSi. mas xSirad ipyrobda mteri. isini batonobes emorCilebian, magram mas
arasodes seriozulad ar uyureben, xdebian Semgueblebi, TiTqos udardelnic. es
garkveulwilad maTi upasuxismgeblobaa. rodesac am batonobas bolo eReba, es xalxi Tavisi
xasiaTiT iseTive rCeba, rogorc uwin iyo. SesaZloa, ufro Zlieric ki (`rac ver mZlevs, mxdis
ufro Zliers~) esaa maTi esTetizmi. qarTvelobis am `esTetikur upasuxismgeblobaSi~ imaleba
saidumloeba, erTi mxriv, maTi gadarCenisa, meore mxriv, maTi mimzidvelobisa, rogorc xalxisa
(nozaZe 1954: 17). mesame mxriv ki, rogorc iliam SeniSna, imaleba saidumloeba qarTuli xasiaTi,
qarTveli kacis sazogadoebasTan amgvari mimarTebis Camoyalibebisa.
2. adamianis `mravalfer bunebaTagan~ erT-erTi ilias poema `gandegilis~ personaJia.
saerTod ki, zemoaRniSnuli problemebis fsiqologiur-Teologiuri safuZvlebis
moZiebas aucileblad mivyavarT mwerlis sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsis gaTvaliswinebamde.
araerTxel aRniSnula samecniero literaturaSi, rom `qristianuli morali udevs
safuZvlad ilias nawarmoebebSi asaxul yvela motivs~ (niniZe 1997: 10). igive azri gvxvdeba bevr
sxva naSromSic (baqraZe 1984; kalandariSvili 2006 da sxv.).
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis problemaTa Teologiuri aspeqtebi
waarmoCenilia umetesad `gandegilsa~ da `glaxis naambobSi~.
`gandegilis~ Tematika gvaiZulebs masSi moviZioT ara raime alegoriuli sqema,
dakavSirebuli Tundac saqarTvelos cxovrebasTan, konkretul epoqasTan, aramed zogadi
problema — pirovnebis sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi. poemaSi iseve, rogorc
msoflio literaturaSi arsebul ramdenime nawarmoebSi, warmodgenilia konkretuli
adamianis, am SemTxvevaSi beris fsiqologiuri portreti. `gandegilis~ zogadfsiqologiur
problemebze, SesaZloa, ufro gabedulad vimsjeloT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom msoflio
literaturaSi arsebobs nawarmoebi, romelic SegviZlia miviCnioT poemis literaturul
pirvelwyarod. es aris iliasve Targmnili cnobili germaneli egviptologisa da romanistis
georg ebersis romani `rameTu kaci var~. iliam romani Targmna 1878-1879 wlebSi. marTalia, q-ni
gulnara kalandariSvili dasaxelebul metad saintereso wignSi uaryofs Cven mier adreve
gamoTqmul mosazrebas amis Sesaxeb (kalandariSvili 2006: 108), magram am uaryofas ver
gaviziarebT, radgan nawarmoebTa Sedareba sul sxvas laparakobs.
da mainc rogoria gandegilis fsiqologiuri portretiT, an misi mimarTeba
sazogadoebasTan~? mravaljer aRniSnula gandegili beris nebisyofis sisuste (baqraZe 1984:
108), gauwonasworebeli, disharmoniuli xasiaTi, magram ratomaa unebisyofo~ ratom iqca
tragikul pirovnebad~ nuTu is, rom bolomde darCe mtkice asketad, maTi xvedria, romelTac
xorcis gvema miznad daisaxes~ gandegilis nebisyofis sisuste, misi tragedia — esaa
konkretuli pirovnebis tragedia, romelmac araswori pozicia daikava garesamyarosTan; rac
mTavaria, ararealurad, arajansaRad Seafasa sazogadoeba, romelSic is cxovrobda.
qrestomaTiul donezec ki yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom poemis gmirma qveyana `borotebis
samflobelod~ miiCnia. imdenad muq ferebSi warmogvidgina iliam gandegilis TvaliT
danaxuli wuTisofeli, rom iq adgili aRar rCeba aranairi madlisaTvis. arada, es qveyana xom
marto `codvis sadguri~ ar aris~ `siturfe da saTnoeba~ xom yovelTvis ar aris `eSmakis maxe
da cduneba~. gandegilma wuTisofeli, sazogadoeba datova, rogorc pesimistma. beroba,
gandegiloba am SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda mxolod saSualeba wuTisofelSi arsebul
borotebaTagan gaqcevisa, ioli xerxi, rom amqveyniuri borotebani daeviwyebina. arada, saRad
unda Seefasebina yovelive: is, rom borotebis gverdiT sikeTec arsebobs, rom mSveniereba
sikeTea. ase vTqvaT, `ZaliT daviwyebulma~ faqtebma Tavi Seaxsena.
poemis teqstidan aSkaraa, rom gandegilis sulis foriaqi ar aris mudmivi sifxizle,
yovelwuTieri mRviZareba. nawarmoebis bevri epizodi da niuansi warmoaCens gmiris
disharmoniul, gauwonasworebel, eWvian unebisyofo bunebas da xasiaTs. es yvelaferi da
128

olos tragedia Sedegia beris garesamyarosTan qristianulad araswori damokidebulebisa.
aravis, miT umetes, sulier mamas, ar Seefereba RvTis Seqmnili qveynis borotebad gamocxadeba
(mwyemsi qali: `gana swyins, rom kaci Sehxaris qveyanas, RvTiTve dabadebulsa~~).
ilias imis Tqma unda, rom adamiani, romelic arasworad Seafasebs movlenebs, saRad ver
iazrovnebs, ver gaarkvevs, ra aris misi mizani, ratom airCia amgvari cxovreba, mtkice ver
iqneba, yovelTvis daeWvdeba sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi, arCeuli gzis sisworeSi, Tavs igrZnobs
ubedurad, tragikulad.
saRi azri ersac sWirdeba da bersac. saRi azrovneba, realuri cnobiereba emyareba
gonebas da ara grZnobebs, impulsebs.
gandegili beri erT-erTia adamianTa `mravalfer bunebaTagan~. ilia bevrjer aRniSnavs
amqveynad gansxvavebul, Tandayolil xasiaTTa arsebobis kanonzomierebas. gavixsenoT
`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis da amasTan dakavSirebiT svimeon mesvetis cxovrebis iliaseuli
Sefasebac: `svimeon mesvetis ambavsac ki sxva mizezi aqvs, romelic Tavs ifaravs adamianis
mravalfer bunebaSi... es farulni mizezni Sors arian ubralo ... TvalTaTvis, maTi povna da
migneba xvedria ... rCeulTa~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 372).
ilias saTqmeli isicaa, rom pesimizmi pirovnebas ubiZgebs gaeqces realobas,
sazogadoebas. pesimizms moaqvs individualizmi, egoizmi, ambiciuroba, TviTkmayofileba,
sulieri ukontaqtoba, rac mizezia gandegilis msgavsi `gulmSralobisa~. oprtimizmi
TavisTavad ubiZgebs adamians adamianebze zrunvisaken, borotebasTan brZolisaken. optimists
sjera brZolis aucileblobisa da Sedegisa. amas ki mosdevs sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba, sulieri
kontaqtebis survili, sabolood ki — Tanaziaroba. Tanaziaroba pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTobis saukeTeso formaa. ilias nawarmoebebidan Cans, rom pirovnebas sWirdeba
Tanaziaroba. Tanaziaroba, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis Tanamdevia. am faqtis mSvenieri
formulirebaa `oTaraanT qvrivSi~: `madli marto ors Sua hsaqmobs~.
TanaziarobaSi ilia, upirveles yorvlisa, ganaTlebis, Wkuis, gonebis gacemas moiazrebs.
mTavari ki isaa, rom mwerali swored sulier mamas, mRvdels did misias akisrebs da sxvebze
metad avaldebulebs: misi goneba xom mets miswvda, man meti Seimecna. es codna ki ar unda
damalos, Caketos individualur `me~-Si, gonebis, rwmenis aRmatebiT gamowveul ampartavnebaSi,
adamianebamde unda miitanos. rwmeniT gaZlierebuls ufro evaleba zrunva sxvebze.
iliasaTvis misaRebia oTaraanT qvrivis, giorgis, lelT Runias, rac mTavaria, `glaxis
naambobis~ mRvdlis sazogadoebasTan urTierToba. `mRvdeli TiTqos cidam iyo Camosuli, rom
kacs qveyanazed aCvenos kacoba~. pirovnebisagan sazogadoebisaTvis gacemuli sulieri sazrdo
iliasaTvis metad mniSvnelovania. `kaci is aris, romelic Tavisi gonebis namuSevars xidad
gasdebs~, _ esec mRvdlis anu ilias sityvebia.
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis Teologiur safuZvlad ilias qristianuli
faseulobani miaCnia, romelTagan mTavaria: ganTavisufleba egoizmisagan, gaumarTlebeli
pesimizmisa da TviTkmayofilebisagan, sulieri ukontaqtobisagan. es exeba ersac da bersac.
ilia swored qristianobis safuZvelze upirispirdeba ukidures individualizms (aravin
aRanTis sanTeli da Sedgas igi queSe xvmirsa, aramed zed sasanTlesa gadgian, raÁTa hnaTobdes
yovelTa~. maTe 5,15).
3. sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis konteqstSi ikveTeba codnisa da rwmenis
sakiTxebi.
rogorc iTqva, pirovnebam saRad unda Seafasos movlenebi, saWiroa realuri codna
samyaros, sociumis Sesaxeb. realuri codna ara mxolod `WkuiT axilebulia~, aramed `guliTac
gamokvebilia~; esaa cnobiereba, romelic emyareba gonebriv, inteleqtualur, praqtikul
SesaZleblobebs. amgvari codna aZlierebs rogorc sakuTari Tavis, aseve RvTis rwmenasac (aqve
sainteresoa gavixsenoT javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebis~ Teimurazi, misi sityvebia: `codnam
momwyvita uflisadmi asafreni frTebi... codna da rwmena ver movarige erTmaneTs~. Teimurazis
codna ararealuri, arajansaRi, haerSi gamokidebuli iyo, amitomac gandevna rogorc RvTis,
ise sakuTari Tavis rwmena. rogorc iTqva, igive daemarTa gandegilsac).
rwmenas da realuri codnis, saRi azris safuZvelze Camoyalibebul cnobierebas
morigeba ar sWirdeba.
`glaxis naambobis~ mRvdelma, oTaraanT qvrivma, lelT Runiam ician, vin vin aris, maTTvis
yvelaferi garkveulia. amitomac swamT sakuTari Tavisa, RvTis rwmena nebisyofis gamocdas ar
saWiroebs. isini advilad ar Tmoben poziciebs, sakuTar Rirebulebebs, ar arian daeWvebulni
da gauwonasworebelni, miiswrafvian TviTdamkvidrebisaken; Sesabamisia maTi urTierToba
sazogadoebasTan.
oTaraanT qvrivma icis, rom amqveynad virTagvebic arian. `daxe, mag virTagvebsac zogjer
mware simarTle scodniaTo~, magram exmareba maT. gana qvrivma ar icis, rom wuTisofeli mkacri
da borotebis sadguricaa~ rom `Tu wuTisofels erTi bewo xans Tvali mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs,
rogorc didoeli leki nabadsa~, magram adamianebis tkivili mainc stkiva. amitomacaa qvrivis
damokidebuleba adamianebTan madli, magram im realuri codnis gamo, romelic sazogadoebis
daundoblobas amxels, pilpilmoyrili.
129

anda giorgi ratom mimarTavs zogjer fizikur angariSsworebas. misi codnac realuria.
icis, laparaki amao iqneba, tkbili sityviT ver uSvelis garSemomyofTa gulgrilobas.
realuria `glaxis naambobis~ mRvdlis codna sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. gandegilisagan
gansxvavebiT, man icis, rom amqveynad borotebac arsebobs da sikeTec. is ar gaurbis
borotebas, ebrZvis mas. xvdeba, rom adamianebs sulieri sazrdo sWirdebac. gandegils ki aRar
ufiqria misgan uaryofil adamianebze. `glaxis naambobis~ mRvdlis mier danaxuli samyaro sul
sxvaa. is gonierad, TviTSemecnebis safuZvelze aRqmuli realobaa. `yvelas RvTis suli gvidga.
yvelas gulSi, batonia Tu yma, me var Tu Sen, RvTisagan anTebuli cecxli anTia... is cecxli ar
unda gavaqroT. is cecxli xandaxan imisTana saqmes gaqnevinebs, rom qveyanas akvirvebs~.
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis jansaRi, iliasaTvis misaRebi urTierToba emyareba
samyaros, adamianebis Sesaxeb realur codnas da masze damyarebul gonebiT mimwvdar
morwmuneobas anu `gamecnierebul sarwmunoebas da gasarwmunoebul mecnierebas~.
4. ilias nawarmoebebSi sakmaod sainteresod da Rrmaazrovnad aisaxa pirovnuli
Tavisuflebisa da gaucxovebis sakiTxi.
`glaxis naambobis~ daTiko pirovnuli ambiciebisa da cxoveluri instiqtebis monaa.
daaxloebiT aseTivea TaTqariZeoba. TaTqariZeebisaTvis RmerTs niWi, ganaTleba ar miucia,
arc realuri cnobiereba gaaCniaT, TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis brZola uazro fusfusiT, uazro
trabaxiT, TavmomwoneobiT, crumorwmuneobiTa da SuriT uxdebaT. gaqrobis gaucnobierebeli
SiSi aqvT, radgan ar gaaCniaT realobis SegrZneba, saRi azrovneba, movlenebis jansaRad
Sefasebis unari. yovelive amis gamo pirovnulad Tavisufalni ar arian. marTalia, socialuri
garemoc mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, magram isini Tavad Trgunaven TavianT pirovnul
Tavisuflebas, maTi morali ZirSive spobs pirovnuli `me~-s SegrZnebis unars. sazogadoeba
naklebadaa damnaSave maTi pirovnuli Tavisuflebis SezRudvaSi.
gandegilis tragedias Tu gaviazrebT, arc is araa pirovnulad Tavisufali.
pirovnulad Tavisufalia oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi, Tundac arCili. qvarivs sikvdilis
SiSic ara aqvs. znesruloba, movlenebis sworad aRqmisa da Sefasebis unari, sakuTari Rirsebis
SegrZneba, Tundac am Rirsebas sazogadoeba ar an ver xedavdes, adamians xdis ufro
Tavisufals, damoukidebels.
TaTaqriZeebi wamdauwum RmerTs uxmoben saSvelad, mfarvelad. qvrivis pirovnuli
Tavisufleba pirovnul Zlierebamde maRldeba: `me CemTvis ar vloculob, RmerTi ar SevawuxomeTqi~,
_ eubneba kesos. `RmerTma adamiani gaaCina, ubZana: wadi, Sens Tavs Senve mouareo ... aq,
CemTan rom amoxval, maSin sxva ariso~, _ eubneba giorgis.
TaTqariZeebi sazogadoebisaTvis safrTxes ar warmoadgenen. luarsabs Tavad eSinia
sazogadoebisa. daTikosac eSinia momavlisa, radgan sindisma SeiZleba Seawuxos.
meore mxriv, sazogadoebas eSinia oTaraanT qvrivisa. `bavSvebsac ki oTaraanT qvrivis
saxeliT aSinebdnen~. gavixsenoT, rogor martivad ganmartavs qvrivi Tavisi pirovnuli
Tavisuflebisa da amis gamo sazogadoebis reaqciis mizezs: `Cemi rad unda eSinodeT~ ra
baybaydevi me mnaxeso~ me marto isa var, rom Cems javrs aravis SevarCen, tyuilubralod aravis
daveCagvrinebi~.
am SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, sazogadoeba cdilobs daTrgunos giorgisa da qvrivis
pirovnuli Tavisufleba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini gariyulni rCebian sazogadoebisagan.
aqedan gamomdinare, ilias SemoqmedebaSi ikveTeba gaucxovebis sakiTxi. mis nawrmoebebSi
ufro SesamCnevia wodebrivi gaucxoveba (giorgi, qvrivi — arCili, keso; daTiko — gabrieli),
SeumCnevelia Rrma fesvebi anu adamianis fsiqologia, sulis uRrmesi fenebi (sosia mewisqvile
— qvrivi; deda — Svili). am konteqstSi ikveTeba `sazogadoebrivi fsiqologiac~, misi
Rirebulebebi; TvalsaCinoa, vin an ratom SesaZloa ucxo gaxdes sazogadoebisaTvis.
TaTqariZeebi, daTikoebi, mejinibeebi, mewisqvileebi (mejinibe, mewisqvile _ `oTaraanT
qvrivis~ personaJebi) da a. S. ucxoni ar arian sazogadoebisaTvis. oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi,
mRvdeli, lelT Runia ucxoni arian; sazogadoebas maTi ar esmis: `es kaci an giJia, an RvTisagan
mogzavnili~, _ ambobs xalxi giorgize. `bevri ram aris, Cemo horacio, am qveynierobaSi ...
saidumlo~, _ arCili hamletis sityvebs iSveliebs giorgis pirovnebaze msjelobisas, TiTqos
masac ver gaugia, glexi aseTi rogor `daiwna~. sazogadoeba ucxoobs giorgis, qvrivis
znesrulobas, radgan es misTvis deficitia. qvrivi, giorgi Tavadac gaurbian sazogadoebas,
romelic mis Rirebulebebs, zneobriv normebs ver an ar afasebs.
sazogadoebas amave mizeziT ar esmis arCilisa da kesosi. am `mousminari~ sazogadoebis
wevrebi mebatoneebic arian da glexebic. `kaci moidnes da amiT ubmen qveyanas Tvalsao~, _
aseTia soflis Sexeduleba. sazogadoebisagan gaucxovebuli SesaZloa iyos mebatonec da
glexic. sworedac rom glexobas ar esmis giorgisa. mas arCili ufro ugebs. `axali cocxi
kargad hgviso~, _ ase Seafases glexebma giorgis saqcieli arCilis cxenTan dakavSirebiT.
`magisi namusi guliTaa gamokvebili... mTeli agebulebis wyurvilia~, _ es arCilis azria
giorgis znesrulobaze.
amdenad, gaucxoveba ilias nawarmoebebSi moiazreba rogorc Sedegi ara mxolod
wodebrivi uTanasworobisa, aramed aseve rogorc Sedegi adamianTa `mravalferi bunebisa~,
130

ogorc Sedegi adamianTa da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi sxvadasxva zneobriv RirebulebaTa
arsebobisa.
sxvaTa Soris, bolodroindel literaturul kritikaSi gacxovebis sakiTxi marTebulad
moiazreba personaJis individualur qronotopTan erTad anu gaucxovebis momenti
dakavSirebulia mxatvrul-prognozirebad dro-sivrcesTan, rogorc yoveli socialuri
garemos maxasiaTebeli (ratiani 2006: 109).
5. ilias, rogorc mrvalmxriv sazogado moRvawes da rogorc mwerals, hqonda realuri
miznebi. amdenad, mis nawarmoebebSi wamoWrili nebismieri problema samomavlo perspeqtivebs
aucileblad moiazrebs.
social-politikuri, ekonomikuri Zvrebi iwvevs moralur-zneobrivi faseulebis cvlas,
zogjer ki am faseulobaTa krizissac. ilias SemoqmedebaSi pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTobis perspeqtiva ormxrivia; efuZneba, ase vTqvaT, fsiqosocialur faqtors anu, erTi
mxriv, gulisxmobs social-politikuri garemos mowesrigebas, samarTliani principebis
arsebobas; meore mxriv, Sesabamisad sworad unda warimarTos adamianTa fsiqologiac.
sazogadoebriv qaosTan brZolis ZiriTadi iaraRi swored zneobriv-moralur faseulobaTa
SenarCunebaa.
TavisTavad: mowesrigebuli, samarTliani garemo pirovnebas ar aiZulebs gaeqces
sazogadoebas, aseTi sociumisaTvis ucxo ar iqneba Tundac znesruloba anu naklebad iqneba
gaucxovebis momenti, magram, vfiqrobT, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobaSi ilia did
rols pirovnebis fsiqologias, mis sulier samyaros akisrebs, am urTierTobaTa mowesrgebis
persreqtiva mainc pirovnebis cnobierebazea orientirebuli. ilias `sulis wvrTna~,
fsiqologiuri mzaoba ufro myar sayrdenad miaCnia (gavixsenoT erTi amgvari `sulis wvrTna~
_ arCilisa da kesos dialogi). Semoqmeds ki realobis fonze `sulis sawvrTnelad~ adamianis
sulieri samyaros uRrmesi fenebis moZieba evaleba.
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis zogadadamianuri da konkretulfsiqologiur
safuZvelTagan ilia, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs TviTSemecnebas.
realobis aRqma, movlenebis cnobierad Sefasebis unari, saRi azrovneba ubiZgebs adamians
TviTSemecnebisaken. pirovnebas sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisaTvis sWirdeba, ra Tqma unda,
imis garkveva, sad cxovrobs, rogoria misi garemo (social-politikuri, kulturuli);
aranakleb mniSvnelovania imis Semecnebac, TviTon ra unda, rogoria misi funqcia amqveynad,
romelia misi moralur-zneobrivi kriteriumebi. gavixsenoT daviT guramiSvili: `ymawvili
unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao: vin aris,sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao~. Tavad
iliac ambobs: `vidre Ze Seni ar gaikvlevs zogads cxovrebas da mcnebis naTliT zeaRzidul,
amaRlebuli, WkviT ar ganWvritavs sazoado cxovrebis dens, im dromde igi uimedo,
Sewuxebuli...~ is, vinc `WkviT ganWvrets sazogado cxovrebis denas~ (cdilobs gaarkvios
sazogadoebis raoba (vin vin aris), sakuTari adgili (TviTon vin aris), miiswrafvis
TviTSemecnebisaken. aseTni TviT axdenen garemos modificirebas, zogjer, gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevaSi, mis xelaxal formirebas, Tavad karnaxoben sazogadoebas urTierTobis formebs
(TviTon qmnian TavianT drosa da sivrces).
TviTSemecnebadni arian oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi, arCili, lelT Runia, `glaxis
naambobis~ mRvdeli...
TaTqariZeoba TviTSeumecnebadia. am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs realuri codna,
Sesabamisad, araa saRi azri. amgvar adamianebs akliaT pirovnuli individualoba,
TviTiniciativa. isini Tavad Trgunaven TavianT pirovnul Tavisuflebas, ar SeuZliaT
sakuTari `me~-s povna. TviTSemecnebis unaris arqona igive pasiurobaa; arada qmedebaa saWiro,
Tundac nabijebi TviTSemecnebisaken; SesaZloa, Camoyalibebuli stereotipebis ngrevac
gaxdes saWiro (kvlav gavixsenoT arCilisa da kesos dialogi).
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT Sesabamisia pirovnebaTa urTierToba sazogadoebasTan
(kvlav gavixsenoT oTaraanT qvrivis, giorgis, mRvdlis, TaTqariZeebis, gandegilis
urTierToba garesamyarosTan, sazogadoebasTan).
erTic: ilias Semoqmedebidan da zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, TviTSemecneba ar aris
mxolod individualur cnobierebaze orientirebuli. pirovnebis TviTSemecnebis mizani
garkveulwilad sakuTari da sazogadoebrivi pozitiuri cnobierebis SeTanxmeba unda iyos.
adamianma xom ara mxolod individualuri, aramed Tavisi socialuri rolis mopovebazec unda
izrunos. vfiqrobT, esec mSvenivrad Cans ilias nawarmoebebSi.
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis sakiTxebi ilias SemoqmedebaSi aris ara abstraqtuli
modelebi, aramed nebismieri mkiTxvelisaTvis yoveldRiuri problemebia. mkiTxveli
mweralTan erTad fiqrobs, masTan erTad moiazrebs am saintereso urTierTobebis arsebul Tu
mosalodnel formaTa fsiqologiur-Teologiur aspeqtebs, saxavs am formaTa ganviTarebis,
srulyofis SesaZlo perspeqtivebsac. amdenad, aRniSnuli sakixebis iliaseuli gaazreba
ifargleba ara mxolod mis nawarmoebebSi realurad warmodgenili droiTa da sivrciT, aramed
Zaldautaneblad moicavs esTetikurad da ideurad faseul mxatvrul, warmosaxul, momaval
drosa da sivrcesac.
131

damowmebani:
baqraZe 1984: baqraZe a. ilia WavWavaZe. Tb.: 1984.
bokani 2002: Бокан Б. Социальные конструирование реальности. Москва: 2002.
kalandariSvili 2006: kalandariSvili g. tradicia da Tanamedroveoba axal qarTul literaturaSi. Tb.:
2006.
niniZe 1997: niniZe m. madlis wyaro. Tb.: 1997.
nozaZe 1954: nozaZe v. ucnobi nawerebi. avtografi. qarTuli emigraciis muzeumi. 1954.
pavlova 2001: Павлова О. Идентичность: история формирования взгладов и её структурные особенности. Москва: 2001.
ratiani 2006: ratiani i. qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. Tb.: 2006.
WavWavaZe 1959 WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli aT tomad. t. V, Tb.: 1959.
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli xuT tomad. Tb.: 1988.
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli xuT tomad. Tb.: 1991.
132

“Homo somatis” iliaseuli gaazrebiT
ramaz Wilaia
Tanamedrove samyaro swrafad icvleba; imavdroulad, es procesi sulac ar aris
yovlismomcveli. cvlilebebi naklebad Seexeba sabaziso ikonur (xatismier) sistemebs.
siaxleTa gaazrebisas naTeli xdeba, rom `novaciebi~ siRrmiseuli, mdgradi da Camoyalibebuli
saxeobrivi sistemebis reprezentaciaa ufro. informaciis Senaxvisa da gadacemis Tanamedrove
saSualebebic ki ara Tu ver jabnian, aramed yovel jerze adastureben ukve arsebuli saxexatebis
arqetipurobis ganmeorebiTobas. siaxle axleburi reprezentaciis daxvewaSia
mxolod. ras warmoadgens xsenebuli `sabaziso xati~? es arc sagania, arc raime mocemuloba, es
arc kodia. savaraudod, es epoqismieri istoriis farglebSi, garkveul dros mimdinare
movlenaa, romelic SeiZleba sasruli iyos an arc dasruldes. sabaziso xati movlenis droSi
arsebobis xerxi Tu saSualebaa. misi reprezentireba mravalgvaria da ar daiyvaneba
dasrulebul erTianobamde, erT geStaltamde [1,67]. mkvlevarTa upirveles, TiTqmis
dauZlevel sirTules swored Sesaswavli movlenis istoriuloba warmoadgens.
`Homo somatis~ anu `homo sxeulebrivis~ Sesaxeb azris ganviTareba iseve mravalferovania,
rogorc adamianuri yofis sxva ganzomilebaTa Sesaxeb ideaTa ganviTarebis istoria. amis
dasturia is, rom `somaturi ideologia~ sxvadasxvagvar konteqstSia CarTuli. iqneba es
filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi, socialur-institucionaluri Tu kulturulnormatiuli
konteqstebi. rogorc materialuri substati, sxeuli interess iwvevs adamianis
cxovrebis kvlevis mxriT. kerZod, esaa fsiqosomatika da fsiqofiziologia.
sadReisod, socialur praqtikaSi, sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli racionalisturi tradicia, `sxeulebrivs mimswrafi adamianis~ da
`sulismieri adamianis~ dapirispirebisa.
sulismieri movlenebis adamianis sxeulismier moqmedebaze asaxvis meqanizmebis
Camoyalibebis kvleva, Tanamedrove fsiqologiis aqtualuri problemaa. miuTiTeben, rom
adamianSi warmoqmnili azri, cxovrebaSi areklili xatisa da kunTovani sistemis daZabvis
mTlianobaa, romelic sxeulisa da xatis urTierTSedarebiT proecirdeba. xati (iersaxe) da
sxeulismieri daZabuloba gauTiSavia erTurTisagan.: sxeulebrivi vibraciebis gamosaxva
cnobierebaSi uciloblad badebs xatebsa da iersaxeebs[1,624].
m. mamardaSvili wers, rom adamiani, viTarca adamiani, arsebobs an ar arsebobs
sindisierebisa da azris gagebis velSi. es misgan damoukideblad arsebuli velia, romelSic igi
ibadeba da igebs, rom suli gaaCnia. anu mas stkiva, umizezod stkiva. is, rac umizezod gtkiva
sulia. rac ar unda vuwodoT am vels, swored masSi ibadeba an meored ibadeba adamiani, amis
Semdgom aris SesaZlebeli mxolod sulismierze saubari. araerTi moazrovne miuTiTebda
adamianis meore, WeSmarit dabadebas. dante aRniSnavda, rom mxolod meore dabadebisas isaxeba
suli. mamardaSvils didad ar awuxebs sulis adgilsamyofeli, Tumc ki swored masSi eguleba
sindisi. miseuli TvalTaxedviT, sulis aRmocenebasa Tu gaxsnas uciloblad esaWiroeba
garkveuli veli, veli romelic sindisiTa da azris gagebiT iqneba saxeldebuli; veli
kulturismieri, sulismieri atmosfero anu pnevmatosfero. aqve vityviT, rom amgvar vels
mecnieri adamianiseuli istoriis koleqtiur `sxeulsac~ uwodebda. umTavresi ki mainc isaa,
rom am velSi garkveuli aqtebi unda xorcieldebodes. aseTad gvesaxeba qarTul saazrovno
sivrceSi arc Tu iSviaTi `sulis uSurveloba~. amaves gulisxmobs swored luka maxaroblis
sityvebic: `visac surs sulis xsna, dahkargavs mas; da vinc Cemi gulisTvis dahkargavs suls, is
hpovebs mas.~ (luka 9.24).
codnis sxvadasxva sferoebis miRwevebs, modificirebuli saxiT, aqtiurad iyenebs
Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneoba. am mxriT sainteresoa ilia WavWavaZis pozicia, erT
polemikur werilSi gamoTqmuli: `yovelive axlad aRmoCenilni sikeTeni, ra Tqma unda,
momzadebul niadagzed ibadebian da Cndebian. xolo raki erTxel gaCndnen erTs romelsame
niadagzed, sxva niadagzedac saxeironi arian, sxva niadagsac ar eucxoebian. saqme mxolod
imaSia, rom arseba, buneba axlad SemosaRebisa, romelic Tund sxva niadagzed iyos nacadi da
aRmocenili, TavisTavad sargo da xeiriani iyos.~ [3,373]
istoria cxadyofs, rom nawarmoebi saukuneebiT inaxavs xolme masSi asaxul iseT
viTarebebs, romelTa damajerebloba da sicxade imdenad Zalmosilia, rom gadis teqstidan da
damoukidebel arsebobas iwyebs. amas ganapirobebs rogorc nawarmoebiseulad, ise
sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli viTarebis asaxva. yoveli amgvari movlena datvirTulia zusti
fsiqologiuri motiviT, romelic kravs naTxrobs. marjved napovni motivi samudamod
imkvidrebs adgils istoriul mexsierebaSi. mkiTxvelTa axali Taoba axleburad, axal
esTetikur normaTa Sesatyvisad aRiqvams nawarmoebs; magram vidre axleburi wakiTxva mainc
erTgzis morgebul situaciur-stilistur moments utrialebs, teqsti araTu inarCunebs,
aramed kidev ufro imyarebs pirvandel saxes.
133

