saubari fizikis Sesaxeb - Ganatleba
saubari fizikis Sesaxeb - Ganatleba
saubari fizikis Sesaxeb - Ganatleba
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Sinaarsi<br />
Tema I. <strong>saubari</strong> <strong>fizikis</strong> <strong>Sesaxeb</strong><br />
1.1. fizika _ mecniereba bunebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> .................................................... 8<br />
1.2. fizikuri sxeuli. nivTiereba. fizikuri movlena ................................ 10<br />
1.3. rogor Seiswavlian fizikur movlenebs ............................................... 12<br />
1.4. fizikuri sidideebi da maTi gazomva ................................................ 14<br />
1.5. praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis moculobis gazomva ................ 16<br />
rogor warmoiSva metri ..................................................................... 20<br />
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ................................. 22<br />
Tema II. nivTierebis agebuleba<br />
2.1. nivTierebis agebuleba .................................................................. 24<br />
2.2. atomebi da molekulebi ................................................................... 26<br />
Zvel berZen filosofosTa Sexedulebebi samyaros agebulebaze ... 28<br />
2.3. difuzia .............................................................................................. 30<br />
brounis moZraoba ................................................................................. 32<br />
2.4. molekulaTa urTierTqmedeba ........................................................... 34<br />
2.5. niv Tie re bis agregatuli mdgomareobebi ............................................... 38<br />
2.6. airi. siTxe ......................................................................................... 40<br />
2.7 myari sxeuli ..................................................................................... 42<br />
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ..................................... 46<br />
Tema III. meqanikuri moZraoba<br />
3.1 meqanikuri moZraoba ....................................................................... 48<br />
3.2 moZraobis traeqtoria .................................................................. 50<br />
3.3 praqtikuli samuSao #2 _ Tanabari da araTanabari moZraobis Seswavla .... 54<br />
3.4 wrfivi Tanabari moZraobis siCqare ................................................... 56<br />
3.5 fizika amocanebSi: Tanabari moZraoba ............................................. 58<br />
3.6 Tanabari moZraobis warmodgena grafikulad ................................. 62<br />
3.7 araTanabari moZraobis saSualo siCqare. myisi siCqare .................. 66<br />
3.8 fizika amocanebSi: araTanabari moZraoba ......................................... 70<br />
3.9 veqtoruli da skalaruli sidideebi ................................................. 72<br />
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ................................... 74<br />
Tema IV. urTierTqmedeba<br />
4.1. inercia .................................................................................................... 78<br />
4.2. masa ......................................................................................................... 80<br />
4.3. praqtikuli samuSao #3 _ `mZime~ da `msubuqi~ nivTierebebi ........... 82<br />
4.4. simkvrive ........................................................................................ 84<br />
4.5. fizika amocanebSi: masa. moculoba. simkvrive ................................ 86<br />
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ................................... 88<br />
Tema V. Zalebi<br />
5.1. ra aris Zala ..................................................................................... 90<br />
5.2. Zala _ veqtoruli sidide ............................................................... 92<br />
5.3. simZimis Zala .............................................................................. 94<br />
5.4. praqtikuli samuSao #4 _ tolqmedi Zalis gansazRvra ................... 96<br />
5.5. drekadobis Zala .......................................................................... 100<br />
5.6. praqtikuli samuSao #5 _ zambaris deformaciis Seswavla ............. 102<br />
5.7. xaxunis Zala ........................................................................... 104<br />
5.8. xaxunis Zalis saxeebi ................................................................ 106<br />
5.9. praqtikuli samuSao #6 _ xaxunis Zalis Seswavla ........................ 108<br />
5.10. xaxuni _ mteri Tu megobari .................................................. 110<br />
proeqti: avtomoyvarulTaTvis .................................................... 112<br />
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ............................. 113<br />
5
Tema VI. wneva<br />
6.1. wneva ................................................................................. 118<br />
6.2. wnevis Semcirebisa da gazrdis xerxebi .................................. 120<br />
6.3. fizika amocanebSi: wneva ............................................................... 122<br />
6.4. airis wneva ...................................................................................... 124<br />
6.5. paskalis kanoni .............................................................................. 126<br />
6.6. hidravlikuri wnexi ........................................................................ 128<br />
proeqti: ukan, momavalSi... ........................................................ 130<br />
6.7. siTxis wneva .................................................................................... 132<br />
6.8. rogor gamoiTvleba siTxis wneva ............................................ 134<br />
6.9. ziarWurWeli ......................................................................... 136<br />
proeqti: ocnebis qalaqi ................................................. 138<br />
6.10. atmosferuli wneva .............................................................. 140<br />
6.11. toriCelis cda ...................................................................... 142<br />
atmosferuli wnevis damokidebuleba simaRleze .................. 144<br />
proeqti: barometrebi - maTi warsuli da awmyo ................... 146<br />
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ......................... 148<br />
Tema VII. Zalebi siTxesa da airSi<br />
haernaosnoba .................................................................................. 151<br />
7.1. praqtikuli samuSao #7 _ amomgdebi Zalis Seswavla .................... 152<br />
proeqti: oqros gvirgvinis saidumlo ............................................... 155<br />
7.2. razea damokidebuli amomgdebi Zala .................................................. 156<br />
7.3. sxeulTa curva ............................................................................ 158<br />
proeqti: galileis Termometri .......................................................... 161<br />
7.4. fizika amocanebSi: sxeulTa curva ............................................ 162<br />
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ............................. 165<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala Tqvengan aqtiur monawileobas<br />
moiTxovs. am mizniT masSi CarTulia mravalferovani savarjiSoebi,<br />
romelTagan nawils maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT mTeli klasi erTad<br />
Seasrulebs, nawili ki individualu ri, wyvilebSi da jgufuri muSaobisaTvis<br />
aris gankuTv nili. maTi amocnoba ar gagiWirdebaT, radgan TiToeuli<br />
maTgani wignSi Sesabamisi simboloTi (logoTi) aris aRniSnuli:<br />
6<br />
individualuri<br />
samuSao<br />
wyvilebSi samuSao<br />
jgufSi samuSao<br />
gaakeTeT daskvna<br />
cdis Catareba sif rTxi les<br />
moiTxovs!<br />
daakvirdiT!<br />
proeqti<br />
es sainteresoa!<br />
fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis<br />
(SedarebiT rTuli jgufuri<br />
saklaso samuSao)<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
gaiTvaliswineT!<br />
kiTxvebi
sityva `fizika~ ( `fiuzis~)<br />
berZnulad bunebas niSnavs<br />
da pirvelad is Zv. w. IV saukuneSi<br />
berZeni filosofosis<br />
aristoteles SromebSi<br />
gaCnda. uzarmazaria aristoteles<br />
mecnieruli memkvidreoba:<br />
misi Sromebi moicavs<br />
isto rias, politikas, astronomias,<br />
biologias, fizikas,<br />
lo gikas, eTikas, fsiqologias,<br />
poetikas da sxv.<br />
ganuzomeli iyo aristoteles<br />
avtoriteti saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. mis moZ-<br />
Rvrebas eklesiac ki aRiarebda da masSi odnavi eWvis<br />
Semtans inkvizicia sikvdiliT sjida. jer kidev Cv.<br />
w.1500 wels ambobdnen: `swavlu li rom iyo, aristotele<br />
unda icode zepirad. misi gageba aucilebeli<br />
araa, magram masSi daeWveba mkrexelobaa.~ saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi cota vinmes Tu eyo siTamame, rom<br />
aristoteles moZ Rvre bis sawinaaR mdego azri gamoeTqva…<br />
mxolod me-17 saukuneSi didma italielma mecnierma<br />
galileo galileim gabeda da eWvi Seitana aristoteles<br />
mTeli rigi Sexedulebebis WeSmaritebaSi.<br />
galileis mTavari dasayrdeni ama Tu im Teoriis WeSmaritebis<br />
damtkicebaSi eqsperimentuli kvleva iyo,<br />
maSin, roca aristotele bunebis movlenebis mxolod<br />
aRweriT Semoifargleboda da mis Sexedulebebs eqsperimentulad<br />
ganmtkicebuli safuZveli ar hqonda.<br />
`mecnierebaSi erTi ubralo cdiT dasabuTeba bevrad<br />
metad fasobs, vidre aTasi avtoriteti erTad~<br />
_ ambobda galilei, Tavis legendarul cdebs atarebda<br />
(romelTa monawilec male Tavad gaxdebiT) da<br />
<strong>fizikis</strong> istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc eqsperimentuli<br />
<strong>fizikis</strong> fuZemdebeli. am wignis furclebze xSirad<br />
SexvdebiT galileosa da aristoteles `kamaTs~ , eqsperimentisa<br />
da Teoriuli kvlevis dapirispirebas da<br />
SeityobT kidec, vis mxareze iqneba simarTle...<br />
Tema I<br />
<strong>saubari</strong><br />
<strong>fizikis</strong><br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong><br />
7
1.1<br />
8<br />
fizika _<br />
mecniereba bunebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong><br />
dReidan Tqven <strong>fizikis</strong> Seswavlas iwyebT da, albaT, giCndebaT kiTxvebi:<br />
ra aris fizika? ras Seiswavlis is? ra saWiroa misi codna?<br />
cxadia, yvela kiTxvaze pasuxs erTbaSad ver miiRebT, TandaTanobiT ki _<br />
aucileblad. jerjerobiT daviwyoT imiT, rom fizika TqvenTvis arc ise ucxoa,<br />
rogorc ggoniaT: bevri ram, rac <strong>fizikis</strong> sferodanaa, Tqven bunebismetyvelebis<br />
gakveTilebze iswavleT. ukve iciT, rom TviT sityva fizikac bunebas niSnavs<br />
da is, rogorc bunebismetyvelebis erT-erTi dargis aRmniSvneli termini,<br />
pirvelad berZenma filosofosma aristotelem gamoiyena Zv. w. IV saukuneSi.<br />
`filosofia~ sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs da rogorc mecniereba, im droindeli<br />
samyarosaTvis misawvdomi codnis yvela sferos moi cavda. mogvianebiT<br />
ki, roca bunebaze dakvirvebis Sede gad uzar mazari codna dagrovda,<br />
filosofias gamoeyo cal ke uli mec ni ere bebi, romlebic garkveuli niSniT<br />
gaer Tianebul bunebriv movlenebs, anu bunebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs, Seiswavlidnen.<br />
ase gaCnda bunebis Semswavleli sxvadasxva mecnierebebi: fizika,<br />
qimia, biologia, geografia, astronomia.<br />
(gaixseneT, romel bunebriv movlenebs icnobT? romel maTgans Seiswavlis<br />
bio logia? geografia? astronomia?)<br />
sur. 1. wylis vardna, elva fizikuri movlenebia<br />
bunebaSi mimdinare uamravi movle nidan fizika mxolod nawils, fizikur<br />
mov lenebs Seiswavlis. aseTebia, mag.: CanCqeridan wylis vardna, caze<br />
cisartyelas warmoqmna, wvima, Tovli, elva, TviTmfrinavis moZraoba, wylis<br />
duRili, aorTqleba, magnitis mier rkinis mizidva da a. S. erTi sityviT,<br />
Znelad Tu moZebniT bunebaSi movlenas, romlis axsnasac <strong>fizikis</strong> kanonebi<br />
ar udevs safuZvlad.<br />
fizikas gansakuT rebu li ad gi li uWi ravs sxva sa bu nebis metyvelo mecniere<br />
bebs Soris, radgan isini <strong>fizikis</strong> ga reSe bevr mov lenas ver axsnidnen. mag.,<br />
geografiaSi fizi kis kanone biT xsnian, ratom miedineba mdina reebi, rogor<br />
warmo iSoba qari, ra tom xdeba miwis Zvrebi.<br />
astronomebi Seis wav lian ciur sxe ulebs, mag ram mxolod <strong>fizikis</strong> dax marebiT<br />
SeuZliaT, gas cen pasuxi kiT xvebs: rogor anaTebs varskvla ve bi? ratom moZraoben<br />
planetebi mzis gar Se mo, ratom aris mTvare deda miwis Tanam gzav ri.<br />
swored fizika exma reba bio logebs, ax snan, rogor moZraoben cxovelebi,<br />
rogor gamoscemen isini bgerebs da rogor ismenen maT, rogor aris mowyobili<br />
mxedve lobis organo ebi da a. S.
