magaliTebi - Ganatleba

lia TevzaZe 

qimia 11 

maswavleblis wigni

lia TevzaZe, nunu javaxiSvili 

qimia 

XI klasi 

maswavleblis wigni 

redaqtorebi 

lali baqraZe 

solomon nozaZe 

lali qadagiZe 

dizaini da dakabadoneba 

nino guruli 

© gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2010 

yvela ufleba daculia 

ISBN 978-9941-11-167-9 

gamomcemloba `diogene~, Tbilisi, kekeliZis q. 6, telefoni 95 63 94, tel./faqsi 96 79 71 

www.diogene.ge

maswavleblis wignis koncefcia 

maswavleblis wignis ZiriTadi mizania qimiaSi swavleba/swavlis xarisxis amaRleba. 

am miznis misaRwevad maswavleblis wigns upiratesad oTxi funqcia aqvs: 

1. samecniero da zogadi informaciis miwodeba. dRes, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis epoqaSi, 

mecnierebis ciklis sagnebis arc erTma pedagogma ar SeiZleba absoluturad yvelaferi 

icodes. miT umetes, rom yovel 10 weliwadSi samecniero informacia Zveldeba da misi naxevari 

axldeba. 

wignis funqciaa, daexmaros qimiis maswavlebels, ise dagegmos gakveTilebi, rom man moswavleebTan 

erTad moiZios axali informaciebi ramdenime alternatiuli wyarodan, daaxarisxon 

isini, amoarCion da praqtikulad miznobrivad gamoiyenon TavianTTvis saintereso. 

2. qimiis maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. 

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia inovaciuri saswavlo teqnologiebi, moswavleze orientirebuli 

swavleba/swavlis ZiriTadi principebi da swavleba/swavlis axali midgomis ZiriTadi 

maxasiaTeblebi. 

maswavleblis wignis funqciaa, daexmaros qimiis maswavlebels, gaiazros Tavisi roli saganmanaTleblo 

reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi da SeimuSaos swavlebis sakuTari 

stili. 

3. saswavlo procesisa da gakveTilebis dagegmva/warmarTvaSi daxmareba. 

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove interaqtiuli gakveTilis struqtura, misi 

da geg mvis etapebi. mocemulia gakveTilebis dagegmvis sanimuSo sqema da sxvadasxva tipis 

ramdenime gakve Tilis scenari. 

4. Sefasebis axali sistemis daxasiaTeba da SefasebaSi daxmareba. 

saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia monitoringis, Semowmebisa da Sefasebis xerxebi, formebi da 

saSualebebi. mocemulia rekomendaciebi, romlebic daexmareba qimiis maswavlebels Sefasebis 

axali sistemis efeqtianad danergvaSi. 

amgvarad, qimiis maswavleblis wigni moicavs bevr aucilebel informaciasa da rekomendacias, 

romelic daexmareba maswavlebels, sworad SearCios da dagegmos aqtivobebi moswavleze 

orientirebuli swavleba/swavlis procesis praqtikulad gansaxorcieleblad. 

mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo naxevrad Ria tipisaa. Cveni rCevebi da rekomendaciebi emsaxureba 

maswav leblis codnisa da praqtikis gamdidrebas da ar zRudavs mis Tavisuflebas, miiRos 

gadawyvetileba ama Tu im gakveTilisTvis aqtivobebis SesarCevad da gamosayeneblad. avtorebis 

azriT, dRes qimiis maswav leblebs yvelaze metad iseTi saswavlo strategiis SemuSaveba 

sWirdebaT, romelic xels Seuwyobs qimiis gakveTilebze swavlisa da kvlevis procesebis 

ganxorcielebas. 

es mxolod maSin SeiZleba moxdes, rodesac maswavleblis swavlebis stili SeTavsebadi 

aRmoCndeba TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stilTan. maSin TandaTan aRmoifxvreba saswavlo 

masalis gagebis deficiti, moixsneba disciplinis problema da gaizrdeba moswavleTa motivacia 

qimiis gakveTilebze damoukidebeli swavlis gansaxorcieleblad. 

Zlieri mxareebi 

1. gasagebi da martivi instruqciebi moswavleebisTvis, romlebSic prioriteti eniWeba: 

• aRmoCenebisa da erToblivi an damoukidebeli kvlevebiT swavlas. 

• kritikuli da logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebas. 

• wina wlebSi SeZenili codnis gagebasa da zogadi unarebis doneze gaazrebas. 

2. masalis gagebasa da siRrmiseul gaazrebas emsaxureba, agreTve swavlis Sedegebs amowmebs 

teqstSi CarTuli an teqstTan miznobrivad dakavSirebuli: 

• savarjiSoebi. 

5

• feradi ilustraciebi. 

• cdebi. 

• testebi. 

• kiTxvarebi. 

• saSinao davalebebi. 

3. Sriftis Sesabamisi zoma, furclisa da akinZvis kargi xarisxi. 

siaxleebi 

saxelmZRvanelo saganmanaTleblo resursia. masSi mocemuli aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT moswavles: 

• eqmneba motivacia swavlisTvis. 

• gansazRvravs kvlevis obieqts. 

• akvirdeba sxeulebsa da movlenebs. 

• gegmavs, atarebs da aanalizebs cdebs. 

• swavlobs aRmoCenebis gziT. ecnoba qarTveli qimikosebis wvlils am aRmoCenebSi. 

• iZens da iyenebs monacemebis moZiebisa da warmodgenis sxvadasxva xerxebs. 

• qmnis da iyenebs modelebs, plakatebs, kolaJebs, proeqtebs. 

• cdilobs, praqtikulad gamoiyenos is, rac gaigo. 

• iRebs gadawyvetilebas. 

• qmnis sistemas, miuCens masSi obieqts adgils. 

6

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi: 

qim.XI.1. 

qim.XI.2. 

qim.XI.3. 

qim.XI.4. 

qim.XI.5. 

qim.XI.6. 

qim.XI.7. 

erovnuli saswavlo gegma 

qimia 

XI klasi 

mimarTuleba: qimiuri movlenebi 

moswavle aRwers atomis aRnagobas. 

moswavle akavSirebs elementis adgilmdebareobas periodul sistemaSi misi atomis 

aRnagobasTan. 

moswavle nivTierebaTa Tvisebebs ukavSirebs atomis eleqtronul aRnagobas da 

qimiuri bmis xasiaTs. 

moswavle axasiaTebs Jangva-aRdgeniT procesebs. 

moswavle axasiaTebs eleqtrolizis movlenas da mis rols teqnikasa da mrewvelobaSi. 

moswavle gansazRvravs qimiuri wonasworobis gadaxris mimarTulebas. 

moswavle axasiaTebs qimiur elementebsa da maT naerTebs, msjelobs maTi mniSvnelobis 

Sesaxeb. 

mimarTuleba: qimiuri movlenebi 

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da maTi indikatorebi 

qim.XI.1. moswavle aRwers atomis aRnagobas 

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: 

• iyenebs atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove warmodgenebs da elementebis Tvisebebs 

akavSirebs atomis aRnagobasTan; 

• gansazRvravs eleqtronebis ganawilebas eleqtronul doneebsa da qvedoneebze. gamoTvlis 

TiToeul energetikul doneze orbitalebis raodenobas da eleqtronebis 

maqsimalur ricxvs; 

• gamosaxavs atomTa eleqtronul konfiguracias s-, p- da d- elementebisaTvis eleqtronebis 

ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

qim.XI. 2. moswavle akavSirebs elementis adgilmdebareobas periodul sistemaSi misi atomis 

aRnagobasTan 


• ganasxvavebs fardobiT atomur masas da masur ricxvs; 

• adarebs erTmaneTs erTi da imave elementis izotopebs maTi fizikuri da qimiuri 

Tvisebebis mixedviT. miRebul Sedegebs akavSirebs atomis aRnagobasTan; 

• asabuTebs atombirTvis muxtis mniSvnelobas elementebis individualobis gansazRvraSi; 

• adarebs erTmaneTs erTi da imave jgufis an periodis elementebs atomis aRnagobis 

TvalsazrisiT da gamoaqvs Sesabamisi daskvna; 

• akavSirebs elementebis mier kationebis da anionebis warmoqmnis unars maTi savalento 

eleqtronebis raodenobasTan; 

• adgens zogierTi elementis ionebis da keTilSobili airebis gare garsebis aRnagobis 

identurobas. 

7

qim.XI. 3. moswavle nivTierebaTa Tvisebebs ukavSirebs atomis eleqtronul aRnagobas da qimiuri 

bmis xasiaTs 


• aRwers sxvadasxva tipis bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmebs. ganasxvavebs ionur, kovalentur 

da metalur bmebs. mohyavs magaliTebi. 

• axasiaTebs wyalbadur bmas da akavSirebs masTan sxvadasxva nivTierebis fizikur Tvisebebs. 

• naerTis qimiuri formulis gaTvaliswinebiT adgens struqturul formulas da axasiaTebs 

masSi arsebul bmebs. 

• ganasxvavebs jerad da ujer bmebs. msjelobs ujeri bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmze da 

sqematurad gamosaxavs σ− da π− bmebis warmoqmnas. 

qim.XI. 4. moswavle axasiaTebs Jangva-aRdgeniT procesebs 


• adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. mohyavs mJangavebisa da aRmdgenebis magali- magali- 

Tebi, msjelobs maT gamoyenebaze; 

• gansazRvravs elementis JangviT ricxvs sxvadasxva naerTSi; 

• abalansebs Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebs; 

• asaxelebs da axasiaTebs yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da bunebaSi mimdinare Jangva-aRdgeniTi 

procesebis magaliTebs da gamoTqvams mosazrebas maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi 

Sedegebis Sesaxeb. 

qim.XI. 5. moswavle axasiaTebs eleqtrolizis movlenas da mis rols teqnikasa da mrewvelobaSi 


• akavSirebs eleqtroqimiur procesebs metalTa aqtivobis mwkrivsa da Jangva-aRdgeniT 

reaqciebTan; 

• adgens marilebis nalRobebisa da wyalxsnarebis eleqtrolizis procesSi eleqtrodebze 

ionuri ganmuxtvisas mimdinare reaqciebis sqemebs; 

• aanalizebs da afasebs eleqtrolizuri procesebis mniSvnelobas qimiur mrewvelobasa 

da teqnikaSi; 

• asrulebs eleqtrolizis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul raodenobriv gamoTvlebs. 

qim.XI.6. moswavle gansazRvravs qimiuri wonasworobis gadaxris mimarTulebas 


• ganasxvavebs Seqcevad da Seuqcevad reaqciebs. wers Sesabamis tolobebs; 

• iyenebs le-Satelies princips da ganWvrets sxvadasxva faqtoris (wneva, nivTierebaTa 

koncentracia, temperatura) qimiur wonasworobaze gavlenis xasiaTs. CamoTvlis 

saTanado magaliTebs; 

• moiZiebs da ganixilavs teqnologiuri procesebis optimizaciis mizniT qimiuri 

wonasworobis ZiriTadi principebis gamoyenebis magaliTebs. 

qim.XI. 7. moswavle axasiaTebs qimiur elementebsa da maT naerTebs, msjelobs maTi mniSvnelobis 

Sesaxeb 


• axasiaTebs elementebsa da maT mniSvnelovan naerTebs. 

• msjelobs elementebis fizikur da mniSvnelovan qimiur Tvisebebze da akavSirebs am 

Tvisebebs maT gamoyenebasTan; 

• aRwers elementebis miRebis ZiriTad meTodebs; 

• msjelobs qimiuri elementebis rolsa da gamoyenebaze; 

• ganazogadebs elementebis Tvisebebs erTi jgufis elementebisaTvis; 

• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs metalTa aqtiurobis Sesadareblad. miRebuli Sedegebis 

siswores amowmebs metalTa eleqtroqimiuri Zabvis mwkrivis mixedviT. 

8

programis Sinaarsi 

Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia mocemuli Sinaarsis safuZvelze: 

Tanamedrove warmodgena atomis aRnagobaze. atombirTvis Sedgeniloba, izotopis cneba. 

kvanturi ricxvebi da orbitalebi. umciresi energiis principi. paulis principi. hundis wesi. 

eleqtronuli konfiguracia. s-, p- da d- elementebi. 

perioduli sistemis jgufebi da periodebi (atomTa eleqtronuli aRnagobis moxedviT). 

eleqtrouaryofiToba. 

Jangvis ricxvi. Jangva-aRdgeniTi reaqciebis klasifikacia. Jangva-aRdgeniTi reaqciebis 

tolobebis Sedgena. 

qimiuri bmis tipebi: kovalenturi (arapolaruli da polaruli), ionuri da metaluri. donorul-aqceptoruli 

bmis warmoqmnis meqanizmi. wyalbaduri bma. eleqtronuli orbitalebis 

hibridizacia. σ- da π− bmebi. 

eleqtrolizi, misi roli warmoebaSi. 

Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi. qimiuri wonasworoba, le-Satelies principi. qimiur wonasworobaze 

moqmedi faqtorebi (koncentracia, temperatura, wneva). 

elementebi: wyalbadi, halogenebi, Jangbadi, gogirdi, azoti, fosfori, naxSirbadi, siliciumi, 

natriumi, kaliumi, magniumi, kalciumi, alumini, rkina, manganumi. maTi mniSvnelovani 

naerTebi, miReba, Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. 

9

saaTebis 

ganawileba 

16 

1 

10 

Temis, paragrafis dasaxeleba 

Tema 1 - 

wardgena 

1 1. warmodgenebis ganviTareba 

atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb 

Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka 

standartis Sesabamisi Sedegebi da indikatorebi 

qimia XI.1. 2. 

• iyenebs atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove warmodgenebs 

da elementebis Tvisebebs akavSirebs atomis aRnagobasTan; 

1 2. atombirTvis Sedgeniloba • asabuTebs atombirTvis muxtis mniSvnelobas elementebis 

individualobis gansazRvraSi; 

2 3. qimiuri elementis izo topuri 

Sed geniloba 

2 4. eleqtronebi atomSi, atomuri 

speq trebi da kvanturi 

ricxvebi 

1 5. atomis eleqtronuli for- 

mula 

1 6. praqtikuli samuSao: mcire 

(I-III) pe ri odebis atomTa 

perioduli for mulebi 

2 7. IV (didi) periodis atomTa 

eleqtronuli formulebi 

2 8. atomis agzneba da ioni- 

zacia 

2 9. atomis eleqtronuli formula 

da perioduli siste 

ma 

1 10. Temis Sejameba 

15 

1 

Tema 2 

wardgena qimia XI.3. 

• ganasxvavebs fardobiT atomur masas da masur ricxvs; 

• adarebs erTmaneTs erTi da imave elementis izotopebs maTi 

fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebis mixedviT. miRebul Sedegebs 

akavSirebs atomis aRnagobasTan; 

• gansazRvravs eleqtronebis ganawilebas eleqtronul doneebsa 

da qvedoneebze. 

• gamoTvlis TiToeul energetikul doneze orbitalebis raodenobas 

da eleqtronebis maqsimalur ricxvs; 

• gamosaxavs atomTa eleqtronul konfiguracias s- da p- elementebisaTvis 

eleqtronebis ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebis 

gaTvaliswinebiT. 

• gamosaxavs atomTa eleqtronul konfiguracias s-, p- da d- 

elementebisaTvis eleqtronebis ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebis 

gaTvaliswinebiT. 

• akavSirebs elementebis mier kationebis da anionebis warmoqmnis 

unars maTi savalento eleqtronebis raodenobasTan; 

• adgens zogierTi elementis ionebis da keTilSobili airebis 

gare garsebis aRnagobis identurobas. 

• adarebs erTmaneTs erTi da imave jgufis an periodis elementebs 

atomis aRnagobis TvalsazrisiT da gamoaqvs Sesabamisi 

daskvna; 

2 1. kovalenturi bma • aRwers kovalenturi bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmebs. mohyavs 

magaliTebi. 

• naerTis qimiuri formulis gaTvaliswinebiT adgens struqturul 

formulas da axasiaTebs masSi arsebul bmebs. 

2 2. martivi da jeradi bmebi • ganasxvavebs jerad da ujer bmebs. msjelobs ujeri bmebis 

warmoqmnis meqanizmze da sqematurad gamosaxavs σ- da π bmebis 

warmoqmnas. 

2 3. atomuri orbitalebis 

hibridizacia 

• msjelobs ujeri bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmze da sqematurad 

gamosaxavs σ- da π bmebis warmoqmnas.

2 4. kovalenturi bma donoraqceptoruli 

meqanizmiT 

• aRwers kovalenturi bmebis warmoqmnis donor-aqceptorul 

meqanizms. mohyavs magaliTebi. 

1 5. ionuri bma • aRwers ionuri bmis warmoqmnis meqanizms. adarebs ionur da 

kovalentur bmebs da mohyavs magaliTebi. 

2 6. metaluri bma • aRwers metaluri bmis warmoqmnis meqanizms. adarebs metalur, 

ionur da kovalentur bmebs da mohyavs magaliTebi. 

2 7. wyalbaduri bma • axasiaTebs wyalbadur bmas da akavSirebs masTan sxvadasxva 

nivTierebis fizikur Tvisebebs. 

1 8. praqtikumi: kavSiri atomis 

aRnagobas, qimiuri bmis 

xasiaTsa da nivTierebis 

Tvisebebs Soris 


21 

1 

Tema 3 

wardgena qimia XI.4. 5. 

• moswavle nivTierebaTa Tvisebebs ukavSirebs atomis 

eleqtronul aRnagobas da qimiuri bmis xasiaTs 

2 1. Jangvis ricxvi • gansazRvravs elementis JangviT ricxvs sxvadasxva naerTSi; 

1 2. kavSiri atomis aRnagobasa 

da elementis Jangvis ricxvs 

Soris 

1 3. praqtikumi: naerTSi elementTa 

Jangvis ricxvebis 

gansazRvra 



2 4. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi • adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. mohyavs mJangavebisa 

da aRmdgenebis magaliTebi, msjelobs maT gamoyenebaze; 

2 5. eleqtronuli balansi • abalansebs Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebs; 

2 6. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis 

klasifikacia 

1 7. praqtikumi: Jangva-aRdgenis 

reaqciebi 

1 8. praqtikuli samuSao: TvisebiTi 

reaqciebi mJangavebsa 

da aRmdgenebze 

1 9. praqtikuli samuSao:JangvaaRdgenis 

reaqciis gamokvleva 

• adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. mohyavs mJangavebisa 


• abalansebs Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebs; 





2 10. wylis eleqtrolizi • moswavle axasiaTebs eleqtrolizis movlenas da mis rols 

teqnikasa da mrewvelobaSi 

2 11. marilebis eleqtrolizi • adgens marilebis nalRobebisa da wyalxsnarebis eleqtrolizis 

procesSi eleqtrodebze ionuri ganmuxtvisas mimdinare 

reaqciebis sqemebs; 

• akavSirebs eleqtroqimiur procesebs metalTa aqtivobis 

mwkrivsa da Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebTan; 

11

1 12. eleqtrolizi xsnadi ano- 

12 

diT 

1 13. praqtikumi: eleqtrolizis 

raodenobrivi daxasiaTeba 

• adgens marilebis nalRobebisa da wyalxsnarebis eleqtrolizis 

procesSi eleqtrodebze ionuri ganmuxtvisas mimdinare 

reaqciebis sqemebs; 

• akavSirebs eleqtroqimiur procesebs metalTa aqtivobis 

mwkrivsa da Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebTan; 

• asrulebs eleqtrolizis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul raodenobriv 

gamoTvlebs. 

1 14. Temis Sejameba • asaxelebs da axasiaTebs yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da bunebaSi 

mimdinare Jangva-aRdgeniTi procesebis magaliTebs da 

gamoTqvams mosazrebas maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebis 

Sesaxeb. 

• aanalizebs da afasebs eleqtrolizuri procesebis mniSvnelobas 

qimiur mrewvelobasa da teqnikaSi; 

10 

1 

Tema 4 

wardgena 

1 1. Seuqcevadi da Seqcevadi 

reaqciebi 

qimia XI.6. 

• ganasxvavebs Seqcevad da Seuqcevad reaqciebs. wers Sesabamis 

tolobebs; 

2 2. qimiuri wonasworoba • axasiaTebs qimiur wonasworobas da CamoTvlis magaliTebs. 

1 3. wonasworobis mudmiva • raodenobribad axasiaTebs wonasworebis process. 

2 4. qimiuri wonasworobis gadaxris 

pirobebi 

2 5. qimiuri reaqciis optimaluri 

pirobebis SerCeva 


9 

1 

Tema 5 

wardgena 

• iyenebs le-Satelies princips da ganWvrets sxvadasxva 

faqtoris (wneva, nivTierebaTa koncentracia, temperatura) 

qimiur wonasworobaze gavlenis xasiaTs. CamoTvlis saTanado 

magaliTebs; 

• moiZiebs da ganixilavs teqnologiuri procesebis optimizaciis 

mizniT qimiuri wonasworobis ZiriTadi principebis gamoyenebis 

magaliTebs. 

qimia XI.7. 

2 1. wyalbadi da misi naerTebi • axasiaTebs elementebsa da maT mniSvnelovan naerTebs. 

2 

2 

• msjelobs elementebis fizikur da mniSvnelovan qimiur Tvi- 

2. tute metalebi da maTi 

sebebze da akavSirebs am Tvisebebs maT gamoyenebasTan; 

naerTebi 


3. tute miwametalebi da maTi • msjelobs qimiuri elementebis rolsa da gamoyenebaze; 

naerTebi 

• ganazogadebs elementebis Tvisebebs erTi jgufis elemente- 

1 4 . p r a q t i k u l i s a m u S a o : bisaTvis; 

TvisebiTi reaqciebi • gegmavs da atarebs cdebs metalTa aqtiurobis Sesadareblad. 

metalebze 

miRebuli Sedegebis siswores amowmebs metalTa eleqtroqi- 


miuri Zabvis mwkrivis mixedviT.

14 

1 

Tema 6 


1 1. alumini da misi naerTebi • axasiaTebs elementebsa da maT mniSvnelovan naerTebs. 

