giorgi gedeniZe eTer lazaraSvili
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giorgi gedeniZe eTer lazaraSvili
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inteleqti<br />
<strong>giorgi</strong> <strong>gedeniZe</strong><br />
<strong>eTer</strong> <strong>lazaraSvili</strong><br />
XI<br />
klasis<br />
saxelmZRvanelo
<strong>giorgi</strong> <strong>gedeniZe</strong><br />
<strong>eTer</strong> <strong>lazaraSvili</strong><br />
fizika<br />
XI klasis<br />
saxelmZRvanelo<br />
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis<br />
erovnuli centris (brZaneba ##375, 18.05.2012) mier<br />
gamomcemloba inteleqti<br />
Tbilisi 2012
<strong>giorgi</strong> <strong>gedeniZe</strong>, <strong>eTer</strong> <strong>lazaraSvili</strong><br />
fizika XI<br />
Giorgi Gedenidze, Eter Lazarashvili<br />
PHYSICS XI<br />
INTELEKTI PUBLISHERS<br />
Tbilisi 2012<br />
redaqtorebi gvanca <strong>gedeniZe</strong><br />
naTia mamulaSvili<br />
Editor Gvantsa Gedenidze<br />
gamomcemloba inteleqti<br />
ISBN 978-9941-439-67-4<br />
Natia Mamulashvili<br />
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5<br />
225-05-22, 599 55-66-54<br />
faqsi: 225-05-22<br />
info@intelekti.ge www.intelekti.ge<br />
iNtELEKti Publishers<br />
5 ilia Chavchavadze ave., tbilisi, Georgia. tel.: 225-05-22, 599 55-66-54<br />
© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012
Sinaarsi<br />
I Tavi. meqanikuri rxevebi da talRebi ................................................................6<br />
1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ...............................................7<br />
1.2. maTematikuri qanqara ........................................................................................................11<br />
1.3. rxeviTi moZraoba. zambariani qanqara........................................................................14<br />
1.4. harmoniuli rxeva ...............................................................................................................17<br />
1.5. Tavisufali da iZulebiTi rxevebi. rezonansi .......................................................20<br />
1.6. meqanikuri talRebi ...........................................................................................................23<br />
1.7. bgeriTi talRa ....................................................................................................................26<br />
1.8. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi .................................................................................................29<br />
1.9. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................................31<br />
II Tavi. eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da talRebi ............................................32<br />
2.1. analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur movlenebs Soris ............................33<br />
2.2. cvladi deni. cvladi denis generatori. denis Zalisa da Zabvis<br />
efeqturi mniSvneloba ......................................................................................................36<br />
2.3. eleqtruli energiis gadacema ......................................................................................39<br />
2.4. transformatori ................................................................................................................42<br />
2.5. eleqtromagnituri talRebi ..........................................................................................44<br />
2.6. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoyeneba. radiotalRebi ..................................48<br />
2.7. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoye neba. optikuri diapazonis<br />
eleqtromagnituri talRebi. rentgenis sxivebi ....................................................51<br />
2.8. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi .................................................................................................54<br />
2.9. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................................55<br />
III Tavi. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoria da Termodinamika ...................56<br />
3.1. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi. Termodinamika .....57<br />
3.2. molekulebis raodenoba da masa. fardobiTi molekuluri masa.<br />
nivTierebis raodenoba. moluri masa. avogadros mudmiva................................60<br />
3.3. idealuri airi. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi<br />
gantoleba. temperatura .................................................................................................63<br />
3.4. temperaturis absoluturi skala. temperatura _ molekulebis<br />
saSualo kinetikuri energiis zoma .............................................................................65<br />
3.5. idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba ...............................................................68<br />
3.6. airis kanonebi ......................................................................................................................70<br />
3.7. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi .................................................................................................73<br />
3.8. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................................75<br />
3
4<br />
3.9. Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi ................................................................76<br />
3.10. siTbos raodenoba. muSaoba airis moculobis cvlilebisas ..........................79<br />
3.11. ra da rogor iswavleT SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ................................................81<br />
3.12. najeri orTqli. duRili ...............................................................................................84<br />
3.13. haeris tenianoba ...............................................................................................................87<br />
3.14. Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni ..................................................................................91<br />
3.15. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva<br />
procesisaTvis. adiabaturi procesi ........................................................................93<br />
3.16. Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi procesebi. Termodinamikis meore kanoni............95<br />
3.17. siTburi Zravebi ................................................................................................................97<br />
3.18. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi ...............................................................................................100<br />
3.19. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ................................................................................................102<br />
IV Tavi. birTvuli energiis miReba da gamoyeneba .......................................103<br />
4.1. birTvuli kvlevebi ............................................................................................................105<br />
4.2. radioaqtivoba .....................................................................................................................107<br />
4.3. alfa (α), beta (b) da gama (g) .......................................................................................109<br />
4.4. radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba ..............................................................................................111<br />
4.5. atomis agebuleba. rezerfordis cdebi ....................................................................113<br />
4.6. atomis planetaruli modeli ........................................................................................115<br />
4.7. boris postulatebi ...........................................................................................................117<br />
4.8. radioaqtiuri gardaqmnebi .............................................................................................119<br />
4.9. naxevardaSlis periodi ....................................................................................................121<br />
4.10. birTvuli reaqciebi. protonisa da neitronis aRmoCena.<br />
atomis birTvis agebuleba ............................................................................................123<br />
4.11. birTvuli Zalebi. atomuri birTvebis bmis energia ..........................................126<br />
4.12. masis defeqti. birTvis bmis kuTri energiis masur<br />
ricxvze damokidebuleba ...............................................................................................128<br />
4.13. birTvuli reaqciebi protonebiT da neitronebiT ............................................130<br />
4.14. jaWvuri birTvuli reaqciebi ......................................................................................132<br />
4.15. TermobirTvuli reaqciebi. birTvuli reaqtori ................................................134<br />
4.16. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi ...............................................................................................137<br />
4.17. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ................................................................................................139
paragrafis<br />
nomeri<br />
paragrafis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
wyvilebad<br />
muSaoba<br />
jgufebad<br />
muSaoba<br />
individualuri<br />
samuSao<br />
informacia<br />
suraTis<br />
mixedviT<br />
amocanebi<br />
logikuri<br />
msjelobis<br />
gamoyenebiT<br />
axali<br />
terminebi<br />
daskvnebi<br />
saSinao cda<br />
saWiroa sifrTxile<br />
rogor vixelmZRvaneloT saxelmZRvaneloTi<br />
3.12<br />
najeri orTqli. duRili<br />
��<br />
10. aRwereT 77.1 suraTze gamosa<br />
xuli situacia. romeli energiis<br />
xar jze xdeba sosisis Sewva?<br />
rogor icvleba sosisis Sina gani energia?<br />
viciT, damokidebuleba absolutur tempe raturasa<br />
da molekulebis gadataniTi moZraobis saSualo kinetikur<br />
energias Soris gamoisaxeba formuliT: E kT.<br />
2 3 (1)<br />
kin=<br />
sur. 77.1<br />
���� 5. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, oTaxSi temperaturis<br />
Semcirebisas haerSi arsebuli wylis orTqli uaxlovdeba<br />
Tu Sordeba najerobis mdgomareobas?<br />
pasuxi daasabuTeT magaliTebiT.<br />
�<br />
4. gamoiyofa Tu<br />
STainTqmeba energia<br />
uranis birTvis<br />
gax leCisas meti bmis kuTri<br />
energiis birTvebis warmoqmnisas?<br />
5. ra informacias<br />
iRebT 132.1 suraTidan?<br />
neitronebi<br />
sur. 132.1<br />
neitroni<br />
namsxvrevebi<br />
I. ucvleli masis idealuri airis wnevisa da moculobis nam<br />
ravlis Sefardeba absolutur tempe ratu ras Tan mudmivi sididea<br />
PV<br />
const.<br />
T<br />
=<br />
8. I winadadebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom<br />
rodesac mocemuli masis idealuri airis absoluturi temperatura<br />
orjer izrdeba, maSin airis<br />
a. wneva da moculoba ar icvleba;<br />
b. wnevac da moculobac orjer izrdeba.<br />
absoluturi tenianoba, fardobiTi tenianoba, namis<br />
wertili, higrometri, fsiqrometri<br />
gavecaniT tenianobas. tenianobis gazomvis xerxebs. tenianobis mniSvnelobas<br />
yofacxovrebaSi.<br />
Semdeg gakveTilze gavecnobiT energiis Senaxvisa da gardaqmnis<br />
kanons siTburi procesebisaTvis.<br />
saSinao cda<br />
cdebisTvis saWiroa<br />
• qva an kenWi<br />
• wyliani abazana<br />
• 4-5 tivtiva<br />
• zonari<br />
cdis mizani: meqanikur talRebze dakvirveba<br />
1. wyalSi CaagdeT qva an kenWi. daakvirdiT wylis<br />
zedapirs. aRwereT da SeecadeT axsnaT SemCneuli<br />
movlena.<br />
2. ganier WurWelSi (abazanaSi), erTmaneTisagan<br />
daSorebiT, moaTavseT oTxixuTi<br />
msubuqi tivtiva _ korpis an asanTis<br />
Reris gadanaWeri. joxis perioduli Se xebiT<br />
wyali rxeviT moZraobaSi moiyvaneT. daakvirdiT wyli s zedapirs da tivtivebs.<br />
ras amCnevT? gadaadgildeba Tu ara tivtivebi horizontalurad?<br />
aRwereT SemCneuli movlenebi.<br />
! dafiqrdiT da asanTis Reris Tavebi (sur. 136.1) ise ganalageT liTonis<br />
ta faze an kecze, rom cdiT SeZloT jaWvuri reaqciis demonstrireba.<br />
5
6<br />
I Tavi<br />
meqanikuri<br />
rxevebi da<br />
talRebi<br />
am TavSi gaixsenebT da<br />
gaecnobiT<br />
� meqanikur rxevas;<br />
� rxevis amplitudas, sixSires, fazas;<br />
� maTematikur da zambarian<br />
qanqarebs;<br />
� harmoniul rxevas da mis<br />
maxasiaTeblebs;<br />
� rezonanss;<br />
� meqanikur talRebs: ganivsa da<br />
grZivs;<br />
� bgeris warmoqmnas da gavrcelebas;<br />
� bgeris siCqares sxvadasxva<br />
garemoSi;<br />
� adamianisa da cxovelebis mier<br />
aRqmul bgerebs;<br />
� mocemul Temebze amocanebis<br />
amoxsnas.
a da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT<br />
Tqveni codna<br />
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t1p1<br />
testi<br />
1. Tbilisidan quTaisSi mimavali TviTmfrinavi<br />
a. moZraobs Tbilisis mimarT, ar moZraobs quTaisis mimarT;<br />
b. moZraobs quTaisis mimarT, ar moZraobs Tbilisis mimarT;<br />
g. moZraobs orive qalaqis mimarT;<br />
d. ar moZraobs arc erTi qalaqis mimarT.<br />
2. Tbilisidan quTaisSi mimavali datvirTuli TviTmfrinavi<br />
a. moZraobs Tbilisis da tvirTis mimarT;<br />
b. moZraobs Tbilisis mimarT, ar moZraobs tvirTis mimarT;<br />
g. ar moZraobs Tbilisis mimarT, moZraobs tvirTis mimarT;<br />
d. ar moZraobs arc Tbilisis, arc tvirTis mimarT.<br />
3. Zafze dakidebuli wonasworobis mdebareobidan gadaxrili<br />
burTulis (sur. 7.1) gaTavisuflebis Semdeg misi moZraobis<br />
traeqtoriaaa<br />
a. wrewiris rkali; b. wrfis monakveTi; g. wrewiri;<br />
d. wertili.<br />
sur. 7.1<br />
4. sxeuli, romelzec moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi nuli ar<br />
aris<br />
a. uZravia; b. moZraobs Tanabrad; g. moZraobs aCqarebulad;<br />
d. moZraobs mxolod RerZis Tanxvdenili mimarTulebiT.<br />
5. Tu sxeulma 2 wTSi 120 m gaiara, maSin SISi misi saSualo siCqarea<br />
a. 60 m/wm; b. 240 m; g. 60 m/wT; d. 1 m/wm.<br />
6. SISi muSaobisa da energiis erTeulebad, Sesabamisad, miRebulia<br />
a. 1 niutoni, 1 jouli; b. 1 jouli, 1 niutoni;<br />
g. 1 niutoni, 1 niutoni; d. 1 jouli, 1 jouli.<br />
7. SISi siCqarisa da aCqarebis erTeulebad, Sesabamisad, miRebulia<br />
a. 1 m/wm, 1 m/wm 2 ; b. 1 m/wm 2 , 1 m/wm; g. 1 km/sT, 1 m/wm 2 ;<br />
d. 1 sm/wm, 1 m/wm 2 .<br />
8. rodesac 7.2 suraTze gamosaxuli k sixistis<br />
zambara deformirebuli ar aris da m masis<br />
sxeuli moZraobs marjvniv v siCqariT, maSin<br />
mas gaaCnia (formulebSi x aris zambaris<br />
sigrZis cvlileba).<br />
a. kinetikuri _ da potenciuri _ energiebi;<br />
sur. 7.2<br />
v 1<br />
1.1<br />
7
8<br />
b. kinetikuri _ da potenciuri _ ;<br />
g. mxolod kinetikuri _ energia;<br />
d. mxolod potenciuri _ energia.<br />
9. rodesac 8.1 suraTze gamosaxuli k sixistis zambara gaWimulia xiT<br />
da m masis sxeuli moZraobs marcxniv v siCqariT, maSin mas gaaCnia<br />
a. kinetikuri _ da potenciuri _ energiebi;<br />
b. kinetikuri _ da potenciuri _ ;<br />
g. mxolod kinetikuri _ energia;<br />
d. mxolod potenciuri _ energia.<br />
sur. 8.1 x<br />
10. erTnairi masalisa da ganivkveTis farTobis l da 2l sigrZis<br />
rezinidan l sigrZis rezinis sixiste<br />
a. orjer metia 2l sigrZisaze; b. orjer naklebia 2l sigrZisaze;<br />
g. iseTivea, rogoric 2l sigrZis; d. oTxjer metia 2l sigrZisaze.<br />
Tu testebze pasuxis gacema gagiWirdaT, maSin gaiRrmaveT codna<br />
qvemoT moyvanili winadadebebiT. miRebuli informaciiT, fiqriT da<br />
azrovnebiT aucileblad SeZlebT testebze swori pasuxebis gacemas.<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi sxeulis mdebareobis cvlilebas sivrceSi sxva<br />
sxeulis mimarT meqanikuri moZraoba ewodeba.<br />
sxeuls, romlis zomebi amocanis mocemuli pirobebiT SeiZleba<br />
ugulebelvyoT, nivTieri wertili ewodeba.<br />
aTvlis sxeuli, masTan dakavSirebuli koordinatTa sistema da drois<br />
gasazomi xelsawyo erTad qmnis aTvlis sistemas, romlis mimarTac<br />
ganixileba sxeulis moZraoba.<br />
warmosaxviT wirs, romelsac nivTieri wertili moZraobisas aRwers,<br />
am wertilis moZraobis traeqtoria ewodeba.<br />
Tanabari moZraobis siCqare ewodeba mudmiv sidides, romelic tolia<br />
sxeulis S gadaadgilebis da drois im t Sualedis Sefardebisa, romlis<br />
ganmavlobaSic man es gadaadgileba Seasrula: v =<br />
S<br />
t<br />
& S = vt.<br />
TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis aCqareba ewodeba mudmiv sidides,<br />
romelic tolia sxeulis siCqaris cvlilebis fardobisa drois im<br />
SualedTan, romlis ganmav lobaSic es cvlileba moxda: v v0<br />
a =<br />
t<br />
,<br />
- , (1)<br />
sadac v0 aris sxeulis sawyisi siCqare, v _ siCqare drois t momentSi,<br />
v 1
a _ aCqareba.<br />
sidides, romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze,<br />
Zala ewodeba. Zalis moqmedebiT icvleba sxeulis siCqare.<br />
niutonis meore kanoni _ aCqareba, romliTac moZraobs sxeuli,<br />
tolia masze moqmedi Zalisa da sxeulis masis Sefardebis:<br />
a<br />
m<br />
,<br />
F<br />
= & F = magegmilebiT<br />
F =ma .<br />
x x<br />
Zalis erTeulad SISi miRebulia 1 niutoni (1 n). es aris Zala,<br />
romelic 1 kg masis sxeuls 1 m/wm 2 aCqarebas aniWebs. 1 n = 1 kg.m/wm 2 .<br />
fizikur sidides, romelic axasiaTebs sxeulis an sxeulTa sistemis<br />
mier muSaobis Sesrulebis unars, meqanikuri energia ewodeba.<br />
energias, romelic sxeuls moZraobis Sedegad aqvs, kinetikuri<br />
2<br />
energia ewodeba: E<br />
mv kin= , sadac E aris v siCqariT moZravi m masis<br />
kin 2<br />
sxeulis kinetikuri energia.<br />
Tu sxeulze moqmedi Zala asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas, maSin sxeulis<br />
kinetikuri energia izrdeba. energiis erTeulad SISi miRebulia 1<br />
jouli (1 j).<br />
energias, romelic ganisazRvreba urTierTmoqmedi sxeulebis an erTi<br />
da imave sxeulis nawilebis urTierTmdebareobiT, potenciuri energia<br />
ewodeba.<br />
potenciuri energia aqvs dedamiwis zedapiridan raime simaRleze<br />
aweul sxeuls da yvela drekadad deformirebul sxeuls.<br />
potenciuri energiis aTvlis nulovani donidan h simaRleze aweuli<br />
m masis sxeulis E pot potenciuri energia ganisazRvreba E pot =mgh<br />
formuliT.<br />
im zambaris potenciuri energia, romlis sixistea k, xolo<br />
deformaciis sidide (wagrZeleba an SekumSva) _ x, ganisazRvreba<br />
2<br />
E<br />
kx<br />
pot= formuliT.<br />
2<br />
sixiste mocemuli zambarisTvis (rezinisTvis) mudmivi sidi dea.<br />
igi damokidebulia zambaris nivTierebis gvarobaze, pirdapir proporciulia<br />
zambaris ganivkveTis farTobis da ukuproporciulia zambaris<br />
sawyisi sigrZis _ k `<br />
S<br />
.<br />
l<br />
9
10<br />
saSinao cda<br />
cdebisTvis saWiroa<br />
• Zafi<br />
• burTula<br />
• danayofebiani saxazavi<br />
• wammzomi<br />
cdis mizani: Zafze dakidebuli burTulis<br />
rxeviTi moZraobis gamokvleva.<br />
grZel `uWimav~ da `umaso~ Zafze daki<br />
debuli mcire zomis, magram didi masis<br />
sxeuls maTematikur qan qaras uwodeben.<br />
grZel Zafze dakidebuli burTula<br />
gadaxareT 5-8 0 -iani kuTxiT, gauSviT xeli<br />
da daakvirdiT burTulis rxe vebs (sur. 10.1).<br />
TanmimdevrobiT ganixileT qvemoT mocemuli sakiT xebi, upasuxeT<br />
SekiTxvebs da gamoitaneTY daskvnebi.<br />
a. gansazRvreT qanqaras rxevis amplituda _<br />
udidesi gadaxra wonasworobis mdebareobidan.<br />
rodesac sxeuli oTxi amplitudis tol manZils<br />
gaivlis, maSin sruldeba erTi sruli rxeva.<br />
erTi sruli rxevis xangrZlivobas rxevis periodi<br />
ewodeba. rxevis periodi aRvniSnoT TTi.<br />
b. moifiqreT qanqaras rxevis periodis gansazRvris<br />
xerxi da gansazRvreT.<br />
C<br />
O<br />
sur. 10.1<br />
B<br />
gegim qanqaras rxevis periodi Semdegnairad gansazRvra: qanqara<br />
gadaxara wonasworobis mdebareobidan. dainiSna drois is momenti,<br />
rodesac burTulas gauSva xeli (B Bmdebareoba) da gazoma drois<br />
is Sualedi _ rxevis periodi, romlis Semdegac burTula isev B<br />
mdebareobaSi mivida.<br />
anastasiam gazoma drois τ Sualedi, romelSic qanqaram Seasrula n=20<br />
sruli rxeva. drois es Sualedi gayo rxevaTa raodenobaze da miiRo<br />
qanqaras rxevis periodis mniSvneloba T =<br />
x<br />
n<br />
.<br />
g. Tqven rogor fiqrobT, romeli meTodiT miRebuli mniSvneloba<br />
iqneba ufro axlos qanqaras rxevis periodis namdvil mniSvnelobasTan?<br />
d. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogor Seicvleba qanqaras<br />
rxevis periodi amplitudis mcire sididiT gadidebisas?<br />
gamoitaneT daskvna:<br />
rogor aris damokidebuli qanqaras rxevis periodi amplitudaze?<br />
e. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogor Seicvleba qanqaras<br />
rxevis periodi Zafze dakidebuli burTulis masis gadidebisas.<br />
gamoitaneT daskvna:<br />
rogor<br />
masaze?<br />
aris damokidebuli qanqaras rxevis periodi burTulis<br />
v. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogor Seicvleba qanqaras<br />
rxevis periodi Zafis sigrZis Secvlisas? gamoitaneT daskvna:<br />
rogor<br />
sigrZeze?<br />
aris damokidebuli qanqaras rxevis periodi qanqaras<br />
z. rogor moiqcevi Tu romelime SemTxvevaSi Tqveni varaudi ar gamarTlda?<br />
ganmeorebiT CaatarebT cdebs, Tu miRebuli SedegiT maSinve gamoitan<br />
daskvnas?<br />
miRebuli monacemebis mixedviT, samuSao rveulSi SeavseT cxrili.