fizika _ mecniereba bunebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> 1.1.<br />
aRsaniSnavia qimiisa da <strong>fizikis</strong> mWidro urTierTkavSiric,<br />
radgan xSirad fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
movlenebi erTdroulad mimdinareobs.<br />
<strong>fizikis</strong> gareSe warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove<br />
teqnikis ganviTarebac: <strong>fizikis</strong> kanonebis daxmarebiT<br />
iqmneba sxva dasxva daniSnulebis manqanebi,<br />
romlebic adamians fizikur da gonebriv Sro mas umsubuqebs<br />
(SegiZliaT, daasaxeloT romelime maTgani?<br />
gaixseneT, raSi iyeneben fizikas medicinaSi)<br />
da mainc, ra saWiroa <strong>fizikis</strong> codna TqvenTvis?<br />
yuradRebiT daakvirdiT sur.2-s da aRwereT, ras<br />
xedavT masze.<br />
diax, es sapnis buStebia. cxadia, arc Tqven<br />
da arc Tqvens Tanatols, romelic ase xa lisiT sur. 2.<br />
beravs maT, eWvi odnavac ki ar geparebaT, rom isini mxolod da mxolod<br />
sapnis brWyvi ala buStebia da meti ara feri! arada, mecnierTa uzarmazari<br />
armia swav lobs am buS te bis Tvisebebs da swored Txeli afskebis fi zika (sap nis<br />
buStic xom Txeli afskia!) gaxda safuZveli Tanamedrove mikroeleq tro nikisa,<br />
romlis miRwevebsac iye neben dRes sa yo facxov rebo teqnikasa da samedicino<br />
apara tu ra Si, ra diosa da televiziaSi, kom piuterSi, tele fon Si da a.S.<br />
ase rom, samyaroze Tqvens warmodgenebsa da mis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> mecnierebis mier<br />
mopovebul codnas Soris didi uf skru lia... swored fizika dagexmarebaT<br />
bunebis mravali saidum los amoxsnaSi, gaswavliT dak vir vebas, fiqrs da<br />
damer wmuneT, rom Tqven SeZlebT ubralo sag nebSi, Cveulebriv movlenebSi<br />
mTeli samyaro dainaxoT... odesme ki iqneb Tqvenc gxvdeT wilad axali aRmoCenis,<br />
axali gamogonebis bedniereba.<br />
gaqvT ki amis survili? maS, gadaSaleT wigni!<br />
sur. 3. 1999 w. 23-28 ivlisi. orbitalur sadgur “vbh”-ze warmatebiT ganxorcielda qarTvel<br />
mecnierTa mier Seqmnili kosmosuri antena-refleqtoris dadgma, romelsac mTeli msoflio<br />
sulganabuli adevnebda Tvals. es qarTvel mecni erTa udidesi gamarjveba iyo.<br />
moamzadeT prezentaciisTvis Tema:<br />
1. `<strong>fizikis</strong> gansakuTrebuli roli sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs<br />
Soris~.<br />
2. `fizika Cvens yofa-cxovrebaSi~.<br />
9
1.2<br />
10<br />
fizikuri sxeuli. nivTiereba.<br />
fizikuri movlena<br />
mimoixedeT garSemo da CamoTvaleT Tqven<br />
irgvliv arsebuli sagnebi.<br />
daakvirdiT TiToeul maTgans da SeecadeT<br />
gamoicnoT, ris ganaa isini damzadebuli.<br />
fizikuri movlenebis Ses wavlisas fizika saku<br />
Tar, <strong>fizikis</strong> enas iyenebs: bunebaSi arsebul<br />
nebis mi er sagans fizikuri sxeu li an ubra lod,<br />
sxeuli ewo deba, xolo imas, ris ganac sxeulia<br />
damzadebuli an, rogorc amboben, risganac sxeuli<br />
Sedgeba _ nivTi ere ba.<br />
fizikaSi zogierTi amocanis ganxilvisas WurWelSi Cas xmuli wyali,<br />
cisternaSi moTavsebuli navTi, balonSi CatvirTuli Jangbadi da a.<br />
S. ganixileba, rogorc sxeuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom wyali, navTi,<br />
Jangbadi nivTierebebia.<br />
dafiqrdiT<br />
ra niSniT ganasxvavebT sxeuls nivTierebisgan?<br />
sur.1. oqros lomi. Zv. w. III<br />
aTawleulis meore naxevari. aRmo-<br />
Cenilia wnoris yorRanSi.<br />
dafiqrdiT: oqro sxeulia Tu niv-<br />
Tiereba? oqros lomi?<br />
dafiqrdiT<br />
CamoTvlilTagan romeli sityva aRniSnavs fizikur sxeuls, romeli<br />
_ nivTierebas da SeavseT cxrili:<br />
tyvia, relsi, mTvare, spirti, makrateli, magida, carci, TviTmfrinavi,<br />
navTobi, mze, magniti, kaproni, planeta, vercxli, meteori, qaRaldi,<br />
traqtori,zeTis wveTi, haeri, wyali, rkina, asfalti, wylis wveTi,<br />
ze Ti, vercxlis beWedi.<br />
fizikuri sxeulebia: nivTierebaa:<br />
ar CaweroT wignSi<br />
gaixseneT, rom bunebaSi yovelgvar cvlilebas movlena ewodeba da<br />
daa saxeleT fizikuri movlenebis magaliTebi. dafiqrdiT: ra icvle ba<br />
Tqven mier dasaxelebul fizikur movlenebSi? SeavseT cxrili:<br />
fizikuri movlena ra Seicvala?<br />
Seicvala Tu ara<br />
nivTiereba?<br />
ar CaweroT wignSi<br />
maS ase, fizikur movlenebSi nivTiereba ar icvleba. nivTierebaTa<br />
gardaqmnebs da am gardaqmnaTa Tanmxleb movlenebs qimia Seiswavlis.
fizikuri sxeuli. nivTiereba. fizikuri movlena 1.2.<br />
imsjeleT, rogori movlenebia gamosaxuli suraTebze. axseniT, ratom<br />
fiqrobT ase.<br />
gaixseneT: sxvadasxva nivTierebebs gansxvavebuli fizikuri Tvisebebi aqvs.<br />
mag., zogi nivTiereba denis kargi gamtaria, zogi advilad orTqldeba, zogi<br />
siTbos ukeT inarCunebs da a.S.<br />
fizika, fizikuri movlenebis garda, nivTierebaTa fizikur Tvisebebsac Seiswav<br />
lis. nivTierebaTa Tvise bebis codna ki sa Sualebas gvaZlevs, isini Cvens<br />
sasar geb lod gamoviye noT, zogjer ki usiamovno SemTxv e vebic avici loT<br />
Tavidan.<br />
mag., cnobilia, rom temperaturis momatebiT sxeu lis moculoba izrdeba.<br />
swored amas iTvaliswineben liandagze relsebis dagebisas da relsebs Soris<br />
Suale debs toveben. rogor fiqrobT, ratom iqcevian ase?<br />
moifiqreT sxva SemTxvevebi, roca nivTierebaTa Tvise bebis winaswari codna<br />
gexmarebaT safrTxis Tavidan acilebaSi.<br />
Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi uamravi movlena xdeba, romlis-<br />
Tvisac aqamde SeiZleba yurad Reba arc ki migiqceviaT. mag., roca<br />
diliT wyals aaduRebT, fin janSi CaasxamT, CayriT masSi yavas, Saqars<br />
da siamov ne biT mi ir TmevT, cxadia, arc ki fiqrobT, rom amaso baSi<br />
bevr fi zi kur movlenaze SeiZleboda dakvirveba.<br />
erTi sityviT, daakvirdiT da aRmoaCineT Tqven garSemo mimdinare<br />
uamravi movlena. aRwereT, rogor mimdinareobs isini da SeecadeT<br />
gaarkvioT, romeli maTgania fizikuri movlena. es Tqveni pirveli<br />
kvleva iqneba, romelsac fizikaSi CaatarebT da imedia, Zalian bevr<br />
sa intereso da aqamde TqvenTvis `uCinar~ movlenas Tavi dan aRmoaCenT.<br />
SeajameT kvlevis Sedegebi da warmoadgineT klasis winaSe<br />
prezentacia Temaze: `fizika, romliTac dRe iwyeba~<br />
11
1.3 rogor Seiswavlian fizikur<br />
movlenebs<br />
12<br />
gadaiwereT mocemuli winadadebebi rveulSi. wertilebis nacvlad CasviT<br />
saWiro sityvebi: Tbil SenobaSi yinuli ................; yinvis dros<br />
gubeebSi wyali ................; magniti rkinis sxeulebs .............; wvimis<br />
Semdeg caze zog jer ....................... Cndeba; wyalSi SegviZlia sakuTari<br />
.................... davinaxoT; mzian dRes gaumWvirvale sagans ................<br />
aqvs; Tu qvas xels gavuSvebT, igi dedamiwaze ................ .<br />
Turme ramdeni ram gcodniaT fizikaSi? gaixseneT, kidev romel movlenaze<br />
gicdiaT dakvirveba?<br />
sur.1. `mecnierebaSi erTi<br />
ub ra lo cdiT dasabuTeba<br />
bev rad metad fasobs, vidre<br />
aTa si avtoriteti erTad~.<br />
gali leo galilei.<br />
1564-1642 ww.<br />
cda II<br />
diax, bevri movlenis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> codna adamianma<br />
dakvir vebis Sedegad miiRo. mecnierebic dakvirvebiT<br />
iwyeben ucnobi movlenis Seswavlas, Semdeg isini<br />
gamoT qvamen varauds, hipoTezas da cdiloben axsnan,<br />
ratom xdeba esa Tu is movlena, rogor warimarTeba<br />
SemdgomSi igi, ra moh yveba mas da a. S. Tumca xSirad<br />
movlenis Sesas wav lad mxo lod masze d a kvir veba<br />
sak ma ri si ar aris, amitom mec nierebi cdas, eqsperiments<br />
atareben da mov lenis kvleva-Ziebas xe lov -<br />
nurad Seq mnil pirobebSi agrZeleben.<br />
fizikas eqsperimentul mec nierebas uwodeben,<br />
radgan bune bis movlenebze dak virvebebis Sedegad<br />
gamoTqmuli hipoTezis WeSmaritebas mec ni e rebi auci<br />
leblad eqsperimentis sa SualebiT amow meben. Tu<br />
eqsperimentiT hipoTezis WeSmariteba damtkicdeba,<br />
es ukve axal aRmoCenaze miuTiTebs! mecnierebis istoria<br />
uamrav SemTxvevas icnobs, roca saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi aRi arebuli Sexedulebebi cdiT ar dadasturda. SemdgomSi Cven<br />
bevr aseT faqts gavecnobiT. axla ki CavataroT cdebi, raTa davrwmundeT,<br />
ramdenad aucilebelia Cven mier gamoTqmuli varaudis (romlis WeSmaritebaSic<br />
xSirad eWvi ar gvepareba)eqsperimentulad Semowmeba.<br />
cda I<br />
plastmasis ori erTnairi carieli boTli iatakidan erTnair<br />
simaRleze aswieT. gamoTqviT varaudi: romeli boTli davardeba<br />
ufro swrafad, Tu maT erTdroulad gauSvebT xels?<br />
CaatareT cda da SeamowmeT: gamarTlda Tu ara Tqveni varaudi?<br />
aavseT erTi boTli wyliT.<br />
savse da carieli boTlebi iatakidan kvlav erTnair simaRleze<br />
aswieT. gamoTqviT varaudi: romeli boTli davardeba ufro<br />
swrafad, Tu maT erT dro ulad gauSvebT xels?<br />
SeamowmeT eqsperimentulad: gamarTlda Tu ara Tqveni varaudi?<br />
nu gagikvirdebaT, aseT Secdomas TviT aristotelec uSvebda!