2 

2 

• msjelobs elementebis fizikur da mniSvnelovan qimiur Tvi- 

2. naxSirbadi da siliciumi. 

sebebze da akavSirebs am Tvisebebs maT gamoyenebasTan; 

maTi naerTebi 


3. azoti da fosfori. maTi • msjelobs qimiuri elementebis rolsa da gamoyenebaze; 

naerTebi 

• ganazogadebs elementebis Tvisebebs erTi jgufis elemente- 

2 4. azotmJava da nitratebi bisaTvis; 

2 

1 

5. Jangbadisa da gogirdis 

• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs metalTa aqtiurobis Sesadareblad. 

SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba 

miRebuli Sedegebis siswores amowmebs metalTa eleqtroqimiuri 

Zabvis mwkrivis mixedviT. 

6. gogirdmJava da misi naer- 

Tebi 

2 7. halogenebi da maTi naer- 

Tebi 


7 

1 

Tema 7 


2 1. rkina da misi naerTebi • axasiaTebs elementebsa da maT mniSvnelovan naerTebs. 

2 

1 

2. manganumi da misi naerTebi 

3. praqtikuli samuSao: Tvi- 

• msjelobs elementebis fizikur da mniSvnelovan qimiur Tvisebebze 

da akavSirebs am Tvisebebs maT gamoyenebasTan; 


sebiTi reaqciebi 

• msjelobs qimiuri elementebis rolsa da gamoyenebaze; 


• ganazogadebs elementebis Tvisebebs erTi jgufis elementebisaTvis; 

• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs metalTa aqtiurobis Sesadareblad. 

miRebuli Sedegebis siswores amowmebs metalTa eleqtroqimiuri 

Zabvis mwkrivis mixedviT. 

SeniSvna: sul 108 saaTi, maT Soris 

sagakveTilo datvirTva _ 92 saaTi; 

sarezervo _ 10 (TiToeul Temaze saWiroebisamebr 1 an 2 saaTi; 

referatebisa da proeqtebis prezentaciisTvis _ 6. 

13

14 

saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebis 

axsna-ganmarteba 

a. motivacia 

`motivacia~ laTinuri sityvaa da qarTulad „moZraobas~, „amoZ ravebas~ niSnavs. 

sakuTari Tavis „amoZraveba~ miznis miRwevis gasaadvileblad, risame sasargeblod mosazrebis, 

sabuTis, safuZvlis moyvana, Sinagani barierebis gadalaxvis kargi saSualebaa. 

motivi aris raRac qcevis, qmedebis gamomwvevi mizezi/sababi da pirovnebas yovelTvis 

ubiZgebs garkveuli miznisken. rac Zlieria motivi, miT Zlieraa adamiani ganwyobili miznis 

misaRwevad. mizani xom yovelTvis raRac moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas ukavSirdeba. 

kidev ufro rTulia sxvebis motivacia. es niSnavs, ubiZgos sxvas, Secvalos Tavisi Zveli 

qceva axliT. 

axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis misaRwevad gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba 

aqvs maswavleblis mier TiToeuli moswavlis motivacias. 

unda ganvasxvaoT moswavleTa Sinagani da garegani motivacia: rogorc garegani (swavla 

niSnebisaTvis, mSoblebis SiSiT, waxalisebisaTvis, maswavleblis SiSiT/siyvaruliT), ise Sinagani 

(swavla ganviTarebisTvis, sagnis interesiT, pirvelobis surviliT, megobrebTan TanamSromlobiT). 

motivacia gavlenas axdens swavlis procesis efeqtianobaze. amasTan Sinagani 

motivacia ufro xangrZlivi da marTvadia, vidre garegani, romelic niSnebis/jildoebis 

miRebis survils an dasjis SiSs efuZneba da am garegani faqtorebis ararsebobisTanave 

mcirdeba/qreba. Sinagani motivacia sxvadasxva moswavles sxvadasxvanairi aqvs: zogs susti, 

zogs Zlieri. TiToeuls gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba sWirdeba: susti motivaciis moswavles 

zogjer Seqeba da mxardaWera ganawyobs swavlisken, magram aqac zomierebis dacvaa 

saWiro _ SeiZleba zedmetma Seqebam Sinagani motivacia, piriqiT, daaqveiTos. 

motivaciis gamowvevaze aranakleb mniSvnelovania misi SenarCuneba gakveTilze swavlis 

procesSi. profesionali pedagogi saswavlo procesis swori organizebiT xels Seuwyobs 

moswavleebSi motivaciis Camoyalibebas, Tu gakveTilze aqtivobebis dagegmvisas gaiTvaliswinebs 

moswavleTa: swavlis stils, interesebs, SesaZleb lobebsa da saWiroebebs. 

ras gulisxmobs masalis swori organizeba? aqtivobebi ise daigegmos, rom axali masalis 

swavla eyrdnobodes Zvels da gamomdinareobdes misgan. moswavles saSualeba hqondes, 

axali naswavli Seadaros/Seapirispiros ZvelTan da gamoTqvas Tavisi azri. 

sasurvelia, yvela gakveTili daiwyos samotivacio aqtivobiT, romelic daexmareba sxvadasxva 

interesisa da SesaZleblobis moswavles, gaiazros swavlis mizani da iTanamSromlos 

maswavlebelTan/moswavleebTan miznis misaRwevi saSualebebis SesarCevad. moswavleTa aqtiuroba 

swavlis procesSi zrdis maT motivacias. 

ramdenime rCeva, romelic daexmareba maswavleblebs moswavleTa motivaciisTvis, ase 

SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: 

1. martivad, realurad dagegmeT gakveTilis mizani standartis misaRwev Sedegebze dayrdnobiT 

da daexmareT moswavleebs, gaacnobieron, ra SeuZliaT maT gaakeTon gakveTilze 

miznis misaRwevad. 

2. ecadeT, ise SearCioT aqtivobebi, rom saswavlo masala iyos saintereso, saSualo sirTulis, 

arc Zalian advili, arc Zalian rTuli, raTa warmatebam swavlaSi ganumtkicos moswavleebs 

sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmena. 

3. daexmareT moswavleebs, Tavi igrZnon klasSi gundis wevrad da aiRon pasuxismgebloba 

wyvilebSi, jgufebSi muSaobisas Sedegis miRwevaze. 

4. mravalferovani saswavlo meTodebis gamoyenebiT daexmareT moswavleebs, SearCion maT- 

Tvis „komfortis zona~, SeZlebisdagvarad mieciT swavlisas davalebis arCevis ufleba, 

daexmareT, pozitiurad ganawyoT moswavleebi erTmaneTis mimarT, rom gamoricxoT arajansaRi 

konkurencia. 

5. ecadeT, moswavleTa Sefasebisas gaakeToT pozitiuri komentarebi. jer aRniSneT is dadebi- 

Ti, rac namuSevarSi dainaxeT, Semdeg ki, Tu aucilebelia, miuTiTeT daSvebul Secdomaze da

mieciT Sansi Secdomis aRmosaCenad/gamosasworeblad. sust mxareebze saubrisas nu SeexebiT 

maT pirovnulad, mieciT rwmena, rom SeZleben problemebisgadalaxvasa da warmatebis miRwevas. 

nabij-nabij aswavleT namuSevris kritikulad, obieqturad TviT/urTierTSefaseba. 

moswavleTa motivaciisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gak veTilis dasawyisi. 

Cven mier mocemul sanimuSo gakveTilis scenarebSi yvelgan vecadeT, gakveTilis pirveli 

5 wT. daeTmos samotivacio aqtivobas, romelic faqtobrivad aris gakveTilis faza (etapi) _ 

saswavlo sakiTxis dasmis/wardgenisa. gakveTilis SesavalSi samotivacio aqtivobis Sinaarsi 

damokidebulia specifikasa da moswavleTa gamocdileba/SesaZleblobaze, agreTve imis 

gaazrebaze, ris SesaZlebloba _ adamianuri da fizikuri resursebis saxiT arsebobs klasSi 

(samotivacio aqtivobebis konkretuli magaliTebi ixileT gakveTilebis scenarebSi). 

b. sakiTxis dasma, amocanis gansazRvra 

mas Semdeg, rac standartis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT ganisazRvreba gakveTilis saswavlo 

miznebi, faqtobrivad Camoyalibdeba saswavlo savarjiSoebis CarCo. miznis Sesasruleblad 

dasaxuli amocanebi gansazRvravs SerCeuli aqtivobebis saxesa da Tanmimdevrobas, aseve moswavleTa 

organizebis formebs (mTel klasTan, individualuri, wyvilebSi, jgufebSi). dasmuli 

sakiTxis ganviTareba/aTvisebisTvis saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebobs ZiriTadi saswavlo 

masala (teqsti, ilustraciebi, situaciuri amocanebi, problemuri kiTxvebi, diagramebi, 

cxrilebi, fotoebi, kiTxvebi, testebi...), romelTa analiziT maswavleblis mier SeirCeva: 

• sawyis fazaSi Sesasrulebeli savarjiSoebi (maTgan romelime SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes 

samotivaciodac) Tu aseT savarjiSos saxelmZRvaneloSi ver vipoviT, Cven unda movifiqroT/SevqmnaT. 

• ZiriTadi saswavlo masala faqtobrivad iqneba motivaciis SenarCunebis mizniT sakiTxis 

asaTviseblad da ganviTarebisTvis SerCeuli savarjiSoebi saxelmZRvanelodan, damxmare 

saswavlo masalidan an maswavleblis mier mofiqrebuli. yuradReba unda mieqces, rom 

aqtivobebis Tanmimdevroba Seesabamebodes moswavleTa saazrovno unaris ganviTarebas da 

Tu saWiroa, maswavlebelma moamzados specialuri instruqciebi/rCevebi damoukidebeli 

kvlevisas SesaZleblobebis maqsimalurad gamovlenaSi dasaxmareblad (instruqciis nimuSi 

ix. scenarebSi). 

• moswavleebTan erTad momzaddes jgufSi muSaobisas TanamSromlobis, kvlevis, gadawyvetilebebis 

miRebis, masalis warmodgenis, teqstze muSaobis, referatis momzadebis, cdis Catareba/ 

dagegmvis... unarebis Sesafasebeli sqemebi da isini gamoyenebul iqnes miznobrivad Sefasebis 

procesSi (Sefasebis sqemebis kon kretuli magaliTebi ix. gakveTilebis scenarebSi). 

Sinaarsobrivad naswavli masalis gaazreba xorcieldeba gak veTilis bolo, damagvirgvinebel 

etapze Semajamebeli savarjiSoebis gamoyenebiT. am dros faqtobrivad xdeba aqtivobebis 

integracia naswavli masalis Sesajameblad (ix. Semajamebeli aqtivobebi scenarebSi). 

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare gakveTilis struqtura SeiZleba sqematurad ase warmovadginoT: 

gakveTilis struqtura 

msvlelobis mixedviT 

Sinaarsis mixedviT 

Sesavali motivacia (ganwyobis Seqmna) 

aqtivobebi 

_ mTel klasTan 

_ individualurad 

_ wyvilSi 

_ jgufSi 

etapebi 

sakiTxis 

dasma/warmodgena 

I faza 

siRrmiseuli wvdoma sakiTxis ganviTareba/aTviseba II faza 

analizi, Sejameba gaazreba (refleqsia) codnis gamoyeneba/integracia III faza 

15

16 

gakveTilis dagegmvis zogadi principebi 

rCevebi maswavleblebs efeqtiani gakveTilis dasagegmad 

gakveTilze saswavlo procesis dasagegmad maswavleblis upir velesi amocana gakveTilis miznis 

arsis gagebaa. 

gakveTilis saswavlo mizani/miznebi gamoxatavs, ra codna da unarebi unda SeiZinon moswavleebma. 

ra Sedegs unda miaRwion moswavleebma swavlis procesSi, gansazRvrulia erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi 

yvela saganSi/sagnobriv jgufSi klasebis mixedviT. Sedegis miRwevas adasturebs Sedegis qvemoT 

mocemuli indikatorebi. mawavleblis wignSi mocemuli Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka uCvenebs, romeli 

Sedegis misaRwevad aris saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli paragrafi da romeli indikatorebiT dasturdeba 

gakveTilis bolos Sedegis miRweva. 

rodis aris gakveTilis mizani sworad SerCeuli? mizani sworad aris SerCeuli, Tu: 

• gamomdinareobs sagnobrivi standartis misaRwevi Sedegebidan. 

• qmnis safuZvels moswavleTa progresis SemowmebisTvis. 

• exmareba maswavlebels TviTSefasebaSi. 

• warmoadgens saswavlo savarjiSoebis CarCos. 

yvelaferi zemoT aRniSnuli miiRweva, rodesac moswavleebi gakveTilze gaakeTeben imas, rasac 

Txoulobs Sedegebis qvemoT CamoTvlili indikatorebi. Tu maT yuradRebiT CaikiTxavT, naxavT, rom 

gakveTilis mizani klasikuri samkuTxedis saxiT SegiZliaT warmoidginoT: 

gakveTilis mizani gansazRvravs aqtivobebis Sinaarss. aqtivobebis SerCevisas miznis misaRwevad 

winaswar unda moifiqroT: 

codna (aRweren, axsnian, CamoTvlian, gaigeben…) 

ganwyoba-damokidebuleba 

(Seafaseben, SearCeven, Secvlian…) 

unarebi (Seadareben, Seqmnian, 

gaaanalizeben, gamoikvleven…) 

• romeli/ramdeni aqtivobis Catareba dagWirdebaT da rogori TanmimdevrobiT. 

• aris Tu ara sawyisi/Sesavali aqtivoba samotivacio, anu moemsaxureba Tu ara igi moswavleTa dainteresebas 

swavlis procesSi CasarTavad da Seasrulebs Tu ara momdevno aqtivobebTan damakav- 

Sirebel rols. 

• aris Tu ara momdevno aqtivobebi moswavlis swavlaze orientirebuli, ganmaviTarebeli, SemoqmedebiTi. 

• iZleva Tu ara Semajamebeli aqtivoba saSualebas, gakveTilis bolos Semowmdes moswavleTa progresi 

da Sefasdes gakveTilis xarisxi (ramdenad miaRwies moswavleebma da maswavlebelma dasaxul miznebs). 

aqtivobebis SerCevis paralelurad mniSvnelovania moswavleTa organizaciis formis dagegmva da 

drois ganawileba. saswavlo miznis miRwevis maCvenebeli indikatorebi garkveulwilad migvaniSnebs, 

rogor vamuSaoT moswavleebi: mTel klasTan, individualurad, wyvilebsa Tu jgufebSi. rac metad SesabamisobaSi 

iqneba aqtivobis organizaciis forma moswavleTa SesaZleblobebTan da swavlis stilTan, miT 

realurad SeamowmebT gakveTilze moswavleTa progress da gaanawilebT maT Sesasruleblad gankuTvnil 

dros. dro TiToeuli aqtivobisTvis winaswar igegmeba, Tumca swavlis procesSic SesaZlebelia SeitanoT 

masSi cvlilebebi. gansakuTrebiT yuradReba misaqcevia drois ganawileba jgufuri muSaobisTvis, rodesac 

saWiroa samuSaos dagegmva, monacemebis organizeba da warmodgena. unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom swored 

jgufuri muSaobisas yalibdeba moswavleebSi TanamSromlobis, piradi da gunduri pasuxismgeblobis, 

jansaRi konkurenciis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis/dasabuTebis da sxva zogadi unar-Cvevebi. Tu samuSao 

kvleviTi an SemoqmedebiTia, TiToeuli davalebis SesrulebisTvis gankuTvnili drois gaTvla (ar darCes 

zedmeti dro an ar daakldes dro) faqtobrivad ganapirobebs miznis miRwevas. 

drois ganawilebis problema samarTliania zogadad mTeli gakveTilisTvisac. 

gakveTilze swavlis procesis efeqtianad warmarTva SeuZlebelia saswavlo resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. 

gakveTilis mizani gvikarnaxebs, ra tipis resursiT mivaRwevT Sedegs ukeT: adamianuri (sxva maswavlebeli, 

sazogadoebis wevri…), sainformacio (saxelmZRvaneloebi, statiebi, samuSao furclebi…), vizualuri 

(plakatebi, sqemebi, fotoebi, modelebi…) Tu audiovizualuri (kompiuteri, videokamera…). mza resursebze 

aranakleb efeqturia resursebis Seqmna. resursis moZieba/Seqmna SeiZleba klasSi, skolaSi, lokalur 

an globalur garemoSi, xolo Seqmnili resursis srulyofa/ganviTareba _ klasSi an gakveTilebis Semdeg 

skolaSi TanamSromlobiT, gamocdilebis gaziarebiTa da efeqtianobis SemowmebiT. ra tipis resursis 

gamoyenebas/Seqmnas, moZiebas SevZlebT, es gansazRvravs dasagegmi praqtikuli savarjiSoebis CarCos.

yvela gakveTils sWirdeba Sefaseba. 

Sefaseba aris monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze gamo tanili daskvna, romelic daafiqsirebs 

TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebasa da progress gakveTilis bolos (zogadad: swavlis garkveul etapze). 

Sefasebis axali sistema efuZneba monitoringisa da Semowmebis procesebs. 

monitoringSi igulisxmeba TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebasa da progresze mudmivi Tvalyuris 

devnebisa da faqtebis mogrovebis procesi. 

monitoringi saWiroa imisTvis, rom maswavlebelma Seiswavlos TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stili, 

SesaZleblobebi, interesebi, saWiroebebi da Sesabamisad Seitanos cvlilebebi gakveTilis dagegmvaSi. 

Zalze mniSvnelovania, gakveTilis msvlelobisas kerZo kontaqtebi awarmooT TiToeul moswavlesTan 

da yuradReba gaunawiloT TiToeuls. 

Semowmeba aris TiToeuli moswavlis miRwevebisa da progresis (agreTve zogadad swavlis procesis) 

Sesaxeb monacemebis Segrovebis procesi. risTvis vagrovebT am monacemebs? 

monacemebis safuZvelze maswavlebeli gamoavlens swavlis xelisSemwyob/xelisSemSlel faqtorebs. 

Semowmebis Sedegebi faqtobrivad ìZleva~ rCevebs/saSualebebs Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad. pedagogiur 

praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli Semowmebis xerxebia: dakvirveba, gamokiTxva, konsultacia, saubari, testireba, 

CaTvla, gamocda. 

ra formiT mimdinareobs Semowmeba _ zepiri, werilobiTi (komentariT) Tu konkretul situaciaSi moqmedebis 

Sesaxeb Canaweris warmoebiT, damokidebulia miznis Sinaarsze. Sesabamisad SeirCeva Semowmebis saSualebebi: 

kiTxvebi, testebi, rveulSi Cawerili monacemebi, namuSevrebis krebulebi, proeqtebi da sxva. 

arsebiTia, gaviazroT, rom monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze maswavleblis mier moswavlis mimdinare 

Sefaseba xdeba ara mxolod niSnebis an qulebis dasawerad, aramed TiToeuli moswavlis droSi gan vi- 

Tarebis misaRwevad, Secdomis gasasworeblad, Sedegis gasaumjobeseblad. aseTi midgomiT droTa ganmav lo baSi 

TiToeul moswavleSi yalibdeba urTierT/TviTSefasebis unar-Cvevac: moswavle aqtiurad iRebs mo na wileobas 

gakveTilis srulyofaSi, problemebis gamoyofasa da Sefasebis kriteriumebis/sqemis SedgenaSi. 

mocemuli msjelobidan gamomdinareobs gakveTilis dagegmvis aseTi sqema: 

gakveTilze misaRwevi Sedegi → indikatorebi 

↓ 

mizani/miznebi 

↓ 

aqtivobebi (organizacia, dro) 

↓ 

resursebi (klasisa da TiToeuli moswavlisTvis) 

↓ 

Sefaseba 

momavalSi Cven gamoviyenebT TiToeuli gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrils: 

saswavlo 

miznebi 

Tema aqtivobebi 

moswavlis 

organizeba 

drois 

ganawileba 

resursebi 

Semowmeba- 

Sefaseba 

cxrilis SedgenaSi dagexmarebaT yoveli gakveTilis win da bolos saazrovno unarebis ganviTarebis 

Sesabamisad sakuTari TavisTvis dasmuli kiTxvebi: 

1. ra masalas iswavlian, romel qmedebebs Seasruleben moswavleebi, ra Sedegs unda mivaRwio, Sefasebis 

romeli forma SevarCio? 

2. rogor vamuSao moswavleebi miznis misaRwevad. ras gavakeTeb me da ras gaakeTeben Cemi moswavleebi? 

3. risTvis da visTvis gaakeTeben amas moswavleebi? 

4. ratom SevarCie aseTi aqtivobebi? kidev romeli aqtivobebis gamoyeneba SemiZlia? ratom SevarCieT 

msgavsi/gansxvavebuli aqtivobebi me da saxelmZRvanelos avtorma? 

5. ra moxdeba, Tu aqtivobebis raodenobas/Tanmimdevrobas Sevcvli da savarjiSoebs azrobrivad gavaerTianeb? 

riT davasabuTeb Cems arCevans? 

6. romel da ramden moswavleze velodebodi Sedegis (miznis) miRwevas da ra miviRe? ra cvlilebebis 

Setanas mTxovs miRweuli Sedegi (Sefaseba)? 

17

18 

Sefasebis axali sistema da 

rekomendaciebi SefasebisTvis 

Sefaseba aris monitoringisa da Semowmebis Sedegebis gansjis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvna, romli- 

Tac fiqsirdeba moswavleTa progresi garkveul etapze. 

monitoringi TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebisaTvis mudmivi Tvalyuris devnebisa da faqtebis mogrovebis 

procesia. Semowmeba dakvirvebis procesia, romliTac grovdeba monacemebi swavlis procesis zogadi 

winsvlisa da TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebis Sesaxeb. 

saswavlo praqtikaSi kargad aris cnobili Semowmebis formebi, xerxebi da saSualebebi. 

formebi: zepiri, werilobiTi, konkretul situaciaSi moqmedebis aRniSvniT… 

xerxebi: dakvirveba, saubari, gamokiTxva, konsultacia, gamocda, CaTvla. 

saSualebebi: testebi, kiTxvarebi, dakvirvebis Sedegad portfolioSi dagrovili monacemebi, namuSev rebis 

krebulebi, proeqtebi... 

monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze xdeba moswavlis Sefaseba. 

axali midgomis Sesabamisad fasdeba ara marto informaciis floba moswavlis mier, aramed SeZenili unar- 

Cvevebi, azrovnebis demonstrirebis formebi, prezentaciebi, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis xarisxi, sagakveTilo 

procesSi CarTuloba jgufuri muSaobisa Tu sxva tipis aqtivobebis mixedviT. 

savaraudod, bunebismetyvelebaSi Sefasebis wriuli diagramis Semadgeneli komponentebi XI klasSi ase 

SeiZleba gamoisaxos. 10%-s irCevs moswavle: 

sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba 30% 

saklaso samuSao 30% 

4 

3 

1 

2 

proeqti 15% 

saSinao davaleba 15% 

diagramidan Cans, rom Sefasebis mniSvnelovani elementi xdeba moswavlis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi da 

zogadi unarebi. 