maTematikuri qanqara<br />
� ratom maTematikuri da ara ubralod _ qanqara?<br />
125-e a suraTze gamo saxulia grZel Zafze dakidebuli foladis bur-<br />
Tula. igi umartivesi qanqaraa. burTula uZravia.<br />
�� 1. 11.1 a suraTze<br />
gamo saxeT burTulaze<br />
moqmedi Zalebi da<br />
axseniT, ratom aris igi wonasworobaSi.<br />
gadavxaroT qanqara wonasworobis O mdebareobidan B mdebareobaSi da<br />
gavuSvaT xeli (sur. 11.1,b).<br />
��<br />
C mdebareobaSi meyseuli gaCerebis Semdeg igive Zalebis moqmedebiT<br />
burTula daiwyebs moZraobas O mdebareobisaken zrdadi siCqariT.<br />
procesi C mdebareobidan B mdebareobisken ise mimdinareobs, rogorc<br />
mimdinareobda B-dan C-sken. burTula O wertilis xan erT, xan meore<br />
mxares gadaixreba _ irxeva.<br />
drois erTeulSi Sesrulebul rxevaTa ricxvs<br />
rxevis sixSire ewodeba. rxevis sixSire aRvniSnoT<br />
n-Ti.<br />
rxevis periodi T =<br />
1 1<br />
o<br />
& o = .<br />
T<br />
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(1)<br />
a<br />
C<br />
sur. 11.1<br />
O b<br />
2. 11.1 b suraTze B mdebareobaSi gamosaxeT<br />
burTulaze moqmedi Zalebi. awonasworebs Tu ara es<br />
Zalebi erTmaneTs? axseniT, ratom? ra mimarTulebiT<br />
iwyebs burTula moZraobas B mdebareobidan?<br />
3. gaCerda Tu ara burTula O wertilSi? axseniT, ratom?<br />
4. SeadareT erTmaneTs O mdebareobis gavlis momentSi burTulaze<br />
moqmedi simZimisa da Zafis daWimulobis Zalebis modulebi. pasuxi<br />
daasabuTeT.<br />
5. rogori mimarTuleba aqvs burTu laze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmeds<br />
O wertilis marcxena mxares? gamosaxeT suraTze samuSao rveulSi.<br />
6. rogori moZraobaa rxeviTi?<br />
��<br />
moiyvaneT rxeviTi moZraobis magaliTebi.<br />
7. ganmarteT rxevis amplituda da periodi. daasaxeleT<br />
TiToeulis erTeuli SI-Si.<br />
B<br />
n _ `niu~<br />
berZnuli asoa.<br />
1.2<br />
11
12<br />
sixSiris erTeulad miRebulia 1 herci (1 hc).<br />
1 herci iseTi rxevis sixSirea, romlis drosac 1 wmSi erTi sruli<br />
rxeva sruldeba.<br />
��<br />
8. qanqara 5 wm-Si asrulebs 10 rxevas. gansazRvreT<br />
rxevis periodi da sixSire.<br />
9. aRwereT qanqaras rxeva energetikuli TvalsazrisiT.<br />
CavataroT da gavaanalizoT saSinao cdebSi miRebuli Sedegebi.<br />
gamovitanoT daskv nebi:<br />
wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcire gadaxrisas maTematikuri<br />
qanqaras rxevis periodi ar aris damokidebuli amplitudasa da<br />
burTulis masaze.<br />
mcire amplitudiT rxevebisas maTematikuri qanqaras rxevis periodi<br />
pirdapirproporciulia kvadratuli fesvisa qanqaras sigrZidan.<br />
mtkicdeba, rom maTematikuri qanqaras rxevis periodi ganisazRvreba<br />
formuliT<br />
T<br />
g<br />
,<br />
l<br />
= 2r<br />
(1)<br />
sadac l aris qanqaras sigrZe _ manZili Zafis dakidebis wertilidan<br />
burTulis masaTa centramde.<br />
��<br />
10. bavSvebi erTsa da imave saqanelaze qanaoben (sur.<br />
12.1). CaTvaleT, rom bavS ve bis masaTa centri erT donezea<br />
da SeadareT maTi rxevis periodebi erTmaneTs.<br />
sur. 12.1<br />
11. moifiqreT, dagegmeT da Sin CaatareT cda, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
gansazRvravT Tavisuflad vard nili sxeulis aCqarebas.<br />
maTematikuri qanqara, rxevis periodi, sixSire, herci
saSinao cda<br />
cdebisTvis saWiroa<br />
• zambara an rezini<br />
• danayofebiani saxazavi<br />
• wammzomi<br />
• saswori<br />
• sxvadasxva masis<br />
burTulebi<br />
cdis mizani: zambaraze damagrebuli<br />
burTulis rxeviTi moZraobis gamokvleva.<br />
zambaris (rezinis) erTi bolo daamagreT.<br />
meore boloze dakideT sxeuli.<br />
sxeuli wonasworobis mdebareobidan<br />
2-3 sm-iT CamoswieT da gauSviT xeli.<br />
moiyvaneT rxeviT moZraobaSi (sur. 13.1).<br />
sxeulis masa ise SearCieT, rom rxevebi swrafad ar Sewzydes.<br />
TanmimdevrobiT ganixileT qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi,<br />
upasuxeT SekiTxvebs da gamoitaneT daskvna.<br />
a. gazomeT rxevis amplituda;<br />
b. gazomeT drois Sualedi, romlis ganmavlobaSic<br />
sxeulma Seasrula 20 an 30 rxeva. gansazRvreT rxevis<br />
periodi.<br />
g. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogor<br />
Seicvaleba rxevis periodi amplitudis 1-1,5 sm-iT<br />
gadidebisas? daadgineT rxevis periodis damokidebuleba<br />
amplitudaze.<br />
d. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogori<br />
gaxdeba zambaraze dakidebuli oTxjer meti masis sxeulis<br />
rxevis periodi? rogor Seicvala igi?<br />
sur. 13.1<br />
gamoitaneT daskvna: rogor aris damokidebuli zambariani qanqaras<br />
rxevis periodi masze damagrebuli sxeulis masaze?<br />
e. CaatareT cdebi sxvadasxva sigrZis reziniT. romeli rezinis sixistea<br />
meti _ grZelis Tu moklesi?<br />
rogor icvleba rxevis periodi rezinis sixistis gazrdiT? gamoitaneT<br />
daskvna da CawereT samuSao rveulSi cxrilSi.<br />
v. rogor moiqceviT, Tu romelime SemTxvevaSi Tqveni varaudi ar<br />
gamarTlda: ganmeorebiT CaatarebT cdebs, Tu miRebuli SedegiT maSinve<br />
gamoitanT daskvnas?<br />
z. rogor fiqrobT, erTnair pirobebSi cdis mxolod erTxel Catareba<br />
sakmarisia saboloo daskvnis gamosatanad? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase.<br />
13
1.3<br />
14<br />
rxeviTi moZraoba.<br />
zambariani qanqara<br />
� zambarac maTematikuri qanqaras msgavsad `iqceva~<br />
CavataroT cdebi:<br />
gluv horizonta lur RerZze Camocmuli ara defor mirebuli zambaris<br />
erTi bolo damagrebulia. meore boloze mimagre bulia RerZuli nax vretis<br />
mqone sxeuli (sur. 14.1, a). zam ba raze<br />
moqmedi simZimis Zala gawo naswo rebulia<br />
O<br />
a<br />
RerZis reaqciis ZaliT. sxeuli wonasworobaSia.<br />
x=0<br />
X<br />
SevkumSoT zambara. sxeuli davaci-<br />
B<br />
b<br />
loT wonasworobis O mdebareobas. gavwioT<br />
mar cxniv A manZilze, gadaviyvanoT<br />
X<br />
B mdebareobaSi, gavuSvaT xeli da<br />
x=-A<br />
dava k vir deT<br />
koo r dinatia.<br />
(sur.14.1,b). x<br />
O wertilis<br />
sxeulis<br />
mar jvniv<br />
C g<br />
koor dina ti<br />
uaryofiTi.<br />
dadebiTia, marcxniv _<br />
x=A<br />
X<br />
sur. 14.1<br />
��<br />
1. daasaxeleT da gamosaxeT 14.1 suraTze Zala,<br />
romliTac zambara B mdebareobaSi moqmedebs sxeulze.<br />
2. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, ra moxdeba<br />
sxeulze xelis gaSvebis Semdeg?<br />
3. rogor icvleba sxeulis siCqare O wertilisken moZrao bisas?<br />
4. ra moxdeba sxeulis O wertilSi misvlis Semdeg?<br />
ra emarTeba zambaras? axseniT, ratom?<br />
5. rogor icvleba sxeulze moqmedi drekadobis Zala O wertilidan<br />
marjvniv moZraobisas? sxeulis siCqare? aCqareba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
C mdebareobaSi sxeuli meyseulad Cerdeba. zambara gaWimulia, rogorc<br />
cda gviCvenebs, TiTqmis A-s toli maqsimaluri manZiliT (sur. 14.1, g).<br />
am mdebareobaSi sxeulze moqmedebs marcxniv mimarTuli drekadobis<br />
Zala, romlis moduli maqsimaluria. SeCerebis Semdeg sxeuli marcxniv<br />
amoZravda. man xelaxla gaiara O mdebareoba (axla marjvnidan marcxniv)<br />
da kvlav gadaixara misgan TiTqmis A manZiliT anu dabrunda wertilSi,<br />
saidanac daiwyo moZraoba. amis Semdeg procesi meordeba. sxeuli O<br />
wertilis mimarT xan erT, xan meore mxaresaa.<br />
��<br />
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6. rogor moZraobas asrulebs sxeuli?<br />
`sxeuli _ zambaras~ erTobliobas xSirad zambarian qanqaras uwo deben.
��<br />
7. ra saxis energia aqvs deformirebul zambaras?<br />
deformirebuli zambaris potenciuri energia ganisazRvreba formuliT<br />
2<br />
E<br />
kx<br />
pot= , (1)<br />
2<br />
sadac k zambaris sixistea, x _ deformaciis sidide.<br />
��<br />
8. ra saxis energiad gardaiqmneba SekumSuli zambaris<br />
gaSlisas misi potenciuri energia?<br />
Tu sistema Caketilia da rxe visas xa xu ni mcirea, garkveuli drois ganmavlo<br />
baSi misi moqmedebis Sedegi TiTqmis ar gamo v lindeba da sistemis sruli<br />
meqa ni ku ri energia SeiZleba mudmivad CaiTvalos.<br />
SekumSuli zambaris maqsimaluri potenciuri energia kA wonaswo robis<br />
2<br />
mdebareobaSi gavlisas sxeulis kinetikuri energiis mv<br />
2<br />
maqs -is tolia, e. i.<br />
2<br />
2 2<br />
mv<br />
2<br />
kA maqs A m A m<br />
= ⇒ = ⇒<br />
= .<br />
(2)<br />
2<br />
2 2 vmaq<br />
k vmaq<br />
k<br />
roca sxeuli ukidures marjvena mdebareobaSi aRmoCndeba, misi kineti kuri<br />
energia kvlav nuls gautoldeba, xolo sruli energia _ maqsimalur potenciur<br />
energias. wonasworobisa da maqsimaluri gadaxris mdebareobebs Soris<br />
sxeuls aqvs rogorc kinetikuri, ise poten ciuri energia, maTi jami _ sruli<br />
meqanikuri energia mudmivia da nebismier mdebareobaSi kA 2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
-is to lia.<br />
amrigad, merxevi sxeulis sruli meqani kuri energia rxevis amplitudis<br />
kvadratis pro por ciulia.<br />
gavaanalizoT saSinao cdebSi miRebuli Sedegebi da gamovitanoT<br />
daskvnebi.<br />
wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcire gadaxrisas zambariani<br />
qanqaras rxevis periodi ar aris damokidebuli amplitudaze. igi<br />
pirdapirproporciulia kvadratuli fesvisa sxeulis masidan da<br />
ukuproporciulia kvadratuli fesvisa zambaris sixistidan, e.i.<br />
T +<br />
m<br />
.<br />
k<br />
Semdeg paragrafSi davamtkicebT, rom zambariani qanqaras rxevis<br />
periodi ganisazRvreba formuliT<br />
T = 2r<br />
m<br />
, (3)<br />
k<br />
sadac m sxeulis masaa, k _ zambaris sixiste.<br />
��<br />
9. cxrili samuSao rveulSi gadaxazeT da SeavseT. rogor<br />
icvleba cxrilSi miTiTebuli TiToeuli sididis moduli<br />
14.1 suraTze gamosaxuli zambariani qanqaras rxevisas?<br />
15
16<br />
sxulis<br />
drekadobis<br />
moZraobis<br />
Zala<br />
mimarTuleba<br />
B-dan O-sken<br />
O-dan C-sken<br />
C-dan O-sken<br />
O-dan B-sken<br />
saSinao cda<br />
siGqare aGqareba potenciuri<br />
energia<br />
zambariani qanqara<br />
Zabri (SeiZleba gamoiyenoT polieTilenis<br />
patara boTlis gadanaWeri) ZafiT<br />
CamokideT (sur.16.1). Zabris xvrelSi CadeT<br />
qaRaldi da gaukeTeT iseTi xvreli, rom<br />
masSi Cayrili sila (an marili) wvril<br />
nakadad gamovides.<br />
Zabris qveviT magidaze dadeT qaRaldi.<br />
ZabrSi CayareT sila.<br />
a. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT,<br />
rogori iqneba qaRaldze dafenili silis<br />
forma, Tu qanqaras Sveuli mdebareobidan<br />
gadaxris mcire kuTxiT da xels gauSvebT?<br />
kinetikuri<br />
energia<br />
sruli meqanikuri<br />
energia<br />
realur<br />
pirobebSi<br />
sur. 16.1<br />
daakvirdiT, qanqaras rxevisas rogor efineba sila qaRal dze.<br />
gamarTlda Tqveni varaudi?<br />
idealur<br />
pirobebSi<br />
b. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogori iqneba furcelze<br />
dayrili silis forma, Tu qanqaras rxevis sibrtyis marTobulad qaRalds<br />
Tanabrad amoZ ravebT?<br />
daakvirdiT qaRaldze dafenil silas. rogori forma aqvs mas?<br />
gamarTlda Tqveni varaudi?