aristotele amtkicebda, rom msubuqi sxeuli<br />
ufro nela vardeba, vidre mZime, galileo<br />
galileim ki mis mtkicebaSi eWvi Se itana: `...rogor<br />
moiqceva vardnisas ori sxe uli, msubuqi da<br />
mZi me, Tu maT erTad Sev kravT?~ _ dasva SekiTxva<br />
gali leim da msje lo b a ganagrZo (wertilebis<br />
nacvlad igulisxme sityvebi: `nela~ an `swrafad~):<br />
`Tu msubuqi sxeuli ufro nela vardeba, vidre<br />
mZime, maSin msubuqma sxeulma mZime sxeulis<br />
moZraoba unda Seanelos, amitom orive erTad<br />
ufro ................. daeSveba, vidre calke aRebuli<br />
mZime sxeuli. meore mxriv, erTad Sekruli ori<br />
sxeuli kidev ufro mZimea, vidre TiToeuli<br />
maTgani cal-calke. amitom erTad Sekruli<br />
rogor Seiswavlian fizikur movlenebs 1.3.<br />
sur.2. birTvebi galileim pizis ko-<br />
Skidan erTdroulad Camoagdo...<br />
orive sxeuli ufro ............... daeS veba, vidre calke aRebuli mZime sxeuli.<br />
gamodis, rom erTad Sekruli sxeulebis vardna erTsa da imave dros kidec<br />
neldeba da kidec Cqardeba, rac SeuZlebelia. gamosavali mxolod erTia:<br />
unda vivaraudoT, rom sxeulebis vardnis dro maT simZimeze damokidebuli<br />
ar aris~.<br />
galilei mixvda, rom sxeulebis vardnaze Sesam Cnev gavlenas ax denda haeri,<br />
e. i. eqsperimenti sxvadasxva sim Zimis, magram erTnairi for mis sxeulebze<br />
unda Cata rebuliyo, raTa haers Tavisi `Sesworeba“ ar Seetana mov lenis<br />
mimdinareobaSi. am varaudis dasamtkiceblad mecnierma <strong>fizikis</strong> istoriaSi<br />
pirveli eqsperimenti Caatara da swored amitom is eqspe rimentuli <strong>fizikis</strong><br />
fuZemdeblad iTvleba. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ori erTnairi formisa da zomis,<br />
magram sxvadasxva simZimis (80 kg-iani da 200 g-iani) birTvi galileim pizis<br />
daxrili koSkidan erTdroulad Camoagdo... orive birTvi erTdroulad<br />
daeca dedamiwaze! (am cdis animaciis naxva SegiZliaT internetSi, misamarTze:<br />
http://physics-animations.com/Physics/English/pisa_tmp.htm.<br />
am eqsperimentiT galileim sabolood daamtkica, rom sxeulTa vardnis<br />
dro ar aris damokidebuli sxe ul Ta simZimeze. es rom namdvilad asea, amaSi<br />
Tqvenc advilad darwmun de biT, Tu aseT cdas CaatarebT: aiReT qaRaldis ori<br />
erTnairi furceli da erTi daW muWneT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom furclebis<br />
sim Zime erTnairia da gamoTqviT varaudi: erTdroulad daecema Tu ara orive<br />
furceli iatakze, Tu maT erTsa da imave simaRleze aswevT da orive maTgans<br />
erT dro ulad gauSvebT xels? CaatareT cda da SeamowmeT: gamarTlda Tu<br />
ara Tqveni varaudi? ratom? Tqveni azriT, ra aris amis mizezi?<br />
warmoidgineT, rom furclebze cdas uhaero sivrceSi, va ku umSi, atarebT.<br />
rogor fiqrobT, cdis Sedegi iseTive iqneba Tu ara? ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
es ukve hipoTezaa _ varaudi, azri, romlis WeSmarite basac damtkiceba unda.<br />
am hipoTezis damtkiceba eqsperimentiT verc galileim SeZlo, radgan im<br />
dros ar arsebobda saSualeba, romliTac vakuums Seqmnidnen.<br />
aseTi eqsperimenti mogvianebiT genialurma ingliselma fizikosma isaak<br />
niutonma Caatara: man minis grZel milSi oqros moneta da bumbuli moaTavsa,<br />
milidan haeri amotumba da mili gad moabruna... orive sxeuli milis fskerze<br />
erTdroulad daeSva!<br />
13
1.4<br />
diax, dakvirvebebi da cdebis Catareba TiTqmis yovel Tvis fizikuri<br />
sidideebis gazomvebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebic raodenobrivad axasiaTeben<br />
fizikur movlenebsa da sxeulTa fizikur Tvisebebs.<br />
fizikuri sididea yvelaferi, ris gazomvac SeiZleba, mag., fizikuri sidideebia<br />
manZili, dro, masa, farTobi, moculoba da a. S.<br />
fizikur sidides aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba da erTeuli: mag., vTqvaT, gazomvis<br />
Sedegad miiRes, rom sxeulis moZraobis dro 10 wm-ia. am CanawerSi `10~ _<br />
drois ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa, `wm~ ki _ drois erTeulis, wamis, Semoklebuli<br />
aRniSvna.<br />
fizikuri sididis ricxviTi mniSvneloba erTeulis arCevazea damokidebuli,<br />
mag., Tu magidis sigrZe 1m-ia, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom is aseve 100 sm-is<br />
an 1000 mm-is tolia.<br />
fizikuri sididis erTeulebi<br />
jer kidev uZveles droSi gaCnda,<br />
roca adamianebs dasWirdaT gaezomaT<br />
dro, manZili, WurWlis<br />
moculoba, miwis nakveTis farTobi,<br />
sxvadasxva sxeulTa masebi. vaWrobis<br />
ganviTarebasTan erTad ufro da<br />
ufro aucilebeli xdeboda sxvadasxva<br />
sagnebis sigrZis, moculobis,<br />
masis Sedareba (rogor fiqrobT,<br />
ratom?).<br />
erTi da imave fizikuri sidideebis<br />
(mag., sxvadasxva sxeulis masebis<br />
an sigrZeebis) Sesadareb-<br />
14<br />
fizikuri sidideebi da maTi<br />
gazomva<br />
gaixseneT, rogor daamtkica galileo gali le im sxeulTa vardnaze<br />
aristoteles Sexedulebis mcdaroba? ra daaskvna man?<br />
warmoidgineT, rom galilei xarT da pizis koSkSi im legendarul<br />
cdas atarebT, romliTac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi WeSmaritebad<br />
miCneuli mosazreba unda gadaamowmoT.<br />
ar dagaviwydeT, rom aristotele udidesi avto ri te tia da arc<br />
ise advi lia, daarwmuno adamianebi misi Teoriis mcdarobaSi. Tqven<br />
zusti monacemebi gWirdebaT.<br />
rogor moiqceviT, raTa darwmundeT, rom birTvebi namdvi lad sxvadasxva<br />
simZimisa da zustad erTnairi for misaa, rom isini erTnairi<br />
simaR lidan mar Tlac erTsa da imave droSi Camocvivdnen miwaze?<br />
sur.1. feodalur saxelmwifoSi sig r Zis erTeulad<br />
mefis mkla vis sigr Ze iyo miCneuli. cxa dia, mefis<br />
SecvlasTan er Tad icv le bo da sazomi erT eu le bic.<br />
warmoidgineT, ra mox deboda, Tu sa xel mwi fo mokle<br />
droSi me fes ramden jer me Se icv lida. . .<br />
lad SemoiRes sazo mi erTeulebi,<br />
romelTac SemdgomSi sidideTa<br />
erTeulebi ewoda.<br />
istoriulad sxvadasxva qveyneb-<br />
Si erTi da imave sididis gansxvave
cxrili 1.1 metruli sistemis TavsarTebi<br />
fizikuri sidideebi da maTi gazomva 1.4.<br />
buli sazomi erTeuli gaCnda. mag., saqarTveloSi sigrZis Zalze gavrcelebuli<br />
sazomi iyo mtkaveli, romelic gaSlili xelis mtevnis neksa da cers Soris<br />
manZilis tolia. ru seTSi sigrZis erTeulad miRebuli iyo arSi ni _ manZili<br />
Sua TiTis wveridan idayvamde, holan diu ri duimi cera TiTis, xolo inglisuri<br />
futi fe xis terfis sigrZes utoldeboda. sxvadasxvagvari sazomi erTeulebi<br />
ara marto sxva dasxva qveynebs Soris savaWro urTierTobebs afer xebda, aramed<br />
erTi qveynis Signi Tac ki srul gaugebrobas qmnida (ratom?).<br />
msoflios civilizebulma qveynebma gadawyvites saerTaSoriso sazomi<br />
erTe ulebis SemuSaveba da 1793 wlis 1 agvistos Seiqmna kidec aseT sazom<br />
erTe ul Ta erToblioba _ sistema, romelSic sigrZis ZiriTad erTeulad metri<br />
iyo miiRebuli, xolo masis ZiriTad erTeulad _ kilogrami. erTeulTa am<br />
sistemas metruli sistema ewoda.<br />
metrul sistemaSi, garda ZiriTadi erTeulebisa, Sedis maTze 10-jer, 100-jer,<br />
1000-jer da.S. meti (naklebi) erTeulebi. maT aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba specialuri<br />
TavsarTebi.<br />
dasaxeleba aRniSvna mamravli dasaxeleba aRniSvna mamravli<br />
mega mg 1000 000 deci d 0,1<br />
kilo k<br />
1000 santi s 0,01<br />
heqto h 100 mili m 0,001<br />
deka dk 10 mikro mk 0,000 001<br />
mecnierebaSi dRes gamoiyeneba erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistema _ SI sistema<br />
(`Sistema Internationale”), romelic metruli sistemis safuZvelze Camoyalibda.<br />
SI sistemaSi sigrZis erTeulad miRebulia 1m, drois erTeulad _ 1wm, xolo<br />
masis erTeulad _1kg.<br />
SI sistemasTan erTad xSirad e. w. CGS sistemasac iyeneben, romelSic sigrZis<br />
erTeulad miRebulia 1sm, masis erTeulad _1g, drois erTeuli ki am<br />
sistemaSic 1wm-ia (swored am erTeulTa dasaxelebidan warmodgeba sistemis<br />
saxelwodebac: C-sm, G-g, S-wm)<br />
cxrili 1.2 fizikur sidideTa SI sistemis erTeulebi<br />
fizikuri SI sistemis<br />
sidide erTeuli<br />
aRniSvna erTeulebi, romlebic SI sistemas ar ekuTvnis<br />
sigrZe<br />
farTobi<br />
moculoba<br />
dro<br />
masa<br />
1metri 1m<br />
1kv. metri 1m 2<br />
1kub. metri 1m 3<br />
1wami 1wm<br />
1kilogrami 1kg<br />
1km = 1000m; 1dm = 0,1m; 1sm = 0,01m; 1mm = 0,001m<br />
1heqtari (ha) = 10 000m 2 ; 1ari = 100 m 2<br />
1 litri (l) = 0,001 m 3<br />
1 wT = 60 wm; 1 saaTi (sT) = 60 wT = 3600 wm<br />
1 tona = 1000 kg; 1 centneri (c) = 100 kg; 1grami (g) = 0,001kg<br />
15
1.5<br />
16<br />
I<br />
praqtikuli samuSao #1<br />
sxeulis moculobis gazomva<br />
Tqven ukve iciT, rom dakvirveba da cdebis Catareba TiTqmis<br />
yovel Tvis fizikuri sidi deebis gazo mvebTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
gazomvebs sxvadasxva gamzomi sa Sua le bebis _ xelsawyoebis<br />
daxmarebiT atareben. bevri maTgani TqvenTvis<br />
yovel dRiuri cxov rebidanaa nac nobi. mag., sigrZis gasazo<br />
mad sazom lentas an saxazavs iye ne ben, drois gasazomad<br />
saaTs, tem pe ra tu ras ki TermometriT zomaven.<br />
daaTvaliereT saskolo laboratoriaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva<br />
gamzomi xelsawyo da gaar kvieT gasa zomi fizikuri<br />
sididis erTe uli.<br />
daakvirdiT: gasazomi xelsawyoebis umravlesobas aqvs<br />
skala, romelzec miTiTebulia gasazomi fizikuri sididis<br />
erTeuli. skalaze Strixebs Soris danayofebia. TiToeul<br />
danayofs garkveuli ricxvi Seesabameba.<br />
skalaze or uaxloes Strixs Soris danayofis Sesabamis ricxvs danayofis<br />
fasi ewodeba.<br />
rogorc xedavT, ricxvebi yvela danayofs ar aweria, magram Tu<br />
danayofis fasi gecodinebaT, gasazom sidides advilad ipoviT.<br />
rogor gamoviangariSoT danayofis fasi?<br />
sur.1<br />
ganvixiloT Termometris skala, romelic gamosaxulia sur.1-ze:<br />
ipoveT skalaze ori uaxloesi xazi, romelsac ricxvebi aweria;<br />
gamoakeliT did ricxvs patara;<br />
gayaviT sxvaoba xazebs Soris danayofebis raodenobaze.<br />
swored miRebuli ricxvia Termometris danayofis fasi.<br />
gaarkvieT, ra temperaturas aCvenebs Termometri?<br />
gansazRvreT saxazavisa da menzuris danayofis fasi (sur.2; sur.3).<br />
sm sm<br />
sur.2 sur.3.<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5 sm 3<br />
fizikuri sididis maqsimalur<br />
mniSv nelobas, rom lis gazomvac<br />
SesaZlebelia moce muli xelsawyoTi,<br />
xel sawyos gazomvis zRva ri<br />
ewodeba.<br />
gansazRvreT Termometris gazomvis<br />
zRvari (sur.1.).