mwerali da misi nawarmoebi, romelsac damoZRvriT iwyebs: `moyvares pirSi uZraxe, mters
pirs ukanao.~ naTxrobSi sinamdvile imdenad gazviadebulia, rom xelTa gvaqvs naskvi
realurisa da fantastikuris, tragikulisa da komikuris. es yovelive mimarTulia qarTvelTa,
zogadad adamianTa, kacTa gamosafxizleblad, dasafiqreblad _ rani viqnebiT xval, Tu Cvens
yofas fuZe-balavrad mxolod `somatur ideologias~ davudebT.
samarTlianad aRniSnaven, rom `kacia-adamiani?!~ ar gamoirCeva mZafri siuJeturi
svlebiT. moTxrobaSi mocemulia `martivi~ yofiTi suraTebi. Tavad avtoric aRniSnavs amas
teqstismierad (`aq ar aris arc siyvarulis eSmakoba, arc kaciskvla~...). amdenad, unda
gamoiZebnos iseTi saSualeba, romelic daainteresebs mkiTxvels, daakmayofilebs mis
moTxovnas. i. WavWavaZes mTeli yuradReba gadaaqvs personaJebze, axdens maTi samyaros
detalizacias. detalebisadmi gamaxvilebuli yuradReba gapirobebulia realuri yofiT, am
niSniT ainteresebs igi avtors. xSirad, aramyvirala Strixi did Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas
iZens. t.s. elioti naSromSi `religia da literatura~ [4,97] werda, rom teqstis
literaturulobis xarisxi mxolod esTetikuri kriteriumiT unda ganisazRvros, xolo
literaturuli teqstis mniSvneloba araestetikuri kriteriumiT; igulisxmeba _ eTikuri,
filosofiuri, religiuri da sxva normebi. mkiTxvelis teqstSi saboloo CarTvisaTvis
saWiroa myari saZirkveli,
romelsac daefuZneba mTeli nawarmoebi. konkretul SemTxvevaSi, esaa
tipizaciis erT-erTi saxe _ groteski (groteski gulisxmobs karikaturul
gazviadebas, avtoriseuli fantaziiT deformirebul sinamdviles); moTxrobaSi maxinjia
yovelive, fizikuric da suldgmulic. maxinjia Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari, misi patroni,
diasaxlisi; saerTo suraTs avseben _ lamaziseuli, samovris meTvalyure patara biWi, daviT
TaTqariZe RviZl Zmas aT Tumnad hyidis, misi meuRle ki sixaruls ver faravs mazls maxinji
qali rom SeaCeCes. yovlad usiamoa moxuci maWankali sutkneina, romelic diswulsac ki
agiravebs, oRond fuli iSovos.
es deformirebuli saarsebo Tu saazrovno garemo, calsaxad erTiani mainc ar aris.
yovelives garkveuli `individualobis~ beWedi azis. `is cxoveli, romelsac darejani
lamaziseuls eZaxis, imdenad gadagvarebulia, rom ver axerxebs sakuTari naTxrobis drois
umcires monakveTSi (igulisxmeba manZili cnobili `Wiis-karidam~ luarsabis samyofelamde)
gonebaSi Sekavebas. gaqnili mkiTxavi, wuTis win mosmenils, ukanve `ubrunebs~ lamaziseuls, rac
did STabeWdilebas axdens masze. mesamovre biWi ZaRlur yofas Senatris...
tansruloba da Warbi wona srulaid ar moaswavebs adamianis degradirebas. kacis,
zogadad pirovnebis, iliaseuli gaazrebac ar gulisxmobs amas. xorcsavseoba (pirdapiri da
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) aq meore rigis movlenaa, pirovnuli Tvisebebis mosakliseba,
pirovnuli deformaciaa yovelives Tavi da Tavi. TaTqariZeebis cxovreba somaturi zeimia da
am zeimis apoTeozia sxeulebrivi metaforiiT gamoxatuli aseve somaturi epifania: `uraa! _
daiyvira luarsabma da, radganac guldaRma iwva, Taviseburad, taxtzed, erTi fexic aiSvira
maRla da manam ura ar gaaTava, fexi ar CamouRia.~
TaTqariZeobis kritika `somaturi ideologiis~ kritikaa. yoveli msgavsi msgavssa Sobs _
omo somatis anu homo sxeulebrivi Sobs mxolod omo otiosus-s, anu homo usaqmos (cxadia,
luarsabTan miamrTebaSi ar igulisxmeba e.w. aristrokratiuli otium-i); amitomac ar aZlevs
ilia Svils luarsabs.
da, mainc, `cxovreba erTiani mdinarea oris didis totisa. erTs rom xorcTaTvis moaqvs
sazrdo, meores sulisaTvis. Tu an erTi daSra, an meore _ gvami erisa mkvdaria, viTarca
usulod xorci da uxorcod suli, saaqaosTvis mainca.~ [5,342]
დამოწმებანი:
Gjljhjuf 2005, D\ F\ Gjljhjuf= Gjkbnbrb тtkf\ C,jhybr| Gcb[jkjubz ntktcnyjcnb= V\ 2005= cnh\ 67
Gjljhjuf 2005, D\ F\ Gjljhjuf= iqve gv. 624
WavWavaZe, i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. kr. aT tomad, t.VII, gv. 373
Eliot 1975, T.S. Eliot, Religion and Literature (1935), Selected Prose, 1975, p.97.
WavWavaZe, i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. kr. aT tomad, t. V, gv. 342
134

gabriel ratiSvilis `mciredi moTxrobidan~
ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebamde~
darejan menabde
1863 wels, `saqarTvelos moambis~ XI-XII nomrebSi, ilia WavWavaZem gamoaqveyna gabriel
ratiSvilis samogzauro-memuaruli Janris Txzuleba `mciredi ram moTxroba rosiisa~. g.
ratiSvili (1771-daaxl. 1825) qarTuli literaturis e. w. gardamavali xanis saintereso poeti,
prozaikosi da memuaristia. misimisi biografia naklebadaa cnobili da arc mis Semoqmedebaze
gvaqvs sruli warmodgena.
g. ratiSvilis literaturuli memkvidreoba cnobilia erTi mozrdili krebuliT (S #
2910), romelic avtograful xelnaweradaa miCneuli (ruxaZe 1966; qarTul xelnawerTa
aRweriloba 1965). misi Sedgeniloba aseTia:
1. mciredi raime moTxroba rosiisa (1r-92v).
2. [kalendaruli cnobebi] (92v-104v).
3. [gabriel ratiSvilis leqsebi] (105r-119r).
4. [svimon ratiSvilis leqsi] (119r).
5. [baraTebi]: `megobarTan misaweri baraTi~, `samRvdeloTa Tana misaweri~, `batonTan da
batonis SvilTan misaweri baraTi~, `dasTan misaweri baraTi ars ese~, `samZimris baraTi ars ese~,
`qalTan misaweri baraTi ars ese~ (120v-133v) (qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba 1965).
`saqarTvelos moambeSi~ daibeWda am Txzulebis pirveli (arasruli) publikacia,
romelsac iliam aseTi SeniSvna daurTo: `es werili ekuTvnis T. gab. ratiSvils, romelic Cven
mefis Svilebs Tana xlebia, roca isini gadausaxlebiaT ruseTSi. rac unaxavs tfilisidam
peterburgamde, rac gadaxdenia, yvelafers gviambobs, _ da is naambobi uintereso ar ari~
(`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863). i. WavWavaZem Txzulebis beWdva ki daiwyo, magram Jurnalis
daxurvis gamo veRar daasrula. igi mxolod 1962 wels gamoaqveyna v. Sadurma krebulSi
`qarTveli mwerlebi ruseTis Sesaxeb~ (Saduri 1962: 156-301). gamomcemelma `mciredi moTxroba~
mcireodeni SemoklebiT dabeWda — gamotovebulia aleqsandre pirvelis manifesti da platon
moskovelis sityva (Saduri 1962: 254; 260). `mciredi moTxroba~ ZiriTadad prozauli teqstia,
romelSic CarTulia ramdenime aTeuli leqsi. Txzuleba 1801-1802 wlebSi unda iyos dawerili.
g. ratiSvili farTo sazogadoebisaTvis arcTu kargad nacnobi avtoria, amitom,
SevecdebiT avxsnaT, Tu ratom unda dainteresebuliyo i. WavWavaZe am TxzulebiT.
g. ratiSvili XIX s. damdegs ioane batoniSvils adiutantad axlda ruseTSi, iyo
peterburgsa da moskovSi, daeswro imperator aleqsandre I-is kurTxevas da axali imperatoris
mier 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris cnobili manifestis gamocxadebas. misi marSruti iyo: Tbilisi,
mcxeTa, larsi, mozdoki, moskovi, sanqt-peterburgi da ukan: moskovi, caricini, astraxani,
mozdoki, vladikavkazi, larsi, stefanwminda... mis TxzulebaSi Txroba iwyeba Tbilisidan
gamgzavrebiT (7.III.1801), mTavrdeba g. ratiSvilis samSobloSi, sakuTar mamulSi (zogi cnobiT,
sof. qsovrisi) dabrunebiT. Txzulebis faqtobrivi masala uTuod drois am monakveTSi
daiwera, misi literaturuli gaformeba, damTavreba da saboloo redaqtireba ki avtoris
dabrunebisTanave, cocxali STabeWdilebiT moxda. safiqrebelia, g. ratiSvili mogzaurobisas
werda dRiurs, romelSic Sehqonda STabeWdilebebi da dakvirvebebi. sxvagvarad
warmoudgenelia iseTi detalizacia, iseTi dawvrilebiTi aRweriloba faqtebisa da
movlenebisa, rogoric `mciredi moTxrobis~ TiTqmis yovel gverdze gvxvdeba. miuxedavad
mokrZalebuli saTaurisa, is srulebiTac araa `mciredi moTxroba~, piriqiT, es aris vrceli,
leqsCarTuli aRweriloba qarTveli mwerlis ruseTSi mogzaurobisa, vrceli Txroba
ruseTze, Zvirfasi saistorio wyaro, romelSic uxvadaa cnobebi ruseTis imdroindel
saxelmwifoebriv-politikur cxovrebaze, socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze,
saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaze da sxv.
g. ratiSvilis saxiT Cven winaSea Zveli qarTuli literaturis tradiciebze aRzrdili da
erovnul satkivarze Rrmad dafiqrebuli memuaristi, romelic gvacnobs Tavisi mogzaurobis
mizezebs, gvixsnis, Tu ram aiZula batoniSvilebi, XIX saukunis damdegs daetovebinaT
saqarTvelo, rogor moxvda ruseTSi da rogor ganicada ucxoeTSi yofna, ram gadaawyvetina
memuarebis wera da sxv.
`mciredi raime moTxroba rossiisa~ mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani Txzulebaa. Tavis
winamorbed memuaristTagan (g. gelovani, v. orbeliani da sxv.) gansxvavebiT, g. ratiSvils
politikuri alRoc hqonda gamaxvilebuli. man igrZno ruseTis mxridan mosalodneli
safrTxe, tragizmi arsebuli viTarebisa da es yovelive STambeWdavad gadmosca kidec Tavis
TxzulebaSi.
g. ratiSvili imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom es aris erTaderTi avtori, uSualod momswre
da monawile aleqsandre I-is manifestis gamocxadebisa. mwerali, romelmac mTeli sicxadiT
dainaxa mosalodneli istoriuli movlenebi.
135

miuxedavad imisa, rom `mcire moTxrobaSi~ dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili ruseTis qalaqebi da
soflebi, xalxi, tradiciebi, zne-Cveulebebi da RirsSesaniSnaobani, mTel Txzulebas gasdevs
avtoris ukiduresad sevdiani da sasowarkveTili ganwyoba. g.ratiSvili gvacnobs mogzaurobis
mizezebs, Tu ram aiZula batoniSvilebi daetovebinaT saqarTvelo, rogor moxvda TviTon
avtori ruseTSi da rogor ganicada ucxoeTSi yofna, ram gadaawyvetina memuarebis wera da sxv.
mogzaurobis aRwera misTvis iyo `mizezi... mxiarul hyofisa~ da `ganmdevneli sevdisa~,
amasTanave, gamiznuli iyo `gansaRviZeblad gonebisa~.
nostalgiuri ganwyoba saerTod axlavs `mcired moTxrobas~. g. ratiSvilis sityviT:
`davagdeT Cveni areni, gvxvda dReni gasamwareni~, `dadga dRe mwuxarebisa~, rom igi `cruman
sofelman uwyalod dasaja~, `xelni magrad Seukra~, `ucxos Temsa~ gadakarga, anda _ `visdami
mogviyvana Cven mwuxarebisa saxlad da sevdisa sadgurad~. aqedan gamomdinare, g. ratiSvili
svams kiTxvas: `viT iqmnebis da viT moxdebis saqme Cvenni bednierad da anu ubedurad~ _ es iyo
misi safiqrali da sawuxari. xolo rodesac moskovSi, aleqsandre pirvelis mefed kurTxevis
ceremonialze Casul batoniSvilebsa da maTi amalis wevrebs 12 seqtembris manifesti gaacnes,
g. ratiSvili mwuxarebiT werda: `daibeWda manifesti da gamoxda brZaneba ese, viTa arRa
iqmnebis mefoba saqarTvelosa memkvidreTa mefeTa mier, aramed iqmnebian brZanebasa qveSe
rosiisasa da dapyrobil kanoniTa maTTaebr, romel aw yovelive TiToeulad scnaT
warkiTxviTa amiT, xolo Cven aramciredi mwuxareba miviReT momlodineTa sixarulisa wil da
ukanasknel ganagos RmerTman, viTa iqmnebis~ (Saduri 1962:259) da iqve: `mefobisa wil
saqarTveloisa miviReT lenti ese wiTeli annasi da ara uwyiT Cven da varT gankvirvebul,
rameTu rai vyaviT nacvlad amissa mefobisa damkargavTa da ojaxisa gamaubedurebelTa~
(Saduri 1962: 263-264).
ase miiRes, _ g. ratiSvilis TqmiT, _ qarTvelma batoniSvilebma `mefobisa wil
saqarTveloisa... lenti wiTeli annasi~ da sxva da sxva... ai, am suliskveTebiTaa dawerili g.
ratiSvilis `mciredi moTxroba~, ase Wvretda TviTmxilveli mwerali Tavisi samSoblos
momavals.
vfqrobT, i. WavWavaZis daintereseba g. ratiSvilis `mciredi moTxrobiT~ SemTxveviTi ar
unda iyos. `is naambobi uintereso ar ari~ _ werda ilia mravalmniSvnelovnad, radgan g.
ratiSvilis mier saukunis dasawyisSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi Tu varaudebi gacilebiT ufro
mwvaved aRiqmeboda XIX s. 60-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi. sagulisxmoa, rom TviTon iliamac igive
gza _ `vladikavkasidam tfilisamde~ _ airCia imisaTvis, raTa qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis
Tavisi samoqmedo programa gaecno.
peterburgidan dabrunebuli 24 wlis ilia WavWavaZe imave gziT brundeba samSobloSi,
romelic Tavis droze gaiara g. ratiSvilma — vladikavkazi, larsi, stefanwminda, fasanauri...
modis da fiqrobs Tavisi samSoblos warsulze, awmyosa da momavalze, fiqrobs: `... rogor
Seveyrebi me Cems qveyanas da rogor Semeyreba igi me~, aqvs sruliad konkretuli mizani:
`...SeviZleb ki, rom mas RviZli sityva vuTxra... im sityviT vasmino, rom aris mravali qveynebi,
Cvenzed ufro ubedurad gaCenilni, magram ufro bednierad mcxovrebni; da is TiToeuli
naperwkali, romelic ar SeiZleba rom yovels kacSi ara Jolavdes, erT did cecxlad
Sevagrovo Cemis qveynis gaciebulis gulis gasaTboblad~ (WavWavaZe 1980: 14).
gzas, romelic mweralma unda gaiaros, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi datvirTva aqvs (ratiani
2006: 64-67; 74; 82-88; 121-123; 154-156). am gzaze unda naxos man `iamSCiki~ da moxeve lelT Runia,
Tvali Seavlos Tergsa da myinvars, inatros Tavisi qveynis wiaRSi `adamiani, romelsac ZilSiac
ara sZinavs, qveynis ubedurobiT gul-aRtyinebulsa~ da Sewuxdes imis fiqriT, rom `warxda,
moisra qveyanai~...
i. WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebs~ g. ratiSvilis `mcire moTxrobisgan~ samoci weli
aSorebs. Tu movlenebis ganviTarebiT dabneuli g. ratiSvili Tavis TxzulebaSi SiSiTa da
eWviT kiTxulobs: `ra moxdeba da anu amisa Semdgomad viTa iqnebis...~, imave peterburgidan
momavali 24 wlis i. WavWavaZe, acnobierebs ra saxelmwifoebriobadakargul saqarTveloSi
Seqmnil sazogadoebriv-politikur viTarebas, kiTxvas pirdapir svams: `rodemdis? ox,
rodemdis, rodemdis?.. Cemo sayvarelo miwa-wyalo, momec amis pasuxi~.
da kidev erTi:
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, g. ratiSvilis TxzulebaSi CarTulia aleqsandre
pirvelis manifestis teqsti, romelic, rogorc minaweridan Cans, dednidan uTargmnia vasil
maTes Ze Cilaevs (WilaZes). es is vasil Cilaevia, romelic miamagres ruseTSi Casul qarTvelebs
Tarjimnad (`preoCikad~). igi batoniSvilebTan erTad eswreboda aleqsandre I-is mefed
kurTxevas, manifestis gamocxadebas da Semdegac araerTxel Cans TxzulebaSi. es aris
aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestis pirveli Targmani, romelic v. Cilaevs
Seusrulebia ruseTSi myofi batoniSvilebisaTvis dokumentis gacnobis mizniT. aq aris erTi
saintereso detali: `manifesti aleqsandre I-isa saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb~
rusul enaze orjer gamoica, rusul-qarTuli paraleluri teqsti pirvelad daibeWda
moskovSi, 1801 wels, saidanac igi gadmoRebuli aqvs platon ioselians. vasil maTes Ze
Cilaeviseuli Targmani ki aqamde am bolo dromde ar gamoqveynebula. igi zemoxsenebuli
oficialuri Targmanisagan gansxvavdeba frazeologiur-leqsikuri wyobiTa da
136

TaviseburebebiT, amas garda, mTargmnelisa Tu `mciredi moTxrobis~ avtoris mier
Camatebulia ramdenime saintereso detali. ilias `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ g. ratiSvilis
`mciredi moTxrobis~ mxolod pirveli nawilia dabeWdili (mogzauroba Tbilisidan
moskovamde), amitom manifesti masSi ver moxvda. manifestis teqsti gamotovebulia `mciredi
moTxrobis~ v. Saduriseul gamocemaSic, rac, vfiqrobT, imdroindeli politikurideologiuri
koniunqturiT unda iyos gamowveuli (menabde 2005: 200-207).
irkveva, rom aRniSnuli manifesti saqarTveloSi qarTul enaze daibeWda mxolod 1867
wels (cxovreba mefis giorgis XIII-isa... 1867: 287-294), e. i. mas Semdeg, rac iliam `saqarTvelos
moambeSi~ `mciredi moTxrobis~ beWdva daiwyo (1863 w.), manamde ki aRniSnuli manifesti
qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis jer kidev ar iyo qarTul enaze xelmisawvdomi. vfiqrobT, es
garemoebac SeiZlebodaa gamxdariyo i. WavWavaZis am TxzulebiT dainteresebis erT-erTi
mizezi, Tumca, samwuxarod, `mciredi moTxrobis~ es monakveTi maSin veRar gamoqveynda.
TavisTavad is faqti, rom `mciredi moTxrobis~ beWdva i. WavWavaZem wamoiwyo da
`saqarTvelos moambem~ mas Tavisi furclebi dauTmo, ukve mowmobs g. ratiSvilis Txzulebis
maRal Sefasebasa da aRiarebas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom, rodesac a. cagarelma Seadgina
qarTveli poetebis TxzulebaTa xelnaweri krebuli, masSi besikis, al. WavWavaZis, gr.
orbelianis, n. baraTaSvilis, i. WavWavaZis, a. wereTlis leqsebTan erTad Seitana erTi `Sairi~
(`RmerTo, romelsa gaqeben...~) `mciredi moTxrobidan~ (konkretulad, i. WavWavaZis
publikaciidan _ A 1753, 27 r) (saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis... 1955: 223).
rogorc davinaxeT, orive Txzulebas safuZvlad udevs mogzauroba ruseTsa da
saqarTvelos Soris. magram mTavari da arsebiTi, rac maT aerTianebs, aris avtorTa
damokidebuleba `qarTlis bedisadmi~. am or teqstze dakvirveba naTeli magaliTia imisa, Tu
rogor viTardeboda saqarTvelos politikuri cxovreba da, Sesabamisad, rogor viTardeboda
sazogadoebrivi azri XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi, eqvsi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi.
damowmebani:
menabde 2005: menabde d. gabriel ratiSvili _ saqarTvelos tragediis mematiane. literaturuli Ziebani,
XXVI, Tb.: 2005.
ratiani 2006: ratiani i. qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. Tb.: `universali~, 2006.
ratiSvili 1863: ratiSvili g. mciredi ram moTxroba rosiisa. `saqarTvelos moambe~, 11, 12, 1863.
ruxaZe 1966: ruxaZe t. gabriel ratiSvili. wignSi: qarTuli literaturis istoria (eqvs tomad), II, Tb.:
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis... 1955: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa
aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis xelnawerebi (A koleqcia), V (tomi
Seadgina l. quTaTelaZem), a. baramiZis redaqciiT, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1955.
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba 1965: qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili qarTvelTa Soris werakiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleqcia. IV, Sedgenilia da dasabeWdad
damzadebuli: T. bregaZis, l. kiknaZis, m. qavTarias, l. qajaias, m. SaniZis, q.
SaraSiZis, c. Wankievis mier, e. metrevelis redaqciiT. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1965.
Saduri 1962: Saduri v. qarTveli mwerlebi ruseTis Sesaxeb. Semdgenli v. Saduri. Tb.: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1962.
cxovreba mefis giorgis XIII-isa... 1867: cxovreba mefis giorgis XIII-isa, aRwerili platon ioselianisagan.
Tfilisi, Cyiz [1867].
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. II, Tb.: `mecniereba~, `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1988.
137

XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis qarTuli saliteraturo
kritika da ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba
nestan kutivaZe
qarTul sazogadoebriv da kulturul yofaSi ilia WavWavaZis Rvawlis
gansakuTrebulobas, bevr sxva faqtTan erTad, cxadyofs qarTuli saliteraturo kritikis
damokidebuleba `Cemo kalamos” avtoris mimarT. poetis erT-erT pirvel leqss maSinve mohyva
XIX saukunis 50-iani wlebis cnobili kritikosis nikoloz berZniSvilis dadebiTi
gamoxmaureba. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos ki am periodis, aseve, erT-erTi cnobili
kritikosi giorgi TumaniSvili werda, rom 10-15 wlis winaT ilia WavWavaZe axdenda yvelaze
did gavlenas qarTul literaturaze, Tumca am droisaTvis mas gauCnda gancda, rom qarTuli
mwerloba `Sesdga `kacia-adamiansa” da `mgzavris werilebze”. ilias Tanamedrove kritika
araerTgvarovani, xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi da zogjer subieqturic iyo misi calkeuli
nawarmoebis SefasebaSi, Tumca arasdros gulgrili.
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul memkvidreobaze TanamedroveTa mier Seqmnilia Zalze
sayuradRebo, dRevandeli gadasaxedidanac ki STambeWdavi werilebi, romlebic nawilobriv
manic aRadgens ilias mSfoTvare epoqas. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa: a. wereTlis, a.
furcelaZis, n. nikolaZis, al. cagarelis, d. janaSvilis, al. sarajiSvilis, gr. volskisa da
sxvaTa werilebi.
1877 wels gazeT `kavkazSi” daibeWda n. berZniSvilis werili: `ramdenime sityva qarTuli
literaturis Sesaxeb”, romelSic avtori mimoixilavda Jurnal `ciskris” pirvel wigns.
rogorc cnobilia, masSi dabeWda iliam Tavisi erT-erTi pirveli leqsi `Citi”. cnobilma
kritikosma damwyebi avtoris publikacias maSinve miaqcia yuradReba da aRniSna, rom
`ukanaskneli leqsi mogvewona, gansakuTrebiT, bunebis umwikvlo siwmindis aRweriT,
simsubuqisa da gamoTqmis xmovanebis gamoo” (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1955: 67). magram am
mosazrebis gamoqveynebidan sul oriode wlis Semdeg, swored ilias poezia gaxda
gansakuTrebuli Tavdasxmis sagani. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, es gapirobebuli iyo
ufro metad 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mimdinare TaobaTa Soris dapirispirebiT da im
SexedulebaTa xSirad radikaluri sxvaobiTac, romliTac mamebisa da Svilebis banakebi
gamoirCeodnen, vidre ilias mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, kerZod ki poeziis RirsebanaklovanebebiT.
Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom ilias leqsebis
`ugarmonioba, undiloba da simZime” swored akakis, romelic aseve ilias Tanamoazre iyo,
poeziis `simardesTan” SedarebiT sabuTdeboda (g. baraTaSvili) an is, rac mieteveboda giorgi
erisTavs, romlis `galobac,_anton furcelaZis azriT, gaTavebuli iyo”, ar epatieboda ilia
WavWavaZes, radgan `is TiTonac axals xalxsa da sazogadoebaSia gazrdili da axals
elementebSi gamosuli” (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1955: 358). is faqti ki, rom ilias leqsebi
sxvebisas sjobda, poetis Tanamedrove kritokisebisaTvis SeRavaTis sagans ar warmoadgenda.
amgvarad ganisjeboda ilias: `poeti”, `mas aqeT, raki”, `ciuri xmebi”, `mZinare qali”,
`usuldgmulo cxovreba”, `guTnis deda”, `muSa”, `locva”. am leqsebs, kritikosis TqmiT,
etyoboda mcdeloba imisa, rom `ZalaTi suli Caudgas da aSkaraTa hxedavT, rom aq niWi ki ar
muSaobs, xelovneba muSaobs. Cven ar vityviT, rom esec Rirseba ar iyves, esec Tavis mxriv
Rirsebaa avtorisa, _magram poetur niWSi da amaSi didi garCevaa”,-werda anton furcelaZe
(qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1955: 359).
swored anton furcelaZesa da mis Tanamoazreebs pasuxobda meore didi `Tergdaleuli”
akaki wereTeli Tavis cnobil werilSi `ramdenime sityva Canguris Sesaxeb”, rodesac
aRniSnavda: `Tu WavWavaZis leqsebSi marto xelovnebas mivaqcevT yuradRebas, maSin mis
leqsebs ar eqneba didi Rirseba, magram Cven marto xelovnebas ar veZebT” (wereTeli 1990: 23).
akakis es werili sayurdReboa wminda xelovnebisa da xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi
Rirebulebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmiT (es problema saerTod aqtualuria XIX
saukunis qarTvel mweralTa publicistikaSic da mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic). poeti
`bulbulobas” da `kacobas”upirispirebs erTmaneTs da qveynisaTvis, Tavisi droisaTvis
gaweuli samsaxuris gamo misTvis umTavresi mxatvrulad asaxuli soflis sazrunavia. am
TvalsazrisiT, ilias poezias gamorCeulad Tvlis: `WavWavaZe aris baraTaSvilis mokananaxe da
misi didi Rirsebac amazed aris dafuZnebuli”,-wers akaki(wereTeli 1990: 21). ufro
mogvianebiT amgvari Sexeduleba gamoTqva anton furcelaZemac. isic aRniSnavda, rom ilias
Semoqmedebis pasaJebs aqvT Tanxvedra grigol orbelianisa da nikoloz baraTaSvilis
poeziasTan, magram sakiTxis amgvar WrilSi gadatana upirvelesad akaki wereTlis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
sagangebod gvinda SevCerdeT aleqsandre cagarelis werilze: `Cveni ubeduri
mwignobroba am saukuneSi”, romelic 1870 wels daibeWda `droebis” xuT nomerSi. al. cagareli
Tvlida, rom 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi umTavresi vnebebi ukve damcxrali iyo, gansxvavebiT im
periodisa, rodesac asparezze axladgamosuli ilias arc qeba da arc Zageba ar iyo
138

gaazrebuli. misi azriT, roca `TviTon WavWavaZec ki Tvals moefara” SesaZlebelia misi
Semoqmedebis obieqturi gaanalizeba, amisaTvis ki saWiroa XIX saukunis qarTul
literaturaze `Tvalis gadavleba mainc”.
miuxedavad imisa, rom al. cagarelis am mimoxilvaSi bevri sakamaTo da miuRebeli
Sexedulebaa gamoTqmuli, werili mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs,
masSi lesingisa da tenis esTetikur Teoriebze dayrdnobiT, mocemulia XIX saukunis I naxevris
qarTuli literaturis analizi.
cagarelma XIX saukunis qarTuli literatura sam periodad dayo. pirvel periods man
al. WavWavaZis samijnuro mimarTulebis periodi uwoda. calke mdgomad miiCnia n. baraTaSvili,
romelic `ar saWiroebda sxvis mibaZvas da imas ki veravin mihbaZa” (qarT. lit. krit.
istoriidan 1956: 73). meore periods g. erisTavis, komikuri mimarTulebis periodi uwoda,
mesamed ki ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis Semoqmedeba miiCnia, Tan iqve aRniSna: `exla
yvelasaTvis cxadi Seiqna, rom ilia WavWavaZes marTla toli, uRlis gamwevi ara hyavs Cven
literaturaSi”( qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 3,85).
bunebrivia, rom cagarelma ilias Semoqmedebas am werilSi didi adgili dauTmo da
isaubra rogorc Rirsebebze, ise naklovanebebze.
kritikosis TqmiT, WavWavaZis poezia aCvenebs avtoris `Rrma poetur bunebas, amas versad
ver ipovnis da ver SeiZens kaci, Tu bunebiT ar aris dajildoebuli, Tund kacma Tavis dReni
imis ZebnaSi daaRamos; marTalia bejiTobiT da cdiT kaci bevrs Seimatebs, magram il.
WavWavaZeebi marto ibadebian...” (wereTeli 1990: 86). cagarelis azriT, `udidesi Rirseba imis
poeziisa aris sityva_gamoTqmaT saSineli da Seumagrebeli Zala, gulwrfeloba da
gulRiaoba,_aqedan warmodgeba imis poeziis Rrma grZnoba da yovlis SemZvreli zed
moqmedeba” (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 88). am RirsebebTan erTad ilias poezias gaaCnda
naklovanebac, romelzedac amaxvildeba yuradRebas cagareli da romelic, winamorbedTa
Sexedulebebis msgavsad, ilias leqsis formis garSemo fokusirdeboda. `umetesi nawili
naklulovanoba aqvs il. WavWavaZis poeziasa garegani formis, xelovnebis, enisa da leqsTwyobis
SeumuSavebloba, agreTve Sinagani Tvisebis Seufardebloba cota grZnobis qona zog
leqsSi da bevri msjelobis CaCra...”,_aRniSnavda kritikosi (wereTeli 1990: 89), rac, misi
azriT, poezias `filosofiur gansjad” aqcevda, poets ki `msjelad”.
cagarels ilias `samoqalaqo simamacis” nimuSad miaCnda misi `agviyolia siyrmidanve Cven
qarTlis bedma”, magram, amasTanave, qalis teqstad Tvlida frazas: `dae, Tund gvZraxon”.
poeti pirveli qristianebis msgavsad, unda werdes, "gvdevnono”( qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan
1956: 95).
am da sxva SeniSvnebis miuxedavad, cagareli marTebulad xedavda ilias gamorCeulobas,
Rvawlis mniSvlobasac da swored amitom usurvebda mas dawyebuli saqmeebis bolomde
warmatebiT gasrulebas, rom misi `ukuwirva uRvTo ar yofiliyo”.
amave periodSi ilias poezia kidev araerTxel gamxdara cxare msjelobis sagani. magram
amjerad gvinda SevexoT im polemikas, romelic 1870-iani wlebis bolos ilias poemis `mefe
dimitri Tavdadebulis” gamoqveynebas mohyva.
giorgi TumaniSvilis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ilia WavWavaZe kvlav `moqmedobs
qarTuli literaturis asparezze” da veravin ityvis, rom misi poeturi niWi dasustda, risi
dasturic `dimitri Tavdadebulia” ufro msubuqia misi leqsi da ufro xalxuria ena, vidre
Tundac `muSisa” an `poetisa”, mainc maSindeli sazogadoebisaTvis iliasa da akakis poezias
winandeli mniSvneloba aRar hqonda, radgan winaT `isini upasuxebdnen im kiTxvebze, romelnic
dRe da Ram mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen Cven ganaTlebulobas. Cven vpoulobT am leqsebSi axal
grZnobas, axal azrebs”,- werda TumaniSvili (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 311).
misi TqmiT, `dimitri TavdadebulSi” axali azri aRar ido. miuxedavad imisa, rom poeti
mefis gmirobas asxamda xotbas, am gamorCeul gmirobaSic ki axali aRaraferi iyo. Tu imasac
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kritikosis azriT, umjobesi iyo avtors glexTa cxovrebaze
gaemaxvilebina yuradReba, naTeli iqneba social_demokratiuli ideebis gavlena ra Zalumad
ikidebda fexs XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi.
giorgi TumaniSvilis am werils gamoexmaura aleqsandre Wyonia, romelic Tvlida, rom
kritikosi ver gansjida, ra unda eqadaga poets da ra ara.
sagangebod exeba poemas al. sarajiSvilic. 1879 wlis `iveriis” pirveli nomris
mimoxilvaSi is aRniSnavs, rom `ucnauri gmiria dimitri Tavdadebuli”. mas TavSi mxolod
mamulis daxsnis azri utrialebs, gulSi ki sicocxlis siyvaruli. misi azriT, mefe gmiri ki ar
aris, mamulis msxverplia, romelic ver xvdeba, rom am msxverplSewirviT mamuls ver uSvelis,
mas mxolod umefod datovebs da amiT ufro daRupavs. magram, kritikosis azriT, poemis
umTavresi nakli ambis brma mefanduris poziciidan Txrobaa, radgan swored igi ver Caswvda
mefis gmirul suls, samagierod kritikosma leqsTwyobis mxriv poema rusTvelis
`vefxistyaosansac” ki Seadara (qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 320-321).
al. sarajiSvilis am recenzias Seexo da Tavisi mosazrebebi gamoTqva gr. volskim,
romelic ar eTanxmeboda recenzents da miaCnda, rom poema rigian analizs moiTxovda, ris
139