harmoniuli rxeva<br />
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�<br />
1. ra aris saWiro,<br />
rom Zafze daki debulma<br />
(sur. 17.1,a) an zamba raze mimagrebulma<br />
(sur. 17.1,b) sxe ulma rxeva daiwyos? a sur. 17.1<br />
rxevebi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino maSin xdeba, rodesac mer xevi sxeulis<br />
koordinatis droze da mo ki de bu lebas grafikis saxiT war movad genT.<br />
CavataroT cda: merxev sxeulze davamagroT flomaste ri, mis win _<br />
muyao (sur. 17.2). sxeulis rxevisas flo masteri muyaoze gaavlebs wrfis<br />
AB monakveTs (sur. 17.3, a), romlis yovel wertils flomasteris wveri<br />
peri odis ganmav lo baSi orjer gaivlis _ zeviT da qveviT moZra obisas.<br />
magram, Tu gvinda davafiq siroT merxevi sxeulis mdebareoba drois<br />
sxvadasxva momentSi, saWiroa flomasteri muyaos<br />
erTsa da imave wertils mxolod erTxel Seexos.<br />
amisaTvis muyaos zoli flomaste ris rxevis sibrtyis<br />
mar Tobulad mudmivi siCqa riT vamoZ raoT. davina xavT,<br />
muyaoze gaC ndeba mrudi, rom lis yoveli wertili<br />
Seesa bameba flomasteris, maSasadame, mer xevi sxeulis<br />
mdeba reobas drois mo cemul momen tSi (sur. 17.3, b).<br />
su raTze gamosaxul mruds mivi RebT, Tu muyaos avamoZravebT<br />
im momentSi, roca sxeuli wonasworobis<br />
mdebare obas gadis. am mruds sinuso ida hqvia.<br />
fizikuri sididis droze damokidebul periodul<br />
cvli lebas, romelic<br />
sur. 17.2<br />
A<br />
sinusis an kosi nusis<br />
kanoniT sruldeba, harmoniuli rxeva ewodeba.<br />
zambaraze damagrebuli sxeulis rxevis<br />
B<br />
a<br />
gamomwvevi mizezi zambaris deformaciisas<br />
aRZruli drekadobis Zalaa, romlis gegmili<br />
F =-kx. (1)<br />
x<br />
(1)⇒ drekadobis Zalis gegmili pir dapir-<br />
b pro porciulia wonasworobis mdebareo bi dan<br />
sur. 17.3<br />
gadaxris da mis sapirispi rodaa mimar Tuli.<br />
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom harmoniul rxe viT<br />
moZraobas iwvevs iseTi Zala, romlis moduli<br />
pirdapirproporciulia wonasworobis mdeba reobidan gadaxris da mis<br />
sapirispirod aris mimarTuli.<br />
SeadareT saSinao cdaSi qaRaldze dafenili silis forma 17.3 suraTze<br />
gamosaxul mruds.<br />
�<br />
2. hgavs Tu ara mrudebi erTmaneTs?<br />
3. SegviZlia Tu ara vTqvaT, rom zambaraze damagrebuli<br />
sxeulis rxevisas misi koordinati drois mixedviT ise icvleba, rogorc<br />
Zafze dakidebuli sxeulis koordinati?<br />
b<br />
1.4<br />
17
18<br />
cdebiT miRebuli grafikebis msgavseba gvaZlevs uflebas vTqvaT,<br />
rom zambaraze mimagrebuli burTulasa da qanqaras koordinati drois<br />
mixedviT icvleba erTi da imave kanoniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom rxevebis<br />
gamomwvev Zalebs gansxvavebuli fizikuri buneba aqvT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi<br />
es zambaris drekadobis Zalaa, xolo meoreSi _ simZimis Zalis da Zafis<br />
daWimulobis Zalis tolqmedi.<br />
ganvixiloT A radiusian wrewirze moduliT<br />
mudmivi v siCqariT moZravi nivTieri wertilis<br />
gegmilis moZraoba erT-erT diametrze gavlebul<br />
X RerZze (sur. 18.1). vTqvaT t=0 momentSi sxeuli<br />
C wertilSia, xolo t momentSi _ B wertilSi.<br />
1<br />
radiusis Semobrunebis kuTxe aRvniSnoT j-Ti.<br />
suraTidan ⇒ sxeulis koordinati x=Asinj. (2)<br />
kuTxuri siCqare ~ =<br />
t<br />
& { = t.<br />
{<br />
~ (3) 2<br />
,<br />
T r<br />
(4) sadac T garSemovlis periodia.<br />
~ =<br />
(4) (3) (2)⇒ x Asin<br />
2<br />
t Asin t.<br />
2<br />
C v1 B<br />
v4 j j<br />
E O x<br />
A<br />
X<br />
v2 v3 sur. 18.1<br />
=<br />
r<br />
= ro (5) x<br />
wrewirze moduliT mudmivi siCqariT moZravi<br />
nivTieri wertilis X RerZze gegmilis koordinatis<br />
droze damokidebulebis grafiki sinusoidaa (sur.<br />
18.2). es imas niSnavs, rom misi rxevebi harmoniulia.<br />
amgvarad, maTematikuri qanqaras da zambaraze<br />
damagrebuli sxeulis rxevisas maTi koordinatis<br />
drois mixedviT cvlileba gamoisaxuleba (5)<br />
T<br />
formuliT, sadac A rxevis amplitudaa, T _ rxeviT periodi,<br />
T 1<br />
o = rxevis<br />
sixSire, w _ 2p wamSi Sesrulebuli rxevaTa raodenoba, mas cikluri an<br />
wriuli sixSire ewodeba, t _ drois aTvlis dawyebidan gasuli dro.<br />
4. amplitudis meSveobiT gamosaxeT harmoniulad<br />
merxevi sxeulis koordinatebi drois nul, T<br />
,<br />
T<br />
,<br />
T<br />
4 2 4<br />
3<br />
�<br />
da T momentebSi.<br />
5. gaimeorebs Tu ara merxevi sxeuli drois meore periodSi im gzas<br />
rac pirvel periodSi gaiara?<br />
6. romel wertilebSia merxevi wertilis siCqaris gegmilis moduli<br />
udidesi? umciresi (sur. 18.1)?<br />
wrewirze moZravi nivTieri wertilis siCqaris moduli v=wA. (6).<br />
(4) (6)⇒<br />
T A v =<br />
2r<br />
⇒ A<br />
v<br />
=<br />
T<br />
. (7)<br />
2r<br />
O wertilSi (sur. 18.1) merxevi sxeulis siCqaris moduli udidesia,<br />
amitom (7)⇒ A<br />
=<br />
T<br />
. (8) wina paragrafSi davadgineT A<br />
vmaqs 2r<br />
=<br />
vmaqs<br />
m<br />
. (9)<br />
k<br />
(9)∧(8)⇒ T = 2r<br />
m<br />
. (10) miviReT formula, romelic saSinao cdebis<br />
k<br />
analiziT ukve miRebuli gvqonda.<br />
harmoniuli rxeviTi moZraobisas wonasworobis mdeba reobidan x<br />
gadaxrasa da drois t Sualeds Soris damoki debulebis grafiki sinusoidaa<br />
(sur. 18.2).<br />
T<br />
4<br />
T<br />
2<br />
sur. 18.2<br />
T<br />
t
oca wonasworobis mdebareobidan gadaxra mcirea, ma Sin zambaraze an<br />
Zafze dakidebuli sxeulis rxevebi har moniulia.<br />
sinusis arguments j=w t= 0 T t<br />
2r (11) rxevis faza ewodeba.<br />
T t Sefardeba miuTiTebs, periodis ra nawili gavida rxeviTi moZraobis<br />
dawyebidan. periodis nawilebiT gamosaxul drois nebismier mniSvnelobas<br />
radianebiT gamosaxuli fazis mniSvneloba Seesabameba. magaliTad, sruli<br />
T periodis gasvlas Seesabameba j=2p faza, T/2-is gasvlas _ j=p.<br />
�<br />
7. fazis ra mniSvneloba Seesabameba periodis meoTxeds?<br />
pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
19.1 suraTze gamosaxulia harmo<br />
niulad mer xevi sxeulis koordinatis<br />
fazaze damoki debulebis<br />
grafiki.<br />
Tu muyaos moZraobas (sur. 17.2)<br />
da viwyebT drois im momentSi, ro -<br />
desac sxe uli ukidures zeda wertilSi<br />
imyofeba, maSin muyaoze mi-<br />
Rebul su raTs eqneba II mru dis Sesa -<br />
bamisi sa xe (sur. 19.2). es kosinuso<br />
idaa, romelic sinuso idisgan<br />
gans xvavdeba mxolod p/2 faziT.<br />
sin b~ t<br />
r<br />
0 + l cos ~ 0t.<br />
2<br />
=<br />
x,sm<br />
x,sm<br />
harmoniuli rxeva, rxevis faza.<br />
p 2<br />
p 2p 3p 4p<br />
I II<br />
gavecaniT harmoniul rxevas, mis gantolebas.<br />
saSinao cda<br />
cdebisTvis saWiroa<br />
• polieTilenis ori<br />
wyliani boTli<br />
• Zafi<br />
• ori burTula<br />
I<br />
II<br />
sur. 19.3<br />
T<br />
4<br />
sur. 19.1<br />
sur. 19.2<br />
j<br />
t,wm<br />
cdis mizani: ori qanqaras rxevaze dakvirveba<br />
erTerTis sigrZis cvlilebisas.<br />
aawyveT 19.3 suraTze gamosaxu li danadgari.<br />
zonarze dakideT ori qan qara.<br />
pirveli zonarze gadadeT ZafiT, romlis<br />
sigrZis cvlileba SegiZ liaT Zafis Tavisufali<br />
bolos moZraobiT, meore _ ucvle li<br />
sigrZis ZafiT.<br />
pirveli qanqara wonas worobis mdebareobidan<br />
gamoiyvaneT da xeli gauSviT.<br />
daakvirdiT da daafiqsireT meore qanqaras<br />
rxevis maqsimaluri amplituda. Semdeg<br />
pirveli qanqaras sigrZe odnav SeamcireT<br />
da cda gaimeoreT _ kvlav daafiqsireT<br />
meore qanqaras rxevis maqsimaluri amplituda.<br />
cdebi CaatareT pirveli qanqaras sxvadasxva<br />
sigrZisas, im SemTxvevaSidac, rodesac orive<br />
qanqaras sigrZe erTmaneTis tolia.<br />
gamoitaneT daskvna: pirveli qanqaras rogori sigrZisas aRwevs meoris<br />
rxevis amplituda udides mniSvnelobas? dakvirvebis Sedegi rveulSi CawereT.<br />
Tqveni azriT, sakmarisia Tu ara monacemebi daskvnis gamosatanad?<br />
saWirod xom ar TvliT, dagegmoT da CaataroT damatebiTi cdebi?<br />
19
20<br />
1.5<br />
Tavisufali da iZulebiTi<br />
rxevebi. rezonansi<br />
iseT rxevas, romelsac wonasworobis mdebareobidan<br />
gadaxrili sxeuli gaTavisuflebis Semdeg<br />
TavisTavad, gare zemoqmedebis gareSe asrulebs,<br />
Tavisufali rxeva hqvia. Zalebs, romlebic<br />
Tavisufal rxevebs aRZravs, Siga Zalebi ewodeba.<br />
Tavisufali rxevebi sruldeba erTxel miniWebuli<br />
energiis xarjze (sur. 20.1).<br />
sur. 20.1<br />
sxeulTa sistemas, romelsac aqvs Tavisufali<br />
rxevebis unari, rxeviTi sistema ewodeba. Tavisufali rxevebis sixSires<br />
ki _ sistemis sakuTari rxevebis sixSire.<br />
maTematikur qanqaraSi sxeulze moqmedi simZimis Zalis `wyaro~<br />
dedamiwaa, amitom aseTi qanqaras sistemaSi Sedis dedamiwac.<br />
ganxiluli magaliTebidan SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna: Tavisufali<br />
rxevebis aRZvrisaTvis saWiroa, sistemis wonasworobis mdebareobidan<br />
gamoyvanisas aRiZras Zala, romelic wonasworobis mdebareobisken aris<br />
mimarTuli da xaxuni iyos Zalian mcire.<br />
iseT rxevebs, romelTa amplituda drois ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba,<br />
milevadi ewodeba. yovel axal periodSi amplituda sul ufro da ufro<br />
mcirdeba.<br />
Tu xaxuni ar aris, qanqaras sruli<br />
meqanikuri energia ar icvleba da im<br />
energiis tolia, romelic sistemas<br />
dasaw yis Si mivaniWeT. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
rxevis amplituda ar icvleba (sur. 20.2).<br />
� rogor aZlierebs yuTi kamertonis xmas?<br />
1. SesaZlebelia saqanelam TavisTavad,<br />
gare zemoqmedebis gareSe daiwyos rxeva?<br />
�� 2. daasaxeleT maTematikuri da zambariani qanqarebis<br />
rxeviTi moZraobis gamomwvevi Zalebi.<br />
3. Tavisufalia Tu ara maTematikuri da zambariani<br />
qanqarebis rxevebi? axseniT, ratom?<br />
4. ra sidideebiT ganisazRvreba maTematikuri da zambariani<br />
qanqarebis Tavisufali rxevebis sixSire? dawereT maTi gamosaTvleli<br />
formulebi.<br />
��<br />
��<br />
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5. rogor icvleba Tavisuflad merxevi sxeulis sruli<br />
meqanikuri energia? amplituda? axseniT, ratom?<br />
6. rodis ufro swrafad mcirdeba amplituda _ mcire<br />
Tu didi xaxunisas? axseniT, ratom?<br />
X, m<br />
A<br />
T<br />
T<br />
sur. 20.2<br />
t, wm
��<br />
7. ra hqvia 20.2 suraTze gamosaxul mruds da rxevebs,<br />
romelic am kanoniT mimdinareobs?<br />
8. daxazeT wonasworobis mdebareobidan gadaxris droze<br />
damokidebulebis grafiki milevadi rxevebisas.<br />
9. ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom rxeva miulevadi iyos?<br />
merxevi sistemis energiis Sevseba SeiZleba masze periodulad cvalebadi<br />
gare Zalis moqmedebiT. am Zalas maiZulebeli Zala ewodeba, xolo<br />
rxevebs _ iZulebiTi. sistemis energia aRdgeba gare Zalis muSaobis<br />
xarjze.<br />
iZulebiTi ewodeba iseT rxevas, romelsac sxeuli asrulebs<br />
periodulad cvladi gare Zalis moqmedebiT. aseT rxevebs asrulebs<br />
qanqara, rodesac masze periodulad cvladi gare Zala moqmedebs. am dros<br />
qanqara irxeva maiZulebeli Zalis sixSiriT. iZulebiT rxevas asrulebs<br />
sakeravi manqanis nemsi moZraobisas, Cveni xeli fanjris wmendisas.<br />
iZulebiTi rxevis sixSire maiZulebeli Zalis sixSiris tolia.<br />
gavaanalizoT saSinao cdaSi miRebuli Sedegebi:<br />
10. romeli qanqaras rxevaa iZu lebiTi da ra iwvevs<br />
��<br />
mas (sur. 19.3)?<br />
11. icvleba Tu ara pirveli qanqaras rxevis sixSire<br />
misi sigrZis SecvliT?<br />
12. ras amCnevT, icvleba Tu ara meore qanqaras rxevis amplituda<br />
pirvelis sigrZis SecvliT?<br />
13. pirveli qanqaras rogori sig rZisas xdeba meore qanqaras rxevis<br />
amplituda udidesi?<br />
iZulebiTi rxevis amplituda maqsimalur mniSvnelobas maSin aRwevs,<br />
roca maiZulebeli Zalis n sixSire emTxveva merxevi sistemis sakuTar<br />
n 0 sixSires (n=n 0 ). xaxunis Zala aq did rols asrulebs. swored igi ar<br />
aZlevs saSualebas amplitudas, miaRwios Za lian did mniSvnelobas. magram<br />
maiZulebeli Zalisa da sistemis saku Tari rxevebis sixSireTa tolobisas<br />
SeiZleba amplituda sakmaod didi aRmoCndes.<br />
iZulebiTi rxevis amplitudis mkveTrad gazrdis<br />
movlenas, rode sac maiZulebeli Zalis sixSire<br />
sis temis sakuTari rxevis sixSires em Txveva, rezonansi<br />
ewodeba.<br />
21.1 suraTze gamosaxulia iZu lebiTi rxevis amplitudis<br />
maiZu lebeli Zalis n sixSireze damo kidebu<br />
lebis grafiki. suraTidan Cans, rom amplituda<br />
maqsimums aRwevs sixSiris raRac n=n 0 mniSvnelobaze,<br />
sadac n 0 merxevi sistemis sakuTari sixSirea. (1)<br />
mruds mcire xaxuni Seesabameba, am SemTxvevaSi maqsimumi<br />
Zalian mkveT ria. rodesac xaxunis Zala didia,<br />
maqsimumi mkveTri ar aris (me-2 mrudi).<br />
rezonanss farTo gamoyeneba aqvs eleqtro gam zom xelsawyoebSi, radioteqnikaSi,<br />
medicinaSi.<br />
saWiroebis mixedviT SegviZlia maqsimalurad gavzardoT saqanelas<br />
rxevis ampli tuda modu liT mcire ZaliT.<br />
rezonansi SeiZ leba saziano da saSiSic aRmoCndes. iyo xidis dangrevis,<br />
avtomobilisa da TviTmfrinavis damsxvrevis SemTxvevebi.<br />
0<br />
X<br />
n 0<br />
2<br />
1<br />
sur. 21.1<br />
n<br />
21
22<br />
rezonansis movlenas bgeriT rxevebzec Sei-<br />
Zleba davak virdeT.<br />
CavataroT cda: er Tmane TTan axlos movaTavsoT<br />
ori erTnairi A da B kamer toni ise, rom<br />
maTi Ria nawi lebi erT ma neTisaken iyos mimar-<br />
Tuli. B kamertonis Reros msubuqi burTula<br />
exeba (sur. 22.1). SemovkraT A kamertons rezinis<br />
CaquCi (avaJReroT igi) da Semdeg TiTebis SexebiT<br />
A<br />
B<br />
CavaxSoT rxevebi.<br />
B kamertonis fexze mivaweboT plastilini da<br />
sur. 22.1<br />
amiT SevcvaloT rxevis sakuTari sixSire. gavimeoroT cda; Sevam CnevT, B<br />
14. gesmiT Tu ara bgerebi?<br />
��<br />
15. ra emarTeba burTulas, romelic B kamertonis Reros<br />
exeba?<br />
16. ras miuTiTebs es faqti?<br />
kamertoni aRar exmaureba A kamertonis rxe vas.<br />
rezonansis movlenas farTod iyeneben musikalur instrumentebSi.<br />
��<br />
saSinao cda<br />
cdebisTvis saWiroa<br />
• qva an kenWi<br />
• wyliani abazana<br />
• 4-5 tivtiva<br />
• joxi<br />
• zonari<br />
davaleba<br />
17. ratom aJRerda B kamertoni pirvel cdaSi da ar<br />
aJRerda, roca masze plastilini iyo mikruli?<br />
Tavisufali rxeva, iZulebiTi rxeva, rezonansi<br />
cdis mizani: meqanikur talRebze dakvirveba<br />
1. wyalSi CaagdeT qva an kenWi. daakvirdiT wylis<br />
zedapirs. aRwereT da SeecadeT axsnaT SemCneuli<br />
movlena.<br />
2. ganier WurWelSi (abazanaSi), erTmaneTisagan<br />
daSorebiT, moaTavseT oTxi-xuTi<br />
msubuqi tivtiva _ korpis an asanTis Reris<br />
gadanaWeri. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT<br />
SeamowmeT, joxis perioduli Se xebiT wyali<br />
rxeviT moZraobaSi rom moiyvanoT, gadaadgildeba Tu ara tivtivebi horizontalurad?<br />
gamoikvlieT da aRwereT SemCneuli movlenebi.<br />
3. Sveul kedelze erTi bo loTi damagrebuli, odnav gaWimuli, grZeli<br />
zonris me ore bolo rxeviT moZraobaSi<br />
moiy va neT (sur. 22.2). amoZraveT jer<br />
zeviT da qveviT, Sem deg marcxniv da<br />
marjvniv; SemCne uli movlena aRwereT<br />
rveulSi.<br />
sur. 22.2<br />
moipoveT dawvrilebiTi informacia sasargeblo da saziano rezonansis<br />
magaliTebis Sesaxeb. moamzadeT masala gakveTilze warsadgenad.
