saubari fizikis Sesaxeb - Ganatleba
saubari fizikis Sesaxeb - Ganatleba saubari fizikis Sesaxeb - Ganatleba
2.2 ara! _ ase pasuxobda am kiTxvaze demokrite. _ nawila kebis dayofa usas ru lod ar SeiZleba. bolos da bolos miviRebT nivTierebis nawilaks, romlis gaxleCac SeuZlebelia. niv Tierebis Semadgenel umcires nawilakebs, romel Tac am niv Tierebis Tvisebebi SenarCunebuli aqvT, molekulebi ewodeba. mag., wylis Semadgeneli umciresi nawilaki wylis mole ku laa, Saqris Semadgeneli um ciresi nawilaki ki _ Saqris mole ku la da a. S. wylis molekulas, miuxedavad simcirisa, SenarCunebuli aqvs wylis Tvisebebi, Saq ris molekulas ki _ Saqris Tvi se bebi. bunebrivia, dagebadebaT kiT xva: ratom ver vxedavT nivTi e re bis Semadgenel nawilakebs? 26 atomebi da molekulebi dafxveniT carcis natexi da miRebuli nafxvenebi kidev ufro daaqucmaceT. daaTvaliereT nafxvenebi lupiT. SeZlebT maT kidev ufro danawevrebas? scadeT da kvlav daaTvaliereT carcis dapataravebuli nawilakebi. gamoiyeneT eleqtrosafqvavi da kidev ufro mcire nawilakebs miiRebT. gaagrZeleT cda azrobrivad, anu gonebaSi warmoidgineT, rom ufro da uf ro apataravebT carcis namcecebs. rogor fiqrobT, nawilakebis da yo fa usasrulod SeiZleba? sur.1. oTaxis buzis Tvalis diametri 1 mm-ia. marjvniv eleq t ronul mikros kopSi ga da Re buli fo toa. masze kargad Cans buzis dana wevrebuli Tvali: is ram denime aTeuli aTasi Tva lakisagan Sedgeba. ga mo an ga ri Se bu lia, rom wylis mo le ku lis diametri 100 aTasjer nak lebia er Ti Tvalakis diametrze. gaixseneT wina gakve Tilze Catarebuli II cda: ra raodenobis iodi gav xse niT pirvel WurWelSi? Tqveni azriT, iodis ra nawili moxvda mesame WurWelSi? miuxedavad amisa, xsnari mesa me WurWelSi sus tad, magram mainc mTlianad Se fe radda. raze miganiSnebT es? gamoTqviT varaudi: a) ra raodenobiT umcires na wilakebs Seicavs iodis mcire kristalic ki? b) Tqveni azriT, ramdenad mcirea niv Tierebis Semadgeneli nawi la ke bi? diax, nivTierebis Semadgeneli mo lekulebis zomebi imdenad mci rea, rom maTi da naxva Seuiara Rebeli TvaliT ki ara, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mikroskopiTac ki Se uZlebeli iyo. swo red es iyo imis mizezi, rom saukuneebis gan mav lobaSi de mok ri tes ide ebma mec ni er Ta Soris aRiareba ver poves. molekulebis zomebis ufro TvalsaCinod warmo sadgenad xSi rad aseT Sedarebebs iyeneben: molekula vaSlis zomis rom gax des, vaSli de da mi wi s xela unda gaxdes;
molekula rom fanq risxela gaxdes, fanqari mTvares unda miswvdes; wylis asi milioni molekula (molekula bur Tu lis saxiT warmoidgineT!) erT rigad rom davalagoT, rigis sigrZe 1sm-is to li aRmoCndeba (sur.2.). dafiqrdiT: sur.2 gaixseneT iodis kristalebze Catarebuli cda. Tqveni azriT, aris Tu ara kolbis kedelze gaCenili umciresi nawilakebi iodis molekulebi? molekulebis ra ode noba nebismier sxe ul Si (Tundac Zalian mcire zomisaSi) warmoudgenlad didia. mag., cnobilia, rom Tu rezi nis patara bur Tu las, ro mel Sic sul raRac 3 g ha eri eteva, iseT nax v rets gavukeTebT, rom 1 wm-Si mi lioni molekula gamodi o des, haeris yvela mo le ku lis gamosvlas 30 miliardi weli dasWir de ba! miuxedavad molekulebis zo meb is aseTi simcirisa, isini kidev ufro mcire nawi la kebad iyofa: molekulis Semadgenel nawilakebs atomebi ewodeba. molekulebi erTmaneTisgan maTi Semadgeneli atomebiT, ricx viTa da ganlagebiT gan sxvavdeba. mag., Jangbadis molekula Jangbadis ori atomisa gan Sedgeba, ozonis mo lekula ki _ Jang badis sami atomisa gan, ami to mac ozoni da Jangbadi gansx vavebuli nivTierebebia. ozo ni mxolod Weqa-quxilis dros Cndeba atmosferoSi. molekulis Se mad gen lo ba Si SeiZ leba iyos ori, sami da me ti atomi. mag., cilis mo le ku laSi atomTa ricxvi aseul aTa sobi Taa (sur. 3.) nivTierebaTa Tvisebebi da mo kidebulia ara marto ima ze, Tu romeli atome bi sa gan Sed geba am nivTi ere bis Se mad ge neli mole kulebi, ara med ima zec, Tu ro goraa isini gan la ge bu li sivrceSi. almasi da gra fi ti (misgan fanqris guls amzadeben) erTi da imave nivTierebis (naxSir badis) ato me bisa gan Sedgeba, oRond isi ni sivrceSi sxvadasxvanairad aris gan lagebuli. amis ga mo almassa da gra fits gansx