saSualebasac mas `droebis” (romelSic gamoqveynda es werili) formati ar aZlevda, Tumca man
mainc sakmaod detalurad imsjela dimitri Tavdadebulis gmirobasa da poemis Rirsebebze.
literaturaTmcodneebma "mefe dimitri Tavdadebuls" jerovani yuradReba dauTmes
ilias poeziis Temebis, mxatvruli Taviseburebebisa Tu sxva damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebis
Seswavlisas. TavisTavad cxadia, rom literaturul kritikas SemdgomSi samsjelod ar
gauxdia, iyo Tu ara poemaSi aRwerili ambavi gmiroba, Tumca es sakamaTod arc ilias
Tanamedrove bevr kritikoss miaCnda.
dRes am SexedulebaTa umravlesoba Zalze gulubryviloa da mxolod imis dasturad Tu
gamogvadgeba, raoden mgrZnobiare iyo ilias epoqa Tavisi saukeTeso Svilis Semoqmedebisadmi.
calke unda SevexoT 60-70-iani wlebis literaturuli kritikis damokidebulebas ilias
prozis mimarT. rogorc cnobilia, am periodSi daibeWda ilias `glaxis naambobi”, `kaciaadamiani?!”
da `mgzavris werilebi”, romlebsac imTaviTve miaqcies yuradReba da, poeziisagan
gansxvavebiT, saukeTeso prozaul nawarmoebebadac Seafases.
niko nikolaZe Tvlida, rom anton furcelaZes 60-ian wlebSi iliasTan dapirispirebis
gamo edo imgvari codva, romelsac igi verafriT ver gamoisyidda da samareSi Caitanda.
cxadia, aseTi mZime braldeba upasuxod ar datova adresatma da Seaxsena nikolaZes, rom mas
moswonda rogorc ilias `glaxis naambobi”, ise misi Semoqmedebis sxva mxareebi, Tumca
aRiarebda imasac, rom arasdros ahyavda sxvebiviT caSi da xedavda misi Semoqmedebis naklsac,
romlis aRniSvnac aucileblad miaCnda, radgan yovelTvis udavod icoda, rom `avtoriteti i.
WavWavaZisa ise moqmedebs, rom mwerlebi brmad baZven masa Tavis naklulovanebiTa” (qarT. lit.
krit. istoriidan 1956: 193).
swored anton furcelaZem miuZRvna pirveli vrceli werili ilias `kacia_adamians?!”
saTauriT `kacia, adamiani”-moTxroba m. jimSeriZisa”. am statiidan vgebulobT, rom `glaxis
naambobTan erTad am Txzulebasac TanamedroveTa araCveulebrivi gamoxmaureba mohyolia da
bevrs igi msoflio mniSvnelobis nawarmoebadac miuCnevia. kritikosma vrclad isaubra `kaciaadamianis?!”
mTavari gmirebis Sesaxeb. aRniSna, rom moTxrobaSi zogadi suraTi iyo aRwerili
da TaTqariZeebi mravlad iyvnen mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, aseve, gamoiyena terminebi:
"TaTqariZeoba", "TaTqariZevSCina", romelsac, misive TqmiT, mravali mxare hqonda, magram ar
gaiziara avtoris Sexeduleba "TaTqariZevSCinis" qarTul movlenad warmosaxvasTan
dakavSirebiT da dauwuna mas Zlieri sulieri vnebebis gadmocemis unari. Cveni azriT, a.
furcelaZis es Sexeduleba winaaRmdegobrivia. erTi mxriv, igi aRiarebs, rom "TaTqariZeobas"
saerTo xasiaTi aqvs, magram, meore mxriv, ar Tvlis mas zogad qarTul problemad. am movlenas
Semdgomi periodis kvlevebiT ufro Rrma gaazreba mieca, swored, rogorc sazogado
movlenas, rasac dRes sakamaTod aRaravin xdis.
Tu ilias leqsebTan SedarebiT a. furcelaZe upiratesobas akakis poezias aniWebda,
prozaul TxzulebebSi igi pirvelobas jimSeriZes akuTvnebda. Tavis cnobil `ramdenime
sityvaSi” akakic amjobinebda ilias prozad eTqva saTqmeli da darbaislurad emusaifa,
amasTan miaCnda, rom `kacia-adamiani?!” da `glaxis naambobi” im periodis qarTuli mwerlobis
obol margalitebs warmoadgendnen (wereTeli 1990: 23). aseve fiqrobda dimitri janaSvilic.
igi ilias `saqarTvelos moambis” daxurvis gamo sayvedurobda, Tan aRniSnavda, rom `kaciaadamiani?!”
da `glaxis naambobi” calke wignebad unda daestambaT, rom am nawarmoebebs is
sargebloba moetanaT, romelzec Tavad ilia werda `poetSi”.
al. cagareli ki `kacia-adamianis” msgavsebas poulobda `micvalebul sulebTan” da
swored is miaCnda `yvelaze did da SesaniSnav” nawarmoebad, rac ilias dauweria. Tumca iqve
aRniSnavda, rom es msgavseba mxolod garegnulia da mweralma qarTlis cxovrebis Sig gulSi
Caixeda. misi azriT, `kacia-adamiani?!” aris patar-patara didi xelovnebiT aRwerili scenebi
da suraTebi erTad Sekrebili. magram, rom avcdeT TaTqariZeobas, mweralma umjobesia
istorias mimarTos, radgan didi azris gamosaxatavad didi sagania saWiro (qarT. lit. krit.
istoriidan 1956: 103).
`suraTebis ostaturi Sezaveba” miiCnia niko nikolaZemac `kacia-adamianis?!” erT-erT
umTavres Rirsebad. `kacia, adamianSi” gamorCeuli sagani swored isea aRwerili, rogorc
namdvil cxovrebaSi arsebobs da dafasebulia pirdapir sjiT ki ara, suraTebis ostaturi
SezavebiT da erTmaneTze gadabmiT”,- wers niko nikolaZe (qarTuli mwerloba 1997: 82), `glaxis
naambobze” sagangebod gamoqveynebul werilSi. am nawarmoebSi, rogorc aRniSnavs kritikosi,
`gamourCeveli mwerali dgas”. misi azriT, `glaxis naambobi” ufro publicisturi xasiaTisaa,
xolo `kacia-adamiani?!” mxatvruli. miuxedavad amisa, miaCnia, rom ilia WavWavaZis
SemoqmedebaSi `glaxis naambobi” saukeTeso nawarmoebad darCeboda, rom mas `kacia aadmiani?!”
ar daewera.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis mimarTeba XIX saukunis rusul
literaturasTan ar yofila mxolod 60-70-iani wlebis qarTuli literaturuli kritikis
interesis sagani. ilia kargad icnobda rusul kulturas, razec Tavadac mianiSnebda. es
sakiTxi uyuradRebod arc momdevno saukunis mkvlevrebs dautovebiaT, Tumca am
TvalsazrisiT bevri ram jer kidev Sesaswavlia.
140

mowoneba da aRiareba xvda wilad ilias `mgazavris werilebsac”. niko yifianma
TanamedroveTa yuradReba gansakuTrebiT `oTxi weliwadis” epizodze gaamaxvila da sevdianad
aRniSna, rom `qarTvelebSi naklebadaa cxovrebisaTvis saWiro swavla-miRebuli adamianebi”
(qarT. lit. krit. istoriidan 1956: 123). albaT, amis gamoc iyo, rom petre umikaSvils ilias
`oriode sityvidan” sul raRac aTiode wlis Semdeg ukvirda kidec, ratom gacxardnen maSin
aseTi `mSvidobiani guliT nawerze”.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis literaturulma kritikam SeZlo
ZiriTadad marTebulad daenaxa da Seefasebina Tavisi gamorCeuli Tanamedrovis Rvawli da is
vnebaTaRelvac, arcTu iSvaiaTad rom axlda mis Semoqmedebas, swored amgvari
damokidebulebiT iyo gapirobebuli.
1877 wels `droebis” furclebidan niko nikolaZe `Tavs uflebas aZlevda erTi rCeva
mieca uf. WavWavaZisaTvis”: `nu daiviwyebda, rom xangrZlivia marto Sinagani Zala, marto
dedaazri”. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad saWiroebda ilia amis Sexsenebas, magram erTi ram udavoa:
swored Tavisi nawarmoebebis Sinagani Zalisa da dedaazris gamo iqca ilia WavWavaZe
saqarTvelos ukvdav Tanamdev sulad, raSic im periodis saliteraturo kritikamac Seitana
wvlili.
damowmebani:
qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoriidan 1955: qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoriidan,
qrestomaTia, t. I, Tb., 1955.
qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoriidan 1956: qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoriidan,
qrestomaTia, t. II, Tb., 1956.
qarTuli mwerloba 1997: qarTuli mwerloba 30 tomad, t. XIV, Tb., 1997.
wereTeli 1990: akaki wereTeli, rCeuli nawerebi xuT tomad, t.IV, Tb.,1990.
141

ilias ucnobi werilebi Tbilisel somexTa Sesaxeb
juli gaboZe
sazogadoebisaTvis cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis 90_ian wlebSi ilia WavWavaZem didi
kamaTi gamarTa im somex vai mecnierebTan, romlebic urcxvad, aTasi xrikebiT cdilobdnen
saqarTvelos istoriis gayalbebas da Cveni erovnuli siamayis daCemebas. ilia Zalian
principulad gamoexmaura maT am mcdelobas da uZRvna werilebis mTeli cikli saTauriT:
somexTa mecnierni da “qvaTa RaRadi”,(WavWavaZe, iveria: 1899 64_76 ) esaris asgverdiani
naSromi, romelic imave wels calke broSuradac daibeWda( iveria 1899). da Semdgom wlebSic
ara erTgzis gamoqveynda. es naSromi amjerad ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa octomeulis XIV
tomSi daibeWda.( WavWavaZe 2007 b: 177) Tumca, rogorc irkveva, ilias kidev ufro adre
dauwyia eris Rirsebis dacva. jer kidev maSin, rodesac Tbiliselma somxebma qalaqis
TviTmmarTvelobaSi moiyares Tavi da gamoacxades: “Tbilisi Cveniao”!
albaT, advili warmosadgenia, rogor daicavda ilia qarTvelTa am siwmindes, aRniSnuli
polemika 1897 wlis gazafxulze daiwyo da “iveriaSi” gaCnda ilias morigi xelmouwereli da
usaTauro werilebi. Cveni kvlevis interess swored es meTaurebi warmoadgens, romlebic
pirvelad qveyndeba ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa octomeulis XIII tomSi. (tomi Seadgines da
komentarebi daurTes eTer SaraSeniZem da julieta gaboZem). dadgenilia, rom “iveriis” yvela
xelmouwereli meTauri werili ilias kalams ekuTvnis. dRemde arsebul yvela
bibliografiaze dayrdnobiT mecnierma levan WrelaSvilma Seiswavla “iveriis”
xelmouwereli meTaurebis atribuciis sakiTxi, ris Sedegadac ilias Txzulebani ramdenime
aTeuli tomiT gamdidrda.( WrelaSvili :43 ). Tbiliseli somxebisadmi miZRvnili werilebi
ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa XIII tomSi ibeWdeba. (WavWavaZe2007 a: 300_356) somexTa sakiTxs
iliam 12 werili miuZRvna. isini erTmaneTis miyolebiT ibeWdeboda da bevr maTgans Tavad
avtori imowmebs momdevno werilebSi. am meTaurebis atribuciis sakiTxs Cven sagangebod
ganvixilavT. amjerad, gvinda SevniSnoT ilias polemikis is saocari manera, rac albaT, bevr
mecniersa da politikoss daamSvenebda. patriotizmi da humanizmi, didi codna da ufro
didi gansjisa da analizis unari. mouridebloba mowinaaRmdegesTan da imavdroulad saocari
taqti da TavSekaveba. ilia erTsa da imave dros aris bralmdebelica da damcvelic,
Wirisufalica da kargi mezobelic. igi didi ostatobiT axerxebs yvela sakiTxis siRrmiseul
analizs da mxolod amis Semdeg akeTebs saTanado daskvnebs problemis Sesaxeb.
“gvetyvian, rom aq mTels somxobaze aris laparaki da ara calke kacze, marTalia,
somxobaze aris, magram ara mTels somxobaze. sxva somexTan, romelnic vin icis sad ar arian
dasaxlebulni, Cven ra xeli gvaqvs! RmerTma imaTs kacurkacobas da adamianurs sulTa
swrafvas xeli moumarTos yvelgan. Cven pirvelni guliTadis sixaruliT mivegebebiT am
marTla-da sasixarulo ambavs. aqaur somxobaze Tu vilaparakebT an sxvani hlaparakoben, eg
sul sxva saqmea. aq mTels erTan saqme aravis ara aqvs ra. yvelam kargad icis, rom ar aris
qveyanaze imisTana eri, romel Sorisac kargic ar iyos da avic. ueWvelia, somxebsac eyolebaT
imisTana kacni, romlis winaSe Cvenc quds movixdiT pativiscemis niSnad. aq Cven vlaparakobT
marto Cvens somxobaze, romelic, Cvenda samwuxarod, raRac calke razmad daewyo da imisTana
moZRvrebas adgia, rom TviT gonebagaxsnil somexsac ki unda eTakilebodes, ar moswondes.”(
WavWavaZe.a2007a: 304).
pirveli werilis pirobiTi saTauri aseTia: “TbilisSi somxobam xelT igdo qalaqis
marTveloba” (igive) ilias sawuxari swored isaa, rom Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba mxolod
somxebiT dakompleqtda da xmosnebs im niSniT ki ar irCevdnen, vin risi gamkeTebeli iyo,
aramed imiT, somexia Tu ara. ilia imasac aRniSnavs, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis 53%
araqarTulia “gagvibatondnen tfilisis TviTmarTvelobaSi, qalaqi xelT igdes da TiTqo
siciliT gveubnebian: Tu cxonebaa, Cven, somxebic kargad gacxonebTo.” ( iqve).
ilia Tanmimdevrulad cdilobs am sakiTxis analizs. is mSvenivrad xvdeba, rom somxebis
ase dajgufeba da mmarTvelobaSi gamoketva sulac araa ganpirobebuli qalaqis ukeTesad
movlis mizniT. maT programac ar gaaCniaT, erTaderTi survili aqvT: “ qalaqi Cveniao..
tfilisi romeli somxeTia an sazRvarmdebareobiT an xelmwifebiT rom ase kadnierad
Cemuloben somxebi, _ Cveniao? saidam sada? sad somexi da somxeTi da sad tfilisis qalaqi?
saidam sad iwvdian xelsa! kidev vityviT, aq marto saxlebia somxebisa, isic, vin icis, ramdenad,
da ara qalaqi, romelic saqarTvelos miwa-wyalzea da saqarTvelosTan erTad ekuTvnis
ruseTsa. aq somexs, rogorc erovnebas somxobisas, krintic ar SeuZlian dasZras, somxis
saxeliT aq droSas ver gaSlis da somxobiT ver ibatonebs. aq somxisa ara aris ra, aq yvelani
tfilisis Tanaswori mkvidrni arian, ganurCevlad qarTvelisa, somexisa, rusisa da sxvisa da
sxvisa. aq laparaki qalaqis mkvidris saxeliT aris marto Sesawynarebeli da ara somexisiT, da
nametnavad somexisiT, romelic aq xizania da sxva arara.”
ilias es werilic 1897 wels daibeWda xelmouwerelad da da dasaTaurebulia ilias
fraziTve; “sad somxeTi da sad Tbilis qalaqi? (WavWavaZe 2007a: 309) es werilic imis dasturia
Tu, rogor wuxs ilia qveynis bedze, Tumca rogorc Cans, mezobel erTan amgvari saubari arc
142

Tu ise did siamovnebas aniWebs: ” vwuxvarT, rom somxebis dauWerelma saubarma iZulebuli
gagvxada yovelive es gveTqva da ara gvgonia, rom yoveli gonebamixvedrili somexic amasve ar
swuxdes.”
“movida somexi da moitana sxva mexio” (WavWavaZe 2007a: 316) wers ilia erT-erTi
xelmouwerel meTaurSi.” rogorc ilia ambobs, somxebma esec ar ikmares da qarTvelebs
sizarmace da uqnaroba daswames. Turme maTi TqmiT “exlandel droSi ,,humanoba~,
kacTmoyvareoba da sxva amisTana tkbil-tkbili da adamianis sasaxelo madli zRaparia da
tyuil-ubralo laqlaqi moclil da usaqmo kacisao. esec ar ikmares da iqamde Tavs gavidnen,
rom gveubnebian: kulturis warmomadgenelni kavkasiaSi Cvena varTo da Cveni madlobelni
iyaviT, rom kultura Cven Semogvaqvs saqarTveloSio”.
ilia aRSfoTebulia mezobeli xalxis amgvari gancxadebebiT. ufro ki is ukvirs, ratom
ar exmianebian am ugunur gancxadebas Wkviani somxebi, ratom uyrueben: “Tu kultura marTla
imaSia, rom kacTmoyvareoba sulelobaa da gandevnil unda iyos kacTa sacxovrebelidam,
RmerTma is kulturac Searcxvinos da misi momgonica. ramdeni sikeTe warmosdgeba amisTana
kulturul moZRvrebisagan, RmerTma mSvidobaSi moaxmaroT da Cven, qarTvelebs ki sxva ara
dagvrCenia garda imisa, rom vTqvaT: movida somexi da moitana sxva mexio. Tu amisi Tqma ar
undodaT, TviTon somxobas unda gamoedva aq Tavi da uareyo eseTi kulturuli moZRvreba da
qadageba imav gziT, ra gziTac gamoqveynda.”
rogorc aRvniSneT, ilia mowinaveebs usaTaurod beWdavda, da es kidev erTi niSania
maTi atribuciis sakiTxis dasadgenad. yvela im mowinaves, romelic ilias kalams ar ekuTvnis
axlavs xelmowera. mag “a. f-li” ( aleqsandre froneli), “kita” ( kita abaSiZe) , farnaozi .
arsebobs artem axnazarovis mogonebac, romlis mixedviT irkveva, rom “iveriis” gazeTad
gadakeTebis pirvel or-sam weliwads ilia TiTqmis yoveldRe meTaur werilebsa werda
gazeTisaTvis da es werilebi xelmouwerlad ibeWdeboda. Tu sxva vinme dawerda meTaurs,
mxolod maSin aRiniSneboda werilis boloSi damweris vinaoba, fsevdonimi an saxelisa da
gvaris inicialebi.”(WrelaSvili 1981: 43).
iliam ramdenime werili gamoaqveyna amgvari rubrikiT “patara saubari” ( WavWavaZe
2007a: 321). amjerad Cveni yuradReba miiqcia orma aseTma werilma. erTSi moTxrobilia im
samoswavlo gegmis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos saeqsarxosoSi qarTul samrevlo
skolebSi slavianuri enis magier qarTuli saeklesio ena unda aswavlon da radgan saWiro
raodenobis saxelmZRvaneloebi ara hqoniaT, TxovniT miumarTavT sinodis samoswavlo
komitetisaTvis: qarTuli saxareba da fsalmunebi gamogvigzavneTo. 1892 uwmindes sinods
gamougzavnia ramdenime aseuli saxareba, oRond somxuri.
meore patara saubari (WavWavaZe 2007a: 334). aseve somex-qarTvelTa urTierTobas exeba
da mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac aq moTxrobil ambavs franguli gazeT “ Temps “
korespondentis kutulis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisa da somexTa mier misi maspinZlobis
Sesaxeb (rogorc ilia wers, bevri ramiT mouxiblavT stumari, Tumca igi sof. SindisSi
qorwilSi qalebis grZel cxvirebs gauocebia, razedac maspinZlebs uTqvamT, egeni qarTveli
qalebi ariano). ilia TiTqmis sityva-sityviT imeorebs “qvaTa RaRadSi”, rac utyuari
argumentia am werilebis atribuciis dasadgenad (WavWavaZe2007 b: 177).
“qarTvelebisa da somxebis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi da interesi” (WavWavaZe 2007 a:321) es
xelmouwereli usaTauro werili iliam 1897 rlis 5 aprils dabeWda. werili metad saintereso
dakvirvebebs Seicavs da igi obieqturi, civiluri kamaTis nimuSia. es aris analitikuri
msjelobiT gajerebuli werili. roca adamians ar aviwydeba sakuTar TvalSi dires SemCneva,
sxvisi Rirsebisa da damsaxurebis aRiareba. ilia Rrma analizis Sedegad xsnis im sxvaobebsa da
maT mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs, rac am or ers gamoarCevs erTmaneTisagan. rac ganapirobebs
am ori eris xasiaTis sxvadasxvaobas. ilia exmaureba somexTa gancxadebebs, rom kavkasiaSi
kulturis Semomtani eri varT da bevri ganaTlebuli adamiani gyavso. “ qeba da dideba
somxebs, rom Taviss Svilebs uswavlelad ara stoveben. amisaTvis, swored unda vTqvaT, somexi
ded-mama arafersa hzogavs SvilisaTvis da welebze fexs idgams, Svils codna risame misces,
saswavlebelSi fexi Seadgmevinos. yvelaferSi xelmoWerili da yairaTiani somexi aq Tavisis
Svilis sikeTisaTvis xelgaSlilia da meti ar iqneba vTqvaT, rom TiTqmis guluxvica. TviTon
iqneba xmeli puric ikmaros da erTi dRec sixarulisa da siamovnebisa ar gamoiaros da Svilis
swavlisaTvis araferi hSurs: groSs groSze akowiwebs, marcvals marcvalze sdebs, rom Svils
swavlisa da codnis SeZenis gza misces. sasaxelod somexisa esec unda iTqvas, rom arc Svilebi
hyavT umadurni. esenic Taviss mxriT ded-mamas samagieros imiT uxdian, rom rac SeiZleba
bejiToben, TavgamodebiT bolomde gulgautexelad da gulaucrueblad ebrZvian siZneles
swavla-codnisas, dawyebuli bolomde gaaqvT.”(iqve, 324).
iliam mSvenivrad icis, rom bavSvi pirvel yovlisa, ojaxidan iRebs yovelgvar zne-
Cveulebas, amitomac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogor garemoSi izrdeba is. ilia am mxriv,
somex mSoblebsa da maT gulmodginebas gansakuTrebiT afasebs: “RmerTma nuravis nu
mouSalos aseTi ojaxoba, aseTi saojaxo anderZi, aseTi wurTvna Svilisa saxlSive, ojaxSive da
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aseTi gulmodgine ded-mama, _ es pirveldamwyebi da uebro mwurTvneli, romlis magierobas
Znelad Tu gauwevs vinme SemdegSi, rac gind karg saswavlebelSi iyos mibarebuli.”
ilia WavWavaZe piruTvneli Semfasebelia sakuTari eris mdgomareobisa. igi uaryofiT
epiTetebsac ar iSurebs Tavisi xalxis mankierebis warmosaCenad: “qarTvelebs es unari ara
gvaqvs. Cveni ojaxi am dargze ar aris dayenebuli, Cvenda saubedurod. qarTveli ded-mama jer
yvelaze uwinares bedovlaTia”
Tumca ilia aqac ar Ralatobs Tavisi msjelobis Cveul stils da igi gamowvlilviT,
siRrmiseulad eZebs ama Tu im problemis mizezebs. am SemTxvevaSi ilia cdilobs auxsnas
mkiTxvels, ra aris qarTvelTa bedovlaTobis mizezebi: “iqneba aq Cveni istoriac iyos mizezi.
istoriulma bedma aseTs mdgomareobaSi daayena qarTveli, rom dRes ar icoda, xvale misi
iqneba Tu ara. igeriebda yoveldRe mters, yovel wuTs moeloda, rom ai an exla amiklebs mteri
an exlao, sarCo-qonebas gadamibugavs, wamglejs, waiRebs da exla rom cocxali var, ar vici,
wuTis Semdegac viqnebiRa cocxali Tu arao. sakvirvelic ar aris, rom dRiTi dRidam, wliTiwlobiT
da saukunidam saukunemde amisTana yofam xvalis uimedobisam ver SeuCvia fiqri _
dRevandeli dRe igulvos xvalisaTvis, dRevandeli dahzogos merme gamoyenebisaTvis,
radganac igi ,,merme~, ar icoda, mis xelT iqneba Tu ara. amitomac rac dRes hqonda, dResve
Tavis Tavs axmarebda, sjobia Cemi meve virgo, vidre Cems mters darCeso. ers, romelic
imisTana yofaSia, rom yovel dRe da yovels wuTs moelis gansacdeli an gaZarcul iqmnas
mtrisagan, an sulamoxdili da sadme mokluli, da romelsac es lodini gansacdelisa mTeli
saukunoebi gamouklebliv guls ucruebda yvelaferze, sakvirveli ar aris, rom dasCemda
xasiaTi dRevandelis dauzogvelobisa, dRevandelis daklebiT da xelmoWeriT cxovrebisa.
visTvis da risTviso? CemiT gavamdidro Cemi mterio? me dRes daviklo, davzogo imisaTvis,
rom xval gamarjvebulma mterma daavlos xeli da sul gaxvetoso.”( iqve, 325).
“Cveneburi somxebic xom am dReSi iyvnen da ratom imaTze ki ar imoqmeda amisTana
istoriulma garemoebamao? ikiTxaven. rac somxis saxelmwifo daeca, somexi xmliT aRaravis
dasdgomia win, sasikvdilod Tavi aRar gamoumetnia, asaklebad aRaravin misevia. isini zogi sad
Seixiznen da zogi sad da yvelgan imisTana xelobas mohkides xeli, romelic odesRac
saTakilod miaCndaT meomarT erTa da rogorc ukadriss, dabals, maSindelis azriT, xelobas
aravin Seecilnen. exlaa vaWroba, aRebmicemoba dids pativSi, Torem maSin ra iyo da vin
Seecileboda. saca ciloba ar aris, iq arc SiSia, arc lodini Tavdasxmisa, mosevisa da sisxlis
Rvrisa. garda amisa, TviT igi xeloba, romelsac vaWrobas, aRebmicemobas eZaxian, imisTana
bunebisaa, imisTana Tvisebisa, rom dauzogvelad erTs dResac ver iWaWanebs qveyanaze. xeloba,
romelic imazea marto damyarebuli, rom dRes iyide xvale gasasyidad, xvalezea
damokidebuli da amitom dReisas zogva unda, rom xvale sagzali hqondes. aq xvalis imedi rom
ar iyos, arc dReisi iqneba, aq xvale gvirgvinia dReisa, viTarca dasawyisi dasasrulisa,” es
vrceli amonaweri sagangebod movitaneT, raTa amgvari Tanmimdevruli SedarebiTi analiziT
vaCvenoT mkiTxvels ilias ukompromisoba. es mowinave werili imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom
ilia aqve msjelobs qarTvelisa da somxis xasiaTsa da sxva Tvisebebze “somxis erTi didi
Tviseba is aris, rom igi batoni da mbZanebelia gulTa-Tqmisa, Tvalwin gamorkveuli sagani
aqvs cxovrebisa. unda gavmdirdeo, iZaxis da amis misaRwevad arafers erideba, yovels
dabrkolebas ebrZvis, yovelisfers iTmens: SimSils, wyurvils, wvimas, Tovls, sicxes, sicives,
ybadaRebas, dacinebas, oRond naTqvami ki Seisrulos. raki erTxel dasdo, dReSi erTi groSi
xvalisaTvis gadasdos, dRes mSieri darCeba, Tu gauWirda, da mainc gadasdebs. eseTis mtkice
da dadgromilis xasiaTis kacia da viRacama sTqva, istorias marto xasiaTi hqmniso. igia
batoni Tavisis wadilebisa da survilebisa. gana iman ki ar icis sitkboeba lxinisa,
siamovnebisa, Seqcevisa, magram minam yovels amas miecema, gaetacineba, valad hracxs jer
saWiro iqonios, jer mamasaxlisoba gauwios ojaxs, col-Svils, jer saxli, ojaxi kargad
daabinavos, Svilebs gza misces da lxini da siamovneba arsad wauva. qarTveli ki jer yvelaze
uwinaress bedovlaTobas emsaxureba. igi qeifisaTvis, Seqcevisa da lxinisaTvis, erTis
mxolod baraqalaobisaTvis saWirosac anacvalebs xolme da zed waaklavs. wadili, survili,
gulTaTqmani arian misi batonebi da bZanebelni da TviTon ymaa yurmoWrili. qarTvels
imodena xasiaTi ara aqvs, rom lxinisa da Seqcevis macdurobas ar daeZlevinos. vaJkaci Tavis
gulTaTqmas xelSi mCvrad uxdeba da eTelvineba. tabla gared gaaqvs maSin, rodesac Sin col-
Svilni utirian.” (iqve: 325 ). ilia somxebis siZunwesac exeba da Tvlis, rom es saZraxisi
Tviseba sulac araa. isini Zunwebi arian tyuil-ubralod flangvisaTvis. ilia im mdidari
somxebis Sesaxebac msjelobs, romlebic uangarod exmarebian Tavisianebs? “ aba axla hnaxeT,
raki somexi qons moicxobs, gamdidrdeba, ramodenad guluxvia Tavisis erisaTvis, Tavisis eris
swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis. ise ar mokvdeba, rom karga zorbad fuli an qoneba rame ar Seswiros
Tavisis eris sazogado saWiroebisaTvis, somexTa SvilTa swavla-codnisaTvis saerTod. aq
aramc Tu mzrunveloba da naRveli sCans Tavisis sakuTaris SvilisaTvis, sCans sxvaTa
SvilTaTvisac fiqri da naRveli gulidam, cocxalia Tu mkvdari, moSorebuli ara hqonia, sxva
somxis SvilisaTvisac is wyurvili hqonia, rac Tavisis sakuTarisaTvis da Tavisis
naWirnaxulevis nametanobisagan xels umarTavs. ras ityviT? gana codvaa, rom kacma amisTana
madlisaTvis iZunwos, TviTon iklos da Tavisis erisaTvis ase sasaxelod imetos.”
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ilias azriT somxebs isic exmarebaT Svilebis swavla-ganaTlebaSi, rom TbilisSi binis
xarji ar aqvT. gansxvavebiT soflelisagan( rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba
dRevandeliviT mxolod TbilisSi ar iyo Tavmoyrili j.g.).
swavla-ganaTlebisa da “diplomiani codnis” mniSvnelobas iliam ramdenime werili
uZRvna. misi dakvirvebiT somxebi ZiriTadad sam specialobas etanebian, esenia: advokatis,
inJinrisa da eqimis. es ki imitom, rom samive fuliani profesiaa, Tumca ilia iqve da Semdeg
mowinaveebSic aseve dawvrilebiT ganixilavs am sakiTxs da mkiTxvels aCvenebs randenad
adgebian qveyanas es “diplomiani” eqimebi, veqilebi da inJinrebi. “yovelive is sikeTe da
sidiade codnisa gvwams da Cven mxolod imas vambobT, rom gulgaunaTlebeli, marto
saxveWavad mimarTuli codna ufro mosaridebelia, vidre sanatreli, Tu TavSi gaiwia, piridam
lagami namusisa wamoiyara da ganaTlebulma gulma sadave ar aukriba. codna daufasebeli
madlia mxolod marTla ganaTlebul kacis xelSi. marTalia, ganaTleba ucodnelad Znelad
sagulvebelia, magram marto codna ganaTleba ar aris. codna marto Wkua-gonebis Tvalis
axilebaa da ganaTleba ki masTan erTad gulisac, romelic saTnoebis sadguria. codna Tu
cxovrebis gzas gvinaTebs, saTnoeba gviTbobs. ganaTleba hgavs mzesa, romelic ise ar anaTebs,
rom imave dros ar aTbos da ise ar aTbos, rom ar anaTos.
aba am sawyaoTi miviwyoT aqauri inJeneroba, mkurnaloba da advokatoba _ qarTvelisa
iqneba Tu somxebisa da maSin gamoCndeba, ra didi xvavi dadgeba. “ maSin, roca Tbilisi
Cabnelebulia, inJineri ganaTebis sakeTeblad ucxoeTidan mogvyavs, roca gzaa dasagebi, Tu
kanalizacia gasayvani, isev ucxoel specialistebs mivmarTavT,_ wuxs ilia. mkurnalis
funqcia daavadebis mecnieruli kvlevac unda iyos. “CvenSi diplomia niSani mkurnalis
codnisa da ara TviT codna” (WavWavaZe 2007 a:352), “swavla-codna, rogorc mxolod fulis
xveWis sagani”(WavWavaZe 2007 a: 338) ase dasaTaurda ilias 19 aprilis mowinave. “usicocxlo
codna xvedria uniWobisa “ ( iqve :343) acxadebs ilia 25 aprilis mowinaveSi. amrigad, ilia
WavWavaZe piruTvnelad, mourideblad akritikebs sazogadoebis yvela mankier Tvisebebs,
ganurCevlad imisa, romeli erisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli igi. amis Sesaxeb sayvedurobdnen
kidec: aqaur ,,kulturis~ moZRvarni ,,iverias~ codvad uTvlian, qarTvelebs wuni daunaxeso.
amasac ,,abrundi~ daarqves. namusi mwerlobisa ras iTxovda, raki amaze laparaki saWirod
danaxuli iqmna? marTla daunaxes wuni Tu moigones? ai sakiTxi da saZiebeli ra iyo. amis
magier ras gveubnebian? avzneobaao qarTvelis mier qarTvels wuni ram SeamCnioso. es,
rasakvirvelia, qarTvelis siyvaruliT ki ar mosdiT, aramed SemCnevelis SesaCveneblad.
gamodis, rom qarTvelma qarTvels yvelaferi unda uqos. aba, amaSi azria rame gauTlel
sibriyvis meti?! somexma rom somexs yvelaferi uqos, Cven ra dava gvaqvs: Cveuleba rjulT
umtkicesia. Cven qarTvelebs ki dagvexsnan da mowyaleba moiRon, Tu magisTana ,,kulturul~
anderZebs ar SeviferebT da arc miviRebT” (iqve).
Cven sagangebod SeviswavleT gaz. ,,iveriis~ 1894-1897 wlebSi dabeWdili meTauri
werilebi. kvlevisas dadginda: ,,iveriaSi~ ibeWdeboda meTaurebi xelmowerebiT: kita,
farnaozi, al. froneli. xSirad qveyndeboda meTaurebi xelmouwerlad. aseve xelmouwerlad
daibeWda ramdenime patara saubari, feletoni da narkvevi (Jurnal-gazeTebidan). kvlevam
cxadyo rom yvela xelmouwereli meTauri ilias kalams ekuTvnis. yvela es werili, oriode
gamonaklisis garda (mag. patara saubari da feletoni) usaTaurodaa dabeWdili da
dasaTaurda Cven mier avtoris frazebiTve.
am werilebs sxvebisagan aSkarad gamoarCevs ramdenime niSani. esenia: Sinaarsobrivstruqturuli
_ ilias interesTa speqtri Zalian farToa, misi werilebi exeba politikas,
ekonomikas, soflis meurneobas, ganaTlebas, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis yofas, mezobel
erebTan urTierTobas, Tbilisis komunalursa da finansur sakiTxebs da mraval sxvas.
yvela es werili dawerilia amgvari TanmimdevrobiT: sakiTxis zogadi mimoxilva,
arsebuli viTarebis analizi, problemis dasma da gamosavlis Zieba. ilias
publicistikisaTvis niSandoblivia agreTve zogadis mimarTeba konkretulisaken.
teqstologiuri kvleva cxadyofs, rom tomSi warmodgenili meTaurebis mTeli cikli
eZRvneba im droisaTvis ramdenime aqtualur da problemur sakiTxs; mag: werilebis seria
,,Saumovis seldebisa da aruTinovis trixiniani Rorebisa da lorebis sakiTxi~ (WavWavaZe 2007
a:357). garda imisa, rom T. saxokias mogonebiT dgindeba am werilTa iliaseuloba, yoveli
werilis dasawyisSi avtori uTiTebs (WavWavaZe 2007 a: 534-535) wina werilis Sesaxeb.
werilebis seria Tbilisel somexTa Sesaxeb, rom ilias kalams ekuTvnis amis Sesaxeb
ixileT vrclad ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis XIII tomiss SeniSvnebi “teq
stisaTvis”( WavWavaZe2007 a :534). xSirad werilis atribuciisaTvis utyuari wyaroa oponentis
werilis Sinaarsi. am SemTxvevaSi J. ,,kvalSi~ dabeWdili g. wereTlis weriliT irkveva, rom
somexTa sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawerili yvela xelmouwereli mowinave iliasia.
enobriv-stilisturi formebi aris erT-erTi yvelaze sarwmuno argumenti atribuciis
sakiTxis dadgenisaTvis. ilias ena Zalian mdidaria, misi nawerebi gajerebulia xalxuri
gamonaTqvamebiTa da frazeologizmebiT. mag: ,,ozma-ozmad uwyviaT~, ,,zahla waiRo~,
,,abrundis eZaxiano~, ,,mtreduli uguneboba~, ,,dafoleba~, ,,TabauTi~, baSvi, ,,sameurnoe~,
145