� ratom Cndeba talRebi wyalSi qvis Cavardnisas?<br />
1. urTierTqmedeben Tu ara nebismier sxeulSi (myari,<br />
��<br />
Txevadi, airadi) nawilakebi erTmaneTTan?<br />
2. Tu sxeulis romelime nawilaki rxeviT moZraobas<br />
daiwyebs, maSin ra emarTeba am nawilakis maxloblobaSi myof nawilakebs?<br />
gavaanalizoT saSinao cdebSi SemCneuli movlenebi. wyalSi qvis Cavardnis<br />
adgilas qvam gamodevna wyali da am adgilTan gaCnda Cazneqiloba.<br />
gamodevnilma wyalma CazneqilobasTan gaaCina rgolisebri amozneqiloba.<br />
Semdeg amozneqilobam warmoqmna<br />
ufro didi radiusis<br />
Cazneqiloba, romelmac warmoqmna<br />
meore amozneqiloba.<br />
Semdeg warmoiqmna mesame, meo-<br />
Txe da a. S. amozneqilobebi<br />
da Cazneqilobebi, qvis Cavardnis<br />
adgilidan ufro da<br />
ufro Sors _ wylis zedapirze<br />
`garbis~ talRa (sur. 23.1).<br />
sur. 23.1<br />
talRa ewodeba rxevas, romelic<br />
sivrceSi drois ganmavlobaSi vrcel deba.<br />
��<br />
saSinao cdaSi SeamCnieT, rom, Tu zonris bolos ganuwyvetliv vamoZravebT<br />
zeviT da qveviT, maSin zonris gaswvriv garbis talRa (sur. 23.2).<br />
talRebi SeiZleba iyos ganivi da<br />
grZivi.<br />
talRas, romelSic merxevi sxeulis<br />
nawilakebi talRis gavrcelebis<br />
marTobulad irxeva, ganivi talRa<br />
ewodeba.<br />
sur. 23.2<br />
talRas, romelSic merxevi sxeulis<br />
nawi lakebi talRis gavrcelebis<br />
mimarTulebis gaswvriv irxeva, grZivi talRa ewodeba.<br />
��<br />
meqanikuri talRebi<br />
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3. talRasTan erTad gadaadgildeba Tu ara wylis<br />
zedapirze mimobneuli tivtivebi?<br />
4. aRwereT, rogor moZraoben tivtivebi.<br />
5. Tqveni azriT, ganivia Tu grZivi zonarSi aRZruli<br />
talRa? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
grZivi talRis warmoqmnas SeiZ leba davakvirdeT grZeli, didi diametris<br />
mqone rbili zambaris meSveobiT. Tu zambaris erT bolos SevarxevT<br />
masze xelis mirtymiT, Sedegad warmoiqmneba xviebis Sesqeleba, romelic<br />
1.6<br />
23
24<br />
`garbis~ zam baris gas wvriv. Tanmimdevruli dartymebiT zam baraSi aRvZ raT<br />
talRa. igi zambaris xviebis erTimeoris mim devar Sesqele bebs da SeTxelebebs<br />
warmoadgens (sur. 24.1, a).<br />
talRuri moZraobisas yoveli nawilaki imeorebs wina nawilakis rxe vebs<br />
odnav nak lebi amplitudiT da dagvianebiT.<br />
cal keuli nawilakebis wonasworobis<br />
mde bareoba am dros ar icvleba, e. i.<br />
niv Tiereba, ro melSic talRa vrceldeba,<br />
Tavad ar gadaadgildeba, magram tal-<br />
Ris gavrcelebisas energia nawilakidan<br />
a<br />
nawilaks gadaecema. es energia moedineba<br />
λ<br />
wya rodan, romelsac rxeviT moZra obaSi<br />
mohyavs pirveli nawilaki.<br />
λ<br />
gamovitanoT daskvna: nebismieri<br />
talRis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa energiis<br />
gadatanis unari nivTierebis gadatanis<br />
gareSe.<br />
λ<br />
b<br />
manZils, romelzec vrceldeba talRa<br />
nawilakebis rxevis periodis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
talRis sigrZe ewodeba.<br />
sur. 24.1<br />
SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi: talRis sigrZe<br />
≡ λ, rxevis periodi ≡ T, sixSire ≡ n (sur. 24.1, b da g).<br />
��<br />
6. gamosaxeT talRis siCqare talRis sigrZiT da periodiT.<br />
talRis gavrcelebis siCqare talRis sigrZisa da rxevis sixSiris<br />
namravlis tolia.<br />
v=ln. (1)<br />
daskvna marTebulia rogorc ganivi, ise grZivi talRebisTvis.<br />
airSi, myar sxeulsa da siTxeSi meqanikuri<br />
talRa drekadi Za lebiT Cndeba.<br />
drekadi Zalebis aRZvras iwvevs sxe- a<br />
c<br />
ulis formis an moculobis cvlileba.<br />
sxeulis forma icvleba nivTierebis<br />
fenebis erTimeoris mimarT wanacvlebisas.<br />
am dros xdeba Zvris deformacia<br />
(sur. 24.2). sxeulis moculoba ki icvleba<br />
misi SekumSvisas an gafarToebisas.<br />
B C<br />
A D A<br />
D<br />
a<br />
sur. 24.2<br />
b<br />
ganivi talRa warmoiqmneba mxolod myar sxeulSi. ganivi talRa siTxis<br />
zedapirzec warmoiqmneba, magram ara mis SigniT.<br />
b<br />
d<br />
B<br />
a<br />
c<br />
g<br />
7. iwvevs Tu ara drekadi Zalebis gaCenas myar sxeulSi<br />
��<br />
fenebis erTimeoris mimarT wanacvleba?<br />
8. iwvevs Tu ara drekadi Zalebis gaCenas airsa da<br />
siTxeSi fenebis erTimeoris mimarT wanacvleba?<br />
9. SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara airsa da siTxeSi ganivi talRebis<br />
arseboba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
g<br />
C<br />
b<br />
d
grZiv talRaSi SesaZlebelia kumSvis deformacia.<br />
10. warmoiSoba Tu ara kumSvis deformaciasTan da-<br />
��<br />
kavSirebuli drekadobis Zalebi myar, Txevad da airad<br />
sxeulebSi?<br />
11. iwvevs Tu ara es Zalebi garemos calkeuli ubnebis rxevebs?<br />
12. romel garemoSi vrceldeba grZivi talRa? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
myar garemoSi grZivi talRac vrceldeba da ganivic. es faqti<br />
miuTiTebs, rom myar garemoSi SesaZlebelia maTi erTdroulad arseboba.<br />
magaliTad, miwisZvrisas orive talRa erTdroulad warmoiqmneba.<br />
dedamiwis qerqSi grZivi talRis siCqarea 3 km/wm.<br />
ganivi talRis ki _ 2 km/wm.<br />
��<br />
saSinao cda<br />
cdebisTvis saWiroa<br />
� simebiani<br />
instrumenti<br />
� magida<br />
13. seismur sadgurSi romeli talRa registrirdeba<br />
pirvelad? axseniT, ratom?<br />
14. SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara seismuri sadguridan miwisZvris<br />
keramde manZilis gansazRvra? axseniT, rogor?<br />
meqanikuri talRebi, ganivi talRa, grZivi talRa,<br />
talRis sigrZe<br />
Sem Cneuli mov lena CawereT rveulSi.<br />
cdebis mizani: bgeris warmoqmnasa da sxvadasxva<br />
garemoSi mis gavrcelebaze dakvirveba.<br />
1. simebiani instru mentis (mag. violino, Celo,<br />
Conguri, gi tara) gaWimul sims daak virdiT aJRerebamde<br />
da JRe ris pro cesSi. amCnevT gansxvavebas?<br />
2. yuri mWidrod miadeT magidis erT bolos. megobarma meore boloze<br />
daakakunos. magidas yuri odnav mo aSoreT da cda gaime oreT. Semdeg<br />
megobarma daados yuri magidas da Tqven daakakuneT. Sem Cneuli mov lenebi<br />
CawereT rveulSi.<br />
25
1.7 bgeriTi talRa<br />
26<br />
��<br />
fizikis nawils, romelic<br />
bge riT movlenebs Seiswavlis,<br />
akus tika ewodeba.<br />
gavaanalizoT saSinao cdeb<br />
Si SemCneuli movlenebi: musikaluri<br />
instru mentebis mJRer simebze<br />
dakvirvebisas vxedavT, rom<br />
xmis gamocemisas isini irxe vian.<br />
aseTi cdac CavataroT: davakvir<br />
deT xis yuTze damagrebul<br />
U-s msgav sad moRunul Reros –<br />
kamertons (sur. 26.1, a). rezinis<br />
patara CaquCi davartyaT Reros.<br />
��<br />
� yuri imitom aqvs adamians, rom moisminos<br />
1. ra aris bgera?<br />
2. risi xma gvesmis?<br />
a b<br />
sur. 26.1<br />
mJReri kamertonis Reros frTxilad mivuaxlooT msu bu qi bur Tula<br />
ise, rom odnav Seexos (sur. 26.1, b).<br />
��<br />
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3. ra gvesmis?<br />
4. ras amCnevT? ras miuTiTebs SemCneuli movlena?<br />
Catarebuli cdebiT vrwmun debiT: bgeris wyaro yovelTvis merxevi<br />
sxe ulia. sanam simi (an kamertonis totebi) irxeva, gvesmis bge ra; gava-<br />
CerebT sims da bge rac Sewydeba.<br />
ra xdeba haerSi an sxva garemoSi, rodesac iq moTav sebuli sxeuli<br />
irxeva?<br />
merxevi sxeuli (firfita) ubiZ gebs haers da gadaanac vlebs mis nawilakebs<br />
adrin deli mdebareobi dan. igi mis erT mxares kumSavs ha eris fenas<br />
– qmnis haeris nawila kebis siWarbes (Sesqelebas). erT dro ulad iwvevs<br />
haeris gaiS viaTebas meore mxares. Semdgom imave ad gilas Sesqelebas cvlis<br />
SeTxeleba. es SekumSvebi da gaiSviaTebebi drois mixedviT erTmaneTs<br />
rigrigobiT cvlis da vrceldeba drekadi grZivi talRis saxiT (sur. 26.2).<br />
haeris wneva nebismier adgilas xan metia, xan ki naklebi im wnevaze, romelic<br />
bgeris gaCenamde iyo. wnevis am<br />
namats an danakliss bgeris wneva<br />
ewodeba. talRa aRwevs Cvens yurs<br />
da iwvevs mis maxloblad wnevis<br />
periodul rxevas, romelic smenis<br />
aparatze moqmedebs.<br />
sur. 26.2
haerSi bgeris wneva haeris normaluri wnevis<br />
umniSvnelo nawils Seadgens.<br />
Cveni yuri bgeris saxiT aRiqvams rxevas,<br />
romlis sixSirec 17-dan 20 000-mde hercis<br />
farg lebSia. aseT rxevas akustikuri rxeva<br />
ewodeba.<br />
bgeriTi rxeva SeiZleba warmoiSvas da gavr-<br />
sur. 27.1<br />
celdes nebis mier nivTier gare moSi.<br />
nebismieri talRa, rogorc meqanikuri, ise eleqtromagnituri, imis<br />
mixedviT, rogoria dabrkoleba, misgan nawilobriv airekleba, gardatydeba<br />
da STainTqmeba.<br />
iseve, rogorc sinaTlisTvis, meqanikuri talRebisTvisac mar Tebulia<br />
arekvlisa da gardatexis kano nebi.<br />
gavrcelebisas, Tu bge ra Sexvdeba raime zRudes, mTas, tyes, kedels,<br />
maSin is misgan airekleba da Cven SeiZleba gavigonoT areklili bgera,<br />
romelsac eqo ewodeba. yvela areklil bgeras ver aRviqvamT, rogorc<br />
eqos, radganac ori bgera cal-calke SegviZlia ga vigonoT mxolod im<br />
Sem TxvevaSi, Tu maTi aRqmis momentebs Soris drois Sualedi 1/15 wm-ze<br />
naklebi ar aris.<br />
��<br />
SenobebSi bgeriTi talRebi ramdenime aTeuljer airekleba Senobis<br />
kedle bidan, Weridan, avejidan da sxva sagnebidan, vidre maTi energia<br />
mTlianad STainTqmeba. amitom bgeris wyaros rxevis Sewyvetis Semdeg,<br />
maTi mravaljeradi arekvlis gamo, SenobaSi bgera ismis ramdenime wamis<br />
gan mav lo baSi.<br />
CavataroT cda: magidis erT bolosTan dadeT isrebiani saaTi<br />
(sur. 27.1). Tqven dadeqiT magidis mopirdapire boloSi, sadac saaTis<br />
wikwiki TiTqmis ar ismis. magidis am bolos miadeT yuri da gamoitaneT<br />
daskvna.<br />
��<br />
5. ra minimaluri manZili unda iyos dabrkolebamde,<br />
rom eqo gavigonoT?<br />
6. haeri ufro kargad atarebs bgeriT rxevebs Tu<br />
magidis zedapiri?<br />
drekadi sxeulebi _ liTonebis umetesoba, xe, airebi, siTxeebi _<br />
bgeris kargi gamtarebia.<br />
rbili da forovani sxeulebi _ nabadi, xaliCa, dawnexili korpi,<br />
naxerxi, forovani qvebi _ bgeris cudi gamtarebia.<br />
bgeriTi rxevebi, miaRweven ra aseT fenas, swrafad miilevian da qrebian.<br />
rxeviTi moZraobis energia gardaiqmneba Sinagan energiad _ sxeulebi<br />
Tbeba.<br />
7. aRwereT, rogor moiqceviT xmaurisagan oTaxis dasa-<br />
��<br />
cavad.<br />
8. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, miileva Tu ara bgerebi<br />
gavrce lebisas? moiyvaneT varaudis damadasturebeli magaliTi.<br />
vaku umSi bgera ar vrceldeba. bgeris gavrcelebis siCqare siTxeSi metia,<br />
vidre haerSi da kidev uf ro metia myar sxeulSi.<br />
27
28<br />
mag. haerSi bgeris gavrcelebis siCqarea 340 m/wm, wyalSi _ ≈1400 m/wm,<br />
rkinaSi _ ≈5850 m/wm. garemos temperaturis gadidebiT masSi bgeris siCqare<br />
izrdeba.<br />
zogierT garemoSi bgeris gavrcelebis siCqare ixileT cxrilSi gv. 140.<br />
��<br />
bgerebi, romlebsac yoveldRi urad vismenT, metad mravalferovania.<br />
bgeras, romelsac rxevis gan sa z Rvruli sixSire aqvs, musi ka luri bgera,<br />
anu toni ewodeba.<br />
musikaluri tonebi gansxvavdebian xmamaRlobiT da simaRliT.<br />
tonis xmamaRloba ganisazRvreba rxevis amplitudiT. rac ufro<br />
didia rxevis amplituda, miT ufro xmamaRalia toni.<br />
magaliTad, rac ufro Zlierad vurtyamT CaquCs kamertons, miT ufro<br />
metia kamertonis fexis rxevis amplituda da<br />
miT ufro xmamaRla JRers igi.<br />
tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba rxevis six<br />
SiriT. rac ufro didia rxe vis sixSire, miT<br />
ufro metia tonis simaRle (maRalia toni).<br />
amas SeiZleba davakvirdeT simis rxevisas. simis<br />
daWimulobis zrda iwvevs misi Tavisufali<br />
rxevis sixSiris zrdas. amitom, roca vWimavT<br />
gitaris an sxva instrumentis sims, vzrdiT<br />
bgeris simaRlesac.<br />
adamianis xmis bgerebis sazRvrebi moTavse- sur. 28.1<br />
bulia 70 hc-sa (dabali sabaso noti) da ≈1400<br />
hc-s (maRali sopranos noti) Soris.<br />
xmauri musikaluri tonisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mas ar Seesabameba<br />
rxevis raime gansazRvruli sixSire. igi sxvadasxva sixSi ris rxevebis<br />
erTobli obaa.<br />
grZiv talRebs, romelTa sixSire 16 hc-ze naklebia, infrabgerebi ewodeba,<br />
xolo talRebs, romelTa sixSire 20 000 hc-ze metia _ ultrabgerebi.<br />
samyaroSi infrabgerebi da ultrabgerebi iseve farTodaa gavrcelebuli,<br />
rogorc bgeriTi talRebi. aRmoCnda, rom maT asxivebs da iRebs<br />
cocxali organizmebi ro gorc xmeleTze, ise wyalsa da haerSi da iyenebs<br />
TavisianebTan `salaparakod~ an sivrceSi orientirebisaTvis.<br />
davaleba<br />
8. moipoveT informacia, sxvadasxva garemoSi bgeris<br />
gavrcelebis siCqaris Sesaxeb. SeadareT erTmaneTs da<br />
gamoTqviT varaudi maT Soris arsebul gansxvavebaze.<br />
akustika, musikaluri bgera, tonis simaRle,<br />
tonis xmamaRloba<br />
moipoveT informacia cxovelebisa da adamianebis mier aRqmuli bgeris<br />
sixSiris Sesaxeb da warmoadgineT svetovani diagramis saxiT.<br />
moamzadeT masala prezentaciisTvis.
amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi<br />
1. gansazRvreT, ra simaRleze iyo aweuli maTematikuri qanqaras<br />
burTula wonasworobis mdebareobidan, Tu xelis gaSvebis Semdeg man<br />
es mdebareoba 1,4 m/wm siCqariT gaiara.<br />
amoxsna<br />
potenciuri energiis aTvlis nulovan doned avir-<br />
CioT burTulis udablesi mdebareoba (sur. 29.1).<br />
meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad,<br />
E +E =E E+E , (1)<br />
pot.1 kin.1 pot.2 kin.2<br />
mv<br />
kin.2= (5)<br />
2<br />
2<br />
sadac E =mgh, (2) E =0, (3) E =0 (4) E .<br />
pot.1 kin.1 pot.2<br />
(2),(3),(4),(5) (1) Þ (*)<br />
(*): m.<br />
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sur. 29.1<br />
2. gansazRvreT maTematikuri qanqaras sigrZe, Tu misi sixSire<br />
1 hercia.<br />
amoxsna<br />
maTematikuri qanqaras rxevis periodi<br />
T<br />
g l<br />
2<br />
gT<br />
l<br />
4 2<br />
= r<br />
2<br />
& = (1) .<br />
r T<br />
? l<br />
moc.: n=1 hc.<br />
=<br />
1<br />
(2)<br />
o<br />
(2)<br />
g<br />
(1) Þ l = 2 2.<br />
(*)<br />
4r o<br />
(*): l=0,25 m.<br />
3. dinamometrze dakidebuli sxeulis rxevis sixSire 2 hcia.<br />
gansazRvreT rxevebis Sewyvetis Semdeg zambaris wagrZeleba.<br />
amoxsna<br />
rxevebis Sewyvetis Semdeg sxeuli wonasworobaSia.<br />
sxeulze moqmedi mg simZimis da F drekadobis Zalebi<br />
erTmaneTs awonasworebs F=mg. (1)<br />
mg<br />
hukis kanonis Tanaxmad, F=k∆l. (2) (1)�(2) Þ D l = . (3)<br />
k<br />
zambariani qanqaras rxevis periodi T = 2r<br />
m<br />
. (4) aseve T =<br />
1<br />
. (5)<br />
k<br />
o<br />
(4)�(5) Þ<br />
m 1 g<br />
= 2 2.<br />
(6) (6) (3) Þ D l = 2 2.<br />
(*)<br />
k 4ro<br />
4ro (*): ∆l ≈ 6 . 10-2 ? Dl<br />
moc.: o = 2 hc<br />
m.<br />
1.8<br />
29
30<br />
4. zambaraze dakidebul firfitaze drois toli Sualedebis<br />
Semdeg ecema wylis wveTebi, ris gamoc zambara irxeva maqsimaluri<br />
amplitudiT. firfitis sakuTari rxevis sixSire n 0 ia. wveTebi swydeba<br />
raRac simaRlidan.<br />
gansazRvreT manZili or uaxloes vardnil wveTs Soris. haeris<br />
winaaRmdegoba umniSvneloa.<br />
amoxsna<br />
radgan haeris winaaRmdegoba umniSvneloa, wveTebis<br />
aCqareba SeiZleba CavTvaloT g-s tolad.<br />
wveTebi erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabrad moZraoben. ris<br />
gamoc vardnis procesSi wveTebs Soris manZili ar<br />
icvleba. manZili or vardnil wveTs Soris<br />
2<br />
g<br />
h = .<br />
2<br />
x ? h<br />
moc.: o<br />
g<br />
(1)<br />
sadac τ aris drois Sualedi wveTis mowyvetidan momdevno wveTis<br />
mowyvetamde. wveTebis dacemis gamo firfitis rxevebi iZulebiTia.<br />
radganac firfitis rxevis amplituda maqsimaluria da ar icvleba, amitom<br />
damyarebulia rezonansi. e. i. gare Zalis sixSire (am SemTxvevaSi vardnili<br />
wveTebis sixSire) emTxveva firfitis sakuTari rxevis sixSires n=n . (2) 0<br />
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom t drois Sualedi firfitis rxevis t periodis<br />
0<br />
tolia.<br />
x = x<br />
1<br />
0=<br />
o<br />
. (3) (3)<br />
0<br />
(1) Þ h =<br />
g<br />
2 . (*)<br />
o<br />
5. Tqveni varaudiT, did darbazSi oratoris xma rodis ufro kargad<br />
ismis, roca darbazi xalxiTaa savse, Tu roca msmenelTa raodenoba<br />
mcirea?<br />
2 0<br />
amoxsna<br />
did darbazSi, roca msmenelTa raodenoba mcirea, oratoris sityva<br />
naklebad garkveviT ismis. bgerebi ramdenjerme irekleba kedlebidan,<br />
Weridan. radgan es zRudeebi msmenelTagan sxvadasxva manZilze<br />
mdebareobs, amitom oratoridan wamosuli da areklili bgerebi<br />
msmenelebTan sxvadasxva dros midis. amitom oratoris sityva garkveviT<br />
ar ismis.<br />
magram imave darbazSi, roca is msmenelebiTaa savse, tansacmeli<br />
STanTqavs bgeriT rxevebs, amitom aseTi darbazis akustikuri (bgeriTi)<br />
Tvisebebi umjobesdeba da oratoris xma ukeTesad ismis.
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna<br />
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amoxseniT amocanebi<br />
1. qanqaras rxevis erTi periodis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjer gardaiqmneba<br />
potenciuri energia kinetikurad da, piriqiT, kinetikuri _ potenciurad?<br />
2. gansazRvreT maTematikuri qanqaras sigrZe, Tu misi rxevis periodi<br />
1 wm-ia.<br />
3. gansazRvreT zambaraze damagrebuli sxeulis rxevis periodi da<br />
sixSire, Tu igi 16 wm-Si 20 rxevas asrulebs.<br />
4. 400 n/m sixistis zambara 10 sm-iT gaWimes. gansazRvreT zambaris<br />
maqsimaluri potenciuri energia. zambara horizontalur mdebareobaSia.<br />
5. gitarebiaT Tu ara wyliani vedro? migiqceviaT yuradReba, rom<br />
wyliani vedros tarebisas zogjer misgan wyali gadmoaSxefebs? ratom<br />
xdeba ase? rogor moiqceviT gadmoSxefebis SesaCereblad?<br />
6. zRvaSi talRis sigrZe 150 m-ia, rxevis periodi _ 15 wm-i. gansaz-<br />
RvreT talRis gavrcelebis siCqare.<br />
7. grZiv talRasTan SedarebiT granitis masivSi seismuri signali<br />
ganivi talRiT 2,8 wm-is dagvianebiT dafiqsirda. gansazRvreT manZili<br />
seismografidan miwisZvris epicentramde, Tu grZivi talRis siCqare 5,40<br />
km/wm-ia, xolo ganivis _ 3,85 km/wm.<br />
8. haeri metad STanTqavs bgeras, vidre mina. quCis xmauri ki Ria fanjaraSi<br />
ufro metad ismis, vidre daxurulSi. axseniT, ratom?<br />
testi<br />
1. zambaraze damagrebuli sxeulis masis oTxjer gazrdiT rxevis periodi<br />
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda;<br />
g. orjer gaizarda; d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.<br />
2. zambaris sixistis oTxjer gazrdiT masze damagrebuli sxeulis<br />
rxevis periodi<br />
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda;<br />
g. orjer gaizarda; d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.<br />
3. maTematikuri qanqaras sigrZis oTxjer gadidebiT rxevis periodi<br />
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda;<br />
g. orjer gaizarda; d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.<br />
4. Zafze dakidebuli sxeulis masis oTxjer gadidebiT rxevis periodi<br />
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda;<br />
g. orjer gaizarda; d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.<br />
1.9<br />
31
32<br />
II Tavi<br />
eleqtromagnituri<br />
rxevebi da<br />
talRebi<br />
am TavSi gaixsenebT<br />
da gaecnobiT<br />
� analogias meqanikur da eleqtrul<br />
rxevebs Soris;<br />
� cvlad dens;<br />
� cvladi denis efeqtur<br />
mniSvnelobas;<br />
� cvladi denis simZlavres;<br />
� cvladi denis generators;<br />
� transformators;<br />
� sinaTles, rogorc<br />
eleqtromagnitur talRas;<br />
� eleqtromagnitur skalas;<br />
� mocemul Temebze amocanebis<br />
amoxsnas.