II<br />
praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis moculobis gazomva 1.5.<br />
samuSaos mizani: marTkuTxa paralelepipedis formis<br />
sxeulis moculobis gansazRvra<br />
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: marTkuTxa parale<br />
lepipedis formis sxeuli, saxaza vi<br />
b<br />
an sazomi lenti.<br />
samuSaos msvleloba:<br />
c<br />
gansazRvreT saxazavis (sazomi lentis)<br />
a<br />
danayofis fasi;<br />
a<br />
gazomeT paralelepipedis sigrZe (a), si- sur.4<br />
gane (b), simaRle (c).<br />
miTiTeba: sigrZis gasazomad saxazavis nulovani<br />
danayo fi SeuTavseT sxeulis erT<br />
bolos. danayofi, ro melic sxe ulis meore bo-<br />
b<br />
los SeuTavsdeba, sxe ulis sigrZes gvi Cvenebs<br />
(sur.4,a).<br />
miTiTeba: Tu sxeulis bolo arc erT danayofs ar SeuTavsdeba, maSin mis<br />
sigrZed miiReT im ori ricxvis saSualo ariT meti kuli, romelTa Sorisac<br />
meore bolo moTavs da (sur.4,b).<br />
gaixseneT marTkuTxa para lele pi pedis mocu lobis gamo saTvleli formula<br />
da gamoTvaleT paralelepipedis mocu lo ba.<br />
sigrZe a, sm sigane b, sm simaRle c, sm moculoba V, sm 3<br />
SeitaneT gazomvebisa da gamoTvlis Sedegebi I cxrilSi.<br />
gazomvas, rodesac saZiebeli fizikuri si di de uSualod xelsawyoTi<br />
izomeba, pirdapiri ga zo mva ewodeba.<br />
gazomvas, rodesac saZiebeli fizikuri sidide uSualod xelsawyoTi ki ar<br />
izo meba, aramed formuliT gamo ian gariSeba, arapirdapiri gazomva hqvia.<br />
III<br />
samuSaos mizani: arawesieri formis sxeulis<br />
moculobis gansazRvra<br />
cxrili I<br />
ar CaweroT wignSi<br />
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: menzura, arawesieri formis sxeuli (mag., qva),<br />
Zafi.<br />
samuSaos msvleloba:<br />
gansazRvreT menzuris danayofis fasi;<br />
CaasxiT TvalzomiT im raodenobis wyali menzuraSi, rom:<br />
a) menzuraSi CaSvebuli sxeuli daifaros;<br />
b) menzuraSi sxeulis CaSvebis Semdeg wylis done menzuris gazomvis<br />
zRvars ar ascdes.<br />
gansazRvreT menzuraSi Casxmuli wylis moculoba (V 1 ).<br />
17
1.5. praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis moculobis gazomva<br />
daakvirdiT sur. 5-s: wylis done<br />
men zuris kedlebTan aweulia. anaTvalis<br />
asa Re bad menzura Tvalis<br />
doneze daiWireT da anaT vali wylis zedapiris<br />
Sua na wi lis mixedviT aiReT.<br />
gamoabiT sxeuli (qva) Zafze da CauSviT<br />
wyalSi ise, rom wyalma is mTlianad dafaros.<br />
roca menzuraSi wylis done aiwevs,<br />
aiReT anaTvali menzuraze (V 2 ), romelic<br />
wylisa (V 1 ) da masSi CaSvebuli sxeulis (V)<br />
moculobaTa jamis tolia.<br />
gamoTvaleT sxeulis moculoba;<br />
SeitaneT gazomvebisa da gamoTvlis<br />
Sedegebi II cxrilSi.<br />
menzuris daxmarebiT gansazRvreT II samuSaoSi gamoyenebuli marT kuTxa<br />
parale le pipedis formis sxeulis moculoba da SeadareT arapirdapiri<br />
gazomvis Sedegs. gaiTvaliswineT: SeiZleba, parale le pipedi menzuraSi ar<br />
Caetios, amitom sanam am davalebas SeasrulebT,<br />
IV<br />
18<br />
sur.5.<br />
dafiqrdiT<br />
rogor ipoviT menzuris daxmarebiT:<br />
a) mo ce muli WurWlis (mag., Wiqis) moculobas;<br />
b) im sxeulis moculobas, romelic menzuraSi ar eteva?<br />
cxrili II<br />
wylis anaTvali menzuraze sxeulis moculoba<br />
moculoba V sm 1 3 sxeulis CaSvebis Semdeg V sm 2 3 V sm3 ar CaweroT wignSi<br />
samuSaos mizani: mcire sxeulebis gazomva<br />
mwkrivis meTodiT<br />
mcire sxeulebis zomebis dasadgenad specialuri xelsawyoebi (mag.,<br />
mikrometri) gamoiyeneba, magram maTi zomebis gansazRvra Cveulebrivi<br />
saxazaviTac SeiZleba, Tu mcire zomis erTnairi sxeulebi didi raodenobiT<br />
gvaqvs.<br />
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: minis grZeli mili an Rari, saxazavi milimetriani<br />
danayofebiT, 10-20 cali patara burTula (mag., mZivis marcvlebi),<br />
mavTuli.<br />
samuSaos msvleloba:<br />
moaTavseT mcire zomis bu r-<br />
Tulebi minis milSi an RarSi ise,<br />
sur.6.<br />
rom isini erTmaneTs mWidrod<br />
exebodes (burTulebis mwkrivi<br />
orive mxridan ise SemozRudeT,<br />
rom maT gadaadgileba ar SeeZloT)<br />
(sur.6).
gansazRvreT wris far-<br />
Tobi uj re debiani furclis<br />
daxmarebiT (sur.7). CaT valeT,<br />
rom erTi patara uj redis (kvadratis)<br />
gverdis sigrZe 1mm-ia.<br />
samuSaos msvleloba:<br />
a.<br />
gansazRvreT, ris tolia erTi patara<br />
ujredis (kvadratis) farTobi;<br />
daTvaleT patara ujre de bis<br />
ricxvi da gamoTvaleT wris farTobi mm 2 -iT.<br />
b.<br />
gansazRvreT, ris tolia erTi didi kvadratis farTobi (gaiTvaliswineT,<br />
rom didi kvadratis sigrZe 1 sm-ia);<br />
daTvaleT didi ujredebis ricxvi, ara sru li ujre de bi naxevrebad CaTvaleT<br />
da gansazRvreT wris farTo bi sm 2 sur.7<br />
-iT.<br />
SeadareT gamoTv le bis Sedegebi a. da b. SemTxvevebSi da gaakeTeT daskvna,<br />
razea damokidebuli fizikuri sididis ricxviTi mniSvneloba.<br />
g.<br />
gaixseneT formula, romliTac wris farTobi gamoiTvleba;<br />
gazomeT, ris tolia su raTze gamosa xu li wris di ametri jer mm-ebSi, Semdeg<br />
sm-ebSi da gamoTvaleT misi far Tobi formuliT.<br />
SeadareT gamoTvlis Sedegi pirdapiri gazomvis Sedegs a. da b. SemTxvevebSi.<br />
patara<br />
ujrede<br />
bis<br />
ricxvi<br />
n<br />
wris<br />
far<br />
Tobi S,<br />
mm 2<br />
wris<br />
diametri<br />
d, mm<br />
formuliT<br />
gamo<br />
Tvlili<br />
wris<br />
farTobi<br />
S, mm 2<br />
praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis moculobis gazomva 1.5.<br />
gazomeT saxazaviT mwkrivis sigrZe (l);<br />
gayaviT mwkrivis sigrZe burTulebis ricxvze (N) da gaigebT miaxloebiT<br />
erTi burTulis diametrs (d).<br />
mcire sxeulebis zomebis gazomvis am meTods mwkrivis meTods uwodeben.<br />
SeitaneT gazomvisa da gamoTvlis Sedegebi III cxrilSi.<br />
burTulis diametri<br />
V<br />
mwkrivSi burTulebis<br />
raodenoba N<br />
samuSaos mizani: farTobis gansazRvra<br />
pirdapiri gazomviT<br />
a. wris farTobis gansazRvra patara<br />
ujre de bis daxmarebiT:<br />
mTliani<br />
didi<br />
ujredebis<br />
ricxvi<br />
n<br />
mwkrivis sigrZe<br />
l, mm<br />
ara sruli<br />
didi<br />
ujrede<br />
bis<br />
ricxvi<br />
m<br />
wris<br />
far<br />
To bi<br />
S, sm 2<br />
diametri (sisqe)<br />
d = l / N, mm<br />
wris<br />
diametri<br />
d, sm<br />
cxrili III<br />
ar CaweroT wignSi<br />
cxrili IV<br />
b. wris farTobis gansazRvra didi ujre de bis<br />
daxmarebiT<br />
ar CaweroT wignSi<br />
formuliT<br />
gamo<br />
Tvlili<br />
wris<br />
farTobi<br />
S, sm 2<br />
19
20<br />
rogor warmoiSva metri<br />
feodalurma daqucmacebulobam mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa sazom sidideTa<br />
erTeulebis ganviTareba. yvela mmarTveli (mefe, mTavari, hercogi, Tavadi,<br />
grafi) Tavis pirdapir movaleobad Tvlida fizikuri sidideebis (masis,<br />
sigrZis, moculobis) sazomi sakuTari erTeulebi SemoeRo, rac ZiriTadad<br />
maTi dacarielebuli xazinis Sevsebas emsaxureboda. xdeboda isec, rom erTi<br />
da imave saxelwodebiT sxvadasxva sididis erTeuli mimoiqceoda, rac srul<br />
qaoss qmnida da sabolood xels uSlida mrewvelobis, vaWrobis, zRvaosnobis<br />
ganviTarebas. gasakviri ar aris, rom safrangeTis revoluciis dros, 1789<br />
wels, generaluri Stabis amomrCevelTa erT-erTi moTxovna swored zomisa<br />
da wonis erTeulTa sistemis mowesrigeba iyo.<br />
imdroindeli safrangeTis revoluciuri mTavrobis, konventis gadawyvetilebiT<br />
1793 wlis 1 agvistos sazomTa metruli sistema Seiqmna.<br />
metruli sistemis erT-erTi avtori da am sistemis praqtikaSi danergvis<br />
komisiis Tavmjdomare iyo frangi ma Te matikosi,<br />
fizikosi da astronomi p. lap la si.<br />
mas kargad esmoda, rom sigrZis er Te u lad<br />
romelime nacionaluri erTeulis Se mota<br />
na (mag., franguli tuazis, inglisuri<br />
iar dis, rusuli saJenis da a. S.) garkveul<br />
uxerxulobas Seqmnida saerTaSoriso ur-<br />
Ti erTobebSi. saWiro iyo iseTi erTeulis<br />
Se motana, romelic yvela saxelmwifosTvis<br />
erTnairad misaRebi iqneboda.<br />
im droisTvis laplass Tavisi astronomiuli<br />
kvlevisTvis dedamiwis meridianis gazomva<br />
esa Wiroeboda.cxadia, laplasma kargad ico-<br />
da, rom kvlevisTvis saWiro uzarmazar Tanxebs<br />
mTavroba ar gaiRebda da amitom aseTi<br />
dip lomatiuri svla gaakeTa: 1791 wlis 25 marts nacionalur krebas warudgina<br />
pro eqti, romelSic is dabejiTebiT amtkicebda, rom sigrZis erTeulad unda<br />
aerCiaT erTi metri _ parizze gamavali meridianis meoTxedis (CrdiloeT<br />
polusidan ekvatoramde) 1/10 000 000 nawili (sur.1).<br />