,,erTbamad~, ,,ufros-erTi~, ,,kazuistoba~, ,,orWobad laparaki”, ‘dalabrebuli bejiToba’
sarTadaudeblad, fexmokle ostatoba, urgeniaT, ,,aberCxardeba venaxi~, ,,napolioni~, da
mravali sxva. vfiqrobT, ilias publicisturi nawerebi SesaniSnavi wyaro iqneba misi enis
Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis.
dasasrul, gvinda siamovnebiT aRvniSnoT, rom dReisaTvis, ilias saiubileod,
gamocemulia ilia WavWavaZis 15 tomi, gamoqveynda sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi asobiT werili,
dadginda gaz. “droebisa” da “iveriis” meTauri werilebis avtorobis sakiTxi, gamoqveynda
dRemde tabudadebuli da bevri koniunqturuli werili, rac saSualebas miscems Cvens
mecnierebsa da sazogadoebas, rom Tvali gausworon sinamdviles da ukeT Seiswavlon istoria.
damowmebani:
WavWavaZe 2007 a: WavWavaZe i.TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad t.XIII Tb. 2007.
WavWavaZe 2007 b: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.XIV.
WrelaSvili macne: WrelaSvili l. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa atribuciisa da gamocemis istoriis
sakiTxebi J. macne els 1981 2-3.
iveria 1999: gaz. “iveria” 1999 64-76.
WavWavaZe 1899: WavWavaZe i. somexTa mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi” iveria 1899.
146

`bednieri eri~: struqtura da sazrisi
Teimuraz doiaSvili
ilia WavWavaZis `bednieri eris~ struqtura arasodes gamxdara specialuri dakvirvebis
sagani. amis mizezi, albaT, isicaa, rom Tvalis erTi SevlebiT, forma leqsisa, Tundac
versifikaciis doneze, arafriT iqcevs yuradRebas: klasikuri da romantikuli tradiciis
fonze, rvamarcvliani maRali Sairi (4/4) SidariTmebiT da modernizebuli grafikiT raime
siaxles ar amJRavnebs. ramdenadme moulodneli _ ilias evropeizmze orientirebuli
esTetikis konteqstSi _ mxolod SidariTmis aqtualizeba Cans.
`bednieri eris~ teqsti erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli oTxi monakveTisagan Sedgeba. pirveli
sami, formis mxriv, urTierTidenturia: TiToeuli Seicavs 14 taeps, metrulad igiveobrivia
da imeorebs gariTmvis specifikur sistemas. bolo, meoTxe monakveTi orstriqoniania, vrceli
monakveTebisagan grafikulad gamoyofili da damoukidebeli:
CvenisTana bednieri
kidev aris sadme eri?!
sivrcobrivad araTanadi ortaepedis xazgasmuli avtonomiuroba Ria signalia
specifikuri struqturuli organizaciisa, rac teqstis dakvirvebuli wakiTxvis drosac
aRqmadi da TvalsaCinoa: es ortaepedi, gameorebuli samive vrceli monakveTis dasawyisSi,
yvela parametris mixedviT, refrens warmoadgens.
marTlac, leqsSi oTxgzis dafiqsirebuli kiTxviTi winadadeba, rogorc es tipiur
refrens moeTxoveba, Tematurad gamokveTilia, metrulad gaformebuli da sintaqsurad
dasrulebuli. amgvar kvalifikacias xels ver SeuSlis gavrcelebuli warmodgena, TiTqos
refreni mxolod mosdevs, aboloebs ZiriTad strofebs, maSin, roca `bednier erSi~ igi yvelgan
sawyis poziciaSi dgas. rogorc folkloruli, ise literaturuli faqtebi mowmobs, rom
refrens ara aqvs mkacrad moniSnuli adgili: igi xSiradaa boloSi, magram SesaZloa
garemoicavdes ZiriTad strofs an win uZRodes mas. konkretulad, ilias winare da Tanadroul
poeziaSi refreni strofis dasawyisSi iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenda (guramiSvili, besiki, al.
WavWavaZe, gr. orbeliani, akaki).
refrenis Tavisebureba `bednier erSi~ isicaa, rom igi Tematur-Sinaarsobrivad
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ZiriTad teqstTan, metrulad ar gansxvavdeba misgan da vrcel
monakveTebSi arc grafikuladaa gamocalkevebuli. albaT, es garemoebani iyo mizezi imisa, rom
ganmeorebadi fraza, arcTu usafuZvlod, 14-taepiani kompoziciuri monakveTebis organul
nawilad aRiqmeboda da ara _ refrenad.
refrenis, rogorc Tematuri, metruli da sintaqsuri erTobis, ganmsazRvreli niSani
mainc is aris, rom igi ar moiazreba im ZiriTadi kompoziciuri sididis (strofis) Semadgenel
nawilad, romlis refrensac warmoadgens (v. Jirmunski). refrenuli struqturis teqstSi
arsebobs, erTi mxriv, ZiriTadi saleqso forma da, meore mxriv, misgan met-naklebad
damoukidebeli, gankerZoebuli erTeuli _ refreni.
Tu `bednier ers~ am kuTxidan SevxedavT anu erTmaneTs davaSorebT refrens da ZiriTad
teqsts, gzas gavikvlevT nawarmoebis sawyisi, amosavali saleqso formisaken. saanalizo leqsis
14-taepian, identur kompoziciur monakveTebSi, refrenis gareSe, inakvTeba Zveli qarTuli
poeziis erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis amosacnobad teqsts Tavdapirveli grafikuli formiT
warmovadgenT:
mZime yalniT, lamaz falniT morTuli da mSvenieri;
uwyinari, uCinari, qeddrekili, madlieri;
uSfoTveli, qvemZromeli, rigiani, wesieri;
yovlad mTmeni, viT jor-cxeni, naxedni da Ronieri.
vinc qarTuli klasikuri leqsis saxeebs icnobs, mas aq ar gauWirdeba Zveli, amosavali
formis danaxva _ esaa Teqvsmetmarcvlovani maRali Sairi winacezuruli riTmebiT, romlis
erTaderTi zusti versifikaciuli analogi CaxruxaZis `TamarianSi~ dasturdeba. marTalia, es
saxotbo poema, TiTqmis TaviT bolomde (sami strofis gamoklebiT), ocmarcvlediT (55/55)
aris dawerili, magram maRali SairiT gamarTuli es unikaluri strofi odiTganve erTgvari
esTetikuri parolia CaxruxaZis poeziisa:
Tamar wynari, Sesawynari, xma-narnari, pir-mcinari,
mze-mcinari, saCinari, wyali mqnari, momdinari.
misTvis qnari ra ars? _ qnari arsiT mTqnari, uCinari.
vard-Sambnari, Samb-maRnari, Rawv-mwyazari, Suq-mfinari.
147

damowmebuli strofi imiTac iqcevs yuradRebas, rom aq aramarto savaldebulo
winacezuruli riTmebia realizebuli, aramed uCveulo siWarbea riTmebisa: yoveli muxli _
oTxmarcvliani segmenti _ evfoniurad erTmaneTTanaa Sewyobili. amis gamo, `Tamarianis~ es
fragmenti _ mesame oda _ Zveli droidan harmoniulobisa da miuwvdomeli poeturi
xelovnebis misabaZ nimuSad miiCneoda.
amrigad, `bednier erSi~ sayrden saleqso formad SerCeulia `Tamarianis~ unikaluri
strofi _ e.w. Sairi-Caxruxauli. marTalia, ilias leqsSi mxolod savaldebulo
winacezuruli riTmebia, yvela muxli erTmaneTTan gariTmuli araa, magram aSkaraa analogia
stilis doneze _ orive teqstSi gansazRvreba-epiTetebis (`zedSesrulebis~) gabmuli
mwkrivia. ilia amodis saxotbo odis formidan, rogorc versifikaciul-stiluri erTobidan,
oRond leqss grafikulad modernizebul saxes aZlevs.
tradiciuli formis aRdgena-gamoyenebaSi TavisTavad uCveulo araferia, rom ara erTi
gansakuTrebuli garemoeba _ ilias mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba CaxruxaZisa da
`Tamarianisadmi~, Caxruxaulis saleqso formisa da stilisadmi, rac man Cveuli pirdapirobiT
gamoTqva statiaSi `oriode sityva~. gamodis, rom poetma mxatvrul praqtikaSi, `bednieri eris~
Seqmnisas, im poetikas mimarTa, romelsac, rogorc Teoretikosi, principulad gaemijna. es
ucnauri faqti axsnas moiTxovs.
* * *
`oriode sityva~, romelSic mocemulia CaxruxaZisa da misi poemis negatiuri Sefaseba,
1861 wels, `bednieri eris~ daweramde aTi wliT adre gamoqveynda da saqarTveloSi kritikuli
realizmis manifests warmoadgens. am istoriul statiaSi iliam ganaCeni gamoutana uZraobis
ideologias (`CineTis filosofias~), romelic arsebobis erTaderT wess aRiarebda: `rac mamapapas
uqnia, is Cven unda vqnaTo~. Zveli, konservatiuli msoflmxedvelobis Taoba ver amCnevda,
an ar surda daenaxa cvlilebani cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris _ mwerlobaSic da axal,
Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul epoqaSi gardasuli xanis esTetikisa da poetikis erTgulebas
qadagebda. anton kaTalikosis mimdevrebma, misive avtoritetis zegavleniT, CaxruxaZe da misi
poezia gamoacxades idealad da normad da rogorc Seuval WeSmaritebas, ise imowmebdnen
antonis cnobil iambikos:
Caxruxais Ze _ ucxo piitikosi;
Tamar didisa mmkobi SairebiTa;
SoTas SairTa, Tu sTqua, ukeTesTaca
mTqmeli mestixe, didi sibrZnis-moyuare,
yovlad saqebi, ritorT-mestixT guirguini.
ilia Tvlida, rom is, rac warsulSi nimuSad iyo miCneuli, miT ufro, `warsul droTa
sicrue da cTomileba~, axal mwerlobas ar gamoadgeboda. arc ZvelTa kerpTa ganusjeli
Tayvaniscema iyo misTvis misaRebi mxolod imitom, rom sazogadoebis aRiareba hqonda, miT
ufro, im sazogadoebisa, romelic ar iyo `estetikurad gaxsnili da ganviTarebuli~.
swored am konteqstSi ikiTxeba `oriode sityvaSi~ CaxruxaZis Sefaseba:
`Tamaris qeba mTel moTxrobis odenaa, zedSesruliT daiwyoba da TiTqmis zedSesruliT
Tavdeba. ra vai-vaglaxiT da kisris mtvreviT mogogavs davardnil cxensaviT misi ocmarcvlovani
tyviasaviT mZime leqsebi!.. arc azri, arc suraTi, arc mSveniereba, arc Wkua, arc
guli, arafrisTana araferi, garda zedSesrulebis raxa-ruxisa!~
`Tamarians~ ilia WavWavaZe axali esTetikis _ kritikuli realizmis poziciidan
afasebda, amitom misTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda saxotbo Janris paTosi, ritorika da poetika,
moklebuli cocxali poeziis arsebiT niSnebs _ azrs, grZnobas, suraTovnebas, mSvenierebas.
ilias damokidebuleba Caxruxaulisadmi ufro naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom man
`Tavidanve sastikad dascina `mwyobr xmovan braxabruxs riTmebisa~, `ubralo sityvebisa da
riTmebis raxaruxs~, _ aseT poetebs man `axali riTmebis moraxuneblebi~ uwoda da
aRSfoTebiT Seutia yovelgvar `maSriy-maRribuli enis konstruqcias~ da `uTavbolod
aSenebul sityvis yores~ (grigol kiknaZe). gamoTqma `axali riTmebis moraxuneblebi~
gulisxmobda, rom arsebobdnen maTi winamorbedni _ Zveli riTmebis moraxuneblebi, romlebic
riTmis, zogadad formis `trfialebisa gamo~, gulgrilni iyvnen azris, Sinaarsis mimarT.
`Tamarianis~ umkacresi Sefaseba (`arafrisTana araferi~) ekuTvnoda axali formaciis
poet-moqalaqes, visTvisac poezia cxovrebis sarkea, xalxis cxovrebis gamomTqmelia, amitom
igi, cxadia, ver iguebda iseT nawarmoebs, romelic mefis saxotbod da gansadideblad (`Tamars
vaqebdeT mefed cxebulsa~) riTmebis yores agebda.
klasikuri xanis poemis Sefasebas axali esTetikuri Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, zogi
mkvlevari istorizmis principis darRvevad Tvlis, rac, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos asecaa. magram
dasaviwyebeli araa, rom ilias mizani ar iyo CaxruxaZis adgilis gansazRvra qarTuli poeziis
istoriaSi. `oriode sityva~, rogorc literaturuli manifesti, aaSkaravebda Zveli
esTetikuri warmodgenebis SeuTavseblobas TanamedroveobasTan, asabuTebda, rom awmyoSi
148

warsulis kanonebiT cxovreba ar SeiZleba, `Tamariani~, rogorc literaturuli faqti,
warsuls ekuTvnis...
istorizmi ganuyofeli niSania ilia WavWavaZis azrovnebisa. statiaSi `pasuxi~ igi anton
kaTalikosis istoriuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb wers: `antoni dids alags daiWers Cvens
literaturaSi, rogorc warmomadgeneli im drois saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa~... magram es rodi
niSnavda, rom axal droSic misi Sexedulebani Seuval dogmebad unda darCeniliyo! ilia
ganagrZobs: `exla rom poeziis ganxilva im drois kanonebiT movindomoT, Zalian SevcdebiT.
maSin sxva-rigad esmodaT, exla sxva-rigad~.
ueWvelia, ilias CaxruxaZis istoriuli rolis gansazRvra rom ganezraxa, ar daukargavda
Rvawls `misi drois saqarTvelos~ mwerlobaSi, magram realizmis medroSis winaSe sul sxva
amocana idga. ilia WavWavaZem xma aRimaRla ara istoriuli CaxruxaZis, aramed `im drois
kanonebis~ _ moZvelebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac konservatorebi
CaxruxaZis saxeliT Tavs axvevdnen axal mwerlobas. es iyo Tanamedroveobis interesebis dacva
warsulis pretenziebisagan, Torem Znelia antiistorizmi usayveduro im pirovnebas, visac ase
Rrmad esmoda, rom `WeSmariti meistorie, viTarca gamkiTxveli, jer im droebis qerqSi unda
Cajdes da mere ganikiTxos TviT droebis Svilnica~.
da mainc, ilias radikalizmis asaxsnelad, polemikis specifikasTan erTad, isic
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `Tamariani~ im droisaTvis mecnierulad ar iyo Seswavlili, ar iyo
amokiTxuli urTules poetur formaSi moqceuli ideologiuri koncefcia, rac CaxruxaZis
poemas `qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriisa da frTaSesxmuli
patriotizmis udides Zeglad~ warmoaCens (korneli kekeliZe).
amrigad, `Tamarianis~ Sefaseba ilias mier ar iyo subieqturi, antiistoriuli midgomis
Sedegi. igi gamoTqvamda axali, realisturi esTetikis verdiqts, gamotanils e.w. klasicisturi
esTetikisadmi. konceptualuri dapirispirebis simaRlidan ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens
kiTxva, ratom mimarTa ilia WavWavaZem Caxruxaulis saleqso formasa da stilistikas.
* * *
`bednier erSi~ dominanturia axali esTetikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani _ kriticizmi.
ukve `oriode sityvaSi~ werda axalgazrda ilia:
`maS, rogor unda gavswordeT, Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba? netavi oriode kaci
iyos saqarTveloSi, rom Cveni boroteba erTianad asweros da dagvanaxos... aba, is iqneba
namdvili saqebari mamulis-moyvare, da ara is, vinc metis-metad damJavebuli siyvarulisa gamo,
angeloziviT asaxelebs saqarTvelosa. borotebis Rviareba naxevari gasworebaa~.
hegelis dialeqtikas naziarebi ilia WavWavaZe sinamdviles, cxovrebas aRiqvamda,
rogorc dapirispirebulTa erTianobas da Widils, sadac siaxle Zvelis uaryofiT, nabijnabij
miiwevs myoobadisaken. mwerlobis sarkeSi `sicudec da sikargec~ unda aisaxos, xolo
visac sakuTari eris winsvla surs, man WeSmariti siyvarulis saxeliT unda amxilos is, rac
CvenSi `cudia da sazizRari~. marto `umecar siyvaruls~ miaCnia siqveled `Cveni cxovrebis
siborotis damalva~, mamuliSvilisTvis ki mxolod pirSi Zraxvis, marTlis Tqmis zneobrivi
kanoni moqmedebs:
vaJkac igia, vinc marTals
etyvis qveyanas mcdomsao.
cdomilebaTa uaryofa, naklis mxileba, rogorc gza gamosworebisa, kritika, rogorc
pozitiuri Zala ilias literaturuli mrwamsis erT-erTi arsebiTi komponentia.
`bednieri eri~ mTels qarTul poeziaSi unikaluri nimuSia `mcdomi qveynisaTvis~
simarTlis Tqmisa. aq kritikuli gansjis obieqtia ara pirovneba, aramed mTeli eri. iliam
Tavdapirveli saTauri _ `bednieri xalxi~ Secvala, radgan warsul epoqebSi `xalxi~ mxolod
aristokratias gulisxmobda da ara ers, rogorc eTnikur erTobas. Secvlili saTauri
mTlianad moicavda mxilebis obieqts _ ara mxolod elitas, Tavadaznaurobas, aramed
uklebliv yvelas _ sruliad qarTvelobas.
eris, rogorc poeturi gansjis obieqtis, SerCeva logikuri Sedegi iyo axali istoriuli
sazrisis damkvidrebisa, rasac, dimitri yifianTan da dimitri baqraZesTan erTad, ilia
WavWavaZemac didad Seuwyo xeli.
poema `aCrdilis~ istoriul nawilze muSaobisas, iliam qarTuli istoriuli qronikebis
erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas miaqcia yuradReba. jer daviT erisTavisadmi gagzavnil pirad
werilSi (1872), ramdenadme mogvianebiT (1880) ki erT-erT publicistur statiaSi man `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ ZiriTad tendenciaze mianiSna:
`Cveni `qarTlis cxovreba~ xalxis istoria ki ar aris, mefeTa istoriaa, da xalxi ki,
rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa, CrdilSia miyenebuli. TiTqo xalxis istoriis
Sesamecneblad sakmaoa kacma icodes marto mefeTa istoria~.
149

Zneli saTqmelia, icnobda Tu ara ilia volteris analogiur azrs _ ` TiTqmis yvelgan
mxolod mefeebis istorias vxedav, me ki adamianebis istoriis dawera msurso~, magram
sadReisod erTi ram garkveulia _ `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da misi istoriuli sazrisis kritika
axali, evropuli pozitivisturi istoriografiis poziciidan warmoebda (SoTa badriZe).
ilias istoriulma koncefciam zegavlena moaxdina mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebaze. kerZod,
poetma mniSvnelovnad Sekveca da Secvala istoriuli nawili `aCrdilis~ adrindeli
variantisa, sadac didi adgili eTmoboda farnavazis, daviT aRmaSeneblis, Tamaris, demetre
Tavdadebulis da sxva istoriul pirTa gaxsenebas (XXII-XXVIII Tavebi). dadgenilia, rom
`aCrdilis~ saboloo redaqciaSi, `gadamuSavebuli saxiT, mxolod is adgilebia datovebuli,
romlebic zogadad mianiSnebdnen Cveni xalxis qvelobaze, mis simamacesa da mamulisTvis
Tavganwirulebaze. am variantSi ukve aRar gvxvdeba saxelovan qarTvel mefeTadmi mimarTuli
aRtacebis striqonebi~ (lado minaSvili).
iliam poema `aCrdilis~ istoriuli nawili im Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad Seaswora, rac d.
erisTavisadmi gagzavnil baraTSi gamoTqva: `eg oxeri Cveni istoria... marto omebisa da
mefeebis istoriaa, eri arsada Cans, me ki aseTis agebulebis adamiani var, rom mefeebis da
omebis saxe ar mimizidavs xolme. saqme xalxia da xalxi ki Cvens istoriaSi ara Cans. vwuxvar da
vdrtvinav da gankiTxva arsaiT ari~.
`bednieri eri~ TiTqmis imave xanebSi Seiqmna, rodesac es baraTi daiwera, amitom
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leqsis Temis _ gansjis obieqtis SerCeva ilias axali
istoriuli sazrisidan gamomdinare gadawyvetileba iyo: ara mefeTa istoria, aramed `xalxi,
rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa~!
istoria iliasaTvis eris saganZe iyo, `sadac eri poulobs Tavisis sulis Rones~, magram
misTvis aseve mniSvnelovani iyo `winaparTa cdomilebani~, istoriis gakveTilebi. `istoriis
saZirkvelSi, magarTan erTad, bevri uvargisi da fxvieri qvaa Cadebuli~, amitom visac
myoobadze pretenzia aqvs, mas unda SeeZlos warsulis misxlobiT awonva da gojiT gazomva _
istoriisadmi kritikuli midgoma, fxizeli gansja.
`bednier erSi~ gaerTianebulia ori umniSvnelovanesi ram _ istoriuli procesis
axleburi xedva da kriticizmi. igi yuradRebis arealSi moaqcevs istoriis axal subieqts _
ers da mis sulier wyobas, rogorc istoriuli procesis logikur Sedegs. ras warmoadgens, ra
mdgomareobaSia qarTveli eri, rogorc sakuTari istoriis Semoqmedi? _ pasuxi am kiTxvaze
istoriis siRrmeebSia ganfenili, daskvna ki, romelic iliam gamoitana, Tavzardamcemi
aRmoCnda, diametrulad gansxvavebuli romantikuli xedvisagan.
warsulisadmi mowiwebis miuxedavad, ilia Sors idga eris istoriis idealizaciisgan. eri
da misi istoria realisti mwerlisTvis arasodes gamxdara Wvretisa da oden aRtacebis
obieqti, rogorc es grigol orbelianis didebul striqonebSia:
sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qveynisa?
eri _ guladi, puradi, mebrZoli Savis bedisa?!
SavTa droT vera Sescvales mis guli andamatisa,
igiv mxne, igiv mRerali, moyvare Tavis miwisa!..
`bednieri eri~ erTgvari mxatvruli antiTezaa `sadRegrZelos~ mgznebare paTosisa _
romantikul aRtyinebas da xotbas, idiliur Wvretas, ilias satiraSi, eris fizikuri da
sulieri mdgomareobis realuri daxasiaTeba cvlis, kritikis mizani ki Semgueblobisa da
inertulobis daZleva, moqmedebisaken waqezebaa. istoria, rogorc myari safuZveli momavlisa,
magari qvebiT, `uvargisi da fxvieri qvebis~ gangdebiT unda amoSendes. es mizani aqvs ironias,
kriticizms, e.w. siZulvils, romelic mamuliSvilis uangaro siyvarulis nayofia.
`bednier erSi~, satiruli Janris nawarmoebisaTvis, iliam sagangebod SearCia da
gamoiyena mis mier uaryofili saxotbo Janris saleqso forma da stili, rac imis niSania, rom
poetma-realistma Seqmna anti-`Tamariani~ _ parodia CaxruxaZis `Tamarianze~! Zvel,
panegirikul tradiciasTan dakavSirebul formaSi man axali Sinaarsi _ axali esTetikuristoriuli
sazrisi Seitana, ganaxorciela parodiuli Canacvleba struqturuli ierarqiis
yvela doneze: odur Janrs cvlis satira, odis obieqts (mefe) _ eris koncepti, xotbas _
ironia, maidealizebel stilistikas _ parodiuli Seferilobis zedSesrul-epiTetebi.
ilia rom CaxruxaZis saxotbo odis parodirebas mimarTavs, amas mxars uWers erTi
sagulisxmo detalic. SavTelurs da Caxruxauls, rogorc klasikuri qarTuli poeziis
saleqso formebs, mxolod erTi ram ganasxvavebs: SavTelurSi gareriTma erTi strofiT
Semoifargleba, erT strofze vrceldeba, Caxruxauli ki _ mTeli oda! _ erT gareriTmazea
agebuli anu monorimulia (pavle ingoroyva). ilias `bednieri eric~ monorimuli anti-odaa,
romelic TaviT bolomde erT riTmazea agebuli: bednieri _ eri _ mSvenieri _ madlieri _
wesieri _ Ronieri da a.S. gareriTmaSi gatanili `eri~ uwyvetad xmianobs da mkiTxvels
gamudmebiT axsenebs konceptualurad umniSvnelovanes cnebas, romelsac miemarTeba
satirul-ironiuli nakadi.
`bednieri eris~ dasawerad, SemoqmedebiTi impulsi ilias, Cemi varaudiT, mefe-poetis _
arCilis erTma ucnaurma strofma misca, romelic, Tavis mxriv, `Tamarianis~ cnobili strofis
150

(`Tamar wynari, Sesawynari~) mibaZvas warmoadgens. arCili, vinc Semogvinaxa ZiriTadi
biografiuli cnobebi CaxruxaZis Sesaxeb, mas rusTvelis badal poetad saxavda da misi
poetikis gavlenasac ganicdida.
ilia WavWavaZe did pativs miagebda arCilis `RirsSesaniSnav gonebriv Rvawls~, arcTu
iSviaTad imowmebda mis striqonebs Tavis statiebSi. 70-iani wlebis mijnaze, rodesac ilia
intensiurad muSaobda saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebze, igi `arCiliansac~ gadaxedavda da,
gasageb mizezTa gamo, SeuZlebelia, yuradReba ar mieqcia iseTi TxzulebisaTvis, rogoricaa
`mefeTa saqebelni da samxilebelni~. tipiuri ocmarcvliani CaxruxauliT daweril am xotbaTa
nakrebSi mxilebuli mxolod Sah abasia, sxva mefeebi ki _ maT Soris, Tamari _ gandidebulni
arian. swored am TxzulebaSia ucnauri strofi, romlis pirveli sami taepi Sairi-Caxruxaulis
formiTaa warmodgenili, bolo taepi ki ocmarcvledia. strofi Sinaarsobrivad ruseTis
imperatoris _ petre didis qebas eZRvneba da ase ikiTxeba:
gonieri, mecnieri, bednieri, kadnieri,
Svenieri, nivTieri, armcbieri, saxnieri,
mqonieri, cnobieri, mZnobieri, mgrZnobieri!
amdoni eri amqveynieri monebri ari, gamgonieri.
petres ganmadidebel am strofSi, `Tamarianis~ msgavsad mijriT gariTmuli epiTetebis
am wyebaSi, aramarto `bednieri eris~ mTavari sityva-koncepti `eri~ xmianobs, aramed zogi
epiTeti (bednieri, mSvenieri) iliasTan _ ironiuli intonaciiT _ meordeba kidec.
arCili petres gansakuTrebul siqveled uTvlis, rom man mravali eri daimona,
`gamgonieri~ qmna. ilia Tavis satiraSi, faqtiurad, im istoriul Sedegebs gviCvenebs, rac
qarTvel ers `gamgonierobam~ moutana anu ramac gaxada igi `yovlad mTmeni, viT jor-cxeni~.
parodireba aq ukve evfoniur donezec vrceldeba, Sinaarsobrivad ki naCvenebia sadamde dasca
`gonieri, mecnieri, saxnieri da mgrZnobieri~ imperatorebis `zrunvam~ saqarTvelo.
parodireba sakmaod damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa ilias lirikuli memkvidreobisa. `bednier
erSi~ igi ganxorcielebulia axali esTetikur-istoriuli sazrisis SetaniT `klasicisturi
mexsierebis~ mqone saleqso formaSi (CaxruxaZe, arCili), rac amjerad ukve poetur praqtikaSi
_ `versifikaciuli ironiiT~ cxadyofs Zveli esTetikis anaqronizms, misi transformirebis
aucileblobas.
* * *
parodireba `bednier erSi~ substruqturis doneze SeiniSneba, leqsis 14-taepiani
mTliani monakveTebi ki, romlebSic refreni da Sairi-Caxruxauli davafiqsireT, sxva
principiTaa agebuli. TiToeuli maTgani iwyeba SekiTxviT, romelic Tematuri laitmotivia
nawarmoebisa. Riad dasmul SekiTxvas (ritorikul kiTxvas) mosdevs teqsti-ganmarteba, xolo
maTi Sinaarsobrivi kontrasti _ erTi mxriv, epiTeti `bednieri~ da, meore mxriv, obieqtis
detaluri negatiuri daxasiaTeba _ qmnis leqsis ironiul-satirul tonalobas.
`bednieri eris~ Sinaarsobriv-Tematurad da intonaciurad dakavSirebuli vrceli
monakveTebi kompoziciuri mTlianobebia, romlebic leqsis axal formas qmnian. es forma,
vfiqrob, zustad Seesabameba ilias axal istoriul sazriss pirovnebisa da xalxis Sesaxeb.
istorias xalxi qmnis, magram mxolod rCeuli pirovneba, geniosi `Semoibertyavs droebis
mtversa~, mxolod mas ZaluZs `Sorsmxedveloba da droebazed ufleba~, _ fiqrobda ilia.
geniosi misTvis is ki ar aris, vinc `Rrublis curvas da caSi bolTis cemas asdevnebia~, aramed
cxovrebis, xalxis Svili, vinc drois karnaxiT acnobierebs, `rac TviTon cxovrebas amouriyavs
Tavis mdinarebaSi~.
`bednieri eri~, tradiciulad, gaiazreba, rogorc poetis monologi _ poeti, viTarca
mose ebraelebs, win miuZRvis xalxs, Rrmad swvdeba mis gulisTqmas da, saWiroebisas, amxels,
afxizlebs kidec mas. ilias satirul leqsSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani isaa, rom subieqti
ar mijnavs Tavs kritikis obieqtisagan, igi ar aris brbosTan dapirispirebuli `me~
romantizmisa. poetis `me~ ganuyofeli Semadgeneli nawilia ganusazRvreli mravlobiTobisa
(`Cven~) anu xalxisa, erisa. sityva `CvenisTana~, riTac iwyeba leqsi da meordeba yoveli
kompoziciuri monakveTis dasawyisSi, mudmivad gvagrZnobinebs, rom ganzemdgomi mkacri
bralmdebeli ki ar gvesaubreba, aramed `eris moZme~ da pasuxismgeblobis moziare. poeti
mxolod problemas ar svams _ mosalodnel katastrofaze ar mianiSnebs, igi xalxTan erTad
monawileobs TviTmxilebis kaTarzisul procesSi.
`bednier erSi~ axali Sinaarsobrivi sazrisisaTvis ilia, Cemi azriT, axal formas
gvTavazobs. ise, rogorc xalxur sagundo simReraSi korifes individualuri xma gadadis
gundis koleqtiur xmaSi, ilias satiraSic poetis kritikul-ironiuli SekiTxva-refreni
bunebrivad gadaizrdeba xalxis TviTSefasebaSi, TviTmxilebaSi. dialeqtikurad gagebuli
uaryofa, uaryofa, rogorc progresis mamoZravebeli, erovnuli optimizmis, imedis wyaroa.
151

xalxuri sagundo simReris formas, romlis literaturuli saTave antikuri diTirambia,
qmnis refrenisa da ZiriTadi teqstis erTianoba. dialoguri mimarTeba korifesa da gunds
Soris, kiTxva-pasuxis antifonuri struqtura xalxuri poeziis erT-erT uZveles formad aris
miCneuli (a. veselovski). iliam, Tavisi esTetikur-istoriuli sazrisis Sesabamisad,
didostaturad gamoiyena sagundo simReris forma _ eris, xalxis Temas xalxur SemoqmedebaSi
mouZebna saWiro struqturuli wyoba.
xalxur formas unda ukavSirdebodes Caxruxaulis ZiriTadi metris _ ocmarcvledis
Canacvleba SairiT. marTalia, amis saSualebas `Tamarianis~ unikaluri strofi iZleoda, magram
gadamwyveti, albaT, axali formis moTxovna iyo: xalxuri kilosaTvis arabunebrivi da
xelovnuri iqneboda aSkarad samwerlobo tradiciis sazomi.
`is xalxi, is cxovreba, romelic ar izrdeba, (...) misCanCalebs samarisaken~, _ werda ilia.
amitomac ar epueboda `patriotTa~ risxvas, Seupovrad miuyveboda arCeul gzas, radgan
swamda: `rac ufro mkafiod da daundobelad aris gamoTqmuli boroteba da naklulovaneba
cxovrebisa, zogjer miT ufro sCans gamomTqmelis gulis simxurvale, mouTmeneli, cxari
wadili gasworebisa~.
`bednier erSi~ sworedac rom samSoblos gasworeba-aRdginebis surviliT anTebuli
gulis simxurvale igrZnoba, gvesmis didi eriskacis xma _ eris xmaSi gardasaxuli.
`bednieri eri~ nimuSia imisa, Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda `utilitaristi~,
`Sinaarsis poeti~ ilia WavWavaZe mxatvrul formas, forma-Sinaarsis erTianobis princips.
152