Sefasebis TiToeuli komponenti moicavs garkveuli unarebis Sefasebis saWiroebas, es unarebi ki fasdeba 

interaqtiuli gakveTilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aqtivobebiT. 

magaliTad, Sefasebis axali sistemis erT-erTi komponentia proeqti. am komponentSi fasdeba moswvlis 

argumentirebuli msjelobis, azris Camoyalibebis, komunikaciisa da SemoqmedebiTobis una rebi. am unarebis 

Sesafaseblad gakveTilze unda daigegmos iseTi aqtivobebi, romlebic saSualebas miscems moswavles, 

mravalmxrivad warmoadginos Segrovili monacemebi, adekvaturad gamoiyenos terminebi, SeZlos urTierToba 

auditoriasTan kvlevis Sedegebis, proeqtis, saSinao davalebisa Tu individualuri (jgufuri) namuSevris 

prezentaciisas. 

Sefasebis komponentSi `sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba~ yuradRebis mobilizebis, problemis dasma/ 

gadaWris, TanamSromlobisa da kvleviTi unarebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT: eqsperimentis Catareba, 

eqsperimentis dagegmva, usafrTxoebis wesebis Seqmna, problemis gadasaWrelad kiTxvebis dasma, varaudebis 

gamoTqma, dasabuTeba, sakiTxisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatva, modelis Seqmna, proeqtis 

momzadeba, saklaso diskusiaSi monawileoba da sxva. Sefasebis komponenti `Semaja mebeli samuSaoebi~ iTvaliswinebs 

miRebuli codnis Sejamebis, analizis, sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSi rebis, daskvnis gamotanis, drois 

limitis dacvisa da namuSevris organizebis unaris, agreTve weriTi unar-Cvevis Sefasebas. 

amis miRweva SesaZlebelia iseTi aqtivobiT, rogoricaa damoukidebeli weriTi da teqsturi davalebebis 

Sesruleba da Temis konceptualuri rukis Sedgena. 

axali midgomebis ganxorcielebisTvis Zalze sainteresoa aqtivobebi: informaciis moZieba, analizi, 

sxvadasxva sainformacio wyaros gamoyeneba, mokle da grZelvadiani proeqtebis, modelebisa da kolaJebis 

momzadeba, martivi kvlevebis Catareba, weriTi samuSaoebi da sxva. am aqtivobebiT fasdeba Sefasebis komponenti 

`saSinao davaleba~. es komponenti iTvaliswinebs dakvirvebis, aRweris, klasificirebis, modelirebis, 

weris, namuSevris organizebis, SemoqmedebiTobis unarebis Sefasebas.

trimestruli Sefaseba aucileblad sxvadasxva komponentis Sefasebidan gamomdinareobs. sasurvelia, 

am Sefasebas Tan komentarebic daerTos. 

sami trimestruli Sefasebis safuZvelze gamoiyvaneba sagnis/sagnobrivi jgufis wliuri Sefaseba moswavlis 

progresisa Tu regresis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili sagnis trimestruli, wliuri, saerTo-wliuri 

da saerTo safexuris niSnebis weris sistemebi. dadgenilia zogadi Sefasebis principebi, SemuSavebulia 

Sefasebis kriteriumebi. es kriteriumebi im misaRwevi Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs, romlebsac maswavlebeli 

isaxavs miznad gakveTilis (an Temis) Seswavlisas. 

niSnebisa da swavlis doneebis Sefardebis cxrili ki mocemulia erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi. 

trimestruli, wliuri da safexuris Sefasebebis safuZvelze xdeba moswavlis akademiuri miRwevis 

aRiareba. amitom Sefasebis am saxeebs oficialuri statusi aqvs. 

arsebobs Sefasebis mimdinare saxeebi (winaswari, ganmeorebiTi, yoveldRiuri, perioduli da sxva). es 

swavlisTvis gankuTvnili Sefasebis saxeebia da maswavlebels SeuZlia, TviTon gansazRv ros, ra formiT 

aRricxavs mimdinare Sefasebis Sedegebs da Seagrovebs informacias moswavlis warmatebis Sesaxeb. 

yvela skola adgens Sefasebis ZiriTad principebs da maswavlebeli winaswar acnobs moswavleebs, ra kriteriumebiT 

fasdeba maTi TiToeuli saswavlo aqtivoba. 

interaqtiuli gakveTilis struqtura, misi elementebi da aqtivobebi saSualebas iZleva, sistematurad 

ganxorcieldes gakveTilebze moswavleTa Sefasebis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa: 

• maswavleblis mier moswavlis Sefaseba; 

• moswavleebis mier urTierTSefaseba; 

• moswavlis mier TviTSefaseba. 

es exmareba moswavles, gaaanalizos, ris swavla SeuZlia da ra sferoSi sWirdeba codnis gaumjobeseba. 

maswavlebels ki saSualebas aZlevs, gaiTvaliswinos daSvebuli uzustobebi da dagegmos swavleba/ 

swavlis aqtivobebi moswavleTa saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

Sefasebis axali sistema Zalze mniSvnelovania skolisTvisac. skola iRebs obieqtur informacias moswavleTa 

progresisa Tu regresis Sesaxeb da gegmavs aqtivobebs Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis. 

maswavleblis mier moswavlis Sefasebis xerxebi yvela maswavleblisTvis kargad aris cnobili. SedarebiT 

problemuria moswavleTa TviTSefasebisa da urTierTSefasebis principebis dadgena wyvilebSi an jgufebSi 

muSaobisas. gTavazobT or kiTxvars, romelic gankuTvnilia gundis TiToeuli wevris TviTSefasebisa da gundis 

mier sakuTari naSromis TviTSefasebisTvis reitinguli sistemiT. 

TviTSefasebis kiTxvari jgufis TiToeuli wevrisTvis. TviTSefasebisas gaiTvaliswineT: 

1. ra gaakeTeT an TqviT iseTi, rac Tqvens jgufs, rogorc erT mTlianobas, daexmara samuSaos Sesru 

lebaSi? 

2. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad nayofierad imuSava gundma, rogorc erTma mTlianobam da ras TvliT amis mizezad? 

3. ras gaakeTebdiT momavalSi sxvanairad, gundis meti efeqturobisTvis? 

4. ra iyo yvelaze kargi ram, rac Tqveni erToblivi muSaobisas gamo ikveTa? 

5. kmayofili xarT Tqveni wvliliT? ras grZnobT samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg? 

Sevsebul kiTxvars moawereT xeli, miuTiTeT klasi, dRe da ricxvi. 

TviTSefasebis kiTxvari, rodesac gundi axdens sakuTari naSromis Sefasebas reitinguli sistemiT. instruqcia: 

jgufma, rogorc erTma mTlianobam, upasuxos sam mocemul SekiTxvas da xuT an aTbalian skalaze 

Seafasos Tavisi namuSevari. 

1. miaRwieT Tu ara maswavleblis mier dasaxul mizans? 

2. ra iyo Tqveni gundis yvelaze didi miRweva? 

3. ra iyo Tqveni erToblivi muSaobis xarvezi da nakli? 

pasuxebis mixedviT reitinguli sistemiT SeafaseT Tqveni Sromis Sedegi mocemul skalaze: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Tqveni azriT, ratom jobs Sefasebis aTquliani skala? 

19

20 

gTavazobT savaraudo Sefasebis cxrilebs Sefasebis yvelaze farTod 

gamoyenebuli komponentebisTvis 

Sefasebis sqema prezentacisTvis: 

Sedegebi 1-3 qula 4-5 qula 6-7 qula 8-10 qula 

1 kvlevis miznis 

Camo yalibeba/dasabuTeba 

2 muSaoba instruqciis 

Sesabamisad 

3 msjeloba mosalodnel 

Sedegebze 

4 varaudebis Camoyalibeba/dasabuTeba 

5 kvlevis procesis 

etapebis aRwera 

ver ayalibebs 

sworad 

ar SeuZlia 

sworad 

ayalibebs, 

magram 

ver asabuTebs 

nawilobriv 

SeuZlia 

ayalibebs da 

nawilobriv 

asabuTebs 

ayalibebs da 

asabuTebs srulyofilad 

SeuZlia SeuZlia 

` _ ~ ` _ ~ ` _ ~ ` _ ~ 

ver ayalibebs 

sworad 

ver aRwers 

sworad 

6 daskvnis gamotana ar SeuZlia 

sworad 

ayalibebs, 

magram 

ver asabuTebs 

zogierTs 

CamoTvlis 

akeTebs nawilobrivsworad 

Sefasebis sqema namuSevris (modelebis) prezentaciisTvis 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

ayalibebs da 

nawi lobriv 

asabuTebs 

aRwers, magram 

usistemod 

akeTebs Ziri- 

Tad daskvnebs 

ayalibebs da asabuTebs 

srulyofilad 

CamoTvlis da aRwers 

srulad 

akeTebs daskvnebs 

originalurad da asabuTebs 

srulfasov nad 


Sesavlis gakeTeba 

namuSevris warmodgena 

saubari 

daskvnis gamotana 

komunikaciis unari 

TvalsaCino masalis 

gamoyeneba 

pasuxi dasmul 

SekiTxvebze 

ar aris/uinteresoa 

ulogikod/bundovnad 

cdilobs, msmenelidaainteresos 

nawilobriv 

gasagebad 

gaugebrad nawilobriv 

gasagebad 

ver gamoaqvs 

sworad 

uWirs 

iyenebs mwirad 

da Seusabamod 

uWirs 

gaumarTavia, 

cdilobs, gamoitanos 

periodulad 

cdilobs 

sainteresod 

aris mowodebuli 

yvelas pasuxobs 

darwmunebiT 

mcire xarvezebiT, 

gasagebad, 

gamarTulad 

logikurad, 

kargad 

Camoyalibebuli 

amyarebs 

iyenebs mwirad 

da Sesabamisad iyenebs kargad 

ver scems 

gamarTulad 

pasuxobs 

umravlesobas 

moZiebuli aqvs damatebiTi 

masala, romelic 

msmenelis interess 

iwvevs 

logikurad, naTlad, 

gasagebad, TvalsaCinod 

gasagebad, gamarTulad, 

darwmunebiT 

logikurad, Camoyalibebuli, 

originalurad 

kargad amyarebs da 

dadebiTad ganawyobs 

msmenels 

iyenebs kargad, originalurad, 

Semoqmedebi- 

Tad 

yvelas pasuxobs darwmunebiT

praqtikuli samuSaos Sefasebis kriteriumebi 

organizebuloba SemoqmedebiToba TanamSromloba 

· saWiro xelsawyos 

(nawilis) amorCeva. 

· reaqtivebis 

SerCeva. 

· drois limitis 

dacva. 

· masalis (teqnikis) efeqturad 

gmoyeneba. 

· adekvaturi komen tarebis 

gakeTeba kvlevis Sedegebis 

gadmosacemad. 

· sxvadasxva xerxebis 

gamoyeneba analizis Sedegebis 

gadmosace mad. 

· urTierTdaxmareba. 

· funqciebis ganawi leba. 

· msjeloba mosa lod nel 

Sedegebze. 

kvleviTi 

unar-Cvevebi 

· kvlevis miznis dasaxva. 

· muSaoba ins truq ciis 

Sesabamisad. 

· usafrTxoebis wesebis 

SemuSaveba da dacva. 

1-10 qula 1-10 qula 1-10 qula 1-10 qula 


xelsawyo-reaqtivebis 

SerCeva 

ver irCevs 

nawilobriv sworad 

irCevs 

irCevs 

miznobrivad sworad 

irCevs 

_ _ _ _ _ 

algoriTmze samuSao aqtivobebis Sefasebis sqema 


1 muSaobis Tanmimdevroba 

algoriTmis 

Sesabamisad 

2 terminologiis 

floba 

3 gamoTvlebisas SI 

sistemis erTeulebis 

gamoyeneba 

ar icavs nawilobriv 

icavs 

ar flobs nawilobriv 

flobs 

ver awarmoebs warmoebs, mag ram 

SI sis temis er- 

Te ulebs ver 

iyenebs 

ZiriTadad 

icavs 

ZiriTadad 

flobs 

ZiriTadad 

awarmoebs 

4 xsnarebis damzadeba ver amzadebs aamzadebs amzadebs 

sworad 

5 codnis praqtikuli 

gamoyeneba 

6 adekvaturi komentarebis 

gakeTeba 

ar SeuZlia mxolod instruqciis 

Sesabamisad 

` _ ~ nawilobriv 

SeuZlia 

SemoqmedebiTad icavs 

srulyofilad flobs 

srulyofilad awarmoebs, 

SeuZlia 

sidideebs Soris kav- 

Sirebis damyareba 

amzadebs sxvadasxva 

Sedgenilobis xsnarebs 

sworad 

SeuZlia SemoqmedebiTad da 

originalurad Seu- 

Zlia 

` _ ~ ` _ ~ 

21

Sefasebis sqema referatis, proeqtis prezentaciisTvis 

22 


1 Sesavali ar aris uinteresoa sainteresoa moZiebulia damatebiTi 

saintereso masala 

SesavlisTvis 

2 Temis warmodgena ulogikoa, bundovania 

3 saubari fragmentulia, 

gaumarTavia 

nawilobriv 

gasagebia 

xSirad Cerdeba, 

orWofobs, 

ime orebs 

sityvebs 

4 TvalsaCinoeba ar iyenebs iyenebs 

mwirad 

logikuria, SeiniSneba 

xarvezebi 

logikuria, 

gamarTulad 

saubrobs 

Sesabamisad 

iyenebs cxrilebs, 

naxatebsa 

da diagramebs 

5 pasuxi SekiTxvaze uWirs gaumarTavia gamarTulad pasuxobs 

ZiriTad 

kiTxvebs 

6 daskvna cdilobs gaumarTavi da 

ulogikoa 

logikuria, 

Camoyalibebulia 

kargad 

logikuria, naTelia, 

gasagebia 

logikuria, kargad 

Camoyalibebulia, originaluria 

masalas warmoadgens 

vizualurad axali teqnologiebis 

gamoyenebiT 

yvela kiTxvas pasuxobs 

originalurad, sainteresod 

Camoyalibebulia kargad, 

logikurad, originalurad

VIII. damatebiTi masala maswavleblebisaTvis 

rogor mzaddeba/iwereba referati 

referati (laT. `refero~ _ vauwyeb) aris samecniero an Tematuri naSromis mokle werilobiTi 

an zepiri gadmocema. 

misi moculoba 4-6 gverdis farglebSi meryeobs. referatSi ar SeiZleba ubralod pirvelwyaroSi 

mocemuli nawilebis gadawera. dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzebi, moZiebuli informacia, 

momzadebuli TvalsaCinoeba moswavlis naazrevi unda iyos da, Tu romelime wyarodan 

monakveTis miTiTebaa saWiro, aucilebelia avtoris/wyaros citireba. 

referatis sturqtura zogadad ase SeiZleba warmo vidginoT: 

a) Sesavali _ sadac vasabuTebT Temis arCevans, mis aqtualurobas, CamovayalibebT miznebsa 

da amocanebs, mokled mimovixilavT literaturas. 

b) ZiriTadi nawili _ nabij-nabij vxsniT Temas, vadasturebT naTqvams cifrebiT, faqtebiT 

an citatebiT. yoveli struqturuli erTeuli (Tavi, paragrafi) sruldeba mokle 

daskvniT. 

g) daskvna _ TemasTan dakavSirebiT vayalibebT zogad daskvnebs. uarvyofT an veTanxmebiT 

wyaroTa avtorebis poziciebs da gamovTqvamT sakuTar mosazrebas problemis gadaWrasTan 

dakavSirebiT. 

referatisTvis sruli saxis misacemad saWiroa misi gaformeba. 

referatis gaformeba: 

satitulo furceli moicavs informacias saswavlo dawesebulebis Sesaxeb. ewereba sagani/ 

saganTa jgufi, referatis saTauri, Semsruleblis da maswavleblis vinaoba. satitulo furceli 

ar inomreba. 

Sinaarsi _ struqturuli erTeulebis Sinaarsi gverdebis miTiTebiT. 

ZiriTadi teqsti: 

a) Sesavali; 

b) ZiriTadi nawili; 

g) daskvna. 

literaturis sia _ wyaroebis dasaxeleba sruli bibliografiuli monacemebis miTiTebiT. 

rodesac cnobilia yvela etapi, Temas, sirTulidan gamomdinare, unda daeTmos vadebi, romel- 

Sic amis gakeTeba zedmeti Zalisxmevis gareSe moxerxdeba. mag., Tu moswavle sareferatod irCevs 

Temas atomis struqturis Sesaxeb, mas SeiZleba erTi kvira mieces, magram Tu atomis struqturis 

Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebs Soris paralelebis gavleba uwevs, maSin refe ratisTvis 

gamoyofili dro unda gaizardos. sasurvelia, moewyos Sualeduri ganxilva, raTa naSromi 

ukeTesi gamovi des. 

kriteriumebi, romelTa safuZvelze fasdeba referati 

1. mizani/Tezisi _ kvlevis Sedegad gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi idea 

2 referatis organizeba 

3. Sinaarsis koreqtuloba, faqtobrivi saimedooba 

4. enobrivi gamarTuloba 

5. kvleva 

6. ilustraciebi/TvalsaCinoeba 

7. SeTavazebuli mosazrebis argumentebiTa da magaliTebiT gamyareba 

8. daskvnebi 

23

savaraudod miviRebT aseT suraTs: 

24 

vakeToT, visac 

ra mogvesurveba 

visaubroT yvelam 

erTad 

♦ davicvaT drois limiti 

♦ vimuSaoT mxolod sakiTxze 

♦ vecadoT, warmovadginoT namuSevari gamarTuli qimiuri eniT 

♦ yvelam SevitanoT wvlili davalebis SesrulebaSi 

♦ erTad SevarCioT ilustraciebi 

♦ movusminoT erTmaneTs, davicvaT rigiToba 

♦ erTad SevarCioT prezentatori, romlic mTavar ideebs warmoadgens 

♦ gavuziaroT erTmaneTs ideebi da informacia 

♦ yvelam miviRoT monawileoba diskusiaSi 

♦ viTanamSromloT 

prezentatori 

yovelTvis erTi da 

igive iyos 

jgufuri muSaoba 

jgufuri muSaoba maSin aris efeqtiani, rodesac jgufis wevrebi maT mierve winaswar 

Sedgenili wesebis dacviT muSaoben. es imitom xdeba, rom samuSaos monawileni TavianT mier 

Sedgenil wesebs ufro asruleben, vidre maswavleblis mier dakanonebuls. 

rogor SevimuSaoT jgufuri muSaobis wesebi? 

SemoxazeT raime figura dafaze carciT (plakatze flomasteriT). sTxoveT moswavleebs, 

figuris SigniT Caweron, maTi azriT, jgufSi muSaobisTvis sasargeblo sityva/simbolo/mokle 

winadadeba. figuris gareT daweron is, rac sazianoa. 

prezentatorma gamoTqvas mxolod sakuTari da ara 

jgufSi Camoyalibebuli mosazreba 

erTma imuSaos, danarCenebma 

wvlili 

ar Seitanon 

cxrilSi mocemuli Sedegebi da maTi Sefasebis kriteriumebi sanimuSoa. darwmunebuli 

varT, Tqven da Tqveni moswavleebi sakuTari Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, daamatebT an 

gamoaklebT Sedegebs da SeusabamebT TiToeuls Sefasebis kriteriumebs. 

Tqven mier Seqmnili sqema morgebuli iqneba jgufis SesaZleblobebs, interesebsa da 

saWiroebebs da urTierT/TviTSefaseba ganxorcieldeba obieqturad, yovelgvari konfliqtis 

gareSe. 

roca yvela gamoTqmuli azri werilobiT Camoyalibdeba, vTxovoT moswavleebs, Seadginon 

sqema, romelSic moce muli iqneba jgufuri muSaobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi. sqemaSi 

CamoTvlili iqneba jgufSi muSa obisas misaRwevi ramdenime mniSvnelovani Sedegi. TiToeuli 

Sedegis gaswvriv ki mieTiTeba qulebi _ ra SemTxvevaSi romel qulas daimsaxurebs jgufi 

(yvela wevri). 

jgufuri muSaobis Sefasebisas cxrilis nimuSi daiwereba plakatze da gamoikvreba klasSi 

Tval saCino adgilas mxolod muSaobis procesSi. 

plakatis Sedgenisas figuris SigniT mocemuli msgavsi mosazrebebi SegiZliaT gaaerTianoT 

da 5-6 ZiriTad Sedegamde daiyvanoT.

jgufuri muSaobis Sefasebis cxrili (sanimuSo) 


1. monawileoba 

davalebis 

Sesrule baSi 

romelime mu - 

Saobs, da - 

narCenebi _ ara. 

2. TanamSromloba yvela, rac surs, 

imas akeTebs. 