laplasma moaxerxa krebis darwmuneba<br />
da miiRo kidec dafinaseba im eqspediciisa,<br />
romelsac unda gaezoma meridiani diunker<br />
ksa da barselonas Soris. meridianis<br />
sigrZis gazomva urTules pirobebSi<br />
mimdinareobda: eqspediciis wevrebi orjer<br />
Cavardnen espaneTSi tyved. maT<br />
sakuTari sicocxlis riskis fasad mainc<br />
moaxerxes gazomvebis Sedegebis gadarCena<br />
da Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad 1799<br />
sur.2. `arqivis metri~<br />
sur.1<br />
wels damzadda sigrZis etaloni: 25 mm<br />
siganis, 4 mm sisqisa da 1 m sigrZis pla
sur.3.es xis naWdevebiani joxi sigrZis erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli sazomia, romelsac Zvel egvipteSi<br />
iyenebdnen. joxis sigrZe (52,4 sm) faraonis mklavis sigrZes utoldeboda.<br />
ti nis Rero (sur. 2). es etaloni safrangeTis nacionalur arqivSia daculi<br />
da mas `arqivis metri~ hqvia. arqivis metrze amotvifrulia warwera: `yvela<br />
droisTvis, yvela xalxisTvis.~<br />
es devizi winaswarmetyveluri<br />
aR moCnda: metruli sistema<br />
msof lios yvela civilizebulma<br />
qve yanam aRiara (dResdReobiT 1<br />
metrad miRebulia vakuumSi sinaT<br />
lis mier wamis 1/299 792 458<br />
na wilSi gavlili manZili).<br />
erTi sityviT, metruli<br />
sistemis Camoyalibebas Zalze<br />
saintereso istoria aqvs da Tu<br />
Tqvenc daga interesebT, moi-<br />
ZieT in for macia metris warmoSobis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong> inter netSi:<br />
sur.4. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi safrangeTSi<br />
metrTan erTad masisa da moculobis sazomebi<br />
SemoiRes.<br />
www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metre<br />
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi<br />
safrangeTSi metrTan erTad<br />
masisa da moculobis sazomi<br />
erTeulebi SemoiRes: kilogrami da litri. 1 litri wylis is moculobaa,<br />
romelic 10 sm sigrZis wibos mqone kubis formis<br />
WurWels avsebda, xolo erTi litri wylis<br />
ma sa 1kg-ad iqna miC ne uli.<br />
SemdgomSi daamzades masis etalonic. kilogramis<br />
etaloni platina-iridiumis Senadnobisgan<br />
damzadebuli cilindria, romlis simaRle<br />
da diametri 39 mm-ia (sur. 5). etaloni<br />
safrangeTSi, q. sevrSi inaxeba.<br />
moipoveT informacia, romel sazom erTeulebs<br />
iyenebdnen Zvelad saqarTveloSi (raSic<br />
Zalian dagexmareba sulxan - sabas leqsikoni)<br />
da warmoadgineT Tanaklaselebis winaSe<br />
prezentacia Temaze: `Zveli sazomi erTeulebi<br />
saqarTveloSi~.<br />
sur. 5<br />
21
I Temis damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi<br />
1. qvemoT CamoTvlili sityvebidan romeli aRniSnavs fizikur movlenas,<br />
romeli _ fi zikur sxeuls da romeli _ niv Tierebas?<br />
TviTmfrinavi, spilenZi, wvima, kalami, faifuri, rkina, mTvare, magida,<br />
mexi, pla ne ta, Wiqa, duRili, vertmfreni, qari, nisli, vercxliswyali.<br />
2. dedamiwis radiusi 6400 km-ia. gamosaxeT es manZili m-iT da sm-iT.<br />
3. savse mTvare caze yoveli 29,5 dRe-Ramis Semdeg Cndeba. gamosaxeT es dro<br />
saaTebSi, wuTebSi.<br />
4. saqarTvelos farTobi 69500 km 2 -ia. gamosaxeT igi m 2 -iT, sm 2 -iT da heq tro biT.<br />
5. gamoTvaleT oTaxis moculoba, Tu misi sigrZea 3 m, sigane _2 m, xolo<br />
simaRle _2,8 m. gamosaxeT moculoba sm 3 -iT da km 3 -iT.<br />
6. wylis zedapirze 1m 3 moculobis navTobis daRvris Sedegad 0,000025 m<br />
sisqis navTobis fena warmoiqmna. gamoTvaleT, ra farTobs daikavebs wylis<br />
zedapirze daRvrili navTobi?<br />
7. fexburTis burTis diametri 22 sm-ia. diametri gamosaxeT decimetriT,<br />
milimetriT da metriT.<br />
8. SeasruleT saWiro gazomvebi da gaigeT aguris moculoba. moculoba<br />
gamosaxeT sm 3 -iT, dm 3 -iT, m 3 -iT.<br />
9. gaigeT <strong>fizikis</strong> wignis ydis farTobi da gamosaxeT igi sm 2 -iT, dm 2 -iT, m 2 -iT.<br />
10. celsiusis Termometri, romelsac msof lios yvela qveynis samecniero<br />
kvlevebSi iye ne ben, 1742 wels Svedma mecni erma<br />
cel siusma Seqmna. garda am Termometrisa,<br />
aSS-sa da did brita neTSi temperaturis<br />
gasazomad tra diciulad iye neben faren haitis<br />
Termometrsac, romelic 1714 wels ger ma neli<br />
fizikosis d. farenhaitis mier iyo Semo-<br />
Rebuli. daakvirdiT, sur. 1-ze gamosaxul<br />
Termo metr ze temperaturis ori skalaa:<br />
22<br />
celsiusisa da faren haitis (sur.1).<br />
gansazRvreT TiToeuli skalis danayofis<br />
fasi.<br />
gansazRvreT TiToeuli skalis gazomvis maqsi ma luri da minimaluri<br />
zRvari.<br />
ra temperaturas aCvenebs TiToeuli Termo met ri?<br />
celsiusis skalaze temperatura 0 0 C -ia. ra temperatura Seesabameba mas<br />
faren haitis skalaze?<br />
11. dagegmeT, rogor ipoviT: a) monetis sisqes (sur.2);<br />
b) mavTulis sisqes (sur.3).<br />
sur. 3.<br />
sur.1.<br />
sur. 2.<br />
g) wveTis moculobas<br />
d) Tqveni xelis mtevnis farTobs (miTiTeba: xeli<br />
dade ujredebiani rveulis furcelze da SemoxazeT<br />
konturi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom TiToeuli<br />
ujris farTobi 25 mm 2 -ia).
gaixseneT: ras Seiswavlis fizika?<br />
fizikuri movlenebisa da sxeulTa Tvisebebis Seswavla<br />
gulisxmobs ara marto maT aRweras da maTze<br />
dakvirvebas, aramed maT axsnasac.<br />
mag., gifiqriaT, ratom aris wyali `sveli~? ratom<br />
aris haeris Se kumS va advili, xolo wyli sa da<br />
myari sxeulisa _ SeuZlebeli? ratomaa ga xurebuli<br />
rkinis naWris gaRunva uf ro ioli, vidre civis? ratom<br />
icvlis zogi sxeuli formas advilad, zogi ki<br />
_ Zne lad?<br />
am da bevr sxva kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas mogvianebiT<br />
SeZlebT, roca niv Tierebis age bu le bas gaecnobiT.<br />
nivTierebis agebulebis codna gvexmareba, ara marto<br />
avxsnaT mra va li fizikuri movlena, aramed vi wi naswarmetyveloT<br />
kidec, ro gor warimarTeba igi. swored<br />
am codnis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis<br />
axsna, maTi gamoyeneba Cvens sasargeblod da<br />
aseve sruliad axali nivTierebebis Seqmnac.<br />
naturaluri kau Cuki tropikuli xis<br />
heveas wvenia.<br />
iciT Tu ara, rom naturaluri kau Cuki tropikuli<br />
xis, heveas, wvenia?<br />
xelovnuri kauCuki ki mecnierebis meS veo biT Seiqmna.<br />
aseve xelovnuradaa Seqmnili uamravi masala, romelTac<br />
farTod gamoiyeneben medicinaSi, teqnikasa da<br />
yofa-cxovrebaSi, mag,. aseTebia: plastmasebi, kaproni,<br />
neiloni, cecxlgamZle masalebi da a. S.<br />
Tema II<br />
nivTierebis<br />
agebuleba<br />
23
2.1<br />
risgan Sedgeba nivTiereba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas jer kidev 25 saukunis<br />
wi naT berZeni filosofosebi Seecadnen. demokritem, romelic Zv. w.<br />
460-370 wlebSi cxov robda, gamoTqva ucnauri hipoTeza, rom sxeulebi mxolod<br />
gveCveneba mTliani, si namd vi leSi isini calkeuli umciresi nawilakebisagan<br />
Sedgeba. misi azriT, mxolod am hipoTeziT aixsneboda, ratom orTqldeba<br />
wyali, ratom vrceldeba suni, ra tom pataravdeba lodi, Tu mas didi xnis<br />
manZilze zRvis talRebi exlebian...<br />
modiT, CavataroT cdebi da maTi Sedegebis mixedviT vimsjeloT<br />
demokrites hipoTezis WeSmaritebaze.<br />
24<br />
nivTierebis agebuleba<br />
cda I<br />
CaagdeT cecxlgamZle minis Wur WelSi<br />
(mag., kolbaSi) iodis mcire kristali da<br />
Wur Wels Ta vi mWidrod dauceT.<br />
CaamagreT WurWeli Stativis TaTSi da<br />
SeaT beT spirt quris alze. ra moxda?<br />
daakvirdiT gacivebuli kolbis kedels.<br />
ras amC nevT?<br />
gamoTqviT varaudi, ratom moxda ase?<br />
rogor fiqrobT, cdis Sedegis mixedviT<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara mtkiceba, rom demokrites hipoTeza WeSmaritia?<br />
cda II<br />
sami erTnairi minis WurWeli erT<br />
donemde SeavseT wyliT.<br />
aiReT iodis mcire kristali da pirvel<br />
WurWelSi CaagdeT.<br />
daakvirdiT mcire drois ganmavlobaSi:<br />
Seferadda Tu ara wyali mTlianad?<br />
pipetiT amoiReT Seferadebu li wyali da gadaitaneT meore Wur-<br />
WelSi. ra SeamCnieT? axseniT, ratom moxda ase?<br />
amoiReT pipetiT meore Wur Wli dan Seferadebuli wyali da gadaitaneT<br />
mesame WurWelSi. Seferadda Tu ara masSi wyali?<br />
dafiqrdiT:<br />
niSnavs Tu ara cdis Sedegebi, rom:<br />
a) iodis kristali, romelic mTliani gveCveneba, calkeuli umciresi<br />
nawilakebisgan Sedgeba;<br />
b) wylis Tundac Zalian mcire ulufaSi (rogoricaa, mag., pipetiT<br />
amoRebuli wylis moculoba) iodis Semadgeneli nawilakebi didi<br />
raodenobiTaa;<br />
g) nivTierebis umciresi nawi la ke bi niv Ti e re bis Tvisebebs inarCuneben?<br />
axseniT Tqveni mosazrebebi.