Tamar barbaqaZe
ilias dramatuli poemebis (`qarTvlis deda~ da `irakli~) poetika da
`qarTvlis dedis~ metafora
ilia WavWavaZis orive dramatuli poema: `deda da Svili~ (`qarTvlis dedis~ I varianti) da
`irakli~ (`mama da Svili~) erTi da imave sazomiT (5/4/5) aris Sesrulebuli 1860 wels. amave
metriT, 1859 wels, iliam dawera poema `aCrdilis~ avtografis `ZRvna~.
poetma am epikur TxzulebebSi gamokveTa Tavisi Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi koncefcia:
mSoblis mier SvilisaTvis msxverplSewirvis ideis STagoneba, TviTSewirvisaTvis mzadyofna
da `saRmrTo ZRvenis~ (poeziis) Sewirva poetis mier sazogadoebisaTvis; semantikis
(dramatizmis) da metrikis (5/4/5) urTierTgapirobebuloba gansazRvravs ilias dramatuli
poemebis poetikas.
msxverplSewirvisa da dramis Teoriis ucxoeli da qarTveli mkvlevarebi (r. Jirari, p.
raseli, g. lomiZe, i. ratiani, r. canava da sxv.) aRniSnaven, erTi mxriv, sikvdil-sicocxlis
Seuqcevadobas Tavganwirvis ritualis funqcionirebisas da, meore mxriv, ilias rols dramis
Janris Teoriis ganviTarebaSi; Tumca ilias Teoriuli naazrevi TviTSewirvis ideis recefciis
Taobaze missave dramebSi dRemde saTanadod ar gaanalizebula.
ilia WavWavaZis poetikis kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod miviCnieT misi
Txzulebebis SemoqmedebiTi istoriis Seswavla nikoloz baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisas~
fonze. kerZod, ilias poezia 1858-1860 wlebSi STagonebuli da ganpirobebulia romantikosi
poetis poemis saTauriTa da personaJebiT (sofio, irakli).
rogorc cnobilia, nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da ilias poetikuri Ziebani, ZiriTadad,
erTiania. viziarebT Teimuraz doiaSvilis Tvalsazriss: `ilias lirika principuli siaxlis
matarebeli iyo, amitom misi moazreba SeiZleboda ara moqmedi poeturi kanonis farglebSi,
aramed qarTuli klasikuri poeziis tradiciebTan Sepirispirebisas. poetis Tanamedrove
mkiTxvelma ver igua inteleqtualur principze dafuZnebuli axali saazrovno sistema,
romlis safuZvlis damdebi CvenSi nikoloz baraTaSvili iyo, magram misi damkvidrebisaTvis
mTeli simZime, cnobili mizezebis gamo, ilia WavWavaZem itvirTa~ (doiaSvili 1999: 346).
nikoloz braTaSvilis poeturi gzis memkvidred ilia WavWavaZe pirvelad akaki
wereTelma miiCnia, rodesac mas `baraTaSvilis kvalSi Camdgari poeti~ uwoda.
baraTaSvilma, rogorc viciT, qarTul poetur sityvas `sibrZnis erTi dargis~ Tviseba
daubruna. igi, erTdroulad, arqaistic iyo da novatoric: man rusTvelis epikuri poemis
sibrZne, aforistuloba axali, evropuli lirikuli poeziis formats Seuxama da axal,
romantikul poemasTan erTad, lirikul Sedevrebsac mianiWa ufleba sibrZnis gamoxatvisa.
nikoloz baraTaSvilis mier sibrZned gardaqmnili misi Tanamedrove cxovrebis suraTebi
lirikul poemasa da filosofiur lirikaSi eziara ukvdavebas. daviT guramiSvilis `qarTlis
Wirs~, baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisas~ da ilias `aCrdils~ erTi trilogiis nawilebad
moixsenieben CvenSi, magram amjerad sxva ram gvinda aRvniSnoT: tradiciulad, epikisaTvis
dasaSvebi da SesaZlebeli ganzogadebis Zala da siRrme itvirTa baraTaSvilis lirikam.
galaktionamde nik. baraTaSvili iqca qarTuli poeziis `axal rusTavelad~. swored es Seicno
iliam, rodesac 1858 wels Wabukma poetma Tavisi sulieri Zma aRmoaCina: ekaterine WavWavaZedadianisam
waskiTxad misca nikoloz baraTaSvilis sakuTari xeliT naweri: `bedi qarTlisa~ da
`merani~. koxta afxazis mogonebis meoxebiT, dRes yvela qarTvelma icis, ra gamaognebeli
STabeWdileba moaxdina am Txzulebebma samSoblosagan Sors myof iliaze: `TiTqmis erTi kvira
ymawvili hbodavda baraTaSviliT~. isic warmoudgenelia, rom ilias manamde ar waekiTxa
Jurnal `ciskarSi~ dabeWdili baraTaSvilis 4 leqsi (1852 wels), da Semdeg, isev `ciskarSi~, 1858
wels gamoqveynebuli poetis kidev ori leqsi. cxadia, rom damwyeb poetze yvelaze metad
imoqmeda swored poemam `bedi qarTlisa~ da `meranma~.
Cveni azriT, poemis saTauri `bedi qarTlisa~ gansakuTrebuli dramatizmiT ixsneba
Txzulebis bolos, avtoris poziciis gamokveTisas, Tanamedrove qarTveli dedebis
Sefasebisas. sofios suliskveTeba tragikulad aRiqmeba XIX s. 30-iani wlebis bolos, 32 wlis
SeTqmulebis marcxis Semdeg, rodesac nel-nela ikargeba `Svilis~, `mamulis~, `qarTvelobis~
tradiciuli cnebebi.
`bedi qarTlisas~ aRniSnuli Tormettaepedi (`hoÁ, dedano, marad netarno... miTom ras
gvavnebs ucxo tomoba!~), poemis lirikuli CanarTi, eTanxmeba ilias patriotuli lirikis
Sedevris `qarTvlis dedis~ struqturasa da suliskveTebas: `qarTvlis dedis~ teqsti,
pirobiTad, 3 nawilad iyofa: I _ 12 taepedi, II _ 6 taepedi, III _ 14 taepedi. pirvel nawilSi
warmodgenilia qarTveli dedisa da gmiris roli warsulSi; meore nawili poetis mowodebaa,
xolo III _ mTlianad qarTvlis dedis `saRmrTo valis~ naTelyofaa.
baraTaSvilis msgavsad, iliac xSirad poeturi mimarTviT iwyebs leqsebs (`samSoblo
mTebo! Tqveni Svili ganebebT Tavsa...~, `erTs beds qveSa varT, labav, me da Sen~, `qarTvlis
dedao! ZuZu qarTlisa~). baraTaSvilis poeziaSi taepebis dasawyisSi Sorisdebulebis siWarbes
153

ak. gawerelia s. dodaSvilis gramatikuli sistemis didi zegavleniT xsnis (gawerelia 1978: 168).
s. dodaSvilis azriT, Sorisdebuli aris `sulis grZnobelobis anu moZraobis~ gamomxatveli
`nawili sityvisa~. Cveni azriT ki, baraTaSvilis poeziaSi ufro himnografebis enisa da
metyvelebis anarekli unda iyos es Sorisdebulebi da poeturi mimarTvebi.
`qarTvlis deda~ ilias poeziaSi, xTonuri `didi dedis~ analogiurad, sicocxlis
momniWebelic aris da sikvdilis ufalic, rogorc berZnul miTologiasa da literaturaSi
heras saxeSi moiazreboda (canava 2005: 96).
gmiri wminda msxverplia, xolo `qarTvlis deda~ _ am msxverplis aRmzrdeli — es aris
Cveni eris uwmindesi tradicia da vali, romelsac ukve didi xania miTis mniSvneloba mieniWa.
sulieri kavSiri ki enasa da miTs Soris swored metaforiT iqmneba. metaforis saTaves ki xan
enaSi, xan ki miTologiis fantaziaSi eZieben, amitomac aRiarebdnen metaforis Seqmnis or gzas:
logikur-diskursulsa da lingvo-miTologiurs (kasireri 1990: 8). `qarTvlis dedis~
metaforis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi orive gza igulisxmeba: logikur-sityvieri, semanti kuri
Sinaarsi `dedisa~ gautolda mis uZveles, miTologiur, `didi dedis~ mniSvnelobas, rogorc
sikvdil-sicocxlis gamaerTianebels, gmiris mSobels.
80-ian wlebSi ilia, qarTul Teatrze saubrisas, sagangebod aRniSnavda: `gmiroba, ra
saxisac unda iyos, sulis Ronea da ara xorcisa da amitom gmiris siyvaruli marto suliTve
Roniers SeuZlian. aq xorciels Tvals ver gaaWrevinebT, sulieri Tvali unda~ (`qarTuli
Teatri~, 1886). `poeziis mixvedra aris sulis saqme~, _ werda ilia, romelic `qarTlis dedis~
metaforas ukavSirebda sofios, qarTvel dedebs da amiT baraTaSvilis poeturi sulis
Tanaziari xdeboda.
1858 wlis 15 dekembriT aris daTariRebuli ilias leqsi `qarTvlis dedas~, xolo imave
dRoT leqsi `s...s~ pirveli varianti: `leqsi `s...s~ daweridan male, 30 dekembers, imave
saTauriT dawera man TiTqmis axali leqsi, romelic ilias akademiur gamocemaSi poetis mier
dawunebul leqsebSia Setanili. am leqsis (`s...s~) qaragmis gaxsna da adresatis Zieba karga xania,
sagonebelSi agdebs ilias lirikis mkvlevarT: zogi mas poetis imdroindeli satrfos
aleqsandra (saSa) Caikovskaiasadmi (saSensakasadmi) miZRvnilad miiCnevs, maia niniZe ki ase ar
fiqrobs, rasac savsebiT samarTlianad, damajereblad asabuTebs. misi azriT, es leqsi
`samSoblos~, `saqarTvelos~ eZRvneba da ara satrfos, qaragmiTac am ori sityvidan erT-erTi
unda iyos daqaragmebuli (niniZe 1997: 131).
mogvianebiT mweralma am leqsis avtografi gadaxaza da miawera: `ritorika~. amgvarive
minaweriT: `ritorika~ gadaxazulia 1858 wels dawerili: `pavlovskis parkisaTvis~; aseve
uaryofiTi konteqstiT moixseniebs sityva `ritorikas~ ilia 1864 wels kirile
lorTqifaniZisadmi miweril baraTSi poema `qarTvlis dedis~ adreuli redaqciis Sefasebisas.
`kacia-adamianSic?!~ axsenebs ilia `ritorikas~ da Tavis sadebiuto kritikul werilSic, 1861
wlis `ciskris~ aprilis nomerSi. vfiqrobT, 1858-1861 wlebSi ilia intensiurad fiqrobs
qarTvel mkiTxvelTan salaparako, saTqmeli masalis ara marto Sinaarsze (`ras vetyvi me Cems
qveyanas?~), aramed — formaze. am formis Ziebisas `bedi qarTlisas~ sada metyveleba, sasaubro
intonacia, dialoguroba, gadaWarbebuli ritorobisagan sruliad Tavisufali, kritikuli,
miukerZoebeli gansja. 1858 wlis Semdeg, nik. baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisas~ teqstis
STagonebasa da zemoqmedebas ilias sulze gvidasturebs `aCrdilis~ avtografi, romelic 1859
wlis 26 ianvriT aris daTariRebuli.
`aCrdilis~ cnobili, saboloo, II variantis avtografisagan gansxvavebiT, B avtografs
axlavs `ZRvna~ da bolosityva: `qarTvelTadmi~, romelic Taviseburad exmianeba `bedi
qarTlisas~ miZRvnas: `kaxTa mimarT~. versifikaciuli Tanxvedrac TvalsaCinoa orive
teqstisa: ZiriTadi teqsti orive poemisa 5/4/5-iT aris Sesrulebuli: miZRvna `aCrdilSi~
5/4/5-iT, `bedi qarTlisaSi~ ki _ 5/5/5-iT.
aqve gvinda SevniSnoT sazomis 5/4/5-is Taobaze: ilias mier baraTaSvilisaTvis am erTerTi
sayvareli sazomis, dramatuli SinarsiT datvirTvis Taobaze sagangebod miuTiTeben: ak.
gawerelia, ak. xinTibiZe, T. doiaSvili. 5/4/5 — e. w. `besikuri~ sul sxva Sinaarsis gadmosacemad
iyo momarjvebuli besarion gabaSvilis lirikaSi, baraTaSvilma ki mas sxva datvirTva mianiWa,
magram iqneb isic vifiqroT, rom es sazomi besikis poeziaSic sasuliero mwerlobidan
aRmoCnda: e. w. `abukurasa~ da `ninos sagaloblis~ striqonebis meSveobiT:
`da abukura / axalnergi / sabawmidisaÁ~.
an: `romelsa Sina / mgalobelni / ganmaZlieren~.
an iqneb: baraTaSvilma, qarTuli himnografiisa da sasuliero mwerlobis saukeTeso
mcodnem, TviTon miagno am sazoms besikisagan damoukideblad~?
`aCrdilis~ B avtografSi ramdenimegzis meordeba striqonebi, romelic `bedi
qarTlisas~ cnobili taepis `warvidnen welni mosvenebisa~ perifrazi unda iyos:
`nu SiSob, velo! Sens mSvenier xalxs
154

waruvlen weli Zilis Jamisa~.
(T. XXX)
`warvlen es welni Zilis Jamisa~.
(T. XXXI)
baraTaSvilis `welni mosvenebisa~ da ilias `welni Zilis Jamisa~ identuri cnebebia, rac
qarTvel ers, samwuxarod, drodadro, xangrZlivad eufleba xolme.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa `aCrdilis~ am avtografis XXVI da XXVIII Tavebi, romlebic
Tamar mefes eZRvneba (rogorc cnobilia, `aCrdilis~ saboloo variantSi es Tavebi da Tamar
mefe aRar moixsenieba). `didi Tamari~ `aCrdilis~ am teqstSi `qarTvlis dedad~ igulisxmeba:
`garna Tamaris Zlier saxelma
ganhfanta mtveri saukunebis...~
qarTveli dedis saxesTan erTad, `aCrdilis~ am avtografis naTesaobas `bedi qarTlisas~
teqstTan cxadyofs is faqtic, rom 1859 wels Jurnal `ciskarSi~ (# 10) gamoqveynda poemis
mxolod VI Tavi (`Cveno aragvo...~), saTauriT `aragvi~ (sakuTari poemidan `aCrdili~). ilias
striqonebi:
`ras veZebdi me?.. Cem qveynis warsuls,
Sen win daRupul Cem Zvelsa mamuls...~
iraklisa da solomonis droindeli aragvispiris aRdgenis cdaa. saqarTvelos, rogorc
satrfos, ise Sehyurebs aCrdili B avtografis mixedviT (T. VII):
sul saqarTvelo moCanda Sorsa...
da is moxuci, rogorc satrfosa,
TvaliTa sWamda, TrToliT umzerda
da ufro, ufro guli uZgerda...
es trfiali, rogorc m. niniZec miuTiTebs, samSoblos ekuTvnis, xolo leqsSi `s...s~,
rogorc Cven vfiqrobT, konkretul qaTvel qals, _ sofio leoniZes eZRvneba.
sofio, metaforulad, qarTvlis dedaa, misi konkretuli saxe. sxva saqmea, rom es
metafora Semdgom, XIX s. II naxevarsa da XX s-Si qarTvelma erma erTgvar simbolod aqcia, mas
sakuTari erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoxatvis funqcia mianiWa.
qarTvelTa didi dedis — Tamaris — droindeli istoriuli suraTi cocxldeba ilias
dramatul poemaSi `qarTvlis deda~, romlis I variants `deda da Svili~ uwoda poetma.
`qarTvlis dedis~ saboloo variantSi (1871) Secvlilia am dramis epigrafic: `sjobs
sicocxlesa nazraxsa sikvdili saxelovani~ nacvlad, aris: `gagviZex, bero mindiav...~ albaT,
imitom, rom xalxis xma, jaris simReriT poemaSi gamoxatuli, gansakuTrebiT moswonda ilias.
avtors surda, xalxis xma gaeZlierebina da mkacri da sastiki bediswerisaTvis sikvdilis arad
Camgdebi xalxi daepirispirebina. ara mxolod zogadad idealia faseuli da saocnebo
avtorisaTvis, aramed, konkretulad, am idealis ganmaxorcielebeli qarTveli.
ilias dramatuli poema `qarTvlis deda~ klasicisturi dramaturgiis principebs
eyrdnoba da misi gmirebic: deda da kiazo saxe-ideebi arian, msjeloba-Sefasebaze
damyarebulni. amJamad Cven gvsurs yuradReba gavamaxviloT msxverplSewirvis obieqtis
Taviseburebaze, erTi mxriv, poema `qarTvlis dedisa~ da, meore mxriv, `aCrdilis~ avtografis
`ZRvnis~ mixedviT. Tu poemis gmiri dedis mier Svilis msxverplad Sewirvis motivacia emTxveva
kiazos mier TviTSewirvis motivacias — patriotizms, mamulis dacvas, momavlis gadarCenas,
`aCrdilSi~ poeti Seswiravs mkiTxvels Tavis Txzulebas. poetur sityvas, romelsac avtori
Tavis `pirmSos~, `Zes~ uwodebs. `aCrdili~ marTlac pirmSo, pirveli poemaa poetisa: pirveli
epikuri Txzuleba, romelic, Cveni azriT, `bedi qarTlisas~ sulieri ganwyobilebis
gagrZelebaa. `aCrdilis~ B avtografSi vkiTxulobT:
ZRvna
miiReT, Cemo megobrebo, pirmSo Ze Cemi
axlad Sobili, nugeSis da imedT momcemi!..
igi mogiTxrobT Cemsa tanjvas da Cemsa fiqrsa,
ra mamis cremli zed atyvia loyebzed Svilsa.
ueWvelia, rom `mama~ poetia, xolo _ `Svili~ _ Txzuleba. ToTxmetmercvledis 5/4/5
misadageba dramatuli SinaarsisaTvis iliam pirvelad `aCrdilis~ `ZRvnaSi~ 1859 wels scada,
xolo Semdeg am metriT dawera poema `qarTvlis deda~, sadac es sazomi aris `Sinaganad
motivirebuli da masalis specifikiT ganpirobebuli~ (doiaSvili 1999: 354). amave sazomiT aris
155

Sesrulebuli 1860 wels ilias daumTavrebeli poema, romelsac, pirobiTad [�`irakli~] hqvia,
SesaZloa, mas `mama da Svili~ vuwodoT, radgan fragmentSi mxolod es ori personaJi
monawileobs. sagulisxmoa rom mama, qarTvlis dedis msgavsad, orgvar siyvaruls Soris eZiebs
arCevans:
`su! veRar SevZel or siyvarulT erTad tareba:
erTi RvTisadmi da meore TviT Cem Zisadmi~.
ukvdavebas irakli im wignSi eZebs, `romlisac aso varskvlavebia~. varskvlavTa, mTiebTa
Soris sakuTari adgilis Zieba romantikosTa idealebisaken gvibiZgebs. safiqrebelia, rom
bediswerisa da gangebis urTierTdapirispirebis problemam ubiZga ilias 1860 wels, eTargmna
baironis `kaenisa~ da `manfredis~ nawyvetebi , 1859-60 wlebSi ki _ lermontovis `mwiri~ da sxva
romantikuli leqsebi. romantikul da antiklasicistur dramaSi, antikuri tragediebis
msgavsad, aqtualuria mamebisa da Svilebis damokidebuleba, idealebisadmi erTguleba. ilias
1859-1860 wlebis SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTs gauTanabrda eris sulieri Tvalis asaxelad poetis
mier sakuTari qmnilebis msxverplad Sewirvis aucilebloba da dedis mier Svilis
mamulisaTvis msxverplSewirvis gardauvaloba: `sityvisa~ da `Zis~ gaTanabreba `aCrdilis~
avtografsa da dramatul poemebSi mkiTxvelis sulis ganwyobilebis gamowvevas emsaxureba.
ilias naklebad cnobili werili `(kargad wakiTxva wasakiTxisa)~ gviCvenebs, rom mwerali
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda teqstis msmenelamde mitanis xelovnebas: `xma-Sewyobilad gamoTqma
sityvisa, Tu mTlad musika ar aris, misi erTi dargia mainc, radgan mis kanons cotad Tu bevrad
eqvemdebareba~. saRmrTo werilis eklesiaSi kiTxvis xelovnebazea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.
iliam wakiTxvis xelovneba Tavis dramatul poemaSic `qarTvlis deda~ gamoikveTa, rodesac igi
`sam xmas~ dauqvemdebara: dedis, Svilisa da jaris xmebs. `irakli~ ki mamisa da Svilis xmebs
eyrdnoba mxolod, igi dausrulebeli poemaa, Targmansa da originalur Txzulebas Soris
zRvargadaulaxavi. `iraklis~ teqsti erTgvari safexuria poema `qarTvlis dedis~ saboloo
variantisaTvis.
rogorc cnobilia, xelovnebis qmnileba CarTulia aRmqmeli subieqtis cnobierebaSi.
amave dros, is monawileobs istoriis obieqtur msvlelobaSic. mxatvruli Txzuleba
ukukavSirSia Tavis adresatTan da am faqts, Cans, ukavSirdeba misi gamZleoba droSi da ama Tu
im epoqisaTvis (agreTve — erTi da imave epoqis adamianebisaTvis) gansxvavebuli informaciis
miwodeba.
CvenTvis, XXI saukunis mkiTxvelisaTvis poema `qarTvlis dedis~ dasasruli
msxverplSewirvis, TviTSewirvis dausrulebel molodinad qceula, romelic Cveni eris
maradiuli arsebobis aucileblobas ganapirobebs.
damowmebani:
doiaSvili 1999: doiaSvili T. ilias leqsTwyoba. `literaturuli Ziebani~. XX, Tb.: 1999.
gawerelia 1978: gawerelia ak. rCeuli nawerebi. t. II, Tb.: `merani~, 1978.
canava 2005: canava r. miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlobaSi da qarTul
literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi. Tb.: `logosi~, 2005.
Кассирер 1990: Кассирер Э. Сила метафоры. В кн.: Теория метафоры. М.: "Прогресс", 1990.
niniZe 1997: niniZe m. madlis wyaro. Tb.: 1997.
156

ilias bediswera
levan bregaZe
ocdaoTxi wlis ilia WavWavaZe 1861 wlis oqtomberSi wers usaTauro leqs-Sedevrs `Cemo
kalamo, Cemo kargo, rad gvinda taSi~ (daibeWda 1863 wels, `saqarTvelos moambis~ 1-Si),
romelSic Tematizebulia misi damokidebuleba im faqtTan, rom mSobeli xalxis erT nawils igi
samSoblos moZuled Seuracxavs:
`Cemzed amboben: is siaves qarTvlisas ambobs,
Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia!~
(WavWavaZe 1951: 75).
ram gamoiwvia aseTi risxva axalgazrda poetis mimarT? jer xom arc `kacia-adamiani?!~-a
dawerili, arc `bednieri eri~, arc `ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT~, romlebSic mSobeli xalxis
naklovanebaTa kritikam mwvervals miaRwia. jerjerobiT (am leqsis daweris droisTvis) ilias
xelidan gamosul im mraval `aRmaSfoTebel~ teqstTagan, romelTac SeZres qarTvelobis guli
da goneba, sazogadoebisTvis mxolod kritikuli statia `oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas
Zis erisTavis kazlovis-mier `SeSlili~-s Targmnazeda~ aris cnobili; igi `Cemo kalamos...~
daweramde ramdenime TviT adre gamoqveynda.
`oriode sityvaSi~ ukve mkafiod igrZnoba, rom misi avtori aramarto qarTuli anbanis,
aramed cxovrebis modernizaciis mosurnea, modernis momxrea, rac yvelgan da yovelTvis
winaaRmdegobas awydeba konservatorTa mxridan.
citata `oriode sityvidan~:
`rac mama-papas uqnia, is Cven unda vqnaTo, _ eg CineTis filosofia aris; Tu magas
mivyeviT, Cvenc CinebsaviT SevsdgebiT erT alagzed da win fexs veRar wavsdgamT~ (WavWavaZe
1953: 12).
sami wlis Semdeg `kacia-adamianSic~ amasve imeorebs:
`marto qveyanaa, mkiTxvelo, daurRveveli, da erTi lamazi, gonieri qarTvelis andaza: `is
urCevnia mamulsa, rom Svili sjobdes mamasa~, Torem `nu daagdeb Zvelsa gzasao~ _ es
CineTidam Semogvepara da rasac CineTis feri adevs, is, rasakvirvelia, dairRveva...~ (WavWavaZe
1950: 220).
sityva `moderns~ ilia WavWavaZe ar xmarobs. giorgi kankavas dakvirvebiT, imJamad
qarTul enaSi modernis Sesatyvisi gamoTqma yofila `gamocvlili dro~; mas iyeneben
`Zvelebic~ da `axlebic~, oRond maTi damokidebuleba am movlenis mimarT, bunebrivia,
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia (giorgi kankavas sityviT, `uTuoa, rom `Zvelebma~ saTanadod,
mTeli siRrmiT ver Seafases `gamocvlili drois~ raoba da mniSvneloba qarTvelobis
arsebobis Tu warmatebis saqmeSi~. _ kankava 2001: 30). mkvlevaris SetyobiT, `gamocvlili
drois~ cneba mTavaria ilias saazrovno sistemaSi~ (iqve).
yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli ilias oponentTaTvis albaT devizis _ `rac mama-papas uqnia, is
Cven unda vqnaT~ _ `CineTis filosofiad~ (anu umarTebulo mowodebad) gamocxadeba unda
yofiliyo, Tumca amaze isini TavianT sapasuxo werilebSi sityvas ar Zraven, dumiliT uvlian
mas gverds.
(mxolod erTgan, barbare jorjaZis pasuxSi, igrZnoba faruli dapirispireba am
TvalsazrisTan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs es adgili ilias oponentis statiis pirvelive
winadadebidan: `...Cven movmdinareobT mamapapaT Cveulebazed da umaRles poezias, gina
filasofias vpovebT umetesad saRmrTo wignebSi...~. _ jorjaZe 1988: 127. xazgasma Cvenia. _ l.
b.).
am principul sakiTxze Wabuk poetTan mopaeqreTa dumilis mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom
`oriode sityvis~ bolos ilia WavWavaZe mkafiod acxadebs: `sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa
Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba, Tu amaTac ar upatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra
pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 26-27).
oponentebs SeeZloT ekiTxaT, Tuki mama-papis gza davagdeT, mama-papaTagan datovebul
saunjes rogorRa vupatronoTo? razedac ilias mouwevda ganemarta maTTvis Sinagani
winaaRmdegobis, viTarca mamoZraveblis, mniSvneloba progresisaTvis sazogadod, xolo, am
SemTxvevaSi winaparTagan datovebuli saunjis saTanadod, drois Sesaferisad mosavlelad da
sapatroneblad.
yvelaze sagulisxmo leqsSi `Cemo kalamo...~ mSobeli xalxisa da mSobeli qveynisadmi
ilias ambivalenturi damokidebulebaa. igi ar uaryofs, rom mas raRac sZuls mis Tanamedrove
samSobloSi, magram iqve dasZens, kargi guli maSinve grZnobs `am siZulvilSi raodenic
siyvaruliao~ (WavWavaZe 1951: 75). xolo ra sZuls da ra uyvars mas samSobloSi, mkafiod
gamoTqva poetma am leqsis avtografis minawerSi:
`exlandeli qarTveli rom Zaliana mZuls, amiT vamtkiceb, rom saqarTvelo Zalian
miyvars~ (WavWavaZe 1951: 455).
157

saerTod, ilias uyvars da exerxeba ambivalenturi, winaaRmdegobrivi gancdebis
gadmocema, romlebic antonimebiT gamoixatebian da paradoqsis forma aqvT (gavixsenoT
`gulSi raRac mziani Crdili iyo~ _ `glaxis naambobidan~ [WavWavaZe 1950: 80], Sdr. `..da imis
mzian CrdilebSi...~ _ `bazaleTis tbidan~ [WavWavaZe 1951: 104]; an kidev: `magram Tu naRvels
mohbers daCagruls, uku-hyris kidec, viT Rrubels qari~ _ `kako yaCaRidan~ [WavWavaZe 1951:
159]).
`Cemo kalamoSi~ Tematizebuli es siZulvil-siyvaruli gasdevs bolomde ilia WavWavaZis
cxovrebasac da Semoqmedebasac _ es misi bedisweraa. amis gamo am leqsis mniSvneloba
gansakuTrebulia rogorc ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis, ise mTeli qarTuli poeziisTvisac.
modernis epoqis (`gamocvlili drois~) umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia moZraoba, is
Tviseba, riTac moderni TvalsaCinod gansxvavdeba uZraobisken, stagnaciisken midrekili
premodernisagan. `oriode sityvaSi~ vkiTxulobT:
`baironis gmirebi kazlovis berisaviT ar knavian da Civian, raTa nugeSi sces vinme, (...)
isini ar Seekedlebian monastris kedlebsa mosasveneblad, imaT sul moZraoba undaT~
(WavWavaZe 1953: 10. xazgasma Cvenia. _ l. b.), xolo imave xanebSi daweril, Tumca mogvianebiT
gamoqveynebul, `mgzavris werilebSi~ igi am azrs, anu moZraobis mniSvnelobas, ase ganmartavs
bunebis movlenaTa simbolikis moSveliebiT:
`didebulia [myinvari], myudro da mSvidobiani, magram (...) ar maRelvebs, maciebs da ar
maTbobs. (...) qveynis yayani, qveynis qariSxali, qrolva, qveynis av-kargi mis maRals Sublzed erT
ZarRvsac ar aatokebs. (...) ganzed gamdgara, miukarebelia. (...) myinvari did getes magonebs da
Tergi ki mrisxane da Seupovars baironsa. netavi Sen, Tergo! imiTi xar kargi, rom mousvenari
xar. aba patara xans dadeg, Tu myral gubed ar gardaiqce da eg Seni saSiSari xmauroba bayayebis
yiyinzed ar Segecvalos. moZraoba da marto moZraoba aris, Cemo Tergo, qveynis Ronisa da
sicocxlis mimcemi...~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 20-21).
amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom `mamebis~ brZola ilias winaaRmdeg, arsebiTad,
modernis winaaRmdeg brZolaa.
oponentebisTvis aSkara iyo meore mxarec ilias msoflmxedvelobisa _ misi liberalizmi
(`is liberali, burTiviT mrgvali...~, dawers mis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT grigol orbeliani. _
orbeliani 1959: 151), ris gamoc ilia miuRebeli iyo ara marto konservatori `mamebis~, aramed
social-demokrati `SvilebisTvisac~.
imave `mgzavris werilebSi~ vkiTxulobT:
`sityvam `revolucia~ ar SegaSinos, mkiTxvelo! revolucia imisTvis aris gaCenili, rom
mSvidobianoba moaqvs. Rvino jer unda aduRdes, airios-dairios da mere dawmndeba xolme. esea
yvelaferi am qveyanazed~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 11).
magram social-demokratebma kargad icodnen, rom es is revolucia ar iyo, rasac isini
eswrafodnen. ilias liberalizmi, yovlad miuRebeli ram imdroindel socialdemokratTaTvis,
mkafiod Cans mis am sityvebSi:
`...kerZo sakuTreba jer kidev qvakuTxedad udevs aramcTu mTels saxelmwifurs da
sazogadoebur wyobas ruseTisas, aramed mTels cxovrebas dawinaurebul qveynebisas mTel
dedamiwis zurgze. (...) kerZo sakuTreba, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod, Cvenda sabednierod Tu
saubedurod, jer kidev did xans iqneba dids pativSi da mis sarbielze Zalmomreoba,
erTmaneTze miseva, vinc gind iyos, iafad ar daujdeba~ (WavWavaZe 1957: 279-280).
istoriam savsebiT daadastura ilia WavWavaZis am Tvalsazrisis marTebuloba. am
striqonebis daweridan TiTqmis asi wlis Semdeg Cven Tvalwin kraxiT damTavrda kerZo
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli grandiozuli eqsperimenti, ideologiurad, politikurad
da ekonomikurad maqsimalurad uzrunvelyofili sabWoTa kavSirsa da `socialisturi banakis~
sxva qveynebSi.
* * *
bernSi guverniorad muSaobisas axalgazrda hegels Sveicariis alpebSi umogzauria da
Tavisi STabeWdilebebi dRiurSi Cauweria. am Canawerebze dayrdnobiT arseni guliga wers:
`mudmivi TovliT dafarulma goliaTma mTebma hegeli gulgrili datova... filosofoss,
romlis azrebic mTlianad daepyro saukunis mCqefare politikur da sulier cxovrebas,
alpebis landSaftis uZravi didebuleba ar itacebs, is arc siwynares eZebs da arc mosvenebas,
da mTeli guliT xarobs, roca bunebaSi iseT raRacas aRmoaCens, rac misi azrebis daucxromel
mdinarebas Seesatyviseba. ase gaixara man raixenbaxis CanCqeris xilvisas. aq yovelive moZraobs,
da, Tumca gveCveneba, TiTqos Cven Tvalwin sul erTi da igive suraTia, sinamdvileSi igi
ganuwyvetliv icvleba~ (guliga 1970: 26).
ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebSic~ bunebis movlenebisadmi aseTive damokidebulebaa
gamJRavnebuli _ yvelas kargad gvaxsovs qrestomaTiuli `myinvarisa da Tergis
dapirispireba~ (zemoT nawilobriv citirebuli).
26 wlis hegelisa da 24 wlis ilia WavWavaZis msgavsma sulierma ganwyobam, bunebis
movlenebisadmi maT msgavs damokidebulebaSic iCina Tavi. orive erTnairad `kiTxulobs~
158