3. diskusiaSi 

monawi leoba 

4. namuSevris prezentacia 

5. mosmena/rigi- 

Toba 

erTi war mar Tavs 

disku si as, sxvebi 

pa si urebi arian. 

usistemoa, 

ulogi koa, araa 

gamoyo fili mTavari 

ideebi. 

cudad usmenen 

erTma neTs, 

rigiTo bas ar 

icaven. 

jgufis ramdenime 

wevri 

monawileobs. 

erTi, rasac sa- 

Wi rod CaT vlis, 

imas akeTebs. 

diskusias warmarTaven 

Zlieri 

monawileebi. 

nawilobriv sis - 

temuria, logikuria, 

magram 

ver gamoiyofa 

ZiriTadi ideebi. 

cdiloben mousminon 

erTmaneTs, 

uWirT rigiTobis 

dacva. 

jgufis yvela 

wevri 

monawileobs. 

ucvlian erTmaneTs 

ideebs da 

Tanam Srom loben. 

yvela monawileobsdiskusiaSi. 

logikuria, 

sistemuria, 

warmoCeni lia 

mTavari ideebi. 

usmenen erTmaneTs, 

icaven 

rigiTobas. 

6. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

jgufis wevrebi 

inawileben 

funqciebs da 

monawileoben. 

ucvlian erTmaneTs 

ideebs 

sagnobrivad 

marTebulad, 

inawi leben funqciebs 

da Tanam- 

Sromloben. 

ZiriTad 

sakiTxze diskusiaSi 

yvelas 

Tanabari pirobebi 

aqvs Seqmnili. 

logikuria, 

siste muria, 

warmoCenilia 

mTa vari ideebi, 

arTme ven Tavs 

kritikul SeniSvnebs. 

usmenen erTmaneTs, 

uziareben 

azrs, erTad 

iReben gadawyvetilebas, 

saub ro ben rigi- 

Tobis dacviT. 

25

26 

rogor gamoviyenoT saxelmZRvanelo 

rCevebi maswavlebels 

Zvirfaso kolegebi! 

TiToeul Tqvengans aqvs qimiis gakveTilebis dagegmvis, warmarTvisa da Sefasebis garkveuli 

gamocdileba. 

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti (1. muxli 2) gansazRvravs standartebs _ ra unda 

icodes da ris gakeTeba unda SeeZlos profesional maswavlebels. 

erovnuli saswavlo gegma (2) is dokumentia, romelic qimiis maswavlebels mianiSnebs, ra 

codnas SeiZenen, ra unar-Cvevebs gamoimuSaveben da ra Rirebulebebs eziarebian mosawavleebi 

qimiis Seswavlisas TiToeul klasSi. 

qimiis maswavleblis profesiuli standarti (3) adgens maswavleblis kompetenciebs qimiis 

codnasa da misi swavlebis meTodikaSi. igi gansazRvravs maswavleblis profesiuli SesaZleblobebis 

srulyofis mimarTulebebs. maTgan ZiriTadia: 

• kvlevebsa da aRmoCenebze dafuZnebuli saswavlo meTodebis gamoyeneba. 

• klasis marTvis demokratiuli stili da swavlis efeqtiani strategiebis SerCeva. 

• interaqtiuli gakveTilis dagegmva, warmarTva da Sefaseba. 

swored am mimarTulebebs iTvaliswinebs XI klasis qimiis saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi da 

struqtura. 

saxelmZRvanelos I nawilSi ganxilulia zogadi qimiis sakiTxebi, II nawilSi ki _ qimiuri 

elementebi da maTi naerTebi. I nawilis Seswavlisas SeTvisebul ZiriTad cnebebsa da kanonzomierebebs 

aqtiurad viyenebT qimiuri elementebis Seswavlisas (deduqciuri midgoma). 

zogadi nawili moicavs 4 Temas. TiToeuli Tema iwyeba SesavliT da saswavlo miznebis gansaz- 

RvriT. grZeldeba ramdenime paragrafiT, romelTa Sinaarsi srul SesabamisobaSia standartis 

misaRwev SedegebTan (ix. Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka.) da sruldeba Temis SejamebiT. 

SesavalSi mocemulia detalebi, romlebic asaxavs, moswavleTaTvis nacnob romel sakiTxebs da 

sabaziso codnas efuZnebs Temis Seswavla. XI klasSi bevria iseTi sakiTxi, romelTanac moswavles 

pirvelad ar uwevs Sexvedra. maT garkveuli warmodgena aqvT atomze, atomebidan molekulebis 

warmoqmnaze, qimiuri reaqciebis klasifikaciis niSnebsa Tu mimdinareobis pirobebze. 

wina klasebSi SeZenili codnisa da gamocdilebis aqtualizacia iqneba `xidi Zvelsa da axals~ 

Soris da gauadvilebs maswavlebels Sesaswavli Temis saswavlo miznebis dasaxvas. amitom 

yvela Temis Sesavali ara marto axsenebs moswavleebs wina klasebSi naswavl masalas, aramed 

maTgan garkveul saswavlo aqtivobebsac moiTxovs. magaliTad, I Temis SesavalSi mocemuli 

ilustrirebuli masala im mecnierTa Sesaxeb, romelTac wvlili Seitanes atomis aRnagobis 

SeswavlaSi, samotivacio aqtivobacaa, romelic daafiqrebs moswavleebs, ratom mohyva 

nobelis premiebis `foierverki~ atomis Seswavlas da daexmareba maT, ukeT warmoidginon 

Temis saswavlo miznebi. amave dros es gverdi aris samuSao cnobaric, romlis safuZvelze 

moswavleebi Seavseben droiTi Tanmimdevrobis sqemas. am ukanasknels ki gamoiyeneben Temis 

Seswavlisas referatis mosamzadeblad, Tu rogor ganviTarda warmodgenebi atomis Sesaxeb 

(rogor iwereba referati ix. danarTi). referatis Tema SeiZleba TviTon moswavleebma air- 

Cion. magaliTad, referatis Tema SeiZleba iyos drois wrfis analizi, SesaZloa, moswavleTa 

yuradReba miipyros im faqtma, ratom mohyva nobelis premiebis `foierverki~ am gamokvlevebs 

da maT SeiZleba gaaanalizon kidec, ra mniSvneloba hqonda am aRmoCenebs bunebismetyvelebisa 

da zogadad kacobriobisaTvis. 

referatis daweris procesSi maswavlebeli moswavleebs gaacnobs (kidev erTxel) referatis 

daweris wess, miuTiTebs xelmisawvdom wyaroebs, literaturas an urCevs, sad moiZion 

isini. radgan Temis paragrafebSi `nabij-nabij~ xdeba am mecnierTa Rvawlis ganxilva, periodulad 

maswavlebeli akeTebs komentarebs, riTac mianiSnebs moswavleebs, rom Seswavlili 

masalis elementebi referatis dasawerad gamoiyenon. saWiroa, maswavlebelma daakonkretos,

om moswavleebma TviTon unda gadawyviton, ras asaxaven am referatSi: mecnierTa pirovnul 

Tvisebebs Tu im Rvawls, romelic maT Seitanes atomis Sedgenilobis dadgenaSi. referatebis 

klasisTvis gacnoba moxdeba Semajamebel gakveTilze `referatis prezentacia~ specialurad 

referatisTvis winaswar gamzadebuli da moswavleTaTvis cnobili Sefasebis rubrikiT. imis 

miuxedavad, rom moswavleebi atomis Temaze muSaobdnen, referatebi aucileblad gansxvavebuli 

aRmoCndeba da namuSevrebis gacnobiT moswavleebi gaifarToeben codnas. rodesac moswavleebi 

maswavleblis rekomendaciebiTa da miTiTebebiT TavianT gonebriv SesaZleblobebs 

warmoaCenen, gonebrivi sqemebi yovelTvis gansxvavebulia da swored am gansxvavebis warmoCenaa 

Cveni mizani. imisda mixedviT, ra sabaziso codna moepovebaT moswavleebs, Sesavali masalac 

gansxvavebul mizans isaxavs, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi igi Zvelsa da axals Soris xidis gadebas 

emsaxureba. es, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba, axali masalis Seswavla ukve arsebul codnasa 

da gamocdilebaze davafuZnoT. 

Sesavali informaciis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovania Temis saswavlo miznebisa da mosalodneli 

Sedegebis gacnoba. am gverdze aRwerilia, ras gaakeTeben Temis Seswavlisas moswavleebi 

da ras SeZleben Temis dasrulebis Semdeg. saswavlo miznebis gacnobis dros, Temis 

dawyebis win, kargi iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli gaacnobs moswavleebs axali masalis organizebis 

wesebs. magaliTad, romeli meTodebiTa da strategiebiT miaRweven mizans (referatis daweriT, 

Canawerebis (reziumeebis) gakeTebiT, drois Tanmimdevrobis sqemis SevsebiT, proeqtze 

muSaobiT, TanamSromlobiT swavliT, erToblivi kvleviT da a. S.). 

qimiis Seswavla SeuZlebelia problemuri kiTxvebisa da davalebebis gareSe. Cveni saxelmZ- 

Rvanelos yvela TavSi aris masala, romelSic problemis kvleva da misi gadawyvetis gza 

moiTxoveba. maswavlebels vurCevT, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli davalebebi Tavisi klasis 

SesaZleblobebs moargos da ise SearCios moswavleTa organizebis forma. wina klasis saxelmZ- 

Rvanelosgan gansxvavebiT, Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSi Segnebulad ar vuTiTebT moswavleTa 

organizebis formas da amis gadawyvetas maswavlebels mivandobT. Tu gansaxilveli sakiTxi 

moicavs problemas, vurCevT, dagegmos muSaoba wyvilebsa da jgufebSi. wyvilebSi muSaobisas 

upiratesad urTierTswavleba da urTierTSefaseba xorcieldeba, jgufebSi muSaobisas ki 

_ problemis gadawyvetis yvelaze misaRebi xerxis moZieba. magaliTad, II Temis Sejamebisas 

moswavleebma unda SeZlon qimiuri reaqciebis Sesaxeb Zveli da axali codnis erTmaneT- 

Tan dakavSirebac da TanamSromlobis unar-Cvevis gamomuSavebac. amitom Cveni Semajamebeli 

muSaoba aseTi instruqciiT mimdinareobs: imuSaveT wyvilad. CamowereT TqvenTvis nacnobi 

qimiuri reaqciebis tolobebi, moifiqreT maTi klasifikaciis yvelaze misaRebi xerxi da 

monacemebi sqemis saxiT warmoadgineT. Semdeg mewyvile SeicvaleT da Tqveni namuSevrebi 

erTmaneTs gaacaniT. 

am muSaobis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad dafaze (an qaRaldis formatze) 

adgens qimiuri reaqciebis klasifikaciis yvelasTvis misaReb sqemas da yuradRebas miaqcevs, 

ratom aris mniSvnelovani qimiuri reaqciebis Jangvis ricxvis cvlilebis mixedviT dajgufeba. 

axla ramdenime rCeva konkretul paragrafebSi gamoyenebuli strategiebis Sesaxeb. 

TiTqmis yvela paragrafi iwyeba problemuri kiTxviT an situaciuri amocaniT da sruldeba 

saSinao davalebiT. dasawyisi garkveuli xarisxiT samotivacioa. Cveni mizania, am kiTxvebiT 

maswavlebelma sxvadasxva sakiTxebs miapyros yuradReba. zog kiTxvaze Tavidanve SeuZliaT 

arasruli pasuxi gascen (bevr sakiTxs XI klasSi moswavle meored an mesamed xvdeba), amitom 

sainteresoa msjeloba Sinaarsis gaazrebis win. Sinaarsis gaazrebis Semdeg maswavlebeli 

aucileblad unda daubrundes paragrafis dasawyisSi Savi SriftiT gamoyofil kiTxvebs da 

daakvirdes, rogor SeZles moswavleebma sawyisi codnis gafarToeba, axali codnis aTviseba 

an praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis SeZena. msjeloba Sinaarsis gaazrebis win da Semdeg is efeqtiani 

strategiebia, romlis gamoyenebas sistematurad, TiTqmis yvela gakveTilze girCevT. 

XI klasis moswavleebisTvis inteleqtis ganviTarebas formaluri operaciebi ganapirobebs, 

amitom Zalian efeqturia klasSi iseTi muSaoba, rodesac moswavleebi jer informacias 

iazreben, Semdeg eqsperiments gegmaven, saTanado reaqtivebsa da xelsawyoebs arCeven, 

hipoTezas gamoTqvamen da Semdeg mis Sesamowmeblad eqsperiments atareben. bolos eqsperi- 

27

mentis Sedegebs maTTvis sasurveli formiT warmoadgenen (reziumeTi, sqemiT, cxrilebiT, 

diagramebiT, fotoebiT da a. S.). amitom saxelmZRvaneloSi, imis miuxedavad, rom zogad 

nawilSi abstraqtuli azrovnebisTvis gankuTvnili Teoriuli sakiTxebi ixileba, mravlad aris 

praqtikuli samuSaoebi. praqtikiT dadgenilia, rom erTi an ori praqtikuli mecadineoba ver 

uzrunvelyofs kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas. CvenTan yoveli momdevno praqtikuli 

mecadineoba aviTarebs moswavleTa unar-Cvevas. gansxvavebulia muSaobis meTodikac. Tu wina 

klasebSi muSaoba dafuZnebuli iyo konkretul operaciebze (keTebaze), XI klasSi moswavleebi 

jer gonebaSi gaiazreben problemas, dasaxaven misi gadawyvetis gzas da Semdeg asabuTeben 

TavianT arCevans. magaliTad, Tema `Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi~ datvirTulia praqtikuli 

samuSaoebiT. Tavdapirvelad moswavleebi algoriTmis gamoyenebiT ecnobian reaqciebis arss, 

mocemuli instruqciis mixedviT Caatareben TvisebiT reaqciebs tipuri mJangavebisa da aRmdgenebis 

gamosacnobad da bolos damoukideblad gamoikvleven maTTvis ucnobi natriumis 

sulfitis Termuli daSlis Jangva-aRdgenis reaqcias. moswavleTa jgufs kvleviTi samuSaos 

Sesrulebas vTxovT. 

ivaraudeT, ra moxdeba, Tu Na 2 SO 3 -is fxvnils sinjaraSi moaTavsebT da 3-5 wuTs spirtquris 

alze frTxilad gaacxelebT (?? frTxilad, sinjara ganuwyvetliv amoZraveT, rom ar gaskdes). 

wamoayeneT hipoTezebi, daurTeT axsna-ganmartebebi. Semdeg CaatareT cdebi da praqtikulad 

daadgineT, Tqveni hipoTezebidan romelia swori. gamoitaneT daskvna. pasuxi reaqciaTa 

tolobiT daasabuTeT. (§3-9). 

es sakmaod rTuli davalebaa. moswavleebs problemaze muSaoba rom ar gauWirdeT, arsebobs 

ramdenime strategia, romliTac maswavlebeli maT swori gzis arCevaSi daexmareba. 

maTgan erT-erTia problemis gadasaWreli specialuri kiTxvari (romelsac xSirad gamoiyenebs 

sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi). 

savaraudod, kiTxvaris Sinaarsi aseTia: 

1. CamoayalibeT, ra mizans unda miaRwioT. 

(unda gavigo, aris Tu ara marilis daSla Jangva-aRdgenis reaqcia.) 

2. aRwereT, ra giqmniT problemas. 

(ar vici, daiSleba Tu ara marili, Tu daiSleba, romeli produqtebi miiReba da rogor 

unda gamovikvlioT miRebuli produqtebi TvisebiTi reaqciebiT). 

3. gansazRvreT arsebuli problemis gadaWris saSualebebi. 

(SeiZleba vnaxo cnobarSi, gaxurebiT iSleba Tu ara marili, SeiZleba daSlisas warmoiqmnas 

Sesabamisi fuZe da mJava oqsidebi, SeiZleba, radgan gogirdi Sualeduri Jangvis 

ricxviTaa, moxdes Siga molekuluri Jangva-aRdgena, Tu aseTi ram moxda, unda moxdes disproporcireba, 

Tu fxvnili gayviTlda, e. i. gogirdi gamoyofila, Tu ara da SeiZleba Na 2 S 

da Na 2 SO 4 warmoiqmnas. TvisebiTi reaqciebiT darCenili narevis xsnarze CuSO 4 -is damatebiT 

CuS Savi feris naleqi unda warmoiqmnas, BaCl 2 -is damatebiT ki _ BaSO 4 _ wyalsa da mJavaSi 

uxsnadi naleqi...). 

4. CamoayalibeT hipoTeza: 

(1. gacxelebisas marili fuZe da mJava oqsidad iSleba; 2. gacxelebisas marilis Sigamolekuluri 

Jangva-aRdgena mimdinareobs). 

5. hipoTezebi SeamowmeT cdiT (Tu SesaZlebelia). cdis Catareba yovelTvis ver xerxdeba. 

am SemTxvevaSi cda ioli Casatarebelia da Sedegebic advilad gamosakvlevia, Tu Tqvens 

qimiis laboratoriaSi moipoveba Na 2 SO 3 -is fxvnili, CuSO 4 -isa da BaCl 2 -is xsnarebi. SeiZleba 

gamosakvlevi reaqcia SecvaloT, imis mixedviT, romeli usafrTxo reaqtivi moipoveba Tqvens 

laboratoriaSi (gaxsovdeT, ar SeiZleba KClO 3 , KMnO 4 , KNO 3 da sxva feTqebadsaSiSi marilebis 

gaxureba). sasurvelia, am samuSaosTvis ori gakveTili gamoiyos: erTi dasagegmad, meore _ 

Casatareblad. amgvari zogadi kiTxvariT imuSaveben moswavleebi sistematurad nebismieri 

problemis gadaWrisas da praqtikul unarebsac gamoimuSaveben. 

meore, aranakleb efeqtiani strategiaa moswavleTaTvis kiTxvaris momzadeba blumis 

saazrovno doneebis mixedviT. 

1. ra aris gogirdis Jangvis ricxvi mocemul marilSi? rodis aris gogirdi mJangavic da aRmdgenic? 

28

2. rogor fiqrobT, mJangavis rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia gogirds am reaqciaSi Tu aRmdgenis? 

3. romeli xelsawyoebi da reaqtivebi dagWirdebaT Tqveni varaudis praqtikulad gamosacdelad? 

usafrTxoebis romeli wesebi unda daicvaT? 

4. cdis Catarebis Semdeg daasabuTeT, ratom ganicada marilma Sigamolekuluri Jangva-aRdgena. 

5. Tqveni azriT, ra moxdeboda, Na 2 SO 3 -is nacvlad gasaxureblad Na 2 SO 4 rom ageRoT? 

6. SeafaseT, ratom fiqrobT ase. 

SeiZleba, blumis taqsonomiis sxvadasxva donis Sesatyvisi kiTxvebi sxvadasxva feris 

furclebze daiweros, da moswavleebi TviTon SeamCneven, romel donemde SeZles gasvla 

konkretuli samuSaos dros. 

problemis gadawyvetis gzebis Ziebasa da movlenebis kvlevaze mimarTuli jgufuri 

muSaobis dros xdeba moswavleTa individualuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlena da xorcieldeba 

TanamSromlobiT swavla. am meTodiT masalis Seswavlasac gauiolebT da iseTi unar- 

Cvevebis gamomuSavebasac SeuwyobT xels, rogoricaa urTierTdaxmareba da saerTo pasuxismgebloba. 

qimiis Seswavlis procesSi did rols asrulebs msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sedareba. Sesabamisad, 

aseT saswavlo qmedebebs didi adgili uWiravs teqstSi: masala gaZlevT saSualebas, 

gamoiyenoT iseTi efeqtiani strategiebi, rogoricaa: msjeloba analogiebis gamoyenebiT (mag., 

eleqtroni atomisTvis igivea, rac planeta _ mzis sistemisTvis). 

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba. teqstis Sejamebas swavlis sxvadasxva stilis mqone moswavle 

sxvadasxva gziT akeTebs. am unar-Cvevebs swavla unda. SeiZleba Tavdapirvelad Temis 

masalis SejamebisaTvis saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebuli reziumeebi gamoiyenon, maTSi mocemuli 

informaciis nawili datovon, nawili waSalon, nawili daamaton an Secvalon. Zalze mniSvnelovania, 

moswavlem iswavlos, ra datovos da ra Secvalos. girCevT, reziumeebze muSaobisas 

moswavleebs sTxovoT, moifiqron erTi an ori winadadeba, romelic yvelaze Rirebulia 

teqstis gaazrebisTvis. rodesac moswavleebi kargad aiTviseben Temis Sejamebis unar-Cvevebs, 

qimiis II nawilSi, sadac elementebi da maTi naerTebi iswavleba, efeqtiani iqneba, TviTonve 

daweron paragrafis reziume saxlSi an klasSi (ix. r. marzani da sxv., efeqtiani swavleba 

skolaSi, maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri, 2009, gv. 37-39). 

Cven did yuradRebas vuTmobT ZiriTadi cnebebis arsis gansazRvras sxvadasxva saxis ganmazogadebeli 

sqemebisa da diagramebis gamoyenebiT. girCevT, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli 

masalis safuZvelze moswavleebTan erTad sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblis mixedviT SeadginoT aseTi 

sqemebi, da sqemis garSemo mouyaroT Tavi mocemul informacias. magaliTad, Jangvis ricxvis 

(§3.1) Seswavlis dros aseTi sqemebi SeiZleba iyos: 

uaryofiTi dadebiTi 

Jangvis 

ricxvi 

nulovani 

an 

Sualeduri 

elementis 

Jangvis 

xarisxi 

minimaluri 

maqsimaluri 

da a. S. 

abstraqtuli informaciis advilad aRsaqmelad xSirad viyenebT modelirebas (magaliTad, 

eleqtronis kinesTetikur aqtivobaSi CarTva modelze eleqtronis ganuwyveteli moZraobis 

Sesaxeb warmodgenas aiolebs, oqros firfitis eqsperimentis sqema moswavleebs atomis 

planetarul modelze naTel warmodgenas uqmnis. aseve SegiZliaT CaataroT SefuTuli yu- 

Tis eqsperimenti da TxovoT moswavleebs, ivaraudon,rogoria yuTis SigTavsi. es daanaxvebs 

29

kavSirs rogor ìgrZnon da dainaxon~ uxilavi. piqtogramebi, suraTebi, simboluri sqemebi 

da suraTebi abstraqtuli masalis dakonkretebis saSualebebad gvaqvs moazrebuli). 

testireba efeqtiani strategiaa, romelic mokle droSi SeZenili codnisa da unarebis 

Semowmebis saSualebas iZleva. saxelmZRvanelos zogadi qimiis nawilSi TiTqmis yvela 

paragrafSia mocemuli testebis nimuSebi, romelSic moswavlem an azri unda daasrulos, 

an swori pasuxi Semoxazos. pasuxebis gaanalizebisas maswavlebels vurCevT, sawyis etapze 

imuSaon klasSi da moswavleebs aswavlon argumentebis moZieba maT mier Semoxazuli pasuxebis 

dasadastureblad. TandaTan argumentebis mosaZieblad maTi Zalisxmeva gaizrdeba da 

isini testebis Sedgenasac iswavlian da pasuxis dasabuTebasac. testireba kidev imitom aris 

sasargeblo strategia, rom maswavlebeli akvirdeba moswavleTa qcevas, Zalisxmevas da Ti- 

Toeuls misi miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT axal davalebas urCevs, Sesabamisad, swavlis process 

ufro diferencirebuls gaxdis. vinc tests iolad Zlevs, mas sxva davalebas SeurCevs, 

naklebwarmatebulebs ki _ sxvas. 

bolos, saSinao davalebis Sesaxeb. yvela maswavlebelma icis, ra aris saSinao davalebis 

daniSnuleba swavlis sxvadasxva etapze: moswavleebma gaiumjobeson unarebi da ukeT gaiazron 

naswavli masala. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom saSinao davaleba gansakuTrebiT efeqturia 

maRal klasebSi da sworad SerCeuli davaleba 24%-iT zrdis akademiur moswrebas. 