cda III<br />
erTi bolodan daxSul minis milSi Seferadebuli gamoxdili<br />
wyali naxevramde CaasxiT.<br />
wyals zemodan frTxi lad daasxiT spirti ise, rom misi done<br />
minis Ria bolodan 1-2 sm-iT dabla iyos. moniSneT es done.<br />
milis Ria bolos mWidrod daaxureT sacobi da vertikalur<br />
sibrt yeSi ramdenjerme frTxilad gadatrialebiT siTxeebi<br />
erTmaneTs SeurieT. kvlav moniSneT narevis done da daakvirdiT<br />
Tqven mier gakeTebul niSnulebs. ra SeamCnieT?<br />
cda IV<br />
liTonis birTvi, romelic Ta vi suf lad gadis<br />
rgolSi, gaaxureT spirtquris alze.<br />
daakvirdiT: gadis Tu ara birTvi rgolSi mas Semdeg,<br />
rac is gaxurda?<br />
gamoTqviT varaudi, ratom mox da ase?<br />
cda V<br />
viwro da grZelyelian kolbaSi CaasxiT Seferadebuli<br />
wyali. moniSneT wylis done kolbis yelSi.<br />
CauSviT kolba sufTa wylian WurWelSi da CaamagreT<br />
Stativis TaTSi ise, rogorc es suraTzea gamosaxuli.<br />
SeaTbeT wyali spirtquris alze da daakvirdiT<br />
wylis dones kolbis yelSi. ra SeamCnieT?gamoTqviT<br />
varaudi, ratom moxda ase?<br />
nivTierebis agebuleba 2.1<br />
dafiqrdiT:<br />
niSnavs Tu ara cdis Sedegi, rom nivTierebis Semadgenel umcires<br />
nawi la ke bs Soris Sualedebia? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
Tqven ukve SegeqmnaT garkveuli war mod gena niv-<br />
Tie re bis agebulebaze da Tu dafiqrdebiT, SeZlebT<br />
pasuxi gasceT Semdeg kiTx vebs:<br />
ratom vrceldeba suni?<br />
yvelaze mkvrivi da erTiani betonisgan agebu<br />
li kaSxlidanac ki Jonavs wyali. rogor<br />
fiqrobT, ratom?<br />
kargad Tavmokruli gaberili sahaero<br />
buStebic ki ramdenime dRis Semdeg iCuteba.<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ra tom?<br />
maS ase, Catarebuli cdebisa da zogierTi<br />
movlenis gaanalizebis Semdeg SegviZlia gavakeToT<br />
daskvna:<br />
nivTiereba umciresi na wi lakebisagan Sedgeba,<br />
romelTa Soris Sualedebia.<br />
25
2.2<br />
ara! _ ase pasuxobda am<br />
kiTxvaze demokrite. _ nawila<br />
kebis dayofa usas ru lod<br />
ar SeiZleba. bolos da bolos<br />
miviRebT nivTierebis<br />
nawilaks, romlis gaxleCac<br />
SeuZlebelia.<br />
niv Tierebis Semadgenel<br />
umcires nawilakebs, romel<br />
Tac am niv Tierebis Tvisebebi<br />
SenarCunebuli aqvT, molekulebi<br />
ewodeba.<br />
mag., wylis Semadgeneli umciresi nawilaki wylis mole ku laa, Saqris Semadgeneli<br />
um ciresi nawilaki ki _ Saqris mole ku la da a. S. wylis molekulas,<br />
miuxedavad simcirisa, SenarCunebuli aqvs wylis Tvisebebi, Saq ris molekulas<br />
ki _ Saqris Tvi se bebi.<br />
bunebrivia, dagebadebaT kiT xva: ratom ver vxedavT nivTi e re bis Semadgenel<br />
nawilakebs?<br />
26<br />
atomebi da molekulebi<br />
dafxveniT carcis natexi da miRebuli nafxvenebi kidev ufro<br />
daaqucmaceT.<br />
daaTvaliereT nafxvenebi lupiT. SeZlebT maT kidev ufro danawevrebas?<br />
scadeT da kvlav daaTvaliereT carcis dapataravebuli<br />
nawilakebi.<br />
gamoiyeneT eleqtrosafqvavi da kidev ufro mcire nawilakebs miiRebT.<br />
gaagrZeleT cda azrobrivad, anu gonebaSi warmoidgineT, rom<br />
ufro da uf ro apataravebT carcis namcecebs. rogor fiqrobT,<br />
nawilakebis da yo fa usasrulod SeiZleba?<br />
sur.1. oTaxis buzis Tvalis diametri 1 mm-ia. marjvniv<br />
eleq t ronul mikros kopSi ga da Re buli fo toa. masze<br />
kargad Cans buzis dana wevrebuli Tvali: is ram denime<br />
aTeuli aTasi Tva lakisagan Sedgeba. ga mo an ga ri Se bu lia,<br />
rom wylis mo le ku lis diametri 100 aTasjer nak lebia er Ti<br />
Tvalakis diametrze.<br />
gaixseneT wina gakve Tilze Catarebuli II cda:<br />
ra raodenobis iodi gav xse niT pirvel WurWelSi?<br />
Tqveni azriT, iodis ra nawili moxvda mesame WurWelSi? miuxedavad<br />
amisa, xsnari mesa me WurWelSi sus tad, magram mainc mTlianad<br />
Se fe radda. raze miganiSnebT es?<br />
gamoTqviT varaudi:<br />
a) ra raodenobiT umcires na wilakebs Seicavs iodis mcire kristalic<br />
ki?<br />
b) Tqveni azriT, ramdenad mcirea niv Tierebis Semadgeneli nawi la ke bi?<br />
diax, nivTierebis Semadgeneli mo lekulebis zomebi imdenad mci rea, rom maTi<br />
da naxva Seuiara Rebeli TvaliT ki ara, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mikroskopiTac<br />
ki Se uZlebeli iyo. swo red es iyo imis mizezi, rom saukuneebis gan mav lobaSi<br />
de mok ri tes ide ebma mec ni er Ta Soris aRiareba ver poves.<br />
molekulebis zomebis ufro TvalsaCinod warmo sadgenad xSi rad aseT Sedarebebs<br />
iyeneben:<br />
molekula vaSlis zomis rom gax des, vaSli de da mi wi s xela unda gaxdes;
molekula rom fanq risxela gaxdes, fanqari<br />
mTvares unda miswvdes;<br />
wylis asi milioni molekula (molekula<br />
bur Tu lis saxiT warmoidgineT!) erT rigad rom<br />
davalagoT, rigis sigrZe 1sm-is to li aRmoCndeba<br />
(sur.2.).<br />
dafiqrdiT:<br />
sur.2<br />
gaixseneT iodis kristalebze Catarebuli<br />
cda. Tqveni azriT, aris Tu ara kolbis kedelze gaCenili umciresi<br />
nawilakebi iodis molekulebi?<br />
molekulebis ra ode noba nebismier sxe ul Si (Tundac Zalian mcire zomisaSi)<br />
warmoudgenlad didia. mag., cnobilia, rom Tu rezi nis<br />
patara bur Tu las, ro mel Sic sul raRac 3 g ha eri eteva,<br />
iseT nax v rets gavukeTebT, rom 1 wm-Si mi lioni molekula<br />
gamodi o des, haeris yvela mo le ku lis gamosvlas 30 miliardi<br />
weli dasWir de ba!<br />
miuxedavad molekulebis zo meb is aseTi simcirisa, isini<br />
kidev ufro mcire nawi la kebad iyofa: molekulis Semadgenel<br />
nawilakebs atomebi ewodeba.<br />
molekulebi erTmaneTisgan maTi Semadgeneli atomebiT,<br />
ricx viTa da ganlagebiT gan sxvavdeba.<br />
mag., Jangbadis molekula Jangbadis ori atomisa gan<br />
Sedgeba, ozonis mo lekula ki _ Jang badis sami atomisa gan,<br />
ami to mac ozoni da Jangbadi gansx vavebuli nivTierebebia.<br />
ozo ni mxolod Weqa-quxilis dros Cndeba atmosferoSi.<br />
molekulis Se mad gen lo ba Si SeiZ leba iyos ori, sami da me ti atomi. mag.,<br />
cilis mo le ku laSi atomTa ricxvi aseul aTa sobi Taa (sur. 3.)<br />
nivTierebaTa Tvisebebi da mo kidebulia ara marto ima ze, Tu romeli atome<br />
bi sa gan Sed geba am nivTi ere bis Se mad ge neli mole kulebi, ara med ima zec, Tu<br />
ro goraa isini gan la ge bu li sivrceSi.<br />
almasi da gra fi ti (misgan fanqris guls amzadeben) erTi da imave nivTierebis<br />
(naxSir badis) ato me bisa gan Sedgeba, oRond isi ni sivrceSi sxvadasxvanairad<br />
aris gan lagebuli. amis ga mo almassa da gra fits gansx vavebuli Tvi sebebi<br />
aqvT (sur.4.). molekulas ufro `ax los~ momavalSi, qimiis gakveTilebze<br />
gaecnobi, mag ram manamde gaxsovdes: ar SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom yvela<br />
nivTiereba molekulebisagan Sedgeba!<br />
arsebobs nivTierebebi, romlebic<br />
calkeuli ato me bis gan Sedgeba (mag.,<br />
igive almasi da grafiti). Tumca me-8<br />
klasis <strong>fizikis</strong> kursSi mxolod molekuluri<br />
agebulebis nivTierebebs gan vi xilavT<br />
da amitom Sev Tanxm deT, rom amis<br />
Semdeg, nacvlad frazisa: `nivTiereba<br />
umciresi na wilakebisagan Sedgeba~, xSirad<br />
vityviT: `nivTiereba molekulebisgan<br />
sur.4<br />
Sedgeba~.<br />
atomebi da molekulebi 2.2<br />
sur.3<br />
27
28<br />
sur.1. evklides elementebi<br />
Zveli berZeni filosofosebis Sexedulebebi samyaros agebulebaze<br />
risgan Sedgeba Cveni garemomcveli samyaro? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas<br />
jer kidev 25 saukunis winaT Seecadnen berZeni filosofosebi. mag., Talesis<br />
azriT samyaro wylisgan Sedgeba, anaqsimenis azriT _ haerisgan, heraklites<br />
azriT _ cecxlisgan, xolo empedokle amtkicebda, rom samyaro oTxi ZiriTadi<br />
elementis, miwis, wylis, haerisa da cecxlisgan Sedgeba.<br />
cxadia, filosofosTa es Teoriebi cota ucnaurad mogeCvenebaT, magram nu<br />
dagaviwydebaT, rom kacobriobis istoriaSi es periodi mecnieruli azrovnebis<br />
mxolod dasawyisia da Teoriebic ZiriTadad bunebaze dakvirvebisa da sakuTari<br />
SegrZnebebis Sedegadaa Camoyalibebuli.<br />
aristotelem empedokles moZRvrebaSi Sesworeba Seitana: misi azriT,<br />
yvelaferi Sedgeba erTi da imave ZiriTadi nivTierebisgan, romelsac Tu oTx<br />
element_Tvisebas (sicives, siTbos, sisveles da simSrales) mivusadagebT,<br />
miviRebT empedokles elementebs. mag., mSrali da civi qmnis miwas, mSrali da<br />
cxeli _ cecxls, sveli da civi _ wyals, sveli da cxeli _ haers.<br />
aristoteles azriT, mTavari iyo element-TvisebaTa dozebis swori<br />
proporciiT SerCeva da SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda, mag., tyviis gardaqmna oqrod.<br />
swored es Zalze momxiblavi idea gaxda alqimiis dabadebis safuZveli:<br />
alqimikosebi eZebdnen saidumlos, Tu rogor mieRoT erTi nivTierebisgan<br />
meore, mag., ubralo liTonisgan oqro. eZebdnen `filosofiur qvas~, romelic<br />
maT am problemis gadaWraSi daexmarebodaT da simdidres, Zalauflebasa da<br />
maradiul axalgazrdobas moutanda. gana ar aris es momxiblavi idea?<br />
roca aristoteles Teoria raime sakiTxs pasuxs ver scemda, is am dros
mexuTe elements _ `RvTiur kvintesencias~ iSveliebda da nebismier gaugebrobas<br />
RvTiuri ZalebiT xsnida. eklesiam aRiara aristoteles moZRvreba da rogorc<br />
ukva iciT, Zalian didxans, TiTqmis XVIII saukunis Sua xanamde, aravis hyofnida<br />
simamace, rom gabatonebuli Teoriebi gadaesinja, radgan masSi odnavi eWvis<br />
Semtansac ki inkvizicia sjida, rogorc eretikoss.<br />
swored es iyo mizezi imisa, rom demokrites atomisturi moZRvreba didi xniT<br />
iqna daviwyebuli. aman, cxadia, Seaferxa mecnierebis swori gziT ganviTareba da<br />
mxolod 1647 wels gamoCnda frang pier gasendis wigni, romelSic man Tamamad<br />
uaryo aristoteles mcdari Sexedulebebi da kvlav win wamoiswia demokrites<br />
Teoria nivTierebis agebulebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>...<br />
Tumca miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aristoteles moZRvrebam Tavisi dadebiTi<br />
roli mainc Seasrula mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi: marTalia, alqimikosebma<br />
ver miagnes oqros miRebis saidumlos, verc `filosofiuri qva~ ipoves,<br />
magram am ZebnaSi maT uamravi WeSmariti da faseuli codna daagroves. isini<br />
mixvdnen, rom samyaros Semadgeneli ZiriTadi elementi oTxze metia, rom<br />
oqroc, vercxliswyalic, gogirdic ZiriTadi elementebia, romelTa miReba<br />
sxva elementebisgan SeuZlebelia. alqimias sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana<br />
sakuTarma aRmoCenebma, magram samagierod maT safuZveli daudes qimiis,<br />
rogorc mecnierebis, warmoSobas.<br />
moamzadeT Tema prezentaciisTvis: Zveli berZeni filosofosebis Sexedulebebi<br />
samyaros agebulebaze.<br />
sur.2. 2000 wlis winaT romaelma poetma<br />
titus karus lukreciusma dawera poema<br />
`saganTa bune bi saTvis~, romelSic man<br />
leqsad mogviTxro samyaros Semadgenel im<br />
umcires, uxi lav nawilakebze, romlebsac<br />
manamde xuTi saukuniT adre demok ri tem<br />
`atomebi~ uwoda.<br />
29
2.3<br />
30<br />
difuzia<br />
cda I<br />
daasxiT saklaso oTaxis kuTxeSi mkveTri sunis<br />
niv Tiereba (mag., niSaduris spirti, eTeri an sunamo).<br />
gavrcelda Tu ara suni mTel oTaxSi? daaxloebiT<br />
ra dro dasWirda sunis gavrcelebas?<br />
wylian WurWelSi CaagdeT iodis mcire zomis<br />
kristali (sur.1). daakvirdiT xsnars da aRwereT,<br />
ra moxda?<br />
sur.2. difuziis mimdinareobis<br />
meqanizmi airebSi.<br />
sunis gavrceleba da xsnaris Seferva TqvenTvis<br />
kargad cnobili movlenebia. gaixseneT, riT aixsneba<br />
isini? Cven mier Catarebul cdebSi surnelovani niv-<br />
Tierebis molekulebi haeris molekulebs Seeria,<br />
iodis molekulebi ki _ wylisas da garkveul man-<br />
Zilze gavrcelda. amasTan maTi Sereva TavisTavad,<br />
yovelgvari Carevis gareSe moxda. movlenas, romlis<br />
drosac nivTierebebi TavisTavad See re va erTmaneTs,<br />
difuzia ewodeba.<br />
difuzia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani da das tu re baa<br />
imi sa, rom nivTiereba calkeuli umciresi nawilakebisgan<br />
Sedgeba da amasTan, nivTierebis Semadgeneli<br />
nawilakebi moZ ra oben: er Ti nivTierebis nawilakebi<br />
SeaRweven meore niv Ti erebis nawilakebs Soris SualedebSi da nivTierebebi<br />
erT maneTs Ta visTavad Seereva (sur.2.). cxadia, nawilakebis moZraobaze uSualo<br />
dakvirveba Se uZ le be lia, magram cdebisa da sxvadasxva movlenebis gaanalizeba<br />
amtkicebs, rom nawilakebi ganuwyvetliv moZraoben, ejaxebian erTmaneTs,<br />
mravaljer icvlian moZraobis mimarTulebas da amitom maT moZraobas uwesrigo,<br />
qaosuri xasiaTi aqvs. amaSi male Tavadac darwmundebiT.<br />
dafiqrdiT:<br />
airis molekulebi Zalian didi siCqariT moZ ra o ben: 1wm-Si ramdenime aseul<br />
metrs gadian. amis gaTvaliswinebiT suni I cdaSi oTaxis yvela kuTxeSi<br />
momentalurad unda gegrZnoT. gaixseneT, daaxloebiT ra droSi igrZeniT<br />
suni? rogor fiqrobT, ratom gavrcelda suni Se da re biT nela?<br />
difuzia xdeba, rogorc airebsa da siTxeebSi, ise myar sxeulebSi, mag ram<br />
siTxeebisa da airebisagan ga nsxvavebiT, myar sxeulebSi difuzia Zalian nela<br />
(zogjer ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi) mimdinareobs.<br />
modiT, CavataroT cda da SevadaroT, erTnairi temperaturis pirobebSi<br />
sad ufro swrafad mimdinareobs difuzia: airebsa Tu siT xe ebSi?<br />
cda II<br />
sur.1.<br />
difuzia airebSi<br />
cdisTvis saWiroa: sinjara, romelsac mWidrod ergeba sacobi, ni Sa duris<br />
spirti, lakmusis qaRaldi (cdis Catarebamde darwmundiT, rom lakmusis<br />
qaRaldi wiTldeba, Tu masze niSaduris spirts daasxurebT).