landSafts, orive simboloebis erTi da imave leqsikoniT sargeblobs, orive boboqari
cxovrebisTvis aris dabadebuli...
damowmebani:
guliga 1970: Гулыга А. Гегель. М., 1970.
kankava 2001: kankava g. ilias erovnuli cnobierebis Taviseburebis gamo. Jurn. `saguramo~, 2001,
1.
orbeliani 1959: orbeliani g., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1959.
WavWavaZe 1951: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 1. Tb., 1951.
WavWavaZe 1950: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 2. Tb., 1950.
WavWavaZe 1953: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 3. Tb., 1953.
WavWavaZe 1957: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 9. Tb., 1957.
jorjaZe 1988: jorjaZe b. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1988.
159

venera kavTiaSvili
ilia WavWavaZisa da goThold efraim lesingis esTetikuri naazrevis
tipologiisaTvis
rodesac ori sxvadasxva qveynis Semoqmedis esTetikuri naazrevis tipologiurobaze
vsaubrobT, pirvel rigSi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im socialur-politikur da kulturul
garemoze, romelSic maT uxdebaT moRvaweoba, radgan garemo pirobebis msgavseba problemaTa
da azrovnebis msgavsebasac iwvevs da Semdeg — im komunikaciebze, romlebic am qveynebsa da
pirovnebebs Soris arsebobs, Tu, rasakvirvelia, aseTsac aqvs adgili. is, rom germania
imTaviTve saqmis kursSi iyo, Tu ra procesebi mimdinareobda saqarTveloSi, amas mowmobs is
oTxi wigni, romelic me-18 saukuneSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb germaniaSi gamoica. aqedan ori Cven
movipoveT germaniis biblioTekebSi. esenia: `Geschichte des Unruhen in Persen und Georgien~
(sparselebsa da saqarTvelos Soris SfoTis istoria), romelic 1755 wels frankfurtSi
gamoica da `Kurze Geschichte des Prinzen Heraklius und des gegenwärtigen Zustandes von Georgien~ (princ
ereklesa da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos viTarebis mokle istoria), gamocemuli laipcigSi 1793
wels da kidev: Tavad lesingis cnobili drama `mina fon barnhelmi~, sadac metad saintereso
miniSnebebia saqarTveloze. kerZod, piesis mTavari moqmedi gmiris, maior telhaimis msaxur
iusts vaxmistri verneri ekiTxeba: `Hast du von Prinzen Heraklius gehört?~ (gsmenia rame princ
erekleze?), xolo iustis pasuxze — araferio, metad mniSvnelovania vaxmistris replika:
`etnsch, ich glaube, du liesest ebensowenig die Zeitungen als die Bibel~ (adamiano, vfiqrob, iseve iSviaTad
kiTxulob gazeTebs, rogorc biblias) (lesingi 1954: 52). aqedan Cans, rom lesingisdroindel
germanul presaSi xSirad ibeWdeboda cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. amas adasturebs
vernerisave momdevno msjeloba. igi mefe erekles moixseniebs, rogorc `groβen elden~-s — did
gmirs, romelmac `daimorCila sparselebi~ (`den Persen weggenommen~) da `am dReebSi otomanTa
portas karibWesac Selewavs (`nächsten Tage die ottomanische Pforte einsprengen wird~). mas gadauwyvetia
aRmosavleTSi wasvla, `misi mefuri udidebulesobis~ (Seiner Königleichen Hoheit) (lesingi 1954: 52)
armiaSi Caricxva da otomanTa winaaRmdeg brZola. verneris mTeli am msjelobidan naTlad
ikveTeba dasavleTSi Seqmnili swori azri qarTvelTa ganmaTavisuflebel brZolebze
aRmosavleTis Zlieri dampyrobluri qveynebis winaaRmdeg. am azrs axmianebs swored lesingi
da es aris am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis umTavresi.
rac Seexeba ilia WavWavaZes, igi zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda Zveli da Tavisi
Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis, filosofiis, ekonomikis, sociologiis da sxva sferos
met-naklebad mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebis naRvaws, magram xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom misi
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans germanuli klasikuri literatura warmoadgenda, rasac
Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi hqonda. kerZod, me-19 saukuneSi germaniis klasikuri filosofia da
literatura mTeli evropisa da ruseTis mowinave moazrovneTa yuradRebis centrSi iyo
moqceuli da gansazRvravda kidec axal mimarTulebebs. bunebrivia, es procesi SeumCneveli ar
darCeboda peterburgSi ganaTlebamiRebuli iliasaTvis, magram am interess bunebrivad da
SesaZlebelia, qvecnobieradac gansazRvravda ucxoel dampryrobTa mudmivi SemosevebiTa da
ruseTis imperiis Zlieri wnexis qveS moqceuli saqarTvelosa da ocdaaTwliani omebiT
gapartaxebuli germaniis politikur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli dakninebiT nasazrdoebi
zneobrivi simdable, ramac am erebis Sinagani daSla-daqucmaceba gamoiwvia. swored
analogiuri istoriuli konteqstiT gamowveuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im tipologiuri
SesabamisobiT unda aixsnas holderlinisa da ilia WavWavaZis mier sakuTari qveynebis
mdgomareobis Sefasebis msgavseba. holderlinis hiperioni swers belarmins: `mware sityvaa,
magram mainc unda vTqva, radgan WeSmaritebaa: me ver warmomidgenia sxhva xalxi, romelic ufro
dafleTili (zerriβner) iyos, vidre germanelebia. xelosans xedav aq, magram ara adamianebs,
moazrovneebs, magram ara adamianebs, moZRvrebs, magram ara adamianebs, batonebs da msaxurebs,
axalgazrdebs da moxucebs, magram ara adamianebs. gana es ar hgavs brZolis vels, sadac sxeulis
yvela nakvTi nakuwebad erTmaneTze hyria, maSin, roca macocxlebeli sisxli miwaSi Jonavs~
(holderlini 1966: 635). aki iliac moTqvamda, rom saqarTveloSi `arian Tavadni, aznaurni,
mRvdelni, vaWarni, glexni, Cinianni da uCinoni — yvelani arian da qarTveli ki arsad aris... vai
im xalxs, romelsac saerTo ZarRvi gauwyda, vai im qveyanas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli
gaSra...~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 163, 165). aseT viTarebaSi ilias Sexedulebebze ar SeiZleba Rrma kvali
ar daeCnia germanul literaturas, romlis erT-erTi umTavresi sazrunevi swored erovnuli
mTlianoba iyo. amitomac aqtiurad iyenebda igi germaneli korifeebis naazrevs da mxatvruli
praqtikis gamocdilebebs. maT Soris ki, uwinares yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia misi mimarTeba
germanuli ganmanaTleblobis uTvalsaCinoes warmomadgenelTan — lesingTan. lesings,
rogorc `gonebis saukunis~ Svils, adamianobis umTavres ganmsazRvrelad azrovneba miaCnda da
werda: `didxans icocxlo, ar niSnavs, rom mravali weli icxovro, xolo didxans Tu giazrovnia,
didxansac gicocxliao~ (ritceli 1966: 320. amas unda daematos brZolis is uSreti vneba, ramac
haines aTqmevina: `igi (lesingi v.k.) Tavisi drois cocxali kritika iyo da mTeli misi cxovreba
160

polemikas warmoadgenda~ (haine 1962: 86). cxadia, es sityvebi mTlianad esadageba ilia
WavWavaZis pirovnul xats da aseTi sulieri Tanaziarobac, garemo pirobebTan erTad,
gansazRvravda maTi azrovnebis tipologiurobas.
lesingma ukve 24 wlis asakSi gansazRvra Tavisi socialur-politikuri da SemoqmedebiTi
mizani, rac mokled Semdegi sityvebiT gamoxata `Die edelste Beschäftigung des Menschen ist der Mensch~
(adamianis ukeTilSobilesi saqme adamiania). iliamac Tavisi samoRvaweo mizani adamianebs
daukavSira: `Cveni saqme saqarTvelos xalxis cxovrebaa. misi gamomjobineba Cveni pirveli da
ukanaskneli survilia~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 129). am `gamomjobinebisaTvis~ maTi brZola Tu
meamboxuri suliskveTebiT daiwyo (gavixsenoT ilias `mgzavris werilebi~ da lesingis `samuel
henci~ da `spartavi~, romelic aRar daumTavrebia, radgan Seicvala azri da cxovrebis
humanistur-demokratiul safuZvelze mowyobisaTvis adamianTa moralur-inteleqtualuri
srulqmna miiCnia, ramac Tavisi asaxva hpova kidec TxzulebaSi `adamianuri modgmis aRzrda~.
aseve evoluciuri gardaqmnebisaken gadaixara mogvianebiT iliac. igi safuZvlianad rom
icnobda lesingis Semoqmedebas, es kargad Cans Tavis werilebSi misi naazrevis citaciiT, xolo
statiaSi `ra mizezia, rom kritika ara gvaqvs~ igi wers: `Cveni swavlulni, ganaTlebulni
darvinis Teorias zedmiwevniT gacodineben, hegelis esTetikas, lesingisa da tenis
filosofias xelovnebisas xelisguliviT gadagiSlian... erTs pawawina leqss ki Cvenis
romelime poetisas ver gauZRvebian, rogorc rigia~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 344) (es seni xSir
SemTxvevaSi dResac ganukurnebelia).
lesingis esTetikuri naazrevis mwvervals warmoadgens misi ori Sroma: `laokooni, anu
ferwerisa da poeziis sazRvrebisaTvis~ da `hamburgis dramaturgia~. `laokoonSi~ igi
akritikebda bualosa da rasins, maT kvalad ki germaniaSi franguli klasicizmis epigon
gotSeds, rogorc sakaro klasicizmis Teoretikosebs, romlebsac TavianTi esTetikis
amosavlad aurCeviaT horaciusis gamoTqma _ `upictura poesis~ (poezia mxatvrobis msgavsia). es,
unda iTqvas, rom maT mxolod abstraqtul-racionalisturad esmodaT, rac garegani formis
mSvenierebasa da sagnis calkeul nawilTa harmoniulobaSi gamoixateboda. amas lesingma
daupirispira Sinaarsis, grZnobis, gancdis momenti da amis safuZvelze gaavlo paralelebi
poeziasa da ferweras Soris. man, miuxedavad asasaxad gamoyenebuli masalis da saSualebebis
sxvadasxvaobisa, xelovnebisa da literaturis yoveli dargis saerTo amocanad `ideis saxeSi~
(sinnliches Bild) gadmocema miiCnia, xolo poezias upiratesoba mianiWa, rogorc dinamiurs,
moZravs, droSi ganviTarebads ferweris statikurobasTan SedarebiT.
Tu gavixsenebT ilias `pasuxs~ da statias _ `werilebi literaturis Sesaxeb~, igi
mTlianad iziarebs lesingis aRniSnul mosazrebebs da Tavis Sexedulebebs `laokoonSi~
ganviTarebuli azris Sesabamisad ayalibebs. kerZod, `pasuxSi~ wers: `xelovneba aris
ganxorcieleba saxeSi ideisa, azrisa. musika, mxatvroba, poezia — eseni sul saxeSi gamoTqvamen
ideas, mxolod imiT ganiyofebian, rom Tavisi ideis gamosaTqmelad sxvadasxva masalas xmaroben
— musika —xmasa, mxatvroba — xazsa, poezia — sityvebsa~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 34).
lesingi, bualos Teoriis sapirispirod, romelic sakaro cxovrebis Seswavlas da mis
asaxvas saxavda xelovnebis miznad, iRwvoda cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Rrmad Seswavlisa da
misi asaxvisaTvis. amitomac germanuli literaturisaTvis inglisuri da kerZod, Seqspiris
dramebs miiCnevda ufro sasargneblod, vidre frangi klasicistebisaTvis mibaZvas. iliac
ebrZoda ra sentimentalur mimarTulebas, rogorc uvargiss da arafris momcems Cveni
literaturisaTvis, moiTxovda cxovrebis morevSi SeWras, misi av-kargis gamowvilviT
Seswavlas da mxolod mis asaxvas literaturaSi. igi gadaWriT ambobda: `Tvalni ze zecisa da
qveynis saidumloTa mxedvelad, yurni zesknelisa da qvesknelisa ucnaur xmaTa msmenelad,
xelni cisa da qveynis majiscemis Semtyvebrad da ena yovlisa amis aRmomTqmelad da
mTargmnelad~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 31).
mxatvorobasTan SedJarebiT poezias imitomac aniWebda upiratesobas, rom mxatvrovbas
mxolod xilulis asaxva SeuZlia, poezias ki xilulisac da uxilavisac da roca igi klod
keliuss ekamaTeba miltonis `dakarguli samoTxis~ gamo, wers: `...Tu Cemi xorcieli Tvalis (das
leibliche Auge) xilvis sfero iqneboda Cemi Sinagani Tvalis (das innerliche Auge) xilvis sferos
ganmsazRvreli, Cems Rirsebad CavTvlidi pirvelis dakargvas, oRondac am SezRudulobisagan
gavTavisuflebuliyavio~ (lesingi 1954: 246). aki iliac or Tvals ganasxvavebda — garegansa da
Sinagans, suliersa da xorciels. amisi brwyinvale magaliTia oTaraanT qvrivis usityvo
mwuxareba, razec ilia wers: `...amas marto Tvali gulisaRa Tu xedavda da yuri gulisa Tu
ismenda... xorcieli smena, xorcieli xedva amisi uRonoao~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 294). igive azrs
araerTgzis aviTarebs `werilebSi Teatrze~ (`gaviyareniT~, `vefxistyaosnis gmirebTan ninos
Sedareba), sadac daaskvnis: `CvenSi xorcieli Tvali ufro moqmedebs, vidre Tvali sulisao~
(WavWavaZe 1991: 327).
raki orive SemoqmedisaTvis mTavari cxovrebis Rrma Seswavla iyo Tavisi av-kargiT da
Semdeg misi maRalmxatvruli aRwera, am moTxovnas isini bunebrivad mihyavda tipsa da tipurze
msjelobasTan, radgan konkretulis ganzogadebis safuZvelze individualur saxeebSi
Seijleba zogadkacobriulis gamoxatva, rac sabolood ganapirobebs kidec aseTi nawarmoebis
adgils msoflio kulturis saganZurSi. am azris dasasabuTeblad lesingi msjelobs kornelis
161

`rodigunaSi~ kleopatras saxeze, axasiaTebs metismetad uaryofiTad da ambobs, rom es ar aris
tipuri saxe da madloba RmerTs, rom aseTi qalebi aTas weliwadSi erTi Tu daibadebiT. igi
kleopatras `cTomil qmnilebas~ (Miβgeschopfte) uwodebs. iliac im azrs aviTareba, rom mweralma
`rac ar unda zedmiwevniT da mSvenvrad dagvixatos erTi romelime calke aRebuli kaci — ivane
Tu petre. yovelTvis upiratesoba unda daeTmos imas, vinc zogadis gamoxatvis SemZlebeliao.
tipze gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ilias msjeloba, roca igi akakis werils _ `vefxistyaosani~
aanalizebs. igi swored imas uwunebs poets, rom man `vefxistyaosnis gmirebi
eTnografiul gmirebad warmogvidginao da askvnis, rom homerosi, rusTaveli, Seqspiri,
baironi da baraTaSvili imitom arian `msoflio geniosebi, rom isini `kacad-kacobis vrcel
mindors~ swvdebodnen da gamoxatavdnen `zogad tipebs, romlebic `erovnuli samkauliT~
individualizebulni `zogadkacoboriul tipebs~ warmoadgeneno. es mosazreba man
brwyinvaled ganaxorciela sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi praqtikiTac. man iseTi cocxali da
metyveli tipebi Seqmna garkveuli Tvisebebis da xasiaTebis matarebeli adamianebisa, rom
mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi samudamod aRibeWdnen luarsab TaTqariZe, rogorc uqnarobis,
uvicobis, sibnelis, uZraobis; oTaraanT qvrivis, rogorc garjis, azrianobis, patiosnebis,
samarTlianobis; glaxa WriaSvili, rogorc gonebaSezRudulobis, uazro, Tavmoubmeli
metyvelebis, cxovrebisagan fexqveSgaTelili adamianis simboluri saxeebi.
lesingisa da ilias SexedulebaTa msgavseba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa maT nawerebSi
Teatrze. rogorc cnobilia, lesingi 1767-69 wlebSi muSaobda hamburgis TeatrSi da
sistematurad aqveynebda recenziebs warmodgenil speqtaklebze, romlebic erTad Sekrebili
cnobilia `hamburgis dramaturgiis~ saxeliT. msgavsad lesingisa, iliac 1886-92 wlebSi
qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis mier warmodgenili speqtaklebis Sesaxeb aqveynebda
recenziebs, romlebic cnobilia cikluri saxeliT `werilebi qarTul Teatrze~ (sul oci
werilia aseTi), romlebic Seexebian repertuars, msaxiobTa TamaSs da xalxis sulier Tu
pirovnul daxvewaSi Teatris rols. lesingi werda, rom `Teatri moraluri aRzrdis kera unda
iyos~ da amave dros mSobliuri enis siwmindis dacvasa da ganviTarebas unda emsaxurebodeso.
am azrs TiTqmis sityva-sityviT gadmoscems ilia Tavis `Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~: `scena igive
Skolaa, romelic cxovelis suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da Wkuasa~ (WavWavaZe 1897: 275)
da Semdeg: `Cven Cvens scenas or Rvawlsa vsTxovT. pirveli — rom marTla ganmwmendeli iyos
Cvenis cxovrebisa, Cvenis Wkuis da gulis ganmanaTlebeli da mwvrTneli da meore — igi unda
iqmnas im adgilad, sadac Cveni ena fexzed unda wamodges mTelis Tavisi mSvenebiTa da
simdidriTa~ (WavWavaZe 1897: 276). Teatris mier am rolis Sesruleba ki mTlianad
damokidebulia repertuarze, risTvisac orive moRvawis mTavar sazrunavs erovnuli
repertuaris Seqmna Seadgenda da rogorc lesingi germaniaSi, ise ilia saqarTveloSi
miiCnevda, rom vidre erovnuli dramaturgia fexs aidgamda, iseTi nawarmoebebi unda
eTargmnaT, romlebic eris interesebs Seesatyvisebodnen da mayureblis zneobriv srulyofas
xels Seuwyobdnen. aseve urTierTs Tanxvdeba maTi msjeloba dramatul nawarmoebebSi
istoriuli faqtebis gamoyenebisa da personaJebis xasiaTebis Zerwvis Sesaxebac. lesingis
azriT, tragedia ar aris dialogis formiT gadmocemuli istoria. istoriuli misTvis mxolod
saxelebis nusxaa (Reportorium von Namen), romelSic Tuki Semoqmedi Tavisi siuJetisaTvis
Sesatyvis situaciebs da individualizebisaTvis tipaJebs ipovis, ... SeuZlia gamoiyenos igi~.
iliac Sesabamisad werda: `dramaturgi istorikosi xom ar aris, rom istoria gvaswavlos,
istoriuli qronika gviweros... xolo Tu surs istoriuli Rirseba mianiWos Tavis dramas,
usaTuod... suli epoqisa... unda gadagvixsnas~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 498). maTi azriT, raki Teatrma
cxovreba unda asaxos Tavisi av-kargiT, xolo cxovrebaSi tragikuli momentebic gvxvdeba da
komikuric, amitom komediac iseTsave rols asrulebs adamianims sulis ganwmendaze, rogorsac
tragedia da amitom orives erTnairi ufleba unda hqondes scenaze, oRond es aris, rom
komedia `farsad ar unda iqceso~ _ ambobda lesingi. igive azrs aviTarebs ilia, roca wers:
`yvela sicili~ ver iqneba `sagani xelovnebisa~. qveynad bevri ram aris sasacilo, magram esTeti
kuri grZnoba yvela sicils ver Seiwynarebs, Tavis Svilad ver gaixdiso~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 314) da
mkacrad gmobs `lazRandarobad gardaqmnil~ sicils.
dramatuli nawarmoebis srulyofilad aRqmis sakiTxSi lesingi udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebda msaxiobs. igi werda: `msaxiobi yovelTvis avtorTan erTad unda azrovnebdes da
valdebulia, sadac avtori subieqturi mosazrebiT Secdomas uSvebs, mis magivrad ifiqroso
(lesingi 1954: 273). ilia l. mesxiSvils swored imas uqebs, rom `SeSlilSi~ gmiris rolSi
`Seavso, ganaviTara~ avtolris Canafiqrio. kerZod, eqimis winaSe, roca coli qmarze `erTi
sityviTac ar mianiSnebs, es kaci SeSliliao, mesxiSvilma iseTi scena gaiTamaSa, rom `SesZra
mayurebelio~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 285). rac Seexeba Jestikulacias, romelzec lesingi Zalian
frTxil da zomier midgomas moiTxovs, `Warbi Jestikulacia afuWebs saqmeso~ _ ambobs igi,
iliac, Tumca k. yifians uaRresad niWier da daxelovnebul msaxiobad miiCnevs, swored imas
uwunebs, rom `metad xSirad da uadgilo adgilas icis xelebis da TiTebis moZraobao~
(WavWavaZe 1991: 269).
da bolos gvinda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom, rogorc ekonomikurad, politikurad da
kulturulad daZabunebul germanias moevlina lesingi, romelmac ise gadmonerga Tavisi
162

epoqis mowinave, upirvelesad inglisel da frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi da suliskveTebani,
rom maT axali Sinaarsi SesZina mSobliur niadagze, aseve iliamac, rogorc sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis nebismier dargSi, esTetikis sakiTxebSic meqanikurad ki ar gadmohqonda evropel
moazrovneTa da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi lesingis naazrevi, aramed SemoqmedebiTad iyenebda
da qarTuli sulis Sesatyvisad, axal Sinaarss sZenda maT, ris gamoc sruliad originalur
naazrevad gvevlinebian isini.
damowmebani:
lesingi 1954: Gotthold Ephreim Lessing. Ausgewählte Werke. Verlag für Fremdsprachige Literatur. Moskau: 1954.
ritceli 1966: Ritzel. G. E. Lessing. Stuttgart: 1966.
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. V, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,
1991.
WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. VI, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,
1997.
haine 1962: Heinrich Heines. Werke in fünf Bänben. Bnd 5., Volks Verlag Weimar: 1962.
holderlini 1962: Johann Chr. H. Hölderlin. Sämtliche Werke, herausgegeben von Friedrich Beisner. Stuttgart: 1966.
163

sofiko lobJaniZe
ilia WavWavaZe germanofiluri saganmanaTleblo politikis ideologi
saqarTveloSi
XIX-XX saukuneebSi orma urTierTsapirispiro procesma _ erTi mxriv didi imperiebis
mier mcirericxovan xalxTa saxelmwifoebis dapirispirebis xarjze sazRvrebis gafarToebam
da meores mxriv priqiT, didi imperiebis kolonialuri uRlidan Tavis daxsnam, bunebrivad
daayena orive am procesSi monawile xalxebisaTvis erovnuli (dedaenovani) skolis problema.
pirvelTaTvis es aucilebeli iyo Tavis dasacavad kulturulad mZlavri an mzardi da
militaristulad aRmatebuli imperiis maasimilirebeli meqanizmisagan, meoreTaTvis ki
gardauvali _ axalSeqmnili, damoukidebeli saxelmwifos kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da
aRmavlobisaTvis.
pirvelTa rigSi moxvda saqarTvelo, romelic TiTqmis mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi
(1801 wlidan _ 1875 wlis CaTvliT) nawil-nawil da TandaTanobiT okupaciisa da aneqsiis gziT
xdeboda ruseTis imperiis nawili.
ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis droisaTvis saqarTveloSi sul ori
seminaria arsebobda: Tbilisisa (1755) da Telavis (1782). qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da
ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg (1801) orive es qarTuli seminaria daixura da ganaTlebis enad 1918
wlamde saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad rusuli iqca.
ruseTis imperiis kavkasiaSi gabatoneba saqarTvelos kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo
institutebis absoluturi arakonkurentunarianobis periods daemTxva. kulturulad nela,
magram mainc mzardi imperiis zewolas saqarTvelo ver gauZlebda, miT umetes, rom qarTuli
ganaTlebisa da kulturis iseTi tradiciuli burji, rogoric avtokefaluri eklesia iyo,
rusulma marTlmadideblobam daiqvemdebara da iqidan qarTuli, rogorc RvTismsaxurebis ena,
gamoaZeva.
samagierod, ruseTma scada qarTveli eris Semadgenel nawilebad daSla da saanbano
wignebi megrulad da svanuradac gamosca (mogvianebiT amas ruseTis sabWoTa imperiac
gaimeorebs da saanbano wignebisa da gazeTebis gamocemas wamoiwyebs megrulad da lazurad),
Tumca Zv. w. 284 wlidan moyolebuli qarTuli ena qarTuli saxelmwifos da yvela qarTveluri
tomis erTaderTi samwerlo ena iyo.
agresiulma da ukompromiso rusifikatorulma politikam kavkasiaSi qarTuli
inteleqtualuri elitis dRis wesrigSi daayena iseTi precenden- tis povnis aucilebloba
evropul imperiaTa saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi, romlis dapirispireba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli
rusulisaTvis, rogorc eTnikuri da lingvisturi tolerantobis, aseve sakuTriv pedagogiuri
TvalsazrisiT. da aseTi precendenti iqna kidec napovni ganaTlebis germanuli (resp.
prusiuli) imperiuli sistemis saxiT.
rogorc ucnauradac ar unda JRerdes, saqarTveloSi germanuli skolisa da
pedagogiuri azrisadmi interesis gacxoveleba oto eduard leopold bisamarkis (1815-1898)
saxels ukavSirdeba da ara imdenad mis samxedro da politikur warmatebebs, ramdenadac
keTilSobilur Jests, romliTac man Tavisi epoqaluri gamarjvebis dafnis gvirgvini
uyoymanod gauyo germanuli skolis maswavlebels.
ilia WavWavaZe amasTan dakavSirebiT werda: “1870 welsa, roca germaniam Tavs-zari dasca
minamde TiTqmis uZlevels safrangeTsa da saca Sexvda, bre gaadina, sTqves, rom germaniis
skolis maswavlebelma sZlia safrangeTsa da daamarcxao. amiTi imis Tqma undaT, rom uxvad
mofenilma da kargad mowyobilma skolebma da swavla-ganaTlebam germaniisam misca ers is
sulieri da xorcieli Zal-Rone, romelmac Semusra safrangeTio. mas aqeT germaniam axla sxva
gzaze iCina Tavisi Zlevamosileba da winsvla imave RonisZiebiT. aqac, rogorc etyoba, mizezi
Zlevamosilobisa igiv skolis maswavlebelia, igiv swavla da ganaTleba” (WavWavaZe 1997: 375-
376).
1889 wels ilia WavWavaZe ase axasiaTebs germanelTa midrekilebas swavlaganaTlebisadmi,
da Tanac ara abstraqtul germanelTa, aramed saqarTvelos germanuli
kolonistebisas:
“germaneli purs daiklebs, Rvinos daiklebs, SimSils, wyurvils ar SeuSindeba da Svilis
gasazrdelad-ki Tavis monagars groSs gadasdebs, Svilis mcodne kacad qcevisaTvis arafers
dahzogavs da yvelafers gaimetebs. germanelma icis, rom Svilis kacad gamosvla, maZRrad
yofna da utkivrad rCena swavla-ganaTlebazea damokidebuli.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 351)
is amasve moiTxovs Tavisi Tanamemamuleebisgan, misi mizani am “germanuli” Tvisebis
gamomuSavebis miRwevaa qarTvel adamianSi. igi germanelebs qarTvelTa misabaZ magaliTad
saxavs, radgan TbilisSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa mxolod mesamedma icis wera-kiTxva, xolo
TbilisSi mcxoveb xalxTagan: “wera-kiTxvis codnis kvalobazed yvelaze win arian germanelni,
romelTa Soris mcodinari oTxSi samia.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 351)
germanelebs is uwonebs SvilTa ganaTlebisTvis zrunvas:
164