XI klasSi, swavlis miznebidan gamomdinare, saSinao davalebis mimarT aseTi meToduri 

midgoma gvaqvs: davalebebis mizania naswavlis praqtikulad gamoyeneba an axali masalis 

gasaazreblad momzadeba. magaliTad, Tu saSinao davalebaSi naswavlis gaazrebaa saWiro, maSin 

moswavles vTxovT, masala misTvis misaRebi formiT Seajamos. miuxedavad erTnairi davalebisa, 

yvela moswavle masalas Tavis gonebriv sqemaSi kravs da namuSevrebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli 

iqneba. es saSualebas aZlevs maswavlebels, Seiswavlos moswavlis SesaZleblobebi da 

interesebi, Tvalis gadavlebiT SeamCnios daSvebuli Secdomebi da klasTan erTad moifiqron 

davalebis Sesrulebis misaRebi forma. qimiis II nawilSi saSinao davalebis prioritetuli 

saxeebia agreTve paragrafis reziumes momzadeba an tipuri testebis Seqmna. kargi iqneba, 

Tu moswavleTa mier momzadebul testebs `testebis yulabaSi~ moaTavsebT, Tavisufal dros 

maT àvkargianobas~ gaaanalizebT da SerCeul testebs maTive Semajamebeli mecadineobisTvis 

gamoiyenebT. aseTi muSaoba gauzrdis moswavleebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmenas da 

masalis gageba-gaazrebasac gauiolebs. 

minda SegaxsenoT, rom erTia davalebis Sesruleba da meorea Tqveni mzaoba Sesrulebuli 

samuSaos Sesafaseblad (ix. Sefaseba). efeqtiania iseTi samuSao rveulebis gamoyeneba, 

romelSic maswavlebeli wers pozitiur komentars, miuTiTebs Secdomebsa da misi daZlevis 

gzebze da moswavles Secdomis gamosworebis saSualebas aZlevs. aseTi rveulebi Tan axlavs 

Cvens saxelmZRvaneloebs an SegiZliaT Tqven TviTonve aorganizoT. 

qvemoT gTavazobT ramdenime tipuri gakveTilis scenars saTanado komentarebiT. 

30

gakveTilis scenarebi 

radgan qimiis saxelmZRvanelos yvela TavSi sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilebia Tavmoyrili, 

sanimuSod gTavazobT III Tavis paragrafebis Sesabamis gakveTilebis dagegmvis scenarebs. 

Tavi III. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi 

scenari 1. Temis wardgena 

gakveTilis mizani: arsebuli codnis aqtivacia. 

kavSiri erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan: qimia XI. 4. 

saswavlo resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, reaqciaTa klasifikaciis amsaxveli sqemebi, diagramebi, 

fotoebi. 

aqtivoba I. Sesavali informacia (≈10 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania Zvelsa da axal codnas Soris xidis gadeba. 

maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, moZebnon saxelmZRvaneloSi me-3 Tavi da Sesavali 

aqtiuri minileqciiT amzadebs safuZvels, romelsac Temis damuSavebisas axali codna unda 

daayrdnos. leqciis dros maswavlebeli xSirad gamoiyenebs miTiTebebs da SekiTxvebs. am 

konkretul SemTxvaveSi SekiTxvebi SeiZleba exebodes faqtobriv masalas (ra aris qimiuri 

reaqcia, rogor xasiaTdeba igi raodenobrivad, ra niSnis mixedviT SegviZlia uamravi qimiuri 

reaqciis dajgufeba da a. S.). SeiZleba, SekiTxvebi iyos analitikuri: rodis aris reaqcia 

daSlis an endoTermuli, romeli monakveTi gamosaxavs diagramaze siTbur efeqts da a. S. 

moswavleebi gamoTqvamen TavianT mosazrebebs, gaixseneben da Tavs mouyrian qimiuri reaqciebis 

Sesaxeb codnas (SekiTxvebis dasma efeqturi meTodia maSinac, rodesac igi axali masalis 

Seswavlamde ismeba, igi ganapirobebs, rom Sinaarsis gaazrebis win gaimarTos msjeloba. am 

meTods nebismier gakveTilze SeiZleba mimarToT). 

aqtivoba II. arsebuli codnis grafikulad gamosaxva (15 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania moswavleTa mier nacnob reaqciaTa grafikul sqemebSi moTavseba. 

maswavlebeli moswavleTa wyvilebs an jgufebs samuSao furclebs daurigebs, romlis 

erT mxares mocemulia reaqciaTa klasifikaciis grafikuli sqema, meore mxares ki _ maTTvis 

kargad nacnob reaqciaTa danomrili tolobebi (siTburi efeqtis miTiTebis gareSe) da sTxovs 

moswavleebs, miuCinon adgili reaqciaTa nomrebs sqemaze. maswavlebeli akvirdeba moswavleTa 

muSaobis process da CainiSnavs, romelma miaqcia yuradReba im faqts, rom siTburi efeqtis 

mixedviT reaqciaTa dasajgufeblad siTburi efeqtis codnaa saWiro, da sTxovs maT, daixmaron 

SesavalSi mocemuli informacia endo- da egzoTermuli reaqciebis Sesaxeb, Semdeg 

ki imsjelon da gamocdilebidan gaixsenon, romelia aseTi reaqciebi. reaqciaTa miwodebul 

sqemaze iqneba niSnebi: urTierTqmedebis xasiaTis mixedviT, siTburi efeqtis mixedviT da 

erTi an ori kiTxvis niSani, romelic mianiSnebs moswavleebs, rom igive reaqciebi kidev sxva 

niSnebiTac SeiZleba dalagdes. maswavlebeli moismens moswavleTa mosazrebebs da Tu romelimem 

aRniSna Jangvis ricxvis cvlileba, maswavlebeli Seaqebs mas da gaacnobs moswavleebs 

Temis mizans: `Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis Seswavla~. savaraudod, sqema aseTia: 

siTburi 

efeqti 

reaqcia urTierTqmedebis 

{magaliTebi 

xasiaTi 

? 

? 

31

aqtivoba III. Temis saswavlo miznebis dasaxva da gacnoba (10 wT.) 

maswavlebeli saxelmZRvanelos daxmarebiT gaacnobs moswavleebs saswavlo miznebs da 

sTxovs maT, gaiazron, ratom gaxda saWiro Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis calke gamoyofa, ra 

mniSvneloba aqvs am reaqciebs piradad maT cxovrebaSi da raSi gamoadgebaT praqtikulad am 

reaqciebis Seswavla. 

aqtivoba IV. (15 wT.) 

maswavlebeli daexmareba moswavleebs, yuradReba gaamaxvilon bunebasa da teqnikaSi mimdinare 

Jangva-aRdgenis procesebze da sTxovs maT, Temis Seswavlis paralelurad moamzadon 

proeqti: 

ra moxdeboda, rom... bunebaSi Jangva-aRdgena ganuwyvetliv ar mimdinareobdes (SesaZlebelia 

proeqtis saxelwodebis ufro konkretuli dasasruli, magaliTad, Jangbadi mJangavi 

rom ar iyos, an wyalbadi Zlieri aRmdgeni rom iyos da a. S.). 

maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gaerTiandnen jgufebSi da erTad moamzadon proeqti, 

Tan aCvenebs proeqtis daweris zogad sqemas: 

problema: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebs bunebaSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyveba. 

mizani: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis Sedegebis gacnobiereba da sasurveli reaqciis marTva. 

amocanebi: 1. aRweron bunebaSi mimdinare Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi. moiyvanon rac SeiZleba 

meti magaliTi. 

2. Camoweron TiToeuli reaqciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi. 

3. wamoayenon hipoTeza: rogor SeiZleba am reaqciebis sasargeblod gamoyeneba da maTi 

uaryofiTi Sedegebis Sesusteba. 

4. daskvna: risTvis aris saWiro Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis Seswavla. 

monacemebis warmodgena SeiZleba nebismieri formiT. Temis dasrulebis bolos moxdeba 

proeqtebis dacva (ix. proeqtis dacvis Sefasebis sqema rubrikebiT). 

32 

scenari 2 

gakveTilis Tema: Jangvis ricxvi. 

gakveTilis tipi: axali masalis axsnis. 

gakveTilis mizani: sxvadasxva naerTSi elementis Jangvis ricxvis gansazRvra. 

kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 4. moswavle gansazRvravs elementis Jangvis ricxvs sxvadasxva 

naerTSi. 

aqtivoba I. diskusia paragrafis dasawyisSi dasmuli kiTxvis garSemo (10 wT.). 

aqtivobis mizania Jangvis ricxvis cnebis ganmarteba. 

maswavlebeli moswavleebs yuradRebas gaamaxvilebinebs teqstis gverdze mocemul 

eleqtronul formulebze da sTxovs, gaixsenon II TavSi naswavli qimiuri bmis buneba da 

upasuxon kiTxvas: romeli elementisken aris mocemul naerTebSi eleqtronebi gadaxrili. 

moswavleTa pasuxebis mosmenisas maswavlebeli iniSnavs maT mosazrebebs dafaze daxazul 

cxrilSi: 

eleqtronebi gadaxrilia eleqtronebi gadaxrili ar aris 

mosazrebebis mosmenis Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, wyvilad imuSaon da 

teqstidan Seamowmon TavianTi varaudi TiToeuli naerTisTvis. teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg 

maswavlebeli ganmartavs gakveTilis mizans: maT unda gansazRvron Jangvis ricxvi, cneba, 

romelic naerTSi ufro eleqtrouaryofiTi atomebisken gadaweuli eleqtronebis ricxvs 

axasiaTebs.

aqtivoba II. cnebis grafikul sqemaze muSaoba (15 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania Jangvis ricxvis cnebis gaazreba. 

maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs Sesavsebad ramdenime sqema SesTavazos. wyvilebi 

SerCeviT amoiReben teqstidan maTi sqemis Sesabamis informacias da Seavseben sqemebs. savaraudod, 

aseTi sqemebi SeiZleba iyos: 

mudmivi 

cvalebadi 

uaryofiTi Jangvis dadebiTi minimaluri Jangvis maqsimaluri 

an 

ricxvi 

xarisxi 

nulovani 

mudmivi 

cvalebadi 

Sualeduri 

wyvilebSi Sevsebul sqemebze dayrdnobiT moswavleTa saerTo ZalisxmeviT Sedgeba erTi 

zogadi sqema. 

ramdenad realurad asaxavs 

atomis mdgomareobas naerTSi 

ra mniSvnelobebs miiRebs 

sad gamoiyeneba 

Jangvis 

ricxvi 

rogor gamoiTvleba 

ras ewodeba 

riT ganisazRvreba 

aqtivoba III. sxvadasxva naerTSi elementis Jangvis ricxvis gamoTvla (15 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania sxvadasxva naerTSi elementis Jangvis ricxvis gansazRvra. 

maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad ganixilavs konkretul magaliTebs da moswavleTa 

wyvilebs sTxovs, erTad moamzadon pasuxebi teqstSi dasmul kiTxvebze. 

pirvel SemTxvevaSi msjelobiT unda daasabuTon, rom Jangvis ricxvi miT ufro axlosaa 

ionis muxtTan, rac metad ionuria naerTi, da aseTi iqneba KF. 

me-2 davalebisTvis Jangvis ricxvebis sqemaze adgili unda miuCinon mocemul naerTebsa 

da mravaltomian ionebs. 

samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg romelime wyvili warmoadgens Tavis pasuxebs, danarCenebi 

pasuxs Seavseben an Seasworeben. 

aqtovoba IV. testirebiT cnebis ganmtkiceba 

aqtivobis mizania Jangvis ricxvis cnebis gageba-gaazrebis Semowmeba. 

moswavleebi klasSi upasuxeben testebs da imsjeleben pasuxebis sisworeze. bolos moswavleebs 

gamoaqvT daskvna, rogor ganisazRvreba elementis Jangvis ricxvi rTul nivTierebebsa 

da mravalatomian ionebSi. 

maswavlebeli mokled uxsnis moswavleebs davalebis Sesrulebis wess da aZlevs saSinao 

davalebas. 

33

34 

scenari 3 

gakveTilis Tema: kavSiri atomis aRnagobasa da elementis Jangvis ricxvs Soris. 


gakveTilis mizani: atomis aRnagobasa da elementis Jangvis ricxvs Soris mizezSedegobrivi 

kavSiris gamovlena. 

kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 2. moswavle akavSirebs ionebis warmoqmnis unars maTi savalento 

eleqtronebis raodenobasTan. 

aqtivoba I. TamaSi eleqtronebiT (15 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania atomebis mier ionebis warmoqmnis unaris dakavSireba savalento eleqtronebis ricxvTan. 

TamaSisTvis maswavlebeli winaswar amzadebs I-II periodebis elementebis baraTebs _ elementTa 

simboloebiT da atomuri nomrebiT. TiToeuli moswavle irCevs romelime baraTs da 

maswavleblis mier winaswar gamzadebuli sqemis mixedviT aRwers elementis maxasiaTeblebs. 

gaakeTeT aseTi sqema: 

elementis 

simbolo da 

atomuri nomeri 

eleqtronuli 

formula 

savalento 

eleqtronebis 

ricxvi 

magaliTad, Tu Sexvda baraTi 3 Li, is ambobs: es liTiumia. 

jgufis 

nomeri 

Jangvis 

SesaZlo 

xarisxebi 

misi atomuri nomeria 3. eleqtronuli formula 1s 2 2s 1 . savalento eleqtronebis ricxvi 1. 

jgufis nomeri I. advilad gascems erT eleqtrons da naerTebSi +1 Jangvis ricxvs amJRavnebs. 

eleqtronebis mierTebis unari ar aqvs. 

7 N _ es azotia. eleqtronuli formula 1s2 2s 2 2p 3 , savalento eleqtronuli ricxvi 5. 

jgufis nomeri _ 5. 5 eleqtronis gacema Znelia, magram SeuZlia ufro eleqtrouaryofiTi 

atomebisken (Jangbadisa da fTorisken) gadaswios 1, 2, 3, 4 an 5 eleqtroni da gamoamJRavnos 

+1, +2, +3, +4 da +5 Jangvis ricxvebi. ufro naklebad eleqtrouaryofiTi atomebisagan Tavis 

mxaresac SeuZlia maqsimum 3 eleqtronis gadaweva. am dros igi gare energetikul donesac 

daisrulebs da minimalur -3 Jangvis ricxvs gamoamJRavnebs da a. S. 

aqtivoba II. eleqtronuli analogebis gamovlena (10 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavlem gamoavlinos elementebi mudmivi da cvalebadi Jangvis ricxvebiT. 

maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, maT mier Sevsebuli mizezSedegobrivi sqemis safuZvelze 

gamoavlinon iseTebi, romelTac msgavsi gare energetikuli donis aRnagoba aqvT. vuwodoT 

maT eleqtronuli analogebi. maTi Jangvis ricxvebi erTnairi iqneba. tute metalebis +1, 

tutemiwametalebis +2, VI a jgufis gogirdisTvis umaRlesi Jangvis ricxvi jgufis nomris 

toli iqneba, xolo udablesi _ (8-x), sadac x jgufis nomris tolia da a. S. 

aqtivoba III. varjiSi eleqtronuli analogebisTvis Jangva-aRdgenis sqemis Sedgenaze (10 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania savalento eleqtronebis ricxvsa da Jangvis ricxvebs Soris kavSiris warmoCena. 

moswavleebi imuSaveben IV a -V a -VI a -VII a -VIII a jgufebisTvis Jangva-aRdgenis sqemebis Sedgenaze 

da ganixilaven gamonaklis SemTxvevebs (H _ ar aqvs eleqtronuli analogi, O _ amJRavnebs 

mxolod _2 mudmiv Jangvis ricxvs, F _ amJRavnebs mxolod _1 Jangvis ricxvs da F 2 O, romel- 

Sic eleqtronebi ufro eleqtrouaryofiTi fToris mxaresaa gadaweuli da amitom Jangbadis 

Jangvis ricxvia +2). 

aqtivoba IV. testirebis gziT sakiTxis gageba-gaazrebis Semowmeba (10 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania SeZenili codnis ganmtkiceba. 

saSinao davalebaSi moswavleebs sWirdebaT axsna-ganmarteba, ra unda Caweron mocemul 

sqemaSi (5 wT.)

scenari 4 

gakveTilis Tema: muSaoba elementTa Jangvis ricxvebis gansazRvraze. 

gakveTilis tipi: praqtikumi. 

gakveTilis mizani: varjiSi sxvadasxva naerTSi elementis Jangvis ricxvis gansazRvraze. 

aqtivoba I. davaleba I-is Sesabamis nivTierebebSi elementis Jangvis ricxvebis gansazRvra. 

aqtivobis mizania sxvadasxva naerTSi elementebis Jangvis ricxvis gansazRvra. 

moswavleebi gadaitanen naerTTa da ionTa formulebs samuSao rveulSi da miuweren elementis 

Jangvis ricxvs (20 wT.). 

aqtivoba II. naerTis formulasa da masSi elementis Jangvis ricxvs Soris Sesabamisobis povna (10 wT.). 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavlem ipovos Sesabamisoba konkretuli naerTis formulasa da masSi Semavali qimiuri 

elementis Jangvis ricxvs Soris. 

aqtivoba III. elementis SesaZlo Jangvis ricxvebis dalageba (10 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma gamoavlinon mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri elementis savalento eleqtronebis 

ricxvsa da SesaZlo Jangvis ricxvs Soris da gamosaxos es kavSiri grafikuli xerxiT. 

scenari 5 

gakveTilis Tema: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi. 


gakveTilis mizani: Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebis Sedareba. 

kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs, mohyavs magaliTebi. 

erT-erTi variantia am gakveTilis Catareba jgufebSi roluri TamaSebis gamoyenebiT. es 

saSualebas mogcemT, ganaxorcieloT TanamSromlobiT swavla da qimiis es erT-erTi rTuli 

sakiTxi, romlis codna araerTxel dasWirdebaT qimiis mTeli swavlis manZilze da gamoadgebaT 

cxovrebaSi, ufro advilad da Rrmad gaiazron. amasTan erTad, es forma dagexmarebaT, 

gamoiyenoT sxvadasxva swavlis stilis moswavleTa SesaZleblobebi, Camouyalibdes Tqvens 

moswavleebs pozitiuri urTierTdaxmarebisa da individualuri Tu jgufuri pasuxismgeblobisa 

da interpersonaluri muSaobis unari. gaxsovdeT, jgufuri muSaobis dros naklebad 

efeqturia moswavleTa dayofa SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. an gaiTvaleT 1-dan 3-mde da Ti- 

Toeuli ricxvis Sesabamisi moswavle erTad daajgufeT an mieciT moswavleebs Tavisufali 

arCevanis ufleba. sasurvelia jgufSi 4-6 moswavlis monawileoba. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 

jgufs muSaobisTvis saTanado resursebi hqondes. isic gaiTvaliswineT, rom jgufuri muSaoba 

sasargebloa, magram is Zalian xSirad ar unda gamoiyenoT. mizanSewonilia, am formas maSin 

mimarToT, rodesac gsurT, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli informacia ufro naTeli, misawvdomi 

gaxadoT da mas azriani praqtika daukavSiroT. es imas niSnavs, rom unda arsebobdes 

problema, romlis gadawyveta urTierTTanamSromlobiT da mosazrebebis gaziarebiT ukeT 

moxerxdeba. 

am gakveTilis problema is aris, rom moswavleTa did nawils uWirs Jangvisa da aRdgenis, 

mJangavisa da aRmdgenis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba da konkretuli magaliTebis moZieba. qvemoT 

mocemuli scenari dagexmarebaT, CaataroT msgavseba-gansxvavebis identifikaciasTan 

dakavSirebuli kvleviTi gakveTili, sadac moswavleebi gamoiyeneben Sedarebis, analogiebis, 

grafikuli sqemebis Sedgenis, metaforebis, abstraqtuli codnis dakonkretebis savarjiSoebs 

da yvela Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi gamoavlens Zalisxmevas. maswavlebels ki saSualeba 

miecema, Tvali adevnos moswavleTa CarTulobas da gaakeTos pozitiuri komentarebi maTi 

motivaciis gasazrdelad. gTavazobT savaraudo aqtivobebis sqemas. 

35

aqtivoba I. gakveTilis miznis axsna. (5 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania, maswavlebelma moswavleebs auxsnas, ra mizniT Caatareben dRes jgufur muSaobas roluri 

TamaSebis meTodis gamoyenebiT. 

maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom Seswavlili sakiTxis ukeT gaazrebis mizniT dagegma 

aseTi formiT muSaoba. aucileblad Seaxsenebs jgufSi muSaobis wesebs (ix. sqema) (rac ukve 

ecodinebaT XI klasSi), jgufuri muSaobis prezentaciis Sefasebis sqemas da uxsnis, rom 

gakveTilis bolos yvela jgufi warmoadgens Tavis namuSevars (unda miganiSnoT, rom es 

gakveTili Zalian efeqturad mimdinareobs, TiTqmis swavlis yvela stilis moswavle iRebs 

jgufis muSaobaSi monawileobas da maTi namuSevrebi sakmaod did siurprizebs mogimzadebT. 