CaagdeT sinjaraSi niSaduris spirtSi dasvelebuli bamba.<br />
CakideT sin ja ra Si lak musis qaRaldi da daaxureT sinjaras Tavi.<br />
aR wereT, ra moxda. SeecadeT, axsnaT es movlena.<br />
cda III<br />
difuzia siTxeebSi<br />
cdisTvis saWiroa: minis ori WurWeli, grZeli<br />
Zab ri, wyali (sa sur velia, gamoxdili), Sabiamnis<br />
fxvnili.<br />
CaasxiT erT-erT WurWelSi wyali da gaxseniT masSi<br />
Sabiamani iseTi raodenobiT, rom muqi Se ferilobis<br />
xsnari miiRoT.<br />
CaasxiT sufTa wyali naxevramde meore WurWelSi<br />
da CauSviT masSi fske ram de Zab ri. CaasxiT ZabrSi Sa bi am nis xsnari.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT:<br />
a) xsnari Zalian frTxilad unda CaasxaT, raTa siT xeebi erT maneTs<br />
ar Seerios da maT Soris mkveTri sazRvari gaCndes.<br />
b) imisaTvis, rom Zabris amo Re bisas wyals Sabiamani ar Seerios, ZabrSi<br />
cotaodeni sufTa wyali CaasxiT da igi Zalian frTxi lad amoiReT.<br />
dadgiT WurWeli iseT adgilze, rom ar gainZres da ramdenime<br />
dRis gan mav lo ba Si daakvirdiT, rogor icvleba siTxeebs Soris<br />
sazRvris simkveTre.<br />
gaakeTeT daskvna Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze: erT nairi temperaturis<br />
piro bebSi sad ufro swra fad mim di nareobs di fuzia:<br />
aireb Si Tu siTxeebSi?<br />
dafiqrdiT:<br />
civ wyalSi ufro swrafad ixsneba Saqari Tu cxelSi? rodis ufro<br />
swrafad vrceldeba suni: zafxulSi Tu zamTarSi?<br />
Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa `civi~ da `cxeli~ wylis molekulebs<br />
Soris, anu ratomaa difuziis siCqare temperaturaze damokidebuli?<br />
dagegmeT cdebi da gamoikvlieT difuziis xelSemwyobi da Semaferxebeli<br />
pirobebi.<br />
gaakeTeT daskvna: difuziis siCqare damokidebulia temperaturaze: rac<br />
ufro maRalia temperatura, miT ufro .......... mimdinareobs difuzia<br />
(wertilebis nacvlad igulisxmeT sityvebi: `swrafad~ an `nela~).<br />
difuzias didi mniSvneloba aqvs cocxali organizmebisTvis. swored difuziis<br />
Se degad aRwevs Jangbadi filtvebidan sisxlSi, sisxlidan ki organizms<br />
miewodeba. difuziis wyalobiT sakvebi nivTierebebi niadagidan mcenaris fesvebSi<br />
gadadis, kuW-nawlavidan _ cxovelebisa da adamianis sisxlSi. difuziis<br />
meSveobiT mwerebi Sor manZilze grZnoben mcenareTa aromats, cxovelebi ki<br />
suniT agneben msxverpls. difuzias zianis motanac SeuZlia. mag., 1986 wels<br />
Cernobilis atomuri eleqt ro sad guris afeTqebis Sedegad amofrqveuli<br />
sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi niv Tierebebi ara marto ukrainis teritoriaze gav -<br />
rcel da, aramed dedamiwis mTel Crdi loeT na xe varsferoSi.<br />
moamzade prezentaciis Tvis Tema: `difuzia~.<br />
difuzia 2.3<br />
31
32<br />
brounis moZraoba<br />
1827 wels Sotlandieli botanikosi robert<br />
brouni wyalSi Setivtivebul mcenaris mtvris<br />
nawilakebs mikroskopSi akvirdeboda da didi<br />
xnis dakvirvebis Sedegad sakmaod ucnauri<br />
movlena aRmoaCina: mtvris nawilakebi qaosurad<br />
moZraobdnen da maTi moZraoba arasodes<br />
wydeboda.<br />
brounma gamoTqva varaudi, rom mtvris<br />
nawilakebi cocxali organizmebia da Tavisi<br />
varaudis Sesamowmeblad ganmeorebiTi cda<br />
gamxmari foTlebis namcecebze Caatara. Sedegi<br />
sur.1. brounis mikroskopi<br />
daujerebeli iyo: namcecebi kvlav qaosurad da<br />
ganuwyvetliv moZraobdnen.<br />
brounma cdis axsna ver SeZlo. igi istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc manamde ucnobi<br />
movlenis aRmomCeni. siTxeSi Setivtivebuli nawilakebis moZraobas SemdgomSi<br />
brounis moZraoba ewoda, TviT nawilakebs ki _ brounis nawilakebi.<br />
gaixsene: mziT ganaTebul oTaxSi advili SesamCnevia, rogor moZraoben<br />
mtvris nawilakebi haerSi. es brounis moZraobaa airSi (sur.2).<br />
varaudi, rom brounis moZraoba wylis Semadgeneli nawilakebis moZraobiT<br />
iyo gamowveuli, pirvelad 1874 wels belgielma fizikosma i. karbonelem<br />
mier gamoTqva.<br />
brounis moZraobis srulyofili axsna mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi,<br />
mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, rac sabolood dadginda, rom nivTiereba<br />
Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisgan (atomebisgan an molekulebisgan), romlebic<br />
ganuwyvetlad da qaosurad moZraoben:<br />
sur.2. mtvris nawilakebis<br />
moZraoba haerSi
sur.3. brounis nawilakze garemos molekulebis dajaxebis Sedegad nawilakis<br />
siCqaris mimarTuleba da sidide ganuwyvetliv icvleba.<br />
siTxis (an airis) qaosurad moZravi molekulebi yoveli mxridan ejaxebian<br />
masSi Setivtivebul brounis nawilaks. amis Sedegad, nawilakis siCqare da<br />
moZraobis mimarTuleba ganuwyvetliv icvleba. brounis moZraobis naxva<br />
SegiZlia internetSi. moZebneT: www.youtube.com-ze `Brownian Motion~ an misamarTze:<br />
http://www.brianjford.com/wbbrownc.htm)<br />
1906 wels frangma fizikosma Jan perenma aRwera brounis sami nawilakis<br />
moZraobis traeqtoria: is nawilakebis moZraobas mikroskopSi akvirdeboda.<br />
yoveli 30 wm-is Semdeg mecnieri maT mdebareobas aRniSnavda da Semdeg am<br />
mdebareobebs monakveTebiT aerTebda<br />
sur. 4. wyalSi Setivtivebuli yvavilis mtveris nawilakebis<br />
moZraoba, romelic Jan perenma aRwera.<br />
33
2.4<br />
daakvirdiT:<br />
wylis zedapiri mweris simZimisgan ise izniqeba, TiTqos masze Txeli<br />
afski iyos gadakruli (sur.1.), zogi mcenaris foTlebze nami wveTebad<br />
rCeba (sur.2.), zogis foTlebs ki Txel fenad ekvris, wvril milebSi wyali<br />
zeviT iwevs (sur.3.). am movlenebis axsnas mogvianebiT SeZlebT, manamde ki<br />
SeecadeT, gaWimoT an gatexoT myari sxeuli, mag., plastmasis joxi.<br />
Tumca Cveni amocana sulac ar aris joxis ga te xa. ubralod, kidev erTxel<br />
darwmundiT imaSi, rom amis gakeTeba arc ise advilia. arada, TiTqos arc Zneli<br />
unda iyos: sxeuli xom mTliani ar aris. is Sedgeba molekulebisgan, romelTa<br />
Soris Sualedebia. miuxedavad amisa, sxeulebi inarCuneben mTlia no bas, isini<br />
calkeul molekulebad ar iSlebian!<br />
metic, Tu molekulebs Soris arsebuli Sualedebis gazrdas (anu sxeulis<br />
gaWimvas an su lac gatexas) SeecdebiT, darwmunebiT, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi<br />
es sakmaod Znelia. ratom? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ganvixiloT, rogor<br />
`iqcevian~ erTmaneTTan zambarebiT dakavSirebuli burTulebi (sur.4.).<br />
34<br />
molekulaTa urTierTqmedeba<br />
sur.1 sur.2 sur.3<br />
dafiqrdiT:<br />
ra moxdeba,<br />
Tu sur. 4-ze gamosaxul sxeuls gavWimavT,<br />
anu Tu burTulebis erTmaneTisagan<br />
daSorebas Se vec debiT?<br />
Tu sxeuls SevkumSavT, anu Tu vecdebiT,<br />
rom burTulebi erTmaneTs davuax lo voT?<br />
(gaiTvaliswineT, rom molekulebic swored<br />
am burTulebis msgavsad `iqcevian~. oRond<br />
gaxsovdeT, rom Cven mier ganxiluli sxeuli sur.4.<br />
mxolod modelia da ar ifiqroT, rom molekulebic, burTulebis msgavsad,<br />
`zambarebiTaa~ SeerTebuli).<br />
Tu zambarebiT dakavSirebul bur Tulebisa da molekulebis `qcevas~<br />
Soris paralels gaavlebT, SeZlebT axsnaT:<br />
ratom `gewinaaRmdegebaT~ sxeuli,<br />
roca mis gaWimvas an gatexas cdilobT;<br />
roca mis SekumSvas cdilobT (SeecadeT, SekumSoT sxvadasxva sxeulebi,<br />
mag., foladis burTula, wyliT savse plastmasis boTli, rezinis<br />
burTi da daakvirdiT, advilia Tu ara sxeulebis SekumSva).