“raki germanelisaTvis codna, swavla-ganaTleba aucilebeli saWiroebaa, mis saekonomio
angariSSi, mis saRvawosa da saamagoSo Svilis gasazrdelad saxarjos mopvebas TiTqmis
upirvelesi adgili uWiravs. jafas, garjas iorkecebs da, Tu amiT veras gamxdara, sxvagan
iklebs da am saxarjos ki hmatebs.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 351-352)
qarTvelebze ki gulistkiviliT ambobs:
“Cven yovels amazed Zalian Sorsa varT. Cvens saekonomio angariSSi, Cvenis cxovrebis
“CotkSi” Svilis gasazrdels saxarjos araviTari adgili ar uWiravs.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 352)
ilia urCevs qarTvelebs germanelebiviT miudgnen SvilTa swavla-ganaTlebis saqmes:
“tanT moikal, fexT moikal, mSier-mwyurvali iare da nu Cadgebi-ki jer Svilisa da mere
qveynis codvaSi, _ ai ra unda eweros gulis ficarzed im wminda saqmes, romelsac mama-
Svilobas eZaxian.” (WavWavaZe 1938: 353)
ilia germanelebs idealad usaxavs Tavis Tanamemamuleebs swored am Tvisebis,
ganaTlebisadmi swrafvisa da saganmanaTleblo saqmis organizaciis unaris gamo, da aseT
prognozs akeTebs germanelTa da germaniis momavalTan dakavSirebiT:
“germanelni axovanni da Zlierni arian suliTa da xorciT. amaTi mermisi didia da
TvalTgauwvdeneli. me mgonia, rom kacobrioba pirvelobas amaT dauTmobs qveynierebaze Tavis
droze. didi janiani eria, rogorc vTqvi, suliTa da xorciT. didi mermisi moeliT.” (WavWavaZe
1997: 146)
TavisTavad cxadia, rom saqarTvelo, romelic daqucmacebuli samefo-samTavroebad
nawil-nawil iyo okupirebuli da aneqsirebuli ruseTis imperiis mier, grZnobda ra Tavisi
mravalsaukunovani sasuliero saganmanaTleblo tradiciasTan ganuwyveteli kavSiris
aRdgenis SeuZleblobas, eZebda axal orientirebs ganaTlebis sferoSi. umZimesi pirobebi,
romelSic imperiis rusificirebulma politikam Caagdo saqarTvelo (qarTuli eklesiis
avtokefaliis gauqmeba da qarTul enaze liturgiis akrZalva, qarTuli sasuliero
seminariebis daxurva, saxelmwifo skolebSi da gimnaziebSi qarTuli enis faqtobrivi akrZalva
da a. S.), rogorc vTqviT, aiZulebdnen qarTvel inteleqtualebs, evropisken miepyroT mzera da
axali erovnuli ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis Sesaferisi modeli SeerCiaT.
saero ganaTlebis sistemis organizaciis TvalsazrisiT ki evropaSi yvelaze saintereso
da mimzidveli germaniasa da SveicariaSi mimdinare procesebi Canda da qarTuli presac
maqsimalurad cdilobda am procesebis Sesaxeb operatiuli informacia miewodebina qarTveli
sazogadoebisTvis.
ai ramdenime nimuSi XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnis yvelaze popularuli qarTuli JurnalgazeTebidan:
gadaRmeli (am fsevdonimis ukan idga anTimoz juReli)
“ucxo cxovrebidan” _ statia exeboda berlinSi “saskolo sazogadoebis daarsebas”,
germanelTa Soris ganaTlebis gavrcelebis mizniT. gaz. “droeba” 1883. XII. 13. 251. gv. 1-2.
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda ilia WavWavaZis mier daarsebuli gazeTi “iveria”:
1890. 17. 06. 127:3 “germaniis dedaTa peticia” _ medicines Seswavlis nebarTvis Sesaxeb:
1890. 27. 11 252:3 „germania“ — saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb; 1891. 4. 04. 73:3 “germania”
— ganaTlebis saqmisaTvis berlinis mmarTvelobis mier gadadebuli Tanxebis ganawilebis
Sesaxeb; 1892. 12. 02. 33:3-4 “germania” — qalTa ganaTlebis saqmis Sesaxeb; 1893. 7. 04 69:3
“germania” — istorikosTa kreba miunhenSi saSualo saswavleblebSi istoriis swavlebis
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb; 1893. 8. 09. 192:4 “saero skolebi germaniaSi”; 1898. 31. 05. 113:1-2
“saswavlebeli mermisisa” — axali tipis saswavleblebis daarsebis sakiTxi evropaSi. aseTi
skolebi inglissa da germaniaSi; 1900. 1. 01. 1:3 “qarTveli moswavle axalgazrdobis
sayuradRebod” — umaRlesi sakomercio saswavleblis daarsebis Sesaxeb laipcigSi; 1901. 14. 09
199:1-3; 26. 09. 209:1-4 (filipe gogiCaiSvili) “kerZo iniciativa saxalxo swavla-ganaTlebis
saqmeSi germanelTa Soris”; 1902. 1. 09. 185:2-3 “saero skola prusiaSi ”; 1903. 13. 04. 80:2-3
“saxalxo saswavlebeli germaniaSi”; 1904. 25. 04. 98:2-3 “saero maswavlebelTa kursebi
SveicariaSi”. da a.S.
gazeTi “cnobis furceli”:
1898. 24. 01. 436:3 S. froneli “savaldebulo swavla germaniaSi”; 1989. 11. 11. 676:3-4 iv.
kavTeli (jajanaSvili) “samagaliTo oblebis skola germaniaSi”; 1898. 19. 11. 684:4, 20. 11. 685:4 iv.
kavTeli “pestaloci-frebelis instituti berlinSi”; 1901. 28. 08. 1566:1-3; 29.08. 1567:1-3; 1.09.
1569:1-3; 6. 09. 1574: 1-3 p. paWkoria “pedagogiuri dakvirvebani SveicariaSi”; 1902. 12. 04. 1779:3-4
“germaniis politeqnikumebis gamo”; 1902. 23-25. 1817: 3 “sazRvargareTeli politeqnikumebi” —
germaniis politeqnikumebSi miRebis Sesaxeb. da a.S.
1873 wels jurnal krebulSi 8: 141-166, 16: 49-94 gamoqveynda ivane mesxis gamokvleva
“ymawvilebis aRzrda SveicariaSi”.
Cven sagangebod SevarCieT Tematurad gansxvavebuli statiebi, raTa gveCvenebina, Tu
rogori farTo iyo qarTuli sazogadoebis interesis speqtri germanuli (da germanulenovani
Sveicariis) saganmanaTleblo sistemis struqturebis efeqturobisa da siaxleebisadmi.
yovelive es ibeWdeba im mizniT, rom qarTul sazogadoebas miebaZa germanulisaTvis
ganaTlebis sferoSi da aeTvisebina misi gamocdileba _ es ase xdeboda kidec, miT umetes, rom
165

germanul (prusiul) skolas sanimuSod saxavdnen imdroindeli saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri
liderebi, upirveles yovlisa Tavad ilia WavWavaZe da rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, axali
qarTuli skolisa da mecniereuli pedagogikis fuZemdebeli iakob gogebaSvili (1840-1912).
ilia germanul saero skolas, iseve rogorc Tavad germanelebs, qarTvelTaTvis
samagaliTod miiCnevs. mas ar akmayofilebs saqarTvelos saero skolebSi dakanonebuli
swavlebis samwliani kursi da 1881 wels misi gazrdis moTxovnisas isev germaniis precendents
iSveliebs:
“germania, da nametnavad prusia, aris is qveyana, saca saero skolis gansakuTrebuli
Tviseba misxlobiT gamokvleuli aqvT gamoCenilTa mecnierTa SemweobiT, misi Tavi da bolo,
sigrZe da sigane didis codniT da sifrTxiliT gazomili aqvT; iq saero skolis
gansakuTrebuli saqme imdenad Znelad da samZimod aqvT aRiarebuli da cnobili, rom misi
kursi xuTisa da eqvsis, zogan rva wlobiTac aris xolme. Tu iq, saca, rac unda vsTqvaT, eris
gonebrivi da qonebrivi yofa-cxovreba gacilebiT Cvenzed metia da ukeTesi, saca, eri ufro
mixvedrilia da goneba-gaxsnili, saca daxelovnebuli da kargad momzadebuli ostatebi
mravalia da maSasadame, saca, yovel am mizeziT, skolis saqme ufro gaadvilebulia, xuTs
weliwadzed aranakleb axmaren saero skolis pirdapir daniSnulebas, _ nuTu es CvenSi es sami
weliwadi, es mokle xani, imisTvisac sakmarisia, rom saero skolam Tavisi pirdapiri
daniSnulebac aasrulos da rusuli enac imodenad acodinos bavSvs, rom umaRles
saswavlebelSi Sesvla SesZlos?!” (WavWavaZe 1938: 225).
ilia WavWavaZis mier ganaTlebis sferoSi aRebul germanofilur kurss, rogorc im
droisaTvis erTaderT swor orientirs, iseTi avtoritetuli momxre da mimdevari gamouCnda,
rogoric iyo iakob gogebaSvili. iakobma iliaseul argumentebs rusulTan SedarebiT
germanuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis upiratesobis damadasturebeli axali, da rac mTavaria,
aranakleb mniSvnelovani argumentebi moiyvana.
upirispirdeboda ra ruseTis agresiul da ukompromiso rusifikatorul politikas
kavkasiasa da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi, iakob gogebaSvili ruseTis aseT Sovinistur pozicias
ganaTlebis sferoSi adarebda da amsgavsebda avstrielTa gamocdilebas da sanimuSod isic
germanul (resp. prusiul) skolas miiCnevda:
“avstria da prusia ors sxva-da-sxva gvars wess misdevdnen ucxo-Temelebis ganaTlebaSi.
avstria xSirad winaaRmdegobas uwevda pirvel-dawyebiTs skolebSi deda-enis swavlebas da
cdilobda, rac SeiZleba adre daewyoT nemcurs enazed swavleba. prusia ki deda-enas yovelgvars
uflebas aZlevda da iTxovda kidec rom swavla yovels saxalxo skolaSi bavSvebis dedaenazed
yofiliyo. da ra moxda? avstriam am gvaris moqmedebiT aramc Tu Tavis wadili ver
Seasrula da Tavis qveSevrdomi ucxo xalxebi ver gaanemca, aramed ufro auyara guli
nemcobazed. prusiam ki mWidrod daakavSira qveSevrdomi ucxo-Temelebi.” (gogebaSvili 1955:
243)
swored am TvalsazrisiT, e. i. saero skolebSi deda-enaze swavlebis aucileblobis
dasasabuTeblad, ara marto ilia WavWavaZe da iakob gogebaSvili, aramed mTeli qarTuli
pedagogiuri azri mimarTavs prusiisa da germanulenovani Sveicariis gamocdilebas.
saqarTveloSi ewevian henrix pestalocis, fridrix frebelis, fridrix adolf distervegis,
karl rixteris da sxvaTa pedagogiuri naazrevis popularizaciasa da gaTavisebas.
saero skolebisTvis, pirvel rigSi dawyebiTi klasebisTvis qarTuli
saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenisas iakob gogebaSvili iTvaliswinebs sinqroniaSi arsebul
saukeTeso germanuli saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebis, kerZod klauvelisa da Sindleris
gamocdilebas.
1896 wels TbilisSi qarTulad gamodis pestalocis mTavari pedagogiuri Txzuleba,
romani “lingardi da hertruda”, Targmnili pedagog iv. rostomaSvilis (1852-1924) mier. imave
wels gamodis ernst bemes “aRzrda Svilisa, pedagogiuri werilebi dedasTan ernst bemesi” da
sxv.
iwereba sagangebo gamokvlevebi: “henrix pestaloci, rogorc kaci da pedagogi” (v.
algandaSvili, J. “mogzauri” 1903, 5-6: 347-355), “fridrix frebeli” (al. naTaZe J. “pedagogiuri
furceli”, 1905, 6: 12-18) da sxv.
zemoT Cven vaCveneT ilia WavWavaZis pozicia saqarTvelos germanuli kolonistebisa da
kerZod maTi damokidebulebis mimarT swavla-ganaTlebisadmi. germaneli kolonistebi
saqarTveloSi XIX saikuneSi, 1817-1819 wlebSi iqnen gadmosaxlebulni da maT aq rva kolonias
Cauyares safuZveli. germaneli kolonistebi ZiriTadaT luTeranebi iyvnen, magram maT Soris
seqtebis (“separatistebi” igive “hiliastebi”) angariSgasawevi raodenobac iyo, es
ukanasknelebi saqarTvelosken (resp. kavkasiisken) miiswrafodnen, rogorc aRTqmuli miwisken
“qveynierebis dasasrulisgan” Tavdasaxsnelad, maTi religiuri lideris iung-Stilingis (1740-
1818) winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad. (manjgalaZe 1968: 155)
rac Seexeba luTeranebs, maTi misionerebis pirveli gamoCenas saqarTveloSi XVI s. meore
naxevarSi hqonda adgili (martin krusiusi, stefane gerlaxi, iakob andrea da sxv.) da Tavidan
maT, rogorc Cans, sakmao warmatebiTac umoRvawiaT.
166

am warmatebis mizezi isev qarTvelTaTvis esoden mtkivneul problemas, deda-enaze
swavlebas ukavSirdeba _ saqarTvelos istoriul samxreT-dasavleTSi, romelic im dros
Turqebis mier iyo okupirebuli, oficialurad ikrZaleboda qarTulenovani mRvdelmsaxureba
(qarTvel marTlmadideblebs mxolod berZnulad unda ewarmoebinaT liturgia, qarTvel
kaTolikebs mxolod somxurad), luTeranebze es akrZalva ar vrceldeboda, garda amisa,
luTeranoba principuli momxre iyo liturgiis erovnul enaze Catarebisa, rac mas qarTuli
enisa da eTnikuri TviTmyofadobis mxsnelis funqcias aniWebda xsenebul regionSi (javaxia
2005: 146). politikuri koniunqturis cvlilebam luTeranobis gavrcelebas aRar Seuwyo xeli.
saqarTveloSi luTeranobis gadmosaxlebis Semdeg qarTvelTa interesi
luTeranobisadmi ufro pedagogiuri niSniT aris aRbeWdili, vidre TeologiuriT an
religiuriT.
1884 wels Jurnal “iveria”-Si qveyndeba gadaRmelis (anTimoz juReli) statia “liuteri,
rogorc pedagogi” (“iveria” 5-6: 127-150)
1820 wels TbilisSi daarsda luTeranuli skola, romelmac 1919 wlis ivnisSi Tavisi 100
wlisTavi izeima (kutalia 1993: 217; kutalia 2004: 33). luTeranuli skolebi saqarTveloSi
bolSevikuri ruseTis mier misi okupaciisa da aneqsiis (1921 w.) Semdeg daixura.
luTeranul skolebs Tbilisis guberniaSi pastorebi uwevdnen kuratorobas, rogorc es
saerTod iyo miRebuli. Tavdapirvelad pastorebad bazelis samisionero institutes
kursdamTavrebulebs niSnavdnen (kolonistebis wridan), XIX saukunis meore naxevridan
ruseTis xelisuflebis moTxovniT kolonistebi ukve derptSi agzavnidnen Tavis
axalgazrdebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad da pastorad mosamzadeblad. (kutalia 1993: 214;
kutalia 2004: 31).
orklasiani samrevlo tipis germanulenovani skolis (saswavleblis) damTavrebis Semdeg
germanel kolonistTa bavSvebi, iseve rogorc maTi qarTveli Tanatolebi rusulenovan
skolebsa da gimnaziebSi agrZeleben swavlas da isini erTnairad gamocdidnen xolme sakuTar
Tavze gansxvavebas rusul da germanul (resp. prusiul) saskolo ganaTlebis sistemebsa da
principebs Soris.
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze germanuli saskolo da sauniversteto ganaTlebis
sistemebisadmi gansakuTrebuli simpaTia qarTul inteleqtualur wreebSi, swrafva
axalgazrdoba saswavleblad swored germanul universitetebSi gaegzavnaT swavlis misaRebad
da qarTvel mecnierTa, maT Soris 1918 wels Tbilisis universitetis dafuZnebelTa
umravlesobis orientacia germanul samecniero skolebze, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
inteleqtualuri germanofiloba, ramac XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ruseTis imperiis
uRlisagan saqarTvelos daxsnisaTvis moRvawe erovnul ZalebSi politikuri germanofilobis
Seuqcevadi saxe miiRo. Tumca, es ukve sxva gamokvlevis sagania.
damowmebani:
gogebaSvili 1955: gogebaSvili i. Txzulebani 10 tomad, tomi pirveli, Tbilisi: “institutis
gamomcemloba”, 1955.
kutalia 1993: kutalia g. martin luTeris sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebani, Tbilisi: “Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba”, 1993.
kutalia 2004: kutalia g. narkvevebi da mogonebebi, Tbilisi: “meridiani”, 2004.
manjgalaZe 1968: manjgalaZe guram, seqtanturi moZraoba amierkavkasiis germanul kolonistebSi,
krebuli “religiis istoriisa da aTeizmis sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi”, Tbilisi, 1968.
WavWavaZe 1938: WavWavaZe i. pedagogiuri Txzulebani, Tbilisi: “saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, 1938.
WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. amas vambob da vRaRadeb, quTaisi: “s.s. stamba”, 1997.
javaxia 2005: javaxia b. saqarTveloSi luTeranobis gavrcelebis mcdelobis istoriidan, Jurnali:
“kriteriumi”, 2005.
167

ilia WavWavaZe da misi Tanadrouli
germanuli poeziis Targmanebi
nino popiaSvili
ilia WavWavaZe studentobis periodidan iyo dainteresebuli da Targmnida germenul
poezias. ilia iyo fridrix Sileris, hainrix haines, iohan goeTes leqsebis pirveli qarTveli
mTargmneli.
ilias ekuTvnis cnobili germaneli romantikosi poetis, fridrix riukertis (1788-1866)
leqsebis pirveli qarTuli Targmanebi. ilias 1859 wlis 18 ianvars peterburgSi uTargmnia
leqsi usaTaurod “Crdilni maRal mTebisa”. leqsis xelnaweri avtografi Senaxulia 108 (); 17
501 (C). saTauris qveS ilias miuweria “riukertiT”, TariRic TviTon dausvams: “1859-sa welsa,
19-sa ianvars, s. peterburRi”. (WavWavaZe 1988: 669-670) leqsi gamoqveynda “iveriaSi”, xolo 1892
wels ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebis pirvel tomSi (WavWavaZe 1892: 48).
leqsi, romelsac iliam TargmanSi “Crdilni maRal mTebisa” uwoda pirveli striqonis
analogiiT, germaniaSi pirvelad 1835 wels gamoqveynda q. StutgartSi, xolo 1838 wels Sevida
riukertis rCeuli Txzulebebis mexuTe tomSi. leqss hqvia “saRamos mgzavruli” “Abendlied des
Wanderers“, meore variantiT: „Wanderers Abendlied.“
Abendlied des Wanderers
Wie sich Schatten dehnen
Vom Gebirg zum See,
Fühlt das Herz ein Sehen
Und ein süßes Weh.
Wie die Möven fliegen
Fluter uferwärts,
Möchte ich nun mich schmiegen
An ein treues Herz.
Froh im Morgenschimmer
Zieht ein Wanderer aus,
Aber abends immer
Möchte er sein zuhaus (riukerti: 1835: 124).
am leqsis iliaseuli Targmani Tavisebur Tavisufal Targmans warmoadgens.
***
(riukertisa)
Crdilni maRal mTebisa
ager wyalze gadmovlen
da gundi batebisa
TeTrad Sorsa aRmoCndnen.
siCumea... daRlilad
mkerdSi sustad guli hscems...
aw megobars rarigad
magrad mivapyrobdi mkerds!
gzazeda sixaruliT
gamodis mgzavri diliT,
magram ki saRamoJams
Sin natrobs gansvenebas. (WavWavaze 1988: 24)
rogorc vxedavT, leqsis saTauri ar aris Targmnili. TavisTavad cxadia, rom ilias
leqsis Targmanisas saTauris Targmna ar gauWirdeboda. vfiqrobT, man saWirod ar CaTvala
leqsis saTauris Targmna, radgan es leqsi ideurad ufro farTo Sinaarsis momcvelia, vidre
mgzavris simRera. cnobilia, rom ilia Targmanis dros garkveuli Tavisuflebis momxre iyo.
1858 wels ilias uTargmnia fridrix Sileris balada “Des Mädchens Klage” baladis saTauri ilias
ar uTargmnia da misTvis daurqmevia “cremlTa Sina nugeSi,” rac Sileris baladis finalis
bolo striqonebis analogiiTaa gadmoRebuli.
“baladis rogorc saTauri aseve, finaluri ori striqoni ilias mxatvruli mignebis
genialur unarze metyvelebs da originalSi Rrma wvdomis gareSe baladis ZiriTadi arsis
168

aseTi lakonuri da brZnuli gaazreba albaT SeuZlebeli iqneboda”, _ miiCnevs mkvlevari j.
gagniZe (gagniZe 1979: 76.).
Targmani mihyveba originals. riukertiseuli leqsi jvaredini riTmiT aris dawerili.
jvaredini riTma aris SenarCunebuli ilias TargmanSic. leqsi dawerilia eqvsmarcvliani
sazomiT, ilias TargmanSi sazomi Svidmarcvliania, rogorc Cans, Targmani maqsimalurad
daaxloebulia dedniseul sazoms. leqsi sam strofiania, strofebis raodenoba TargmanSic
zustad aris daculi, Tumca striqonebi iliaseul TargmanSi xSirad aris adgilSecvlili.
pirveli ori striqonis Sinaarsi aseTia:
ilias uTargmnia:
“rogor iweleba Crdili mTidan tbaze.”
“Crdilni maRal mTebisa
ager wyalze gadmowvnen”.
ilias zustad da poeturad uTargmnia germanuli “dehnen“ _ gawelva, Crdilis gawelvis
magier man „gadmowvnen“ ufro Sesaferisad miiCnia, Tumca germanuli „der See (zum See)“ _
qarTulad tba ilias ratomRac uTargmnia rogorc „wyalze“, Tumca TargmanSi marcvali ar
daakldeboda da arc JReradobas SeuSlida xels nacvlad „wyalze“, tbaze rom yofiliyo.
riukertis leqsis Semdegi ori striqoni:
“Fühlt das Herz ein Sehen
Und ein süßes Weh“.
“guls avsebs naRvliTa da tkbili tkiviliT” iliaseul TargmanSi gamotovebuli an
gadaadgilebuli Cans, xolo mis adgils ikavebs meore strofis pirveli ori striqoni:
“rogor dafrinaven Toliebi, farfateben napirze”
ilias uTargmnia:
“da gundi batebisa
TeTrad Sorsa aRmoCndnen”.
aq saqme gvaqvs Tavisufal TargmanTan. germanuli “öven“, Toliebi ilias uTargmnia
„gundi batebisa“, xolo striqoni „luter uferwärts“ farfateben, frenen napirze ilias
uTargmnia ara pirdapir Sinaarsoblivad, aramed Taviseburi poeturi interpretaciiT, magram
SinaarsTan axlos.
vfiqrobT, ilias meore strofis pirveli da meore striqonebi
“siCumea... daRlilad
mkerdSi sustad guli hscems...”
riukertiseuli pirveli strofis mesame da meoTxe striqonebis
“Fühlt das Herz ein Sehen
Und ein süßes Weh“.
“guls avsebs naRvliTa da tkbili tkiviliT” Taviseburi da Tavisufali interpretaciaa,
sadac mxolod gulis naRvliani gancdebia riukertis dedanTan axlo kavSirSi, xolo siCume da
daRla ilias Tavisufali Targmanis Sedegia.
originalis meore strofis mesame-meoTxe striqonebis Sinaarsi aseTia:
ilias uTargmnia:
“minda erTgul guls mivekra”,
“aw megobars rarigad
magrad mivapyrobdi mkerds”.
germanuli sityva “schmiegen“ _ qarTulad _ mikvra, moxuteba ilias poeturad savsebiT
gamarTlebulad da Sesabamisad uTargmnia „mivapyro“, Tumca riukertiseuli „treues Herz“ _
erTguli guli ilias uTargmnia, rogorc megobris mkerdi.
mesame strofis Targmani yvelaze axlos aris originalTan. riukertTan vkiTxulobT:
169

“gariJraJze (dilis sust Suqze) gamodis gaxarebuli mgzavri, magram saRamos mudam surs
Sin yofna”.
ilias uTargmnia:
“gzazeda sixaruliT
gamodis mgzavri diliT,
magram ki saRamoJams
Sin natrobs gansvenebas”.
rogorc aRvniSneT, leqsis Targmani ar aris originalisagan Zalze daSorebuli, Tumca
garkveuli Tavisufleba Targmanis dros aSkaraa. kerZod, “Morgenschimmer“ _ gariJraJi, dilis
susti Suqi, ilias gadmoutania, rogorc dila, danarCeni mTlianad mihyveba dedans.
unda aRiniSnos, rom fridrix riukertis am leqsis iliaseuli Targmanis Sesaxeb dRemde
ar yofila sagangebo msjeloba qarTul mecnierebaSi. ufro metic, ilia WavWavaZis
octomeulis mesame tomSi, sadac ilias aRniSnuli Targmania gamoqveynebuli, SeniSvnebSi (gv.
670) araswored aris miTiTebuli, rom TiTqos fridrix riukertis namdvili gvari fraimund
raimari iyos. sinamdvileSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, fridrix riukerti fraimund raimeris
fsevdonimiT aqveynebda nawarmoebebs napoleonis winaaRmdeg.
rogorc cnobilia, ilia WavWavaZe didi novatori da gansakuTrebuli niWiT
dajildoebuli adamiani iyo. es iTqmis ara mxolod originaluri nawarmoebebis Seqmnis niWze,
aramed im niWzec, rom ilias Zalze advilad SeeZlo sxvisi niWis, gansakuTrebulobis,
gamorCeulobis Secnoba. cnobilia, rom swored ilia WavWavaZes ekuTvnis sulxan-saba
orbelianis „sibrZne sicruisas“ saTauris pirveli ideur-filosofiuri gaazreba, ilia
WavWavaZem ganixila pirvelma aleqsandre WavWavaZis leqsebi, xolo leqsSi „vah, sofelsa amas
da misTa mdgmurTa“ iliam dainaxa eklesiasteseuli „amaoeba amaoTa“, riTac es leqsi
socialur uTanasworobaze ufro maRal ideas dauqvemdebara. swored iliam amoicno
baraTaSvilis genia, gza dauloca vaJa-fSavelas da sxva. rac Seexeba germanulenovan avtorebs,
rogorc ukve aRvnisneT, qarTul enaze pirvelad iliam aametyvela hainrix haines, goeTes,
Silerisa da sxva cnobili poetebis Semoqmedeba.
udavod sainteresoa Tavad is, rom germaneli poeti fridrix riukerti mis sicocxleSive
iTargmna qarTulad da isic, rom swored ilia WavWavaZes ekuTvnis riukertis pirveli
Targmanebi. es faqti kidev ufro zrdis iliaseuli Targmanis mniSvnelobas.
imis gasarkvevad, germanuli enidan Targmna Tu ara iliam es leqsi, pirvel rigSi,
sainteresoa, icoda Tu ara man germanuli ena. mecnierTa Soris am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar
arsebobs erTgvarovani azri. mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom iliam ar icoda germanuli ena,
xolo nawilis azriT, “ilia germanul enas imdenad flobda, rom SeeZlo nawarmoebebi uSualod
germanulidan eTargmna” (kalandaZe 1965: 337).
TbilisSi swavlis dros 1848-1851 wlebSi ilia swavlobda germaneli maswavleblis, hakes
pansionSi, 1852 wels ilia saswavleblad gadavida gimnaziaSi, magram kvlavac hakes saxlSi
cxovrobda. garda amisa, arsebobs ilias minawerebi sxvadasxva wignis germanulenovan
citatebze, ilia germanul enaze iRebda cnobili qarTvelologis, avstrieli mkvlevris hugo
Suxartis werilebs. es da sxva cnobebi ilias germanul enasTan kavSirze miuTiTebs. sakiTxs
icoda Tu ara germanuli ena iliam, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia doqtorma v.
kavTaSvilma. igi fiqrobs: “ilias SeeZlo yvela saxis literaturis kiTxva germanul enaze. amas
uTuod gvafiqrebinebs isic, rom ilias Targmnili haines leqsebi originalidan Sesrulebuli
Cans. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTargmnels sakontrolo Sedareba mainc unda moexdina dedanTan”.
(kavTiaSvili 1978: 33).
fridrix Sileris baladis “cremlTa Sina nugeSi” iliaseuli Targmanis germanul
dedanTan siaxloveze da manamde arsebul erTaderT rusul Jukovskiseul TargmanTan
originalisa da ilias Targmanis SepirispirebiT mkvlevari j. gagniZe askvnis, rom ilias ar
usargeblia Sileris baladis im droisaTvis arsebuli erTaderTi rusuli TargmaniT.
“Sileris baladis qarTuli da rusuli citirebuli teqstebis urTierTSejereba,
vfiqrobT, sakmao safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom ilias xsenebuli rusuli TargmaniT ar
usargeblia... Targmani uSualod germanuli originalidan momzadda” (gagniZe 1979: 75).
Targmani SemoqmedebiTi procesia, amitom igi xSirad gansxvavdeba originalisgan. ilias
mier Targmnili riukertis leqsi “saRamos mgzavruli” ar aris arc Sinaarsoblivad, arc
ideurad da arc formis mxriv originalisagan daSorebuli. leqsSi saTanadodaa gadmotanili
poetis sulieri mdgomareoba, Sin, saxlSi yofnis survili, rac, rogorc Cans, riukerts
sakmaod xSirad uCndeboda, radgan bevrs mogzaurobda da sxvadasxva qalaqSi uwevda cxovreba.
es gancda ki, rogorc Cans, sruliad Seefereboda peterburgSi myofi ilias ganwyobas (es leqsi
iliam peterburgSi Targmna).
1859 wels qarTul enaze iTargmna riukertis kidev erTi leqsi “karebTan”
170

“Vor den Thüren“
Ich habe geklopft an des Reichtums Haus!
Man Reicht es mir einen Pfenning zum Fenster heraus.
Ich habe geklopft an der Liebe Thür!
Da standen schon funfzehn andere dafür.
Ich klopfte leise an der Ehre Schloss;
„Hier thut man nur auf dem Ritter zu Ross“.
Ich habe gesucht der Arbeit Dach;
Da hörte ich drinnen nur Weh und Ach!
Ich suchte das Haus der Zufriedenheit;
Es kannte es niemand weit und breit.
Nun weis ich noch ein Häuslein still,
wo ich zuletzt anklopfen will.
Zwar wohnt darin schon mancher Gast,
Doch ist für viele im Grab noch Rast.
(riukerti 1837: 221)
unda aRiniSnos, rom es leqsi pirvelad daibeWda 1816 wels. aRniSnuli leqsi Sesulia
riukertis rCeul TxzulebebSi (tomi mexuTe, 1838 w).
“karebTan”, aseTi saTauriT uTargmnia giorgi erisTavs riukertis leqsi qarTul enaze
1859 wlis 7 ianvars sofel giorgianSi yofnis dros da igive leqsi 26 ivliss uTargmnia ilia
WavWavaZes TbilisSi.
giorgi erisTaviseuli Targmani
iliaseuli Targmani
“karebTan”
(riukertiT)
“im didris karTan mivedi, ageb saunje moeca,
didxansa vrekdi karebsa, fanjariT fexT groSi dameca.
siyvarulisa karebsa Tumc Sesavalad viwie,
magram metisa xalxisgan SigniT ki ver Sevawie.
mivel sasaxles, sadaca dideba ganisvenebda,
magram sabralos, miTxariT, me iq viRa SemiSvebda.
Sromisa saxlsa ra mivel, WmunviTa iyo moculi,
Tavi ra Sevyav, mec SevkrTi, davbrundi SeSinebuli.
bednierebis sasaxle, bevrjel me sizmrad meCvena,
Tumca veZebdi fxizeli, magram gza arvin miCvena.
erTi-Ra damrCa karebi, jer is ara maqvs dacdili:
saflavs Tumc bevrni stumroben, magram aqvs CemTvis adgili”.
(erisTavi 1936: 52).
“karTa Tana”
(riukertisa)
“simdidris kari varakune didxansa meca,
fanjridam groSi trialiT Cem fex win daeca.
siyvarulis saxls ver miuvel me karamdisa,
ise WediT gugunebda iq grova xalxisa.
davkar cixis kars, sadac kacis dideba scxovrobs:
“qveiTi xaro, ar gagiRebT, iq miTxres, karebs”.
Sromis saxlidam kvnesis xmani me momesmoda
da me iq Sesvla saSiSrada meCveneboda.
171

ednierebis saxlis qveynad daviwye Zebna,
da veravina imisken gza me ver miCvena.
erTi saxliRa damrCenia exla sawyalsa,
aqac gamovcdi, Camovrekav karisa zarsa;
iq ki uTuod, _ Tumc stumari bevri hqavs saflavs, _
vpoveb sawyali CamTvisaca mciredsa alags”. (WavWavaZe 1988: 44)
Zalze sainteresoa Tavad is faqti, rom cnobili germaneli poetis leqsi mis
sicocxleSive iTargmna qarTulad da isic, rom qarTul enaze erTi leqsis ori Targmani erTsa
da imave wels aris Sesrulebuli. sanam Targmanebs ganvixilavdeT, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom
fridrix riukertis leqsze “karebTan” orma sxvadasxva kompozitorma dawera musika. fridrix
hainrix tiriotma (1838-1919) am leqsze Seqmna sagundo nawarmoebi, xolo rixard Strausma
(1864-1949) amave leqsze dawera musika mamakacTa triosaTvis.
fridrix riukertis leqsis “karebTan” giorgi erisTavisa da ilia WavWavaZis Targmanebi
amJRavneben originalTan siaxloves, garkveulwilad, hgvanan kidec erTmaneTs, Tumca maT
Soris gansxvaveba ufro didia.
Cven sagangeboT SevCerdebiT riukertis am leqsis orive Targmanze.
riukertis leqsi gariTmulia paraleluri riTmiT, rac rogorc giorgi erisTavis, ise
ilia WavWavaZis TargmanebSi daculia da orivegan paraleluri riTma gvxvdeba. leqsi
dawerilia Tormetmarcvliani sazomiT. giorgi erisTavs igi uTargmnia Teqvsmetmarcvlovani
sazomiT, xolo ilias _ ToTxmetmarcvlovani sazomiT. rogorc Cans, ilias mier arCeuli
sazomi ufro axlosaa originalTan. garda amisa, riukertis leqsi Sedgeba ToTxmeti
striqonisagan, giorgi erisTavisaTvis Targmani sul Tormet striqons Seicavs, iliaseuli ki
imeorebs leqsis originalur Semcvelobas da ToTxmeti striqonisagan Sedgeba.
bunebrivia, sainteresoa, ra kavSirSia originalTan da erTmaneTTan giorgi erisTavisa da
ilia WavWavaZis Targmanebi. amitomac, orive Targmans originalTan da erTmaneTTan
mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT. Tavdapirveladve unda iTqvas, rom iliaseuli Targmani garda imisa,
rom axloa originalTan, gacilebiT ufro poeturia. amaze TviT leqsis saTauris Targmanic
metyvelebs. riukertiseuli saTauri: “karebTan” giorgi erisTavs uTargmnia: “karebTan”, xolo
ilias _ “karTa Tana”.
mivyveT leqsis Targmanebs:
pirveli striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“davakakune simdidris saxlis karze”.
“im didris karTan mivedi, ageb saunje moeca”.
“simdidris kari varakune didxansa meca”.
rogorc Cans, riukertiseuli “habe geklopft” _ davakakune mxolod ilias gadmoutania.
meore striqoni, originali:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“fanjridan mxolod erTi pfeningi makmares”.
“didxansa vrekdi karebsa, fanjriT fexT groSi dameca”.
“fanjridan groSi trialiT Cem fex win daeca”.
germanuli pfeningi (xurda fuli) giorgi erisTavsac da iliasac uTargmniaT, rogorc
groSi. aseve, orive TargmanSi saerToa is, rom orivegen naxsenebia fex(eb)Tan Tumca
originalSi ase araa.
mesame striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
“me davakakune siyvarulis karze”.
172

ilia:
“siyvarulisa karebsa Tumc Sesavalad viwie”.
“siyvarulis saxls ver miuvel me karamdisa”.
am striqonis Targmnisas arcerTi mTargmneli monurad ar mihyveba germanul originals,
Tumca ilia Targmanis dros kidev ufro met Tavisuflebas iCens. riukerti wers, “davakakune
siyvarulis karze”, xolo ilia Targmnis: “siyvarulis saxls ver miuvel me karamdisa”.
meoTxe striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“amisaTvis iq ukve idga TxuTmeti sxva”.
“magram metisa xalxisagan SigniT ki ver Sevawie”.
“ise WediT iq gugunebda grova xalxisa”.
am striqonSi giorgi erisTavica da iliac ZiriTad azrs Targmnian. sainteresoa, rom
riukertTan ar aris sityva xalxi, rac orive mTargmnelTan gvxvdeba.
mexuTe striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“Cumad davakakune didebis sasaxleze”.
“mivel sasaxles, sadaca dideba ganisvenebda”.
“davkar cixis kars, sadac kacis dideba scxovrobs”.
sainteresoa, rom es striqoni Zalze axloa dedanTan orive TargmanSi. sainteresoa, rom
germanuli “Schloss” qarTulad niSnavs sasaxlesac da cixe-simagresac. ase rom, es erTi
sityva giorgi erisTavs uTargmnia “sasaxle”, xolo ilias _ “cixe”. gamomdinare aqedan,
vfiqrobT, rom giorgi erisTavma da ilia WavWavaZem erTmaneTisgan sruliad damoukideblad
Targmnes es leqsi da Tu romelime an orive maTgani sargeblobda rusuli TargmaniT, maSin an
mTargmnelebi amowmebdnen Targmans germanul originalSic, an sargeblobdnen riukertis am
leqsis sxvadasxva rusuli TargmaniT.
meeqvse striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“aq mxolod cxenze Semjdar mxedrebs uSveben”.
“magram sabralos, miTxariT, me iq viRa SemiSvebda”.
“qveiTi xaro, ar gagiRebT, iq miTxres, karebs”.
am striqonis iliaseuli Targmani ufro axloa dedanTan, vidre giorgi erisTaviseuli.
jer erTi, riukerts es striqoni, rogorc iribi naTqvami, brWyalebSi Causvams. brWyalebSia
Casmuli es striqoni ilias TargmanSic. garda amisa, riukertiseuli sityvebi: “ier thut man
nur auf dem Ritter zu Ross” qarTulad _ “aq mxolod cxenze Semjdar mxedrebs uSveben”-
ilias uTargmnia alegoriulad “qveiTi xaro...”
meSvide striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
“me veZebdi Sromis Wers (saxls)”.
173

ilia:
“Sromisa saxlsa ra mivel, WmunviTa iyo moculi”.
“Sromis saxlidam kvnesis xmani me momesmoda”.
sainteresoa, rom am striqons orive mTargmneli riukertiseuli merve striqonis “a
hörte ich drinnen nur Weh und ch!“ „iqidan mesmoda mxolod wuxili da oxvra“ SinaarsiT
avseben. aseve, dedniseuli „habe gesucht“ _ veZebdi da „ach“ Weri arcerT TargmanSi ar aris
gadmotanili. sainteresoa, rom orive TargmanSi gvxvdeba sityva „saxli“, romelic originalSi
ar aris.
merve striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“iqidan mesmoda mxolod wuxili da oxvra”.
“Tavi ra Sevyav, mec SevkrTi, davbrundi SeSinebuli”
“da me iq Sesvla saSiSrada meCveneboda”.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, riukertiseuli merve striqoni orive mTargmnelma meSvide
striqonTan erTad Targmna da, Sesabamisad, orivegan merve striqonis Tavisufali Targmania.
mecxre striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“me veZebdi bednierebis saxls”.
“bednierebis sasaxle, bevrjel me sizmrad meCvena”.
“bednierebis sasaxlis qveynad daviwye Zebna”.
es striqoni iliasTan ufro zustad aris Targmnili. riukertiseuli “Ich suchte“
veZebdi iliasTan Sesabamisad aris gadmotanili „daviwye Zebna“, Tumca germanuli sityva „das
aus“ _ saxli orive mTargmnels naTargmni aqvs, rogorc „sasaxle“.
meaTe striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“aravin icnobda mTel sigrZe-siganeze”.
“Tumca veZebdi fxizeli, magram gza arvin miCvena”.
“da veravina imisken gza me ver miCvena”.
germanuli “weit und breit“ _ sigrZe-siganiT arcerT avtors ar uTargmnia sityvasityviT.
ucnauria is, rom orivegan amis Sesatyvisad erTi da igive formulireba gvxvdeba _
giorgi erisTavi: „gza arvin miCvena“, ilia: „gza me ver miCvena“.
meTerTmete striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“axla ki vici erTi myudro qoxi (saxlaki)”.
“erTiRa damrCa karebi, jer is ara maqvs dacdili”.
174