SeiZleba namuSevrebis prezentacia im gakveTilze ver moaswroT, amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, 

moaxerxoT drois marTva, an konkretuli savarjiSoebis saxe miuTiToT da masalas 

erTi gakveTili dauTmoT, an misceT moswavleebs meti dro fiqrisa da azrovnebisaTvis, da 

prezentaciebi momavali gakveTilisTvis dagegmoT da mimdinare-ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebac 

ganaxorcieloT. 

aqtivoba II. jgufebis formireba da rolebis ganawileba (5 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma SearCion romelime obieqtis (mJangavis, aRmdgenis an mJangav-aRmdgenis) 

roli da Seqmnan gundi. 

maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gaerTiandnen romelime zemoT aRniSnul gundSi da 

Seusabamon gunds pirobiTi saxeli. 

aqtivoba III. teqstidan mniSvnelovani informaciis amokrefa (10 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma SearCion teqstis is monakveTi, sadac im nivTierebebzea laparaki, romelTa 

rolis Sesrulebac mouwevT, amoiRon saWiro masala da maTTvis SesaZlo nebismieri xerxiT aRweron, 

warmoadginon tipuri mJangavebi, tipuri aRmdgenebi an mJangav-aRmdgenebi. maT magaliTze iqneba masalis 

sxvadasxva formiT warmodgenisTvis saWiro resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, furclebi, flomasterebi, webo, 

makrateli da a. S. 

aqtivoba IV. namuSevrebis prezentacia (≈15 wT.) 

(TiToeul jgufs prezentaciisTvis eZleva 2-3 wuTi) 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma iswavlon TavianTi namuSevris efeqturad wardgena. 

TvalsaCino adgilas gamoikvreba namuSevris prezentaciis sqema. jgufebi ismenen Sedarebebs, 

epiTetebs, analogiebs, metaforebs, romlebic maT gamoiyenes, rodesac nivTierebebi 

`gaacocxles~ (savaraudod, `rasaca gascem, Senia...~ èleqtronebi mogWarbdaT, movalT da 

waviRebT~, àqac me var, iqac me var~ da a. S.). 

aqtivoba V. mJangav-aRmdgenis wyvilis daxasiaTeba (5-10 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania jgufebis mier Segrovili informaciis gaerTianeba da momavali gakveTilis samoqmedo 

sqemis Seqmna. 

maswavlebeli awodebs moswavleebs didi zomis formats, winaswar sTxovs maT, moifiqron 

saerTo saxelwodeba Jangva-aRdgenis procesis dasaxasiaTeblad da mokled da konkretulad 

gadaitanon TavianTi mosazrebebi nebismieri formiT (daxaton, daawebon), ese an leqsi miuZRvnan, 

sqema Seadginon da a. S). SeiZleba erTad SeurCioT plakats saxelwodebac (magali- 

Tad, `Zala erTobaSia~, èrTad gadavrCebiT~ an raRac amgvari, rac Jangvisa da aRdgenis 

naxevarreaqciebis azrs daazustebs). 

36

scenari 6 

gakveTilis Tema: eleqtronuli balansi. 

gakveTilis tipi: algoriTmze muSaobis. 

gakveTilis mizani: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis gatoleba. 

kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 4. moswavle abalansebs Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebs. 

aqtivoba I. gakveTilis miznis gansazRvra (5 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma dainaxon wina gakveTilze maT mier SeZenili codnisa da unarebis praqtikuli 

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. 

maswavlebeli svams paragrafis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvas, ras niSnavs eleqtronuli 

balansi, moismens maT mosazrebebs, Semdeg TvalsaCino adgilas gamofens wina gakveTilze 

moswavleTa mier momzadebul plakats da sTxovs moswavleebs, Seadaron TavianTi naazrevi 

teqstis dasawyisSi mocemul sqemas. romelimes rames xom ar daamateben an daazusteben. 

pasuxebis mosmenisa da cneba èleqtronuli balansis~ gaazrebis Semdeg iwyeba meore 

aqtivoba. 

aqtivoba II. Jangva-aRdgenis algoriTmze muSaoba (20 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma nabij-nabij gaaanalizon balansis Sesadgenad saWiro moqmedebebis Tanmimdevroba. 

algoriTmis gamoyeneba efeqturia, rodesac moswavleebs miecemaT zogadi wesi (balansis 

Sedgenis xerxis aRmoCenis gziT swavla moswavleTaTvis did dros moiTxovs da am konkretul 

SemTxvevaSi arc iqneba efeqturi). algoriTmi dagexmarebaT, am rTuli sakiTxis gaazrebis 

procesi kognitiurad marTvadi gaxadoT! ar aris gamoricxuli, algoriTmze muSaobis Semdeg 

moswavleebidan romelimem problebis gadaWris sakuTari xerxic mogawodoT. yvela komentari 

algoriTmis gamosayeneblad mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloSi. 

aqtivoba III. eleqtronuli balansis meTodiT reaqciaTa gatoleba (15 wT.) 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma mocemuli algoriTmi ramdenjerme gamoiyenon sxvadasxva konkretul 

SemTxvevaSi da zogadi wesi TavianTTvis Camoayalibon. 

(reaqciaTa magaliTebi saxelmZRvaneloSia, SegiZliaT maTac SearCevinoT). 

aqtivoba IV. eleqtronuli balansis sqemis gaazrebis Semowmeba. 

aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma moaxdinon algoriTmis perifrazireba da TavianTi sityvebiT warmoadginon 

zogadi sqema. 

amiT maswavlebeli moaxerxebs gaaanalizos, ramdenad moxerxda miznis miRweva. SeiZleba am mizans 

kidev erTi gakveTilic daeTmos. 

scenari 7 

gakveTilis Tema: TvisebiTi reaqciebi mJangavebsa da aRmdgenebze. 

gakveTilis tipi: praqtikuli mecadineoba. 

gakveTilis mizani: mJangavebisa da aRmdgenebis aRmoCena. 

kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 4. axasiaTebs Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebs, mohyavs magaliTebi. 

aqtivoba I. gakveTlis miznis gacnoba (5 wT.) 

maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs gakveTilis mizans da gaacnobs, rom am gakveTilze isini 

SeZleben, wina gakveTilze miRebuli codna praqtikulad gamoiyenon, kerZod, jer ivaraudon, 

qimiis laboratoriaSi arsebuli xsnarebidan romeli iqneba mJangavi an aRmdgeni, Semdeg ki 

TavianTi varaudi cdiT daadasturon. 

37

aqtivoba II. mJangavebze TvisebiTi raeqciebis Catareba. 

aqtivobis mizania mJangavebis Sesaxeb SeZenili Teoriuli codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba. 

davalebis piroba saxelmZRvaneloSi dawvrilebiT aris mocemuli. moswavleebs evalebaT 

`gzis miyola~ da miRebuli Sedegebis aRwera nebismieri formiT, mxolod pasuxi JangvaaRdgenis 

reaqciis tolobiT unda dadasturdes. 

magaliTad, 6KI+8HNO 3ganz. →6KNO 3 +3I 2 +2NO+4H 2 O 

38 

2I - -2e→I 2 2 8 3 

N+5+3e→N -3 3 6 2 

aqtivoba III. aRmdgenebze TvisebiTi reaqciebis Catareba. 

aqtivobis mizania aRmdgenebis Sesaxeb SeZenili Teoriuli codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba. 

davalebis piroba arasrulia da misi Catareba moswavleTagan met Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. 

maT mocemuli aqvT mJangavebis nimuSebi, aRmdgeni sakuTari gamocdilebidan SearCion, cda 

dagegmon da Sedegic axsnan. magaliTad, Tu mJangavad KMnO 4 -is xsnars gamoiyeneben, aRmdgenad 

ki _ KI-is xsnars, maSin permanganatis iasamnisferi xsnari gauferuldeba da iodic 

gamoiyofa. 

scenari 8 

gakveTilis Tema: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis gamokvleva. 

gakveTilis tipi: damoukidebeli kvlevis. 

gakveTilis mizani: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis arsis gaazreba. 

kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 4. 

aqtivoba I. damoukidebeli kvlevis miznis gacnoba. 

aqtivobis mizania, gaacnos moswavleebs am praqtikuli samuSaos Sinaarsi. 

maT mocemuli aqvT konkretuli marili (Na SO ). jer Teoriulad unda ivaraudon, ra 

2 3 

moxdeba, es marili spirtquris alze rom gaacxelon, Semdeg hipoTeza wamoayenon da maTi 

siswore cdebiT daamtkicon. Semdeg cdis Sedegi aRweron, produqtebis Sedgeniloba gamoikvlion 

da Semajamebeli reaqciis tolobac daweron. 

imis mixedviT, rogoria klasis SesaZlebloba, ra doneze SeuZliaT maT kvlevis warmoeba 

damoukideblad, maswavlebeli gansazRvravs maTi damoukideblobis xarisxs. SeiZleba maT 

damxmare kiTxvari miawodos, SeiZleba damoukidebeli kvlevis sqema daaxmaros, SeiZleba 

TviTonac imuSaos moswavleebTan erTad da monawileoba miiRos kvlevis procesSi. 

daxmarebis procesi ase SeiZleba warmoidginoT: 

1. ra moxdeba marilis gacxelebisas? (ar daiSleba, daiSleba fuZe da mJava oqsidebad, 

radgan gogirdi Sedis Sualeduri Jangvis ricxviT, daiSleba Jangva-aRdgeniT, e. i. gogirdi 

disproporcirdeba. 

2. roca yvelaze savaraudo bolo mosazreba aRmoCndeba, Semdeg daiwyeba fiqri, rogor 

disproporcirdeba gogirdi +4 Jangvis ricxviT. SeiZleba, aRdges Tavisufal gogirdamde 

(narevi gayviTldeba) an sulfidionamde (sulfidionebis aRmoCena miRebuli narevis wyalxsnarze 

CuSO -is xsnaris damatebiT SeiZleba: Savi feris CuS daileqeba). Na SO -is warmoqm- 

4 2 4 

nas alternativa ara aqvs. narevis wyalxsnarSi sulfationebis arsebobas BaCl -is xsnaris 

2 

damatebiT daadgenen, warmoiqmneba wyalsa da mJangavebSi uxsnadi naleqi. bolos daiwereba 

Sejamebuli reaqcia: 

Na SO →Na S+3Na SO 2 3 2 2 4 

-2l 

S +4→S +6 2 1 3 

S +4 +6e→S-2 3 

6 3 1

teqstSi mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxebi 

Tema 1 

§1 

kiTxvebsa da savarjiSoebze pasuxebi: 

• atomi Tavis istoriul saxelwodebas ar amarTlebs. igi ganuyofeli nawilaki ki ar 

aris, aramed rTuli aRnagobis mikrosistemaa. 

• ra aris SefuTul yuTSi, SeiZleba mxolod ivaraudo: yuTi unda aiRo, daaTvaliero, 

gadaabruno da a. S. am eqsperiments raRac saerTo aqvs atomis aRnagobis dasadgenad Catarebul 

cdebTan _ atomis SigniT xom jer aravis Cauxedavs. 

saklaso 

1. tomsonisTvis atomi qiSmiSebiani namcxvaria, rezerfordisa da borisTvis _ mzis sistemis 

mikromodeli, Tqven rgolebian planeta saturnsac SeadareT. Tu analogias gamoiyenebT, 

atomisTvis eleqtronebi igivea, rac mzis sistemisTvis planetebi. 

2. modelis mixedviT atomi rom gamoicnoT, atombirTvis garSemo eleqtronebis ricxvi 

unda daTvaloT. ramdeni eleqtronic moZraobs birTvis garSemo, imdenive iqneba atombirTvis 

dadebiTi muxtis sidide da atomuri nomeri. atomuri nomriT ki daasaxelebT elements. 

3. Tu atombirTvis garSemo 8 eleqtroni moZraobs, atombirTvSic 8 protoni iqneba. Z=+8 

(8) es qimiuri elementi Jangbadia. 

testi 

saSinao 

nimuSi 

1 2 3 4 

b g a d 

Z=1; H; +1; 1. 

Z=11; +11 ) 2 ) 8 ) 1 

§2 

• elementis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia atombirTvis dadebiTi muxtis sidide. yvela atomi, 

romelTa birTvis muxti erTnairia, erT qimiur elements (atoms, ions) qmnis. 

saklaso 

1. Z=53 A=127 maSin N=A-Z=127-53=84. es elementia I. 

2. protonebis ricxvi gansazRvravs atomur nomers. amitom SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom es 

elementi aris radiumi (Ra). 

testi 

1 2 3 4 5 

g a b a g 

saSinao 

A=Z+N 

39

40 

§3 

• yvela izotopi erTi qimiuri elementis saxesxvaobaa. maT erTnairi aqvT atombirTvis 

muxti, gansxvavebuli aqvT neitronebis ricxvi da Sesabamisad _ masuri ricxvi. masuri ricxvi 

izotopis Tvisebaa, fardobiTi atomuri masa ki im qimiuri elementis, romelic izotopebisagan 

Sedgeba. 

saklaso 

1 2 3 

b d a 

saSinao 

1. 0,5182 · 107+0,4818 · 109 =107,9 Ar(ag)=107,9 

vercxlis izotopuri Sedgenilobis diagrama SeiZleba aigos wriulic da svetovanic. 

2. wyalbadis samive izotops birTvSi TiTo protoni aqvs. wyalbads birTvSi neitroni ara 

aqvs, deiteriums erTi neitroni aqvs, triTiums ki _ ori neitroni. Sesabamisad am izotopebis 

masuri ricxvebi mniSvnelovnad (1; 2; 3) gansxvavebulia. es Tvisebebis SesamCnev gansxvavebasac 

iwvevs. amitom aqvs wyalbadis izotopebs specialuri saxelwodebebi, sxva elementis izotopebisagan 

gansxvavebiT. 

§4 

• atomSi eleqtronis moZraobis xasiaTis dadgena mecnierebma speqtruli xazebis mdebareobiTa 

da xasiaTiT axsnes. 

saklaso 

1. suraTze mesame energetikuli donis (n=3) aRnagobaa mocemuli. misTvis Tanauri kvanturi 

ricxvi iRebs (n-1), anu 0,1 da 2 mniSvnelobebs. s qvedoneze erTi s orbitalia, p qvedoneze _ 

sami p orbitali, d qvedoneze ki _ xuTi d orbitali. sul orbitalebis ricxvi 9-is tolia, 

xolo mesame energetikul doneze eleqtronTa maqsimaluri ricxvia 18. 

2. natriumis atomuri nomeria 11. misi atombirTvis garSemo 11 eleqtroni moZraobs (2 · 

8 · 1), amitom gare energetikuli donis eleqtronisTvis kvanturi ricxvebis nakrebia: n=3, l=0 

m e =0 m s =+1/2. aseTi kvanturi ricxvebis nakrebi mis sxva eleqtrons ver eqneba, radgan isini I 

an II energetikul doneze moZraoben. 

testi 

1 2 3 

b b g 

saSinao 

H-sTvis: n=1 l=0 m e =0 m s =+1/2 

He-sTvis: n=1 l=0 m e =0 m s =+1/2 da -1/2 e. i. 

heliumis ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisgan mxolod spinuri kvanturi ricxviT gansxvavdeba. 

2. teqstSi aRwerilia, rom s, p da d orbitalebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba formiT (sferuli, 

hanteliseburi, oTxfurclovani), energiiT (1s, 2s, 3s...) da birTvis mimarT orientaciiT 

(roca l=0, erTi orientacia, roca l=1, sami orientacia da a. S.). eleqtronebi gansxvavdeba 

spiniTac.

§5 

• kvanturi ricxvebi igivea atomis eleqtronuli formulis dasawerad, rac qimiuri simboloebia 

nivTierebis qimiuri formulis dasawerad. 

saklaso 

1. Z=8; 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 eleqtronul formulas Seesabameba a(I) grafikuli formula. 

2. a. I periodSi mxolod s elementia. maTSi mxolod s eleqtronebi moZraobs. II periodis 

elementebSi s da p eleqtronebi moZraobs. 

b. eleqtronuli formulebi Caiwereba kvanturi ricxvebiT, eleqtronul-grafikul 

formulaSi ki gamoiyeneba kvanturi ujrebi (xazebi) da eleqtronebi isrebiT. grafikuli 

formula uCvenebs eleqtronebis spinsac. 

g. gare energetikul doneze a jgufis elementebisTvis eleqtronebis ricxvi jgufis 

nomers udris. es imas niSnavs, rom, romel jgufSicaa elementi, imdeni eleqtroni moZraobs 

mis gare energetikul doneze. 

d. II periodSi yvelaze met gauwyvilebel (kent) eleqtrons Seicavs azoti, yvelaze met 

ueleqtrono orbitals Seicavs liTiumi, yvela Sevsebul orbitals Seicavs neoni. 

testi 

1 2 

g a 

saSinao 

1. 

Z=2 1s 2 

Z=5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 

Z=17 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 

Z=19 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 

2. 

1 2 3 4 

g a b d 

§1.7 

• IV periodSi eleqtronebis ganlagebis `Cveulebrivi~ wesis darRvevis mizezi energetikuli 

qvedoneebis energiaTa gansxvavebaa. 4s qvedonis energia ufro dabalia, vidre 3d 

qvedonisa (sqemidan Cans). 

saklaso 

1. sqemidan Cans, rom 4f orbitalebis Sevseba energiis mixedviT mxolod VI periodSi 

SeiZleba daiwyos, 6s orbitalis Sevsebis Semdeg. VI periodSi oTxive formis (6s, 5p, 5d, 4f) 

orbitalebi Seivseba da maqsimum 32 eleqtroni moTavsdeba. 4f orbitalebs (l=3) 7 orientacia 

aqvT sivrceSi. masze maqsimum 14 eleqtroni moZraobs. yvela es elementi moTavsebulia 

lanTanisTvis gankuTvnil ujraSi da maT lanTanidebi ewodeba. lanTanidebi (iseve, rogorc 

aqtinoidebi, romelTac 5f qvedone evsebaT) atomuri nomris zrdis mixedviT perioduli 

sistemis bolosaa ganlagebuli. 

2. ↑↓ ↑↑↑↑ 

41

testi 

42 

1 2 3 

b g a 

saSinao 

1. Mn: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 7 ; ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↑↑; 

2. yvela periodi iwyeba s da sruldeba p elementiT. mcire periodebSi mxolod s da p 

elementebia. did periodebSi s da p elementebs Soris moTavsebulia d da f elementebi. 

§1.8 

• bunebrivi movlenebi polaruli naTeba da cicinaTelas naTeba agznebuli atomis eleqtronebis 

sawyis orbitalebze dabrunebisas gamoyofili sinaTlis energiiTaa gamowveuli. 

• atomi gare energetikuli donis dasrulebiT `keTilSobili~ xdeba. 

saklaso 

1. naxSirbadatomi unikaluria. yvela sxva atomisgan gansxvavebiT, mas Tanabari ZaliT Seu- 

Zlia eleqtronebis gacema da SeerTeba. magram radgan oTxi eleqtronis gacema da SeerTeba 

Znelia, did energias moiTxovs, Sesabamisad kationsa da anions naxSirbadi Znelad warmoqmnis. 

naxSirbadatomebisTvis energetikulad ufro erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da ConCxis warmoqmnaa 

xelsayreli. 

2. wyalbadis atoms agznebac da ionizaciac SeuZlia. ionizaciis dros mas kationisa (H + ) da 

anionis (H - ) warmoqmna SeuZlia. agznebisas misi erTaderTi eleqtroni imave atomis SedarebiT 

maRali energiis orbitalebze gadadis da mcire droSi isev ùkan~ brundeba. ionizaciis dros 

kationis warmoqmnisas wyalbadis eleqtroni sxva atomis orbitalze gadainacvlebs, anionis 

warmoqmnisas ki, piriqiT, wyalbadis atomi pirvel energetikul dones daisrulebs (eleqtrons 

miiRebs). H 0 , H + da H - erTi da imave qimiuri elementis atomi da ionebia. am nawilakebis dalageba 

masisa da radiusis zrdis mixedviT ase SeiZleba: H + , H 0 da H - . 

testi 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

g g g d d g 

saSinao 

agznebas SedarebiT naklebi energia sWirdeba, vidre ionizacias. rac naklebia atomis 

radiusi da gare Sreze eleqtronTa ricxvi, miT advilia misi ionizacia. 

2. 

1 2 3 4 5 

g a b d e 

3. Al 3+ ions Seesabameba eleqtronuli formula: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ; aseTive eleqtronuli formula 

aqvs neonis atoms da natriumis dadebiT (Na + ) ions, agreTve F - ions.

§1.9 

• eleqtronuli analogebi ganlagebulia erT jgufSi da maTi gare energetikuli donis 

eleqtronuli formulac erTnairia (mxolod birTvidan daSorebiT gansxvavdeba). amitom 

garkveuli intervalis Semdeg msgavsi aRnagobis elementebi meordeba. 

saklaso 

1. Na-is modeli; gare, mesame energetikul doneze erTi sferuli formis eleqtroni 

moZraobs. yvela tute metali, romelTa gare energetikuli donis formulaa ns 1 , natriumis 

eleqtronuli analogia. 

1s 2 -eleqtronuli formula SeiZleba hqondes He 0 , H - , Li + , Be 2+ nawilakebs. 

2. wyalbads sruli analogi ar gaaCnia, radgan ar arsebobs sxva elementis atomi, romelic 

eleqtronis gacemiT sruliad Tavisufldeba eleqtronuli garsisagan (yvela orbitali 

vakanturi uxdeba). 

testi 

1 2 

a b 

saSinao 

1. perioduli sistemis jgufebSi gaerTianebulia eleqtronuli analogebi, periodebSi 

elementebi ganlagebulia gare energetikul doneze eleqtronTa ricxvis zrdis mixedviT. 

2. Z=2; elementi moTavsdeba I periodSi. 

Z=5; elementi moTavsdeba II periodSi. 

Z-17; elementi moTavsdeba III periodSi. 