molekulaTa urTierTqmedeba 2.4<br />
amrigad, sxeulis Semadgeneli molekulebi urTierTqmedeben: miizidebian<br />
da ganizidebian.<br />
molekulebis urTierTmizidva SesamCnevi mxolod maSin xdeba, ro ca maT<br />
Soris daSoreba molekulis zomis tolia. aseT manZilebze car cis na texebis<br />
miaxloeba SeuZlebelia. gadatexili nawilebis uswor mas woro ze dapirebi<br />
mxolod zogierT wertilSi Seexeba erTmaneTs, mo le kulebis um ravlesoba<br />
erTmaneTisgan im man Zilebze aRmoCndeba daSore<br />
buli, rodesac mi zi du lo ba Zalian sus tia an<br />
sulac ar arsebobs. carcis molekulebs Soris<br />
0, 000 001 sm daSorebac ki ar aris sakmarisi, rom<br />
molekulebma erTmaneTi miizidon.<br />
Zalian gaprialebuli da gluvi sxeulebi erTmaneTze<br />
miWerisas erTdeba, radgan mo lekulebis umravlesoba<br />
iseT manZilebze uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs,<br />
rom isini erT ma neTs miizidaven.<br />
gaixseneT, rogor aRadgenen xis, faifuris, qaR-<br />
sur.5.<br />
cda I<br />
gadatexeT carci or nawilad da SeecadeT, natexebis SeerTebiT<br />
carci isev gaam Te loT. ra moxda?<br />
gamoTqviT varaudi, ratom ar SeerTda natexebi, molekulebs<br />
Soris xom miziduloba arsebobs?<br />
aldis, sanTlis, rkinis sxe u le bis mTli ano bas?<br />
rbili masalis (mag., plastilinis) an gaxure-<br />
bis Sedegad darbilebuli myari sxeulis molekulebi Se iZleba erT maneTs<br />
im manZilze mivuaxlovoT, romelzec miziduloba iCens Tavs. swored amas<br />
emyareba liTonebis mirCilva, Sedu Reba: gacxelebisas liToni dne ba da<br />
SesaZlebelia gam dna ri nawilebis miaxloeba im man Zilze, roca mizi du loba<br />
iCens Tavs (sur.5.).<br />
weboTi ki zedapiris uswor maswo ro be bi amoivseba. webos mo lekulebi miizidavs<br />
rogorc erT maneTs, ise Sesawebebeli zedapirebis mole kulebs da<br />
gaS robis Semdeg natexebi miwebebuli rCeba.<br />
dafiqrdiT:<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ratom aris molekulebs Soris Sualedebi, ratom<br />
ar ekvrian molekulebi erTmaneTs, isini xom urTierTmiizidebian?<br />
gaixseneT, rogor `iqcevian~ modelis burTulebi, Tu maT erTmaneTs<br />
mivuax loebT? ase rom, molekulebi ara marto miizidebian, aramed<br />
ganizidebian kidec: Tu SevecdebiT, molekulebi ise mivuaxlovoT<br />
erTmaneTs, rom maT Soris manZili TviT molekulis zomaze naklebi<br />
gaxdes, aRiZvreba ganzidva.<br />
maS ase, nivTierebis agebulebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> codna im sam ZiriTad faqts eyrdnoba,<br />
romelsac ukve gaecaniT:<br />
nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisagan, romelTa Soris Sua le debia.<br />
nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebi ganuwyvetliv moZ raoben.<br />
molekulebi urTierTqmedeben: miizidebian da ganizidebian.<br />
35
36<br />
cda II<br />
brtyeli sarke frTxilad SeaxeT wylis zedapirs ise, rom wyals<br />
sarkis mTliani zedapiri exebodes da nela aswieT zeviT. daakvirdiT:<br />
wylis ze da pi ri dan sarkis moSoreba TiTqos gaZnelda. axseniT,<br />
ratom xde ba ase.<br />
cda III<br />
gaWeriT saponi. miaWireT gadanaWeri TefSis fskers da as wieT<br />
zeviT. ra moxda?<br />
axla sapnis gadanaWeri wyliT daasveleT, isev miaWireT TefSis<br />
fskers da kvlav aswieT zeviT. ra SeamCnieT?<br />
SeecadeT axsenaT orive cdis Se de gi (albaT mixvdiT kidec, rom es<br />
movlenebi molekulebis urTierTmizidulobis Sedegia).<br />
cda IV<br />
wyalSi CauSviT xis joxi, minis firfita, sanTeli, tyavis naWeri<br />
da cximwasmuli qa Raldi. romeli maTgani dasvelda?<br />
dasvelebis movlena molekulebis urTierTmizidulobiT aix sneba. siTxis<br />
molekulebi miizidebian ro gorc erTmaneTisken, ise masSi CaSvebuli sxeulis<br />
mole ku lebisken.<br />
Tu siTxis molekulebi erT mane Tisken ufro ................ miizidebian, vidre<br />
sxeulis moleku lebisken, maSin siTxe asvelebs sxeuls, xolo Tu siT xis<br />
mole kulebi erTmaneTisken ufro ................. mi i zidebian, vidre sxeulis<br />
moleku lebis ken, maSin siTxe ar asvelebs sxeuls (sur.2).<br />
wylis frinvelebi bumbulze nis kar tiT cxims isvamen, romelsac gan sakuT<br />
re buli jirk vali gamoyofs. amis gamo bum buli wyliT ar sveldeba da<br />
mis qveS RinR li yo velT vis mSralia. swored ami tom dacuraven frin ve le bi<br />
wylis ze da pir ze, ar iZi re bian da civ wyalSic ki ar iyinebian.<br />
wylis frinvelebisTvis Zalian sa Si Sia wylis gaWuWyianeba navTobiT,<br />
radgan navTobi frin velis frTebs cxims acilebs, wyali RinRlis sa farq<br />
veS aR wevs da frinveli SeiZleba gaiyinos.<br />
axla SegiZliaT isic axsnaT, Tu ratomaa, rom zogi mcenaris foTlebze nami<br />
wveTebad rCeba, zogis foTlebs ki Txel fenad ekvris (anu asvelebs).<br />
cda V<br />
saSrobi qaRaldis lentze daawveTeT iodi.<br />
gamoTqviT varaudi, ra moxdeba, Tu qaRaldis<br />
lents erTi boloTi wyalSi CauSveb (sur.6)<br />
da cota xniT gaaCerebT? CaatareT cda da<br />
SeamowmeT Tqveni varaudi.<br />
movlena, romelsac am cdis saSualebiT daakvir<br />
diT, kapilaruli movlenaa. kapilaruli movlenebic<br />
molekulebis urTierTmizidulobiT aixsneba.<br />
`kapillus~ laTinuri sityvaa da `Tmas~ niSnavs.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, wvril mi lebs, romelTa diamet<br />
ri 1 mm-s ar aRemateba, kapilarebi hqvia. sur.6
kapilarebis kedlebis Semadgeneli molekulebi ufro metad izidavs<br />
damsvelebeli siTxis mo lekulebs, vidre TviT siTxis molekulebi<br />
erTmaneTs da siTxe kapilarebSi zeviT iwevs. rac ufro wvrilia ka pilari,<br />
miT ufro zeviT adis masSi siTxe (sur.3).<br />
kapilaruli movlenebi bunebaSi xSiria: xe, qaRaldi, tyavi, qsovili,<br />
bamba, mce na ris fesvebi uamravi kapilarisgan Sedgeba, amitom wyali an sxva<br />
romelime maTi damas ve lebeli siTxe, `Seiwoveba~ ra kapilarebiT, yvela<br />
mimarTulebiT gadaad gil de ba sxeulSi. bamba, romelsac Tundac odnav<br />
SevaxebT wyals, swrafad sveldeba, navTi fiTilSi zeviT miiwevs, mce nareTa<br />
fesvebi niadagidan Seiwoven tens _ es kapilaruli mov lenebia, romelTa<br />
gamomwvevi mizezi molekulebis ur TierT mizi du lobaa.<br />
sur.8<br />
dafiqrdiT<br />
► minis sinjarebSi sxvadasxva siTxea Casxmuli<br />
(sur. 7). romeli maTgani asvelebs<br />
sinjaris kedlebs? pasuxi axseniT.<br />
► minis firfitis naxevarze mcireodeni<br />
zeTi wausves. firfitaze wyali daasxes.<br />
sur. 8-ze gamosaxulia cdis Sedegi.<br />
firfitis romel mxaresaa zeTi<br />
was muli?<br />
sur.7<br />
molekulebis urTierTmizidulobiT aixsneba isic, Tu ratom izniqeba<br />
mwe ris simZimis qveS wyali, TiTqos mas ze Txeli afski iyos gadakruli.<br />
darwmundiT kidev erTxel, rom wyals `kani<br />
aqvs~. amisaTvis CaatareT aseTi cda:<br />
nemss an samagrs wausviT cotaodeni zeTi da<br />
frTxi lad dadeT wylis zedapirze (sur.9). Tu<br />
cdas sworad gaakeTebT, iseTive Sedegs miiRebT,<br />
rogoric suraTzea gamosaxuli. axseniT, ratom<br />
gaCerda nemsi (samagri) wylis zedapirze?<br />
sur.9<br />
37
2.5<br />
38<br />
niv Tie re bis agregatuli<br />
mdgomareobebi<br />
saocari sanaxavia yinulis skul<br />
pturebi, ganurCevlad imisa,<br />
bu neba qmnis maT Tu adamiani, magram<br />
maTi naxva mxolod zamTarSi<br />
SeiZleba, isic mxolod maSin, Tu<br />
haeris temperatura 0 0 C-ze daba-<br />
sur.1<br />
lia. rogor fiqrobT, ratom?<br />
Tqven iciT, rom nivTiereba SeiZleba myar, Txevad da airad mdgomareobaSi<br />
iyos. niv Tie re bis myar, Txevad da airad mdgomareobas agregatuli mdgomareobebi<br />
hqvia.<br />
dafiqrdiT:<br />
yvelaze xSirad romeli nivTiereba gxvdeba sxvadasxva agregatul<br />
mdgomareobaSi? ra hqvia wyals myar mdgomareobaSi? TxevadSi?<br />
airadSi?<br />
gamoTqviT varaudi, ra mizezma SeiZleba gamoiwvios nivTierebis<br />
erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla?<br />
modiT, CavataroT cda da SevamowmoT, ramdenad sworia Tqveni varaudi.<br />
cda<br />
davakvirdeT, rodis gadadis nivTiereba erTi agregatuli<br />
mdgomareobidan meoreSi.<br />
1.<br />
moaTavseT yinulis natexebi kolbaSi da kolba<br />
Stativis TaTSi CaamagreT (sur.2.);<br />
SeaTbeT kolba spirtquris alze da daakvirdiT:<br />
ra moxda temperaturis momatebisas? rogor Se-<br />
sur.2.<br />
icvala yinulis agregatuli mdgomareoba?<br />
gaakeTeT daskvna: ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom nivTiereba myari<br />
mdgomareobidan TxevadSi gadavides, anu gadnes? Txevadi mdgomareobidan<br />
airadSi rom gadavides, anu aorTqldes?<br />
2.<br />
daakvirdiT: roca kolbaSi wyali aorTqlebas daiwyebs, kolbis<br />
kedlebze wveTebi Cndeba.<br />
dauxvedreT WurWlidan amosul orTqls civi lambaqi<br />
da daakvirdiT: ras amCnevT lambaqze?<br />
gaakeTeT daskvna: ra xdeba, roca orTqli civdeba,<br />
mag., roca is SedarebiT civ garemoSi: haerSi an<br />
WurWlis kedlebze xvdeba (sur.3)?<br />
3.<br />
Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan, albaT, iciT, ra<br />
unda moimoqmedoT imisaTvis, rom wyali gaiyinos?<br />
sur.3.<br />
gaakeTeT daskvna:<br />
ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom nivTiereba Txevadi mdgomareobidan<br />
myarSi gadavides, anu gamyardes?
nivTierebis myari mdgomareobidan TxevadSi<br />
gadasvlas dnoba hqvia, xolo Txevadi mdgomareobidan<br />
myarSi gadasvlas _ gamyareba.<br />
nivTierebis Txevadi mdgomareobidan airadSi<br />
gadasvlas aorTqleba hqvia, xolo airadi mdgomareobidan<br />
TxevadSi gadasvlas _ kondensacia.<br />
process, romlis drosac nivTiereba myari<br />
mdgomareobidan airadSi gadadis (ise, rom ar<br />
Txevaddeba), sublimacia ewodeba.<br />
sur.5. es iodis sublimaciaa.<br />
sur.7.<br />
niv Tie re bis agregatuli mdgomareobebi 2.5<br />
sur.6,7. es ulamazesi yinulis `maqmanebi~ fanjris<br />
minebze da TrTvili balaxze ki desublimaciis Sedegia,<br />
romlis drosac nivTiereba airadi mdgomareobidan<br />
(wylis orTqli) ise gadadis myarSi (yinulis kristalebi),<br />
rom siTxed ar gadaiqceva.<br />
maS ase, nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlileba temperaturis<br />
cvlilebiTaa SesaZlebeli. nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlileba<br />
fizikuri procesia, romlis drosac Tavad nivTiereba (anu misi Semadgeneli<br />
molekulebi) ar icvleba, magram icvleba nivTierebis (an sxeulis) fizikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi: masa, forma, moculoba.<br />
fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis<br />
dagegmeT cda, romlis saSualebiTac SeZlebT daakvirdeT, rogor icvleba<br />
erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlisas nivTierebis fizikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi (mag., yinulis forma, masa da moculoba gadnobisas).<br />
gaaanalizeT Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebi, SeajameT da SeavseT<br />
cxrili:<br />
agregatuli mdgomareobis<br />
cvlileba<br />
myari → Txevadi<br />
Txevadi → airadi<br />
airadi → Txevadi<br />
Txevadi → myari<br />
procesis<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
sur.6.<br />
rogor icvleba<br />
temperatura, izrdeba<br />
Tu mcirdeba?<br />
icvleba Tu ara<br />
forma? moculoba? masa?<br />
ar CaweroT wignSi<br />
gamyareba<br />
sur.4.<br />
dnoba<br />
aorTqleba<br />
kondensacia<br />
39