“erTi saxliRa damrCenia axla sawyalsa”.
am striqonis Targmani iliasTan ufro zustia. riukertiseuli “äuslein“ _ patara
saxli giorgi erisTavs ar uTargmnia zustad da dauweria „karebi“, xolo ilias uTargmnia,
rogorc „saxli“.
meTormete striqoni, riukerti:
“sadac sul bolos minda davakakuno”.
giorgi erisTavs es striqoni calke ar aqvs Targmnili, magram giorgi erisTavis
Targmnili meTerTmete striqonis „jer is ara maqvs dacdili,“ Targmania riukertis am
striqonisa.
ilia:
“iqac gamovcdi, Camovrekav karisa zarsa”.
Cans, rom giorgi erisTavis Targmnili, “jer is ara maqvs dacdili,” ufro axloa
originalis SinaarsTan, Tumc arc ilias Targmania Zalze daSorebuli.
mecamete striqoni, riukerti:
giorgi erisTavi:
ilia:
“Tumca iq ukve cxovrobs zogi stumari”.
“saflavs Tumc bevrni stumroben, magram aqvs CemTvis adgili”.
“iq ki uTuod, _ Tumc stumari bevri hyavs saflavs”.
riukertiseuli “Zwar“ _ „Tumca“ giorgi erisTavsac da iliasac zustad aqvs
gadmotanili. orive Targmani axlos aris dedanTan., Tumca germanuli „mancher“ _ „zogi“
orive TargmanSi gadmotanilia, rogorc bevri.
meToTxmete striqoni, riukerti:
“magram bevrisTvis aris saflavSi gansasvenebeli”.
giorgi erisTavs es striqoni calke ar uTargmnia, Tumca misi Targmanis meTormete
striqonSi es azri Cautevia: “magram aqvs CemTvis adgili”.
ilia:
“vpoveb sawyali CamTvisaca mciredsa alags”.
riukertiseuli “Doch ist für viele im Grab noch Rast“, „bevrisTvis aris adgili“ orive
mTargmnels gadmoutania piervel pirSi.
riukertis leqsis giorgi erisTaviseuli Targmani pirvelad daibeWda g. erisTavis
TxzulebaTa 1867 wlis gamocemis pirvel nawilSi.
giorgi erisTavis “TxzulebanSi”, “federacia”, tfilisi, 1936, S. radianisa da i.
balaxaSvilis redaqciiT, SeniSvnebSi miTiTebulia: “es leqsi germanulidan Targmna v. a.
Jukovskom, xolo g. erisTavma misgan gadmoiRo” (erisTavi 1936: 394).
iliaseuli Targmani “karTa Tana” xelnaweri 217 pirvelad daibeWda “ciskarSi”, 1859
wels 12. 1892 wels Sevida ilia WavWavaZis “TxzulebanSi”, “Tbilisis amxanagobis
gamomcemloba”, tfilisi, t. I, gv. 46. imave 1882 wels es leqsi kidev gamoica. iliaseul
avtografSi leqss aqvs xelmowera da TariRi, aseve, saTauris qveS miTiTeba, rom leqsi
riukertisaa.
fridrix riukertis “karebTan” savsea filosofiuri gancdebiT. poeti agviwers, rom
mraval karTan daakakuna, ewvia simdidris, siyvarulis, didebis, Sromis, bednierebis karebs,
magram arsad SeuSves, mas mxolod erTi kariRa eguleba, romelsac gauReben da es aris
sikvdilis saxlis kari. leqsis mTeli filosofiur-ideuri gaazreba gadmotanilia rogorc
giorgi erisTavis, aseve ilia WavWavaZis TargmanebSi. leqsis mTavari saTqmeli, romelic ar
aris religiur aspeqtSi gadatanili da metad realisturia, sevdiani da cxovrebiseuli, orive
mTargmnelma SeZlo gadmoetana. es aris Civili adamianisa, romelsac yvelgan kari gamouxures,
arsad miiRes, romelsac TiTqos aRaraferi darCenia sikvdilis garda. am ideas orive Targmani
Tanabrad uziarebs qarTvel mkiTxvels, Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, Targmanebi garkveul
Taviseburebasac amJRavneben.
175

iukertis leqsis „karebTan“ giorgi erisTavisa da ilia WavWavaZiseuli Targmanebi,
rogorc Cans, erTi mxriv, Zalze gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. giorgi erisTavi leqss Targmnis
Sinaarsis sruli dacviT, magram misi ena ufro xelovnuria, gacilebiT arqauli da mZime. ilias
Targmani mihyveba riukertiseul originals, Tumca ufro poeturi da daxvewilia, enac ufro
Tanamedrove. meore mxriv, orive Targmani amJRavnebs garkveul siaxloves, rac, pirvel rigSi,
Targmanebis leqsikaSi vlindeba. kerZod, leqsis meore, meoTxe, meSvide, mecxre, meaTe,
mecamete da meToTxmete striqonebSi TargmanebSi vxvdebiT sityvebis damTxvevas, rac,
SesaZloa, ar iyos SemTxveviTi saxis.
Targmnes Tu ara giorgi erisTavma da ilia WavWavaZem riukertis “karebTan”
originalidan, Tu orive mTargmneli, an erT-erTi maTgani rusul Targmans iyenebda, Znelia
dadgindes, radgan Cven amJamad xelT ar gvaqvs riukertis leqsis rusulenovani Targmanebi.
Tumca aqve gvsurs aRvniSnoT, riukertis Txzulebebis ramdenime gamocemas, rogorc Cans,
poetis sicocxleSive mouRwevia saqarTvelomde. arsebobs riukertis TxzulebaTa
octomeuli, Svidtomeuli, ortomeuli gamocemebi, romlebic wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis mier aris Semonaxuli da amJamad daculia saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnul
biblioTekaSi. SesaZlebelia, es gamocemebi swored ilia WavWavaZis an giorgi erisTavis
Camotanilia. miT ufro, rom, rogorc cnobilia, ilia WavWavaZeca da giorgi erisTavic
imyofebodnen germaniaSi, kerZod, miunxenSi, sadac riukertic moRvaweobda da sadac fridrix
riukerti da misi Semoqmedeba Zalze cnobili iyo.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom dRemde aranairi samecniero kvleva-Zieba fridrix riukertis
leqsebis iliaseul TargmanebTan da riukertis erTi leqsis or TargmanTan dakavSirebiT ar
yofila. aravin dainteresebula imiT, Tu ra mimarTebaSia Targmanebi originalTan da
erTmaneTTan.
fridrix riukertis avtoris sicocxleSive qarTuli Targmanebis arseboba dRemde
ucnobi iyo germanuli sazogadoebisTvisac. riukertis sazogadoebam, romelic mudmivad
zrunavs fridrix riukertis Semoqmedebis popularizaciaze, awyobs Sexvedrebs,
konferenciebsa da seminarebs, aqveynebs yovelTviur biuletens, riukertis bibliografiasa
da anTologiebs, maT Soris, Targmanebsac uwevs popularizacias, aseve qalaq Svainfurtis
ganaTlebisa da kulturis administraciulma ganyofilebam, sadac yovelwliurad garkveuli
RonisZiebebi ewyoba riukertTan dakavSirebiT, aseve riukertis muzeumma da sxva kulturulsaganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebam, agreTve ramdenime doqtorma da docentma, romlebic
riukertis Semoqmedebas ikvleven, araferi icodnen imis Sesaxeb, rom fridrix riukerti mis
sicocxleSive iTargmna qarTul enaze da rom riukertis pirveli qarTveli mTargmneli ilia
WavWavaZe iyo.
aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 2005 wels goeTes institutma gamosca “germanulenovani
mxatvruli literaturis qarTuli Targmanebis bibliografia”, sadac Sesulia
germanulenovani literaturis qarTuli Targmanebi 1852 wlidan 2002 wlamde rogorc
calkeul wignebad gamocemuli, agreTve krebulebi da rCeuli Txzulebebi, ise anTologiebi,
aseve Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli germanulenovani mxatvruli literaturis
Targmanebi qarTul enaze, magram masSi ar aris Setanili riukertis leqsebis iliaseuli
Targmani da arc giorgi erisTavis mier Targmnili riukertis “karebTan”.
garda am metad saintereso Targmanebisa, qarTul enaze arsebobs fridrix riukertis
sxva Targmanebi, romlebic meoce saukunis bolos aris Sesrulebuli. is, rom dRemde ar
daukargavs interesi fridrix riukertis Semoqmedebas qarTveli mTargmnelebisa da
mkiTxvelebisaTvis, Zalze mniSvnelovania, magram, bunebrivia, uyuradRebod ar unda darCes
riukertis adreuli qarTuli Targmanebi.
damowmebani:
gagniZe... 1979: gagniZe j., kenWoSvili i... evropuli literaturis qarTuli Targmanebi XIX saukunis meore
naxevarSi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „mecniereba“, 1979.
goeTes... goeTes instituti, qecba-xundaZe l., germanulenovani mxatvruli literaturis qarTuli
Targmanebis bibliografia. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba“.
erisTavi 1936: erisTavi g. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „federacia“, tf. 1936.
kavTiaSvili 1987: kavTiaSvili v. hainrix haine qarTul literaturaSi, Tbilisi: gamomcamloba
„mecniereba“, 1978.
kalandaZe 1965: kalandaZe al., qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, Tbilisi: 1965.
riukerti 1816: Rückert F. Für müssige Studien. Erste Bändchen, Hildburghausen, im Comptoir für Literatur 1816.
riukerti 1835: Friedrich Rückerts Werke in sechs Bänden, Herausgeber: Ludwig Laistner, J.G.Cotta´sche Buchhandlung
Nachfolger, Stuttgart und Berlin, o.J. 1835 Dritter Band.
riukerti 1837: Rückert F. Gesammelte Werke von Friedrich Rückert, Dritter Band, Erlangen: Carl Heyder 1837.
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaze i., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „mecniereba“
sabWoTa saqarTvelo 1988.
WavWavaZe, 1892: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebebi, t. I, Tb., 1892.
176

ilia da misi germaneli megobrebi
kandelaki dali
raisneri ekaterine
“pirveli, vinac germanuli sistemiT da iSviaTi gamZleobiT siberemde miitana
saqarTvelos mwerlobisa da istoriis siyvaruli, es aris mxolod artur laisti.. am ormoci
wlis ganmavlobaSi b-ni artur laisti Seucvleli elCia germaniis erisa saqarTveloSi. man
bevri daTesa Tavisi eris siyvarulisaTvis Cvens mxareSi 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi. artur laisti
iyo ganuyreli megobari ilia WavWavaZisa, is icnobda da megobrobda agreTve bevr gamoCenil
maSindel qarTvelTan da yvelgan aqvs damsaxurebuli iSviaTi erTgulebis grZnoba — saWiro
iyo artur laistis keTilSobileba da gamZleoba, rom Tavisi megobroba ilia WavWavaZisadmi
daemtkicebina misi sikvdilis Semdegac, roca ilias ojaxi Cavarda ubedurebaSi da ilias
meuRle avadmyofi SimSilobda kidec da am cameti wlis ganmavlobaSi artur laists da mis
ojaxs cameti dRec ar gamoutovebia, rom ar enugeSebinos bedisagan ase datanjuli ilias
ojaxi,”(tabiZe 1966: 259-260) — aseTi siyvaruliT ixsenebda tician tabiZe qarTveli eris
ucxoel megobars.
ras werdnen artur laistis Sesaxeb XX saukunis miwurulSi misi Tanamemamuleebi?
1987 wels germaniaSi gamocemul wignSi “mogzaurobebi kavkasiaSi” Tavmoyrilia me-19
saukunis germanel mogzaurTa da moRvaweTa Canawerebi kavkasiis Sesaxeb. artur laistisadmi
miZRvnil statiaSi mcdaradaa warmodgenili misi biografiuli cnobebi: “1906 wels man
TbilisSi daaarsa pirveli germanulenovani gazeTi kavkasiaSi “kaukaziSe post”. Semdeg
ramodenimejer imogzaura italiaSi, saberZneTsa da TurqeTSi. misi cxovrebis Semdgomi wlebi
ucnobia”(Breuste J., Malich . 1987: 175) statiaSi moyvanili zogierTi cnoba uzustobas Seicavs,
amitom saWirod CavTvaleT germaneli mkiTxvelisaTvis damatebiTi cnobebi migvewodebina
artur laistis Sesaxeb. JurnalSi “georgika” gamovaqveyneT statia, sadac aRvniSneT, rom
“1892 wlidan artur laisti saqarTveloSi damkvidrda. is aqtiurad monawileobda qveynis
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. 1918 wlidan igi Tbilisis universitetSi moiwvies germanuli enis
leqtorad. 1922 wels qarTulma sazogadoebam mas saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis 40 wlis iubile
gadauxada. 1923 da 1927 wlebSi gamoica artur laistis TxzulebaTa krebuli “saqarTvelos
guli” or wignad. artur laisti 1927 wlis 22 marts gardaicvala da dakrZalulia TbilisSi,
sazogado moRvaweTa didubis panTeonSi.”( Kandelaki 1990-1991: 103-106)
artur laistis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze araerTi gamokvlevaa
gamoqveynebuli. qarTveli eri arasodes daiviwyebs Tavis germanel megobars, romelsac jer
kidev ucxoeTSi moRvawes, ilia WavWavaZem “Soreuli Tvisiani” uwoda.
artur laistma gaacno ilias TvalsaCino germaneli mecnieri, asiriologi da
urartologi - karl leman-haupti. misi saxeli xSirad ixsenieba im qarTvel istorikosTa
SromebSi, vinc Zveli welTaRricxvis periodis Cven winaparTa cxovrebas ikvlevs.
saqarTveloSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebi da Sexvedrebi ilia WavWavaZesTan karl lemanhauptma
aRwera narkvevSi “saqarTvelodan”, romelic oTxi werilad gamoaqveyna 1901 wels
JurnalSi “ie Zeit”. es narkvevi qarTul enaze pirvelad iTargmneba.
1967 wels JurnalSi “droSa” gamoqveynda r.niJaraZis statia “ilia WavWavaZe da karl
leman-haupti” (niJaraZe 1967: 9). avtors Targmnili aqvs germanulenovan JurnalSi “Die ilfe”-
Si 1910 wels dabeWdili leman-hauptis narkvevi, romelic “ie Zeit”-Si gamoqveynebuli statiis
sakmaod Semoklebul variants warmoadgens.
pirvel werilSi germaneli mecnieri saqarTveloSi sami wlis win gatarebul dros da
TbilisSi ilias saxlSi Sexvedris detalebs ixsenebs: “TiTqmis sami welia, rac kavkasiasa da
somxeTSi weliwadnaxevriani vizitis Semdeg isev samSobloSi davbrundi. nanaxisa da
gancdilis, wvalebisa da warmatebebis, bednieri aRmoCenebis saaTebisa da dReebis, kvirebis
ganmavlobaSi uSedego kvlevebis mogonebebi sul ufro da ufro ileqeba mexsierebaSi da
warsulis burusiT imoseba. drodadro sizmariviT amomitivtivdeba xolme calkeuli
epizodebi da SemTxvevebi. aseve sizmariviT momeCvena amas win berlinSi dalanduli qali,
romelic qarTul samosSi gamowyobili megona. ufro axlos misvlisas aRmovaCine, rom
marTali viyavi: Tavze viwro, diademismagvari xaverdis lenti, saidanac nazi TeTri vuali
kefisaken eSveboda, mxrebze kululebad dafenili muqi Tma da abreSumis mosaxvevi namdvilad
qarTul samosze mianiSnebda. Tbilissa da mis midamoebSi mcxovrebi somexi qalebic qarTul
samosSi gamowyobilni ufro dadian, vidre sxva tansacmelSi, Tumca xandaxan evropuladac
imosebian da Tanac gamomwvevad usvamen xazs TavianTi sxeulis simdidres. magram male gairkva,
rom am SemTxvevaSi, samosi namdvilad Seesabameboda nacionalobas. kidev ufro gamaoca erT
dRes qarTveli Tavadis ilia WavWavaZis stumrobam. 1899 wlis seqtemberSi masTan TbilisSi da
dedaqalaqTan axlos mdebare mis mamulSi gatarebuli ori dRe, Cemi somxur-kavkasiuri
mogzaurobisa da TbilisSi bolo, wvalebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT savse, nawilobriv
iZulebiTi stumrobis naTeli dasasrulia. Tavadis gacnobas TbilisSi mcxovreb Cvens
177

Tanamemamules baton laists unda vumadlode, romelic qarTuli literaturis safuZvliani
mcodnea da saukeTesod Sesrulebuli germanuli TargmanebiT gagvacno qarTuli poeziis
uZvirfasesi nimuSebi, maT Soris qarTuli nacionaluri eposi „vefxistyaosani“. sul axlaxans
gamovida baton laistis Targmanebis axali krebuli.” (Lehman-Haupt 1901: I, 466)
germaneli mecnieri sakmaod dadebiTad axasiaTebs ilias da ambobs: “batonma laistma
TbilisSi TavadTan stumrobamde bevri ram miambo WavWavaZis Sesaxeb, romelsac, rogorc Cans,
savsebiT samarTlianad moixseniebda qarTvelebis winamZRolad. aseTi daskvna mxolod
wodebidan „Tavadi“ ar modis. aseTi wodebiT aq mravalni arian. odesRac damoukidebeli
qarTvelebi (rusulad-gruzinebi; orive forma Zveli saxelidan „iberebi“ modis) ruseTis
qveSevrdomebi rom gaxdnen, qarTvelma Tavad-aznaurma Tavadis rusuli saxeli „kniaz“-i
miiRo. Tavadi WavWavaZe erTdroulad poeti, politikosi da finansistia; xelmZRvanelobs
banks, uSvebs mowinave qarTul Jurnal „iverias“ da soflis meurneobasac misdevs Tavis did
mamulSi. Tavadi WavWavaZe warmoSobiT kavkasiuri saukeTeso Rvinis samSoblodan — kaxeTidan,
kerZod ki wiTeli RviniT ganTqmul sofel yvarelidanaa.” (Lehman-Haupt 1901: I,466)
karl leman-haupti ilias Tbilisis saxls da zogadad dedaqalaqis saxlebis
arqiteqturazec saubrobs: “Tavadis saxli, romelSic man TbilisSi mimiRo, garedan arafriT
gamoirCeva, magram Sig Sesul stumars, qarTuli arqiteqturis TviTmyofadoba gadaeSleba
Tvalwin. soflebsa da Tbilisis qarTul ubnebSi saxlebis mTel siganeze minimum erT, xandaxan
ki ramdenime sarTulze miSenebuli lojiebis msgavsi aivnebi da verandebi mogxvdebaT TvalSi,
magram aq calkeuli danayofebi qviT naSenebi svetebiT ki ara, ubralo xis boZebiTaa
gamoyofili erTmaneTisagan da horizontaluri gadaxurvis sayrdens warmoadgens. amgvar
aivnebs xandaxan Sveicariul saxlebzec naxavT, magram qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT iq ar aris
mwvane da TeTri moxatuloba da aivnebic iSviaTad Tua ase organulad Serwymuli Senobis
fasadTan. aq, qalaqis axali ubnis erT-erT mTavar quCaze, aivani baRis mxaresaa miSenebuli da
orive mxriv gasdevs saxls. Cafskvnilma, Zlieri aRnagobisa da erTob sasiamovno garegnobis
Tavadma guliTadad mimiRo da amixsna, rom es araCveulebrivi lojia zamTrobiT imineba da
daxurul verandad gadakeTdeba. kedlebze gamofenil naxatebs Soris gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba qarTveli mxatvris gabaSvilis erT tiloze SemaCerebines. masze xalxi sazamTros
Seeqceva. amgvari suraTi araerTxel minaxavs da Tavadac xSirad gavreulvar am xalxSi, radgan
mtkvrisa da aragvis dablobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sicxeSi mwyurvale adamianisaTvis
sazamTro Seudarebeli da Seucvleli siamovnebaa.” ( Lehman-Haupt 1901:I, 467)
germaneli stumari iliasa da misi ojaxis wevrebis Cacmulobaze saubrobs: “Tavad
WavWavaZes evropuli samosi ecva da ara qarTvelebSi popularuli „Cerqezka“. evropuladve
iyo Cacmuli misi sandomiani meuRle; Tavadis da ki, romelic generlis qvrivi gaxldaT,
erovnul samosSi iyo gamowyobili. orive qalbatons mogvianebiT kvlav Sevxvdi berlinSi.” (
Lehman-Haupt 1901:I, 467)
leman-haupti ilias ojaxis stumarTmoyvareobaze, qarTul sufrasa da tradiciebze
didi siyvaruliT saubrobs: “male Cems sapativcemulod SeZlebisdagvarad qarTulad
gawyobil sufras mivusxediT da saubaric gaiba. ruseTSi miRebuli wesisamebr aqac pirvelad
„zakuska“ da „vodka“ moitanes. davagemovneT qarTuli, Tumca albaT ufro kavkasiuri kerZi
„CixirTma“ — zafraniT, ZmriT, mwvaniliTa da sxva ingredientebiT Sekmazuli qaTmis xorcis
momJavo wvniani. amas mosdevda „boiani“, gansakuTrebulad momzadebuli bostneuli naRebiTa
da dariCiniT. ufro internacionaluri kerZebic vigemeT - Semwvari xorci mJave kombostoTi,
da kavkasielebSi, TurqebSi, TaTrebSi, somxebsa da sparselebSi gavrcelebuli brinjis flavi,
romelsac SoTxvi da Sindi gansakuTrebul aromats aZlevda. Tavadi da Cveni Tanamemamule
batoni laisti sufrasTan eweodnen, magram Cemma maspinZelma xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom es ar
gaxldaT qarTuli tradicia. aqve iyo Tixis forebian WurWelSi civad Senaxuli wyali, magram
qarTuli tradiciisamebr Cven adgilobriv, mZime wiTelsa da qarvisfer Rvinos ufro
vetanebodiT. amasTanave arc qeifis moyvarul qarTvelebSi gavrcelebuli da
germanelebisaTvis ucxo sadRegrZeloebi da qarTuli melodiuri simRerebi iyo daviwyebuli.
batoni laisti aqve Sevipire Tavadis mamulSi stumrobaze da erT naSuadRevs mas Tbilisis
sadgurSi Sevxvdi. aTi wuTis Semdeg matarebelma mtkvris marcxena sanapiroTi avWalaSi
Cagviyvana, sadac Cveni maspinZlis etli gvelodeboda. yvela Semxvedri didi mowiwebiT
esalmeboda Tavad WavWavaZes.” ( Lehman-Haupt 1901:I, 467)
meore werilSi avtori iliasTan saguramoSi stumrobasa da mis Tvalwin gadaSlil
xedebs aRwers: “mTis ferdobze zurgiT tyisaken mdgari qarTul stilSi agebuli Tavadis
soflis saxli ukve Soridan moCans. saxlis aivnidan saucxoo xedi iSleba: nacrisfrad
molivlive aragvi, romlis kalapotSi qviSis borcvebi Cans; iqve ki saqarTvelos samxedro
gzis rux-TeTri silueti; marjvniv, gzis gayolebaze aRmarTuli kldeebi SedarebiT ukeT
moCans, Tumca mainc ibureba Semodgomis Camavali mzis Suqze. es iseTi uCveulo, TiTqmis
SemaSfoTebeli sinaTlea, rom gzad gavlili Semodgomis daburuli tye masTan SedarebiT
simSvidis savaned meCveneba. sufra saxlis ukan, baRSi, Wis maxloblad iyo gaSlili.
mobinadreebi mudam erTnairi temperaturis gamo (+11 gradusi) Was gansakuTrebiT afaseben.
178

aqvea kaklis xec, romlis totebidan, Cemda gasakvirad, bayayebis yiyini ismoda da drodadro
musikasaviT JRerda sufrasTan.” (Lehman-Haupt 1901:II, 503)
germaneli mecnieri mesame werilSi qarTvelTa ukvdav poemaze “vefxistyaosani” da ilias
“gandegilze” saubrobs da saTanado Sefasebebsac aZlevs: “mogvianebiT saxlis aivnidan
sasiamovnod ganaTebul oTaxebSi gadavinacvleT. vidre vaxSmisTvis Cais, kalaTebSi Cawyobil
saucxoo xils, Sav, TeTr da moyviTalo-moyavisfro yurZensa da saukeTeso atmebs
mogvarTmevdnen, Tavadis wignebma qarTul mwerlobaze gadagvatanina yuradReba. ukve
naxsenebi „vefxistyaosani“ namdvili xalxuri eposia, mas yanis lewvis drosac amboben.
qarTvelebma am poemis mTliani strofebi ician zepirad. iseTi SemTxvevebic yofila, roca
poemis citirebisas mTqmels ramdenjerme Seuwyvetia leqsi sityvebiT: „ki, namdvilad asea, me
iq viyavi!“. bavSvobidan naswavli eposis Sinaarsi ise aqvT gamjdari sisxlsa da xorcSi, rom
poemaSi asaxuli gancdilad miaCniaT da am gancdilis axlebur warmosaxvas pouloben leqsSi.
maSin vinane, rom qarTuli mxolod anbani vicodi da ar SemeZlo, Zveli nawarmoebebisa Tu
WavWavaZiseuli Txzulebebis originalSi Sefaseba. gamacnes Tavadis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebis „gandegilis“ inglisuri Targmani, romelsac SesavalSi poetis
biografiuli cnobebi erTvis. poemis mTargmneli qali ZmasTan erTad kavkasiaSi cxovrobs da
piradad icnobs Tavadsa da mis ojaxs.
poema yazbegis erT-erT gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebi, yvelasagan pativcemuli gandegilis
cdunebis ambavs gvamcnobs. nawarmoebis fsiqologiuri qarga, sidiadiTa da silamaziT
aRvsili bunebis grandiozuli warmosaxva, enis moqniloba da Zala, Targmanidanac rom
gamosWvivis, mSobel xalxSi fesvgadgmul, sakuTari azris Tamamad gamomxatvel da eris
ganmanaTlebel WeSmarit poets warmoaCens.“ (Lehman-Haupt 1901: III, 531)
meoTxe werilSi moTxrobilia aragvis piras gamarTul pikniksa da qarTuli erTi Zveli
wes-Cveulebis Sesaxeb: „meore diliT CrdiloeTidan TeTrad gabrwyinebuli kavkasionis
mTavari mTa, saqarTvelos samxedro gzis guSagi - yazbegi gvesalmeba da aragvze dagegmili
TevzaobisTvis karg dRes gviqadis. daaxloebiT naxevari saaTi dagvWirda cxenebiT mdinareze
Casasvlelad. sanovage da fardagebi daitvirTa uremze, aqaur tvirTis gadamzidze, romelic
Cvensas Camohgavs da xSirad tilos naWriTaa gadafarebuli. male gairkva, rom Tevzaoba
mxolod sababi iyo aragvis piras, buCqebTan xavsian molze gaSlili piknikisaTvis.
vidre maspinZlebi nadimisaTvis emzadebian da qarTveli meTevzeebs TavianTi badeebi
wesrigSi mohyavT, stumrebi aremares vaTvalierebT. Cveni nivTebi iqve SegviZlia davtovoT,
radgan Tavad WavWavaZis TqmiT qarTul soflSi qurdoba ar arsebobs. marTlac, qarTveli
kaci saukeTeso TvisebebiT - gulwrfelobiTa da gulRiaobiT gamoirCeva. Tavadma WavWavaZem
ramdenime Zveli, magram dRemde SemorCenili qarTuli wes-Cveulebis Sesaxeb miambo, maT
Soris erT ucnaur SemTxvevazec: saqarTvelos samxedro gzis yazbegis sadgurTan mdebare
sofel gergetSi erTxel patara saxnavi miwis gamo dava wamoWrila. mflobelisaTvis miwis
CamorTmeva gadawyvetili iyo, roca gamoCnda Tormeti wlis ymawvili da ganacxada: me var imis
mowme, rom sadao miwa mis axlandel mflobels yvela wesis dacviT aqvs Sesyiduli da
namdvilad misi sakuTreba ariso!
- es ambavi Seni cxovrebisas moxda?
- ara!
- maS sadauri mowme xar, albaT mowmeebisagan gaqvs es ambavi mosmenili!“
- ara, me piradad var amis mowme!
- SeuZlebelia! ramdeni xnis win moxda es ambavi?
- zustad ar vici, albaT ramdenime saukunis win.“
- ki magram, maSin rogor xar TviTmxilveli am ambis, es xom savsebiT SeuZlebelia!
biWi ki Tavisas amtkicebda: uSualo mowme var saukuneebis win momxdari am ambiso.
ukve yvela im azrs daadga, rom es ymawvili aranormaluri iyo, roca man aCvena xeli
mokveTili TiTis wina saxsriT.
Semdeg ki aseTi ram gairkva: damowmebis es niSani Taobidan Taobaze ufros Svilze
gadaiodaa da amisaTvis isini TiTs isaxiCrebdnen. ase moeqca Tavis droze pirveli namdvili
mowme Tavis Svils; am biWunasac mamam sikvdilis win damowmebis es niSani dautova. xalxma scno
es damowmeba da rus mosamarTlesac sxva aRaraferi darCenoda.
gasagebia, rom Tavadis piridan da im situaciaSi mosmenilma am ambavma gansakuTrebiT
damainteresa da berlinSi Cveni Sexvedrisas Cemi wiwamurSi stumroba gamaxsena.“ (Lehman-Haupt
1901: IV, 562-564)
Cven madlierebis grZnobiT gvsurda kidev erTxel mogvegonebina ilia WavWavaZis germaneli
megobrebi, didi mecnierebi da sazogado moRvaweebi — artur laisti da karl leman-haupti,
romlebmac didi siyvaruliTa da siTboTi aRweres Cveni qveyana, misi adamianebi da buneba. maTi
Txzulebebi warmoadgenda im wyaros, romliTac evropelebi saqarTvelos istorias,
kulturasa da literaturas ecnobodnen.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
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Breuste…1987: BJ., Breuste J., Malich B., Reisen im Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1987.
Kandelaki 1990-1991: Kandelaki D., Einige ungeneuigkeiten in der neueren deutschen Fachliteratur . “Georgica”, 1990-1991, N
13-14.
Lehman-Haupt 1901: Lehman-Haupt C., Aus Georgien. “Die Zeit”, 1901.
niJaraZe 1967: niJaraZe r., ilia WavWavaZe da karl leman-haupti. Jurnali “droSa”, 1967. 10.
tabiZe 1966: tabiZe t., Txzulebani sam tomad, t.II, Tbilisi, 1966.
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