Z=20 da Z=26; elementebi moTavsdeba IV periodSi. 

saklaso 

Tema 2 

§1 

1. sqemidan Cans, rom fToris or atoms Soris arapolaruli kovalenturi bma unda warmoiqmnas: 

:F: F: an F-F. 

2. wyalbadisa da qloris atomebisgan SeiZleba warmoiqmnas H , Cl da HCl molekulebi. 

2 

atomebs Soris kovalenturi bmebia. H da Cl molekulebSi kovalenturi bma arapolarulia, 

2 2 

HCl-is molekulaSi ki _ polaruli. eleqtronuli formulebi: H:H :Cl:Cl: da H→:Cl: 

3. wylis molekulaSi H-O atomebs Soris polaruli kovalenturi bmebi warmoiqmneba. Jangbadi 

ufro eleqtrouaryofiTia, vidre wyalbadi. amitom saziaro wyvili wylis molekulaSi 

Jangbadatomis mxaresaa gadaweuli. 

testi 

H :O: H-O 

H H 

: : 

: : 

: : 

1 2 3 4 5 

b a d b g 

: : 

: : 

: : 

43

saklaso 

44 

§2 

1. sqemidan Cans, rom azotis or atoms kenti eleqtronebis gaziarebiT SeuZlia erTi σ 

bmisa da ori π bmis warmoqmnaa. orive π bma σ bmis perpendikularul sibrtyeSi warmoiqmneba 

da erTmaneTis perpendikularulic iqneba. 

N N; N≡N 

2. naxSirbadis molekulaSi C : 

naxSirbadsa da Jangbads Soris ormagi kova- 

lenturi bmebi arsebobs. saziaro wyvilebi ufro eu Jangbadis atomebis mxaresaa gadaweuli. 

kovalenturi bmebi erT wrfeze erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebiTaa mimarTuli. amitom 

molekula arapolarulia. am magaliTiT maswavlebeli aCvenebs moswavleebs, rogor unda 

ganasxvaon bmis polaroba da molekulis polaroba. 

testi 

1 2 3 4 5 

a b b b d 

saSinao 

2. Jangbadatomi mxolod natriumis atomTan warmoqmnis ionur bmas, azotis, wyalbadisa 

da gogirdis atomebTan polarul kovalentur bmas warmoqmnis. yvela SemTxvevaSi saziaro 

wyvili Jangbadatomis mxaresaa gadaweuli. 

3. bmis energia umciresi unda iyos I-I SemTxvevaSi, radgan rac metia atomebis zoma da 

naklebia bmis jeradoba, miT naklebia atomebs Soris bmis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba. 

§3 

saklaso 

1. σ bmebi atomTa centrebis SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv warmoiqmneba, amitom igi xels 

ar uSlis atomTa brunvas sakuTari RerZis garSemo. π bmebi p atomuri orbitalebis gverdiTi 

gadafarviT warmoiqmneba da igi xels uSlis atomTa brunvas sakuTari RerZis garSemo. 

molekulaSi π bmebis arseboba iwvevs izomerebis arsebobas. 

2. BeF 2 da BeH 2 molekulebs wrfivi aRnagoba unda hqondes, radgan sp hibriduli orbitalebi 

ganlagebulia erT wrfeze erTmaneTTan 180°-iani kuTxiT. F-Be-F da H-Be-H - . 

3. molekulis brtyeli forma da bmebs Soris 120°-iani kuTxis arseboba sp 2 hibridizaciaze 

mianiSnebs, meoTxe π orbitali am molekulaSi vakanturia. 

testi 

: : : : 

: 

: 

: 

:: 

:: 

: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

d g d 1a, 2d,3g, 4b 1a, 2g, 3d g

§4 

saklaso 

1. amoniumis ionSi kovalenturi bmebi warmoiqmneba rogorc mimocvliTi, ise donoraqceptoruli 

meqanizmiT. sabolood es bmebi delokalizebulia. azoti sp3 hibridul mdgomareobaSia 

da ions tetraedris forma aqvs. 

2. amiaks eleqtronuli wyvili aqvs, aluminis qloridSi ki alumins vakanturi orbitali 

aqvs, amitom maT Soris donor-aqceptoruli bma warmoiqmneba da miiReba naerTi H N·AlCl . 

3 3 

3. CH molekula wylabadis kations veRar daikavSirebs, radgan savalento eleqtronebiT 

4 

oTxi bmis warmoqmna SeuZlia da oTxive bma ukve damyarebuli aqvs wyalbadis atomebTan. BH3 molekulas molekulas vakanturi orbitali aqvs, H- hidridions ki _ eleqtronuli wyvili. 

maT Soris SesaZlebelia donor-aqceptoruli bmis warmoqmna, sadac eleqtronebis donori 

H- - ioni iqneba. ase warmoiqmneba rTuli ioni BH . 4 

4. karbonationSi 

naxSirbadatomi sp2 [ ] 

_O 

hibridul mdgomareobaSia, σ da π 

II 

C=O 

6 bmebi delokalizebulia da ions brtyeli forma aqvs. 

_O 

5. atomi eleqtronebis donori rom iyos, mas gare energetikul doneze eleqtronuli 

wyvili unda hqondes. mocemuli eleqtronuli formula 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 boris atoms ekuTvnis, 

romelsac, piriqiT, gare doneze aqvs vakanturi orbitali, amitom igi eleqtronebis donori 

ver iqneba. 

testi 

1 2 3 4 

a d b d 

§5 

saklaso 

1. ∆eu=3,5-1,2=2,3. amitom MgO aris ionuri naerTi, romelSic bmis ionurobis xarisxia 

79%, xolo kovalenturi xarisxi _ 30%. 

bmis ionurobis xarisxi 90% rom aRmoCndes, ∆eu 3,1 mainc unda iyos. aseTi naerTebi 

oqsidebi ver iqneba. fToridebidan elementTa wyvilebia KF, RbF da NaF. 

2. ionizaciis Semdeg natriumisagan natriumis dadebiTi ioni warmoiqmneba da radiusi 

Semcirdeba. qlori ki damatebiT eleqtrons SeiZens da misi radiusi gaizrdeba. anionuri 

radiusi meti iqneba, vidre kationuri, radgan kationis warmoqmnisas atomi gare energetikuli 

donidan eleqtrons iSorebs. 

testi 

saSinao 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

a 1g, 2a, 3b b a g b g g 

1. ionuri bma kovalenturi bmis ukiduresi zRvruli SemTxvevaa da ara bmis sxva saxe, 

radgan jer saziaro wyvili warmoiqmneba da Semdeg es wyvili ufro eleqtrouaryofiTi atomis 

mxares srulad gadainacvlebs. 

2. ionur bmas, gansxvavebiT kovalenturisagan, ar axasiaTebs najeroba da mimarTuleba. 

45

46 

§6 

saklaso 

1. metaluri bmis Tavisebureba is aris, rom bmis warmomqmneli eleqtronebi atomTa wyvils 

Soris ar aris lokalizebuli da mTel kristalzea gadanawilebuli. es imitom xdeba, rom 

metalebis gare energetikul doneze 1 an 2 eleqtronia da isini birTvTan SedarebiT sustad 

aris dakavSirebuli. amitom advilad Sordebian birTvs da Tavisuflad moZraoben. 

2. metaluri bma saerTo, delokalizebuli eleqtronebiT warmoiqmneba, kovalenturi 

bmebis warmomqmneli eleqtronuli wyvilebi atomTa wyvilebs Sorisaa lokalizebuli. kovalentur 

bmas najeroba axasiaTebs, metalur bmas ki _ ara. 

metaluri da ionuri bmebi imiT hgavs erTmaneTs, rom arc erTs ar axasiaTebs najeroba 

da kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi orive SemTxvevaSi ionebia. 

testi 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

a d g d g a 

§7 

saklaso 

1. NH 3 ; H 2 O; HF; 

2. spirtis molekulebs Soris wyalbaduri bmebi ufro sustia, vidre wylis molekulebs 

Soris, radgan spirtis molekulis zoma wylisas aRemateba da molekulebs Soris bmis warmoqmna 

gaZnelebuli iqneba. marTlac, spirti ufro advilad qroldeba, vidre wyali. aqrolebisas 

spirtis molekulebs Soris arsebuli susti wyalbaduri bmebi iolad wydeba. 

3. azotis radiusi bevrad naklebia qloris radiusze, amitom wyalbaduri bma NH 3 molekulebs 

Soris ufro Zlieria, vidre HCl molekulebs Soris. amitomaa NH 3 susti fuZe, HCl ki _ 

Zlieri mJava (igi advilad moiwyvets protons). 

testi 

saSinao 

1 2 3 4 

d b g d 

1 2 3 4 5 

e g v b a

testi 

1. a. elementis Jangvis ricxvi. 

b. wyalbadis Jangvis ricxvi +1-is. 

g. -2, F 2 O. 

saSinao: 

2 3 

a d 

1 2 3 4 

a e g d 

Tema 3 

§3.1 

2. 

4 O +2 +4 

CH CO 

- 2- 

4 + CH CO CO , H CO ,HCO CO3 

4 2 2 3 3 

§3.2 

saklaso 

1. O(-2, O); S(-2 +6) 

2. umaRlesi Jangvis ricxvi periodulad icvleba. cvalebadobis intervali 8-is tolia. 

udablesi Jangvis ricxvebic periodulad icvleba. 

testi 

1. a (-2; +6); b (-3; NH 3 da PH 3 ). 

1 2 3 4 

b a g d 

§3.3 

praqtikumi 

1. a. +4; b. +6; g. +5; d. +6; e. +5; v. +6; z. +6; T. +6; i. +4; k. 0. 

2. 

1 2 3 

b a g 

47

48 

§3.4 

1. a. Jangva-aRdgenis gareSe mimdinareobs, radgan Jangvis ricxvebi ar icvleba. 

b. reaqcia Jangva-aRdgenisaa, romelSic tyvia +4-dan +2-mde aRdgeba, qlori ki -1-dan 

0-mde iJangeba. 

2. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebia a, g da e. 

saklaso 

2. a. MnO 2 +4HCl→MnCl 2 +Cl 2 +2H 2 O 

b. 4HNO 3 →4NO 2 +O 2 +2H 2 O 

g. Cu+2H 2 SO 4 →CuSO 4 +SO 2 +2H 2 O 

d. 2KBr+Cl 2 →2KCl+Br 2 

§3.5 

§3.6 

saklaso 

1. 4FeS 2 +11O 2 →2Fe 2 O 3 +8SO 2 

2. a. molekulaTaSorisi; b. Sigamolekuluri, disproporciebis; g. molekulaTaSorisi, 

romelSic KClO 3 -is Cl+5-dan -1-Si gadadis da KCl-is Cl-1 Tavisufal (O) qloramde aRdgeba. 

3. a. 3Cu 2 S+22HNO 3 →6Cu(NO 3 ) 2 +10NO+3H 2 SO 4 +8H 2 O 

(Cu 2 S mTlianad gascems 10 e-s, misi spilenZi +1-dan +2-Si gadadis, gogirdi ki -2-dan 

+6-Si, anu molekula mTlianad aRmdgenia. N +5 ki SeierTebs 3 eleqtrons). 

b. 2FeBr 2 +Br 2 →2FeBr 3 

d. 2NH 3 +3CuO→3Cu+N 2 +3H 2 O. 

testi 

1 2 3 4 5 

b d g g b 

praqtikumi 

1. a, g, d reaqciebi Jangva-aRdgeniT mimdinareobs. 

2. magaliTad, CaCO 3 -is daSla, Al(OH) 3 -is daSla. 

3. Canacvlebis yvela reaqcia Jangva-aRdgeniT midis. 

4. ionuri mimocvlis reaqciebi ZiriTadad Jangva-aRdgenis gareSe mimdinareobs. 

a. 4FeS 2 +11O 2 →2Fe 2 O 3 +8SO 2 

b. 2SO 2 +O 2 →2SO 3 

g. SO 3 +H 2 O→H 2 SO 4 

maTgan a. da b. Jangva-aRdgenisaa. 

§3.7 

§3.8 

praqtikuli: 

1. tipur mJangavad SeiZleba aiRoT ganzavebuli azotmJava an koncentrirebuli gogirdmJava. 

nebismier SemTxvevaSi cdis Sedegad indikatoris qaRaldi galurjdeba.

ixileT scenari #8. 

testi 

1b. 2a. 3b. 4g. 5g. 

§3.9 

§3.10 

saSinao 

1. 560l n.p Jangbadis gamosayofad saWiroa 96 500•560/5,6=9650000 kuloni eleqtroba. 

am dros meore eleqrtodze gamoiyofa 1120l H 2 . 

2. radgan 96500 kuloni eleqtrobis wyalSi gatarebisas gamoiyofa 16,8l wyalbadisa 

da Jangbadis airTa narevi. maSin 193000 kuloni eleqtrobis gatarebisas gamoiyofa 33,6l 

airTa narevi. 

§3.11 

3 a. spilenZis miReba SeiZleba. b. wyalbadi da iodi. 

g. CuCl 2 , NiCl 2 , ZnCl 2 d. H2 da O 2 ; e. NaCl ar gamodgeba, radgan eleqtrodze deni gamoiyofa. 

testi 

1.g. 2.d. 3.b. 4.a. 5.b. 

saSinao 

a.2KBr→2K+Br 2 

b. 2AgNO 3 +H 2 O→2Ag+0,5O 2 +2HNO 3 

g. 0,5 moli faradei eleqtrobis gavlisas gamoiyofa nivTierebis 0,5 molis ekvivalentis 

Sesabamisi masa. 

saklaso 

§3.12 

anodi iqneba TuTia, kaTodi _ dasafari nakeToba. 

A: Zn-2e→Zn 2+ ; K: Zn 2+ +2e→Zn 0 ; 

testi1.d. 2.b. 3.g. 4.g. 5.a. 

§3.13 

saklaso 

1. tutis wyalbadis eleqtrolizi igive wylis eleqtrolizia. 2680 ampersaaTi eleqtroba 

daSlis 900g. wyals da radgan darCenil xsnarSi tutis myari wili 24%-ia. sawyis xsnarSi 

iqneba 2,4%; 

2. 3,1g fosforis dasaJangad saWiroa 0,25 moli anu daiSleba da eleqtrodebze gamoiyofa 8g 

O da 1g H anu daiSleba 9g wyali da xsnaris masa darCeba 463g. W =47,2/463•100%=10,2% 

2 2 KHO3 

3. 0,5moli Br2+ ionebis aRsadgenad saWiroa 96500 kuloni eleqtroba, 2 molisaTvis saWiro 

iqneba 4-jer meti. 

4. vercxli. 

§3.14 

49

50 � 

Tema 4 

§4.1 

saklaso 

a. Seuqcevadi reaqciis magaliTad SeiZleba SearCion nebismieri ionuri mimocvlis reaqcia, 

romlis Sedegad wyali, naleqi an airi gamoiyofa. 

b. Seuqcevadi reaqciis magaliTad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT qlorwyalbadis an amiakis wyalSi 

gaxsnis reaqcia. HCl+H O�H O 2 3 + +OH(K =5,5·10 c 8 + - -8 ) an NH +H O�NH +OH (Kc=2·12·10 ). romeli reaq- 

3 2 4 

tivebic geqnebaT, Sesabamisad dagegmavT cdebs. gamoitanT daskvnas, rom Seqcevadi reaqciebi 

srulad bolomde ar mimdinareobs. 

2. miniSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT iodwyalbadis sinTezi Seqcevadi reaqciaa: H I �2HI. 

2 2 

3. vercxliswylis oqsidi 300-400°C-ze gaxurebisas warmoiqmneba, magram am temperaturaze 

da ufro maRal temperaturaze gaxurebisas warmoqmnili oqsidi isev iSleba. amitom igi Seqcevadi, 

egzoTermuli reaqciaa da oqsidis miReba Tu gsurT xangrZlivad, SedarebiT dabal 

temperaturaze unda gaacxeloT. 

testi 

testi 

2 3 4 

b a b 

§4.2 

1 2 3 4 

b g g b 

saSinao 

0,4 moli amiakis misaRebad saWiroa 0,2 moli azoti da 0,6 moli wyalbadi. radgan wonasworobis 

momentSi 0,01 moli wyalbadi darCa, misi sawyisi koncentracia 0,601 moli/l yofila, 

xolo azotis sawyisi koncentracia _ 2,2 moli/l. 

€ 

1. saklaso 

a. K c = 

b. K c = 

[SO 3 ] 2 

[SO 2 ] 2 ⋅[O 2 ] 

[CO] 2 

[CO 2 ] 

§4.3 

K c -s mniSvnelobebi migvaniSnebs, rom HI Zlieri mJavaa, amoniumis hidroqsidi ki _ susti fuZe. 

2. 

� 

[NO] 

a. K = ganzomilebaa moli/l. 

c 2 

[N 2O4 ] 

K P = ganzomilebaa paskali. 

g. K c = 

d. K c = 

+ ! 

[NH4 ][OH ] 

[NH4OH]

. K c = ganzomilebaa 1/moli/l. anu S/moli. 

K P = ganzomilebaa 1/paskali, anu paskali -1. 

g. K =[O ] ganzomilebaa moli/l. 

c 2 

K =P ganzomilebaa paskali. 

P O2 

� 

testi 

1 2 3 

g g a 

saSinao: 

v. b. T. g. a. d. e. 

saklaso 

1. a) marjvniv; b) marcxniv; g) marcxniv; d) ar gadaixreba. 

2. a) diax, gadaixreba marjvniv; b) ar gadaixreba; g) diax, gadaixreba marjvniv. 

testi 

P 2 CO 2 

P 2 CO ! P O 2 

§4.4 

1 2 3 4 

a b a b 

§4.5 

1. wnevis gazrdiT wonasworoba amiakis warmoqmnis mxares gadaixreba, temperatura 450°C-s 

ar unda aRematebodes da katalizatori unda SeurCioT. 

2. a. gadaxris marcxniv. 

b. gadaxris marjvniv. 

g. temperaturis gazrda gadaxris marcxniv, wnevis gazrda _ marjvniv. 

d. temperaturis Semcireba gadaxris marjvniv, wnevis Semcireba _ marcxniv. 

e. wonasworobas katalizatori ver gadaxris. 

P 2 SO 3 

0,8 ⋅0,8 0,64 

3. K = = = =9,1 

P 

0,1⋅0,1⋅0,7 0,007 

P 2 SO 2 ! P O 2 

a. gadaixreba marcxniv; b. gadaixreba marjvniv. 

saSinao � € € 

• amiakis sinTezi maRal wnevaze, SedarebiT dabal temperaturaze da katalizatoris 

gamoyenebiT unda Catardes, rom daCqardes reaqcia. 

• mxuTavi airebis gamosavlianoba rom Semcirdes, wonasworoba marcxniv unda gadaixaros, 

e. i. reaqcia maRal wnevaze unda Catardes. radgan siTburi efeqti mocemuli ar aris, temperaturis 

gavlenaze ver vimsjelebT. unda vipovoT cxrilSi da Tu reaqcia endoTermulia, 

temperaturac unda gavzardoT. 

• wonasworoba irRveva koncentraciis, wnevisa da temperaturis gavleniT. 

51

52 

Tema 5-6-7 

am TemebSi dasmuli SekiTxvebis did nawilze pasuxis gacema 1-4 Temebis ganxilvisas ukve 

gacemuli pasuxebis dakonkretebas moiTxovs. 

amitom SerCeviT gTavazobT pasuxebs ramdenime problemur kiTxvaze. 

§5.1 

1. a. b. g. d. 

3. axlad gamoyofili wyalbadi molekulur wyalbadTan erTad atomur wyalbadsac Seicavs 

da Zlieri aRmdgenia. sinjaraSi CuO Savi fxvnili mowiTalo spilenZad gardaiqmneba. 

4. metalebTan reaqciaSi wyalbadi mJangavia, arametalebTan ki _ aRmdgeni. 

5. Seqcevadi reaqciebiT wyalbadi rom miiRoT, iseT pirobebSi unda CaataroT, rom 

wonasworoba srulad gadaixaros marjvniv. amisTvis gaxurebul rkinaze an naxSirze wylis 

orTqli ganuwyvetliv unda gaataroT. 

6. wylis yvela anomaliuri Tviseba masSi wyalbaduri bmebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. 

§5.2 

1. natriumSi natriumis ionebs Soris Tavisuflad moZravi eleqtronebiT metaluri bma 

myardeba. 

2. natriumis marilis SemTxvevaSi ali yviTlad Seifereba, kaliumisaSi _ iisfrad. 

3. natriumis hidroqsidis wyalxsnaris eleqtrolizi faqtobrivad wylis eleqtrolizia. 

amitom natriums ver miiRebT. 

5. gavigoT orive reagentis molebis ricxvi. n NaOH =0,05 moli n CuSO4 =0,025 moli. orive aRebulia 

reaqciisaTvis saWiro raodenobiT: 2:1, amitom miiReba 0,025 moli Cu(OH) 2 naleqi. 

saSinao 

marTalia, Na spilenZze aqtiuria, magram wyalxsnarSi jer wyalTan Seva reaqciaSi, 

Semdeg ki NaOH mimocvlis reaqciaSi Seva CuSO 4 -Tan da warmoiqmneba Cu(OH) 2 naleqi. Tu mas 

gafiltravT, gaaSrobT da gaacxelebT, SegiZliaT CuO miiRoT. spilenZis misaRebad romelime 

aRmdgeni dagWirdebaT, rac Tqven ar gaqvT. 

§5.3 

danarTSi mocemulia qimiur elementTa aRmoCenis Sesaxeb masala. oTxi S- elementi _ Na, 

K, Mg da Ca hemfri deivim miiRo Sesabamisi marilebis nalRobis eleqtroliziT. 

§5.4 

1. gamoiyenebT TvisebiT reaqciebs da imsjelebT alis Seferilobis mixedviT. 

2. urCieT Tamars, aiRos 2 moli KCl da 1 moli Ca(OH)2 da imave Sedgenilobis xsnars 

miiRebs. xsnaris ionuri Sedgeniloba orive SemTxvevaSi iqneba Ca 2+ ; 2Cl - ; 2K + ; 2OH - . 