analogia meqanikur da<br />
eleqtromagnitur movlenebs Soris<br />
33.1, a suraTze gamosa xulia SekumSuli zambara, 33.2, a-ze mimdevrobiT<br />
SeerTebuli kondensatori da induqciurobis koWa _ rxeviTi konturi.<br />
ganxilul SemTxvevebSi meqanikuri da eleqtromagnituri energiebis sxva<br />
saxis energiad gardaqmna ar gaviTvaliswinoT.<br />
t 0 =0<br />
a<br />
t 0 =0<br />
a<br />
F v F<br />
v<br />
t<br />
T<br />
1=<br />
4<br />
b<br />
b<br />
t<br />
T<br />
2=<br />
2<br />
g<br />
sur. 33.1<br />
g<br />
sur. 33.2<br />
t<br />
T<br />
3= 3<br />
4<br />
d<br />
I m Im<br />
t<br />
T<br />
1=<br />
4<br />
t<br />
T<br />
2=<br />
2<br />
t 3<br />
T<br />
3=<br />
4<br />
burTulis gaTavisuflebis t 0 = momentidan inertulobis gamo F x drekadobis<br />
Zalis moqmedebiT burTulis siCqare TandaTan iwyebs gadidebas.<br />
t<br />
T<br />
1=<br />
4<br />
momentSi burTulas aqvs maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia. am momentSi<br />
zambaris potenciuri energia nulis tolia. meqanikuri energiis<br />
mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad: kA<br />
2<br />
2 mvmaqs<br />
2<br />
= (sur. 33.1,b).<br />
2<br />
analogiurad, K gadamrTvelis meore mdebareobaSi gadayvanis momentidan<br />
U Zabvis moqmedebiT kondensatori iwyebs ganmuxtvas. TviTinduqciis<br />
gamo wredSi deni TandaTan iwyebs gadidebas. kondensatoris eleqtruli<br />
velis energia mcirdeba, igi denis magnituri velis energiad gardaiqmneba.<br />
d<br />
t =T 4<br />
e<br />
�<br />
1. ra saxis energia aqvs gaWimul (SekumSul) zambaras?<br />
damuxtul kondensators (sur. 33.2,a)? dawereT energiis<br />
ganmsazRvreli formulebi?<br />
�<br />
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t 4 =T<br />
2. rogor icvleba zambaris potenciuri energia? rad<br />
gardaiqmneba igi?<br />
e<br />
2.1<br />
F<br />
33
34<br />
t<br />
T<br />
1=<br />
4<br />
momentSi denis magnituri velis energia maqsimaluria. am momentSi<br />
kondensatoris energia nulis tolia. rodesac wredis R winaRoba umniSvneloa,<br />
maSin energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, SegviZlia davweroT:<br />
(sur. 33.2,b)<br />
b mdebareobaSi burTulaze drekadobis Zala ar moqmedebs.<br />
�<br />
inertulobis gamo burTula agrZelebs moZraobas marjvniv. zambara<br />
iWimeba. drekadobis Zala mimarTulia marcxniv. burTulis siCqare mcirdeba.<br />
�<br />
3. gaCerdeba burTula am mdebareobaSi? axseniT,<br />
ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
4. rad gardaiqmneba burTulis kinetikuri energia?<br />
pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
t<br />
T<br />
2=<br />
2 momentSi potenciuri energia maqsimaluria, kinetikuri _ nuli<br />
(sur. 33.1, g).<br />
analogiurad, magnituri velis energiis xarjze eleqtruli muxtebi<br />
iwyeben kondensatoris Semonafenebze dagrovebas da t<br />
T<br />
2=<br />
2 momentSi<br />
magnituri velis energia kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energiadaa<br />
gardaqmnili (sur. 33.2, g).<br />
amis Semdeg burTula iwyebs moZraobas wonasworobis mdebareobisaken _<br />
kondensatori iwyebs ganmuxtvas. wredSi deni gadis Tavdapirvelis sapirispiro<br />
mimarTulebiT (sur. 33.2,d) da periodis bolos sistema ubrundeba<br />
sawyis mdgomareobas (sur. 33.2, e).<br />
amis Semdeg procesi meordeba. sistemaSi _ kondensatori da mis<br />
SemonafenebTan mierTebuli koWa _ aRiZvreba Tavisufali eleq tru li<br />
rxe vebi. aseT sis temas rxeviTi konturi ewodeba.<br />
xaxunis gamo Tavisufali meqanikuri rxevebi garkveuli drois Semdeg<br />
Sewydeba.<br />
aseve, gamtarebis winaRobisa da energiis gamosxivebis gamo, kontu rSi<br />
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi Sewydeba. meqanikuri da eleqtruli energia<br />
Sinagan energiad gardaiqmneba. es rom ase ar iyos, maSin meqanikuri da<br />
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi usasrulod gagrZeldeboda.<br />
drois im umcires Sualeds, romlis Semdegac denis Zalis an Zabvis<br />
mniSvnelobis moduli da mimarTuleba meordeba, denis Zalisa da<br />
Zabvis rxevis periodi ewodeba.<br />
Cveni msjelobidan Cans, rom arsebobs msgavseba meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur<br />
rxevebs Soris. magram msgavsebaa ara periodulad cvladi<br />
sidideebis bunebas Soris, aramed am sidideebis perioduli cvlilebis<br />
procesebs Soris. magaliTad, kondensatoris damuxtva _ misTvis<br />
eleqtruli energiis miniWeba _ analogiuria zambaraze damagrebuli
sxeulis wonasworobis mdebareobidan gamoyvanis da misTvis energiis<br />
miniWebis. kondensatoris q muxtis cvlileba analogiuria x koordinatis<br />
cvlilebis da a. S. analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur rxevebs Soris<br />
gamovsaxoT cxrilis saxiT.<br />
meqanikuri sidideebi eleqtruli sidideebi<br />
koordinati x<br />
siCqaris gegmili v x<br />
masa m<br />
zambaris sixiste k<br />
kinetikuri energia mv 2 /2<br />
potenciuri energia kx 2 /2<br />
muxti q<br />
denis Zala I<br />
induqciuroba L<br />
tevadobis Sebrunebuli sidide 1/C<br />
magnituri velis energia LI 2 /2<br />
eleqtruli velis energia q 2 /2C<br />
radgan zambaraze damagrebuli sxeulis rxevis periodi amitom<br />
meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs Soris analogiis safuZvelze, SeiZleba<br />
davweroT rxeviT konturSi sakuTari eleqtruli rxe vebis periodis<br />
gamosaxuleba: es formula pirvelad ingliselma fizikosma<br />
tomsonma gamoiyvana, amitom tomsonis formulis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.<br />
�<br />
5. rxeviTi konturis induqciuroba 2 hn-ia, kondensatoris<br />
tevadoba ki _ 0,5 mkf. gansazRvreT konturSi<br />
eleqtromagnituri rxevebis sakuTari sixSire.<br />
6. rogor Seicvleba rxeviTi konturis sakuTari sixSire, Tu koWas<br />
induqciurobas orjer gavadidebT, xolo kondensatoris tevadobas<br />
orjer SevamcirebT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
rxeviTi konturi, tomsonis formula<br />
gavecaniT analogias meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur rxevebs Soris.<br />
analogiis safuZvelze, davwereT eleqtruli rxevebis periodis<br />
ganmsazRvreli formula.<br />
35
36<br />
2.2<br />
cvladi deni. cvladi denis generatori.<br />
denis Zalisa da Zabvis efeqturi mniSvneloba<br />
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p2<br />
�<br />
1. Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Tu ara praqtikulad<br />
gamoviyenoT iseTi deni, romelic swrafad miileva?<br />
asxeniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
rxeviT konturSi Tavisufali eleqtruli rxevebi swrafad miileva. aramilevad<br />
iZulebiT rxevebs ki udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. mis<br />
misaRebad daxarjuli energia rxeviT konturSi ganuwyvetliv unda SevavsoT.<br />
ganaTebis qselSi cvladi deni iZulebiTi eleqtruli rxevebia.<br />
rogor miviRoT igi?<br />
CavataroT cda: magnitur velSi<br />
B C<br />
movaTavsoT Sveul RerZze Camocmuli<br />
ABCD marTkuTxa CarCo, romelic<br />
izolaciiT dafaruli mavTulis<br />
ramdenime aTeuli xviisagan Sedgeba.<br />
A D<br />
gamtaris boloebi rgolebisa (r) da<br />
musebis (m) meSveobiT galvanometrTa-<br />
m<br />
naa SeerTebuli (sur. 36.1).<br />
m<br />
cda gviCvenebs, rogori mdebare-<br />
r<br />
obac unda hqondes CarCos magnitur<br />
velSi. Tu igi uZravia, galvanometri<br />
sur. 36.1<br />
dens ar gviCvenebs.<br />
vabrunoT CarCo mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT saaTis isris brunvis<br />
mimarTulebiT im damkvirveblisaTvis, romelic CarCos zemodan uyurebs.<br />
CarCos im mdebareobas, rodesac misi sibrtye magnituri velis daZabulobis<br />
wirebis marTobulia, neitraluri vuwodoT. t=0 momentSi am mdebareobis<br />
gavlisas CarCos AB da CD gverdebi daZabulobis wirebis paralelurad<br />
moZraoben. ar xdeba am wirebis gadakveTa, ar icvleba CarCos gamWoli<br />
magnituri nakadi, ris gamoc masSi deni ar aRiZvreba. am mdebareobis gavlis<br />
momentidan CarCos gamWoli magnituri nakadi icvleba, amitom konturSi<br />
aRiZvreba deni. Semobrunebis kuTxis gadidebasTan erTad izrdeba CarCos<br />
gamWoli magnituri nakadis cvlilebis siCqare.<br />
2. rogor icvleba am dros konturSi gamavali denis<br />
moduli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
3. gansazRvreT CarCoSi gamavali denis mimarTuleba<br />
drois t<br />
T<br />
1=<br />
4<br />
momentSi, rodesac igi 900 ��<br />
-iTaa Semobrunebuli.<br />
4. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT daadgineT, drois am momentidan<br />
dawyebuli rogor icvleba deni konturSi. gansazRvreT deni drois t<br />
T<br />
2=<br />
2<br />
momentSi, rodesac CarCo 1800-iT Semobrundeba.
am mdebareobis gavlisas deni Seicvlis mimarTulebas, misi moduli<br />
izrdeba da aRwevs maqsimums t 3<br />
T<br />
3= momentSi.<br />
4<br />
E<br />
Semdeg isev mcirdeba. t =T momentSi CarCo<br />
4<br />
ubrundeba sawyis mdebareobas. masSi gamavali<br />
deni nuli xdeba, kvlav icvlis mimarTulebas da<br />
procesi meordeba.<br />
damtkicebulia, rodesac CarCo brunavs mudmivi<br />
t<br />
kuTxuri siCqariT erTgvarovan magnitur velSi, ma-<br />
Sin CarCoSi aRiZvreba si nusoiduri kanoniT cvla di<br />
sur. 37.1<br />
em Zala da deni. (sur. 37.1).<br />
E=E sinwt, I=I sin(wt+j ), sa dac j maqs maqs 0 0<br />
fazaTa sxvaobaa denis rxevasa da Zabvas<br />
Soris.<br />
mowyobilobas, sadac ama Tu im sa xi s<br />
energia gardaiqmneba cvladi denis eleqtrul<br />
energiad, cvladi denis generatori<br />
ewodeba.<br />
cvla di denis generatoris modelia<br />
(sur. 36.1) danadgari, romelic Sedgeba<br />
magnitisa da gamtari CarCosagan, ori rgoliTa<br />
da ori musiT.<br />
mZlavri generatorebiT SeiZleba mivi-<br />
RoT aTeul aTasobiT amperi deni 10 000 v<br />
rigis Zabvis dros.<br />
moZravi kontaqtebis meSveobiT aseTi<br />
maRali Zabvis denis gamoyvana, praqtikulad,<br />
SeuZlebelia, vinaidan moZrav<br />
kontaqtebSi Zlieri naperwklebi Cndeba.<br />
amitom cvladi denis TiTqmis yvela generatorSi<br />
gragnils (Ruza), romelSic induqciiT<br />
aRiZvreba em Zala, uZravad dgamen,<br />
magnituri sistema (induqtori) ki brunavs.<br />
manqanis uZrav nawils statori ewodeba,<br />
moZravs ki _ rotori.<br />
generatoris rotori brunavs romelime<br />
ZravaTi _ hidro turbi niT, orTqlis<br />
sur. 37.2<br />
turbiniT, Sigawvis ZravaTi an sxva.<br />
erT agregatad SeerTebul ele q trul<br />
generators da orTqlis turbinas turbogeneratori ewo deba (sur. 37.2).<br />
hidroeleqtrul sadgurSi (he si) generatorebis rotorebis sabruneblad<br />
gamoiyeneba kaSxliT aweuli wylis potenciuri energia (sur. 38.1,<br />
a). eleqtruli generatoris rotori brunavs hidravlikuri turbiniT<br />
(sur. 38.1, b).<br />
cvladi denis mniSvnelobis dadgenisas sargebloben misi iseTi moqmedebiT,<br />
romelic denis mimarTulebaze damokidebuli ar aris, magaliTad,<br />
denis siTburi moqmedeba.<br />
37
38<br />
sur. 38.1<br />
eleqtruli energia<br />
a b<br />
5. SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara, rom mocemuli<br />
��<br />
winaRobis gamtarSi mocemul droSi mudmivma denma<br />
iseTive siTbos raodenoba gamoyos, rasac gamoyofs cvladi deni imave<br />
droSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
mudmivi denis im mniSvnelobas, romelic gamtarSi siTbos imdenive<br />
raodenobas gamoyofs, ramdensac cvladi deni imave droSi, cvladi<br />
denis moqmedi (efeqturi) mniSvneloba ewo deba.<br />
mtkicdeba, rom sinusoiduri cvladi denisaTvis misi I efeqturi mniSvneloba<br />
mis I maqs amplitudur mniSvnelobaze -jer naklebia, e. i. . msgavsad amisa,<br />
Zabvis U efeqturi mniSvneloba naklebia mis amplitudur mniSvnelobaze<br />
-jer, e. i.<br />
�<br />
mniSvneloba?<br />
,<br />
E maqs<br />
E = .<br />
2<br />
saqarTveloSi ganaTebis qselSi denis sixSire 50 hercia. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom deni gamtarebSi 1 wm-Si 50-jer erTi mimarTulebiT gadis da 50-jer<br />
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.<br />
6. rodesac ganaTebis qselSi Zabvis efeqturi<br />
mniSvneloba 220 v-ia, maSin rogoria Zabvis amplituduri<br />
cvladi denis generatori, statori, rotori,<br />
turbogeneratori, Zabvisa da denis efeqturi<br />
mniSvneloba.<br />
gavecaniT cvladi denis generatoris models. cvladi denis generatoris<br />
mowyobilobas da misi moqmedebis princips. agreTve, cvladi denis<br />
da Zabvis moqmed anu efeqtur mniSvnelobas.
eleqtruli energiis gadacema<br />
eleqtrosadgurebs ageben im adgilebSi, sadac sawvavisa da hidroresursebis<br />
wyaroebia. momxmareblebi ki yvelganaa. didi masStabiT eleqtroenergiis<br />
Senaxva SeuZlebelia. igi miRebisTanave unda gamoiyenon.<br />
amitom iqmneba eleqtroenergiis did manZilze gadacemis aucilebloba.<br />
deni gadamcem sadenebs aTbobs.<br />
1. dakargulia Tu ara denis mier gadamcem xazSi<br />
�<br />
gamoyofili siTburi energia? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT<br />
ase?<br />
eleqtroenergiis gadacema ekono miurad xelsayreli rom iyos, aucileblad<br />
saWiroa, sadenebis gaTbobaze danakargi rac SeiZleba Semcirdes.<br />
rogor movaxerxoT es?<br />
gamtarSi denis gavlisas gamoyofili siTbo ganisazRvreba joul-lencis<br />
kanoniT.<br />
Q = I 2 Rt, (1)<br />
sadac I gamtarSi gamavali denia, (2) gamtaris winaRoba, l _ gam-<br />
taris sigrZe, S _ ganivkveTis farTobi, ρ _ kuTri winaRoba, t _ drois<br />
Sualedi, romlis ganmavlobaSic gamtarSi deni gadioda.<br />
�<br />
2. rogor SevamciroT energiis danakargi gadamcem<br />
xazSi? varaudi CawereT samuSao rveulSi.<br />
(1) ⇒ energiis danakargis Semcirebis ramdenime gza arsebobs. erT-erTi<br />
gadamcemi xazis sadenebis winaRobis Semcirebaa.<br />
�<br />
3. ramdenad misaRebia mcire winaRobis sadenebis gamoyeneba<br />
eleqtruli energiis gadacemisas? varaudi Cawe reT<br />
samuSao rveulSi.<br />
SevecadoT, problemebis gadawyvetis gzebi amocanis amoxsniT, etapobrivad,<br />
vaCvenoT.<br />
vTqvaT, eleqtrosadguris generatoris simZlavrea 220 kvt, Zabva _<br />
220 v. eleqtroenergia unda gadavceT 40 kmze spilenZis mavTuliT. ganvsazRvroT,<br />
rogori unda iyos mavTulis ganivkveTis farTobi da masa,<br />
rom sadenebSi danakargi ar aRematebodes gadasacemi simZlavris 10%s?<br />
? S , m<br />
moc.: P=220kvt=22 . 104 vt<br />
U=220v<br />
l=40 km= 4 . 104 m<br />
ρ=1,7.10 –2 omi.mm2 /m<br />
D=9800 kg/m3 K=0,1<br />
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amoxsna<br />
xazis winaRoba . (3)<br />
(3) ⇒ (4)<br />
simZlavris danakargi<br />
P 1 =I 2 R, (5) da P 1 =kP. (6)<br />
2.3<br />
39
40<br />
generatoris simZlavre (7)<br />
(6) (7) (5): ⇒ (8)<br />
(8) (4) ⇒ (*) (*): S=31 000 mm 2 = 0,031 m 2 .<br />
m=DSl. (**) (**): m=11 036 000kg.<br />
mavTulis TiToeuli metris masa<br />
�<br />
4. praqtikulad, SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara eleqtruli<br />
energiis gadacema aseTi didi masis mavTulebiT?<br />
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
energiis danakargis mkveTrad Semcireba SeiZleba gadamcem xazSi denis<br />
SemcirebiT.<br />
��<br />
5. mocemuli P=IU simZlavris Seucvlelad, rogor<br />
SeiZ leba denis Semcireba?<br />
vTqvaT, igive 220 kvt simZlavre unda gadavceT 100-jer meti 22000 v<br />
ZabviT.<br />
6. gansazRvreT, Tu Zabvas 100-jer gavadidebT, maSin<br />
ramdenjer Semcirdeba deni gadamcem xazSi?<br />
7. P =I 1 2 ��<br />
R formulidan daadgineT, simZlavris imave danaka rgisaTvis<br />
ramdenjer ufro didi winaRobis gadamcemi xazis gamo yenebaa SesaZlebeli?<br />
gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs, Tu eleqtrul energias<br />
100-jer meti ZabviT gadavcemT, SesaZlebelia,<br />
gadamcemi xazis winaRobis 100 2 -jer gadideba da,<br />
Sesabamisad, xazis masis 100 2 -jer Semcireba. amis<br />
Sedegad, TiToeuli metris masa toli iqneba<br />
≈0,0276 kg-is da energiis gadacema, praq tikulad,<br />
SesaZ lebeli gaxdeba.<br />
amgvarad, eleqtroenergiis did man Zilze<br />
gada cemisas aucileblad maRali ZabviT unda<br />
visa rgebloT.<br />
amis gamo, generatoridan miRebul Zabvas amaRleben<br />
transformatoriT. umartivesi tran sformatori,<br />
misi mowyobilobis sqema da pirobiTi<br />
aRniSvna gamosaxulia 40.1 a, b da g suraTebze.<br />
transformatoris muSaobas safuZvlad udevs<br />
eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena.<br />
b<br />
sur. 40.1<br />
g<br />
transformatori (laT.)<br />
_ aparati, romelic eleqtruli<br />
denis Zabvas zrdis<br />
an amcirebs.<br />
a
gadamcemi xazis boloebze _ momxmarebelTan Zabva unda SevamciroT.<br />
amas axorcieleben sadab lebeli transformatoriT. Cveulebriv, Zabvis<br />
dadableba da, Sesabamisad, denis gazrda xorcieldeba ramdenime etapad.<br />
yovel etapze Zabva xdeba sul ufro mcire, eleqtruli qselis mier Semofargluli<br />