vavebuli Tvi sebebi aqvT (sur.4.). molekulas ufro `ax los~ momavalSi, qimiis gakveTilebze gaecnobi, mag ram manamde gaxsovdes: ar SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom yvela nivTiereba molekulebisagan Sedgeba! arsebobs nivTierebebi, romlebic calkeuli ato me bis gan Sedgeba (mag., igive almasi da grafiti). Tumca me-8 klasis fizikis kursSi mxolod molekuluri agebulebis nivTierebebs gan vi xilavT da amitom Sev Tanxm deT, rom amis Semdeg, nacvlad frazisa: `nivTiereba umciresi na wilakebisagan Sedgeba~, xSirad vityviT: `nivTiereba molekulebisgan sur.4 Sedgeba~. atomebi da molekulebi 2.2 sur.3 27
- Page 1 and 2: Sinaarsi Tema I. saubari fizikis Se
- Page 3 and 4: sityva `fizika~ ( `fiuzis~) berZnul
- Page 5 and 6: fizika _ mecniereba bunebis Sesaxeb
- Page 7 and 8: fizikuri sxeuli. nivTiereba. fiziku
- Page 9 and 10: aristotele amtkicebda, rom msubuqi
- Page 11 and 12: cxrili 1.1 metruli sistemis TavsarT
- Page 13 and 14: II praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis
- Page 15 and 16: gansazRvreT wris far- Tobi uj re de
- Page 17 and 18: sur.3.es xis naWdevebiani joxi sigr
- Page 19 and 20: gaixseneT: ras Seiswavlis fizika? f
- Page 21: cda III erTi bolodan daxSul minis m
- Page 25 and 26: mexuTe elements _ `RvTiur kvintesen
- Page 27 and 28: CaagdeT sinjaraSi niSaduris spirtSi
- Page 29 and 30: sur.3. brounis nawilakze garemos mo
- Page 31 and 32: molekulaTa urTierTqmedeba 2.4 amrig
2.2<br />
ara! _ ase pasuxobda am<br />
kiTxvaze demokrite. _ nawila<br />
kebis dayofa usas ru lod<br />
ar SeiZleba. bolos da bolos<br />
miviRebT nivTierebis<br />
nawilaks, romlis gaxleCac<br />
SeuZlebelia.<br />
niv Tierebis Semadgenel<br />
umcires nawilakebs, romel<br />
Tac am niv Tierebis Tvisebebi<br />
SenarCunebuli aqvT, molekulebi<br />
ewodeba.<br />
mag., wylis Semadgeneli umciresi nawilaki wylis mole ku laa, Saqris Semadgeneli<br />
um ciresi nawilaki ki _ Saqris mole ku la da a. S. wylis molekulas,<br />
miuxedavad simcirisa, SenarCunebuli aqvs wylis Tvisebebi, Saq ris molekulas<br />
ki _ Saqris Tvi se bebi.<br />
bunebrivia, dagebadebaT kiT xva: ratom ver vxedavT nivTi e re bis Semadgenel<br />
nawilakebs?<br />
26<br />
atomebi da molekulebi<br />
dafxveniT carcis natexi da miRebuli nafxvenebi kidev ufro<br />
daaqucmaceT.<br />
daaTvaliereT nafxvenebi lupiT. SeZlebT maT kidev ufro danawevrebas?<br />
scadeT da kvlav daaTvaliereT carcis dapataravebuli<br />
nawilakebi.<br />
gamoiyeneT eleqtrosafqvavi da kidev ufro mcire nawilakebs miiRebT.<br />
gaagrZeleT cda azrobrivad, anu gonebaSi warmoidgineT, rom<br />
ufro da uf ro apataravebT carcis namcecebs. rogor fiqrobT,<br />
nawilakebis da yo fa usasrulod SeiZleba?<br />
sur.1. oTaxis buzis Tvalis diametri 1 mm-ia. marjvniv<br />
eleq t ronul mikros kopSi ga da Re buli fo toa. masze<br />
kargad Cans buzis dana wevrebuli Tvali: is ram denime<br />
aTeuli aTasi Tva lakisagan Sedgeba. ga mo an ga ri Se bu lia,<br />
rom wylis mo le ku lis diametri 100 aTasjer nak lebia er Ti<br />
Tvalakis diametrze.<br />
gaixseneT wina gakve Tilze Catarebuli II cda:<br />
ra raodenobis iodi gav xse niT pirvel WurWelSi?<br />
Tqveni azriT, iodis ra nawili moxvda mesame WurWelSi? miuxedavad<br />
amisa, xsnari mesa me WurWelSi sus tad, magram mainc mTlianad<br />
Se fe radda. raze miganiSnebT es?<br />
gamoTqviT varaudi:<br />
a) ra raodenobiT umcires na wilakebs Seicavs iodis mcire kristalic<br />
ki?<br />
b) Tqveni azriT, ramdenad mcirea niv Tierebis Semadgeneli nawi la ke bi?<br />
diax, nivTierebis Semadgeneli mo lekulebis zomebi imdenad mci rea, rom maTi<br />
da naxva Seuiara Rebeli TvaliT ki ara, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mikroskopiTac<br />
ki Se uZlebeli iyo. swo red es iyo imis mizezi, rom saukuneebis gan mav lobaSi<br />
de mok ri tes ide ebma mec ni er Ta Soris aRiareba ver poves.<br />
molekulebis zomebis ufro TvalsaCinod warmo sadgenad xSi rad aseT Sedarebebs<br />
iyeneben:<br />
molekula vaSlis zomis rom gax des, vaSli de da mi wi s xela unda gaxdes;
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