§6.1 

2. Termitis gaxurebisas didi raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa. 

4. aluminis hidroqsidi miiReba Sesabamis marilze tutis moqmedebiT. igi urTierTqmedebs 

marilmJavasTan da ixsneba Warb tuteSi. 

5. amorfuli aluminis hidroqsidi adsorbirebs wyalSi gaxsnil nivTierebebs, amitom 

mas wylis gasasufTaveblad iyeneben.

§6.2 

1. naxSirbadisa da siliciumis udablesi Jangvis ricxvebia _4, umaRlesi _ +4. maT aRmdgeni 

da mJangavi unaric axasiaTebs. 

2. almasSi naxSirbadatomebs Soris mtkice kovalenturi bmebia, sp 3 hibridizaciaa, 

grafitSi fenebs Soris kavSirebi sustia, sp 2 hibridizaciaa da advilad iSleba fenebad. es 

ganapirobebs maT gamoyenebasac. 

3. mRvrie xsnari naxSiris fenebSi gavlisas gamWvirvale gaxdeba. 

4. metalebTan urTierTqmedebisas mJangavia, sxvagan _ aRmdgeni. 

6. natriumis karbonatze marilmJavas moqmedebiT gamoiyofa airi, romelSic kirian wyals 

amRvrevs. es TvisebiTi reaqciaa karbonationebze. 

7. naxSirorJangis Semcvelobis zrda haerSi iwvevs haeris temperaturis gazrdas, radgan 

akavebs siTbos dedamiwaze, haeris qveda fenebSi. 

9. kaliumi als iisfrad Seaferadebs, natriumi _ yviTlad, qloridionebs aRmoaCenT 

AgNO 3 -is xsnaris damatebiT, karbonationebs ki _ marilmJavas damatebiT. 

§6.3 

1. maqsimaluri Jangvis ricxvi iqneba +5, minimaluri _3. mcire atomuri radiusis gamo 

azotis atomebi oratomian molekulaSi erTiandeba, fosfori ki fosforis sam mezobel atoms 

ukavSirdeba da P 4 molekulas qmnis. SeiZleba fosforis atomebi sxvadasxvagvarad daukavSirdes 

erTmaneTs da amitom aqvs alotropiuli saxesxvaobebi, anu es atomis aRnagobas 

ukavSirdeba. 

3. 2Ca(PO 4 ) 2 +5C+6SiO→P 4 +5CO+6CaSiO 3 . 

4. a. azoti maRal wnevasa da temperaturaze urTierTqmedebs wyalbadTan amiakis warmoqmniT; 

b. azoti umoqmedoa. 

6. amiakis sinTezis reaqcia marjvniv gadaixreba wnevis gadidebiT, temperaturis SemcirebiT 

(amitom katalizatori unda gamoiyenoT) da azotisa da wyalbadis kondensaciis 

gazrdisas. 

7. amiakis wvisas miiReba azoti, katalizuri Jangvis dros ki _ NO. 

4NH 3 +3O 2 →2N 2 +6H 2 O 

4NH 3 +5O 2 →4NO+6H 2 O. 

orive reaqciaSi amiaki aRmdgenia, Jangbadi ki _ mJangavi. 

8. 3CuO+2NH 3 →3Cu+N 2 +3H 2 O 

9. laboratoriaSi amiaki SeiZleba miiRoT amoniumis marilebze tutis moqmedebiT. amiaks 

damaxasiaTebeli suni aqvs da tute reaqciis gamo lakmuss alurjebs. 

2. 3Cu+8HNO 3 →3Cu(NO 3 ) 2 +2NO+4H 2 O 

3. 4NH 3 +5O 2 →4NO+6H 2 O 

2NO+O 2 →NO 3 

4NO +2H O+O →4HNO 2 2 2 3 

4. H PO �H 3 4 + - + 2- + 3- 

+H PO �2H +HPO4 �3H +PO4 

2 4 

§6.4 

§6.5 

4. qlorids gamoicnobT AgNO 3 -is xsnariT, karbonats _ marilmJavas damatebiT, sulfids 

ki _ spilenZis sulfatis xsnaris an tyviis xsnadi marilis Pb(NO 3 ) 2 -is damatebiT. 

53

54 

1. H 2 SO 3 +2H 2 S→3S+3H 2 O mJangavia 

2H 2 SO 3 +O 2 →2H 2 SO 4 aRmdgenia 

§6.6 

3. amocana: 

n(H 2 SO 4 )=24,5·0,2/98=0,005 moli, maSin BaSO 4 -is naleqic 0,05 moli iqneba, anu 0,05·233=16,65 g. 

saSinao: 

- H SO saSualo siZlieris orfuZiani mJavaa da mis xsnarSi aucileblad iqneba HSO ionebi. 

2 3 3 

4. sakveb xsnarSi BaCl 2 -is arsebobis dasamtkiceblad saWiroa ori reaqtivi: 

1) H 2 SO 4 xsnari. miiReba BaSO 4 ↓ naleqi. 

2) AgNO 3 xsnari _ daileqeba AgCl↓ TeTri xaWosebri naleqi. 

§6.7 

5. AgNO 3 -is xsnaris damatebiT gamoicnobT. 

§7.1 

2. a. 2KMnO 4 +5K 2 SO 3 →2MnSO 4 +6K 2 SO 4 +3H 2 O 

b. 2KMnO 4 +3K 2 SO 3 +H 2 O→2MnO 2 +3K 2 SO 4 +2KOH 

g. 2KMnO 4 +K 2 SO 3 +2KOH→2K 2 MnO 4 +K 2 SO 4 +H 2 O 

3. 2KMnO 4 +5H 2 S+2H 2 SO 4 →2MnSO 4 +K 2 SO 4 +5S+H 2 O 

4. tutis moqmedebiT daileqeba TeTri naleqi Mn(OH) 2 . cdis Sedegi mTlad saimedo ver 

aris, radgan tutesTan TeTr naleqSi SeiZleba sxva metalis hidroqsidic iyos. 

saSinao 

3. kaliumis permanganatis wyalxsnarze romelime tipuri aRmdgenis (Na 2 SO 3 , Na 2 S, KI...) 

moqmedebiT daileqeba MnO 2 -is naleqi. 

4. aluminTermiiT MnO 2 -dan Mn-is aRdgena SeiZleba, radgan aqtiurobis mwkrivSi manganumi 

aluminis Semdeg dgas. 

1. FeSO 4 tipuri aRmdgenia da mJave areSi KMnO 4 mas Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -mde daJangavs. 

§7.2 

10FeSO 4 +2KMnO 4 +3H 2 SO 4 →2MnSO 4 +5Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 +K 2 SO 4 +3H 2 O 

2. Fe+2HCl→FeCl 2 +H 2 

2Fe+3Cl 2 →2FeCl 3 

3. 2FeCl 3 +2KI→2FeCl 2 +I 2 +2KCl 

4. Fe(II) da Fe(III) ionebis aRmoCena SeiZleba xsnarSi tutis moqmedebiT. orive SemTxvevaSi 

Sesabamisi fuZe miiReba. Fe(OH) 2 mwvane feris naleqia, romelic haerze nel-nela iJangeba da 

fers icvlis, xolo Fe(OH) 3 mowiTalo-yavisferi naleqia. 

cda saimedoa, radgan aseTi feris naleqebs sxva ar warmoqmnis.

simbolo, saxelwodeba 

atomuri 

nomeri 

danarTi 

qimiuri elementebi A(a)-dan H(h)-mde 

saxelwodebis warmoSoba aRmoCenis adgili, weli, avtori 

Al _ alumini 13 àlumen~ _ laT. Sabi dania, 1825, k. ersteli 8,8 

Am _ americiumi 95 amerikis pativsacemad aSS, 1945, g. siborgi da sxv. _ 

Ar _ argoni 18 àrgos~ _ berZ. umoqmedo inglisi, 1894, u. ramzai da sxv. _ 

As _ arsenikum 

(dariSxana) 

33 àrsen~ _ berZ. Zlieri; qarT. 

Sxamis msgavsi 

germania, 1250, a. magnusi 0,0005 

W% dedamiwis 

qerqSi (masuri 

klarki) 

At _ astati 85 àstatos~ _ berZ. aramdgradi aSS, 1940, g. korsoni da sxv. _ bun. ar ars. 

Au _ aurum (oqro) 79 àuror~ romauli miTologiis 

ciskris qalRmerTi; qarT. uqrobi 

Ag _ argentum 

(vercxli) 

cnobilia uZvelesi dro idan 0,0000005 

47 àrgentum~ _ laT. brwyinvale cnobilia uZvelesi dro idan 0,00001 

Ac _ aqtiniumi 89 àqtis~ _ berZ. sxivi safrangeTi, 1899, a. debierni _ 

Ba _ bariumi 56 `baris~ _ berZ. mZime SvedeTi, 1774, k. Seele 0,05 

Be _ beriliumi 4 mineral berilidan safrangeTi, 1797, a. vol keni 0,0006 

Bk _ berkliumi 97 amerikis q. berklis saxelidan aSS, 1949, g. siborgi da sxv. _ 

Bi _ bismuti 83 berZ. `TeTri metali~ germania, 1556. 0,00002 

B _ bori 5 `bur~ spars. boraqsi safrangeTi, 1808, g. lusaki 0,0003 

Bh _ boriumi 107 nils boris pativsacemad germania, 1981, mecn. jgufi _ 

Br _ bromi 35 `bromos~ _ berZ. myrali safrangeTi, 1826, i. bala ri 0,0006 

Gd _ gadoliniumi 64 qimikos i. gadolinis pativsacemad 

Ga _ galiumi 31 safrangeTis Zveli saxelis 

`galiis~ mixedviT 

safrangeTi, 1886, l. buabodrani 


0,001 

0,0015 

Ge _ germaniumi 32 germaniis pativsacemad germania, 1886, k. vinkleri 0,0007 

Dy _ disproziumi 66 `disprozitos~ _ berZ. Zne lad 

misadgomi 


Db _ dubniumi 105 ruseTis q. dubnis saxelidan ruseTi, 1970, mecn. jgufi _ 

Eu _ evropeumi 63 evropis saxelwodebis pativsa ce mad safrangeTi, 1901, e. demersei _ 

Es _ einSteiniumi 99 a. ainStainis pativsacemad aSS, 1955, mecn. jgufi _ 

Er _ erbiumi 68 SvedeTis sof. iterbis saxelidan 

V _ vanadiumi 23 skandinavielTa silamazis qal- 

RmerT vanadisis saxelis mixedviT 

0,00045 

SvedeTi, 1843, k. mosan de ri 0,0004 

SvedeTi, 1830. e. zef stremi 0,015 

W _ volframi 74 mineral volframitis saxelidan SvedeTi, 1781, k. Seele 0,0001 

In _ indiumi 49 speqtris lurji xazis (indigos 

feris) mixedviT 

germania, 1863, f. raixi da 

sxv. 

0,00001 

I _ iodi 53 ìodes~ _ berZ. iisferi safrangeTi, 1811, b. kurtua 0,00003 

Ir _ iridiumi 77 ìris~ (ìridos~) _ berZ. cisartyela 

inglisi, 1804, s. tenanti _ 

55

Yb _ iterbiumi 70 SvedeTis sof. iterbis saxe li dan safrangeTi, 1878, S. mariniaki 

Y _ itriumi 39 SvedeTis sof. iterbis saxelidan 

K _ kaliumi 19 tutis `mwvave kalis~ saxelwodebidan 

56 

0,0003 

fineTi, 1794, i. gadolini 0,0028 

inglisi, 1807, h. deivi 2,6 

Kr _ kriptoni 36 `kriptos~ _ berZ. faruli inglisi, 1898, u. ramzai da 

sxv. 

Cd _ kadmiumi 48 `kadmeia~ _ berZ. TuTiis madani germania, 1817, f. Stromareri 0,001 

Ca _ kalciumi 20 `kalqs~ (`kalcis) _ laT. kiri inglisi, 1808, h. deivi 3,6 

C _ karbonium 

(naxSirbadi) 

6 `kra~ sanskritulad `wva~ cnobilia uZvelesi droidan 0,1 

Co _ kobalti 27 miTologiuri avi sulis koboldis 

saxelidan 

Cu _ kuprum 

(spilenZi) 

29 k. kviprosis saxelidan (qarTveluri 

tomebis spirenebis 

saxelidan) 

Cm _ kiuriumi 97 pier da mari kiurebis pativsacemad 

Ce _ ceriumi 58 patara planeta cereras sa xelis 

mixedviT 

SvedeTi, 1730, g. brandti 0,003 


aSS, 1944, g. siborgi da sxv. _ 

SvedeTi, 1803, v. sizingeri 0,0045 

Cs _ ceziumi 55 `cezius~ _ laT. cisferi germania, 1860, v. kirxhofi 0,0007 

Cl _ qlori 17 `qloros~ _ berZ. mwvane SvedeTi, 1774, k. Seeli 0,045 

Cr _ qromi 24 `qroma~ _ berZ. feri, saRebavi safrangeTi, 1797, a. volkeni 0,02 

Cf _ kaliforniumi 98 amerikis Statis kaliforniis 

saxeli 

La _ lanTani 57 `lanTano~ _ berZ. vrCebi Seum- 

Cneveli 


SvedeTi, 1839, k. mosanderi 0,0018 

Li _ liTiumi 3 `liTos~ _ berZ. qva SvedeTi, 1817, a. arfvedsoni 0,0065 

Lr _ lourensiumi 103 ciklotronis gamomgoneblis e. 

lourensis pativsacemad 

Lu _ luteciumi 71 parizis laTinuri saxelis `lutecias~ 

mixedviT 

Mg _ magniumi 12 `magnezia~ _ laT. magniumis 

minerali 

Mn _ manganumi 25 `magnezia~ _ laT. magniumis 

minerali 


safrangeTi, 1907, J. urbeni _ 

inglisi, 1808, h. deivi _ 

SvedeTi, 1774, o. hani 0,09 

Mt _ meitneriumi 109 liza meitneris pativsacemad germania, 1982, mecn. jgufi _ 

Md _ mendeleeviumi 101 d. mendeleevis pativsacemad aSS, 1955, g. siborgi da sxv. _ 

Mo _ molibdeni 42 mineral molibdenitis saxelidan 

SvedeTi, 1778, k. Seele _ 

Na _ natriumi 11 tutis `mwvave natris~ saxelidan inglisi, 1807, h. deivi 2,64 

Nd _ neodiumi 60 `neos~ + `didimos~ _ berZ. axali 

+ tyupiscali 

avstria, 1885, k. velsbaxi 0,0007 

Ne _ neoni 10 `neos~ _ berZ. axali inglisi, 1898, u. ramzai da sxv. _ 

Np _ neptuniumi 93 planeta neptunis saxelis mixedviT aSS, 1940, makmilani _ 

_

Ni _ nikeli 28 miTologiuri avi sulis nikas 

saxelidan 

Nb _ niobiumi 41 miTologiuri qalRmerTis niobes 

pativsacemad 

N _ nitrogeniumi 

(azoti) 

7 `nitrogenium~ _ laT. gvar ji lis 

mbadi. àzoos~ _ berZ. usi cocxlo 

SvedeTi, 1751, a. kronStadti 0,008 

inglisi, 1801, C. hetCeti 0,001 

inglisi, 1772, d. rezerfordi 

No _ nobeliumi 102 a. nobelis pativsacemad ruseTi, 1966, mecn. jgufi _ 

Os _ osmiumi 76 òsme~ _ berZ. suni inglisi, 1804, s. tenani 0,000006 

O _ oqsigeniumi 

(Jangbadi) 

0,01 

8 oqsigenium _ laT. mJavas mba di inglisi, 1774, d. pristli 47,2 

Pd _ paladiumi 46 asteroid palasis saxelidan inglisi, 1803, v. volastoni 0,000001 

P _ fosfori 15 `fosfero~ _ berZ. sinaTlis 

matarebeli 

Pt _ platina 78 kolumbiis mdinaris platino 

del pinos saxelidan 

Pb _ plumbumi 

(tyvia) 

82 saxelwodebis warmoSoba bundovania 

Pr _ prazeodimi 59 `prazeos~ + `didimos~ _ berZ. 

mkrTali mwvanis tyu pis cali 

Pa _ protaqtiniumi 91 `protos aqtis~ _ berZ. pirveli 

sxivi 

germania, 1669, g. brandti 0,08 

italia, 1557, J. skaligeri _ 


avstria, 1885, k. velsbaxi 0,0007 

germania, 1917, l. meitneri, 

o. hani 

Po _ poloniumi 84 poloneTis pativsacemad safrangeTi, 1898, pier da mari 

kiurebi 

Pm _ promeTiumi 61 miTologiuri promeTes sa xelidan 

0,0003 

aSS, 1945, d. marinski da sxv. _ bun. ar ars. 

Pu _ plutoniumi 94 planeta plutonis saxelidan aSS, 1940, d. siborgi da sxv. _ 

Ra _ radiumi 88 `radius~ _ laT. sxivi safrangeTi, 1898, pier da mari 

kiurebi 

Rn _ radoni 86 radiumisgan warmoqmnili inglisi, 1900, e. rezerfordi _ 

Re _ reniumi 75 mdinare rainis laT. saxelwodebis 

`renusis~ mixedviT 

germania, 1925, i. noldaki _ 

Rf _ rezerfordiumi 104 e. rezerfordis pativsacemad ruseTi, 1964, g. flerovi da 

sxv. 

Rh _ rodiumi 45 `rodon~ _ berZ. vardi inglisi, 1803, k. volasteni _ 

Rb _ rubidiumi 37 `rubidos~ _ laT. wiTeli germania, 1861, r. bunzeni da sxv. _ 

Ru _ ruTeniumi 44 `ruTenia~ _ laT. ruseTi ruseTi, 1844, k. klausi 0,0005 

Sm _ samariumi 62 mineral samarskitis saxelidan 


_ 

_ 

_ 

0,0007 

Se _ seleni 34 `selene~ _ berZ. mTvare SvedeTi, 1817, i. berceliusi 0,00006 

Sc _ skandiumi 21 skandinaviis pativsacemad SvedeTi, 1879, l. nilsoni 0,0006 

Sg _ siborgiumi 106 g. siborgis pativsacemad aSS, 1974, mecn. jgufi _ 

Si _ siliciumi 14 `sileqs~ (silicis) _ laT. kaJi SvedeTi, 1823, i. berceliusi 27,6 

Sb _ stibiumi 

(anTimoni) 

51 `surme~ _ Turq. gaSaveba cnobilia uZvelesi dro idan 0,00004 

Sr _ stronciumi 38 mineral stroncianitis saxelidan 

inglisi, 1792, a. krofordi 0,04 

57

S _ sulfuri 

(gogirdi) 

Sn _ stanumi 

(kala) 

58 

16 `sira~ _ sanskr. Ria yviTeli; 

qarT. mzisferi 

50 `stanum~ _ sanskr. myari, 

magari 

Ta _ tantalumi 73 berZ. miT. gmiris tantalosis 

saxelidan 

Te _ teluri 52 `telus~ (`teluris~) _ laT. 

dedamiwa 

Ti _ titani 22 berZ. miT. gmiris titanis 

saxelidan 



SvedeTi, 1802, a. ekebergi 0,0002 

germania, 1782, m. raixen- 

Staini 

inglisi, 1784, v. mak-gregori 0,6 

Tc _ teqneciumi 43 `teqnecus~ _ berZ. xelovnuri italia, 1937, e. segre, k. perie _ 

0,000001 

Tl _ Taliumi 81 `Talos~ _ berZ. mwvane ylorti inglisi, 1861, k. kruqsi 0,0003 

Th _ Toriumi 90 skandinaviis miTologiuri Rmer- 

Tis Toris saxelidan 

Tm _ Tuliumi 69 `Tule~ skandinaviis CrdiloeTis 

saxelidan 

Tb _ terbiumi 65 SvedeTis sof. iterbis saxelidan 

SvedeTi, 1828, i. berceliusi 0,0008 

SvedeTi, 1879, p. kleve _ 

SvedeTi, 1849, k. mosanderi 0,00015 

U _ urani 92 planeta uranis saxelidan germania, 1789, m. klaproti 0,0003 

Fe _ ferumi 

(rkina) 

26 `ferum~ _ laT. rkina cnobilia uZvelesi dro idan 5,1 

Fm _ fermiumi 100 fizikos e. fermis pativsacemad 

F _ fTori 9 `fToros~ _ berZ. daRupva, 

mospoba 


safrangeTi, 1886, h. muasani 0,027 

Fr _ franciumi 87 safrangeTis pativsacemad safrangeTi, 1939, m. perei bun. ar ars. 

Xe _ qsenoni 54 `qsenos~ _ berZ. ucxo inglisi, 1898, u. ramzai da 

sxv. 

Zn _ cinkumi 

(TuTia) 

30 `cinkum~ _ laT. TeTri nafifqi 

germania, 1745, a. margra fi 0,005 

Zr _ cirkoniumi 40 mineral cirkonis saxelidan germania, 1749, m. klap roti 0,02 

Hf _ hafniumi 72 kopenhagenis laT. saxelis `hafnias~ 

mixedviT 

dania, 1923, d. kosteri 0,00032 

He _ heliumi 2 `helios~ _ berZ. mze inglisi, 1895, u. ramzai da sxv. _ 

Hg _ hidrargirumi 

(vercxliswyali) 

H _ hidrogeniumi 

(wyalbadi) 

80 berZ. `wyali vercxlis~ cnobilia uZvelesi dro idan 0,000007 

1 `hidrogenium~ _ laT. wylis 

warmomqmneli 

Hs _ hesiumi 108 `hesen~ _ miwis saxeli germaniaSi 

Ho _ holmiumi 67 stokholmis laT. saxelis `holmias~ 

mixedviT 

inglisi, 1766, h. kavendiSi 0,15 

germania, 1984, mecn. jgufi _ 

SvedeTi, 1879, p. kleve 0,0003 

* memilioned %-ze naklebi aRniSnulia (_) niSniT. 

** wminda da gamoyenebiTi qimiisa da fizikis kavSirebis (IUPAC) mier miRebulia, rom xelovnurad miRebul 110-e 

elements ewodos darmStadtiumi (Ds), 111-es _ rentgeniumi (Rg), xolo 112-s _ koperliciumi (Cn). 

_

magaliTebi - Ganatleba

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