teritoria _ sul ufro farTo.<br />
eleqtroenergiis gadacemisa da ganawilebis sqema mocemulia 41.1 suraTze.<br />
cvladi denis<br />
generatori<br />
gadacemis<br />
xazi<br />
sadablebeli<br />
transformatori<br />
Tu adamiani SeZlebs iseTi gamtaris Seqmnas, romelsac bunebriv pirobebSi<br />
winaRoba ar eqneba, maSin (1) ⇒ aseT gamtarSi (zegamtarSi) denis<br />
gavlisas siTbo ar gamoiyofa da eleqtrul energias, ragind did manZilze,<br />
udanakargod gadavcemT.<br />
davadgineT, rom eleqtrosadgurebidan momxmareblamde eleqtruli<br />
energiis gadacemisas aucileblad maRali ZabviT unda visargebloT.<br />
amisaTvis generatoridan miRebul Zabvas jer amaRleben, Sor manZilze<br />
gadacemis Semdeg ki adableben transformatoris meSveobiT. Semdeg<br />
gakveTilze gavecnobiT transformatoris moqmedebis princips.<br />
davaleba<br />
11 kv<br />
6 kv<br />
6 kv<br />
6 kv<br />
gadacemis<br />
xazi<br />
samaRlebeli<br />
transformatori<br />
sadablebeli<br />
transformatori<br />
sur. 41.1<br />
110 kv<br />
gadacemis xazi<br />
sadablebeli<br />
transformatori<br />
ramdenad saWiroa iseTi gamtaris Seqmna, romelsac bunebriv<br />
pirobebSi winaRoba ar eqneba.<br />
sakiTxi ganixileT etapebis mixedviT.<br />
1. CamoayalibeT Tqveni pozicia, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
2. moiyvaneT magaliTebi, romliTac daasabuTebT oTaxis temperaturaze<br />
zegamtaris Seqmnis aucileblobas.<br />
3. ra Seicvleboda eleqtruli energiis gadacemisas, Tu zegamtarebs<br />
gamoviyenebdiT?<br />
4. ratom aris es mniSvnelovani?<br />
220 v<br />
220 v<br />
220 v<br />
220 v<br />
220 v<br />
35 kv<br />
35 kv<br />
momxmareblisken<br />
35 kv<br />
41
42<br />
2.4 transformatori<br />
1. ra aris saWiro eleqtroenergiis Sor manZilze naklebi danakargebiT<br />
gadasacemad?<br />
transformatori Sedgeba Sekruli foladis<br />
gularisagan, ro melzec Camocmulia<br />
ori (an meti) mavTulis gragniliani koWa.<br />
erT-erT gragnils, romlis boloebze<br />
mode bulia gardasaqmneli cvladi U 1 Zabva,<br />
ewodeba pirveladi gragnili. gragnils, romlis<br />
boloebi SeerTebulia momxmarebelTan,<br />
ewodeba meoreuli.<br />
�<br />
2. ra informacias iRebT 42.1 suraTebidan?<br />
denis<br />
wyaro<br />
a. CamrTveli gamorTulia b. CamrTvelis CarTvisas g. CamrTvelis CarTvidan<br />
1-2 wm-is Semdeg<br />
d. CamrTvelis gamorTvisas<br />
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e. CamrTvelis gamorTvidan<br />
1-2 wm-is Semdeg<br />
3. ris meSveobiT xorcieldeba Zabvis amaRleba?<br />
4. ra aris gamosaxuli 42.2 suraTze?<br />
sur. 42.2<br />
transformatoris moqmedebis principi damyarebulia eleq tromagnituri<br />
induqciis movlenaze. pirvelad koWaSi cvladi denis gavlisas, gularSi<br />
Cndeba cvladi magnituri nakadi, romelic, praqtikulad, mxolod gularis<br />
SigniT arsebobs da erTnairia yvela kveTaSi. amis gamo induqciis em<br />
Zalis myisi mniSvneloba pirveladi Tu meoreuli gragnilis nebismier<br />
xviaSi erTnairia.<br />
a<br />
sur. 42.1<br />
b
cxadia, rac metia koWas xviaTa ricxvi, miT metia masSi aRZruli<br />
induqciis em Zala da Zabva am koWas boloebze.<br />
dasabuTebulia, rom ,<br />
sadac U da U Zabvis moqmedi mniSvnelobebia, Sesabamisad, pirveladi da<br />
1 2<br />
meoreuli gragnilebis boloebze. n da n pirveladi da meoreuli grag-<br />
1 2<br />
nilebis xviaTa ricxvia.<br />
K sidides ewodeba transformaciis koeficienti. Tu K>1, transformatori<br />
aris sadablebeli, xolo Tu K
44<br />
2.5 eleqtromagnituri talRebi<br />
miveCvieT, rom cnoba msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas momxdari ambis<br />
Sesaxeb sul ramdenime wuTSi aRwevs Cvenamde. rogorc xSirad vambobT<br />
xolme, SevigrZnobT samyaros majiscemas. yovelive amas ki, uzrunvelyofs<br />
radiokavSiris erTiani sistema.<br />
�<br />
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1. daasaxeleT mowyobilobebi, romelTa meSveobiT<br />
swrafad SeiZleba informaciis mopoveba.<br />
radiokavSirs safuZvlad udevs jeimz klerk<br />
maqsvelis eleqtromagnituri velis Teoria.<br />
maqsvelma Teoriulad daasabuTa, rom eleqtrul<br />
da magni tur velebs Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs:<br />
magnituri velis yoveli cvlileba garemomcvel<br />
sivrceSi iwvevs cvla di eleqtruli velis gaCenas.<br />
eleq truli velis yoveli cvlileba ki _ cvla di<br />
magnituri velis gaCenas.<br />
cvladi eleqtruli velis da mas Tan uwyvetad<br />
dakav Sirebuli cvla di magnituri velis erTo bliobas<br />
eleq tromagnituri veli ewo deba.<br />
swrafad cvladi eleqtromag nituri veli vakuum-<br />
Si vrceldeba sinaTlis gavrcelebis _ 300 000 km/wm<br />
siCqariT da gavrcelebisas gadaaqvs energia.<br />
jeimz klerk maqsveli<br />
(18311879)<br />
periodulad cvla di eleqtro mag nituri ve lis gavrcelebis pro cesi<br />
warmoadgens ta lRur pro cess _ ele qtromagnitur ta l Ras.<br />
44.1 suraTze gamosa xu lia<br />
ase Ti procesis `momentaluri<br />
eleqtruli veli<br />
su ra Ti~. eleqtruli da magni<br />
tu ri velebi warmoiqmne ba<br />
ur TierT marTob sibrtyeebSi.<br />
ma T marTobulad vrceldeba<br />
eleqtro magnituri talRa.<br />
magnituri veli<br />
sur. 44.1<br />
maqsvelma daamuSava sinaTli<br />
s eleq tromagnituri Teoria da amiT gaaerTiana manamde erT ma neTisagan<br />
gan calkevebuli eleq trobis, magniti zmisa da optikis dargebi. maqsvelis<br />
varaudi, rom sinaTle eleqtromagnituri tal Raa, daadastura henrix hercma<br />
(1857-1894). man eqsperimentulad miiRo sinaTleze naklebi sixSiris eleqtromagnituri<br />
talRebi da gazoma maTi siCqare. aRmoCnda, rom sinaTlis<br />
msgavsad, isic ganivi talRebia da gavrcelebisas imave Tvi sebebs avlens,<br />
rasac sinaTlis tal Rebi: arekvla, gardatexa, da sxva.<br />
Tu eleqtromagnitur talRebs ganvalagebT talRis sigrZis klebis<br />
mixedviT, miviRebT skalas, romelsac eleqtromagnitur talRaTa skala<br />
ewodeba.
eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis mTeli speqtri gamosaxulia 45.1 suraTze.<br />
bgeriTi da<br />
infrabgeriTi<br />
sixSiris<br />
radiotalRebi<br />
eleqtromagnituri talRebi<br />
optikuri diapazonis<br />
gamosxiveba<br />
sur. 45.1<br />
talRis<br />
sigrZe, m<br />
rentgenis<br />
sxivebi<br />
eleqtromagnituri talRebis klasifikacia<br />
sixSire,<br />
hc<br />
bgeriTi da infrabgeriTi sixSiris 10 11 -10 5 3 . 10 -3 -3 . 10 3<br />
radiotalRebi<br />
zegrZeli 10 5 -10 4 3 . 10 3 -3 . 10 4<br />
grZeli ? 3 . 10 4 -3 . 10 5<br />
saSualo 10 3 -10 2 3 . 10 5 -3 . 10 6<br />
mokle 10 2 -10 3 . 10 6 -3 . 10 7<br />
ultramokle<br />
metruli 10-1 ?<br />
decimetruli 1-10 -1 3 . 10 8 -3 . 10 9<br />
santimetruli 10 -1 -10 -2 3 . 10 9 -3 . 10 10<br />
milimetruli 10 -2 -10 -3 3 . 10 10 -3 . 10 11<br />
decimilimetruli 10 -3. 10 -4 3 . 10 11 -3 . 10 12<br />
gama sxivebi<br />
optikuri diapazonis gamosxiveba<br />
infrawiTeli 10-3-7,6 . 10-7 3 . 1011-7,0 . 1014 wiTeli 7,6 . 10-7-6,2 . 10-7 ?<br />
narinjisferi 6,2 . 10-7-5,9 . 10-7 4,8 . 1014-5,1 . 1014 yviTeli 5,9.10-7-5,6 . 10-7 5,1 . 1014-5,4 . 1014 mwvane 5,6 . 10-7-5,0 . 10-7 5,4 . 1014-6,0 . 1014 cisferi ? 6,0 . 1014-6,2 . 1014 lurji 4,8 . 10-7-4,5 . 10-7 6,2 . 1014-6,7 . 1014 iisferi 4,5 . 10-7-3,8 . 10-7 6,7 . 1014-8,0 . 1014 ultraiisferi gamosxiveba 3,8 . 10-7-10-8 8 . 1014-3,0 . 1015 rentgenis gamosxiveba 8 . 10-8-10-12 3,7 . 1015-3 . 1020 gama gamosxiveba 10-11 da naklebi 3 . 1019 xiluli<br />
gamosxiveba<br />
da meti<br />
45
46<br />
2. 45-e gv.-ze cxrilSi kiTxviTi niSnebis adgilas Cas-<br />
�<br />
viT Sesabamisi mniS vnelobebi.<br />
3. radiotalRebis, xiluli sinaTlis da rentgenis<br />
sxivebidan, romels aqvs yvelaze grZeli talRis sigrZe? yvelaze<br />
mokle? romeli eleqtromagnituri talRis sixSirea yvelaze meti?<br />
icvleba Tu ara eleqtro magnituri talRis siCqare talRis sigrZis<br />
SemcirebiT?<br />
mowyobiloba, romelSic swrafi eleqtro nebis damuxruWe bisas gamosxivdeba<br />
rentgenis sxivebi<br />
sur. 46.1<br />
gamosxivebaTa skalis cal keul ubnebs Soris sazRvrebi sakmaod pirobiTia.<br />
prin cipuli ga nsxvaveba cal keul gamosxi ve bebs Soris ar aris.<br />
yoveli maT gani warmoadgens eleqtro mag nitur talRas, romelic va ku umSi<br />
vrceldeba 300 000 km/wm siCqariT. sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis gamos xivebebs<br />
erT maneTisagan asxvaveben maTi miRebis xerxisa (antenis gamos xiveba, siTburi<br />
gamosxiveba, gamosxi veba swrafi eleqtro nebis damuxruWe bisas da sxva) da<br />
regist raciis meTo diT. gamosxivebis talRis sigrZis Sem ci rebasTan erTad,<br />
talRis sigrZeebs So ris raodenobrivi gansxvavebani iw vevs mniS vnelovan<br />
Tvisebriv gansxva vebebs. maga liTad: radiotalRebi, romelTa talRis sigrZe<br />
10 m-ze metia, airekleba iono sfe rodan. maSin,<br />
rodesac ul tra mokle talRebi, romelTa tal-<br />
Ris sigrZe 10 m-ze nak lebia, gadis iono sferoSi<br />
(sur. 46.2).<br />
sagnebidan ultramokle radiotalRebis<br />
arekvlis movlena safuZvlad daedo e. w. radiolokacias.<br />
sur. 46.2
obieqtis aRmoCenas da maTi adgilsamyofelis zustad gansazRvras<br />
radiotalRebis meSveobiT radiolokacia ewodeba. radiolokatoris<br />
moqmedebis principi gamosaxulia 47.1 suraTze.<br />
lokatori gagzavnili impulsi<br />
antenis gadamrTveli<br />
mimRebi<br />
gadamcemi<br />
areklili impulsi<br />
gamaZlierebeli<br />
sur. 47.1<br />
impulsebis<br />
generatori<br />
ekrani<br />
obieqtamde manZili<br />
optikuri diapazonis tal Re bisaTvis gaum Wvir vale nivTierebani rentgenisa<br />
da gan sa kuTrebiT g sxi vebisaTvis gamWvir valea. magram mTavari gansxvaveba<br />
grZe l tal Rian da mokletalRian gamos xivebebs Soris isaa, rom<br />
mokle tal Riani gamosxiveba nawilakebis Tvi sebebs avlens.<br />
eleqtromagnituri talRebis cal keul ubnebs, maTi Tvisebebis Sesabamisad,<br />
sxvadasxva praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs.<br />
eleqtromagnituri veli, elemagnituri talRa,<br />
eleqtromagnituri talRebis klasifikacia,<br />
radiolokacia.<br />
gavecaniT eleqtromagnituri talRebis skalas. Semdeg gakve Tilze<br />
ki gave cnobiT eleqtromagnituri talRebis, kerZod, radiotalRebis<br />
ga moyenebas.<br />
47
48<br />
2.6<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
radiotal-<br />
Rebis<br />
eleqtromagnituri talRebis<br />
gamoyeneba. radiotalRebi<br />
ultramokle<br />
radiotal-<br />
Rebis<br />
dabalsixSiruli<br />
mikrotalRebis<br />
maRalsixSiruli<br />
mikrotalRebis<br />
radiokavSiris fizikuri safuZvlebi Zalian rTulia.<br />
SemovifargloT mxolod aRweriT. radiokav Siri xorcieldeba<br />
radiogadamcemiT da radiomimRebiT.<br />
daakvirdiT 48.2 suraTs.<br />
�<br />
a<br />
mikrofons ecema<br />
bgeriTi talRebi.<br />
modulirebul eleqt romagnitur<br />
talRebs iWers<br />
mimRebi antena.<br />
konusuri difuzori<br />
membrana<br />
magniti<br />
koWa<br />
3. imsjeleT radiogadacemisa da<br />
miRebis principebze.<br />
b<br />
mikrofoni bgeriT tal-<br />
Rebs gardaqmnis imave<br />
formis eleq trul rxevebad.<br />
e v<br />
sur. 48.2<br />
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p6<br />
z<br />
� 1. daasaxeleT TqvenTvis<br />
cnobili ra diota l-<br />
Rebi.<br />
2. ra aris radio kavSiris safuZveli?<br />
sur. 48.1. radiotalRebis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
g<br />
bgeriTi sixSiris<br />
ele q t ruli rxevebiT<br />
xde ba maRa li<br />
sixSiris eleqtromagnituri<br />
rxevebis<br />
modu lireba.<br />
gadamcemi antenis meSveobiT<br />
maRali si xSiris modulirebuli<br />
eleqtromagnituri<br />
talRebi (radio tal Rebi)<br />
gamosxivdeba sivrceSi.<br />
modulacia _ maRali sixSiris<br />
rxevebis Secvla dabali (bgeriTi)<br />
sixSiris eleqtruli rxevebiT.<br />
gadamcemi radiosadguris sixSireze awyobili<br />
radio mimRebi maRali sixSiris cvlad dens<br />
gardaqmnis ise Tsave eleqtrul denad, romelic<br />
mikrofonSi warmoiqmneba.<br />
eleqtruli mowyobilobebi aZlierebs bgeriTi six-<br />
Siris dens, romelic gadis xmamaRla molaparakis koWaSi<br />
da qmnis cvlad magnitur vels. igi aiZulebs koWas, rxeva<br />
daiwyos mudmivi magnitis mimarT. rxevebi gadaecema membranas,<br />
difuzori aZlierebs rxevebs da gamosxivdeba bgeriTi<br />
talRebi.<br />
d
pirveli radiogadacema <strong>eTer</strong>Si ga vida 1906 wlis 24 dekembers. es gaxldaT<br />
kanadeli profesoris, fesen deris, mravalwliani Sromis Sedegi.<br />
mauwyebloba, ZiriTadad, reklama da musika, 128 m simaRlis anZis meSve obiT<br />
ganxorcielda. am movlenis Sem deg radiomauwyebloba saocari sis wra fiT<br />
ganviTarda. amitom 1927 wels pirvelad moaxdines sixSireebis centralizebuli<br />
danawi leba. es imas niSnavda, rom yvela radiosadgurs mxolod<br />
misTvis gamo yofil sixSireze unda emuSava, raTa erTmaneTTan ax los mdebare<br />
gadam cemebs erTmane TisaTvis xeli ar SeeSa laT <strong>eTer</strong>Si.<br />
radiotalRebis meSveobiT gamosaxulebis manZilze gadacema 1923 wels<br />
pirvelad ganaxorciela Sotlandielma inJinerma jon lodji berdma (1888-<br />
1946).<br />
regularuli telegadacemebi did britaneTSi 1936 wels daiwyo, aSS-Si<br />
_ 1941 wels, xolo saqarTveloSi _ 1956 wlis 30 dekembridan.<br />
am patara saocrebis Semyureni, albaT, maSin verc warmoidgendnen, rom<br />
sul mcire xanSi televizori (sur. 49.1) Cveni cxovrebis yoveldRiuri,<br />
ganuyreli atributi gaxdeboda, masobrivi komunikaciis yvela sxva saSualebas<br />
ajobebda sazoga doebaze Tavisi gavleniT<br />
da namdvil socialur-fsiqologiur fenomenad<br />
iqceoda.<br />
dRes msoflioSi, sxvadasxva monacemebiT,<br />
ramdenime aTeuli aTasi satelevizio gadamcemi<br />
sadguri muSaobs. televizia masobrivi<br />
komunikaciis grandiozuli sistemaa, romelsac<br />
adamianebze zemoqmedebis simZlavriT, albaT,<br />
veraferi Seedreba.<br />
gamosaxulebis manZilze gadacemis principi<br />
ki aseTia: gadamcem sadgurSi gamosaxuleba<br />
sur. 49.1<br />
Tanamimdevrulad gardaiqmneba eleq trul signalebad.<br />
Semdeg am signa lebiT axdenen maRali sixSiris generatoris mier<br />
warmoq mnili rxevebis modulacias. modulirebul eleqt ro m agnitur talRas<br />
informacia did manZilze gadaaqvs. mimRebSi xdeba uku gardaqmna, maRali<br />
sixSiris moduli rebuli rxevebi modulirdeba, xolo miRe buli signali<br />
gardaiqmneba xilul gamo saxulebad. moZrao-<br />
baTa gada sa cemad gamoiyeneba kinos principi:<br />
moZravi obieqtis erTmaneTisagan mci red gansxvavebuli<br />
gamosaxulebebi (kadrebi) wamSi<br />
ramdenime aTeul jer gadaicema.<br />
TiTqmis 30 weliwadia, rac mobiluri kav-<br />
Sirgabmuloba mTel msoflioSi intensiurad<br />
modulireba (ing.) _<br />
maRali sixSiris rxevebis<br />
dabali sixSiris (bgeriT)<br />
rxevebad gardaqmna.<br />
viTardeba. manamde ki, didi xniT adre, ukve arsebobda idea, rom erTsa<br />
da imave adamians hqonoda ara ramdenime tele foni, misi adgilsamyofelis<br />
mixedviT, aramed erTi, romelic mas mudam Tan eqneboda.<br />
1977 wels CikagoSi mwyobrSi Cadga pirveli sacdeli fiWuri sadguri,<br />
romelic ori aTas abonents emsa xureboda. male mobiluri tele fonizaciis<br />
tempma yovelgvar molo dinsa Tu prognozs gadaaWarba.<br />
ramdenad usafrTxoa mobiluri telefoni? amboben, rom antenis maRali<br />
sixSiris gamosxiveba iwvevs simsivnes, fsiqikur moSlilobas, uSvilobas,<br />
49
50<br />
genetikur daavadebebs... sinamdvileSi, dRes konkretulad aravin icis, ras<br />
iwvevs adamianis organizmSi maRali sixSiris aramai onizirebeli gamosxiveba.<br />
es radiacia ar aris. amgvari gamosxi vebis moqme debis<br />
konkretuli Sedegebi jerac ucnobia, Tumca, yvela<br />
aRiarebs erTs: aucilebelia elementaruli normebis<br />
dacva, namdvilad ar Rirs fiWuri telefoniT uzomod<br />
didxans saubari iseve, rogorc kompi uterTan<br />
Seusveneblad muSaoba. cnobisaTvis: sa qar Tve loSi<br />
mobi luri telefoniT erTi adamianis saubris sa-<br />
Sualo xangrZlivoba msoflio maCve nebels TiTqmis<br />
orjer aWarbebs.<br />
mobiluri telefonebis (sur. 50.1) wya lobiT, aRar<br />
sur. 50.1<br />
arsebobs ganSo rebis saf rTxe, maT gaauqmes manZili da distancia, maT<br />
marTlac Secvales msoflio da, bunebrivia, Segvcvales Cven _ adamianebi,<br />
Cveni azrovneba da mentaliteti, gemovneba da cxovrebis wesi. es cvlilebebi<br />
ki Zalian swrafi da radikaluria.<br />
gavecaniT radiotalRebis praqtikul gamoyenebas. Semdeg gakveTilze<br />
gavecnobiT sxva diapazonis eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoyenebas.<br />
davaleba<br />
SearCieT da moamzadeT erT-erTi Tema:<br />
1. radiotalRebis miReba da gamoyeneba.<br />
2. radiolokatorebi.<br />
am Temis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneT TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi sainformacio<br />
wyaro (beWdviTi, audiovizualuri, interneti).<br />
damuSavebuli masala warmoadgineT seminarze.
eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoye neba.<br />
optikuri diapazonis eleqtromagnituri<br />
talRebi. rentgenis sxivebi<br />
�<br />
1. daasaxeleT opti kuri diapazonis<br />
eleq tro magnituri<br />
talRebi.<br />
2. romel eleqtromagnitur tal Rebs iyenebs<br />
adamiani yvelaze me tad?<br />
ultramokle radiotalRebze meti sixSirisa<br />
da wiTel ferze naklebi sixSiris eleqtromagnitur<br />
talRebs infrawiTeli ewodeba. mas asxivebs<br />
nebismieri gaxurebuli sxeuli maSinac ki,<br />
sur. 51.1. optikuri diapazonis<br />
gamosxivebis gamoyeneba<br />
rodesac ar anaTebs. magaliTad, gaxurebuli Rumeli an binis gamaTbobeli<br />
asxivebs infrawiTel sxivebs, romlebic garemomcvel sxeulebs aTboben.<br />
amitom infrawiTel talRebs xSirad siTbur talRebs uwodeben. varvaris<br />
naTuras gamosxivebis maqsimumi infrawiTel sxivebze modis.<br />
�<br />
infrawiTel sxivebs didi gamoyeneba aqvs. igi gamoiyeneba bostneulis,<br />
xilis da sxvaTa gamosaSrobad. Seqmnilia xelsawyoebi, romelTa meSveobiTac<br />
obieqtis TvaliT uxilavi infrawiTeli gamosaxuleba xilul gamosaxulebad<br />
gardaiqmneba. damzadebulia binoklebi da optikuri samizneebi,<br />
romlebiTac sibneleSic vxedavT.<br />
iisfer sinaTleze meti sixSiris eleqtromagnitur talRebs ultraiisferi<br />
ewodeba. ultraiisferi sxivebi gamoirCeva didi qimiuri aqtivobiT.<br />
amaSi davrwmundebiT, Tu sibneleSi ultraiisfer sxivebs davasxivebT<br />
fotoqa Raldze. gamJRavnebis Semdeg aRmovaCenT, rom ultraiisferi sxivebi<br />
ufro metad aSavebs qaRalds, vidre xiluli sinaTle. mzis ultraiisfer<br />
gamosxivebas atmosfero nawilobriv STanTqavs. mcire dozebiT ultraiisferi<br />
sxivebi samkurnaloa, amitom mzeze zomieri yofna sasargebloa, gansakuTrebiT<br />
patarebisaTvis. ultraiisferi sxivebi xels uwyobs organizmis<br />
zrdasa da ganviTarebas, kanis qsovilze moqmedebiT iwvevs damcveli pigmentis<br />
gaSavebas da vitamin D 2 -is warmoqmnas, gavlenas axdens centralur<br />
nervul sistemaze, astimulirebs organizmis bevr sasicocxlo funqcias.<br />
ultraiisferi sxivebis didi doziT moqmedeba Tvalis badurasa da<br />
kanze Zalian sazianoa. amitom maRalmTian adgilebSi Tovlze minis muqi<br />
saTvalisa da tanisamosis gareSe didxans yofna ar aris rekomendebuli.<br />
mina Zlier STanTqavs ultraiisfer sxivebs.<br />
�<br />
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p7<br />
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs wiTeli da infrawiTeli sxivebis<br />
talRis sigrZe.<br />
4. ratom aris mTaSi tansacmlis gareSe mzeze didxans<br />
yofna ufro mavnebeli, vidre zRvaze?<br />
2.7<br />
51
52<br />
�<br />
5. ra unda vicodeT avadmyofis mosarCenad?<br />
6. ra iciT rentgenis sxivebis Sesa xeb?<br />
diagnozis dasmaSi eqimebs exmareba<br />
specialuri diagnostikuri aparatebi.<br />
diagnozi (berZnuli) _ daavadebis gamocnoba<br />
avadmyofis gamokvlevis Sedegad.<br />
1895 wels gamoCenilma germanelma<br />
fizi kosma vilhelm rentgenma (1845-<br />
1923) aRmo aCina sxivebi, romlebsac<br />
sinaTlisaTvis gaumWvirvale sxeulebSi<br />
SeRwevis unari aRmoaCndaT. am sxivebs<br />
Semdeg rent genis sxivebi uwodes. sxi-<br />
vebis STan Tqmis unari nivTierebis simkvrivis propo rciuli aRmoCnda.<br />
aRmoCenis mniSvne loba Zalian swrafad Seafases medikosebma da dRemde<br />
ren tgenis aparats praqtikulad yvela kli nika iyenebs.<br />
rentgenis sxivebis meSveobiT SeiZ leba<br />
miviRoT adamianis sxvadasxva orga nos<br />
suraTi (sur. 52.2).<br />
rentgenis sxivebs zianis motanac<br />
SeuZ liaT. maTi moqmedebiT irRveva<br />
cocxali organizmis cxovelmoqmedeba,<br />
amitom xSirad gaSuqeba re komende buli<br />
ar aris. mis Sesac vle lad ukanasknel<br />
wlebSi ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba<br />
ultrabgeriTi tomografi.<br />
a<br />
7. Tqveni varau-<br />
�<br />
diT, ra Cans araTi-<br />
Tze (sur. 52.2,b)?<br />
8. 52.2 b suraTis mixedviT gaakeTeT<br />
komentari.<br />
rentgenis da gama sxivebis gamoyeneba<br />
sur. 52.1<br />
1895 wels rentgenis mier miRebuli erTerTi<br />
rentgenograma<br />
rentgenis sxivebi gamosxivdeba swrafad<br />
moZravi eleqtronebis mkveTri<br />
b<br />
da mux ruWebis dros. isini rom eleqtromagnituri<br />
talRebia, daamtkices misi<br />
sur. 52.2<br />
aRmoCenidan 15 wlis Semdeg. rentgenis<br />
sxivebis sixSire miT metia, rac metia damuxruWebuli eleqtronebis energia.<br />
avxsnaT rentgenis sxivebis gamosxivebis meqanizmi.<br />
��<br />
9. ra saxis energia aqvT eleqtronebs damuxruWebamde?<br />
10. romeli saxis energia icvleba eleqtronebis<br />
damuxruWebisas?
��<br />
11. ras iwvevs magnituri velis cvlileba?<br />
12. ras iwvevs cvladi eleqtruli veli?<br />
13. ra xdeba swrafad moZravi eleqtronebis mkveTri<br />
damuxruWebisas? icvleba Tu ara eleqtronebis mier Seqmnili magnituri<br />
veli? ra xdeba Semdeg?<br />
teqnologiuri procesebis ganviTarebam<br />
tomografi (berZnuli) _ tomos<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxada Seqmniliyo xelsawyo<br />
`fena~ da `grafi~ _ vwer.<br />
tomografi (sur. 53.1), romelsac kompiuteris<br />
gamoyenebiT SeuZlia Seqmnas sxeulis<br />
an misi romelime nawilis sivrculi gamosaxuleba (sur. 53.1).<br />
eleqtromagnituri talRebidan yvelaze didi sixSire g sxivebs aqvs.<br />
maT Tvisebebs Semdeg gavecnobiT.<br />
sur. 53.1<br />
rentgenis sxivebis<br />
wyaro skaneri brunavs<br />
gamosakvlevi obieqtis<br />
irgvliv<br />
tvinis gamosaxuleba<br />
rentgenis sxivebi<br />
gan Wolavs<br />
Tavs<br />
deteqtorebi<br />
aRricxaven<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
ubnidan<br />
ga mosul<br />
sxivebs<br />
tomografis marTvis pulti<br />
gavecaniT optikuri diapazonis eleqtromagnituri talRebisa da<br />
rentgenis sxivebis praqtikul gamoyenebas. gavecaniT rentgenis sxivebis<br />
miRebis meqanizms.<br />
davaleba<br />
survilis mixedviT, SearCieT da moamzadeT erT-erTi Tema:<br />
1. infrawiTeli sxivebi da maTi gamoyeneba.<br />
2. ultraiisferi sxivebi. maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.<br />
3. rentgenis sxivebis miReba da gamoyeneba. misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi<br />
mxareebi.<br />
am Temis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneT TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi sainformacio<br />
wyaroebi (beWdviTi, audiovizualuri, interneti).<br />
damuSavebuli masala warmoadgineT seminarze.<br />
53
54<br />
2.8 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi<br />
1. rxeviT konturSi deni icvleba I = 0,8sin628t kanoniT. ganvsazRvroT<br />
denis Zalis amplituda, Tavisufali rxevebis periodi da denis Zala<br />
0,01 wm momentSi.<br />
amoxsna<br />
mocemuli I = 0,8sin628t (1) gantolebisa da harmoniuli rxeviTi moZ-<br />
raobis (2) zogadi gantolebis SedarebiT vadgenT:<br />
I maqs =0,8 a;<br />
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p8<br />
(*): I=0,8sin628.0,01=0,8sin6,28=0,8sin2p=0.<br />
2. rxeviTi konturis induqciuroba 0,5 mhnia, kondensatoris<br />
Semonafenebze maqsimaluri Zabva _ 200 v, xolo konturSi maqsimaluri<br />
deni _ 0,2 a. ganvsazRvroT konturis Tavisufali rxevebis periodi.<br />
amoxsna<br />
rxeviT konturSi Tavisufali rxe vebis pe-<br />
riodi (1)<br />
energiis mudmivobisa da gardaqmnis kanonis<br />
Tanaxmad,<br />
(2) (1) ⇒ (*) (*): T=3,14 mkwm.<br />
(2)<br />
3. ramdenjer Semcirdeba gadamcem xazSi eleqtruli energiis danakargebi,<br />
Tu transformatorSi Semavali Zabva 11 kvia, xolo gamomavali<br />
_ 110 kv.<br />
amoxsna<br />
joul-lencis kanonidan (1)<br />
energiis mudmivobis kanonis safuZvelze:<br />
I 1 U 1 =I 2 U 2 ⇒ (2)<br />
(2) (1) ⇒ (*) (*):<br />
e. i. siTburi dana kargebi gadamcem xazSi 100-jer Semcirdeba.
amoxseniT amocanebi<br />
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna<br />
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p9<br />
1. rxeviT konturSi Tavisufali rxevebisas denis Zalis amplituda 100<br />
ma-ia. gansazRvreT Zabvis amplituda 1 mkf tevadobis kondensatorze,<br />
Tu koWas induqciuroba 1 hn-ia, xolo aqtiuri winaRoba _ umniSvnelo.<br />
2. rxeviTi konturis kondensatoris tevadoba 2,0 pkf-ia, koWas induqciuroba<br />
_ 0,50 mkhn. gansazRvreT konturSi eleqtruli rxevebis<br />
sixSire.<br />
3. magnitur velSi Tanabrad mbrunav CarCoSi maqsimaluri em Zala 100<br />
v-ia. gansazRvreT em Zalis myisi mniSvnelobebi, rodesac CarCo brunvis<br />
procesSi neitraluri mdgomareobidan gadaxrilia 30 0 da 60 0 -iani<br />
kuTxiT.<br />
4. dasaSvebia Tu ara 220 v Zabvis cvladi denis wredSi iseTi kondensatoris<br />
CarTva, romlis garRvevis Zabva 250 v-ia? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
5. transformatoris pirvelad gragnilSi 20 xviaa. ramdeni xvia unda<br />
iyos meorad gragnilSi, rom Zabva 220 v-dan gaizardos 11000 v-mde?<br />
gansazRvreT transformaciis koeficienti.<br />
testi<br />
1. rxeviTi konturis kondensatoris tevadobis oTxjer gadidebiT<br />
eleqtromagnituri rxevebis periodi<br />
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda; g. orjer gaizarda;<br />
d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.<br />
2. rxeviTi konturis induqciurobis oTxjer gadidebiT da kondensatoris<br />
tevadobis oTxjer SemcirebiT konturis eleqtromagnituri<br />
rxevis periodi<br />
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda; g. orjer gaizarda;<br />
d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.<br />
3. Tu rxeviTi konturis kondensators paralelurad mivuerTebT<br />
3jer meti tevadobis kondensators, maSin konturSi eleqtromagnituri<br />
rxevebis sixSire<br />
a. gaizrdeba orjer; b. gaizrdeba samjer; g. Semcirdeba orjer;<br />
d. Semcirdeba samjer; e. ar Seicvleba; v. Semcirdeba -jer.<br />
4. Tu idealuri rxeviTi konturis 4mkf tevadobis kondensatorze<br />
Zabvis amplituda 10 via, maSin am konturis koWas maqsimaluri<br />
magnituri velis energiaa<br />
a. 2 . 10-4 j; b. 2 . 10-3 j; g. 2 . 10-2 j; d. 200 j.<br />
5. Tu rxeviTi konturis kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 2 mkfia,<br />
koWas induqciuroba _ 2 hn, xolo Tavisufali miulevadi rxevebis<br />
denis amplituda _ 0,1 a, maSin kondensatoris Zabvis amplitudaa<br />
a. 10 v; b. 3 v; g. 80 v; d. 100 v.<br />
2.9<br />
55